cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 4600: Analysis of clonal evolution in cancer using whole exome sequence data reveals that subclonal driver mutations predict poor prognosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Clonal evolution is a key feature of cancer progression and relapse. We present a computational technique for analyzing whole exome sequence data to measure the fraction of cancer cells harboring each somatic mutation and resolve subclonal cell populations. We applied our methods to 149 chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) samples to classify driver mutations as predominantly clonal or subclonal, corresponding to initiating and progression events in CLL evolution. We identified driver mutations as predominantly clonal (e.g., MYD88, trisomy 12 and del(13q)) or subclonal (e.g., SF3B1, TP53), corresponding to earlier and later events in CLL evolution. We sampled leukemia cells from 18 patients at two timepoints and found that 10 of 12 CLL cases treated with chemotherapy (but only 1 of 6 without treatment) underwent clonal evolution, predominantly involving subclones with driver mutations (e.g., SF3B1, TP53) that expanded over time. Furthermore, presence of a subclonal driver mutation was an independent risk factor for rapid disease progression. Our methods uncover patterns of clonal evolution in cancer, providing insights into its stepwise transformation and linking the presence of subclones with adverse clinical outcome. Because our methods require only whole exome sequence data, they are readily applicable to a large corpus of approximately 6,000 sequenced cancer exomes, and are ideally suited for application in future exome-based clinical cancer sequencing pipelines. We present additional application of our methods to analysis of prostate cancer, multiple myeloma, and glioblastoma multiforme datasets. Citation Format: Scott L. Carter, Dan-Avi Landau, Petar Stojanov, Aaron McKenna, Kristian Cibulskis, Michael S. Lawrence, Jens Lohr, Kristen Stevenson, Donna Neuberg, Matthew Meyerson, Catherine J. Wu, Gad Getz. Analysis of clonal evolution in cancer using whole exome sequence data reveals that subclonal driver mutations predict poor prognosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4600. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4600
The Role of Appraisal and Expressive Support in Mediating Strain and Gain in Hispanic Alzheimer's Disease Caregivers

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine how appraisal of burden and satisfaction, and perception of expressive support mediate the effects of caregiving on depression, somatic complaints, life satisfaction and personal gain with a sample of Hispanic Alzheimer's disease (AD) primary caregivers. A purposive-snowball sampling technique was used to identify 103 Hispanic caregivers, who completed a self-report questionnaire. A translation-back-translation process was used to translate the instruments into Spanish. Translated instruments were then pilot tested prior to being administered to the participants. Appraisal of burden was found to mediate the effects of caregiving on depression and somatic complaints and had significant direct effects on life satisfaction. Appraisal of satisfaction did not have a mediating effect on any of the measures, but did have a direct effect on depression and personal gain. Expressive support did have a mediating effect on depression, as well as direct effects on soma...
Wound-inducible potato inhibitor II genes: enhancement of expression by sucrose

Expression of a chimeric potato Inhibitor II-CAT gene in transgenic tobacco plants was enhanced 50-fold when leaf tissue was floated on solutions containing 1% sucrose. The expression of the chimeric gene was also enhanced when leaf sections were floated on solutions of glucose, fructose, and maltose, but not when floated on solutions of mannitol. The increased expression due to sucrose was found to be correlated with an increase in CAT mRNA. Thus, the carbohydrates or their metabolic products may control Inhibitor II gene expression by regulating transcription. Levels of potato Inhibitor II proteins in leaf sections from young potato plants floated on 3% sucrose solutions increased 3-fold compared to leaf sections floated on water, supporting the possibility that sucrose may have a role in regulating or enhancing the expression of wound-inducible proteinase inhibitor genes in potato tissues. It is suggested that the Inhibitor II gene and perhaps other genes regulated by sucrose may contain a specific 'sucrose enhancer' that strongly increases transcription of genes already active at low levels.
Neuropathology of organophosphate-induced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN) in young chicks.

To examine the phenomenon of apparent age resistance of young chicks to organophosphate-induced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN), groups of either 2- or 10-week-old chicks were exposed subcutaneously daily for 4 days to the neuropathic organophosphate (OP), di-isopropylfluorophosphate (DFP, 1 mg/kg), the non-neuropathic OP, paraoxon (PO, 0.25 mg/kg) or atropine (20 mg/kg). Subsequently, all birds were examined at post-exposure intervals (calculated from the last day of exposure) for up to 56 days for neurological deficits and morphological lesions in the central and peripheral nervous systems (CNS, PNS). Clinically, none of the birds in the 2-week-old groups, or in the 10-week-old PO or atropine exposed groups had neurological deficits. However, all birds in the 10-week-old DFP exposed group developed ataxia by 7 days post-exposure (DPE) and then progressive paralysis. Therefore, all birds in the 10-week-old groups were killed at 14 DPE. Pathologically, the 2-week-old DFP exposed chicks had increasingly severe lesions of Wallerian-like degeneration predominantly in the spinal cord from 7 DPE and subsequently. In the 10-week-old DFP exposed chicks, the degenerative lesions of OPIDN were first detected in the CNS at 3 DPE and then with equally increasing severity in the CNS and PNS up to 14 DPE. A higher incidence of neuronal necrosis and chromatolysis in ventral motor horn neurons of spinal cord grey matter and in dorsal root ganglia occurred in both the DFP exposed age groups compared with those lesions in other groups. These results demonstrate that after neuropathic DFP exposure, 2-week-old chicks develop pathological lesions in the spinal cord without neurological deficits. In both age groups, onset of degenerative lesions in the spinal cord preceeded those in the PNS. The claim of apparent age resistance of chicks to OPIDN needs to be re-evaluated.
Long bone growth velocity in the Libben population.

