cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rilmenidine lowers arterial pressure via imidazole receptors in brainstem C1 area.

Abstract We sought to determine the site of action and receptor type responsible for the antihypertensive actions of rilmenidine. an oxazoline analogue of clonidine. In anesthetized paralyzed rats decerebration did not alter the dose dependent reductions in arterial pressure and heart rate elicited by i.v. drug. Rilmenidine microinjected bilaterally into the C1 area of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVL), but not nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) nor caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVL), elicited dose-dependent falls in arterial pressure and heart rate at doses an order of magnitude less than required systemically. Prior microinjection into the Cl area of the selective α 2 -adrenoceptor antagonist SKF-86466, even at high doses, failed to modify the hypotension to i.v. rilmenidine. However, microinjection of 3- to 10-fold lower doses of idazoxan, a ligand for imidazole as well as α 2 -adrenoceptors, blocked the effects. Rilmenidine also competed with the clonidine analogue [ 3 H]p-aminoclonidine ([ 3 H]pac) at specific binding sites in membranes of bovine ventrolateral medulla and frontal cortex. In RVL rilmenidine competed with binding to imidazole and α 2 -adrenergic binding sites with a 30-fold selectivity for the imidazole binding sites. In frontal cortex binding was of lower affinity and restricted to α 2 -adrenergic sites. We conclude that rilmenidine, like clonidine, acts to lower arterial pressure by an action on imidazole receptors in the Cl area of RVL. The higher selectivity of rilmenidine for imidazole to α 2 -adrenoceptors as compared to clonidine may explain the lower sedative effects of rilmenidine. Rilmenidine; Oxazoline; α 2 -Adrenoceptors; Imidazole receptors; Medulla (rostral ventrolateral); Arterial pressure
The role of dental plaque in gingivitis and periodontitis.

Abstract A dynamic equilibrium between the periodontal microbiota and the host generally results in a clinical state of periodontal health, characterized by minimal inflammatory changes in the marginal gingival tissues. Maintenance of health is most easily achieved by controlling the resident mass of bacteria. In rare instances, control of specific microorganisms may be indicated. Lack of microbial control may lead to an imbalance between the microbiota and the host due to a markedly increased microbial mass and/or increased virulence of the micro-organisms present. Such alterations in the host-parasite equilibrium may result in transient episodes of tissue destruction and. in the long term, to cumulative damage to the periodontal tissues.
Relative timing of rifting and volcanism on earth and its tectonic implications

It is suggested that two basic types of rifting-volcanism relative timing might be related to two basic modes of rifting. In one sequence, volcanism and, usually, local doming predate major rift formation, while in the other type, rifts form first and volcanism follows. In the first mode of rifting, the mantle plays an active role and convection 'plumes' dome up and crack the lithosphere, while in the second case, the horizontal movements of plates give rise to extension of the lithosphere and induce rifting, and the mantle is passive. Since numerous local conditions complicate this simple pattern, detailed stratigraphic/structural analysis of individual rifts is recommended.
Conspecific exploration in the T-maze: Abnormalities in S100β transgenic mice

Abstract S100 β a calcium binding brain protein expressed by astrocytes, has been shown to be involved in higher neural processes, including hippocampal-dependent behavioral traits and hippocampal neuronal long-term potentiation (LTP) and depression (LTD), neurophysiological phenomena that may be involved in exploring, learning and remembering novel stimuli. In the present study, the exploratory behavior of previously generated transgenic mice overexpressing the protein are compared to that of normal control mice of identical genetic background and age in a T-maze. The test mice encountered a normal control and an S100β transgenic mouse (the choice mice) in the goal arms of the T-maze. We show that no test mice exhibited any preference for either genotype of choice mouse. However, there was a significant difference in the spatial and temporal exploratory pattern between control and S100β test mice, demonstrating that S100β overexpression significantly altered the behavior of the transgenic mice. We suggest that one probable factor underlying the abnormalities observed is impaired short-term memory.
Comparable antiviral capacity but favorable in vitro survival of CD8s from elite controllers compared to untreated progressors

Background CD8s inhibition of viral replication in vitro was demonstrated as one of the best laboratory correlates to HIV control. However, past studies invariably used CD8s which were rested in vitro for few days before antiviral capacity examined. This might suggest that the difference between CD8s from elite controllers (EC) and chronic progressors (CP) is not in their inhibition capacity but in their ability to retain cytotoxicity during prolonged incubation. Here we compared cytotoxicity and apoptosis of CD8s immediately after their purification (“fresh CD8s”) or 3 days after in vitro rest (“old CD8s”).
The Deployment of Ethnographic Sciences and Psychological Warfare During the Suppression of the Mau Mau Rebellion

