cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential expression of nitric oxide in serotonergic projection neurons: neurochemical identification of dorsal raphe inputs to rodent trigeminal somatosensory targets.

The dorsal raphe (DR) is invested with nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-expressing profiles. To characterize the connections of NO-containing cells and further assess neurochemical relationships maintained by DR, the transmitter identity of the raphe projection to the trigeminal somatosensory system was examined. Rats were injected with retrograde tracer into vibrissae-related target areas or with anterograde tracer into DR. NADPH-diaphorase (NADPHd) histochemistry or NOS-immunostaining was combined with serotonin (5HT)- or serotonin transporter (SERT)-immunolabeling to examine: 1) the presence of NO in 5HT-containing axons from DR; 2) the distribution of NO-containing fibers with respect to other nitrergic profiles in the somatosensory system; and 3) the propensity for individual projection neurons in specific subdivisions of DR to colocalize 5HT and NO. Results confirm that “barrel-like” patches can be identified in several adult trigeminal relay nuclei by NADPHd histochemistry and demonstrate that fibers from DR contain 5HT and NO. Observations include a high percentage of cortical midline projection neurons which contained NADPHd (70–80%) and coexpressed 5HT. In contrast, ∼40% of retrogradely labeled DR-thalamus cells in the lateral wing demonstrated NADPHd or 5HT expression, but not both in the same neuron. Colocalization of NADPHd and 5HT within individual DR projection neurons indicates that: i) DR is a source of nitrergic input to trigeminal structures, and ii) NO and 5HT may be simultaneously released to influence information-processing within somatosensory targets. Disparities in NADPHd expression between retrogradely labeled DR neuronal subpopulations further suggest functional differences in the impact of NO on cortical and subcortical targets. J. Comp. Neurol. 466:495–512, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Combined forced and free convection in micropolar boundary layer flow on a vertical flat plate

Abstract Boundary layer solutions are presented to study the combined forced and free convection from a vertical semi-infinite plate to a micropolar fluid. The boundary conditions of isothermal wall and constant surface heat flux are considered. Numerical results are obtained for the velocity and temperature distribution and the missing wall values of the velocity and thermal functions. Micropolar fluids display drag reduction and reduced surface heat transfer rate when compared to Newtonian fluids.
Gender-role differences in decision-making orientations and decision-making skills

The relationship between gender role identification and decision making orientations was examined. Decision making was analyzed in terms of decision making orientation (behavioral, cognitive, and emotional) and decision making skills (problem definition and formulation, generation of alternative solutions, choice process, solution implementation, and verification). The results revealed a 2-factor characterization of general decision making in terms of approach-avoidance tendencies and self-appraisals of decision skills. A masculinity model was supported for decision making orientation, with masculinity serving as the only significant predictor. In contrast, an androgyny model was supported for decision making skills, with masculinity and femininity serving as significant predictors.
Induction of mitochondrial contraction and concomitant inhibition of succinate oxidation by magnesium ions.

Abstract The addition of 1 Him MgCl2 to partially swollen rat liver mitochondria respiring in an isoosmotic sucrose-sodium phosphate or sodium acetate medium containing 1 mm EDTA and 15 m m succinate (pH 7.2) initiates contraction, inhibits respiration, and alters the ultrastructural configuration of the inner membrane-cristae-matrix continuum. The maximal extent of contraction (A520 increase) attainable with MgCl2 in the phosphate medium is about 80% of the maximal contraction induced by 2,4-dinitrophenol but exceeds the maximal contraction induced with ADP by about 10%. The extent of mitochondrial contraction and the inhibition of succinate oxidation are dependent on MgCl2 concentration. MgCl2 at 1000 μm immediately inhibits about 70% of the succinate oxidation and initiates maximal extent of contraction concomitant with a distinct configurational change in ultrastructure which appears to differ from that initiated by either ADP or dinitrophenol. MgCl2 at 150 μm does not inhibit the rate of succinate oxidation but it does initiate about 75% of the maximal contraction (A520 increase) attained with 1000 μ m MgCl2. The rate of mitochondrial contraction is dependent on both the phosphate and MgCl2 concentration. CaCl2, in contrast to MgCl2, immediately stimulates succinate oxidation and after a sharp contraction spike of short duration initiates additional expansion of the inner membrane-cristae-matrix continuum. The contraction spike occurs in a reaction system containing either phosphate or acetate. The results are consistent with the notion that Mg2+ and Ca2+ may modulate mitochondrial volume and exert control over certain oxidative processes.
The effects of two movement therapy approaches on selected academic, physical and socio-behavioral measures of first grade children with learning and perceptual-motor problems

