cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sjogren’s syndrome is associated with higher rate of non-home discharge after primary hip arthroplasty and higher transfusion rates after primary hip or knee arthroplasty: a U.S. cohort study

To assess whether Sjogren’s Syndrome (SS) is associated with outcomes after total knee or hip arthroplasty (TKA/THA). We used the 1998–2014 U.S. National Inpatient Sample data. We performed multivariable-adjusted logistic regression analyses to assess the association of SS with healthcare utilization (hospital charges, length of hospital stay, discharge to non-home setting), and in-hospital complications (implant infection, revision, transfusion, mortality), controlling for important covariates and confounders. In sensitivity analyses, we additionally adjusted the main models for hospital location/teaching status, bed size, and region. We examined 4,116,485 primary THAs and 8,127,282 primary TKAs performed from 1998 to 2014; 12,772 (0.2%) primary TKAs and 6222 (0.2%) primary THAs were done in people with SS. In multivariable-adjusted models, SS was associated with a statistically significant higher odds ratio (OR; 95% confidence interval (CI)) of discharge to a rehabilitation/inpatient facility post-THA, 1.13 (1.00, 1.28), but not post-TKA, 0.93 (0.86, 1.02). We noted no differences in the length of hospital stay or hospital charges. SS was associated with significantly higher adjusted odds of in-hospital transfusion post-THA, 1.37 (1.22, 1.55) and post-TKA, 1.21 (1.10, 1.34). No significant differences by SS diagnosis were seen in hospital stay, hospital charges implant infection, implant revision or mortality rates. People with SS had higher transfusion rate post-TKA/THA, and higher rate of discharge to non-home setting post-THA. The lack of association of SS with post-arthroplasty complications should reassure patients, surgeons and policy-makers about the utility of TKA/THA in people with SS undergoing these procedures.
Quantum Long Short-Term Memory.

Long short-term memory (LSTM) is a kind of recurrent neural networks (RNN) for sequence and temporal dependency data modeling and its effectiveness has been extensively established. In this work, we propose a hybrid quantum-classical model of LSTM, which we dub QLSTM. We demonstrate that the proposed model successfully learns several kinds of temporal data. In particular, we show that for certain testing cases, this quantum version of LSTM converges faster, or equivalently, reaches a better accuracy, than its classical counterpart. Due to the variational nature of our approach, the requirements on qubit counts and circuit depth are eased, and our work thus paves the way toward implementing machine learning algorithms for sequence modeling on noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices.
Uveal Melanoma Metastasis to the Contralateral Eye Structures: A Retrospective Comparative Analysis of 13 Consecutive Patients.

Purpose To report uveal melanoma (UM) metastasis to the contralateral ocular and periocular structures. Design Retrospective study. Participants Thirteen patients with UM metastasis to the contralateral ocular and periocular structures were included. Methods Clinical records were reviewed retrospectively. Main Outcome Measures The development and time to onset of contralateral ocular and periocular metastasis, systemic metastasis, and death. Results Of the 13 000 treated UM patients, 13 patients were diagnosed with UM metastasis to the contralateral ocular and periocular structures. Mean patient age at primary UM diagnosis was 60 years (median, 60 years; range, 37–87 years). The primary uveal melanoma was in the choroid (n = 11) or ciliary body (n = 2) and was treated with brachytherapy (n = 11), proton beam radiotherapy (n = 1), or enucleation (n = 1). Systemic metastasis developed in 11 patients (85%) at a mean of 66 months (median, 34 months; range, 12–216 months) after diagnosis of the primary UM. All 11 patients (100%) showed liver metastasis and 8 patients (62%) also showed extrahepatic metastasis. The sites of metastasis to the contralateral ocular or periocular structures included the choroid in 4 patients (31%), the orbit in 7 patients (54%), and the eyelid in 2 patients (15%). One patient with eyelid metastasis demonstrated concurrent conjunctival nodule. Mean time to diagnosis of contralateral ocular or periocular metastasis was 94 months (median, 48 months; range, 9–375 months). Contralateral choroidal metastasis was multifocal in 3 of 4 patients (75%). Of 7 patients with orbital metastasis, 5 showed extraocular muscle involvement with restricted ocular motility. Treatment for contralateral choroidal metastasis included brachytherapy (n = 2), transpupillary thermotherapy (n = 1), and observation (n = 1). Treatment for contralateral periocular (orbit or eyelid) metastasis was excision (n = 5), external beam radiotherapy (n = 2), and observation (n = 2). Of 13 patients, death was documented in 11 patients at a mean of 17 months (median, 9 months; range, 3–54 months) as a result of systemic UM metastasis (n = 10) or unrelated cause (n = 1). Conclusions Metastasis resulting from UM to the contralateral ocular and periocular structures is rare and generally occurs in patients with disseminated metastasis. Orbital tissue is the most common site of involvement, and these patients have short life expectancy.
Enabling Intelligent Services at the Network Edge

