cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Critical prenatal periods for chlorambucil-induced functional alterations of the rat kidney

Abstract Previous studies have demonstrated that exposure of rats to chlorambucil during the period of metanephric differentiation results in morphological and functional alterations of the kidneys after birth. The present study describes the effects of chlorambucil treatment at various gestational ages on neonatal renal function to determine if critical periods other than day 11 exist for inducing functional developmental toxicity of the kidneys. Groups of pregnant Sprague—Dawley rats were exposed to 4.5 mg/kg of chlorambucil on gestation days 9, 11, 13 or 15 and the offspring were evaluated for neonatal growth and viability, gross malformations of the kidneys, and renal physiology. The results demonstrate that the critical period for the induction of specific renal defects and hypoplasia lies on day 11 of gestation, but functional alterations of the kidneys were observed after exposure on day 15 of gestation. In terms of practical application, a combination of the basal clearance test and the renal concentration test together provide an efficient means for detecting prenatally induced functional alterations of the kidneys. When renal malformations or anomalies are observed in standard teratology bioassays, studies using techniques similar to those described here may be extremely useful in determining the biological significance as well as permanence or transience of effects such as renal hypoplasia, dilated renal pelvis, and dilated ureter.
Ionized magnesium and gestational age.

Objective Investigation of magnesium (Mg) homeostasis has re-emerged as an area of interest in preterm born neonates who are at risk for brain pathology. However, data regarding the association between the biologically active ionized form of Mg and gestational age (GA) at an early stage of life in newborn infants are controversial.
Gel matrices for scanning gel chromatography

I have examined the light-scattering behavior of a number of gel matrices used in gel filtration chromatography. The angular dependence of light scattering by Sephadexes is consistent with treatment of the particles as large scattering particles with a low refractive index increment (mu). Such particles scatter light almost exclusively in the forward direction, permitting their use in direct scanning gel chromatography systems without corrections for multiple scattering and the consequent variation in pathlength through the column. Any matrix material with an appropriate combination of these two properties (large effective size and low mu relative to solvent) will perform reasonably well in direct scanning systems while any material with very small effective particle size (agaroses) or high mu (glass beads) may be expected to perform poorly. Agaroses may be acceptable for work in the visible region of the spectrum while glass beads are not.
Effect of DDT on isolation-induced aggression in Mus

Abstract Chronic administration of DDT in very low doses in the drinking water of pregnant mice and their offspring caused a highly significant decrease in the isolate aggression of the male young. Biochemical parameters such as the brain levels of serotonin, DOPA, and the biogenic amines were unchanged.
Predicting genetic interactions with random walks on biological networks

Several studies have demonstrated that synthetic lethal genetic interactions between gene mutations provide an indication of functional redundancy between molecular complexes and pathways. These observations help explain the finding that organisms are able to tolerate single gene deletions for a large majority of genes. For example, system-wide gene knockout/knockdown studies in S. cerevisiae and C. elegans revealed non-viable phenotypes for a mere 18% and 10% of the genome, respectively. It has been postulated that the low percentage of essential genes reflects the extensive amount of genetic buffering that occurs within genomes. Consistent with this hypothesis, systematic double-knockout screens in S. cerevisiae and C. elegans show that, on average, 0.5% of tested gene pairs are synthetic sick or synthetic lethal. While knowledge of synthetic lethal interactions provides valuable insight into molecular functionality, testing all combinations of gene pairs represents a daunting task for molecular biologists, as the combinatorial nature of these relationships imposes a large experimental burden. Still, the task of mapping pairwise interactions between genes is essential to discovering functional relationships between molecular complexes and pathways, as they form the basis of genetic robustness. Towards the goal of alleviating the experimental workload, computational techniques that accurately predict genetic interactions can potentially aid in targeting the most likely candidate interactions. Building on previous studies that analyzed properties of network topology to predict genetic interactions, we apply random walks on biological networks to accurately predict pairwise genetic interactions. Furthermore, we incorporate all published non-interactions into our algorithm for measuring the topological relatedness between two genes. We apply our method to S. cerevisiae and C. elegans datasets and, using a decision tree classifier, integrate diverse biological networks and show that our method outperforms established methods. By applying random walks on biological networks, we were able to predict synthetic lethal interactions at a true positive rate of 95 percent against a false positive rate of 10 percent in S. cerevisiae. Similarly, in C. elegans, we achieved a true positive rate of 95 against a false positive rate of 7 percent. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the inclusion of non-interacting gene pairs results in a considerable performance improvement. We presented a method based on random walks that accurately captures aspects of network topology towards the goal of classifying potential genetic interactions as either synthetic lethal or non-interacting. Our method, which is generalizable to all types of biological networks, is likely to perform well with limited information, as estimated by holding out large portions of the synthetic lethal interactions and non-interactions.
Continuum radiation at Uranus