This study was designed to examine the effects of and to compare two remedial movement interventions on selected measures of academic achievement, physical performance and socio-behavioral adjustment of first grade children with learning and perceptual-motor problems. The two movement treatments were Dance/Movement Therapy (DMT) and Sensory Motor Activities (SMA). Sixty eight pupils were recruited from two comparable schools in the San Francisco Bay area of California and assigned to one of three groups: DMT; SMA; or Control. The two experimental groups received 30 minutes of treatment three times a week over a 13 week period. The Controls engaged in the school’s regular physical education program. The results of Multivariate Analyses of Covariance failed to disclose significant treatment difference among the three groups. Correlation analyses indicated generally low and fluctuating pre-posttest relationships among as well as within treatment groups. In the absence of a significant treatment effect, the unpredictability of group performance over time may have been more an indicator of idiosyncratic pupil performance than treatment efficacy.
Myelodysplasia and Acute Leukemia as Late Complications of Marrow Failure: Future Prospects for Leukemia Prevention

Patients who have acquired and inherited bone marrow failure syndromes are at risk for the development of clonal neoplasms including acute myeloid leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. This article reviews the evidence supporting a model of clonal selection, a paradigm that provides a reasonable expectation that these often fatal complications might be prevented in the future.
Social groups in a monastery

Abstract The concept of a social group is examined from a social interaction point of view. A definition of social group is proposed which can be operationalized. This definition is based on the idea that social groups are characterized by regions of dense interactions ties, and by internal structure of a hierarchiral nature. This definition gives rise to an algorithm which is then tested on Sampson's monastery data. The results are compared with Sampson's ethnographic account.
Nonprofit perceptions of local government performance in affordable housing

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine how executive directors of nonprofit organizations perceive local government performance in affordable housing. It builds on a larger body of research concerning the affordable housing activities of government and community‐based nonprofit housing organizations at the local level.Design/methodology/approach – This analysis is based on a national survey of neighborhood housing services (NHS) organizations funded by Neighborworks® America. The survey included questions about local government performance in affordable housing and perceptions of factors influencing local government funding decisions. Survey data were supplemented with information gathered from the Neighborworks® America website.Findings – The findings of this paper indicate that NHS organizations are not completely satisfied with local government performance. Local government performance in affordable housing received lower grades than other levels of government, as well as intermediary organi...
Temperature Change in New England: 1895-2012

Over the past century, the globe’s temperature has been increasing at a higher rate than in the past. Over the last century increasing temperature is due to higher levels of human-generated greenhouse gases. Global warming has a dominating effect and will cause changes in climates all over the world. Since 1895 air temperature data have been collected from stations across the United States and the data have been aggregated in the U.S. Historical Climatological Network (USHCN) data set with temperatures for the New England states. To determine if there has been a change in temperature in New England between the years 1895 until 2012, we calculated the USHCN data into annual, seasonal annual, decadal, and seasonal decadal anomalies for each state and New England as a whole. We then analyzed the anomalies using temperature change measurements. The decadal and annual temperature change values for each state were mapped so the data could be spatial analyzed. We also compare temperature change in New England to Global and Northern Hemisphere (44°N to 64°N) change. We did this by comparing the USHCN data to the Goddard Institute Space Studies (GISS) Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP) data set. Faculty Sponsor: Stephen Young
Antigen-specific T lymphocytes efficiently cluster with dendritic cells in the human primary mixed-leukocyte reaction☆

Experimental conditions have been developed to detect the efficient interaction of antigen-presenting cells and antigen-specific CD4+ T lymphocytes early in the human primary mixed-leukocyte reaction (MLR). When monocytes are depleted from the stimulator population, it is evident that small numbers of allogeneic dendritic cells form multicellular aggregates with responsive T cells. B cells and monocytes in allogeneic stimulator populations do not appear to form aggregates in the first 2 days of the MLR. Upon return to culture, most of the lymphocytes that have clustered with dendritic cells become IL-2 responsive, proliferating lymphoblasts. The nonclustered cells exhibit little growth, while mixtures of clusters and nonclusters proliferate comparably to clusters alone. Cluster-derived lymphocytes respond rapidly to rechallenge with foreign leukocytes from the original donor but are greater than 90% depleted of reactivity to other "third party" donors. Nonclustered lymphocytes, in contrast, are greater than 90% depleted in specific reactivity but respond normally to third party. Therefore antigen-specific (alloreactive) resting CD4+ lymphocytes efficiently and selectively aggregate with dendritic cells. Dendritic-T-cell aggregates represent a stable microenvironment in which the MLR begins and might be useful in the experimental analysis of early events in the sensitization phase of cell-mediated immunity in man.
Comparing late-cycle autoignition stability for single- and two-stage ignition fuels in HCCI engines

