cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mapping of HIE CT terms to LOINC®: analysis of content-dependent coverage and coverage improvement through new term creation

Objective We describe and evaluate the mapping of computerized tomography (CT) terms from 40 hospitals participating in a health information exchange (HIE) to a standard terminology. Methods Proprietary CT exam terms and corresponding exam frequency data were obtained from 40 participant HIE sites that transmitted radiology data to the HIE from January 2013 through October 2015. These terms were mapped to the Logical Observations Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC®) terminology using the Regenstrief LOINC mapping assistant (RELMA) beginning in January 2016. Terms without initial LOINC match were submitted to LOINC as new term requests on an ongoing basis. After new LOINC terms were created, proprietary terms without an initial match were reviewed and mapped to these new LOINC terms where appropriate. Content type and token coverage were calculated for the LOINC version at the time of initial mapping (v2.54) and for the most recently released version at the time of our analysis (v2.63). Descriptive analysis was performed to assess for significant differences in content-dependent coverage between the 2 versions. Results LOINC's content type and token coverages of HIE CT exam terms for version 2.54 were 83% and 95%, respectively. Two-hundred-fifteen new LOINC CT terms were created in the interval between the releases of version 2.54 and 2.63, and content type and token coverages, respectively, increased to 93% and 99% (P < .001). Conclusion LOINC's content type coverage of proprietary CT terms across 40 HIE sites was 83% but improved significantly to 93% following new term creation.
Predicting the density profiles of the first halos

The first dark matter halos form by direct collapse from peaks in the matter density field, and evidence from numerical simulations and other analyses suggests that the dense inner regions of these objects largely persist today. These halos would be the densest dark matter structures in the Universe, and their abundance can probe processes that leave imprints on the primordial density field, such as inflation or an early matter-dominated era. They can also probe dark matter through its free-streaming scale. The first halos are qualitatively different from halos that form by hierarchical clustering, as evidenced by their $\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{\propto}{r}^{\ensuremath{-}3/2}$ inner density profiles. In this work, we present and tune models that predict the density profiles of these halos from properties of the density peaks from which they collapsed. These models predict the coefficient $A$ of the $\ensuremath{\rho}=A{r}^{\ensuremath{-}3/2}$ small-radius asymptote of the density profile along with the maximum circular velocity ${v}_{\mathrm{max}}$ and associated radius ${r}_{\mathrm{max}}$. These models are universal; they can be applied to any cosmology, and we confirm this by validating them using six $N$-body simulations carried out in wildly disparate cosmological scenarios. We find that these models can even predict the full population of halos with reasonable accuracy in scenarios with narrowly supported power spectra, although for broader power spectra, an understanding of the impact of halo mergers is needed. With their connection to the primordial density field established, the first dark matter halos will serve as probes of the early Universe and the nature of dark matter.
Uptake of the 21-Gene Assay Among Women With Node-Positive, Hormone Receptor−Positive Breast Cancer

BACKGROUND This study assessed uptake of the Oncotype DX 21-gene assay over time and characterized which sociodemographic and clinical factors are associated with test uptake among women with lymph node-positive (LN+), hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer. METHODS Invasive breast cancer cases diagnosed in 2010 through 2013 were included from a SEER database linked to 21-gene assay results performed at Genomic Health's Clinical Laboratory. Factors associated with 21-gene assay uptake were identified using a multivariable logistic regression model. RESULTS Uptake of the 21-gene assay increased over time and differed by race, socioeconomic status (SES), and age. In the multivariable model, when clinical and SES variables were controlled for, racial differences in test uptake were no longer observed. Private insurance status was associated with higher odds of 21-gene assay uptake (Medicaid vs private insurance: adjusted odds ratio, 0.86; P=.02), and high area-level SES was associated with an increased odds of uptake (quintile 5 vs 1: adjusted odds ratio, 1.6; P<.001). Demographic factors such as age and marital status influenced test uptake, and use varied greatly by geographic region. Uptake of the 21-gene assay increased over time and preceded the assay's inclusion in the NCCN Guidelines for LN+ breast cancer. Differences in uptake by race, SES, and age have persisted over time. However, when clinical and SES variables were controlled for, racial differences in assay uptake were no longer observed. Socioeconomic variables, such as health insurance type and area-level SES, were associated with assay uptake. CONCLUSIONS Future research should continue to document practice patterns related to the 21-gene assay. Given variation in testing associated with area-level SES, insurance coverage, and geographic region, interventions to understand and reduce differential uptake are needed to ensure equitable access to this genomic test.
Protein Losing Enteropathy After Fontan Operation: Glimpses of Clarity Through the Lifting Fog

