cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An infrared and Raman spectroscopic study of PbSO 4 -anglesite at high pressures

Infrared and Raman spectra of the ABX4 compound anglesite (PbSO4) were collected to 43 GPa at 300 K in three separate pressure media. A major transition in the spectra initiates at 23 GPa that is characterized by shifting and/or splitting of most of the fundamental vibrations of the sulfate group. On decompression, PbSO4 reverts to the ambient anglesite (barite) structure. This transition is kinetically impeded within more hydrostatic pressure media and does not proceed to completion within a neon medium even at pressures as high as 43 GPa. The previously observed spectral shift at 13 GPa occurs in less hydrostatic media (such as 4:1 methanol:ethanol), and involves subtle splitting of a few modes, particularly the (SO4)2− tetrahedral stretching and bending-derived Raman and infrared modes. Another possible shift occurs near 33 GPa, and primarily involves the appearance of new sulfate antisymmetric bending modes in the infrared spectrum and the onset of new sulfate antisymmetric stretching modes in the Raman spectrum. It is likely that PbSO4 begins to convert sluggishly to the P212121 ABX4 structure starting at 23 GPa, with a possible additional crystallographic distortion or shift in compression mechanism occurring near 33 GPa. The spectral shift at 13 GPa in non-hydrostatic media may be a differential stress-induced structural distortion, or a subtle transition that is not accessible within more hydrostatic media. Our results emphasize that apparently equilibrium transitions such as that at 23 GPa may be notably suppressed within more hydrostatic media.
A CASE OF A YOUNG WOMAN WITH MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION: A PERSONALIZED MEDICINE APPROACH

A young woman with no traditional risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD) presented with an acute myocardial infarction (MI) at age 34 and found to have non-traditional risk factors. Recent studies showed that polygenic risk score that costs < $100 improved prediction of early CAD and can
GATA3 mutation disrupts a functional network governed by estrogen receptor, FOXA1 and GATA3

Abstract Estrogen receptors (ER) are part of the nuclear receptor superfamily of transcription factors and are activated by the steroid hormone 17β-estradiol. ER forms a regulatory network in conjunction with other transcription factors, such as FOXA1 and GATA3. GATA3 has been identified as one of the most frequently mutated genes in breast cancer and is capable of specifying chromatin localization of FOXA1 and ER. How GATA3 mutations impact this transcriptional network is unknown. Here we investigate the function of one of the recurrent patient-derived GATA3 mutations (R330fs) on this regulatory network. Genomic analysis indicates that the R330fs mutant can disrupt the cooperative action of ER, FOXA1, and GATA3, and induce a change in chromatin localization of these factors. Relocalization of ER and FOXA1 is associated with altered chromatin architecture, which leads to differential gene expression in GATA3 mutant cells. These results suggest an active role for GATA3 mutants in ER positive breast tumors.
Malaria parasite immune evasion and adaptation to its mosquito host is influenced by the acquisition of multiple blood meals

Abstract A minimum of two blood meals are required for a mosquito to acquire and transmit malaria, yet Anopheles mosquitoes frequently obtain additional blood meals during their adult lifespan. To determine the impact of subsequent blood-feeding on parasite development in Anopheles gambiae, we examined rodent and human Plasmodium parasite infection with or without an additional non-infected blood meal. We find that an additional blood meal significantly reduces P. berghei immature oocyst numbers, yet does not influence mature oocysts that have already begun sporogony. This is in contrast to experiments performed with the human parasite, P. falciparum, where an additional blood meal does not affect oocyst numbers. These observations are reproduced when mosquitoes were similarly challenged with an artificial protein meal, suggesting that parasite losses are due to the physical distension of the mosquito midgut. We provide evidence that feeding compromises the integrity of the midgut basal lamina, enabling the recognition and lysis of immature P. berghei oocysts by the mosquito complement system. Moreover, we demonstrate that additional feeding promotes P. falciparum oocyst growth, suggesting that human malaria parasites exploit host resources provided with blood-feeding to accelerate their growth. This contrasts experiments with P. berghei, where the size of surviving oocysts is independent of an additional blood meal. Together, these data demonstrate differences in the ability of Plasmodium species to evade immune detection and adapt to utilize host resources at the oocyst stage, representing an additional, yet unexplored component of vectorial capacity that has important implications for transmission of malaria.
Short and Long-Term Field Performances and Optimal Timing of Chip Seal in Hot and Humid Climates:

Chip seal is a preventive maintenance technique typically applied on relatively low traffic roads to reduce pavement deterioration rate and to defer the need for costly rehabilitation activities. T...
Acid-sensing ion channels in sensory signaling

Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are cation-permeable channels that in the periphery are primarily expressed in sensory neurons that innervate tissues and organs. Soon after the cloning of the ASI...
Integrated Electric Power/Water Distribution System Modeling and Control Under Extreme Mega Drought Scenarios

