cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Protein Folding In Vivo: Unraveling Complex Pathways

The results considered in this review provide a glimpse of the probable complexity of protein folding as it occurs in the eukaryotic cytosol in vivo. Multiple chaperones may exist within a complex, suggesting a dynamic interaction in which more than one chaperone simultaneously binds a substrate polypeptide during the process of folding. The reciprocal transfer back and forth between the bacterial Hsp70/DnaJ and GroEL/GroES chaperones suggests protein folding pathways need not be unidirectional (Buchberger et al. 1996xBuchberger, A, Schroder, H, Hesterkamp, T, Schonfeld, H, and Bukau, B. J. Mol. Biol. 1996; 261: 328–333Crossref | PubMed | Scopus (119)See all ReferencesBuchberger et al. 1996). Similar reciprocal movement along an Hsp70/Hsp90 pathway is likely, with the possibility of a multitude of different chaperone complexes. Perhaps, rather than using obligate sequential pathways, substrates in vivo move back and forth between a network of chaperone systems depending on their structural state and the availability of the different chaperones, with some interactions being productive and leading towards the native state.Over the past decade, the pendulum has swung from the norm being disbelief in molecular chaperones as important in protein maturation in vivo, toward a view that molecular chaperones are required for each and every step of the life of each and every protein. Our knowledge of the variety and mechanism of action of molecular chaperones has advanced sufficiently that the time has come to step back and begin to dissect the role of chaperones in the folding of polypeptide substrates in their natural environment. Although experimentally challenging, the reward will be a more realistic view of protein folding in the complex cellular environment.
From Mott Street to East Broadway: Fuzhounese Immigrants and the Revitalization of New York’s Chinatown

Since the early 1980s, immigrants from Fuzhou, southeast China, have revitalized and expanded New York’s Chinatown in Manhattan and established satellite Chinese communities in Brooklyn and Queens. Fuzhounese entrepreneurs have transformed the ethnic enclave economy of Chinatown into the staging platform for a dynamic national ethnic restaurant economy in which East Broadway in Lower Manhattan has become the central hub for the circulation of capital, labor, goods and know-how. Despite recent revitalization, Chinatown’s future as a gateway for new labor immigrants is threatened by real estate speculation and gentrification in the Manhattan and Brooklyn Chinatown areas.
CHARGE-CHANGING COLLISIONS BY 20- TO 120-keV H(2s)-ATOM IMPACT ON N$sub 2$, Ar, AND He.

Absolute cross sections have been measured for the reaction $\mathrm{H}(2s)+T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{H}}^{+}+T+e$, where $T$ represents ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$, Ar, and He. The measurements were carried out for impact energies in the 20-120-keV range. The experimental results for impact on He and ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ are in general agreement with calculations based on the method of Bates and Walker. The calculation for impact on Ar overestimates the experimental stripping at the lowest energies but approaches satisfactory agreement at the highest energies. A few cross sections are presented for electron capture into the stable ${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ state for $\mathrm{H}(2s)$ impact on these gases. The capture cross sections are small and are about 7% of the total capture cross sections by protons having the same energy.
Applicability of urea in the thermodynamic analysis of secondary and tertiary RNA folding.

The equilibrium folding of a series of self-complementary RNA duplexes and the unmodified yeast tRNAPhe is studied as a function of urea and Mg2+ concentration with optical spectroscopies and chemical modification under isothermal conditions. Via application of standard methodologies from protein folding, the folding free energy and its dependence on urea concentration, the m value, are determined. The free energies of the RNA duplexes obtained from the urea titrations are in good agreement with those calculated from thermal melting studies [Freier, S. I., et al. (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83, 9373]. The m value correlates with the length of the RNA duplex and is not sensitive to ionic conditions and temperature. The folding of the unmodified yeast tRNAPhe can be described by two Mg2+-dependent transitions, the second of which corresponds to the formation of the native tertiary structure as confirmed by hydroxyl radical protection and partial nuclease digestion. Both transitions are sensitive to...
A Review of “Healing Sex. A Mind-Body Approach to Healing Sexual Trauma”

This book is a second edition of a self-help book for female adult survivors of child sexual abuse. The book focuses specifically upon recovery of sexual functioning—the issues of more general effe...
Hyperplasia, partial hepatectomy, and the carcinogenicity of aflatoxin B1

Generalized cellular hyperplasia has long been associated as a factor in the causation of liver cancer. Parenchymal cell hyperplasia resulting from hepatotoxins, viruses, parasites, or malnutrition is exceedingly variable as to when it occurs, its extent, and its duration. Partial hepatectomy has been used as an experimental tool precisely because the timing and extent of hyperplasia can be known and controlled. With regards to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) carcinogenesis, partial hepatectomy has produced variable results. An explanation appears to reside in the hepatotoxic properties of AFB1 that enhance the early stages of carcinogenesis.
Induction by DDT and dieldrin of insecticide metabolism by house fly enzymes.

