cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Systematic Review of Ion Radiotherapy in Maintaining Local Control Regarding Atypical and Anaplastic Meningiomas.

Objective Atypical and anaplastic meningiomas, unlike their benign counterparts, are highly aggressive, locally destructive, and likely to recur after treatment. These diseases are difficult to definitively treat with traditional radiotherapy without injuring adjacent brain parenchyma. The physical properties of ion radiotherapy allows for treatment plans that avoid damaging critical neural structures. The objectives of this systematic review were to evaluate the use and efficacy of ion radiotherapy in the treatment of atypical and anaplastic meningiomas. Methods We performed a systematic review of the literature by querying the PubMed and Ovid databases to identify and examine literature addressing the efficacy of ion radiotherapy in maintaining long-term local tumor control for patients with atypical or anaplastic meningiomas. The outcome of interest was rate of local tumor control at 5 years after ion radiotherapy. Results Across the included studies, proton therapy delivered a mean local control rate of 59.62% after 5 years. Carbon ion radiotherapy studies showed local control rates of 95% and 63% at 2 years for grade II and III meningiomas, respectively. In contrast, carbon ion radiotherapy studies that failed to differentiate between atypical and anaplastic meningiomas produced a local control rate of 33% at 2 years. Conclusions Proton and carbon ion radiotherapy maintain comparable rates of local control to conventional photon therapy and allow for more targeted treatment plans that may limit excess radiation damage. Although additional prospective trials are needed, ion therapy represents a burgeoning field in the treatment of atypical and anaplastic meningiomas.
Cell Death and Autoimmune Disease

Abstract Programmed cell death is a complex biological process involving multiple signaling pathways. Autoimmunity can result from defects in the multiple stages of the process of apoptosis in immunocompetent cells, ranging from mutant death receptors and ligands to biochemical alterations in death-inducing signaling. Ineffective recognition and clearance of apoptotic cells leading to increased numbers of apoptotic and necrotic cells can also cause autoimmunity. In this chapter, we review the mechanisms of apoptosis and the means by which abnormalities in this process can lead to self-immunization and to the development of autoimmunity. The induction of autoimmunity by receptors that recognize the nucleic acids derived from dead and dying cells is a critical pathway in self-immunization, and the immune complexes containing apoptotic cells may amplify and perpetuate existing autoimmunity.
Education-Robotics Symbiosis: An Evaluation of Challenges and Proposed Recommendations

In the wake of technological innovation, integration between Robotics and Education is essential to promote the education and skill acquisition, which will lead to the training and development of the workforce of the future. This paper explores the two primary aspects related to Education and Robotics discussed in the relevant literature; one dealing with utilizing education of Robotics, primarily for Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM)-related courses, and the other discussing the usage of different robots in the broader context with the purpose of facilitating education and learning for students of all ages. At the same time, a model of Education-Robotics Symbiosis has also been highlighted, which discusses some of the critical components that can ensure that the vision of successful and sustainable Education-Robotics Symbiosis can be practically materialized at the various levels of the educational system. The proposed recommendations have implications for national-level policy-making in relation to STEM education, professional-level skill development as well as institutional-level Robotics education.
The Simon effect in bilingual language brokers: A role for emotion and proficiency:

Aims and objectives/purpose/research questions:Language brokering (LB) is an informal translation experience where bilinguals serve as linguistic and cultural intermediaries for family members. LB ...
Factors affecting mental health service use among university students following an episode of mass violence.

Author(s): Felix, Erika D; Janson, Melissa; Fly, Jason | Abstract: ObjectiveEpisodes of mass violence can increase mental health (MH) symptoms among survivors, possibly leading to increased MH service use. Within the context of an episode of mass violence that impacted a university community, we prospectively explore the predisposing (demographics, clinical levels of MH symptoms, victimization history, objective exposure, and social support), enabling (MH stigma, prior MH service use,), and need (MH symptoms, current social support) variables that influence posttragedy MH service use.MethodIn the original study, 593 students completed surveys at 2 time points during their first year of college. After the tragedy, students were invited to participate in a post event survey for a final sample of n = 142.ResultsA total of 14.3% of our sample accessed MH services post event. Results indicate that demographic factors were not related to MH service use. When examined jointly in a logistic regression, the final model suggests that prior MH service use and greater objective exposure were related to posttragedy MH service use. Other predisposing, enabling, and need factors were not associated with MH service use.ConclusionPrior experience with MH services may help survivors engage in services following a disaster. As disaster MH service models tend to target outreach to those with the greatest exposure, this may be why those survivors had greater MH service use. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in development.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first reported in late 2019 in China and is the causative agent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. To mitigate the effects of the virus on public health, the economy and society, a vaccine is urgently needed. Here I review the development of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Development was initiated when the genetic sequence of the virus became available in early January 2020, and has moved at an unprecedented speed: a phase I trial started in March 2020 and there are currently more than 180 vaccines at various stages of development. Data from phase I and phase II trials are already available for several vaccine candidates, and many have moved into phase III trials. The data available so far suggest that effective and safe vaccines might become available within months, rather than years. The development of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 is reviewed, including an overview of the development process, the different types of vaccine candidate, and data from animal studies as well as phase I and II clinical trials in humans.
Audit Firm Portfolio Management Decisions

