cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stuttering and the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF): An update

Abstract The World Health Organization (WHO) recently presented a multidimensional classification scheme for describing health status and the experience of disablement. This new framework, the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF; WHO, 2001), is a revision of WHO’s prior framework for describing the consequences of disorders, the International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities, and Handicaps (ICIDH; WHO, 1980). In previous papers, Yaruss [J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. 41 (1998) 249; J. Commun. Disord. 34 (2001) 163] had shown how the original ICIDH could be adapted to describe the consequences of stuttering at several levels that are relevant to the communication and life experiences of the person who stutters. The current manuscript presents an update of the Yaruss (1998) model that accounts for the new structure of the ICF. A comparison of the WHO’s ICIDH and ICF frameworks is presented, followed by an analysis of how the ICF can be adapted to describe the speaker’s experience of the stuttering disorder. Emphasis is placed on the fact that stuttering involves more than just observable behaviors. Specifically, the speaker’s experience of stuttering can involve negative affective, behavioral, and cognitive reactions (both from the speaker and the environment), as well as significant limitations in the speaker’s ability to participate in daily activities and a negative impact on the speaker’s overall quality of life. Learning outcomes As a result of reading this manuscript, participants, will (1) gain an understanding of the updates to the World Health Organization’s original International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities, and Handicaps that are seen in the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (2) understand how the ICF can be applied to the study of stuttering (3) recognize that health conditions such as stuttering are affected by both internal and external factors, and can involve more than just observable behaviors that are seen on the surface.
Factors influencing the quality of ware potatoes. 2. Environmental factors

Der Einfluss der Umwelt auf die Qualitat wird in bezug auf das Wachstum der Kartoffelpflanze unter zwei Titeln betrachtet: I. Aspekte der Qualitat im Zusammenhang mit morphologischen Merkmalen. II. Aspekte der Qualitat, die weitgehend durch die innere Struktur und die Zusammensetzung der Knolle gesteuert werden.
A Liberal Nation In Spite of Itself

All praise to Jeff Cowie and Nick Salvatore. They've dared to look deep into the pit of progressive hopes in modern US history and have emerged with something important and new to say about that much debated, much lamented subject. And they get certain big things right. The hegemony of individualism, the historic weakness of the labor movement, divisions of race, and the ways in which most white Christians apply their religious faith have all interacted to limit what, in Europe, are called the prospects of social-democracy and, in this country, usually go under the name of modern liberalism. Their concluding suggestion that reformers may find in “the fluid alliances of the Progressive Era” a more helpful analogy than in the class-based coalition led by FDR is a welcome provocation, although they don't choose to elaborate on it.
Management and Complications of Stomas

Stomas are created for a wide range of indications such as temporary protection of a high-risk anastomosis, diversion of sepsis, or permanent relief of obstructed defecation or incontinence. Yet this seemingly benign procedure is associated with an overall complication rate of up to 70%. Therefore, surgeons caring for patients with gastrointestinal diseases must be proficient not only with stoma creation but also with managing postoperative stoma-related complications. This article reviews the common complications associated with ostomy creation and strategies for their management.
Ballistic phonon imaging in sapphire: Bulk focusing and critical-cone channeling effects

Phonon imaging has been used to study the anisotropy of ballistic phonon flux in single crystals of sapphire cut in several different crystallographic orientations. Three types of intense local maxima in phonon flux are observed in these images. The most prominent of these structure types corresponds to mathematical singularities in bulk phonon focusing. The second type of structure, which has not been noted in previous phonon-imaging experiments, is a nonsingular local maximum in flux which can be quite sharp, and would evolve into a genuine singularity if the elastic constants were appropriately changed. These "precursors" and the singularity structures are well predicted in sapphire by Monte Carlo simulations based on the low-temperature elastic constants. The third type of structure is intrinsic to the surfaces of the sapphire and is sensitive to the crystallographic orientation and the quality of these surfaces. It corresponds to a concentration of transverse phonons close to the critical cone for mode conversion between transverse and longitudinal waves at the surface. We interpret this wave-vector channeling effect in terms of a longitudinal pseudo-surface-wave that exists at the sapphire surface when it is either free or only weakly perturbed by an adjoining medium. In our experiments the adjoining medium is a metal film. A model for treating weak mechanical bonding between two adjacent media is developed which is able to account qualitatively for the width and intensities of the observed critical-cone structures. The existence of these new surface-related structures signifies the potential usefulness of phonon imaging for characterizing the scattering of thermal phonons at interfaces. In particular, our results provide a quantitative measure of the elastic coupling between crystal and metal film. The weak nature of this coupling helps to explain previously reported anomalous Kapitza resistance and phonon reflectivity of solid-solid interfaces.
The Value of Molecular Haplotypes in a Family-Based Linkage Study

