cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fluids, electrolytes, and bicarbonate

In an attempt to enhance performance, primarily by delaying the onset of fatigue, a variety of formulations of fluids, electrolytes, and sodium bicarbonate are administered to performance horses. Some current practices of fluid and electrolyte supplementation are well justified; others have no basis to support their use. In addition, occasional combined administration of certain agents (i.e., furosemide and sodium bicarbonate) can have detrimental effects on performance.
Navigation using VLF environmental features

This paper examines the use of Very Low Frequency (VLF) electromagnetic signals to perform location estimation with-out any knowledge of the source of the VLF signal or their interaction with the environment. Signals were collected from different locations in a variety of indoor environments. The signals are divided into equal time length segments and processed into feature sets. A logistic regression and an Ar-tificial Neural Network are then both trained on the sample statistics to give a set of parameters to return likelihood of each locations with the correct location being determined as the position with the highest likelihood. This approach using either method achieved an error of less than 1% for 17 locations recorded for 10 minutes each.
ANALYZING AND COMPARING CANDIDATE SITES

This chapter discusses the ways of analyzing and comparing candidate sites. A key to the successful use of decision analysis for siting of energy facilities is a thorough sensitivity analysis. Sensitivity analysis, in general, refers to the repeated evaluation of the candidate sites with some of the information changed in each case. The purpose is to examine how the site evaluations depend on the input information of the model, for example, with a coal-fired plant, whether the ranking of the sites would change if the transportation cost of coal increases at 10% per year rather than 5%. There are many professional judgments that are necessarily made formally or informally in any siting evaluation study. A sensitivity analysis allows identification of the following: (1) professional judgments and value judgments that critically influence the implications of the study, (2) a set of sites to be definitely included in any further evaluation and another set of sites to be eliminated from any further consideration, and (3) differences in the opinions and values of different groups that affect the implications of the study.
Secondary Complications of the Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Approximately 50% of patients with a ruptured intracranial aneurysm die within a few days of the initial major hemorrhage (204). They die principally from massive subarachnoid, intracerebral, or subdural clots or from acute, severe hydrocephalus. Those patients who reach the hospital and who are not in a grade 5 status are at considerable risk from the many secondary complications of the SAH. Only one of these complications (i.e., rebleeding) is treated by clipping or other surgical therapy of the aneurysm itself. This often must be delayed until it is deemed the patient will survive the operation in good condition. In the meantime the care of these patients becomes the treatment and prevention of the following secondary problems.
Theory of coupled waveguides with modal degeneracies and gain

We investigate the novel characteristics of coupled waveguides exhibiting state eigenmode degeneracies and gain. We explore the theory of such coupled-waveguides with exceptional points of degeneracies (EPD) using a generic coupled transmission-line (CTL) approach. We show that giant enhancement in the local density of states (LDOS) occurs in finite length resonators with second and fourth order degeneracies. We also demonstrate the possibility of low threshold generation (lasing) in such cavities. The developed framework provides a promising performance boost for several applications including low-threshold lasers, highly efficient high microwave power sources, and sensors.
Short Scar Face-Lift

Face-lift is the most effective procedure to rejuvenate the aging face. There are numerous approaches and techniques. In this chapter, we present in detail the techniques and steps of the face/necklift approach developed by the senior author utilizing barbed sutures and fibrin tissue sealant. This technique is safe, reduces surgical time, obviates drain use, and provides a pleasing outcome.
Role of Google Glass in improving patient satisfaction for otolaryngology residents: a pilot study.

Objectives To demonstrate the feasibility and efficacy of the Google Glass as a tool to improve patient satisfaction and patient-physician communication for otolaryngology residents in the outpatient clinic setting. The primary outcome of the study was to improve patient satisfaction scores based on physician communication related questions from Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (CAHPS) surveys. Study Design Prospective randomized trial. Setting Tertiary care hospital. Subject and Methods To evaluate the effect on patient satisfaction, five residents were recorded using the Google Glass in an outpatient clinic setting by 50 randomized patients. Modified surveys based on the CG-CAHPS survey were completed by patients at the conclusion of each clinic encounter. The recorded videos were evaluated by 2 independent faculty. Summarized data and video were distributed to each resident for review as the intervention. The residents were recorded again by 45 additional patients with evaluation by patients and faculty. Results After intervention, the scores from faculty-surveys regarding patient satisfaction including the subject of better explanations (p>0.001), listening carefully (p>0.001), addressing patient questions (p>0.001), displaying respect (p>0.001), and spending adequate time (p=0.0005) all significantly improved, as well as overall performance (p=0.014). The scores from patient-surveys did significantly improve. Conclusion This study demonstrates the improvements in patient satisfaction and patient-physician communication can be achieved with the use of Google Glass as a first person recording device in the outpatient otolaryngology clinic setting. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Training in Integrative Therapies Increases Self-Efficacy in Providing Nondrug Therapies and Self-Confidence in Offering Compassionate Care.

