cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Black Pregnant Women "Get the Most Judgment": A Qualitative Study of the Experiences of Black Women at the Intersection of Race, Gender, and Pregnancy.

Abstract Background Pronounced racial disparities in maternal and infant health outcomes persist in the United States. Using an ecosocial and intersectionality framework and biopsychosocial model of health, we aimed to understand Black pregnant women's experiences of gendered racism during pregnancy. Methods We conducted semistructured interviews with 24 Black pregnant women in New Haven, Connecticut. We asked women about their experience of being pregnant, experiences of gendered racism, and concerns related to pregnancy and parenting Black children. Transcripts were coded by three trained analysts using grounded theory techniques. Results Women experienced gendered racism during pregnancy—racialized pregnancy stigma—in the form of stereotypes stigmatizing Black motherhood that devalued Black pregnancies. Women reported encountering assumptions that they had low incomes, were single, and had multiple children, regardless of socioeconomic status, marital status, or parity. Women encountered racialized pregnancy stigma in everyday, health care, social services, and housing-related contexts, making it difficult to complete tasks without scrutiny. For many, racialized pregnancy stigma was a source of stress. To counteract these stereotypes, women used a variety of coping responses, including positive self-definition. Conclusions Racialized pregnancy stigma may contribute to poorer maternal and infant outcomes by way of reduced access to quality health care; impediments to services, resources, and social support; and poorer psychological health. Interventions to address racialized pregnancy stigma and its adverse consequences include anti-bias training for health care and social service providers; screening for racialized pregnancy stigma and providing evidence-based coping strategies; creating pregnancy support groups; and developing a broader societal discourse that values Black women and their pregnancies.
Change in housing environment and residential satisfaction following exit from permanent supportive housing

Moving On initiatives (MOIs) transition stable permanent supportive housing (PSH) residents into mainstream housing without embedded services. While this approach frees up PSH for homeless individuals in need, open questions remain regarding MOI recipients' long-term outcomes. This exploratory study examines how housing environment and residential satisfaction, potential predictors of housing retention, change from PSH to mainstream housing. Subjective assessments of housing and neighborhood quality and residential satisfaction, as well as objective neighborhood-level data, are used to examine housing-related change for New York City MOI recipients. Participants generally moved to less-distressed neighborhoods with lower poverty and crime. Subjective perceptions of some aspects of neighborhood and housing quality also improved post-move. Participants tended to move farther from public transportation but were on average located within one mile of the nearest subway station. Results can be taken as early indicators of the potential benefits of MOIs.
Last Exit Before Toll: Venture Capital and Liquidity Pressure

We study the impact of traditional venture capital funds’ (VC) limited lifespan on the timing and outcome of their portfolio firms’ exit events. We find that portfolio firms backed by funds approaching maturity experience quicker initial public offerings and selloffs, consistent with the idea that the liquidity pressure faced by older funds influences the venture capital exit cycle. VCs under liquidity pressure are more likely to sell their portfolio firms off versus taking them public and are more likely to trigger exits during cold markets. Focusing on initial public offerings, we document that firms backed by VCs that are under liquidity pressure raise less capital at the IPO, issue more secondary shares, and have shorter lockup periods. Moreover, IPO firms experience significantly larger trading volume and lower stock returns around the expiration of their lockup periods if they are backed by older funds, consistent with a larger selling pressure by these VCs, and this lockup effect is amplified if there are multiple VC firms facing liquidity pressure. Our results indicate that VC funds’ limited lifespan — a standard contractual feature intended to alleviate agency problems between general partners and limited partners — influences the venture capital exit cycle and imposes externalities on VC-backed portfolio firms.
Preliminary functional analysis of the subgingival microbiota of cats with periodontitis and feline chronic gingivostomatitis

The subgingival microbial communities of domestic cats remain incompletely characterized and it is unknown whether their functional profiles are associated with disease. In this study, we used a shotgun metagenomic approach to explore the functional potential of subgingival microbial communities in client-owned cats, comparing findings between periodontally healthy cats and cats with naturally occurring chronic periodontitis, aggressive periodontitis, and feline chronic gingivostomatitis. Subgingival samples were subjected to shotgun sequencing and the metagenomic datasets were analyzed using the MG-RAST metagenomic analysis server and STAMP v2.1.3 (Statistical Analysis of Metagenomic Profiles) software. The microbial composition was also described to better understand the predicted features of the communities. The Respiration category in the level 1 Subsystems database varied significantly among groups. In this category, the abundance of V-Type ATP-synthase and Biogenesis of cytochrome c oxidases were significantly enriched in the diseased and in the healthy groups, respectively. Both features have been previously described in periodontal studies in people and are in consonance with the microbial composition of feline subgingival sites. In addition, the narH (nitrate reductase) gene frequency, identified using the KEGG Orthology database, was significantly increased in the healthy group. The results of this study provide preliminary functional insights of the microbial communities associated with periodontitis in domestic cats and suggest that the ATP-synthase and nitrate-nitrite-NO pathways may represent appropriate targets for the treatment of this common disease.
The association between physician knowledge and inappropriate medications for older populations.

