cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The protection of Cu by ferrous sulphate additions

Abstract It has been found that a film composed primarily of lepidocrocite (γ-FeO·OH) can be electrophoretically deposited on Cu cathodes from a NaCl FeSO4 solution. The lepidocrocite film protects the Cu against corrosion by polarizing the local cathodes. The film has no detectable effect on the anodic dissolution of Cu.
A reciprocal theorem for an aging viscoelastic body

Abstract A reciprocal theorem is developed for a time-variable, linear viscoelastic body whose mechanical properties are governed by a single aging time function. The reciprocal relation obtained is of the Maxwell-Betti type, but it involves a convolution in time over a “family” of histories of mechanical states, rather than over a single history. A simple applicavion of the theorem is made, to deduce a formula for the total volume change of a time-variable tiscoelastic body.
Toward a Clarification of the Police Role as a Human Services Agency

Dating from the early 1970s the term "human services" has been applied to a variety of helping efforts. There has been little agreement, however, concerning either a comprehensive definition of human services or the professions and occupations which constitute their activities. The police are analyzed to determine the degree of their adherence to human services ideology which is defined to include systemic integration, comprehensiveness and accessibility, problems in living, generic helping characteristics, and accountability. To the extent that these themes are supported, the police may be properly regarded as a human services agency. Implications of this conclusion for both the police and for human services policy planners are considered.
Denial and helplessness in cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy: Sex differences and implications for prognosis

One hundred consecutive outpatients undergoing radiation therapy were prospectively studied using the Locus of Control Inventory designed by Rotter and a questionnaire covering various aspects of diagnosis, implications of disease, and details of therapy. The Locus of Control Inventory, which measures a person's belief that life's important events are controlled by personal effort (internality) as opposed to factors outside of one's control (externality), revealed a significant difference between men and women in this study. Although women were similar to the general healthy population, men expressed a greater sense of control as their radiation therapy progressed. Men were also more likely to characterize their illness as not very serious and to deny knowledge of their correct diagnoses or details of their treatment. With survival determined at two years following the study, it was found that living and deceased women had initially rated the seriousness of their illnesses appropriately, while deceased men had rated their illnesses as significantly less serious than women or surviving men. It is concluded that sexual differences in coping mechanisms may be accentuated by malignancy and men may actively deny their diagnosis and its implications. This amount of denial and sense of personal control in the face of a potentially fatal illness may indicate a need for more supportive clinical intervention for the radiation therapy patient.
Conflict, Consensus, and Coalition: Economic and Workforce Development Strategies for African Americans and Latinos

Any work toward racial equity in America will need to include strengthening the black–Latino coalition. While there are political and social tensions between these groups, much of the underlying issue involves real and perceived perceptions of economic competition, particularly the notion that immigrant Latinos undercut African American wages. We note that there is some evidence that immigrants pull down incomes of US-born unskilled workers—both black and Latino. We argue, however, that highly restrictive immigration policy will have minimal effects and erode collective political power; a superior alternative is working together to reduce high school dropout rates, raise the minimum wage, reintegrate ex-offenders, rigorously enforce antidiscrimination law, promote comprehensive immigration reform, and pursue community development. Such an analysis is gaining ground in grassroots efforts to build trust and forge policy coalitions between Latinos and African Americans.
Approaching the Challenge of Student Retention through the Lens of Quality Control: A Conceptual Model of University Business Student Retention Utilizing Six Sigma

Student retention in higher education is a major issue as academic institutions compete for fewer students and face declining enrollments. A conceptual model of applying the quality improvement met...
Time-varying transformations for Hill-Clohessy-Wiltshire solutions in elliptic orbits

The relative motion of chief and deputy satellites in close proximity with orbits of arbitrary eccentricity can be approximated by linearized time-periodic equations of motion. The linear time-invariant Hill–Clohessy–Wiltshire equations are typically derived from these equations by assuming the chief satellite is in a circular orbit. Two Lyapunov–Floquet transformations and an integral-preserving transformation are here presented which relate the linearized time-varying equations of relative motion to the Hill–Clohessy–Wiltshire equations in a one-to-one manner through time-varying coordinate transformations. These transformations allow the Hill–Clohessy–Wiltshire equations to describe the linearized relative motion for elliptic chief satellites.
Enhancement of cholesteryl ester metabolism in cultured human monocyte-derived macrophages by verapamil.