Background.Patient demand and clinician interest have driven professional training in integrative therapies, but few rigorous evaluations have been published.Methods.This project evaluated the proo...
Compositional variations in Individual MCVD layers prior to consolidation

As process improvements in the fabrication of graded-index fibers produce smoother profiles, the Influence of the refractive-index variation within individual layers will become increasingly important for obtaining higher bandwidth fibers. The refractive-index dispersion in individual layers has been observed in consolidated layers. However, its existence prior to consolidation has not been demonstrated. This paper describes experiments designed to determine the compositional variation in an individual MCVD layer prior to consolidation and suggests a possible mechanism for the observed results.
Exploring Frequented Regions in Pan-Genomic Graphs

We consider the problem of identifying regions within a pan-genome de Bruijn graph that are traversed by many sequence paths. We define such regions and the subpaths that traverse them as frequented regions (FRs). In this work we formalize the FR problem and describe an efficient algorithm for finding FRs. Subsequently, we propose some applications of FRs based on machine-learning and pan-genome graph simplification. We demonstrate the effectiveness of these applications using data sets for the organisms Staphylococcus aureus (bacteria) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast). We corroborate the biological relevance of FRs such as identifying introgressions in yeast that aid in alcohol tolerance, and show that FRs are useful for classification of yeast strains by industrial use and visualizing pan-genomic space.
Achieving a Global Mind-set at Home: Student Engagement with Immigrant Children:

Developing a global mind-set in college students is a goal of many colleges and universities. Most often this goal is met by encouraging students to study abroad. This article explains how a servic...
Effect Size and Power in fMRI Group Analysis

Abstract Multi-subject functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) analysis is often concerned with determining whether there exists a significant population-wide ‘activation’ in a comparison between two or more conditions. Typically this is assessed by testing the average value of a contrast of parameter estimates (COPE) against zero in a general linear model (GLM) analysis. In this work we investigate several aspects of this type of analysis. First, we study the effects of sample size on the sensitivity and reliability of the group analysis, allowing us to evaluate the ability of small sampled studies to effectively capture population-level effects of interest. Second, we assess the difference in sensitivity and reliability when using volumetric or surface based data. Third, we investigate potential biases in estimating effect sizes as a function of sample size. To perform this analysis we utilize the task-based fMRI data from the 500-subject release from the Human Connectome Project (HCP). We treat the complete collection of subjects (N = 491) as our population of interest, and perform a single-subject analysis on each subject in the population. We investigate the ability to recover population level effects using a subset of the population and standard analytical techniques. Our study shows that sample sizes of 40 are generally able to detect regions with high effect sizes (Cohen’s d > 0.8), while sample sizes closer to 80 are required to reliably recover regions with medium effect sizes (0.5
Mutual visual signalling between the cleaner shrimp Ancylomenes pedersoni and its client fish.

Cleaner shrimp and their reef fish clients are an interspecific mutualistic interaction that is thought to be mediated by signals, and a useful system for studying the dynamics of interspecific signalling. To demonstrate signalling, one must show that purported signals at minimum (a) result in a consistent state change in the receiver and (b) contain reliable information about the sender9s intrinsic state or future behaviour. Additionally, signals must be perceptible by receivers. Here, we document fundamental attributes of the signalling system between the cleaner shrimp Ancylomenes pedersoni and its clients. First, we use sequential analysis of in situ behavioural interactions to show that cleaner antenna whipping reliably predicts subsequent cleaning. If shrimp do not signal via antenna whipping, clients triple their likelihood of being cleaned by adopting darker coloration over a matter of seconds, consistent with dark colour change signalling that clients want cleaning. Using experimental manipulations, we found that visual stimuli are sufficient to elicit antenna whipping, and that shrimp are more likely to ‘clean9 dark than light visual stimuli. Lastly, we show that antenna whipping and colour change are perceptible when accounting for the intended receiver9s visual acuity and spectral sensitivity, which differ markedly between cleaners and clients. Our results show that signalling by both cleaners and clients can initiate and mediate their mutualistic interaction.
Articulated Wheeled Vehicles: Back to the Future?