House fly, Musca domestica L., strains resistant to chlorinated insecticides were fed high dietary levels of DDT or dieldrin ad lib. Homogenates prepared from the abdomens of treated flies showed significantly higher ability to metabolize 5 insecticide substrates than similar homogenates from flies fed untreated diets. The increases in metabolism ranged from 20 to 150%. The results show that metabolism of insecticides is an inducible phenomenon in house flies, much as it is in mammals.
On the efficient use of a minicomputer with limited I/O

We have recently received a Varian 520/i minicomputer to be used mainly for teaching purposes. Since our only I/O device is a standard teletype (equipped with a paper tape read/punch), we immediately faced the problem of software development. The existing system programs for that purpose, namely the assemblers, loaders and editor are very impractical to use with a teletype. A typical step in the debugging process involves: (1) loading the assembler, (2) assembling the program, (3) loading the program (normally overlaying the assembler or part of it), (4) executing the program and deciding on necessary changes, (5) loading the editor, and (6) editing the changes into the source paper tape.
High-resolution floating-point ADC

Floating-point analog-to-digital converters (FP-ADC) are used for acquiring signals within a high dynamic range. The quantization range of FP-ADCs is several orders of magnitude higher than that of a fixed-point analog-to-digital converter (ADC). Comparing floating-point quantization with uniform quantization, it is shown that the FP-ADC is superior from a statistical point of view over the ADC, but at the price of doubling the conversion time. An improved FP-ADC that achieves a higher acquisition rate, while preserving the highest possible resolution, is presented. Simulation results illustrate the performance of the new FP-ADC.
URETERAL TAILORING IN SITU: A PRACTICAL APPROACH TO PERSISTENT REFLUX IN THE DILATED REIMPLANTED URETER

AbstractPurpose: We evaluated a new simplified technique for secondary correction of persistent reflux in a reimplanted dilated ureter.Materials and Methods: Four patients a median of 3 years old with recurrent vesicoureteral reflux after initial reimplantation of ureters greater than 9 mm. in diameter underwent in situ excisional ureteral tailoring.Results: Followup ranged from 15 to 27 months (mean 22). Within 3 months postoperatively ultrasound confirmed no ureteral obstruction, and at 3 to 6 months voiding cystourethrography revealed no vesicoureteral reflux in any case.Conclusions: Our study highlights the surgical details and safety of this technique for preserving the vascularity of the reconstructed ureter and avoiding injury to the contralateral ureter.
Parallelized pairwise sequence alignment using CUDA on multiple GPUs.

Background Recently, rapid growth of the technology of the Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) has led to a surge of interest in using the GPU for general purpose applications. We can utilize the GPU in computation as a massive parallel coprocessor because the GPU consists of multiple cores. The GPU is also an affordable, user-programmable, and attractive commodity. In bioinformatics, finding the similarities in protein and DNA sequence databases has become a fundamental procedure. The Smith-Waterman algorithm based on dynamic programming is one of the methods used to search for all of the possible local alignments between two sequences, enabling us to find the optimal local alignments. However, dynamic programming requires a sequential calculation due to data dependency. Also required are a high number of computation steps proportional to the product of the lengths of the two sequences.
Neuroergonomics Brain, Cognition, and Performance at Work

Neuroergonomics is the study of the human brain in relation to performance at work and other everyday settings. Research using two classes of methods—neuroimaging and molecular genetics—is described in four areas: (a) multitasking and mental workload, (b) human error, (c) neuroadaptive interfaces, and (d) individual differences in cognition. The findings show that theoretical and practical understanding of how humans interact with and use technology can be considerably enriched if we also consider the human brain that makes such activities possible.
How to Write a Law Review Article

I wrote this article to explain in simple fashion some rules, conventions, and shortcuts I have learned over the years as a legal writer. I explain the various steps one ought to consider in writing a law review article, the types and genres of such articles, and a few tips having to do with submission and marketing of one's work.
Optimizing a Method for Separating Chiral Compounds by Capillary Electrophoresis

This work describes the development of a capillary electrophoresis method for separation of chiral compounds using several (βcyclodextrin derivatives (β-CDs) in the mobile phase. The aims of this work are to demonstrate the effectiveness of β-CDs to separate the chiral compounds and to show how the separations are affected by various buffers and different pH values. The results show that the chiral drugs atropine (alkaloid antidote for cholinesterase-inhibiting compounds), trolox, methylphenyloxazolidinone, ephedrine, and pseudoephedrine can be separated with excellent resolutions by using sulfobutylether (βCDs. Dansyl-DL-amino acids can be separated within 5 min in aqueous solutions. The greatest resolution between L and D amino acids is found at pH 3.0.
Quantum wave packet dynamics on multidimensional adaptive grids: Applications of the moving boundary truncation method

Recently, we reported a novel method for integrating the time dependent Schrodinger equation which used hydrodynamic quantum trajectories to adapt the boundaries of a fixed spatial grid. The moving boundary truncation (MBT) method significantly reduced the number of grid points needed to perform accurate calculations while maintaining stability during the time propagation. In this work, the method is extended to multidimensional examples. The application of MBT to scattering on 2D and 3D potential energy surfaces shows a greater decrease in the number of grid points needed compared with full fixed grids while maintaining excellent accuracy and stability, even for very long propagation times. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Treatment Selection and Outcomes in Early-Stage Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma: Analysis of the National Cancer Data Base

