cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of pulsed power accelerator technology in Science-Based Stockpile Stewardship

The end of the cold war with the Soviet Union, the rise of nationalism, regionalism, and terrorism, the spread of weapons of mass destruction, and the globalization of national economies represent historical changes that have led to a major restructuring of the nation's nuclear weapon program. Nuclear weapons remain a key element of the nation's strategic deterrent policy although their number in the stockpile is being reduced dramatically. On August 11, 1995 the US President announced his decision to seek a zero-yield comprehensive test ban treaty. Prior to his announcement, the President was assured by the Department of Energy Secretary and the directors of the three nuclear weapons laboratories that a robust Science-Based Stockpile Stewardship program could be established to maintain a sufficiently high level of confidence in the safety and reliability of the nation's nuclear stockpile. This paper describes the major pulsed power accelerator initiatives and capabilities within the national Science-Based Stockpile Stewardship program. This paper discusses the Dual-Axis Hydrodynamics Radiographic Test (DARHT) facility, the Advanced Radiographic Hydrotest (AHF) facility, the ATLAS facility, and the X-1 concept.
Cotton fabric surface modification for improved UV radiation protection using sol–gel process

In this study, lightweight 100% cotton fab­ ric was successfully modified by the sol-gel process to impart high ultraviolet radiation (UVR) scattering property to the fabric surface. Active ingredients were tetraethyl orthotitanate (Ti(OCH2CH3)4) and tetraethyl orthosilicate (Si(OCH2CH3)4)' The cotton fabric was padded with the nanosol solution, dried at 60'C, and cured at 150°C. Scan­ ning electron microscopy showed continuous and uniform film on the fiber surface. Excellent UVR scattering was obtained with all treated fabrics. Increasing titania content
Inhaled nitric oxide in neurogenic cardiopulmonary dysfunction: implications for organ donation.

Abstract Many cadaveric organs for transplantation come from patients dying of sudden intracranial catastrophes. Cardiopulmonary dysfunction after such neurogenic insults is a well-recognized entity. The pulmonary dysfunction usually presents as florid pulmonary edema within minutes to hours after the initial intracranial insult and may occur in isolation or co-exist with overt or subclinical myocardial dysfunction. This may result in severe hypoxia, which threatens survival and outcomes in salvageable cases and organ preservation in patients who would be potential organ donors. Thus, rapid initiation of strategies aimed at ameliorating hypoxia after an acute neurogenic insult is paramount. Strategies aimed at improving acute hypoxia include maximizing ventilator support, diuretics, and volume resuscitation. Cardiac dysfunction may require use of ionotropes. We report the case of a 16-year-old female who developed catastrophic acute posterior fossa intracranial bleeding with resulting intractable hypoxia due to neurogenic cardiopulmonary dysfunction that responded dramatically to inhaled nitric oxide (INO). The patient went on to successfully donate organs following a non-heart-beating donor protocol. This therapy, to our knowledge, has never been described previously for use in patients with hypoxia secondary to neurogenic cardiopulmonary dysfunction. Conclusions We document for the first time a dramatic response of hypoxia to INO in neurogenic cardiopulmonary dysfunction. This therapy ameliorates hypoxia, which may have vital implications in minimizing secondary brain injury in salvageable cases and optimizing organ preservation in potential organ donors with catastrophic intracranial insults.
Regulatory Focus and Strategic Inclinations: Promotion and Prevention in Decision-Making

Abstract A promotion focus is concerned with advancement, growth, and accomplishment, whereas a prevention focus is concerned with security, safety, and responsibility. We hypothesized that the promotion focus inclination is to insure hits and insure against errors of omission, whereas the prevention focus inclination is to insure correct rejections and insure against errors of commission. This hypothesis yielded three predictions: (a) when individuals work on a difficult task or have just experienced failure, those in a promotion focus should perform better, and those in a prevention focus should quit more readily; (b) when individuals work on a task where generating any number of alternatives is correct, those in a promotion focus should generate more distinct alternatives, and those in a prevention focus should be more repetitive; and (c) when individuals work on a signal detection task that requires them to decide whether they did or did not detect a signal, those in a promotion focus should have a "risky" response bias, and those in a prevention focus should have a "conservative" response bias and take more time to respond. These predictions were supported in two framing studies in which regulatory focus was experimentally manipulated independent of valence.
Wave Propagation In Multiply Connected Deep Waveguides

The longitudinal dynamics of a deep waveguide segment is recast such that the description requires information only at its end points. This is then presented in the form of a dynamic stiffness relation suitable for assembling as is done analogously for conventional finite elements. The analysis gives the exact frequency dependent response for the waveguide segment irrespective of its length. By combining these results with a previously presented spectral formulation for the flexural dynamics of a deep (Timoshenko) beam, a spectral formulation for the dynamics of multiply connected waveguides forming frames is obtained. Examples of its use in analyzing wave propagation in connected structures are given and compared with results from a two-dimensional finite element analysis.
Constraints on the evolution of males and sexual dimorphism: field estimates of genetic architecture of reproductive traits in three populations of gynodioecious Fragaria virginiana.

