cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of excited-state energy transfer in arrays of hydroporphyrins (chlorins, oxochlorins) versus porphyrins: rates, mechanisms, and design criteria.

A set of chlorin−chlorin and oxochlorin−oxochlorin dyads has been prepared with components in the same or different metalation states. In each case a 4,4‘-diphenylethyne linker spans the respective 10-position of each macrocycle. The dyads have been studied using static and time-resolved absorption and emission spectroscopy, resonance Raman spectroscopy, and electrochemical techniques. Excited-state energy transfer from a zinc chlorin to a free-base (Fb) chlorin occurs with a rate constant of (110 ps)-1 and an efficiency of 93%; similar values of (140 ps)-1 and 83% are found for the corresponding oxochlorin dyad. Energy transfer in both dyads is slower and less efficient than found previously for the analogous porphyrin dyad, which displays a rate of (24 ps)-1 and a yield of 99%. The slower rates and diminished efficiencies in the ZnFb chlorin and oxochlorin dyads versus the ZnFb porphyrin dyad are attributed to substantially weaker linker-mediated through-bond (TB) electron-exchange coupling (as indicate...
A system for graphic representation during stereotaxic procedures.

Abstract A method is presented wherein the attachment of linear potentiometers to the electrode carrier of a standard Stereotaxic headholder permits the use of a reference voltage and an X-Y recorder to generate rapid, accurate graphic representations of various neural structures within the field of the electrode. The method is described in application to studies in rat and cat.
Recent results from AHI: a LWIR hyperspectral imager

The University of Hawaii AHI LWIR hyperspectral sensor has been in active use for several years. Since previous publications the sensor characteristics have evolved, and new applications have been encountered. This paper reviews the current status of the sensor and its characteristics, reviews a gas detection experiment conducted using natural sulfur dioxide emitted from a Hawaiian volcano, and test images from a hyperspectral polarization upgrade.
Tuning the Contour Lengths and Persistence Lengths of Cationic Micelles: The Role of Electrostatics and Specific Ion Binding

Small-angle scattering has been used to obtain detailed information on micellar contour lengths and persistence lengths, a measure of micellar flexibility, for mixed micelles of cetyltrimethylammonium 2,6-dichlorobenzoate and cetyltrimethylammonium chloride in water as a function of surfactant and salt concentrations and the relative amounts of the two counterions (the counterion inventory) at the micellar surface. Increasing amounts at the surface of the penetrating counterion of the pair, 2,6-dichlorobenzoate, lowers the 1D bending modulus of the micelles, making them more flexible. Micellar contour lengths exhibit a maximum with increasing amounts of 2,6-dichlorobenzoate at the micellar surface. This is understood in terms of decreases in the micellar end-cap energies, Ec, at high concentrations of penetrating counterion. By decreasing the effective micellar surface charge density, penetrating counterions also cause decreased contributions from electrostatic repulsion, Ee, which retard micellar growth....
Instructional technology: A tool or a panacea?

It is time to recognize that educational technology cannot be considered a panacea for educational reform. Technology, when properly used, can be a very effective tool for improving and enhancing instruction and learning experiences in the content areas. However, incorporation of electronic tools, such as computers and videodiscs, into classrooms must be accompanied by systemic change in the educational process. Successful utilization of technology depends on how we provide teachers with the necessary environment for training, tools for instruction, and technology evaluation skills. This paper examines some of the misuses of technology and then explores the appropriate use of technology in the context of current educational reform. The focus is on the integration of technology in the educational process that provides a learning environment allowing discovery and creativity through the use of computer visualizations. The teacher is seen as the essential element, requiring a solid foundation in the general applications of technology, and the ability to evaluate and select systems that are effective and efficient for specific applications.
Evaluation of thermal energy storage devices for advanced solar dynamic systems

The work described in this paper addresses the thermal performance of three concepts for thermal energy storage as applied to solar dynamic applications. It is recognized that designs proving large thermal gradients or large temperature swings during orbit are susceptible to early mechanical failure. Concepts incorporating heat pipe technology may encounter operational limitations over sufficiently large ranges. By reviewing the thermal performance of basic designs the relative merits of the basic concepts are to be compared. In addition, the effect of thermal enhancement and metal utilization as applied to each design provides a partial characterization of the performance improvements to be achieved by developing these technologies.
Effect of Metabolic Alterations on the Accumulation of Technetium-99m-Labeled d, l-HMPAO in Slices of Rat Cerebral Cortex

