cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The development and psychometric properties of the bipolar disorders knowledge scale.

Abstract Purpose Bipolar Disorder (BD) presents in 1–4% of the world's population, carrying significant financial and functional consequences. Beyond the direct disease burden, patients with BD experience a high degree of both internal and external stigma. Additionally, medication adherence tends to be poor in patients with BD. Knowledge appears to play a role in mitigating both stigma and non-adherence, but these relationships have not been fully elucidated. The Bipolar Disorder Knowledge Scale (BDKS) was designed to explore the role of knowledge and better define such relationships. This research provides the evidence for the reliability and validity of the scale. Methods Forty-seven items were developed to assess knowledge of BD. The 47-item survey was sent out to two groups: first a group of 43 pharmacists with BCPP credentials from the College of Psychiatric and Neurologic Pharmacists (CPNP) who were recruited from the CPNP directory, and second a group of 250 members of the general public who were recruited using Qualtrics Online Sample service. Participants were surveyed on their education status, health literacy, BD diagnostic status, and exposure to patients with BD. Participants then completed the 47-item scale. After 48 h 100 members from the original general public group were sent the same survey to assess test-retest reliability. For each item a difficulty index to evaluate how well participants performed on the item and a discrimination index to determine how well each item performed in high-scorers versus low scorers were calculated. Additionally, Cronbach's alpha was calculated to determine internal consistency validity and a Pearson correlation was run to determine test-retest reliability. Items were removed based on the results from the difficulty index, discrimination index, and Cronbach's alpha. Finally the pharmacist final scores were compared to the general public using an unpaired t-test to assess whether content experts were more likely to perform better on the scale. Following item removal, the scale was finalized at 25-items. Results The mean score for the scale was 34.48 (71.83%; SD: 5.50) and the Cronbach's alpha was 0.773 before item analysis. Following item analysis, 22 items were dropped leaving 25 items on the final version of the scale. The remaining items retained a difficulty index below 90% and a discrimination index above 20%. The mean of the 25-item scale was 18.40 (73.6%; SD: 4.13) for the general public and 23.20 (92.8%; SD: 1.36) for the pharmacists group (p Conclusion The BDKS is a 25-item true-false scale that takes approximately 5–10 min to complete. The scale assesses knowledge of BD with items targeting diagnosis, etiology, disease course, symptoms, treatment, and life impact. The scale has shown strong internal consistency and test-retest reliability in a general population and will be useful for evaluating knowledge of BD as it relates to stigma, non-adherence, and other variables.
Brain SPECT imaging and psychiatry.

To provide a basis for using neuroSPECT (single photon emission computerized tomography) in the evaluation of psychiatric disorders, this presentation will focus on recent developments in this field. Newer advances in cerebral SPECT instrumentation and radiopharmaceuticals and the potential impact on the evaluation of psychiatric patients will be discussed
Somatostatin and the Syndrome of Acromegaly

Regulation of pituitary growth hormone (GH) secretion by the hypothalamus was first suspected when it was clear that rodents who had lesions of the hypothalamus grew abnormally. That these lesions, which were designed to create “hypothalamic obesity,” were resulting in a decrease in pituitary GH secretion was first suggested by Bogdanove and Lipner (1) in 1952. This possibility was directly confirmed by Reichlin (2) who demonstrated that full replacement of thyroid, gonadal, adrenal, and posterior pituitary hormones did not prevent the growth retardation induced by large medial basal hypothalamic lesions. After Franz and co-workers (3) reported that acetone/acetic acid extracts of porcine hypothalamus contained somatotrophic hormone releasing activity, a number of laboratories including those of Guillemin, McCann, Meites, Saffran, Schally, and Reichlin began an intensive search for this GH-releasing factor (GRF). During the search for this factor, Krulich et al. (4) noted that hypothalamic extracts also contained a GH release-inhibiting factor (Fig. 1), an observation later confirmed by Knobil et al. (5). In a similar fashion, Brazeau, Vale, and colleagues in the laboratory of Roger Guillemin, found a GH inhibitory activity inside fractions of ovine hypothalamic extracts (6,7) which were prepared for the search for GRF and which were used to isolate and identify the first hypothalamic releasing factor, TRH. The somatotropin release-inhibiting factor (SRIF) was isolated, sequenced, and found to be a tetradecapeptide which was named “somatostatin” (SS).
Numerical evaluation of fast-sensitive microstructured semiconductor neutron detectors for TREAT hodoscope

