cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cultural economy of landscape: development pathways in the english lake district

A brief characterization of the cultural economy of landscape is provided, with special reference to the English Lake District. The early development of tourism in the region in relation to its natural, literary, and artistic assets is described. I examine the cultural economy of landscape in relation to three critical social groups, namely, producers of local goods and services, residents, and visitors/tourists. The special role of institutions of collective order in managing the cultural economy is alluded to. After a short statistical description of social and economic conditions in the Lake District today, I offer a detailed account of the main elements of the tourist experience. Here, attention is devoted to (a) the natural environment and its attractions, (b) the historical-artistic patrimony of the region, and (c) the growing importance of food, cuisine, and crafts within the local economy. I show, in addition, how these elements of the cultural economy combine with a complex institutional milieu to generate a path-dependent trajectory of development. In the conclusion I present a few remarks on the concept of creative regions and the senses in which the English Lake District might and might not be associated with this concept
Isolation, characterization, and comparison of the S-carboxymethyl heavy (A) and light (B) chain derivatives of cat, dog, rabbit, and bovine plasmins.

Abstract Highly purified preparations of cat, dog, rabbit, and bovine plasminogens, isolated by affinity chromatography on lysine-substituted Sepharose columns, were found to be similar in molecular weight to human plasminogen in acrylamide gel-dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis. These plasminogens showed multiple electrophoretic forms in acrylamide gel electrophoresis in 0.3 m e-aminocaproic acid at pH 8.4 and in acrylamide gel-isoelectric focusing electrophoresis. The isoelectric points of the multiple forms of rabbit and bovine plasminogens were similar to the isoelectric points of the multiple isoelectric forms of human Lys-plasminogen; the cat and dog plasminogen isoelectric forms were similar to one another and more electronegative than the human Lys-plasminogen isoelectric forms. Cat, dog, rabbit, and bovine plasmins (urokinase-activated plasminogens) reacted stoichiometrically with l-1-chloro-3-tosylamido-7-amino-2-heptanone and were completely inhibited. Cm-heavy (A) and Cm-light (B) chain preparations were isolated from reduced and alkylated plasmin preparations from each species by dialysis against 0.002 m ammonium bicarbonate. The incorporation studies with l-1-chloro-3-tosylamido-7-amino-2-heptanone indicated a single "active site" histidine, for each species of plasmin, located in the Cm-light (B) chain. The Cm-light (B) chain derivatives of the cat, dog, rabbit, and bovine plasmins were essentially homogeneous and similar in molecular weight to the human Cm-light (B) chain derivative in acrylamide gel-urea-dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis. These derivatives showed multiple isoelectric forms in acrylamide gel-urea-isoelectric focusing electrophoresis. The isoelectric points of cat and dog Cm-light (B) chain forms were similar to the isoelectric points of the human Cm-light (B) chain forms; the rabbit Cm-light (B) chain forms were more electronegative and the bovine Cm-light (B) chain forms were more electropositive than the human Cm-light (B) chain forms. The Cm-heavy (A) chain preparations of cat, dog, rabbit, and bovine plasmins all contained both major and minor chains in acrylamide gel-urea-dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis. The cat, dog, and rabbit preparations contain a Cm-heavy (A) chain that had the same molecular weight as the major human Cm-heavy (A) chain. The major cat Cm-heavy (A1) chain was similar in molecular weight to the minor human Cm-heavy (A1) chain. The major dog Cm-heavy (A2) chain had a lower molecular weight than both the major and minor human Cm-heavy (A and A1) chains. The bovine Cm-heavy (A3) chain was of lower molecular weight than the dog, Cm-heavy (A2) chain. The Cm-heavy (A) chain derivatives of all four animal species showed multiple isoelectric forms in acrylamide gel-urea-isoelectric focusing electrophoresis with isoelectric points slightly more electronegative than the isoelectric points of the multiple human Cm-heavy (A) chain forms.
Bringing planning to autonomic applications with ABLE

Planning has received tremendous interest as a research area within AI over the last three decades but it has not been applied commercially as widely as its other AI counterparts like learning or data mining. The reasons are many: the utility of planning in business applications was unclear, the planners used to work best in small domains and there was no general purpose planning and execution infrastructure widely available. Much has changed lately. Compelling applications have emerged, e.g., computing systems have become so complex that the IT industry recognizes the necessity of deliberative methods to make these systems self-configuring, self-healing, self-optimizing and self-protecting. Planning has seen an upsurge in the last decade with new planners that are orders of magnitude faster than before and are able to scale this performance to complex domains, e.g., those with metric and temporal constraints. However, planning and execution infrastructure is still tightly tied to a specific application which can have its own idiosyncrasies. In this paper, we fill the infrastructural gap by providing a domain independent planning and execution environment that is implemented in the ABLE agent building toolkit, and demonstrate its ability to solve practical business applications. The planning-enabled ABLE is publicly available and is being used to solve a variety of planning applications in IBM including the self-management/autonomic computing scenarios.
Influence of Biologic Factors and Anatomic Site in Completely Resected Liposarcoma

