cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Direct Approach to Insulin Isotherm Analysis in Reversed Phase Chromatography

There is a need to demonstrate the application of a simple isotherm method and a process chromatography optimization methodology with its approximations and assumptions that is useful when quick application is required. This paper presents an explanation of a basic procedure for the optimization of the acetonitrile concentration under isocratic condition with insulin as the model compound, using the retention time method for single component isotherm measurement. The retention time method was used to measure the adsorption isotherm over the concentration range of 26–29% acetonitrile. The assumption of a single component isotherm for insulin is appropriate in this study since the shift of the peak front due to a tag-along effect of the des-amido insulin degradation product is minimal. This RTM method assumes a Langmuir isotherm model. This model is an accurate representation under these experimental conditions as revealed by the shape of the measured shock front time as a function of amount loaded. Analysis of the isotherm results shows the ‘a’ parameter decreases with increasing volume per cent acetonitrile and the column saturation capacity decreases with increasing volume per cent acetonitrile. The cycle time is represented by ‘a’ parameter and the loading factor by the column saturation capacity. Since the ‘a’ parameter increases with decreasing volume per cent acetonitrile, the cycle time increases and the production rate decreases. On the other hand, the column saturation capacity increases with decreasing volume per cent acetonitrile; therefore, the optimum loading factor increases, thus the production rate increases. This trade-off leads to an optimum acetonitrile concentration at low k′ until practical operational limits are achieved.
3H-dTTP incorporating activities in isolated rat liver nuclei

Abstract Based on differential inhibitions produced by deletion of substrates and ATP and by addition of sulfhydryl-blocking agents and actinomycin D, three distinct processes incorporate 3H-dTTP into DNA of nuclei isolated from rat hepatocytes. One activity occurs only in nuclei isolated from S-phase cells and appears to be the DNA replicating process. The other two activities occur in both proliferating and non-proliferating nuclei and represent terminal transferase and, possibly, repair polymerase; these processes are activated by damaging nuclei either during or after isolation.
Concepts of substitutional load in finite populations.

Abstract In defining the substitutional load in a finite population, one can use a definition relating to the total load suffered until substitution of a favoured allele occurs (this will normally involve a contribution to the load from a number of cases where the favoured allele is lost), or one can use a definition using the load only for a single substitution process in which successful substitution of the favoured allele does occur. It is not evident at the moment which definition will be the more useful and meaningful in discussing how load arguments might limit the rate of selectively controlled gene substitutions. In this paper relatively simple methods are used to find formulae for both loads (the formula for the first confirming a previous result of Kimura and Maruyama, 1969 ). Numerical comparisons of the two loads are given, together with the results of a Monte Carlo experiment confirming the theoretical value for the second load. The latter theoretical value is found by considering a conditional diffusion process, the condition being that the favoured allele is eventually fixed. This diffusion process can be used, amongst other things, to arrive at the formulae for the mean and variance of the conditional fixation time found by other methods by Kimura and Ohta (1969a, b) .
Effect of velocity ratio on plane mixing layer development: Influence of the splitter plate wake

An experimental study has been conducted to investigate the effect of velocity ratio on the approach of a plane mixing layer to self-similarity. Plane mixing layers with five different velocity ratios (0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8 and 0.9) were generated in a newly designed mixing layer wind tunnel with both initial boundary layers tripped. For each velocity ratio, mean flow and turbulence measurements were obtained at eight streamwise locations with a single cross-wire probe. The results indicate that the splitter plate wake plays a very dominant and, in some cases, a lasting role in the development of the mixing layer. For velocity ratios between 0.5 and 0.7, self-similarity of the mixing layer was observed with the asymptotic states comparable. Mixing layers with the higher velocity ratios failed to achieve a self-similar state within the measurement domain, although a slow approach to it was apparent. The development distance decreased with increasing velocity ratio up to 0.7, after which it appeared to increase. Almost all of the observed effects may be attributed to the presence of the splitter plate wake and its complex interaction with the mixing layer.
Morphological and systematic reinterpretation of two enigmatic edrioasteroids (Echinodermata) from Canada

Reinterpretation of two enigmatic Canadian edrioasteroids, Thresherodiscus ramosus Foerste, 1914 from the Upper Ordovician Verulam Formation of Ontario and Lispidecodus plinthotus Kesling, 1967 from the Lower Mississippian Banff Formation of Alberta, shows that previous accounts of these taxa were largely erroneous. Unlike other isorophid edrioasteroids, Thresherodiscus has branching ambulacra, an unusual hydro-gonopore, differentiated interambulacral plates bearing respiratory structures, and ambulacra that extend onto the peripheral rim. Except for the turreted thecal shape, Lispidecodus is a rather typical discocystinid edrioasteroid. Phylogenetic analysis weakly supports the placement of Thresherodiscus within Agelacrinitidae and strongly places Lispidecodus within Discocystinae.
Low Sulfur Compounding

