cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adrenal Catecholamine Response of the Infant Rat to Insulin-Provoked Hypoglycemia

The adrenal catecholamine response of infant and adult rats to insulin hypoglycemia as determined. In addition, the effect of epinephrine on blood sugar in these animals was measured. The 1- to 2-day-old animal responded, as the adult, to insulin administration with a decrease in blood sugar and a decrease in adrenal epinephrine. Injections of epinephrine elevated the blood sugar in both infant and adult rats. It is concluded that the homeostatic mechanism that regulates blood sugar is functioning in the early postnatal period. This may be related to the neonatal regulation of suckling oriented behavior.
A statistical model to estimate variance in long term-low dose mutation assays: testing of the model in a human lymphoblastoid mutation assay

Long term-low dose mutation assays offer a means to study the genetic effects of environmental mutagens at concentrations relevant to human exposure. These assays involve continuous induction of mutants, serial dilution of cultures and sampling to determine the mutant fraction as a function of time and mutagen concentration. An arithmetic model for the expected variance among identically treated cultures is presented. This model provides means to calculate a predicted variance of the mutant fractions and mutation rates in typical long term-low dose experiments. We have calculated the expected variances of the mutant fraction with this model and compared them to the observed variances among 4 independent experiments in which human lymphoblastoid cells were treated for 5, 10, 15 and 20 days with a non-toxic concentration of the mutagen 4-aminobiphenyl. Mutations at the HPRT locus were measured by determining the 6-thioguanine-resistant mutant fraction. The expected and observed variances of the mutant fractions are in close agreement. This model is adequate to predict the variance of the mutant fraction and should be useful in experimental design and objective evaluation of long term-low dose mutation assays.
Young diagrammatic methods in the homology of groups

Abstract In 1939, H. Weyl showed that the irreducible representations of the classical groups GL(n, C ), Sp(2n, C ) and SO(2n+1, C ) are essentially in one to one correspondence with Young diagrams of depth at most n. In 1987, K. Koike and I. Terada generalized the Littlewood-Richardson Rule for decomposing tensor products of representations for linear groups into sums of irreducible components to the symplectic and orthogonal groups. In this paper the correspondence between representations and diagrams and the work of Kioke and Terada are exploited to determine the homology of the groups SL(n,p2), Sp(2n,p2), SO(2n+1,p2) with Z /p Z coefficients in dimensions 1 through 5, with the exception of the group H 5 (SL(n,p 2 ), Z /p Z ) , for which only bounds are determined. In addition, the p primary component of the homology of the groups SL(n,p2), Sp(2n,p2), SO(2n+1,p2) with Z coefficients is found in dimensions 1 through 5, with the exception of the group H> 5 (SL(n,p 2 ), Z ) , for which only bounds are determined. These groups are found by computing the relevant entries and differentials in the spectral sequences H s (SL(n,p),H t (sl(n,p),R)) ⇒ H s+t (SL(n,p 2 ),R), H s (Sp(2n,p),H t (sp(2n,p),R)) ⇒ H s+t (Sp(2n,p 2 ),R), H s (SO(2n+1,p),H t (so(2n+1,p),R)) ⇒ H s+t (SO(2n+1,p 2 ),R) , where sl(n,p), sp(2n,p), and so(2n+1,p) are the additive modules of their respective Lie algebras and R= Z or Z /p Z . The methods used are the following. The groups Ht(g,k), for g=sln, sp2n, or so2n+1 are of the form Λi(g)⊗Sj(g), where Λi() represents the ith exterior power and Sj() the jth symmetric power of the relevant module. The modules Λi(g)⊗Sj(g) can be decomposed into their irreducible components via the Littlewood-Richardson Rule or the Kioke-Terada generalization. Once the irreducible components of the tensor products are known, the entries in the spectral sequences can be found by utilizing results if Friedlander and Parshall. The work of Friedlander and Parshall reduces the computations of the homology groups to calculations of generalized exponents. Once the relevant entries in the spectral sequences are known, the differentials in the spectral sequences must be determined. This is done by relating the relevant differentials to a known differential in a linear spectral sequence calculated by Evens and Friedlander via the hyperbolic map.
New methods for the quantitative estimation of myo-inositol.

Abstract Two rapid enzymic assay methods for the quantitative determination of inositol have been presented. Both methods involve the use of a purified enzyme extract from rat kidney. In one method the amount of glucuronate formed from inositol is measured by the orcinol reaction, while in the other method the rate of oxidation of added TPNH by the glucuronate so formed is followed spectrophotometrically.
Indirect management of invasive species through bio-controls: A bioeconomic model of salmon and alewife in Lake Michigan