PURPOSE: Soft tissue sarcoma (STS) encompasses a group of neoplasms that are anatomically and biologically diverse. Retroperitoneal/visceral (RP/V) tumors have a poorer prognosis than extremity/trunk (E/T) lesions, and this has been attributed to frequent presentation with tumors of large size and multiorgan involvement that precludes complete resection. The worse prognosis that is associated with RP/V tumors has also been thought to be histopathologically dependent and not necessarily related to anatomic site. The aim of this study was to determine the role of anatomic site and biologic features in prognosis and outcome in patients after complete resection by examining a large cohort of STS patients with a single histopathology, ie, liposarcoma. METHODS: All patients who were treated for liposarcoma from July 1, 1982, through July 1, 1998, were included. Univariate analyses were performed using log-rank test and Kaplan-Meier estimates, and multivariate analyses were performed using Cox regression. The th...
Supporting conceptual understanding of the associative and distributive properties through digital gameplay

There has been a steady rise in the support for games as learning environments. This support is largely based on the strong levels of engagement and motivation observed during gameplay. What has proven difficult is the ability to consistently design and develop learning games that are both engaging and educationally viable. Those in the game-based learning community contend the solution is to tightly integrate instructional objective(s) within the game's mechanics. In order to investigate whether or not intrinsic integration would aid in game design, an experimental study was conducted with 111 fourth and fifth graders in which three versions of a game were designed in order to determine which approach would have a more significant impact on conceptual understanding of the associative and distributive properties. It was found that those who played the intrinsic version of the game (properties mapped to game mechanics) had significant learning gains compared with those who played the extrinsic version. Perceptions of the game are also discussed, along with future directions.
Introductory Immunology: Begin the Journey

Review of : Primer to the Immune Response , 2 nd ed.; Tak Mak, Mary Saunders, and Bradley Jett; (2014). Elsevier Inc., London, UK. 702 pages.
Human Monocytes as Intermediaries between Allogeneic Endothelial Cells and Allospecific T Cells: A Role for Direct Scavenger Receptor-Mediated Endothelial Membrane Uptake in the Initiation of Alloimmunity

Recipient monocytes, T cells, and donor endothelial cells (ECs) are recognized as critical components of allograft rejection. We have recently shown that human monocytes infiltrate vascularized allografts before clinical rejection and have thus hypothesized that monocytes, rather than costimulation-poor ECs, initiate an alloimmune response. However, the nature of the interactions between ECs, monocytes, and T cells has been incompletely defined. Specifically, it is not clear whether these cells interact in a hierarchical manner, nor is it apparent what constitutes an interaction. We therefore studied human ECs, monocytes, and T cells in various isolated in vitro combinations to define the salient features of their contact and to determine whether their interactions were sequential in nature. We find that T cells proliferate poorly to allogeneic ECs and autologous monocytes but well to autologous monocytes following allogeneic EC contact. We show that monocytes gain their stimulatory capacity by phagocytizing allogeneic but not autologous EC membranes in a process governed by scavenger receptors. This process facilitates the subsequent presentation of intact donor HLA molecules to T cells (semidirect presentation). Moreover, monocytes are receptive to T cell help only after exposure to ECs and require CD4+ T cells to optimally express costimulatory molecules and foster Ag presentation. Our results indicate that monocytes engage allogeneic ECs through scavenger receptors and are then primed to facilitate T cell activation in a codependent manner. This reciprocal codependence allows for monocytes to serve as a regulated bridge between the allograft and T cells.
15Th International Congress On High Speed Photography And Photonics San Diego 1982

This presentation traces the evolution of techniques and results of deep space mission imaging experiments over the past two decades. It is a story of rapidly developing capabilities, starting with tiny snapshots of the primeval face of Mars and culminating in dazzling color portraits of the complex and beautiful rings of Saturn. In between, a rich legacy of images was returned from spacecraft variously flying by, crashing into, orbiting or landing on the moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and the many satellites of the two giant planets. Spacecraft, optics, detectors, electronics, scan platforms, telemetry transmitters, giant receiving antennas, and a variety of computers comprise the technology of this odyssey.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effect of Non-Hospice Palliative Care Consultations on Nursing Home Patients (S739)

reference 1⁄4 short pre-consult LOS and not planof-care consultation). Conclusion. High pre-consultation LOS and palliative consultation for plan-of-care were associated with increased likelihood of in-hospital death among ICU patients receiving palliative care consultation. ICU patients with both high pre-consult LOS and plan-of-care palliative consultation demonstrated the highest likelihood of in-hospital death. Implications for Research, Policy, or Practice. These factors may inform future research on reducing in-hospital death for ICU patients.
Relationship between Increased Airway Responsiveness and Asthma Severity in the Childhood Asthma Management Program

