cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF COXIELLA BURNETII IN THE CHICK YOLK SAC

Anacker, R. L. (Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, Mont.), K. Fukushi, E. G. Pickens, and D. B. Lackman. Electron microscopic observations of the development of Coxiella burnetii in the chick yolk sac. J. Bacteriol. 88: 1130–1138. 1964.—Yolk sac material, obtained daily over a period of 1 week from embryos inoculated with seed of phase I Coxiella burnetii strain Ohio 314 containing 250 units of penicillin, was examined by electron microscopy and other techniques for the presence of rickettsiae. The concentration of rickettsiae in the yolk sac, as determined by electron microscopy, light microscopy, the complement-fixation test, recovery of organisms, and mouse infectivity, was low for the first 3 days, increased rapidly 3 to 5 days after infection, and then remained relatively constant. Rickettsiae in 3- to 7-day cultures, when observed by electron microscopy, had dense fibrillar centers surrounded by less-dense cytoplasmic material containing granules approximately 15 mμ in diameter. The whole was enclosed by multiple external layers. Many appeared to be in various stages of binary fission, and one form which contained a cross-wall was observed. These forms readily combined with ferritin-labeled specific antibody. In rare instances, several kinds of ”atypical” forms which did not combine with ferritin-labeled antibody were found in the cytoplasm of yolk-sac cells 4 to 5 days after inoculation; it is not certain whether these forms are artifacts or normal stages in the maturation of C. burnetii . These atypical forms were not observed in subsequent experiments in which embryonated eggs were inoculated with doses of penicillin varying from 0 to 4,000 units per egg. Images
Sheep liver 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. Inhibition by nucleoside phosphates and by other metabolic intermediates.

Abstract A variety of metabolic intermediates of the glycolytic pathway and tricarboxylic acid cycle have been found to be inhibitors of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase isolated from sheep liver. All nucleoside 5'-triphosphates and 5'-diphosphates are inhibitors with Ki values averaging 0.8 mm, nucleoside 5'-monophosphates are also inhibitory with Ki values averaging 6 mm. The 2'- and 3'-monophosphates of adenosine and guanosine are also inhibitory, the 2'-isomers being especially potent inhibitors. The following compounds are also inhibitory with Ki values averaging 6 mm: oxalacetate, oxalate, fructose-1-P, fructose-6-P, glucose-6-P, Pi, PPi, citrate, and sulfate. Fructose-1,6-P2 is a potent inhibitor of the enzyme with a Ki value of 70 µm (Dyson, J. E. D., and D'Orazio, R. E. (1971) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 43, 183). The presence of EDTA prevents inhibition by fructose-1,6-P2, but not by the other inhibitory compounds. All the nucleoside phosphates, with the exception of 2'-AMP, inhibit competitively with respect to both 6-phosphogluconate and NADP+, as do citrate, PPi, Pi, and sulfate. 2'-AMP inhibits competitively with respect to NADP+ and noncompetitively with respect to 6-phosphogluconate. The hexose monophosphates inhibit competitively with respect to 6-phosphogluconate and noncompetitively with respect to NADP+. Total inhibition caused by combinations of two or three nucleoside phosphates indicates that binding to the enzyme is mutually exclusive for all nucleoside phosphates except 2'-AMP, indicating that 2'-AMP binds at a different site from the other nucleoside phosphates. Binding of citrate and the hexose monophosphates is also mutually exclusive with the nucleoside phosphates, except 2'-AMP, indicating overlap of the binding site of citrate and the hexose monophosphates with that of the nucleoside phosphates.
Diurnal Patterns of DNA Synthesis in the Rat: Modification by Diet and Feeding Schedule

The diurnal pattern of DNA synthesis in young rats (28 to 35 days) was investigated under various feeding regimens of a normal and a protein-deficient diet. All animals were exposed to a 12-hour lightâ€"12-hour dark cycle. With ad libitmn feeding of a stock diet, the incorporation of thymidine-'H into nuclear DNA in liver varied over a fivefold range with a peak at the end of the dark period, whereas incor poration into mitochondrial DNA scarcely varied. A diet deficient in protein (3.5% protein) not only decreased the incorporation of thymidine-'H into liver DNA but also obscured the diurnal peaks observed in animals fed a diet containing 26% protein. The activity of thymidine kinase was also depressed, but the diurnal peak was still discern ible though slightly delayed. The effect of feeding schedule was then studied by re stricting the feeding period of a stock diet to either the first 8 hours of the dark period (close to normal feeding behavior) or to the first 8 hours of light. The 12-hour differ ence in the feeding period resulted in a closely corresponding difference in the timing of the peak incorporation of thymidine-'H into DNA. In rats gradually adapted to a 4-hour feeding schedule over a period of 10 days, there was a briefer but prominent peak of incorporation about 12 hours after the onset of feeding. A smaller peak was concurrently present in the adrenals but in skeletal muscle, intestinal mucosa and bone marrow there was no clear pattern of deviation from the 24-hour mean values. The results indicate that 1) in contrast to nuclear DNA, there is no prominent diurnal peak of mitochondrial DNA synthesis in liver; 2) the peak of nuclear DNA synthesis in liver is obscured by a protein-deficient diet; 3) the peak follows feeding of a normal diet by about 12 hours, independently of the lightâ€"dark cycle; and 4) with the exception of the adrenals, other tissues studied did not reveal a food-dependent peak of DNA syn thesis. J. Nutr. 104: 1234â€"1241,1974.
Small Heat Shock Protein Suppression of Vpr-Induced Cytoskeletal Defects in Budding Yeast