Abstract The characteristics of autoignition after top-dead-center (TDC) for both single- and two-stage ignition fuels have been investigated in a homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine. The single-stage ignition fuel was iso-octane and the two-stage ignition fuel was PRF80 (80% iso-octane and 20% n-heptane). The results show that the heat-release rate and pressure-rise rate both decrease as the combustion is retarded later into the early expansion stroke. This is an advantage for high-load HCCI operation. However, for both fuel-types, cycle-to-cycle variations of the ignition and combustion phasing increase with combustion-phasing retard. Also, the cycle-to-cycle variations are higher for iso-octane compared to PRF80. These observations can be explained by considering the magnitude of random temperature fluctuation and the temperature-rise rate just prior to thermal run-away. Furthermore, too much combustion-phasing retard leads to the appearance of partial-burn or misfire cycles, but the responses of the two fuels are quite different. The different behaviors can be explained by considering the thermal and chemical state of the residual exhaust gases that are recycled from one cycle to the next. The data indicate that a partial-burn cycle with iso-octane produces residuals that increase the reactivity of the following cycle. However, for the already more reactive PRF80 fuel, the partial-burn products present in the residuals do not increase the reactivity enough to overcome the retarding effect of cool residual gases.
Understanding Women: Implications for Personality Theory and Research

This paper addresses the neglect of work on feminine psychology as a symptom of the far broader impoverishment of contemporary work in personality. Bakan's concepts of agency and communion are invoked toward understanding the constraints imposed by current research paradigms. Agentic (masculine) modes of inquiry involving manipulation, quantification, and control need to be complemented by the communal (feminine) research styles (naturalistic, qualitative, open) developed in other disciplines. Three issues are proposed for research in personality: duality in human nature, typology and qualitative patterning and biological bases of personality. These issues are consonant with the nature of feminity, engage the talents of female investigators, and could foster development of the new research paradigms required for serious inquiry in personality. Suggestions for conceptual elaboration and empirical research are proposed.
Persistent asymptomatic infection of the laboratory mouse by simian foamy virus type 6: A new model of retrovirus latency

Simian foamy virus (SFV) type 6, originally isolated from the kidney of a kuru-inoculated chimpanzee, has been adapted to produce an asymptomatic infection in Swiss-Webster white mice, with virus detected in the kidney and spleen for up to 10 months after intra-peritoneal inoculation, and the presence in some animals of complement-fixing, but not neutralizing, serum antibody. This first successful experimental infection of the laboratory mouse by a representative of the foamy virus group has special interest as a convenient model in which to study pathogenesis and viral latency, particularly in view of the isolation and recent characterization of a foamy virus from human tissue which is virtually indistinguishable from the SFV type 6 used in the present study.
Effects of wheat germ agglutinin on membrane transport

(1) Low concentrations of wheat germ agglutinin are cytotoxic toward several tissue culture lines, including Chinese hamster ovary cells, Swiss 3T3 cells, mouse L cells and baby hamster kidney cells. The LD50 ranged from 1 to 5 microgram wheat germ agglutinin per ml. Similar concentrations of the lectin inhibited the transport of the non-utilizable amino acids alpha-aminoisobutyric acid and cycloleucine and inhibited the uptake of thymidine. In contrast, 2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake was not altered and colchicine uptake was enhanced. (2) The inhibition of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid uptake occurred within minutes after lectin addition and was maximal by 1 h. Maximal inhibition ranged from 50 to 70% of control values. Studies of the kinetics of the uptake demonstrated that wheat germ agglutinin decreased the V of the uptake by 70% without affecting the apparent Km. Ovomucoid, a haptene inhibitor of wheat germ agglutinin-binding to cell surface receptors, prevented the wheat germ agglutinin-induced inhibition of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid transport. Three other lectins (Concanavalin A, Phaseolus vulgaris E-phytohemagglutinin and L-phytohemagglutinin) inhibited the uptake by 20% or less at doses up to 50 microgram/ml. (3) We propose that the cytotoxicity of wheat germ agglutinin probably results in part, if not totally, from membrane alterations which impair multiple membrane transport systems.
An ion microprobe study of the tensile failure of A Pt-Rh-W alloy

An ion microprobe has been used to identify silicon as the embrittling agent responsible for the tensile failure of a Pt-30Rh-8W alloy. Silicon was found to be segregated on the grain boundaries of the alloy, and to have a concentration gradient along them from the outer surfaces toward the interior of the sample.
Spontaneous (accidental) hypothermia in the elderly

Oral temperatures were taken under field conditions on 730 elderly persons whose ages ranged from 60 to 94 years. The mean temperature of the sample was 36.4 °C (97.5°F). Compared with the British national survey, which numbered 1,020 cases, 3.4% of the cases were hypothermic (temperature ⩽ 35°C, or 95°F), whereas 5.1% of the British sample had temperatures at this level.
The mean cycle slip time for first-, second-, and third-order PLLs

This paper presents an analytic model for the mean time to lose lock for first-, second-, and third-order phase-locked loops (PLLs). The analytic model is of the same form as that of a first-order PLL with the appropriate corrections for second- and third-order PLLs. The modeling was done on SystemVue simulation.
INTERSTITIAL COMPOUNDS OF IRRADIATED GRAPHITE