Invasive species are typically viewed as an economic bad because they cause economic and ecological damages, and can be difficult to control. When direct management is limited, another option is indirect management via bio-controls. Here management is directed at the bio-control species population (e.g., supplementing this population through stocking) with the aim that, through ecological interactions, the bio-control species will control the invader. We focus on stocking salmon to control invasive alewives in Lake Michigan. Salmon are valuable to recreational anglers, and alewives are their primary food source in Lake Michigan. We illustrate how stocking salmon can be used to control alewife, while at the same time alewife can be turned from a net economic bad (having a negative shadow value) into a net economic good (having a positive shadow value) by providing valuable ecosystem services that support the recreational fishery. Using optimal control theory, we solve for a stocking program that maximizes social welfare. Optimal stocking results in cyclical dynamics. We link concepts of natural capital and indirect management, population dynamics, non-convexities, and multiple-use species and demonstrate that species interactions are critical to the values that humans derive from ecosystems. This research also provides insight into the management of salmon fisheries in the Great Lakes.
Flag smut of wheat

Introduction 566 History and Distribution ...... 566 Economic Importance 569 Taxonomy and Nomenclature 571 Origin and the Introduction of Flag Smut 572 Symptomatology 573 Life Cycle Processes 575 Spore Morphology and Germination 575 Factors Influencing Spore Germination 575 Spore Longevity 578 Cytology 578 Culture of Urocystis trictici on Artificial Media 579 Natural Survival of the Pathogen 579 Life Cycle 580 Factors that Influence Infection 581 Soil Moisture 582 Soil Tem perature .... 583 Planting Date 583 Planting Depth 584 Spore Load 584 Soil Amendments, pH, and Host Nutrition ......... 585 Stage of Plant Development 585 Host Resistance ... 586 Genetics of Host Resistance 589 Pathogenic Specialization 589 Host Range 591 Pathological Histology ...... 592 Coexistence of Flag Smut and Other Wheat Diseases 592 Control 593 Resistant V arieties ..... 593 Chemical Seed Treatment 593 Exclusion by Quarantine 595 C ultural Controls .... 596 Acknowledgement 597 Literature Cited 597
A Brief History of Algebraic Notation

This paper traces three major stages in the development of algebraic notation: rhetorical or prose, syncopated, and symbolic. The. development of algebra began in Babylonia and Egypt around 1700 BC. Examples of rhetorical algebra by al-Khowârizmi are used to illustrate potential difficulties that arise when algebraic problems are worked using words without symbols. Greek mathematician Diophantus was one of the pioneers of syncopated algebra. In this stage of notation, some shorthand was used along with prose. Indian mathematicians developed a syncopated algebraic notation independently of Diophantus. Around 1500 BC, symbolic algebra began to develop. The process of the development of a standardized, efficient symbol system is illustrated by tracing the evolution of some common symbols, including the symbols for equals, addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
Progress in the development of hepatitis C virus vaccines.

Vaccines save millions of lives each year. Although vaccines are available for many of the viral infections that can be readily prevented by neutralizing antibodies, vaccines for more complex pathogens—including viruses that mutate very rapidly and may require induction of broadly cross-reactive cellular immune responses—remain elusive. Two recent articles1,2 report on vaccine vectors derived from adenoviruses (Ads) of three different species isolated from chimpanzee feces. Vectors encoding antigens from expression cassettes placed into the deleted E1 domain were found to be highly immunogenic in mice and monkeys.1 Even more important—because mice can lie and monkeys can exaggerate—vectors expressing the NS3-5B region of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1B induced potent and sustained transgene product–specific CD8+ T-cell responses in human volunteers.2
CREB-binding protein regulates Ku70 acetylation in response to ionization radiation in neuroblastoma

Ku70 was originally described as an autoantigen, but it also functions as a DNA repair protein in the nucleus and as an antiapoptotic protein by binding to Bax in the cytoplasm, blocking Bax-mediated cell death. In neuroblastoma (NB) cells, Ku70's binding with Bax is regulated by Ku70 acetylation such that increasing Ku70 acetylation results in Bax release, triggering cell death. Although regulating cytoplasmic Ku70 acetylation is important for cell survival, the role of nuclear Ku70 acetylation in DNA repair is unclear. Here, we showed that Ku70 acetylation in the nucleus is regulated by the CREB-binding protein (CBP), and that Ku70 acetylation plays an important role in DNA repair in NB cells. We treated NB cells with ionization radiation and measured DNA repair activity as well as Ku70 acetylation status. Cytoplasmic and nuclear Ku70 were acetylated after ionization radiation in NB cells. Interestingly, cytoplasmic Ku70 was redistributed to the nucleus following irradiation. Depleting CBP in NB cells results in reducing Ku70 acetylation and enhancing DNA repair activity in NB cells, suggesting nuclear Ku70 acetylation may have an inhibitory role in DNA repair. These results provide support for the hypothesis that enhancing Ku70 acetylation, through deacetylase inhibition, may potentiate the effect of ionization radiation in NB cells.
The Topological Point of View