BACKGROUND Older patients are often prescribed potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) given their age. We measured the association between a physician's general knowledge and their PIM prescribing. METHODS Using a 2013-2017 cross-sectional design, we related a general internist's knowledge (n = 8196) to their prescribing of PIMs to fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries, age ≥ 66 years with part D coverage, which they saw in the outpatient setting the year after their exam (n = 875,132). Physician knowledge was based on the American Board of Internal Medicine's (ABIM) Internal Medicine Maintenance of Certification (IM-MOC) exam scores. Medications included 72 PIMs from the American Geriatric Society's Beers Criteria and appropriate alternatives to these medications. Logistic regressions controlled for physicians practice/training characteristics and patient-risk factors. RESULTS Annually, 11.0% of patients received a PIM and 57.2% received an appropriate alternative medication. Patients seen by physicians scoring in the top versus bottom quartile were 8.6% less likely (95% confidence interval [CI]: -12.7 to -4.5, p < 0.001) to be prescribed a PIM and 4.7% more likely (95% CI: 1.7 to 7.6, p = 0.001) to be prescribed an appropriate alternative medication. The difference in PIM prescribing grew to 12.1% fewer (95% CI: -15.1 to -9.1) patients when limiting the sample to the 58.9% of patients being prescribed a PIM or appropriate alternative medication. Among patients receiving any medication, this was similar to the percent difference in PIM prescribing between solo and large practices (≥50 physicians, -10.2%, 95% CI: 13.6-6.5, p < 0.001) or between group and academic practices (-11.7%, 95% CI: -15.3 to -7.9, p < 0.001). PIM prescribing was more positively associated with patient characteristics including age, gender, and total number of medications prescribed. CONCLUSIONS Better physician general knowledge, as measured by an ABIM exam, was associated with fewer PIM prescriptions. Future research should examine whether general educational interventions, such as MOC, effect PIM prescribing.
Plasma Flow Experiments on A1-Microsecond Pulsed Power Driver

At UC San Diego, we have recently developed a 200kA, $1.1\mu\mathrm{s}$ pulsed power driver. This comprises a single $3.1\mu \mathrm{F}$ capacitor (on loan from Sandia National Laboratories) charged to 50kV and discharged through a 4-channel trigatron-style switch into the load vacuum chamber.
Development of a Comprehensive Cardiac MRI Atlas of Half Fourier-Acquired Single-Shot Turbo Spin-Echo (HASTE) and 3D Balanced Steady-State Free Precession (bSSFP) Sequences Prospectively Acquired From a 1.5T MR-Linac

Purpose/Objective(s) The 1.5 Tesla (T) Magnetic Resonance Linac (MRL) provides an innovative modality for improved cardiac imaging given its exceptional soft tissue contrast and potential application of real time, adaptive, image guided treatment. A thorough understanding of normal anatomy as seen on the MRL is required for radiotherapy to the heart, such as in treating arrhythmias, thoracic tumors, and breast tumors. To assist radiation oncologists and physicists in further developing and perfecting MRL based radiotherapy techniques, a cardiac MRL based atlas designed for radiation oncologists is necessary. This atlas could also be used for image registration to enhance future adaptive radiotherapy techniques and as a basis for developing novel protocols for treating these diseases. We sought to comprehensively characterize cardiac structures on 1.5 T MR cardiac images. Materials/Methods 5 subjects were enrolled in a prospective protocol (NCT03500081) and were imaged on the 1.5 T MRL. Images acquired included breath held Half Fourier-Acquired Single-Shot Turbo Spin-Echo (HASTE) in axial, sagittal, coronal, short axis, and vertical long axis and free-breathing 3D radial stack of stars balanced steady-state free precession (3D bSSFP). These images were then uploaded in commercially available software where cardiac anatomy was contoured, labeled, and confirmed by a licensed cardiologist (JR). Contours of basic cardiac anatomy, the electrical conduction system, cardiac imaging principles, and explanations of the cardiac planes were also created to better prepare clinicians for treating arrhythmias with radiation. Results A total of 5 subjects had images acquired with the HASTE sequence, and 1 patient with 4D vane in the cardiac planes. A total of 20 contours were created on each image set for each patient. Contours generated (with respective median volume in cubic centimeters in parentheses) included Left ventricle (LV wall + LV interior) (271.95), Left atrium (84.52), Right ventricle (117.06), Right atrium (80.38), Interventricular septum (39.09), Atrial septum (5.77), Atrioventricular septum (11.13), Tricuspid valve (0.16), Inferior vena cava (13.72), Superior vena cava (14.76), Aorta (126.93), Pulmonary trunk (36.4), Left pulmonary artery (15.76), Right pulmonary artery (24.13), Trachea (4.11), Esophagus (25.78), Right main bronchus (2.38), Left main bronchus (2.22), Tricuspid valve (0.16), and Mitral valve (0.21). Conclusion We present a comprehensive cardiac atlas using novel images acquired prospectively on a 1.5 T MRL. This cardiac atlas will provide an excellent resource for radiation oncologists in delineating cardiac structures for radiotherapy planning and delivery, with a special focus on providing background information and relevant anatomy essential for treating nearby tumors and refractory arrhythmias using 1.5 T MR guidance.
A Structural Dynamics Approach to Modeling Human Performance

