cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simplified Approach to the Ground-State Energy of an Imperfect Bose Gas

The well-known first two terms in the asymptotic density series for the ground-state energy of a Bose gas, E 0=2πNρa[1+(128/15√π) (ρa 3)1/2], where a is the scattering length of the pair potential, is ordinarily obtained by summing an infinite set of graphs in perturbation theory. We show here how this same series may be obtained by elementary methods. Our method offers the advantages of simplicity and directness. Another advantage is that the hard-core case can be handled on the same basis as a finite potential, no pseudopotential being required. In fact, the analysis of the hard-core potential turns out to be simpler than for a finite potential, as is the case in elementary quantum mechanics. In an Appendix we discuss the high-density situation and show that for a certain class of potentials Bogoliubov’s theory is correct in this limit. Thus, Bogoliubov’s theory, which is never correct at low density unless a pseudopotential is introduced, is really a high-density theory.
Neurotrophin channeling of neuroprogenitor differentiation

Abstract We have characterized sub-ventricular derived neural progenitor cells that respond to EGF and form into clusters called neurospheres in liquid culture. Single cells were sorted into 96 well plates containing serum-free medium and EGF (20 ng/ml). After 14 days, 0.5%–4.0% of the cells had formed a colony, ranging in size from 10 to 500 cells. Then, EGF was removed and colonies were grown for 7 more days in medium containing BDNF (50 ng/ml) or NGF (100 ng/ml), or re-added EGF. At this time 50% of the colonies grown in the presence of BDNF expressed NF, O4 and GFAP, showing tri-lineage potential of the original sorted cell. NGF-treated cultured also channeled to tri-lineage colonies (55%), but only after 14 days of growth. These data are significantly different from control colonies where only 10% or less of the colonies expressed all three markers when media containing EGF was added back. Colonies supplemented with BDNF or NGF without the removal of EGF did not show tri-lineage potential. This tiered response suggests the primary growth factor, EGF, must be withdrawn and a secondary growth factor such as NGF or BDNF must be added for the colonies to differentiate. Our observation that small colonies (10–20 cells) ceased to grow after withdrawal of EGF while large colonies (> 20 cells) continued to thrive suggests a paracrine effect. Proliferation and differentiation of these neural progenitors is a multi-step, cytokine-controlled process. Neuropoiesis appears to be an analogue model of hematopoiesis.
Morphology of anisotropic polymer‐dispersed liquid crystals and the effect of monomer functionality

The morphology of transmission gratings with varying Bragg spacings formed using polymer-dispersed liquid crystals were examined using high-resolution scanning electron microscopy and image analysis techniques. The effect on the morphology of small changes in the overall functionality of the prepolymer syrup was observed. An increase in the amount of monofunctional compound resulted in small, nearly spherical domains (<100 nm in diameter) confined in well-defined lamellae for samples with a 0.49 μm Bragg spacing. A decrease in concentration (an effective increase in monomer functionality) at this Bragg spacing resulted in larger domains (100-200 nm) with much greater distribution of sizes and shapes. The local volume fractions of discrete liquid crystalline (LC) domains was considerably larger in the latter case. An increase in the Bragg spacing to 1.35 μm also resulted in well-defined lamellae of LC domains, although much more coalescence into irregularly shaped individual domains was observed. Surprisingly, the local volume fraction of LC increased in the larger Bragg spacing samples. The morphology results are discussed qualitatively in terms of liquid-gel demixing where the inherent crosslink density and elasticity of the polymeric host must be considered in phase separation processes on the nanoscale.
Non-acid electrolyte thins many materials for TEM without causing hydride formation

Abstract A new electropolishing solution for thinning metal TEM specimens has been developed. The solution, designated BK-2, consists of lithium chloride, magnesium perchlorate, butyl cellosolve, and methanol. It reduces the inventory of solutions needed in a lab, increases the quality and speed of specimen preparation, and is safer to use than most acidic electrolytes. In addition, it does not cause hydride formation in materials which are initially free of hydrogen.
A Field Evaluation of In-Situ Biodegradation of Chlorinated Ethenes: Part 2, Results of Biostimulation and Biotransformation Experiments

