cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Association of a GDP binding activity with initiation factor eIF-2 from calf liver.

Abstract A highly purified preparation of the eucaryotic initiation factor eIF-2 from calf liver which forms a ternary complex with GTP and Met-tRNA f Met also exhibits a potent GDP binding activity. The factor preparation specifically forms a binary complex with GDP, other ribonucleoside diphosphates and GTP are inactive. Evidence is presented indicating that the GTP-dependent Met-tRNA f Met binding and binary complex formation with GDP are mediated by the same protein which has an apparent molecular weight of 67,000 as judged by glycerol density gradient centrifugation.
The changing pattern of hospital care for persons living with HIV: 2000 through 2004.

Objective: To compare inpatient utilization and costs by persons living with HIV in 2000 with inpatient utilization and costs in 2004. Data Sources: Data on 91,343 hospital discharge abstracts representing all HIV-related admissions in 6 states (California, Florida, New Jersey, New York, South Carolina, and Washington state) in 2000 and data from 72,829 hospital discharge abstracts representing all HIV-related admissions in the same states in 2004 are used. These data were obtained from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality's Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, and they were combined with data on the number of persons living with HIV that were obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and 2 state departments of health. Study Design: This study compares the hospital care received by persons living with HIV in 6 states in calendar year 2000 with the hospital care received by persons living with HIV in calendar year 2004 in the same 6 states. This study also compares population-based measures of hospital utilization (ie, to measure the average utilization of hospital care per person living with HIV in each state) across the 6 states. Results: This study found that the average age of a hospitalized patient with HIV rose from 41 to 44 years and that the average number of diagnoses rose from 6.0 to 7.4. Moreover, it was found that the average number of admissions per person living with HIV fell 39% and that the percentages of female and black patients with HIV remained the same. Conclusions: Hospitalized patients living with HIV are getting older and sicker, although the average number of admissions per person living with HIV continues to fall.
Influence of In-Plane Fiber Misalignment on Moire Interferometry Results

Moire interferometry is an experimental technique that is being viewed favorably for verifying analytical predictions of mechanical performance in composite materials. However, since interferometry measures displacements at a free surface, one must separate the effects due to fiber architecture from those due to free-edge effects. This paper addresses the influence of in-plane fiber misalignment on free-edge interlaminar shear strain. Experimental results for laminates with intentional fiber misalignment are compared to analytical predictions by using the finite element method. Small degrees of fiber misalignment are shown to produce large free-edge interlaminar shear strains. Thus, moire interferometry results may not be quantifiable for nonidealized composites which exhibit in-plane fiber misalignment.
Thermal Modeling of Deposit Solidification in Uniform Droplet Spray Forming

In spray forming, the deposit thermal state is a key parameter which influences the microstructural evolution upon and after droplet impact onto the deposit. The uniform droplet spray (UDS) forming process has been developed to enable precise control of the droplet and deposit thermal state and the resultant material microstructure. By having a uniform droplet size throughout the spray, all the droplets deposited onto the substrate will have the same thermal state upon impact, allowing for precise control of the solidification process. This paper describes a one-dimensional, finite difference model that predicts the temperature and liquid fraction of the deposit during the UDS process. The model employs an explicit temperature-enthalpy method to incorporate a variety of solidification models. Experiments were conducted using Sn-15 wt percent Pb binary alloy. Temperatures were measured in the deposit and acceptable agreement with the simulation was obtained. Modeling has shown that the deposit thermal state is highly dependent on variations in spray conditions, which are predicted using droplet trajectory and droplet thermal models. Using the droplet and deposit models, the relationship between UDS process parameters and material microstructure can be understood.
Controlling the figure over temperature of a thin substrate metal mirror through the use of replication

Optical systems with long production life cycles can encounter cost saving vendor and/or technology changes that may be difficult to incorporate into the system without total system redesign. Many times, these developments could result in significant cost savings of the hardware, but the level of up front investment in system redesign and qualification tends to nullify the hardware production cost advantage. The subject of this paper, is a cost reduction effort to redesign, and replace a high cost metallic primary mirror. The use of less costly materials is the major cost saver, but this can lead to poor athermal system performance without other system changes. The technique used in this application is tuning an optical replication process to athermalize the new mirror into the existing optical train.
On the morphological representation of binary images in a noisy environment

Abstract We present a study of the effect of noise degradation on the morphological representation of binary images which have been contaminated by noise in both the image and the representation domains. We first demonstrate the fact that the morphological representation of the filtered noisy binary image, obtained by processing the noisy image by an alternating sequential filter, closely resembles the morphological representation of the original noise-free image, thus establishing the alternating sequential filtering as an important preprocessing step for the restoration of the morphological representation from noisy binary images. Second, we prove that, under certain assumptions, the generalized reduced morphological skeleton is the “best” morphological representation among a collection of invertible morphological image representations. We show that the generalized reduced morphological skeleton results in the minimization of an upper bound on the probability of error of reconstructing a binary image from its noisy representation. Several computer simulations illustrate the validity and importance of our results.
Agreement among censored rankings using Spearman's footrule

Abstract A “right-censored” ranking is what results when a judge ranks only the “top K” of M objects. We present two measures of the agreement between two such rankings, or between N such rankings and a prespecified ranking. One measure is unweighted, while the other gives greatest weight to the first-ranked object, less to the second, and so on. Both are based on Spearman's footrule. We include simple formulas for calculating the P-values of the corresponding tests of the hypothesis of random ranking.
Motor impairment and antisocial behavior in adolescent males at high risk for schizophrenia.