The proliferation of novel mobile applications and the associated AI services necessitates a fresh view on the architecture, algorithms and services at the network edge in order to meet stringent performance requirements. Some recent work addressing these challenges is presented. In order to meet the requirement for low-latency, the execution of computing tasks moves form the cloud to the network edge, closer to the end-users. The joint optimization of service placement and request routing in dense mobile edge computing networks is considered. Multidimensional constraints are introduced to capture the storage requirements of the vast amounts of data needed. An algorithm that achieves close-to-optimal performance using a randomized rounding technique is presented. Recent advances in network virtualization and programmability enable realization of services as chains, where flows can be steered through a pre-defined sequence of functions deployed at different network locations. The optimal deployment of such service chains where storage is a stringent constraint in addition to computation and bandwidth is considered and an approximation algorithm with provable performance guarantees is proposed and evaluated. Finally the problem of traffic flow classification as it arises in firewalls and intrusion detection applications is presented. An approach for realizing such functions based on a novel two-stage deep learning method for attack detection is presented. Leveraging the high level of data plane programmability in modern network hardware, the realization of these mechanisms at the network edge is demonstrated.
Review and Synthesis of the Early Neolithic Cultural Development in Fars, Southern Iran

After the eve of domestication of some wild species of cereal grains as well as sheep, goat, and pig in the Iranian central Zagros Mountains in the 2nd half of the 8th millennium BC, the process of Neolithization and sedentism began with earnest outside of this core region. This initial Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPN) phase appeared in Lowland Susiana, in the province of Khuzestan, southwestern Iran, and in highland province of Fars around 7200 BC. While the Pottery Neolithic (PN) phase in Susiana developed into a set of regionally uniform material culture, the contemporary PN landscape in Fars developed into a mosaic of regional cultures with both related and unrelated ceramic tradition. Yet, from the onset of PN, these early communities had inter-regional connection, as the presence of Persian Gulf shells, copper, and obsidian in many of these early settlements indicate. This mosaic of different ceramic traditions eventually developed into two distinct pottery traditions with specific geographic distribution in northern and southeastern Fars.
Melanoma of the vagina and cervix treated by radical surgery.

Abstract A case of metastatic melanoma of the vagina and cervix is presented, with four-year survival to date, treated by an abdominoperineal resection. This combined approach allowed a radical hysterectomy, vaginectomy, and vulvectomy to be done in continuity.
The third way to a good society

The Third Way debate has, so far, not been very successful. While governments across the world search for a new political synthesis, the theoretical debate has offered little to those interested in a new framework for progressive politics. This essay presents an account of what the Third Way really means, and roots it in a communitarian vision of the good society. It argues that such societies achieve a dynamic balance between state, market and community, and blends theoretical discussion with the practical implications of such an approach. At the core of the analysis is the idea that the Third Way is an ethical position that seeks to treat people as ends in themselves. While flexibility and pragmatism are important to the new politics, they should be understood as components of a broader framework, in which social progress is measured by more than the accumulation of material goods. How do we manage devolution successfully? What approach should government take to inequality? What is the proper relationship between rights and responsibilities? The essay illuminates these and other issues, and calls for a broad-ranging moral dialogue to address them.
Differing Effects: The Resource Curse in Seperatist Conflicts

Despite considerable research on the relationship between natural resources and civil wars, minimal investigation has been conducted regarding the effects on separatist conflicts. Previous literature in the field has recognized seemingly different effects, but none have focused on these differences. Using 10 cases, this study fills the gap in the research. The observable results support the idea that the potential effects are unique to separatist conflicts and not civil war in general. Such results demonstrate the variety of mechanisms through which a variable can generate observable changes. This article is available in Res Publica Journal of Undergraduate Research: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/respublica/vol14/iss1/7
A novel mathematical model for the lightning response of a grounding system buried in multilayered earth based on the quasi‐static complex image method

SUMMARY A novel mathematical model for accurately computing the lightning currents flowing in the grounding system of a high voltage a.c. substation, buried in multilayered earth, has been developed in this paper. Together with the fast Fourier transform (FFT), the conducting effect of harmonic wave components of these currents and the capacitive and inductive effects from the interface between different soil layers were analysed in the frequency domain. Quasi-static complex image methods and a closed form of Green's function were introduced to accelerate the calculation. With inverse FFT, the model can calculate the distribution of lightning currents in any configuration of the grounding system. This can be used for studying the performance of transient lightning responses to grounding systems. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comment on Elvin K. Wyly and Daniel J. Hammel's “Islands of Decay in Seas of Renewal: Housing Policy and the Resurgence of Gentrification”