This book is about the topological approach to certain topics in analysis, but what does that really mean? Starting with the “epsilon–delta” definitions of limits in calculus, analysis makes extensive use of topological ideas and techniques. Thus the issue is not whether analysis requires topology, but rather how central a role the topological material plays. Rather than attempt the hopeless task of defining precisely what I mean by the topological point of view in analysis, I’ll illustrate it by outlining two proofs of a well-known theorem about the existence of solutions to ordinary differential equations. In the first proof, the key step is the construction of a sequence of approximate solutions whose limit is the required solution. In the second proof, a general topological theorem about the behavior of self-maps of linear spaces implies the existence of the solution. The two proofs have several features in common, including their dependence on a substantial topological result, but I trust that even my (intentionally) very sketchy treatment will make it clear how basic the differences are in the ways that the two arguments reach the same conclusion. Here’s the theorem.
Identification, characterization, and expression of a new prolactin-like molecule in the hamster placenta

In the hamster, serum total lactogenic activity increases during the latter half of gestation (Days 8-16). On Days 10 and 12 a substantial amount of lactogenic activity cannot be attributed to prolactin (PRL) and hamster placental lactogen-II (haPL-II); therefore, the presence of a molecule similar to placental lactogen-I (PL-I), as found in the rat and mouse at midpregnancy, has been hypothesized for the hamster. The objectives of this study were to identify PRL-like molecules synthesized by the hamster placenta and to determine the temporal and cellular synthesis of identified molecules. Oligonucleotides (20-23 bp) corresponding to regions of nucleotide homology between mouse PL-I (mPL-I) and rat PL-I (rPL-I) along with midgestation hamster placental RNA were used in 3' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) methodology to generate PRL-like cDNA. A 444-bp cDNA fragment that had nucleotide sequence similarity with members of the prolactin-growth hormone (PRL-GH) gene family was generated. This cDNA fragment was utilized to screen a Day 16 hamster placental bacteriophage cDNA library, and a clone containing the entire coding region was identified and sequenced. The molecule had 77% nucleotide sequence homology with mouse proliferin-related protein (mPRP) and somewhat less homology (approximately 60%) with hamster, rat, and mouse PRL or placental lactogens (PL). The derived amino acid sequence of the identified molecule contained a 15-residue signal sequence and a 219-residue peptide with a calculated molecular weight of 25477. The peptide shared 58% amino acid sequence identity with mPRP. Placental expression of the PRL-like molecule during the latter half of gestation was evaluated by Northern and slot-blot analyses using the 444-bp cDNA fragment as a hybridization probe. A 1-kb transcript was detected on Days 9-15 with peak expression on Days 10 and 11. Messenger RNA for the PRL-like molecule was localized to cytotrophoblast but not giant trophoblast cells of the placental trophospongium region. In addition, specific immunostaining using an antibody to mPRP was confined to cytotrophoblast cells.
Performance analysis of a 0.3-Tb/in/sup 2/ low-power MFM-based scanning-probe device

In this paper, we present an analysis of the performance of a 0.3-Tb/in/sup 2/ ultralow-power magnetic-force-microscopy-based scanning-probe storage device actuated by microelectromechanical systems technology. The device is currently under development at Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA. The analysis shows that, with an optimized commercial single-layered Co-based perpendicular medium with an optimized tip trajectory, a signal-to-noise ratio of 20-25 dB is achievable. The analysis includes general design considerations as well as various aspects of performance such as recording dynamics, PW/sub 50/, intersymbol-interference limit, detection sensitivity, thermal degradation, intertrack interference, off-track errors, process variations, and surface fluctuation effect. Design/performance standards for the new device are suggested.
Comment on: Butler et al. Marked Expansion of Exocrine and Endocrine Pancreas With Incretin Therapy in Humans With Increased Exocrine Pancreas Dysplasia and the Potential for Glucagon-Producing Neuroendocrine Tumors. Diabetes 2013;62:2595–2604

In the July issue of Diabetes , Butler et al. (1) described histopathologic findings of potential concern in pancreatic tissue obtained at time of death from 8 patients who were reportedly treated with “incretin” -based therapies (sitagliptin or exenatide). A small number of pancreata from diabetes patients and nondiabetic subjects served as controls. We acknowledge the importance of questions that pertain to human safety with newer glucose-lowering agents, and we appreciate the difficult and labor-intensive nature of this study (1). There are several limitations of the reported work that warrant comment. Firstly, the number of pancreas samples examined was very small; from 7 sitagliptin-treated patients and 1 exenatide-treated patient. A number of demographic characteristics, which might be critical to the analysis, were different between incretin-treated and control subjects. One-half of the control diabetes patients had a short duration of disease (<5 years) versus only 1 of 8 of the incretin patients; the severity of disease was also clearly different—5 of 12 control diabetes patients were receiving no antihyperglycemic therapy. The 8 incretin-treated patients were also significantly older (∼18 …
Revisiting comparisons of genetic diversity in stable and declining species: assessing genome‐wide polymorphism in North American bumble bees using RAD sequencing

