cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding Mechanisms of Change for Brief Alcohol Interventions Among Youth: Examination of Within-Session Interactions.

Objective:Alcohol brief interventions (BIs) for youth are efficacious, but effect sizes found have been modest. This article presents secondary data analyses from a randomized controlled trial of motivational interviewing–based (MI) alcohol BIs among youth in an emergency department, examining within-session predictors of alcohol outcomes at 3 months among those receiving BIs.Method:Risky drinkers (ages 14–20) received either a computer BI (n = 277) or therapist BI (n = 278). Within-session measures were obtained via computer metrics (therapist and computer BIs) and coding of audiotapes (therapist BI only). Parallel structural equation models examined direct and indirect effects of BI components on 3-month alcohol consumption and consequences, with posttest precursors of behavior change (e.g., importance, readiness, and intentions) as potential mediators. Components examined included reasons to avoid or reduce drinking, strengths, strategies for change, benefits of change, and leisure activities (computer...
The International Chemicals Regime: Protecting Health and the Environment

For decades, the system of global environmental governance has been concerned with hazardous chemicals and pollutants and their management and effects on health and the environment. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the international regulatory system for chemicals and waste and the mechanisms through which it regulates the production, use, and trade of chemical substances worldwide. We explain the origins of this system and its functions and examine its applications at the national level. Although chemicals regulation at the international level spans a number of specific treaties, from nuclear power to long-range transboundary air pollution, we cover in detail four issues that directly impact, and are informed by, green chemistry: persistent organic pollutants, hazardous chemicals, hazardous waste, and mercury. We conclude this chapter with a discussion of the ways in which the new Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) deal with chemicals and their impacts on health and the environment.
Triple phase computed tomography of the pancreas in healthy cats.

While the availability and use of computed tomography (CT) continues to grow, no study has described the size and multiphase CT appearance of the normal feline pancreas. This information is important to not only allow more accurate identification and differentiation of disease, but it may also be useful in assessing pancreatic function. In this prospective analytical study, we described a triple phase CT protocol of the pancreas for use in sedated cats and the attenuation, enhancement pattern, size, and volume of the pancreas for a group of healthy cats. Fifteen healthy cats were enrolled in the study and a standardized protocol for acquiring arterial, portal, and delayed phase CT images of the pancreas was developed and described. The pancreas was hypo to isoattenuating to both the liver and spleen in all phases in the majority of cats with a homogenous enhancement pattern noted in all 15. Mean pancreatic attenuation was 48, 79, 166, and 126 Hounsfield units (HU) respectively on precontrast, arterial, portal, and delayed phase images. In addition, mean height, length, and width of the left lobe of the pancreas were larger than the right lobe in all 15 cats. There were no associations between volume and volume: body weight ratio with age (P = 0.6518, P = 0.6968) or sex (P = 0.7013, P = 0.2043). This baseline information may be beneficial for use in future studies characterizing pancreatic disease in cats as well as future research studies evaluating pancreatic endocrine function.
Constrained De Novo Sequencing of neo-Epitope Peptides using Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Neoepitope peptides are newly formed antigens presented by major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) on cell surfaces. The cells presenting neoepitope peptides are recognized and subsequently killed by cytotoxic T-cells. Immunopeptidomic approaches aim to characterize the peptide repertoire (including neoepitope) associated with the MHC-I molecules on the surface of tumor cells using proteomic technologies, providing critical information for designing effective immunotherapy strategies. We developed a novel constrained de novo sequencing algorithm to identify neo-epitope peptides from tandem mass spectra acquired in immunopeptidomic analyses. Our method incorporates prior probabilities to putative peptides according to position specific scoring matrices (PSSMs) representing the sequence preferences recognized by MHC-I molecules. We implemented a dynamic programming algorithm to determine the peptide sequences with an optimal posterior matching score for each given MS/MS spectrum. Similar to the de novo peptide sequencing, the dynamic programming algorithm allows an efficient searching in the entire peptide sequence space. On an LC-MS/MS dataset, we demonstrated the performance of our algorithm in detecting the neoepitope peptides bound by the HLA-C*0501 molecules that were superior to database search approaches and existing general purpose de novo peptide sequencing algorithms.
Bentham's Ideal Republic

Seldom read today, Bentham's Constitutional Code (1820-1832) nevertheless ranks among the most significant political treatises of the last century. It contains an extended statement of the ideas of Philosophic Radicalism on the eve of their partial victory in the Reform Bill of 1832. It must be nearly, it may be actually, the last work of any important figure of the eighteenth-century Enlightenment. At the same time it is one of the first works in which through the fog of doctrinaire radicalism there can be seen fairly clearly the characteristic features of the contemporary state with its extreme centralization, its myrmidonian corps of bureaucrats, its elaborate administrative apparatus, and its miscellaneous services to the public. There are few books of a century ago in which the contemporary political scientist, provided he can overcome initial hurdles of style and manner, ought to feel more at home, if only because he will find there the twentieth-century student's interest in institutions and the emphasis on administration that plays so large a part in the study of government today. The Constitutional Code may be regarded as Bentham's view of the best possible commonwealth—a Utilitarian Utopia. Like all Utopias it was the product of disappointment with the here and now. It is well known that Bentham turned to systematic consideration of constitutional questions only after repeated failure to persuade the rulers of England to accept his legal reforms and especially his Panopticon scheme for a model prison.
Sentinel lymph node biopsy in cutaneous melanoma of the head and neck using the indocyanine green SPY Elite system.