One Uranian radio emission which has thus far escaped attention is an analog of continuum radiation at earth, Jupiter, and Saturn. The emission is found to be propagating in the ordinary mode in the range of one to a few kHz on the inbound leg of the Voyager 2 encounter, shortly after the magnetopause crossing. The Uranian continuum radiation is notably weak, making it more like that detected at Saturn than the extremely intense Jovian continuum radiation. The Uranian emission shows some evidence for narrow-band components lying in the same frequency regime as the continuum, completing the analogy with the other planets, which also show narrow-band components superimposed on the continuum spectrum. It is argued that the low intensity of the Uranian continuum is most likely related to the lack of a density cavity within the Uranian magnetosphere that is deep relative to the solar wind plasma density.
Benzene‐induced micronuclei formation in mouse fetal liver blood, peripheral blood, and maternal bone marrow cells

The transplacental cytogenetic effects of benzene were studied by using the micronucleus test of polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) found in both fetal liver and fetal peripheral blood, and were compared with PCE from maternal bone marrow. Timed-pregnant mice received single intraperitoneal doses of benzene on the 14th day of gestation and were sacrificed 21 hours after injection. Benzene elicited a significant increase in the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE) in fetal liver blood cells at doses of 219 to 874 mg/kg, and in fetal peripheral blood cells and maternal bone marrow cells at doses of 437 and 874 mg/kg. The data demonstrate that benzene is a moderate transplacental clastogenic agent, and that the mouse transplacental micronucleus test using fetal liver blood cells is a potentially more sensitive indicator of the genotoxicity of benzene than either fetal peripheral blood or maternal bone marrow cells.
Infrared evidence for the low-temperature dissociation of CO over silica-supported RuPt bimetallic clusters

The adsorption of carbon monoxide at 25/sup 0/C was studied on previously characterized 10%Ru/Pt catalyst because ruthenium is known to adsorb carbon monoxide dissociatively and catalyze methanation, whereas platinum has low methanation and higher alcohol formation activity. IR spectra showed that small doses of carbon monoxide adsorbed associatively and then decomposed. The presence of oxygen was verified by NO adsorption and the presence of carbon by electron microprobe analysis. The dissociative adsorption proceeded to monolayer coverage and was not observed if excess gas-phase carbon monoxide was added at once. The possible precursor species for carbon monoxide dissociation is discussed.
A monthly period of symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Abstract The number of times that a man with benign prostatic hyperplasia awoke each night with the urge to urinate (nocturia) was analyzed for randomness by Bartlett’s Kolmogorov-Smirnov white noise test and for a periodic component by Fourier analysis. The data series (n = 1549) was not white noise; it had a peak periodic component of 25 days, with a range of 21 to 37 days. The possibility that the monthly period of nocturia is a general phenomenon and is coupled to a monthly menstrual period, and the implications for more accurate diagnosis and new modes of therapy, are discussed.
A Student's Guide to Critical Reading using APPS

The concept of smart phone apps forms a mnemonic device and checklist for students who are learning critical thinking and reading skills. “Use your apps” reminds students to consider the importance of Author, Audience, Assumptions, Point of View, Perspective, and Scale when reading any text. “APPS” also lends itself to class discussion and assessment, even in large class settings.
Clinical Outcomes After Revision Endoscopic Sinus Surgery

Objective To determine if patients undergoing revision endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) for chronic rhinosinusitis obtain significant symptomatic benefit from surgery. Design Prospective controlled clinical trial. Methods Adult patients undergoing revision ESS were evaluated preoperatively with a computed tomographic scan and the Rhinosinusitis Symptom Inventory. After the revision ESS, patients were reevaluated with the Rhinosinusitis Symptom Inventory. Data were analyzed for symptom score changes and effect sizes, changes in medication, and economic variables. Improvements in sinonasal symptom scores, medication use, and economic variables were compared with those of a contemporaneous control group of patients undergoing primary ESS and matched for age, sex, and Lund score. Results The 21 patients (mean age, 44.8 years) who completed evaluation after revision ESS had a mean follow-up of 12.4 months. Mean preoperative Lund score was 12.6. Large effect sizes indicating significant symptom improvements were noted for nasal obstruction (effect size, −1.9), hyposmia (−0.9), and headache (−0.6), as well as nasal (−1.1) and total symptom domains (−0.9; P P = .23). Improvements in clinical symptoms were statistically similar to corresponding improvements in the matched cohort of patients undergoing primary ESS. Conclusions The symptomatic relief that revision ESS can provide for patients with refractory chronic rhinosinusitis is similar to that following a primary ESS. However, many patients undergoing revision ESS require continued intense medical management of their chronic rhinosinusitis.
SPECT Imaging of Herpes Simplex Virus Type1 Thymidine Kinase Gene Expression By [123I]FIAU1

