cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unusual Internal Carotid Artery Branching That Prevented Arterial Occlusion With a Balloon‐Tipped Catheter in a Horse

A mare with hemorrhage caused by guttural pouch mycosis was treated by insertion of a balloon-tipped catheter into the left internal carotid artery. During recovery from general anesthesia, the mare had profuse epistaxis, and was anesthetized again to determine the site of hemorrhage. The affected guttural pouch was opened to confirm that hemorrhage was from the left internal carotid artery. The mare was euthanatized, and, at necropsy, the balloon catheter was found in an aberrant branch that arose from the internal carotid artery and joined the basilar artery. The mycotic plaque was on the left internal carotid artery, distal to the origin of the aberrant branch, so that the balloon did not obstruct retrograde flow through the infected segment. Additional dissection of the internal carotid artery before insertion of a balloon catheter is recommended to identify any aberrant branches. Ligation of aberrant branches at their bifurcation with the internal carotid artery is recommended to prevent both inadvertent catheterization and retrograde flow from the cerebral arterial circle.
THE EFFECTS OF EXTREME COLD ON MAJOR EXTRACRANIAL ARTERIES AND VEINS.

Extreme cold has been focally applied to major extracranial arteries and veins in the cat. Reversible slowing of circulation and vascular occlusion have been shown to occur from this application. Following rewarming no acute changes within the lumen of the blood vessels have been observed radiographically and permanent thrombosis does not result after freezing of segments up to 30 minutes. Possible uses for this modality in cerebrovascular surgery are discussed.
Factors Controlling Alkylbenzene and Tetrachloroethene Desorption from Municipal Solid Waste Components

Desorption rates of toluene, o-xylene and tetrachloroethene from individual municipal solid waste components [high-density polyethylene (HDPE); poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC); office paper; newsprint; ...
Choline deficiency alters global histone methylation and epigenetic marking at the Re1 site of the calbindin 1 gene.

Maternal choline availability is essential for fetal neurogenesis. Choline deprivation (CD) causes hypomethylation of specific CpG islands in genes controlling cell cycling in fetal hippocampus. We now report that, in C57BL/6 mice, CD during gestational days 12–17 also altered methylation of the histone H3 in E17 fetal hippocampi. In the ventricular and subventricular zones, monomethyl-lysine 9 of H3 (H3K9me1) was decreased by 25% (P<0.01), and in the pyramidal layer, dimethyl-lysine 9 of H3 (H3K9me2) was decreased by 37% (P<0.05). These changes were region specific and were not observed in whole-brain preparations. Also, the same effects of CD on H3 methylation were observed in E14 neural progenitor cells (NPCs) in culture. Changes in G9a histone methyltransferase might mediate altered H3K9me2,1. Gene expression of G9a was decreased by 80% in CD NPCs (P<0.001). In CD, H3 was hypomethylated upstream of the RE1 binding site in the calbindin 1 promoter, and 1 CpG site within the calbindin1 promoter was hypermethylated. REST binding to RE1 (recruits G9a) was decreased by 45% (P<0.01) in CD. These changes resulted in increased expression of calbindin 1 in CD (260%; P<0.05). Thus, CD modulates histone methylation in NPCs, and this could underlie the observed changes in neurogenesis.—Mehedint, M. G., Niculescu, M. D., Craciunescu, C. N., Zeisel, S. H. Choline deficiency alters global histone methylation and epigenetic marking at the Re1 site of the calbindin 1 gene.
Abstract 5587: Bitter melon (Momordica charantia) extract suppresses adrenocortical cancer cell proliferation and growth through modulation of the cell cycle pathway and steroidogenic activity

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Malignant adrenal tumors or adrenocortical carcinomas are relatively rare; however, this form of cancer is highly malignant and presents with extremely poor prognosis as a consequence of metastasis or local invasion at the time of diagnosis. One of the approaches to control cancer progression and reduce cancer risk is prevention through diet. Bitter melon is widely consumed as a vegetable and especially as a traditional medicine in China, India, Japan, and Taiwan. In this study, we have used human and mouse adrenocortical cancer cells, H295R and Y1, respectively, as an in vitro model to assess the efficacy of bitter melon extract (BME) as an anticancer agent. First, we find that BME treatment of adrenocortical cancer cells results in a significant dose-dependent decrease in cell proliferation and growth. We also find that bitter melon extract has stronger anti-proliferation effect than blueberry extract on adrenocortical cancer cells. As expected, extracts from Acorn squash and Zucchini, two vegetables from the same Family of Cucurbitaceae as bitter melon, do not decrease cell proliferation in adrenocortical cancer cells. Second, apoptosis of adrenocortical cancer cells is accompanied by increased caspase activation and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage. Further studies reveal that BME treatment enhances p53, p21, Mdm2, and ATF3 and inhibits cyclin D1, cyclin D2, cycline D3, mTOR, and JNK expression, suggesting an additional mechanism involving cell cycle regulation, cell motility, cell survival, and cell differentiation. Third, BME treatment also decreases steroidogenic activities in adrenocortical cancer cells by Western blotting and reporter gene assay. BME treatment of adrenocortical cancer cells results in a significant dose-dependent decrease in levels of NR5A1/SF1, MC2R, StAR proteins. Interestingly, we find that BME treatment decreases the level of phospho-CDK7, which is required, at least in part, for NR5A1/SF1 activation. Taken together, these data illustrate that inhibitory effect of bitter melon on the growth and proliferation of adrenocortical cancer cells through modulation of the cell cycle regulation and steroidogenic pathways. Therefore, BME can be used as a dietary supplement for prevention of adrenocortical cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5587. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-5587
Global phase diagram for a spin-3/2 Ising model of ternary fluid mixtures