To understand how genetic constraints may limit the evolution of males and sexual dimorphism in a gynodioecious species, I conducted a quantitative genetic experiment in a gynodioecious wild strawberry, Fragaria virginiana. I estimated and compared genetic parameters (narrow-sense heritabilities, between-trait and between-sex genetic correlations, as well as phenotypic and genetic variance-covariance matrices) in the two sex morphs from three populations grown in a common field garden. I measured pollen and ovule production per flower, petal size, fruit set, and flower number. My major findings are as follows. (1) The presence of a phenotypic trade-off between pollen production and fruit set in hermaphrodites reflects a negative genetic correlation in the narrow sense that is statistically significant when pooled across populations. (2) The main constraints on the evolution of males are low genetic variation for pollen per flower and strong positive correlations associated with ovule number (e.g., between pollen and ovules in hermaphrodites, and between ovules in hermaphrodites and females). (3) Traits with the lowest levels of sexual dimorphism (ovule number and flower number) have the highest between-sex genetic correlations suggesting that overlap in the expression of genes in the sex morphs constrains their independent evolution. (4) There are significant differences in G matrices between sex morphs but not among populations. However, evidence that male-female trait correlations in hermaphrodites were lower in populations with higher frequencies of females may indicate subtle changes in genetic architecture.
Phenomenology: Hegel and Husserl

At a time when the philosophy of Hegel is awakening renewed interest among scholars both on the European continent and in the Anglo-Saxon world it would seem not only desirable but even imperative to institute a comparison between one of the most influential movements of our own age, the phenomenological movement, and that part of Hegel’s philosophical endeavor for which he is, perhaps, best known, his Phenomenology of Spirit. The comparison, of course, is of interest, not simply because in both instances the same term, “phenomenology,” is employed, but, more significantly, because in both the same sort of appeal is made to human consciousness, to experience, as the key to philosophical knowledge. It would, assuredly, be claiming too much to say that the two types of phenomenology greatly resemble each other in their approach to experience, but it is to be hoped that, even in their differences, they can be seen as somehow complementing — or, perhaps, illuminating — each other.
The Widening Socioeconomic Divergence in the U.S. Labor Market

The first 10 years of the 2000s were the worst decade of job-creating performance experienced by the United States in the entire post-World War II era. The unemployment rate skyrocketed as high as 9.6 %, tied with 1982 and 1983 as the highest unemployment rates since the end of the Second World War. Yet the unemployment rate only provides part of the story of the United States’ weak labor market. This chapter goes well beyond the official unemployment statistics to look at the total pool of underutilized labor, including those who are working part time but cannot obtain full-time work (the underemployed) and those who have stopped looking for a job but want to be in the full-time work force (the hidden unemployed). It also rigorously examines the full array of labor market problems among U.S. workers in various education and income groups in 2013–2014 as well as providing relevant comparisons dating back to 1999–2000. We find that widening labor market outcome gaps have contributed to the growth of earnings and income disparities over the decade and a half since 1999–2000. Groups at the top end of the educational and income scales have come to experience virtually full employment and high earnings, while those at the bottom are dealing with unemployment and poverty that have sunk to levels last seen during the Great Depression.
Phase-matched second-harmonic generation in ferroelectric liquid crystals

It has recently been demonstrated that ferroelectric liquid crystals (FLCs) which exhibit relatively large second-order optical nonlinearities can be synthesized.1 Much of the attraction of FLCs as harmonic generators lies in the potential for engineering their phase-matching properties for specific uses. We report here on what we believe to be the first study of phase-matched SHG along the entire phase-matching locus in both commercial and enhanced FLC mixtures. Such measurements give important information about device potential and provide a powerful check on the reported signs and magnitudes of individual nonlinear coefficients measured by other techniques.2
Bilateral cervical internal carotid artery dissections in Eagle syndrome

A 52-year-old man presented with 3 weeks of occipital headache and diplopia on horizontal gaze. Five weeks prior, he maintained the neck in a hyperextended position while painting ceilings. He denied history of prior headaches, cervicofacial pain, odynophagia, or syncope. Neurologic examination revealed partial left sixth nerve palsy. The patient had no symptoms or examination findings typical for connective tissue disease.
FIELD INDEPENDENCE OF STUDENTS AT MAHARISHI SCHOOL OF THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT AND A MONTESSORI SCHOOL

82 subjects, ages 7 to 11 yr., from two private schools, Maharishi School of the Age of Enlightenment and a Montessori school, were given the Children's Embedded Figures Test. The 48 students of th...
Renal and systemic-hemodynamic response to isovolemic exchange transfusion with hemoglobin cross-linked with bis (3,5-dibromosalicyl) fumarate or albumin

