cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantifying the effect of thermospheric parameterization in a global model

Abstract Global climate models have become useful tools for studying the important physical processes that affect the Earth's upper atmosphere. However, the results produced by all models contain uncertainty that stems for the manner in which the model is driven, as well as in the treatment of the internal physics and numerics. In order to fully understand the scientific value of the model results then, it is necessary to have a quantitative understanding of the uncertainty in the model. In this study, the global ionosphere–thermosphere model is used to investigate how uncertainty in the use of parameters in a large scale model can affect the model results. Eight parameters are studied that ultimately have an effect on the thermospheric temperature equation. It is found that among these, uncertainty in the thermal conductivity, NO cooling, and NO binary diffusion coefficients most strongly translate to uncertainty in the temperature and density results. In addition, variations in the eddy diffusion coefficient are shown to result in significant uncertainty in the thermospheric composition, and ultimately the electron density.
Climatology since the year 1800

Most of the work done in climatology in the past 150 years can be assigned to one of the following classes of investigation or presentation: empirical formulation of climatic data, descriptive climatology, climatologic cartography, organization of observational data by synoptic categories, investigation of the physical bases of climate, definition of climatic types and the delineation of climatic regions, and reconstruction of past climates. Although their relative importance has varied, through much of the period under consideration all these fields have been cultivated simultaneously. Especially in the latter part of the Nineteenth and the early part of the Twentieth Century, climatology has been too strongly dominated by a descriptive approach. Satisfactory physical interpretations of the phenomena recorded have often been impossible, but even the physical insights available at any given time have not always been applied. It would appear that the rational treatment of climatologic data can be attained more readily through synoptic concepts than through a frontal attack with the general formulations provided by physical theory. “… das arithmetische Mittel, in welchem de allerverschiedensten Zustande zusammen vergraben werden, ist Nichts Wirkliches, sonders eine abstrakte Grosse.” W. Koppen, 1874.
Monoterpene synthases from gymnosperms and angiosperms: stereospecificity and inactivation by cysteinyl- and arginyl-directed modifying reagents

To further define specific structural and mechanistic differences among monoterpene synthases from divergent plant sources, the stereospecificity of the enzyme-catalyzed isomerization of geranyl pyrophosphate to linalyl pyrophosphate and the subsequent cyclization to monoterpene olefins (which have been well established for monoterpene synthases from herbaceous angiosperms) were examined for monoterpene synthases from a conifer, lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta). The chiral monoterpenes isolated from lodgepole pine oleoresin and the major chiral products from cell-free assays of each of the four lodgepole pine monoterpene synthases belonged to the stereochemical family related by the biosynthetic intermediacy of 3S-linalyl pyrophosphate. Furthermore, both the putative intermediate, 3S-linalyl pyrophosphate, and the natural substrate, geranyl pyrophosphate, were enzymatically converted to the same monoterpene enantiomers. Thus, like monoterpene synthases from herbaceous angiosperms, monoterpene synthases from lodgepole pine appear to catalyze both the stereospecific isomerization of geranyl pyrophosphate to linalyl pyrophosphate and the subsequent cyclization of this enzyme-bound intermediate to multiple, stereochemically related monoterpene olefin isomers. The susceptibility of monoterpene synthases to inactivation by cysteinyl- and arginyl-directed chemical modification reagents was also examined to identify specific structural differences between enzymes from conifers and angiosperms. Like monoterpene synthases from peppermint (Mentha x piperita) and culinary sage (Salvia officinalis), monoterpene synthases from lodgepole pine were inactivated by thiol-directed reagents; however, unlike monoterpene synthases from these herbaceous angiosperms, monoterpene synthases from lodgepole pine were not protected against inactivation by coincubation with substrate and metal ion cofactor. Lodgepole pine monoterpene synthases were also inactivated by the arginyl-directed reagent phenylglyoxal, and coincubation with substrate and cofactor, to effect active-site protection, reduced the rate of inactivation 10-fold. (+)-Pinene synthase and (-)-pinene synthase from sage were also inactivated by phenylglyoxal, but no protection was afforded by coincubation with substrate and cofactor. Thus, monoterpene synthases of conifers appear to have catalytically important arginyl residues specifically located at or near the active site and have at least some catalytically important thiol residues at a non-substrate-protectable region of the enzyme, in contrast to monoterpene synthases from angiosperms which appear to have catalytically important cysteinyl residues at the active site and have catalytically important arginyl residues located at a non-substrate-protectable region of the enzyme.
Prevention and Adolescent Health: Commentary on Progress of the Past 2 Years

