cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From statecharts to ESP: programming with events, states and predicates for embedded systems

Statecharts are probably the most popular mechanism for behavior modeling of embedded system components. Modeling a component involves using a mainstream language for features that statecharts cannot express: detailed behavior of conditions and actions, object-orientation and distributed computing features. Debugging is done at the level of the generated native code. Rather than treating statecharts as a separate programming model from the native programming model, we extend a (Java-like) language with support for key concepts of statecharts: (1) explicit states, (2) asynchronous events, and (3) conditional execution. This paper presents ESP*, a language that supports statecharts and a set of other advanced programming concepts to make programming embedded systems easier. The paper also shows how to translate statecharts to ESP*.
Automatic extraction of road intersection position, connectivity, and orientations from raster maps

The road network is one of the most important types of information on raster maps. In particular, the set of road intersection templates, which consists of the road intersection positions, the road connectivities, and the road orientations, represents an abstraction of the road network and is more accurate and easier to extract than the extraction of the entire road network. To extract the road intersection templates from raster maps, the thinning operator is commonly used to find the basic structure of the road lines (i.e., to extract the skeletons of the lines). However, the thinning operator produces distorted lines near line intersections, especially at the T-shaped intersections. Therefore, the extracted position of the road intersection and the road orientations are not accurate. In this paper, we utilize our previous work on automatically extracting road intersection positions to identify the road lines that intersect at the intersections and then trace the road orientations and refine the positions of the road intersections. We compare the proposed approach with the usage of the thinning operator and show that our proposed approach extracts more accurate road intersection positions and road orientations than the previous approach.
Is socioeconomic incorporation associated with a healthier diet? Dietary patterns among Mexican-origin children in the United States

With each successive generation in the United States, Mexican-origin families lose their initial dietary advantages. Focusing on children's diets, we ask whether greater socioeconomic status (SES) can help buffer Mexican-origin children in immigrant families from negative dietary acculturation or whether it exacerbates these dietary risks. Pooling data from the 1999 to 2009 waves of the continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, we test whether the association between generational status and Mexican-origin children's nutrition varies by the family's SES. When predicting children's overall dietary quality using the Healthy Eating Index (2010) and predicting unhealthy dietary patterns, we find stronger evidence of segmented assimilation, whereby greater family average SES is associated with better diets across generations of Mexican-origin children. High-status Mexican-origin parents appear able to buffer their children against generational dietary declines documented in the acculturation literature.
Proximal hamstring release for knee flexion and crouched posture in cerebral palsy.

Total release of the hamstrings from their origin was performed in thirty children. In the twenty-five who were available for review (fifty knees), the spastic knee-flexion deformity was corrected adequately; in most instances the crouch posture was corrected, gait was improved, and a longer stride was possible. However, increased lumbar lordosis developed in four and genu recurvatum, in seven. Total proximal release is, therefore, no longer recommended.
The ADHD Explosion: Myths, Medication, Money, and Today's Push for Performance

Contents Foreword by David Mechanic Acknowledgments Introduction Chapter 1: The TNT Fueling the Explosion: Origins and Costs of ADHD Chapter 2: The Nature and Causes of ADHD: Where Biology Meets Culture Chapter 3: Diagnosing and Treating ADHD: Do It Right or Pay the Price Chapter 4: Upward Spiral of ADHD Medications: Enhanced Performance or Potential for Abuse? Chapter 5: What a Difference a State Makes: How Educational Policy Determines Diagnosis and Treatment Chapter 6: The Cost of ADHD: It's the Economy, Stupid Chapter 7: ADHD and the Media: What's Being Said and What's Being Sold? Chapter 8: ADHD Around the World Chapter 9: Beyond White, Middle-Class Boys-Plus the Stigma of ADHD Chapter 10: The Future of ADHD: Predictions, Confusions, and Conclusions Notes References Index
Age Structure of Breeding Face Fly Populations (Diptera: Muscidae)

Age-grouping techniques were applied to 15 face fly ( Musca autumnalis De Geer) populations, representing two locations in central Iowa, three locations in Minnesota, and one location in northern California. A total of 11,839 females was graded by age. Up to 13 gonotrophic (age) groups were recognized. Age distributions of all populations were compared. Bias due to sampling methods and sampling location was evaluated. Flies on sticky traps suggested younger population age structures than did flies obtained with sweep nets. Suitability of the data for achieving a synthetic, vertical life table was determined. Survival functions were fitted to the gonotrophic distributions. Average daily survival probabilities varied from 0.87 in Minnesota to 0.95 in Iowa when estimates were made from proportions parous. The survival distributions were remarkably uniform among years and locations. The proportions multiparous gave estimates of lesser survival rates, suggesting that this age group was not accurately classified or that risk of mortality increased with age.
Infant Hand Preference and the Development of Cognitive Abilities