Experiments were done in anesthetized rats to determine systemic hemodynamic and renal functional effects of isovolemic exchange transfusion with either 5% albumin or hemoglobin cross-linked with bis (3,5-dibromosalicyl) fumarate (XLHb) in volumes ranging from 1 to 6.3 ml.100 gm -1 . Hematocrit decreased in proportion to increasing exchange volumes with either fluid. Exchange with increasing volumes of albumin led to progressive decreases in blood pressure. Exchange of 1 ml. 100 gm -1 of XLHb was associated with an increase in blood pressure, whereas with larger exchanges, blood pressure returned to and was maintained at control values even for exchanges as large as 6.3 ml. 100 gm -1 . An increase of similar magnitude in glomerular filtration rate occurred with both fluids. Net and fractional sodium excretion (FE Na ) increased significantly with both transfusion fluids ; the increase was significantly larger for XLHb than for albumin. Maximal FE Na excretion with albumin was about 3% but exceeded 6% with XLHb. Pretreatment with indomethacin (5 mg.kg -1 . day -1 for 3 days) did not blunt the diuresis that occurred with an exchange of 2 ml. 100 gm -1 XLHb. It is concluded that 5% XLHb, as compared with 5% albumin, better supports systemic blood pressure, especially as exchange volume increases, possibly as a result of hemoglobin-induced increased vascular tone. Although a decrease in hematocrit may play a role in the diuresis observed with either fluid, the greater diuresis with XLHb must be due to some additional factor ; the mechanism does not appear to involve prostaglandins.
Ion channels in the metabolic regulation of respiratory cells.

SUMMARY This article has focused on the characteristics of ion channels in cells of the respiratory system. Ion channels and their role in transepithelial fluid movement are best understood in tracheal epithelial cells. The bulk of the evidence indicates that a CI– channel abnormality is etiologically involved in CF. In other cell types, such as isolated type II alveolar epithelial and vascular endothelial cells, ion channels have been described, but their functional significance is only incompletely understood. Finally, the majority of cells in the lungs has yet to be studied electrophysiologically. It is hoped that eventually studies of channel properties may enable investigators to determine how the channels affect cell function.
The Latina/o Problematic: Categories and Questions in Media Communication Research

This chapter examines the field of Latina/o media studies as an emergent and highly relevant area of study in communication research. Beginning with the assumption that Latinas/os constitute an imagined community, I argue for a communication approach to the study of Latina/o unity in the United States. I explore some of the politics, purposes, and problematics of Latina/o coherence and chart the negative regimes of representation that define Latinidad in general market cultural expressions by reviewing film criticism and media content analysis literature that paint a picture of consistent marginalization and persistent racist stereotypes. I argue for a consideration of theories of articulation and classification to address the unifying problematic in expressions of Latinidad in mainstream culture and discuss different domains that communication scholars interrogate to study the possibilities and consequences of Latina/o coherence. The transdisciplinary and critical nature of Latina/o media studies makes t...
Blobel and Sabatini's "Beautiful Idea": Visual Representations of the Conception and Refinement of the Signal Hypothesis.

In 1971, Gunter Blobel and David Sabatini proposed a novel and quite speculative schematic model to describe how proteins might reach the proper cellular location. According to their proposal, proteins destined to be secreted from the cell contain a “signal” to direct their release. Despite the fact that Blobel and Sabatini presented their signal hypothesis as a “beautiful idea” not grounded in experimental evidence, they received criticism from other scientists who opposed such speculation. Following the publication of the 1971 model, Blobel persisted in conducting experiments and revising the model to incorporate new data. In fact, over the period of 1975–1984, Blobel and colleagues published five subsequent schematic models of the signal hypothesis, each revised based on new laboratory evidence. I propose that the original 1971 model can be viewed as an epistemic creation. Additionally, analysis of the subsequent schematic diagrams over the period of 1975–1984 allows one to track Blobel’s changing conception of an epistemic object over time. Furthermore, the entire series of schematic diagrams presented by Blobel from 1971 to 1984 allow one to visualize the initial conception and subsequent reworking of a scientific theory. In 1999, Blobel was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on the signal hypothesis, which was ultimately supported by experimental evidence gathered after the speculative model was published.
Biology of Falls: Preliminary Cohort Study Suggesting a Possible Role for Oxidative Stress

Background Biological underpinnings of falls in older adults are not well established. Objectives To examine the validity of selected oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers for predicting incident falls in community-dwelling older adults. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting And Participants 266 non-demented and ambulatory community-dwelling older adults (mean age 78 years, 55% women). Measurements Oxidative stress (malondialdehyde) and inflammatory (interleukin-6 [IL-6]) biomarkers were selected based on associations with fall risk factors, and values were log-transformed to account for non-normal distributions. Results Over a mean follow-up of 20.5 ± 10.1 months, 119 participants fell. In Cox proportional hazards models, each one standard deviation increase in baseline log-malondialdehyde levels predicted incident falls (Hazard ratio (HR) adjusted for age, gender, education, comorbidity count, medications, log-IL-6 levels, prior falls, depressive symptoms, cognitive status, gait velocity, and balance 1.53, 95% CI 1.11–2.16). Log-IL-6 levels were not associated with falls. Participants in the highest log-malondialdehyde quartile at baseline had increased risk for incident falls than those in the lowest quartile (HR 2.47, 95% CI 1.41–4.34). Conclusion Oxidative stress predicted falls in a community-based cohort, and should be further examined as a fall risk biomarker as well as a potential target to prevent falls.
OBJECTIVES OF ON-SITE WASTEWATER DISPOSAL