The relationship between increased airway responsiveness and asthma severity in children is unclear. The Childhood Asthma Management Program (CAMP) with 1,041 children with mild to moderate asthma offers an opportunity to relate the concentration of methacholine that causes a 20% fall in FEV(1) (PC(20)) to level of lung function, occurrence of respiratory symptoms, duration of disease, and assessment of severity by clinical staff. Decreasing PC(20) was found to be associated with lower levels of lung function (prebronchodilator percent predicted FEV(1): r = 0.29, beta = 3.5, p < 0.001), the occurrence of chronic asthma symptoms, persistent wheezing (odds ratio [OR] = 1.66, p < 0.001), subjective clinical staff assessment of asthma severity (p < 0.001), and longer duration of asthma (r = -0.11, beta = -0.20, p < 0.002). These data provide evidence that the degree of airway responsiveness is linked to disease severity in children with mild to moderate asthma.
Electrothermal vaporization—inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry

Abstract The use of electrothermal vaporization for sample introduction to the inductively coupled plasma for emission spectrometric determination of elements in complex samples is discussed. The advantages and disadvantages, analytical performance characteristics, and ease of operation as compared to conventional pneumatic nebulization and other sample introduction techniques, are described.
Development and Validation of Model for 95%-Efficiency 220-W Wireless Power Transfer Over a 30-cm Air Gap

Although 60-W wireless power transfer (WPT) was demonstrated in 2007, still there is no equivalent circuit model for a submeter air-gap, hundreds of watts, and high-efficiency wireless system. A design-oriented circuit model is needed for this technology to evolve. This paper proposes an equivalent circuit model for the wireless system and analyzes the system based on the proposed model. The proposed model and its analysis are validated by means of finite-element analysis (FEA) and experimental results. Furthermore, as a viable solution for high-power (multikilowatt) applications, losses in the WPT system are investigated in the following section. Because of the high operating frequency (in megahertz), skin and proximity effects were shown to be dominant. A new spatial layout of a coil is proposed that significantly reduces losses caused by skin and proximity effects. With the new spatial layout, i.e., the surface spiral layout, the efficiency and size of WPT system can be improved significantly in high-power applications. The proposed coil design is evaluated by means of FEA.
Electrodialytic demineralization of brackish waters by using inorganic ion-exchange membranes

Abstract Possible variations in the performance characteristics of inorganic ion-exchange membranes in the electrodialysis of chloride brines have been investigated as a function of some important variables such as hydraulic flow rates, ratios of throughput rates, concentration of feed solution and the liquid flow pattern. The electrodialysis unit consisted of six cell pairs with an effective flow area of 6 sq. in. per membrane. Results of complete current density studies which were carried out in order to examine the variables have indicated that linear flow rates in the range 3.3 to 6.0 cm/sec and a 1:1 throughput ratio of diluting to concentrating streams were optimum. By employing a combined parallel-series liquid feed system, a current efficiency of >99% and a demineralization per pass of 66% were obtained. For an “intermediate” feed concentration of 2000 ppm (total dissolved solids), a satisfactory combination of 97% current efficiency and 65.5% salt removal was achieved.
The Impact of Local Demand on Innovation in a Global Industry

Localization of knowledge flows has been extensively examined in the literature on innovation. However, almost all previous research has focused on technological knowledge. This study examines why knowledge of demand can also be tacit and localized. We provide a detailed empirical study of the global pharmaceutical industry and find not only that demand is as important as technological knowledge in determining the pattern of innovation in this industry but also that innovation is a locally determined phenomenon. These findings contribute to research regarding determinants of innovations and provide an explanation for geographic patterns of innovation that is distinct from technological knowledge spillovers. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cuticular terminology in Russula (agaricales)

The pileus cuticle is one-layered in a few species ofRussula, but in the others it can be interpreted as composed of two layers—the epicutis uppermost and below this, the subcutis. The basic difference between the two layers is in hyphal orientation. Cell inflation may obscure the orientation in the cuticles of some species. This has given rise to differing interpretations of cuticular structure, especially in regard to the number of nameable layers present, and thus to differing terms for the layers. No Russulas illustrate this better than those of subsectionVirescentinae, of which the two most common North American species,R. crustosa Peck andR. virescens (Schaeffer ex Secretan) Fries, are discussed and described.
In defense of linguistic ersatzism

En ce qui concerne la question d'une ontologie des mondes possibles, l'A. defend la these d'un ersatzisme linguistique selon lequel il existe des entites linguistiques qui appartiennent a une ontologie non problematique, et permettent aux mondes d'exister dans le sens developpe par le realisme modal de D. Lewis. L'A. se propose de repondre a certaines objections qui lui sont opposees
Radio's Role During Hurricane Katrina: A Case Study of WWL Radio and the United Radio Broadcasters of New Orleans

This narrative case study examines the news and information role played by WWL Radio and the United Radio Broadcasters of New Orleans during the real life drama of Hurricane Katrina. The performance of United demonstrates that media consolidation, deregulation and the threat of emerging technologies do not justify abandoning the idea that broadcasters still have a moral and ethical responsibility to serve the public interests of audiences; that traditional radio should stop looking over its shoulder at threats posed by other media, and instead should make use of the medium's greatest strength—taking care of the communities it serves on the local level. This study provides further proof that traditional radio is still vital, especially in times of disaster and catastrophe; that radio's attention to the local community, and its ability to collaborate among other broadcast outlets in that community, may be two of many distinct factors that keep the public tuned in to the medium.
A parametric study of face recognition when image degradations are combined.