We examine client acceptance and client continuance decisions of a large audit firm to provide empirical evidence on the extent and nature of risk avoidance that the firm uses to purposefully manage its client portfolio. Our results support several key new inferences regarding audit firm portfolio management decisions. First, the results show that this firm is shedding the riskier clients in its portfolio, consistent with the risk avoidance theory of audit firm portfolio management. Second, the results show that the firm's newly accepted clients are less risky than its continuing clients. Although results of both the client continuance and client acceptance decisions imply a less risky portfolio emerging over time, there are greater differences in risk between continuing and discontinued clients than between continuing and newly accepted clients. Third, we find that audit risk factors are more important in audit firm portfolio management decisions than are financial risk factors. Finally, we find no evidence that audit pricing affects the client acceptance and continuance decisions of this firm, controlling for risk and other client characteristics.
Recognition and Prediction of Surgical Actions Based on Online Robotic Tool Detection

Artificial intelligence (AI) has demonstrated superior performances in various fields, including computer vision and medical imaging. Further advancement in AI and medical imaging can effectively contribute to increasing the quality of service in both robotic and non-robotic surgical domains by providing enhanced medical perception and predictive assistance. In this regard, we propose a method for successfully recognizing the current surgical actions as well as predicting future surgical actions based on the robotic surgical scenes. We introduce an online robotic tool detection method that can extract visual features that focus on each robotic surgical tool without prior learning. Based on the features, we develop an encoder-decoder framework to recognize the current surgical action and predict the sequence of the next surgical actions to be performed. By performing experiments using the JHU-ISI Gesture and Skill Assessment Working Set (JIGSAWS) data, it is verified that the proposed method recognizes the current surgical action with high accuracy and effectively predicts a sequence of future surgical actions.
Computational protein modeling and the next viral pandemic.

Computational protein modeling rapidly advances structural knowledge of viral proteins, but methods for modeling protein complexes still need improvement.
'Another One Bites The Dust': Peer Effects and Motivation in High Level Performers

In this paper we investigate whether a corner assignment itself can change the odds of wins and losses. We gather information on fight statistics, bets, and fight purses for more than 4,000 fights that took place as part of Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) between 1993 and 2020. By generating a panel database of fighter rankings, we find that “underdog” fighters win at a higher rate if they are assigned to Red Corner on fights they should have been assigned to Blue Corner.
Teaching After Dark: Part-Time Evening Students and the First-Year Legal Research & Writing Classroom

This article is the first to examine the evening legal research and writing (LRW) classroom and to provide detailed guidance concerning LRW course design, pedagogy, and best practices for teaching part-time evening J.D. students. National interest in part-time legal education has grown in the past two years, as evidenced in 2009 by the first ever U.S. News & World Report ranking of part-time J.D. programs at accredited law schools. This recent attention has brought renewed interest in the structure of part-time evening programs and the best ways to educate these unique students so they receive the same rigorous training as their full-time peers. Historically, evening programs provided opportunities for people to attend law school who were barred from full-time day programs due to their gender, race, ethnicity, religion, or economic status. Today, evening programs continue to provide sometimes the only path to a legal career for those students whose financial or familial responsibilities prevent them from enrolling in law school full-time during the day. With all of this, however, there is a dearth of information regarding the best methods to teach the first-year LRW course, an intense experience for all students and one that can pose particular problems for “traditional” part-time students and their professors. In this article, Professors Tavares and Scalio discuss the evolution of part-time legal education in this country, describe who the part-time evening student is, and explain the advantages and disadvantages of attending law school in a part-time evening program. Based on their experiences teaching LRW to evening students, they provide suggestions for a more effective LRW learning environment for part-time evening students - both from a broader programmatic standpoint and from the more focused pedagogical classroom experience.
Einstein flow with matter sources: stability and convergence

Two recent articles \cite{ashtekar2015general, moncrief2019could} suggested an interesting dynamical mechanism within the framework of the vacuum Einstein flow (or Einstein-$\Lambda$ flow if a positive cosmological constant $\Lambda$ is included) which suggests that many closed (compact without boundary) manifolds that do not support homogeneous and isotropic metrics \textit{at all} will nevertheless evolve to be asymptotically compatible with the observed approximate homogeneity and isotropy of the physical universe. These studies however did not include matter sources. Therefore the aim of the present study is to include suitable matter sources and investigate whether one is able to draw a similar conclusion.
Not too deep: Privacy, resistance, and the incorporation of social media in background checks