Since ancient times man has disposed of his excreta and other wastes on the site where the wastes are generated. Probably the first disposal technology developed in response to a need for some kind of a management scheme to minimize the aesthetic problems, since early man most certainly did not perceive any connection between improper waste disposal and public health. Something akin to a crude pit-latrine probably was the first effort to minimize the offensive impact of indiscriminate discharge of human excreta on the land. Undoubtedly, the environmental and aesthetic insults must have become so obnoxious that the first aspiring sanitary engineers probably decided there must be a better way to manage the problem. Thus the pit-latrine or simple privy probably partially alleviated the nuisance and sufficed for many centuries. But as the population grew and man started to crowd together in urban areas, the problem of on-site waste disposal must have again become unmanageable. So, historically, sewer technology probably was developed in response to population density. Initially engineers concentrated on the collection and transportation phase using water carriage to remove the wastes from the densely population cities.
A Mild Hydroaminoalkylation of Conjugated Dienes Using a Unified Cobalt and Photoredox Catalytic System.

Metallo-photoredox catalysis has redefined the available bond disconnections in the synthetic arsenal. By harnessing the one-electron chemistry of photoredox catalysis in tandem with low-valent cobalt catalysts, new methods by which functionalities may be stitched together become available. Herein we describe the coupling of photoredox-generated α-amino radical species with conjugated dienes using a unified cobalt and iridium catalytic system in order to access a variety of useful homoallylic amines from simple commercially available starting materials. We present a series of mechanistic experiments that support the intervention of Co–hydride intermediates that undergo diene insertion to generate Co−π-allyl species.
Do External Labor Market Job Switches Affect the Gender Compensation Gap

This paper investigates how external mobility influences the gender compensation gap for job switching executives. Using proprietary data for 2,034 executive placements from a global search firm, we find job switching narrows the gender gap by 45%, from 11% to 6%. We hypothesize and find evidence that the decline is more marked in positions where qualified women candidates are relatively scarce, such as high-rank positions, and those in industries and functions with fewer women. We interpret this as evidence of firms’ willingness to pay a premium for qualified women candidates in these situations.
Obamacare Implementation and the 2016 Election

We combine administrative records from the federal health insurance exchange with aggregate- and individual-level voting data to examine how health care reform affected the 2016 election. Overall, we find that personal experiences with the Affordable Care Act influenced voting decisions and conceivably altered the presidential election outcome in pivotal states, suggesting that Republican efforts to undermine the law's implementation paid tangible political dividends. We also show that voters purchasing coverage through the exchange responded to premium price hikes publicized shortly before the election -- despite most receiving a tax credit that largely shielded them from the increases. We hypothesize that the exchange website's design and information in renewal letters sent by insurers reduced the salience of federal subsidies and made consumers needlessly sensitive to the "sticker prices" of health insurance. Survey responses collected before the premiums became public provide additional evidence that the premium effects are indeed causal.
Exploring the Association of Healthcare Worker Race and Occupation with Implicit and Explicit Racial Bias

Abstract Background Racial bias is associated with suboptimal healthcare treatment for minorities. Research focuses on bias among physicians rather than non-physician healthcare staff (e.g., receptionists). Patients spend considerable amounts of time with non-physician staff. Therefore, we investigate differences in implicit and explicit racial bias by healthcare staff race and occupation using the Implicit Association Test and Modern Racism Scale, respectively. Methods Staff (n = 107) were recruited using the Alabama based Primary Care Research Coalition. Occupation was categorized into “medical doctors/registered nurses” (MD/RN) and “non-MD/RN” (e.g., receptionists). Results Implicit bias scores were higher among whites compared with blacks (0.62, −0.04, respectively; p Conclusion Non-MD/RNs should not be overlooked for cultural competency training, and efforts are needed to reduce racial bias among healthcare workers identified as having higher levels of bias.
Blutdruck bei Normalpersonen

Es gibt keine klare Trennung zwischen normalem und erhohtem Blutdruck. Statistische Daten zeigen eine kontinuierliche Beziehung zwischen dem Blutdruck und der Wahrscheinlichkeit von kardiovaskularem Geschehen. Es gibt jedoch keine Ubereinstimmung daruber, bei welcher Blutdruckhohe die Diagnose Hypertonie gestellt werden kann. Eine funktionelle Definition konnte wie folgt lauten: die geringste Blutdruckhohe, bei der ein therapeutisches Eingreifen angezeigt sein konnte, um die Wahrscheinlichkeit von kardiovaskularen Komplikationen zu verringern.
Numerical Investigation of a Vortical Structure in a Wall-Bounded Shear Flow

This is an abstract from Ref. [1]; for further details, readers are refered to the original article.
Motion of Charged Particles in Electric and Magnetic Fields

