cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploring faculty experiences in a striving university through the lens of academic capitalism

In this paper, we draw from academic capitalism to explore the work lives and experiences of faculty who work in a striving university. Our analysis suggests that faculty members feel pressures induced by academic capitalism, including a lack of space, no time and the sense of constant surveillance. Our work adds to the theoretical as well as empirical discussions concerning striving, academic capitalism and the impacts of both on the academic profession.
Mixture and odorant processing in the olfactory systems of insects: a comparative perspective

Natural olfactory stimuli are often complex mixtures of volatiles, of which the identities and ratios of constituents are important for odor-mediated behaviors. Despite this importance, the mechanism by which the olfactory system processes this complex information remains an area of active study. In this review, we describe recent progress in how odorants and mixtures are processed in the brain of insects. We use a comparative approach toward contrasting olfactory coding and the behavioral efficacy of mixtures in different insect species, and organize these topics around four sections: (1) Examples of the behavioral efficacy of odor mixtures and the olfactory environment; (2) mixture processing in the periphery; (3) mixture coding in the antennal lobe; and (4) evolutionary implications and adaptations for olfactory processing. We also include pertinent background information about the processing of individual odorants and comparative differences in wiring and anatomy, as these topics have been richly investigated and inform the processing of mixtures in the insect olfactory system. Finally, we describe exciting studies that have begun to elucidate the role of the processing of complex olfactory information in evolution and speciation.
Targeted messenger RNA profiling of transfected breast cancer gene in a living cell

Selective messenger RNA (mRNA) profiling of transfected breast cancer gene expression in a living cell is demonstrated. Atomic force microscope (AFM) probe tips are structurally modified to create a dielectrophoretic force that attracts mRNA molecules within the cell nucleus. The tip end is chemically modified to hybridize only to the target mRNA from a pool of molecules within the nucleus. We successfully combined this scheme with standard assay techniques to develop an assay technology that can be used for early disease detection and basic studies in cell biology.
Impact factor as a metric to assess journals where OM research is published

Abstract This paper investigates impact factor as a metric for ranking the quality of journal outlets for operations management (OM) research. We review all prior studies that assessed journal outlets for OM research and compare all previous OM journal quality rankings to rankings based on impact factors. We find that rankings based on impact factors that use data from different time periods are highly correlated and provide similar rankings of journals using either two-year or five-year assessment periods, either with or without self-citations. However, some individual journals have large rank changes using different impact factor specifications. We also find that OM journal rankings based on impact factors are only moderately correlated with journal quality rankings previously determined using other methods, and the agreement among these other methods in ranking the quality of OM journals is relatively modest. Thus, impact factor rankings alone are not a replacement for the assessment methods used in previous studies, but rather they evaluate OM journals from another perspective.
Xenopus Neuralized Is a Ubiquitin Ligase that Interacts with XDelta1 and Regulates Notch Signaling

Notch signaling in Drosophila requires a RING finger (RF) protein encoded by neuralized. Here we show that the Xenopus homolog of neuralized (Xneur) is expressed where Notch signaling controls cell fate choices in early embryos. Overexpressing XNeur or putative dominant-negative forms in embryos inhibits Notch signaling. As expected for a RF protein, we show that XNeur fulfills the biochemical requirements of ubiquitin ligases. We also show that wild-type XNeur decreases the cell surface level of the Notch ligand, XDelta1, while putative inhibitory forms of XNeur increase it. Finally, we provide evidence that XNeur acts as a ubiquitin ligase for XDelta1 in vitro. We propose that XNeur plays a conserved role in Notch activation by regulating the cell surface levels of the Delta ligands, perhaps directly, via ubiquitination.
Social Change and Hunting during the Pueblo III to Pueblo IV Transition, East-Central Arizona

AbstractThe transition from the Pueblo III to the Pueblo IV period (A.D. 1100–1400) in the American Southwest involved marked population aggregation. Diverse economic, political, and religious factors must have played a role in the integration of these populations. Bailey Ruin, Bryant Ranch, and Pottery Hill, three sites in the Silver Creek drainage of east-central Arizona, show increased hunting of large mammals during this transition. This trend has elsewhere been attributed to hunting specialization due to local resource depletion and perhaps the need for a seasonal supplement to maize-based diets, but these factors do not adequately explain the data here. In fact, the regional reliance on rabbit protein suggests that hunting larger game was not necessary to meet dietary needs in an environment where small game is a reliable food source and artiodactyls are rare. Rather, the increased proportion of large mammals in the Silver Creek area faunal assemblages seems to reflect larger issues of social reorga...
Transcriptional pathways for synapse-specific, neuregulin-induced and electrical activity-dependent transcription

