cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Post-Prostatectomy incontinence and the Artificial Urinary Sphincter: A Long-Term Study of Patient Satisfaction and Criteria for Success

AbstractPurpose: We investigated patient satisfaction with the artificial urinary sphincter and established criteria for a successful outcome by inquiring about patient perceived satisfaction, cont...
Language Teacher Identities: Co‐Constructing Discourse and Community by CLARKE, MATTHEW

The article reviews the book "Language Teacher Identities: Co-Constructing Discourse and Community," by Matthew Clarke.
Digoxin use in congestive heart failure. Current status.

The use of digitalis in congestive heart failure with normal sinus rhythm is still debated. While older uncontrolled, withdrawal studies from 1969 to 1983 provided incomplete data, with poorly documented clinical status and poor haemodynamic and exercise data, some patients did improve clinically when digitalis treatment was utilised. Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials from 1977 to 1991 were of better quality but still short in duration, with small sample sizes and still with incomplete haemodynamic and exercise data. In 1993, the Prospective Randomised Study of Ventricular Failure and Efficacy of Digoxin (PROVED) and Randomised Assessment of Digoxin on Inhibitors of the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (RADIANCE) study, followed in 1997 by the Digitalis Investigation Group (DIG) trial, documented that digoxin prevents clinical deterioration and hospitalisations, and improves exercise tolerance and left ventricular function, but has no effect on survival. A substudy of the DIG trial showed no detrimental effect of digoxin on survival in patients with ejection fraction (EF) of > 45%, i.e. left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction. Therefore, digoxin appears to be the first inotrope with no detrimental effect on survival in heart failure. In addition, the neurohormonal effect of digoxin has been documented, and is possibly present with dosages even lower than 0.25 mg. Finally, it has been determined that patients with only mild heart failure do obtain documented benefit from administration of this drug.
Application of Activity Chaining Model Incorporating a Time Use Problem to Network Demand Analysis

An activity chaining model described as a time use problem is presented. Unlike existing activity chaining models, the time use problem includes all choice attributes related to time, not only when and where the activity is performed but also the duration of the activity. To apply the time use problem to transportation network demand analysis, the opportunity cost of travel time is modeled through a constraint approach, and the value of activity is represented by time-dependent utility profiles. In the model, among activity alternatives, the activity with the biggest utility is sequentially included within an individual's daily disposable income. Through the sequential selection process, not only the activity type but also its start time and duration are simultaneously determined on the basis of an individual's perceived time-dependent travel time for the activity. Since the activity chaining is performed on the basis of the dynamic travel times calculated via traffic network simulation, the activity chai...
Functional Properties of Acylated Pea Protein Isolates

Pea protein isolates were acylated with succinic and acetic anhydride at 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 mmol anhydride/g protein. The chemically modified isolates showed increased emulsifying capacity, emulsion stability, foam capacity and stability, and water adsorption compared to untreated pea protein isolate. In general, the greater the extent of acylation, the greater the improvement in emulsification properties compared to the untreated protein isolate; however, improvement at greater than 3.0 mmol anhydride/g protein was slight. Acetylation at 3 mmol/g increased foam capacity to the greatest extent. Water adsorption was enhanced to the greatest extent in protein isolates acetylated at 5 mmol/g. Acylation lowered the isoelectric point of protein isolates compared to untreated isolate. In vitro enzyme hydrolysis of the protein isolates, as determined by a multienzyme system of trypsin, chymotrypsin and peptidase, was not impaired by acylation.
Influence of pressurized cyclic stretch and endothelial cell presence on multipotent stem cell osteogenic commitment

Applied mechanical stretch and blood vessel invasion are key stimuli to which progenitor cells are exposed in post-natal endochondral bone formation. Understanding the combined effects of cyclic stretch and endothelial cell (EC) presence on multipotent stem cell (MSC) osteogenesis therefore has the potential to lead to improved MSC-based bone regeneration strategies. Toward this goal, 10T1/2 mouse MSCs were encapsulated in tubular poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate [PEGDA] hydrogels with moduli within the “osteogenic” range in order to induce osteogenesis. Half of the constructs were fabricated with a luminal EC layer. All of the EC+ (EC+/dyn+) and half of the EC− constructs (EC−/dyn+) were subjected to pressurized cyclic stretch in the absence of osteogenic media supplements, with remaining EC− constructs (EC−/dyn−) serving as static controls. At day 10 of culture, expression of the bone extracellular matrix protein osteopontin was over 3.3- and 1.9-fold higher in the EC+/dyn+ and EC−/dyn+ constructs, respectively, relative to day 0. At day 22 of culture, osteopontin levels could not be statistically distinguished from day 0 in the EC+/dyn+ constructs and were one-third less than day 0 in the EC−/dyn+ constructs. In contrast, at day 22 levels of an osteogenic marker alkaline phosphatase (AP) were over 2.4- and 1.4-fold higher in the EC+/dyn+ and EC−/dyn+ constructs, respectively, relative to day 0. Furthermore, at day 22 matrix mineralization in both dynamic groups was increased over 2.5-fold and over 9-fold relative to the EC−/dyn− and day 0 groups, respectively. Cumulatively, these results suggest that pressurized cyclic stretch alone significantly increases the rate/degree of osteogenesis relative to static culture. However, EC presence combined with pressured cyclic stretch appears to further enhance the rate/degree of MSC osteogenesis and/or to support a distinct osteogenic “fingerprint” compared to that promoted by cyclic stretch alone.
Diabetes, disasters and decisions