Hand preference develops in the first two postnatal years with nearly half of infants exhibiting a consistent early preference for acquiring objects. Others exhibit a more variable developmental trajectory but by the end of their second postnatal year, most exhibit a consistent hand preference for role-differentiated bimanual manipulation. According to some forms of embodiment theory, these differences in hand use patterns should influence the way children interact with their environments, which, in turn, should affect the structure and function of brain development. Such early differences in brain development should result in different trajectories of psychological development. We present evidence that children with consistent early hand preferences exhibit advanced patterns of cognitive development as compared to children who develop a hand preference later. Differences in the developmental trajectory of hand preference are predictive of developmental differences in language, object management skills, and tool-use skills. As predicted by Casasanto’s body-specificity hypothesis, infants with different hand preferences proceed along different developmental pathways of cognitive functioning.
Geometric Control of a Flapping Device in a Uniform Flow

Due to the stringent weight and size constraints imposed on the design of flapping microair-vehicles (MAVs), minimal actuation is desired. Hence, a MAV is likely to be an underactuated mechanical system. In addition, the nonlinear body dynamics and the essential time-variation of the driving aerodynamic forces yield a nonlinear, non-autonomous system. These two characteristics of flapping MAVs require advanced control techniques. The averaging theorem and geometric control are sometimes used to design control laws for under-actuated nonlinear systems, forced by time-periodic vector fields. In this work, a simple model for a flapping plate having three degrees of freedom and two actuators is considered. The averaging theorem and geometric control methods are then used to stabilize and control the system.
Billy Graham and the U.S. Presidency

William F. (Billy) Graham, the tall, fair-haired farm boy from North Carolina, has been a remarkable personage. Not only has his ministry been worldwide and his converts in the millions, he has also been the friend and counselor of statesmen in many countries. In the United States he has had personal connections with every president during the last three decades, and this intimacy increased to the point that critics began referring to him as the court preacher and White House chaplain. The relationship reached its apex dur ing the administration of Richard M. Nixon, who even appeared at a celebration in Graham's honor and said:
Resistance to Aphis gossypii in Muskmelon

Breeding line LJ 90234 muskmelon, Cucumis melo L ., was resistant to natural infestations of western biotypes of the melon aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, in the field and to controlled infestation in the glasshouse. However, LJ 90234 was very susceptible to western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande). Muskmelons re sistant to southeastern biotypes of aphid were susceptible to the western biotype.
The great toe.

The biomechanics of the great toe and the pathologic anatomy of a hallux valgus deformity are presented. Patient evaluation is discussed. The section on decision making includes explanations of the Akin, chevron, and Mitchell procedures and instances for which the use of each is recommended.
Clinical Outcomes of Hip Arthroscopy in Patients 60 or Older: A Minimum of 2-Year Follow-up

Purpose To examine clinical outcomes and survivorship in patients aged 60 years or older who underwent hip arthroscopy for management of hip pain. Methods Prospectively collected data for patients 60 or older undergoing hip arthroscopy were obtained. All patients were indicated for hip arthroscopy based on standard preoperative examination as well as routine and advanced imaging. Demographic data, diagnosis, and details regarding operative procedures were collected. Baseline preoperative modified Harris Hip Scores (mHHS) and Non-arthritic Hip Scores (NAHS) were compared to mHHS and NAHS at the 2-year follow-up. Survivorship was assessed to determine failure rates, with failure defined as any subsequent ipsilateral revision arthroscopic surgery and/or hip arthroplasty. Results Forty-two patients met inclusion criteria. Mean age (standard deviation) and body mass index were 65.8 years (4.5 years) and 26.1 (4.7), respectively. Baseline mean mHHS and NAHS for all patients improved from 47.8 (±12.5) and 47.3 (±13.6) to 75.6 (±17.6) and 78.3 (±18.6), respectively ( P Conclusions Our results suggest that in patients 60 or older with Tonnis grade 0 or 1 osteoarthritic changes on initial radiographs—treatment with hip arthroscopy can lead to reliable improvement in early outcomes. As use of hip arthroscopy for treatment of mechanical hip pain increases, additional studies with long-term follow-up are needed. Level of Evidence Level IV, therapeutic case series.
Thresholds and timing of pre-operative thrombocytosis and ovarian cancer survival: analysis of laboratory measures from electronic medical records

