cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Racial microaggressions in the residence halls: Experiences of students of color at a predominantly White university.

Students of color often perceive the campus climate more negatively than do their White counterparts. Our study begins to uncover what students of color experience in residence halls. Using focus group data from a larger study exploring racial microaggressions at a predominantly White institution (PWI), we identified over 70 racial microaggressions experienced by African American, Asian American, Latino, and Native American undergraduate and graduate students. Through the use of the racial microaggression taxonomy developed by Sue et al. (2007), four racial microaggression themes were identified: (a) racial jokes and verbal comments, (b) racial slurs written in shared spaces, (c) segregated spaces and unequal treatment, and (d) denial and minimization of racism. Findings contribute to the literature by detailing the types of racial microaggressions that students of color experienced when living in residence halls at PWIs. Implications for diversity in higher education and recommendations for university administrators are discussed.
Algorithms and Trade-Offs in Multicast Service Overlay Design

The Multicast Service Overlay Network (MSON) has been recently introduced to address some of the deployment and maintenance problems of IP multicast and application-level multicast. An MSON is essentially a backbone service overlay provisioned by an MSON provider and designed to "multiplex" multiple-user overlays. It consists of service nodes or proxies deployed by the provider. The proxies are strategically deployed to form a backbone overlay and provide multicasting functionalities for supporting many user groups simultaneously. The MSON provider designs the backbone overlay for a large user population and can therefore enjoy large-scale economies and benefits. Since the deployment of an MSON is a capital-intensive investment, it is very imperative to carefully design the MSON so that the provider can make the best revenue out of this investment. In this article, the authors formulate the MSON design problem by taking into account operational costs of the MSON provider. They then explore three subproblems: overlay proxy placement, overlay link selection, and bandwidth dimensioning. For each of these subproblems, the authors present several algorithms and discuss their design trade-offs. By simulations, they investigate the effectiveness of different overlay design algorithms, analyze their impact on multicast performance, and suggest some practical solutions for MSON design.
Rhysodine Beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera: Carabidae): New Species, New Data III

ABSTRACT Fifteen Recent species and three Miocene species of Rhysodini (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Scaritinae) are named and described as new species: Yamatosa phuka (Thailand), Arrowina nan (Thailand), Arrowina taksar (Nepal), Omoglymmius (Omoglymmius) truncatus (Thailand), Omoglymmius (Omoglymmius) batantae (Irian Jaya), Rhyzodiastes (Temoana) orestes (Tibet), Rhyzodiastes (Rhyzostrix) ininius (Guyane), Rhyzodiastes (Rhyzostrix) exsequiae (Brazil), Clinidium (Clinidium) ashei (Panama), Clinidium (Clinidium) brusteli (Ecuador), Clinidium (Clinidium) chandleri (Costa Rica), Clinidium (Clinidium) dux (Philippines), Clinidium (Clinidium) erwini Costa Rica), Clinidium (Clinidium) felix (Panama), and Clinidium (Clinidium) talamanca (Costa Rica), and the Dominican Republic amber fossils, Clinidium (Clinidium) poinari, Plesioglymmius (Ameroglymmius) zayasi , and Clinidium (Tainoa) grimaldii . The males of Rhyzodiastes (Temoana) denticauda R. Bell and J. Bell and Clinidium (Clinidium) segne R. Bell and J. Bell, prev...
Development of a Dynamic Model of a Small High-Speed Autonomous Underwater Vehicle

A dynamic model is developed for a small, high-speed autonomous underwater vehicle. The vehicle has the unusual property of weighing up to 50 percent more than its displacement, and we seek to characterize requirements for steady-state flight imposed by the vehicles's weight. The process of deriving a dynamic model, which is presented in a tutorial manner, highlights problems that arise when the dynamics of a submersible are expressed in terms of linear and angular momenta and combined with experimentally derived hydrodynamic coefficients.
A logarithmic neural network architecture for unbounded non-linear function approximation

Multilayer feedforward neural networks with sigmoidal activation functions have been termed "universal function approximators". Although these types of networks can approximate any continuous function to a desired degree of accuracy, this approximation may require an inordinate number of hidden nodes and is only accurate over a finite interval. These short comings are due to the standard multilayer perceptron's (MLP) architecture not being well suited to unbounded non-linear function approximation. A new architecture incorporating a logarithmic hidden layer proves to be superior to the standard MLP for unbounded non-linear function approximation. This architecture uses a percentage error objective function and a gradient descent training algorithm. Non-linear function approximation examples are used to show the increased accuracy of this new architecture over both the standard MLP and the logarithmically transformed MLP.
EFFECT OF PARTICLE SIZE AND MATERIAL PROPERTIES ON AERODYNAMIC RESUSPENSION FROM SURFACES

