cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Going to extremes: propositions on the social response to severe climate change

The growing literature on potentially-dangerous climate change is examined and research on human response to natural hazards is analyzed to develop propositions on social response pathways likely to emerge in the face of increasingly severe climate change. A typology of climate change severity is proposed and the potential for mal-adaptive responses examined. Elements of a warning system for severe climate change are briefly considered.
Unknown Words in Self-Reported Personality: Lethargic and Provincial in Texas

Two multi method studies probed the structure and correlates of self-reports of personality when participants were permitted to admit that they did not know assessment words. The first study (1,187 college students) examined the structure of self-evaluation using Goldberg's markers for his five-factor approach. Students reported greatest familiarity with Agreeableness markers and least familiarity with Emotional Stability. The second study (317 young adolescents) used two data sources: (a) individualized, self-paced, computer-based self-evaluations and (b) teacher ratings and evaluations of adjustment. The assessment (in either English or Spanish) allowed participants to obtain definitions. Adolescents requested the least help with agreeableness markers and the most help with emotional stability. Even with unknown words, and despite differences in methodology, similar five-factor structures emerged in both studies. Computer assessment methods, in combination with a five-factor approach, may be useful for ...
Poverty at a Racial Crossroads: Poverty Among Multiracial Children of Single Mothers

Although multiracial youth represent a growing segment of children in all American families, we have little information on their well-being within single-mother households. This article examines multiracial children's level of poverty within single-mother families to identify the degree to which they may stand out from their monoracial peers. Using data from the 2006–2008 American Community Survey (3-year estimates), we explore the level of racial disparities in child poverty between monoracial White children and monoracial and multiracial children of color. Fully adjusted multivariate logistic regression analyses (n = 359,588) reveal that nearly all children of color are more likely to be poor than White children. Yet many multiracial children appear to hold an in-between status in which they experience lower rates of poverty than monoracial children of color. The high level of variation across groups suggests that the relationship between race and childhood poverty is more complicated than generally presumed.
Heritable equine regional dermal asthenia

Hereditary equine regional dermal asthenia is a form of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, and has an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. Affected horses are typically born normal and develop lesions within the first 2 years of life. The most common symptoms of the disease include stretchy, loose skin that feels doughy or mushy. More severely affected horses experience spontaneous skin sloughing and extensive lacerations, hematomas, and seromas from minor trauma. Affected horses have a higher than expected incidence of corneal ulcers. DNA testing can normal, establish carrier and affected status. Palliative therapy is available, but no curative treatment exists.
Diagnostic Reasoning with Circumstantial Evidence

Abstract Individuals often evaluate hypotheses about the cause of particular events on the basis of circumstantial evidence . This article describes a quantitative model of belief revision with circumstantial evidence. The model assumes that subjects revise belief on the basis of a cascaded reasoning process that combines beliefs about three premises—the association of a clue and a possible cause, and forward and backward implications of the clue—to revise belief in a causal hypothesis. Subjects in three experiments solved fictional murder mysteries, reporting on each trial a subset of the beliefs specified by the model. Experiment 1 demonstrates that the model provides a good account of the reasoning process, over several contexts in which clues are evaluated. Subjects appear to develop causal models that affect the interpretation of clues. Experiment 2 provides further evidence on the development of causal models and compares the present model with a model based on Bayes' theorem. Experiment 3 is a control experiment which demonstrates that the belief assessments used in Experiments 1 and 2 do not alter the process of belief revision. Tests of subjects' memory for suspect-clue associations provide further support for the hypothesis that subjects develop causal models of the true cause and demonstrate the contrast between reasoning with currently available information and retrospective access to the facts on which belief revision is based. The present view is compared with other theories of causal thinking and belief revision.
Effect of Thyroidectomy on Production, Quality, and Composition of Chicken Eggs

Abstract THE effects of thyroidectomy on the structure and pigmentation of the plumage and on the rate of growth and fat deposition in fowls have been well defined by a number of researches (Greenwood and Blyth, 1929; Schwarz, 1930; Lektorsky and Kusmina, 1935; Parkes and Selye, 1937; Greenwood and Chu, 1939). Comparatively little was known, however, concerning the function of the thyroid gland in egg formation at the time the work reported in this paper was initiated. Only a single case of thyroidectomy by Lanz (1904), where the hen laid one abnormal 5 gram egg following the operation, was available. Ewald and Rockwell (1890) obtained no evidence that thyroidectomized pigeons were abnormal in any way. Since then, Greenwood and Chu (1939) have reported that thyroidectomy of growing pullets did not affect the age of sexual maturity of several operated birds as compared with the average age at first egg of the . . .
A Record of Lateglacial and Early Holocene Environmental and Ecological Change from Southwestern Connecticut, USA

