cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Edward Archibald's notes on blood transfusion in war surgery--a commentary.

The Industrial Revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries had begun to harness the powers of energy and chemistry, helping to forge what its participants would call ‘‘the modern world.’’ Steam power had propelled them by ship and by rail to the ends of the earth, where they found materials and markets that fueled continued production (and national prestige) back home. By mid-century, they could communicate by telegraph; telephones began to allow still more direct connections soon thereafter. Chemistry had opened new pathways in industry and in daily life. Medicine had discovered the powers held by the microscopic over the macroscopic world— responding, in part, with antiseptic surgery and with an assortment of bacteriology laboratories throughout the world. At the dawn of the 20th century, automobiles were being produced, and airplanes were taking off. The possibilities of modern civilization were rooted in technology. And when, in 1914, the world fell in upon itself, modern technology helped produce an environment as damaging as anything nature might offer. The machine gun and the howitzer delivered a firepower that drove troops on the Western Front into the earth itself for cover. Trench warfare was the nightmare environment that modern civilization had made. It has been estimated that, stretched out and placed end to end, the trenches of World War I would have circled the world itself. Soldiers lived, fought, and died in trenches that stubbornly remained fixed in place for over 3 years, despite the sacrifice of their lives by the millions. They were exposed to the elements, often with insufficient water, food, and sleep, among rats and corpses and endless shelling. Rain and cold seemed to infuse themselves beneath living flesh and permanently into bone. Many suffered from ‘‘trench foot’’ or lost other appendages to the sepsis that so often followed wounding in the fertile soil. The torrential downpour of bullets
Cytochrome P450 and glutathione S-transferase mRNA expression in human fetal liver hematopoietic stem cells

During fetal development, the liver serves as the primary hematopoietic organ in which hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) capable of initiating long-term hematopoiesis comprise a large proportion of the hepatic cell population. Although HSC are potential targets for transplacental chemicals, little is known regarding their xenobiotic biotransformation ability. We quantitated the steady-state mRNA expression of six cytochrome P450 (P450) and 11 glutathione S-transferase (GST) isoforms in CD34+-selected HSC isolated from second trimester human fetal liver donors, genotyped donors for polymorphic hGSTM1 and hGSTT1 status, and analyzed gene expression in HSC relative to total liver from donors of similar gestational ages. Several P450 isoforms, including CYP1A1, CYP2E1, CYP3A4, and CYP3A5, were expressed at low levels in HSC (relative mRNA expression CYP3A5 > CYP1A1 > CYP2E1 > CYP3A4). CYP1A2 and CYP3A7 were not detected in HSC. The CYP3A4/5 mRNA expression in HSC was accompanied by detectable CYP3A protein and low midazolam oxidation activity. Several GST isoforms, including hGSTM1, hGSTM2, hGSTM4, and hGSTP1, were significantly higher in HSC as compared with total fetal liver. With the exception of hGSTA4, alpha class GST were not detected in HSC. GST expression in HSC was accompanied by substantial GST catalytic activity toward 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. In summary, our data indicate that fetal liver CD34+-derived HSC constitutively express several P450 isoforms at low levels relative to total hepatic cell populations but have a higher capacity for GST conjugation reactions through mu and pi class isoforms. The functional ramifications of these observations are discussed relative to the sensitivity of human fetal HSC to transplacental chemical injury.
Roost tree selection by northern myotis (Myotis septentrionalis) maternity colonies following prescribed fire in a Central Appalachian Mountains hardwood forest

Following decades of fire suppression in eastern forests, prescribed fire as a tool to restore or enhance oak (Quercus spp.)-dominated communities is gaining widespread acceptance in the Appalachian Mountains and elsewhere. However, the interactions of fire with biotic components such as wildlife that might be impacted by prescribed fire are poorly documented. For tree-roosting bats, fire can enhance roosting habitat by creating snags and increasing solar radiation at existing roosts. In 2007 and 2008, we examined roost selection of forest-interior dwelling northern myotis (Myotis septentrionalis) maternity colonies in stands treated with prescribed fire (hereafter, fire) and in unburned (hereafter, control) stands on the Fernow Experimental Forest, West Virginia. Using radio telemetry, we tracked 36 female northern myotis to 69 roost trees; 25 in the fire treatment and 44 in the control treatment. Using logistic regression and an information-theoretic model selection approach, we determined that within the fire treatment, northern myotis maternity colonies were more likely to use cavity trees that were smaller in diameter, higher in crown class, and located in stands with lower basal area, gentler slopes, and higher percentage of fire-killed stems than random trees. Moreover, roosts often were surrounded by trees that were in the upper crown classes. In the control treatment, northern myotis were more likely to roost nearer the tops of larger diameter cavity trees in early stages of decay that were surrounded by decaying trees in the upper crown classes than random trees. Roost trees in the fire treatment were associated with larger overall canopy gaps than roost trees within the control treatment. Regardless of treatment, northern myotis maternity colonies roosted in black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) in greater proportion than its availability. Ambient temperatures recorded at a subset of roost trees in fire and control treatments indicated that daily minimum temperatures were similar, but daily mean and maximum temperatures were higher in the fire treatments, possibly due to larger canopy gaps created by the senescence and decay of the surrounding fire-killed overstory trees. Northern myotis roost-switching frequency, distance between successive roosts, and duration of individual roost tree use were similar between the fire and control treatments, suggesting similar roost tree availability despite a significantly higher proportion of potential roost trees in the fire treatment. Northern myotis readily exploited alterations to forest structure created by the reintroduction of fire, which accelerated snag creation and enlarged existing or created new canopy gaps, but it remains to be determined if these conditions translate into increased recruitment and survivorship.
Product disposal and re-use issues for portable computer design