In order to be able to use the Lagrangian equations (1-33) and (1-35) we have to define the Lagrangian L. We know that the force acting on our charged particle is defined by Eq. (1-14) and we also know that the force in general is defined by the Newtonian law of motion $$\frac{{d{\text{p}}}}{{dt}} = \frac{d}{{dt}}(m{\text{v) = F}}$$ (2-1) where p = mv is the particle’s momentum and $$ m = {m_0}/{\left( {1 - {v^2}/{c^2}} \right)^{1/2}} $$ (2.2) is the relativistic mass of the particle (m0 is its rest mass). Substituting the Lorentz force (1-14) and Eqs. (1-11) and (1-12) into Eq. (2-1) we obtain $$ {{d(m{\rm{v)}}} \over {dt}} = Q({\bf{E}} + {\bf{v}} \times {\bf{B}}) = Q\left( { - {\rm{grad}}\;{u}{{\partial \bf{A}} \over {\partial t}} + \rm{v} \times {\rm{curl}}\;{\bf{A}}} \right) $$ (2.3) We know from vector analysis that for any vectors A and v $$ \rm{grad}(\bf{A} \cdot \bf{v})=(\bf{A} \cdot \nabla) \bf{A}+\bf{A} \times \rm{curl}\; \rm{v} + \rm{v} \times \rm{curl}\;\bf{A} $$ (2.4) where $$ \nabla = \sum\limits_{i = 1}^3 {{{{{\bf{e}}_i}} \over {{h_t}}}{\partial \over {\partial {q_i}}}} $$ (2.5) is the symbolic nabla vector operator with which Eqs. (1-13), (1-5), and (1-6) become $$ \rm{grad}\;u = \nabla u $$ (2.6) $$ \rm{div}\bf{V} = \nabla \bf{V} $$ (2.7) and $$ \rm{curl} \bf{V} = \nabla \times \bf{V} $$ (2.8) respectively.
Association of Multivitamin and Mineral Supplementation and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: Multiple studies have attempted to identify the association between multivitamin/mineral (MVM) supplementation and cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes, but the benefits remain controv...
Principal Chiral Model in Correlated Electron Systems.

We discuss noncollinear magnetic phenomena whose local order parameter is characterized by more than one spin vector. By focusing on the simple cases of 2D triangular and 3D pyrochlore lattices, we demonstrate that their low-energy theories can be described by a one-parametric class of sigma models continuously interpolating between the classical Heisenberg model and the principal chiral model $\mathrm{Tr}({\ensuremath{\partial}}_{a}U{\ensuremath{\partial}}_{a}{U}^{\ifmmode\dagger\else\textdagger\fi{}})$ for all $U\ensuremath{\in}\mathrm{SU}(2)$. The target space can be viewed as a U(1) fibration over the $CP(1)$ space. The 3D version of our model is further generalized to break spatial and spin rotation symmetry $\mathrm{SO}(3)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{SO}(3)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{SO}(3)$.
Impact of scattering on holographic approaches to recovering latent scene information from scattered light

The work examines the angular decorrelation of speckle field arising from first-surface reflections off a scattering surface and its impact on recovering latent holograms from the scattered fields.
Angiographic Detection of Utero-Ovarian Anastomosis and Influence on Ovarian Function After Uterine Artery Embolization

To assess the detectability and frequency of the different types of utero-ovarian anastomosis, the correlation between type of anastomosis and ovarian failure after UAE, as well as the impact of coiling as a strategy for the prevention of ovarian failure. We retrospectively studied a population of 92 women treated with uterine artery embolization at our institution between 2007 and 2017. Utero-ovarian anastomoses were categorized on angiographic sequences by two radiologists based on the classification published by Razavi et al. (Radiology 224(3):707–712, 2002), and Cohen’s kappa was calculated. Ovarian failure was defined as an increase in serum FSH above 27 mIU/ml three months after embolization. Out of a total of 184 anastomoses, 27% were classified as type Ia, 45% as type Ib, 1% as type II and 24% as type III. Three percent of anastomoses could not be determined. There was very good inter-observer reliability on the classification of utero-ovarian anastomoses (κ = 0.847). Ovarian failure occurred in six out of 92 women (7%). Each had at least one type Ib (n = 4) or type III (n = 1) anastomosis, with the exception of one patient in whom the type of anastomosis could not be determined. All women presenting with ovarian failure were 45 years of age or older. No patient with protective coiling developed ovarian failure. Utero-ovarian anastomoses are more common than previously expected and can be reliably classified with very good inter-observer reliability. Patients with type Ib and type III anastomoses carry the risk of ovarian failure after uterine artery embolization. Protective coiling seems to be an adequate strategy for avoiding ovarian failure in those types of anastomoses.
292. No association Between Direct-acting Antiviral (DAA) Therapy and Varicella-Zoster Virus (VSV) Reactivation in an Analysis of 37 Prospective Clinical Trials

Background Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) have substantially increased the rate of sustained virologic response in patients with hepatitis C compared with interferon therapy (IFN), while causing fewer adverse events. However, five recent case series and retrospective studies (Table 1) have reported a possible link between DAA treatment for hepatitis C and reactivation of varicella-zoster virus (VZV). Reported VZV reactivation rates in these studies were 0.23%, 0.72%, 1.50%, 1.74%, and 8.00%.
Extracting Medication Nonadherence Reasons with Sentiment-Enriched Deep Learning

