cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interaction effects of two biological control organisms on resistant and susceptible weed biotypes of Chondrilla juncea in western North America.

Abstract Interactions between natural enemy species may modify their net effect on host plants, but little research has been done to examine how plant resistance influences species interactions in biological weed control. We performed common garden experiments with clonal accessions of Chondrilla juncea to compare a rust-susceptible weed biotype with a rust-resistant biotype, both of which are invasive in western North America. Inoculations with two biological control organisms, a rust fungus pathogen ( Puccinia chondrillina ) and an eriophyid gall mite ( Eriophyes chondrillae ), were applied separately and in combination to test if plant performance is modified by antagonistic or facilitative species interactions. We found no significant rust × mite interaction effects for several plant traits (shoot length, shoot dry biomass, fecundity, rosette growth, and rosette senescence), and therefore the two natural enemies appear to have independent and complementary effects on plant performance. As expected, genetic resistance of weed biotypes modified the effects of rust disease on shoots and rosettes, although not for plant fecundity. We found no significant biotype × mite effects on plant performance traits. However, rust inoculation reduced the total dry biomass of mite galls in the rust-susceptible biotype by indirect competition due to decreased growth of diseased shoots, but not in the rust-resistant biotype. Our results indicate that rust disease may have the potential to modify mite gall epidemiology and relative plant performance in mixed populations of resistant and susceptible C. juncea biotypes, though at present the geographic distributions of these North American biotypes are mainly separate.
THE ECOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF SEVERE WILDFIRES: SOME LIKE IT HOT

Many scientists and forest land managers concur that past fire suppression, grazing, and timber harvesting practices have created unnatural and unhealthy conditions in the dry, ponderosa pine forests of the western United States. Specifically, such forests are said to carry higher fuel loads and experience fires that are more severe than those that occurred historically. It remains unclear, however, how far these generalizations can be extrapolated in time and space, and how well they apply to the more mesic ponderosa pine systems and to other forest systems within the western United States. I use data on the pattern of distribution of one bird species (Black-backed Woodpecker, Picoides arcticus) as derived from 16465 sample locations to show that, in western Montana, this bird species is extremely specialized on severely burned forests. Such specialization has profound implications because it suggests that the severe fires we see burning in many forests in the Intermountain West are not entirely "unnatural" or "unhealthy." Instead, severely burned forest conditions have probably occurred naturally across a broad range of forest types for millennia. These findings highlight the fact that severe fire provides an important ecological backdrop for fire specialists like the Black-backed Woodpecker, and that the presence and importance of severe fire may be much broader than commonly appreciated.
The effects of Ca2+ binding on the conformation of calbindin D28K: A nuclear magnetic resonance and microelectrospray mass spectrometry study

Calbindin D(28K) is a six-EF-hand calcium-binding protein found in the brain, peripheral nervous system, kidney, and intestine. There is a paucity of information on the effects of calcium binding on calbindin D(28K) structure. To further examine the mechanism and structural consequences of calcium binding to calbindin D(28K) we performed detailed complementary heteronuclear NMR and microelectrospray mass spectrometry investigations of the calcium-induced conformational changes of calbindin D(28K). The combined use of these two powerful analytical techniques clearly and very rapidly demonstrates the following: (i). apo-calbindin D(28K) has an ordered structure which changes to a notably different ordered conformation upon Ca(2+) loading, (ii). calcium binding is a sequential process and not a simultaneous event, and (iii). EF-hands 1, 3, 4, and 5 take up Ca(2+), whereas EF-hands 2 and 6 do not. Our results support the opinion that calbindin D(28K) has characteristics of both a calcium sensor and a buffer.
Tumor-targeted T cells modified to secrete IL-12 eradicate systemic tumors without need for prior conditioning

Adoptive cell therapy with tumor-targeted T cells is a promising approach to cancer therapy. Enhanced clinical outcome using this approach requires conditioning regimens with total body irradiation, lymphodepleting chemotherapy, and/or additional cytokine support. However, the need for prior conditioning precludes optimal application of this approach to a significant number of cancer patients intolerant to these regimens. Herein, we present preclinical studies demonstrating that treatment with CD19-specific, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)–modified T cells that are further modified to constitutively secrete IL-12 are able to safely eradicate established disease in the absence of prior conditioning. We demonstrate in a novel syngeneic tumor model that tumor elimination requires both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell subsets, autocrine IL-12 stimulation, and subsequent IFNγ secretion by the CAR+ T cells. Importantly, IL-12–secreting, tumor-targeted T cells acquire intrinsic resistance to T regulatory cell–mediated inhibition. Based on these preclinical data, we anticipate that adoptive therapy using CAR-targeted T cells modified to secrete IL-12 will obviate or reduce the need for potentially hazardous conditioning regimens to achieve optimal antitumor responses in cancer patients.
Water and Osmotic Potentials of Ethephon-Treated Maize Genotypes Varying in Drought Resistance

Leaves of drought-resistant and drought-sensitive genotypes of maize (Zea mays L.) were sprayed with ethephon to determine its effect on water and osmotic potentials. With both sufficient and limited water supplies, ethephon decreased the water potential, but not the osmotic potential, of the drought-sensitive maize. It had no effect on the water and osmotic potentials of the drought-resistant maize under either water regime. The results showed that the response of a genotype of maize to ethephon depends upon its susceptibility to drought.
Quality assurance and proficiency testing in molecular oncology.

