cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Complexity and undecidability results for logic programming

This paper surveys complexity, degree of uncomputability, and expressive power results for logic programming. Some major decision problem complexity results and other results for logic programming are also covered. It also proves several new results filling in previous gaps in the literature. The paper considers seven logic programming semantics: the van Emden-Kowalski semantics for definite (Horn) logic programs; the perfect model semantics for stratified and for locally stratified logic programs; and the two- and three-valued program completion semantics, the well-founded semantics, and the stable semantics, all for normal logic programs, under skeptical inference. The main results concern expressibility and query complexity/uncomputability in five contexts: for propositional logic programs, for first order logic programs with infinite Herbrand universes on their Herbrand universes (a closed domain assumption), for first order logic programs with infinite Herbrand universes on those universes extended with infinitely many new elements (an open domain assumption), and for logic programs without function or constant symbols evaluated over varying extensional databases (DATALOG-type results, data complexity results only) under both closed and open domain assumptions. Several of the open domain assumption results are new to this paper. Other results surveyed are (1) results about the family of all stable models of a program and (2) decision questions about when a logic program has nice properties with respect to a semantics (e.g., a unique stable model). One decision result, for well-founded semantics, is new to this paper.
Gender Politics in the Dominican Republic: Advances for Women, Ambivalence from Men

A considerable body of research has analyzed the influence of the women's movement, changes in women's political representation, and policies promoting women's interests in the developing world. However, we know comparatively less about the degree to which the attitudes and behaviors of the mass public mirror these national patterns. This article explores the evolution of gender differences in citizens' political interest, civic engagement, and support for women in politics in the Dominican Republic over 1994–2004, a period important for the country's democratization as well as one of significant changes in gender-related discourse and policies. We find evidence of a shift from a traditional gender gap to a modern gender gap, but the explanations for changes in women's views are distinct from those of men. We find that sociostructural factors, particularly age and education, and cues from political elites have significantly different effects on men versus women. Women's levels of political interest and support for equality in political participation are more fixed in their youth, whereas men's levels evolve through middle age. The evidence also indicates that reducing the gender gap in political interest would significantly narrow gender differences in civic activism. Most notably, men appear to be more easily swayed by elite cues that favor or oppose women's political participation; women's support for equal participation is much less susceptible to reversals in elite support. The consolidation of advances in gender equity thus depends significantly on contextual factors such as elite discourse.
The Determination of a Reliable Intelligence Quotient for the Young Child

(1932). The Determination of a Reliable Intelligence Quotient for the Young Child. The Pedagogical Seminary and Journal of Genetic Psychology: Vol. 41, No. 1, pp. 152-166.
Renal Cell Carcinoma With Nodal Metastases in the Absence of Distant Metastatic Disease (Clinical Stage TxN1-2M0): The Impact of Aggressive Surgical Resection on Patient Outcome

Purpose: Nodal disease in the setting of metastatic renal cell carcinoma is associated with poor prognosis. However, to our knowledge the biology of nodal metastases in the absence of metastatic disease is unknown. We reviewed our experience with treating this subset of patients with aggressive surgical resection.Materials and Methods: A total of 2,643 patients underwent nephrectomy at our institution between 1993 and 2003, including 40 with positive lymph nodes but no systemic metastases. All 40 patients underwent nephrectomy with extended retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy and they are the subjects of this study. Pathological characteristics and clinical outcomes were assessed.Results: Median patient age was 58 years and 62% of the patients were male. Median tumor size was 11 cm. Local stage was T1 in 3% of cases, T2 in 17%, T3a in 30%, T3b in 47% and T4 in 3%. Perinephric fat invasion was present in 77% of patients and positive margins were identified in 17%. Nodal status was N1 in 30% of patients and N2 ...
Chemical Pneumonitis Due to Exposure to Bromine Compounds

A 60-year-old laboratory technician developed pulmonary infiltrates consistent with chemical pneumonitis following accidental exposure to a mixture of hydrogen bromide and phosphorus tribromide. A protracted clinical course ensued consistent with bronchiolitis obliterans. These problems may have been avoided if the potential for subsequent damage had been realized at the time of the initial exposure. Health personnel must be aware of the potentially delayed effects of accidental exposures to respiratory irritants.
Summer stream temperature metrics for predicting brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) distribution in streams

We developed a methodology to predict brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) distribution using summer temperature metrics as predictor variables. Our analysis used long-term fish and hourly water temperature data from the Dog River, Vermont (USA). Commonly used metrics (e.g., mean, maximum, maximum 7-day maximum) tend to smooth the data so information on temperature variation is lost. Therefore, we developed a new set of metrics (called event metrics) to capture temperature variation by describing the frequency, area, duration, and magnitude of events that exceeded a user-defined temperature threshold. We used 16, 18, 20, and 22°C. We built linear discriminant models and tested and compared the event metrics against the commonly used metrics. Correct classification of the observations was 66% with event metrics and 87% with commonly used metrics. However, combined event and commonly used metrics correctly classified 92%. Of the four individual temperature thresholds, it was difficult to assess which threshold had the “best” accuracy. The 16°C threshold had slightly fewer misclassifications; however, the 20°C threshold had the fewest extreme misclassifications. Our method leveraged the volumes of existing long-term data and provided a simple, systematic, and adaptable framework for monitoring changes in fish distribution, specifically in the case of irregular, extreme temperature events.
Effects of dietary fluoride on reproduction in eastern screech-owls