Results are presented from a field study that document the in-situ biotransformation of trichloroethylene (TCE), cis-dichLoroethylene (cis-DCE), trans-dichloroethylene (trans-DCE), and vinyl chloride (VC) in a saturated, semiconfined aquifer. The enhanced biotransformation was accomplished by stimulating the growth of indigenous methane-oxidizing bacteria (methanotrophs), which transform chlorinated aliphatic compounds by a cometabolic process to stable, nontoxic end products. Experiments were performed in the presence and absence of biostimulation by means of controlled chemical addition, frequent sampling, and quantitative analysis. The degree of biotransformation was assessed using mass balances and comparisons with bromide as a conservative tracer. Biostimulation of the test zone was successfully achieved by injecting methane- and oxygen-containing ground water in alternating pulses under induced gradient conditions. After a few weeks of stimulation, methane concentrations gradually decreased below the detection limit within two meters of travel. Under active biostimulation conditions, 20 to 30% of the TCE was biotransformed during the first season of testing. Direct evidence for biotransformation of VC, trans-DCE, cis-DCE, and TCE was obtained in the second and third seasons of field testing. In the absence of biostimulation, the organic compounds concentrations at observation wells reached 95% of the injection concentration, demonstrating negligible losses due to abiotic processes. Biostimulation of the test zone resulted in a concurrent decrease in concentration of methane and the halogenated aliphatic compounds. The organic compounds were transformed within two meters of travel as follows: TCE, 20–30%; cis-DCE, 45–55%; trans-DCE, 80–90%; and VC, 90–95%. These results are in qualitative agreement with methane-utilizing, mixed-culture laboratory studies which indicate that the rate of biotransformation is more rapid when the molecules are less halogenated. A biotransformation intermediate was observed which was identified by GC-MS analysis as trans-dichloroethylene oxide (trans-DCE epoxide), an expected intermediate based on laboratory studies. When methane addition was stopped, the concentration of the intermediate rapidly decreased, while halogenated compound concentrations slowly increased, indicating that active methane utilization was required for biotransformation to occur.
ITS professional development: refine, reward, retain

Within Information Technology Services (ITS) Division at Saint Louis University, professional development (PD) serves as the bridge where prospective and current ITS employees are now, and where they will need to be in order to meet the new challenges and opportunities during their employment with ITS. Successful professional development should be effective, rigorous, and relevant to both the individual and the organization. While supporting the strategies of ITS and Saint Louis University, professional development must also ensure continued preparation and career-long development of the ITS employee.Professional development is an integral part of the employee Performance Appraisal process for ITS employees. PD is seen as a win-win situation wherein the employee benefits by learning and improving current or new skills, and ITS benefits by recruiting and retaining highly skilled professionals. Several employee attitudes can relate to a company's profitability. To be specific, the role of managers and supervisors is extremely important. Quite often, employees don't leave companies - they leave managers and supervisors. Taking a quick assessment of employee attitude leads to creating solutions that help retain highly productive employees. Looking at how the employee relates to the manager/supervisor and the way that relationship influences productivity is important. Employee satisfaction is directly related to the employee learning and growing on the job, and to the employee being rewarded for such growth and learning. The responsibility for obtaining opportunities for such growth rests with the employee and manager.A professional development plan that is REFINED to fit the needs of the employee and supervisor and REWARDING financially and professionally for the ITS employee helps to RETAIN valuable ITS employees by providing new opportunities for growth and empowering the employees to direct their career path at Saint Louis University. As a result, the career development will narrow the gap that spans where ITS employees are now to where they need to be to meet the new challenges and opportunities during their employment with Saint Louis University.
Mechanism of the oxidation of alcohols by 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine nitrosonium cation

Abstract Simple Hammett studies, hydrogen isotope effects, and attempted preparation of proposed transient intermediates are used to probe the mechanism of oxidation of alcohols by 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine nitrosonium ion.
Partial discharge analysis of prestretched and unstretched acrylic elastomers for Dielectric Elastomer Actuators (DEA)

Partial discharges (PD) occur in solid insulating materials when the insulating material is partially bridged by an electrical discharge in response to an applied voltage stress. PDs typically occur at localized points of high field stresses or at voids and other inhomogeneities within the insulator. The applied field's effect on the frequency of occurrence and intensity of PDs can be used to assess the electrical breakdown strength and aging characteristics of insulating materials. PD testing is therefore a promising characterization method to understand the insulating properties of the elastomers and geometries commonly used in DEAs. Prestretched (~100% and ~230% biaxial) and unstretched acrylic elastomers (3M VHB tapes) with solid metal electrodes have been tested. We have found the number and intensity of PDs increase with applied field, and that a significant number of PDs are detected before any actuation was visibly observed, implying that the fields required for actuation will cause material aging and degradation over time. Most interestingly, the number of PDs steadily increase as the applied voltage increases up to a sufficiently high voltage, where the PDs suddenly cease. Since internal voids can cause PDs, this may indicate that the Maxwell stress minimized the thickness of or eliminated these voids, which could explain how prestretching improves performance.
Improving Outcomes for Youth with ADHD: A Conceptual Framework for Combined Neurocognitive and Skill-Based Treatment Approaches