A familial link between schizophrenia and antisocial behavior has been established (e.g., Silverton, 1985). This study examined this relationship in a Danish cohort. The subjects were 36 high-risk males (offspring of a schizzophrenic parent) and 36 low-risk males (offspring of parents without psychopathology). This high-risk subjects exhibited more antisocial behavior than the low-risk subjects. We tested the hypothesis of a correlation between neurointegrative deficits, as defined by motor impairment, and antisocial behavior, rated at ages 10–13, in subjects at genetic risk for schizophrenia. Path analyses were conducted from motor impairment at 1 year and motor impairment at 10–13 years to antisocial behavior separately for high-risk and low-risk subjects. Adolescent motor impairment was a significant predictor of antisocial behavior for high-risk subjects. Motor impairment at 1 year was also associated with antisocial behavior for these subjects, although the association was partly due to the indirect effects of motor impairment at 1 year on motor impairment at 10–13 years, which, in turn, was associated with changes in antisocial behavior. As predicted, none of the path coefficients nor the effect coefficient was significant for low-risk subjects.
First-Principles Study of Piezoelectricity in PbTiO 3

The first self-consistent computations of piezoelectricity in a ferroelectric are presented. Bulk spontaneous polarization, dynamical charges ( ${Z}^{*}$), and the full piezoelectric stress tensor of ${\mathrm{PbTiO}}_{3}$ were determined from ground-state Berry's phase calculations using the all-electron linearized augmented plane wave method. Both the proper and total piezoelectric moduli were computed and were found to be significantly different. The theoretical piezoelectric stress moduli, ${e}_{15}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}3.15\mathrm{C}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$, ${e}_{31}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\ensuremath{-}0.93\mathrm{C}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$, and ${e}_{33}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}3.23\mathrm{C}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$, agree well with single crystal experimental data.
Quiescent astroglia in long-term primary cultures re-enter the cell cycle and require a non-sterol isoprenoid in late G1.

Astroglia proliferate during brain growth, and can divide again later, particularly during astrogliosis. We investigated whether astroglia in primary cultures of newborn rat brain similarly achieve a state of prolonged quiescence which enables re-entry into the cell division cycle. In cultures after 2 months, cell number plateaued and there were sharp decreases in [3H]thymidine incorporation (70 ± 5 vs 4 ± 0.5cpm/ μg protein/h at 30 and 60 days, respectively) and in percentages of cell nuclei incorporating bromodeoxyuridine (BrDU) (from 46 ± 6% to < 1%). Replating at 104 cells/cm2 yielded secondary cultures which synthesized DNA actively. Forty-eight hours of serum deprivation at 2–3 days from subculturing, followed by addition of 10% serum (time 0), resulted in a return to quiescence which persisted until 12 h (G0 + G1). By 20 h (S phase), there were abrupt increases in DNA synthesis (5-fold) and in BrDU-labeled nuclei (from 19 ± 2 to 76 ± 8%) and the percentage of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive cells declined to 14 ± 2%. Three days later, GFAP-positive cells numbered around 80%. Cell cycling after prolonged quiescence, in a manner similar to that in early astroglial cultures, required a non-sterol derivative of mevalonate in late G1. These data confirm that astroglia in primary cultures, like their counterparts in vivo, have a flexible capacity to enter and depart from quiescence, and most importantly, provide a system for examining regulation of this process.
Idiotype anti-idiotype complexes in cerebrospinal fluids of multiple sclerosis patients.

Abstract The involvement of idiotype-anti-idiotype complexes in multiple sclerosis was approached by ultracentrifuge studies. Specimens of the immunoglobulin G fraction obtained from the cerebrospinal fluids of multiple sclerosis patients which contained distinct oligoclonal bands, were subjected to analytical ultracentrifugation. None of these samples revealed the presence of any detectable amount of oligomeric immunoglobulin G, namely dimer or trimer. By comparison with control mixtures containing known amounts of dimeric immunoglobulin, it was evaluated that the cerebrospinal fluid samples contain less than 5% dimer. These findings indicate that the spinal fluids of multiple sclerosis patients do not contain idiotype-anti-idiotype complexes to an extent that would account for the oligoclonal immunoglobulin bands as representing complementary idiotypes and anti-iodiotypes.
Information-based education: an investigation of the nature and role of information attributes in education

