cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonholonomic virtual constraints for dynamic walking

Virtual constraints are functional relations (i.e., constraints) on the state variables of a robot's model that are achieved through the action of actuators and feedback control instead of physical contact forces. They are called virtual because they can be re-programmed on the fly without modifying any physical connections among the links of the robot or its environment. Previous analytical and experimental work has established that vector relative degree two virtual holonomic (i.e., only configuration dependent) constraints are a powerful means to synchronize the links of a bipedal robot so as to achieve walking and running motions over a variety of terrain profiles. This paper introduces a class of virtual nonholonomic constraints that depend on velocity through (generalized) angular momentum while maintaining the property of being relative degree two. This additional freedom is shown to yield control solutions that handle a wider range of gait perturbations arising from terrain variations and exogenous forces. Moreover, including angular momentum in the virtual constraints allows foot placement control to be rigorously designed on the basis of the full dynamic model of the biped, instead of on the basis of an inverted pendulum approximation of its center of mass, as is commonly done in the bipedal robotics literature. This new class of control laws is shown in simulation to be robust to a variety of common gait disturbances.
Mentoring Graduate Students for Job Applications: Documenting Teaching Skills

This paper traces teaching qualifications required in APSA job listings in attempt to provide guidance to graduate students seeking academic employment.
A Sensor Driven Trade Study for Autonomous Navigation Capabilities

Traditionally, most interplanetary exploration missions have relied heavily on navigation aids from Earth based resources. As new missions are considered, management of Earth Based Resources such as Deep Space Network tracking becomes more complex. On-board autonomous navigation capability adds reliability and robustness to these missions and mitigates the dependency on Earth based resources. This paper presents a sensor trade study to determine which combination of sensors is best suited to accomplish autonomous navigation for interplanetary missions. To perform this sensor trade study a sensor database has been created that is used with a sensor fusion navigation algorithm to determine which combination of sensors is best suited for a cislunar test case. The sensors / measurements that are considered in this sensor database are accelerometers, gyroscopes, sun sensors, star trackers, GPS receivers, Pulsar range observations, DSN 1-way range observations, and centroid and apparent diameter observations.
US perspective on off-label use in pediatrics.

JPGN Volume 56, N T he evaluation of off-label use published by Ruiz-Antoran et al (1) in this issue of the Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition provides an opportunity to discuss evolving US legislative measures to improve available clinical trial–derived pediatric data and provide coherent labeling for pediatric providers in dosing of drugs for children. Dr Ruiz-Antoran et al present findings of frequent off-label use of drugs in a Spanish outpatient pediatric gastroenterology clinic, which appear generally consistent with the use of off-label drugs in the United States (1–4). There are multiple reasons why providers may prescribe drugs off-label. Providers may not be aware that they are prescribing off-label, or may intentionally choose off-label treatments that are supported by widely accepted recommendations or treatment guidelines (1). Providers may also prescribe drugs off-label because other on-label treatments have been ineffective, or because there is an established effect from that class of medications (5). Also, off-label prescribing may be necessary to provide a product in a pediatric-appropriate strength and formulation (6). The potential negative effect of off-label prescribing in pediatric patients has been evaluated, but the direct relation between off-label prescribing and adverse events has not been definitively established, as noted by Ruiz-Antoran et al (1,7). The potential for adverse reactions associated with off-label drug use exists and steps, such as regulation, clinical practice guidelines, and local initiatives, to decrease adverse reactions associated with off-label use of products are described (1). Given the breadth of potential reasons for off-label prescribing, no one approach appears likely to address all the reasons providers may choose off-label prescribing (2,5,8). In the United States, legislation designed to encourage the appropriate use of drugs in pediatric patients may decrease the frequency of adverse
Effect of Constitutive and Herbivore-induced Extractables from Susceptible and Resistant Soybean Foliage on Nonpest and Pest Noctuid Caterpillars

Soybean foliage from susceptible (‘Bragg’) and resistant (PI 229358 and D75-10169) lines was extracted in several nonpolar and polar organic solvents to assess constitutive (mite-free) and induced (mite-damaged) activity against nonpest and pest noctuid caterpillars. The benzene fraction, incorporated in artificial diet, contained most of the constitutive activity of both the resistant and susceptible lines, as indicated by reduced relative growth rate (RGR) of velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis Hubner; corn earworm, Helicoverpa (=Heliothis) zea (Boddie); tobacco budworm, H. vlrescens (F.); and fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) compared with larvae fed the extract- and solvent-free control diet. Induced activity from mite-damaged greenhouse-grown plants and A. gemmatali s- damaged field-grown plants was detected primarily in the petroleum ether fraction. Among the species tested on the induced fractions (A. gemma talis, S. frugiperda , and the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner)), S. frugiperda was the most sensitive species, as demonstrated by reduced RGR. Overall, among the species (H. zea, H. virescens , and T. nil more tolerant of the soybean foliage fractions, only H. zea is a major soybean foliage pest. Surprisingly, among the two most sensitive species, A. gemmatalis is a legume specialist and major soybean pest, whereas S. frugiperda is a polyphagous species but not a soybean pest. These results suggest that presumed soybean-adapted species may not be more resistant than soybean-naive ∼pecies to the deleterious effects of soybean foliage extracts.
My Blue Heaven: Life and Politics in the Working-Class Suburbs of Los Angeles, 1920–1965

