cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Safe Passage: Improving the Transition of Care Between Triage and Labor and Delivery.

Objective The multifaceted nature of the transition of care from the triage unit to labor and delivery has historically led to confusion, delays, and errors in care. This study evaluated the effect of standardization of roles and communication on improving this transition. Methods A multidisciplinary team was assembled to define and standardize roles of team members. A huddle safety board was created as a visual aid to promote closed-loop communication during an admission bedside huddle. The primary metrics collected were duration of time from the admission decision in the triage unit to when the admission huddle was completed on labor and delivery, duration of time from the admission decision in the triage unit to initiation of the plan of care and documented completion of the admission huddle. Results There was a 66-minute reduction in time from the admission decision to the huddle completion between the preintervention and postintervention periods. There was a 93-minute reduction in the time from the admission decision to when the plan of care was initiated between the preintervention and post-intervention periods. The weekly huddle compliance rate improved from 48% to 84% by the postintervention period. Conclusions The implementation of standardized roles and processes facilitating closed-loop communication decreases delays in communication and initiation of care in pregnant women transferred from the triage unit to labor and delivery.
Ethical Practices: Institutional Oversight and Enforcement

This article is a revision of the previous edition article by R.J. Levine, volume 7, pp. 4770–4774, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd.
On SAT-Based Attacks On Encrypted Sequential Logic Circuits

Logic encryption has emerged as a solution to the hardware intellectual property (IP) protection prob-lem. In recent years, many attack methods have been proposed to counter the protection offered by logic encryption. Most state-of-the-art logic encryption schemes have been shown to be susceptible to one or more of these attack methods. Furthermore, defense methods on sequential circuits assume that a Boolean satisfiability (SAT) based attack can be applied to a sequential circuit only in the presence of a design-for-testability (DFT) architecture. In this paper, we examine the effectiveness of applying the SAT-based attack on logic encrypted sequential circuits lacking a scan architecture. We evaluate the effect of the presence of flip-flop chains in the circuit on the sequential SAT attack time. Furthermore, we analyze the evaluation results and propose an enhancement to the sequential SAT attack.
Illuminating Biological Interactions with in Vivo Protein Footprinting

Protein footprinting coupled with mass spectrometry is being increasingly used for the study of protein interactions and conformations. The hydroxyl radical footprinting method, fast photochemical oxidation of proteins (FPOP), utilizes hydroxyl radicals to oxidatively modify solvent accessible amino acids. Here, we describe the further development of FPOP for protein structural analysis in vivo (IV-FPOP) with Caenorhabditis elegans. C. elegans, part of the nematode family, are used as model systems for many human diseases. The ability to perform structural studies in these worms would provide insight into the role of structure in disease pathogenesis. Many parameters were optimized for labeling within the worms including the microfluidic flow system and hydrogen peroxide concentration. IV-FPOP was able to modify several hundred proteins in various organs within the worms. The method successfully probed solvent accessibility similarily to in vitro FPOP, demonstrating its potential for use as a structural technique in a multiorgan system. The coupling of the method with mass spectrometry allows for amino-acid-residue-level structural information, a higher resolution than currently available in vivo methods.
Modeling New Product Diffusion: A Micro-Level Approach

The models of innovation diffusion in marketing and management science provide a quantitative description of the market growth behaviors for new consumer durable products. Since Bass introduced his benchmark model in 1969, researchers have made great efforts to improve the basic model formulation through various modifications and extensions (see Mahajan, Muller and Bass 1990 for review).
CHAPTER 3-1 – GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the chemical shifts characteristic of protons in various environments and focuses on deriving structural and stereochemical information from proton chemical shifts. The major influences on chemical shifts are sufficiently well understood to enable prediction of the directions and approximate magnitudes of chemical shift changes because various factors, and thus, usefully extend the range of situations to which the models may be applied. Steric relationships are very important in determining chemical shifts. Therefore, if a model is sought for a particular structure, the pertinent proton must not only be surrounded by identical groups but must also be in the same steric relations. The existence of long-range effects on shielding makes it practically impossible to obtain a perfect model substance and, hence, a very close correlation between chemical shifts. In particular, it is very dangerous to apply chemical shift data from acyclic model compounds to cyclic compounds.
Trends in hospital readmissions and emergency room visits 60 days after robotic-assisted and laparoscopic hysterectomy

Abstract Objective Hospital readmission after surgery is one of the major contributors to the increased healthcare cost. Robotic-assisted hysterectomy (RAH) is an innovative surgical procedure most commonly performed within the last decade. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects on hospital readmission patterns and emergency room (ER) visits within 60 days of discharge for women who had RAH versus laparoscopic hysterectomy (LH) in an academic community hospital in Texas. Method We performed a retrospective study of women with RAH or LH. We used the univariate and multivariate logistic regression to examine the impact of patients' risk factors, the type of surgery, age, number of comorbidities, and duration of surgery on the 60-day hospital readmissions and ER visits. Results A total of 291 cases with RAH or LH for benign and malignant indications were examined. The number of comorbidities and duration of surgery were similar between the two treatment groups (p > 0.05). Patients in the RAH group were younger than the LH group (RAH: 45.4 ± 9.9 y, LH: 49.8 ± 11.5 y, p Conclusion RAH is comparable with LH in hospital readmissions and ER visits. The younger age and longer operation time could lead to ER visits.
A content analysis of pre-college lesson plans on human evolution