Novel methods that could improve the power of conventional methods of gene discovery for complex diseases should be investigated. In a simulation study, we aimed to investigate the value of molecular haplotypes in the context of a family-based linkage study. The term “haplotype” (or “haploid genotype”) refers to syntenic alleles inherited on a single chromosome, and we use the term “molecular haplotype” to refer to haplotypes that have been determined directly by use of a molecular technique such as long-range allele-specific polymerase chain reaction. In our study, we simulated genotype and phenotype data and then compared the powers of analyzing these data under the assumptions that various levels of information from molecular haplotypes were available. (This information was available because of the simulation procedure.) Several conclusions can be drawn. First, as expected, when genetic homogeneity is expected or when marker data are complete, it is not efficient to generate molecular haplotyping information. However, with levels of heterogeneity and missing data patterns typical of complex diseases, we observed a 23%–77% relative increase in the power to detect linkage in the presence of heterogeneity with heterogeneity LOD scores >3.0 when all individuals are molecularly haplotyped (compared with the power when only standard genotypes are used). Furthermore, our simulations indicate that most of the increase in power can be achieved by molecularly haplotyping a single individual in each family, thereby making molecular haplotyping a valuable strategy for increasing the power of gene mapping studies of complex diseases. Maximization of power, given an existing family set, can be particularly important for late-onset, often-fatal diseases such as cancer, for which informative families are difficult to collect.
Localization of the novel Xin protein to the adherens junction complex in cardiac and skeletal muscle during development.

Previously, we demonstrated that chick embryos treated with antisense oligonucleotides against a striated muscle-specific Xin exhibit abnormal cardiac morphogenesis (Wang et al. [1999] Development 126:1281-1294); therefore, we surmised a role for Xin in cardiac development. Herein, we examine the developmental expression of Xin through immunofluorescent staining of whole-mount mouse embryos and frozen heart sections. Xin expression is first observed within the heart tube of embryonic day 8.0 (E8.0) mice, exhibiting a peripheral localization within the cardiomyocytes. Colocalization of Xin with both beta-catenin and N-cadherin is observed throughout embryogenesis and into adulthood. Additionally, Xin is found associated with beta-catenin within the N-cadherin complex in embryonic chick hearts by coimmunoprecipitation. Xin is detected earlier than vinculin in the developing heart and colocalizes with vinculin at the intercalated disc but not at the sarcolemma within embryonic and postnatal hearts. At E10.0, Xin is also detected in the developing somites and later in the myotendon junction of skeletal muscle but not within the costameric regions of muscle. In cultured C2C12 myotubes, the Xin protein is found in many speckled and filamentous structures, coincident with tropomyosin in the stress fibers. Additionally, Xin is enriched in the regions of cell-cell contacts. These data demonstrate that Xin is one of the components at the adherens junction of cardiac muscle, and its counterpart in skeletal muscle, the myotendon junction. Furthermore, temporal and spatial expressions of Xin in relation to intercalated disc proteins and thin filament proteins suggest roles for Xin in the formation of cell-cell contacts and possibly in myofibrillogenesis.
Selective role of dopamine in the natriuresis produced by iso-osmotic saline infusion.

Endogenous dopamine (DA) selectively contributes to the natriuresis (UNaV) produced by infusion and dietary consumption of sodium chloride. The present study in anesthetized rats determined whether DA has a role in the natriuresis produced by small (2.0±0.11% increase in body weight) and large (17.9±0.58% increase in body weight) increments in extracellular fluid volume with iso-osmotic saline. Small volume expansion increased urine flow (V) by 59±15%, UNaV by 155±31%, and dopamine excretion by 25±9%. DA1-receptor blockade
Incorporation of ( 3 H)glucosamine to the surface component of testicular cultures and the differential response of steroidogenic and fibroblastic cells in vitro to cytochalasin B.

It has been demonstrated that glucosamine-containing components of the surfaces of various types of cultured cells can be isolated by trypsin treatment under conditions in which the cells remain viable. By using this method, we found that the surface-associated materials of testicular cells in vitro may be stable once formed. Cytochalasin B inhibits reversibly the incorporation of [3H]glucosamine into these macromolecules, whereas ctinomycin D only slightly reduces the uptake. There is also a differential response of the steroidogenic versus the fibroblastic cell populations to cytochalasin B treatment, the steroidogenic cells being much more sensitive to cytochalasin B than the fibroblastic cells. Based upon the present studies, and those of others, we hypothesized that during histogenesis in vitro there may exist more than one synthetic process for cell surface components. Stability of tissue structures may require a stable factor (s), which may differ from the aggregating factor.
A large-scale empirical analysis of email spam detection through network characteristics in a stand-alone enterprise