Abstract The effect of the Ca 2+ entry blocker, verapamil, on the biosynthesis of cholesterol and the metabolism of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was studied in cultured human monocyte-derived macrophages. Addition of verapamil (50 μM) of monocyte-derived macrophages enhanced 125 I-LDL and 125 I-labelled acetyl-LDL binding and internalization, and increased [2- 14 C]acetate incorporation into cholesterol. Since higher levels of LDL and modified lipoproteins may be implicated in atherogenesis, the more efficient processing of these lipoproteins by monocyte-derived macrophages in the presence of Ca 2+ blocker warrants further assessment for its potential as an antiatherogenic agent.
When Black Hats Are Really White

Each August, more than 4,000 IT administrators, industry experts, government officials, and hackers gather at a convention in Las Vegas. The Black Hat Briefings (www.blackhat.com), as that conference is known, started out many years ago as a hacker's convention, but it has evolved into the premier venue for technical information on cybersecurity and the latest security research.
Megavoltage irradiation of epithelial tumors of the nasopharynx

Abstract The present analysis is limited to 251 patients treated with megavoltage irradiation at M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute between 1954 and December 1977. The 5-year actuarial disease-free survival for all patients studied is 52%; it is 42%, 65%, and 14%, respectively, for those with squamous cell carcinoma, lympbepitbelioma, and unclassified carcinoma. There were 49 (19.5%) local failures, 32 (12.7%) regional failures, and 73 (29.19%) distant metastases. A previous review had shown an unsatiafactory control rate for T 1 and T 2 squamous cell carcinoma, the reason for which may have been that the actual delivered dose to the nasopbarynx was less thin the calculated dose. Since 1972, an additional 500 to 750 rad has been delivered through parallel opposed small fields centered over the angle of the nassopharynx. Thus, this analysis is divided into two periods, 1954 through December 1971, and January 1972 through December 1977, to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment changes. The control rate for T 1 and T 2 squamous cell carcinomas has increased from 76.4% to 94.2%.
Gastric-Esophageal Stenting for Malignant Dysphagia: Results of Prospective Clinical Trial Evaluation of Long-Term Gastroesophageal Reflux and Quality of Life-Related Symptoms

Background Stenting across the gastroesophageal (GE) junction for adenocarcinoma has historically been contraindicated secondary to the concerns for severe GE reflux (GER) symptoms. The aim of this study was to assess reflux symptoms and quality of life (QOL) effects in patients undergoing esophageal stenting across the GE junction. Study Design We performed a prospective single arm QOL clinical trial evaluating patients with stage 2/3 GE junction adenocarcinoma, undergoing neoadjuvant therapy (from baseline to 10 weeks post-stenting) after stenting across the GE junction, for GER symptoms and QOL-GER assessments (EORTC-QLQ-O25 and Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Esophageal [FACT-E]). Results Forty consecutive patients were enrolled in this clinical trial. The median age was 62 years (range 47 to 83 years); 84% were male and 19% were female patients. Median dysphagia score of 3 (only liquids tolerated) pre-stent was significantly improved to a score of 0 (ability to eat all foods) post-stent (p = 0.01). There was a significantly improved and sustained swallowing QOL from 2 weeks up to 10 weeks post-stent. The GER-QOL scores were similar 2 weeks post-stent, but were significantly improved throughout the rest of the study. Proton pump inhibitors were being used in 58% of patients pre-stent and in 85% of patients at 2- to 10-week follow-up. Planned chemotherapy and/or chemo-radiation therapy was completed in 95% of all patients. Stent migration (radiologic and/or complete) was seen in 63% of patients at some time during their therapy and corresponded to pathologic response in 85% of those patients. Conclusions Esophageal stenting across the GE junction remains the optimal therapy for dysphagia relief in esophageal malignancies and does not adversely affect a patient's GER-QOL. Esophageal stenting across the GE junction is not contraindicated and should be the initial therapy in patient management.
Geochemical and Health Policy Dimensions of the Controversy about Fluorides in Water Resources

Fluorine has natural and anthropogenic sources. Its presence in water resources and its addition to drinking water as fluoride to aid dental health have generated scientific controversies and policy disputes in many parts of the world during the past 15 years. The concentration of fluorine in the earth’s crust is about 0.3 g/kg. It is a constituent of rocks ~especially, volcanic rocks!, soils, and living matter. By virtue of its position in the periodic table of chemical elements, it is highly electronegative. Consequently, it tends to react with other substances under prevailing environmental conditions to form fluorides. Fluorides enter surface water and groundwater systems through dissolution and leaching of mineral deposits and rock formations; precipitation and flooding events; and release of inadequately treated or untreated wastes into the environment. The near-surface environment in which country rocks exist is dynamic and promotes the development of physicochemical interactions that have produced rocks that vary in geochemistry from one region to another. Globally, the reported levels of fluoride in groundwater are in the range of 1–35 mg/L. At a specific location, water that is taken from wells that penetrate fluoride-bearing bedrock is likely to have greater concentrations of fluoride than water from wells that terminate in the soil profile. Industrial operations conducted within the last 60 years constitute the main source of anthropogenic fluoride in groundwater. Fluoride is released during phosphate processing for fertilizers, aluminum smelting operations, and production processes of glass, bricks, and steel. In the United States and other technologically developed countries, the deployment of innovative ~and less polluting! technologies, voluntary environmental stewardship by industrial organizations, and enforcement of industrial effluent guidelines by local, regional, and national agencies have made it rare for fluoride concentrations to exceed 3 mg/L in groundwater. For example, in Nebraska, the reported range is 0.1–2.6 mg/L ~Headrick 1996!. In the State of New Hampshire, less than 1.0% of bedrock wells produce water with fluoride concentrations in excess of 4.0 mg/L ~NHDES 2002!. As a continuation of the practice that started in Grand Rapids, Michigan, on January 25, 1945, fluoride is added to drinking water by most municipalities in the United States. The known benefit is that it reduces tooth decay when it is taken at the appropriate dose. Daily consumption of water that has a fluoride concentration of 4 mg/L does not present a health risk. The World Health Organization recommends a fluoride content of 1.5 mg/L in drinking water. In general, in the United States, the optimum fluoride content in drinking water is considered to be 0.7–1.2 mg/L. It is also known that daily drinking of water with fluoride concentrations above 2.0 mg/L can cause dental fluorosis. Fluo-
Additive transfer free energies of the peptide backbone unit that are independent of the model compound and the choice of concentration scale.