In the 1920s, thousands of white migrants settled in the Los Angeles suburb of South Gate. Six miles from down-town and adjacent to Watts, South Gate and its neighboring communities served as L.A.'s Detroit, an industrial belt for mass production of cars, tires, steel, and other durable goods. Blue-collar workers built the suburb literally from the ground up, using sweat equity rather than cash to construct their own homes. As Becky M. Nicolaides shows in My Blue Heaven, this ethic of self-reliance and homeownership formed the core of South Gate's identity. With post-World War II economic prosperity, the community's emphasis shifted from building homes to protecting them as residents tried to maintain their standard of living against outside threats - including the growing civil rights movement - through grassroots conservative politics based on an ideal of white homeowner rights. As the citizens of South Gate struggled to defend their segregated American Dream of suburban community, they fanned the flames of racial inequality that erupted in the 1965 Watts riots.
Recycling selectable markers in yeast

A series of excisable marker cassettes has been constructed to facilitate recycling of selectable markers in yeast. These cassettes exploit the use of the Cre DNA recombinase to precisely excise the marker gene when desired. They are especially useful for making gene disruptions and then removing the marker gene to allow subsequent genetic manipulations with that same marker. Also described are a number of cre expression vectors that allow galactose-induced expression of the recombinase in yeast. The procedure is simple and allows rapid processing of large numbers of transformants.
Benefit of bicarbonate dialysis during CAVHD.

The effect of bicarbonate dialysate (BD) on acid-base status in six pediatric CAVHD patients was examined during seven episodes of metabolic acidosis. When metabolic acidosis was not corrected with CAVHD, a sterile BD was substituted for either acetate- or lactate-based dialysate. Pre- and post-BD substitution levels of lactate, HCO3, PCO2, anion gap, and pH were recorded, as well as dose of intravenous (i.v.) bicarbonate. Improvements in pH and serum HCO3 were seen in all seven cases. Anion gap decreased in all but one of the patients who were switched from lactate to bicarbonate dialysate, with improvement most marked in those patients with marked elevation of the anion gap. No adverse effect on PCO2 was noted. Lactate dialysate may be less effective when serum lactate levels are high, and may contribute to further elevation of lactate levels and anion gap. These data suggest that bicarbonate dialysate may be preferable to lactate or acetate dialysate in CAVHD patients with persistent metabolic acidosis.
Physical activity patterns in healthy middle-aged women.

ABSTRACTExercise in healthy female adults around the menopausal transition has been routinely examined in leisure activities alone, potentially discounting the physical activity (PA) that is accumulated in household and outdoor domains. The purpose of this study was to quantify PA in healthy middle-aged women and to examine the extent to which the Center for Disease Control (CDC) PA guidelines were met through leisure, household, and outdoor activities. Methods: 440 healthy women, 51–64 years old, BMI ≥18.5 or < 40 kg/m2, participated in the study using the Lifetime Physical Activity Questionnaire (LPAQ) to quantify PA. Results: 25.91% met the CDC PA guidelines if leisure time alone was examined. When multiple domains were included, 73.41% of the women met the PA guidelines. This percentage is much higher than the reported 20.6% of U.S. adults who met the guidelines in 2011. PA in women may be underrepresented in data limited to leisure time PA.
The Impact of Positive Income Shocks on Risky Sexual Behavior: Experimental Evidence from Tanzania.

In this paper, we exploit a lottery in Tanzania, which randomly assigned eligible participants to receive $100 cash grants. The randomized nature of the lottery allows us to estimate the causal impact of positive income shocks on risky sexual behavior. We found that winning the lottery led men to have 0.28 (95 % CI 0.14, 0.55) more sexual partners and to a 0.21 (95 % CI 0.01–0.4) increase in the probability of unprotected sex with a non-primary partner relative to a control group of eligible non-winners. We found no significant effect of winning the lottery on the sexual behavior of women.
Chameleon politics: social identity and racial cross-over appeals

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we challenge the existing framework which argues that ethnic cues essentially operate for Latino candidates but not for Anglo/non-Latino candidates. Instead, we suggest that Anglo candidates can tap into Latino shared-identity by employing social-identity bridging mobilization during their campaigns. Using measures that gauge policy, culture, and mobilization, we examine what drives Latino support for presidential candidate Jeb Bush. We ﬁnd that support for Bush increases among Latino voters who prefer Anglo candidates who mobilize voters using social-identity bridging. We corroborate our results with an analysis of real-world voting behavior of recent senate and gubernatorial elections, ﬁnding that candidates who make more appeals to the Latino community by minimizing the social space do considerably better than candidates who do not do this. Implications are discussed.
Characteristics and treatment of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positive breast cancer: 43,485 cases from the National Cancer Database treated in 2010 and 2011.