This work considers the operation of the electric power system (EPS) in coordination with the water distribution system (WDS) during extreme operating condition scenarios. The interdependencies are captured by modeling the main dependency of the WDS on the EPS, power for WDS pumps, as well as the main dependency of the EPS on the WDS, the need for cooling water for conventional thermoelectric generation, in simulation. The extreme scenarios include studying the effect of droughts (water shortages) in the WDS and electrical power outages of WDS pumping stations in the EPS. Appropriate network models and mathematical formulations for optimizing control of the operation in the power system with consideration of the present operating conditions in the WDS are presented. These include a novel optimal power flow model for unit dispatch, a model for systematically derating thermoelectric generation during periods of droughts as well as a method for adjusting the cooling water demands of that generation within the WDS. The implementation of these policies is seen to increase the duration for which conventional thermoelectric generation is available for dispatch during such extreme conditions.
Modeling Two-Lane Highway Passing-Related Crashes Using Mixed Ordinal Probit Regression

AbstractOne of the crucial areas in road safety is that of passing-related crashes on two-lane highways. Studies have shown that passing-related crashes that occurred due to inadequate passing sigh...
Auditory hallucination among traumatized cambodian refugees: PTSD association and biocultural shaping

At a psychiatric refugee clinic for survivors of the Khmer Rouge genocide, a survey revealed that 42% (38/90) had auditory hallucinations (AHs) in the last month. Of those with AHs, 87% (33/38) had PTSD, whereas of those without AHs, 31% (16/52) had PTSD, giving a chi square of 27.8, p < .001, odds ratio 14.8 (4.8-45). Most AHs were of a "ghost summoning" (khmaoch hao), considered an exhortation to go with a ghost (e.g., hearing "Please come with me, younger sister"), experienced by 73% percent of patients with AHs. The voices were always exterior and usually loud and clear. AHs were heard most often during hypnagogia (i.e., upon falling asleep or awakening), experienced by 72% of patients with AHs, whereas 42% of patients with AHs experienced AHs when fully awake. AHs were almost always attributed to a ghost, giving rise to great fear: of having the "soul" called away or of being frightened to death. AH episodes almost always triggered trauma recall. AHs caused patients to undertake certain actions to address acute episodes and to prevent further ones. To illustrate these processes, cases are provided. AH appears to be a key part of the Cambodian bioculturally shaped trauma subjectivity.
Metformin affects gut microbiome composition and function and circulating short-chain fatty acids: A randomized trial

OBJECTIVE To determine the longer-term effects of metformin treatment and behavioral weight loss on gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We conducted a 3-parallel-arm, randomized trial. We enrolled overweight/obese adults who had been treated for solid tumors but had no ongoing cancer treatment and randomized them (n = 121) to either 1) metformin (up to 2,000 mg), 2) coach-directed behavioral weight loss, or 3) self-directed care (control) for 12 months. We collected stool and serum at baseline (n = 114), 6 months (n = 109), and 12 months (n = 105). From stool, we extracted microbial DNA and conducted amplicon and metagenomic sequencing. We measured SCFAs and other biochemical parameters from fasting serum. RESULTS Of the 121 participants, 79% were female and 46% were Black, and the mean age was 60 years. Only metformin treatment significantly altered microbiota composition. Compared with control, metformin treatment increased amplicon sequence variants for Escherichia (confirmed as Escherichia coli by metagenomic sequencing) and Ruminococcus torques and decreased Intestinibacter bartlettii at both 6 and 12 months and decreased the genus Roseburia, including R. faecis and R. intestinalis, at 12 months. Effects were similar in comparison of the metformin group with the behavioral weight loss group. Metformin versus control also increased butyrate, acetate, and valerate at 6 months (but not at 12 months). Behavioral weight loss versus control did not significantly alter microbiota composition but did increase acetate at 6 months (but not at 12 months). Increases in acetate were associated with decreases in fasting insulin. Additional whole genome metagenomic sequencing of a subset of the metformin group showed that metformin altered 62 metagenomic functional pathways, including an acetate producing pathway and three pathways in glucose metabolism. CONCLUSIONS Metformin, but not behavioral weight loss, impacted gut microbiota composition at 6 months and 12 months. Both metformin and behavioral weight loss altered circulating SCFAs at 6 months, including increasing acetate, which correlated with lower fasting insulin. Future research is needed to elucidate whether the gut microboime mediates or modifies metformin9s health effects.
Thin Oxides as a Copper Diffusion Barrier for NIF Beryllium Ablator Capsules

AbstractThe NIF point design uses a five-layer capsule to modify the X-ray absorption in order to achieve optimized shock timing. A stepped copper dopant design defines the layer structure. The production of the capsule involves pyrolysis to remove the inner plastic mandrel. Copper atoms diffuse radially and azimuthally throughout the capsule during pyrolysis. This diffusion significantly diminishes the capsule performance during implosion. Thermal and coated oxide barrier layers employed between layers mitigate the diffusion of copper during the mandrel removal process. The copper atoms do not diffuse through this barrier during pyrolysis. A capsule fabrication method that produces a capsule with a thin oxide layer will be discussed.
Temporal planning for transportation planning and scheduling