Abstract Education is fundamentally affected by a series of events generally referred to as “the information explosion.” The enormous increase in available information presents major concerns related to educational content, teaching processes, and basic information skills needed by learners. Researchers need to probe into serious questions about the nature, role, and impact of specific attributes of information (e.g., information systems, resources, skills, and processes) in education. Although most educators would agree that all education is information-based to some degree, there is no unifying framework, model, theory, methodology, or even vocabulary for considering the nature and impact of specific information attributes. This paper seeks to describe the concept of information-based education (IBE), provide a theoretical basis for conducting a broad and systematic investigation into the role and use of information in educational situations, and commence the development of a classification scheme for documenting and distinguishing among various information bases. This classification scheme will form the necessary foundation for conducting field studies about information use in education, as well as foster consideration of information attributes when planning and delivering instruction, with implications for the development and implementation of computer-based information systems in educational situations.
Style and effectiveness in education and training: A model for organising teaching and learning

In the fields of education and training, there is nowadays an increasing recognition of the need to be effective. In order to be effective it is necessary, however, to ensure that both the content of one's teaching and its style of presentation are suitably matched to the needs and interests and abilities of the persons being taught. This in turn calls for a broadly based “ecological” approach in which careful attention is paid to the social and psychological conditions under which teaching and learning occur. By drawing on the pertinent literature in business management and organisation theory, the author indicates how the ecological approach might be applied to problems of style and effectiveness in education and training. A conceptual framework is developed within which it is possible to identify 4 broadly distinguishable and commonly occurring styles of teaching. The framework is then applied to an experiment in which the styles of three teachers were compared and contrasted. The paper ends with a presentation of 4 detailed hypotheses concerning the conditions under which each of the 4 proposed teaching styles is most likely to prove effective.
Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Fluctuation, and Zg Tests for Convergence of Markov Chain Monte Carlo Draws

We examine the sizes and powers of three tests of convergence of Markov Chain Monte Carlo draws: the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, fluctuation test, and Geweke's test. We show that the sizes and powers are sensitive to the existence of autocorrelation in the draws. We propose a filtered test that is corrected for autocorrelation. We present a numerical illustration using the Federal funds rate.
Education for acquisitions and serials librarianship: The students’ view

Abstract This study analyzes 27 student essays provided in response to examination questions on whether or not courses in acquisitions and serials should be included in the library school curriculum. The preponderance of student opinion supports a course in serials. Such a course should take a broad and integrated view of serials, encompassing serials publication and distribution, new technologies associated with serials, serials management and processing in libraries, serialsbased information services, and administrative, budget, and policy issues associated with serials. The majority of students did not support a course in acquisitions. Although recognized as an important library function, acquisitions was seen as lacking in “appropriate academic content” for the format of a three credit-hour course.
The storm and the aftermath

When Hurricane Sandy knocked the lights out at Bellevue Hospital, the staff began to count the seconds. The power came back on before 10 seconds had elapsed, indicating that the backup generators were working. Downstairs, however, water was pouring into the basement.
STUDIES ON TRANSPARENT EXOPOLYMER PARTICLES (TEP) PRODUCED IN THE ROSS SEA (ANTARCTICA) AND BY PHAEOCYSTIS ANTARCTICA (PRYMNESIOPHYCEAE)1

The distribution and production of transparent exopolymer particles (TEPs) were studied quantitatively both in cultures of Phaeocystis antarctica Karsten (Prymnesiophyceae) and in natural phytoplankton assemblages in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. TEP production in culture was a function of growth rate and photosynthetic activity and was strongly influenced by photon flux density. The concentrations of TEP measured during a bloom, dominated by P. antarctica, were higher than those produced by coastal diatom blooms and were correlated with chlorophyll a (Chl a), being low at Chl a levels below 3 μgL−1 but increasing rapidly at greater Chl a concentrations. Because higher chlorophyll hek are dominated 4 larger P. antarctica colonies, this relationship suggests that TEP was produced primarily by sloughing and disintegration of the colonial matrix. TEP concentrations (both absolute and relative to Chl a) increased as the bloom's biomass increased. Vertical distributions of TEP and Chl a showed TEP: chlorophyll maxima at the bottom of the water column at most stations. Because TEP and floc formation are tightly coupled, we suggest that mucous flocs derived from TEP, rather than intact P. antarctica colonies, are the dominant component of aggregates and subsequent organic carbon vertical flux.
Normal and transforming functions of RUNX1: A perspective

Converging studies from many investigators indicate that RUNX1 has a critical role in the correct maintenance of essential cellular functions during embryonic development and after birth. The discovery that this gene is also frequently mutated in human leukemia has increased the interest in the role that RUNX1 plays in both normal and transforming pathways. Here, we provide an overview of the many roles of RUNX1 in hematopoietic self-renewal and differentiation and summarize the information that is currently available on the many mechanisms of RUNX1 deregulation in human leukemia.
Feminist Identity Attitudes, Negative Affect, and Eating Pathology in African American College Women:

