cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electropolymerization of 2‘-Ferrocenylpyrrolidino-[3‘,4‘;1,2][C60]fullerene in the Presence of Palladium Acetate. Formation of an Electroactive Fullerene-Based Film with a Covalently Attached Redox Probe

This article demonstrates that new redox active films can be electrochemically generated by reduction of a chemically modified fullerene (the ferrocene−fullerene conjugate 2‘-ferrocenylpyrrolidino-[3‘,4‘;1,2][C60]fullerene, Fc-C60) and [Pd(ac)2]3. These films are electrochemically active in both positive and negative potential regions. The formation and electrochemical properties of this Fc-C60/Pd film have been studied using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance techniques. The surface morphology and infrared spectra of the film are also reported. At negative potentials, the electrochemical behavior of the new Fc-C60/Pd film shows features similar to the ones displayed for the previously studied C60/Pd film. In the positive potential range, peaks related to charge-transfer processes of the ferrocene units linked to the polymer backbone are observed. Reduction of the film at negative potentials is accompanied by transfer of cations at the solution/film interface and their tran...
PS2-13: Implementing a Lean Management System in Primary Care: Facilitators and Barriers from the Frontlines

Background/Aims As approximately $750 billion is wasted in the U.S. health system each year, equivalent to roughly one-third of every medical dollar, “Lean” thinking and techniques offer promising solutions for maximizing value in health care. This study examines a large, multispecialty practice’s journey of implementing a Lean management system beginning in primary care. We sought to understand initial drivers and barriers to implementation, with lessons contributing to a learning system of improvement in health care.
Japanese microelectronics: Creating competitive advantage by vertical interaction

Abstract Japanese microelectronic firms have managed their integrated businesses strategically in the sense that some activities in the vertical chain are undertaken principally as “drivers” for other activities. At first glance the sizeable discounts in factor prices (relative to market prices) that routinely occur when these firms use internal sources of factor supply would seem only to lead to accounting transfers of profits with misallocation effects. However, it is shown that there are rather modest conditions under which market share and corporate profits are increased by such discounts. Unfortunately a prisoner's dilemma develops when all Japanese firms act in this strategic way, but each nonetheless is at an advantage relative to those foreign firms which do not.
Microvascular neurosurgical arterial bypass for cerebral ischemia: a decade of development.

The microsurgical extracranial-intracranial arterial bypass (EIAB) procedure, usually performed to anastomose the superficial temporal artery to a cortical branch of the middle cerebral artery, offers a therapeutic alternative in treating patients who present with symptoms of cerebral ischemia varying from transient ischemic attack (TIA) to stroke-in-evolution, and who have intracranial or otherwise inaccessible high cervical carotid lesions. Preoperative diagnostic steps include angiography, computer-assisted tomography (CT) scan, and measurements of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF).
Modulation of Hypothalamic β-Endorphin—Regulated Expression of Natural Killer Cell Cytolytic Activity Regulatory Factors by Ethanol in Male Fischer-344 Rats

BACKGROUND We have previously shown that ethanol administration suppresses natural killer (NK) cell cytolytic activity, partly by decreasing the action of hypothalamic beta-endorphin (beta-EP) on the spleens of male Fischer-344 rats. This study was conducted to examine the effects of ethanol and central administration of beta-EP on perforin, granzyme B, and the cytokine interferon (IFN)-gamma--factors that modulate NK cell cytolytic activity--to understand the mechanism involved in ethanol's suppression of NK cell activity. METHODS A group of male Fischer-344 rats were fed an ethanol-containing diet (8.7% v/v), and a control group was pair-fed an isocaloric diet. At the end of 2 weeks, both groups were infused with beta-EP 100 ng/hr into the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus for 18 hr, and spleen tissues were immediately removed for analysis of perforin, granzyme B, and IFN-gamma messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels. The mRNA levels of perforin, granzyme B, and IFN-gamma were evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and the protein levels of perforin and granzyme B were analyzed by Western blot. RESULTS Paraventricular nucleus administration of beta-EP increased the mRNA and protein expression of granzyme B and mRNA expression of IFN-gamma in pair-fed animals. Ethanol significantly reduced both basal and beta-EP-induced levels of granzyme B and IFN-gamma. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that chronic ethanol consumption suppresses beta-EP-induced NK cytolytic activity, granzyme B, and IFN-gamma in male Fischer-344 rats.
Diagnostic value of radiological tests in chronic pelvic pain

Chronic pelvic pain (CPP) presents a diagnostic as well as a therapeutic challenge to many clinicians. This chapter briefly describes the most frequent identifiable causes for CPP amenable to imaging; explains the most widely-used and widely available radiological tests for CPP; and compares/contrasts each test's utility and accuracy for a given causality. Examples of each imaging modality are included for demonstration purposes, and a summation table cross-references the best diagnostic methods with corresponding disease processes. References from the literature of both radiology and gynaecology were used in preparing this review.
Families Living with Severe Mental Illness: A Literature Review

Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness, which is stressful not only for patients, but also for family members. Numerous studies have demonstrated that family caregivers of persons with a severe mental illness suffer from significant stresses, experience moderately high levels of burden, and often receive inadequate assistance from mental health professionals. Effective family functioning in families with schizophrenia may be influenced by a variety of psychosocial factors. The purpose of this article was to present a review of the social science literature related to families living with schizophrenia that has been published during the last three decades. There is general agreement in the literature that a multitude of variables affect families with a severe mental illness, such as schizophrenia. Therefore, this literature review examined the most frequently investigated variables (coping, psychological distress and caregiver burden, social support, caregiver resiliency and depression, and client behavioral problems) as they are related to families and schizophrenia.
Assessing computer usage patterns in a software development course

This paper reports the results of an exploratory study that measures computer usage patterns in a second-year, programming-intensive computer science course. In the study, we augmented the compilation process to unobtrusively mail a copy of the compiler listing to a central location. We then analyzed these data relative to the number of compiles and their time distribution in order to characterize computer usage patterns among the students. Our results show little correlation between any particular usage pattern and the quality of the final product.
Distinctive Molecular Forms of Thymidine Kinase in Mitochondria of Normal and Bromodeoxyuridine‐Resistant HeLa Cells

Disc polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis analyses have been carried out on the dT kinase activities of “cytosol” (high-speed supernatant) and mitochondrial fractions of parental HeLa S3 and enzyme-deficient HeLa(BU25) cells. The HeLa S3 cytosol fraction contained a very active dT kinase molecular form with a mobility relative to the tracking dye (Rx) of about 0.25. Conversion of HeLa S3 cells to dT-kinase-deficient HeLa(BU25) resulted in the loss of most of the cytosol dT kinase activity. The mitochondrial fraction of HeLa(BU25) cells did not contain the 0.25 Rx activity, but did shown 2 more rapidly migrating molecular forms (Rx of 0.4 and 0.6–0.7). The mitochondrial fraction of parental HeLa S3 cells also exhibited the 0.4 and 0.6 to 0.7 Rx dT kinase activities, and addition, contained the 0.25 Rx cytosol-like enzyme. The distinctive dT kinase molecular forms observed in the mitochondrial fraction account for most of the residual enzyme activity of mutant HeLa(BU25) cells.
The seasonality of AVHRR data of temperate coniferous forests - Relationship with leaf area index

The relationship between the advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and coniferous forest leaf area index (LAI) over the western United States is examined. AVHRR data from the NOAA-9 satellite were acquired of the western U.S. from March 1986 to November 1987 and monthly maximum value composites of AVHRR NDVI were calculated for 19 coniferous forest stands in Oregon, Washington, Montana, and California. It is concluded that the relationships under investigation vary according to seasonal changes in surface reflectance based on key biotic and abiotic controls including phenological changes in LAI caused by seasonal temperature and precipitation variations, the proportions of surface cover types contributing to the overall reflectance, and effects resulting from large variations in the solar zenith angle.
Rational divorce counseling

Although most couples' problems are brought to “marriage” counselors, a great percentage of these marriages, treated or not, will end in divorce. In this article, the importance of the role of the therapist's values and attitudes about divorce is stressed as a significant ingredient in the therapy on this difficult decision. A number of the tasks of RET divorce counseling are reviewed, including helping the individual(s) decide whether to remain married or divorce, reviewing their perceptions for distortions of data and their cognitions for distortions of evaluation or reasoning,and helping them to implement the decision, survive the aftermath, and work out a changed relationship with the exspouse.
Correlation of structure with transforming activity of the P21 proteins with substitutions at positions 12 and 16

The structural effects of amino acid substitutions at positions 12 and 16 in the amino-terminal segment (Tyr 4-Ala 18) of the ras-oncogene-encoded P21 proteins have been investigated using conformational energy analysis. The P21 protein with Val at position 12 and Lys at position 16 is known to have high transforming ability, while the P21 protein with Val at position 12 and Asn at position 16 is known to have poor transforming ability, similar to that of the normal protein (with Gly at 12 and Lys at 16.) The current results demonstrate a significant conformational change at position 15 induced by the substitution of Asn for Lys at position 16, which could explain this alteration in transformation potential. These findings are consistent with previous results suggesting the existence of a normal and a malignancy-causing conformation for the P21 proteins and suggest that the critical transforming region may encompass residues 12–15.
Host proteins interacting with the Moloney murine leukemia virus integrase: Multiple transcriptional regulators and chromatin binding factors

