cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Moral Mandate & the Meaning of Choice: Conceiving the Affordable Care Act after NFIB

Prior to the Supreme Court’s decision to uphold the Affordable Care Act in NFIB, the overwhelming focus of the political and legal commentary was on whether the individual coverage requirement (“mandate”) was a constitutional exercise of Congress’ commerce power. As a result, the Court surprised almost everyone when it upheld the mandate as a valid exercise of Congress’ power to tax. To do this, the Court effectively rejected the notion that the ACA created a legal mandate to buy insurance, and it focused on the role of the shared responsibility payment. Despite the fact that the ACA labeled this payment a penalty on the failure to obtain insurance, the Court held that the payment would function more like a tax on consumer choice: the ACA gives people a lawful choice between buying insurance and paying the exaction, and the payment amount is not significant enough to undermine this choice. This characterization may have saved the law as a constitutional matter, but it underscores a very serious structural challenge for implementation: the success of health reform depends on broad consumer participation in the new health care markets, and choice has the potential to undermine this success. There has been relatively little discussion about consumer purchasing behavior or the assumptions underlying predictions about how many consumers will choose to participate in the new markets. And this is precisely why, despite NFIB’s holding, we should not be so quick to dismiss the importance of the mandate/penalty framing that dominated pre-NFIB commentary. Punitive sanctions are not the only tools used by the federal government to influence behavior; government can also leverage its expressive power to define or change social norms in ways that can accomplish the same goal. The ACA may not have created a true legal mandate, but this Article argues that the compulsory framing in the ACA, and in the government’s narrative explaining it, creates a new moral mandate for individuals to obtain insurance. This individual moral mandate is part of a broader expressive message to redefine the social norms relating to health care access and to underscore a moral obligation that is shared by everyone –– government, employers, providers, insurers, and individuals –– to support a system that will improve access to care. NFIB made clear that individuals have a genuine legal choice about whether to participate in this system, but can government leverage its expressive power to define the meaning of this choice in a way that influences people to make the right one?
Advances in Inner Magnetosphere Passive and Active Wave Research

This review identifies a number of the principal research advancements that have occurred over the last five years in the study of electromagnetic (EM) waves in the Earth's inner magnetosphere. The observations used in this study are from the plasma wave instruments and radio sounders on Cluster, IMAGE, Geotail, Wind, Polar, Interball, and others. The data from passive plasma wave instruments have led to a number of advances such as: determining the origin and importance of whistler mode waves in the plasmasphere, discovery of the source of kilometric continuum radiation, mapping AKR source regions with "pinpoint" accuracy, and correlating the AKR source location with dipole tilt angle. Active magnetospheric wave experiments have shown that long range ducted and direct echoes can be used to obtain the density distribution of electrons in the polar cap and along plasmaspheric field lines, providing key information on plasmaspheric filling rates and polar cap outflows.
Field opening and reconnection

During an eruptive flare a large magnetic loop or plasmoid is ejected into interplanetary space, and the closed magnetic field structure which exists prior to the flare becomes opened. One of the requirements of flare models is to explain how the field can be opened while decreasing the overall magnetic energy of the system. After the field is opened, reconnection must occur in order to restore the field to its pre-flare configuration. The strongest evidence for reconnection in flares comes from observations of the chromospheric ribbons and the coronal loops which form after the onset of a large flare. The ribbons and loops appear to propagate through the chromosphere and corona during the flare, but Doppler-shift measurements show conclusively that these apparent motions are not due to mass motions of the solar plasma. The motions can only be explained by the upward propagation of an energy source in the corona, and in the 1VIHD-reconnection model of flares, the propagating energy source is an x-line accompanied by slow-mode shocks.
The PHP web application server

A Web application server helps a standard HTTP Web server carry out a variety of tasks, such as form processing and database access. The predominant Web application server for the popular open source Apache Web server is PHP (PHP Hypertext Preprocessor). This paper provides an overview of the PHP scripting language and of its important functionality, including form processing and database access. The paper also discusses campus applications of PHP, including campus service projects, a computer science course on web application development, and student projects.
The effect of oxytocin and 2-methanesulfonamido derivatives of isoxsuprine on the human nongravid uterus

Abstract Two methanesulfonamido derivatives of isoxsuprine demonstrated dramatic relaxant effects in labor blocking uterine contractions. This report deals with the same two compounds in the nongravid uterus. The drugs were given intravenously in dilute solution in nineteen instances to 16 patients during the menstrual cycle. The closed fluid system connected to a transducer and recorder is used to monitor the uterine contractions. In most trials a reduction followed by complete absence of uterine contractions results. Oxytocin produces an appreciable response and return of uterine contractility when drug relaxant effect is present. There is little or no response to oxytocin without these relaxant agents. These derivatives are more effective during menstruation and the first 10 days of the cycle than the premature period. The significant effects of oxytocin and the two isoxsuprine derivatives may be reduplicated in vitro. Frequent cardiovascular effects consist of elevation of pulse rate and an increase in pulse pressure.
A parallel implementation of the chemically reacting CFD code, SPARK