With knowledge of individual transfer free energies of chemical groups that become newly exposed on protein denaturation and assuming the group transfer free energy contributions are additive, it should be possible to predict the stability of a protein in the presence of denaturant. Unfortunately, several unresolved issues have seriously hampered quantitative development of this transfer model for protein folding/unfolding. These issues include the lack of adequate demonstration that group transfer free energies (ΔGtr) are additive and independent of the choice of model compound, the problem arising from dependence of ΔGtr on concentration scales, the lack of knowledge of activity coefficients, and the validity of the mathematical constructs used in obtaining ΔGtr values. Regarding transfer from water to 1 M concentrations of the naturally occurring osmolytes, trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), sarcosine, betaine, proline, glycerol, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, and urea, using cyclic glycylglycine, zwitterio...
Evolutionary game theoretic strategy for optimal drug delivery to influence selection pressure in treatment of HIV-1

Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) escape mutation is associated with long-term behaviors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Recent studies indicate heterogeneous behaviors of reversible and conservative mutants while the selection pressure changes. The purpose of this study is to optimize the selection pressure to minimize the long-term virus load. The results can be used to assist in delivery of highly loaded cognate peptide-pulsed dendritic cells (DC) into lymph nodes that could change the selection pressure. This mechanism may be employed for controlled drug delivery. A mathematical model is proposed in this paper to describe the evolutionary dynamics involving viruses and T cells. We formulate the optimization problem into the framework of evolutionary game theory, and solve for the optimal control of the selection pressure as a neighborhood invader strategy. The strategy dynamics can be obtained to evolve the immune system to the best controlled state. The study may shed light on optimal design of HIV-1 therapy based on optimization of adaptive CTL immune response.
A real-time optical sensor for simultaneous measurement of three-DOF motions

The need for simultaneous measurement of multiple degree-of-freedom (DOF) motions can be found in numerous applications such as robotic assembly, precision machining, optical tracking, wrist actuators, and active joysticks. Conventional single-axis encoders, though capable of providing high-resolution (linear or angular) measurements, rely on mechanical linkages (that often introduce frictions, backlashes, and singularities) to constrain the device so that the three-DOF (3-DOF) motion can be deduced from the individual orthogonal measurements. We present here a noncontact optical sensor for 3-DOF planar and spherical orientation measurements. We begin with the operational principle of a microscopic-surface-based optical sensor. The design concept and theory of a dual-sensor system capable of measuring 3-DOF planar and spherical motions in real time are then presented. Along with a detailed analysis, the concept feasibility of two prototype 3-DOF dual-sensor systems for measuring the instantaneous center of rotation and the angular displacement of a moving surface is demonstrated experimentally. It is expected that the analysis will serve as a basis for optimizing key design parameters that could significantly influence the sensor performance.
Wine Makers and Bottle Makers: a Parable

A CERTAIN country was noted for its wonderful native wines, both sparkling and mellow. Grapes were grown by small individual owners, and each specialist was proud of his product and of its distinct taste. For fermentation and ageing, wine was poured into various casks, skins, bottles, jugs, etc., as the case might be. From time to tune there was some talk about the containers being not always satisfactory and certainly not uniform. Gradually the makers of bottles and jugs organised an association to improve and to standardise their products, so as to provide the wine makers with better containers and thereby to assist them both in the production and marketing of the wines.
Continuous exposure to the competitive N-methyl-D: -aspartate receptor antagonist, LY235959, facilitates escalation of cocaine consumption in Sprague-Dawley rats.

