cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fatigue Life of Selective Laser Melted and Hot Isostatically Pressed Ti-6Al-4v Absent of Surface Machining

Experimental research was conducted on the fatigue life of Selective Laser Melted Ti6Al-4v. A thorough understanding of the fatigue life performance for additively manufactured parts is necessary before such parts are utilized as production end-items for real-world applications such as the rapid, on-demand, 3D-printing of aircraft replacement parts. This research experimentally examines the fatigue life of Ti-6Al-4v material specimens built directly to net shape and then either stress-relieved or Hot Isostatically Pressed (HIP). Experimental results will help determine whether HIP effectively reduces porosity and increases fatigue life when the specimen surface is not machined to remove surface roughness from the additive manufacturing process.
ID: 60: ZINC DEFICIENCY PRIMES THE LUNG FOR VENTILATOR INDUCED LUNG INJURY

Mechanical ventilation is a necessary intervention to support patients with lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), but can also exacerbate injury through mechanical stress-activated signaling pathways. We show that stretch applied to cultured human lung cells, and to mouse lungs in vivo, induces robust expression of metallothionein, a potent anti-oxidant and cyto-protective molecule critical for cellular zinc homeostasis. Furthermore, genetic deficiency of murine metallothionein genes exacerbated lung injury caused by injurious mechanical ventilation, identifying an adaptive role for these genes in limiting lung injury. Stretch induction of metallothionein required zinc and the zinc binding transcription factor MTF-1. We further show that dietary zinc-deficiency in mice potentiates ventilator-induced lung injury, and that plasma zinc levels are significantly reduced in human patients with ARDS compared to healthy and non-ARDS ICU controls, as well as to other critically ill patients without ARDS. Taken together, our findings identify a novel adaptive response of the lung to stretch mediated by metallothionein and zinc. These results demonstrate that failure of stretch-adaptive responses play an important role in exacerbating ventilator-induced lung injury, and identify zinc and metallothionein as targets for developing lung-protective interventions in patients requiring mechanical ventilation.
Of Course: Prerequisite Courses for Admission into APA-Accredited Clinical and Counseling Psychology Programs.

Students often inquire about which psychology courses to complete in preparation for graduate school. This study provides data that enable students and their advisors to make research-informed deci...
Visual Diagnosis: A 7-Month-Old Who Has a Persistent Rash

1. Angel Alberto Herrera Guerra, MD* 2. Russell J. Osguthorpe, MD† 3. Angelica Putnam, MD§ 4. Sheryll L. Vanderhooft, MD‡ 1. *Fellow, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT. 2. †Assistant Professor, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT. 3. §Department of Pediatric Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT. 4. ‡Professor, Department of Dermatology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT. A 7-month-old boy presents to the pediatric infectious diseases clinic with an unusual rash for the past 4 weeks. The rash appeared first on the back of his neck as a reddish-brown raised “spot” (Fig. 1). Over the past month, other reddish-brown macules and papules have appeared on his anterior trunk that later have developed a fine scale, followed in some places by erosions and black eschar formation. These lesions were neither vesicular nor pustular in appearance before eroding. The eschars eventually healed, leaving hypopigmented scars. Figure 1. Reddish-brown raised “spot” on back of thigh similar to the “spot” that first appeared on the back of infant's neck. The infant has been asymptomatic otherwise and has gained weight during this time, maintaining his normal appetite and activity. There is no history of fever or discomfort. Initially, a pediatrician thought the infant had scabies and prescribed permethrin cream, but there was no improvement of the infant's condition. The pediatrician then prescribed two courses of antibiotics (cephalexin and amoxicillin) for a presumed varicella infection complicated by bacterial superinfection. Again, there was no improvement. Because of the continued appearance of new lesions the infant was referred to a pediatric infectious diseases clinic. The infant's past medical history is unremarkable. He was delivered vaginally without complications at term and has been healthy otherwise until the rash appeared. There has been no animal exposure or travel. There is no history of a respiratory or gastrointestinal infection or administration of any medications before the onset of the rash. His immunizations are up to date, and he does not have any allergies. The family history is …
The interpretation of thermal endurance tests on electrical insulation

The thermal classification of insulating materials has a long history with the first significant consideration of the subject by Steinmentz and Lamme now fifty years old. Fifty years ago, insulation systems were relatively simple. Arbitrary separation into thermal classes defined by description and supported by operating experience was relatively simple. About 15 years ago it became very apparent that the old thermal classification of insulating materials by broad definition was no longer adequate for the extremely wide variety of materials which were rapidly becoming available.
Vasoactive intestinal peptide: Relaxant neurotransmitter in tenia coli of the guinea pig