Abstract Purpose Lymph node status is the single most important prognostic factor for patients with early-stage cutaneous melanoma. Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) has become the standard of care for intermediate depth melanomas. Modern SLNB implementation includes technetium-99 lymphoscintigraphy combined with local administration of a vital blue dye. However, sentinel lymph nodes may fail to localize in some cases and false-negative rates range from 0 to 34%. Here we demonstrate the feasibility of a new sentinel lymph node biopsy technique using indocyanine green (ICG) and the SPY Elite near-infrared imaging system. Materials and methods Cases of primary cutaneous melanoma of the head and neck without locoregional metastasis, underwent SLNB at a single quaternary care institution between May 2016 and June 2017. Intraoperatively, 0.25 mL of ICG was injected intradermal in 4 quadrants around the primary lesion. 10–15 minute circulation time was permitted. SPY Elite identified the sentinel lymph node within the nodal basin marked by lymphoscintigraphy. Target first echelon lymph nodes were confirmed with a gamma probe and ICG fluorescence. Results 14 patients were included with T1a to T4b cutaneous melanomas. Success rates for sentinel lymph node identification using lymphoscintigraphy and the SPY Elite system were both 86%. Zero false negatives occurred. Median length of follow-up was 323 days. Conclusions In this pilot study, Indocyanine green near-infrared fluorescence demonstrates a safe, and facile method of sentinel lymph node biopsy for cutaneous melanoma of the head and neck compared with lymphoscintigraphy and vital blue dyes.
Simply improved averaging for coupled oscillators and weakly nonlinear waves

Abstract The long time effect of nonlinear perturbation to oscillatory linear systems can be characterized by the averaging method, and we consider first-order averaging for its simplest applicability to high-dimensional problems. Instead of the classical approach, in which one uses the pullback of linear flow to isolate slow variables and then approximate the effective dynamics by averaging, we propose an alternative coordinate transform that better approximates the mean of oscillations. This leads to a simple improvement of the averaged system, which will be shown both theoretically and numerically to provide a more accurate approximation. Three examples are then provided: in the first, a new device for wireless energy transfer modeled by two coupled oscillators was analyzed, and the results provide design guidance and performance quantification for the device; the second is a classical coupled oscillator problem (Fermi-Pasta-Ulam), for which we numerically observed improved accuracy beyond the theoretically justified timescale; the third is a nonlinearly perturbed first-order wave equation, which demonstrates the efficacy of improved averaging in an infinite dimensional setting.
@ Worship: Liturgical Practices in Digital Worlds

A host of both very old and entirely new liturgical practices have arisen in digital mediation, from the live-streaming of worship services and "pray-as-you-go" apps, to digital prayer chapels, virtual choirs and online pilgrimages. Cyberspace now even hosts communities of faith that exist entirely online. These digitally mediated liturgical practices raise challenging questions: Are worshippers in an online chapel really a community at prayer? Do avatars that receive digital bread and wine receive communion? @ Worship proposes a nuanced response to these sometimes contentious issues, rooted in familiarity with, and sustained attention to, actual online practices. Four major thematic lines of inquiry form the structure of the book. After an introductory chapter the following chapters look at digital presence, virtual bodies, and online participation; ecclesial communities in cyberspace; digital materiality, visuality, and soundscapes; and finally the issues of sacramental mediation online. A concluding chapter brings together the insights from the previous chapters and maps a way forward for reflections on digitally mediated liturgical practices. @ Worship is the first monograph dedicated to exploring online liturgical practices that have emerged since the introduction of Web 2.0. Bringing together the scholarly tools and insights of liturgical studies, constructive theology and digital media theories, it is vital reading for scholars of Theology and Religion with as well as Sociology and Digital Culture more generally.
“Beyond Death”: John Webster's The Duchess of Malfi and Posthumous Influence

This essay argues that John Webster's 1611 drama, The Duchess of Malfi, attests to the power of death to shape selfhood and demonstrates the influence of textual monuments on the living. As Webster...
CMCAP: Ephemeral Sandboxes for Adaptive Access Control

