cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonlocal Trigger-Target Relations

This article argues that an approach to unbounded harmony that enforces restrictions only over adjacent elements undergenerates for patterns with nonlocal trigger-target relations. Such patterns may occur even in cases where assimilation propagates locally, as found in Baiyina Oroqen and Mọba Yoruba. However, a harmony im(perative that is not restricted to adjacent elements is capable of producing these systems, in which a trigger may be related to both adjacent and nonadjacent targets. The appropriate one-to-many relational structure is compatible with Optimality Theory, where well-formedness is evaluated over the entire candidate at once, but it is not consistent with a local iterative spreading rule or an approach using a local spreading constraint, lacking additional constraints on nonlocal dependencies. This study thus identifies a previously unrecognized advantage of analyzing harmony within Optimality Theory, and it signals the necessity for any theory of harmony to handle nonlocal trigger-target ...
OPTICAL ZEEMAN SPECTROSCOPY OF THE (0, 0) A 2Π-X 2Σ+ BAND SYSTEM OF MAGNESIUM HYDRIDE

The Zeeman effect on lines in the (0, 0) A {sup 2}Π-X {sup 2}Σ{sup +} band system of a cold molecular beam sample of magnesium hydride, MgH, has been recorded at high resolution (FWHM ≅60 MHz) and analyzed. The lines associated with the lowest rotational levels are detected for the first time. The field-free spectrum was analyzed to produce spectroscopic parameters for the A {sup 2}Π (v = 0) state. The experimentally observed magnetic tuning of the low-rotational spectral features at field strengths comparable to those found in sunspots is accurately modeled by assuming that the electronic spin and orbital magnetic g-factors, g{sub S} and g{sub L} , of the A {sup 2}Π and X {sup 2}Σ{sup +} states are 2.002 and 1.000, respectively, and g {sub l} is –0.0023 for the X {sup 2}Σ{sup +}.
An Old Argument Against Co-location

I defend an old argument against co-location—the view that human animals are distinct from, but co-located with human persons. The argument is drawn from St. Thomas Aquinas. In order to respond to the argument, co-locationists have to endorse at least one of a trio of claims, none of which is obviously correct. Further, two of the options do not seem to be the sort of positions that should be flowing out of the acceptance of a general metaphysical position. I conclude that co-locationism is more costly than generally thought.
Invasion percolation with memory

Motivated by the problem of finding the minimum threshold path (MTP) in a lattice of elements with random thresholds ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{\mathrm{i}}$, we propose a new class of invasion processes, in which the front advances by minimizing or maximizing the measure ${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{n}}$=${\ensuremath{\sum}}_{\mathrm{i}}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{\mathrm{i}}^{\mathrm{n}}$ for real n. This rule assigns long-time memory to the invasion process. If the rule minimizes ${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{n}}$ (case of minimum penalty), the fronts are stable and connected to invasion percolation in a gradient [J. P. Hulin, E. Clement, C. Baudet, J. F. Gouyet, and M. Rosso, Phys. Rev. Lett. 61, 333 (1988)] but in a correlated lattice, with invasion percolation [D. Wilkinson and J. F. Willemsen, J. Phys. A 16, 3365 (1983)] recovered in the limit |n|=\ensuremath{\infty}. For small n, the MTP is shown to be related to the optimal path of the directed polymer in random media (DPRM) problem [T. Halpin-Healy and Y.-C. Zhang, Phys. Rep. 254, 215 (1995)]. In the large n limit, however, it reduces to the backbone of a mixed site-bond percolation cluster. The algorithm allows for various properties of the MTP and the DPRM to be studied. In the unstable case (case of maximum gain), the front is a self-avoiding random walk.
Bisphosphonate treatment in the oim mouse model alters bone modeling during growth

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a heritable disease, which results from an abnormal amount or structure of Type I collagen. Bisphosphonates, a class of synthetic antiresorptive drugs, used in osteoporosis management, are also used to decrease fracture incidence and improve quality of life in children with OI. In this study, we used the oim mouse to test the hypotheses that pamidronate treatment during active growth (1) produces larger, stronger, stiffer long bone diaphyses without altering bone material properties, and (2) negatively impacts longitudinal bone growth. Our results indicate that femoral cross-sectional moment of inertia in the distal metaphysis tended to increase with pamidronate treatment and that the treated bones are thicker and structurally stiffer, but shorter than their control-dose counterparts.
Antibody-based fiber optic sensors for environmental and process-control applications

Combining fluoroimmunoassay principles and fiber-optic fluorimetry has extended the available transduction schemes for development of fiber-optic sensors. Three representative designs are discussed focusing on a sensor configuration utilizing a controlled-release polymer to sustain a release of indicating reagents over long periods. This novel approach has been adapted for pesticide monitoring. A model system has been designed that releases the reagents of a homogeneous fluoroimmunoassay from an ethylene vinyl acetate polymer for the detection of atrazine. The sensor utilizes a competition reaction between fluorescent-labeled and unlabeled atrazine for the available binding sites on labeled anti-atrazine antibodies.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Electrical and reliability characterization of CuMn self forming barrier interconnects on low-k CDO dielectrics

