cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Environmental Agencies' Funding Sources Should Follow Their Diverse Business Models

Environmental agencies provide a variety of regulatory, consulting, analysis, and other services that are typically funded by a mix of mechanisms including taxes, fees, contributions, and earmarked streams. Public deliberation in this area mostly attends to the levels of funding of these services, with inadequate attention to the relationship between means and funding adequacy, or between means and agency performance. The characteristic business models of such agencies provide useful guidance regarding appropriate funding mechanisms. In particular, five different such models are commonly found, each with strong analogies to other familiar kinds of enterprise: (i) Agriculture: the Wildlife Ranch; (ii) Habitat; (iii) Maintenance: the Park; (iv) Consulting, education, and permits: the Think Tank; (v) Risk Spreading: Insurance; and (vi) Enforcement: The Police. Each of these models has strong although not usually decisive implications for the type of funding mechanism best suited to it. Budget analysis and internal accounting that incorporates these models would improve agencies' practice and their claims on appropriate funding. The analysis uses the California Department of Fish and Game as an example.
Methodologies for uncertainty management in prognostics

Effective uncertainty management processes are essential elements in the design of prognostic modules if they to be viable for Integrated Vehicle Health Management (IVHM) systems. Modeling uncertainty, measurement and estimation uncertainties, future load uncertainty, among other factors, all potentially contribute to prognostic uncertainty. This paper analyzes the source of uncertainties in typical IVHM systems and presents a rigorous set of algorithms for uncertainty management that are generic and capable of addressing a variety of uncertainty sources. Specifically, model parameter uncertainty is addressed by a Bayesian-based updating scheme with two variants. One approach utilizes an inner-outer loop Monte Carlo simulation scheme with hyper-parameter adaptation and is intended for off-line applications, while the other particle filtering-based approach can be implemented on-line in real-time. Modeling uncertainty (or model structure uncertainty) is addressed by a Bayesian model selection/fusion method. Effective approaches for handling diagnostic uncertainty and the aggregation of component level uncertainty to system level are also addressed. Select results for the application of particular algorithms are presented.
Non-covalent interactions of the carcinogen (+)-anti-BPDE with exon 1 of the human K-ras proto-oncogene

Investigating the complementary, but different, effects of physical (non-covalent) and chemical (covalent) mutagen–DNA and carcinogen–DNA interactions is important for understanding possible mechanisms of development and prevention of mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. A highly mutagenic and carcinogenic metabolite of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon benzo[α]pyrene, namely (+)-anti-BPDE, is known to undergo both physical and chemical complexation with DNA. Previous studies of BPDE–DNA complex formation have focused on processes that require substantial structural reorganization, such as intercalation, and consequently relatively long time scales. However, some initial processes which occur within shorter time scales, such as external non-covalent binding, and which do not require major DNA structural reorganization have not been thoroughly investigated. A detailed computational study of such initial BPDE–DNA interactions is needed to elucidate the temporal and structural origins of the major covalent adduct, a promutagenic, which is known to exist in an external (+)-trans-anti-BPDE-N2-dGuanosine configuration. Accordingly, the initial stages of external non-covalent BPDE–DNA binding are studied in this work as well as their relationship to subsequent formation of the major, also external, covalent adduct. To study mechanisms that occur prior to extensive DNA structural reorganization, we present a first and detailed codon by codon computational study of the non-covalent interactions of (+)-anti-BPDE with DNA. In particular, due to its relevance to carcinogenesis, the interaction of (+)-anti-BPDE with exon 1 of the human K-ras gene has been studied. External solvent-exposed non-covalent binding sites have been found which may be precursors of the major external trans adduct and, importantly, are located in codons 12 and 13 of the K-ras gene which are known to be key mutation hotspots. In addition, our study explains and correctly predicts preferential (+)-anti-BPDE binding at minor groove guanosines. A subtle combination of van der Waals and hydrogen bonding interactions has been found to be a primary factor in preferentially positioning (+)-anti-BPDE toward the 5′ position of a guanosine's strand, consistent with proton NMR observations for the major trans adduct, and at 5′-TGG-3′ sequences which are known to yield high binding probability.
Transparency in Public Science: Purposes, Reasons, Limits

Science and secrecy do not sit comfortably together. It is almost an article of faith that openness is essential both for the advancement of science and for its beneficial interaction with society. Normative considerations work against total transparency in government and may legitimately bar access to some stages or aspects of scientific knowledge production. Two examples are presented that explore, respectively, the pros and cons of demaning disclosure of policy-relevant scientific knowledge: clinical trials data on the anti-depressant, Paxil; and privately sponsored research on the herbicide atrazine. Finally, problems of sequestration of scientific evidence generated and deployed in legal processes are examined, along with consequences of the Daubert decision on knowledge generation.
Respiratory muscle reserve in rats during heavy exercise

Gosselin, Luc E., David Megirian, Joshua Rodman, Donna Mueller, and Gaspar A. Farkas. Respiratory muscle reserve in rats during heavy exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 83(4): 1405–1409, 1997.—The extent ...
Can "Some College" Help Reduce Future Earnings Inequality?