Thrombocytosis has been associated with poor ovarian cancer prognosis. However, comparisons of thresholds to define thrombocytosis and evaluation of relevant timing of platelet measurement has not been previously conducted. We selected Tumor Registry confirmed ovarian, primary peritoneal, and fallopian tube cancer cases diagnosed between 1995–2013 from the Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Laboratory measured platelet values from electronic medical records (EMR) were used to determine thrombocytosis at three thresholds: a platelet count greater than 350, 400, or 450 × 109/liter. Timing was evaluated with 5 intervals: on the date of diagnosis, and up to 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks prior to the date of diagnosis. Cox regression was used to calculate hazard ratios (HR) and confidence intervals (CI) for association with overall survival; adjustment included age, stage, grade, and histologic subtype of disease. Pre-diagnosis platelet measures were available for 136, 241, 280, 297, and 304 cases in the five intervals. The prevalence of thrombocytosis decreased with increasing thresholds and was generally consistent across the five time intervals, ranging from 44.8–53.2 %, 31.6–39.4 %, and 19.9–26.1 % across the three thresholds. Associations with higher grade and stage of disease gained significance as the threshold increased. With the exception of the lowest threshold on the date of diagnosis (HR350: 1.55, 95 % CI: 0.97–2.47), all other survival associations were significant, with the highest reaching twice the risk of death for thrombocytosis on the date of diagnosis (HR400: 2.01, 95 % CI: 1.25–3.23). Our EMR approach yielded associations comparable to published findings from medical record abstraction approaches. In addition, our results indicate that lower thrombocytosis thresholds and platelet measures up to 8 weeks before diagnosis may inform ovarian cancer characteristics and prognosis.
Oxidation State and PH Dependence of Cytochrome C Binding to Cardiolipin-Containing Liposomes

A combination of UV/visible absorption, circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopies was used to probe the binding of cytochrome c to cardiolipin (CL) containing liposomes and concomitant conformational changes as a function of cardiolipin concentration at different pH values. Our group has recently developed a model that describes oxidized cytochrome c binding to CL-containing liposomes as a two-step process where native-like liposome bound conformers convert into more unfolded conformations. We have provided evidence that the M80 ligand in the more unfolded state has been replaced by either a lysine or histidine as the axial ligand. A slightly modified binding model was used to describe the binding of reduced cytochrome c, to account for the redox properties of the heme in the absence and presence of oxygen. In our current study, we explored how lowering the pH to values between 6.0 and 7.0 affects binding and conformation of cytochrome c in both oxidation states. It has recently been proposed that such a protocol would facilitate the so-called L-site binding, which involves the electrostatic interaction of amino acid residues Lys22, −25, −27 and His26 and −33 with the acidic phospholipids on the liposome surface. Our results for binding at pH 6.5 indicate a conversion from a low spin to a hexacoordinated high-spin state at moderate to high cardiolipin concentrations, which leads to a significant blue shift of the Soret band. This very much resembles the behavior of denatured cytochrome c where lowering the pH leads to the protonation of a distal histidine ligand and its replacement by a water ligand. Thus, our observations strongly suggest that histidine rather than lysine is the sixth ligand in the misligated state of cytochrome c on CL-containing liposomes.
The Application of Loss Models to Superconducting Solenoids

The use of inductors, both cryogenic and superconductive, for the storage of energy in pulsed power systems of various types has recently attracted considerable attention. The storage element is usually operated in a pool of liquid cryogen but for certain applications, integrated refrigeration using helium gas is desirable. In either case, an estimate of the losses generated during transients is an essential part of the design. The principal loss mechanisms in the superconducting case are eddy currents in the stabilizer and hysteresis in the superconductor, both of which depend upon the magnitude and frequency of the transient field. This presentation presents the results of an application of loss models to a particular configuration of multifilament superconductor. The eddy current loss model is compared separately to loss measurements made on a coil wound from commercial copper wire. Losses calculated using a simple linear model of the field in the winding are compared with those obtained from a more sophisticated calculation using digital computer techniques.
Grain quality attributes of new rice basmati lines of Pakistan

The Choice of new rice varieties by farmers and consumers at the expense of indigenous varieties have become a source of panic to scientists in Pakistan. In the present research the cooking quality and physico-chemical characteristics of 14 newly developed lines and two check varieties widely grown in Punjab, Pakistan were investigated. Significant variation (P<0.05) was observed among the 15 rice varieties for all the traits studied. The results demonstrated that two newly developed rice Lines showed elevated cooked grain length (CGL). The grains of PK9533-9-6-1-1 had the highest elongation ratio of 1.900. “PK 9966-10-1 has the best physical appearance in terms of length but quickly dissolve in water during cooking. Most of the physico-chemical characteristic such as amylose, protein and gelatinization temperature were significantly correlated with some of the cooking quality traits i.e., elongation ratio, CGL indicating that efforts aimed at selecting rice varieties with improved cooking quality traits would permit a consideration of the physico-chemical attributes of the rice grain. The overall cooking quality and physico-chemical aspects of some of new lines were even relatively superior to the Check (Super Basmati). Farmers should, therefore, be critical in accepting new varieties that may not be akin superlative in yield but also in cooking quality and physico-chemic
Applications of Integration

This chapter discusses the deeper applications of integration, especially for the computation of geometric quantities. The most important part of integration is setting the integrals up and understanding when the techniques apply. Mathematica can perform the symbolic calculus of the techniques, but they must be applicable and one must give Mathematica the correct approximation sum or integrand. The chapter presents infinite sum theorem, that is, Duhame's principle.
False advertising or slander? Using location based tweets to assess online rating-reliability

