cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Job Demands and Resources among Healthcare Professionals during Virus Pandemics: A Review and Examination of Fluctuations in Mental Health Strain during COVID-19.

The present article examines how job demands and resources are related to indices of strain among healthcare professionals during virus pandemics. The article also presents the results of a study examining the relationships between COVID-19 demands (e.g., lack of personal protective equipment, concerns about infecting family members), resources (meaningful work, social support), and mental health strain within a sample of emergency medicine personnel over six consecutive weeks. COVID-related demands and hours worked were hypothesized to be positively related to mental health strain, whereas meaningful work and social support were hypothesized to be negatively related to mental health strain. Hours worked the prior week were hypothesized to exacerbate the positive relationships between COVID-19 demands and mental health strain, whereas the resources of meaningful work and social support were expected to buffer the relationships. Multilevel models controlling for mental health strain the prior week revealed that COVID-19 demands, along with hours worked, were each related to higher mental health strain during the week. Hours worked magnified the within-person relationship between personal COVID-19 demands and mental health strain. Contrary to hypotheses, social support and meaningful work were not related to mental health strain. Discussion focuses the implications of the findings for healthcare professionals.
Who Puts the Inflation Premium into Nominal Interest Rates

For expectations of price inflation to affect interest rates, they must affect the behavior of borrowers and lenders or both. This paper analyzes the emergence of the inflation premium in long-term interest rates as the explicit result of borrowers' and lenders' behavior in the bond market in response to price expectations. The object of this analysis is not only to estimate the magnitude of the inflation premium due to this portfolio behavior but also to evaluate the respective contributions to it of borrowers' and lenders' responses. The empirical results presented in this paper indicate that both borrowers' and lenders' portfolio behavior play an important role in the relationship between interest rates and inflation expectations. Estimation results for U.S. data provide evidence that, all other things equal, nonfinancial business corporations increase their supply (net issuance)of bonds in response to an increase in expected inflation; these results mirror the bond investors' responses found by the author in a previous paper. Partial equilibrium experiments based on the combined model of bond supply and bond demand indicate that, all other things equal, the port-folio responses to expected price inflation by borrowers and lenders together increase the bond yield by 2/3%, and modestly decrease the net quantity of bonds issued and purchased, in response to a 1% increase in expected inflation. This result follows as the consequence of a slightly greater response by lenders than by borrowers.
A New Approach to Measure Speculation in the Oil Futures Market and Some Policy Implications

We propose using a new relative measure, the speculative ratio, defined as trading volume divided by open interest, to gauge speculative activity in the oil futures market. We apply the speculative ratio to examine the relation between basis and speculative activity in the oil futures market before and after the financialization of the oil market in 2003. Our finding suggests that the oil futures market is dominated by uninformed speculators in the post-financialization period. Our finding carries several practical policy implications, as follows: (1) both the commodity exchange and the regulator should design regulations and trading policies that improve basis risk; (2) on the commodity exchange side, new policies on margin requirements and position limits for speculators should be implemented; (3) margin requirements should be based on the level of basis risk; (4) regulators should speed up implementation of the position limit rule in the Dodd-Frank Act; and (5) stronger and more meaningful enforcement actions by regulators are required to punish and deter market manipulators.
On Applications of the Earliest Due Date Rule in Stochastic Scheduling and in Queueing

We consider an environment with m servers in parallel and n jobs. The n jobs have i.i.d. exponentially distributed processing requirements. The servers operate at different speeds and preemptions are allowed. The jobs have random release dates that are not known in advance, but whenever a job is released, its due date is fixed and becomes known to the scheduler. We first consider three stochastic scheduling problems with three due date related objective functions and consider variations of the Earliest Due Date (EDD) rule, including the preemptive policy that at any point in time assigns the job with the Earliest Due Date to the Fastest Server (EDD-FS). Our optimality results turn out to be examples of stochastic scheduling problems that have relatively simple priority rules that are optimal while their deterministic counterparts do not allow such priority rules to be optimal. We furthermore extend our results to include a priority queueing model with m exponential servers that operate at different speeds and preemptions being allowed. The jobs arrive according to an arbitrary renewal process, and we assume that the utilization factor of the system is less than 1. Upon a job’s arrival the time difference between its due date and arrival date is set by the draw of a random variable from a given distribution. At a job’s arrival date, its due date is immediately fixed and known while its actual processing time only becomes known upon its service completion. We show that for this priority queueing model the preemptive EDD-FS rule also minimizes the limit of several due date related objective functions as the number of jobs converges to infinity.
Database trends and critical review of seismic performance tests on high strength steel reinforced concrete components

