cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Indian or Arabian?: The Construction of Territorially Based Identities in the Raj, 1866–88

ABSTRACTThis article examines the conflict between British colonial authorities and the Hadrami community settled in Aden and central India in the late nineteenth century. Between 1866 and 1888, as Hadramis struggled to retain their social, cultural and material interests throughout the wider Indian Ocean region, local British imperialists, wary of these transoceanic contacts, insisted that they pick one side of the ocean or the other, literally. The conflict illustrates how the social authority wielded by the colonial state, in both India and the Indian Ocean region, played an important part in the fracturing of transnational, hybridized identities fostered by diasporic peoples like the Hadrami, and their eventual replacement with national identities, defined and hemmed in by clearly demarcated borders. The article thus expands the spatial as well as the chronological focus on the emergence of the nation as it pulls earlier, regional networks and cultures into the narrative, arguing that the lingering cu...
Digitoxin analogues with improved anticytomegalovirus activity.

Cardiac glycosides are potent inhibitors of cancer cell growth and possess antiviral activities at nanomolar concentrations. In this study we evaluated the anticytomegalovirus (CMV) activity of digitoxin and several of its analogues. We show that sugar type and sugar length attached to the steroid core structure affects its anticytomegalovirus activity. Structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies identified the l-sugar containing cardiac glycosides as having improved anti-CMV activity and may lead to better understanding of how these compounds inhibit CMV replication.
Enhanced Body Vortex Modeling Within Missile Datcom

A body vortex cloud method has been developed and implemented into the 2014 release of Missile Datcom. The new vortex cloud method allows the body to shed discrete vortices that interact with fin-shed vortices in the potential flow vortex tracking routine. The ultimate purpose of the vortices is to aid in the calculation of an equivalent angle of attack seen by downstream fins. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) was heavily utilized to better understand and visualize body-shed vortex development and its dependencies, and to extract quantitative aspects used in the new model. Over 500 CFD runs on six grid systems in addition to grid size studies and turbulence model studies were completed for the development of the body vortex model. A multitude of scripts were written to manipulate detailed flow data from the CFD runs and create tables used in Datcom 2014. Overall, the new model more accurately models the physics of body-shed vortices which results in a more robust Missile Datcom.
Automation document process base on Lotus Symphony

With the rapid development of enterprise informatization.The requirements of documents related application are more and more complex.The content of documents are no longer isolated with the enterprise internal information system.How to process document datas automatically become a key point to improve enterprise employees′ productivity.
On the Teaching Characteristics of Curriculum of Partial Differential Equation Basis in American University of Minnesota

Partial differential equation basis is an important basic curriculum opened in a lot of undergraduate science and engineering professions.The paper researches on the teaching characteristics of curriculum of partial differential equation basis in American University of Minnesota,in order to provide some revelation and reference for the teaching reform and curriculum construction in domestic curriculum of partial differential equation basis and other curriculums of science and engineering.
Preservation of ATP, ultrastructure, and ventricular function after aortic cross-clamping and reperfusion: Clinical use of blood potassium cardioplegia

Multidose blood cardioplegia (potassium 30 mEq/L, pH 7.4, normal calcium) in combination with profound myocardial hypothermia ( 0.05). Following unclamping and after 30 minutes of reperfusion, only mild changes were noted in the myocardial ultrastructure in Group I, whereas severe changes approaching irreversibility were noted in the mitochondria of Group II patients. Myocardial ATP levels in Group I patients were elevated both at the end of cross-clamping (↑54% ± 15%, p 0.05). In contrast, ATP levels at similar intervals in Group 11 patients were markedly depressed (↓44% ± 9%, p
The temporal and spatial distribution of magmatism during lower crustal accretion at an ultraslow-spreading ridge: High-precision U-Pb zircon dating of ODP Holes 735B and 1105A, Atlantis Bank, Southwest Indian Ridge

Abstract Ocean Drilling Program Hole 735B at Atlantis Bank on the Southwest Indian Ridge sampled 1508 m of plutonic oceanic crust, hosted in the footwall of an oceanic detachment fault. We present new high-precision isotope dilution-thermal ionization mass spectrometry (ID-TIMS) U–Pb zircon dates from samples spanning the length of Hole 735B, and from the shallower adjacent Hole 1105A (158 m). The new dates provide the most complete and precise record of both the spatial and temporal distribution of magmatism during accretion of the lower oceanic crust to date. Whole rock and mineral geochemistry from Hole 735B define three main igneous series. Weighted mean 206Pb/238U dates suggest each igneous series intruded beneath the preceding series. Weighted mean 206Pb/238U dates range from 12.175 to 11.986 Ma in Series 1; 11.974 to 11.926 Ma in Series 2; and 11.936 to 11.902 Ma in Series 3 (±0.015 to 0.069 Ma). Weighted mean 206Pb/238U dates from Hole 1105A range from 11.9745 to 11.9573 Ma (±0.0082 to 0.0086 Ma). The Hole 1105A dates are coeval with Series 2 in Hole 735B, consistent with previous correlations of Fe-Ti oxide-rich layers between the two holes, suggesting individual magmatic series formed sheet-like bodies that were ≥250 m thick and extended ≥1.1 km parallel to the ridge axis (E–W) and ≥0.48 km in the spreading direction (N–S). The data suggest a total duration of magmatism in Hole 735B of ≥ 0.214 ± 0.032 Ma , corresponding to accretion over a horizontal distance of ≥ 2.6 ± 0.4 km . The crust at Atlantis Bank was formed during active detachment faulting, and the successive underplating of each magmatic unit may have been favored in this environment. The combined U–Pb dates, and reported Ti-in-zircon temperatures, are consistent with magmatic cooling rates of 10 3 – 10 4 °C/Ma over the temperature interval of 900–700 °C.
How aging affects cholesterol metabolism