African American women are believed to have unique experiences related to eating pathology partially because of the intersection of gender and race in Western society. Investigations of negative affect and identity development as predictors of eating pathology in African American women have yielded mixed results; however, feminist identity development is yet to be examined as a predictor of eating problems in this group. Therefore, the current study investigated feminist identity attitudes, anxiety, and depression as predictors of eating pathology in 98 African American college women. Interestingly, most of the participants endorsed a “Synthesis” feminist identity style. However, negative affect emerged as the only significant predictor of eating pathology. These findings are congruent with previous research that supports significant relations between anxiety, depression, and eating disturbance in women.
A standard format for reporting atomic positions in measured or calculated surface structures: The CIF file

Abstract In his editorial in this issue, the editor-in-chief emphasizes the editorial policy that any paper which involves a crystallographic structure (whether experimentally measured or theoretically calculated) must also include a complete listing of all the atomic positions within the crystal structure, either as supporting information or directly within the paper itself. He also strongly recommends that the complete crystallographic data set be included as supporting information. At the request of the editor-in-chief, I outline here the reasons why this is scientifically desirable. Furthermore, I propose here that the Surface Science community adopt the same standard format for reporting these as is already widely used in bulk crystallography publications, namely the inclusion of a Crystallographic Information Format file (or CIF file) as supporting information. Finally, I describe the details of this specific file format, with illustrative examples.
Vitamin C transport and SVCT1 transporter expression in chick renal proximal tubule cells in culture.

Abstract The characteristics of vitamin C (ascorbic acid, ASC) transport were studied in polarized cultured monolayers of the chick ( Gallus gallus ) renal proximal tubule in Ussing chambers. Under voltage clamp conditions, monolayers responded to apical addition of ASC in a dose-dependent manner, with positive short circuit currents ( I SC ), ranging from 3 μA/cm 2 at 5 μM ASC to a maximal response of 27 μA/cm 2 at 200 μM, and a half-maximal response at 40 μM. There was no effect of basolateral addition of ASC, indicating a polarized transport process. The oxidized form of ASC, dehydroascorbic acid had negligible effects. The I SC response to ASC was completely eliminated with Na + ion replacement, and was also eliminated by bilateral reduction of bath Cl − , from 137 to 2.6 mM. There was significant inhibition of the I SC responses to 30 μM ASC by the flavanoid quercetin (50 μM) and by 100 μM 4,4′-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid (DIDS) and 5-ethylisopropylamiloride (EIPA), blockers of anion exchangers and sodium-proton exchangers, respectively. There was no inhibition, however, by the chloride channel blocker 5-nitro-2(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid (NPPB). Phorbol 12-myristate 13 acetate (PMA), the phorbol ester activator of protein kinase C, caused a 37% decrease in the I SC response to ASC. Chicken-specific primers to an EST homolog of the human vitamin C transporter SVCT1 (SLC23A1) were designed and used to probe transporter expression in these cells. RT-PCR analysis demonstrated the presence of chicken SVCT1 in both cultured cells and in freshly isolated proximal tubule fragments. These data indicate the presence of an electrogenic, sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter (SVCT1) in the chick renal proximal tubule. Vitamin C transport and conservation by the kidney is likely to be especially critical in birds, due to high plasma glucose levels and resulting high levels of reactive oxygen species.
Arsenic metabolism in marine bacteria and yeast

Arsenic metabolism was studied for two marine microorganisms, a facultative anaerobic bacterium, Serratia marinorubra, and an obligately aerobic yeast, Rhodotorula rubra. Both were cultivated in media with (74As) arsenate (As V), and the products of arsenate metabolism were determined qualitatively. Both the bacterium and the yeast produced arsenite (AS III) and methylarsonic acid [CH3AsO(OH)2]. In addition to the foregoing, only the yeast produced dimethylarsinic acid (CH3)2AsO(OH) and volatile alkylarsines. In contrast, the bacterium growing anaerobically with cobalamine as a cofactor did not synthesize gaseous forms of arsenic such as methylarsines. Neither organism synthesized arsoniumphospholipids such as those produced by marine phytoplankton or terrestrial fungi. The yeast did not accumulate arsenite, but instead transported some of it into the culture medium and methylated the remainder first to methylarsonic acid and then to dimethylarsinic acid. Finally, the latter compound was methylated further and volatile alkylarsines were formed. In contrast, the bacterium retained all products of arsenate metabolism intracellularly. Both the bacterium and the yeast, therefore, converted relatively toxic arsenate, the most abundant arsenic compound in seawater, to products that were presumably less toxic.
Performance evaluation of normalized difference chlorophyll index in northern Gulf of Mexico estuaries using the Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean

The Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HICO) was used to derive chlorophyll-a (chl-a) based on the normalized difference chlorophyll index (NDCI) in two Gulf of Mexico coastal estuaries. C...
Serum and urine amino acids in infantile toxicosis.

