cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Search for the laser-induced crossed beam reaction of excited I2 (B 3Π) with Hg

Abstract A search for the laser-induced crossed beam reaction I 2 * + Hg → HgI + I has been conducted at total energies ⩽ 4 eV (translational energies ⩽ 2.5 eV). The I 2 molecules are prepared in the B ( 3 Π 0 ) state within the scattering region via 514.5 nm Ar + laser excitation. The fraction of I 2 * molecules in the I 2 beam was = 4×10 −3 . No significant yield of HgI in excess of that from the ground-state reaction was detected over the entire range of scattering angles. The experiment yields an upper limit for the ratio of the cross section for the excited-state reaction relative to that of the ground state, estimated to be ⩽ 0.5 at a total energy of 3.9 eV. Assuming “backward” (rebound) scattering for the excited-state reaction, this upper bound is reduced to ⩽ 0.04.
Urban forest structure, ecosystem services and change in Syracuse, NY

The tree population within the City of Syracuse was assessed using a random sampling of plots in 1999, 2001 and 2009 to determine how the population and the ecosystem services these trees provide have changed over time. Ecosystem services and values for carbon sequestration, air pollution removal and changes in building energy use were derived using the i-Tree Eco model. In addition, photo interpretation of aerial images was used to determine changes in tree cover between the mid-1990s and 2009. Between the mid-1990s and 2003, tree cover in Syracuse exhibited a decline from 27.5 to 25.9 %, but subsequently increased to 26.9 % by 2009. The total tree population exhibited a similar pattern, dropping from 881,000 trees in 1999 to 862,000 in 2001, and then increasing to 1,087,000 trees in 2009. Most of this increase in the urban tree population is due to invasive or pioneer trees species, particularly Rhamnus cathartica, which has more than tripled in population between 2001 and 2009. Insects such as gypsy moth and emerald ash borer pose a substantial risk to altering future urban forest composition. The annual ecosystem services provided by the urban forest in relation to carbon sequestration, air pollution removal and reduction in building energy use are estimated at about $2.4 million per year. An improved understanding of urban forests and how they are changing can facilitate better management plans to sustain ecosystem services and desired forest structure for future generations.
Nuclear receptor CAR (NR1I3) is essential for DDC-induced liver injury and oval cell proliferation in mouse liver

The liver is endowed with the ability to regenerate hepatocytes in response to injury. When this regeneration ability is impaired during liver injury, oval cells, which are considered to be postnatal hepatic progenitors, proliferate and differentiate into hepatocytes. Here we have demonstrated that 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC) activates the nuclear receptor constitutive active/androstane receptor (CAR), resulting in proliferation of oval cells in mouse liver. Activation of CAR by DDC was shown by hepatic nuclear CAR accumulation and cytochrome P450 (CYP)2B10 mRNA induction after feeding a 0.1% DDC-containing diet to Car(+/+) mice. After being fed the DDC diet, Car(+/+), but not Car(-/-) mice, developed severe liver injury and an A6 antibody-stained ductular reaction in an area around the portal tract. Oval cell proliferation was confirmed by laser capture microdissection and real-time PCR; mRNAs for the two oval cell markers epithelial cell adhesion molecule and TROP2 were specifically induced in the periportal region of DDC diet-fed Car(+/+), but not Car(-/-) mice. Although rates of both hepatocyte growth and death were initially enhanced only in DDC diet-fed Car(+/+) mice, growth was attenuated when oval cells proliferated, whereas death continued unabated. DDC-induced liver injury, which differs from other CAR activators such as phenobarbital, occurred in the periportal region where cells developed hypertrophy, accumulated porphyrin crystals and inflammation developed, all in association with the proliferation of oval cells. Thus, CAR provides an excellent experimental model for further investigations into its roles in liver regeneration, as well as the development of diseases such as hepatocellular carcinoma.
Issues Related to WAIS-R Testing Modifications for Individuals with Learning Disabilities or Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

The stakes are high: diagnosis for better self-understanding, test adjustments for more meaningful scores, program eligibility for treatment and services, college admissions, and employment accommodations. These benefits could be available to adolescents and adults with learning disabilities or Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. In deriving such diagnoses, professional ethics and federal legislation require high standards, especially when testing special populations. The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised (WAIS-R; Wechsler, 1981) is the most commonly used and well-respected adolescent and adult intelligence test (Spruill, 1987). However, not enough discussion and research have centered around test accommodations when assessing individuals with mild disabilities using the WAIS-R. The purposes of this article are to provide an overview of the WAIS-R, present ethical and legal issues, discuss the schism of standardized testing vs. modifications, provide assessment alternatives, summarize practi...
Raptor Binds the SAIN (Shc and IRS-1 NPXY Binding) Domain of Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 (IRS-1) and Regulates the Phosphorylation of IRS-1 at Ser-636/639 by mTOR