Abstract Background Although identification of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her2) positive breast cancer represents one of the greatest advances over the past 3 decades, it has not been studied extensively on a national level. Methods The National Cancer Database is a joint project of the American Cancer Society and the American College of Surgeons and contains data on about 70% of the cancer cases in the United States. Data on Her2 have been collected since 2010 and was used for this study. Results Of 298,937 cases of invasive breast cancer with known Her2 status diagnosed in 2010 and 2011, 43,485 (14.5%) were Her2 positive. Her2 positivity was greatest in Asian/Pacific Islanders and least in non-Hispanic Whites and was markedly more common in younger women. The incidence of Her2 positive tumors ranged from a low of 13.9% in the Mountain West region to a high of 16.0% in the West South Central region ( P P P P P Conclusions Her2 positive tumors have distinct epidemiologic, clinical, and treatment characteristics.
Cytokine-Induced Memory-Like Differentiation Enhances Unlicensed Natural Killer Cell Antileukemia and FcγRIIIa-Triggered Responses

Abstract Cytokine-induced memory-like natural killer (NK) cells differentiate after short-term preactivation with IL-12, IL-15, and IL-18 and display enhanced effector function in response to cytokines or tumor targets for weeks after the initial preactivation. Conventional NK cell function depends on a licensing signal, classically delivered by an inhibitory receptor engaging its cognate MHC class I ligand. How licensing status integrates with cytokine-induced memory-like NK cell responses is unknown. We investigated this interaction using killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor– and HLA-genotyped primary human NK cells. Memory-like differentiation resulted in enhanced IFN-γ production triggered by leukemia targets or FcγRIIIa ligation within licensed NK cells, which exhibited the highest functionality of the NK cell subsets interrogated. IFN-γ production by unlicensed memory-like NK cells was also enhanced to a level comparable with that of licensed control NK cells. Mechanistically, differences in responses to FcγRIIIa-based triggering were not explained by alterations in key signaling intermediates, indicating that the underlying biology of memory-like NK cells is distinct from that of adaptive NK cells in human cytomegalovirus–positive individuals. Additionally, memory-like NK cells responded robustly to cytokine receptor restimulation with no impact of licensing status. These results demonstrate that both licensed and unlicensed memory-like NK cell populations have enhanced functionality, which may be translated to improve leukemia immunotherapy.
Effect of Facial Encumbrance on Excimer Formation and Charge Resonance Stabilization in Model Bichromophoric Assemblies

Excimer formation and charge resonance stabilization in covalently linked bichromophoric systems with flexible spacers are important processes relevant to biochemistry and functional materials. Requiring a π-stacked cofacial arrangement of a pair of aromatic molecules at a van der Waals contact, the underlying geometrical reorganization that accompanies these events continues to be debated. Here we use a variety of methods including two-color resonant two-photon ionization spectroscopy (2CR2PI), ion yield measurements, hole-burning spectroscopy (HB), and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) excitation and emission spectroscopy to compare the gas-phase spectroscopy and dynamics of the van der Waals dimers of fluorene, 9-methylfluorene (MF), and 9,9′-dimethylfluorene (F1). The goal of this work is to probe the influence of methyl substitution on the dynamics of excimer formation and charge resonance (CR) stabilization. The fluorene dimer, (F)2, displays lifetime broadened electronic spectra and the dominance of...
Results reporting in single case experiments and single case meta-analysis.

Abstract Single Case Experimental Design is a discipline grounded in applied behavior analysis where the needs of individual clients and the application of scientific inquiry are fundamental tenets. These two principles remain tantamount in the conduct of research using this methodology and the expansion of the method into evidence-based practice determinations. Although recommendations for quality indicators are widespread, implementation is not. Concurrent to the rise of quality indicators is an increasing interest in analysis methodology. Visual analysis has a history of application and validity, newer forms of analysis less so. While some argue for concordance between the two, it may be the differences that are worth exploration in understanding characteristics of trend and variability in much of the published literature. Design choice and visual analysis decisions are rarely fully articulated. Statistical analyses are likewise inadequately justified or described. Recommendations for the explicit language of reporting as derived from prior meta-analysis and a current review of two leading journals provides a scaffold consistent with existing guidelines but additive in detail, exemplars, and justification. This is intended to improve reporting of results for individual studies and their potential use in future meta-analytic work.
VISUAL ADAPTATION AND RELATED TOPICS

Visual adaptation is considered as a change of sensitivity that takes place primarily in the retina. In the absence of a thorough understanding of cell responses and interactions, the subject presents some puzzling problems. It is clearly related to other phenomena like the fading of afterimages and the interactions between retinal areas that have been exposed to different light intensities and in which the visual pigment is at different stages of bleaching. When considering adaptation, it is, therefore, necessary to include a number of topics concerning gross visual responses as well as those concerning single cells. This chapter discusses the difficulties of measuring the effective stimulus on the retina and the factors that are taken into account when considering the effective stimulus for vision.
Grading and rotational crossbreeding of beef cattle. II. Calf performance to weaning.