Summary The serum and urine amino acids of 45 infants and babies suffering from toxicosis were studied by paper chromatography. In the serum there was no deviation from the normal. In the urine there were observed 14 to 18 amino acids estimated as an increased amount for each one. Eight days after admission there was still an augmented excretion of amino acids (12 to 14) in the urine. It is believed that the renal damages in toxicosis must be incriminated for the aminoaciduria observed.
Self-organization in peer-to-peer systems

This paper addresses the problem of forming groups in peer-to-peer (P2P) systems and examines what dependability means in decentralized distributed systems. Much of the literature in this field assumes that the participants form a local picture of global state, yet little research has been done discussing how this state remains stable as nodes enter and leave the system. We assume that nodes remain in the system long enough to benefit from retaining state, but not sufficiently long that the dynamic nature of the problem can be ignored. We look at the components that describe a system's dependability and argue that next-generation decentralized systems must explicitly delineate the information dispersal mechanisms (e.g., probe, event-driven, broadcast), the capabilities assumed about constituent nodes (bandwidth, up-time, re-entry distributions), and distribution of information demands (needles in a haystack vs. hay in a haystack [13]). We evaluate two systems based on these criteria: Chord [22] and a heterogeneous-node hierarchical grouping scheme [11]. The former gives a > 1% failed request rate under normal P2P conditions and a prototype of the latter a similar rate under more strenuous conditions with an order of magnitude more organizational messages. This analysis suggests several methods to greatly improve the prototype.
Home Run or Wild Pitch?: Assessing the Economic Impact of Major League Baseball’s All-Star Game

Major League Baseball has rewarded cities that build new baseball stadiums with the chance to host the All-Star Game. Although the league asserts a significant boost to metropolitan economies due to the game, are these economic impact estimates published by the league credible? In two separate economic impact models, the authors find that All-Star Games since 1973 are actually associated with worse than expected economic performance in host cities.
Glycogen phosphorylase levels in spontaneously beating turtle hearts.

Abstract 1. 1. The total activity of glycogen phosphorylase and the percentage of the enzyme in the active form (per cent phosphorylase a ) was determined at various stages of the contraction cycle in the heart of the turtle. 2. 2. Enzyme activity did not vary throughout the contraction cycle. 3. 3. Total enzyme activity in the turtle heart was less than that found in mammalian hearts but the turtle heart had a significantly greater level of phosphorylase a .
Enhanced Pharmacokinetics of Factor VIIa as a Monomeric Fc Fusion

Recombinant Factor VIIa (rFVIIa) is utilized for on-demand treatment of bleeding episodes in hemophilia patients with neutralizing antibodies (inhibitors) against Factor VIII or Factor IX, but a short half-life in the circulation (~2.5hrs) limits its use in a prophylactic setting. Recombinant FVIIa variants with improved pharmacokinetic properties may enable improved treatment and prevention of bleeding episodes in the inhibitor population. In this study we describe recombinant FVIIaFc (rFVIIaFc), a recombinant Fc-fusion protein generated to utilize the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn)-mediated recycling pathway that protects immunoglobulin G from catabolism. On the basis of activity, rFVIIaFc exhibited a 5.5-fold extension in terminal half-life in hemophilia A mice compared to rFVIIa. The potency of rFVIIaFc was comparable to that of rFVIIa in thrombin generation assay and ROTEM. In agreement with these data, rFVIIaFc and rFVIIa showed similar acute efficacy at comparable molar doses in the tail clip bleeding model in hemophilia A mice. Taken together, these studies demonstrate enhanced pharmacokinetics and similar hemostatic properties for rFVIIaFc compared to rFVIIa.
One Iota Fills the Quota: A Paradox in Multifacet Reliability Coefficients

A paradoxical phenomenon of decreases in reliability as the number of elements averaged over increases is shown to be possible in multifacet reliability procedures (intraclass correlations or generalizability coefficients). Conditions governing this phenomenon are presented along with implications and cautions.
Alkali cation-activated AMP deaminase of erythrocytes: Some properties of the membrane-bound enzyme

Abstract 1. 1.Human erythrocyte membranes were prepared by several different methods. All preparations, including hemoglobin-free membranes, contained some alkali cation-activated AMP deaminase (AMP aminohydrolase, EC 3.5.4.6). 2. 2.Various washing procedures and fragmentation of membranes by sonication showed that although part of the activity of some membrane preparations could be released, a portion of the enzyme activity was tightly bound to the membrane. 3. 3.Intact erythrocytes did not deaminate AMP which was added to the incubation medium. This suggested that, unlike the situation in muscle, AMP deaminase was not on the outer surface of the membrane. 4. 4.Substrate-velocity curve of the membrane enzyme was hyperbolic in contrast to the sigmoid curve of the soluble enzyme. 5. 5.The effects of ouabain and ethacrynic acid, which are inhibitors of (Na+-K+)-activated ATPase, on the membrane AMP deaminase were studied. Ouabain did not affect the enzyme. Ethacrynic acid was found to be a potent inhibitor of the enzyme.
First-principles calculations of the thermal expansion of metals

