cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Convective Heat Transfer in a Differentially Heated Enclosure Due to Acoustic Excitations

Convective heat transfer in a differentially heated shallow rectangular enclosure due to the vibration of a vertical side wall is investigated numerically. The frequency of the wall vibration is chosen such that an acoustic standing wave forms in the enclosure. The fully compressible form of the Navier-Stokes equations is considered and an explicit time-marching algorithm is used to explicitly track the acoustic waves. Numerical solutions are obtained by employing a highly accurate flux corrected transport (FCT) algorithm. The steady second order flow structures, namely acoustic streaming, are found to be more significant than the primary oscillatory flow field on the cooling rates. The model developed can be used for the analysis of flow and temperature fields driven by acoustic transducers.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
External fixation or arteriogram in bleeding pelvic fracture: initial therapy guided by markers of arterial hemorrhage.

Background: Bleeding pelvic fractures (BPF) carry mortality as high as 60%, yet controversy remains over optimal initial management. Some base initial intervention on fracture pattern, with immediate external fixation (EX FIX) in amenable fractures aimed at controlling venous bleeding. Others feel ongoing hemodynamic instability indicates arterial bleeding, and prefer early angiography (ANGIO) before EX-FIX. Our aim was to evaluate markers of arterial bleeding in patients with BPF, thus identifying patients requiring early ANGIO regardless of fracture pattern. Methods: Patients with pelvis fracture were identified from a Level I trauma center registry over a 7-year period and records reviewed. From this group, two subsets were analyzed: those with initial hypotension related to pelvic fracture, and those without hypotension who underwent pelvic ANGIO. Data included hemodynamics, response to resuscitation, presence of contrast blush on CT, fracture treatment and outcome. Adequate response to initial resuscitation (R) was defined as a sustained (>2 hours) improvement of systolic blood pressure to >90 mm Hg systolic after the administration of ≤2 units packed red blood cells. Those with repeated episodes of hypotension despite resuscitation were classified as non-responders (NR) Results: From 1/94-1/01, 1171 patients were admitted with pelvic ring fracture. Thirty-five (0.3%) had hypotension attributable to pelvis fracture. 28 fell into the NR group, and 26 of these underwent ANGIO. Nineteen (73%) showed arterial bleeding while 3 resuscitation response patients underwent ANGIO with none demonstrating bleeding (p = 0.03). Sensitivity and specificity of inadequate response to initial resuscitation for predicting the presence of arterial bleeding on ANGIO were 100% and 30% respectively while negative and positive predictive value were 100% and 73%. In patients with fractures amenable to external fixation (n = 16), 44% had arterial bleeding on ANGIO, and all were in the NR group. An additional 17 patients without hypotension also underwent ANGIO. Contrast blush on admission CT was seen in 4, 3 of which had arterial bleeding seen on ANGIO (75%). Sensitivity and specificity for contrast blush in predicting bleeding on ANGIO were 60% and 92% with positive and negative predictive value being 75% and 85%. Conclusions: In patients with hypotension and pelvic fracture, therapy selection based on initial response to resuscitation in BPF yields a 73% positive ANGIO rate in NR patients. Delay in ANGIO for EX FIX in patients with amenable fractures would have delayed embolization in the face of ongoing arterial bleeding in 44% of patients. In stable patients with pelvic fracture, contrast blush also indicates a high likelihood of arterial injury and ANGIO is indicated. Optimal therapy in the face of BPF requires early determination of the presence of arterial bleeding so that ANGIO can be rapidly obtained, and response to initial resuscitation as well as the presence of contrast blush aid in this decision.
A large scale simulation model for analyzing the production of pipe valves and fittings

This paper describes a large-scale SLAM II- FORTRAN simulation model of a manufacturing plant that produces pipe valves and fittings. The model represents the functional areas of manufacturing (mac...
Demand Heterogeneity in IT Infrastructure Services: Modeling and Evaluation of a Dynamic Approach to Defining Service Levels

A key feature of service-oriented models of information technology is the promise of prespecified quality levels enforceable via service level agreements (SLAs). This poses difficult management problems when considerable variability exists in user preferences and service demand within any organization. Because variance in expectations impact service levels, effective pricing and resource allocation mechanisms are needed to deliver services at the promised quality level. In this paper, we propose a mechanism for SLA formulation that is responsive to demand fluctuations and user preference variance, with the objective of maximizing organizational welfare of the participants. This formulation features a dynamic priority based price-penalty scheme targeted to individual users. An analytical model is presented and evaluated for effectiveness of a proposed dynamic priority-based pricing scheme vis-a-vis a baseline fixed-price single-quality level SLA. Simulations using data from an existing SLA is used to provide evidence that the proposed dynamic pricing scheme is likely to be more effective than a fixed-price approach from a system welfare perspective.
Modification of trypsin by a reactive intermediate generated from p-(N3,S-dimethylisothiouronium)-benzoyl trypsin☆