Abstract Since the beginning of the rubber industry, sulfur dosages used for soft rubber have declined from 20 to 2 or 3 per cent customary today. The decline is still under way, and present sulfur ratios are high in comparison with what is actually required to produce satisfactory commercial vulcanization—fractions of 1 per cent. Vulcanization with extremely low sulfur ratios, the use of selenium and tellurium as auxiliary vulcanizing materials, and the proper type of acceleration required to “cure in” all the sulfur and produce satisfactory commercial results, are discussed. Comparative data, covering many physical attributes, are shown for pure gum and gas black stocks compounded with 3 per cent sulfur on the one hand, and 0.3 and 1 per cent (gas black stock) on the other. Advantages of very low sulfur compounds are less tendency to scorch, better physical properties, better aging, higher resilience and lower power losses, less discoloration, greater resistance to hot solvents, greater abrasion resista...
Shear wave propagation in a periodically layered medium - an asymptotic theory

Abstract The propagation of low frequency or long wavelength disturbances in periodically layered media is considered. An asymptotic series is derived for the frequency of the first branch of the Bloch wave spectrum. The expansion is in dimensionless wavenumber and is developed explicitly for SH waves traveling obliquely through layerings with arbitrary periodic stratification. The first dispersive term is discussed in detail for a two phase medium and numerical results are presented showing that the asymptotic approximation to the dispersion equation can accurately approximate pulse dispersion. The asymptotic theory presented here may be used to define a dynamic effective medium, as opposed to an equivalent static effective medium.
Allozyme Variability of Oncorhynchus nerka in the Pacific Northwest, with Special Consideration to Populations of Redfish Lake, Idaho

Abstract We resolved allozyme variation among 28 enzymes encoded by 58 protein loci in 27 samples of sockeye salmon and kokanee Oncorhynchus nerka in the Pacific Northwest. Of 32 polymorphic loci, 16 were polymorphic at the P 0.95 level (frequency of the common allele ≤0.95). We found substantial variation at mAAT-1* and mAH-1,2*, loci not previously described in O. nerka in this portion of its distribution. Mean heterozygosity per sample ranged from 0.010 to 0.036 and averaged 0.028 over all samples. Wright's fixation index (F ST) averaged 0.153 over 16 P 0.95 loci, indicating considerable allele frequency variation among samples. The pattern of population differentiation of sockeye salmon, as revealed through genetic distance and principal component analyses, resembled a mosaic in that nearest geographic neighbors were not necessarily similar genetically. Allele frequencies at two to five loci differed significantly between sympatric sockeye salmon and kokanee in three separate localities, indicating ge...
Effects of repeated listening experiences on the recognition of synthetic speech by individuals with severe intellectual disabilities.

Purpose To examine the perception of synthetic speech by individuals with severe intellectual disabilities using a closed-response format task. Method Participants were 14 individuals with severe i...
Toward Literacy-Neutral Spinal Cord Injury Information and Training

Minorities are underserved for health services in the United States, and persons from minority backgrounds are disproportionately represented among individuals suffering from low health literacy, a situation that creates a further barrier to understanding health needs and seeking health services. These barriers persist among persons with SCI, with racial and ethnic differences impacting both health outcomes and subjective sense of well-being. Providing health information resources on-line is a well-accepted diffusion strategy in the 21st century, but most health information available on-line is written at a level of complexity that is not useful to or usable by individuals with lower levels of literacy. On-line materials have the potential to resolve some of the difficulties persons with low literacy experience in accessing health information by supplementing text with video demonstrations and audio explanations. YouTube, the popular, open-access, video-sharing social media Web site, provides an opportuni...
Anr and Its Activation by PlcH Activity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Host Colonization and Virulence

Pseudomonas aeruginosa hemolytic phospholipase C (PlcH) degrades phosphatidylcholine (PC), an abundant lipid in cell membranes and lung surfactant. A ΔplcHR mutant, known to be defective in virulence in animal models, was less able to colonize epithelial cell monolayers and was defective in biofilm formation on plastic when grown in lung surfactant. Microarray analyses found that strains defective in PlcH production had lower levels of Anr-regulated transcripts than the wild type. PC degradation stimulated the Anr regulon in an Anr-dependent manner under conditions where Anr activity was submaximal because of the presence of oxygen. Two PC catabolites, choline and glycine betaine (GB), were sufficient to stimulate Anr activity, and their catabolism was required for Anr activation. The addition of choline or GB to glucose-containing medium did not alter Anr protein levels, growth rates, or respiratory activity, and Anr activation could not be attributed to the osmoprotectant functions of GB. The Δanr mutant was defective in virulence in a mouse pneumonia model. Several lines of evidence indicate that Anr is important for the colonization of biotic and abiotic surfaces in both P. aeruginosa PAO1 and PA14 and that increases in Anr activity resulted in enhanced biofilm formation. Our data suggest that PlcH activity promotes Anr activity in oxic environments and that Anr activity contributes to virulence, even in the acute infection phase, where low oxygen tensions are not expected. This finding highlights the relationships among in vivo bacterial metabolism, the activity of the oxygen-sensitive regulator Anr, and virulence.
Scare sells? A framing analysis of news coverage of recalled Chinese products