Expression of the auxiliary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protein Vpr causes arrest of primate host cells in G2. Expression of this protein in budding yeast has been previously reported to cause growth arrest and a large-cell phenotype. Investigation of the effect of Vpr expression in budding yeast, reported here, showed that it causes disruption of the actin cytoskeleton. Expression of HSP42, the gene for a small heat shock protein (sHSP), from a high-copy-number plasmid reversed this effect. The sHSPs are induced by exposure of cells to thermal, osmotic, and oxidative stresses and to mitogens. In animal cells, overexpression of sHSPs causes increased resistance to stress and stabilization of actin stress fibers. Yeast cells subjected to mild stress, such as shifting from 23 to 39 degrees C, arrest growth and then resume cell division. Growth arrest is accompanied by transient disorganization of the cytoskeleton. Yeast in which the HSP42 gene was disrupted and which was subjected to moderate thermal stress reorganized the actin cytoskeleton more slowly than did wild-type control cells. These results demonstrate that in yeast, as in metazoan cells, sHSPs promote maintenance of the actin cytoskeleton.
Racial and Ethnic Inclusion in the Digital Era: Shifting Discourses in Communications Public Policy

This article examines the representation of racial and ethnic minorities in contemporary U.S. broadband policy, an emerging area of communication policy that attempts to address merging media and telecommunications competition, diversity and inclusion issues for the digital age. A summary of three dominant themes in the literature regarding media diversity outlines the primary concerns of digital media policy. An interpretative policy analysis of the National Broadband Plan sheds lights on how regulators address diversity and access issues in the digital transition, particularly for communities of color. The analysis reveals that unlike prior exclusions of certain racial and ethnic groups in communications infrastructure, the unfolding broadband framework is attempting to be explicit about the inclusion of historically marginalized populations. We argue that the emerging media governance framework is both influenced by the problematic history of media diversity as well as a discursive and material shift that emphasizes market orientations.
Towards integrative taxonomy

Delineating species boundaries correctly is crucial to the discovery of life’s diversity because it determines whether or not different individual organisms are members of the same entity. The gap in communication between the different disciplines currently involved in delimiting species is an important and overlooked problem in the so-called ‘taxonomy crisis’. To solve this problem, it is suggested that taxonomy become integrative, and this integration is seen as the real challenge for the future of taxonomy. ‘Integrative taxonomy’ is defined as the science that aims to delimit the units of life’s diversity from multiple and complementary perspectives (phylogeography, comparative morphology, population genetics, ecology, development, behaviour, etc.). Some workers have already collaborated and successfully adopted an integrative approach to taxonomy. However, it is now time for the whole discipline to evolve. A radical change in mentality is needed concerning the creation of names in order to achieve this integration and to prevent the over-abundance of both synonyms and names of doubtful application from worsening. Integrative taxonomy gives priority to species delineation over the creation of new species names. Furthermore, it is emphasized that describing morphological diversity, referred to as ‘morphodiversity’, does not require the naming of any single set of specimens. Seven guidelines are proposed to help integrative taxonomists recognize cases when species are supported by broad biological evidence and therefore are deserving of an official name. © 2005 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2005, 85 , 407‐415. ADDITIONAL KEYWORDS: biodiversity ‐ character variation ‐ DNA barcoding ‐ ecology ‐ morphodiversity ‐ phylogenetics ‐ phylogeography ‐ population biology ‐ species delineation ‐ systematics.
Do mission hospitals have a role in achieving Millennium Development Goal 5

Introduction: It is unlikely that some low-income countries will achieve Millennium Development Goal 5 (MDG5) unless governments find new approaches. One possibility is through government partnerships with mission hospitals and other faith-based organizations (FBOs), but this would require overcoming historic reservations. Methods: We review the limited literature on mission hospitals and other FBO health services providing maternity care. Conclusion: The management and the clinical care provided by FBOs are often of higher quality than that provided by government hospitals. Mission hospitals have several advantages including more resources (especially foreign exchange), greater access to expatriate staff especially for training, and more flexibility in hiring and managing staff and in procuring and managing medicines and supplies. Recommendation: Increased collaboration between governments and mission hospitals, particularly in underserved and rural areas, could improve availability and quality of obstetric services enough to meet MDG5 targets. Delegating responsibilities to mission hospitals, exchanging information, and collaboration in projects and training could accelerate progress toward MDG5. Bilateral and multilateral funding institutions and International NGOs should encourage more effective partnerships between governments and FBOs.
Diode laser measurements of linestrength and temperature-dependent lineshape parameters of H2O-, CO2-, and N2-perturbed H2O transitions near 2474 and 2482 nm

