cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pop-Ups, Cookies, and Spam: Toward a Deeper Analysis of the Ethical Significance of Internet Marketing Practices

While e-commerce has grown rapidly in recent years, some of the practices associated with certain aspects of marketing on the Internet, such as pop-ups, cookies, and spam, have raised concerns on the part of Internet users. In this paper I examine the nature of these practices and what I take to be the underlying source of this concern. I argue that the ethical issues surrounding these Internet marketing techniques move us beyond the traditional treatment of the ethics of marketing and advertising found in discussions of business ethics previously. Rather, I show that the questions they raise ultimately turn upon questions of technique and the ways in which technologies can transform the fundamental means by which relationships are established and maintained within a social environment. I then argue that the techniques of e-commerce are indeed transforming the means by which businesses relate to consumers, and that this transformation is affecting the applicability of our previous ways of demarcating the imperatives determining the limits of accessibility between consumers and businesses. Properly addressing the ethical status of the techniques of e-marketing as such necessarily moves us to consider the changes that Internet commerce are having upon the norms that govern individuals in their relations with others.
Radiation treatment for newly diagnosed esophageal cancer with prior radiation to the thoracic cavity

The purpose of this report is to communicate the use of single-positron emission computed tomography scan in planning radiation treatments for patients with a history of radiation to the thoracic cavity. A patient presented with obstructive esophageal cancer, having previously received chemotherapy and radiation therapy to the mediastinum for non-Hodgkin lymphoma 11 years earlier. Owing to a number of comorbidities, the patient was not a surgical candidate and was referred to the University of Washington Medical Center for radiation therapy. Prior dose to the spinal cord and lung were taken into account before designing the radiation treatment plan.
High Power, Sub-GHz, Monolithic Fiber Amplifier Based on Phase Modulated Laser Gain Competition

SBS suppression in monolithic, Yb-doped fiber amplifiers via phase modulated two-tone laser gain competition (LGC) is reported. The LGC between broad and narrow-linewidth (1036nm/1064nm) signals yielded pump-limited output powers of 600W at a 500MHz modulation-frequency.
Solar influences on cosmic rays and cloud formation: A reassessment

[1] Svensmark and Friis-Christensen [1997] proposed a “cosmic ray-cloud cover” hypothesis that cosmic ray flux, modulated by solar activity, may modify global cloud cover and thus global surface temperature by increasing the number of ions in the atmosphere, leading to enhanced condensation of water vapor and cloud droplet formation. We evaluate this idea by extending their period of study and examining long-term surface-based cloud data (from national weather services and the Global Telecommunication System) as well as newer satellite data (International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) D2, 1983–1993). No meaningful relationship is found between cosmic ray intensity and cloud cover over tropical and extratropical land areas back to the 1950s. The high cosmic ray-cloud cover correlation in the period 1983–1991 over the Atlantic Ocean, the only large ocean area over which the correlation is statistically significant, is greatly weakened when the extended satellite data set (1983–1993) is used. Cloud cover data from ship observations over the North Atlantic, where measurements are denser, did not show any relationship with solar activity over the period 1953–1995, though a large discrepancy exists between ISCCP D2 data and surface marine observations. Our analysis also suggests that there is not a solid relationship between cosmic ray flux and low cloudiness as proposed by Marsh and Svensmark [2000].
An overlooked new species of Smilax (Smilacaceae) from Northern California

Smilax jamesii, a new species from northern California is described and illustrated. Its distribution and its distinction from the other species of the area, 5.californica (A. DC.) A. Gray, are discussed, as is its relationship to the other species of the sectionCoprosmanthus.
Reduction kinetics of the four hemes of cytochrome c3 from Desulfovibrio vulgaris by flash photolysis

Abstract The reduction of the tetraheme cytochrome c 3 (from Desulfovibrio vulgaris , strains Miyazaki F and Hildenborough) by flavin semiquinone and reduced methyl viologen follows a monophasic kinetic profile, even though the four hemes do not have equivalent reduction potentials. Rate constants for reduction of the individual hemes are obtained subsequent to incrementally reducing the cytochrome by phototitration. The dependence of each rate constant on the reduction potential difference between the heme and the reductant can be described by outer sphere electron transfer theory. Thus, the very low reduction potentials of the cytochrome c 3 hemes compensate for the very large solvent accessibility of the hemes. The relative rate constants for electron transfer to the four hemes of cytochrome c 3 are consistent with the assignments of reduction potential to hemes previously made by Park et al. (Park, J.-S., Kano, K., Niki, S. and Akutsu, H. (1991) FEBS Lett. 285, 149–151) using NMR techniques. The ionic strength dependence of the observed rate constant for reduction by the methyl viologen radical cation indicates that ionic strength substantially alters the structure and/or the heme reduction potentials of the cytochrome. This result is confirmed by reduction with a neutral flavin species (5-deazariboflavin semiquinone) in which the reactivity of the highest potential heme decreases and the reactivity of the lowest potential heme increases at high (500 mM) ionic strength, and by the sensitivity of heme methyl resonances to ionic strength as observed by 1 H-NMR. These unusual ionic strength-dependent effects may be due to a combination of structural changes in the cytochrome and alterations of the electrostatic fields at elevated ionic strengths.
Novel Genomic Effects of Glucocorticoids in Epidermal Keratinocytes: INHIBITION OF APOPTOSIS, INTERFERON-γ PATHWAY, AND WOUND HEALING ALONG WITH PROMOTION OF TERMINAL DIFFERENTIATION*