Rationale and Objectives Introduction of suicide genes, such as herpes simplex virus type1 thymidine kinase (HSV1-tk), in tumor cells has provided a useful method for tumor gene therapy. Several L-nucleosides, such as Lamivudine (3TC) and Clevudine (L-FMAU), have been successfully tested as high-potency antiviral agents. To investigate the potential differences between D- and L-isomers of nucleosides, [125/123I]-2’-fluoro-2’-deoxy-1β-D/L-arabino-furanosy-5-iodo-uracil (D/L-FIAU) have been synthesized and evaluated as potential SPECT agents for imaging HSV1-tk gene expression. Materials and Methods [125/123I]D- and L-FIAU were prepared by iododestannylation of the respective tin precursors with 125/123I-sodium iodide. In vitro cell uptake studies were performed by incubation of [125I]D- and L-FIAU in RG2 cells expressing HSV1-tk (RG2TK+). In vivo studies including biodistribution and SPECT were performed in RG2TK+ and RG2TK− tumor-bearing nude mice using [123I]D- and L-FIAU. Results Cell uptake and biodistribution studies indicated that [125/123I]L-FIAU did not show any high accumulation (sensitivity) or uptake ratios (selectivity) in HSV1-TK-positive (RG2TK+) tumors as compared to control tumors. In contrast, [125/123I]D-FIAU displayed both sensitivity and selectivity to RG2TK+ tumors. The selective in vivo accumulation of [123I]D-FIAU increased with time and the tumor uptake ratios (RG2TK+/RG2TK−) for 2, 4, and 24 hours averaged 6.2, 22.7, and 58.8, respectively. High-resolution SPECT of four nude tumor-bearing mice demonstrated a very high uptake of [123I]D-FIAU in the RG2TK+ tumor, while no significant tracer accumulation was observed in the RG2TK− tumor and other organs. Conclusion The data suggest that only the D-isomer of [123I]FIAU is useful for imaging HSV1-tk gene expression in mice by high-resolution SPECT imaging.
16-Year Creep of Polyethylene and PVC,

Abstract : Creep tests at constant stress, temperature and relative humidity for two thermoplastics were conducted for approximately 132 000 hr. The strains for the first 2000 hrs were described by an equation. This equation was found to predict the creep of PVC for approx-imately 132 000 hr. with reasonable accuracy. The predicted strains for polyethylene were somewhat low. Strains during unloading and reloading after 90 000 hr. of creep were pre-dicted reasonably well by the Boltzmann superposition principle. (Author, modified-PL)
Visual agnosia: Once more, with theory

Abstract The neuropsychology of cognitive functions has a long history. For well over a hundred years, clinicians have been studying the effects of brain lesions on language, memory, vision, and action. In contrast, “cognitive neuropsychology” is a very new field. The distinction is an important one to make here because Humphreys and Riddoch's new book on agnosia, “To see but not to see”, is a significant contribution to that subject in part just because it is the first book on the cognitive neuropsychology of agnosia.
Chromosomes and Oncogenes

There are two types of neoplasms, both of which are expressions of abnormal growth. Benign tumors are outgrowths that are self-limiting; that is, they grow to a certain size and then stop or regress. Most of us are acquainted with benign tumors, such as polyps or warts. Malignant tumors, on the other hand, usually show unlimited growth; they escape the rules of differentiation and grow wild. They also have the ability to infiltrate and destroy normal tissues, and most malignant tumors are also capable of spreading to new sites by metastasis. Tissue cultures of cancer cells are immortal, whereas normal cells divide only a limited number of times in vitro. Furthermore, normal cultured cells stop dividing when they make contact with each other, whereas malignant cells are able to grow in several layers. The histological structure of cancerous tumors usually differs greatly from the original normal tissue and often appears to be anaplastic. Advanced cancer may display a varied cytological picture; cells with small and large, often giant, nuclei exist side by side with cells having several or weirdly shaped nuclei. Cancer mitoses also exhibit a wide spectrum of abnormalities, such as multiple poles, disorganized metaphases, anaphases with laggards and chromatid bridges, endomitoses, and endoreduplications. These phenomena indicate that the mitotic processes of chromosome replication and division, usually so orderly, have been dramatically disrupted (Therman and Kuhn, 1989).
IMPORTANCE-PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF CITIZEN SATISFACTION SURVEYS

This paper introduces the method of importance-performance analysis of citizen surveys, a useful approach to understanding citizen satisfaction with local government services. Using data from a US national online panel, we directly compare two approaches to importance-performance analysis: one employing an explicitly stated measure of importance, the other using a measure of importance derived from regression analysis. The different results that the two approaches give suggest that local government administrators and policy analysts arrive at distinctly different conclusions depending on which importance measure they use. These differences are illustrated by simulating the change in citizen satisfaction that would result from improvement in the top-rated services according to each measure. Research and policy implications are discussed.
Protection of ROC‐1 Hybrid Glial Cells by Polyethylene Glycol Following ATP Depletion