This article expands and quantifies one of the classic reports of modem visual perception research-Harmon and Julesz' (1973) demonstration of an enhancement in recognition performance when area averaging (blocking) and spatial frequency filtering are sequentially applied. Our goals were twofold: first, to determine if the existence of the phenomena could be confirmed and replicated in a parametric study; second, to determine if the new results supported the critical band masking theory originally proposed by Harmon and Julesz. We confirmed the presence of the phenomenon for stimuli subtending approximately six deg of visual angle vertically, but observed a surprisingly different pattern of results for smaller stimuli subtending approximately one deg. These and other recent findings from other laboratories raise questions about their masking theory as a complete explanation of the phenomena.
Mast Cell Activation Triggers a Urothelial Inflammatory Response Mediated by Tumor Necrosis Factor-α

Purpose: Mast cells have been implicated in bladder inflammation and pathogenesis. To determine if mast cell secretion products can modulate urothelial inflammatory responses we developed an in vitro model of mast cell-urothelial cell interactions.Materials and Methods: Cultures of the immortalized urothelial cell line TEU-2 were incubated in the conditioned medium of mast cell cultures. The urothelial inflammatory response to mast cell secretion products was then determined by quantifying nuclear factor κB activity, the expression of endogenous nuclear factor κB dependent genes and the protein expression of inflammation markers.Results: Conditioned medium from RBL-2H3 mast cells induced a 4-fold increase in TEU-2 nuclear factor κB activity that was independent of the activation state of the mast cells. In contrast, ribonuclease protection assays revealed that the nuclear factor κB dependent transcripts tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL) 8 and 1β, and intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM...
A comparison of the reactivity of CF3OX (XCl,F) with some simple alkenes. Evidence against electrophilic fluorination by CF3OF

Abstract The chemistry of CF 3 OF has been widely investigated, especially on its ability to serve as selective fluorination reagent. In many of these reactions it has been proposed that the reactions proceed by an electrophilic mechanism. In our work, reactions of CF 3 OF and CF 3 OCl were carried out with a variety of alkenes to compare the regio and stereoselectivity of the additions to the carbon-carbon double bonds. The observed addition products for CF 3 OCl were consistent with an electrophilic mechanism involving syn addition where the positively polarized Cl is attached to the more nucleophilic carbon of the double bond. With CF 3 OF, however, the observed addition products indicate a different regioselectivity and a low stereospecificity. The products are explicable on the basis of a free-radical mechanism where the additions are governed mainly by steric effects. Thus, our results go against the commonly held notion of ‘electrophilic fluorination’ by CF 3 OF. Several examples will be presented and discussed.
kdr-Type resistance in insects with special reference to the German cockroach, Blattella germanica.

The phenomenon of knockdown resistance (kdr) was first noted in the housefly (Musca domestica), and has subsequently be found (i.e. kdr-type resistance) in several other insect pests including the German cockroach (Blattella germanica). This type of resistance causes insensitivity of the nervous system to pyrethroids, DDT and a limited number of sodium channel neurotoxins. In the German cockroach, kdr-type resistance is incompletely recessive, monogenic and not sex linked or due to cytoplasmic factors. Additionally, kdr-type resistance is not associated with a change in sodium channel density. kdr or kdr-type loci are tightly linked or identical to the para-homologous sodium channel locus in German cockroach, housefly and tobacco budworm (Heliothis virescens), suggesting that kdr and kdr-type resistance are due to mutations in the para-homologous sodium channel gene. kdr-Type resistance in the German cockroach appears similar, although not necessarily identical, to kdr in houseflies.
On the traffic assignment problem with flow dependent costs—II

Abstract This note generalizes the results obtained by Daganzo (1977) in a previous paper by showing how to incorporate link capacities into any equilibrium traffic assignment algorithm. This is done by defining an equivalent uncapacitated traffic equilibrium problem (EP). As an example it is shown how Nguyen's algorithm (Nguyen, 1974) can be easily modified to deal with capacitated networks.
Biocompatibility of a physiological pressure sensor

A newly developed fiber optic micropressure sensor was evaluated for biocompatibility using the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) test standard 10993-6. The test material and an inert control (fused silica glass) were tested in New Zealand white rabbits. Four test specimens were implanted in the paravertebral muscles on one side of the spine about 2-5 cm from the mid-line and parallel to the spinal column. Similarly, four control specimens were implanted on the opposite side. The implantation periods were 1, 4, and 12 weeks to ensure a steady state biological tissue response. Four animals were tested at each time period. Macroscopic and microscopic observations were performed to compare the biological reactions between the test and control materials. There was an inflammatory reaction at 1 week which subsided at 4 weeks. There was fibrous tissue growth near the implant that also decreased over time. Most importantly, there was no significant difference in the biological response between the test and control materials. Therefore, we conclude that the pressure microsensor is biocompatible.
Examination of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in environments mimicking normal and abnormal vaginal pH.