Abstract Two main candidates have been proposed for the role of relaxant neurotransmitter in the intestine: (a) the purine nucleotide, 5′-adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and (b) the neuropeptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). The candidacy of VIP is favored by its precise location in nerve fibers that innervate circular smooth muscle and tenia coli. We have used a photoaffinity analog of ATP, 3′- O -(4-Benzoyl)benzoyl ATP, that binds irreversibly to ATP receptors and inactivates them in the presence of light, and a specific VIP antiserum to examine the claims of VIP and ATP as relaxant neurotransmitters in tenia coli of the guinea pig. Both VIP and ATP caused dose-dependent, tetrodotoxin-insensitive relaxation of tenia coli. The effect of ATP was equipotent to that of its stable isostere α,β-methylene ATP and resistant to degradation by adenosine deaminase, indicating interaction of ATP with purinergic-P 2 receptors. Photoactivated 3′- O -(4-Benzoyl)benzoyl adenosine triphosphate selectively inhibited relaxation induced by ATP but had no effect on relaxation induced by VIP or by field (i.e., neural) stimulation. Vasoactive intestinal peptide antiserum (final dilution 1:60), on the other hand, inhibited relaxation caused by VIP and by field stimulation but had no effect on relaxation caused by ATP. Neither normal rabbit serum nor preneutralized VIP antiserum had any effect on relaxation induced by ATP, VIP, or field stimulation. Inhibition of neurally induced relaxation by VIP antiserum ranged from 52% ± 7% (p
Nationalization and Compensation: A Comparative Approach

N July I9, I948, the Department of State announced that agreement had been reached with Yugoslavia on a settlement of the claims of American nationals arising out of Yugoslav nationalization of their property.' On September 28, I949, it was announced in London that an agreement between Britain and Czechoslovakia had been reached, under which claims of British nationals arising out of Czech nationalizations would be settled.2 Analysis of the two agreements will reveal some important similarities and differences. Both the similarities and the differences are important signposts for the American businessman with foreign interests and for his lawyer.
Directly probing spin dynamics in insulating antiferromagnets using ultrashort terahertz pulses

We investigate spin dynamics in antiferromagnetic multiferroic ${\mathrm{TbMnO}}_{3}$ using optical-pump, terahertz (THz)-probe spectroscopy. Photoexcitation results in a broadband THz transmission change, with an onset time of 25 ps at 10 K that becomes faster at higher temperatures. We attribute this time constant to spin-lattice thermalization. The excellent agreement between our measurements and previous ultrafast resonant x-ray diffraction measurements on the same material confirms that our THz pulse directly probes spin order. Furthermore, the presence of a pump-probe signal above the magnetic ordering temperatures suggests that, unlike resonant x-ray probing, THz transmission is sensitive to the dynamics of short-range spin order, which is known to be of importance in spin-spiral multiferroics like ${\mathrm{TbMnO}}_{3}$.
Ultra low power coupled oscillator arrays for computer vision applications

Coupled oscillators provide an efficient non-Boolean paradigm for solving a variety of computationally intensive problems in computer vision. This motivates the realization of large networks of low-power coupled oscillators. In this work, we experimentally demonstrate: (i) a relaxation oscillator based on the insulator-metal transition (IMT) in vanadium dioxide (VO 2 ) with record low DC input (peak) power of ∼23 µW; (ii) a network of coupled VO 2 oscillators with record number of elements (6 oscillators) which perform image processing functionalities in high dimensional space like color detection and morphological operations such as dilation and erosion). Calibrated simulations show that 10× reduction in power compared to a 32 nm CMOS accelerator at iso-throughput.
Online Passive Identifier for Spatially Distributed Systems Using Mobile Sensor Networks

The problem of online parameter identification for spatially distributed systems using a mobile sensor network is investigated in this brief. Inspired by the passive identifier developed for boundary control of partial differential equations (PDEs) using a static sensor network, we propose a distributed online passive identifier that is able to estimate the unknown diffusion coefficient of the advection-diffusion PDE using data collected by a mobile sensor network moving in the field. To enable the online passive identifier, we develop a distributed cooperative Kalman filter run by each sensing agent that provides state estimates of the field. Optimal trajectory for the mobile sensor network in the advection-diffusion field is found, and distributed control laws to control the mobile sensor network to estimate and follow the trajectory while keeping a desired formation are designed. We prove that the parameter estimation errors are bounded and achieve parameter consensus. In addition, by generating a persistence of excitation condition, we further verify the asymptotic parameter convergence. Numerical simulations for 2-D and 3-D cases demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed online passive identifier.
Contribution of resident and recruited macrophages in vascular physiology and pathology.