Articulated Wheeled Vehicles (AWVs) are a class of wheeled locomotion systems where the chassis is connected to a set of ground-contact wheels via actively- or passively-controlled articulations, which can regulate wheel placement with respect to chassis during locomotion. The ensuing leg-wheeled systems exploit the reconfigurability and redundancy to realize significant benefits (improved stability, obstacle surmounting capability, enhanced robustness) over both traditional wheeled-and/or legged-systems in a range of uneven-terrain locomotion applications. This article examines the history of such articulated-wheeled-vehicles leading up to the current day, while placing in context the pioneering and seminal contributions of Professor Kenneth Waldron and his students. Subsequently, we outline our own research efforts on variants of AWVs, including the creation of a systematic computational screw-theoretic framework to model, analyze, optimize and control such systems.
Diagnostic Errors in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: A Case Series

Diagnostic errors remain understudied in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). The few available studies are primarily autopsy-based, and do not evaluate diagnostic errors that did not result in the patient's death. This case series presents 10 examples of nonlethal diagnostic errors in the NICU—classified according to the component of the diagnostic process which led to the error. These cases demonstrate the presence of diagnostic error in the NICU and highlight the need for further research on this important topic.
Worrying yourself sick? Association between pre-eclampsia onset and health-related worry in pregnancy.

Abstract Psychosocial stress may influence pregnancy health. We examined the relationship between worry about pregnancy health and pre-eclampsia. General stress, mental health, and self-reported pregnancy health worry were measured in a study of 10,037 U.S. nulliparous women. Logistic regression found a dose-response relationship between first trimester pregnancy-health worry and subsequent pre-eclampsia onset, controlling for health history (Beta = 0.40, SE = 0.09, P
APOE interacts with tau PET to influence memory independently of amyloid PET

Objective: Apolipoprotein E (APOE) interacts with AD pathology to promote disease progression. Studies of APOE risk primarily focus on amyloid, however, and little research has assessed its interaction with tau pathology independent of amyloid. The current study investigated the moderating effect of APOE genotype on independent associations of amyloid and tau PET with cognition. Methods: Participants included 297 older adults without dementia from the Alzheimer Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Regression equations modeled associations between cognitive domains and (1) cortical Aβ PET levels adjusting for tau PET and (2) medial temporal lobe (MTL) tau PET levels adjusting for Aβ PET, including interactions with APOE e4 carrier status. Results: Adjusting for tau PET, Aβ was not associated with cognition and did not interact with e4 status. In contrast, adjusting for Aβ PET, MTL tau PET was significantly associated with all cognitive domains. Further, there was a moderating effect of e4 status on MTL tau and memory with the strongest negative associations in e4 carriers and at high levels of tau. This interaction persisted even among only Aβ negative individuals. Interpretation: APOE e4 genotype strengthens the negative association between MTL tau and memory independently of Aβ, although the converse is not observed, and this association may be particularly strong at high levels of tau. These findings suggest that APOE may interact with tau independently of Aβ and that elevated MTL tau confers negative cognitive consequences in Aβ negative e4 carriers.
Utilizing social media to explore overdose and HIV/HCV risk behaviors among current opioid misusers.

Abstract Introduction Opioid misuse has evolved into an American health crisis over the past decade, becoming a public health epidemic. Measures need to be taken to prevent overdoses by opioid misuse as well as prevent the transition into injection drug use, a high risk factor for contracting HIV/HCV. This study utilized social media to survey individuals currently misusing opioids to identify groups of individuals with different risk and use patterns. Methods We recruited participants for our online survey from Reddit. Five risk behaviors were used to characterize overdose and HIV/HCV risk groups. Gender, age, and socioeconomic status were also included in the analyses, as well as items outlining social media use surrounding opioids. Results Two groups of participants were characterized by high likelihoods of different combinations of risky behaviors: (1) Overdose Risk Group and (2) Sexual Risk Group. Those in the Overdose Risk Group were more likely to be younger in age and female, and this group was more likely to desire or be ready for treatment relative to the lowest risk group. Those in the Sexual Risk Group were more likely to be of a minority race/ethnicity, to desire or be ready for treatment, and to post more often on Reddit about opioid use. Discussion The results of this study illustrate patterns of opioid use and risk behaviors to inform tailored outreach and treatment efforts for groups of opioid misusers and suggests the potential for utilizing social media as a tool to engage these individuals into treatment and recovery activities.
Chapter 1 – Distillation Control

Effective control of the many distillation columns in a chemical, petroleum, or biochemical process is vital for the profitable operation of a plant. Initial separations of raw material feedstocks often are performed in distillation columns, and any variability in this initial operation will upset the entire plant. Final purifications of product streams often occur in distillation columns and therefore have a direct impact on product quality. Distillation columns are typically major consumers of energy, so their efficient operation has a large impact on the bottom line economics. The column control system must be capable of minimizing energy consumption while simultaneously providing stable dynamic control of the unit. Even a simple single-feed, two-product column presents a multivariable control problem with the unavoidable issues of loop interaction, controlled and manipulated variable pairing, and controller tuning. This chapter attempts to summarize briefly the problems with and approaches to developing effective control structures for a wide variety of distillation columns.
Mining Career Paths from Large Resume Databases: Evidence from IT Professionals