One of the most fundamental understandings within biology is evolution, yet often ascribed as one of the most misunderstood scientific concepts by the American public. Despite not being explicitly mentioned in most American science standards, human evolution is nevertheless taught as an engaging context for understanding complex evolutionary processes among pre-college science students. Therefore, pre-college science teachers seek out human evolution content experts (e.g., Smithsonian Institution, NOVA, ENSI) to procure curricula (lesson plans) to teach these concepts in their classrooms. For students to accurately understand human evolution, research recommends lesson plans employ a diversity of direct and indirect evolutionary evidence, infused with social science perspectives related to the nature of science (NOS) and/or socioscientific issues (SSI) to foster necessary conceptual change. Given such empirical affordances of using multiple sources of evidence and integrated social science perspectives to foster conceptual change in teaching human evolution, it is unknown to what extent these attributes are present in lesson plans created by these entities and targeted to pre-college science teachers. To ascertain to what extent pre-college lesson plans on human evolution employ these research-based best practices, this paper analyzed 86 lesson plans created by 18 entities with content expertise in human evolution concepts that had developed online pre-college lesson plans. Among the sampled lesson plans, less than one third (29%) presented a combination of direct and indirect evidence. Further, a mere 17% incorporated elements of NOS, where SSI (like historical (n = 3) and racial (n = 1)) perspectives were fewer. In sum, findings suggest available resources are deficient in fostering the conceptual change necessary for pre-college students to fully understand human evolution concepts. This study evidences a continued need to ensure best practices are incorporated into human evolution lesson plans created for pre-college teachers.
Simulated Construction of FeMnAlC Alloy System Phase Diagram and Study of Its Dynamic Characterization

Austenitic steels are nonmagnetic stainless steels in annealed condition, although they can become slightly magnetic when cold worked, that contain 18% chromium, 8–10% nickel, and low levels of carbon (The characteristics of austenitic steel. https://www.thebalance.com/metal-profile-austenitic-stainless-2340126). Known for their formability and resistance to corrosion, austenitic steels are the most widely used grade of stainless steel. They are not magnetic and not reheatable. They can be cold worked to improve hardness, strength, and stress resistance. However, stainless steels with a low nickel and high nitrogen content are classified as 200 series nitrogen which offers another possibility. Because nitrogen is a gas, however, only limited amounts of nitrogen can be added before deleterious effects arise, including the formation of nitrides and gas porosity that weaken the alloy (The characteristics of austenitic steel. https://www.thebalance.com/metal-profile-austenitic-stainless-2340126). The addition of manganese and copper, also austenite formers, combined with the inclusion of nitrogen allow for greater amounts of the gas to be added. As a result, these two elements, are often used to replace nickel in 200 series stainless steels (The characteristics of austenitic steel. https://www.thebalance.com/metal-profile-austenitic-stainless-2340126).
The Industrious Revolution: Consumer Behavior and the Household Economy, 1650 to the Present

1. The transformation of consumer desire in the long eighteenth century 2. The origins of the Industrious Revolution 3. The Industrious Revolution: the supply of labor 4. The Industrious Revolution: consumer demand 5. The breadwinner-homemaker household 6. A second Industrious Revolution? Appendix I.
Sensitivity Analysis: A Numerical Tool for the Study of Parameter Variations in Oscillating Reaction Models

A numerical tool, sensitivity analysis, which can be used to study the effects of parameter perturbations on systems of dynamical equations is briefly described. A straightforward application of the methods of sensitivity analysis to ordinary differential equation models for oscillating reactions is found to yield results which are difficult to physically interpret. In this work it is shown that the standard sensitivity analysis of equations with periodic solutions yields an expansion that contains secular terms. A Lindstedt-Poincare approach is taken, instead, and it is found that physically meaningful sensitivity information can be extracted from the straightforward sensitivity analysis results, in some cases. In the other cases, it is found that structural stability/instability can be assessed with this modification of sensitivity analysis. Illustration is given for the Lotka-Volterra oscillator.
Transformation in Bacillus subtilis. II. The development and maintenance of the competent state.

Abstract The development and maintenance of competence in Bacillus subtilis requires the continued synthesis of a protein, mediated by mRNA. This contrasts with the survival of potential transformants which requires a polypeptide whose synthesis is not mediated by mRNA. The competence of a cell is not terminated by the introduction of transforming DNA, but persists for 3–4 h afterwards. During this time, covalent linkage of donor marker to the recipient chromosome does not occur in a large proportion of the potential transformants. This is indicated by the reversal of transformation through intracellular competition between transforming DNA and other homologous or heterologous DNA.
Does early algebraic reasoning differ as a function of students’ difficulty with calculations versus word problems?

