cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lighting Tracks Transition in Eastern Europe

Previous studies have revealed that satellite-observed lighting data from most countries are relatively well correlated with both population and gross domestic product (GDP). Eastern Europe contains the largest concentration of countries with lighting patterns that do not adhere to this trend by exhibiting higher correlations with either GDP or population. We examined a time series of DMSP nighttime light data spanning two decades and found that GDP-centric countries experienced an increase in nighttime light in the two decades following the collapse of the Soviet Union. Conversely, population-centric countries experienced widespread lighting losses during the first decade and urban lighting growth during the second decade. The fact that lighting was lost without the loss of infrastructure indicates that lighting is a poor proxy for mapping the extent of constructed infrastructure in some cases. These results indicate that the use of nighttime lights as an anthropogenic land cover proxy may require national or even subnational calibration in Eastern Europe.
Genetic and molecular mechanisms of post-embryonic root radial patterning

Arabidopsis root with its simple, consistent and well-defined pattern of cell division and growth is a highly tractable system for studying cellular development. The root apical meristem (RAM) of Arabidopsis, established post-embryonically is the main source of root cells. Complex bidirectional signaling between stem cells and mature root cells is required to maintain RAM activity. The Arabidopsis RAM comprises of a quiescent center (QC) and a niche of self-renewing stem cells that perform asymmetric (formative) cell divisions to generate daughter cells. These daughter cells subsequently divide symmetrically within delineated longitudinal cell files. The cells in the QC coordinate with neighboring stem cells to establish the balance between proliferation and differentiation in the meristem niche. The Arabidopsis primary root is composed of concentric rings of tissues (namely, the epidermis, the cortex, the endodermis and the pericycle, from the outside inwards) arranged in a radial axis that surrounds a central cylinder of vascular and procambial cells. Overlaid upon the radial organization of the root are three longitudinal zones viz, the meristem, the elongation zone and the differentiation zone, that describe cellular behavior. The boundaries of these domains are plastic and are largely regulated by antagonistic interactions between different phyto-hormones, which regulate the expression of key TFs. In this paper, we review the process of radial patterning in Arabidopsis thaliana post-embryonic root with an emphasis on genetic and molecular networks that determine the fate of each domain in the root.
Expression, Purification, and Biophysical Characterization of a Secreted Anthrax Decoy Fusion Protein in Nicotiana benthamiana

Anthrax toxin receptor-mediated drug development for blocking anthrax toxin action has received much attention in recent decades. In this study, we produced a secreted anthrax decoy fusion protein comprised of a portion of the human capillary morphogenesis gene-2 (CMG2) protein fused via a linker to the fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain of human immunoglobulin G1 in Nicotiana benthamiana plants using a transient expression system. Using the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (CaMV) 35S promoter and co-expression with the p19 gene silencing suppressor, we were able to achieve a high level of recombinant CMG2-Fc-Apo (rCMG2-Fc-Apo) protein accumulation. Production kinetics were observed up to eight days post-infiltration, and maximum production of 826 mg/kg fresh leaf weight was observed on day six. Protein A affinity chromatography purification of the rCMG2-Fc-Apo protein from whole leaf extract and apoplast wash fluid showed the homodimeric form under non-reducing gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry analysis confirmed the molecular integrity of the secreted protein. The N-glycosylation pattern of purified rCMG2-Fc-Apo protein was analysed; the major portion of N-glycans consists of complex type structures in both protein samples. The most abundant (>50%) N-glycan structure was GlcNAc₂(Xyl)Man₃(Fuc)GlcNAc₂ in rCMG2-Fc-Apo recovered from whole leaf extract and apoplast wash fluid. High mannose N-glycan structures were not detected in the apoplast wash fluid preparation, which confirmed the protein secretion. Altogether, these findings demonstrate that high-level production of rCMG2-Fc-Apo can be achieved by transient production in Nicotiana benthamiana plants with apoplast targeting.
Expletive agreement, evidentiality, and modality in Logooli

We discuss and analyze two subject agreement markers in Logooli (Bantu, Kenya). We show that e- (class 9 subject agreement) and ga- (class 6 subject agreement) give rise to a variety of apparently evidential or modal meanings when they occur in constructions translated with "expletive" subjects. We propose a treatment of the Logooli data following Matthewson, et al. (2007)'s and Rullmann, et al. (2008)'s choice function analysis of modality and evidentiality in St'at'imcets, and extend their original proposal to account for novel data in Logooli. We show that these two morphemes occur only with verbs that introduce modal bases, and propose that they differ from one another in the size of the subset of possible worlds that their associated choice functions select from the modal base. This in turn results in different interpretations based on the size of the subset of worlds that they select, the speaker's ordering source, and the modal base provided by the verb.
Different Approaches to Assessing the Quality of Explanations Following a Multiple-Document Inquiry Activity in Science