The emergence of online professional platforms, such as LinkedIn and Indeed, has led to unprecedented volumes of rich resume data that have revolutionized the study of careers. One of the most prevalent problems in this space is the extraction of prototype career paths from a workforce. Previous research has consistently relied on a two-step approach to tackle this problem. The first step computes the pairwise distances between all the career sequences in the database. The second step uses the distance matrix to create clusters, with each cluster representing a different prototype path. As we demonstrate in this work, this approach faces two significant challenges when applied on large resume databases. First, the overwhelming diversity of job titles in the modern workforce prevents the accurate evaluation of distance between career sequences. Second, the clustering step of the standard approach leads to highly heterogeneous clusters, due to its inability to handle categorical sequences and sensitivity to outliers. This leads to non-representative centroids and spurious prototype paths that do not accurately represent the actual groups in the workforce. Our work addresses these two challenges and has practical implications for the numerous researchers and practitioners working on the analysis of career data across domains.
Parental Cultural Socialization Practices among Underrepresented Ethnoracial Groups in a Predominantly White Rural College Community

Prior research indicates that parents adapt their cultural socialization approaches to their community contexts, however few studies have directly examined the influence of the community context in increasingly diverse rural communities in the United States. This study examined parental cultural socialization practices among individuals from underrepresented ethnoracial groups and the perceived influence of their predominantly White rural community. Parents employed at a university in the Northeast of the U.S. participated in this study which involved in-depth semi-structured interviews and used Grounded Theory as the analytic approach. Findings include three interrelated themes: (1) the community context increased ethnic and racial identity salience, (2) parents exerted deliberate efforts to culturally socialize their children and to teach their children to develop an appreciation for diversity, multiculturalism and inclusivity, and (3) parental cultural socialization behaviors were influenced by the 2016 presidential campaign and election. The findings show that the hegemonic, White-normative and exclusionary environment created in part by the demographics of this community influenced how they socialized their children about their cultural group memberships. The findings also suggest that community-university partnerships, support to families from underrepresented ethnoracial groups and community diversity education are promising strategies to strengthen community relations.
Volar Radiocarpal Fracture-Dislocation (Volar Barton’s Fracture)

In 1837, John Rhea Barton of Philadelphia described both the dorsal and volar (Fig. 35-1) radiocarpal fracture-dislocations. Thomas later included the volar radiocarpal fracture- dislocation in his classification of Smith's fractures as a Smith Type II injury. This fracture can be very unstable and intraarticular and often must be fixed to achieve optimal stability and restoration of joint congruity. If the fracture associated with this carpal dislocation is a single or major fragment, it may be secured with lag screws (Fig. 35-2 A Fig. 35-2 C-F). Insertion of a T-plate or two one-quarter semitubular plates is also an excellent method of firmly securing an anatomic reduction of this fracture (Figs. 35-3 A-J and 35-4 A-L).
Transitional Space and Preschool Children’s Play & Learning Behavior in Childcare Environment

Research shows that the built environment influences children’s behavior. A number of previous studies indicate that the indoor environment, as well as the outdoors, motivates children’s activities. However, very few, if not any, empirical studies exist on the relationship between in between transitional space and children’s behavior. Transitional space is defined by the interrelation between the indoors and the outdoors and is often described as an important space for children by researchers, educators and designers. This paper describes the methodology of a research design which aims at examining the claim of the importance of transitional space in children’s lives with empirical evidence.Case study research will be conducted in childcare settings on preschool age (3-5 years) children. The study will employ Behavioral Mapping as its primary data collection method and compare behavioral variances between indoor, outdoor and the transitional environment. Behavioral mapping provides the unique opportunity of measuring actual use of a site and capable of providing data for understanding the usage pattern of a space. It is, in fact, the only instrument which can make behavior visible in the context of a physical environment. Play and learning are the two observable behaviors of children in this study which are taken into account as dependent/measured variables. Visual analysis and statistical analysis of data gathered by behavioral mapping will be corroborated by qualitative questionnaire data analysis. It is expected that findings of this research will demonstrate the value of transitional space for influencing certain play and learning behavior among children, which are restricted to or limited in indoor or outdoor environments. It is also assumed that the methodology described in this research will depict the ways of defining and measuring transitional space variables which are crucial from the perspectives of children’s usage. Aim of this research is to influence design awareness and design policy for childcare environment.
Evolution of Vertebrate Lung Morphology and Function

Conventional wisdom holds that the avian respiratory system is unique in having air flow in a consistent direction through most of the gas-exchanging tubules during both phases of ventilation. This...
Compartmentalization of uridine and uridine 5'-monophosphate in rat liver slices.