The College of American Pathologists has recently initiated a Resource Committee on Molecular Pathology to (1) develop appropriate practice guidelines for molecular pathology; and (2) ensure the monitoring of emerging and future changes in the discipline of cellular pathology, including evolving applications of new technical modalities and practice. A laboratory accreditation checklist has been written and will become available to clinical laboratories. A proficiency survey of samples which will test for T-cell and B-cell gene rearrangement and oncogene detection and amplification is planned for 1992
Sorbic acid-induced erythema and edema

Sorbic acid concentrations as low as 0.1% produced transient erythema with edema and flare after open or closed application to human skin. Multiple areas of the body were tested. Reactions were most intense on the face but also could be produced on the back, forearm, and deltoid areas. Sorbic acid-induced erythema, edema, and flare were not associated with mast cell degranulation. Pretreatment of skin with topical steroids to induce vasoconstriction resulted in a diminished response to Sorbic acid. Aspirin blocked the erythematous component, suggesting that prostaglandins are important mediators. Systemic steroids, antihistamines, and hydroxyzine failed to influence Sorbic acid-induced erythema and edema. The anti-inflammatory effect of topical steroids was not affected by Sorbic acid-induced erythema.
Validation of DNA probes for preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) R1

Background Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is being employed increasingly by medical centers and private companies. Validation of any clinical assay, particularly one with novel applications such as PGD by FISH, is of critical importance in the clinical setting. This importance is recognized by both the College of American Pathologists (CAP) and the American College of Medical Genetics (ACMG), who recommend validation of FISH assays in the clinical setting. Validation of FISH assays for PGD is especially significant, as only one or two cells (blastomeres) will be available for testing of a given embryo. Methods We have developed validation protocols for a variety of FISH assays, including sex identification, structural chromosomal aneusomy, and aneuploidy screening with the Vysis, Inc., PGT probe panel. Results Our validation results show good individual performance of commercially available probes, and decreasing overall efficiency as the number of probes included in an assay increases. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of Annealing on Donor and Acceptor Concentrations in Ga-Doped ZnO Thin Films

Temperature-dependent Hall-effect measurements have been performed on three Ga-doped ZnO thin films of various thicknesses (65, 177, and 283 nm), grown by pulsed laser deposition at 400 °C and annealed at 400 °C for 10 min in Ar, N2, or forming-gas (5% H2 in Ar). The donor ND and acceptor NA concentrations as a function of sample thickness and annealing conditions are determined by a new formalism that involves only ionized-impurity and boundary scattering. Before annealing, the samples are highly compensated, with Nd = (2.8 ± 0.3) × 1020cm−3 and Na= (2.6 ± 0.2) × 1020 cm−3. After annealing in Ar the samples are less compensated, with Nd= 3.7 ± 0.1 × 1020 cm−3 and Na= 2.0 ± 0.1 × 1020 cm−3; furthermore, these quantities are nearly independent of thickness. However, after annealing in N2 and forming-gas, ND and NA are thickness dependent, partly due to depth-dependent diffusion of N2 and H, respectively.
Shock in the pediatric patient. Part I.

TFI I S R E V 1E W encompasses the definition, etiology, pathophysiology, and monitoring of shock. Current recommendations for management of pediatric patients in shock will appear in Part II. ~ A brief review of terminology is presented in the Appendix. z Oxygen capacity is the maximal amount of oxygen that can be taken up by hemoglobin in blood. The oxygen capacity ean be derived by multiplying the hemoglobin concentration by 1.36 which is the amount (in milliliters per gram) of oxygen that can be bound to one gram of hemoglobin. Oxygen content is the amount of oxygen present in any blood sample; it is the total quantity of oxygen both combined with hemoglobin and dissolved in plasma. At 37 o C 0.00003 ml of 02 will be dissolved in 1 ml of plasma when the partial pressure of oxygen is 1 mm Hg. Therefore at 37~ at a partial pressure of 100 mm Hg, 0.00003 ml  100 = 0.003 ml 02 will be dissolved in each milliliter of plasma: Oxygen saturation is a ratio: oxygen combined with hemoglobin/the amount of oxygen that can
Fuel homeostasis and carnitine metabolism in rats with secondary biliary cirrhosis.