PVD CuMn self-forming barrier (SFB) approach was investigated on 300mm wafers as an alternative to conventional PVD Ta/Cu metallization. Cu fill on very aggressive dual damascene features targeted for beyond 32nm node was evaluated along with integrated electrical and reliability performance on low-k (k=2.6) interlayer dielectric (ILD).
Software architecture for distributed simulation multimodels

The state of the art in computer simulation involves designing models, facilitating model execution, and analyzing the results. A key problem in modeling is the absence of a common modeling framework for sharing models among distributed researchers and industrial scientists and engineers. Distributed simulation (that is, execution) has received a significant degree of attention in the literature. We find that distributed modeling requires a similar degree of care in its exposition to achieve goals of sharing and reuse. Most models are created to solve a specific problem, and often languish and are discarded, when others need them but can neither find them nor understand them. Model authors not currently have the rich search environment available to those who wish to find remote documents containing key words. On the World Wide Web, one can search for such documents. For simulation, we need a similar capability in searching for models, objects and classes. Unfortunately, no such software architecture or standard exists to achieve this. We present such an architecture and call it the Distributed Modeling Markup Language (DMML). DMML permits specification of three key types of modeling information: 1) conceptual model, defining classes; 2) geometry model, and 3) dynamic model elaborating behaviors. We have studied related standards such as UML, HLA and VHDL and have isolated our contribution as one that yields a general physical object standard for distributed modeling. This standard is robust and general, yet preserves legacy code, so that model authors may reuse code as well as model components. Keywords: Simulation, Dynamic Multimodel, Object-Oriented Modeling, Object Oriented Physical Modeling, Visualization, Model Abstraction, Distributed Modeling, Application Framework
First Report of Tomato spotted wilt virus in Hosta in Florida

Six symptomatic plants were used for diagnosis. Using light microscopy, after staining with Calcomine Orange 2RS/Luxol TM Brilliant Green BL (2), Tospovirus cytoplasmic inclusions were observed in all assayed symptomatic leaves. Diagnosis of TSWV from symptomatic leaves of hosta was confirmed by double-antibody sandwich-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay using a commercially available kit (Agdia Inc., Elkhart, IN). Symptomatic hosta plants produced A405nm readings of 0.596 to 3.500, whereas non-symptomatic hosta plants produced A405nm readings of 0.095 to 0.141 when compared to control wells containing buffer only. Sequence analysis of a nucleocapsid (N) protein gene fragment amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with primers TSWV723 and TSWV722 (1) from total RNA confirmed the diagnosis (Fig. 2). Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of a 579 base pair region of the RT-PCR product were 94 to 99% and 95 to 100% identical, respectively, to TSWV N-gene sequences in GenBank. No product was amplified from non-symptomatic hosta plants. Fig. 1. Spotted wilt symptoms (chlorotic and necrotic spotting and distinctive ring patterns), caused by Tomato spotted wilt virus, on hosta leaf.
Proper subgroup size for statistical process control

This paper deals with an approach for choosing the proper subgroup size for control charts. The approach is particularly appropriate for batch industries where some batch-to-batch variation is to be expected and should be accommodated. It uses two tests to evaluate the proper subgroup sizes. The tests are ANOVA for testing that the process mean is in control and Bartlett's test for testing that the process variance is in control. Besides the two tests the width of the process from measurements based on the selected subgroup size needs to be compared with the desired specification limits. An example is included to illustrate the use of the approach.
Stabilization and Early Degradation of UV-Irradiated Heterophasic Propylene−Ethylene Copolymers Based on ESR, ESR Imaging, UV−Vis, and DSC: Effect of Ethylene Content and UV Wavelength

Heterophasic propylene−ethylene copolymers (HPEC) containing 1 wt % bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl) sebacate (Tinuvin 770) as a hindered amine stabilizer (HAS) were aged by exposure of ≈3 mm thick plaques to UVA and UVB sources in weathering chambers at 318 K. Two types of copolymers, HPEC1 and HPEC2, were examined, which contained 25 and 10 wt % ethylene (E), respectively, as ethylene/propylene rubber (EPR). Spatial and temporal effects of the aging process were studied by electron spin resonance (ESR) and ESR imaging (ESRI) of HAS-derived nitroxide radicals (HAS-NO), by comparison of thermal transitions in original and aged samples using DSC, and by measuring the UV−vis absorption of HPEC films as a function of their thickness. ESR spectra indicated the presence of nitroxide radicals in two amorphous sites, fast (F) and slow (S). The spatial distribution of HAS-NO was obtained by 1D ESRI. Nondestructive (“virtual”) slicing of the 2D spectral−spatial ESR images resulted in a series of ESR spectra ...
Vitamin A deficiency exacerbates murine lyme arthritis