Describes a parallel version of the two-dimensional, chemically reacting CFD code, SPARK. The sequential code has been ported to run on the Intel iPSC/860-based parallel computers. Routines have been added to the code which partition the problem based on the global mesh, and then assign the resulting subdomains across the processors. Two subdomain mappings have been considered. The routines which compute spatial derivatives and the routine which adds artificial viscosity to the discretization were modified to handle the subdomain boundaries interior to the global domain, and an effort has been made to overlap the required communication/computation. Measurements of the performance of the code have been made for two test problems exercising all of the available options of the parallel code thus far. While the parallel efficiency of the code is quite good, the single-node performance has been much lower than expected for this architecture. >
HLS: Tunable Mining of Approximate Functional Dependencies

This paper examines algorithmic aspects of searching for approximate functional dependencies in a database relation. The goal is to avoid exploration of large parts of the space of potential rules. This is accomplished by leveraging found rules to make finding other rules more efficient. The overall strategy is an attribute-at-a-time iteration which uses local breadth first searches on lattices that increase in width and height in each iteration. The resulting algorithm provides many opportunities to apply heuristics to tune the search for particular data-sets and/or search objectives. The search can be tuned at both the global iteration level and the local search level. A number of heuristics are developed and compared experimentally.
From bits to information with learning machines: theory and applications

Summary form only given. Learning is becoming the central problem in trying to understand intelligence and in trying to develop intelligent machines. The paper outlines some previous efforts in developing machines that learn. It sketches the authors's work on statistical learning theory and theoretical results on the problem of classification and function approximation that connect regularization theory and support vector machines. The main application focus is classification (and regression) in various domains-such as sound, text, video and bioinformatics. In particular, the paper describe the evolution of a trainable object detection system for classifying objects-such as faces and people and cars-in complex cluttered images. Finally, it speculates on the implications of this research for how the brain works and review some data which provide a glimpse of how 3D objects are represented in the visual cortex.
The Utilization of Parallel Processors in a Data Analysis Environment

The problem of reduction and analysis of experimental data is ideally suited to the utilization of a parallel processing environment. In contrast to an array processor, where the operations are paralleled, the structure of event-mode data, as independent information packets, permits the analysis of each data packet to be carried out by a processor operating asynchronously but in parallel with other processing units. In the MIDAS project a multi-processor array (MPA) consisting of 8 high-level CPU's (with floating point hardware) for calculation, 2 pipelined processors for handling data I/O, and a specialized processor to perform high-speed Boolean operations, is available to each user during analysis. In addition, there are mid-range CPU's to control and monitor each MPA and specialized CPU's to control large mass storage devices.
Alternative splicing in the NF-κB signaling pathway

Activation of transcription factor NF-κB can affect the expression of several hundred genes, many of which are involved in inflammation and immunity. The proper NF-κB transcriptional response is primarily regulated by post-translational modification of NF-κB signaling constituents. Herein, we review the accumulating evidence suggesting that alternative splicing of NF-κB signaling components is another means of controlling NF-κB signaling. Several alternative splicing events in both the tumor necrosis factor and Toll/interleukin-1 NF-κB signaling pathways can inhibit the NF-κB response, whereas others enhance NF-κB signaling. Alternative splicing of mRNAs encoding some NF-κB signaling components can be induced by prolonged exposure to an NF-κB-activating signal, such as lipopolysaccharide, suggesting a mechanism for negative feedback to dampen excessive NF-κB signaling. Moreover, some NF-κB alternative splicing events appear to be specific for certain diseases, and could serve as therapeutic targets or biomarkers.
13C DIPOLAR NMR SPECTRUM OF MATRIX-ISOLATED O-BENZYNE-1,2-13C2

The 13C dipolar NMR spectrum of o-benzyne-1,2-13C2 in an argon matrix at a temperature of about 20 K is reported. The o-benzyne was generated from matrix-isolated phthalic anhydride-1,2-13C2 by UV irradiation. The average conversion to o-benzyne over the entire sample was about 53%; however, spectral simulations of the pure phthalic anhydride and of the o-benzyne−phthalic anhydride mixture were adequate to extract the NMR spectral parameters of both compounds. The simulation of the spectrum of o-benzyne gives a bond length of 1.24 ± 0.02 A for the “triple” bond, in good agreement with the results of ab initio geometry optimizations. The experimental principal values of the chemical shift tensor of the labeled carbon in o-benzyne are 266, 240, and 73 ppm relative to TMS. The δ33 component is not perpendicular to the molecular plane as is common in aromatic systems. Instead, the principal axis system is very similar to that of the alkyne carbon in natural abundance cycloctyne, with δ33 in the molecular plan...
Theory and Use of the Dioptometer