Fontan-associated protein losing enteropathy is a challenge to treat and is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in patients with palliated single ventricle. Numerous strategies for management have been proposed, with confusion as to how best to stratify and implement care among the many treatments available. Medical management can be helpful in some, while novel lymphatic interventions hold potential for remission with good results. We review our institutional approach to protein losing enteropathy after Fontan operation and provide a suggested algorithm and pathway for effective care.
Aging and Public Financing Costs: Evidence from U.S. Municipal Bond Markets

We examine the impact of population aging on municipal access to credit. A one standard deviation increase in a state’s population age leads to a 23 basis point increase in municipal bond issue spread. Three mechanisms drive this effect: income tax revenue, healthcare liabilities, and pension underfunding. Constitutional pension protections and securities with lower credit quality or longer maturity exacerbate the effect. To control for endogenous migration and mortality patterns, we exploit variation from historical state fertility trends. Our findings highlight the challenges municipalities face to cope with systemic demographic transition.
Dopamine D1 or D3 receptor modulators prevent morphine tolerance and reduce opioid withdrawal symptoms.

Abstract The long-term treatment of chronic pain by opioids is limited by tolerance and risk of addiction/dependence. Previously, we have shown that combination treatment of morphine with a dopamine D1 or D3 receptor modulator restored morphine analgesia in morphine-resistant neuropathic pain and decreased morphine's reward potential in an acute setting. Here, we investigated whether such adjunct therapy with a dopamine D1 receptor preferring antagonist (SCH 39166) or a dopamine D3 receptor preferring agonist (pramipexole) could prevent morphine tolerance and reduce withdrawal symptoms. Initially, tolerance to the combination of morphine + pramipexole was assessed in mice. Mice receiving intraperitoneal injections of morphine showed reduced thermal thresholds on Day 7 whereas those receiving morphine + pramipexole maintained analgesia at Day 7. Next, tolerance and withdrawal to both combinations were tested over 14 days in rats. Rats were assigned one of four drug conditions, (1) saline, 2) morphine, 3) morphine + SCH 39166, 4) morphine + pramipexole), for chronic administration via osmotic pumps. Chronic administration of morphine over 14 days resulted in a significant reduction of morphine analgesia. However, analgesia was maintained when morphine was administered with either the dopamine D1 receptor preferring antagonist or the D3 receptor preferring agonist. Withdrawal symptoms peaked at 48 h and were decreased in rats receiving either combination compared to morphine alone. The data suggests that adjunct therapy with dopamine D1 or D3 receptor preferring modulators prevents morphine tolerance and reduces the duration of morphine withdrawal symptoms, and thus this combination has potential for long-term pain management therapy.
Correction: Light-triggered explosion of lipid vesicles

Correction for ‘Light-triggered explosion of lipid vesicles’ by Vinit Kumar Malik et al., Soft Matter, 2020, DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01027h.
Mitigation of Humidity Interference in Colorimetric Sensing of Gases

Colorimetric sensing technologies have been widely used for both quantitative detection of specific analyte and recognition of a large set of analytes in gas phase, ranging from environmental chemicals to biomarkers in breath. However, the accuracy and reliability of the colorimetric gas sensors are threatened by the humidity interference in different application scenarios. Though substantial progress has been made toward new colorimetric sensors development, unless the humidity interference is well addressed, the colorimetric sensors cannot be deployed for real-world applications. Although there are comprehensive and insightful review articles about the colorimetric gas sensors, they have focused more on the progress in new sensing materials, new sensing systems, and new applications. There is a need for reviewing the works that have been done to solve the humidity issue, a challenge that the colorimetric gas sensors commonly face. In this review paper, we analyzed the mechanisms of the humidity interference and discussed the approaches that have been reported to mitigate the humidity interference in colorimetric sensing of environmental gases and breath biomarkers. Finally, the future perspectives of colorimetric sensing technologies are also discussed.
National Institutes of Health Research Funding to Academic Surgical Oncologists: Who Are We and Where Do We Stand?