Abstract The metabolism of exogenous uridine, uridine 5'-monophosphate, and uracil by rat liver slices was studied using in vitro superfusion systems. Mixtures of 3H- and 14C-labeled uridine, uridine 5'-monophosphate, uracil, and orotic acid were superfused at a constant rate until an isotopic steady state was achieved. Isotopic ratios and concentrations of labeled pyrimidines were measured in tissue and perfusate. The results of these experiments indicated marked compartmentalization in the intracellular distribution of uridine 5'-monophosphate, uridine, and uracil. On the basis of a model justified by the experimental findings, rates of metabolism of exogenous pyrimidines in the plasma membrane and rates of passage of these compounds through the membranes were estimated.
The epidermal growth factor receptor is coupled to a pertussis toxin-sensitive guanine nucleotide regulatory protein in rat hepatocytes.

Activation of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors stimulates inositol phosphate production in rat hepatocytes via a pertussis toxin-sensitive mechanism, suggesting the involvement of a G protein in the process. Since the first event after receptor-G protein interaction is exchange of GTP for GDP on the G protein, the effect of EGF was measured on the initial rates of guanosine 5‘-O-(3-[35S]thiotriphosphate) [( 35S]GTP gamma S) association and [alpha-32P]GDP dissociation in rat hepatocyte membranes. The initial rate of [35S]GTP gamma S binding was stimulated by EGF, with a maximal effect observed at 8 nM EGF. EGF also increased the initial rate of [alpha-32P]GDP dissociation. The effect of EGF on [35S]GTP gamma S association was blocked by boiling the peptide for 5 min in 5 mM dithiothreitol or by incubation of the membranes with guanosine 5‘-O-(2-thiodiphosphate) (GDP beta S). EGF-stimulated [35S]GTP gamma S binding was completely abolished in hepatocyte membranes prepared from pertussis toxin-treated rats and was inhibited in hepatocyte membranes that were treated directly with the resolved A-subunit of pertussis toxin. The amount of guanine nucleotide binding affected by occupation of the EGF receptor was approximately 6 pmol/mg of membrane protein. Occupation of angiotensin II receptors, which are known to couple to G proteins in hepatic membranes, also stimulated [35S]GTP gamma S association with and [alpha-32P]GDP dissociation from the membranes. The effect of angiotensin II on [alpha-32P]GDP dissociation was blocked by the angiotensin II receptor antagonist [Sar1,Ile8]angiotensin II, demonstrating that the guanine nucleotide binding was receptor-mediated. In A431 human epidermoid carcinoma cells, EGF stimulates inositol lipid breakdown, but the effect is not blocked by treatment of the cells with pertussis toxin. In these cells, EGF had no effect on [35S]GTP gamma S binding. Occupation of the beta-adrenergic receptor in A431 cell membranes with isoproterenol did stimulate [35S] GTP gamma S binding, and the effect could be completely blocked by l-propranolol. These results support the concept that in hepatocyte membranes, EGF receptors interact with a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein via a mechanism similar to other hormone receptor-G protein interactions, but that in A431 human epidermoid carcinoma cells, EGF may activate phospholipase C via different mechanisms.
Motor unit behavior in canine motor neuron disease

Hereditary canine spinal muscular atrophy (HCSMA) is an autosomally dominant disease of motor neurons that shares many pathological features with human motor neuron disease. A particularly striking feature of the affected, accelerated phenotype (homozygous HCSMA) is that profound weakness develops before appreciable motor neuron cell death occurs (Cork et al., 1989a), implying that motor unit functional defects occur initially. The purpose of this study was to identify the site of these defects and characterize their nature. In most young homozygotes (2-3 months postnatal), motor neurons were encountered that could support orthodromic action potential propagation to the muscle but did not activate muscle fibers. The tetanic forces of innervated motor units in young homozygotes tended to be smaller than those in closely age-matched clinically normal animals. In older homozygotes (approximately 4.5 months, postnatal), all motor neurons sampled were capable of activating muscle fibers, but many motor units displayed abnormal behavior including an inability to sustain force output during high frequency activation. Motor units exhibiting tetanic failure also showed proportionately greater twitch potentiation than nonfailing units of similar unpotentiated twitch amplitude. Tetanic failure and large potentiation tended to occur in motor units that possessed the slowest contraction speeds. These results indicate that motor neuron functional defects in HCSMA appear initially in the most distal parts of the motor axon and involve defective neurotransmission. The possible roles of distal nerve degeneration, motor terminal sprouting, and synaptic transmission in causing these deficits are considered.
The LAV HTLV-III virus may evade elimination by the immune system by inducing low zone tolerance to itself