The objective of this study is to explore whether the US media overemphasized recalled Chinese products in 2007 and, if so, how news coverage in the US media differed from that of the Chinese media. By using a framing analysis of the coverage in two US media and two Chinese media, this study pursues answers to these questions. After comparing the news coverage of the recalled Chinese products and a real world indictor, this study found that neither US nor Chinese media mirrored the real world phenomenon as it was. By comparing news coverage of the issue in The New York Times and The Associated Press with China Daily, and The Xinhua News Agency, the study found that news coverage of the recalled issues differed significantly in terms of the sources used, the nationality of the source, the dominant frames employed, and the attribution of responsibility for the problems. In particular, Chinese media more frequently employed government officials as their main sources, which inherently increased the use of the...
Tissue dynamics of steady state growth in hydra littoralis. III. Behavior of specific cell types during tissue movements

Hydra tissues continuously move from the growing column to the body extremities. To study the cellular basis of these movements, mosaic hydra were produced by grafting portions of isotopically labeled animals to portions of unlabeled ones. The progressions of labeled cells away from the original graft site were determined by the method of radioautography. From the data obtained, it is possible to deduce the migratory relations between different cell types and the patterns of their movement. Most cells move in the form of coherent expanding epithelia, in which cells do not individually wander relative to neighboring cells. The gastrodermal tissue sheet includes the gland and digestive cells; the epidermal tissue sheet includes the interstitial and epitheliomuscular cells. These tissues move distally and proximally from a “stationary region,” near the top of column. The two epithelia do not move at the same rate, however, and their stationary regions are at different column levels. Nematocytes migrate in an amoeboid fashion from the body column to the tentacles. They migrate along the epidermal muscular layer, and do not move through the mesolamella to the gastrodermis. These aspects of cell behavior are consistent with the histological structure of hydra.
A New Gyrothrix in Culture and a Key to Species

Gyrothrix pediculata is described from culture as new. Its conidial ontogeny is readily studied in culture. The conidiogenous cells are entero-blastic, phialidic. The nonseptate conidia elongate la...
Application of micronutrients to citrus trees through microirrigation systems

Abstract Using conventional soil and foliar spray applications to correct micronutrient deficiency in citrus has not been completely satisfactory. Therefore, this study was developed to test the effectiveness of micronutrient application through microirrigation (fertigation) at rates similar to those recommended for foliar spray application. Three field experiments were conducted on ‘Valencia’ orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.] trees to study the absorption of Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu by periodically analyzing leaf samples. The effectiveness of fertigation with micronutriems was found to depend on the fertilizer source. Application of chelated Fe, Mn, and Zn through irrigation systems increased the concentrations of these micronutrients in the leaves. The nitrate forms of Fe, Mn, and Zn were ineffective, as was the sulfate form of Zn. The sulfate form of Mn was occasionally effective, but the sulfate form of Cu was very effective. The application of chelated micronutrients through fertigation shows promise in c...
Marine biology: Genes in the glass house.

Sequence data on a second species of diatom provide abundant insights into the evolution and metabolic capabilities of this group, as well as into mechanisms of gene acquisition and diversification.
Ozone tolerances of soybean cultivars and near‐isogenic lines in a fumigation chamber

Abstract Ozone (O3) toxicity is a potential yield‐limiting factor for soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) in the United States and worldwide. The most economical solution to the problem is to use O3‐tolerant cultivars. Thirty‐four cultivars and 87 near‐isogenic lines (NILS) of soybean were screened for O3 tolerance in a fumigation chamber (250 ppb for three hrs). Most tolerant cultivars tested were ‘Cloud’, ‘T‐276’, ‘T263’, and ‘Kindu’. Moderately tolerant cultivars included ‘Davis’, ‘T‐210’, and ‘Elton’. Most sensitive cultivars were ‘Corsoy 79’, ‘Noir’, and ‘Midwest’. The original ‘Clark’ cultivar was not tested, but ‘Clark 63’ tended to be more tolerant than ‘Harosoy’. The aluminum (Al)‐tolerant ‘Perry’ cultivar also tended toward greater O3 tolerance than the Al‐sensitive ‘Chief’, as observed earlier. Our rankings of ‘Hark’ as moderately sensitive and ‘Davis’ as moderately tolerant are also in agreement with earlier reports. Among NILS, the order of O3 tolerance was generally Williams>Clark>Harosoy, but di...
Hiring an associate? A report card on the career performance of male vs female gastroenterologists!