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is the primary public funding source for surgical research in the United States. Surgical oncology is a highly academic career, but NIH funding for surgical oncologists (SOs) is not well characterized. The NIH RePORTER (Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools Expenditures and Results) was queried to identify R01-and-equivalents grants awarded to departments of surgery (DoS) between 2008 and 2018. Surgical oncologists were considered to be those who completed a Society of Surgical Oncology (SSO)-accredited fellowship (breast or complex surgical oncology). Of 1101 projects, 510 (46.3%) were led by practicing surgeons. Among these, general surgeons accounted for most grants (31%), followed by SOs (20.8%). Women represented 211 (24.1%) of the grantees. However, SOs had a higher proportion of female investigators than other surgeons (30.0% vs. 16.1%; P = 0.001). The SO grantees had fewer years of experience (YoE) (12 years; interquartile range [IQR], 8.75 vs. 13 years; IQR, 13 years; P = 0.003), lower senior status (≥ 24 YoE), fewer investigators (4.0% vs. 18.9%; P < 0.001), and fewer PhD holders (30.8% vs. 65.5%; P < 0.001) than the overall cohort. Projects led by SOs accounted for 1121 publications (14.1%), with a higher proportion of high-impact articles (26.3% vs. 9.7%; P < 0.001), and were more likely to hold a registered patent (odds ratio [OR], 3.30; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.24–8.74; P = 0.016). Among surgical subspecialties, SSO-accredited surgeons accounted for the largest share of the NIH grants. The SO grantees were younger in their career and had higher-impact scholarly productivity. A smaller proportion of female SOs received NIH grants than males, but this gender disparity was less significant among SOs than among other surgical specialties. Fellowship programs should continue to stimulate groundbreaking research by integrating grant-writing training and mentorship.
The Identity of an Endemic Tibetan Bamboo,Arundinaria macclureana (Gramineae,Bambusoideae)

Arundinaria macclureana Bor was the first bamboo described in modern taxonomy based on Tibetan material.Since the type bears only flowering branches without critical vegetative characteristics such as rhizomes and culm-sheaths,its identity has long been doubtful.Even so,it provides the type of a newly created genus,Borinda.By checking the type specimens of A.macclureana as well as the type of Fargesia setosa T.P.Yi,which is a species only known by its vegetative state,and by collecting in the field,a conclusion is reached that these two entities are conspecific.Fargesia macclureana,a name published in less-received literature is the correct name for this endemic Tibetan bamboo,although re-evaluation of the relationships within the Thamnocalamus group is needed.
Re-discovering Robert E. Horton's Lake Evaporation Formulae: New Directions for Evaporation Physics

Abstract. Evaporation from open water is among the most rigorously studied problems in hydrology. Robert E. Horton, unbeknownst to most investigators on the subject, studied it in great detail by conducting experiments and heuristically relating his observations to physical laws. His work furthered known theories of lake evaporation, but it appears that it got dismissed as simply empirical. This is unfortunate, because Horton’s century-old insights on the topic, which we summarize here, seem relevant for contemporary climate change-era problems. In re-discovering his overlooked lake evaporation works, in this paper we: 1) examine his several publications in the period 1915–1944 and identify his theory sources for evaporation physics among scientists of the late 1800s; 2) illustrate his lake evaporation formulae which require several equations, tables, thresholds, and conditions based on physical factors and assumptions; and 3) assess his evaporation results over continental U.S., and analyse the performance of his formula in a subarctic Canadian catchment by comparing it with five other calibrated (aerodynamic and mass transfer) evaporation formulae of varying complexity. We find that Horton’s method, due to its unique variable vapor pressure deficit (VVPD) term, outperforms all other methods by ~ 3–15 % of R2 consistently across timescales (days to months), and an order of magnitude higher at sub-daily scales (we assessed up to 30 mins). Surprisingly, when his method uses input vapor pressure disaggregated from reanalysis data, it still outperforms other methods which use local measurements. This indicates that the vapor pressure deficit (VPD) term currently used in all other evaporation methods is not as good an independent control for lake evaporation as Horton's VVPD. Therefore, Horton's evaporation formula is held to be a major improvement in lake evaporation theory which, in part, may: A) supplant or improve existing evaporation formulae including the aerodynamic part of the combination (Penman) method; B) point to new directions in lake evaporation physics as it leads to a "constant" and a non-dimensional ratio – the former is due to him, John Dalton (1802), and Gustav Schubler (1831), and the latter to him and Josef Stefan (1881); C) offer better insights behind the physics of the evaporation paradox (i.e. globally, decreasing trends in pan evaporation are unanimously observed, while the opposite is expected due to global warming). Curiously, his rare observations of convective vapor plumes from lakes may also help explain the mythical origins of Greek deity Venus and the dancing Nereids.
Do Parental Perceptions of the Nutritional Quality of School Meals Reflect the Food Environment in Public Schools

(1) Background: It is unknown whether parents’ perception of school meals, a determinant of student meal participation, align with the nutritional quality of meals served in schools. This study compares the healthfulness of foods offered in schools with parental perception of school meals at those same schools. (2) Method: Parents were asked to rate the healthfulness of school meals at their child’s school. Data on the types of foods offered were collected from public schools in four cities in New Jersey and matched with parent-reported data. Measures were developed to capture the presence of healthy and unhealthy items in the National School Lunch Program and the presence of a la carte offerings as well as vending machines. Multivariable analysis examined the association between parental perceptions of school meals and the school food measures after adjusting for covariates. (3) Results: Measures of the school food environment and parental perceptions were available for 890 pre-K to 12th grade students. No significant associations were observed between parental perceptions and food environment measures when examined one by one or in a comprehensive model. (4) Conclusions: Parents’ perception of the healthfulness of meals served do not align with the nutritional quality of foods offered at schools.
Failing Grade: Our Irrelevant Bar Exam