Abstract The use of High Strength Steel (HSS) reinforcement in concrete construction is emerging rapidly, especially in high performance concrete applications. The ACI 318–19 code has permitted the use of HSS reinforcement Grades 80 (550 MPa) and 100 (690 MPa) in earthquake-resistant concrete components. This change was motivated by recent experimental and analytical research to assess the benefits and drawbacks of using HSS reinforcement in seismic design of concrete. The use of HSS reduces bar congestion and provides more effective confinement to concrete, however, great attention must be paid to its drawbacks. Examples of such drawbacks are lower hysteretic energy, higher bond stresses, lower plasticity spread due to local strain concentrations, and potential for premature confined concrete crushing before full utilization of HSS full capacity. This study reviews past experimental research on cyclic performance of various concrete structural components reinforced with HSS, including columns, beams, beam-column joints, walls, and coupling beams. In addition, a comprehensive database of cyclic tests on HSS reinforced components is established, presented and evaluated. An HSS reinforced flexural section parametric study is performed to aid in interpreting database trends and literature results. The effect of HSS design parameters and cyclic response measures of these components such as load-deformation relationships, strength, curvature and strains, ductility and energy dissipation capacity are discussed and compared to their conventional steel reinforced concrete counterparts based on literature and the database trends observed. The database and the cyclic behavior observations presented may serve as basis for future experimental and analytical studies concerned with characterizing seismic response, modeling and design of HSS reinforced concrete components.
To Reflex or Not to Reflex: A Time and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Autocontrol with Reflex DAT versus Direct DAT.

OBJECTIVE Performing autocontrol with a reflex direct antiglobulin test (DAT) or directly performing IgG DAT only for alloantibody detection has been a matter of institutional preference. The aim of this study is to evaluate antibody identification (ABID), local cost, and staff time savings of both processes. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed all positive indirect antiglobulin tests with corresponding ABID, DAT, autocontrol, and patients with newly identified antibodies in 2014 and 2016. The number of tests performed, ABID, and the cost differences between methods were compared. Cost analysis was estimated from direct material costs, labor costs, and time spent per ABID workup. RESULTS Annual costs and time saved by performing direct IgG DAT only were $8460 and 180 hours, respectively. The percentage of new ABID in 2014 and 2016 was identical (3.3%). CONCLUSION Removing autocontrol with reflex DATs at our center reduced costs and staff time while maintaining a comparable rate of positivity of ABID.
Toward an International Standard of Environment

This Article examines in depth the work of the first United Nations Conference on the Environment held in 1972 in Stockholm, Sweden, and concludes that the significance of the work of the Conference was monumental and transformative--this, because it alerted the members of the world community, both advanced and developing, to the needs of cooperation in managing and safeguarding the environmental resources of the global commons.
Structure, chromosomal assignment, and expression of the gene for proteinase-3. The Wegener's granulomatosis autoantigen.

Proteinase-3 (PR-3) is a neutral serine proteinase present in the azurophil granules of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It degrades a variety of extracellular matrix proteins including elastin in vitro and causes emphysema when administered by tracheal insufflation to hamsters. It is identical to the target autoantigen (c-ANCA) associated with Wegener's granulomatosis and to myeloblastin, a serine proteinase first identified in HL-60 leukemia cells. In this study, the gene encoding PR-3 was cloned and sequenced. The gene spans approximately 6.5 kilobase pairs and consists of five exons and four introns. The genomic organization of PR-3 is similar to that of the other serine proteinases expressed in hemopoietic cells. Each residue of the catalytic triad of PR-3 is located on a separate exon, and the positions of the residues within the exons are similar to those in human leukocyte elastase and cathepsin G. The phase and placement of the introns in the PR-3 gene are also similar to those in human leukocyte elastase and cathepsin G. The 400-base pair (bp) 5‘-flanking sequence of the PR-3 gene contains a TATA box at position 379. There is no CAAT box promoter element. The 3‘-untranslated region is 200 bp, extending from a TGA stop codon to the site of polyadenylation 10 bp after the canonical AATAAA signal. Amplification of PR-3 from a human/hamster hybrid cell line localizes the gene to human chromosome 19. Evidence from Northern analysis suggests that PR-3 expression is primarily confined to the promyelocytic/myelocytic stage of bone marrow development.
Eotaxin triggers eosinophil-selective chemotaxis and calcium flux via a distinct receptor and induces pulmonary eosinophilia in the presence of interleukin 5 in mice.