: Oligodendroglia-glioma hybrid cells (ROC-1) subjected to inhibition of glycolytic and oxidative ATP synthesis undergo a sequence of changes, including ATP depletion, parallel processes of cell swelling and blebbing, and finally plasma membrane disruption and cell death. The morphological and biochemical changes that follow ATP depletion were studied in the presence and absence of polyethylene glycol (M, 8,000), a nonpermeant oncotic agent. Polyethylene glycol prevented cell swelling and membrane blebbing. It significantly delayed, but did not prevent, the release of lactate dehydrogenase into the medium; it did not affect the fall in [ATP]. These results suggest that osmotic cell swelling may be a contributing factor in the loss of cell viability when ROC-1 cells are depleted of ATP.
ELASTIC-PLASTIC DEFORMATION OF A SINGLE GROOVED FLAT PLATE UNDER LONGITUDINAL SHEAR

Abstract : The development of the plastic strain in a V-grooved flat plate under longitudinal shear was followed from the elastic through the partially plastic to the fully plastic condition for a non-strainhardening material. The region of plastic flow develops monotonically. Adjacent to the zone of deformation in the fully plastic case there is a region where limited plastic deformation has occurred. The results for the growth of the plastic zone were compared with predictions based on the elastic-plastic solution for an infinite plate and the elastic solution for a finite plate. Agreement is good at low stress levels. At high stress levels, a relatively simple empirical equation, satisfying over-all equilibrium, is proposed. Predictions based on elasticity theory alone are shown to be seriously in error. (Author)
Big-bang nucleosynthesis enters the precision era

The last parameter of big-bang nucleosynthesis, the baryon density, is being pinned down by measurements of the deuterium abundance in high-redshift hydrogen clouds. When it is determined, it will
Stable boron isotope fractionation between dissolved B(OH)3 and B(OH)4

Abstract The stable boron isotope ratio (11B/10B) in marine carbonates is used as a paleo-pH recorder and is one of the most promising paleo-carbonate chemistry proxies. Understanding the thermodynamic basis of the proxy is of fundamental importance, including knowledge on the equilibrium fractionation factor between dissolved boric acid, B(OH)3, and borate ion, B(OH)4− ( α ( B ( OH ) 3 − B ( OH ) 4 − ) , hereafter α(B3–B4)). However, this factor has hitherto not been determined experimentally and a theoretically calculated value ( Kakihana and Kotaka, 1977 , hereafter KK77) has therefore been widely used. I examine the calculations underlying this value. Using the same spectroscopic data and methods as KK77, I calculate the same α ( B 3 − B 4 ) = 1.0193 at 300 K. Unfortunately, it turns out that in general the result is sensitive to the experimentally determined vibrational frequencies and the theoretical methods used to calculate the molecular forces. Using analytical techniques and ab initio molecular orbital theory, the outcome for α(B3–B4) varies between ∼1.020 and ∼1.050 at 300 K. However, several arguments suggest that α(B3–B4) ≳ 1.030. Measured isotopic shifts in various 10B-, 2D-, and 18O-labeled isotopomers do not provide a constraint on stable boron isotope fractionation. I conclude that in order to anchor the fundamentals of the boron pH proxy, experimental work is required. The critics of the boron pH proxy should note, however, that uncertainties in α(B3–B4) do not bias pH reconstructions provided that organism-specific calibrations are used.
The transmission/disequilibrium test for linkage on the X chromosome.

The transmission/disequilibrium test (TDT), which detects linkage between a marker and disease loci in the presence of linkage disequilibrium, was introduced by Spielman et al. The original TDT requires families in which the genotypes are known for both parents and for at least one affected offspring, and this limits its applicability to diseases with late onset. The sib-TDT, or S-TDT, which utilizes families with affected and unaffected siblings, was introduced as an alternative method, by Spielman and Ewens, and the TDT and S-TDT can be combined in an overall test (i.e., a combined-TDT, or C-TDT). The TDT statistics described so far are for autosomal chromosomes. We have extended these TDT methods to test for linkage between X-linked markers and diseases that affect either males only or both sexes. For diseases of late onset, when parental genotypes are often unavailable, the X-linkage C-TDT may allow for more power than is provided by the X-linkage TDT alone.
P450SCC-Dependent Cholesterol-Metabolism in Rat Adrenal Mitochondria Is Inhibited by Low Concentrations of Matrix Ca2+ 1

Abstract Pregnenolone formation at P450 scc in isolated rat adrenal mitochondria is determined equally by the amount of ACTH-stimulated reactive inner membrane cholesterol and by the matrix generation of NADPH. Evidence is presented here that both are sensitive to an increase in matrix Ca 2+ produced by low levels of external Ca 2+ (0.4-4 μM). Cholesterol availability to P450 scc and intramitochondrial NADPH are shown to be highly interdependent. The proportion of mitochondrial cholesterol which is readily available to P450 scc in the intact mitochondria increases as conditions become more favorable for NADPH generation. Preincubation of mitochondria without reductant causes substantial decreases in cholesterol metabolism when weaker reducing conditions are used without effect on NADPH generation as evidenced by unchanged metabolism of 20α-hydroxycholesterol at P450 scc or DOC at P450 11β . Increased Ca- 2+ free not only increases this sensitivity to preincubation but also inhibits reductant transfer from succinate and isocitrate to both P450 scc and P450 11β . Succinate activity was inhibited much more than that of isocitrate. These actions of Ca 2+ , which quantitatively explain the stimulatory characteristics of EGTA in standard media, were reversible providing exposure was short (≤ 3 min). Ruthenium red (inhibits Ca 2+ uptake antiporter) is as effective as EGTA in preventing all these effects of Ca 2+ while cyclosporin A (prevents opening of Ca 2+ -activated inner membrane channels) is partially effective. Ca 2+ entry into the matrix is, therefore a necessary step prior to inhibition of cholesterol metabolism by several mechanisms, including the consequences of changes in inner membrane permeability.
Family functioning, social support and depression after traumatic brain injury

