cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contending with Literalism and Dogma: Caribbean Theology in the Public Sphere

AbstractThis article argues that a liberating Caribbean theology must position itself to provide guidance and direction to the people of the Caribbean as an urgent task by contending, in the public sphere, with the literalism and dogma inherent in Christian fundamentalist theology. By engaging Christian fundamentalism at the level of ideology, Caribbean theology can offer an alternative consciousness through which Caribbean societies can be reshaped in the interest of the social well-being of the peoples of the region.
Dual Process Interaction Model of HIV-Risk Behaviors Among Drug Offenders

This study evaluated dual process interaction models of HIV-risk behavior among drug offenders. A dual process approach suggests that decisions to engage in appetitive behaviors result from a dynamic interplay between a relatively automatic associative system and an executive control system. One synergistic type of interplay suggests that executive functions may dampen or block effects of spontaneously activated associations. Consistent with this model, latent variable interaction analyses revealed that drug offenders scoring higher in affective decision making were relatively protected from predictive effects of spontaneous sex associations promoting risky sex. Among drug offenders with lower levels of affective decision making ability, spontaneous sexually-related associations more strongly predicted risky sex (lack of condom use and greater number of sex partners). These findings help elucidate associative and control process effects on appetitive behaviors and are important for explaining why some individuals engage in risky sex, while others are relatively protected.
Gene interactions from maternal effects.

Theoretical analyses have demonstrated a potential role for epistasis in many of the most important processes in evolution. These analyses generally assume that an individual's genes map directly to its phenotype and epistasis results from interactions among loci that contribute to the same biochemical or developmental pathways (termed physiological, or within-genotype, epistasis). For many characters, particularly those expressed early in life, an in- dividual's phenotype may also be affected by genes expressed by its parents. The presence of these parental effects allows for interactions between the genes present in the parental and offspring genomes. When the phenotypic effect of a locus in the offspring depends on the alleles possessed by its parents, genotype-by-genotype, or among-genotype, epistasis occurs. The among-genotype epistasis resulting from parental effects may contribute to ruggedness of adaptive landscapes because early mortality often accounts for much of the variance in fitness in populations. To demonstrate how parent-offspring interactions can result in among-genotype epistasis, I use a two-locus model, with one maternal effect locus and one direct effect locus, each with two alleles. Dynamical equations are presented for the two-locus model and are directly contrasted with the dynamical equations derived for a model for physiological epistasis. The relationship between the evolutionary dynamics resulting from these two forms of epistasis is discussed. Three scenarios are presented to illustrate systems in which maternal-offspring, genotype-by-genotype epistasis may occur. The im- plications of maternal-offspring epistasis for quantitative-trait-loci studies are also discussed.
Organization of projections from the anterior hypothalamic nucleus: a Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin study in the rat.

Anterior hypothalamic nucleus (AHN) projections were examined with the Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) method in adult male rats. Labeled axons from the AHN follow three major routes. 1) A large ascending pathway ends densely in the telencephalon, particularly in the lateral septal nucleus. Axons along this route provide moderate to dense input to the medial and lateral preoptic areas, and a few are also observed in the septofimbrial nucleus and fimbria; the latter end in the temporal hippocampus. A few axons reach the amygdala through the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis, which receive a moderate input, and then the stria terminalis, and others reach it by way of the ansa peduncularis. 2) The second pathway travels dorsal to the AHN, ending densely in rostral perifornical regions of the lateral hypothalamic area, and the rostral ventrolateral tip of the nucleus reuniens. The parataenial and rostral paraventricular thalamic nuclei also receive a significant input. Some fibers and boutons were also observed in the rhomboid, interanterodorsal, and mediodorsal nuclei, and others course through the stria medullaris to the lateral habenula. 3) the largest pathway descends through dorsal and ventral routes in the medial hypothalamic zone before ending massively in the periaqueductal gray. Dorsal route fibers provide inputs to the zona incerta and posterior hypothalamic nucleus, whereas more ventral axons generate dense terminal fields in the ventromedial nucleus capsule and core, and dorsal premammillary nucleus. The retrochiasmatic area, dorsomedial nucleus, and medial supramammillary nucleus also receive significant inputs, and a few axons end in the subparafascicular nucleus, superior colliculus, and mammillary body. The caudalmost axons were seen in the pontine central gray and reticular formation. These pathways are bilateral, usually with a distinct ipsilateral predominance. The overall pattern of efferents from anterior, central, and posterior parts of the AHN is similar, whereas the relative densities of particular terminal fields may vary considerably. Projections from adjacent parts of the retrochiasmatic and perifornical areas are also described. The results are discussed in terms of neural circuitry that may be involved in mediating interactions between animals. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Accelerated Pavement Rehabilitation and Reconstruction with Long-Life Asphalt Concrete on High-Traffic Urban Highways