Energy metabolism is abnormal in patients and experimental animals with liver cirrhosis. To help better understand the abnormalities, fuel homeostasis and carnitine metabolism were studied in fed and 24-hr-starved rats with secondary biliary cirrhosis induced by bile duct ligation for 4 wk. Plasma ketone body concentrations were decreased by 67% in starved, bile duct–ligated rats compared with control rats. In contrast, plasma nonesterified fatty acid concentrations were not different between bile duct–ligated and control rats in the fed or the fasted state. Plasma triglyceride concentrations showed the expected decrease with starvation in control rats, but were increased with starvation in bile duct–ligated rats. Urinary excretion of dicarboxylic acids was increased in both fed and fasted bile duct ligated–rats compared with the respective control groups. Compared with control rats, hepatic total carnitine content (per gram of liver) was increased by 24% in fed and by 36% in fasted, bile duct–ligated rats. Fed, bile duct–ligated rats had an increased short-chain acylcarnitine-tocarnitine ratio in liver, plasma and urine compared with control rats. Analysis of the hepatic coenzyme A pool showed decreased coenzyme A content in fed and fasted bile duct–ligated rats compared with control rats. Hepatic long-chain acylcarnitine and long-chain acyl-coenzyme A content increased with starvation both in control and bile duct–ligated rats. The rise in plasma nonesterified fatty acid concentration and hepatic long-chain acylcarnitine and long-chain acylcoenzyme A contents with starvation in bile duct–ligated rats are consistent with unaltered hepatic availability of fatty acids. Thus bile duct–ligated rats demonstrated blunted ketosis during starvation and altered hepatic lipid metabolism. Bile duct–ligated rats represent an animal model for the study of fuel homeostasis and carnitine metabolism in the presence of chronic cholestatic liver disease. (HEPATOLOGY 1991;14:927–934).
Production of low-aromatic, high-octane components of automotive gasolines

A process-variable study is performed of the hydroisomerization of an IBP-115 degrees C reformate cut, in terms of effects on the knock resistance of the hydroisomerizate and that of a gasoline obtained by blending the hydroisomerizate with the residual fraction of the reformate. The characteristics of the reformate and the two cuts from the reformate are given. The studies were performed in a pilot unit with circulation of hydrogen-rich gas. In all of the experiments, the yield of hydroisomerizate was nearquantitative, i.e., there was no hydrocracking of the hydrocarbons.
Lactic acidosis in sepsis: a commentary

The development of lactic acidosis in septic patients is an ominous event. Blood lactate concentrations > 5 mM at the time of admission to the intensive care unit are associated with patient mortality rates of 59% at 3 days and 83% at 30 days [1]. Furthermore, the mortality rate after resuscitation from acute circulatory failure exceeds 90% in patients with blood lactate values > 8 mmol/L [2]. Given these sobering statistics, it is not surprising that the pathogenesis and the management of lactic acidosis in septic patients are subjects of great clinical interest.
Highlights of Economic Conditions in China

This is an eyewitness report of the highlights of the economic conditions in China. I spent six weeks from the end of March to the middle of May in China traveling through South China to North China. The cities I visited include Canton, Wuhan, Peking, Tientsin, Shanghai, Suchow, and Hangchow. Wuhan is a newly developed industrial center where I visited the following representative factories: Wuhan Meat Processing Plant; Wuhan Iron and Steel Corporation; Wuhan Heavyweight Machine Tools Factory; Wuhan Diesel Engine Tractor Factory; and Wuhan Cotton Textile Mill.
Experimental study of a 1 MW, 170 GHz gyrotron with internal mode converter

Summary form only given. A high frequency gyrotron suitable for electron cyclotron heating (ECH) of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) is being investigated at MIT. Our goal is to demonstrate efficient operation at a power level in excel of 1 MW with a Gaussian output beam. The gyrotron is designed to operate in the TE/sub 28, 8/ mode at 170 GHz. A standard tapered cavity is used. A large input angle and short interaction length are chosen to avoid multimoding. Self consistent theory predicts 1.2 MW output power with 77 kV beam energy, 38 Ampere beam current for an efficiency of 45%. This efficiency is based on a beam with velocity ratio alpha of 1.66 and a perpendicular velocity spread of 10%. Taking into account the voltage depression 7 kV and an additional 10% loss, a final efficiency of 35% can be achieved. An electron gun is designed using the simulation code EGUN. Result of the simulation shows that the gun can produce electron beam with alpha of 1.7 and perpendicular velocity spread of 2.2% at 170 GHz. Even with additional spread due to the emitter temperature and surface roughness effects, we feel that total spread of 10% or less is possible.
Anodic aluminium oxide catalytic membranes for asymmetric epoxidation

Catechol-functionalized (salen)Mn complexes can be supported on mesoporous anodized aluminium oxide disks to yield catalytic membranes that are highly active in the enantioselective epoxidation of olefins when being deployed in a forced-through-flow reactor.
Update on Nonautoimmune Diabetes in Children