The authors report preliminary work toward the creation of an integrated solution to a transportation planning and scheduling domain within the HSTS temporal planning framework. The reference problem is a simplified domain that displays some of the main characteristics of the complete transportation problem. The transportation problem is outlined. The fundamental characteristics of HSTS are described. The focus is on the representation of multiple capacity resources. The areas considered are how HSTS has been extended to represent aggregate resource capacity, how the simplified domain can be modeled. and a constraint-directed planner that solves transportation problems in the simplified domain. >
ULTRASOUND APPEARANCE OF THE OUTER MEDULLA IN DOGS WITHOUT RENAL DYSFUNCTION

Ultrasound findings of the canine kidney include a hyperechoic cortex and a hypo to anechoic medulla. In this study, the sonographic appearance of the outer renal medulla in dogs without evidence of renal disease is described. Dogs that underwent abdominal ultrasound over a 6-month period were subjected to review and then divided into six groups based on body weight (kg): < 4.9, 5.0-9.9, 10-19.9, 20-29.9, 30-39.9, and ≥ 40. Chi-square analysis was used to determine if the frequency of a hyperechoic outer medulla was significantly different between weight groups, sex, and age (P-value < 0.05). Of the 145 dogs that met the inclusion criteria, 45 had a hyperechoic outer medulla relative to the cortex and inner medulla. In the remaining dogs, the outer medulla was isoechoic to the cortex. Dogs less than 5 kg had the highest frequency of a hyperechoic outer medulla (P < 0.0001) and dogs greater than 40 kg did not have a hyperechoic outer medulla (P < 0.0001). Sex had no influence on the presence or absence of the hyperechoic outer medulla; however, younger dogs were overrepresented (6.4 ± 0.6 years compared with 7.8 ± 0.4 years; P = 0.04). Ultrasound descriptions of the canine kidney have not taken into account the contributions of the renal cortex and outer medulla. Based on this study of dogs with no clinically significant renal disease, the outer medulla can be isoechoic or hyperechoic to the cortex and a hyperechoic outer medulla is more commonly seen in small breed dogs.
Assessing Indicators of Central Obesity as Hypertensive Risk Factors

Hypertension, colloquially known as high blood pressure, is a severe public health concern in the United States. Nearly one in three American adults aged 20 or over suffers from hypertension. Hypertension may lead to left ventricular hypertrophy, heart failure, myocardial infarction, cerebral vascular accident, retinopathy, and renal failure. Risk factors for hypertension are numerous and include age, gender, ethnicity, sedentary lifestyle, excessive sodium intake, smoking, diabetes, heavy alcohol consumption, and recreational drug abuse. One of the most familiar markers used as a risk factor for hypertension is obesity based on body mass index. However, while body mass index is easy and inexpensive to apply, it has disadvantages and may not be the best suited marker for certain populations. A better predicting marker for hypertension instead of body mass index may be to measure or estimate intra-abdominal adiposity, commonly known as visceral fat. The clinical name of excessive amounts of adipose tissue around the midsection is central obesity. There are many techniques and procedures to evaluate central obesity, ranging from taking simple measurements and performing straightforward calculations, to utilizing high technologically advanced and expensive equipment. The purpose of this review is to thoroughly assess the rationality of employing central obesity as a risk factor for hypertension and to analyze which diagnostic tests and criteria, if any, are superior compared to others during the testing of both general and special populations.
Switching Surge Flashover of UHV Transmission Line Insulation

The switching-surge performance of a large number of basic uhv transmission line insulation configurations has been extensively studied. The paper reports on outside phase, tower window, conductor- to-ground (with and without protrusions), conductor-to-conductor, vertical and horizontal rod-rod and rod-plane gaps. The investigated air gaps range from 10 to 66 ft (3.0 to 20.1 m) and the associated switching-surge strengths range from 1100 to 2700 kV. The paper extends earlier work1 and offers numerous design curves to the transmission line designer for uhv transmission systems up to 1500-kV system voltage.
High quality gate dielectrics formed by rapid thermal chemical vapor deposition of silane and nitrous oxide

In the present study, we have performed electrical characterization of oxides deposited via rapid thermal chemical vapor deposition using SiH4 and N2O. We have investigated the effect of temperature, pressure, and SiH4 to N2O ratio on the electrical and material properties of as-deposited films. We have found that as-deposited oxides deposited at low temperatures, low pressures, and with a low silane to nitrous oxide ratio of ∼0.5% give good material and electrical properties. The as-deposited films are stoichiometric in nature and have high deposition rates. As-deposited films had very low Dit values, high breakdown fields, and excellent subthreshold swing. The leakage currents and metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor current drive, although lower than thermal oxides, were found to be quite acceptable. We have also investigated the thickness dependence of the films and found that as the film thickness is reduced below 50A, the reliability improves for all oxides including the silicon-rich deposited oxides.
Measurements Of Atmospheric Transmittance In A Maritime Environment

For quantitative analysis of ocean color from high altitude or orbital platforms, it is necessary to correct the apparent signal for losses and gains due to atmospheric scattering and absorption. However, comprehensive knowledge of the transmittance and path radiance of the atmosphere over the oceans necessary for these corrections is limited. In order to support studies of ocean color utilizing the Coastal Zone Color Scanner aboard Nimbus-7, measurements of atmospheric transmittance and path radiance have been made at a number of maritime stations. The measurements were made at ten wavelengths between 400 and 750 nanometers and have provided new insight into atmospheric scattering and absorption over the ocean. A description of the solar transmissometer used in the program is provided along with some of the measurements. Comparisons of the measurements with predictions from the atmospheric transmittance program LOWTRAN have been made and are discussed. The significance of the measurements to the remote sensing of the ocean color is also reviewed.© (1979) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Cytogenetic demonstration of gene amplification in a primary intracranial germ cell tumor.

