cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structural inference of native and partially folded RNA by high-throughput contact mapping

The biological behaviors of ribozymes, riboswitches, and numerous other functional RNA molecules are critically dependent on their tertiary folding and their ability to sample multiple functional states. The conformational heterogeneity and partially folded nature of most of these states has rendered their characterization by high-resolution structural approaches difficult or even intractable. Here we introduce a method to rapidly infer the tertiary helical arrangements of large RNA molecules in their native and non-native solution states. Multiplexed hydroxyl radical (·OH) cleavage analysis (MOHCA) enables the high-throughput detection of numerous pairs of contacting residues via random incorporation of radical cleavage agents followed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. We validated this technology by recapitulating the unfolded and native states of a well studied model RNA, the P4–P6 domain of the Tetrahymena ribozyme, at subhelical resolution. We then applied MOHCA to a recently discovered third state of the P4–P6 RNA that is stabilized by high concentrations of monovalent salt and whose partial order precludes conventional techniques for structure determination. The three-dimensional portrait of a compact, non-native RNA state reveals a well ordered subset of native tertiary contacts, in contrast to the dynamic but otherwise similar molten globule states of proteins. With its applicability to nearly any solution state, we expect MOHCA to be a powerful tool for illuminating the many functional structures of large RNA molecules and RNA/protein complexes.
Development of gender differences in depression: description and possible explanations

This article reviews the description and possible explanations for the development of gender differences in depression in children and adolescents. The emerging gender difference (more girls depres...
Stroke in 2015: Acute endovascular recanalization therapy comes of age.

The past year has seen practice-changing findings in stroke research. Strong evidence now supports endovascular thrombectomy as the new gold standard of care in acute ischaemic stroke, and a pragmatic trial raised concerns over early intensive mobilization after stroke. Moreover, new insights were gained into the trajectory of stroke-associated cognitive decline.
Tautologías bélicas: Los cuatro jinetes del Apocalipsis cabalgan hacia el Génesis

o e imaginario que permanece estatico al margen del huracan de la historia, ocupado en mantener Vanderbilt e-Journal of Luso-Hispanic Studies 253 un ritmo naturalizado a traves de la concordancia entre naturaleza y ser humano, ara, sin embargo, un campo de batalla en el que previamente se han sembrado semillas de muerte, aquellos “proyectiles hundidos en el suelo sin estallar” (437); de igual modo, el labriego debe adaptar las lineas de sus surcos “unicamente al llegar junto a una tumba visible” (437) para respetar el descanso de los muertos; y, finalmente, termina recogiendo y literalmente alimentandose de la muerte: “Las semillas, como pulpos en gestacion, se preparaban a extender los tentaculos de sus raices hasta los craneos que pocos meses antes contenian gloriosas esperanzas o monstruosas ambiciones” (437). De este modo, el principio se convierte, una vez mas, en final, la muerte en vida, la regeneracion surge de la decadencia y el epilogo se transforma en prologo. Este movimiento circular, mitico, antihistorico y vertiginosamente inmovil no es mas que el eterno movimiento del origen producido por la tautologia. No es mas que la inacabable busqueda por la causa original de la guerra: es un Apocalipsis que deviene en Genesis. Sin embargo, Blasco no se engana ya que la revelacion ha sido explicita para sus lectores paginas mas atras al identificar al guadanero que se beneficiara de la siguiente cosecha: “La siega de la muerte no habia sido por gavillas: todo un campo quedaba liso con solo un golpe de hoz” (354).28
Willing the Property of Gender: A Feminist Autoethnography of Inheritance in Montenegro

ABSTRACTThis essay is an account of my time in Montenegro, focusing on the gendered aspects of communication of and about property and property inheritance. I reflexively examine my own experiences as contextualized by a broader analysis of the status of Montenegrin women to create parallel personal and cultural narratives that critique the gendered politics of inheritance in Montenegro. I attempt to understand the effects of cultural discourses wherein my own body and those of other women are positioned as property, and property is patriline. Through my analysis I aim to inspire a feminist consciousness from which political alliances can be built to deconstruct the gendered effects of property under global neoliberal capitalism.
The importance of selective knowledge transfer for lifelong learning

As knowledge transfer research progresses from single transfer to lifelong learning scenarios, it becomes increasingly important to properly select the source knowledge that would best transfer to the target task. In this position paper, we describe our previous work on selective knowledge transfer and relate it to problems in lifelong learning. We also briefly discuss our ongoing work to develop lifelong learning methods capable of continual transfer between tasks and the incorporation of guidance from an expert human user.
The prognostic significance of CD45 expression by clonal bone marrow plasma cells in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma

Evaluation of clonal plasma cells (PCs) in the bone marrow (BM) of multiple myeloma (MM) patients reveals two distinct clonal PC populations based on the presence or absence of CD45 expression. We explored the prognostic significance of CD45 expression by clonal PCs in the BM of MM patients in the era of novel agent therapy. All 156 MM patients seen at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester from 2009 to 2011 who had their BM evaluated by multiparametric flow cytometry were included. Patients whose BM had ≥20% of the clonal PCs expressing CD45 were classified as CD45 positive (+) and the rest as CD45 negative (-). Of these patients, the median overall survival (OS) for patients in the CD45 (+) group (n=43, 28%) was 38 months versus not reached for the CD45 (-) group (n=113, 72%) (P=0.009). In a multivariable analysis, CD45 (+) status was an independent predictor of inferior OS among newly diagnosed patients with MM. CD45 expression may be a surrogate for a more aggressive phenotype of MM and warrants further investigation.
Imaging approach to measuring small bowel motility.

the article by carolina malagelada and colleagues in Barcelona entitled “Classification of functional bowel disorders by objective physiological criteria based on endoluminal image analysis” represents an important advance in the measurement of small intestinal motor functions ([5][1]). This
Pervaporation-assisted catalytic conversion of xylose to furfural

Furfural produced from the biomass-derived xylose may serve as a platform molecule for sustainable fuel production. The Bronsted acid-catalyzed dehydration of xylose to furfural is plagued by side reactions that form a set of soluble and insoluble degradation products, collectively known as humins, which reduce the yield of furfural. The formation of humins can be minimized by removal of furfural, either by steam stripping or by liquid–liquid extraction (LLE). However, both these techniques are very costly. The goal of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of using pervaporation, a membrane process, to remove furfural as it is produced. A laboratory-scale reactor/membrane system was designed, built, and tested for this purpose and its performance for furfural production was compared with that achieved by carrying out the reaction with and without furfural extraction by LLE. Furfural production assisted by pervaporation (with a commercially available membrane or a triblock copolymer membrane) or LLE produced comparable amounts of furfural, and more than could be achieved by reaction without extraction. A model of the reaction kinetics and the rate of furfural extraction was fit to the pervaporation- and LLE-assisted furfural production data and was used to predict the performances of these processes at near-complete xylose conversion. Pervaporation is shown to have two advantages over LLE: pervaporation extracts a greater fraction of the furfural produced and the furfural concentration in the permeate phase is significantly higher than that present in the extractant phase obtained by LLE. It is noted that further improvement in the separation of furfural from the aqueous phase where it is produced can be achieved by using a more-permeable, thinner pervaporation membrane of larger area, and by operating the membrane at the reaction temperature.
The Role of KISS1 in Melanoma Metastasis Suppression

Among neoplasms, the severity and relevance of metastasis is perhaps most striking in the case of melanoma where surgical resection would conduce cure if not for the subsequent complications of distant metastatic foci. Compounding this notion are statistics revealing that the number of cases of malignant melanoma have doubled each of the last four decades (1) and autopsies of patients presenting with melanoma reveal lung invasion in approximately ninety percent of cases (2). Thus, a clear understanding of the mechanisms governing melanoma metastasis and the role of metastasis suppressor genes in controlling this cascade is essential. The KiSS1 metastasis suppressor gene, identified and functional in melanoma models, provides us with just such an opportunity. As we endeavor to elucidate the role of KiSS1, an understanding of melanomametastasis suppression mediated by chromosome 6, which provided the platform for the discovery of KiSS1, similarly proffers important clues to understanding the mechanism of KiSS1 metastasis suppression.
Calcium buffer injections inhibit cytokinesis in Xenopus eggs

A slow cortical wave of high calcium accompanies the elongation of cleavage furrows in medaka fish eggs as well as in Xenopus eggs. We explored the role of such waves by injecting calcium buffers into Xenopus eggs at various times before and during first and second cleavage. Injection earlier than about 15 minutes before first cleavage normally starts delays it for hours. Injection between about 15 minutes and a few minutes before cleavage normally starts allows a (short) furrow to form on time but usually yields an eccentric one. This forms away from the injection side, often as far off-center as the egg's equator, and then regresses. Injection soon after it starts quickly arrests elongation of the furrow and eventually induces its regression; while injection a bit later likewise soon arrests elongation but allows delocalized furrow deepening to continue. The dependence of these inhibitory actions upon the dissociation constants and final cytosolic concentrations of the injected buffers indicates that they act as shuttle buffers to suppress needed zones of high calcium in the micromolar range. We conclude that the high calcium that is found within these furrows is needed to induce them, to extend them and even to maintain them. Moreover, while short, eccentric furrows often form as far off center as the equator, they somehow always form along a meridian through the animal pole. This seems difficult to explain by the orthodox, diastral model. Rather, it suggests that the cleavage furrows in Xenopus--and perhaps in animal cells quite generally--are directly induced by a diastema or telophase disc rather than by the asters.
18. – PHARMACOLOGICAL HETEROGENEITY OF NARCOTIC RECEPTORS