A critical step for retroviral replication is the stable integration of the provirus into the genome of its host. The viral integrase protein is key in this essential step of the retroviral life cycle. Although the basic mechanism of integration by mammalian retroviruses has been well characterized, the factors determining how viral integration events are targeted to particular regions of the genome or to regions of a particular DNA structure remain poorly defined. Significant questions remain regarding the influence of host proteins on the selection of target sites, on the repair of integration intermediates, and on the efficiency of integration. We describe the results of a yeast two-hybrid screen using Moloney murine leukemia virus integrase as bait to screen murine cDNA libraries for host proteins that interact with the integrase. We identified 27 proteins that interacted with different integrase fusion proteins. The identified proteins include chromatin remodeling, DNA repair and transcription factors (13 proteins); translational regulation factors, helicases, splicing factors and other RNA binding proteins (10 proteins); and transporters or miscellaneous factors (4 proteins). We confirmed the interaction of these proteins with integrase by testing them in the context of other yeast strains with GAL4-DNA binding domain-integrase fusions, and by in vitro binding assays between recombinant proteins. Subsequent analyses revealed that a number of the proteins identified as Mo-MLV integrase interactors also interact with HIV-1 integrase both in yeast and in vitro. We identify several proteins interacting directly with both MoMLV and HIV-1 integrases that may be common to the integration reaction pathways of both viruses. Many of the proteins identified in the screen are logical interaction partners for integrase, and the validity of a number of the interactions are supported by other studies. In addition, we observe that some of the proteins have documented interactions with other viruses, raising the intriguing possibility that there may be common host proteins used by different viruses. We undertook this screen to identify host factors that might affect integration target site selection, and find that our screens have generated a wealth of putative interacting proteins that merit further investigation.
Initiation of yolk deposition by juvenile hormone.

JUVENILE hormone is secreted by the corpus allatum gland, in insects. It was first implicated in the control of yolk deposition in 19361 and has recently been found to stimulate fat body synthesis of vitellogenic blood proteins (vitellogenins)2,3 which are selectively incorporated into yolk by the oocytes4–6.
Prefix algorithms for tridiagonal systems on hypercube multiprocessors

The recursive doubling algorithm as developed by Stone can be used to solve a tridiagonal linear system of size n on a parallel computer with n processors using O ( log n ) parallel arithmetic steps. Here we describe a limited processor version of the recursive doubling algorithm for the solution of tridiagonal linear systems using O ( n / p + log p ) parallel arithmetic steps on a parallel computer with p
Optical Laboratory Symbolic Substitution Logic And Numeric Processor

Abstract Specific optical architectures for performing logic and numeric functions using symbolic substitutionare detailed. Optical laboratory results of the operations are presented and advanced considerationsconcerning these operations are discussed. 1 Introduction The technique of symbolic substitution was introduced by Huang i to alleviate the speed bottlenecksin electronic hardware. In its most basic form, symbolic substitution involves locating the occurrence of a specific symbol in an input environment, and replacing it with another symbol in the output.The specific replacements to be done are defined by substitution rules in the form in out, wherein is the input symbol and out is the output symbol. Symbolic substitution can perform any logic ornumerical operation. 1 -3 The recognition and replacement steps of symbolic substitution can both bedone in parallel using optics. We and others 2,4 -6 have detailed a correlator architecture to implementsymbolic substitution. We find this architecture attractive, since one optical architecture can be used toachieve logic, numerical, morphological and inference functions. ' The operations to be performed arecontrolled adaptively by filter functions. Morphology is the algebra of sets and is used extensively toimplement image -processing operations.
Identification of bilirubin UDP-GTs in the human alimentary tract in accordance with the gut as a putative metabolic organ

The initial identification of traditionally hepatic enzymes expressed in the gut has led to the hypothesis that the gut may function as a metabolic organ. The UDP glucuronosyltransferases (UDP-GTs) play an important role as phase II metabolizing enzymes. Previously members of this family have been identified in the gut by non-isoform specific immunoreactivity, and a small amount of bilirubin glucuronosyltransferase activity was detected in the colon. Recent reports of gut transplantation to reverse the metabolic defect in Gunn rats raised further interest in the expression and distribution of human bilirubin (UDP-GTs (HUG Br 1 and HUG Br 2) in the human alimentary tract. The availability of molecular genetic probes for HUG Br 1 and HUG Br 2 permits the screening of the alimentary tract for the presence of isoform specific message. RNA samples extracted from pinch biopsy specimens of buccal mucosa, esophagus, stomach body, antrum, duodenum, and colon were analyzed for expression of HUG Br 1 and HUG Br 2. HUG Br 1 hybridization was detected in duodenum > colon, whereas HUG Br2 hybridization was detected in duodenum > esophagus > colon. Immunoreactivity data confirmed the presence of HUG Br 1 protein at low levels in the duodenum, whereas the less abundant HUG Br 2 protein was below the limits of detection of isoform specific anti-peptide antibodies. Bilirubin specific reactivity was demonstrated in duodenal samples but not antrum samples, consistent with the molecular genetic data. The presence of functional bilirubin UDP-GT isoforms in human alimentary tract supports the notion that the gut may function as a metabolic organ and may have diagnostic and therapeutic implications for disorders of bilirubin metabolism.
Impact of the Cultural Revolution on Rural Education and Economic Development: The Case of Jimo County

