cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lymphoma of the Lumbar Nerve Root: Case Report

BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE: Lymphoma deposits in the spine are typically extradural. However, we report the case of a 38-year-old man who had a peripheral T-cell lymphoma with both intra- and extradural involvement. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: The patient presented with a 3-month history of right hip and thigh pain. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed features indistinguishable from those of a benign neurofibroma, except for a small area of T2-weighted signal abnormality in the third lumbar vertebral body. INTERVENTION: A solitary lesion of the right third lumbar root with normal surrounding bone and soft tissue was excised at surgery. At immunohistopathological evaluation, a diagnosis was made of peripheral lymphoma. Postoperative evaluation did not reveal lymphoma in the cerebrospinal fluid, abdomen, chest, blood, or bone marrow. This case illustrates that lymphomas can grow in patterns indistinguishable from a tumor of a nerve root. Therefore, other treatment modalities would have been considered had the diagnosis of lymphoma been made preoperatively. CONCLUSION: Involvement of a solitary nerve root by lymphoma, although rare, should be suspected in all cases of nerve root neurofibroma, and magnetic resonance imaging should be performed. Even minor signal abnormalities in adjoining vertebrae signal the possibility of malignancy. Percutaneous biopsy of suspicious bony lesions and systemic evaluation can demonstrate other sites of involvement, enabling the confirmation of the diagnosis and appropriate treatment without recourse to surgery.
Upward Vertical Two-Phase Flow Through an Annulus—Part II: Modeling Bubble, Slug, and Annular Flow

This paper reports that mechanistic models have been developed for each of the existing two-phase flow patterns in an annulus, namely bubble flow, dispersed bubble flow, slug flow, and annular flow. These models are based on two-phase flow physical phenomena and incorporate annulus characteristics such as casing and tubing diameters and degree of eccentricity. The models also apply to the new predictive means for friction factor and Taylor bubble rise velocity. Given a set of flow conditions, the existing flow pattern in the system can be predicted. The developed models are applied next for predicting the flow behavior, including the average volumetric liquid holdup and the average total pressure gradient for the existing flow pattern. In general, good aggrement was observed between the experimental data and model predictions.
NEW DIETARY APPROACH FOR TREATMENT OF MITOCHONDRIAL RESPIRATORY CHAIN DISORDER • 598

Complex I Deficiency (CID) is a disorder of oxidative phosphorylation characterized by impaired mitochondrial ability to oxidize NADH. Triglyceride compared to glucose oxidation provides a higher non-NADH vs. NADH electron flow to the respiratory chain; we thus postulated that supplying more fat would improve exercise tolerance and oxygen consumption in CID patients. In 3 CID patients with decreased maximal workload (mean (Wmax; mean (SD) 53 (7) W) and in 3 control subjects (Wmax 197 (15) W), we studied the effects of intravenous infusion of isoenergetic amounts of Intralipid (3.6 mg triglyceride/kg/min) or glucose (10 mg/kg/min) during steady-state bicycle ergometry at 15% Wmax. Results showed that the exercise was tolerated for the nominal 90 minutes in all control studies, and also in the CID patients during triglyceride infusion. However, during glucose infusion all CID patients suffered from premature muscle fatigue (mean endurance time 58 (95% CI: 36-80) min). Oxygen consumption in the CID patients during cycling was higher with triglyceride infusion compared to glucose infusion (difference: 1.0 (95% CI: 0.4-1.5) ml/kg/min); in the controls no significant difference was found (0.1(-0.2 to 0.4) ml/kg/min). In the exercising CID patients (but not in controls), plasma lactate concentrations rose substantially (with glucose to 8.6 (5.0) mM, with triglyceride to 8.9 (2.8) mM; infusion effect not significant) above baseline. Effects of high fat/low carbohydrate vs. high carbohydrate/low fat diets (Protein: 15 energy%; Fat: 55 vs. 25 energy%, respectively) were studied in the CID patients in a cross-over design, during at least 2 weeks for each dietary period. Steady-state bicycle ergometry at 15% of initial Wmax showed reduced endurance time on the low fat/high carbohydrate diet in two (28 and 23 min) but normal endurance (90 min) in one patient. Endurance time on the high fat diet was 90 min in all patients. We conclude that fat as compared to carbohydrates improves mitochondrial performance in affected muscle in patients with Complex I Deficiency. The results suggest the preferential use of fat, or avoidance of carbohydrate-rich meals before exercise, by patients with this respiratory chain disorder.
Effects of a very low fat, high fiber diet on serum hormones and menstrual function. Implications for breast cancer prevention.

