cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Halting Proliferation of Long-Range Ballistic Missiles:

This article presents a plan of action to begin the process of halting proliferation of long-range ballistic missiles. These missiles are deemed particularly dangerous due to their ability to deliver weapons of mass destruction (nuclear, biological, and chemical warheads) over intercontinental distances. Two treaties are proposed to help control the proliferation of these missiles. They are a Ballistic Missile Non-Proliferation Treaty and a Test Ban Treaty for Long-Range Ballistic Missiles. Provision is made for peaceful launches of satellites and space missions.
Spatial location in children's english: on the mono-/bireferential distinction

Summary.-The purpose of this research was to study the transition from rnonoto biteferential spatial location in children's language. Locative relations are monoreferential when a single referent object is sufficient to establish the place of the primary object, and they are bireferential when two or more referent objects are required. 24 children at age levels 25, 3:5, and 4:3 were shown a pair of pictures and given two sentences having a minimal locative contrast, e.g., inlon or in front oflin back of, up tolaway from. The children were asked to match one of the sentence alternatives with a picture. Monoreferential locative problems were easier than bireferential ones whether static or dynamic, and the children's capacity to process the locative contrasts improved with age. The transition from mono- to bireferential spatial location in children's language was related to the development of spatial representations.
Investigation on Morphology and Microstructure of the SALD SiC

In this work, the deposition of silicon carbide lines using a tetramethylsilane (TMS) precursor was investigated. Effects of target temperatures on the morphology and crystal structure of the deposits were examined. It was found that the morphology of the SALD SiC depends strongly on the target temperature. The contour of the cross section of the SiC deposits changes from a triangle to trapezoid to volcano shape and the surface morphology of the deposited lines changes from smooth to rough to porous as the target temperature increases. A critical target temperature was found to be about 700°C to initiate deposition of SiC under the current experimental configurations. X-ray diffraction analyses show that the SALD SiC formed at 1000°C contains both crystalline and amorphous phases. The results are briefly discussed.
Ultrafast optics: Imaging a chemical reaction

High-harmonic interferometry can be used to measure the amplitude and phase of light emitted from molecules. This method has now been used to reveal the ultrafast dynamics of electrons and nuclear interactions during a chemical reaction.
DNA barcoding at riverscape scales: assessing biodiversity among fishes of the genus Cottus (Teleostei) in northern Rocky Mountain streams

There is growing interest in broad-scale biodiversity assessments that can serve as benchmarks for identifying ecological change. Genetic tools have been used for such assessments for decades, but spatial sampling considerations have largely been ignored. Here, we demonstrate how intensive sampling efforts across a large geographical scale can influence identification of taxonomic units. We used sequences of mtDNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 and cytochrome b, analysed with maximum parsimony networks, maximum-likelihood trees and genetic distance thresholds, as indicators of biodiversity and species identity among the taxonomically challenging fishes of the genus Cottus in the northern Rocky Mountains, USA. Analyses of concatenated sequences from fish collected in all major watersheds of this area revealed eight groups with species-level differences that were also geographically circumscribed. Only two of these groups, however, were assigned to recognized species, and these two assignments resulted in intraspecific genetic variation (>2.0%) regarded as atypical for individual species. An incomplete inventory of individuals from throughout the geographical ranges of many species represented in public databases, as well as sample misidentification and a poorly developed taxonomy, may have hampered species assignment and discovery. We suspect that genetic assessments based on spatially robust sampling designs will reveal previously unrecognized biodiversity in many other taxa.
Farm‐to‐table: A Situation Awareness Model for Food Safety Assurance for Porous Borders

CT CT een the morphology of global food een the morphology of global food production and product tracing/tracking technologies are critical to the real-time performance of situation awareness production and product tracing/tracking technologies are critical to the real-time performance of situation awareness production and product tracing/tracking technologies are critical to the real-time performance of situation awareness production and product tracing/tracking technologies are critical to the real-time performance of situation awareness production and product tracing/tracking technologies are critical to the real-time performance of situation awareness prediction systems. Our reconstruction of the events associated with securing safe food opens a pathway to advancing the prediction systems. Our reconstruction of the events associated with securing safe food opens a pathway to advancing the prediction systems. Our reconstruction of the events associated with securing safe food opens a pathway to advancing the prediction systems. Our reconstruction of the events associated with securing safe food opens a pathway to advancing the prediction systems. Our reconstruction of the events associated with securing safe food opens a pathway to advancing the primitives necessary for an appropriate real-time knowledge-sharing system for start-to-finish data sources that assist primitives necessary for an appropriate real-time knowledge-sharing system for start-to-finish data sources that assist primitives necessary for an appropriate real-time knowledge-sharing system for start-to-finish data sources that assist primitives necessary for an appropriate real-time knowledge-sharing system for start-to-finish data sources that assist primitives necessary for an appropriate real-time knowledge-sharing system for start-to-finish data sources that assist detection/prediction assurance models. detection/prediction assurance models. detection/prediction assurance models. detection/prediction assurance models. detection/prediction assurance models.
Calming the Anxious Patient