SUMMARY Man-made and natural disasters pose special challenges for people with diabetes. The disruption of healthcare delivery systems can have both short- and long-term health impacts. Disaster training programs should educate people with diabetes and their caregivers, emergency personnel, and other healthcare professionals about disaster prevention, mitigation and recovery. Early planning can prevent later disaster-related exacerbations of diabetes.
Air volume measurement error in pumps with rotameters and high range “constant flow” pumps

The inherent variability of three types of sampling trains commonly used in industrial hygiene field work were compared to that of a “control” sampling train in a laboratory setting. Eight quartets of samples were taken for each sampling train inside a cubic meter aerosol chamber in which Portland cement dust was generated. Side one, used as a control, had each of four sampling cassettes connected to a 2 Lpm critical orifice. Each orifice was connected by manifold to a Little Giant® pump. Side two had four sampling cassettes, each attached to a MSA Model G pump, and the ball setting of each rotameter was adjusted every half hour during sampling. Side three also had four sampling cassettes, each attached to an MSA Model G pump. The rotameters of these pumps were not adjusted during sampling. In the fourth side of the chamber four sampling cassettes were each connected to a DuPont “Constant Flow” Pump, Model P-2500. The variability in concentration among the four samples for each sampling train was calculat...
Persistence of regulatory innovation: MMMFs and financial intermediaries

Abstract Regulation-induced innovation may persist in the deregulated environment if the fixed costs of innovation are too high to be incurred without the incentives created by binding regulation. The example of money market mutual funds (MMMFs) illustrates the dynamics leading to lasting change. The effects of MMMFs' entry on thrift and commercial bank deposit shares are examined. MMMFs are found to substitute for thrift but not commercial bank deposits. MMMFs reduced thrift deposit share; deregulation did not restore lost share; and substitutability persisted into the post-regulation environment. With increases in GNP, MMMFs now acquire share that would conceivably have gone to banking institutions.
The Relation of Psychological Needs for Autonomy and Relatedness to Vitality, Well‐Being, and Mortality in a Nursing Home1

Drawing from both self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 1991) and Carstensen's (1993) socioemotional selectivity theory, we hypothesized that well-being and health would be facilitated by: (a) greater personal autonomy; (b) perceived support for autonomy from both nursing-home staff and residents friends and relatives; and (c) the emotional quality (rather than quantity) of residents' contacts with friends and family. Results based on structured interview and survey data from 50 nursing-home residents, showed that both autonomy support and relatedness indexes correlated with psychological out-comes. Personal autonomy also was significantly related to mortality at a 1-year follow-up. It also was found that subjective vitality (Ryan & Frederick, 1997) was associated with lower distress and greater well-being, and perceived autonomy and relatedness.
Resident physician attire: does it make a difference to our patients?

Abstract Objectives This study was performed to examine the preferences of patients regarding physician attire, and if their perception of physician competence was influenced by the physicians' clothing style. Methods Patients attending the obstetrics and gynecology clinic in which residents provided the majority of direct patient care were invited to participate in this study by completing a questionnaire. Patients were first asked to respond to 3 questions about their preference regarding physician attire. They were then asked to examine a series of photographs illustrating a variety of physician clothing styles worn by a model. Patients were asked to respond to 2 questions: 1) If your doctor is dressed in this outfit, would that make you more or less comfortable talking to your physician?, and 2) If your doctor is dressed in this outfit, would it make you feel more or less confident in his/her abilities? Results The majority of the respondents expressed no preference for their physician wearing a white coat (60%/110/183), or they did not respond that a physician's dress influenced their comfort level (63%/111/179) or the confidence (62%/114/181) they had in their physician. However, for both male and female physician models, the comfort level of patients and their perceptions of physician competence were the highest in response to images of physicians dressed in scrubs with a white coat, and least for casual dress. Conclusion Resident physician attire makes a difference to patients. Our patients prefer the white coat with surgical scrubs. Casual clothing is less well liked by our patients.
Hyporesponsiveness of lymphocytes to virus antigens in rheumatoid arthritis.