Two years ago I wrote an article for AJDC that briefly reviewed two new initiatives that could have a major impact on adolescent health. These were the identification of national health objectives in Healthy People 2000: The National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives 1 and the release of the recommendations of the US Preventive Services Task Force in the Guide to Clinical Preventive Services . 2 These two efforts were viewed as important because they focused attention on prevention and on the special health issues of adolescents. Since the publication of the special issue of the AJDC , it has become clear that these two documents have contributed substantially to intensified efforts to improve the health and well-being of adolescents. After decades of identifying the critical health issues facing youth, solid national programs are taking shape that have the potential to fundamentally change how health care is provided to adolescents. The
Texture as the basis for individual tree identification

Recognizing plants from imagery is a complex task due to their irregular nature. In this research, three tree species, Japanese yew (Taxus cuspidata Sieb. & Zucc.), Hicks yew (Taxus x media), and eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.), were identified using their textural properties. First, the plants were separated from their backgrounds in digital images based on a combination of textural features. Textural feature values for energy, local homogeneity, and inertia were derived from the co-occurrence matrix and differed significantly between the trees and their backgrounds. Subsequently, these features were used to construct the feature space where the nearest-neighbor method was applied to discriminate trees from their backgrounds. The recognition rates for Japanese yew, Hicks yew, and eastern white pine were 87%, 93%, and 93%, respectively. The study demonstrates that the texture features selected and the methods employed satisfactorily separated the trees from their relatively complex backgrounds and effectively differentiated between the three species. This research can lead to potentially useful applications in forestry and related disciplines.
Automata that recognize intersections of free submonoids

Unambiguous automata are used to prove B. Tilson's result that the intersection of free submonoids of a free monoid is free. A description of the basis of the resulting intersection is an integral part of our proof.
International Politics and Civil Rights Policies in the United States, 1941–1960

Despite the impressive volume of literature on the civil rights movement and US race policies, the connection between American foreign policy during World War II and the postwar years and America's race policy remains largely unexplored. Focusing on this gap, Professor Layton's book shows that the revolutionary changes in world politics in the wake of WWII created new opportunities and pressure points for reforming US race policies. The Holocaust, the dismantling of colonial empires, the Cold War, and the establishment of the United Nations had a major impact in creating the Executive and Judicial branch of the Federal government shifts from a seventy year old hands-off policy to the advocacy of civil rights reform. This book further reveals how civil rights leaders utilized foreign policy issues and Cold War politics to press for domestic policy reforms in the United States.
MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING FORMULATION OF COMBINED TRANSPORTATION AND LAND USE MODEL

A mathematical programming model of combined trip distribution, equilibrium network assignment, and residential location choice is presented. The model is developed on the basis of Wardrop's user equilibrium principle and the random utility theory. A traveler's route choice behavior is assumed to follow the user-optimized principle, whereas the residential location choice behavior is captured by the random utility theory. The simultaneous choice of travel routes and residential location is based on the assumption that each individual tries to minimize his or her travel cost and maximize his or her living utility. On the basis of this assumption the choice of travel routes is determined by using a user equilibrium assignment model and the choice of residential location is quantified by using a multinomial logit model. After defining the system equations of the combined model, the model is reformulated as a mathematical programming problem so that the characteristics of the combined model can be explored clearly and the model can be solved efficiently. After the properties of the model are analyzed the process of using the gradient search technique with a maximum-likelihood criterion to calibrate the model and by using the Evans algorithm to solve the optimization problem is presented. Furthermore, the model application procedure is also clearly defined.
Parameter space structure of continuous-time recurrent neural networks

A fundamental challenge for any general theory of neural circuits is how to characterize the structure of the space of all possible circuits over a given model neuron. As a first step in this direction, this letter begins a systematic study of the global parameter space structure of continuous-time recurrent neural networks (CTRNNs), a class of neural models that is simple but dynamically universal. First, we explicitly compute the local bifurcation manifolds of CTRNNs. We then visualize the structure of these manifolds in net input space for small circuits. These visualizations reveal a set of extremal saddle node bifurcation manifolds that divide CTRNN parameter space into regions of dynamics with different effective dimensionality. Next, we completely characterize the combinatorics and geometry of an asymptotically exact approximation to these regions for circuits of arbitrary size. Finally, we show how these regions can be used to calculate estimates of the probability of encountering different kinds of dynamics in CTRNN parameter space.
Glycosaminoglycans from squid skin.