This essay provides readers with a critical analysis of the ethnographic sciences and the psychological warfare used by the British and Kenyan colonial regimes during the suppression of the Mau Mau rebellion. In recent years, several survivors of several detention camps set up for Mau Mau suspects during the 1950s have brought cases in British courts, seeking apologies and funds to help those who argue about systematic abuse during the times of “emergency.” The author illustrates that the difficulties confronting Ndiku Mutua and other claimants stem from the historical and contemporary resonance of characterizations of the Mau Mau as devilish figures with deranged minds. The author also argues that while many journalists today have commented on the recovery of “lost” colonial archives and the denials of former colonial administrators, what gets forgotten are the polysemic ways that Carothers, Leakey, and other social agents co-produced all of these pejorative characterizations. Kenyan settlers, administrators, novelists, filmmakers and journalists have helped circulate the commentaries on the “Mau Mau” mind that continue to influence contemporary debates about past injustices.
The Maize Transition in Asia: Unlocking the Controversy

It is difficult to overstate the importance of maize in the global food economy. Maize-and the other related coarse grains-constitute half of global cereal production and trade. Maize-based cropping systems provide the basic staple for consumption in much of subSaharan Africa, Central America, the Andean region, and many of the poorer parts of Asia. They also supply fodder for livestock in many developing nations and the basic energy source for the burgeoning livestock systems of middleand upper-income countries. It is not surprising, therefore, that the long-run demand prospects for maize appear stronger than those for most other crops. With that strength, however, comes a complexity that challenges analysis and complicates projections. Much of the resulting debate has focused on China. At one end of the
Mucolipidosis I: studies of sialidase activity and a prenatal diagnosis.

Abstract The characteristics of the sialidase (N-acetyl-α-neuraminidase) of human leukocytes, fibroblasts and amniotic fluid cell cultures were determined with a radioactive assay method utilizing neuramin-[3H]actitol as the enzyme substrate. Fibroblast cultures from patients with the inherited sialidase deficiency diseases including mucolipidosis I, sialidosis I and sialidosis II, juvenile type have less than 10% of normal sialidase activity using either this substrate, 2-(3′-methoxyphenyl)-N-acetyl-α-neuraminic acid, or 2′-(4-methylumbelliferyl)-Nacetyl-α-neuraminic acid. The total sialic acid content of fibroblasts and leukocytes from mucolipidosis I and sialidosis I patients is greatly elevated; this parameter is useful in establishing a diagnosis of sialidase deficiency. The sialic acid content of sialidosis II, juvenile type, with coexistent sialidase and β-galactosidase deficiencies, is only slightly elevated above normal levels. A patient with mucolipidosis I has 16% of normal neuramin-[3H]lactitol sialidase activity in his peripheral leukocytes. His parents were clearly distinguished from the normal range using leukocyte enzyme levels and a maternal aunt was identified as a possible carrier. The presence of this enzyme in amniotic fluid cell cultures, both fibroblastic and mixed cell type, makes possible the prenatal detection of these diseases. A pregnancy from a family at risk for having a child with mucolipidosis I was monitored by amniocentesis and subsequent sialidase measurement of the amniotic fluid cell culture.
Kinetic, Solution, and Interfacial Aspects of Iron Corrosion in Heavy Brine Solutions

Abstract The corrosion rates of iron at temperatures between 60 and 120°C have been determined in very concentrated zinc halide solutions. The effects of calcium halide were investigated. The corro...
Viscoelastic characterization of the porcine temporomandibular joint disc under unconfined compression.

Abstract Pathophysiology of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc is central to many orofacial disorders; however, mechanical characterization of this tissue is incomplete. In this study, we identified surface–regional mechanical variations in the porcine TMJ disc under unconfined compression. The intermediate zone, posterior, anterior, lateral, and medial regions of eight TMJ discs were sectioned into inferior and superior surface samples. Surface–regional sections were then subjected to incremental stress relaxation tests. Single strain step (SSS) and final deformation (FD) viscoelastic models were fit to experimental data. Both models represented the experimental data with a high degree of accuracy ( R ¯ 2 = 0.93 ) . The instantaneous modulus and relaxation modulus for the TMJ disc sections were approximately 500 kPa and 80 kPa, respectively; the coefficient of viscosity was approximately 3.5 MPa-s. Strain dependent material properties were observed across the disc's surface–regions. Regional variations in stiffness were observed in both models. The relaxation modulus was largest in the inferior–medial parts of the disc. The instantaneous modulus was largest in the posterior and anterior regions of the disc. Surface-to-surface variations were observed in the relaxation modulus for only the FD model; the inferior surface was found to be more resistant to compression than the superior surface. The results of this study imply the stiffness of the TMJ disc may change as strain is applied. Furthermore, the lateral region exhibited a lower viscosity and stiffness compared to other disc regions. Both findings may have important implications on the TMJ disc's role in jaw motion and function.
Social and environmental determinants of reproductive cycles in patas monkeys