The nature of opioid receptors has intrigued many investigators because a stereoisomeric requirement is coupled with an ability of structurally-related antagonists to inhibit virtually all the pharmacological actions of the opioids. Recent observations (1-3) using fragments of nerve endings or synaptosomes show low-saturability, high-affinity and stereo-specific binding of radiolabelled narcotics or their antagonists. Demonstration of opiate binding material is considered evidence for the existence of an opiate receptor since none of a wide variety of non-opiate drugs, in low concentrations, were bound by receptor substances.
Roles for regulators in electric Vehicle‐Grid Integration

California’s principal energy agencies are currently establishing the policy and regulatory foundations for the widespread transformation of the transportation sector to one that is powered by decarbonized electricity. Executive orders and legislation established the basic frameworks needed to deploy vehicle technologies that serve the complementary goals to reduce transportation-related criteria air pollution in nonattainment air quality districts 80 % from current levels by 2030 and greenhouse gas emissions statewide 80 % below 1990 levels by 2050. In support of the California Air Resources Board (CARB) and California Energy Commission (CEC), the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) develops utility policies in four broad program categories, consistent with milestones set forth in orders and law:
Nostalgia and Phenomenon: Husserl and Patočka on the End of the Ancient Cosmos

This essay argues that Jan Patocka ’s ‘Galileo Galilei and the End of the Ancient Cosmos’ goes beyond Husserl ’s fragmentary account of Galileo in The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology to present an account of the a priori eidetic structure of the foundation of a strand of the modern, scientific mathematisation of nature that is informed by actual history. In conjunction with this, Patocka adumbrates the eidetic structure of the concomitant limits on human meaning imposed by this historically dated conceptual foundation, insofar as the human being becomes a part of the mechanised world that Galileo’s accomplishment makes possible.
Habitat III is the citizens' conference of the United Nations

More than half of the world’s population today lives in cities. By 2050, the world’s urban population is expected to nearly double, making urbanization one of the twenty-first century’s most transformative trends. While cities have gone through massive transformations that have resulted in unprecedented economic growth and prosperity, we need to rethink the way we live in and manage cities to ensure a sustainable future for all.
The Aldo-Keto Reductase Superfamily

Aldo-Keto Reductases (AKRs) are a gene superfamily whose members catalyze the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) reduced dependent interconversion of aldehydes and ketones with primary and secondary alcohols. AKRs by functionalizing carbonyl groups for subsequent conjugation reactions are considered Phase I enzymes. There are 15 human AKR isoforms which are pluripotent. Endogenous substrates include sugar aldehydes, lipid aldehydes, prostaglandins, and steroid hormones. Xenobiotic substrates include carbonyl containing drugs and carcinogen metabolites (polycyclic aromatic trans -dihydrodiols, nicotine derived nitrosamino-ketones, and aflatoxin dialdehyde); and they have been implicated in cancer chemotherapeutic drug resistance. Human isoforms are regulated by primordial signals (osmotic, electrophilic, and oxidative stress) so that a counterresponse to the stressor may ensue. Many contain an Anti-oxidant Response Element in their gene promoters suggesting that cancer chemopreventive strategies that target this element could also affect endogenous and exogenous substrate utilization.
Modification of feeding circuits in the evolution of social behavior

Adaptive trade-offs between foraging and social behavior intuitively explain many aspects of individual decision-making. Given the intimate connection between social behavior and feeding/foraging at the behavioral level, we propose that social behaviors are linked to foraging on a mechanistic level, and that modifications of feeding circuits are crucial in the evolution of complex social behaviors. In this Review, we first highlight the overlap between mechanisms underlying foraging and parental care and then expand this argument to consider the manipulation of feeding-related pathways in the evolution of other complex social behaviors. We include examples from diverse taxa to highlight that the independent evolution of complex social behaviors is a variation on the theme of feeding circuit modification.
Ch-Ch-Ch-changes: How Action Phase Functional Leadership, Team Human Capital, and Interim vs. Permanent Leader Status Impact Post-transition Team Performance

This study addresses the following: (1) does a team leader change along with the quality of the team’s human capital affect post-change team performance?; (2) is functional leadership of the team’s human capital a driver of post-change team performance?; and (3) should interim vs. permanent leaders manage the team’s human capital differently? We analyzed archival data from Major League Baseball teams who had undergone an in-season manager change (N = 129). Team performance improved after a leader change, and the quality of the team’s strategic and non-strategic core human capital were positively related to post-change performance. New leaders who engaged in more active functional leadership of the strategic core human capital enhanced the positive effects of human capital quality. Additionally, active functional leadership enhanced the positive effects of strategic core human capital for interim replacement leaders, but not for permanent replacement leaders. This study extends theory and practice on the importance of functional team leadership and human capital following a leader transition. As such, our results provide actionable knowledge for organizations and managers who are part of leadership transitions. This empirical study leverages a unique sample to provide insights into the implications of team leader transitions. The results of this study shed light on the impact that leader transitions which involve “interim” and “permanent” replacements may have on post-transition team performance and how these different types of leaders should leverage the inherent human capital that exists within the team.
Squark mass determination at the next generation of linear $e^{+} e^{-}$ colliders