Vitamin A deficiency predisposes the host for a strong inflammatory response, suggesting that it may foster susceptibility to diseases, such as Lyme arthritis, in which activated macrophage and inflammatory cytokine production are pathogenic. Infected mice had a rapid serum retinal decline that correlated with the onset of arthritis. The mice with the least retinol developed acute arthritis earlier and more severely than those with the highest retinol. Earlier and stronger interleukin (IL)-12, interferon-gamma (IFN)-gamma, and tumor necrosis factor responses were found in Borrelia burgdorferi-infected, vitamin A-deficient mice compared with controls. The spirochetes induced IFN-gamma secretion from unprimed cells, and retinoid addition in vitro inhibited IFN-gamma synthesis. Vitamin A deficiency may exacerbate acute Lyme arthritis by enhancing an acute arthritogenic inflammatory response initiated by spirochete-driven IFN-gamma secretion. Conversely, vitamin A may lessen acute Lyme arthritis pathology by blocking IFN-gamma and IL-12 synthesis.
Latent viral infection of cells in tissue culture. III. Role of certain amino acids.

SummaryStudies on the amino acid requirements for the activation of latent infection with psittacosis virus of chick embryo tissues cultivated in vitro revealed that phe-nylalanine and tryptophane are essential to the proliferation of psittacosis virus, while aspartic acid, hydroxyproline, and lysine are not. The importance of host cell metabolism to viral infection is discussed with special reference to the amino acids.
Depth-first heuristic search on a SIMD machine

Abstract We present a parallel implementation of Iterative-Deepening-A∗, a depth-first heuristic search, on the single-instruction, multiple-data (SIMD) Connection Machine ★ . Heuristic search of an irregular tree represents a new application of SIMD machines. The main technical challenge is load balancing, and we explore three different techniques in combination. We also use a simple method for dynamically determining when to stop searching and start load balancing. We achieve an efficiency of 69%, for a speedup of 5685 on 8K processors, an efficiency of 64%, for a speedup of 10,435 on 16K processors, and an efficiency of 53%, for a speedup of 17,300 on 32K processors on the Fifteen Puzzle. On hard problem instances, we achieved efficiencies as high as 80%, for a speedup of 26,215 on 32K processors. Our analysis indicates that work only needs to increase as P log P to maintain constant efficiency, where P is the number of processors. This high degree of scalability was confirmed empirically for the range of 16 to 32,768 (32K) processors.
Bence jones proteins and light chains of immunoglobulins: XVI. Immunochemical recognition of the human lambda light-chain constant-region isotypeMcg

The availability of antisera with specificity forλ light chains which have the Mcg- or the non-Mcg-associated amino acid C-region sequence alternations has made possible our immunochemical differentiation of humanλ chains as Mcg+ or Mcg−. One antiserum, prepared against an Mcg+ λ chain having the Mcg-associated C-region amino acid residues (asparaginyl, threonyl, and lysyl at positions 116, 118, and 167, respectively), had specificity forλ chains with this C-region sequence. A second antiserum, prepared against an Mcg− λ chain having the non-Mcg-associated C-region residues (alanyl, seryl, and threonyl at these same three respective positions), had specificity forλ chains with this alternative type of C-region sequence. Immunodiffusion analyses ofλ chains of known amino acid sequence confirmed their chemical classification as Mcg or non-Mcg in type. No association between a particular V-regionλ-chain subgroup and the Mcg factor was evident. Based on sequence and serological analyses, ∼ 11 percent ofλ light chains have the Mcg-related C-region sequence alternations. The immunochemical recognition of both Mcg+ and Mcg− light chains isolated from the IgG of normal individuals corroborated the isotypic nature of the Mcg factor. Despite the fact that the Mcg-related substitutions are in the Cλ, the loss of Mcg antigenicity upon cleavage of Mcg+ and Mcg− λ chains into VL and CL indicates that the intact light polypeptide chain is essential for expression of the Mcg antigenic factor.
Neutron-nucleus total and inelastic cross-sections - 900 to 2600 mev/c

Total cross sections have been measured for neutrons on 16 targets: 12 selected elements, muscle-tissue-equivalent plastic, water, shielding concrete, and plastic scintillator. The momenta of the incident neutrons 900 to 2600 $\frac{\mathrm{MeV}}{c}$ were determined by time of flight. Over-all uncertainties are of the order of 5%. The dependence of the total cross sections on the atomic weight of the targets can be approximated by an ${A}^{\ensuremath{\beta}}$ law, where $\ensuremath{\beta}$ varies with momentum from 0.72 to 0.84. The momentum dependence of the cross sections is found to be similar to that of neutron-proton cross sections. Results and similar analyses are also presented for total inelastic cross sections.
Two interpretations of the pre-established harmony in the philosophy of Leibniz