An experimental study of the aerodynamic entrainment of monodisperse spheres from glass substrates is presented. The spheres were made of ammonium fluorescein and polystyrene standards (M_W=3700, 18,700, and 114,200 amu). The use of monosized particles with carefully controlled properties leads to a narrow distribution of sphere-surface adhesion forces, facilitating the determination of the particle entrainment threshold. The spheres were exposed to well-characterized shear stresses in two different flows, (i) laminar channel flow; and (ii) a normally impinging gas jet. Threshold shear stresses were found to be more sensitive to particle size than predicted by the existing resuspension theories, which are based on equilibrium adhesion models. Furthermore, resuspension was also found to be sensitive to the duration of the applied shear stress. This sensitivity depends upon the particle size and material properties. A kinetic model of particle detachment is presented to account for these observed trends.
Sputum induction as a research tool for sampling the airways of subjects with cystic fibrosis

BACKGROUND—Sputum induction (SI) has proved to be a reliable non-invasive tool for sampling inflammatory airway contents in asthma, with distinct advantages over collection of expectorated sputum (ES) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). A study was undertaken to evaluate the safety of SI and to assess if it might be an equally valuable outcome tool in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). METHODS—The safety of the procedure was examined and sample volume, cell counts, cytokine concentrations, and bacterial culture results obtained by SI, spontaneous ES, and fibreoptic bronchoscopy were compared in 10 adults with CF. RESULTS—SI was well tolerated and was preferred to BAL by all subjects. The mean (SE) sample volume obtained by SI was significantly greater than ES (6.74 (1.46) ml v 1.85 (0.33) ml, p = 0.005). There was no significant difference in the number of cells per ml of sample collected. There was a difference in the mean (SD) percentage of non-epithelial, non-squamous cells collected (67(28)%, 86 (21)%, and 99 (1)% for ES, SI, and BAL, respectively). These percentage counts were different between ES and both SI and BAL (p=0.03 and p=0.006, respectively). Cell differential counts (excluding squamous cells) from all collection methods were similar (mean (SD) 84 (9)%, 87 (7)%, and 88 (11)% polymorphonuclear cells for ES, SI, and BAL, respectively). The concentrations of interleukin (IL)-8 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α were the same in all three samples when corrected for dilution using urea concentration. The test specific detection rate for recovery of bacteriological pathogens was 79% for SI, 76% for ES, and 73% for BAL. CONCLUSION—SI offers safety advantages over BAL and may be a more representative airway outcome measurement in patients with CF.
Modeling pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics on a mobile device to help caffeine users

We introduce a mobile device application that displays key information about caffeine: the pharmacokinetics (time course of drug levels) and pharmacodynamics (the effects of caffeine level) visually on the iPhone, iPod Touch, and iPad. This application, Caffeine Zone, is based on an existing model of caffeine physiology using user inputs, including caffeine dose, start time, and consumption speed. It calculates the caffeine load in a user for the next twenty-four hours and displays it using a line chart. In addition, it shows whether the user is currently in the "cognitive alert zone" (the range of caffeine where a normal person might benefit most from caffeine) or the "possible sleep zone" (the range of caffeine where sleep is presumed not affected by caffeine level.) Understanding the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of caffeine can help people using caffeine to improve alertness, including in operational environments. Caffeine Zone may also help users create a mental model of caffeine levels when the device is not available. We argue that this app will both teach users the complex absorption/elimination process of caffeine and help monitor users' daily caffeine usage. The model, with additional validation, can be part of a system that predict cognitive state of users and provide assistances in critical conditions.
Nishida Kitarō, Dialectics, and a 2010 Mozambican Food Riot

Nishida Kitarō (1870–1945), a prominent Japanese philosopher linked to the Kyoto School, produced a massive body of scholarship whose themes and ideas were shaped by a broad stream of cultural-intellectual influences from Aristotle to Nāgārjuna to Hegel and Marx. Prior to the publication of five essays in two volumes in 2012, a limited sample of his work was available in English. While Nishida's life works were quite eclectic and wide-ranging, these recently translated essays give particular attention to his conceptual understanding of dialectics, the individual, society, and social transformation. Working with these essays, our aim is to demonstrate the rich potential for adapting elements of Nishida's dialectical-conceptual analysis of society and social transformation for the analysis of North-South relationships in general and the roles of individuals across the global South as local agents of social transformation in particular. To this end, we first examine several key concepts driving Nishida's ana...
Text Mining the Contributors to Rail Accidents

Rail accidents represent an important safety concern for the transportation industry in many countries. In the 11 years from 2001 to 2012, the U.S. had more than 40 000 rail accidents that cost more than $45 million. While most of the accidents during this period had very little cost, about 5200 had damages in excess of $141 500. To better understand the contributors to these extreme accidents, the Federal Railroad Administration has required the railroads involved in accidents to submit reports that contain both fixed field entries and narratives that describe the characteristics of the accident. While a number of studies have looked at the fixed fields, none have done an extensive analysis of the narratives. This paper describes the use of text mining with a combination of techniques to automatically discover accident characteristics that can inform a better understanding of the contributors to the accidents. The study evaluates the efficacy of text mining of accident narratives by assessing predictive performance for the costs of extreme accidents. The results show that predictive accuracy for accident costs significantly improves through the use of features found by text mining and predictive accuracy further improves through the use of modern ensemble methods. Importantly, this study also shows through case examples how the findings from text mining of the narratives can improve understanding of the contributors to rail accidents in ways not possible through only fixed field analysis of the accident reports.
Trait responses of invasive aquatic macrophyte congeners: colonizing diploid outperforms polyploid