Spam is a never-ending issue that constantly consumes resources to no useful end. In this paper, we envision spam filtering as a pipeline consisting of DNS blacklists, filters based on SYN packet features, filters based on traffic characteristics and filters based on message content. Each stage of the pipeline examines more information in the message but is more computationally expensive. A message is rejected as spam once any layer is sufficiently confident. We analyze this pipeline, focusing on the first three layers, from a single-enterprise perspective. To do this we use a large email dataset collected over two years. We devise a novel ground truth determination system to allow us to label this large dataset accurately. Using two machine learning algorithms, we study (i) how the different pipeline layers interact with each other and the value added by each layer, (ii) the utility of individual features in each layer, (iii) stability of the layers across time and network events and (iv) an operational use case investigating whether this architecture can be practically useful. We find that (i) the pipeline architecture is generally useful in terms of accuracy as well as in an operational setting, (ii) it generally ages gracefully across long time periods and (iii) in some cases, later layers can compensate for poor performance in the earlier layers. Among the caveats we find are that (i) the utility of network features is not as high in the single enterprise viewpoint as reported in other prior work, (ii) major network events can sharply affect the detection rate, and (iii) the operational (computational) benefit of the pipeline may depend on the efficiency of the final content filter.
Improved conditions for the addition of alkoxides to di(ethylene glycol) di-p-tosylate: application to the stereospecific synthesis of the trans-isomers of dicyclohexano-18-crown-6

Conditions are defined for the efficient preparation of polyethers by direct condensation of ditosylates and alkoxides, and this approach is shown to provide a facile method for the synthesis of the trans-syn-trans (C) and trans-anti-trans (D) isomers of dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 (DCH18C6), one which both provides significantly improved yields and avoids the difficult separations required by certain previously described synthetic methods.
On the chromatography of reciprocal salt systems

Abstract A theoretical plate treatment of the partition chromatography of a reciprocal salt system has been carried out with the aid of high-speed digital computer, and the results have been compared with the available experimental information. The following points were established. 1. The system of univalent cations C 1 and C 2 and univalent anions A 1 and A 2 produces, in general, four bands whose relative magnitudes are a function of the R F values of the four possible ion pairs. The distribution of material when K D 12 K D 21 / K D 11 K D 22 = 1 is give to a good approximation by X 12 = X 21 = 0.25 ( R F 21 — R F 12 ) / ( R F 22 — R F 11 ) where X 11 , R F 11 and K D 11 are the mole fraction, R F value and partition coefficient of the slowest species C 1 A 1 etc. 2. The 2:1 electrolyte system C ++ -(A 1 ) − -(A 2 ) − produces no band corresponding to CA 1 A 1 . 3. For simple ions in media in which the only important species are ion pairs, the magnitudes of the equilibrium constant K for C 1 A 1 + C 2 A 2 = C 1 A 2 + C 2 A 1 can be estimated reliably from simple electrostatic considerations. The ratio of K values for the mixed and mobile phases of a partition chromatogram gives the important quotient K D 12 K D 21 / K D 11 K D 22 whose deviation from unity can be qualitatively predicted from a knowledge of the ionic radii and the relative polarity of the two phases.
Structure of a phonological rule component for a synthesis-by-rule program

A synthesis-by-rule program can be thought of as a functional model of human sentence production. The phonological component of this model accepts as input a linear string of symbols that have been produced by the semantics component, syntactic component, and lexical component of a grammar of English. This abstract representation for an utterance is transformed by the phonological component into a narrow phonetic transcription and a specification of stress levels, segmental durations, and aspects of the fundamental frequency contour.
In vivo folding of recombinant metallo-β-lactamase L1 requires the presence of Zn(II)

Metallo-β-lactamase L1, secreted by pathogenic Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, is a dinuclear Zn(II)-containing enzyme that hydrolyzes almost all known penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems. The presence of Zn(II) ions in both metal binding sites is essential for full enzymatic activity; however, the mechanism of physiological metal incorporation is unknown. To probe metal incorporation, L1 was over-expressed in minimal media with (mmL1+Zn) and without (mmL1−Zn) Zn(II) added to the media, and the resulting proteins were purified and characterized. The mmL1+Zn sample was bound by a Q-Sepharose column, exhibited steady-state kinetic properties, bound Zn(II), existed as a tetramer, and yielded fluorescence emission and CD spectra similar to L1 overexpressed in rich media. On the other hand, the mmL1−Zn sample did not bind to a Q-Sepharose column, and gel filtration studies demonstrated that this protein was monomeric. The mmL1−Zn sample exhibited a lower kcat value, bound less Zn(II), and yielded fluorescence emission and CD spectra consistent with this enzyme being folded improperly. Taken together, these data demonstrate that the proper folding of L1 requires the presence of Zn(II) and suggest that in vitro, thermodynamic metal binding studies do not accurately reflect physiological metal incorporation into L1.
Root Cause Analysis: A Framework for Tool Selection

