cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Value of η for Long-Range Interactions

The relationship $2\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\eta}=m$ is derived for the Ising model with a potential of the large-$r$ form $\ensuremath{\nu}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{r}})\ensuremath{\propto}\ensuremath{-}{r}^{\ensuremath{-}d\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\sigma}}$, when $\frac{m}{d}l\frac{1}{2}$ [and for continuum fluids with such a $\ensuremath{\nu}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{r}})$ when $\frac{m}{d}l\frac{1}{3}$], where $\ensuremath{\eta}$ has its usual meaning as a critical exponent and $m=min[\ensuremath{\sigma},2]$. On the basis of this result, it is argued that the numerical estimates of Nagle and Bonner indicate a breakdown of strong scaling in the Ising chain with long-range potential.
Unstable Inhibitory Mechanism in Rheumatoid Sera.

SummarySerological studies have suggested an unstable inhibitor mechanism that can be unmasked by exposure of serum to room temperature. This may be the responsible mechanism for the pattern of positive euglobulin agglutination and whole serum negative agglutination seen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Screening for iron deficiency anemia--including iron supplementation for children and pregnant women.

Case study: H.H., a 25-year-old woman, comes to your office with her six-month-old son during her first trimester of pregnancy. She is taking a prenatal vitamin and asks whether she should also take an iron supplement. There is a family history of anemia, and H.H. would like to be tested.
Falling Number Sampling Variation Within Trucks at First Point of Sale

Falling number (FN) is a test widely performed on raw samples of wheat and barley as a means to indicate the level of enzyme activity (α-amylase) associated with seed germination. In most circumstances of wheat, high activity levels are associated with decreased quality of the end products and, because of this, grain lots with low FN are discounted at points of sale, including the first point of delivery when wheat is brought in from the field. Confidence in the validity of an FN assessed on a grain lot is dependent on knowledge of the precision of the analytical method as well as the sampling protocol. The current study examined the latter component; that is, the variation caused by sampling. Soft red and white commercial wheats from two seasons and two regions (states of Washington and Ohio) were sampled upon arrival at country elevators and a flour mill. By catch-stream sampling or probe sampling, catches and probings were run in quadruplicate according to standard methodology for FN. Among-catches and...
FIDOE: A FRAMEWORK FOR INTELLIGENT DISTRIBUTED ONTOLOGIES IN ENGINEERING

This paper presents FIDOE , a F ramework for I ntelligent D istributed O ntologies in E ngineering. FIDOE consists of a suite of logic rules and templates for interactively developing relationships between properties of linked ontologies. The logical rules embedded in FIDOE automatically operate on various discipline-specific ontologies to systematically identify influences, direct and indirect, of proposed design modifications on other aspects of the design through common domain concepts. Once potential influences are identified, FIDOE enables the user to precisely define the domain relationships, using predefined templates, between the identified domain concepts that enumerate influence types. This tool, thus, provides a pervasive, real time awareness of the implications of design changes during the design process in a distributed environment. The application of FIDOE to distributed and multidisciplinary design problems is detailed with the aid of an industry-provided printed circuit board (PCB) design. Here, commonalities among indirectly connected domain ontologies (electrical, mechanical and thermal domains) are identified using the developed query method and subsequent relationships are defined. These relationships are then applied to provide a collaborative understanding and awareness of the distributed process, all while demonstrating the effectiveness of this approach. This awareness was successfully able to address some previously identified industry concerns, returning promising results while laying a solid foundation for future work.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Capsule ultrasound device: Characterization and testing results

To overcome the limitations of conventional ultrasound endoscopy, we developed a capsule ultrasound (CUS) device: an ingestible and disposable pill to inspect the multiple layers of the entire gastrointestinal (GI) tract and to provide a convenient method for diagnosing GI diseases. The CUS device was composed of three building blocks: the cylindrical capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) array, imaging circuitry, and wireless transmitter. All of these three components were designed, fabricated and tested successfully. With low DC bias voltage, a single element of the CMUT array generated surface pressure over 700 kPa, with a 3 dB bandwidth greater than 80 percent. In the imaging circuitry, the high-voltage pulser generated a unipolar pulse up to 18 V with the pulse width varying from 77 ns to 125 ns, and the receiving channel included the TIA with a gain of 92.4 dB and a 3 dB bandwidth of 7.5 MHz, the TGC amplifier with 25 ns recovery time when switching between five gain levels, and the 20 MSample/s ADC with a signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio (SNDR) of 46.5 dB. The wireless transmitter provided a data rate of 10 Mbps, with a measured bit error rate (BER) < 2110−7 through a link attenuation of 64 dB. The performance of a single element of CMUT array was tested with an imaging circuity channel, demonstrating a CMUT element surface pressure of greater than 290 kPa, a receive sensitivity of 300 μV/Pa and a minimal detectable pressure of 0.756 mPa per root Hertz.
Plato as Student, Plato as Teacher