Portable computers including laptops, notebooks, sub-notebooks and portable digital assistants are a rapidly growing segment of the computer market. Manufacturers of portable computers have an opportunity to win public praise and to avoid censure and liability by embracing green design and sensible product disposal systems. This paper analyzes the environmental issues associated with disposal, re-use and recycling of these machines, focusing on potential design changes to alleviate environmental burdens. Portable computers can replace larger machines, resulting in lower energy use and lower overall material demand. Since the number of portable computers purchased may be as many as 100 million over the next decade, environmental concerns become increasingly important. Portable computers use batteries with toxic components, so there are disposal or recycling problems. Another significant issue in assessment of disposal and recycling processes is the expected life time of portable computers. Machine design with capability for easy upgrade can be expected to have a longer useful life. The paper uses experience gained in several generations of wearable computer designs at Carnegie Mellon University for illustration. >
ADI, LOD and Modern Decomposition Methods for Certain Multiphysics Applications

This paper explores applications of several traditional and latest decomposition methods for approximating solutions of linear and nonlinear partial differential equations in multiphysical computations. Differences and similarities between concerned ADI and LOD strategies are discussed and analyzed. Eikonal transformation based splitting realizations are introduced for solving highly oscillatory paraxial Helmholtz problems on micro and macro scaled domains. It is found that modern decomposition algorithms developed achieve not only anticipated accuracy and efficiency, but also stabilities. Therefore required high reliability is ensured throughout multiphysical and multiscaled computations.
Identification of metabolites of dalfampridine (4-aminopyridine) in human subjects and reaction phenotyping of relevant cytochrome P450 pathways.

AbstractObjectives:An extended release formulation of dalfampridine (4-aminopyridine; 4-AP), a potassium channel blocker is available in the USA to improve walking in patients with multiple sclerosis. This study investigated the human metabolites of 4-AP and the cytochrome P450 (CYP450) pathways responsible for 4-AP metabolism.Methods:Metabolites were identified, using thin layer chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, and gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy, in plasma and urine samples obtained during an excretion balance study of four subjects who were administered a single oral 15-mg dose of 14C-4-AP. Samples were compared with authentic standards of 4-AP, 2-hydroxy-4AP, 3-hydroxy-4AP, and 4-AP-N-oxide. Reaction phenotyping was performed in vitro using human liver microsomes and recombinant CYP450 enzymes with incubation in the presence of direct and time-dependent inhibitors to determine the CYP450 pathways involved in metabolite formation.Results:While most (∼70%) of the radioactivit...
Educational Knowledge Domain Visualizations: Tools to Navigate, Understand, and Internalize the Structure of Scholarly Knowledge and Expertise

The colossal landscape of scholarly knowledge, growing at exponential rates, now requires representational maps utilizing advanced techniques to provide insight into the structure and dynamics of scholarly domains. Today we need intellectual cartographers to assist students and scholars in navigating, understanding and internalizing the structure and dynamics of scholarly bodies of knowledge. There is compelling evidence of the utility of KDVs stemming from the fields of educational psychology, cognitive science, cartography, and information science. Well designed KDVs have the ability to facilitate understanding, recall, and to convey to the user the schematic, geo-spatial, f temporal, semantic, or social organization of the underlying domain.
A. B. “Happy” Chandler, George C. Wallace, and the Presidential Election of 1968

(2002). A. B. “Happy” Chandler, George C. Wallace, and the Presidential Election of 1968. The Historian: Vol. 64, No. 3-4, pp. 667-685.
Analysis and Measurement of Dairy Cattle Management—Los Angeles County, California

Summary A production function was estimated for large commercial dairies in Los Angeles County from 1956 to 1960. Six classes of resources were considered as independent variables: number of cows, total labor, operating cost, nonanimal capital, hay-equivalent, and concentrates. Based on the differences between marginal value productivity and cost during the five-year period, there is virtually no evidence of unprofitable use of resources for the dairymen as a group. Residuals from the production function analysis were used to rank dairymen on a within-year and on an over-all basis. A statistical test indicated a pattern of consistent performance by individual dairymen during the period. A rank correlation test showed a significant relationship (P > .01) between this procedure and ranking on a per cent return on capital investment. After adjusting for the over-all size of the dairy operation, of seven management factors, milk production per cow emerges as the most important factor significantly influencing economic performance (all five years). Conformance to the feeding standard had a significant influence on economic performance in two of the five years analyzed. The prices paid for hay, concentrates, and cows; percentage of dry cows; and culling percentage showed no significant influence.
Assessing the cost of quality in technical communication