Sixty-six eastern screech-owls (Otus asio) were paired and randomly assigned to dietary treatment groups of 0, 40, or 200 ppm (mg/kg) fluoride (as sodium fluoride) in November 1981. Hatching success was adversely affected at the 200 ppm (mg/kg) level, suggesting potential detrimental impacts to wild populations exposed to fluoride pollution. Eggshell thickness was unaffected. Although fluoride concentrations were elevated in bone and eggshells, large variations among individuals were observed as well as a trend for eggshell residues to increase with sequence of laying. Females had higher residues of fluoride in bone than males. Although fluoride levels in bone and eggshells are useful indicators of exposure, the variability in residues among individuals makes residue data from field collections of limited usefulness in assessing hazards in wild birds.
Microcrystalline Si and (Si,Ge) Solar Cells

We report on the growth of microcrystalline Si and (Si,Ge) cells on stainless steel substrates. The devices were grown using a remote, low pressure, ECR growth technique at low temperatures (250–350 C). The precursor gases were silane, germane and hydrogen. The devices were of the p-i-n type, with light incident on the p layer. The p layer was a-(Si,C). A novel interface buffer layer, consisting of an amorphous alloy whose bandgap was graded from 1.3 eV to 1.9 eV was used to match the crystalline base layer with the higher gap p layer. It was found that the properties of this buffer layer were critical in determining the properties of the resulting device. The buffer layer was found to increase the voltage by almost 20%. Cells with high fill factors were made using this technique. The quantum efficiency data indicated that the base layers had absorption characteristic of crystalline materials.
Studies on Gull Lake, Michigan

Summary The seasonal and depth distribution of phytoplankton in Gull Lake, a moderately large, temperate, dimictic, recreational lake in southern Michigan, U.S.A., is described and discussed. Diatoms (Fragilaria crotonensis, Cyclotella michiganiana, Asterionella formosa, and Synechococcus) grow mainly in summer. Diatoms grew under the winter ice, and objections are lodged to the classic explanation of seasonal growth in temperate lakes, and to a recent hypothesis concerning the `paradox of the plankton'. Two raphe-bearing large diatom species were considered to be truly planktonic. A Synechococcus species was similar to that described previously only from Loch Leven.
Activation of slaframine by liver microsomes and flavins.

Abstract Liver homogenates, in the presence of NADPH, are capable of activating slaframine to a form capable of stimulation in vitro of the guinea pig ileum. Activation activity has been located in the microsomal fraction and required NADPH; however, the reaction was not inhibited by carbon monoxide. In the presence of light, flavins are also capable of activating slaframine, and slaframine will photochemically reduce flavins. Photoreduction and activation seem to be correlated. The product of the photochemical reaction seems to be the same as that produced by NADPH and liver microsomes. FMN activated slaframine has been tested in vivo and is a very potent stimulator of salivation. The active metabolite seems to exert its pharmacological activity by binding to and directly stimulating cholinergic fibers. The active metabolite has a high affinity for the receptor. Its action cannot be easily reversed by washing nor can it be reversed by atropine; however, atropine will inhibit its action if given prior to the metabolite.
APPLICATIONS OF THE COHERENT STATE REPRESENTATION IN THE THEORY OF MAGNETISM. I. THE HEISENBERG MODEL.

Abstract By transforming the Heisenberg model Hamiltonian to Bose operators it becomes possible to define a coherent state representation for the spin system. This representation proves to be a useful basis for evaluating the partition function in a manner similar to that used previously for a superfluid. A hard core repulsive interaction is used to include the effects of the spin commutators exactly. The scattering of two spin waves is solved to all orders of perturbation theory in this formalism and used to rederive the low temperature series expansions due to Dyson. The results using the hard core interaction are compared with those using Dyson's dynamical interaction alone. The method is extended to give some results for the case of an anisotropic exchange interaction.
The 5-month-old's ability to discriminate facial expressions of emotion

The paired-comparison novelty technique was used to assess the 5-month-old infant's ability to discriminate between the facial expressions of anger, fear, and sadness. The 72 infants met the criterion for discrimination except when anger was the novel stimulus. It was hypothesized that for some infants novelty was a less potent determinant of looking than was another aspect of the stimulus ex pression, such as its social-signal value or relative aversiveness. A second experiment was designed to test this notion. Sixty-eight infants failed to meet the criterion of discrimination between joy, anger, and interest, though infants had done so in previous studies. Results of the two experiments suggest that some 5-month-olds can discriminate between anger, sadness, and fear expressions, but that the paired-comparison novelty technique may underestimate the infant's ability to detect differences among stimuli of different social- or emotion-signal value.
Synthesis and optical properties of poly(2,11-triphenyleneethynylene-alt-m-phenyleneethynylene)s