Abstract Gentrification ought to be examined, for policy purposes, as part of a general restructuring of the space of cities resulting from broader changes in the nature, location, control, and effects of economic processes. However, even if it is narrowly seen as simply residential change, as in the article by Wyly and Hammel, the displacement of poor households by an upper‐income gentry ought not be confused with the effort to mix moderate with low incomes in public housing through the best of HOPE VI. Despite this confusion, Wyly and Hammel provide some interesting data showing the extent to which investment in inner‐city areas has accelerated in recent years, paralleling changes in financial arrangements and contradicting any notion that degentrification is a continuous, long‐term process. Their data, although short on demographic detail, also implicitly highlight the role of government in pushing the market to respond rationally to economic demand and the continuing danger that gentrification will di...
Modulating DNA Methylation in Activated CD8+ T Cells Inhibits Regulatory T Cell–Induced Binding of Foxp3 to the CD8+ T Cell IL-2 Promoter

We have previously demonstrated that CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) activated during the course of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection suppress CD8(+) CTL function in a TGF-β-dependent fashion, inhibiting IFN-γ and IL-2 production and inducing G1 cell-cycle arrest. In this article, we describe the molecular events occurring at the IL-2 promoter leading to suppression of IL-2 production. These experiments demonstrate that Foxp3 induced by lentivirus-activated Tregs in the CD8(+) target cells binds to the IL-2 promoter, actively repressing IL-2 transcription. We further demonstrate that the chronic activation of CD8(+) T cells during FIV infection results in chromatin remodeling at the IL-2 promoter, specifically, demethylation of CpG residues. These DNA modifications occur during active transcription and translation of IL-2; however, these changes render the IL-2 promoter permissive to Foxp3-induced transcriptional repression. These data help explain, in part, the seemingly paradoxical observations that CD8(+) T cells displaying an activation phenotype exhibit altered antiviral function. Further, we demonstrate that blocking demethylation of CpG residues at the IL-2 promoter inhibits Foxp3 binding, suggesting a potential mechanism for rescue and/or reactivation of CD8(+) T cells. Using the FIV model for lentiviral persistence, these studies provide a framework for understanding how immune activation combined with Treg-mediated suppression may affect CD8(+) T cell IL-2 transcription, maturation, and antiviral function.
Neutron Star Plate Tectonics

Spinning down (or up) neutron star crusts can be stressed beyond their yield strengths by neutron superfluid vortex line pinning or magnetic field stresses. The spin history of a fast pulsar determines radio emission features which can be compared to those observed in millisecond pulsars. In young warm spinning-down neutron stars such as the Crab pulsar, crust flow should be largely plastic. Crusts of cooler stars such as the Vela pulsar may crack and give period glitches. In more slowly rotating (cool) neutron stars the glitches should be associated with intense bursts of gamma-rays.
Insights from a Global Survey on Bank Capital

The 1988 Basel Capital Accord (Basel I) was a major step forward on the road toward the harmonization of bank capital regulations. Basel II, however, appears to be a bump in the road toward harmonization. This article presents the results of a global survey to 1) determine the extent to which countries comply with the 1988 Basel I, and 2) if they are going to comply with Basel II when it is implemented at year-end 2006. The survey did not include members of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision or members of the European Union that are required to comply with Basel II. A total 66 of the countries from around the world responded to the survey. All meet or exceed the 8% capital requirement of Basel I. Half of the respondents will apply Basel II and most of the remainder are contemplating it.
Mechanisms and Consequences of Professional Marginality: The Case of Poverty Lawyers Revisited

A partial replication of Jack Katz's (1982) Poor People's Lawyers in Transition, this article explores the manifestations and consequences of professional marginality of legal aid lawyers. Based on thirty-five interviews with poverty attorneys and interns in Chicago, the authors show that scarce material resources and unclear expectations continue to give rise to the marginalization of this segment of the legal profession. The authors analyzed ideological, task, status, and material dimensions of attorneys' professional marginality. With no access to reform litigation, central to the legal aid “culture of significance” in the 1970s, present-day poverty lawyers seek new ways to cope with marginality. The authors argue that these lawyers' coping strategies have many negative consequences. Thus, over time, poverty lawyers' deep engagement with clients, ideals of empowerment, and social justice orientation give way to emotional detachment, complacency, and an emphasis on “making do” within the constraints of the system.
Miniaturized differential filters for C- and Ku-band applications

We have developed a new set of differential filters suitable for C and Ku-band applications. The filters are integrated on 500 /spl mu/m-thick high-resistivity silicon substrates which are compatible with the new SiGe processes. A lumped-element approach is used to result in a very small size, and high-Q metal-air-metal (MAM) capacitors are integrated in the filter structure for a low-loss design. The measured insertion loss of differential 6 GHz and 12 GHz 10% bandwidth 2-pole Chebyshev filters with an area of 2.3/spl times/1.5 mm/sup 2/ and 1.8/spl times/1.1 mm/sup 2/ is -3.6 dB and -4 dB, respectively. An image rejection filter at 6 GHz resulted in an image rejection of 20 dB and an insertion loss of -3.6 dB. These filters are ideal for integration in modern-day SiGe and CMOS transceivers for wireless LAN and satellite communications.
Regulation of human gonadotropins: 4. Correlation of serum concentration s of follicle stimulating and luteinizing hormones during the menstrual cycle.