Plato came to be one of the most influential theorists of education in Western philosophy, in addition to playing a pivotal role in the history of higher education. This chapter discusses Plato’s education and life to provide context for his educational theory and practice.
Contracting out: exporting lessons for Chinese governance

AbstractMarket-based reforms such as contracting out or public private partnerships are becoming more common in the public sector across the globe. In particular, reform-minded proposals like contracting out or public private partnerships are gaining momentum in Chinese governance. These reforms are intended to increase efficiency in government decisions, while dealing with scarce fiscal conditions. That said, other factors including democratic practices, political ideology, or the institutional features of government also shape and explain why certain reforms are adopted and practiced. To disentangle what drives government’s ‘make-or-buy’ decisions, we use local US government data to determine the extent to which efficiency concerns drove the adoption of contracting out, compared with other relevant factors. Our findings suggest that the adoption of contracting out is not consistently based on increasing the efficiency of government. A robust and competitive market does increase the use of contracting ou...
Sintering and Grain Growth

The idea of sintering is to join particles together without melting them. We may, however, use an additive that does melt. The particles can be crystalline or amorphous: We can sinter glass marbles so long as we don’t melt them; of course, the particles need not be spheres. If we go to too high a temperature, the marbles also deform.
Ontology, sublanguage, and semantic networks in natural language processing

The main claim of the paper is that no significant progress in NLP semantics is possible without a comprehensive formal theory. It is demonstrated that, while having a great deal to offer to NLP semantics, linguistic semantics lacks such a theory. It is also argued that model-theoretical semantics, which is based on a formal theory, fails to reach any significant goals with regard to natural language semantics. It does, however, put forward the important idea of anchoring natural meaning representations in the real world. Such a direct anchoring, without the burden and constraints of truth values, is achieved by the ontologically-, sublanguage-, and semantic-network-based approach to NLPS, an approach in which theoretical needs and practical feasibility merge.
The genetics of blood coagulation.

Hemostasis is the term applied to the process that regulates the loss of blood from the circulatory system following injury. It involves three interrelated physiological mechanisms: constriction of blood vessels, aggregation of blood platelets to damaged subendothelial surfaces, and the formation of fibrin clots. Together these produce the vascular plug that prevents further bleeding. Abnormal function of one or more of the separate mechanisms may result in excessive bleeding or hemorrhage.
The Inherent Authoritarianism in Democratic Regimes

This article argues that authoritarianism is an inherent structural tendency of democratic regimes. The article is written as a chapter for a book, Out of and Into Authoritarian Law, that explores the revival of authoritarianism tendencies in certain new constitutional democracies of Eastern and Central Europe. The article locates one structural tendency toward authoritarianism in the techniques by which those currently holding political power manipulate regulation of democratic structures with the aim and effect of suppressing political competition. This tendency is amply illustrated in the historical experience of mature democracies, such as that of the United States. A central task of constitutionalism ought to be to resist this inevitable pressure toward the shutting down of political competition, which enables political power to be wielded without accountability. But the task of constitutionalism in modern times has been too narrowly defined, in many courts, as the protection of individual rights and equality, at the expense of a focus on protecting the structures of democratic political conflict. The article documents the modes of analyses that have stood in the way of courts adequately recognizing the authoritarian tendencies of democratic regimes; these modes include "the allure of romantic individualism" through which courts mistakenly view democracy as a matter of individual participation of atomistic actors. The article suggests an alternative framework which would better enable courts to identify structural threats to the integrity of democratic processes. The article concludes with studies of the Czech and German Constitutional Courts, which by contrast to the United States Supreme Court have taken a more aggressive stance towards the relationship of democracy and constitutional law in order to better resist the inevitable tendencies in all democracies towards more authoritarian control of political power.
Preparation, characterization, and NMR spectroscopy of encapsulated proteins dissolved in low viscosity fluids

Encapsulating a protein in a reverse micelle and dissolving it in a low-viscosity solvent can lower the rotational correlation time of a protein and thereby provides a novel strategy for studying proteins in a variety of contexts. The preparation of the sample is a key element in this approach and is guided by a number of competing parameters. Here we examine the applicability of several strategies for the preparation and characterization of encapsulated proteins dissolved in low viscosity fluids that are suitable for high performance NMR spectroscopy. Ubiquitin is used as a model system to explore various issues such as the homogeneity of the encapsulation, characterization of the hydrodynamic performance of reverse micelles containing protein molecules, and the effective pH of the water environment of the reverse micelle.
A conditionally immortalized Gli1-positive kidney mesenchymal cell line models myofibroblast transition.