The menstrual cycles of a captive group of patas monkeys were followed for 15 months by taking vaginal smears and lavages three times a week. Without an adult male in the group, menstrual cycles still showed the expected qualitative changes previously associated with the onset and with the end of a mating period. The addition of an adult male to the female group, once mating season cycles were evident, did not result in further changes in erythrocytes or sediment levels in vaginal samples or cycle regularity. Menstrual-cycle onsets for related females were significantly more synchronized than onsets for unrelated females. Preliminary observations on adult male patas housed separately from the females indicate that they too undergo seasonal changes in physiology and behavior.
THE EXTRACTION AND DETERMINATION OF 17′KETOSTEROIDS IN URINE1

METHODS for the extraction and determination of the 17′ketosteroids in urine have been described by several investigators (1–7). It is believed that there are one or more inherent disadvantages in each of the methods. Either the procedure is difficult to follow and extremely laborious, or unnecessarily hazardous solvents are recommended. It seemed desirable, therefore, to investigate certain modifications with the expectation that these disadvantages might be removed. This appears to have been accomplished and with the revised procedure from 12 to 16 complete analyses may be performed by one person in one day with 2 units. The essential modifications comprise (a) a smaller volume of urine, (b) steam hydrolysis, (c) continuous extraction with carbon tetrachloride, (d) elimination of large quantities of solvent and (e) elimination of solution in ether. The assay is made on an alcoholic solution after washing, purifying, drying and evaporating the first carbon tetrachloride extract.
Evi1 is a survival factor which conveys resistance to both TGFβ- and taxol-mediated cell death via PI3K/AKT

In hematopoietic cells the transforming potential of the ecotropic viral integration site 1 (Evi1) oncogene is thought to be dependent upon the ability to inhibit TGFβ signaling. Although Evi1 has recently been implicated in certain epithelial cancers, the effects of Evi1 on transformation and TGFβ signaling in epithelial cells are not completely understood. Herein, we have determined the effects of Evi1 on TGFβ signaling in intestinal epithelial cells. Stable expression of Evi1 in non-transformed intestinal epithelial cells inhibited induction of some Smad3-dependent TGFβ target genes, such as PAI1. However, TGFβ-mediated induction of cellular adhesion signaling components such as integrin1 and paxillin was not inhibited by Evi1; nor did Evi1 inhibit TGFβ-mediated epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Likewise, Evi1 did not inhibit TGFβ-mediated downregulation of cyclin D1 or block TGFβ-mediated growth inhibition. However, Evi1 did inhibit TGFβ-mediated apoptosis by a process that involves phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) and its downstream effector AKT. The ability of Evi1 to suppress apoptosis is not restricted to TGFβ-mediated cell death, since Evi1 also protects intestinal epithelial cells from taxol-mediated apoptosis. Evi1 is overexpressed in some human colon cancer cell lines, and overexpression is associated with amplification of the Evi1 gene. Knockdown of Evi1 by siRNA inhibited AKT phosphorylation in HT-29 human colon cancer cells and increased their sensitivity to taxol-mediated apoptosis. These data indicate that Evi1 functions as a survival gene in intestinal epithelial cells and colon cancer cells, activating PI3K/AKT and conveying resistance to both physiological and therapeutic apoptotic stimuli.
Relationships of some larval strigeids and echinostomes (Trematoda): Hyperparasitism, antagonism, and “immunity” in the snail host

Abstract Interrelationships between the larval trematodes Cotylurus lutzi Basch (Strigeidae) and Paryphostomum segregatum Dietz (Echinostomatidae) are defined and described in detail. Both trematodes use the snail Biomphalaria glabrata (Say) (Planorbidae) as first intermediate host. Rediae of P. segregatum prey upon and eliminate sporocysts of C. lutzi when individual snails are infected with miracidia of both species. Cercariae of C. lutzi enter B. glabrata , which also serve as second intermediate hosts for this trematode. When the snail harbors rediae of P. segregatum , the strigeid cercariae enter the rediae and develop as hyperparasites. When very young P. segregatum infections are exposed to cercariae of C. lutzi , no hyperparasites develop because advancing rediae consume the unencysted postcercarial larvae. Cercariae of C. lutzi normally do not encyst in snails harboring sporocysts of the same species. Such aversion is here termed the “Winfield effect”; various authors have cited it as an example of immunity in snails. This effect was studied in snails in which sporocysts of C. lutzi had been eliminated by rediae of P. segre-gatum . Such snails, harboring only rediae of P. segregatum , were then exposed to cercariae of C. lutzi together with singly infected P. segregatum control snails, and the number of hyperparasites in the two groups was compared. No permanent immunity to cercarial penetration exists in snails cleared of sporocysts of C. lutzi .
Primary sequence domains required for the retention of rotavirus VP7 in the endoplasmic reticulum.