In May 2016, the United States Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) issued “Security Executive Agent Directive 5” (SEAD-5) (U.S. ODNI, 2016) authorizing the collection, use, and retention of social media information for the personnel security clearance process (PSCP), a process put in place to screen applicants for eligibility for national security and public trust positions. The incorporation of social media was a watershed moment for this process as social media, and even information from the entire Internet, had not been allowed into the investigation process before. The integration was not without resistance to the implementation, though, and backstage concerns about privacy emerged in Congressional hearings. What is most interesting to note, however, is that the resistance was for the most part in support of privacy for the potential employees of whom were receiving the check and the government’s obligations for the information collection; however, there was little, if any, mention of deeper, possibly problematic privacy concerns for the social media platforms and their mediated connections that co-create a second, derivative type of content beyond the access of their users. This paper examines the hearing “Incorporating social media into federal background investigations” in response to the SEAD-5 to see what the U.S. Congress did and did not discuss at the hearing and explores potential explanations for the inclusions/omissions, ultimately answering how those in charge of policies could have overlook deeper privacy complexities, and evaluating what this can mean for government, privacy, and policy researchers.
Dissecting diffusion: Tracing the plurality of factors that shape knowledge diffusion

Abstract Knowledge diffusion drives both technical progress and economic growth. In this study, we present a unique comparative case study that examines the diffusion of two comparable, foundational biotechnology inventions – recombinant DNA (rDNA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Using a variety of metrics to trace knowledge diffusion, we find robust evidence that the diffusion of PCR significantly outperforms rDNA. Examining the historical record, we then consider how organizational origin, licensing strategy, complementary assets, industry stage, and early social networks play a role in shaping these processes. Ultimately, we show that reliance on a single diffusion metric or factor is insufficient in explaining knowledge diffusion. We argue for the exploration of multiple underlying factors in diffusion studies, and we highlight the utility of employing multiple complementary measures in diffusion research.
OSHA’s Regulations After 1976

In 1977 the Carter administration did not reappoint Dr. Morton Corn as Assistant Secretary of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health. In April, 1977, Eula Bingham was named to replace Corn. Like Corn, Bingham had a strong background in occupational health. She had served on the standards advisory committee for the coke oven emissions standard and had been a toxicologist at the University of Cincinnati. She quickly let it be known that she would prefer to err in favor of workers’ protection than in favor of industries’ compliance capabilities. Her top staff included Basil Whiting, who had worked on civil rights, community development, anti-poverty programs, and occupational safety and health for the Ford Foundation; Bertram Cottine, who had worked for Ralph Nader’s Health Research Group; Franklin Greer, who had worked for a public interest consulting firm; and Susan Nelson, Peggy Taylor, and Jeannie Warner, all of whom once worked for Senate and House committees overseeing OSHA.
Alkylation of an Essential Histidine Residue in Porcine Spleen Deoxyribonuclease

Abstract Preparations of porcine spleen deoxyribonuclease (DNase II) obtained by the ammonium sulfate precipitation procedure of Bernardi et al. (Bernardi, G., Bernardi, A., and Chersi, A. (1966) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 129, 1) can be purified by sequential chromatography over sulfoethyl-Sephadex and phosphocellulose at pH 4.6. The purified enzyme is homogeneous by the criteria of chromatography on carboxymethyl-Sephadex, gel electrophoresis at pH 3.8, and gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. The specific activity, molecular weight, and amino acid composition of the purified protein are close to the values obtained by Bernardi et al. (Bernardi, G., Apella, E., and Zito, R. (1965) Biochemistry 4, 1725) on DNase II purified by a different chromatographic procedure. Significant differences between the two protein preparations are found only in tryptophan content and extinction coefficient at 280 nm. DNase II can be inactivated completely by iodoacetate at pH 4.6. The neutral alkylating agent, iodoacetamide, is without effect. At 2 x 10-5 m iodoacetate, only 4 min are required for half-inactivation. This inactivation rate is sufficiently rapid to permit the titration of DNase II activity with molar equivalent of iodoacetate. Loss of enzyme activity with radioactively labeled iodoacetate parallels the incorporation of 1 carboxymethyl group per molecule. The inactivated protein can be separated from active enzyme by chromatography over phosphocellulose. Inactive enzyme obtained by chromatography has 1 residue of 3-carboxymethylhistidine as the sole product of iodoacetate reaction. This alkylation reaction probably occurs in the active site region, since the enzyme is protected completely from inactivation by iodoacetate when substrate DNA is present at a concentration of 0.5 mg per ml.
The role of innate stimulation of CD4 T cells in multiple infection models (INC7P.404)