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent and chronic mental health condition that often results in substantial impairments throughout life. Although evidence-based pharmacological and psychosocial treatments exist for ADHD, effects of these treatments are acute, do not typically generalize into non-treated settings, rarely sustain over time, and insufficiently affect key areas of functional impairment (i.e., family, social, and academic functioning) and executive functioning. The limitations of current evidence-based treatments may be due to the inability of these treatments to address underlying neurocognitive deficits that are related to the symptoms of ADHD and associated areas of functional impairment. Although efforts have been made to directly target the underlying neurocognitive deficits of ADHD, extant neurocognitive interventions have shown limited efficacy, possibly due to misspecification of training targets and inadequate potency. We argue herein that despite these limitations, next-generation neurocognitive training programs that more precisely and potently target neurocognitive deficits may lead to optimal outcomes when used in combination with specific skill-based psychosocial treatments for ADHD. We discuss the rationale for such a combined treatment approach, prominent examples of this combined treatment approach for other mental health disorders, and potential combined treatment approaches for pediatric ADHD. Finally, we conclude with directions for future research necessary to develop a combined neurocognitive + skill-based treatment for youth with ADHD.
Acute and repeated restraint differentially activate orexigenic pathways in the rat hypothalamus

Stress and obesity are highly prevalent conditions, and the mechanisms through which stress affects food intake are complex. In the present study, stress-induced activation in neuropeptide systems controlling ingestive behavior was determined. Adult male rats were exposed to acute (30 min/d × 1 d) or repeated (30 min/d × 14 d) restraint stress, followed by transcardial perfusion 2 h after the termination of the stress exposure. Brain tissues were harvested, and 30 μm sections through the hypothalamus were immunohistochemically stained for Fos protein, which was then co-localized within neurons staining positively for the type 4 melanocortin receptor (MC4R), the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP1R), or agouti-related peptide (AgRP). Cell counts were performed in the paraventricular (PVH), arcuate (ARC) and ventromedial (VMH) hypothalamic nuclei and in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA). Fos was significantly increased in all regions except the VMH in acutely stressed rats, and habituated with repeated stress exposure, consistent with previous studies. In the ARC, repeated stress reduced MC4R cell activation while acute restraint decreased activation in GLP1R neurons. Both patterns of stress exposure reduced the number of AgRP-expressing cells that also expressed Fos in the ARC. Acute stress decreased Fos-GLP1R expression in the LHA, while repeated restraint increased the number of Fos-AgRP neurons in this region. The overall profile of orexigenic signaling in the brain is thus enhanced by acute and repeated restraint stress, with repeated stress leading to further increases in signaling, in a region-specific manner. Stress-induced modifications to feeding behavior appear to depend on both the duration of stress exposure and regional activation in the brain. These results suggest that food intake may be increased as a consequence of stress, and may play a role in obesity and other stress-associated metabolic disorders.
On Surrender, Death, and the Sociology of Knowledge

The sociology of knowledge and surrender-and-catch1 are, in Wolff’s mind, complementary endeavors. Surrender is the experience which the sociologist of knowledge may put to use in order to break through the inescapable relativism that the social context presents in contrast to what is universal to all human beings. As a student of sociology but also of surrender, I was fascinated by those very words ‘universally human’ (see the end of the quotation above). However, when I try to visualize their meaning I get only a blank image. Yet at the same time the last sentence of the quotation which ends with this term comforts me with a bright feeling of well being. Why not cherish for a moment the dream of becoming one day a social theorist informed by such a ‘catch!’
Locational Planning and Regional Economic Development: Appropriate Methods in Developing Countries

The functional integration approach is a method for locating services and infrastructure needed for rural development. Applied methods of regional analysis based on the concept of functional integration organize and assess basic information on investments needed to strengthen the roles of settlements as marketing and service centers in developing countries. Critics often misinterpret its intent and purposes. These methods do not maximize access for a portion of the rural population to individual urban functions. Location-allocation algorithms focus on issues of access, but they cannot provide the information needed by regional planners and policy-makers to improve rural-urban linkages and strengthen the functions of economic growth centers in poor rural regions.
DNA methylation in the malignant transformation of meningiomas.

Meningiomas are central nervous system tumors that originate from the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord. Most meningiomas are pathologically benign or atypical, but 3–5% display malignant features. Despite previous studies on benign and atypical meningiomas, the key molecular pathways involved in malignant transformation remain to be determined, as does the extent of epigenetic alteration in malignant meningiomas. In this study, we explored the landscape of DNA methylation in ten benign, five atypical and four malignant meningiomas. Compared to the benign tumors, the atypical and malignant meningiomas demonstrate increased global DNA hypomethylation. Clustering analysis readily separates malignant from atypical and benign tumors, implicating that DNA methylation patterns may serve as diagnostic biomarkers for malignancy. Genes with hypermethylated CpG islands in malignant meningiomas (such as HOXA6 and HOXA9) tend to coincide with the binding sites of polycomb repressive complexes (PRC) in early developmental stages. Most genes with hypermethylated CpG islands at promoters are suppressed in malignant and benign meningiomas, suggesting the switching of gene silencing machinery from PRC binding to DNA methylation in malignant meningiomas. One exception is the MAL2 gene that is highly expressed in benign group and silenced in malignant group, representing de novo gene silencing induced by DNA methylation. In summary, our results suggest that malignant meningiomas have distinct DNA methylation patterns compared to their benign and atypical counterparts, and that the differentially methylated genes may serve as diagnostic biomarkers or candidate causal genes for malignant transformation.
Snow crystal imaging using scanning electron microscopy: III. Glacier ice, snow and biota