Abstract Absorption lineshapes for two unresolved H2O doublets near 4029.52 and 4041.92 cm−1 were measured at high-resolution in a heated static cell using two distributed-feedback diode lasers. Measurements were acquired for H2O, CO2, and N2 perturbers over a temperature and pressure range of 650–1325 K and 2–760 Torr, respectively. Strong collisional narrowing effects were observed in CO2 and N2, but not in pure H2O. The Galatry profile was used to infer collisional-broadening and -narrowing coefficients and their respective temperature dependence for CO2 and N2 perturbers. The collisional-broadening and -narrowing coefficients for CO2 perturbers were found to decrease with increasing temperature in a similar manner. For N2 perturbers, the collisional-broadening coefficients increased with temperature while the collisional-narrowing coefficients decreased with increasing temperature. Self-broadening coefficients were inferred from Voigt profile fits and are compared with HITEMP 2010. The linestrengths of 17 H2O transitions are also reported.
Toxicology of Synthetic Pyrethroids in Aquatic Organisms: An Overview

The aquatic toxicology of the photostable synthetic pyrethroid insecticides as it affects two important groups of susceptible organisms — fish and aquatic insects — is discussed. The sensitivity of these aquatic species to the pyrethroids is dependent on several factors, including toxicokinetics, target site (nervous system), sensitivity and possible secondary mechanisms of action, as well as chemical and physical properties of the aquatic medium that influence toxicity and bioavailability. Uptake rates and routes of fenvalerate greatly affected the toxicity of fenvalerate to mosquito larvae. LD50 values were determined for cuticular and dietary exposure routes by utilizing radiolabeled fenvalerate at the respective LC50 concentrations in the two media (water and food). Fenvalerate was sixfold more toxic to mosquito larvae by the cuticular route. Technical fenvalerate was more toxic to larvae than was the emulsifiable concentrate formulation. Addition of different concentrations of humic acid to the water reduced the toxicity to the larvae. Review and analysis of relevant literature are integrated into a discussion of the principles and details of aquatic toxicology of the pyrethroids.
Particle beam liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry with negative ion chemical ionization for the confirmation of ivermectin residue in bovine milk and liver

Particle beam liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) using negative ion chemical ionization was applied to the analysis of ivermectin residue in bovine milk and liver. Samples were prepared by liquid/liquid extraction followed by alumina B solid-phase extraction clean-up. On-line LC/MS of extracts was carried out on a C-18 bonded silica column. Signals were observed from on-column injections of 4 ng dihydro-avermectin B1a (H2B1a) in extracts equivalent to 2 ml milk or 0.3 g liver. The specificity required for a regulatory confirmation procedure was achieved by monitoring the H2B1a molecular ion and four fragment ions. Ion chromatogram peak areas were at least three times greater than control samples integrated over the same time window. Coeluting matrix compounds enhanced the response and altered the abundance pattern of H2B1a. To compensate for this matrix effect, control milk extracts were spiked with H2B1a standard and used for the abundance matching for the abundance matching requirement of regulatory confirmation.
More tools in the toolbox: The naval oceanographic office's Remote Environmental Monitoring UnitS (REMUS) 6000 AUV

Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) are useful and necessary tools for modern oceanographic data collection. The Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVOCEANO) Ocean Projects Department has been successfully applying AUV technology since 1997. NAVOCEANO's entry into the large AUV realm was initiated with the transfer of a vehicle developed and tested at Draper Labs in 1997, named Lazarus. NAVOCEANO also teamed with Penn State Applied Research Laboratory to design and build the SEAHORSE-Class AUV, with the first of three vehicles delivered in 2001. These vehicles are powered by D-cell alkaline batteries and were mainly used to develop AUV Concept of Operations and logistic requirements. These vehicles are designed to operate under a preprogrammed set of rules and instructions with the goal of carrying out assigned missions without direct operator interaction or supervision. This concept would provide a ldquoforce multiplierrdquo to other NAVOCEANO survey assets. However, in order for AUVs to become operationally effective, several technology gaps needed to be overcome. These gaps included sensors, communications, navigation, power, and launch and retrieval systems. As technologies advanced, the REMUS 6000 AUV overcame these gaps and became an operational tool for the U.S. Navy.
Chemical characterization of the mutagenic neutral aromatic polar fractions of petroleum substitutes

Abstract The constituents of the neutral aromatic polar subfractions of two coal-derived oils, a shale-derived oil and a petroleum oil were analysed and compared. Chemical ionization mass spectra, using methanol and ammonia as reagent gases, were used to characterize the oxygen-and nitrogen-containing constituents, respectively. The compositions of the petroleum substitutes were found to differ from those of petroleum in containing primary polycyclic aromatic amines, azaarenes, polycyclic hydroxyaromatics and, in one case, aromatic ketones.
Infrared thermal analysis of polyurethane block polymers