This article criticizes the California Bar Exam’s testing of real property. The author argues that the Exam fails to test modern issues relevant to everyday practice.
The American Era: Power and Strategy for the 21st Century

1. Caveat empire: how to think about American power 2. New (and old) grand strategy 3. Europe: symbolic reactions and common threats 4. Globalization, culture, and identities in crisis 5. Iraq and the Middle East: dilemmas of U.S. power 6. Asia's American pacifier 7. Why they hate us and why they love us 8. The future of the American era.
Marketing Analysis Toolkit: Market Size and Market Share Analysis (CW)

Marketers frequently need to estimate the size of their markets - both for existing products so that sales forecasts can be developed, and for new products so that market opportunities can be assessed. This toolkit enables students to size a market and generate a sales forecast using a market build-up methodology. Students learn to measure market demand and company demand and calculate market and product penetration rates and market share. The note gives students a foundation for analyzing marketing cases, as well as providing an analytical structure and process for completing a marketing plan. The note is accompanied by a free Excel worksheet which contains sample problems, pre-built Excel models to calculate market size, market penetration, and market share, and charts and graphs which help visualize the results.
A time-frequency based perceptual and robust watermarking scheme

In the past decade, watermarking has become an important tool in copyright protection applications. In this paper, we introduce a new watermarking scheme in the joint time-frequency domain. Wigner distribution is used to transform an image into the spatial-spectral domain. The proposed method selects the time-frequency cells to be watermarked based on the particular image's energy distribution in the joint domain. This approach ensures the imperceptibility of the embedded watermark. It is shown that embedding in the time-frequency domain is equivalent to a nonlinear embedding function in the spatial domain. A corresponding watermark detection algorithm is also introduced. The performance of the proposed watermarking algorithm under possible attacks, such as noise, re-sampling, rotation, filtering, and JPEG compression is illustrated.
Incarceration as a Political Institution

The prison is a significant social and political institution that is not only shaped by cultural and political forces, but in turn shapes the political and social lives of those who have been imprisoned. In this chapter, we discuss the theoretical backdrop for imprisonment as a political and cultural force worldwide. In doing so, we consider variation in imprisonment rates over space and time, selection into prison and the effects of incarceration on human and social capital. We conclude with an examination of the particular case of the United States to illustrate the social and political consequences of imprisonment.
Topotactic Growth of β‐Alumina on α‐Alumina

Thin foils of polycrystalline α-alumina were reacted with a potassium-rich vapor at ≤900°C. Potassium β-alumina formed along α-alumina grain boundaries and protruded from holes in the foils. Conventional transmission electron microscopy was used to analyze the α-alumina/β-alumina phase boundary for possible orientation relations.
Comparison of Sorption Domains in Molecular Weight Fractions of a Soil Humic Acid Using Solid-State 19F NMR

Humic acid was fractionated into eight different molecular size components using ultrafiltration. Solid-state CPMAS 13C NMR demonstrated that fractions larger than 100 000 Daltons were primarily aliphatic in character, while fractions smaller than 30 000 Daltons were predominantly aromatic in character. Solid-state 19F NMR examination of the sorptive uptake of hexafluorobenzene (HFB) by HA and each of the fractions gave spectroscopic evidence for the existence of at least three sorption sites in the smaller molecular size fractions, while two predominant sorption sites could be established in the larger molecular size fractions. Sorbed HFB displayed higher mobility in the smaller, more aromatic fractions while HFB in the larger, more aliphatic fractions displayed lower mobility. The relative mobilities of HFB in each sorption domain suggest that the rigid domain may be composed of aliphatic carbon rather than aromatic carbon moieties. In larger size fractions, this domain may be the result of rigid, glass...
Consumer dining value: does it vary across different restaurant segments?

This study examined consumer value in three different restaurant segments: fast food, casual dining, and fine dining restaurants. Specifically, the study identified perceived importance and performance regarding consumer values using importance-performance analysis. In addition, the effects of the restaurant segments' performance of each consumer value on customer satisfaction and behavioral intentions were examined. This study adds to the present restaurant marketing literature by identifying customer's end goals for visiting each restaurant segment. The findings of the study present the current situation for each restaurant segment in terms of consumer value and offers effective marketing strategies to satisfy customers' desired values.
Composition of Interstellar Grains

A mixture of meteoritic silicate, silicon carbide, and graphite particles can explain all the observed properties of interstellar grains.
Popliteal Venous Aneurysm Leading to Massive Pulmonary Embolus in a Child: A Case Report and Literature Review