As the result of an attempt to prepare unordered compounds of graphite containing more than 1.5 x 10/sup -3/ acceptor per carbon atom by the introduction of both chemical acceptors and radiation damage centers, evidence has been found for mutunl destruction of chemical acceptors and daunage centers. An analysis of the kinetic behavior of the mutunl destruction indicates that the extent of destruction is independent of the order in which the radiation damaging and chemical treatments are carried out. From some auxiliary experiments made necessary by the discovery of the above interaction it is concluded that the graphite bisulfate residue compounds are stable at room ffmperature, and that the bisulfate ion is not appreciably decomposed by the gamma flux in the reactor during short irradiations. The dependence of some electrical properties of graphite on the concentrations of both chemical acceptors and radiation damage centers has been analyzed on the basis of the two-band theory of a seuniconductor above its degeneracy temperature. It is concluded that whereas the Hall effect may be reasonably well understood the behaviors of the electrical resistance and magnetoresistance carnot be understood in terms of this theory, so that ihe introduction of additional hypotheses appears necessary. (auth)
Effect of Treatment with 5-Ethyl-2′-Deoxyuridine on Herpes Simplex Virus Encephalitis in Normal and Immunosuppressed Mice

Abstract 5-Ethyl-2′-deoxyuridine (5-ethyl-dUrd), an analog of thymidine, was evaluated for its capacity to inhibit herpes simplex virus (HSV) replication in vitro and in vivo. The 50% effective dose concentration of 5-ethyl-dUrd for HSV types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and -2) cultured in Vero cells was 6 and 9 μg/ml, respectively. Levels of 5-ethyl-dUrd 14-fold in excess of the 50% effective dose for HSV-1 did not inhibit the formation of confluent monolayers by Vero cells, suggesting that the compound was not cytotoxic or inhibitory for mammalian cells. In vivo studies showed that 5-ethyl-dUrd was effective in significantly reducing mortality when administered to young adult mice after subcutaneous infection with HSV-2. Intraperitoneal and intravenous inoculation of drug (250 mg/kg per day) resulted in a 50% survivor rate at 15 days. Comparative studies with adenine arabinoside at 250 mg/kg per day gave a 40% survivor rate. Intramuscular injection of 5-ethyl-dUrd at a concentration as high as 2,000 mg/kg per day for 10 days was well tolerated by uninfected animals, and HSV-2-infected mice treated at this dosage had a 100% survival rate. Treatment with 5-ethyl-dUrd at a concentration of 500 mg/kg per day significantly increased the mean survival times of HSV-1- and HSV-2-infected mice immunosuppressed by irradiation; however, the fatal course of the infection was not altered. Assay for virus in tissues showed that 5-ethyl-dUrd treatment delayed progression of the infection into the central nervous system, indicating suppression of virus replication in the tissues.
A Multiwavelength Campaign on γ Cassiopeiae. IV. The Case for Illuminated Disk-enhanced Wind Streams

On 1996 March 14¨15 we conducted a campaign with the Hubble Space Telescope GHRS to observe the Si IV jj1394, 1403 lines of the B0.5e star c Cas at high temporal and spectral resolution. As a part of this D22 hr campaign, the Rossi X-Ray T iming Explorer (RXT E) was also used to monitor this stars copious and variable X-ray emission. In this fourth paper of a series we present an analysis of the rapid variations of the discrete absorption components (DACs) of the Si IV doublet. The DACs attain a maximum absorption at (1280 km s~1, taper at higher velocities, and extend to (1800 km s~1. The DACs in this stars resonance lines have been shown to be correlated with a yr cycle in the Balmer Z6 line emission V /R ratio, and in 1996 this DAC strength was near its maximum. We derive hydrogen densities of 109¨1010 cm~3 in the DAC material using a curve-of-growth method and —nd that the plasma becomes marginally optically thick near (1280 km s~1. The ii mean DAC ˇˇ probably represents a broad ii plateau ˇˇ with a volume density intermediate between the stars midlatitude wind and equato- rial disk. We also follow the blueward evolution of subfeatures in the DACs. These features appear to emanate primarily from one or two discrete azimuths on the star and accelerate much more slowly than expected for the background wind, thereby exhibiting an enhanced opacity spiral stream pattern embed- ded within the structure forming the DAC. In the —rst two papers in this series, we suggested that active X-ray centers are associated with at least two major cool clouds forced into corotation. Several corre- lations of —ickering in the Si IV DACs are found in our data, which support the idea that changes in X-ray ionizing —ux cause changes in the ionization of material at various sectors along the spiral pattern. We demonstrate that similar —ickering is visible in archival IUE data from 1982 and may also be responsible for earlier reports from Copernicus of rapid changes in this stars UV and optical lines. Finally, we discovered that —ickering of the DAC —uxes in the 1982 data is correlated with rotation phase and shows a modulation with a 7.5 hr cyclical cessation of X-ray —ares that was observed recently by RXT E. This con—rms our basic picture that lulls in X-ray activity close to the stars surface cause both a lower Si V ionization fraction and an increase in Si IV variability within the DAC structures. Subject headings: circumstellar matterline: pro—lesstars: early-typestars: emission-line, Be ¨ stars: individual (c Cassiopeiae) ¨ stars: winds, out—ows
Development and testing of a neuropathic pain screening questionnaire: ID Pain

