cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, reactivity, and crystallography of a sterically hindered acyl triflate

Abstract 2,6-Dimesitylbenzoyl triflate (1) has been prepared from the corresponding acid chloride, and its structure and reactivity with some small molecules is described. Notably, methods for cleaving ethereal C–O bonds under mild conditions with regioselectivity, generation of alkyl triflates in situ from ethers, and introduction of m-terphenyl groups via flexible alkoxy linkers to nucleophiles of interest are described. Advantages and limitations of cyclic ether polymerizations are also detailed. Some acylammonium reaction intermediates were also prepared and characterized. An intramolecular Friedel-Crafts acylation competes with other substrates at elevated temperatures, such that haloarenes are not appreciably acylated. Six compounds were characterized by XRD owing to the crystallinity of the 2,6-dimesitylphenyl group, which was used to scrutinize the carbonyl moiety in a variety of functional groups.
Serious illness conversation and end of life care utilization at an academic medical center.

29Background: Hospice has been associated with improved quality of life for patients, cost savings, and reduction in caregiver-grief-related depression. While cancer patients make up a plurality of...
How Fit are Our American School Children

(1955). How Fit are Our American School Children? Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 26, No. 6, pp. 14-71.
Improving Well-Being of Prostate Cancer Survivors Using the NADA Acupuncture Protocol: A Clinical Outcome Study

Abstract Background: Prostate cancer survivors experience a range of troublesome symptoms related to cancer and its treatments. Objective: The aim of this research was to evaluate the feasibility of using the National Acupuncture Detoxification Association (NADA) 5-point ear acupuncture protocol to improve the well-being of men diagnosed with prostate cancer. Materials and Methods: This study was a single-arm, observational, clinical outcome study that used before-and-after measurements. It took place in a National Health Service cancer treatment center in southern England. The subjects were men diagnosed with prostate cancer who were ≥35 years old, without relapse or metastatic disease, ≥6 months post active cancer treatment, experiencing symptoms and/or side-effects of cancer or its treatments. Twenty patients completed eight weekly NADA treatments in small groups of up to 5 patients. Main Outcome Measures: Main outcome measures were changes in scores at the end of treatment over baseline for: patient-r...
Measures of satisfaction for providers and patients using same day teledermoscopy consultation

Background We aimed to determine whether patients and providers were satisfied with teledermoscopy consultation for skin lesions. Methods From 2010 to 2011, patients with clinically suspicious lesions were referred for teledermoscopy by internal medicine physicians. Lesions were digitally photographed using a dermatoscope accessory lens. Images were interpreted by an on-call dermatologist. We conducted same day surveys of providers and patients after the evaluations. Results The survey response rate was 100%. Of the 20 patients surveyed, all agreed that a teledermoscopic consult was convenient and helpful. Nineteen patients (95%) strongly agreed that teledermoscopy potentially was a cost-saving tool. All providers thought the evaluations were helpful. Ninety-five percent of providers and patients reported satisfaction with the ease of use of this technology. Conclusions Teledermoscopy may give primary care providers the ability to consult with dermatologists when seeing patients in remote or medically underserved areas. This can streamline the referral process and decrease the number of referrals for benign lesions.
FAST REACTOR MELTDOWN ACCIDENTS USING BETHE-TAIT ANALYSIS

Publisher Summary The fast reactors have been designed to accommodate a maximum hypothetical accident (MHA) that predicates gross melting and consequential compaction of the core into a smaller volume that produces a large and rapid increase in reactivity. As a result of the reactivity introduced by the core compaction, the reactor is put on a prompt critical period that is terminated by explosive disassembly of the core. The forces affecting the disassembly are high pressures produced in the fuel by the power burst. The analytical approach used in the evaluation of this type of fast reactor accident was developed by Bethe and Tait, and the improvements and modifications that have been made in this method for analyzing maximum hypothetical accidents in fast reactors are classified as “modified Bethe-Tait” methods. The analytical model that was used to do the parameter studies retains the assumptions of the Bethe-Tait model. These are: that the pressure tending to disassemble the core as a function of time can be calculated from the energy density of the fuel at that point and the initial material density, and that the reactivity effects of fuel movement are independent of time and can be calculated using perturbation theory.
Generalized coKähler geometry and an application to generalized Kähler structures

In this paper, we propose a generalization of classical coKahler geometry from the point of view of generalized contact metric geometry. This allows us to generalize a theorem of Capursi (1984), Goldberg (1968) and show that the product M1×M2 of generalized contact metric manifolds (Mi,Φi,E±,i,Gi), i=1,2, where M1×M2 is endowed with the product (twisted) generalized complex structure induced from Φ1 and Φ2, is (twisted) generalized Kahler if and only if (Mi,Φi,E±,i,Gi),i=1,2 are (twisted) generalized coKahler structures. As an application of our theorem we construct new examples of twisted generalized Kahler structures on manifolds that do not admit a classical Kahler structure and we give examples of twisted generalized coKahler structures on manifolds which do not admit a classical coKahler structure.
Reciprocity as an Antecedent of Restaurant Tipping: A Look at Gratitude and Obligation