According to national mathematics standards, algebra instruction should begin at kindergarten and continue through elementary school. Most often, teachers address algebra in the elementary grades with problems related to solving equations or understanding functions. With 789 2nd- grade students, we administered (a) measures of calculations and word problems in the fall and (b) an assessment of pre-algebraic reasoning, with items that assessed solving equations and functions, in the spring. Based on the calculation and word-problem measures, we placed 148 students into 1 of 4 difficulty status categories: typically performing, calculation difficulty, word-problem difficulty, or difficulty with calculations and word problems. Analyses of variance were conducted on the 148 students; path analytic mediation analyses were conducted on the larger sample of 789 students. Across analyses, results corroborated the finding that word-problem difficulty is more strongly associated with difficulty with pre-algebraic reasoning. As an indicator of later algebra difficulty, word-problem difficulty may be a more useful predictor than calculation difficulty, and students with word-problem difficulty may require a different level of algebraic reasoning intervention than students with calculation difficulty.
Selective Sampling of Labelers for Approximating the Crowd

In this paper, we present CrowdSense, an algorithm for estimating the crowd’s majority opinion by querying only a subset of it. CrowdSense works in an online fashion where examples come one at a time and it dynamically samples subsets of labelers based on an exploration/exploitation criterion. The algorithm produces a weighted combination of a subset of the labelers’ votes that approximates the crowd’s opinion. We also present two probabilistic variants of CrowdSense that are based on different assumptions on the joint probability distribution between the labelers’ votes and the majority vote. Our experiments demonstrate that we can reliably approximate the entire crowd’s vote by collecting opinions from a representative subset of the crowd.
Dying mRNA Tells a Story of Its Life

In this issue of Cell , Pelechano et al. report that sequencing of mRNA decay intermediates shows surprisingly tight coupling of a major decay pathway to the movement of the last translating ribosome, revealing stress- and starvation-dependent modulation of translation elongation.
Boogie Meets Regions: A Verification Experience Report

We use region logic specifications to verify several programs exhbiting the classic hard problem for object-oriented systems: the framing of heap updates. We use BoogiePL and its associated SMT solver, Z3, to prove both implementations and client code.
Oseltamivir for the treatment of H1N1 influenza during pregnancy

Pregnancy heightens the risk of adverse outcomes from influenza infections. This is true for both seasonal epidemics as well as occasional pandemics. Seasonal influenza vaccines are the focus of disease prevention and are recommended for all pregnant women in any trimester of pregnancy and postpartum. Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) is currently the recommended and most commonly used pharmaceutical agent for influenza prophylaxis and treatment. Oseltamivir has been demonstrated to prevent disease after exposure, treat infected individuals, as well as lessen the likelihood of complications. The physiologic adaptations of pregnancy alter the pharmacokinetics of this important drug. Evidence of these alterations, knowledge gaps, and future investigative directions to fill these knowledge gaps are highlighted.
SOME NEW INTRINSICALLY 3-LINKED GRAPHS

In [2], it was shown that every spatial embedding of K10, the complete graph on ten vertices, contains a non-split 3-component link (K10 is intrinsically 3-linked). We improve this result by exhibiting two different subgraphs of K10 that also have this property. In addition, we also exhibit several families of graphs that are intrinsically 3-linked.
The Communication Facilities of the U. S. Forest Service

FOREST protection in the United States is a job of considerable magnitude. There are, roughly, 550,000,000 acres, which are equal to the area east of the Mississippi River, exclusive of Wisconsin and Illinois, under intensive protection against forest fires. Moreover, there are an additional 138,000,000 acres needing organized forest protection. Of this vast area, state and private agencies are responsible for about 279,000,000 acres, the U. S. Forest Service for about 208,000,000, and other Federal Government agencies for about 60,000,000 acres.
Interaction of genes controlling resistance to RSV(RAV-O).

Abstract Inbred lines 6, 7, 15, and 100 and some of their F 1 and backcross chick embryos were studied for resistance to subgroups A, B, C, and E sarcoma viruses, and the occurrence of the R 1 erythrocyte and viral group-specific (gs) antigens in cell culture. Embryos from the same matings were assayed for resistance to subgroup B and E viruses on the chorioallantoic membrane and for the occurrence of the R 1 antigen. The data suggest that (1) RSV(RAV-O) cannot readily infect subgroup B virus resistant cells; (2) the dominant gene, I e , probably exists in line 6 and is associated with the occurrence of the gs antigen; (3) the occurrence of the R 1 erythrocyte antigen is associated with enhancement of susceptibility to RSV(RAV-O) in the presence of the dominant inhibitor ( I e ); (4) the R 1 antigen is associated with the occurrence of gs antigen in the absence of I e , (5) genes exist which cause resistance to RSV(RAV-O) on the chorioallantoic membrane, but not in culture. These results suggest that the tumor virus b locus controls the existence of a receptor for subgroup B and E viruses, but that other genes, associated with the occurrence of viral antigens (gs and R 1 ), interact to inhibit or enhance susceptibility to RSV(RAV-O).
A Krasnosel’skii theorem for orthogonal polygons starshaped via staircase (n + 1)-paths