Cost remains a critical factor in organizational decision making about technical communication. Too often quality in technical communication means producing documentation quickly with minimal expense. Although ensuring quality in technical communication incurs cost, the costs incurred from inadequate or poorly written communication surpass the amount spent on quality efforts. This paper provides a framework for exploring costs in relation to quality and technical communication. As technical communicators understand how their work benefits their respective organizations, they can more easily justify their salaries, their need for support, and their existence within an organization.
THE FOUNDATIONS OF CAUSAL INFERENCE

This paper reviews recent advances in the foundations of causal inference and introduces a systematic methodology for defining, estimating, and testing causal claims in experimental and observational studies. It is based on nonparametric structural equation models (SEM)— a natural generalization of those used by econometricians and social scientists in the 1950s and 1960s, which provides a coherent mathematical foundation for the analysis of causes and counterfactuals. In particular, the paper surveys the development of mathematical tools for inferring the effects of potential interventions (also called “causal effects” or “policy evaluation”), as well as direct and indirect effects (also known as “mediation”), in both linear and nonlinear systems. Finally, the paper clarifies the role of propensity score matching in
Learning Face Appearance under Different Lighting Conditions

We propose a machine learning approach for estimating intrinsic faces and hence de-illuminating and reilluminating faces directly in the image domain. The most challenging step is de-illumination, where unlike existing methods that require either the 3D geometry or expensive setups, we show that the problem can be solved with relatively simple kernel regression models. For this purpose, the problem of decomposing an observed image into its intrinsic components, i.e. reflectance and albedo, is formulated as a nonlinear regression problem. The estimation of an intrinsic component is then accomplished by estimating local linear constraints on images in terms of derivatives using multi-scale patches of the observed images, comprising from a three-level Laplacian Pyramid. We have evaluated our method on "Extended Yale Face Database B" and shown that despite its simplicity, the method is able to produce realistic results using images taken from only four different lighting orientations.
A Review of: “Kenneth Burke on Shakespeare, edited by Scott Newstok.”

As Scott Newstok notes in his introduction, Kenneth Burke presents a problem for the field of Shakespeare studies. On the one hand, Burke exerts a durable influence there; one can even chart the eb...
Protection from Mycobacterium avium Complex Disease in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Persons with a History of Tuberculosis

Risk of Mycobacterium avium complex disease was examined in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients with and without a history of tuberculosis. Information was obtained by retrospective review of charts of patients in HIV clinics in 10 US cities. Among 1363 patients with <200 CD4 cells/mm 3 seen at Grady Memorial Hospital (GMH), 11 (17%) of 66 with a history of a positive purified protein derivative (PPD) skin test acquired M. avium infection, while 29 (16%) of 185 who were PPD-negative (but not anergic) did not (P =.85). Only 4 (8%) of 49 GMH patients with a history of tuberculosis acquired M. avium infection compared with 252 (19%) of 1314 GMH patients without a history of tuberculosis (P =.05). Proportional hazards analysis of risk factors for M. avium infection among 441 persons with and 8702 persons without a history of tuberculosis in 9 other cities confirmed protection from M. avium infection in persons with a history of tuberculosis (relative risk, 0.52 ; 95% confidence interval, 0.36-0.76 ; P <.001). Prior tuberculosis provides protection against M. avium infection in HIV-infected persons, possibly by stimulation of antimycobacterial immunity.
Dog is a dog is a dog: Infant rule learning is not specific to language

Human infants possess powerful learning mechanisms used for the acquisition of language. To what extent are these mechanisms domain specific? One well-known infant language learning mechanism is the ability to detect and generalize rule-like similarity patterns, such as ABA or ABB [Marcus, G. F., Vijayan, S., Rao, S. B., & Vishton, P. M. (1999). Rule learning by seven-month-old infants. Science, 283, 77-80.]. The results of three experiments demonstrate that 7-month-old infants can detect and generalize these same patterns when the elements consist of pictures of animals (dogs and cats). These findings indicate that rule learning of this type is not specific to language acquisition.
Differential diagnosis of Mendelian and mitochondrial disorders in patients with suspected multiple sclerosis.