Rotavirus VP7 is a membrane-associated protein of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). It is the product of rotavirus gene 9 which potentially encodes a protein of 326 amino acids that contains two amino terminal hydrophobic domains, h1 and h2, each preceded by an initiation codon. Comparison of the size of products derived from altered genes containing coding sequences for both h1 and h2 with those lacking the h1 sequence ('dhl' mutants), indicates that initiation takes place at M30 immediately preceding h2 (residues F32 to L48) and that h2 is cleaved, confirming the studies of others (Stirzaker, S.C., P.L. Whitfeld, D.L. Christie, A.R. Bellamy, and G.W. Both. 1987. J. Cell Biol. 105:2897-2903). Our previous work had shown that deletions in the carboxy end of h2, extending to amino acid 61 in the open reading frame, resulted in secretion of VP7. The region from amino acid number 51-61, present in wild-type VP7 but missing in the secreted mutant delta 47-61, was thus implicated to have a role in ER retention. To test this, a series of chimeric genes were constructed by fusing the first 63 codons of wild-type VP7, delta 1-14 or delta 51-61/dhl, to the mouse salivary alpha-amylase gene, a secretory protein, such that the fusion junction was located at the exact mature terminus of amylase. The chimeric proteins VP7(63)/amylase, delta 1-14(63)/amylase and delta 51-61(63)/dhl/amylase were secreted when expressed in cells and the h2 domain was cleaved when mRNA was translated in vitro. These results imply that the sequence 51-61 is necessary but not sufficient for ER retention. When a second series of VP7/amylase chimera were constructed extending the VP7 contribution to amino acid 111, the product expressed by delta 1-14(111)/amylase was not secreted whereas that of delta 47-61(111)/amylase was. Significantly, the intracellular delta 1-14(111)/amylase product exhibited an amylase enzymatic specific activity that was similar to that of the wild-type amylase product. We conclude that two regions of VP7 mediate its retention in the ER, the first lies within the sequence 51-61 and the second within the sequence 62-111, which contains the glycosylation site for VP7. Both regions are necessary for retention, though neither is sufficient alone.
GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING IN 3 PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE, ESOPHAGEAL VARICES, AND NORMAL PORTAL PRESSURE.

Three patients with massive upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, hepatic disease, esophageal varices and normal portal pressure have been reported, and a case of possible diffuse syphilitic hepatitis has been presented.
Leptin into the rostral ventral lateral medulla (RVLM) augments renal sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure.

Leptin is a hormone released from adipose tissue. While this hormone normally acts to reduce feeding behavior and increase energy expenditure, in obesity, resistance to these effects occurs even though the hormone is released in large amounts. Although leptin no longer works to suppress feeding in the obese, leptin retains its potent effects on other autonomic functions such as blood pressure regulation. Leptin has been associated with hypertension and increased sympathetic autonomic activity. Therefore, leptin is emerging as a major contributor to the hypertensive state observed in obesity. Sympathetic control of blood pressure is maintained principally by autonomic reflex control circuits in the caudal brainstem. The rostral ventral-lateral medulla (RVLM) is the primary regulator of the sympathetic nervous system, sending excitatory fibers to sympathetic preganglionic neurons to regulate sympathetic control over resistance vessels and blood pressure. Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that neurons in the ventral lateral medulla express leptin receptors (ObRb). Our present study using pseudo-rabies multi-synaptic retrograde tract tracing and immunohistochemical methods revealed that neurons within the RVLM that send sympathetic projections to the kidney express leptin receptors. Acute microinjection of leptin (1 and 3µg; 40nL) into the RVLM evoked a significant increase in Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA). When the 3µg dose of leptin was preceded with a leptin antagonist, (SLAN-4; 1ng), it attenuated the cardiovascular response of leptin. Taken together, these data suggest that leptin’s actions within the RVLM may influence blood pressure and renal sympathetic nerve activity.
The Proportionate Treatment of Enemy Subjects: A Reformulation of the Principle of Discrimination

Abstract This essay argues that the best starting point for discussions of the Principle of Discrimination (PD) is its most basic formulation: In wartime, certain enemy subjects should receive better treatment than others. Other formulations of the PD – in particular, those centered on the concept of noncombatant immunity – have sought to identify a single criterion that can be used as the basis for sorting enemy subjects into two (and only two) classes. However, a historical and legal analysis of the principle indicates that three distinct criteria – the conduct of individuals, their status, and their guilt or innocence – have all been seen as relevant for determining the appropriate treatment of the enemy. In this essay, I formulate an expanded version of the PD, which calls for the proportionate treatment of enemy subjects based on evaluations of all three of these criteria.
STANDARDS: IMPLICIT, EXPLICIT AND MANDATORY

This paper presents evidence on the adoptions by local building commissions of four standards produced by industry groups. It is shown that at least three of the four provisions induce anticipatable income redistributions. It is suggested that these transfers are largely the result of quasi-rents being earned in the post-building code market adjustment period.
Structure, stability and section in American politics

Abstract Students of sectionalism in the American political economy have approached this subject from two distinct perspectives: economic and political. This paper argues that these two approaches are interdependent. Sectionalism in partisan politics is seen as derivative of the structure of American democracy as outlined and legitimated in the United States Constitution. This structure has generated a politics in which potential class conflict is overshadowed by sectional conflict, and the major sectional conflicts characteristic of American politics have changed considerably throughout the course of American history. As a result, social movements arising from outside the political system tend over time to become co-opted by the major political parties. Thus electoral outcomes represent meaningful indicators of the direction and intensity of local responses to major changes in the global economy as they are seen to impact local areas.
Growth of six species of bivalve molluscs in a waste recycling—aquaculture system

