cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fuel cells and hydrogen fuel

Abstract Present fuel cell designs require more development before they can make a large impact on future energy conversion markets. Today, they must use common fuels such as natural gas, but they in fact operate on hydrogen. They must therefore be integrated with chemical plants which may be regarded as dispersed refineries. If they are liberated from this requirement by the direct availability of hydrogen, first from natural gas, then from renewables, they can have a major impact, particularly for the automobile energy conversion market.
Measuring Personal Growth Attributed to a Semester of College Life Using the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory

In this descriptive exploratory study, the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI; Tedeschi & Calhoun, 1996) was used to measure levels of personal growth attributed by college students (N = 117) to a semester of university life in retrospective self-reports. Results reflect attributions of substantial total growth in the range reported in the posttraumatic studies and attributions of substantial growth to a variety of specific experiences. The results suggest that personal growth as defined by the PTGI is not necessarily adversarial and that personal growth can be intentionally facilitated by educational activities.
Nucleoside adducts are formed by cooperative reaction of acetaldehyde and alcohols: possible mechanism for the role of ethanol in carcinogenesis

The exocyclic amino groups of ribonucleosides and deoxyribonucleosides react rapidly at ambient temperature with acetaldehyde and alcohols to yield mixed acetals [--NH--CH(CH3)OR]. Nucleotides and nucleoside di- and triphosphates also react. Depending on the nucleoside used and on the relative amounts of aldehyde, alcohol, and water, preparative reactions reach equilibrium with yields up to 75% in a few hours. The structures have been confirmed by fast atom bombardment MS and proton NMR. Half-lives at 37 degrees C have been determined, and maximum stability is in the pH range of 7.5-9.5. In the absence of alcohol, acetaldehyde-nucleoside adducts could be isolated at 4 degrees C, but these were too unstable to characterize except for their UV spectra, also at 4 degrees C. Ethanol is often present in human blood and tissues, and acetaldehyde is its initial metabolic product, as well as being formed by many other metabolic processes. Both chemicals have separately been implicated in carcinogenic and other cytopathologic processes, but no cooperative mechanism has been proposed. The reactions reported here are of biological concern because they also occur in dilute aqueous solution. These findings supply a mechanism by which ethanol can be covalently bound to nucleic acids under physiological conditions.
Economic Aspects of Extended Jurisdiction Management in the Northwest Atlantic

The introduction of 200 mile zones will offer a new potential for proper management of the common-property fishery resources that lie off our coasts. One of the basic difficulties with studying the northwest Atlantic area is the biological and technological interrelationships between the different fisheries. A production model has been built taking these externalities into account. Using these interrelated production functions with data on the relative cost of effort in the different fisheries it is possible to describe that combination of effort that will achieve maximum economic yield for the fishery. The model will not only be able to correct for the common property problem but also for the biological and technological externalities that exist between the fisheries. Also measures will be provided of the losses in terms of efficiency that will occur when other goals of management such as maintaining local employment or correcting balance of payment problems are used.
Evidence of Laterality in the Lowland Gorilla

The description of hand preference in the primates is at present sadly incomplete. In the lowland gorilla the consistency of the dextral preference across all tests is amazing and comparable to the human data. Similar analysis of the behavior of the orang-utan and a reexamination of the chimpanzee might present a coherent picture of homologous behaviours for the hominoidea.
Grain Growth and Phase Stability of Nanocrystalline Cubic Zirconia under Ion Irradiation

Grain growth, oxygen stoichiometry, and phase stability of nanostructurally stabilized cubic zirconia (NSZ) are investigated under 2 MeV Au-ion bombardment at 160 and 400 K to doses up to 35 displacements per atom (dpa). The NSZ films are produced by ion-beam-assisted deposition technique at room temperature with an average grain size of 7.7 nm. The grain size increases with irradiation dose to $\ensuremath{\sim}30\text{ }\text{nm}$ at $\ensuremath{\sim}35\text{ }\text{dpa}$. Slower grain growth is observed under 400 K irradiations, as compared to 160 K irradiations, indicating that the grain growth is not thermally activated and irradiation-induced grain growth is the dominating mechanism. While the cubic structure is retained and no new phases are identified after the high-dose irradiations, oxygen reduction in the irradiated NSZ films is detected. The ratio of O to Zr decreases from $\ensuremath{\sim}2.0$ for the as-deposited films to $\ensuremath{\sim}1.65$ after irradiation to $\ensuremath{\sim}35\text{ }\text{dpa}$. The loss of oxygen suggests a significant increase in oxygen vacancies in nanocrystalline zirconia under ion irradiation. The oxygen deficiency may be essential in stabilizing the cubic phase to larger grain sizes.
Temporal relation discovery between events and temporal expressions identified in clinical narrative

The automatic detection of temporal relations between events in electronic medical records has the potential to greatly augment the value of such records for understanding disease progression and patients' responses to treatments. We present a three-step methodology for labeling temporal relations using machine learning and deterministic rules over an annotated corpus provided by the 2012 i2b2 Shared Challenge. We first create an expanded training network of relations by computing the transitive closure over the annotated data; we then apply hand-written rules and machine learning with a feature set that casts a wide net across potentially relevant lexical and syntactic information; finally, we employ a voting mechanism to resolve global contradictions between the local predictions made by the learned classifier. Results over the testing data illustrate the contributions of initial prediction and conflict resolution.
Hepatic gene expression profiling of streptozotocin-induced diabetes.