Understanding the processes that control selective eosinophilia is of fundamental importance in a variety of human diseases (e.g., allergies, parasitic infections, malignancy). Interleukin 5, an eosinophil-specific growth and activating factor, and eotaxin appear to collaborate in this process. Eotaxin is a recently described chemotactic factor that belongs to the C-C (or β) chemokine family and has been implicated in animal and human eosinophilic inflammatory states. We have recently reported the molecular characterization of murine eotaxin and now report the biological properties of purified recombinant murine eotaxin in vitro and in vivo in the presence or absence of interleukin 5 (IL-5) in mice. Murine eotaxin was expressed in bacteria and purified by affinity chromatography and HPLC. Activity was tested in vitro by examining chemotactic and calcium flux responses of purified murine leukocytes. Additionally, desensitization of calcium flux responses to other chemokines, eosinophil survival assays, and basophil histamine release were examined. Finally, eotaxin was delivered to wild-type or IL-5 transgenic mice and the host response was examined. Eotaxin had activity only when the recombinant molecule had the native mature amino terminus and contained the first 25 amino acids of the mature protein. It was active in vitro at an effective concentration between 10 and 100 ng/ml in both Chemotaxis and calcium flux assays toward eosinophils, but not macrophages or neutrophils. Furthermore, intranasal or subcutaneous application of eotaxin selectively recruited large numbers of eosinophils into the mouse lung and skin, respectively, only in the presence of interleukin 5. Macrophage inflammatory protein-1α, a related C-C chemokine active on eosinophils, and eotaxin were not able to cross-desensitize. Eotaxin had no affect on the in vitro survival of eosinophils and did not induce basophil histamine release. Mouse eotaxin is an eosinophil specific chemoattractant that has a markedly enhanced effect in vivo in the presence of another eosinophil selective cytokine IL-5, and utilizes a signal transduction receptor pathway that is distinct from that utilized by macrophage inflammatory protein-1α. This data suggests that the development of tissue eosinophilia in vivo involves a two-step mechanism elicited by interleukin 5 and eotaxin.
Regulation of complement protein biosynthesis in mononuclear phagocytes.

Proteins of the complement system (with the exception of the terminal components C6-9) are synthesized in mononuclear phagocytes. The extrahepatic macrophage is therefore an important local source of the complement proteins which may serve as a first-line host defence mechanism. Net synthesis and secretion of complement by these cells is a function of maturation of the mononuclear phagocytic series, the tissue from which the cells are isolated, and the state of macrophage activation. To define some of the mechanisms for regulation of complement gene expression in mononuclear phagocytes, the major histocompatibility complex class III genes and C3 have been investigated. These genes are expressed constitutively in hepatocytes and monocytes/macrophages. In the mononuclear phagocyte, interferon-gamma, at physiological concentrations, effects a dose- and time-dependent increase in factor B and C2 mRNA and a corresponding increase in factor B and C2 biosynthesis. This effect is specific inasmuch as the expression of other genes (e.g. C3) is decreased by interferon-gamma, and interferon-alpha and beta at concentrations one to two logs greater have only a minimal effect on C2 and factor B gene expression. Endotoxin acting directly on monocytes has qualitatively different effects on expression of the complement genes. These complex regulatory mechanisms are being investigated with the use of murine fibroblasts transfected with human DNA bearing the relevent complement genes.
Spectral estimation of voiced speech with regressive linear prediction

A new predictive algorithm for the spectral estimation of voiced speech, Regressive Linear Prediction (RLP), is presented in this paper. Unlike conventional linear prediction (LP), RLP first combines the values that preceed the sample x(n) into groups of three consecutive samples (i.e., x(n-i), x(n-i-1), x(n-i-2)). Each of these p groups is then used to determine a regression line the value of which at time n are used as a data sample in the prediction. The prediction is optimised by minimising the square of the error between the original sample and the predicted value according to the autocorrelation criterion. With the same number p of unknowns in the normal equations, RLP yields an all-pole filter of order p+2, whilst the all-pole filter given by LP is of order p. The additional poles of the RLP filter improve the spectral modelling of voiced speech. This is shown in the present study by comparing the performance of conventional LP and the RLP method.
Robust Control of Batch Processes

The computation of the optimal operating profile for batch processes through the maximum principle depends on the model involved. The real process, however may deviate from the assumed model due to external disturbances or parameter variations. In this paper we examine the effect of the above on the value of the objective function, when the nominal optimal policy is applied, as well as the effect on the optimum of the objective function. We present relations between quantities of the perturbed and the nominal problems and demonstrate their use through a number of examples.
Changing Trends in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma with Particular Reference to Young Patients: 1971–2006. The Emory University Experience

Background Several recent reports suggest an increasing incidence of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) among young persons in many regions of the world—a trend which is particularly concerning given the overall stabilization or even decline in incidence rates for head and neck cancer in general. The aim of this study is to determine whether there has been an increase in the number of cases of OSCC diagnosed in patients <40 years old by our biopsy service from 1971 to 2006. Methods A retrospective review of all OSCC cases diagnosed from 1971 to 2006 by the Emory University Hospital Oral Pathology biopsy service was performed. A comparison of demographic information, frequency, location and histologic grade was made between these cases as a whole and those occurring in a subset of patients <40 years old. Statistical procedures included chi-square analyses. Results From 1971–2006, 1,919 cases of OSCC were diagnosed, and 95 (5.0%) occurred in patients <40 years old. A total of 8 cases were diagnosed from 1971 to 1980, compared to 36 cases during the period 1981–1990, 31 during the period 1991–2000 and 21 cases from 2001 to 2006. The increase in OSCC incidence from the 1970s when compared to 1981–2000 was statistically significant (P < 0.002). A 1.7:1 male:female ratio was seen in all decades. The mobile (oral) tongue was the most common location in all decades (62.1%) in young patients. In contrast, tongue cancers accounted for 27.4% in patients ≥40. This difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P < 0.0001). Of great surprise, however, was the significant increase in tongue cancer during the study period in patients ≥40 which accounted for 37.1% of all OSCC diagnoses from 2001 to 2006, compared to 20.5% of OSCC cases from 1971 to 1980 (P < 0.0001). Conclusions We demonstrated a greater than fourfold increase in the incidence of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in young patients <40 years old beginning in 1974 and peaking in the late 1980s, then remaining stable. The mobile tongue is the most common location for cancer in this age group accounting for 62.1% of cancers. However, the mobile tongue increasingly appears to be the most common site for oral cancer in all age groups.
Dietary omega-3 fatty acids normalize BDNF levels, reduce oxidative damage, and counteract learning disability after traumatic brain injury in rats.