Salmonella-specific CD4 T cells acquire the ability to produce IFN-γ in response to non-cognate innate stimuli. CD4-Cre/Myd88-floxed mice with CD4 T cells lacking the ability to generate non-cognate responses are more susceptible to Salmonella infection, demonstrating the importance of non-cognate stimulation in vivo. Treatment of Salmonella-infected mice with LPS caused increased production of IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-18, and IL-33 mRNA in the spleen and liver and significantly higher concentrations of IFN-γ and IL-18 were detected in the serum. These cytokines were responsible for inducing large non-cognate responses in Salmonella-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells. We are currently testing whether non-cognate activation of CD4 T cells can provide cross-protection in mouse models of Chlamydia, Listeria, and Plasmodium infection. Together these data suggest an unappreciated role for non-cognate T cell activation in response to bacterial infection.
Modeling jets in cross flow

Various approaches to the modeling of jets in cross flow are reviewed. These are grouped into four classes, namely: empirical models, integral models, perturbation models, and numerical models. Empirical models depend largely on the correlation of experimental data and are mostly useful for first-order estimates of global properties such as jet trajectory and velocity and temperature decay rates. Integral models are based on some ordinary-differential form of the conservation laws, but require substantial empirical calibration. They allow more details of the flow field to be obtained; simpler versions have to assume similarity of velocity and temperature profiles, but more sophisticated ones can actually calculate these profiles. Perturbation models require little empirical input, but the need for small parameters to ensure convergent expansions limits their application to either the near-field or the far-field. Therefore, they are mostly useful for the study of flow physics. Numerical models are based on conservation laws in partial-differential form. They require little empirical input and have the widest range of applicability. They also require the most computational resources. Although many qualitative and quantitative features of jets in cross flow have been predicted with numerical models, many issues affecting accuracy such as grid resolution and turbulence model are not completely resolved.
Model based scatter correction in three dimensions (positron emission tomography)

A method for approximating the mean of the distribution of scattered events in which only one of the two photons is scattered is presented. The technique uses emission images, transmission images, and the physics of Compton scatter to compute the estimate with a table-driven approach. Although implemented for use with scanners using interplane septa, the algorithm is three-dimensional in nature and can be easily extended for use with fully 3-D data. Preliminary phantom studies show good agreement between the estimated and experimental scatter distributions. >
Animal model studies of allelism: characterization of arylsulfatase B mutations in homoallelic and heteroallelic (genetic compound) homozygotes with feline mucopolysaccharidosis VI.

The identification of a second structural gene mutation at the feline arylsulfatase B locus (MPS VIb) provided the opportunity to investigate the expression of allelism by characterization of the residual enzymatic activity in feline mucopolysaccharidosis VI, an animal analogue of human Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome. Matings were designed to produce affected homozygotes who were homoallelic for the MPS VIa and MPS VIb mutations or heteroallelic genetic compounds ( MPS VIa/VIb). The physicokinetic and immunological properties of the partially purified residual hepatic arylsulfatase B isozymes from the affected homoallelic and heteroallelic cats were compared to those of the normal feline enzyme. The residual hepatic arylsulfatase B activities from the inbred MPS VIa and MPS VIb homozygotes were distinguished by differences in physicokinetic and immunological properties. The newly identified mutant isozyme b had abnormal kinetic properties toward artificial and natural substrates, normal cryo- and thermostabilities, a normal molecular weight and an altered electrophoretic mobility. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated that the mutant b subunits formed dimers with normal subunits in obligate heterozygotes (MPS VI+/b). In contrast, mutant isozyme a subunits from obligate MPS VI a/+ heterozygotes did not dimerize with the normal subunit, and the mutant and normal isozymes could be separated by anion exchange chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Characterization of the partially purified residual hepatic arylsulfatase B activity from the heteroallelic homozygotes revealed the presence of both mutant isozymes a and b. The demonstration of two allelic mutations in the feline arylsulfatase B gene documented the occurrence of genetic heterogeneity in feline mucopolysaccharidosis VI and permitted characterization of the enzymatic defect in homoallelic and heteroallelic (genetic compound) homozygotes, providing a model for the study of allelism in human genetic disorders.
Nonlinear Phenomena — Chaos

Chapters 1–6 have dealt with linear behavior, behavior that forms the core of traditional theoretical physics. The last two chapters, Chaps. 7, 8, give the reader a glimpse into an extension of the traditional, — the currently active field of nonlinear behavior. In this chapter two essays by distinguished physicists deal with order and chaos, essays complementary to the subject matter of Chap. 7, which revealed unexpected order and stabilities.
Energy costs for SPA use in San Diego county

Abstract We have studied energy use for heating circular spas, with diameters between 6 and 8 ft and a volume-to-surface area ratio of 10 gal/ft 2 , in San Diego County. Energy use and costs may be minimized by using spa covers which have cost-payback periods of 2–22 months; heaters should only be used to reheat spas prior to and during use; energy costs will be reduced by shortening use periods and lengthening intervals between spa uses. Quantitative estimates are given for several spa-use scenarios. The methodology employed in this analysis is generally applicable to the heating of water bodies.
C. NEAL TATE