Abstract Innervation-dependent expression of acetylcholine receptor (AChR) genes in skeletal muscle is mediated by multiple transcriptional pathways. One pathway leads to activation of AChR genes selectivity in synaptic nuclei and requires an Ets binding site that binds GABP. A second pathway leads to repression of AChR transcription in nuclei throughout the myofiber and requires inactivation of E-box-binding proteins, including myogenic bHLH proteins. Taken together, these studies indicate that separate pathways regulate innervation-dependent transcription.
Quaternary Onium Salts as Nonaqueous Electrolytes for Electrochemical Capacitors

Because of recent discovery that the effect of onium cation symmetricity on its properties could be manipulated to benefit the application of an electrochemical double-layer capacitor, a series of new unsymmetrical onium salts was synthesized and evaluated as electrolyte solutes in nonaqueous solvents. A relationship was established between the cation/anion structure and melting point as well as solubility of these salts. In order to tibia a detailed view about the effect of onium cation structure on its stability in capacitor application, we investigated the electrochemical stability window of the nonaqueous electrolytes based on these salts, using both a conventional stability window determination and a new approach especially defined for capacitor-like applications.
47 ABSENCE OF A NOVEL NEURONAL CELL ANTIGEN IN HIRSCHSPRUNG'S DISEASE

A major obstacle to the understanding of pathophysiology of aganglionosis has been the lack of specific markers for various neuronal cell types that may be affected in this condition. Recently, with the availability of polyclonal and in particular monoclonal antibodies it has become possible to identify more precisely the innervation patterns in normal and aganglionic colon. We have produced a monoclonal antibody D which recognises a subset of axonal antigen which are distributed throughout the wall of normal rectum and colon. Immunohistochemical scanning of the entire resected specimen of colon from 3 children with Hirschsprung's disease at 0.5 cm intervals, demonstrated large numbers of D7 immunoreactive nerve bundles in the circular muscle of the ganglionic colon, few fibres in the transitional zone and no immunoreactive fibres in the aganglionic segment. Comparative studies with antineuropeptide antibodies and with anti-neuronal cell antibodies suggest that D7 identifies a 52 kD antigen associated with a subset of axonal fibres distributed throughout the entire nervous system. These findings indicate that fundamental pathology in Hirschsprung's disease is not only the absence of ganglion cells of the myenteric and submucous plexuses but also the absence of D7 immunoreactive fibres in the circular muscle of the colon.
Factors Affecting Predation by Cyclidium sp. and Euplotes sp. on PAH-Degrading and Nondegrading Bacteria

Abstract If predators select for or against contaminant-degrading bacteria, it will affect bacterial survival and has important implications for bioremediation. Protozoa are important predators of bacteria. In order to determine whether protozoa preyed differentially on bacteria with different degradation abilities, two ciliates (Euplotes sp. and Cyclidium sp.) and three strains of PAH-degrading bacteria (Vibrio spp., degrading naphthalene, anthracene, or phenanthrene) were isolated from sediment from New York/New Jersey Harbor. By manipulating growth conditions, bacterial strains with different PAH-degradation abilities and different cell properties were produced. Stepwise regression models were used to analyze how clearance rates on suspended bacteria and grazing rates on bacteria attached to particles were affected by bacterial size, hydrophobicity, C:N ratio, protein content, and PAH-degradation ability. Clearance rates ranged from 0 to 49 nl ciliate-1 h-1 for Euplotes sp. and from 0 to 1.7 nl ciliate-1 h-1 for Cyclidium sp. Clearance rates of both ciliates were positively correlated with bacterial size, hydrophobicity, and protein content, and negatively correlated with C:N ratio. PAH degradation ability had no (for Euplotes sp.) or small (for Cyclidium sp.) effects on clearance rates. The models accounted for 63-75% of the variation in clearance rates on different bacteria. Only Euplotes sp. grazed on attached bacteria, at rates from 3 to 176 bacteria ciliate-1 h-1. A regression model with only C:N ratio and protein content explained 45% of the variation in grazing rates. These models indicate that multiple properties of bacteria affect their susceptibility to predation by ciliates, but PAH-degradation ability per se has little effect.
The Retinoic Acid Receptor-α mediates human T-cell activation and Th2 cytokine and chemokine production

We have recently demonstrated that all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) and 9-cis-retinoic acid (9-cis RA) promote IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 synthesis, while decreasing IFN-γ and TNF-α expression by activated human T cells and reduces the synthesis of IL-12p70 from accessory cells. Here, we have demonstrated that the observed effects using ATRA and 9-cis RA are shared with the clinically useful RAR ligand, 13-cis retinoic acid (13-cis RA), and the retinoic acid receptor-α (RAR-α)-selective agonist, AM580 but not with the RAR-β/γ ligand, 4-hydroxyphenylretinamide (4-HPR). The increase in type 2 cytokine production by these retinoids correlated with the expression of the T cell activation markers, CD69 and CD38. The RAR-α-selective agonist, AM580 recapitulated all of the T cell activation and type 2 cytokine-inducing effects of ATRA and 9-cis-RA, while the RAR-α-selective antagonist, RO 41–5253, inhibited these effects. These results strongly support a role for RAR-α engagement in the regulation of genes and proteins involved with human T cell activation and type 2 cytokine production.
Transparency, qualia realism and representationalism