Analyses of a sediment core from Highstead Swamp in southwestern Connecticut, USA, reveal Lateglacial and early Holocene ecological and hydrological changes. Lateglacial pollen assemblages are dominated by Picea and Pinus subg. Pinus, and the onset of the Younger Dryas (YD) cold interval is evidenced by higher abundance of Abies and Alnus viridis subsp. crispa .A s climate warmed at the end of the YD, Picea and Abies declined and Pinus strobus became the dominant upland tree species. A shift from lacustrine sediment to organic peat at the YD-Holocene boundary suggests that the lake that existed in the basin during the Lateglacial interval developed into a swamp in response to reduced effective moisture. A change in wetland vegetation from Myrica gale to Alnus incana subsp. rugosa and Sphagnum is consistent with this interpretation of environmental changes at the beginning of the Holocene. Copyright # 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In Situ Imaging of Liquid Water and Ice Formation in an Operating PEFC during Cold Start

Cold-start capability and survivability of polymer electrolyte fuel cells PEFCs in a subzero environment remain a major challenge for automotive applications. Its fundamental mechanisms are not fully determined, but it is recognized that product water becomes ice or frost upon startup when the PEFC internal temperature is below the freezing point of water. If the local pore volume of the cathode catalyst layer CL is insufficient to contain all of the accumulated water before the cell operating temperature rises above freezing, solid water may plug the catalyst layer and stop the electrochemical reaction by starving the reagent gases. In addition, ice formation may result in serious damage to the structure of a membrane electrode assembly MEA. In spite of the importance of PEFC cold-start capability and associated MEA durability, very few studies in the literature have focused on PEFC startup dynamics, freeze/thaw cycling,
Performance trade-offs and design limitations of analog-to-information converter front-ends

This paper evaluates the impact of circuit impairments on the energy cost and performance limitations of analog-to-information converters (AIC). In applications where signal frequencies are high, but information bandwidths are low, AICs have been proposed as a potential solution to overcome the resolution and performance limitations of sampling jitter in high-speed analog-to-digital converters (ADC). Although the AIC architecture facilitates slower ADCs, the signal encoding, typically realized with a mixer-like circuit, still occurs at the Nyquist frequency of the input to avoid aliasing. We show that the jitter of this mixing stage limits the achievable AIC resolution. In this work, the end-to-end system evaluation framework is designed to analyze these limitations as well as the relative energy-efficiency of AICs versus ADCs across the resolution, receiver gain and signal sparsity. The evaluation shows that AICs improve the resolution by 1 bit when the signal of interest is very sparse, and enable 2× in energy savings when no pre-amplification is required.
Review of The SIAM 100-Digit Challenge: A Study in High-Accuracy Numerical Computing

In the January 2002 edition of SIAM News, Nick Trefethen announced the '$100, 100-Digit Challenge'. In this note he presented ten easy-to-state but hard-to-solve problems of numerical analysis, and challenged readers to find each answer to ten-digit accuracy. Trefethen closed with the enticing comment: 'Hint: They're hard! If anyone gets 50 digits in total, I will be impressed.' This challenge obviously struck a chord in hundreds of numerical mathematicians worldwide, as 94 teams from 25 nations later submitted entries. Many of these submissions exceeded the target of 50 correct digits; in fact, 20 teams achieved a perfect score of 100 correct digits. Trefethen had offered $100 for the best submission. Given the overwhelming response, a generous donor (William Browning, founder of Applied Mathematics, Inc.) provided additional funds to provide a $100 award to each of the 20 winning teams. Soon after the results were out, four participants, each from a winning team, got together and agreed to write a book about the problems and their solutions. The team is truly international: Bornemann is from Germany, Laurie is from South Africa, Wagon is from the USA, and Waldvogel is from Switzerland. This book provides some mathematical background for each problem, andmore » then shows in detail how each of them can be solved. In fact, multiple solution techniques are mentioned in each case. The book describes how to extend these solutions to much larger problems and much higher numeric precision (hundreds or thousands of digit accuracy). The authors also show how to compute error bounds for the results, so that one can say with confidence that one's results are accurate to the level stated. Numerous numerical software tools are demonstrated in the process, including the commercial products Mathematica, Maple and Matlab. Computer programs that perform many of the algorithms mentioned in the book are provided, both in an appendix to the book and on a website. In the process, the authors take the reader on a wide-ranging tour of modern numerical mathematics, with enough background material so that even readers with little or no training in numerical analysis can follow. Here is a list of just a few of the topics visited: numerical quadrature (i.e., numerical integration), series summation, sequence extrapolation, contour integration, Fourier integrals, high-precision arithmetic, interval arithmetic, symbolic computing, numerical linear algebra, perturbation theory, Euler-Maclaurin summation, global minimization, eigenvalue methods, evolutionary algorithms, matrix preconditioning, random walks, special functions, elliptic functions, Monte-Carlo methods, and numerical differentiation.« less
Down to the Wire: Tricuspid Stenosis in the Setting of Multiple Pacing Leads