Abstract Presented is the numerical study of fast-sensitive, actinide and hydrogenous microstructured semiconductor neutron detectors (MSNDs) for the hodoscope at the Transient REActor Test facility (TREAT) using Geant4 and MCNP6. Neutron converters considered were 237Np, 235U, natural uranium, and 232Th for actinide MSNDs and paraffin wax for hydrogenous MSNDs (H-MSNDs). Paraffin wax was found to have a larger fission-spectrum-weighted macroscopic cross section (0.32 cm −1) than the actinide materials (the best being 0.067 cm −1 for 237 Np). However, actinide reactants were found to allow higher lower-level discriminator (LLD) settings due to the large energy of fission fragments. Actinide MSNDs filled with 235U, natural uranium, and 232Th were evaluated in Geant4 using the fission fragment generator. With the LLD set to 5 MeV, the intrinsic neutron-detection efficiency of the 235U-filled MSNDs was 1.2% for a 2-cm device length and saturated at 2.6% for lengths beyond 14 cm, where 20- μ m trench and 10- μ m wall widths were assumed. The deposited energy in 235U predicted by Geant4 differed from the MCNP6-predicted value by about −0.7%. With the LLD set to 300 keV, Geant4 and MCNP6 predicted an efficiency of about 10% for a 2-cm long H-MSND with 20- μ m trench and 10- μ m wall widths and an efficiency of about 26% for a detector length of 20 cm. For a LLD set to achieve a signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio of 100 when including gamma-ray noise, the best-case, Geant4-predicted efficiencies were 2.5% and 9.6% for 2-cm and 20-cm long devices with 60- μ m trench and 40- μ m wall widths.
Utilization of Wild Species for Crop Improvement

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an overview of the successful transfers of useful genes from wild species to related field crop plants. The chapter focuses on the problems associated with utilizing interspecific hybrids for improving crop species, methods used to overcome these obstacles, an assessment of the value of making the effort to produce something valuable, and the potential of utilizing other wild species germplasm. Attempts to utilize wild species germplasm to improve a crop species depend on species relationships, modes of reproduction, the extent to which the crop can be changed genetically without reducing the economic value, the number of genes controlling the trait in question, methods to overcome undesirable linkage groups, ease and power of screening procedures, and the amount of effort that can be devoted to the problem. The chapter also discusses biosystematics—such as taxonomy and species relationships—barriers to hybridization, and approaches used for germplasm exploitation. Germplasm resources in wild species have been most utilized when desirable genes were unavailable in the crop species. Although wild species have commonly been used as a source for disease resistance in some crops, a great void of knowledge exists for most groups.
Immunomodulatory effects of breast milk on food allergy.

Abstract Objective To summarize the literature on immunomodulatory effects of breast milk on sensitization and possible mechanisms of action. Data Sources Animal and human studies in PubMed that assessed breastfeeding or breast milk composition in food allergy. Study Selections All recent studies and some older key publications focusing on this topic. Results Human milk composition is highly variable among mothers, which can affect the developing infant immune system. Human milk also affects the infant gut microbiome, which is associated with food allergy. High levels of human milk immune factors (IgA, cytokines, oligosaccharides) are associated with reduced risk of food allergy in the infant; it remains uncertain whether these are directly protective or biomarkers of transferred protection. Animal studies highlight potential mechanisms of protection provided by antigens, transforming growth factor β, and immunocomplexes, yet their relevance is poorly understood in humans. The role of food antigens in human milk in initial sensitization or tolerance induction is unclear. Conclusion The protection against allergy development provided by human milk may be attributable to the effect on the infant gut microbiome or direct effects on immune system. Studies evaluating the effect of breastfeeding and human milk composition on food allergy are needed.
Communication: Is There a Standard Handover Technique to Transfer Patient Care?

Perioperative handovers are a complex process that has the potential to lead to patient harm. The lack of standardization among team members present and information provided can lead to failure of communication of vital information. Standardization of the handover process can help mitigate potential errors, but must occur at the local, institutional level. In addition, the process of implementation of the standardized handover process must include measures to ensure sustainability of the initiative. Effective communication is critical to transferring patient care in a way that mitigates harm.
Pushing Up Ivies: Institutional Prestige and the Academic Caste System

This research explores the effects of faculty hiring and Ph.D. alma mater. We show that the Ivy League enjoys a significant benefit in placing candidates because of their inclusion in that prestigious group. By creating a metric that looks at the Institutional Ranking Difference (IRD), we also show that Ph.D. programs do not benefit by hiring academics from premier institutions. Not only do they not enjoy a benefit to rank, they also do not benefit in placing candidates in the job market.
Characterization of radiative heat transfer in a spark-ignition engine through high-speed experiments and simulations

A combined experimental and Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) study of molecular radiation is presented for combustion in a homogeneous pre-mixed spark-ignition engine. Molecular radiation can account for ~10% of the engine heat loss and could have a noticeable impact on the local conditions within the combustion chamber. The Transparent Combustion Chamber (TCC) engine, a single-cylinder two-valve research engine with a transparent liner and piston for optical access, was used for this study. High-speed infrared emission spectroscopy and radiative post-processing of LES calculations have been performed to gain insight into the timescales and magnitude of radiative emissions of molecular gases during the combustion process. Both the measurements and simulations show significant Cycle-to-Cycle Variations (CCV) of radiative emission. There is agreement in the instantaneous radiative spectrum of experiment and simulation, but the crank-angle development of the radiative spectrum shows disagreement. The strengths and limitations of the optical experiments and radiative simulations are seen in the results and suggest pathways for future efforts in characterizing the influence of molecular radiation. In particular, focusing on the relative changes of the spectral features will be important as they contain information about the thermochemical properties of the gas mixture.
The Relevance of Makerspaces for University-based Venture Development Organizations