C. Neal Tate, born October 17, 1943, passed away September 13, 2009, in Nashville, Tennessee. At the time of his death, Neal was the Alexander Heard Distinguished Service Professor, professor of political science, and professor of law at Vanderbilt University, where he had also served as chair of the political science department since 2003. He had previously served on the faculty of the University of North Texas from 1970 through 2003. With a deep sense of sadness, his colleagues and friends at both institutions say goodbye to a beloved friend, teacher, and colleague. Neal's passing has been a great loss for many people around the country and around the world. His contributions were many, and while we will no longer have the benefit of his kindness, keen intellect, and fine sense of humor, we will continue to benefit from his many legacies.
A new limiting procedure for discontinuous Galerkin methods applied to compressible multiphase flows with shocks and interfaces

Although the Discontinuous Galerkin (dg) method has seen widespread use for compressible flow problems in a single fluid with constant material properties, it has yet to be implemented in a consistent fashion for compressible multiphase flows with shocks and interfaces. Specifically, it is challenging to design a scheme that meets the following requirements: conservation, high-order accuracy in smooth regions and non-oscillatory behavior at discontinuities (in particular, material interfaces). Following the interface-capturing approach of Abgrall 1, we model flows of multiple fluid components or phases using a single equation of state with variable material properties; discontinuities in these properties correspond to interfaces. To represent compressible phenomena in solids, liquids, and gases, we present our analysis for equations of state belonging to the Mie-Gruneisen family. Within the dg framework, we propose a conservative, high-order accurate, and non-oscillatory limiting procedure, verified with simple multifluid and multiphase problems. We show analytically that two key elements are required to prevent spurious pressure oscillations at interfaces and maintain conservation: (i) the transport equation(s) describing the material properties must be solved in a non-conservative weak form, and (ii) the suitable variables must be limited (density, momentum, pressure, and appropriate properties entering the equation of state), coupled with a consistent reconstruction of the energy. Further, we introduce a physics-based discontinuity sensor to apply limiting in a solution-adaptive fashion. We verify this approach with one- and two-dimensional problems with shocks and interfaces, including high pressure and density ratios, for fluids obeying different equations of state to illustrate the robustness and versatility of the method. The algorithm is implemented on parallel graphics processing units (gpu) to achieve high speedup.
Adaptors and integrators

Abstract The PTB domain expands both the PH-domain set and peptide–protein recognition motifs; the PDZ domain shows an intriguing resemblance.
Volume and dose effects of experimenter-administered ethanol preloads on ethanol seeking and self-administration

The present experiment used a behavioral model developed to separate the initial behavior required to obtain access to ethanol (appetitive responding or lever presses) from the actual self-administration (consummatory responding or intake) to test the hypothesis that these responses are under the control of different behavioral/physiological processes, and therefore differentially affected by an ethanol priming dose. In male, Long Evans rats, "preload" volume (0.5 and 2.0ml) and dose (approximately 10%, 25%, and 50% of the total normally consumed in nontreatment sessions translating to 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5g/kg) of ethanol were varied and administered by the experimenter via oral gavage prior to an operant session. Overall, there were no priming effects, or increases, in ethanol-reinforced responding resulting from the ethanol preloads. The findings showed that the low preload volume produced linear, dose-dependent decreases in both intake and seeking. However, while the high volume also produced a linear dose-dependent decrease in ethanol seeking, there was a decrease in intake at every dose. That is, ethanol seeking was insensitive to preload volume, while intake was affected in a dose-dependent manner except at the lowest dose when preload volume did play a role in intake regulation. These findings indicate that "fullness" and pharmacological cues differentially impact the appetitive and consummatory behaviors reinforced by ethanol solutions, with intake being more sensitive to preload volume and seeking being more sensitive to preload pharmacology.
Cdk5 is a dynamo at the synapse.

Synaptic vesicle recycling is a highly regulated process that involves the coordinated function of several different presynaptic proteins including the dephosphins, whose dephosphorylation is important for triggering endocytosis. Subsequent rounds of endocytosis then depend on rephosphorylation of dephosphins. Recent work establishes Cdk5 as a dephosphin kinase whose function is necessary for synaptic vesicle endocytosis.
Psychotherapist perceptions of self and patients in the treatment of borderline personality disorder

Psychotherapists' reactions to patients with borderline personality disorder were assessed by semantic differential ratings in an analogue study. Vignettes presented one of two patients who enacted the Rewarding and Withdrawing object relations units in two separate therapy sessions. In response to the Rewarding object relations unit therapists evaluated themselves more positively and perceived themselves as more active and more potent than in response to the Withdrawing object relations unit (p less than .01). They also evaluated the patients more positively and perceived them as less active (p less than .01). These patterns were modified by some order effects and some differences in response to the two vignettes, which represented a lower and higher functioning borderline patient.
The REC46 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae controls mitotic chromosomal stability, recombination and sporulation: cell-type and life cycle stage-specific expression of the rec46-1 mutation.