In this essay, I want to take another look at the phenomenon of transparency and its relevance to qualia realism and representationalism. I don�t suppose that what I have to say will cause those who disagree with me to change their minds, but I hope not only to clarify my position and that of others who are on my side of the debate but also to respond to various criticisms and objections that have arisen over the last 10�15 years or so.
A likelihood ratio approach to classification problems using discrete data

Abstract One form of inference found in a variety of applied areas involves classifying individuals into one of several possible populations or categories on the basis of inconclusive data. Discussed in this paper is a strategy for classification using naturally discrete data classes or data classes which are formed by discrete partitions of continuous data classes. The strategy makes use of the concept of likelihood ratio and is scale-free in the sense that, whatever their scale properties, the original measures identifying data class levels or states are not utilized. The approach is algebraically simple; no calculations of covariance or correlation are required. In addition, no distributional assumptions of any kind are required. A convergence process, applicable even when the number of data classes is small, allows ready calculation, using the normal distribution, of the probability of misclassification errors. The approach is particularly useful when data classes are conditionally independent but is also useful when this assumption is not valid, provided that there are sufficient data. Also discussed are measures of the classification or inferential value of individual data classes and of various subsets of data classes.
The influence of tungsten alloying on the mechanical properties of tantalum

Pour des alliages de tantale-tungsten ayant des compositions nominales de tantale entre 0 et 10% en poids, de tests mecaniques a des temperatures entre 77 et 400 K, et des taux d'elongation variant de 0.000016 a 6800 s −1 , l'addition de tungsten reduit de maniere notable la dependance du fluage du tantale sur le taux d'elongation au voisinnage de la deformation plastique. Le comportement du taux d'elongation sur le durcissement de l'alliage change de maniere subtile, le rendant plus proche du comportement du cuivre, un metal c.f.c. Ces effets se font sentir dans les contraintes limitantes de deformation plastiques uniformes calculees a partir de nos courbes de fluage: pour le tantale sans elements d'alliage, la containte d'instabilite semble diminuer de maniere dramatique pour des taux d'elongation superieurs a environ 0.005 s −1 , alors que pour les alliages de tungsten, elle reste inchangee ou augmente faiblement
The Kesterson effect

Hypothesized to be derived from Cretaceous marine sedimentary rocks, selenium contamination of the Kesterson National Wildlife Refuge is traced through irrigation drainage to the source bedrock of the California Coast Ranges. This biogeochemical pathway of selenium is defined here as the “Kesterson effect.” At the refuge ponds, this effect culminated in 1983 in a 64% rate of deformity and death of embryos and hatchlings of wild aquatic birds. From the previous companion paper on irrigation drainage, the Kesterson effect has been implicated in nine of 11 reconnaissance areas studied in the western United States. Deformities have resulted in at least five of these sites. Climatic, geologic, hydrologic, and soil conditions in these reconnaissance areas are similar to those in the area surrounding Kesterson National Wildlife Refuge in the west-central San Joaquin Valley of California. In California, selenium, as selenate, was ultimately found weathered with sulfur from marine sources in soluble sodium and magnesium sulfate salts, which are concentrated by evaporation on farmland soils. The Se, mobilized by irrigation drainage, is bioaccumulated to toxic levels in refuge wetland ponds that are located mainly in hydrologically closed basins and thus act as concentrating disposal points. The depositional environment of the ponds may be similar to that of the nutrient-rich continental shelf edge and slope in which Cretaceous, Eocene, and Miocene sediments found to be seleniferous in the California Coast Ranges were deposited. Bioaccumulation may be therefore a primary mechanism of selenium enrichment in ancient sediments in addition to that of the formerly suggested Cretaceous volcanic pathway.
Ukraine needs to decide its strategic alignment

Since independence, Ukrainian politicians and public opinion have been evenly split between those who desire to be part of the Euro‐Atlantic (EU and NATO), community and those who gravitate toward Eurasia (Russia and CIS). During the 1990s, Ukraine was able to have it both ways. Now they no longer can. Not only is Russia more autocratic and meddling, aggravating Ukrainian political instability, but also many Europeans find Ukraine less appealing as a potential (NATO–EU) integration partner. Under these circumstances, the challenge is to provide Ukraine with sufficient time to consolidate democratic governance and to develop a consensus on its strategic direction.
Unions and restructuring in the Mexican automobile industry: a comparative assessment

This article examines the variation in union responses to restructuring initiatives in the Mexican automobile industry. The research indicates that militant responses were more likely to occur in unions characterised by internal democracy and autonomy from Mexico's state-corporatist labour confederations.
Experimental study of the plastic yielding of rolled sheet metals with the cruciform plate specimen