Purpose of reviewMacrophages are generally believed to originate entirely from the bone marrow; however, this paradigm is challenged by the discovery of yolk-sac-derived resident macrophages. Here, we provide an overview of recent advances in the ontogeny and function of resident macrophages.Recent
The Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico

The present review is intended to give a general background of the main issues involving the oil spill that occurred on April 20, 2010 in the Deepwater Horizon platform owned by British Petroleum. A general description of the zone is provided, as well as the chronology of the facts that occurred since the spill began, including the different attempts to stop it, until the date of its complete control which occurred on July 15. Beside the efforts to stop the spill (on the surface and in deep waters), there were many governmental organizations, universities and scientific societies which contributed with diverse proposal of control, mitigation and prevention activities, such as, retaining and diminishing the amount of oil which could arrive to the coast, forecasting and tracking the behavior of the slick by means of satellite imagery, measurements and models. Finally, this work includes a brief description of possibilities of some influence on the Mexican coasts.
Genetic Counseling and Testing for Common Hereditary Breast Cancer Syndromes: A Paper from the 2007 William Beaumont Hospital Symposium on Molecular Pathology

Throughout the past 15 years, the identification of several genes associated with hereditary breast cancer has fueled the growth of clinical genetic counseling and testing services. In addition, increased knowledge of the genetic and molecular pathways of the known hereditary breast cancer genes, as well as an increased understanding of the impact of testing on individuals has added to the ability to identify, manage, and provide psychosocial support for mutation carriers. This review provides an overview of the clinical features, cancer risks, causative genes, and management for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome, Cowden syndrome, and Li-Fraumeni syndrome. This article summarizes the genetic counseling process and genetic test result interpretation, including a review of the key elements involved in the provision of risk assessment and informed consent, as well as a review of the risks, benefits, and limitations of cancer susceptibility genetic testing.
The Rise and Fall of the Great Moderation

After the harsh debates of the 1970s macroeconomics settled into a new era of relative calm, a period of compromise and splitting the difference. Disagreements didn’t vanish, but they evolved into matters of emphasis and degree. While a few dissident economists rebelled from the sidelines, the new consensus solidified itself in policy advice and the teachings of the most influential textbooks. We will survey the state of macroeconomic thinking during this period in these three realms—theory, policy and teaching. The dissidents too will get a platform, but we will focus on the mainstream of the profession. As we will see, just as a period of somewhat milder economic fluctuations inaugurated the period of compromise, a severe shock, the financial crisis of 2008, has apparently brought it to an end.
Regional Transport of Phenylalanine and Other Neutral Amino Acids Across the Blood-Brain Barrier

The supply of phenylalanine to individual brain structures of normal, anesthetized rats and of rats with hepatic encephalopathy was studied using quantitative autoradiography and state-of-the-art computer techniques. Influx varied considerably between structures, ranging from 5 nmol/min per g in the globus pallidus to 12 nmol/min per g in the inferior colliculus, in normal rats. Anesthesia reduced influx by altering the plasma amino acid spectrum. There was no effect on the activity of the neutral amino acid transport system in any structure. In hepatic encephalopathy, influx was markedly increased by both changes in plasma amino acids and increases in the transport activity. These changes may be of etiologic significance to cerebral dysfunction.
Basal characteristics and first year responses to human growth hormone (GH) vary according to diagnostic criteria in children with non-acquired GH deficiency (naGHD): observations from a single center over a period of five decades.

Background Children with non-acquired (na) growth hormone deficiency (GHD) diagnosed over decades in one center may provide perspective insight. Methods naGHD is divided into idiopathic GHD (IGHD), GHD of known cause (cGHD) and GHD neurosecretory dysfunction (NSD); time periods: 2008) stipulated more stringent diagnostic criteria - HV before testing, sex steroid priming, lower GH cut-off - have restricted diagnoses to more severe cases as they were observed before the rhGH era.
Chemical Analysis of the Dust on a Historically Important Collection: The W. B. Carpenter Eozoon Collection at the Natural History Museum, London

The Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, houses an important historical collection: the W. B. Carpenter collection of Eozoon, which is of great significance in the history ...
Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of Noncatechol G Protein Biased and Unbiased Dopamine D1 Receptor Agonists

Noncatechol heterocycles have recently been discovered as potent and selective G protein biased dopamine 1 receptor (D1R) agonists with superior pharmacokinetic properties. To determine the structure-activity relationships centered on G protein or β-arrestin signaling bias, systematic medicinal chemistry was employed around three aromatic pharmacophores of the lead compound 5 (PF2334), generating a series of new molecules that were evaluated at both D1R Gs-dependent cAMP signaling and β-arrestin recruitment in HEK293 cells. Here, we report the chemical synthesis, pharmacological evaluation, and molecular docking studies leading to the identification of two novel noncatechol D1R agonists that are a subnanomolar potent unbiased ligand 19 (PW0441) and a nanomolar potent complete G protein biased ligand 24 (PW0464), respectively. These novel D1R agonists provide important tools to study D1R activation and signaling bias in both health and disease.
Risk factors associated with suicide in patients with prostate cancer in the United States.