Abstract p-Guanidinobenzoyl trypsin (I, R = trypsin) undergoes relatively slow deacylation (1–3). The analogous isothiouronium derivative has now been prepared through the use of the newly synthesized p-nitrophenyl p-(N3-methylS-methylisothioureidobenzoate (II). The acyl trypsin derived from this reagent was also stable both with respect to deacylation and to transformation of the isothiouronium group which was expected to permit an intramolecular crosslinking within the active center of trypsin. Under treatment with mercuric ion, however, methyl mercaptan was readily eliminated from the isothiouronium group. A second covalent bond did form as a result of this treatment in many of the molecules since following deacylation with liberation of the active center serine, the reagent remained attached to the enzyme. It was not possible, in preliminary trials, to demonstrate the formation of an O-acylurea involving a carboxyl group of the enzyme. Based on the kinetics of displacement of the residually-bound reagent by hydroxylamine, two secondary sites of attachment appear to be involved.
Schedule-induced polydipsia in F1 generation of wild/domestic Norway rats.

Abstract The acquisition of schedule-induced polydipsia was examined in the F1 generation of a wild-caught male and a domestic female Norway rat in order to determine whether observed differences in drinking between feral and domestic strains involves a genetic component. Half of the crossbred litter drank like wild-caught rats and the remaining drank like domestic, laboratory reared rats. Implications for a genetic basis for schedule-induced polydipsia are noted and discussed.
Coffee and Caffeine Are Associated With Decreased Risk of Advanced Hepatic Fibrosis Among Patients With Hepatitis C.

Background & Aims Coffee or caffeine has been proposed to protect against hepatic fibrosis, but few data are available on their effects in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study of veterans with chronic HCV infection to evaluate the association between daily intake of caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee, tea, and soda, and level of hepatic fibrosis, based on the FibroSURE test (BioPredictive, Paris, France) (F0–F3, mild [controls] vs F3/F4–F4, advanced). Models were adjusted for multiple potential confounders including age, alcohol abuse, and obesity. Results Among 910 patients with chronic HCV infection, 98% were male and 38% had advanced hepatic fibrosis. Daily intake of caffeinated coffee was higher among controls than patients with advanced fibrosis (1.37 vs 1.05 cups/d; P = .038). In contrast, daily intake of caffeinated tea (0.61 vs 0.56 cups/d; P = .651) or soda (1.14 vs 0.95 cans/d; P = .106) did not differ between the groups. A higher percentage of controls (66.0%) than patients with advanced fibrosis (57.9%) consumed 100 mg or more of caffeine daily from all sources ( P = .014); controls also received a larger proportion of their caffeine from coffee (50.2% vs 43.0%; P = .035). Hepatoprotective effects of an average daily intake of 100 mg or more of caffeine (adjusted odds ratio, 0.71; 95% confidence interval, 0.53–0.95; P = .020) and 1 cup or more of caffeinated tea by non–coffee drinkers (adjusted odds ratio, 0.56; 95% confidence interval, 0.34–0.94; P = .028) persisted after adjustment for confounders, including insulin resistance. Conclusions A modest daily caffeine intake (as little as 100 mg) may protect against advanced hepatic fibrosis in men with chronic HCV infection. Additional research is needed to confirm these findings in women and in people with other chronic liver diseases.
The detection of elevated plasma levels of carcinoembryonic antigen in patients with suspected or established medullary thyroid carcinoma

Plasma levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and calcitonin (CT) were measured in 35 normal control subjects and in 37 patients with suspected or established medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). None of the normal control subjects had elevated basal plasma levels of either CEA (greater than 5 ng/ml) or CT (greater than 0.25 ng/ml). However, of the 37 patients with suspected or established MTC, 23 (62%) had elevated basal plasma levels of CEA (range 9.8--7,000 ng/ml) and 27 (73%) had elevated basal plasma CT values (range 0.30--500 ng/ml). Generally, patients with clinically apparent MTC, either primary or metastatic, had higher plasma CEA and CT levels than those with occult disease. A positive correlation was found (r = 0.785, p less than 0.01) when comparing basal plasma CEA and stimulated plasma CT levels in 20 patients. A marked increase above the basal plasma level of CT but not CEA was detected in each of six MTC patients following intravenous calcium or pentagastrin. These data demonstrate that basal plasma levels of CEA and CT were increased in a large percentage of patients with MTC. Plasma calcitonin levels unlike plasma CEA levels were more often elevated in patients with occult disease and were increased above basal following the intravenous administration of either calcium gluconate or pentagastrin.
Monte Carlo Analysis of Neck Linker Extension in Kinesin Molecular Motors