Over the last two decades, nonautoimmune-mediated type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has become a clinical entity of increasing importance among adolescents. Yet, research specific to adolescent T2DM is in its infancy. Our understanding of the epidemiology of T2DM among adolescents is complicated by variability in definition, incomplete knowledge of novel autoimmune epitopes, the presence of individuals with phenotypic overlap between type 1 and type 2 diabetes, and inadequate understanding of the contribution of common single-gene defects. Furthermore, a higher ratio of diagnosed to undiagnosed cases and a strong relationship with the onset of puberty suggest unique aspects of the pathophysiology in adolescents. Investigators have begun to address these areas while also identifying important relationships with the intrauterine development. Well-designed clinical studies are currently examining the adolescent-specific challenges in prevention and treatment of T2DM, whereas a number of associations struggle to provide screening and treatment guidelines to practitioners based on limited understanding of the phenomenon. Finally, there is growing understanding of medium- and long-term morbidity and mortality in early adulthood. Given the likelihood that early-onset T2DM will have important implications for future public health, continued attention to all aspects of this complex social, economic, and physiological disorder is critical.
Cardiomyocyte Aldose Reductase Causes Heart Failure and Impairs Recovery from Ischemia

Aldose reductase (AR), an enzyme mediating the first step in the polyol pathway of glucose metabolism, is associated with complications of diabetes mellitus and increased cardiac ischemic injury. We investigated whether deleterious effects of AR are due to its actions specifically in cardiomyocytes. We created mice with cardiac specific expression of human AR (hAR) using the α–myosin heavy chain (MHC) promoter and studied these animals during aging and with reduced fatty acid (FA) oxidation. hAR transgenic expression did not alter cardiac function or glucose and FA oxidation gene expression in young mice. However, cardiac overexpression of hAR caused cardiac dysfunction in older mice. We then assessed whether hAR altered heart function during ischemia reperfusion. hAR transgenic mice had greater infarct area and reduced functional recovery than non-transgenic littermates. When the hAR transgene was crossed onto the PPAR alpha knockout background, another example of greater heart glucose oxidation, hAR expressing mice had increased heart fructose content, cardiac fibrosis, ROS, and apoptosis. In conclusion, overexpression of hAR in cardiomyocytes leads to cardiac dysfunction with aging and in the setting of reduced FA and increased glucose metabolism. These results suggest that pharmacological inhibition of AR will be beneficial during ischemia and in some forms of heart failure.
Temporary Worker Alienation and Job Performance: The Impact of Rating Source

This study extends previous research on alienation of temporary workers, by developing a measure of temporary worker alienation and examining differences in the perceptions of alienation between temporary workers, coworkers, and supervisors. This study found that supervisors’ ratings of temporary worker alienation were significantly lower than the temporary workers’ self-ratings. Moreover, the authors found that alienation was negatively associated with self-ratings of job performance but unrelated to supervisors’ ratings of job performance. This supports the contention, based on literature concerning the treatment of temporary workers, that a gap exists between supervisors and temporary workers with regard to perceived alienation.
Taking It to the Extreme: The Effect of Coalition Cabinets on Foreign Policy

Institutional constraints have been offered by some scholars as an explanation for why multiparty coalitions should be more peaceful than single-party cabinets. Yet others see the same institutional setting as a prescription for more aggressive behavior. Recent research has investigated these conflicting expectations, but with mixed results. We examine the theoretical bases for these alternative expectations about the effects of coalition politics on foreign policy. We find that previous research is limited theoretically by confounding institutional effects with policy positions, and empirically by analyzing only international conflict data. We address these limitations by examining cases of foreign policy behavior using the World Event/Interaction Survey (WEIS) dataset. Consistent with our observation that institutional constraints have been confounded with policy positions, we find that coalitions are neither more aggressive nor more peaceful, but do engage in more extreme foreign policy behaviors. These findings are discussed with regard to various perspectives on the role of institutions in shaping foreign policy behavior.
Gonadotropin-Induced Positive Regulation of Testicular Luteinizing Hormone Receptors

Subcutaneous injections of ovine LH (oLH) caused an acute increase of rat testis LH receptor sites, as measured by in vitro binding of 125I-labeled hCG. There was a concomitant increase in testicular lactogen receptors, and both sets of sites reached a maximum 1 h after hormone injection. The increase was transient, and binding returned to the control level in 1.5–2 h. With increasing doses of oLH, hCG binding increased gradually and was significantly elevated (P < 0.05– 0.01) with doses of 30–1000 μg. The maximum increase in hCG binding averaged 44% when measured in testicular membrane preparations and 93% in collagenase-dispersed Leydig cells. The enhanced binding was due to a true increase in the number of binding sites, with no change in the equilibrium association constant (Ka). The increased binding coincided with the rapid increase in plasma oLH and testosterone levels, as well as with the oLH-induced stimulation of testicular testosterone and cAMP formation measured in vitro. During the maximum in...
Labeling index (tritiated thymidine) of the synovium of mice at different ages

Abstract The H 3 -autoradiographic study of the cellular proliferative activity of the synovial tissue of the knee joints of aging mice reveals a significant decrease in labeling indices between 5 and 26 weeks of age. A low level persisted throughout the life span of the animal. These cellular proliferative changes exhibited by the synovium with increasing age are similar to those reported for other skeletal associated tissues. Labeling appeared to be restricted to the surface cells of the synovial lining.
Synthesis of Error-Tolerant Counters Using Minimum Distance Three State Assignments