Recently, we introduced a lattice-gas model of a ternary fluid mixture, and located a nonsymmetric tricritical point within the mean-field approximation. Here, we present the global phase diagram in the four-dimensional space composed of temperature ($T$) and the chemical potentials (${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{1},{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{2},{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{3}$) corresponding to the three types of constituent molecules. We believe many features of the model phase diagram have quite general validity, and experimental testing of our predictions is suggested. Our results are consistent with Gibbs phase rule, but they go beyond it, by predicting the number of critical and coexistence surfaces of a given order, and their connectivity properties.
International Graduate Science Training and Scientific Collaboration

Graduate training abroad is typical for scientists in developing countries. Owing to resource scarcities, collaboration is a common form of research for these same individuals. Yet few studies have examined the linkage between graduate education and scientific collaboration. This article examines this question in a population of scientists who have experienced the simultaneous influence of three scientifically strong training systems: Australia, Japan and the US. Survey data from 312 agricultural scientists in two Philippine locations are used to explore the relationships between graduate education, Internet use, professional networks and scientific collaboration. The findings show that most collaboration is domestic, but the most common international collaborations are Japanese, followed by Australian and finally US collaborations. Japanese training, but not professional networks, is associated with such collaborations, while US and Australian training appear unimportant to collaborations in these locati...
ANALYSIS OF TASK DIFFICULTY UNDER VARYING CONDITIONS OF INDUCED STRESS

Two tasks (simple and choice reaction time) were examined while varying three types of stressors (shock, threat of shock, and noise) and the stressor task relationship (i.e., task-related stress, task-unrelated stress, and no-stress). Four specific hypotheses were tested and 3 were supported in the simple reaction-time task. There were no significant differences among stressors for either task, although greater differences were reported in the simple than in the choice reaction-time task. A significant difference between the “task-relatedness” of stress levels in the simple task was interpreted as possibly due to a “coping” or “protective adaptive mechanism” in which increases in performance serve to reduce stress. Practical applications were examined.
Effect of oscillating flow on combustion rate of coal particles

Abstract The burning times of captive coal particles (1–3 mm in diameter) in oscillating flow of controlled velocity amplitude and frequency have been measured. This study was undertaken to explain the high values of combustion intensities reported in experiments with pulsating combustors. The experimental data, presented herein, indicate that higher values of the ratio of the air displacement amplitude to the initial radius of the coal particle result in greater reduction in the burning time. The experiments also revealed the existence of two-stage combustion for the residue: shell burning, for which the combustion rate is controlled by the rate of oxygen transport in the gas phase; and core burning, for which the combustion rate is controlled by the rate of diffusion of oxygen through the porous ash layer formed during combustion. A theoretical model is discussed which explains the effect of the ash layer on the combustion rate of the particle. This model shows that the reduction in burning time of a particle of ash-forming coal (for which the ash does not flake off) caused by the enhanced rate of oxygen transport in the gas phase may be significantly less than the corresponding reduction in burning time of a coal particle for which the ash layer is absent.
Redescription of the mongolian sauropod nemegtosaurus mongoliensis nowinski (dinosauria: Saurischia) and comments on late cretaceous sauropod diversity

Synopsis The isolated skulls of Nemegtosaurus mongoliensis and Quaesitosaurus orientalis from the Nemegt Basin of Mongolia are among the most complete sauropod cranial remains known from the Late Cretaceous, yet their evolutionary relationships to other neosauropods have remained uncertain. Redescription of the skull of Nemegtosaurus identifies key features that link it and its closely related counterpart Quaesitosaurus to titanosaur sauropods. These include a posterolaterally orientated quadrate fossa, ‘rocker'‐like palatobasal contact, pterygoid with reduced quadrate flange and a novel basisphenoid‐quadrate contact. Other features are exclusive to Nemegtosaurus and Quaesitosaurus, such as the presence of a symphyseal eminence on the external aspect of the premaxillae, a highly vascularised tooth bearing portion of the maxilla, an enclosed ‘maxillary canal’, orbital ornamentation on the postorbital, prefrontal and frontal, exclusion of the squamosal from the supratemporal fenestra and dentary teeth small...
Tests for differences in dispersion based on quantiles

