cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Driving HIV-1 into a Vulnerable Corner by Taking Advantage of Viral Adaptation and Evolution

Introduction Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) is responsible for the AIDS pandemic. HIV-1 exhibits extremely high levels of genetic diversity (Rambaut et al., 2004) indicating that rapidly changing genetic variation can confer on the virus the capacity to escape the immune system and anti-retroviral therapy (ART). The HIV-1 components presenting the highest degree of sequence diversity are the surface-expressed viral envelope glycoproteins (Env), which are prime targets for both entry inhibitors and neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) (Goulder and Watkins,2008). The function of Env is to facilitate the entry of HIV-1 into the target cell, a process mediated by recognition of the CD4 receptor and coreceptor (usually CCR5 or CXCR4) on the cellular membrane (Dalgleish et al.,1984;Klatzmann et al.,1984;Choe et al.,1996;Deng et al.,1996;Doranz et al.,1996;Dragic et al.,1996;Feng et al.,1996). Env is composed of the surface glycoprotein, gp120, and the transmembrane glycoprotein, gp41, which associate as a non-covalent complex to form a single subunit of a trimeric viral envelope spike (Wyatt and Sodroski, 1998). Gp120 is responsible for binding to CD4 and the coreceptor, whereas gp41 anchors the Env machinery at the viral membrane and induces membrane fusion during viral entry (Freed and Martin,1995;Bazan et al.,1998). Inhibitors that block either the interaction of Env with the CD4 receptor, the coreceptor, or the fusion reaction have been identified. Currently, two entry inhibitors have been licensed for clinical use, the fusion inhibitor, enfuvirtide (T-20) (Robertson,2003), and the CCR5 inhibitor, maraviroc (MVC) (Dorr et al.,2005;Gulick et al.,2008). As with any anti-retroviral drug, HIV can develop resistance to enfuvirtide and MVC. The main mechanism of resistance to enfuvirtide is the selection of changes in a 10 amino acid motif between residues 36 and 45 in the HR1 region of gp41 that forms part of the binding site of enfuvirtide (Greenberg and Cammack,2004). On the other hand, clinical resistance to MVC involves different genetic alterations in env giving rise to highly divergent Env phenotypes (Roche et al.,2013). Potential molecular mechanisms of resistance to MVC include tropism switching to CXCR4-using (X4) viruses (Westby et al.,2006;Raymond et al.,2015), increased kinetics of the entry step (Reeves et al., 2002; Putcharoen et
Near-net shaping of silicon nitride via aqueous room-temperature injection molding and pressureless sintering

Silicon nitride (Si3N4) is of interest because of its high inherent fracture toughness due to interlocking and elongated β-Si3N4 grains, but it is difficult to economically produce into near-net and complex shapes. In this study, the difficulties were overcome with the use of a novel injection molding process where highly loaded (up to 45 vol%) suspensions were loaded into a syringe and injected at a controlled rate into a mold of a desired shape. The suspensions have carefully tailored yield-pseudoplastic rheology such that they can be injection molded at room temperature and low pressures (<150 kPa). Four suspensions were studied; two different commercially available concrete water-reducing admixtures (WRAs) were used as dispersants with and without a polymer binder (Polyvinylprolidone, PVP) added for rheological modification and improved green body strength. Test bars formed via this process were sintered to high densities (up to 97% TD) without the use of external pressure, and had complete conversion to the desirable β-Si3N4 phase with high flexural strengths up to 700 MPa. The specimen sets with the smallest average pore size on the fracture surface (77 µm) had the highest average flexural strengths of 573 MPa. The hardness of all specimens was approximately 16 GPa. The ease and low cost of processing of these water-based suspensions, and the robust mechanical properties reported, demonstrate this as a viable process for the economical and environmentally friendly production of Si3N4 parts.
Similarity Solutions: A Group-Theoretic Approach for Students:

One of the most powerful methods for generating similarity solutions to problems in fluid mechanics and heat transfer is the group-theory method; it is also one of the easiest to apply. However, be...
Exposure of Contralateral Eyes to Laser Radiation during Retinal Photocoagulation.

Purpose/Aim: To investigate the risk of laser damage to the unprotected fellow eye of patients undergoing laser retinal photocoagulation with 532 nm diode pumped solid-state laser.Materials and Met...
Pregnancy: Effect on Multiple Sclerosis, Treatment Considerations, and Breastfeeding

Multiple sclerosis (MS) commonly affects women in childbearing years making pregnancy issues important for patients with MS and their families. Pregnancy is a naturally occurring disease modifier of MS associated with a 70% reduction in relapse rates in the third trimester. This relapse rate reduction during the last trimester is roughly equal to the most effective disease-modifying treatments for MS. Given this efficacy, various pregnancy factors have been tested to determine which play a part in pregnancy's protection, and some have been translated to completed and ongoing phase II clinical trials. In contrast to protective effects during pregnancy, the postpartum period entails increased relapse risk, which may be due to either abrupt removal of protective pregnancy factors after delivery or to unique deleterious factors inherent to the postpartum period. The effect of breastfeeding on MS remains unclear. The best predictor for whether a patient will have a postpartum relapse is the incidence of her having active relapsing MS prior to pregnancy. The medical management of MS during pregnancy and the postpartum period is challenging given the risks of medication exposure to the fetus in utero and to the infant through breast milk. This review will focus on clinical aspects of pregnancy, including the effects of pregnancy on MS disease activity, as well as the medical management of MS during pregnancy and postpartum.
Lithium Niobate MEMS Chirp Compressors for Near Zero Power Wake-Up Radios