We report the cytogenetic analysis of a primary pineal germinoma. The modal chromosome number was 81. Multiple numerical and structural chromosome abnormalities were noted along with a large homogeneously staining region (HSR). No isochromosome 12p was identified. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The 20-µm brightness temperature of the unilluminated side of Saturn's rings

The 20-µm brightness temperature of the unilluminated (north) side of Saturn's rings is reported here to be 56±1 K. This measurement, together with previous measurements of the rings at 20 µm, shows that the brightness temperature of the B ring can be approximated by the simple equation T4B = 564 + 1.52 × 108 sin |B′|, where B′ is the saturnicentric declination of the Sun. We have assumed that emission from the Cassini division is negligible. The constants in this equation may be understood in terms of a two-component heating model for the ring particles—sunlight and radiation from Saturn. We discuss the implications of the IR data for several published ring models.
Acute demyelinating polyneuropathy after lung transplantation: guillain-barré syndrome or tacrolimus toxicity?

Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) has been described after solid organ and bone marrow transplantation mostly due to viral infections and possibly calcineurin inhibitors. Incidence after bone marrow transplant is 0.3–0.7%, though incidence in other transplants is not well known. We present the first description of tacrolimus associated GBS in lung transplant recipients in the English language literature. The pathophysiology of tacrolimus-induced polyneuropathy is not known, but some have hypothesized that tacrolimus induces an inflammatory phenomenon by differential effects on T cell subsets. Diagnosis of association may be challenging and requires high index of suspicion. The optimal treatment of GBS-associated with tacrolimus after lung transplantation is unknown, although drug discontinuation may result in improvement in some patients, while some reports suggest that the use of IVIG and/or plasmapheresis may be helpful and safe in organ transplant recipients with severe symptoms.
News sourcing and gender on Twitter

Traditional news sourcing practices that favor official, male voices have been widely documented over time and across media. But do these patterns persist in today’s social media environment, where women outnumber and spend more time than men? This study explores news sourcing and gender on Twitter by analyzing more than 2700 tweets from reporters at 51 US newspapers. Guided by hegemony and set within the framework of social networking technology, the research examines quoting practices and interaction with sources by gender, beat, newspaper size, and live coverage. The analyzed tweets show a severe underrepresentation of women in quotes, indicating perpetuation of the status quo. The data also suggest a conformity mechanism may be at work in larger newspapers, where female reporters quoted fewer women than their counterparts in smaller news organizations. But at the same time, the research offers evidence that both male and female reporters are using the technology to engage with a more diverse community...
Noise pollution changes avian communities and species interactions.

Summary Humans have drastically changed much of the world's acoustic background with anthropogenic sounds that are markedly different in pitch and amplitude than sounds in most natural habitats [1–4]. This novel acoustic background may be detrimental for many species, particularly birds [1]. We evaluated conservation concerns that noise limits bird distributions and reduces nesting success via a natural experiment to isolate the effects of noise from confounding stimuli and to control for the effect of noise on observer detection biases [5]. We show that noise alone reduces nesting species richness and leads to different avian communities. Contrary to expectations, noise indirectly facilitates reproductive success of individuals nesting in noisy areas as a result of the disruption of predator-prey interactions. The higher reproductive success for birds within noisy habitats may be a previously unrecognized factor contributing to the success of urban-adapted species and the loss of birds less tolerant of noise. Additionally, our findings suggest that noise can have cascading consequences for communities through altered species interactions. Given that noise pollution is becoming ubiquitous throughout much of the world, knowledge of species-specific responses to noise and the cumulative effects of these novel acoustics may be crucial to understanding and managing human-altered landscapes.
Spatial design principles for sustainable hydropower development in river basins

Abstract What is the best way to arrange dams within river basins to benefit society? Recent interest in this question has grown in response to the worldwide trend toward developing hydropower as a source of renewable energy in Asia and South America, and the movement toward removing unnecessary dams in the US. Environmental and energy sustainability are important practical concerns, and yet river development has rarely been planned with the goal of providing society with a portfolio of ecosystem services into the future. We organized a review and synthesis of the growing research in sustainable river basin design around four spatial decisions: Is it better to build fewer mainstem dams or more tributary dams? Should dams be clustered or distributed among distant subbasins? Where should dams be placed along a river? At what spatial scale should decisions be made? The following design principles for increasing ecological sustainability emerged from our review: (i) concentrate dams within a subset of tributary watersheds and avoid downstream mainstems of rivers, (ii) disperse freshwater reserves among the remaining tributary catchments, (iii) ensure that habitat provided between dams will support reproduction and retain offspring, and (iv) formulate spatial decision problems at the scale of large river basins. Based on our review, we discuss trade-offs between hydropower and ecological objectives when planning river basin development. We hope that future testing and refinement of principles extracted from our review will define a path toward sustainable river basin design.
Template based black-box optimization of dynamic neural fields