ABSTRACTObjective: To develop a patient-completed screening tool to help differentiate nociceptive and neuropathic pain.Research design and methods: A multicenter study was performed for item reduction (initial 89-item questionnaire) and model building. Patients (N = 586) with non-headache chronic pain completed the questionnaire and were referred to pain specialists for diagnosis. Factor and regression analyses were used to derive a final, 6-item questionnaire – ID Pain. A second multicenter study evaluated reliability and validity. Patients (N = 308) treated by pain specialists completed ID Pain and validation measures.Main outcome measures: Sensitivity and specificity were assessed using receiver operating characteristic curves and the concordance c index. Reliability was assessed using a κ statistic and intraclass correlation coefficient.Results: Final 6 items were: did the pain feel: (1) like pins and needles? (2) hot/burning? (3) numb? (4) like electrical shocks? (5) is the pain made worse with the ...
Learning image query concepts via intelligent sampling

In this paper, we propose an active and inductive combined learning method to learn users’ image query concepts. We model query concepts in -CNF, which can be used to express most practical queries. To learn a user’s query concept, we propose MEGA. MEGA initializes a user’s query concept as the conjunction of all disjunctions of at most length of the predicates. It then intelligently selects unlabeled data to present to the user for gathering information to eliminate the maximum expected number of disjunctions. MEGA maximizes the usefulness of each example it generates for learning a user’s query concept and hence expedites the convergence to the target concept. Through analysis and experiments, we show that MEGA can learn a complex image query concept much faster than some traditional schemes.
Detecting interannual variation in deciduous broadleaf forest phenology using Landsat TM/ETM+ data

Abstract Observations of vegetation phenology provide valuable information regarding ecosystem responses to climate variability and change. Phenology is also a first-order control on terrestrial carbon and energy budgets, and remotely sensed observations of phenology are often used to parameterize seasonal vegetation dynamics in ecosystem models. Current land surface phenology products are only available at moderate spatial resolution and possess considerable uncertainty. Higher resolution products that resolve finer spatial detail are therefore needed. A need also exists for data sets and methods that link ground-based observations of phenology to moderate resolution land surface phenology products. Data from the Landsat TM and ETM + sensors have the potential to meet these needs, but have been largely unexplored by the phenology research community. In this paper we present a method for characterizing both long-term average and interannual dynamics in the phenology of temperate deciduous broadleaf forests using multi-decadal time series of Landsat TM/ETM + images. Results show that spring and autumn phenological transition dates estimated from Landsat data agree closely with in-situ measurements of phenology collected at the Harvard Forest in central Massachusetts, and that Landsat-derived estimates for the start and end of the growing season in Southern New England varied by as much as 4 weeks over the 30-year record of Landsat images. Application of this method over larger scales has the potential to provide valuable information related to landscape-scale patterns and long term dynamics in phenology, and for bridging the gap between in-situ phenological measurements collected at local scales and land surface phenology metrics derived from moderate spatial resolution of instruments such as MODIS and AVHRR.
Improving Pharmacist Knowledge of Oral Chemotherapy in the Community

BACKGROUND:Approximately 10% of chemotherapy agents are administered orally, with anticipated annual growth of this practice. In the future, community pharmacy practitioners will potentially serve a larger role in the management of patients with cancer.OBJECTIVE:To improve pharmacist confidence, knowledge of oral chemotherapy agents, and dispensing behaviors through live continuing pharmacy education (CPE) programs.METHODS:A prospective cohort study of pharmacists attending live CPE programs in Rhode Island and Maine was conducted between March and May 2010. A survey was administered before and after the educational program; primary outcome measures included change in level of pharmacist confidence in oral chemotherapy knowledge, overall knowledge, and willingness to adjust behavior when dispensing oral chemotherapy agents in community pharmacy.RESULTS:Two hundred fifty-seven of the 410 pharmacists in attendance participated in the survey. Pharmacists significantly improved in confidence level, from no co...
Contrasting effects of convective flow on catheter ablation lesion size: cryo versus radiofrequency energy.