Abstract It is commonly known that the validity of the F test for testing differences in variability is highly sensitive to the assumption that the population distributions are normal. Hence there is a need for nonparametric tests that do not rely on the assumption of normal population distributions. Several nonparametric tests for testing differences in dispersion have been developed in the past 40 years. These include Mood's test, Klotz's test, and the Siegel-Tukey test. Unfortunately, many of these tests do not have a natural or easily calculated measure of dispersion associated with them. This article introduces a test for differences in dispersion based on quantiles that is easy to compute and readily comprehended by the casual user of statistics.
A restaurant case study of lease accounting impacts of proposed changes in lease accounting rules

Purpose – New lease accounting rules are proposed that will fundamentally change the way leases are accounted for and reported in financial statements. This paper seeks to provide information on the proposed new rules and to illustrate their impact on financial statements and financial ratios using a single restaurant company.Design/methodology/approach – The case of a single restaurant company, CEC International, is used to illustrate the potential impact of the new rules. Additional examples are used to illustrate the impact on financial policies. Financial statements were adjusted and various financial ratios such as interest coverage, leverage and profitability ratios were computed before and after capitalization.Findings – The results show that financial statements presented will change dramatically when lease assets and liabilities are added to the balance‐sheet. The expense recognition pattern will change significantly and negatively impact performance measures such as interest coverage and capital...
On the Cyclic Symmetry Classes

Abstract The dimensions of the symmetry classes of tensors associated with the product of cyclic subgroups of the symmetric group are explicitly given in terms of the Ramanujan sum. It can also be expressed as the Euler φ-function and the Mobius function. The results of a paper of Cummings (1976, J. Algebra 40 , 401–405) are extended.
Rhetorica ad Herennium: Commentary and translation of book I

(1949). Rhetorica ad Herennium: Commentary and translation of book I. Speech Monographs: Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 57-68.
Poly{ferrocene(phenylene)bis(silylenevinylene)}s via Platinum- and Rhodium-Catalyzed Hydrosilylation of Diethynylbenzenes with 1,1‘-Bis(dimethylsilyl)ferrocene

Ferrocene-containing polymers with one and two ferrocenes per repeat unit have been prepared via hydrosilylation polymerization of dialkynes and ferrocene-containing bis-enynes with 1,1‘-bis(dimethylsilyl)ferrocene (1) using Karstedt's catalyst (platinum-divinyltetramethyldisiloxane) and Rh(PPh3)3I. Addition of equivalent amounts of 1 and various dialkynes {RC⋮C−X−C⋮CR (R = H, SiMe3, X = C6H4 (1,4- and 1,3-); R = H, X = SiMe2; R = Ph, X = nothing)} gave polymers 2a−f with varying regiochemical distributions. All polymers were characterized using 1H, 13C, and 29Si NMR spectroscopy, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and elemental analyses. Novel ferrocene-containing bis-enynes (4a,b) were prepared by hydrosilylation addition of 1 to 2 equiv of 1,4-bis(trimethylsilyl)butadiyne and 1,4-bis(trimethylsilylethynyl)benzene, respectively. Desilylation of 4a,b gave ferrocene-containing bis(enyne)s (5a,b) that were used as monomers for the synthesis of polymers with two ferrocenes per repeat unit (6a,b). The X-ray crysta...
Quantum-well photoemission spectroscopy of atomically-uniform films

Abstract Using a low-temperature growth technique and an Fe whisker sample, atomically-uniform films of Ag on Fe(100) are prepared. Extremely sharp quantum-well peaks are obtained in these films, as peak broadening from thickness variation is eliminated. The quality of the spectra allows the observation of quantum-well peaks in films over 100 monolayers thick. Quantum-well peaks from both the sp and d states have been observed and used to map the associated bands. The elimination of broadening from thickness variation allows for the interpretation of the peak linewidths in terms of the quasiparticle lifetime and interfacial reflectivity, and the phonon contribution can be deduced from the temperature dependence of the spectra.
Relativistic point interactions: Approximation by smooth potentials

Abstract We show that the four-parameter family of one-dimensional relativistic point interactions studied by Benvegnu and Dabrowski may be approximated in the strong resolvent sense by smooth, local, short-range perturbations of the Dirac Hamiltonian. In addition, we prove that the nonrelativistic limits correspond to the Schrodinger point interactions studied extensively by the author and Paul Chernoff.
Reduced first-level representations via the reformulation-linearization technique: results, counterexamples, and computations