Tricuspid stenosis in the setting of endocardial pacing leads is a rare entity, attributed to infection or lead malposition. We report the case of a 37-year-old man without these risk factors, who presented with new onset severe tricuspid stenosis in the setting of multiple chronic pacing leads. (PACE 2010; e49–e52)
Predictors of extended length of stay after elective shoulder arthroplasty

Background With policymakers and hospitals increasingly looking to cut costs, length of stay after surgery has come into focus as an area for improvement. Despite the increasing popularity of total shoulder arthroplasty, there is limited research about the factors contributing to prolonged hospital stay. We sought to identify preoperative and postoperative predictors of prolonged hospital stay in patients undergoing anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty (ATSA) and reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA). Methods Using the 2011 Nationwide Inpatient Sample, we identified an estimated 40,869 patients who underwent elective total shoulder arthroplasty (62.5% ATSA; 37.5% RTSA) and separated them into those with normal length of stay ( 75th percentile). Multivariate logistic regression modeling was performed to identify factors associated with prolonged length of stay. Results Patient-level factors associated with prolonged length of stay common to patients undergoing ATSA or RTSA included increasing age, female sex, congestive heart failure, renal failure, chronic pulmonary disease, and preoperative anemia. Provider-related factors were lower volume and location in the South or Northeast. Postoperative complications showed a significant influence as well. Conclusion Our data can be used to promptly identify patients at higher risk of prolonged hospitalization after elective shoulder arthroplasty and to ultimately improve quality of care and cost containment.
A new program in Microelectronics Process Engineering at San Jose State University

San Jose State University is initiating a new undergraduate BS degree program in Microelectronics Process Engineering. The program is being developed by a team of faculty in chemical and materials engineering. The program is designed to provide the broad engineering fundamentals expected of any undergraduate engineering degree, as well as specific science, process design and process engineering of microelectronics, information storage, and other technologies which rely on thin film and surface fabrication techniques. Graduates of the program would be positioned for entry level process engineering jobs in the semiconductor and related industries which rely on similar process technology. The new program is built on the success of two courses that have been developed over the past three years, one in electronic materials processing and the other in electronic materials properties. The program is designed to have a strong industrial component both in support of the laboratory and in the senior design projects.
Counting Problems and #P

In this lecture we discuss the complexity of counting problems. Instead of just determining whether a solution to a given problem exists, we will be interested in counting the number of different solutions to a given problem. Counting problems are naturally associated with many of the decision problems we have already discussed. The notion of a witness function formalizes this association.
Illuminating anthracycline cardiotoxicity: the renaissance of evidence-based onco-cardiology.

Anthracyclines are potent anti-cancer agents known to cause cardiotoxicity and heart failure since the 1970s (1). For patients that have managed to survive cancer, heart failure from the chemotherapy that saved them can be a cruel and deadly irony. Despite decades of research, anthracycline cardiotoxicity remains an incompletely understood disease, with the most widely accepted concepts summarized as follows: it is dose dependent with doses less than 400-450 mg/m 2 thought to be generally safer (2); it can occur very early or very late after exposure (3); and it exemplifies Type 1 cardiotoxicity and is therefore irreversible (4). These notions, acquired over the past five and a half decades, have arisen from retrospective observational studies that have been either too small or too confounded to serve as solid evidence. In addition, many questions have remained unanswered because of the surprisingly complex nature of the disease, inconsistent definitions of cardiotoxicity, evolving technologies used to assess it, lack of large prospective studies, and an historic paucity of interaction between cardiologists and oncologists. As a result, the many published consensus and position statements from different societies are based on soft scientific evidence and thereby met with skepticism (5-7). Not surprisingly, there is great inconsistency in the care of these patients, by oncologists and cardiologists alike, and cardiotoxicity surveillance and practices vary widely among institutions.
Di-μ2-acetato-diacetato-bis­{μ2-3,3′,5,5′-tetra­meth­oxy-2,2-[ethane-1,2-diylbis(nitrilo­methyl­idyne)]diphenolato}tricobalt(II,III) dichloro­methane disolvate

The trinuclear title compound, [Co3(CH3COO)4(C20H22N2O6)2]·2CH2Cl2, contains mixed-valence cobalt ions in the following order CoIII–CoII–CoIII where all the three cobalt ions are hexa­coordinated. The central cobalt ion is situated on an inversion centre and is in an all-oxygen environment, coordinated by four phenolate O atoms and two O atoms from bridging acetate groups, while the terminal cobalt ion is hexa­coordinated by two phenolate O atoms, two acetate O atoms and two imine N atoms. This complex contains a high-spin central CoII and two terminal low-spin CoIII i.e. CoIII(S = 0)–CoII(S = 3/2)-CoIII(S = 0). There are weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O inter­actions involving the meth­oxy groups, as well as inter­molecular C—H⋯O inter­actions involving the acetate anions. In addition, the dichoromethane solvate mol­ecules are held in place by weak C—H⋯Cl inter­actions.
Erratum to: Matrix Training and Verbal Generativity in Children with Autism

