cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Eddies Enhance Biological Production in the Weddell-Scotia Confluence of the Southern Ocean

Satellite data show that oceanic eddies generated in the Southern Antarctic Circumpolar Current Front (SACCF) are associated with increased phytoplankton biomass. Cyclonic eddies with high chlorophyll a concentration (Chl-a) retain phytoplankton within the eddy cores and increase the light available for photosynthesis in the upper mixed layer by limiting vertical mixing and lifting of the isopycnal surfaces. Anticyclonic eddies have low Chl-a in the core but increased Chl-a in the periphery. Cross-frontal mixing mediated by eddies transports nutrients (e.g., Fe and Si) to the north and contributes to the increased Chl-a in the frontal zone. Interannual variations in the cyclonic eddy activity are positively correlated with variations in Chl-a during the spring bloom in regions of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current around South Georgia.
Attracting Diverse Students to a Magnet School: Risking Aspirations or Swallowing One’s Beliefs

This case study focuses on the ethics of advocating for a social justice perspective versus jeopardizing one’s career aspirations. There are numerous subplots to this case involving the start-up of...
Vanadium–iron complexes featuring metal–metal multiple bonds

A series of V/Fe heterobimetallic complexes supported by phosphinoamide ligands, [Ph2PNiPr]−, is described. The V(III) metalloligand precursor [V(iPrNPPh2)3] can be treated with Fe(II) halide salts under reducing conditions to afford [V(iPrNPPh2)3FeX] (X = Br (2), I (3)). These complexes feature multiple bonds between Fe and V, leading to an intermetallic distance of ∼2.07 A. Exploration of the one-electron reduction of complex 3 allows isolation of [V(iPrNPPh2)3Fe(PMe3)] (5), which also features metal–metal multiple bonding and a nearly identical Fe–V distance. Mossbauer spectroscopy of complexes 2 and 5 suggest that the most reasonable oxidation state assignments for these complexes are VIIIFeI and VIIIFe0, respectively, and that reduction occurs solely at the Fe center in these bimetallic complexes. A theoretical investigation confirms this description of the electronic structure, providing a description of the metal–metal bonding manifolds as (σ)2(π)4(Fenb)3 and (σ)2(π)4(Fenb)4 for complexes 3 and 5, consistent with a metal–metal bond order of three. One electron-oxidation of complex 3 results in halide abstraction from PF6−, forming FV(iPrNPPh2)3FeI (6). Complex 6 has a much weaker V–Fe interaction as a result of axial fluoride ligation at the V center.
Lightweight bleeding and smoke effect for surgical simulators

A fully functional Virtual Reality (VR) surgical simulator often captures maximum CPU capacity due to computationally intensive tasks such as collision detection and response, physics simulation, fluid simulation, haptics etc. In order to maintain interactive rates, these major components are given high priority in sharing limited computational resource. Therefore, smoke and bleeding models that have lesser significance with respect to major modules often lead to poor and very unrealistic effects. In this work, a GPU based method was designed and implemented for creating realistic smoke and bleeding effect in a VR surgical simulator. The techniques were employed in Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Banding (LAGB) simulator [1][10].
The Constitution and Hastening Inevitable Death

The due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment protects the right of terminally ill persons to hasten their inevitable death. In prohibiting physicians from prescribing lethal medications by which such patients might hasten death, Michigan's ban on "assisted suicide" unconstitutionally imposes an "undue burden" on the exercise of that right.
SCOOP: Automated Social Recommendation in Enterprise Process Management

The interplay between labor arbitrage and consistent service delivery in IT outsourcing continues to drive business process standardization. New emerging standards, like ITIL, is defining an industry-wide taxonomy for IT service management. These standards are often at a high level and require substantial investment from service providers to define and implement these standards across the various low-level processes they offer. This paper presents a process management system, called Cyano, that uses social networks and recommendation to greatly increase the effectiveness of process capture and knowledge maintenance. We particularly focus on Cyano's social recommendation engine, called SCOOP, which utilizes the intrinsic graph property of process content for recommendation. More specifically, SCOOP maintains a user-process interaction graph Gand computes the user-to-user similarity scores using the random walk with restart on G. Finally, we evaluate SCOOP in the context of a large-scale deployment of Cyano, with thousands of processes and users.
A factor analysis of the dyadic adjustment scale with distressed and nondistressed couples

Abstract This study was an attempt to replicate the original factor analysis done by Spanir when he created the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS). Unlike previous studies, this one used a sample of distressed and nondistressed couples. The same factor analysis procedures Spanier used in developing the DAS were used with these samples. The Dyadic Satisfaction Subscale was not validated with any of the samples from this study. This subscale should not be used and interpreted on its own. The factor analysis for the nondistressed sample was much less supportive of the four subscales of the DAS than the factor analysis for the distressed sample. Marriage and family therapists, family life educators, and researchers should be cautious when using the DAS with nondistressed samples as one-third of the items did not factor well for this sample. Past research with nondistressed samples should be reevaluated.
X-linked elements associated with negative segregation distortion in the SD system of Drosophila melanogaster.