Leibniz's doctrine of the pre-established harmony is among the most familiar of his philosophical views. But it is not as well understood as its familiarity may suggest. To mention just two problems: (i) metaphor and analogy bear considerable weight in many of Leibniz's prominent statements of the doctrine for example, the metaphor of harmony between or among substances, and the analogy of the two clocks; and (ii) a key example for explaining the pre-established harmony among all substances, namely the example of the pre-established harmony of mind and body, is defective in the way a number of Leibniz's examples are defective: they appeal to popular, but not necessarily Leibnizian, conceptions.1 All this is not to say that one cannot gain a reasonably deep understanding of Leibniz's pre-established harmony. But it is to introduce a word of caution the task may not be as simple as the familiarity of the doctrine suggests. An example of the unclarity associated with the pre-established har mony is provided by the central question of this paper, a question that one might have supposed would have a fairly straightforward, long-accepted answer. A rough and ready formulation of it is this: Does the pre-established harmony, as Leibniz states it, presuppose that each individual substance is an internally determined system, in which each of its non-initial states is determined by prior states of the same sub stance? Let me confess at the outset that I previously thought the answer to this question was yes. I think many others view or viewed the matter similarly. Briefly put, the idea is that a world of finite substances is created so skillfully by God that each created substance, although operating entirely independently from all the others, runs its internally determined course in perfect correspondence with the others, without need of any divine alterations or adjustments after the moment of creation.2
IT Infrastructure to Enable Next Generation Enterprises

Next Generation Enterprises (NGEs) rely on automation, mobility, real-time business activity monitoring, agility, and self-service over widely distributed operations to conduct business. It is important to study and analyze such enterprises because they will drive the future industry and job markets. This paper gives a quick overview of NGEs and proposes a conceptual framework for analyzing the IT infrastructure needed to support the NGEs. A systematic discussion and analysis of key building blocks, their interrelationships, and main trends is presented with an emphasis on monitoring and split-second reaction times needed across widely distributed business units of such enterprises.
Contrasting Effects of 1,1,1-Trichloroethane on [14C] Vinyl Chloride Metabolism and Activation in Hepatic Microsomes from Phenobarbital- and Isoniazid-Treated Rats

The interaction of 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCE), a widely used chlorocarbon solvent, on the metabolism and activation of [14C]-vinyl chloride in rat hepatic microsomes was investigated to determine the effects of combined exposures to these compounds. In microsomes from phenobarbital (PB)-treated rats, TCE increased vinyl chloride-protein binding and vinyl chloride aqueous metabolite formation over twofold when vinyl chloride 0.32% (v/v) and TCE (0.65%) are incubated together. In contrast, under similar incubation conditions, TCE inhibited vinyl chloride metabolism and protein binding up to 45% in microsomes from isoniazid-treated animals. TCE also inhibited vinyl chloride metabolism and binding in microsomes from untreated rats, but to a lesser degree. Like the effect of TCE on vinyl chloride-protein binding, TCE increased vinyl chloride binding to DNA approximately 130% in microsomes from PB-treated rats, yet inhibited vinyl chloride-DNA binding in microsomes from isoniazid-treated and untreated animals. Consistent with TCE effects on vinyl chloride binding and aqueous metabolite production, TCE further increased cytochrome P450 loss due to vinyl chloride metabolism in microsomes from PB-treated rats, but was inhibitory to cytochrome P450 loss due to vinyl chloride metabolism in microsomes from isoniazid-treated and untreated rats. These data demonstrate that the relatively metabolically inert solvent, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, can directly increase vinyl chloride metabolism and activation catalyzed by the phenobarbital-inducible isozymes, but is inhibitory toward vinyl chloride metabolism catalyzed by the isoniazid-inducible CYP2E1.
Transmission Mössbauer spectroscopy on pulsed-laser-deposited thick CoFe2O4 films

57Fe Mossbauer spectra of pulsed-laser deposited (PLD) films of CoFe2O4 of 0.3 µm thickness is investigated using transmission geometry is reported. Mossbauer parameters were determined for the tetrahedral (A) and octahedral (B) sites. The PLD processed films gave measurable spectra with no visible evidence of clustering or multiple phases present. Results on the films agreed with those of the bulk material. The films exhibited magnetic hyperfine and quadruple splittings similar to that of bulk CoFe2O4. This work demonstrates that measurable transmission Mossbauer spectra may be obtained for PLD deposited CoFe2O4 thick films.
Application of Low-Temperature Thermochronometry to Extensional Tectonic Settings

Extension and associated tectonic exhumation have been described across a diverse spectrum of geodynamic environments, ranging from lithospheric-scale extension along divergent plate margins to extensional faulting within compressional orogenic belts. Normal faulting structurally dominates extensional tectonic environments such as passive continental margins, intra-continental extensional provinces and rifts, extensional back-arc basins, and mid-oceanic ridge inside corner extensional systems. In addition, structural domains characterized by normal faulting or extensional crustal attenuation commonly occur within collisional orogens and within transcurrent deformation belts. Numerous studies over the past decades have investigated extensional faulting in these different extensional tectonic environments to elucidate the architecture of extensional fault systems, the driving forces associated with crustal or lithospheric extension, and the timing and rates of extensional tectonic processes. Many important aspects of extensional tectonics remain controversial, such as (1) the forces driving initiation of extension and rifting and their variation through time (e.g., Jones et al. 1996; Atwater and Stock 1998), (2) the parameters controlling the temporal and spatial distribution of extensional strain in the lithosphere (e.g., Buck 1991; Kusznir and Park 2002), (3) the factors influencing the geometry, kinematics, and mechanics of extensional fault systems (e.g., Wernicke and Burchfiel 1982; Jackson and White 1989; Buck 1991), (4) the role of magmatism during extensional faulting (e.g., Sengor and Burke 1978; Gans et al. 1989; Armstrong and Ward 1991; Axen et al. 1993), and (5) the interplay between extensional tectonism, erosion, and sedimentation in evolving extensional provinces (e.g., Ehlers et al. 2001, 2003). One of the primary hurdles in resolving many of these questions has been the lack of constraints on the timing and rates of geological processes accommodating extension. Traditionally, the most direct way to assess the timing of normal faulting has been to date stratigraphic or intrusive/extrusive …
First‐principles pseudo potential calculation for obtaining the (ns) energy levels of the k atom