The education reforms associated with the Cultural Revolution in China produced marked changes in rural areas-among them, a massive increase in the number of schools and a reform of curriculum geared toward local needs. At the time, international development experts praised this rural program as a model for developing countries (Pepper, 1996: 32-35). Since the transformation of the regime in 1978, however, the Chinese government has denounced these very reforms as an unmitigated disaster. The ill-conceived school expansion and curriculum reforms, it is claimed, caused quality to decline, while the radical antielitist sentiments that they embodied actually harmed economic development during the Cultural Revolution decade (Shirk, 1979: 191). These claims have been widely accepted by scholars, often without empirical investigation into the actual impact of the policies. Jonathan Unger's (1982) book Education under Mao is typical. Based mostly on interviews with refugees in Hong Kong, his findings generally support the view that students lost interest in study during the Cultural Revolution and that as a result, education suffered. Kate Xiao Zhou's (1996) contribution, How the Farmers Changed China,
Influence of Exogenous Steroid Hormones on Different Fatty Acids of Milk Lipids. Preliminary Report

Abstract Progesterone had little or no effect on the composition of milk lipids. Estrogen had little or no effect upon the endogenous synthesis of fatty acids in the mammary gland. In contrast, those fatty acids known to arise from the blood glycerides were affected by estrogen. Thus, it appears that estrogen exerts an effect on the blood glycerides.
Metal chelates in the storage and transport of neurotransmitters: interactions of Cu2+ with ATP and biogenic amines.

— The thermodynamic stabilities of the coordinate binding of Cu2+ ion with adenosinetriphos-phate (ATP) and several biogenic amines have been determined in aqueous model systems in an attempt to examine the possible correlation between metal-amine binding and the in vivo affinities of the amines for granule-binding. In each of the ternary chelate systems consisting of Cu2+-ATP-amine (1:1:1), the Cu2+ ion is preferentially bound by ATP in the pH range 3–5 with a stability constant of Log KML= 517. In the pH range 5–8 each of the biogenic amines coordinates with Cu2+ -ATP chelate to form the respective ternary chelate. The nature and strength of binding of fourteen different amines with Cu2+-ATP have been evaluated on the basis of the stabilities of the ternary chelates. On the basis of the quantitative equilibrium data generated in this study, it appears that both pyrocatechol moiety and the ethanolamine side-chain of the catechol amines are involved in the coordination of copper. The metal-binding stabilities of the biogenic amines are then correlated with the molecular structure, donor basicities and the in vivo affinities of the amines for granule-binding in order to rationalize the possible involvement of metal chelates in the monoamine binding, storage and transport.
Management of aniridic keratopathy with keratolimbal allograft: a limbal stem cell transplantation technique

Abstract Objective Aniridic keratopathy is a major cause of vision loss in patients with aniridia. Penetrating keratoplasty has been proven ineffective for the long-term treatment of this disorder because it does not address the stem cell deficiency that is the primary etiologic factor. We evaluated the role of keratolimbal allograft (KLAL), a stem cell transplantation technique, for the treatment of patients with aniridic keratopathy. Design Retrospective noncomparative interventional case series. Participants Thirty-one eyes of 23 patients with aniridic keratopathy. Intervention KLAL. Main outcome measures Ocular surface stability, visual acuity, and success of subsequent penetrating or lamellar keratoplasty. Results Thirty-one eyes of 23 patients were treated with KLAL and followed up for 12 to 117 months (mean, 35.7 months). Twenty-three eyes (74.2%) achieved a stable ocular surface. Overall, the mean visual acuity improved from 20/1000 to 20/165. Twenty eyes (64.5%) underwent subsequent penetrating keratoplasty. Fourteen corneal transplant grafts (70.0%) were successful, and six (30.0%) failed. Nineteen (90.5%) of 21 eyes receiving systemic immunosuppression obtained a stable ocular surface, whereas only 4 (40.0%) of 10 eyes not receiving systemic immunosuppression achieved ocular surface stability ( P Conclusions KLAL is effective in treating aniridic keratopathy. Patients receiving systemic immunosuppression have a greater likelihood of achieving ocular surface stability and improved visual acuity compared with those who receive only topical immunosuppression.
Using participatory approaches to promote assessment in postsecondary institutions

American higher education institutions have moved strongly into student learning outcomes assessment since the 1990 s. However, these institutions have experienced challenges with engaging faculty in developing systematic, fully integrated outcomes assessment, and utilizing the findings for program improvement. Participatory evaluation provides a useful implementation strategy to engage faculty. Not only does this approach address faculty resistance, but it can build evaluation capacity, identify and address institutional problems, and promote movement toward a learning organization.
Management intelligence for optimal resource allocations in network server systems