It is widely recognized that the distribution of technetium-99m-labeled d,l-hexamethylpropylene amine oxime (99mTc-HMPAO) in the brain is determined by the regional blood flow. However, other factors may affect this process including the metabolism of the brain tissue. To examine this possibility we studied the effects of metabolic alterations on 99mTc-HMPAO uptake in rat brain cortex slices, with concurrent measurement of oxygen consumption (QO2). 99mTc-HMPAO uptake was determined by incubating slices of rat cerebral cortex at 37 degrees C in Krebs-Ringer phosphate glucose medium containing 99mTc-HMPAO with and without test substances. Differential gradients for 99mTc activity between the tissue and the suspending medium (T/M ratio) were derived from the equation T/M[99mTc] = counts per gram of tissue/counts per milliliter of medium. The QO2 of the brain slices was measured using a biological oxygen monitor equipped with a polarographic oxygen probe. Inhibitors affecting oxidative phosphorylation caused parallel suppression of the T/M ratio and QO2. Agents that uncouple oxidation from phosphorylation increased the QO2 and decreased the T/M ratio. Incubation of slices at 22 degrees C depressed the T/M ratio and QO2. The presence of inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation in the incubation medium increased the release of 99mTc activity from slices that had been prelabeled with 99mTc-HMPAO. These findings suggest that the altered metabolic status of the brain tissue modulates the kinetics and net accumulation of 99mTc-HMPAO at the cellular level by either depressing uptake, increasing back-diffusion, or both.
Local and interfacial damage analysis of metal matrix composites using the finite element method

Abstract A micromechanical damage composite model is used here such that separate local evolution damage relations are used for each of the matrix and fiber. In addition, this is coupled with interfacial damage between the matrix and fiber exclusively. An overall response is linked to these damage relations through a certain homogenization procedure. A finite element analysis is used for quantifying each type of damage and predicting the failure loads of dog-bone shaped specimen and center-cracked laminate metal matrix composite plates. The development of damage zones and the stress-strain response are shown for two types of laminated layups, a (0/90) s layup and a (±45) s layup.
The outlook for cosmic company.

: The last 100 million years or so has seen a continued increase in encephalization for several terrestrial species. Intelligence has survival value. Developments in astrobiology suggest that what was once considered enormously improbable, namely life, is now suspected of being ubiquitous. It may be that the evolution of intelligence is unlikely, but in a finite, breathtakingly large universe (1022 stars) small probability likely does not matter. Even if nature is indifferent to producing intelligence, SETI might still succeed. Biological intelligence may be rare, but it has the potential for creating engineered synthetic intelligence, capable of rapid and directed self-evolution. The galaxy could be rife with such long-lived, communicating devices, even if intelligent protoplasm is both rare and fleeting. SETI is looking for narrow-band, microwave signals that are not produced naturally. Ultimately, SETI is more exploration than experimentation.
Market Complicity and Christian Ethics, by Albino Barrera, Cambridge University Press: New York, 2011, xii + 312 pp. ISBN 978 1 107 00315 6, US$88.00 (hardback)

Market Complicity and Christian Ethics, by Albino Barrera, Cambridge University Press: New York, 2011, xii + 312 pp. ISBN 978 1 107 00315 6, US$88.00 (hardback) Albino Barrera combines his expansiv...
Coulomb Energies in Disordered Alloys and Improvements on the Coherent Potential Approximation

Order-N calculations of the electronic states of models of random substitutional Cu-Zn alloys have been carried out. By analyzing the results, new general features that are characteristic of the Coulomb energies of alloys have been discovered. This article shows how they compare with other models of alloys that have been discussed in the literature. The most important consequence of these calculations is the new insight that they give into the nature of the Coulomb energy in the density functional theory.
Microstructural evolution in si 1−x Ge x :H thin films for photovoltaic applications

The growth of hydrogenated silicon germanium alloy (Si 1−x Ge x :H) films by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) has been investigated using real time spectroscopic ellipsometry (RTSE) to understand the effect of incorporated Ge on the relationship between the evolution of microcrystallinity and the optical properties, the latter in the form of the complex dielectric function spectra (e = e 1 + ie 2 ). The motivation is to explore the variations in the growth and properties of microcrystalline alloy films that arise due to Ge incorporation in materials suitable for integration into thin film Si:H based photovoltaic devices. Variations in the microcrystal evolution and the optical properties of microcrystalline silicon germanium (μc-Si 1−x Ge x :H) are extracted from films that initially nucleate microcrystallites from the amorphous phase at a thickness near 100–200 A for alloy films spanning from Si:H to Ge:H. Although an increase in absorption is observed for the alloys, low Ge content films do not show the critical point features characteristic of crystalline Ge. Transmission electron micrographs (TEMs), the microstructural evolution obtained from RTSE, and a conical growth model for microcrystallites have been used to identify the average microcrystallite nucleation density and cone half angle. Monotonic decreases in the cone half angle with increasing Ge content are observed, indicating a reduced difference between the growth rates of the amorphous and microcrystalline phases with higher Ge incorporation. Also the nucleation density is lower in the alloy films with higher incorporation of Ge, which is consistent with a weaker tendency for microcrystallite formation expected on a more disordered alloy substrate.
Ways to Explore Information Content of Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Data