Several single gene disorders share clinical and radiologic characteristics with multiple sclerosis and have the potential to be overlooked in the differential diagnostic evaluation of both adult and paediatric patients with multiple sclerosis. This group includes lysosomal storage disorders, various mitochondrial diseases, other neurometabolic disorders, and several other miscellaneous disorders. Recognition of a single-gene disorder as causal for a patient’s ‘multiple sclerosis-like’ phenotype is critically important for accurate direction of patient management, and evokes broader genetic counselling implications for affected families. Here we review single gene disorders that have the potential to mimic multiple sclerosis, provide an overview of clinical and investigational characteristics of each disorder, and present guidelines for when clinicians should suspect an underlying heritable disorder that requires diagnostic confirmation in a patient with a definite or probable diagnosis of multiple sclerosis.
Ethylene-Oxide Sterilization of Plastic-Film Isolators: A Six-Year Study of Operational Efficiency

Ethylene oxide (ETO), an alkylene oxide, has been used for many years to kill microorganisms and insects (1,2). The principle use in the past has been the fumigation of foodstuffs and spices; ethylene oxide is still used extensively in agricultural industries for this purpose (3). During the last 20 years the effect of time, temperature, relative humidity, and concentration of ETO on sterility has been repeatedly discussed (4,5,6,7,8).
The third US national climate assessment: innovations in science and engagement

Climate change poses numerous challenges for ecosystems, communities, businesses, and government agencies, and these challenges are becoming more visible across the globe. Over the last decade, conversations focused on documenting, anticipating, and preparing for climate risks have provided significant opportunities for interdisciplinary research and for transdisciplinary community building among scientists and practitioners. While some of these opportunities have become visible to contributors to large-scale, interdisciplinary assessments such as the periodic reports issued by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) they are increasingly evident in national- or smaller-scale assessment efforts as have been conducted in the UK, Australia, Canada, the European Union, and in the United States (US).
The relationship between stand-your-ground laws and crime: A state-level analysis

Abstract There have been numerous incidents over the past several years involving justifiable homicides and stand-your-ground (SYG) laws. Many of these incidents involved unarmed alleged criminals being shot by armed citizens who claimed a right of self-defense due to perceived threatening behaviors on the part of the alleged criminal. In order to better understand the role that self-defense laws, and in particular stand-your-ground laws, has on these types of shootings, the present study will attempt to determine the relationship between SYG laws and crime. A fixed effects model that controls for both state-level and year fixed effects and a two stage fixed effects model are estimated. Results of the present study indicate that the relationships between SYG laws and crime rates are mixed. For some crimes and for certain time periods, SYG laws are positively related to crime. For other crimes, there is no significant relationship between the two. It is important to note, however, that none of the results of the present study suggest that SYG laws reduce crime.
Sorodiplophrys stercorea: Another Novel Lineage of Sorocarpic Multicellularity.

Sorodiplophrys stercorea is a sorocarpic organism that utilizes filose pseudopodia for locomotion and absorptive nutrition. It has traditionally been considered to be a member of the Labyrinthulae based on its morphology. Its closest relatives were thought to be species in the taxon Diplophrys. Since the genus Diplophrys has been shown to be paraphyletic and S. stercorea has pseudopodia similar to some members of Rhizaria, we examined its relationship with other eukaryotes. We obtained four isolates from the dung of cow and horse, brought each into monoeukaryotic culture, and sequenced their SSU rRNA gene for phylogenetic analysis. All our isolates were shown to form a monophyletic group in the Labyrinthulae, nested in the Amphifiloidea clade. Our results demonstrate that Sorodiplophrys is more closely related to species of the genus Amphifila than to Diplophrys and represents an additional independent origin of sorocarpic multicellularity among eukaryotes. This study represents the first confirmed sorocarpic lifestyle in the Stramenopiles.
Effect of adrenalectomy on tryptophan peroxidase, adenosine deaminase, and arginase content of regenerating rat liver.

SummaryThe concentration of tryptophan peroxidase in the livers of rats remained approximately normal one day after partial hepatectomy, and then decreased to half the control level on the second day. In rats previously adrenalectomized, the activity dropped to a low value on the first day, an indication that in non-adrenalectomized rats the high activity on the first day was attributable to an adrenal adaptive or compensatory response. The maximum tryptophan peroxidase activity, produced by injection of tryptophan, was also markedly reduced after partial hepatectomy. After 7-10 days, the activity was within the normal range. The behavior of adenosine deaminase and argin-ase in regenerating liver was markedly different from that of tryptophan peroxidase, the former increasing and the latter remaining unchanged. Adrenalectomy decreased the resting value of arginase, but did not alter that of adenosine deaminase.
HUME'S DIALOGUE IX DEFENDED

"refutation" of the ontological argument in Part IX is made up of arguments that are entirely worthless and that even contain a glaring inconsistency. So the widespread belief that a priori arguments for the existence of God suffered a fatal criticism in Part IX is groundless". Livingston neither explicitly endorses nor criticises Stove's arguments, but the fact that he devotes most of a paragraph to them in a survey of recent literature on the Dialogues indicates that Stove's article has received more regard than it deserves. In fact, there is nothing in any of Stove's claims, and a reassessment of Part IX along the lines envisaged above would be seriously mistaken, as I shall attempt to show. Stove's indictment is detailed and methodical, and the careful reader ideally will have his article to hand as he reads this one. His criticism has five main heads. (a) Stove first says that Hume "means by 'demonstrative arguments' valid arguments from necessarily true premises" (p. 303). He next says that by 'matter of fact and existence' Hume means (what is asserted by) a contingent proposition. This results in an interpretation of Hume's maxim that "there can be no demonstrative arguments for a matter of fact and existence" as meaning "there can be no valid arguments from necessarily true premises to a contingent conclusion"-an unexceptionable principle, but one irrelevant to Demea's necessarily existent being. (b) Demea believes in something which "cannot be supposed not to exist without an express contradiction". Hume argues for his maxim from the premise that "Whatever we conceive as existent, we can also conceive as non-existent". This, Stove says, begs the
Analysis of Children,s Old Anorectal Injuries: a Report of 15 Cases