In this paper, we provide a control-theoretic treatment of the resource allocations that adaptively occur in a QoS-aware network server system. Here, the target system being controlled is a logical service point that processes the transactions requested by clients using a resource infrastructure, with a goal of maximizing the revenues. Accurate management of resource allocations with a revenue-oriented goal is quite complex, due to the interactions among various transactions that dynamically share the resources in the system (such as server nodes, disks, content caches, and network bandwidth). So, we adopt an on-line monitor-and-control approach, aided by heuristics, that iteratively adjusts the resource allocation based on the observed transaction drop rate. We undertake a case study of end-to-end QoS-adaptive data transfer to illustrate the methodology. In terms of control theory, the bandwidth allocation and the packet loss rate constitute the system input and output respectively, with the heuristics-based bandwidth adjustment strategies incorporated in a controller along the feedback loop. The use of control theory allows offering predictable convergence properties of the QoS seen by applications, while maximizing the service provider revenues.
990-46 Decreased Heart Rate Variability Precedes Daily Life Ischemia

Triggers of daily life ischemia remain undefined. Evidence suggests that vagal withdrawal may produce ischemia by coronary vasoconstriction. Heart rate variability (HRV) has been shown to be an indicator of vagal tone. Therefore, we analyzed 68 asymptomatic ambulatory ischemic events (g 1 mm downsloping ST depression, for g60 sec) in 19 men with documented coronary disease during 48 h Holter monitoring. HRV was examined using spectral analysis distinguishing low frequency (If = 0.04–0.15 Hz) and high frequency (hf = 0.15–0.40 Hz) HRV at 60-, 20-, 10-, 4-, and 2-minutes prior to, and 2-, 10-, 20-, and 60-minutes after ischemia. To control for heart rate, HRV was also assessed at similar heart rates during non-ischemic periods. A significant (p l 0.05) decrease in hf-HRVwas observed in the 10–60 min periods prior to ischemia and a further drop emerged at both 4- and 2-min prior to ischemia. In addition, hl-HRV was significantly lower 10- and 4-min priorto ischemia (4.26 ± 0.13 and 4.22 ± 0.15) than in the heart rate controlled periods (4.96 ± 0.29 and 4.93 ± 0.26). Results for If-HRV were similar Download : Download high-res image (89KB) Download : Download full-size image Conclusion Decreased HRV precedes ischemia and suggests the possibility of vagal withdrawal as a trigger of daily lile ischemia
FOLICation: Engineering approved drugs as potential p53–MDM2 interaction inhibitors for cancer therapy

Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells leading to the formation of tumors. Normally, the pro-apoptotic p53 protein plays a central role in protecting cells against carcinogenesis. In almost 50% human tumor cells, however, the p53 protein is dysregulated by direct interaction with its negative regulator, the Murine Double Minute 2 (MDM2) protein. Therefore, blocking the p53-binding pocket on MDM2, leading to the activation of tumor suppressor p53 presents a novel therapeutic strategy against several types of cancers. The published crystal structure of MDM2 bound with the p53 binding domain has revealed that three key hydrophobic residues of p53 are buried deep into the binding cavity of MDM2 and thus are central to p53-MDM2 binding. Accordingly, several low-molecular-weight compounds have been developed that mimic these three hydrophobic residues and thus bind to the MDM2 pocket, leading in turn to inhibition of the deleterious p53-MDM2 interaction. It is noteworthy that these inhibitors also possess an additional hydrophilic group that is shown to be necessary as a "cover" protecting the hydrophobic interaction surface between inhibitor and MDM2 from surrounding solvent. In comparison, several FDA-approved drugs possess the three key hydrophobic features necessary for binding to MDM2, but lack the fourth hydrophilic moiety, thus possibly hindering their ability as potential p53-MDM2 interaction inhibitors. Therefore, we hypothesize that conjugation of hydrophilic vitamin folic acid or its analogs to these drugs (termed "FOLICation") may provide them with the much-needed hydrophilic cover and make them suitable for investigation as potentially novel p53-MDM2 inhibitors. We also anticipate that FOLICation of these drugs may further lead to their enhanced and selective uptake by cancer cells, owing to the significantly higher expression of folic acid receptors on cancer cells compared to normal cells.
Time-resolved and energy-resolved coded aperture images with URA tagging.