A principal component (PC) analysis will be used to analyze the information content of hyperspectral remote sensing data based on a priori information, data error, and Jacobians.
Kinesin Light Chain 1 Suppression Impairs Human Embryonic Stem Cell Neural Differentiation and Amyloid Precursor Protein Metabolism

The etiology of sporadic Alzheimer disease (AD) is largely unknown, although evidence implicates the pathological hallmark molecules amyloid beta (Aβ) and phosphorylated Tau. Work in animal models suggests that altered axonal transport caused by Kinesin-1 dysfunction perturbs levels of both Aβ and phosphorylated Tau in neural tissues, but the relevance of Kinesin-1 dependent functions to the human disease is unknown. To begin to address this issue, we generated human embryonic stem cells (hESC) expressing reduced levels of the kinesin light chain 1 (KLC1) Kinesin-1 subunit to use as a source of human neural cultures. Despite reduction of KLC1, undifferentiated hESC exhibited apparently normal colony morphology and pluripotency marker expression. Differentiated neural cultures derived from KLC1-suppressed hESC contained neural rosettes but further differentiation revealed obvious morphological changes along with reduced levels of microtubule-associated neural proteins, including Tau and less secreted Aβ, supporting the previously established connection between KLC1, Tau and Aβ. Intriguingly, KLC1-suppressed neural precursors (NPs), isolated using a cell surface marker signature known to identify cells that give rise to neurons and glia, unlike control cells, failed to proliferate. We suggest that KLC1 is required for normal human neural differentiation, ensuring proper metabolism of AD-associated molecules APP and Tau and for proliferation of NPs. Because impaired APP metabolism is linked to AD, this human cell culture model system will not only be a useful tool for understanding the role of KLC1 in regulating the production, transport and turnover of APP and Tau in neurons, but also in defining the essential function(s) of KLC1 in NPs and their progeny. This knowledge should have important implications for human neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases.
MATURATION OF RENAL ENZYMES IN NEWBORN RATS

Adenyl cyclase (AC), an enzyme involved in cyclic AMP synthesis, phosphodiesterase (PDE), involved in cyclic AMP breakdown, and Na-K-activated ATPase, involved in Na reabsorption, were measured in 37 groups of rats 3 to 6 weeks and adults, in renal cortex, medulla, and papilla. There was a gradient of AC activity from papilla to cortex in all age groups* but this gradient was less in the newborn animals*. In cortex and medulla, AC was highest (by 25%)* in 3 week rats and reached adult levels by 6 weeks. In papilla, AC was 70% of adult values* at 3 weeks and rose to 80% at 6 weeks*. In cortex, PDE was highest in the most immature rats and decreased with maturation*. In papilla, PDE was 50% higher* in 3 week rats than adults but by 6 weeks the enzyme level fell to those of the adult. The low AC and high PDE activities in papilla of newborn rats suggest a low net cyclic AMP production there. ATPase activities were highest in medulla and lowest in papilla of all animals. Medullary ATPase was only 64%* of that of adults at 3 weeks and rose to 73%* at 6 weeks. There were no significant maturational changes in cortical and papillary ATPase. When placed on a high Na diet, newborn animals increased cortical ATPase 30%* and medullary ATPase 100%* over controls. These results demonstrate that maturation of renal enzymes vary in different regions of the kidney and are related to the specific functions of and stimuli to these regions. Maturational characteristics can be modified by altering the stimulus. *p<.01
Cocaine Administration Increases the Fraction of CART Cells in the Rat Nucleus Accumbens that Co-immunostain for c-Fos

In order to further test whether or not psychostimulant drugs activate CART peptide-containing cells in the nucleus accumbens, we examined the fraction of CART positive cells that co-immunostained for c-Fos after administration of saline or cocaine (10 and 25 mg/kg i.p.). There was about a 45% increase in the fraction of cells that stained for both CART and c-Fos after administration of cocaine, but there was no change in the fraction after administration of saline. Moreover, the increase was not found 24 h after injection and is therefore reversible. These results support the notion that psychostimulant drugs activate CART cells in the nucleus accumbens, even under conditions where it is difficult to show a change in CART levels.
Malpractice Risk Among US Pediatricians

OBJECTIVE: To characterize malpractice risk among US pediatricians. METHODS: We analyzed malpractice claims of all pediatricians and other physicians covered by a nationwide liability insurer from 1991 to 2005 ( n = 1630 pediatricians; 40 916 total physicians). We characterized annual malpractice risk among pediatricians compared with other physicians. We characterized claims according to patient age, injury type, months required to resolve the claim, and whether an indemnity payment was made. We estimated how patient age and injury type were associated with whether a claim resulted in payment to a patient (and if so, payment size) and the time required to resolve the claim. RESULTS: The annual percentage of pediatricians facing a malpractice claim was 3.1% (7.4% among other physicians, P P P = .57). The mean indemnity payment was $562 180 (SD $667 962). Cases with permanent injury ( n = 172) had larger mean payments ($703 373) compared with fatalities ($559 102; n = 131) or temporary or psychological injuries ($127 663; n = 101), P CONCLUSIONS: Indemnity payments among pediatricians are infrequent but large, particularly in cases with permanent patient injury rather than death or temporary injury. The time required to resolve claims may be considered to be long.
Analysis and Evaluation of Novel Asterisk-16QAM Constellation Family and Its Application for PMEPR Control in Golay-Coded OFDM Systems