Three elements, M(1), M(2) and M(3), found in a special X chromosome, supp-X(SD), modify the degree and direction of segregation distortion in the SD system of Drosophila melanogaster. The first element, M(1), is located between the y and the cv loci, probably close to the y locus. The second element, M(2), is located near the cv locus and the third element, M(3), is located between the y and the car loci. The M(1) element appears to cause a relatively small amount of reduction in the rate of recovery of the SD-72, but not the cn bw, chromosome from SD-72/ cn bw males, when raised at 27.5°. The M(2) and the M(3) elements cause considerable decrease in the recovery rate of the SD-72 chromosome, whereas they increase the recovery rate of the cn bw chromosome. The amount of decrease is nearly the same as the amount of increase for each element. Some type of ``switch'' mechanism in the directions of distortion is suggested for each of these two elements and their effects appear to be approximately additive.
Alcohol and cognitive performance: a longitudinal study of older Japanese Americans. The Kame Project.

Background: Recent data demonstrate that moderate consumption of alcohol (13-52 grams of ethanol per day) may be beneficial to cognitive functioning among older adults. Methods: longitudinal growth curve analyses controlling for baseline age, body mass index (bmi), education/income, migrant status, smoking, history of diagnosed stroke, hypertension, coronary heart disease (chd), depression, diabetes and stroke (time-varying) were used to examine the relationship between alcohol consumption, gender and cognitive performance over an 8-year follow-up period. the sample included 1624 Japanese American community-dwelling adults aged 65 and older who were cognitively intact at baseline and participated in at least one follow-up examination. cognitive performance was measured using the cognitive abilities screening instrument (casi; 0-100 point scale), a global test of cognitive function. Results: current consumers ( n= 480) scored significantly ( p <0.05) higher on casi (mean rate of change -1.22 casi units) over the 8-year follow-up period than past consumers or abstainers ( n= 1144; mean rate of change -3.77 casi units). there was no significant main effect for gender, or an alcohol and gender interaction. Conclusions: this study provides further support regarding the beneficial effects of moderate alcohol consumption on cognitive performance over time. observed benefits were not modified by gender. future studies need to determine whether alcohol preserves cognition directly or whether other factors such as physiology or cultural drinking practices are driving the observed association.
Back Pain as the Only Presenting Symptom of Intussusception: A Case Report

Intussusception can often be a difficult diagnosis as many children do not present with the typical findings of abdominal pain, vomiting, and hematochezia. The authors report the case of a young child who presented with back pain as the only symptom of intussusception. We encourage pediatricians to consider this diagnosis in any child with episodes of intermittent abdominal or back pain.
Effect of Water Content on the Chemical Durability of Na2O 3SiO2 Glass

Na2O 3SiO2 glasses with high water content were prepared under high-pressure, hydrothermal conditions and their chemical durabilities in water were measured at atmospheric pressure and 30°C. Chemical durability decreases with increasing water content, which is probably due to a positive dependence of H+ (or H3O+) diffusivity on water content.
Epsin Family of Endocytic Adaptor Proteins as Oncogenic Regulators of Cancer Progression

Tumor angiogenesis, tumor cell proliferation, and tumor cell migration result from an accumulation of oncogenic mutations that alter protein expression and the regulation of various signaling cascades. Epsins, a small family of clathrin-mediated endocytic adaptor proteins, are reportedly upregulated in a variety of cancers. Importantly, loss of epsins protects against tumorigenesis, thus supporting an oncogenic role for epsins in cancer. Although a clear relationship between epsins and cancer has evolved, the importance of this relationship with regards to cancer progression and anti-cancer therapies remains unclear. In this review, we summarize epsins’ role as endocytic adaptors that modulate VEGF and Notch signaling through the regulated internalization of VEGFR2 and trans-endocytosis of Notch receptors. As both VEGF and Notch signaling have significant implications in angiogenesis, we focus on the newly identified role for epsins in tumor angiogenesis. In addition to epsins’ canonical role in receptor-mediated endocytosis, and the resulting downstream signaling regulation, we discuss the non-canonical role of epsins as regulators of small GTPases and the implications this has on tumor cell proliferation and invasion. Given epsins’ identified roles in tumor angiogenesis, tumor cell proliferation, and tumor cell invasion, we predict that the investigative links between epsins and cancer will provide new insights into the importance of endocytic adaptors and their potential use as future therapeutic targets.
Comparison of the efficacy of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cefovecin, and doxycycline in the treatment of upper respiratory tract disease in cats housed in an animal shelter