Purebred Angus (A), Polled Hereford (PH) and Santa Gertrudis (SG) bulls were mated to grades, two-breed and three-breed rotational crosses of these breeds (seven herds) to produce three generations (G1, G2, G3) of calves. Birth weight and weaning traits were evaluated for herd differences, heterosis and effects of various genetic components. For each generation, the mean birth weight of SG exceeded that of PH which exceeded A (P less than .05). Averaged over generations, A and PH performed similarly for daily gain, 205-d weight and 205-d weight/cow exposed while SG exceeded A and PH for these traits. For feeder score, the breeds ranked A, PH, SG. For birth weight, daily gain, 205-d weight and 205-d weight/cow exposed, breeds ranked SG, PH, A for average additive genetic effects on the traits. Heterozygotic effects due to breed crosses, averaged over the three generations, were positive for all traits and generally significant, with PH X SG displaying more heterosis than the other two crosses. The maternal effects for A and SG were greater than PH for all traits except birth weight. Of the traits studied, from 12 (205-d wt/cow exposed) to 52% (205-d wt) of the variation averaged over generations was accounted for by a partial regression model that determined breed additive, breed maternal, heterosis and average maternal heterosis effects. Also averaged over generations, from .3 (205-d wt/cow exposed) to 1.7% (avg daily gain) additional variation was due to factors that may have included specific maternal heterosis, epistasis and linkage.
Excited-state and correlated light-matter interactions (Conference Presentation)

The limits of electronic, optical and thermal performance of these materials are determined by their atomic-scale dynamics. In order to surpass conventional, bulk properties of materials, an accurate description of excited-state phenomena is essential. Light-matter interactions and electronic excited-state phenomena require high-level electronic structure methods beyond the all-pervasive density-functional theory. Simultaneously, the properties of interest are fundamentally non-equilibrium and require techniques that are reliable beyond small perturbations from equilibrium. Electron-photon, electron-electron as well as electron-phonon dynamics and far-from-equilibrium transport are critical to describe ultrafast and excited-state optoelectronic interactions in materials. Ab initio descriptions of phonons are essential to capture both excitation and loss (decoherence) mechanisms, and are challenging to incorporate directly in calculations due to a large mismatch in energy scales between electrons and phonons. In this talk I will show the first results using a new theory method we have developed to calculate arbitrary electron-phonon and electron-optical interactions in a Feynman diagram many-body framework integrated with a nonequilibrium carrier transport method (NESSE). Further, I will discuss a new formalism at the intersection of cavity quantum-electrodynamics and electronic structure methods, quantum-electrodynamical density functional theory (QEDFT), to treat electrons and photons on the same quantized footing. Finally, I will demonstrate how phonons are formally included in QEDFT to predict new single molecule - cavity optomechanical effects.
If the Exosuit Fits: Becoming the Alien Queen in Alien and Aliens

Historically, Ridley Scott’s Alien (1979) and James Cameron’s Aliens (1986) have attracted an exorbitant amount of scholarship focusing on the numerous representations of the maternal body scattered throughout the pair of films. However, the majority of criticism tends to restrict the narrative in each film by structuring it as a binary opposition between Ellen Ripley and the Alien Queen, each seemingly embodying the role of “good” and “bad” mother respectively. In this article, I argue that the relationship between these two maternal figures is not so easily reduced to the strict dichotomy between “good” and monstrous body; in fact, it is one of subjection. The following article incorporates Barbara Creed’s scholarship on Scott’s Alien to illustrate that the first film in the franchise pays close attention not only to the primordial archaic mother of the pre-Symbolic, but to how the traumatic experience of birth is internalized in the psychic realm. Furthermore, this article explores how this very experience of abjection facilitates a “turning toward” phallic Law in order to assuage the trauma of the originary loss. Using Judith Butler’s theory of homosexual melancholy, I argue that the Alien Queen in Cameron’s Aliens is not merely a horrifying phallic mother but an Absolute Subject of maternity that Ripley must embody to be recognized within the phallogocentric network of representation.
BNP-Response to Acute Heart Failure Treatment Identifies High-Risk Population.