Erratum to: The Analysis of Verbal Behavior, 30, 170–177 DOI:10.1007/s40616-014-0016-9 Kohler, K. T., & Malott, R. W. (2014). Matrix training and verbal generativity in children with autism. The Analysis of Verbal Behavior, 30, 170–177. This article was inadvertently published without an abstract. The abstract and key words appear below. Abstract Children with autism are often taught tacts in the form of single-word nouns and verbs, and they may emit specific combinations of nouns and verbs to form simple sentences. But they are rarely explicitly taught to emit new sentences composed of previously trained nouns and verbs. In this study, we used three-dimensional matrix training to teach two preschool-aged children with autism to tact actions depicted in a video using the subject-verb-object (S-V-O) sentence. We trained the three sentences along the diagonal of one matrix. Then we tested for transfer to 24 untrained sentences, trained those sentences that had not transferred, and repeated the entire procedure with additional S-V-O matrices. After 24 to 37 training sessions, both children demonstrated generativity by emitting sentences composed of novel combinations of words within both trained and untrained matrices. Keywords autism generative language linguistic productivity matrix training verbal behavior
In Situ Hybridization for Chromosomal Mapping of Plasma Proteins

Abstract The chromosomal locations of several of the plasma protein genes have been identified by the in situ hybridization technique. Genes which mapped as single copies were haptoglobin which was localized to band 16q22, transferrin to 3q21-25, and group-specific component to 4pl3-q21. The light and heavy chain genes of ferritin were not linked and appeared to be a multiple gene or pseudogene family which mapped to several chromosomal sites.
Give Us This Day Our Daily Bread: A Theology of Work and Implications for Managers

The management literature is beginning to embrace the idea of spirituality in the workplace. For instance, spiritual leadership has grown in popularity in both the leadership and the spirituality a...
Sonographic assessment of spleen stiffness before and after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt placement with or without concurrent embolization of portal systemic collateral veins in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension: a feasibility study.

Objectives To determine the feasibility of spleen stiffness measurement in the evaluation of portal hemodynamics in patients undergoing transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) placement. Methods We prospectively correlated the spleen stiffness as measured by the shear wave velocity with the portal pressure and portosystemic gradient in patients undergoing TIPS procedures. Twenty-three consecutive patients referred for placement of a TIPS were enrolled. Included in our study were 19 patients in whom a spleen stiffness measurement was obtained before, immediately after, and 1 to 3 days after placement. Spleen stiffness was measured by calculating the Young modulus estimated from the shear wave velocity. A 2-tailed nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test was used to assess statistically significant differences in spleen stiffness measurement after TIPS placement, and regression analysis was used to correlate spleen stiffness measurement with portal pressure. Results After TIPS placement, the spleen stiffness measurement increased, with a mean increase in the Young modulus ± SD of 6.54 ± 6.29 kPa in 42% of patients (8 of 19). In the remaining 58% (11 of 19), the spleens became softer after TIPS placement (Young modulus decreased by 9.57 ± 8.82 kPa). Eight patients, including 5 with concurrent embolization or thrombosis of competitive shunts, had increased spleen stiffness. The mean change in the median spleen stiffness before and after TIPS placement between the patients with and without competitive shunts was statistically significantly different (P Conclusions This study demonstrates the feasibility of a noninvasive spleen stiffness measurement, which could complement conventional sonography with additional functional information in patients undergoing TIPS procedures.
A comparison of the Truview PCD and the GlideScope Cobalt AVL video-laryngoscopes to the Miller blade for successfully intubating manikins simulating normal and difficult pediatric airways.

Summary Background Video-laryngoscopes provide better glottic visualization, but tracheal intubation times are longer, compared to conventional direct laryngoscopy in adult patients with normal airways. The objective of this randomized crossover study was to compare times to successful tracheal intubation with video-laryngoscope and direct laryngoscopy in manikins simulating infants with normal and abnormal airways. Methods Thirty experienced pediatric anesthesia practitioners performed tracheal intubation in three distinct manikins simulating infants with (i) a normal airway (ii), an anterior larynx, and (iii) the Pierre Robin sequence anatomy. These were performed using a standard Miller #1 blade, the GlideScope Cobalt AVL, and the Truview PCD video-laryngoscope, first in a normal neck and then an unstable cervical spine scenario (18 intubations/subject). The specific assigned order of devices and manikins for each participant was based on a three by three Latin square design to minimize carryover effects between the model and the device. Predefined times to intubation were analyzed by Cox regression model and Kaplan–Meier survival curves. Results Intubation times were shorter and success rates were higher with the Miller blade compared to either the GlideScope or the Truview videoscope in all three manikins in both scenarios, but did not differ between the GlideScope and the Truview devices. Improved intubation times and success rates in the unstable cervical spine scenario compared to the normal neck were attributed to learning effects with sequential intubation. Conclusion Higher success rates and shorter intubation times with the Miller blade compared to either video-laryngoscope may reflect greater experience with direct laryngoscopy, need for more video-laryngoscopy training, or result from the manikin design. Individual practitioners may differ in their preference of device for intubating a child with anticipated difficult airway based on their previous experiences, self-assessment of their skills, and evaluation of the child's airway anatomy.
Cloacogenic cancer of the anorectal junction: report of seven cases.