Diabetes induces biochemical, morphological, and functional alterations in the liver. The liver is a major target of insulin action, and plays a critical role in maintaining blood glucose homeostasis. We investigated the effects of streptozotocin-induced diabetes (SID) on global hepatic gene expression in mice. We induced SID in mice by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. Affymetrix (Santa Clara, CA) microarrays containing probe sets for approximately 11,000 murine genes and expressed sequence tags were used to assess the effects of SID on hepatic gene expression in mice. SID significantly altered the expression of 87 known genes in the liver. SID increased the expression of genes associated with cytoprotective stress responses, oxidative and reductive xenobiotic metabolism, cell cycle inhibition, growth arrest, apoptosis induction, and protein degradation. SID decreased the expression of genes associated with cell proliferation, growth factor signaling, protein synthesis, and xenobiotic metaboli...
Positive Periodic Solutions for a Higher Order Functional Difference Equation

We consider a higher order functional difference equations on \({\mathbb Z}\) with an eigenvalue parameter \(\lambda \) in the equation. Sufficient conditions are obtained for the existence of at least one or two positive periodic solutions of the equation for different values of \(\lambda \). The nonlinear function in the equation is allowed to be sign-changing in some of our results. Our proofs utilize Krasnosel’skii’s fixed point theorem.
A Comparison of the Oral Sodium Tolbutamide Test and the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test in Selected Hospital Patients

Increasing use of the two-hour postprandial blood glucose test in screening for diabetes detection has resulted in an increased number of borderline oral glucose tolerance tests, and the dilemma of their proper interpretation. In spite of controlled pretest precautions, the two-hour-lag oral glucose tolerance test with fasting normoglycemia may lack specificity as an index of latent diabetes. The intravenous tolbutamide test as a supplemental test may offer greater specificity in the diagnosis of early diabetes, and a recent oral modification of this test offers added convenience and safety without sacrificing reliability. This is a report based upon the oral test performed on a group of 105 hospital patients selected because each had an elevated second-hour blood sugar level with fasting normoglycemia on a standard oral glucose tolerance test. An abnormal oral sodium tolbutamide test was elicited in fifty-two of this group of 105, and the abnormal tolbutamide test correlated significantly with a positive family history of diabetes, an obstetrical history suggestive of diabetes, or those patients with an elevated third-hour blood sugar level on oral glucose tolerance. In only six of the 105 patients studied were the results of the oral sodium tolbutamide tests classified as borderline between normal and abnormal by the criteria of Boshell and Vecchio. We conclude that the oral sodium tolbutamide test seems to be a valuable additional study in the appraisal of minimally abnormal oral glucose tolerance results at least in the presence of obesity, liver disease, hyperthyroidism , uremia, myocardial infarction, chronic pancreatitis, spontaneous hypoglycemia, and lymphomas and related neo-plasia representing the major disease categories in our study group.
Prospect of Design for Mass Customization and Personalization

The prevailing practice of design for mass customization manifests itself through a configure-to-order paradigm, which means to satisfy explicit customer needs and built upon legacy design. With pervasive connectivity and interactivity of the Internet and sensor networks, personalization has been witnessed in a number of industry sectors as a promising strategy that makes the market of one a reality. This positioning paper envisions an extension to design for mass customization and personalization (DFMCP). By exploiting implicit market demand information and revealing latent customer needs, DFMCP aspires to assist customers in making better informed decisions, and to the largest extent, to anticipate customer satisfaction and adapt to customer delight. Based on a multiverse of user experience, product differentiation and co-creation, the key issues of DFMCP are discussed.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Language Policy and Language Power: The Case of Soviet Publishing