Research on university-based venture development organizations is important to better understand how universities can provide an environment promoting entrepreneurial activity. However, there is a new infrastructure potentially of great relevance to the entrepreneurial eco-system of universities: makerspaces. Makerspaces provide important support and resources that are known to promote learning, innovation and venturing activity. I highlight the characteristics and effects of makerspaces and point towards potential areas for future research. In concluding, it appears that makerspaces can be a valuable part of the entrepreneurship ecosystem in university-based venture development organizations.
You can’t just use gold: Elevated turbidity alters successful lure color for recreational Walleye fishing

Abstract Increasing anthropogenic turbidity alters underwater visual environments, leading to disrupted perception of visual cues with a variety of consequences, such as diet shifts and reduced prey consumption. In this study, we used novel techniques, including a citizen science mobile phone application (app), to investigate the effects of altered water clarity on recreational fisheries. Our objectives were to determine if elevated turbidity (suspended sediments or algae) alters lure success in the recreational Walleye (Sander vitreus) fishery and if the behavior of recreational anglers shifts with algal blooms. We developed a mobile phone app to gather real time data on lure success across water clarity conditions in collaboration with Lake Erie charter captains. Citizen science data collected with the app showed that lure color success shifted with water color and clarity: white lures were most successful in clear water, yellow in sedimentary turbidity, and black in algal conditions. A survey of charter captains suggested that fishing practices and lure usage may change over the long term if algal blooms persist.
Born on the Battlefield: Celebrating the Centennial of the Discovery of Epidural Anesthesia.

The year 2021 marks the 100th anniversary of the discovery of epidural anesthesia by Spanish military surgeon Major Fidel Pages. The idea for the technique was born from Pages' experiences in forward military hospitals in North Africa and Austria and would go on to revolutionize the fields of surgery and obstetrics.
Who manages burn injuries in children? A program director survey evaluating burn training during pediatric surgery fellowship.

PURPOSE Burn is one of the leading causes of injury and death in children. Currently, the Residency Review Committee does not require general surgery residents to rotate on a burn service. With many trainees no longer receiving burn training during residency, we sought to evaluate the exposure to burn management in pediatric surgery training programs. MATERIAL AND METHODS An electronic survey was sent to program directors at accredited pediatric surgery training programs (56) during the 2020 academic year. Case log reviews were performed for 2005-2019. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed. RESULTS Thirty-six program directors participated in the survey (64%), and 56% reported having an inpatient and outpatient component for burn management. Nearly 20% of program directors reported having no burn management at their institution. Fifty-four percent of responding programs had fellow participation in burn management. Over a fifteen-year period, case logs identified a median of 0-2 burn cases logged each year for graduating fellows. Logistically, 65% of burn centers relied on general pediatric surgeons for management. CONCLUSION Pediatric surgery trainee involvement in burn management varies with many programs offering no designated burn training. Increasing exposure to pediatric burn management during training is needed to provide improved care for this patient population. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III, Retrospective Review.
Room Temperature Deformation-induced Solute Segregation and its Impact on Twin Boundary Mobility in a Mg-Y Alloy

Abstract Mechanical behavior of alloys is influenced by segregation of solute atoms, which affects deformation mechanisms, such as slip and twinning. In this study, we report on an atomic-scale investigation into room temperature, deformation-induced solute segregation in a Mg-Y alloy. High concentrations of Y were observed at the dislocation cores. In addition, we found that { 10 1 ¯ 2 } twins were bounded by coherent twin boundaries and basal-prismatic facets, which contained periodic segregation of Y-rich columns and nano-sized Y-rich clusters, respectively. The observed segregation arrangement was energetically attributed to the fact that it minimizes the overall lattice distortion and is kinetically assisted by the dynamic interaction between solute atoms and crystallographic defects and the slip-twin interaction during plastic deformation. Moreover, segregated Y atoms exert a pinning effect and lead to anisotropy on the mobility of twin boundaries. This finding offers a potentially new alloy design path to control the mechanical response of Mg alloys.
Impaired Mitochondrial Protein Synthesis in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Human Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) ranks among the sixth most common cancer types worldwide possibly due to the significant role of alcohol and tobacco use in the development of HNSCC. Interestingly, mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) have been found to be associated with human head and neck cancers. Here, we investigated the changes in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes and contribution of mitochondrial translation components in HNSCC. Immunoblotting analyses of human HNSCC tumors have shown that the expression of OXPHOS was impaired at the protein level. Specifically, an overall reduction in one of the mitochondrially encoded subunits of the OXPHOS complexes accentuated a possible defect in mitochondrial translation machinery. Evidence provided in this study suggests that the mitochondrial translation defect(s) could be due to a decrease in expression of one of the essential mitochondrial ribosomal proteins, MRPL11, in head and neck tumor biopsies. We also observed an acqu...
Shift switching and novel arithmetic schemes