The immune response of peripheral blood lymphocytes to measles, rubella, parainfluenza types 1, 2, and 3 RNA virus antigens, and to varicella-zoster and herpes virus type 1 DNA virus antigens was evaluated in 14 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 14 matched controls by assessing 3H-thymidine incorporation. The results demonstrated hyporesponsivenss of lymphocytes from RA patients to virus antigens and phytohemag-glutinin (PHA), which did not appear to be nonspecific because of a lack of correlation between response to virus antigens and response to mitogens. The pattern of decreased responsiveness was suggestive of a relative restriction of hyporesponsiveness to RNA virus antigens.
Semiclassical quantization of the relativistic Kepler problem

Semiclassical quantization conditions are applied to a variety of relativistic formulations of the problem of two spinless particles bound by a vector or scalar force. The WKB quantization conditions are found to yield the correct spectra whenever the equations of motion are separable. Miller's new quantum condition, making use of periodic orbits, is applied to almost circular orbits. It provides an approximate method of quantization for almost circular orbits in the action-at-a-distance formulation of relativistic charged particles interacting electromagnetically.
Analysis of the hysteresis curves of a laser-ablated YBCO thin film via an exponential critical state model

Abstract Our experimental data show that the magnetization of a laser-ablated YBCO thin film can be properly devided into reversible and irreversible parts. The time dependent irreversible magnetization follows flux-creep theory. By using the exponential critical state model, the irreversible magnetization of the hysteresis curves are perfectly quantitatively analyzed.
Bayesian fusion of color and texture segmentations

In many applications one would like to use information from both color and texture features in order to segment an image. We propose a novel technique to combine "soft" segmentations computed for two or more features independently. Our algorithm merges models according to a maximum descriptiveness criterion, and allows us to choose any number of classes for the final grouping. This technique also allows us to improve the quality of supervised classification based on one feature (e.g. color) by merging information from unsupervised segmentation based on another feature (e.g., texture).
Pressure-induced structural changes in Bi2SrO4 compound

Abstract The structural behavior of the monoclinic compound Bi2SrO4 is investigated at high pressures by using Raman scattering and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods. The results indicate that a pressure-induced phase transition occurred at 10 GPa and completed at 20 GPa. The high-pressure phase is in orthorhombic symmetry. Upon release of pressure to ambient conditions, the monoclinic phase is recovered.
An Ultra-Low-Power interference-robust IR-UWB transceiver chipset using self-synchronizing OOK modulation

Impulse Radio-UWB (IR-UWB) is actively being researched as a low cost wireless technology for Ultra Low Power (ULP), low data-rate, short-range wireless links in tagging [1], sensing and medical applications. In current solutions efficient timing acquisition as well as Narrow-Band Interference (NBI) rejection requires complex or large analog and digital circuits [2–4]. In this work, we introduce an IR-UWB architecture with very high NBI rejection and present a low complexity and low power timing synchronization and demodulation technique while achieving excellent link performance.
A History of the National Assessment of Educational Progress and Some Questions About Its Future

The initial aim of the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) was to develop and then to employ procedures for monitoring achievement in the nation. Here, a history of NAEP is presented, with a special focus on procedural changes from 1969 to date. Then some questions are posed about future shifts in the purposes of NAEP. In offering answers to the questions, I argue that NAEP should continue to monitor achievement trends in the nation and in the participating states and that, because those objectives are not compatible with NAEP as a high-stakes accountability assessment program, NAEP should avoid serving this added purpose.
Theoretical and experimental studies of the pitting of type 316L stainless steel in borate buffer solution containing nitrate ion

Abstract Passivity breakdown on Type 316L stainless steel (UNS S31603) in the presence of aggressive (Cl−) and inhibitive (NO3−) species has been studied and the experimental data are interpreted in terms of the Point Defect Model (PDM). Combining the PDM with competitive adsorption of Cl− and NO3− into surface oxygen vacancies at the passive film/solution interface predicts that the critical breakdown potential (Vc) will vary linearly with log[Cl−] or log([Cl−]/[NO3−]) for systems containing only chloride ion or chloride plus nitrate ion, respectively. The experimental measurements confirm these linear relationships and fundamental parameters contained within the PDM have been determined. The transfer coefficient, α0, of the reaction in which a cation is ejected from the barrier layer to form the surface vacancy pair, V M V O ( 2 − χ ) , is about 1.00, indicating that the transition state resembles the products. Furthermore, the dependence of Vc on potential scan rate has been measured, and the critical, areal concentration of condensed cation vacancies (ζ) at the metal/barrier layer interface been calculated. That value is in good agreement with the theoretical value calculated from the structure of Cr2O3, of which the barrier layer is postulated to comprise, demonstrating that the PDM successfully accounts for passivity breakdown on UNS S31603 in aqueous solutions containing both aggressive and inhibitive species.
Workshop Report Computer Science, Engineering and Data Processing Curricula

Colleges and universities seek to respond to the manpower needs of industry, business, and government through continuing reappraisal of computer education. Reappraisal was the unifying theme at the Fourth Joint College Curricula Workshop in Computer Science, Engineering, and Data Processing. Nearly 100 educators considered course content, model curricula, instructional materials and methods, two-and four- year program articulation, and employer needs. The workshop, held February 2-4, 1978, in Orlando, Florida, also provided sessions dealing with the use of microcomputers and top-down programming methodology in community college computer education.
The Effects of Rearing Density on Growth, Fin Erosion, Survival, and Migration Behavior of Hatchery Winter Steelhead