Current mass limits allow the possibility that squarks may be produced in large numbers at the next generation of linear ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ colliders. In this paper we investigate the prospects for precision studies of squark masses at such colliders. We assume that squarks are lighter than gluinos, and discuss both direct and cascade decay scenarios. By exploiting the clean environment and polarizable beams of linear ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ colliders, we find that squark mass determinations at the level of a few GeV are possible in a large part of the parameter space.
A Bayesian Approach-Based Outage Prediction in Electric Utility Systems Using Radar Measurement Data

Severe weather events such as strong thunderstorms are some of the most significant and frequent threats to the electrical grid infrastructure. Outages resulting from storms can be very costly. While some tools are available to utilities to predict storm occurrences and damage, they are typically very crude and provide little means of facilitating restoration efforts. This paper developed a methodology to use historical high-resolution (both temporal and spatial) radar observations of storm characteristics and outage information to develop weather condition dependent failure rate models for different grid components. Such models can provide an estimation or prediction of the outage numbers in small areas of a utility’s service territory once the real-time measurement or forecasted data of weather conditions become available as the input to the models. Considering the potential value provided by real-time outages reported, a Bayesian outage prediction algorithm is proposed to account for both strength and uncertainties of the reported outages and failure rate models. The potential benefit of this outage prediction scheme is illustrated in this paper.
Applications of light olefin oligomerization to the production of fuels and chemicals

Abstract The oligomerization of the light olefins ethene, propene, and butenes into fuels and chemicals has been investigated and commercially practiced for many years. While the area appears on the surface to be mature, many advances have been made in recent years. In this feature article, I discuss the mechanisms of reaction and showcase catalysts and processes useful for oligomerization from both the open and patent literature. Commercially practiced processes are spotlighted. Among the catalysts utilized in the art are acidic catalysts such as solid phosphoric acid and zeolites, as well as metal based catalysts including aluminum alkyls, and nickel and zirconium based complexes and solids. A short section on catalysts and processes which utilize a metallacycle mechanism in order to achieve high selectivity to 1-hexene or 1-octene is followed by a discussion of multi-functional materials possessing both acid and metal active sites. Finally, processes where oligomerization is a key step in a multi-step or multi-reaction process are discussed.
Fault geometry and earthquake mechanics

Earthquake mechanics may be determined by the geometry of a fault system. Slip on a fractal branching fault surface can explain: 1) regeneration of stress irregularities in an earthquake; 2) the concentration of stress drop in an earthquake into asperities; 3) starting and stopping of earthquake slip at fault junctions, and 4) self-similar scaling of earthquakes. Slip at fault junctions provides a natural realization of barrier and asperity models without appealing to variations of fault strength. Fault systems are observed to have a branching fractal structure, and slip may occur at many fault junctions in an earthquake. Consider the mechanics of slip at one fault junction. In order to avoid a stress singularity of order 1/r, an intersection of faults must be a triple junction and the Burgers vectors on the three fault segments at the junction must sum to zero. In other words, to lowest order the deformation consists of rigid block displacement, which ensures that the local stress due to the dislocations is zero. The elastic dislocation solution, however, ignores the fact that the configuration of the blocks changes at the scale of the displacement. A volume change occurs at the junction; either a void opens or intense local deformation is required to avoid material overlap. The volume change is proportional to the product of the slip increment and the total slip since the formation of the junction. Energy absorbed at the junction, equal to confining pressure times the volume change, is not large enongh to prevent slip at a new junction. The ratio of energy absorbed at a new junction to elastic energy released in an earthquake is no larger than P/µ where P is confining pressure and µ is the shear modulus. At a depth of 10 km this dimensionless ratio has th value P/µ= 0.01. As slip accumulates at a fault junction in a number of earthquakes, the fault segments are displaced such that they no longer meet at a single point. For this reason the volume increment for a given slip increment becomes larger. A juction with past accumulated slip ??0 is a strong barrier to earthquakes with maximum slip um < 2 (P/µ) u0 = u0/50. As slip continues to occur elsewhere in the fault system, a stress concentration will grow at the old junction. A fresh fracture may occur in the stress concentration, establishing a new triple junction, and allowing continuity of slip in the fault system. The fresh fracture could provide the instability needed to explain earthquakes. Perhaps a small fraction (on the order of P/µ) of the surface that slips in any earthquake is fresh fracture. Stress drop occurs only on this small fraction of the rupture surface, the asperities. Strain change in the asperities is on the order of P/µ. Therefore this model predicts average strais change in an earthquake to be on the order of (P/µ)2 = 0.0001, as is observed.
The Digital Humanities Summer Scholarship: A model for library-led undergraduate digital scholarship