Objective—To compare efficacy of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cefovecin, and doxycycline in shelter-housed cats with clinical signs of upper respiratory tract disease (URTD). Design—Randomized prospective clinical trial. Animals—48 cats with URTD. Procedures—Conjunctival and nasal swab specimens were obtained for culture and susceptibility testing, and cats were randomly assigned to 3 treatment groups (16 cats/group) on day 1: amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (12.5 mg/kg [5.68 mg/lb], PO, q 12 h, for 14 days), cefovecin (8.0 mg/kg [3.64 mg/lb], SC, once), or doxycycline (10.0 mg/kg [4.55 mg/lb], PO, q 24 h, for 14 days). Oculonasal discharge, sneezing, coughing, dyspnea, demeanor, and food intake were scored twice daily for 14 days (scale, 0 [subjectively normal] to 3 [markedly abnormal]). Results—The most common bacterial isolates were Mycoplasma spp (n = 22) and Bordetella bronchiseptica (9). Cats treated with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid or doxycycline had significantly increased body weight by day 14. Cats that received doxycycline had significantly lower overall oculonasal discharge scores than those treated with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid or cefovecin. Cats treated with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid or doxycycline had significantly lower overall sneezing scores than those that received cefovecin. Cats that received amoxicillin-clavulanic acid had significantly decreased demeanor and food intake scores on day 2, whereas this was detected later in other groups (demeanor score on days 5 and 7 and food intake score on days 10 and 11 in the cefovecin and doxycycline groups, respectively). Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Oral administration of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid or doxycycline appeared to be more effective than a single SC injection of cefovecin in treating cats with clinical signs of URTD. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012;241:218–226)
Research Note: The In Vitro Responses of Vaginal Tissue and Chicken Spermatozoa to Glycerol

The fertilizing ability of glycerolized spermatozoa is apparently lost due to reactions between glycerol, spermatozoa, and vaginal tissue. Two experiments were conducted to determine the feasibility of using in vitro cultures to quantitatively assess these reactions. In the first experiment, vaginal slices alone, unglycerolized semen, and vaginal slices plus semen, all in a phosphate-buffered saline were studied. The media were separated into 14 fractions using HPLC and the absorbance of each fraction was measured at 0 and 1 h of incubation. In a second experiment the changes in absorbance of these fractions were examined for unglycerolized and glycerolized semen in vaginal cultures. When unglycerolized semen was added to the vaginal cultures, Fraction 55 appeared in significantly greater absorbance than in vaginal tissue or semen alone. The opposite occurred for Fraction 57, which decreased in absorbance after 1 h of incubation in semen-vaginal culture. Fraction 57 was increased in absorbance in the presence of glycerol in the semen-vaginal culture. Glycerol appears to block the appearance of Fraction 55 in the normal semen-vaginal reaction. This reaction may be responsible for the deleterious effects of glycerol on spermatozoal survival in vivo.
Innovation under cap-and-trade programs

Policies incentivizing the private sector to reach its innovative potential in “clean” technologies are likely to play a key role in achieving climate stabilization. This article explores the relationship between innovation and cap-and-trade programs (CTPs)—the world's most prominent climate policy instrument—through empirical evidence drawn from successful CTPs for sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide control. The article shows that before trading began for these CTPs, analysts overestimated the value of allowances in a pattern suggestive of the frequent a priori overestimation of the compliance costs of regulation. When lower-than-expected allowance prices were observed, in part because of the unexpected range of abatement approaches used in the lead-up to trading, emissions sources chose to bank allowances in significant numbers and reassess abatement approaches going forward. In addition, commercially oriented inventive activity declined for emissions-reducing technologies with a wide range of costs and technical characteristics, dropping from peaks before the establishment of CTPs to nadirs a few years into trading. This finding is consistent with innovators deciding during trading that their research and development investments should be reduced, based on assessments of future market conditions under the relevant CTPs. The article concludes with a discussion of the results and their implications for innovation and climate policy.
Evaluating Abundance Estimate Precision and the Assumptions of a Count-Based Index for Small Mammals

Abstract Conservation and management of small mammals requires reliable knowledge of population size. We investigated precision of mark–recapture and removal abundance estimates generated from live-trapping and snap-trapping data collected at sites on Guam (n = 7), Rota (n = 4), Saipan (n = 5), and Tinian (n = 3), in the Mariana Islands. We also evaluated a common index, captures per unit effort (CPUE), as a predictor of abundance. In addition, we evaluated cost and time associated with implementing live-trapping and snap-trapping and compared species-specific capture rates of selected live- and snap-traps. For all species, mark–recapture estimates were consistently more precise than removal estimates based on coefficients of variation and 95% confidence intervals. The predictive utility of CPUE was poor but improved with increasing sampling duration. Nonetheless, modeling of sampling data revealed that underlying assumptions critical to application of an index of abundance, such as constant capture proba...
Capital Control Premium and Investable Risk in Emerging Capital Markets