AbstractJuvenile winter steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss at Eagle Creek National Fish Hatchery in Estacada, Oregon, were reared for three brood years (2004–2006) at raceway densities of 7,500 (214 fish/m3), 15,000 (429 fish/m3), and 22,500 fish (643 fish/m3) to determine the effects of rearing density on growth, fin erosion, survival, adult yield, and migration behavior. Coded wire tags were used to evaluate adult survival, and fish were radio-tagged to monitor migration times from the hatchery to the mouth of Eagle Creek following volitional release from the hatchery. We found rearing density had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on steelhead growth, fin erosion, and adult survival. Winter steelhead reared in low-density raceways (13.6 kg/m3 at release) were significantly larger at release, larger at return, had significantly better dorsal fin condition, and had significantly greater smolt-to-adult survival rates than did those reared in medium (23.4 kg/m3) and high (35.2 kg/m3) density raceways. No significa...
Enhancing Web privacy protection through declarative policies

The platform for privacy preferences (P3P) is a W3C framework for Web privacy management. It provides a standard vocabulary that Websites can use to describe their privacy practices. The presence of Web site published P3P policies enable users to configure Web browsers to allow, block or warn users during access and data exchange with Websites. It's a good idea that unfortunately is rarely used. We identify three primary reasons: (i) the languages available to describe user privacy preferences are not sufficiently expressive, (ii) P3P policies published by Web sites are not trusted by users and (iii) P3P framework does not provide a coherent view of available privacy protection mechanisms to the user towards addressing these issues; we present enhancements to the P3P framework. We use a more expressive policy language based on deontic concepts to describe user privacy-related policies, constraints and preferences. We introduce a new trust model for Websites and describe its use in user privacy preferences. Finally, we present sample policies to demonstrate the relevance of our work and offer it as an effective starting point towards enhancing Web privacy management.
FURTHER CHEMICAL STUDIES ON BLOOD-AQUEOUS HUMOR DYNAMICS

The proportion of SCN, Br, PO4, urea, levulose, and Fe which remains freely diffusible when added to plasma has been determined by ultrafiltration and "differential" dialysis through a cellophane membrane. After injecting each of these substances as well as Mg and Li into rabbits a continuous record of their concentration in the plasma was obtained for each animal and the concentration in the aqueous humor was also determined and related to the maximum diffusible concentration in the plasma.
Probability of HIV transmission during acute infection in Rakai, Uganda.

Accurate estimates of the probability of HIV transmission during various stages of infection are needed to inform epidemiological models. Very limited information is available about the probability of transmission during acute HIV infection. We conducted a secondary analysis of published data from the Rakai, Uganda seroconversion study. Mathematical and computer-based models were used to quantify the per-act and per-partnership transmission probabilities during acute and chronic HIV infection, and to estimate how many of the transmission events reported in the Rakai study were due to acute-phase HIV transmission. The average per-act transmission probability during acute infection equaled 0.03604 vs. 0.00084 for chronic HIV infection. Overall, HIV was transmitted during acute infection in 46.5% of 23 “incident index partner couples.” Acute-phase transmission accounted for 89.1% of all transmission events in the first 20 months of follow-up. These results highlight the substantial risk of transmission during acute HIV infection.
CUTANEOUS TAIL GLANDS, NOXIOUS SKIN SECRETIONS, AND SCENT MARKING IN A TERRESTRIAL SALAMANDER (PLETHODON SHERMANI)

Amphibian skin secretion is a rich source of biological compounds. Histological, morphometrical, functional, and protein biochemical methods were used to understand the role of skin glands in the tail of the red-legged salamander (Plethodon shermani), an emerging organismal model for the physiology and evolution of pheromonal communication. Individual granular glands were approximately three times larger in the dorsal tail skin compared to the ventral tail skin. Dorsal tail granular glands emptied when animals were handled to induce release of noxious/sticky substances. Ventral tail granular glands emptied during scent marking. Granular glands in both dorsal and ventral tail skin rapidly enlarged when animals were placed on a clean substrate. Histological study of tail skin identified a subset of ventral granular glands that stained differently from dorsal granular glands. Protein analysis of acetylcholine chloride extracts of dorsal tail skin and ventral tail skin revealed differences in the protein cont...
The Measurement of Communication Apprehension regarding the Terminally Ill

In order to establish the reliability and validity of a scale assessing communication apprehension regarding the dying, measures of generalized communication apprehension (CA), communication apprehension regarding the dying (CA-Dying), and death anxiety were administered to fifty-nine individuals, twenty-nine of whom had enrolled in an eight-week hospice volunteer training program, and thirty of whom were on the hospice mailing list. Results suggested that the CA-Dying scale possessed more than adequate reliability (internal consistency, test-retest) and validity (correlations with death fear, susceptibility to volunteer training program effects). It was concluded that the CA-Dying scale may serve as a useful index of difficulties caregivers have in communicating with the terminally ill.
Sex, mixability, and modularity