Background. Low fat, high fiber dietary interventions that decrease blood estrogen levels may reduce breast cancer risk. Asian women consuming their traditional low fat, high fiber diets have lower blood estrogen levels before and after menopause and lower rates of breast cancer compared with Western women. The current controlled feeding study of premenopausal women was designed to determine the effects of a very low fat (10% of calories) and high fiber (35–45g/day) diet on blood estrogen levels and menstrual function. Method. Twelve healthy premenopausal women with regular ovulatory cycles were followed for 3 months. Subjects consumed a diet providing 30% of their energy from fat and 15–25 g of dietary fiber per day for 1 month, and they consumed a very low fat, high fiber ad libitum diet providing 10% of their energy from fat and 25–35 g of dietary fiber per day for 2 months. Results. At the end of the second month of the very low fat, high fiber diet, there was a significant reduction in serum estrone and estradiol levels during the early follicular and late luteal phases. There were no significant changes observed in serum estrone sulfate, sex hormone binding globulin, or progesterone. Despite a significant decrease in serum estradiol and estrone levels after 2 months of a very low fat, high fiber diet, there was no interference with ovulation or the magnitude of the midcycle leuteinizing hormone surge. Small changes in menstrual cycle length of up to 3 days were not ruled out due to the small sample size of the study. Conclusions. A very low fat, high fiber diet in healthy premenopausal women can reduce estradiol and estrone levels without affecting ovulation, thereby providing a rationale for the prevention of breast cancer through a very low fat, high fiber diet.
Posturography and balance problems in older people

OBJECTIVE: To determine which measurements and test conditions on posturography are most useful for identifying balance problems in older people. SUBJECTS: Two samples of 70 community-dwelling older subjects (> 75 years). One group (controls) considered their balance normal for their age, and the other (patients) complained of imbalance. MEASUREMENTS: Velocity of sway on static (with and without foam) and dynamic posturography, Tinetti gait and balance score, self-reported fear of falling, and number and circumstances of falls. RESULTS: Mean sway velocity was significantly increased in patients compared with controls. The greatest difference between patients and controls occurred with measures of anterior-posterior sway velocity during angular tilt of the platform. Sway velocity was not significantly increased in patients or controls who reported falls compared with those who did not report falls. Even when comparing those who fell as a result of loss of balance with those who fell because of trips or slips, there was no significant difference in sway velocity. By contrast, those who reported fear of falling (patients and controls) had significantly increased sway velocity compared with those who did not report fear of falling. CONCLUSION: On average, velocity of sway (particularly in the anterior-posterior direction) is higher in older subjects who complain of imbalance compared with age-matched controls, and the difference is greater with dynamic posturography than with static posturography. However, the posturography data provided little information about the cause of the imbalance and did not correlate with the frequency of reported falls. Language: en
Absence of a clastogenic factor in ataxia telangiectasia lymphoblastoid cells

Abstract Based on the observation of a diffusable “clastogenic factor” in the plasma of ataxia telangiectasia (AT) patients and the medium used to culture their skin fibroblasts, studies were performed to discern its possible presence in AT long-term lymphoblastoid cell lines. Cocultivation of normal and AT lymphoblasts showed no increase in chromosome damage in the normal cells. Additionally, tissue culture medium, used for the propogation of the AT lymphoblasts, demonstrated no damaging effect on the chromosomes of normal phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes. Therefore, contrary to the findings in other cell types (T lymphocytes and skin fibroblasts), the AT B cell apparently does not produce this clastogenic factor.
Using zebrafish to assess the impact of drugs on neural development and function.

Background: Zebrafish is becoming an increasingly attractive model organism for understanding biology and developing therapeutics, because as a vertebrate, it shares considerable similarity with mammals in both genetic compositions and tissue/organ structures, and yet remains accessible to high throughput phenotype-based genetic and small molecule compound screening. Objective/method: The focus of this review is on the nervous system, which is arguably the most complex organ and known to be afflicted by > 600 disorders in humans. I discuss the past, present and future of using zebrafish to assess the impact of small molecule drugs on neural development and function, in light of understanding and treating neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism, neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's disease and neural system dysfunctions such as anxiety/depression and addiction. Conclusion: These studies hold promise to reveal fundamental mechanisms governing nervous system dev...
Flow Loop Experiments Using Polyalphaolefin Nanofluids

Experiments were performed using a flow-loop apparatus to explore the performance of nanofluids in cooling applications. The experiments were performed using exfoliated graphite nanoparticle fibers suspended in polyalphaolefin at mass concentrations of 0.6 and 0.3 %. The experimental setup consisted of a test section containing a plain offset fin cooler apparatus (gap or nongap fin), which was connected to a flow loop consisting of a gear pump, a shell and tube heat exchanger (that was cooled or heated by a constant temperature bath chiller/heater), and a reservoir. Experiments were conducted using nanofluid and polyalphaolefin for two different fin strip layouts. Heat transfer data were obtained by parametrically varying the operating conditions (heat flux and flow rates). The heat transfer data for nanofluids were compared with the heat transfer data for neat polyalphaolefin fluid under similar conditions. The change in surface morphology of the fins was investigated using scanning electron micrography. The nanofluid properties were measured using rheometry for the viscosity, differential scanning calorimetry for the specific heat, and laser flash apparatus for the thermal diffusivity. It was observed that the viscosity was ∼10 times higher for nanofluids compared with polyalphaolefin and increased with temperature (in contrast, the viscosity of polyalphaolefin decreased with temperature). The specific heat of nanofluids was found to be 50% higher for nanofluids compared with polyalphaolefin and increased with temperature. The thermal diffusivity was found to be 4 times higher for nanofluids compared with polyalphaolefin and increased with temperature. It was found that, in general, the convective heat transfer was enhanced by ∼10% using nanofluids compared with using polyalphaolefin. Scanning electron micrography measurements show that the nanofluids deposit nanoparticles on the surface, which act as enhanced heat transfer surfaces (nanofins).
Platelet-derived growth factor-induced destabilization of smooth muscle alpha-actin mRNA.