Glioma-associated oncogene homolog-1 (Gli1)-positive resident mesenchymal stem cell-like cells are the predominant source of kidney myofibroblasts in fibrosis, but investigating Gli1-positive myofi...
Useful idiots or fellow travelers? The relationship between the American far right and Russia

The relationship between the American far right and Russia has varied over time. During the Cold War, American right-wing populists were in the forefront of opposition to the Soviet Union. But as t...
Geographic Information Systems, spatial analysis, and HIV in Africa: A scoping review.

Introduction Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and spatial analysis are emerging tools for global health, but it is unclear to what extent they have been applied to HIV research in Africa. To help inform researchers and program implementers, this scoping review documents the range and depth of published HIV-related GIS and spatial analysis research studies conducted in Africa. Methods A systematic literature search for articles related to GIS and spatial analysis was conducted through PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases. Using pre-specified inclusion criteria, articles were screened and key data were abstracted. Grounded, inductive analysis was conducted to organize studies into meaningful thematic areas. Results and discussion The search returned 773 unique articles, of which 65 were included in the final review. 15 different countries were represented. Over half of the included studies were published after 2014. Articles were categorized into the following non-mutually exclusive themes: (a) HIV geography, (b) HIV risk factors, and (c) HIV service implementation. Studies demonstrated a broad range of GIS and spatial analysis applications including characterizing geographic distribution of HIV, evaluating risk factors for HIV, and assessing and improving access to HIV care services. Conclusions GIS and spatial analysis have been widely applied to HIV-related research in Africa. The current literature reveals a diversity of themes and methodologies and a relatively young, but rapidly growing, evidence base.
A Survey of Surrogate Approaches for Expensive Constrained Black-Box Optimization

Numerous practical optimization problems involve black-box functions whose values come from computationally expensive simulations. For these problems, one can use surrogates that approximate the expensive objective and constraint functions. This paper presents a survey of surrogate-based or surrogate-assisted methods for computationally expensive constrained global optimization problems. The methods can be classified by type of surrogate used (e.g., kriging or radial basis function) or by the type of infill strategy. This survey also mentions algorithms that can be parallelized and that can handle infeasible initial points and high-dimensional problems.
Enzymatic synthesis and modification of high molecular weight DNA using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase

The recognition that nucleic acids can be used as polymeric materials led to the blossoming of the field of DNA nanotechnology, with a broad range of applications in biotechnology, biosensors, diagnostics, and drug delivery. These applications require efficient methods to synthesize and chemically modify high molecular weight DNA. Here, we discuss terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-catalyzed enzymatic polymerization (TcEP) as an alternative to conventional enzymatic and solid-phase DNA synthesis. We describe biochemical requirements for TcEP and provide step-by-step protocols to carry out TcEP in solution and from surfaces.
RELATION OF LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSSYNCHRONY BY PHASE ANALYSIS OF GATED SPECT IMAGES AND CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS IN PATIENTS WITH IMPLANTABLE CARDIAC DEFIBRILLATORS.

Background Left-ventricular (LV) dyssynchrony could be measured by gated SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). This study examined the relation between the degree of dyssynchrony and outcome in patients with implantable cardiac defibrillators (ICDs).
Are Economists Responsible for Income Inequality

Economists are held responsible by some for the increase in income inequality that has taken place in recent decades. Milton Friedman in particular has been singled out for advocating the removal of the government from almost all sectors of the economy, which led to an increase in inequality. But this charge is flawed for two reasons. First, Friedman’s views were always contested by other equally well-known and respected economists who advocate government policies to deal with markets where there are distortions, such as health care. Second, policy decisions are undertaken by public officials in response to many factors, including the advancement of personal and ideological agendas as well as the influence of donors and interest groups. The study of the causes and effects of inequality has become a central topic of economic research, and economists have a role to play in developing policies to address it.
Norm’s Modesty: Testimonial for Norman Krumholz

Norm and I were having dinner in Bertucci’s, a pizza place in Somerville; Norm was about to go to the American Academy in Rome, and I was on a sabbatic leave at MIT. “Every time I start to write,” ...
Gangrenous appendicitis contained within a Spigelian hernia.

A 66-year-old man with abdominal pain had a 5-year-old mass subsequently identified as a Spigelian hernia. Exploratory laparotomy revealed a strangulated and gangrenous appendix contained within th...
Break the Silence: Physician Suicide in the Time of COVID-19

The rates of physician burnout, depression, and suicide have been on the rise over the past 50 years. Despite increased attention to these topics over the past decade these numbers have remained steady. In the age of SARS-Cov-2 and COVID-19 these numbers are predicted to show a steep increase due to the increased work demands, social isolation, decreased self-care, and increased exposure to emotionally traumatic events at work and home. The potential solutions to these issues generally remain the same; however, we are now in an environment with even more barriers to those solutions.
Development and Validation of a Questionnaire to Assess Barriers and Facilitators to Physical Activity among Hispanic Youth.