This article provides a framework for analyzing the performance of three popular root cause analysis tools: the cause-and-effect diagram, the interrelationship diagram, and the current reality tree...
Use of surfactant-modified zeolite as fertilizer carriers to control nitrate release

Use of soluble N fertilizers is one of the major causes for groundwater contamination in agricultural farmland. Thus, research producing inexpensive slow-releasing fertilizers has drawn great attention recently. In this study, the feasibility of using surfactant-modified zeolite (SMZ) as fertilizer carriers to control nitrate release was investigated. The zeolite was first modified by hexadecyltrimethylammonium, a cationic surfactant, to increase its capacity of nitrate retention. Batch studies revealed that nitrate sorption onto SMZ increased as the surfactant loading on SMZ increased. Nitrate desorption from nitrate-loaded SMZ was almost instantaneous and partially reversible. After desorbed with 100 pore volumes of water, 30–40% of sorbed nitrate still remained on SMZ. Column leaching experiments showed a 20-fold reduction in initial effluent nitrate concentration when nitrate-loaded SMZ was used compared to that when soluble nitrate was mixed with zeolite at the same nitrate loading. The effluent nitrate concentration was quickly reduced to 0.3 mM when nitrate-loaded SMZ was flushed with more than 50 pore volumes of water. Greenhouse tests showed the same growth rate for corns when nitrate-loaded SMZ and water soluble nitrate were used. The results indicate that SMZ is a good sorbent for nitrate, while slow release of nitrate is achievable. These dual properties suggest that SMZ has a great potential as fertilizer carriers to control the release of nitrate and other anions.
Gel permeation chromatographic analysis of polyurethane prepolymer synthesis kinetics. II: The effects of stoichiometry and type of diisocyanate

The kinetics of formation of polyurethane prepolymers is studied by an analytical technique which involves reactive quenching of the isocyanate, separation of the oligomeric species by GPC, and measurement by UV absorbance of the quenched moieties. The precision of the kinetic parameters and the ratios of the oligomers are determined. The effect of changes in reactant stoichiometry on the ratio of oligomers is measured and compared to the value predicted by an equation from Flory. Toluene diisocyanate is shown to give fewer high oligomers than predicted, while methylene diphenylene diisocyanate gives nearly the predicted values. Tetramethylxylene diisocyanate gives more high oligomers than predicted, an unexpected but possibly important result. Catalyst is shown to increase the reaction rate of the last by more than 200 times. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Distinguishing Among Evolutionary Models for the Maintenance of Gene Duplicates

Determining the evolutionary forces responsible for the maintenance of gene duplicates is key to understanding the processes leading to evolutionary adaptation and novelty. In his highly prescient book, Susumu Ohno recognized that duplicate genes are fixed and maintained within a population with 3 distinct outcomes: neofunctionalization, subfunctionalization, and conservation of function. Subsequent researchers have proposed a multitude of population genetic models that lead to these outcomes, each differing largely in the role played by adaptive natural selection. In this paper, I present a nonmathematical review of these models, their predictions, and the evidence collected in support of each of them. Though the various outcomes of gene duplication are often strictly associated with the presence or absence of adaptive natural selection, I argue that determining the outcome of duplication is orthogonal to determining whether natural selection has acted. Despite an ever-growing field of research into the fate of gene duplicates, there is not yet clear evidence for the preponderance of one outcome over the others, much less evidence for the importance of adaptive or nonadaptive forces in maintaining these duplicates.
Male behaviour and territoriality in the Yellow-bellied marmot

(With 1 plate and 8 figures in the text) Five populations of marmots were studied in Colorado from 1962 through 1972. Males are classified by age as yearlings, two-year olds, and adults. Socially, marmots are colonial, peripheral, or transient. Each population was divided into four age-sex classes, male yearlings, female yearlings, male adults, female adults, for analysis of social behaviour. Social behaviour was amicable or agonistic. Both types of behaviour occurred between male yearlings and each of the other age-sex classes. Play-fighting characterized social behaviour among male yearlings. Agonistic behaviour characterized social interactions between male yearlings and male adults. Male yearlings avoided male adults and usually dispersed from the locality. Adult male aggression enhanced but was not necessary for dispersal of yearling males. Agonistic behaviour between males and the four age-sex classes was not related to population density. Territorial males are conspicuous and advertise their presence by tail flagging. Many colonial males patrol their territory. Adult male social behaviour is predominantly agonistic. Mean rates of amicable and of agonistic behaviour between adult males and adult females were greater for years of male turnover than for years of male returns. Territoriality is characterized by exclusive use of the area by the colonial male, vigorous defence against transient or peripheral males, and by a relatively fixed area. A decrease in the number of males in an area causes an increase in the size of territories. Additional males in an area causes a decrease in the size of territories. The mean size of 24 typical territories is 0.67 ha. Reduction in the number of territories in an area was associated with increased agonistic behaviour among adult males. Fights were rare and occurred when the territorial system was unstable. The major functions of the territorial system are enhanced reproduction in a limited environment, enhanced outbreeding and enhanced fitness of colonial males.
Dependence of Young's Modulus on Volume and Structure in Alkali Silicate and Alkali Aluminosilicate Glasses