Abstract Low-temperature scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe metamorphosed snow, glacial firn, and glacial ice obtained from South Cascade Glacier in Washington State, USA. Biotic samples consisting of algae (Chlamydomonas nivalis) and ice worms (a species of oligochaetes) were also collected and imaged. In the field, the snow and biological samples were mounted on copper plates, cooled in liquid nitrogen, and stored in dry shipping containers which maintain a temperature of-196°C. The firn and glacier ice samples were obtained by extracting horizontal ice cores, 8 mm in diameter, at different levels from larger standard glaciological (vertical) ice cores 7.5 cm in diameter. These samples were cooled in liquid nitrogen and placed in cryotubes, were stored in the same dry shipping container, and sent to the SEM facility. In the laboratory, the samples were sputter coated with platinum and imaged by a low-temperature SEM. To image the firn and glacier ice samples, the cores were fractured...
Mapping, modeling, and mentoring: charting a course for professionalism in graduate medical education.

Professionalism, like common sense, remains a timeless ingredient in theethically successful practice of medicine in the twenty-first century. Profes-sional ideals are particularly relevant in times of economic and social upheaval,medicolegal crises, provider shortages, and global threats to the public health.
Chronic hyperglycemia and insulin concentrations in fetal lambs

Abstract Insulin concentrations were measured in 20 chronically instrumented fetuses of 10 sheep with alloxan-induced chronic hyperglycemia and 10 control sheep to examine if the hyperglycemia resulted in high fetal insulin concentrations. Additionally, in six neonatal lambs of three chronically hyperglycemic ewes and three control sheep, insulin concentrations were measured after intravenous glucose injection. After a 2-month period of significant maternal hyperglycemia, no relationship between concentrations of fetal glucose and insulin could be detected. The mean fetal glucose concentration was 3.5 ± 0.5 mmol/L in the hyperglycemic group and 0.6 ± 0.1 mmol/L in the control group. Mean fetal insulin levels were 12.5 ± 1.4 and 10.7 ± 1.3 μU/ml, respectively. The neonatal lambs of the hyperglycemic and control ewes showed comparable concentrations of glucose and insulin after infusion of glucose. It is presumed that persistent high glucose levels depress the insulin secreting capacity of the fetal pancreas.
Use of microanalytic laboratory methods to reduce blood loss in dialysis patients.

Annual blood losses from diagnostic tests were determined in 10 stable hemodialysis patients and were found to be 1130 ± 420 ml per patient. The projected losses if microanalytic laboratory methods are utilized were 122 ± 34 ml per year, representing a remarkable saving of blood (90 percent) in these anemic patients. We, therefore, recommend that microanalytic laboratory methods which have been reliably used in pediatric services for years be adopted by dialysis facilities.
Triplet repeats and human disease

In recent years a new mechanism of genetic disease has been discovered in which triplet DNA sequences (trinucleotides) expand either to interrupt or to compromise a gene. So far, ten genetic loci have been identified in which this event takes place. The presence of these expansions, sometimes containing thousands of repeated trinucleotides, provides a clue as to how processing of DNA and RNA may sometimes go awry. How this expansion in a single allele may exert a dominant effect and how the extent of the expansion increases the severity of the disease remain a mystery.
Abstract B41: Overcoming chemo/radioresistance of castration-resistant prostate cancer via modulating autophagy.

Chemo/radioresistance markedly impair the efficacy of prostate cancer therapy. Anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins such as Bcl-xL, Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 are overexpressed in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and contribute to prostate tumor initiation, progression and resistance to radiotherapy. A natural BH3-mimetic, small molecule inhibitor of Bcl-2/Bcl-xL/Mcl-1, (−)-gossypol, shows promise in multiple Phase I-II clinical trials for human prostate cancer. We have recently shown that (−)-gossypol preferentially induces autophagy in CRPC cells that have high levels of Bcl-2/Bcl-xL/Mcl-1 and are resistant to apoptosis, both in vitro and in vivo, but not in androgen-dependent cells with low Bcl-2 and sensitive to apoptosis (Cell Death Diff 2011, 18(1):60–71). Our results demonstrate for the first time that (−)-gossypol can interrupt the interaction between Beclin1 and Bcl-2/Bcl-xL at the endoplasmic reticulum, thus releasing the BH3-only pro-autophagic protein Beclin1, which in turn triggers the autophagic cascade. (−)-Gossypol-induced autophagy is Beclin1- and Atg5-dependent, together with Bcl-2 downregulation and Beclin1 upregulation. (−)-Gossypol increased autophagic cell death induced by either X-ray radiation or chemotherapeutics in the CRPC cells. Orally administered (−)-gossypol achieved a much greater efficacy with long-term tumor regression when used in combination with ionizing radiation or first-line chemotherapy. We have also explored a series of gossypol derivatives and identified two novel BH3-mimetic lead compounds that are more potent than the parental compound in inducing autophagic cell death in CRPC. Taken together, (−)-gossypol significantly enhances the anti-tumor activity of chemo/radiotherapy in vitro and in vivo, and represents a promising new regime for treatment of castration-resistant human prostate cancer with overexpression of Bcl-2. Our data provide new insights into the mode of cell death induced by Bcl-2 inhibitors, which would facilitate the rational design of clinical trials by selecting patients who are most likely to benefit from the Bcl-2-targeted molecular therapy. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2011 Nov 12-16; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2011;10(11 Suppl):Abstract nr B41.
Enantioselective conjugate addition, part V. Synthesis and testing of scalemic tetraamines as chiral cuprate ligands.