Due to their strong non-linear behavior, optimizing the parameters of dynamic neural fields is particularly challenging and often relies on expert knowledge and trial and error. In this paper, we study the ability of particle swarm optimization (PSO) and covariance matrix adaptation (CMA-ES) to solve this problem when scenarios specifying the input feeding the field and desired output profiles are provided. A set of spatial lower and upper bounds, called templates are introduced to define a set of desired output profiles. The usefulness of the method is illustrated on three classical scenarios of dynamic neural fields: competition, working memory and tracking.
Partial reconstitution of V(D)J rearrangement and lymphocyte development in RAG-deficient mice expressing inducible, tetracycline-regulated RAG transgenes.

Abstract Previously, we described a tetracycline-based autoregulatory system for inducible gene expression in mammalian cells and transgenic mice [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92 (1995) 6522]. We have tested the ability of this system to drive functional expression in vivo of the V(D)J recombination activating genes, RAG1 and RAG2. In induced transgenic mice, transgenic RAG1 and RAG2 mRNA is observed in thymus and spleen, and expression of both transgenes on the RAG1 or RAG2 knockout backgrounds allows partial, inducible, lymphocyte reconstitution. In thymus and peripheral lymphoid organs of reconstituted animals, cells expressing CD4 and/or CD8 on their surface, also express CD3 and TCR β chain. In these animals, V(D)J rearrangements are detected in thymus, lymph nodes, and spleen at the TRB locus, and in thymus and lymph nodes at the TRD locus. At the TRA locus, broken ends at V(D)J recombination signals are detected only in thymus, as are reciprocal signal joint products derived from deletional rearrangement. T cell reconstitution occurs in these animals whether they are induced in utero during development, or shortly after birth. A low level of B cell reconstitution is also observed. B220 + IgM + cells are observed in spleen only in induced animals, and rearrangements at IGH and IGK loci are detected in bone marrow and spleen. Broken signal ends at the IGK locus, are not detected in peripheral lymphoid organs. Inducible reconstitution of normal levels of serum immunoglobulin, including heavy chain class switch isotype variants is also observed in these animals. Further, these transgenes do not appear to interfere with lymphocyte development mediated by functionally rearranged TRB chain or IGH chain transgenes in RAG-deficient animals. These mice provide a unique system for the inducible activation of V(D)J recombination and the development of primary lymphocytes.
Circadian changes in behavioral effects of haloperidol in rats.

Circadian changes in behavioral responses to haloperidol were evaluated in rats under normal and altered lighting cycles. There was a 5.5-fold change in ED50 between the maximum (4 PM) and minimum (4 AM) cataleptic response to the drug under normal lighting (lights on 7 AM-7 PM). The rhythm was present whether the same rats were tested repeatedly, or fresh rats were used at each time to avoid drug effects which persist for at least several days. Under normal lighting, the maximum cataleptic effect of haloperidol corresponded closely to the light-phase minimum of spontaneous motor activity in untreated rats. Measures of sedation (ptosis and motor inhibition) induced by haloperidol yielded small circadian rhythms under normal lighting and were highly dependent on the baseline level of arousal. A month of constant light or dark, or reversed dark-light cycles had small effects on the sedative actions of haloperidol, although inhibition of locomotion tended to phase-shift with general arousal; these changes did not alter the catalepsy rhythm. While the circadian rhythm of spontaneous activity underwent a complete reversal within 1 month (t1/2=17 days) of reversed lighting cycles, the catalepsy rhythm changed very gradually (t1/2=82 days) and required nearly 6 months for complete reversal. Thus, catalepsy is a robust endogenously regulated circadian response that is only slowly influenced by altered lighting conditions which dissociate this rhythm of neuroleptic response from that of spontaneous general arousal. Endogenous neurobiologic and pharmacokinetic factors may contribute to circadian changes in neuroleptic responses.
Wind-Driven Currents on the West Florida Shelf

Abstract Three weeks of current-meter, wind and sea-level data off Cedar Key, Florida are analyzed. Currents and sea level are found to be coherent with alongshore wind stress in the “synoptic” band (∼0.05–0.25 cycle per day) and to lag it by approximately half a day. Little coherence is found with cross-shelf wind stress. At the inshore mooring (22 m depth) currents are nearly barotropic for these winter 1978 data. A linear parameterization of bottom stress in the barotropic alongshore current leads to a bottom friction parameter r of 0.01–0.02 cm s−1 using coastal wind stress. No significant steady alongshore slope is found during this short interval. The dominant momentum balance in the alongshore direction is between wind and bottom stress. The offshore frictional length scale (Csanady, 1978) is estimated to be 75–100 km, which implies a seaward extent to a depth of about 30 m. At the offshore mooring (44 m depth) there is vertical shear between the currents at 9 and 39 m. The upper cross-shelf compon...
Seismic event monitoring using very long gauge length integrating fiber optic sensors