This paper presents the first demonstration of chirp compressors based on laterally vibrating modes in suspended lithium niobate thin films. Both shear-horizontal and length-extensional modes have been explored and demonstrated with the electromechanical coupling coefficients of 30% and 39%, respectively, in a double-dispersive delay line structure. The high electromechanical coupling, along with the low propagation loss in the suspended thin film, produces a low insertion loss of 10 dB over a large fractional bandwidth of 50%. The best fabricated device demonstrates a delay-bandwidth product of 100, and provides a voltage gain of 5 to the corresponding chirp signals. Moreover, significant signal-to-noise ratio enhancements (>100), collectively enabled by the processing gain and filtering characteristics of the chirp compressors, have been demonstrated. The measured devices, in this paper, greatly outperform state-of-the-art chirp compressors based on surface acoustic waves in insertion loss for a comparable TB . As a result, signal-to-noise ratio enhancement and voltage gain have been simultaneously demonstrated for the first time in a passive device and the analog domain. The high performance can be harnessed to greatly enhance the sensitivity of near zero power wake-up radio receivers and enable low-power wireless connectivity for Internet of Things applications. [2017–0126]
Grimes’ Fairy Tales: A 1960s Story Generator

We provide the first extensive account of an unknown story generator that was developed by linguist Joseph E. Grimes in the early 1960s. A pioneering system, it was the first to take a grammar-based approach and the first to operationalize Propp’s famous model. This is the opening paper in a series that will aim to reformulate the prevailing history of story generation in light of new findings we have made pertaining to several forgotten early projects. Our study here has been made possible by personal communication with the system’s creator, Grimes, and excavation of three obscure contemporaneous sources. While the accepted knowledge in our field is that the earliest story generator was Sheldon Klein’s automatic novel writer, first reported in 1971, we show that Grimes’s system and two others preceded it. In doing this, we reveal a new earliest known system. With this paper, and follow-ups to it that are in progress, we aim to provide a new account of the area of story generation that lends our community insight as to where it came from and where it should go next. We hope others will join us in this mission.
High-Performance Mixed-Signal Neurocomputing With Nanoscale Floating-Gate Memory Cell Arrays

Potential advantages of analog- and mixed-signal nanoelectronic circuits, based on floating-gate devices with adjustable conductance, for neuromorphic computing had been realized long time ago. However, practical realizations of this approach suffered from using rudimentary floating-gate cells of relatively large area. Here, we report a prototype $28\times28$ binary-input, ten-output, three-layer neuromorphic network based on arrays of highly optimized embedded nonvolatile floating-gate cells, redesigned from a commercial 180-nm nor flash memory. All active blocks of the circuit, including 101 780 floating-gate cells, have a total area below 1 mm2. The network has shown a 94.7% classification fidelity on the common Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology benchmark, close to the 96.2% obtained in simulation. The classification of one pattern takes a sub-1- $\mu \text{s}$ time and a sub-20-nJ energy—both numbers much better than in the best reported digital implementations of the same task. Estimates show that a straightforward optimization of the hardware and its transfer to the already available 55-nm technology may increase this advantage to more than $10^{2}\times $ in speed and $10^{4}\times $ in energy efficiency.
Paediatric advance care planning: Physician experience and education in initiating difficult discussions.

AIM Our study aimed to assess physicians' experiences and education regarding advance care planning (ACP) in paediatrics. We aimed to assess barriers to ACP initiation, including the adequacy of exposure and education regarding ACP and whether practitioners would deem improved education and resource provision useful. METHODS A 25-question survey was designed following literature review. Paediatricians, intensivists and advanced trainees at Sydney Children's Hospital were invited to complete the online survey. Ninety-two responses were obtained over a 10-week period. RESULTS Patients with life-limiting conditions are encountered frequently, with 57% of respondents caring for at least 10 such patients during the last 2 years. In total, 64% of respondents felt that ACP discussions should occur early around the time of diagnosis or during a period of stability; however, 57% observed discussions occurring late in illness after multiple acute, severe deteriorations. In total, 46% felt that multidisciplinary teams were the most appropriate to initiate ACP discussions. Prognostic uncertainty was the most common barrier to ACP initiation. Lack of experience and education were identified as barriers by 43 and 32%, respectively. The majority of respondents regarded exposure to ACP and education during training as inadequate. CONCLUSIONS ACP discussions are being initiated later than physicians deem optimal. Of concern, clinicians prefer ACP discussions to be initiated by multidisciplinary teams, which may create a barrier to timely initiation. Barriers due to lack of education and experience could be overcome with improvements in training. Provision of education and resources would be welcomed and improve clinician skills in this area.
Incise Draping Reduces the Rate of Contamination of the Surgical Site During Hip Surgery: A Prospective, Randomized Trial.