Rehabilitation of urban highways is a critical issue confronting the California Department of Transportation because the state has a significant inventory of overaged, heavily trafficked urban highways showing extensive signs of distress. This paper presents the innovative pavement rehabilitation technologies and techniques that the agency applied in the first asphalt concrete (AC) project for its Long-Life Pavement Rehabilitation Strategies (LLPRS) program. A 4.4-km stretch of deteriorated concrete pavement on I-710 in Long Beach was rehabilitated successfully with 230 mm of AC overlay or 325 mm of full-depth AC replacement during eight 55-h weekend closures. The pilot project proved that the accelerated (fast-track) rehabilitation with 55-h weekend closures is a viable option that can drastically shorten the overall construction time and lessen the negative effects of construction in an urban area. The project also proved that AC pavement designed to provide a design life of 30-plus years can be constru...
Quality of hospice care for individuals with dementia.

Patients with dementia constitute an increasing proportion of hospice enrollees, yet little is known about the quality of hospice care for this population. The aim of this study was to quantify differences in quality of care measures between hospice patients with and without dementia. Design: Cross-sectional analysis of data. Setting: 2007 National Home and Hospice Care Survey. Participants: Four thousand seven hundred eleven discharges from hospice care. Measurements: A primary diagnosis of dementia at discharge was defined according to International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, codes (290.0�290.4x, 294.0, 294.1, 294.8, 331.0�331.2, 331.7, and 331.8). Quality-of-care measures included enrollment in hospice in the last 3 days of life, receiving tube feeding, depression, receiving antibiotics, lack of advanced directive or do not resuscitate order, Stage II or greater pressure ulcers, emergency care, lack of continuity of residence, and a report of pain at last assessment. Results: Four hundred fifty (9.5%) individuals were discharged with a primary diagnosis of dementia. In multivariable analysis, individuals with dementia were more likely to receive tube feeding (odds ratio (OR) = 2.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.4�4.5) and to have greater continuity of residence (OR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.1�3.0) than other individuals in hospice and less likely to have a report of pain at last assessment (OR = 0.6, 95% CI = 0.3�0.9). Conclusions: The majority of quality-of-care measures examined did not differ between individuals in hospice with and without dementia. Use of tube feeding in hospice care and methods of pain assessment and treatment in individuals with dementia should be considered as potential quality-of-care measures.
Transport of sputtered impurities in the vicinity of the TFTR inner bumper limiter

Abstract The generation and transport of metallic and carbon impurities on the inner bumper limiter of TFTR have been investigated in detail. The spatial profiles for impurity deposition and deposited layer thickness predicted by the analytical model are compared to the extensive postplasma exposure measurements of surface conditions that have been made on the TFTR inner bumper tiles. Agreement between the analytical model and the experimental data is good. The work provides considerable insight into the dynamics of particle transport in the edge region.
Lesions of hippocampus or prefrontal cortex alter species-typical behaviors in the cat.

Cats with lesions of hippocampus or of prefrontal cortex showed changes in several species-typical behavior patterns. Both hippocampal and frontal operates were submissive to intact cats during social pairings, but the nature of the submissive behavior differed qualitatively in the two groups. Cats with hippocampal ablation showed little affective response to social threat or to a threatening cat model, whereas cats with frontal lesions responded appropriately to threat (albeit submissively). Both lesions affected some components of the animals' response pattern to the odor of cat urine. Hippocampal removal enhanced the occurrence of the “gape” response and retarded intersession habituation of the “sniff” and “nose lick” components, Frontal cortex ablation eliminated the “gape” response but did not affect habituation. The results are interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that both hippocampus and prefrontal cortex are involved in the assessment of the biological significance of environmental stimuli.
Molecularly imprinted polymerization-based surface plasmon resonance sensing for glucose detection in human urine

A novel Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) sensor to detect glucose using molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) will be presented in this paper. SPR has been traditionally used as a probe for surface interaction of large molecules but harder to measure small molecules since the effective change in the SPR condition becomes smaller. The accurate measurement of glucose in complex physiological fluids like urine is particularly challenging since the constituents of these fluids vary significantly from person to person and even throughout the day for a particular individual. The polymer was prepared by crosslinking polyallyamine in the presence of Glucose Phosphate, monobarium salt (GPS-Ba) and attached to a 50 nm thin film of gold which had been sputtered on top of a glass slide, via amide coupling. Upon removal of the template, this sensor was used to detect glucose in human urine in physiologically significant levels (1-20 mg/ml). Enhancement of the glucose sensor was made possible by incorporating gold nanoparticles which improved the signal. This study has demonstrated the specific detection of glucose in a complex physiological fluid using SPR spectroscopy. The association of glucose to the imprinted polymer results in the swelling of the polymer that can be tracked by the minima in SPR spectra. The sensitivity of this method, while lower than protein based detection schemes, is sufficient for quantitative measurement of glucose in urine at physiologically significant levels without extensive pre-treatment of the sample. Given the nature of the weak non-covalent binding of glucose to the amine functional groups, the scheme used here can be adapted to detect a number of different molecular species of sizes comparable to that of glucose without the need for extensive sample preparation or use of chemicals with limited shelf life.
Gaussian cubature: A practitioner's guide