Abstract Infrared (IR) thermal analysis was used to study the extent, distribution, and the thermal behavior of hydorgen bonding in MDI-based segmented polyurethane elastomers. Two series of polyurethane elastomers were studied; one was based on a polytetrahydrofuran soft segment (ET series), while the second was based on a poly(tetramethylene adipate) soft segment (ES series). The hard segment in these materials was formed form p, p′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) extended with butanediol. Bonded and free NH and C=O infrared absorbances were resolved as a function of temperature using a nonlinear least squares analysis for the fitting of Gaussian curve shapes. Results of this analysis revealed that at room temperature, about 80% of the NH groups in the ET and ES polyurethanes formed hydrogen bonds. In the ET polyurethanes, about 65% of the urethane carbonyls were hydrogen-bonded at room temperature. The extent of interurethane hydrogen bonding was found to be higher in the materials having better pha...
Food-Related Behaviors of Women in Substance Abuse Recovery: A Photo-Elicitation Study

The aim of this multi-method qualitative study was to explore the eating behaviors and food choices of nine purposively sampled low-income women aged 29 to 40 years who were engaged in a residential substance use disorders recovery program. Findings were limited to photo-elicitation interviews with the women that focused on nutritional choices and issues outside their family context. Consensual data analysis revealed a recovery process that began with cognitive reawakening and an increased focus on and desire for healthier nutrition-related decisions and lifestyle, particularly in the area of weight gain that many of the women experienced.
A CRITICAL EVALUATION OF SERUM DEXTROSTIX (DTX) IN NEWBORNS

To detect & Rx hypoglycemia (serum 40 mg/dl) early, reagent strips (dtx) are used to screen newborns (NB) at risk. If the dtx is low in an asymptomatic infant, the glucose (glc) lab result is obtained before Rx. This is done because of high incidence of false hypoglc Dx by dtx. The aim of this study was to assess accuracy of dtx when effect of hct is eliminated. 14 Blood (bl) samples in 12 NB (BW ±1SD:2.2±1.2 kg) were examined. Part of the sample was used for dtx (read at 60”) & hct determination (dtern). After centrifugation the remaining serum (sm) sample was used for lab glc dtern (Hexokinase) & for repeated sm dtx read at 45”, 50”, 55” & 60”. Thus a total of 5 dtx readings (1 whole bl & 4 sm) with a calibrated glucometer were compared to lab result for each patient. Results: no one had hypoglc as determined by the lab (x±SD=98 ±31 mg/dl). Mean hct was 43±7%. Correlation coefficients (r) of regressions of dtx readings on lab glc dterns for each time period were statistically significant (p for whole bl. When paired comparisons were made between “r's” of each time period for sm & whole bl, only the “r” of the 50” (.98) for sm was significantly different from whole bl (.91) (P <.025). DTX read with sm at 50” also showed smaller differences to lab glc dtern compared to whole bl (9±7 vs 25±14 mg%, P < 0.025). Only 1 of 14 dtx measurements each with sm at 50” & whole bl were falsely high compared to lab dterns. In the event of a low dtx reading during routine screening of high risk NB, repeating dtx with sm read at 50” may facilitate Dx & Rx of hypoglc long before lab results are available.
Jahn-Teller dynamics and properties of the manganites

Abstract The ferromagnetic transition temperature and the oxygen isotope effect in the doped manganites are evaluated using a model based on the dynamic Jahn-Teller effect on the bridging oxygen ion (the ion between Mn3+ and Mn4+). The diabatic representation is used to estimate the hopping time of the extra electron in the double exchange model. The transition temperature depends strongly on the Franck-Condon factor and, therefore, on the oxygen mass.
Effects of melatonin on the cell cycle kinetics and “estrogen-rescue” of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells in culture

Melatonin has been shown to have a direct inhibitory action on the proliferation of estrogen-responsive MCF-7 human breast cancer cells in culture. In the present study, we examined by flow cytometry whether this inhibitory effect might be exerted on the G1 phase of the cell cycle, thus causing a transition delay into the S phase. In order to further verify this hypothesis we tested the ability of estradiol to "rescue" MCF-7 cells from melatonin inhibition, and the potential of this indoleamine to block the ability of estradiol to rescue the cells from tamoxifen inhibition. Following five days of incubation, melatonin (10(-9)M) increased the fraction of cells in G1 of the cell cycle while simultaneously causing a 50% reduction in the proportion of cells in S phase. The antiproliferative effect of melatonin (10(-5)M) was prevented by the simultaneous treatment of the cells with estradiol (10(-8)M) in clonogenic soft agar culture, or reversed by the addition of estradiol to cells previously incubated with and inhibited by melatonin (10(-9)M) in monolayer culture. Additionally, melatonin blocked the estrogen-rescue of tamoxifen-inhibited cells in both types of culture systems. These results support the hypothesis that the antiproliferative effect of melatonin, like tamoxifen, is cell cycle specific by causing a G1-S transition delay. These results also indicate an important interaction of melatonin with estrogen-mediated mechanisms of MCF-7 cell proliferation.
A connectivity-based popularity prediction approach for social networks