Background Using serial measurements of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) has been proposed as a method to guide therapy for patients treated for acute decompensated heart failure. However, 20–47% of patients do not achieve the target BNP thresholds despite treatment. We hypothesised that “BNP unresponsive” patients represent a distinct group at high risk for poor outcomes and sought to examine the characteristics and outcomes of this group. Methods In a retrospective study using electronic health record (EHR) data, we examined the outcomes of patients admitted with acute decompensated heart failure. Patients were divided into two groups based on their pro-BNP response to treatment: (1) pro-BNP responsive to treatment (decrease by at least 30%) and (2) pro-BNP unresponsive to treatment (decrease by less than 30%). The primary outcomes of interest were 180-day mortality and 180-day readmission. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess the independent association between pro-BNP response to treatment and 180-day mortality and readmission. Adjustment variables included age, gender, Charlson co-morbidity score, admission creatinine, admission haematocrit, ejection fraction, preserved ejection fraction, and LV end-diastolic dimension. Results The total study population included 819 patients with 455 (55.6%) in the pro-BNP responsive group and 364 (44.4%) in the pro-BNP unresponsive group. Admissions whose BNP was unresponsive to treatment had significantly increased risk for 180-day mortality, compared with BNP-responsive admissions (26.4% vs. 13.2%, p Conclusions Patients whose pro-BNP did not improve by >30% were at increased risk for 180-day mortality, but not 180-day readmission. Thus, BNP-unresponsiveness provides meaningful prognostic information, and it may define a patient population that would benefit from specific therapies to reduce the risk.
TCT-90 Electrosurgical LAceration and STAbilization of a MitraClip (ELASTA-Clip)

Patients with severe mitral regurgitation (MR) despite MitraClip (MC) placement present a challenging clinical scenario as they lack traditional surgical or transcatheter options. Transcatheter electrosurgery may allow for the selective laceration of failed MC and subsequent placement of a dedicated
Race/Ethnicity Matters: Differences in Poststroke Inpatient Rehabilitation Outcomes.

Objective: To examine racial/ethnic differ­ences in poststroke inpatient rehabilitation outcomes. Design: Cross-sectional and retrospective study of administrative data across 2002- 2018. Setting: An inpatient rehabilitation facility in Southern California. Participants: 3,876 racial/ethnic people aged ≥ 18 years. Main Outcome Measures: Functional In­dependence Measure (FIM®) and discharge disposition. Results: Participants were non-Hispanic Whites (NHWs, 68.5%), Hispanics (17.1%), non-Hispanic Asians (NHAs, 7.4%), and non-Hispanic Blacks (NHBs, 6.4%) aged 18-102 years ( Mage = 68.47±14.66 years; MLOS = 19.47±10.05 days). Above and beyond covariates, multivariate hierarchical regression analyses showed race/ethnicity significantly predicted admission, motor efficiency, and discharge FIM® scores. Compared with NHWs, the Hispanic and NHA groups were associated with lower cognitive, motor, and total FIM® scores at admission; the NHB group was associated with lower motor efficiency, lower discharge motor and total FIM® scores, whereas the Hispanic group was associated with higher discharge total FIM® scores. Lastly, Hispanics had higher odds of a discharge home compared with NHWs. Conclusions: Findings suggest racial/ethnic differences exist in poststroke rehabilitation outcomes. Ethn Dis. 2019;29(4):599-608; doi:10.18865/ed.29.4.599
Comparing the two-finger versus two-thumb technique for single person infant CPR: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract Introduction Current guidelines recommend that single person cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) on an infant should be performed with two-fingers just below the inter-mammillary line with the hand clenched, while two-person CPR should be performed with two-thumbs with the hands encircling the chest. Those recommendations are based on literature that demonstrates higher quality chest compressions with the two-thumb technique, with concerns that this technique may compromise ventilation parameters when performed by the single rescuer. The purpose of this study is to compare the two compression techniques’ performance during CPR using both compression and ventilation parameters. Methods We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of literature identified through a search of PubMed and One-Search comparing the quality of chest compressions and ventilation parameters between the two-thumb and two-finger techniques (Prospero registration # CRD42018087672). Results We identified 20 manuscripts examining single person infant CPR that met study criteria, with 16 that included data suitable for meta-analysis. All of the studies included in the analysis were performed on a standardized manikin. Overall, the two-thumb technique resulted in a mean difference of 5.61 mm greater compression depth compared to the two-finger technique, with 36.91% more compressions of adequate depth per national guidelines. Interestingly, ventilation parameters did not differ between the two techniques. Conclusion While recognizing that the results of this review may differ from actual clinical experience due to the lack of fidelity between manikins and actual human infants, this systematic review with meta-analysis demonstrates that when CPR is performed on a simulated infant manikin by a single rescuer, the two-thumb technique with hands encircling the chest improves chest compression quality and does not appear to compromise ventilation.
Probing Europa's subsurface ocean composition from surface salt minerals using in-situ techniques

Abstract The composition of Europa's subsurface ocean is of great interest for understanding the internal geochemistry and potential habitability of this icy body. However, current constraints on the ocean composition need to rely largely on its expression on the surface. In this work, we combine chemical divide modeling with cryogenic Raman and X-ray diffraction experiments to examine freezing of a simple putative brine system containing Na+, Mg2+, Cl−, and SO42− across a range of ionic concentrations and freezing rates to assess the feasibility of inferring the ocean's chemical composition via in-situ techniques. The results suggest that multiple hydrated salts not predicted by chemical models are frequently encountered in the final solid phase, making accurate quantification of the subsurface liquid composition via surface observables rather challenging. In addition, flash freezing of diluted brines often produces water ice together with vitreous Mg-bearing salt hydrates, which may significantly hinder their detection. These findings can help inform both analytical protocols for a Raman spectrometer onboard a Europa surface lander as well as potential locations for exploration, in order to best provide meaningful constraints on emplacement mechanisms and the composition of frozen salt minerals on the surface.
Structure–property trends in a hollandite multiferroic by Fe doping: structural, magnetic and dielectric characterization of nanocrystalline BaMn3−xFexTi4O14+δ