Health and athletic performance models can be used to prescribe an individualized training regimen to maximize improvement over a given period (e.g., preparing for a peak event). The Banister impulse-response (IR) model is a popular approach to describe the cumulative dynamic effects of training on athletic performance. The model describes both positive and negative training effects (PTEs and NTEs, respectively) that occur from a single training impulse, each having magnitude and decay parameters determined via testing of individual athletes. This work proposes that PTE and NTE responses from a single training impulse can similarly be described by the response of a single degree of freedom (SDOF) viscoelastic system. Cumulative training effects can then be modeled using the discrete form of the convolution integral in a manner similar to the IR model. The pedagogical advantage of this approach is to offer students studying mechanical vibrations a physical sense for how cumulative impulses relate to the response of a system. The other advantage of this approach is to initiate the discussion on how concepts from structural dynamics can be used to solve problems in exercise physiology.
Evaluation of hyperglycosylated erythropoiesis stimulating proteins developed using glycoengineering

2176 Background: Candidate protein therapeutics may exhibit high clearance (low serum half-life), limiting their usefulness. The addition of new sialic acid-containing carbohydrates through glycoengineering has been shown to reduce clearance of protein therapeutics. Darbepoetin alfa (DA), a glycoengineered recombinant human erythropoietin (Epo) analog, exhibits an approximately 3-fold longer serum half-life than epoetin alfa (EA) in humans. DA has also been shown to be well tolerated and efficacious in treating anemia in oncology and nephrology settings at extended dosing intervals. Methods: We developed methods to evaluate Epo analogs with increased numbers of carbohydrate chains that met bioactivity, clearance, and stability requirements. We created multiple Epo analogs by introducing N-linked carbohydrate consensus sequences into different positions. The analogs were expressed in COS-1 cells and evaluated for the extent of N-linked glycosylation using Western blotting. In vitro and in vivo assays were used to assess bioactivity. Using the anti-human EPO monoclonal antibody 9G8a, we examined conformational and structural changes. We evaluated O-linked glycosylation using immunoblots after treatment of the analogs with N-glycanase. Pharmacokinetics of promising analogues were evaluated after single intravenous and subcutaneous doses in animals. Results: 62 analogs with N-linked consensus sequences introduced into 48 different positions were examined. Analog size increased with the addition of functional N-linked consensus sequences. Combinations of analogs were constructed and tested to identify multiple glycosylated molecules. AMG205, an analog with 4 additional carbohydrates compared to EA, had low 9G8a immunoreactivity, indicating intact conformation. However, AMG205 had an O-linked glycosylation deficit. Another candidate, AMG114, was identified that had an amino acid substitution that exhibited improved O-linked glycosylation as well as comparable folding and in vitro activity compared with AMG205. Compared to DA, AMG114 demonstrated increased potency in mouse in vivo experiments and the half-life was nearly 2-fold longer in mice and 2-3-fold longer in dogs. Conclusions: Application of design strategies and technologies used to create DA enabled the development of new ESP candidates. These new ESPs had longer serum half-lives in animals with increased in vivo potency in mice. While exhibiting promising qualities in animal models, the actual clinical benefit of AMG114 in humans needs to be examined in clinical studies.
Inducing Herd Immunity against Seasonal Influenza in Long-Term Care Facilities through Employee Vaccination Coverage: A Transmission Dynamics Model.

Introduction. Vaccinating healthcare workers (HCWs) in long-term care facilities (LTCFs) may effectively induce herd immunity and protect residents against influenza-related morbidity and mortality. We used influenza surveillance data from all LTCFs in New Mexico to validate a transmission dynamics model developed to investigate herd immunity induction. Material and Methods. We adjusted a previously published transmission dynamics model and used surveillance data from an active system among 76 LTCFs in New Mexico during 2006-2007 for model validation. We used a deterministic compartmental model with a stochastic component for transmission between residents and HCWs in each facility in order to simulate the random variation expected in such populations. Results. When outbreaks were defined as a dichotomous variable, our model predicted that herd immunity could be induced. When defined as an attack rate, the model demonstrated a curvilinear trend, but insufficiently strong to induce herd immunity. The model was sensitive to changes in the contact parameter β but was robust to changes in the visitor contact probability. Conclusions. These results further elucidate previous studies' findings that herd immunity may not be induced by vaccinating HCWs in LTCFs; however, increased influenza vaccination coverage among HCWs reduces the probability of influenza infection among residents.
A comparative study of brain volume changes in Alzheimer's disease using MRI scans