Objective To investigate features and clinical management for children's old anorectal injuries. Methods A retrospective analysis was made for surgery and post-operative management in fifteen patients with old anorectal injuries. Results Anal dysporia was the main symptom of children's old anorectal injuries. The operative procedure was including anoplasty in perineum place in 5,denervated vascularized gracilis muscle transplantation reconstruction of the shincter ani externus in 4,palmaris longus muscle free transplantation in 4,posterior sagittal internal path shincter ani externus in 2,external anal sphincteroplasty through abdomin-sacro-perineum in 1,gluteus maximus muscle transplantation in 1. Patients had satisfactory self-controlled ability in defecation except one patient with fecal pollution. Conclusions Reoperation of anorectal injury should follow individual principle,according to different degree of injury,surgeon selects proper surgical management,it can effective improve dysporia of the patient..
Algorithm Research on Automatic Calculation of Large-Scale Interconnected Power System's Total Transfer Capability

Main problem restricting the automatic calculation of total transfer capability,namely the convergence property of power flow during power system transition process, is researched.In allusion to the network with weak convergence property a time-domain simulation based ill-conditioned power flow algorithm is proposed.From the viewpoint of time-domain simulation,the proposed algorithm turns a series of problems to solve nonlinear power flow equations into the time-domain simulation problem under smaller and slower perturbations to obtain steady-state operation point.Through the simulation computation based on the data of nation-wide interconnected power grid the availability of the proposed method is verified. On this basis,the detailed design of the algorithm for automatic calculation of total transfer capability of large-scale interconnected power grid is performed.Combining with the calculation process of total transfer capability by actual power grid dispatching department,in which the transient stability constraints are taken into account,the implementation of the proposed algorithm in Power System Analysis Software Package(PSASP) is completed.
Activation of plasma thromboplastinogen and evidence of an inhibitor.

SummaryThe first step in coagulation is the conversion of thromboplastinogen to active thromplastin by a platelet factor. The platelets from hemophilic blood react equally as well as those of normal blood. Evidence of a factor which inhibits the activation of thromboplastinogen has been found in the blood of a patient who has an acquired hemophilia-like condition.
Epidemiologic study to explore links between Ménière syndrome and migraine headache.

Many authors have noted an association between Meniere syndrome and migraine headache. In an attempt to explore a possible link between these two disorders, we performed an epidemiologic study. The...
A state interaction spin-orbit coupling density matrix renormalization group method

We describe a state interaction spin-orbit (SISO) coupling method using density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) wavefunctions and the spin-orbit mean-field (SOMF) operator. We implement our DMRG-SISO scheme using a spin-adapted algorithm that computes transition density matrices between arbitrary matrix product states. To demonstrate the potential of the DMRG-SISO scheme we present accurate benchmark calculations for the zero-field splitting of the copper and gold atoms, comparing to earlier complete active space self-consistent-field and second-order complete active space perturbation theory results in the same basis. We also compute the effects of spin-orbit coupling on the spin-ladder of the iron-sulfur dimer complex [Fe2S2(SCH3)4]3−, determining the splitting of the lowest quartet and sextet states. We find that the magnitude of the zero-field splitting for the higher quartet and sextet states approaches a significant fraction of the Heisenberg exchange parameter.
“Hermaphroditish Disturbers of the Peace”: Rufus Griswold, Elizabeth Oakes Smith, and Nineteenth-Century Discourses of Ambiguous Sex

In his 1850 tribute to recently deceased popular American poet Frances Sargent Osgood, magazine editor and anthologist Rufus W. Griswold praised Osgood as the “most womanly” of all the literary lad...
Physical modeling of photonic neural networks

Brain-inspired distributed computing has attracted attention for its energy-efficient processing, and photonic neuromorphic hardware can overcome latency vs. fan-in tradeoffs from neuromorphic electronics. Here, we introduce system-level, physically detailed modeling tools for photonic neural networks, and use them to study the behavior of attractor networks.
Emergence of Carbapenem Resistant Non-Fermenting Gram-Negative Bacilli Isolated in an ICU of a Tertiary Care Hospital.