The assumption that different genetic elements can make separate contributions to the same quantitative trait was originally made in order to reconcile biometry and Mendelism and ever since has been used in population genetics, specifically for the trait of fitness. Here we show that sex is responsible for the existence of separate genetic effects on fitness and, more generally, for the existence of a hierarchy of genetic evolutionary modules. Using the tools developed in the process, we also demonstrate that in terms of their fitness effects, separation and fusion of genes are associated with the increase and decrease of the recombination rate between them, respectively. Implications for sex and evolution theory are discussed.
German policy towards the European union: The effects of historical memory

Reflection on the past and its implications shaped German policy towards the European Union during the early 1990s. Helmut Kohl's post‐reunification foreign policy rhetoric reveals two prominent historical themes: that European integration is a ‘question of war and peace’, and that German unity and European unity represent ‘two sides of the same coin’. In the post‐Cold War context, both themes served to orient and legitimate his European policy. They informed Kohl's strong support for the realisation of the Maastricht Treaty. And they were central to his efforts to maintain domestic political support for deeper integration.
Overexpression of AtLOV1 in Switchgrass Alters Plant Architecture, Lignin Content, and Flowering Time

Background Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a prime candidate crop for biofuel feedstock production in the United States. As it is a self-incompatible polyploid perennial species, breeding elite and stable switchgrass cultivars with traditional breeding methods is very challenging. Translational genomics may contribute significantly to the genetic improvement of switchgrass, especially for the incorporation of elite traits that are absent in natural switchgrass populations.
Surgical outcomes and predictors of stroke in a North American white and African American moyamoya population.

BACKGROUND: The majority of moyamoya surgical series have been confined to Asian and pediatric populations. Few have studied demographics, risk factors, and outcomes in adult North American populations. OBJECTIVE: To examine outcomes after revascularization for moyamoya in white and African American adults and to assess for predictors of recurrent stroke. METHODS: A retrospective review of 75 non-Asian patients undergoing 110 procedures at the Mayo Clinic was performed. Demographics, known moyamoya associations, cerebrovascular risk factors, and autoimmune diseases were recorded. Primary outcomes for vascular events were assessed with Kaplan-Meier analysis. Fisher exact methods were used to evaluate for associations with recurrent events. RESULTS: Mean age was 42 years, and mean follow-up was 47 months. Seventy-one of the 75 patients were white. The majority had bilateral disease (n = 49). Perioperative ischemic events occurred in 5 patients (4.5%). The 5- and 10-year event rates were 5.8% and 9.9%. Significant associations were found with a history of thyroid disease (P = .05) and recurrent stroke. A trend was also found between hypertension and autoimmune disease with recurrent stroke. CONCLUSION: Outcomes were favorable with revascularization in this subset with moyamoya. A significant association between a history of thyroid disease and recurrent stroke was found. Additionally, high prevalences of autoimmune disease, hypertension, and thyroid disease were found in our cohort, suggesting that they may play a role in the pathophysiology and progression of moyamoya disease in this population. A new classification for moyamoya is proposed based on these data.
Characteristics of Magnetosheath Plasma Observed at Low Altitudes in the Dayside Magnetospheric Cusps

Magnetosheath plasma penetrating to low altitudes in the dayside cusp region of the magnetosphere has been observed by the ISIS 1 soft particle spectrometer (SPS). The extent of these particle fluxes in MLT and IN Lat, their variation with magnetic activity, and their pitch angle distribution are given. Comparison between the SPS data and energetic particle data indicates that the boundary between open and closed field lines on the dayside is associated with a sharp drop in the outer zone a 1 keV electron fluxes. It is shown that these newly identified cusp fluxes provide the necessary energy to produce observed dayside auroral oval phenomena.
Radiation-induced inhibition of thymidine incorporation in vivo as a measure of the initial slope and RBEn/γ

Abstract Radiation damage can be measured by decreased incorporation of 3H-TdR. The early effect of total body irradiation of mice, with doses up to 300–400 rad, of gamma rays of neutrons, on thymidine-3H incorporation into the DNA of murine proliferating normal and tumor cells are described. Total body irradiation with single doses up to 300 rad resulted in a steep dose-dependent depression of 3H-TdR incorporation into the DNA of the jejunal crypt, testis, spleen, fibrosarcoma (FSa), and FSa metastasis cells. The dose required to depress 3H-TdR incorporation values to 37% of control level (D37/thymidine) after γ-irradiation was calculated to be 405, 443, 72, 303, and 531 rad, for jejunal crypt, testis, spleen, FSa metastasis, and FSa tumor cells, respectively. The depression progressed during the first 3 hours after irradiation. After neutron irradiation, the D37/thymidine was calculated to be 81, 140, 35, and 155 rad for jejunal crypt, testis, spleen, and FSa metastasis cells, respectively. The RBEn/γ derived from these results were 5.00, 3.16, 2.06, and 1.95 for jejunal crypt, testis, spleen, and FSa metastasis cells, respectively. These results of D37/thymidine after γ-irradiation and the RBEn/γ correlate well with the 1Do for the initial slope of the survival curve and RBEn/γ published in the literature for C3H/Kam mice using the same gamma and neutron beams. These findings show that cell survival after small doses of irradiation correlate with the effect of irradiation on the actively proliferating cells at the time of irradiation.
Financial incentives and retirement: evidence from federal civil service workers