This article describes several approaches to assessing student understanding using written explanations that students generate as part of a multiple-document inquiry activity on a scientific topic (global warming). The current work attempts to capture the causal structure of student explanations as a way to detect the quality of the students’ mental models and understanding of the topic by combining approaches from Cognitive Science and Artificial Intelligence, and applying them to Education. First, several attributes of the explanations are explored by hand coding and leveraging existing technologies (LSA and Coh-Metrix). Then, we describe an approach for inferring the quality of the explanations using a novel, two-phase machine-learning approach for detecting causal relations and the causal chains that are present within student essays. The results demonstrate the benefits of using a machine-learning approach for detecting content, but also highlight the promise of hybrid methods that combine ML, LSA and Coh-Metrix approaches for detecting student understanding. Opportunities to use automated approaches as part of Intelligent Tutoring Systems that provide feedback toward improving student explanations and understanding are discussed.
Radar big data reduction using hardware and software solutions

Radars typically handle big data, and ways need to be developed to speed the data acquisition and processing. Here, we present methods to speed up step frequency continuous wave radar (SFCW) performance upon using multi-channels, compressive sensing algorithms, in addition to efficient OMP algorithms, and accelerated platforms for signal reconstruction based on FPGAs and GPUs.
Rewards of the Practice Standards Scheme.

I would like to comment on Daphne Chapleo’s letter ( VR , September 9, 2017, vol 181, p 271) Our practice has recently entered the Practice Standards Scheme. The whole practice – …
Preserving Local History With Public Value in Mind

Rarely are students asked to engage with local history in social studies classrooms. Rare, too, are the occasions when students are tasked with creating products for audiences outside of the classr...
A Functional Approach to XML-Based Dynamic Negotiation in E-Business

The Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a standard for information representation and exchange over the Internet. One of the applications where XML can be used is electronic business (e-business). E-business requires substantially large and frequent information exchanges among e-business parties. Such information exchange is required for search and discovery of services, automatic negotiation in sales/purchase activities, adaptive content management for multi-level users, and efficient follow-up services for terms-and-conditions and financial settlement. Many tasks can be automated through a functional approach to e-business negotiations. XML-based documents carry both a structural specification as well as a behavioral specification which are understood by e-business parties so that negotiations may proceed automatically.
Fused filament fabrication 3D printing with low-melt alloys

3D-printing polymers using fused filament fabrication (FFF) technology has shown to fabricate complex functional parts for electronic, automotive, and biomedical applications. However, there is limited knowledge and understanding of 3D printing with pure metal feedstock using FFF technology. The use of 3D printing of metals and its alloys using FFF technology can provide low-cost alternatives and solutions to the laser-powder bed fusion process. In current work, low-melting eutectic alloy of bismuth (58% Bi, 42% Sn), non-eutectic alloy of bismuth (40% Bi, 60% Sn), and a non-eutectic alloy of antimony (7.5% Sb, 89% Sn) have been used as a starting material and evaluated for FFF 3D printing using two approaches. In the first approach, a low-melting alloy in the form of wire was used as the feedstock for FFF extrusion. In this approach, the influence of FFF process parameters such as infill ratio, extrusion velocity, feed rate, nozzle temperature and bed temperature on the part fabrication were evaluated for successful fabrication of 2D and 3D geometries and characterized for density, precision, mechanical properties, and microstructure. In the second approach, low-melting alloys were cast onto 3D-printed molds to create metal structures. With this approach, the fabricated specimens were evaluated for its part formability, density, precision, mechanical properties, and microstructure. In addition, both approaches were used to fabricate a prototype specimen such as a souvenir and a prototype wrench. It is expected that such a technology will pave the way for the affordable fabrication of metal prototypes and alternatively on-demand custom metal spare parts for in-space applications and future space missions.
Sets, Maps, and Relations

There are two main languages in which theoretical computer science is expressed — the language of sets and the language of numbers. The principal aim of this chapter is to set forth the basic concepts of set theory. Section 1.1 introduces sets and subsets, and shows how to build up new sets from old ones by such operations as the Cartesian product, union, intersection, and set differences. Section 1.2 briefly summarizes fundamental facts about exponents, logarithms, and finite series. Section 1.3 introduces the basic notions of maps or functions, partial functions, and relations. The way in which computer programs transform input data provides examples of partial functions. Finding relations between items stored in a data base is an important task for computer science.
The Distortion of a Water Molecule in Ice

The experimental evidence for the distortion of a water molecule when it is condensed to form ice is reviewed. The specific distortions considered are the changes in inter-nuclear distances, energy and its derivatives with respect to nuclear motion, and electrical moments and polarizabilities and their response to nuclear motion. Some of the properties of ice can be expanded as Fourier or Taylor series in the ratio r/R of the O–H to the O—O distances, and these expansions are used to relate various properties of the intermolecular potential energy, of the electrical dipole moments, and of the polarizability. For example, the amplitude of the orientation polarization can be related to the infrared intensity of the fundamental and first overtone infrared bands.
Antiretroviral therapy in 1999 for antiretroviral-naive individuals with HIV infection.