Over $42 billion is given away in tips annually in the United States food industry, creating a significant impact on the economy, service organizations, and consumer experience. The current research investigates the role of gratitude, obligation, sympathy and generosity in predicting tipping behavior. Consumer behavior theory is used to build a predictive model of tipping behavior. An online survey was conducted to measure proposed antecedences of tipping (gratitude, obligation, sympathy, generosity) and tipping behavior in a restaurant setting. Contrary to previous studies, the results suggest that obligation alone is not the primary motivating factor in tipping, gratitude is also a factor, although neither sympathy nor generosity was found to significantly affect tipping behavior. The results suggest that service providers should not only reinforce tipping norms and feelings of obligation, but also attempt to instill feelings of gratitude to increase tips.
Size does not matter for male Marbled Salamanders (Ambystoma opacum)

Understanding the phenotypic attributes that contribute to variance in mating and reproductive success is crucial in the study of evolution by sexual selection. In many animals, body size is an important trait because larger individuals enjoy greater fitness due to the ability to secure more mates and produce more offspring. Among males, this outcome is largely mediated by greater success in competition with rival males and (or) advantages in attractiveness to females. Here we tested the hypothesis that large male Marbled Salamanders (Ambystoma opacum (Gravenhorst, 1807)) mate with more females and produce more offspring than small males. In experimental breeding groups, we included males chosen specifically to represent a range of sizes. After gravid females mated and nested freely, we collected egg clutches and genotyped all adults and samples of hatchlings with highly variable microsatellite markers to assign paternity. Size had little effect on male mating and reproductive success. Breeding males were...
A Person-Oriented Approach to Identifying Parenting Styles in Mothers of Early School Age Children

A substantial body of work has been dedicated to understanding the behaviours that characterize mothers' interactions with their children. Most research on parenting has used a variable-oriented approach, limiting analysis to one or a few parenting behaviours and failing to identify higher-order interactions or patterns among variables. Thus, little is known about how different behaviours co-occur in individual mothers to form styles of parenting. In this study, a person-oriented approach was used to develop a typology of maternal parenting styles based on a broad range of observed and self-reported parenting behaviours. The study sample consisted of 408 socio-demographically diverse mother–child pairs. Cluster analysis revealed six parenting groups—(1) balanced parenting; (2) warm/involved parenting; (3) task-focused parenting; (4) detached/inconsistent parenting; (5) intrusive parenting; and (6) self-critical parenting—two of which (task-focused and self-critical parenting) have not been previously represented in the parenting literature. The maternal parenting typology developed through this study provides useful information on the profiles of parenting behaviour that are associated with the highest levels of demographic and psychological risk in mothers who exhibit these profiles. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrated Pest Management in Pennsylvania Apple Orchards

There is considerable history behind our endeavor in Pennsylvania to integrate biological control of the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), and the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, with the chemical control of numerous insect and disease pests of apple. Of that history we stress the generous assistance given to us by the research entomologists at the Canada Department of Agriculture Research Station, Kentville, Nova Scotia, and the accomplishments of Dr. R. L. Horsburgh in conducting a survey of predators and in pursuing certain research objectives from September 1966 to December 1969, when he was a Research Assistant and Ph.D. candidate in entomology. We also acknowledge the financial assistance furnished through USDA Grant no. 12-14-100-9149(33) during the period March 1967 to 1Iarch 1970.
Role Perceptions in Adolescent Consumer Learning.

Using the Thornton and Nardi model of role acquisition, adolescent consumer role perceptions were explored among 359 sixth through twelfth grade public school students. Demographic factors analyzed included socioeconomic status, personal spending and savings, age, sex, and consumer education, while dependent measures of consumer learning were slogan recall, product brand sa lience, consumer affairs knowledge, and consumer activism. Intervening role-related perceptions included honesty evaluations of media and personal sources and consumer attributes. Media ex posure, parent-child interaction, and peer communication were analyzed as sources of role conceptions. Results indicated consumer socialization is a complex process and lend support to the notion that middle-school adolescents are generally experiencing the anticipatory stage and high school students are primarily at the formal stage of consumer role acquisition. Younger adolescents are apparently only beginning to adopt certain group values but older students have acquired them to a signifi cantly greater degree and show other evidence of conformity to role set expectations.
Supporting collaborative learning in online higher education through activity awareness

Improving activity awareness, the ability to know what is going on around you in ways that are meaningful to your learning objectives and activities, in online learning has the potential to enhance the effectiveness of online learning for students and instructors. This paper introduces readers to the Context-aware Activity Notification System being developed for use within course management systems. [60]
The Agricultural Foundations of the Tiwanaku State: A View from the Heartland