Integrating fiber optic sensors offer the potential to monitor large spatial extents due to their geometry flexibility. To date, this potential has not been widely exploited. By increasing the length of an integrating fiber optic sensor, its gain and/or gauge length can be increased. In addition, by configuring the sensor to a spatial distribution of some parameter field of interest, the antenna gain of the sensor will provide selectivity for that particular distribution. In this paper we analyze the application of very long gauge length integrating fiber optic sensors to high sensitivity/highly directional seismic sensing. The ability to focus a seismic sensor on particular faults or locations such as underground nuclear test sites offers the potential of enhanced warning of impending earthquakes or detection of the occurrence of nuclear device testing. We provide an analysis of the application of very long gauge sensing to seismic detection and present some experimental results demonstrating antenna gain.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The relationship between ethanol intake and DSM-III alcohol use disorders: a cross-perspective analysis.

The purpose of this investigation was to quantify the relatioship between ethanol consumption and DSM-III alcohol use disorders using mathematical modeling techniques that allowed for the simultaneous control of several extraneous factors and the assessment of potential interaction. Although gender, education, ethnicity, and marital status were not identified as actual confounders in the logistic regression model, the ethanol intake-dependence association was found to be stronger among younger adults than in the later stages of life. Age was an influential confounder of the ethanol intake-abuse relationship, but the magnitude of the association was generally weaker for abuse than for dependence. Separate analyses in which the abuse and dependence criteria served as outcome measures qualified the interpretation of the overall ethanol intake-disorder associations. Implications of these results are discussed in terms of age differences in exposure and context of consumption, differential interpretation of withdrawal symptoms, and the relationship between abuse and dependence. The need for future research to refine our descriptions of risk of alcohol use disorders in relation to levels of intake is highlighted.
Lattice calculation of point-to-point Hadron current correlation functions in the QCD vacuum.

Point-to-point correlation functions of hadron currents in the QCD vacuum are calculated on a lattice and analyzed using dispersion relations, providing physical information down to small spatial separations. Qualitative agreement with phenomenological results is obtained in channels for which experimental data are available, and these correlation functions are shown to be useful in exploring approximations based on sum rules and interacting instantons.
Moving boundary problems in phase change models current research questions

We present a brief picture of current research questions and activities on moving boundary problems.
Absorption of Light by Sea Water

The absorption coefficient of sea water for sunlight was measured by means of a portable photometer in the conning tower of a submarine at depths down to 65 feet in the open seas off Panama, Southern California and Hawaii during April to July 1933. From the formula I=I010−γD where I is in footcandles and D is in feet, γ was found to have an average value of 0.008±0.001 for clear open sea water. In Panama Bay, where the water is rich in animal and vegetable life, the absorption coefficient was 0.030. No evidence of polarization of the scattered light was observable by rotation of a simple nicol prism.
Malignant atrophic papulosis : response to antiplatelet therapy

A patient with malignant atrophic papulosis (Degos’ disease) is studied. Platelet function studies showed abnormalities of increased adhesiveness and aggregation. Treatment with dipyridamole and aspir
Oxygen Saturation of Hepatic Blood During Hemorrhagic Shock in the Dog

During experimental hemorrhagic shock there was a large fall in oxygen saturation of portal, hepatic venous and inferior vena caval blood. Saturation levels were restored to about 90 per cent of the control values after reinfusion of the drawn blood.
Bottom-Up and Top-Down Approaches to the Synthesis of Monodispersed Spherical Colloids of Low Melting-Point Metals

We report two different, solution-based approaches that have allowed us to process metals with melting points below 400 °C as monodispersed spherical colloids, in copious quantities, and with diameters controllable in the range of 100 to 600 nm. Bismuth was selected as a typical example to demonstrate the concepts. The production of monodispersed bismuth particles was realized by either thermally decomposing bismuth acetate in boiling ethylene glycol (the bottom-up approach) or by emulsifying molten drops of bismuth in boiling di(ethylene glycol) (the top-down approach), followed by quenching with cold ethanol. Depending on the concentration of Bi precursor and the stirring rate, the diameters of these uniform spherical colloids could be readily varied from 100 to 600 nm. The synthetic protocols have also been extended to prepare uniform spherical colloids from other metals with relatively low melting points, and typical examples include Pb, In, Sn, Cd, and their alloys.
The electronic structure of oxygen and sulfur heterocycles

Abstract The method of Pariser and Parr has been applied to furan, thiophene, and 1,4-dithiadiene with a minimum of additional approximations and assumptions. It is possible to reproduce the spectra, dipole moments, resonance energies and reactivities of these molecules with a small number of adjusted parameters, all of which have reasonable values. The 3d orbitals of sulfur need not be explicitly considered but they may alter the valence state ionization potential of sulfur. A good deal of the previously predicted resonance energy of 1,4-dithiadiene disappears in the more sophisticated calculation. The very strong preference of furan for a-substitution is predicted and originates primarily in the inductive effect of the oxygen. The lesser specificity of thiophene is also predicted, in this case arising from the form of the wave functions.
On Bitter's patterns