oseph Mannon, a 63-year-old sales representative, came to your med-surg unit after repeat coronary artery bypass surgery prompted by an occluded saphenous vein graft. Mr. Mannon's recovery over the past month has been complicated by a perioperative infarct, transient atrial fibrillation requiring cardioversion, right lower lung infiltrate resulting in intubation, and, most recently, nonsustained ventricular ectopy. Today Mr. Mannon appears highly anxious. As you enter his room, he says, "Help me, nurse, I feel so shaky." He's very tremulous, mildly diaphoretic, and mildly dyspneic, though his pulse is 80 and blood pressure is 138/82. He begins to cry. "I'm sorry," he says, "I feel so embarrassed." This scenario is all too familiar. Very often, our patients become anxious, crying out for help even while unsure of what's wrong. Given the stress of illness and hospitalization they must cope with, we expect patients will experience some anxiety. But severe anxiety, left untreated, may hinder a patient's recovery, by interfering with his rest, for instance, or preventing him from understanding new information. Treating a patient's anxiety can take time. Anxiety may stem from many causes and call for a variety of treatment approaches. But thorough assessment can reveal why your pa-
ANTIOXIDANT EFFECTIVENESS IN INTERMEDIATE MOISTURE CONTENT MODEL SYSTEMS

The effectiveness of antioxidants was studied in methyl linoleate-carbohydrate model systems at the intermediate moisture content. Systems showing sorption hysteresis were used in the range of Aw0.68–0.84. Metal chelating agents were found to be more effective than free radical chain terminators. The antioxidant effectiveness of EDTA (a chelator) was greater in the higher moisture desorption systems since more would be expected to be in solution. The work also showed that metal catalyst activity is responsible for the rapid oxidation rates in intermediate moisture systems as compared to dry systems.
A Monte Carlo method for simulating dislocation microstructures in three dimensions

We present an energy-based Monte Carlo (MC) approach for modeling discrete dislocation microstructures in three dimensions. We discuss the energetics of dislocation interactions and the various discretization procedures for the dislocation loops. The choice of MC trial moves for the dislocation segments is presented and discussed. We show results from some relatively simple trial calculations, showing the convergence of the calculations to known results as well as the flexibility of the MC approach. Comparisons with other types of dislocation simulations are made, indicating the range of suitability for the present method.
Endovascular coiling versus parent artery occlusion for treatment of cavernous carotid aneurysms: a meta-analysis

Background and purpose Endosaccular coil embolization and parent artery occlusion (PAO) are established endovascular techniques for treatment of cavernous carotid aneurysms. We performed a systematic review of published series on endovascular treatment of cavernous carotid aneurysms to determine outcomes and complications associated with endovascular coiling and PAO of cavernous carotid artery aneurysms. Methods In September 2013, we conducted a computerized search of MEDLINE and EMBASE for reports on endovascular treatment of intracranial cavernous carotid aneurysms from January 1990 to August 2013. Comparisons were made in periprocedural complications and outcomes between coiling and PAO patients who did not receive bypass. Event rates were pooled across studies using random effects meta-analysis. Results 20 studies with 509 patients and 515 aneurysms were included in this systematic review. Aneurysm occlusion rates at >3 months after operation were significantly higher in the PAO without bypass group (93.0%, 95% CI 86.0 to 97.0) compared with the coiling group (67.0%, 95% CI 55.0 to 77.0) (p Conclusions Evidence from non-comparative studies suggests that traditional endovascular options are highly effective in treating cavernous sinus aneurysms. PAO is associated with a higher rate of complete occlusion. Periprocedural morbidity and mortality rates are not negligible, especially in patients receiving PAO.
Analysis of high-bandwidth low-power microring links for off-chip interconnects

Performance scalability of computing systems built upon chip multiprocessors are becoming increasingly constrained by limitations in power dissipation, chip packaging, and the data throughput achievable by the interconnection networks. In particular, today’s systems based on electronic interconnects suffer from a growing memory access bottleneck as the speed at which processor-memory data can be communicated out of the chip package is severely bounded. Silicon photonics provide a CMOS-compatible solution for integrating high bandwidth-density off-chip optical I/O which can overcome some of these packaging limitations while adhering to pJ/bit-scale power efficiency requirements. Microrings in particular pose an attractive option for realizing optical communication functionalities due to their low footprint, low power dissipation, and inherent WDM-suitability due to their wavelength-localized operation. We analyze a terabit-per-second scale microring-based optical WDM link composed of current best-of-class devices. Our analysis provides quantitative measures for the maximal achievable bandwidth per link that could be reasonably realized within several years. We account for the full optical power budget to determine the achievable bandwidth as well as to enable a power consumption analysis including transmit and receive circuitry, photonic-device power dissipation, and laser power. The results highlight key device attributes that require significant advancement and point out the need for improvements in laser wall-plug efficiencies to provide sub-pJ/bit scale optical links.
Influence of sport participation upon sex role orientation of caucasian males and their attitudes toward women