Purpose The choice between combined-modality therapy (CMT) and chemotherapy alone for early-stage Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) remains controversial. Our objective was to define factors affecting treatment selection and resulting survival outcomes in the United States. Patients and Methods We identified 20,600 patients treated with CMT or chemotherapy between 2003 and 2011 from the National Cancer Data Base. Factors affecting treatment selection were studied in a mixed-effects logistic model. Survival outcomes were compared using a propensity score analysis to account for indication bias. Results Only 49.5% of patients received CMT, and this proportion steadily declined between 2003 (59.4%) and 2011 (45.2%), particularly in younger patients. Apart from classical prognostic factors (age, stage, tumor location, histology, comorbidities), treatment selection was significantly influenced by sex, black race, distance to facility, and type of insurance. Uninsured patients had the lowest odds of receiving CMT. A signif...
Individual- and scattered-tree influences on ultraviolet irradiance

Abstract Many of the potential effects of ultraviolet radiation (UVR)—damage to materials, altered herbivory of insects and activity of microbes, modified growth of vegetation, and adverse or beneficial effects on human health—are modified by the presence of trees that influence UVR exposure to various degrees. Though tree effects on total solar irradiance have been investigated often by measurements and modeling, tree influences on UVR, particularly in the ultraviolet B (UVB, 320–280 nm), differ substantially from tree influences on the rest of the solar spectrum, and thus the ratio of UVB to photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) is altered. Trees greatly reduce both UVB and PAR irradiance in their shade when they obscure both the sun and sky. Beneath dense forest canopies, relative irradiance ( I r =irradiancebeneath trees/above-canopy irradiance) for both UVB and PAR radiation may be 0.01–0.02. In the shade of a single tree, I r on the horizontal in the PAR and total shortwave (SW) was about 0.1, whereas in the UVB and ultraviolet A (UVA, 320–400 nm), I r was about 0.4. Conversely, where direct beam radiation came through gaps between crowns in a group of deciduous trees in winter, PAR I r values averaged 0.95 and UVB I r averaged only 0.41. In comparisons of minimum values of I r on horizontal and the south-facing vertical surfaces in tree shade for UVB, UVA, SW, and PAR, where UVB I r on the horizontal ranged from 0.22 to 0.62, depending on solar zenith angle, UVB I r on the vertical ranged from 0.05 to 0.27. UVB I r consistently exceeded UVA I r on both the horizontal and vertical surfaces. PAR and SW I r differed little between horizontal and vertical surfaces in tree shade. Modeled average I r on the horizontal below a regular grid of ellipsoidal tree crowns was given by I p =1− m −( θ 0.711 /5.05)sin( πm ), where m is fraction of area covered by tree crowns and θ is solar zenith angle. The tree influences will vary with pollutants in the boundary layer, which affect scattering of UVR.
Alliance System and Policy Change Necessary Ingredients for Improvement in Diabetes Care and Reduction of Disparities

Reducing diabetes inequities requires system and policy changes based on real-life experiences of vulnerable individuals living with the condition. While introducing innovative interventions for African American, Native American, and Latino low-income people, the five community-based sites of the Alliance to Reduce Disparities in Diabetes recognized that policy changes were essential to sustain their efforts. Data regarding change efforts were collected from site leaders and examined against documents provided routinely to the National Program Office at the University of Michigan. A policy expert refined the original lists to include only confirmed policy changes, scope of change (organizational to national), and stage of accomplishment (1, beginning; 2, adoption; 3, implementation; and 4, full maintenance). Changes were again verified through site visits and telephone interviews. In 3 years, Alliance teams achieved 53 system and policy change accomplishments. Efforts were implemented at the organizational (33), citywide (13), state (5), and national (2) levels, and forces helping and hindering success were identified. Three types of changes were deemed especially significant for diabetes control: data sharing across care-providing organizations, embedding community health workers into the clinical care team, and linking clinic services with community assets and resources in support of self-management.
Thermal stresses in aluminum lines bounded to substrates

Thermal stresses in unpassivated and passivated aluminum thin-film lines bonded to substrates have been calculated using finite-element techniques. For the unpassivated lines, only elastic behavior was considered. The stresses were found to increase with increasing linewidth and with increasing substrate rigidity. Edge effects were found to become nonnegligible for narrow lines. For passivated lines, allowed to deform either elastically or in elastic perfectly plastic manner, the stresses increase with decreasing linewidth, with increasing passivation thickness, and with increasing passivation stiffness. Stresses in elastic perfectly plastic lines are slightly lower and have flatter profiles than stresses in purely elastic lines. >
Involuntary Benchmarking and Quality Improvement: The Effect of Mandated Public Disclosure on Hospitals