It is shown that by using minimum distance three state assignments and considering error states when deriving the input equations, counters tolerant of a single error can be synthesized. Although one flip-flop in the counter might be in error, the other flip-flops will continue to sequence correctly. Thus acceptable sequencing continues with a malfunctioning unit present in the circuit. Because of the error correcting properties of the state assignment, the correct state of the counter can be recovered. A one-bit error introduced by noise or an intermittent malfunction will be automatically corrected. Failure occurs if more than one flip-flop is in error. Redundancy is incorporated as an inherent result of the initial design procedure rather than being included after a nonredundant working design is obtained. Instead of using any of the known methods of simplification of Boolean functions, the synthesis procedure involves the selection of a minimum number of terms which satisfy a concise set of distance and intersection properties. The selection procedure is intrinsically suitable for machine computation. Although specific logic units are discussed, it is believed that the concepts are general in nature and can be applied to any type of logic hardware.
The Glycosaminoglycan Chondroitin-4-Sulfate Alters Progesterone Secretion by Porcine Granulosa Cells

Porcine granulosa cells from small (1-2 mm), medium (3-5 mm), and large (6-12 mm) antral follicles were cultured in monolayer for 2 to 3 days with 0 to 3 mg of chondroitin-4-sulfate (C-4-S)/ml in the presence or absence of 0.5 microgram follicle-stimulating hormone (NIH-FSH-S13)/ml. Testosterone (1.4 microgram/ml) was added to some cultures as substrate for estrogen synthesis. Progesterone and estrogen secreted into the media were measured by radioimmunoassay. Concentrations of C-4-S similar to concentrations of chondroitin sulfates (CS) reported for small antral or atretic follicles inhibited both basal and FSH-stimulated progesterone secretion. Progesterone secretion was not inhibited by C-4-S when pregnenolone was added to the media. Thus 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity was not inhibited by C-4-S. Estrogen secretion was also not inhibited by even the highest concentration of C-4-S tested. Testosterone did not influence C-4-S inhibition of progesterone secretion. Granulosa cells from medium-sized follicles were more sensitive to C-4-S than cells from small follicles. Granulosa cells from large follicles were completely resistant to C-4-S inhibition of progesterone secretion. These observations suggest that C-4-S may play a role in altering gonadotrophin-stimulated and basal progesterone secretion in follicles during differentiation of granulosa cells.
A new hidden Markov model for very bursty channels

In order to design good error control schemes for bursty channels, and also to facilitate performance analysis, it is important to develop accurate and simple statistical models for the channels of interest. In this work, we propose a new generative method to model the end-to-end profile of radio channels described by long well defined error bursts interleaved with long error free intervals. The proposed method, based on a simple hidden Markov model with a specific structure, achieves much better performance, with comparable complexity, than previous approaches proposed in the literature.
A 3mW 8-Bit radiation-hardened-by-design DAC for ultra-wide temperature range from −180°C to 120°C

This paper presents an 8-bit low power digital to analog converter (DAC) with radiation-hardened-by-design (RHBD) for cryogenic applications. Implemented in a 0.5µm SiGe BiCMOS technology, this cryogenic DAC is capable of operating over an ultra-wide temperature (UWT) range from −180°C to +120°C and under high-energy particle radiation environment on the lunar surface. A segmented R-2R binary code with thermometer code architecture is used for the DAC core, and a quadrature layout is used to improve the matching. The DAC achieves a measured differential nonlinearity by integral nonlinearity (DNL/INL) of ±0.2/0.3 least-significant-bit (LSB) in 27°C and ±0.6/0.9 LSB in −180°C. It consumes only 1mA current and occupies only 0.25mm2 die area.
Provider-Based Research Networks Demonstrate Greater Hospice Use for Minority Patients With Lung Cancer

Racial/ethnic minority patients with lung cancer receiving treatment in cancer-focused Provider-Based Research Network–affiliated practices have greater hospice enrollment than those treated in academic and community practices.
N uptake as a function of concentration in streams

Detailed studies of stream N uptake were conducted in a prairie reach and gallery forest reach of Kings Creek on the Konza Prairie Biological Station. Nutrient uptake rates were measured with multiple short-term enrichments of NO3 2 and NH4
Dynamic reconfiguration to support concurrent applications

The proposed dynamically reconfigurable system can support multiple applications running concurrently. An FPGA resource manager is developed to allocate and de-allocate FPGA resources and to pre-load FPGA configuration files. For each individual application, different tasks that require FPGA resources are represented as a flow graph which is made available to the resource manager so as to enable efficient resource management and pre-loading. The impact of supporting concurrency and pre-loading in reducing application execution time is demonstrated.
Parallel evolution and ecological selection: replicated character displacement in spadefoot toads