The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by the LAV/HTLV-III virus. The incubation period for AIDS is prolonged and on the order of years. We hypothesize that during this prolonged incubation period the LAV/HTLV-III virus is replicating very slowly and is present in extremely low concentrations. The concentrations of the virus may be low enough that the virus induces a low zone tolerance to itself in the T-cell arm of the immune system. B-cells which are resistant to direct low dose tolerance induction may remain responsive to the LAV/HTLV-III virus in a direct fashion without specific helper T-cells. Thus, anti-LAV/HTLV-III antibody may be produced even though the more important cellular immune response has been crippled by the virus. We also outline two hypothetical approaches for breaking this tolerance and restoring the cellular immune response to the LAV/HTLV-III virus.
Determination of initial fuel state and number of reactor shutdowns in archived low-burnup uranium targets

This study presents a method for destructive analysis of irradiated uranium (U) targets, with a focus on collection and measurement of long-lived (t 1/2 > ~10 years) and stable fission product isotopes of ruthenium and cesium. Long-lived and stable isotopes of these elements can provide information on reactor conditions (e.g. flux, irradiation time, cooling time) in old samples (>5–10 years) whose short-lived fission products have decayed away. The separation and analytical procedures were tested on archived U reactor targets at Los Alamos National Laboratory as part of an effort to evaluate reactor models at low-burnup.
Keynote speaker: “The Internet of Every-Thing: EDA perspectives”

A decade ago it was easy to tell who the semiconductor industry players were, and where they fit relative to customer requirements and the electronics ecosystem. Integrated Circuits, system and software each had their own distinct suppliers and there was a built-in assumption that customers would be able to “make it work”. Today, innovative connected products increasingly require a different paradigm where traditional industry definitions are blurred by the realization that the “Internet of Every-thing” requires a more unified knowledge of products and design solutions in areas from devices to servers, software and infrastructure. This talk will address the challenges and provide visions from EDA perspectives as a key enabler of tomorrow's technology on these changing industry dynamics - one in which is the need of integrated EDA solutions to meet requirements for increased miniaturization, mixed-signal design, sensors, software and electro-mechanical designs, to enable emerging vertical integrated systems companies and others to prosper.
Activity and selectivity control in iron catalyzed Fischer-Tropsch synthesis

We present results of a catalyst structure-function study that supports a CO hydrogenation model with α-olefins formed as the principal primary products and n-paraffins formed during secondary hydrogenation reactions. The interplay of catalyst composition and reaction environment controls the extent of secondary reactions. Catalysts that contain mainly oxidic phases or carbides with large concentrations of excess “matrix carbon” favor secondary reactions. The relative concentrations of oxide and carbide phases depends on the ease of reduction of the catalyst, which can be changed by cation substitutions. For example, cobalt substitution into Fe3O4 lowers the reduction temperature by 20 ° C. Excess matrix carbon has been intentionally introduced (by treatment in high temperature H2/CO) into model iron carbide catalysts produced by laser synthesis. Increased paraffin selectivity as matrix carbon is introduced suggests the influence of the diffusion constraints on product selectivity. Alkali promotion will affect secondary hydrogenation pathways. We illustrate how catalysts with low levels of alkali become increasingly more selective to paraffins at high conversions (and high effective H2/CO ratios). Reaction environment also controls catalyst composition and selectivity. Mossbauer spectroscopy on spent catalysts suggests that oxide/carbide phase formation in iron catalysts are sensitive to reactor configuration (extent of backmixing). In integral fixed bed reactors, catalysts partition into carbide phases in the front of the bed but show increasing amounts of oxide near the exit, whereas the catalysts in the stirred tank reactor remain all carbides. Product selectivities reflect the phase differences. Other examples illustrating secondary hydrogenation phenomena will be presented.
When African American Teen Girls' Friends Are Murdered: A Qualitative Study of Bereavement, Coping, and Psychosocial Consequences

This qualitative study examines how African American teen girls grieve the loss of their friends who die from murder. Semistructured interviews were held with 21 African American teenage girls who experienced such a loss. The data analysis was guided by grounded theory. The emergent themes were classified into 3 major areas: mourning, coping, and psychosocial consequences. The mourning experiences ranged from uncomplicated bereavement to traumatic grief and depression. Three coping strategies emerged from the data: private strategies, public strategies, and context support strategies. Psychosocial consequences included associated losses, living challenges, and aspects of resilience consisting of constitutional factors, meaning-making efforts, and contextual supports of the participants. The implications for social work practice and social work education are discussed.
The testing of dominants for heterozygosity

A simple method of estimating the frequency of heterozygotes among the dominants by test-making has been described; and then a maximum likelihood estimate is obtained by an iterative counting procedure. Eearly results of Haldane have been review and modified. Methods of estimating the gene frequencies, their ratio, and the inbreeding coefficient from test-mating results have also been given.
Laser patterning of ITO in flat panel display manufacturing