Abstract Background Iodophor-impregnated adhesive incise drapes are widely used during surgeries for reducing surgical site contamination. There is little evidence to support the latter belief. This study evaluated the efficacy of iodophor-impregnated adhesive drapes for reducing bacterial contamination and counts at the incision site during hip surgery. Methods In this prospective, randomized clinical trial, we enrolled 101 patients undergoing open joint preservation procedure of the hip. Half the patients had the adhesive drape applied to the skin prior to incision, while the remainder underwent the same surgery without a drape. Culture swabs were taken from the surgical site at 5 points (preskin preparation, after skin preparation, postincision, before subcutaneous closure, prior to dressing application) and sent for culture and colony counts. Mixed-effects logistic regressions were used to estimate effects of time and drape application on contamination rate. Results At the conclusion of surgery, 12.0% of incisions with adhesive drapes and 27.4% without adhesive drapes were positive for bacterial colonization. When controlling for preoperative colonization and other factors, patients without adhesive drapes were significantly more likely to have bacteria present at the time of skin closure, and at all time points when swab cultures were taken. Conclusion It appears that the iodophor-impregnated adhesive draping significantly reduces bacterial colonization of the incision. Bacterial count at the skin was extremely high in some patients in whom adhesive drapes were not used, raising the possibility that a subsequent surgical site infection or periprosthetic joint infection could arise had an implant been utilized.
Pralidoxime continuous infusion in the treatment of organophosphate poisoning

ObjectiveTo report a case of organophosphate poisoning treated with a continuous infusion of pralidoxime chloride.Case SummaryA 27-year-old white man presented with extreme agitation, muscle weakne...
Beugung einer ebenen Welle am metallischen Kreiszylinder. Formulierung einer Integralgleichung für den Strombelag und Betrachtungen über deren Lösung

Im vorangehenden Abschnitt wurde gezeigt, wie man eine Losung der skalaren Wellengleichung, wenigstens formal, mit Hilfe der Greenschen Funktion anschreiben kann. Bei vielen Problemen last sich diese Darstellung verwenden, indem man jedoch die Fragestellung in gewissem Sinn umkehrt. Wir ubernehmen z. B. die Darstellung (2.17b) und schreiben sie in der etwas veranderten Form*) $$u(r) = \oint\limits_A G (r,r\prime )\psi (r\prime )dA\prime$$ (3.1) .
Cuerpos que hablan: identidad de género e impacto social en la película XXY de Lucía Puenzo

En este articulo me centrare en el analisis de la pelicula argentina XXY (2007), dirigida por Lucia Puenzo. Me interesa el debate sobre la naturaleza de la identidad de genero y sobre las posibles transformaciones que dicho concepto esta sufriendo hoy en dia, problema que la pelicula presenta en su crisis. Entiendo la identidad “intersex” como uno de los mayores desafios a las estructuras sociales binarias y heteronormativas y me interesa presentar el impacto social y familiar que tiene el cuerpo intersex, tal como lo vemos en la pelicula, cuando su condicion se vuelve publica. Es la hipotesis principal de este articulo que los cuerpos hablan y se imponen en la articulacion y formulacion de su deseo, obligando a la familia, a la sociedad y a las estructuras legales a responder ante semejante apelacion. Multiples leyes se han generado sobre el tema y diferentes perspectivas pueden encontrarse sobre la pelicula desde su lanzamiento, algunas de las cuales son comentadas aqui, desde las cirugias normalizadoras hasta la construccion del cuerpo siguiendo el deseo del sujeto, asi como el concepto de “lo natural”. No se descuida la reflexion en torno al uso del lenguaje cinematografico elegido por la directora para expresar su vision de un tema que provoca debate y que, aunque ha generado nueva legislacion que protege a los sujetos involucrados, sin embargo, tambien ha generado resistencia en multiples niveles de la sociedad (las rioplatenses, uruguaya y argentina, son las representadas en la pelicula). In this article I will focus on the analysis of the Argentine film XXY (2007), directed by Lucia Puenzo. I am interested in the debate on the nature of gender identity and on the possible transformations that this concept is undergoing today, a problem that the film presents in its crisis. I understand “intersex” identity as one of the biggest challenges to binary and heteronormative social structures and am interested in presenting the social and family impact that the intersex body has, as we see it in the film, when its condition becomes public. The main hypothesis of this article is that bodies speak and impose themselves in the articulation and formulation of their desire, forcing the family, society, and legal structures to respond to such an appeal. Multiple laws have been generated on the topic, and different perspectives can be found on the film since its launch, some of which are commented on, from normalizing surgeries to the construction of the body according to the subject’s desire, as well as the concept of what is “natural.”. Not neglected here is a reflection on the use of the cinematographic language chosen by the director to express her vision of a topic that provokes debate and that, although it has generated new legislation that protects the subjects involved, has also generated resistance in multiple levels of society (those from the Rio de la Plata region, Uruguayan and Argentine, are the ones represented in the film).
Resistant Cytomegalovirus Infection in Solid-organ Transplantation: Single-center Experience, Literature Review of Risk Factors, and Proposed Preventive Strategies.