In the current paper, an experimental technique for the evaluation of the in-plane yield loci of sheet metals with the cruciform plate specimen is presented. The measurement system is shown to conform to the optimized design concept proposed by other researchers. Finite element analysis demonstrates a reasonably wide area of uniform stress distribution in the center of the cruciform specimen, which allows the measurement of in-plane strain field by using a stacked strain rosette. Based on the designed apparatus, the yield loci of the 1100-F aluminum sheets corresponding to the as-received condition, and 25% and 50% thickness reductions by further rolling, were constructed, respectively, by applying biaxial loadings along the two principal axes of the cruciform specimen. A set of uniaxial tension tests were also performed to determine the plastic properties of the aluminum sheet along different directions with respect to the rolling direction. Finally, Hill's 1990 yield criterion is examined based on the experimental data from both biaxial and uniaxial tension tests.
A canonical form and solution for the matrix Riccati differential equation

A canonical form of the self-adjoint Matrix Riccati Differential Equation with constant coefficients is obtained in terms of extremal solutions of the self-adjoint Matrix Riccati Algebraic (steady-state) Equations. This form is exploited in order to obtain a convenient explicit solution of the transient problem. Estimates of the convergence rate to the steady state are derived.
British standard to widen acceptance

In 2001 biometric technology was only available as bespoke standalone applications in niche market sectors. Now, in 2011 biometric technology is a mainstream element of modern identity management systems that can be selected and delivered as a ‘plug and play’ component in a Service Oriented Architecture (SOA).
The Haitians, the Healers, and the Anthropologist. Two Case Studies

The Haitians, the Healers, and the Anthropologist. Two Case Studies. 1997. 100 minutes, color. video by Philip Singer. For more information contact Traditional Healing Productions, Philip Singer. Ph.D. 17280 Madison. Southfield, MI 48076.
Use of quantitative EEG in infants with port-wine birthmark to assess for Sturge–Weber brain involvement

Abstract Objective Many infants born with a facial port-wine (PW) birthmark will not develop brain involvement of Sturge–Weber syndrome (SWS). Previous studies have shown asymmetry in quantitative EEG (qEEG) correlates with degree of clinical impairment in children and adults with known SWS. We hope to determine if quantitative qEEG can be used as a method to predict which infants are most likely to develop SWS brain involvement on MRI. The current study looks at the ability of qEEG to differentiate between infants with radiographically demonstrated SWS and those without. Methods We first performed an observational study of qEEG results on eight infants with facial PW birthmark (four had SWS brain involvement). We recorded standard clinical EEGs and then derived a measure of asymmetry. We subsequently validated this threshold through a study of an additional nine infants with PW birthmark (five with SWS brain involvement). Results Quantitative EEG correctly identified infants with SWS brain involvement in all cases in the Validation cohort. This technique was at least as good as a pediatric electroencephalographer with extensive experience reading SWS EEGs. Conclusions This study demonstrates the ability for qEEG to discriminate between those infants with SWS brain involvement and those with neurologically asymptomatic PW birthmark. Significance This study represents an important step toward the development of a qEEG technique able to predict which infants with PW birthmark will develop SWS brain involvement.
Comparison of a simplified whole blood and isolated lymphocyte stimulation technique.

Whole blood and isolated lymphocyte stimulation in healthy men were compared utilizing PHA, ConA, and PWM. Dose response curves with each of the 3 mitogens were found to differ with the two techniques of lymphocyte stimulation. When incubation time was lengthened PWM responses increased markedly in both the whole blood and isolated lymphocyte assays. Increased incubation time had no effect on PHA cultures and increased the responses with ConA in the whole blood method. In each study, responses with 3H-thymidine were comparable to responses utilizing 125IUdR.
On a software availability model with imperfect maintenance

In this paper we consider a general software availability model and derive compound availability measures, such as the joint probability of software availability and the remaining number of errors. The results given here generalize the results given in Kim et al. (1982).
Religiosity and HIV Risk Behaviors in African-American Students:

The participants were 256 African-American students between the ages of 18 and 25, from two historically Black universities. The purpose of this study was to see how dimensions of religiosity and spirituality influenced the HIV risk behavior in African-American college students. Each participant completed the Expressions of Spirituality Inventory (ESI) and a survey of sexual attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors. The data were analyzed using a series of ANOVAs, t tests, and correlations. The results from the study confirmed that there was a relationship between religiosity/spirituality and one's tendency to engage in HIV risk behaviors in the population of African-American college students. Interestingly, this study was able to reveal that traditional indicators of religiosity, such as association and church attendance, were not predictors of any of the risky sexual behaviors or attitudes. The portions of religiosity with the greatest impact on these behaviors were the Experiential/Phenomenological, the Existential Well-being, and the Cognitive dimensions, with high scores on each indicative of less likelihood of engaging in risky sexual behaviors.
An ACL2 Proof of Write Invalidate Cache Coherence