The choice of initial antiretroviral regimen for treating people infected with HIV is crucial to successful long-term control of virus replication. Potent antiretroviral therapy substantially suppresses viral replication as measured by plasma HIV RNA levels to below limits of detection: the current standard of care is usually a combination of at least three drugs and frequently includes a protease inhibitor, or alternatively a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (nnRTI). Patients who have low CD4+ cell counts ( or = 100,000 copies/ml) may not attain maximal suppression of HIV replication when treated with current regimens and may require more aggressive therapy. In contrast, patients with relatively normal CD4+ cell counts and low to non-measurable levels of plasma HIV RNA over prolonged periods (i.e., slow or non-progressors) may not require immediate antiretroviral therapy. These individuals should reconsider treatment when either the CD4+ cell count declines or the HIV RNA level increases. Early and potent antiretroviral therapy should provide more durable virological and clinical benefits for many patients, especially if they receive sufficient counselling and support to aid adherence to the treatment regimen. The optimum time to initiate antiretroviral therapy is not well established, but to maximise the recovery of the immune system and the virological and clinical benefits, initiation of therapy is generally recommended for individuals who have symptoms or those with plasma HIV RNA levels > 5000-10,000 copies/ml, or CD4+ cell counts < 500 cells/mm3. The current choice of initial antiretroviral regimens includes two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nRTI) with a potent, well-tolerated HIV-1 protease inhibitor or nnRTI. Recent short-term activity data (24-week comparative clinical trial data) indicate that regimens combining three nRTI, including abacavir, could also be considered. Other emerging combination regimens for consideration include two HIV-1 protease inhibitors with one or two nRTI, or a combination of drugs from all current categories (e.g., nRTI with a nnRTI and HIV-1 protease inhibitor). The goal of antiretroviral therapy is to maximise suppression of HIV replication and thereby prevent or delay viral resistance, restore immunological function and improve clinical outcome. Since evolution of the virus towards resistance can occur with plasma HIV RNA levels between 50 and 500 copies/ml, current standards for best suppression of HIV replication have shifted to declines in plasma HIV RNA to < 50 copies/ml. In addition, non-adherence to any regimen is associated with the greatest risk for virological failure. Therefore, both the decision to initiate therapy and the choice of initial therapy should be carefully weighted and balanced with the long-term implications of antiretroviral therapy.
Tuning Deep Learning Performance for Android Malware Detection

In this paper, we address the issue of Android malware detection by implementing a deep learning environment and fine-tune parameters to determine optimal settings for the classification of Android malware from extracted permission data. By determining the optimal settings, we demonstrate the potential performance of a deep learning environment for Android malware detection. Specifically, we conduct an extensive study of various hyper-parameters to determine optimal configurations, and then carry out a performance evaluation on those configurations to compare and maximize detection accuracy in our target networks. Our results achieve approximately 95 % detection accuracy, with an approximate F1 score of 93 %.
Therapeutic noninvasive brain stimulation in Alzheimer's disease and related dementias.

Purpose of reviewAlzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease without effective pharmacological treatment. Noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques, such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial electrical stimulation (tES), are increasingly bei
Physicians as Policy Advocates: From the Clinic to the State House

Though few clinicians are trained on how to influence policy, the policy environment has an enormous impact on patient health. Government policies – whether federal, state, or municipal – shape everything from the delivery of healthcare to the patient’s physical and social environment. From insurance reimbursement to food quality and access to clean air and water, health is affected daily by the decisions of policymakers. Another policy arena that profoundly impacts health – one that should be of great concern to medical providers – is drug policy. Historically, battles over drug policy have been framed by two, often competing, ideologies: one which sees drug use a moral failing and a crime that should be punished and another which sees it as an illness or disease requiring compassion and treatment. The question of who “owns” the problem of drug use – law enforcement or medicine – has been debated for decades. More recently, harm reduction – an approach that seeks to minimize the harms associated with drug use and our drug policies – has gained some traction. Because they are well respected, knowledgeable, highly credentialed, and can speak directly to the impact of policies on their patients, the voices of physicians as drug policy advocates are both powerful and desperately needed. Unfortunately, few physicians are equipped or have the time to engage in policy advocacy. Can physicians become effective policy advocates? And if so, how?
ReTagger: An Efficient Controller for DRAM Cache Architectures

3D die-stacking has enabled energy-efficient solutions for near data processing by integrating multiple dice of high-density memory layers and processor cores within the same package. One promising approach is to employ the in-package memory as a gigascale last-level cache for data-intensive computing. Most existing in-package cache controllers rely on the command scheduling policies borrowed from the off-chip DRAM system. Regrettably, these control policies are not specifically tailored for in-package cache traffics, which results in a limited bandwidth efficiency. This paper proposes ReTagger, a DRAM cache controller that employs repeated tags to alleviate the cost of DRAM row buffer misses. Our simulation results on a set of ten data-intensive applications indicate an average of 20% performance improvement for the proposed controller over the state-of-the-art DRAM caches.
α-hydroxy esters as inexpensive chiral auxiliaries in rhodium(II)-catalyzed cyclopropanations with vinyldiazomethanes