Background: Cryoablation has now become an alternative to treat many cardiac arrhythmias, and may be the treatment of choice in some patient populations. We compared the effects of convective flow on large-tip cryo and radiofrequency (RF) lesions dimensions. Methods: Cryoablation and RF ablation were performed on porcine heart sections in a saline bath with varying directed flow rates. Cryoablation was performed for 4 minutes on 50 tissue pieces with tip temperature controlled at −80 ◦ C. RF ablation was performed on 50 tissue pieces for 60 seconds at 60 ◦ C tip temperature. The pieces were placed in culture media for 24 hours, and then sectioned, stained, and measured. Results: Cryoablation and RF lesion sizes varied significantly with flow such that higher flow rates produced smaller cryoablation lesions and larger RF lesions (mean cryoablation volumes: 854 ± 402, 808 ± 217, 781 ± 217, 359 ± 114, and 292 ± 117 mm 3 , and mean RF volumes: 211 ± 35, 304 ± 79, 439 ± 125, 525 ± 187, and 597 ± 126 mm 3 for 0, 1, 2, 3, and 5L/min flow rates, respectively, P < 0.0005). Trabeculated pieces had larger cryoablation lesions and smaller RF lesions than nontrabeculated ones at higher flow rate (P < 0.005). Cryoablation lesion volume increased as the time to reach −80 ◦ C decreased (r 2 = 0.72). Conclusion: In contrast to RF ablation, cryoablation lesion size is smaller at high flow rates, and larger at low flow rates due to the warming effects of local convective flow. The effects of high flow are reduced in areas of trabeculation, and the time to reach −80 ◦ C predicts cryoablation lesion size. (PACE 2008; 31:300‐307)
Single cell imaging of Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase using an irreversible inhibitor

A number of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors are currently in development, yet it has been difficult to visualize BTK expression and pharmacological inhibition in vivo in real time. We synthesized a fluorescent, irreversible BTK binder based on the drug Ibrutinib and characterized its behavior in cells and in vivo. We show a 200 nM affinity of the imaging agent, high selectivity and irreversible binding to its target following initial washout, resulting in surprisingly high target-to-background ratios. In vivo, the imaging agent rapidly distributed to BTK expressing tumor cells, but also to BTK-positive tumor-associated host cells.
The RNA Society: after 20 years clearly a big success.

This 20th anniversary of the RNA journal is a time to look back on what we have accomplished and perhaps more important to decide what is important for the future. I won't reiterate Olke Uhlenbeck's “Imperfect Account of the Founding of the RNA Society.” You can find that account on our website. I am glad Olke wrote it down when he did because you wouldn't want the aging founders to write it now. But I do remember quite well the elements I thought we needed. I thought it important that we have a society journal and that the journal should be rigorous in its review of the science but should not be a magazine. We even knew then that the criteria for a Science, Nature or Cell paper were not solely that the science be rigorous but that the material be “trendy.” Of course that is much worse now than it was then (or maybe we are no longer trendy). Serious peer reviewed publication of scientific results is important for getting a job, for academic advancement and for grant renewals. It is clear that we have accomplished what we set out to do in this regard. I thought that we should own the journal. The model for this is the JBC owned by ASBMB and the Protein Journal owned by the Protein Society. When the society owns the journal it can determine the policies of the journal and can maintain those policies. This would not necessarily be true if the journal is owned by a large publishing house. Furthermore I was aware that the ASBMB is wealthy because of its ownership of the JBC. We had been having various RNA processing meetings, first at Brookhaven and then for a number of years at Cold Spring Harbor. We wanted to formalize the nature and organization of an annual meeting. Our meetings have been a huge success because from the first the policy was that short talks be given by students (perhaps the early phage meetings were a model for this). But even more important, and this was never a written policy, was that the PIs be there and that they attend the talks. When a student gives a talk and he or she knows that the likes of Joan Steitz, Tom Cech, and Olke Uhlenbeck are sitting in the front row the talk takes on much more significance. All of the labs in this field work very hard with their students in preparing these talks and the sense of accomplishment in pulling it off is a priceless reward for the effort. For the future, I think we face a different and more difficult set of problems. We all know that the path the scientists of my era followed: Write a good thesis, do a good postdoc and get an academic job is much more difficult now. It is clear that our students understand this. I will not suggest solutions for this problem here but I have faith that our former students, now the leaders of the society, will take them on.
Health Behavior in Persons Living with Chronic Conditions

The historical shift from infectious to chronic disease has tremendous implications for health behavior, attitudes, and expectations concerning health and illness. Exclusive reliance on the prevailing “medical model” of illness, however, tends to perpetuate a health care system that is overly attuned to acute care and intervention, often at the expense of chronic illness and its sufferers. Looking at these inconsistencies, this chapter advances a psychosocial perspective on chronic illness—one that provides a more holistic view of the social processes that take place between the ill person and the illness. Using as examples two modern-day chronic diseases—diabetes and end-stage renal disease—the chapter discusses the potentially diverse behavioral impacts of chronic illness on the illness-bearer within the contexts of the ill person’s social networks, the professional medical providers, and society in general. In particular, the chapter advances issues regarding the negotiation of roles and responsibility within the confines of the traditional doctor-patient relationship, as well as those that occur within the broader rubric of social life.
Brain cancer: Tumour cells on neighbourhood watch

The discovery of microtube structures that link tumour cells in some invasive brain tumours reveals how these cancers spread, and how they resist treatment.
Explaining away intelligence: A reply to Howe

Howe (1988) proposes that intelligence fails as an explanatory construct because, he claims, it does not meet any of 10 criteria he believes are necessary conditions for a construct to have explanatory value. To the contrary, the construct as it is used today does meet Howe's criteria, and therefore Howe's dismissal of intelligence as an explanatory construct is incorrect by Howe's own standards of evaluation.
Instructional applications of the cloze technique