Omega-3 fatty acids (i.e., docosahexaenoic acid; DHA) regulate signal transduction and gene expression, and protect neurons from death. In this study we examined the capacity of dietary omega- 3 fatty acids supplementation to help the brain to cope with the effects of traumatic injury. Rats were fed a regular diet or an experimental diet supplemented with omega-3 fatty acids, for 4 weeks before a mild fluid percussion injury (FPI) was performed. FPI increased oxidative stress, and impaired learning ability in the Morris water maze. This type of lesion also reduced levels of brainderived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), synapsin I, and cAMP responsive element-binding protein (CREB). It is known that BDNF facilitates synaptic transmission and learning ability by modulating synapsin I and CREB. Supplementation of omega-3 fatty acids in the diet counteracted all of the studied effects of FPI, that is, normalized levels of BDNF and associated synapsin I and CREB, reduced oxidative damage, and counteracted learning ...
Contributions of disease severity and perceptions of primary and secondary control to the prediction of psychosocial adjustment to Parkinson's disease.

Seventy-four people with Parkinson's disease (PD) completed questionnaires and were interviewed to determine the degree to which the severity of PD and perceptions of primary and secondary control over PD predicted psychosocial adjustment. Significant unique contributions to PD-related participation restrictions were made by disease severity (positive relationship) and perceived internal secondary control (negative relationship). Also, participation restrictions had a significant direct effect, and disease severity and perceived internal secondary control significant indirect effects, on both depressive symptomatology and life satisfaction. Results are consistent with theories that suggest the importance of enhancing internal secondary control processes in situations in which actual control over objective circumstances is limited, such as with chronic and progressive diseases like PD.
Uvomorulin, LAMP-1, and Laminin Are Substrates for Cell Surface β-1,4-Galactosyltransferase on F9 Embryonal Carcinoma Cells: Comparisons between Wild-Type and Mutant 5.51 att- Cells

Abstract Intercellular adhesions in F9 embryonal carcinoma cells are primarily dependent upon two types of cell adhesion molecules: uvomorulin (Um or E-cadherin), which facilitates intercellular adhesion by homophilic binding, and cell surface β-1,4-galactosyltransferase (GalTase), which binds terminal N -acetylglucosamine residues on consociate glycoprotein substrates on adjacent cell surfaces. The variant F9 cell line, 5.51 att - , undergoes initial cell aggregation, but fails to form the mature intercellular adhesions characteristic of wild-type F9 cells. The 5.51 att - cells show reduced Um expression; however, previous studies have shown that reduced levels of Um are not responsible for the att - mutant phenotype. Therefore, in this study we determined whether the att - mutant phenotype was the result of altered expression of surface GalTase or of its consociate glycoprotein substrates. Surface GalTase was found to be expressed normally on 5.51 att - cells. Furthermore, the initial intercellular adhesions characteristic of reaggregating 5.51 att - cells were dependent upon surface GalTase, since anti-GalTase antibodies inhibited 5.51 intercellular adhesion. Preliminary studies showed that the interaction of surface GalTase with its consociate glycoprotein substrates was abnormal on 5.51 att - cells. To define the biochemical basis for this observation, specific glycoprotein substrates for cell surface GalTase were identified and their expression and utilization were compared between wild-type and 5.51 att - cells. In wild-type cells, uvomorulin (Um), lysosome-associated membrane protein-1 (LAMP-1), and laminin (Lm) were shown to be substrates for cell surface GalTase, suggesting that they may participate in GalTase-specific adhesions. Moreover, the interaction between GalTase and these glycoproteins exhibited characteristic changes during retinoic acid-induced F9 cell differentiation. In contrast to that seen on wild-type cells, surface GalTase interaction with Um, LAMP-1, and Lm was atypical on 5.51 att - cells, resulting, in part, from increased synthesis of oligosaccharide substrates for surface GalTase, as determined by size exclusion and lectin affinity chromatography. N -acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity was elevated in 5.51 att - cells and likely responsible for the increased expression of GalTase oligosaccharide substrates. These results suggest that mutant 5.51 att - cells are able to maintain residual intercellular adhesions because of increased expression of oligosaccharide substrates for surface GalTase. The impact of aberrant GalTase-specific adhesions on the ability of 5.51 att - cells to form mature intercellular adhesions and to differentiate in response to retinoic acid is discussed.
Electronic data interchange: an evaluation of alternative organizational forms