BaMn3Ti4O14+δ (δ = 0.25, BMT-134), a recently discovered single-phase multiferroic complex oxide was doped with varying concentrations of Fe in order to assess the effect on magnetic and dielectric behavior. The novel compound BaMn3−xFexTi4O14+δ (BMFT) was prepared via a sol–gel chemical solution processing method. Four substituted variations were synthesized: BaMn3−xFexTi4O14+δ (BMFT) with x = 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.25. The approach afforded a nanocrystalline product, with control over structure and morphology, while successfully allowing increasing amounts of iron to be incorporated into the structure. All variants belong to the same hollandite I4/m crystal class as the parent compound, confirmed by powder XRD. Electron microscopy (TEM, EDS and SEM) provided characterization of the microstructure and elemental composition. Mossbauer spectroscopy was used to probe the local chemical environment of Fe present within the nanocrystals, to indicate oxidation state and bonding geometry. The BMFT material system was characterized as a function of temperature and applied magnetic field: M–T and M–H curves were obtained (by MPMS) and allowed the determination of Curie/Weiss constants through fitting and low temperature hysteresis respectively. The Weiss constant becomes increasingly positive as Fe is added until an observed inflection point, indicative of an antiferromagnetic to paramagnetic short-range interaction transition. The frequency dependent dielectric permittivity of the series of BMFT compounds with differing Fe concentration, was obtained on MIM structures prepared from pressed pellets with a nanostructured morphology. The results show how Fe concentration can strongly influence dielectric behavior. Dielectric constants ranging from 100–1600 (low frequencies) to 150–200 (high frequencies) were observed, together with a decrease in the AC conductivity with increasing Fe.
Density Functions for Guaranteed Safety on Robotic Systems.

The recent study on density functions as the dual of value functions for optimal control gives a new method for synthesizing safe controllers. A density function describes the state distribution in the state space, and its evolution follows the Liouville Partial Differential Equation (PDE). The duality between the density function and the value function in optimal control can be utilized to solve constrained optimal control problems with a primal-dual algorithm. This paper focuses on the application of the method on robotic systems and proposes an implementation of the primal-dual algorithm that is less computationally demanding than the method used in the literature. To be specific, we use kernel density estimation to estimate the density function, which scales better than the ODE approach in the literature and only requires a simulator instead of a dynamic model. The Hamilton Jacobi Bellman (HJB) PDE is solved with the finite element method in an implicit form, which accelerates the value iteration process. We show an application of the safe control synthesis with density functions on a segway control problem demonstrated experimentally.
Are Indoor Cycling Instructors Riding Their Way to Vocal Injury? Acute Effects of a Single Class on Measures of Voice Production.

Summary Objective/Hypothesis There is an increased need for vocal education programs in group fitness instructors due to the reported risk of phonotraumatic injury in this population. Most research has focused on aerobics class instructors with limited research detailing the vocal demand response of cycling instruction, specifically. We hypothesized that instruction of a single indoor cycling class would produce evidence of acute vocal fold edema manifested by worsening of acoustic and self-perceptual voice measures and changes in ratings of laryngeal appearance. Study Design Prospective Cohort study. Methods Acoustic and self-perceptual voice measures that were potentially sensitive to laryngeal edema were collected from ten cycling instructors (Mean age: 31 ± 6.14 years, 3M and 7F) before and after instruction of a typical 45-minute cycling class. Two laryngologists then rated pairs of laryngeal exams from five instructors (Mean age: 30 ± 6.22 years, 1M and 4F) on the measure of vocal fold edema using a 10-inch Visual Analogue Scale. Paired t-test comparisons were completed on normalized data to compare pre- and postinstruction. Results Majority of acoustic and self-perceptual measures significantly worsened following cycling instruction but the magnitude of change in these measures were small. In terms of laryngeal appearance, no measurable change in vocal fold edema was observed at both time points. Conclusion The vocal demand response to a single cycling class may be insufficient to cause significant vocal fold edema in our cycling instructors. Future research is required to determine the effects of repeated cycling instruction.
Prevalence of disordered eating in athletes categorized by emphasis on leanness and activity type - a systematic review.