Functional outcome after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is thought to be dependent upon effective social support and avoidance of depressive episodes. Research indicates that post-injury changes often occur in the family's functioning, hence impacting the family's ability to provide the needed social support. Social support, in turn, has been hypothesized to work as a buffer between significant life event and levels of depressive symptoms. Thus poor social support after a TBI, due to changes in family functioning, could result in depressive episodes for the person with a TBI. This paper empirically examines this question by investigating whether social support is predictive of depression in persons who have sustained a TBI. Thirty-nine persons who had sustained TBI were interviewed to assess their family functioning, perceived social support, and current depressive symptomatology. The results showed that the effective use of problem-solving and behavioural coping strategies by the family in response to TBI ...
EKG screening program for school athletes

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is the most common cardiovascular cause of sudden death in adolescent athletes. The electrocardiogram is abnormal in more than 90% of these individuals. An EKG screening program was developed in order to ascertain the role of the electrocardiogram in identifying athletes at risk for sudden death. A training program was created to instruct school nurses on how to perform electrocardiograms. A questionnaire/consent from was sent to the parents of the athletes. This form asked basic questions concerning the child's past medical history and family history. The electrocardiograms were interpreted by staff pediatric cardiologists. A total of 1,424 students, ages 13 to 18, had 12-lead electrocardiograms performed. In 88.8% the electrocardiogram was normal and the health screening questionnaire revealed no abnormalities in family or personal medical history. In 6.5% of the students, the family history or screening blood pressure recording justified further evaluation. In 72 students abnormalities on the electrocardiogram were noted (5.1%). There were 87 abnormalities noted in the 72 students. Conduction disturbances and arrhythmias were the most common abnormalities noted. In 12 students evidence of ventricular hypertrophy was found. Echocardiograms and stress tests were normal in these individuals. No student was found to have hypertrophic myopathy and no student was restricted from participating in competitive athletic activities. Despite the apparent negative results of this program there were benefits of the screening project. The program resulted in a closer working relationship between school health officials and a major health care facility. The program also served as a useful teaching tool for the school nurses. The screening electrocardiogram also provided a measure of reassurance to families of youngsters participating in competitive athletics. The authors believe an EKG screening program for school athletes is a useful endeavor.
Searching for interacting features in subset selection

The evolving and adapting capabilities of robust intelligence are best manifested in its ability to learn. Machine learning enables computer systems to learn, and improve performance. Feature selection facilitates machine learning (e.g., classification) by aiming to remove irrelevant features. Feature (attribute) interaction presents a challenge to feature subset selection for classification. This is because a feature by itself might have little correlation with the target concept, but when it is combined with some other features, they can be strongly correlated with the target concept. Thus, the unintentional removal of these features may result in poor classification performance. It is computationally intractable to handle feature interactions in general. However, the presence of feature interaction in a wide range of real-world applications demands practical solutions that can reduce high-dimensional data while preserving feature interactions. In this paper, we take up the challenge to design a special data structure for feature quality evaluation, and to employ an information-theoretic feature ranking mechanism to efficiently handle feature interaction in subset selection. We conduct experiments to evaluate our approach by comparing with some representative methods, perform a lesion study to examine the critical components of the proposed algorithm to gain insights, and investigate related issues such as data structure, ranking, time complexity, and scalability in search of interacting features.
The effect of orally administered thyrotropin-releasing hormone on growth and carcass characteristics of seven- to ten-week-old broilers.

Abstract In contrast to some earlier studies with young broiler chickens, several recent studies have shown growth responses to exogenous growth hormone (GH) administration in broiler chickens of advanced age (Vasilatos-Younken et al., 1988; Scanes et al., 1990). It was therefore of interest to determine whether intermittent feeding of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), a known GH secretogogue, would elevate plasma GH of 7- to 10-wk-old broilers and alter their growth characteristics. Four replicate pens of 15 males and four pens of 15 females 7 to 10 wk of age were given access to feed containing 3.5 mg/kg of TRH for four 2-h periods each 24 h with 4-h periods of feed removal between. Control groups either were fed the basal ration on the same intermittent schedule or had continuous access to it. Growth hormone concentrations, measured 45 to 75 min after the start of TRH feeding periods, were significantly elevated in males on the 1st day of the experiment and after 7, 14, and 21 days when they were 7, 8, 9, and 10 wk of age, respectively. Concentrations in females were elevated on the 1st day of treatment, but not thereafter. Treatment with TRH had no effect on BW or relative gain of males at any time. It significantly increased relative gain of females during the 1st wk, but not thereafter. There were no treatment effects on 10-wk shank length, Pectoralis major weight, Gastrocnemius weight, or liver weight in either sex, but the percentage fat pad of males fed TRH was lower than that of controls fed intermittently.
Controlled variation scheme in a sequential solver for recirculating flows, part I: Theory and formulation