Understanding traits underlying colonization and niche breadth of invasive plants is key to developing sustainable management solutions to curtail invasions at the establishment phase, when efforts are often most effective. The aim of this study was to evaluate how two invasive congeners differing in ploidy respond to high and lowresource availability following establishment from asexual fragments. Because polyploids are expected to have wider niche breadths than diploid ancestors, we predicted that a decaploid species would have superior ability to maximize resource uptake and use, and outperform a diploid congener when colonizing environments with contrasting light and nutrient availability. A mesocosm experiment was designed to test the main and interactive effects of ploidy (diploid and decaploid) and soil nutrient availability (low and high) nested within light environments (shade and sun) of two invasive aquatic plant congeners. Counter to our predictions, the diploid congener outperformed the decaploid in the early stage of growth. Although growth was similar and low in the cytotypes at low nutrient availability, the diploid species had much higher growth rate and biomass accumulation than the polyploid with nutrient enrichment, irrespective of light environment. Our results also revealed extreme differences in time to anthesis between the cytotypes. The rapid growth and earlier flowering of the diploid congener relative to the decaploid congener represent alternate strategies for establishment and success.
Improvement of Isolated Myoclonus Phenotype in Myoclonus Dystonia after Pallidal Deep Brain Stimulation.

Background: Myoclonus–dystonia is a condition that manifests predominantly as myoclonic jerks with focal dystonia. It is genetically heterogeneous with most mutations in the epsilon sarcoglycan gene ( SGCE ). In medically refractory cases, deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been shown to provide marked sustainable clinical improvement, especially in SGCE -positive patients. We present two patients with myoclonus–dystonia (one SGCE positive and the other SGCE negative) who have the isolated myoclonus phenotype and had DBS leads implanted in the bilateral globus pallidus internus (GPi). Methods: We review their longitudinal Unified Myoclonus Rating Scale scores along with their DBS programming parameters and compare them with published cases in the literature. Results: Both patients demonstrated complete amelioration of all aspects of myoclonus within 6–12 months after surgery. The patient with the SGCE -negative mutation responded just as well as the patient who was SGCE positive. High-frequency stimulation (130 Hz) with amplitudes greater than 2.5 V provided therapeutic benefit. Discussion: This case series demonstrates that high frequency GPi-DBS is effective in treating isolated myoclonus in myoclonus–dystonia, regardless of the presence of SGCE mutation.
Social Motives and the Use of Influence Attempts

30 cooperators and 30 competitors were allowed to send a variety of influence attempts to a simulated other during a Prisoner's Dilemma game. Cooperators preferred the use of promises, whereas competitors preferred the use of threats.
Toxicity of quantum dots and cadmium salt to Caenorhabditis elegans after multigenerational exposure.

To fully understand the biological and environmental impacts of nanomaterials requires studies that address both sublethal end points and multigenerational effects. Here, we use a nematode to examine these issues as they relate to exposure to two different types of quantum dots, core (CdSe) and core–shell (CdSe/ZnS), and to compare the effect to those observed after cadmium salt exposures. The strong fluorescence of the core–shell QDs allowed for the direct visualization of the materials in the digestive track within a few hours of exposure. Multiple end points, including both developmental and locomotive, were examined at QD exposures of low (10 mg/L Cd), medium (50 mg/L Cd), and high concentrations (100 mg/L Cd). While the core–shell QDs showed no effect on fitness (lifespan, fertility, growth, and three parameters of motility behavior), the core QDs caused acute effects similar to those found for cadmium salts, suggesting that biological effects may be attributed to cadmium leaching from the more solub...
Thermal equation of state and spin transition of magnesiosiderite at high pressure and temperature

In situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction experiments on natural magnesiosiderite [(Mg 0.35 Fe 0.65 )CO 3 ] were conducted using resistive and laser-heated diamond-anvil cells (DACs) up to 78 GPa and 1200 K. Based on thermal elastic modeling of the measured pressure-volume curves at given temperatures, we have derived thermal equation of state (EoS) parameters and the spin-crossover diagram of magnesiosiderite across the spin transition. These results show the spin crossover broadened and shifted toward higher pressures at elevated temperatures. Low-spin magnesiosiderite is 6% denser and 8% more incompressible than the high-spin phase at 1200 K and high pressures. Within the spin crossover from 53 to 63 GPa at 1200 K, magnesiosiderite exhibits anomalous thermal elastic behaviors, including a dramatic increase in the thermal expansion coefficient by a factor of 20 and a drop in the isothermal bulk modulus and the bulk sound velocity by approximately 75 and 50%, respectively. Compared with the end-member magnesite [MgCO 3 ] at relevant pressure-temperature conditions of the subducted slabs, the high-spin magnesiosiderite with 65 mol% FeCO 3 is approximately 21–23% denser and its unit-cell volume is 2–4% larger, whereas the low-spin state is 28–29% denser and 2% smaller than the end-member magnesite. Since ferromagnesite with 20 mol% of iron has been proposed to be a potential deep-carbon carrier, our results here indicate that the dense low-spin ferromagnesite can become more stable than high-spin ferromagnesite at pressures above approximately 50 GPa, providing a mechanism for (MgFe)-bearing carbonate to be a major carbon host in the deeper lower mantle.
Rediscuss the Reason of Women's Tragedy of Women in Extinction