Glucocorticoids (GCs) have a long history of use as therapeutic agents for numerous skin diseases. Surprisingly, their specific molecular effects are largely unknown. To characterize GC action in epidermis, we compared the transcriptional profiles of primary human keratinocytes untreated and treated with dexamethasone (DEX) for 1, 4, 24, 48, and 72 h using large scale microarray analyses. The majority of genes were found to be regulated only after 24 h and remained regulated throughout treatment. In addition to regulation of the expected pro-inflammatory genes, we found that GCs regulate cell fate, tissue remodeling, cell motility, differentiation, and metabolism. GCs suppress the expression of essentially all IFNγ-regulated genes, including IFNγ receptor and STAT-1, an effect that was previously unknown. GCs also block STAT-1 activation and nuclear translocation. Unexpectedly, GCs induce the expression of anti-apoptotic genes and repress pro-apoptotic ones, preventing UV-induced keratinocyte apoptosis. Consequently, treatment with GCs blocked UV-induced apoptosis of keratinocytes. GCs have profound effect on wound healing by inhibiting cell motility and the expression of the proangiogenic factor, vascular endothelial growth factor. They play an important role in tissue remodeling and scar formation by suppressing the expression of TGFβ1 and -2 and MMP1, -2, -9, and -10 and inducing TIMP-2. Finally, GCs promote terminal epidermal differentiation while simultaneously inhibiting early stage differentiation. These results provide new insights into the beneficial and adverse effects of GCs in the epidermis, defining the participating genes and mechanisms that coordinate the cellular responses important for GC-based therapies.
Effect of organophosphates in vivo upon acetylcholinesterase isozymes from housefly head and thorax

Abstract Four soluble acetylcholinesterase isozymes of head and three from the thorax of housefly (Musca domestica L.) were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Their inhibition in vivo was studied after poisoning with an LD50 of four organophosphates: malaoxon, paraoxon, diazinon and dichlorvos. The isozymes differed greatly in their degree of inhibition. Thoracic isozymes were found to be more sensitive to inhibition than head isozymes. In surviving flies, the recovery rates of head isozymes were much faster than thoracic isozymes. In vitro studies showed that thoracic isozymes differed 4.1- and 2.9-fold in their Km and Vmax.
The Escherichia coli genes sspA and rnk can functionally replace the Pseudomonas aeruginosa alginate regulatory gene algR2

The algR2 (also known as algQ) gene of Pseudomonas aeruginosa has previously been identified as being necessary for alginate production at 37 degrees C. We have cloned two genes, from a cosmid library of Escherichia coli, which can restore mucoidy to an algR2 mutant of P. aeruginosa. The complementing regions of both cosmids were localized by subcloning restriction fragments. One of the E. coli genes identified here has not previously been described; we have named this gene rnk (regulator of nucleoside diphosphate kinase). It encodes a 14.9 kDa protein with no homology to any other protein. The other gene, sspA, is a regulator involved in stationary-phase regulation in E. coli. Either gene will restore mucoidy to an algR2-deficient strain of P. aeruginosa. AlgR2 has been shown to regulate at least two enzymes, succinyl-CoA synthetase (Scs) and nucleoside diphosphate kinase (Ndk), which form a complex in P. aeruginosa. When we examined the ability of the E. coli analogues to regulate Ndk, we found that rnk but not sspA was able to restore Ndk activity to the P. aeruginosa algR2 mutant. Furthermore, rnk was able to restore growth of the algR2 mutant in the presence of Tween 20, which inhibits other Ndk-like activities.
An anchored framework BAC map of mouse chromosome 11 assembled using multiplex oligonucleotide hybridization.

Abstract Despite abundant library resources for many organisms, physical mapping of these organisms has been seriously limited due to lack of efficient library screening techniques. We have developed a highly efficient strategy for large-scale screening of genomic libraries based on multiplex oligonucleotide hybridization on high-density genomic filters. We have applied this strategy to generate a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) anchored map of mouse chromosome 11. Using the MIT mouse SSLP data, 320 pairs of oligonucleotide probes were designed with an “overgo” computer program that selects new primer sequences that avoid the microsatellite repeat. BACs identified by these probes are automatically anchored to the chromosome. Ninety-two percent of the probes identified positive clones from a 5.9-fold coverage mouse BAC library with an average of 7 positive clones per marker. An average of 4.2 clones was confirmed for 204 markers by PCR. Our data show that a large number of clones can be efficiently isolated from a large genomic library using this strategy with minimal effort. This strategy will have wide application for large-scale mapping and sequencing of human and other large genomes.
Differential Neutrino Rates and Emissivities from the Plasma Process in Astrophysical Systems

The differential rates and emissivities of neutrino pairs from an equilibrium plasma are calculated for the wide range of density and temperature encountered in astrophysical systems. New analytical expressions are derived for the differential emissivities which yield total emissivities in full agreement with those previously calculated. The photon and plasmon pair production and absorption kernels in the source term of the Boltzmann equation for neutrino transport are provided. The appropriate Legendre coefficients of these kernels, in forms suitable for multi-group flux-limited diffusion schemes are also computed.
Abstract IA6: The role of pancreatic cancer stem cells in metastasis.