The recessive hyperrecombination mutation rec46-1, isolated by ultraviolet light mutagenesis of the MATα n+1 chromosome VII disomic strain LBW (Esposito et al. 1982), enhances the mitotic rates of spontaneous gene conversion, intergenic recombination and restitution of haploidy (due to chromosomal loss or mitotic nondisjunction) in MATα n+1 chromosome VII disomic strains. The rec46-1 mutation does not prevent HO directed homothallic interconversion of mating types. MATaIMaTα ree46-1/rec46-1 diploids exhibit the same degree of hyperrecombinational activity as MATα rec46-1 n+1 chromosome VII disomics with respect to gene conversion and intergenic recombination resulting in prototrophy. When compared to MATα rec46-1 n+1 disomics however, MATa/MATα rec46-1/rec46-1 diploids exhibit a ten fold reduced level of hyperrecombinational activity with respect to intergenic recombination and present no evidence of chromosomal loss or nondisjunction resulting in 2n-1 monosomic segregants. MATaIMATα rec46-1/rec46-1 diploids are sporulation-deficient. The results obtained demonstrate that the REC46 gene product modulates mitotic chromosomal stability and recombination and is essential for sporulation (meiosis and ascospore formation).
Simplified Electronics for Torque Control of Sensorless Switched-Reluctance Motor

Sensorless control of the switched-reluctance (SR) stepping motor using pulsewidth modulation was introduced in an earlier paper by the authors. This scheme senses the dc link current and permits the motor to operate efficiently with a narrow pulsewidth under normal conditions. Changes in load are sensed by the dc link current, and the pulsewidth is adjusted appropriately. This paper describes the electric implementation of the controller.
Synergistic Effects of Insulin and Phorbol Ester on Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase in Rat-1 HIR Cells

Regulation of the activity of the extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) mitogen-activated protein kinases was examined in Rat-1 HIR, a fibroblast cell line overexpressing the human insulin receptor. Insulin or phorbol ester induced partial activations of ERKs, while a combination of insulin and phorbol ester resulted in a synergistic activation. Preincubation with phorbol ester increased the subsequent response to insulin. Phorbol ester did not enhance tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor. Insulin did not enhance activation of phospholipase D in response to phorbol ester. Lysophosphatidic acid also acted synergistically with insulin to induce ERK activation. Lysophosphatidic acid alone had little effect on ERK, and did not activate phospholipase D. The combination of phorbol ester and insulin maintained tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase, while insulin alone decreased its tyrosine phosphorylation. Phorbol ester induced phosphorylation of Shc on serine/threonine, while insulin induced tyrosine phosphorylation of Shc and Shc-Grb2 binding. These results suggest that full activation of ERKs in fibroblasts can require the cooperation of at least two signaling pathways, one of which may result from a protein kinase C-dependent phosphorylation of effectors regulating ERK activation. In this manner, phorbol esters may enhance mitogenic signals initiated by growth factor receptors.
Complications associated with labyrinthine fistula in surgery for chronic otitis media

Abstract Objective: Labyrinthine fistula (LF) is encountered during surgery for chronic otitis media (COM) with an average frequency of 7.5%. This study was undertaken to investigate the prevalence of coexisting complications with LF in surgery for COM. Study Design and Setting: A retrospective review of 111 consecutive cases of COM surgery performed by the same surgeon in a large metropolitan teaching public hospital in the United States serving the inner city population. Results: There were 23 (21%) LFs in 111 patients. The majority of cases were revision surgery with an average of 2.6 operations per patient. Other complications were encountered in 18 (78%) of the 23 patients with an LF: 5 (22%) encephaloceles, 9 (39%) dehiscences of the tegmen, 12 (52%) patients with facial nerve involvement by cholesteatoma, and 2 (8.7%) patients with facial nerve paralysis. These patients required extensive surgery for correction of their concurrent complications. Conclusion: Compared with those cases in which a fistula was not found, the ratio of the above complications were as follows: encephalocele, 1:9; facial nerve involvement by cholesteatoma, 1:11.3; facial nerve paralysis, 1:3.8. Significance: Patients with neglected COM have an incidence of an LF twice that reported in the literature. The prevalence of associated complications with LF requiring extensive surgery is significantly higher than that observed in noncomplicated COM cases. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2000;123:733-7.)
EFFECT OF INFLUENT CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND TO NITROGEN RATIO ON A PARTIAL NITRIFICATION/COMPLETE DENITRIFICATION PROCESS

