cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stabilization of a (D+1)-dimensional dispersion-managed solitons in Kerr media by an alternating dispersion structure

We study the propagation of chirped (D+1)-dimensional optical pulses in bulk media with periodic dispersion, analytically by using the variational approach and numerically by using a new, to our knowledge, numerical technique relying on the adaptive fast Hankel split-step method using cylindrical and spherical symmetries for two and three dimensions, respectively. Stability criteria for (2+1)- and (3+1)-dimensional solitons are identified, and the long-term dynamics of the solitons are studied with the averaged equations obtained using the Kapitza approach. Also, the slow dynamics of the solitons around the fixed points for the width and the chirp are studied. The importance of this research is in generating dispersion-managed optical solitons in optical communication. Also, this research is applied to the stabilization of the Bose-Einstein condensate in (2+1)- and (3+1)-dimensional optical lattices. We compare results of the new numerical technique with those obtained using the fast Fourier split-step technique.
Effects of Deterioration Parameters on Storage of Maize

Abstract. Maize (Zea mays L), commonly known as corn in the United States, is the third most important cereal grain worldwide, after wheat and rice. It is a basic staple grain for large groups of people in Africa, Latin America, and Asia. In tropical countries, a large proportion of the maize is harvested and stored under humid and warm climatic conditions, which subsequently results in rapid deterioration of the grains, mainly because of growth of molds and pests. This study reviewed the main factors that lead to deterioration of maize in tropical countries and suggests ways of preventing the identified causes. This paper also reviews world production, varieties, climatic and storage conditions of maize. Deterioration of maize is mainly affected by moisture content, temperature (grain and air), relative humidity, storage conditions, fungal growth, and insect pests. Fungal growth, especially Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium sp in maize, facilitated by hot and humid conditions, poses a major risk through production of mycotoxins. In order to maintain high quality maize for both short- and long-term storage, maize must be protected from weather, growth of microorganisms, and pests.
An Architecture for Full Text Retrieval Systems

A novel architecture for full-text information retrieval systems is described. The architecture’s most distinctive feature is a server that is implemented as an interpreter for a lazily evaluated functional programming language. The consequences of this approach for time and space performance are discussed, concentrating especially on the functionality provided for searching for occurrences of words in textual databases.
Evidence of Damage to Pink Salmon Populations Inhabiting Prince William Sound, Alaska, Two Generations after the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill

Abstract Our investigations into the effects of the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska, suggest that chronic damage occurred to some populations of pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha. Significantly elevated embryo mortalities were observed from 1989 through 1993 in populations inhabiting streams previously contaminated by oil. No statistically detectable difference in embryo mortality was observed in 1994 and 1995. We assessed the possible influence of the natural environment on these findings by collecting gametes from adults returning to contaminated and to uncontaminated streams, transporting the gametes to a hatchery where intrastream crosses were made, and incubating the resulting embryos under identical environmental conditions. Significantly increased embryo mortality was detected for embryos originating from the oil-contaminated lineages in 1993 but not in 1994, which indicated that the significant differences detected in the field in 1989–1993 were not induced by naturall...
Abrasion Resistant Porous Silica Antireflective Coatings

The abrasion resistance of a porous silica antireflective coating prepared from a colloidal silica suspension was increased by the addition of a soluble siloxane binder to the suspension prior to application. After evaporation of the solvent this binder served to increase the adhesion between individual silica particles thereby increasing the coating strength. The optimum binder concentration was 20-30% and at this level the optical properties and laser damage threshold of the original silica coating were retained.© (1988) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Supramolecular Nanofibers/Hydrogels of the Conjugates of Nucleobase, Saccharide, and Amino Acids

Three new hydrogelators based on the conjugates of three naturally occurring biological building blocks: nucleobase, saccharide, and amino acids, were explored. Being synthesized via a facile solid phase peptide synthesis route, the hydrogelators self-assemble in water to afford supramolecular nanofibers and hydrogels. Transmission electron microscopy, oscillation rheometry, and circular dichroism reveal that the hydrogels consist of largely helix-based nanofibers of the widths of 5–12 nm and exhibit storage moduli up to 1 kPa. These hydrogelators also exhibit excellent cell-compatibility. This work illustrates a new platform for constructing molecular soft materials for nanobiotechnology.
Finding the 'lost years' in green turtles: insights from ocean circulation models and genetic analysis.