Coding techniques for reducing peak-to-mean-envelope-power-ratio (PMEPR) have been intensively investigated for the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems adopting PSK, square QAM, and rectangular QAM constellations since the PMEPR is the crucial problem in OFDM. Recently, we designed a new coding method for reducing the PMEPR in OFDM built on star 16QAM constellations. In this paper, we present a generalized paradigm for the novel asterisk 16QAM constellations and facilitate the new PMEPR controlling technique for OFDM systems. In this new framework of the asterisk 16QAM (A16QAM) coded OFDM systems, we establish the theoretical development and show that the maximum PMEPR is bounded by 4.0 and 2.0, if the information symbols are coded using Golay sequences and Golay complementary pairs, respectively.
The effect of epidural placement in patients after blunt thoracic trauma.

BACKGROUNDIn studies of trauma patients with rib fractures, conclusions on the benefits derived from epidural analgesia are inconsistent. The purpose of this study was to further evaluate placement and efficacy of epidural analgesia nationwide.METHODSThis was a retrospective cohort study of prospect
An Investigation of Special Collections Library Theft

Library theft has been a problem for many academic libraries and has involved various types of resources, including special collections resources. The theft of special collections resources is a serious problem that needs to be dealt with. The purpose of this article is to provide the results of a survey regarding library theft in the special collections areas of academic libraries in the United States. It is hoped that library and special collections administrators will benefit from the information presented in this article.
A Predictive Aggregate Transport Model for Microfiltration of Combined Macromolecular Solutions and Poly-Disperse Suspensions: Model Development

A methodology, called the aggregate transport model, is presented that can a priori predict both the pressure-independent permeation flux and yield of target species for the microfiltration of poly-disperse solutions. The model captures the phenomenon of critical shear rate. Beyond the critical shear rate (expressed as a ratio of shear rate to permeation flux), the transmission of proteins drops sharply as a result of cake classification. The widely reported benefits of operating at uniform transmembrane pressure and constant wall concentration follow from this method. The methodology is general in nature and can be used predictively to obtain an optimal balance between flux and yield of target species during the microfiltration of many commercial poly-disperse suspensions. In the accompanying paper we test this model for microfiltration of transgenic whole goat milk.
Conjugacy in quasi-convex programming

This paper develops a symmetric conjugate relation for quasi-convex functions. The concept of an evenly quasi-convex function is introduced and it is shown that this is the required property for a duality framework in quasi-convex programming.
Enhancing the clinical activity of granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor‐secreting tumor cell vaccines

A comparative analysis of vaccination with irradiated, murine tumor cells engineered to express a large number of immunostimulatory molecules established the superior ability of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to evoke potent, specific, and long-lasting anti-tumor immunity. Early stage clinical testing of this vaccination strategy in patients with diverse solid and hematologic malignancies revealed the consistent induction of a coordinated humoral and cellular reaction that effectuated substantial tumor destruction. Nonetheless, most subjects eventually succumbed to progressive disease, implying that additional immune defects remained to be addressed. More detailed investigations of the mechanisms underlying protective immunity in murine systems together with the characterization of the anti-tumor reactions of patients who achieved durable clinical benefits in response to immunotherapy uncovered several pathways that restrain the efficacy of GM-CSF-secreting tumor cell vaccines. These include milk fat globule epidermal growth factor protein-8 expansion of forkhead box protein 3+ regulatory T cells, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4-mediated negative costimulation, and soluble major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related protein A suppression of NKG2D-dependent innate and adaptive anti-tumor cytotoxicity. Together, these results define key regulatory circuits that attenuate immune-mediated tumor destruction and suggest novel combinatorial therapies that might enhance the clinical activity of GM-CSF-secreting tumor cell vaccines.
Substitution and compensation in the social networks of older widowed women

The death of a spouse often requires widows to derive support from other people, but little is known about the adaptive significance of such substitute sources of support. Older women (N = 322) widowed 3-30 months were interviewed 7 times over 1 year to investigate social network substitution (derivation of support from alternative social ties) and compensation (derivation of psychological benefits from these alternative ties). Three forms of substitution (formation of new social ties, rekindling of dormant ties, and intensification of existing ties) varied with the duration of widowhood. Regardless of the duration of widowhood, however, greater substitution was related to worse psychological health. Social network substitution appears to occur in widowhood, but the compensatory benefits of substitute ties are more elusive.
Characterizing a soluble survival signal for activated lymphocytes from CD14+ cells