We examine the retirement behavior of federal civil service workers employed by the Department of Defense. These workers provide an interesting population for studying retirement because they face relatively simple financial incentives, high quality administrative data are available, and they are not covered by the Social Security system. We find that these workers respond to their financial incentives in a similar manner to what others have found when analyzing much different retirement systems. We also find no evidence of ‘‘excess retirement’’ at key ages of the Social Security system, which does not support the existence of societal-wide norms regarding retirement.
Reliability of Goniometric Measurements and Visual Estimates of Knee Range of Motion Obtained in a Clinical Setting

The purpose of this study was to examine the intratester and intertester reliability for goniometric measurements of knee flexion and extension passive range of motion (PROM). In addition, parallel-forms reliability for PROM measurements of the knee obtained by use of a goniometer and by visual estimation was examined. The intertester reliability for visual estimates of the PROM of the knee was also examined. Repeated measurements were obtained on 43 patients in a clinical setting. The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for intratester reliability of measurements obtained with a goniometer were .99 for flexion and .98 for extension. Intertester reliability for measurements obtained with a goniometer was .90 for flexion and .86 for extension. The ICCs for parallel-forms reliability for measurements obtained with a goniometer and by visual estimation ranged from .82 to .94. The intertester reliability for measurements obtained by visual estimation was .83 for flexion and .82 for extension. Results suggest clinicians should use a goniometer to take repeated PROM measurements of a patient's knee to minimize the error associated with these measurements.
Lithofacies of Chazy and Chambersburg Groups in Central Appalachians: ABSTRACT

The post-Beekmantown and pre-Martinsburg rocks of the central Appalachians comprise numerous formations. For the purpose of regional stratigraphic analysis, these rocks can be subdivided into two major units, the Chazy Group at the bottom and the Chambersburg Group above. The major depocenter during Chazy deposition was located in central Pennsylvania. A medial high divided it into a shallower western part and a more deeply subsiding eastern part. Another broad depocenter existed in central West Virginia. Areas surrounding that depocenter received irregularly varying amounts of sediments. With few exceptions the limestone facies of the Chazy covers the area southeast of the broad depocenter in central West Virginia. Northwestward, dolomite and clastic facies are present, but limestone remains the most important lithology. Areas with higher clastic and dolomite ratios appear to be rather limited. During the Chambersburg deposition, a depoaxis existed along the Appalachian Valley. Along that axis two separate depocenters existed in western Virginia. Maximum deposition occurred toward the southwest. An axis of thinning (the Adirondack axis) bordered the Appalachian Valley depoaxis on the west along its northern part. However, this positive area died out toward the south, and, therefore, the "Tazewell axis" of thinning appears to have been nonexistent. A large broad depocenter (Allegheny synclinorium) also extended from central West Virginia into eastern Kentucky. Carbonates (almost all limestone) are the most important Chambersburg facies, but facies with higher clastic ratios occur in parts of the Appalachian Valley of Virginia, an isolated area in West Virginia, and a narrow b lt in Ohio. The Trenton Limestone has produced oil in the Rose Hill and Ben Hur fields in Lee County, Virginia. The Trenton-Black River limestone section has produced gas in numerous old fields in west-central New York. Gas shows have been reported from Middle Ordovician carbonates in West Virginia. Additional hydrocarbon reserves should be found in the Middle Ordovician carbonates of the central Appalachians. Areas of local dolomitization and fracture porosity related too structure are considered to be the most promising prospective areas. End_of_Article - Last_Page 2107------------
Forest responses to climate change in the northwestern United States: Ecophysiological foundations for adaptive management