Abstract A novel single-sludge process for achieving partial nitrification and complete denitrification (the PN/CD process) was tested at the bench-scale over a range of influent ratios of chemical oxygen demand (COD) to total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN). Mean ammonia nitrogen concentrations in PN/CD process effluent varied from 6.5 to 8.4 mg/liter at influent COD/TKN ratios varying from 3.7 to 9.8. Ammonia nitrogen concentrations in the influent wastewater had little effect on effluent ammonia levels. Bleed-through of COD to the effluent was not observed at influent filterable COD/ammonia-N ratios between 2 and 11. Denitrification was nearly complete (mean effluent nitrate plus nitrite N ≤ 1.4 mg/liter) at influent COD/TKN ratios of 5.3 or greater, whereas nitrate and nitrite accumulation occurred at ratios less than 5.1. The denitrification performance of the pre-anoxic reactor of the PN/CD process was consistent with that of other pre-denitrification processes when compared in terms of relative input rates of COD and oxidized nitrogen. © 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved
UMRI Alumni: From Characterization of High Temperature Solution Growth Cr 2+ :CdSe to Developing Videos to Enhance Metacognition and Diversity in Materials Science and STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics)

The path from conducting cutting-edge research in materials science to developing cutting-edge approaches for student engagement in STEM fields is a logical progression of a scientist’s professional interests. This pathway has led to creating an experimental approach to curricular and pedagogical materials development, dubbed Science Cartoons (Sci-Toons), based on Multimedia Learning Theoretical Framework (MLTF). Sci-Toons are developed by groups of students (STEM and non-STEM majors), STEM and non-STEM experts, and individuals with expertise in animations. The students are provided with technical training in animation, storytelling and science. This paper describes the creative process and design structure of Sci-Toons, shares selected animation projects, and provides data on the overall viewing impacts of Sci-Toons. The Sci-Toons initiative has offered a new venue for impacting students’ engagement in STEM.
The effect of dialysis of extended ram semen prior to freezing on post-thaw survival and fertility.

Abstract The effect of dialysis on extended ram semen prior to cryopreservation was studied. Techniques were developed to improve post-thaw recovery of dialyzed semen and a fertility trial was used to evaluate the viability of dialyzed and frozen semen. Dialysis prior to freezing was shown to increase post-thaw recovery of motile cells and percentage of cells passing through a Sephadex filter. Freezing semen in pellets on dry ice was superior to freezing in French straws. Pellets were thawed in an aluminum thaw block at 42 to 45 °C before insemination of progestagen-PMSG synchronized ewes. Double inseminations were made at 12-hr intervals. Natural service of synchronized ewes was also made at 12-hr intervals as a control. There was no significant difference ( P > 0.05) in fertility between naturally serviced ewes (44.4%) and ewes inseminated with frozen semen (44.7%).
Nitrogen fertilization of switchgrass increases biomass yield and improves net greenhouse gas balance in northern Michigan, U.S.A.

Abstract Nitrogen (N) fertilization can increase bioenergy crop production; however, fertilizer production and application can contribute to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, potentially undermining the GHG benefits of bioenergy crops. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of N fertilization on GHG emissions and biomass production of switchgrass bioenergy crop, in northern Michigan. Nitrogen fertilization treatments included 0 kg ha −1 (control), 56 kg ha −1 (low) and 112 kg ha −1 (high) of N applied as urea. Soil fluxes of CO 2 , N 2 O and CH 4 were measured every two weeks using static chambers. Indirect GHG emissions associated with field activities, manufacturing and transport of fertilizer and pesticides were derived from the literature. Switchgrass aboveground biomass yield was evaluated at the end of the growing season. Nitrogen fertilization contributed little to soil GHG emissions; relative to the control, there were additional global warming potential of 0.7 Mg ha −1 y −1 and 1.5 Mg ha −1 y −1 as CO 2 equivalents (CO 2 eq), calculated using the IPCC values, in the low and high N fertilization treatments, respectively. However, N fertilization greatly stimulated CO 2 uptake by switchgrass, resulting in 1.5- and 2.5-fold increases in biomass yield in the low and high N fertilization treatments, respectively. Nitrogen amendments improved the net GHG benefits by 2.6 Mg ha −1 y −1 and 9.4 Mg ha −1 y −1 as CO 2 eq relative to the control. Results suggest that N fertilization of switchgrass in this region could reduce (15–50%) the land base needed for bioenergy production and decrease pressure on land for food and forage crop production.
Enzymatic Reduction of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene and Related Nitroarenes: Kinetics Linked to One-Electron Redox Potentials

At military bases and munitions factories, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) is a common soil and groundwater contaminant. Although the reduction of nitro groups in TNT and related nitroarenes has been extensively investigated, few researchers have studied the link between reduction rates and the electrochemical properties of these compounds. In this work, the standard one-electron redox potentials at pH 7 (E1°‘) for six important nitroarenes have been measured by pulse radiolysis. The internally consistent values were −0.253 V for TNT, −0.417 V for 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene, −0.449 V for 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene, −0.397 V for 2,4-dinitrotoluene, −0.402 V for 2,6-dinitrotoluene, and −0.502 V for 2,4-diamino-6-nitrotoluene. The reduction kinetics of these nitroarenes was investigated using a bacterial nitroreductase, NAD(P)H:FMN oxidoreductase that uses NADH·H+ as a cosubstrate. A log-linear relationship was observed between the E1°‘ values and the enzymatic reduction rates for five nitroarenes, suggesting th...
Some highly excited states of the LiH molecule: Calculations relevant to core-hole initiated relaxation processes (CHIRP's) in ionic crystals