Lingua politiko kaj lingua potenco: Publikigajoj en Souet-UnioMalgraŭ lingva diversegeco kaj aliaj kondiĉoj malhelpaj al la egaleco de lingvoj, la politiko de Sovet-Unio oficiale egalecas. Ĉu tiu politiko vere celas aŭ povas egaligi ciujn lingvojn estas tamen disputaĵo. Mi analizas unu atestajon pri la principoj kaj rezultoj de la lingva politiko: librojn, ĵurnalojn kaj gazetojn publikigitajn en la sovetaj lingvoj inter 1959 kaj la 1980oj. Mi hipotezas ke la lingvoj publikigaĵe mal egalas; ke lingvaj, politikaj kaj ekonomiaj malsamoj inter la lingvoj kaj inter ties uzantoj klarigas grandparte la malegalojn; kaj ke la malegaleco kreskas. Mi provas tiujn hipotezojn per sovetaj publikigaĵaj kaj demografiaj statistikoj.Oni uzas pli ol 70 (t.e. preskaŭ ĉiujn skribeblajn) sovetajn lingvojn ĉe libra, libreta, jurnala kaj gazeta publikigado. Malmultaj lingvoj havas gazetojn sen havi jurnalojn kaj neniu havas jurnalojn sen havi librojn. Laŭ statistika analizo, ju pli altrangas politike (t.e., teritori-administre) nacia grupo, des pli oni publikigas per ĝia lingvo. Tio validas por publikigajaj speeoj, por la elektebleco de publikigaĵoj (la kiomo de titoloj) kaj por la kvanto de publikigaĵoj (la hompoa kiomo de ekzempleroj). Laŭ ĉiuj tiuj mezuroj la rusa lingvo unike fortas kaj la dek-kvar aliaj lingvoj de la uniaj respublikoj multe superas la ceterajn. Tiuj malsamecoj kreskas. Laŭ multopa regresanalizo, se oni konstantigas la politikan rangon ankau la grandeco de la lingvanaro grave helpas prognozi la uzatecon de lingvoĉe publikigaĵoj. Kromaj prognoziloj por la malplej uzataj lingvoj estas la edukitecoj kaj la ruslingvaj sciantecoj de la respektivaj lingvanaroj. Tiuj fenomenoj influas la postulatecojn de diverslingvaj publikigaĵoj, pro kio iuj lingvoj servas pli ekonomie ol aliaj kiel publikigiloj. La soveta lingva politiko ne nuligas la rezultajn malegalecojn.
Review article: the evaluation of solitary liver masses.

Summary Background The increasing use of imaging modalities has led to the detection of more liver masses. The differential diagnosis of a focal liver mass includes a host of benign as well as malignant conditions. Aim To provide a comprehensive review on the commonly encountered liver masses, and to help guide an approach to their evaluation and management. Methods Pertinent literature that was identified through PubMed search and senior author’s experience formed the basis of this review. Results While most incidentally noted liver masses are benign, it may be difficult to differentiate them from those that are malignant. Furthermore, some benign lesions have malignant potential. Certain lesions such as focal nodular hyperplasia, haemangiomas and focal steatosis are often distinctly diagnosed by an imaging modality alone. The less frequently encountered hepatic adenomas are diagnosed radiologically in those with the appropriate clinical background and the absence of radiological features to suggest haemangioma or focal nodular hyperplasia. Conclusions A reasonable approach to the diagnosis, follow-up and management of liver masses is based on a rudimentary knowledge of their presentation, associated clinical and laboratory features, natural history and available treatment options. Most often, the so called ‘incidentalomas’ are benign and require patient reassurance.
Energy and mass dependence of isotopic enrichment in sputtering

Silver, copper, and boron (from a boron nitride target) were sputtered with xenon ions. The isotopic composition of secondary ions of silver was measured at ion energies ranging from 300 eV to 3 keV and, for copper and boron, at 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 keV. An ion gun was used to generate the ion beam. The secondary ions were detected at a small emission angle by a quadrupole mass spectrometer. The secondary-ion flux of silver was found to be enriched in heavy isotopes at lower incident-ion energies. The heavy-isotope enrichment was observed to decrease with increasing primary-ion energy. Beyond 500 eV, light isotopes of silver were sputtered preferentially with the enrichment increasing to a constant value of 1.018. The sputtered flux of copper and boron also indicated constant enrichments (1.008 and 1.281 for copper and boron respectively) in light isotopes at high ion energies.
Thin Films of Collagen Affect Smooth Muscle Cell Morphology

Thin films of the extracellular matrix protein, collagen, were prepared by adsorbing native or heat-denatured type I collagen onto hexadecanethiol self-assembled monolayers. The resulting films were characterized by atomic force microscopy, ellipsometry, and light microscopy. Denatured collagen formed a topographically smooth ∼3.6 nm thick film, consistent with an adsorbed protein monolayer. In contrast, the native collagen thin film consisted of supramolecular collagen fibrils. The density of the large fibrils could be varied by changing the native collagen concentration in the solution from which the films were prepared. The biomimetic nature of the thin collagen films was partially assessed by examining their effects on vascular smooth muscle cells. Automated quantitative analysis indicated that the morphology of smooth muscle cells on the thin films was dependent on whether the collagen was heat-denatured or was in its native fibrillar form. The area of cells on denatured collagen films was significan...
Differential geometry based homotopy continuation

