cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design of servo control systems with quadratic optimal control and observed-state feedback control for mems-based storage device

MicroElectroMechanical Systems (MEMS) are very tiny mechanical devices (on the order of 10–1000 μm) such as sensors, valves, gears, and actuators fabricated on the surface of silicon wafers. These microstructures are created using the same photolithographic processes used in manufacturing other semiconductor devices. Therefore, it is possible to integrate several semiconductor devices (e.g., processors and memory) directly with the nonvolatile storage device. The hierarchy gap between RAM and disks is creating a performance bottleneck in computer systems. MEMS-based storage can improve computer systems performance and fill significant assess time, power dissipation, mass, and cost gaps between RAM and disks. MEMS-based storage is very young technology so there are many possibilities for designing, modeling, and performance. We focus on the system-level performance characteristics. This paper explores control systems with quadratic optimal control and observed-state feedback control for MEMS-based storage device. A closed-loop control system actively damps the oscillations using the actuators and reduces seek time by reducing settling time. Optimizations of the control loop can provide better I/O performance. Accurate model of system components is important for analysis of system performance because these devices do not exist yet. At the beginning of development, our control models may provide reasonable feedback and design trade-offs to both hardware and software designers.
Some Examples of Minimum Variance Unbiased Estimates

Tenenbein (1971) presented an interesting example in which he constructed a minimum variance unbiased estimate of a certain integer valued parameter. His example is reviewed in the light of the fact that his "estimate" takes on non-integer values. Below, in such a case, the term "estimate" is reserved for integervalued functions of the observations. With this reservation, it will be shown that no unbiased "estimates" exist in Tenenbein's example. An alternative example is suggested which retains the pedagogical value of his example without the accompanying faults. Finally, an example is given in which a unique minimum variance unbiased estimate exists despite lack of coinpleteness of the family of distributions of a minimal sufficient statistic.
Comparison of the effects of triphasic oral contraceptives with desogestrel or levonorgestrel on apolipoprotein A-I—containing high-density lipoprotein particles

Recent observations suggest that the risk of coronary artery disease is associated with both the level and composition of the major populations of apolipoprotein (apo)-defined high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles: those containing both apo A-I and apo A-II [Lp(AIAII)] and those containing apo A-I without apo A-II [Lp(AI)]. While sex hormones are known to affect HDL their influence on these apo-defined HDL particles is not known. The authors have determined the effects of two triphasic oral contraceptive (OC) formulations on these HDL particles in healthy normolipidemic women aged 21-35 years. The formulations contain comparable quantities of ethinyl estradiol (EE) and either desogestrel (DG) a minimally androgenic progestin or levonorgestrel (LNG) a more androgenic progestin. Lipid and lipoprotein levels were measured during the 3rd week of the normal menstrual cycle and the 6th month of OC use. The DG/EE formulation significantly increased total cholesterol (C) 15% triglyceride (TG) 99% phospholipid (PL) 17% apo A-I 28% apo A-II 34% apo B 21% very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) 238% HDL-C 20% and HDL3-C 28% (P < 0.02-0.005 n = 11) but not low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). The LNG/EE formulation also increased total C 15% TG 33% apo A-I 15% HDL3-C 21% (P < 0.05 n = 10) apo B 30% (P < 0.005) and additionally LDL-C 19% (P < 0.05). Both formulations increased Lp(AIAII) (DG/EE 34% P < 0.005; LNG/EE 24% P < 0.01). These changes reflected comparable increases of small (7.0-8.2 nm) and medium (8.2-9.2 nm) particles in the LNG/EE group and a predominant increase of medium-sized particles in the DG/EE group. Also in the LNG/EE group but not the DG/EE group there were fewer large (9.2-11.2 nm) particles. Lp(AI) increased only in the DG/EE (25% P = 0.075) and was due to the presence of more large particles. The level of Lp(AI) did not change in the LNG/EE group but the lipid/A-I ratio of these particles was lower (P = 0.012) and there were more small particles. Thus triphasic OC formulations with progestins of different androgenicity had different effects on VLDL LDL and the level and composition of HDL particles with and without apo A-II possibly reflecting estrogen/progestin/androgen balance. Estrogen dominance increases both Lp(AIAII) and Lp(AI) and favors large Lp(AI) particles while progestin/androgen dominance increases only Lp(AIAII) and favors small particles. Because of the importance of HDL in the arterial wall physiology OC formulations with different estrogen progestin content may affect arterial wall health to a different extent. (authors)
Some Dynamical Constraints on Upstream Pathways of the Denmark Strait Overflow

AbstractThe East Greenland Current (EGC) had long been considered the main pathway for the Denmark Strait overflow (DSO). Recent observations, however, indicate that the north Icelandic jet (NIJ), which flows westward along the north coast of Iceland, is a major separate pathway for the DSO. In this study a two-layer numerical model and complementary integral constraints are used to examine various pathways that lead to the DSO and to explore plausible mechanisms for the NIJ’s existence. In these simulations, a westward and NIJ-like current emerges as a robust feature and a main pathway for the Denmark Strait overflow. Its existence can be explained through circulation integrals around advantageous contours. One such constraint spells out the consequences of overflow water as a source of low potential vorticity. A stronger constraint can be added when the outflow occurs through two outlets: it takes the form of a circulation integral around the Iceland–Faroe Ridge. In either case, the direction of overall...
Application of digital diagnostic impression, virtual planning, and computer-guided implant surgery for a CAD/CAM-fabricated, implant-supported fixed dental prosthesis: a clinical report.