Abstract Reported herein is the enantioselective conjugate addition of n-butyl to 2-cyclopentenone, 2-cyclohexenone, 2-cycloheptenone and 2-cyclooctenone using scalemic amidocuprates derived from copper(I) iodide, n-butyllithium and a homologous series of 5 scalemic tetraamines referred to as DIMMAP-2 through -6. Cuprates derived from DIMAPP-4 manifest the highest enantioselectivities (up to 78%) and the same sense of enantioselectivity as the MAPP cuprates upon which these new cuprates are based. A previously developed mechanistic proposal has been revised to account for the observations made.
Comparison of in vivo and in vitro SCE induction

Abstract In vivo and in vitrod sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) induction and cell replication kinetics were compared in P388 cells exposed to 4 mutagens. While concordance was observed between SCE induction and inhibition of cell replication kinetics, certain mutagens were more potent in vivo while others were more potent in vitro. These results indicate that caution should be applied before equating in vivo and in vitro mutagen exposures.
Aqueous foam as a less-than-lethal technology for prison applications

High expansion aqueous foam is an aggregation of bubbles that has the appearance of soap suds and is used to isolate individuals both visually and acoustically. It was developed in the 1920's in England to fight coal mine fires and has been widely used since for fire fighting and dust suppression. It was developed at Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) in the 1970's for nuclear safeguards and security applications. In late 1994, the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), the research arm of the Department of Justice, began a project with SNL to determine the applicability of high expansion aqueous foam for correctional applications. NIJ funded the project as part of its search for new and better less-than-lethal weapons for responding to violent and dangerous individuals, where other means of force could lead to serious injuries. The phase one objectives of the project were to select a low-to-no toxicity foam concentrate with physical characteristics suited for use in a single cell or large prison disturbances, and to determine if the selected foam concentrate could serve as a carrier for Oleoresin Capsicum (OC) irritant. The phase two objective were to conduct an extensive toxicology review of the selected foam concentrate and OC irritant, and to conduct respiration simulation experiments in the selected high expansion aqueous foam. The phase three objectives were to build a prototype individual cell aqueous foam system and to study the feasibility of aqueous foams for large prison facility disturbances. The phase four and five objectives were to use the prototype system to do large scale foam physical characteristics testing of the selected foam concentrate, and to have the prototype single cell system further evaluated by correctional representatives. Prison rather than street scenarios were evaluated as the first and most likely place for using the aqueous foam since prisons have recurrent incidents where officers and inmates might be seriously injured during violent confrontations. The very low density of the high expansion foam also makes it more suitable for indoor use. This paper summarizes the results of the project.
Search For New Piezoelectrics

Recent first principles simulations using density functional theory and novel low temperature x-ray diffraction experiments show the existence of a high pressure morphtotropic phase boundary (MPB) in pure PbTiO 3 . In this paper we apply chemical pressure by substituting smaller atoms in the ABO 3 ‘A’ and ‘B’ sites. We find that the ground state of layered PbSnTiO 3 (PSnT) is Pmm2 , and for rocksalt SnGeTiO 3 and PbGeTiO 3 is R3m . The polarization of PbSnTiO 3 is large (1.13,0,0)C/m 2 and is due to the large Born effective charge of the small ‘Sn’ atom. We estimate the d 33 for PSnT to be about 2400 pC/N, which is as large as that of currently used relaxor ferroelectrics.
Hamartoma of the hypothalamus: Report of two cases with associated developmental defects

Summary Two new cases of hamartoma of thehypothalamus are reported. Neither was associated with precocious sexual development in contrast to the five cases collected from the literature. Additional developmental defects were present in both patients. In Case 1 there was also a history of various defects of the central nervous system having been present in two siblings and in one cousin of the patient.
In other words: external modifiers in Georgian