This paper documents the responses of Pennsylvania hospitals to the public dissemination by the Pennsylvania Health Care Cost Containment Council (PHC4) in 1990 of mandated hospital disclosures of financial and nonfinancial performance information. We find that PHC4's relative performance disclosures had an effect in that hospitals that performed poorly on patient quality of care, as measured by mortality outcomes, reacted by making significant improvements in this measure by 1992, although this was accompanied by lower reductions in length of stay. Further, we find that the improvements in mortality outcomes were more marked for DRGs in more competitive environments and for hospitals that ranked higher on financial condition in the year of disclosure. Additionally, the rationale for these costly quality improvements in the period following the disclosure appears to be related to market share, that is, poorly performing hospitals lost, whereas better performing hospitals gained in market share.
Lateral assembly of the immunoglobulin protein SynCAM 1 controls its adhesive function and instructs synapse formation

Synapses are specialized adhesion sites between neurons that are connected by protein complexes spanning the synaptic cleft. These trans-synaptic interactions can organize synapse formation, but their macromolecular properties and effects on synaptic morphology remain incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate that the synaptic cell adhesion molecule SynCAM 1 self-assembles laterally via its extracellular, membrane-proximal immunoglobulin (Ig) domains 2 and 3. This cis oligomerization generates SynCAM oligomers with increased adhesive capacity and instructs the interactions of this molecule across the nascent and mature synaptic cleft. In immature neurons, cis assembly promotes the adhesive clustering of SynCAM 1 at new axo-dendritic contacts. Interfering with the lateral self-assembly of SynCAM 1 in differentiating neurons strongly impairs its synaptogenic activity. At later stages, the lateral oligomerization of SynCAM 1 restricts synaptic size, indicating that this adhesion molecule contributes to the structural organization of synapses. These results support that lateral interactions assemble SynCAM complexes within the synaptic cleft to promote synapse induction and modulate their structure. These findings provide novel insights into synapse development and the adhesive mechanisms of Ig superfamily members.
Travelling wave based fault location for teed circuits

This paper describes a fault location algorithm for three terminal lines using wavelet transform of the fault initiated transients. The results presented in are extended to the case of three terminal configuration and a new single ended procedure is developed for teed circuits. The algorithm gives accurate results for the case of three terminal lines including series compensated branch, mutual coupled line section and different values of fault resistances. The performance of the algorithm is tested on different scenarios by using ATP/EMTP program and MATLAB Wavelet Toolbox.
Influencing Agent Group Behavior by Adjusting Cultural Trait Values

Social reasoning and norms among individuals that share cultural traits are largely fashioned by those traits. We have explored predominant sociological and cultural traits. We offer a methodology for parametrically adjusting relevant traits. This exploratory study heralds a capability to deliberately tune cultural group traits in order to produce a desired group behavior. To validate our methodology, we implemented a prototypical-agent-based simulated test bed for demonstrating an exemplar from intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance scenario. A group of simulated agents traverses a hostile territory while a user adjusts their cultural group trait settings. Group and individual utilities are dynamically observed against parametric values for the selected traits. Uncertainty avoidance index and individualism are the cultural traits we examined in depth. Upon the user's training of the correspondence between cultural values and system utilities, users deliberately produce the desired system utilities by issuing changes to trait. Specific cultural traits are without meaning outside of their context. Efficacy and timely application of traits in a given context do yield desirable results. This paper heralds a path for the control of large systems via parametric cultural adjustments.
Género y representación literaria en la construcción de Eva Perón: narraciones de Abel Posse, Alicia Dujovne Ortiz y Tomás Eloy Martínez

This essay examines two novels and a biography published in the mid-90s that construct images of Eva Peron originating in texts of her own time and in successive recreations that have been done since then. Although the same sources and even the same anecdotes are recalled, these narratives offer considerably different portraits, and not just for ideological reasons. In an age such as ours, in which the social scientist and the novelist realize that they cannot speak for the other, and much less in the case of a historical figure who has become a myth, the discursive modality adopted acquires special significance. While in one case, that of Santa Evita, there is no illusion of recovering the true story, in the other two narratives there is a hint that new interpretations may be posited. These representations evoke also gender considerations, for they reveal an awareness that the character being represented is a woman who transgressed the notions of what it meant to be a woman, transforming herself into the leader of a political movement. Even if it is true that Eva’s persona continues to be elusive, the three narratives allow us to understand from our own times the life of a woman who was able to define herself, and whose decisions had real consequences .
An Enhanced Authentication and Key Agreement Mechanism for SIP Using Certificateless Public-key Cryptography

The session initiation protocol (SIP) is considered as the dominant signaling protocol for calls over the Internet. However, how to authenticate each other and agree on a session key has not been efficiently solved. In 2007, Wang and Zhang proposed a key agreement protocol and a new authentication and key agreement mechanism for SIP. In this paper, we prove that Wang and Zhang's key agreement protocol is insecure due to its susceptibility to the key replacement attack. Moreover, we have also realized that their protocol do not satisfy the perfect forward secrecy and known session-specific temporary information security attribute. Based on this, we propose an enhanced protocol and a new mutually authenticated key agreement protocol for SIP, Compared with the Wangand Zhang's scheme for SIP regarding the robustness and computation overheads, our scheme is more efficient and thus is more suitable for SIP.
Optical Second Harmonic Generation from ZnO Nanofluids—A Tight Binding Approach in Determining Bulk χ(2)