This clinical report demonstrated the use of an implant-supported fixed dental prosthesis fabricated with a contemporary digital approach. The digital diagnostic data acquisition was completed with a digital diagnostic impression with an intraoral scanner and cone-beam computed tomography with a prefabricated universal radiographic template to design a virtual prosthetically driven implant surgical plan. A surgical template fabricated with computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) was used to perform computer-guided implant surgery. The definitive digital data were then used to design the definitive CAD/CAM-fabricated fixed dental prosthesis.
Treatment of myasthenia gravis.

In the treatment of myasthenia gravis (MG) considerable progress has recently been achieved. Our experience is based on the observation of 139 patients with an average follow-up of 3 years and 4 months. A treatment plan and results are presented. Indications for thymectomy: all cases of MG in adult life, apart from ocular myasthenia without radiological thymoma and without electrophysiological and pharmacological signs of generalization; before puberty only cases with radiological thymoma and severely incapacitating or life-threatening signs. Median sternotomy is preferable for thymoma, the transcervical approach with a sternal split for non-neoplastic thymus. Mediastinal radiotherapy is indicated after removal of an invasive or adhesive thymoma. Indications for corticosteroids: 1) before thymectomy: respiratory weakness; 2) soon after thymectomy: life-threatening signs; 3) later after thymectomy: incapacitating or life-threatening signs; 4) as an alternative to thymectomy: when surgery cannot be performed or it is not indicated. Oral Prednisone was nearly always preferred: alternate-day high single dose (75 to 115 mg) has given good results in most cases even if in some cases a small dose was required in the “off day”; inversely a lower alternate-day or daily dose was often sufficient. Long-term results: following this schedule for adult patients good results were scored in 67% of thymomas, in 94% of hyperplasias, and in 62% of unthymectomized patients: in prepuberal life the few cases of severe MG have all shown a favorable evolution.
Phase Transitions in the Multi-cellular Regulatory Behavior of Pancreatic Islet Excitability

The pancreatic islets of Langerhans are multicellular micro-organs integral to maintaining glucose homeostasis through secretion of the hormone insulin. β-cells within the islet exist as a highly coupled electrical network which coordinates electrical activity and insulin release at high glucose, but leads to global suppression at basal glucose. Despite its importance, how network dynamics generate this emergent binary on/off behavior remains to be elucidated. Previous work has suggested that a small threshold of quiescent cells is able to suppress the entire network. By modeling the islet as a Boolean network, we predicted a phase-transition between globally active and inactive states would emerge near this threshold number of cells, indicative of critical behavior. This was tested using islets with an inducible-expression mutation which renders defined numbers of cells electrically inactive, together with pharmacological modulation of electrical activity. This was combined with real-time imaging of intracellular free-calcium activity [Ca2+]i and measurement of physiological parameters in mice. As the number of inexcitable cells was increased beyond ∼15%, a phase-transition in islet activity occurred, switching from globally active wild-type behavior to global quiescence. This phase-transition was also seen in insulin secretion and blood glucose, indicating physiological impact. This behavior was reproduced in a multicellular dynamical model suggesting critical behavior in the islet may obey general properties of coupled heterogeneous networks. This study represents the first detailed explanation for how the islet facilitates inhibitory activity in spite of a heterogeneous cell population, as well as the role this plays in diabetes and its reversal. We further explain how islets utilize this critical behavior to leverage cellular heterogeneity and coordinate a robust insulin response with high dynamic range. These findings also give new insight into emergent multicellular dynamics in general which are applicable to many coupled physiological systems, specifically where inhibitory dynamics result from coupled networks.
A comparative ultrastructural study of the choroid plexuses of the immature pig

The fine structure of the choroid plexus of the immature pig consists of an epithelial layer of cells contiguous with a subepithelial region containing fibrillar elements. The apical surface is extended as numerous digitiform microvilli. At irregular intervals, apical tufts of cilia occur that contain 10–14 cilia with a typical 9+2 subfibrillar arrangement. The cytoplasm is composed of randomly distributed smooth tubular endoplasmic reticulum, apically concentrated cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi areas, glycogen and numerous mitochondria. Lateral cell membranes are typically tortuous, interdigitating and possess an apical tight junction. Various vesicles are found including pinocytotic vesicles, lipoid inclusions and lysosomes. A comparative ultrastructural study of the choroid plexuses from the lateral, third and fourth ventricles failed to demonstrate significant differences between these structures of different embryological origin.
Plasma response measurements of non-axisymmetric magnetic perturbations on DIII-D via soft x-ray imaginga)