Genetic variation is of key importance for a species' evolutionary potential, and its estimation is a major component of conservation studies. New DNA sequencing technologies have enabled the analysis of large portions of the genome in nonmodel species, promising highly accurate estimates of such population genetic parameters. Restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) is used to analyse thousands of variants in the bumble bee species Bombus impatiens, which is common, and Bombus pensylvanicus, which is in decline. Previous microsatellite-based analyses have shown that gene diversity is lower in the declining B. pensylvanicus than in B. impatiens. RADseq nucleotide diversities appear much more similar in the two species. Both species exhibit allele frequencies consistent with historical population expansions. Differences in diversity observed at microsatellites thus do not appear to have arisen from long-term differences in population size and are either recent in origin or may result from mutational processes. Additional research is needed to explain these discrepancies and to investigate the best ways to integrate next-generation sequencing data and more traditional molecular markers in studies of genetic diversity.
Challenges in OCR of Devanagari documents

OCR of Devanagari script presents a wide range of challenges that are not seen in Latin based scripts. This paper outlines the implementation of a neural network based Devanagari OCR. Experimental results on a standard data set are reported and analyzed.
Thoughts on the U.S. as a Settler Society (Plenary Remarks, 2010 SANA Conference)

Abstract: Analyzing the United States as a settler society has the potential to bring together insights from the anthropology of Native North America and the anthropology of the United States. This article suggests several justifications for and implications of doing so, with focus on citizenship, sovereignty, economy, and nature. [settler colonialism, indigenous peoples, state of the field]
Insulin resistance syndrome in the elderly: assessment of functional, biochemical, metabolic, and inflammatory status.

OBJECTIVE —Hyperinsulinemic euglycemia, or insulin resistance syndrome (IRS), is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Although thought to be associated with proinflammatory states, little work has been done in this area. Here, we determined the impact of IRS on functional, biochemical, metabolic, and inflammatory status in a high-risk population: elderly women in nursing homes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS —Functional, biochemical, metabolic, and inflammatory parameters were measured in 100 consecutive ambulatory, elderly women who resided in nursing homes. Diabetic subjects and residents with fasting blood glucose ≥110 mg/dl were excluded. Remaining residents were classified as insulin resistant (IR) (insulin >100 pmol/l) or non-IR (NIR). RESULTS —A total of 16 residents were IR and 53 NIR. No differences in functional status, BMI, renal function, C-reactive protein, or immune cell levels were found. Fasting blood glucose was higher in IR subjects ([means ± SD] 94.1 ± 8.1 vs. 87.9 ± 8.2, P < 0.05), indicating a very mild glucose intolerance. Serum C-peptide ( P < 0.05), amylin ( P < 0.01), and leptin ( P < 0.01), but not adiponectin or resistin, were higher in IR subjects. Higher leptin-to-BMI and insulin–to–C-peptide ratios suggested an increased percent body fat mass and altered clearance of insulin, respectively. Eleven of 13 cytokines had arithmetic elevations, but only tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF) reached statistical significance ( P < 0.01). TNF and insulin levels were highly correlated. CONCLUSIONS —IRS in the healthiest of long-term care residents is relatively rare but is associated with mild glucose intolerance, increased percent body fat, altered insulin clearance, and a proinflammatory status as evidenced by an elevated TNF.
Underground storage by spreading water

The first recorded attempt at conservation of water by spreading is that of the Denver Union Water Company in 1889. In California water has successfully been spread since 1896 on the Santiago Creek detrital cone and since 1900 on the Santa Ana River cone. Both of these projects have been much improved and enlarged since that time until they now assume a place of major importance in the conservation of water in these areas. For a number of years water has also been spread on San Antonio and Lytle creeks and for shorter periods in Arroyo Seco, San Dimes, Piru, Waterman, City, and Mill creeks, and on San Gabriel, San Jacinto, San Gorgonio, Whitewater, and Santa Clara rivers.
Role of Student–Faculty Interactions in Developing College Students' Academic Self-Concept, Motivation, and Achievement

Student–faculty interactions can be crucial in developing students’ academic self-concept and enhancing their motivation and achievement. Colleges and universities that actively foster close and frequent contact between their students and faculty members are more likely to reap a host of benefits from such initiatives. Faculty members taking an interest in their students’ academic progress could potentially make significant contributions in increasing their intellectual and professional development (Anaya & Cole, 2001; Chickering, 1969; Chickering & Reisser, 1993; Cokley, 2000; Terenzini & Pascarella, 1980). There is evidence that students successful in knowing even one faculty member closely are likely to feel more satisfied with their college life and aspire to go further in their careers (Rosenthal et al., 2000). Although most interactions with faculty tend to occur within the formal classroom setting, students who experience informal interactions tend to be more motivated, engaged, and actively involved in the learning process (Thompson, 2001; Woodside, Wong, & Weist, 1999). Informal interaction between students and faculty has been identified as a primary agent of college culture, and has an important influence on the attitudes, interests, and values of college students (Chickering & Reisser, 1993; Lambert, Terinzini, & Lattuca, 2007; Pascarella, 1980b; Pascarella & Terenzini, 1991, 2005; Thompson, 2001). However, although previous research has established that student–faculty interactions are important, we still need to identify which aspects of student–faculty interactions are helpful and how these could significantly influence students to stay in college, increase their desire to work hard, stimulate them to enjoy learning, and encourage them to strive toward high achievement standards (Bean, 1985). The current study addresses this gap in the literature by examining eight specific types of student–faculty interactions as predictors of academic self-concept and three types of academic motivation, as well as academic achievement in a sample of college students from a medium-sized, public university located in the Midwestern United States.
The Additive Risk Model for Purchase Timing