Alzheimer's (AD) is the most common form of dementia that negatively affects memory, thinking, behavior, and intellectual abilities in one's daily life. The risk of AD increases with age 65 and older although it may appear in people who are in their 40s or 50s. AD has no current cure. There are many ongoing research studies to understanding and treating this disease better. AD, a slowly progressive brain disease, begins well before clinical symptoms emerge. A diagnosis of AD is usually made by primary care physicians based on patient's medical and family history, psychiatric history, and history of cognitive and behavioral changes. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most common imaging modality to use to identify brain changes. In this study, MRI scans of 10 individuals without AD and 10 individuals with AD are compared and analyzed based on brain volume. Measurements included the occipital lobe and hippocampal.
Of Doctors, Deterrence, and the Dark Figure of Crime: A Note on Abortion in Hawaii

The current controversy about abortion involves two very different kinds of issues. First, there are arguments about the morality of abortion and its prohibition. Second, there are questions of fact about the extent to which criminal law regulation has an impact on the rate of abortions and other incidents of social life. These ethical and empirical issues are distinct: the morality of criminal law restrictions on abortion is independent of the degree to which such laws are effective.' Still, the extent to which law changes behavior in this area is of interest to scholars and legislators and the subject of heated debate.2 In the United States, legal regulation of abortion has traditionally been a matter of individual state policy, but until recently all states prohibited abortion except in narrowly defined situations. Recent legislation in a number of states has, however, made medical abortion available to greater numbers of pregnant women-in some states to all women who can afford the operation.3 In March, 1970, Hawaii's law
Neurotensin Hyperglycemia: Evidence for Histamine Mediation and the Assessment of a Possible Physiologic Role

The hyperglycemic and hyperglucagonemic effects of systemically administered neurotensin in rats were investigated to explore the possibility that they are mediated by histamine and to determine whether neurotensin might have a role in the mediation of the responses to central nervous system glucopenia. The hyperglycemic response to neurotensin was partially blocked by the histamine H-l receptor blockers, diphenhydramine and promethazine, and by the H-2 receptor blocker, cimetidine. The hyperglucagonemic response was completely blocked by diphenhydramine and promethazine and only partially blocked by cimetidine. The effects of histamine on glucose, glucagon, and insulin secretion were similar to those of neurotensin, and the inhibitory effects of both H-l and H-2 blockers were comparable. The stimulatory effect of histamine on insulin secretion observed after adrenal autotransplantation was also similar to that previously reported for neurotensin. Neither antineurotensin serum nor diphenhydramine, however, was effective in blocking the hyperglycemic and hyperglucagonemic responses to the central administration of 2-deoxyglucose. The results are consistent with a histamine mediation of the effects of exogenously administered neurotensin but do not support a proposed role for neurotensin or histamine in the mediation of the hyperglycemic and hyperglucagonemic responses to central glucopenia.
When land has a price: Ancestral gerrymandering and the resolution of land conflicts at Kurumbukare

(1997). When land has a price: Ancestral gerrymandering and the resolution of land conflicts at Kurumbukare. Anthropological Forum: Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 649-666.
Molecular vibrations of quinones—I. Fermi resonance involving the carbonyl stretch in p-benzoquinone and its isotopic derivatives

Abstract Infrared spectra in the region 1550–1700 cm −1 are reported for p -benzoquinone, four of its deuterated derivatives and two derivatives containing O 18 . Changes in the spectra with isotopic substitution and with solvent demonstrate conclusively the presence of Fermi resonance in quinone, quinone- d 4 and quinone-2,5- d 2 . A “hot band”, suggested recently as accounting for one of the three bands in this region in ordinary quinone, does not appear in the isotopic species.
Influence of Margins on Disease Free Survival Following Hepatic Resection for Colorectal Metastasis: A Meta-Analysis

The aim of our study was to conduct a meta-analysis of reports published on hepatic resection for colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) and determine if a negative margin ≥1 cm confers a disease free survival (DFS) advantage over sub-centimeter negative margins. The 357 initially selected articles were screened to identify 90 articles of interest of which eleven were finally included in the meta-analysis. Patients with positive margins were excluded from the meta-analysis. Meta-analysis was performed using STATA 9.2 statistical software. A total of 1,989 patients with negative margins from the eleven studies were included in the meta-analysis. The 5-year DFS for all patients was 27.9 % (95 % CI 23.5 % to 32.2 %). The 5-year DFS for ≥1 cm negative margin subgroup was 34.4 % (95 % CI 27.97 % to 40.7 %) when compared to 21.0 % (95 % CI 17.4 % to 24.7 %) for <1 cm negative margin subgroup. The odds ratio for ≥1 cm negative margins was found to be 0.552 (95 % CI 0.408 to 0.747, p < 0.001) when compared to <1 cm negative margins. The results of this meta-analysis demonstrate that in patients undergoing hepatic resection for CRLM, a negative margin ≥ 1 cm may confer a better DFS compared with a sub-centimeter negative margin.
Accrual strategies for phase I trials with delayed patient outcome.