84Background: For a patient, receiving a diagnosis of cancer can be quite challenging and is often associated with depression and increased suicidal ideation. Previous studies have indicated that t...
Comparing multi- and single-scale species distribution and abundance models built with the boosted regression tree algorithm

Species are influenced by factors operating at multiple scales, but multi-scale species distribution and abundance models are rarely used. Though multi-scale species distribution models outperform single-scale models, when compared through model selection, multi- and single-scale models built with computer learning algorithms have not been compared. We compared the performance of models using a simple and accessible, multi-scale, machine learning, species distribution and abundance modeling framework to pseudo-optimized and unoptimized single-scale models. We characterized environmental variables at four spatial scales and used boosted regression trees to build multi-scale and single-scale distribution and abundance models for 28 bird species. For each species and across species, we compared the performance of multi-scale models to pseudo-optimized and lowest-performing unoptimized single-scale models. Multi-scale distribution models consistently performed as well or better than pseudo-optimized single-scale models and significantly better than unoptimized single-scale models. Abundance model performance showed a similar, but less pronounced pattern. Mixed-effects models, that controlled for species, provided strong evidence that multi-scale models performed better than unoptimized single-scale models. Although mean improvement in model performance across species appeared minor, for individual species, arbitrary selection of scale could result in discrepancies of up to fourteen percent for area of suitable habitat and population estimates. Scale selection should be explicitly addressed in distribution and abundance modeling. The multi-scale species distribution and abundance modeling framework presented here provides a concise and accessible alternative to standard pseudo-scale optimization while addressing the scale-dependent response of species to their environment.
Distribution of peak heights modulo $k$ and double descents on $k$-Dyck paths

We show that the distribution of the number of peaks at height $i$ modulo $k$ in $k$-Dyck paths of a given length is independent of $i\in[0,k-1]$ and is the reversal of the distribution of the total number of peaks. Moreover, these statistics, together with the number of double descents, are jointly equidistributed with any of their permutations. We also generalize this result to generalized Motzkin paths and generalized ballot paths.
Investigation of the Effects of Crystallinity of Iron Oxyhydroxides on Na-Ion Charge Storage

Iron oxyhydroxides/oxides are potentially promising cathodes for room-temperature rechargeable sodium-ion (Na-ion) batteries due to their high natural abundance, low cost, and environmental benign properties. However, the large Na-ion radius and slow solid-state Na-ion diffusivity within iron oxyhydroxides typically results in low specific capacities, poor rate capabilities, and significant capacity degradation. In a number of metal oxide cathodes, materials with less ordered structures have improved electrochemical properties compared with highly crystallized structures. We have evaluated the effect of the degree of crystallinity of iron oxyhydroxides on their Na-ion charge storage properties. Iron oxyhydroxides/oxides with different degrees of crystallinity were prepared by altering the precursor concentrations and synthesis temperature during the hydrothermal synthesis process. The structure of the materials was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and vibrational spectroscopy. From our initial electrochemical analysis, less crystallized iron oxyhydroxide cathodes delivered higher reversible capacities, much better rate capabilities, and improved capacity retention upon cycling compared with more crystallized iron oxyhydroxides. The enhanced electrochemical performance of less crystallized iron oxyhydroxide cathodes could be attributed to facilitated Na-ion mobility, improved ability to accommodate reversible volume changes during ion insertion/de-insertion within the structure, and a higher degree of ion storage sites within the material. Understanding the important role of material crystallinity in Na-ion charge storage materials provides a promising way to develop high performance cathodes for Na-ion batteries.
Gnu-RL: A Practical and Scalable Reinforcement Learning Solution for Building HVAC Control Using a Differentiable MPC Policy

We propose Gnu-RL: a novel approach that enables real-world deployment of reinforcement learning (RL) for building control and requires no prior information other than historical data from existing Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) controllers. In contrast with existing RL agents, which are opaque to expert interrogation and need ample training to achieve reasonable control performance, Gnu-RL is much more attractive for real-world applications. Furthermore, Gnu-RL avoids the need to develop and calibrate simulation environments for each building or system under control, thus making it highly scalable. To achieve this, we bootstrap the Gnu-RL agent with domain knowledge and expert demonstration. Specifically, Gnu-RL adopts a recently-developed Differentiable Model Predictive Control (MPC) policy, which encodes domain knowledge on planning and system dynamics, making it both sample-efficient and interpretable. Prior to any interaction with the environment, a Gnu-RL agent is pre-trained on historical data using imitation learning, enabling it to match the behavior of the existing controller. Once it is put in charge of controlling the environment, the agent continues to improve its policy end-to-end, using a policy gradient algorithm. We evaluate Gnu-RL in both simulation studies and a real-world testbed. Firstly, we validated the Gnu-RL agent is indeed practical and scalable by applying it to three commercial reference buildings in simulation, and demonstrated the superiority of the Differentiable MPC policy compared to a generic neural network. In another simulation experiment, our approach saved 6.6% of the total energy compared to the best published RL result for the same environment, while maintaining a higher level of occupant comfort. Finally, Gnu-RL was deployed to control the airflow to a real-world conference room with a Variable-Air-Volume (VAV) system during a three-week period. Our results show that Gnu-RL reduced cooling demand by 16.7% compared to the existing controller and tracked the temperature set-point better.
The role of anions in light-driven conductivity in diarylethene-containing polymeric ionic liquids