We present CMCAP (context-mapped capabilities), a decentralized mechanism for specifying and enforcing adaptive access control policies for resource-centric security. Policies in CMCAP express runtime constraints defined as containment domains with context-mapped capabilities, and ephemeral sandboxes for dynamically enforcing desired information flow properties while preserving functional correctness for the sandboxed programs. CMCAP is designed to remediate DAC's weakness and address the inflexibility that makes current MAC frameworks impractical to the common user. We use a Linux-based implementation of CMCAP to demonstrate how a program's dynamic profile is used for access control and intrusion prevention.
Acute Hospital Care

George Mayer did not look well when he arrived at the emergency room. Clutching his chest, he was pale, anxious, and sweating. “The pain in my chest started several hours ago and just won’t go away,” he told the nurse as she attached him to a cardiac monitor. “I thought it was just indigestion, but maybe it’s my heart.” The nurse hooked up the oxygen, adeptly inserted an intravenous catheter, and called for the physician.
Bariatric Endoscopic Procedures: Malabsorptive Devices and Methods

This chapter contains a review on presently available and evolving endoscopic malabsorptive devices for the treatment of obesity: duodenal-jejunal bypass liner, gastroduodenojejunal bypass sleeve, duodenal mucosal resurfacing, and gastric aspiration therapy. These therapies may be a modestly effective adjunct to fill a treatment gap between lifestyle/pharmacotherapy and more invasive bariatric surgical options. The efficacy, safety, procedural review, and durability are reviewed.
Unaligned Image-to-Sequence Transformation with Loop Consistency.

We tackle the problem of modeling sequential visual phenomena. Given examples of a phenomena that can be divided into discrete time steps, we aim to take an input from any such time and realize this input at all other time steps in the sequence. Furthermore, we aim to do this without ground-truth aligned sequences -- avoiding the difficulties needed for gathering aligned data. This generalizes the unpaired image-to-image problem from generating pairs to generating sequences. We extend cycle consistency to loop consistency and alleviate difficulties associated with learning in the resulting long chains of computation. We show competitive results compared to existing image-to-image techniques when modeling several different data sets including the Earth's seasons and aging of human faces.
HealthSense: Software-defined Mobile-based Clinical Trials

With the rise of ever-more sophisticated wearables and sensing technologies, mobile health continues to be an active area of research. However, from a clinical researcher point of view, testing novel use of the mobile health innovations remains a major hurdle, as composing a clinical trial using a combination of technologies still remains in the realm of computer scientists. We take a software-inspired viewpoint of clinical trial designs to design, develop and validate HealthSense to enable expressibility of complex ideas, composability with diverse devices and services while maximally maintaining simplicity for a clinical research user. A key innovation in HealthSense is the concept of a study state manager (SSM) that modifies parameters of the study over time as data accumulates and can trigger external events that affect the participant; this design allows us to implement nearly arbitrary clinical trial designs. The SSM can funnel data streams to custom or third-party cloud processing pipelines and the result can be used to give interventions and modify parameters of the study. HealthSense supports both Android and iOS platforms and is secure, scalable and fully operational. We outline three trials (two with clinical populations) to highlight simplicity, composability, and expressibility of HealthSense.
“Not Revenged, nor Repented of”: Martyrs and England’s Long Reformation

This essay examines late sixteenth- and seventeenth-century English Protestants – primarily puritans – who believed that England had failed to satisfactorily avenge and repent for the deaths of the...
Perceived formal and informal sanctions on the willingness to commit cyber attacks against domestic and foreign targets

Scholars have expressed concerns over the effectiveness of formal sanctions in deterring cybercrime, particularly regarding computer intrusions and cyber attacks. Little empirical research, however...
Global experience and perspective on anonymous nondirected live donation in living donor liver transplantation

Anonymous nondirected living liver donation (ANLLD), sometimes referred to as "altruistic" donation, occurs when a biologically unrelated person comes forward to donate a portion of his/her liver to a transplant candidate who is unknown to the donor. Here, we explore the current status of ANLLD with special consideration of published reports; US experience; impact on donor psychosocial outcomes; barriers to donation; and current global trends with respect to ethical considerations. Between 1998 and 2019, 105 anonymous nondirected living liver donor (ND-LLD) transplants have been documented in the US Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients. Sixteen donors (15%) were reported to experience a postoperative complication. Currently, 89 donors remain alive (85%), 16 (15%) have unknown status, and none are confirmed deceased. Although there are only a handful of case series, these data suggest that ANLLD is a feasible option. While there are no liver-specific data, studies involving anonymous nondirected kidney donors suggest that anonymous donation does not adversely impact psychosocial outcomes in donors or recipients. There are substantial financial burdens and ethical considerations related to ANLLD. Further studies are required to assess donor demographics, psychosocial motivations, long-term health-related quality of life, and financial impact of ANLLD.
Detecting Causality using Deep Gaussian Processes