In normal physiological states mTOR phosphorylates and activates Akt. However, under diabetic-mimicking conditions mTOR inhibits phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase/Akt signaling by phosphorylating insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) at Ser-636/639. The molecular basis for the differential effect of mTOR signaling on Akt is poorly understood. Here, it has been shown that knockdown of mTOR, Raptor, and mLST8, but not Rictor and mSin1, suppresses insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of IRS-1 at Ser-636/639 and stabilizes IRS-1 after long term insulin stimulation. This phosphorylation depends on the PI 3-kinase/PDK1 axis but is Akt-independent. At the molecular level, Raptor binds the SAIN (Shc and IRS-1 NPXY binding) domain of IRS-1 and regulates the phosphorylation of IRS-1 at Ser-636/639 by mTOR. IRS-1 lacking the SAIN domain does not interact with Raptor, is not phosphorylated at Ser-636/639, and favorably interacts with PI 3-kinase. Overall, these data provide new insights in the molecular mechanisms by which mTORC1 inhibits PI 3-kinase/Akt signaling at the level of IRS-1 and suggest that mTOR signaling toward Akt is scaffold-dependent.
Mapping and ablation of supraventricular tachycardia in pediatric and congenital heart disease patients

Abstract The past two decades have witnessed astounding advances in the efficacy and safety of catheter ablation techniques as definitive therapy of supraventricular tachycardia, with application to an ever widening spectrum of pediatric and congenital heart disease patients. This review covers both general considerations in pediatric ablation and technical pearls specific to a variety of ablation targets. Tools of ablation, indications for ablation, historical outcomes and unique considerations in children and complex congenital heart disease are addressed. This is followed by discussion of ablation of accessory pathways, AV node reentrant tachycardia, focal atrial tachycardia in structurally normal hearts and atrial tachycardia in congenital heart disease.
Concurrent measurement of (Na+,K+)-ATPase activity and lipid peroxides in rat brain following reversible global ischemia

Lipid peroxides, quantitated as lipid conjugated dienes, and (Na+,K+)-ATPase activity were assayed concurrently in brains of control rats and in three groups subjected to 30 min of reversible forebrain ischemia followed by 0, 1, and 4 hr of recirculation. Multiple small samples were taken from lateral, dorsolateral and medial cortex, hippocampus, thalamus and striatum following in situ freezing. (Na+,K+)-ATPase activity was elevated in hippocampus, dorsolateral and lateral cortex (P<0.10) and in thalamus (P<0.05) following 30 min ischemia. ATPase activity in medial cortex continued to increase during the first 1 hr of recirculation (P<0.10). Following 4 hr of recirculation, decreased enzyme activities were observed in all of these regions (lateral cortex and hippocampus,P<0.10). No changes in ATPase activity were observed in samples from striatum. Of the regional samples assayed for lipid peroxide content, the incidence of conjugated dienes as a function of recirculation time was 6% (0 hr), 23% (1 hr), and 17% (4 hr). For these samples, plots of normalized ATPase activity vs. tissue conjugated diene concentration revealed that normalized ATPase activity varied with recirculation time, but was independent of the magnitude of the lipid peroxidative process (expressed in terms of tissue conjugated diene concentration). These results suggest that disturbances in membrane structure and function presumed to arise from lipid peroxidation are not responsible for the behavior of the ATPase under the current in vivo conditions.
Mapping of lunar surface from side-looking orbital radar images

Side-looking spacecraft radar imagery has thus far been produced only from an orbit around the Moon. This was a part of the Apollo Lunar Sounder Experiment (ALSE) of the Apollo 17 mission in December, 1972. This paper reports results of a radargrammetric evaluation of overlapping Apollo 17 synthetic aperture radar images (wavelength 2 m). The potential to map from single images and to reconstruct 3D stereoscopic models is studied. The relative height accuracy achieved is about ± 100 m and is thus competitive with that obtained with the vidicon camera that is presently used for planetary exploration.
Effects of solvent deposited enhancers on transdermal permeation and their relationship with Emax.

Many topical pharmaceuticals such as aerosols, topical sprays, and hydro-alcoholic and polymer based gels contain chemical enhancers. The objectives of the present study were to (a) determine the enhancement effects induced by enhancers deposited from a volatile solvent on human epidermal membrane (HEM) upon transdermal permeation enhancement, (b) compare these enhancement factors with Emax, and (c) examine the relationship between enhancer-induced permeation enhancement and stratum corneum equilibrium uptake enhancement. In this study, HEM was treated with enhancer/ethanol (enhancer dissolved in ethanol). After the evaporation of ethanol, passive transport experiments were conducted using corticosterone (CS) as the model permeant. The uptake of another model corticosteroid, estradiol (E2β), into the intercellular lipid domain of stratum corneum after enhancer/ethanol treatment was also determined. The results show a correlation between Emax and the enhancement effect of most enhancers when the enhancers were deposited on the skin using the volatile solvent ethanol. The data suggest that the CS transport rate limiting domain was likely the same as the intercellular lipid domain probed by E2β uptake. The correlation between steady-state permeation enhancement and uptake enhancement into the intercellular lipid domain suggests that the permeation enhancement mechanism is primarily due to enhancement of permeant partitioning into the transport rate limiting domain.
Imperial history and post‐colonial theory