Ecological character displacement—trait evolution stemming from selection to lessen resource competition between species—is most often inferred from a pattern in which species differ in resource-use traits in sympatry but not in allopatry, and in which sympatric populations within each species differ from conspecific allopatric populations. Yet, without information on population history, the presence of a divergent phenotype in multiple sympatric populations does not necessarily imply that there has been repeated evolution of character displacement. Instead, such a pattern may arise if there has been character displacement in a single ancestral population, followed by gene flow carrying the divergent phenotype into multiple, derived, sympatric populations. Here, we evaluate the likelihood of such historical events versus ongoing ecological selection in generating divergence in trophic morphology between multiple populations of spadefoot toad (Spea multiplicata) tadpoles that are in sympatry with a heterospecific and those that are in allopatry. We present both phylogenetic and population genetic evidence indicating that the same divergent trait, which minimizes resource competition with the heterospecific, has arisen independently in multiple sympatric populations. These data, therefore, provide strong indirect support for competition’s role in divergent trait evolution.
THEORIZING WITH GIS: A TOOL FOR CRITICAL GEOGRAPHIES?

In this paper I explore the potential of using geographical information systems (GIS) in qualitative research by disentangling the seemingly rigid association of the field of geographic information science with quantitative geography. I examine the opposition between quantitative and qualitative methods as an extension of different epistemologies and not as indicative of their innate incompatibility, and reposition GIS within these methods seen as a continuum. I show that the always-assumed alignment of GIS with quantitative research has never been complete and the many openings in GIS enable qualitative research. I also discuss how critical geographers can engage with and transform GIS as well as enhance their explanations and social theory in general by representing spatially complex social processes and relationships.
The adaptive nulling systems for a narrowband signal with a look-direction constraint

The problem of adaptively adjusting the weights of an array to eliminate unwanted interference sources (jammers) with an arbitrary look-direction constraint is considered. The technique uses the conjugate gradient method to eliminate the jammer components, thus, minimizing the error between the received signal and the actual one. This iterative method minimizes the L/sub 2/ norm, or the mean square error, and converges in a finite number of steps. >
Computation of solutions to the Moskowitz Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation under viability constraints

This article proposes a new capture basin algorithm for computing the numerical solution of a class of Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) partial differential equations (PDEs), based on a Lax-Hopf formula. The capture basin algorithm is derived and implemented to perform numerical computations of constrained solutions. The rate of convergence of this first order algorithm is assessed experimentally using an analytical benchmark problem. Finally, its performance is measured with highway data obtained for interstate 180 in California.
Axonal neuropathy in eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome.

Three patients with eosinophilia–myalgia syndrome linked to consumption of L-tryptophan supplement developed a severe sensorimotor axonal neuropathy. All three had myalgia, elevated eosinophil count, and later developed fasciitis. Neuropathy was found at all stages of the illness and resulted in disability which was irreversible despite cessation of L-tryptophan. Nerve conduction studies showed reduced motor and sensory evoked response amplitudes with select sparing of some nerves and the arms were more involved than the legs. Cerebrospinal fluid protein content was increased in one of two patients so tested. Creatine kinase was normal and muscle biopsy showed perimysial inflammation. Sural nerve biopsy in one case showed epineural perivascular inflammation. Our data showed that a severe sensorimotor axonal neuropathy occurs in eosinophilia–myalgia syndrome, suggestive of mononeuritis multiplex. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Muscle pattern diversification in Drosophila is determined by the autonomous function of homeotic genes in the embryonic mesoderm

Muscle diversification in the Drosophila embryo is manifest in a stereotyped array of myofibers that exhibit distinct segment-specific patterns. Here it is shown that the homeotic genes of the Bithorax complex control the identities of abdominal somatic muscles and their precursors by functioning directly in cells of the mesoderm. Whereas Ultrabithorax (Ubx) and abdominal-A (abd-A) have equivalent functions in promoting the formation of particular muscle precursors in the anterior abdominal segments, Abdominal-B (Abd-B) suppresses the development of these same myogenic cells in the posterior region of the abdomen. When expressed in the same mesodermal cells, however, either UBX or ABD-A can override the inhibitory influence of ABD-B, suggesting that these factors may compete in the regulation of common downstream genes. Furthermore, targeted ectopic expression of Ubx or abd-A indicates that these homeotic genes influence muscle cell fates by autonomous action in mesodermal cells. Muscle identity also appears to be sensitive to the level of UBX in myogenic precursors. Finally, these experiments reveal that homeotic cues specific to both the mesoderm and the ectoderm cooperate to specify the pattern of muscle attachment sites.
Expression of Peripheral Benzodiazepine Receptor (PBR) in Human Tumors: Relationship to Breast, Colorectal, and Prostate Tumor Progression