ZnO nanomaterials exhibit attractive optical properties that are important in the realm of catalysis and nanotechnology involving the developments of solar cells, chemisensors and other optoelectro...
Enzymic joining of polynucleotides: III. The polydeoxyadenylate · polydeoxythymidylate homopolymer pair☆

Abstract The joining of oligomers (50 to 300 residues) of deoxythymidylate or deoxyadenylate by the polynuoleotide-joining enzyme from Escherichia coli occurs only when they are hydrogen-bonded to the complementary chain. The corresponding polyribonucleotides can neither be joined nor promote joining of the complementary polydeoxyribonucleotides. The rate and extent of joining of dT or dA oligomers are determined by the length of the complementary chain and the relative molar concentrations of deoxyadenylate and deoxythymidylate residues. Translational movement of dT oligomers relative to a dA chain occurs during the course of the reaction. There appears to be no significant exchange of oligomers between chains.
Outcomes of ACL Reconstruction in Patients with Diabetes.

AB Purpose: Diabetes has been associated with adverse outcomes after various types of surgery. There are no previously published data regarding the effect of diabetes on outcomes from anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). The purpose of this study was to test the hypotheses that diabetes is associated with worse clinical outcomes and a higher prevalence of subsequent surgeries after ACLR. Methods: Anterior cruciate ligament-deficient patients (n = 2198) undergoing unilateral ACLR from a multicenter prospective study were included. Patients who self-reported diabetes on the basis of comorbidity questions before surgery were identified from the database. They were compared with the remainder of the cohort who did not self-report diabetes. All patients were followed up for a minimum of 2 yr after their index surgery. A minimum 2-yr follow-up was attained on 1905/2198 (87%) via completed outcome questionnaires and 2096/2198 (95%) regarding subsequent surgery. The primary outcome measures were three validated outcome instruments. The secondary outcome measure was the incidence of additional surgery on the ipsilateral and contralateral knees. Results: Patients with diabetes had a significantly higher activity level at 2 yr (OR = 2.96; 95% CI, 1.30-6.77; P = 0.01), but otherwise slightly worse clinical outcomes, compared with patients without diabetes (OR range = 0.42-0.59). The prevalence of subsequent surgeries in patients with diabetes was not significantly different from the prevalence in patients without diabetes. Conclusions: Patients with diabetes maintain a higher activity level after ACLR despite slightly lower patient-reported outcome scores compared with patients without diabetes and do not have a higher rate of subsequent surgery.
Associations between reasons for living and diminished suicide intent among African-American female suicide attempters

African-American women are at high risk for suicide ideation and suicide attempts and use emergency psychiatric services at disproportionately high rates relative to men and other ethnic groups. However, suicide death rates are low for this population. Cultural variables in the African-American community may promote resilience and prevent fatal suicidal behavior among African-American women. The present study evaluated self-reported reasons for living as a protective factor against suicidal intent and suicide attempt lethality in a sample of African-American female suicide attempters (n = 150). Regression analyses revealed that reasons for living were negatively associated with suicidal intent, even after controlling for spiritual well-being and symptoms of depression. These results indicate that the ability to generate and contemplate reasons for valuing life may serve as a protective characteristic against life-threatening suicidal behavior among African-American women. Implications for research and clinical practice are further discussed.
Cutting Edge: Skin CCR10+ CD8+ T Cells Support Resident Regulatory T Cells through the B7.2/Receptor Axis To Regulate Local Immune Homeostasis and Response

Resident T cells in barrier tissues are important in protecting against foreign agents but can also contribute to inflammatory diseases if dysregulated. How T cell homeostasis is maintained in barrier tissues is still poorly understood. We report that resident CD8(+) T cells directly support maintenance of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the skin to promote immune homeostasis. Impaired establishment of resident CD8(+) T cells caused by knockout of the skin-homing chemokine receptor CCR10 resulted in an altered balance of resident Tregs and CD4(+) effector T cells in the skin and overreactive inflammatory responses to cutaneous stimulations. Furthermore, B7.2 expressed on skin CD8(+) T cells supports the survival of Tregs, likely through interaction with its receptor CTLA-4, which is highly expressed on skin Tregs. Our findings provide novel insights into T cell homeostatic regulation in the skin and may improve our understanding of the pathobiology of tissue inflammatory diseases.
AIDS Surveillance Among Drug Users in Mianyang,2011

