cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reticulum cell sarcoma. A review of radiotherapeutic experience

A study of the effects of radiation therapy delivered to 225 tumor masses in 72 patients with reticulum cell sarcoma revealed that this tumor was generally radiosensitive. Only 14% were radioresistant. Sixty-one per cent of the tumors with marked but incomplete shrinkage at the end of the therapy period eventually reached complete response at a median time of 42 days following therapy. The median dosage of the tumors reaching complete response was 2800 rads while those with incomplete response received a median of 1800 rads. An overall rating of disease activity based upon general performance status and rate of progression of the disease was more important than anatomical staging in the prediction of either tumor response or survival.
Properties of the 2p-1h intermediate structure in /sup 41/Sc

Angular correlations in the $^{40}\mathrm{Ca}(p, {p}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\gamma})^{40}\mathrm{Ca}^{*}$ (3.73 MeV) have been measured for a group of levels centered at an excitation energy of 7.2 MeV in $^{41}\mathrm{Sc}$. Analyzing-power measurements have also been made over the same resonances in the elastic channel. The spin of 6 of the resonances which preferentially decayed to the 1p-1h ${3}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ state in $^{40}\mathrm{Ca}$ have been measured as being $\frac{5}{{2}^{+}}$. The results are interpreted as being evidence for a 2p-1h intermediate structure in $^{41}\mathrm{Sc}$ formed by the coupling of a particle in the $2p$ shell to the ${3}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ core state in $^{40}\mathrm{Ca}$. Evidence is presented for a resonance in $^{41}\mathrm{Sc}$ which is a possible candidate for being the $T=\frac{3}{2}$, ${T}_{z}=\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2}$ member of the quartet of states built upon the second excited $\frac{7}{{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}}$ state in $^{41}\mathrm{K}$.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{40}\mathrm{Ca}(p, {p}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\gamma})^{40}\mathrm{Ca}^{*}$, ${E}_{p}=6.02\ensuremath{-}6.48$ MeV. $^{40}\mathrm{Ca}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{p}, {p}_{0})^{40}\mathrm{Ca}$ analyzing-power measurements. ${E}_{p}=6.0\ensuremath{-}6.4$ MeV. Deduced spins and parities of 12 resonances. Natural target.
The Arts, Health, and Aging in America: 2005–2015

In advance of the White House Conference on Aging (WHCoA) in 1981, 1995, and 2005, the arts and aging communities held mini-conferences to ensure that arts, culture, and livability were part of larger public policy discussions. This article takes a historical look at recommendations from the 2005 WHCoA Mini-Conference on Creativity and Aging in America, including arts in health care, lifelong learning, and livability through universal design. Overarching recommendations in 2005 requested investments in research, including cost-benefit analyses; identification of best practices and model programs; program dissemination to broaden the availability of arts programs. The "Arts" is a broad term encompassing all forms of arts including music, theater, dance, visual arts, literature, multimedia and design, folk, and traditional arts to engage the participation of all older Americans; promotion of innovative public and private partnerships to support arts program development, including workforce development (e.g., artists, social workers, and health care providers); and public awareness of the importance of arts participation to healthy aging. Through the leadership of the National Endowment for the Arts and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, thinking about the arts and aging has broadened to include greater emphasis on a whole-person approach to the health and well-being of older adults. This approach engages older adults in arts participation not only as audience members, but as vital members of their community through creative expression focusing on life stories for intergenerational as well as interprofessional collaboration. This article reviews progress made to date and identifies critical gaps in services for future consideration at a 2015 Mini-Conference on Creativity and Aging related to the WCHoA area of emphasis on healthy aging.
An algorithm for managing patients who have Composix Kugel ventral hernia mesh.

Composix® Kugel® (CK) mesh is a prosthetic available since 2000 for ventral hernia repair. A recent voluntary, class I recall of CK has caused concern regarding implantable medical devices and has caused many patients to seek medical attention and advice related to their hernia repair. Surgeons are required to answer many patient inquiries and address their concerns. Although the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) warnings can help guide surgeons in dealing with events such as this recall, detailed information and algorithms are lacking. We present information regarding the composite mesh recall and propose an algorithm for the management of patients who have had this mesh implanted.
Self-punitive behavior in the rat during successive-discrimination "extinction" trials*

Self-punitive locomotor behavior was studied by means of a within-Ss design. Following shock-escape training, rats were shocked in the middle of the runway on only half their extinction trials. One tone was presented on shock trials and another on nonshock trials. In opposition to a discrimination hypothesis, starting speeds as well as running speeds in every runway section, both preceding and following shock, were faster on shock trials than on nonshock trials. The data support the notion that enhancing the distinctiveness of punishment conditions may augment rather than weaken self-punitive behavior.
Spatial correlation of earthquake ground motion: non-parametric estimation

Abstract A non-parametric method, called multidimensional correlation mapping (MCM), is used to describe the local spatial correlation of different components of earthquake ground acceleration. The method estimates spatial correlation without presuming homogeneity or isotropy of the phase-aligned local ground motion fields. For selected events recorded by the SMART1 accelerograph array, we obtain contour plots of equal correlation of ground acceleration, with respect to the center of the array. Displacement time-histories are also computed from the accelerograms and the spatial correlation of the displacements is estimated for comparison with that of the accelerations.
The effects of nitroxyl (HNO) on H2O2 metabolism and possible mechanisms of HNO signaling