We have previously shown that treatment of postconfluent, quiescent rat vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) dramatically reduced smooth muscle (SM) alpha-actin synthesis and SM alpha-actin mRNA abundance, suggesting a role for this mitogen in the control of SMC differentiation. In the present studies, we explored the molecular mechanisms whereby PDGF decreases SM alpha-actin mRNA levels. Treatment of postcon-fluent SMC with both platelet PDGF and recombinant PDGF-BB resulted in a dramatic and concentration-dependent decrease in SM alpha-actin mRNA levels. We observed no differences in efficacy between platelet PDGF and PDGF-BB, indicating that the PDGF-A chain is not required for the effect. The rate of decrease in SM alpha-actin mRNA abundance in PDGF-treated SMC was greater than that observed in cells treated with the transcriptional inhibitor, actinomycin D, with or without PDGF, indicating that PDGF induced a transcriptionally dependent destabilization of the cytosolic SM alpha-actin mRNA pool. This effect appeared selective for SM alpha-actin, in that there was no evidence of a similar change in non-muscle (NM) beta-actin mRNA stability following PDGF treatment. Results of nuclear run-on analyses showed no differences in SM alpha-actin transcription between PDGF- and vehicle-treated SMC at either 4 or 24 hours following treatment, demonstrating that decreases in transcription of the SM alpha-acti gene did not contribute to PDGF-induced changes in SM alpha-actin mRNA abundance, Results of these studies support a possible role for PDGF in regulation of SMC differentiation via a post-transcriptional control mechanism.
The Williams Brothers, Merchants and Shippers, 1825–1850

When the Williams brothers migrated from Connecticut to New York State in 1825 they established themselves as country merchants, yet their activities bore a distinct resemblance to those of the seaboard merchants of the late eighteenth century. Although divorced from international trade, the Williamses exhibited the same dependence on country produce, the same need to exchange produce for specie and specie for manufactured goods as did the House of Hancock.
Analysis of the spontaneous interfacial decohesion of a thin surface film

Abstract Results of a numerical and experimental study of thin film delamination are reported. Spontaneous delamination is induced by a cut in a thin film attached to a substrate. The delamination is driven by the residual stress caused by thermal strain mismatch between the film and substrate. From the measured shape of the delamination, interfacial fracture criteria are examined. Parametric studies of fracture criteria are carried out numerically using a boundary integral equation (BIE) formulation. The analysis includes a new numerical scheme, based on the M -integral, for evaluating the stress intensity factor at the ends of the cut. Experiments are conducted with a polyimide film on a glass substrate. The level of residual stress is controlled by thermal strain mismatch between the film and substrate, varying the test temperature in the range of 20–255°C. Both numerical and experimental studies cover delamination of large extent. The experiment shows that the polyimide—glass interface is much tougher in the anti-plane shearing mode (mode 3). The measured interface toughness is 4.1–4.5 J/m 2 for plane strain crack growth caused by tensile residual stress of the film. On the other hand, the measured mode 3 fracture toughness of the interface is 14.9–16.5 J/m 2 .
Fragmentation of β-Hydroxy Hydroperoxides

A β-hydroxy hydroperoxide was obtained through base-catalyzed disproportionation of a hydroperoxy endoperoxide available by singlet oxygenation of cyclohepta-1,4-diene. Vitamins E and C induce fragmentation of this β-hydroxy hydroperoxide generating aldehydes, especially in the presence of redox active metal ions such as those present in vivo, e.g., under conditions of “iron overload”. This chemistry may contribute to the oxidative cleavage of polyunsaturated fatty acyls that produces similar aldehydes, which damage proteins and DNA through covalent adduction resulting in “oxidative injury”.
Boerhaave's syndrome: An elusive diagnosis

Boerhaave's syndrome represents a diagnostic dilemma for the emergency physician. The prognosis of this truly life-threatening emergency is darkened by any significant diagnostic delay. Unfortunately, classic or expected symptoms and signs are frequently absent at presentation, a circumstance that leads to frequent misdiagnosis. Two cases of Boerhaave's syndrome with "atypical" clinical presentations are reviewed and discussed. It is clear that Boerhaave's syndrome should always be suspected in the evaluation of any sudden chest, abdominal, or back pain associated with emesis. However, emphasis should be placed on the fact that this entity may occur without emesis. The chest radiograph is the most helpful diagnostic aid. Undoubtedly, maintenance of a high degree of suspicion by the emergency physician for Boerhaave's syndrome will lead consistently to earlier diagnosis, and subsequent aggressive intervention should result in considerable reduction in rates of both morbidity and mortality.
Age-Related Change in Skeletal Muscle Blood Flow in the Rat