Phase I dose-finding trials typically are conducted using adaptive rules that select dose levels for successive patient cohorts based on the outcomes of patients treated previously in the trial. When patient outcome cannot be observed immediately after treatment, the problem arises of how to deal with new patients while waiting to observe the current patient cohort's outcomes. We consider two alternative approaches to this problem in the context of a phase I trial conducted using the continual reassessment method. With the first approach, a patient requiring treatment before the next cohort opens is treated off protocol with standard therapy, and otherwise waits until the next cohort opens. The second approach treats each patient immediately upon arrival at the dose recommended based on currently available data. We compare these two approaches by simulation under varying dose–toxicity curves, accrual rates, cohort sizes and early stopping rules. We evaluate patient waiting time, trial duration, number of patients treated off protocol and the probabilities of toxicity and of selecting the correct dose. We also study three strategies for assigning patients to trials when two or more phase I trials may be ongoing simultaneously. Based on our results, we provide practical guidelines for deciding among these approaches and strategies in a given clinical setting. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
1536 EFFECT OF ANGIOTENSIN-II BLOCKADE ON GLOMERULAR AND RENAL HEMODYNAMICS DURING FETAL HYPOXEMIA

1536 EFFECT OF ANGIOTENSIN-II BLOCKADE ON GLOMERULAR AND RENAL HEMODYNAMICS DURING FETAL HYPOXEMIA
Zinc status alters growth and oxidative stress responses in rat hepatoma cells.

Zinc deficiency and excess influence cellular homeostasis and are believed to modulate apoptosis. Zinc also regulates cell growth and proliferation. Understanding of the role of zinc in the mechanisms associated with these changes is limited because of its diverse, complex, and cell-specific effects. Therefore, we investigated the oxidative stress responses and the underlying molecular mechanisms associated with the disruption of intracellular zinc homeostasis in H4IIE rat hepatoma cells. We found that zinc excess (100 μM) and DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid; 50–100 μM) induced zinc deficiency both generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decrease viability in H4IIE cells. However, cotreatment with the antioxidant, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) both reduced ROS production and protected cells from death. We additionally observed an increase in Bax mRNA and cytochrome c release from the mitochondria in DTPA-treated cells and an elevated expression of Fas/Fas ligand mRNA with zinc treatment. Both trea...
Predicting Vocational Rehabilitation Acceptance Based on Race, Education, Work Status, and Source of Support at Application

The relationship of vocational rehabilitation (VR) acceptance to race, education, work status, and primary source of support at application was examined using logistic regression. Using a stepwise entry method, the categories of primary source of support at application and race were statistically significant. Moreover, within the variable of primary source of support at application, customer earnings were significant. As customer earnings increased, the likelihood of being accepted for VR decreased. As the type of primary support at application changed, the likelihood of being accepted for VR changed. Finally, European Americans were more likely than African Americans to be accepted for VR services.
Comparing Enhancer Action in cis and in trans

Studies from diverse systems have shown that distinct interchromosomal interactions are a central component of nuclear organization. In some cases, these interactions allow an enhancer to act in trans, modulating the expression of a gene encoded on a separate chromosome held in close proximity. Despite recent advances in uncovering such phenomena, our understanding of how a regulatory element acts on another chromosome remains incomplete. Here, we describe a transgenic approach to better understand enhancer action in trans in Drosophila melanogaster. Using phiC31-based recombinase-mediated cassette exchange (RMCE), we placed transgenes carrying combinations of the simple enhancer GMR, a minimal promoter, and different fluorescent reporters at equivalent positions on homologous chromosomes so that they would pair via the endogenous somatic pairing machinery of Drosophila. Our data demonstrate that the enhancer GMR is capable of activating a promoter in trans and does so in a variegated pattern, suggesting stochastic interactions between the enhancer and the promoter when they are carried on separate chromosomes. Furthermore, we quantitatively assessed the impact of two concurrent promoter targets in cis and in trans to GMR, demonstrating that each promoter is capable of competing for the enhancer’s activity, with the presence of one negatively affecting expression from the other. Finally, the single-cell resolution afforded by our approach allowed us to show that promoters in cis and in trans to GMR can both be activated in the same nucleus, implying that a single enhancer can share its activity between multiple promoter targets carried on separate chromosomes.
Hospital Adaptations to Disaster: Flow Models of Intensive Technologies

A great number of models have been employed in empirical studies of formal organizations. Some have been developed explicitly and elaborately in their own right while others are more implicit in specific investigations of organizational behavior. A majority of existing organizational models, however, fall generally into three main categories. Certainly the most famous of these is Weber's classic bureaucratic model with its emphasis on rationality. In contrast stands the natural systems model which views organizations as comprised of autonomous and often competing subparts. More implicit than either of these is a behavioristic model emphasizing the personal meaning of interaction in an organizational setting.
Role of intrarenal angiotensin II and alpha-adrenoceptors in renal vasoconstriction with acute hypoxemia and hypercapnic acidosis in conscious dogs.