Differences in psychological androgyny and attitudes toward women were examined in male Caucasian intercollegiate contact and noncontact sport athletes and male Caucasian college nonathletes. Contact athletes in the sports of football and wrestling, noncontact athletes in the sports of baseball and track and field, and nonathletes completed the Attitudes Toward Women Scale (ATWS) and the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) to assess egalitarian attitudes toward women and sex role orientation. Results of analyses of variance (ANOVAs) on the ATWS indicate that athletes as a group possessed more conservative, traditional attitudes toward women than did nonathletes, but that no differences existed between contact sport athletes and noncontact sport athletes. Results of ANOVAs and chi-square analyses on the BSRI indicated no differences between groups regarding sex role orientation based upon self-perceptions of masculinity and femininity.
Contribution of secondary structure to DNA mobility in capillary gels

Intramolecular base pairing at the 3' end of single-stranded DNA molecules can cause increased electrophoretic mobility. In DNA sequencing separations this can result in compressions, where multiple oligomers differing in length by one base comigrate, which complicate sequence analysis. Using a novel approach to the application of capillary electrophoresis to DNA sequencing, incorporation of formamide into capillary gels, different separation field strengths, and external heating of the capillary are examined for their ability to resolve compressions. The identity of the 3' terminal nucleotide has also been observed to influence oligomer mobility in cross-linked acrylamide slab gels. We utilize automated data collection from DNA sequencing separations to show that a similar effect is also present in linear acrylamide capillary gels run at high field strengths. We also demonstrate the ability of capillary electrophoresis to separate synthetic oligos of the same length but differing in composition by one base, or of the same base composition but different sequence.
Modelling the leaching kinetics of a sphalerite concentrate size distribution in ferric chloride solution

Abstract A phenomenological rate equation for the dissolution of particle assemblages is used to model the batch leaching behavior of multisize, sphalerite flotation concentrates in FeCl 3 solutions. Two concentrates have been studied. The analysis is basically the same for the two, except for the rate constant dependence on particle size. The model used is simply an extended surface-limiting expression, integrated over a number of particle size classes, with allowance made for size dependence of ore grade. Extensive experimental verification of the models was accomplished through leaching experiments on material containing from two to fifteen discrete size fractions combined as equal weights, normal and bimodal size distributions. Results indicate that a reasonable prediction of the leaching rate may be obtained through the use of an extension to the surface-limiting model and that reliance on more complex models, for some applications, may not be necessary.
A carbon network backbone polymer functionalized with polymer brushes

The surface-initiated graft polymerization of covalently bound polymer brushes attached to an sp3 random carbon network backbone structure is demonstrated. Poly(ethyl acrylate) (PEA), poly(4-fluorostyrene) (PFS) and poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN) brushes were grafted from the network backbone polymer poly(hydridocarbyne), 1, illustrating the breadth of reactivity of the network backbone. The grafted polymer brushes significantly change the solubility and surface characteristics of the poly(hydridocarbyne) sp3 random carbon network backbone.
Mild traumatic brain injury results in extensive neuronal degeneration in the cerebral cortex

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) leads to long-term cognitive and emotional difficulties and behavioral disturbances, but the diagnosis and treatment of mTBI have historically been hampered by a lack of evidence-based correlates of these clinical manifestations. Unlike moderate and severe TBI, mTBI does not show significant tissue lesions or cavities in the cortex. Moreover, neuroimaging by magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography is usually negative, suggesting that the damage is beyond the resolution of current structure-based scanning technologies. Therefore, we investigated the morphologies of spared neurons in the mouse cortex after mTBI in a controlled cortical impact injury model. Our results indicate that, although mTBI caused only a mild extent of cell death, it led to extensive dendrite degeneration and synapse reduction in the cortex in this model. This study sheds light on the neuropathologic consequences of mTBI in humans and suggests that neurodegeneration may be a novel target for developing diagnostic methods and therapeutic approaches for mTBI.
CYTOGENETIC AND EVOLUTIONARY STUDIES IN SECALE. I. SOME NEW DATA ON THE ANCESTRY OF S. CEREALE