Abstract Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) has come to revolutionize in recent years the way in which businesses conduct their trading activities. This study examines alternative organizational forms for EDI processing within organizations and evaluates them on several task performance indices including independence, saturation, and satisfaction, and also relates them to EDI effectiveness as a function of information technology (IT) intensity and length of EDI use. Results from an extensive, two-phase survey of EDI users indicate that organizational form for EDI processing influenced task performance indices such that the more decentralized structures (i.e. star and circle structures) exhibited higher independence and lower saturation than the more centralized structures (i.e. wheel, kite, and chain structures). More decentralized forms also exhibited higher satisfaction with EDI than the more centralized forms on nonroutine EDI tasks. EDI task performance indices were also correlated with EDI effectiveness, such that higher independence, lower saturation, and higher satisfaction were associated with higher EDI effectiveness. IT intensity and length of EDI use also positively moderated the effects of decentralization on EDI effectiveness. These results are discussed in terms of the organizational implications of this strategic IT resource: EDI.
Exposure to diethylstilbestrol during pregnancy modulates microRNA expression profile in mothers and fetuses reflecting oncogenic and immunological changes.

Prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) is known to cause an increased susceptibility to a wide array of clinical disorders in humans. Previous studies from our laboratory demonstrated that prenatal exposure to DES induces thymic atrophy and apoptosis in the thymus. In the current study, we investigated if such effects on the thymus result from alterations in the expression of microRNA (miR). To that end, pregnant C57BL/6 mice who were exposed to DES and miR profiles in thymocytes of both the mother and fetuses on postnatal day 3 (gestation day 17) were studied. Of the 609 mouse miRs examined, we noted 59 altered miRs that were common for both mothers and fetuses, whereas 107 altered miRs were specific to mothers only and 101 altered miRs were specific to fetuses only. Upon further analyses in the fetuses, we observed that DES-mediated changes in miR expression may regulate genes involved in important functions, such as apoptosis, autophagy, toxicity, and cancer. Of the miRs that showed decreased expression following DES treatment, miR-18b and miR-23a were found to possess complementary sequences and binding affinity for 3′ untranslated regions of the Fas ligand (FasL) and Fas, respectively. Transfection studies confirmed that DES-mediated downregulation of miR-18b and miR-23a led to increased FasL and Fas expression. These data demonstrated that prenatal DES exposure can cause alterations in miRs, leading to changes in the gene expression, specifically, miR-mediated increased expression in FasL and Fas causing apoptosis and thymic atrophy.
A metric for computational analysis of meaning: toward an applied theory of linguistic semantics

A metric for assessing the complexity of semantic (and pragmatic) analysis in natural language processing is proposed as part of a general applied theory of linguistic semantics for NLP. The theory is intended as a complete projection of linguistic semantics onto NLP and is designed as an exhaustive list of possible choices among strategies of semantic analysis at each level, from the word to the entire text. The alternatives are summarized in a chart, which can be completed for each existing or projected NLP system. The remaining components of the applied theory are also outlined.
B-bromo-9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane. A convenient and selective reagent for ether cleavage

In methylene chloride solution, B-bromo-9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (BBr-9-BBN) readily cleaves, in excellent yield, a variety of ethers of representative structural types. The reagent can also be used for selective cleavage of one of the ether groups in a molecule containing more than one such group.
Production of neutron-rich Bi isotopes by transfer reactions

Production of neutron-rich Bi isotopes was investigated by irradiating Hg, Tl, and Pb targets with $^{18}\mathrm{O}$ ions in the 5-10 MeV/nucleon range. Following irradiation, bismuth was chemically separated and the yields of $^{211\ensuremath{-}213}\mathrm{Bi}$ isotopes were determined via $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-emitting Po daughters. Effective residual transfers of $^{3\ensuremath{-}5}\mathrm{H}$ to $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$, $^{7,8}\mathrm{He}$ to $^{205}\mathrm{Tl}$, and $^{8}\mathrm{Li}$ to $^{204}\mathrm{Hg}$ were observed. Cross sections generally peaked in the 7-8 MeV/nucleon region and ranged from a high of \ensuremath{\sim}2 mb for $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ absorption to \ensuremath{\sim}0.6 nb for $^{8}\mathrm{He}$ absorption. Total $\ensuremath{\alpha}$- and $\ensuremath{\beta}$-decay branches of the ${J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}={9}^{\ensuremath{-}},25$ min isomer of $^{212}\mathrm{Bi}$ were measured to be 67% and 33%, respectively, (3.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2)% of the decays being associated with $\ensuremath{\beta}$-delayed $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particle emission. Production yields for the ${J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}={1}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ ground state and ${9}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and ${15}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ isomeric levels for $^{212}\mathrm{Bi}$ were extracted. The ratio of isomeric states to the ground state increased by more than two orders of magnitude over the energy range studied. However, the maximum value of the cross section ratio $\frac{\ensuremath{\sigma}({J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}={15}^{\ensuremath{-}})}{\ensuremath{\sigma}({J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}={9}^{\ensuremath{-}})}$ was only 0.04, implying a low angular momentum transfer. The reactions were analyzed using the Wilczy\ifmmode \acute{n}\else \'{n}\fi{}ski "sum rule," which gave a rather poor fit to the results with respect to both the yield and the implied angular momentum transfer. The observed relatively high cross sections, modest angular momentum transfer, and broad excitation functions indicate that transfer processes provide a viable method for reaching neutron-rich nuclides in the heavy element region.
Detection of numerical chromosomal abnormalities in malignant cells on body fluids by fluorescence in situ hybridization of interphase cell nuclei with chromosome-specific probes.