Medication nonadherence (MNA) refers to the behavior when patients do not take medications as prescribed. Adverse health outcomes of MNA cost the U.S. healthcare systems $290 billion annually. Understanding MNA and preventing harmful outcomes are an urgent goal for researchers, practitioners, and the pharmaceutical industry. Past years have witnessed rising patient engagement in social media, making it a cost-efficient and heterogeneous data source that can complement and deepen the understanding of MNA. Yet, such dataset is untapped in existing MNA studies. We present the first study to identify MNA reasons from health social media. Health social media analytics studies face technical challenges such as varied patient vocabulary and little relevant information. We develop the Sentiment-Enriched DEep Learning (SEDEL) to address these challenges. We evaluate SEDEL on 53,180 reviews about 180 drugs and achieve an F1 score of 90.18%. SEDEL significantly outperforms state-of-the-art baseline models. This study contributes to IS research in two aspects. First, we formally define the MNA reason mining problem and devise a novel deep-learning-based approach; second, our results provide direct implications for healthcare practitioners to understand patient behaviors and design interventions.
Depression Screening in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease Clinics: Recommendations and a Toolkit for Implementation.

Objective Rates of youth depression are increasing, and approximately 75% of adolescents with depression go unrecognized. Research in pediatric IBD documents increased depression risk, with rates up to 25%, as well as worse adherence and treatment outcomes associated with depressive symptoms. Evidence-based psychological interventions improve the physical and emotional health of these patients, highlighting the importance of detection and treatment. Psychosocial screening has been shown to increase the accurate identification of psychosocial problems and facilitate timely psychosocial intervention. The objective of this article is to establish clinical guidelines for depression screening in youth diagnosed with IBD and to provide resources for implementation. Methods The psychosocial screening task force group constituted of psychologists and social workers in the ImproveCareNow (ICN) learning health system reviewed research and clinical guidelines in other fields, and consulted with physicians, nurses, other psychosocial professionals, patients with IBD, and parents of children with IBD in ICN. Results/conclusions It is recommended that adolescents with IBD ages 12 and older be screened for depression annually. Additional practical recommendations for implementation, triage, and treatment within the pediatric gastroenterology clinic are also provided.
Soft Tissue Considerations in Lateral Craniofacial Reconstruction

The lateral skull base is a complex anatomic structure composed of composite tissues. It plays a highly significant role in the cosmetic and sensory functions of the head and neck. Many disease processes can involve this area. Fortunately, surgical treatment of this lateral skull base can be done in a manner that minimally affects cosmesis as well as the neural, vestibular, and otologic function of the auditory system. Occasionally, disease processes may necessitate significant removal of soft tissue components of the lateral skull base. Skin and subcutaneous tissue, the auricle, the mastoid cavity, or lateral temporal bone may need to be resected. In these cases, consideration for soft tissue reconstruction of the composite defect needs to be undertaken to maintain cosmetic as well as functional rehabilitation. This chapter will discuss the various options available based on the degree of soft tissue loss.
Association of State Stay-at-Home Orders and State-Level African American Population With COVID-19 Case Rates.

Importance: To cope with the continuing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, state and local officials need information on the effectiveness of policies aimed at curbing disease spread, as well as state-specific characteristics, like the racial mix, associated with increased risks related to the disease. Objective: To investigate whether state-imposed stay-at-home orders (SAHOs) and the proportion of African American population in a state were associated with the state-level COVID-19 cases. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cross-sectional study used daily, state-level data on COVID-19 cases, tests, and fatalities from the COVID Tracking Project. Data from March 1 to May 4, 2020, for all states (except Washington state) as well as the District of Columbia were used. Exposures: The key exposure variables were state-level SAHO (1 if in place, 0 otherwise), and proportion of state population who are African American. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was daily cumulative COVID-19 case rates. A secondary outcome was subsequent COVID-19 fatality rates, derived using mean cumulative fatality rates 21 to 28 days after each date. Multivariate regression models were estimated. Results: The final sample included 3023 pooled state- and day-level observations. The mean (SD) cumulative positive case rate was 103.186 (200.067) cases per 100â¯000 state population, the mean (SD) cumulative test rate was 744.23 (894.944) tests per 100â¯000 state population, and the mean (SD) subsequent cumulative fatality rate was 12.923 (21.737) deaths per 100â¯000 state population. There was a negative association of SAHOs with cumulative case rates (s = -1.166; 95% CI, -1.484 to -0.847; P < .001) and subsequent fatality rates (s = -0.204; 95% CI, -0.294 to -0.113; P < .001). Estimation analyses indicated that expected cumulative case rates would have been more than 200% higher and fatality rates approximately 22% higher if there were no SAHOs, as compared with SAHOs fully in place. A higher proportion of African American population was associated with higher case rates (s = 0.045; 95% CI, 0.014 to 0.077; P = .001) and fatality rates (s = 0.068; 95% CI, 0.044 to 0.091; P < .001). Conclusions and Relevance: In this cross-sectional study, SAHOs were associated with reductions in COVID-19 case rates. These findings could help inform policy makers to address the continued COVID-19 pandemic in the US. The proportion of African American population was positively associated with COVID-19 case rates, and this state-level finding adds to evidence from existing ecological studies using county-level data on racial disparities in COVID-19 infection rates and underlines the urgency of better understanding and addressing these disparities.
Doctored Images: Enacting “Pain-Work” in John Berger and Jean Mohr’s A Fortunate Man (1967)