(1978). How aging affects cholesterol metabolism. Postgraduate Medicine: Vol. 63, No. 3, pp. 133-138.
Towards a fast background radiation subtraction technique for the Juno mission

The Juno spacecraft will go into polar orbit after it arrives at Jupiter in 2016. Scientific instruments on Juno will make in situ charged particles and magnetic fields measurements. Remote sensing instruments will measure thermal and non-thermal emissions from the atmosphere and magnetosphere. Gravitational field measurements will be derived using radio tracking signals. The Microwave Radiometer (MWR) Instrument, one of the nine instruments on Juno, has been designed to measure the brightness temperatures of Jupiter at six microwave frequencies, sounding the atmosphere from 0.5 atm to over 100 atm pressure. Synchrotron emission generated by ultra-relativistic electrons trapped in Jupiter's magnetosphere will be detected and measured by the MWR Radiometer over a range of wavelengths from 2 cm to 50 cm. Synchrotron data collected with the MWR Radiometer will be used for two purposes: a) to improve the atmospheric measurements, and b) to provide new constraints on the synchrotron emission itself. The ancillary MWR data analysis requires a fast synchrotron radiation model that can be used in conjunction with the atmospheric retrieval algorithm. This paper describes an extension of the Levin at al. (2001) multi-zonal, multi-parameter model to a spacecraft point of view, along with a few testing and validation cases.
The Rise of Angela Merkel: Policy and Personnel Decisions of the CDU in Unified Germany

Thus far, this book has argued that the corporatist catch-all party structure shapes the CDU's approach to policy making. This chapter contends that internal party organization has also had an important effect on the selection of party leadership. A corporatist catch-all party demands a diverse leadership team. Because leadership positions within the party are inherently limited, any single person who can fill more than one internal minority slot will be highly desirable. This person's presence on the leadership team frees up another slot for a different member of the party elite. Angela Merkel, the chair of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), was elected Chancellor of Germany in 2005, the first woman to hold this position. The logic at work in the leadership selection process in a corporatist catch-all party can help explain the rise of Angela Merkel. At first glance Merkel, a female Protestant from the East, appears to be a poor match for the CDU, a party known for its roots in Catholic southern Germany and for its conservative ideology regarding women. Merkel's rise to power can only be understood by studying the internal party dynamics of the CDU and Merkel's leadership approach. The CDU's corporatist catch-all party structure contributed to Merkel's initial rise to prominence. Because Merkel could be viewed as representing several internal party groups, she was a frequent choice when the CDU was selecting its leadership team. Once in office, however, Merkel proved to be a surprisingly competent politician.
Incongruent perceptions of the care values of hospitalized persons with dementia: a pilot study of patient-family caregiver dyads.

ABSTRACTObjective: Many difficult decisions are made in the inpatient hospital setting regarding the daily care of persons with dementia (PWDs). Incongruent perceptions of the PWD's care values limit the family caregiver's ability to make surrogate decisions. The objectives of this pilot study were to describe and identify determinants of incongruent perceptions in the hospital setting.Methods: Using multilevel modeling (MLM), we examined cross-sectional data collected from 42 PWD-family caregiver dyads.Results: There was a significant amount of incongruence, on average, for all four subscales representing the PWD's care values: autonomy = −0.33 (p < .001); burden = −.49 (p < .001); safety/quality of care = −.26 (p < .001); and social interactions = −.21 (p = .004). Family caregivers (CG) rated the importance of care values to the PWD as lower than the PWD rated the importance. Determinants of greater incongruence included higher relationship strain and fewer positive dyadic interactions.Conclusion: Our f...
Chapter 13 – Niacin

Niacin is required for the biosynthesis of the pyridine nucleotides NAD(H) and NADP(H), through which it has key roles in metabolism. Niacin is the generic descriptor for pyridine 3-carboxylic acid and derivatives exhibiting the biological activity of nicotinamide. Sources of dietary niacin include yeasts and meats, although it is also found in vegetables. Humans and other animals can also synthesize NAD(H) and NADP(H) from tryptophan. Niacin is water soluble. Prior to absorption, NAD(H) and NADP(H), the forms found in most animal-derived foods, are digested to release NAm, which is absorbed through carrier-mediated, facilitated diffusion. As the essential component of NAD(H) and NADP(H), which function as intermediates in most of the hydrogen transfers in metabolism, niacin contributes to over 500 reactions in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fatty acids, and amino acids. As niacin can be synthesized from tryptophan, dietary deficiency is uncommon. Deficiency results in pellagra, which affects the skin, gastrointestinal tract, and nervous system.
Bayesian mixture modeling for spectral density estimation