(1996). Imperial history and post‐colonial theory. The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History: Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 345-363.
Similarity of playback songs to self song as a determinant of response strength in song sparrows (Melospiza melodia)

Abstract Male song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) were presented with a series of four playback songs of decreasing similarity to their own song. Strength of territorial response was inversely correlated with similarity of the stimulus song to the subjects' own songs. The males discriminated between the songs of strangers within their own population, based on whether the stranger's song was of the same ‘cadence type’ as a song in the subject male's repertoire. Habituation to self song is not considered an adequate explanation for the observed results. Instead, an active recognition of similarity to self song is postulated, the function of which is not clear. To the degree that self song has a unique salience to the males, song sparrows can be said to have an auditory concept of ‘self’.
Identification of residues of Escherichia coli phosphofructokinase that contribute to nucleotide binding and specificity.

The apparent affinity of phosphofructo-1-kinase (PFK) of Escherichia coli for ATP is at least 10 times higher than for other nucleotides. Mutagenesis was directed toward five residues that may interact with ATP: Y41, F76, R77, R82, and R111. Alanine at position 41 or 76 increased the apparent Km by 49- and 62-fold, respectively. Position 41 requires the presence of a large hydrophobic residue and is not restricted to aromatic rings. Tryptophan and, to a lesser extent, phenylalanine could substitute at position 76. None of the mutants at 41 or 76 showed a change in the preference for alternative purines, although F76W used CTP 3 times better than the wild type enzyme. Mutations of R77 suggested that the interaction was hydrophobic with no influence on nucleotide preference. Mutation of R82 to alanine or glutamic acid increased the apparent Km for ATP by more than 20-fold and lowered the kcat/Km with ATP more than 30-fold. However, these mutants had a higher kcat/Km than wild type for both GTP and CTP, ref...
Heat Shock Protein 1 and the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 14 Pathway Are Important for Mouse Trophoblast Stem Cell Differentiation

Abstract Differentiation of trophoblast cells is a critical process for the proper establishment of the placenta and is, therefore, necessary to maintain embryonic development. Trophoblast stem (TS) cells grown in culture can differentiate into different trophoblast subtypes in vitro mimicking normal trophoblast cell differentiation. Therefore, TS cells are a valuable model system that can be used to elucidate genetic factors that regulate trophoblast cell differentiation. Several transcription factors, when analyzed by targeted gene mutation in mice, have resulted in embryonic lethality due to placental defects and, more specifically, defects of the trophoblast lineages. These studies have helped improve our knowledge about trophoblast cell differentiation, but much is still unknown about the specific mechanisms involved. This study uses TS cell culture to detect proteins with differential expression in proliferating and differentiating TS cells in order to identify proteins with potential roles in the d...
THE GROWTH AND DECLINE OF AMERICAN CENTRAL CITIES

The relative impacts of net migration, annexation and natural increase on central city population change are examined for the 118 largest American central cities. Region, central city age, and population size are also included as exogenous variables in the causal model. Annexation is found to offset some losses due to migration in older cities, but it is natural increase of the population that ensures continued central city growth or reduces the probability of decline.
Analysis of a new MoO transition in the near-IR: A combined theoretical and experimental study

The near-infrared electronic spectrum of MoO has been recorded in emission using the Fourier transform spectrometer associated with the National Solar Observatory at Kitt Peak, AZ. The gas phase MoO molecules were produced in a neon-based electric discharge using a molybdenum hollow cathode and a trace amount of oxygen. One MoO molecular band was observed in the spectrum with a red-degraded bandhead at 6735 cm−1 and is assigned as the (0,0) band of the c 3Π1 − a 3Σ−0+ transition. The assignment is based upon isotopologue shifts and ab initio calculations. Results from the ab initio calculations and analysis are presented. The new calculations support the assignment of the observed transition and have led to reassignment of several electronic states from previous work.
An efficient implicit boundary integral solver for the Vlasov-Maxwell system

Summary form only given. Maxwell's equations are an integral part of many plasma models, and therefore robust, efficient solvers are needed in order to attain accurate numerical simulations of plasma. By formulating the Vlasov-Maxwell problem in terms of vector potentials, Maxwell's equation reduces to 4 wave equations, (one for the scalar potential and 3 for the vector potential), forced by the charges and currents as determined by the electron and ion distribution functions. Such problems are challenging because they often involve multiple time and spatial scales, complex geometries, and many particles, which are modeled as moving point sources. Explicit methods are efficient for spatial discretization, but can only take small time steps due to the CFL restriction, and are therefore are unfavorable for long time simulations. We present an implicit, A-stable boundary integral solver (IBIS) for the wave equation, using a method of lines transpose (MOLT) approach. We first build a fast O(N) solver in one spatial dimension, and then extend it to higher dimensions using alternate direction implicit (ADI) splitting, thus maintaining efficiency. This makes our IBIS as efficient as explicit solvers, but additionally allows for larger time steps and thus faster simulations. We can also address complex geometries, moving point sources, and a wide variety of boundary conditions. Additionally, we have implemented domain decomposition, which makes our algorithm flexible for use in adaptive mesh refinement.
Loop 5-directed Compounds Inhibit Chimeric Kinesin-5 Motors: IMPLICATIONS FOR CONSERVED ALLOSTERIC MECHANISMS