Abstract This report features ways in which the CLOZE procedure, as generally used in the formal assessment of readability and/or reading achievement, has been modified for various instructional purposes. A rationale for using closure tasks to augment existing reading methods is developed on the basis of psycholinguistic research and information processing theory. Examples of CLOZE exercises designed to develop a variety of reading behaviors are illustrated. Sample activities include model exercises in the use of general context clues, content‐context clues, and word identification skills including phonic generalizations and morphemic analysis. Exercises for the study of relationships cued by function words, pronoun and antecedent relationships, and organizational patterns of paragraph development are also illustrated. The article concludes with a three‐phase teaching procedure recommended for implementing CLOZE as an instructional technique.
Searching the medical literature on the Internet

The volume of new information being added to the medical literature is expanding quickly. Hence, computer-assisted literature searches frequently are used to assist in patient care and clinical problem solving, including choosing the most appropriate diagnostic tests, properly diagnosing medical conditions, and developing and implementing suitable treatment plans. This article describes techniques for performing more efficient medical literature searches using the PubMed interface of MEDLINE.
Simulating Atmospheric Exposure using an Innovative Meteorological Sampling Scheme

Multimedia risk assessments require the temporal integration of atmospheric concentration and deposition estimates with other media modules. However, providing an extended time series of estimates is computationally expensive. An alternative approach is to substitute longterm average atmospheric estimates, but traditional methods for calculating long-term averages (e.g. joint frequency function) are not amenable to estimating wet deposition. In an effort to produce the required estimates without the computational burden, we developed an extension to the Sampled Chronological Input Model (SCIM) (Koch and Thayer, 1974) for use in U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (USEPA) Industrial Source Complex Short Term (ISCST3) model (USEPA, 1995). SCIM samples the long term meteorological record at regular, user-specified intervals. Since hourly meteorology is being used, the serial correlation between deposition and concentration is maintained. However, this simple sampling scheme significantly underestimates wet deposition, particularly at sites with infrequent precipitation. We were able to reduce the uncertainty by introducing an additional sampling interval for hours with precipitation into the original SCIM methodology. Using this revised technique, concentration and dry deposition are calculated using the "regular" SCIM sampling; concentration and dry and wet deposition are calculated from hours sampled during "wet" SCIM sampling. A composite, weighted average is taken at the end of the simulation to determine annual values.
Detecting the Egg Parasitoid Anaphes iole (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in Tarnished Plant Bug (Heteroptera: Miridae) Eggs by Using a Molecular Approach

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was used to develop a specific molecular marker for detection of immature stages of the egg parasitoid Anaphes iole Girault developing within its host, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois). Ribosomal DNA sequences for the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) were cloned and sequenced from adult A. iole and L. lineolaris. PCR amplification of genomic DNA using primers designed on the basis of these rDNA sequences, followed by agarose gel electrophoresis, successfully detected eggs and larvae of the parasitoid within L. lineolaris eggs. This molecular method is highly specific and sensitive. A 661-bp wasp DNA fragment was consistently amplified from pure DNA extracted from a single wasp, from a DNA mixture prepared from a wasp and an L. lineolaris egg, and from a DNA mixture prepared from a wasp, an L. lineolaris egg, and alfalfa tissue. The presence of plant tissue did not hinder detection of A. iole within host eggs. With this PCR technique, as low as 5 × 10−6 wasp DNA equivalent (1.2 pg DNA) could be easily detected. The PCR technique provided more rapid detection of parasitism rates than observed by rearing parasitized host eggs in artificial oviposition packets. PCR technology shows promise for early and sensitive detection and identification of single and multiple species of egg parasitoids in agricultural and natural systems.
Extension of organ transplantation: some ethical considerations.

The concept of vital organ transplantation is critically analyzed by considering how traditional transplantation modifies the commitment to saving lives. Problems such as those associated with immunosuppression might seem to provide a compelling reason to oppose extension of transplantation to non-lifesaving situations. A closer examination, however, shows that immunosuppression does not present an intractable objection. For some organ transplants, such as the uterus, use of immunosuppression could be limited to the childbearing years. Complexities associated with assessment of quality of life are discussed using the example of hand transplantation. Assessment of success and functionality in a hand transplant is more complicated than it might appear at first. These complications suggest that monitoring and assessment should be a part of any extension of organ transplantation. Informed consent provides a limited, but important, component in justifying extended transplantation. Such justification, however, does not rest on patient autonomy, but on the reasonable prospect of benefit. Transplant programs considering an extension of traditional transplantation should develop formal protocols that include assessment of costs, benefits, quality of life, and the adequacy of informed
Contradictory or Complementary? Indigenous Innovation and Manufacturing Policy in China's Wind and Solar Sectors