In the use of a visual telescopic system, the variations in sign and curvature of the wave front of the light emerging from the eyepiece from various points in the apparent field, control the detail which may be seen in an image. In order to be able to measure the sign and magnitude of this curvature, a device, referred to as Dioptometer D-2, has been designed and constructed. The dioptometer is a telescopic system which may be focused on objects appearing to be located at different distances from its entrance pupil. The focusing mechanism of the dioptometer is calibrated in terms of diopters in order that the data obtained using it may be related to the impairment of the performance caused by imperfections in an optical system under test, from the point of view of the human eye. Dioptometer D-2 has been used in image quality studies in which over 500 different telescopic systems of 75 different designs were involved. In these studies, over 100,000 measurements were made. These included measurements of astigmatism, curvature of the objective field, curvature of the ocular field, spherical aberration, chromatic aberration, the diopter settings of reticles, and parallax. It has been shown that the measurements of these quantities, by means of the dioptometer, are in close agreement with measurements made with much more complex and costly equipment presently being used.
The Double Current Sheet in Diffraction

The electromagnetic radiation from an aperture in a plane-conducting screen is identical with that which would exist if screen and aperture were replaced by a double current sheet fitting the aperture. The current density $i$ is equal and opposite in the two layers of the sheet and is determined by the original tangential electric field $E$ over the opening so that $E$ is $\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2}j\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\delta}i$. The distance $\ensuremath{\delta}$ between layers is infinitesimal. A rigorous expression for the vector potential of the emergent radiation in terms of $E$ is given. This is the expression used by Bethe in finding the diffraction from small holes. It is shown to provide a simpler method of getting the results of Stratton and Chu for rectangular openings. It is then applied to the calculation of the excitation of a rectangular wave guide by a coaxial line termination in one side. An expression for the output resistance is given.
Two antiphase oscillations occur in each suprachiasmatic nucleus of behaviorally split hamsters.

The suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCNs) control circadian rhythms of numerous behavioral and physiological responses. In hamsters, constant light causes “splitting” of circadian rhythms, such that a single daily bout of activity separates into two components, 12 h apart, with antiphase circadian oscillations in the left and right SCN. Given the phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of the SCN, in which ventrolateral but not dorsomedial neurons are retinorecipient, we asked how these two compartments respond to the constant lighting conditions that produce splitting, using three different phase markers of neuronal activity: PER1 (Period 1), c-FOS, and pERK (phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase). We report the emergence of a coherent novel network in which each side of the SCN exhibits two antiphase oscillating subregions, here termed “core-like” and “shell-like,” in addition to the known antiphase oscillation between the right and left SCN. The novel SCN response entails a coherent rhythm in a core-like region of the SCN, which otherwise is not cycling. A mathematical model is presented, and this model interprets the observed changes in the proportion of in-phase and antiphase populations of SCN oscillators and suggests novel testable hypotheses. Finally, the functional significance of this network was explored by investigating the adjacent hypothalamus. Activation of the paraventricular nucleus is in-phase with the ipsilateral core-like SCN, whereas activation of the lateral subparaventricular zone is in-phase with the ipsilateral shell-like SCN, pointing to a multiplicity of SCN output signals. These results suggest a neural basis for internal coincidence of SCN oscillators, and a novel mechanism of plasticity in SCN neural networks and outputs.
In vivo leukocyte-mediated brain microcirculatory inflammation: a comparison of osmotherapies and progesterone in severe traumatic brain injury

Abstract Background Mannitol, hypertonic saline, and progesterone may blunt leukocyte recruitment after traumatic brain injury (TBI). We hypothesized that progesterone reduces pericontusional recruitment of leukocytes to a greater extent than either osmotherapy a day after TBI. Methods CD1 mice underwent controlled cortical impact and were treated with osmotherapy (mannitol and hypertonic saline) or progesterone. Thirty-two hours after TBI, live pial microscopy was used to evaluate leukocyte–endothelial interactions and immunohistochemistry was used for the detection of pericontusional tissue polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Neurologic recovery was assessed before sacrifice. Results Mannitol resulted in the lowest in vivo leukocyte recruitment compared with progesterone (795 ± 282 vs 1,636 ± 434 LEU/100 μm/minutes, P 2 , P = .03). However, progesterone resulted in better neurologic recovery than either osmotherapy. Conclusions Leukocyte recruitment to injured brain is lowest with mannitol administration. How different agents alter progression of secondary brain injury will require further evaluation in humans.
An improved characterization of normal sets and some counter-examples