Growth-attained curves have shown only limited effectiveness in studies of long bone growth in archaeological populations. As an alternative, the length of long bone diaphyses in children aged 0 to 12 years from the Libben skeletal collection were first normalized by average adult long bone length, and derivatives of fitted curves were then used to determine age-specific growth velocity. The sample was compared to healthy Euroamerican children from Denver, Colorado (Maresh: American Journal of Diseases of Children 89:725-742, 1955). Results indicate almost identical patterns of growth in the two populations with one exception: the Libben sample shows significantly diminished velocity during the first three years of life. This period of depressed growth coincides with high levels of infectious disease.
A CORRECTION TO THE EXACT TEST BASED ON THE EWENS SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION

The exact test for neutrality based on the Ewens sampling distribution described previously (Slatkin, 1994) is not correct. The problem is that the test as described is based on the probability of the ordered configuration of numbers of alleles, while it should be based on the probability of the unordered configuration. The correctly implemented exact test leads to results that are similar to those from the homozygosity test proposed by Watterson (1977) for relatively small sample sizes but can still differ substantially for larger sample sizes. Programs to perform the exact test are available from the author.
SKELETAL ALTERATIONS IN HYPERPARATHYROIDISM: DETERMINATION OF BONE FORMATION, RESORPTION AND MORPHOLOGIC CHANGES BY MICRORADIOGRAPHY.

Specimens of posterior iliac crest bone from 26 cases of primary hyperparathyroidism and 21 control cases were studied by microradiography. Surfaces of bone formation and of bone resorption were directly assessed and quantitatively expressed as a percentage of the total surface in the section (Jowsey method). All cases of hyperparathyroidism demonstrated increased bone resorption; 4 cases also had increased bone formation. A significant correlation was found between the preoperative serum calcium concentration and the degree of bone resorption. No correlation was observed between the amount of porosity in the bone and the degree of bone formation or between the dietary intake of calcium and the extent of the disease (except perhaps in 3 cases with unusually low intakes). A spectrum of morphologic changes was seen, ranging from minimal alterations limited to an increase in resorbing surfaces to grossly abnormal metaplastic bone. It is concluded that most, if not all, hyperparathyroid patients have some deg...
Effects of Cage Design and Bird Density on Layers. 2. Bird Movement and Feeding Behavior

Abstract Two experiments, one with a commercial strain and one with an experimental strain of Single Comb White Leghorns, compared the effects of cage shape, feeder space, cage barrier, bird density, level of feeding, and period observed on feeding behavior and bird movement. In Experiment 1, only period observed significantly affected time spent feeding; the commercial strain of hens generally ate more in the p.m. (1700 to 1900 hr) than in the a.m. (0700 to 0900 hr). A significant (P Only feed consumption of the experimental strain was significantly (P
Formal ontology for subject

Abstract Subject-based classification is an important part of information retrieval, and has a long history in libraries, where a subject taxonomy was used to determine the location of books on the shelves. We have been studying the notion of subject itself, in order to determine a formal ontology of subjects for a large-scale digital library card catalog system. Deep analysis reveals a lot of ambiguity regarding the usage of subjects in existing systems and terminology, and we attempt to formalize these notions into a single framework for representing it.
Experimental Tests of the Scaling Laws for Air Clearing in Water-Type Pressure Suppression Systems

Experiments were conducted to test the validity of the scaling laws which have been put forward for the small-scale modeling of the air clearing phase of flow into the condensation pool of a pressure suppression system. Three geometrically similar wetwells (differing in linear dimension by a factor of 4) were used, along with two liquids (differing in density by a factor of 3) and three gases (differing in enthalpy by a factor of 10). When using different pressures, liquids, and gases, the dimensionless pressures were in excellent agreement as long as the four scaling parameters were held constant. The enthalpy flux must be scaled by the use of an orifice to ensure that the pressure will scale. Our tests uncovered two areas where the scaling laws will not hold if the proper precautions are not taken. First, the vapor pressure of the pool liquid must be sufficiently low. Secondly, peak downloads will scale only if the containment walls are rigid and precautions are taken to eliminate small air bubbles in the liquid.
Therapists I Have Known and (Mostly) Loved