As a pedagogical exercise in ACL2, we formalize and prove the correctness of a write invalidate cache scheme. In our formalization, an arbitrary number of processors, each with its own local cache, interact with a global memory via a bus which is snooped by the caches.
Visual and algorithmic tooling for system trace analysis: a case study

Despite advances in the application of automated statistical and machine learning techniques to system log and trace data there will always be a need for human analysis of machine traces, because trace information on unstable systems may be incomplete, or incorrect. In addition, false positives from automated analysis will not likely disappear, and remediation measures and candidate fix tests will need to be evaluated. We present Zinsight, a visual and analytic tool that supports performance analysts and debugging, using large event traces to understand complex systems. This tool enables analysts to quickly create and manipulate high-level structural representations linked with statistical analysis derived from the underlying event trace data. The original raw trace is annotated with module names and a domain specific database is incorporated to relate software functions to module names. Navigable sequence context graph views present automatically extracted execution flow patterns from arbitrarily definable sets of events and are linked to frequency, distribution, and response time views. The goal is to reduce the cognitive and computational load on the analyst while providing answers to the most natural questions in a problem determination session. We present a case study of the tool in use on field problems from the recently shipped (late 2008) IBM z10 mainframe. As a result of the industry trend toward higher parallelism and memory latency, many issues were encountered with legacy code. The tool was applied successfully to diagnose these problems.
Bifurcation control in systems governed by functional differential equations

Provides explicit sufficient conditions under which a Hopf bifurcation in systems described by functional differential equations can be stabilized. The main assumption is that the bifurcating modes are linearly unstabilizable and all other modes are linearly stabilizable. Stabilization of a Hopf bifurcation is defined as the existence of sufficiently smooth feedback control laws such that the Hopf bifurcation for the closed loop systems is supercritical. The construction of stabilizing control laws is explicit. We also give an example to illustrate the theory.
Applications of Static and Dynamic Iterated Rippled Noise to Evaluate Pitch Encoding in the Human Auditory Brainstem

This paper presents a new application of the dynamic iterated rippled noise (IRN) algorithm by generating dynamic pitch contours representative of those that occur in natural speech in the context of EEG and the frequency following response (FFR). Besides IRN steady state and linear rising stimuli, curvilinear rising stimuli were modeled after pitch contours of natural productions of Mandarin Tone 2. Electrophysiological data on pitch representation at the level of the brainstem, as reflected in FFR, were evaluated for all stimuli, static or dynamic. Autocorrelation peaks were observed corresponding to the fundamental period (tau) as well as spectral bands at the fundamental and its harmonics for both a low and a high iteration step. At the higher iteration step, both spectral and temporal FFR representations were more robust, indicating that both acoustic properties may be utilized for pitch extraction at the level of the brainstem. By applying curvilinear IRN stimuli to elicit FFRs, we can evaluate the effects of temporal degradation on 1) the neural representation of linguistically-relevant pitch features in a target population (e.g. cochlear implant) and 2) the efficacy of signal processing schemes in conventional hearing aids and cochlear implants to recover these features.
Atomic beam splitters with achromatic transverse-momentum transfer

We present a generalized excitation scheme and achromatic geometries for coherent diffraction of three-level atoms from a nonmagnetic, blazed phase grating. The phase grating is formed by differentially detuned standing waves with a relative spatial phase shift of π/2 and can be realized for transitions other than J = 0/1 → J = 1. The use of the differential detuning to create the phase grating allows for geometries in which the longitudinal atomic motion is coupled to the diffraction process. We describe a geometry that yields two regimes of beam splitting in which all longitudinal atomic velocities receive the same momentum transfer from the phase grating. We propose to call this type of beam splitter achromatic.
Density Functional Calculations on Homonuclear Polysulfur Ring Molecules, S5-S16

The density functional method, B3PW91, using the 6–311+G(3df) basis function set from the Gaussian 98 collection of programs, was used to successfully reproduce the experimental structure parameters of polysulfur ring molecules, S6 – S14. Structural predictions of S5, S15, and S16 are also given. The relative electronic energies are also compared.
Investigating the Relationship between Teenage Childbearing and Psychological Distress Using Longitudinal Evidence

The high levels of depression among teenage mothers have received considerable research attention in smaller targeted samples, but a large-scale examination of the complex relationship between adolescent childbearing and psychological distress that explores bidirectional causality is needed. Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) and the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study--Birth Cohort, we found that teenage mothers had higher levels of distress than their childless adolescent peers and adult mothers, but the experience of teenage childbearing did not appear to be the cause. Rather teenage mothers' distress levels were already higher than their peers before they became pregnant, and they remained higher after childbearing and into early and middle adulthood. We also found that distress did not increase the likelihood of adolescent childbearing except among poor teenagers. In this group, experiencing high levels of distress markedly increased the probability of becoming a teenage mother Among nonpoor teenage girls, the relationship between distress and subsequent teenage childbearing was spurious.
Effects of a Single Injection of an Estrogen Antagonist on the Estrous Cycle of the Rat