Triphenylene units are introduced into the backbone of a poly(m-phenyleneethynylene) (mPE). The new polymer, mPPET, exhibits strong intra-chain folding in good solvents in which the polymer is soluble, such as chloroform, benzene, and THF. In poor solvents, where the polymer is insoluble, such as acetonitrile, hexane, or DMSO, interchain aggregation dominates. In a solvent mixture of a good solvent and a poor solvent with appropriate ratios, mPPET appears to adopt a random coil conformation. Among the three conformations (intra-chain folding, interchain aggregation, and random coil chain), the intra-chain polymeric foldamer exhibits the highest fluorescence quantum yield. These results indicate that introducing a planar polynuclear aromatic compound into mPE not only increases its intra-chain folding propensity, but also may enhance its fluorescent properties. This approach may be applied to synthesize a variety of conjugated foldamers containing planar polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons with interesting photophysical properties.
Eye development genes and known syndromes

Anophthalmia and microphthalmia (A/M) are significant eye defects because they can have profound effects on visual acuity. A/M is associated with non-ocular abnormalities in an estimated 33-95% of cases and around 25% of patients have an underlying genetic syndrome that is diagnosable. Syndrome recognition is important for targeted molecular genetic testing, prognosis and for counseling regarding recurrence risks. This review provides clinical and molecular information for several of the commonest syndromes associated with A/M: Anophthalmia-Esophageal-Genital syndrome, caused by SOX2 mutations, Anophthalmia and pituitary abnormalities caused by OTX2 mutations, Matthew-Wood syndrome caused by STRA6 mutations, oculofaciocardiodental syndrome and Lenz microphthalmia caused by BCOR mutations, Microphthalmia Linear Skin pigmentation syndrome caused by HCCS mutations, Anophthalmia, pituitary abnormalities, polysyndactyly caused by BMP4 mutations and Waardenburg anophthalmia caused by mutations in SMOC1. In addition, we briefly discuss the ocular and extraocular phenotypes associated with several other important eye developmental genes, including GDF6, VSX2, RAX, SHH, SIX6 and PAX6.
Finite element lattice Boltzmann simulations of free surface flow in a concentric cylinder

The annular centrifugal contactor is a compact mixer/centrifuge device designed for liquid-liquid extraction operations in processes for recycling nuclear fuel. The flow in the annulus of a centrifugal contactor is similar to the Taylor vortex flow with superimposed axial flow. The major differences are that the contactor has one end that is open to air and the free surface effects dominate the annular flow. In this study, we demonstrate the application of a finite element lattice Boltzmann equation (FE-LBE) method to the annular mixing geometry as found in a centrifugal contactor. The computational results are validated with available experimental observations with the Reynolds number (Re) in the range of 1250
Understanding maldistribution in 3-pass trays

Abstract Understanding 3 pass trays is the key to design of 6 pass trays, such as those in the large towers expected in carbon-capture services. This paper presents a hydraulic distribution model for 3 pass trays with no liquid or vapor equalization. The model is verified by comparison with FRI's test data and with one operating tower. Our paper predicts good distribution for the 3 pass trays tested at FRI, and shows that the poor efficiencies in some of the tests were due to losing the downcomer seals and not tray maldistribution. The model predicts good distribution at maximum rates in the operating tower, but finds that at lower rates, where valves open and close, there is an extreme sensitivity of vapor distribution to small pressure drop variations. This sensitivity precludes reliable modeling of distribution in this region and may define an unstable region in the operation of 3 pass trays.
Nuclear data sheets for A = 217

Abstract The available information on the decay characteristics and level structure for all nuclei with the mass number A = 127 has been examined. A summary and evaluation of the experimental data, including adopted values and comparisons with theory, are presented. The individual level schemes are discussed, and comments pertaining to spin and parity assignments and to γ-ray multipolarities are given. Any apparent discrepancies or inconsistencies are pointed out. Most of the level information in the A = 217 mass chain is obtained the a -decay of the A = 221 parent. Therefore, while a summary of these results is reflected in both the level schemes and in the discussion under “Level Properties” and “Gamma-Ray Properties,” the actual data are presented under the respective A = 221 parent. A number of new ground-state spin and parity assignments are suggested based on favored a -transitions. In the case of the 217 Rn and 217 Fr ground states, these assignments are considered definitive. The tentative spin assignments for the ground states of 217 At and 217 Ac are due to uncertain ties in the ground-state spin assignments for the 213 Bi and 213 Fr daughters, respectively. A determination of the ground-state spin of 209 At would also determine the 217 Ac ground-state spin, via favored a -dacay. It should be noted that, to some extent, the suggested spin and parity assignments for levels in 217 At are correlated with the suggested spin assignments in 221 Fr and 225 Ac. New information on the spin assignments in these nuclei could therefore affect the proposed assignments in 217 At.
Direct detection of linker DNA bending in defined-length oligomers of chromatin.