Organismal movement is an essential component of ecological processes and connectivity among ecosystems. However, estimating connectivity and identifying corridors of movement are challenging in oceanic organisms such as young turtles that disperse into the open sea and remain largely unobserved during a period known as ‘the lost years’. Using predictions of transport within an ocean circulation model and data from published genetic analysis, we present to our knowledge, the first basin-scale hypothesis of distribution and connectivity among major rookeries and foraging grounds (FGs) of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) during their ‘lost years’. Simulations indicate that transatlantic dispersal is likely to be common and that recurrent connectivity between the southwestern Indian Ocean and the South Atlantic is possible. The predicted distribution of pelagic juvenile turtles suggests that many ‘lost years hotspots’ are presently unstudied and located outside protected areas. These models, therefore, provide new information on possible dispersal pathways that link nesting beaches with FGs. These pathways may be of exceptional conservation concern owing to their importance for sea turtles during a critical developmental period.
Forest restoration in a surface fire-dependent ecosystem: An example from a mixed conifer forest, southwestern Colorado, USA

Over a century of fire suppression in warm/dry mixed conifer forests of southwestern Colorado, USA has resulted in changes that have disrupted feedback interactions between vegetation composition and structure and the accompanying natural fire regime. The ecosystem is now more susceptible to high intensity crown fires that were previously rare or absent in this forest type, which can lead to novel ecosystems. We established four replicated blocks of (1) thin/burn, (2) burn alone and (3) control treatments, each approximately 16-ha, to quantify the effects of restoration treatments on forest structure. We sampled in 2003 (pre-treatment) and in 2009 (post-treatment). There were no significant changes in the control and burn alone treatments for tree density, basal area, canopy cover and tree regeneration between preand post-treatment. Significant changes in the thin/burn treatments included: tree density declining 82% (582.7 trees ha 1 ), principally white fir and Douglas-fir; tree canopy cover decreasing 36%; basal area
Apportioning Illness Management Authority: How Diabetic Individuals Evaluate and Respond to Spousal Help

This study explores spousal helping behavior related to diabetes management as seen from the perspective of the person with diabetes. Individuals with diabetes described spousal behaviors considered helpful in one context that were considered intrusive or unhelpful in other situations. When the helpful and unhelpful situations were compared, two factors emerged that were fundamental influences in subjects' acceptance or rejection of help and the manner in which it was accepted or refused. These factors were perceived need for help and subjects' perception of spousal motivation for action. Combinations of these factors gave rise to four distinct response patterns: grudging acceptance of help, grateful acceptance of help, respectful rejection of help, and punitive rejection of help. The impact of these response patterns on diabetes management is discussed.
Using preference judgments for novel document retrieval

There has been considerable interest in incorporating diversity in search results to account for redundancy and the space of possible user needs. Most work on this problem is based on subtopics: diversity rankers score documents against a set of hypothesized subtopics, and diversity rankings are evaluated by assigning a value to each ranked document based on the number of novel (and redundant) subtopics it is relevant to. This can be seen as modeling a user who is always interested in seeing more novel subtopics, with progressively decreasing interest in seeing the same subtopic multiple times. We put this model to test: if it is correct, then users, when given a choice, should prefer to see a document that has more value to the evaluation. We formulate some specific hypotheses from this model and test them with actual users in a novel preference-based design in which users express a preference for document A or document B given document C. We argue that while the user study shows the subtopic model is good, there are many other factors apart from novelty and redundancy that may be influencing user preferences. From this, we introduce a new framework to construct an ideal diversity ranking using only preference judgments, with no explicit subtopic judgments whatsoever.
Lamentations and Polemic: The Rejection/Reception History of Women's Lament ? and Syria

This essay examines the socio-political and spiritual importance of the Book of Lamentations and lament expressions in Hebraic and early Christian liturgies and public settings, especially with reg...
Blood rheology: effect of fibrinogen deduced by addition.

Viscometric measurements near zero shear stress were made on human blood and on suspensions of red cells in saline solutions of dialysed and nondialysed fibrinogen at 37°C at an hematocrit of 40. The principal viscometric parameter studied was the yield shear stress. The higher the value of yield stress, the greater is the viscosity defined as the ratio of shear stress to shear rate, in the region near zero flow, and the greater is the variation of viscosity with shear rate. The yield stress, zero in suspensions containing no fibrinogen, was found to increase with the fibrinogen concentration. At a given concentration of clottable fibrinogen (up to 1.20 g/100 ml) the yield shear stress was substantially greater in suspensions of red cells in their original plasma than in saline solutions of fractionated fibrinogen. Dialysis of the fractionated fibrinogen had no significant effect on the viscosity characteristics. For a given concentration of fibrinogen added to saline solutions, a higher yield stress was ...
Proposal and demonstration of a spectrometer using a diffractive optical element with dual dispersion and focusing functionality

We propose an optical spectrometer using a hybrid grating-Fresnel (G-Fresnel) diffractive optical element. Theoretical simulation shows that a spectral resolution of approximately 1 nm can be potentially achieved with a millimeter-sized G-Fresnel. A proof-of-concept G-Fresnel-based spectrometer with subnanometer spectral resolution is experimentally demonstrated. The proposed method provides a promising new way for realizing compact optical spectrometers.
Executive Summary: Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Exposed and HIV-Infected Children Recommendations From the National Institutes of Health, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, and the American Academy of Pediatrics

The Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections (OIs) in HIV-Exposed and HIV-Infected Children in the United States were developed by a panel of specialists in pediatric HIV infection and infectious diseases from the U.S. government and academic institutions, intended for use by clinicians and health care workers providing medical care for HIV-exposed and HIV-infected children in the United States. For each OI, pediatric specialists with subject matter expertise reviewed the literature for new information since the last guidelines were published (2009) and then proposed revised recommendations that were reviewed and approved by the full Panel and endorsing governmental agencies and professional organizations. This executive summary highlights the most important, rated recommendations for each OI from the full Guidelines document.
Oil price shocks and industrial production: Is the relationship linear?

This paper tests the three leading specifications of asymmetric and possibly nonlinear feedback from the real price of oil to U.S. industrial production and its sectoral components. We show that the evidence for such feedback is sensitive to the estimation period. Support for a nonlinear model is strongest for samples starting before 1973. Instead, using post-1973 data only, the evidence against symmetry becomes considerably weaker. For example, at the aggregate level, there is no evidence against the hypothesis of symmetric responses to oil price innovations of typical magnitude, consistent with results of Kilian and Vigfusson [Quantitative Economics, 2(3), 419–453 (2011)] for U.S. real GDP. There is strong evidence of asymmetries at the disaggregate level, however, especially for industries that are energy-intensive in production (such as chemicals) or that produce goods that are energy-intensive in use (such as transportation equipment). Our analysis suggests that these asymmetries may be obscured in the aggregate data and highlights the importance of developing multisector models of the transmission of oil price shocks.
Protocol for a randomized controlled study of Iyengar yoga for youth with irritable bowel syndrome

Irritable bowel syndrome affects as many as 14% of high school-aged students. Symptoms include discomfort in the abdomen, along with diarrhea and/or constipation and other gastroenterological symptoms that can significantly impact quality of life and daily functioning. Emotional stress appears to exacerbate irritable bowel syndrome symptoms suggesting that mind-body interventions reducing arousal may prove beneficial. For many sufferers, symptoms can be traced to childhood and adolescence, making the early manifestation of irritable bowel syndrome important to understand. The current study will focus on young people aged 14-26 years with irritable bowel syndrome. The study will test the potential benefits of Iyengar yoga on clinical symptoms, psychospiritual functioning and visceral sensitivity. Yoga is thought to bring physical, psychological and spiritual benefits to practitioners and has been associated with reduced stress and pain. Through its focus on restoration and use of props, Iyengar yoga is especially designed to decrease arousal and promote psychospiritual resources in physically compromised individuals. An extensive and standardized teacher-training program support Iyengar yoga's reliability and safety. It is hypothesized that yoga will be feasible with less than 20% attrition; and the yoga group will demonstrate significantly improved outcomes compared to controls, with physiological and psychospiritual mechanisms contributing to improvements. Sixty irritable bowel syndrome patients aged 14-26 will be randomly assigned to a standardized 6-week twice weekly Iyengar yoga group-based program or a wait-list usual care control group. The groups will be compared on the primary clinical outcomes of irritable bowel syndrome symptoms, quality of life and global improvement at post-treatment and 2-month follow-up. Secondary outcomes will include visceral pain sensitivity assessed with a standardized laboratory task (water load task), functional disability and psychospiritual variables including catastrophizing, self-efficacy, mood, acceptance and mindfulness. Mechanisms of action involved in the proposed beneficial effects of yoga upon clinical outcomes will be explored, and include the mediating effects of visceral sensitivity, increased psychospiritual resources, regulated autonomic nervous system responses and regulated hormonal stress response assessed via salivary cortisol. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01107977 .
Clinical Comparison of Alclometasone Dipropionate and Desonide Ointments (0·05%) in the Management of Psoriasis

This was a double-blind, randomized, parallel-groups comparison of alclometasone dipropionate and desonide ointments (0·05%) applied twice daily without occlusion for 3 weeks by patients with moderate to severe psoriasis. Data from thirty-three patients in each group showed that both treatments produced rapid amelioration of erythema, induration, and, especially, scaling; substantial improvement was evident after1 week and continued thereafter. Differences between the groups were not statistically significant, but trends consistently favoured alclometasone. No adverse drug reaction occurred.
Longitudinal momentum distributions of π− mesons produced in 12.7 GeV/c K+p and 7 GeV/c π+p interactions

Abstract The center of mass longitudinal momentum distributions of π − mesons produced in K + p interactions at 12.7 GeV/ c and in π + p interactions at 7 GeV/ c exhibit an asymmetry similar to that observed, for example, in single particle production in 25 GeV/ c π − p interactions. This asymmetry is discussed in terms of quark structure of hadrons and other dynamical models.
A putative link between childhood narcolepsy and obesity.