The article offers a model for library-centered undergraduate engagement with digital scholarship based on two years of successful implementation at Lafayette College. Librarians designed a competi...
Binding and electrophilic activation of ethylene by zinc(II), cadmium(II), and mercury(II) complexes: A theoretical investigation

Abstract Density functional theory has been used to investigate binding and activation of ethylene by the group 12 metal ions Zn 2+ , Cd 2+ , and Hg 2+ in a series of [M(L)( η 2 –C 2 H 4 )] n+ complexes (where L = 2,2′ - bipyridine, N,N,N′,N′–tetramethylethylenediamine, tris(3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazolyl)methane, 1,4,7-trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane, hyrdotris(3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazolyl)borate, the bis(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-substituted β -diketiminate, and the iminophosphanamide ( t Bu) 2 P(NSiMe 3 ) 2 ). Structural and vibrational analyses predict an activated ethylene C=C bond in all complexes, with activation maximized by the use of neutral bidentate ligands and the Hg 2+ ion. Bond energy decomposition analysis (EDA-NOCV) shows that [M(L)] n+ –ethylene interaction energies are favorable for all complexes studied, and even more favorable than those for many of the analogous and experimentally-isolated [Cu(L)( η 2 –C 2 H 4 )] n+ complexes. Electrostatic and orbital stabilization provide roughly equal contributions to the metal–ethylene bond, while both EDA-NOCV and natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis indicate that ethylene( π )→[M(L)] n+ electron donation and orbital stabilization dominates Dewar-Chatt-Duncanson bonding in these complexes, yielding a significant positive charge on the ethylene moiety. Molecular orbital analysis confirms these findings and indicates that the electrophilic reactivity of the metal-bound ethylene moiety would be further enhanced due to substantial stabilization of the alkene π *- and π -orbitals. Finally, addition of ammonia to the bound ethylene moiety to form the metal–ammonioalkyl species is generally predicted to be thermodynamically favorable, with less bulky, neutral ligands enhancing the favorability of the reaction and yielding a lower activation barrier.
Design-based variability in simulating single event transients

Accurate analysis of single event transients requires benchmarks that incorporate physical design of circuits to capture charge sharing effects. This paper provides case studies to show how design variability impacts single event transient simulations.
Assessing truncal obesity in predicting cardiometabolic risk in children: clinical measures versus dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.

AIM The objectives of this study were to 1) compare the accuracy of waist:hip ratio (WHR) and waist:height ratio (WHtR) by determining their association with reference-standard measures derived from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and 2) assess the relationship of DXA, WHR and WHtR to measures of dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and inflammation in children. METHODS Subjects aged four to 21 were prospectively recruited. Truncal obesity by DXA was defined as the trunk fat:height ratio and trunk fat:nontrunk fat ratio. Three hundred and eight subjects were studied, and 246 (80%) were obese. RESULTS There was a strong correlation between WHtR and trunk fat:height (r = 0.84, p < 0.01). DXA measures of truncal obesity had stronger correlations with measures of cardiometabolic risk than WHR and WHtR. Upon multivariable regression, only WHtR had independent associations with cholesterol/HDL, HOMA-IR and high-sensitivity c-reactive protein. CONCLUSION WHtR is an accurate measure of truncal obesity. WHtR showed stronger associations with measures of insulin resistance and truncal obesity than WHR.
Growing the High School CS Teacher Workforce: Predictors of Success in Achieving CS Certification (Abstract Only)

With the goal of better understanding how to increase the computer science (CS) teacher workforce, this study examined the factors that predict eventual success in achieving teacher certification in CS. Participants (N = 500) were teachers who were certified in other subject areas and who expressed an interest in becoming certified to teach computer science in Texas. Results showed that teachers were more likely to become certified in CS if they already held a certification in another STEM field or if they had some prior knowledge in CS. The extent to which teachers participated in an online professional development course predicted certification success after controlling for prior CS knowledge and other factors whereas the number of hours spent in face-to-face CS professional development did not. These findings have important implications for policy makers and professional development providers who make investments of time and money to grow CS teacher capacity and increase student access to computer science education at the high school level.
FIFS: a framework for implementing user-mode file systems in windows NT

This paper presents FIFS, a framework that facilitates file system research under Windows NT. FIFS addresses the high cost of file system development under Windows NT by providing a simple user-mode development environment. The environment is a Common Internet File System (CIFS) loopback server that seamlessly integrates with NT's Installable File System (IFS) architecture via the CIFS client included in the operating system. As such, it can provide full NT remote file system semantics. Initial performance measurements of the prototype FIFS implementation show FIFS capable of achieving good performance. Our prototype non-caching user-mode NFS implementation performs at about 70% the speed of a commercial non-caching kernel-mode NFS implementation.
Tauopathies: Classification, Clinical Features, and Genetics

Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the deposition of biochemically abnormal proteins. One such protein is the microtubule-associated protein tau. Neurodegenerative diseases, in which tau is the major, or predominant, deposited protein, are termed tauopathies. Many tauopathies are associated with movement disorders as part of the presenting syndromes. The most common tauopathies associated with movement disorders are progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, and frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17. Less common tauopathies include postencephalic parkinsonism and globular glial tauopathy. All five tauopathies are associated with indistinct clinical syndromes that may have overlapping symptoms. However, some syndromes are more likely to be associated with certain tauopathies. Imaging patterns of abnormalities and genetic aberrations have been described for each of the tauopathies. This chapter focuses on the classification, clinical, and genetic features of these five tauopathies.
Put Me in the Game Coach! Resident Participation in High-risk Surgery in the Era of Big Data.

Abstract Background With the emphasis on quality metrics guiding reimbursement, concerns have emerged regarding resident participation in patient care. This study aimed to evaluate whether resident participation in high-risk elective general surgery procedures is safe. Materials and methods The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database (2005-2012) was used to identify patients undergoing one of five high-risk general surgery procedures. Resident and nonresident groups were created using a 2:1 propensity score match. Postoperative outcomes were calculated using univariate statistics and multivariable logistic regression for the two groups. Predictors of mortality and morbidity were identified using machine learning in the form of decision trees. Results Twenty-five thousand three hundred sixty three patients met our inclusion criteria. Following matching, each group contained 500 patients and was comparable for matched characteristics. Thirty-day mortality was similar between the groups (2.4% versus 2.6%; P = 0.839). Deep surgical site infection (0% versus 1.6%; P = 0.005), urinary tract infection (5% versus 2.5%; P = 0.029), and operative time (275.6 min versus 250 min; P = 0.0064) were significantly higher with resident participation. Resident participation was not predictive of mortality or complications, while age, American society of anesthesiologists class, and functional status were leading predictors of both. Conclusions Despite growing time constraints and pressure to perform, surgical resident participation remains safe. Residents should be given active roles in the operating room, even in the most challenging cases.
The Effect of California's Paid Family Leave Program on Employment Among Middle-Aged Female Caregivers.

Background and objectives This study examined the effect of a Paid Family Leave program in California (CA-PFL) on employment among middle-aged female caregivers. We also examined differences in the relationship between the availability of paid family leave (PFL) and employment in socioeconomic subgroups of midlife women. Research design and methods Data came from multiple years (2000‒2014) of the Current Population Survey (CPS) (N = 68,773 individuals). Applying a Difference in Differences (DiD) approach to removing potential selection biases related to program participation, we used a logistic regression to estimate the effects of PFL. Results There was a significant increase in the likelihood of working based on CA-PFL. This positive effect, however, was found only among the early middle-aged, the near-poor, and those had the highest level of education. Discussion and implications Among the late middle-aged, caregiving burden may not affect decisions on whether to exit the labor market, and PFL may not significantly mitigate the well-known negative effects of intense and multiple caregiving roles (parents, spouse, and/or children with disabilities). Future studies should examine PFL effects and their correlates such as age-cohorts, caregiving intensity, and retirement patterns. The unexpected null findings of CA-PFL's effect on employment outcomes for the poor and those with low education levels suggests these vulnerable groups might not be able to fully benefit from the originally intended goal of the policy, instead being left more vulnerable compared to the near poor. Such a possibility increases the importance of focused research and policymaking attention for this group.
Neonatal alcohol exposure augments voluntary ethanol intake in the absence of potentiated anxiety-like behavior induced by chronic intermittent ethanol vapor exposure.

Abstract Individuals fetally exposed to alcohol have a disproportionate risk for developing lifetime alcohol dependence, an association that may be confounded by the presence of comorbid conditions, such as anxiety. Anxiety is also observed following fetal alcohol exposure and is known to exacerbate ethanol consumption, highlighting the utility of animal models to assess this relationship. The present study evaluated the impact of third-trimester equivalent ethanol exposure on ethanol consumption and anxiety-like, marble burying behavior in adult, male C57BL/6 mice following exposure to chronic intermittent ethanol vapor, proposed to model dependence. Neonatal mice (P5–6, 2.5–3.0 g) were administered one injection of saline or ethanol (2.5 g/kg, subcutaneously [s.c.]). Pre-vapor marble burying and limited-access two-bottle choice ethanol intake (15% v/v, 2 h) were comparable in adults (8 weeks of age) across neonatal treatment groups. Five consecutive drinking sessions were repeated 72 h after each weekly ethanol vapor exposure procedure for a total of five vapor/drinking cycles. Consistent with prior research, an increase in voluntary ethanol drinking was observed in vapor-exposed, neonatal saline-treated mice throughout the study starting after the second vapor cycle compared to both air-exposed control groups. In neonatal ethanol-treated mice, this increase in ethanol intake and preference following vapor exposure was accelerated, being observed after the first vapor cycle, and observed at an augmented level compared to vapor-exposed, neonatal saline-treated mice and air controls for both neonatal conditions. Conversely, marble burying was enhanced equivalently in vapor-exposed mice from either neonatal treatment group relative to their respective air-exposed controls. These data recapitulate clinical observations of enhanced sensitivity for alcohol dependence following developmental alcohol exposure, which may reflect enhanced motivational drive rather than potentiated negative affect. The present model will facilitate the future exploration of mechanisms that underlie increased risk for alcohol use after early developmental exposure.
Ethnic-Racial Identity Development in Adolescents and Young Adults