Introduction The emergence and spread of Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) Non-Fermenting Gram-Negative Bacilli (NFGNB) in Intensive Care Units (ICU) and their genetic potential to transmit diverse antibiotic resistance regardless of their ability to ferment glucose poses a major threat in hospitals. The complex interplay of clonal spread, persistence, transmission of resistance elements and cell-cell interaction leads to the difficulty in controlling infections caused by these multi drug-resistant strains. Among non-fermenting Gram-negative rods, the most clinically significant species Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia are increasingly acquiring resistant to carbapenems. Carbapenems once considered as a backbone of treatment of life threatening infections appears to be broken as the resistance to carbapenems is on rise. Aim To document the prevalence of carbapenem resistance in non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli isolated from patients with respiratory tract infections in the ICU of Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Dehradun. Materials and methods This is a cross-sectional study conducted in ICU patients between October 2015 to March 2016. A total of 366 lower respiratory tract samples were collected from 356 patients with clinical evidence of lower respiratory tract infections in form of Endotracheal (ET) aspirate, Tracheal Tube (TT) aspirate and Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) specimen. Organism identification and the susceptibility testing was done by using an automated system VITEK 2. Results Out of 366 samples received 99 NFGNB were isolated and most common sample was ET aspirate sample 256 (64.5%). Acinetobacter baumannii was the most common NFGNB isolated 63 (63.63%) followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa 25 (25.25%), Elizabethkingia meningoseptica seven (7.07%) and Strenotrophomonas maltophilia four (4.04%). We observed that 90.5% Acinetobacter baumannii were resistant to imipenem and 95.2% resistant to meropenem, Pseudomonas aeruginosa came out to be 52% resistant to imipenem and 56% resistant to meropenem while Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Elizabethkingia meningoseptica were 100% resistant to carbapenems as they are intrinsically resistant to carbapenems. Conclusion The resistance rate of carbapenems for NFGNB infections is very high in our study and variable in different regions. Overall carbapenem resistance is on rise. So, the infection control team and microbiologist needs to work together to determine the risk carried by multi drug resistant non-fermenting gram-negative infections and the resistance surveillance programs are mandatory to control these bacteria in ICU settings.
PALOMA project – developing National mental health policies for refugees

Introduction Earlier researches have established that migrants with refugee background have increased risk for variety of mental health problems due to often traumatic reasons for leaving their home country, hazardous journey and post-migration adversity. The challenge is that mental health work with refugees is not systematically organized in Finland. PALOMA (developing National mental health policies for refugees 2016-2018) project was launched to answer these challenges. The project is carried out through the combined effort of National institute for health and welfare, The Finnish association for mental health, Helsinki and Kuopio university hospitals, and the municipality of Hameenlinna. PALOMA Project is founded by the Asylum, migration and integration fund (AMIF). Objectives PALOMA project focuses on exploring existing good practices and weaknesses in mental health services in use for refugees. The objectives of the project are to develop a national model for effective mental health services for refugees and implement it nationwide in Finland. Aims The aim of PALOMA Project is to develop a national model for effective mental health services for refugees in Finland. Methods PALOMA Project includes three phases: data collection (interviews, literature review, seminars), building the model in expert groups and implementing the model. Results As a result of PALOMA Project, there will be guidelines for professionals working in different levels of administration with refugees in Finland. Conclusion Refugees’ mental health and wellbeing will be improved as a result of better prevention, recognition and appropriate care of mental health problems.
Cholesterol esterification inhibition and imatinib treatment synergistically inhibit growth of BCR-ABL mutation-independent resistant chronic myelogenous leukemia.

Since the advent of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) such as imatinib, nilotinib, and dasatinib, chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) prognosis has improved greatly. However, ~30–40% of patients develop resistance to imatinib therapy. Although most resistance is caused by mutations in the BCR-ABL kinase domain, 50–85% of these patients develop resistance in the absence of new mutations. In these cases, targeting other pathways may be needed to regain clinical response. Using label-free Raman spectromicroscopy, we evaluated a number of leukemia cell lines and discovered an aberrant accumulation of cholesteryl ester (CE) in CML, which was found to be a result of BCR-ABL kinase activity. CE accumulation in CML was found to be a cancer-specific phenomenon as untransformed cells did not accumulate CE. Blocking cholesterol esterification with avasimibe, a potent inhibitor of acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase 1 (ACAT-1), significantly suppressed CML cell proliferation in Ba/F3 cells with the BCR-ABLT315I mutation and in K562 cells rendered imatinib resistant without mutations in the BCR-ABL kinase domain (K562R cells). Furthermore, the combination of avasimibe and imatinib caused a profound synergistic inhibition of cell proliferation in K562R cells, but not in Ba/F3T315I. This synergistic effect was confirmed in a K562R xenograft mouse model. Analysis of primary cells from a BCR-ABL mutation-independent imatinib resistant patient by mass cytometry suggested that the synergy may be due to downregulation of the MAPK pathway by avasimibe, which sensitized the CML cells to imatinib treatment. Collectively, these data demonstrate a novel strategy for overcoming BCR-ABL mutation-independent TKI resistance in CML.
Prevalence and Incidence of Anal and Cervical High-Risk Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Types Covered by Current HPV Vaccines Among HIV-Infected Women in the SUN Study.