INTRODUCTION The objective of this study was to develop and validate a questionnaire to better understand barriers and facilitators to physical activity among low-income, Hispanic youth. METHODS Low-income Hispanic middle and high school students were recruited to participate in this study from a public charter school district in Houston, TX. Questionnaire development and psychometric validation included scale development and question pretesting, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), construct validity, and test-retest reliability of the scales. RESULTS EFA resulted in three subscales for the Barriers to Youth Physical Activity (BYPA) scale: competing interests, environmental interests, and social barriers. CFA suggested that this three-factor model fit data adequately after removing two items that had high loading on all three factors. The BYPA subscales were internally consistent and stable. All three BYPA subscale scores were negatively correlated with self-reported physical activity. EFA for the facilitators to youth physical activity (FYPA) scale resulted in three subscales: enjoyment, family support, and socialization. CFA suggested that this three-factor model fit data adequately after removing one item that had high loading on all three factors. The FYPA subscales were internally consistent and stable. All three FYPA subscale scores were significantly positively correlated with physical activity. CONCLUSIONS The development and validation of the BYPA and FYPA scales resulted in a total of six valid subscales for assessing barriers and facilitators to physical activity among low-income, Hispanic youth. The developed subscales have the potential to assist future efforts in designing physical activity interventions to better address disparities in physical activity levels among this population.
Effect of Roundup on Planarian Locomotion

Over time, the use of Roundup has been plummeting because of increasing glyphosate-resistant weeds. The main ingredient of Roundup is a toxic chemical called Glyphosate. Glyphosate inhibits a step in the Shikimic acid pathway. It prevents the plants from making proteins needed for plant growth, which has allowed it to become an efficient weed-killer. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of a widely used controversial herbicide called Roundup on flatworms called Planaria. The specific Planaria used in this experiment is called Dugesia dorotocephala. Planaria have an extraordinary ability to regenerate after they’ve been cut into two new individuals. They also have eyespots that act as photoreceptors and they tend to move away from light. The rationale behind using Planaria is that it is a good bioindicator since it occurs in the freshwater and testing effects on it will let us know about the effects on the entire ecosystem. Additionally, we should be very worried about the amount of Glyphosate contamination in our food supply since it has been on the rise. The experiment was conducted on the locomotion of Planaria and was evaluated by counting the number of 1mm by 1mm grid lines passed in a total of 2 minutes. The concentrations of Roundup that locomotion and regeneration were evaluated at were 0mg/L(control), 7mg/L, and 15mg/L. Our results indicate that Roundup inhibits locomotion in Planaria. There was no evidence found for a dose-dependent effect of Roundup on Planaria. Further research will assess alternative herbicides and pesticides to Roundup to see if they have any adverse effects on Planaria. Another future direction is on the exploration of neoblasts cells which allow the Planaria to regenerate. Finally, the future plan is to find an easy way to test the amount of Roundup in the environment.
Self-esteem mediates effects of normal and pathological personality traits on subjective well-being

As subjective well-being is foundational to understanding people, researchers have sought to uncover its correlates. Some theorizing proposes that effects of broad personality traits on subjective well-being constructs are mediated by self-esteem; unfortunately, evidence pertaining to this idea has been limited to the study of "normal" broad personality traits and limited measures of subjective well-being. Here, we provided a more comprehensive test of this theory, and we examined the dominance of self-esteem over normal and pathological broad personality traits in predicting an array of subjective well-being constructs. In a primarily college sample (N = 272), we found that self-esteem generally mediated the effects of all Five-Factor Model (FFM) traits except Agreeableness and all pathological personality traits-represented in the Personality Inventory of The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders traits (5th edition; PID-5)-except Antagonism on a set of subjective well-being measures; moreover, dominance analyses showed that self-esteem was generally more important than any FFM or PID-5 trait in predicting the subjective well-being measures. We discuss limitations of our study along with some of its basic and applied implications.
Automated Symbolic Law Discovery: A Computer Vision Approach.