Hiring an associate? A report card on the career performance of male vs female gastroenterologists!
Gamma-vinyl GABA increases nonvesicular release of GABA and glutamate in the nucleus accumbens in rats via action on anion channels and GABA transporters.

Rationale γ-Amino butyric acid (GABA) is a well-characterized inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, which may also stimulate nonvesicular release of other neurotransmitters under certain conditions. We have recently reported that γ-vinyl GABA (GVG), an irreversible GABA transaminase inhibitor, elevates extracellular GABA but fails to alter dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens (NAc).
On fixed point stability for set-valued contractive mappings with applications to generalized differential equations

where d(x, C) = inf,..,. d(x, c). A set-valued mapping T: X-+ C(X) is a cI < 1 and for x, y E X. If X is complete, then every set-valued contraction has a fixed point, i.e., a point x with x E TX. The set of fixed points of T will be denoted by F(T). Stability of fixed points of set-valued contractions was investigated in [12] and [lo]. In [lo], a stability theorem was proved under some rather restrictive conditions, including (i) the domain of the maps being a closed convex-bounded subset of a Hilbert space, (ii) the image of each point under each map being a closed convex subset. Theorem 1 below removes these conditions.
Training in Quality Assurance for Radioactive Material Transportation Packaging

The Department of Energy (DOE) has established guidelines for qualifications and training of the technical experts preparing and reviewing the safety analysis reports for packaging (SARP) and transportation of radioactive materials. One of the qualifications is working knowledge of, and familiarity with the quality assurance (QA) requirements in Subpart H of Title 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations Part 71. DOE is sponsoring a course on quality assurance for radioactive material transportation packaging. The objective of this paper is to describe the salient features of the course, the purpose of which is to provide QA training and practical experience that are required to develop and implement a QA plan or prepare the QA chapter of a SARP for the design, fabrication, assembly, testing, maintenance, repair, modification, and use of the packaging. The applicable QA requirements from DOE orders, federal regulations, and NRC regulatory guides will be highlighted, along with a graded approach to selected QA elements from Subpart H of 10 CFR Part 71. The paper will also briefly discuss ASME NQA-1 for Type B and fissile material packaging, current issues resulting from the different emphasis between a compliance-based QA program (in Subpart H, 10 CFR 71) for packaging and a performance-based QA program for DOE nuclear facilities (based on 10 CFR 830, “Nuclear Safety Management”), and the final rule changes in 10 CFR 71 that became effective on October 1, 2004.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
An efficient synthesis of a probe for protein function: 2,3-diaminopropionic acid with orthogonal protecting groups.

An efficient and cost-effective synthesis of N(α)-Boc2-N(β)-Cbz-2,3-diaminopropionic acid is reported. The synthesis starts from commercially available N(α)-Boc-Asp(OBn)-OH and employs a Curtius rearrangement to establish the β-nitrogen. Proper protection of the α-nitrogen is essential for the success of the Curtius rearrangement.
The Influences of Property Variations on Natural Convection from Vertical Surfaces

The objective of this paper is to show the influences of property variations in natural convection. Heat transfer from a vertical isothermal, heated surface to gaseous nitrogen is experimentally investigated. The ambient temperature, Tinfinity, is varied in order to cover a large range of the Rayleigh number and also the generation of large values of this parameter. The range 80 K
Ripristinare La Credibilità Dei Fondamenti Giuridici Ed Economici Della Stabilità Finanziaria: La Necessità Di Incorporazione Delle Teorie Economiche? (Restoring the Credibility of the Legal and Economic Foundations of Financial Stability: The Need for Incorporation of Economic Theories?)

The English version of this article can be found here: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2263760 La version francaise de cet article peut etre consultee a: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2264238 Die deutsche Version dieses Artikels finden Sie unter: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2263892 A versao em portugues deste artigo pode ser encontrada em: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2264232 La version espanola de este articulo se puede encontrar en: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2263886 In che misura le crisi e cicli monetari e finanziari essere spiegati attraverso teorie economiche? Il presente documento ha lo scopo di evidenziare il motivo di un ricorso a teorie economiche puo essere necessario dato alcuni difetti che sono stati rivelati dalla recente crisi finanziaria. Vale a dire, che le basi economiche e giuridiche di stabilita finanziaria non possono sempre essere considerati credibili. Inoltre, il lavoro si propone di accentuare il motivo per cui, nonostante l'argomento valido (che un riferimento a teorie economiche puo essere richiesto di spiegare causalita di crisi finanziarie e monetarie), causalita potrebbe essere spiegato anche da altri punti di vista - anche se queste prospettive possono a volte, non essere il piu preciso. To what extent can monetary and financial crises and cycles be explained through economic theories? This paper is aimed at highlighting why a reliance on economic theories may be necessary given certain flaws which have been revealed from the recent financial crisis. Namely, that economic and legal foundations of financial stability cannot always be considered to be credible. Further, the paper aims to accentuate on why despite the valid argument (that a reference to economic theories may be required to explain causalities of financial and monetary crises), causalities could also be explained from other perspectives – even though these perspectives may sometimes, not be as accurate.
Spatial resolution performance evaluation of a monolithic crystal PET detector with Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB)