This paper addresses the issue of stranded modifiers and null heads through two otherwise unrelated constructions in Georgian. In each construction, a word in the oblique form modifies part of the complex word following it. It is shown that null modifiers in Georgian have a form different from that of the modifiers in the constructions at issue, and the latter cannot have null heads. However, Baker’s [Baker, M. C. (1988). Incorporation: A theory of grammatical function changing. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.] alternative approach is not easily compatible with the derivational morphology of these examples. I propose an analysis of external modifiers in terms of Beard [Beard, R. (1991). Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 9, 195–229.], which addresses other bracketing paradoxes by permitting “the semantic features of an attribute [to] subjoin with one and only one semantic feature of its head” (1991: 208). In this way I suggest a unified analysis of noun incorporation and derived structures, drawing on a mechanism that must be included in the grammar for non-derived words as well.
Withdrawal Strength and Bending Yield Strength of Stainless Steel Nails

AbstractIt has been well established that stainless steel nails have superior corrosion performance compared to carbon steel or galvanized nails in treated wood; however, their mechanical fastening behavior is unknown. In this paper, the performance of stainless steel nails is examined with respect to two important properties used in wood connection design: withdrawal strength and nail bending yield strength. Different nail diameters, wood specific gravities, and nail manufacturers were examined. The current withdrawal design equations, developed from carbon steel nail data, overpredict the expected withdrawal strength when used for stainless steel nails, reducing the safety factor. As a result, a new equation was developed to predict the nail stainless steel withdrawal capacity. The data further indicate that nail bending yield strength values for stainless steel were similar to carbon steel data.
Interdigitation of bilayers from ether lipid analogs: (R)-PAF, (R)-Lyso-PAF and the antineoplastic (R)-ET-18-OMe

Abstract The ether lipid analogs ( R )-PAF, ( R )-ET-18-OMe and ( R )-Lyso-PAF can form bilayers. Using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and small angle X-ray diffraction, we have investigated bilayers formed entirely of these molecules. Small angle X-ray diffraction experiments strongly indicated that these bilayers are interdigitated at 98% relative humidity in the gel phase. The slight differences in the structures of the ether lipids affect their thermal behavior and packing properties. Of the three, ( R )-Lyso-PAF shows the highest phase transition temperature, broadest phase transition peak and smallest enthalpy change. These characteristics may be attributed to hydrogen bonding of the −OH group at sn -2 position of its glycerol backbone to water or to other ( R )-Lyso-PAF molecules. The interdigitated structure shows that these bilayers are similar to lipid bilayers and suggests that these molecules could easily insert themselves into membranes to reach their respective active sites or to perturb the membranes. The packing and thermal characteristics of ( R )-Lyso-PAF may help explain its biological inactivity.
Fractionation of rare-earth metallofullerenes via reversible uptake and release from reactive silica

Minimal research exists for non-chromatographic separations of rare-earth metallofullerenes containing di-metallic (M2), di-metallic carbide (M2C2), and tri-metallic nitride (M3N) clusters trapped inside fullerene cages. Herein, we demonstrate a non-HPLC method (i.e., SAFA, Stir and Filter Approach) for purifying Er3N@Ih-C80, a rare-earth, metallic nitride clusterfullerene. We describe a strategic method that chemically releases rare-earth metallofullerenes (e.g., M2@C2n, M3N@C2n) trapped by aminosilica during SAFA. Recovery of metallofullerenes from spent silica represents a “green approach” because the spent silica and its useful, immobilized rare-earth metallofullerenes would have been discarded as waste material. We observe selectivity during metallofullerene uptake to aminosilica and also during its release from spent silica via addition of CS2. We describe a procedure to obtain samples enriched in M2 and M3N endohedrals. M2C2n fractions from our SAFA release process contain a wide range of higher metallofullerenes (e.g., Gd2C90–Gd2C140 or Er2C76–Er2C122). It is facile to obtain samples enriched in M3N@C82–M3N@C92. Note that unreacted M3N@C80 remains in the filtrate. The strategy for handling rare-earth metallofullerenes with different degrees of reactivity toward aminosilica is also discussed.
Centrality scaling of the p(T) distribution of pions.

From the preliminary data of PHENIX on the centrality dependence of the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ spectrum in ${p}_{T}$ at midrapidity in heavy-ion collisions, we show that a scaling behavior exists that is independent of the centrality. It is then shown that $⟨{p}_{T}⟩$ degrades with increasing ${N}_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{t}}$ exponentially with a decay constant that can be quantified. A scaling distribution in terms of an intuitive scaling variable is derived that is analogous to the Koba-Nielsen-Olesen scaling. No theoretical models are used in any part of this phenomenological analysis.
Why do we observe misclassification errors smaller than the Bayes error

In simulation studies for discriminant analysis, misclassification errors are often computed using the Monte Carlo method, by testing a classifier on large samples generated from known populations. Although large samples are expected to behave closely to the underlying distributions, they may not do so in a small interval or region, and thus may lead to unexpected results. We demonstrate with an example that the LDA misclassification error computed via the Monte Carlo method may often be smaller than the Bayes error. We give a rigorous explanation and recommend a method to properly compute misclassification errors.
Confirmation, correction, and contiguity