The human Eg5 (HsEg5) protein is unique in its sensitivity to allosteric agents even among phylogenetic kin. For example, S-trityl-l-cysteine (STC) and monastrol are HsEg5 inhibitors that bind to a surface pocket created by the L5 loop, but neither compound inhibits the Drosophila Kinesin-5 homologue (Klp61F). Herein we ask whether or not drug sensitivity can be designed into Klp61F. Two chimeric Klp61F motor domains were engineered, bacterially expressed, and purified to test this idea. We report that effector binding can elicit a robust allosteric response comparable with HsEg5 in both motor domain chimeras. Furthermore, isothermal titration calorimetry confirms that the Klp61F chimeras have de novo binding affinities for both STC and monastrol. These data show that the mechanism of intramolecular communication between the three ligand binding sites is conserved in the Kinesin-5 family, and reconstitution of a drug binding cassette within the L5 pocket is sufficient to restore allosteric inhibition. However, the two compounds were not equivalent in their allosteric inhibition. This surprising disparity in the response between the chimeras to monastrol and STC suggests that there is more than one allosteric communication network for these effectors.
Method of measuring spot size of cathode-ray tube

THE determination of the spot size of a cathode-ray tube has been, at best, a subjective process. Thus, the shrinking-raster method of measuring spot size relies on the judgment of the observer to determine when a set of lines appears to merge. Similarly, any attempt to measure the spot diameter with a microscope is also dependent upon the observer because of the way the flux density varies over the area of the spot.1
Diabetic Nephropathy and Pregnancy

Knowledge of the pathogenic mechanisms of diabetic nephropathy (by which hyperglycemia, hyperfiltration, and hypertension cause the gradual development of microproteinuria, mesangial expansion, and eventual glomerular closure) provides the basis for effective treatment. Intensified glycemic control and antihypertensive therapy that is safe for the fetus are crucial for success during pregnancy. Considered outcome measures include perinatal survival, size at birth, child development, and long-term maternal renal function.
THE EVOLUTION OF FEDERAL CITIZEN INVOLVEMENT POLICY

This article traces the emergence of federal citizen involvement policy during the past 34 years which is described as emerging in an incremental and disjointed manner since World War II. The essay summarizes the major stages in this evolution, describes important principles associated with each stage, and identifies 24 elements that constitute an accrued federal citizen involvement policy.
The role of cytochrome 2B1 substrate recognition site residues 115, 294, 297, 298, and 362 in the oxidation of steroids and 7-alkoxycoumarins.

Abstract At least two substitutions were made at each of five amino acid residues in rat cytochrome P450 2B1 that align to residues of known importance in other P450s. The mutants were histidine tagged for purification from Escherichia coli, and the proteins were assessed for testosterone and 7-alkoxycoumarin oxidation. Alteration of each of the sites studied, Phe-115, Ser-294, Phe-297, Ala-298, and Leu-362, was found to affect overall enzyme activity or the metabolite profile. In particular, most of the mutants, excluding F297A, A298G, and L362F, exhibited significantly altered ratios of 16α-hydroxytestosterone:16β-hydroxytestosterone, with the most dramatic alteration being displayed by A298V. Four 7-butoxycoumarin metabolites were produced by CYP2B1, of which two, 7-hydroxycoumarin and 7-(3-hydroxybutoxy)coumarin, were formed at nearly equal rates. Several mutants, F115A, F297A, F297I, and A298V, exhibited an increased predominance of one of the metabolites. The results from this study illustrate the conservation of functionally important residues across P450 subfamilies and families.
An attempt to induce precocious sexual behavior in male guinea pigs by injections of testosterone propionate.

Beginning at the first or second day of life, dosages of 500 µg. of testosterone propionate per 100 gm. body weight were administered daily to intact and castrated guinea pigs. There was no statistically significant evidence that the intromission and ejaculation responses developed precociously in these animals, when compared with intact guinea pigs receiving sesame oil. These results differ from those obtained with the rat in which precocious sexual development has been produced by testosterone propionate treatment. It was concluded from the accumulated evidence that the guinea pig and rat do not respond similarly to testosterone propionate during post-natal development and maturity.
Perturbation chromatography in chemically reactive systems

A one-dimensional column is considered in which a number of chemical reactions with arbitrary kinetics may take place among an arbitrary number of components. Initially, the column is in complete chemical and physical equilibrium. A localized small perturbation is introduced in the column at time t = 0. It is shown that, in general, this initial perturbation separates into a definite number of peaks which move with different velocities. Each peak broadens according to an asymptotic relation, depending on a characteristic dispersion coefficient. If n is the number of components, m the number of independent reactions, and σ the number of equations of state to be considered, there are n-m-σ peaks. These peaks do not correspond to single substances as in classical chromatography, but each peak has an eigencomposition. The velocities of the peaks are derived as functions of stoichiometry and equilibrium data. The dispersion coefficients depend, in addition, on the kinetics of the chemical reactions and on the rate of mass transfer. Thus, perturbation chromatography offers a means of determining both equilibrium and rate data. The theory is illustrated by means of two examples.
Designing a 401(k): A Case Study