In this essay I explore the nature, role, and significance of intensive agriculture in the ancient state of Tiwanaku, which was centered in the high plateau of southern Peru and northwestern Bolivia. Significant primary evidence that the state of Tiwanaku systematically reclaimed immense tracts of now abandoned agricultural land around the borders of Lake Titicaca is adduced and evaluated. I conclude that Tiwanaku was a dynamic, expansive state based squarely on an effective, surplus-producing system of intensive agriculture, that the intensification agricultural production through large scale reclamation of flat, seasonally inundated land along the margins of Lake Titicaca was a prime economic strategy of the Tiwanaku state, and that this strategy was devised and managed by a hierarchically organized, central government. At issue in this essay are the nature, role, and significance of intensive agriculture in the ancient state of Tiwanaku, which was centered in the altiplano, or high plateau of southern Peru and northwestern Bolivia (Figure 1). For nearly a millennium (ca. A.D. 100-1000), Tiwanaku was the paramount city of the Lake Titicaca basin, which, in turn, was one of the great demographic centers of native Andean civilization. Despite Tiwanaku's fundamental position in the cultural history of the Andes, we know very little concerning its economic history, and virtually nothing about its important agrarian heritage. This essay is a prolegomenon to an ongoing, comprehensive exploration of vital aspects of the nature, organization, and impact of large-scale agricultural production in the Tiwanaku state. Preliminary field research in Bolivia undertaken from 1979-1982 indicated that the state of Tiwanaku supported its sprawling capital by systematically reclaiming immense tracts of now abandoned agricultural land around the borders of Lake Titicaca (Kolata 1982, 1983). The results of this preliminary research form the foundation for my central hypothesis that Tiwanaku, like some of its counterparts in Peru, was a dynamic, expansive state based squarely on an effective, surplusproducing system of intensive agriculture (Ponce 1979, 1980, 1981).
The Coronal Scalp Flap: Surgical Technique

Ramon L. Ruiz, DMD, MD*, Jogi V. Pattisapu, MD, Bernard J. Costello, DMD, MD, Brent Golden, DDS, MD Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children, 83 West Columbia Street, Orlando, FL 32806, USA University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Health Sciences Campus at Lake Nona, 6850 Lake Nona Boulevard, Orlando, FL 32827, USA Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Pittsburgh College of Dental Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery Residency, University of Pittsburgh College of Dental Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Pediatric Cleft & Craniofacial Surgery Fellowship Program, University of Pittsburgh College of Dental Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Biodegradation of carbofuran in pretreated and non-pretreated soils

Carbofuran (2,2-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranylmethyl-carbamate) is a broad spectrum insecticide which is effective against soil insects in corn, rice, sugar cane, peanuts, cotton and pests on potatoes. Decreased effectiveness of insect control in soils treated with carbofuran was observed after soils had been treated for a number of years. Loss of efficacy was not related to insect resistance or soil leaching. Irreversible adsorption was not involved; however, the carbofuran levels in the soil were lower than expected. Repeated applications of carbofuran increased the rate of degradation. The objective of these experiments was to study the potential of enhanced /sup 14/C-carbofuran degradation in two South Carolina soils which had been treated for several successive years. The degree of degradation and type of degradation products were also determined.
Growth factors, feeding regulation and the nervous system.

Abstract A variety of growth factors and their receptors are present in the nervous system. Growth factors can modulate specific nervous system functions others than those related to growth, development, and tissue repair. The presence of growth factors in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid is the result of local synthesis (by neuronal, glial, vascular, and mononuclear phagocyte components), and uptake from the peripheral blood through the blood-brain barrier (in specific cases) and circumvertricular organs. This paper focuses on the effects of a heterogeneous group of growth factors (acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors, insulin-like growth factors, epidermal growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, interleukin-1 and others) on the central nervous system (CNS), in particular, on feeding regulation. Recent evidence supporting participation of growth factors in the regulation of feeding by a direct action at the level of the CNS is reviewed. Various growth factors have the ability to suppress short- and long-term food intake (FI), whereas others affect only short-term FI, or do not affect FI. Acute and chronic pathological processes stimulate the synthesis and release of growth factors in various cellular systems, and monitoring of growth factors by the CNS could be part of the regulatory signals that induce FI suppression frequently accompanying acute and chronic disease. Thus, it is proposed that a system regulating FI through growth factor-dependent mechanisms may be operative during specific physiological or pathological conditions.
Adult social attachment disturbance is related to childhood maltreatment and current symptoms in borderline personality disorder

We characterized borderline personality disorder (BPD) along two fundamental dimensions of adult social attachment and evaluated attachment associations with childhood maltreatment and current symptoms using self-report measures in 40 outpatients with DSM-IV BPD. The BPD group had significantly greater dimensional attachment impairment and rate of fearful attachment type compared with a healthy control group. Among BPD subjects, dimensional attachment-anxiety was specifically associated with sexual abuse, whereas attachment-avoidance was associated with all five maltreatment types. The two attachment dimensions showed divergent associations with current interpersonal problems, impulsivity subtypes and mood symptoms. We conclude that (1) BPD is characterized by adult attachment disturbance; (2) these attachment problems are strongly related to childhood maltreatment, and to current interpersonal problems and clinical symptoms that are considered core features of BPD; and (3) the diverse problems of BPD patients may arise from two basic mechanisms, each tied to a different type of attachment disturbance, developmental history, and clinical outcome.
Evaporation and Combustion of a Slowly Moving Liquid Fuel Droplet: Higher-Order Theory