Abstract An improved homotopy continuation algorithm for solving systems of non-linear equations has been developed. The improvement in this algorithm is that in addition to the unit tangent, the curvature and principal unit normal of the solution path Frenet frame are calculated at each continuation step. The curvature and principal unit normal are then incorporated into the prediction and step length control phases to yield a faster more efficient continuation algorithm. Increased computational load over standard procedures is minimized by using the inverse Jacobian matrix required for tangent vector calculation in standard procedures, and a single row/column bordering technique, to obtain the augmented Jacobian matrix inverse required for calculation of the curvature and principal unit normal. The new algorithm is tested on several small, but highly non-linear problems and the results are documented. The new algorithm requires less continuation steps, less Newton corrections, and encounters fewer poorly-chosen step sizes. CPU time requirements are reduced for most problems.
Scale Dependence of Radar Rainfall Uncertainty: Initial Evaluation of NEXRAD’s New Super-Resolution Data for Hydrologic Applications

Abstract This study explores the scale effects of radar rainfall accumulation fields generated using the new super-resolution level II radar reflectivity data acquired by the Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD) network of the Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) weather radars. Eleven months (May 2008–August 2009, exclusive of winter months) of high-density rain gauge network data are used to describe the uncertainty structure of radar rainfall and rain gauge representativeness with respect to five spatial scales (0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 km). While both uncertainties of gauge representativeness and radar rainfall show simple scaling behavior, the uncertainty of radar rainfall is characterized by an almost 3 times greater standard error at higher temporal and spatial resolutions (15 min and 0.5 km) than at lower resolutions (1 h and 8 km). These results may have implications for error propagation through distributed hydrologic models that require high-resolution rainfall input. Another interest...
THE SOCIAL ECOLOGY OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN

Despite more than three decades of research on the topic of violence against women, the relative contribution of individual, family and community factors to victimization risk remains unknown. We use self-report data from the Area-Identified National Crime Victimization Survey to study the correlates of stranger, nonstranger and intimate‘partner violence against women. Regardless of victim-offender relationship, we find that the risk for victimization is highest among young, single women with children, particularly those who have lived in the current home for relatively shorter periods. Area family and age composition appear to have stronger direct relationships with women's violence than poverty or racial composition measures. We also find there to be more similarities than differences in the individual, family, and community correlates of stranger, nonstranger and intimate partner violence. We discuss these findings as part of the growing body of multilevel literature on violence and on violence against women.
Morphologic effects of pressure changes on canine carotid artery endothelium as observed by scanning electron microscopy

By using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) we were able to follow the sequence of ultrastructural alterations of the luminal surface which occurred when specimens of canine carotid artery were subjected to controlled transmural pressures. Specimens of carotid artery were removed from dogs following fixation at experimental pressures ranging from 0 mm Hg to 100 mm Hg. The endothelium of specimens fixed at 0 mm Hg has parallel longitudinal ridges formed by the contraction of the underlying internal elastic lamina. With increasing transmural pressure, the luminal surface undergoes a gradual flattening of the endothelial ridges so that at 100 mm Hg, these ridges have completely disappeared. The observed morphologic changes of the arterial endo-thelium indicate that SEM can provide good ultrastructural information on blood vessels subjected to controlled transmural pressure and that the pressure-dependent alterations must be considered in studies on vascular structure and function.
A Practical Method for Calculating Relative Free Energies of Binding. Chiral Recognition of Peptidic Ammonium Ions by Synthetic Ionophores

A new free energy simulation method is described and applied to compute the relative binding free energies (enantioselectivity) of enantiomeric guests (2) for several chiral host molecules (1). The new simulation method is based on a previously described smart Monte Carlo method (MC(JBW)) that is here modified to interconvert diastereomeric complexes as well as to make more traditional changes in conformation. Thus the new method simulates an equilibrium between enantiomeric guests in the binding site of a host molecule and leads directly to the relative free energies of the diastereomeric complexes in a single simulation. Here we show that the MC(JBW) method originally developed for simulations of single molecules can also be applied to simulations of molecular complexes. We describe a further extension of this MC(JBW) method that allows it to interconvert diastereomeric complexes along with all other conformational degrees of freedom. We then use the extended method (termed SME for simulated mutational ...
THE NONMETRIC MULTIDIMENSIONAL APPROACH APPLIED TO RANK-ORDER SIMILARITY DATA

The purpose of this study was to apply the nonmetric multidimensional approach to the analysis of rank order similarity data. Ss were nine students at Long Beach State College. All were volunteers. Ss were given the task of rank ordering, on the basis of similarity, nine color chips which varied in saturation and brightness. The method developed by Coombs was applied to these data, and a comparison was made with the results of Torgerson's data which were obtained by the method of complete triads. The present study shows that these methods yield comparable results. Coombs' method was also employed in the analysis of the psychological space of individual Ss. In this case, the results are not so definitive. For some individuals, the analysis yielded results highly correlated with the Munsell system, whereas for others, it did not. Several possible explanations are discussed.
Reality-Based Approach to Stated Preference Surveys