Popliteal venous aneurysms are rarely reported but represent a known source for pulmonary emboli. Early diagnosis with prompt excision of the aneurysm and venous reconstruction eliminate the embolic source and prevent long-term sequelae of venous stasis. The authors present the case of a twelve-year-old girl with Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome who presented with a massive pulmonary embolus. Magnetic resonance angiography defined a saccular aneurysm of the popliteal vein, which was confirmed by contrast venography. The patient underwent resection of the venous aneurysm and lateral venorrhaphy. This is the twenty-sixth report in the English-language literature of pulmonary embolism originating from a popliteal venous aneurysm, and the youngest patient to date.
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci: Clinical, microbiologic, and epidemiologic features

Enterococci have emerged as important nosocomial pathogens with increasing antimicrobial resistance. Within the past 5 years, vancomycin-resistant strains have disseminated throughout the United States and Europe. Many of these organisms are also highly resistant to β-lactams and aminoglycosides, making them virtually untreatable. Because optimal therapy for these infections is unknown, attributable mortality rates for patients with vancomycin-resistant enterococcal bacteremia are extremely high. Recently identified risk factors for acquisition include prolonged hospitalization, prior antibiotic use, and serious underlying illness. Until effective therapy is available, prevention of infection by proper infection control procedures and judicious antibiotic use is critical.
TISSUE CULTURE STUDIES IV. GROWTH OF TISSUE IN VITRO AS RELATED TO THE DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF P32 UPTAKE

An improved procedure for measuring the uptake of tracer P(32) by tissues in culture is described. It consisted of counting the beta-emissions through a specially designed roller tube in which the culture medium could be effectively removed from the system without opening or damaging the cultures. In standard growth-promoting medium, the uptake was shown to be markedly greater than in Tyrode's solution. The uptake curve was found to be essentially parallel with the uptake of P(32) in desoxyribo- and ribonucleic acids when standard medium was used, and in desoxyrihonucleic acid when Tyrode's solution was used. This is interpreted to signify that the total uptake of tracer phosphorus approximates the growth in the culture. The value of uptake measurements as a frame of reference for comparison of various types of media and of metabolic studies is indicated.
GaAs Schottky devices for submillimeter wavelengths

The above analyses assume the absence of excess noise in the Schottky barrier mixer diode. Achievement of such a condition is dependent not only on the absence of interfacial stress in the device structure, but also on device surface properties. Reduction of excess noise caused by these two mechanisms is discussed by Sherrill, et al.,(10) and Kattman, et al.(11)
Evaluation of a versatile gas sampling container design

Abstract A versatile gas sampling container design has been in use for several years in the Air Pollution Section at Washington State University (WSU). Both background ambient air and gases from urban, indoor, and other pollutant sources have been successfully sampled, transported, and analyzed in containers of this design.
A 2D Square Rods-in-Air Photonic Crystal Optical Switch

A 2-D square rods-in-air photonic crystal optical switch is proposed. Simulations show that up to 82.76% of incident transverse magnetic Gaussian point source energy can be switched into a channel vertical to source channel.
Target lesion characteristics in failing vein grafts predict the success of endovascular and open revision

Objectives This study examined the association of anatomic and temporal characteristics of graft-threatening lesions with the efficacy of percutaneous and open graft revision for failing infrainguinal vein grafts. Methods Consecutive open and endovascular revisions for graft threatening lesions were reviewed. We evaluated graft durability and individual target lesion response to open and endovascular treatment to determine characteristics that may influence outcomes. Treatment failure was defined as target lesion restenosis or graft occlusion. Results Eighty-four (58 endovascular, 26 open) infrainguinal vein graft revisions were performed in 67 failing, nonthrombosed infrainguinal vein grafts. Primary assisted graft patency at 5 years was 63% (95% confidence interval [CI], 46% to 77%). Follow-up was 29.5 ± 19.2 months. Grafts treated for early lesions ( P = .03). Overall target lesion revascularization patency was 45% (95% CI, 32% to 58%) at 3 years. Average time to target lesion revascularization failure was 7.5 months, with no significant difference noted between endovascular and open treatment groups. Overall target lesion revascularization patency at 3 years was also not significantly different between open and endovascular groups at 54% (95% CI, 30% to 73%) vs 41% (95% CI, 25% to 56%; P = .15). When divided by early and late-occurring target lesions, endovascular treatment of early lesions was associated with inferior patency compared with open procedures; no difference in patency was seen between treatment groups for late lesions. When divided by target lesion location (anastomotic vs mid-graft), treatment for both proximal and distal anastomotic target lesion was associated with inferior patency compared with mid-graft revision at 32% (95% CI, 17% to 47%) vs 62% (95% CI, 37% to 87%) at 3 years ( P = .03). In addition, although results of anastomotic target lesion treatment significantly favored open repair, even open repair of anastomotic target lesions was associated with a P = .24). Short lesions ( Conclusion Grafts that develop early lesions fare poorly regardless of treatment modality. Lesions involving anastomoses of failing grafts are better treated with open revision, but patency after treatment of such lesions is still worse than treatment of mid-graft lesions. In contrast, the method of treatment does not influence outcome after treatment of mid-graft target lesions. Thus, endovascular therapy should be reserved for focal, late-appearing lesions involving the mid-graft.
Extreme skeletal adaptation to mechanical loading.