Objective To understand the awareness of AIDS related knowledge,behaviors and HIV infection status among drug users in Mianyang,so as to provide evidence for the health education and intervention.Methods A total of 400drug users were selected randomly from Fucheng and Youxian district of Mianyang and were conduct questionnaire survey and blood samples of them were tested for HIV, HCV and syphilis.Results Totally 400drug users were investigated.The awareness rate of AIDS related knowledge was 85%.Intravenous drug users(IDUs)accounted for 65.75%,and the sharing rate of needles in the last month was 0.76%.There were 38.36% of drug users used condoms in the last time sex,and 52.94% of drug users used condoms at last time commercial sex.Up to 95% of drug users received preventive service of AIDS in the last year.The positive rate of HIV,HCV and syphilis antibody were 1.25%,67.25% and3.50% respectively.Conclusion The awareness rate of AIDS related knowledge is comparatively high among the drug users in Mianyang,and the positive rate of HIV antibody and the rate of sharing needles are lower than before,yet the condoms usage rate is low,high risk behaviors of HIV infection are still exist.It is necessary to strengthen the implementation of intervention measures.
Darzens glycidic ester condensation

α,s-Epoxy esters (glycidic esters) from base-catalyzed condensation of α-haloesters with carbonyl compounds.
A test-retest analysis of the Vanderbilt Assessment for Leadership in Education in the USA

The Vanderbilt Assessment for Leadership in Education (VAL-ED) is a 360-degree learning-centered behaviors principal evaluation tool that includes ratings from the principal, supervisors, and teachers. The current study assesses the test-retest reliability of the VAL-ED for a sample of seven school districts as part of multiple validity and reliability assessments based on various samples of real users of the VAL-ED. We administered the VAL-ED twice and examined the correlations and mean differences between time 1 and time 2. We find that the principal and teacher ratings from time 1 and time 2 have large, positive, and significant correlations. Additionally, for both time points, principals are rated as being at least satisfactorily effective. Principals rate themselves slightly higher at time 2, while teachers rate principals slightly higher at time 1.
Antitumor effects of cyclin dependent kinase 9 inhibition in esophageal adenocarcinoma

Role of cyclin dependent kinase 9(CDK9) as a potential target in esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is unknown. We investigated CDK9 protein expression in EAC and Barrett's esophagus and role of CDK9 in oncogenic processes of EAC in vitro and in murine xenografts. The CDK9 expression was significantly higher in EAC as compared to Barrett's esophagus in patient samples. Stable shCDK9 in SKGT4 reduced proliferation by 37% at day 4, increased apoptosis at 48 hours and induced G1 cell cycle arrest at 48 hours (58.4% vs. 45.8%) compared to controls SKGT4 cells. SKGT4-shCDK9 cell-derived tumors were significantly smaller than control SKGT4-derived tumors in xenografts (72.89mm3 vs. 270mm3). Pharmaceutical inhibition of CDK9 by Flavopiridol (0.1µm for 48 hours) and CAN508 (20 and 40µm for 72 hours) induced significant reduction in proliferation and 2-fold increase in apoptosis in SKGT4, FLO1 and OE33 cells. In xenograft models, CAN508 (60 mg/kg/dayx10 days) and Flavopiridol (4mg/kg/dayx10 days) caused 50.8% and 63.1% reduction in xenograft tumors as compared to control on post-treatment day 21. Reduction of MCL-1 and phosphorylated RNA polymerase II was observed with transient shCDK9 in SKGT4 cells but not with stable shCDK9. CAN508 (20 and 40 µm) and Flavopiridol (0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 µm) for 4 hours showed reduction in MCL-1 mRNA (84% and 96%) and protein. Mcl-1 overexpression conferred resistance to Flavopiridol (0.2 µm or 0.4 µm for 48 hours) and CAN 508 (20 or 40µm for 72 hours). Chromatin immunoprecipitation demonstrated significant reduction of binding of transcriptional factor HIF-1α to MCL-1 promoter in FLO-1 cells by CDK9 inhibitors.
Dolo sin voluntad

It is understood that willful misconduct is, ab initio , knowledge, because only knowledge generates control and only this provides reasons to justify base the treatment of cases of willful behavior. Consequently, in blind situations, there is no place to speak of willful misconduct, since there is no control. At the same time, willful misconduct is exclusively knowledge and not will, since will does not alter control. Additionally there is no credible basis for demanding will in the concept of willful misconduct
These Are Not Your Mother’s Sundials: Or, Time and Astronomy’s Authority

Drawing upon the exquisite collection of sundials and time-finding instruments at the Adler Planetarium in Chicago—currently being catalogued by the author—this essay offers examples of sundials made of silver, gilt brass, ivory, wood, and stone between 1500 and 1900. They were designed to be portable or fixed, pocket-sized, or monumental, but all did more than tell the time. By critically examining them, we can see the influence of the cultures in which they were made and used. These material objects tell stories of race, empire, labor, religion, fashion, and politics. And by so doing, the sundials exhibit the relationship of time in these concerns.
Love and Morality: The Possibility of Altruism

I endeavor to show that biology is more of an ally to morality than one might be inclined to suppose. My strategy is to look at the significance of love in the context of evolutionary theory and then make some careful extrapolations. By distinguishing between what I call transparent love and opaque love, I attempt to show that evolutionary theory favors our having the moral attitude of minimal respect for others. I also bring out the significance which love plays in our acquiring the virtue of self-command. I conclude with a few ruminations comparing my approach with the approaches of Thomas Nagel and of Philippa Foot.
Structural Principles of Giant Cells