Disordered Eating (DE) shows a strong association with athletics and can lead to several negative mental and physical health effects. Traditionally, sports have been grouped based upon whether or not the sport emphasizes leanness as a competing factor. Due to sociocultural factors, risk for DE may also be associated with the sport type. The aim of this review is to critically analyze the available research and data in this field to consider the relationship between DE and sport type to see which factors influence prevalence among athletes A systematic review was completed using keywords specific to DE and sport types. Articles were either excluded due to lack of specification of athlete type or failure to use a standardized screening tool or interview for data collection. 6 out of 7 studies found a significant increase in DE rates among lean sport types. When classifying by sport type reports were less consistent, but show non-lean sports also have increased rates of DE. There are variations in prevalence of DE behaviors depending on athlete type. It is important to identify the risk for DE early in athletes so emphasis can be placed on treatment options to nullify progression to an eating disorder, lower negative impacts on an athlete’s performance, and prevent other negative health effects. Using sport groups is important to clinical practice as well as research, as certain sports may have a higher risk for development of DE.
Review of literature of saddle nose deformity reconstruction and presentation of vomer onlay graft

Objective Saddle nose deformity is a well-described condition that most commonly results from trauma or prior surgery. For larger saddle nose deformity defects, bone grafts are a reconstructive option that provide adequate structure for repair. One new technique for repair of these deformities is a vomerian bone onlay graft. We aim to provide a review of literature on autogenous repair of saddle nose deformities, as well as introduce a new technique in which the vomer bone is used as an onlay bone graft. Methods Literature review and case series. Five cases in which vomer onlay grafts were used for repair of saddle nose deformity were reviewed between January 2013 and December 2015. Aesthetic outcomes and postoperative complications were evaluated at subsequent follow-up visits in clinic. Results In all cases where vomer bone was harvested, the vomer onlay graft provided adequate structure to traverse the saddle nose deformity. No postoperative complications were observed in an 18 month follow-up period. Conclusion Vomerian bone onlay grafts are a reconstructive option for saddle nose deformity and nasal dorsum defects. While septal cartilage is commonly used, and ethmoidal bone has been previously described as an option for composite graft reconstruction, vomer bone onlay grafting has not been well described in the literature. This method may be of use when previous nasal surgery has been performed and standard septal cartilage is not possible to harvest. The aesthetic outcomes following nasal dorsum reconstruction using onlay grafts are favorable, but long-term outcomes of these grafts require further study. Level of Evidence IV.
Precise localization and semantic segmentation detection of printing conditions in fused filament fabrication technologies using machine learning

Abstract Although a vast array of anomaly detection methods has been developed in fused filament fabrication, a widely-applied additive manufacturing technology, acquiring in-situ detailed spatial information of the defects within the detection field remains a significant challenge in actual processing. In this paper, machine learning algorithms are proposed to realize precise localization and semantic segmentation detection of the in-plane printing conditions including over-extrusion and under-extrusion in both local and global frameworks. Results visualization and evaluation methods are conducted to demonstrate the high performance of the models. Our results show that detection latency is also improved by successfully recognizing the transitions between print quality conditions within a single raster. This advanced detection system is able to provide comprehensive defect information for real-time assessment and has great potential for further automated control as well as correction of additive manufacturing systems.
Investor Horizons, Long-Term Blockholders, and Corporate Social Responsibility

This paper investigates whether shareholders benefit from corporate social responsibility (CSR) by studying the effect of institutional investors on CSR. After all, arguing against CSR is hard when investors push for it. I find that longer investor horizons lead to significantly more CSR. This positive effect, however, is moderated by long-term investors who hold large ownership blocks. Long-term blockholders ensure, through monitoring, that managers do not blindly increase CSR, but rather pursue a CSR strategy that reduces the risk of costly incidents. Overall, these findings indicate that CSR is in the interests of long-term investors if CSR prevents incidents.
Benefits and side effects of prisms in the management of diplopia in adults: a prospective study

Purpose To analyze the various factors affecting patient satisfaction with prism glasses in adults with diplopia. Methods In this prospective case series, the benefits and side effects of prisms and factors affecting prism satisfaction were assessed by means of a questionnaire. Results A total of 134 patients were included. Overall, 58% of patients were highly satisfied, 22% were somewhat satisfied, and 20% were either neutral, somewhat dissatisfied, or very dissatisfied with prism glasses. Prior history of prism use, amplitude of prisms, comitancy of deviation, and type of lenses worn, had no influence on satisfaction rates. The extent of resolution of diplopia was highly correlated with prism satisfaction (P Conclusions In this cohort of adults with diplopia, prisms were beneficial in treating diplopia of different etiologies, incomitance, and a wide range of deviations. The side effects experienced with prism glasses themselves accounted for patient dissatisfaction in our study.
Daily cannabis use in adolescents who smoke tobacco is associated with altered late-stage feedback processing: A high-density electrical mapping study