Kinesin stepping is thought to involve both concerted conformational changes and diffusive movement, but the relative roles played by these two processes are not clear. The neck linker docking model is widely accepted in the field, but the remainder of the step – diffusion of the tethered head to the next binding site – is often assumed to occur rapidly with little mechanical resistance. Here, we investigate the effect of tethering by the neck linker on the diffusive movement of the kinesin head, and focus on the predicted behavior of motors with naturally or artificially extended neck linker domains. The kinesin chemomechanical cycle was modeled using a discrete-state Markov chain to describe chemical transitions. Brownian dynamics were used to model the tethered diffusion of the free head, incorporating resistive forces from the neck linker and a position-dependent microtubule binding rate. The Brownian dynamics and chemomechanical cycle were coupled to model processive runs consisting of many 8 nm steps. Three mechanical models of the neck linker were investigated: Constant Stiffness (a simple spring), Increasing Stiffness (analogous to a Worm-Like Chain), and Reflecting (negligible stiffness up to a limiting contour length). Motor velocities and run lengths from simulated paths were compared to experimental results from Kinesin-1 and a mutant containing an extended neck linker domain. When tethered by an increasingly stiff spring, the head is predicted to spend an unrealistically short amount of time within the binding zone, and extending the neck is predicted to increase both the velocity and processivity, contrary to experiments. These results suggest that the Worm-Like Chain is not an adequate model for the flexible neck linker domain. The model can be reconciled with experimental data if the neck linker is either much more compliant or much stiffer than generally assumed, or if weak kinesin-microtubule interactions stabilize the diffusing head near its binding site.
A specie-flow model of the gold standard

Abstract An international gold standard model is presented, focusing on the relatively short-run movements of prices, gold stocks, and money. The paper criticizes the common assumption of the gold standard as an ideal, automatically adjusting system, and allows discretionary policy to be a potentially important short-run factor.
Efficient data sharing with conditional remote memory transfers

Remote memory transfers (RMTs) allow processors to access non-local memories without involving the remote processor. As the only interprocessor synchronization required is setting flags on the local and remote processors after the transfer is complete, RMTs do not entail the overhead due to the handshaking and buffering of message passing nor require the complex hardware of cache-coherent shared memory. The minimal synchronization of RMTs, however, necessiates extra remote communications to enforce common data sharing paradigms, such as producer/consumer. We propose a new hardware mechanism: the conditional RMT (CMRT). CRMTs succeed or fail depending on the state of the remote data. We describe potential CRMT hardware definitions, and illustrate their utility by presenting efficient software protocols for producer/consumer and check-in/check-out data sharing.
An assessment of work stress among police executives

Abstract This article reports on a study of the determinants of role-stress among police executives. The question guiding this research was: Are there broad features of the occupation or role of police executives that affect their perceptions of stress? Data were derived from a concatenation of two national samples of police executives, one for municipal police chiefs and the other for county sheriffs. A logit modeling strategy was used to assess the contributions of variables of substantive interest for police executives' perceptions of stress. Four measures of work stress were used for the analysis. It was found that police executives with lower levels of education, especially those with a high school diploma or less, were more likely to perceive stress. Also, sheriffs consistently reported higher levels of stress than did chiefs. However, lower stress was reported for executives with greater autonomy and those who perceived that they had control over the hiring process.
Femto-seconds kilo-ampere electron beam generation

Abstract Generating femtoseconds electron bunches is critical for X-ray free electron laser, laser accelerators and many other applications. Computer simulation of ultra-short (10–100 fs, rms) kilo-ampere electron bunch production from a photocathode injector are presented in this report. The electron beam is produced by an 8 ps (FWHM) laser from a photocathode RF gun injector operating at the longitudinal emittance compensation mode. The electron beam is compressed continuously in the RF gun, drift space followed the RF gun and energy boost linac operating at 70° off-crest. Simulation shows that, 10 fs (rms) kilo-ampere electron beam can be produce at about 40 MeV with transverse emittance less than 1 mm-mrad.
Pacing Lead Survival: Performance of Different Models

UNLABELLED Recent reports have shown poor survival of some leads currently in use. Long-term survival analysis of 2,444 leads (1,059 atrial and 1,385 ventricular) implanted in this institution since January 1980, and having at least 1 month of follow-up was performed. The survival of 123 different models was compared with the average survival of all the leads implanted in the corresponding chamber. Failure was defined as inactivation of the lead (electrical abandonment, explant, or cap) due to insulator and/or conductor fracture. RESULTS The mean follow-up was 33 +/- 32 months. The cumulative survival for different atrial lead models was consistent with the average performance in the atrium. No atrial lead showed better or worse survival compared to the others. In the ventricular group, the Medtronic 4012 lead showed statistically significant poorer survival (P = 0.01) compared with the average survival of the ventricular leads. The Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. (CPI) 4010 lead showed a nonsignificant (P = 0.12) worse performance than the average for ventricular leads. CONCLUSIONS (1) The Medtronic 4012 had a significantly poorer performance than the rest of the leads. A trend in similar direction was found for the CPI 4010, also in the ventricular group; (2) Atrial lead models showed a stable survival; and (3) Frequent follow-up is required for some leads, especially in pacemaker dependent patients.
A frequency-domain Z-bus algorithm utilizing symmetrical components for transient analysis during capacitor switching