Anesthetized adult and senescent male Fischer 344 rats were instrumented for stimulation of in situ plantar flexor muscles and blood flow measurement by the tracer microsphere technique. After determination of optimum length and maximum tetanic force, muscles were stimulated to contract at the rate of 120 tetani/min. Senescent rats displayed significantly lower muscle blood flow and greater muscle fatigue than younger rats. Infusion of a nonspecific vasodilator in resting anesthetized rats also revealed a significantly lower potential to increase muscle blood flow in the senescent rats. Lower muscle blood flow of senescent rats during muscle contractions might be responsible, at least in part, for decreased performance of muscles of senescent male rats.
Yeast Augmented Network Analysis (YANA): a new systems approach to identify therapeutic targets for human genetic diseases.

Genetic interaction networks that underlie most human diseases are highly complex and poorly defined. Better-defined networks will allow identification of a greater number of therapeutic targets. Here we introduce our Y east A ugmented N etwork A nalysis (YANA) approach and test it with the X-linked spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) disease gene UBA1. First, we express UBA1 and a mutant variant in fission yeast and use high-throughput methods to identify fission yeast genetic modifiers of UBA1 . Second, we analyze available protein-protein interaction network databases in both fission yeast and human to construct UBA1 genetic networks. Third, from these networks we identified potential therapeutic targets for SMA. Finally, we validate one of these targets in a vertebrate (zebrafish) SMA model. This study demonstrates the power of combining synthetic and chemical genetics with a simple model system to identify human disease gene networks that can be exploited for treating human diseases.
Initial experiences with a multidisciplinary approach to decreasing the length of hospital stay for patients undergoing unilateral mastectomy

Abstract Background We hypothesized that the introduction of a short-stay pathway would result in a significant reduction in length of stay for patients undergoing unilateral mastectomy, without a negative impact on patient safety. Materials and methods As part of a quality improvement project, a multidisciplinary committee designed a 1-day stay program for unilateral mastectomy patients. The study period was the first year after the 1-day pathway had routinely been implemented. We report on consecutive patients undergoing unilateral mastectomy ± tissue expander at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center from July 1, 2009 to June 30, 2010. The primary endpoint was the percentage of patients discharged on postoperative day 1. Secondary endpoints included the incidence of postoperative complications within 30 days of surgery, reoperations, readmissions, and urgent-care visits within 7 days. Results Over a 12-month period, 537 patients underwent unilateral mastectomy. Of those, 82.7% (444/537) were performed on a 1-day hospitalization basis, compared with 9.6% in 2008, before implementation of the 1-day plan. The 30-day complication rate was 6.1% (33/537). Overall, 2.6% of all patients had reoperation for hematoma (14/537), 0.9% had to be readmitted (5/537), and 1.5% (8/537) attended the urgent-care department. If all patients had stayed in the hospital for more than 1 day, none of the readmissions and only 2 urgent-care visits would have been prevented. Conclusions This study shows that a 1-day stay following mastectomy is easy to implement and safe for patients if a multidisciplinary team is involved in planning and implementation.
Pyroelectric modified lead titanate thin films for uncooled infrared detection

Polycrystalline ferroelectric modified lead titanate thin films have been deposited by pulsed laser deposition and annealed for pyroelectric infrared detection. The deposited thin films have been characterized for the temperature dependence of their pyroelectric parameters.
Evidence for Effective Obesity Treatment: Pediatricians on the Right Track!

The obesity epidemic has been part of the pediatric landscape since the 1980s and is now one of the most common issues that pediatricians confront in their day-to-day practice. From the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (1971–1974) to NHANES 2003–2006, obesity (BMI > 95th percentile for age and gender) increased from 5.0% to 12.4% in children aged 2 to 5 years, from 4.0% to 17.0% in children aged 6 to 11 years, and from 6.1% to 17.6% in adolescents (aged 12–19 years).1,–,4 Although there is evidence that these rates have begun to stabilize,4 this leaves us with 16.3% of 2- to 19-year-olds with BMI values above the 95th percentile and 31.9% above the 85th percentile.5 To update their recommendations, the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) was asked to “examine benefits and harms of behavioral and pharmacological weight management interventions for overweight and obese children and adolescents.”6 The evidence review included the intensity and comprehensiveness of interventions as well as initial outcomes … Address correspondence to Sandra G. Hassink, MD, FAAP, A. I. Dupont Hospital for Children, Department of Pediatrics, 1600 Rockland Rd, Wilmington, DE 19899. E-mail: shassink{at}nemours.org
In vitro cytotoxicity of the chlorinated naphthoquinone dichlone to human endothelial ECV304 cells.