Abstract In this paper, we consider the reformulation-linearization technique (RLT) of Sherali and Adams (SIAM J. Discrete Math. 3 (3) (1990) 411–430, Discrete Appl. Math. 52 (1994) 83–106) and explore the generation of reduced first-level representations for 0–1 mixed-integer programs that tend to retain the strength of the full first-level linear programming relaxation. The motivation for this study is provided by the computational success of the first-level RLT representation (in full or partial form) experienced by several researchers working on various classes of problems. We show that there exists a first-level representation having only about half the RLT constraints that yields the same lower bound value via its relaxation. Accordingly, we attempt to a priori predict the form of this representation and identify many special cases for which this prediction is accurate. However, using various counter examples, we show that this prediction as well as several variants of it are not accurate in general, even for the case of a single binary variable. In addition, since the full first-level relaxation produces the convex hull representation for the case of a single binary variable, we investigate whether this is the case with respect to the reduced first-level relaxation as well, showing similarly that it holds true only for some special cases. Some empirical results on the relative merit and prediction capability of the reduced, versus the full, first-level representation are also provided.
Operon-specific control by transcription attenuation

Abstract Many amino acid biosynthetic operons of enterobacteria are regulated by transcription attenuation. Operon-specific control is achieved by the coordination of events requiring only the general components of transcription and translation.
Calcaneal-cuboid-cuneiform osteotomy for the correction of valgus foot deformities in children

We performed combination calcaneal-cuboid-cuneiform osteotomies in 18 patients (26 feet) with severe valgus foot deformity. The operation consists of a sliding calcaneal osteotomy, an opening-wedge cuboid osteotomy, and a pronation, plantar flexion closing-wedge osteotomy of the medial cuneiform in addition to appropriate soft-tissue releases. The preoperative goals of restoring the axis of the foot parallel to the axis of progression and relieving pain, as well as shoe, brace, and skin problems, were met in 23 of the 24 feet available for review at an average of 18 months after surgery. This procedure has the advantage of localized correction of deformity without the problems associated with arthrodesis.
FOOD FOR THOUGHT: COALITION PROCESS AND A COMMUNITY-BASED RESEARCH AND SERVICE-LEARNING PROJECT

Community-based research and service-learning (CBRSL) represents an important and expanding approach to academic inquiry and pedagogy employed by several fields, including cultural anthropology. Much of the theoretical work on this approach, while providing an essential foundation for research, fails to account fully for the complexities encountered in the actual practice of community-based collaborative work. Drawing on nearly a decade of my own field experience, both teaching about and participating in community-based research, I examine the concepts of “community” and “neighborhood” as they are constructed by collaborating partners to frame a discussion of the overall objectives of community-based projects. In particular, I outline and explore the lifecycle of an ongoing CBRSL project, its role in the systematic generation of local transformative knowledge, and I examine how, at each stage in its evolution, the process is shaped by the interaction of individual agents within the constraints of the cultural structure in which such research takes place. This approach is valuable because it allows us to both better understand the degree to which theoretical constructs are shared by coalition members and to explicate the ramifications that variation in understanding between members holds for project success. Success, in the case of CBRSL, is multidimensional and fluid, as expectations and goals vary between partners and shift across the lifecycle of the project. I conclude that what is of lasting value to all participants is the shared appreciation of the challenges and long-term benefits of coalition building between academic and nonacademic communities to address real world problems.
Infection of peripancreatic lymph nodes but not islets precedes Kilham rat virus-induced diabetes in BB/Wor rats.

Abstract A parvovirus serologically identified as Kilham rat virus (KRV) reproducibly induces acute type I diabetes in diabetes-resistant BB/Wor rats. The tissue tropism of KRV was investigated by in situ hybridization with a digoxigenin-labelled plasmid DNA probe containing approximately 1.6 kb of the genome of the UMass isolate of KRV. Partial sequencing of the KRV probe revealed high levels of homology to the sequence of minute virus of mice (89%) and to the sequence of H1 (99%), a parvovirus capable of infecting rats and humans. Of the 444 bases sequenced, 440 were shared by H1. KRV mRNA and DNA were readily detected in lymphoid tissues 5 days postinfection but were seldom seen in the pancreas. High levels of viral nucleic acids were observed in the thymus, spleen, and peripancreatic and cervical lymph nodes. The low levels of infection observed in the pancreas involved essentially only endothelial and interstitial cells. Beta cells of the pancreas were not infected with KRV. These findings suggest that widespread infection of peripancreatic and other lymphoid tissues but not pancreatic beta cells by KRV triggers autoimmune diabetes by perturbing the immune system of genetically predisposed BB/Wor rats.
Conspiracies and Secret Discounts in Laboratory Markets