The evaporation and combustion of a single-component fuel droplet which is moving slowly in a hot oxidant atmosphere have been analysed using perturbation methods. Results for the flow field, temperature and species distributions in each phase, interfacial heat and mass transfer, and the enhancement of the mass burning rate due to the presence of convection have all been developed correct to second order in the translational Reynolds number. This represents an advance over a previous study which analysed the problem to first order in the perturbation parameter. The primary motivation for the development of detailed analytical/numerical solutions correct to second order arises from the need for such a higher-order theory in order to investigate fuel droplet ignition and extinction characteristics in the presence of convective flow. Explanations for such a need, based on order of magnitude arguments, are included in this article. With a moving droplet, the shear at the interface causes circulatory motion inside the droplet. Owing to the large evaporation velocities at the droplet surface that usually accompany drop vaporization and burning, the entire flow field is not in the Stokes regime even for low translational Reynolds numbers. In view of this, the formulation for the continuous phase is developed by imposing slow translatory motion of the droplet as a perturbation to uniform radial flow associated with vigorous evaporation at the surface. Combustion is modelled by the inclusion of a fast chemical reaction in a thin reaction zone represented by the Burke-Schumann flame front. The complete solution for the problem correct to second order is obtained by simultaneously solving a coupled formulation for the dispersed and continuous phases. A noteworthy feature of the higher-order formulation is that both the flow field and transport equations require analysis by coupled singular perturbation procedures. The higher-order theory shows that, for identical conditions, compared with the first-order theory both the flame and the front stagnation point are closer to the surface of the drop, the evaporation is more vigorous, the droplet lifetime is shorter, and the internal vortical motion is asymmetric about the drop equatorial plane. These features are significant for ignition/extinction analyses since the prediction of the location of the point of ignition/extinction will depend upon such details. This article is the first of a two-part study ; in the second part, analytical expressions and results obtained here will be incorporated into a detailed investigation of fuel droplet ignition and extinction. In view of the general nature of the formulation considered here, results presented have wider applicability in the general areas of interfacial fluid mechanics and heat/material transport. They are particularly useful in microgravity studies, in atmospheric sciences, in aerosol sciences, and in the prediction of material depletion from spherical particles
Dispersion of Surface States on W(100) and the Surface Reconstruction

The dispersion and symmetry of the surface states along the $\overline{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}\ensuremath{-}\overline{M}$ symmetry line of the W(100) surface Brillouin zone have been determined with use of high-resolution angle-resolved photoemission. Comparison with available calculations shows poor agreement, throwing serious doubts on the role played by the surface states in the W(100) reconstruction.
Asymmetry and variability of meristic characters and spotting in isogenic lines of rainbow trout

Abstract Genetically identical (isogenic) fish could be important experimental animals in aquacultural, genetic and biomedical research. Homozygous clones and isogenic hybrids are the two classes of isogenic research fish. Homozygous rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were produced by androgenesis followed by blockage of the first cleavage division. Clonal lines were produced in the following generation by another round of androgenesis and cleavage blockage, or gynogenesis followed by retention of the second polar body. Isogenic hybrids were produced by crossing homozygous individuals. The developmental stability of isogenic fish was estimated by comparing the fluctuating asymmetry and variance of four bilateral meristic traits in homozygous fish, isogenic hybrids and outbred fish. The homozygous fish were significantly more asymmetrical and showed higher variance in total counts than either the isogenic hybrids or outbred fish, indicating reduced in fitness in this group. There was no significant difference in asymmetry between outbred fish and isogenic hybrids. Fluctuating asymmetry of spotting pattern was investigated as a potential measure of developmental stability. Asymmetry of spotting pattern was not significantly different in homozygous fish compared to isogenic hybrids. However, spotting pattern showed a low coefficient of variation within lines and therefore may prove useful for identifying isogenic lines and monitoring genetic divergence within lines. The increased developmental stability and decreased variance of meristic traits in the isogenic hybrid rainbow trout indicates they were less influenced by environmental conditions and may make better research organisms than would the homozygous clones.
Rapid scanning FT-IR/time Resolved Spectrometry (TRS) For Gas Phase Systems

The development of rapid scanning FT-IR/TRS for a gas phase system is described. The main focus of the experiment is to obtain time-resolved spectra, by using a cell that can generate sufficient energy to record thermal excitation and relaxation of gas phase molecules. Several problems encountered by other workers have been eliminated by the optimization of a double hollow cathode cell configuration.
Repetition priming mediated by task similarity in semantic classification.