One of the most exciting applications of modern artificial intelligence is to automatically discover scientific laws from experimental data. This is not a trivial problem as it involves searching for a complex mathematical relationship over a large set of explanatory variables and operators that can be combined in an infinite number of ways. Inspired by the incredible success of deep learning in computer vision, we tackle this problem by adapting various successful network architectures into the symbolic law discovery pipeline. The novelty of our approach is in (1) encoding the input data as an image with super-resolution, (2) developing an appropriate deep network pipeline, and (3) predicting the importance of each mathematical operator from the relationship image. This allows us to prior the exponentially large search with the predicted importance of the symbolic operators, which can significantly accelerate the discovery process. We apply our model to a variety of plausible relationships---both simulated and from physics and mathematics domains---involving different dimensions and constituents. We show that our model is able to identify the underlying operators from data, achieving a high accuracy and AUC (91% and 0.96 on average resp.) for systems with as many as ten independent variables. Our method significantly outperforms the current state of the art in terms of data fitting (R^2), discovery rate (recovering the true relationship), and succinctness (output formula complexity). The discovered equations can be seen as first drafts of scientific laws that can be helpful to the scientists for (1) hypothesis building, and (2) understanding the complex underlying structure of the studied phenomena. Our approach holds a real promise to help speed up the rate of scientific discovery.
Contextualizing teacher motivation research

Abstract At the heart of the social cognitive theoretical approaches common to all papers in this special issue is a recognition that the contexts in which teachers live and work affect their level of motivation, how they feel, and what they do. Teacher motivation, in turn, can affect students’ perceptions and behaviors. This commentary addresses the major contributions made by the papers in this special issue toward advancing a more contextualized understanding of teacher motivation. Contextual considerations include theoretical and practical interpretations, sampling, the teaching and learning setting, measurement, and study design and analyses. Recommendations are offered for how researchers can better account for the role of context in all aspects of teacher motivation research.
Comparison of COVID-19 outcomes in organ transplant recipients (OTr) and non-transplant patients: a study protocol for rapid review.

The COVID-19 pandemic has devastated the global community with nearly 4.9 million deaths as of October 2021. While organ transplant (OT) recipients (OTr) may be at increased risk for severe COVID-19 due to their chronic immunocompromised state, outcomes for OTr with COVID-19 remain disputed in the literature. This review will examine whether OTr with COVID-19 are at higher risk for severe illness and death than non-immunocompromised individuals. MEDLINE (via Ovid and PubMed) and EMBASE (via Embase.com ) will be searched from December 2019 to October 2021 for observational studies (including cohort and case-control) that compare COVID-19 clinical outcomes in OTr to those in individuals without history of OT. The primary outcome of interest will be mortality as defined in each study, with possible further analyses of in-hospital mortality, 28 or 30-day mortality, and all-cause mortality versus mortality attributable to COVID-19. The secondary outcome of interest will be the severity of COVID-19 disease, most frequently defined as requiring intensive care unit admission or mechanical ventilation. Two reviewers will independently screen all abstracts and full-text articles. Potential conflicts will be resolved by a third reviewer and potentially discussion among all investigators. Methodological quality will be appraised using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. If data permit, we will perform random-effects meta-analysis with the Sidik-Jonkman estimator and the Hartung-Knapp adjustment for confidence intervals to estimate a summary measure of association between histories of transplant with each outcome. Potential sources of heterogeneity will be explored using meta-regression. Additional analyses will be conducted to explore the potential sources of heterogeneity (e.g., subgroup analysis) considering least minimal adjustment for confounders. This rapid review will assess the available evidence on whether OTr diagnosed with COVID-19 are at higher risk for severe illness and death compared to non-immunocompromised individuals. Such knowledge is clinically relevant and may impact risk stratification, allocation of organs and healthcare resources, and organ transplantation protocols during this, and future, pandemics. Open Science Framework (OSF) registration DOI: https://doi.org/10.17605/osf.io/4n9d7 .
Evolutionary Emergence and Interactions among Elements of the Innate and Combinatorial Responses

This chapter discusses evolutionary factors regarding the emergence and phylogenetic distribution of the innate immune system and the combinatorial or adaptive immune system, as well as the interactions between the two. Naturally occurring IgM antibodies, as well as induced antibodies, can recognize lipopolysaccharide (LPS) epitopes and feed into the NF-κB activation and differentiation cascade with one result being production of immunoglobulin (Ig) by B lymphocytes. The mannose-binding lectins (C lectins) are effective in complement fixation even in lower chordates, including tunicates, and occur in groups as ancient as Cnidarians. Ancestral deuterostomes branched off from the ancestral protostomes before the two major branches of protostomes, namely, iophotrochozoans (annelids, platyhelminths, and mollusks) and ecdysozoans (arthropods and nematodes), emerged. The chapter talks about interplay between innate and combinatorial immunity, molecules of innate immunity, and the adaptive or combinatorial immune response of jawed vertebrates. With the exception of the molecules defining the combinatorial or adaptive system, cyclostomes have molecules appropriate for their phylogenetic position with the percentage of sequence identity expected from the rates of divergence with the jawed vertebrates. It is likely that in each individual species where co-option occurred, it was followed by a coevolution dependent on the stringency of the selective environment.
The economic, institutional, and political determinants of public health delivery system structures.