ABSTRACT Serum concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) have been measured by radioimmunoassay throughout 37 menstrual cycles in 37 women. Concentrations of LH and FSH each rose sharply on the first day of menses and remained quite constant until shortly before the middle of the cycle. Concentrations of LH and, to a variable extent, FSH, rose sharply at midcycle with the peak in LH beginning before and lasting longer (1½ to 2 days) than that of FSH. Following the peak, concentrations of LH were generally lower than those in the follicular phase of the cycle and were quite variable, with occasional minor peaks. During the luteal phase of the cycle, concentrations of FSH progressively decreased to a mean level approximately half that seen during the follicular phase of the cycle and little daily variation was seen. Diurnal rhythms in concentration of LH and, to a lesser extent, FSH, were found during the follicular phase of the cycle.
Partial signaling by cytokines: cytokine regulation of cell cycle and Fas-dependent, activation-induced death in CD4+ subsets.

Abstract Fas-dependent, activation-induced death (AID) of T cells has been implicated in the regulation of peripheral T cell populations. We have previously reported that IL-2 plays a unique role in regulating sensitivity to AID in primary CD4 + cells. In this report we have compared the capacity of IL-2, IL-4, and IL-7 to increase entry into cell cycle vs their capacity to increase sensitivity to AID. Our data indicate that IL-2 plays a unique role in the regulation of AID in both Th1 and Th2 subsets and that with a given AID stimulus, cell cycle progression is necessary, but not sufficient, for AID. Interestingly, induction of cell cycle entry and sensitivity to AID can be dissociated (partial signaling) not only with different cytokines, but even with point mutations in IL-2 itself. This provides the first evidence that cytokine variants or pharmacological agents that mimic their action will be useful in enhancing selective elements of pleiotropic cytokine actions.
Carcinoma of the breast. The prognostic significance of extranodal extension of axillary disease

A retrospective study to determine the effect of extranodal axillary disease on prognosis in invasive carcinoma of the breast was undertaken in a series of 152 cases. It was found that extranodal disease has an unfavorable effect on prognosis in those patients with three or less involved axillary nodes and no effect on prognosis in those patients with four or more involved axillary nodes. Extranodal axillary disease was found to have no influence on the interval between surgery and initial recurrence nor on the anatomic distribution of the recurrence, local or remote.
Use of various solvents to study the effect of diazepam on cardiac rhythm.

Abstract The effect of polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG-400), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), and dimethylformamide (DMF) on cardiac rhythm of cats intoxicated with deslanoside was studied. The former two solvents exerted no deleterious cardiac rhythm effects. However, the latter solvent induced hypotension and death. Antiarrhythmic activity of diazepam was tested by dissolving the agent in PEG-400 and DMSO. No significant effects on cardiac rhythm were observed. However, diazepam dissolved in DMSO resulted in hypotension and death. These results indicate that PEG-400 is less detrimental than DMSO and DMF.
Personalized medicine: An introduction to the ethical challenges

In this seminar, we are identifying and analyzing some of the ethical issues spawned by efforts to personalize medicine through genetic testing and genetic research. Personalized medicine has been presented to the public and to the medical community with much pomp and promise. Some of this enthusiasm is warranted. Genetic research has begun to show why some medicines in some clinical circumstances are very effective for some patients and dangerous or ineffective for others. These preliminary successes have generated the belief that ultimately such research will yield a true science of medicine that is both personal and precise. However, in this seminar, Burke et al. give physicians reason to temper that enthusiasm. They argue that truly personalized medicine must be about much more than expansive genetic testing, and that the precision we would hope for may be more a seductive mirage than a medical miracle. No amount of precise genetic testing will eliminate either the uncertainty that is inherent in every therapeutic effort or the need for trade-offs that will require extensive empathic conversations with patients regarding their personal values and preferences. More genetic information is not necessarily better (ethically or medically speaking). That is a key message in the essay by Wagner et al. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) is very close to becoming an affordable clinical reality. But the ethical issues can be as massive as the data. There are the privacy risks associated with storing so much data. There are ethical and legal responsibility risks associated with the presumed need to recontact patients should future
Frontal lesions impair habituation of the head-shake response in rats.