Chronic high dose consumption of cocaine is associated with significant negative effects to individual users and society. Nevertheless, the precise mechanisms that mediate increases in cocaine consumption in a drug-using individual are not fully understood. This study used a long access version of the drug self-administration procedure to determine whether escalation of cocaine consumption is mediated by increased activity through N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Male Sprague–Dawley rats (n = 63) were first trained to self-administer cocaine (0.33 mg/infusion, i.v.) under a fixed-ratio 1 schedule of reinforcement. After training, some rats were implanted with subcutaneous osmotic minipumps filled with vehicle or the competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, LY235959, and subsequently allowed to self-administer cocaine in short (2 h) or long (6 h) access self-administration sessions. Vehicle-treated rats escalated cocaine self-administration across 14 long-access self-administration sessions. Rats treated with LY235959 via osmotic minipump, but not twice daily injections, escalated cocaine self-administration at a greater rate and to a greater degree than vehicle-treated rats. In post-escalation cocaine dose-infusion tests, rats treated continuously with LY235959 self-administered more cocaine (0.08–1.32 mg/infusion) than vehicle-treated rats, regardless of access condition, shifting the dose-infusion curves upward. During extinction sessions, which were conducted after the escalation phase of the study, rats that had long (6 h) access to cocaine stopped responding sooner than rats that had short (2 h) access to cocaine, independent of LY235959 treatment. These data are consistent with hypo-glutamatergic consequences of repeated cocaine exposure.
Huddling by rat pups: ontogeny of individual and group behavior.

A full account of behavioral development in rats must include the ontogeny of both individual and group behavior. Most of our accumulated knowledge, however, pertains to individual ontogenesis. Group behavior and its development are readily seen in the huddling behavior of rat pups. A rat huddle is an entity with characteristics and capabilities distinct from those of the individuals that comprise it. The huddle is a natural context for acquiring olfactory preferences for species odors. Olfactory learning in a huddle involves thermal and tactile stimulation from the mother's body but, surprisingly, not the rewards of suckling or of milk transfer. Although there is complete developmental continuity of huddling behavior, the sensory controls of huddling change dramatically during the first 2 weeks of postnatal life. Huddling behavior is initially controlled by thermal cues (“physiological huddling”) and then becomes dominated by olfactory stimuli (“filial huddling”). The complex group behavior of huddling was modeled successfully with computational methods. Group behavior emerges from individual interactions, guided entirely by rules of individual behavior (no rules for group behavior). Three simple rules of autonomous activity/inactivity can spawn the patterns of aggregon formation displayed by groups of 7-day-old pups, but not by 10-day-olds. The developmental change evident by Day 10 requires adding a rule by which each individual is affected by the activity state of adjacent pups. Group behavior responded to manipulations of central oxytocin on Day 10, but not on Day 7. © 2006 Wiley-Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 49: 22–32, 2007.
Contribution of sunflecks is minimal in expanding shrub thickets compared to temperate forest

Ecological consequences of shrub encroachment are emerging as a key issue in the study of global change. In mesic grasslands, shrub encroachment can result in a fivefold increase in ecosystem leaf area index (LAI) and a concurrent reduction in understory light and herbaceous diversity. LAI and light attenuation are often higher for shrub thickets than for forest communities in the same region, yet little is known about the contribution of sunflecks in shrub-dominated systems. Our objective was to compare fine-scale spatial and temporal dynamics of understory light in shrub thickets to the light environment in typical forest communities. We used an array of quantum sensors to examine variation in diffuse and direct light and determined the relative contribution of sunflecks during midday in Morella cerifera shrub thickets, a 30-yr-old abandoned Pinus taeda plantation, and a mature, second-growth, deciduous forest. Instantaneous photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) was measured at 1-s intervals at five sites in each community during midday. In summer, understory light during midday in shrub thickets was approximately 0.8% of above-canopy light, compared to 1.9% and 5.4% in pine and deciduous forests, respectively. During summer, PPFD was uncorrelated between sensors as close as 0.075 m in shrub thickets compared to 0.175 m and 0.900 m in pine and deciduous forests, respectively, indicating that sunflecks in shrub thickets were generally small compared to sunflecks in the two forests. Sunflecks in shrub thickets were generally short (all <30 s) and relatively low in intensity (<150 micromol photons x m(-2) x s(-1)) and contributed only 5% of understory light during midday. Sunflecks were longer (up to 6 minutes) and more intense (up to 350 micromol photons x m(-2) x s(-1)) in the two forest communities and Contributed 31% and 22% of understory light during midday in pine and deciduous forest, respectively. The combination of high LAI and relatively short-stature of M. cerifera shrub thickets produces a dense canopy that reduces both diffuse light and the occurrence of sunflecks. The lack of sunflecks may limit the number of microsites with a favorable light environment and contribute to the reduction in understory cover and diversity within the shrub thickets.
Short communication: Fertility, somatic cell score, and production of Normande × Holstein, Montbéliarde × Holstein, and Scandinavian Red × Holstein crossbreds versus pure Holsteins during their first 5 lactations