A necessary step in the fabrication of many different flat panel display types is the selective removal of a thin layer of indium tin oxide (ITO) or other transparent conductor from the substrate to create circuit patterns. The conventional method of performing this patterning utilizes photolithography. Specifically, an image of the desired pattern is projected on to a photoresist coated substrate, and this substrate is then developed and etched with wet chemicals. However, it is possible to use a laser to directly ablate ITO without damaging the substrate, and thus eliminate all the expense, time and environmental concerns associated with a multi-step wet chemical process. First generation laser based systems for ITO patterning were too slow to be competitive with traditional means, however, laser manufacturers are focused on developing sources that enable the required process speed, and also possess desirable characteristics in terms of lifetime, maintenance downtime, and overall cost-of ownership. This paper examines the requirements for an optimum laser source to service this emerging laser application.
Trends and convergence in global housing markets

Abstract This study evaluates the degree of convergence among the housing markets of 10 major economies across North America, Europe and Asia. Long-run results indicate that the housing markets have become increasingly interdependent over time and more so after the onset of the most recent housing crisis. Short-run analysis suggests that the global housing markets have become more susceptible to shocks emanating from the U.S. over the crisis and the post-crisis periods in comparison to the pre-crisis period. However, the U.S. housing market is found to be highly exogenous and the global “leader” since it is influenced primarily by its own innovations and is not affected reciprocally by shocks originating from the international housing markets. Finally, the study shows that the trends and co-movements among global housing markets can be attributed to real convergence.
A study of transference and solvation phenomena—IV: Potassium chloride in water and water-ethanol solvents

Abstract Transference and solvation phenomena for the ions of cesium chloride in water have been studied. Transference of the ions of cesium chloride has also been studied as a function of solvent composition in ethanol-water mixtures up to 83 wt% ethanol. These data are presented graphically and discussed on the basis of complex ionic species and selective solvation. The cation transference number has a sine-line relationship to solvent composition that has been observed in previous studies.
Effect of non-active area on the performance of subgasketed MEAs in PEMFC

Abstract Subgaskets are usually applied to a catalyst-coated membrane (CCM) for the edge-protection of the electrolyte membrane and easy handling. They cover the peripheral region (non-active area) of CCM and have a defined window (active area) for accommodating the electrode. In this study, three subgasketed CCMs with different configurations were designed with a laboratory-scale 5 cm2 fuel cell and the effects of the components underneath the subgaskets on the electrochemical properties of CCMs and cell performance were investigated by several electrochemical techniques. The results reveal that part of the catalyst layer under the subgaskets is activated for reaction area, leading to slightly higher electrochemical surface area (ESA), higher H2 crossover, and smaller shorting resistance. The non-active region of subgasketed CCM has little impact on proton resistance in the catalyst layer, oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) kinetics, and limiting current, but has adverse effects on cell performance in the low current region under dry conditions due to increased hydrogen crossover. The findings could provide guidelines for subgasket design and application in laboratory-scale fuel cells.
Interviews with Seymour Papert

The legendary Quincy Jones and Seymour Papert have graciouslyappeared on camera for interviews and joined the ACM Computers inEntertainment magazines editorial board. Quincy and Seymour are twoof the nicest people to talk to and work with. Quincy talks abouteducation as fun learning, the impact of music on children, howtechnology affects the way music is created and produced, anddigital distribution of music over the Internet. Seymour speaks oflearning-rich entertainment, Logo and computer programming forchildren, technology in schools and education, and the future ofhome schooling and learning environments. The video clips of theinterviews are available athttp://www.acm.org/pubs/cie/mar2004/index.htmlQuincy Jones, who composed more than 50 major motion picture andtelevision scores, has earned international acclaim as producer ofthe best-selling single of all time and the best-selling album inthe history of the recording industry. The all-time most nominatedGrammy artist with a total of 76 nominations and 26 awards, Quincyhas also received an Emmy Award, seven Oscar nominations, and theAcademy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Jean HersholtHumanitarian Award. More information can be found athttp://www.quincyjonesmusic.comSeymour Papert, a mathematician and an early pioneer ofArtificial Intelligence, is internationally recognized as theseminal thinker on how computers can change learning. He is acofounder with Marvin Minsky of the AI Lab at MIT and a foundingfaculty member of the MIT Media Lab, where he continues to work.Seymour collaborated for many years with Jean Piaget at theUniversity of Geneva in Switzerland. He wrote many books includingMindstorms: Children, Computers, and Powerful Ideas. Moreinformation can be found at http://www.papert.org/
Influence of PCB Surface Finish and Thermal and Temperature/Humidity Aging on the Performance of a Novel Anisotropic Conductive Adhesive for Lead-free Surface Mount Assembly