This article addresses the policy debate over “college for all” versus “college for some” in the United States and analyzes the relationship between “some college” (as a formal education attainment category) and earnings. Our evidence confirms—using data from the American Community Survey (ACS), the Panel Study on Income Dynamics (PSID), and the Survey on Income and Program Participation (SIPP)—that more (postsecondary) education, on average, is associated with higher median earnings. However, there is emerging evidence that a proportion of workers who have attained lower levels of education (i.e., “some college”) earn more than those who have attained higher levels of education (bachelor's degree).We focus particular attention on the subset of Americans who fall into the U.S. Census official category entitled “some college.” This is a heterogeneous group who have alternate educational credentials but who have not acquired a formal associate or bachelor's degree. Instead of an unequivocal focus on “colleg...
Light Microscopy as an Aid in Predicting Ureaplasma Infection in Human Semen

The potential role of Ureaplasma urealyticum in human infertility makes it desirable to screen barren couples for this infection. Semen specimens from 96 consecutive patients were evaluated in our clinic. Microbiologic results were correlated with the percentage of coiled and fuzzy tails in seminal cytology. These features were then used in a double-blind study to predict Ureaplasma infection in another group of 100 randomly selected patients. It was possible to predict the presence or absence of Ureaplasma prior to laboratory culture in 70% of specimens. False-positive diagnoses were made in 19%. The diagnosis was false-negative in 11%.
Maternal-fetal medicine subspecialists' provision of second-trimester termination services.

OBJECTIVE Most abortions for pregnancy complications occur in the second trimester. Little is known about whether maternal-fetal medicine subspecialists (MFMs) perform terminations for these women. STUDY DESIGN We surveyed all members of Society of Maternal Fetal Medicine by e-mail or mail regarding second-trimester abortion provision. We conducted analyses of whether MFMs perform abortions, by what method, and how frequently. RESULTS Our response rate was 32.4% (689/2,125). Over two-thirds of respondents perform either dilation and evacuation (DE 31% perform D&Es. Male gender, frequent chorionic villus sampling provision, and being trained in D&E during fellowship are associated with performing D&Es. Nonprovision of any second-trimester abortion is significantly associated with age over 50, nonacademic practice setting, and less supportive abortion attitudes (p < 0.001). A nonsignificant trend toward association between south/southeast region and nonprovision of any second-trimester abortion is seen (p = 0.09). CONCLUSION Many MFMs include D&E and induction termination services in their practice. Supporting current D&E providers and expanding training options for MFMs may optimize care for women diagnosed with serious pregnancy complications.
The secreted glycoprotein CREG enhances differentiation of NTERA-2 human embryonal carcinoma cells

Differentiation of the human embryonal carcinoma cell line NTERA-2 is characterized by changes in morphology, altered patterns of gene expression, reduced proliferative potential, and a loss of tumorigenicity. The cellular repressor of E1A-stimulated genes, CREG, was previously shown to antagonize transcriptional activation and cellular transformation by the Adenovirus E1A oncoprotein. These properties suggested that CREG may function to inhibit cell growth and/or promote differentiation. Here we show that CREG is a secreted glycoprotein which enhances differentiation of NTERA-2 cells. Northern blot analysis reveals that, although CREG mRNA is widely expressed in adult tissues, CREG mRNA is not significantly expressed in pluripotent mouse embryonic stem cells or NTERA-2 embryonal carcinoma cells. CREG mRNA is rapidly induced upon in vitro differentiation of both mouse embryonic stem cells and human NTERA-2 cells. We show that constitutive expression of CREG in NTERA-2 cells enhances neuronal differentiation upon treatment with retinoic acid. Media enriched in CREG was also found to promote NTERA-2 differentiation in the absence of an inducer such as retinoic acid. These studies suggest that secreted CREG protein participates in a signaling cascade important for differentiation of pluripotent stem cells such as those found in teratocarcinomas.
Group Psychology in the New Millennium: 15 Years On

17 1 Professor of Leadership Studies, University of Richmond. Correspondence should be addressed to Donelson R. Forsyth, PhD, Jepson School of Leadership Study, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173. E-mail: dforsyth@richmond.edu. In 2000, at the brink of the new millennium, GROUP published a series of prognostications pertaining to the future of group research and psychotherapy (Ettin, 2000). In my contribution to that collection (Forsyth, 2000), I offered three predictions: the strengthening of collectivism as Western cultures shift to more fully embrace communal, relational orientations; the emergence of stronger theories that account for group phenomena, coupled with more sophisticated methods for testing those theories; and a growing unification of research and practice marked by interdisciplinary collaboration. At some time in the distant future, all these predictions may be confirmed, but the first 15 years of the new millennium yield little support for any of them.
Checkerboards and Missing Species Combinations: Are Ecological Communities Assembled by Chance?