Accurate modeling of management and economic processes often requires that researchers accurately approximate the expectations of functions of random variables. While commonly employed, Monte Carlo simulation techniques generally require large sample sizes to insure accuracy. For functions that are computationally burdensome, the Monte Carlo approach may be impractical. We propose a method to generate samples from multivariate distributions that contain far fewer points than reliable Monte Carlo samples, yet retain much of the original distributions' information. Our method, Gaussian cubatures generated via linear programming, is designed to be feasible for joint, but independent distributions. While heuristic for joint, dependent distributions, this method appears to be very reliable and to accurately approximate expectations of an important class of functions.
The T-cell receptor-T3 complex and T-lymphocyte activation

The T-cell receptor (TCR) responsible for the corecognition of antigen and autologous major histocompatibility complex (MHC) encoded proteins has been identified on routine and human T-celt clones using done-specific (donotypic) antibodies. These bind to an 80--90-kd glycoprotein containing two disulphide linked chains, ~ and fl [ 1-6]. The structure . ~ been characterized as an antigen receptor on the basis of clonal distfibutlon, iwolvement in triggering antigenspecific T-cell functions, the presence of constant and variable peptides, and sequence correlation with T-call-specific, immunoglobulin-llke, rearranging genes [2, 7-9]. A direct demonstration of TCR-ligand binding has not yet been achieved. However, a large body of circumstantial evidence indicates that the T-cell receptor, antigen, and MHC-encoded protein at the APC surface interact as a trimolecuhr complex. Cells bearing allogeneic MHC gene products are able to serve as stimulators in mixed lymphocyte reactions. Some of the responding alloreactive T cells have additional well-defined specificities for antigen on autologous APCs suggesting that the TCR recognizes modified forms of autologous MHC proteins that could arise from antigen-MHC protein interactions [ 10-13]. Experimental observations that MHC gene products on APCs influence T-cell recognition of antigen are consistent with a requirement for effective antigen-MHC protein association [14, 15]. The magnitude of the T-cell response appears to be a function of the product of the concentrations of antigen and MHC-encoded molecules [16]. Shifts in T-cell dose responses to one antigenic peptide presel~ed in the context of two MHC class II gene products indicate that differences in potency of the combinations are due not to changes in receptor affinity but rather to differences in the a~itigen-MHC protein interaction [17]. Prior to effective presentation, antigens probably undergo processing in acidic intracelhlar compartments of APCs [18, 19]. In some cases, peptides derived
Survival of Fingerling Black Crappies Tagged with Microwire Tags Stocked in a Florida Lake

Abstract We evaluated 24-h poststocking survival of fingerling black crappies Pomoxis nigromaculatus (mean total length 117 mm) that were cheek-tagged with binary-coded microwire (CW) tags and estimated the percent contribution of stocked fish to a naturally occurring year-class in a Florida lake. Retention of CW tags at 15 d was high (96%), but posttagging survival of CW-tagged fish was low compared with reports for other CW-tagged species and for untagged fingerling black crappies. Survival at 24-h averaged 26% (SD = 11) for CW-tagged fish held in a cage in Lake Jeffords, Florida. Ten months after stocking 294 fingerling black crappies/ha in Lake Jeffords, only 4.8% of the age-1 fish sampled from the lake with otter trawls had CW tags. Low posttagging survival probably contributed to the low percent contribution of stocked fish to the naturally occurring year-class.
Anthropic risk and place identity: a method of analysis and a case study

Anthropic risk in places of strong tourist attraction poses a threat to cultural heritage and the surrounding area. Many elements cause anthropic risk: they are not easily identifiable due to the dynamic and often uncontrollable nature of phenomena linked to the presence of humans. In order to mitigate such risk, areas close to these sites can be identified so as to extend the visitor’s range of action and offer alternative activities integrated with the main site. Cultural sites and appropriate activities can be identified using a method of analysis that is able to trace the identity of places, their characteristics and potential, to provide sustainable and integrated enhancement. The aim of this paper is to use PlaceMaker, an urban analysis method to enable identification of elements not shown on traditional maps which form place identity, to plot them on a complex map, thereby making them ‘readable’. In order to highlight the method’s potential, the experiment carried out in the Trevi‐Pantheon area in ...
Turnover-based storage in non-traditional unit-load warehouse designs