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is a highly aggressive disease with a propensity for metastasis. The process of metastasis requires that cells be able to migrate out of the primary tumor and give rise to a histologically similar tumor in a distant organ. Recent studies have implicated pancreatic cancer stem cells (CSCs), functionally defined by their ability to initiate tumor formation, in metastasis. We, along with others, have identified invasive subsets of pancreatic CSCs based on cell surface antigen (CD44 + CD24 + c-Met + and CD133 + CXCR4 + ) expression and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity. The presence of ALDH-expressing CSCs in patients’ primary pancreatic tumors have been associated with worse clinical prognosis and implicated in metastasis formation. Thus, revealing the clinical significance of CSCs and underscoring the importance of developing novel CSC-targeting agents. Development of these agents will require better understanding the extrinsic factors and intrinsic signaling pathways that regulate specific pancreatic CSC functions (e.g., invasion, self-renewal). We have begun to study extrinsic factors that regulate pancreatic CSC function. Compared to pancreatic cancer cells cultured under standard conditions, cells cultured in the presence of pancreatic cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) or type I collagen [a major constituent of the extracellular matrix (ECM)], developed a higher proportion of ALDH + cells with concomitant increases in clonogenic growth and migration. The effect of type I collagen is specific to ALDH + cells, since isolated ALDH + cells maintained their CSC phenotype to a higher degree in the presence of type I collagen compared to those cultured on plastic or Matrigel, whereas type I collagen had no effect on ALDH neg cells. These studies suggest that ALDH + CSCs have intrinsic properties that make them more susceptible to the effects of CAFs and ECM proteins. Given their importance in ECM-mediated signaling, we studied integrin and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in pancreatic CSCs. Compared to the bulk tumor cell population, we discovered that protein expression of the α2β1 integrin heterodimer and phospho-tyrosine-397 FAK (the activated form of FAK) is enriched in ALDH + cells. Pharmacologic and genetic targeting of these proteins leads to a loss of pancreatic CSC function. This and other novel strategies that target pancreatic CSCs offer new promises for the development of effective therapies for patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Citation Format: Zeshaan A. Rasheed. The role of pancreatic cancer stem cells in metastasis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer: Progress and Challenges; Jun 18-21, 2012; Lake Tahoe, NV. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(12 Suppl):Abstract nr IA6.
Unanswered questions and new directions in research on elderly migration: economic and demographic perspectives.

The availability of data from the 1990 Census and the Retirement and Health Survey will afford researchers an unparalleled opportunity to study elderly migration from several perspectives. This article focuses on economic and demographic issues. Census data will continue to serve the role of providing small area data on flows and will permit further disaggregation of behavioral differences according to age, marital status, and household relationship. They will also permit disaggregation according to the economic status of individuals and their households which, coupled with aggregate data on places of origin and destination, will facilitate comparison between such areas. The RHS data will go a long way to investigate questions thought to lie at the heart of migration behavior of older persons, but which have been difficult or impossible to study. Central to such questions will be the availability of a migration history, which will permit research on the interaction of migration behavior with critical life...
Procedural skills training in internal medicine residencies. A survey of program directors.

Study objective To obtain the opinions of internal medicine residency program directors about which procedural skills residents master during training and the amount of training needed to attain and maintain competence in each procedure. Design A mailed survey to all program directors in the United States. Respondents Program directors or their designees from 389 of 431 (90%) internal medicine residency programs. Results For several procedures, 40% more respondents said all residents should master the procedure than said all their residents do master the procedure. Some procedures commonly done in practice were perceived as mastered by all residents in fewer than half of the programs. There were few differences in procedures learned by size or type of program. A fellowship program did affect exposure to some procedures in the field covered by the program. Median recommendations of training needed to master each procedure were similar to those of practicing internists for most procedures. Conclusions Current residency training does not assure competency in all of the procedures the general internist does in practice. Program directors should examine which skills are adequately taught, test competence, and ways to improve residents' skills. Practicing general internists should have access to supervised training in procedural skills.
Theoretical investigations of alkali metal: rare gas interaction potentials

Alkali vapor lasers pumped by diode lasers are currently being investigated in several laboratories. One problem with this type of device is the poor matching of the broad linewidth of the pump source with the narrow absorption lines of the alkali atoms. A possible means for overcoming this difficulty is to use far-wing line broadening effects that are associated with alkali - metal rare gas interactions. This concept has recently been demonstrated for optical excitation of Cs-Ar dimers and collision pairs. Accurate data concerning the upper and lower state potential energy curves of M-Rg pairs are needed to evaluate the scaling possibilities for alkali metal rare gas dimer lasers. In addition to determining the details of the dimer absorption spectra, knowledge of the ground state potential also permits calculation of the number density of dimer pairs that will contribute to the absorption at a specific wavelength. In the present study we have used theoretical potential energy curves to predict equilibrium constants for the M + Rg ↔ MRg systems with M=Rb and Cs, and Rg=Ar, Kr and Xe. Excited state potential energy curves have been calculated for CsAr, and these data have been used to investigate the ability of first-principles calculations to predict the spectral properties of the Cs-Ar dimer.
Multiple gastrointestinal stromal tumors in type I neurofibromatosis: a pathologic and molecular study