This paper proposes theAdditive Risk Model (ARM), first used by Aalen (1980), to explain households' interpurchase times. Unlike the Proportional Hazard Model (PHM), first proposed by Cox (1972), the ARM incorporates the effects of covariates on the individual hazard function in anadditive (as opposed tomultiplicative) manner. While a large number of previous studies on interpurchase timing have dealt with the question of correctly specifying the parametric distribution for interpurchase times, no study has explicitly investigated the question of correctly specifying the effects of covariates in the model. This study looks at this issue.We propose an ARM that is suitable for purchase-timing data, and compare its empirical performance to that of the PHM and the Accelerated Failure Time Model (AFTM) using scanner panel data on laundry detergents, paper towels, and toilet tissue. We find that the ARM not only estimates and validates the observed interpurchase times better than existing models, but also recovers a time-varying price elasticity and shows a high degree of robustness in the estimated covariate effects to alternative parametric specifications of the baseline hazard. The estimates of covariate parameters under the PHM, on the other hand, are highly sensitive to alternative parametric specifications of the baseline hazard.
Toward an Interdisciplinary Science of Culture.

Cultural events are of interest to scientists working in many scientific domains. Given this, an interdisciplinary science of culture may provide a more thorough understanding of cultural phenomena. However, interdisciplinary sciences de- pend upon the validity and vitality of the participating disciplines. This article reviews the nature of scientific enterprises and problematic conceptualizations of interdisciplinary science from an interbehavioral perspective. Metasystemic and systemic foundations for an interdisciplinary science of culture are proposed. While cultural events are of many different types, all involve factors of human activity and collective circumstances by which they may be distinguished from noncultural events. Cultural events are objects of study in multiple scientific domains, among them, psychology, sociology, and anthropology. Although the objects upon which investigations are focused across these domains are not the same, as members of the cultural category, they are closely related. This suggests that a more elaborate description of cultural events than would be possible to achieve in the context of any one of these sciences in isolation might emerge through an interdisciplinary approach to their investigation. Given the burgeoning of interdisciplinary enterprises across the scientific domain, this would be a valuable outcome (Hayes, 2001, 2004). This article approaches interdisciplinary science and cultural phenomena from an interbehavioral perspective (Kantor, 1958, 1982). While interbehaviorism has made relatively little impact on mainstream behavior analysis, we suggest that it offers distinct advantages over behavior analysis when applied to the conceptualization and development of an interdisciplinary science of culture. The prospect of achieving an interdisciplinary science of culture is predicated on the interrelationship of the sciences. However, the likelihood of its being achieved depends on two factors, namely, (a) the strength of the participating sciences and (b) the manner in which their participation in an interdisciplinary This article was based in part on the first author's presidential address to the Association for
Modified corporoplasty for penile curvature: long-term results and patient satisfaction.

Purpose:: In 1994 we began performing the modified corporoplasty technique in patients undergoing surgery to correct penile curvature. The procedure consists of transverse closure of the longitudinal tunical incisions. This technique allows minimal mobilization of the neurovascular bundles or corpus spongiosum and potentially decreases the risk of injury to underlying erectile tissue. We report long-term results of and patient satisfaction with this procedure.Materials and Methods:: From June 1994 to June 1997, 28 consecutive patients 16 to 65 years old (mean age 45) selected for corporoplasty underwent a total of 29 operative procedures for disabling penile curvature. The etiology of curvature was Peyronie’s disease in 19 patients (68%) and congenital curvature in 9 (32%). Results were obtained by retrospective chart review and telephone interview. Long-term followup available for 19 patients ranged from 11 to 46 months (mean 24.1).Results:: Penile straightening was excellent in 25 patients (89%) and goo...
Focus on polypharmacy in schizophrenia: does anyone truly benefit?