The Extinction of A Lai give us a dirge of Tu Si age in northwest,Kang Ba area,of Sichuan with the perspective of a"fool".In the novel,author shaped a series of women,they delivered sadness life of themselves in the specific circumstance of history and nation.,demonstrated their tragic fate.This article will illustrate reasons of tragedy with three aspects:First,they were conquered by power;Second,they want to be stable slave;third,The novel,which permeate androcentrism.
Epidemiology of Japanese Encephalitis in Guang'an,2004-2008

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of Japanese encephalitis in Guang'an from 2004 to 2008 and provide evidence for the disease control and prevention.Methods Descriptive epidemiological analysis was conducted on the epidemic data of local epidemiological survey and from national disease reporting information system.Results During this 5 years,741 cases of Japanese encephalitis were reported,including 24 deaths.The incidence peak was during July-August with the cases occurring accounted for 92.44% of the total cases.The male to female ratio of the cases was 1.9∶1.The cases mainly distributed in 1-7 years age group,accounting for 81.51% of the total(604/741).The case number of scattered children was highest,accounting for 62.89% of the total(466/741),followed by kindergarten children [19.16%(142/741)] and students[16.46%(122/741)].Conclusion The incidence of Japanese encephalitis remained at high level in Guang'an.It is necessary to take comprehensive measures to control the epidemic of Japanese encephalitis.
Survey on cognition status about AIDS prevention knowledge of urban and rural residents in Xinjiang Yili state

Objective To understand cognition status about AIDS prevention knowledge of urban and rural residents in Xinjiang Yili state,and to provide a scientific basis for formulating measures of AIDS publicity,education,prevention and control for the future.Methods For simple random sampling with "Database of country infectious diseases special projects" that Yili state has been successfully uploaded,obtain the required sample,then conducted questionnaire survey.Results In 1 101respondents,cognition rate about AIDS prevention knowledge of urban and rural residents was 79.02%,the higher level regions of AIDS epidemic classification,respondent in the higher cognition rate;the cognition status about blood transmission,mother-to-child transmission was better,the sexual transmission was poorer.Male,16to 30years old,Uygur,the higher education level of respondents,AIDS prevention knowledge in relatively good condition status.Conclusion The cognition status about AIDS prevention knowledge in Xinjiang Yili state basic meet the national standards,but remains to be improved.We should enhance AIDS prevention knowledge education cope with high age group,Kazakhs and other ethnic minorities,low education level of the respondents,it should also focus on strengthening the publicity education and proper guidance with non-transmission.According to different popular level classification,publicity and education should be carryed out combined with local actual formulation is more advantageous to measure.
A role for nitric oxide in active thermoregulatory vasodilation

We have shown previously that an increase in ear blood flow velocity (EBF) in the conscious, chronically instrumented rabbit during whole body heating (WBH) involves active neurogenic vasodilation ...
Phonon Scattering by Distortion About a Point Defect

Point defects scatter phonons because of changes in mass and force constants at the defect site; a mass increase and an expansion both lower the local value of the phonon velocity and reinforce the perturbation. For point defects described by a mass difference AM, the relaxation rate is [1] $$ 1/\tau = c\,{a^3}\,{\left( {\Delta M/M} \right)^2}\,{\left( {4\pi {v^3}} \right)^{{ - 1}}}\,{\omega^4} $$ (1) where M, a3 and v are the normal mass, atomic volume and phonon velocity, c is the defect concentration and ω the angular frequency. To account for distortion, assume that the point defect occupies a volume V+ΔV instead of V; the effective value of ΔM/M then becomes [2,3] $$ \Delta M'/M = \Delta M/M + 2G\,\Delta V/V $$ (2) where G is the Gruneisen constant.
Practical pharmacology for older patients: avoiding adverse drug effects

Older patients experience adverse drug events more frequently than do younger adults, and they experience them in unexpected ways. The heterogeneity of the geriatric population leaves the investigator with a great deal of uncertainty and the clinician with little reliable guidance based on clinical investigations. Although few generalizations can be made, it is safe to say that at least a subgroup of patients exhibit one or more physiologic or pathologic alterations that can lead to unanticipated drug response. It is essential for the prescribing clinician to be mindful of the vulnerability of this population. Prescribing should be judicious and, in general, conservative, with an eye on the patient's specific vulnerabilities.
A Tale of Three Women: A Survey of the Rights and Responsibilities of Unmarried Women Who Conceive by Alternative Insemination and a Model for Legislative Reform