Multiple gastrointestinal stromal tumors typically occur in familial form associated with KIT receptor tyrosine kinase or platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha (PDGFRA) germline mutations, but may also develop in the setting of type 1 neurofibromatosis. The molecular abnormalities of gastrointestinal stromal tumors arising in neurofibromatosis have not been extensively studied. We identified three patients with type 1 neuro-fibromatosis and multiple small intestinal stromal tumors. Immunostains for CD117, CD34, desmin, actins, S-100 protein, and keratins were performed on all of the tumors. DNA was extracted from representative paraffin blocks from separate tumor nodules in each case and subjected to a nested polymerase chain reaction, using primers for KIT exons 9, 11, 13, and 17 and PDGFRA exons 12 and 18, followed by direct sequencing. The mean patient age was 56 years (range: 37-86 years, male/female ratio: 2/1). One patient had three tumors, one had five, and one had greater than 10 tumor nodules, all of which demonstrated histologic features characteristic of gastrointestinal stromal tumors and stained strongly for CD117 and CD34. One patient died of disease at 35 months, one was disease free at 12 months and one was lost to follow-up. DNA extracts from 10 gastrointestinal stromal tumors (three from each of two patients and four from one patient) were subjected to polymerase chain reactions and assessed for mutations. All of the tumors were wild type for KIT exons 9, 13, and 17 and PDGFRA exons 12 and 18. Three tumors from one patient had identical point mutations in KIT exon 11, whereas the other tumors were wild type at this locus. We conclude that, although most patients with type 1 neurofibromatosis and gastrointestinal stromal tumors do not have KIT or PDGFRA mutations, KIT germline mutations might be implicated in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors in some patients.
Snake venoms and the hemostatic system

Snake venoms are complex mixtures containing many different biologically active proteins and peptides. A number of these proteins interact with components of the human hemostatic system. This review is focused on those venom constituents which affect the blood coagulation pathway, endothelial cells, and platelets. Only highly purified and well characterized snake venom proteins will be discussed in this review. Hemostatically active components are distributed widely in the venom of many different snake species, particularly from pit viper, viper and elapid venoms. The venom components can be grouped into a number of different categories depending on their hemostatic action. The following groups are discussed in this review: (i) enzymes that clot fibrinogen; (ii) enzymes that degrade fibrin(ogen); (iii) plasminogen activators; (iv) prothrombin activators; (v) factor V activators; (vi) factor X activators; (vii) anticoagulant activities including inhibitors of prothrombinase complex formation, inhibitors of thrombin, phospholipases, and protein C activators; (viii) enzymes with hemorrhagic activity; (ix) enzymes that degrade plasma serine proteinase inhibitors; (x) platelet aggregation inducers including direct acting enzymes, direct acting non-enzymatic components, and agents that require a cofactor; (xi) platelet aggregation inhibitors including: alpha-fibrinogenases, 5'-nucleotidases, phospholipases, and disintegrins. Although many snake venoms contain a number of hemostatically active components, it is safe to say that no single venom contains all the hemostatically active components described here. Several venom enzymes have been used clinically as anticoagulants and other venom components are being used in pre-clinical research to examine their possible therapeutic potential. The disintegrins are an interesting group of peptides that contain a cell adhesion recognition motif, Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD), in the carboxy-terminal half of their amino acid sequence. These agents act as fibrinogen receptor (integrin GPIIb/IIIa) antagonists. Since this integrin is believed to serve as the final common pathway leading to the formation of platelet-platelet bridges and platelet aggregation, blockage of this integrin leads to inhibition of platelet aggregation regardless of the stimulating agent. Clinical trials suggest that platelet GPIIb/IIIa blockade is an effective therapy for the thrombotic events and restenosis frequently accompanying cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease. Therefore, because of their clinical poten tial, a large number of disintegrins have been isolated and characterized.
A simple and rapid method for the selection of oligodeoxynucleotide-directed mutants

We describe an in vitro selection procedure for oligodeoxynucleotide-directed mutagenesis, which produces mutants at frequencies of greater than 90%, facilitating the identification of mutants directly by nucleotide sequencing. The method is based on the selective methylation of the mutant strand by the incorporation of 5-methyl-dCTP. Restriction endonuclease digestion of the resulting hemimethylated DNA with MspI results in the nicking of only the nonmethylated-parental strand. The parental strand is removed by treatment with exonuclease III. The mutants are recovered by transformation of a mcrAB strain of Escherichia coli with the nascent strand.
Harmonic content in solid state microwave oscillators