Abstract Normande (NO) × Holstein (HO) crossbred cows (n = 251), Montbeliarde (MO) × HO crossbred cows (n = 503), and Scandinavian Red (SR) × HO crossbred cows (n = 321) were compared with pure HO cows (n = 416) for fertility, somatic cell score (SCS), and 305-d projected milk, fat, and protein production during their first 5 lactations. The SR was a combination of Swedish Red and Norwegian Red. Cows were housed in 6 commercial herds in California and calved from June 2002 to January 2009. The NO, MO, and SR sires of crossbred cows were artificial insemination bulls via imported semen. The NO × HO, MO × HO, and SR × HO cows had fewer days to first breeding, enhanced first-service conception rates, higher pregnancy rates, and 12 to 26 fewer days open than did pure HO cows during their first 5 lactations. Mean SCS across lactations was similar for NO × HO (3.25) and pure HO (3.27) cows; however, MO × HO (2.98) and SR × HO (3.12) cows were significantly lower for SCS than were pure HO cows. The MO × HO cows and SR × HO cows were only 3 and 4% lower, respectively, than pure HO cows for 305-d projected production of fat (kg) plus protein (kg); however, NO × HO cows were 10% lower than pure HO cows for fat plus protein production. Therefore, the MO and SR are candidate breeds for crossbreeding with HO to improve the fertility and udder health of herds with high mean production.
Insulin-like Growth Factor I Stimulates Tyrosine Phosphorylation of p130Cas, Focal Adhesion Kinase, and Paxillin ROLE OF PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3′-KINASE AND FORMATION OF A p130Cas·Crk COMPLEX

Abstract Addition of insulin growth factor-I (IGF-I) to quiescent Swiss 3T3 cells rapidly induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the p130Crk-associated substrate (p130Cas), a novel adaptor protein localized at focal adhesions. Half-maximal effect was obtained at 0.6 nm. IGF-I also promoted the formation of a complex between p130Cas and c-Crk and elicited a parallel increase in the tyrosine phosphorylation of p125Fak and paxillin. IGF-I-induced p130Cas, p125Fak, and paxillin tyrosine phosphorylation could be dissociated from mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, p70S6K, and protein kinase C activation. In contrast, the structurally unrelated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors wortmannin and LY294002 markedly attenuated the increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of p130Cas, p125Fak, and paxillin induced by IGF-I. Cytochalasin D, which disrupts the network of actin microfilaments, completely prevented tyrosine phosphorylation of p130Cas, p125Fak, and paxillin and the formation of a p130Cas·Crk complex in response to IGF-I. Thus, our results identified a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent pathway that requires the integrity of the actin cytoskeleton to induce tyrosine phosphorylation of p130Cas, p125Fak, and paxillin in response to IGF-I and suggest that tyrosine phosphorylation of these focal adhesion proteins, together with the recruitment of c-Crk into a complex with p130Cas, may play a novel role in IGF-I signal transduction.
Culture, gender and corporate control: Japan as “other”

Abstract Several diverse strands of accounting research have recently exhibited fascination with issues of power, gender, race, and Japanese culture. Crafting Selves: Power, Gender and Discourses of Identity in a Japanese Workplace, by Dorinne Kondo (1990), explores each of these topics and thus provides a rare opportunity to reflect upon the direction of accounting research in these areas. While Kondo does not specifically refer to accounting, this paper utilizes her exploration of the “company as family” idiom and her experience working in a small Japanese factory to challenge the ethnocentric views of Japanese culture and business practice prevalent in many management and accounting texts. In addition, her analysis of power differentials and modes of exclusion according to class, race and gender have significant implications for accounting research, which typically does not recognize the complexity and importance of these issues. Finally, the paper examines Kondo's unusual ethnographic style, in which she immerses herself in her study and emphasizes the complexity, ambiguity, and specificity of anthropological research.
Prolonged spontaneous emission and dephasing of localized excitons in air-bridged carbon nanotubes

The bright exciton emission of carbon nanotubes is appealing for optoelectronic devices and fundamental studies of light-matter interaction in one-dimensional nanostructures. However, to date, the photophysics of excitons in carbon nanotubes is largely affected by extrinsic effects. Here we perform time-resolved photoluminescence measurements over 14 orders of magnitude for ultra-clean carbon nanotubes bridging an air gap over pillar posts. Our measurements demonstrate a new regime of intrinsic exciton photophysics with prolonged spontaneous emission times up to T1 ¼ 18 ns, about two orders of magnitude better than prior measurements and in agreement with values hypothesized by theorists about a decade ago. Furthermore, we establish for the first time exciton decoherence times of individual nanotubes in the time domain and find fourfold prolonged values up to T2 ¼ 2.1 ps compared with ensemble measurements. These first observations motivate new discussions about the magnitude of the intrinsic dephasing mechanism while the prolonged exciton dynamics is promising for applications.
Pentachlorophenol in the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet - Problems And Implications

As the transport of hazardous substances by water increases, the probability of accidental spills into the marine environment will grow accordingly. The problems associated with spills of hazardous substances are far more serious than oil spills both in terms of human health hazards and potential environmental damage. Tracking the spread of an often invisible but possibly dangerous contaminant throughout the physical and biological phases of the marine ecosystem is only one of the major difficulties encountered in this type of spill. During a recent spill of pentachlorophenol (PCP) into a ship channel in New Orleans, Louisiana, many of the problems unique to hazardous materials were encountered and had to be addressed within strict time constraints. This paper lists the most common problems encountered at hazardous materials spills, briefly describes the PCP incident, and discusses implications of the growing marine transport of hazardous chemicals to humans and their environment.
TALKING FEMINIST, TALKING BLACK1 Micromobilization Processes in a Collective Protest against Rape