Abstract The cytotoxicity of the pro-oxidant fungicide dichlone (2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone), to the human endothelial cell line, ECV304, was evaluated. The sensitivity of these cells to dichlone was intermediate between that of human hepatoblastoma HepG2 cells (least sensitive) and that of human GMO5757 fibroblasts. The midpoint cytotoxicity values for a 24-hr exposure to dichlone was about 0.02 m m when evaluated with the neutral red, acid phosphatase, and XTT tetrazolium assays. Lactic acid dehydrogenase leakage, after a 4-hr exposure, occurred initially at 0.05 m m dichlone. As with other naphthoquinones, cellular metabolism of dichlone presumably could proceed either by a one- or a two-electron reduction reaction. The enhancement of potency of dichlone towards ECV304 cells pretreated with the glutathione-depleting agents, dl -buthionine-[S,R]-sulfoximine, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, and 1,3-bis(chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea; the reduction in potency of dichlone to cells pretreated with (−)-2-oxo-4-thiazolidine carboxylic acid; the decrease in intracellular glutathione on exposure to dichlone; the subtle damage to the plasma membrane of dichlone-treated cells (as detected by the leakage of lactate dehydrogenase from these cells); and the lack of potentiation of dichlone toxicity by pretreatment with dicoumarol, are all consistent with the one-electron reduction reaction as the dominant pathway and with the subsequent generation of reactive oxygen molecules. The ECV304 cell line proved to be a useful research tool to study cytotoxic injury to endothelial cells.
Effect of indomethacin on hydralazine-induced renin and catecholamine release in the conscious rabbit.

Abstract 1. The effects of hydralazine on mean arterial pressure (MAP) heart rate (HR), plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma catecholamines were examined in conscious rabbits before and after prostaglandin synthesis inhibition with indomethacin. 2. Hydralazine (3 mg/kg. i.v.) produced a 12% decrease in MAP and significant increases in HR, PRA and plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline. 3. Indomethacin (5 mg/kg, s.c.) failed to alter significantly the control MAP, HR, PRA or plasma catecholamines but inhibited renal venous prostaglandin E2 by 56% (P less than 0.02). 4. Indomethacin inhibited the hydralazine-induced tachycardia by 24% and augmented its hypotensive effects by 6%. 5. The hydralazine-stimulated increase in PRA was also inhibited 75% (P less than 0.001) by indomethacin whereas noradrenaline and adrenaline concentrations were not significantly reduced. 6. Indomethacin inhibits hydralazine-induced renin release in the presence of elevated concentrations of plasma catecholamines; these findings suggest that renal prostaglandins function as important mediators of sympathetically-induced renin release.
The fractional congestion bound for efficient edge disjoint routing

This article investigates the following problem: Given the fractional relaxation of the edge disjoint routing problem, how small a fractional congestion is sufficient to guarantee efficient edge disjoint routing? That is, what is the largest possible value v such that a fractional flow with congestion at most v, can be efficiently converted into an edge disjoint routing? Leighton, Lu, Rao, and Srinivasan (SIAM J Comput 2001) have established that fractional congestion of at most the order of O(1/(d log k)) is sufficient, where d is the maximum path length in the fractional relaxation, and k is the number of pairs to be routed. It is also known that Θ(1/d) is the correct bound, if we are only interested in an existence result (Leighton, Rao, and Srinivasan, Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 1998). Motivated by the fact that d is small for many types of routing problems, specifically, polylogarithmic for expander graphs, this article improves upon the former result by showing O(1/(d log d)) fractional congestion to suffice. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2008
Automotive electronics: Microcomputers hit the road: U.S. automakers are turning to digital electronic controls to boost fuel economy and reduce pollution

Describes how US automakers are turning to digital electronic controls to boost fuel economy and reduce pollution.
Voices from the field: How exceptional electronic industrial innovators innovate

This exploratory research uses in-depth qualitative interviews to investigate how 11 exceptional innovators in the electronics industry initiated, created, and commercialized radical innovations in their firms. From the data, two initial frameworks emerged for how radical innovations were created by these individuals. Four themes emerged associated with what these innovators bring to the organization as an underpinning for being able to radically innovate. Additional themes emerged as to the process by which they innovate. Across the literatures of innovation, psychology, and management, creativity is discussed in terms of person, product, or process. This research samples on highly creative innovations (products) and finds that it appears that both person and process need to be considered in attaining radical innovation. One may not be able to consider separately the person who achieves radical innovation from the process he or she uses to achieve it. These exceptional innovators have specific personality characteristics that support radically creative behavior, supplemented by a perspective or worldview that focuses on having a business orientation yet also a somewhat idealistic attitude. They have prepared for innovation by studying deeply, within not just one primary technology topic but also a secondary or peripheral technology topic. In addition, they have prepared broadly, across technology, business, and markets. They are both extrinsically and intrinsically motivated to innovate. People communicating what problems are urgently important to them to be solved produce external motivation for the innovator, who is then intrinsically motivated to solve these people's problems by creating new products. In terms of how they innovate, these exceptional innovators are organizationally savvy and both understand and participate in the politics necessary to gain acceptance of and resources for their project. They use an innovation process that emphasizes the up-front aspects of finding interesting problems, planning first before executing, and understanding customer needs in great detail. This allows them to generate insights into how to solve those problems profitably for the firm. Once they have obtained and validated their insights for solving the problem, they participate in the actual implementation of the concept to a commercialized product. However, this development aspect of innovating is not much spoken of, as if it is taken for granted. Finally, they actively disseminate knowledge and acceptance of the innovation postinvention.
Anaplastic oligodendrogliomas: prognostic factors for tumor recurrence and survival.