This manuscript embeds the author’s firsthand experiences with pediatric occupational therapy with her expertise as a developmental psychologist interested in families and their collaborations with service professionals. The author’s own experiences are used to illustrate points made in literature regarding parent‐professional collaborations, as well as points made in interviews of other parents of young children with special needs. It is hoped that the article can serve as a “starting off” point for discussions and partnership building between pediatric occupational therapists and the children and families they serve.
Mutual Coupling Compensation in UCAs: Simulations and Experiment

In a beamforming system, mutual coupling among the elements can significantly degrade the system performance. However, the mutual coupling effects can be compensated if an accurate model of mutual coupling is available. This paper utilizes a mutual coupling matrix model to compensate mutual coupling in the beamforming of a uniform circular array. In addition, a circular array of dipoles was built and measurements were performed. The predictions are compared with measurements, and verified with results from full-wave simulations
The Contribution to Cherenkov Radiation from Knock-On Electrons

When a high-energy charged particle passes through a Cherenkov detector, it will produce knock-on electrons that may also have velocities greater than the Cherenkov threshold. These high-energy electrons will contribute to the total Cherenkov signal and to fluctuations in the signal. We present calculations of the mean and standard error of the added Cherenkov component from an equilibrium or nonequilibrium distribution of knock-on electrons for sample detectors with refractive indices ranging from n l.03 to n = 1.49. We derive expressions suitable for numerical integration for the mean and standard error under the assumption of Gaussian statistics, and briefly discuss the conditions under which this assumption is valid.
Minimally functional rat adrenal medullary pheochromocytomas

In this study of 29-month-old male Fischer and Sprague-Dawley rats, the tumor pheochromocytoma occurred in seven of 20 Fischer rats (35%) and ten of 22 Sprague-Dawley rats (45%). Mean blood pressures and mean urinary vanillylmandelic acid levels of rats with pheochromocytomas did not vary significantly from rats with no tumors. Pheochromocytoma in our rats generally was non-functional or of minimal clinical significance. The content of chromaffin granules in tumor cells varied from abundant to not detectable, thus it was apparent that the absence of detectable chromaffin granules does not eliminate the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma.
Electrophoretic mobility of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles is determined by amino acids of A + P + N domains of Ca2+–ATPase

Abstract Establishing the origin of electrophoretic mobility of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) vesicles is the primary goal of this work. It was found that the electrophoretic mobility originates from ionizable amino acids of cytoplasmic domains of the Ca2+–ATPase, the calcium pump of SR. The mobility was measured at pH 4.0, 4.7, 5.0, 6.0, 7.5, and 9.0 in the region of ionic strength from 0.05 to 0.2 M. Mobility measurements were supplemented by studies of SR vesicles by photoelectron microscopy. The median diameter of SR vesicles was 260 nm. Ca2+–ATPases were not resolved. The mobility data were standardized by interpolation to a reference ionic strength of 0.1 M. The mobility of the SR vesicles is determined by the charge of the Ca2+–ATPase. It is due to the ionizable amino acids selected from the amino acid sequence of SERCA1a Ca2+–ATPase. The pH dependence of charge residing in various domains of Ca2+–ATPase was computed using pKa values in free water. The charge correlated with measured mobility. It was shown that a linear relationship exists between the mobility of the SR vesicles, μ, and the total computed charge, Q, on three cytoplasmic domains of Ca2+–ATPase: A, P, and N. It is given by μ = α + β Q where the fitted values β = (0.043 ± 0.002) × 10−8 m2 V−1 s−1 e−1 and α = (0.16 ± 0.02) × 10−8 m2 V−1 s−1. Since β and α values do not change from pH 4 to pH 9, one concludes that the hydrodynamic friction of the cytoplasmic domains of SR is independent of their charge.
Chronic central infusion of ANG II potentiates cardiac sympathetic afferent reflex in dogs

The aims of this study were to determine whether ANG II is involved in the central integration of the cardiac sympathetic afferent reflex (CSAR), and if this central effect of ANG II is mediated by...
Beam position measurements at Los Alamos: Isotope Production Facility and Switchyard Kicker Upgrade

The Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) is installing two beam lines to both improve operational tuning and provide new capabilities. The Isotope Production Facility (IFF) will provide isotopes for medical purposes by using the H/sup +/ beam spur at 100 MeV and the Switchyard Kicker Upgrade (SYK) will allow the LANSCE 800-MeV H/sup -/ beam to be rapidly switched between various beam lines within the facility. The beam position instrumentation for both of these beam lines uses a microstripline beam position monitor (BPM) with a 50-mm or 75-mm radius. The cable plant is unique in that it unambiguously verifies the operation of the complete position instrumentation. The processing electronics use a log ratio technique with error correction such that it has a dynamic range of -12 dBm to -85 dBm with errors less than 0.15 dB within this range. This paper will describe the primary components of these measurement systems and provide initial data of their operation.
Harnessing information and communication technologies ICTs to address urban poverty: Emerging open policy lessons for the open knowledge economy