Climate change resulting from increased concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide ([CO2]) is expected to result in warmer temperatures and changed precipitation regimes during this century. In the northwestern U.S., these changes will likely decrease snowpack, cause earlier snowmelt, increase summer evapotranspiration, and increase the frequency and severity of droughts. Elevated [CO2] and warmer temperatures may have positive effects on growth and productivity where there is adequate moisture or growth is currently limited by cold. However, the effects of climate change are generally expected to reduce growth and survival, predispose forests to disturbance by wildfire, insects, and disease; and ultimately change forest structure and composition at the landscape scale. Substantial warming will likely decrease winter chilling resulting in delayed bud burst, and adversely affect flowering and seed germination for some species. The extent of these effects will depend on the magnitude of climate change, the abilities of individual trees to acclimate, and for tree populations to adapt in situ, or to migrate to suitable habitats. These coping mechanisms may be insufficient to maintain optimal fitness of tree populations to rapidly changing climate. Physiological responses to climatic stresses are relatively well-understood at the organ or whole-plant scale but not at the stand or landscape scale. In particular, the interactive effects of multiple stressors is not well known. Genetic and silvicultural approaches to increase adaptive capacities and to decrease climate-related vulnerabilities of forests can be based on ecophysiological knowledge. Effective approaches to climate adaptation will likely include assisted migration of species and populations, and density management. Use of these approaches to increase forest resistance and resilience at the landscape scale requires a better understanding of species adaptations, within-species
Distress calls in tufted titmice (Baeolophus bicolor): are conspecifics or predators the target?

Distress calls are produced by a wide variety of small prey species when they are captured by a predator and may serve as signals to warn group members of danger, to attract others that might aid the captured individual, and to confuse the predator. Tufted titmice (Baeolophus bicolor) produce distress calls when captured by a predator or a human. Here, we tested several hypotheses to explain the distress calling in this species. Individual titmice were captured in walk-in treadle traps. We recorded captured individuals in an ordered sequence that modeled approaching threat, capture, and finally escape. Titmice produced more total notes as the level of threat increased (as the observer moved closer to the trap restraining them) and as they were captured and held. Captured titmice produced distress calls comprising many high-frequency components but also many low-frequency broadband components and did so whether other titmice were present or absent. Playbacks of distress calls indicate that the notes of these calls transmit over long distances (>60 m) and do not readily attract larger avian predators to the area. Variation in production of lower frequency and broadband notes by captured titmice was not associated with variation in aggressive behavior. Taken together, our results lend support both to the "protean defense" hypothesis and to a dual "mobbing/alarm" hypothesis. Distress calls in titmice may therefore function either to confuse the predator or to warn conspecifics and facilitate their mobbing behavior.
An empirical analysis of the association between the use of executive support systems and perceived organizational competitiveness

Abstract A synthesis of management control theory suggests four major categories of use for management information: (1) score keeping, (2) improving individual understanding, (3) focusing organizational attention and learning, and (4) legitimizing decisions. A field study was undertaken to determine if these uses form a robust typology for classifying executive use of management information, and how useful each is perceived to be in enabling organizations’ competitiveness. The results of the study indicate that different uses have substantively different effects on perceptions of whether or not competitiveness is enabled. The study lends credence to the position that control and power, to a large extent, drive the perceptions of benefits associated with using management information in organizations.
A redescription of Ornithomimus velox Marsh, 1890 (Dinosauria, Theropoda)

ABSTRACTThe theropod genus and species Ornithomimus velox was erected based on a partial hind limb recovered from the late Maastrichtian Denver Formation. A partial manus, which likely belonged to the same individual, was also recovered and described in the same paper. Ornithomimus edmontonicus is the only other valid species currently recognized in the genus. The validity of Ornithomimus velox has been questioned due to its fragmentary nature and because the diagnostic features identified when the species was erected are now considered characteristic for the family. The pes and manus of Ornithomimus velox were never fully prepared. In the original description, reconstructed metatarsals were figured, but manual phalanges, although preserved, were not described. Here we describe and reevaluate Ornithomimus velox based upon a new preparation of the specimen. Metacarpal proportions are diagnostic for the genus, with metacarpal I longer than metacarpal II, which in turn is longer than metacarpal III. The pes ...
Planning Public Mass Transportation

Well planned and operated public transportation offers a major means of overcoming the chronic and growing urban traffic congestion problem. Future forms of urban development can assume several patterns, prominent among them being the fusion of nearby cities or metropolitan areas to form superregions. Public transit has a complementary role to that of the private automobile, and can function most effectively at times and places of peak volume demands. A wide variety of transit techniques and facility types are available in urban planning, and important new ones are on the horizon or in process of current development. The transportation planning process is outlined. The background, bases, and types of federal programs of assistance to urban transportation are examined. Important current transit developments and federal demonstration grants are noted. The Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964 is specifically outlined. Potential public transportation planning development techniques and facilities of the future are reviewed.
Megakaryocyte growth and development factor ameliorates carboplatin- induced thrombocytopenia in mice