The formalism of the total variation diminishing (TVD) schemes is utilized to design a convection scheme for incompressible recirculating flows. The scheme has been named the controlled variation scheme (CVS). Even though the CVS does not possess the TVD property for sequential solution algorithms, due to the appearance of source terms, the concept of controlled variation fluxes can be effective in suppressing spurious oscillations that commonly occur in convection-dominated viscous flows, by injecting a nonlinear numerical diffusion, similar to the original TVD schemes, into the central difference scheme. This is demonstrated by using the one-dimensional linear convection-diffusion equation with and without a source term as model problems. The formulation and an efficient implementation of the CVS in a sequential pressure-based solver for incompressible steady-state Navier-Stokes equations is presented in this work. The applications of the CVS for two-dimensional laminar and turbulent flows is presented ...
A Numerical Method for Highly Accelerated Laminar Boundary-Layer Flows

A second-order-accurate implicit finite difference method is developed to study the boundary-layer flows that occur just upstream of a trailing edge which is attached to a free streamline. An important feature of this technique is the use of an asymptotic expansion to satisfy the boundary condition at the edge of the boundary layer while retaining a rapid algorithm for inverting the system of linear equations for each Newton iteration. The method is applied to the Kirchhoff-Rayleigh flow past a finite flat plate set perpendicular to a uniform stream. Computed velocity profiles are found to be in excellent agreement with those obtained from an asymptotic solution (Ackerberg (1970), (1971a), (1971b)) with pointwise differences being less than 1.2% over two-thirds of the profile. A detailed description of the method is given in Ackerberg and Phillips (1973).
Stratification and Voting Behavior Electoral Cleavage in Britain under the Third Reform Act

Despite agreement on the importance of class in voting behavior, scholars have not integrated research on class-based political behavior with broader theories about the sources of group cohesion in a mass electorate. This article explores the potential for political cohesion among a variety of occupational groups within the British working class. The propensity for collective action in the electoral arena is evaluated in terms of each group's social situation—its differentiation, level of within-group interaction, need for collective effort, and organizational capacity. Using the 1891 population census and general election results from 1885 to 1910, we then observe the relationship between the spatial concentration of each occupational group and the left-wing vote. The results indicate clearly that alternate conceptions of stratification are associated with different directions of class-party relationships and different levels of class-based voting. The results of both correlation and multivariate regress...
An In Vitro Evaluation of Aerosol Delivery Through Tracheostomy and Endotracheal Tubes Using Different Interfaces

BACKGROUND: Previous research reporting factors influencing aerosol delivery in intubated patients has been largely focused on the endotracheal tube (ETT) during mechanical ventilation, with little comparative analysis of effect of types of artificial airways and their interfaces on aerosol delivery during spontaneous breathing. The purpose of this study was to compare aerosol delivery via tracheostomy tube (TT) and ETT, using interfaces such as T-piece, tracheostomy collar, and manual resuscitation bag. METHODS: A teaching manikin was intubated with either an ETT (8.0 mm inner diameter) and TT (8 mm inner diameter). Both bronchi were connected to a collecting filter, attached to a sinusoidal pump simulating the breathing pattern of a spontaneously breathing adult (tidal volume 450 mL, respiratory rate 20 breaths/min, inspiratory-expiratory ratio 1:2). Albuterol sulfate (2.5 mg/3 mL) was nebulized through a jet nebulizer, using each airway and interface as appropriate (n = 3). Drug on the filter was eluted and analyzed with spectrophotometry, and expressed as mean percent of loaded dose delivered. Descriptive statistics, the Student t test, and one-way analysis of variance were applied. RESULTS: A greater percentage of nominal dose was delivered via TT than ETT with both T-piece (13.79 ± 2.59% vs 9.05 ± 0.70%) and manual resuscitation bag (45.75 ± 1.8% vs 27.23 ± 8.98%, P = .038 and P = .025, respectively). Use of manual resuscitation bag with both TT and ETT increased lung dose more than 3-fold. Inhaled dose with tracheostomy collar was (6.92 ± 0.81%) less than T-piece with TT (P = .01). CONCLUSION: In this adult model of spontaneous ventilation, aerosol therapy through ETT was less efficient than TT, while the manual resuscitation bag was more efficient than T-piece or tracheostomy collar.
Bad Faith Breach of Contract in Consumer Transactions

The concept of good faith has different meanings in different contexts. This paper explores what good faith means in consumer contracts.
Abstract MP55: Electrocardiographic versus Echocardiographic Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Prediction of Congestive Heart Failure in the Elderly