Dr Suzuki and colleagues (Suzuki et al., 2004) are to be commended for their contribution of a novel, systematic study of polypharmacy in schizophrenia – a surprisingly under-studied topic given its high prevalence worldwide. We find their results quite informative and agree with their thoughtful and very balanced discussion of their results. What should we conclude based on their finding that roughly three-quarters of patients appear not to have benefited from polypharmacy ? Should polypharmacy be abandoned ? Alternatively, since Suzuki and colleagues failed to discern any net benefit from converting patients from polypharmacy to monotherapy, why should we care whether clinicians use a seemingly benign approach with minimal therapeutic impact ? We will briefly reiterate some of the issues already identified by Suzuki and colleagues that limit generalizations from their data to current clinical practice. First, in Japan, at the time of this study, antipsychotic prescribing was almost exclusively limited to conventional agents, and as many as 90 % of schizophrenia patients received more than one antipsychotic. This frequency and manner of combination therapy differs markedly from the current situation in most clinical settings. Secondly, open uncontrolled designs invariably raise concerns about the validity of results, since unintended biases may influence outcomes, and outcomes may be misattributed to the intervention under study (the switch from polypharmacy to mono
Movement of Sea Lamprey in the Lake Champlain Basin

Sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) are a nuisance aquatic species in the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain that have devastated native fish populations and hampered the restoration of sport fisheries. This study examined inter-basin movement of sea lamprey in Lake Champlain to identify tributaries that contribute parasitic-phase sea lamprey and provide information for prioritizing those tributaries for sea lamprey control. A total of 4,125 recently metamorphosed sea lamprey was captured in tributaries to Lake Champlain and marked using coded wire tags between the fall of 2001 and winter 2003. These sea lamprey migrated to the lake to prey on salmonids and other fishes and returned to tributaries to spawn about 12–18 months after migration. We recaptured 6 tagged sea lamprey from the lake from spring 2002 through winter 2004, and 35 from tributaries in spring 2003 and 2004. We noted no apparent trends in movement among basins. Sea lamprey were collected at distances up to 64 km from their natal tributaries. Tributary contributions of parasites were significantly different from expectations in the 2002 parasitic-phase cohort (χ2 = 9.668, p < 0.011, 3 df), suggesting differential survival rates among out-migrating transformers from different tributaries. Estimates of the lake-wide out-migrating transformer population for the 2002 and 2003 parasitic-phase cohorts were 269,139 ± 55,610 (SD) and 111,807 ± 23,511 (SD). Results from this study suggest that sea lamprey movement is not inhibited by causeways dividing sub-basins, but movement among sub-basins is somewhat constrained. This indicates that management efforts to control sea lamprey should continue to treat the lake as a single system.
Energy Aware Network Operations

Networking devices today consume a non-trivial amount of energy and it has been shown that this energy consumption is largely independent of the load through the devices. With a strong need to curtail the rising operational costs of IT infrastructure, there is a tremendous opportunity for introducing energy awareness in the design and operation of enterprise and data center networks. We focus on these networks as they are under the control of a single administrative domain in which network-wide control can be consistently applied. In this paper, we describe and analyze three approaches to saving energy in single administrative domain networks, without significantly impacting the networks' ability to provide the expected levels of performance and availability. We also explore the trade-offs between conserving energy and meeting performance and availability requirements. We conduct an extensive case study of our algorithms by simulating a real Web 2.0 workload in a real data center network topology using power characterizations that we obtain from real network hardware. Our results indicate that for our workload and data center scenario, 16% power savings (with no performance penalty and small decrease in availability) can be obtained merely by appropriately adjusting the active network elements (links). Significant additional savings (up to 75%) can be obtained by incorporating network traffic management and server workload consolidation.
Neutron scattering methods for materials science

This article describes some of the neutron scattering techniques which can be used to probe structures of materials on length scales which range from less than 1 A to 1 μm. The intent is to remove the veils of secrecy and mystery which have apparently prevented the wide application of these techniques to problems in materials science.
Tryptase/Protease-Activated Receptor 2 Interactions Induce Selective Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling and Collagen Synthesis by Cardiac Fibroblasts

The mast cell product, tryptase, has recently been implicated to mediate fibrosis in the hypertensive heart. Tryptase has been shown to mediate noncardiac fibroblast function via activation of protease-activated receptor 2 and subsequent activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, including extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2. Therefore, we hypothesized that this pathway may be a mechanism leading to fibrosis in the hypertensive heart. Isolated adult cardiac fibroblasts were treated with tryptase, which induced activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 via protease-activated receptor 2. Blockade of protease activated receptor 2 with FSLLRY (10 μmol/L) and inhibition of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway with PD98059 (10 μmol/L) prevented collagen synthesis in isolated cardiac fibroblasts stimulated with tryptase. In contrast, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and stress-activated protein/c-Jun N-terminal kinase were not activated by tryptase. Cardiac fibroblasts isolated from spontaneously hypertensive rats showed this same pattern of activation. Treatment of spontaneously hypertensive rats with FSLLRY prevented fibrosis in these animals, indicating the in vivo applicability of the cultured fibroblast findings. Also, tryptase induced a myofibroblastic phenotype indicated by elevations in α-smooth muscle actin and extra type III domain A (ED-A) fibronectin. Thus, the results from this study demonstrate the importance of tryptase for inducing a cardiac myofibroblastic phenotype, ultimately leading to the development of cardiac fibrosis. Specifically, tryptase causes cardiac fibroblasts to increase collagen synthesis via a mechanism involving activation of protease-activated receptor 2 and subsequent induction of extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling.
The role of extracellular matrix composition in structure and function of bioengineered skeletal muscle.