We strengthen G. Rauzy’s characterization of normal sets by observing that the so-called elementary sets are precisely the Fσδ sets. This answers in the affirmative Rauzy’s open question: Are finite unions of normal sets necessarily normal? We also generalize the notion and characterization of normal sets from subsets of ℝ to subsets of ℝd. This allows us to answer a question of E. Lesigne and M. Wierdl with the following construction: There exist two sequences of real numbersU=(un)neℕ,V=(vn)neℕ such thatαU+βV=(αun+βvn)neℕ is uniformly distributed mod 1 if and only if exactly one of the real numbers α, β vanishes. Additionally, we provide the ‘ultimate’ counter-example (stronger than that of H. G. Meijer and R. Sattler) to a conjecture of S. Uchiyama by constructing a sequence of integersU which is u.d. in ℤ (i.e. u.d. modk for allk e ℕ), but such that for all realα, αU is not u.d. mod 1.
Teaching Writing to Engineering Students: Toward a Nontechnical Approach.

Engineering students, faculty, and administration all agree that instruction in writing is an important component of engineering education. And since engineering students will take up technical matters in their careers, it seems only natural that a writing class will require them to write papers about technology, that is, to practice technical writing. While this approach may indeed be of value, the following article presents an alternative to the teaching of technical writing per se. The author suggests that if students learn how to approach an issue they care about, form an arguable idea from this issue, then logically prove it in subsequent paragraphs, that this deep level of writing and thinking comprehension can then be used to enhance any piece of writing, especially the technical document.
Evoked Cortical Responses to Stimulus Change

The presentation of any sensory stimulus of sufficient intensity produces a widespread evoked potential from the human brain. This can be recorded from scalp electrodes. These responses can also be...
Economic Instruments for Water Management in the Middle East and North Africa

Many of the developing economies in the Middle East and North Africa face serious constraints due to limited access to freshwater. Prescriptions for overcoming these constraints have tended to concentrate on increasing supply. An increasingly important alternative is to dampen demand and alter the allocation of freshwater by pricing water at levels that more accurately reflect its scarcity. This paper discusses the role of economic instruments in achieving these ends, including: how the instruments might be structured; what types of outcomes could be produced; what limitations will need to be faced, and what institutional resources will be required.
Ferrite film growth on semiconductor substrates towards microwave and millimeter wave integrated circuits

It is widely recognized that as electronic systems’ operating frequency shifts to microwave and millimeter wave bands, the integration of ferrite passive devices with semiconductor solid state active devices holds significant advantages in improved miniaturization, bandwidth, speed, power and production costs, among others. Traditionally, ferrites have been employed in discrete bulk form, despite attempts to integrate ferrite as films within microwave integrated circuits. Technical barriers remain centric to the incompatibility between ferrite and semiconductor materials and their processing protocols. In this review, we present past and present efforts at ferrite integration with semiconductor platforms with the aim to identify the most promising paths to realizing the complete integration of on-chip ferrite and semiconductor devices, assemblies and systems.
Sex differences in the motor nucleus of cranial nerve IX-X in Xenopus laevis: a quantitative Golgi study.

In the clawed frog (Xenopus laevis), motor neurons in cranial nerve nucleus IX-X control contraction of laryngeal muscles responsible for sexually dimorphic vocal behaviors. We examined sex differences in dendritic arbors of n.IX-X cells using the Golgi–Cox method. Three morphological classes of somal types (ovoid, triangular, and elongate) are present in similar frequencies in n.IX-X of both males and females. The male n.IX-X neuron is a more complex and hypertrophied version of the female n.IX-X cell. The number of primary dendrites is the same for both sexes, but males have more total dendritic segments. The overall dendritic length of male n.IX-X neurons is two to three times that of the female. Males have longer dendritic segments between all branch points. Male and female frogs differ in levels of circulating androgens; neurons of n.IX-X are targets for androgenic steroids. To determine if androgen can affect dendritic morphology in adult females, we examined Golgi-impregnated cells in n.IX-X from ovariectomized females treated with testosterone for 1 month. The total number of dendritic segments was reduced by androgen treatment due to reduction in the number of higher order dendritic segments; the number of primary dendritic segments was unchanged. Androgen treatment may induce resorption of higher order dendritic branches. The overall dendritic length of androgen-treated female n.IX-X neurons was unchanged, and dendritic segments were longer. Thus, although androgen can alter dendrites of n.IX-X cells in adult females, this short-term treatment does not produce a masculine dendritic architecture.
Engineering host resistance against parasitic weeds with RNA interference