Mesure des modules d'Young et des densites des fibres de verre M 2 O-SiO 2 et M 2 O-Al 2 O 3 -SiO 2 (M=Li,Na) et comparaison avec les donnees de la litterature pour les verres
Forward model and sensitivity study of uplink large array calibration using in-orbit targets

In this paper an uplink large array calibration technique using in-orbit targets is proposed and a forward model is developed to simulate the calibration scenario. A sensitivity study on the performance of such technique due to array phase uncertainties is conducted and the results are presented
Hemodialysis-related emergencies—part 1

Hemodialysis patients are seen in the emergency department much more frequently than their relatively small number would suggest. Many pitfalls attend the management of these patients, in whom there is a high potential for serious morbidity and mortality. This article outlines the principles of emergency department management of hemodialysis patients and describes the approach to the diagnosis and treatment of their most common presenting problems. Many of these are related to the hemodialysis procedure itself or to underlying chronic renal failure. Special attention is given to the problems of the vascular access, the hemodialysis patient's lifeline. The indications for emergent dialysis are discussed, as well as the temporizing measures available to the emergency physician while awaiting institution of dialysis.
Fat bloom in chocolate and compound coatings

Although bloom in chocolates and compound coatings has been studied for many decades, the specific mechanisms of fat bloom still remain largely unknown. Furthermore, it is generally considered that the mechanisms for fat bloom formation in chocolate are different than those for compound coatings. After a brief review of chocolates and compound coatings, we summarize past studies on fat bloom formation in both products. A comparison of the effects of various parameters on bloom formation, either as accelerators or inhibitors, provides insight into the similarities and differences in these phenomena. Based on this analysis, a global view of the mechanisms of bloom formation in both chocolates and compound coatings is suggested.
Two AHA Councils Become One: Ringing Out the Old and Bringing in the New

At the dawning of the new millennium, major changes in cardiovascular science lie on the horizon, including increased pay lines and a proposal to double the National Institutes of Health (NIH) budget in 5 years; major victories in the war against cigarette smoking by the American Heart Association (AHA) and an emphasis on outcomes research; the winding down of the Human Genome project; a reduction in the number of young people entering academic cardiovascular medicine; and the transition to a new editor at Circulation Research . Concurrent with all of these events and, perhaps, to better participate in these new directions, the Councils on Circulation and Basic Science, two of the thirteen councils of the AHA, have recently merged. The merger comes after a great deal of agonizing over the past several years, in fact, for more than 35 years, concerning the now artificial distinction between disciplines in basic cardiovascular sciences and the ensuing loss of individual identity due to the merging of so many scientific disciplines. Out of this reflection comes what we believe to be the best of the “old councils” and new energy and direction from their union. Council (Section) on Circulation: The Council on Circulation1 2 was the first “section” of the AHA and was formed as the Section on Peripheral Circulation in 1935. Its function was to encourage investigation into the function of the circulation. At its first annual meeting in 1936, nine papers were presented on topics such as assessment of peripheral resistance, surgical treatment of hypertension, …
Heresy Is the Only True Religion: Richard Lynch Garner (1848–1920), A Southern Freethinker in Africa and America

Atheists are not the first group that comes to mind when one commonly thinks of late nineteenth-century southern Appalachia. Richard Lynch Garner (1848–1920), a self-taught scientist from southwestern Virginia who moved to southern Gabon in 1892, sought to bind together conventional southern middle-class views on race and manhood with religious skepticism. Studies of unbelief in the United States have almost entirely ignored the South as well as the ways that freethinkers engaged with race, thereby leaving out men like Garner. Though Garner drew on northern and midwestern freethinkers like Robert Ingersoll for critiques of Christianity, he also saw himself as a defender of paternal southern views of race from northerners and from Christian missionaries. Still, he distanced himself from other southern agnostics, especially the race-baiting William Cowper Brann, by presenting himself as a fatherly protector of Africans and African Americans. Garner used his observations on Gabonese societies to critique colonialism and missionary work as denials of biological differences between the races. Interestingly, Garner contended that Gabonese spirituality was materialist and lacked a notion of divinity. Ultimately, Garner downplayed his freethinking and his anti-colonialism in his published work—probably to ensure his ability to continue his research in colonial Africa and perhaps to better market himself in the United States.
A numerical engine for distributed sparse matrices