High speed shift switching with CMOS and precharged CMOS techniques are proposed for arithmetic designs with existing technology, which can substantially increase speed and/or reduce area for parallel counters. The transmission-gate-based shift switches are cascaded to synthesize an N-bit parallel counter, achieving a delay of (log(N+1)-1) times a full adder delay. The pass-transistor-based shift switches are cascaded to construct fast domino chains, which differ from the traditional (precharged CMOS NP) domino chains (on data paths) mainly in that they can readily provide a semaphore to indicate the end of the domino process. This suggests a new approach for asynchronous arithmetic.
Anticancer Activity of Rice Callus Suspension Culture

A multitude of natural products from plant extracts have been tested for their ability to inhibit the progression of several diseases including cancer. A novel approach of evaluating plant (rice) callus suspension cultures for anticancer activity is reported. The ability of different dilutions of rice callus suspension cultures to inhibit growth of two human cancer cell lines was tested employing varying cell numbers and different incubation times. A crystal violet assay was performed to assess cell viability of the cancer cell lines. Furthermore, microscopic analysis was carried out to determine the effect of the rice callus culture on the morphology of the cancer cells. Rice callus suspension cultures significantly inhibited the growth of human cancer and renal cell lines at densities of 5000 and 10000 cells/mL when incubated for 72 and 96 h. Rice callus suspension culture was more efficient than paclitaxel (Taxol®) and etoposide in selectively killing human colon and renal cancer cell lines compared with a control cell line (human lung fibroblasts). The use of plant callus suspension cultures is a novel approach for inhibiting the growth of cancer cells, which will lead to the development of new agents for selectively killing cancer cells. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Engineering Design: A Synthesis of Views

Design is a central activity in engineering. It is both a creative process not easily defined and a thought process that can, with increasing success, be externalized, articulated, and modelled. This book aims to clarify the issues, providing an operational definition of engineering design and an explication of design as a discipline. In particular, the book focuses on the contribution of AI (artificial intelligence) to engineering design. With its clear presentation of the main ideas of recent AI-based models of design, set within the context of inductive design models, the book offers an integrated view of current thinking about design. Also included is a brief review of some key AI-based problem-solving methods and classical design tools. The author closes with a look ahead at the roles that symbolic representation and knowledge-based (expert) systems can play in engineering design in practice and in education.
Optical machine recognition of Greek characters of any size

The authors have developed and implemented an algorithm for recognizing printed Greek letters. The scheme consists of a preprocessor for thinning and noise renewal and a classifier which differentiates each of the characters based on features such as existence of closed curve, number of intersections, number of free ends, horizontal and vertical symmetry, and existence of diagonal neighbors. An algorithm based on mathematical modeling of the characters to classify the handwritten Greek letters is also investigated. Experimental results indicate that the percentage of successful recognition is almost 100% depending on how well the characters were thinned. >
Morals from the Courthouse: A Study of Recent Texas Cases Impacting the Wills, Probate, and Trust Practice

This article discusses recent judicial developments relating to the Texas law of intestacy, wills, estate administration, trusts, and other estate planning matters. The discussion of each case concludes with a moral, i.e., the important lesson to be learned from the case. By recognizing situations that have led to time consuming and costly litigation in the past, estate planners can reduce the likelihood of the same situations arising with their clients.
Role of intracellular calcium mobilization in the regulation of protein kinase C-mediated membrane processes.

Phorbol esters are potent tumour-promoting agents that exert pleiotropic effects on cells1–3. Among these are the control of growth4, stimulation of release of stored bioactive constituents5–8 and regulation of growth-factor surface receptors9–13. Phorbol esters bind to and activate protein kinase C, leading to the phosphorylation of specific protein substrates presumed to be necessary for eliciting the full response6,8–12,14,15. Strong evidence exists that specific binding of tumour promoter occurs at the membrane level in intact cells, resulting in activation of protein kinase C16,17. Recent evidence concerning the release of bioactive constituents from platelets5,8,14,18,19 and neutrophils5,6 has linked agonist-induced protein kinase C activation and Ca2+ mobilization in a synergistic mechanism8,20,21. Here we present a novel model of synergism between Ca2+ and phorbol esters that leads to transferrin receptor phosphorylation and down-regulation in HL-60 human leukaemic cells. Raising intracellular Ca2+, although ineffective by itself, increases the potency and rate of action of phorbol ester for activating protein kinase C and mediating transferrin receptor phosphorylation and down-regulation. We propose a molecular model in which increased intracellular Ca2+ recruits protein kinase C to the plasma membrane, thus ‘priming’ the system for activation by phorbol ester.
Functional approach to dual quark models