To evaluate our previous observation of renal vasoconstriction during combined acute hypoxemia and hypercapnic acidosis preceded by acute hypoxemia, we studied 13 conscious mongrel uninephrectomized dogs with chronic renal catheters and controlled sodium intake (80 meq/day for 4 days). Five dogs were studied during combined acute hypoxemia (PaO2, 37 +/- 1 mm Hg) and hypercapnic acidosis (PaCO2, 59 +/- 1 mm Hg; pH 7.20 +/- 0.01). Each dog was studied during infusion of 1) the intrarenal vehicle (n = 5), 2) the intrarenal alpha 1-antagonist prazosin (0.2 micrograms.kg-1.min-1, n = 5), 3) intrarenal [Sar1,Ala8]angiotensin II (70 ng.kg-1.min-1, n = 5), and 4) intrarenal prazosin and [Sar1,Ala8]angiotensin II (n = 4). Immediate induction of combined hypoxemia and hypercapnic acidosis after control measurements during intrarenal vehicle infusion resulted in a decrease in effective renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate, increase in renal vascular resistance, and decrease in filtered sodium load in the first 20 minutes of the blood gas derangement. Intrarenal administration of [Sar1,Ala8]angiotensin II failed to reverse the effects of the combined blood gas derangement on renal function. In contrast, intrarenal prazosin administration either alone or in combination with [Sar1,Ala8]angiotensin II abrogated the increase in renal vascular resistance, decrease in glomerular filtration rate, and fall in filtered sodium load. These studies identify a major role for alpha 1-adrenoceptors in the renal vasoconstriction during combined hypoxemia and hypercapnic acidosis.
Induction of the synthesis of triton-soluble proteins in human keratinocytes by gamma interferon.

Recombinant human gamma interferon (r-IFN-γ) induces the synthesis and expression of HLA-DR antigen on cultured, normal, human keratinocytes depleted of Langerhans cells. After removal of r-IFN-γ from the culture medium of keratinocytes that are expressing HLA-DR antigen, the cells continue to express this antigen for at least 2 days. r-IFN-γ induces, in a dose dependent fashion, the synthesis of several triton-soluble proteins with the most prominent having an apparent molecular weight of 53,000. Whereas normal keratinocytes do not express HLADR antigen in vivo, they do express HLA-DR in a variety of skin diseases such as lichen planus, graft-versushost disease, and mycosis fungoides. We propose that an understanding of lymphocyte-keratinocyte interactions in vivo may be achieved by further studies of the mechanism of action of r-IFN-γ on cultured keratinocytes and that the results may provide insight into the pathophysiology leading to a number of common inflammatory and neoplastic skin diseases.
A Desired Technique for the Use of Sound Films in the Teaching of Foreign Languages

tors question the validity of the mental training allegedly secured in the study of grammatical forms; laymen complain that the student is unable to speak the language he has studied, and that very often he cannot even read it. As for the student, the road to a foreign language too often appears littered with frightfully irregular verbs and unreasonably capricious pronouns, extending as far as he can see in the linguistic horizon. During the last few years progressive language teachers have made use of a variety of methods to meet these criticisms and at the same time capture the interest of the student. Textbooks have been prepared which stress social objectives. The foreign language is used as a vehicle for conveying much information concerning the culture of the people whose speech is being studied. Thus, the student is presented with the opportunity of integrating his language work with his experience in other subjects such as history and geography. Aside from these improvements in methods, the language teacher has availed himself of various types of realia to improve his teaching. The use of realia in language instruction has been extensively discussed and properly evaluated by various writers,' and it will not be necessary for us to discuss them except the most important ones.
Depressive symptoms, physical activity, and weight gain in premenopausal Latina and White women.

Abstract Objectives Describe changes and examine the association between depressive symptoms, physical activity, body mass index (BMI), and perceived health among Latina ( n = 81) and White ( n = 151) women in the first year of the late-premenopausal stage. Methods Longitudinal study focused on the biopsychosocial health of midlife women (ages 40–50 years) with regular menstrual cycles and not taking hormones. Frequency of depressive symptoms, BMI, waist to hip ratios, and self-reported physical activity levels were obtained at 6-month intervals and perceived health at 12 months. Results are reported here for 232 women who remained premenopausal (low FSH/regular cycles) for the first 12 months. Results Depressive symptoms were similar for Latinas (11.1 ± 9.8) and Whites (11.1 ± 8.2) and increased by 2.3 points over time for all women. Latinas had higher BMI (28 ± 5.7, p r = 0.43, p r = 0.38, p Conclusions Depressive symptoms, weight gain and physical inactivity among women in the late-premenopausal stage point to the need for interventions focused on causal factors other than hormonal changes and menopause.
Recent diarrhea is associated with elevated salivary IgG responses to Cryptosporidium in residents of an eastern Massachusetts community.