This paper uses laboratory methods to evaluate whether price-fixing conspiracies break down in the presence of opportunities to offer secret discounts. The primary treatment difference is whether or not buyer-specific discounts from the posted list price are permitted. In standard posted-offer markets, conspiring sellers are able to find and maintain near-monopoly prices. But when the possibility of offering secret discounts is introduced, sellers are unable to sustain collusive agreements, and transactions prices fall to near-competitive levels. Secret discounts, however, do not yield consistent competitive outcomes when sellers are provided ex post information about sales quantities.
The Social Nature of Perception and Action

Humans engage in a wide range of social activities. Previous research has focused on the role of higher cognitive functions, such as mentalizing (the ability to infer others' mental states) and language processing, in social exchange. This article reviews recent studies on action perception and joint action suggesting that basic perception–action links are crucial for many social interactions. Mapping perceived actions to one's own action repertoire enables direct understanding of others' actions and supports action identification. Joint action relies on shared action representations and involves modeling of others' performance in relation to one's own. Taking the social nature of perception and action seriously not only contributes to the understanding of dedicated social processes but has the potential to create a new perspective on the individual mind and brain.
Opposition to the legitimacy of hate crime laws: The role of argument acceptance, knowledge, individual differences, and peer influence

a highly controversial legal approach in society’s response to intergroup violence. Argument acceptance, knowledge, and individual differenceswere examined in relationship to attitudes about these laws. These variables were also considered in terms of efforts to influence a peer’s beliefs about hate crime laws. Onehundred and sixty-seven participants completed a measure of knowledge of human rights laws, Gough’s Pr scale, the Selznick and Steinberg anti-Semitism scale, and Cuellar’s Machismo scale.Hate crime attitudes were measured on an affect rating scale and six statements reflecting arguments favoring and opposing hate crime laws. Pee influence was examined on Interpersonal Power Inventory (IPI). Results showed that while most participants endorsed positive attitudes about hate crime laws, men—and both women and men who endorsed machismo attitudes —were more likely to agree with media distortion and identity politics arguments opposing hate crime laws. The Pr and machismo scales predicted greater effort on the IPI to influence peer attitudes about hate crime laws, afte controlling for demographic differences of the participants. These findings indicate that more explicitly biased individuals were more effortful in trying to change the attitudes of peers concerning the legitimacy of hate crime laws . Q1 Hate crimes, and polices meant to enforce them, are a controversial legal remedy to a chronic American dilemma. Since the passage of the 1990 federal hate crimes statistics reporting act and passage in 1994 of a federal sentencing act for hate crime offenders, critics of hate crime legislation have argued the laws are divisive (Jacobs & Potter, 1998) and that the laws “don’t work” as a deterrent to
Software productivity: a framework of study and an approach to reusable components

A framework in which to study software productivity is presented. Approaches to understanding software development processes and improving software productivity include using and designing automated software development tools, studying human factors in software development, and applying software productivity measurement and evaluation techniques. An environment to facilitate the reuse of software components is described. Such an environment supports the identification, creation, categorization, storage, selection, usage, and maintenance of reusable components. A metasystem environment that allows users to define functionalities, structures, and constraints of various software components is discussed. Information about these components is used by a knowledge-based system to support the selection, configuration, and distribution of reusable components. Reasons for the slow progress in software productivity research and ways to improve it are given. >
Public relations culture, social media, and regulation

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore how practitioner culture is maintained despite legal, technical, and educational issues resulting from the deluge of social media. The authors examined the nexus of practitioner culture, social media usage, and regulatory forces like policies, authority figures, and social norms. Design/methodology/approach – To explore practitioner culture, a cultural studies approach was used. Specifically, the circuit of culture model framed data analysis. The authors conducted qualitative interviews with 20 US public relations practitioners. Findings – Social media emerged as integral for cultural maintenance at every point in the circuit of culture. Practitioners expressed shared meanings about the regulations of social media as the reinvention of communication amidst growing pains; blurred public-private boundaries; nuanced rules of netiquette; and new systems of measurement and education. Research limitations/implications – The authors propose a regulation-formality...
Power Management of Packet Switches via Differentiated Delay Targets

In this paper, we explore two novel scheduling algorithms which allow for both differentiated quality-of-service (QOS) and power conservation in input-queued packet switches. At their core is the idea of a backlog target which represents the delay sensitivity of each input/output port combination. The first algorithm, target-based projective cone scheduling (T- PCS), incorporates these targets into the well-studied projective cone scheduling algorithm, a generalized form of maximum weight matching (MWM). The second algorithm, average backlog scheduling(ABS), uses a 'memory window' to push average backlogs towards their targets. We explain the intuition behind each of these and then show, through simulation, that both exhibit high performance in terms of managing power and QOS, while simultaneously addressing these two key concerns in switches.
Equality of Educational Opportunity A 40 Year Retrospective