Abstract The usual N-point Veneziano amplitude can be obtained by summing over a large class of fishnet diagrams if one assumes a ϕ′4 interaction and suitable approximations. By adding fermion (quark) propagators along the edges of these fishnet diagrams, we obtain a natural generalization of this functional approach to include mesons and baryons without exotics, which smoothly extrapolates to the multiplicative model. By functionally integrating over a two-dimensional strip, we can introduce creation and annihilation operators and solve for the generators of the conformal group. We have not been able to find the mechanism to kill spin ghosts. And because all functional integrations are difficult to perform, we approximate the amplitude by a perturbation series. Because the series in this approximation diverges, the renormalization scheme is also discussed. SU(3) breaking can be introduced in a natural way.
Perceived need for dental care among persons living with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

Compromised oral health holds significant implications for the general health of medically vulnerable, HIV infected individuals. Past studies have reported that these individuals frequently suffer from oral opportunistic infections and have a tendency to develop severe periodontal disease. This study extends past research by examining the prevalence of oral infections according to patient characteristics and by reporting, for the first time, the level of perceived dental need in a large, multi-site sample of individuals with symptomatic HIV disease. Data for this study come from a survey of 857 clients of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's AIDS Health Services Program in 9 U.S. cities. More respondents (52%) reported a need for dental care than for any other service need. Multivariate analysis showed that clients who were white, in low-income groups, used intravenous drugs, or had a past history of oral opportunistic infections were more likely to report dental need. Relations between age, gender, insurance status, or disease status and perceived need were statistically nonsignificant. Forty-seven percent of the clients reported they had an oral opportunistic infection, the second outcome variable examined in this study. Statistically significant differences (P less than 0.05) were found in the prevalence of oral opportunistic infections among race and disease severity groups. Whites and the more severely ill were more likely to report an infection than their respective counterparts.
The follicle cells are a major site of vitellogenin synthesis in Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract Pulse labeling of proteins, in vivo , followed by indirect immunoprecipitation of the vitellogenin polypeptides, has shown that not only the thoracic and abdominal fat bodies but also the ovary devote a significant percentage of their synthetic capacity to vitellogenin (VG) production. These methods have also shown that ovarian stages 9 and 10 contribute the majority of VG synthesized by the ovary and that the follicular epithelium of these stages is the specific site of VG synthesis. In situ hybridization (of a probe containing the coding regions of the two larger polypeptides) to sections of ovaries confirmed that the VG mRNAs are abundant species in the cytoplasm of stage 9 and 10 follicle cells. In addition, two of the three polypeptides (VGP1 and VGP2) are produced at roughly equal levels by the follicle cells, but the smallest polypeptide (VGP3) is produced at one-fourth this level by these cells. Hybridization of cloned genomic probes ( T. Barnett, C. Pachl, J. P. Gergen, and P. C. Wensink, 1980 , Cell 21, 729–738) to RNA bound on nitrocellulose filters has shown that the ovary contributes aproximately 35% of the total amount of the mRNAs coding for VGP1 and VGP2 but only about 10% of the mRNA for VGP3. The same procedure demonstrated that the levels of all three VG mRNAs during follicular development closely parallel VG polypeptide synthesis. Finally, culture of ovaries in males has shown that the mRNA levels accurately reflect the follicle cell contribution to VG synthesis.
The interaction of quinone analogues with wild-type and ubiquinone-deficient yeast mitochondria

Abstract The interaction of the exogenous quinones, duroquinone (DQ) and the decyl analogue of ubiquinone (DB) with the mitochondrial respiratory chain was studied in both wild-type and a ubiquinone-deficient mutant of yeast. DQ can be reduced directly by NADH dehydrogenase, but cannot be reduced by succinate dehydrogenase in the absence of endogenous ubiquinone. The succinate-driven reduction of DQ can be stimulated by DB in a reaction inhibited 50% by antimycin and 70–80% by the combined use of antimycin and myxothiazol, suggesting that electron transfer occurs via the cytochrome b - c 1 complex. Both DQ and DB can effectively mediate the reduction of cytochrome b by the primary dehydrogenases through center o, but their ability to mediate the reduction of cytochrome b through center i is negligible. Two reaction sites for ubiquinol seem to be present at center o: one is independent of endogenous Q 6 with a high reaction rate and a high K m ; the other is affected by endogenous Q 6 and has a low reaction rate and a low K m . By contrast, only one ubiquinol reaction site was observed at center i, where DB appears to compete with endogenous Q 6 . DB can oxidize most of the pre-reduced cytochrome b , while DQ can oxidize only 50%. On the basis of these data, the possible binding patterns of DB on different Q-reaction sites and the requirement for ubiquinone in the continuous oxidation of DQH are discussed.
Drosophila development: Delimiting patterns by repression