This essay argues that Berger and Mohr’s A Fortunate Man (1967) – comprising social observation and photographs of the rural practitioner, Dr. Sassall and his patients – enacts an embodied, intersubjective empathy called “pain-work.” The book enacts “pain-work” through two strategies. Firstly, by conflating three ways of seeing – Berger’s observation, Mohr’s photography, and Sassall’s medical gaze – it shows that the clinical encounter embodies objective vision through intersubjective pain. Secondly, it employs the concepts of recognition and witnessing to show how the subjectivity of the physician is distributed in his community. Thus, Berger and Mohr witness Sassall’s witnessing of his patients; even as Sassall and his patients are constituted intersubjectively, so too are Berger, Mohr, and Sassall.
Engineered Peptide-Functionalized Hydrogels Modulate the RNA Transcriptome of Human Nucleus Pulposus Cells In Vitro

Degeneration and aging of the nucleus pulposus (NP) of the intervertebral disc (IVD) is accompanied by alterations in NP cell phenotype marked by a shift towards a fibroblast-like, catabolic state. We have recently demonstrated an ability to manipulate the phenotype of human adult degenerative NP cells through 2D culture upon poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) based hydrogels dually functionalized with integrin- and syndecan-binding laminin-mimetic peptides (LMPs). In the present study, we sought to understand the transcriptomic changes elicited through NP cell interactions with the LMP-functionalized hydrogel system (LMP gel) by examining targets of interest a priori and by conducting unbiased analysis to identify novel mechanosensitive targets. The results of gene specific analysis demonstrated that the LMP gel promoted adult degenerative NP cells to upregulate 148 genes including several NP markers (e.g. NOG and ITGA6) and downregulate 277 genes, namely several known fibroblastic markers. Additionally, 13 genes associated with G protein-coupled receptors, many of which are known drug targets, were identified as differentially regulated following culture upon the gel. Furthermore, through gene set enrichment analysis we identified over 700 pathways enriched amongst the up- and downregulated genes including pathways related to cell differentiation, notochord morphogenesis, and intracellular signaling. Together these findings demonstrate the global mechanobiological effects induced by the LMP gel and confirm the ability of this substrate to modulate NP cell phenotype.
Performance Evaluation of Recycled-Plastic-Pin-Supported Embankment over Soft Soil

AbstractThis paper investigates the efficacy of recycled-plastic pins (RPPs) for controlling the ground settlement of soft foundation soil. Two field test sections (6×7.5 m) were constructed over ...
Use of L1 as a Strategy for Acquisition of English in the Bilingual Indian Context

Code-switching/-mixing has enormous pedagogical value in the Indian bilingual context of teaching English and it can promote interactive classroom which is otherwise difficult in an artificial monolingual “English only” classroom. In addition to creating a healthy and encouraging home-like ambiance for interaction in the formal classroom setting, this bilingual approach by learners helps them overcome certain social-psychological problems like cultural disloyalty, negative language attitude, and subconscious language behaviour, and linguistic factors like lexical gap, low level of competence, and communicative inability. Moreover, code-switching/-mixing is a rule-governed behaviour as a result of interaction between two contact languages in society aiding communication in both languages at once. Code-mixing and switching between the home language and English is more beneficial to the acquisition of the latter at phonological, grammatical, lexical, sentence, and discourse levels. It creates awareness in learners of similar and dissimilar linguistic elements and idiomatic expressions between languages. It is also a natural way of learning a second language in multilingual contexts. Some teachers’ attitude toward this natural bilingual phenomenon is negative on the ground that it promotes communication neither in English nor in the home language. They fail to perceive language basically as a social phenomenon and they fear that it will ultimately stunt learners’ growth at the level of subordinate bilingualism, an unfounded fear. The present paper analyzes the attitudes of English teachers toward the use of Tamil as a perfect strategy in the English class that is the home language of the vast majority of English learners both in regional and English medium schools.
Role of Ketamine in the Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders

# Purpose of review This is a comprehensive review of the literature regarding the use of ketamine as a treatment for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). It covers the epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, and current treatment modalities regarding Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and TRD. It provides background on the mechanism of action of ketamine, its history, current approved and off-label indications in the field of psychiatry, and then provides an overview of the existing evidence for the use of ketamine in the treatment of TRD. # Recent findings MDD is a mental illness that puts an enormous strain on the affected and a high socio-economic burden on society. The illness is complex and combines genetic, pathophysiologic, and environmental factors that combine to negatively affect neurotransmitter balance in the brain. Additional evidence suggests dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary (HPA) axis, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), vitamin D levels, and involvement of pro-inflammatory markers. Core symptoms include depressed mood or anhedonia, combined with neurovegetative symptoms such as sleep impairment, changes in appetite, feelings of worthlessness and guilt, and psychomotor retardation. Current first-line treatment options are antidepressants of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) class. Failure to respond to two adequate trials of treatment meets the criteria for TRD. Esketamine (Spravato) is an NMDA-receptor antagonist with additional AMPA-receptor agonist properties, which the FDA approved in 2019 to treat adult TRD in conjunction with an oral antidepressant. It can be administered intranasally, providing a rapid response and proven effective and safe. Additional research suggests that oral ketamine might be effective for PTSD and anxiety disorders. Intravenous administration of ketamine has also shown benefits for acute suicidal ideation and depression and substance use to reduce relapse rates. # Summary TRD is associated with huge costs on individual and societal levels. Underlying disease processes are multifactorial and not well understood. Adjunctive therapies for TRD with proven benefits exist, but acutely depressed and suicidal patients often require prolonged inpatient stabilization. Intranasal esketamine is a new FDA-approved alternative with rapid benefit for TRD, which has also shown a rapid reduction in suicidal ideation while maintaining a favorable side-effect profile. Additional potential off-label uses for ketamine in psychiatric disorders have been studied, including PTSD, anxiety disorders, bipolar depression, and substance use disorders.
Therapeutic plasma exchange in patients with severe obesity (BMI >40): A survey of practices in the United States.

BACKGROUND The prevalence of obesity in the United States is estimated at 42.4% and expected to increase over the next decade. Therefore, understanding how to best perform certain medical procedures on severely obese (SO) patients is a necessity. This study presents results on the current methods of performing therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) on SO patients. This paper aims to contribute to the existing literature by providing new insights into calculating plasma volume (PV) for TPE in SO patients. METHODS Blood Bank/Apheresis Directors at all institutions with pathology residency and/or blood banking/transfusion medicine fellowship programs were asked to complete a 5-question online survey about their institutional policies regarding TPE in SO patients. Survey data were analyzed to determine if institutions have policies in place to calculate PV in SO patients. RESULTS Out of the 144 institutions contacted, 45 (31%) completed the survey. Nine (20%) institutions had a policy to calculate PV differently for SO patients, 7 (16%) reported a specific body mass index (BMI) above which they alter PV calculation, and 7 (16%) reported a maximum volume exchanged in SO patients. CONCLUSION A minority of responding institutions had specific policies in place to calculate PV for TPE in SO patients. Practice patterns for calculating PV for TPE in SO patients varied, with some institutions adjusting PV calculations and others setting a maximum volume to be exchanged regardless of BMI. These findings highlight the need for establishing a clear method of calculating PV in SO patients.
The 2012 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Physics presented to Rashid Sunyaev

Abstract The work of Rashid Sunyaev and collaborators is summarized in three specific areas in which he has made monumental contributions to astrophysics and cosmology. Sunyaev and Zel’dovich developed the theory for the evolution of density fluctuations in the early universe. They predicted the pattern of acoustic fluctuations that have been clearly seen by WMAP and other CMB experiments in the microwave sky and in the large-scale distribution of galaxies. Sunyaev, Zeldovich [9] showed that the strong X-ray emission and coincident “holes” at radio wavelengths were due to cosmic microwave photons undergoing inverse Compton scattering with relativistic electrons in the intra-cluster gas, thus gaining enough energy for the photons to be at X-ray wavelengths. The Sunyaev-Zel’dovich effect has been applied to determine fundamental cosmological parameters, including direct measurements of the Hubble constant, and to probe exotic puzzles in cosmology such as the nature of dark energy. The Shakura and Sunyaev theory of disk accretion has been applied to understand accretion flows across a broad range of astrophysical domains from supermassive black holes, the central engines at the centers of quasars and active galactic nuclei, to stellar mass black holes, neutron stars and white dwarfs in close binaries. Their theory remains the standard paradigm for the theory of accretion disks and accretion by black holes. Biographical information and past awards of the greatest distinction are summarized.
Examination of uterine biopsies from infertile cows for the presence of viruses and mycoplasmas.

Uterine biopsies from 45 infertile cows were examined for the presence of mycoplasmas, bovine viral diarrhoea—mucosal disease virus, bovine syncytial virus and other viruses. No viruses were detected. Urea-plasmas were isolated from four cows, two clinically normal and two with nodular vulvovaginitis.
Transnational advocacy and domestic law: International NGOs and the design of freedom of information laws

Can international non-governmental organizations (INGOs) influence domestic policy? This paper offers new quantitative evidence of the impact of INGOs in one specific policy area—Freedom of Information (FOI) laws—as well as highlighting an under-studied mechanism of INGO influence on the design of domestic laws. I test this argument by examining the effect of legal analyses of draft FOI legislation published by the INGO Article 19. These analyses provide expert legal assessments and make normative evaluations—both information politics and symbolic politics. I find that in countries in which Article 19 conducted legal analyses, the design of the subsequently passed FOI laws was significantly stronger than in countries that were not subject to such analyses. I demonstrate that this finding is not an artifact of Article 19’s selection process. I also present suggestive evidence that highlights symbolic politics, not information politics, as the more salient mechanism. Finally, I examine the process of FOI drafting and adoption in Serbia to illustrate the argument and specific mechanisms at work.