Objectives A typology of local public health systems was recently introduced, and a large degree of structural transformation over time was discovered in the systems analyzed. We present a qualitative exploration of the factors that determine variation and change in the seven structural configurations that comprise the local public health delivery system typology. Methods We applied a 10-item semistructured telephone interview protocol to representatives from the local health agency in two randomly selected systems from each configuration--one that had maintained configuration over time and one that had changed configuration over time. We assessed the interviews for patterns of variation between the configurations. Results Four key determinants of structural change emerged: availability of financial resources, interorganizational relationships, public health agency organization, and political relationships. Systems that had changed were more likely to experience strengthened partnerships between public health agencies and other community organizations and enjoy support from policy makers, while stable systems were more likely to be characterized by strong partnerships between public health agencies and other governmental bodies and less supportive relationships with policy makers. Conclusions This research provides information regarding the determinants of system change, and may help public health leaders to better prepare for the impacts of change in the areas discussed. It may also help those who are seeking to implement change to determine the contextual factors that need to be in place before change can happen, or how best to implement change in the face of contextual factors that are beyond their control.
CASP and CAFASP experiments and their findings

This short introductory chapter is intended simply to introduce a sense of the progress, limitations, challenges, and likely future developments in the field of protein structure prediction through what seems to be a unique scientific process. CASP and CAFASP represent a direct challenge and careful assessment of a field of study that has captured the interest of many scientists. Three of the best scientists in the field and their colleagues provide a more detailed description of the field and how it is developing in Chapters 25, 26, and 27. As prediction methods have advanced the distinction between comparative modeling, fold recognition, and novel fold recognition have blurred somewhat. It is a testament to the community that as the knowledge of the algorithms evolved, World Wide Web servers providing access to these algorithms appeared. Thus, making it relatively straightforward for any investigator to apply a melting pot of methods to the prediction process. What all approaches need are more targets and a continued refinement to the evaluation process. The first need is being met in part by the PDB, which is, with depositors' approval, releasing sequences ahead of structure release (see http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/status.html). Further, the structural genomics projects are reporting their progress for all targets on a weekly basis (see http://targetdb.pdb.org/). While there is no indication that the sequences of the latter will lead to a structure, it is a rich source of targets (17,000 in October 2002). Not only do CASP and CAFASP measure progress, they help define where efforts should be directed to move the field forward. It is a testament to how far the field has come that investigators are now turning to the unknown. Although attempting to predict a structure that will appear experimentally helps improve the methods applied to structure prediction, it does not further our understanding of living systems directly. Attempts at defining the "The Most Wanted" (Abbott, 2001)--the structures most in need of prediction to help further our understanding of the biology, and the efforts to make those predictions, speak to a healthy future for the field of protein structure prediction. To the many individuals who help define the CASP and CAFASP processes, serve the community as assesors and compete in the experiments this is a tribute.
First direct measurements of transformation strains in crack-tip zone

Computer automated high-accuracy strain-field mapper (HASMAP) was used to measure strains responsible for crack tip shielding in partially stabilized zirconia containing 9% MgO (Mg-PSZ). HASMAP is used to determine the strain fields from the measured displacement fields by cross-correlation analysis of the relative positions of visible surface texture on the micrograph. The system is used to determine the relative displacement fields by comparing a pair of SEM or optical micrographs, one recorded before the load is applied (the reference micrograph) and the other afterwards. This system is capable of measuring both in-plane and out-of-plane displacements to accuracies approaching ± 60 A for optical microscopy, and ±10 A for scanning electron microscopy. Measured strains were used to evaluate the crack tip shielding stress intensity factor. Dilatational strain accounts for most, but not all, of toughening in Mg-PSZ.
Coherent spatio-temporal sensor fusion on a hybrid multicore processor system

We report on the development, implementation, and demonstration of a novel, massively parallel computational scheme for detection of a target radiating a random signal in the presence of noise. This scheme involves coherent spatio-temporal fusion of data streams from multiple sensors, leading to the derivation of LLR detection statistics. Since streaming multicore processors with multi-SIMT architectures open unprecedented opportunities for fast signal processing, our algorithms are implemented on an NVIDIA Tesla C2050 many-core processor. Results achieved to date demonstrate up to two orders of magnitude speedup over a parallel implementation on a conventional quad-core processor, on a per-target-kinematic-hypothesis basis.
Are Neurotics Really More Creative? Neuroticism's Interaction With Mortality Salience in Determining Creative Interest

Some research on creativity has linked higher levels of neuroticism with greater creative achievement, whereas existential psychology sees the neurotic as incapable of channeling anxiety through creativity. The current research examines how levels of neuroticism affect individuals' creative responses in coping with existential threats. Drawing from terror management theory and creativity research, this research conceptualizes creative endeavors as a means to ameliorate existential anxiety that possesses varying degrees of appeal to different individuals. All three experiments found an interaction between levels of neuroticism and mortality salience in determining levels of creative interest, with neuroticism either measured or primed. Specifically, mortality salience is less likely to boost creative interest among more neurotic individuals.
A microwave resonator for limiting depth sensitivity for electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy of surfaces