Abstract This paper presents a new method for digital simulation of a transmission, subtransmission or distribution system for transient analysis during capacitor switching. The method is based on the frequency-domain analysis utilizing the symmetrical component principles and the Z-bus impedance matrix in the complex frequency domain. The paper emphasizes the concepts of the method, describes the necessary boundary conditions, explains the pertinent assumptions and shows an example of the simulation on an actual subtransmission system.
Characterization of Gating Mechanisms in Prokaryotic Pentameric Ligand-Gated Ion Channels

Pentamericligand-gated ion channels (pLGIC) mediate fast neurotransmission in the central and peripheral nervous systems and thereby regulate excitability, neurotransmitter release and muscle contraction. Upon activation, these channels rapidly switch between closed, open and desensitized conformations. The recent crystal structures of the prokaryotic pLGIC homologs from E. chrysanthemi (ELIC) and G. violaceus (GLIC) in presumably the closed and open channel conformations, respectively have provided excellent models for an atomic-level understanding of the channel structure and its role in selective ion-conduction and drug binding. However, it is still unclear as to what functional states of the pLGIC gating-scheme do these crystal structures represent. Much of this uncertainty arises from a lack of thorough understanding of the functional properties of these prokaryotic channels. Here we have carried out an extensive characterization of GLIC function by both macroscopic and single-channel current measurements in reconstituted proteoliposomes. We find that GLIC channels show rapid activation (milliseconds timescale) upon jumps to acidic pH followed by a time-dependent loss of conductance (seconds timescale) due to desensitization. We have investigated various aspects of channel activation and desensitization and determined how these gating events are modulated by pH, voltage, permeant ions, pore-blockers and membrane lipid compositions. Analyzed in the framework of recent structures, these results uncover several important features of gating mechanisms in GLIC and how they relate to their eukaryotic counterparts.
The Effects of Isoimmunization with Semen on Fertility in the Turkey Hen

Abstract INTRODUCTION MANY studies in mammalian species have shown a relationship between infertility and anti-sperm antibodies, but many others have not. This area of investigation has been reviewed by Tyler (1961) and Cohen (1969). McCartney (1923) reported that a single injection of fowl testes induced sterility in four chicken hens. However, Lamoreux (1940) found no fertility depression after semen injections but did detect high anti-sperm antibody titers. Wentworth and Mellen (1964) have shown that anti-sperm anti-bodies develop in chicken hens following intravaginal, intra-uterine and intraperitoneal artificial insemination (A.I.) and that antibody titer is negatively correlated with duration of fertility. The observation, made many times, that fertility in turkey hens declines during a breeding season of approximately 20–25 weeks led to the studies to be described. The decline in fertility is generally gradual but is sometimes dramatic and rapid with a flock showing a fertility drop of 10% or more per…
58 Fe AND 54 Cr IN EARLY SOLAR SYSTEM MATERIALS

Stepwise dissolution of primitive meteorites exhibits large 54Cr anomalies but no collateral effects on 58Fe and 48Ca, two other neutron-rich nuclides from the iron peak. These results suggest that 54Cr must have been produced in particular zones of the rare Type Ia supernovae or that 48Ca and/or 58Fe were produced together in Type II supernovae and were chemically separated into some mineral phase that favors Cr over Ca and Fe, and it is the dissolution properties of that phase that is driving the isotopic effect in leaching. The recent findings of nanometer-size oxide grains with very large 54Cr excesses favored the latter scenario for the origin of the mono-isotopic Cr isotopic effect. In addition, the absence of isotopic variations in the 58Fe/54Fe ratio at the mineral scale confirms that the short-lived nuclide 60Fe (T 1/2 = 2.62 Myr) was homogeneously distributed to a less than 15% dispersion in the early solar nebula.
Endometrial carcinoma: transvaginal ultrasonography prediction of depth of myometrial invasion.

Abstract Myometrial invasion greater than 33% negatively affects the prognosis of endometrial carcinoma. Since the endometrium is readily differentiated from myometrium via high-resolution transvaginal sonography (TVS), this prospective study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of TVS in determining the depth of myometrial invasion in women with endometrial adenocarcinoma. Eighteen subjects underwent TVS utilizing 5.0- and 7.5-MHz probes by a single examiner blinded to stage and grade of adenocarcinoma. Predicted TVS ratios were categorized as 33%) histologic invasion ( P
Decrease in serum uric acid level following parathyroidectomy in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism.