Abstract Online reviews have diffused into a large variety of businesses, ranging from physical goods to services. The ubiquity of the reviews and the importance given to them by potential customers makes examining their validity extremely important. While good reviews can boost companies' business, bad reviews can spell their doom. Since online reviews are anonymous, there are cases of both false advertising and slander that can create conflict. In this paper authors provide reasons for online rating bias and demonstrate a way to measure it. Authors mine consumer's location aware tweets from business locations to capture a location's pleasure score and compare the pleasure scores to Yelp ratings to determine how overrated or underrated the venue is. Foursquare and Twitter are mined to extract an emotion score from the location aware tweets using a dictionary called the Affective Norms for English Words (ANEW). Rating biases are found across cities and different types of restaurants and managerial and policy implications discussed.
Comparison of two melphalan protocols and evaluation of outcome and prognostic factors in multiple myeloma in dogs.

Background Multiple myeloma (MM) in dogs typically is treated with melphalan. A daily melphalan dosing schedule reportedly is well tolerated and associated with favorable outcome. Although anecdotally a pulse dose regimen has resulted in successful responses, little long-term outcome and safety data is available regarding this dosing regimen for dogs with MM. Hypothesis/objectives (1) To compare outcome and adverse event profiles between pulse dose and daily dose melphalan schedules and (2) to report prognostic factors in dogs with MM treated with melphalan. We hypothesized that both protocols would have similar outcomes and tolerability. Animals Thirty-eight client-owned dogs diagnosed with MM receiving pulse dose (n = 17) or daily dose (n = 21) melphalan. Methods Retrospective cohort study assessing outcome and adverse events in dogs receiving either protocol. Risk factors were evaluated for their prognostic relevance. Results Both regimens were well tolerated and similarly effective, with an overall median survival time of 930 days. Renal disease and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were negative prognostic factors, whereas hypercalcemia and osteolytic lesions were not prognostic factors in this study population. Conclusions and clinical importance Positive results support the use of either dosing regimen for the treatment of dogs with MM, and renal disease and NLR were negative prognostic factors. Prospective, controlled, and randomized studies are warranted to confirm these findings.
Fitness advantages conferred by the L20-interacting RNA cis-regulator of ribosomal protein synthesis in Bacillus subtilis.

In many bacteria, ribosomal proteins autogenously repress their own expression by interacting with RNA structures typically located in the 5'-UTRs of their mRNA transcripts. This regulation is nece ...
The Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor Receptor Is Required for the Mobilization of Murine Hematopoietic Progenitors Into Peripheral Blood by Cyclophosphamide or Interleukin-8 But Not Flt-3 Ligand

Hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC) can be mobilized from the bone marrow into the peripheral circulation in response to a number of stimuli including hematopoietic growth factors, cytotoxic agents, and certain chemokines. Despite significant differences in their biological activities, these stimuli result in the mobilization of HPC with a similar phenotype, suggesting that a common mechanism for mobilization may exist. In this study, the role of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) in progenitor mobilization was examined using G-CSF receptor (G-CSFR)–deficient mice. In contrast to wild-type mice, no increase in circulating colony-forming cells (CFU-C), CD34+ lineage− progenitors, or day 12 colony-forming unit-spleen progenitors (CFU-S) was detected in G-CSFR–deficient mice after cyclophosphamide administration. This defect was not due to a failure to regenerate HPC following cyclophosphamide administration as the number of CFU-C in the bone marrow of G-CSFR–deficient mice was increased relative to wild-type mice. Likewise, no increase in circulating CFU-C was detected in G-CSFR–deficient mice following interleukin-8 (IL-8) administration. In contrast, mobilization of HPC in response to flt-3 ligand was nearly normal. These results show that the G-CSFR is required for mobilization in response to cyclophosphamide or IL-8 but not flt-3 ligand and suggest that the G-CSFR may play an important and previously unexpected role in HPC migration.
Models of continual computation

Automated problem solving is viewed typically as the expenditure of computation to solve one or more problems passed to a reasoning system. In response to each problem received, effort is applied to generate a solution and problem solving ends when the solution is rendered. We discuss the notion of continual computation that addresses a broader conception of problem by considering the ideal use of the idle time between problem instances. The time is used to develop solutions proactively to one or more expected challenges in the future. We consider analyses for traditional all-or-nothing algorithms as well as more flexible computational procedures. After exploring the allocation of idle time for several settings, we generalize the analysis to consider the case of shifting computation from a current problem to solve future challenges. Finally, we discuss a sample application of the use of continual computation in the setting of diagnostic reasoning.
Detecting and Quantifying pADPr In Vivo