How are communities of plants and animals organized in nature? This is a challenging question, because there are too many species in most communities to study this problem experimentally. For example, even with only three species (A, B, and C), eight different “communities” or distinct species combinations can be formed, based on the presence or absence of each species in the community: 0, A, B, C, AB, BC, AC, and ABC. With S species, 2S possible species combinations can be formed, which is far too many for a wieldy experiment. That is why ecologists have often taken a different tack. They use so-called “natural experiments” in which they let nature do the work and generate the replicates. Islands in an archipelago, for example, are often treated as statistical replicates. The patterns of species association among a set of islands may provide important clues for how species interact. The data for such an analysis can be represented as a binary matrix in which each row is a species, each column is an island (or site), and the matrix entries represent the presence (1) or absence (0) of a particular species on a particular island. For a matrix M with i = 1 to S species and j = 1 to R replicate islands, Mij indicates the presence or absence of species i on island j. It is too much work to identify all of the different species of vertebrates, invertebrates, plants, and microbes on a single island, much less in an entire archipelago. Instead, ecologists have usually restricted Checkerboards and Missing Species Combinations: Are Ecological Communities Assembled by Chance?
A Tabu Search Algorithm based on harmony strategy

A tabu search algorithm based on harmony search strategy(HTS) is proposed,combining the characteristics of Tabu Search algorithm and Harmony Search algorithm.The algorithm constructs several better solutions based on the harmony strategy and conducts the search with several initial solutions avoiding getting into the local optimum.The computing consults of TSP show that HTS has the good ability to obtain the optimization solution.
The proximal tubule is the primary target of injury and progression of kidney disease: role of the glomerulotubular junction

There is an alarming global increase in the incidence of end-stage kidney disease, for which early biomarkers and effective treatment options are lacking. Largely based on the histology of the end-stage kidney and on the model of unilateral ureteral obstruction, current investigation is focused on the pathogenesis of renal interstitial fibrosis as a central mechanism in the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). It is now recognized that cumulative episodes of acute kidney injury (AKI) can lead to CKD, and, conversely, CKD is a risk factor for AKI. Based on recent and historic studies, this review shifts attention from the glomerulus and interstitium to the proximal tubule as the primary sensor and effector in the progression of CKD as well as AKI. Packed with mitochondria and dependent on oxidative phosphorylation, the proximal tubule is particularly vulnerable to injury (obstructive, ischemic, hypoxic, oxidative, metabolic), resulting in cell death and ultimately in the formation of atubular glomeruli. Animal models of human glomerular and tubular disorders have provided evidence for a broad repertoire of morphological and functional responses of the proximal tubule, revealing processes of degeneration and repair that may lead to new therapeutic strategies. Most promising are studies that encompass the entire life cycle from fetus to senescence, recognizing epigenetic factors. The application of techniques in molecular characterization of tubule segments and the development of human kidney organoids may provide new insights into the mammalian kidney subjected to stress or injury, leading to biomarkers of early CKD and new therapies.
Thrombolytics for late superior caval vein thrombus in a patient with tricuspid atresia and single-lung Glenn anastomosis.

Background Those with cyanotic heart disease have an elevated bleeding risk but also are hypercoaguable. Treating haemodynamically significant thrombi in this unique cohort poses a monumental challenge. Case A 29-year-old women with tricuspid atresia and left pulmonary artery atresia presented with superior caval vein syndrome. She had a right modified Blalock–Taussig shunt as a neonate. A left modified Blalock–Taussig shunt performed later failed to establish flow to her left lung. At age 5, she had a Fontan procedure to the right lung but could not tolerate the physiology and had a low cardiac output syndrome. The Fontan was taken down and she was left with a Glenn anastamosis to the right pulmonary artery. She did well for years until she had dyspnea, upper extremity oedema and “facial fullness”. On examination she was tachycardic, hypotensive, and more desaturated than baseline. She also had facial plethora. Decision-making Echocardiogram showed a large 9×3 mm nearly occlusive thrombus in the superior caval vein at the bifurcation of the left and right innominate veins. An emergent venogram confirmed the location and size of the thrombus. Given the thrombus burden and potential for distal embolisation through the Glenn to the single functional lung, we chose to treat the patient with thrombolytics. She had uncomplicated ICU course and was sent home on warfarin. Follow-up echocardiogram showed complete resolution of clot. Conclusion This case shows the importance of history and physical exam in caring for this complex cohort of adult patients with CHD.
Self-defense on Five Fronts: A Reply to My Commentators

It is very challenging to be presented with such a wide array of commentaries on my work, many of which raise very fundamental questions. In this necessarily brief set of responses, I propose to divide the commentaries into five areas; to present my overall background view in each area; and then, against that background, to consider the main points made in the relevant commentaries. The five areas are: Epistemology and Semantics; Philosophy of Mind; Consequentialism; Group Agency; and Republicanism.
Developing a matrix and using self-reported scoring to measure librarian engagement on campus