ultivated rye, Secale cereale, was crossed with all 4 wild species of the genus. It crosses readily with S. montanum, S. africanum, and S. vavilovii, but crossability of S. cereale and S. silvestre is extremely low. Meiosis in the hybrid S. cereale x silvestre is characterized by high frequency of univalents at metaphase I, reduced chiasma frequency at metaphase I, high frequency of PMC's with unequal separations and laggards at anaphase I and II, high frequency of microspores with micronuclei, and extremely low pollen fertility. These abnormalities occurred less frequently in other hybrids, and consequently the pollen fertility is fairly high: 19.1% in the hybrid S. cereale x vavilovii and 31.3% and 31.8%, respectively, in the hybrids S. cereale x montanum and S. cereale x africanum. An interesting cytogenetic feature of all these hybrids, however, was the formation of a translocation configuration of 6 chromosomes at metaphase I of meiosis. In the hybrid, S. cereale x silvestre, a translocation configuration of 8 chromosomes was observed in a few cells. It is evident, therefore, that the genome of S. cereale differs from the genomes of wild species by 2 translocations. Another small translocation may differentiate S. cereale and S. silvestre, in addition. Thus, on the basis of chromosome arrangements, no particular wild species is most likely to be ancestral to S. cereale. Similarly, Stutz's hypothesis of hybrid origin of S. cereale seems highly improbable. After considering ecological preferences, breeding habits, geographical distribution, morphological and cytological affinities of wild species and cultivated rye, it is concluded that S. cereale evolved from S. montanum as a result of progressive cytological and morphological differentiation and that this differentiation was facilitated, probably, by adaptive superiority of translocation heterozygotes and rearrangement homozygotes.
Aeroacoustic Simulation of Nose Landing Gear on Adaptive Unstructured Grids With FUN3D

Numerical simulations have been performed for a partially-dressed, cavity-closed nose landing gear configuration that was tested in NASA Langley s closed-wall Basic Aerodynamic Research Tunnel (BART) and in the University of Florida's open-jet acoustic facility known as the UFAFF. The unstructured-grid flow solver FUN3D, developed at NASA Langley Research center, is used to compute the unsteady flow field for this configuration. Starting with a coarse grid, a series of successively finer grids were generated using the adaptive gridding methodology available in the FUN3D code. A hybrid Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes/large eddy simulation (RANS/LES) turbulence model is used for these computations. Time-averaged and instantaneous solutions obtained on these grids are compared with the measured data. In general, the correlation with the experimental data improves with grid refinement. A similar trend is observed for sound pressure levels obtained by using these CFD solutions as input to a FfowcsWilliams-Hawkings noise propagation code to compute the farfield noise levels. In general, the numerical solutions obtained on adapted grids compare well with the hand-tuned enriched fine grid solutions and experimental data. In addition, the grid adaption strategy discussed here simplifies the grid generation process, and results in improved computational efficiency of CFD simulations.
Proneness to Shame and the Narcissistic Personality

A sample of 215 undergraduates completed the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI), the original and revised Self-Conscious Affect and Attribution Inventory, the Splitting Scale, and the Selfism Scale. Contrary to clinical theory, proneness to shame was generally negatively correlated with narcissism as assessed by the NPI. When statistical procedures were used to isolate presumably maladaptive components of the NPI, the predicted positive association between shame (independent of guilt) and narcissism emerged. Shame-proneness was also positively correlated with splitting, a pathological narcissistic defense. These findings suggest that it is critical to differentiate between pathological and more benign aspects of narcissism.
A microstructural approach to predict dry snow metamorphism in generalized thermal conditions

Dry snow metamorphism has traditionally been classified by the thermal environment encountered in the snowpack. Snow experiencing a predominantly macroscopically isothermal environment develops a different microstructure than snow that is subjected to a significant temperature gradient. As such, previous research has evaluated snow metamorphism based upon select thermal gradient-dependent processes, when in reality, there is a continuum of physical processes simultaneously contributing to metamorphism. In previous research, a discrete temperature-gradient transition between the two thermal environments has been used to activate separate morphological analyses. The current research focuses on a unifying approach to dry snow metamorphism that is applicable to generalized thermal environments. The movement of heat and mass is not prescribed, but is allowed to develop naturally through modeling of physical processes. Equilibrium forms and the transition to kinetic growth are considered with this model. Metamorphism predictions under macroscopically isothermal conditions are presented followed by a definition for the transition to kinetic growth. Density, grain size, bond size, and temperature dependencies are each examined in an isothermal metamorphism environment. The same physical model is then used to define a smooth transition between isothermal and temperature gradient environments. Microstructural and environmental parameters that influence transition to kinetic growth are examined. The correlation with established trends and experiments in each environment is excellent. The microstructural model is a new tool capable of evaluating metamorphism for a broad range of microstructural parameters and thermal environments.
Guilt and Compulsive Washing: Experimental Tests of Interrelationships

Recent evidence suggests a potentially important relationship between guilt and compulsive washing. The present studies sought to clarify this relationship. In Study 1, we examined whether washing reduced guilt. Following guilt induction, 132 non-clinical participants were randomized to one of three conditions: hand-wiping, straightening of clutter, or a control task. Contrary to predictions, analyses indicated no differences between conditions in post-task guilt. Moderator analyses indicated that among those in the straightening task, higher ordering symptoms were associated with greater increases in guilt. Study 2 examined whether guilt increased washing behavior. Sixty-one non-clinical participants were randomized to either a guilt induction or neutral condition. Afterwards, participants were timed as they cleansed their hands. Individuals in the guilt induction condition washed significantly longer than those in the neutral condition. These findings suggest that hand-washing does not lead to unique reductions in guilt, but guilt may prolong hand-washing behavior. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed.
12-lead ECG in a 1.5 Tesla MRI: Separation of real ECG and MHD voltages with adaptive filtering for gating and non-invasive cardiac output