Over the past decade or so, many private and publicly held companies have moved away from providing employees with company-funded pensions upon retirement to a retirement system that requires both employee and company contributions to fund an individual's retirement. These so-called 401(k) retirement plans usually require the employee to choose among different investment vehicles, including mutual funds, in order to allocate their retirement savings. This study presents the results of an analysis of the allocation of a lump-sum rollover of money into a typical 401(k) plan, subject to certain restrictions. The mathematics required to complete this analysis includes those topics that are typically covered in an undergraduate course in linear algebra. All of the following material was used in a sophomore-level engineering mathematics course taught at Rowan University.
Timbrel Domes of Guastavino: Nondestructive Assessments On A Half-Scale Model

The Nebraska State Capitol in Lincoln (NE, USA) contains some of the best examples of timbrel vaults and domes utilizing the special Guastavino tile construction. A half-scale model of one of the concentric timbrel domes in the Nebraska State Capitol (called the Model Dome) is constructed at the Peter Kiewit Institute–Structures Laboratory of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln (Omaha campus). The experience of the construction of the Model Dome in itself is unique and therefore discussed in the article. After the Model Dome is constructed, experimental modal analysis is utilized as a nondestructive technique for updating three-dimensional computer models for this structure. As a result of this study, a validated three-dimensional finite element model of the Model Dome is obtained and several inferences are made regarding the construction, modeling, and dynamic testing of timbrel domes. The change in dynamic characteristics of a timbrel dome constructed with gypsum mortar due to environmental effects is al...
Structural and functional healing of critical-size segmental bone defects by transduced muscle-derived cells expressing BMP4.

Background Our previous studies have shown that muscle-derived cells, including a population of muscle stem cells, transduced with a retroviral vector expressing bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) can improve the healing of critical-size calvarial defects. However, we did not evaluate the functionality of the healed bone. The purpose of this study was to determine whether primary muscle-derived cells transduced with retroBMP4 can heal a long bone defect both structurally and functionally. Methods Primary muscle-derived cells were genetically engineered to express BMP4 and were implanted into 7-mm femoral defects created in syngeneic rats. Muscle-derived cells transduced with retroLacZ were used in the control group. Bone healing was monitored by radiography, histology, and biomechanical testing at designated time points. Results Most of the defects treated with muscle-derived cells expressing BMP4 formed bridging callous by 6 weeks after surgery, and exhibited radiographically evident union at 12 weeks after cell implantation. Histological analysis at 12 weeks revealed that the medullary canal of the femur was restored and the cortex was remodeled between the proximal and distal ends of each BMP4-treated defect. In contrast, the defects treated with muscle-derived cells expressing β-galactosidase displayed nonunion at all tested time points. An evaluation of the maximum torque-to-failure in the treatment group indicated that the healed bones possessed 77 ± 28% of the strength of the contralateral intact femora. Torsional stiffness and energy-to-failure were not significantly different between the treated and intact limbs. Conclusions This study demonstrated that primary muscle-derived cells transduced with retroBMP4 can elicit both structural and functional healing of critical-size segmental long bone defects created in rats. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Living liver donors: a coordinator's perspective.

Living donor liver transplantation is an acceptable alternative for many patients awaiting a liver transplant. The benefits of living donor liver transplantation to the recipient are many; however, there is also an appreciable risk to the donor. Many people, including healthcare professionals, believe that living donor liver transplantation is not ethically justified because any risk to a donor outweighs the benefit to the recipient. Recent studies show adverse events in this population do not include only medical complications; any complication—medical, social, psychological, financial, or other—must be examined to analyze the true incidence of adverse outcomes in living liver donors.
Potent and Selective Conformationally Restricted Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitors

Selective inhibition of the isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in pathologically elevated synthesis of nitric oxide has great therapeutic potential. We previously reported nitroarginine-containing dipeptide amides (Huang, H.; Martasek, P.; Roman, L. J.; Masters, B. S. S.; Silverman, R. B. J. Med. Chem. 1999, 42, 3147) and some peptidomimetic analogues (Huang, H.; Martasek, P.; Roman, L. J.; Silverman, R. B. J. Med. Chem. 2000, 43, 2938) as potent and selective inhibitors of neuronal NOS (nNOS). Here we report conformationally restricted dipeptides derived from the dipeptide l-ArgNO2-l-Dbu-NH2 (8). The selectivities for nNOS over endothelial NOS and inducible NOS of the most potent nNOS inhibitor (10a) among these compounds are comparable to that of the parent compound. An unsubstituted amide bond is necessary for potency against nNOS. The stereochemistry of compound 10a was optimum for potency and selectivity and thus provides the binding conformation of the parent compound with nNOS.
Biomechanical Comparison of Open Transosseous Versus Arthroscopic Suture Anchor Repair of the Subscapularis Tendon