In social media websites, such as Twitter and Digg, certain content will attract much more visitors than others. Predicting which content will become popular is of interest to website owners and market analysts. In this paper, we present a novel technique to predict popularity using the connection features of individuals and their community. Our approach is based on the hypothesis that connection plays a dominant role in spreading content on social media. The resulting predictor is more efficient than approaches which estimate popularity by complex graph properties, and more accurate than approaches that use simple visit counts. We evaluated the proposed approach empirically on several real-life data sets. Results indicate that, compared with the conventional methods, our approach is both accurate and computationally efficient.
Epigenetic regulation of nuclear steroid receptors

Histone modifier proteins have come to the forefront in the study of gene regulation. It is now known that histone methyltransferases, acetytransferases, kinases, ubiquitinases, deacetylases and demethylases orchestrate expression of target genes by modifying both histone and non-histone proteins. The nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily govern such diverse biological processes as development, physiology and disease, including human cancer. The involvement of NR in complexes with coactivators and corepressors is necessary for regulation of target genes. This review focuses on the newly recognized interactions between the NR and histone modifying enzymes. In addition to regulating histones, the histone modifying proteins directly modify and thereby regulate NR activity. In the same manner that signaling platforms exist within the histone tails that are post-translationally processed by histone modifying proteins, cascades of post-translational modification have been identified within the NR that coordinate their activity. This review focuses on the regulation of the NR estrogen receptor (ERalpha), androgen receptor (AR) and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma), given their role in tumor onset and progression.
Smoking cessation and care management for veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background Smoking remains the leading cause of preventable illness and mortality in the United States. Individuals with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) have smoking rates higher than that of others and fewer individuals with PTSD have quit smoking. This randomized controlled trial was designed to test the effectiveness of integrating telehealth care management and smoking cessation with motivational interviewing for Veterans with PTSD.
Observations of Notropis photogenis (Silver Shiner) and Etheostoma zonale (Banded Darter) in the Flint River, Alabama

Abstract Notropis photogenis (Silver Shiner) and Etheostoma zonale (Banded Darter) were collected from the Flint River in Madison County, AL, a northern tributary to the Tennessee River. Both species have been found in other northern tributaries to the Tennessee River in Alabama, but have not been widely reported from the Flint River. The Flint River is currently considered to be impaired water due to elevated turbidity, and has also been impaired in recent years from organic enrichment/low dissolved oxygen and pathogens in the form of fecal coliform.
Heart rate variability study-using phase response curve

The phase response curve has been adapted to study heart rate variability. The relationship of the timing and amplitude between heart rate and respiration is investigated.
A Simulation-Based RBDO Method Using Probabilistic Re-Analysis and a Trust Region Approach

A simulation-based, system reliability-based design optimization (RBDO) method is presented which can handle problems with multiple failure regions. The method uses a Probabilistic Re-Analysis (PRRA) approach in conjunction with a trust-region optimization approach. PRRA calculates very efficiently the system reliability of a design by performing a single Monte Carlo (MC) simulation. Although PRRA is based on MC simulation, it calculates “smooth” sensitivity derivatives, allowing therefore, the use of a gradient-based optimizer. The PRRA method is based on importance sampling. It provides accurate results, if the support (set of all values for which a function is non zero) of the sampling PDF contains the support of the joint PDF of the input random variables and, if the mass of the input joint PDF is not concentrated in a region where the sampling PDF is almost zero. A sequential, trust-region optimization approach satisfies these two requirements. The potential of the proposed method is demonstrated using the design of a vibration absorber, and the system RBDO of an internal combustion engine.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Impact of running away on girls’ pregnancy

This study assessed the impact of running away on pregnancy in the subsequent year among U.S. adolescents. We also investigated interactions between running away and sexual assault, romance, and school disengagement. Pregnancy among females between 11 and 17 years (n = 6100) was examined utilizing the Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) data from Waves 1 and 2. The odds of pregnancy in the next year were 1.67 times greater for runaways net of other factors. A history of sexual assault and romantic involvement increased the likelihood of pregnancy. The relationship between pregnancy and runaway behavior in the general population is understudied. Our findings suggest that runaway youth have a multiplicity of needs that require a complex array of medical, social, emotional, and academic resources to promote positive sexual health outcomes.
Molecular-dynamics study of lattice-defect-nucleated melting in metals using an embedded-atom-method potential.