We have previously reported on continuous miniature crystal element (cMiCE) PET detectors that provide depth of interaction (DOI) positioning capability. A key component of the design is the use of a statistics based positioning (SBP) method for 3D event positioning. The Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) expresses a lower bound on the variance of estimators for a deterministic parameter. Therefore, the CRLB could be used to evaluate whether our SBP algorithm is efficient and to quickly determine the best possible spatial resolution when investigating new detector designs. In this work, the CRLB is first reported based upon experimental results from a PET detector using a 50 mm by 50 mm by 15 mm LYSO crystal readout by a 64-channel PMT on the exit surface of the crystal. The X/Y spatial resolution is very close to the CRLB, while the depth of interaction (DOI) resolution is more than double the CRLB even after correcting for beam size and finite X resolution of the detector. A simulation study was conducted to investigate what causes the difference between measured DOI resolution and the CRLB for DOI. The PET detector was modeled as a 50 mm by 50 mm by 15 mm LYSO crystal readout by a 64-channel SiPM array placed on the entrance surface of the crystal. The results show that Compton scatter in the crystal degrades the DOI resolution. A second interesting result was that the DOI CRLB could not be achieved even when tested using only photoelectric events. This is because of the limitations of the DOI decoding algorithm.
An allele of gyrA prevents Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium from using succinate as a carbon source.

A mutant gyrA allele resulting in an A271E substitution in the DNA gyrase protein generated a strain unable to grow on the C4-dicarboxylates succinate, malate, and fumarate. Bacteria harboring gyrA751 displayed decreased negative supercoiling in cells. Expression of the dctA gene, which encodes the C4-dicarboxylate transporter, was reduced in a gyrA751 mutant, providing the first evidence that dctA expression is supercoiling sensitive and uncovering a simple metabolic screen for lesions in gyrase that reduce negative supercoiling.
Keratinocyte Growth Factor Inhibits Cross-linked Envelope Formation and Nucleosomal Fragmentation in Cultured Human Keratinocytes

Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) exhibits paracrine action on numerous epithelia, including skin. We have found that cultures of normal human keratinocytes must attain confluence before KGF promotes an increase in cell number relative to untreated controls. In postconfluent cultures, treatment with KGF promoted tight packing of keratinocytes with a small basal cell morphology. Based on these observations, we hypothesized that KGF increased cell number in postconfluent cultures by affecting the ability of normal keratinocytes to undergo terminal differentiation and/or programmed cell death. In support of this hypothesis, keratinocytes treated with KGF produced fewer cross-linked envelopes and exhibited reduced membrane-associated transglutaminase activity relative to cells treated with epidermal growth factor or untreated controls. We also found that nucleosomal fragmentation was reduced in postconfluent cultures of KGF-treated keratinocytes. Furthermore, KGF-treated keratinocytes were more resistant to suspension-induced nucleosomal fragmentation than control or epidermal growth factor-treated cultures. Therefore, it appears that KGF modulates aspects of keratinocyte terminal differentiation which share features with programmed cell death. We propose that stromally-derived KGF may act as a paracrine survival factor in skin and perhaps other renewal tissues.
Ultra fine-grain template-driven synthesis

Discusses an alternate strategy for data-path synthesis. In this approach a Very Long Instruction Word (VLIW) processor structure consisting of a consolidated register file interconnected with functional units is used as the underlying architecture. The functional units are described using ultra fine-grain templates which detail the functionality at the component level. During scheduling the architectural organization of the VLIW is relaxed, allowing a Percolation-based Scheduler to modify the templates so that parallelism in the application dictates architectural modification. The experiments demonstrate performance improvements on standard benchmarks, as well as improved memory port utilization for the synthesized VLIW architectures. >
Extreme Polygyny: Multi-seasonal “Hypergynous” Nesting in the Introduced Paper Wasp Polistes dominulus

In temperate climates, female paper wasps typically initiate new colonies in the spring. Several nest-founding tactics have been documented in Polistes species, including solitary nest initiation, joining a cooperative association, usurping an existing nest, or adopting an abandoned nest. Occasionally, exceptionally large groups of females have also been found reusing nests from the previous season. Here we report this phenomenon in introduced populations of the Eurasian species Polistes dominulus. We describe in detail the demographic and genetic characteristics of one such spring colony from Los Angeles, California, USA, which was collected with 84 associated adults and all stages of developing brood in its 613 cells. Genetic and morphological data indicate the presence of multiple reproductively active females of varying relatedness, as well as many nonbreeding females, including probable early-produced offspring. Despite some evidence of chaotic social conditions, the colony appeared to have been highly productive. Additional observations of similar colonies are needed to determine how control is maintained within such a large breeding aggregation.
Tester-based optical and electrical diagnostic system and techniques