The harmonic contents of Gunn effect and trapatt oscillators have been experimentally investigated using a lamellar grating far-infrared interferometer and an unusual gated detection system. In order to minimize circuit effects on harmonic content a broad band nonreflecting circuit was devised. In general, only the first few harmonics of the X-band Gunn effect devices were observed and these died off rather rapidly. The experimental results were in fairly good agreement with theoretical predictions and indicate that the relative harmonic content increases with n/f. No definite correlation between harmonic content and bias voltage was found. The highest frequency at which power was observed was 82 GHz, a tenth harmonic. Thus the results do not contradict the predicted upper frequency limit of operation for these devices. Components of a 1.67 GHz fundamental trapatt oscillator were observed up to 40 GHz, a, frequency corresponding to three times the normal transit-time frequency.
Taxonomy of the Triticeae: a historical perspective*

The history of the Triticeae is replete with changes in generic concepts, caused by taxonomists' struggle with the task of representing its highly reticulate history within the hierarchical classification system demanded by scientific nomenclature. Disagreement over the criteria used for delimiting taxa is an additional complication. Linnaeus' goal was an easy identification scheme. Subsequent taxonomists sought to improve Linnaeus' scheme by making his genera more ‘natural’, a vague term encompassing both general similarity and relatedness. In the 1880s Bentham and Hackel published nearly identical treatments of the tribe. These became the standard for the next fifty years. In 1933 Nevski advocated an explicitly evolutionary treatment, including much narrower generic concepts. Several of Nevski's generic concepts were adopted by European taxonomists, but English speaking taxonomists continued to employ Bentham's. In the 1980s, Dewey and Love proposed that genera in the Triticeae should be determined primarily by genomic constitution. Although not all agree with treating such groups as genera, it has been found productive to interpret data in terms of such groups. This will aid us in understanding the history of the Triticeae and evolutionary processes in general, a more important objective than complete nomenclatural agreement.
Tracheal gas insufflation improves ventilatory efficiency during methacholine-induced bronchospasm☆

Introduction: Barotrauma and cardiovascular insufficiency are frequently encountered problems in patients with acute bronchospastic disease who require mechanical ventilation. Permissive hypercapnia is a recognized strategy for minimizing these adverse effects; however, it has potential risks. Tracheal gas insufflation (TGI) has been shown to increase carbon dioxide elimination efficiency and thus could permit mechanical ventilation at lower peak airway pressures without inducing hypercapnia. However, caution exists as to the impact of TO on lung volumes, given that expiratory flow limitation is a hallmark of broncho-spastic disease. Purpose: To examine these issues, we studied ventilatory and hemodynamic effects of continuous TGI as an adjunct to mechanical ventilation before and after methacholine-induced bronchospasm. Materials and Methods: Ten anesthetized, paralyzed dogs were ventilated on volume-controlled mechanical ventilation during administration of continuous TGI (0, 2, 6, and 10 L/min) while total inspired minute ventilation (ventilator-derived minute ventilation plus TGI) was kept constant. In an additional step, with TGI flow of 10 L/min, total inspired minute ventilation was decreased by 30%. Results: Paco2 decreased (44 ± 7 mm Hg at zero flow to 34 ± 7 mm Hg at 6 L/min and 31 ± 6 mm Hg at 10 L/min, respectively, P < .05), as did the dead space to tidal volume ratio at TGI of 6 and 10 L/min compared with zero flow. There were no significant changes in end-expiratory transpulmonary pressure, mean arterial pressure, or cardiac output. During the highest TGI flow (10 L/min), with a 30% reduction of total inspired minute ventilation, both Paco2 and peak airway pressure remained less than during zero flow conditions. Conclusion: We conclude that TO increases carbon dioxide elimination efficiency during constant and decreased minute ventilation conditions without any evidence of hyperinflation or hemodynamic instability during methacholine-induced bronchospasm.
Overt naming in aphasia studied with a functional MRI hemodynamic delay design.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to develop a functional MRI method to examine overt speech in stroke patients with aphasia. An fMRI block design for overt picture naming was utilized which took advantage of the hemodynamic response delay where increased blood flow remains for 4–8 s after the task [(Friston, K.J., Jezzard, P., Turner, R., 1994. Analysis of functional MRI time-series. Hum. Brain Mapp. 1, 153–171)]. This allowed task-related information to be obtained after the task, minimizing motion artifact from overt speech (Eden, G.F., Joseph, J., Brown, H.E., Brown, C.P., Zeffiro, T.A., 1999. Utilizing hemodynamic delay and dispersion to detect fMRI signal change without auditory interference: the behavior interleaved gradients technique. Magn. Reson. Med. 41, 13–20; Birn, RM., Bandettini, P.A., Cox, R.W., Shaker, R., 1999. Event-related fMRI of tasks involving brief motion. Hum. Brain Mapp. 7, 106–114; Birn, R.M., Cox, R.W., Bandettini, P.A., 2004. Experimental designs and processing strategies for fMRI studies involving overt verbal responses. NeuroImage 23, 1046–1058). Five chronic aphasia patients participated (4 mild–moderate and 1 severe nonfluent/global). The four mild–moderate patients who correctly named 88–100% of the pictures during fMRI, had a greater number of suprathreshold voxels in L supplementary motor area (SMA) than R SMA ( P
EXERCISE AND OXIDATIVE STRESS: ROLE OF THE CELLULAR ANTIOXIDANT SYSTEMS

Exercise and Oxidative Stress: Role of the Cellular Antioxidant Systems LI JI; Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews
Deriving equity from expectations: A cross-cultural evaluation.