1. 1. Glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharides, MPS) from squid (Loligo opalescens) skin were isolated and fractionated, and the major fractions were characterized after extensive analysis. 2. 2. Highly sulfated chondroitin sulfates were found to be the major components (about 70 per cent of total MPS); chondroitin, a nonsulfated polysaccharide, constituted a fourth of the total MPS; no dermatan sulfate was detected. 3. 3. Amino acid analysis indicated differences in the peptide composition among certain fractions. 4. 4. Neutral sugars were present in all fractions, glucose being the predominant neutral sugar.
A prospective comparison of retrievability: celect versus option filter

Purpose Potentially retrievable design technology has significantly increased the utilization of IVC filters in the US. In this study, we aimed to compare the ease of retrievability of two potentially retrievable IVC filter (pfIVCF) devices. We hypothesize that the retrievability for the Celect (Cook Inc, Bloomington, IN) and Option (Rex Medical, Conshohocken, PA) devices is equivalent. Materials and Methods In this prospective, IRB-approved study, Celect and Option filters were deployed for generally accepted indications. Fluoroscopy time, presence of significant filter tilt, use of adjunctive retrieval techniques, and strut perforation of the IVC were each recorded at the time of retrieval. Fisher’s exact test and Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test were used for statistical analysis, with the null hypothesis rejected at p Results Over a 30 month period, 88 Celect and 83 Option filters were deployed. 53.4% (n = 47) of Celect patients and 74.7%(n = 62) of Option patients presented for filter retrieval after an average of 2.26 months (range 0.3-7.6) and 1.98 months (range 0.47-9.13) respectively. No patients were lost to follow up. Retrieval failure rates were Celect 2.3% vs Option 6.5% (p = 0.697). Median fluoroscopy retrieval times were Celect 4.3 minutes (SD 14.66) vs Option 6.45 minutes (SD 12.37) (p = 0.012). Use of adjunctive retrieval techniques was Celect 6.7% vs Option 19% (p = 0.087). Incidence of significant tilting was Celect 13.3% vs Option 19% (p = 0.594). Incidence of strut perforation was Celect 44% vs Option 0% (p Conclusion Overall retrieval rates for the Celect and Option filters were equivalent. However, retrieval of the Option filter required a statistically significant increased amount of fluoroscopy time compared with the Celect filter. There was a trend toward more use of adjunctive retrieval techniques for the Option filter. The Celect filter had a statistically significantly higher rate of strut perforation.
Composite Thermal Protection Systems for Manned Re-Entry Vehicles

A SUBSTANTIAL fraction of the weight of a manned re-entry vehicle may be required for a thermal protection system that provides allowable structural and interior wall temperatures. The weights of some systems that provide adequate protection are given in Refs. 1 and 2. However, these systems are relatively simple, and it can be anticipated that more advanced systems will be more efficient. In this paper, approximate weight relations are derived for composite heat shields, and the efficiencies of the composite shields are compared to those of the simple shields. Weights of optimum systems are then calculated for the manned re-entry vehicle heating environment given in Refs. 1 and 2.
Implementing a high performance digital sub-system using the PXI architecture

High Performance digital subsystems have been developed over the years using a variety of proprietary and industry standard architectures such as GPIB and VXI. With the availability of high performance / high density FPGAs and analog electronics, the implementation of high performance digital functional test subsystems has now become a reality using the PXI architecture. The smaller form factor of PXI, which offers users the ability to down size and deploy very cost effective, performance digital subsystems, has also presented some unique challenges for instrument design teams developing these high performance digital subsystems. This paper discusses some major considerations and challenges when implementing high performance digital instrumentation based on the PXI architecture.
Reaction of Nitric Oxide at the β-Carbon of Enamines. A New Method of Preparing Compounds Containing the Diazeniumdiolate Functional Group

The reaction of nitric oxide (NO) with enamines has been investigated. Unlike previously reported reactions of NO as a free radical with alkenes, the electrophilic addition of NO to the β-carbon of enamines results in the formation of compounds containing the diazeniumdiolate functional group (−[N(O)NO]-). This reaction between NO and enamines has been shown to be quite general and a variety of enamine-derived diazeniumdiolates have been isolated and characterized. While enamines derived from aldehydes and ketones whose structures allow for sequential multiple electrophilic additions tended to undergo overreaction leading to unstable products, it has been shown that this complication may be overcome by suitable choice of reaction solvent. The products obtained may exist as zwitterionic iminium salts or as neutral species depending upon the structure of the parent enamine. The diazeniumdiolate derived from 1-(N-morpholino)cyclohexene is unique among the new compounds in that it spontaneously releases NO up...
Adolescent Depressive Symptomatology and Young Adult Educational Attainment: An Examination of Gender Differences

Abstract Purpose To examine the association between depressive symptomatology during adolescence and educational attainment in young adulthood and to determine whether this association varies by gender. Methods This study uses data from the first and third waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). Symptoms associated with depression are assessed at Wave 1 with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Educational attainment is assessed at Wave 3. Measures include failure to complete high school and failure to enter college (among high school graduates). The analytic sample contains 14,232 respondents aged 11–21 years at Wave 1 and aged 18–28 years at Wave 3. Approximately half the sample is female. Results Adjusting for individual and family-level characteristics, depressive symptomatology during adolescence is associated with increased odds of failure to complete high school, but only for girls. Among high school graduates of both genders, depressive symptomatology is associated with failure to enter college. Conclusions This study offers support for the hypothesis that mental health problems experienced early in the life course impair status attainment.
Educational Software Evaluation Research: Balancing Internal, External, and Ecological Validity