Abstract Results of calculations by the Unrestricted Hartree-Fock method of the total energy vs internuclear distance for the molecules LiH and (LiH) + are presented in Figs. 1 and 2. These data are required for an investigation of a particularly interesting variety of CHIRP. Some implications of these results are considered. It appears that significant extensions of the theory of low energy atom-atom and atom-molecule collisions developed in recent years (largely by quantum chemists) may be required.
MIXED INERTIAL NAVIGATION SYSTEMS FOR SURFACE EFFECT SHIPS

High speed marine vehicles such as Surface Effect Ships impose several unique constraints on navigation system design. Particularly significant is the current lack of a reliable and accurate velocity sensor during high speed cruise operation. This paper describes the accuracy performance of several mixed inertial navigation systems which do not involve the use of a velocity sensor. Specifically considered are NAVSATINERTIAL, OMEGA-INERTIAL, and NAVSAT-OMEGA-INERTIAL systems. The accuracy performance information which is presented presumes the use of optimal (Kalman) processing of the available position data.
First Report of Leaf Spot Caused by a Cercosporella sp. on Acroptilon repens in the United States.

In August 2005, leaf spots were observed on a sample of Acroptilon repens (L.) DC. (Russian knapweed [RK]) collected at the Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge in Montana. Symptoms included circular to subcircular brown spots, 1 to 18 mm in diameter, with indefinite margins that sometimes had a thin, purple-to-rose border. Leaves placed in moist chambers developed conidiophores and conidia within 48 h. Stroma were subcuticular, pale yellowish; conidiophores were hyaline, zero to two septate, thin walled, smooth, unbranched, 31 to 91 × 2.8 to 5.6 μm; and conidia were solitary or in secondary short chains, ovoid to subclavate, 13 to 52 × 3.2 to 6.8 μm, zero to three septate, hyaline, and thin walled. Conidial scars and hyla were umbronate, somewhat thickened, refractive, and not darkened. In three tests, 50 RK plants spray inoculated with 106 conidia/ml developed symptoms similar to those on the sample and the fungus was reisolated each time. Fungal identification, Cercosporella acroptili (Bremer) U...
Test unit effects on heat transfer in large fires

Abstract Measurements made in large pool fires with a variety of objects have shown that there is not a one-to-one correspondence between the measured fire temperatures and either the heat flux to the object or the final surface temperature of the object. The measurements indicate that the heat flux depends on the physical size and characteristics of the object. A large, thermally massive object will heat slowly; the radiative heat flux to this cold surface is reduced by the thermal interaction between the object and the flames. A numerical model of this interaction is used to help explain the observed results. This paper has attempted to show: 1) the need to make measurements of both the temperature in the fire and the heat flux to the test unit; 2) how simple models that assume a uniform temperature in the fire volume can give misleading heat flux predictions, especially during the early part of the test when the test unit is cold; 3) how a model that accounts for the influence of a physically large, thermally massive test unit on the local conditions in a fire can give predictions that are inline with experimental results. (Note that this model is not designed for apriori predictions.)
The Latent Structure of the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale

Taxometric analyses were used to assess the latent structure of depressive symptoms as measured by the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale. Participants were 3,395 college students enrolled in Introductory Psychology classes at a mid-size university. Analyses included data simulation strategies to assure that the data was appropriate for interpreting skewed indicators and small putative taxa. Four indicators (depressed mood, positive affect, somatic, and interpersonal symptoms) were derived from principal components analysis. Taxometric analyses indicated that distributions of the four CES-D factor based indicators were dimensional. Results are consistent with a continuity model of the latent structure of questionnaire measures of depressive symptoms in this young adult population, of which approximately 15% scored above the clinical cut-point for the CES-D scale.
Urodynamic changes in women using diaphragms

Although the diagphragm is widely used as a method of contraception, little is known as to its effect on urethrovesical function. To evaluate whether the diaphragm, or diaphragm size, influences bladder function, urodynamic studies were performed in nine nulliparous volunteers. Maximum and mean flow rates were significantly decreased with diagphragm use (P>0.02). Urethral resistance was significantly increased with both diaphragm sizes compared to control values (P>0.02). There were no significant changes in urethral functional length, closure pressure, and pressure transmission ratio between the diaphragms and control. Although there were statistically significant differences in urodynamic results, no strong evidence for urethral obstruction was found with diaphgram usage.