Polymeric ionic liquids (PILs) with light-driven conductivity represent a new class of smart materials with potential applications as soft electronics, however the influence of counterion characteristics on their conducting properties remains unexplored. We synthesized a series of PILs based on copolymers of ethylene oxide and allyl glycidyl ether with different anions and light-responsive imidazolium-containing diarylethene (DAE) cations. This study shows that anion character impacts the photostationary state (PSS), magnitude of conductivity, and light-responsive properties of PILs. Compared with BF4−, anions featuring stronger cation–anion interaction (I−) and higher ratio of the ring-closed isomer at PSS (TFSI−) have a larger impact on the degree of change in ionic conductivity upon light irradiation. With this versatile synthetic platform, the electronic properties of the DAE cations can be non-invasively modulated by light with minimal structural change, providing the ability to study, in situ, cation–anion interaction without competing effects that arise from changes in polymer Tg or counterion size. These results are beneficial for understanding ion transport and structural design of smart light-responsive PILs.
Origins and Demographics of Wandering Black Holes

We characterize the population of wandering black holes, defined as those physically offset from their halo centres, in the romulus cosmological simulations. Unlike most other currently available cosmological simulations, black holes are seeded based on local gas properties and are permitted to evolve dynamically without being fixed at halo centres. Tracking these black holes allows us to make robust predictions about the offset population. We find that the number of wandering black holes scales roughly linearly with the halo mass, such that we expect thousands of wandering black holes in galaxy cluster haloes. Locally, these wanderers account for around 10 per cent of the local black hole mass budget once seed masses are accounted for. Yet for higher redshifts (⁠|$z$| ≳ 4), wandering black holes both outweigh and outshine their central supermassive counterparts. Most wandering black holes, we find, remain close to the seed mass and originate from the centres of previously disrupted satellite galaxies. While most do not retain a resolved stellar counterpart, those that do are situated farther out at larger fractions of the virial radius. Wanderers with higher luminosities are preferentially at lower radius, more massive, and either closer to their host’s mid-planes or associated with a stellar overdensity. This analysis shows that our current census of supermassive black holes is incomplete and that a substantial population of off-centre wanderers likely exists.
The Complex Dynamics of Social Interactions

How large the non-observed economy (NOE) is and what determines its size in different countries and regions of the world is a much studied question (Schneider and Enste, 2000, 2002). The size of this sector in an economy has important ramifications. It negatively affects a nation’s ability to collect taxes to support its public sector, which can lead more economic agents to move into the non-observed sector (Johnson et al. 1997). When this sector is associated with criminal or corrupt activities it may undermine social capital and broader social cohesion (Putnam et al. 1993), which may damage economic growth (Knack and Keefer, 1997; Zak and Knack, 2001). Furthermore, as international aid programs are tied to official measures of the size of economies, these can be distorted by wide variations in the relative sizes of the NOE across different countries, especially among the developing economies.
Pain Management Nurses' Roles During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Background Millions of people globally have been affected by the Covid-19 pandemic. It's impact on pain management nurses roles' remains unknown. Aims To explore role changes among pain management nurses performing patient care during the Covid-19 pandemic. Design Qualitative descriptive research study. Settings The American Society for Pain Management Nursing's listserv, E-News Brief postings, and snowball sampling. Participants/subjects English-speaking registered nurses or advanced practice registered nurses who provided direct patient care since 2020 were eligible. Method Data were collected through individual, semi-structured telephone interviews. An interview guide was used and included questions about participants' characteristics and the effect of the Covid-19 pandemic on their roles in clinical work. Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results A homogenous sample of eighteen nurses from the United States was interviewed. Their normal roles, roles during the pandemic, and surges in patients with Covid-19 as the condition for role changes emerged from their descriptions. Most participants did not experience significant changes in their normal roles, but all described how their normal functions were impacted by the pandemic. Conclusions As the infectious variants of this disease evolve or other disastrous conditions occur, further changes to roles may occur. The skill sets of pain management nurses, including understanding assessment of pain across the lifespan, administration of opioids and multimodal analgesia, monitoring of patients, and communicating by educating and consultations, reinforce the significant contribution pain management nurses have as valued team members in times of crisis.
Investigating Historic Cirque Glacier Activity in the Grand Tetons National Park