It is a curious coincidence that the paper by Linus Pauling,1 which first described the crystal structure of an intermetallic compound, presented simultaneously one of the most complicated structure problems that lay ahead. In this paper Pauling discussed the atomic arrangement of Mg2Sn, which has the calcium fluoride structure, and also gave a brief account of an X-ray diffraction study of crystals of NaCd2. The diffraction patterns of these crystals were so complicated, however, that it was not then possible to assign indices with certainty to many of the spots. The unit of structure was later2 reported to be a cube that has an edge length slightly over 30Ǻ and contains about 384 sodium atoms and 768 cadmium atoms. The space group is Fd3m (O7 h) . Thus, we see that the existence of this most complex compound has been known for U5 years, ever since the first structure determination of an intermetallic compound was published.
High intensity space charge effects on slip stacked beam in the Fermilab Recycler

In order to achieve high intensity beams for Fermilab's neutrino program, slip stacking is used in the Recycler in which bunches overlap and slip through other bunches multiple times. As the bunch intensity is increased in the future, space charge effects during the overlap periods become more detrimental. In order to investigate the size of these space charge effects, the beam simulation program Synergia has been extended to allow copropagation of bunch trains at different momenta.
Study of needle stick injuries among healthcare providers: Evidence from a teaching hospital in India

Background: Needle stick injuries (NSIs) are the injuries that are caused by needles, such as hypodermic needles, blood collection needles, intravenous stylets, and needles used to connect parts of intravenous delivery systems. NSIs are very common and in many instances unavoidable among healthcare providers when they are delivering patient care. Around 75% of the NSIs in developing countries are not reported. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and other correlates and attributes of NSIs among healthcare providers in a tertiary care teaching hospital in South India. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted in Narayana Medical College and Hospital in Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, between June 2012 and February 2013. Data using a structured questionnaire were collected among all the 1525 healthcare providers working in the teaching hospital. Results: Around 10.81% of the total healthcare providers in the teaching hospital were exposed to NSIs. Syringe needles (75%) were the most common devices leading to NSIs. Majority of NSIs took place in the wards of the different departments (75%). Morning shift (70%) was the most common time of the day for the occurrence of NSIs. Only 65% of the healthcare providers were wearing gloves at the time of injury. Majority (82%) took immediate treatment after NSIs. Conclusions: Establishment of formal reporting mechanisms, immediate reporting of NSIs, and the establishment of a comprehensive NSI prevention program will help in the reduction in the occurrence of NSIs and help in taking immediate remedial action in the form of prophylaxis and treatment.
Optical breakdown and sub-optical-cycle dynamics of ultrafast laser induced damage in fused silica

We report on the experimental and theoretical studies of ultrafast laser-induced optical breakdown on the surface of fused silica to elucidate the mechanism of damage formation and sub-optical-cycle dynamics in material processing using single and a burst of two femtosecond laser pulses. Ionization pathways, including photo-ionization (PI) and avalanche ionization (AI), are investigated by using single-beam and double-beam laser damage threshold measurements, which are used to analyze electron dynamics and extract the avalanche coefficient. The relationship between damage size and laser fluence is interpreted as a result of a combination of PI and AI. Electrical field rather than laser intensity is the fundamental influential factor in PI, and AI is found to play a significant role in creating the free electron density needed for optical breakdown. These findings are verified by a double-pulse delay-scan experiment where two cross-polarized pulses are used to induce damage with delay within a few optical cycles. Variation of the damage diameter is observed within one optical cycle, which is explained by the periodic change of polarization in the combined electric field. This finding shows the potential of controlling laser induced damage by tuning the temporal overlap of a burst of ultrashort laser pulses.
Acoustic pressure enhancing metamaterials through impedance contrast

