The web of poverty : psychosocial perspectives

Contents Foreword * Acknowledgments * Introduction * Origins of This Volume * Volume Contents * Intended Audiences * Poverty in the United States and Canada * Across the World * Poverty in North America * Canada and the United States * The Extent of Poverty * Other Aspects of Poverty * The Gap Between Rich and Poor * Mobility Out of and Back into Poverty * The Reduction of Rural Poverty * Conclusion * Systemic Causes of Poverty * Globalization of the Economy * Evolving Structure of the Economy * Relative Loss of Manufacturing Jobs * Expansion of the Service Sector * Increase in Part-Time Employment * Increase in Low-Paying Jobs * Increase in Two-Wage-Earner Families * Higher Educational Requirements * Job Relocation * Emphasis on Financial Profit * Unemployment * National Debt * Low Social Assistance Programs * Low-Skilled Immigrants * Conclusion * Personal Causes of Poverty * Single Parenting * Single Parenting and Poverty * Divorced Single Parenting * Never-Married Parenting * Effects on Children * Poverty in the Family of Origin * School Dropout and Lack of Education * Additional Factors: Delinquency and Ill Health * Conclusion * Urban Neighborhoods in Poverty * The Canadian Exception * The Development of High-Poverty Neighborhoods * Depletion of Neighborhood Resources * Poor Neighborhoods and Negative Socialization of Children * Poor Neighborhoods as Risk Factors for Children * Homelessness * The Nonpoor in Disadvantaged Neighborhoods * Conclusion * Schools and Education in Poor Districts * Schools in Impoverished Neighborhoods * Quality of School Personnel and Disadvantaged Families * Disadvantaged Students and Schools * Family Routine and Organization * Parental Resources and Involvement in Schooling * Low-Income Minority Students * Involuntary and Voluntary Minorities * Conclusion * Disadvantaged Families * Family Size * Adolescent Single Parenting * The Situation * Consequences for Offspring * Types of Single Adolescent Mothers * Single Fathers: The Real Problem? * Family Conflict and Spousal Abuse * Child Abuse * Child Neglect * Abuse of Parents by Children * Parenting Skills and Poverty * Parental Dilemmas * Conclusion * Women, Children, and the Elderly * Women * Mothers in Poverty * Their Burden * The Matter of "Proper" Childrearing Practices * Mothers as Victims * Children * The Extent of Child Poverty * Consequences of Poverty for Children * Negative Child Outcomes * Homeless Children * The Elderly * Elderly Women * Conclusion * Visible Minorities, Discrimination, and Segregation * Recent Roots of Inequalities * Racial and Ethnic Inequalities and Poverty * Segregation * Work Discrimination * Health Differentials * Reduced Life Expectancy * Conclusion * Health and Illness Differentials * Health and Socioeconomic Status * Life Expectancy * The Differentials * Myths About Life Expectancy * Explanation for Differentials * Illness-Related Problems * Psychiatric Problems * Cognitive Problems * Is More Medical Care the Solution? * Conclusion * Poverty and Delinquency * Aspects of Delinquency * Personal Pathways to Delinquency * Causes of Delinquency * Poverty and Delinquency * Poverty and Social Control * Poverty and Segregated Minorities * Poverty and Dysfunctional Opportunity Structure * Poverty and the Media * Conclusion * Poverty Undermines Genetic Potential * Genetics and Child Outcomes* Outline of Behavior Genetics Principles * Genotype-Environment Correlations * Genetically Influenced Chains of Events * Environmentally Influenced Chains of Events * Environmental Rather Than Personal Deficits * Poverty Creates Inferiority *