Highly malignant and distinctive transitional cell tumors of the anorectal area can arise from inconstant and persisting embryologic entodermal cloacal vestiges situated just above the dentate line. These nonkeratinizing lesions are quite similar histologically to the transitional cell tumors found in the cloacogenic portion of the lower genitourinary tract.
Pregnancy During the Hysterogram Cycle

Because of potential mutagenic effects of radiation on the soon-to-be fertilized ovum, we questioned whether we should advise against conception during the cycle in which a hysterosalpingogram is performed. Our results do not suggest any increase in the incidence of spontaneous abortion or congenital anomalies in these patients. Therefore, we see no need to advise against conception during the cycle in which a hysterosalpingogram is performed.
Dependent Monetary Systems and Economic Development: The Case of Sterling East Africa

The monetary systems of the former British territories have highly varied histories, but their fundamental features are the same. They have a common structural pattern because they all emerged from a larger currency and banking system of which the United Kingdom was the centre.
Detection of suspected small bowel bleeding: challenges and controversies

Detection of small bowel (SB) bleeding remains a challenge to gastroenterologists, with a dearth of standardized recommendations regarding evaluation and management. Areas covered: A recursive literature search was performed using PubMed, Cochrane and Medline databases for original and review articles on SB and obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB). Based upon the available literature, this review outlines the main challenges and controversies, and provides a practical and cost-effective approach towards SB bleeding. Expert commentary: SB bleeding is suspected in patients with persistent or recurrent bleeding after negative bidirectional endoscopy, and unexplained iron deficiency anemia. Selection of test(s) should be individualized based upon patient presentation and suspicion for type of underlying lesion. Endoscopic or radiologic evaluation and treatment is the mainstay in the majority of patients, while pharmacologic agents may have a role in patients with refractory bleeding, and those unable to undergo evaluation.
Optimal trajectory determination and mission design for asteroid/deep space exploration via multi-body gravity assist maneuvers

This paper investigates a genetic algorithm based space exploration mission design and trajectory development procedure that allows to determine non-intuitive optimal transfer trajectories to deep-space objects (such as asteroids) that might otherwise be difficult to approach using simpler, analytical methods. Through this methodology, two algorithms are developed. The first one calculates a direct trajectory to Ceres from Earth, and the second calculates a trajectory to Ceres that gets a gravity assist from Mars en route. Simulation results demonstrate the power of such genetic algorithms based methodologies of obtaining global optimal solutions/paths/trajectories.
Prophylactic mesh placement for prevention of incisional hernia after open bariatric surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract Background Prophylactic mesh during laparotomy has been shown to be effective in preventing postoperative incisional hernia (IH) in high-risk patients. Since obesity is a risk factor for IH, we wished to determine whether mesh prevents IH in open and laparoscopic bariatric surgery patients. Methods We conducted a systematic review of the literature with meta-analysis. Seven studies met inclusion criteria. We abstracted data regarding postoperative IH development, surgical site infection, and seroma or wound leakage and performed meta-analysis. Results The prophylactic mesh group had significantly decreased odds of developing IH than the standard closure group (odds ratio, .30, 95% CI, .13 to .68, P = .004). No included studies evaluated outcomes after prophylactic mesh during laparoscopic bariatric surgery. Conclusions Prophylactic mesh during open bariatric surgery appears to be beneficial in reducing postoperative IH without significant increasing the odds of surgical site infection or seroma or wound leakage. Higher quality studies, including those in laparoscopic patients, and cost-utility analysis, are needed to support routine use of this intervention.
Integrated microelectromechanical systems: A perspective on MEMS in the 90s

The author examines the opportunities and challenges facing the development of integrated microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). It has now been established that micromachined sensors can be produced with high yield and merged with integrated electronics, both in monolithic chips and in hybrid multichip assemblies. For some types of sensors, accuracy is approaching 16 bits, and VLSI interface circuits are being defined to allow features such as self-testing and digital compensation to be used. Continuing technical challenges for full MEMS include the development of processes capable of three-dimensional microstructures, improved drive technologies for microactuators, better approaches to packaging and microassembly, and the creation of workstation-based simulators, operating from rich databases of materials and structural information. Formidable challenges in non-technical areas are also posed, including the definition of appropriate applications for MEMS and the accomplishment of the needed changes in established host systems to take advantage of their features. These issues are illustrated by several devices currently being developed, including integrated neuroelectronic interfaces, pressure and flow sensors, microvalves, and scan tips for near-field microscopy. >
Autoradiographic Examination of Behaviorally Induced Changes in the Protein and Nucleic Acid Metabolism of the Brain