Urban poverty is a complex socio-economic problem. The expected doubling of the urban population relative to rural areas by 2050 without a corresponding economic and infrastructure growth will worsen the problem, especially in emerging economies. Poor urban residents face rising unemployment and underemployment, constrained access to financial services, market exploitation, poor housing, crime, unsatisfactory health services and scant education opportunities. Several players have attempted to address these problems through information and communication technologies. This paper isolated a few of these to determine critical success factors on the economic empowerment front.
Disruption of Kv1.3 Channel Forward Vesicular Trafficking by Hypoxia in Human T Lymphocytes

Hypoxia in solid tumors contributes to decreased immunosurveillance via down-regulation of Kv1.3 channels in T lymphocytes and associated T cell function inhibition. However, the mechanisms responsible for Kv1.3 down-regulation are not understood. We hypothesized that chronic hypoxia reduces Kv1.3 surface expression via alterations in membrane trafficking. Chronic hypoxia decreased Kv1.3 surface expression and current density in Jurkat T cells. Inhibition of either protein synthesis or degradation and endocytosis did not prevent this effect. Instead, blockade of clathrin-coated vesicle formation and forward trafficking prevented the Kv1.3 surface expression decrease in hypoxia. Confocal microscopy revealed an increased retention of Kv1.3 in the trans-Golgi during hypoxia. Expression of adaptor protein-1 (AP1), responsible for clathrin-coated vesicle formation at the trans-Golgi, was selectively down-regulated by hypoxia. Furthermore, AP1 down-regulation increased Kv1.3 retention in the trans-Golgi and reduced Kv1.3 currents. Our results indicate that hypoxia disrupts AP1/clathrin-mediated forward trafficking of Kv1.3 from the trans-Golgi to the plasma membrane thus contributing to decreased Kv1.3 surface expression in T lymphocytes.
Elevated IL-6 expression in CD4 T cells via PKCθ and NF-κB induces Th2 cytokine production

T helper (Th) cell differentiation is a key event to mount an appropriate immune response. Th1 and Th2 cells produce their signature cytokines IFN-γ and IL-4, respectively. However, as we have reported, CD4 T cells selected by MHC class II-expressing thymocytes (T-CD4) produce both Th1 and Th2 type cytokines under Th1 differentiation conditions. Furthermore, the expression of Th2 cytokines in these cells is Stat6 independent. In the current study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms by which CD4 T cells produce Th2 cytokines under the Th1 differentiation condition. We observed that IL-6 is highly expressed in T-CD4 T cells, which is at least partly responsible for Th2 cytokine production by Th1 differentiated cells. The enhanced expression of IL-6 is downstream of constitutive phosphorylation of PKCθ and high NF-κB activity. Neutralizing IL-6, blocking PKCθ phosphorylation, or inhibiting NF-κB translocation diminished Th2 cytokine expression in Th1 cultures. Therefore, our study revealed that autocrine IL-6 production can induce Th2 cytokine production, and that PKCθ and NF-κB are essential components in the induction of IL-6-mediated Th2 development.
A new role for computed tomography in the diagnosis and treatment of pyriform sinus fistula

Neck abscess located in or around the thyroid gland should raise the suspicion of acute suppurative thyroiditis, pyriform sinus fistula, a 3rd or 4th branchial cleft anomaly. Differentiating between these entities on a clinical basis is difficult. After treating the initial infection, computed tomography, barium esophagography, ultrasound, and endoscopy can be used in search of the fistulous tract that can be associated with a pyriform sinus fistula or a 3rd or 4th branchial anomaly. We present a case of a pyriform sinus fistula involving the use of oral contrast, combined with computed tomography, to delineate the tract and its surrounding structures. This method, in combination with endoscopy, aided in the removal of this branchial anomaly.
Mechanical specialization of the obliquely striated circular mantle muscle fibres of the long-finned squid Doryteuthis pealeii.

SUMMARY The centrally located, mitochondria-poor (CMP) and superficially located, mitochondria-rich (SMR) circular muscle fibres in the mantles of some squids provide one of the few known examples of specialization in an obliquely striated muscle. Little is known of the mechanical properties or of the mechanisms and performance consequences of specialization in these fibres. We combined morphological and physiological approaches to study specialization in the SMR and CMP fibres of the long-finned squid Doryteuthis pealeii. The mean thick filament length was 3.12±0.56 μm and 1.78±0.27μ m for the SMR and CMP fibres, respectively. The cross-sectional areas of the whole fibre and the core of mitochondria were significantly higher in the SMR fibres, but the area occupied by the myofilaments did not differ between the two fibre types. The area of sarcoplasmic reticulum visible in cross sections was significantly higher in CMP fibres than in SMR fibres. In live bundles of muscle fibres partially isolated from the mantle, mean peak isometric stress during tetanus was significantly greater in SMR [335 mN mm–2 physiological cross section (pcs)] than in CMP (216 mN mm–2 pcs) fibres. SMR fibres had a lower average twitch:tetanus ratio (SMR=0.073; CMP=0.18) and a twofold lower unloaded maximum shortening velocity at 20°C (SMR=2.4 L0 s–1; CMP=5.1 L0 s–1), where L0 was the preparation length that yielded the highest tetanic force. The structural differences in the two muscle fibre types play a primary role in determining their mechanical properties, and the significant differences in mechanical properties indicate that squid have two muscle gears. A simple model of the mantle shows that a gradient of strain and strain rate exists across the mantle wall, with fibres adjacent to the outer edge of the mantle experiencing 1.3- to 1.4-fold lower strain and strain rate than fibres adjacent to the inner edge of the mantle. The model also predicts that the CMP fibres generate virtually no power for slow jetting while the SMR fibres are too slow to generate power for the escape jets. The transmural differences in strain and strain rate predicted by the model apply to any cylindrical animal that has circumferentially oriented muscle fibres and an internal body cavity.
Planning models for budgeting teaching resources