Serological data suggest that Cryptosporidium infections are common but underreported. The invasiveness of blood sampling limits the application of serology in epidemiological surveillance. We pilot-tested a non-invasive salivary anti-Cryptosporidium antibody assay in a community survey involving children and adults. Families with children were recruited in a Massachusetts community in July; symptoms data were collected at 3 monthly follow-up mail surveys. One saliva sample per person (n = 349) was collected via mail, with the last survey in October. Samples were analyzed for IgG and IgA responses to a recombinant C. hominis gp15 sporozoite protein using a time-resolved fluorometric immunoassay. Log-transformed assay results were regressed on age using penalized B-splines to account for the strong age-dependence of antibody reactions. Positive responses were defined as fluorescence values above the upper 99% prediction limit. Forty-seven (13.5%) individuals had diarrhea without concurrent respiratory symptoms during the 3-month-long follow-up; eight of them had these symptoms during the month prior to saliva sampling. Two individuals had positive IgG responses: an adult who had diarrhea during the prior month and a child who had episodes of diarrhea during each survey month (Fisher’s exact test for an association between diarrhea and IgG response: p = 0.0005 for symptoms during the prior month and p = 0.02 for symptoms during the entire follow-up period). The child also had a positive IgA response, along with two asymptomatic individuals (an association between diarrhea and IgA was not significant). These results suggest that the salivary IgG specific to Cryptosporidium antigens warrants further evaluation as a potential indicator of recent infections.
Practical results of research for management of red grouse

Abstract Research was initiated by the Scottish Landowners' Federation in 1956 to find out why fewer Red Grouse had been shot since World War II than formerly. Suggested reasons included increases in a number of the usual causes of death, such as predation and disease. Research showed, however, that the birds' numbers were regulated largely by social behaviour whereby only those taking territories survived and bred, while those without territories died. Surveys showed that there were usually more Grouse where Heather (Ling), their principal food, was more plentiful or younger than elsewhere, owing particularly to the vegetation being burnt by small fires; and experiments showed that Grouse numbers could be temporarily increased by careful burning or by applying fertilizer. The conclusion is that the decline since World War II was due to less efficient burning of the Heather than formerly, and that where there are still good stands of Heather the decline is reversible by burning the Heather with small fires.
Young and No Money? Never Mind: The Material Impact of Social Resources on New Venture Growth

Although growth is a desirable outcome for new ventures due to the many advantages of large size, most new firms fail to grow, largely because of their limited resources and adaptability. This paper addresses the question of how new ventures grow despite their limited financial resources. I explore the effect of two specific nonfinancial, social resources---legitimacy and status---on new venture growth. I propose that new firms can acquire legitimacy by mimicking the structures and ceremonial activities of established firms in their industry, and can acquire status by affiliating with high-status entities. Using a unique panel data set on a cohort of advertising agencies founded in New York and Chicago between 1977 and 1985, I show that legitimacy and status have favorable impacts on new firms' growth in revenues and number of employees. The paper makes important contributions to social embeddedness and institutional research by examining the strategic implications of firm-level social resources, and to the literature on entrepreneurship in general and new venture growth in particular.
A feeding study with the herbicide, Kerb (N-(1, 1 dimethylpropynyl)-3,5-dichlorobenzamide, in the dairy cow.

The herbicide, Kerb ((N-(1,1 dimethylpropynyl)-3,5-dichlorobenzamide) was fed to a lactating cow at a concentration of 5 ppm in the ration for four days. Excretion of residues of equivalent herbicide in milk, urine and feces were found to be, respectively, 0.19, 44.38 and 4.46% of the total dose.
Incorporating a compact proton therapy unit into an existing National Cancer Institute-designated comprehensive cancer center.

Proton beams offer specific dosimetric advantages for radiation therapy. Their depth-dose relationship is characterized by the Bragg peak beyond which no dose is deposited. The elimination of exit dose for passively scattered proton beams results in greatly reduced low and intermediate doses to distant uninvolved normal tissues, but little or no difference in conformality of higher prescription doses immediately surrounding the targeted tissue. This approach is highly desirable in certain clinical scenarios such as the treatment of pediatric patients with curable malignancies for whom protons will theoretically reduce the risk of treatment related late effects. However, typical proton facilities are too large to be well integrated into most existing urban cancer centers where space is at a premium. The use of a new compact proton facility can more feasibly be incorporated into existing medical center space. In addition, they are associated with much lower cost than the typical mega-facility. The smaller c...
Invited Review: Effect of oxygen deprivation on cell cycle activity: a profile of delay and arrest

One of the most fascinating fields that have emanated in the past few decades is developmental biology. This is not only the case from a research point of view but also from the angle of clinical care and treatment strategies. It is now well demonstrated that there are many diseases (some believe all diseases) that have their roots in embryogenesis or in early life, where nature and environment often team up to facilitate the genesis of disease. There is probably no better example to illustrate the interactions between nature and environment than in early life, as early as in the first several cell cycles. As will be apparent in this review, the cell cycle is a very regulated activity and this regulation is genetic in nature, with checkpoint proteins playing an important role in controlling the timing, the size, and the growth of daughter cells. However, it is also very clear, as will be discussed in this work, that the microenvironment of the first dividing cells is so important for the outcome of the organism. In this review, we will focus on the effect of one stress, that of hypoxia, on the young embryo and its cell division and growth. We will first review some of the cell cycle definitions and stages and then review briefly our current knowledge and its gaps in this area.
Structural analysis of the lipopolysaccharide of Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae serotype 10.