Let S be a simply connected orthogonal polygon in the plane, and let n be fixed, n ≥ 1. If every two points of S are visible via staircase n-paths from a common point of S, then S is starshaped via staircase (n + 1)-paths. Moreover, the associated staircase (n + 1)-kernel is staircase (n + 1)-convex. The number two is best possible, and the number n + 1 is best possible for n ≥ 2.
Temporary Suppression of Circulating Antiplatelet Alloantibodies by the Massive Infusion of Fresh, Stored, or Lyophilized Platelets

Survival of 51Cr-labeled allogenic platelets was repeatedly measured in rabbits previously sensitized by weekly intradermal injections of platelets from donor animals. When values of recovery and survival time were reduced to very low levels, a massive infusion of platelets from randomly selected donor rabbits was given and survival study was repeated. A large increase in platelet survival and recovery was seen in every experiment. Similar results, although of lesser magnitude, were obtained with the infusion of platelets made nonviable by prolonged storage and, also, of lyophilized platelets. A significant increase in life span and recovery of allogenic platelets was also observed in two patients with thrombocytopenia due to aplastic anemia, severely allosensitized to platelets. After one massive infusion of viable or of nonviable platelets, survival and hemostatic effectiveness of subsequently infused allogenic platelets was greatly improved in both patients. Experimental blockade of the RES and titration of the serum alloantibody by the 14C-serotonin release method demonstrated that the favorable effect of the massive platelet infusions was due to the temporary adsorption of the alloantibody in the circulation of the sensitized animals. This two-step procedure of one massive infusion of viable, nonviable or lyophilized allogenic platelets followed by a small infusion of freshly collected platelets may be of practical value in arresting hemorrhage in selected thrombocytopenic patients refractory to all types of available donor platelets because of severe and complex alloimmunization.
Marital Conflict and Acculturation Among Mexican American Husbands and Wives.

This study examined the relationship between acculturation and multiple dimensions of marital conflict among Mexican American husbands and wives. Participants were 151 husbands and wives who were recruited from a health maintenance organization in northern California and individually interviewed. More acculturated husbands and wives engaged in less avoidance of conflict and were more expressive of their feelings in an argument. Husbands who were more acculturated reported more conflict concerning sex and consideration for the other. Bicultural and more acculturated husbands reported that their wives were more verbally and physically aggressive, compared with mono-Mexican husbands. The findings provide evidence that more acculturated husbands and wives are involved in more direct expressions of conflict in their marriages, compared with less acculturated husbands and wives.
Caenorhabditis elegans inositol 5-phosphatase homolog negatively regulates inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate signaling in ovulation.

Ovulation in Caenorhabditis elegans requires inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) signaling activated by the epidermal growth factor (EGF)-receptor homolog LET-23. We generated a deletion mutant of a type I 5-phosphatase, ipp-5, and found a novel ovulation phenotype whereby the spermatheca hyperextends to engulf two oocytes per ovulation cycle. The temporal and spatial expression of IPP-5 is consistent with its proposed inhibition of IP3 signaling in the adult spermatheca. ipp-5 acts downstream of let-23, and interacts with let-23-mediated IP3 signaling pathway genes. We infer that IPP-5 negatively regulates IP3 signaling to ensure proper spermathecal contraction.
Clearing a pile of unknown objects using interactive perception

We address the problem of clearing a pile of unknown objects using an autonomous interactive perception approach. Our robot hypothesizes the boundaries of objects in a pile of unknown objects (object segmentation) and verifies its hypotheses (object detection) using deliberate interactions. To guarantee the safety of the robot and the environment, we use compliant motion primitives for poking and grasping. Every verified segmentation hypothesis can be used to parameterize a compliant controller for manipulation or grasping. The robot alternates between poking actions to verify its segmentation and grasping actions to remove objects from the pile. We demonstrate our method with a robotic manipulator. We evaluate our approach with real-world experiments of clearing cluttered scenes composed of unknown objects.
On the “standard” quantum mechanical approach to times of arrival

Abstract The “standard” approach to times of arrival advocated by Equsquiza, Muga and Baute associates arrivals from the left (right) with positive (negative) wavenumber components of the wave function at the instant of arrival. Elementary arguments and calculated results exhibiting paradoxical properties call into question this sign of k assignment of direction of arrival.
Paleosol barometer indicates extreme fluctuations in atmospheric CO2 across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary

We present an atmospheric p CO 2 ( p is partial pressure) curve showing extreme fluctuations for the interval between ca. 77 and 63 Ma in southern Alberta, Canada, using a paleosol barometer. Paleosol carbonate nodules (micrite) were collected from 40 Bk horizons among 6 stratigraphic sections for stable carbon isotope analysis. Based on results from the study area, declining atmospheric p CO 2 from 1200 ppmV (V is volume) in the Campanian to 780 ppmV in the Maastrichtian correlates with Late Cretaceous climate cooling and falling sea level as documented in global records. The remarkable rise in atmospheric p CO 2 near 65.5 Ma (1440 ppmV) correlates with volcanic activity associated with the Deccan Traps, rising sea level, and warmer global climates. The decline in atmospheric p CO 2 (760 ppmV) at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary and subsequent sharp rise into the Danian (1000 ppmV) occurred during static terrestrial temperatures and sea level. This work provides compelling evidence that atmospheric p CO 2 curves modeled for the Phanerozoic do not offer the resolution needed to understand environmental conditions during catastrophic events in Earth9s history.
Hydrologic Response and Radionuclide Transport Following Fire at Semiarid Sites

Infrequent, high-impact events such as wildfires, droughts, biological shifts, floods, and mechanical disturbances can greatly change land surfaces, including vegetative cover and soil characteristics, which in turn can trigger high rates of hydrologic erosion and associated transport of sediments and sediment-sorbed contaminants. Where persistent soil contamination exists, infrequent mobilization of contaminants may dominate in determining long-term risks to human and ecological receptors. Among these infrequent events, fire stands out as having the capacity to cause large increases in sediment transport. This study measured runoff, sediment yield, and mobility of sediment-sorbed contamination ( 137 Cs) on burned and unburned plots at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant, New Mexico (WIPP), and the Rocky Flats Environmental Technology Site, Colorado (RFETS). Results showed that 137 Cs transport from burned plots was up to 22 times greater than that from unburned plots at WIPP and 4 times greater at RFETS. Associated runoff was up to 12 times greater on burned plots at WIPP and sediment yields up to 6 times greater. Further, 137 Cs concentrations in transported sediments were enriched compared with parent soils (expressed as enrichment ratio) by a factor of 2.3 at WIPP, and 1.3 at RFETS. However, enrichment ratios were not significantly different in sediments from burned and unburned plots. Our results provide new data on the effects of fire on the transport of sediment-sorbed contaminants, and demonstrate that rare events such as fire can greatly increase contaminant mobility.
Effects Of Dimple Depth on Channel Nusselt Numbers and Friction Factors

Experimental results, measured on dimpled test surfaces placed on one wall of different rectangular channels, are given for a ratio of air inlet stagnation temperature to surface temperature of approximately 0.94, and Reynolds numbers based on channel height from 9940 to 74,800. The data presented include friction factors, local Nusselt numbers, spatially averaged Nusselt numbers, and globally averaged Nusselt numbers. The ratios of dimple depth to dimple print diameter δ/D are 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 to provide information on the influences of dimple depth. The ratio of channel height to dimple print diameter is 1.00
Difluorodioxirane, a Possible Intermediate in the Reaction of Bis(fluoroxy)difluoromethane with Cesium Trifluoromethoxide

The reaction of CF2(OF)2with CsF/COF2 to form the peroxide CF3OOC(O)F was first discovered in 1970, but the mechanism for this reaction has not been elucidated. By use of 13C-labeled CF2(OF)2 and C...
Reality sense and reality testing

This paper maintains that reality and unreality are not absolute properties of certain events, but that any experience is real or unreal depending upon its conceptual index and libidinal significance. The “genesis of the belief in reality” actually presupposes what it sets out to investigate, for it is based on the supposition that there is an absolute, indisputable distinction between reality and unreality. A more fundamental approach would be to determine how certain experiences acquire a high reality value. One component of this process is reality testing, which discovers the invariant properties of experience. Through perception, conception, symbolization, and logical systems, bare sensorimotor experience becomes highly structured, differentiated experience, capable of having its meaning rationally defined. The other component is reality sense, which intuitively appreciates the nature, direction, and purpose of events, in accordance with their libidinal claims.
Enslaved Pearl Divers in the Sixteenth Century Caribbean

Over the course of the sixteenth century, a unique and fluid labour regime, based at first upon Indian labour and later upon African labour, developed in the Spanish-controlled Caribbean pearl fisheries. As pearl profits decreased, the complexity of life and labour in the fisheries increased. By the end of the century, African, Indian, and European inhabitants engaged in constant negotiation over the control and management of pearls as well as the social boundaries of the Caribbean communities built around the pursuit of this commodity.
Potential usefulness of digital imaging in clinical diagnostic radiology: computer-aided diagnosis.