Abstract Background and purpose While there have been anecdotal observations of binge eating in childhood-onset narcolepsy, the possible relationship between increased weight gain and childhood-onset narcolepsy has not been evaluated. Patients and methods A retrospective, case-control design was used to compare the body mass index (BMI) of 31 narcolepsy children at the time of diagnosis with that of healthy, age- and gender-matched controls. Results The median BMI in the narcolepsy subjects was 22.93 as compared to that in controls of 20.36 (P=0.001). BMI did not differ significantly between narcolepsy subjects who had received prior psychotropic medications and those who had not. The mean BMI of 22 of 31 narcolepsy subjects who had not received psychotropic medications prior to diagnosis was also significantly higher than that of controls (25.1, SEM 1.53 versus 21.1, SEM 0.56; P=0.008 ). Conclusion The tendency for increased weight gain is intrinsic to childhood narcolepsy and is manifested relatively early in the course of the disorder. Correlation of this finding with hypocretin and leptin metabolism may further understanding of the pathogenesis of narcolepsy.
Quality-Driven Volcanic Earthquake Detection Using Wireless Sensor Networks

Volcano monitoring is of great interest to public safety and scientific explorations. However, traditional volcanic instrumentation such as broadband seismometers are expensive, power-hungry, bulky, and difficult to install. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) offer the potential to monitor volcanoes at unprecedented spatial and temporal scales. However, current volcanic WSN systems often yield poor monitoring quality due to the limited sensing capability of low-cost sensors and unpredictable dynamics of volcanic activities. Moreover, they are designed only for short-term monitoring due to the high energy consumption of centralized data collection. In this paper, we propose a novel quality-driven approach to achieving real-time, in-situ, and long-lived volcanic earthquake detection. By employing novel in-network collaborative signal processing algorithms, our approach can meet stringent requirements on sensing quality (low false alarm/missing rate and precise earthquake onset time) at low power consumption. We have implemented our algorithms in TinyOS and conducted extensive evaluation on a testbed of 24 TelosB motes as well as simulations based on real data traces collected during 5.5 months on an active volcano. We show that our approach yields near-zero false alarm/missing rate and less than one second of detection delay while achieving up to 6-fold energy reduction over the current data collection approach.
Assessment of Unhealthy Alcohol Use in Primary Care

In this chapter, we will discuss the components of an assessment, including how to make a differential diagnosis for unhealthy alcohol use, the features of diagnoses particularly relevant for primary care clinicians, and available tools to help with diagnosis , including assessing the severity of the unhealthy alcohol use and its consequences . We will also discuss the importance of assessing the patient’s ‘readiness.’ The final goal of the assessment is to help the clinician ascertain what advice to give or treatment recommendations to make, and to enable him/her to deliver an appropriate and tailored intervention.
Globalization, Free Trade, And Outsourcing: A College Students Perspective - Part III

As globalization becomes a growing factor in the US business world, it is important to understand what college students know and think about the subject. In the beginning of 2008, a survey was undertaken among a convenient and disperse group of students. The survey was conducted in NY and Connecticut among undergraduate and graduate students. The survey results were presented at Thirty Fifth Northeast Business & Economic Association conference in November 2008. Between the time that the first survey was taken and the second, there have been seismic changes in the US. Then the elected president was George W. Bush, a Republican, and today the president elect is Barak H. Obama, a Democrat. The Republicans, in general, and President Bush, in particular, were “internationalists” and strong advocates of free trade. The Democratic party philosophy was more domestically-oriented being anti-free trade, in general, and NAFTA, in particular. Additionally, the economic situation was perceptually better then than now. These changes were reflected in the attitudes of the college students that were surveyed. In 2009, the survey was repeated. After a devastating economic decline worldwide with millions of jobs lost in the US, the attitudes of college students in NY were again surveyed to measure any impact on their attitudes on globalization.
Inheritance of Early-Stage Resistance to Formetanate and Cyhexatin in Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acarina: Tetranychidae)

Populations of Tetranychus urticae (Koch) from strawberry and pear in the western United States showed high to moderate levels of resistance to formetanate (117-fold) and cyhexatin (17-fold) at the 50% lethal concentration and 117-fold and 171-fold at the 95% lethal concentration, respectively. Inheritance of formetanate resistance appears to be dominant and monofactorially determined, whereas cyhexatin resistance in T. urticae may be intermediate to recessive in dominance. The mono- or polygenic nature of cyhexatin resistance could not be determined, because the levels of resistance are still too low for discriminatory analysis using standard backcrossing tests. The implications of these features of inheritance of acaricide resistance to management of field populations of T. urticae are discussed.
A General Chaining Lemma

(1969). A General Chaining Lemma. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 76, No. 7, pp. 791-795.
When Narrative Transportation Narrows Attention: Changes in Attentional Focus During Suspenseful Film Viewing