High levels of peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor (PBR), the alternative-binding site for diazepam, are part of the aggressive human breast cancer cell phenotype in vitro. We examined PBR levels and distribution in normal tissue and tumors from multiple cancer types by immunohistochemistry. Among normal breast tissues, fibroadenomas, primary and metastatic adenocarcinomas, there is a progressive increase in PBR levels parallel to the invasive and metastatic ability of the tumor (p < 0.0001). In colorectal and prostate carcinomas, PBR levels were also higher in tumor than in the corresponding non-tumoral tissues and benign lesions (p < 0.0001). In contrast, PBR was highly concentrated in normal adrenal cortical cells and hepatocytes, whereas in adrenocortical tumors and hepatomas PBR levels were decreased. Moreover, malignant skin tumors showed decreased PBR expression compared with normal skin. These results indicate that elevated PBR expression is not a common feature of aggressive tumors, but rather may be limited to certain cancers, such as those of breast, colon-rectum and prostate tissues, where elevated PBR expression is associated with tumor progression. Thus, we propose that PBR overexpression could serve as a novel prognostic indicator of an aggressive phenotype in breast, colorectal and prostate cancers.
Constellation mapping for space-time matrix modulation with iterative demodulation/decoding

The mapping from binary sequences to space-time matrices is an important issue in designing space-time coded multiple-antenna systems where different mapping schemes may lead to different bit-error-rate (BER) performance. In this letter, we use a binary switching algorithm to investigate the mappings of bit-interleaved coded modulation with iterative demodulation/decoding (BICM-ID) for space-time modulation. Both coherent and noncoherent space-time modulation in the cases of no a priori information and perfect a priori information of the coded bits for the demodulator are considered.
A protocol-contract for opioid use in patients with chronic pain not due to malignancy

The legal, psychosocial, and medical factors that we believe have contributed to the success of our protocol-contract in prescribing opioids to patients with chronic pain not due to malignancy are outlined. These factors may be applicable to the treatment of a variety of chronic nonmalignant pain syndromes such as postherpetic neuralgia or human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The intended target audience of this paper is the physician (primary care, chronic pain specialist) who is involved in prescribing opioids for the treatment of chronic, nonmalignant pain.
Positive autoregulation of sex-lethal by alternative splicing maintains the female determined state in Drosophila.

Abstract Sex-lethal is a binary switch gene that controls all aspects of Drosophila sexual dimorphism. It must be active in females and inactive in males. The on/off regulation reflects alternative RNA splicing in which full-length proteins are produced only in females. Here we investigate the role of Sxl in maintaining sexual pathway commitments. By ectopic expression of a female Sxl cDNA in transgenic male flies, we show that Sxl protein induces a rapid switch from male- to female-specific splicing. The ectopically expressed Sxl protein will trans -activate an endogenous wild-type Sxl gene. This establishes a feedback loop in which Sxl proteins induce their own synthesis by directing the female-specific splicing of Sxl transcripts. We conclude that the female determined state is maintained by Sxl through positive autoregulation, while the male determined state is maintained by default.
Fitting In: The Effects of Relational Demography and Person-Culture Fit on Group Process and Performance

The authors integrate two complementary streams of research on “fit” that document positive impacts of similarity and negative effects of dissimilarity. Fit with an organization's culture typically focuses on similarity in values whereas relational demography examines similarity in demographic attributes. Although both streams emphasize fit and draw on similar underlying theories, little research investigates both simultaneously. In a field study with intact teams, both cultural and demographic fit had independent effects on subsequent performance; however, “deeper” value fit effects were stronger than “surface” demographic fit. Analyses by demographic group suggest that person-group fit has the greatest impact for individuals whose demographic background puts them at risk for poorer outcomes, particularly for socioeconomic status.
Bounding The Stationary Distribution Of The M / G /1 Queue Size

We start with a simple derivation of an identity connecting the conditional expected residual service time as seen by an arrival and the steady-state tail distribution function of the number of customers in the system, which was previously proven by Mandelbaum and Yechiali. We then show how to use it to obtain bounds on the the stationary distribution of the number of customers in the M/G/1 queue.
Tutorial h2: an overview of UML 2.0

This half-day tutorial covers the salient aspects of the first major revision of the Unified Modeling Language, UML 2.0. It includes background information on what drove the requirements and the design rationale---from the point of view of one of its primary designers. The overall structure of UML 2.0 is described followed by a more detailed description of the most prominent new modeling features illustrated with many examples. The ability of UML 2.0 to deal with the needs of model-driven development methods is also covered.
Screening for the breast cancer gene (BRCA1) using a biochip system and molecular beacon probes immobilized on solid surfaces

We describe the use of a biochip based on complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology for detection of specific genetic sequences using molecular beacons (MB) immobilized on solid surfaces as probes. The applicability of this miniature detection system for screening for the BRCA1 gene is evaluated using MB probes, designed especially for the BRCA1 gene. MB probes are immobilized on a zeta-probe membrane by biotin-streptavidin immobilization. Two immobilization strategies are investigated to obtain optimal assay sensitivity. The MB is immobilized by manual spotting on zeta-probe membrane surfaces with the use of a custom-made stamping system. The detection of the BRCA1 gene using an MB probe is successfully demonstrated and expands the use of the CMOS biochip for medical applications.
Windows Statistics Packages