This article surmises the presence of an investable premium in emerging equity markets segmented by foreign investment restrictions and validates its existence in 26 emerging markets. Principal Component Analysis and stepwise regression are employed in tandem to whittle down from 22 political, economic, and financial country risk factors, to the one factor that best explains the investable premium. The political, economic, and financial risk measures that load on this factor are determined. We use a multifactor CAPM model to investigate whether country investable risk drives cross-sectional expected returns in investable emerging market stocks in addition to established firm-specific risk components such as beta, size, and price-to-book-value ratio. We document a significant positive investable premium for the aggregate sample. This finding supports our research hypotheses that investable risk is priced. We also find a significant positive relationship between risk premium and size at the aggregate level. Our findings suggest that these two risk metrics, investable premium and size, are important to price emerging market firms.
Simple and robust visual servo control of robot arms using an on-line trajectory generator

Common visual servoing methods use image features to define a signal error in the feedback loops of robot motion controllers. This paper suggests a new visual servo control scheme that uses an on-line trajectory generator as an intermediate layer between image processing algorithms and robot motion controllers. The motion generation algorithm is capable of computing an entire trajectory from an arbitrary initial state of motion within one servo control cycle (typically one millisecond or less). This algorithm is fed with desired pose and velocity signals that are generated by an image processing algorithm. The advantages of this new architecture are: (a) jerk-limited and continuous motions are guaranteed independently of image processing signals, (b) kinematic motion constraints as well as physical and/or artificial workspace limits can be directly considered, and (c) the system can instantaneously and safely react to sensor failures (e.g., if cameras are covered or image processing fails). Real-world experimental results using a seven-joint robot arm are presented to underline the relevance for the field of robust sensor-guided robot motion control.
Extratropical Transition of Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclones: Midlatitude and Tropical Cyclone Contributions to Reintensification

Abstract This study of extratropical transition of western North Pacific tropical cyclones (TCs) addresses the reintensification stage during which the TC remnants develop as an extratropical cyclone. The hypothesis examined here is that reintensification depends on the interaction between the midlatitude circulation contributions from mid- and upper-level dynamic processes, low-level thermal processes from the decaying TC, and upper-level outflow characteristics from the decaying TC. Reintensification occurs when the combination of the dynamic and thermodynamic processes define a region that is favorable for extratropical cyclone development. The midlatitude circulation contribution to reintensification is characterized by comparing a control forecast made with an atmosphere-only version of the Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System with a simulation in which the TC has been removed (NOTC). The midlatitude contribution is favorable if a significant extratropical cyclone forms in the NOTC si...
U.S. Trade Association Internationalization Activites as Collective Strategy

This paper empirically explores U.S. trade association internationalization activities as a manifestation of collective strategy. Data were drawn from eighty-four respondents to a survey of association executives and from secondary sources. The findings indicate that trade associations engage in internationalization activities involving information dissemination about foreign government activities and international marketing and also in maintenance of international capabilities and functions. Relative market internationalization, membership demand for international services, and membership industry sector all had an influence on the degree of trade association internationalization activities.
Mindtools: what does it mean to be literate in the age of Google?

What does it mean to be literate at a time when you can search billions of texts in less than 300 milliseconds? Although you might think that "literacy" is one of the great constants that transcends the ages, the skills of a literate person have changed substantially over time as texts and technology allow for new kinds of reading and understanding. Knowing how to read is just the beginning of it -- knowing how to frame a question, pose a query, how to interpret the texts you find, how to organize and use the information you discover, how to understand your metacognition -- these are all critical parts of being literate as well. In this talk Russell will review what literacy is today, in the age of Google, and show how some very surprising and unexpected skills will turn out to be critical in the years ahead. We have created powerful new tools for the mind. Thing is, those tools are constantly evolving and changing even as the things they operate on change as well. This puts us in the position of having to learn how to find tools, and understanding the substrate on which they work. Literacy in these days is not just reading and writing, but also understanding what knowledge tools are available, and how they can be used in interesting new ways.
Agriculture and the Conditions of Postwar Trading

URING the last decade agricultural foreign trade has been dominated by a series of programs through which agricultural exports have been shipped all over the world and paid for out of United States Government funds. Agricultural exports from 1941 to 1949 inclusive have been nearly $23 billion with over $13 billion contributed by various aid programs, of which Lend-Lease, Army-Civilian Supply, UNRRA, and ECA have been the most important. Approximately 60 percent of these subsidies to exports have occurred since the end of World War II. The main purposes of these programs were conceived in a broad social, political, and economic framework for the improvement of the welfare of particular groups of nations. Some were means of fighting World War II more effectively; the major part in dollar volume were intended to relieve starvation and safeguard the peace. Other related goals dealt with increasing intra-European trade and efficiency, and in some respects, the economic integration of the United States with other countries of the world. It is my intention to examine the relation of these exports to United States agriculture, the impact of United States policy on the conditions of trade between 1945 and 1950, and their meaning and implication under alternative outcomes of the present international situation. The dollar volume of agricultural exports between 1945 and 1950 was four to five times the volume of the thirties, but the high year of 1947 was still srightly under the post-World War I peak of $4.1 billion in 1919, in spite of the higher price level prevailing in 1947. The physical volume of trade was higher in the forties than the thirties, as the accessible countries of the world attempted to fill their deficiences out of our food supplies. Full employment, bloated war and reconstruction needs, and inflation all combined to increase the demand for America's agricultural products far beyond our capacity to supply them. The techniques of supply allocation, rationing, etc., need not be dealt with here. The pressure of war and political exigencies at the international level led us to develop
Dialogues with excellence. Seeing Joan through.