Abstract The effect of frontal lesions on habituation of the head-shake response was investigated. Two groups of eight male albino rats were given two sessions of 40 stimulated trials each, 24 hr apart. Each session was followed by a retention test at 30 min. The stimulus was a mild puff of air directed at the pinna of the ear. A marked decrement in response frequency occurred from the first to the last trial block, and was highly significant, as determined by nonparametric analyses. One group of rats was then lesioned in the frontal cortex, bilaterally. The other group was sham-operated. The habituation procedure was repeated after 7 days recovery from surgery. The sham-operated control group behaved as before. Frontal rats, however, showed impaired rate of habituation and a much higher terminal level of responding, compared to control rats. These results were highly significant. In addition, the frontal rats did not retain habituation at 30 min, in contrast to control rats. Control rats did not recover above 50 per cent of their initial level of responding. Four more rats were cingulectomized and compared with four control rats. The cingulectomized rats performed no differently from controls, on either major sessions or retention tests.
Ultra high frequency resonant cavity in Aluminum Nitride phononic crystals

This paper presents the first experimental demonstration of the ultra high frequency (UHF) phononic crystal (PnC) resonant cavities in Aluminum Nitride (AlN) sputtered films. Two types of square lattice designs were investigated: the conventional PnC with air circular scatterer and the inverse acoustic band gap (IABG) structure. By removing 3 periods of PnC columns in the array, a cavity is formed to trap acoustic energy within, which results in a resonance in the frequency domain. The designed PnC cavities exhibited resonant frequencies about 660 MHz with quality factors of 675 and 220 for the conventional circular air scatterer PnCs and IABG, respectively. The IABG cavity also showed another resonance at a higher frequency of 916 MHz with Q of 525. More intriguingly, the cavities displayed low intrinsic acoustic loss (as low as 4 dB in the normalized response). These preliminary results are an important stepping stone in showing potential use of PnC for signal processing and frequency referencing.
Endometrial ablation: Post-operative pain, sonographic findings, management and outcome

SummaryEighteen patients who underwent endometrial ablation between December 1987 and September 1992, reported continued pain and were placed in a study group. All patients had a pre-operative diagnosis of menorrhagia unresponsive to conventional therapy. Most ablations were performed using a continuous flow 25 F resectoscope. Each patient had at least one post-operative sonogram. Patients have been followed for a minimum of 6 months (range 6–48). Nine patients also reported vaginal bleeding. By ultrasound, eight patients were shown to have developed small cystic areas within the myometrium; all were ultimately confirmed with a microscopic diagnosis of adenomyosis. Three patients had haematometra, five had residual endometrial tissue, and two were unremarkable. Eight patients have undergone hysterectomy (five of whom had failed repeat ablation), six have been managed with repeat ablation and four are being managed conservatively with medication and physical examination. Preliminary findings suggest that i...
A social indicator based on time allocation

The authors have developed a social indicator, called Lambda, that has as its base the manner in which individuals allocate their time among various life activities. This indicator does not suffer from the usual demand characteristics and experimenter bias associated with most subjective social indicators, i.e., those based on question-naires. It is not a single rate indicator in the sense of suicide rate. Lambda is a weighted sum social indicator with both subjective and objective aspects. The weights are decided by the population under consideration and not by the investigators or some other outside agents. The elements to be summed are the frequency functions for the discrepancies that arise when individuals state the amount of time they would like to spend in an activitiy versus the amount of time they actually spend at the activity. There are frequency functions for each activity. The properties of this indicator are discussed in detail. A pilot study comparing Lambda to another social indicator and some demographic variables was conducted with 1012 undergraduate students. The results of the pilot study show a high correlation between Lambda and the other social indicator. The results are presented. Lambda is currently being used by the Gallup organization.
Alternative settings for liberal‐conservative exchange: Examining an undergraduate dialogue course

Given the polarization of the early 21st century political atmosphere in the U.S., intergroup dialogue has emerged as a unique alternative setting, with intentions of facilitating a more productive and thoughtful citizen engagement. Although cross-partisan dialogue efforts are underway in community contexts, they have been slower to reach academic settings. This paper is an exploratory study of our own liberal-conservative dialogue course at the University of Illinois–the first of its kind, to our knowledge. After describing basic features of the course, we identify themes from student journals and final evaluations suggesting both dialogue benefits and challenges. Finally, we discuss the growing literature around dialogue, questions of its long-term impact, and larger potential barriers to participation in liberal-conservative dialogue, specifically. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What Have We Learned From the Calcium Channel Blocker Controversy