Courts in a number of jurisdictions have recently confronted questions of legal parentage concerning children conceived by alternative insemination. Typically, the biological mother is contesting the right of either the sperm donor or a non-biological co-parent to custody or visitation. This Note surveys the current state of the law and demonstrates a lack of protection for the rights of unmarried biological mothers and their co-parents. This Note then proposes a new paradigm for establishing the parties’ rights and obligations, one that reflects the parties’ pre-insemination, mutual intent regarding parenting responsibilities and encourages legal acknowledgement of and protection for the families people are creating with the help of AI.
Long-Term Outcomes of Permanent Cement Spacers in the Infected Foot

When osteomyelitis occurs in the infected foot, cement spacers have been used as a limb salvage tool. The aim of the present study was to assess the longevity and outcomes in high-risk, low-demand patients who have undergone resection of bone and subsequent placement of permanent antibiotic-eluting cement spacers in the foot. A retrospective review case series of 30 patients who had undergone placement of a permanent antibiotic-eluting cement spacer in the foot were evaluated for retention, spacer exchange, removal, amputation, and functional status. The minimum follow-up time for inclusion was 12 months. Two thirds of all patients had successful spacers (n = 20) that were either retained (n = 14) or successfully exchanged (n = 6). One third of all patients experienced spacer failure (n = 10) and required removal. Of the 10 patients requiring spacer removal, 4 underwent removal with subsequent arthrodesis and 6 underwent removal with subsequent pseudoarthrosis. Also, 8 of these patients (26.7%) required partial foot amputation of the ipsilateral foot. These amputations were not directly related to the use or removal of the spacer. The average time to spacer removal or partial amputation was 20.9 (range 0.2 to 60.9) months. The longest retained spacer in the foot was 76 months at the last follow-up visit. The longest exchanged spacer at the last follow-up visit was 111 months. All surviving patients were ambulatory at the last follow-up visit.
Monocyte differentiation and macrophage priming are regulated differentially by pentraxins and their ligands

Circulating bone marrow-derived monocytes can leave the blood, enter a tissue, and differentiate into M1 inflammatory, M2a remodeling/fibrotic, or M2c/Mreg resolving/immune-regulatory macrophages. Macrophages can also convert from one of the above types to another. Pentraxins are secreted proteins that bind to, and promote efficient clearance of, microbial pathogens and cellular debris during infection, inflammation, and tissue damage. The pentraxins C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid P (SAP), and pentraxin-3 (PTX3) can also bind a variety of endogenous ligands. As monocytes and macrophages are exposed to differing concentrations of pentraxins and their ligands during infection, inflammation, and tissue damage, we assessed what effect pentraxins and their ligands have on these cells. We found that many polarization markers do not discriminate between the effects of pentraxins and their ligands on macrophages. However, pentraxins, their ligands, and cytokines differentially regulate the expression of the hemoglobin-haptoglobin complex receptor CD163, the sialic acid-binding lectin CD169, and the macrophage mannose receptor CD206. CRP, a pentraxin generally thought of as being pro-inflammatory, increases the extracellular accumulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, and this effect is attenuated by GM-CSF, mannose-binding lectin, and factor H. These results suggest that the presence of pentraxins and their ligands regulate macrophage differentiation in the blood and tissues, and that CRP may be a potent inducer of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10.
Selective attention without a neocortex

Selective attention refers to the ability to restrict neural processing and behavioral responses to a relevant subset of available stimuli, while simultaneously excluding other valid stimuli from consideration. In primates and other mammals, descriptions of this ability typically emphasize the neural processing that takes place in the cerebral neocortex. However, non-mammals such as birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish, which completely lack a neocortex, also have the ability to selectively attend. In this article, we survey the behavioral evidence for selective attention in non-mammals, and review the midbrain and forebrain structures that are responsible. The ancestral forms of selective attention are presumably selective orienting behaviors, such as prey-catching and predator avoidance. These behaviors depend critically on a set of subcortical structures, including the optic tectum (OT), thalamus and striatum, that are highly conserved across vertebrate evolution. In contrast, the contributions of different pallial regions in the forebrain to selective attention have been subject to more substantial changes and reorganization. This evolutionary perspective makes plain that selective attention is not a function achieved de novo with the emergence of the neocortex, but instead is implemented by circuits accrued and modified over hundreds of millions of years, beginning well before the forebrain contained a neocortex. Determining how older subcortical circuits interact with the more recently evolved components in the neocortex will likely be crucial for understanding the complex properties of selective attention in primates and other mammals, and for identifying the etiology of attention disorders.
Fertility challenges for women with sickle cell disease.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Sickle cell disease (SCD) represents one of the most common monogenic blood disorders worldwide, with an incidence of over 300,000 newborns affected per year. Reproductive challenges for men and women with SCD have been previously reviewed; however, evidence-based strategies to prevent and manage infertility and increase fecundity are lacking in women with SCD, which is one of the most important factors for quality of life.Areas covered: This review article summarizes the known risk factors for infertility, low fecundity, and premature menopause related to SCD.Expert commentary: Women with SCD have unique risk factors that may impact their ability to conceive, including chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, transfusion-related hemochromatosis, and ovarian sickling, causing ischemia and reperfusion injury to the ovary. Contraception is strongly recommended while on hydroxyurea therapy during reproductive years and discontinuing hydroxyurea for family planning and during pregnancy ba...
Leucine-Enriched Essential Amino Acids Augment Muscle Glycogen Content in Rats Seven Days after Eccentric Contraction