Recent observations on DIII-D have advanced the understanding of plasma response to applied resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) in both H-mode and L-mode plasmas. Three distinct 3D features localized in minor radius are imaged via filtered soft x-ray emission: (i) the formation of lobes extending from the unperturbed separatrix in the X-point region at the plasma boundary, (ii) helical kink-like perturbations in the steep-gradient region inside the separatrix, and (iii) amplified islands in the core of a low-rotation L-mode plasma. These measurements are used to test and to validate plasma response models, which are crucial for providing predictive capability of edge-localized mode control. In particular, vacuum and two-fluid resistive magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) responses are tested in the regions of these measurements. At the plasma boundary in H-mode discharges with n = 3 RMPs applied, measurements compare well to vacuum-field calculations that predict lobe structures. Yet in the steep-gradient region...
The Sight Distance Issues with Retrofitted Single-Lane HOV Facilities

It is well-known that obstruction inside a highway horizontal curve will lead to impaired sight distance. Highway alignment design standards in terms of the minimum horizontal curve radius are specified to allow for adequate stopping sight distance at given design speeds. For a single-lane HOV facility, inside curve obstruction may occur no matter when the facility curves to the left (per travel direction) or right. A unique situation that calls for special attention is that the adjacent mixed-flow lane traffic, once queued, may become sight obstruction. Calculations indicated that such obstruction may govern the minimum curve radius design as long as the left shoulder is not less than 0.92 m, when the HOV lane is contiguous to the mixed-flow lanes. Such governance may necessitate design speed reduction, horizontal and cross-section design adjustment, or both.
Revised Charge Equilibration Parameters for More Accurate Hydration Free Energies of Alkanes

Abstract We present a refined alkane charge equilibration (CHEQ) force field, improving our previously reported CHEQ alkane force field [1] to better reproduce experimental hydration free energies. Experimental hydration free energies of ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, and heptane are reproduced to within 3.6% on average. We demonstrate that explicit polarization results in a shift in molecular dipole moment for water molecules associated with the alkane molecule. We also show that our new parameters do not have a significant effect on the alkane–water interactions as measured by the radial distribution function (RDF).
The Icarians and Their Neighbors

This chapter examines the relationships between the mostly French Icarian communists of Illinois, Missouri, and Iowa, and the Midwest communities among which they settled. It gives a thumbnail sketch of the Icarian history in America and then focuses on how the French-speaking, communist Icarians interacted with the English-speaking individualist societies around them in their different localities.
Identification of a Prostaglandin-responsive Element in the Na,K-ATPase β1 Promoter That Is Regulated by cAMP and Ca2+: EVIDENCE FOR AN INTERACTIVE ROLE OF cAMP REGULATORY ELEMENT-BINDING PROTEIN AND Sp1 *

The Na,K-ATPase is a transmembrane protein responsible for maintaining electrochemical gradients across the plasma membrane in all mammalian cells, a process that is subject to regulation at the transcriptional as well as post-transcriptional level. Included among physiologic regulators in the kidney are prostaglandins. Previously, we demonstrated that prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) increases the activity and expression of the Na,K-ATPase in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (Taub, M., Borsick, M., Geisel, J., Matlhagela, K., Rajkhowa, T., and Allen, C. (2004) Exp. Cell Res. 299, 1–14; Taub, M. L., Wang, Y., Yang, I. S., Fiorella, P., and Lee, S. M. (1992) J. Cell. Physiol. 151, 337–346). In this work, we present evidence that transcription of the Na,K-ATPase β1 subunit is stimulated by PGE1, an effect that may be mediated through the cAMP and Ca2+ pathways. Transient transfection studies using 5′-deletion mutants of the human β1 subunit promoter indicated that region -100 to -92 containing the sequence AGTCCCTGC (a prostaglandin-responsive element (PGRE)) is required to elicit the stimulatory effects of PGE1, 8-bromo-cAMP, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, and okadaic acid. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicated that both the cAMP regulatory element-binding protein (CREB) and Sp1 bind to the PGRE present within this region of the β1 subunit promoter. The involvement of the PGRE and Sp1 sites in regulation by PGE1 was further confirmed by the increased PGE1 stimulation that was observed following insertion of the PGRE into a promoter/luciferase construct containing a portion of a heterologous promoter and the fibronectin promoter with four GC boxes. Further evidence suggesting an interaction between Sp1 and CREB was obtained from experiments conducted with pLuc-MCS-β72–167, which contains region -167 to -72 in the human β1 subunit promoter. The PGE1 stimulation observed in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells transiently transfected with pLuc-MCS-β72–167 was reduced when the two GC boxes immediately upstream from the PGRE were translocated farther upstream. Also consistent with an interaction between CREB and Sp1 are the results of our immunoprecipitation studies indicating that CREB co-immunoprecipitated with Sp1 when an antibody against CREB, Sp1, or the CREB-binding protein was used.
Very high Mach number shocks - Theory