Hundreds of thousands of patients around the world have been treated with drugs that antagonize the function of calcium channels. The development of these drugs was based on the remarkable scientific discovery of calcium channels, the identification of methods to antagonize their effects, and the development of compounds to block them.1 2 As concepts of the pathophysiology and treatment of hypertension and atherosclerosis evolved in parallel with the science of calcium channels, an approach to determining whether these therapies have clinical benefit was developed. In the treatment of hypertension, the strategy for therapeutic evaluation has been based on the simple concept that lowering blood pressure will result in a decrease in the incidence of stroke, myocardial infarction, renal failure, and death.2 In the treatment of angina, a more complex set of concepts has prevailed. Three factors have formed the framework for evaluating therapies for angina: (1) the role of coronary vasospasm in the production of myocardial ischemia,3 (2) the belief that reduction in myocardial ischemia over a specified time interval or improvement in exercise time on a treadmill provided strong evidence of an overall health benefit,4 and (3) more difficult extrapolations related to preservation of cellular function during myocardial ischemia.5 The synthesis of these factors has led to the acceptance of a reduction in frequency of angina or an improvement in exercise time as adequate evidence of a desirable clinical benefit of a therapy for angina. On the basis of these constructs, a variety of compounds were developed that had disparate properties but the common action of antagonizing calcium channels. Regulatory authorities in the United States and other countries approved these agents for clinical use on the basis of their pathophysiological constructs, relying on evidence that they lowered blood pressure or improved exercise time. Hundreds …
A uniform representation for time and space and their mutual constraints

Abstract Much recent work in reasoning systems has concentrated on the role of time in planning, action modeling, and tasks in domains where time is important. On the other hand, there are systems that concentrate on spatial reasoning, especially where manipulation or managing of the environment is important, as in robot route planning. The integration of the two themes is a goal which, if possible, would allow the interaction of space and time to be explored. A problem-solving system would then be able to reason about the times at which actions might occur, in the light of spatial constraints, or vice versa, to reason about the places in which actions take place, and the temporal constraints involved. This paper shows a way to integrate the representation of both time and space in a framework that allows uniform reasoning across both dimensions. An ontology for objects, events, states, and processes is provided using conceptual graphs for representation, and a syntactic extension to Sowa's conceptual graph formalism (see Sowa's article, this volume) is presented to support the effort.
Comparative anatomy and phylogeny of the cloacae of salamanders (Amphibia: Caudata). IV. Salamandridae.

Cloacae were examined from male and female salamanders representing 12 genera and 22 species in the Salamandridae. All female salamandrids possess numerous sperm storage glands, spermathecae, in the roof of the cloaca, but intergeneric variation exists in the occurrence of additional cloacal glands. Pleurodeles and Tylototriton possess both vent and anterior ventral glands, and secondary loss has occurred of vent glands in all other genera and anterior ventral glands in Chioglossa, Cynops, Paramesotriton, and Triturus The most highly derived cloaca occurs in Euproctus asper, in which the cloacal tube extends through a conical projection, and ventral glands secrete onto the dorsolateral surface of the projection rather than into the cloaca. Marked intergeneric variation occurs in males in conformation of the cloacal cavities and in extent of the dorsal gland. In Cynops, Euproctus, Pachytriton, Paramesotriton, Taricha, and Triturus, the pseudopenis (a broad, posteriorly projecting evagination of the dorsal roof) fills much of the cavity of the anterior cloacal chamber. In most salamandrids, distal ends of the dorsal glands occur lateral to pelvic glands in the anterior end of the cloaca, and dorsal gland tubules descend to secretory sites at the posterior end of the vent. Salamandra and Mertensiella possess a unique, bifurcated dorsal gland in which distal ends of tubules lie dorsal to the other cloacal glands, and proximal ends curve ventrally in the anterior end of the cloaca to secretory sites along the cloacal orifice. Cladistic analyses indicate that the variation in presence of anterior ventral glands is due to homoplasy. The occurrence of female vent glands, bifurcated dorsal glands, and the pseudopenis supports a phylogeny based upon noncloacal characters. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Bound and free moisture in explosives and plastics

Abstract Proton NMR of Triaminotrinitrobenzene (TATB) and its plastic bonded derivatives reveals a Pake doublet spectrum with a superimposed mobile water peak.
Neurofibromatosis with involvement of the prostate gland

Urologic manifestations of neurofibromatosis type 1 are rare. The most common urologic area of involvement has been the urinary bladder. Prostate involvement in generalized neurofibromatosis has been noted previously in only 10 patients, 3 of whom were adults. Of these 3, 1 had a neurofibroma, 1 had a malignant schwannoma, and 1 patient died before tissue diagnosis could be obtained. The patient discussed in this report is the second known adult patient with biopsy-proven neurofibroma of the prostate gland. In addition, this is the first reported use of endorectal magnetic resonance imaging of the prostate to localize and specify the extent of neurofibromas in these patients.
Consumer Perceptions of CPA WebTrustSM Assurances: Evidence of an Expectation Gap: Evidence of an Expectation Gap