Background: Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is an established risk factor for congestive heart failure (HF) and is a component of the Framingham HF Risk Score (FHFRS). Whether LVH detected by electrocardiogram (ECG-LVH) is equally predictive of HF as LVH detected by echocardiography (Echo-LVH) is unclear. Methods: This analysis included 4,543 participants (85% white; 41% male) aged 65 years or older from the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) who were free of HF and major intraventricular conduction defects at baseline. Adjudicated incident HF was identified during a median follow-up of 12 years. ECG-LVH was defined by the sex-specific Cornell voltage criteria. Echo-LVH was defined from the observed left ventricular (LV) mass compared with the sex-specific predicted LV mass values. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to compute hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) for the association between ECG-LVH and Echo-LVH with incident HF, separately. Models were adjusted for age, sex, ...
Paradoxical Relationships between Services, Needs and Outcomes

The United States — United Kingdom Cross-National project is a long standing collaboration between teams in New York and London. This project has completed several psychogeriatric studies using a cross-nationally reliable assessment technique, the Comprehensive Assessment and Referral Evaluation (CARE), which covers over 20 dimensions of psychiatric, medical and social problems. In this paper we single out the dimension of depression in order to demonstrate the paradoxical relationships that can exist between service delivery (in this instance treatment with antidepressants), public health indicators of the need for services (in this instance, depression) and outcomes reflecting the efficacy of treatment.
Relation of Alcohol Concentration to Intoxication

SummaryThe presence of alcohol in the body over a period of several hours effects a change in the response of the nervous system to alcohol, with the result that concentrations which initially produced drunkenness no longer are capable of showing this effect. Thus the effect of a given concentration of alcohol depends not only on its absolute value but also on how long a time it has been present in the body.
Ixodes scapularis Say in northern Wisconsin.

Adult Ixodes scapularis Say were collected from vegetation and deer kills in northern Wisconsin.
Using the Plastic Framework to Augment Scenario-Based Training Systems with Instructional Agents

This paper describes the Prolog-Like Agent Specification & Tutor Implementation Calculus (PLASTIC) framework. PLASTIC is an intelligent tutor authoring system in which instructional agents based on...
Joint Decision on Timing and Pricing for Ordering under Information Updating in a Supply Chain

This paper considers the joint decision on timing and pricing for ordering in a supply chain consisting of one manufacturer and one retailer with continuous information updating on retailer's side.The manufacturer offers a menu with multiple choices on timing and pricing for ordering.Before selling season starts,according to the menu,the retailer decides when to place an order and enjoys the corresponding price.We consider timing for ordering as decision variable with respect to its effects on the degree of information updating,which extends the existing literature by removing the constraint of fixed ordering time.We study each entity's profit under both centralized and decentralized systems.In the decentralized system,we incorporate revenue sharing contract to find Pareto improvement.Numerical examples are also provided to illustrate the effectiveness of our coordinating mechanism.
Sequence analysis on kinetoplast DNA minicircles of Chinese Leishmaniaisolates in different foci

This study conducted an analysis for the sequence heterogeneity of the kinetoplast DNA minicircles in Chinese Leishmaniaisolates in different foci.Kinetoplast DNA minicircles were amplified using a set of primers from conserved region of minicircle of Leishmania.The PCR products were then cloned into pGEM-T vector and 5 positive clones were selected to be sequenced randomly.Sequence alignment was done by DNAStar software and phylogenic tree was constructed using MEGA software.Results revealed that single minicircles were amplified fromLeishmaniastrains SC,KXG-Xu,KXG-65,JIASHI-1,and 801 from different foci of China using primer KP1-KP2,with the length of 858bp,858bp,858bp,750bp,and 748bp,respectively.The sequence identity among SC,KXG-Xu and KXG-65 were over 99%,and JIASHI-1 and 801 both showed high heterogeneity with other strains of Leishmania.Strain 801 was close to the isolates of Leishmania donovani,and the strain JIASHI-1was close to the isolate of viscerotropic Leishmania.SC,KXG-Xu and KXG-65 were also clustered together,while they were closer to viscerotropic Leishmaniathan to cutaneotropic Leishmania.It showed that sequence variations exist in kinetoplast minicircles of Leishmaniafrom different foci of China.
Sleep-related eating disorder.

Publisher Summary Sleep-related eating disorder (SRED) combines features of sleep disorders and eating disorders, such that individuals have partial or complete arousal from sleep to eat. Patients with SRED generally arouse from sleep and eat roughly 2–3 hours after sleep onset. Eating episodes are characterized by rapid ingestion of food, which the patient usually reports as “out of control” or compulsive in nature. Both pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments have been employed in SRED. Pharmacological treatments for SRED are divided into those that target underlying disorders thought to produce the abnormal nocturnal eating, and those empiric therapies that have been found, usually through serendipity, to be of therapeutic value. Those who report for clinical attention often have a chronic course, with multiple eating episodes per night, and a variety of daytime consequences of this behavior, including weight gain, daytime fatigue, and mood disorders. Currently, treatment is directed towards underlying sleep disorders, when present, or otherwise involves the empiric use of serotonergic antidepressants or topiramate.
The Meaning of Means

In the last chapter we used the Markov–Kakutani Theorem to produce for every compact abelian group G an “invariant mean”: a mean in the algebraic dual space of B(G) fixed by the adjoint of every translation map on B(G). The Riesz Representation Theorem then provided a G-invariant, regular, Borel probability measure to represent this mean via integration on C(G). Thus was born Haar measure for G.
Improving Lawyers’ Judgment: Is Mediation Training De-Biasing?