Coded aperture imaging with uniformly redundant arrays (URAs) is the standard technique for imaging above the limit of grazing incident x-ray telescopes. It is an ideal technique for high energy astrophysics because it has high throughput, excellent performance on point sources, and the ability to measure simultaneously signal and background. However, many sources of interest in high energy astrophysics are time variable or require detailed energy spectra. Until now, to obtain a single time (or energy) sample, the photons from the particular time (or energy) interval must be formed into an encoded pattern, then processed to obtain an image for that sample. Therefore, massive computations are required to cover the entire time and energy parameter space. We present a new method of coded aperture analysis called URA tagging, which provides time and/or energy resolved histories of sources with known positions without using a correlation operation. It can easily reduce the computation time by orders of magnitude compared to the next fastest method, the fast delta Hadamard transform. URA tagging can also correct for improperly encoded images or motion blurred images. Whereas previous methods for quantifying performance have not taken into account the finite resolution or the quantized sampling, URA tagging provides a SNR equation that includes all such effects. URA tagging analysis explains why delta decoding has a somewhat poorer SNR than balanced correlation; naively, one expects the better angular resolution to yield a better SNR. In addition, we show that complementary URAs (exchanged opaque and transparent elements) have different properties, and those with an even number of transparent elements should be preferred.
Pressure strain correlation modelling of complex turbulent flows

A methodology for deriving a pressure–strain correlation model with variable coefficients is developed. The methodology is based on two important premises: (i) the extreme states of turbulence – the rapid distortion and equilibrium limits – are more amenable to mathematically rigorous modelling because of significant simplifications not possible at other states; and (ii) the models of the extreme states collectively contain all of the relevant physics so that models for any intermediate state can be obtained by suitable interpolation. A pressure–strain model of the standard form is considered and the coefficients are determined from linear analysis in the rapid distortion limit and from a fixed point analysis in the equilibrium limit. The model coefficients, which depend on the mean deformation and turbulence state, vary from flow to flow in a manner consistent with Navier–Stokes physics.The exact causal relationship between the model coefficients and the model's equilibrium behaviour is established by fixed point analysis performed using representation theory. Then, the equilibrium values of the model coefficients are chosen to yield the observed equilibrium behaviour. The values of the model coefficients in the rapid distortion limit are determined by enforcing consistency with the Crow constraint. The new variable-coefficient model reduces to the traditional constant-coefficient model in strain-dominated turbulent flows near equilibrium. The model performance in bench-mark turbulent flows, in which the traditional models have been calibrated extensively, is preserved intact. The new model is significantly different from the traditional one in mean vorticity-dominated and non-equilibrium turbulence. These two important classes of flows, in which traditional models fail, are successfully captured by the new model.
Antimalarial sulfide trioxanes: a revision of mechanism

The mechanism by which an antimalarially inactive sulfanyl trioxane reacts with ferrous iron is revised. Although originally proposed to involve a short-lived high-valent iron-oxo intermediate, the revised mechanism involves FeBr2 acting as a weak Lewis acid promoting intramolecular redox chemistry between the peroxide unit and the resident sulfanyl sulfur atom; one of the peroxide oxygen atoms is transferred intramolecularly to the neighboring sulfide sulfur atom, oxidizing it into a sulfoxide and reducing the trioxane into a non-peroxidic dioxolane. This facile ferrous iron-triggered conversion of the parent 1,2,4-trioxane sulfide into the corresponding 1,3-dioxolane sulfoxide accounts for the observed lack of antimalarial activity of the parent sulfanyl trioxane without invoking the intermediacy of a high-valent iron-oxo species. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Uniaxial Compression on Impurity Conduction in p-Germanium

The effect of uniaxial compression along [100] and [111] on impurity conduction has been investigated in Ga-doped $p\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}$ in the concentration range $3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{15}l{N}_{A}l9\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{16}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ for compensation $K=0.04$ and in the range $9\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{14}l{N}_{A}l4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{16}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ for $K=0.40$. The experiments were performed between 300 and 1.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The largest stress applied was 6.8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{9}$ dyn ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$. The analysis of the experimental results deals primarily with the high-stress region ($Xg4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{9}$ dyn ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$) in which the two valence bands, which in the absence of stress are degenerate at k = 0, are nearly decoupled so that the effect of the lower band on the acceptor wave function is treated as a perturbation. In the low-concentration region (${N}_{A}l5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{15}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$) the extension of Miller and Abrahams' theory to include nonspherical charge distributions, together with the acceptor wave functions calculated from the effective-mass approximation, accounts for the observed stress dependence of the resistivity. At intermediate concentrations ($2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{16}l{N}_{A}l9\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{16}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$) a linear relation between the impurity-conduction activation energy ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{2}$ and the acceptor ionization energy ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{1}$ is established. Although the experimental results are not able to distinguish between Mikoshiba's and Frood's theories of the ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{2}$ process they are clearly in disagreement with the predictions of Mycielski's theory. The investigation of the stress dependence of the transition from nonmetallic to metallic conduction yields the stress dependence of the effective Bohr radius. The form of this stress dependence indicates the importance, at high concentrations, of the potential-energy term in the effective-mass Hamiltonian. This term can be neglected at low concentrations.
The economic impact of state restrictions on abortion: parental consent and notification laws and Medicaid funding restrictions.