Convergent cross mapping (CCM) is a state space reconstruction (SSR)-based method designed for causal discovery in coupled time series, where Granger causality may not be applicable due to a separability assumption. However, CCM requires a large number of observations and is not robust to observation noise which limits its applicability. Moreover, in CCM and its variants, the SSR step is mostly implemented with delay embedding where the parameters for reconstruction usually need to be selected using grid search-based methods. In this paper, we propose a Bayesian version of CCM using deep Gaussian processes (DGPs), which are naturally connected with deep neural networks. In particular, we adopt the framework of SSR-based causal discovery and carry out the key steps using DGPs within a non-parametric Bayesian probabilistic framework in a principled manner. The proposed approach is first validated on simulated data and then tested on data used in obstetrics for monitoring the well-being of fetuses, i.e., fetal heart rate (FHR) and uterine activity (UA) signals in the last two hours before delivery. Our results indicate that UA affects the FHR, which agrees with recent clinical studies.
The influence of prematurity on neonatal surgical morbidity and mortality

Abstract Background As survival rates amongst premature infants have improved, prematurity remains a leading contributor to neonatal surgical morbidity and mortality. This study aims to better assess the influence of prematurity on surgical outcomes. Methods The NSQIP-Pediatric database was used to compare outcomes between preterm and term infants undergoing surgical repair of select congenital anomalies from 2012 to 2017. Prematurity was categorized as extremely preterm (EP) ( Results 4852 infants were identified with 45 (0.9%) EP, 211 (4.3%) VP, 1492 (30.8%) MLP, and 3104 (64.0%) term. Compared to term, preterm infants have increased odds of surgical morbidity (EP Odds Ratio (OR) 3.2 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.6–6.4, VP OR 1.2 95%CI 0.9–1.7, and MLP OR 1.2 95%CI 1.0–1.4). 30-day mortality decreased as neonatal age increased from 22.2% EP to 2.9% term (p Conclusions Prematurity increases morbidity and mortality amongst neonates undergoing surgery. Risk-adjustment for prematurity is needed and premature infants may have unique quality improvement targets. Level of Evidence Level III.
Negative Shocks and Mass Persecutions: Evidence from the Black Death

In this paper we study the Black Death persecutions (1347-1352) against Jews in order to shed light on the factors determining when a minority group will face persecution. We develop a theoretical framework which predicts that negative shocks increase the likelihood that minorities are scapegoated and persecuted. By contrast, as the shocks become more severe, persecution probability may actually decrease if there are economic complementarities between the majority and minority groups. We compile city-level data on Black Death mortality and Jewish persecution. At an aggregate level we find that scapegoating led to an increase in the baseline probability of a persecution. However, at the city-level, locations which experienced higher plague mortality rates were less likely to engage in persecutions. Furthermore, persecutions were more likely in cities with a history of antisemitism (consistent with scapegoating) and less likely in cities where Jews played an important economic role (consistent with inter-group complementarities).
The Hydration Number of Li+ in Liquid Water

The hydration of ions in water is not only fundamental to physical chemistry, but is also relevant to the current issue of selectivity of biological ion channels. In the context of potassium channels for example, the free energies for replacement of inner shell water ligands with peptide carbonyls donated by proteins of the channel, specifically for the preference of K{sup +} over Na{sup +}. Studies to elucidate the thermodynamic features of such inner shell exchange reactions require prior knowledge of the ion hydration structures and energetics. Simulations have produced a range of results including both four and six inner shell water neighbors with considerable statistical dispersion. Simulations are typically not designed to provide sole determinations of such properties, although they do shed light on the issues determining the hydration number of ions in water. The theoretical scheme used here to address these problems for the Li{sup +}(aq) ion is based upon the quasi-chemical organization of solution theory, which is naturally suited to these problems.
The One Note System: Implementation and Initial Perceptions of Student Documentation in the Electronic Health Records Under the New Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Guidelines.

Introduction Medical students have been documenting notes in the electronic health records (EHR) for many years but often wrote separate notes from housestaff and faculty because licensed providers (LPs) could not bill the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) for Evaluation and Management (E/M) services. However, in 2018, CMS updated its policy to allow LPs to simply verify any component of an E/M service under appropriate supervision, allowing LPs to bill a full medical student note. Methods At Virginia Commonwealth University Health Systems (VCUHS), a task force was formed to develop and pilot the One Note System (ONS), a system that incorporates the new CMS guidelines for certain note types. In June 2019, or 10 months after implementation of the ONS, the authors developed and distributed a survey that explored perceptions regarding the ONS among medical students, housestaff (residents and fellows), and faculty. Results The results showed that most participants were aware of the ONS and preferred email as the form of training. Overall, the ONS had a positive impact on faculty and housestaff workflow, improved self-reported faculty wellbeing, and increased meaning in student work. Only a minority reported barriers to implementing the ONS. Conclusions The One Note System was successfully implemented at VCUHS and positively received. Other outcomes to measure include impact of the ONS on student and trainee education, compliance and billing, quality and quantity of documentation, and faculty and housestaff burnout rates.
Psychosocial Correlates of Excessive Social Media Use in a Hispanic College Sample.