Joan G was introduced to our medical intensive-care unit by the on-call resident, who told us Joan needed a unit bed because a SwanGanz catheter had become necessary to monitor her fluid status more closely. She had congestive heart failure and had developed shortness of breath on the general medical unit. Her vital signs were stable and the resident did not anticipate any problems. In fact, he anticipated that she could be transferred out of the ICU after three or
Synthesis and Reactivity of Dioxazirconacyclohexenes: Development of a Zirconium–Oxo-Mediated Alkyne–Aldehyde Coupling Reaction

The zirconium–oxo-mediated coupling of an alkyne and an aldehyde for the synthesis of α,β-unsaturated ketones is presented. Each intermediate along the reaction pathway has been fully characterized, and the scope of the alkynes and aldehydes has been explored.
Functional assessment of cutaneous wound healing using spectral-domain optical doppler tomography

We show that spectral-domain optical coherence tomography can monitor blood flow in and around the wound bed during the cutaneous wound healing process in a mouse model.
The Epidemiology of U.S. Adults who Regularly Engage in Resistance Training

(2002). The Epidemiology of U.S. Adults who Regularly Engage in Resistance Training. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport: Vol. 73, No. 3, pp. 330-334.
A Review of the Cross-National Empirical Literature on Social Structure and Homicide

The purpose of this proposed chapter is twofold. First, we expand on the work of LaFree (1999), by compiling a summary of the cross-national research on social structure and homicide. Second, we provide a critical assessment of the status of this body of literature, presenting its strengths and weaknesses, noting points of convergence and divergence, and concluding with suggested directions for future research. Nearly 70 quantitative studies are included in our analysis, representing the most comprehensive list of peer-reviewed cross-national homicide studies to date. Although we are unable to draw strong general conclusions at this time, due in large part to inconsistencies in the operationalization and measurement of key theoretical constructs, it does appear that the literature may be beginning to converge in some key respects. On the other hand, our review also suggests that existing macrolevel explanations may not generalize across space and time. We use these conclusions to inform our suggestions for future research in attempting to determine the variation of national homicide rates.
How frigate birds soar around the doldrums

In 1492, Columbus encountered frigate birds while en route to the New World and noted that the bird “does not alight on the sea nor depart from land 20 leagues” ( 1 ). Columbus observed correctly that frigate birds do not land on the sea, but he severely underestimated how far some frigate birds fly from land. On page 74 of this issue, Weimerskirch et al. ( 2 ) show that great frigate birds ( Fregata minor ) reduce transit costs by riding strong thermal updrafts beneath or inside cumulus clouds and then gliding long distances to another thermal, searching for food along the way. By exploiting cumulus clouds and trade winds in the Indian Ocean, the birds forage around the doldrums, a largely windless zone.
Radiation Heat Transfer in the Molten Salt FLiNaK

The molten fluoride salt eutectic LiF-NaF-KF (FLiNaK) has been proposed as a coolant for use in Generation IV reactors designed to operate at temperatures at which radiation heat transfer (RHT) may...
Fostering Connections to Nature — Strategies for Community College Early Childhood Teachers

ABSTRACTHow can early childhood teacher educators at the community college level create opportunities for their students to explore and relate to the natural world? This article discusses three learning opportunities in an early childhood associate-degree program that foster connections between preservice and inservice early childhood teachers and nature education — the Goldsworthy project, a local habitat course, and an animal study project in a curriculum course. Each learning opportunity helped teachers develop effective teaching strategies for engaging children with nature education and also a personal and professional disposition toward valuing nature education as future teachers.
SUMOylation determines the voltage required to activate cardiac IKs channels.