Background It has long been assumed that a healthy acidic vaginal environment inhibits infection by Chlamydia trachomatis. The research objectives were to evaluate the effect of pH on C trachomatis infection by two in vitro methods, to assess pH effect at different serial dilutions of C trachomatis elementary bodies (EBs), and to examine protection by an antibiotic peptide, protegrin (PG-1), over a pH range. Goals The goals of this study were to test the hypothesis that acidic pH inhibits C trachomatis infection and to determine the ability of PG-1 to provide protection at acidic and neutral pH. Study design The effect of pH on C trachomatis was examined using two pH-adjusted preincubation shell vial assays. C trachomatis EBs (serovars L2, D, and E) were exposed to pH-adjusted media, with and without PG-1, and infection was assessed by inclusion forming unit (IFU) formation in McCoy cell monolayers. Results Acidic pH in preincubation media markedly decreased IFUs by both in vitro methods. Serial dilution experiments showed a 3- to 10-fold reduction in IFUs for C trachomatis (L2 and E) at pH 5.0, compared with those at pH 7.5. C trachomatis (D) showed a 17- to 23-fold reduction in IFUs (serial dilutions 1:1-1:4). PG-1 protected McCoy cell monolayers from infection by C trachomatis after exposure to varied pH environments. Conclusion Acidic pH exposure significantly reduced C trachomatis infection in vitro. Our results support the hypothesis that a healthy acidic vaginal environment protects women from C trachomatis infection. In addition, antibiotic peptides may provide protection as topical microbicides, regardless of vaginal pH.
Potentiation of CCl4 of hepatotoxicity in rats by a metabolite of 2-butanone: 2,3-butanediol

Abstract The role of ketone metabolism in 2-butanone-induced potentiation of carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ) hepatotoxicity was studied in rats. The blood concentrations of 2-butanol, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone and 2,3-butanediol were determined by gas chromatographic analysis after the oral administration of 2-butanone (2.1 ml/kg). The concentrations of 2-butanol, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone and 2,3-butanediol detected 4 h after dosing were 3.2 mg/100 ml, 2.4 mg/100 ml and 8.6 mg/100 ml, respectively. Eighteen hours after 2-butanone, the concentration of 2,3-butanediol rose to 25.6 mg/100 ml, while the concentrations of 2-butanol and 3-hydroxy-2-butanone declined to 0.6 mg/100 ml and 1.4 mg/100 ml, respectively. A 16-h pretreatment with either 2-butanone (2.1 ml/kg, p.o.) or 2,3-butanediol (2.12 ml/kg, p.o.) markedly enhanced the hepototoxic response to CCl 4 (0.1 ml/kg, i.p.), as measured by serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase activity and hepatic triglyceride content. In vivo, limited formation of 3-hydroxy-2-butanone occurred after this dose of 2,3-butanediol. These data suggest that the production of 3-hydroxy-2-butanone and 2,3-butanediol via 2-butanone metabolism may participate in the augmented necrogenic effect of CCl 4 seen after pretreatment with 2-butanone.
The isomorphism classes of the generalized Petersen graphs

In earlier work involving cycles in Generalized Petersen Graphs, we noticed some unexpected instances of P(m,k)@?P(m,l). In this article, all such instances are characterized. A formula is presented for the number of isomorphism classes of P(m,k).
Familial case of prenatally diagnosed intralobar and extralobar sequestrations with cystadenomatoid change

Hybrid lesions are part of a spectrum of rare pulmonary diseases that are characterized as having elements of both congenital pulmonary airway malformation and bronchopulmonary sequestration. Fetal thoracic masses arise from alterations during lung development that are separated by timing of the inciting event and are often associated with an underlying degree of bronchial atresia. There are a handful of documented reports of sequestrations occurring in siblings, but no known reports of prenatally diagnosed lesions occurring in families. We present a case of 2 siblings diagnosed prenatally with fetal thoracic lesions who underwent postnatal resection revealing hybrid lesions on pathologic examination. Newer radiologic techniques have increased our ability to detect these masses prenatally, as well as follow them throughout pregnancy to determine their natural history. Ongoing laboratory investigation into the etiology of congenital lung lesions has brought forth more questions and suggested a familial component at a cellular level that has not yet been fully discovered. We reviewed the current literature of factors contributing to the development of congenital lung lesions and suggest that there is a familial link in certain patient populations where screening may be indicated.
Formation of organozincate species from diorganozinc compounds and salts

Stirring a benzene solution of a diorganozinc compound with an insoluble alkali metal alkoxide (MeOK or MeONa) or potassium amide (PhN(Me)K) formed a solution containing a species having a salt∶R2Zn composition of 1∶2. A salt (t-BuOK) that is soluble in benzene also forms a 1∶2 species and, when the salt to R2Zn ratio is sufficiently high, forms a 1∶1 species. Controlled heating at reduced pressure of solutions prepared from an alkali metal alkoxide and an excess of a diorganozinc compound leaves materials with alkoxide∶R2Zn ratios of 1∶2 or 1∶1. Reactions of benzene solutions of diorganozinc compounds with (p-MeC6H4)SK or Ph2PK form solutions of composition R3ZnK.
Phacoexcavation as an alternative pars plana technique for lens removal.