Using GPS-technology, satellite imagery and photographic archives we wanted to document historic 20th Century changes in position, mass, and volume of cirque Glaciers of Grand Teton National Park. Our chief goal is to understand climatic processes impacting small-volume cirque glaciers in continental North America.
Police Integrity in South Africa

The South African Police Service (SAPS) is a large, nationally centralized police agency resorting under the minister of police in the government department of the SAPS. Formerly known as the SA police force, the agency has experienced vast reform since its years as the apartheid regime’s policy enforcer. This chapter explores the contours of police integrity among the agency, based on a police integrity survey conducted from 2010 to 2013. The sample of 871 police officers from all nine South African provinces evaluated hypothetical scenarios describing various forms of police misconduct. Our results suggest that the majority of police officers had no problems recognizing the described behavior as rule violating and evaluated all 11 hypothetical cases as serious. At the same time, they supported and expected some discipline less severe than dismissal to be meted out for such behavior. Only for the serious misconduct of stealing from the crime scene they supported and expected dismissal. Finally, our results also indicate the existence of the code of silence among the respondents although the code did not cover all behaviors equally. Our respondents seem least likely to protect a theft from a crime scene and unjustifiable use of deadly force.
On the Annual Frequency of Intense Hurricanes in Relation to the Extremes of ENSO and the Interludes Between Them

On the basis of Trenberth's quantitative definition for marking the occurrence of an El Nino, one can precisely identify some 15 El Nino and 10 La Nina events during the interval of 1950-1997. The statistical aspects of these identified extremes and the intervening periods between them (interludes) are determined. Also, a comparison of the appearances of these extremes and interludes with yearly hurricane seasons shows that of the last 48 hurricane seasons, 20 (42%) are El Nino-related (i.e., an El Nino was in progress during all, or part, of the yearly hurricane season - June-November), 13 (27%) are La Nina-related, and 15 (31%) are interlude - related. Combining the two subgroups of La Nino- and interlude - related seasons into a single grouping called non-El Nino-related seasons, one finds that the non-El Nino-related seasons have a mean annual frequency of intense hurricanes measuring 2.8, while the El Nino-related seasons have a mean annual frequency of intense hurricanes measuring 1.3, and the observed difference in the means is inferred to be statistically important at the 99.8% level of confidence. Therefore, during El Nino-related seasons, fewer intense hurricanes (typically, less than or equal to 2) should be expected, while durin(y non-El Nino-related seasons, more (typically, greater than or equal to 2) should be expected. Implications for the upcoming 1998 and future hurricane seasons are discussed.
Land-Possessor Liability in the Restatement (Third) of Torts: Too Much and Too Little

In working towards a Restatement (Third) of Torts, Michael Green and William Powers, the Reporters for the American Law Institute’s (“ALI”) project on Liability for Physical and Emotional Harm, have drafted six sections specifically addressing landpossessor liability that are gathered together as chapter 9.1 This separate treatment is not altogether surprising; the Restatement (Second) of Torts also addresses land-possessor liability separately, and these sections are an “add on” effort to the Reporters’ initial work. Moreover, in a recent Reporters’ Memorandum, they argue not only that the duties of land possessors have historically been treated as a “discrete subject” but also that users of the new Restatement “would expect to find consolidated and separate treatment of land possessors’ duties.”2 I do not object to the substantive conclusions that the Reporters reach about what the law is (or should be) on the liability of land possessors. My concerns go to their packaging job. I think that it is a mistake to have a separate chapter on land possessors. Rather, I believe that the ALI and the profession would both be better served by integrating this area of the law into earlier sections of the Restatement (Third) of Torts that the ALI has already approved. Perhaps most importantly, integrating the topic of land possessors into earlier sections would help us to make progress on two important substantive themes that, I believe, are not very helpfully addressed by the Reporters: (1) What are the reasons that justify any no-duty rule in tort? (2) In deciding what due care requires, when is a fair warning sufficient and when must the defendant eliminate (or at least reduce) the danger by taking additional precautions?
Idea: interactive support for secure software development

Security breaches are often caused by software bugs, which may frequently be due to developers' memory lapses, lack of attention/ focus, and knowledge gaps. Developers have to contend with heavy cognitive loads to deal with issues such as functional requirements, deadlines, security, and runtime performance. We propose to integrate secure programming support seamlessly into Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) in order to help developers cope with their heavy cognitive load and reduce security errors. As proof of concept, we developed a plugin for Eclipse's Java development environment. Developers will be alerted to potential secure programming concerns, such as input validation, data encoding, and access control as well as encouraged to comply with secure coding standards.
Changes in mining-induced seismicity before and after the 2007 Crandall Canyon Mine collapse