When a peripheral nerve or central nervous tract is cut, the cell bodies of the severed axons undergo a complex of pathological changes referred to as retrograde degeneration. Among other things, retrograde degeneration is characterized by the dispersion or dissolution of the chromatin material in the soma of nerve cells, called chromatolysis. Chromatolytic changes in neurons are most easily demonstrated histologically with Nissl stains. Soon after the introduction toward the end of the last century of various Nissl stains as an aid for the microscopic investigation of normal, pathological, and experimental brain tissue, it was also discovered that, under certain conditions, chromatolytic changes would occur in nerve cells that were not directly traumatized. Thus, following sectioning of a fiber tract, chromatolytic changes may be observed in those nerve cells which have synaptic relationships with, or receive their signal input from, the severed fiber tract. This is the phenomenon of transneuronal degeneration, which is most easily obtained in cells of the lateral geniculate nucleus some time after removal of the eye or cutting of the optic nerve.
Sustainable Energy‐Storage Materials from Lignin–Graphene Nanocomposite‐Derived Porous Carbon Film

A simple, green approach to fabricating porous free-standing carbon films is presented. An alkaline solution of low-cost, renewable lignin and graphene oxide (GO) is cast, followed by simultaneous carbonization and activation. Lignin, which is the least valued product from several biomass processing industries, is an efficient source of carbon when used as an intercalating agent to separate graphene sheets derived from homogeneous GO/lignin nanocomposite films prepared from an aqueous alkaline (KOH) solution. After thermal treatment the GO/lignin films show complete dispersion of reduced GO sheets within amorphous lignin-derived carbon. The presence of KOH in the film produces activated carbon. These activated carbon films display a specific surface area of up to 1744 m2 g−1 and consist of a balance of pore volumes with pore sizes below and above 1 nm. A two-electrode supercapacitor composed of these films in an aqueous electrolyte exhibits near-ideal capacitive behavior at an ultrahigh scan rate of 1 V s−1, while maintaining an excellent specific capacitance of 162 F g−1. Such outstanding performance of renewable carbon as a supercapacitor, in addition to the ease of electrode fabrication from a precursor containing 85 % lignin, offers a novel method for valorization of lignin-rich byproduct streams from biomass processing industries.
Evidence for Hsp90 Co-chaperones in Regulating Hsp90 Function and Promoting Client Protein Folding

Molecular chaperones are a diverse group of highly conserved proteins that transiently interact with partially folded polypeptide chains during normal cellular processes such as protein translation, translocation, and disassembly of protein complexes. Prior to folding or after denaturation, hydrophobic residues that are normally sequestered within a folded protein are exposed to the aqueous environment and are prone to aggregation or misfolding. Multiple classes of molecular chaperones, such as Hsp70s and Hsp40s, recognize and transiently bind polypeptides with exposed hydrophobic stretches in order to prevent misfolding. Other types of chaperones, such as Hsp90, have more specialized functions in that they appear to interact with only a subset of cellular proteins. This chapter focuses on the role of Hsp90 and partner co-chaperones in promoting the folding and activation of a diverse group of proteins with critical roles in cellular signaling and function.
Sprinkler-induced flower losses and yield reductions in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) pollen is highly sensitive to water, rupturing within 1 to 2 min of contact. Flowers sprayed with known volumes of water showed that a single spray with 1 mL of water reduced seed set by 55%. Additional spray applications resulted in further losses and ultimately flower shedding. Field studies in 2000 and 2001 used a enter pivot equipped with sprinklers and drag socks to determine the effect of timing and water application methods on fruit losses. Treatments included different application times (0800 to 1000 h, 1000 to 1200 h, 1200 to 1400 h, and 1400 to 1600 h) with 77 m 3 of water. The plots were irrigated eight times from 1 Aug. to 1 Sept. 2000 and 11 times from 10 July to 21 Aug. 2001. Flowers were tagged before irrigation and tracked throughout the season. No significant differences in fruit losses were observed in the 0800- to 1000-h treatment; however, fruit losses progressively increased under the sprinkler treatments compared with the drag sock treatments as the day progressed. Maximum fruit losses occurred in the 1400- to 1600-h treatments. The time course of sprinkler-induced fruit losses tracked the opening of the flower and dehiscence of the pollen. Evaluation of seasonal lint yields showed a 21% reduction in 2000 and 11% yield reduction in 2001 under sprinkler irrigation compared with drag sock irrigation. These results emphasize the need to use production practices that limit water contact with open cotton flowers.
Intersectionality and Marxism: A Critical Historiography