Abstract High levels of asymmetric induction were achieved in rhodium(II) catalyzed cyclopropanations with chiral vinyldiazomethanes. (R)-(−)-Pantolactone is the most effective chiral auxiliary, but other α-hydroxy esters also give reasonable levels of diastereoselectivity.
Experimental investigation of the Al–Co–Fe phase diagram over the whole composition range

Abstract Knowledge of the phase stability in the Al–Co–Fe ternary system is critical for developing Al–Fe–Si-based low-cost lightweight high-temperature materials and is thus experimentally investigated over the whole composition range. Three complete isothermal sections at 1000, 900, and 800 °C were constructed based on the results measured from three identical Co/Fe/Al5Fe2 diffusion triples and forty-three equilibrated alloys using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). At all the three temperatures, a continuous solution, Al13(Co,Fe)4, was confirmed between the Al13Fe4 and M-Al13Co4 phases. Phase boundaries of the γ, α, β, Al2Fe, Al5Fe2, Al5Co2, Al9Co2, and Al13(Co,Fe)4 phases and the corresponding phase equilibrium relations were clearly defined from the obtained tie-lines and phase boundary data. Three three-phase regions were confirmed in the 1000 °C isothermal section, while four three-phase regions were confirmed in the 900 and 800 °C isothermal sections. The large amount of new phase equilibrium data proposed in this work will serve as reliable input for future thermodynamic reassessments of the Al–Co–Fe system within the CALPHAD (CALculation of PHAse Diagrams) framework to improve the current Al thermodynamic databases.
Shifts in plant-microbe interactions over community succession and their effects on plant resistance to herbivores.

Soil microorganisms can influence the development of complex plant phenotypes, including resistance to herbivores. This microbiome-mediated plasticity may be particularly important for plant species that persist in environments with drastically changing herbivore pressure, for example over community succession. We established a 15-yr gradient of old-field succession to examine the herbivore resistance and rhizosphere microbial communities of Solidago altissima plants in a large-scale field experiment. To assess the functional effects of these successional microbial shifts, we inoculated S. altissima plants with microbiomes from the 2nd , 6th and 15th successional years in a glasshouse and compared their herbivore resistance. The resistance of S. altissima plants to herbivores changed over succession, with concomitant shifts in the rhizosphere microbiome. Late succession microbiomes conferred the strongest herbivore resistance to S. altissima plants in a glasshouse experiment, paralleling the low levels of herbivory observed in the oldest communities in the field. While many factors change over succession and may contribute to the shifts in rhizosphere communities and herbivore resistance we observed, our results indicated that soil microbial shifts alone can alter plants' interactions with herbivores. Our findings suggest that changes in soil microbial communities over succession can play an important role in enhancing plant resistance to herbivores.
Utilizing Social Media to Spread Knowledge: The Association of Pathology Chairs Experience at the 2018 Annual Meeting:

Participants at academic conferences frequently use social media to disseminate educational content learned while at the meeting. Although most agree that this activity is harmless, some have expre...
Tibial Acceleration Reliability and Minimal Detectable Difference During Overground and Treadmill Running.

Measurements of tibial acceleration during running must be reliable to ensure valid results and reduce errors. The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability and minimal detectable difference (MDD) of peak axial and peak resultant tibial acceleration during overground and treadmill running. The authors also compared reliability and MDDs when peak tibial accelerations were determined by averaging 5 or 10 trials. Tibial acceleration was measured during overground and treadmill running of 19 participants using a lightweight accelerometer mounted to the tibia. Peak axial and peak resultant tibial accelerations were determined for each trial. Intraclass correlation coefficients determined within-session reliability, and MDDs were also calculated. Within-session reliability was excellent for all conditions (intraclass correlation coefficients = .95-.99). The MDDs ranged from 0.6 to 1.4 g for peak axial acceleration and from 1.6 to 2.0 g for peak resultant acceleration and were lowest for peak axial tibial acceleration during overground running. Averaging 10 trials did not improve reliability compared to averaging 5 trials but did result in small reductions in MDDs. For peak axial tibial acceleration only, lower MDDs indicate that overground running may be the better option for detecting small differences.
Microanalysis of Primary Biological Particles from Model Grass over Its Life Cycle

Airborne biological aerosols are an integral part of the atmosphere–biosphere interface and significantly impact the environment and Earth’s climate. Primary biological particles such as fungal spo...
Learning Hyperbolic Representations for Unsupervised 3D Segmentation