Eccentric contractions induce muscle damage, which impairs recovery of glycogen and adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP) content over several days. Leucine-enriched essential amino acids (LEAAs) enhance the recovery in muscles that are damaged after eccentric contractions. However, the role of LEAAs in this process remains unclear. We evaluated the content in glycogen and high energy phosphates molecules (phosphocreatine (PCr), adenosine di-phosphate (ADP) and ATP) in rats that were following electrically stimulated eccentric contractions. Muscle glycogen content decreased immediately after the contraction and remained low for the first three days after the stimulation, but increased seven days after the eccentric contraction. LEAAs administration did not change muscle glycogen content during the first three days after the contraction. Interestingly, however, it induced a further increase in muscle glycogen seven days after the stimulation. Contrarily, ATP content decreased immediately after the eccentric contraction, and remained lower for up to seven days after. Additionally, LEAAs administration did not affect the ATP content over the experimental period. Finally, ADP and PCr levels did not significantly change after the contractions or LEAA administration. LEAAs modulate the recovery of glycogen content in muscle after damage-inducing exercise.
Approach to the Young Patient with New-Onset Hypertension.

A 22-year-old white woman with no prior history of hypertension had elevated BP during a routine office visit in 2006. One week later, BP remained elevated. She was asymptomatic and did not have chest pain, dyspnea, headaches, palpitations, sweating, leg swelling, or leg cramps. She did not take any
Patellar Dislocations: Review of Current Literature and Return to Play Potential

Acute patellar dislocation is a common cause of traumatic hemarthrosis and is associated with multiple anatomical abnormalities including patella alta, trochlea dysplasia, and malalignment of lower limbs. The medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) stabilizes the patella in the early flexion or terminal extension and ruptures in most of first-time patellar dislocations. Thorough radiological evaluations of the MPFL and predisposing anatomical properties are required for the planning of management of recurrent instability. Conservative treatment is the mainstay management of first-time patellar dislocation and achieves good to excellent outcome in most of the patients. Surgery is indicated for recurrent patellar dislocations and first-time patellar dislocations complicated by osteochondral injuries or major MPFL injuries with high functional demand. Return to sports requires painless full range of motion and symmetrical muscle strength in addition to focusing on sport-specific training. Home exercise and behavior modifications in ADLs are important to decrease the reoccurrence of patellar dislocation/subluxation.
21.2 FAMILIAL RISK FOR SCHIZOPHRENIA

Background Larry Seidman, Ph.D. was a key contributor to the Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia (COGS) with its focus on understanding the genetic substrates of quantitative endophenotypes in schizophrenia patients. With his deep knowledge of neurocognition related to psychosis, Larry was able to help steer the COGS-1 family study of over 300 families. The subsequent COGS-2 case-control study used the same well curated, quality controlled extensive battery of testing with 1411 schizophrenia patients and 1500 extensively tested healthy control subjects. Larry was first author on the 2015 paper “Factor structure and heritability of endophenotypes and schizophrenia: findings from the Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia.” It is important to note that related association studies examined the relationship of quantitative endophenotypes and genetic loci, and this is complementary to but distinct from case-control studies. These COGS studies identified a 42-gene network with a NRGL-ERBB4 hub underlying schizophrenia neurocognitive deficits. Thus, these Ns, modest for case-control studies, are quite powerful for gene finding using quantitative endophenotypic markers related to core “thought disorder” neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia. These quantitative measures are up to 100 X more efficient and 10 X more powerful for gene finding than case-control studies as explained by Blangero, Williams and Almasy as early as 2005. Genes for SZ overlap with genes for key functionally important quantitative endophenotypes as shown by many groups, including COGENT and COGS, so case-control and endophenotype studies are best viewed as complementary in nature.
Speechless: Analyzing the Threat to Speech Privacy from Smartphone Motion Sensors