Introduction The Magneto-Hydro-Dynamic (MHD) effect arises when conductive blood flows in the MRI magnetic field (B0). MHD generates a voltage which distorts the real electrocardiogram (ECGreal), especially during the S-T segment where flow from the left ventricle (LV) into the aorta contributes to a large MHD voltage [1]. A dominant QRS and undistorted S-T segment are important for MRI gating and physiological monitoring for ischemia during cardiac imaging/interventions [2].
Cellular Distribution and Gene Regulation of Estrogen Receptorsα and β in the Rat Pituitary Gland1

The pituitary gland is a heterogeneous tissue comprised of several hormone secreting and supporting cells, most of which are targeted by estrogens. Estrogen-induced changes in the pituitary are presumably mediated via the classical estrogen receptor, ERα. However, a novel receptor, ERβ, and pituitary-specific truncated estrogen receptor products (TERPs) were recently identified. The objectives of this study were to examine the distribution of these receptors in the rat pituitary and compare their regulation by estradiol in Sprague-Dawley and the estrogen-sensitive Fischer 344 rats. Pituitary cryosections were subjected to immunocytochemistry for specific cell types, followed by in situ hybridization for ERα or ERβ. ERα was expressed by approximately 45% of the lactotrophs and melanotrophs, 35% of the corticotrophs and folliculo-stellate cells, and 25% of the gonadotrophs. The expression of ERβ showed a similar pattern but was generally lower than ERα. In two cell types, melanotrophs and gonadotrophs, ERβ ...
The Apollo lunar surface water vapor event revisited

On March 7, 1971, the first sunrise following the Apollo 14 mission, the Suprathermal Ion Detector Experiment (SIDE) deployed at the Apollo 14 site reported an intense flux of ions whose mass per charge was consistent with water vapor. The amount of water is examined, and the various acceleration processes, responsible for accelerating ions into the SIDE, are discussed. It is concluded that during most of the event the observed water vapor ions were accelerated by the negative lunar surface electric potential and, secondly, that this event was probably the result of mission associated water vapor, either from the LM ascent and descent stage rockets or from residual water in the descent stage tanks.
Gearhart–Prüss Theorem and Linear Stability for Riemann Solutions of Conservation Laws

We study the spectral and linear stability of Riemann solutions with multiple Lax shocks for systems of conservation laws. Using a self-similar change of variables, Riemann solutions become stationary solutions for the system u t + (Df(u) − x I)u x = 0. In the space of O((1 + |x|)−η) functions, we show that if $${\mathfrak{R}}\lambda > -\eta$$ , then λ is either an eigenvalue or a resolvent point. Eigenvalues of the linearized system are zeros of the determinant of a transcendental matrix. On some vertical lines in the complex plane, called resonance lines, the determinant can be arbitrarily small but nonzero. A C 0 semigroup is constructed. Using the Gearhart–Pruss Theorem, we show that the solutions are O(e γ t ) if γ is greater than the real parts of the eigenvalues and the coordinates of resonance lines. We study examples where Riemann solutions have two or three Lax-shocks.
The active sites of rabbit muscle aldolase

Abstract Complex formation between native or denatured aldolase and 14 C-dihydroxyacetone phosphate at pH 7.8 has been estimated by using rapid gel filtration at low temperature to separate enzyme-substrate complex from initially unassociated substrate. The data indicate that three equivalents of dihydroxyacetone phosphate combine with native aldolase to form a relatively stable intermediate. The complex is stabilized by other than electrostatic forces. Complex formation is a specific process of the active enzyme since no adsorption of 14 C-dihydroxyacetone phosphate to either the inactive β-glycerophosphate derivative of aldolase or aldolase in 4 m urea occurs under the same conditions.
Coming to Terms with the “Otherwise Qualified” Student with a Learning Disability

Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 ensures all "otherwise qualified" individuals with handicaps the right to higher education. Federal regulations implementing the broad principles of Section 504 address only obliquely the interpretation of the construct "otherwise qualified." The determination of the qualified individual with a handicap in higher education entails unique consideration when applied to students with learning disabilities. In a setting traditionally based on academic merit and competition, the student with a learning disability requires accommodation of the learning process. Postsecondary institutions are faced with the task of determining the qualified student while maintaining academic standards. To clarify this process, existing tenets of the construct "otherwise qualified" were examined. Issues in implementing the law with students with learning disabilities were discussed, and current practice in addressing the issues was evaluated in light of legal principles. Guidelines were proposed for implementing the construct "otherwise qualified" with students with learning disabilities in higher education.
Modeling of Toxicological Effects of Fire Gases: VII. Studies on Evaluation of Animal Models in Combustion Toxicology:

This study evaluated the potential use of the guinea pig as an animal model in conducting combustion toxicology experiments in which lethality is the end point. The guinea pig was found to be approximately three times as sensitive as the rat upon exposure to hydrogen chloride, presumably due to its tendency for bronchoconstriction. Compared to the rat, the guinea pig was relatively in sensitive to carbon monoxide. Lethal effects of mixtures of carbon monoxide and hydrogen chloride showed additivity only at relatively high concentrations of carbon monoxide. The lethal toxic potency of hydrogen cyanide was about the same for both the rat and the guinea pig. Based on comparisons of available toxicity data for humans and nonhuman primates, it was concluded that the rat is the better model when lethality studies are used. However, it is uncertain which animal model would be better when sublethal exposures, particularly to irritants, are considered.
Efficient Preimage Computation Using A Novel Success-Driven ATPG

Preimage computation is a key step in formal verification. Pure OBDD-based symbolic method is vulnerable to the space-explosion problem. On the other hand, conventional ATPG/SAT-based method can handle large designs but can suffer from time explosion. Unlike methods that combine ATPG/SAT and OBDD, we present a novel success-driven learning algorithm which significantly accelerates an ATPG engine for enumerating all solutions (preimages). The algorithm effectively prunes redundant search space due to overlapped solutions and constructs a free BDD on the fly so that it becomes the representation of the preimage set at the end. Experimental results have demonstrated the effectiveness of the approach, in which we are able to compute preimages for large sequential circuits, where OBDD-based methods fail.
A critical re-appraisal of BRCA1 methylation studies in ovarian cancer

A central challenge facing gynecologic oncology is achieving personalized care in ovarian cancer treatment. The current ovarian cancer classification scheme distinguishes tumors based on histopathologic subtype, grade, and surgical stage. Recent molecular investigations have highlighted distinguishing genetic features of certain tumors within a given category, and given the rapid pace of technologic advancement combined with plummeting costs for complete genomic sequencing this classification will markedly improve. Clinical studies have begun to explore the influence of currently known distinctions on the natural history of the disease, most recently with particular attention to the BRCA1 status of tumors. Mutations in the BRCA1 gene have long been known to increase a woman's risk of developing ovarian cancer. As has been shown, BRCA1-associated ovarian cancers may be associated with characteristic differences in therapeutic response and overall survival, and further defining these subsets may become instrumental in clinical decision-making. Therefore, given the eightfold difference (5-40%) in reported frequency of BRCA1 inactivation by methylation in the pioneering studies in the field, a critical re-appraisal of the literature, techniques, samples used, and interpretations of BRCA1 inactivation is warranted along with a review of the more recent and comprehensive molecular studies.
The Impact of Positive and Negative Mood on the Hypothesis Generation and Ethical Judgments of Auditors

SUMMARY: This paper examines the impact of mood on the hypothesis generation and ethical judgments of auditors. Prior psychology research documents different effects of negative and positive mood on information processing such that negative (positive) mood leads to more systematic (heuristic) processing (e.g., Forgas 1995a; Bless 2000). Theoretical accounting research (Gaudine and Thorne 2001) proposes a positive relation between positive mood and ethical decision‐making. Based on this research, we predict that negative (compared with positive) mood will enhance performance on a hypothesis generation task and impair performance on two ethical tasks. These predictions are tested in an experiment in which auditors perform an analytical procedures task involving the generation of explanations for fluctuations in financial ratios and two ethical tasks involving the truthful reporting of information. Consistent with predictions, the results show that auditors' judgments are influenced by their mood state. Spec...
Performance improvement with circuit-level speculation

Current superscalar microprocessors' performance depends on its frequency and the number of useful instructions that can be processed per cycle (IPC). In this paper we propose a method called approximation to reduce the logic delay of a pipe-stage. The basic idea of approximation is to implement the logic function partially instead of fully. Most of the time the partial implementation gives the correct result as if the function is implemented fully but with fewer gates delay allowing a higher pipeline frequency. We apply this method on three logic blocks. Simulation results show that this method provides some performance improvement for a wide-issue superscalar if these stages are finely pipelined.
The p23 Protein of Citrus Tristeza Virus Controls Asymmetrical RNA Accumulation