Abstract This paper relates experience in the development of a set of integrated planning models for a school board in a public school system. Three modules were developed. An enrolment projection module utilizes a modified Markov transition matrix (augmented by adaptive exponential smoothing models to forecast flows into the system). A program review module operates in interactive mode as a deterministic simulation to generate alternative budgets in a ‘planning-programming-budgeting’ context. A resource planning module was produced as an optimizing goal programming formulation, but was not found useful to implement for reasons outlined in the paper.
A Penny for Your Tweets: Campaign Contributions and Capitol Hill Microblogs

Who influences a politician’s public statements? In this paper, we explore one plausible explanation: that financial incentives from campaign contributors affect what politicians say. Based on this idea, we design text-driven models for campaign contribution profile prediction. Using a large corpus of public microblog messages by members of the U.S. Congress, we find evidence for such an association, at the level of contributing industries. We find complementary strengths in a simple model (which has better predictive accuracy) and a more complex model (which gives a more intuitive, human-interpretable explanation).
Targeting the Bacterial Division Protein FtsZ

Similar to its eukaryotic counterpart, the prokaryotic cytoskeleton is essential for the structural and mechanical properties of bacterial cells. The essential protein FtsZ is a central player in the cytoskeletal family, forms a cytokinetic ring at mid-cell, and recruits the division machinery to orchestrate cell division. Cells depleted of or lacking functional FtsZ do not divide and grow into long filaments that eventually lyse. FtsZ has been studied extensively as a target for antibacterial development. In this Perspective, we review the structural and biochemical properties of FtsZ, its role in cell biochemistry and physiology, the different mechanisms of inhibiting FtsZ, small molecule antagonists (including some misconceptions about mechanisms of action), and their discovery strategies. This collective information will inform chemists on different aspects of FtsZ that can be (and have been) used to develop successful strategies for devising new families of cell division inhibitors.
Correlated vibrational dynamics in solution studied by two-dimensional Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

We studied the ultrafast vibrational dynamics of a model system of two strongly coupled vibrations through characterization of the correlation between their transition energy fluctuations using two-dimensional Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
CORTISONE ON IN VITRO VIRAL INFECTION. II. EFFECT ON DISTRIBUTION OF CYTOPATHIC EFFECT AND ACID PHOSPHATASE ARRANGEMENT IN HUMAN CELLS INFECTED WITH POLIOVIRUS.

SummaryDiploid human cell cultures of embryonic lung origin were stained for acid phosphatase after infection with type 1 polio-viruses in presence and absence of cortisone. Focal distribution of enzyme in untreated cells was changed to diffuse pattern with virus infection, and the incidence of such stained cells was depressed by cortisone treatment, as was viral cytopathic effect. Extent and distribution of cytopathic effects and arrangements of cells exhibiting normal and altered acid phosphatase staining was correlated under varied conditions of distribution of viral infection.
Climate change adaptation: factors influencing Chinese smallholder farmers’ perceived self-efficacy and adaptation intent

Understanding how individuals perceive their ability to adapt to climate change is critical to understanding adaptation decision-making. Drawing on a survey of 483 smallholder farmer households in the Loess Plateau region of China, we examine the factors that shape smallholder farmer perceptions of their ability to adapt to climate change and their stated intent to do so. We apply a proportional odds ordered logistic regression model to identify the role that determinants of adaptive capacity play in shaping smallholders’ perceived self-efficacy and adaptation intent. Our study provides further evidence that self-efficacy beliefs are a strong, positive predictor of adaptation intent. Our study suggests that human capital, information and technology, material resources and infrastructure, wealth and financial capital, and institutions and entitlements all play an important role in shaping smallholder perceived self-efficacy, while state-society dependencies may reduce smallholder perceived self-efficacy. In addition, our study suggests that perceiving climate change risks and impacts do not necessarily lead to an intention to adapt. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of incorporating both the objective determinants of smallholders’ adaptive capacity and their subjective perceptions of these objective determinants into future climate change adaptation programs and policies in order to facilitate adaptive actions. Identifying factors that cause individuals to have a low estimation of their adaptive ability may allow planned adaptation interventions to address these perceived limitations and encourage adaptive behavior.
An Unusual Classic Period Burial from Las Colinas, Salt River Valley, Central Arizona