In the present study, the specificity of repetition priming between semantic classification tasks was examined using Osgood’s (Osgood, Suci, & Tannenbaum, 1957) semantic space as a heuristic for determining the similarity between classifications. The classification tasks involved judging the meaning of words on semantic scales, such aspleasant/unpleasant. The amount of priming across classifications was hypothesized to decrease with increasing distance (decreasing similarity) between semantic scales in connotative semantic space. The results showed maximum repetition priming when the study and the test classifications were the same, intermediate degrees of priming when the study and the test classification scales shared loadings on semantic factors, and little priming when the study and the test classification scales loaded primarily on orthogonal semantic factors—that is, when the distance between scales was maximized. Consistent with the transfer-appropriate processing framework, repetition priming in semantic classifications was highly task specific, decreasing with increasing distance between classification scales.
Accumulation of cadmium in insulin-producing β cells

Evidence suggests that chronic low level cadmium exposure impairs the function of insulin-producing β cells and may be associated with type-2 diabetes mellitus. Herein, we describe the cadmium content in primary human islets and define the uptake kinetics and effects of environmentally relevant cadmium concentrations in cultured β cells. The average cadmium content in islets from 10 non-diabetic human subjects was 29 ± 7 nmol/g protein (range 7 to 72 nmol/g protein). Exposure of the β-cell line MIN6 to CdCl 2 concentrations between 0.1 and 1.0 µmol/L resulted in a dose- and time-dependent uptake of cadmium over 72 h. This uptake resulted in an induction of metallthionein expression, likely enhancing cellular cadmium accumulation. Furthermore, cadmium accumulation resulted in an inhibition of glucose stimulated insulin secretion in MIN6 cells and primary mouse islets. Our results indicate that this impairment in β-cell function is not due to an increase in cell death or due to an increase in oxidative stress. We conclude that mouse β cells accumulate cadmium in a dose- and time-dependent manner over a prolonged time course at environmentally relevant concentrations. This uptake leads to a functional impairment of β-cell function without significant alterations in cell viability, expression of genes important for β-cell function or increase in oxidative stress.
BARBITURATES AND DRIVING

Barbiturates are general nervous system depressants which are commonly used as sedatives and hypnotics. Approximately 4% of the adult population, 12% of high school students and 19% of college students have reported using barbiturates. The lack of controlled studies comparing barbiturate involvement in traffic accidents and in the at-risk population has restricted any conclusive interpretations which can be made about the causal relationship between barbiturates and traffic accidents. Barbiturate incidence in traffic accident involvement varies from 2 to 9%. The variance in numbers represents different methods in data collection, different techniques in identifying barbiturates in body fluids and the differences in the populations sampled. Laboratory studies have found barbiturates at moderate doses to degrade driving skills. Motor skills performance, perceptual and tracking task performance and vehicle-handling test performance are impaired under barbiturates. This impairment is further degraded by the combined use of alcohol and barbiturates beyond that found under either drug alone. It is clear that barbiturates are dangerous for driving and its effects are likely to produce impairment on those components of driving necessary for safe operation of a motor vehicle.
HARMONIC is a 3–competitive for two servers

Abstract We consider the server algorithm, called HARMONIC, that always moves the servers with probabilities proportional to the inverses of distances to the request point. We show that for two servers HARMONIC is 3-competitive. Before it was only known that the competitiveness constant of this algorithm is between 3 and 6.
Application of Manual Traction Forces on the Cervical Discs With Degenerative Annular Fibers: A Finite Element Model Analysis

Degeneration in intervertebral discs is a complex multifactorial process. Studies have speculated the biomechanical and biochemical reasons factoring the degenerative disc pathology. Disc degeneration begins in inner nucleus pulposus (NP) that has high fluid content. As degeneration advances over time, the load is shifted from inner NP to outer annulus fibrosus (AF) that is more fibrous in nature. In addition to morphological changes in the discs that occur with degeneration in the form of tears and delamination, tissue compositional variations are also noted. These degenerative changes have not only been seen in the disc tissue matrix, but they are also quite apparent in the fibers of AF in the form of incompleteness and laxity [1]. These tensile fibers in AF have a critical functionality in maintaining the mechanical strength of the disc segments, and any form of degenerative impairment in these fibers may lead to abnormal physiology, both in the AF and NP. Despite past research have reported the annular and nucleus stresses in degenerative discs, area that still unclear is the relative contributions of degenerative properties in annular fibers — incompleteness and slackness — to the overall degenerative disc response. Typically, degeneration related neck pain that involve abnormal disc pressures has been shown to be temporarily relieved by the therapeutical application of manual traction forces. The objective of the present study is to understand the pattern of stresses in the AF and NP due to degenerative AF fibers when the manual traction forces are applied on the degenerated discs.© 2012 ASME
HISTAMINE METABOLISM IN CELLS OF THE ALLERGIC RESPONSE