The difficulties inherent in the evaluation of educational software are described in terms of the tradeoffs between internal, external, and ecological validity. Larger issues in evaluation research design and computer-based instruction are highlighted by primary and metaanalytic studies designed to reveal the effects of computer simulations in psychology classrooms and laboratories. The effectiveness of classroom and laboratory computer activities depends on how the inclusion of software, as well as the evaluation process itself, changes the entire instructional process.
RR Lyrae stars: A theoretical study of Bailey types a and b

The full-amplitude behaviour of theoretical models of RR Lyr stars pulsating in the fundamental mode has been explored with the use of Carson's radiative opacities. A detailed comparison of the models with metal-poor RR Lyr stars of Bailey types a and b suggests that these stars have properties that lie somewhere in the following ranges: mass/solar mass = 0.55-0.65, Y = 0.2 0.3, and log (luminosity/solar luminosity) = 1.6-1.7. In obtaining these results, the only data that are used are velocity curves and light curves. Independent information, however, seems to corroborate the values found here. The use of Los Alamos opacities gives somewhat similar results, although the derived masses are smaller by about 20%.
Evaluation of burst pressure prediction models for line pipes

Abstract Accurate prediction of burst pressure plays a central role in engineering design and integrity assessment of oil and gas pipelines. Theoretical and empirical solutions for such prediction are evaluated in this paper relative to a burst pressure database comprising more than 100 tests covering a variety of pipeline steel grades and pipe sizes. Solutions considered include three based on plasticity theory for the end-capped, thin-walled, defect-free line pipe subjected to internal pressure in terms of the Tresca, von Mises, and ZL (or Zhu-Leis) criteria, one based on a cylindrical instability stress (CIS) concept, and a large group of analytical and empirical models previously evaluated by Law and Bowie (International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, 84, 2007: 487–492). It is found that these models can be categorized into either a Tresca-family or a von Mises-family of solutions, except for those due to Margetson and Zhu-Leis models. The viability of predictions is measured via statistical analyses in terms of a mean error and its standard deviation. Consistent with an independent parallel evaluation using another large database, the Zhu-Leis solution is found best for predicting burst pressure, including consideration of strain hardening effects, while the Tresca strength solutions including Barlow, Maximum shear stress, Turner, and the ASME boiler code provide reasonably good predictions for the class of line-pipe steels with intermediate strain hardening response.
An automated sample cleanup apparatus used in the procedure for measuring polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and ortho-unsubstituted (planar) biphenyls in human serum and adipose tissue

Abstract An improved automated sample cleanup apparatus used in the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) procedure for measuring polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and ortho-unsubstituted or planar biphenyls (planar PCBs) in serum and adipose tissue has been developed. Compared to our prototype model, this device is more versatile, easier to use, and has reduced the time required to perform the first part of the procedure from 20 to 4 h.
Topical and intravenous gentamicin in traumatically lacerated eyes.

Intravenous or topical gentamicin1 may be the initial mode of treatment for lacerated or ruptured eyes by emergency room physicians while awaiting ophthalmic consultation and surgical repair. The purpose of this study was to determine the possibility of having retinotoxic intravitreal gentamicin concentrations in experimentally lacerated rabbit eyes treated with either intravenous or topical gentamicin separately or in combination with each other. Nontoxic concentrations of gentamicin were found in the vitreous bodies by all routes of drug administration. After 3 h intravitreal concentrations of gentamicin were: 0.20–0.30 μg/ml when treated intravenously, 0–2.9 μg/ml when treated topically, and 0.20–0.51 μg/ml when treated both intravenously and topically. While the upper range of topically applied gentamicin concentrations (2.9 μg/ml) is therapeutic for some pathogens, the wide range of intravitreal concentrations (0–2.9 μg/ml) achieved does not indicate that topically applied gentamicin with or without intravenously administered gentamicin can reliably achieve therapeutic concentrations.
A Figure of Merit for Predicted Phase Diagrams

A figure of merit is proposed that can be used to evaluate the accuracy of a predicted diagram. The figure of merit is the“probability that a phase will be predicted correctly” in a randomly selected alloy. The figure of merit depends on both the phase and the boundaries of the phase diagram being considered. It can be determined in two ways, either by the use of ZPF (zero phase fraction) lines or from the results of phase analyses on selected alloys.
Pion treatment procedures and verification techniques