Our results obtained with various CAD schemes are very encouraging. It seems now feasible to begin an initial clinical evaluation of some CAD schemes, such as that for detection of clustered microcalcifications in digitized mammograms, to gain more experience in computerized analysis of a very large number of clinical cases. In fact, we are currently implementing the first intelligent mammography workstation in the mammography section of our department.
On summability and positive linear operators

Abstract Quantitative estimates for approximation by positive linear operators are obtained with the use of a summability method which includes both convergence and almost convergence.
The Meaning of Procedural Fairness: A Comparison of Taxpayers' and Representatives' Views of Their Tax Audits

This study compares how taxpayers and their representatives judge the procedural fairness of tax audits. Taxpayers (N = 70) and their representatives (N = 70) participated in interviews after the completion of their tax audits and were asked to describe their impressions of the audit and auditor and to rate how satisfied they were with the treatment and how hard the auditor tried to be fair. The study compares representatives oriented toward balancing truth and advocating for their client with representatives oriented toward primarily obtaining the best outcome for their client. Results showed that representatives and taxpayers were equally likely to mention the dignity and responsiveness of the audit. Representatives, however, were more likely to mention the quality of the decision, and taxpayers were more likely to infer prejudging than were representatives. Taxpayers and representatives oriented toward truth viewed the process as less fair than did representatives oriented toward obtaining the best outcome. Taxpayers and representatives oriented toward truth also viewed the auditor as less cooperative and less objective than did representatives oriented toward obtaining the best outcome. Representatives and taxpayers, however, generally use the same concerns to evaluate the fairness of the audit, although they disagreed about where the audit fell on these dimensions. Theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussecL
Rate effects in mode-II fracture of plastically deforming, adhesively bonded structures

Results from a combined experimental and numerical investigation into the effects of rate on mode-II fracture of a plastically deforming, adhesively bonded joint are presented. It is shown that a cohesive-zone model has to be modified to include coupling between normal and shear modes of deformation when there is extensive shear deformation of the adhesive layer. A suitable cohesive-zone modeling strategy is described, and the mode-II cohesive parameters determined from the model are presented as a function of loading rate. Previous studies of the same system showed that the effects of rate in mode-I were limited to the probability that a crack growing in a toughened quasi-static mode would spontaneously make a transition to a brittle mode of fracture. No such transitions were found for mode-II fracture. Crack growth always occurred in a quasi-static fashion. While there was some evidence that rate might affect the mode-II fracture parameters, these effects were very limited even up to crack velocities of about 1,000 mm/s. Any possible effects was limited to a very minor increase in toughness and strength with increased loading rates. However, the magnitude of these possible increases were comparable to the magnitude of the uncertainties in the measured values.
Intracellular protein degradation in cultures of dystrophic muscle cells and fibroblasts

We have analysed protein degradation in primary cultures of normal and dystrophic chick muscle, in fibroblasts derived from normal and dystrophic chicks, and in human skin fibroblasts from normal donors and from patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Our results indicate that degradative rates of both short- and long-lived proteins are unaltered in dystrophic muscle cells and in dystrophic fibroblasts. Longer times in culture and co-culturing chick fibroblasts with the chick myotubes do not expose any dystrophy-related abnormalities in protein catabolism. Furthermore, normal and dystrophic muscle cells and fibroblasts are equally able to regulate proteolysis in response to serum and insulin. We conclude that cultures of chick myotubes, chick fibroblasts, and fibroblasts derived from humans afflicted with DMD are not appropriate models for studying the enhanced protein degradation observed in dystrophy.
Predictors of severe gastrointestinal toxicity after external beam radiotherapy and interstitial brachytherapy for advanced or recurrent gynecologic malignancies

Purpose: The aim of this retrospective review of patients with gynecologic malignancies treated with external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) and interstitial brachytherapy was to determine the rate of Grade ≥2 rectovaginal fistula and Grade ≥4 small bowel obstruction as defined by the National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria for Adverse Events, version 3.0. Methods and Materials: Thirty-six patients with primary and recurrent gynecologic cancers were treated with EBRT and interstitial brachytherapy. Median doses to tumor, bladder, and rectum were 75 Gy, 61 Gy, and 61 Gy, respectively. A univariate analysis was performed to identify variables that correlated with toxicity. Results: At median follow-up of 19 months, the 3-year risk of small bowel obstruction was 6%. Those patients with prior abdomino-pelvic surgery who received EBRT with antero-posterior fields had higher rates of obstruction than patients without prior abdomino-pelvic surgery or those who received EBRT with four fields (50% vs. 0%, p 76 Gy to the rectum compared with those who received ≤76 Gy (100% vs. 7%, p = 0.009). Conclusions: Patients treated with EBRT and interstitial brachytherapy after abdomino-pelvic surgery should receive EBRT with four fields and the cumulative rectal dose should be ≤76 Gy.
Equipartition of energy in wave motion

Abstract Of concern are solutions of the classical wave equation in three-dimensions. It is shown that if a solution has compact support then after a finite time the kinetic energy of the wave is constant and equals the potential energy. The proof employs the Paley-Wiener theorem of Fourier analysis.
Flux resetting of several magnetic materials