These words captured the popular perception of the new report by James Coleman and his colleagues, Equality of Educational Opportunity (Coleman et al., 1966). Released on July 4, 1966, in a vain attempt to avoid publicity for what were regarded as politically intemperate findings, the report was supposed to document what most assumed to be true: poor and minority children performed poorly in school because their schools lacked resources. Instead, the Coleman report (as it became known) discovered that differences among schools in average resources were not nearly as great as expected, and the impact of school resources on student achievement was modest compared to the importance of students’ family backgrounds.
Interactive proofs of proximity: delegating computation in sublinear time

We study interactive proofs with sublinear-time verifiers. These proof systems can be used to ensure approximate correctness for the results of computations delegated to an untrusted server. Following the literature on property testing, we seek proof systems where with high probability the verifier accepts every input in the language, and rejects every input that is far from the language. The verifier's query complexity (and computation complexity), as well as the communication, should all be sublinear. We call such a proof system an Interactive Proof of Proximity (IPP). On the positive side, our main result is that all languages in NC have Interactive Proofs of Proximity with roughly √n query and communication and complexities, and polylog(n) communication rounds. This is achieved by identifying a natural language, membership in an affine subspace (for a structured class of subspaces), that is complete for constructing interactive proofs of proximity, and providing efficient protocols for it. In building an IPP for this complete language, we show a tradeoff between the query and communication complexity and the number of rounds. For example, we give a 2-round protocol with roughly n3/4 queries and communication. On the negative side, we show that there exist natural languages in NC1, for which the sum of queries and communication in any constant-round interactive proof of proximity must be polynomially related to n. In particular, for any 2-round protocol, the sum of queries and communication must be at least ~Ω(√n). Finally, we construct much better IPPs for specific functions, such as bipartiteness on random or well-mixing graphs, and the majority function. The query complexities of these protocols are provably better (by exponential or polynomial factors) than what is possible in the standard property testing model, i.e. without a prover.
Factors affecting connective tissue progenitors and orthopaedic implications.

In adults, stem cell populations and progenitors are present in virtually every organ system. Throughout life, tissues are maintained by these underlying systems of cells that repair and regenerate tissues through the generation of new cells. Modulated by hormonal and local factors, these cells move through a series of hierarchical stages and processes, originating with a rare population of upstream stem cells, and progressing into more numerous, although still rare, populations of downstream transit cells and progenitor cells (Fig. 1) (1). The stages of a stem cell life cycle include: activation, self renewal, proliferation, migration, differentiation, and death or survival (Fig. 2). It is reasonable to hypothesize that factors such as gender, aging, smoking, alcohol, disease states, drugs and toxins are associated with changes in the number of stem cells and the functional parameters that determine their downstream kinetics. In vitro colony forming unit assays provide a valuable window into the number and function of stem cells and progenitor cells in various tissues. Colony forming assays identify cells that will adhere to a surface, such as tissue culture plastic, and go on to proliferate by clonal expansion to form an identifiable cluster of cells. In the case of bone marrow, this type of assay has been refined to provide insight into the concentration and prevalence of connective tissue progenitors (CTPs), including osteogenic and chondrogenic populations. With these tools it is possible to begin to methodically explore and quantify the factors that influence the number and prevalence of CTPsand the relationship between the CTP population and the health of bone and cartilage, as well as their remodeling and repair (2). This article reviews current literature regarding factors affecting CTP populations and their downstream populations.
Clock jitter estimation in noise

Clock timing jitter refers to random perturbations in the sampling time in analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). The perturbations are caused by circuit imperfections in the sampling clock. This paper analyzes the effect of sampling clock jitter on the acquired samples in the midst of quantization noise and random Gaussian noise. The paper proposes a method for estimating the jitter for cognitive radio architectures at high sampling rates. The paper also examines the fixed-point implementation of the algorithm and its theoretical performance.
Direct effect of 17β‐estradiol on striatum: Sex differences in dopamine release

The nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) system is sexually dimorphic. In female but not male rats, striatal DA activity is modulated by gonadal steroid hormones. Ovariectomy (OVX) decreases striatal DA release and turnover. Estrogen replacement restores the response to that of the intact female in estrus. In contrast, castration (CAST) of male rats has no effect on the stimulated release of DA from striatal tissue. This report addresses the question: Does estrogen act directly on the striatum to induce changes in DA release? Physiological concentrations of 17 beta-estradiol and other steroids or a nonsteroidal estrogen analog were applied directly to striatal tissue maintained in an in vitro superfusion system. The effect of hormonal treatments on the responsiveness of striatal DA terminals to stimulation was examined in tissue from OVX females and intact and CAST male rats. The results are summarized as follows: (1) Infusion of 17 beta-estradiol (p less than 0.01) and diethylstilbestrol (p less than 0.05) increased amphetamine (AMPH)-stimulated striatal DA release from striatal tissue of OVX female rats compared with the effect of cholesterol. 17 alpha-Estradiol also tended to potentiate the striatal DA response to AMPH, but this result was not statistically significant (p less than 0.062). 17 beta-Estradiol had no effect on AMPH-stimulated DA release from striatal tissue of intact male rats. (2) The KCl-stimulated release of DA from striatal tissue of OVX rats exposed in vitro to 100 pg/ml 17 beta-estradiol (a physiological dose) was significantly greater (p less than 0.05) than the response after exposure to vehicle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Characterizing the resolute part of monotonic social choice correspondences