We present first-principles calculations of the thermal expansion of several simple metals (Al, Li, and Na) within the quasiharmonic approximation. Linear-response theory is used to determine the volume-dependent phonon frequencies within the density-functional framework. Our results indicate that the treatment of anharmonic effects at the quasiharmonic level provides a remarkably good description of the structural and elastic properties of these materials up to their melting points.
Some variables affecting the behaviour of irus macaques in dyadic encounters.

Abstract 1. 1. The behaviour of the 61 pairings fit the general outline of wild macaque behaviour established in many field studies over the last decade. Thus the relatively high frequencies of fighting among males, of grooming among females, of mounting, grooming and inspecting among heterosexual pairs, and the predominance of non-aggressive behaviours overall—these patterns are all familiar from field studies. Such similarities between the present data and field data on this and related species suggest that many of the factors which determine sex roles in the wild are also present in dyads of the species isolated from their normal social and ecological conditions. 2. 2. Throughout the history of field and zoo studies of primate social behaviour, distance between animals has been recognized as an important variable (Chance, 1954) . Even in the confined situation of the present experiment, distance between two animals proved to be highly reliable and sensitive to a variety of influences. Thus the tendency for macaques spatially to display their social relationships is a robust phenomenon extending even to close confinement. 3. 3. Successive encounters between animals resulted in a decrease in their total social contact, in their grooming, and an increase in their average distance. This effect was apparently dependent upon physical contact between the animals. Irus macaques have a variety of visual signals which potentially could be employed across a transparent barrier. But this experiment produced no evidence of such independent operation of the macaque's visual communication system.
Viscous heating of a cylinder with finite length by a high viscosity fluid in steady longitudinal flow—1. Newtonian fluids

Abstract The viscous dissipation heating of a finite length cylinder exposed to a steady uniform velocity Newtonian fluid is analyzed numerically. The solution determines the elliptic, velocity and temperature field, of a high viscosity fluid about an axisymmetric cylinder. Computations are performed for different values of the Reynolds number, Prandtl number, the probe radius to length ratio and the ratio of cylinder conductivity to fluid thermal conductivity. With polymer processing in mind the Reynolds number is varied between 10 −4 and 2 × 10 −1 and the Prandtl number between 10 5 and 10 9 . The results also determine the increase in the cylinder wall and tip temperature due to viscous frictional heating. Strong elliptic effects on the velocity extend over 100 radius lengths upstream from the cylinder. The velocity field results indicate a nearly ‘creeping flow’ type velocity distribution about the cylinder body. In contrast, the temperature field is confined to a very narrow region of high deformation rates around the cylinder surface.
A model-based cell decomposition approach to on-line pursuit-evasion path planning and the video game Ms. Pac-Man

This paper presents an on-line approach for optimizing paths for a pursuit-evasion problem, in which an agent must visit several target positions within an environment while simultaneously avoiding one or more actively-pursuing adversaries. This problem is found in a variety of fields, such as robotic path planning, mobile-sensor applications, and path exposure. The methodology developed utilizes cell decomposition to construct a modified decision tree, which balances the reward associated with visiting target locations and the risk of capture by the adversaries. By computing paths on-line, the algorithm can quickly adapt to unexpected adversary behaviors and dynamic environments. The methodology developed in this paper is implemented as a controller for an artificial player in the Ms. Pac-Man arcade games and is entered into the IEEE CIG 2012 screen capture Ms. Pac-Man competition. The approach presented achieved a high score of 44,630 points.
Nerve growth factor collaborates with myocyte-derived factors to promote development of presynaptic sites in cultured sympathetic neurons.

Nerve growth factor (NGF) acutely modulates synaptic transmission between sympathetic neurons and their cardiac myocyte targets. NGF also has developmental effects in establishing the level of synaptic transmission between sympathetic neurons and myocytes in culture, although little is known about the mechanisms by which NGF influences this synaptic connectivity. Here we report that NGF acts in conjunction with factors produced by cardiac myocytes to promote neuronal contact with the target and the extension of synaptic vesicle-containing growth cones. In conjunction with previously published results showing that NGF has long-term effects on synaptic transmission between sympathetic neurons and myocytes, this work suggests that NGF acts to promote sympathetic neurotransmission by increasing the number of sympathetic fibers establishing target contact. Further, we found that developmental changes in cardiac myocytes led to an increase in the density of synaptic vesicle-containing variocosities along sympathetic fibers, a process regulated by NGF. Thus, as myocytes mature they produce factors that promote the formation of sympathetic presynaptic structures. These results argue that multiple target interactions regulate the extent of synapse formation between sympathetic neurons and cardiac cells and suggest that NGF promotes presynaptic development by increasing neuronal contact with myocyte-derived cell surface or matrix-associated factors.
Anatomical localization of glucose uptake by Schistosoma mansoni adults.