Procedures and techniques developed for the negative pi-meson (pion) radiotherapy program at the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility, Los Alamos, NM, are reviewed and described. A particular pion patient is followed through the entire planning and treatment sequence to describe CT scanning procedures, bolus and collimator and treatment techniques developed to minimize positioning errors (less than 5 mm). Comparison of 2-D and 3-D isodose calculations developed at Los Alamos showed differences of less than 10% attributable to multiple scattering effects and the computational models used. Treatment verification methods using in vivo ion chamber dosimetry generally confirmed the prescribed dose delivery within 10% and using TLD within 18%.
What is the best way to achieve broader reach of improved practices in higher education

This article examines a common problem in higher education – how to create more widespread use of improved practices, often commonly referred to as innovations. I argue that policy models of scale-up are often advocated in higher education but that they have a dubious history in community development and K-12 education and that higher education leaders should shirk policymakers’ push to use a scale-up model of change. These thoughts are conceptual and are based upon a critical review of literature in community development and K-12, but I also draw upon empirical data in reviewing examples of widespread use of innovations in higher education.
Energy transport velocity of electromagnetic propagation in dispersive media

For electromagnetic propagation in linear dispersive media, two definitions of energy transport velocity may be introduced. The first is the transport velocity of total stored energy density, and it was first discussed by Brillouin. This concept does not distinguish different forms of energy, but considers only the total. It is equal to the group velocity for the case of a lossless dispersive medium. Its significance is not fully understood for a maser medium where it is either greater than the velocity of light or negative, or for a dissipative dispersive medium where it does not seem to offer a simple description of the propagation process. The second is the transport velocity of electromagnetic energy. It is based on the distinction of propagating energy which is just electric and magnetic field energy, from localized energy which is stored in the degrees of freedom of the dispersive medium. Thus propagation involves electromagnetic propagation per se, plus a transfer of energy between the propagating and localized forms. This transport velocity is always less than the velocity of light, for absorbing and maser media alike. It may be determined through a gain or attenuation measurement since it enters the gain equation of electromagnetic transmission structures.
Central cholinergic mechanisms underlying adaptation to reduced cholinesterase activity

Abstract Paraoxon (Px), an irreversible cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitor, was administered acutely and chronically to rats in order to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the process of adaptation. Brain levels of acetylcholine (ACh) as well as ChE and cholineacetyltransferase (CAT) activities were investigated to further understand the relationship between chronically reduced ChE levels and neurotransmitter mobilization. In acutely treated animals, cholinergic symptoms were evident 15 min after injection and were accompanied by a 100 per cent increase in total brain ACh and an 83 per cent decrease in ChE activity. In low-dose chronically treated animals, symptoms did not ensue until 3 days of treatment, when total ACh levels reached a maximum of 50 per cent above control and ChE activity was 55 per cent inhibited. Free ACh levels increased in both acutely and chronically treated animals, whereas bound ACh levels increased significantly only in the acutely treated group. These results suggest that (1) cholinergic central nervous system symptoms can be correlated to an increase (50 per cent) in brain ACh, and (2) chronic ChE inhibition may lead to alterations in the pre-synaptic mobilization and storage of ACh.
Attenuated deletion mutant of vaccinia virus IHD-W recovered virulence by reinsertion of a terminal restriction fragment

Since vaccinia virus is being considered as a potential immunization vector, it is important to identify genes responsible for pathogenicity. One approach to identify virulence genes is the use of attenuated deletion mutants with a null background to reintroduce regions of the deleted genome material. We have previously described an attenuated deletion mutant of vaccinia virus strain IHD-W (Z-19) that lost 21 kb from the left terminus comprising fragments HindIII C and N, displays rearrangements at the right terminus and is unable to grow in vivo. To establish whether the loss of genes present at the left terminus is the basis for the attenuated phenotype, rescue experiments were performed to reintroduce fragment HindIII C, using growth in vivo as a selection system to isolate recombinant viruses. Several recombinants were isolated and molecularly and biologically characterized. The results indicate that recovery of virulence in mice was correlated with the presence and expression of two genes: vaccinia growth factor and C4b binding protein, which are located at the left terminus. Serpin I and II genes, located at the right terminus, were not affected in Z-19 and seem not to play a role in virulence in the IHD-W strain; interestingly, a copy of the serpin I gene was found at the left terminus. Moreover, a gene involved in virulence in the WR strain, the 13.8 kDa virokine gene (N1L) was found to be located in fragment HindIII G in the IHD-W strain, and therefore did not contribute to the attenuated phenotype.
Female Shamanism and the Mapuche Transformation into Christian Chilean Farmers

This article examines the emergence of a new form of shamanism among the Mapuche of Chile during their first decades under the dominion of the Chilean state. Specifically, it links the emergence of a female shamanism with the policies implemented by the Chilean government and the Catholic Church to integrate the Mapuche into the Chilean society as Christian farmers. The material of this paper is based on historical material from 1881 to 1930.
Administration of a Pediatric Dialysis Unit: The Basics

In the current era of dialysis care, the nephrologist must be prepared to perform multiple functions beyond the delivery of patient care. One potential role that the nephrologist may assume is the medical director of a dialysis facility. The medical director is responsible for the unit functions on several levels. This article will aim to review the basic principles involved in the administration of a dialysis unit (DU), including administrative, regulatory, and fiscal aspects. This review is not meant to be comprehensive in nature, but rather is aimed to introduce the trainee and junior faculty to the nuances of the DU.
Respiratory medication adherence in chronic lung disease of prematurity.