The resolute domain of a social choice correspondence is the set of profiles at which only one alternative is selected. The Condorcet, plurality, approval voting, and maximin correspondences—restricted to their respective resolute domains—satisfy anonymity, neutrality, and a strong monotonicity condition, but are not characterized by those three conditions. We present examples illustrating this and provide additional conditions that do suffice for characterization.
Molecular Imaging of Cyclooxygenase-2 in Canine Transitional Cell Carcinomas In Vitro and In Vivo

The enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is induced at high levels in tumors, but not in surrounding normal tissues, which makes it an attractive target for molecular imaging of cancer. We evaluated the ability of novel optical imaging agent, fluorocoxib A to detect urinary bladder canine transitional cell carcinomas (K9TCC). Here, we show that fluorocoxib A uptake overlapped with COX-2 expression in primary K9TCC cells in vitro. Using subcutaneously implanted primary K9TCC in athymic mice, we demonstrate specific uptake of fluorocoxib A by COX-2-expressing K9TCC xenograft tumors in vivo. Fluorocoxib A uptake by COX-2 expressing xenograft tumors was blocked by 70% (p<0.005) when pre-treated with the COX-2 selective inhibitor, celecoxib (10 mg/kg), 4 h before intravenous administration of fluorocoxib A (1 mg/kg). Fluorocoxib A was taken up by COX-2-expressing tumors, but not by COX-2 negative human UMUC-3 xenograft tumors. UMUC-3 xenograft tumors with no expression of COX-2 showed no uptake of fluorocoxib A. In addition, fluorocoxib A uptake was evaluated in 5 dogs diagnosed with TCC. Fluorocoxib A specifically detected COX-2-expressing K9TCC during cystoscopy in vivo, but was not detected in normal urothelium. Taken together, our findings show that fluorocoxib A selectively bound to COX-2 expressing primary K9TCC cells in vitro, COX-2 expressing K9TCC xenografts tumors in nude mice and heterogeneous canine TCC during cystoscopy in vivo. Spontaneous cancers in companion animals offer a unique translational model for evaluation of novel imaging and therapeutic agents using primary cancer cells in vitro and in heterogeneous cancers in vivo.
Interventions for Adolescent Depression in Primary Care

BACKGROUND. Depression in adolescents is underrecognized and undertreated despite its poor long-term outcomes, including risk for suicide. Primary care settings may be critical venues for the identification of depression, but there is little information about the usefulness of primary care interventions. OBJECTIVE. We sought to examine the evidence for the treatment of depression in primary care settings, focusing on evidence concerning psychosocial, educational, and/or supportive intervention strategies. METHODS. Available data on brief psychosocial treatments for adolescent depression in primary settings were reviewed. Given the paucity of direct studies, we also drew on related literature to summarize available evidence whether brief, psychosocial support from a member of the primary care team, with or without medication, might improve depression outcomes. RESULTS. We identified 37 studies relevant to treating adolescent depression in primary care settings. Only 4 studies directly examined the impact of primary care–delivered psychosocial interventions for adolescent depression, but they suggest that such interventions can be effective. Indirect evidence from other psychosocial/behavioral interventions, including anticipatory guidance and efforts to enhance treatment adherence, and adult depression studies also show benefits of primary care–delivered interventions as well as the impact of provider training to enhance psychosocial skills. CONCLUSIONS. There is potential for successful treatment of adolescent depression in primary care, in view of evidence that brief, psychosocial support, with or without medication, has been shown to improve a range of outcomes, including adolescent depression itself. Given the great public health problem posed by adolescent depression, the likelihood that most depressed adolescents will not receive specialty services, and new guidelines for managing adolescent depression in primary care, clinicians may usefully consider initiation of supportive interventions in their primary care practices.
Analyzing the Integration of Cognitive Radio and Cloud Computing for Secure Networking

Abstract The focus of this research paper is twofold: First, we discuss some of the critical issues and challenges currently inhibiting the realization of a cognitive radio network (CRN). Those problems include the utilization of jammers to prevent the spectrum sensing and communication. Primary User Emulation (PUE) still pose a significant mitigation challenge, as well as traffic injected attacks. Second, we discuss the possibility of combining the cognitive radios (CRs) within the cloud operating architecture. We present a comprehensive critical analysis of the existing research efforts to integrate these two diverge fields. We identify critical issues and challenges that need to be addressed to successfully integrate the CRs into cloud computing paradigm. In this paper, we also discuss the future scope and directions that need to be taken to maximize the benefits that the venture of these two fields could bring to the service users and providers.
Zygote Transfer to Facilitate Altered Expression of Immunoglobulin Light Chain Phenotypes in Homozygous Rabbits