This paper details tester-based optical and electrical diagnostic system and techniques that aim at diagnosing various types of problems that exist in today's VLSI chips, especially during initial bring-up stage. The versatility of the electrical test creates flexible test controls while optical diagnostic tools, such as emission-based systems, provide a deep understanding of what is going on inside the chip. Tightly integrating both methods produces a powerful diagnostic system and it also opens a door for creating a series of new diagnostic techniques for resolving new families of problems as illustrated in this paper with several examples.
Manufacturing theory for advanced grid stiffened structures

Abstract Lattices of rigidly connected ribs, known as advanced grid stiffened (AGS) structures, have many advantages over traditional construction methods, which use panels, sandwich cores and/or expensive frameworks. The technology behind these structures has progressed significantly during the past five years to the point where these structures are being integrated into operational systems. Two tooling methods for fabricating these structures using composite materials have proven to be highly effective at achieving high quality, low cost AGS structures: the hybrid tooling method and the expansion block method. Both methods rely on a precise understanding of tooling behavior during cure to achieve proper consolidation, often determined through trial and error. This paper proposes a theory governing the behavior of both tooling types during the cure cycle in order to minimize the trial and error required to understand tooling expansion during cure. The theory is validated by experimental data.
Toward the Study of Organizational Coalitions: Participant Concerns and Activities in a Simulated Organizational Setting

A qualitative laboratory research design is used to study coalition formation within the simulated context of a formal organization. The scenario used focuses on an issue shown to produce political activity: executive succession. A content analytic approach was used to analyze the ideas, perceptions, and actions of the participants as reported by themselves. Results indicate that the process of coalition formation involves a much wider range of concerns, objectives, and interconnected behaviors than suggested by previous research on coalition formation. These are presented and implications for future research and theory building are discussed.
On the average crossing rates in selection diversity

This letter presents new results on the average crossing rate of the combined signal of a selection diversity in Rayleigh fading channels. Exact closed-form expressions are derived for the inphase zero crossing rate, inphase rate of maxima, phase zero crossing rate, and the instantaneous frequency zero crossing rate of the output of the selection combiner. The utility of the new theoretical formulas, validated by Monte Carlo simulations, are briefly discussed as well
HETEROSIS AT ALLOZYME LOCI UNDER INBREEDING AND CROSSBREEDING IN PINUS ATTENUATA

ABSTRACT The dependence of heterosis at isozyme loci on inbreeding and crossbreeding was studied in 10-yr-old trees of knobcone pine ( Pinus attenuata Lemm.). Heterozygosity was determined at 24 polymorphic isozyme loci and related to the rate of vegetative growth and cone production. The inbreds, created by selfpollination, had 46% of the heterozygosity of their mothers; the crossbreds, created by interpopulation crossing, had 155% of the heterozygosity of their mothers. Within the crossbreds, heterozygosity was positively correlated with trunk growth, but negatively correlated with cone production. Results in the crossbreds, however, were strongly influenced by a few individuals that showed unusually slow growth, high reproduction and low heterozygosity. Without those individuals, there was no relationship of heterozygosity to either growth or reproduction.—Within the inbreds, heterozygosity was positively correlated with both trunk growth and cone production. Each locus that was heterozygous in the mothers was calculated to mark about 3% of the genome for identity by descent in the inbred progeny; the total proportion of the genome marked was between 10 and 11%. Using these estimates to relate heterozygosity to the inbreeding coefficient ( F ) gave estimates of inbreeding depression per unit of F that fell within the range of published values for conifers. The strength of heterosis found among the inbreds suggests that single-locus or multilocus overdominance should be exceedingly difficult to detect in natural populations of predominantly outcrossing species
NRSF/REST confers transcriptional repression of the GPR10 gene via a putative NRSE/RE‐1 located in the 5′ promoter region

The G protein-coupled receptor GPR10 is highly localized to areas of the brain. In an effort to reveal transcriptional determinants of this tissue specificity, we recognized a putative NRSE (neuron-restrictive silencer element) located in the 5' promoter region of the gene. The cognate NRSE binding protein NRSF (neuron-restrictive silencer factor) restricts gene expression to mature neurons and endocrine cells by repressing their transcription in non-neuronal/-endocrine cells. In cell lines where NRSF-mediated gene repression has been functionally established, the activity of the GPR10 promoter was repressed in a manner consistent with NRSE-dependent regulation. A specific point mutation to confer non-functionality of the NRSE revealed a 10-fold de-repression of reporter gene expression. In contrast, in the GPR10-expressing cell line GH3, mRNA transcripts of NRSF were undetectable and suppression of promoter activity was not observed. However, transfection of a rat NRSF expression vector resulted in significant repression of transcription, which was reversed by mutation of the NRSE. In conclusion, we demonstrate that the GPR10 gene is specifically regulated by NRSF, and suggest this to be a contributory factor in the tissue-specific distribution of GPR10 in vivo.
Biochemical and Structural Basis for Partially Redundant Enzymatic and Transcriptional Functions of DCoH and DCoH2