Author(s): Kojic, Erna Milunka; Conley, Lois; Bush, Tim; Cu-Uvin, Susan; Unger, Elizabeth R; Henry, Keith; Hammer, John; Escota, Gerome; Darragh, Teresa M; Palefsky, Joel M; Brooks, John T; Patel, Pragna | Abstract: Background:Nonavalent (9v) human papilloma virus vaccine targets high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) types 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, 58, and low-risk 6, 11. We examined prevalence, incidence, and clearance of anal and cervical HR-HPV in HIV-infected women. Methods:The SUN Study enrolled 167 US women in 2004-2006. Anal and cervical specimens were collected annually for cytology and identification of 37 HPV types: 14 HR included: 9v 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, 58; non-9v 35, 39, 51, 56, 59, 66, 68. Results:Baseline characteristics of 126 women included: median age 38 years; 57% non-Hispanic black; 67% HIV RNA l 400 copies/mL; 90% CD4 counts ≥200 cells/mm3. HPV prevalence at anus and cervix was 90% and 83%; for 9v HR-HPV types, 67% and 51%; non-9v HR-HPV, 54% and 29%, respectively. The 9v and non-9v HR-HPV incidence rates/100 person-years were similar (10.4 vs 9.5; 8.5 vs 8.3, respectively); 9v clearance rates were 42% and 61%; non-9v 46% and 59%, in anus and cervix, respectively. Conclusions:Anal HR-HPV prevalence was higher than cervical, with lower clearance; incidence was similar. Although prevalence of non-9v HR-HPV was substantial, 9v HR-HPV types were generally more prevalent. These findings support use of nonavalent vaccine in HIV-infected women.
Realism + Its Discontents: Determinism Noir

This short comic based narrative depicts the challenges to and climate of an alternative form of realism in the art-world as a new project for art's politics and construction. Determinism Noir, Rea...
Early-Onset Scoliosis in Skeletal Dysplasia

Children who develop large curves before 5 years of age can develop life-threatening respiratory and cardiovascular compromise. Young children with skeletal dysplasia who develop large and progressive spinal deformity pose a unique challenge in nonoperative and operative management. Spondylometaphyseal dysplasia (SMD) is a rare skeletal dysplasia that affects both vertebral bodies and the metaphyseal regions of long bones and carries an elevated risk for the development of kyphoscoliosis. Progressive kyphoscoliosis in a young child can be managed initially with bracing or casting. When these strategies lose efficacy, spine surgery for the implantation of growth-friendly instrumentation can allow for continued spine growth and control of spinal deformity.
Reverse Power Delivery Network for Wireless Power Transfer

RF wireless power transfer and energy harvesting have gained a lot of interest nowadays due to its importance as a convenient feature in hand-held and Internet of Things devices. One bottleneck in both these applications is on converting the received RF energy to a regulated voltage level that a mixed signal load can use. A high-efficiency switching dc–dc converter, which switches at a much lower frequency than the RF frequency, is required for this purpose. This poses a unique design challenge in connecting these two very different frequency domains. This letter proposes an innovative solution for this problem, by demonstrating a new design method called a reverse power distribution network (PDN), a concept originating from the conventional processor PDN design. Experimental results are provided to support the proposed design approach.
Reevaluation of total, free, and bound protein S and C4b-binding protein levels in plasma anticoagulated with citrate or hirudin.

The levels of total, free, and bound protein S and C4BP were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) in plasma samples (8 males and 8 females) that were individually subjected to immunoadsorption studies in which “free protein S” was defined as that not adsorbed by anti-C4BP antibody-Sepharose column and “free C4BP” as that not adsorbed by anti-protein S antibody-Sepharose. Bound species were calculated as the difference between total and free species. Free protein S (131 nmol/L) averaged 38% of total protein S (346 nmol/L) and free C4BP (37 nmol/L) averaged 14% of total C4BP (264 nmol/L) in plasma. There was an excellent correlation between bound protein S and bound C4BP with 1:1 molar stoichiometry and a good correlation between free protein S antigen and protein S anticoagulant activity. It appears that free protein S is a necessary consequence of the molar excess of protein S over C4BP. C4BP beta chain antigen levels, measured using a new ELISA, averaged 218 nmol/L, a value indistinguishable from the molar concentrations of bound protein S (215 nmol/L) and bound C4BP (227 nmol/L). The free C4BP beta chain antigen was only 4 nmol/L compared with 131 nmol/L free protein S. These results suggest that free C4BP in plasma predominantly lacks the beta chain, that almost all C4BP capable of binding protein S is associated with protein S, and that the plasma levels of oligomeric forms of C4BP containing a beta chain (alpha 7 beta and alpha 6 beta) that bind protein S directly and stoichiometrically regulate free protein S levels.
FRACTIONALLY FUZZY GRAMMARS WITH APPLICATION TO PATTERN RECOGNITION