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARP) participate in diverse biological processes contributing to cellular homeostasis or exacerbating injury. PARP catalyzes the addition of ADP-ribose molecules (pADPr) to the target proteins, a process termed poly-ADP-ribosylation. Overactivation of PARP, as reflected by increased poly-ADP-ribosylation, accumulation of pADPr-modified proteins or free pADPr, contributes to depletion of NAD+ and mitochondrial dysfunction, potentially leading to cell death. Since PARP overactivation and increases in free pADPr have been identified as key contributors to the pathobiology of many diseases, monitoring PARP-1 activation by detecting and quantifying pADPr may provide valuable mechanistic insights as well as facilitating therapeutic drug monitoring for PARP inhibitors.Several non-isotopic immunodetection methods for quantifying pADPr are discussed: western blotting of poly-ADP-ribosylated proteins, cellular localization of pADPr by immunohistochemistry, quantification of pADPr by enzyme-linked immunoassay and small scale two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.
Simulation Structure and Attitude Change in a High Technology Culture

The organizational culture of a software engineering firm was studied to discover inconsistencies between the existing culture and expressed ideals. The gap between existing and ideal was measured using an attitude questionnaire drawn from statements made during interviews with employees. A simulation game was created to induce attitude change toward the ideals. Subjects sequentially experienced two contrasting simulated cultures as they made decisions as a department manager in a computerized business simulation. The simulation is written in HyperCard and each subject made decisions on a Macintosh computer. The subjects participated in four—person teams, whose computers were linked and shared data. During the ten training classes, 122 employees attended one class and played one of three simulation versions. A control group of 42 people, and 97 of the 122 who played the simulation, completed pre- and post-simulation questionnaires. There was extensive attitude change in the treatment groups.
The Relationship Between the Patient-Centered Medical Homes, Healthcare Expenditures, and Quality of Care Among Children with Special Health Care Needs

Objectives To examine the association between having a patient-centered medical home (PCMH) and healthcare expenditures and quality of care for children with special health care needs (CSHCN). Methods We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 8802 CSHCN using the 2008–2012 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. A PCMH indicator was constructed from survey responses. Inverse probability treatment weighting was applied to balance the cohort. CSHCN’s annual health care expenditures and quality were analyzed using two-part and logistic models, respectively. Results Covariate-adjusted annual total expenditures were similar between CSHCN with and without a PCMH ($4267 vs. $3957, p = 0.285). CSHCN with a PCMH had higher odds of incurring expenditure (OR 1.66, 95% CI 1.22–2.25)—in particular, office-based services and prescriptions (OR 1.46 and 1.36, 95% CI 1.24–1.72 and 1.17–1.58, respectively)—compared to those without a PCMH, without shifting expenditures. When examined in detail, PCMH was associated with lower odds of accessing office-based mental health services (OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.66–0.96), leading to lower expenditures ($106 vs. $137; p = 0.046). PCMH was associated with higher odds of post-operation and immunization visits (OR 1.23 and 1.22, 95% CI 1.05–1.45 and 1.004–1.48, respectively) without changing expenditures. Parents of CSHCN with a PCMH were more likely to report having the best health care quality (OR 2.33, p < 0.001). Conclusions CSHCN who had a PCMH experienced better health care quality and were more likely to access preventive services, with unchanged expenditures. However, they were less likely to use mental health services in office-based settings. As the effects of PCMH varied across services for CSHCN, more research is warranted.
Feeling Like Crying When Listening to Music: Exploring Musical and Contextual Features

Feeling like crying is a common response to music. Recent work suggests two forms of aesthetic crying: an awe-inspired, positive kind and a distressed, sad kind. Besides their emotional tone, what differentiates these experiences? The present research examined the context and subjective musical content of aesthetic crying. A sample of 961 adults described the emotional tone, musical features, and social and environmental contexts of a feeling like crying experience. Awe experiences more often involved religious or classical music that was complex and beautiful, and people were often with others and hearing the music live. Sad experiences more often involved popular genres (e.g., Pop, Soul or R&B, Country) that were cold and unpleasant, and people often noted that the music reminded them of someone or that they already felt like crying before listening to the music. The distinctions between these two kinds of experiences suggest that current theories of aesthetic crying could be fruitfully expanded.
Wavelength-Dependent Differential Interference Contrast Inversion of Anisotropic Gold Nanoparticles

Gold nanorods are promising nanoparticle-orientation sensors because they exhibit wavelength and angle-dependent optical patterns in their differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy images. In this paper, we report a finite-difference time-domain method to simulate DIC images using nanorods as model probes. First, we created a DIC image library of nanorods as a function of imaging wavelength and rotation angle that showed good agreement with experimental results. Second, we used this simulation tool to explain why the patterns inverted from bright to dark when the imaging wavelength increased from below to above the plasmon resonance of the nanorod. We found that this intensity inversion resulted from reversal in the electric field direction depending on wavelength relative to the nanorod plasmon resonance. Finally, we showed that this DIC contrast inversion is a general phenomenon by measuring and simulating DIC images from gold nanorods of different sizes and gold nanostars.
State-Switching Probability Reveals Sleep-Related Biological Drives in Drosophila