Excessive social media has emerged as a potential behavioral addiction with multiple consequences, especially in young adulthood (18–24 years). This study aimed to assess the relationship between e...
Srinivasa Ramanujan: Going Strong at 125

Srinivasa Ramanujan is one of the greatest mathematicians in history and one of the most romantic figures in the mathematical world as well. Born on December 22, 1887, to a poor Hindu Brahmin family in Erode in the state of Tamil Nadu in South India, Ramanujan was a self-taught genius who discovered a variety of bewildering identities starting from his school days. There is a legend that the Hindu goddess Namagiri in the neighbouring town of Namakkal used to come in his dreams and give him these formulae. Unable to find individuals in India to understand and evaluate his findings, Ramanujan wrote two letters in 1913 to G. H. Hardy of Cambridge University, England, listing several of his most appealing formulae. The depth and startling beauty of these identities convinced Hardy that Ramanujan was on a par with Euler and Jacobi in sheer manipulative ability. At Hardy’s invitation, Ramanujan went to Cambridge in 1914. The rest is history. In the five years he was in England, Ramanujan published several important papers, some of which stemmed from his discoveries in India; he collaborated with G. H. Hardy and wrote two very influential papers with him. For his path-breaking contributions, Ramanujan was honoured by being elected Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, and Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) even though he did not have a college degree! The rigours of life in England during the First World War, combined with his own peculiar habits, led to a rapid decline in his health. Ramanujan returned to Madras, India, in 1919 a very sick man and died shortly after on April 26, 1920. Even during his last days, his mathematical creativity remained undiminished. He wrote one last letter to Hardy in January 1920 outlining his discovery of the mock theta functions, considered to be among his deepest contributions. In the decades after Ramanujan’s death, we have come to realise the depth, breadth, and significance of his many discoveries. Ramanujan’s work has had a major influence on several branches of mathematics, most notably in number theory and classical analysis, and even in some areas of physics.
A Re-classification of Information Seeking Tasks and Their Computational Solutions.

This article presents a re-classification of information seeking (IS) tasks, concepts, and algorithms. The proposed taxonomy provides new dimensions to look into information seeking tasks and methods. The new dimensions include the number of search iterations, search goal types, and procedures to reach these goals. Differences along these dimensions for the information seeking tasks call for suitable computational solutions. The article then reviews machine learning solutions that match each new category. The paper ends with a review of evaluation campaigns for IS systems.
Transfer and use of glucose in the human placenta during in vitro perfusion and the associated effects of oxytocin and papaverine

Abstract The rate of glucose use was determined in 9 human placentas, the mean rate being 1.25 ± 0.19 Gm. per kilogram per hour. The apparent net transfer rate (ANTR) was demonstrated to be inversely proportional to the transplacental gradient (TPG). The TPG was in the direction of maternal to fetal circulation. Seven placentas were perfused in the presence of oxytocin and the rate of glucose use was 1.25 ± 0.12 Gm. per kilogram per hour, the mean being significantly the same as the control group. The ANTR was demonstrated to be significantly lower in the first 15 minutes of perfusion than in the control group. Five placentas were perfused in the presence of papaverine and the rate of glucose use was 1.5 ± 0.54 Gm. per kilogram per hour, significantly higher than in the control group. The ANTR was also lower in the first 15 minutes of perfusion.
Using fine‐scale GIS data to assess the relationship between intra‐annual environmental niche variability and population density in a local stream fish assemblage

Summary 1. Geographic information systems (GIS) have recently proved useful for estimating the environmental niche of species across broad geographic regions. However, the application of these niche-based GIS techniques has yet to be extensively applied to local systems. The assumptions of the methods are transferable across scales: species exist across a range of habitats, and these habitats represent a gradient of suitability that can be characterized using multivariate environmental data in association with known species occurrences. 2. Habitat availability and species’ niche characteristics are often considered to be important predictors of population density. However, seasonal habitat variability and stochastic events have been hypothesized to limit interactions among species and confound the relationship between available habitat, species niche characteristics and community structure. This research examines the relationship between environmental niche breadth and niche position and population density among species of stream fishes in a seasonally variable environment using a novel application of fine-scale GIS data. 3. Niche breadth and niche position were estimated for 11 species in a local assemblage using five fine-scale (0·5 m) GIS-based environmental data sets collected during four different times of the year (July, October, January, April). We compared niche measures to variation in population density among species to determine whether environmental niche characteristics, in the context of available habitat, explain variation in numbers of individuals among species. 4. Variation in population density among species in the October sample was predicted by niche breadth measures (R2 = 0·752), while variation in population density among species in the January sample was predicted by a model incorporating measures of both niche breadth and niche position (R2 = 0·953). Measures of niche breadth and niche position were not correlated with variation in population density in the July and April samples. 5. Species presence and local abundance are often assumed to be predictable based on the availability of suitable habitat. However, little effort has been directed at understanding the influence of both niche breadth and niche position on local abundance. Our results suggest that the amount and distribution of available habitat can be a strong predictor of interspecific variation in population density, even in seasonally variable environments.
The failure of `adult' interventions with adolescent depression:: What does it mean for theory, research and practice?