Serum uric acid levels in 101 patients with surgically treated hyperparathyroidism were studied retrospectively. Twenty-five patients had preoperative hyperuricemia and 8 patients had a history of gout. Preoperatively the serum uric acid level correlated positively with the blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels, but not with serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone or calcium levels. Following parathyroidectomy the serum uric acid level decreased from a preoperative level of 6.55±0.18 mg/100 ml (mean±S.E.) to 6.05±0.21 mg/100 ml at 1 week to 1 month postoperatively, and the uric acid level remained decreased at 6–18 months postoperatively (5.22±0.31 mg/100 ml). Patients with the highest serum uric acid level seemed to improve most.
Non-Invasive Estimates of Serum Bilirubin in Neonates. 905

We evaluated the Chromatics Skin Reflectance Meter for the estimation of serum bilirubin in 285 jaundiced neonates (term & preterm) of multiple ethnicities and skin pigments who had both standard laboratory measurements and visual (M.D./RN) estimates of jaundice performed. The hand-held device uses a computer algorithm which takes into account skin pigmentation and other visual characteristics. Physicians and nurses are unable to accurately assess jaundice (y=0.74x + 1.77, r=0.69) with some estimates differing by 10 mg% from the laboratory measurement. The use of the skin meter provided a remarkably accurate (y=0.89x +0.98, r=0.93) and clinically useful estimate of total bilirubin in this diverse neonatal population. Figure
Influence of Fiber Length Distribution on Strength Efficiency of Fibers in Yarn

The tensile and tear strengths and hence the durability of a cotton fabric are greatly influenced by the length and strength of cotton fibers in addition to the fabric structure. This is so because fiber length to a large extent determines yam strength, which ultimately contributes to fabric strength. Also, fiber length and its distribution affect fiber processing and hence yarn performance during subsequent mechanical processing, including knitting and weaving. Therefore, fiber length distribution and its ultimate effect on the yarn strength are important. To better understand the length-strength relationship in cotton fibers, we have tried to model the strength of fibers assemblies in a yarn, based on some simple assumptions. In this model, we address an important issue of friction among adjacent fibers in a yarn structure and also introduce and derive a new parameter called the "strength efficiency" of fibers in a yarn, which may contribute to an understanding of the yarn failure mechanism. The paper s...
Spectral stability analysis for special solutions of second order in time PDEs: The higher dimensional case

Abstract We develop a general theory to treat the linear stability of certain special solutions of second order in time evolutionary PDE. We apply these results to standing waves of the following problems: the Klein–Gordon equation, for which we consider both ground states and certain excited states, the Klein–Gordon–Zakharov system and the beam equation. We also discuss applications to excited states for the Klein–Gordon model as well as multidimensional traveling waves (not necessarily homoclinic to zero) for general second order equations of this type. In all cases, our abstract results provide a complete characterization of the linear stability of such solutions.
A semiparametric estimator for the proportional hazards model with longitudinal covariates measured with error

SUMMARY A common objective in longitudinal studies is to characterise the relationship between a failure time process and time-independent and time-dependent covariates. Timedependent covariates are generally available as longitudinal data collected periodically during the course of the study. We assume that these data follow a linear mixed effects model with normal measurement error and that the hazard of failure depends both on the underlying random effects describing the covariate process and other time-independent covariates through a proportional hazards relationship. A routine assumption is that the random effects are normally distributed; however, this need not hold in practice. Within this framework, we develop a simple method for estimating the proportional hazards model parameters that requires no assumption on the distribution of the random effects. Large-sample properties are discussed, and finite-sample performance is assessed and compared to competing methods via simulation.
The Hpa Axis and the Stress Response

(2000). The Hpa Axis and the Stress Response. Endocrine Research: Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 513-514.
Structural differences between paroxetine and femoxetine responsible for differential inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus efflux pumps

In this study the chemical modification of paroxetine was employed to determine which structural differences between the paroxetine-like and femoxetine-like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors is responsible for the differential potency of these agents in the inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus multidrug efflux pump systems.
Synthesis of augmented biofuel processes using solar energy

A method for synthesizing augmented biofuel processes, which improve biomass carbon conversion to liquid fuel (ηcarbon) using supplemental solar energy as heat, H2, and electricity is presented. For a target ηcarbon, our method identifies augmented processes requiring the least solar energy input. A nonconvex mixed integer nonlinear programming model allowing for simultaneous mass, heat, and power integration, is built over a process superstructure and solved using global optimization tools. As a case study, biomass thermochemical conversion via gasification/Fischer–Tropsch synthesis and fast-hydropyrolysis/hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) is considered. The optimal process configurations can be categorized either as standalone (ηcarbon ≤ 54%), augmented using solar heat (54% ≤ ηcarbon ≤ 74%), or augmented using solar heat and H2 (74 ≤ ηcarbon ≤ 95%). Importantly, the process H2 consumption is found to be close to the derived theoretical minimum values. To accommodate for the intermittency of solar heat/H2, we suggest processes that can operate at low and high ηcarbon. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 2533–2545, 2014
Surface modification of BaTiO3 inclusions in polydicyclopentadiene nanocomposites for energy storage