There has been interest in improving arthroscopic subscapularis repairs due to their popularity and efficacy when compared to open subscapularis repairs. However, previous biomechanical analyses of rotator cuff repairs have typically focused on the supraspinatus tendon [1–5]. Testing repair techniques in the subscapularis tendon requires the modification of previously established biomechanical testing methods. Most rotator cuff tendon tests have utilized axial loading on supraspinatus and infraspinatus tendons [1–4]. Most subscapularis tendons are torn with forced external rotation of the shoulder. Axial loading of the subscapularis tendon would not be representative of the injury mechanism. Additionally, past rotator cuff studies have employed a variety of techniques for clamping tendons, including freezing clamps and soft tissue grips. Such methods offer insufficient fixation for tendons that have high muscle content, such as the subscapularis. Several studies have focused on the repair’s ability to restore the appropriate healing environment at insertion footprint. These investigations have used either digitizers or pressure-sensitive film to measure contact area [5–7]. However, there are questions concerning the repeatability and accuracy of the results provided by these techniques. The objective of this study was to compare the biomechanical performance of open, transosseous fixation with that of the arthroscopic, suture anchor technique for subscapularis repair, while making three specific improvements to current testing methods. It sought to: 1) apply physiologically accurate loads to the subscapularis using cyclic, external rotation, 2) identify an effective method of clamping tendons with high muscle content, such as the subscapularis, and 3) introduce a novel, tactile pressure measurement system that measures contact pressure and area in real-time.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
A SEQUENCE OF BIOCHEMICAL EVENTS IN THE ANTIGEN-INDUCED RELEASE OF CHEMICAL MEDIATORS FROM SENSITIZED HUMAN LUNG TISSUE

Five sequential steps interspaced between the antigen activation of human lung fragments sensitized with IgE and the release of the chemical mediators, histamine and slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A), have been delineated. The experimental design that permits this analysis is based upon the capacity to maintain the serine esterase essential to mediator release in its diisopropylphosphofluoridate (DFP)-resistant precursor state despite antigen challenge and upon the ability to arrest reversibly the reaction sequence by various manipulations. When sensitized lung fragments are challenged with antigen in the presence of DFP, a serine esterase is converted to its active DFP-inhibitable state; this conversion is prevented if antigen challenge in the presence of DFP occurs in calcium-free buffer indicating that immunologic activation of the esterase requires extracellular calcium. The fact that calcium depletion alone does not impair antigen-induced histamine release implies that prevention of esterase activation depends upon both the absence of extracellular calcium and the inactivation of any active esterase by DFP to prevent an autocatalytic feedback activation. Arresting the antigen-induced activation of the serine esterase by the combination of DFP in calcium-free buffer precludes the sequence from reaching the labile, 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG)-inhibitable, energy-requiring step, indicating that proesterase activation precedes this energy-requiring stage. The 2-DG-inhibitable step precedes a second calcium-requiring, EDTA-inhibitable stage, as EDTA prevents glucose reversal of 2-DG inhibition of antigen-challenged tissue, while the presence of 2-DG does not prevent calcium reversal of EDTA inhibition. The finding that isoproterenol prevents calcium reversal of EDTA inhibition of mediator release suggests that the inhibitory site of action of increased concentrations of cyclic AMP is coincident with or subsequent to the second calcium-requiring, EDTA-inhibitable step. Therefore, the sequence of biochemical events initiated by the interaction of antigen with tissue-fixed IgE antibodies appears to proceed from the calcium-requiring activation of a DFP-sensitive serine esterase; the further autocatalytic activation of the esterase; a 2-DG-inhibitable energy requirement; a second calcium-requiring, EDTA-inhibitable stage; and a cyclic AMP-inhibitable step to the release of histamine and SRS-A.
On the NP-completeness of cryptarithms

If we only consider problems with decimal numbers as above there is no possibility of any hardness result, because there are only 10! different assignments of digits and letters to try. Therefore we will generalize the problem slightly: the base of representation for our numbers will be given as part of the problem (expressed in unary or binary) rather than always being decimal, and we will allow the puzzle to contain arbitrarily many different letters (up to the base of representation). The decision problem for a puzzle will be to determine whether that puzzle has any solutions.
Far lateral extraforaminal lumbar synovial cyst: report of two cases.