This paper defines a reality-based approach to soliciting stated preference data. It is related to existing preference methods in regard to both a common conceptual framework and recent trends in the literature. The reality-based approach is compared with the standard approach in both general characteristics and design procedures. Its expectations-based validity is illustrated with an application to pedestrian street-crossing behavior in the Tampa Bay area of Florida. The approach combines the realism of revealed-preference surveys and the flexibility of standard stated preference surveys. It adds to the toolbox of travel behavior research.
Rapid, simultaneous GLC determination of phenobarbital, primidone, and diphenylhydantoin

A rapid method is described for the simultaneous determination of phenobarbital, primidone, and diphenylhydantoin. The method gives greater sensitivity and reproducibility for phenobarbital and primidone than the short methods now in use, maintains the efficiency of much longer techniques, and takes only 45 min. from the time the sample is received until the results are reported.
Scar remodeling and transmural deformation after infarction in the pig

BACKGROUNDChanges in stress and tissue material properties have been proposed as important mechanical factors that may influence infarct expansion and subsequent healing. Because such changes will ...
An examination of pathways for the reaction of oxygen atoms with CF3O radicals. Implications for the role of CF3 radicals in stratospheric chemical processes

Abstract The reaction of CF 3 O(X 2 A′) with O( 3 P) has been studied using ab initio molecular orbital theory. The study shows that the products for this reaction are surface dependent. If the reaction proceeds along the 2 A″ surface, the expected products will be CF 3 (X 2 A 1 ) and O 2 ( 2 Σ − g ). If the reaction proceeds along the 2 A′ surface the only expected product will be excited state CF 3 O 2 ( 2 A′) radicals. The reactions leading to the formation of CF 2 O(X 1 A 1 ) and FO( 2 Π) have activation energies of 16.4 and 40.9 kcal mol −1 on the 2 A′ and 2 A″ surfaces, respectively, and hence are not favored processes kinetically. The detailed chemical dynamics of this reaction and its atmospheric chemical implications are discussed.
RFID in healthcare: a Six Sigma DMAIC and simulation case study

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop a business model to generate quantitative evidence of the benefits of implementing radio frequency identification (RFID) technology, limiting the scope to outpatient surgical processes in hospitals.Design/methodology/approach – The study primarily uses the define‐measure‐analyze‐improve‐control (DMAIC) approach, and draws on various analytical tools such as work flow diagrams, value stream mapping, and discrete event simulation to examine the effect of implementing RFID technology on improving effectiveness (quality and timeliness) and efficiency (cost reduction) of outpatient surgical processes.Findings – The analysis showed significant estimated annual cost and time savings in carrying out patients' surgical procedures with RFID technology implementation for the outpatient surgery processes in a hospital. This is largely due to the elimination of both non‐value added activities of locating supplies and equipment and also the elimination of the “return” l...
Pediatric critical care: grand challenges for a glowing future.

Pediatric critical care is a relatively new field, tracing its origins to the polio epidemics that killed large numbers of children, birthed by ongoing efforts in pediatric anesthesiology and neonatology, and nourished by parallel advances in pediatric pulmonology, cardiology, nephrology, adult critical care, general, cardiothoracic, neurosurgery, or other fields. Although not many pediatric intensive care units (PICUs) existed before 1980 (Table ​(Table1)1) (1–3), they now occupy a central position in the care of all hospitalized children and in their improved survival from all types of medical/surgical conditions. Despite an overwhelmingly clinical focus and limited avenues for disseminating research, the numbers of PICU-related publications have increased steadily over the past 20 years, currently hovering around 5000 reports per year. Table 1 Early history of pediatric ICUs. Pediatric Critical Care, a section in the journal Frontiers in Pediatrics, seeks to disseminate the highest quality scholarly activity in this field, thus closing gaps between clinical practices and the high-level evidence supporting these practices. The four grand challenges include: Fostering innovation in clinical medicine and technology. Translating basic research into new diagnostic/therapeutic tools. Defining short-term and long-term outcomes. Commitments to research, training, and access to care.
Teaching CS principles with app inventor

Mobile phone programming can provide an authentic and engaging hook into computer science. With App Inventor, developed by Google and recently moved to MIT, programming Android apps is as easy as clicking blocks together. App Inventor has been used successfully in after school programs, roadshows, summer camps, teacher workshops, and computer science classrooms from middle school through college. In this tutorial, participants will get an overview of App Inventor including project ideas and sample curriculum. In addition, the new CS Principles project will be introduced to participants, including a discussion of the Big Ideas and Learning Objectives that have been defined by the College Board and NSF. Specifically, the use of App Inventor as a platform for teaching CS Principles will be discussed with examples from an official Principles pilot effort within Alabama. A virtual panel with App Inventor experts will allow participants to interact and ask questions about the exciting opportunities available with App Inventor.
Multidimensional latent traits of perceived organizational innovation: Differences between Thai and Egyptian employees