In fields as diverse as electronic circuit design, fluid dynamics, and structural analysis, the behavior of complex systems is modeled by large, sparsely coupled systems of differential equations. Numerical solution of such systems is computationally expensive because even the most efficient algorithms evaluate and factor large sparse matrices hundreds or thousands of times, and on most general purpose computers sparse matrix operations are inefficient. Part of the problem is that accessing sparse matrix elements is complicated, resulting in a poor utilization of computational resources. The irregular non-zero pattern makes it very difficult to parallelize the operations; and the non-uniform data access time makes pipelining very inefficient. This thesis suggests exploiting the infrequent change in matrix structure by developing a symbolic compiler, and a special purpose parallel computer that uses compiler clues to accelerate sparse data access. The compiler combines partitioning, scheduling, and storage allocation algorithms in order to exploit locality of reference, achieve a high degree of parallelism, and simplify the operand access in the sparse matrix, which in turn insures efficient pipelining. Each processing element contains a specialized datapath consisting of multiple interleaved memories and functional units, and a microprogrammed control unit capable of initiating several datapath operations per clock cycle. Extensive behavioral and register transfer level (RTL) emulation of the execution of SIMLAB, a circuit simulation program, suggests that the combination of these hardware and software techniques yield a high degree of utilization of computational resources both in the assembly of circuit equations using device models and in its associated sparse matrix solution. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Local Ordinances: The Often Overlooked Laws

Local government law takes a back seat to federal and state law in legal education, but it's an area that law students should be familiar with and know how to research. This legal research column, written for Student Lawyer magazine, introduces students to local government law and how to research local ordinances.
Sound-Bite Gun Fights: Three Decades of Presidential Debating About Firearms

In recent years, both major political parties have shied away from discussing gun control and gun rights during the presidential election cycle. But it wasn’t always been that way. To the contrary, with all of the important issues affecting America and Americans — taxes, budget deficits, foreign policy, unemployment, abortion, energy policy, the environment, education, poverty, health care, terrorism, Social Security and Medicare, nuclear disarmament and proliferation, tort reform, big government, equal rights and others—gun control has been one of the most frequently asked-about subjects over the twenty-eight year period of presidential debating from 1976-2004. The issue formed the subject of specific debate questions in five of the nine presidential debate cycles during that period.This essay explores how presidential candidates performed in the gun debate during that period on the biggest political stage of them all.It reviews, largely from a rhetorical perspective, the presidential debates from 1976 to 2004 through the lens of firearms policy, collecting and commenting on each excerpt from the debates pertaining to gun rights and gun control.
Multiple Source Modeling of the Human Epileptic Spike Complex in the Magnetoencephalogram

Interictal spikes are a common characteristic of human focal epilepsy. These spikes are of both clinical interest as they can help to localize the epileptic focus as well as scientific interest as they provide evidence of altered cortical excitability. As localization by the scalp-EEG is not always conclusive and invasive techniques like stereotaxically placed electrodes or subdurally implanted grid or strip electrodes bear medical risks (e.g. infection, subdural hematoma or intracranial bleeding), new non-invasive techniques are required for the study of the epileptic spike complex. Investigation of the epileptic spike complex with the magnetoencephalogram (MEG) has shown initial promising results and good agreement with localizations obtained from invasive recordings (Barth et al., 1984; Ricci et al., 1987; Rose et al., 1987; Sutherling et al., 1988). Single dipole modeling was applied in these studies as source localization method. However, as evidenced from recordings of the surface of the brain, epileptiform discharges vary both in space in time within an extended epileptogenic zone (Graf et al., 1984) and the interictal spike complex is thus clearly not generated by a single equivalent dipole.
The Theoretical Biologist's Toolbox: The population biology of disease

We now turn to a study of the population biology of disease. We will consider both microparasites – in which populations increase in hosts by multiplication of numbers – and macroparasites – in which populations increase in hosts by both multiplication of numbers and by growth of individual disease organisms. The age of genomics and bioinformatics makes the material in this chapter more, and not less, relevant for three reasons. First, with our increasing ability to understand type and mechanism at a molecular level, we are able to create models with a previously unprecedented accuracy. Second, although biomedical science has provided spectacular success in dealing with disease, failure of that science can often be linked to ignoring or misunderstanding aspects of evolution, ecology and behavior (Schrag and Weiner 1995, de Roode and Read 2003). Third, there are situations, as is well known for AIDS but is true even for flu (Earn et al . 2002), in which ecological and evolutionary time scales overlap with medical time scales for treatment (Galvani 2003). To begin, a few comments and caveats. At a meeting of the (San Francisco) Bay Delta Modeling Forum in September 2004, my colleague John Williams read the following quotation from the famous American jurist Oliver Wendell Holmes: “I would not give a fig for simplicity this side of complexity, but I would give my life for simplicity on the other side of complexity”.
The Culture of the Roman Plebs