Abstract We develop a Bayesian modeling approach for spectral densities built from a local Gaussian mixture approximation to the Whittle log-likelihood. The implied model for the log-spectral density is a mixture of linear functions with frequency-dependent logistic weights, which allows for general shapes for smooth spectral densities. The proposed approach facilitates efficient posterior simulation as it casts the spectral density estimation problem in a mixture modeling framework for density estimation. The methodology is illustrated with synthetic and real data sets.
Continuum Physics with Violations of the Second Law of Thermodynamics

As dictated by the modern statistical physics, the second law is to be replaced by the fluctuation theorem on very small length and/or time scales. This means that the deterministic continuum thermomechanics must be generalized to a stochastic theory allowing randomly spontaneous violations of the Clausius–Duhem inequality to take place anywhere in the material domain. This paper outlines possible extensions of stochastic continuum thermomechanics in coupled field problems: (i) thermoviscous fluids, (ii) thermo-elastodynamics, and (iii) poromechanics with dissipation within the skeleton, the fluid, and the temperature field. Linear dissipative processes are being considered, with the thermodynamic orthogonality providing the average constitutive response and the fluctuation theorem providing the violations of the second law of thermodynamics. Special attention is paid to the fact that one can develop hyperbolic theories (i.e. free of the paradox of infinite speeds of signal transmission) while working with the Fourier-type conduction for which the fluctuation theorem has already been developed.
Localization of Antigen and Immune Complexes in Lymphatic Tissue, with Special Reference to Germinal Centers

The localization of antigen, both cellularly and extracellularly, is an extremely relevant topic to this conference. The subject becomes especially significant in light of current studies which emphasize the role of tissue-retained antigens in the production and maintenance of the immune phenomena (1–3), and of reports suggesting that continuous antigenic stimulation is requisite for the complete differentiation of immunocompetent cells (4–7).
Class Size, Learning, and Knowledge Decay

Students may suffer from learning loss between the spring and fall semesters, an experience often called ‘summer learning loss’ or ‘knowledge decay.’ Although many studies examine knowledge decay in K-12, only a few examine college students. This study expands the literature by examining whether varying class sizes aggravate or dampen the loss of knowledge. We utilize a dataset on college students to analyze how class size affects knowledge decay using paired prerequisite and follow-on courses. We find that when a student takes larger prerequisite classes waiting longer to take the follow-on course raises grades. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that students learn less in larger class sections, leaving them with less knowledge to decay. The analysis also provides novel estimates of the relationship between class size and learning: holding the number of terms between courses constant, students enrolled in larger prerequisite classes earn similar grades in subsequent courses.
Constitution and mechanical properties of titanium-hydrogen alloys

Hydrogen forms a beta-stabilized system with titanium, with a beta eutectoid at about 300°C and 44 atomic pct H2. The solid solubility of hydrogen in alpha decreases from about 8 to about 0.1 atomic pct from 300°C to room temperature. Hydrogen has little effect on tensile properties, but decreases notch-bar toughness to a large degree. This latter effect appears to be the result of increased notch sensitivity.
Simple electric utility platform: A hardware/software solution for operating emergent microgrids

Abstract Along with the technical feasibility of microgrids, the importance of supervisory communications, computing, and control (CCC) systems that are necessary to operate a microgrid in a stable and economically feasible manner have been firmly established in the literature. While several investigators have proposed and demonstrated algorithms and applications of CCC, the functional entities and responsibility centers for realizing CCC within microgrids in the context of multiple independent customers and distribution system entities have not been situated and/or studied. In this context, the term emergent microgrid may be used to define an electrical network that consists of local generation, loads, and storage. Such a grid has the potential to be clustered as a microgrid, but does not have all the CCC features to become a full-fledged microgrid. In this paper, a simple electric utility platform (SEUP) that is an end-to-end solution with all the hardware/software interfaces and components necessary for augmenting emergent microgrids with CCC into full-fledged microgrids is presented. SEUP abstracts the details of sensing and CCC for the microgrid developers, installers, operators and end-users to provide a seamless system. SEUP is distinctive from other CCC platforms in that it is entirely based on publicly available infrastructure resources (wireless cellular networks, internet and cloud computing) without any intellectual property restrictions. The paper introduces the functional roles, main architecture, components and security features of SEUP along with the results from a sample application case of a laboratory-scale power system.
Solid Phase Stepwise Synthesis of Polyethylene Glycols