Abstract Growth of six species of bivalve molluscs ( Crassostrea gigas, Tapes japonica, Mercenaria mercenaria, Crassostrea virginica, Mytilus edulis and Ostrea edulis ) was compared in a waste recycling—aquaculture system. Tests were conducted at experimental temperatures of 15 and 20°C, over the period November 1975 to May 1976. Experimental animals were fed algae, predominantly Phaeodactylum tricornutum , grown in large outdoor cultures enriched with secondary treated sewage effluent. C. gigas, T. japonica and O. edulis grew well. M. mercenaria, C. virginica and M. edulis exhibited poor growth. C. gigas exhibited a greater increase in total live weight at 20°C (134.8% vs 128.4%) but a greater increase in mean dry meat weight at 15°C (106.5% vs 59%). Similarly, at 15°C T. japonica exhibited consistently higher increments of both live weight (94% vs 52%) and dry meat weight (481% vs 269%).
Investigating Strategic Alternatives for Improving Service in an Inland Waterway Transportation System

A series of five locks form a transportation bottleneck in the upper Mississippi River navigation system. With optimizing models, statistical modeling and computer simulation, the authors explore the effects of alternative scheduling regimes and infrastructure changes to improve performance of an inland waterway transportation system. In this paper, the authors show the value of triangulating and integrating analysis with different research paradigms in order to explore the effects of alternative strategies for improving performance of a major transportation system.
Disentangling the effects of spatial cues on selection and formation of auditory objects.

When competing sources come from different directions, a desired target is easier to hear than when the sources are co-located. How much of this improvement is the result of spatial attention rather than improved perceptual segregation of the competing sources is not well understood. Here, listeners’ attention was directed to spatial or nonspatial cues when they listened for a target masked by a competing message. A preceding cue signaled the target timbre, location, or both timbre and location. Spatial separation improved performance when the cue indicated the target location, or both the location and timbre, but not when the cue only indicated the target timbre. However, response errors were influenced by spatial configuration in all conditions. Both attention and streaming contributed to spatial effects when listeners actively attended to location. In contrast, when attention was directed to a nonspatial cue, spatial separation primarily appeared to improve the streaming of auditory objects across time...
High pressure diamond-anvil studies on neodymium to 40.0 GPa

Abstract We have investigated the structural transformations in neodymium as a function of pressure up to 40.0 GPa. Neodymium has a double hexagonal close packed (A3′ type) structure at 1 atm that transforms to a face centered cubic structure at about 3.8 GPa, which further transforms to another structural form at about 18.0 GPa. The latter appears to have a triple hexagonal close packed structure, similar to that which we have for the first time reported in another rare earth element, praseodymium.
Lymphovascular and perineural invasion in the parametria: a prognostic factor for early-stage cervical cancer.

Abstract Objective To estimate the impact of parametrial lymphovascular and perineural involvement on nodal metastasis and failure pattern of women with early-stage, surgically treated cervical cancer. Methods Clinical records and pathologic slides of 93 patients with early-stage cervical cancer (2 IA 2 , 52 IB 1 , 31 IB 2 , and 8 IIA) treated with radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy with or without paraaortic lymphadenectomy were reviewed. The study group comprised 80 patients with squamous cell carcinoma and 13 patients with adenocarcinoma of the cervix. Median follow-up time was 33 months. The association among the various histopathologic predictors of outcome was determined with χ 2 analysis. The influence of the predictors on outcome was examined with log rank survival methods and the Cox regression model. Results The presence of parametrial lymphovascular space invasion is a predictor of disease in the pelvic ( P P P P P Conclusion Presence of parametrial lymphovascular space invasion correlates significantly with the risk of nodal metastasis in women with early-stage cervical cancer. Parametrial perineural invasion is an independent poor prognostic factor. Histopathologic findings within the parametria are a valuable independent predictor of recurrence and thus may influence the selection of patients for adjuvant treatment.
Field-theory treatment of the Heisenberg spin-1 chain.

We suggest a new field-theory treatment of the Heisenberg spin-1 chain with a single-ion anisotropy as a theory of three Majorana (real) fermions. We calculate the static and dynamic magnetic susceptibilities. We show that our results are in a good agreement with the experimental data for NENP [Ni(${\mathrm{C}}_{2}$${\mathrm{H}}_{8}$${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$)${\mathrm{NO}}_{2}$${\mathrm{ClO}}_{4}$] compound. In particular, we eliminate the reported contradiction between excitation gaps deduced from high-field magnetization measurements and neutron scattering.
Imagery and Analogy in Psalm 58:4-9