The construct of narrative transportation captures the psychological processes that occur when people experience an engaging narrative. Attention is an essential component of this construct: People often report feeling that they have focused attention into a narrative world, and disengaged attention from the physical environment. The goal of our research was to test if people’s attention is captured in a dynamic fashion over the course of narrative experiences. To achieve this goal, we used excerpts from narrative films. One way in which filmmakers command viewers’ attention is by generating suspense, which arises when viewers confront potential negative outcomes. In our experiments, we tested the hypothesis that hot spots, moments at which potential negative outcomes are emphasized, will narrow the viewer’s attentional focus compared to cold spots, moments that do not emphasize negative outcomes. We measured attentional tuning through latencies in reaction time to audio probes as participants viewed susp...
Role of Nitric Oxide Isoforms in Vascular and Alveolar Development and Lung Injury in Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Overexpressing Neonatal Mice Lungs

Background The role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced 3 different nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms in lung development and injury in the newborn (NB) lung are not known. We hypothesized that VEGF-induced specific NOS pathways are critical regulators of lung development and injury. Methodology We studied NB wild type (WT), lung epithelial cell-targeted VEGF165 doxycycline-inducible overexpressing transgenic (VEGFTG), VEGFTG treated with a NOS1 inhibitor (L-NIO), VEGFTG x NOS2-/- and VEGFTG x NOS3+/- mice in room air (RA) for 7 postnatal (PN) days. Lung morphometry (chord length), vascular markers (Ang1, Ang2, Notch2, vWF, CD31 and VE-cadherin), cell proliferation (Ki67), vascular permeability, injury and oxidative stress markers (hemosiderin, nitrotyrosine and 8-OHdG) were evaluated. Results VEGF overexpression in RA led to increased chord length and vascular markers at PN7, which were significantly decreased to control values in VEGFTG x NOS2−/− and VEGFTG x NOS3+/- lungs. However, we found no noticeable effect on chord length and vascular markers in the VEGFTG / NOS1 inhibited group. In the NB VEGFTG mouse model, we found VEGF-induced vascular permeability in the NB murine lung was partially dependent on NOS2 and NOS3-signaling pathways. In addition, the inhibition of NOS2 and NOS3 resulted in a significant decrease in VEGF-induced hemosiderin, nitrotyrosine- and 8-OHdG positive cells at PN7. NOS1 inhibition had no significant effect. Conclusion Our data showed that the complete absence of NOS2 and partial deficiency of NOS3 confers protection against VEGF-induced pathologic lung vascular and alveolar developmental changes, as well as injury markers. Inhibition of NOS1 does not have any modulating role on VEGF-induced changes in the NB lung. Overall, our data suggests that there is a significant differential regulation in the NOS-mediated effects of VEGF overexpression in the developing mouse lung.
Analysing Corporate Social Performance: Methods and Results

Lee Preston describes the principal methods of corporate social performance analysis in use in the United States, where, on the basis of the number of Fortune 500 corporations making disclosures, it seems that the concept of social responsibility is making more impact than in the UK.
The Persian Socialist Soviet Republic (1920)

Right after the Bolshevik revolution, Soviet Russia began to wage a public relations campaign with respect to Persia, promising a new basis for Russian-Persian political and commercial relations. As early as December 3, 1917, Russia announced its intention to invalidate unilaterally the 1907 Anglo-Russian Convention that had divided up Persia into Russian and British zones of influence. This was welcome news in Persia.
H. Tristram Engelhardt, Jr.—A Personal Reflection

It is an honor and a privilege to contribute to this Festschrift celebrating the contributions of H. Tristram Engelhardt, Jr., to bioethics over the past four decades. Tris’ work has left an indelible mark on the modern field of bioethics that he helped to found. His prolific, highly original, and carefully argued scholarly writings continue to engage and challenge scholars around the globe. His tireless editorship of bioethics journals and books has enabled many hundreds of scholars to publish their own work and has greatly enriched the bioethics literature. His teaching and mentorship of graduate students and junior colleagues have brought scores of talented and dedicated professionals into the field. For all of these contributions, I am very grateful.
Wnt5a Signaling in Cancer

Wnt5a is involved in activating several non-canonical WNT signaling pathways, through binding to different members of the Frizzled- and Ror-family receptors. Wnt5a signaling is critical for regulating normal developmental processes, including proliferation, differentiation, migration, adhesion and polarity. However, the aberrant activation or inhibition of Wnt5a signaling is emerging as an important event in cancer progression, exerting both oncogenic and tumor suppressive effects. Recent studies show the involvement of Wnt5a in regulating cancer cell invasion, metastasis, metabolism and inflammation. In this article, we review findings regarding the molecular mechanisms and roles of Wnt5a signaling in various cancer types, and highlight Wnt5a in ovarian cancer.
A Molecular Tetrapod for Organic Photovoltaics