Patterning of the Drosophila embryo requires not only the proper activation of determinants at specific times, but also their restriction to specific places. Recent studies on transcriptional repressors show how they delimit the gene expression patterns to ensure normal development.
A force method for elastic-plastic analysis of frames by quadratic optimization

Abstract A numerical method for the analysis of elastoplastic planar frames is developed on the basis of a minimum principle in finite increments of stresses and plastic factors. Local elastic unloading and plastic admissibility of final stresses are considered in this theoretical formulation, avoiding additional iterative procedures. Since all possible stress distributions can be represented exactly, only an interpolation of plastic multiplier fields is required to transform the formulation in the functional space into a problem with a finite number of variables. Plastic admissibility for any section along a beam element is substituted by a finite number of contraints. The interpretation of this approximation is used to choose appropriate interpolation bases. The resulting discrete version of the principle is a quadratic optimization problem solved in this work by dualization, condensation to a problem in plastic factors only, and application of Lemke's algorithm. The advantages of the force method when compared with kinematical approaches for planar frames are discussed and demonstrated by examples.
MCD C-Term Signs, Saturation Behavior, and Determination of Band Polarizations in Randomly Oriented Systems with Spin S ≥ 1/2. Applications to S = 1/2 and S = 5/2

The magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) properties of a spin-allowed transition from an orbitally nondegenerate ground state manifold A to an orbitally nondegenerate excited state manifold J in the presence of spin−orbit coupling (SOC) are derived for any S ≥ 1/2. Three physically distinct mechanisms are identified that lead to MCD intensity and depend on SOC between excited states which leads to a sum rule and SOC between the ground state and other excited states that leads to deviations from the sum rule. The model is valid for any symmetry of the magnetic coupling tensors and arbitrary transition polarizations. The S = 1/2 case is analytically solved, and the determination of linear polarizations from MCD saturation magnetization data is discussed. For all mechanisms the MCD intensity is proportional to the spin-expectation values of the ground state sublevels which are conveniently generated from a spin-Hamiltonian (SH). For Kramers systems with large zero-field splittings (ZFSs) this allows the contrib...
Early Modern Jesuit Science. A Historiographical Essay

The traditional narrative of early modern science, or the scientific revolution, made the Catholic church appear anti-scientific. However, as scholars during the last three decades have reconstructed science in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, they have found that members of the Catholic church and the Jesuits in particular, despite their rejection of Copernican astronomy, contributed significantly to the advancement of science in those centuries. Many members of the Society of Jesus were both practitioners of mathematics and science and teachers of these subjects. They were trained in mathematics and open to the use of new instruments. As a result they made improvements in mathematics, astronomy, and physics. They kept work alive on magnetism and electricity; they corrected the calendar; they improved maps both of the earth and the sky. As teachers they influenced others, and their method of argumentation encouraged rigorous logic and the use of experiment in the pursuit of science. They also used mathematics and science in their missions in Asia and the Americas, which aided their successes in these missions. Historians of science now realize that detailing the progress of science in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries requires the inclusion of Jesuit science.
Gape-limitation, foraging tactics and prey size selectivity of two microcarnivorous species of fish

Patterns of prey size selectivity were quantified in the field for two species of marine microcarnivorous fish, Embiotoca jacksoni and Embiotoca lateralis (Embiotocidae) to test Scott and Murdoch's (1983) size spectrum hypothesis. Two mechanisms accounted for observed selectivity: the relative size of a fish in relation to its prey, and the type of foraging behavior used. Juvenile E. jacksoni were gape limited and newborn individuals achieved highest selectivity for the smallest prey size by using a visual picking foraging strategy. As young E. jacksoni grew, highest preference shifted to the next larger prey sizes. When E. jacksoni reached adulthood, the principal mode of foraging changed from visual picking to relatively indiscriminant winnowing behavior. The shift in foraging behavior by adults was accompanied by a decline in overall preference for prey size; sizes were taken nearly in proportion to their relative abundance. Adult E. lateralis retained a visual picking strategy and achieved highest selectivity for the largest class of prey. These differences in selectivity patterns by adult fish were not explained by gape-limination since adults of both species could ingest the largest prey items available to them. These results support Scott and Murdoch's (1983) hypothesis that the qualitative pattern of size selectivity depends largely on the range of available prey sizes relative to that a predator can effectively harvest.
A Cross Cultural Perspective to Juvenile Offenders in the U.S.: A Chinese Perspective

Cross-cultural studies show that children believe the nature and function of rules and laws are almost universally the same. Authority figures are as important nation to nation whether people share notions about legitimacy or not. Compliance patterns for instance, by the father, mother, teacher, and policeman were most noticeable across six of seven cultures. The goal is, therefore, to decode the various cultural styles of behavior and establish more efficient strategies of communication. Sex and age are other “road maps” for interactive communication, but the overall objective is to enhance the ability to read meaning into more refined, subtle, and individualistic expressions of behavior. Culture has analytic value as applied to groups, but not to individuals. A culture may reveal itself in an individual, but individuals do not necessarily share all elements of the culture which characterizes that particular group as a whole. Ethnic considerations must be applied to individuals as well as to relationship...
Forward osmosis: Where are we now?