There exists a need for unsupervised 3D segmentation on complex volumetric data, particularly when annotation ability is limited or discovery of new categories is desired. Using the observation that much of 3D volumetric data is innately hierarchical, we propose learning effective representations of 3D patches for unsupervised segmentation through a variational autoencoder (VAE) with a hyperbolic latent space and a proposed gyroplane convolutional layer, which better models the underlying hierarchical structure within a 3D image. We also introduce a hierarchical triplet loss and multi-scale patch sampling scheme to embed relationships across varying levels of granularity. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our hyperbolic representations for unsupervised 3D segmentation on a hierarchical toy dataset, BraTS whole tumor dataset, and cryogenic electron microscopy data.
Forecasting El Niño and La Niña Using Spatially and Temporally Structured Predictors and a Convolutional Neural Network

El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is characterized by large-scale fluctuations of sea surface temperature (SST) in the central and eastern tropical Pacific accompanied by changes in the atmospheric circulation. ENSO events are of two main types: El Nino and La Nina. Oceanic Nino index (ONI) determines the five consecutive three-month running mean of SST anomalies, in the Nino 3.4 region (5° S–5° N, 170° W–120° W). El Nino is a phenomenon in the equatorial Pacific Ocean characterized by a value of greater than 0.5 °C for ONI. La Nina is a phenomenon in the equatorial Pacific Ocean characterized by a value of less than –0.5 °C for ONI. The lingering of either of these two phenomena could induce severe droughts, whereas either of them following the other could cause massive floods. In both cases, deaths and substantial pecuniary loss are unavoidable, making their forecast of great significance. This study takes over the challenge of forecasting these two phenomena with one year lead time, which has proven difficult in the literature. This research's contribution is restructuring ENSO events’ predictors, including SST, sea level pressure, surface wind speed, and wind stress in a spatially and temporally meaningful way and designing a convolutional neural network that takes advantage of this structure to forecast ENSO events of different types (i.e., Central Pacific and Eastern Pacific) in the next year. Not only a high precision in forecasts was achieved but also it was shown that the proposed model has the potential to achieve higher recalls if a larger number of samples from the positive class would become available.
Trends of Research Output of Allopathic Medical Students Matching Into Dermatology, 2007-2018

Importance According to the National Residency Matching Program’s biennial Charting Outcomes in the Match (NRMP ChOM) reports, the mean number of research items of matched allopathic dermatology applicants has nearly tripled since 2007, rising from 5.7 to 14.7. Research items are self-reported by applicants and serve as an approximation of research output. Because the NRMP research items field is unverified and reported as an aggregate of several different research pursuits, it may not be an accurate representation of applicant research output. Objective To determine if the rise in NRMP-reported data is associated with a rise in verifiable, indexed publications from matched allopathic dermatology applicants from 2007 to 2018. Design, Setting, and Participants Cross-sectional study including a bibliometric analysis on accepted applicant research output among 2234 matched allopathic dermatology applicants, with a total of 6229 publications, in dermatology residency programs for the years 2007, 2009, 2011, 2014, 2016, and 2018. Main Outcome and Measures The primary outcomes were the mean number of peer-reviewed indexed publications and mean number of NRMP ChOM research items. Secondary outcomes assessed the quality of indexed publications by analyzing article type and journal of publication. Results From 2007 to 2018, the mean number of indexed publications per matched dermatology applicant increased from 1.6 to 4.7 (203% increase). Indexed publications consistently compose a minority of NRMP ChOM research items (28.8% across the 6 years of the study). Nonindexed research items increased at more than double the rate of indexed publications. Bibliometric analysis showed that all other types of publications are increasing at a rate of 6 to 9 times that of basic science publications, dermatology-related publications increased at 5 times the rate of non-dermatology publications, and publications in lower–impact factor dermatology journals increased at 4 times the rate of publications in higher–impact factor dermatology journals. Conclusions and Relevance This cross-sectional study provides data on the research output of matched dermatology applicants. Indexed publications compose a minority of NRMP research items. Medical student self-reports of research output may emphasize research quantity over quality.
Psychometric Evaluation of the Healing After Gender-Based Violence Scale: An Instrument for Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Assessment of Recovery Progress for Women-Identifying Survivors

The Healing after Gender-based Violence Scale (GBV-Heal) was developed to measure the holistic recovery processes of woman-identifying survivors of gender-based violence (GBV). The GBV-Heal asks survivors to evaluate a series of statements based on perceptions of one’s lowest point and how they currently feel. These scale response options create lowest point, current feelings, and difference scores to evaluate the healing outcome cross-sectionally. This manuscript aims to evaluate the psychometric properties of the GBV-Heal to understand its usefulness for research and practice. Instrument evaluation consisted of two phases analyzing online survey data from two GBV survivor samples recruited from online health research portals in the United States. In Phase One (N = 236), we conducted factor analyses and evaluated convergent/discriminant validity using depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress, posttraumatic growth, and wellbeing measures. In Phase Two (N = 47), we evaluated GBV-Heal response consistency via test–retest within two weeks. Results showed that the scale’s final model included 4 components with 18 items, explaining 61.2% and 65% of the overall scale variances for “at my lowest point” and “my current feelings,” respectively. The GBV-Heal difference score showed a weak positive correlation with wellbeing and posttraumatic growth scores and a weak negative correlation with depression, anxiety, and PTSD scores. Test–retest revealed Pearson r correlations of 0.82, 0.82, and 0.69 for the lowest point, current feelings, and difference scores respectively. These findings substantiate the reliability and validity of our instrument as an outcome measure that can be used both cross-sectionally and longitudinally with survivors of GBV.
Attribute-Agreement and the Problem of Universals