ABSTRACT Sleep pressure and sleep depth are key regulators of wake and sleep. Current methods of measuring these parameters in Drosophila melanogaster have low temporal resolution and/or require disrupting sleep. Here we report a novel analysis tool for high-resolution, non-invasive measurement of sleep pressure and depth from movement data. Probability of transitioning to an active state, P(Wake), measures sleep depth while probability of transitioning to an inactive state, P(Doze), measures sleep pressure. In vivo and computational analyses show that P(Wake) and P(Doze) are independent and control the amount of total sleep. Importantly, we demonstrate that these probabilities are tied to specific biological processes. Genetic and environmental perturbations demonstrate that a given amount of sleep can be produced by many combinations of underlying P(Wake) and P(Doze). We show that measuring sleep pressure and depth continuously, without disturbing on-going behavior, provides greater mechanistic insight into behavior than measuring the amount of sleep alone.
Consumers’ intention to patronize food trucks: An application of the theory of planned behavior

ABSTRACTThis study examines customers’ food truck patronage intention based on the theory of planned behavior with an additional path from subjective norm to attitude and an additional variable; pa...
Mechanisms of mitral regurgitation after percutaneous mitral valve repair with the MitraClip.

AIMS We sought to find the morphological mechanisms of recurrent mitral regurgitation (MR) after MitraClip procedure using 3D transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE). METHODS AND RESULTS Of 478 consecutive patients treated with the initial MitraClip procedure, 41 patients who underwent repeat mitral valve (MV) transcatheter or surgical intervention for recurrent MR were retrospectively reviewed. Using 3D-TOE, we investigated morphological changes of MV leading to repeat MV intervention. Aetiology of MR at the index intervention was primary in 24 (59%) and secondary in 17 (41%) patients. In the primary MR group, worsening leaflet prolapse at the clip site caused recurrent MR in 12 (50%) patients, while 7 (29%) patients had a leaflet tear at the clip site. Acute single leaflet device detachment was seen in four patients and one patient had recurrent MR between the plug and the clip. In secondary MR, left ventricular (LV)/left atrial dilation caused recurrent MR in 13 (76%) patients. Significant increase in the LV end-diastolic volume and tenting height were observed from post-index procedure to repeat intervention (LV end-diastolic volume; from 205 to 237 ml, P < 0.001, tenting height; from 0.8 to 1.3 cm, P < 0.001). New emergent leaflet prolapse/flail was seen in 3 (18%) patients, suggesting iatrogenic MR. CONCLUSION Mechanisms of recurrent MR after MitraClip procedure varied and depended on the underlying MV pathology: in primary MR, worsening mitral leaflet prolapse and in secondary MR, progressive LV dilation with worsening tenting were the main causes of recurrent MR.
An Exploration of Form Factors for Sleep-Olfactory Interfaces

Releasing scent during sleep has been shown to influence the emotional valence of dreams, reduce cigarette smoking behavior, strengthen memories as well as enhance restorative slow-wave activity. Nevertheless, current scent technologies used in sleep laboratories are not portable and require the use of nasal masks and large olfactometers. In this paper we investigated the preferred form factor and acceptance of a set of biometric wearables that can release scent based on the user’s physiological state. We conducted an online survey with 163 participants and evaluated 8 different form factors. The results showed that 73.5% of the subjects preferred the designs that are not wearable during the night but that can be worn during the day. We provide insights to take into account for the design of next generation sleep-olfactory technologies. We provide a literature review of sleep and scent studies and discuss the opportunities for well-being and memory applications.
Scan-wise adaptive remeshing for efficient LPBF process simulation: The thermal problem

Abstract Understanding parts thermal history during the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) process is crucial since it can help avoiding manufacturing defects, identifying hotspots, saving time and cost associated with experimental analysis. For the case of LPBF, however, numerical methods are computationally expensive whenever the thermal history of a relatively large part is required. This paper proposes a scan-wise adaptive remeshing framework using tetrahedral elements that can simulate the process efficiently, and better capture complex features than using hexahedral elements. Results from four structures demonstrated the efficiency of the proposed work compared to the layer-wise remeshing and the uniform mesh approach.
Thromboresistance of Silicones Modified with PEO-Silane Amphiphiles

The antifouling properties of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-silane amphiphiles as surface-modifying additives (SMAs) in a condensation cure silicone have been previously demonstrated against simple protein solutions. Comprising an oligo(dimethylsiloxane) tether (m = 13 or 30) and PEO segment (n = 8), sustained protein resistance was achieved even in the absence of a cross-linkable triethoxysilane group, particularly when comprising the longer tether. To probe their potential for thromboresistance, PEO-silane amphiphile SMAs were used to bulk-modify silicones and evaluated for adhesion resistance against whole human blood under both static and dynamic conditions. Both a cross-linkable (XL diblock, m = 13) and a non-cross-linkable (Diblock, m = 30) SMA were evaluated at various concentrations (5-50 μmol SMA/g silicone) in a condensation cure silicone. Under static conditions, silicones modified with either SMA at concentrations of 10 μmol/g or greater were effective in reducing adhesion of human fibrinogen and platelets. Dynamic testing further showed that modified silicones were able to reduce protein adsorption and thrombus formation. This occurred at 5 and 10 μmol/g for silicones modified with XL diblock, m = 13 and Diblock, m = 30 SMAs, respectively. Combined, these results indicate the effectiveness of PEO-silane amphiphiles as SMAs in silicone for improved thromboresistance.
Crime and social cognition: a meta-analytic review of the developmental roots of adult criminal thinking