On 6 August 2007, the Crandall Canyon Mine in central Utah experienced a major collapse that was recorded as an Mw 4.1 seismic event. Application of waveform cross-correlation detection techniques to data recorded at permanent seismic stations located within ~30 km of the mine has resulted in the discovery of 1494 previously unknown microseismic events related to the collapse. These events occurred between 26 July 2007 and 19 August 2007 and were detected with a magnitude threshold of completeness of 0.0, about 1.6 magnitude units smaller than the threshold associated with conventional techniques. Relative locations for the events were determined using a double-difference approach that incorporated absolute and differential arrival times. Absolute locations were determined using ground-truth reported in mine logbooks. Lineations apparent in the newly detected events have strikes similar to those of known vertical joints in the mine region, which may have played a role in the collapse. Prior to the collapse, seismicity occurred mostly in close proximity to active mining, though several distinct seismogenic hot spots within the mine were also apparent. In the 48 h before the collapse, changes in b value and event locations were observed. The collapse appears to have occurred when the migrating seismicity associated with direct mining activity intersected one of the areas identified as a seismic hot spot. Following the collapse, b values decreased and seismicity clustered farther to the east.
Platinum Particles in the Nd:doped Disks of Phosphate Glass in the Nova Laser

The disks of Nd:doped phosphate glass in the amplifiers of the Nova laser contain platinum particles with sizes ranging from 2.5 J/cm/sup 2/ delivered in 1-ns, 1054-nm pulses. Under repeated irradiation at 5 to 7 J/cm/sup 2/, damage from small (<5 ..mu..m) particles asymptotically approaches a limiting size, but damage surrounding the larger particles grows steadily. The damage threshold fluence, 2.5 J/cm/sup 2/, corresponds to operation of Nova at one-half the desired output for pulse durations longer than 1 nsec. Operation at higher fluences causes accumulation of damage in the output amplifiers and requires replacement of the disks in those amplifiers on an accelerated schedule. 9 refs., 5 figs.
Elderly consumers’ perceptions of market risk: Examining the influence of divergent probability and consequence levels

Empirical research has not addressed the manner in which elderly consumers combine their assessments of the probabil- ity and consequences of loss when deriving overall estimates of ac- tual marketplace risk. Prospect theory is utilized to support a prod- uct classification scheme which transposes the levels of the probability and consequences of loss. A proposition that elderly con- sumers will weigh the probabilities of loss more heavily in a High- Probability/Low-Consequences situation is supported; the proposi- tion that consequences will be judged more important in a Low-ProbabilityMigh Consequences product setting is not. Promo- tional implications are developed.
“WHERE THERE IS FIRE, THERE IS POLITICS”: Ungovernability and Material Life in Urban South Africa

This article combines theories of liberal governance, material life, and popular politics to examine the unruly force of fire in state-citizen struggles. Tracking interactions between state agents and activist networks during South Africa's celebrated democratic transition, I analyze how the urban poor leverage the material properties of fire to secure techno-institutional claims to energy infrastructure, and more broadly to political inclusion and economic redistribution. I highlight how fire, as a social and historical as well as a chemical process, becomes a staging ground for the promise and endangerment of infrastructure. Approaching fire as intertwined with power, I argue, illuminates how those living on the margins of the city come to inhabit political roles that transform economic relationships in the context of liberalism.
Linking magma transport structures at Kīlauea volcano

Identifying magma pathways is important for understanding and interpreting volcanic signals. At Kīlauea volcano, seismicity illuminates subsurface plumbing, but the broad spectrum of seismic phenomena hampers event identification. Discrete, long-period (LP) events dominate the shallow (5–10 km) plumbing, and deep (40+ km) tremor has been observed offshore. However, our inability to routinely identify these events limits their utility in tracking ascending magma. Using envelope cross-correlation, we systematically catalog non-earthquake seismicity between 2008 and 2014. We find that the LPs and deep tremor are spatially distinct, separated by the 15–25 km deep, horizontal mantle fault zone (MFZ). Our search corroborates previous observations, but we find broader band (0.5–20 Hz) tremor comprising collocated earthquakes and reinterpret the deep tremor as earthquake swarms in a volume surrounding and responding to magma intruding from the mantle plume beneath the MFZ. We propose that the overlying MFZ promotes lateral magma transport, linking this deep intrusion with Kīlauea's shallow magma plumbing.
STUDIES ON THE HETEROLOGOUS IMMUNOGENICITY OF A METHANOL-INSOLUBLE FRACTION OF ATTENUATED TUBERCLE BACILLI (BCG) I. ANTIMICROBIAL PROTECTION