Abstract Linker DNA, which connects between nucleosomes in chromatin, is short and, therefore, may be essentially straight and inflexible. We have carried out hydrodynamic and electron microscopic studies of dinucleosomes--fragments of chromatin containing just two nucleosomes--to test the ability of linker DNA to bend. We find that ionic conditions that stabilize the folding of long chromatin cause linker DNA in dinucleosomes to bend, bringing the two nucleosomes into contact. The results uphold a key prediction of the solenoid model of chromosome folding and suggest a mechanism by which proteins that are separated along the DNA can interact by direct contact.
Marine succession: The effect of two deposit-feeding gastropod species on the population growth of Paranais litoralis Müller 1784 (oligochaeta)

Abstract The hypothesis that persistent populations of the mud snails Hydrobia totteni Morrison and llyanassa obsoleta Say in salt marsh mud flats affect the population growth of a more ephemeral oligochaete, Paranais litoralis Muller is tested. Using experimental microcosms, we demonstrate that both snail species affect negatively the rate of population increase of the oligochaete. For Hydrobia , oligochaete population density eventually reaches the same approximate maximum, irrespective of snail density. This may relate to the penetration by worms of initially anoxic deeper sediments. For llyanassa , maximum population density is depressed with increasing snail density, which may relate to the complete sediment disruption caused by the latter snail species. Staggered cycles of population increase and decrease with changing snail density would make a consistent density effect nearly impossible to identify in normal field sampling. However, our results suggest that persistent snail populations may explain the relative rarity of polychaete population explosions in mud flats, except when the local persistent biota has been wiped out via disturbance or predation.
Optical absorption and electron paramagnetic resonance studies of chemically reduced congruent lithium niobate

Abstract An optical absorption and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) study has been performed on a series of chemically reduced congruent lithium niobate (LiNbO3) samples. Chemical reduction enhances the high-temperature electrical conductivity and darkens an otherwise optically clear crystal. The resulting optical spectra show a sharp threshold absorption above 3.8 eV and the growth of a broad-band absorption featuring a peak at 2.4 eV. The strength of the broad-band absorption is directly correlated with the carriers responsible for the enhanced high-temperature electrical conductivity. Optical illumination (bleaching) at 87 K shifts the optical absorption peak from 2.4 to 1.6 eV and produces an enhanced Nb4+ EPR signal. A quantitative analysis shows that the 1.6 eV optical absorption and the Nb EPR signal are both consistent with single electrons trapped on Nb atoms. The experimental results are discussed in terms of oxygen vacancy and bipolaron models.
Interpreting House Midterm Elections: Toward a Measurement of the In-Party's “Expected” Loss of Seats *

Midterm congressional elections have been subjected to relatively little analysis. This is surprising because these elections exhibit three quite striking features which, when taken together, call for further explanation. First, every midterm House election since the Civil War, with the exception of 1934, has brought a net loss of seats to the President's party. Second, in the large majority of elections the net loss has approximated the gross loss. The in-party (i.e., the President's party) seldom has captured seats from the other party to offset its own loss. And third, although the in-party's loss has been persistent, the number of seats lost has varied widely. Attempts to incorporate midterm elections into a broader interpretive framework of American election studies usually stress one of the first two features outlined above. The fact that only the in-party loses—and that its losses are mainly in marginal districts—has led commentators such as V. O. Key Jr. and the authors of The American Voter to interpret these midterm elections as part of the stable, long-term trends in voters' party allegiance.
Inflammasomes in liver diseases

Inflammation is a common element in the pathogenesis of most chronic liver diseases that lead to fibrosis and cirrhosis. Inflammation is characterized by activation of innate immune cells and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1α, IL-1β, and TNFα. Inflammasomes are intracellular multiprotein complexes expressed in both parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells of the liver that in response to cellular danger signals activate caspase-1, and release IL-1β and IL-18. The importance of inflammasome activation in various forms of liver diseases in relation to liver damage, steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis is discussed in this review.
The President's Legislative Policy Agenda, 1789-2002. By Jeffrey E. Cohen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. 302 pp.