This article investigates the effect of assigning the most-active items to the best locations in unit-load warehouses with non-traditional aisles. Specifically, the performance of flying-V and fishbone designs are investigated when products exhibit different velocity profiles. Both single- and dual-command operations are considered for a warehouse where receiving and shipping are located at the midpoint of one side of the warehouse. For dual-command operations, a fishbone design shows similar reductions in travel distances for both random and turnover-based storage policies. The fishbone designs that provide the best performance have a diagonal cross aisle that extends to the upper corners of the picking space and are approximately half as tall as they are wide. In general, warehouse design parameters that perform best under random storage also perform well under turnover-based storage.
Synthesis of the thermally unstable arachno cluster Fe2(CO)6(μ3-S)2Ni(1, 5-COD observation of facile decomposition to FeNiS

Abstract The reaction between Fe2(CO)6(μ2-S)2 and (1,5-COD)2Ni gives the arachno cluster Fe2(CO)6(μ3-S)2Ni(1,5-COD) at −78 °C in toluene. This new cluster is stable at low temperature and has been characterized by low-temperature IR spectroscopy. Cluster decomposition occurs upon warming to yield amorphous FeNiS, which has been characterized by energy- dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX).
Toddler Bids and Teacher Responses

Fifty toddlers from low-income families were observed in Title XX day care centers. Each child was observed for a total of 80 minutes. From the behavioral records every toddler communication attempt with teachers was coded into one of five categories, and teacher responses to each type of toddler bid were coded into nine categories, thus providing two links in a toddler-adult communication chain. Almost three-quarters of the toddler communication attempts were to seek help or gain attention. There were relatively few negative/distress or seeking information bids. Caregivers responded with positive techniques to approximately 60% of the toddler bids. Adults did not respond to 21.4 percent of the bids. Specific training suggestions for toddler teachers are generated based on these ecological data.
MO‐FF‐A4‐02: Effects of Added X‐Ray Beam Cu Filtration On Image Quality and Patient Dose in Digital Radiography

Purpose: To quantify effects of added x‐ray beam Cu filtration on image quality, skin entrance exposure, and effective dose in digital radiography.Method and Materials: A GE Definium 8000 DR unit, in AEC mode, was used with a 20 cm thick acrylic phantom to simulate an average adult abdomen. 0.0, 0.1, and 0.2‐mm of Cu filtration were added to the x‐ray beam. We used 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, and 110kV. Image quality was compared using a contrast‐detail phantom (CDRAD). For each beam quality, we exposed the CDRAD phantom on top, below, and between two 10‐cm sections of the acrylic phantom, and at four different orientations relative to anode‐cathode axis. The results were averaged. Image processing parameters were the ones used clinically for an AP Abdomen exam. The images were analyzed using the CDRAD Analyzer software. Skin‐entrance exposures, based on AEC resultant mAs read‐out, were measured without backscatter, and effective doses for an average size adult phantom were calculated using the PCXMC software. Results: At 75–80kV addition of Cu filtration reduced image quality slightly (∼1–5%), skin‐entrance exposure by 38–52%, and effective dose by 12–21% relative to no additional Cu filtration. At 90–110kV image quality varied little (∼0–4%) with added Cu filtration, skin entrance exposure was reduced by 28–47%, and effective dose was reduced by up to 17%. Only at 85 kV image quality was reduced significantly (∼13–15%) with added Cu filtration. Skin‐entrance exposure was reduced by 35–48%, and effective dose was reduced by 8–17%. Conclusion: Although already a relatively low dose modality, DR may benefit from the use of additional x‐ray beam Cu filtration since, for most x‐ray beam qualities, image quality appears to change little, while patient doses are reduced more appreciably compared to using beams with no additional Cu filtration.
The relationship between dative and locative : Kuryłowicz's argument from a typological perspective

SUMMARYKuryiowicz (1964) argued that the dative is "genetically nothing else than an offshoot of the locative used with personal nouns". But his hypothesis remains speculative because it is based on similarities of form within IE, not upon historical or typological evidence. This paper offers support for Kurylowicz's hypothesis. Specifically, it suggests that there is a cross-linguistic pattern linking the dative with animacy of nominal referents and the locative with inanimacy. The link is reflected in (1) the complementary distribution of dative and locative on nominals of different animacy values and (2) a marking pattern whereby dative nominals take less morphological marking when referents are animate and locative nominals take less marking when referents are inanimate.RESUMESelon Kuryiowicz (1964) le datif 'n'dtait, genetiquement, qu'une excrois-sance du locatif utilisd avec des noms personnels'. Mais son hypothese restait speculatif parce qu'elle ne fut basee sur des similarites formelles a l'int^rieur de l'indo-europ6en et non pas sur une evidence historique ou typologique plus generale. Le present article donne appui a l'hypothese de Kuryiowicz. En par-ticulier, on suggere qu'il y a a travers les langues un modele qui relie le datif avec l'animacite des referents nominaux et le locatif avec l'inanimacit6. Ce lien est rcfi6t6 dans (1) la distribution complementaire du datif et du locatif des noms avec des differents valeurs d'animacitd et (2) dans un modele de marquage selon lequel les noms au datif prennent moins de marquage morphologique lorsque les referents sont animes et les noms au locatif prennent moins de marquage lorsque les referents sont inanimes.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGKuryiowicz (1964) stellte fest, das der Dativ, 'genetisch gesehen, nichts ande-res ist als ein Nebenprodukt des Lokativs, der mit Personalnomina verwendet wird'. Seine Hypothese blieb jedoch spekulativ, weil sie allein auf formalen Ahnlichkeiten innerhalb der indo-europaischen Sprachen beruhte, und nicht aber auf allgemein historischen oder typologischen Beweisen. Im vorliegenden Aufsatz wird Kurylowicz's Hypothese weiter ausgebaut. Insbesondere wird nahegelegt, daft es uber viele Sprachen hinweg Muster gibt, die den Dativ mit belebten Dingen verbinden und den Lokativ mit unbelebten. Diese Verknupfung zeigt sich (1) in der komplementaren Distribution des Dativs und des Lokativs bei Nomen verschiedener Belebtheitswerte und (2) einem Markierungsmuster, bei dem die im Dativ stehenden Nomen morphologisch weniger markiert sind, wenn die Referenten belebt, und die im Lokativ stehenden Nomen weniger gekennzeichnet sind, wenn diese unbelebt sind.
Productive Efficiency of World Container Ports: A Global Perspective