ABSTRACTIn April 1961, a contractor's excavation turned up the burial of a partially cremated male near mound 4 of the Classic period Las Colinas site in the Salt River Valley, central Arizona. Grave goods included an incised bone wand, a stone pipe, a small 3/4-grooved axe, and unworked Glycymeris sea shells.
Breast Cancer in the 20th Century: Quest for the Ideal Therapy

The prospect of a new millennium provides an excellent opportunity for physicians, researchers, and the general public to look back at the last century and put our current understanding of breast cancer and other significant health threats into perspective. For breast cancer in particular, the 20th
IoTRiskAnalyzer : A Probabilistic Model Checking Based Framework for Formal Risk Analytics of the Internet of Things

The Internet of Things (IoT) is being deployed for a plethora of use-case scenarios. In any deployment, a number of configuration choices are available that achieve the mission goal. However, IoT security incidents have demonstrated that different configurations are vulnerable to varied risk levels. We propose the IoTRiskAnalyzer framework to formally and quantitatively analyze these risks using probabilistic model checking. IoTRiskAnalyzer takes vulnerability scores, candidate IoT configurations, and attacker’s capabilities as inputs. It then generates the system and threat models to compute attack likelihood and attacker cost for each configuration. Evaluation indicates that IoTRiskAnalyzer is efficient and automatically prioritizes the input configurations on the basis of risk exposure.
Disparities in digital reporting of illness: A demographic and socioeconomic assessment

Although digital reports of disease are currently used by public health officials for disease surveillance and decision making, little is known about environmental factors and compositional characteristics that may influence reporting patterns. The objective of this study is to quantify the association between climate, demographic and socio-economic factors on digital reporting of disease at the US county level. We reference approximately 1.5 million foodservice business reviews between 2004 and 2014, and use census data, machine learning methods and regression models to assess whether digital reporting of disease is associated with climate, socio-economic and demographic factors. The results show that reviews of foodservice businesses and digital reports of foodborne illness follow a clear seasonal pattern with higher reporting observed in the summer, when most foodborne outbreaks are reported and to a lesser extent in the winter months. Additionally, factors typically associated with affluence (such as, higher median income and fraction of the population with a bachelor's degrees) were positively correlated with foodborne illness reports. However, restaurants per capita and education were the most significant predictors of illness reporting at the US county level. These results suggest that well-known health disparities might also be reflected in the online environment. Although this is an observational study, it is an important step in understanding disparities in the online public health environment.
Effect of anisotropy and texture on the low cycle fatigue behavior of Inconel 718 processed via electron beam melting

Abstract In this study, the impact of texture (columnar/equiax grain structure) and influence of material orientation on the low cycle fatigue (LCF) behavior of hot isostatic pressed (HIP) and heat-treated Inconel 718 fabricated through electron beam melting (EBM) is investigated. Material was tested both parallel and perpendicular (transverse) to the build direction. In all instances, the EBM HIP and heat-treated Inconel 718 performed similarly or exceeded the LCF life of wrought Inconel 718 plate and bar stock under fully reversed strain-controlled loading at 650 °C. Amongst the textures, the columnar grains oriented parallel to the build direction exhibited the highest life on average compared to the transverse columnar and equiax EBM material. Further, in relation to the reference wrought material the parallel columnar grain material exhibited a greater life. While a negligible life difference was observed in the equiax grained material between the two orientations, a consistently lower accumulated inelastic strain was measured for the material loaded parallel to the build direction than the transverse orientation. Failure of the parallel columnar material occurred in a transgranular manner with cracks emanating from the surface whereas the transverse columnar material failed in a intergranular manner, with crack growth occurring through repeated rupture of oxide at the crack-tip. In the case of the equiax material, an influence of material orientation was not observed on the failure mechanism with crack propagation occurring through a combination of debonded/cracked carbides and void formation along twin boundaries resulting in a mixture of intergranular and transgranular crack propagation.
On the sideways expansion of relativistic non-spherical shocks and GRB afterglows

Expansion of non-spherical relativistic blast waves is considered in the Kompaneets (the thin shell) approximation. We find that the relativistic motion effectively "freezes out" the lateral dynamics of the shock front: only extremely strongly collimated shocks, with the opening angles $\Delta \theta \leq 1/\Gamma^2$, show appreciable modification of profiles due to sideways expansion. For less collimated profiles the propagation is nearly ballistic; the sideways expansion of relativistic shock becomes important only when they become mildly relativistic.
Optimal Control of a Dubins Car with a Capture Set and the Homicidal Chauffeur Differential Game