Purpose – The library’s strategic plan calls for the author to “Transform the role of the subject liaison librarian to better engage the campus community.” This statement specifically focusses on the aspect of the liaison role that builds relationships with the campus partners, “to better engage the campus community.” And like the peers, liaison librarians at this mid-size research institution have been struggling not only with implementing but also determining how to measure this new role. The purpose of this paper is to develop one measure of librarian engagement with the campus community. Design/methodology/approach – The author developed a “campus relationship matrix” that articulates dozens of products that could potentially be the result of liaison work, such as co-authoring a grant proposal, developing a class, co-presenting a workshop on article impact metrics, etc. These relationship products were generated by examining the own work and by scanning liaison responsibility statements from other ins...
Comprehensive one-dimensional mathematical model of microwave sintering

The use of microwaves to drive the materials manufacturing process of sintering has shown great potential as an efficient and green technology, but there remain various aspects of this highly complex and strongly coupled sequence of physical phenomena which warrant especially careful mathematical treatment. For the first time, we present a model of microwave sintering that accounts for the chain of physical phenomena, including the dependence of dielectric and thermal material properties on the relative density of the sample. A computational test simulating the microwave sintering of zirconia shows a level of shrinkage that is consistent with experimental data.
Optimal design of longitudinal data analysis using generalized estimating equation models.

Longitudinal studies are often applied in biomedical research and clinical trials to evaluate the treatment effect. The association pattern within the subject must be considered in both sample size calculation and the analysis. One of the most important approaches to analyze such a study is the generalized estimating equation (GEE) proposed by Liang and Zeger, in which “working correlation structure” is introduced and the association pattern within the subject depends on a vector of association parameters denoted by ρ. The explicit sample size formulas for two-group comparison in linear and logistic regression models are obtained based on the GEE method by Liu and Liang. For cluster randomized trials (CRTs), researchers proposed the optimal sample sizes at both the cluster and individual level as a function of sampling costs and the intracluster correlation coefficient (ICC). In these approaches, the optimal sample sizes depend strongly on the ICC. However, the ICC is usually unknown for CRTs and multicenter trials. To overcome this shortcoming, Van Breukelen et al. consider a range of possible ICC values identified from literature reviews and present Maximin designs (MMDs) based on relative efficiency (RE) and efficiency under budget and cost constraints. In this paper, the optimal sample size and number of repeated measurements using GEE models with an exchangeable working correlation matrix is proposed under the considerations of fixed budget, where “optimal” refers to maximum power for a given sampling budget. The equations of sample size and number of repeated measurements for a known parameter value ρ are derived and a straightforward algorithm for unknown ρ is developed. Applications in practice are discussed. We also discuss the existence of the optimal design when an AR(1) working correlation matrix is assumed. Our proposed method can be extended under the scenarios when the true and working correlation matrix are different.
Embryonic Stem Cells Transplanted In Utero Survive and Produce Teratocarcinomas in a Murine Model.

Introduction: Embryonic stem (ES) cells have the capacity to differentiate into any cell type. We have previously established an in vivo murine model for the study of the in vivo differentiation of ES cells. The aim of this study was to monitor tumor formation in this model. Materials and Methods: Murine ESC genetically engineered to express yellow fluorescent protein (YFP-ES cells) were cultured on mitomycin-treated feeder layers for four days prior to in utero transplantation in medium containing leukemia inhibitory factor. A cell dose of 5x10 4 YFP-ES cells (H-2b) was injected in utero intraperitoneally in the fetuses of Balb/c (H-2d) and C57BL/6 (H-2b) pregnant mice at E12- E14. The presence of YFP-ES cell-derived cells was analyzed in various tissues of the liveborn offsprings of different ages by fluorescence microscopy and quantified by digitalized fluorescence microscopy of frozen section from various tissues and organs and analysis of tissue supernatants for the presence of the YFP signal. Tumor formation was monitored in liveborn offsprings for up to one year and tissue sections were examined by routine and fluorescent microscopy. Results: The YFP-fluorescent cells derived from YFP-ES cells were detected in liver and thymus without any evidence of migration in other organs. Extensive peritoneal teratocarcinomas with supradiaphragmatic involvement were generated in two out of five allogeneic in utero transplantation of YFP-ES cells. Tumor formation was not observed in the groups transplanted in utero with fetal liver or adult bone marrow hematopoietic cells, or in the control group. Clinical and histopathological pictures suggestive of graft-versus -host disease were also observed in two out of five mice transplanted in utero. Conclusion: The promise and the potential risks of the ESC transplantation have to be carefully considered due to the high risk of teratoma/teratocarcinoma occurrence. Protocols using pre-differentiated cells from ES or adult stem cells may constitute a better approach for cellular therapies.
Surface Structure, Morphology, and Stability of Li(Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3)O2 Cathode Material