The high-temperature behavior of a high-angle twist grain boundary, a free surface, and planar arrays of voids of various sizes, all on the (001) plane in copper, are studied through molecular-dynamics simulation using an embedded-atom-method potential. Independently, we determine the thermodynamic melting point, {ital T}{sub {ital m}} of this potential through an analysis of the free energies of a perfect crystal and the liquid phase. It is found that an ideal crystal consisting of nearly 1000 atoms may be superheated over 200 K above {ital T}{sub {ital m}} while the introduction of any of the defects listed above nucleates melting at any temperature above {ital T}{sub {ital m}}. We conclude that nucleation of the liquid phase at extrinsic defects is the most rapid, and therefore the dominant, mechanism of melting.
Factors associated with interval adherence to mammography screening in a population-based sample of New Hampshire women

BACKGROUND Interval adherence to mammography screening continues to be lower than experts advise. The authors evaluated, using a population-based mammography registry, factors associated with adherence to recommended mammography screening intervals. METHODS The authors identified and recruited 625 women aged 50 years and older who did and did not adhere to interval mammography screening. Demographic and risk characteristics were ascertained from the registry and were supplemented with responses on a mailed survey to assess knowledge, perceived risk, anxiety regarding breast carcinoma and its detection, and women's experiences with mammography. RESULTS The authors found no differences in risk factors or psychologic profiles between adhering and nonadhering women. Women who did not adhere had a statistically higher body mass index than women who did adhere (27.6 versus 26.1, P = 0.003). Exploration of mammographic experiences by group found that care taken by technologists in performing or talking women through the exam was higher in adhering women than nonadhering women (75.6% vs 65.71% for performing the exam, and 71.6% vs 60.8% for talking patients through the exam, respectively, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The authors found that previous negative mammographic experiences, particularly those involving mammography technologists, appear to influence interval adherence to screening and that patient body size may be an important factor in this negative experience. Cancer 2002;95:219–27. © 2002 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.10681
Left heart radiopotassium dilution curves in patients with rheumatic mitral valvular disease.

"Left heart" radiopotassium-dilution curves were carried out in 9 patients with rheumatic mitral valvular disease. From the curves, blood flow, circulation times, and "left heart" and aortic volumes were calculated. When this technic is used along with "left heart" pressure measurements, it appears to have a satisfactory reliability in demonstrating abnormalities of flow, volume, and mitral valve function. In theory, its proper application permits complete quantitation of these parameters.
Quantifying the effects of hydration enhancement and dilution in cement pastes containing coarse glass powder

Various non-standard filler materials are used in concretes to improve fresh and hardened concrete properties. This paper reports results from investigations on the effects of a coarse glass powder on the hydration and strength development of cement pastes. It is shown that the incorporation of glass powder results in enhancements in the degrees of hydration of the cement grains in the system. Using a mixing model for non-evaporable water content, a methodology to quantify the enhancement in the degree of hydration of cement as a result of the presence of glass powder is proposed. In order to quantify the relative effects of dilution (reduction in cement content, and thus of the hydration products) and increase in degree of cement hydration on the mechanical properties, a strength index, which accounts for the mass fraction of the reacting material, is proposed in this paper. Using the strength index, it is shown that the use of coarse glass powder filler is beneficial in pastes with lower water-to-cement ratio (w/c), where a portion of cement remains unhydrated. Increasing glass powder contents are observed to result in increased heat of hydration per unit mass of cement. However, beyond a certain glass powder content, the heat of hydration decreases due to the dominance of the dilution effect. The ultimate heat of hydration obtained from a three parameter model, the cement content, and the ultimate degrees of hydration are used to specify a new parameter termed the total ultimate heat of hydration. It is suggested that the total ultimate heat of hydration per unit volume of paste can be used to compare between mixtures made with different w/c and glass powder contents since this term, as defined in this paper, accounts for both the hydration enhancement and dilution effect from filler addition.
Exploitation: A Modern Approach:

Political economists who have abandoned the Marxian labor theory of value during the past few decades due to logical inconsistencies have failed to replace it with a logically sound theory that explains how and why the employment relationship is almost always exploitative even when labor markets are competitive. This article argues for a sacrifice-based theory of economic justice rather than the contribution-based theory implicit in the Marxian labor theory of value and uses a simple theoretical framework to explain not only why the employment relationship is exploitative but also why credit relations and goods trading can be exploitative as well.
Force and aspiration analysis of the ADAPT technique in acute ischemic stroke treatment

Introduction The development of new revascularization devices has significantly improved recanalization rates and time to reperfusion. A direct aspiration first-pass (ADAPT) technique for stroke thrombectomy was recently shown to be an effective and rapid way to achieve revascularization. The technique focuses on engaging and removing a clot without the use of a separator or retriever by relying on the force and aspiration generated by the catheter. We sought to compare the physical and fluid dynamic properties (force and aspiration) of commercially available catheters to determine the most effective catheter for the ADAPT technique. Methods Benchtop models were employed to compare aspiration for each catheter by submersing the catheter into a graduated cylinder and aspirating water. The volume of fluid aspirated and flow rates were calculated. Force of aspiration at the tip of each catheter was measured using a vacuum pressure gauge while the catheter was attached to a standard aspiration pump. Force was then calculated. Results The Penumbra 5MAX ACE catheter had the greatest aspiration rate of all the catheters at 245 mL/min. The Penumbra 5 MAX catheter aspirated 212 mL/min, followed by the Navien 058 and DAC 057 with 198 mL/min and 197 mL/min, respectively. The Penumbra 5MAX ACE generated the greatest tip force (18.25 g) and the 5MAX had the least amount of force (14.77 g). Conclusions The physical and fluid dynamic properties of currently available catheters suggest that the 5MAX ACE is the optimal catheter to use in direct aspiration for stroke therapy.
Are we overlooking stage a prostate cancer in patients treated for benign prostatic hyperplasia with medical or minimally invasive modalities