We have developed sensitive and rapid assays to investigate histamine synthesis (histidine decarboxylase activity) (HD) and degradation (histaminase activity) during specific allergen triggered histamine release. HD activity was determined in isolated mast cells and mixed human leukocytes using 2-14C histidine (50uM, 0.5uc) as substrate. Synthesized histamine was separated by thin layer chromatography on cellulose sheets and quantitated in cut sections of chromatograms by liquid scintillation spectrometry. In isolated mast cells (>98%pure) HD activity was linear for at least 6 hr. with an activity of 20ng histamine synthesized /106 mast cells/hr. Histaminase activity was determined by a similar thin layer chromatographic technique. The degradative products formed from the interaction of soluble cell sonicates and 2-14C histamine (8uM, 0.1uc) were quantitated by scintillation spectrometry. Histaminase activity was undetectable in “mononuclear cell fractions” (>98% lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils) but was present in a granulocyte fractions (>98% neutrophils and eosinophils) of human leukocytes. In granulocytes, histaminase activity was associated principally with eosinophils. In eosinophil-rich fractions (95% pure), histaminase activity was linear for at least 5 hr. with an activity of 50 pmol/5×106 eosinophils/hr. These data suggest that the human eosinophil may modulate the allergic response by neutralizing histamine during allergen stimulated histamine release.
PseudoDomain: identification of processed pseudogenes based on protein domain classification

Pseudogenes are dysfunctional DNA sequences that share sequence similarities with functional genes. Accurate identification of pseudogenes is important to understand biological and evolutionary histories of genomes and genes. Most existing pseudogene identification tools rely on homology search between genomic sequences and annotated proteins of the same genome. However, when accurate annotations of the genome of interest are not available, these tools will not be able to provide reliable pseudogene identification. In this work, we introduce a new pseudogene identification tool named PseudoDomain, which is designed to accurately identify processed pseudogenes in genomes with or without gene annotations. PseudoDomain uses profile Hidden Markov Model-based homology search between genomic sequences and protein domain families, which are conserved in a large number of proteins. Experimental results show that our method is able to effectively identify processed pseudogenes with high sensitivity and low false positive rate. In addition, it can accurately predict the number and positions of frameshifts within putative pseudogenes. The source codes of PseudoDomain are available at http://sourceforge.net/projects/pseudodomain/.
A GENERAL SYSTEMS THEORY FOR STUDIES IN CYBERNETICS AND AUTOMATION—PART II

Artificial automata replace, in part or in total, natural automata in systems, and properly disciplined models of natural automata become design models of artificial automata for replacement. In Part I, a summary of two sets of disciplines provided by a General Systems Theory is presented, and the importance of these disciplines to the modeling of three inherited abilities is indicated for a case study. A theorem is presented in the form of an algorithm to aid in the modeling of the ability to modify and extend knowledge structures. In Part II (appearing in the next issue), the proof of the theorem is given and the theorem is applied to the case study. Finally, the application of the disciplines of the General Systems Theory is indicated for a second casestudy of an industrial system of 10 interactive automata.
Analog behavioral modeling of magnetoresistive sensors

A behavioral circuit model of anisotropic magneto resistance (AMR) sensors that operates by modulating the drive bias on soft-adjacent-layer is developed. The non-linear extrinsic behavior of the sensor is modeled by constructing a two-dimensional (2D) polynomial at DC level for the variation of the sensor drive current controlled by the self bias of the sensor and magnetic field bias. Analog Behavioral Model is used to implement the model in SPICE. The simulation of second harmonic (2f) sensitivity signal and its comparison to the experimental data in a bridge configuration is presented. The comparison made with the experimental data permits the accurate prediction of 2f measurement for AMR sensors.
Effects of multiple reflection and albedo on the net radiation in the pack ice zones of Antarctica

[1] Radiative and meteorological measurements were collected continuously during a cruise from Australia to Antarctica in austral summer 2000. On the average, the amount of fractional cloud cover was high (81%), reducing the incoming solar radiation. The albedo varied widely from over 80% for snow-covered undisturbed sea ice to below 10% for open water. In general, sea ice concentration was the strongest determining factor for the reflectivity. However, different ice types and snow cover also had a substantial influence on the reflectivity. When a highly reflecting surface was present (total snow-covered undisturbed ice pack with an albedo of 81%), the incoming global radiation under overcast conditions was 85% higher than for a water surface due to multiple reflections. The net radiation was found to be a strong function of both fractional cloud cover and surface albedo. For low albedo values, the net radiation increases with decreasing cloudiness, e.g., for a water surface (albedo 8%) the mean daily value increased from 88 Wm−2 for total cloud cover to 226 Wm−2 for clear skies. For highly reflecting surfaces, the net radiation decreases with decreasing cloud amount for most of the day. The mean daily value was slightly negative for clear skies (−7 Wm−2), but somewhat positive (23 Wm−2) for overcast conditions.
Epitope Mapping and Competitive Binding of HSA Drug Site II Ligands by NMR Diffusion Measurements