The President's Legislative Policy Agenda, 1789-2002. By Jeffrey E. Cohen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. 302 pp. In The Presidents Legislative Policy Agenda, Jeffrey Cohen illustrates how a strategic president considers the congressional context in determining his legislative pursuits. Cohen uses congressional anticipations theory to answer a central question: "why do 'divided government' and 'modern' presidents seem to allow themselves to be defeated so often in Congress?" (p. 48). Cohen quite convincingly offers the answer. Presidents consider context in deciding the likelihood of legislative success/defeat, and they adjust the legislative agenda accordingly. This book has many contributions, and it is important to discuss each, in turn. First, Cohen incorporates two central concepts in the study of the presidency into the theoretical and empirical efforts of the book. He rightly argues that the effects of divided government and the modern presidency are often viewed as near truisms. However, Cohen uses his data to speak to and refine these "settled questions." Second, Cohen develops an impressive data set that spans the first year of the Washington administration to the second year of the George W. Bush administration. Rarely does longitudinal work on the presidency offer such systematic data. Though Cohen notes, "understandable reasons exist for the emphasis on modern presidents" (p.36), his data allow us to examine historical aspects of the presidency in a rigorous way. Is such comprehensive data possible for every study of the executive branch? No. However, Cohen explains that when possible, such data can only strengthen our theoretical and empirical understanding of the executive branch. Next, the empirical effort in this book is admirable. It is meticulous in both the manner in which it analyzes multiple aspects of the legislative agenda as well as the modeling choices employed. Chapters 4 and 5 examine variation in the size of the agenda and the content of that agenda, clarifying our understanding of the nature and process of agenda-building. These chapters show that presidents strategically withhold proposals from the agenda when context--particularly, divided government--makes enactment less likely. In a friendlier political environment, presidents expand the agenda. Chapter 6 considers the moderation hypothesis, showing that under divided government presidents moderate their legislative agenda in order to improve the chances of enactment. Finally, Chapter 7 examines outputs. How successful is the strategic president in inducing enactment of his legislative proposals? …
Automatic grasping: An optimization approach

A method is introduced for locating stable grasps with articulated mechanical hands. A metric called the grasp goal function represents the `distance' to an unstable grasp for a given position, external load, and set of joint torques of the gripper. The process of locating a stable grasp is treated as an optimization problem for which the most stable grasp is found by maximizing the grasp goal function. Physical constraints, such as torque or motion limitations, are accounted for by the incorporation of potential functions in the objective function. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional simulations were undertaken for which objects were represented as polygons/polyhedral and gripper elements as ellipses/ellipsoids.
A novel pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent amino acid racemase in the Aplysia californica central nervous system

d-Aspartate (d-Asp) is found in specific neurons, transported to neuronal terminals and released in a stimulation-dependent manner. Because d-Asp formation is not well understood, determining its function has proved challenging. Significant levels of d-Asp are present in the cerebral ganglion of the F- and C-clusters of the invertebrate Aplysia californica, and d-Asp appears to be involved in cell-cell communication in this system. Here, we describe a novel protein, DAR1, from A. californica that can convert aspartate and serine to their other chiral form in a pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP)-dependent manner. DAR1 has a predicted length of 325 amino acids and is 55% identical to the bivalve aspartate racemase, EC 5.1.1.13, and 41% identical to the mammalian serine racemase, EC 5.1.1.18. However, it is only 14% identical to the recently reported mammalian aspartate racemase, DR, which is closely related to glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase, EC 2.6.1.1. Using whole-mount immunohistochemistry staining of the A. californica central nervous system, we localized DAR1-like immunoreactivity to the medial region of the cerebral ganglion where the F- and C-clusters are situated. The biochemical and functional similarities between DAR1 and other animal serine and aspartate racemases make it valuable for examining PLP-dependent racemases, promising to increase our knowledge of enzyme regulation and ultimately, d-serine and d-Asp signaling pathways.
Oxidation of nitrogen-containing pollutants by novel ferrate(VI) technology: A review

Nitrogen-containing pollutants have been found in surface waters and industrial wastewaters due to their presence in pesticides, dyes, proteins, and humic substances. Treatment of these compounds by conventional oxidants produces disinfection by-products (DBP). Ferrate(VI) (Fe(VI)O(4)(2-), Fe(VI)) is a strong oxidizing agent and produces a non-toxic by-product Fe(III), which acts as a coagulant. Ferrate(VI) is also an efficient disinfectant and can inactivate chlorine resistant microorganisms. A novel ferrate(VI) technology can thus treat a wide range of pollutants and microorganisms in water and wastewater. The aim of this paper is to review the kinetics and products of the oxidation of nitrogen-containing inorganic (ammonia, hydroxylamine, hydrazine, and azide) and organic (amines, amino acids, anilines, sulfonamides, macrolides, and dyes) compounds by ferrate(VI) in order to demonstrate the feasibility of ferrate(VI) treatment of polluted waters of various origins. Several of the compounds can degraded in seconds to minutes by ferrate(VI) with the formation of non-hazardous products. The mechanism of oxidation involves either one-electron or two-electrons processes to yield oxidation products. Future research directions critical for the implementation of the ferrate(VI)-based technology for wastewater and industrial effluents treatment are recommended.
BONE MINERAL CONTENT IN PATIENTS WITH CALCIUM UROLITHIASIS