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and derivatives with eight and twelve ethylene glycol units were synthesized by stepwise addition of tetraethylene glycol monomers on a polystyrene solid support. The monomer contains a tosyl group at one end and a dimethoxytrityl group at the other. The Wang resin, which contains the 4-benzyloxy benzyl alcohol function, was used as the support. The synthetic cycle consists of deprotonation, Williamson ether formation (coupling), and detritylation. Cleavage of PEGs from solid support was achieved with trifluoroacetic acid. The synthesis including monomer synthesis was entirely chromatography-free. PEG products including those with different functionalities at the two termini were obtained in high yields. The products were analyzed with ESI and MALDI-TOF MS and were found close to monodispersity.
Comparison of crossover recombination operators in GA-optimized sparse linear array design

Mitigation of sidelobe energy in sparse array radiation patterns is often approached through numerical design of the array layout. In this work, a comparison of three different recombination operators in a genetic algorithm (GA) optimization routine is presented. The problem space explored is a distributed array consisting of multiple separate platforms and is modeled as a sparse linear array consisting of 9 elements within a span of 1000λ, each with a minimum distance of 50λ separation. The GA was used to optimize the location of the elements by minimizing the sidelobe energy within a 10° window.
Glycation and hepatocellular carcinoma: where we stand

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is currently the most common liver cancer and the third cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, thus becoming a serious public health concern of international interest (1). HCC, such as other type of cancers, is a heterogeneous disease that results by a combination of several risk factors and co-factors including genetic, environmental and lifestyle factors.
Why Elliott is Rushing to Court Instead of Waiting

Regardless of a criminal charge, the NFL has the power under Article 46 of the NFL’s Collective Bargaining Agreement with the NFL Players Association to discipline a player who engages in “conduct detrimental to the integrity of, or public confidence in, the game of professional football.” After Ezekiel Elliott was suspended for allegations of domestic violence, he filed a lawsuit in federal court, even before receiving the arbitrator's decision from his appeal.
Efficacy of Seed Aging and Gibberellin Treatments for Manipulating Apical Dominance, Tuber Set and Size Distribution of cv. Shepody

The cultivar Shepody has excellent early processing qualities and produces above average tuber yields but sets relatively few tubers that often become excessively large relative to market demand. Optimizing tuber set and size of Shepody for seed and frozen processing markets currently entails adjusting in-row spacing and vine kill date. However, arresting tuber growth by vine killing for size control sacrifices yield potential. Aging seed by storing at 12, 22, and 32°C for 80-, 450-, and 900-degree days, or gibberellin (GA) treatments, were evaluated as more direct approaches for modulating stem number (apical dominance), tuber set, and size distribution relationships. Shepody proved to be inherently resistant to high temperature-induced age-priming treatments. In contrast to other cultivars studied previously, age-priming Shepody seed during storage had no effect on plant emergence and the resulting increases in stem number, tuber set, and associated decreases in average tuber weight were marginal. By contrast, GA applied as seed dip or spray effectively hastened plant emergence, reduced apical dominance, increased tuber set, and decreased average tuber size. The magnitude of these GA-induced effects depended on concentration and application technique (seed dip versus spray). For frozen processing, GA applied as a seed dip at 1 mg L-1 added an additional tuber per plant and decreased average tuber size by 15% without affecting U.S. No. 1 tuber yields and gross returns; however, 2 and 3 mg L-1 GA decreased U.S. No. 1 tuber yields and crop value by an average of 16 and 14%, respectively. Spray applications of 2–6 mg L-1 GA also reduced U.S. No. 1 tuber yield and frozen processing value. Conversely, the increase in tuber set (1.5 tubers plant-1) and associated 25% reduction in average tuber weight induced by 2 mg L-1 GA applied as either dip or spray increased gross crop values on a seed contract by 25 and 38%, respectively. The differential efficacies of dip versus spray applications of GA on tuber set and size distribution were likely attributable to differences in GA deposition on the seed. Applying low concentrations of GA to cut seed of Shepody as either a dip (1–2 mg L-1) or spray (2 mg L-1) effectively modulated tuber set and size to significantly increase gross returns for seed, and to better satisfy the needs of processors for more moderate size tubers.
Proposed New Means of Evaluating Anti-Arrhythmic Drugs

It is often helpful to a manufacturer hoping to market a new drug to look at what FDA has required in the past. In the case of anti-arrhythmic agents, however, the past is not too helpful, as we have approved only one anti-arrhythmic agent (other than propranolol), disopyramide, in the last decade and that was in 1977, providing relatively little guidance to a manufacturer in 1980.
Inheritance and allelism for resistance to Russian wheat aphid in an Iranian spring wheat