PIP: State-legislative support for liberalized abortion policies, the availability of abortion providers, and actual abortion rates vary widely across states. This article uses national data to examine the impact of the following three major, enforceable state abortion restrictions as of 1988 on the access to and use of abortion services: state restrictions on Medicaid financing of abortions for low-income women (36 states), state requirements for parental consent or parental notification for minors to obtain abortions (11 states), and state restrictions on insurance coverage of abortion for public employees (8 states). The impact of state abortion restrictions is becoming an increasingly important policy issue as the number and types of restrictions which can be enforced in the US increase rapidly. The Supreme Court in Webster v. Reproductive Health Services (1989) upheld a Missouri law banning abortions in public hospitals and the involvement of public employees in the performance of abortions; states via this ruling may also enforce mandatory testing for viability after a specified point in the pregnancy. The Supreme Court then in Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey (1992) effectively ruled that states can enforce a 24-hour waiting period and a state-prescribed talk on abortion for women seeking abortion. Analysis of the data found that there are significantly fewer hospitals, clinics, and private physicians' offices providing abortions in states with parental consent or notification laws. Moreover the rate of minors' abortions per 1000 teen pregnancies is 16% lower, and the rate of minors' abortions per 1000 women aged 15-19 is 25% lower in states with such laws compared to states without the laws. Data from abortion clinics and referral services in Massachusetts, Minnesota, and Rhode Island suggest that 20-55% of minors are going to court instead of informing their parents. 35% of minors who contacted a clinic in Massachusetts and 49% in Rhode Island went out of state for abortions. As for Medicaid restrictions, there are significantly fewer hospitals, clinics, and private physicians' offices providing abortions in states which restrict funding of abortions as compared to states which do not. State restrictions on insurance coverage of abortion for public employees do not appear to be associated with statistically significant differences in abortion rates or abortion availability.
How effective are brakes on infant walkers

62 children, between the ages of 9 and 18 months old, were observed in an instrumented walker to measure the peak horizontal pull forces. These pull forces were later used to evaluate an infant walker with a braking system that would stop on the top step of the stairs before falling down the stairs. This brake system is activated when part of the walker crosses over the edge of the top step. Using the range of horizontal pull forces generated by the 62 children, the horizontal brake system for walkers would not always prevent the walker from falling down the stairs. Four floor surfaces were compared: carpet, vinyl, glossy wood, and unfinished wood. The walker brake system did not always stop the walkers on these floor surfaces. Using the measured weights and horizontal forces of the 21 nonwalking children between 9 and 13 months old who represent children who typically fall down the stairs in a walker, a simulation procedure was completed to represent the worse possible force condition, the peak horizontal force, for each of the 21 children. During this simulation, brakes would have failed all the time for 18 of the 21 children, and at least half the time for the remaining 3 children. These brake systems may provide false security to parents who use these walkers, since there are no published standards regarding the performance of brake systems for infant walkers as a safety device.
Global health benefits of mitigating ozone pollution with methane emission controls

Methane (CH4) contributes to the growing global background concentration of tropospheric ozone (O3), an air pollutant associated with premature mortality. Methane and ozone are also important greenhouse gases. Reducing methane emissions therefore decreases surface ozone everywhere while slowing climate warming, but although methane mitigation has been considered to address climate change, it has not for air quality. Here we show that global decreases in surface ozone concentrations, due to methane mitigation, result in substantial and widespread decreases in premature human mortality. Reducing global anthropogenic methane emissions by 20% beginning in 2010 would decrease the average daily maximum 8-h surface ozone by ≈1 part per billion by volume globally. By using epidemiologic ozone-mortality relationships, this ozone reduction is estimated to prevent ≈30,000 premature all-cause mortalities globally in 2030, and ≈370,000 between 2010 and 2030. If only cardiovascular and respiratory mortalities are considered, ≈17,000 global mortalities can be avoided in 2030. The marginal cost-effectiveness of this 20% methane reduction is estimated to be ≈$420,000 per avoided mortality. If avoided mortalities are valued at $1 million each, the benefit is ≈$240 per tonne of CH4 (≈$12 per tonne of CO2 equivalent), which exceeds the marginal cost of the methane reduction. These estimated air pollution ancillary benefits of climate-motivated methane emission reductions are comparable with those estimated previously for CO2. Methane mitigation offers a unique opportunity to improve air quality globally and can be a cost-effective component of international ozone management, bringing multiple benefits for air quality, public health, agriculture, climate, and energy.
Discounting behavior and environmental decisions.