Background Chronic lung disease of prematurity (CLDP) is a frequent complication of premature birth. Infants and children with CLDP are often prescribed complex medication regimens, which can be difficult for families to manage.
The business strategy/corporate social responsibility “mash‐up”

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the “mash‐up” of business strategy and corporate social responsibility (CSR). In popular music, a mash‐up is a file of digitally combined musical sources. Song A is played simultaneously with Song B, and in various other combinations. There are often elements of dissonance, and even cacophony, to the form – but the sum of the parts often surpasses the originals. CSR is a management innovation like the idea of business strategy itself. Each is also a metaphor representing alternative visions and approaches to corporate value creation. Business strategists are talking, writing, and meeting about CSR, and CSR is increasingly intersecting, integrating, converging, with business strategy. The trend is described within as a “mash‐up”. But what is the significance of this trend? How serious should companies be about it? Is CSR going to become a part of standard business theory and practice? How long will it take? What should organizations do to respond and partic...
Phase and magnitude in normalized images

Distortion due to complete loss or perturbation of phase or magnitude information is considered for energy normalized images. With certain statistical assumptions on the image structure, phase information is shown to be more crucial. >
Pigment packaging and chlorophyll a-specific absorption in high-light oceanic waters : a method, an algorithm, and validation

The absorption of light by phytoplankton at a single wavelength, aph((lambda) ), is reduced with the increased packaging of the light absorption material. A common method of estimating the package effect is to divide aph((lambda) ) by the light absorption of the intracellular material after it has been extracted in an organic solvent. The absorption of the extract is often assumed to be representative of the true absorption of the cellular material in a dissolved state, asol((lambda) ). However, asol((lambda) ) is affected by the process of removing the light absorptive material from the organic matrix of the cell, the destruction of the pigment-protein complexes, and the solvent interference with the excited states of the chromophore. What is actually being measured by these extraction methods to determine asol((lambda) ), is aom((lambda) ), i.e., the absorption of light by the pigment material in the organic medium of the experiment. A solvation factor, S, that is the ratio of the true asol((lambda) ) to the measured aom((lambda) ) is needed before the package effect can be determined. We have developed an internally consistent measure of aph((lambda) ), aom(lambda), chlorophyll a concentration, and pheopigment concentration to determine the ratio asol((lambda) ):aom((lambda) ) and the package effect, Qa equals aph/at 675 nm. These parameters are used to determine a functional relationship between chlorophyll a concentrations and light absorption for high- light adapted, natural phytoplankton populations in optically clear waters. The packaging effect in these waters is negligible at the red peak of the spectrum. Exclusion of the weight specific absorption of pheopigments and the assumption of a zero aph(675) at a zero pigment concentration produces a misleading chlorophyll a-specific absorption and a false determination of pigment packaging. An algorithm is developed and validated for predicting chlorophyll a concentration from aph(675) in high-light, optically clear waters.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
403 STIMULATION OF NEONATAL HEPATIC UDP-GLUCURONYLTRANSPERASE ACTIVITY WITH PRENATAL THYROID ANALOG THERAPY

403 STIMULATION OF NEONATAL HEPATIC UDP-GLUCURONYLTRANSPERASE ACTIVITY WITH PRENATAL THYROID ANALOG THERAPY
Craft and Science in the Treatment of Traumatized People

In a beautiful little book called Language and Problems of Knowledge, Noam Chomsky (1988) presents his reflections on “the attempt within contemporary science to approach traditional questions in p...
Unitary states for three pions

Recent angular momentum analyses of the three-pion system produced in the reaction ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p$ have been criticized because the three-pion states used in the analysis do not satisfy unitarity. In order to answer this criticism we develop a set of unitarity equations which can be solved to yield a set of three-pion states which explicitly satisfy both three-particle unitarity and two-particle unitarity (Watson's theorem). A numerical method for solving the equations is given. When the unitary states are used to reanalyze the data for the reaction ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p$ we find some changes in the detailed numerical fits but no change in the general conclusions. In particular, the phase of the amplitude for the ${A}_{1}$ state varies only slightly in the ${A}_{1}$ mass region, in contrast with the behavior expected for a resonant state.
Views on Human Papillomavirus Vaccination: A Mixed-Methods Study of Urban Youth