Layered Li(Ni1–x–yMnxCoy)O2 (NMC) oxides are promising cathode materials capable of addressing some of the challenges associated with next-generation energy storage devices. In particular, improved energy densities, longer cycle-life, and improved safety characteristics with respect to current technologies are needed. However, sufficient knowledge on the atomic-scale processes governing these metrics in working cells is still lacking. Herein, density functional theory (DFT) is employed to predict the stability of several low-index surfaces of Li(Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3)O2 (NMC111) as a function of Li and O chemical potentials. Predicted particle shapes are compared with those of single crystal NMCs synthesized under different conditions. The most stable surfaces for stoichiometric NMC111 are predicted to be the nonpolar (104), the polar (012) and (001), and the reconstructed, polar (110) surfaces. Results indicate that intermediate spin Co3+ ions lower the (104) surface energy. Furthermore, it was found that remo...
Ovariectomy uncovers purinergic receptor activation of endothelin-dependent natriuresis.

We recently reported that natriuresis produced by renal medullary salt loading is dependent on endothelin (ET)-1 and purinergic (P2) receptors in male rats. Because sex differences in ET-1 and P2 s...
The Golgi Methods

A full account of the history of the Golgi method has not been written. In his Recollections of My Life, Ramon y Cajal (1937) tersely summarized the discovery of this method when he wrote: “It was discovered by C. Golgi, the famous histologist of Pavia, through the favor of chance, the muse who inspires great discoveries.” A bit more detail is given in a brief passage in Retzius’ autobiographical reflections (Ramon-Moliner, 1970). According to Retzius, Golgi was investigating the pial covering of the brain and studied sections of brains that had been hardened in potassium dichromate and subsequently put in a solution of silver nitrate. Golgi’s genius consisted in the fact that, at a time when knowledge about neuronal structure was very imperfect, he recognized nerve cells in his preparations.
Dissertation I: Human Systems

The following dissertation proposal was presented in the Spring semester of 2004 and has been modified based on the suggestions of the committee. The proposal was presented to a committee comprised of three economic geographers, a climatologist, and an economist. The committee suggested the original proposal be modified from a single case study to a comparative study of two college districts. Additionally, the proposal was subsequently modified—in consultation with the chair—to protect the privacy of participating institutions as pseudonyms are now used.
Bias corrected empirical Bayes confidence intervals for the selected mean

Empirical Bayes (EB) methods are very useful for post selection inference. Following Datta et al. (2002), we construct EB confidence intervals for the selected population mean. The EB intervals are...
The Hypothenar Ulnar Artery: A Case Series of Aneurysm, Tortuosity and Thrombosis:

Presented is a case series of duplex ultrasound examination for evaluation of the hypothenar ulnar artery. Because of its superficial location, the distal ulnar artery is well characterized by dupl...
Creative Productivity, Gender, and Individual Differences for Long-Lived Artists of Renown

The creative achievements of 21 historically well-known and long-lived painters continued through middle age (Chapter 7). The small sample’s size, and lack of women (except for one, O’Keefe), raise questions about its representativeness. Consequently another 24 long-lived artists were added to the original sample of 21, all with Catalog Raisonnes (complete collections of their life’s work). The enlarged sample of 45 long-lived artists encompassed 64% of the 70 long-lived artists discussed in an art history text (Hartt, 1985), and of these 45, 31 (69%) had Catalog Raisonnes. The artists and their nationalities, birth and death dates, the age at which they died, the total works they produced, and the number and kind of sources that were consulted in tallying the number of works they did in different decades are covered in Lindauer (1993b, table 1, p. 222).
Gap junctions, slow conduction, and ventricular tachycardia after myocardial infarction.

Over the past 30 years, the cumulative results of clinical, experimental, and theoretical studies have validated the concept that slow conduction, related at least in part to changes in intercellular coupling via gap junctions, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of ventricular tachycardia (
Ancient Philosophy and Religious Education: Education as Initiation into a Way of Life

Asked to write a paper on philosophy of religious education, I have pondered long and hard the complexity of the task. The first confusion, not easy to dispel, is with the word philosophy itself. Philosophy is not a univocal word since it means different things to its many practitioners. Western philosophy, which will be the focus of this paper, began as an attempt to go beyond the Greek poets in explaining the world and directing people’s lives. Thus philosophy has always had a connection with education. It has also had for centuries a close connection with religion. My pondering the role of philosophy in religious education led me to review a life long study of philosophers and philosophies. In this review I will note how other religious educators have drawn on philosophy for their work. Next I will explain some of the main thrusts of ancient Greek philosophy. Finally, I will draw implications for theory and practice of religious education. My introduction to philosophy came as a seminary student who was required to study philosophy for two years before beginning the study of theology. The philosophy of Neo-Scholasticism or Neo-Thomism, a modern version of the philosophy of the 13th century Dominican friar Thomas Aquinas, was to serve as ancilla theologiae, the handmaid of Scholastic theology. In studying the modern interpreters of St. Thomas and other 13th century philosophers the subjects were logic, epistemology, ontology or metaphysics, theodicy, philosophical psychology and ethics. The approach was rational, at times close to the reasoning and proofs one finds in mathematics. The most interesting course for me, however, was history of philosophy in which I was introduced in a year long course to the most prominent philosophers of the West. Each philosopher was critiqued according to how he (they were all men) agreed with or departed from the one true philosophy, which
Phosphorylation of the acetylcholine receptor.