This article treats the images and logic of Ps 58:4-9. Drawing on Stanley Tambiah’s work on “performative analogies,” it compares the images of serpents and unborn children as well as the ways in which these images are used in Ps 58 with incantations from Syro-Mesopotamia. It focuses on the similarities between Ps 58 and Syro-Mesopotamian incantatory traditions, emphasizing how the latter serves as a catalyst for understanding Ps 58 as a YHWHistic religio-magical expression.
Modification of the Corrosion Behavior of Engineering Alloys by Ion Implantation

Ion implantation is emerging as a powerful and unique approach to corrosion protection. Several studies have demonstrated that the corrosion resistance of a number of ferrous and nonferrous commercial grade engineering alloys can be improved by ion implantation with suitable elements. This paper will review recent studies carried out in this laboratory and elsewhere in which the localized and general corrosion behavior of bearing steels, stainless steels and aluminum alloys have been significantly improved by ion implantation. The potential industrial application of this technique will be considered.
Experimental Study of Nanoadditives for Biofuel Combustion Improvement

An experimental investigation of the combustion behavior of nano-aluminum (n-Al) and nano-aluminum oxide (n-Al2 O3 ) particles, stably suspended in biofuel (ethanol) as a secondary energy carrier was conducted. The heat of combustion (HoC) was studied using a modified static bomb calorimeter system. Combustion element composition and surface morphology were evaluated using a SEM/EDS system. N-Al and n-Al2 O3 particles of 50 nm and 36 nm diameters, respectively, were utilized in this investigation. Combustion experiments were performed with volume fractions of 1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, and 10% for n-Al, and 0.5%, 1%, 3%, and 5% for n-Al2 O3 . The results indicate that the amount of heat released from ethanol combustion increases almost linearly with n-Al concentration. N-Al volume fractions of 1% and 3% did not show enhancement in the average volumetric heat of combustion, but higher volume fractions of 5%, 7%, and 10% increased the volumetric heat of combustion by 5.82%, 8.65%, and 15.31%, respectively. N-Al2 O3 and heavily passivated n-Al additives did not participate in combustion reactively, and there was no contribution from Al2 O3 to the HoC in the tests. A combustion model that utilized Chemical Equilibrium with Applications (CEA) was conducted as well and was shown to be in good agreement with the experimental results.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Design technique to reduce effects of tidal variations on an ILS glide slope system

A 330 MHz null-reference glide slope system design technique to minimise the reflecting surface variations is introduced. The runaway approach end of the site selected to test this design is over an ocean. Since the ocean forms part of the reflecting surface of the glide slope system, the tidal variations will affect the glide angle. The uniform theory of diffraction is used in the analysis and calculations are made for five tidal levels from high to low tide. The results of the simulations indicate that a glide path angle exists which is least sensitive to the tidal variations. Furthermore, this optimum angle provides smooth glide path structure.
Rethinking Irrigation Efficiency: Chain Irrigation in Northwestern Spain

In recent decades, approaches to evaluating irrigation efficiency have undergone a radical reevaluation. Classical models considered drainage water “lost” to irrigation by flowing out of the system. The recognition that drainage water can remain in the system and become available for use by downstream irrigators has forced the reassessment. Irrigation may be relatively inefficient at the irrigation system and field levels but quite efficient at the basin level. The implications for small-scale, gravity-flow canal systems managed by farmers, which constitute 85% of the world's irrigated area, are significant. These implications are explored in an historic and ethnographic analysis of the chain irrigation system of the Orbigo valley of northwestern Spain. This system of drainage and reuse helps to account for high and sustained agricultural productivity by farmers in the region over several centuries. The property rights institutions devised by farmers to manage this system are discussed and its internal organization compared with south Asian cascade irrigation.
Thermodynamic limit of the energy density in a crystal.

A pedagogical, semi-rigorous proof is presented for the existence of the thermodynamic (infinite-volume) limit of the energy per volume for an electrically neutral, metallic or nonmetallic crystal. The proof is based on the demonstration of the same for individual energy components, namely, the kinetic, Coulomb, and exchange contributions to the Hartree–Fock energy as well as the correlation contribution obtained by many-body perturbation or coupled-cluster theory.
Systematic review of coaching to enhance surgeons' operative performance

Background There is increasing attention on the coaching of surgeons and trainees to improve performance but no comprehensive review on this topic. The purpose of this review is to summarize the quantity and the quality of studies involving surgical coaching methods and their effectiveness. Methods We performed a systematic literature search through PubMed and PsychINFO by using predefined inclusion criteria. Evidence for main outcome categories was evaluated with the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system and the Medical Education Research Study Quality Instrument (MERSQI). Results Of a total 3,063 articles, 23 met our inclusion criteria; 4 randomized controlled trials and 19 observational studies. We categorized the articles into 4 groups on the basis of the outcome studied: perception, attitude and opinion; technical skills; nontechnical skills; and performance measures. Overall strength of evidence for each outcome groups was as follows: Perception, attitude, and opinion (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation: Very Low, Medical Education Research Study Quality Instrument [MERSQI]: 10); technical skills (randomized controlled trials: High, 13.1; Observation studies: Very Low, 11.5); nontechnical skills (Very Low, 12.4) and performance measures (Very Low, 13.6). Simulation was the most used setting for coaching; more than half of the studies deployed an experienced surgeon as a coach and showed that coaching was effective. Conclusion Surgical coaching interventions have a positive impact on learners' perception and attitudes, their technical and nontechnical skills, and performance measures. Evidence of impact on patient outcomes was limited, and the quality of research studies was variable. Despite this, our systematic review of different coaching interventions will benefit future coaching strategies and implementation to enhance operative performance.
Presynaptic receptors and autonomic effectors.