In recent years, there has been renewed interest in conceptualising the relationship between oppression and capitalism as well as intense debate over the precise nature of this relationship. No doubt spurred on by the financial crisis, it has become increasingly clear that capitalism, both historically and in the twenty-first century, has had particularly devastating effects for women and people of colour. Intersectionality, which emerged in the late twentieth century as a way of addressing the relationship between race, gender, sexuality and class, has submitted orthodox Marxism to critique for its inattention to the complex dynamics of various social locations; in turn Marxist thinkers in the twenty-first century have engaged with intersectionality, calling attention to the impoverished notion of class and capitalism on which it relies. As intersectionality constitutes perhaps the most common way that contemporary activists and theorists on the left conceive of identity politics, an analysis of intersectionality’s relationship to Marxism is absolutely crucial for historical materialists to understand and consider. This paper looks at the history of intersectionality’s and Marxism’s critiques of one another in order to ground a synthesis of the two frameworks. It argues that in the twenty-first century, we need a robust, Marxist analysis of capitalism, and that the only robust account of capitalism is one articulated intersectionally, one which treats class, race, gender and sexuality as fundamental to capitalist accumulation.
Classical and Quantum Calabi-Yau Manifolds

It has been clear for some time now that not all compactification schemes used to construct consistent Heterotic String vacua are independent. This is particularly obvious in the case of Calabi-Yau manifold compactifications and the c = 9, N — 2 minimal superconformai tensor models. In two case studies [1] Gepner presented compelling evidence for the existence of a deep relation between exact models and Calabi-Yau manifolds (CYs). Gepner showed that not only do these two models have the same massless spectrum and exhibit the same discrete symmetries, but that the fields also transform in the same way under discrete symmetry transformations. Although somewhat indirect, this evidence lead Gepner to conjecture that all exact N = 2 superconformai models correspond to Calabi-Yau manifolds.
Wound management for severe open fractures: use of antibiotic bead pouches and vacuum-assisted closure.

Open fractures complicated by infection, or those requir- ing extensive soft-tissue procedures, are disabling problems for patients and result in significant costs for the health care system. As an adjuvant to current protocols involving open fractures, antibiotic bead pouches (ABPs) provide high concentrations of local antibiotics and can help reduce infection rates. Vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) has been shown to decrease the need for, and enhance the success of, free-flap coverage for traumatic wounds that are significant enough to preclude primary closure, delayed primary closure, or healing by secondary intention. These 2 modalities may help decrease the complications and costs involved in the management of severe open fractures. In this article, we review the theory, technique, and efficacy of ABPs and VAC in the management of severe open fractures.
Cytokines and Signal Transduction in Multiple Myeloma

Multiple Myeloma (MM) is diagnosed in 15,000 new individuals each year. The median survival has been prolonged from 3–4 to 7 years, especially in patients less than age 50 [1–3]. Despite recent advances including biological agents bortezomib, thalidomide, and lenalidomide, MM remains incurable due to the development of drug resistance, which manifests as relapsed/refractory disease [4, 5]. The molecular and cellular mechanisms whereby MM cells evade drug-induced cytotoxicity and acquire drug-resistant phenotypes include interaction of MM cells with cellular components within the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment [5]. MM cells predominantly reside in the BM and adhere both to the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and BM stromal cells (BMSCs) due to binding via adhesion molecules. This interaction between tumor cells and BMSCs not only localizes tumor cells in the BM, but also confers protection against apoptosis and triggers secretion of cytokines mediating autocrine [6, 7] and paracrine [8–11] growth of MM cells. Examples of cytokines include IL-6, IL-21, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), B-cell stimulating factor 3 (BSF-3), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), stromal cell-derived factor 1α (SDF-1α), and fibroblast growth factor (FGF). Importantly, new and effective therapeutic strategies have been derived based upon targeting these cytokines and their signaling cascades both in MM cells and in the BM microenvironment. This chapter reviews the role of various cytokines in the biology of MM, as well as novel therapies that overcome cytokine-mediated growth, survival, migration, and drug-resistance.
271. Autologe Spongiosa bei Osteomyelitis mit Knochen-, und Hautdefekt

Die „unhappy triad” der Knochenchirurgie, Infekt, Defekt und Instabilitat stellt uns auch heute noch vor schwer zu losende Probleme. Das Vorgehen der Wahl scheint uns die Stabilisierung der Fragmente mittels einer internen (Osteosynthese) oder externen (Ausere Spanner) Fixation, die radikale Ausraumung des Herdes, die vorubergehende Spuldrainage und schlieslich das Auffullen des Defektes mit autologer Spongiosa zu sein. Wir haben 25 Patienten mit infiziertem Knochen-, Weichteil- und Hautdefekt nach diesen Prinzipien behandelt und dieses Kollektiv 1-6 Jahre spater nachkontrolliert: In samtlichen Fallen kam es zum knochernen Einbau des Transplantates und Abheilung des Haut-und Weichteildefektes. 23 Patienten sind 1-6 Jahre nach der Behandlung vom Infekt her rezidivfrei geblieben, bei samtlichen Patienten konnte Belastungs-stabilitat erreicht werden.
Snapping at the Lateral Aspect of the Elbow: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Case A 59-year-old man presented with snapping at the lateral aspect of the elbow and associated pain. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated extensor tendinopathy and thickening of the radial collateral ligament. Ultrasonography showed entrapment of a synovial fold in the radiohumeral joint. Initial arthroscopic debridement did not alleviate the snapping. Three months later, the patient underwent open excision of a thickened and partially torn annular ligament; subsequently, all of the symptoms resolved. Conclusion Snapping elbow is a phenomenon that often coincides with pain and limited function. Accurate diagnosis is critical because misdiagnosis has been demonstrated to have serious consequences, including the need for repeat surgery.
Leaders of local communities as attractors of the e cient social development