In support of renewable energy industries, China’s central and local governments have pursued divergent goals, as central government policies have encouraged industrial upgrading through ‘indigenous innovation’ (Liu and Cheng 2011, State Council 2006), while local governments have continued to provide incentives and policy support for traditional manufacturing activities. In this environment, China’s wind and solar firms have often shunned central government requirements for autonomous technology development, drawing instead on local government resources for mass production. To date, China’s wind and solar firms continue to rely on global partners in the development of renewable energy products, even as China has become an important location for the commercialization of new wind turbine and solar panel technologies. Has local government support for the manufacturing economy undermined the central government’s indigenous innovation strategy for renewable energy sectors?This paper argues that local manufacturing policies have not prevented the establishment of innovative capabilities in Chinese wind and solar firms. Rather, local government policies have provided an important corrective to some of the weaknesses inherent in China’s indigenous innovation policy framework, most importantly its inattention to the collaborative nature of innovation in contemporary supply chains and the importance of innovative manufacturing capabilities in product development. Based on 107 interviews in 43 Chinese wind and solar firms, I find that China’s wind and solar firms have build on local government resources for manufacturing to establish highly innovative capabilities in mass production. By utilizing local manufacturing resources to establish innovative manufacturing capabilities, Chinese wind and solar firms have not defied upgrading and innovation, but have followed global trends toward niche specialization and collaboration in product development. These findings suggest that local government policies to support the manufacturing economy are not in conflict with central government goals for upgrading and innovation. Resources for manufacturing firms provided by local governments have enabled new options for the establishment of innovative capabilities in manufacturing itself -- options which have been neglected by the narrow conceptualization of innovation underlying the central government’s indigenous innovation framework.
Impact of Assurance Level and Tax Status on the Tendency of Relatively Small Manufacturers to Manage Production and Earnings

The number and importance of private companies in the United States indicates that reliable quality of financial accounting reports (QFAR) of private companies that are useful for decision making is likely to be important for economic growth. Most previous research examining QFAR addressed earnings management among publicly-traded companies. This study extends prior literature by examining whether abnormal production of public and private companies is impacted by (i) assurance type (PCAOB-audit, GAAS-audit, and SSARS-Review), (ii) tax status (separately taxed versus pass-through entity) of private companies, and (iii) relative size. An audit of financial statements provides a high degree of assurance, whereas a review provides limited assurance. Due to data limitations with our private company sample, this study focuses on earnings management through abnormal production by manufacturing companies. When examining companies that just met the benchmark of prior years' earnings or zero earnings we found positive abnormal production for publicly traded companies and privately held audited-taxable companies, but not for other privately held companies. Not identified in previous studies, we find that abnormal production of similarly sized public companies and private companies differ. Our findings provide evidence relevant to the Big GAAP/Little GAAP debate and that one set of accounting standards may not satisfy all public and private company financial statement users. Also, results of this study support the recommendations of the Financial Accounting Foundation’s Blue Ribbon Panel’s Report for establishing a separate private company standards board to help ensure appropriate modifications to GAAP.
Etiological and molecular characteristics of diarrhea caused Proteus mirabilis

Objective To analyze the etiological characteristics,virulence genes and plasmids that carrying diarrhea-causing Proteus mirabilis and to assess their relationship with drug resistance and pathogenicity. Methods Proteus mirabilis coming from six different sources （food poisoning,external environment and healthy people） were analyzed biochemically,on related susceptibility and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis （PFGE）. Virulence genes were detected by PCR. Plasmids were extracted and sequenced after gel electrophoresis purification. Results The biochemical characteristics of Proteus mirabilis from different sources seemed basically the same,and each of them showed having common virulence genes,as ureC,rsmA,hpmA and zapA. However,the PFGE patterns and susceptibility of these strains were different,so as the plasmids that they carried. Plasmid that presented in the sequenced strain showed that the 2 683 bp length plasmid encodes qnrD gene was associated with the quinolone resistance. Conclusion Etiological characteristics and molecular characteristics of Proteus mirabilis gathered from different sources,were analyzed. Results indicated that traditional biochemical analysis and common virulence gene identification might be able to distinguish the strains with different sources. However,PFGE and plasmids analysis could distinguish the sources of strains and to identify those plasmids that commonly carried by the drug-resistant strains. These findings also provided theoretical basis for further study on the nature of resistance and pathogenicity in Proteus mirabilis. Key words: Proteus mirabilis; Virulence gene; Plasmid; Drug-resistant
Conspicuously Absent: Birth Choice as the Next Feminist Fight

This paper first looks at the state of maternal medical care in the United States today by comparing the two most common models of healthcare and then examining governance activities. Section two briefly outlines the history of the feminist movement and posits that disagreements over abortion have stalled the birth movement. The section culminates by considering that feminists should take on the cause of women to choose how and where they birth, no matter their distinct ideologies. Finally, this paper suggests solutions to the stagnated birth statistics and feminist movement by considering one proposed piece of legislation concerning maternal healthcare and the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologist’s responding initiative, ultimately recommending adoption of the birth legislation because it aims to improve maternal health and autonomy.