This paper develops and evaluates a new model for predicting just rewards. The model produces point predictions for individual just rewards based on status characteristics and the expected value of a valued good. The equity model borrows from Berger and colleagues’ (1998) reward expectations theory the ability to define different reward expectations. Drawing from Melamed and Walker’s (2010) recent generalization of the mathematics of reward expectations theory, I illustrate how the model generates a continuous distribution of just rewards. The general model is applied to data from thirteen countries using the International Social Justice Project. The results illustrate the predictive power of the model using data from over 10,000 respondents. Implications and future directions are discussed.
Airway management in the emergency department

Summary Some of the greatest challenges in airway management occur in the ED. Limited pre-intubation assessment and complicating clinical conditions mandate that these patients be viewed as difficult intubations. It is more important to know well one or two approaches for each stage of a difficult airway algorithm than to know many approaches superficially. Besides the requisite intubation skills to manage these airways, the airway equipment necessary to implement these skills must be immediately available. Expertise alone cannot make up for the lack of the right equipment. Even the most skilled intubator will eventually encounter the patient who defies intubation; practicing in the ED ensures an increased frequency of this occurrence. The ability to establish a surgical airway is an absolute requirement of all practitioners committed to safe and responsible airway management.
A PheWAS approach in studying HLA-DRB1*1501

HLA-DRB1 codes for a major histocompatibility complex class II cell surface receptor. Genetic variants in and around this gene have been linked to numerous autoimmune diseases. Most notably, an association between HLA-DRB1*1501 haplotype and multiple sclerosis (MS) has been defined. Utilizing electronic health records and 4235 individuals within Marshfield Clinic’s Personalized Medicine Research Project, a reverse genetic screen coined phenome-wide association study (PheWAS) tested association of rs3135388 genotype (tagging HLA-DRB1*1501) with 4841 phenotypes. As expected, HLA-DRB1*1501 was associated with MS (International Classification of Disease version 9-CM (ICD9) 340, P=0.023), whereas the strongest association was with alcohol-induced cirrhosis of the liver (ICD9 571.2, P=0.00011). HLA-DRB1*1501 also demonstrated association with erythematous conditions (ICD9 695, P=0.0054) and benign neoplasms of the respiratory and intrathoracic organs (ICD9 212, P=0.042), replicating previous findings. This study not only builds on the feasibility/utility of the PheWAS approach, represents the first external validation of a PheWAS, but may also demonstrate the complex etiologies associated with the HLA-DRB1*1501 loci.
Expression and function of Xenopus laevis p75(NTR) suggest evolution of developmental regulatory mechanisms.

Neurotrophins signal through two different classes of receptors, members of the trk family of receptor tyrosine kinases, and p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR), a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family. While neurotrophin binding to trks results in, among other things, increased cell survival, p75NTR has enigmatically been implicated in promoting both survival and cell death. Which of these two signals p75NTR imparts depends on the specific cellular context. Xenopus laevis is an excellent system in which to study p75NTR function in vivo because of its amenability to experimental manipulation. We therefore cloned partial cDNAs of two p75NTR genes from Xenopus, which we have termed p75NTRa and p75NTRb. We then cloned two different cDNAs, both of which encompass the full coding region of p75NTRa. Early in development both p75NTRa and p75NTRb are expressed in developing cranial ganglia and presumptive spinal sensory neurons, similar to what is observed in other species. Later, p75NTRa expression largely continues to parallel p75NTR expression in other species. However, Xenopus p75NTRa is additionally expressed in the neuroepithelium of the anterior telencephalon, all layers of the retina including the photoreceptor layer, and functioning axial skeletal muscle. Finally, misexpression of full length p75NTR and each of two truncated mutants in developing retina reveal that p75NTR probably signals for cell survival in this system. This result contrasts with the reported role of p75NTR in developing retinae of other species, and the possible implications of this difference are discussed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 49: 79–98, 2001
The prevalence of injury of any type in an urban emergency department population.