Citrus tristeza virus (CTV), a member of the Closteroviridae, has a 19.3-kb positive-stranded RNA genome that is organized into 12 open reading frames (ORFs) with the 10 3' genes expressed via a nested set of nine or ten 3'-coterminal subgenomic mRNAs (sgRNAs). Relatively large amounts of negative-stranded RNAs complementary to both genomic and sgRNAs accumulate in infected cells. As is characteristic of RNA viruses, wild-type CTV produced more positive than negative strands, with the plus-to-minus ratios of genomic and sgRNAs estimated at 10 to 20:1 and 40 to 50:1, respectively. However, a mutant with all of the 3' genes deleted replicated efficiently, but produced plus to minus strands at a markedly decreased ratio of 1 to 2:1. Deletion analysis of 3'-end genes revealed that the p23 ORF was involved in asymmetric RNA accumulation. A mutation which caused a frameshift after the fifth codon resulted in nearly symmetrical RNA accumulation, suggesting that the p23 protein, not a cis-acting element within the p23 ORF, controls asymmetric accumulation of CTV RNAs. Further in-frame deletion mutations in the p23 ORF suggested that amino acid residues 46 to 180, which contained RNA-binding and zinc finger domains, were indispensable for asymmetrical RNA accumulation, while the N-terminal 5 to 45 and C-terminal 181 to 209 amino acid residues were not absolutely required. Mutation of conserved cysteine residues to alanines in the zinc finger domain resulted in loss of activity of the p23 protein, suggesting involvement of the zinc finger in asymmetric RNA accumulation. The absence of p23 gene function was manifested by substantial increases in accumulation of negative-stranded RNAs and only modest decreases in positive-stranded RNAs. Moreover, the substantial decrease in the accumulation of negative-stranded coat protein (CP) sgRNA in the presence of the functional p23 gene resulted in a 12- to 15-fold increase in the expression of the CP gene. Apparently the excess negative-stranded sgRNA reduces the availability of the corresponding positive-stranded sgRNA as a messenger. Thus, the p23 protein controls asymmetric accumulation of CTV RNAs by downregulating negative-stranded RNA accumulation and indirectly increases expression of 3' genes.
Level of Detail Interfaces

We present the novel level of detail interface based on the marriage of level of detail geometry and an adaptable user interface. Level of detail interfaces allow applications to paramaterize their display of data and interface widgets with respect to distance from the camera, to best take advantage of diminished screen space in a 3D environment.
Consumer Surplus with Apology: A Historical Perspective on Nonmarket Valuation and Recreation Demand

When economists first turned to applied benefit-cost analysis in the 1930s and 1940s, prices were the only widely accepted measure of benefits. Perhaps surprisingly, economists did not consider measures like consumer surplus, which seemed quite foreign. Consequently, when they turned to nonmarket valuation for goods like outdoor recreation, their constructed demand curves seemed less informative than a simple equilibrium price. As they struggled with how to make use of such information, natural resource economists set important precedents for the larger profession in coming to consumer surplus as a new measure of benefits. By creating important precedents and learning through practice, they shaped the discipline as much as they were shaped by received theory. At the same time, by coming to these notions in the context of political debates, they were also shaped by the norms of the state.
Parameter Estimation and Model Discrimination for a Lithium-Ion Cell

Two different models were used to obtain transport and kinetic parameters using nonlinear regression from experimental charge/ discharge curves of a lithium-ion cell measured at 35°C under four rates, C/5, C/2, 1C, and 2C, where the C rate is 1.656 A. The Levenberg-Marquardt method was used to estimate parameters in the models such as the diffusion of lithium ions in the positive electrode. A confidence interval for each parameter was also presented. The parameter values lie within their confidence intervals. The use of statistical weights to correct for the scatter in experimental data as well as to treat one set of data in preference to other is illustrated. An F-test was performed to discriminate between the goodness of fit obtained from the two models.
CANONIZING DEWEY: NATURALISM, LOGICAL EMPIRICISM, AND THE IDEA OF AMERICAN PHILOSOPHY

Between World War I and World War II, the students of Columbia University's John Dewey and Frederick J. E. Woodbridge built up a school of philosophical naturalism sharply critical of claims to value-neutrality. In the 1930s and 1940s, the second-generation Columbia naturalists (John Herman Randall Jr, Herbert W. Schneider, Irwin Edman, Horace L. Friess, and James Gutmann) and their students who later joined the department (Charles Frankel, Joseph L. Blau, Albert Hofstadter, and Justus Buchler) reacted with dismay to the arrival on American shores of logical empiricism and other analytic modes of philosophy. These figures undermined their colleague Ernest Nagel's attempt to build an alliance with the logical empiricists, accusing them of ignoring the scholar's primary role as a public critic. After the war, the prestige of analytic approaches and a tendency to label philosophies either “analytic” or “Continental” eclipsed the Columbia philosophers’ normatively inflected naturalism. Yet in their efforts to resist logical empiricism, the Columbia naturalists helped to construct a sturdy, canonical portrait of “American philosophy” that proponents still hold up as a third way between analytic and Continental approaches.
Pathophysiological role for oxidative stress in geriatric vascular dysfunction.

hypertension in the geriatric (over 65 yr) population is increasingly emerging as a significant health problem in this age group. It is estimated that over one-half of the population age 65 and over, a burgeoning number of the overall United States population, has hypertension, and this prevalence
Transcriptional Modulation of Viral Reporter Gene Constructs Following Induction of the Cellular Stress Response