The synthesis and characterization of a molecular tetrapod, SFBTD, featuring a tetraphenylsilane center and four identical conjugated arms, which structurally resembles breakwaters in common wave-reducing shore constructions, are reported. Cyclic voltammetry reveals that SFBTD has a medium band gap of ca. 2.0 eV and a low-lying HOMO energy level at ca. -5.2 eV. Absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry experiments reveal a low degree of crystallinity in this compound and slow crystallization kinetics. Bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaics (OPVs) employing SFBTD and fullerene derivatives exhibit power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) up to 1.05% and open-circuit voltage (VOC) values as high as 1.02 V. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest PCE obtained for OPVs employing molecular tetrapods as donor materials. These devices are relatively thermally stable due to the known ability of breakwater tetrapods to interlock, preventing dislodging and sliding. The lack of favorable phase separations and low hole mobilities of the blend films are the major factors limiting the device performance. Ternary blend devices by the addition of three low band gap poly(thienylene vinylene) (PTV) derivatives were fabricated and tested. We found that the added PTVs acted to be either the major hole conductor or a competing hole conduction channel depending on the HOMO level positions relative to that of SFBTD. Some of the ternary OPV devices out-performed the corresponding binary counterparts employing SFBTD or PTVs alone, suggesting cooperative effects in the ternary systems.
Peter Gay, Weimar Culture, the Outsider as Insider

(1969). Peter Gay, Weimar Culture, the Outsider as Insider. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 164-164.
Isolation and characterization of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) lectin

Successful initiation of the symbiotic relationship between legume plants and rhizobia depends on specific interactions between the partners. One current theory, the lectin binding hypothesis, holds that plant lectin binds complementary rhizobial exopolysaccharide (EPS) to accomplish the recognition. Cowpea is an important legume grain plant largely distributed in tropical regions. It is known that cowpea can be nodulated by various B. japonicum and rhizobia from wild legumes, as well as the cowpea rhizobia. Because the cowpea is relatively nonselective in symbiosis, it is of interest to examine its lectin(s). The lectin status of the cowpea is poorly understood with but one previous report available (Roberson and Strength, 1983). We report procedures leading to the extraction and isolation of a lectin from cowpea cultivar Bigboy, and summarize its properties.
Automated feature discovery via sentence selection and source code summarization

Programs are, in essence, a collection of implemented features. Feature discovery in software engineering is the task of identifying key functionalities that a program implements. Manual feature discovery can be time consuming and expensive, leading to automatic feature discovery tools being developed. However, these approaches typically only describe features using lists of keywords, which can be difficult for readers who are not already familiar with the source code. An alternative to keyword lists is sentence selection, in which one sentence is chosen from among the sentences in a text document to describe that document. Sentence selection has been widely studied in the context of natural language summarization but is only beginning to be explored as a solution to feature discovery. In this paper, we compare four sentence selection strategies for the purpose of feature discovery. Two are off-the-shelf approaches, while two are adaptations we propose. We present our findings as guidelines and recommendations to designers of feature discovery tools. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accelerated FDA Approval of Drugs Used To Treat Hematologic Malignancies: Are Policy Changes Needed?.

Background: In 1992, the FDA extended the accelerated approval program from HIV and AIDs, to include drugs for other diseases that are serious or life-threatening, appear to provide benefit over available therapy, or for which no other therapy is available. Approval is based on a surrogate endpoint, and pharmaceutical companies are required to confirm safety and efficacy by conducting clinical trials with clinically relevant outcomes. Since 1995, eight drugs used to treat hematologic malignancies have received accelerated approval. Methods: Information available to the public under the Freedom of Information Act was surveyed for new drug applications and supplements for new uses approved by the Division of Oncology Products from January 1, 1995 to August 31, 2003. The package insert and corresponding published literature for the approval of each drug were reviewed for indication, time from drug submission to approval, surrogate endpoint, number of patients in trial, percent response and status of full approval. Results: Of the eight drugs which received accelerated FDA approval, approval was granted within 6 months for three (these also received priority review), 1 was approved within 6–12 months; and 4 were approved after 1 year of FDA review. Approvals were based on the surrogate clinical outcome of response rate. Pivotal studies were often small, with Conclusion: To date, accelerated FDA approval for eight hematologic oncology drugs has been granted based on pivotal trials with small sample sizes and low response rates (with the exception of imatinib). Conversion to full approval has rarely occurred (N=1) and post-marketing identification of severe adverse drug reactions, in what were initially off-label settings, has occurred for two of the drugs. Modification of the accelerated approval process for hematologic oncology drugs should be considered. FDA approval information for accelerated approval drugs used to treat hematologic malignancies.
Effect of Prey Distribution and Density on the Searching and Feeding Behaviour of Larval Anchovy Engraulis mordax Girard