The electronics industry, in recent years, has been focusing primarily on product miniaturization and lead-free assembly. The need to eliminate lead-based materials as a means of interconnection has renewed the industry's interest in exploring other means of assembling surface mount devices reliably, especially using conductive adhesives. This paper will discuss the performance characteristics and research findings pertaining to a novel anisotropic conductive adhesive for lead-free electronics packaging applications. The applicability of the novel conductive adhesive in board level assembly has been demonstrated successfully. The IV characteristics and the breakdown current characteristics have shown the importance of achieving very low initial contact resistance after assembly, in order to enable longer life under thermal and temperature-humidity aging conditions. Thermal aging of the adhesive material has revealed improvement in contact resistance and temperature/humidity aging has shown deterioration in performance within the first 100 hours of aging. Area array packages with and without bumps have shown variations in performance and their has revealed the importance of placement pressure, placement speed and placement dwell in achieving low initial contact resistance. Preliminary experiment has shown that the HASL finish performs better than OSP. The experimental study presented in this paper examines the performance of the adhesive on various printed circuit board (PCB) surface finishes which include Sn/Pb (HASL), Organic Solderability Preservative (OSP), Immersion Silver (ImAg), Electroless Nickel Immersion Gold (ENIG) and Immersion Tin (ImSn). The findings and performances of the various finishes under thermal and temperature/humidity aging will be discussed in detail in this paper.
Observations on the role of TPNH dehydrogenase in human red cells.

Abstract Studies on red cells from a patient with TPNH dehydrogenase deficiency have indicated that this enzyme is not involved in either the TPNH-linked reduction of methemoglobin or of any one of a variety of redox drugs of significance in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency.
Renewal and fate in the mammalian thymus, mechanisms and inferences of thymocytokinetics.

Quantitation of cortical thymocyte kinetics in adolescent Swiss Webster mice, using techniques of mitotic counting and [3H]TdR labeling, indicate that proliferating (P) cells and nonproliferating (Q) cells had cycle and compartment transit times of approximately 9 and 72 hours, respectively. The data also suggested that P cells may have existed in numbers greater than needed for Q cell formation, Studies of whole thymus 125I-DNA regression after [125 I]UdR administration in mice and guinea pigs, in conjunction with the [3H]TdR data, confirmed the cortical P cell excess and indicated that it expressed a P1 to Q to P2 cytodifferentiation pathway not involving cell loss from the thymus before the end of the Q cell maturation compartmentt. Most of the matured Q cell disappeared, probably via intrathymic death. Only 2.5 to 10% of Q cells differentiated to P2 cells, according to preliminary estimation. Whole thymus P2 cell production in adolescent mice was estimated at 50 × 106 cells per day, sufficient to replace blood lymphocytes 5 times daily. However, additional estimates suggest that, if all P2 cells emigrated, less than 2.5% of them contributed to the peripheral long-lived, thymus-derived, lymphocyte pool. The functional and homeostatic relationships between these peripheral cells and thymic P2 cells are presently unresolved.
Gaussian- to stretched-coil transition in block copolymer melts.

Two scaling regimes, D\ensuremath{\sim}${\mathit{N}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ with \ensuremath{\delta}=0.49\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02 and 0.80\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04, have been identified in a model set of nearly symmetric diblock copolymer melts, where D and N are the system peridocity and degree of polymerization, respectively. The crossover from \ensuremath{\delta}=0.49 to 0.80 is identified as the Gaussian to stretched-coil transition (GST). Contrary to current theory, the GST occurs well below the order-disorder transition (ODT), ${\mathit{N}}_{\mathrm{GST}}$=0.57${\mathit{N}}_{\mathrm{ODT}}$. We associate \ensuremath{\delta}=0.80 with the crossover from weak-segregation (\ensuremath{\delta}=1/2) to strong-segregation (\ensuremath{\delta}=2/3) behavior.
Attenuation of quasi-longitudinal waves in indium

Abstract A rapid drop of the superconducting electronic attenuation in high-purity indium has been observed just below T c for quasi-longitudinal ultrasonic waves with propagation vectors in the (010) plane. The anisotropy of this effect appears to agree with approximate theoretical estimates.
Hall coefficient and magnetoresistance of soft carbons doped with acceptors

Abstract Samples of soft type carbon heattreated from 1800° to 3000°C were doped with boron and bisulfate acceptors and their galvanomagnetic properties measured in the temperature range from 2° to 300°K. The Hall coefficient ( A ), relative resistance ( ρ / ρ 300° K ) and magnetoresistivity ( Δρ / ρ ) as measured at 22 kG are plotted against temperature ( T ) in Figs. 1–6. Doping causes a change in A vs. T curves corresponding to a decrease in heat treatment temperature. This change is considered to be due to a Fermi level depression. In general the changes in curves ρ / ρ 300° K vs. T caused by the doping consist of a decrease in the slope in agreement with findings of previous investigators. This is not true however in the liquid helium temperature range, where an opposite tendency is found. Observed changes in the dependence of Δρ / ρ on temperature caused by the doping are complicated and cannot be explained only by the shift of the Fermi level or by differences in sign of carriers.