The energies of the (4s), (5s), and (6s) states of the valence electron in the K atom were calculated by making use of a pseudo potential based on recently obtained variational solutions of the Thomas-Fermi equation for neutral atoms, and positive ions. Trial wave functions with appropriate parameters were chosen for the valence electron and then the energies of the respective states minimized using the pseudo Hamiltonian. The exchange interaction between the K+ core and the valence electron, and the polarization of the K+ core by the valence electron, have also been considered as perturbations, the former for all of the states and the latter for the ground state only. Comparison of the calculated (4s) ground state and the (5s) and (6s) excited states energies, for instance, with the experimental values shows an agreement of about 5% for the former and about 1% for the latter. It is concluded that the procedure outlined is a promising one in dealing with problems involving a highly excited electron outside of a closed-shell ion core, a system for which a more exact quantum-mechanical treatment would be much more difficult.
Aquaporin-2 transcript is differentially regulated by dietary salt in Sprague-Dawley and Dahl SS/Jr rats.

Aquaporin-2 (AQP-2) is a vasopressin-regulated water channel in the kidney collecting duct. AQP-2 transcript has been identified by transcriptional profiling of rat kidneys as being regulated by dietary salt. We compared renal AQP-2 transcript expression in Sprague–Dawley and Dahl salt-sensitive (SS/Jr) rats using real-time RT-PCR. Expression of AQP-2 transcript is 5-fold less (P<0.01) in the Sprague–Dawley and 3-fold greater in Dahl SS/Jr rats (P<0.01) on high versus basal NaCl diets. The AQP-2 coded sequence was identical in Sprague–Dawley and Dahl SS/Jr rats. The present results provide evidence that: (1)AQP-2 plays a role in salt adaptation and (2) regulation of aquaporin transcript expression by salt is altered in the Dahl SS/Jr rat.
Descartes and the tree of knowledge

Descartes' image of the tree of knowledge from the preface to the French edition of the Principles of Philosophy is usually taken to represent Descartes' break with the past and with the fragmentation of knowledge of the schools. But if Descartes' tree of knowledge is analyzed in its proper context, another interpretation emerges. A series of contrasts with other classifications of knowledge from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries raises some puzzles: claims of originality and radical break from the past do not seem warranted. Further contrasts with Descartes' unpublished writings and with school doctrines lead to the ironic conclusion that, in the famous passage, Descartes is attempting to appeal to conventional wisdom and trying to avoid sounding novel.
Thermodynamic comparison of monomeric and polymeric C18 bonded phases using aqueous methanol and acetonitrile mobile phases

Abstract The results of a thermodynamic comparison of the retention of four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on a monomeric and a polymeric reversed-phase column using methanol and acetonitrile are presented. The results are discussed in terms of enthalpic and relative entropic contributions to overall retention.
Intermittent Hepatic Vein Balloon Occlusion During Radiofrequency Ablation in the Liver

The purpose of the study was to assess the feasibility of intermittent hepatic vein balloon occlusion during percutaneous radiofrequency (RF) ablation. Eight non-anticoagulated patients who had primary (n = 2) and metastatic (n = 6) liver tumors with a mean diameter of 4.2 cm (range 2.4-6.5 cm) were treated, resulting in a mean ablation diameter of 6.3 cm (range 4.3-9.3 cm). Six of 9 (67%) of the balloon-occluded hepatic veins were patent. No clinical sequelae of thrombosis were noted. Mean length of follow-up with CT and/or MRI was 12 months. Local tumor control was achieved in 5 of 8 patients. Intermittent hepatic vein balloon occlusion could potentially be a low-risk adjunctive maneuver for thermal ablation therapy in the treatment of large tumors and tumors adjacent to large vessels.
The use of hyperspectral remote sensing to assess vascular plant species richness on Horn Island, Mississippi