There is increasing evidence that disorders of recep tor function account for several major clinical diseases. In the nervous system, two of the most striking examples are myasthenia gravis and tardive dyskinesia. Each of these conditions is associated with a change in the number and/or sensitivity of a neurotransmitter receptor. In myasthenia gravis, fatigue and weakness is best explained by a decreased number of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChR) at the neuromuscular junction. On the other hand, the movement disorder in tardive dyskinesia is best explained by an apparent increase in the number and sensitivity of dopamine receptors in the corpus striatum. It seems likely therefore that changes in specific biochemical mechanisms which regulate post-synaptic membrane receptor proteins account for the pathophysiologic abnormalities in each of these disorders. Such mechanisms might involve covalent biochemical modification of the receptor such as phosphorylation, methylation or acetylation, or conformational changes in the receptor as a result of its interaction with effectors. However, the biochemical regulatory mechanisms affecting receptor proteins at the synapse have not yet been identified and we do not know how these are altered in neurologic disease.
Discontinuation of adjuvant sunitinib due to adverse events in patients with high-risk renal cell carcinoma after nephrectomy: A combined analysis of phase III trials.

215Background: Dysregulation in the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway has been implicated in the pathogenesis of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Sunitinib is an oral VEGF receptor tyros...
Is There Any Benefit to Obtaining a Pelvic Ultrasound After a Negative CT of the Abdomen/Pelvis in a Woman with Chronic Abdominal Pain?

The adult female patient with chronic pelvic pain, defined as noncyclic pain of greater than 6 months’ duration, presents unique diagnostic challenges. Etiology may be gynecologic, gastrointestinal, urologic, or neuropathic in origin. CT (computerized tomography) is frequently performed in the evaluation of pelvic pain, but may not be the ideal investigative modality, and important findings may be missed. Pelvic ultrasonography often yields important diagnoses in the woman with chronic pelvic pain. Endometriosis, uterine leiomyomatosis and adenomyosis, pelvic congestion syndrome, and polycystic ovary syndrome are conditions diagnosed in a significant proportion of patients with chronic pelvic pain; chronic ovarian torsion is a rare but critical entity to consider.
Advanced photo-induced substrate-integrated waveguides using pillar-array structures for tunable and reconfigurable THz circuits

Substrate-integrated waveguides (SIWs) have recently attracted increasing attention for the development of terahertz (THz) circuits and systems. However, conventional SIWs employ fixed metallic vias to form the waveguide sidewalls, resulting in limited tunability and reconfigurability. In this paper, we report a novel approach for the realization of high-performance tunable and/or reconfigurable THz SIW structures. In this approach, photo-induced free carriers are generated in a high-resistivity silicon pillar-array structure to form well-defined, highly conductive, vertical sidewalls. The wave propagation properties of these optically-defined photo-induced SIWs (PI-SIWs) have been evaluated using full-wave electromagnetic simulations. Higher-functionality THz components, including a single-pole double-throw switch and a phase shifter were also designed and simulated. Based on these example circuits, PI-SIWs using pillar-array structures appear to be attractive candidates for the development of tunable and reconfigurable THz components for THz sensing, imaging, and communication systems.
Prevalence and Correlates of Sexual Revictimization in Middle and High School Youth

Research consistently shows that individuals who experience a sexual assault are at an increased risk to experience a subsequent sexual assault, a phenomenon known as sexual revictimization. However, little research has used a longitudinal methodology to examine rates and correlates of peer-to-peer sexual revictimization in middle and high school youth. The purpose of this study was to address this gap in the literature. Participants were 1,706 youth in Grades 7 to 10 (51.3% female) who completed surveys at the beginning and end of an academic year, approximately 6 months apart. Results showed that the vast majority (n = 1561, 90.4%) of youth reported no sexual victimization at either time point, 125 youth (7.2%) reported sexual victimization at one time point, and 40 youth (2.3%) reported sexual victimization at two time points. Among victims (n = 165), about one quarter (n = 40, 24.2%) were victimized at both time points. Binge drinking, depression, and suicidal thoughts were all higher among multiple and singular victims compared with nonvictims and among multiple victims compared with singular victims. Girls and sexual minorities were more likely to be multiple and singular victims compared with nonvictims and multiple victims compared with singular victims. Older youth were more likely to be multiple and singular victims compared with nonvictims. These data underscore the need for programming that concurrently focuses on mental health and sexual assault risk reduction, especially among high-risk youth.
Implications of Individual Differences in Subjective Happiness for Perceiving, Interpreting, and Thinking About Life Events