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE We present two cases of a far lateral extraforaminal synovial cyst at the L5–S1 level of the spine. Neither case was diagnosed as a synovial cyst before surgery because of their atypical location. Only one other case of an extraforaminal synovial cyst, located at L4–L5, has
Some geometric results in semidefinite programming

The purpose of this paper is to develop certain geometric results concerning the feasible regions of Semidefinite Programs, called hereSpectrahedra. We first develop a characterization for the faces of spectrahedra. More specifically, given a pointx in a spectrahedron, we derive an expression for the minimal face containingx. Among other things, this is shown to yield characterizations for extreme points and extreme rays of spectrahedra. We then introduce the notion of an algebraic polar of a spectrahedron, and present its relation to the usual geometric polar.
‘The Right to Enter Every Other State’ – The Supreme Court and African American Mobility in the United States

Abstract In 1857, U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney stated in the Dred Scott case that if one African American was free to move unhindered throughout the United States, then all African Americans, enslaved or otherwise, would have ‘the right to enter every other State’. Such a situation, he argued, was untenable. The Supreme Court thus suggested that if U.S. citizenship included a de facto right to mobility, then African Americans could not be considered citizens. Although not formally written into the U.S. Constitution, numerous Supreme Court rulings since 1857 have underpinned the right to mobility in the United States. Yet the ability to be mobile in the United States has been fundamentally intertwined with the construction of racial identities. It was the white settlers that were free to move westward, the mobile nomadic lifestyles of the peoples they encountered being understood as primitive and inferior. Native peoples subsequently became immobilized on reservations. Similarly, African...
Microarray analysis of A549 cells infected with rabbitpox virus (RPV): a comparison of wild-type RPV and RPV deleted for the host range gene, SPI-1.

A documented consequence of poxvirus infections is global inhibition of host protein synthesis and reduction in mRNA levels. We examined this mRNA decrease by infecting A549 cells, derived from a human lung carcinoma, with rabbitpox virus (RPV), or RPV deleted for the serine protease inhibitor SPI-1 (RPVΔSPI-1), which exhibits a growth defect on A549 cells. At various times postinfection, mRNA profiles were analyzed using Affymetrix U95AV2 microarrays. There was a decline in overall cellular mRNA levels beginning at 2.5 hpi, and by 5 hpi, mRNA levels were drastically reduced for the majority of genes. However, several mRNAs increased, including those of heat-shock genes. Finally, a comparison of host mRNA profiles of RPV- to RPVΔSPI-1-infected cells revealed subtle differences in mRNA levels at 5 and 12 hpi. In summary, while there was a global decrease of host mRNA levels, the induction of selected mRNAs may be required for a successful poxvirus infection.
A comparative study of the size-heterogeneous high mannose oligosaccharides of some insect vitellins.

Abstract 1. 1. Comparative studies of the carbohydrate component from vitellins of the cockroaches Blattella germanica, Blaberus discoidalis, Periplaneta americana and Simploce capitata and the locust Locusta migratoria have been conducted. 2. 2. Chemical, enzymatic and chromatographic analyses show that each vitellin contains variably processed high mannose type oligosaccharides. 3. 3. While all have a common size range they occur as two distinct classes based on the proportion of individual saccharides present. 4. 4. Oligosaccharide size distribution is not a characteristic of an individual animal but of the species. 5. 5. Because oligosaccharide heterogeneity also occurs in B. germanica vitellogenin (the hemolymph precursor of vitellin), it does not result from structural changes during or after its uptake by the egg.
Synthesis and Evaluation of a Series of 1,2,4,5-Tetrazines for Bioorthogonal Conjugation

1,2,4,5-Tetrazines have been established as effective dienes for inverse electron demand [4 + 2] Diels–Alder cycloaddition reactions with strained alkenes for over 50 years. Recently, this reaction pair combination has been applied to bioorthogonal labeling and cell detection applications; however, to date, there has been no detailed examination and optimization of tetrazines for use in biological experiments. Here, we report the synthesis and characterization of 12 conjugatable tetrazines. The tetrazines were all synthesized in a similar fashion and were screened in parallel to identify candidates most ideally suited for biological studies. In depth follow-up studies revealed compounds with varying degrees of stability and reactivity that could each be useful in different bioorthogonal applications. One promising, highly stable, and water-soluble derivative was used in pretargeted cancer cell labeling studies, confirming its utility as a bioorthogonal moiety.
771 MICROCEPHALY IN PRETERM INFANTS: INCIDENCE AND ASSOCIATED DEVELOPMENTAL PROBLEMS

Given the paucity of data that exist regarding microcephaly in an exclusively preterm population, we studied the occurrence of abnormalities in toddler head circumference (THC) and the relation of THC to developmental status. In those with small THC, birth head circumference (BHC) was also analyzed. HC, WT and L and developmental status (Bayley Scales of Infant Development) at 18-36 months were determined in 117 infants with BW ≤ 1750 gm. 91 (78%) had THC in the normal range. Of the remaining 26 (22%) who had THC ≤ -2 S.D., 3 were clearly microcephalic (MC) (<-3 SD); 10 were suspected MC (<-2 SD); and 13 were near MC (at -2SD). Only one child in each MC group exhibited abnormal WT and L in addition to small head size. The table demonstrates the developmental status of each THC group (excluding 5 toddlers with normal THC untestable due to blindness or behavior problems). Review of BHC of those 26 toddlers with small THC revealed 14 (54%) who were initially microcephalic (<10%ile) and 12 (46%) who had normal BHC. Conclusions: 1) There is a higher incidence of microcephaly or near microcephaly in toddlers who were preterm as compared to those who were born at term. 2) A higher % of delays exists in those with THC<-2SD. 3) A normal BHC does not preclude a later decline in HC%ile and the related risk for developmental problems.
A Decision Model for Integration across the Business Curriculum in the 21st Century.