Abstract Relationships of plant species richness with spectral indices derived from airborne hyperspectral image data were evaluated for several habitat-types on Horn Island, Mississippi, northern Gulf of Mexico. A 126-band hyperspectral data cube of Horn Island acquired by the HyMap imaging system covered the 450–2500 nm spectrum at a 3 m Ground Sample Distance (GSD). Reflectance spectra were extracted from 5–11 HyMap pixels representing each of 95, 15-m vegetation line transects that were established randomly on the island. In simple regressions, no index related to richness when data from all habitat-types were combined. However, a number of reflectance and spectral derivative indices related significantly (p ≤ 0.05) with richness when habitat-types were considered separately. Only those indices which passed a fidelity test based on the consistency of index response to changes in plant and environmental moisture were selected as potentially reliable indicators of richness. Transect coefficient of variation (CV) for R1056/R966 and R920/R834 related negatively with richness in meadows and transition zones, respectively. The CV of R951/R1100 and R904 related negatively with woodland richness. Negative regression slopes, field observations and spectral mixtures indicated that richness in these habitats declined with increased bare soil exposure. In marsh habitat, positive relationships of richness with mean R618/R2475 or the CV of R514/R2459 were explained by the increasing presence and patchy distribution of broadleaved vegetation in the progression from wetter, low-richness sites to slightly-elevated, higher-richness sites. Present results combined with those of a previous grassland study suggested that remotely-sensed indicators of soil exposure may be generally useful in the assessment of plant species richness in mesic habitats.
Asymmetric learning to avoid heterospecific males in Mesocricetus hamsters

If a female mates with a male of a closely related species, her fitness is likely to decline. Consequently, females may develop behavioral mechanisms to avoid mating with heterospecific males. In some species, one such mechanism is for adult females to learn to discriminate against heterospecific males after exposure to such males. We have previously shown that adult, female Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) learn to discriminate against male Turkish hamsters (Mesocricetus brandti) after exposure to a single heterospecific male during 8 days across a wire-mesh barrier. Here we repeated that experiment but this time we exposed female Turkish hamsters to a male Syrian hamster for 8 days and then measured sexual and aggressive behaviors towards that heterospecific male and towards a conspecific male. In contrast to female Syrian hamsters, female Turkish hamsters did not differ in their latency to go into lordosis or in any measure of aggression towards either type of male. Female Turkish hamsters spent less time in lordosis with the heterospecific male, but the percentage of trials in which females copulated with conspecific and heterospecific males did not differ. When comparing females from both species that had been exposed to a heterospecific male for 8 days, female Syrian hamsters copulated less and were more aggressive towards the heterospecific male compared to the behavior of female Turkish hamsters. We discuss how this asymmetric response between females of the two species may be due to the much larger geographical range of Turkish hamsters compared to Syrian hamsters.
Erosion by rivers and transport pathways in the ocean: A provenance tool using 40Ar‐39Ar incremental heating on fine‐grained sediment

(measured from 39 Ar and 37 Ar, respectively) are consistent with typical values for K- and Ca-bearing minerals. Calculations show that the bulk mineralogy is reflected in the outgassing K/Ca spectra and identify plagioclase as the dominant mineral contributing to the plateau-defining portion of the age spectra. A second model predicts bulk sediment ages from integrated bedrock cooling age-area estimates in order to examine whether bulk sediment plateau ages are representative of the average cooling age of rocks from a given river basin. Calculated and observed ages are notably similar in three river basins when topographic and lithologic effects are accounted for. Overall, this technique shows considerable promise, not only in tracking individual terrigenous sources in the marine realm but also for understanding processes such as erosion and sediment transport in terrestrial systems.
The effects of antecedent physical activity on the academic engagement of children with autism spectrum disorder

A multiple baseline design was used to examine the effects of participation in antecedent physical activity on the academic engagement of four elementary-school children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The results indicated large effect sizes for academic engaged time for all four students. It was suggested that physical activity in the form of something as simple to implement as jogging may be efficacious in promoting academic achievement for students diagnosed with ASD. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Biotransformation and disposition of testosterone in the eastern mud snail Ilyanassa obsoleta.

Abstract Elevated testosterone levels have been reported to be associated with imposex (pseudohermaphroditism), the superimposition of male characteristics such as a penis and vas deferens on female gonachoristic snails. Tributyltin (TBT), a marine biocide in anti-fouling paints, is a known causal agent of imposex. Evidence suggests that imposex is elicited by TBT-mediated changes in the biotransformation and disposition of testosterone. To identify potential targets of TBT in gastropod species susceptible to imposex, biotransformation and disposition of testosterone in normal individuals must first be characterized. Nonimposex mud snail, Ilyanassa obsoleta, readily extracted [ 14 C]testosterone, added to aqueous media, and converted the testosterone to at least five apolar conjugates designated AP1 through AP5. All were retained by the organisms. No significant amount of [ 14 C]testosterone was retained or eliminated as polar metabolites. Following enzymatic hydrolysis of the most abundant metabolite (AP1), free fatty acids and [ 14 C]testosterone were liberated. Furthermore, AP1 was produced when homogenized snail tissue was incubated with [ 14 C]testosterone and oleoyl coenzyme A or palmitoyl coenzyme A. These results indicate that AP1, which represents over 70% of the testosterone biotransformation products, is a fatty acid ester of testosterone. Apolar metabolites AP2–AP5 might represent testosterone derivatives that are multiply conjugated to fatty acid molecules. Fatty acid conjugates of testosterone have not been previously described in the gastropods. The esterification of testosterone to fatty acids might be a mechanism where by steroid titers are regulated and could represent a target of TBT toxicity.
Professional and Hospital DISCRIMINATION and the US Court of Appeals Fourth Circuit 1956–1967