This chapter seeks to bridge the gap between the research on ethnic-racial identity development and clinical practice by demonstrating how ethnic-racial identity development may be a salient aspect of individual patient care. We present a general theoretical definition of ethnic-racial identity along with examples of how ethnic-racial identity may be relevant in clinical settings. We highlight the impact of ethnic-racial identity on the adjustment and well-being of adolescents and young adults. We also present an overview of interventions that putatively promote ethnic-racial development. We conclude by providing recommendations on how to best integrate ethnic-racial identity considerations in clinical settings.
Comparison of intravenous and oral definitive antibiotic regimens in hospitalised patients with Gram-negative bacteraemia from a urinary tract infection.

Abstract Objectives Transitioning patients from intravenous (IV) to oral antibiotic therapy has been shown to be a successful approach for several infections. However, minimal data exist evaluating outcomes following transition from to oral antibiotics for patients with bacteraemia secondary to a urinary tract infection (UTI). This study compared treatment failures between patients treated exclusively with IV antibiotics and those transitioned from IV to oral antibiotics for bacteraemia secondary to UTI. Methods This single-centre, retrospective cohort study included hospitalised, non-critically ill adult patients treated with culture-susceptible antibiotic therapy for 7–21 days. Patients were divided into two cohorts based on the route of definitive antibiotic administration. Treatment failure was a composite outcome of death and recurrence of the index micro-organism within 21 days following negative blood cultures. Results and discussion Among the 346 patients enrolled, 82 (23.7%) were in the IV cohort and 264 (76.3%) were in the IV-to-oral cohort. A total of six treatment failures occurred; 2 (2.4%) in the IV cohort and 4 (1.5%) in the oral transition cohort (hazard ratio = 0.62, 95% confidence interval 0.11–3.39; P = 0.58). All failures were due to recurrence of the index organism. Secondary outcomes demonstrated a significantly higher rate of IV line-associated complications in the IV cohort (P = 0.03) and a favourable hospital length of stay in the oral cohort (P
Patterns of concurrent substance use among adolescent nonmedical ADHD stimulant users.

Abstract Objectives There are growing concerns about nonmedical use of ADHD stimulants among adolescents; yet, little is known whether there exist heterogeneous subgroups among adolescents with nonmedical ADHD stimulant use according to their concurrent substance use. Methods We used latent class analysis (LCA) to examine patterns of past-year problematic substance use (meeting any criteria for abuse or dependence) in a sample of 2203 adolescent participants from the National Surveys on Drug Use and Health 2006–2011 who reported past-year nonmedical use of ADHD stimulants. Multivariable latent regression was used to assess the association of socio-demographic characteristics, mental health and behavioral problems with the latent classes. Results The model fit indices favored a four-class model, including a large class with frequent concurrent use of alcohol and marijuana ( Alcohol/marijuana class; 41.2%), a second large class with infrequent use of other substances ( Low substance class, 36.3%), a third class characterized by more frequent misuse of prescription drugs as well as other substances ( Prescription drug + class; 14.8%), and finally a class characterized by problematic use of multiple substances ( Multiple substance class; 7.7%). Compared with individuals in Low substance class, those in the other three classes were all more likely to report mental health problems, deviant behaviors and substance abuse service use. Conclusions Adolescent nonmedical ADHD stimulants users are a heterogeneous group with distinct classes with regard to concurrent substance use, mental health and behavioral problems. The findings have implications for planning of tailored prevention and treatment programs to curb stimulant use for this age group.
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Promotes the Survival of Human T Lymphoma Cells through Its Regulation of Cellular Metabolism.