THIS ARTICLE deals with the flux resetting characteristics of several magnetic materials commonly employed in magnetic amplifiers. In this study the flux was forced to change under the influence of a constant external magnetizing force. The operation of a core employed in self-saturating magnetic amplifier circuits with high-impedance control windings approximates these conditions during the nonconducting half-cycle of supply voltage. The data collected therefore are readily applicable to studying this type of magnetic amplifier.
Dielectric-Related Optical Line Shifts in SrTi O 3 : Cr 3 +

Very unusual and large shifts of the $R$ lines of ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$ with temperature and applied electric fields were observed. Below the tetragonal transition temperature, these shifts were found to have a behavior similar to that of the reciprocal dielectric constant of SrTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. The electric field shift is shown to be due to the ionic polarization induced by the electric field. The $R$-line thermal shift cannot be explained by the usual theory of interaction with the acoustic lattice modes. The temperature dependence of the dielectric constant and the $R$-line shift is discussed in terms of interaction with the low-frequency optical-phonon branch. The tetragonal transition of SrTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ at 107\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K is instrumental in producing a discontinuity in the slope of the $R$-line shift versus temperature.
Surgical approaches: postoperative care and complications “posterolateral–far lateral transcondylar approach to the ventral foramen magnum and upper cervical spinal canal”

Background Lesions that affect the lower clivus, foramen magnum, the craniocervical junction, and the upper cervical spinal canal that are anterolateral and at times intradural require access ventral to the cerebellum and spinal cord. The posterolateral transcondylar approach provides such a route. In addition, posterior craniocervical stabilization can be accomplished at the same time. The author has reviewed the technique as well as the surgical results here.
Managing the Uncertainties of Gulf War Illness: The Challenges of Living with Contested Illness

Based on observation and in-depth interviews with fifty-five respondents, we provide a detailed analysis of the Gulf War illness experience. All chronically ill people experience troublesome physical symptoms, but most reasonably expect to receive medical answers and treatment, in addition to the support of family, friends, employers, and coworkers. This research addresses a circumstance where neither sick people nor the medical establishment has clear answers to the basic etiology and treatment of illness. Consequently, many veterans endure doubt, threats to their credibility, and intensified stigma. The resulting ambiguity and stigma initiate efforts to redefine and renegotiate the illness experience. Drawing heavily from the thick descriptions provided by Gulf War veterans and their spouses, we document assaults on the physical body, emotional stability, social status, and selfhood, as well as negative effects on social relations. We also examine how institutional barriers influence the contested illness experience.
Use of novel autoantibody and cancer-related protein arrays for the detection of esophageal adenocarcinoma in serum

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using novel autoantibody and cancer-related protein arrays to identify potential biomarkers for the early detection of esophageal adenocarcinoma in serum. Methods Sera from 18 patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma and 14 with gastroesophageal reflux disease were added to microarrays designed to detect circulating autoantibodies to 51 tumor-associated antigens. Sera from the same patients were also added to a 53-plex assay for various cancer-related proteins. Cutoff values at 3 standard deviations above the mean expression of gastroesophageal reflux disease were used as a boundary for positivity. Results Nine proteins and 11 autoantibodies were able to individually segregate at least 1 esophageal adenocarcinoma sample from gastroesophageal reflux disease by means of cutoff values. The most discriminative marker was Fas ligand in the protein array, which was associated with 83.3% sensitivity and 100% specificity. The best performing autoantibody, NY-ESO-1, detected 3 esophageal adenocarcinoma samples. When both of these markers were combined, a sensitivity of 88.9% and specificity of 100% were attained. Conclusions Cancer-related protein and autoantibody arrays provide a technically simple and rapid method of identifying potential biomarkers for the detection of esophageal adenocarcinoma in serum. Furthermore, combining these platforms improves the diagnostic power of either platform alone. Integrating technologies that detect the expression of multiple proteins and autoantibodies in serum may provide a noninvasive and accurate method of detecting early esophageal adenocarcinoma.
Relativistic field formulation of simultaneous quantum measurement

The simultaneous measurement of Dirac field operators is formulated in analogy to the work of von Neumann and Arthurs-Kelly. Meter fields are coupled to the system field with a relativistically invariant bilinear interaction. Measurement of vacuum meter field expectation values provides for the simultaneous measurement of noncommuting system components. It is shown that two meter coupling allows for a simultaneous minimum in the variance of the subsequent meter measurements. A pseudoscalar self-interaction of the Dirac field is shown to allow simultaneous measurement of positive energy field operators with negative energy meters. The simultaneous measurement ofn noncommuting field operators is obtained by coupling the system ton fermionic fields. Also, in this paper the related concept of mutual simultaneous measurement is developed. This requires that any operators in the enlarged Hilbert space are measurable by the remaining fields as meters. System embedding into a larger Hilbert space results in added noise due to the zero point motion of the meter fields. By the negentropy principle of Brillouin, the added noise is equivalent to entropy. A criterion determining the interaction among fields is that the averaged added noise in the components of each quantum field is minimized. This criterion defines an optimum fermionic mass matrix through the determination of the entangling interaction.
The relationship of acoustic emission and pulse-repetition frequency in the detection of gas body stability and cell death