IKs channels open in response to depolarization of the membrane voltage during the cardiac action potential, passing potassium ions outward to repolarize ventricular myocytes and end each beat. Here, we show that the voltage required to activate IKs channels depends on their covalent modification by small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) proteins. IKs channels are comprised of four KCNQ1 pore-forming subunits, two KCNE1 accessory subunits, and up to four SUMOs, one on Lys424 of each KCNQ1 subunit. Each SUMO shifts the half-maximal activation voltage (V1/2) of IKs ∼ +8 mV, producing a maximal +34-mV shift in neonatal mouse cardiac myocytes or Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing the mouse or human subunits. Unexpectedly, channels formed without KCNE1 carry at most two SUMOs despite having four available KCNQ1-Lys424 sites. SUMOylation of KCNQ1 is KCNE1 dependent and determines the native attributes of cardiac IKs in vivo.
Design of an adaptive sending rate for frequency regulation of a smart microgrid with optimal LQR controller

This paper is on the design of an adaptive sending rate for frequency regulation of a smart microgrid. The frequency controller itself is designed using an optimal LQR (Linear Quadratic Regulator) approach whose parameters are obtained using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The utilized isolated smart microgrid comprises different Distributed Generation (DG) units and Renewable Energy Sources (RESs). Implementation of the optimal LQR controller requires a communication network. The key issue in this Networked Control System (NCS) is the transmission of measured data from the multiple sensing agents to the controller. Usually the data is sent in constant intervals which raises energy issues and channel capacity and requires bigger sending rate that will cause more error in the frequency response. The paper proposes different adaptive approaches for determining an adequate sending rate. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed approaches as compared to conventional methods.
The Exact Sciences and Non-Euclidean Logic

What “really” exists pervades the sciences and human thought in general. The belief that the infinite does not really exist goes back at least to Aristotle. Parmenides even questioned the reality of plurality and change. (Einstein’s vision has much in common with Parmenides.) Toward the end of the nineteenth century, an acrimonious exchange took place between Kronecker and Cantor regarding the reality of the actual (as opposed to potential) infinite. Kronecker claimed that only the finite integers really exist and all else is merely the work of man. Cantor countered that the essence of mathematics was its freedom and that he had attained a larger vision than Kronecker had who could not see the infinite. Most mathematicians have followed Cantor and found his paradise a more beautiful and alluring universe. Hilbert accepted Kronecker’s viewpoint for his metalanguage but tried to recapture Cantor’s paradise in a formal language. Hilbert was a formal pluralist in feeling that each mathematical discipline was entitled to its own formalization. Russell was a logical monist and felt that all of mathematics should be constructed within a single formal system. He put a great deal of labor into his program and looked askance at Hilbert. He felt that Hilbert’s approach had all the advantages of theft over honest toil. What he did not realize was that in intellectual affairs, as in economic affairs, great fortunes are rarely ever accumulated through honest toil. What is needed is the intellectual leap. Russel’s program led to much interesting mathematics, but even if in principle it could be carried out, in practice the result would be computationally intractable. One would be translating simple, clear ideas into the fog of Principia Mathematica. Russell’s program has as much relevance to complex analysis as von Neumann’s game theory has to chess. The understanding and appreciation of mathematics has very little to do with formal logic. For example, the following footnote occurs at the beginning of Wall’s (1970) book Surgery On Compact Manifolds.
Cost Comparisons of Different Insect Control Measures

ABSTRACT Since the early 1970's, bulk handling authorities have been attempting to reduce their dependence on chemical grain protectants by diversifying their pest control options. However, one factor slowing the adoption of alternative insect control methods has been their apparent high cost. This paper reports some of the results of a major BAE study conducted between 1979 and 1981 on the economics of modifying existing grain storages for the use of alternative grain insect control measures. The costs of various fumigation/modified atmosphere control strategies such as the use of phosphine, carbon dioxide, exhaust gas and nitrogen are examined, together with costs of various other insect control strategies, including the use of chemical grain protectants. It is shown that the costs of alternative insect control strategies vary markedly with the type of storage structure, and that these strategies as a group tend to appear expensive in relation to chemical protectants partly because a high proportion of their costs are in the form of capital costs. It is concluded that the fumigation/modified atmosphere control strategies as a group represent the most economic approach to the elimination of dependence on grain protectants for insect control in Australia's central storage system.
Sequenced axial and torsional cumulative fatigue: Low amplitude followed by high amplitude loading

Abstract The experiments described herein were performed to determine whether damage imposed by axial loading interacts with damage imposed by torsional loading. This paper is a follow on to a study [1] that investigated effects of load-type sequencing on the cumulative fatigue behavior of a cobalt base superalloy, Haynes 188, at 538°C. Both the current and the previous study were used to test the applicability of cumulative fatigue damage models to conditions where damage is imposed by different loading modes. In the previous study, axial and torsional two load level cumulative fatigue experiments were conducted, in varied combinations, with the low-cycle fatigue (high amplitude loading) applied first. In present study, the low amplitude fatigue loading was applied initially. As in the previous study, four sequences (axial/axial, torsion/torsion, axial/torsion, and torsion/axial) of two load level cumulative fatigue experiments were performed. The amount of fatigue damage contributed by each of the imposed loads was estimated by both the Palmgren-Miner linear damage rule (LDR) and the non-linear, damage curve approach (DCA). Life predictions for the various cumulative loading combinations are compared with experimental results. Unlike the previous study where the DCA proved markedly superior, no clear advantage can be discerned for either of the cumulative fatigue damage models for the loading sequences performed. In addition, the cyclic deformation behavior under the various combinations of loading is presented.
Constructing Certain Special Analytic Galois Extensions