While the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine has potential to protect against the majority of HPV-associated cancers, vaccination rates in the United States remain low. Racial/ethnic and economic disparities exist for HPV vaccination completion rates. We conducted a mixed-methods study using the theory of planned behavior framework to explore attitudes and beliefs about HPV vaccination among urban, economically disadvantaged adolescents. Fifty adolescents aged 14–18 years were recruited from community-based organizations to complete a written survey and participate in a focus group. The mean age was 15.5 ± 1.3 years; 98 % were African American or mixed race; 64 % were female; 52 % reported previous sexual intercourse; 40 % reported receipt of ≥1 HPV vaccine dose. The knowledge deficit about the HPV vaccine was profound and seemed slightly greater among males. Mothers, fathers and grandmothers were mentioned as important referents for HPV vaccination, but peers and romantic partners were not. Common barriers to vaccination were lack of awareness, anticipated side effects (i.e., pain), and concerns about vaccine safety. Characteristics associated with ≥1 vaccine dose were: having heard of the HPV vaccine versus not (65 vs. 20 %, p = 0.002) and agreeing with the statement “Most people I know would think HPV vaccine is good for your health” versus not (67 vs. 27 %, p = 0.007). Our work indicates a profound lack of awareness about HPV vaccination as well as the important influence of parents among urban, economically-disadvantaged youth. Awareness of these attitudes and beliefs can assist providers and health officials by informing specific interventions to increase vaccine uptake.
Hypercontractivity and the Bakry-Emery criterion for compact Lie groups

On etudie l'ingredient essentiel du critere de Bakry-Emery. On utilise ce critere pour obtenir des estimations ameliorees de la constante hypercontractive
Resolution of factor X deficiency in primary amyloidosis following splenectomy.

• A 57-year-old man with primary amyloidosis was initially seen with hematuria, cutaneous bleeding, and hepatosplenomegaly. Factor X was determined to be 10% to 16% of normal plasma values. Administration of vitamin K-dependent factor concentrate transiently improved in vitro clotting tests but did not alter the clinical course. Following a splenectomy, bleeding ceased and factor X levels returned to normal, remaining so despite discontinuation of factor concentrate infusion. Amyloid fibrils extracted from the patient's spleen were determined to be derived from λV1 light chains. The importance of splenectomy as an effective therapeutic modality is discussed. ( Arch Intern Med 1983;143:597-599)
Medical examinations at entry to treatment for drug abuse as an opportunity to initiate care for hepatitis C virus infection

Over the course of addiction, a substantial proportion of drug users enter drug abuse treatment programs. Data from a cross-sectional survey of drug abuse treatment programs in the United States were analyzed to describe the scope of the medical examination performed at admission to such programs. All of the methadone programs (n=95) and 50% of drug-free programs (80 of 161) required a medical examination at entry. Most examinations included screening for signs and symptoms of liver disease and liver function testing. Nearly all methadone programs (97%) provided referral to medical care or support for patients with test results positive for antibody to hepatitis C virus (HCV), compared with 75% of drug-free programs (P<.01). Drug-free programs requiring medical examinations provided education about HCV and testing for HCV to a larger proportion of their patients (P<.05). With high dropout rates in the early stages of treatment for drug addiction, these medical visits may be an important opportunity for further monitoring and care for HCV infection and other conditions.
Considerations for upgrading aging military avionics systems with state-of-the-art technology

Due to ever tightening budgets in the defense arena, the armed services are making conscious efforts to extend the service life of existing aircraft beyond what was intended at the time of their original design. These aircraft types include extremely old airframes such as B-52H and variants of the C-130, which continues to play a part in 21st century military actions. Relatively new weapons systems are also included, such as the F-117A and B-2A, which are already beginning to experience component obsolescence problems. A major aspect of these upgrade programs involves replacing existing aging avionics with modern digital systems that are more reliable and more capable. In many cases, however, these retrofits are not simply "plug-and-play". Careful analysis is required to ensure that no existing capabilities are lost and that the new system can function properly in the legacy aircraft. These considerations can vary depending upon aircraft type and mission. Factors are to consider include interoperability with legacy systems, aircraft mass properties, A-kit wiring, human factors, training, and growth capability for future upgrades. The paper provides guidance on the evaluation of a potential retrofit, thus assisting the readers in developing their own decision support system.
Characterization of the RNA Components of a Putative Molecular Switch in the 3′ Untranslated Region of the Murine Coronavirus Genome