Kent Weaver is a senior fellow in the governmental studies program at the Brookings Institution. T. J. Pempel is Glenn B. and Cleone Orr Hawkins Professor of Political Science at the University of WisconsinMadison. Nancy N. Davidson is acquisitions editor at the Brookings Institution. Sidney Verba is Carl H. Pforzheimer University Professor and director of the University Library at Harvard University. Keith G. Banting is director of the School of Policy Studies at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario. Order of authorship was decided by a weighted index of time spent preparing the article and number of humorous one-liners used. Windows Statistics Packages
Retinoic Acid Signaling in the Functioning Brain

Retinoic acid, an active form of vitamin A, regulates gene expression throughout the body, and many components of the signaling system through which it acts are present in the brain. Very little is known, however, about how retinoic acid functions in neurobiological systems. Several studies have provided evidence that retinoic acid plays a role in sleep, learning, and memory, but the precise mechanisms through which it influences these processes remain unclear. All of these processes involve local or long-range inhibition and synchronized neuronal activity between separate locations in the brain. A critical component in the generation of the synchronized firing of cortical neurons (cortical synchrony) is a network of inhibitory interneurons containing parvalbumin, a cell population affected by retinoid perturbations, such as exposure to a vitamin A overdose. An understanding of the role of retinoids in normal brain function would provide clues to the long-standing question of whether abnormalities in retinoic acid signaling contribute to the pathogenesis of some brain diseases with uncertain etiologies that involve both genetic and environmental factors.
A new species of Malagasy Gnidia and the lectotypification of Octolepis decalepis (Thymelaeaceae)

Deux recoltes recentes de la foret de Bemangidy-Ivohibe (SO de Madagascar, N de Fort-Dauphin) representent une espece non decrite de Gnidia L. (Thymelaeaceae). Cette nouvelle espece, decrite ici sous le nom G. razakamalalana Z.S.Rogers, se distingue particulierement des autres especes malgaches de Thymelaeaceae par ses tres longs tubes floraux organises en inflorescences terminales uniflores. Une illustration et le statut provisoire de conservation accompagnent la description. Une lectotypification est egalement indiquee pour Octolepis decalepis Gilg (Thymelaeaceae), synonyme taxonomique de la variete africaine continentale O. casearia Oliv. var. casearia.
Identification of microRNA-like small RNAs from fungal parasite Nosema ceranae

We previously found transcripts encoding Dicer and Argonaute which are involved in the production of microRNAs, in the honey bee parasite Nosema ceranae. In order to identify microRNAs in N. ceranae, we sequenced small RNAs from midgut tissues of infected honey bees at 24 h intervals for 6 days post infection, covering the complete reproduction cycle for this intracellular parasite. We predicted six microRNA-like small RNAs, all of which were confirmed via RT-qPCR assays. This is the first evidence for microRNA-like small RNAs generated by a microsporidian species, providing new insights into host-parasite interactions involving this widespread taxonomic group.
The SFT Compactness Results

We start this chapter with the simplest SFT compactness result generalizing Gromov compactness. We consider punctured holomorphic curves without boundary in the symplectization of a contact manifold. We define holomorphic buildings and prove the corresponding compactness result with great attention to detail. We then introduce holomorphic buildings for curves with boundary and provide a compactness result. The cases of manifolds with cylindrical ends and symplectic manifolds obtained by splitting along a contact type hypersurface conclude the presentation.
Breeding Bird Populations of Burned and Unburned Conifer Forest in the Sierra Nevada

In August 1960 the 39,000-acre Donner Ridge fire passed within several hundred yards of the University of California Sagehen Creek Field Station in Nevada County, California. In 1965 two permanent study plots of 20.9 acres each were established northeast of the station, one in the burn and the other in adjoining unburned forest (figs. 1, 2). Longterm studies were initiated for the purpose of recording floral and faunal changes on the burn as it recovers, using the unburned plot as a control or projection of what the burned area eventually should resemble. This paper presents a comparison between the breeding avifaunas of the two areas based upon censuses taken in 1966, 1967, and 1968, when the burned study plot was still in the early stages of
Gasoline and E85 Combustion Visualization and Particulate Matter Emission in a Production SIDI Engine With Optical Access

The present study analyzes the relationship of diffusion flame and PM emission of pure gasoline (E0) and E85 in a spark-ignited direct injection engine at low coolant temperature with optical access on one side of combustion chamber for high speed visualization. Different operating conditions including injection timing, ignition timing, and air-fuel ratio (lambda) with two throttle positions (high and low load) are experimented with a high speed FTIR and an Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer (EEPS) to measure the engine-out emissions. The results show that fuel types and injection timing strongly impact particle size distribution, total concentration, and total mass of PM emission due to piston or cylinder liner wall-wetting. It is concluded that both E0 and E85 present diffusion flame with early injection timing, and the existence of diffusion flame seen in the images corresponds to higher particle mass; however, it does not necessarily represent higher particle number, which is also fuel dependent. In certain conditions, PM emission of E85 could be higher in terms of particle number.© 2013 ASME