Abstract Background Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection causes morbidity and mortality in solid-organ transplant recipients. Drug-resistant CMV is an emerging problem with poor survival outcomes and limited therapeutic options. In this study we comprehensively address the issue of drug resistance in CMV when compared with standard therapies, such as ganciclovir (GCV) and foscarnet. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of adult patients diagnosed with CMV after solid-organ transplant at our center between 2013 and 2017, and identified 7 resistant CMV cases. To study risk factors in the published literature, we performed an extensive database search. Results All patients had documented UL97 mutations, and 3 patients harbored both UL97 and UL54 mutations. For cases with increasing viral load or failure to achieve clinical improvement despite optimal therapy, genetic resistance testing was carried out. Patients received GCV and foscarnet combination therapy. As an adjunct, CMV immunoglobulin, cidofovir, and leflunomide were added. Risk factors, including donor+/recipient− serostatus, persistent high viral replication, prolonged therapeutic GCV exposure (>2.5 months), and allograft rejection, were assessed. Conclusion Patients at risk, especially those with D+/R− serostatus, should be judiciously monitored for resistance. Prolonged intravenous GCV exposure increases the risk for development of drug resistance. Therefore, precise guidelines are required for prevention of long-term GCV/VGCV exposure. Investigation regarding interferon-gamma release assay and adoptive transfer of T cells in diagnosed CMV patients is warranted to improve future prophylactic and management strategies against CMV, with a potential to reduce the requirement for available toxic antiviral drugs.
The influence of advertising appeals on consumer perceptions of athlete endorser brand image

Research question: Analogous to traditional brands, athlete (i.e. personal) brands require management and maintenance. While the use of athlete endorsers is an effective marketing strategy for comp...
The Butterflies (Lepidoptera) of an Isolated Island: Monhegan, Maine

Repeated surveys of the butterflies of Monhegan Island, ME, from 1998 to 2018 confirmed the presence of at least 40 species. This total represents more than 42% of the state's recorded species—a high proportion given the island's small size and isolation. The rate of discovery indicates that, based on observations accumulated over time, about 50 species could be observed on Monhegan, including large migratory taxa as well as a variety of habitat-limited sedentary residents. The absence of several mainland species can be attributed to limited habitat and lack of some plant species. Records show changes in the butterfly fauna over recent decades; further changes may be expected because of climate warming, habitat modification, and stochastic events.
The Effect of Intestinal Flora on Toxicity of Nitrogen Mustard

The clinical use of germ-free isolators in cancer medicine is based on numerous investigations which have demonstrated reduced toxicity from chemotherapeutic agents or radiation in axenic animals (1–3). Earlier workers have attempted to show a similar decrease in toxicity in antibiotic-sterilized animals (1, 4). The clinical approach tacitly assumes that results of experiments with axenic animals can be approximated by results in antibiotic-sterilized man. Our experiments with mice were designed to test the validity of this assumption by comparing nitrogen mustard (HN2) toxicity in axenic, conventional and antibiotic-sterilized animals.
Using Control Theory to Characterize Active Sensing in Weakly Electric Fishes

Animals routinely use their own motor outputs to modulate the sensory information they perceive, a process termed “active sensing.” This chapter highlights the use of control theoretic approaches to reveal the functional relationships between active sensing, task-related behaviors, sensing, and motor control. Specifically, recently developed experimental systems use artificially controlled feedback loops to perturb natural reafferent feedback in freely behaving animals. Such perturbations allow quantitative and systematic descriptions of control strategies for active sensing.
Rumination in Early Adolescent Girls: An EEG Study of Cognitive Control and Emotional Responding in an Emotional Go/NoGo Task

Although there is a substantial literature on rumination and depression, research examining neurocognitive processes related to rumination is just emerging, and few studies have examined such processes in relation to depression-risk in early adolescence. This study examined the associations between neurocognitive processes and trait-rumination in relation to familial risk for depression in nondepressed girls in early adolescence. Neurocognitive processes were assessed via EEG recording during an emotional Go/NoGo task, and analyses examined two Event-Related Potential components, including the Go and NoGo N2, reflecting attentional engagement and cognitive control processes respectively, and the Go and NoGo P3, reflecting motivated attention and inhibitory motor processes. In higher-risk youth, rumination was associated with specific alterations in both N2 and P3 amplitudes to nonemotional faces when required to enact a response, suggesting disrupted behavioral flexibility in adjusting responses to meet task demands. In lower-risk youth, however, greater rumination was associated with diminished engagement of top-down attention and cognitive control resources (i.e., attenuated N2 amplitudes), and enhanced activation of inhibitory motor control processes (i.e., enhanced P3 amplitudes). Results provide novel information regarding the association between depression-risk, rumination, and emotional processing in early adolescence that may have implications for risk-identification and prevention.
Improving transient performance of discrete-time model reference adaptive control architectures