A pervasive feature of our experience is a phenomenon I shall call agreement in attribute, agreement in things like properties, kinds, and relations. So pervasive is attribute-agreement that language provides us with a multiplicity of devices for expressing the phenomenon. Thus, we can say of two shirts from the same dye lot that they are the same shade of blue; but we can also say that they have the same color, that the color of the one matches the color of the other, that the color of the one is just like the color of the other, or, more straightforwardly, that both shirts are, say, lavender.
Manual control aspects of Space Station docking maneuvers

Due to an increase in spacecraft traffic forecasted for the Space Station era, researchers are investigating manual control and other aspects of docking operations with hopes of increasing safety, productivity, and likelihood of success while decreasing cost. Experiments have been performed which revealed the effect of approach velocity, in-flight anomalies, and control mode. Displays have been designed to enable flight planners to more easily overcome the difficulties presented by orbital mechanics. Improved understanding of human factors in the docking mission and other orbital maneuvers will play a significant role in design tradeoffs concerning thruster size, docking fixture style and mass, and on-board trajectory planning displays. Incorporating both empirical and analytic results into current and future planning of missions occurring not only in earth orbit, but also for missions in lunar and Mars orbit, will expand the performance envelopes of the astronauts who participate in these missions.
Experimental studies on morphological variation in the cestode genus Hymenolepis. III. X-irradiation as a mechanism for facilitating analyses in H. nana.

Abstract 1. 1. Observations have been presented on the morphological effects of exposing eggs of Hymenolepis nana to different doses of X-irradiation ranging from 5 to 40 kiloroentgens. Conspicuous effects in cysticercoids were malformations and arrested development. Abnormal appearing cysticercoids failed to develop to adults when fed to albino mice. 2. 2. No adult cestodes were obtained, either directly or indirectly, from eggs exposed to more than 30 kr. 3. 3. Below the lethal level of radiation, no abnormalities were observed which could not be found in non-irradiated specimens. Analyses indicated that X-irradiation induced an increase in the frequency with which a given variant characteristic occurred and that the frequency tended to be proportional to the dose received. 4. 4. Data on frequency of occurrence, according to the r-dose received, have been presented for each of five variant characteristics. Comparisons made with non-irradiated specimens indicated that reliable estimates of the frequency with which a given morphological variant characteristic occurs in the normal population can be obtained by extrapolation of the irradiation data. Experimental evidence has been given in support of the proposed hypothesis that X-irradiation may serve as a useful tool in facilitating determinations of the nature, extent and possible directional trends of morphological variations in a population of cestodes.
Mobile Phishing Attacks and Mitigation Techniques

Mobile devices have taken an essential role in the portable computer world. Portability, small screen size, and lower cost of production make these devices popular replacements for desktop and laptop computers for many daily tasks, such as surfing on the Internet, playing games, and shopping online. The popularity of mobile devices such as tablets and smart phones has made them a frequent target of traditional web-based attacks, especially phishing. Mobile device-based phishing takes its share of the pie to trick users into entering their credentials in fake websites or fake mobile applications. This paper discusses various phishing attacks using mobile devices followed by some discussion on countermeasures. The discussion is intended to bring more awareness to emerging mobile device-based phishing attacks.
A high performance hybrid wave-pipelined multiplier

The clock period in conventional pipeline scheme is proportional to the maximum delay while in hybrid wave-pipelining it is proportional to the maximum delay difference. An 8x8-bit hybrid wave-pipeline multiplier using carry-save adder technique is described. The multiplier has been designed using TSMC 180nm. The basic cells in multiplier are designed to have small propagation delay and delay variation. The hybrid wave-pipelined multiplier is able to achieve 2.86 billion multiplications per second.
Prediction of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease mortality in a nationally representative cohort using a set of risk factors from pooled cohort risk equations