RNA virus genomes contain cis-acting sequence and structural elements that participate in viral replication. We previously identified a bulged stem-loop secondary structure at the upstream end of the 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) of the genome of the coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (MHV). This element, beginning immediately downstream of the nucleocapsid gene stop codon, was shown to be essential for virus replication. Other investigators discovered an adjacent downstream pseudoknot in the 3' UTR of the closely related bovine coronavirus (BCoV). This pseudoknot was also shown to be essential for replication, and it has a conserved counterpart in every group 1 and group 2 coronavirus. In MHV and BCoV, the bulged stem-loop and pseudoknot are, in part, mutually exclusive, because of the overlap of the last segment of the stem-loop and stem 1 of the pseudoknot. This led us to hypothesize that they form a molecular switch, possibly regulating a transition occurring during viral RNA synthesis. We have now performed an extensive genetic analysis of the two components of this proposed switch. Our results define essential and nonessential components of these structures and establish the limits to which essential parts of each element can be destabilized prior to loss of function. Most notably, we have confirmed the interrelationship of the two putative switch elements. Additionally, we have identified a pseudoknot loop insertion mutation that appears to point to a genetic interaction between the pseudoknot and a distant region of the genome.
Stability of bi-directional cooperative relay networks

We consider a pair of nodes who wish to communicate with each other via intermediate relays. In this bi-directional network with stochastic flows, we develop the throughput optimal control policy, i.e., a policy that stabilizes the network whenever the arrival rates are within the region established. We investigate the effect of implementing different practical transmission protocols and network coding. The network control policies we present offer diverse possibilities in relaying and cooperation structure depending on the channel and the queue states.
Reactive processing of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in aqueous aerosol mimics: surface tension depression and secondary organic products

Abstract. The reactive uptake of carbonyl-containing volatile organic compounds (cVOCs) by aqueous atmospheric aerosols is a likely source of particulate organic material. The aqueous-phase secondary organic products of some cVOCs are surface-active. Therefore, cVOC uptake can lead to organic film formation at the gas-aerosol interface and changes in aerosol surface tension. We examined the chemical reactions of two abundant cVOCs, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, in water and aqueous ammonium sulfate (AS) solutions mimicking tropospheric aerosols. Secondary organic products were identified using Aerosol Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry (Aerosol-CIMS), and changes in surface tension were monitored using pendant drop tensiometry. Hemiacetal oligomers and aldol condensation products were identified using Aerosol-CIMS. Acetaldehyde depresses surface tension to 65(±2) dyn cm −1 in pure water (a 10% surface tension reduction from that of pure water) and 62(±1) dyn cm −1 in AS solutions (a 20.6% reduction from that of a 3.1 M AS solution). Surface tension depression by formaldehyde in pure water is negligible; in AS solutions, a 9% reduction in surface tension is observed. Mixtures of these species were also studied in combination with methylglyoxal in order to evaluate the influence of cross-reactions on surface tension depression and product formation in these systems. We find that surface tension depression in the solutions containing mixed cVOCs exceeds that predicted by an additive model based on the single-species isotherms.
Incidence of Yeasts in Fresh Ground Beef and Their Ratios to Bacteria

Yeast counts were determined on 111 samples of fresh ground beef along with aerobic plate counts (APC) and counts of gram negative bacteria (GNB). Yeasts ranged from 20–62 × 103/g with a mean of 8.7 × 103 for the 111 samples. APC ranged from 0.02 × 106 to 87 × 106/g with a mean of 9.5 × 106, while GNB ranged from 0.002 × 106 to 66 × 106/g with a mean of 3.5 × 106. When the 111 samples were divided into six groups based upon APC counts from log < 5.50 to 7.50, the mem yeast counts for each one-half log range increased along with the means for both APC and GNB. The ratios of bacteria to yeasts were determined after dividing the samples into groups of one-half log cycles employing APC. The ratios of APC to yeasts increased from low-APC to high-APC meats as did ratios of GNB to yeasts. Overall, the findings of this study indicate that the numbers of yeasts in ground beef are highly variable relative to APC or GNB. In genual, higher yeast counts were found in samples with high APC and GNB numbers.
Ultrastructural and Antigenic Characterization of a Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis Agent Directly Isolated and Stably Cultivated from a Patient in New York State

A human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE) agent with 16S rDNA sequence identical to the published sequence of HGE agents was isolated from a patient from New York State by inoculation of the blood leukocyte fraction directly into a human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60. The HGE agent was also isolated from the leukocyte fraction of the blood and bone marrow of a mouse inoculated with the leukocyte fraction of the patient's blood. The isolate has been passaged in tissue culture 30 times over 8 months. Electron microscopy revealed pleomorphic coccobacilli with a thin and highly rippled outer membrane in the clear inclusion matrix. Comparison of IFA reactivity of antisera obtained from a variety of sources with the cell-cultured HGE agent revealed that 3 HGE agent strains (New York isolate, Wisconsin [BDS] isolate, and a tick-derived isolate) are highly cross-reactive and there are diverse antigenic cross-reactivities between HGE agent and Ehrlichia chaffeensis.