Laboratory estimates of the minimum concentration of food required for survival of marine fish larvae usually are much higher than the average concentrations of food in the sea (O’Connell and Raymond, 1970; Hunter, 1972). A common explanation for the fact that laboratory food requirements exceed natural food densities is that larvae are able to find and remain in patches of food in the sea which are considerably above the average food density estimated from plankton net catches. This explanation is supported in part by Ivlev (1961) who demonstrated with carp fry that an increase in the degree of aggregation of prey had the same effect on food consumed as an increase in the overall density of food material. A patchy distribution of larval food occurs under natural conditions. Thus, the effect of prey distribution on feeding behaviour of larval fish and the scale of “patchiness” of food items in the sea must be known to estimate the impact of food distribution on the feeding and searching behaviour of larval anchovy. This paper described some aspects of the effect of prey distribution and density on the feeding and searching behaviour of larval anchovy Engraulis mordax Girard.
Foodborne Disease Outbreaks in Correctional Institutions—United States, 1998–2014

Objectives. To present the first update on the epidemiology of US foodborne correctional institution outbreaks in 20 years.Methods. We analyzed data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System to describe correctional institution outbreaks from 1998 to 2014 and compare them with other foodborne outbreaks.Results. Two hundred foodborne outbreaks in correctional institutions were reported, resulting in 20 625 illnesses, 204 hospitalizations, and 5 deaths. Median number of outbreak-associated illnesses per 100 000 population per year was 45 (range = 11–141) compared with 7 (range = 4–10) for other outbreaks. These outbreaks accounted for 6% (20 625 of 358 330) of outbreak-associated foodborne illnesses. Thirty-seven states reported at least 1 outbreak in a correctional institution. Clostridium perfringens (28%; 36 of 128) was the most frequently reported single etiology. The most frequently reported contributing factor was food remaining at room temper...
On the Inherent Resilience of Integer Operations

It is of great interest to correctly quantify corruption rates in computing systems. Masking effects of individual operations can complicate this effort by hiding faults. Beyond this, identification of fault-masking operations may be useful in designing resilient algorithms.
Practice patterns and outcomes associated with early sedation depth in mechanically ventilated patients: a systematic review protocol

Introduction Mechanical ventilation is a commonly performed intervention in critically ill patients. Frequently, these patients experience deep sedation early in their clinical course. Emerging data suggest that the practice of early deep sedation may negatively impact patient outcomes. The purpose of this review is to assess the world’s literature to describe and determine the impact of early deep sedation on the outcomes of mechanically ventilated patients. Methods and analysis Randomised controlled trials and non-randomised studies will be eligible for inclusion in this systematic review. With the assistance of a medical librarian, we will comprehensively search MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Database of Abstracts of Reviews and Effects, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews for peer-reviewed literature. Grey literature from appropriate professional society conferences, held from 2010 to 2017, will be reviewed manually. Two authors will independently review all search results, and disagreements will be resolved through arbitration by a third author. If appropriate, meta-analysis will be used for quantitative analysis of the data. Heterogeneity between studies will be assessed using the I2 statistic. Ethics and dissemination The proposed systematic review will not collect data that are associated with individual patients and does not require ethical approval. Results of this study will contribute to the understanding of early sedation, identify future research targets and guide early care in mechanically ventilated patients. Trial registration number This systematic review has been registered in the international prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO #CRD42017057264).
The Life Course and the Social Organization of Age

Dimensions of the inequality-age relationship can be considered from several perspectives—(a) cross sectional characterizations of differences between age strata at a given point in time, (b) longitudinal depictions of age-related changes in the lives of individuals and cohorts, and (c) the analysis of age as a component of culture, which encompasses the significance of beliefs about age, the institutionalization of age-related policies and practices, and popular and scientific accounts of aging. Such accounts comprise a regulatory feature of social life, and they also have an ideological significance, in obscuring issues of inequality both between age strata and within cohorts. Although we have elsewhere suggested that processes of microinteraction and attendant social-psychological dynamics are fundamental to all of these processes, such dynamics have so far received little attention in the study of the age-inequality relation, making this a promising area for further study.
Ante-mortem and Post-mortem Signs of Anticoagulant Rodenticide Toxicosis in Birds of Prey