Abstract An apparatus was used to determine whether glucose enters adult Schistosoma mansoni through the oral sucker or the integumental surfaces. The results confirm the view that the integument is the primary site of glucose absorption in S. mansoni. Incubation of the parasites in 5-hydroxytryptamine (prior to insertion into the apparatus) depleted glycogen stores and increased glucose uptake. The demonstration of integumental uptake of glucose by female worms is consistent with the hypothesis that in copula the male schistosome provides glucose to the female.
LUMBERING AND WESTERN LOUISIANA CULTURAL LANDSCAPES

T HE multiple origins of cultural forms and patterns seen in Louisiana landscapes are well known and have been mentioned in earlier studies.' Lands adjacent to the lower Mississippi and neighboring streams have long been areas of convergence for cultural invasions. The introduction of new traits has continued, in some cases on a large scale, into the twentieth century. Examination of western Louisiana cultural landscapes indicates that the single most important developmental agency has been the lumber industry. The massive and overwhelming march of the mills into the district introduced forms and patterns which are both notably persistent and widely distributed. The pre-existing cultural base could not absorb them and subsequent change has failed to obscure them. Although the significance of lumbering in Louisiana geography has long been recognized, no systematic attempt to measure its full contribution has yet been made. The passage of time renders this work more difficult. The number of people with personal experience of the industry in its most active stages decreases and the original forms and patterns become more indistinct or disappear. This paper summarizes the results of an inquiry into the nature of landscape elements introduced into western Louisiana by lumbering during its most intensive phase. The area covered is the longleaf pine forest2 (Fig. 1), sometimes called the Calcasieu Pine District.3 Variations in climate and geology occur in this region, but in its original state it presented within its bounds a constant element, the long-
Prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis: changes in rabbit aorta and skin during experimental atherogenesis.

-4bstract The transformation of [l-W!]arachidonic acid into [14C]prostaglandin E2(PGE2) by rabbit aorta and skin was demonstrated by cell-free preparations, and the PGEz synthetase activity was located mainly in the microsomal fraction (105,000 g pellet) of both tissues. Rabbits fed an atherogenic diet (Purina rabbit chow plus 1% cholesterol and 2% cottonseed oil) developed atheroma in the aortas and skin lesions resembling xanthoma in 6 to 7 months. At the end of this period, increases in the conversion of [l-W]arachidonic acid into [W]PGE2 were observed in microsomal preparations of the intima-media of the aortas (2.5-fold of control) and normal-appearing skin (3.0-fold of control) of the experimental animal. Microsomal preparations of skin lesions particularly had greater ability to form PGEz (7-fold of control). level of PGEz in skin biopsy specimens of the rabbit was studied by gas-liquid chromatography over the first two months of cholesterol feeding. A 2- to 3-fold increase in the level of PGEz occurred in the first 2 weeks, reaching a peak of 30 ng/mg protein by the 35th day; thereafter, the level gradually declined to the control range at the end of two months. Control groups had a PGEz level of 2 to 12 ng/mg protein and did not show significant change throughout this period. The results suggest the involvement of PGEz in atherogenesis, and the possibility of using the skin as an experimental model for the study of atherosclerosis.
Water Production and Release in Comet C/1995 O1 Hale–Bopp

Abstract Ethane (C 2 H 6 ) was detected in Comet C/1995 O1 Hale–Bopp on 13 dates between UT 1996 September 20.3 ( R h =3.01 AU pre-perihelion) and 1997 September 25.7 ( R h =2.83 AU post-perihelion) using high-resolution infrared spectroscopy. Production rates and rotational temperatures were measured, and the derived heliocentric dependence for ethane production was Q =(5.52±0.20)×10 28 [ R h (−2.43±0.13) ] molecules s −1 . The spatial distribution of C 2 H 6 molecules in the coma was consistent with all ethane being released directly from the nucleus, although the possibility that a small fraction was released as a distributed source cannot be excluded. When our derived production rates for ethane, water, and acetylene (C 2 H 2 ) are compared, we obtain an average relative abundance of C 2 H 6 /H 2 O=(6.23±0.42)×10 −3 , and C 2 H 6 /C 2 H 2 =2.4±0.7. The high ethane abundance relative to acetylene in Hale–Bopp suggests its ices were altered by radiation processing and/or hydrogen-atom addition reactions on the surfaces of ice-mantled grains in the natal cloud. These results are not consistent with ices in Hale–Bopp originating in a thermally or chemically equilibrated region of the solar nebula.
Flash dry deposition of nanoscale material thin films

In this work, we report a simple and scalable solution-based method to deposit nanoscale material thin films. We have demonstrated uniform thin films fabricated by a flash dry deposition method, including carbon nanotubes and polyaniline nanofibers. The films are electrically uniform across an entire area of 8 inches by 8 inches in size. This method can be applied to other nanoscale materials and substrates or nanomaterial multilayer structures if the correct solution–substrate interface interaction is achieved. In the end, we use this method to deposit CNT thin films on an unusual substrate—the inner side of thin glass tubing. Such transparent and conductive coating in glass tubing is not possible with traditional indium tin oxide sputtering and allows for a novel design of electrowetting devices.
Results of sustained long-term use of interferon beta-1a in a community-based cohort of patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis.