Host genetic resistance is a key component of integrated pest management. The present authors and others are investigating the use of RNA interference (RNAi) as a genetic tool for engineering host resistance against parasitic weeds. The general approach is to transform a host plant with a plasmid encoding a double stranded hairpin RNA (hpRNA) targeted against one or more vital parasite genes. When the hpRNAs are specifically designed against parasite gene sequences, the hpRNA should have no phenotypic effect on the host. They will, however, have a dramatic effect on the parasites that have taken up the parasite-specific RNAi from the host via the haustorium. The current status of using RNAi technology for controlling parasitic weeds is reviewed. A key component to success with RNAi technology is identifying the best parasite genes to silence. Some of the criteria for RNAi targets are discussed, the existing status of parasitic plant sequence databases is described and internet access points to the parasite genome data are highlighted. Sequence information obtained from different parasite species can be used to clone the homologous gene from a particular pest or can be directly transformed into crop plants.
Introduction to Special Issue on International Perspectives on Counseling Psychology

Lors du Congres International de Psychologie Appliquee de 2002 a Singapour, le Conseil d’Administration a enterine la proposition de creation d’une Division de Psychologie du Counseling. Pour promouvoir son emergence au sein de l’Association Internationale de Psychologie Appliquee et pour encourager son developpement, ce numero special analyse l’etat actuel de la psychologie du counseling ainsi que ses evolutions a venir dans quatorze pays differents. Ces analyses examinent les forces, faiblesses, opportunites et menaces de la psychologie du counseling. A partir de la matrice SWOT, dont la methodologie est exposee dans un article introductif, chaque auteur presente les objectifs et strategies de la psychologie du counseling dans son propre pays pour la prochaine decade. La conclusion de ce numero special reprend en les commentant l’ensemble des conseils et suggestions afin de construire la psychologie du counseling dans le futur. At the 2002 International Congress of Applied Psychology in Singapore, the Board of Directors voted in support of the proposal to establish a Division of Counseling Psychology. To promulgate the formation of the Division of Counseling Psychology in the International Association of Applied Psychology as well as to foster its development, this special issue presents analyses of the current status and future directions for counseling psychology in 12 different countries. These analyses examine counseling psychology's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Based on these SWOT analyses, which used the methodology explained in this introductory article, each author presents objectives and strategies for advancing counseling psychology in their own countries during the next decade. The special issue concludes with a commentary that reviews and integrates the authors’ recommendations and suggestions for constructing the future of counseling psychology.
Application of ICP-MS and HR-ICP-MS for the characterization of solutions generated from corrosion testing of spent nuclear fuel

The corrosion behavior of spent nuclear fuels under simulated geologically unsaturated and oxidizing conditions are being studied by subjecting both unirradiated and irradiated nuclear fuels to dripping groundwater. Solutions and solid materials are periodically sampled and subsequently analyzed to determine concentrations of groundwater and fuel components in these materials to elucidate corrosion mechanisms. The analyses are performed primarily by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). For ICP-MS we use the method of internal standardization with direct external calibration with multi-elemental standards possessing natural isotopic abundances for the determination of concentrations groundwater components and indirect instrumental response calibration for the determination of fuel components. Additionally, we are utilizing high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HR-ICP-MS) to enhance our ability to determine concentrations of low-solubility actinides at ultratrace concentrations.
Factors influencing parental decision about genetics evaluation for their deaf or hard-of-hearing child

Purpose: To identify factors that are associated with why parents of deaf children who have had GJB2/GJB6 testing as part of a genetics research study do or do not take their children for genetics evaluation. Methods: Self-administered questionnaire was completed by parents of a deaf child participating in a GJB2/GJB6 testing study. Results: A total of 30 parents (representing 24 children) completed the questionnaire; 11 of 24 children (46%) underwent a genetics evaluation. Compared with parents who did not take their child for a genetics evaluation, those who did were more likely to (1) have supportive pediatricians, (2) feel it was important or would be helpful to their child, (3) recall the recommendation for evaluation, (4) have family members who wanted the child to have an evaluation, and (5) be Hispanic or Asian. Genetic test results, knowledge of genetics evaluation, psychosocial factors, language concerns, or structural factors were not substantively associated with attending a genetics evaluation. Conclusion: Parental perceptions, family environment, and pediatricians play a role in decisions regarding genetics evaluation. Because genetic testing for deafness likely will occur outside of traditional genetics clinics and without comprehensive genetics evaluation, efforts to increase pediatricians' awareness of the usefulness of genetics evaluation may be essential to ensure appropriate care for deaf and hard-of-hearing children as recommended by the American College of Medical Genetics.
Raman optical activity by light with spin and orbital angular momentum

We experimentally investigate Raman optical activity in the scattering of light with spin and orbital angular momentum. Varying combinations of spin and orbital angular momentum of light, associated with circular polarization and the helical phase structure of Laguerre-Gaussian modes, respectively, are generated by transforming a cylindrical vector beam into a circular polarized Laguerre-Gaussian mode. Raman back scattered light of a circular polarized Laguerre-Gaussian beam propagating along the optic axis of a c-cut uniaxial birefringent quartz sample is collected with a spectrometer. The resulting Stokes shifted spectra is analyzed and discussed in relation to traditional Raman optical activity.
Self-Assembly of Aromatic-Derivatized Amphiphiles: Phenyl, Biphenyl, and Terphenyl Fatty Acids and Phospholipids