It is important to characterize drug-albumin binding during drug discovery and lead optimization as strong binding may reduce bioavailability and/or increase the drug's in vivo half-life. Despite knowing about the location of human serum albumin (HSA) drug binding sites and the residues important for binding, less is understood about the binding dynamics between exogenous drugs and endogenous fatty acids. In contrast to highly specific antibody-antigen interactions, the conformational flexibility of albumin allows the protein to adopt multiple conformations of approximately equal energy in order to accommodate a variety of ligands. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) diffusion measurements are a simple way to quantitatively describe ligand-protein interactions without prior knowledge of the number of binding sites or the binding stoichiometry. This method can also provide information about ligand orientation at the binding site due to buildup of exchange-transferred NOE (trNOE) on the diffusion time scale of the experiment. The results of NMR diffusion and NOE experiments reveal multiple binding interactions of HSA with dansylglycine, a drug site II probe, and caprylate, a medium-chain fatty acid that also has primary affinity for HSA's drug site II. Interligand NOE (ilNOE) detected in the diffusion analysis of a protein solution containing both ligands provides insight into the conformations adopted by these ligands while bound in common HSA binding pockets. The results demonstrate the ability of NMR diffusion experiments to identify ternary complex formation and show the potential of this method for characterizing other biologically important ternary structures, such as enzyme-cofactor-inhibitor complexes.
The Relationship Behavior Networks of Young Adults: A Test of the Intergenerational Transmission of Violence Hypothesis

The purpose of this study was to determine how negative relationship behaviors are structured in the semantic networks of young adults from violent versus nonviolent homes. Participants included 110 students (72 females and 38 males) from a large Midwestern university who were enrolled in an introductory psychology class. They completed a sorting task that involved relationship behavior stimuli. As hypothesized, differences were found in the composite sorting patterns, as represented by multidimensional scaling (MDS) solutions, for three different groups categorized by their family-of-origin violence history (i.e., nonvictimized by/did not witness parental violence, None; victimized only, Victim; and both witnessed/victimized, Both). Interpretations of the MDS solutions revealed different associations between violent and nonviolent conflict behaviors for victimized versus nonvictimized individuals, suggesting different semantic associations for conflict for individuals in the two groups. In a second set of analyses, separate solutions were generated for perpetrating and nonperpetrating individuals from violent families. Perpetrator and nonperpetrator solutions were also found to differ significantly. These findings suggest that relationship-specific semantic networks are associated with both past and current experiences with violence. One interpretation of these findings is that cognitive differences, generated in the family of origin, may serve to perpetuate a cycle of violence in subsequent romantic relationships.
Spirituality, Religiousness, and Alcoholism Treatment Outcomes: A Comparison between Black and White Participants

This study addresses an unexplained finding in the alcoholism treatment field: despite the health and socioeconomic disparities that exist between Blacks and Whites at intake, Blacks and Whites achieve equivalent treatment outcomes. Using Project MATCH data, this study explores religiousness and spirituality as strengths in the African American community that may account in part for equivalent outcomes. Using binary logistic regression, this study found that as purpose in life increased, Blacks were more likely to achieve sobriety than Whites. This study provides evidence that purpose in life is a cultural strength and an advantage among Blacks in achieving sobriety.
The dissociation energies of FeF, FeCl, and FeBr and their positive ions

Abstract Accurate dissociation energies are computed for FeF, FeCl, and FeBr and their positive ions using the coupled cluster approach in a large basis set and a correction based on CuCl, where there are accurate experimental results for comparison. While the computed IP for FeCl agrees with the recent experimental appearance potential, our best estimate for D 0 is significantly larger then the recent experimental determination. Our best estimates for the D 0 values of FeF, FeCl, and FeBr are 4.91 ± 0.14, 3.73 ± 0.14 eV, and 3.09 ± 0.21 eV, respectively, and 4.51 ± 0.14, 3.51 ± 0.14, and 2.72 ± 0.21 eV for the positive ions. The results obtained using B3LYP functional are in reasonable agreement with those obtained at higher levels of theory.
Constructing isosurfaces in a localized fashion using an underlying octree data structure

We present an octree-based approach for iso surface extraction from large volumetric scalar-valued data. Given scattered points with associated function values, we impose an octree structure of relatively low resolution. Octree construction is controlled by original data resolution and cell-specific error values. For each cell in the octree, we compute an average function value and additional statistical data for the original points inside the cell. Once a specific iso value is specified, we adjust the initial octree by expanding its leaves based on a comparison of the statics with the iso value. We tetrahedrize the centers of the octree's cells to determine tetrahedral meshes decomposing the entire spatial domain of the dat, including a possibly specified region of interest (ROI). Extracted iso surfaces are crack-free inside an ROI, but cracks can appear at the boundary of an ROI. The initial iso surface is an approximation of the exact one, but its quality suffices for a viewer to identify an ROI where more accuracy is desirable. In the refinement process, we refine affected octree nodes and update the triangulation locally to produce better iso surface representations. This adaptive and user- driven refinement provides a means for interactive data exploration via real-time and local iso surface extraction.
Equilibrium constants for the formation of Cu(I) halide complexes