As previously demonstrated, ovariectomy of rats with 4- or 5-day estrous cycles at 1600 hr on the day before proestrus but not at 1000 hr on the morning of proestrus blocks vaginal cornification and mating. When performed at 1000 hr on the day prior to proestrus, ovariectomy also blocks the proestrous uterine weight increase and the drop in pituitary LH. A single injection of MER-25, a nonsteroidal estrogen antagonist, was given at specific times in the estrous cycle to investigate whether the responses blocked by ovariectomy might be attributed entirely to a loss of estrogen secretion at critical times. In general, MER-25 administered in a single injection of 20 mg blocked vaginal cornification and the proestrous uterine ballooning as ovariectomy does, but did not completely prevent mating behavior or ovulation; MER-25 induced higher than control levels of pituitary LH content at estrus even in the presence of ovulatory evidence of LH release in some rats. When the dosage was increased to 40 mg, there wa...
Educational differences in age-related patterns of disease: reconsidering the cumulative disadvantage and age-as-leveler hypotheses.

Some studies suggest that the relationship between education and health strengthens with age (cumulative disadvantage hypothesis), while other studies find that it weakens (age-as-leveler hypothesis). This research addresses this inconsistency by differentiating individual-level changes in health from those occurring at the aggregate level due to selective mortality. Using retrospective and prospective data from a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults, I examine educational differences in age-specific rates of disease prevalence, incidence, and survival. At the aggregate level, I find that educational differences in disease prevalence are largest at mid-life and then decline. At the individual level, however, disease incidence and mortality increase with age at a greater rate for less-educated persons compared to the well educated. These findings suggest that the cumulative disadvantage hypothesis explains how education affects the health of individuals with increasing age, whereas the leveling hypothesis describes the aggregated by-product of these educational disparities in health decline.
The Distribution of Folic Acid Activities in Lines of Leukemic Cells of the Mouse

SUMMARY The occurrence of folate derivatives in lines P-815 and 70429 of leukemic cells and in the liver of the host, the mouse, is de- scribed. The major component detected in the leukemic cells was NnJ-formyltetrahydrofolic acid. No evidence indicating the occurrence of polyglutamyl derivatives in these leukemic cells was found. The folate distribution patterns of the leukemic cells and the mouse liver differ significantly. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. USDIN, E., J. Biol. Chem., 234, 2373 (1959). 13. MATHEWS. C. K.. AND HUENNEKENS. F. M.. J. Biol. Chem.. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. REFERENCES ROMINE, M. K., J. Vitaminology (Japan), 6, 196 (1960). SOBER, H. A., AND PETERSON, E. A., J. Am. Chem. Sot., 76, 1711 (1954). SAKAMI, W., AND KNOWLES, R., Science, 129, 274 (1959). FUTTERMAN, S., J. Biol. Chem., 228, 1031 (1957). MAY, M., CARGOS, T. J., BANGER, F. L., L~NSFORD, M., RAVEL.
Management Through Risk Factor Modification

The prevalence of obesity has reached epidemic proportions in recent years. Therapeutic lifestyle change is widely accepted as the best first step for managing cardiometabolic risk factors. Patients, however, find it difficult to adhere to these recommendations, and many ultimately require pharmacotherapy to achieve treatment goals for blood pressure, glucose, and lipids. Although there are many safe and effective agents for managing these 3 cardiometabolic risk factors, pharmacologic options for weight loss are limited. Researchers have shown that dietary counseling helps some patients achieve weight loss, but these improvements diminish over time. The combination of diet with exercise results in greater initial weight loss than diet alone, but this loss is only partially sustained after 1 year. The American College of Sports Medicine/American Heart Association recently published updated recommendations for physical activity for healthy adults that reiterate the value of relatively moderate exercise: as ...
Impact of Stoichiometry on Structural and Optical Properties of Sputter Deposited Multicomponent Tellurite Glass Films

Multicomponent TeO2–Bi2O3–ZnO (TBZ) glass thin films were prepared using RF magnetron sputtering under different oxygen flow rates. The influences of oxygen flow rate on the structural and optical properties of the resulting thin films were investigated. We observed that thin films sputtered in an oxygen-rich environment are optically transparent while those sputtered in an oxygen-deficient environment exhibit broadband absorption. The structural origin of the optical property variation was studied using X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman Spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy which revealed that the presence of under-coordinated Te leads to the observed optical absorption in oxygen-deficient films.
ON THE RATE OF OXYGEN CONSUMPTION BY FERTILIZED AND UNFERTILIZED EGGS: II. CUMINGIA TELLINOIDES