When people are placed in a partisan role or otherwise have an objective they seek to accomplish, they are prone to pervasive cognitive and motivational biases. These judgmental distortions can affect what people believe and wish to find out, the predictions they make, the strategic decisions they employ, and what they think is fair. A classic example is confirmation bias, which can cause its victims to seek and interpret information in ways that are consistent with their pre-existing views or the goals they aim to achieve. Studies consistently show that experts as well as laypeople are prone to such biases, and that they are highly resistant to change, in large part because people are generally unaware that they are operating.When they affect lawyers, egocentric, partisan and role biases can hinder the ability to provide objective advice to clients, lead to overly optimistic forecasts about the probability of future events, and promote “we-they” thinking that can exacerbate and prolong conflicts, imposing substantial costs on both clients and society.There is reason to believe that by placing people in a mediative stance — one in which people impartially try to help disputants resolve a conflict — they can develop habits of objectivity crucial to much of what lawyers are called upon to do. That this is so is supported by social science research on two specific strategies for de-biasing judgment — considering alternative scenarios and taking another’s perspective — both core mediator mindsets. Research also shows that active engagement in such de-biasing activity is more effective in achieving objectivity than is mere instruction about the existence of cognitive biases. The authors consider the implications of this research for law school clinical programming and legal education in general.
Standardizing the Measurement of Visual Fields for Clinical Research: Guidelines from the Eye Care Technology Forum

The guidelines in this brief report are a condensation of recommendations from the Eye Care Technology Forum meetings initiated by the National Eye Institute in 1992, 1993, and 1994. They are based, to some extent, on the visual field protocols and Manual of Procedures developed by the Visual Field Reading Center at the University of California, Davis, for the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial and the Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study (OHTS). A more extensive discussion of these topics may be found in the Proceedings of the Eye Care Technology Forum meetings (National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 1993, 1994).
Abstract 218: Age Impacts Circulating Testosterone Levels in Male Intrauterine Growth Restricted Rats Leading to Glucose Intolerance and Alterations in Programmed Hypertension

Low birth weight increases the risk for hypertension, obesity, and impaired insulin and glucose metabolism in later life. We previously reported that reduced uterine perfusion induced at day 14 of gestation in the pregnant rat leads to intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and programs testosterone dependent hypertension at 4 months of age in male IUGR offspring relative to male control. Whether age impacts chronic health in male IUGR is unknown. Thus, the aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that age impacts cardiovascular and metabolic health in male IUGR offspring. Male control and male IUGR offspring were studied at 6 and 12 months of age. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) measured in conscious, chronically instrumented animals via arterial catheter was significantly increased in IUGR at 6 months of age (138.9±2 mmHg, n=9; P P P
Staged curative treatment of a complex direct carotid-cavernous fistula with a large arterial defect and an 'oversized' internal carotid artery

This is a case of a high-flow, post-traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistula with a widened arterial defect and a large-diameter internal carotid artery (ICA). The unique aspect of this case is the oversized ICA, >8mm in diameter, which is both a pathological and a therapeutic challenge, given the lack of available neuroendovascular devices for full vessel reconstruction. We present a planned two-stage embolisation paradigm for definitive treatment. Transarterial coil embolisation is performed as the first stage to disconnect the fistula and normalise flow in the ICA. A 3-month recovery period is then allowed for reduction in carotid diameter. Repair of the large vessel defect and pseudoaneurysm is performed as a second stage in a delayed fashion with a flow-diverting device. Follow-up angiography at 6 months demonstrates obliteration of the fistula and curative ICA reconstruction to a diameter <5mm.
Religious belief in Christian higher education: Is religious and political diversity relativizing?

While attending college, religious participation tends to decline among American students, but evidence of changes in religious belief is less clear. On the bases of both secularization theory and ...
Cost-efficient barrier coverage with a hybrid sensor network under practical constraints

Barrier coverage is a natural application of sensor networks in which sensors are deployed to detect intruders or protect crucial resources. In this paper, we consider a hybrid sensor network with a two-phase deployment, in which less-expensive static sensors are first randomly deployed in an area, and then more-expensive mobile sensors are deployed to fill coverage gaps. We use a probabilistic model to take into account the practical constraints of detection probability and false positives. We propose an iterative scheme that finds a sensor deployment strategy that minimizes the total sensor cost. Our scheme makes use of a graph transformation and includes speed-up strategies. We present simulation results that verify the correctness of the proposed scheme and demonstrate the effectiveness of the speed-up strategies.