Summary Discrete‐time adaptive control algorithms can be executed directly in embedded code unlike their continuous‐time counterparts, which require discretization. However, their designs predicate...
Association of Pregnancy Contexts with Depression and Low Social Support in Early Pregnancy

Context Research into the relationship between pregnancy intention and perinatal depression or low social support is limited. Women's perspectives on pregnancy and their associations with perinatal depression could help in developing targeted efforts for screening and intervention. Methods In 2014-2015, 161 women seeking pregnancy testing or abortion care at clinics in New Haven, Connecticut, were surveyed. They were asked about pregnancy context (intentions, planning, wantedness, desirability, timing and happiness), and the Edinburgh Depression Screen (EDS) and the Modified Kendler Social Support Index (MKSSI) were used to identify possible antenatal depression and low social support, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was employed to examine associations between pregnancy context and these outcomes. Results On average, participants were 27 years old and at nine weeks' gestation. One-fifth reported a previous diagnosis of depression or anxiety, and 22% and 33% screened positive for depression (EDS scores of 13 or higher and 10 or higher, respectively); 52% received low social support (MKSSI score of 3.2 or less). Regression analysis found that pregnancies described as unintended, poorly timed or undesired were associated with depression at the higher cutoff (odds ratios, 3.2-4.5); all unfavorable pregnancy measures were associated with depression at the lower cutoff. Ambivalence regarding pregnancy timing, intention, wantedness and desirability was associated with increased odds of depression by either EDS score. Unplanned pregnancies and those about which the woman was ambivalent were associated with low social support. Conclusions Findings support the need to screen women for depression early in pregnancy and to integrate assessments of pregnancy context into the evaluation of potential risk factors.
Veterans' Experiences of an Opioid Specialty Clinic.

Objective Opioid specialty clinics have emerged as an approach for mitigating the risks associated with opioid therapies. Many opioid specialty clinics within the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) have been described in the extant literature, yet veterans' experiences of these remain absent. This research study was undertaken to describe veterans' responses (e.g., knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs) toward being evaluated in an opioid specialty clinic. Design Qualitative descriptive research study. Setting A VA medical center in the northeast United States. Subjects Twenty veterans were interviewed between December 2017 and May 2018. Methods Veterans' characteristics were extracted from the VA's electronic health record and analyzed with descriptive statistics. Qualitative data about veterans' experiences with the opioid specialty clinic were collected via semistructured interviews (in person or via telephone) and were analyzed with qualitative content analysis. Results Most participants were older, non-Hispanic or non-Latino white men. Generally, veterans had positive experiences in the opioid specialty clinic. However, there was wide variation in their understanding of the purpose of the clinic, who staffed the clinic, and why they had been referred to the clinic. Conclusions For veterans prescribed opioid therapies, this clinic served as an adjunct service for ensuring appropriate and safe prescribing. Data from this study can be used to inform interventions to promote veterans' understanding across the total opioid safety clinic experience-referral, actual visit, and follow-up.
Face Transplantation in a Black Patient - Racial Considerations and Early Outcomes.

Face Transplantation in a Black Patient This letter describes early outcomes and challenges associated with a face transplantation in a Black patient.
Cardiac autonomic functioning across stress and reward: Links with depression in emerging adults.

Abstract The autonomic nervous system (ANS) has received much attention as a potential low-cost, peripheral indicator of depression. Despite theoretical support, however, results have been mixed as to whether indices of the ANS reliably index depression. In response, the present study sought to clarify the relation between ANS activity and depression by examining cardiac autonomic balance (CAB) and cardiac autonomic regulation (CAR), two composite indices of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system, within both a stressful and rewarding context. We hypothesized that CABStress, representing the difference between the parasympathetic and sympathetic branches in response to stress, and CARReward, representing the summation of the two branches in response to reward, will be most indicative of depressogenic risk. We examined the parasympathetic (i.e., respiratory sinus arrhythmia) and sympathetic (i.e., pre-ejection period) responses of 97 emerging adults (Mage = 18.93) for a stress (i.e., negative mood induction) and reward (i.e., probabilistic learning) task, as well as their depressive symptoms at baseline, 3-week, and 6-week follow-up. Analyses found partial support for our hypotheses, revealing greater CARReward (i.e., coactivation of both branches) was related to lower depressive symptoms. Further, exploratory analyses examining gender differences found lower CABStress (i.e., sympathetically-oriented response) was predictive of an increasing trajectory of depression, but only among males. Overall, the current study highlights the importance of simultaneously examining both branches of the ANS across various environmental contexts. Research and clinical implications of the current findings are discussed.
Repeatable battery for the assessment of neuropsychological status and its relationship to biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease.

The Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) has been associated with commonly used biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, prior studies have typically utilized small and poorly characterized samples, and they have not analyzed the subtests of the RBANS. The current study sought to expand on prior work by examining the relationship between the Indexes and subtest scores of the RBANS and three AD biomarkers: amyloid deposition via positron emission tomography, hippocampal volume via magnetic resonance imaging, and APOE e4 status.One-hundred twenty-one older adults across the AD continuum (intact, amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment, mild AD), who were mostly Caucasian and well-educated, underwent assessment with the RBANS and collection of the three biomarkers.Greater amyloid deposition was significantly related to lower scores on all five Indexes and the Total Scale score of the RBANS, as well as 11 of 12 subtests. For bilateral hippocampal volume, significant correlations were observed for 4 of the 5 Indexes, Total Scale score, and 9 of 12 subtests, with smaller hippocampi being related to lower RBANS scores. Participants with at least one APOE e4 allele had significantly lower scores on 3 of the 5 Indexes, Total Scale score, and 8 of the 12 subtests.In this sample of participants across the dementia spectrum, most RBANS Indexes and subtests showed relationships with the amyloid deposition, hippocampal volumes, and APOE status, with poorer performance on the RBANS being associated with biomarker positivity. Although memory scores on the RBANS have traditionally been linked to biomarkers in AD, other Index and subtest scores also hold promise as indicators of AD. Replication in a more diverse sample is needed.
Channels matter

Multimodal connectedness was associated with bridging and bonding social capital.Playing with existing offline friends was associated with bonding social capital.Playing with offline and online friends was associated with bridging social capital.Multimodal connectedness moderated the relationships between co-players and social capital. The study aimed to examine the roles and interactions of (1) multimodal connectedness and (2) three types of co-player networks in online gamers' social capital acquisition. Over 17,000 players of the popular game League of Legends were surveyed on their playing partners, the media channels used, and social capital. Combined with behavioral data from server logs, the results showed that multimodal connectedness (i.e., the number of communication channels used for social interaction among players) was positively associated with one's bridging and bonding social capital. The frequency of playing with an existing offline friend was positively associated with one's bridging and bonding social capital; the frequency of playing with an online friend first met in the game was positively associated with one's bridging social capital; the frequency of playing with a family member was not a significant predictor of one's social capital outcomes. Moreover, multimodal connectedness magnified the positive relationships found between social capital outcomes and playing with online and offline friends.
Accelerator-driven subcritical target concept for transmutation of nuclear wastes

A means of transmuting key long-lived nuclear wastes, primarily the minor actinides (neptunium, americium, and curium) and iodine, using a hybrid proton accelerator and subcritical lattice, is proposed. By partitioning the components of the light water reactor (LWR) spent fuel and by transmuting key elements, such as the plutonium, the minor actinides, and a few of the long-lived fission products, some of the most significant challenges in building a waste repository can be substantially reduced. The proposed machine, based on the described PHOENIX Concept, would transmute the minor actinides and the iodine produced by 75 LWRs and would generate usable electricity (beyond that required to run the large accelerator) of 850 MW (electric).
Harlow, Harry F. (1905–1981)

Harry Frederick Harlow, whose innovative studies of love and family propelled him into both fame and controversy, was born Harry F. Israel in the Iowa farm town of Fairfield. He changed his name to Harlow at the urging of his major professor at Stanford University, Lewis Terman, who told him that the Jewish sound of his name would make it difficult for him to get a job. Keywords: attachment; experimental psychology; maternal deprivation; nurturance
Recapturing the History Standards: Historical Inquiry in the Middle Grades.

One of the ironies within history and social studies teaching is that the curricular area most devoted to preparing young people for life in their community and civic society relies so heavily upon the textbook as the major instructional tool. Many other areas of the curriculum focus not only on learning the knowledge unique to that subject, but also on demonstrating how to use that knowledge in relevant settings. In music class, students play an instrument in a band. In a physical education class, students engage in exercise routines and sports. In a science course, students conduct laboratory experiments. In history why can students not recreate the past by turning their classroom into a history laboratory? Why not transform the class room into an interactive museum devoted to
Multiplex Illumina Sequencing Using DNA Barcoding

The amount of sequence obtained by modern sequencing machines greatly exceeds the sequencing depth requirements of many experiments, especially those involving organisms with small genomes. In the interest of economy and efficiency, various strategies have been developed for multiplexing, in which samples are uniquely tagged with short identifying sequences known as barcodes, pooled, and then sequenced together in a single lane. The resulting combined sequence data are subsequently sorted by barcode before bioinformatic analysis. This unit contains a barcoding protocol for the preparation of up to 96 ChIP samples for multiplex sequencing in a single flow cell lane on the Illumina platform. This strategy may be extended to even larger numbers of samples and may also be generalized to other sequencing applications or sequencing platforms.
Growing Cooler: The Evidence on Urban Development and Climate Change