Athletes who predominantly load their dominant upper extremity are useful models for investigating musculoskeletal responses to mechanical loading, as their non-dominant upper extremity serves as an internal matched control. An extreme case of skeletal adaptation was recently observed in a 22-year-old collegiate male baseball pitcher assessed using peripheral quantitative computed tomography. Playing baseball for 17 years contributed to the athlete having 63% greater bone mass and cortical thickness in the dominant midshaft humerus compared to his nondominant side. These changes resulted from combined periosteal expansion and endosteal contraction, and provided the dominant midshaft humerus with a more circular cross-section, which maximizes torsional resistance. These collective changes resultedin the dominant midshaft humerus having nearly double estimated ability to resist torsional forces than in the nondominant side. These side-to-side differences set new levels for plasticity within the musculoskele...
Comparative Effects of Ovarian Steroids on Glycogen Metabolism of Rat, Rabbit and Guinea Pig Uterine Tissue:

SummaryThe effects of the ovarian steroids, estrogen and progesterone on uterine glycogen metabolism in the rat, guinea pig and rabbit were compared. Estrogen caused a uterine glycogenic response in all three species which was maximal, 48 hr following the initiation of treatment to adult ovariectomized females. Progesterone treatment to these animals following a 48-hr estrogen prime elicited a significant increase in uterine phosphorylase activity in the guinea pig and rabbit but had no effect on rat uterine phosphorylase. Studies on the individual components of the rabbit uterus (myometrium and endometrium) in response to estrogen and progesterone revealed different effects in uterine glycogen metabolism. The myometrium was more responsive to estrogen while the endometrium was more responsive to progesterone in terms of uterine glycogenesis. These findings suggest that different cell types within the uterus respond differently to different steroids depending on the endocrine state of the animal.
Monument motion and measurements of crustal velocities

It is usually assumed in geodetic studies that measurement errors are independent from one measurement to the next and that the rate of deformation (velocity) is constant over the duration of the experiment. Any temporal correlation between measurements can substantially affect the uncertainty in this velocity estimate when it is determined from the time series of measurements. One source of possible long-term correlation is motion of the geodetic monument with respect to the “deep” crust. Available measurements suggest that this motion introduces errors that have the form of a random walk process. We show how such errors affect the uncertainty of velocity estimates. For a geodetic experiment of set duration we calculate the velocity uncertainty as a function of the number of observations and of the relative amount of correlated and uncorrelated noise. We find that 1) neglecting long-term temporal correlations makes the uncertainty in the estimated velocities much too small, and that 2) when the correlated and independent noise sources are of similar magnitude, the expected improvement in uncertainty from having more measurement is not realized; there is almost no improvement in some cases. We have also examined the effect of outliers (“blunders”) on the velocity uncertainty; for a frequency of outliers typical of geodetic field campaigns, the previous two conclusions remain unchanged. These results suggest that long-term correlations have a large effect on estimating deformation rates; unless these correlations are small, frequent observations give little advantage. If frequent observations are planned, the amount of correlated noise due to monument instability must be kept small if the full capabilities of the measurement technique are to be realized.
Crustal structure of Antarctica

Abstract Seismic refraction profiles completed in the past twenty years reveal that the top of the basement complex generally lies near sea level in East Antarctica but typically 2 or 3 km below sea level in West Antarctica. Throughout much of East Antarctica the thickness of the layer overlying the basement complex is less than half a kilometer, although a Phanerozoic sequence more than 1 km thick probably underlies the ice at the South Pole. Throughout central West Antarctica, on the other hand, a section one to several kilometers thick generally overlies the basement complex. The observed sedimentary section is no more than one half kilometer thick on either side of the Transantarctic Mountains. Rocks with high seismic velocities typical of the lower continental crust occur within a few kilometers of the surface on both sides of the Transantarctic Mountains. This occurrence lends support to the hypothesis of an abrupt increase in crustal thickness between West and East Antarctica. In 1969, deep seismic soundings were carried out by the 14th Soviet Antarctic Expedition near the coast of Queen Maud Land. The crustal thickness was found to be about 40 km near the mountains, decreasing to about 30 km near the coast. In the top 15 km of the crust there is a gradual downward increase in P-wave velocity from 6.0 to 6.3 km/sec. The average velocity through the crust is 6.4 km/sec and the measured velocity below the M-discontinuity is 7.9 km/sec. At the southwestern margin of the Ronne Ice Shelf, near-vertical reflections from the M-discontinuity have been recorded. A mean P-wave velocity of 6 km/sec in the crust was measured, leading to an estimated depth to M of 24 km below sea level. Seismic surface wave dispersion studies indicate a mean crustal thickness of about 30 km in West Antarctica and about 40 km in East Antarctica. The dispersion data also show that group velocities across East Antarctica are much closer to those along average continental paths than to those across the Canadian shield. The results thus support other indications that central East Antarctica is not a simple crystalline shield. P′P′-reflections beneath the continent support the existence of a low-velocity channel for P-waves, but show no significant difference in deep structure between Antarctica and other continents.
Does Diet Affect Hyperactivity