Abstract One of the obstacles to the potential clinical utility of bioengineered skeletal muscle is its limited force generation capacity. Since engineered muscle, unlike most native muscle tissue, is composed of relatively short myofibers, we hypothesized that, its force production and transmission would be profoundly influenced by cell-matrix interactions. To test this hypothesis, we systematically varied the matrix protein type (collagen I/fibrin/Matrigel) and concentration in engineered, hydrogel-based neonatal rat skeletal muscle bundles and assessed the resulting tissue structure, generation of contractile force, and intracellular Ca 2+ handling. After two weeks of culture, the muscle bundles consisted of highly aligned and cross-striated myofibers and exhibited standard force–length and force–frequency relationships achieving tetanus at 40 Hz. The use of 2 mg/ml fibrin (control) yielded isometric tetanus amplitude of 1.4 ± 0.3 mN as compared to 0.9 ± 0.4 mN measured in collagen I-based bundles. Higher fibrin and Matrigel concentrations synergistically yielded further increase in active force generation to 2.8 ± 0.5 mN without significantly affecting passive mechanical properties, tetanus-to-twitch ratio, and twitch kinetics. Optimized matrix composition yielded significant cellular hypertrophy (protein/DNA ratio = 11.4 ± 4.1 vs. 6.5 ± 1.9 μg/μg in control) and a prolonged Ca 2+ transient half-width (Ca 50 = 232.8 ± 33.3 vs. 101.7 ± 19.8 ms). The use of growth-factor-reduced Matrigel, instead of standard Matrigel did not alter the obtained results suggesting enhanced cell-matrix interactions rather than growth factor supplementation as an underlying cause for the measured increase in contractile force. In summary, biomaterial-based manipulation of cell-matrix interactions represents an important target for improving contractile force generation in engineered skeletal muscle.
Florida Seminole Housing and the Social Meanings of Sovereignty

Driving past the strip malls of Hollywood, Florida, visitors know they have entered the Seminole Reservation when they approach blocks of modest houses punctuated by the thatched roofs of backyard chickees (from chiki, or home, in Mikasuki). On Seminoles' rural Big Cypress Reservation, chickees dot the landscape as storage sheds, front yard spots to sit and socialize, and shelters for taking lunch breaks away from the punishing Florida sunshine. Chickees also convey "Seminoleness" in some tribal casinos' interior design, as vendors' booths at Seminole festivals (figure 1), and even on the Seminole tribal flag, with its chickee logo (figure 2). More than any other element of the built environment, chickees mark space as distinctly Seminole. If today chickees have come to signify Seminole nation and culture to Seminoles and outsiders alike, however, the history of Seminole housing reveals a complicated and fraught relationship among chickees, governance, and the politics of culture. In this paper, which is part of a larger study of Seminole tribal sovereignty and economy in the casino era (Cattelino n.d. [forthcoming]), I examine housing as a case study of mid- to late twentieth-century relations between Seminoles and the federal government. I show how the 1990s transition from federal to tribal control over housing and other social programs,
Asbestos Fiber Deposition in a Human Tracheobronchial Cast. Ii. Empirical Model

AbstractExperimental data on asbestos fiber deposition in hollow replicate casts of a human tracheobronchial tree were used to derive a generic empirical model for the deposition of fibrous aerosols in lung airways. The mechanisms primarily responsible for deposition under the experimental conditions used were inertial impaction and interception. The initial empirical model developed on the basis of these two deposition mechanisms and turbulent flow fit the data reasonably well for fibers less than 10 μm in length. The addition of a term to account for the influence of partial turbulence on interception efficiency improved the fit of the data for the longer fibers to the model.
The Effect of Qualifying Language on Perceptions of Drug Appeal, Drug Experience, and Estimates of Side-Effect Incidence in DTC Advertising

This study examined how the use of qualifying language in direct-to-consumer (DTC) pharmaceutical advertising affects consumers' perceptions of drug appeal, anticipated pleasantness of drug usage, and the expected incidence of side-effect occurrence. A sample of 669 individuals participated in a 2 x 8 complete factorial design. The design manipulated the number of side effects associated with drug use and the type of qualifying language used to describe the side effects. The eight experimental qualifying language cells represented one control condition (no qualifying language), three cells where each of three types of qualifying language were presented individually, and four cells where qualifying language was combined. The results indicate that qualifying language has a profound effect on drug perceptions, especially when used in combination. Drug appeal and the anticipated drug-using experience almost always were more positive in the presence of qualifying language. Qualifying language appears to exert its influence by causing individuals to reduce their estimate of the likelihood of experiencing individual side effects. Policy implications of the research, particularly for evaluation of "fair balance" and the reporting of side effects, are presented.
Nzinga of Matamba in a new perspective