T-cell activation requires at least two signals: antigen and a costimulatory signal. As antigen-presenting cells play an important role in this area, the role of CD14+ cells in T-cell activation, proliferation and activation-induced cell death (AICD) was investigated. Using phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) activation, it was found that CD14+ cell depletion resulted in significantly greater AICD, decreased lymphocyte growth and up-regulated interleukin-2 (IL-2) secretion. However, T-cell activation was delayed according to the expression of CD69 and CD25. Dynabeads conjugated with anti-CD14 monoclonal antibody (mAb) bound CD14+ cells and induced secretion of IL-1beta, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and IL-6, but not IL-2, IL-12 or IL-15. Supernatants were collected from Dynabeads-activated CD14+ cell cultures and designated as 'CD14 cocktails'. Addition of CD14 cocktails to CD14+ cell-depleted mononuclear cell cultures reversed the increased AICD, decreased lymphocyte growth and increased IL-2 secretion. Depletion of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha in the CD14 cocktails by panning followed by blocking with the corresponding mAbs had no effect on the active AICD protection. TGF-beta was determined not to be the active factor owing to the presence of >1.0 ng of TGF-beta in the media for culturing both CD14+ and CD14- peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The CD14 cocktails did not contain IL-12 and IL-15. Depletion of IL-6 with panning followed by blocking residual IL-6 with anti-IL-6 mAb significantly reduced the protective effect of the CD14 cocktails. Human recombinant IL-6 also partially reversed the effects of CD14+ cell depletion on AICD, lymphocyte growth and IL-2 secretion. The data suggest that IL-6 is one of the active factors in the survival signal from CD14+ cells.
Salting-Out of Lysozyme and Ovalbumin from Mixtures : Predicting Precipitation Performance from Protein-Protein Interactions

Protein−protein interactions, whether desirable or not, can have direct effects on protein separations. The most obvious of these are interactions between similar molecules, which determine the thermodynamic properties and phase behavior of protein solutions. Interactions between dissimilar molecules also affect the properties and phase behavior of protein mixtures and, therefore, protein separations. Here, we seek to quantify these effects by comparing precipitation behavior from binary solutions with direct measurements of protein−protein interactions using cross-interaction chromatography, which is a variant of affinity chromatography that provides data that can be interpreted in terms of the virial cross-coefficient. First, the effects of pH, ionic strength, different precipitants and the initial protein concentrations and their ratio on the binary precipitation of lysozyme and ovalbumin were investigated. Next, self- and cross-interaction measurements were used to suggest the optimal precipitation co...
Nuclear Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in the U.S.: An Empirical Note

Abstract This empirical note examines the relationship between nuclear energy consumption growth and real gross domestic product (GDP) growth within a neoclassical production function framework for the US using annual data from 1957 to 2006. The Toda-Yamamoto (1995) test for long-run Granger-causality reveals the absence of Granger-causality between nuclear energy consumption growth and real GDP growth which supports the neutrality hypothesis within the energy consumption-economic growth literature.
Nitric oxide regulates polarity of guinea pig distal colon pellet propagation and circular muscle motor response

Peristaltic reflex does not fully explain the polarity of peristalsis. In the distal colon, we propose that the balance of circular muscle contraction proximal and distal to the pellet is a local reflex that predicts polarity of peristalsis. Guinea pig distal colon segments were harvested, and fecal pellet transit was measured. Photographs of fecal pellet propagation were taken, colonic radius proximal and distal to the moving pellet was measured, and the ratio of radius proximal to pellet to radius distal to pellet was measured. Isometric transducers were attached 1 cm proximal and distal to a fixed intraluminal balloon, and circular muscle (CM) response to balloon distension was recorded. N G-Nitro-l-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME) was used to elicit an effect in experimental preparations and compared to controls. Fecal pellet transit was delayed after L-NAME treatment (163 ± 23.9 vs. 41.5 ± 1.9 s in control, n = 6, p < 0.001). Photo-analysis revealed a ratio of proximal/distal colonic radius in control colon to be 0.72 ± 0.02 (n = 17) and in L-NAME treated colon 1.0 ± 0.02 (n = 10, p < 0.01). The dominant CM response pattern was a large contraction proximal to the inflated balloon and a smaller contraction distal to the balloon. In the presence of L-NAME, distal contraction was larger than the proximal contraction in 66 % of the experiments. Pellet propulsion in the guinea pig's distal colon depends on nitric oxide to provide appropriate balance of force between proximal and distal contraction, resulting in pellet propagation toward the anus. CM contracts both proximal and distal to the pellet, and the polarity of pellet progression depends on the balance of the two forces.
Influence of the Stress-Strain State on the Distribution of Hydrogen Concentration in the Process Zone

We propose a theoretical-experimental approach to the determination of the concentration of hydrogen in the process zone. The plots of the dependences of the concentration of hydrogen on the mechanical characteristics of the material and external load are constructed.
Weakly Supervised Learning of Mid-Level Features with Beta-Bernoulli Process Restricted Boltzmann Machines