Abstract Forward osmosis (FO) has been extensively investigated in the past decade. Despite significant advancements in our understanding of the FO process, questions and challenges remain regarding the energy efficiency and current state of the technology. Here, we critically review several key aspects of the FO process, focusing on energy efficiency, membrane properties, draw solutes, fouling reversibility, and effective applications of this emerging technology. We analyze the energy efficiency of the process, disprove the common misguided notion that FO is a low energy process, and highlight the potential use of low-cost energy sources. We address the key necessary membrane properties for FO, stressing the importance of the structural parameter, reverse solute flux selectivity, and the constraints imposed by the permeability–selectivity tradeoff. We then dispel the notion that draw solution regeneration can use negligible energy, highlighting the beneficial qualities of small inorganic and thermolytic salts as draw solutes. We further discuss the fouling propensity of FO, emphasizing the fouling reversibility of FO compared to reverse osmosis (RO) and the prospects of FO in treating high fouling potential feed waters. Lastly, we discuss applications where FO outperforms other desalination technologies and emphasize that the FO process is not intended to replace RO, but rather is to be used to process feed waters that cannot be treated by RO.
T cell-dependent and -independent pathways to tissue destruction following herpes simplex virus-1 infection.

Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department ofPahtology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USAViral infections can trigger tissue destruction through innate and/or adaptive immune mech-anisms. Here we show that these pathways can be differentially activated after infection bydifferent strains of the herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) virus. Infection of murine corneal tis-sue by HSV-1 (KOS) triggers an autoreactive clone of CD4 cells that is cross-reactive with anHSV-1 epitope to initiate corneal destruction. In contrast, ocular infection by the HSV-1 (RE)strain induces murine corneal destruction through direct, Tcell-independent, activation ofthe innate immune system. Although the relative role of these two pathways to blindness fol-lowing clinical HSV-1 ocular infection is unknown, this analysis suggests a general experi-mental approach to evaluate the relative contribution of adaptive and innate immune mecha-nisms to virally induced host tissue destruction.
Metabolism of 1-hydroxy-2-ketoheptadecane in myelinating brain☆

Abstract 1-Hydroxy-2-keto[2-14C]heptadecane was administered intracerebrally to 18-day-old rats. After 6 h, a substantial amount of labeled 1,2-heptadecanediol was found in the lipid extract; major portions of the radioactivity recovered in both ethanolamine phosphatides and choline phosphatides were found in their constituent 1-O-2′-hydroxyheptadecyl and 1-O-2′-ketoheptadecyl glycerols as well as in their 1,2-diacyl glycerols. The data suggest that long chain 1,2-alkanediols and ketols are readily interconverted by myelinating rat brain and that the ketols may be utilized for the formation of 1-O-2′-ketoalkyl glycerophosphatides.
Temperature dependence of the rotational relaxation times of aniostropic molecules in neat and mixed binary liquids

Abstract The relaxation times of the optical Kerr effect of nitrobenzene and m -nitrotoluene have been measured as a function of temperature in neat and mixed binary liquids. The activation energy of molecular reorientation motion for various solutions has been determined from Kerr effect and viscosity measurements. A modified Hill theory for the relaxation times provides satisfactory agreement with the experimental measurements for the mixed liquids.
Multi-user smartphone-based interaction with large high-resolution displays

We investigate the practicality of using smartphones to interact with large high-resolution displays, such as tiled display walls. To accomplish such a task, we found that in most cases it is not necessary to find the spatial location of the phone relative to the display, rather we can identify the object a user wants to interact with through image recognition. The interaction with the object itself can be done by using the smartphone as the medium. This trivially allows multi-user interaction with a large display wall, provided that each user has a smartphone. To investigate the feasibility of this concept we implemented a prototype.
Obesity and cardiometabolic disease risk factors among US adolescents with disabilities.

AIM To generate prevalence estimates of weight status and cardiometabolic disease risk factors among adolescents with and without disabilities. METHODS Analysis of the 1999-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data was conducted among 12-18 years old with (n = 256) and without disabilities (n = 5020). Mean values of waist circumference, fasting glucose, high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and metabolic syndrome (MetS, ≥ 3 risk factors present) were examined by the following standardized body mass index (BMI) categories for those with and without disabilities; overweight (BMI ≥ 85(th) - < 95(th) percentile for age and sex), obesity (BMI ≥ 95(th) percentile) and severe obesity (BMI ≥35 kg/m(2)). Linear regression models were fit with each cardiometabolic disease risk factor independently as continuous outcomes to show relationships with disability status. RESULTS Adolescents with disabilities were significantly more likely to be overweight (49.3%), obese (27.6%) and severely obese (12%) vs their peers without disabilities (33.1%, 17.5% and 3.6%, respectively, P ≤ 0.01 for all). A higher proportion of overweight, obese and severely obese children with disabilities had abnormal SBP, fasting lipids and glucose as well as MetS (18.9% of overweight, 32.3% of obese, 55% of severely obese) vs their peers without disabilities (9.7%, 16.8%, 36.3%, respectively). US adolescents with disabilities are over three times as likely to have MetS (OR = 3.45, 95%CI: 1.08-10.99, P = 0.03) vs their peers with no disabilities. CONCLUSION Results show that adolescents with disabilities are disproportionately affected by obesity and poor cardiometabolic health vs their peers with no disabilities. Health care professionals should monitor the cardiometabolic health of adolescents with disabilities.
Collective excitations of a system of coupled relativistic and nonrelativistic two-dimensional electron gases