BACKGROUND:: National estimates of injury prevalence in the Emergency Department (ED) are based on medical record review and vary considerably. By using a more robust approach to surveillance, we (1) determine the prevalence of injury of any type in an urban ED population and (2) explore the association between violence-related injury and personal characteristics of injury victims. METHODS:: This cross-sectional study was performed at an urban level I trauma center from June to August, 2005. We prospectively screened 4,246 consecutive ED patients for injury during a randomized schedule of shifts totaling 336 hours. The ED record of each injured patient was reviewed to catalogue injury type and intent (International Classification of External Causes of Injury, Short Form) as well as to estimate injury severity (New Injury Severity Score). We interviewed noncritically injured, adult patients who provided consent to collect demographic (race, income, and education) and personal information (substance abuse, domestic violence, handgun ownership, and homelessness). We sought independent associations between these variables and violence-related injury in an exploratory analysis using multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS:: Injury contributed to 1,036 of 4,246 ED visits (24.4%, 95% confidence interval [CI], 23.1-25.7%). Eleven percent of injured patients were admitted to the hospital and two patients died in the ED. The majority of patients (75%) suffered minor injury. Among the 434 injured patients consenting to interview, the prevalence of established injury risk factors, such as substance use or handgun ownership, varied by gender. The adjusted odds of violence-related injury among this subset of patients were increased for males (odds ratio [OR], 2.22; 95% CI, 1.17-4.23), patients with an annual income less than $5,000 (OR, 2.85; 95% CI, 1.64-4.97), those reporting a history of domestic violence (OR, 2.69; 95% CI, 1.43-5.07), and heavy alcohol users (OR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.01-3.19). CONCLUSION:: One in four ED visits to this urban, county hospital is due, at least in part, to injury. Patient characteristics associated with violence-related injury may generate hypotheses for further study. Language: en
Respiratory pathways of Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1T: identification and characterization of genes encoding quinol oxidases

Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1T respires aerobically via a branched respiratory chain consisting of both cytochrome c oxidases and quinol oxidases. Here, genes from chromosome II encoding two distinct quinol oxidases have been characterized. The qoxBA genes encode a putative heme-copper quinol oxidase, whereas the qxtAB genes encode a quinol oxidase homologous to the cyanide-insensitive oxidase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. No phenotype was observed for mutations in either oxidase in the wild-type background. A strain containing a qxtA mutation in a cytochrome bc1 complex mutant background was unable to grow aerobically. No role was found for the Qox oxidase, nor was a qoxB::lacZ transcriptional fusion expressed under a variety of conditions. These are the first molecular studies to characterize the quinol oxidases of R. sphaeroides 2.4.1T.
In situ X‐ray Absorption Analysis of ∼1.8 nm Dendrimer‐Encapsulated Pt Nanoparticles during Electrochemical CO Oxidation

We report an in situ X-ray absorption-fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopic analysis of ∼1.8 nm Pt dendrimer-encapsulated nanoparticles (DENs) during electrocatalytic oxidation of CO. The results indicate that Pt nanoparticles encapsulated within poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers and immobilized on a carbon electrode retain their electrocatalytic activity and are structurally stable for extended periods during CO oxidation. This is a significant finding, because nanoparticles in this size range are good experimental models for comparison to first-principles calculations if they remain stable.
Prokaryotic Genome Size and SSU rDNA Copy Number: Estimation of Microbial Relative Abundance from a Mixed Population.

> Abstract Determination of the relative abundance of a specific prokaryote in an environmental sample is of major interest in applied and environmental microbiology. Relative abundance can be calculated using knowledge of SSU rDNA copy number, amount of SSU rDNA in the sample, and a weighted average estimate of the genome sizes for organisms in the original sample. By surveying the literature, we provide estimates of genome size and SSU rDNA copy number for 303 and 101 prokaryotes, respectively. This compilation can be used to make reasonable estimates for a wide range of organisms in the calculation of relative abundance. A statistical analysis suggests that no correlation exists between genome size and SSU rDNA copy number. A phylogenetic analysis is used to offer insights into the evolution of both genome size and SSU rDNA copy number.http://link.springer-ny.com/link/service/journals/00248/bibs/38n2p93.html
Fate of amoxicillin in mixed-culture bioreactors and its effects on microbial growth and resistance to silver ions.

This research focused on studying the fate of amoxicillin (AMX) in mixed-culture bioreactors and its effects on bacterial growth and bacterial resistance to silver-ion disinfection. The bioreactors were dosed with a range of AMX (10−70 mg L−1 d−1) mimicking a biological treatment unit of a proposed water recovery system for long-term space missions. Aqueous-phase AMX concentrations in the bioreactors were monitored to characterize the kinetics of selected AMX fate processes. Specific growth rates and silver minimum effective concentrations (MECs) of the bacterial cultures were determined by assessing cell viability using flow cytometry. Hydrolysis, sorption, and biodegradation of AMX followed first-order kinetics with rate constants of 0.078, 0.083, and 0.13 d−1, respectively. Specific growth rates of the AMX-dosed cultures were suppressed from 7% to 35% in order of increasing AMX dose as compared to the AMX-free control cultures. The AMX-treated cultures had higher silver MECs than the AMX-free control c...
Dandy-Walker Cyst Upward Herniation: The Role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Double Shunts

Upward transtentorial herniation of a Dandy-Walker cyst is a potentially fatal complication, particularly after solitary shunting of the lateral ventricle for associated hydrocephalus. Two patients with upward transtentorial herniation of their Dandy-Walker cysts are presented to illustrate the diagnostic value of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging with the demonstration of unique 'keyhole' and 'snail' signs on the axial and sagittal MR images, respectively. In both patients, double and simultaneous shunting en-Y of a lateral ventricle and the posterior fossa cyst resulted in the resolution of the herniation syndrome.
“For Want of the Usual Manure”: Rural Civic Ethos in Ciceronian Rhetoric

This essay examines the role of rural citizens in the social fabric of ancient Italy and the redefinition of the rural by the mightiest orator of that time: Marcus Tullius Cicero. This redefinition created a novel form of ethos, a rural civic ethos, apparent in the valuing of Arpinum in The Laws and in the rural character of Sextus Roscius in Pro Sextus Roscius. Rural civic ethos is further developed through an analysis of Cicero's dual identity as rustic and urbane, trained according to the oratorical style of the city yet maintaining an allegiance to the landscapes and peoples of Arpinum.
Chinese-Language Online Journals in North America

Nine free Chinese-language online journals important for North American expatriates from the People's Republic of China are identified and described. They range from weekly to monthly in frequency and from political to literary in content.
Immunological detection of a cysteine protease in the skin and other tissues.