Abstract The optimal control of a Dubins car endowed with a circular or a line segment capture set is considered and the connection to their Homicidal Chauffeur differential game (HCDG) analogues is discussed. The capture set endowed Dubins cars are tasked to reach a stationary target point in minimum time. The solutions to the Dubins car optimal control problems (DCOCP) are similar to the solutions of the HCDG where the Evader, which is slower than the pursuing car, has simple motion. The similarities can be attributed to the fact that both the DCOCPs and the HCDG dynamics have two states and the Pursuer in the HCDG is modeled as a Dubins car. Because of these similarities, the solutions to the DCOCPs yield insights into the solutions of the attendant HCDGs where the Pursuer is endowed with a circular, or a line segment, capture set. This paper develops the solution to the optimal control problem of a Dubins car with a line segment capture set, presents the solution when the car is endowed with a circular capture set, and then draws comparisons to the respective HCDGs.
Government and the Institutions of Modernization

This chapter introduces the essential public institutional structures for modernization of agriculture, what they are to accomplish, how they interact with the dominant private sector, and key issues in their development. Discussion proceeds to farmers and private businesses whose incentive-based decisions determine the effect of government policies and institutions. That is followed by discussion of the key issues important in determining the long-run success of government programs for agricultural modernization. Next is the critical issue of geographic concentration of government effort. The final section outlines the interrelation between succeeding chapters.
The Effect of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Preventing Inpatient Hypoglycemia in General Wards: The Glucose Telemetry System.

Background:Few studies have examined the use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices in the general wards. The aim of this pilot study was to examine whether CGM readings can be successfully...
Accounting for rainfall evaporation using dual-polarization radar and mesoscale model data

Abstract Implementation of dual-polarization radar should allow for improvements in quantitative precipitation estimates due to dual-polarization capability allowing for the retrieval of the second moment of the gamma drop size distribution. Knowledge of the shape of the DSD can then be used in combination with mesoscale model data to estimate the motion and evaporation of each size of drop falling from the height at which precipitation is observed by the radar to the surface. Using data from Central Missouri at a range between 130 and 140 km from the operational National Weather Service radar a rain drop tracing scheme was developed to account for the effects of evaporation, where individual raindrops hitting the ground were traced to the point in space and time where they interacted with the radar beam. The results indicated evaporation played a significant role in radar rainfall estimation in situations where the atmosphere was relatively dry. Improvements in radar estimated rainfall were also found in these situations by accounting for evaporation. The conclusion was made that the effects of raindrop evaporation were significant enough to warrant further research into the inclusion high resolution model data in the radar rainfall estimation process for appropriate locations.
Abstract 46: Six of One, Half a Dozen of the Other: Single-Center Retrospective Comparison of Prehospital Large Vessel Occlusion Tools

Introduction: Large Vessel Occlusion (LVO) makes up about 30% of acute strokes. There are several published tools designed for detection of LVO for use in the prehospital setting. The ideal prehosp...
68 – Neurobiology of Insomnia

Although there is significant progress with respect to the delineation of the neurobiology of sleep and wakefulness, the circadian aspects of sleep, the nonrapid eye movement–rapid eye movement (NREM–REM) oscillation, and sleep-related phasic events, substantially less is known about the neurobiological abnormalities that give rise to sleep disorders in general and insomnia in particular. This chapter reviews the issues that pertain to the definition of insomnia, with special consideration to how the definition of insomnia may influence the attempt to define the neurobiological aspects of the disorder. It also reviews the regulation of sleep and wakefulness and provides a framework for the consideration of insomnia as a disorder that not only has multiple determinants but also can be described in terms of multiple parallel processes. The lack of diagnostic specificity, in turn, is expected to substantially complicate the search for, and identification of, the neuronal systems that, when functioning abnormally, produce these different outcomes. The illness state, therefore, is thought to be rooted in the dysregulation of the neuronal systems related to sleep initiation or maintenance.
Prospects of Using Reprocessed Uranium in CANDU Reactors, in the U.S. GNEP Program

Current Global Nuclear Energy Partnership (GNEP) plans envision reprocessing spent fuel (SF) with view to minimizing high-level waste (HLW) repository use and recovering actinides (U, Np, Pu, Am, and Cm) for transmutation in reactors as fuel and targets. The reprocessed uranium (RU), however, is to be disposed of. This paper presents a limited-scope analysis of possible reuse of RU in CANDU (Canada Deuterium Uranium) Reactors, within the context of the US GNEP program. Other papers on this topic submitted to this conference discuss the possibility of RU reuse in light-water reactors (LWRs) (with enrichment) and offer an independent economic analysis of RU reuse [1-4]. A representative RU uranium “vector”, from reprocessed spent LWR fuel, comprises 98.538 wt% U, 0.46 wt% U, 0.986 wt% U, and 0.006 wt% U. After multiple recyclings, the concentration of U can approach 0.02 wt%. The presence of U and U in RU reduces the reactivity and fuel lifetime (exit burnup), which is particularly an issue in LWRs [5].
Phenotypic evolution: the ongoing synthesis (American Society of Naturalists address).