California's Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 set ambitious goals for reductions in CO2 emissions, which the state must now figure out how to achieve. One of the most controversial issues relat...
Legal Research: Becoming a Cost-Effective Researcher

Costs are a reality of legal research in practice. Unfortunately, because of subsidized access to Lexis, Westlaw and other research tools in law school, law students have little exposure to the real-world costs of research. This column, written for Student Lawyer magazine, offers tips for becoming a cost-effective researcher.
Mechanically induced magnetic diffusion in cylindrical magnetoelastic materials

Abstract This paper considers the radial dependence of magnetic diffusion in cylindrical magnetoelastic materials that results from the simultaneous application of a constant surface magnetic field and a dynamic mechanical input. Mechanically induced magnetic diffusion is particularly pronounced in materials that exhibit a strong magnetoelastic coupling, such as magnetostrictive materials and ferromagnetic shape memory alloys. Analytical time- and frequency-domain solutions of the PDE governing the radial diffusion of magnetic field are derived. The solutions are non-dimensionalized by deriving a skin depth and cut-off frequency for mechanically induced diffusion, which are about 2.08 and 4.34 times those for field-induced diffusion, respectively. It is shown that the effects of mechanically induced diffusion can be incorporated in linear constitutive models through the use of a complex-valued, frequency-dependent magnetoelastic coupling coefficient and Young's modulus. The solutions show that for forcing frequencies f up to about the cut-off frequency, the magnitude of the steady-state, dynamic field increases in proportion to f. As forcing frequency increases above that range, the magnitude overshoots its high frequency limit, peaks, then decreases to its high frequency limit, at which point the dynamic magnetic flux becomes zero and continued increases in forcing frequency have no effect. Together, the derived frequency responses, skin depth, and cut-off frequency can be used to design magnetoelastic systems and determine if lamination of the magnetoelastic material is necessary
Solving boundary value problems using the generalized (partition of unity) finite element method

The principal contribution of this paper is two folds: (i) it fully details the implementation scheme for implementing GFEM for the Helmholz equation; (ii) it formulates the Nitsche's method (S. Fernandez-Mendez and A. Huerte, 2004) for implementing the Dirichlet boundary condition. This paper proceeds along the following lines; in the next section, we formulate the problem. Here we introduce the concepts and implementation of GFEM. Then, we prescribe the manner in which various boundary conditions can be implemented. Finally, we demonstrate the accuracy and convergence of the GFEM via a series of analytical comparisons
Variability in Delivery of Care and Echocardiogram Surveillance of Kawasaki Disease

Objective. The objective of this study is to characterize variability in the acute management of Kawasaki disease and compliance of echocardiogram surveillance with published American Heart Association recommendations. Design. Retrospective review. Setting. Tertiary care children's hospital. Patients. All patients discharged from our institution with Kawasaki Disease between 1999 and 2007 were identified. Patients meeting any of the following were excluded: presence of a comorbidity that necessitated echocardiogram follow-up independent of Kawasaki disease diagnosis, previous history of Kawasaki disease, or magnetic resonance imaging of the coronary arteries performed in place of echocardiography. Preexisting or comorbid conditions resulting in study exclusion included structural heart disease, arrhythmia, and concomitant severe multiorgan disease at presentation (e.g., sepsis). Outcome Measures. The time course of echocardiogram surveillance among those with a normal echocardiogram at diagnosis was evaluated for compliance with published American Heart Association recommendations. Coronary artery involvement at presentation was characterized using standardized values. Additional characterization of national care practices for children with Kawasaki disease was obtained via distribution of an internet-based survey to pediatric hospitalists. Results. Overall, only 11 (4%) of 302 patients with a normal study at diagnosis received a total of three studies at recommended intervals. Using standardized values for coronary artery dimensions in place of Japanese Ministry of Health aneurysm criteria, 59 (13%) of patients with Kawasaki disease experienced coronary artery involvement at diagnosis. The majority of the early coronary artery abnormalities detected in these patients using standardized definitions persisted on short-term follow-up. Pediatric hospitalist survey results revealed significant interinstitutional variability in the management of these patients. Conclusions. Lack of optimal surveillance after a diagnosis of Kawasaki disease may result in the underdiagnosis of coronary artery pathology or other complications. Considerable variability in surveillance and acute management exists, and additional research is needed to determine optimal screening and care delivery models for this population.
Monkey Dance Transformation And Displacement: From Traditional Performance To Urban Everydayness

This research attempts to investigate how the monkey dance, a traditional mobile performance from village to village, transforms and displaces itself into a semi-permanent urban street performance as the effect of modernization and globalization. The research is closely relevant to the theme of the everyday life on the relation between art and the social. Doger monyet (monkey dance) performance has always been regarded as the marginal art/culture. Its place has always been among the mid-lower class of society, thus when it changes its mode and place of performance, questions and curiosity arises. This phenomenon requires a re-examination of the cultural transformation effect to everyday life. This research attempts to answer several issues regarding the phenomena: how the performance negotiates its way to the urban everyday life and its everydayness; how it manages to place itself within the urban space; how it deals with the authority and the urban dwellers, and what its future is going to be like in the new space.
Holy Writ as Oral Lit: The Bible as Folklore