Exposure to anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) in birds of prey is widespread. Interpreting the significance of AR residues in tissue samples recovered from birds in field settings can be challenging for a variety of reasons, including uncertainty regarding the relevance of necropsy findings and the importance of residue levels in the absence of signs of poisoning. A thorough understanding of the pathophysiology of AR toxicosis is useful in evaluating the risks and effects of these toxicants on individual birds and populations. Knowledge of the pathophysiology also aids in recognizing ante-mortem and post-mortem signs of toxicosis. This chapter draws on ante-mortem and post-mortem observations from free-living birds of prey presented to a wildlife hospital to detail signs of poisoning and relates these clinical cases to published literature on AR toxicosis in birds of prey in both field and laboratory settings. Common difficulties in diagnosing AR toxicosis, such as differentiating hemorrhage resulting from poisoning as opposed to traumatic injury, are discussed. Current evidence regarding potential sub-lethal effects of ARs is reviewed. Several case studies that illustrate ante-mortem signs, clinical findings, and post-mortem signs in free-living birds diagnosed with AR toxicosis are presented.
Mascots, Metaphor, Methodology: Counter Poetics

Through a series of counter poems, the authors, one of whom is a sport mascot performer, consider the experiences, cultural (mis)representations, and significance of sports mascots in United States.
Identification and design of vinyl sulfone inhibitors against Cryptopain-1 – a cysteine protease from cryptosporidiosis-causing Cryptosporidium parvum

Cryptosporidiosis, a disease marked by diarrhea in adults and stunted growth in children, is associated with the unicellular protozoan pathogen Cryptosporidium; often the species parvum. Cryptopain1, a cysteine protease characterized in the genome of Cryptosporidium parvum, had been earlier shown to be inhibited by a vinyl sulfone compound called K11777 (or K777). Cysteine proteases have long been established as valid drug targets, which can be covalently and selectively inhibited by vinyl sulfones. This computational study was initiated to identify purchasable vinyl sulfone compounds, which could possibly inhibit cryptopain1 with higher efficacy than K11777. Docking simulations screened a number of such possibly better inhibitors. The work was furthered to probe the enzymatic pocket of cryptopain1, through in-silico mutations, to derive a map of receptor-ligand interactions in the docked complexes. The idea was to provide crucial clues to aid the design of inhibitors, which would be able to bind the protease well by making favorable interactions with important residues of the enzyme. The analyses dictated placement of ligands towards the front of the enzymatic cleft, and disfavored interactions deep within. The S1 prime and S2 subsites of the enzyme preferred to remain occupied by polar ligand subgroups. Reasonably distanced ring systems and polar backbones of ligands were desired across the cleft. Large as well as inflexible subgroups were not tolerated. Double ringed systems such as substituted napthalene, especially in S1, were exceptions though. The S2 subsite, which is typically a specificity determinant in papain (C1) family cysteine proteases such as cathepsin L like cryptopain1, can possibly accommodate polar and hydrophobic ligand subgroups alike.
Be10 and U-Series Isotopes in Manganese Nodules from the Central North Pacific

The exponential decreases with depth of Be10, Th230 and Pa231 in two manganese nodules from the central North Pacific is interpreted in terms of slow growth of the nodules: at average rates of millimeters per million years. We observe in one specimen (Mn 139): Be10-based rate < Th230-based rate < Pa231-based rate. This suggests that diffusion-mixing may have modified the depth gradients of these nuclides, such that the true rate would be close to or even lower than the observed Be10 rate of 1.3 mm/106yr. Quantitative assessment using a diffusion-decay model indicates that in Mn 139, Th230 and Pa231 could have been subjected to diffusion-like transport with an effective diffusion coefficient of ∿ 1x10−8cm2/yr. After correction for this effect, the Th230 and Pa231 data give a concordant rate of 1.9 mm/106yr, about 2–3 times lower than their uncorrected values. The small and variable amounts of integrated dpm/cm2 of Be10, Th ex 230 and Pa ex 231 found in nodules are best explained by their incorporating only a fraction of the nuclides supplied due to frequent coverage by sediments. The alternative explanation of young “exposure” ages is refutable on several grounds. Among these, we show that diffusion of nuclides required by the exposure-age concept yields depth profiles that are not of the commonly observed exponential form.
Piezoelectric Pressure Sensors for Hypersonic Flow Measurements

A microelectromechanical-system piezoelectric pressure sensor targeting hypersonic flow applications is presented. The sensing diaphragms have 500- $\mu \text{m}$ diameter and are comprised of a composite stack of Si, SiO2, and AlN. This paper presents the fabrication and packaging details of the sensor and then presents test results from a Mach-6 hypersonic-flow facility, in which the prototype sensor data are compared against data from a mature commercial sensor present in the same tests. Salient hypersonic-flow features are observed in signals captured by the prototype. The package is comprised of an on-chip two-element array with 650- $\mu \text{m}$ pitch, and signals from the elements captured during hypersonic-flow tests are highly correlated. [2018-0196]
Visiting Closed China

Although Japan had normalized relations with China in 1972, China was under the control of the “Gang of Four” in the 1970s, and was still firmly closed to the outside world. The actual conditions of the Cultural Revolution were still wrapped in mystery. It could be said that for those interested in the sociology of systems, there was no other country that drew as much curiosity.