The literature on the biological and phenomenologic presentation of major depressive disorder (MDD) in adolescents is reviewed and compared with that of depressed adults. Biological and psychosocial treatment approaches with adults and adolescents are then contrasted and the applicability of adult interventions to adolescents is examined. Some biological, cognitive, and experiential differences between adult and adolescent MDD may have treatment implications which have not yet been adequately addressed in the field. No effective treatments for adolescent MDD have, as yet, been developed or empirically tested. Based upon the results of this review, suggestions are made for the direction of future research.
The potential of infinite arrays of electrostatic dipoles

The characteristics of infinite arrays of equal electrostatic dipoles, which are useful as the limiting cases of finite dipole arrays, are studied. The most important characteristic is the potential of the array, which is obtained by summing the potentials of hundreds, thousands, or even more dipoles to find the result for an infinite array. Linear dipole arrays are considered first, and four examples are presented, with the direction of the dipoles taken first as perpendicular and then parallel to the plane of the array. In addition, dipoles were taken in one direction and than in alternately opposite directions. Similar results for several plane-surface arrays are presented with various dipole directions specified. >
Practical Sovereignty, Political Sovereignty, and the Indian Tribal Energy Development and Self-Determination Act

One of the primary means of economic development for many Indian tribes is development of the reservation's natural resources. Despite the extent and economic importance of the resource base, however, tribal control over the development and use of tribal natural resources has historically been limited. In the last few decades, Indian tribes have gained a far greater role in decision-making concerning the use of their natural resources. In part this increased role results from tribes asserting a greater say in what occurs within their territories, and in part from new federal laws that place more of the decision-making power in tribal hands. This Article addresses the latest attempt by Congress to promote tribal self-determination through a statute designed to increase tribal control over energy resource development on Indian lands. The author begins with a brief history of the gradual transfer of control over tribal resources from the federal government to tribes. This shift in government policy has culminated in the recent passage of the Indian Tribal Energy Development and Self-Determination Act (ITEDSA), which allows some resource development without federal approval. ITEDSA allows tribes to enter into tribal energy resource agreements (TERAs) which give the tribes final decision-making power over their energy-related resources. The author notes that the increased sovereignty conferred by TERAs comes with several trade-offs. TERAs increase the risks of resource development while reducing some of the government's trust responsibilities. TERAs shift some of the cost of resource development from the government to the tribes and provide for more public scrutiny of tribal affairs. The author ultimately concludes that the benefits of ITEDSA will outweigh the costs for certain tribes.
Thermal analysis of 4H-SiC DMOSFET structure under resistive switching

This research investigates the electro-thermal switching characteristics and lattice temperature profile of a two dimensional (2D) silicon carbide (4H-SiC polytype) Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) cell under resistive switching using Silvaco ATLAS Technology Computer Aided Design (TCAD) physics based simulation software. Physics based models were included to account for recombination effects, bandgap narrowing, low field and high field mobility and lattice heating. The electro-thermal simulation was performed at an ambient lattice temperature of 300K. The device was simulated for 100 A/cm2 and 1000 A/cm2 drain current densities using a 1 kHz 50% duty cycle gate signal consisting of two cycles and 1.6 kHz 80% duty cycle signal consisting of three cycles. The analysis of lattice temperature profile revealed the formation of thermal hot spots in the vicinity of the (Junction Field Effect Transistor) JFET region in the DMOSFET structure during the switching phase and at the edge of the channel during the conduction phase. The magnitude of temperature rise was dependent on the drain current density used during the simulation.
Corrigendum to “Synthesis and structure–activity relationships of bengazole A analogs” [Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 19 (2009) 2928]

Corrigendum to ‘‘Synthesis and structure–activity relationships of bengazole A analogs” [Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 19 (2009) 2928] Roger J. Mulder c, , Cynthia M. Shafer c, , Doralyn S. Dalisay , Tadeusz F. Molinski a,b,c,* Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA b Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
Energy Evaluation of an Ultra‐High Temperature Shell‐and‐Tube Processing System

Energy loads for a shell-and-tube ultra-high temperature (UHT) processing system were examined during start-up, equipment sterilization and product processing. Product flow rates were 606, 1022, and 1325 L/hr. Process temperatures were 138, 143, and 149°C. The regeneration section contributed from 57.5–70.4% useable heat. Energy use remained relatively constant for varying start-up conditions and increased as a function of flow rate during equipment sterilization. Energy inputs for product processing varied from 358–437 kJ/kg. Minimum energy loads occurred between flow rates of 1000 and 1250 L/hr. Longer processing times decreased the effect of equipment start-up and sterilization on overall process energy requirements.
Young Black Men and Urban Policing in the United States