This study evaluates the productive efficiency of 140 global hub and national gateway container ports in almost all countries of the world for the years 1991 and 2004. It adopts diverse models of data envelopment analysis (DEA), including two specific cases of DEA window analysis: intertemporal and contemporaneous. The study finds that world ports have experienced inter- and intraregional efficiency gaps, which have not lessened over time. In general, the larger-scale ports are more efficient because they drive technological development and adopt better managerial practices. However, many large ports operate under decreasing returns-to-scale at each port level. This implies a potential for interport competition as a way to increase port efficiency at an aggregated regional level. In addition, port size is not the sole factor in determining port efficiency. Newly developed ports in Asia and the Middle East and small Central American ports operate efficiently. They have created strong partnerships with emer...
Data Collection Using Transmit-Only Sensors and a Mobile Robot in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks are deployed in large numbers to monitor an area of interest. To overcome the scalability issues of large scale wireless sensor networks, mobile robots are introduced. Transmit-only sensors reduce the cost of deployment since they do not need receiver circuit. However, transmit-only sensors can not be used in a homogeneous sensor network since none of the nodes can receive data. In this paper, we propose a framework consisting of transmit-only sensors and a mobile element for data collection. We theoretically analyze the proposed framework, and support it with extensive simulations. We investigate the effect of various system parameters including density of nodes, speed of mobile element, and range of sensors. This work shows that the usage of transmit-only sensors together with a mobile robot is practical.
Cryostabilization of Functional Properties of Pre‐Rigor and Post‐rigor Beef by Dextrose Polymer and/or Phosphates

Cryostabilization of functional properties of pre-rigor and post-rigor beef throughout 5 mo frozen storage was investigated as affected by the addition of 8% neutralized high molecular weight dextrose polymer (polydextrose), alone or in combination with 0.5% phosphates (a 1:l mixture of sodium tripolyphosphate and tetrasodium pyrophos-phate). Pre-rigor meat to which polydextrose had been added prior to freezing was nearly equivalent in functional properties after 5 mo frozen storage to fresh, pre-rigor meat. Addition of the same level of phosphates plus polydextrose to nontreated muscle (control) after 5 mo frozen storage resulted in higher values for most measured indices of functionality. The effect was almost totally attributable to addition of the phosphates. However, addition of phosphate did not appear to increase the protein cryoprotective effect.
Rethinking biological activation of methane and conversion to liquid fuels

Methane is an energy resource that is currently being wasted through emissions, venting and flaring during petroleum extraction. Recent discoveries regarding the basis of enzyme function and microbial metabolism provide the foundation for new thinking about how to reclaim this resource through bioconversion. If methane, the main component of natural gas, can be efficiently converted to liquid fuels, world reserves of methane could satisfy the demand for transportation fuels in addition to use in other sectors. However, the direct activation of strong C-H bonds in methane and conversion to desired products remains a difficult technological challenge. This perspective reveals an opportunity to rethink the logic of biological methane activation and conversion to liquid fuels. We formulate a vision for a new foundation for methane bioconversion and suggest paths to develop technologies for the production of liquid transportation fuels from methane at high carbon yield and high energy efficiency and with low CO2 emissions. These technologies could support natural gas bioconversion facilities with a low capital cost and at small scales, which in turn could monetize the use of natural gas resources that are frequently flared, vented or emitted.
Volitional muscle activity paired with transcranial magnetic stimulation increases corticospinal excitability