Abstract Impairments in feedback processing, often associated with risk-taking behavior, may have implications for development of substance abuse in adolescents. The most commonly used substances by adolescents include tobacco and cannabis, with some individuals using both substances, potentially heightening risk. Our objective was to examine feedback processing and impulsivity in adolescents who smoke cigarettes and use cannabis daily (N = 21), comparing them with adolescents who smoke cigarettes daily and use cannabis occasionally (N = 18) and non-smoking (N = 27) adolescents. To do this, the Balloon Analog Risk Task (BART) with concurrent EEG was used to measure risk-related feedback processing, and impulsivity was measured using the Barratt's impulsiveness scale (BIS-11). It was found that adolescent daily tobacco/cannabis smoking was associated with higher BIS-11 scores, shortened feedback-related-negativity (FRN) latencies and reduced P300 amplitudes. In addition, FRN latencies during win conditions were inversely associated with tobacco-use severity, indicated by scores on the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), and with BIS-11 scores. Adolescents with concurrent tobacco and cannabis use show altered feedback processing and higher impulsivity. Future work should disentangle whether the effect reflects risk, consequences of use or both.
Strong and Weak Universalism in Bibliographic Services

Wilson stated that the work of providing bibliographic services is political in nature because catalogers have to adjudicate amongst the demands made for various forms of control by different commu...
Buying Votes or Buying Time? Gift Giving as an Extension of the Political Party Network in Ghana

Why give campaign gifts in the presence of a secret ballot? Using survey evidence from Ghana that asked people whether they received a gift during the 2004 election campaign, I show that party activists were the main recipients of gifts. I further show voters in core and more volatile electoral constituencies were more likely to receive gifts. I argue that political parties in Ghana distribute gifts not as an attempt to directly buy votes, but rather to buy the mobilization time of party sympathizers. I show that gifts are targeted towards male youths who have appropriate means of mobilizing other voters. The distribution of gifts to loyal party activists ensures that particularistic goods have a multiplier effect, which explains why gift giving is still relatively rare in countries with institutionalized party systems like Ghana.
Using Blogs in the Marketing and Advertising Classroom: Exploratory Insights and Recommendations for Future Use:

The use of blogs in business and higher education is increasing, yet little is written about using blogs in marketing or advertising education. The authors review the literature about using blogs i...
Spectrum analysis and counting efficiency of Lu-177 with specific counting systems

2729 Objectives Lu-177-DOTA-Octreotate, a mixed beta and gamma emitter, is a new therapeutic radiopharmaceutical used to treat neuroendocrine tumors. In this study, the gamma energy spectrum, counting efficiency, lower level of detection (LLD) and trigger levels for Lu-177 were obtained on three specific counting instruments. Methods A sample of Lu-177-DOTA-Octreotate (200 µl) was obtained and activity measured in a dose calibrator (201 µCi). Following serial dilutions, counting and spot samples were prepared (0.5405 µCi). Using the appropriate counting sample, gamma energy spectrums were obtained with an AtomLab 500 and 960 well detector counting system, an appropriate counting window established and specific instrument efficiency, LLD and trigger levels calculated. In addition, a spot sample was placed in the Inspector beta counter (S.E. International), counts obtained and detector efficiency, LLD and trigger levels calculated. Results Gamma energy spectrums were obtained on both AtomLab 500 and 960 instruments and a counting window established (37-360 KeV), consisting of 5 energy peaks with the major peak at 208 KeV. The counting efficiencies for AtomLab 500, 960 and Inspector instruments were 7.6%, 7.5%, and 0.3%, respectively. LLD for AtomLab 500, 960 and Inspector instruments were 640 dpm, 852 dpm, and 11,552 dpm. Due to the low counting efficiency, the Inspector counting instrument was not acceptable for removable contamination detection. Calculated trigger levels for removable contamination in restricted areas (2000 dpm) were 152 net cpm and 150 net cpm for the AtomLab 500 and 960 counting instruments, respectively. Conclusions Appropriate gamma energy spectrums, counting windows and counting efficiencies were established for specific counting instruments. Counting efficiencies were utilized to calculate LLD and trigger levels. Calculated LLD were acceptable for removable contamination detection in an AtomLab 500 and 960 counting system and not acceptable in an Inspector counting system.
The Council and the Court: Improving Security Council Support of the International Criminal Court

The United Nations Security Council has increasingly offered support, if qualified, for the work and purposes of the International Criminal Court. Twice, Darfur in 2005 and Libya in 2011, it has referred situations to the ICC for investigation and possible prosecution. 2012 saw repeated positive references to the Court, including a first-ever public Council discussion focused on building support for the ICC. In March of 2013, the Council authorized the peacekeeping force in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), MONUSCO, to cooperate with the government on the arrest of individuals subject to ICC arrest warrants. A promising trend that demonstrates clear overlap between Council and Court interests, the Council’s support has nonetheless been mainly rhetorical. It has not, for instance, adopted concrete measures in areas such as the cooperation of states, the apprehension of those subject to arrest warrant, and resources to expand the Court’s capacity. This report addresses the trend lines in Council support, seeking to answer the following set of questions: How may the Security Council build on and expand the emerging support? What barriers may exist to the adoption of sustainable, concrete measures supporting Court activities, and how may they be overcome?