People of colour living in disadvantaged urban communities have been shown to be the disproportionate recipients of both proactive policing strategies and various forms of police misconduct. As a consequence, a growing body of research has begun to examine the relationship between blacks' experiences with the police and their perceptions of police legitimacy. While urban minority young men are primary recipients of proactive policing efforts, few studies have examined in depth their particular experiences with the police. Drawing from a broader qualitative study of violence in the lives of African-American youths from a distressed urban community, this paper examines 40 young men's experiences with and perceptions of police harassment and misconduct. Our findings highlight young men's sense of themselves as symbolic assailants in the eyes of the police, suggest the importance of measuring the impact of accumulated negative experiences to better understand minority/police relations, and add additional currency to recent findings on the significance of procedural justice.
Acceleration of isolated atoms by radiation pressure

If isolated atoms are accelerated by a point source of radiation with a power law spectrum and an intensity sufficiently large that radiation pressure dominates other forces, and if both acceleration and photoionization of the ions are considered, the resulting spectrum of escape velocities is independent of the intensity of the radiation, depending only on the power law index. For power-law indices typical of astrophysical objects, relativistic velocities are not possible.
To Die a Living Death: Phantasms of Burial and Cremation in Derrida’s Final Seminar

In the Third Session of his seminar The Beast and the Sovereign, Volume 2, Jacques Derrida turns from a close reading of Heidegger’s 1929–1930 seminar on The Fundamental Concepts of Metaphysics and Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe—the two books at the center of the seminar—to the question of what it means for a large and growing number of people in the Western world to have to decide, in a seemingly sovereign fashion, about how their bodies are to be treated after their deaths, that is, whether they are to be buried or cremated. This question marks a rather surprising turn to the present—even the autobiographical—in the seminar. This essay follows Derrida’s treatment of the question in the rest of the seminar. It considers, first, what Derrida calls the phantasms attendant upon all speculations regarding this supposedly binary alternative between inhumation and creation and then what this alternative might tell us about Greco-European modernity and certain modern conceptions of the subject and the subject’s putative autonomy and sovereignty over its life, its body, and its remains.
Acceleration patterns in quasi-steady MPD arcs

Quasi-steady coaxial MPD arcs characteristics, studying Ar ion velocities, electrostatic ion acceleration mechanism and arc voltage gradient
Issues in the Management of Dietary Supplement Use Among Hospitalized Patients

Herbs and dietary supplements (HDS) are in widespread use in the United States, and are especially prevalent among chronically ill patients. This population is more likely to be admitted to health care facilities where they may continue to use HDS. The risk of adverse effects from HDS used during admission places significant liability on clinicians and hospitals. We describe the response of health care facilities in the Boston, Massachusetts area to this problem, and propose elements of a hospital policy which increases patient safety and satisfaction and minimizes the likelihood for adverse effects from HDS.
A MULTIFACTOR MODEL OF THE QUALITY OPTION IN TREASURY FUTURES CONTRACTS

The values of quality options in Treasury futures contracts are set relative to the prices of all coupon bonds in their respective deliverable sets. As a result, any model used to value the quality option should set its price relative to the set of observed bond prices. This requirement rules out the use of most simple equilibrium models that represent all bond prices in terms of a finite number of state variables. We use the two-factor Heath-Jarrow-Morton model, which permits claims to be priced relative to observable bond prices, to investigate the potential value of the quality option in Treasury bond and note futures. We show that the quality option has significantly more value in a two-factor interest rate economy than in a single-factor economy, and that ignoring it could lead to significant mispricing.
GAUSSIAN FIELD MODEL OF DIELECTRIC SOLVATION DYNAMICS

Extending the Gaussian model of solvation (Chandler, D. Phys. Rev. E 1993, 48, 2898) to dynamics, we focus specifically on the problem of dielectric relaxation. In the Gaussian model, the solvent is described in terms of a linear responding field that is expelled from the volume occupied by the solute. The excluded volume affects the normal modes of the system, thereby playing a significant role in solvation dynamics. Even in the context of dielectric continuum theory, the excluded volume affects the polarization response outside that volume. We show that this effect can be analyzed generally and analytically.
Endoscopic Approach to the Pineal Region

There are three goals in the treatment of pineal tumors: diverting cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the case of hydrocephalus, obtaining tissue for diagnosis, and obtaining CSF to identify biological markers. Neuroendoscopy can accomplish all these goals. Two routes can be used to treat pineal tumors. In the transventricular transforaminal approach, the pineal mass is exposed from its anterior aspect. The other route is posterior from a supracerebellar infratentorial approach that resembles the standard surgical approach. It is crucial to recognize that the aqueduct may be compromised and a third ventriculostomy may need to be performed.
The alpha and split‐half reliability of the teacher stress inventory