SummaryBy the techniques of zygote transfer and allotype suppression, b5 homozygous rabbits were produced with an altered expression of immunoglobulin light chain allotypes; i.e., at 24 weeks of age, only 27% of the total γG was b5γG compared to 90% in nonsuppressed homozygotes. Of the 73% b-negative molecules, 44% were c7γG and 29% were both b- and c-negative. These results suggest that there may be at least three “loci” which control the synthesis of light chains.
Using Temperature-Mediated Functional Response Models to Predict the Impact of Coleomegilla maculata (DeGeer) Adults and 3rd-Instar Larvae on Green Peach Aphids

The effects of temperature and prey density on Coleomegilla maculata (DeGeer) feeding on Myzus persicae (Sulzer) were determined to quantify their impact on the C. maculata-M. persicae interaction. Seven temperatures ranging from 15.6 to 32.2° C were employed in the study. Nine prey densities per temperature and two predator and prey age classes per prey density were also used. An enzyme kinetic equation was used to describe the change with temperature in the green peach aphid intrinsic rates of increase and the C. maculata larval and adult search rates. The larval and adult handling rates were determined to be linearly related to temperature over the range studied. The short-term impact of C. maculata adults and 3rd-instar larvae on green peach aphids was simulated by substituting these equations into two aphid growth rate models. Both models predicted that C. maculata 3rd-instar larvae and adults would be most effective in reducing the aphid population in temperatures above 29° C.
Arguments Considered Prior to the Establishment of the Bank of Canada: Evidence from the Proceedings of the Macmillan Commission

Why did the Canadian government choose to establish a central bank in Canada in 1934? Why did the relatively poorer experience of the United States, who had a centralized system, not deter Canada from changing its relatively decentralized system, which appeared to do so well by comparison? Why didn’t the system move, if anything, more towards free banking rather than away from it? The purpose of this paper is to shed some light on these questions by closely examining the proceedings from the Macmillan Commission, which was formed by the government in Canada in 1933 specifically to examine the government’s role and/or potential role in the monetary system. I examine and discuss the arguments actually presented in the Macmillan Commission and discuss why, when combined with the world views and perceptions of those in the commission itself, the commission was inevitably led to recommend the establishment of a Canadian central bank. Of particular note is the fact that the free banking alternative was apparently never considered at all.
NMR of Oriented Flexible Molecules

One- and two-dimensional proton spectra of flexible molecules (containing up to 18 hydrogen atoms) oriented in liquid or solid matrices are measured. These spectra combined with model calculations provide information about the orientation and motion of the guest molecules.
River Management with Submerged Vanes

Submerged vanes are an unobtrusive and cost-effective way for river engineers to address many problems associated with river management. The vanes are small flow-training structures designed and installed on the riverbed to modify the near-bed flow pattern and redistribute flow and sediment transport within the channel cross section. The structures are laid out so they create and maintain a flow and bed topography that is consistent with that of a stable channel creating optimum conditions for managing the river. A relatively new technology, submerged vanes are a low-impact method for restoring river banks, stabilizing or re-meandering river reaches previously modified (straightened) by humans, increasing flood flow capacity, reducing sediment deposits, and helping maintain or enhance the ecosystem in and around rivers. Following laboratory research and feedback from field installations, guidelines are now available for designs that are effective and sustainable. The experience summarized herein suggests that vanes are an attractive technology for managing streams of all sizes ranging from small creeks to large, braided rivers like Brahmaputra.
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Applications

While a common set of core STR markers (e.g., the 13 CODIS STRs) are widely used in human identity testing, additional genetic markers, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), will likely play a role in future applications beyond traditional identity testing. In some cases, ancestry informative markers (AIMs) can be useful in estimating the ethnic origin of a sample. As additional information is gleaned from genome studies, genetic markers for physical traits may be discovered to enable phenotypic evaluation. Insertion/deletions (Indels) are also bi-allelic markers that are being explored for forensic applications.
THE CORRELATION OF ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOPHYSICAL MEASURES: THE ELECTRORETINOGRAM*

In broad historical context psychophysics is a branch of psychology that studies the effect of physical processes upon mental processes of an organism. Its early goal was to develop a scientific means of investigating relations between the mind and the body or, in other words, between the psychical and physical realms. But this is not the concern today. Now, psychophysics refers to a set of behavioral methods for investigating sensory function and to the data that are produced. Furthermore, the results are interpreted in physiological, not mentalistic, terms.