The theory and simulation of collisionless perpendicular supercritical shock structure is reviewed, with major emphasis on recent research results. The primary tool of investigation is the hybrid simulation method, in which the Newtonian orbits of a large number of ion macroparticles are followed numerically, and in which the electrons are treated as a charge neutralizing fluid. The principal results include the following: (1) electron resistivity is not required to explain the observed quasi-stationarity of the earth's bow shock, (2) the structure of the perpendicular shock at very high Mach numbers depends sensitively on the upstream value of beta (the ratio of the thermal to magnetic pressure) and electron resistivity, (3) two-dimensional turbulence will become increasingly important as the Mach number is increased, and (4) nonadiabatic bulk electron heating will result when a thermal electron cannot complete a gyrorbit while transiting the shock.
The influence of diets containing either conventional corn, conventional corn with choice white grease, high oil corn, or high oil high oleic corn on belly/bacon quality

The objectives of this study were to evaluate diets possessing different fatty acid profiles (as influenced by corn type) with regard to fatty acid profile and firmness of pork bellies. Crossbred barrows (n=196) were fed one of four corn-based diets consisting of conventional corn (CONV), CONV with choice white grease (CWG), high oil corn (HOC), or high oleic, high oil corn (HOHOC). Following 98 days on test, two animals representing the average pen weight (118 kg) were selected for harvest (n=56). A 50-g fat sample was removed from each belly for fatty acid profile analysis. Lateral and vertical flex tests were performed to determine belly firmness. Bellies were pumped and cooked according to a commercial protocol. Total saturated fatty acids increased (P 0.05). Based on the results of this study, corn type influences fatty acid profile, and belly firmness, but does not affect pump retention, or slicing yields.
Variation in subterranean termite susceptibility to fatal infections by local Metarhizium soil isolates

Metarhizium was isolated from soil in the immediate vicinity of subterranean termite colonies belonging to Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) in order to investigate the variety and virulence of naturally encountered strains of this fungal entomopathogen. Variation in virulence of each isolate was tested with an in vivo assay of termite worker survivorship after exposure to fungal conidia. Four colonies varied significantly in their susceptibility to six, or in one case five, isolates of Metarhizium collected across a rough transect in deciduous forest of approximately 1 km. The isolates also varied significantly in their virulence. The fungal isolates represented three separate species, M. brunneum, M. robertsii, and M. guizhouense. There was a significant correlation between the genetic distance between isolates and their difference in virulence in three of four termite colonies. Genetically similar isolates had similar virulence that depended on the workers’ colony of origin, which suggests that virulence depends on a specific interaction between R. flavipes workers and their locally encountered Metarhizium strains. Factors that might influence this interaction are discussed.
The reversible decline of oxygen flash yields at high flash energies. Evidence for total annihilation of excitations in Photosystem II

The yield of oxygen from cells of Chlorella vulgaris illuminated for 0.5 μs with 596 nm laser light reversibly declines at flash energies much greater than those required for saturation. The decline in oxygen flash yields is specifically related to the optical cross-section per Photosystem (PS) II trap. The effect can be explained as the result of a total annihilation process which occurs either at the PS II trap (with very low probability) or in the PS II antenna (with very short lifetime). Evidence from separate experiments is discussed which suggests that the process occurs at the PS II trap. The probability of this process is about 10−4.
Ray tracing evaluation of a technique for correcting the refraction errors in satellite tracking data

Errors may be introduced in satellite laser ranging data by atmospheric refractivity. Ray tracing data have indicated that horizontal refractivity gradients may introduce nearly 3-cm rms error when satellites are near 10-degree elevation. A correction formula to compensate for the horizontal gradients has been developed. Its accuracy is evaluated by comparing it to refractivity profiles. It is found that if both spherical and gradient correction formulas are employed in conjunction with meteorological measurements, a range resolution of one cm or less is feasible for satellite elevation angles above 10 degrees.
The case of Japan: Price bargaining and controls on oil products☆

Abstract This paper shows how the Japanese variant of indicative planning has dealt with the oil crisis. Goals for leading export industries and for income distribution have been promoted through “administered competition” (a key policy in the strong economic growth of the 1960s) and pricing policies (including selective controls). The “price-bargaining” mechanism (aided by sociopolitical forces) has proved effective in oil products, even under floating exchange rates. One noteworthy policy alteration is the encouragement of sales in Japan by large foreign oil companies but under constraints that tie their interests more closely to those of Japan.
Recent progress in earth satellite data applied to marine activities

Although Seasat-A, the first Earth satellite dedicated to collection of data for oceanographic purposes, is not scheduled for launch earlier than May 1978, imagery and digital measurements from environmental (NOAA and GOES), meteorological (Nimbus), and earth resources survey (Landsat) satellites are being used for operational applications and/ or research studies in the marine area. Visible spectrum and thermal infrared data from the Scanning Radiometer (SR) and Very High Resolution Radiometer (VHRR) on the NOAA-polar-orbiting satellites, and from the Visible and Infrared Spin Scan Radiometer (VISSR) on the GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite), are being used in a variety of ocean-oriented activities, principally but not exclusively in those relating to sea surface temperature mapping, sea ice monitoring, and detection of ocean currents and upwelling. New techniques of image and digital data processing and display, including time-lapse methods, have been developed recently. The Electrically Scanning Microwave Radiometer (ESMR) carried on the last two Nimbus spacecraft has been used operationally by the Navy because of its all-weather ice surveillance capability. Although not designed for these purposes, Landsat multi-spectral imagery has been used to demonstrate the feasibility of detecting ocean-scene color variations associated with such factors as water depth, sediment load, and chlorophyll concentration. The next Nimbus spacecraft, also planned for launch in mid-1978, is to carry the Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS), a sensor system developed specifically for these kinds of tasks.
The interparticulate friction behavior of acetal copolymer pellets with bilobal and trilobal cross‐sections