A new nanocomposite system displaying high breakdown strength, improved permittivity, low dielectric loss, and high thermal stability is presented. Free-standing nanocomposite films were prepared via a solvent-free in-situ polymerization technique whereby 5 vol % BaTiO3 (BT) nanocrystals with tailored surface chemistry were dispersed in dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) prior to initiation of ring opening metathesis polymerization by a second generation Grubbs catalyst. The relative permittivity was enhanced from 1.7 in the neat poly(DCPD) film to a maximum of 2.4 in the composite, while the dielectric loss tangent was minimized below 0.7%. Surface modification of the BT nanocrystals mitigated reduction in breakdown strength of the resulting nanocomposites such that only a 13% reduction in breakdown strength was observed relative to the neat polymer films. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40290.
Pre-surgical Cranial Implant Design using the PARIS Prototype

Repairing severe human skull injuries requirescustomized cranial implants, and current visualizationresearch aims to develop a new approach to create theseimplants. Following pre-surgical design techniquespioneered at the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC)in 1996, researchers have developed an immersivecranial implant application incorporating haptic forcefeedback and augmented reality. The application runs onthe Personal Augmented Reality Immersive System(PARIS?), allowing the modeler to see clearly both hishands and the virtual workspace. The strengths ofmultiple software libraries are maximized to simplifydevelopment. This research lays the foundation toeventually replace the traditional modeling andevaluation processes.
Generating Case Markers in Machine Translation

We study the use of rich syntax-based statistical models for generating grammatical case for the purpose of machine translation from a language which does not indicate case explicitly (English) to a language with a rich system of surface case markers (Japanese). We propose an extension of n-best re-ranking as a method of integrating such models into a statistical MT system and show that this method substantially outperforms standard n-best re-ranking. Our best performing model achieves a statistically significant improvement over the baseline MT system according to the BLEU metric. Human evaluation also confirms the results.
Numerical study of electromagnetic waves generated by a prototype dielectric logging tool

To understand the electromagnetic waves generated by a prototype dielectric logging tool, a numerical study was conducted using both the finite-difference, time-domain method and a frequency-wavenumber method. When the propagation velocity in the borehole was greater than that in the formation (e.g., an air-filled borehole in the unsaturated zone), only a guided wave propagated along the borehole. As the frequency decreased, both the phase and the group velocities of the guided wave asymptotically approached the phase velocity of a plane wave in the formation. The guided wave radiated electromagnetic energy into the formation, causing its amplitude to decrease. When the propagation velocity in the borehole was less than that in the formation (e.g., a water-filled borehole in the saturated zone), both a refracted wave and a guided wave propagated along the borehole. The velocity of the refracted wave equaled the phase velocity of a plane wave in the formation, and the refracted wave preceded the guided wave. As the frequency decreased, both the phase and the group velocities of the guided wave asymptotically approached the phase velocity of a plane wave in the formation. The guided wave did not radiate electromagnetic energy into the formation. To analyze traces recorded by the prototype tool during laboratory tests, they were compared to traces calculated with the finite-difference method. The first parts of both the recorded and the calculated traces were similar, indicating that guided and refracted waves indeed propagated along the prototype tool.
Architecture and Public Space: Lessons From Sao Paulo

Architecture and Public Space: Lessons From Sao Paulo Zeuler R.M.A. Lima Zeuler R.M.A. Lima / Lessons From Sao Paulo
Timing, testing, and standardization of endovascular therapy

The Society of Vascular & Interventional Neurology (SVIN) roundtable meeting concerning endovascular therapy highlights the rapid advances in technologic approaches to revascularization in acute stroke patients. Although the new technology is exciting, the road to scientifically proven advances that improve outcomes for patients will depend upon minimizing the time to revascularization, scientific testing of the technology in clinical trials, and standardization of training and delivery of endovascular therapy. One consistent theme from the single-arm clinical trials of endovascular therapy is that the clinical outcome after revascularization is highly dependent upon the time from stroke onset to revascularization. The IMS (Interventional Management of Stroke) I and II Trials,1 the Penumbra Trial,2 and the French Recanalyze Study3 demonstrated a strong relationship between time to revascularization and a good functional outcome, as measured by a modified Rankin Scale score of 0–2 at 3 months. In the IMS I and II pilot trials, revascularization beyond 6 hours resulted in outcomes similar …
Knowledge of English Word Stress Patterns in Early and Late Korean-English Bilinguals