У статті сформульовано основний перелік здібностей, що обов’язково мають бути притаманні лідерам територіальних громад як атракторам ефективного суспільного розвитку. Обґрунтовано, що на голів територіальних громад, депутатський корпус, лідерів ініціативних груп громади покладається непросте завдання: на основі постійного соціального діалогу та партнерства з громадою забезпечити конструктивну суспільну самоорганізацію. За синергетичною методологією, фактично, ці особи мають стати атракторами ефективного суспільного розвитку. Проаналізовано окремі підходи до розуміння атрактора в сучасній науці. Стверджується, що майбутня система багато в чому залежить від лідерів, які спрямовують процес трансформації відповідної системи. Проаналізовані найважливіші аспекти лідерства, що є актуальними на рівні територіальних громад. Обґрунтовано, що самоорганізація життєдіяльності в місцевому співтоваристві починається з утвердження принципів корпоратизму.
Chemotherapy in the ICU: Association between palliative care consultation and care goal documentation.

e21516Background: Patients receiving chemotherapy in the intensive care unit (ICU) are at high risk of morbidity and mortality. A growing consensus supports proactively addressing goals of care (GO...
Lessons learned when looking for non-neutral ecological processes in the built environment: the bacterial and fungal microbiota of shower tiles

Abstract With periodic pulses of water, bathroom showers represent a habitat in the built environment with a high potential for microbial growth. We set out to apply a neutral model of microbial community assembly and to identify deviations from the model that would indicate non-neutral dynamics, such as selective pressures for individual taxa, in this particular indoor habitat. Following a cleaning event, the bacterial and fungal microbiota of the shower stalls in two residences in the San Francisco Bay Area were observed over a four-week period. We observed strong differences in composition between houses, preventing us from combining samples and thus limiting our statistical power. We also identified different aspects of the sampling scheme that could be improved, including increasing the sampling area (to ensure sufficient biomass) and increasing the number of replicates within an individual shower. The data from this pilot study indicate that immigrants to the built environment arising from human shedding dominate the shower ecosystem and that growth conditions are relatively unfavorable despite the water availability. We offer suggestions on how to improve the studying and sampling of microbes in indoor environments.
b -Value: A Potential Biomarker for Assessing Knee-Joint Health Using Acoustical Emission Sensing

This article explores the novel application of an automated b -value extraction algorithm for the interpretation of sounds produced by the knee joint during movement. Acoustical emissions were recorded from a total of eight subjects with acute knee injuries a first time, within one week of the injury, then a second time, four to six months following corrective surgery and rehabilitation. The data were collected from each subject using miniature electret microphones placed on the medial and lateral sides of the patella during knee flexion and extension exercises. From the acoustical signals measured from each subject, we computed the b -value using the modified GutenbergRichter equation, which is widely used in seismology. The b -value increased for each subject's injured knee from immediately following the injury to several months post recovery. [mean b -value: 1.46 0.35 (injured) and 1.92 0.21 (postsurgery and recovery), p b -value metric can be as effective to differentiate changes in the joint sounds as our prior approach while requiring less computational time and complexityboth of which are preferable for future integration of this technology into a wearable system.
Analysis of Core Characterization Transients for TREAT Restart

A core characterization process was completed as part of the Transient Reactor Test Facility (TREAT) restart project. The core characterization process is normally performed following a reconfigura...
Modernization of Family Values and Norms Among Armenians in Sydney

The process of modernization occurs simultaneously at the social structural and the individual-cultural levels in a society. With respect to the latter the principal arena of, as well as the main b...
27seconds: A Wine Brand as a Vehicle for Social Change

This chapter presents a case study of 27seconds, a wine brand that has been established to achieve both social and financial goals, and as such fulfils the definition of a social enterprise. After outlining previous research on social enterprises, the chapter presents a case study of the origins, emergence and ongoing development of 27seconds since it was first launched in 2017 with the goal of raising funds for the charitable organisation Hagar. The chapter argues that while the initial success of the brand owes a great deal to the passion of the two owners, the groundswell of industry and public support for this endeavour, and the strong sense of pride and community interest, has been achieved in part due to the opportunity 27seconds offers to drink good wine while supporting a charitable cause.
On an Open Question Regarding When Two-Block Pricing Weakly Dominates Two-Part Tariff:

Leland and Meyer showed through an example that when the distribution of consumer types is nondegenerate, there exist two-block pricing plans that yield strictly higher producer surplus than the pr...