The phacoexcavator permits lens removal via the pars plana by mechanical disruption, hydration, and aspiration within the capsule. The instrument is suitable for use with unimanual, bimanual, or three-port methods. In five cases lenses estimated to have 2+ to 3 + nuclear sclerosis were removed successfully in less than three minutes. There were no postoperative complications and the only intraoperative complication was some loss of cortical material in one case. This was recovered and removed during the vitrectomy.
Monkeywrenching as Punishment

This work examines acts of monkeywrenching, like the Oct. 19, 1998 arson at Vail, as punitive acts. The purpose of this effort is to see if the application of a broad, sociological definition of punishment to acts of this type can reveal hidden or infrequently discussed aspects of punish ment as a social mechanism, as well as monkeywrenching as a social act. Following a brief introduction, definitions for punishment (emphasizing its understanding as a social mechanism), and extra-legal alternatives to environmental protection (an ad hoc category created to house acts of monkeywrenching) are provided. The paper then looks at acts of mon keywrenching with reference to three concepts that are central to punish ment: 1) the pain of punishment; 2) the rule-bound nature of punishment; 3) the authority to punish. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the problems associated with monkeywrenching's use as a punitive alter native to environmental protection.
Phylogenetic treatment and taxonomic revision of the trapdoor spider genus Aptostichus Simon (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Euctenizidae)

This systematic study documents the taxonomy, diversity, and distribution of 40 species of the predominately Californian trapdoor spider genus Aptostichus Simon, 1891. Thirty-three of these species are newly described: Aptostichus dantrippi, Aptostichus cabrillo, Aptostichus pennjillettei, Aptostichus asmodaeus, Aptostichus nateevansi, Aptostichus chiricahua, Aptostichus icenoglei, Aptostichus isabella, Aptostichus muiri, Aptostichus barackobamai, Aptostichus sinnombre, Aptostichus hedinorum, Aptostichus aguacaliente, Aptostichus chemehuevi, Aptostichus sarlacc, Aptostichus derhamgiulianii, Aptostichus anzaborrego, Aptostichus serrano, Aptostichus mikeradtkei, Aptostichus edwardabbeyi, Aptostichus killerdana, Aptostichus cahuilla, Aptostichus satleri, Aptostichus elisabethae, Aptostichus fornax, Aptostichus lucerne, Aptostichus fisheri, Aptostichus bonoi, Aptostichus cajalco, Aptostichus sierra, Aptostichus huntington, Aptostichus dorothealangeae, and Aptostichus chavezi. Most of these species are restricted to the California Floristic Province, a known biodiversity hotspot. Of the 40 recognized species, over half are considered to be imperiled or vulnerable and two have likely gone extinct over the past half-century; the conservation status of only 11 species is considered to be secure. Using 73 quantitative and qualitative morphological characters I propose a preliminary phylogeny for the genus that recognizes four major lineages: the Atomarius, Simus, Hesperus, and Sierra species groups. Additionally, the phylogenetic analysis indicates that adaptations favoring the invasion of the arid desert habitats of southern California have evolved multiple times across the group. The existence of both desert and non - desert species in three of the four species groups makes this genus an ideal candidate for the study of the evolutionary ecology of desert arthropods. A set of molecular characters based on the contiguous mitochondrial DNA genes 16S-tRNA valine-12S is used in an independent analysis to assist in placement of specimens into species. The taxonomy section explicitly identifies the concept employed in species delimitation. Niche based distribution models are constructed to predict the ranges of species for which an adequate number of sampling sites were known.
Recovery of subchromosomal DNA synthesis in synchronous V-79 Chinese hamster cells after ultraviolet light exposure.

— Previous work obtained from Chinese hamster V-79 cells indicated that, immediately following exposure, UV-induced lesions acted as blocks to elongation of nascent strands, but gradually lost that ability over a 10 h period after exposure to 10 J/m2. The work reported herein attempted to examine possible cell cycle mediated alterations in the recovery of DNA synthesis. Kinetic incorporation of radiolabeled thymidine studies indicated that there may have been a more rapid recovery of DNA synthesis in cells irradiated in G1 or G2vs cells irradiated in S phase. DNA fiber autoradiograms prepared from synchronous cells indicated that after irradiation in any phase of the cell cycle, the length of newly synthesized DNA was equal to control lengths 1 h after exposure to 5.0 J/m2 (or 1 h after entering S phase for cells irradiated in G1 or G2). This observed recovery was not solely due to an excision process. No cell cycle mediated difference in the number of dimers induced or removed as a function of cell cycle position was observed. These results appear to be consistent with a continuum of effects, with initiation effects dominating the response at low fluences, gapped synthesis at intermediate fluences and elongation inhibition at high fluences. The fluences at which each event dominates may be cell-line specific.
Speaking Like a Queen in RuPaul’s Drag Race: Towards a Speech Code of American Drag Queens