The effects of age of acquisition and native language prosody on the acquisition of English stress patterns were investigated with early and late Korean-English bilinguals (n = 20). Distributional patterns of stress placement based on syllabic structure, distributional patterns of stress placement based on lexical class, and stress patterns of phonologically similar words were investigated for their effect on the placement of stress in English nonwords. Both bilingual groups—like the native English controls—showed extension of stress patterns from phonologically similar real words. The effect of syllabic structure for early bilinguals was slightly different from that of native speakers, and late bilinguals showed more reduced effects. Unlike previous work with Spanish-English bilinguals, Korean-English bilinguals demonstrated a nonnativelike effect of lexical class, most pronounced in the late bilinguals. This difference might be due to Koreans' low sensitivity to word-level statistical distributions because of early exposure to a phrase-level prosodic system.This research was supported by a grant (DC05132) from the National Institutes of Health (National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders). Thanks are extended to J. J. Clark for her help in administering the experiments and to Kyoung-Ho Kang for help locating participants. I would also like to thank the four anonymous SSLA reviewers, Jonathan Loftin, and Lisa Redford for valuable comments on an earlier version of this article.
The discretized Schrodinger equation for the finite square well and its relationship to solid-state physics

The discretized Schrodinger equation is most often used to solve one-dimensional quantum mechanics problems numerically. While it has been recognized for some time that this equation is equivalent to a simple tight-binding model and that the discretization imposes an underlying bandstructure unlike free-space quantum mechanics on the problem, the physical implications of this equivalence largely have been unappreciated and the pedagogical advantages accruing from presenting the problem as one of solid-state physics (and not numerics) remain generally unexplored. This is especially true for the analytically solvable discretized finite square well presented here. There are profound differences in the physics of this model and its continuous-space counterpart which are direct consequences of the imposed bandstructure. For example, in the discrete model the number of bound states plus transmission resonances equals the number of atoms in the quantum well.
Fatigue damage modelling of composite materials

This paper develops a mathematical model for fatigue damage evolution in composite materials. The characteristics of damage growth in composite materials are studied and compared with those of damage growth in homogeneous materials. Continuum damage mechanics concepts are used to evaluate the degradation of composite materials under cyclic loading. A new damage accumulation model is proposed to capture the unique characteristics of composite materials. The proposed model is found to be more accurate than existing models, both in modelling the rapid damage growth early in life and near the end of fatigue life. The parameters for the proposed model are obtained with experimental data. A numerical example is implemented to illustrate that the proposed model is able to accurately fit several different sets of experimental data.
Alexander Lowen: An Energetic Man

Alexander Lowen, a prominent psychotherapist, discusses his personal and professional development, as well as the evolution of bioenergetic analysis.
Adapting boosting for information retrieval measures

We present a new ranking algorithm that combines the strengths of two previous methods: boosted tree classification, and LambdaRank, which has been shown to be empirically optimal for a widely used information retrieval measure. Our algorithm is based on boosted regression trees, although the ideas apply to any weak learners, and it is significantly faster in both train and test phases than the state of the art, for comparable accuracy. We also show how to find the optimal linear combination for any two rankers, and we use this method to solve the line search problem exactly during boosting. In addition, we show that starting with a previously trained model, and boosting using its residuals, furnishes an effective technique for model adaptation, and we give significantly improved results for a particularly pressing problem in web search--training rankers for markets for which only small amounts of labeled data are available, given a ranker trained on much more data from a larger market.
DISTRIBUTED FEEDBACK CHANNEL DROPPING FILTERS

Passive, Quarter-Wave Shifted Distributed Feed-Back (QWS-DFB) resonators can act as transmission filters either singly, or in cascade. Equivalent circuits can be developed which predict the filter characteristics near the center of the stopband. The performance of recently fabricated filters is described.
Infection Patterns in Invasive and Native Snail Hosts Exposed to a Parasite Associated with Waterfowl Mortality in the Upper Mississippi River, USA

Bithynia tentaculata is an aquatic invasive snail first detected in the upper Mississippi River (UMR) in 2002. The snail harbors a number of parasitic trematode species, including Sphaeridiotrema pseudoglobulus ,t hat have been implicated in waterfowl mortality in the region. We assessed the capacity of S. pseudoglobulus cercariae to infect B. tentaculata and native snails found in the UMR. Four snail species (one invasive and three native) were individually exposed to S. pseudoglobulus larvae and all were successfully infected. A subsequent experiment examining infection patterns in inva- sive and native hosts exposed singly or in mixed treatments revealed no difference in parasite establishment among snail species. Our results add to our understanding of S. pseudoglobulus transmission and provide insight into processes underlying waterfowl disease in the UMR.
Greedy Institutions: The Importance of Institutional Context for Teaching in Higher Education:

This article focuses on how the institutional contexts of colleges and universities shape these “greedy institutions.” We look at the current social, political, and economic trends affecting all postsecondary institutions, specifically the forces that encourage “greediness.” We examine the literature on structural arenas that influence teaching in higher education, including type of institution and departmental level characteristics, considering how the varied structural features of institutions and departments shape the conditions of academic life and demands placed on faculty. We identify the features of the institutional context that can help faculty manage demands on their time and enhance teaching and learning. The article closes with identification of areas for future inquiry and a challenge to sociologists to contribute to an examination of the contextual forces that shape the work lives of faculty and students.
Early Pliocene Crotaphytus and Gambelia (Squamata: Crotaphytidae) from the Panaca Formation of Southeastern Nevada

Abstract Two localities in the Panaca Formation, Meadow Valley, Lincoln County, Nevada, have produced squamate remains that date to 4.9–4.7 Ma. Included are fossil maxillae of Crotaphytus sp. (Collared Lizards) and a dentary of Gambelia sp. (Leopard Lizards). To identify these fossils, diagnostic dental characters were used to distinguish the two genera. The toothrow of Crotaphytus exhibits wide, robust teeth and consists of mostly tricuspid teeth that show little or no recurvature. Gambelia dentition differs in having highly recurved, parallel-sided teeth throughout the toothrow, which contains more unicuspid than tricuspid teeth. Published records of valid Crotaphytus date to the middle Pliocene (3.7–3.1 Ma) and Gambelia date to the early to middle Pliocene (4.18–3.58 Ma). The Panaca Formation fossils described herein mark the oldest known record of both taxa.
Beam-beam effects in space charge dominated ion beams

During low-energy operations below the regular injection energy in the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), significant beam lifetime reductions due to the beam‐beam interaction in conjunction with large space charge tune shifts have been observed. We report on dedicated experiments aimed at understanding this phenomenon as well as preliminary simulation results, and propose alternative working points to improve the beam lifetime in future lowenergy RHIC runs.
EXTENDING THE SCOPE OF MONOTONE COMPARATIVE STATICS RESULTS

Generally we can distinguish between two types of comparative statics problems that have been approached with lattice programming methods. The first type of problem considers the change of the optimal solution to a maximization problem as the objective function changes, the other type the change due to a change in the constraint set. Comparative statics theorems have been developed for both cases under cardinal and ordinal assumptions in the literature; Quah (2007) expanded existing work by making it applicable to optimization problems with a new, weaker order on the constraint sets. The idea of this paper is to extend the existing comparative statics results to an even broader class of constrained optimization problems. We combine the two previously mentioned types of maximization problems and apply the existing comparative statics theorems to cases with changes in both the objective function and non-lattice constraint sets. Examples and applications from a variety of areas in economics, such as consumer theory, producer theory and environmental economics, are provided as well.
Clinical enzymology in cancer.

(1978). Clinical Enzymology in Cancer. CRC Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences: Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 85-104.
Criteria for initiation of delamination in quasi-static punch-shear tests of a carbon-fiber composite material

V arious phenomenological delamination initiation criteria are analyzed in quasi - static punch - shear tests conducted on six different geometries. These six geometries are modeled and analyzed using elastic, large - deformation finite element analysis. Analysis output is post - processed to assess different delamination initiation criteria, and their applicability to each of the geometries. These criteria are compared to test results to assess whether or not they are appropriate based on what occurred in testing. Further, examinations of CT scans and ultrasonic images o f test specimens are conducted in the appendix to determine the sequence of failure in each test geometry.
Detection of x86 malware in AMI data payloads

Malware can spread uncontrollably if left unchecked and can cause significant damage to the Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) and ultimately to the underlying power grid. Application layer protocols used in the AMI are capable of carrying large payloads which could be potentially used to hide malware. Fortunately, application layer traffic in the AMI is not expected to contain executable content and hence the problem of malware detection in data payloads simply changes to the problem of executable content detection. In this paper, we propose a policy engine implementation which sits between the network and application layers and performs comprehensive syntactic and semantic rule checks on each received packet and for the presence of encryption, ARM or x86 executable content. The policy engine is integrated with the C12.22 protocol library and is primarily targeted for deployment in head end systems.
Making the relationship between risk assessment and risk management more intimate.

K a separation between risk assessment and risk management is a common theme in environmental regulatory affairs. Values should play no part in the science of assessment, and management decisions often have to be based on more than the science and the values of scientists. Yet a couple of recent reports, from both the US (“Silver Book” ) and EU (Opinion of the Scientific Committees of the European Commission) arenas, have drawn attention to shortcomings in the risk assessment process that derive, in part at least, from maintaining a too sharp separation between the assessors and the managers. Here we revisit the relationship between risk assessment and risk management with these developments as background and argue for a closer relationship. Our focus will be on the risks from chemicals in the environment but the principles will be more broadly applicable.