During the highly publicized appeals trial of Mike Tyson, Black feminists launched an antirape campaign that included obtaining signatures in support of a full-page ad while simultaneously educating the Black community about racist and sexist rape myths. Organizers challenged rape-supportive discourse using a distinct Black feminist frame that was influenced by structural as well as culturally engendered factors. Relevant frame alignment processes and the significance of racialized, gendered, and class-based micromobilization strategies are described. A coalition-focused view of the framing process is presented, and its usefulness in Black feminist collective action is underscored.
Stoichiometric model for evaluating the metabolic capabilities of the facultative methylotroph Methylobacterium extorquens AM1, with application to reconstruction of C3 and C4 metabolism

A stoichiometric model of central metabolism was developed based on new information regarding metabolism in this bacterium to evaluate the steady-state growth capabilities of the serine cycle facultative methylotroph Methylobacterium extorquens AM1 during growth on methanol, succinate, and pyruvate. The model incorporates 20 reversible and 47 irreversible reactions, 65 intracellular metabolites, and experimentally-determined biomass composition. The flux space for this underdetermined system of equations was defined by finding the elementary modes, and constraints based on experimental observations were applied to determine which of these elementary modes give a reasonable description of the flux distribution for each growth substrate. The predicted biomass yield, on a carbon atom basis, is 49.8%, which agrees well with the range of published experimental yield measurements (37-50%). The model predicts the cell to be limited by reduced pyridine nucleotide availability during methylotrophic growth, but energy-limited when growing on multicarbon substrates. Mutation and phenotypic analysis was used to explore a previously unknown region of the metabolic map and to confirm the stoichiometry of the pathways in this region used in the metabolic model. Based on genome sequence data and simulation results, three enzymes involved in C 3 -C 4 interconversion pathways were predicted to be mutually redundant: malic enzyme, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and phosphoenolpyruvate synthase. Insertion mutations in the genes predicted to encode these enzymes were made and these mutants were capable of growing on all substrates tested, confirming the redundancy of these pathways. Likewise, pathway analysis suggests that the TCA cycle enzymes citrate synthase and succinate dehydrogenase are essential for all growth substrates. In keeping with these predictions, null mutants could not be obtained in these genes. Finally, a similar model was developed for the ribulose monophosphate pathway obligate methylotroph Methylobacillus flagellatum KT to compare the efficiency of carbon utilization in the two types of methylotrophic carbon utilization pathways. The predicted yield for this organism on methanol is 65.9%.
Computer-developed construction of analytic expressions for the coordinates and partial derivatives of Jupiter's Galilean satellites

A method for improving Sampson's (1910, 1912, 1921) original work in developing series expressions for accurate coordinates of the Galilean satellites is discussed. The method, which utilizes computer-based algebraic manipulation software, was developed to reconstruct Sampson's theory, remove existing errors, introduce neglected effects, and provide analytic expressions for the coordinates as well as for the partial derivatives with respect to orbital parameters, Jupiter's mass and oblateness, the satellite masses, and Jupiter's pole and rotation period. The software system, capable of handling Poisson series with up to 73 polynomial variables and 28 trigonometric arguments, is described. The preliminary solution is presented, and procedures are outlined for calculating perturbations and eliminating auxiliary parameters.
Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for the Analysis of Cobalt–Chromium Orthopaedic Wear Debris Particles

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is investigated for the quantitative analysis of individual cobalt-chromium wear particles generated in vivo from human artificial knee joints. As implemented, the LIBS technique provided a measurement of the absolute chromium and cobalt masses for individual wear particles, which enabled calculation of chromium-to-cobalt mass ratios and the equivalent spherical diameter on a particle-to-particle basis. Using a multiple analyte emission line spectral filtering process, absolute cobalt and chromium mass measurements were made as low as 40 and 20 fg, respectively, corresponding to a particle diameter of approximately 200 nm. The size of the wear debris ranged from approximately 200 to 800 nm, with a mean diameter of 385 nm. In addition, the wear particles exhibited a depletion of cobalt with respect to the bulk composition of the cobalt-chromium alloy. The cobalt depletion exhibited a strong correlation with size, with the larger particles characterized by a more significant depletion of cobalt. All synovial fluid samples were inactivated with 10% bleach to reduce risks of infection by bloodborne pathogens. Control wear debris was generated from manual abrasion of pristine cobalt-chromium alloy specimens and analyzed with the LIBS technique to address the potential effects of bleach addition. No statistical differences were recorded between the particle suspensions treated and untreated with bleach. Overall, the LIBS method was successfully implemented for the quantitative analysis of cobalt-chromium wear particles.
Objective metrics for firewall security: A holistic view