The interparticulate friction coefficient has been measured for a range of pellet cross-sections. This measurement is postulated as representing the integrity of the solid bed in plasticating extrusion, reciprocating-screw injection molding and extrusion blow molding. The value of the interparticulate friction coefficient has been found to be consistently greater for profiled pellet cross-sections such as bilobal and trilobal than for conventional pellets with circular cross-sections. It is postulated that this result means that solids beds formed from pellets with profiled cross-sections are less likely to fracture, or break-up, than are solids beds formed with conventional pellets, during plasticating extrusion, reciprocating-screw injection molding and extrusion blow molding. It is further postulated that this will result in surge inhibition, and allow the manufacturing units to run faster with fewer operational problems. The effects of normal load, pellet geometry, polymer molecular weight and agitation of the bed are also presented. In addition to the measurement of the interparticulate friction coefficients, the manufacturing procedures for profiled pellets are explained.
Protection against inflammatory neurodegeneration and glial cell death by 7β-hydroxy epiandrosterone, a novel neurosteroid

It has been demonstrated that neuroprotective effects of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) may be mediated by its 7alpha- and 7beta-hydroxy derivatives. Epiandrosterone is also converted to 7beta-hydroxy epiandrosterone (7beta-OH EPIA) in numerous tissues. The aim of the present study was to establish whether treatment with 7beta-hydroxy epiandrosterone has a neuroprotective effect in animal models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) lesions. Intra-amygdaloid administration of amyloid beta [Abeta(25-35)] increased the number of tau-positive cells in the ipsilateral hippocampus. Intracerebroventricular administration of ethylcholine aziridinium (AF64A) caused cholinergic damage in the septum, and glial lesions in the lateral septal nucleus and in the lateral zones of the hippocampus. These effects were almost completely prevented when animals were treated subcutaneously (b.i.d.) for 10 days with 0.1 mg/kg 7beta-hydroxy epiandrosterone. These findings indicate that 7beta-hydroxy epiandrosterone has powerful cytoprotective effects suggesting that (a) this neurosteroid may have therapeutic potential in various neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, and (b) 7beta-hydroxy steroids may constitute a novel class of endogenous neuroprotective agents.
In vivo and in vitro MR imaging of renal tumors: histopathologic correlation and pulse sequence optimization.

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging has given mixed results in the detection of renal masses. To identify the reasons for this and to determine the optimal pulse sequences for evaluating renal tumors, the authors imaged 12 primary renal tumors in vivo and 17 in vitro at 0.35 T. Histopathologic findings for each specimen were closely correlated with the MR images. Four of seven solid tumors imaged in vivo were isointense with surrounding normal renal parenchyma at all pulse sequences. The other three tumors were hyperintense in vivo at T2-weighted sequences. At heavily T2-weighted sequences eight solid tumors were hyperintense in vitro and four were hypointense. There was no correlation between signal intensity and specific tissue type or histologic pattern for solid tumors. The five cystic tumors were well seen both in vivo and in vitro on T2-weighted images. However, the signal intensity of the cyst fluid was an unreliable indicator of benignancy. SE MR imaging at 0.35 T has significant limitations in the de...
The Effect of Human Milk Fortifier on Transforming Growth Factor Beta2(TGF|[beta]|2) Concentration in Human Milk 587

Human milk fortifiers (HMF) are commonly added to human milk to increase caloric density and nutrient delivery to preterm infants. TGFβ2 is present in human milk, has immunoregulatory properties, and is involved in growth, differentiation, and repair of neonatal gut epithelia. The effect of HMF on TGFβ2 concentration is unknown. We sought to measure the concentration of TGFβ2 in whole milk following the addition of a commercially available powdered HMF. Human milk samples (N=23) were collected and stored at -20°C. For analysis, milk samples were thawed and divided into two aliquots. HMF was added at a concentration of 0.0384 g/mL (or one 0.96 g packet per 25 mL) to the 2nd aliquot of each pair. Controls included:(1) HMF at a concentration of 0.0384 g/mL in calibrator diluent (CD) and (2) HMF 0.0384 g/mL in CD with recombinant TGFβ2 at 2000 and 500 pg/mL. The concentration of the 25 kD acid-activated TGFβ2 isoform was measured using an ELISA (R&D Systems). The mean±SD concentration of TGFβ2 in unfortified milk was 5554±5345 (range 143-17640) pg/mL human milk. The mean±SD concentration of TGFβ2 in fortified milk was 7135±4774 (range 1641-17390) pg/mL. The mean relative increase in milk TGFβ2 concentration after the addition of HMF was 3.4 times that of unfortified milk. The mean TGFβ2 concentration in HMF control was 2518 pg/mL. HMF doubled the concentration of TGFTGFβ2 standards. In summary, with the addition of HMF to whole milk samples, TGFβ2 concentration decreased 2-to-10% in 4 samples but increased 1-to- 3174% in 19 samples. It appears that HMF is an additional source of TGFβ2 when added to human milk. What effect this alteration in human milk TGFβ2 concentration has on neonatal immune and gut function remains unknown.
Section III: Endoscopic and Other Staging Techniques