125I-photon absorptiometry was used to determine bone density (bone mineral content/bone width) in the distal third of the radius in 117 patients with absorptive hypercalciuria, 44 with renal hypercalciuria, 53 with primary hyperparathyroidism, and 69 patients with osteoporosis. Observed bone density in each patient was compared to the mean bone density for age- and sex-matched control subjects; the magnitude of the fractional change from control mean bone density was determined for each of the groups listed. In absorptive hypercalciuria, with normal or suppressed parathyroid function, the mean fractional change in bone density of −0.0010 was virtually identical to and not significantly different from the control mean (or zero). In renal hypercalciuria with secondary hyperparathyroidism, the mean fractional change in bone density of −0.0746 was significantly lower than the control mean (p < 0.001 by one-sample t-test; 95% confidence interval on mean fractional change ranges from −0.0970 to −0.0530). Similarly, the fractional change in bone density was significantly reduced (p < 0.001) in primary hyperparathyroidism and in osteoporosis (mean changes of −0.1275 and −0.1516, respectively). Individual value for bone density was below the lower limit of the 95% prediction interval for observations from control subjects in only one of 117 patients with absorptive hypercalciuria; it was low in 5 of 44 patients with renal hypercalciuria. These findings provide an additional support for the validity of separation of absorptive hypercalciuria from renal hypercalciuria.
Austin Flint--America's Laennec revisited.

Austin Flint, Sr, was one of the great physicians of 19th century American medicine. He was held in high praise by his colleagues both in this country and abroad. Sir William Osler called him "the Nestor of clinical medicine in this country." 1(p3) Osler noted that "he was the author of an essay, one of the most classical in American medical literature, On the Self Limitation of Disease . He laid down there that a cardinal principle in the consideration of the therapeutics of a disease was knowledge of its natural history." 2 Osler told his students "not one of you who takes a stethoscope into his hand but is a debtor to Dr. Flint for simplifying much that was complicated in the auscultation of the heart and lung." 3 William Henry Welch, who was Flint's colleague at Bellevue Hospital, New York, noted that Flint was "the author of the textbook
Low dose aspirin did not prevent cancer in healthy women

Source Citation Cook NR, Lee IM, Gaziano JM, et al. Low-dose aspirin in the primary prevention of cancer: the Women's Health Study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2005;294:47-55. 15998890
RNA splicing is interrupted by heat shock and is rescued by heat shock protein synthesis

The transcripts of most eukaryotic genes contain intervening sequences and must be spliced to yield functional messenger RNA. We report that a brief severe heat shock blocks the processing of intervening sequences in Drosophila cells and that this block persists for at least 2 hr after cells are returned to normal temperatures. If a mild heat shock, which induces the synthesis of heat shock proteins, is administered prior to the severe heat shock, processing occurs under otherwise restrictive conditions. When heat shock protein synthesis is inhibited, this protection is not observed. We suggest that the disruption of intron processing contributes to heat-induced lethality and developmental abnormalities and that one function of the heat shock proteins is to protect processing from heat-induced disruption.
Hostility as a predictor of affective changes during acute tobacco withdrawal.

INTRODUCTION: Hostility-a personality trait reflective of cynical attitudes and a general mistrust of others-is associated with smoking status and relapse risk. Yet, the mechanisms linking hostility and smoking are not entirely clear. In this lab study, we tested a socioaffective model that purports that high-hostility individuals smoke to cope with maladaptive social mood states (i.e., anger and low friendliness), which become expressed and exacerbated during acute tobacco withdrawal. METHODS: Following a baseline visit at which trait hostility was assessed, adult smokers (n = 153, ≥10 cig/day) attended two counterbalanced lab visits: (a) a deprived session following 16hr of deprivation and (b) a nondeprived session. At both lab visits, affect and withdrawal symptoms were assessed at a single time point. RESULTS: Higher trait hostility predicted larger deprivation-induced increases in several forms of negative affect (anxiety, depression, confusion; βs ≥ .20, ps ≤ .01) and a composite tobacco withdrawal symptom index (β = .16, p = .04) but did not predict changes in positive emotions. These effects persisted after statistically controlling for gender, nicotine dependence, and depression. Other aspects of trait aggression (i.e., verbal aggression, physical aggression, anger) did not predict deprivation-induced changes in affect and withdrawal other than state anger. DISCUSSION: High-hostility individuals appear to experience generalized exacerbations in several negative affective states during acute tobacco withdrawal. Increases in negative affect during tobacco withdrawal may motivate negative reinforcement-mediated smoking and could underlie tobacco addiction in high-hostility smokers. Language: en
Long-range Dependence in Daily Stock Volatilities

Recent empirical studies show that the squares of high-frequency stock returns are long-range dependent and can be modeled as fractionally integrated processes, using, for example, long-memory stochastic volatility models. Are such long-range dependencies common among stocks? Are they caused by the same sources of variation? In this article, we classify daily stock returns of Standard and Poor 500 companies on the basis of a company's size and its business or industrial sector and estimate the strength of long-range dependence in the stock volatilities using two different methods. Almost all of the companies analyzed exhibit strong persistence in volatility. We then use a canonical correlation method to identify common long-range dependent components in groups of companies, finding strong evidence in support of common persistence in volatility. Finally, we use a chi-squared test to study the effects of company size and sector on the number of common long-range dependent volatility components detected in g...
Unusual breast cancers: useful clues to expanding the differential diagnosis.