The internal consistency and split-half reliability of the Teacher Stress Inventory (TSI) was investigated based on data provided by 3,478 teachers, representing 22 individual and two aggregate samples from six states. The data indicate for both the strength and frequency dimensions that the TSI is highly reliable in terms of both its regular and short-form length, and that the two short forms are highly correlated with one another.
Rotor-Bar Currents in Squirrel-Cage Induction Motors

Introduction THE rotor of a squirrel-cage induction motor is an extremely simple and rugged piece of mechanism; and due largely to this simplicity, it resists accurate analysis of its behavior by ordinary testing technique. Its design has been perfected by cut and try methods, making assumptions with respect to rotor current to simplify the theory; but the actual current in the bars has remained a mystery. The purposes of this paper are: first, to present oscillograms of rotor-bar currents; second, to extend the theory of induction motors to include the computation of rotor-bar currents; and third, to show the effect of the rotor current harmonics upon the efficiency of the motor.
Nasal polyps in asthma and rhinitis: A review of 6,037 patients

Data from records of patients with asthma and rhinitis in the Rhode Island Hospital Adult Allergy Clinic and in an adult allergy private were reviewed. The frequency of nasal polyps in the total population of 4,986 was 4.2%; in the asthmatic portion of the population the frequency was 6.7%, and in the rhinitis alone group the frequency was 2.2%. Asthmatics with negative allergy skin tests to inhalant allergers had significantly more nasal polyps than asthmatics with positive skin tests, 12.5% vs 5.0%, p less than 0.01. The frequency of nasal polyps increased with advancing years. Of the total 211 cases of nasal polyps, 71% had asthma and 29% had rhinitis alone. Also, 14% of the patients with nasal polyps had aspirin intolerance, primarily of the bronchospastic type. In addition, 1,051 patients with asthma and rhinitis from the Pediatric Allergy Clinic with a mean age of 6 yr were similarly evaluated. Only 1 (0.1%) of these pediatric patients had nasal polyps.
Catheter-based complex swept source optical coherence tomography for biomedical imaging

We demonstrate a catheter-based complex swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) system using a 3x3 Mach-Zehnder quadrature interferometer and an ultra-small optic probe. Design and fabrication of fiber lens for ultrasmall optic probes are presented first. We compare in detail measured performance with expected theoretical performance. Then, we present a 3x3 Mach-Zehnder quadrature interferometer to acquire a complex interferometric signal for SS-OCT. We introduce an unbalanced differential detection method to improve the overall utilization of optical power and provide simultaneous access to the complementary phase components of the complex interferometric signal. No calculations by trigonometric relationships are needed. We compare the performance for our setup to that of a similar interferometer with a commonly used balanced detection technique. We demonstrate complex conjugate artifact suppression of 27 dB obtained in our swept-source optical coherence tomography using our unbalanced differential detection. OCT in vivo and ex vivo images shown in this presentation indicate that our catheter-based complex SS-OCT system is capable for imaging of biomedical tissues and inside organs for human, small animals and big animals.
Proton-Assisted Electron Transfer in Irradiated DNA−Acrylamide Complexes: Modeled by Theory

Theoretical calculations at the density functional theory (DFT) level are employed to elucidate a proton-assisted electron transfer (PA-ET) reaction within a DNA base (thymine)−acrylamide hydrogen-bonded complex, a process suggested from previous experimental results. Calculations with a 6-31+G* basis set are performed with full geometry optimizations and with vibrational analysis. Theory predicts the initial unpaired spin is delocalized over both thymine and acrylamide, and proton transfer then serves to fully localize the spin to the acrylamide. The PA-ET reaction is found to be exergonic by 1.6 kcal/mol. The final step of the reaction, i.e., an intramolecular proton transfer from the oxygen to the terminal carbon on acrylamide, results in the experimentally observed radical, i.e., CH3CH(•)CONH2, and is also predicted to be highly exergonic (18 kcal/mol).
A maturational delayin the sleep/wake pattern of male high risk for SIDS infants

Male and female infants at high risk for SIDS were compared with rigorously matched controls for sleep/wake variables. The data are based on continuous 24 to 72 hr. electrophysiological recordings repeated at monthly intervals during the peak period for SIDS. The most striking difference between risk and control infants is in the failure of male risk infants to demonstrate the expected increase in wakefulness with age. Risk male, but not female, infants also reveal a lag in the maturation of REM/NREM sleep. Significant sex differences within the first six months of life are of particular importance because of the consistently reported higher incidence of SIDS in males than females. An immature sleep/wake organization which occurs differentially in male at risk infants suggests that a functional disorder is present selectively in males as a precursor to SIDS.