An inherited form of diabetes, maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 3 (MODY3), results from mutations in the transcriptional activator, hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 R (HNF1R). Transcription by HNF1R is stimulated by the bifunctional coactivator DCoH (dimerization cofactor of HNF1). Strikingly, an HNF1R deletion in mice causes more severe phenotypes than a DCoH deletion. It has been hypothesized that a DCoH homolog, DCoH2, partially complements the DCoH deletion. To test this idea, we determined the biochemical properties and the 1.6-A-resolution crystal structure of DCoH2. Like DCoH, DCoH2 forms a tetramer, displays pterin-4R-carbinolamine dehydratase activity, and binds HNF1R in vivo and in vitro. DCoH and DCoH2 adopt identical folds with structural differences confined largely to the protein surfaces and the tetramer interface. In contrast to the hyperstable DCoH tetramer, DCoH2 readily disproportionates and forms a 2:2 complex with HNF1 in vitro. Phylogenetic analysis reveals six major subfamilies of DCoH proteins, including unique DCoH and DCoH2 branches in metazoans. These results suggest distinct roles for DCoH and DCoH2. Differences in conserved surface residues could mediate binding to different effectors. We propose that HNF1R binding kinetics may distinguish regulation by DCoH2, under thermodynamic control, from regulation by DCoH, under kinetic control.
Evidence of Piezoelectricity in SWNT-Polyimide and SWNT-PZT-Polyimide Composites

Nanotechnology offers opportunities to reenergize the area of smart materials by addressing their current shortfalls and expanding their application range. For example, sensors based on polymer nanocomposites would provide a new paradigm for lightweight structural health monitoring for broad aeronautics and space applications. Deployable structures such as inflatable antennae and space mirrors will benefit from the incorporation of multifunctional lenses employing smart, articulating materials. In this paper, an approach to enhance the piezoelectricity of polyimides through the addition of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) particles and single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT) is presented. The dielectric and electrical properties of the composites are investigated as a function of SWNT volume content. The dynamic and static mechanical properties are presented to assess the effect of the inclusions on the macro-scale properties of the nanocomposites. It is found that the SWNTs increase the dielectric, piezoelectric, and mechanical properties of the polyimide matrix. Addition of the SWNT in the PZT/polyimide composites facilitates poling and results in an increase of the piezoelectric properties of the three-phase composite.
Bifurkationen auf den Potentialenergiehyperflächen organischer Reaktionen

Ein einziger Ubergangszustand kann zu mehreren Zwischenstufen oder Produkten fuhren, wenn sich der Reaktionsweg nach dem Ubergangszustand gabelt. Solche Gabelungen (Bifurkationen) entstehen beim Vorliegen sequenzieller Ubergangszustande ohne dazwischenliegendem Energieminimum. Die Selektivitat dieser Reaktionen wird nicht von der Energetik des Ubergangszustands, sondern von der Form der Potentialenergiehyperflache und von dynamischen Effekten gesteuert. In diesem Kurzaufsatz werden jungste Untersuchungen von organischen Reaktionen mit Reaktionswegbifurkationen vorgestellt. Diese Bifurkationen sind uberraschend haufig und wirken sich auf experimentell bestimmbare Grosen wie kinetische Isotopeneffekte und Produktverteilungen aus.
Alternative Multiple Imputation Inference for Mean and Covariance Structure Modeling

Model-based multiple imputation has become an indispensable method in the educational and behavioral sciences. Mean and covariance structure models are often fitted to multiply imputed data sets. However, the presence of multiple random imputations complicates model fit testing, which is an important aspect of mean and covariance structure modeling. Extending the logic developed by Yuan and Bentler, Cai, and Cai and Lee, we propose an alternative method for conducting multiple imputation–based inference for mean and covariance structure modeling. In addition to computational simplicity, our method naturally leads to an asymptotically chi-square model fit test statistic. Using simulations, we show that our new method is well calibrated, and we illustrate it with analyses of three real data sets. A SAS macro implementing this method is also provided.
Time Trends and Local Variation in Primary Treatment of Localized Prostate Cancer