Employing Speech Codes Theory (Philipsen et al. in Theorizing about intercultural communication. Sage, Thousand Oaks, 2005) as my theoretical framework, I examine communicative practices and beliefs as to what it means to speak like a drag queen as portrayed within the reality TV show RuPaul’s Drag Race (RPDR): Season Four. Examining this particular population increases knowledge on how marginalized populations use talk to construct rules of conduct for a coherent identity. Members uphold drag queen speech codes by revealing what it means to speak like a queen. Such items include to look like a “fish,” don’t be “hungry,” be humble, resist negativity, don’t complain, and exude professionalism. These are qualities and characteristics of communication that a drag queen must perform, uphold, and repeat in order to uphold drag family values, thus fulfilling the code of sisterhood that comes with the performance of drag. These are evident within beliefs and everyday talk as portrayed within RPDR.
GPVI: no magic bullet for thrombosis

Comment on Mangin et al, page The platelet collagen receptor GPVI has been considered an attractive therapeutic target to treat human cardiovascular diseases. An article by Mangin and colleagues in this issue of Blood reveals that loss of GPVI does not produce the expected dramatic effect on arterial thrombosis in mice.
Control of expression of the 1,4-dihydropyridine receptor in BC3H1 cells.

To determine whether expression of the 1,4-dihydropyridine receptor of skeletal muscle Ca 2+ channels is regulated by signals that impinge on muscle-specific gene expression, BC 3 H1 muscle cells were analyzed using (+)[ 3 H]PN200-110 as a probe for the receptor. No dihydropyridine binding sites were detected in proliferating cells. Binding site density increased following serum withdrawal, peaking at day six, with little or no change in K d (∼-250 pM, similar to that seen in skeletal muscle). No DHP binding sites were detected in BC 3 H1 cells bearing an activated c-H- ras oncogene. Induction of the dihydropyridine receptor was reversibly blocked by 200 pM transforming growth factor β. The results indicate that formation of dihydropyridine-sensitive Ca 2+ channels may require up-regulation of the dihydropyridine receptor itself, and that transforming growth factor β is a potent, reversible inhibitor of this receptor in BC 3 H1 muscle cells.
The effect of nonnutritive satiation on the learning of a flavor preference by rats

On each day of training in Experiment 1, hungry rats were given one flavored saccharin solution followed by a differently flavored saccharin solution. The rats drank more of the first flavor during training, but preferred the second flavor in a subsequent choice test. In Experiment 2, the two flavored saccharin solutions were provided on alternate days, with one flavor being preceded by nothing and the other flavor by plain saccharin. The rats drank more of the flavor preceded by nothing during training, but preferred the other flavor in a subsequent choice test. These results suggest that a state of nonnutritive satiation can reinforce a flavor preference.
Photoionization cross section and resonance structure of atomic yttrium.

Many-body perturbation theory has been used to calculate the photoionization cross section of neutral yttrium from threshold at 6.52--100.0 eV. The resonance structure due to 4p excitations to 4d states has also been calculated. Hartree-Fock results are also presented for comparison.
Aroclor 1268 and toxaphene in fish from a southeastern U.S. estuary

PCBs and toxaphene were analyzed in fish and their prey from an industrialized estuary in southeastern Georgia (USA). PCB concentrations were highest in forage fish (170 μg/g lipid) and were 1−3 orders of magnitude higher in biota from a heavily contaminated salt marsh in the upper estuary as compared with levels in similar species from two reference sites. Tissue PCB profiles matched that of Aroclor 1268, a highly chlorinated formulation used exclusively at a Superfund site in the upper estuary. Tissue profiles of fish gut contents and of species representing a simple food chain indicated that PCBs are likely transferred via the food web. Components of toxaphene, which was discharged from a facility in the lower estuary, were detected and confirmed in fatty organs of fish using gas chromatography with electron capture and mass spectrometric detection. Estimated toxaphene concentrations were 0.5−1 μg/g lipid. These results suggest that PCBs and toxaphene from point sources in different parts of the estuar...
INFLATION: AN EQUILIBRATING PROCESS†

INFLATION is defined as a process of change in economic relationships set in motion by the appearance of aggregate excess demand under conditions of full, or near full, employment. In the absence of government control over prices, i.e., in "open" inflation, the process results in either hyperinflation, defined as a state of permanent disequilibrium in which the value of money approaches zero, or the reestablishment of equilibrium at some higher price level. The objective of this study is to ascertain the circumstances under which the process of "open" inflation can be an equilibrating process. Parts I and II of this study consist of theoretical and empirical analyses of inflation, respectively. If inflation is to be an equilibrating process conditions must be such as to satisfy the appropriate equilibrium and stability conditions. These conditions are determined in Part I using static and dynamic "models" incorporating presumed characteristics of the American economy. The existence-or non-existence-of a determinate equilibrium level of prices at which supply and demand are equated, ex ante, is established within a static framework of analysis. The stability conditions, ascertainable only within a framework of dynamic analysis, determine whether the price level will, through time, move toward or away from equilibrium. The empirical analysis contained in Part II utilizes data from the post-World War II and Korean war inflations in the United States. The empirical study consists of (1) a systematic analysis of changes in the functional, sectoral, and personal distribution of income during this period, and (2) a general consideration of empirical findings relative to the determinants of private investment and consumption expenditures. The principal objectives of this empirical analysis are as follows: (1) to establish order-of-magnitude estimates of the values of the strategic parameters, as determined in Part I, and (2) to determine if any variables essential to an explanation of the process of inflation were omitted from the "models" developed in Part I.
Comparison between sample-species specific uncertainties and estimated uncertainties for the source apportionment of the speciation trends network data