We study collective excitations of a two-dimensional electron system consisting of two kinds of charge carriers: relativistic or Dirac electrons with linear dispersion and nonrelativistic electrons with parabolic dispersion. We find that the strength of the interaction between the different charge carriers, i.e., the interspecies interaction, plays a significant role in determining the number of plasmon modes as well as their dispersions in certain parameter regimes.
Research on Vocabulary Instruction in the Content Areas: Implications for Struggling Readers

ABSTRACT This article provides an overview of current knowledge about vocabulary teaching and learning—understandings that influence learning across different disciplines. Research on the teaching and learning of vocabulary in particular subject matter areas, including mathematics, social studies, and science, is discussed. Based upon the instructional implications evident in this body of work, this article also offers suggestions for providing effective vocabulary instruction for students reading below grade level.
Movement and Metabolism of Kinetin-14C and of Adenine-14C in Coleus Petiole Segments of Increasing Age

To see if polar movement was typical of growth-regulators other than auxins, the movement of adenine-8-(14)C and of kinetin-8-(14)C was studied in segments cut from petioles of increasing age. No polarity was found. In time-course experiments lasting 24 hr, kinetin showed a progressive increase of radioactivity in receiver blocks, while adenine showed a maximum at 8 hr with a decline thereafter. More kinetin moved through older segments than through younger ones. There was no difference in net loss as far as the position of the donor block is concerned. However, the loss of radioactivity from adenine donor blocks was much higher than the loss of radioactivity from kinetin donor blocks.The radioactivity in receiver blocks after 24 hr treatment with kinetin-(14)C was still with kinetin, judging by location on chromatograms. By the same criterion, adenine and a smaller amount of some other compound were in receiver blocks after a 6 hr transport with adenine-(14)C in the donors. By contrast, more zones of radioactivity were extracted from petiole segments to which kinetin or adenine had been added. For both purine derivatives the original compound represented no more than 20% of the total radioactivity extracted from the tissue after a transport period of 24 hr.
Optimization and validation of an ischemic wound model

Localized tissue ischemia is a key factor in the development and poor prognosis of chronic wounds. Currently, there are no standardized animal models that provide sufficient tissue to evaluate the effect of modalities that may induce angiogenesis, and in vitro models of angiogenesis do not mimic the complexity of the ischemic wound bed. Therefore, we set out to develop a reproducible ischemic model for use in wound-healing studies. Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent creation of dorsal bipedicle skin flaps with centrally located excisional wounds. Oxygen tension, wound-breaking strength, wound area, lactate, and wound vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were compared in flaps measuring 2.5 and 2.0 x 11 cm with and without an underlying silicone sheet. We found that the center of the 2.0 cm flap with silicone remains in the critically ischemic range up to 14 days without tissue necrosis (33+/-4 vs. 49+/-6 mmHg in controls). Wound healing and breaking strength were significantly impaired and tissue lactate from the center of this flap was 2.9 times greater than tissue from either nonischemic controls and 2.5 cm flap (0.23+/-0.05 mg/dL/mg sample vs. 0.09+/-0.02 and 0.08+/-0.02, respectively). Vascular endothelial growth factor was 2 times greater than the nonischemic control. This ischemic wound model is relatively inexpensive, easy to perform, reproducible, and reliable. The excisional wounds provide sufficient tissue for biochemical and histologic analysis, and are amenable to the evaluation of topical and systemic therapies that may induce angiogenesis or improve wound healing.
Irregularly Sampled Transit Vehicles Used as Traffic Sensors

Performance monitoring is an issue of growing concern both nationally and in the state of Washington. Travel times and speeds always have been of interest to traveler information researchers, but there is limited infrastructure with which to collect such data on a continuous basis. Transit vehicles were used as probes, and a framework was developed for modeling the time series that arise from irregularly sampled transit vehicle locations. These samples of vehicle location were obtained from the King County Department of Metropolitan Services automatic vehicle location system. An optimal filter method that estimates speed as a function of space and time was developed. An optimal solution for the state vector, containing the variables speed and position, was made at each time step by using a Kalman filter.