Summary Three experiments were run to investigate events within a presentation of an S-R pair in verbal learning. The first experiment compared the anticipation technique with a technique eliminating both confirmations and corrections. The latter technique was found to produce faster learning. A second experiment compared a condition in which an erroneous pairing was forced just before the correct pairing with conditions in which one or two correct pairings were the rule. The condition simulating a correction technique resulted in slower learning than either of the other two conditions. The third experiment compared a correct anticipation which was not confirmed with one that was confirmed. No significant difference in retention after 60 sec. was found between the two conditions. It was concluded that there is a difference in effectiveness between a confirmation and a correction. The difference could be interpreted in terms of the number of pairings involved, and it was not considered necessary to add assumptions concerning the influence of special motivational effects. An assumption of postremity was not considered to be appropriate in a general theory of verbal learning.
The Risk of Aspiration of Pureed Food as Determined by Flexible Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing with Sensory Testing

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluates the risk of aspiration of pureed foods in patients with dysphagia with increasing sensory deficits of the hypopharynx with intact versus impaired pharyngeal muscular tone (pharyngeal squeeze).STUDY DESIGN: Two hundred four dysphagic patients underwent flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing with sensory testing and were prospectively divided into 3 groups, with normal, moderate, and severe sensory deficits. Each group was divided into those with normal and those with impaired pharyngeal squeeze. Subjects were given pureed food boluses and were evaluated for aspiration.RESULTS: There was a significant difference in the incidence of aspiration of pureed foods for normal and moderate sensory loss when comparing normal and impaired pharyngeal squeeze (P < 0.001, Fisher exact test). There was no significant difference in the severe sensory loss group. In both the normal and impaired pharyngeal squeeze groups, there was no significant difference in aspiration as the sensory ...
Documentation of Competency on Sedation for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

There is general consensus in national and societal guidelines that training for sedation should be part of basic training for endoscopy. There is no clear consensus, however, on the structure of that
The Road Less Travelled: Moving from Distribution to Determinants in the Study of Gambling Epidemiology:

This article reviews the current status of gambling epidemiology studies and suggests that it is time to move from general population-prevalence research toward the investigation of risk and protective factors that influence the onset of gambling disorders. The study of incidence among vulnerable and resilient populations is a road yet to be taken. In this review, we briefly introduce the history of the field and thoroughly review the epidemiologic research on disordered gambling before providing a critical assessment of the current diagnostic tools. Overall, the extant research shows that disordered gambling is a relatively stable phenomenon throughout the world. Given that certain segments of the population (for example, adolescents and substance users) have elevated prevalence rates, we suggest focusing future prevalence studies on groups with apparently increased vulnerability. Moreover, we suggest that, for the field of gambling studies to progress, researchers need to take the road less travelled and examine more carefully the onset and determinants of disordered gambling. That said, given the problems with the current diagnostic screens, investigators need to refine their theoretical concepts and the epidemiologic tools used to examine them before the field can travel down this new road. (Can J Psychiatry 2004;49:504–516)
Fast, robust, and consistent camera motion estimation

Previous algorithms that recover camera motion from image velocities suffer from both bias and excessive variance in the results. We propose a robust estimator of camera motion that is statistically consistent when image noise is isotropic. Consistency means that the estimated motion converges in probability, to the true value as the number of image points increases. An algorithm based on reweighted Gauss-Newton iterations handles 100 velocity measurements in about 50 milliseconds on a workstation.
Fiber Bragg gratings as rejection filters and some properties of Tm doped silica fiber lasers

Summary form only given. By tilting the Bragg grating relative to the fiber axis it ejects light from the fiber. The dependence on tilt angle of the attenuation, ejection line width, and center wavelength are described. Recent materials and laser device work for Tm-doped Si-Ge-Al cores is presented.
Expect the unexpected: error code mismatches between documentation and the real world

Inaccurate documentation can mislead programmers and cause software to fail in unexpected ways. We examine mismatches between documented and actual error codes returned by 42 Linux file-related system calls. We use static program analysis to identify the error codes returned by system calls across 52 file systems, including widely-used implementations such as CIFS, ext3, IBM JFS, ReiserFS and XFS. We describe analysis optimizations that dramatically reduce run-time and memory consumption. Comparing analysis results with Linux manual pages reveals over 1,700 undocumented error-code instances affecting all file systems and system calls examined.
Fabrication and characterization of three-dimensional electrospun scaffolds for bone tissue engineering