Studies of activity-dependent stimulation in non-human primates suggest that pairing each instance of volitional muscle activity with immediate intracortical stimulation causes long-term-potentiation-like effects. This technique holds promise for clinical rehabilitation, yet few investigators have tested activity-dependent stimulation in human subjects. In addition, no one has studied activity-dependent stimulation on the cortical representation for two separate target muscles in human subjects. We hypothesized that 40 min of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) triggered from ballistic muscle activity at a mean repetition rate of 1 Hz would cause greater increases in corticospinal excitability than TMS-cued muscle activity, and that these changes would be specific to the muscle of study. Ten healthy human subjects participated in 4 separate sessions in this crossover study: (1) visually cued volitional activation of the abductor pollicis brevis (APB) muscle triggering TMS (APB-Triggered TMS), (2) volitional activation of APB in response to TMS delivered from a recording of the prior APB-Triggered TMS session (TMS-Cued APB), (3) visually cued volitional activation of the extensor digitorum (ED) triggering TMS (ED-Triggered TMS), and (4) volitional activation of ED in response to TMS delivered from a recording of the prior ED-Triggered TMS session (TMS-Cued ED). Contrary to our hypothesis, we discovered evidence of increased corticospinal excitability for all conditions as measured by change in area of the motor evoked potential. We conclude that single TMS pulses paired either before or after muscle activity may increase corticospinal excitability and that further studies are needed to clarify the optimal time window for inducing neural plasticity with activity-dependent stimulation. These findings will inform the design of future activity-dependent stimulation protocols for clinical rehabilitation.
Extension of a Diffusion Model for Holographic Photopolymers

(1995). Extension of a Diffusion Model for Holographic Photopolymers. Journal of Modern Optics: Vol. 42, No. 12, pp. 2571-2573.
COMT influences on prefrontal and striatal blood oxygenation level-dependent responses during working memory among individuals with schizophrenia, their siblings, and healthy controls

Introduction. Recent theories have suggested that corticostriatal interactions may play an important part in mediating working memory demands and may impact clinical symptomology of schizophrenia. These effects are thought to occur through changes in dopamine signalling from the midbrain and via feedback from the frontal cortex. The catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val158Met polymorphism may prove useful for studying these effects in vivo. Methods. In this study, patients with schizophrenia, their well siblings, and healthy controls were genotyped and scanned using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while they performed a working memory task. Results. We found that patients and their siblings, but not controls, who were Val homozygotes displayed greater activity of the DLPFC, striatum, and the cerebellum during the task than respective Met carriers. We also found a relationship between striatal activity and negative symptoms for the Val homozygote group. Conclusions. Our findings support and ...
Satellite discrimination of snow/cloud surfaces

Differentiation between cloud cover and snow surfaces using remotely sensed data is complicated by the similarity of their radiative temperatures, and also by their similar reflectances at visible wavelengths. A method of cloud analysis over snow-covered regions is presented, using 1.51-1.63 micron data from an experimental sensor on board a U.S. Air Force Defense Meteorological Satellite Program platform. At these wavelengths, snow appears relatively 'black' while clouds are highly reflective. The spatial structure of the 1.51-1.63 micron reflectivity fields over a continuous snow surface are examined. Plots of mean reflectance against coefficients of variation for 4 x 4 pixel areas reveals a cluster of points have low reflectivity and low variability, corresponding to snow-covered (cloud free) areas, and a similar cluster with high reflectances corresponding to 100 per cent cloud cover. For the case of a single layered cloud, the radiances associated with partially filled fields of view are also inferred.
Fine needle aspiration biopsy of the breast: Importance of benign, nonspecific results

Rationale and Objectives. The authors attempted to determine the importance of benign but nonspecific findings from an adequate sample obtained with image-guided, fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) of the breast. Materials and Methods. Four hundred thirty-seven image-guided FNAB specimens obtained over a 4-year period were reviewed. Pathologic results, mammograms, sonograms, and radiology reports were correlated for all cases described as benign but nonspecific on the basis of cytologic results. Lesion characterization, type of imaging, and targeting accuracy were assessed. Follow-up method (imaging and/or clinical follow-up, core biopsy, open biopsy) was determined. Results. Of the 427 lesions, 99 (23%) were designated benign but nonspecific. In 75 of the cases, biopsy (core or open) had been performed or there had been at least 2 years of follow-up at the time of this study. Of these, 32 lesions were benign on the basis of follow-up, 27 (36%) were benign at secondary biopsy, seven (9%) were malignant at final biopsy, and nine (12%) were lost to follow-up. Five of the seven cancers occurred in the 1st year of the study; these lesions were sampled for biopsy based on their mammographic appearance. The lesions in an additional 24 patients were benign after at least 1 year of follow-up. Conclusions. Benign, nonspecific imaged-guided FNAB results are reliable if targeting is accurate and if the mammographic findings support a benign process.
Treating the elusive keloid.