Russian wheat aphid (RWA), Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), is an important pest of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the United States of America. Developing adapted wheat cultivars with genetic resistance to RWA is an effective control strategy. Genetic studies were conducted to determine the mode of inheritance of gene(s) conferring resistance to RWA in an Iranian landrace wheat line, G 5864. For the inheritance study, G 5864 was crossed with the susceptible wheats ‘Yecora Rojo’ and ND 2375. Seedlings of F1, reciprocal F1, F2, BC1 to the susceptible parent (BCS), and BC1 to the resistant parent (BCR) were screened for RWA reaction. Several phenotypic segregation ratios were tested in the F2 populations for goodness of fit; the 9:3:3:1 ratio (resistant: rolled leaves: stunted plants: susceptible) was an acceptable fit in all cases. Thus, resistance in G 5864 seemed to be controlled by two independent dominant genes with additive gene effects. The allelic relationships of gene(s) in this line with genes in other resistant lines, PI 137739 (Dn1), PI 262660 (Dn2), PI 372129 (Dn4), PI 294994 (Dn5), and PI 243781 (Dn6), were also studied. Segregation patterns observed in G 5864 × resistant (R × R) F2 populations were inconclusive. However, no susceptible plants were observed in these F2 populations. If previous reports concerning the number of resistance genes present in the other resistant lines are correct, then given the high manifestation of resistance observed in G 5864, and given the absence of susceptible plants in the R × R F2 populations, it is indicated that RWA resistance in G 5864 is either controlled by different alleles at the same loci as the other resistance genes, or that G 5864 shares a resistance gene with each of the other resistant lines.
Simulation Model Validation

This chapter presents the state of the art in model validation and some research topics in validation.
Anorexia Nervosa, Anterior-Pituitary Insufficiency, Simmonds' Cachexia, and Sheehan's Disease: Including Some Observations on Disturbances in Water Metabolism Associated with Starvation

(1948). Anorexia Nervosa, Anterior-Pituitary Insufficiency, Simmonds' Cachexia, and Sheehan's Disease. Postgraduate Medicine: Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 237-246.
Characterization of stem cell and cancer stem cell populations in ovary and ovarian tumors

Ovarian cancer is a complicated malady associated with cancer stem cells (CSCs) contributing to 238,700 estimated new cases and 151,900 deaths per year, worldwide. CSCs comprise a tiny fraction of tumor-bulk responsible for cancer recurrence and eventual mortality. CSCs or tumor initiating cells are responsible for self-renewal, differentiation and proliferative potential, tumor initiation capability, its progression, drug resistance and metastatic spread. Although several biomarkers are implicated in these processes, their distribution within the ovary and association with single cell type has neither been established nor demonstrated across ovarian tumor developmental stages. Therefore, precise identification, thorough characterization and effective targeted destruction of dormant and highly proliferating potent CSC populations is an immediate need. In view of this, distribution of various CSC (ALDH1/2, C-KIT, CD133, CD24 and CD44) and cell proliferation (KI67) specific markers in the ovarian surface epithelium (OSE) and cortex regions in normal ovary, and benign, borderline and high grade metastatic ovarian tumors by immuno-histochemistry and confocal microscopy was studied. We further confirmed their expression by RT-PCR analysis. Co-expression analysis of stem cell (OCT4, SSEA4) and CSC (ALDH1/2, CD44 and LGR5) markers with proliferation marker (KI67) in HG tumors revealed dual positive proliferating stem and CSCs, few non-proliferating stem/CSC (SSEA4+/KI67− and ALDH1/2+/KI67−) and only KI67+ cells in cortex, signifying dynamic populations and interesting cellular hierarchy in cortex region. Smaller spherical (≤ 5 μm) and larger spindle/elliptical shaped (~ 10 μm) cell populations with high nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio were detected across all samples (including normal ovaries) but with variable distribution and characteristic stage-wise marker expression across different tumor stages. Diverse stem and CSC populations expressing characteristic markers revealing distinct phenotypes (spherical ≤5 μm and spindle/elliptical ~ 10 μm) were distributed within different tumor stages studied signifying dynamic and probable functional hierarchy within these cell types. Involvement of extra-ovarian sites of origin of stem and CSCs requires rigorous evaluation. Quantitative analysis of potent CSC populations, their mechanisms and pathways for self-renewal, chemo-resistance, metastatic spread etc. with respect to various markers studied, will provide better insights and targets for developing effective therapeutics to prevent metastasis and eventually help improve patient mortality.
Individual differences in level of wisdom are associated with brain activation during a moral decision‐making task

Author(s): Thomas, Michael L; Martin, Averria S; Eyler, Lisa; Lee, Ellen E; Macagno, Eduardo; Devereaux, Mary; Chiong, Winston; Jeste, Dilip V | Abstract: IntroductionWisdom is reportedly associated with better health and quality of life. However, our knowledge of the neurobiology of wisdom is still in the early stages of development. We aimed to improve our understanding by correlating a psychometric measure of the trait with patterns of brain activation produced by a cognitive task theorized to be relevant to wisdom: moral decision-making. In particular, we aimed to determine whether individual differences in wisdom interact with moral task complexity in relation to brain activation.MethodsParticipants were 39 community-dwelling men and women aged 27-76nyears, who completed moral and nonmoral decision-making tasks while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging. Brain activation in select regions of interest was correlated with participants' scores on the San Diego Wisdom Scale (SD-WISE).ResultsIndividual differences in wisdom were found to interact with brain response to moral versus nonmoral and moral personal versus impersonal dilemmas, particularly in regions in or near the default mode network. Persons with higher scores on the SD-WISE had less contrast between moral and nonmoral dilemmas and greater contrast between moral-personal and moral-impersonal dilemmas than individuals with lower SD-WISE scores.ConclusionsResults confirmed our hypothesis that individual differences in level of wisdom would interact with moral condition in relation to brain activation, and may underscore the relevance of considering one's own and others' actions and experiences in the context of wise thinking. Future studies are needed to replicate these findings and to examine specific neurocircuits.
Some Current Trends in Philosophy of Science: With Special Attention to Confirmation, Theoretical Entities, and Mind-Body