Abstract In order to use the US Environmental Protection Agency's speciation trends networks (STN) data in source apportionment studies with positive matrix factorization (PMF), uncertainties for each of the measured data points are required. Since STN data were not accompanied by sample-species specific uncertainties (SSU) prior to July 2003, a comprehensive set of fractional uncertainties was estimated by Kim et al. [2005. Estimation of organic carbon blank values and error structures of the speciation trends network data for source apportionments. Journal of Air and Waste Management Association 55, 1190–1199]. The objective of this study is to compare the use of the estimated fractional uncertainties (EFU) for the source apportionment of PM 2.5 (particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter) measured at the STN monitoring sites with the results obtained using SSU. Thus, the source apportionment of STN PM 2.5 data were performed and their contributions were estimated through the application of PMF for two selected STN sites, Elizabeth, NJ and Baltimore, MD with both SSU and EFU for the elements measured by X-ray fluorescence. The PMF resolved factor profiles and contributions using EFU were similar to those using SSU at both monitoring sites. The comparisons of normalized concentrations indicated that the STN SSU were not well estimated. This study supports the use of EFU for the STN samples to provide useful error structure for the source apportionment studies of the STN data.
Optimal objective function approximation for separable convex quadratic programming

We present an optimal piecewise-linear approximation method for the objective function of separable convex quadratic programs. The method provides guidelines on how many grid points to use and how to position them for a piecewise-linear approximation if the error induced by the approximation is to be bounded a priori.
New medical schools in the United States.

New Medical Schools in the United States For more than two decades, no new allopathic medical schools were established in the United States. Dr. Michael Whitcomb describes the recent exploration, planning, and implementation of new medical schools.
Fluorescent in situ Hybridization Detection of HER-2/neu Gene Amplification in Rhabdomyosarcoma

Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common malignant soft-tissue tumor in childhood, comprising 45–50% of childhood sarcomas. Cytogenetic studies of this tumor are rare. In view of the paucity of c
Intensive child case management: Work roles and activities

This paper presents findings from a project undertaken to explore the implementation of one rural state's intensive child case management program for families with children with severe emotional and behavioral disabilities. Interviews with 20 child case management staff were conducted for the purpose of describing perceived work roles and activities. Thematic and content analysis of staff interviews revealed differences in staff perceptions regarding the role of the case manager, the “ideal” work activities of the case manager, and the barriers to achieving the “ideal” work activities. The discussion focuses on social work practice and policy implications for the provision of intensive child case management programs, and provides recommendations for areas of further inquiry.
Non-commutative Gröbner bases for commutative algebras

An ideal I in the free associative algebra k〈X1, . . . ,Xn〉 over a field k is shown to have a finite Grobner basis if the algebra defined by I is commutative; in characteristic 0 and generic coordinates the Grobner basis may even be constructed by lifting a commutative Grobner basis and adding commutators.
Treatment of renal dysfunction after orthotopic liver transplantation: Options and outcomes

Chronic nephrotoxicity is one of the most serious side-effects of calcineurin inhibitor treatment and a factor in mortality and morbidity after liver transplantation. In our transplant centre, among patients who underwent a liver transplantation between January 1989 and December 2000, 14 liver graft recipients (6.86%) developed de novo severe renal dysfunction as defined by a serum creatinine concentration above 200 micromol/L. Renal biopsy was performed in nine cases and evidenced histological lesions compatible with chronic nephrotoxicity related to calcineurin inhibitor treatment. For nine patients, we report the results of a prospective non-randomized study consisting of cyclosporine or tacrolimus withdrawal associated with administration of mycophenolate mofetil or azathioprine. Despite this therapeutic modification, we did not observe a significant renal function improvement but on the other hand, there was no graft rejection.
Corporate institutionalization of ethics in the United States and Great Britain

This paper compares the results of large-scale U.S. and U.K. surveys designed to identify managers' major ethical concerns and to investigate how firms are formulating and communicating ethics policies responsive to these concerns.
Photographic techniques for retrieving echocardiographic images from substandard recordings

A technique is described for photographing damaged echocardiograms with a lithographic film. This is a high contrast film that reproduces either black or white, without intermediate gray tones, depending on exposure time. Standard photographic manipulations were used to improve the quality of the final print.