Purpose In the absence of high-level evidence or clinical guidelines supporting any given active treatment approach over another for localized prostate cancer, clinician and patient preferences may lead to substantial variation in treatment use. Methods Data were analyzed from 36 clinical sites that contributed data to the Cancer of the Prostate Strategic Urologic Research Endeavor (CaPSURE) registry. Distribution of primary treatment use was measured over time. Prostate cancer risk was assessed using the D’Amico risk groups and the Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessment (CAPRA) score. Descriptive analyses were performed, and a hierarchical model was constructed that controlled for year of diagnosis, cancer risk variables, and other patient factors to estimate the proportion of variation in primary treatment selection explicable by practice site. Results Among 11,892 men analyzed, 6.8% elected surveillance, 49.9% prostatectomy, 11.6% external-beam radiation, 13.3% brachytherapy, 4.0% cryoablation, and 14.4% androgen deprivation monotherapy. Prostate cancer risk drives treatment selection, but the data suggest both overtreatment of low-risk disease and undertreatment of high-risk disease. The former trend appears to be improving over time, while the latter is worsening. Treatment varies with age, comorbidity, and socioeconomic status. However, treatment patterns vary markedly across clinical sites, and this variation is not explained by case-mix variability or known patient factors. Practice site explains a proportion of this variation ranging from 13% for androgen deprivation monotherapy to 74% for cryoablation.
Analytic and micromagnetic predictions of neighbor-induced transition shift

An analytic formula to predict the bit transition shift due to the magnetostatic field generated by neighboring written tracks is derived. In order to test this theory, we have employed a micromagnetic simulation including recording head, soft underlayer and Voronoi cell-based recording layer. This neighbor-induced transition shift scales worse than linearly with the density of the recording medium, reaching /spl sim/70% at 1 terabit/in/sup 2/ in worst case scenarios such as dc-erased media.
Addressing obesity and diabetes among African American men: examination of a community-based model of prevention.

The Save Our Sons study is a community-based, culturally responsive, and gender-specific intervention aimed at reducing obesity and diabetes among a small sample (n = 42) of African American men. The goals of the study were to: (1) test the feasibility of implementing a group health education and intervention model to reduce the incidence of diabetes and obesity among African American men; (2) improve regular access to and utilization of health care services and community supportive resources to promote healthy lifestyles among African American men; and (3) build community networks and capacity for advocacy and addressing some of the health needs of African American men residing in Lorain County, Ohio. Trained community health workers facilitated activities to achieve program aims. Following the 6-week intervention, results indicated that participant's had greater knowledge about strategies for prevention and management of obesity and diabetes; increased engagement in exercise and fitness activities; decreased blood pressure, weight, and body mass index levels; and visited a primary care doctor more frequently. Also, local residents elevated African American men's health and identified it as a priority in their community. This model of prevention appears to be a substantial, robust, and replicable approach for improving the health and well-being of African American men.
Late Season Reproduction by Big-River Catostomidae in Grand Canyon (Arizona)

Abstract To estimate residency and population sizes, endemic fishes were marked and released during October 1998 at confluence of Colorado River and Havasu Creek (Grand Canyon National Park, Coconino County, Arizona). Ripe Catostomus (Pantosteus) discobolus females and newly hatched fry confirmed late season (i.e., early October) spawning by this species. Reproduction by other catostomids was inferred through physical examination of adult C. latipinnis and by capture of a possible Xyrauchen texanus larva. The latter is an endangered species not considered a constituent member of the endemic Grand Canyon fish community; its potential presence in Grand Canyon will influence adaptive management of endemic and introduced fishes. Results of ANCOVAs (with fishing effort as covariate) indicated numbers of aggregating C. latipinnis were significantly associated with flows in Havasu Creek but not those in the mainstem Colorado River. The ecology of big-river endemic fishes in Grand Canyon is clearly linked to trib...
The Global Dispersal of Marine and Estuarine Crustaceans

The scale of invasions by crustaceans in marine and estuarine waters globally has been vastly underestimated. This underestimation derives from two primary sources: First, most of the species distributed in the first 400–500 years of global shipping have escaped recognition, potentially strongly skewing our perceptions of the evolution and history of many nearshore communities. Second, invasions are rarely reported amongst smaller-bodied and taxonomically more challenging taxa. The combination of the two suggests that many fundamental but overlooked shifts have occurred in marine ecosystems in only the past few centuries. While a still all-too-common statement in the literature is that most invasions are benign and have no impact, no experimental or quantitative data are available that support that conclusion.
The Size Distribution of Income: How Has It Changed?

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the changes occurring in sizes of distribution of income while examining quantification of the notion of power and of its use in achieving income redistribution. In the model presented in the chapter, income distribution is endogenously determined and the factors proposed play some role in the determination of the distribution of income. Modern economic theory has failed to develop a body of knowledge that will adequately explain the forces determining this distribution of income. The reason for this appears to be the nature of the Walrasian model of a market economy. An important aspect of the Walrasian system is that it cannot explain the formation of taxation and public expenditures. On the other hand, the few theories that did not start from the competitive assumptions succeeded in providing some important insights into the distributive mechanism. Interesting contributions have been made by these other theories in their ability to improve our understanding of the statistical properties of the distribution with particular emphasis on its skewed nature and the nature of its tails. The theory of a Welfare State even with its relation to Marxian theory has received much attention by stern intellectuals. It is generally agreed that the most essential element of the welfare state and government intervention is the redistribution of income toward greater equality. Questions yet remain as to the efficiency of welfare states.