This paper reports the synthesis of a series of amphiphiles (fatty acids and phosphatidylcholine derivatives) containing phenyl, biphenyl, and terphenyl chromophores inserted in the hydrocarbon chain and a study of their self-assembly in Langmuir−Blodgett films and aqueous dispersions. As observed and reported earlier for amphiphiles containing trans-stilbene, styrylthiophene, or azobenzene chromophores, several of the biphenyl and terphenyl derivatives show strong evidence of ground state association to form “H” aggregates characterized by a blue shift in absorption and a structured, red-shifted fluorescence. The phenyl amphiphiles show different behavior, suggesting that, even for pure films or bilayers, there is very little or no ground state association. For the biphenyl and terphenyl phospholipids, aqueous suspensions obtained by sonication are closed bilayer vesicles similar in size to those formed from the corresponding saturated phospholipids. The overall results of the present study indicate that...
Development and use of self-report techniques for assessing sexual functioning: a review and critique

This is a review and chronological perspective on the development of self-report measures designed to describe an individual's sexual functioning. It includes scales that provide data on both heterosexual and homosexual behavior. Attitude scales are also included, but only those that reflect an individual's attitudes toward his own or his partner's behavior. Two classes of self-report measures are evaluated: (1) unidimensional scales that are relatively short and restricted in the information they supply; and (2) multidimensional inventories or questionnaires that elicit a wider variety of information. Available psychometric data are provided, and the measures are critically examined from both a research and a clinical point of view. It was concluded that unidimensional scales are probably more useful for research settings, while multidimensional inventories appear to have greater potential in clinical settings. All the test instruments reviewed would benefit from refinements, and recommendations are made that additional validity studies be conducted and more normative data be provided.
The next therapeutic community: autocracy, and other notes toward integrating old and new therapeutic communities

Purpose – This paper aims to provide a comparison of “old” democratic therapeutic communities, and “new” therapeutic communities for drug abuse.Design/methodology/approach – The paper is a review of historical and cultural influences on therapeutic community development, with particular reference to leadership.Findings – Free from bias, cultural, psychological or ideological, the next therapeutic communities should integrate elements of both old and new therapeutic communities, in a development strategy which assimilates, socializes and finally prepares the individual for full participation in the larger community. Within this strategy, a rational authority model is not inherently flawed but can provide a structured stage for corrective experience leading toward personal autonomy. Regardless of its particular form, however, the efficacy of the next therapeutic community will relate directly to the extent to which they incorporate the essential of its modern and ancient prototypes, that of community and he...
Active Feedback Control of Combustor Dynamics with Time Delay and Noise

Active control of longitudinal pressure oscillations in a combustion chamber is studied theoretically by means of a low order model obtained by systematic reduction from a complete representation. The formulation is based on the derivation of a generalized wave equation that accommodates the effects of mean flow, combustion, noise and control action. By using spatial averaging, the equations describing the dynamics of the chamber are reduced to a set of coupled ordinary differential equations, representing the motions of a system of coupled oscillators. The form of the resulting equations is particularly convenient for model reduction and for introducing feedback control terms, while retaining all physical processes. The oscillator equations are then rewritten in state-space form. Simulations are carried out to investigate in a unified fashion various aspects of the problem. These include the influences of noise, parameter uncertainties, unmodeled modes and a single timedelay. A criterion is derived that guarantees stability of the controlled closed-loop system in the presence of those quantities. The particular controller used here is based on a standard LQR design, but any design technique can be used as long as the stability criterion is fulfilled.
Myoglobin in control and dystrophic chicken muscle

Abstract This study shows no differences in the character of myoglobin in muscles from control and genetically dystrophic chickens. Our data on cellulose chromatography, acrylamide gel electrophoresis, sedimentation velocities, spectra, isoelectric points, and amino acid analyses provide useful information on the first avian myoglobin to be added to the list of mammalian and fish myoglobins which have already been characterized.
A mathematical model of the Gac/Rsm quorum sensing network in Pseudomonas fluorescens