The effect of pulse-repetition frequency (PRF) and number of exposures on membrane damage and subsequent death of contrast agent-attached phagocytic cells was examined. Phagocytic cells of a mouse macrophage cell line were grown as monolayers on thin Mylar sheets. Optison microbubbles were attached to these cells by incubation. Focused ultrasound exposures (Pr = 2 MPa) were implemented at a frequency of 2.25 MHz with 46 cycle pulses and clinically relevant PRFs of 1 kHz, 100 Hz, 10 Hz, 1 Hz and 0.1 Hz in a degassed water bath. A 1-MHz receive transducer measured the scattered signal. The frequency spectrum was normalized to a control spectrum from linear scatterers. Photomicrographs of the cell monolayer were made before and after exposure, and a dye exclusion test (Trypan blue) was used to find the percentage of blue-stained cells indicating cell death, which was then related to acoustic emission. For 10 acoustic pulses and a high prerinse gas body concentration, there was less cell death and correspondingly lower change in the acoustic emissions at a PRF of 1 kHz than with PRFs of 100 Hz, 10 Hz, 1 Hz and 0.1 Hz (p 10 ms, but < 100 ms).
The association of H-2Ld with human beta-2 microglobulin induces localized conformational changes in the alpha-1 and -2 superdomain.

We have analyzed changes in the antigenicity of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules resulting from the association of human beta-2 micro-globulin (B2m) with the mouse class I heavy chain. In particular, the H-2Ld molecule exhibited enhanced crossreactivity for the 34-1-2 monoclonal antibody. In order to assess the nature of this structural alteration induced by human B2m, we utilized H-2 class I hybrid molecules in the mapping of the 34-1-2 determinant to the helical region of the alpha-1 domain. H-2Ld class I hybrid molecules were then used to establish the importance of the alpha-2 and- 3 domains in the observed increase of 34-1-2 cross-reactivity following exchange with human B2m. The H-2Ld hybrids suggest that alterations in interdomain contact are responsible for enhanced 34-1-2 cross-reactivity on the H-2Ld molecule. It is likely that this alteration arises through changes in class I conformation at regions of the molecule distant from points of contact between B2m and the class I molecule. This suggests that perturbations induced by association of human B2m with H-2Ld can affect the conformation of the alpha-1 and- 2 superdomain. That class I antigenic determinants are altered by the association of human B2m with mouse class I further suggests that the class I molecule is structurally flexible and may reflect the ability of the class I molecule to bind and present a vast array of disparate peptides to the T-cell receptor.
Arthur Kornberg (1918-2007).

Arthur Kornberg, one of the most distinguished and influential biochemists of his generation, died October 26. He was 89 years old, and until the end he remained fascinated with basic biochemical research. This year saw three papers from his lab describing advances in the field of polyphosphate metabolism, which had been his main research interest in the last 15 years.
Millennium-scale crossdating and inter-annual climate sensitivities of standing California redwoods.

Extremely decay-resistant wood and fire-resistant bark allow California’s redwoods to accumulate millennia of annual growth rings that can be useful in biological research. Whereas tree rings of Sequoiadendron giganteum (SEGI) helped formalize the study of dendrochronology and the principle of crossdating, those of Sequoia sempervirens (SESE) have proven much more difficult to decipher, greatly limiting dendroclimatic and other investigations of this species. We overcame these problems by climbing standing trees and coring trunks at multiple heights in 14 old-growth forest locations across California. Overall, we sampled 1,466 series with 483,712 annual rings from 120 trees and were able to crossdate 83% of SESE compared to 99% of SEGI rings. Standard and residual tree-ring chronologies spanning up to 1,685 years for SESE and 1,538 years for SEGI were created for each location to evaluate crossdating and to examine correlations between annual growth and climate. We used monthly values of temperature, precipitation, and drought severity as well as summer cloudiness to quantify potential drivers of inter-annual growth variation over century-long time series at each location. SESE chronologies exhibited a latitudinal gradient of climate sensitivities, contrasting cooler northern rainforests and warmer, drier southern forests. Radial growth increased with decreasing summer cloudiness in northern rainforests and a central SESE location. The strongest dendroclimatic relationship occurred in our southernmost SESE location, where radial growth correlated negatively with dry summer conditions and exhibited responses to historic fires. SEGI chronologies showed negative correlations with June temperature and positive correlations with previous October precipitation. More work is needed to understand quantitative relationships between SEGI radial growth and moisture availability, particularly snowmelt. Tree-ring chronologies developed here for both redwood species have numerous scientific applications, including determination of tree ages, accurate dating of fire-return intervals, archaeology, analyses of stable isotopes, long-term climate reconstructions, and quantifying rates of carbon sequestration.