ABSTRACT A new type of fuzzy grammar, called the fractionally fuzzy grammar , is introduced. These grammars are especially suitable for pattern recognition because they are powerful and can easily be parsed. It is shown that the languages produced by the class of type i (Chomsky) fractionally fuzzy grammars properly includes the set of languages generated by type i fuzzy grammars. It is also shown that the set of languages generated by all type 3 (regular) fractionally fuzzy grammars is not a subset of the set of languages produced by all unrestricted (type 0) fuzzy grammars. It is found that context-sensitive fractionally fuzzy grammars are recursive and can be parsed by most methods used for ordinary context-free grammars. Finally, a pattern recognition experiment which uses fractionally fuzzy grammars to recognize the script letters i, e, t and l without the help of the dot on the i or the crossing of the t is given. The construction of a fractionally fuzzy grammar based on a training set and the experimental results are discussed.
Goethe and Helmholtz: Science and Sensation

The relation of Hermann von Helmholtz, the nineteenth-century physicist and physiologist, to Goethe is worth studying for the insights it can provide into the scientific ideas and the conceptions of science of both men. In 1853, toward the beginning of his academic career, and again in 1892, Helmholtz gave public lectures on Goethe’s scientific ideas. Goethe also figures in a number of Helmholtz’s popular philosophical writings of the intervening years as well as in technical professional works such as his Manual of Physiological Optics. I will try to show that these writings offer an understanding and assessment of Goethe’s involvement with science which are still valuable. Far from being surpassed by more recent appreciations of Goethe by scientists, historians of science and Goethe scholars, Helmholtz’s full interpretation has scarcely been assimilated. It could still prove to be important for the current interest in Goethe’s scientific concerns.
The Van Voorhis Family: Artisans in Post-Colonial New York City

One of the great promises of historical archaeology is that it allows us to see how large-scale cultural processes work themselves out on the ground. This chapter explores the strategies that a family of silversmiths used in adapting to the volatility of life of post-colonial New York City. Using both the archaeological and the historical records, I examine their choices in the context of the negotiations surrounding their identities as colonials as well as citizens of the new republic, and as craftsmen as well as entrepreneurs. Although in retrospect the outcome of those uncertain years is obvious, their strategies underline the fact that it was not so at the time.
Medical clearance for vigorous exercise: Clinical evaluation and exercise testing

The practitioner plays an important role in providing guidance for exercise. Physical activity is one component of a life-style aimed at enhancing the health of the individual. When entered into with appropriate understanding and with reasonable expectations and goals, exercise can also be a major source of enjoyment. The role of the practitioner is to guide the patient to an appropriate level and intensity of exercise carried out in a suitable setting. In identifying the health habits and risk factors of the patient seeking clearance for an exercise program, physicians can do more than simply address the exercise issue. They can seize the opportunity to take a broader look at the patient's entire cardiovascular status and guide the patient into a generally beneficial program of health enhancement.
Understanding when people will report crimes to the police.

In a recent PNAS article, Hagan et al. (1) use administrative records of 911 calls to study how people in urban neighborhoods decide whether to report crimes to the police. The authors argue that an important factor in the decision is what researchers have called “legal cynicism,” or a general distrust in the fairness and efficacy of the law and police enforcement (2). But whereas others have argued that such cynicism discourages people from interacting with the police, Hagan et al. (1) propose that legal cynicism encourages them to report crimes, that it does so because people carry both conscious and unconscious cultural attitudes that encourage a desire for protection, and that this desire is shaped by racial isolation and other neighborhood factors. Research of this kind is important for both social and scientific reasons. The Hagan et al. (1) research is socially important given the national debate over policing. The relationship between police authorities and African Americans, immigrants, and other minority populations has been particularly contentious, as video-recorded incidents of abuse of authority, of people dying at the hands of the police, and of children being detained by border agents have been shown repeatedly throughout social and news media. African American parents in many low-income neighborhoods have reported fear for the lives of their adolescent children. Legislators, mayors, and commissioners in many localities have struggled to create community–police relations with high levels of trust and cooperation. Understanding how trust shapes people’s decisions to contact authorities is a question of national significance. The Hagan et al. (1) research is also scientifically important given its relevance to the study of how the context in which people find themselves affects the decisions they make (3). Much of this research in the fields of urban sociology, poverty, and social inequality has focused on … [↵][1]1Email: mariosmall{at}fas.harvard.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
A New Pirate Spider of the Genus Ero (Araneae: Mimetidae) from the Canary Islands, with Contributions on Other Palaearctic Species

A new spider species, Ero tenebrosa n. sp., is described from La Gomera of the Canary Island archipelago. The new species is diagnosed and illustrated based on a single female only. Barcode data and morphology of the epigyne indicate no close relatives. Distance to nearest barcoded neighbour, Ero furcata (Villers, 1789), is 13.2%. A phylogenetic tree that includes data available at the Barcode of Life Data System clusters the new species along with E. septemspinosaLissner, 2016 as a sister group to the Ero furcata-group. During the identification process, it was realized that Ermetus inopinabilisPonomarev, 2008 is a junior synonym of Ero koreana Paik, 1967; the species is proposed to be transferred to ErmetusPonomarev, 2008. The unknown female of E. laetaBarrientos, 2017 is described from specimens collected in southern Portugal.