F. Bitter,(1) by the sedimentation method, has obtained regular striations on ferromagnetic single crystals. His results suggest that the line-up of the magnetic moments in these crystals is not homogeneous. There is hardly any doubt that Bitter's patterns are characteristic for the thermodynamically stable state of solid iron, nickel, etc.
Effect of inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate on inositol trisphosphate-activated Ca2+ signaling in mouse lacrimal acinar cells

In mouse lacrimal acinar cells, microinjection of the metabolically stable analog of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, inositol 2,4,5-trisphosphate ((2,4,5)IP3), stimulated both intracellular Ca2+ mobilization and Ca2+ entry. Microinjection of inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate ((1,3,4,5)IP4), the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-3-kinase product, was ineffective at mobilizing intracellular Ca2+ or activating Ca2+ entry. In lacrimal cells previously microinjected with submaximal levels of (2,4,5)IP3, the subsequent microinjection of low to moderate concentrations of (1,3,4,5)IP4 did not result in additional release of intracellular Ca2+, nor did it potentiate the Ca2+ entry phase attributable to (2,4,5)IP3. However, as previously demonstrated (Bird, G. S. J., Rossier, M. F., Hughes, A. R., Shears, S. B., Armstrong, D. L., and Putney, J. W., Jr. (1991) Nature 352, 162-165), additional injections of (2,4,5)IP3 induced further mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ and increased the elevated and sustained Ca2+ entry phase. Introduction of high concentrations of (1,3,4,5)IP4 appeared to inhibit or block the (2,4,5)IP3-induced Ca2+ entry phase. These results were consistent with the observed effect of (1,3,4,5)IP4 in permeabilized lacrimal cells, where (1,3,4,5)IP4 did not release cellular 45Ca2+ but at high concentrations inhibited the ability of submaximal concentrations of (2,4,5)IP3 to release 45Ca2+. Likewise, injection of a high concentration of (1,3,4,5)IP4 prior to injection of (2,4,5)IP3 blocked both release and influx of Ca2+. The inhibitory action of (1,3,4,5)IP4 on Ca2+ signaling observed in intact cells occurred at concentrations that might be obtained in agonist-stimulated cells. However, in permeabilized cells, (1,3,4,5)IP4 inhibited Ca2+ mobilization at concentrations exceeding those likely to occur in agonist-stimulated cells. These results suggest that physiologically relevant levels of (1,3,4,5)IP4 in the cell cytoplasm do not release Ca2+, nor do they potentiate inositol trisphosphate-induced Ca2+ entry across the plasma membrane. Rather, the possibility is raised that (1,3,4,5)IP4 or one of its metabolites could function as a negative feedback on Ca2+ mobilization by inhibiting inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-induced Ca2+ release.
Capsaicin responsiveness in asthma and COPD.

I read with interest the study by Doherty et al 1 in which cough reflex sensitivity in asthmatic subjects and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was examined. The authors found that subjects with asthma were more sensitive to the tussive agent capsaicin than were normal subjects and, furthermore, that capsaicin sensitivity was related to the subjective assessment of symptomatic cough. They concluded that an enhanced cough reflex is an important contributor to cough in asthma. I wish to share my own experience in this field, which has led me to a somewhat different conclusion. In …
A rapid ion-exchange assay for detergent-solubilized inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors.

Abstract We describe a rapid ion-exchange syringe assay for [ 3 H]inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate binding to detergent-solubilized receptors. In extracts of rat cerebellar membranes, the assay resolves rapidly dissociating ligand complexes, detecting two to three times higher receptor abundance than conventional gel filtration spun column assays, and provides evidence for two classes of IP 3 -binding sites, representing 0.5–1.0% of total cerebellar membrane protein. Receptors purified from bovine and rat cerebellum exhibit a single class of high-affinity sites, with equilibrium dissociation constants ( K d = 4–8 nM) reflecting 20 to 25-fold higher affinity than reported in studies with spun-column methods.
Determination of the Lethal Dose of Dexamethasone for Early Passage In Vitro Human Glioblastoma Cell Cultures

Previous investigators have supported the idea that glucocorticoids may be oncolytic. In this study, the percentage of cell death in two human glioblastoma cell cultures was related to the concentration of dexamethasone that was administered. It was determined that for Cell line 1, the median lethal dose was approximately 500-800 micrograms/ml and the completely lethal dose was about 900-1000 micrograms/ml; the 3H-thymidine uptake to approximate the mitotic rate was 16,607 cpm, and the dexamethasone receptor activity was 228 fmol/mg protein. The median lethal dose and completely lethal dose for Cell line 2 was approximately 500-600 micrograms/ml and 700-1000 micrograms/ml, respectively; the 3H-thymidine uptake was 8402 cpm, and the dexamethasone receptor activity was 137 fmol/mg protein. These lethal concentrations of dexamethasone are probably higher than can be tolerated by systemic delivery. However, it remains to be seen whether the interstitial administration of dexamethasone could achieve local concentrations resulting in the oncolysis of malignant gliomas. The clinical significance of these findings will depend on the local tolerance of normal brain parenchyma to very high doses of dexamethasone. A review of some of the literature is included.
Gene-specific DNA repair of UV-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers in some cancer-prone and premature-aging human syndromes