AbstractI explore the proposition that evolutionary biology is currently in the midst of its greatest period of synthesis. This period, which I call the Ongoing Synthesis, began in 1963 and continues at the present time. I use analysis of citations, conduct, and content to compare the Ongoing Synthesis to widely recognized periods of synthesis in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. To compare content, I focus on phenotypic evolution and compare current efforts with George Gaylord Simpson’s struggle to understand evolution in deep geological time. The essence of current effort is captured by the question, What is the best model for phenotypic evolution? Although many investigators are actively engaged in answering this question, I single out two examples of my own collaborative work for emphasis here. These two studies share three important characteristics: diagnosis of evolutionary pattern using massive data sets, validation of model parameter values using compilations of estimates (e.g., heritability...
NATURAL KILLING IN PATIENTS WITH HODGKIN'S DISEASE

Publisher Summary This chapter examines the natural killing in patients with Hodgkin's disease. Twenty-eight untreated patients with Hodgkin's disease were the subjects of the study described in the chapter. Histopathologic staging was done according to the Rye system. The majority of patients underwent staging laparotomy and were pathologically staged according to Ann Arbor classification. They included 4 patients with stage I, 13 with stage II, 9 with stage III, and 2 with stage IV Hodkin's disease. Twenty-six patients had nodular sclerosis and 2 had mixed cellular histologic type of Hodgkin's disease. Thirty age- and sex-matched healthy donors served as controls. The chapter presents data of natural killing in the peripheral blood T and non-T cells. Ten of 26 patients had decreased T-cell mediated natural killer (NK) activity when compared to range for controls, whereas only 3 of those 10 patients had decreased non-T-cell-mediated NK. No patient demonstrated deficiency of non-T-cell NK without a deficiency of T cell NK. The chapter presents the results of T and non-T-cell NK with regard to stage of disease.
Interactive effects of parenting behavior and regulatory skills in toddlerhood on child weight outcomes.

There is limited research investigating whether maternal behaviors exhibited during non-feeding contexts play a role in the development of obesity, and whether this association varies based on children’s emerging regulatory skills. The objective of this study was to investigate interactions between maternal behaviors and toddler regulation predicting child BMI z-scores (BMIZ) at 4.5 years. Infant–mother dyads (n = 108) participated in laboratory visits when the child was 18 months and 4.5 years of age. Maternal interactive behaviors (i.e., positive responsiveness, gentle control) were coded from recordings of free play and clean-up tasks with their toddlers. Toddler regulation was assessed via an observational task, experimenter ratings, and parent ratings. Child and mother length/height and weight measurements were recorded and used to calculate child BMIZ and maternal BMI, respectively. After controlling for covariates, two significant interactions emerged between maternal behaviors and toddler regulation predicting BMIZ at 4.5 years. First, an interaction of positive responsiveness during free play and toddler regulation demonstrated that greater positive responsiveness significantly related to lower child BMIZ for toddlers with poor regulation. Second, an interaction of gentle control during clean-up and toddler regulation indicated that greater gentle control was associated with lower BMIZ for toddlers with lesser regulatory abilities, but higher BMIZ for well-regulated toddlers. No significant main effects emerged for maternal interactive behaviors or toddler regulation. These results suggest that associations between maternal behaviors and child BMIZ may depend on toddlers’ emerging regulatory abilities. Maternal responsiveness during free play and gentle control during clean-up appear to protect against weight gain, especially for toddlers with lower regulatory abilities. However, greater levels of gentle control may have adverse effects on BMIZ for well-regulated toddlers. These results suggest that both parenting and toddler regulation, examined outside feeding contexts, may have important implications for child obesity.
A pilot pre-surgical study evaluating anti-PD-L1 durvalumab (durva) plus anti-CTLA-4 tremelimumab (treme) in patients with muscle-Invasive, high-risk urothelial bladder carcinoma who are ineligible for cisplatin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

e16524Background: In patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), especially those with high risk features including lymphovascular invasion, hydronephrosis, T3b disease, or variant histolo...
Modeling and Implementation of the McKibben Actuator in Hydraulic Systems

McKibben actuators, comprised of an elastomeric tube wrapped in inextensible fibers, were developed in the 1950s and have been used primarily in pneumatic applications. Mc-Kibben actuators provide superior force and power density at a lower cost compared to many conventional actuators due to their simple design. This paper explores driving McKibben actuators with high-pressure hydraulics and reflects on some challenges associated with modeling the actuators at hydraulic pressures. Twelve actuators were designed, fabricated, and tested experimentally over a range of contraction ratios. Four modeling approaches were evaluated against experimental data including a new model that eliminates some of the limitations of existing models by predicting output force as a function of initial actuator geometry only and capturing the nonlinear variation in elastomer wall thickness as the actuator is strained. The experimental results suggest that the existing McKibben force models presented in this paper are not as accurate as the new model for tracking total axial force generation. The absolute value of the error from experimental values of each of the four models ranged from 9.1% for the new model developed in this paper to 9.9%, 10.0%, and 10.5% for the three other existing approaches, but the new model has unique advantages in modeling hydraulic McKibben actuators that require thicker tube walls. This study lays the ground work for future research in modeling soft robots comprised of compliant actuators powered hydraulically at high pressures.