According to recent research, motion sensors available on current smartphone platforms may be sensitive to speech signals. From a security and privacy perspective, this raises a serious concern regarding sensitive speech reconstruction, and speaker or gender identification by a malicious application having unrestricted access to motion sensor readings, without using the microphone. In this paper, we revisit this important line of research and closely inspect the effect of speech on smartphone motion sensors, in particular, gyroscope and accelerometer. First, we revisit the previously studied scenario (Michalevsky et al.; USENIX Security 2014), where the smartphone shares a common surface with a loudspeaker (with subwoofer) generating speech signals. We observe some effect on the motion sensor signals, which may indeed allow speaker and gender recognition to an extent. However, we also argue that the recorded effect on the sensor readings is possibly from conductive vibrations through the shared surface instead of direct acoustic vibrations due to speech as perceived in previous work. Second, we further extend the previous work by analyzing the effect of speech produced by (1) other less powerful speakers like the in-built laptop and smartphone speakers, and (2) live humans. Our experiments show that in-built laptop speakers were only able to affect the accelerometer when the laptop and the motion sensor shared a surface. Smartphone speakers were not found to be powerful enough to invoke a response in the motion sensors through aerial vibrations. We also report that in the presence of live human speech, we did not notice any effect on the motion sensor readings. Our results have two-fold implications. First, human-rendered speech seems potentially incapacitated to trigger smartphone motion sensors within the limited sampling rates imposed by the smartphone operating systems. Second, it seems that even machine-rendered speech may not be powerful enough to affect smartphone motion sensors through the aerial medium, although it may induce vibrations through a conductive surface that these sensors, especially accelerometer, could pick up if a relatively powerful speaker is used. Overall, our results suggest that smartphone motion sensors may pose a threat to speech privacy only in some limited scenarios.
RENAL MUCORMYCOSIS : A CASE REPORT AND REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

Abstract A 64-year-old man presented with acute renal failure secondary to renal mucormycosis. The pathological findings are described and the literature is reviewed.
Diplura and Protura of Canada

A literature review of the Diplura and Protura of Canada is presented. Canada has six Diplura species documented and an estimated minimum 10-12 remaining to be documented. The Protura fauna is equally poorly known, with nine documented species and a conservatively estimated ten undocumented. Only six and three Barcode Index Numbers are available for Canadian specimens of Diplura and Protura, respectively.
Rapid Communication: Differential skeletal muscle mitochondrial characteristics of weanling racing-bred horses.

Responses of equine skeletal muscle characteristics to growth and training have been shown to differ between breeds. These differential responses may arise in part because muscle fiber type and mitochondrial density differ between breeds, even in untrained racing-bred horses. However, it is not known when these breed-specific differences manifest. To test the hypothesis that weanling Standardbreds (SB) and Thoroughbreds (TB) would have higher mitochondrial measures than Quarter Horses (QH), gluteus medius samples were collected from SB (mean ± SD; 6.2 ± 1.0 mo; n = 10), TB (6.1 ± 0.5 mo; n = 12), and QH (7.4 ± 0.6 mo; n = 10). Citrate synthase (CS) and cytochrome c oxidase (CCO) activities were assessed as markers of mitochondrial density and function, respectively. Mitochondrial oxidative (P) and electron transport system (E) capacities were assessed by high-resolution respirometry (HRR). Data for CCO and HRR are expressed as integrated (per mg protein and per mg tissue wet weight, respectively) and intrinsic (per unit CS). Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS v 9.4 with breed as a fixed effect. Mitochondrial density (CS) was higher for SB and TB than QH (P ≤ 0.0007). Mitochondrial function (integrated and intrinsic CCO) was higher in TB and QH than SB (P ≤ 0.01). Integrated CCO was also higher in TB than QH (P < 0.0001). However, SB had higher integrated maximum P (PCI+II) and E (ECI+II) than QH (P ≤ 0.02) and greater integrated and intrinsic complex II-supported E (ECII) than both QH and TB (P ≤ 0.02), whereas TB exhibited higher integrated P with complex I substrates (PCI) than SB and QH (P ≤ 0.003) and higher integrated PCI+II and ECI+II than QH (P ≤ 0.02). In agreement, TB and QH had higher contribution of complex I (CI) to max E than SB (P ≤ 0.001), whereas SB had higher contribution of CII than QH and TB (P ≤ 0.002). Despite having higher mitochondrial density than QH and TB, SB showed lower CCO activity and differences in contribution of complexes to oxidative and electron transport system capacities. Breed differences in mitochondrial parameters are present early in life and should be considered when developing feeding, training, medication, and management practices.
Childhood adversity among Black children: The role of supportive neighborhoods

Abstract The relationship between adverse childhood experiences and increased risk of negative health outcomes in adulthood is well established. Previous ACEs research on subgroups has focused on differences between racial/ethnic groups or differences between the sexes. Few studies have taken an intersectional approach and studied ACEs and related outcomes by race/ethnicity and sex among children. Because ACEs occur at the individual, family, and community-level, approaches to preventing and mitigating ACEs must be multilevel as well. This study seeks to fill that gap by examining sex differences in the prevalence of ACEs, the types of ACEs experienced, and the effect of neighborhood characteristics on the prevalence of ACEs among Black children. Data from the 2016–17 National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH) Combined Data Set was used. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the study population, the prevalence of ACEs by sex, and the most common types of ACEs experienced by sex. Separate logistic regression models by sex were performed to examine the effect of living in supportive and safe neighborhoods on the odds of experiencing at least one ACE. Separate logistic regression models for the four most commonly reported ACEs were run as well. There were no statistically significant sex differences in ACE scores or the most commonly reported ACEs. Living in a supportive neighborhood reduced the odds of girls experiencing an ACE but did not reduce the odds of boys experiencing an ACE. Black boys and girls have different exposures and experiences that shape their health. Understanding these underlying factors is integral to creating effective targeted ACEs-related prevention and intervention programs and policies.
Clinical and Molecular Predictors of Response to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Patients with Advanced Esophagogastric Cancer