Accurate staging of esophageal cancer is important as disease survival closely correlates with TNM stage. The optimal management of patients with esophageal cancer utilizes stage-dependent algorithms. The primary diagnosis of esophageal cancer is established by upper endoscopy and biopsy. Computed tomography (CT) is typically the next test performed and is most valuable at detecting metastatic (M) distant disease, particularly in the liver, lungs, and bone. Positron emission tomography (PET) scanning with 18-fluorodeoxyglucose also is useful in detecting distant disease. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) combines endoscopy with high-frequency ultrasonography to obtain detailed images of the tumor and surrounding structures. EUS is the most accurate technique for the locoregional (T and N) staging of esophageal cancer. The recent availability of EUS-directed fine needle aspiration (FNA) has allowed a tissue diagnosis of lymph nodes both periesophageal and in the celiac axis. EUS-FNA can also sample liver metastases. Laparoscopic and thoracoscopic techniques can also be used to sample thoracic and celiac axis lymph nodes. Optimal staging strategies for esophageal cancer combine EUS FNA with either CT or PET scans.
Intercomparing multiple measures of the onset of spring in eastern North America

Measuring the onset of deciduous tree leaf flush and subsequent development during the spring season in temperate climates can be accomplished using multiple ground and satellite-based techniques. Although all these measurements are valid (i.e. record a real characteristic related to plant development), they typically are poorly inter-related due to incompatible levels of spatial representation and differing methodologies. Given recent and likely future impacts of climate change on spring leaf development, the need to reconstruct past patterns, and the lack of standardised vegetation change measurements around the world, more work is needed to determine the relationships among the various measures, and the degree to which they may serve as substitutes for each other. In this article, we use observations and measurements at two phenology ‘super-sites’ in eastern North America and four other supporting sites to evaluate the relationships among multiple spring leaf development measures, and explore strategies to standardise their intercomparison. The results show infrequent significant correlations among 10 satellite-derived ‘start of season’ (SOS) measures (which suggests they are often not detecting the same phenomena), along with more common significant correlations among six ground phenology measures. However, when ground phenology and satellite-derived SOS are compared, there are few significant correlations, even at sites with extensive native species phenology available. Modelled phenology, based on daily temperature data (Spring Indices First Bloom date) does as well as any of the direct native species measures, and is well suited to facilitate intercomparisons. In order to effectively compare ground-based and satellite-derived SOS measures, approaches that use limited numbers of individual plants face considerable challenges. Given that satellite-derived measures are areal and at a scale of 250 m and larger, we suggest collecting ground phenology data at the same areal scale in order to make effective comparisons. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Fatigue analysis of piezoelectric microdevice based on a continuum damage model

The utilization of piezoelectric materials in MEMS devices under harsh environments has gained affordable appreciations due to its unique mechanical and electrical material properties. However, the reliability of MEMS devices triggered by fatigue damage remains elusive and needs to be further explored. Here, we present a continuum constitutive model for piezoelectric materials containing a substantive amount of randomly dispersed microcracks. The constitutive equation of the piezoelectric materials with microcracks is formulated via Helmholtz free energy by combining the Kachanvo damage evolution law and the Chaboche fatigue damage development to express the fatigue damage growth. A case of the fatigue damage analysis of the piezoelectric microplate with transverse matrix cracks in the status of plane stress is presented by adopting the von Karman’s plate theory. With numerical schemes employed, the effect of cyclic impulsive loadings and electrical loadings on the fatigue damage and fatigue life predicti...
Practice management in obstetrics and gynecology residency curriculum

Abstract Objective: To establish the current level of instruction in practice management in obstetrics and gynecology residency programs; review recommendations of medical school practice management executives and current and former residents on design of practice management instruction programs; and develop recommendations for future management instruction by residency programs in obstetrics and gynecology. Methods: A questionnaire was sent to 101 practice plan executives of obstetrics and gynecology departments at medical schools in the United States and Canada. A modified version was sent to 44 current obstetrics and gynecology residents and 72 former residents from the University of Tennessee, Memphis. Results: The response rates were 71% (practice executives), 93% (current residents), and 81% (former residents). There were no formal management programs at 87% of responding institutions, although most respondents (62%) thought there should be mandatory participation in management programs, probably given by organizations outside the university. Potential subjects that received high ratings were current procedural terminology and diagnosis coding, managed care, billing procedures, contractual agreements between medical doctors, patient record management, and practice economics. Conclusion: Residency programs should establish formal practice management instruction programs and make participation mandatory. Funding should come from the medical school and university. Instructional help should come from extradepartmental organizations and individuals.
Mesoscale predictability under various synoptic regimes