A microwave Surface Resonator Array (SRA) structure is described for use in Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The SRA has a series of anti-parallel transmission line modes that provides a region of sensitivity equal to the cross-sectional area times its depth sensitivity, which is approximately half the distance between the transmission line centers. It is shown that the quarter-wave twin-lead transmission line can be a useful element for design of microwave resonators at frequencies as high as 10 GHz. The SRA geometry is presented as a novel resonator for use in surface spectroscopy where the region of interest is either surrounded by lossy material, or the spectroscopist wishes to minimize signal from surrounding materials. One such application is in vivo spectroscopy of human finger-nails at X-band (9.5 GHz) to measure ionizing radiation dosages. In order to reduce losses associated with tissues beneath the nail that yield no EPR signal, the SRA structure is designed to limit depth sensitivity to the thickness of the fingernail. Another application, due to the resonator geometry and limited depth penetration, is surface spectroscopy in coating or material science. To test this application, a spectrum of 1.44 μM of Mg2+ doped polystyrene 1.1 mm thick on an aluminum surface is obtained. Modeling, design, and simulations were performed using Wolfram Mathematica (Champaign, IL; v. 9.0) and Ansys High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS; Canonsburg, PA; v. 15.0). A micro-strip coupling circuit is designed to suppress unwanted modes and provide a balanced impedance transformation to a 50 Ω coaxial input. Agreement between simulated and experimental results is shown.
Nontrivial vacua from equal time to the light cone.

Kinematic arguments suggest that the perturbative vacuum may be an eigenstate of the full Hamiltonian for light-cone-quantized field theories. Nevertheless, properties such as spontaneous symmetry breaking can be accommodated in this approach, by applying a quantization which interpolates between equal-time and light-cone quantization and in which the quantization surface may approach the light cone as a limit. In several simple two-dimensional models presented here, including the Gross-Neveu and Schwinger models, the difference between the full and perturbative vacuum vanishes in this limit. Nonzero vacuum expectation values, however, are preserved by singularities in the fields near ${k}_{\ensuremath{-}}=0$. Furthermore, this procedure provides a simple treatment for massless fields and nontrivial tests of Lorentz invariance, and may be applied to models, such as that of Gross and Neveu, for which conventional light-cone quantization is difficult to implement. Finally, the connection between long distances and short times suggests that vacuum effects may be incorporated in an effective Hamiltonian.
LASER FLASH PHOTOKINETIC STUDIES OF ROSE BENGAL SENSITIZED PHOTODYNAMIC INTERACTIONS OF NUCLEOTIDES AND DNA

Abstract— Laser flash photolysis studies of the production of the triplet state of the xanthene dye, rose bengal (RB), have been carried out. The reactions of this state with oxygen to form singlet oxygen and the superoxide anion radical have been observed and yields measured. Quenching of RB(T1) by oxygen leads to approximately 75% singlet oxygen and 20% superoxide. The reactivity of these species-RB(T1), O2(1Δg) and O2-—with four nucleotides and DNA have been determined. Only guanine residues showed any noticeable reaction at neutral pH. At higher pH guanine rate constants increased. The consequences to biological photodynamic processes are discussed.
A technique for improving salivary chromosome preparations.

Es wird eine verbesserte Methode zur Herstellung von Quetschpraparaten von Speicheldrusenchromosomen beschrieben. Die Methode gibt scharfe Bilder der feinsten Chromosomenbander auf klarem Hintergrund.
Computational geometry on hypercube computers

This paper gives hypercube algorithms for some simple problems involving geometric properties of sets of points. The properties considered emphasize aspects of convexity and domination. Efficient algorithms are given for both fine-grain and medium-grain hypercube computers. For both serial and parallel computers, sorting plays an important role in geometric algorithms for determining simple properties, often being the dominant component of the time. On a hypercube computer the time required to sort is still not fully understood, so the times of some of our algorithms for unsorted data are not completely determined. For the fine-grain model using worst case timing we show that if the data is presorted then faster algorithms are possible, if sorting one item per processor requires time growing faster than the dimension of the hypercube. For both models we show that faster algorithms are possible for point sets generated randomly, when time is measured using expected time. Our algorithms are developed for sets of planar points, with several of them extending to sets of points in spaces of higher dimension.
Age-Related Disease Association of Endogenous γ-H2AX Foci in Mononuclear Cells Derived from Leukapheresis