The AICPA/CICA has established WebTrustSM to respond to consumer concerns about the risks of making purchases over the Internet. While WebTrustSM provides assurances related to Internet vendors' business and security practices, it does not provide assurances with respect to product or service quality. This paper examines perceptions of the assurances provided by WebTrustSM and the effect of WebTrustSM on the willingness to make Internet purchases by asking 106 accounting majors to complete a case concerning a company engaging in electronic commerce. Results suggest that, while WebTrustSM provided no additional assurances with respect to business and security practices, it resulted in higher perceived product quality. This paper also finds that product quality is the most important determinant of subjects' willingness to purchase from a Web site displaying the WebTrustSM seal. The results suggest an expectation gap and suggest that the AICPA/CICA should examine closely the value added by WebTrustSM and better communicate its purpose.
Theory of Brillouin Zones and Symmetry Properties of Wave Functions in Crystals

It is well known that if the interaction between electrons 1 a metal is neglected, the energy spectrum has a zonal ructure. The problem of these “Brillouin zones” is eated here from the point of view of group theory. In is theory, a representation of the symmetry group ol ie underlying problem is associated with every energy slue.
FREEWAY TRAFFIC SPEED ESTIMATION WITH SINGLE-LOOP OUTPUTS

Traffic speed is one of the most important indicators for traffic control and management. Unfortunately, speed cannot be measured directly from single inductance loops, the most commonly used detectors. To calculate space-mean speed, a constant, g, is often adopted to convert lane occupancy to traffic density. However, as illustrated by data from the present study, such a formula consistently underestimates speed whenever a significant number of trucks or other longer vehicles are present. This is because g is actually not a constant but, rather, a function of vehicle length. To calculate the value of g suitably, one needs to know the percentage of long vehicles or the mean vehicle length in real time. However, such information is not directly available from single-loop outputs. It is shown how the occupancy variance obtained from single-loop data can be used to estimate the percentage of long vehicles and how a log-linear regression model for mean vehicle length estimation based only on single-loop outpu...
Severe neonatal jaundice associated with glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency: pathogenesis and global epidemiology

The association of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD def) with severe neonatal jaundice (NJ) and Kernicterus was described just over 30 years ago in reports from Sardinia (1-4) Singapore (5,6) and Greece (7,8). In this review we will examine the progress made since that time in our understanding of the pathophysiology of severe NJ associated with G6PD def, its global epidemiology, and its role in the balanced polymorphism of the G6PD def gene (Gd). Including this review in the Festschrift to Spyros Doxiadis should highlight his contribution to the field. In Greece the search for a new cause of severe NJ and Kernicterus was triggered by his realization that the recognized at the time, causes of severe NJ were absent in a large proportion of the neonates treated at the "Alexandra" Maternity Hospital in Athens (9).
Surface-Induced Dipole Moments of Adsorbed Atoms

Atoms adsorbed on a metal surface acquire an induced dipole moment. An argument is presented which leads to a new mechanism responsible for these induced dipole moments.
Psychiatric co-morbidity and hospital utilization in the general medical sector.

Background. This article provides evidence about the relationship between psychiatric disorders, physical disorders and hospital use in the general medical sector using a broadly based survey of the US population. Methods. The data are from the 1989 National Health Interview Survey. This survey contains medical and mental health evaluations for the entire sample. In a multivariate framework, the author estimates the effect of mental illness on the probability of being admitted to a general hospital, the number of admissions and the length of stay. Results. Hospital use in the general medical sector is significantly higher for persons with coexisting physical and psychiatric conditions than for those with no psychiatric disorders. For a wide range of medical conditions, the predicted number of hospital admissions and the length of a hospital stay increase substantially when the physical illness is accompanied by a psychiatric condition. Conclusions. One implication of this finding is that economic evaluations of alternative psychiatric treatments should consider any differences in hospital costs related to the treatment of coexisting medical conditions. Another implication pertains to health care systems where insurers have some discrction over which individuals to insure. In the absence of adequate adjustments in insurance payments for high-risk potential enrollees, psychiatrically disabled persons may have more limited access to health insurance.
Pharmacogenomic Approach to Identify Drug Sensitivity in Small-Cell Lung Cancer

There are currently no molecular targeted approaches to treat small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) similar to those used successfully against non-small-cell lung cancer. This failure is attributable to our inability to identify clinically-relevant subtypes of this disease. Thus, a more systematic approach to drug discovery for SCLC is needed. In this regard, two comprehensive studies recently published in Nature, the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia and the Cancer Genome Project, provide a wealth of data regarding the drug sensitivity and genomic profiles of many different types of cancer cells. In the present study we have mined these two studies for new therapeutic agents for SCLC and identified heat shock proteins, cyclin-dependent kinases and polo-like kinases (PLK) as attractive molecular targets with little current clinical trial activity in SCLC. Remarkably, our analyses demonstrated that most SCLC cell lines clustered into a single, predominant subgroup by either gene expression or CNV analyses, leading us to take a pharmacogenomic approach to identify subgroups of drug-sensitive SCLC cells. Using PLK inhibitors as an example, we identified and validated a gene signature for drug sensitivity in SCLC cell lines. This gene signature could distinguish subpopulations among human SCLC tumors, suggesting its potential clinical utility. Finally, circos plots were constructed to yield a comprehensive view of how transcriptional, copy number and mutational elements affect PLK sensitivity in SCLC cell lines. Taken together, this study outlines an approach to predict drug sensitivity in SCLC to novel targeted therapeutics.
Protecting the Myocardial Cell During Coronary Revascularization