Firewalls are the primary security devices in cyber defense. Yet, the security of firewalls depends on the quality of protection provided by the firewall policy. The lack of metrics and attack incident data makes measuring the security of firewall policies a challenging task. In this paper, we present a new set of quantitative metrics that can be used to measure, as well as, compare the security level of firewall policies in an enterprise network. The proposed metrics measure the risk of attacks on the network that is imposed due to weaknesses in the firewall policy. We also measure the feasibility of mitigating or removing that risk. The presented metrics are proven to be (1) valid as compared with the ground truth, and (2) practically useful as each one implies actionable security hardening.
Radioembolization of yttrium-90 microspheres for hepatic malignancy

The liver represents a frequent site for primary and secondary neoplasia. Cytoreductive techniques positively influence the outcome of disease progression in these patients. Transhepatic arterial radioembolotherapy utilizing yttrium-90 microspheres represents a recently available in situ therapy that has shown encouraging results in the treatment of these patients. Harnessing the skills of many different specialties, such as interventional radiology, surgical oncology, medical oncology, nuclear medicine, radiation oncology, medical physics, and radiation safety, brings invaluable expertise to the treatment process for a safe and effective radioembolization treatment program.
Single-incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy: initial evaluation of a large series of patients

Background Findings have shown that single-incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy (SILC) is feasible and reproducible. The authors have pioneered a two-trocar SILC technique at the University of Texas Southwestern. Their results for 100 patients are presented.
Modeling the Effects of Corrosion on the Lifetime of Extended Reinforced Concrete Structures

Abstract A modeling approach is presented for quantitative projections of corrosion damage in the substructure of marine bridges, taking into account the compounded variability of concrete cover, c...
Graph and Topological Structure Mining on Scientific Articles

In this paper, we investigate a new approach for literature mining. We use frequent subgraph mining, and its generalization topological structure mining, for finding interesting relationships between gene names and other key biological terms from the text of scientific articles. We show how we can find keywords of interest and represent them as nodes of the graphs. We also propose several methods for inserting edges between these nodes. Our study initially focused on comparing: 1) different methods for constructing edges, and 2) patterns found from sub-graph mining and topological structure mining. Subsequently, we analyzed several frequent topological minors reported by our experiments, and explained their scientific significance. Overall, our study shows the following. First, a simple method of constructing edges, which is based on sliding windows, seems to provide the best results. Second, we are able to find much larger number of well-known and meaningful topological patterns with high support values, as compared to sub-graphs. Overall, the frequent topological minors our algorithm found correspond well to known relationships between genes and biological terms. Thus, we believe that topological structure mining can be a very valuable tool for researchers who are not deeply familiar with the existing literature, and want to obtain a quick summary about known relationships among key scientific names or terms.
Peripheral Nerve Stimulation

Peripheral nerve stimulation is an off-label use of spinal cord stimulators. It is used for intractable pain in a peripheral nerve distribution, refractory to medical management, especially with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS ).
Variation in scale numbers is consistent with ecologically based natural selection acting within and between lizard species

Recent studies have demonstrated that changes in scale number are correlated with ecological variables such as precipitation, and this suggests that scale number may be under selection to maintain water balance in reptiles. Here, we present new evidence that variation in scale numbers within and among species of Anolis lizards is under ecologically based natural selection. We measured scalation of the brown anole, Anolis sagrei, in two habitat types on each of five islands in the Bahamas. We also measured scalation for 12 species of anole representing six different ecomorphs from the Greater Antilles. Within populations of A. sagrei, scale numbers increased with increasing precipitation and with decreasing temperature in open arid habitats. Variation measured among species of Anolis from the Greater Antilles showed similar patterns with temperature, precipitation, and elevation. Independent contrasts using scale count data indicated that variation in scale number was congruent within and between species, even after accounting for the influence of phylogeny. We measured natural selection (survival to maturity) on scale number in A. sagrei over two different habitat types in the Bahamas. Patterns of natural selection were congruent with the correlational results described. Finally, results from a breeding experiment in the laboratory provide preliminary evidence that variation in scale number is heritable, and suggests a mechanism for generating these correlations. Our results provide new evidence that the diversification of anoles has been shaped by natural selection and that ecologically based selection pressures help explain diversification at both the population and species levels.
THE SPIRITUAL LIMITS OF NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL LIFE

Abstract. How neuropsychology is necessary but insufficient for understanding spirituality is explored. Multileveled spiritual requisites are systematically examined in terms of their neuropsychological constituents and limitations. The central “problem of integrity” is articulated via the “modularity” of our neuropsychology, and evidence is presented for disunities of self and consciousness. It is argued that the integrity of self or spirit is a contingent achievement rather than a necessary given. Integrating possibilities include belief, emotion, and relationships. Understanding integrity, and the transformations of self-surrender and sacrifice, may require explicitly stepping beyond neuropsychology and including the self in a larger system.
A Mixed-Methods Comparison of Vocational and Identified-Gifted High School Students on the Overexcitability Questionnaire.