Abstract For every prime p ≥ 5 for which a certain condition on the class group Cl ( Q ( μ p ) ) is satisfied, we construct a p-adic analytic Galois extension of the infinite cyclotomic extension Q ( μ p ∞ ) with some special ramification properties. In greater detail, this extension is unramified at primes above p and tamely ramified above finitely many rational primes and its Galois group over Q ( μ p ∞ ) is isomorphic to a finite index subgroup of SL 2 ( Z p ) which contains the principal congruence subgroup. For the primes 107, 139, 271 and 379 such extensions were first constructed by Ohtani and Blondeau. The strategy for producing these special extensions at an abundant number of primes is through lifting two-dimensional reducible Galois representations which are diagonal when restricted to p.
MEMS for Bio-Assays

The recent advances in microelectromechanical-systems- (MEMS-)based instrumentation offer the miniaturization and automation of procedures that are currently performed in laboratory settings by highly trained personnel. Although it is true that biomedically-oriented MEMS-based instrumentation (bio-MEMS instrumentation) can only function when the necessary biology and biochemistry have been established for the assays being performed, the instrumentation is also influencing the biological and biochemical processes that constitute the assays.
Standardization of the Quick prothrombin test; with reference to the statistical significance of variations in the prothrombin concentration with use of a stable thromboplastin of high potency.

A large specimen of human brain, obtained at autopsy, was dehydrated and stored in an evacuated desiccator. Portions of the material were removed when needed and the desiccator was re-evacuated. Under these conditions there was no loss of thromboplastic potency over a period of two years. See PDF for Table See PDF for Table The dry oxalate mixture (6 mg. of ammonium oxalate and 4 mg. of potassium oxalate) was used as an anticoagulant in order to obtain plasma for the prothrombin tests. With the specimen of thromboplastin used in these experiments, normal standards for the Quick prothrombin test were found as shown in table 8. These results do not necessarily mean that the normal range of prothrombin concentrations is from 75 to 140 per cent of the actual amount of prothrombin in the plasma of the average normal subject. They mean only that with the methods here employed, values within this range may be expected to occur. There was no significant difference between the prothrombin values obtained in a group of normal subjects by methods using diluted or undiluted plasma. In repeated tests on the same subject there appeared to be slightly greater accuracy when the tests were performed on diluted plasma, but there was no significant difference between the results obtained with plasma diluted to 50 or to 25 per cent of its original concentration. Repeated tests on diluted and undiluted plasma from the same normal subject produced the range of normal variation about the various prothrombin concentrations shown in table 9. The normal variation that may be expected to occur at any given prothrombin level must be considered in interpreting the variations that appear after administration of vitamin K or dicumarol. The use of a single specimen of blood from one random normal subject as a normal standard may lead to considerable error, because of unavoidable technical variables and because of differences in the prothrombin concentrations of different normal subjects. To establish reliable normal standards, the blood of at least 5 normal subjects should be individually tested with the same specimen of thromboplastin and the results averaged.
Perceiving isn't believing: Divergence in levels of sociolinguistic awareness

The influence of social knowledge on speech perception is a question of interest to a range of disciplines of language research. This study combines experimental and qualitative approaches to investigate whether the various methodological and disciplinary threads of research on this topic are truly investigating the same phenomenon to provide converging evidence in our understanding of social listening. This study investigates listeners’ perceptions of Spanish and Quechua speakers speaking Spanish in the context of a contact zone between these two languages and their speakers in central Bolivia. The results of a pair of matched-guise vowel discrimination tasks and subsequent interviews demonstrate that what people perceive, as measured by experimental tasks, is not necessarily what they believe they hear, as reported in narrative responses to interview prompts. Multiple methodological approaches must be employed in order to fully understand the way that we perceive language at diverging levels of sociolinguistic awareness. (Perception, sociophonetics, sociolinguistics, awareness, Andean Spanish)
Tragedy, Bleakness, Cynicism, and Existentialism in British War Cinema, 1956–1982

This chapter focuses on a mode of existential war tragedy that thrives during the period under consideration. It provides an intellectual and genre context for this emphasis and surveys key films to explore these themes and moods. In this post-World War II moment, absent an urgent propaganda mandate, war films begin to feature hopeless and bleak endings more generally. A case study comparing two films directed by Joseph Losey, King & Country (1964) and Figures in a Landscape (1970), investigates two radically different representational and stylistic treatments of this modality.
Hematologic malignancies of the gastrointestinal luminal tract