A new approach, the multidimensional latent regression (MLR) approach of item response theory, is employed to evaluate the dimensions of individual employee creativity, workplace atmosphere, and workplace innovative activity. Based on the MLR concept, the relationships among the measurement scales of these variables are tested for their unidimensionality versus multidimensionality. Multidimensionality was found. While workplace atmosphere is closely linked to workplace innovative activity, individual employee creativity forms its own dimension but is still positively linked to the other two measures. To achieve an accurate comparison between the two groups of Thai and Egyptian employees who have the same levels of agreement with the scale items, it is necessary to adjust the scores of Egyptian employees downwards.
A conceptual fusion reactor based on the high-plasma-density Z-pinch

Conceptual DT and DD fusion reactors are discussed based on magnetic confinement with the high-plasma-density Z-pinch. The reactor concepts have no "first wall", the fusion neutrons and plasma energy being absorbed directly into a surrounding lithium vortex blanket. Efficient systems with low re-circulated power are projected, based on a flow-through pinch cycle for which overall Q values can approach 10. The conceptual reactors are characterized by simplicity, small minimum size (100 MW(e)) and by the potential for minimal radioactivity hazards.
Interaction with the mammary microenvironment redirects spermatogenic cell fate in vivo

Previously, we characterized a parity-induced mammary epithelial cell population that possessed the properties of pluripotency and self-renewal upon transplantation. These cells were lineally marked by the expression of β-galactosidase (LacZ) as a result of mammary-specific activation of a reporter gene through Cre-lox recombination during pregnancy. We used this experimental model to determine whether testicular cells would alter their cell fate upon interaction with the mammary gland microenvironment during pregnancy, lactation, and involution. Adult testicular cells, isolated from seminiferous tubules, were mixed with limiting dilutions of dispersed mammary epithelial cells and injected into epithelium-divested mammary fat pads. The host mice were bred 6–8 weeks later and examined 20–30 days postinvolution. This approach allowed for the growth of mammary tissue from the injected cells and transient activation of the whey acidic protein promoter-Cre gene during pregnancy and lactation, leading to Cre-lox recombination and constitutive expression of LacZ from its promoter. Here we show that cells from adult seminiferous tubules interact with mammary epithelial cells during regeneration of the gland. They adopt mammary epithelial progenitor cell properties, including self-renewal and the production of cell progeny, which differentiate into functional mammary epithelial cells. Our results provide evidence for the ascendancy of the tissue microenvironment over the intrinsic nature of cells from an alternative adult tissue.
Cross-linguistic influence in L3 phonological acquisition

This study investigates possible sources and directions of cross-linguistic influence on vowel reduction and speech rhythm produced by four trilingual speakers with different L1s in their L2 (German or English) and L3 (English or German). It was shown that, compared to native speakers, the speakers produced distinct differences in these phonological processes. The data do not give conclusive evidence for an L1 influence on these prosodic patterns in the speakers' L2 and L3. A positive effect of the L2 on the L3 is possible, but the results also show that the phonological properties of the L3 have an important influence on L3 productions.
Respiratory control in the parents of sudden infant death syndrome victims. Ventilatory control in SIDS parents.

Summary: To determine if a familial abnormality in the control of breathing might explain the reasons for the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), three groups of parents were studied. The first (N = 8 sets of parents) had one infant die of SIDS (one SIDS) whereas the second (N = 6) had a SIDS victim plus a second child with a “near-miss‘’ occurrence (two SIDS). When compared to the third group (controls), these parents demonstrated no abnormality in the ventilatory response to hypoxia or hypercapnia. Similarly, they had normal respiratory frequency, tidal volume, inspiratory time, and arterial blood gas tensions. We conclude that a familial abnormality in breathing control measured during wakefulness is not the basis for SIDS. Speculation: Respiration during sleep may be abnormal in SIDS parents even though no alterations in the control of breathing were found during daytime studies.
An integer linear programming model of staff retention and termination based on multiattribute utility theory.

Abstract An integer linear programming formulation was used to model several staffing alternatives available to the director of a recreation therapy department. The utility function of the decision maker was assessed using two attributes of effectiveness: performance and experience. Two utility approximations were obtained for each staff member based upon the average performance rating and number of years of experience both as a recreation therapist and at the facility. The utility obtained was viewed as a proxy for, and a comparative measure of, effectiveness, which considers the criteria of training and experience. The individuals who comprise the most effective combination of therapists, given staff reductions, were obtained by maximizing the sum of staff utility values. The first constraint set involved a budgetary constraint, coverage constraints, and an EEOC policy restriction. The coverage restriction and the budget were varied to reflect changes in the department resources. The model was validated with the department supervisor for the case of a one-position, 10% budget decrease.
Electrochemical biosensors: Towards point-of-care cancer diagnostics