Small quantities of the non-toxic residue of phenol-killed, acetone-washed, and methanol-extracted tubercle bacilli of the BCG strain conferred a high degree of resistance on mice against otherwise lethal experimental infection with Klebsiella pneumoniae and with a number of other pathogenic bacteria. The heightened resistance reached a peak within 24 hours after administration of the fraction, but was already discernible immediately thereafter. A period of reduced resistance was not observed. The state of heightened resistance was invariably manifested for at least 10 days, and could frequently still be demonstrated after several weeks or months. The methanol-insoluble fraction was immunogenically active even in experimental circumstances under which living BCG exerted no effect. Its protective effect was more marked in females than in males. The optimum dosage must be determined empirically vis-a-vis the strain of infecting organisms and the experimental parameters of administration and testing. Administration of the fraction to breeding females reduced the incidence of a naturally occurring endemic pneumonitis among their young, and increased considerably the breeding productivity of the mothers. These effects were manifested as late as 11 months after treatment.
The Fruit of Difference: The Rural‐Urban Continuum as a System of Identity1

Abstract Today sociologists tend to doubt the rural-urban continuum, the idea that community is more characteristic of country places than cities. Based on an ethnographic study of an English exurban village, I argue that the continuum remains an important source of identity for country residents, one from which they derive social-psychological and material benefits. They root this conception of themselves as country people in nature, making this identity a particularly secure one. These real social consequences suggest that sociology should no longer doubt the reality of the rural-urban continuum, at least at the level of the definition of the situation. It, therefore, should remain an important topic of sociological study.
Modoc-like virus isolated from wild deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) in Alberta.

Small mammals were trapped in northeastern Alberta, Canada during 1976. Blood samples from these animals were tested for virus by inoculation of suckling mice. Blood clots from two deer mice yielded isolates of the same virus. The virus was related antigenically to a number of flaviviruses which have been isolated from mammals in Central America and North America and was related most closely to Modoc virus. Physical, chemical, and biological properties of the virus were similar also to those of Modoc virus. It did not produce illness or death in deer mice inoculated in the laboratory. Neutralization tests indicated that 1/38 (3%) red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus), 3/35 (9%) least chipmunks (Eutamius minimus), 13/109 (12%) deer mice, and 3/50 (6%) humans were infected naturally. This is the first reported evidence of infection of red squirrels and chipmunks with a Modoc-like virus. These data extend the range of Modoc-like viruses northward by 1,500 km and comprise the first isolate from mammals in t...
The Structure of Scientific Fields and the Allocation of Editorships on Scientific Journals: Some Observations on the Politics of Knowledge*

This study examines editorial appointment patterns in journals representing seven scientific disciplines: physics, chemistry, biology, economics, psychology, political science, sociology. Social science editors-in-chief are more likely than physical and natural science editors-in-chief to employ “particularistic” criteria in the selection of editorial appointees. In the social sciences, Columbia and Harvard editors-in-chief are significantly more likely than editors-in-chief with other doctorates to select graduates from Columbia or Harvard when making editorial appointments. In the physical and natural sciences, editors-in-chief with doctorates from schools other than Columbia and Harvard are just as likely as Columbia and Harvard editors-in-chief to select editorial appointees with Columbia or Harvard doctorates. The findings suggest that since consensus on basic paradigms does not exist in the social sciences, positions of influence are awarded and achieved on much more “particularistic” criteria than those for the physical and natural sciences.
Department Annual Report: An Effective Tool for Advancing the Pharmacy Practice Model

The Director's Forum is designed to guide pharmacy leaders in establishing patient-centered services in hospitals and health systems. This article focuses on the pharmacy department annual report. The annual report is an effective tool for advancing a department's practice model; it describes the framework of the department's plan and lists accomplishments in a specific time period. The annual report can also be a valuable tool in growing the pharmacy practice model by highlighting a future vision based on the past year's results. The annual report can have various formats depending on the target audience, but it is key to develop a report that is easy to read and simply describes the values of the pharmacy programs throughout the year. If thoughtfully developed, formatted, and distributed, the annual report can be a valuable tool in helping the pharmacy director to develop patient-centered services.
Effects of dissolved mineral species on the dissolution/ precipitation characteristics of calcite and apatite

Abstract Dissolution characteristics of calcite and apatite in various inorganic solutions and in the supernatant of each other are examined. The solubility of these minerals is influenced markedly by the supernatant of each other and also by the presence of Ca(NO 3 ) 2 , K 2 HPO 4 and K 2 CO 3 . The total calcium concentrations in calcite/apatite heterogeneous systems are found to be controlled by the solubility of calcite under the tested conditions. Solutions in equilibrium with both these minerals are supersaturated with respect to apatite and undersaturated with respect to calcite below pH 9.8. Above this pH, the solutions are undersaturated with respect to apatite, and just saturated with respect to calcite. The precipitation of CaCO 3 above pH 9.8 and that of apatite below this pH is proposed to be responsible for the observed effects. Total phosphate concentration in equilibrium with apatite are reduced in the presence of Ca(NO 3 ) 2 solutions under certain pH conditions. These observations are explained on the basis of thermodynamic data obtained from mixed mineral systems.