The common man in the Roman street is beginning at last to attract the attention he deserves from specialists;his active, noisy role in the politics of the late Republic has been restored to him and now the time has come to try to look a bit further inside his head, at his culture, not in the conventionally book-defined sense of what - if anything - he read and wrote, but of the songs he sang, the dances and music he preferred, the shows he saw, the games he played, the scraps of knowledge he picked up, the Greek he learned from the Syrians across the landing, the odds and ends of the history of Rome he had picked up from statues, processions, plays. This is the first attempt to reconstruct what your average Roman talked about in the bar or in the multi-seater latrine. All Latin is translated and all due care is taken of the non-specialist's requirements.
Should We Still Care about the Paradox of Fiction

The paradox of fiction presents an inconsistent triad of propositions, all of which are purported to be plausible or difficult to abandon. Here is an instance of the paradox: (1) Sally pities Anna (where Anna is the character Anna Karenina). (2) To pity someone, one must believe that they exist and are suffering. (3) Sally does not believe that Anna exists. Here is the problem. The paradox was formulated during the heyday of the cognitive theory of the emotions when there was a lot of theoretical commitment to (2) or a variant of it. But now virtually no one accepts (2). To solve the paradox, we just have to find a way to reject one of the inconsistent statements. It appears easy to reject (2). So why do even some of those who do reject (2) not leave matters there? I argue that there is still good reason to consider other solutions to the paradox. It is only by doing so that we fully understand the affective states with which we respond to fiction, in particular, the distinctive functional role that they have in this context.
The Clinical Significance of the Plasminogen Level

Under pathologic conditions, significant parallel variation was found between levels of plasminogen and fibrinogen. Both plasminogen and fibrinogen act as acute-phase reactants, increasing with such conditions as infection, trauma, surgery, myocardial infarction, and maligant disease. Levels of both are reduced in patients with advanced cirrhosis of the liver and diffuse intravascular coagulation. The plasminogen level is normal in patients with congenital hypofibrinogenemia or afibrinogenemia. Oral contraceptives increase the level of plasminogen but not that of fibrinogen.
Effects of Fourneau 883 and Fourneau 933 on Late Renal Hypertension in the Rat

Summary and Conclusions1. The sympatholytic-adrenolytic drug F883 lowered the blood pressure of 16 late hypertensive rats to a nearly normal level. The blood pressure of normal rats was unaffected. 2. The adrenolytic drug F933 failed to lower the blood pressure of either late hypertensive or normal rats. 3. It is concluded that secondary hypertension of renal origin is mediated through the sympathetic nervous system rather than through the adrenals.
Demonstration of the Possibilities of Using a Phased Microphone Array as the Next-Generation Airport Noise Monitoring System:

Aircraft noise is a form of environmental noise pollution that is a cause for resident complaints, especially near larger airports. Noise monitoring is usually performed by placing single microphon...
Reflective Artificial Climate Box Used in UV Detection:Developments and Applications

UV detection is susceptibly affected by the detect distances and ambient atmosphere conditions such as humidity,temperature and pressure.We introduced a patented reflective artificial climate box used in UV detection to determine the influence of these factors.Multiple reflections in serial were utilized to achieve long-distant controllable air conditioning required by remote detection within a small airspace.To study the influence of UV detection,we mainly discussed the selection and properties of high reflective mirrors used in the climate box.Correction coefficient of the box and average reflectivity of mirrors were measured in experiments.As the number of mirrors involved in detection increases,both the correction coefficient and average reflectivity increase.It is possible to correct the results measured by the climate box using the correction coefficient.By improving the wave band matching of detection equipment and high reflective mirrors,better measurement in experiments can be achieved.Experimental results show that it is feasible to use multi-reflection if proper reflective materials are chosen.This kind of climate box responds much more quickly than traditional large climate chamber when changing the air conditions during tests,and is suitable for mass fundamental experiments required by remote detecting technologies of UHV transmission line devices.
Propensity and Severity of Cardiac Alternans is Enhanced in Heart Failure