Purpose: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are effective in only a minority of patients with esophagogastric cancer (EGC). Here, we aimed to identify predictors of durable clinical benefit to ICI in EGC. Experimental Design:Patients with advanced EGC treated with ICIs at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center were identified. Clinicopathologic variables were assessed. In patients profiled by MSK-IMPACT targeted sequencing, outcomes were correlated with tumor genomic features. Results:One-hundred sixty-one patients were treated with ICIs (110 with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies and 51 with anti-CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies). The median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were 1.7 and 4.9 months, respectively. Greater number of disease sites (≥3), liver metastases, treatment with ≥3 prior therapies and ECOG performance status ≥2 were associated with poorer PFS and OS. Patients treated with combination ICI and those with PD-L1 positive tumors had improved outcomes. There was no difference in outcomes between patients treated with antibiotics during or in the 2 months preceding ICI treatment versus those who were not. Occurrence of irAEs was associated with improved OS. In genomically profiled tumors (n=89), survival was associated with increasing tumor mutation burden (TMB). However, in multivariable analyses and when microsatellite unstable (MSI) patients were excluded, a significant association was no longer observed. Conclusions:In patients with advanced EGC, heavily pre-treated patients, those with high-volume disease and/or poor PS were less likely to benefit from ICI. irAEs were associated with improved OS. TMB correlated with improved survival, but this association was not observed when MSI-high patients were excluded.
Carboxy-terminal truncations of mouse α-synuclein alter aggregation and prion-like seeding.

α-synuclein (αsyn) forms pathologic inclusions in several neurodegenerative diseases termed synucleinopathies. The inclusions are comprised of αsyn fibrils harboring prion-like properties. Prion-like activity of αsyn has been studied by intracerebral injection of fibrils into mice, where the presence of a species barrier requires the use of mouse αsyn. Post-translational modifications to αsyn such as carboxy (C)-terminal truncation occur in synucleinopathies, and their implications for prion-like aggregation and seeding are under investigation. Herein, C-truncated forms of αsyn found in human disease are recapitulated in mouse αsyn to study their seeding activity in vitro, in HEK293T cells, in neuronal-glial culture, and in nontransgenic mice. The results show that C-truncation of mouse αsyn accelerates aggregation of αsyn but alters prion-like seeding of inclusion formation.
The fine structure of an unusual hemocyte in the insect Gromphadorhina portentosa

Abstract An unusual hemocyte occurring in the insect Gromphadorhina is described on the basis of electron microscopic as well as light microscopic information. It has been named the crescent cell because of thh shape of its dominant constituent, a single large cytoplasmic inclusion body that contains an amylase-resistant PAS-positive material.
Beyond Charity: Partial Narratives as a Metaphor for Basic Writing.

In “A New World: Redefining the Legacy of Min-Zhan Lu”(JBW 27.2, Fall 2008), Brian Ray revisits the controversy that emerged in the early 1990s in response to critiques of the iconic Mina Shaughnessy made by Min-Zhan Lu. He offers a reading of the debate that focuses on common ground between the two sides through a metaphor of linguistic charity based on the work of Donald Davidson. While common ground can no doubt be found between these two opposing sides, by focusing exclusively on the similarities between Lu and her critics, Ray runs the risk of diluting Lu’s argument and inadvertently reproducing the relations of power that Lu’s project is attempting to undermine. This article, therefore, offers a different route to reading the debate between Lu and her critics—a reading that focuses on the real and irreconcilable differences between the two sides. Building on the work of Elizabeth Ellsworth, this article offers a metaphor of partial narratives, in an attempt to expose the power relations embedded in all knowledge production. This metaphor of partial narratives provides not only a way of understanding the substantive difference between Lu and her critics but also raises questions that can help inform an approach to negotiating the different discourses present in composition classrooms, especially those focused on students positioned as basic writers.
Development of an FPGA Lab Curriculum for Beginning Digital Electronics Students

This paper is about the introduction of an FPGA based laboratory curriculum for beginning digital electronics students in the lab course ELE250U at Northern Illinois University (NIU). By replacing breadboards and ICs with FPGA development hardware and software tools, existing labs became more efficient signifying that more complex and progressive designs were possible as well as opening the door to HDL methodologies which were previously not supportable. The students readily adapted and seemed to prefer the programmable logic approach.