In an effort to investigate and verify the developmental roots of adult criminal thinking, a meta-analysis was performed on nine social cognitive variables organized into three clusters and hypothesized to precede the criminal thinking dimensions of proactive criminal thinking, reactive criminal thinking, and criminal identity. The three proactive antecedents were moral disengagement, neutralization, and positive outcome expectancies for crime; the three reactive antecedents were hostile attribution biases, temporal discounting, and thrill/sensation seeking; and the three criminal identity antecedents were criminal self-efficacy, feared possible selves, and reflected appraisals. A series of random effects meta-analyses were performed, the results of which revealed the presence of significant pooled effect sizes for the proactive (k = 26, r = 0.34), reactive (k = 25, r = 0.25), and criminal identity (k = 11, r = 0.24) antecedents as correlates of juvenile delinquency and adult crime. Restricting the analyses to studies with prospective data indicated that each antecedent cluster successfully predicted future offending. The results of this meta-analytic review denote that social cognitive variables proposed to serve as antecedents to adult criminal thinking both correlate with and predict delinquency and general offending in adolescent populations.
Bridging the Structural Gap Between Encoding and Decoding for Data-To-Text Generation

Generating sequential natural language descriptions from graph-structured data (e.g., knowledge graph) is challenging, partly because of the structural differences between the input graph and the output text. Hence, popular sequence-to-sequence models, which require serialized input, are not a natural fit for this task. Graph neural networks, on the other hand, can better encode the input graph but broaden the structural gap between the encoder and decoder, making faithful generation difficult. To narrow this gap, we propose DualEnc, a dual encoding model that can not only incorporate the graph structure, but can also cater to the linear structure of the output text. Empirical comparisons with strong single-encoder baselines demonstrate that dual encoding can significantly improve the quality of the generated text.
Prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease among pediatric patients with hidradenitis suppurativa and the potential role of screening with fecal calprotectin.

Background/objectives Previous studies have demonstrated an increased prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in adults with hidradenitis suppurativa (HS). Whether the same association exists in pediatric patients is unknown. Fecal calprotectin (FC) is used to screen and monitor disease activity in IBD. There are no data on using FC to screen for IBD in pediatric patients with HS. Study objectives include a) assessing the prevalence of IBD among pediatric patients with HS; b) characterizing the IBD phenotype among pediatric patients with HS; and c) describing the use of FC as a screening tool for IBD in this population. Design/methods This retrospective chart review was conducted at a single academic children's hospital. We included patients ≤18 years old diagnosed with HS between 2013 and 2018. Results We identified 109 pediatric patients with HS. Six patients (6/109, 5.5%) were diagnosed with IBD, 83.3% (5/6) classified as ulcerative colitis. Almost half (53/109, 48.6%) of HS patients had gastrointestinal symptoms; of those, 11.3% (6/53) were diagnosed with IBD. FC was obtained in 8.3% (9/109) of HS patients overall and 66.7% (4/6) of HS patients diagnosed with IBD. Among patients with gastrointestinal symptoms, FC was obtained in 17.0% (9/53); endoscopy was performed in 24.5% (13/53). FC was elevated in all patients with IBD with an FC level. Of those with elevated FC, 80.0% (4/5) had IBD. Conclusions Pediatric HS may be associated with an increased prevalence of IBD suggesting that more widespread screening for IBD may be indicated. FC is infrequently used but may be a useful screening tool.
Family Policy: Failed Liberalism and Lost Sensibilities

Turmoil over fundamental human rights in sexual preferences suggested lost liberalism and sensibilities. Family disintegration is rampant due to a failed, bad capitalism leading to poor paying jobs and most couples having to work too many hours. Extreme Greed is expressed through businesses who are involved in “Phishing for Phools” causing way too many persons and families to over buy non-essential goods: Few Americans can find even $400 for emergencies. Metaeconomics points to failed liberalism and lost sensibilities on both the right and left political aisles. Families can be put back together only with more tolerance for, and respect for, the right to be a person. The issue is the content of the shared Other-interest, widely shared. It is about moral and ethical of said Other-interest.
Talking on the Telephone: Rock & Roll and Teen Pop: Various Artists, Bear Family Records BCD 17,599, 2020, CD, $11.49

Obsessive-compulsive behavior is mandatory among staff members at Bear Family Records in Hamburg, Germany. Details matter. Completeness is a virtue. No audio stone is left unturned on any record co...
Parental male and female convict cichlids assess and respond to threats differently depending on intruder species