A series of court cases litigated by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Legal Defense and Education Fund between 1956 and 1967 laid the foundation for elimination of overt discrimination in hospitals and professional associations. The landmark case, Simkins v Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital (1963), challenged the use of public funds to expand segregated hospital care. The second case, Cypress v Newport News Hospital Association (1967), reaffirmed the federal government's application of Medicare certification guidelines to force hospitals to open up patient admissions, education programs, and staff privileges to all citizens and physicians. Pursuit of a legal strategy against racist policies was an essential element in a national campaign to eliminate discrimination in health care delivery in the United States.
Highly Phosphorylated FOXO3A Is an Adverse Prognostic Factor in Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Purpose: The Forkhead transcription factors ( FOXO ) are tumor suppressor genes regulating differentiation, metabolism, and apoptosis that functionally interact with signal transduction pathways shown to be deregulated and prognostic in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). This study evaluated the level of expression and the prognostic relevance of total and phosphorylated FOXO3A protein in AML. Experimental Design: We used reverse-phase protein array methods to measure the level of total and phosphoprotein expression of FOXO3A, in leukemia-enriched protein samples from 511 newly diagnosed AML patients. Results: The expression range was similar to normal CD34+ cells and similar in blood and marrow. Levels of total FOXO3A were higher at relapse compared with diagnosis. Levels of pFOXO3A or the ratio of phospho to total (PT) were not associated with karyotpe but were higher in patients with FLT3 mutations. Higher levels of pFOXO3A or PT-FOXO3A were associated with increased proliferation evidenced by strong correlation with higher WBC, percent marrow, and blood blasts and by correlation with higher levels of Cyclins B1, D1 and D3, pGSK3, pMTOR, and pStat5. Patients with High levels of pFOXO3A or PT-FOXO3A had higher rates of primary resistance and shorter remission durations, which combine to cause an inferior survival experience ( P = 0.0002). This effect was independent of cytogenetics. PT-FOXO3A was a statistically significant independent predictor in multivariate analysis. Conclusions: High levels of phosphorylation of FOXO3A is a therapeutically targetable, independent adverse prognostic factor in AML. Clin Cancer Res; 16(6); 1865–74
Automatic detection of omissions in medication lists

Objective Evidence suggests that the medication lists of patients are often incomplete and could negatively affect patient outcomes. In this article, the authors propose the application of collaborative filtering methods to the medication reconciliation task. Given a current medication list for a patient, the authors employ collaborative filtering approaches to predict drugs the patient could be taking but are missing from their observed list. Design The collaborative filtering approach presented in this paper emerges from the insight that an omission in a medication list is analogous to an item a consumer might purchase from a product list. Online retailers use collaborative filtering to recommend relevant products using retrospective purchase data. In this article, the authors argue that patient information in electronic medical records, combined with artificial intelligence methods, can enhance medication reconciliation. The authors formulate the detection of omissions in medication lists as a collaborative filtering problem. Detection of omissions is accomplished using several machine-learning approaches. The effectiveness of these approaches is evaluated using medication data from three long-term care centers. The authors also propose several decision-theoretic extensions to the methodology for incorporating medical knowledge into recommendations. Results Results show that collaborative filtering identifies the missing drug in the top-10 list about 40e50% of the time and the therapeutic class of the missing drug 50%e65% of the time at the three clinics in this study. Conclusion Results suggest that collaborative filtering can be a valuable tool for reconciling medication lists, complementing currently recommended process-driven approaches. However, a one-size-fits-all approach is not optimal, and consideration should be given to context (eg, types of patients and drug regimens) and consequence (eg, the impact of omission on outcomes).
The Clinical Narrative

This chapter discusses text processing of the clinical narrative portion of the electronic medical record. This is somewhat different from the general information retrieval (IR) problem, as the goal of processing the clinical narrative is usually the extraction of data for use in patient care, research, or quality assurance. However, there is increasing interest in this area, and it shares many techniques with IR and natural language processing (NLP) in particular.
Work in Progress: Understanding Discomfort: Student Responses to Self-Direction

The literature consistently reports that students express some degree of discomfort when they are thrown into self-directed learning environments. In this paper, we present the preliminary results of an investigation of the causes of student discomfort in several different self-directed project-based courses. Our results suggest that student motivation and opportunities for the development of deep understanding and transferable skills are important in creating a positive self-directed learning experience. Negative experiences and student discomfort in self-directed environments may stem from problems with self-regulation, low self-perceptions of content learning, lack of personal engagement with the topic, and difficulties related to the social learning environment.
Platelets Contribute to Allograft Rejection through Glutamate Receptor Signaling