I present a deterministic model of the dynamics of signal transduction and gene expression in the Gac/Rsm network of the soil-dwelling bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens. The network is involved in quorum sensing and governs antifungal production in this important biocontrol agent. A central role is played by small untranslated RNAs, which sequester regulatory mRNA-binding proteins. The model provides a reasonable match to the available data, which consists primarily of time series from reporter gene fusions. I use the model to investigate the information-processing properties of the Gac/Rsm network, in part by comparing it to a simplified model capable of quorum sensing. The results suggest that the complexity and redundancy of the Gac/Rsm network have evolved to meet the conflicting requirements of high sensitivity to environmental conditions and a conservative, robust response to variability in parameter values. Similar systems exist in a wide variety of bacteria, where they control a diverse set of population-dependent behaviors. This makes them important subjects for mathematical models that can help link empirical understanding of network structure to theoretical insights into how these networks have evolved to function under natural conditions.
Origin and evolution of the Pseudorhyncocyonidae, a European Paleogene family of insectivorous placental mammals

Two new species of pseudorhyncocyonid, Fordonia lawsoni sp. nov. and Leptictidium prouti sp. nov. from the UK earliest Eocene, described here, are older than any previously recorded member of the family. They are represented by teeth from numerous loci, which allow a better understanding of the sparsely known dentitions of currently known pseudorhyncocyonids. This facilitates the recognition of two further species of Leptictidium, L. listeri sp. nov. from the Middle Eocene of Germany and L. storchi sp. nov. from the Late Eocene of France. Study of occlusal relationships also helps to fill gaps in our knowledge of missing tooth loci. Cladistic analysis of pseudorhyncocyonids with their previously judged closest relatives, the Leptictidae, Pantolesta and Palaeanodonta, shows that two European species, Diaphyodectes prolatus and Palaeictops? levei, formerly thought to be leptictids, are instead primitive pseudorhyncocyonids, extending the range of the family further back in time to the Middle Paleocene. P? levei is placed in the new genus Phakodon gen. nov. The analysis also shows that the Pseudorhyncocyonidae are sister group to the other three groups combined and that family-level differentiation in this probable clade took place as early as the earliest Paleocene.
Optical gradient flow focusing

This paper describes a new method for carrying out flow cytometry, which employs optical gradient forces to guide and focus particles in the fluid flow. An elliptically shaped Gaussian beam was focused at the center of a microchannel to exert radiation pressure on suspended nanoparticles that are passing through the channel, such that these particles are guided to the center of the channel for efficient detection and sorting. To verify the efficiency of this optical-gradient-flow-focusing method, we present numerical simulations of the trajectories of the nanoparticles in both electroosmotic flow (EOF) and pressure-driven flow (PDF).
Effects of compensation for service recovery: From the equity theory perspective

Abstract Using equity theory, this study investigated the importance of consumers’ entire history of shared interactions with service organizations, in addition to fairness perceptions, when evaluating recovery efforts following service failure. Specifically, this study empirically tested the different consequences of compensation by manipulating the consumer relationship level. The relationship level determines the perspective of equity (transactional equity perception versus cumulative equity perception) and motivates consumers to follow different psychological processes to redress service failure. An online survey using hypothetical scenarios manipulating recovery efforts and relationship level conditions was conducted to collect data. Mediation tests showed that perceived equity fully mediates the effect of compensation on a consumer's future behavioral intentions. The results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that when additional compensation is offered after a service failure, perceived equity was found to increase regardless of the consumer's relationship level. However, enhanced equity perception does not automatically mean that corresponding future behavioral intentions are also enhanced. When consumers have a high customer–organization relationship, there is no difference in behavioral intentions between those who are compensated and those who are not. Managerial implications for restaurant operations are also discussed.
Binge eating and its relationship to multiple weight control program attendance and alternative methods of weight control.

Binge eating and its relationship to multiple program attendance and use o alternative methods of weight control was assessed among 187 former residential weigh control participants. Subjects completed a 68-item questionnaire assessing weight contro techniques, exercise behaviors, behavior modification techniques, binge eating, and dieting behaviors. Results indicate that respondents who attended other programs after leaving the residential weight control program had significantly higher scores on monitoring food amounts, binge eating characteristics, and post-binge emotions. Similarly, respondents who tried alternative methods of weight control after leaving the program had significantly higher scores on the variables binge eating severity, feelings during a binge, and post-binge emo tions. These findings support the binge/diet/obesity cycle and suggest that obese persons with binge problems should discontinue dieting and be directed toward appropriate inter vention strategies. Furthermore, policy aimed at screening individuals for binge eating traits prior to weight control program participation is needed.
Dimensions of control: Mediational analyses of the stress–health relationship

Abstract Multiple dimensions of control are examined in relations with stress and physical health outcomes. Factor analysis of six measures of control from 187 elderly individuals yielded two factors: Self-Efficacy , people’s beliefs about their ability to exercise control over themselves and their environment, and Need for Power and Autonomy , the desire to control others and exercise self-determination. Various hypotheses regarding the process by which control impacts the relationship between stress and health were then tested. Self-Efficacy partially mediated and moderated the relationship between stress and physical health, whereas the Need for Power and Autonomy served neither function. Self-efficacy appears to be a lens through which older adults view stress, affecting the way it is interpreted and managed, ultimately impacting health outcomes.
Vortex simulation of a three-dimensional reacting shear layer with infinite-rate kinetics