Abstract In this field experiment, we presented pairs of monogamous convict cichlids with different intruders (conspecific and either cichlid or non-cichlid heterospecific) and observed the aggressive behavior of the pair to determine if pairs adjust aggression based upon species of intruder. We predicted that pairs would be more aggressive to conspecifics as these intruders represent multiple threats. The overall pair aggression was significantly higher to the conspecific intruder than to either heterospecific intruder. We also predicted that within pairs, the sexes might differ in how they assessed the risk represented by the intruders and might respond differently. Indeed, females were significantly more aggressive to the conspecific than to either heterospecific whereas males were more aggressive to the conspecific only compared to the non-cichlid heterospecific. These results suggest parental convict cichlids differently assess the risk posed by an intruder and then adjust aggression to different species of intruder. It also supports that the aggressive roles within a pair are flexible and that males and females modulate their behavior differently in response to different species of intruders perhaps based on differences in risk assessment.
Randomness and Providence: Defining the Problem(s)

In this chapter, we outline the various problems that ontological randomness is supposed to present to God’s providence, as understood by traditional monotheistic religions. We begin by defining various notions of randomness and identify putative examples. We then outline three conceptions of divine providence: Super Meticulous, Meticulous, and General Providence. We go on to articulate the problems that randomness is thought to pose for God’s providence, especially problems concerning God’s omnipotence, omniscience, and omnibenevolence. We explore how the different conceptions of God’s providence fare with respect to these problems and gesture toward some possible responses.
A Preclinical Medical School Curriculum on Firearm Violence to Develop Patient Counseling and Foundational Health Policy Skills.

Firearm violence is a unique public health crisis in the USA (US). A majority of U.S. physicians believe they should discuss firearm safety with patients. However, little education on firearm injur...
Cross-Sectional Imperfections and Column Stability

A method to determine the elastic buckling strength of imperfect closed polygon columns has been developed. A set of eight equilibrium equations was developed but was reduced to a set of four equations by eliminating the displacements at a typical midpoint node. Typical corner displacements were expanded by Fourier series and a 4 x 4 stability matrix was obtained. Matrix size was independent of the number of sides of the closed polygon. Design curves are given for representative imperfections and geometric parameters for several different polygon shapes.
Brief of Professors of Public International Law and Comparative Law as Amici Curiae in Support of Respondents in Samantar v. Yousuf

This amicus curiae brief refutes two unsupported assertions made by the Petitioner in Samantar v. Yousuf, U.S. Supreme Court Case No. 08-1555. First, Petitioner asserts that “pre-1976 common law immunized a state’s officials for their official acts.” He relies heavily on this assertion for his conclusion that the FSIA should be read to include former foreign officials notwithstanding the FSIA’s omission of any reference to individuals in its definition of the term “foreign state.” See 28 U.S.C. § 1603(a). Second, Petitioner claims that “the overwhelming current international authority” provides immunity to former foreign officials sued in their personal capacity for acts of torture and extrajudicial killing. The authorities Petitioner cites, and significant authorities that he omits to cite, do not support these assertions. Non-FSIA sources of foreign official immunity do not provide a blanket shield from personal liability for universally recognized international law violations, even if such violations were committed by individuals who held government positions.
What Does It Mean for a Computer to Do Diagrammatic Reasoning? A Functional Characterization of Diagrammatic Reasoning and Its Implications

One might have thought that the issue of use of mental images in reasoning has been put to rest after years of debate, but one would be wrong. The journal Behavioral and Brain Sciences will soon publish a paper by Zenon Pylyshyn, which restates his earlier thesis - this time as a null hypothesis that cannot yet be rejected - that images do not play any role in reasoning, and that information which people often think they get from images when reasoning is really tacit knowledge that they already have. He does not compare the case of use of mental images with the case when the reasoner uses an external diagram for the same problem, so it is not clear if in those cases also he would claim that the diagram does not play a role. In any case, one might think that this is an issue for psychology, but not for artificial intelligence. However, conceptually, unless one has a robot with a vision system and the robot draws a diagram on a surface and uses its visual system to extract information as it reasons about a situation, any claim that a computer program performs diagrammatic reasoning in some situation has a status similar to that of the claims of human use of mental imagery during reasoning. In parallel with skeptics such as Pylyshyn of the role of images in reasoning, there are those in artificial intelligence who claim that the idea of diagrammatic reasoning by a computer is incoherent: what it means for the internal representation to be an image or a depiction is not clear, and the objections to "seeing" or perceiving information in such an image apply equally to the human and the computer cases. I do not think that the idea of computers performing diagrammatic reasoning is incoherent. I will argue my position on this by characterizing diagrammatic reasoning functionally. Then, I will argue that a computer program can be said to be performing this kind of reasoning if there exists a coherent and non-vacuous level of description of the operations of the program that satisfies the functional properties. Along the way, I will identify diagrammatic reasoning as an instance of a larger class of reasoning in which a model of some kind is used to get some information about a situation. Psychology has many more constraints about what sorts of models are available than artificial intelligence, which may be, at least in theory, freer in this regard.