Hematologic malignancies include several lymphoproliferative and myeloproliferative disorders, many of which are frequently encountered in current health care settings. These malignancies frequently affect the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, either by secondary extranodal or extramedullary extension to the GI tract, or as a primary process arising in the GI tract. In fact, the GI tract may represent the most common extranodal site of involvement in many of them, such as lymphoma. Furthermore, in the current era of improved cancer treatment and advanced transplant procedures with increased survival, it has been quite common to encounter GI involvement by these malignancies through the disease course. Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder following kidney transplantation, for example, very commonly involves the GI tract. Other conditions that can involve the GI tract include multiple myeloma, plasmacytoma, myeloid sarcoma, mastocytosis, and Castleman disease. Imaging diagnosis of these malignancies can be challenging, since they are much less common than primary GI cancers and both share many common imaging features as well. However, certain imaging features, particularly in combination with a matching clinical scenario, play a pivotal role in diagnosing these conditions and directing further evaluation. In this article, we review common and rare hematologic malignancies of the GI tract and discuss their pathophysiologic, clinical, and imaging features.
QTc dispersion as a novel marker in identifying patients requiring an epicardial approach for ablation of scar mediated ventricular tachycardia

INTRODUCTION Epicardial exit sites of ventricular tachycardia (VT) are frequently encountered during VT ablation requiring an epicardial ablation approach for successful elimination of VT. We sought to assess the utility of repolarization markers in identifying individuals requiring an epicardial ablation approach in addition to an endocardial approach. METHODS 32 patients who underwent successful ablation for scar mediated VT were included in the study. Fourteen patients who required a combined endocardial and epicardial VT ablation were defined as epicardial VT group (Epi) whereas 18 patients who were successfully ablated from the endocardium alone constituted the endocardial VT group (Endo). Repolarization markers during sinus rhythm were compared between the two groups. RESULTS A higher QTc max and QTc dispersion were seen in the Epi group compared to Endo group (479 ± 34 vs 449 ± 20, p = 0.008 and 63 ± 13 vs 38 ± 8, p = 0.001, respectively). Ts-p and Ts-p/Tp-e were higher in the Epi group (166 ± 23 vs 143 ± 23, p = 0.008 and 1.55 ± 0.26 vs 1.3 ± 0.21, p < 0.005). On multivariate regression, QTc dispersion was an independent predictor of the need for an epicardial approach to ablation. A QTc dispersion more than 51.5 msec identified individuals requiring a combined epicardial and endocardial approach to ablation with a sensitivity of 92.9% and a specificity of 100%. CONCLUSIONS Patients requiring an epicardial ablation have a higher QTc dispersion. A value greater than 51.5 msec reliably differentiates between the two groups with high sensitivity and specificity.
Debt and taxes: Fiscal strain and US city budgets during the Great Depression

Abstract Although municipal budgets fared well on average during the Great Depression, many suffered greatly. In newspapers and trade publications, observers blamed distress in real estate markets as well as the rise in tax delinquency and real debt obligations. This paper uses a sample of large US cities to estimate how those factors influenced municipal revenue and expenditures during the Depression. Results show that city finances were stable when facing the housing market distress that plagued many urban areas in the 1930s. The principal elements of fiscal strain were actually rising delinquency, which was associated with diminished revenue and operating expenditures, and growing real debt obligations, which were associated with reduced capital outlays. Thus local budgets were driven more by the behavior of taxpayers and obligations to city creditors than by the downturn in real estate markets. These findings illuminate municipal governments’ responses to the fiscal strain wrought by the Depression.
Investigation of a three-dimensional printed dynamic cervical spine model for anatomy and physiology education.

Introduction Three-dimensional (3D) printing of anatomical structures is a growing method of education for students and medical trainees. These models are generally produced as static representations of gross surface anatomy. In order to create a model that provides educators with a tool for demonstration of kinematic and physiologic concepts in addition to surface anatomy, a high-resolution segmentation and 3D-printingtechnique was investigated for the creation of a dynamic educational model. Methods An anonymized computed tomography scan of the cervical spine with a diagnosis of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament was acquired. Using a high-resolution thresholding technique, the individual facet and intervertebral spaces were separated, and models of the C3-7 vertebrae were 3D-printed. The models were placed on a myelography simulator and subjected to flexion and extension under fluoroscopy, and measurements of the spinal canal diameter were recorded and compared to in-vivo measurements. The flexible 3D-printed model was then compared to a static 3D-printed model to determine the educational benefit of demonstrating physiologic concepts. Results The canal diameter changes on the flexible 3D-printed model accurately reflected in-vivo measurements during dynamic positioning. The flexible model also was also more successful in teaching the physiologic concepts of spinal canal changes during flexion and extension than the static 3D-printed model to a cohort of learners. Conclusions Dynamic 3D-printed models can provide educators with a cost-effective and novel educational tool for not just instruction of surface anatomy, but also physiologic concepts through 3D ex-vivo modeling of case-specific physiologic and pathologic conditions.