When traumatic injury, tumor removal, or disease results in significant bone loss, reconstructive surgery is required. Bone grafts are used in orthopedic reconstructive procedures to provide mechanical support and promote bone regeneration. In this study, we applied a heat sintering technique to fabricate 3D electrospun scaffolds that were used to evaluate effects of mineralization and fiber orientation on scaffold strength. We electrospun PLLA/gelatin scaffolds with a layer of PDLA and heat sintered them into three-dimensional cylindrical scaffolds. Scaffolds were mineralized by incubation in 10× simulated body fluid for 6, 24, and 48 h to evaluate the effect of mineralization on scaffolds compressive mechanical properties. The effects of heat sintering hydroxyapatite (HA) microparticles directly to the scaffolds on mineral deposition, distribution and mechanical properties of the scaffolds were also evaluated. We found that orientation of the fibers had little effect on the compressive mechanical properties of the scaffolds. However, increasing the mineralization times resulted in an increase in compressive mechanical properties. Also, the direct addition of HA microparticles had no effect on the scaffold mechanical properties, but had a significant effect on the mineral deposition on PLLA/gelatin scaffolds. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A:, 2011.
Bidirectional reflectance of dry and submerged Labsphere Spectralon plaque

We present the bidirectional reflectance of a Labsphere calibration plaque, both dry and submerged in water, at normal illumination. The measurements indicate that when submerged in water, the Labsphere calibration plaque has a higher reflectance value than when dry at viewing angles below 55°. The results are presented in the form of a reflectance factor and are useful for calibrating underwater reflectance measurements.
Perception of dynamic changes in facial affect and identity in autism

Despite elegant behavioral descriptions of abnormalities for processing emotional facial expressions and biological motion in autism, identification of the neural mechanisms underlying these abnormalities remains a critical and largely unmet challenge. We compared brain activity with dynamic and static facial expressions in participants with and without high-functioning autism using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and three classes of face stimuli—emotion morphs (fearful and angry), identity morphs and static images (fearful, angry and neutral). We observed reduced activity in the amygdala (AMY) and fusiform gyrus (FFG) to dynamic emotional expressions in people with autism. There was also a lack of modulation by dynamic compared with static emotional expressions of social brain regions including the AMY, posterior superior temporal sulcus (STS) region and FFG. We observed equivalent emotion and identity morph-evoked activity in participants with and without autism in a region corresponding to the expected location of the more generally motion-sensitive area MT or V5. We conclude that dysfunctions in key components of the human face processing system including the AMY, FFG and posterior STS region are present in individuals with high-functioning autism, and this dysfunction might contribute to the deficits in processing emotional facial expressions.
Antagonistic interplay between mechanical forces and glucocorticoids in bone: A tale of kinases

The contrasting actions of mechanical forces and glucocorticoids (GC) on bone have been long recognized. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which these stimuli impact the skeleton remain only partially known. Recent evidence gained from studies on bone cell apoptosis has revealed that mechanical forces and GC exhibit converse effects on osteocyte and osteoblast survival resulting from divergent actions on the focal adhesion kinases FAK and Pyk2, molecules that regulate integrin-dependent interactions between bone cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM). This prospect reviews these findings and poses the possibility that similar opposing effects on kinase signaling are responsible for other actions of mechanical forces and GC on the skeleton, in particular on bone formation and the Wnt signaling pathway.
Distracted by Cues for Suppressed Memories

We examined the potential cost of practicing suppression of negative thoughts on subsequent performance in an unrelated task. Cues for previously suppressed and unsuppressed (baseline) responses in a think/no-think procedure were displayed as irrelevant flankers for neutral words to be judged for emotional valence. These critical flankers were homographs with one negative meaning denoted by their paired response during learning. Responses to the targets were delayed when suppression cues (compared with baseline cues and new negative homographs) were used as flankers, but only following direct-suppression instructions and not when benign substitutes had been provided to aid suppression. On a final recall test, suppression-induced forgetting following direct suppression and the flanker task was positively correlated with the flanker effect. Experiment 2 replicated these findings. Finally, valence ratings of neutral targets were influenced by the valence of the flankers but not by the prior role of the negative flankers.
Probabilistic seismic demand analysis of controlled steel moment‐resisting frame structures

This paper describes a proposed methodology, referred to as probabilistic seismic control analysis, for the development of probabilistic seismic demand curves for structures with supplemental control devices. The resulting curves may be used to determine the probability that any response measure, whether for a structure or control device, exceeds a pre-determined allowable limit. This procedure couples conventional probabilistic seismic hazard analysis with non-linear dynamic structural analyses to provide system specific information. This method is performed by evaluating the performance of specific controlled systems under seismic excitations using the SAC Phase II structures for the Los Angeles region, and three different control-systems: (i) base isolation; (ii) linear viscous brace dampers; and (iii) active tendon braces. The use of a probabilistic format allows for consideration of structural response over a range of seismic hazards. The resulting annual hazard curves provide a basis for comparison between the different control strategies. Results for these curves indicate that no single control strategy is the most effective at all hazard levels. For example, at low return periods the viscous system has the lowest drift demands. However, at higher return periods, the isolation system becomes the most effective strategy. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.