Abstract. Numerical model experiments using slightly rotated terrain are compared to gauge the sentivity of mesoscale forecasts to small perturbations that arise due to small synoptic-scale wind direction errors relative to topographic features. The surface and above surface wind speed errors, as well as the precipitation forecast errors, are examined for a landfalling cold front that occurred during the California Landfalling Jets (CALJET) experiment. The slight rotation in the terrain results in nearly identical synoptic-scale forecasts, but result in substantial forecast errors on the mesoscale in both wind and precipitation. The largest mesoscale errors occur when the front interacts with the topography, which feeds back on the frontal dynamics to produce differing frontal structures, which, in turn, result in mesoscale errors as large as 40% (60%) of the observed mesoscale variability in rainfall (winds). This sensitivity differs for the two rotations and a simple average can still have a substantial error. The magnitude of these errors is very large given the size of the perturbation, which raises concerns about the predictability of the detailed mesoscale structure for landfalling fronts.
Peri-operative dreaming and awareness in children.

Summary Dreaming under anaesthesia was investigated in a prospective study of 120 day case paediatric patients, aged 5–17 years, who underwent a variety of surgical procedures. Patients were anaesthetised using the ‘Liverpool technique’ of paediatric anaesthesia (nitrous oxide-oxygen-relaxant). No patient reported awareness, but 23 of 120 patients (19%) reported dreams. Analysis of the data revealed that the choice of muscle relaxant, (nondepolarising or depolarising) had a statistically significant effect on the incidence of dreaming (p < 0.05). It is suggested that the technique of intermittent intravenous suxamethonium may result in increased muscle spindle discharge and cause cerebral arousal and an increased incidence of dreaming.
SYNOVIAL SARCOMA IN CHILDREN AND YOUNG ADULTS

Synovial sarcoma (SS) is a rare malignancy in adults and children. Between 1976 and 1981 5 patients with SS were seen on our pediatric oncology service. All were male, 2 were black and ages ranged from 5½ to 22 yrs., median 14. Sites of origin were the mid-back, ankle, popliteal fossa, thigh and upper arm. Histologically 3 were bimorphic and 2 monomorphic. No patient had evidence of metastasis (METS) at diagnosis. Initial surgery included incomplete resection (IR) in 2 and complete resection (CR) in 3. In the 2 patients with IR, 1 had 2nd surgery with CR and 1 refused amputation. All patients received adjuvant "sarcoma type" VACA chemotherapy (CT) and the 2 with initial IR had local radiation. Outcome is shown below:
Role of TRP channels in the cardiovascular system

The transient receptor potential (TRP) superfamily consists of a large number of nonselective cation channels with variable degree of Ca2+-permeability. The 28 mammalian TRP channel proteins can be grouped into six subfamilies: canonical, vanilloid, melastatin, ankyrin, polycystic, and mucolipin TRPs. The majority of these TRP channels are expressed in different cell types including both excitable and nonexcitable cells of the cardiovascular system. Unlike voltage-gated ion channels, TRP channels do not have a typical voltage sensor, but instead can sense a variety of other stimuli including pressure, shear stress, mechanical stretch, oxidative stress, lipid environment alterations, hypertrophic signals, and inflammation products. By integrating multiple stimuli and transducing their activity to downstream cellular signal pathways via Ca2+ entry and/or membrane depolarization, TRP channels play an essential role in regulating fundamental cell functions such as contraction, relaxation, proliferation, differentiation, and cell death. With the use of targeted deletion and transgenic mouse models, recent studies have revealed that TRP channels are involved in numerous cellular functions and play an important role in the pathophysiology of many diseases in the cardiovascular system. Moreover, several TRP channels are involved in inherited diseases of the cardiovascular system. This review presents an overview of current knowledge concerning the physiological functions of TRP channels in the cardiovascular system and their contributions to cardiovascular diseases. Ultimately, TRP channels may become potential therapeutic targets for cardiovascular diseases.
Local control of neurite sprouting in cultured sympathetic neurons by nerve growth factor

Sprouting of neurites by sympathetic neurons from newborn rats was studied in compartmentalized cultures. The neuronal cell bodies resided in proximal compartments, and neurites penetrated silicone grease barriers and elongated within distal compartments. Nerve growth factor (NGF) was initially supplied at 1 microgram/ml in all compartments, but was subsequently withdrawn from proximal compartments and for a time was only supplied to distal neurites. Little or no neurite growth was observed in proximal compartments after NGF withdrawal, but reintroduction of NGF resulted in substantial neurite growth over the next few days which was shown to have originated from local sprouting within the proximal compartments. This result is distinct from previous work on NGF-enhanced nerve fiber elongation in demonstrating that quiescent, NGF-deprived regions of sympathetic neurons sprout neurites in response to local reexposure to NGF.
Combination Antifungal Therapy Involving Amphotericin B, Rapamycin and 5-Fluorocytosine Using PEG-Phospholipid Micelles