Objectives: Anaplastic oligodendrogliomas (AO) are uncommon primary brain tumors whose natural history, prognosis, and optimal management are not yet fully understood. However, they
Pohlia flexuosa (Mielichhoferiaceae) in North America

Pohlia flexuosa is reported from a single California site as new for the North American moss flora. This species is otherwise found in central and eastern Asia, where it is one of the most common gemmiferous Pohlia species, and in western Europe. A key is provided for the six gemmiferous species of Pohlia currently known from California.
The Ideal Laboratory Information System

Context.—Laboratory information systems (LIS) are critical components of the operation of clinical laboratories. However, the functionalities of LIS have lagged significantly behind the capacities of current hardware and software technologies, while the complexity of the information produced by clinical laboratories has been increasing over time and will soon undergo rapid expansion with the use of new, high-throughput and high-dimensionality laboratory tests. In the broadest sense, LIS are essential to manage the flow of information between health care providers, patients, and laboratories and should be designed to optimize not only laboratory operations but also personalized clinical care. Objectives.—To list suggestions for designing LIS with the goal of optimizing the operation of clinical laboratories while improving clinical care by intelligent management of laboratory information. Data Sources.—Literature review, interviews with laboratory users, and personal experience and opinion. Conclusions.—La...
Inactivation of yeast phosphoglycerate kinase by Cr-ATP complexes and its implications on the conformation of the enzyme active site.

Exchange-inert beta, gamma-bidentate Cr(H2O)x(NH3)y ATP complexes inactivate yeast phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) by forming a coordination complex at the enzyme active site. The observed inactivation rates ranged from 0.019 min-1 to 0.118 min-1 for Cr(NH3)4ATP and Cr(H2O)4ATP, respectively. Incorporation of one mol of Cr-ATP to the enzyme was sufficient for complete inactivation of the enzyme. The presence of Mg-ATP protected the enzyme against inactivation by Cr-ATP. The other substrate 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA), when present, reduced the observed inactivation rates. The reduction of the k(obs) by 3-PGA was proportional to the number of NH3 ligands present in the coordination sphere of Cr3+ in the Cr-ATP complex, suggesting that in the ternary enzyme-Cr-ATP-3-PGA complex 3-PGA may be coordinated to the metal ion. When the effector sulfate ion was present, the presence of 3-PGA did not cause any further effects on the observed inactivation rates. This suggests that bound substrates are in a different arrangement at the active site when sulfate is present and therefore 3-PGA may not need to displace a ligand from Cr3+. Additionally, PGK exhibited a stereoselectivity for the binding of Cr(H2O)4ATP. delta diastereomer of Cr(H2O)4ATP yielded an order of magnitude smaller Ki value compared to the value observed with the lambda isomer. The recovery of enzyme activity was observed over a period of a few hours upon removal of excess Cr-ATP. The presence of substrates and/or effector ion sulfate did not alter the observed reactivation rate. There was no difference in the reactivation rates of the enzyme which was inactivated with Cr(H2O)4ATP or Cr(NH3)4ATP with and without 3-PGA. Increasing the ligand exchange rates of Cr3+ of Cr-ATP by increasing the pH value of the recovery medium from 5.9 to 6.8 increased the rate of recovery by a factor of 8. The pH dependence of the reactivation indicated that one hydroxyl group is involved in the recovery of the enzyme activity in enzyme CrATP and enzyme.CrATP.3-PGA complexes.
Nanostructured light-absorbing crystalline CuIn(1–x)GaxSe2 thin films grown through high flux, low energy ion irradiation

A hybrid effusion/sputtering vacuum system was modified with an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) coil enabling ion assisted physical vapor deposition of CuIn1−xGaxSe2 thin films on GaAs single crystals and stainless steel foils. With 270 W and above >715 °C nanostructured pillars with large inter-pillar voids were produced. The latter appeared black and exhibited a strong {112}T texture with interpillar twist angles of ±8°. Application of a negative dc bias of 0–50 V to the film during growth was not found to alter the film morphology or stoichiometry. The results are interpreted as resulting from the plasma causing strong etching favoring formation of {112}T planes and preferential nucleation of new grains, balanced against conventional thermal diffusion and normal growth mechanisms at higher temperatures. The absence of effects due to applied substrate bias suggests that physical sputtering or ion bombardment effects were minimal. The nanostructured platelet and pillar films were found to exhibit less than one percent reflectivity at angles up to 75° from the surface normal.
Generation-annealing of oxide and interface traps at 150 and 298 K in oxidized silicon stressed by Fowler-Nordheim electron tunneling