Abstract Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma is a metabolic regulator involved in maintaining glucose and fatty acid homeostasis. Besides its metabolic functions, the receptor has also been implicated in tumorigenesis. Ligands of PPAR gamma have been found to induce apoptosis in a variety of tumor cell lines including lymphomas. However, apoptosis induction may not depend on the receptor since high doses of PPAR gamma agonists are required for this process. Using cells containing or lacking PPAR gamma, we reported previously that PPAR gamma attenuates apoptosis induced by growth factor withdrawal in a murine lymphocytic cell line via a receptor dependent mechanism. PPAR gamma exerts this effect by enhancing ability of cells to maintain their mitochondrial membrane potential during growth factor deprivation. In the current study, we demonstrate that PPAR gamma is expressed in human primary T lymphoma tissues and activation of PPAR gamma protects cells from serum starvation-induced apoptosis in human T lymphoma cell lines. Further, we show that the survival effect of PPAR gamma is mediated through its actions on cellular metabolic activities. In serum-deprived cells, PPAR gamma attenuates the decline in cellular ATP and suppresses accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in favor of cell survival. Moreover, PPAR gamma regulates ROS through its coordinated transcriptional control of proteins and enzymes involved in ROS production and scavenge. Introduction of PPAR gamma into a PPAR gamma-null T lymphoma cell line leads to increased cell survival. Meanwhile, knocking down the receptor in a PPAR gamma-positive lymphoma cell line reduces cell survival rate. Our studies identify cell survival promotion as a novel activity of PPAR gamma and suggest that high expression of PPAR gamma in lymphoma cells confers on them a survival advantage that renders cells resistant to growth factor and nutrient deprivation. These findings highlight the need for further investigation into the role of PPAR gamma in lymphoma and other types of cancer prior to widespread use of its agonists as anticancer therapeutics.
Sensitivity Analysis of the Groundwater Risk Index in the Middle East and North Africa Region

Composite indicators are popular tools for assessing and comparing multidimensional phenomena in different countries. This paper tests the methodology of the Groundwater Risk Index (GRI), a water vulnerability composite index developed to evaluate groundwater depletion in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region (Lezzaik et al. 2018). A sensitivity analysis using a one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) approach is used to determine the impact of alternate methodological choices on country-level GRI scores and ranks. The analysis focuses on the GRI sensitivity to: (1) the selection of constituent indicators; (2) the choice of normalization scheme; and (3) the choice of aggregation method. Results show that the GRI scores are not impacted by the selection of indicators and the choice of alternative normalization schemes. Conversely, the GRI was sensitive to arithmetic and multiplicative aggregation methods. High-income, oil-rich gulf countries exhibited decreases in rankings due to an imbalance between water resource allocations and adaptive capacity parameters, whereas countries with balanced conditions exhibited increases in the GRI rankings. The sensitivity analysis provides useful insights into the development of GRI for end-users to assess the effects of groundwater vulnerability against potential changes or stressors in semi-arid to hyper-arid regions.
Design, synthesis and scheduling of multipurpose batch plants via an effective continuous-time formulation

Abstract Design, synthesis and scheduling issues are considered simultaneously for multipurpose batch plants. An earlier proposed continuous-time formulation for scheduling is extended to incorporate design and synthesis. Processing recipes are represented by the State-Task Network (STN). The superstructure of all possible plant designs is constructed according to the potential availability of all processing/storage units. The proposed model takes into account the trade-offs between capital costs, revenues and operational flexibility. Computational studies are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed formulation. Both linear and nonlinear models are included, resulting in MILP and mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problems, respectively. The MILP problems are solved using a branch and bound method. Globally optimal solutions are obtained for the nonconvex MINLP problems based on a key property that arises due to the special structure of the resulting models. Comparisons with earlier approaches are also presented.
Comparison of Microencapsulation Processes for Controlled Release of Drugs and Chemicals

Microencapsulation is but one of many methods of obtaining controlled release of drugs and chemicals. However, when microencapsulation processes are being considered for a particular use, it is difficult to gain enough perspective on them to decide which ones to study in detail. This is partly due to the fact that each technique has been developed by a different company and much of the processing information is proprietary know-how. In this paper, the major methods will be summarized and their advantages and disadvantages discussed in sufficient detail to help in choosing among them.
A Retrospective Cohort Study of Optimal Contrast for Successful Intussusception Reduction: Institutional Practices Matter.

ABSTRACT Background The first-line treatment for intussusception is radiologic reduction with either air-contrast enema (AE) or liquid-contrast enema (LE). The purpose of this study was to explore relationships between self-reported institutional AE or LE intussusception reduction preferences and rates of operative intervention and bowel resection. Methods Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) hospitals were contacted to assess institutional enema practices for intussusception. A retrospective study using 2009-2018 PHIS data was conducted for patients aged 0-5 y to evaluate outcomes. Chi-squared tests were used to test for differences in the distribution of surgical patients by hospital management approach. Results Of the 45 hospitals, 20 (44%) exclusively used AE, 4 (9%) exclusively used LE, and 21 (46%) used a mixed practice. Of 24,688 patients identified from PHIS, 13,231 (54%) were at exclusive AE/LE hospitals and 11,457 (46%) were at mixed practice hospitals. Patients at AE/LE hospitals underwent operative procedures at lower rates than at mixed practice hospitals (14.8% versus 16.5%, P Conclusions Practice variation exists in hospital-level approaches to radiologic reduction of intussusception and mixed practices may impact outcomes.