Monospecific antibody directed to cysteine protease of 2-day-old rat epidermis recently characterized as being different from the proteases previously reported was produced in rabbits. By immunofluorescence microscopy and immunoperoxidase staining with an avidin-biotin-peroxidase method the protease was found to be present in the epidermis of rodents of different ages as well as that of humans, but not in the dermis. The staining in germinative cells was more intense than in cells in the superficial layers. It appeared as irregular patches in the nuclei and stained more diffusely in the cytoplasm where small granular components, strongly stained, were identified. The staining patterns in granular cells showed accumulation of the antigen in a granular form. The morphology and distribution of granules resembled those of keratohyalin-like granules in the nucleus and dense homogenous deposits in the cytoplasm. In cornified cells the reaction product was localized by the plasma membrane where concentration of the dense homogenous deposits occurred, suggesting that the cysteine protease is one component of the unique and characteristic structure of differentiated keratinocytes. In addition, the cysteine protease antigen having the same molecular weight as the epidermal enzyme was detected in liver, kidney and lung indicating a wider tissue distribution of the protease. The significance of the protease in regulation of cellular functions remains to be investigated.
The use of bromine pentafluoride in the extraction of oxygen from oxides and silicates for isotopic analysis

Abstract A technique has been developed in which bromine pentafluoride is used as a reagent for quantitative liberation of oxygen from oxides and silicates. For all of the rocks and minerals analysed, the oxygen yields are 100 ± 2 per cent of the theoretical amount. The advantage over techniques involving reduction with carbon lies in the consistently better oxygen yields, with consequent decrease in systematic errors in isotopic composition. Bromine pentafluoride has advantages over fluorine in being easier and safer to handle in the laboratory, in being readily purified, and in reacting with some minerals which do not react completely with fluorine. The results of isotopic analyses are compared with measurements made in other laboratories by other procedures.
Impurity conduction in diffused germanium and silicon layers

Abstract A two step deposition/diffusion process was used to establish a quasi-gaussian profile of an electrically active impurity in crystals of Ge and Si (arsenic into p -type germanium and boron into n -type silicon). Junction isolation of the diffused layer permitted study of its conductance in the 2 to 300°K range. The emphasis was on samples for which the post diffusion surface concentration N s 2 was near the density at which metallic conduction supervenes in bulk crystals. For arsenic diffused into germanium such that 10 17 ⩽ N s 2 ⩽ 3 × 10 17 cm −3 , impurity conduction is dominant below 10°K, and the magnitude and temperature dependence of the average conductivity agree rather well with the behaviour of uniformly doped single crystals of similar arsenic density and compensation ratio ( K ∼ 0·03-0·1). For boron in silicon, the correspondence between crystals uniformly doped from the melt and diffused layers may be less quantitative; thus we find well defined acceptor de-ionization and activation energy controlled impurity conduction up to N s 2 ∼ 8 × 10 18 cm −3 , appreciably higher than the metallic transition concentration (5 × 10 18 cm −3 ) reported for bulk crystals. The ratio ( σ 300 / σ 4·2 ) has a critical dependence upon N s 2 , ranging from ∼300 when N s 2 = 6 × 10 18 cm −3 to ∼3 when N s 2 = 10 19 cm −3 .
Molecular regulation of cardiac myocyte adaptations to chronic hypoxia.

Abstract The effects of chronic hypoxia on isolated neonatal rat cardiac myocytes were investigated in a model system of myocardial hypoxia. Spontaneously beating myocardiocytes were cultured for up to one week inside an environmental chamber at an oxygen tension of between 4 and 8 mmHg. In order to simulate a chronic reduced flow condition fresh hypoxic culture medium was replenished frequently to eliminate or minimize contributions of extracellular metabolite build-up, pH changes, or energy depletion. Under these conditions contractions became progressively impaired and irregular compared with aerobic cultures and beating frequency decreased to about 50% of control over 3 days. Reduced contractility was paralleled by a progressive decrease in the basal intracellular level of cAMP. Both of these effects could be reversed by introducing isoproterenol. Visualization of calcium fluxes using the fluorescent calcium chelator Indo-1 demonstrated that the slower contractions were associated with a pronounced decrease in the rate of calcium efflux during muscle relaxation. Changes in the expression of cAMP dependent genes was apparent in the hypoxic cells and the chronic administration of cAMP elevating drugs was toxic specifically to cells under hypoxia. We propose that cAMP may regulate some short and long-term adaptations of cardiac myocytes to chronic hypoxia.