Background— Using the ischemic myocardial cell as a paradigm, competitive coronary revascularization technologies will be analyzed for their potential in causing additional myocardial cell damage during the course of therapeutic procedures. Methods and Results— Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) using balloon and/or stent (bare metal or coated) approaches may be associated with myonecrosis related to atherosclerotic debris plugging the downstream coronary microcirculation as well as ischemia/reperfusion injury associated with revascularization of occluded coronary vessels. The placement of distal mechanical devices and filters during the course of PCI has not been successful in ameliorating this problem. Coronary revascularization using coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) similarly may be associated with myocardial stunning and cell necrosis associated with ischemia/reperfusion injury. Surgically induced myocardial ischemia secondary to aortic cross clamping, results from the attenuation or cessation of coronary blood flow such that oxygen delivery to the myocardium is insufficient to meet basal myocardial requirements to preserve cellular membrane stability and viability. Recovery involves: (1) resumption of normal oxidative metabolism and the restoration of myocardial energy reserves; (2) reversal of ischemia induced cell swelling and loss of membrane ion gradients and the adenine nucleotide pool; (3) repair of damaged cell organelles such as the mitochondria and the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Despite meticulous adherence to presently known principles of surgical myocardial protection using advanced cardioplegic technologies, some patients require inotropic support and/or mechanical assist devices postoperatively, when none was required preoperatively. Conclusions— Which method of coronary revascularization causes the least amount of myocardial cell injury and is associated with superior long-term outcomes remains an area of increasing controversy.
Antioxidants in multiple sclerosis : Do they have a role in therapy?

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disease, with inflammation and neurodegeneration contributing to neuronal demyelination and axonal injury. Current therapies for MS are directed toward modulation of the immune response; however, there is increasing evidence that oxidative stress is an important component in the pathogenesis of MS. The inflammatory environment in demyelinating lesions is conducive to the generation of reactive oxygen species. When these species are generated in MS and animal models of MS, products such as peroxynitrite and superoxide are formed that are highly toxic to cells. There are several examples of potential beneficial effects from various antioxidants in animal models of MS, but the efficacy may vary between different agents and, in some instances, may yield deleterious effects. Despite these promising results in animal models, there is limited and conflicting evidence of potential therapeutic effects of antioxidants such as vitamins C and E in treating MS. However, clinical trials in MS patients with more potent antioxidants, identified in animal studies, have been initiated.
Effects of Gravity and Surface Tension and Interfacial-Waves and Heat-Transfer Rates in Internal Condensing Flows

The paper presents accurate numerical solutions of the full 2D governing equations for steady and unsteady laminar/laminar internal condensing flows. The chosen geometry allows for film condensation on the bottom wall of a tilted (from vertical to horizontal) channel. It is found that it is important to know whether the exit conditions are constrained or unconstrained because incompressible vapor flows occur only for exit conditions that are unconstrained. For the incompressible vapor flow situations, a method for computationally obtaining the stable steady/quasi-steady solutions is given here and the resulting solutions are shown to be in good agreement with some relevant experimental data for horizontal channels. These solutions are shown to be sensitive to the frequency-content and strength of ever-present minuscule transverse vibrations of the condensing surface. The effects of noise-sensitivity, gravity (terrestrial to zero-gravity), and surface tension on the attainability of stable steady/quasi-steady solutions, structure of superposed waves, and heat-transfer rates are discussed. It is shown that significant enhancement in wave-energy and heat-transfer rates are possible by designing the condensing surface noise to be in resonance with the intrinsic waves.© 2003 ASME
The role of the U.S. Geological Survey in the lithium industry

Abstract The U.S. Geological Survey has responsibility in the U.S. Department of the Interior to assess the nation's energy and mineral resources. The evaluation of reserves and resources of a commodity such as lithium should be a continuing process in the light of advancing technology and ever-growing knowledge of its geologic occurrence and geochemical behavior. Although reserves of lithium vary with market demand because of the investment required to find, develop, and appraise an ore body, total resources are a function of the geologic occurrence and geochemical behavior of lithium. By studying known deposits and publishing data on their origin and occurrence, the U.S. Geological Survey can aid in the discovery of new deposits and improve the resource base. Resource data are used both by the government and the private sector. Government funding for research on energy-related technologies such as electric vehicle batteries and fusion power requires assurance that there will be enough lithium available in time for commercialization. Questions of availability for all mineral commodities must be answered by the U.S. Geological Survey so that intelligent decisions can be made.