The phosphorylated form of histone H2AX (γ-H2AX) forms immunohistochemically detectable foci at DNA double strand breaks. In peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) derived from leukapheresis from patients enrolled in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, γ-H2AX foci increased in a linear fashion with regards to age, peaking at ~57 years. The relationship between the frequency of γ-H2AX foci and age-related pathologies was assessed. We found a statistically significant (p = 0.023) 50% increase in foci in PBMCs derived from patients with a known history of vitamin D deficiency. In addition, there were trends toward increased γ-H2AX foci in patients with cataracts (34% increase, p<0.10) and in sleep apnea patients (44%, p<0.10). Among patients ≥57 y/o, we found a significant (p = 0.037) 36% increase in the number of γ-H2AX foci/cell for patients with hypertension compared to non-hypertensive patients. Our results support a role for increased DNA damage in the morbidity of age-related diseases. γ -H2AX may be a biomarker for human morbidity in age-related diseases.
Dependence of Delay Margin on Network Topology: Single Delay Case

This article studies the indirect relationship between the delay margin τ * of coupled systems and different graphs \(\mathcal{G}\) these systems form via their different topologies. A four-agent linear time invariant (LTI) consensus dynamics is taken as a benchmark problem with a single delay τ and second-order agent dynamics. In this problem, six different topologies exist without disconnecting an agent from all others. We first start with CTCR to reveal the delay margin τ *. We next investigate how τ * is affected as one graph transitions to another when some links between the agents weaken and vanish. This line of research is recently growing and new results along these lines promise delay-tolerant topology design for coupled dynamical systems with delays.
Self-aligned Double Patterning Compliant Routing with In-Design Physical Verification Flow

Among double patterning techniques, Self-aligned double patterning (SADP) has the advantage of good mask overlay control, which has made SADP a popular double patterning method for sub-32nm technology nodes. However, SADP process places several limitations on design flexibility. This work exploits an alternative post routing approach that has the flexibility to resolve lithography violations without the overhead of repeated rule checking. In addition, it allows for successive refinement in the definition of lithographic violations as the process node matures, and implementation of fixes as localized ECO (Engineering Change Order) operations without needing to reroute the complete design.
Inferring Photospheric Velocity Fields Using a Combination of Minimum Energy Fit, Local Correlation Tracking, and Doppler Velocity

The minimum energy fit (MEF), a velocity inversion technique, infers all components of the photospheric velocity that are consistent with the induction equation. From the set of consistent velocity fields, it selects the smallest overall flow speed by minimizing a kinetic energy functional. If partial velocity information is available from other measurements, it can be incorporated into the MEF methodology by minimizing the squared difference from that data. We incorporate the partial velocity information provided by local correlation tracking (LCT) technique and Doppler velocity measurements. We test the incorporation of these auxiliary velocity fields using the simulated magnetograms and velocitygrams. To the known velocity field we compare the results obtained from the MEF alone, the MEF with LCT constraints, and the MEF with LCT and Doppler information. We find that the combination of MEF with LCT and vertical velocity yields the best agreement. We also apply these three methods to actual vector magnetograms of AR 8210 obtained by the Imaging Vector Magnetograph. The results suggest that in this active region the helicity and energy fluxes are dominated by the horizontal rather than the vertical components of the velocity.
Outcomes of strengthening approaches in the treatment of low-grade spondylolisthesis

AbstractBackground: Historically, spondylolisthesis has been treated by a wide variety of techniques such as flexion exercises, bracing, abdominal stabilizing programs, general strengthening, stretching, and in some cases, motor control exercises. Although surgical treatment of spondylolisthesis has been outlined in current literature, strengthening programs have not been well defined for this population.Objective: To describe the outcomes in randomized clinical or controlled trials (RCTs) in which either a global or local strengthening approach was assessed against another comparator in conservative treatment of patients with a low-grade spondylolisthesis.Methods: A systematic review of the literature. This review was formatted using the PRISMA guidelines, a 27-item checklist and four-phase flow diagram. An electronic search strategy targeting randomized controlled and clinical trials that compared conservative treatments for low-grade (I and II) spondylolisthesis that used a local stabilization approach...
Dominance: Another Facet of Type A1

Aggression, but not dominance, is typically used as a criterion for the assessment of Type A behavior. This study proposed and demonstrated that nonaggressive dominance, defined as interpersonal resistance or persistence in efforts to control a competitive situation, is associated with Type A behavior for both males and females. Forty males and 35 females typed with the Jenkins Activity Survey participated in a revised version of the classic Deutsch and Krauss (1960) competition paradigm. Both A males and females were more dominant than their respective Type B counterparts. Type A males were not different from Type A females in persistence, nor were Type B males different from Type B females. Female Type A's were more resistant to their competitor's efforts at controlling the situation than were their Type B counterparts. Male Type A's did not differ from their Type B counterparts in resistance. The implications of these results in further elucidating the mechanisms underlying the relationship between Type A and pathophysiologic health hazards are discussed.