Invasive ductal carcinoma and ductal carcinoma in situ account for about 85% of breast cancers. Unusual breast neoplasms may be broadly divided into invasive lobular carcinoma, well-differentiated subtypes of invasive ductal carcinoma, cancers of stromal origin, and metastatic neoplasms. Clues are often present in imaging characteristics, patient demographics, and/or clinical features that may suggest that the finding is not the usual type of breast cancer. Some rare malignancies also provide specific clues to their diagnosis. This review provides an overview of unusual and a few rare malignant breast neoplasms, highlighting particular or specific clinical or imaging findings that will enable residents to expand their differential diagnosis of breast lesions beyond invasive ductal carcinoma. © RSNA, 2007
Ultrastructure of the spermatozoon of the American Alligator, Alligator mississippiensis (Reptilia: Alligatoridae).

Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge, Grand Chenier, Louisiana 70643ABSTRACT This study details the ultrastructure ofthe spermatozoa of the American Alligator, Alligatormississippiensis. American Alligator spermatozoa areﬁliform and slightly curved. The acrosome is tapered atits anterior end and surrounded by the acrosome vesicleand an underlying subacrosomal cone, which rests justcephalic to the nuclear rostrum. One endonuclear canalextends from the subacrosomal cone through the rostralnucleus and deep into the nuclear body. The neck regionseparates the nucleus and midpiece and houses theproximal centriole and pericentriolar material. The dis-tal centriole extends through the midpiece and has 9 33 sets of peripheral microtubules with a central doubletpair within the axoneme that is surrounded by a densesheath. The midpiece is composed of seven to nine ringsof mitochondria, which have combinations of concentri-cally and septate cristae. The principal piece has a denseﬁbrous sheath that surrounds an axoneme with a 9 1 2microtubule arrangement. The sheath becomes signiﬁ-cantly reduced in size caudally within the principal pi-ece and is completely missing from the endpiece. Denseperipheral ﬁbers, especially those associated with micro-tubule doublets 3 and 8, penetrate into the anterior por-tion of the principal piece axoneme. The data reportedhere hypothesize that sperm morphology is highly con-served in Crocodylia; however, speciﬁc morphological dif-ferences can exist between species. J. Morphol. 000:000–000, 2011.
A Novel Human Homologue of Yeast Nucleosome Assembly Protein, 65 kb Centromeric to the p57KIP2 Gene, is Biallelically Expressed in Fetal and Adult Tissues

Three genes on 11p15.5 are known to undergo genomic imprinting. The gene for insulin-like growth factor II (IGF2) is normally expressed from the paternal allele, while H19 and p57 KIP2 , a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, are expressed from the maternal allele. Five germline balanced chromosomal rearrangement breakpoints from patients with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) have been mapped to 11p15.5 between p57 KIP2 and IGF2, and all are derived from the maternal chromosome. By positional cloning from BWS breakpoints, we have isolated a gene 100 kb and 65 kb centromeric to the proximal end of this BWS breakpoint cluster and p57 KIP2 , respectively. This gene is homologous to yeast nucleosome assembly protein (NAP1) and to a human homologue of NAP1, and we designate it hNAP2 (human nucleosome assembly protein 2). hNAP2 diverges in its expression pattern from IGF2, H19, and p57 KIP2 , and it shows biallelic expression in all tissues tested. Thus, hNAP2 is functionally insulated from the imprinting domain of 11p15.
Relationships of chemical structure and biological activity in drug design

The desire to study relationships of chemical structure and biochemical or biological activijy is based on the age-old hope of mankind to understand the connection between different phases of Nature and the role living organisms play in ii. Medicinal chemists need this knowledge for predictmg such relationships and thereby devisimg guidelines for the design of drugs and other biologically active substances. IJnfortunately, there are no absolute ground rules in this endeavour. As in all other scientific measurements, we require some primary standards to which other observations can be referred. Such primary pharma,cological standards are the ‘lead’ compounds in drug design, They are found by screening and provide the parameters for ph(armacoIogical tc%t methods. Random screening has been superseded larpely by selecting chemicah, usually of carefully planned structure, which shotuld be active in a given test sy.stem. After a ‘tead’ has been found, molecular moditication takes over. it offers ahe hope that suitable structural variation may increase the therapeutic usefulness of 5: ‘lead’ compound by widening ‘:tde r,uio of desirable actions and potency to the inevitable toxicity syndrome ,that al) materials will present at higher doses.
Mutagen sensitivity of Drosophila melanogaster I. Isolation and preliminary characterization of a methyl methanesulphonate-sensitive strain