Two groups of adolescents (N = 114), 61 identified-gifted adolescents (M = 22, F = 39) and 51 vocational school adolescents (M = 27, F = 26), were compared on the Overexcitability Questionnaire. Each of the five Overexcitability (OE) scores—Psychomotor, Sensual, Imaginational, Intellectual, and Emotional—was subjected to a two-way ANOVA by classification and gender. Any statistically significant interaction effect was further analyzed by testing the group means with six two-group comparison tests. The analyses produced the following results: (a) Differences among the Psychomotor, Sensual, and Emotional OE means were not statistically significant, and (b) the Imaginational and Intellectual OE means of the gifted male students were significantly higher than the means of the vocational female students, vocational male students, and gifted female students. The effect sizes were classified as large. A qualitative textual analysis was also conducted. The results were compared with another study of the same gift...
A case of pulmonary vein obstruction: evaluation using newer echocardiographic imaging techniques.

A 59-year-old woman was admitted in our hospital due to persistent cough and dyspnea. Transthoracic 2-dimensional echocardiography demonstrated a cardiac mass (29×34 mm) that extended from the right upper pulmonary vein into the left atrium causing the partial obstruction of the right lower vein as indicated by the increased Doppler velocities. Contrast echocardiography confirmed the presence of microcirculation within the mass. During transesophageal (TEE) echocardiographic study, color Doppler imaging and power Doppler imaging (Angio® Vivid 7, GE Medical System, Horten, Norway) demonstrated the presence of vascular flow within the mass. A chest magnetic resonance tomography showed a pulmonary mass of 30×25×28 mm infiltrating the pulmonary veins. After surgery, biopsy confirmed a high grade mucoepidermoid lung cancer with few large arterioles. The new echocardiographic techniques can reliably differentiate a cardiac tumor from a cardiac thrombus.
High-performance PML algorithms

The authors present a revised finite-difference equation, applied at perfectly matched layer (PML) interfaces, that can lead to substantial reduction of numerical reflection from PML absorbers. The properties of the reflection coefficient of PML absorbers implemented with the revised finite-difference equation are studied. The effectiveness of the revised finite-difference equation is verified by numerical tests.
American society of anesthesiologists obstetric anesthesia guidelines

T HE DEVELOPMENT of standards (rules or minimum requirements) and guidelines (recommendations) for obstetric anesthesia has usually been fraught with controversy. Obstetric anesthesia practices are among the most variable in our specialty: everyone has their own method of clinical care, administrative organization, daytime and call coverage, and even billing for labor analgesia time. ~'2 In 1988, the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) House of Delegates approved "Standards for Conduction Anesthesia in Obstetrics" as developed by the ASA Committee on Obstetric Anesthesia. These standards generated intense and heated discussion and in 1990 were "downgraded" to guidelines and retitled "Guidelines for Regional Anesthesia in Obstetrics. ''3 They underwent review in 1998 at the request of th6 ASA president and were reapproved with no changes. In October 1998, the ASA House of Delegates approved a practice parameter entitled "Practice Guidelines for Obstetrical Anesthesia." Because the titles of these separate guidelines are so similar, they are frequently confused, but the topics they cover are quite different. Although these are the primary ASA documents pertaining to obstetric anesthesia, other standards and guidelines contain statements relating to care in the labor and delivery suite. These include "Guidelines for Patient Care in Anesthesiology," "The Anesthesia Care Team," "Statement on Regional Anesthesia," and "Optimal Goals for Anesthesia Care in Obstetrics" (American College of Obstetritians and Gynecologists [ACOG]/ASA Joint Statement). "Guidelines for Regional Anesthesia in Obstetrics" can be found in the ASA Directory of Members (page 473 in the 1999 edition) as can all other statements and guidelines.
Epicardial velocity estimation using wavelets

A wavelet-based method is introduced to estimate the spatially and temporally local velocity of both activation and recovery wavefronts in epicardial potential distributions recorded by a sensor array. The method takes advantage of the space/time link inherent in wavefront propagation. It is tested on simulated idealized wavefronts and on recorded canine data.
MicroRNA let-7 downregulates STAT3 phosphorylation in pancreatic cancer cells by increasing SOCS3 expression

Although dispensable for normal pancreatic function, STAT3 signaling is frequently activated in pancreatic cancers. Consistent downregulation of expression of microRNA let-7 is also characteristic of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) biopsy specimens. We demonstrate in this study that re-expression of let-7 in poorly-differentiated PDAC cell lines reduced phosphorylation/activation of STAT3 and its downstream signaling events and reduced the growth and migration of PDAC cells. Let-7 re-expression did not repress expression of STAT3 protein or its activator cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6). However, let-7 re-expression enhanced cytoplasmic expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3), which blocks STAT3 activation by JAK2. Our study thus identified a mechanism by which STAT3 signaling can be inhibited in pancreatic cancer cells by modifying let-7 expression.