The use of semantic attributes in computer vision problems has been gaining increased popularity in recent years. Attributes provide an intermediate feature representation in between low-level features and the class categories, and offer several attractive properties, among which are improved learning of novel categories based on few examples, as well as allowing for zero-shot learning. However, the major caveat is that learning semantic attributes is a laborious task, requiring a significant amount of time and human intervention to provide labels. In order to address this issue, we propose a weakly supervised approach to learn mid-level features, where the only supervision is provided by the category classes of the training examples. We develop a novel extension of the restricted Boltzmann machine (RBM) with Beta-Bernoulli process priors. Unlike the standard RBM, our model uses the class labels to promote more efficient sharing of information by different categories. This tends to improve the generalization performance. By using semantic attributes for which annotations are available, we show that we can find correspondences between the mid-level features that we learn and the labeled attributes. Therefore, the mid-level features have distinct semantic characterization which is very similar to that given by the semantic attributes, even though their labeling was not used during the training process. Our experimental results in object recognition tasks show significant performance gains, outperforming methods which rely on manually labeled semantic attributes.
Sleeping Position in Preterm Infants Does Not Affect Sleep Organization† 940

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommended in 1992 that term infants and also in 1996 that asymptomatic preterm infants sleep nonprone to reduce risk for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). While healthy preterm infants at term age have better ventilation responses to CO2 in prone position(Martin et al. 1997), the advantage of reduced SIDS risk was felt to be greater than a short-term clinical benefit. Three month old term infants have more total sleep time (TST), more quiet sleep (QS), and fewer arousals during prone compared to supine sleeping (Kahn et al. 1993). The increase in QS and decrease in arousals seen with prone sleeping may explain why there is an increased vulnerability for SIDS in the first 4 months of life. Last year we reported our results on 6 preterm infants who showed no effect of body position on sleep. We have expanded our study to 16 infants, studied at a PCA of 36.5±0.6 weeks. The infants (mean gestational age of 32.2±3 weeks; mean birth weight of 1733±135 g) were all recorded with videopolysomnography (VPSG) for two consecutive daytime nap periods (6 hours). VPSG was scored for TST, QS, Active Sleep (AS), and Indeterminate Sleep (IS). Arousal was defined as body movement, cry, or eye opening lasting 10-60 seconds. An arousal > 60 seconds was scored as an awakening. Indices were calculated as number of arousals or awakenings per 100 minutes. Our results(see table) showed no significant differences in sleep organization based on body position. TST and percentage of QS were similar for prone and supine. The awakening index was significantly greater for supine, supporting that supine sleeping was more interrupted and less efficient. We speculate that the increase in QS and decrease in arousals which has been reported for prone sleeping in older term infants may not appear until 1-3 months corrected age, a time when the risk for SIDS is also higher for preterm infants. If the effect of body position on sleep was the mechanism for decreased SIDS risk, nonprone sleep position before and at term conceptional age may not have the same benefit in the preterm infant and there may be some physiologic disadvantages, e.g., decreased ventilatory response to CO2.
The defense mechanisms inventory: Theoretical and psychometric implications

Defense mechanisms and object relations have been increasingly featured in the recent literature on personality and interpersonal behavior. The Defense Mechanisms Inventory (DMI) has become popular as a reference tool in many of these studies. Recent theoretical analyses have elaborated the differential conceptualization of defense from drive theory and object relations perspectives (Juni, 1997). These perspectives are used as counterpoints to analyze relevant constructs of the DMI and their underlying premises. A meta-analysis of convergent validity data is presented, supporting the rationale of the composite object relations measure of the instrument. Inadequacies in defense operationalization inherent in the DMI are reviewed, with particular stress on confounding measurement effects. Psychometric implications of the ipsative nature of the instrument are outlined. The notion of aggression as a defense is explored in context of the unique dynamic status of intropunitiveness, especially as it impacts on defense theory and the factor structure of the instrument.
Space weather at Venus and its potential consequences for atmosphere evolution

[1] Space weather storms at the Earth are dominated by the magnetosphere's response to coronal mass ejections, or CMEs, whose disturbances propagate through the solar wind to 1 AU, and to a lesser extent by the pressure ridges associated with the interactions of solar wind streams with different properties. The interplanetary signatures of these events include high solar wind dynamic pressures and high interplanetary magnetic fields, the same parameters that cause compression and/or magnetization of the ionosphere at weakly magnetized Venus. The nature of Venus' response to these events is also expected to include increased atmosphere erosion by the solar wind interaction, a matter of potential interest for historical extrapolations of atmosphere escape. We consider the possible evidence for enhanced escape during these disturbances in the data from the Pioneer Venus Orbiter (PVO). Available magnetometer and plasma analyzer results are used to identify periods of interest and the interplanetary characteristics of the disturbed periods. It is found that the suprathermal (>36 eV) ion measurements from the Pioneer Venus neutral mass spectrometer (ONMS) provide convincing evidence of the related enhanced escape of mostly O+ suprathermal ions. The results provide the first direct demonstration that space weather has played an important role in Venus (and other weakly magnetized planet) atmosphere loss through time. It is important to pursue study of these effects with the new measurements from Venus Express and, in light of the approaching solar activity cycle rising phase, extremely timely.
Pharmaceutical Applications of Solid Dispersion Systems: X-Ray Diffraction and Aqueous Solubility Studies on Griseofulvin-Polyethylene Glycol 6000 Systems