Cardiac alternans describes beat-to-beat alternations in contraction strength, action potential (AP) morphology or cytosolic Ca transient (CaT) amplitude a constant frequency that generates a pro-arrhythmic substrate leading to sustained arrhythmias, Alternans is observed under various pathological conditions including heart failure (HF), and in the atrium alternans has been identified as a precursor of atrial fibrillation. Under pathological conditions the heart attempts to compensate for injury through various cellular pathways that lead to altered electrophysiology, Ca handling properties and to and structural changes. We investigated cellular mechanisms that underlie enhanced susceptibility to alternans in remodeled atria from a chronic non-ischemic left-ventricular rabbit heart failure model. Experiments were carried out in single atrial myocytes isolated from normal and HF rabbit hearts. CaTs were monitored by fluorescence microscopy simultaneously with membrane currents or APs recorded with the patch clamp technique. From AP recordings during pacing induced simultaneous CaT and AP duration (APD) alternans two AP waveforms were selected that represented a typical short and long AP of APD alternans. These AP waveforms were used as command voltages in subsequent voltage clamp experiments (AP-clamp). Intracellular Ca handling and electrophysiological properties of the HF atrial cells were significantly altered. HF atrial myocytes 1) had a shorter APD, 2) were significantly more prone to develop alternans, 3) exhibit a higher degree of CaT alternans at a given pacing frequency, and 4) beat-to-beat alternation in APD during alternans was significantly increased. In additional experiments we tested the role of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate signaling, generation of reactive oxygen species, calmodulin kinase II activity and diastolic sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca leak for susceptibility and severity of CaT and APD alternans.
Power reference tracking of a large-scale industrial freezer system for ancillary service delivery

This paper outlines the first steps to enable a set of large industrial freezer warehouse units to act as flexible loads in a smart grid setting. We describe the modeling and identification of individual freezer units, focusing on the governing thermal dynamics and corresponding electric-energy consumption. By relying on the model identified, we show how optimal supervisory control inputs can be computed with the goal of tracking a predefined power consumption schedule. Our algorithm is applied to a real freezer warehouse, and its performance with respect to power reference tracking is evaluated and discussed. We show that the freezer system can follow a predefined power schedule despite the currently limited availability of actuators.
A path planning algorithm for single-ended continuous planar robotic ribbon folding

Ribbon folding is a new approach to structure formation that forms higher dimensional structures using a lower dimensional primitive, namely a ribbon. In this paper, we present a novel algorithm to address path planning for ribbon folding of multi-link planar structures. We first represent the desired structure with a graph-based representation of edges and nodes. We then use graph theory to claim that for any object which is represented by a connected graph, there exists a continuous path which visits all of its edges. Finally, we develop a path planning algorithm that takes into account the physical constraints of the folding machine. The input is the desired planar structure, and the output is the optimal sequence of ribbon folds for creating that structure using the minimum number of folds. The results of this algorithm are successfully used to fold various planar structures.
Children and Youth Perceptions of Family Food Insecurity and Bullying

Children at high risk for going to school or bed hungry are also at risk to develop psychosocial problems at school. These psychosocial problems are associated with bullying. To date, no empirical studies examine the association between going to school or bed hungry (i.e., food insecurity) and bullying. Perceptions of food insecurity are aligned with perceived social standing, and this study is guided by the conceptual framework that youth subjective appraisal of their social standing is associated with psychosocial problems. This study uses a representative US sample of 12,642 students from the “Health Behaviour in School-aged Children” survey. Omnibus Kruskal–Wallis and pairwise test statistically analyze the data. Findings indicate food-insecure students bully others and are victims of bullying more frequently than food-secure students. These results suggest food not only impacts health, but perceptions of lack of food are related to psychosocial problems in the form of school bullying. Schools can implement treatment models that address individual-level psychosocial perceptions to advance positive youth developmental trajectories and prevent food insecurity and bullying.
Improving the Photosynthetic Productivity and Light Utilization in Algal Biofuel Systems: Metabolic and Physiological Characterization of a Potentially Advantageous Mutant of Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii

In this study, we report initial biophysical and biochemical characterization of a spontaneous ‘mutant’ (referred to as ‘IM’) of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with several unique attributes that has potential for improving photosynthetic productivity, light utilization efficiency, and, perhaps, even protection against environmental stress. Growth rate experiments showed that under low light intensity (10 μmol photons m−2 s−1), IM showed 36% higher cell density and 25% higher dry cell weight than the wild type cells (WT), while at higher light intensity (640 umol photons m−2 s−1 ), the IM did not show any advantage. Chlorophyll a fluorescence transient measurements and subsequent analysis indicated that IM cells grown at a light intensity of 20 μmol photons m−2 s−1 had a higher light utilization efficiency in comparison to the WT cells. Interestingly, metabolite profiling analysis showed that during the exponential growth phase with both low and high light intensities (10 and 640 umol photons m−2 s−1), the IM cells had higher concentrations than WT cells for several important metabolites that have been previously shown to help protect against environmental stress.