Holy Writ as Oral Lit: The Bible as Folklore. Alan Dundes. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 1999. 131 pp.
A Comparison of Two-Dimensional and Quasi-Three-Dimensional Simulations of a Tropical Squall Line

Abstract Results of a simulation of a tropical squall line which allows three dimensionality on the scale of convective elements, shows many similarities with those of a two-dimensional simulation. Differences are 1) The quasi-three-dimensional model produces less front-to-rear acceleration of updraft air and rear-to-front acceleration of downdraft air; 2) The horizontally averaged vertical mass flux and momentum flux profiles show sharper low-level peaks in two-dimensions; 3) The ratio of the maximum to minimum vertical velocities is larger in the quasi-three-dimensional simulation; 4) There is more of a cellular structure in the vertical plane perpendicular to the line in two-dimensions; and 5) The ratio of ice to liquid water is greater in the quasi-three-dimensional simulation. An unexpected result is that very little of the air feeding the rear low-level downdraft originates from ahead of the system, even in the quasi-three-dimensional simulation. Strong vertical mixing of the inflow air occurs so th...
Long‐term clearance of inhaled diesel exhaust particles in rodents

The fate of inhaled diesel exhaust particles was studied in male Fischer 344 rats and Hartley guinea pigs using radioactive diesel particles, tagged in the insoluble particulate core with 14C and generated from a single-cylinder diesel engine. The potential artifact of increased radioactivity due to the absorption of 14CO2 in the blood was minimized by passing the exhaust through a diffusion scrubber prior to its dilution and introduction into a nose-only exposure chamber. Disappearance of the inhaled 14CO2 from blood through the expired air and urine was rapid, indicating that a correction for the increased radioactivity was necessary only for tissue samples generated during the first day after the exposure. An atomic absorption spectrophotometric method was developed to determine the amount of blood and, thus, its contribution of 14CO2 activity in excised organs and tissues. Fischer rats exposed to diluted diesel exhaust at 2 particulate concentrations with similar total inhaled dose (7 mg/m3 for 45 min, and 2 mg/m3 for 140 min) had comparable deposition efficiencies and showed no significant difference in particle clearance for data measured up to 1 yr after the exposure. Long-term retention of inhaled diesel particles in Fischer rats, measured up to 330 d after the exposure, was analyzed as 3 clearance phases with half-times of 1 d, 6 d, and 80 d, respectively. In contrast, very little clearance was observed in guinea pigs between d 10 and d 432 after the exposure, and only the early clearance phase can be represented by a single exponential curve with a half-time of 1-2 d.
Spectroscopic investigation of the mutual interactions between nonionic surfactant, hydrocarbon, and water

Abstract NMR, UV, and IR spectroscopy were used to determine the interactions in hydrocarbon solutions between polyethylene glycol alkyl ethers, water, and aromatic hydrocarbons. The results showed a concentration dependence for the site of benzene in benzene/surfactant solutions. At low concentrations the benzene molecules were preferentially located adjacent to the surfactant oxyethylene chain with an even distribution along the chain. At high benzene concentrations a positive concentration gradient was found toward the hydrocarbon end of the oxyethylene chain. Addition of water increased this gradient except for the octaethylene glycol dodecyl ether; for this compound the preferential water location appeared to be toward the central part of the oxyethylene chain.
[4‐Amino‐D‐phenylalanine6]luliberin. A biologically active abalog of the luteinizing hormone‐releasing factor suitable for affinity labeling

The syntheis of [4-amino-D-phenylalanine6]luliberin by the solid-phase method is described. The analog was found to be ten times more potent than luliberin. Some possibilities for the easy derivatization of the 4-amino-phenylalanyl residue into addinity labels suitable for the study of hormone-receptor interations are considered. The preparation of Nα-t-butyloxycarbonyl-4-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-D-phenylalanine, one of the key intermediates used in the synthesis of this luliberin analog, is also reported.
6,7-Diphenyl-5-thia-7-aza­spiro­[2.6]nonan-8-one

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C19H19NOS, contains two independent mol­ecules (A and B), in both of which the 1,3-thia­zepan-4-one ring adopts a chair-type conformation. The dihedral angles between the two phenyl rings are 65.28 (8) and 60.31 (9)° for mol­ecules A and B, respectively. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked by weak C—H⋯O inter­actions, resulting in a three-dimensional network.
The ripples, post-pebble: phenomenological explorations of disability through narrative

This narrative analysis about meaning making and disability addresses the potentials of transgressing rigid conceptions of bodies and minds, of identities and selves. This analysis demonstrates the potential of blurring boundaries between body, mind, and sense making narratives of the mind/body amalgamation and argues that approaching disability through a tolerance of ambiguity can enhance understandings of experiences of disability. Disability narratives like this shed light on the lasting, often detrimental influences that policing of artificial boundaries between falsely dichotomized categories can have on individuals.