Abstract Our objective was to assess the likelihood of overlooking the diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCA), using current screening methods, in patients treated for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) with medical or minimally invasive treatment modalities, which do not produce tissue specimens for histologic review. To appraise this, we examined the impact of the preoperative use of prostatic specific antigen (PSA) in combination with transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) and systematic sextant prostate needle biopsy (PNbx) on the subsequent incidence of stage A PCA in patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). After excluding all patients found to have PCA during pretreatment screening, 485 patients who underwent TURP for presumed BPH from 1976 to 1994 were reviewed. From 1976 to 1989, PSA was not used for pretreatment screening, and stage A PCA was diagnosed in 11.4% of 317 patients. In 1990 and 1991, pretreatment screening included PNbx obtained under ultrasound guidance for PSA of 15.0 ng/ml or greater. Stage A PCA was diagnosed in 14.2% of 63 patients. From 1992 to 1994, pretreatment screening included systematic sextant PNbx performed for PSA greater than 4.0 ng/ml, and stage A PCA was diagnosed in 2.8% of 105 patients. The difference in incidence of stage A PCA between the first two groups and group three was significant ( p = 0.021), as it was the difference in incidence of stage A 2 ( P = 0.037). For stage A 1 , the difference did not reach statistical significance ( p = 0.089). Our findings suggest that systematic sextant PNbx for PSA greater than 4.0 ng/ml significantly reduces the risk of overlooking prostate cancer in patients undergoing treatment of BPH with modalities that do not provide tissue specimens.
BK β1 Transmembrane Regions Critically Control the Characteristic Phenotype of β1-Containing Bk Channel Currents

Voltage- and Ca2+-gated, large conductance K+ (BK) channels are ubiquitously expressed and play a key role in linking membrane excitability to Ca2+ signaling. In most tissues, BK channel complexes consist of channel-forming α and regulatory β subunits. Each β contains short intracellular N- and C-termini, and two transmembrane domains (TM1, TM2) joined by an extracellular loop. The smooth muscle-abundant BK β1 increases the channel's apparent Ca2+ sensitivity and is required for channel activation by cholane steroids (Brenner et al., 2000; Bukiya et al., 2009). The participation of different β1 regions in regulating channel function has not been fully settled. Here, we used BK channel-forming cbv1 and β1 subunits cloned from rat cerebral artery myocytes, neuron-abundant β4, and chimeras constructed by swapping regions between β1 and β4 to determine the contribution of specific β1 regions to the β1-containing BK phenotype. After co-expressing cbv1 with wt βs or chimeric βs in Xenopus oocytes, macroscopic currents were evoked by 200 ms-long, 10 mV depolarizing steps from −150 to +150 mV (VH=-80 mV). At Ca2+ levels found near the BK channel during smooth muscle cell contraction (10 μM), channel complexes that included chimeras combining both TMs from β1 with remaining regions (EC loop, IC ends) from β4 showed a phenotype (Vhalf, τact, τdeact) identical to that of channel complexes containing wt β1. However, this phenotype could not be evoked by channel complexes that included chimeras combining either β1 TM1 or β1 TM2 with the remaining β4 regions (TM2-EC loop-IC ends and TM1-EC loop-IC ends, respectively). We conclude that at physiological voltages and Ca2+, both TMs from β1 are necessary to confer the characteristic current phenotype of β1-containing BK channels. Support: R37-AA11560, R01-HL10463 (AMD).
Artificial Neural Network Modeling of Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS) Flowability with Varying Process and Storage Parameters

ABSTRACT Neural network (NN) modeling techniques were used to predict flowability behavior of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) prepared with varying levels of condensed distillers solubles (10, 15, and 20%, wb), drying temperatures (100, 200, and 300°C), cooling temperatures (–12, 25, and 35°C), and storage times (0 and 1 month). Response variables were selected based on our previous research results and included aerated bulk density, Hausner ratio, angle of repose, total flowability index, and Jenike flow index. Various NN models were developed using multiple input variables in order to predict single-response and multiple-response variables simultaneously. The NN models were compared based on R2, mean square error, and coefficient of variation obtained. In order to achieve results with higher R2 and lower error, the number of neurons in each hidden layer, the step size, the momentum learning rate, and the number of hidden layers were varied. Results indicate that for all the response variabl...
Synthesis of azelaic acid and suberic acid fromVernonia galamensis oil

We have demonstrated the potential ofVernonia galamensis seed oil as a source of dibasic acids. Reaction of nitric acid withV. galamensis oil afforded a homologous series of dibasic acids that include butanedioic acid, pentanedioic acid, hexanedioic acid (adipic), heptanedioic acid (pimelic), octanedioic acid (suberic), nonanedioic acid (azelaic), decanedioic acid (sebacic), and undecanedioic acid. Using a combination of chloroform extraction and subsequent water crystallizations, we have isolated suberic acid (∼95% purity by GC) and azelaic acid (∼95% purity by GC). The isolated yield of suberic acid is 15% and of azelaic acid is 11%. Reported reaction of nitric acid with ricinoleic acid (from castor oil) gave 8.8% suberic acid and 7.2% of a mixture of suberic and azelaic acids.
Cloning and characterization of promoters from American chestnut capable of directing reporter gene expression in transgenic Arabidopsis plants