We have examined the gene-specific DNA repair of UV-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) in fibroblasts from the following cancer prone syndromes: familial dysplastic nevus syndrome (DNS), Gardner's syndrome (GS), and Bloom's syndrome (BS). These heritable human syndromes are associated with DNA damage hypersensitivity and have been considered as potentially DNA repair deficient. Previous determinations of DNA repair in these cell strains have been done solely at the level of the overall genome. That approach is not sensitive enough to detect deficiencies in repair at the level of the gene. Defective preferential repair of active genes may impair survival and affect genomic stability. This is exemplified by the disorder Cockayne's syndrome (CS) which is associated with a selective deficiency in the preferential repair of active genes. In this study, we have used a Cockayne's syndrome cell strain and also a normal human fibroblast cell line as a control. Repair was studied in the transcriptionally active gene dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), the inactive delta globin gene, and in the c-myc protooncogene. In the DNS, GS and BS cell lines, we find preferential repair similar to that in normal cells. In Cockayne's syndrome cells, there is no preferential repair of the DHFR gene.
Short-range entangled bosonic states with chiral edge modes and T duality of heterotic strings

We consider states of bosons in two dimensions that do not support anyons in the bulk, but nevertheless have stable chiral edge modes that are protected even without any symmetry. Such states must have edge modes with central charge $c=8k$ for integer $k$. While there is a single such state with $c=8$, there are, naively, two such states with $c=16$, corresponding to the two distinct even unimodular lattices in 16 dimensions. However, we show that these two phases are the same in the bulk, which is a consequence of the uniqueness of signature $(8k+n,n)$ even unimodular lattices. The bulk phases are stably equivalent, in a sense that we make precise. However, there are two different phases of the edge corresponding to these two lattices, thereby realizing a novel form of the bulk-edge correspondence. Two distinct fully chiral edge phases are associated with the same bulk phase, which is consistent with the uniqueness of the bulk since the transition between them, which is generically first order, can occur purely at the edge. Our construction is closely related to $T$ duality of toroidally compactified heterotic strings. We discuss generalizations of these results.
Regulation of the synthesis of normal cellular proteins during heat shock

Exposure of plant cells to heat shock temperature results in the synthesis of a set of heat shock proteins and, in many cases, the interruption of normal cellular protein synthesis. In some plant secretory cells the interruption of normal cellular protein synthesis is accomplished by the destabilization of otherwise stable mRNAs, perhaps via the dissociation of the endoplasmic reticulum lamellae upon which these mRNAs are translated. Such a mechanism represents a novel means for the regulation of gene expression.
Electrical characterization of ONO triple dielectric in SONOS nonvolatile memory devices

Abstract Polysilicon-oxide–nitride–oxide–silicon nonvolatile memory devices are characterized by a high concentration of traps in the silicon nitride layer with a well-defined trapping distance, corresponding to the tunnel oxide thickness. A “breakpoint” is observed at a particular frequency with an inverse equivalent to the trap-to-trap tunneling time constant by variable frequency charge pumping technique, from which the tunnel oxide thickness can be decided. By examining the charge transport and trapping properties of nitride films utilizing charge separation technique, an experimental method to extract the silicon nitride storage layer thickness has been developed. Excellent agreement is obtained between the ellipsometry results and extracted values.
Conformations and structure studies of sugar lactones in the solid state. Part I. The molecular structure of l-rhamnono- and l-mannono-1,4-lactones

Abstract The crystal structures of l -rhamnono-1,4-lactone ( 1 ) and l -mannono-1,4-lactone ( 2 ) have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Pertinent crystal data are as follows: for 1 , orthorhombic, space group P 2 1 2 1 2 1 , a =4.8829(2), b =10.9088(8), c =13.9758(9) , V =744.4(1) 3 , D c =1.447 g cm −3 , Z =4, final R =0.037 and R w =0.035 for 1226 reflections; for 2 , orthorhombic, space group P2 1 2 1 2 1 , a =4.8157(2), b =11.0003(7), c =13.8693(8) , V =734.7(1) 3 , D c =1.610 g cm −3 , Z =4, R =0.028 and R w =0.035 for 1586 reflections. The lactone ring of 1 adopts an envelope conformation, E 3 , slightly distorted toward 2 T 3 , with φ=103.1(7)° and q =0.38(3)whereas the lactone ring of 2 adopts a perfect envelope E 3 conformation, with φ=106.6(4)° and q =0.42(4) . Molecules of 1 and 2 are linked in their crystals through a three dimensional network of O−H…H hydrogen-bonding interactions that involves all hydroxyl groups as well as the carbonyl oxygen atom.