Abstract Generation and thermal annealing of oxide and interface traps at 150 and 298 K are investigated by Fowler-Norheim electron tunneling stress. Experiments indicate that the generation rate of positive oxide charges is higher at 150 than 298 K. This could be accounted for by the higher density of energetic electrons in the oxide and at gate/oxide interface at lower temperatures due to the larger electron-phonon scattering mean free path. The annealing rates of interface traps and negative oxide traps are higher at 298 than 150 K. The higher annealing rate of the interface traps by hydrogen at higher temperatures could be interpreted by the larger hydrogen arrival rate at the interface due to the larger hydrogen diffusivity in the silicon dioxide at higher temperatures. The higher annealing rate of negative oxide traps at higher temperatures is attributed to a higher emission rate of electrons trapped at the shallow neutral electron traps at higher temperatures.
Ontogeny of melanophore patterns in haploid and diploid embryos of the frog, Bombina orientalis

Diploid tadpoles of the discoglossid frog, Bombina orientalis, possess a distinctive rectangular network of epidermal melanophores. The ontogeny of this network was examined and utilized as a model for the comparison of tissue integrity and cellular interactions in diploid and haploid embryos. During the process of network formation in diploids, a variety of melano-phore-melanophore interactions was observed. These included temporary contacts between neighboring melanophore processes, deviations of processes toward neighboring melanophores, and lateral extensions between closely situated, parallel processes originating from different cell bodies. None of these intercellular interactions were seen in haploid embryos. Haploid melanophores displayed fewer cytoplasmic extensions, appeared to be randomly oriented, and failed to establish the ordered network seen in diploid embryos. It was also discovered that, in comparison with diploid tissues, relative densities of melanophores and epithelial cells were not uniformly regulated in haploid embryos. These findings are interpreted as indicating that haploid embryos possess fundamental cell and tissue defects, and that the "haploid syndrome" is likely based on more than one or a few defective physiological functions.
Moderate alcohol consumption – Blessing or curse?

Abstract Alcohol affects organisms in different ways. It is impossible to determine a consumption baseline where adverse effects outweigh benefits. Although the results regarding moderate alcohol consumption during pregnancy are inconsistent, it is not recommended that women consume alcohol throughout pregnancy. The adverse effects of alcohol stand against the positive effects on heart and blood circulation. Depending on dose, the correlation between alcohol consumption and the risk of various tumours has been demonstrated. The daily dose of alcohol for men should not exceed 20 g, for women, 10 g. Moderate alcohol consumption is not recommended in any case, but it can be tolerated.
New Media and the Polarization of American Political Discourse

Scholars of political communication have long examined newsworthiness by focusing on the news choices of media organizations (Lewin, 1947; White, 1950; Sigal, 1973; Gans, 1979). However, in recent years these traditional arbiters of the news have increasingly been joined or even supplanted in affecting the public agenda by “new media” competitors, including cable news, talk radio, and even amateur bloggers. The standards by which this new class of decision makers evaluates news are at best only partially explained by prior studies focused on professional journalists and organizations. In this study, we seek to correct this oversight by content analyzing five online news sources— including wire services, cable news, and political blog sites—in order to compare their news judgments in the months prior to, and immediately following, the 2006 midterm election. We collected all stories from Reuters’ and AP’s “top political news” sections. We then investigated whether a given story was also chosen to appear on each wire’s top news page (indicating greater perceived newsworthiness than those that were not chosen) and compared the wires’ editorial choices to those of more partisan blogs (from the left: DailyKos.com; from the right: FreeRepublic.com) and cable outlets (FoxNews.com). We find evidence of greater partisan filtering for the latter three Web sources, and relatively greater reliance on traditional newsworthiness criteria for the news wires.
Extracellular signals that define distinct and coexisting cell fates in Bacillus subtilis

The soil-dwelling bacterium Bacillus subtilis differentiates into distinct subpopulations of specialized cells that coexist within highly structured communities. The coordination and interplay between these cell types requires extensive extracellular communication driven mostly by sensing self-generated secreted signals. These extracellular signals activate a set of sensor kinases, which respond by phosphorylating three major regulatory proteins, Spo0A, DegU and ComA. Each phosphorylated regulator triggers a specific differentiation program while at the same time repressing other differentiation programs. This allows a cell to differentiate in response to a specific cue, even in the presence of other, possibly conflicting, signals. The sensor kinases involved respond to an eclectic group of extracellular signals, such as quorum-sensing molecules, natural products, temperature, pH or scarcity of nutrients. This article reviews the cascades of cell differentiation pathways that are triggered by sensing extracellular signals. We also present a tentative developmental model in which the diverse cell types sequentially differentiate to achieve the proper development of the bacterial community.
Abstract IA18: Altered AR gene architecture and splicing in castration-resistant prostate cancer