This discussion will be limited to two main topics, the existence of and our knowledge of unobservable entities, on the one hand, and problems about the confirmation of our knowledge claims (scientific and common sense ones), on the other. Unfortunately, this isn’t much of a limitation; for the topics are so large, and their ramifications and implications are so numerous and run so deep that the most that a brief treatment such as this can accomplish is to hit a few of the high spots and, I hope, to generate a little more interest and activity in the areas in question.
1954 Lack's principle

Abstract The number of eggs laid by birds does not seems to be at their physiological limit. David Lack (1954) proposed that birds limit the number of eggs they produce to the number they can successfully raise. Since newly hatched birds require parental care to successfully reach reproductive age, natural selection will favor maximizing the number of birds fledged rather than the number of eggs.
Slow dynamic elastic recovery in unconsolidated metal structures

Slow dynamic nonlinearity is widely observed in brittle materials with complex heterogeneous or cracked microstructures. It is seen in rocks, concrete, and cracked glass blocks. Unconsolidated structures show the behavior as well: aggregates of glass beads under pressure and a single glass bead confined between two glass plates. A defining feature is the loss of stiffness after a mechanical conditioning, followed by a logarithmic-in-time recovery. Materials observed to exhibit slow dynamics are sufficiently different in microstructure, chemical composition, and scale (ranging from the laboratory to the seismological) to suggest some kind of universality. There lacks a full theoretical understanding of the universality in general and the log(time) recovery in particular. One suspicion has been that the phenomenon is associated with glassy grain boundaries and microcracking. Seminal studies were focused on sandstones and other natural rocks, but in recent years other experimental venues have been introduced with which to inform theory. Here, we present measurements on some simple metallic systems: an unconsolidated aggregate of aluminum beads under a confining pressure, an aluminum bead confined between two aluminum plates, and a steel bead confined between steel plates. Ultrasonic waves are used as probes of the systems, and changes are assessed with coda wave interferometry. Three different methods of low-frequency conditioning are applied; all reveal slow dynamic nonlinearities. Results imply that glassy microstructures and cracking do not play essential roles, as they would appear to be absent in our systems.
ULTRASOUND ENHANCED S100A4-SHRNA DELIVERY USING ACOUSTICALLY ACTIVATED LIPID NANODROPLETS FORMULATED FROM COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE MICROBUBBLES

Acoustic droplet (AD)-based delivery of plasmid DNA (pDNA) offers an alternative for non-viral gene therapy. Unlike microbubbles (MBs), ADs cross endothelial barriers. Targeted transthoracic acoustic activation of Definity nanodroplets (DNDs) may result in selective infarct zone acoustic enhancement
Analysis of Keshan disease surveillance results from 2009 to 2012 in Qujing City of Yunnan Province

Objectives To grasp the situation and fluctuation tendency of Keshan disease in Qujing City, and to scientifically evaluate the control effect of Keshan disease. To provide scientific basis for elimination of Keshan disease in the 12th Five-Year Plan. Methods Cardiomyopathy cases of the past three years were searched, screening suspected cases of Keshan disease. And according to the "National Surveillance Program of Keshan Disease (Trial)", In Qujing City, 2 Keshan disease counties (Huize, Qilin) were selected to carried out focused monitoring, 1-2 endemic townships with more patients were selected based on total numbers of cases in each county, 1 village with more patients was selected in each township as a monitoring site, the residents of the monitoring sites were examined clinically and electrocardiographic (ECG) tracings recorded and suspicious patients were taken chest radiograph and color Doppler ultrasound echocardiography. Diagnosis was based on "the Diagnostic Standard for Keshan Disease". Results Totally 300 cases of cardiomyopathy were found, 10 cases were suspected Keshan disease, 0 cases of Keshan disease was diagnosed in 2009-2012. In the three villages of the two counties monitored, 3 cases of potential Keshan disease were detected of the 1 505 villagers, the detection rate was 0.20%; 62 abnormal ECG were found, the abnormal rate was 4.12%. Chest X-ray examination was done in 3 people, cardiothoracic ratio of 0.50 or less were 2 people, and 0.51-0.55 was 1 person. Conclusion The prevalence of Keshan disease in Qujing City is low, but the pathogenesis of Keshan disease remains, therefore, monitoring and intervention of children Keshan disease should be strengthened. Key words: Keshan disease; Surveillance; Electrocardiogram; X-ray; Selenium
A Duty of Loyalty for Privacy Law