The three-dimensional transport element method is extended to solve the conservation equations for reacting flow. The numerical scheme belongs to an adaptive, Lagrangian class of field methods in which computational effort is concentrated in zones of finite vorticity and chemical reaction. We use the low Mach number approximation of combustion and restrict our attention to the case of diffusion flames with no heat release. A single-step, second-order, infinite-rate kinetics chemical reaction model is employed. The scheme is applied to study the effect of flow-induced instabilities on the reaction field in a temporal shear layer
Use of on-line computers in experimental psychology: Hardware considerations

A series of modules provide students with the basic skills to set up and use a computer to run psychological experiments. The modules include basic knowledge of AC/DC power supplies, relay switching, analog/digital conversion, integrated circuit board design and soldering, and elementary programming (FORTH and BASIC). These skills are then utilized to build an interface board and to design and run actual on-line experiments. The hardware orientation is combined with computer skills and experimental methodology to allow students to experience all stages of modem psychological experimentation.
Improvement in rest and exercise-induced wall motion abnormalities after coronary angioplasty: an exercise echocardiographic study.

Abstract Exercise echocardiography was performed in 36 patients to evaluate functional improvement after coronary angioplasty. Thirty-one patients (86%) had provokable ischemia before angioplasty including 22 with an abnormal exercise electrocardiographic test (angina or ST depression), 25 with an abnormal exercise echocardiogram (exercise-induced wall motion abnormalities) and 16 with both tests abnormal. Nineteen patients had no induced ischemia after angioplasty. Seventeen (47%) continued to have ischemia that was limited in 12 to exercise-induced wall motion abnormalities, which were less severe compared with those of preangioplasty studies. Fifteen (65%) of 23 patients had improvement in rest wall motion abnormalities after angioplasty. The rest to immediate postexercise change in global wall motion score was significantly improved after angioplasty. The change in regional wall motion score was significantly improved after angioplasty in patients with single vessel right or left circumflex coronary artery disease and approached significant improvement (p = 0.06) in those with single vessel disease of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Exercise echocardiography improves the sensitivity of functional testing for ischemia, aids in localizing the ischemic zone and documents improvement in regional function after coronary angioplasty.
36. Anal cytology and HPV genotyping in women with lower genital tract neoplasia

Objective To compare the prevalence of abnormal anal cytology and high-risk HPV among women with a recent history of HPV-related genital neoplasia to women without a history of HPV-related genital neoplasia. Methods: A cross-sectional pilot study was performed. Women with a history of high-grade cervical, vulvar, or vaginal dysplasia or cancer within the past 2 years were eligible for the exposed group. Women without a history of high-grade anogenital dysplasia or cancer were eligible for the control group. Anal cytology and HPV genotyping were performed after informed consent was obtained. Results: 127 women were enrolled in the exposed group and 45 in the control group. The control group was slightly older and less likely to be current smokers. There was no difference between groups in history of anal intercourse. Forty-four per cent of the exposed group had abnormal anal cytology compared with 21.6% of the control group (P = 0.03). High-risk HPV was detected in the anal canal of 6 in the exposed group compared with none in the control group (P = 0.2). Fourteen per cent of the anal cytology results were read as insufficient in both groups. HPV results were insufficient in 29.2% of exposed versus 43.5% of control (P = 0.2). Conclusions: Women with a history of lower genital tract dysplasia are more likely to have a positive anal cytology result compared with women without a history. Additional information is needed to determine the best method of anal cancer screening among women with a history of lower genital tract dysplasia.
A discontinuous electrophoretic system for separating peptides on polyacrylamide gels.

Abstract An electrophoretic system for separating, with high resolution, peptides 25–250 residues in length is described. The peptides are stacked by discontinuous electrophoresis to form very sharp bands at the origin. They are then separated on a matrix of 20% polyacrylamide, 8 m urea, and 0.1% dodecyl sulfate. Through this combination, high resolution and clean separation, based on polymer length, are achieved.
Imaging of cervical metastases in thyroid cancer.

In 2011, it was estimated by the American Cancer Society that more than 48,000 new cases of thyroid cancer were diagnosed in the United States. The most common sites of metastases are lung, liver, and bone. The 10-year survival rate for patients without metastases is 80%-95% [1]. When bony metastases are present, the overall survival rate at 10 years ranges from 13%-21% [1]. In this clinical pearl we discuss the need for the use of appropriate imaging when evaluating metastases to the skeletal system and additional advanced imaging when the clinical scenario highly suggests metastasis. We present a case in which the initial advanced imaging of a patient with thyroid cancer did not reveal osseous metastases. We also discuss the most sensitive imaging modalities for various types of cancers.