Reactivation of the androgen receptor (AR) during androgen depletion therapy (ADT) underlies castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPCa). Altered splicing of the AR gene and synthesis of constitutively-active COOH-terminally truncated AR variants lacking the AR ligand binding domain has emerged as an important mechanism of ADT-resistance in CRPCa. To understand mechanisms that may promote synthesis of these species, we have been studying the PCa progression models in which altered AR splicing patterns were originally discovered. Remarkably, these models all harbor distinct intragenic rearrangements in the AR gene, which are linked to their individual splicing signatures. For example, the CRPCa 22Rv1 cell line harbors a 35kb intragenic tandem duplication of AR exon 3 and flanking sequences, which results in expression of an exon 3-duplicated full-length AR and multiple truncated AR variant species. The CRPCa LuCaP 86.2 xenograft harbors an 8,579 bp deletion of AR exons 5, 6, and 7, which promotes synthesis of the truncated AR v567es variant. Targeted paired-end re-sequencing of the AR gene in CWR-R1 cells led to the discovery of a 48 kb deletion in AR intron 1, which is linked to a splice switch favoring synthesis of the AR-V7/AR3 variant. Copy number imbalances occur across the length of the AR gene in clinical CRPCa, often concurrent with amplification, indicating complex patterns of intragenic AR gain and loss in human disease. These findings portend ongoing discovery of diverse truncated AR variants in CRPCa and define a new class of AR gene alterations that may drive ADT-resistance at this stage of the disease. Citation Format: Scott M. Dehm. Altered AR gene architecture and splicing in castration-resistant prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Prostate Cancer Research; 2012 Feb 6-9; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(4 Suppl):Abstract nr IA18.
The Detection of Feigning Using Multiple PAI Scale Elevations A New Index

Archival data were collected from 98 male inmates at a psychiatric inpatient unit to examine the utility of the Multiscale Feigning Index (MFI) as a proposed feigning index for the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI). MFI was compared with existing PAI feigning indices, Malingering (MAL), Negative Impression Management (NIM), and Rogers Discriminant Function (RDF), using performance on the Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms (SIRS) as the feigning criterion. Regression analyses revealed that MFI was a stronger predictor of SIRS outcome than NIM, MAL, and RDF. In addition, NIM, MAL, and RDF did not add substantial incremental validity to MFI in predicting SIRS outcome. Receiver operating characteristic analyses revealed sensitivity of 68.89% and specificity of 94.34% at an MFI cutoff of more than 76, which compared favorably with the utility of NIM, MAL, and RDF.
Some Predictions of the Amati-Bertocchi-Fubini-Stanghellini-Tonin Multiperipheral Model

The predictions of the Amati-Bertocchi-Fubini-Stanghellini-Tonin multiperipheral model based on pion pole dominance are calculated quantitatively and compared with experimental data, by using the Veneziano representation for the $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\pi}$ amplitude, with a cutoff at the mass of the $g$ resonance for the input kernel, and neglecting off-shell effects. We find ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{P}(0)=0.30$, ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\ensuremath{\rho}}(0)=0.16$, an average multiplicity growing as 0.74 $\mathrm{ln}s$, an elasticity factor of 0.69, an average pion-pair transverse momentum equal to 0.43 $\frac{\mathrm{GeV}}{c}$, and an average invariant mass squared equal to 0.84 Ge${\mathrm{V}}^{2}$. The only serious discrepancies with experiment are the trajectory heights, which correspond to a kernel strength $2\frac{1}{2}\ensuremath{-}5$ times too weak. The inclusion of the high-subenergy contribution and the inclusion of off-shell effects by several methods of off-shell continuation are considered, but none is found to be satisfactory. The importance of interference terms, due to different ways of arranging the final-state particles along the multiperipheral chain, is discussed.
In vivo and in vitro evidence for the role of hormones in fish spermatogenesis

In an attempt to discern general mechanisms by which specific hormones control certain aspects of fish spermatogenesis, we focus on a single fish species (Fundulus heteroclitus), and, by analogy, generalize to other fishes. At least three androgenic steroids (testosterone, 11-ketotestosterone, 11β-hydroxytestosterone) are present in the serum of Fundulus heteroclitus, but only testosterone appears to be associated with spermatogenesis in vitro as well as in vivo. 11-Ketotestosterone appears to be associated with spermiation in vivo, but has not yet been tested for its ability to cause spermiation in vitro. The preponderant androgen present in the serum, 11β-hydroxytestosterone, does not appear to be directly associated with spermatogenic process either in vitro or in vivo. In F. heteroclitus, in vivo studies indicate that at least two different gonadotropins are produced, on that primarily causes steroid production and a second that causes testicular growth. Indirect evidence suggests that production of these gonadotropins is seasonal in terms of both their amounts and their relative proportions.
Asymmetric Effects of Economic Activity on Inflation: Evidence and Policy Implications

This paper examines the evidence on asymmetries in the effects of activity on inflation. Data for the G-7 countries are found to strongly support the view that the inflation-activity relationship is nonlinear, with high levels of activity raising inflation by more than low levels decrease it. In the face of such asymmetries, the average level of output in an economy subject to demand shocks will be below the level of output at which there is no tendency for inflation to rise or fall, contrary to the implications of linear models. One implication of these results is that policymakers can raise the average level of output over time by responding promptly to demand shocks, thus reducing the variance of output around trend.