Abstract Sensitivity to the monofunctional alkylating agent methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) has been tested as a selection technique to isolate mutant strains which can provide insights into the genetic control of DNA replication, DNA repair and recombination in the complex eucaryote, Drosophila melanogaster . The successful isolation of an X-linked MMS-sensitive strain, mut s , has suggested that mutagen sensitivity is a feasible methodology for the selection of mutant strains of Drosophila which will be useful in the genetic and biochemical analysis of these cellular functions. Preliminary characterization of this mutant strain indicates that: ( A ) it is extremely sensitive to killing by MMS; ( B ) it is more mutable by MMS than the parent wildtype strain; and ( C ) it appears to possess mutator gene activity.
Lizard scales in an adaptive radiation: variation in scale number follows climatic and structural habitat diversity in Anolis lizards

Lizard scales vary in size, shape and texture among and within species. The overall function of scales in squamates is attributed to protection against abrasion, solar radiation and water loss. We quantified scale number of Anolis lizards across a large sample of species (142 species) and examined whether this variation was related either to structural or to climatic habitat diversity. We found that species in dry environments have fewer, larger scales than species in humid environments. This is consistent with the hypothesis that scales reduce evaporative water loss through the skin. In addition, scale number varied among groups of ecomorphs and was correlated with aspects of the structural microhabitat (i.e. perch height and perch diameter). This was unexpected because ecomorph groups are based on morphological features related to locomotion in different structural microhabitats. Body scales are not likely to play an important role in locomotion in Anolis lizards. The observed variation may relate to other features of the ecomorph niche and more work is needed to understand the putative adaptive basis of these patterns. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 113, 570‐579.
A recommended revision in the RTOG thermometry guidelines for hyperthermia administered by ultrasound.

RTOG thermometry guidelines for clinical trials of hyperthermia using planar ultrasound recommended that temperatures be mapped in polyurethane catheters by use of singlejunction copper-constantan thermocouples. These guidelines were based on an assumption that the error in temperature measurement due to thermal conduction would generally not exceed *0.3"C. The validity of this assumption was tested with a commercially available single-junction copper-constantan thermocouple. The width of the point spread function, an indicator of the relative magnitude of the conduction error, was five times greater than expected. As a result, the conduction error is projected to exceed 0.3"C in a temperature gradient of only 1 .5"C/cm. This projection was confirmed by mapping a thermal peak which simulates a typical clinical temperature profile. This peak had an amplitude of 6"C, a full-width at half-maximum of 3.5 cm. and a maximum gradient of approximately 3 "Ckm. Temperatures measured at 0.5-cm intervals over the span of this peak were in error by a mean of &0.6"C. It is strongly recommended that the RTOG guidelines be revised to replace copper-constantan thermocouples with manganin-constantan single- or multi-junction thermocouples which will assure that the conduction error will be < ~k0.3"C.
Marine protected areas, spatial scales, and governance: implications for the conservation of breeding seabirds

As in many regions worldwide, seabird colonies in Argentina are important conservation targets of marine protected areas (MPAs). Seabirds are wide ranging, often crossing jurisdictional boundaries during foraging. Using a recently designated MPA as a case study, this article discusses the challenges of protecting breeding seabirds given their spatial requirements and use of different jurisdictions. Seabirds breeding at the MPA have distinct foraging strategies. Rock Shags and Olrog's Gulls forage inshore within the MPA. Imperial Cormorants, Magellanic Penguins, and Southern Giant Petrels, in contrast, often feed beyond the MPA's jurisdiction, traveling into provincial, federal, or international waters where they can be affected by fisheries and oil development. This indicates the need of management actions beyond MPA boundaries. The large scale and connectivity of marine ecosystems and the variety of economic pressures require the participation of stakeholders and several government agencies in conservation issues, and thus integrated coastal management and marine spatial planning appear as options to complement the use of MPAs. Although MPAs are a valuable tool to conserve breeding seabirds, increased efforts are needed to design new governance structures and complementary strategies for spatial protection so as to deal with the biological, social, and political complexities of marine systems.
Polyaniline via schiff base chemistry

Abstract We have attempted a total unambiguous synthesis of polyaniline via Schiff base chemistry and suggest this synthetic approach will allow wide flexibility in preparing polyaniline (PANI) derivatives. In an attempt to establish a correlation between the base unit to quinone imine ratio and conductivity, three polymers were synthesized. Polymers, B 2 Q-2HCl and BQ-2HCl, show conductivities of 4 × 10 −4 and 4 × 10 −8 S respectively. The reflectance spectra are discussed. A sample of PANI prepared in our labs gave a conductivity of 2 (Ω·cm) −1 and is discussed for comparison. Only an impure sample of B 3 Q-2HCl was available. A rationale for the maximum conductivity of the B 3 Q-2HCl system and declining conductivity of the B 2 Q-2HCl and BQ-2HCl systems may be offered on the basis of simple coulombic repulsion of charged centers.