Both anecdotal and empirical evidence suggest that characteristically happy and unhappy individuals seem to differ in the ways in which they respond to life events and daily situations. This paper reports two questionnaire studies and a laboratory study testing the hypothesis that happy people perceive, interpret, and think about the same events in more positive ways than do unhappy ones. The results of Study 1 showed that students nominated by their peers as “very happy” reported experiencing similar types of both positive and negative life events, as did peer-nominated “unhappy” students. However, self-rated happy students tended to think about both types of events more favorably and adaptively—e.g., by seeing humor in adversity and emphasizing recent improvement in their lives. This pattern of results was conceptually replicated in Study 2 using hypothetical events. In Study 3, self-rated happy students interacted with a female confederate in the laboratory, then watched a series of videotapes depicting a fellow (but unfamiliar) student in three different situations. Happy individuals liked the person they met, and recalled her in more favorable terms, more than did unhappy ones. The same pattern of results, albeit weaker, was found for liking of the videotaped target. Implications of our findings for the question of how happiness (or unhappiness) is maintained are discussed.
“Practical considerations in designing solid state Li-S cells for electric aviation”

Abstract The development of high-energy, high-safety, and high-power batteries beyond electric automotive standards is critical for future electric aviation applications. Non-volatile solid-state electrolytes (SSE) offer many promising advantages over traditional flammable liquid electrolytes. SSE may become an enabling technology for certain battery chemistries by preventing detrimental interactions that occur with liquid electrolytes, for example preventing dissolution of lithium-sulfur intermediates common in traditional liquid organic solvents. However, significant manufacturing challenges must be overcome before the adoption of such technology. One of the main challenges is the fabrication of sufficiently thin electrolyte layer to maximize specific energy of the solid-state cell. In this work we first show the feasibility in the assembly of an all solid-state battery via the development of composite SSE with ionic conductivity above 0.2mS/cm and thicknesses on the order of 40 micron through a tape-casting technique. With Li/Al alloy as the anode and TiS2 as the active cathode material, the resultant solid-state battery with a thin electrolyte layer and excellent cathode-electrolyte interface represents a prototype vision on a potential solid-state cell required for electric aviation. A detailed parameter analysis is further presented on the influence of the various cell metrics, such as electrolyte thickness, carbon content, active material utilization, and excess lithium, on the cell specific energy. The implications in the optimization of these required parameters to enable practical solid-state Li-S batteries for electric aviation are discussed.
Coping Strategies in Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia.

Patients diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) face sudden-onset life-threatening disease that requires intensive treatments. Although their early disease trajectory is characterized by significant, toxic side effects, there is limited data describing coping strategies among patients with AML and how these inform patient-reported outcomes. We used cross-sectional secondary data analyses to describe coping in 160 patients with newly diagnosed high-risk AML. We used the Brief COPE, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version, and Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Leukemia at time of AML diagnosis to measure coping strategies, psychological distress and quality of life (QOL), respectively. We used the median split method for distribution of coping domains, and multivariate regression models to assess the relationship between coping and patient-reported outcomes. Participants (median age=64.4 years) were mostly non-Hispanic White (86.3%), male (60.0%), and married (73.8%). Most (51.9%) had high utilization of approach-oriented coping strategies whereas 38.8% had high utilization of avoidant coping strategies. At time of diagnosis, use of approach-oriented coping was associated with less psychological distress (anxiety: β=-0.262, p=0.002; depression symptoms β=-0.311, p<0.001; PTSD symptoms: β=-0.596, p=0.006) and better QOL (β=1.491, p=0.003). Use of avoidant coping was associated with more psychological distress (anxiety: β=0.884, p<0.001; depression symptoms: β=0.697, p<0.001; PTSD symptoms: β=3.048, p<0.001) and worse QOL (β=-5.696, p<0.001). Patients with high-risk AML utilize various approach-oriented and avoidant coping strategies at time of diagnosis. Use of approach-oriented coping strategies was associated with less psychological distress and better QOL, suggesting a possible target for supportive oncology interventions.
Wind Abrasion and Ventifact Formation in California

Ventifacts are found in several physical settings in California: in formerly glaciated areas, in periglacial areas above or beyond glacier limits, in presently semiarid areas, along the coast, and in true deserts. In several localities, both active and fossil forms are found. Ventifacts and abraded surfaces develop wherever strong winds, laden with abundant sediment, erode resistant boulders or bedrock. In California, as elsewhere, the abrasive agent is most commonly a fine- to medium-grained aeolian sand. In arid areas, ventifacts occur near to Pleistocene lake shorelines, downwind of alluvial rivers, near dune fields, or in corridors of regional sand transit. They formed principally during a drier middle Holocene period from 8 to 5 ka. Staining and discoloration of the abraded face, patchy granular disintegration and spalling of abraded surfaces, and stabilized aeolian sand provide evidence for current inactivity of wind erosion. Ventifacts found on moraines beyond receding ice fronts are much older, dating from Pleistocene cold stages.
Src is a novel potential off‐target of RXR agonists, 9‐cis‐UAB30 and Targretin, in human breast cancer cells