Acoustic pressure enhancing devices are widely used to extend the range of sensors used for detecting weak and distant sounds. However, conventional sound enhancing devices such as acoustic horns and parabolic reflectors require bulky structures and thus limit miniaturization of sensing systems. To overcome this limitation, metamaterial techniques have been employed and promising results have been reported. However, acoustic pressure enhancing metamaterials reported so far rely on frequency dependent mechanisms to increase acoustic pressure such as resonances or wave compression methods. Therefore, in these approaches, waves are distorted during the enhancement process and this limits their applications considerably. In this presentation, we will show that metamaterials can significantly enhance acoustic waves without wave distortion while keeping the size of the metamaterial subwavelength. Our metamaterial is based on the property of the acoustic waves to increase their acoustic pressure while propagating without insertion loss from a medium of low impedance into a medium of higher impedance. The pressure gain is constant regardless of the frequency, allowing the wave to maintain its shape during enhancement. Here, we will provide the physics of the phenomenon along with numerical and experimental results which were in good agreement with the theoretical prediction.
Geospatial Correlation of Amyopathic Dermatomyositis With Fixed Sources of Airborne Pollution: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Objective: Dermatomyositis (DM) may result from exogenous triggers, including airborne pollutants, in genetically susceptible individuals. The United States Environmental Protection Agency's 2011 National Air Toxics Assessment (NATA) models health risks associated with airborne emissions, available by ZIP code tabulation area (ZCTA). Important contributors include point (fixed), on-road, and secondary sources. The objective of this study was to investigate the geospatial distributions of DM and subtypes, classic DM (CDM) and clinically amyopathic DM (CADM), and their associations with airborne pollutants. Methods: This retrospective cohort study identified 642 adult DM patients from 336 unique ZCTAs. GeoDa v.1.10 was used to calculate global and local Moran's indices and generate local indicator of spatial autocorrelation (LISA) maps. All Moran's indices and LISA maps were permuted 999 times. Results: Univariate global Moran's indices for DM, CDM, and CADM prevalence were not significant, but LISA maps demonstrated differential local spatial clustering and outliers. CADM prevalence correlated with point sources (bivariate global Moran's index 0.071, pseudo-p = 0.018), in contrast to CDM (-0.0053, pseudo-p = 0.46). Bivariate global Moran's indices for DM, CDM, and CADM prevalence did not correlate with other airborne toxics, but bivariate LISA maps revealed local spatial clustering and outliers. Conclusion: Prevalence of CADM, but not CDM, is geospatially correlated with fixed sources of airborne emissions. This effect is small but significant and may support the hypothesis that triggering exposures influence disease phenotype. Important limitations are NATA data and ZCTA population estimates were collected from 2011 and ZCTA of residence may not have been where patients had greatest airborne pollutant exposure.
Ruxolitinib for the treatment of lymphoma-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: A cautionary tale.

IntroductionHemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis is a hyperinflammatory syndrome characterized by fever, hyperferritinemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypofibrinogenemia, and pancytopenia. Three publicati...
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 regulates NAD metabolism during acute kidney injury through microRNA-34a-mediated NAMPT expression

Prior studies have established the important role of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) as a mediator of acute kidney injury (AKI). We demonstrated rapid ERK1/2 activation induced renal dysfunction following ischemia/reperfusion (IR)-induced AKI and downregulated the mitochondrial biogenesis (MB) regulator, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) in mice. In this study, ERK1/2 regulation of cellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and PGC-1α were explored. Inhibition of ERK1/2 activation during AKI in mice using the MEK1/2 inhibitor, trametinib, attenuated renal cortical oxidized NAD (NAD+) depletion. The rate-limiting NAD biosynthesis salvage enzyme, NAMPT, decreased following AKI, and this decrease was prevented by ERK1/2 inhibition. The microRNA miR34a decreased with the inhibition of ERK1/2, leading to increased NAMPT protein. Mice treated with a miR34a mimic prevented increases in NAMPT protein in the renal cortex in the presence of ERK1/2 inhibition. In addition, ERK1/2 activation increased acetylated PGC-1α, the less active form, whereas inhibition of ERK1/2 activation prevented an increase in acetylated PGC-1α after AKI through SIRT1 and NAD+ attenuation. These results implicate IR-induced ERK1/2 activation as an important contributor to the downregulation of both PGC-1α and NAD+ pathways that ultimately decrease cellular metabolism and renal function. Inhibition of ERK1/2 activation prior to the initiation of IR injury attenuated decreases in PGC-1α and NAD+ and prevented kidney dysfunction.
A Social Capital Perspective on Computer-Mediated Group Communication and Performance: An Empirical Study

In light of the pervasiveness of collaborative decision making and technology in organizations, this research examines computer mediated collaboration using the lens of social capital. We draw from the Distributed Cognition Theory and others for our socio-technical investigation that incorporates the technical component as the artifact of electronic memory (group memory), and the social component as the history of interactions between members (group history). We study these under the mediating influence of the relational social capital dimensions of relational closeness and relational trust. Our study shows how social capital adds an important flavor to collaborative performance. We highlight how the traditional premise of memory being an unequivocal enhancer of group performance gets altered if one fails to consider the influence of relational social capital in the equation. We propose to practitioners that collaborative technology that offers memory cannot be viewed independently, but as a vehicle that impacts performance through the dynamics of social capital of the group. Most importantly, our research reinforces the need for a novel perspective to collaborative development. With the diaspora of technological advancement, there needs to be a transition in perceiving collaborative development as a concurrent, rather than a sequential, process of discussion and development of group activity.
Effect of Magnesium Administration in Dextrose Water on Serum Sodium Concentration

There is fair amount of data that potassium administration will raise serum sodium concentration; however whether the above concept extends to other electrolytes is less well understood. Although real-world data are lacking on this concept, here we will discuss the reasons why one may logically conclude that magnesium administration in dextrose-containing solution does not in fact lower serum sodium concentration appreciably. Furthermore we will try to determine by how much one should expect the administration of magnesium intravenously will change the serum sodium concentration. World J Nephrol Urol. 2020;9(2):33-34 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/wjnu409
Underclassification of Predicted Risk of Mortality Using the Latest Society of Thoracic Surgeons Risk Models

The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) Adult Cardiac Surgery Database (ACSD) is a comprehensive cardiac surgery registry that has been used to monitor quality measures of cardiac surgical programs ...