Wide-scale point-of-care diagnostic systems hold great promise for early detection of cancer at a curable stage of the disease. This review discusses the prospects and challenges of electrochemical biosensors for next-generation cancer diagnostics. Electrochemical biosensors have played an important significant role in the transition towards point-of-care diagnostic devices. Such electrical devices are extremely useful for delivering the diagnostic information in a fast, simple, and low cost fashion in connection to compact (hand-held) analyzers. Modern electrochemical bioaffinity sensors, such as DNA- or immunosensors, offer remarkable sensitivity essential for early cancer detection. The coupling of electrochemical devices with nanoscale materials offers a unique multiplexing capability for simultaneous measurements of multiple cancer markers. The attractive properties of electrochemical devices are extremely promising for improving the efficiency of cancer diagnostics and therapy monitoring. With further development and resources, such portable devices are expected to speed up the diagnosis of cancer, making analytical results available at patient bedside or physician office within few minutes.
Preparation of lithium stannide mixtures in organic solvents. A alternate source of lithium in organolithium chemistry

Abstract Lithium stannides were prepared from lithium naphthalenide and tin (II) chloride or tin (0) powder in THF solvent at room temperature under dry argon atmosphere. They were characterized with elemental analysis, XRD, and solid 6,7Li NMR. Stabilities and reactivities of lithium stannides prepared from different conditions were tested and showed they were stable for a limited time at low temperatures. Best reactivity was obtained when they were prepared from tin (II) chloride and an excess of lithium naphthalenide. The lithium stannide mixture can reductively cleave carbon–halogen bonds and yield pinacol coupling with aldehydes. Organolithium compounds prepared from lithium stannides and organic halides add to ketones or aldehydes under Barbier conditions.
That which does not kill you makes you stronger: runaway youth's resilience to depression in the family context.

The present study sought to uncover the relationship between risk and protective factors for depressive symptomatology among runaway youth. To that aim, three models of resiliency - the compensatory, risk-protective, and challenge models - were tested separately on girls and boys. The data came from a cross-sectional survey on a sample of 140 runaway adolescents between the ages of 12 to 17 years who were recruited from the only runaway crisis shelter in a large Midwestern city. Risk factors in the proposed model included primary caretakers’ depressive symptoms, family conflict, and adolescent’s and primary caretaker’s verbal aggression; protective factors included adolescent’s report of task oriented coping and family cohesion. Findings supported the challenge model for predicting adolescent depressive symptoms, suggesting that moderate levels of risk can be beneficial for these runaway adolescents. In addition, risk and protective factors differed by adolescent gender. Implications for preventive interventions and future research are discussed.
Modeling the spectral responsivity of ultraviolet GaN Schottky barrier photodetectors under reverse bias

The responsivity of GaN Schottky barrier photodetector (SBPD) as a function of incident wavelength and reverse bias has been studied theoretically. It was found that Schottky barrier (SB) lowering can explain the significant increase in the spectral responsivity as the reverse bias increases. The image force and the occupation of surface defects at the metal/semiconductor interface of the SBPD are the main factors for the SB lowering. The occupation of the surface defects was assumed to depend on the photogenerated current under reverse bias. The SB lowering causes a large leakage current that dominates the spectral responsivity at high reverse applied bias. The good agreement between the calculated and experimentally measured spectral responsivities suggests that the model is valid.
Choptuik scaling and the scale invariance of Einstein's equation

The relationship of Choptuik scaling to the scale invariance of Einstein's equation is explored. Ordinary dynamical systems often have limit cycles: periodic orbits that are the asymptotic limit of generic solutions. We show how to separate Einstein's equation into the dynamics of the overall scale and the dynamics of the ``scale-invariant'' part of the metric. The periodicity of the scale-invariant part implies periodic self-similarity of the spacetime. We also analyze a toy model that exhibits many of the features of Choptuik scaling.
Dimethyl sulfoxide reductase is not required for trimethylamine N-oxide reduction in Escherichia coli.

Deletion mutants of Escherichia coli lacking dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) reductase activity and consequently unable to utilize DMSO as an electron acceptor for anaerobic growth have been isolated. These mutants retained the ability to use trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) as an electron acceptor and the TMAO reductase activity was found to be unaltered. Heating the cell-free extract of the wild-type strain at 70°C for 15 min selectively inactivated the DMSO reductase activity while the TMAO reductase activity remained unchanged for at least 1 h.
Atmospheric Light Transmission in a Wisconsin Area