To detect numerical chromosomal abnormalities (NCA) in malignant cells on body fluids, Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique was tested in clinical specimens from patients with metastatic disease. Directly labeled DNA probes specific for chromosomes 8, 12, X, and Y (Imagenetics, Naperville, IL) were used for in situ hybridization to interphase cell nuclei. Fifteen body fluids (BF) from various sites were studied. Based initially on the Papanicolaou-stained slides, there were seven malignant and eight benign samples. Blind analysis (200 cells/sample) showed that all benign samples had a normal number of chromosomes, whereas six of seven malignant samples showed different NCA comprising 5-60% of the cell population ranging from three to 10 chromosome signals per cell. We conclude that interphase cytogenetic cell analysis of BF by FISH is: (1) feasible and gives superior signals for detection of NCA, (2) helpful in detecting malignant cells, (3) relatively simple with a turnaround time of less than 24 hr. This method may have diagnostic and prognostic application in the study of the biologic behavior of malignant neoplasms. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Iron bioavailability from diets containing high-fiber breakfast cereals and crackers

Abstract Hemoglobin repletion experiments were conducted with young chicks to assess the bioavailability of iron (Fe) in 13 high fiber breakfast cereals and crackers, and the effect of fiber on supplemental Fe bioavailability. Intrinsic Fe bioavailability was determined by adding these test foods to a casein-dextrose basal diet to provide 10 mg Fe/kg diet. Test foods contained 8.9–32.5% total dietary fiber (TDF), 11.6–37.4% neutral detergent residue (NDR0, 3.9–12.6% acid detergent fiber (ADF), and 1.9–8.7% acid detergent lignin (ADL). Iron bioavailability, determined by the standard curve method, ranged from −24.0 to 125.1% (% bioavailability relative to ferrous sulfate). Bioavailability of Fe in the cereals and crackers was not related to analyzed fiber values, however, Fe from wheat-based products was more available than that from oat-based products. In another experiment, wheat bran, corn bran, and oat bran (providing 1.5–4.0% TDF to the diet), were added to diets containing three levels of ferrous sulfate in a 7 × 3 factorial treatment design. Supplemental Fe bioavailability, determined by the slope-ratio method, was not affected by either level of wheat bran, corn bran, or oat bran. However, at the upper level of oat bran, total Fe availability was decreased. These experiments demonstrate that high-fiber breakfast cereals and crackers display a wide range of intrinsic Fe bioavailability but the main fiber-containing components have no effect on supplemental Fe bioavailability.
Pediatric lumbar disc surgery: 20 patients under 15 years of age.

BACKGROUND Patients in their first or second decades of life who present with back pain without sciatica or painless scoliosis have been found to have a central lumbar disc protrusion. This study was elected to determine the difference between pediatric and adult disc symptomatology, surgical findings, and the results of surgery. METHODS Review of office and Children's Hospital records from 1958 through 1995 yielded a total of 60 patients under the age of 20 years who had lumbar discectomy by the author. Twenty were under the age of 15. This group is reported herein. All but 3 have been followed for up to 20 years. RESULTS The youngest was a boy 10 years and 8 months at operation. Only 20% complained initially of sciatic pain; 60% had it by the time of surgery; 20% never had it. The offending disc was at L5-S1 in 75%. The disc protrusion was central in 75%; no disc had ruptured. The posterior spinal ligament had ossified in the protruded position in 40%. Computed tomography (CT) scans were particularly useful. Significant antecedent trauma was present in 45%. Sixty percent were males. There was a family history of disc disease in 60%. The whereabouts of 3 of the 20 patients is unknown; their operations were 20-36 years ago. CONCLUSIONS Lumbar disc disease in the first 2 decades may be missed because of the absence of sciatica. Once diagnosed, conservative therapy for as long as 2 years has failed. Lumbar discectomy in children under 15 years was safe in all cases and known to be successful in 88%.
Test anxiety and classroom examination performance: a reply to Daniels and Hewitt (1978)