The X-ray diffraction method was used to characterize physiochemical properties of griseofulvin dispersed in polyethylene glycol 4000 and 6000. Results indicate a negligible or very limited solid solubility of griseofulvin in the pulverized solid dispersions. Pulverization and aging had pronounced effects on the X-ray diffraction spectrum. Results from aqueous solubility studies of griseofulvin in various concentrations of polyethylene glycol 6000 further indicate weak or insignificant interactions between the drug and the carrier. Mechanisms are postulated to account for the reported marked enhancement of dissolution rates and oral adsorption of griseofulvin dispersed in these carriers.
Optical Handlers: eeyee

Optical Handlers - eeyee is an optical device that dissects embodied visual experience with a simple tool set: LCDs and cameras. It literally splits users' vision into two and relocates it onto their hands separately. The extended vision, along with the mobility of the hands, makes it possible for users to observe the world from a different perspective: through the limbs.
Development and application of aromatic [(13)C, (1)H] SOFAST-HMQC NMR experiment for nucleic acids.

Higher sensitivity of NMR spectrometers and novel isotopic labeling schemes have ushered the development of rapid data acquisition methodologies, improving the time resolution with which NMR data can be acquired. For nucleic acids, longitudinal relaxation optimization in conjunction with Ernst angle excitation (SOFAST-HMQC) for imino protons, in addition to rendering rapid pulsing, has been demonstrated to yield significant improvements in sensitivity per unit time. Extending such methodology to other spins offers a viable prospect to measure additional chemical shifts, thereby broadening their utilization for various applications. Here, we introduce the 2D [13C, 1H] aromatic SOFAST-HMQC that results in overall sensitivity gain of 1.4- to 1.7-fold relative to the conventional HMQC and can also be extended to yield long-range heteronuclear chemical shifts such as the adenine imino nitrogens N1, N3, N7 and N9. The applications of these experiments range from monitoring real-time biochemical processes, drug/ligand screening, and to collecting data at very low sample concentration and/or in cases where isotopic enrichment cannot be achieved.
Vapor-phase thermal analysis of pyrolysis products from cellulosic materials

Abstract The pyrolysis of cellulosic materials is studied by means of the thermal effect of the volatile products on a catalytic sensor which consists of a heated platinum wire. Tests with filter paper samples at different heating rates yield a single set of Arrhenius parameters. Tests with wood show contribution of its individual components. The technique is also used to estimate the effect of migration, condensation and regasification of the volatiles in a pyrolizing material on the apparent Arrhenius kinetics of pyrolysis. Migration of the volatiles into the cooler interior of a test specimen results in reduced gas sensor response but little change in the apparent kinetics. Deposition of the condensed volatiles on a pyrolyzing material tends to slightly reduce the rate of generation of the pyrolysis volatiles and to slightly shift the Arrhenius curve towards lower temperature. The finding does not lend positive support to the proposed explanation for the large variation in local kinetics in a thick pyrolyzing sample (observed with radiographic technique and reported in the literature) in terms of the migration and condensation of the volatiles.
The Three-Bodied Shun and the Completion of Creation

Students of ancient China learn early on the story of Yao and Shun . The great emperor Yao (traditional reign dates, 2356–2255 B.C.) chose the virtuous Shun as his replacement over his own son Tan Chu . Shun was the model of filial piety: when his parents and brother tried to kill him a number of times, he saw the fault as his own and tried all the harder to win their love and approval.
Determination of hydroxybenzenes in fossil fuel-derived liquids and in associated process waters

Abstract Elution of a nonpolar stationary (reversed)-phase C 18 column with 40% (v/v) acetonitrile in water, buffered with sodium acetate—acetic acid at pH 4.6, produced good resolution of several low-molecular-weight hydroxybenzenes including phenol, o -cresol, m + p -cresol, resorcinol, catechol, and hydroquinone. The unique fluorescent characteristics of hydroxybenzenes enhanced both selectivity and detection limits and facilitated the quantitative estimation of these compounds in a complex mixture after a simple extraction followed by isocratic elution. The determinations can be made within a 24-h period and require small amounts of sample-handling and personnel time. Applications of this scheme to the quantitation of hydroxybenzenes in fossil fuel-derived liquids and associated process waters are described.
A new parametrization for the N/ D method