The rate of oxygen consumption by the eggs of the clam Cumingia decreases following fertilization, resembling in this respect a similar phenomenon of the eggs of the annelid Chaetopterus. The unfertilized Cumingia eggs consume approximately 3.1 mm.3 O2 per hour per 10 mm.3 eggs. The average consumption of fertilized eggs over the period 10–60 minutes after fertilization is 1.4 mm.3 O2 per hour per 10 mm.3 eggs or about 45 per cent of the prefertilization rate.
ATCP: TCP for mobile ad hoc networks

Transport connections set up in wireless ad hoc networks are plagued by problems such as high bit error rates, frequent route changes, and partitions. If we run the transmission control protocol (TCP) over such connections, the throughput of the connection is observed to be extremely poor because TCP treats lost or delayed acknowledgments as congestion. We present an approach where we implement a thin layer between Internet protocol and standard TCP that corrects these problems and maintains high end-to-end TCP throughput. We have implemented our protocol in FreeBSD, and we present results from extensive experimentation done in an ad hoc network. We show that our solution improves the TCP's throughput by a factor of 2-3.
A functional genomics approach to the mode of action of apratoxin A

The cyanobacterial metabolite apratoxin A (1) demonstrates potent cytotoxicity against tumor cell lines by a hitherto unknown mechanism. We have used functional genomics to elucidate the molecular basis for this activity. Gene expression profiling and DNA content analysis showed that apratoxin A induces G1-phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Cell-based functional assays with a genome-wide collection of expression cDNAs showed that ectopic induction of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling attenuates the apoptotic activity of apratoxin A. This natural product inhibited phosphorylation and activation of STAT3, a downstream effector of FGFR signaling. It also caused defects in FGF-dependent processes during zebrafish development, with concomitant reductions in expression levels of the FGF target gene mkp3. We conclude that apratoxin A mediates its antiproliferative activity through the induction of G1 cell cycle arrest and an apoptotic cascade, which is at least partially initiated through antagonism of FGF signaling via STAT3.
What's hot and what's not: tracking most frequent items dynamically

Most database management systems maintain statistics on the underlying relation. One of the important statistics is that of the "hot items" in the relation: those that appear many times (most frequently, or more than some threshold). For example, end-biased histograms keep the hot items as part of the histogram and are used in selectivity estimation. Hot items are used as simple outliers in data mining, and in anomaly detection in networking applications.We present a new algorithm for dynamically determining the hot items at any time in the relation that is undergoing deletion operations as well as inserts. Our algorithm maintains a small space data structure that monitors the transactions on the relation, and when required, quickly outputs all hot items, without rescanning the relation in the database. With user-specified probability, it is able to report all hot items. Our algorithm relies on the idea of "group testing", is simple to implement, and has provable quality, space and time guarantees. Previously known algorithms for this problem that make similar quality and performance guarantees can not handle deletions, and those that handle deletions can not make similar guarantees without rescanning the database. Our experiments with real and synthetic data shows that our algorithm is remarkably accurate in dynamically tracking the hot items independent of the rate of insertions and deletions.
Solvent reorganization energy of electron transfer in weakly polar solvents

Abstract The paper reports a molecular treatment of intramolecular electron transfer (ET) reactions in weakly polar solvents. The theoretical analysis based on the perturbation expansion over solute-solvent interactions focuses on the following issues: 1. (i) the relative contribution of induction, dispersion and dipole-dipole intermolecular forces to the ET activation parameters, 2. (ii) the comparative participation of dipole orientation and molecular translational solvent modes in activating ET, and 3. (iii) the effect of solvent molecularity on temperature variation of ET rates. The theory is tested on the experimentally studied intramolecular charge separation reaction. For the system considered, the dispersion and dipolar components of the energy gap vary oppositely but to a comparable magnitude with solvent polarity. Translational solvent modes were found to be increasingly important for less polar solvent. The difference in activation mechanisms in polar and nonpolar fluids is rooted in different weights of orientational and translational modes in the solvent response. The translational contribution results in a maximum in the Arrhenius coordinates experimentally reported for butyl acetate as the solvent and reproduced by the present theory. The continuum treatment of solvent effects is shown to be incapable of describing this phenomenon.
Distributed control applications within sensor networks

Sensor networks are gaining a central role in the research community. This paper addresses some of the issues arising from the use of sensor networks in control applications. Classical control theory proves to be insufficient in modeling distributed control problems where issues of communication delay, jitter, and time synchronization between components are not negligible. After discussing our hardware and software platform and our target application, we review useful models of computation and then suggest a mixed model for design, analysis, and synthesis of control algorithms within sensor networks. We present a hierarchical model composed of continuous time-trigger components at the low level and discrete event-triggered components at the high level.
A Fully Coupled Flow and 6-DOF Motion Solver in Multiple Reference Frames