Discounting plays a major role in the life cycle of environmental and natural resource policies. Evaluating centuries-scale problems like climate change with standard discount rates yields results that many find ethically unacceptable. Paradoxes abound. Low discount rates are urged for determining the net benefits of climate change, while households fail to undertake energy conservation actions that have payback periods of only a few years. Efforts to uncover discount rates from revealed and stated preferences suggest that a variety of confounding factors may be simultaneously in play. Common property resources provide an example of how market failures can lead to behavior consistent with extreme discounting that can be addressed through effective policy. Finally, politicians who make ultimate policy decisions may have incentives to act in accordance with discount rates not socially optimal.
Unsatisfactory Clinical Results of Meniscal Repair Using the Meniscus Arrow

Purpose: The all-inside technique using the Meniscus Arrow (Bionx Implants, Malvern, PA) has become a popular method for repairing meniscal tears. The few published clinical studies have been promising. The present study, with longer follow-up and larger numbers, does not show encouraging results. The clinical efficacy, failure rate, and associated complications of meniscal repair using the Meniscus Arrow with a minimum follow-up of 3 years are described. Type of Study: Consecutive case series. Methods: We studied 60 consecutive meniscal repairs in 57 patients (average age, 27 years) using exclusively the Meniscus Arrow. Follow-up averaged 54 months (range, 36 to 70 months). The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) was intact in 12 knees (12 repairs), whereas 42 patients (45 repairs) underwent concomitant ACL reconstruction. One patient (2 repairs) had radiofrequency shrinkage of the ACL and another patient (1 repair) underwent concomitant arthroscopic fixation of a tibial eminence fracture. Results: Seventeen of 60 repairs (28%) were documented as failures by repeat arthroscopy or magnetic resonance imaging; 5 of 12 repairs (42%) performed in knees with an intact ACL failed; and 9 of 45 menisci (20%) repaired in conjunction with an ACL reconstruction also failed. The remaining 3 failures occurred in knees with unsuccessful ACL procedures. The type of meniscus tear and the postoperative rehabilitation regimen were also factors that influenced the success rate in this study. Fifteen patients (26%) underwent a second operation because of persistent postoperative symptoms. One patient, whose repair failed, deferred a repeat operation after sustaining a postoperative pulmonary embolism. Conclusions: Contrary to previously published studies that reported good clinical results, this series revealed a 28% failure rate with significant postoperative complications, such as chondral scoring, fixator breakage, and postoperative joint-line irritation. This study has raised concerns about the continued liberal use of the Bionx Meniscus Arrow, leading the authors to abandon its use for repairing meniscal tears. Level of Evidence: Level IV.
Tumor Location Does Not Affect Long-Term Renal Function After Partial Nephrectomy

Objectives To study the effect of central tumor location on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) after partial nephrectomy for renal cortical tumor. Methods We reviewed our institutional database to identify patients who had undergone partial nephrectomy from January 1995 to July 2005. Central tumors were defined as those encroaching on the collecting system or renal sinus or that did not distort the renal contour; all others were categorized as peripheral on preoperative abdominal imaging. We calculated the GFR preoperatively, during the hospital stay, and at 1 and 12 months after surgery. Linear regression models were fit to determine the association of tumor location with the changes in GFR at each period, after controlling for age, sex, operative and ischemic times, comorbidities, and blood loss. Results A total of 248 central and 333 peripheral tumors were available for analysis. Patients with central tumors were younger than those with peripheral tumors (62 versus 59 years, P = 0.014) and experienced longer intraoperative renal ischemia times (40 versus 29 minutes, P <0.001) and longer operations (195 versus 179 minutes, P = 0.004). On multivariate analysis, tumor location was not significantly associated with the change in GFR at any of the intervals, after adjusting for the covariates. Conclusions The results of our study have indicated that tumor location does not appear to affect long-term renal function. Thus, partial nephrectomy should not be withheld from this subset of patients.
Calcium may preferentially deposit in areas of elastic tissue damage

Background Cutaneous calcification is an acquired disorder whereby insoluble, amorphous calcium salts deposit in the skin. Classically, cutaneous calcification is categorized as metastatic, dystrophic, idiopathic, or iatrogenic. Objective The purpose of this study was to further elucidate the underlying pathogenic mechanism for cutaneous calcification. Methods Three cases of cutaneous calcification, including clinical characteristics and associated histopathology, were reviewed. Previous reports of cutaneous calcification were searched for in the published literature and included. Results Calcium is distributed within areas of underlying tissue damage (ie, locus minoris resistentiae), and in our cases, occurred specifically at sites of chronic actinic damage and intravenous extravasation tissue injury. Limitations A small number of clinical cases and previously published reports were reviewed. Conclusion We hypothesize that cutaneous calcification may preferentially occur at anatomic sites where tissue integrity has been compromised (ie, locus minoris resistentiae). We suggest one potential mechanism: that cutaneous calcification occurs within dermis that contains damaged elastic fibers. Pseudoxanthoma elasticum may serve as a possible genetic disease model for this process.
A Tale of Three Women: Holocaust Experience and Transformation through Creative Expression and Engagement

Gene Cohen notes the power of creativity in managing adversity (2000), lifting its emotional darkness and even contributing to physical healing. A model inspired by three Hungarian women artists who survived the Holocaust (Experience/Expression/Engagement) is illustrated through their experience of the Holo-caust, their creative expression well into their later years, and the impact of their work on engagement of self and others. The potential for creativity in later life, and the impact of creativity on healing and transformation is discussed and illustrated by the creative contributions of three survivors and their enduring legacy.