viduals are more predisposed. Among the African American, Hispanic, and Asian populations, keloids occur in 6% to 16% of individuals. Hormonal factors are also thought to contribute to keloid formation. Keloids can appear during puberty and regress after menopause. Patients with cutaneous disorders that have an inflammatory or infectious component, such as cellulitis, pilonidal cysts, and foreignbody reactions, have a special predisposition for keloids.
Occupational Prestige Hierarchy: Methodological Artifact or Cultural Category System

Occupational prestige findings are among the most stable, replicable findings in all of sociology. Yet, the “cognitive reality” underlying these findings has never been clearly established. Based on the responses provided by students to three questionnaires and comparative data from the more recent NORC study of occupational prestige, the research described in this paper investigates two hypotheses: 1) the occupational rankings resulting from the five‐point scale used in the NORC studies reflect highly differentiated evaluations in the minds of respondents; and 2) occupational prestige rankings form a unidimensional scale. Both of these hypotheses were supported. Not only is the occupational prestige hierarchy highly differentiated in the minds of individuals, it is predominantly a single dimension about which there is substantial agreement. The implications of these findings are briefly discussed.
Measurements of intermittency of turbulent motion in a boundary layer

Previous observations of turbulent motion at large wave-numbers have revealed the existence of an uneven distribution of turbulent energy. The spotty distribution of the turbulent motion at high wave-numbers is here studied experimentally for the turbulent boundary layer. The high wave-number intermittency is observed at all locations through and along the boundary layer from near transition to near separation.The flatness factors for the longitudinal turbulent component at different wave-numbers are measured to give a quantitative value for the intermittency at particular wave-numbers. Upstream of the separation region the flatness factors are found to depend on wave-number and longitudinal distance, but not on the distance from the wall. It appears that the intermittency develops in the transition region and does not diminish very rapidly with distance downstream. Near separation the flatness factors change radically in distribution near the wall, and are there no longer independent of distance from the wall.
The Preparation of Specific Adsorbents.

A method has been developed for preparing adsorbents having specific affinities for predetermined substances. This method consists in forming the structure of the adsorbent in the presence of the particular compound for which it is desired to prepare a specific adsorbent. The presumable explanation of the formation of a specifically attracting structure under these conditions is that the adsorbent in the process of formation has accessible to it a very great number of structures which differ only slightly in stability, and that in the presence of a foreign molecule those structures that are stabilized through attraction for the foreign molecule are preferentially assumed. The adsorbent is thus pictured as automatically forming pockets that fit closely enough to the foreign molecule to hold it by van der Waals' forces, hydrogen bonds, interionic attractions, and other types of intermolecular interaction. This mechanism is the same as that proposed by Pauling [1] for the formation of antibodies with use of antigen molecules as a template, Which formed the basis for the nmanufacture of artificial antibodies reported by Pauling and Campbell. [2]
Spin down effects in neutron stars.

Spin down effects on neutron stars, discussing decrease of period of PSR 0833-45 as result of differential rotation instability
RAPID: Traffic-agnostic intrusion detection for resource-constrained wireless mesh networks

Abstract Due to the recent increased interest in wireless mesh networks (WMN), their security challenges have become of paramount importance. An important security mechanism for WMN, intrusion detection, has received considerable attention from the research community. Recent results show that traditional monitoring mechanisms are not applicable to real-world WMN due to their constrained resources (memory and processing power), which result in high false negative rates since only a few IDS functions can be activated on monitoring nodes. Cooperative solutions, on the other hand, have high communication overhead and detection delay when the traffic load is high. A practical traffic-aware IDS solution was recently proposed for resource-constrained WMN, however, traffic-awareness might not be feasible for some WMN applications. This article proposes a traffic-agnostic IDS solution that uses a link-coverage approach to monitor both local and backbone WMN traffic. Using real-world experiments and extensive simulations, we show that our proposed IDS solutions outperform traffic-aware IDS solutions while incurring lower computation and communication overhead.
Pharmaco-topology of Sulfonylurea Receptors SEPARATE DOMAINS OF THE REGULATORY SUBUNITS OFK ATP CHANNEL ISOFORMS ARE REQUIRED FOR SELECTIVE INTERACTION WITH K+ CHANNEL OPENERS

The differential responsiveness of (SUR1/K(IR)6.2)(4) pancreatic beta-cell versus (SUR2A/K(IR)6.2)(4) sarcolemmal or (SUR2B/K(IR)6. 0)(4) smooth muscle cell K(ATP) channels to K(+) channel openers (KCOs) is the basis for the selective prevention of hyperinsulinemia, myocardial infarction, and acute hypertension. KCO-stimulation of K(ATP) channels is a unique example of functional coupling between a transport ATPase and a K(+) inward rectifier. KCO binding to SUR is Mg-ATP-dependent and antagonizes the inhibition of (K(IR)6.0)(4) pore opening by nucleotides. Patch-clamping of matched chimeric human SUR1-SUR2A/K(IR)6.2 channels was used to identify the SUR regions that specify the selective response of sarcolemmal versus beta-cell channels to cromakalim or pinacidil versus diazoxide. The SUR2 segment containing the 12th through 17th predicted transmembrane domains, TMD12-17, confers sensitivity to the benzopyran, cromakalim, and the pyridine, pinacidil, whereas an SUR1 segment which includes TMD6-11 and the first nucleotide-binding fold, NBF1, controls responsiveness to the benzothiadiazine, diazoxide. These data are incorporated into a functional topology model for the regulatory SUR subunits of K(ATP) channels.
Structures and strategies of interdisciplinary science