Platelets recruit leukocytes and mediate interactions between leukocytes and endothelial cells. Platelets have been long described as markers of transplant rejection, but the contribution of platelets to transplant rejection has not been critically examined. We demonstrate in this study that following T cell initiation of allograft rejection, platelets contribute to T cell recruitment and increased plasma inflammatory mediators and accelerate T cell-meditated skin graft rejection. Prior work from our laboratory has shown that platelets secrete glutamate when activated, which then induces platelet thromboxane production by signaling through platelet-expressed ionotropic glutamate receptors. Glutamate receptor antagonists therefore represent, to our knowledge, novel inhibitors of platelet-accelerated inflammation. We have found that plasma glutamate is increased in mice that receive skin grafts and that mice treated with glutamate receptor antagonists have improved graft survival and decreased plasma thromboxane, platelet factor 4 (CXCL4), and IFN-γ. Taken together, our work now demonstrates that subsequent to T cell initiation of skin graft rejection, platelets contribute to further T cell recruitment and that by blunting glutamate-mediated platelet activation, graft survival is improved.
Precision and Variability in Bacterial Temperature Sensing

In Escherichia coli, the ratio of the two most abundant chemoreceptors, Tar/Tsr, has become the focus of much attention in bacterial taxis studies. This ratio has been shown to change under various growth conditions and to determine the response of the bacteria to the environment. Here, we present a study that makes a quantitative link between the ratio Tar/Tsr and the favored temperature of the cell in a temperature gradient and in various chemical environments. From the steady-state density-profile of bacteria with one dominant thermo-sensor, Tar or Tsr, we deduce the response function of each receptor to temperature changes. Using the response functions of both receptors, we determine the relationship between the favored tem- perature of wild-type bacteria with mixed clusters of receptors and the receptor ratio. Our model is based on the assumption that the behavior of a wild-type bacterium in a temperature gradient is determined by a linear combination of the independent re- sponses of the two receptors, factored by the receptor's relative abundance in the bacterium. This is confirmed by comparing our model predictions with measurements of the steady-state density-profile of several bacterial populations in a temperature gradient. Our results reveal that the density-profile of wild-type bacteria can be accurately described by measuring the distribu- tion of the ratio Tar/Tsr in the population, which is then used to divide the population into groups with distinct Tar/Tsr values, whose behavior can be described in terms of independent Gaussian distributions. Each of these Gaussians is centered about the favored temperature of the subpopulation, which is determined by the receptor ratio, and has a width defined by the temper- ature-dependent speed and persistence time.
Changes in transitional snowfall season length in northern Eurasia

[1] An earlier study suggested that snow season length over large parts of northern Eurasia has increased due to earlier dates of first snowfall and later dates of last snowfall during 1937–94. In this study, much smaller increases in the length of continuous snow cover have been found over very limited areas of northern Eurasia, while decreases in continuous snow cover have been found over southern Siberia. The transitional snowfall season, defined by the difference between the first (last) snowfall date and the first (last) date of continuous ground snow cover, showed significant increases over much of Siberia. The increase in spring transitional snowfall season length is partly attributable to a later last snowfall date and partially due to earlier disappearance of continuous snow cover. The increase in fall transitional snowfall season length is mostly attributable to an earlier starting date of first snowfall.
When Regulatory Requirements Conflict with Ethical Study Design: The Case of Oral Ondansetron

(1994). When Regulatory Requirements Conflict with Ethical Study Design: The Case of Oral Ondansetron. Cancer Investigation: Vol. 12, No. 6, pp. 654-656.
Propagation prediction models for wireless communication systems

A comprehensive review of the propagation prediction models for terrestrial wireless communication systems is presented in this paper. The classic empirical models are briefly described and the focus is placed on the application of ray-tracing techniques to the development of deterministic propagation models. Schemes to increase the computational efficiency and accuracy are discussed. Traditional statistical models are also briefly reviewed for completeness. New challenges to the propagation prediction are described and some new approaches for meeting these challenges are presented.
Tip steering for fast imaging in AFM

In atomic force microscopy a sharp tip, supported by a cantilevered beam and interacting locally with a sample, is raster-scanned over a surface to build a three dimensional image. Typical scan times are on the order of minutes or longer, depending on the size, resolution, and image quality desired. For a variety of reasons it is of great interest to reduce the time to gather an image. One of the most exciting applications is the imaging in real time of dynamic phenomena such as the motion of single molecules in molecular biology. In many cases the sample to be imaged is string-like, such as nanowires, actin, and DNA strands. In this case most of the imaging time is wasted gathering data about the substrate rather than about the sample. In this work we propose a high-level control algorithm to steer the tip along the string, thereby imaging only the area directly around the sample. This approach focuses the resolution directly where desired and greatly reduces the time to gather an image by reducing the area to be scanned. Depending on the sample, an order of magnitude or better improvement in the imaging time can be achieved. As the algorithm makes no demands on the low level control of the tip it can be combined with approaches aimed at increasing the allowed scanning speed, resulting in even greater reductions in the imaging time. Furthermore, the chances of damaging the tip due to interaction with stray particles on the substrate is greatly reduced since the tip is kept near to the sample. In addition to a simulation study, we present a physical experiment in which a carbon nanotube is imaged using an atomic force microscope controlled by the tip-steering algorithm. To the authors knowledge this is the first reported instance of an image obtained by such high-level feedback control.