In this study, we report that commonly used methods of transient transfection induce the cellular stress response and a recovery period is required following transfection when analyzing cellular stress responsive genes. Four transfection methods were examined for their ability to induce the stress response by measuring the expression of heat shock protein (hsp) 72. We demonstrate that electroporation increases expression of hsp 72 in HUT 78 cells. Additionally, DEAE-dextran and liposome-mediated transfection resulted in increased hsp 72 expression in an adherent cell line (HeLa). Liposome-mediated transfection differentially induced cell stress, dependent on the transfection time in serum-free culture conditions. The stress responsiveness of two viral promoters, the HTLV-1 long terminal repeat and CMV immediate early transcriptional unit were examined. We found the maximal stress-mediated enhancement of transcription with both promoters did not occur until the cells recovered for 24 h following transfection.
Dual Responses of CNS Mitochondria to Elevated Calcium

Isolated brain mitochondria were examined for their responses to calcium challenges under varying conditions. Mitochondrial membrane potential was monitored by following the distribution of tetraphenylphosphonium ions in the mitochondrial suspension, mitochondrial swelling by observing absorbance changes, calcium accumulation by an external calcium electrode, and oxygen consumption with an oxygen electrode. Both the extent and rate of calcium-induced mitochondrial swelling and depolarization varied greatly depending on the energy source provided to the mitochondria. When energized with succinate plus glutamate, after a calcium challenge, CNS mitochondria depolarized transiently, accumulated substantial calcium, and increased in volume, characteristic of a mitochondrial permeability transition. When energized with 3 mm succinate, CNS mitochondria maintained a sustained calcium-induced depolarization without appreciable swelling and were slow to accumulate calcium. Maximal oxygen consumption was also restricted under these conditions, preventing the electron transport chain from compensating for this increased proton permeability. In 3 mm succinate, cyclosporin A and ADP plus oligomycin restored potential and calcium uptake. This low conductance permeability was not effected by bongkrekic acid or carboxyatractylate, suggesting that the adenine nucleotide translocator was not directly involved. Fura-2FF measurements of [Ca2+]i suggest that in cultured hippocampal neurons glutamate-induced increases reached tens of micromolar levels, approaching those used with mitochondria. We propose that in the restricted substrate environment, Ca2+ activated a low-conductance permeability pathway responsible for the sustained mitochondrial depolarization.
Numerical Study of the Diurnal Cycle along the Central Oregon Coast during Summertime Northerly Flow

Abstract A triply nested mesoscale atmospheric numerical model is used to study the dynamics of the diurnal cycle of the summertime lower atmosphere along the central Oregon coast. Simulations of four consecutive days in September 1998, during which the winds were strong and northerly, are analyzed. Comparisons with profiler observations suggest that the model performed well enough to provide a useful estimate of the diurnal circulation. During the four days of interest, the low-level wind pattern has a broad maximum between Cape Blanco and Cape Mendocino, with a large north–south gradient along the Oregon coast. The low-level jet undergoes diurnal horizontal and vertical displacements, which partially resemble previous observational and modeling results along the California coast. In both the model and the profiler data, there is a minimum in northerly wind between 1500 and 1800 UTC (0700 and 1000 local time), and a double maximum in offshore flow above the marine boundary layer, with peaks near 0700 and...
Predictive Neuromuscular Fatigue of the Lower Extremity Utilizing Computer Modeling

This paper studies the modeling of lower extremity muscle forces and their correlation to neuromuscular fatigue. Two analytical fatigue models were combined with a musculoskeletal model to estimate the effects of hamstrings fatigue on lower extremity muscle forces during a side step cut. One of the fatigue models (Tang) used subject-specific knee flexor muscle fatigue and recovery data while the second model (Xia) used previously established fatigue and recovery parameters. Both fatigue models were able to predict hamstrings fatigue within 20% of the experimental data, with the semimembranosus and semitendinosus muscles demonstrating the largest (11%) and smallest (1%) differences, respectively. In addition, various hamstrings fatigue levels (10-90%) on lower extremity muscle force production were assessed using one of the analytical fatigue models. As hamstrings fatigue levels increased, the quadriceps muscle forces decreased by 21% (p < 0.01), while gastrocnemius muscle forces increased by 36% (p < 0.01). The results of this study validate the use of two analytical fatigue models in determining the effects of neuromuscular fatigue during a side step cut, and therefore, this model can be used to assess fatigue effects on risk of lower extremity injury during athletic maneuvers. Understanding the effects of fatigue on muscle force production may provide insight on muscle group compensations that may lead to altered lower extremity motion patterns as seen in noncontact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries.
Nanomaterials in Design

Newly developed materials have long been a source of both inspiration and opportunity for designers. It is hard to imagine, for example, a design world without plastics—themselves once a new material. More recently, developments in carbon fiber and other technologies have made products stronger, lighter, and easier to use. User-oriented devices based on material-related developments in the electronics world—ranging from chips and storage media to interactive touch screens—have literally revolutionized social and business fabrics.