In many computational fluid dynamics (CFD) applications involving a single rotating part, such as the flow through an open water propeller rotating at a constant rpm, it is convenient to formulate the governing equations in a non-inertial rotating frame. For flow problems consisting of both stationary and rotating parts, e.g. the stator and the rotor of a turbine, or the hull and propeller of a ship, the multiple reference frames (MRF) approach has been widely used. In most existing MRF models, the computation domain is divided into stationary and rotating zones. In the stationary zone, the flow equations are formulated in the inertial frame, while in the rotating zone, the equations are solved in the non-inertial rotating frame. Also, the flow is assumed to be steady in both zones and the flow solution in the rotating zone can be interpreted as the phase-locked time average result. Compared with other approaches, such as the actuator disk (body-force) model, the MRF approach is superior because it accounts for the actual geometry of the rotating part, e.g. propeller blades.A more complicated situation occurs when the flow solver is coupled to the six degrees of freedom (6-DOF) equations of rigid-body motion in predicting the maneuver of a self-propelled surface or underwater vehicle. In many applications, the propeller is replaced by the actuator disk model. The current work attempts to extend the MRF approach to the 6-DOF maneuvering problems. The governing equations for unsteady incompressible flow in a non-inertial frame have been extended to the flow equations in multiple reference frames: a hull-fixed frame that undergoes translation and rotation predicted by the 6-DOF equations of motion and a propeller-fixed frame in relative rotation with respect to the hull. Because of the large disparity between time scales in the 6-DOF rigid body motion of the hull and the relative rotational motion of the propeller, the phase-locked solution in the propeller MRF zone is considered a reasonable approximation for the actual flow around the propeller. The flow equations are coupled to the 6-DOF equations of motion using an iterative coupling algorithm. The coupled solver has been developed as part of NavyFOAM. The theoretical framework and the numerical implementation of the coupled solver are outlined in this paper. Some numerical test results are also presented.© 2015 ASME
The most sensitive inputs to cutaneous representing regions of primary somatosensory cortex do not change with behavioral training

Learning a sensory detection task leads to an increased primary sensory cortex response to the detected stimulus, while learning a sensory discrimination task additionally leads to a decreased sensory cortex response to the distractor stimulus. Neural responses are scaled up, and down, in strength, along with concomitant changes in receptive field size. The present work considers neural response properties that are invariant to learning. Data are drawn from two animals that were trained to detect and discriminate spatially separate taps delivered to positions on the skin of their fingers. Each animal was implanted with electrodes positioned in area 3b, and responses were derived on a near daily basis over 84 days in animal 1 and 202 days in animal 2. Responses to taps delivered in the receptive field were quantitatively measured each day, and receptive fields were audiomanually mapped each day. In the subset of responses that had light cutaneous receptive fields, a preponderance of the days, the most sensitive region of the field was invariant to training. This skin region was present in the receptive field on all, or nearly all, occasions in which the receptive field was mapped, and this region constituted roughly half of the most sensitive region. These results suggest that maintaining the most sensitive inputs as dominant in cortical receptive fields provide a measure of stability that may be transformationally useful for minimizing reconstruction errors and perceptual constancy.
Software defined access for HetNets

We present software defined access (SDA), an architecture for HetNets that incorporates various elements of SDN and software defined wireless networking (SDWN). SDA introduces a novel logical control path across radio interfaces and up to mobile devices. This control path allows SDA to regulate and configure data path via different RATs. Unlike SDN and SDWN, SDA can be deployed without changing network elements of RATs. The userspace implementation of client side utility is also presented to empower mobile devices with SDN-like flow management. This client with cloud hosted SDA servers presents an alternative for operator-independent and RAT-agnostic standalone SDA deployment. To demonstrate some of SDA’s capabilities, we also present various testbed experimental measurement results.
Heat transfer design and performance of a helium cryostat operating at 6.5 K

A liquid helium cryostat has been designed and operated for the purpose of testing visible light photon counter (VLPC) chips at 6.5 K. To achieve the desired operational characteristics for the VLPC devices their operating temperature is restricted to 6.5 K +/− 0.1 K. They will be used in a scintillating fiber tracker being proposed as part of an upgrade of the DO detector at Fermilab. The final version of the scintillating fiber tracker will contain roughly 100000 VLPC channels. Two cryostats with identical thermal design (a 128 channel and a 3072 channel design) have been built to perform the initial VLPC testing. The heat transfer needed to maintain the VLPC at its operating temperature occurs by conduction across an annular helium gas gap to a liquid helium reservoir. Helium boiloff is used to intercept conduction heat leak to the liquid reservoir. ANSYS finite element heat transfer analysis was utilized in the thermal design of the cryostat. The cryostat design and thermal performance (predicted and measured) are presented.
Adherence adjustment in the Coronary Drug Project: A call for better per-protocol effect estimates in randomized trials.

Background:In many randomized controlled trials, patients and doctors are more interested in the per-protocol effect than in the intention-to-treat effect. However, valid estimation of the per-prot...