Megakaryocyte growth and development factor (MGDF) administered intraperitoneally (IP) to mice causes a dose-dependent thrombocytosis accompanied by a decrease in mean platelet volume. MGDF increases the number of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow and spleen. MGDF does not affect the circulating number of leukocytes. Carboplatin, a chemotherapeutic agent that causes thrombocytopenia in humans, administered to mice as a single IP injection at a nonlethal dose causes a significant, but reversible thrombocytopenia. The carboplatin-induced thrombocytopenia is accompanied by an increase in circulating endogenous MGDF that precedes the return of circulating platelets to a normal level. MGDF mRNA is constitutively present in the liver. After carboplatin treatment, hepatic MGDF mRNA does not increase in concordance with circulating MGDF. Circulating soluble MGDF receptor levels (c-mpl) do not change significantly during the course of carboplatin-induced thrombocytopenia. MGDF injected IP once daily beginning 1 day after injection of carboplatin reverses carboplatin-induced thrombocytopenia in a dose-dependent fashion. The normalization of circulating platelet numbers in carboplatin plus MGDF-treated mice is accompanied by a normalization of megakaryocyte numbers in the bone marrow. In conclusion, MGDF, by increasing the number of marrow megakaryocytes and circulating platelets is an effective therapy for carboplatin-induced thrombocytopenia in mice.
"Know, See, Plan, Do: A Model For Curriculum Design In Leadership Development"

Given the growth of leadership development programs in higher education, along with increased standards for graduates entering the workplace to succeed as leaders, researchers in leadership educati...
Analyzing Ethical Issues Sexual Relationships

The purpose of this paper is to provide a framework for analyzing ethical issues in the sexual domain, one that can be used in the instruction of sex educators and therapists. The structure of ethical theories will be briefly described in conjunction with the relationship and relevance of ethical and moral issues. In order to clarify the application of ethical theory to issues of concern, various topics in the area of human sexuality are used to illustrate the ethical dimension of family life choices. Sex educators and therapists can utilize this framework to facilitate an examination of complex ethical questions that confront individuals, personally, professionally, and societally.
Anion Exchange Resins for the Selective Separation of Technetium from Uranium in Carbonate Solutions

In alkaline carbonate solutions both technetium and uranium exist as anionic species, TcO4– and UO2(CO3)34–, which makes separating Tc and U from each other more challenging compared to acidic PUREX type solutions where uranium forms neutral or cationic complexes. We tested the batch separation of 99Tc, 238U, and 239Pu from carbonate solutions using anion exchange resins with different properties, including Purolite A530E, Reillex HPQ, and Dowex Marathon WBA. Overall, the highest Kd values for pertechnetate were achieved using the strong base resins in solutions of the lowest carbonate concentration. Pretreating the resins in higher carbonate concentrations before use was shown to increase the Kd values for pertechnetate. The measured Kd values for uranium generally were low, resulting in high selectivity for the separation of pertechnetate from uranium in carbonate solutions.
Hemograms and myelograms of healthy female mice of C-57 brown and CFW strains.

The hemogram and myelogram of healthy female mice 2 months old of two strains, C-57 brown and CFW albino, are presented. The average cellularity of marrow has been determined and the marrow differential has been corrected with this figure to establish a normal index of the total quantity of each type of cell. The average weight of the body and of the submaxillary lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, and kidney are presented.
The Effect of Maternal Diabetes and Fasting on Fetal Adipose Tissue Histochemistry in the Pig

The effects of maternal diabetes (induced d 78 of gestation) and food deprivation (last 20 d of gestation) on the histochemical disposition of fetal adipose tissue at 112 d of gestation were determined. In both cases, there was an increased number of fat cell clusters by comparison with the control. In the fetuses of diabetic pigs, there were striking effects on adipocyte size and the extent of lipid filling of presumptive adipose space. In these fetuses, the adipocytes were large and many were unilocular, whereas, those in the fetuses of control and fasted pigs were smaller. The adipose tissue space of the control was "empty" compared with that of fetuses of diabetic pigs. Adipocytes from fetuses of diabetic pigs contained intracellular glycogen deposits, which were not present in adipocytes of control and fasted progeny. Maternal fasting and diabetes increased the number of lipid-containing adipocytes in fetal adipose tissue. An additional effect of maternal diabetes was to increase fetal adipocyte size over that of fetuses of control and fasted pigs.
Erythropoietic response to anemia or erythropoietin injection in uremic rats with or without functioning renal tissue.

Ureter-ligated rats, whose blood urea nitrogen concentration equalled that of nephrectomized animals, responded nearly like normal controls to bleeding or phenylhydrazine anemia, and erythropoietin was demonstrated in their plasma. This eliminates the urea retention as a depressing factor of erythropoiesis in uremia. Bilaterally nephrectomized or mercury-bichloride poisoned rats did not respond significantly to anemic stimuli. No erythropoietin was found in the plasma of bled or phenylhydrazine-poisoned nephrectomized rats. The injection of erythropoietin produced significant increases in the erythropoiesis of nephrectomized or mercury-bichloride poisoned rats, but the response was substantially smaller than in ureter-ligated or sham-operated animals. The presence of funtioning renal (tubular) tissue appears to be necessary for a normal erythropoietic response. Renal formation of erythropoietin with a rapid normal turnover, or the accumulation of an inhibitor, distinct from urea and normally inactivated by the kidneys, are discussed as possible mechanisms.