Daniels and Hewitt (1978) reported "an extremely strong relationship" between test-anxiety scores and college course examination scores, whereas earlier investigators found smaller relationships between these variables (and one study reported no significant relationship when intelligence was partialed out). Daniels and Hewitt administered the test-anxiety measure immediately after a course examination, whereas the other investigators administered the test-anxiety measures at a different time than the course examinations. In the present study the Sarason Test Anxiety Scale was administered to 40 students immediately after a course examination and to 50 other students after a regular class period. A significant relationship between test-anxiety and examination scores was obtained only for the former group, and no significant relationship was found for either group when intelligence was partialed out. Thus, the high relationship obtained by Daniels and Hewitt may have resulted at least in part from their students' test-anxiety levels being altered due to their having just completed a course examination and from their response to demand characteristics inherent in the experimental procedure.
Police work values: A comparison of police science students and current officers

The nature, aetiology, and development of general work values of those in or interested in the police occupation were examined in a cross-sectional study. Police science students (n = 261) were compared to a current police officer group (n = 169) on the Survey of Work Values and on demographic variables. Results indicated: (1) the student and current officer groups differed from previously studied samples on the Survey of Work Values; (2) students differed significantly from the officer group on the work values of activity preference and attitude towards earnings; (3) within the student sample, work values correlated with ethnic status, sex, education, and marital status; and (4) within the police sample, work values correlated with age and rank. Results are discussed in terms of socialization, selection, and organizational processes.
Remodeling of elastic fiber components in scleroderma skin.

The skin of patients with scleroderma is characterized by an excess accumulation of collagen in the extracellular matrix of the fibrotic reticular dermis. Elastic fibers are also disrupted in this disease, however, in contrast to collagen, relatively few studies have provided information concerning the changes that occur to elastic fiber components in scleroderma. In the present study, the extracellular matrix in scleroderma skin was examined with a specific focus on the integrity of elastic fibers. Electron microscopic observations confirmed an excess of 10 nm microfibrils present in small bundles independent of amorphous elastin in the fibrotic reticular dermis. In the same area, a population of stellate-shaped fibroblasts was identified in close association with the dermal elastic fibers. In contrast to the uniform black appearance of the elastic fibers seen in the papillary dermis and in areas of the reticular dermis not infiltrated by these cells, the elastic fibers apposed to the cells were mottled ...
Buried Oxide in Silicon by Oxygen Implantation Into Scanned Wafers

A single crystal silicon layer on an insulator is a desirable structure for applications in electronics. One of the leading processes for achieving such a structure is the formation of a buried oxide layer in silicon by heavy dose oxygen implantation. Characteristics of this material have been reported for implantation by beam scanning. In this work we report on material prepared by wafer scanning at rates such that significant temperature cycling occurs during implantation, and we use TEM and Auger analysis to investigate the differences between these samples and others prepared by the conventional technique of beam scanning. For the implantation and annealing conditions used here, we find more oxygen in the top silicon layer in the case of wafer scanning, and the oxygen concentration increases after annealing at 1150°C for 2 hours, leading to a structure of precipitates throughout the single crystal top silicon layer. For beam scanning, the oxygen concentration decreases after annealing and achieves background levels near the surface, leading to a zone which is free of precipitates.
Relaxation mechanisms in a benzyl chloride–toluene glass

Using frequency-dependent dielectric susceptibility, we have studied three different types of relaxation phenomena, namely primary (\ensuremath{\alpha}), secondary (\ensuremath{\beta}), and conductivity (c) relaxation, in a sample of 25 vol % benzyl chloride in toluene. The measurement covers ten decades of frequency: ${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$${10}^{7}$ Hz. The conductivity relaxation which is due to mobile ionic impurities in the sample has characteristics similar to those of the primary relaxation. Using the universal scaling curve for the primary relaxation response in glasses, we can separate the primary and secondary relaxations which overlap in frequency. The shape of the secondary relaxation is log-normal in the frequency domain and corresponds to a Gaussian distribution of energy barriers. The relaxation time for this process can be fitted by an Arrhenius form. Extrapolating the data to higher temperatures, we find that it crosses the primary-relaxation curve. We compare a set of similar molecular liquids and conclude that the secondary relaxation is mainly due to the rotation of a subgroup in the benzyl chloride molecule. We also report a measurement of the nonlinear dielectric response. There is no evidence of a divergent nonlinear susceptibility as the glass transition is approached.
Rapid thermal annealing study of magnetoresistance and perpendicular anisotropy in magnetic tunnel junctions based on MgO and CoFeB

The tunneling magnetoresistance and perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in CoFeB(1.1-1.2 nm)/MgO/CoFeB(1.2-1.7 nm) junctions were found to be very sensitively dependent on annealing time. During annealing at a given temperature, decay of magnetoresistance occurs much earlier compared to junctions with in-plane magnetic anisotropy. Through a rapid thermal annealing study, the decrease of magnetoresistance is found to be associated with the degradation of perpendicular anisotropy, instead of impurity diffusion as observed in common in-plane junctions. The origin of the evolution of perpendicular anisotropy as well as possible means to further enhance tunneling magnetoresistance is discussed.
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-stimulated Cell Proliferation Is Mediated through Sphingosine Kinase-dependent Akt Activation and Cyclin D Expression

Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) has been shown to activate sphingosine kinase (SphK) in a variety of cell types. The extent to which SphK signaling mediates the pleiotropic effects of TNF-α is not entirely clear. The current study examined the role of SphK activity in TNF-α-stimulated cell proliferation in 1321N1 glioblastoma cells. We first demonstrated that pharmacological inhibitors of SphK markedly decrease TNF-α-stimulated DNA synthesis. Signaling mechanisms through which SphK mediated the effect of TNF-α on DNA synthesis were then examined. Inhibition of Rho proteins with C3 exoenzyme or of Rho kinase with Y27632 attenuated TNF-α-stimulated DNA synthesis. However, RhoA activation by TNF-α was not blocked by SphK inhibition. ERK activation was also required for TNF-α-stimulated DNA synthesis but likewise TNF-α-induced ERK activation was not blocked by inhibition of SphK. Thus, neither RhoA nor ERK activation are the SphK-dependent transducers of TNF-α-induced proliferation. In contrast, TNF-α-stimulated Akt phosphorylation, which was also required for DNA synthesis, was attenuated by SphK inhibition or SphK1 knockdown by small interfering RNA. Furthermore, cyclin D expression was increased by TNF-α in a SphK- and Akt-dependent manner. Additional studies demonstrated that TNF-α effects on DNA synthesis, ERK, and Akt phosphorylation are not mediated through cell surface Gi -coupled S1P receptors, because none of these responses were inhibited by pertussis toxin. We conclude that SphK-dependent Akt activation plays a significant role in TNF-α-induced cyclin D expression and cell proliferation.
Fiber Laser Gyroscopes

The application of the optical fiber waveguides to laser gyroscopes is divided into two sections: 1) The ring interferometer and 2) The ring laser. Experiments show that a well defined, stable interference pattern can be obtained using a single mode fiber. This together with the experimentally obtained coupling efficiency of laser radiation into the fiber (-50%) indicate that in addition to a sensitive ring interferometer gyroscope a ring laser gyroscope can be built using a single mode fiber waveguide as the passive part of the laser cavity.© (1976) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Gruenhage property, property *, fragmentability, and σ-isolated networks in generalized ordered spaces

In this paper we examine the Gruenhage property, property * (introduced by Orihuela, Smith, and Troyanski), fragmentability, and the existence of -isolated networks in the context of linearly ordered topological spaces (LOTS), generalized ordered spaces (GO-spaces), and mono- tonically normal spaces. We show that any monotonically normal space with property * or with a -isolated network must be hereditarily paracompact, so that property * and the Gruenhage property are equivalent in monotonically normal spaces. (However, a fragmentable monotonically normal space may fail to be paracompact.) We show that any fragmentable GO-space must have a -disjoint -base and it follows from a theorem of H.E. White that any fragmentable, rst-countable GO-space has a dense metrizable subspace. We also show that any GO-space that is fragmentable and is a Baire space has a dense metrizable subspace. We show that in any compact LOTS X, metrizability is equivalent to each of the following: X is Eberlein compact; X is Talagrand compact; X is Gulko compact; X has a -isolated network; X is a Gruenhage space; X has property *; X is perfect and fragmentable; and the function space C(X) has a strictly convex dual norm. We give an example of a GO-space that has property *, is fragmentable, and has a -isolated network and a -disjoint -base but contains no dense metrizable subspace.
Receiving Erin's Children: Philadelphia, Liverpool, and the Irish Famine Migration, 1845-1855

Between 1845 and 1855, 2 million Irish men and women fled their famine-ravaged homeland, many to settle in large British and American cities that were already wrestling with a complex array of urban problems. In this innovative work of comparative urban history, Matthew Gallman looks at how two cities, Philadelphia and Liverpool, met the challenges raised by the influx of immigrants. Gallman examines how citizens and policymakers in Philadelphia and Liverpool dealt with such issues as poverty, disease, poor sanitation, crime, sectarian conflict, and juvenile delinquency. By considering how two cities of comparable population and dimensions responded to similar challenges, he sheds new light on familiar questions about distinctive national characteristics--without resorting to claims of "American exceptionalism." In this critical era of urban development, English and American cities often evolved in analogous ways, Gallman notes. But certain crucial differences--in location, material conditions, governmental structures, and voluntaristic traditions, for example--inspired varying approaches to urban problem solving on either side of the Atlantic. |This work of comparative history looks at how two rapidly growing cities, Philadelphia and Liverpool, coped with the urban challenges raised by the influx of Irish immigrants in the mid-nineteenth century.
Simultaneous Recording of Core Temperature and Energy Expenditure during the Hibernation Cycle of Mesocricetus auratus

WHEN an animal hibernates, it undergoes a striking lowering of body temperature and metabolic rate. The exact time relationship between the initial decline of these two parameters is not certain.