Introduction: The American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Pooled Cohort risk equations were developed to estimate atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk. It is unclear if the set of risk factors might predict ASCVD mortality in a nationally representative cohort. Hypothesis: We assessed the performance of the set of risk factors developed by the Pooled Cohort equations in the prediction of ASCVD mortality by sex and race-ethnicity. Methods: We used the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Linked Mortality File (NHANES III 1988-2006, n=7,042) and included participants 40-79 years of age without CVD at baseline. We used Cox proportional hazard models to estimate the predicted probability of ASCVD death at 10-year by sex and race-ethnicity (non-Hispanic white (NHW), non-Hispanic black (NHB), and Mexican American (MA)). We calculated the discrimination and calibration for each sex-race-ethnicity model. Results: We documented 409 ASCVD deaths during 62,335 person years of follow-up (212 men and 197 women). The Pooled Cohort equations’ set of risk factors demonstrated moderate discrimination ability for ASCVD mortality with modified c-statistics of 0.658 (95% CI: 0.602-0.713), 0.661 (0.589-0.732), and 0.703 (0.624-0.782) for NHW, NHB and MA men respectively. The corresponding c-statistics for women were 0.695 (0.631-0.760), 0.695 (0.624-0.765), and 0.687 (0.588-0.786). Modified Hosmer-Lemeshow χ2 suggested adequate calibration for NHW men and women (p-value 0.13 and 0.06 respectively). The calibration was borderline adequate for NHB women with p-value 0.04, and inadequate for MA men and women with p-value <0.001 and 0.004 respectively. The moderate discrimination and inadequate calibration for some prediction models might be partly due to the limited sample size. Conclusions: In conclusion, in this nationally representative cohort, the set of risk factors from the Pooled Cohort equations perform adequately to predict 10-year ASCVD mortality for NHW men and women with observed and predicted 10-year ASCVD deaths being similar, and demonstrated moderate discrimination for all sex-race/ethnicity groups.
The estrogenic activity of synthetic progestins used in oral contraceptives

Background. Oral contraceptives (OC) contain an orally active estrogen in combination with an orally active synthetic progestin derived from 19-nortestosterone, OC have had an enormous positive impact on public health for the past three decades, and in the main, there has been a remarkably low incidence of troublesome side effects. Although estrogens are implicated in an increased incidence of breast and endometrial cancer, epidemiologic studies have not provided convincing evidence to support a direct correlation between OC use and an increase in breast cancer incidence
Tight-Binding Total Energy Methods for Magnetic Materials and Multi-Element Systems

The classic paper of Slater and Koster [1] described a method for modifying a linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) for use in an interpolation scheme to determine energy bands over the entire Brillouin zone while only fitting to the results of first-principles calculations at high symmetry points in the zone. This tight-binding (TB) method was shown to be extremely useful for the study of the band structure of solids with little computational cost. Harrison [2, 3] developed a “universal” set of parameters which are used both to obtain a basic understanding of band structures and for making approximate calculations. Papaconstantopoulos [4] computed the Slater-Koster parameters for most elements by fitting to results obtained from the first-principles augmented plane wave (APW) method. Numerous other applications of this method have appeared in the literature [5, 6].
Hydrogen Evolution and Early Blistering from Magnesium-Rich Primers on AA2024-T3

Early blistering was observed on topcoated magnesium-rich primers (MgRPs) over AA2024-T3 substrate under constant immersion or constant salt spray tests. Hydrogen evolution and the cause of early b...
Prescription opioids and benzodiazepines: moving beyond "just say no".

Multiple studies have shown that patients with psychiatric conditions are more likely to be prescribed (short- and long-term) opioid medications for chronic pain compared with patients without psychiatric conditions. Specifically, anxiety disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder, are strongly associated with receipt of prescriptions for opioids [1]. Recent studies of several different patient populations suggest that 30–40% of patients prescribed long-term opioids are also prescribed benzodiazepines (referred to here as co-prescribing ) [2,3]. One reason for these findings is that chronic pain and anxiety disorders are often comorbid. Research has shown that up to one-third of patients receiving treatment for chronic pain suffer from a diagnosable anxiety disorder [4]. From a biological perspective, overlapping neuroanatomical pathways and alterations of the autonomic, endogenous opioid, and serotonin systems have been found in both disorders. Psychological models have also been developed that describe the strong relationship between anxiety disorders and chronic pain. Two particular models, diathesis-stress [5] and shared vulnerability [4], posit that pre-existing psychological and physiological characteristics of the individual combine with life events or are exacerbated by pain, resulting in pathology and disability. Another model, mutual maintenance [6], proposes that physiological, affective, and behavioral components of anxiety disorders help to maintain or exacerbate symptoms of chronic pain, while cognitive, affective, and behavioral components of pain help to maintain or exacerbate symptoms of anxiety. Several key constructs used in these models may be especially relevant for developing new clinical approaches to the co-prescribing problem: anxiety sensitivity , fear-avoidance , and catastrophizing . Anxiety sensitivity refers to a dispositional tendency for patients to be fearful of arousal or somatic-related sensations based on the belief that the sensations themselves may have or reflect harmful consequences [4]. Fear-avoidance is a closely related concept in which patients believe that the experience of …
DIRECT PHOTO-AFFINITY LABELING WITH CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDES: ACTION SPECTRA