Promoters play a central role in the regulation of gene expression, determining when, where and to what extent a gene is expressed. The aim of this study was to clone promoters from American chestnut capable of acting in wood-forming tissues (in this paper collectively referred to as stems). This hardwood species is besieged by the fungal pathogen, Cryphonectria parasitica, which causes lethal cankers on the stems of susceptible trees; therefore, stem-specific promoters would be useful in driving pathogen resistance transgenes. Using a genome walking technique and primers complementary to cDNA clones (CASdeBBP2, CASdeER10A, and CASdeHyp9A) isolated from a stem expression library, upstream flanking sequences were cloned and verified to be the promoters of the cDNAs from which they were derived. To study their activities, these promoters were subcloned into pCAMBIA vectors upstream of the GUS reporter gene. These recombinant plasmids were used to transform Arabidopsis thaliana, resulting in a total of 17 independent transgenic lines. The promoter of CASdeBBP2 showed consistent activity in the vascular tissues of all organs assayed upon both macroscopic and microscopic observation. The promoter of CASdeHyp9A acted constitutively, while that of CASdeER10A displayed inconsistent activity. The development of these promoters will allow researchers to regulate the expression of pathogen resistance transgenes and may also be useful in further research that focuses on the modification of wood quality in American chestnut and other species.
Sustaining and Retaining Beginning Special Educators: It Takes a Village.

Abstract The need to support and retain beginning teachers has become critical given: (1) the shortage of teachers in certain disciplines, and (2) the current emphasis on teacher qualifications and student achievement. In this study, five first year special education teachers in the southwestern section of the United States provided information on the persons and activities that supplied them with much needed and valued support. The results indicate that having a strong network of support and a variety of resources positively influenced these teachers’ ability to focus on student learning and on their intent to remain in their positions.
Intestinal bacteria and development of the B-lymphocyte repertoire

Vertebrates have a large antibody repertoire with diverse antigen specificities, poised to react to invading pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses and helminths. In some species, microbes such as these are required for development of both diverse antibody and B-lymphocyte repertoires. Recent studies demonstrate that B-lymphocyte expansion, selection and somatic diversification of Ig genes are regulated in these species, in part, by the interaction between commensal intestinal bacteria and gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). These findings indicate that the commensal microbiota can shape the repertoire of peripheral B lymphocytes and can potentially influence the health of the host. Here, how the interactions between commensal microbiota and lymphoid cells of GALT might affect the development of the peripheral B-lymphocyte repertoire is discussed.
Parental perfectionism and overcontrol: examining mechanisms in the development of child anxiety

It has been theorized that perfectionistic parents will engage in behaviors characterized by overcontrol, which then increase child anxiety. Previous research has yet to test this theory within a single study. The current study investigated the proposed theory in a single model, examining the mediational roles of parent perfectionism and overcontrol in the association between parent and child anxiety. Participants were 77 parent–child dyads, with 46 parents and 40 children diagnosed with an anxiety disorder. Children were between 3 and 12 years old (57.1 % female, 76.6 % Caucasian, 22.1 % African American). Path analysis indicated that the overall model fit the data well. Analyses showed that parental overcontrol mediated the relation between parental perfectionism and child anxiety and parental perfectionism mediated the relation between parental anxiety and parental overcontrol. Further, parental perfectionism and overcontrol sequentially mediated the parent to child anxiety relation. However, when parental perfectionism was accounted for in the model, parental overcontrol did not mediate the relation between parent and child anxiety. The findings suggest that parent perfectionism and overcontrol, together, may represent a specific pathway of risk for the development of anxiety disorders in children. The implications of these findings are reviewed in the context of previous theory on parental perfectionism, overcontrol, and the development of child anxiety. The clinical importance of the findings and future directions are also discussed.
Cholinergic agonists and dibutyryl cyclic guanosine monophosphate inhibit the norepinephrine-induced accumulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate in the rat cerebral cortex

Abstract Addition of cholinergic agonists, namely carbamylcholine (carbachol), acetylcholine, eserine, eserine plus acetylcholine and eserine plus choline chloride, and dibutyryl cyclic guanosine moue-phosphate inhibited the norepinephrine-induced accumulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate in incubated slices of rat cerebral cortex. Methacholine was ineffective and atropine did not overcome the action of carbachol on the stimulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate synthesis by norepinephrine. Carbachol stimulated the production of cyclic guanosine monophosphate in the tissue slices white norepinephrine did not influence cyclic guanosine monophosphate levels to a significant degree. The data are in keeping with the ‘Yin-Yang’ hypothesis in which under particular situations the intracellular levels of cyclic guanosine monophosphate may modulate cyclic adenosine monophosphate concentrations.