Data privacy law fails to stop companies from engaging in self-serving, opportunistic behavior at the expense of those who trust them with their data. This is a problem. Modern tech companies are so entrenched in our lives and have so much control over what we see and click that the self-dealing exploitation of people has now become a major element of the Internet’s business model. Academics and policymakers have recently proposed a possible solution: require those entrusted with peoples’ data and online experiences to be loyal to those who trust them. But critics and companies have concerns about a duty of loyalty. What, exactly, would such a duty of loyalty require? What are the goals and limits of such a duty? Should loyalty mean obedience or a pledge to make decisions in peoples’ best interests? What would the substance of the rules implementing the duty look like? In this article, we offer a theory of loyalty based upon the risks of digital opportunism in information relationships. Data collectors bound by this duty of loyalty would be obligated to act in the best interests of people exposing their data and online experiences, up to the extent of their exposure. They would be prohibited from designing digital tools and processing data in a way that conflicts with a trusting parties’ best interests. This duty could also be used to set rebuttable presumptions of disloyal activity and act as an interpretive guide for other duties. A duty of loyalty would be a revolution in data privacy law. That’s exactly what is needed to break the cycle of self-dealing ingrained into the current Internet. This Article offers one pathway for us to get there.
Inhaled albuterol increases estimated ventilatory capacity in nonasthmatic children without and with obesity

Abstract Forced mid-expiratory flow (i.e., isoFEF25−75) may increase with a short-acting β2-agonist in nonasthmatic children without bronchodilator responsiveness. This could also increase estimated ventilatory capacity along mid-expiration (VEcap25−75), especially in vulnerable children with obesity who exhibit altered breathing mechanics. We estimated VEcap25−75 pre- and post-albuterol treatment in 8−12yo children without (n = 28) and with (n = 46) obesity. A two-way ANOVA was performed to determine effects of an inhaled bronchodilator (pre-post) and obesity (group) on isoFEF25−75 and VEcap25−75. There was no group by bronchodilator interaction or main group effect on outcome variables. However, a significant main effect of the bronchodilator was detected in spirometry parameters, including a substantial increase in isoFEF25−75 (17.1 ± 18.0 %) and only a slight (non-clinical) but significant increase in FEV1 (2.4 ± 4.3 %). VEcap25−75 significantly increased with albuterol (+11.7 ± 10.6 L/min; +15.8 ± 13.9 %). These findings imply potentially important increases in ventilatory reserve with a bronchodilator in nonasthmatic children without and with obesity, which could potentially influence respiratory function at rest and during exercise.
Multiplexed Small-Molecule-Ligand Binding Assays by Affinity Labeling and DNA Sequence Analysis*.

Small molecule binding assays to target proteins are a core component of drug discovery and development. While a number of assay formats are available, significant drawbacks still remain in cost, sensitivity, and throughput. To improve assays by capitalizing on the power of DNA sequence analysis, we have developed an assay method that combines DNA encoding with split-and-pool sample handling. The approach involves affinity labeling of DNA-linked ligands to a protein target. Critically, the labeling event assesses ligand binding and enables subsequent pooling of several samples . Application of a purifying selection on the pool for protein-labeled DNAs allows detection of ligand binding by quantification of DNA barcodes. We demonstrate the approach in both ligand displacement and direct binding formats and demonstrate its utility in determination of relative ligand affinity, profiling ligand specificity, and high-throughput small molecule screening.
The Paradox of Dignity.

The author in this paper reflects and offers insights on the paradoxical nature of dignity. Furthermore, the author relates this to his own experience watching Maudie and introduces this column’s r...
Posttranslational Regulation of HMG CoA Reductase, the Rate-Limiting Enzyme in Synthesis of Cholesterol

The polytopic, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane protein 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase produces mevalonate, the key intermediate in the synthesis of cholesterol and many nonsterol isoprenoids including geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGpp). Transcriptional, translational, and posttranslational feedback mechanisms converge on this reductase to ensure cells maintain a sufficient supply of essential nonsterol isoprenoids but avoid overaccumulation of cholesterol and other sterols. The focus of this review is mechanisms for the posttranslational regulation of HMG CoA reductase, which include sterol-accelerated ubiquitination and ER-associated degradation (ERAD) that is augmented by GGpp. We discuss how GGpp-induced ER-to-Golgi trafficking of the vitamin K2 synthetic enzyme UbiA prenyltransferase domain-containing protein-1 (UBIAD1) modulates HMG CoA reductase ERAD to balance the synthesis of sterol and nonsterol isoprenoids. We also summarize the characterization of genetically manipulated mice, which established that sterol-accelerated, UBIAD1-modulated ERAD plays a major role in regulation of HMG CoA reductase and cholesterol metabolism in vivo.
Epigenetic Rewiring of BCR Signaling as a Novel Mechanism of Ibrutinib Resistance in ABC-DLBCL