The antigenic O-chain of the lipopolysaccharide produced by Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae serotype 10 was shown by chemical and magnetic resonance methods to be a unique linear unbranched homopolymer of exclusively 1,2-linked β-D-galactofuranose residues.Key words: Actinobacillus, pleuropneumoniae, lipopolysaccharide, magnetic resonance, galactan.
PDZ-RhoGEF is essential for CXCR4-driven breast tumor cell motility through spatial regulation of RhoA

The CXCL12–CXCR4 chemokine signaling pathway is a well-established driver of cancer progression. One key process promoted by CXCR4 stimulation is tumor cell motility; however, the specific signaling pathways leading to migration remain poorly understood. Previously, we have shown that CXCL12 stimulation of migration depends on temporal regulation of RhoA. However, the specific RhoGEF that translates CXCR4 signaling into RhoA activity and cell motility is unknown. We screened the three regulator of G-protein signaling RhoGEFs (LSC, LARG and PRG) and found that PRG selectively regulated the migration and invasion of CXCR4-overexpressing breast tumor cells. Interestingly, we found that PDZ-RhoGEF (PRG) was required for spatial organization of F-actin structures in the center, but not periphery of the cells. The effects on the cytoskeleton were mirrored by the spatial effects on RhoA activity that were dependent upon PRG. Loss of PRG also enhanced adherens junctions in the epithelial-like MCF7-CXCR4 cell line, and inhibited directional persistence and polarity in the more mesenchymal MDA-MB-231 cell line. Thus, PRG is essential for CXCR4-driven tumor cell migration through spatial regulation of RhoA and the subsequent organization of the cytoskeletal structures that support motility. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis of human breast tumor tissues shows a significant increase of PRG expression in the invasive areas of the tumors, suggesting that this RhoGEF is associated with breast tumor invasion in vivo.
Reasoning about Actions and Planning with Preferences Using Prioritized Default Theory

This paper shows how action theories, expressed in an extended version of the language , can be naturally encoded using Prioritized Default Theory. We also show how prioritized default theory can be extended to express preferences between rules. This extension provides a natural framework to introduce different types of preferences in action theories—preferences between actions and preferences between final states. In particular, we demonstrate how these preferences can be expressed within extended prioritized default theory. We also discuss how this framework can be implemented in terms of answer set programming.
Component selection in resource shared and pipelined DSP applications

In general, high performance DSP designs are heavily pipelined and, in order to reduce the pipeline cost, these designs employ techniques such as component selection and resource sharing to select the appropriate number and type of components. We present an algorithm to perform the three tasks of pipelining, resource sharing and component selection, so as to minimize design cost for a given throughput constraint. Experiments conducted on several examples demonstrate the superiority of performing all three tasks, rather than just a combination of any two of these tasks, as done in previously published algorithms.
Hospital use, associated costs, and payer status for infants born with spina bifida.

BACKGROUND: Health care use and costs for children with spina bifida (SB) are significantly greater than those of unaffected children. Little is known about hospital use and costs across health insurance payer types. We examined hospitalizations and associated costs by sociodemographic characteristics and payer type during the first year of life among children with SB. We also examined changes in health insurance payer status. METHODS: This study was a retrospective, statewide population-based analysis of infants with SB without anencephaly born in Florida during 19982007. Infants were identified by the Florida Birth Defects Registry and linked to hospital discharge records. Descriptive statistics on number of hospitalizations, length of stay, and estimated hospital costs per hospitalization and per infant were calculated during the first year of life. Results were stratified by selected sociodemographic variables and health insurance payer type. RESULTS: Among 615 infants with SB, mean and median numbers of hospitalizations per infant were 2.4 and 2.0, respectively. Mean and median total days of hospitalization per infant were 25.2 and 14.0 days, respectively. Approximately 18% of infants were hospitalized more than three times. Among infants with multiple hospitalizations, 16.7% had a mix of public and private health insurance payers. Almost 60% of hospitalizations for infants were paid by public payer sources. Mean and median estimated hospital costs per infant were $39,059 and $21,937, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest a small percentage of infants with SB have multiple hospitalizations with high costs. Further analysis on factors associated with length of stay, hospitalizations, and costs is warranted. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 00:000000, 2012. 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Data flow analysis of distributed communicating processes

Data flow analysis is a technique essential to the compile-time optimization of computer programs, wherein facts relevant to program optimizations are discovered by the global propagation of facts obvious locally. This paper extends several known techniques for data flow analysis of sequential programs to the static analysis of distributed communicating processes. In particular, we present iterative algorithms for detecting unreachable program statements, and for determining the values of program expressions. The latter information can be used to place bounds on the size of variables and messages. Our main innovation is theevent spanning graph, which serves as a heuristic for ordering the nodes through which data flow information is propagated. We consider bothstatic communication, where all channel arguments are constants, and the more difficultdynamic communication, where channel arguments may be variables and channels may be passed as messages.