Purpose Rapamycin and 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) are antifungal agents with unique mechanisms of activity, with potential for cooperative interaction with AmB. Combination antifungal therapy involving conventional AmB has been restricted by poor physical stability and compatibility with antifungal drugs and vehicles.
Soldier bug predation on swallowtail caterpillars (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae): circumvention of defensive chemistry

All larvae in the family Papilionidae possess osmeteria, eversible glands that release defensive chemicals upon disturbance. These chemicals have been shown to be repellent to ants, mantids, and other predaceous arthropods with chewing mouthparts. In this study, we demonstrate that the pentatomid Podisus maculiventris,an important predator of the black swallowtail Papilio polyxenes,is capable of piercing the body wall of the caterpillar and consuming body fluids without eliciting osmeterial eversion. Tenebrio molitorlarvae coated with osmeterial secretions of Papilio polyxeneswere universally rejected by Podisus maculiventris,suggesting that the predator is in fact repelled by the swallowtail defensive chemistry. By circumventing the defensive behavior of the caterpillar, the pentatomid is able to utilize an otherwise chemically unsuitable prey species.
A one hundred and seventeen year coastal water temperature record from Woods Hole, Massachusetts

We have compiled what we believe is the longest coherent coastal sea surface temperature record in North America. Near-surface water temperature measurements have been made almost daily at Great Harbon, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, since 1886 with remarkably few gaps. The record shows that there was no significant trend in water temperature at this site for the first 60 yr of observation. There was some cooling during the 1960s that was followed by a significant warming from 1970–2002 at a rate of 0.04°C yr−1. During the 1990s annual mean temperatures averaged approximately 1.2°C warmer than they had been on average between 1890 and 1970; winter (December, January, and February) temperatures were 1.7°C warmer and summer (June, July, and August) temperatures were 1.0°C warmer. There has not been a statistically significant decrease in the annual number of winter days below 1°C or an increase in the annual number of winter days above 5°C. The number of summer days each year with water temperature above 21°C has not increased significantly. The dates of first observations of 10°C and 20°C water in the spring have not changed sufficiently to be statistically significant. There is a weak positive correlation between annual and winter water temperature and the annual and winter North Atlantic Oscillation index, respectively, during the period of record.
Improved Nurse Readiness Through Pediatric Mock Code Training

The proficiency of the nursing staff in pediatric resuscitation is limited when realistic and consistent practice is not provided. NADEL ET AL., 2000a, 2000b and Van Schaik, Von Kohorn, and O'Sullivan (2008) found that inpatient pediatric cardiopulmonary arrests are infrequent events (Nadel et al., 2000a, 2000b). However, this fortunate rarity places a significant burden on the staff responsible for the child to remain proficient in the skills needed. Staff and physician training, such as Pediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS) and mock codes, have been developed to address this problem. Gilfoyle, Gottesman, and Razack (2007); Smith and Crnkovic (1994); Toback, Fiedor, Kilpela, and Reis (2006); and Monachino (2005) have demonstrated that pediatric “mock code” training is a useful tool to improve the proficiency and confidence of physicians and staff in community hospitals and in the outpatient setting, as well as during residency training (Mikrogianakis et al., 2008). However, the proficiency of the nursing staff in pediatric resuscitation is limited when realistic and consistent practice is not provided. Limitations of mock code training include insufficient time and opportunity for training of staff and an insufficient number of qualified instructors. Gilfoyle et al. (2007) and van Schaik et al. (2008) demonstrated that during a mock code, chance dictates the opportunity to take part in simulated code scenario, and these scenarios are not availed by all participants. In a community hospital setting, pediatric or emergency physicians may not be immediately available. Therefore, the nursing staff needs to be thoroughly comfortable in initiating
Laser and electron beam welding of SiCp reinforced aluminum A-356 metal matrix composite

This paper details the results of a comparative study of laser and electron beam welding of a cast aluminum metal-matrix composite (Al-MMC) reinforced with SiC particles (SiC[sub p]). Electron beam welding of 15% SiC[sub p] A356-MMC produces much less deleterious Al[sub 4]C[sub 3] than CO[sub 2] laser beam welding at the same input powers and travel speeds. The advantage of EB welding of 15% SiC[sub p] A356-MMC relative to laser beam welding due to the different mechanisms of energy absorption by the substrate material for the two processes. During laser beam welding, the SiC particles are dissolved into a homogeneous solution of liquid Al, Si, and C at high temperatures, and the Al[sub 4]C[sub 3] subsequently precipitates from this solution on cooling. During EB welding of SiC[sub p] Al-MMCs, neither phase preferentially absorbs the energy of the electrons, and heating is more uniform than with laser beam welding. As a result of the uniform heat transfer to each phase, dissolution and decomposition of the SiC is limited and little Al[sub 4]C[sub 3] is formed. It is recommended that sharp focus of the electron beam and high travel speeds be used to minimize Al[sub 4]C[sub 3] formation. The results of thismore » study can be more broadly interpreted to suggest that other high melting efficiency welding processes that allow for rapid welding cycles and minimal superheating can also be used to join SiC[sub p] Al-MMCs as long as the process is compatible with the material.« less