Summary: In this issue of Blood Cancer Discovery, Schaffer and colleagues uncover a novel epigenetic mechanism of resistance to the Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor ibrutinib in activated B-cell–like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (ABC-DLBCL), whereby tumor cells rewire the B-cell receptor (BCR)–driven NF-κB signaling cascade through the small GTPase RAC2. This circuit can be efficiently targeted by RAC1/2 small-molecule inhibitors, suggesting a promising new therapeutic approach to overcome acquired ibrutinib resistance in ABC-DLBCL and possibly other B-cell malignancies relying on active BCR signaling. See related article by Shaffer et al., p. 630.
By Queer People, For Queer People: : FOLX, Plume, and the Promise of Queer UX

This research paper presents a dual case study of two mHealth platforms—Plume and FOLX-which provide patient-users access to gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT). The paper argues that beyond simply increasing access to GAHT, these platforms promise a queer user experience and that they design communication and platform interactions in service of that goal. The paper details and theorizes several of the prominent design choices made by these mHeath platforms, including centering the queerness of clinicians and platform designers, promoting the voices of users, and creating opportunities for individuals to give back to their community. The paper argues that these platforms offer a queer vision of what healthcare might look like, one focused less on individual access to care and more on community support and celebration. The paper concludes with implications for future research and for both online and brick and mortar healthcare providers.
Using Macromarketing to Teach Business Sustainability

The first macromarketing seminar held in 1976 represented a first attempt to “hack the system” of business schools to bring a societal focus to the teaching of marketing. This effort resulted event...
Bringing Innovation to the Classroom: Instructor Use of Tablets to Improve Classroom Tasks across Varying Learning Styles

Instructors continually seek new, innovative approaches to engage students in the classroom. With the widespread availability of tablet technology, instructors now have a new tool to utilize during classroom instruction. Our paper is an exploratory study to understand not only the impacts of bringing this technology into the class, but how a student's learning style may impact tablet effectiveness. We find that incorporating the tablet into various classroom tasks can impact a student's learning experience as well as their preference for continued use by the instructor. Furthermore, these impacts vary depending on a student's learning style. Implications are discussed as well as how this research is being expanded further.
Lower respiratory tract disorder hospitalizations among children born via elective early-term delivery

AbstractObjective: We evaluated the hypothesis that elective early-term delivery increases the risk of childhood lower respiratory tract disorder hospitalization.Methods: Children born via early-term elective inductions were compared to full- or late-term elective inductions in a retrospective cohort study using Washington State birth certificate and hospital discharge data. Outcomes were the odds of lower respiratory disorder hospitalization before age five and cause specific odds ratios for asthma, bronchiolitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia. In addition, a subgroup analysis excluding infants with perinatal complications was conducted.Results: Electively induced early-term children were at significantly increased risk of hospitalization before age five for lower respiratory disorders compared to similar full- or late-term children (adjusted OR: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.11–1.55). Bronchiolitis was the only cause-specific outcome with a statistically significant increase in odds of hospitalization, though comparable ...
Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Types of Change: An Analysis of the Malleability of General and Specific Self-Efficacy Constructs and Measures

In this research, the authors present theoretical explanations for quantitative and qualitative types of changes to evaluate the malleability of general self-efficacy (GSE) and specific self-efficacy (SSE) measures due to domain-specific training. First, the authors hypothesize that the change in the GSE measure due to sales training is a quantitative mean-difference (alpha) change. Second, they hypothesize that the change in SSE due to sales training is a qualitative (beta or gamma) change. Results of latent variable cross-lagged analysis on sales trainee data (N = 417) support the authors’ hypothesis that the difference in GSE was quantitative. Findings also provide partial support of the second hypothesis that a change in a SSE measure was qualitative. The qualitative change is attributed to the novelty and complexity of the particular SSE tasks (i.e., direct selling). Additional analysis of rank-order consistency further validates the measures and demonstrates the GSE measure was consistent before and...
Determination of saturation pressure and enthalpy of vaporization of semi-volatile aerosols: The integrated volume method

Abstract This study presents the integrated volume method for estimating saturation pressure and enthalpy of vaporization of a whole aerosol distribution. We measure the change of total volume of an aerosol distribution between a reference state and several heated states, with the heating performed in a thermodenuder. In both the reference and heated states, the aerosol should be at equilibrium: that is, the surrounding gas phase should be saturated with the vapor of the aerosol species. We derive an expression that correlates the volume change to the inverse of temperature from which the saturation pressure and enthalpy of vaporization can be estimated. Transport and aerosol dynamics computational models are developed to investigate the two conditions for this analysis to be valid: (1) the aerosol should be at equilibrium at the exit of the thermodenuder and (2) there should be no re-condensation or further evaporation downstream of the thermodenuder. The method is validated with lab generated adipic acid and pimelic acid aerosol. We obtained saturation pressure at 298 K and enthalpy of vaporization of 3.4 × 10 - 5 ( ± 1.2 × 10 - 5 ) Pa and 135 ( ± 13 ) kJ / mol for adipic acid, and 7.2 × 10 - 5 ( ± 1.7 × 10 - 5 ) Pa and 149 ( ± 10 ) kJ / mol for pimelic acid, which are in good agreement with the values reported in the literature.