Few studies have evaluated long-term efficacy of interferon beta-1a in large community-based cohorts.Evaluate time to relapse, relapse rate, and disability progression in patients treated with intr...
Hasty Conclusion About Acupuncture for Hypertension

To the Editor: In his editorial commentary, “Acupuncture for Hypertension,” Kaplan1 unequivocally concludes that, “acupuncture is of no value for the treatment of hypertension.” In their clinical trial, Macklin et al2 randomly assigned hypertensive subjects to 1 of 3 interventions using “individualized,” “standardized,” or “sham” acupuncture. Each intervention group experienced reductions in both systolic (at or more than …
Recognition of Some Primary Sedimentary Structures of Fluvial Sediments in the Subsurface

A method of recognition of some primary sedimentary structures of fluvial sediments in the subsurface, where these structures cannot be seen, has been developed. The method is based on two independent criteria, and it employs three sedimentary parameters: mean grain size, skewness, and kurtosis.
An Investigation into the Effects of Questionnaire Format and Color Variations on Mail Survey Response Rates

This study examines the effect on mail survey response rates of variations in questionnaire color and format. A follow-up mail survey to a corporate incentive program was sent to more than 3,500 participants. Monitoring response rates by questionnaire version showed that a user-friendly format, followed by a two-color design, significantly increased response rates. Question wording and sequencing remained the same across questionnaire versions while format and color varied. A literature review revealed three issues addressed by past studies—structural, functional, and incentive—that impact response rates. Previous studies have found no response rate increases due to altering the color of a questionnaire. However, this study found that a user-friendly format, and to some extent color, was valuable for increasing mail survey response rates. Implications for writers of all forms of communication are drawn.
Comparing biology majors from large lecture classes with TA-facilitated laboratories to those from small lecture classes with faculty-facilitated laboratories

The teaching faculty for this course sought to address their own concerns about the quality of student learning in an impersonal large lecture biology class for majors, the difficulties in getting ...
In Opposition to Liberty: We Need a “Sovereign” to Govern Drug Claims

This commentary discusses why maintaining our current standards for promotional statements from drug manufacturers can keep us from sinking back into a state of poorly founded drug claims and under...
Instruments of Security or Tools of Repression? Arms Imports and Human Rights Conditions in Developing Countries

Scholars traditionally have focused on arms as a means of deterring, initiating, maintaining, or terminating international war. Indeed, based on the assumption that a coercive military response is required if security is to be preserved, arms are widely viewed as an instrument of defense from external threat. In the developing world, however, internal threats are far more common. Yet the role of arms in facilitating domestic political violence has received far less scholarly attention. This article endeavors to expand upon both our understanding of arms as a source of conflict and our knowledge of the correlates of human rights repression. To this end, this study tests the relationship between the importation of arms and the repression of personal integrity rights. Employing a pooled time-series cross-sectional design, the patterns of arms acquisitions behavior and human rights violations are examined for developing countries for the years 1982 through 1992. The results indicate that arms imports by developing countries are linked to poor human rights conditions. Thus, arms acquisitions appear to contribute to repression by making violent political acts more feasible.
Strontium isotope analysis of Neolithic and Copper Age populations on the Great Hungarian Plain

Abstract The strontium isotope ratio (87Sr/86Sr) is used in archaeological studies to identify major events of population movement in prehistory such as migration, conquest, and inter-marriage. This study shows that the strontium isotope method can be expanded to identify more subtle shifts in prehistoric human mobility. 87Sr/86Sr isotope ratios were analyzed in dental enamel from human and faunal specimens from the Late Neolithic and Copper Age on the Great Hungarian Plain. The archaeological record indicates that several aspects of life changed during the transition from the Late Neolithic to the Copper Age (ca. 4500 BC) in Hungary; evidence for increased interaction over a wide geographical area, less resource pooling and the use of secondary products has been used to support the idea that local populations became more mobile, perhaps due to the adoption of an agro-pastoral economy. Results from this study identify a change in the range of strontium isotope values from the Late Neolithic to the Copper Age from a very narrow range of values to a much broader range of values, which suggests that changes in how land and resources were utilized on the Great Hungarian Plain affected incorporation of strontium into the skeletal system. This study indicates that the strontium isotope ratio is a valuable tool for identifying more subtle changes in prehistoric behavior such as a shift to a more pastoral economy.