The stoichiometric equilibrium constants, K 3 * , for the formation of CuX 3 2− from CuX 2 − +X− where X=Cl and Br, have been determined from spectral measurements. The measurements were made in NaCl and NaBr solutions from I=0.5 to 6.0m at 5, 25 and 45°C. The measured constants were extrapolated to infinite dilution using the Pitzer equations. The Pitzer parameters, β0, β1 and Cφ, for the interaction of Na+ with CuX 2 − and CuX 3 2− are briefly discussed.
Effects of pulsed fluid lens capsule washing following phacoemulsification on lens epithelial cells and posterior capsule opacification formation ex vivo

Background The aim of the study was to evaluate ex vivo the effects of using a custom tip to direct a pulsed stream of fluid to remove residual lens epithelial cells (LECs) and reduce posterior capsule opacification (PCO) formation following phacoemulsification. Methods Twenty-four canine cadaver eyes were assigned to one of three treatment groups. Six eyes (Control Group) had standard phacoemulsification only, nine eyes (Group 1) had standard phacoemulsification followed by capsular washing using intermediate settings (power = 40%, pulses per second [PPS] = 50, 30 s washing per capsule hemisphere), and nine eyes (Group 2) had standard phacoemulsification followed by aggressive capsular washing (power = 60%, PPS = 50, 60 s washing per capsule hemisphere). Results Control lens capsules had diffuse LECs remaining following standard phacoemulsification and complete ex vivo PCO formation (confluent LECs on the posterior capsule) within 4 ± 2 days (range 2–8 days). Group 1 lens capsules had focal, equatorial LEC clusters remaining following treatment, and complete PCO formation within 9 ± 2 days (range 5–11 days). Group 2 lens capsules had little to no LECs observed following treatment; 5 of 9 capsules had complete PCO formation within 13 ± 2 days (range 9–14 days), and 4 of 9 capsules had no PCO formation by 24 days post-treatment. Conclusions Pulsed fluid lens capsule washing is capable of removing LECs and delaying PCO formation in canine eyes following phacoemulsification ex vivo. Use of more aggressive capsular washing settings resulted in more effective LEC removal and subsequent delay of ex vivo PCO.
Transferrin receptor on peripheral blood lymphocytes in iron deficiency anaemia

The effect of iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) on CD71 expression by peripheral blood lymphocytes was studied in 43 children with iron deficiency anaemia. 18 healthy age-matched children were selected as the control group. 11 children with β-thalassaemia trait were also studied. Lymphocytes bearing CD71 were enumerated by flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood. At diagnosis. CD71 + peripheral lymphocytes (mean ± SE) was 5.90 ± 0.76% in patients with IDA and 12.60 ± 0.98% in healthy controls (P = 0.000). In β-thalassaemia trait patients the peripheral blood CD71 + lymphocytes were 7.80 ± 1.20%. In IDA patients there was a statistically significant correlation between the levels of CD71 + peripheral lymphocytes and haemoglobin value (P = 0.000). In 19 patients studied at days () and 3() of oral iron therapy, the number of peripheral blood CD71 + lymphocytes was shown to be increased from 5.90 ± 0.76 % to 12.11 ± 1.21%. In severe IDA presence of a limited number of CD 71 + peripheral blood lymphocytes indicated that severe IDA should be borne in mind when considering conditions responsible for the suppression of lymphocyte proliferation.
Downstream targets of GATA3 in the vestibular sensory organs of the inner ear

Haploinsufficiency for the transcription factor GATA3 leads to hearing loss in humans. It is expressed throughout the auditory sensory epithelium (SE). In the vestibular organs, GATA3 is limited to the striola reversal zone of the utricle. Stereocilia orientation shifts 180 degrees at this region, which contains morphologically distinct type-I hair cells. The striola is conserved in all amniotes, its function is unknown, and GATA3 is the only known marker of the reversal zone. To identify downstream targets of GATA3 that might point to striolar function, we measured gene expression differences between striolar and extra-striolar SE. These were compared with profiles after GATA3 RNAi and GATA3 over-expression. We identified four genes (BMP2, FKHL18, LMO4, and MBNL2) that consistently varied with GATA3. Two of these (LMO4 and MBNL2) were shown to be direct targets of GATA3 by ChIP. Our results suggest that GATA3 impacts WNT signaling in this region of the sensory macula.
Candidate Images Among Voters and Nonvoters in 1976

An analysis of 1976 data indicates that nonvoters' images of presidential candidates do not differ drastically from the images expressed by voters. Nonvoters respond to fewer candidates and tend to rate some "outsider" figures more positively and "establishment" figures less positively. With regard to most candidates, however, nonvoters' perceptions resemble those of fellow partisan identifiers more than those of fellow nonvoters. Tests of candidate-related explanations of turnout provide more support for the "indifference" and "other preference" hypotheses than for alienation, but the utility of these explana tions varies across partisan groupings.