Conflicting reports make it difficult to determine if foods, food coloring, or allergies are related to hyperactivity. Twenty-four hyperactive children were tested with sublingual foods and dyes followed by a seven-day diet omitting milk, wheat, egg, cocoa, corn, sugar, and food coloring, and by subsequent individual ingestion challenges with these same food items. More than 70% of the children had evidence of allergy in their personal and family history, as well as positive allergy skin tests. The sublingual dye, but not the sublingual mixed-food test, correlated well with repeated ingestion challenges. Twelve children improved to a moderate or marked degree during the seven-day diet. A simple sublingual food-coloring test or a one-week experimental diet can be used to detect a subgroup of children hyperactive from specific food dyes or foods. Improvement persisted in children who avoided offending food dyes or foods for at least 12 weeks.
At the forefront of thought: The effect of media exposure on airplane typicality

The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 provided a unique opportunity to investigate the causal status of frequency on typicality for one exemplar of a common conceptual category-namely, the typicality ofairplane as a member of the category ofvehicles. The extensive media coverage following the attacks included numerous references to the hijacked airplanes and to the consequences of suspending air travel to and from the United States for several days. The present study, involving 152 undergraduates, assessed airplane typicality at three time points ranging from 5 h to 1 month after the attacks and then again at 4.5 months after the attacks. Airplane was judged to be a more typical vehicle for 1 month following the attacks, relative to a baseline calculated from data collected yearly for 5 years preceding the attacks. By 4.5 months, however, typicality was back to baseline.
Mice reared with rat aunts: Effects in adulthood upon plasma corticosterone and open-field activity

Abstract Control mice were reared from birth to weaning in the normal fashion while experimental mice had an adult nonlactating female rat (aunt) present in the maternity cage from 4 days of age until weaning at 21 days. The aunt took over many of the caretaking activities of the mother but could not nurse the young. In adulthood the experimental mice were found to be less active in the open field, to weigh more, and to give a lesser plasma corticosterone response to a novel stimulus.
Monitoring the auroral electrojet from polar cap stations

[1] A method for monitoring the auroral electrojet from measurements at polar cap stations was developed. Since in the polar cap the auroral electrojet produces the magnetic field in both horizontal and vertical components, the method is accounting for all three components of the magnetic field. We studied statistically the correlation between hourly mean values of auroral electrojet AL index and magnetic disturbances at polar cap boundary for each magnetic field component and found that the best correlation takes place for total magnetic field disturbance T. Then we calculated mean values of the total magnetic field disturbances for each UT hour at four stations distributed along the polar cap boundary. The obtained values we called the T index of geomagnetic activity. We found high correlation between hourly mean values of the T index and the auroral electrojet AL/AE indices (correlation coefficients are ∼0.9) for any time when at least one of the stations was located at the nightside. This index also shows good correlation with solar wind parameters. We suggest that the T index might be an important independent measure for deriving the auroral electrojet, which might be useful in the cases when ground-based measurements in the auroral zone are impossible as it takes place in the Southern Hemisphere. Since the T index is derived from an independent magnetometer network, it might also give important additional information on geomagnetic activity in both hemispheres.
Biomimetische Katalyse einer SN2‐Reaktion als Folge einer neuartigen Übergangszustandsstabilisierung

A cation ― π-electron interaction is the essential factor responsible for the stabilization of the transition state during the methylation of quinoline (and related bases) with methyl iodide by a cage host compound. The stabilization results in a catalytic effect: In the presence of the host the reaction is accelerated by a factor of 100. The system provides a primitive model for enzymatic methylation
Turbulent transport of oxygen in the Czochralski growth of large silicon crystals