Agonist interactions with release processes do not validate autoreceptor operation. Instead, the data suggests that autoreceptors function as homoreceptors. Declining efficacy of agonist inhibition of transmitter release with increasing stimulation "intensity" is not assignable to competition with endogenous transmitter for a finite population of receptors. Heteroreceptor activation also reveals a pattern of declining efficacy with increasing intensity. Inhibition of stimulation-induced release by agonists also does not correlate inversely with that of antagonist effectiveness, as it should if both effects are linked to biophase levels of transmitter. Further, per pulse release of transmitter, in the absence of drugs, does not comply with expectations for autoinhibition. Experiments with tetrodotoxin, and study of the magnitudes of agonist and antagonist effects suggest that in the periphery putative autoreceptors may actually be homoreceptors, e.g., sympathetic nerve terminal receptors responsive to circulating catecholamines. In the central nervous system the paracrine secretion of transmitter may invoke homoreceptor activation rather than autoreceptors. Such activation may include, for example, the release of adrenaline from one set of fibers in the hypothalamus to act on dopaminergic or noradrenergic fibers or the release of noradrenaline from the terminals of some noradrenergic fibers in the cortex to activate alpha2 receptors on other cortical noradrenergic fibers, the latter with a somewhat different function in the same brain region. The action of antagonist drugs to enhance transmitter release may be direct on nerve membranes in particular on sodium channels, and often unrelated to feedback regulation. This possibility is discussed by me elsewhere in this volume. It is shown that yohimbine and a low concentration of veratridine have similar and nonadditive effects on transmitter release.
Teaching rounds and the experience of death as a medical ethicist

Several times each month, usually on a Thursday morning, I join one or more of my physician colleagues on teaching rounds. Most weeks these are traditional rounds, where an attending physician leads a group of medical students, residents, and clinical fellows from bed to bed reviewing charts, examining patients, and planning daily procedures. As a medical ethicist, my role is to discuss some of the ethical issues that are embedded in these decisions about medical care and help students to hone the skills required to manage these issues successfully in the context of ongoing care. Although the clinical setting varies, questions of patient management are always at the center of teaching rounds. Since my training is in philosophy, and not in medicine or nursing, there have been occasions when this focus on patient care has prompted me to reflect upon my role as a medical ethicist in these contexts. Lacking even the most basic medical training, and having been remarkably fortunate in having had limited personal experiences as a patient, what can I possibly contribute to the training of physicians? I suspect that at some time or another most teachers, but perhaps especially those trained in the humanities, have moments when they question the usefulness of their teaching. In my case, by introducing perspectives from the humanities on teaching rounds, my hope is to add some balance to the often narrow focus on the ordering of diagnostic tests, scheduling of procedures, obtaining of patient consent, and other practical matters. I often stress, for example, how the patients with whom students and residents interact are not mere patients, but persons with lives outside the hospital that can be made profoundly better or worse as a result of the brief time they are seen in the hospital. I draw attention to the …
A Multiagent-System-Based Intelligent Reference Governor for Multiobjective Optimal Power Plant Operation

A large-scale power plant requires optimal set points, namely references, in several control loops for multiobjective optimal operation. In a 600-MW oil-fired drum-type boiler power unit, the set points considered are for the main steam pressure and reheater/superheater steam temperatures. The set points should be mapped with the varying unit load demand and satisfy the conflicting requirements in power plant operation. In practice, the set points are obtained using fixed nonlinear functions in the unit master control in a plant, which are designed for the single objective of load tracking with heat balance. However, it does not allow for process optimization under the multitude of conflicting objectives, which may be newly introduced and different from the initial design objective. This paper presents a methodology, multiagent-system-based intelligent reference governor (MAS-IRG), to realize the optimal mapping by searching for the best solution to the multiobjective optimization problem that tackles conflicting requirements. In searching for the optimal set points, a heuristic optimization tool, particle swarm optimization, is utilized to solve the multiobjective optimization problem. The IRG is designed based on the proposed MAS to operate at a higher level of automation, to execute asynchronous computations, and to reduce the computational complexity. The approach provides the means to specify optimal set points for controllers under a diverse operating scenarios online.
Economic globalization and oral health.