A technique is described for measuring hitherto unavailable, long range, air-to-ground total and direct transmittances simultaneously in the visible and near ir spectral regions from a point source in a real atmosphere. The technique involves a radar tracked aircraft with a flashing light source and a ground based, highly sensitive, multichannel, 180° field-of-view light receiving system with manual tracking provisions. Air-to-surface transmission measurements were carried out to maximum slant range of 100,000 yards (92 km) at different altitudes and weather conditions over Lake Michigan and Wisconsin farmland during March 1965. Total transmittances vs slant range for the visible and near ir regions are presented as smoothed, average curves and simplified exponential equations representing the least-square fit to the experimental data under specific weather conditions. Criteria for evidence of surface albedo differences are introduced, from which limited albedo effects are noted under cloudy, snow-covered surface conditions.
Designing a Model-Based Methodology for Science Instruction: Lessons from a Bilingual Classroom

Abstract This study reports on findings from the “Science Theater/Teatro de Ciencias” (sTc) project. The goal of sTc was to explore the potential of using student-generated computer models as a medium for elementary school students to develop richer and more meaningful explanations of science content. A secondary goal was to effectively engage culturally and linguistically diverse students in science learning. This paper reports on findings from a second/third grade two-way bilingual classroom. Conceptually, I rely upon a sociocultural perspective that differs from previous work that has been done using computer models in science classrooms. Specifically, I explore two issues that expand upon this prior work: 1) the potential value of using computer modeling for science learning in the primary elementary grades; and 2) the role that clarifying one’s personal understanding of how science is practiced plays in students’ academic success in school science. My assertion is that model- based science instructio...
An Examination of Methods Used to Generate Daily Group Scores from Single-Item-Per-Subject Data Collected in Intensive Time-Series Designs.

This study examines three methods which can be used to pool single-item-per-subject data collected in intensive time-series studies, to determine if method of pooling has an effect on subsequent data analysis. The methods examined were based on simple averaging, difficulty weightings of averages, and the application of the Rasch logistic model. Analyses were conducted which examined regression results obtained when the pooled scores of groups of students were regressed by day. Results indicate that the three methods of pooling do not significantly alter subsequent analysis, though the case is made that a pooling procedure based on the Rasch logistic model is the most heuristically sound.
Modelling of Large Deflection of IPMC Plates

Reported are advances made in connection with modeling of ionic polymeric metal composite (IPMC) plates undergoing large deformation under an imposed dynamic electric field. Analysis, design and prototyping of sensing or/and actuating plates made with IPMCs requires analytical models of the utilized materials and structures. This paper presents recent advances made towards the development of a computational implementation of a general theory for describing such systems in a way that allows accurate prediction of their behavior within their state space. Continuum mechanics, irreversible thermodynamics, and electrodynamics are utilized to derive the general four dimensional multi-physics field equations of materials used for artificial muscle applications. These applications are particularly important in terms of creating data sheets, thin data keyboards as well as flat speakers made with IPMC plates. The system of governing partial differential equations describing the state evolution of large deflection IPMC plates is derived. The system of these electro-hygro-thermally modified Von-Karman non-linear equations are solved numerically through an adaptive finite element approach through perspectives of geometrical and material nonlinearities. The preliminary results are presented for the case of finite deformation of an IPMC plate.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Climatic Instability, Food Storage, and the Development of Numerical Counting: A Cross-Cultural Study:

A model is proposed that explains the variability in counting systems found in traditional societies. Societies that live in areas of climatic instability, in terms of temperature and precipitation...
Progressive improvement in pulmonary vascular resistance after percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty.

Percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty has been proposed as a nonsurgical technique for treating high-risk patients with mitral stenosis who are deferred from mitral valve replacement. The effect of this technique on patients with pulmonary hypertension, however, has not been fully evaluated. Accordingly, serial assessment of pulmonary vascular resistance was made in 14 patients with critical mitral stenosis and pulmonary hypertension (pulmonary vascular resistance greater than 250 dynes.sec/cm5 or mean pulmonary artery pressure greater than 40 mm Hg or both) who underwent percutaneous balloon dilatation of the mitral valve. Balloon valvuloplasty was performed with either one (n = 10) or two (n = 4) balloons through the transseptal approach, and it resulted in significant improvement in mean mitral gradient (from 18 +/- 4 to 9 +/- 4 mm Hg, p less than 0.001), systemic blood flow (from 3.7 +/- 1.2 to 5.0 +/- 2.2 l/min, p less than 0.001), and calculated mitral valve area (from 0.7 +/- 0.2 to 1.6 +/- 0.7 cm2, p less than 0.001). Immediately after balloon mitral valvuloplasty, pulmonary vascular resistance fell from 630 +/- 570 to 447 +/- 324 dynes.sec/cm5. Repeat catheterization 7 +/- 4 months after valvuloplasty showed further improvement of pulmonary hypertension in 12 of the 14 patients, with a mean pulmonary vascular resistance for the group as a whole of 280 +/- 183 dynes.sec/cm5, p less than 0.005. In two patients, mitral valve restenosis to a mitral valve area less than 1.0 cm2 was associated with a return of pulmonary hypertension to predilatation values.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)