The integration of business curricula is an important trend in management education that will continue well into the 21st century. Primary approaches for curricular integration are described, and an organizing framework is synthesized. The framework consists of two major dimensions: curriculum context and pedagogical approach, yielding four groups of integrative approaches. The key goals and potential problems associated with each integrative approach are identified and discussed. Finally, a heuristic decision model demonstrates how an institution can narrow its focus to a small set of integrative approaches that are consistent with local preferences regarding goals and constraints.
Prevalence of the acetabular sublabral sulcus at MR arthrography in patients under 17 years of age: does it exist?

To retrospectively determine characteristics of contrast-filled acetabular labral clefts in patients under the age of 17 years at MR arthrography (Mra) correlated with arthroscopy, which may impact the thinking regarding the existence of a sublabral sulcus. After IRB approval, 41 patients under the age of 17 who had MRa were identified. The following observations of contrast-filled clefts were assessed: (1) presence/absence, (2) location, (3) depth, (4) abnormal signal within the labrum and (5) shape (linear, gaping, complex). Fisher's exact and the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test were performed. Interreader agreement was calculated with Cohen's k. Reader 1 found clefts in 41 %. Depth was less than half in 6 %, more than half in 65 % and full thickness in 29 %. Shape was linear in 53 %, gaping in 18 % and complex in 29 %. Signal changes occurred in 88 %. Reader 2 found clefts in 29 %. Depth was less than half in 17 %, more than half in 58 % and full thickness in 25 %. Shape was linear in 50 %, gaping in 42 % and complex in 17 %. Signal changes occurred in 50 %. None of the clefts fulfilled the criteria for a sublabral sulcus at MRa and arthroscopy. None of the clefts found in our subjects under the age of 17 years met the MRa and arthroscopy criteria for a sublabral sulcus, which supports the theory that such clefts represent labral tears.
Protestas, participación y educación pública: discursos sobre lo público en las movilizaciones estudiantiles en Chile

El presente articulo se propone analizar los significados que le asignan los estudiantes universitarios chilenos a las practicas de protesta y ocupacion del espacio publico que se realizan en el marco de las movilizaciones estudiantiles del ano 2011. Para esto se disena una muestra intencional compuesta por estudiantes de universidades publicas y privadas de la region de Valparaiso y se utiliza como tecnica de produccion de informacion el focusgroup y como tecnica de analisis un procedimiento de analisis de contenido. Los resultados se organizan en cinco ejes tematicos que expresan el modo como los jovenes universitarios significan sus formas de accion colectiva: “contra el modelo desde el modelo”, “protesta y espacio publico”, “la transformacion de lo publico: individualismo y mercantilizacion”, “ocupar los medios de comunicacion y construir opinion publica”, y “los estudiantes como concientizadores de la sociedad”. Se concluye que los jovenes universitarios establecen significados complejos acerca de sus practicas de protesta y movilizacion social, que se expresan en formas de accion no convencional y en tensiones con el modelo del que son herederos.
Axl2 Integrates Polarity Establishment, Maintenance, and Environmental Stress Response in the Filamentous Fungus Ashbya gossypii†

In budding yeast, new sites of polarity are chosen with each cell cycle and polarization is transient. In filamentous fungi, sites of polarity persist for extended periods of growth and new polarity sites can be established while existing sites are maintained. How the polarity establishment machinery functions in these distinct growth forms found in fungi is still not well understood. We have examined the function of Axl2, a transmembrane bud site selection protein discovered in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in the filamentous fungus Ashbya gossypii. A. gossypii does not divide by budding and instead exhibits persistent highly polarized growth, and multiple axes of polarity coexist in one cell. A. gossypii axl2Δ (Agaxl2Δ) cells have wavy hyphae, bulbous tips, and a high frequency of branch initiations that fail to elongate, indicative of a polarity maintenance defect. Mutant colonies also have significantly lower radial growth and hyphal tip elongation speeds than wild-type colonies, and Agaxl2Δ hyphae have depolarized actin patches. Consistent with a function in polarity, AgAxl2 localizes to hyphal tips, branches, and septin rings. Unlike S. cerevisiae Axl2, AgAxl2 contains a Mid2 homology domain and may function to sense or respond to environmental stress. In support of this idea, hyphae lacking AgAxl2 also display hypersensitivity to heat, osmotic, and cell wall stresses. Axl2 serves to integrate polarity establishment, polarity maintenance, and environmental stress response for optimal polarized growth in A. gossypii.
Becoming a Journeyman Electrician Some Implicit Indicators in the Apprenticeship Process

Tools, costume, and jargon are used as implicit indicators of the occupational socialization process for a sample of apprentice construction electricians (195). The data support the notion that occ...