Abstract A new treatment of the left-hand cut for N / D problems is presented whereby, instead of poles, the cut is parametrized by a Legendre expansion which fixes the discontinuity. The method is tested through the use of analytic forms, and is found to work very well in a wide variety of circumstances. An extension is made to situations where there are errors in the input, and resulting problems are discussed. The method is applied to elastic pion-pion scattering. Both the rho and f 0 mesons are produced dynamically, but trouble is encountered for the s-waves. The relation of this trouble to ambiguities found in other s-wave calculations is discussed.
Serotonin – Kynurenine Hypothesis of Depression: Historical Overview and Recent Developments

This mini-review focuses on the studies of late Prof. IP Lapin (1903 - 2012) and his research team on the role of methoxyindole and kynurenine (KYN) pathways of tryptophan (TRP) metabolism in the pathogenesis of depression and action mechanisms of antidepressant effect. In the late 60s of the last century Prof. IP Lapin suggested that "intensification of central serotoninergic processes is a determinant of the thymoleptic (mood elevating) component" while "activation of noradrenergic processes is responsible for psychoenergetic and motor-stimulating component of the clinical antidepressant effect". The cause of serotonin deficiency in depression was attributed to the shunt of TRP "metabolism away from serotonin production towards KYN production" due to cortisol-induced activation of liver enzyme, tryptophan 2,3- dioxygenase, the rate-limiting enzyme of TRP - KYN pathway. Prof. Lapin suggested and discovered that KYN and its metabolites affect brain functions, and proposed the role of neurokynurenines in pathogenesis of depression and action mechanisms of antidepressant effect (kynurenine hypothesis). Further research suggested the antidepressant and cognition- enhancing effects of post-serotonin metabolite, N-acetylserotonin (NAS), an agonist to tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) receptor; and link between depression and chronic inflammation-associated disorders (e.g., insulin resistance, hepatitis C virus) via inflammation-induced activation of indoleamine 2,3- dioxygenase, brain located rate-limiting enzyme of TRY - KYN metabolism. NAS and kynurenines might be the targets for prevention and treatment of depression and associated conditions.
Refinements of the attending equations for several spectral methods that provide improved quantification of β-carotene and/or lycopene in selected foods

Developing and maintaining maximal levels of carotenoids in fruits and vegetables that contain them is a concern of the produce industry. Toward this end, reliable methods for quantifying lycopene and β-carotene, two of the major health-enhancing carotenoids, are necessary. The goal of this research was to rigorously refine the attending equations for existing spectral methodologies in order to more accurately quantify lycopene and β-carotene in selected fruits and vegetables. Equations taking into account two absorbing species with overlapping spectra were derived for three spectral methodologies. Carotenoid values determined by absorbance measurements in hexane with its attending equations provided one-to-one correspondence with values determined by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography for lycopene and/or β-carotene in a broad spectrum of fruits and vegetables. Estimates for lycopene in hexane extracts averaged ±7.8% deviation from those by HPLC while estimates for β-carotene averaged ±5.0% deviation. Simple empirical relationships developed from correlating large numbers of xenon flash spectrophotometry data appeared to be nearly as reliable as the derived equation to treat the experimental data. Estimates for lycopene in watermelon flesh purees by the derived equation deviated ±6.8% from those estimated by HPLC while deviations by a currently employed empirical equation were ±10.8%. Absorbance measurements of chromoplasts suspended in aqueous sodium dodecyl sulfate generally required correction for light scattering by the chromoplasts, and equations derived for two absorbing species provided for quantification of lycopene and β-carotene by this method. Estimates for lycopene in watermelon flesh by the derived equations averaged ±9.3% deviation from those by HPLC while estimates for β-carotene in cantaloupe averaged ±12.0% deviation from HPLC values.
Yiddish language socialization across communities: Religion, ideologies, and variation

Abstract This review article analyzes key themes and trends in recent research on Yiddish language socialization. It considers the use of Yiddish within a multilingual repertoire across communities, highlighting the positive contributions of ethnographic literature in particular. Specifically, it demonstrates how degree of religious affiliation and language contact in diverse communities can play a role in Yiddish language use. The article also examines the central role of language ideologies and language learning motivations among those who learn, learn about, and/or use Yiddish. The discussion illuminates individuals' and groups' cross-cutting identities, hybrid forms of language, and creativity in language use across contexts.
RATE OF DRYING OF A PLASTIC PORCELAIN MASS DUE TO REDUCED PRESSURE AND HEAT1

Experiments in drying plastic porcelain masses are performed using reduced pressures of 0.7, 5, 15, and 36 cm., with surrounding temperatures of 23, 50, and 65°C. Plotting the logarithm of the loss of weight against the logarithm of time, straight-line relationships are found to exist for the drying rate. With the lowest pressure a single slope is found, whereas with the three higher pressures there are two slopes to each curve. The lowering of the temperature of the whole mass with lowering in pressure is shown. Effect of shape of specimen and humidity of air on rate of drying is discussed.