Nzinga of Matamba, the seventeenth-century African monarch known primarily for her enmity to the Portuguese in Angola, also faced hostility from her own Mbundu people and the opposition of neighbouring African rulers throughout her long career. Her sex disqualified her from many Mbundu political offices reserved for males, and her origins in the lineageless community at the Mbundu king's royal court made her an outsider in terms of the lineage politics of most Mbundu states. But she overcame these disadvantages by skilful manipulation of the aliens present on the Mbundu borders, Imbangala warrior bands, the Portuguese, and the Dutch, and dominated Mbundu politics and diplomacy until her death in 1663. The domestic forces arrayed against Nzinga triumphed after her death, expelling her chosen successors from the Matamba royal title and omitting her name from the oral traditions of the state. These hypotheses, while not susceptible to direct proof, seem probable on the basis of a re-reading of documentary sources in the light of ethnographic and oral historical evidence collected in 1969–1970.
Top-gated Thin Film FETs Fabricated from Arrays of Self-aligned Semiconducting Carbon Nanotubes

In this paper, we present a new approach for making active carbon nanotube (CNT) electrical devices and demonstrate the first aligned CNT array field effect transistors (FET) from 99% pure separated semiconducting nanotubes. Through evaporation-driven deposition of predominantly semiconducting nanotubes from the liquid phase, we have fabricated aligned, thin-film CNT devices with high on-state currents. The fabrication scheme presented here provides a versatile production method translatable to other substrates such as flexible plastics.
Multi-component dark matter

We explore multi-component dark matter models where the dark sector consists of multiple stable states with different mass scales, and dark forces coupling these states further enrich the dynamics. The multi-component nature of the dark matter naturally arises in supersymmetric models, where both R parity and an additional symmetry, such as a Z{sub 2}, is preserved. We focus on a particular model where the heavier component of dark matter carries lepton number and annihilates mostly to leptons. The heavier component, which is essentially a sterile neutrino, naturally explains the PAMELA, ATIC and synchrotron signals, without an excess in antiprotons which typically mars other models of weak scale dark matter. The lighter component, which may have a mass from a GeV to a TeV, may explain the DAMA signal, and may be visible in low threshold runs of CDMS and XENON, which search for light dark matter.
Classroom Behavior of Elementary School-Age Boys with Fragile X Syndrome

Despite reports suggesting numerous academic and social behavior deficits in boys with fragile X syndrome (FXS), little information is available concerning their actual classroom academic and social behavior. In this study, direct observational data were collected on the behavior of 26 elementary school-age boys with FXS during classroom academic activities in primarily self-contained special education classrooms. Results indicated moderate levels of academic engagement during periods of academic instruction, comparable to that of their classroom peers. Classroom engagement was not related to intrasubject variables such as severity of delay, autism status, or medication usage. A general measure of classroom quality and instruction was significantly correlated with engagement. Relatively low levels of stereotypic or self-injurious behavior were observed. These findings are discussed in relation to the existing engagement literature for school-age individuals with disabilities and issues concerning syndrome...
Mindfulness for Teachers: A Pilot Study to Assess Effects on Stress, Burnout, and Teaching Efficacy

Despite the crucial role of teachers in fostering children's academic learning and social-emotional well-being, addressing teacher stress in the classroom remains a significant challenge in education. This study reports results from a randomized controlled pilot trial of a modified Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction course (mMBSR) adapted specifically for teachers. Results suggest that the course may be a promising intervention, with participants showing significant reductions in psychological symptoms and burnout, improvements in observer-rated classroom organization and performance on a computer task of affective attentional bias, and increases in self-compassion. In contrast, control group participants showed declines in cortisol functioning over time and marginally significant increases in burnout. Furthermore, changes in mindfulness were correlated in the expected direction with changes across several outcomes (psychological symptoms, burnout, and sustained attention) in the intervention group. Implications of these findings for the training and support of teachers are discussed. Teachers play a central role in creating a classroom climate that fosters student learning and social-emotional well- being. However, teaching can be stressful and managing classroom dynamics taxing. As a profession, teaching is plagued by significant turnover, often attributed to burnout, with documented rates of teacher turnover rising in public
The influence of a Critical latitude on Topographically Forced Stationery Waves in a Barotropic Model

Abstract A nondivergent barotropic model on a sphere is used to study the effects of a critical latitude on stationary atmospheric waves forced by topography. Linear and “quasi-linear” calculations are performed with an idealized wavenumber 3 mountain and with realistic topography. Quasi-linear dynamics, where mean flow changes are due to momentum flux convergence, “form drag” and relation to a prescribed climatological mean flow, produces an S-shaped kink in the zonal mean absolute vorticity gradient near the critical latitude, resulting in enhanced reflection. The component of the quasi-linear solution resulting from enhanced reflection at the critical latitude is computed by taking the difference between the linear and the quasi-linear solutions. In a calculation with realistic topography and zonal flow, this reflected component is found to be dominated by a wave train emanating from the western tropical Pacific and propagating northward and then eastward across the Pacific 0cean and the North American...