Rigorous control of oxygen concentration in a large diameter silicon crystal grown by the Czochralski process is a challenge for the crystal growers. In this work, the renormalization group (RNG) method is employed to simulate the turbulent flows in a large melt with high turbulence level. It is found that the oxygen solubility of silica crucible, the evaporation of oxygen from the free surface, and the melt flow structure greatly affect the oxygen transport. Details of the transport mechanisms of oxygen in a large melt are investigated for various process conditions.
PARTIAL OBSTRUCTION, NOT ANTISPERM ANTIBODIES, CAUSING INFERTILITY AFTER VASOVASOSTOMY

AbstractPurpose: We determined whether men who may have partial obstruction and antisperm antibodies after vasovasostomy can be distinguished from other infertile men with antisperm antibodies only, and whether repeat microsurgical reversal is beneficial in such patients.Materials and Methods: A total of 412 patients underwent indirect immunobead testing for antisperm antibodies at our laboratory from December 1991 through July 1996. Of 95 patients with an assay greater than 20% binding 49 had normal partners and were grouped by history of vasovasostomy (20), varicocele (9), cryptorchidism (8) and epididymo-orchitis (12). Semen analysis characteristics and antisperm antibody binding variables were compared across histories. Pregnancy rates were compared between patients treated surgically for partial obstruction and those treated for antisperm antibodies. Mean followup was 33.8 months.Results: Compared to the other 3 groups, men with a history of vasectomy and reversal had significantly lower sperm concen...
Stimulation of synaptosomal dopamine synthesis by veratridine

ISOLATED synaptosomal preparations maintain many of the functional properties of intact neurones1 and the uptake of putativebiogenicamine neurotransmitters such as noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin, is well documented2–5. In addition, stimulation of synaptosomal catecholamine release has been demonstrated in response to deplolarising concentrations of potassium4,6 or veratridine6, an alkaloid able to produce depolarisation in intact neurones by increasing sodium permeability7,8. In intact adrenergic neurones stimulation of transmitter release is often accompanied by a concurrent increase in the rate of transmitter synthesis, possibly through a reduction in feedback inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase9–13. The demonstration of a link between stimulated neurotransmitter release and stimulated synthesis in synaptosomes would be an important indication of the validity of studies of synaptosomal processes in order to gain insight into the functioning of intact neurones. We report here that striatal synaptosomes maintain the ability to respond to depolarising concentrations of veratridine with a calcium-dependent tetrodotoxin-sensitive increase in dopamine synthesis.
Coherent microwave generation in a nonlinear photonic crystal

We propose a new approach for generating coherent microwaves in a nonlinear photonic crystal through optical rectification. In a photonic crystal, the reciprocal vector and dispersion of the group velocity can be used to both compensate for the velocity mismatch between the generated microwave and the pump light. We show that coherent microwave radiation from kilohertz to terahertz can be generated through this approach by designing a suitable structure.
EF-equivalent not isomorphic pair of models

We construct non-isomorphic models M, N, e.g. of cardinality N 1 , such that in the Ehrenfeucht-Fraisse game of any length ζ < ω 1 the isomorphism player wins.
Community, life satisfaction and motivation in ocean cruising: comparative findings

This quantitative study aims to build upon previous qualitative research on ocean cruisers. Ocean cruisers have made a conscious decision to lead a more self-determined life on the ocean, often cutting all ties with the life they left back on land. “Cruisers” were defined by the following criteria: they owned their own boats, lived aboard and were on the move. Using quantitative methods, 243 cruisers completed an online survey focusing on motivations for cruising, satisfaction with life and sense of community. Results showed cruisers were genuinely happy with their lives, scoring higher than the average for happiness in industrialised nations. Descriptive statistics revealed cruisers experienced a great sense of community. Further tests showed life satisfaction was significantly related to sense of community, living aboard, centrality of cruising to lifestyle and level of development. Sense of community was significantly related to satisfaction with life, boat racing and boater courses. Motivations for go...
P-glycoprotein (MDR 1 gene product) in cells of the immune system: Its possible physiologic role and alteration in aging and human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection

P-glycoprotein, a 170-kd glycoprotein encoded by the MDR 1 gene, is a member of a highly conserved superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transport proteins. It shares extensive homology with numerous bacterial and eukaryotic ABC transport proteins. P-glycoprotein acts as an energy-dependent efflux pump that appears to transport structurally diverse agents ranging from ions to peptides. P-glycoprotein (P-gP) has been implicated as playing a role in multidrug (MDR) resistance in cancer, chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum infection, and possibly human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) resistance to nucleoside compounds. A number of normal tissues in humans and rodents have been shown to express high levels of P-gp. The expression and function of P-gp in cells of the immune system have been explored in the past 2 years. This review presents a state of the art regarding the expression, regulation, and function of Pgp in cells of the immune system. In addition, its alteration in aging and HIV-1 infection is reviewed. A possible physiologic role of P-gp in cytokine secretion, antigen processing/presentation, and effector functions is also discussed.