9-cis-UAB30 (UAB30) and Targretin are well-known retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonists. They were highly effective in decreasing the incidence of methylnitrosourea (MNU)-induced mammary cancers. However, whether the anti-mammary cancer effects of UAB30 or Targretin originate from the activation of RXR is unclear. In the present study, we hypothesized that UAB30 and Targretin not only affect RXR, but likely influence one or more off-target proteins. Virtual screening results suggest that Src is a potential target for UAB30 and Targretin that regulates extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules and cell motility and invasiveness. In vitro kinase assay data revealed that UAB30 or Targretin interacted with Src and attenuated its kinase activity. We found that UAB30 or Targretin substantially inhibited invasiveness and migration of MCF-7 and SK-BR-3 human breast cancer cells. We examined the effects of UAB30 and Targretin on the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-9, which are known to play an essential role in tumor invasion. We show that activity and expression of MMP-9 were decreased by UAB30 or Targretin. Western blot data showed that UAB30 or Targretin decreased AKT and its substrate molecule p70s6k, which are downstream of Src in MCF-7 and SK-BR-3 cells. Moreover, knocking down the expression of Src effectively reduced the sensitivity of SK-BR-3 cells to the inhibitory effects of UAB30 and Targretin on invasiveness. Taken together, our results demonstrate that UAB30 and Targretin each inhibit invasion and migration by targeting Src in human breast cancer cells. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Activism and American Indian Issues

Abstract In spite of a professional tradition which includes activism, many social workers who are cognizant of issues of cultural diversity focus their efforts on helping individuals rather than on social justice or macro-level activities. This article discusses how social workers can take on culturally appropriate, activist roles in American Indian communities. In order to work effectively on these issues, activists must understand some important background information, be informed of current issues and events, and participate in activities which respect the sovereignty and self-determination of the First Nations. The author's experience of a recent struggle in an American Indian community illustrates roles for social work practice.
A new microparticle size calibration standard for use in measuring smaller microparticles using a new flow cytometer

Summary. Background: Microparticle size measurements are often calibrated on flow cytometers using polystyrene microspheres that forward scatter more light vs. particle diameter than cellular microparticles. Methods: We compared theoretical with measured forward angle light scattering on the LSRII, FC500 and Apogee A40 using polystyrene and silica microspheres vs. synthetic lipid vesicles and platelets, then compared plasma microparticle counts using different calibration strategies. Results: Polystyrene and silica microspheres with higher refractive indices forward scattered more light with a wavelength of 488 nm for a given size microparticle than did lipid vesicles or platelets. The LSRII and FC500 did not count many, and were unable to separate by size, polystyrene microspheres < 0.5 μm in diameter. On the Apogee A40, polystyrene microspheres could be separated by size down to 0.2 μm, and a polystyrene microsphere 0.4 μm in diameter produced the same forward scatter relative intensity as a 1-μm lipid or cellular microparticle. Using the new calibrator, the Apogee A40 found 80 000–4 000 000 μL−1 total microparticles, 11 000–350 000 μL−1 annexin V positive microparticles and 6000–350 000 μL−1 platelet microparticles < 1 μm in plasma samples. Conclusions: The Apogee A40 was able to resolve size differences in polystyrene microspheres down to 0.2 μm and microparticles down to 0.4 μm. On the Apogee A40 we propose using a 0.4-μm polystyrene microsphere as equivalent to a 1-μm cellular microparticle for size calibration. Using this calibrator, the Apogee A40 detected higher numbers of total, platelet and annexin V positive microparticles than were found using a Megamix gate.
EVOLUTION OF VORTEX STRUCTURES IN A MODEL OF THE TURBULENT TRAILING VORTEX

We present results obtained from a direct numerical simulation for a model of incompressible trailing vortices consisting of an array of counter-rotating vortices and a superposed axial velocity in a doubly-periodic domain, infinite in the vertical direction. The Reynolds number based on vortex circulation is 1000. It is found that for sufficiently strong axial flow, helical instability modes develop on each vortex. This leads to a decrease in the magnitude of the axial flow and subsequent relaminarization of each vortex. At later times, modes corresponding to the more slowly growing co-operative instability become dominant. These produce their own helical structures followed by the rapid growth of small scales, then vorticity cancellation and decay of the vortex array. In the presence of strong axial flow the helical structure persists and the vortices appear more resistant to the breakdown phenomena than for arrays with no axial flow.
Role of dietary factors in ethnic differences in early risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes

The African American children in our sample showed a greater disease risk than did the white children, even after body composition, social class background, and dietary patterns were adjusted for.