OBJECTIVES: To briefly review the origins of economic globalization and examine the evidence available concerning its possible impact on oral health.DESIGN: Based on Medline searches 1966-1999 and review of Health Wrights: Politics of Health database.SPECIFIC ORAL DISEASES: Dental caries, destructive periodontal diseases, cancrum oris and oral cancer.CONCLUSIONS: The reported growing disparity between rich and poor populations, both internationally and nationally, is arguably being exacerbated by economic globalization. Increasing levels of the above specific oral diseases might
A framework for comparing perspectives on privacy and pervasive technologies

Pervasive computing research has evolved, investigating mechanisms for supporting some predefined notion of privacy, typically favoring individual rights over the rights of the community. We offer a framework to consider individual and group rights so that technology developers can more effectively reason about concerns for existing technology as well as generate new technologies that respect a well-defined set of social norms. We outline a framework designed to help developers understand the conflict between privacy and pervasive computing technologies, particularly those technologies that deal with sensing and storage. Pervasive computing technologies, especially those that can automate perception of human activity and then store that information, can provide tremendous benefits. We offer an analytic method to assist developers in asking questions about the systems and applications they are creating. We believe this framework will help developers minimize the gap between design goals and actual effects on privacy.
Hypovitaminosis D, neighborhood poverty, and progression of chronic kidney disease in disadvantaged populations.

In the United States, there are significant racial disparities in the incidence and prevalence of end-stage renal disease. The disparities are greatest for the Blacks and the magnitude of disparity is significantly greater than is evident from the incidence and prevalence data of end-stage renal disease – early stage chronic kidney disease is less common in Blacks and during that stage, mortality rate is significantly higher for that racial group. Recent studies have identified a genetic predisposition for non-diabetic renal disease among Blacks. However, genetic factors explain only part of the higher risk and the racial disparities are a result of a complex interplay of biology and sociology. Herein we focus on two factors and their role in explaining the higher risk for progression of chronic kidney disease among Blacks – one biologic (vitamin D deficiency) and one sociologic (neighborhood poverty). A greater Understanding of these factors is important in order to reduce the racial disparities in the United States.
Using model simulations to compare performance of two commercial salmon management strategies in Bristol Bay, Alaska

In this paper, we discuss the costs and benefits, in relation to economics and Alaska’s salmon management policies, associated with two management strategies on the Egegik and Togiak sockeye salmon...
French‐fried Potatoes: Palatability as Related to Microscopic Structure of Frozen Par‐fries

SUMMARY When tissue was taken from finish-fried or par-fried potatoes not subjected to fixing or embedding, potato cells were found to be plump, and the surfaces were comparatively smooth, faintly showing the outlines of the gelatinized starch granules within. Cells from tissue that had been frozen showed reticulation, especially those from tissue frozen at -18°C as contrasted with tissue frozen at -78°C. When tissue was observed during freezing, cell separation was pronounced, as well as pushing together or shrinking of gelled starch granules, and cell distortion. When thawed, the potato cells partially recovered their original plumpness although breaks between the cells remained. Recovery of gelation was incomplete in starch granules from cells from potato tissue that had been par-fried, frozen, and finish-fried. A taste-test panel preferred French-fried potatoes frozen as an intermediate step in preparation, especially noting less cohesiveness of texture and greater tenderness of crust.
Power efficiency of cooperative communication in wireless sensor networks

In this paper, a new protocol termed CoopXLM that integrates cooperative communication and Cross-Layer Module (XLM) is created and examined via simulation. CoopXLM modifies XLM by allowing multiple cooperative nodes to participate in receiver-based contention. Although there is increased energy consumption for processing, simulation results indicate that across all duty cycles there is an average energy savings of 38% with CoopXLM in comparison to XLM. It was also found that CoopXLM yields higher goodput than XLM at lower duty cycles but yields lower goodput at higher duty cycles.
Advertising in a Competitive Market: The Role of Product Standards, Customer Learning, and Switching Costs

Standard models of competition predict that firms will sell less when competitors target their customers with advertising. This is particularly true in mature markets with many competitors that sell relatively undifferentiated products. However, the authors present findings from a large-scale randomized field experiment that contrast sharply with this prediction. The field experiment measures the impact of competitors' advertising on sales at a private label apparel retailer. Surprisingly, for a substantial segment of customers, the competitors' advertisements increased sales at this retailer. This robust effect was obtained through experimental manipulation and by measuring actual purchases from large samples of randomly assigned customers. The effect size is also large, with customers ordering more than 4% more items in some categories in the treatment condition (vs. the control). The authors examine how these positive spillovers vary across product categories to illustrate the importance of product sta...
Waveforms in the arterial tree

System identification techniques were employed to characterize the dynamics in the arterial system. Arterial pressure and flow waveforms were obtained from computer simulations using a complex model and from experiments in domestic swine. Transfer functions were identified by using an iterative least-squares approach. It was shown that the aortic input impedance can be sufficiently characterized by a 1st-order system and the transfer function between aorta and femoral artery is dominated by a 2nd-order system. Within a scale factor the estimated aortic flow waveform matched well with the measured (less than 1% error). Thus, the proposed method provides for the cycle-by-cycle determination of flow waveform from aortic root pressure and should be useful for studying circulatory dynamics and regulatory control mechanisms. >