— When [3H]-cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate and [3H]-cyclic guanosine 3′,5′-monophos-phate are irradiated at varying UV wavelengths in the presence of cyclic nucleotide receptor proteins, photo-incorporation is maximal in the region of 280 nm. This suggests that covalent coupling occurs by means of photo-activation of an entity other than the ligand cyclic nucleotide. The action spectra more closely resemble the absorbtion spectrum of the reacting protein, making it likely that absorhtion of radiant energy by components of the protein receptor leads to photo-affinity labeling.
Student game design exposition

The student game exposition is open to all students to submit digital game designs and working games. Entries will be reviewed on Saturday, March 26 by panel. Prizes will be awarded for 1st, 2nd, and 3rd place entries. The top 50% of reviewed entries will be listed in the final conference proceedings, listing the name of the game project, abstract, and the authors/designers. Entries will be judged by games/media faculty and media industry professionals.
Inhibition by arachidonic acid and other fatty acids of dopamine uptake at the human dopamine transporter

It is known that arachidonic acid, in addition to promoting release of dopamine, can inhibit its transport. The present study provides preliminary information on structure–activity relationships for uptake inhibition by rotating disk voltammetry in human embryonic kidney-293 cells expressing the human dopamine transporter. Except for anandamide, all other fatty acids studied at a pretreatment concentration of 80 μM caused significant reductions in Vmax but not Km. Increasing saturation of the hydrocarbon tails (partial saturation: oleic acid, linoleic acid; full saturation: arachidic acid, stearic acid, stearic acid ethyl ester) removed inhibitory activity incrementally, suggesting a role for cis-unsaturation (folding/bending of hydrocarbon tails). The relative lack of effect of 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid also supports the idea that less linear structures are less inhibitory on dopamine uptake. Esterification of the free carboxylic group (arachidonic acid ethyl ester) prevented most of the inhibitory activity, arguing against mere membrane lipid disruption. Finally, the endogenous cannabinoid anandamide greatly reduced uptake Vmax accompanied by a small decrease in Km, a potentially important effect on dopaminergic neurotransmission.
Exercise and Prostate Cancer Risk in a Cohort of Veterans Undergoing Prostate Needle Biopsy

Purpose: Epidemiological and molecular evidence suggest potential associations between exercise and prostate cancer risk reduction. We further characterized this relationship by examining exercise and cancer risk among men undergoing prostate needle biopsy.Materials and Methods: A total of 190 men who underwent prostate biopsy at the Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center completed a questionnaire on current exercise behavior. Participants were asked average frequency of mild, moderate and strenuous intensity exercise in a typical week, as well as average duration as assessed by the Godin Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire. Total current exercise was calculated in terms of metabolic equivalent task hours per week. Primary outcome measures were prostate biopsy result and Gleason sum.Results: After adjusting for age, race, body mass index, prostate specific antigen, digital rectal examination, family history, previous prostate biopsy and comorbidity score, men who reported 9 or more metabolic equivalent ta...
Many examples of non-cocompact Fuchsian groups sitting in \hbox {PSL}_2({\mathbb {Q}})

We will explicitly construct many non-arithmetic Fuchsian groups while controlling some geometric properties of the action on the boundary of the hyperbolic plane. With this construction, we produce infinitely many noncommensurable non-cocompact Fuchsian groups of finite covolume sitting in $$\hbox {PSL}_2({\mathbb {Q}})$$ so that the set of hyperbolic fixed points of each group will contain a given finite collection of elements in the boundary of the hyperbolic plane.
It's the Message, Not the Messenger: The Declining Significance of Black–White Contact in a “Colorblind” Society*

We argue that due to the modern-day prevalence of colorblind racism, the impact of interracial contact on whites’ racial consciousness is limited. By comparing two qualitative data sets of white antiracists and whites who have a close black friend, we find there are a good number of whites for whom relationships with people of color are not the prime impetus for becoming antiracist. Whites often bracket out their black friends from their limited understandings of racism, and white antiracists often adopt progressive ideologies from other whites. Even when interracial contact is part of white antiracists’ experiences, it often is but one small step in a process of sensitization to an antiracist counterideology. The bearers of this antiracist ideology (the “message”) may or may not be persons of color (the assumed “messengers”) so we explore a variety of ways that this “message” takes hold (or not) among whites. While not discounting contact theory altogether, we make plain that colorblindness is a major factor limiting its explanatory power. We conclude by discussing the methodological and theoretical implications of our findings for sociological race relations research.
Counterflow measurements in strongly correlated GaAs hole bilayers: Evidence for electron-hole pairing

We study interacting GaAs bilayer hole systems, with very small interlayer tunneling, in a counterflow geometry where equal currents are passed in opposite directions in the two, independently contacted layers. At low temperatures, both the longitudinal and Hall counterflow resistances tend to vanish in the quantum Hall state at total bilayer filling nu=1, demonstrating the pairing of oppositely charged carriers in opposite layers. The counterflow Hall resistance decreases much more strongly than the longitudinal resistances as the temperature is reduced.