This study explores the information processes and work situations of interdisciplinary scientists. The analysis focuses on structural and strategic elements of information exchange between intellectual domains. Interview data reveal that scientists undertake individual and cooperative boundary-crossing research. Four research modes are identified and associated with different approaches to seeking information and knowledge base development. Probing for information, consultation, and learning are among the scientists' central interdisciplinary research practices. In spite of these work strategies, research progress is complicated by the tension between researchers' efforts to maintain a broad perspective and a high level of productivity. Information initiatives can provide “leeway” to help researchers shift their efforts away from their core specialization to the peripheral domains that infuse their interdisciplinary work.
Improving the efficiency of gene replacements in Neurospora crassa: a first step towards a large-scale functional genomics project.

Abstract Here, we report the use of the mating type heterokaryon incompatibility system as a counterselection to increase the probability of identifying gene replacements in Neurospora crassa. We compared the frequencies of gene replacements observed among transformants obtained by using plasmids with or without the mat a-1+ gene (hereby called “Toxic Gene”) placed adjacent to disruption cassettes. On an average, we were 20× more likely to identify a correct gene replacement by incorporating the toxic gene in our constructs. Using this strategy, we constructed strains containing a deletion of the inl (1 l -myo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase) gene. Finally, we demonstrated that we were able to remove the transformation marker (the hygromycin B phosphotransferase- thymidine kinase gene fusion [hph+::tk+]) from the genome by using a strategy similar to the “URA-blaster” strategy used in yeast, which we call “tk-blaster.”
Cortical cells should fire regularly, but do not

When a typical nerve cell is injected with enough current, it fires a regular stream of action potentials. But cortical cells in vivo usually fire irregularly, reflecting synaptic input from presynaptic cells as well as intrinsic biophysical properties. We have applied the theory of stochastic processes to spike trains recorded from cortical neurons (Tuckwell 1989) and find a fundamental contradiction between the large interspike variability observed and the much lower values predicted by well-accepted biophysical models of single cells.
Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Suppress Host Rejection: The Role Of The Glycocalyx *

Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UMSCs) have unique immunosuppressive properties enabling them to evade host rejection and making them valuable tools for cell therapy. We previously showed that human UMSCs survive xenograft transplantation and successfully correct the corneal clouding defects associated with the mouse model for the congenital metabolic disorder mucopolysaccharidosis VII. However, the precise mechanism by which UMSCs suppress the immune system remains elusive. This study aimed to determine the key components involved in the ability of the UMSCs to modulate the inflammatory system and to identify the inflammatory cells that are regulated by the UMSCs. Our results show that human UMSCs transplanted into the mouse stroma 24 h after an alkali burn suppress the severe inflammatory response and enable the recovery of corneal transparency within 2 weeks. Furthermore, we demonstrated in vitro that UMSCs inhibit the adhesion and invasion of inflammatory cells and also the polarization of M1 macrophages. UMSCs also induced the maturation of T-regulatory cells and led to inflammatory cell death. Moreover, UMSCs exposed to inflammatory cells synthesize a rich extracellular glycocalyx composed of the chondroitin sulfate-proteoglycan versican bound to a heavy chain (HC)-modified hyaluronan (HA) matrix (HC-HA). This matrix also contains TNFα-stimulated gene 6 (TSG6), the enzyme that transfers HCs to HA, and pentraxin-3, which further stabilizes the matrix. Our results, both in vivo and in vitro, show that this glycocalyx confers the ability for UMSCs to survive the host immune system and to regulate the inflammatory cells.
Capacity expansion with alternative technology choices

Abstract This paper considers the problem of determining the amount of capacity of a technology to be acquired to meet demand increments over time, when there are alternative technology choices. For example, different technologies may have varying levels of automation, with different fixed and variable costs of acquisition and usage. First, a mathematical programming formulation of the problem is presented and certain properties of the model are exploited to develop an efficient forward solution procedure. This procedure, which exploits duality, is then used to derive a number of planning horizon results. These results help in determining initial capacity and technology acquisition decisions, that are infinite horizon optimal, with less forecast information. Finally, the results of a computational study are presented. This study enables us to understand the impact of demand patterns, demand variance and, fixed and variable costs on: (i) type of technology and the amount of capacity of that technology acquired, and (ii) forecast horizon values.