Nitroxyl (HNO) possesses unique and potentially important biological/physiological activity that is currently mechanistically ill-defined. Previous work has shown that the likely biological targets for HNO are thiol proteins, oxidized metalloproteins (i.e. ferric heme proteins) and, most likely, selenoproteins. Interestingly, these are the same classes of proteins that interact with H2O2. In fact, these classes of proteins not only react with H2O2, and thus potentially responsible for the signaling actions of H2O2, but are also responsible for the degradation of H2O2. Therefore, it is not unreasonable to speculate that HNO can affect H2O2 degradation by interacting with H2O2-degrading proteins possibly leading to an increase in H2O2-mediated signaling. Moreover, considering the commonality between HNO and H2O2 biological targets, it also seems likely that HNO-mediated signaling can also be due to reactivity at otherwise H2O2-reactive sites. Herein, it is found that HNO does indeed inhibit H2O2 degradation via inhibition of H2O2-metaboilizing proteins. Also, it is found that in a system known to be regulated by H2O2 (T cell activation), HNO behaves similarly to H2O2, indicating that HNO- and H2O2-signaling may be similar and/or intimately related.
Dielectric loss measurements on OH− dipoles in KBr with caloric techniques

The dielectric loss due to the reorientation of tunneling paraelectric defects in alkalihalides can be determined at low temperatures in a simple and sensitive way by measurement of the dissipated heat. The method was tested for OH− dipoles in KBr by measuring the heating rate as a function of the applied ac frequency and amplitude, variable dc bias, temperature and dipole concentration. The normalized heating versus frequency curves for small dipole concentrations follow closely a Debye peak, with relaxation time values in good agreement with earlier results. Asymmetric broadening of the heating curves, observed for high dipole concentrations, can be explained by the presence of interaction effects within local clusters of parallel ordered dipoles. Using this sensitive heating technique and crystals with low dipole concentration, a search was conducted for the decrease in dielectric loss, predicted by the tunneling model for fields comparable to the tunneling splitting E < 2 Δ/p. Der dielektrische Verlust durch tunnelnde paraelektrische Defekte in Alkalihalogeniden kann bei tiefen Temperaturen durch Messung der Verlustwarme einfach und empfindlich bestimmt werden. Die Methode wurde fur OH−-Dipole in KBr durch Messung der Aufheizrate als Funktion der Wechselspannungsfrequenz und -amplitude, der Gleichvorspannung, der Temperatur und der Dipolkonzentration getestet. Die uber der Frequenz aufgetragenen Aufheizkurven fur kleine Dipolkonzentrationen folgen annahernd einem Debye-Verhalten mit Werten der Relaxationszeit, die in guter Ubereinstimmung mit fruheren Resultaten sind. Die asymmetrische Verbreiterung der Kurven bei hohen Dipolkonzentrationen kann durch Wechselwirkungseffekte innerhalb ortlicher Cluster von parallel geordeten Dipolen erklart werden. Mit Hilfe der hochempfindlichen Aufheiztechnik wurde an Kristallen mit niedriger Dipolkonzentration versucht, den Abfall der dielektrischen Verluste zu finden, den das Tunnelmodell fur kleine Felder (vergleichbar mit der Tunnelaufspaltung E < 2 Δ/p) voraussagt.
Diffusion and signaling revisited.

In this issue of Immunity, Andrews et al. (2009) used single-molecule fluorescence microscopy to demonstrate that the IgE receptor FcɛRI in the plasma membrane can signal in a mobile state.
A NOTE ON PROJECTIONS OF CONDITIONAL POSSIBILITY DISTRIBUTIONS IN APPROXIMATE REASONING

We show that in the framework of the theory of approximate reasoning the taking of the projection on a conditional possibility distribution leads to a valid inference.
Two forms of biosynthetic acetohydroxy acid synthetase in Salmonellatyphimurium

Summary The initial enzyme common to the isoleucine-valine biosynthetic pathway, acetohydroxy acid synthetase (AHAS), is inhibited by valine. Evidence is presented that there are two forms of this enzyme, one sensitive (AHASs) to inhibition by valine, and the other resistant (AHASr). AHASr is under multivalent repression by isoleucine, valine and leucine, while AHASs is repressed only by valine and leucine. Multiple forms of AHAS allow for the synthesis of isoleucine in the presence of excess valine.
Fusion of Dioxygenase and Lignin-binding Domains in a Novel Secreted Enzyme from Cellulolytic Streptomyces sp. SirexAA-E

Streptomyces sp. SirexAA-E is a highly cellulolytic bacterium isolated from an insect/microbe symbiotic community. When grown on lignin-containing biomass, it secretes SACTE_2871, an aromatic ring dioxygenase domain fused to a family 5/12 carbohydrate-binding module (CBM 5/12). Here we present structural and catalytic studies of this novel fusion enzyme, thus providing insight into its function. The dioxygenase domain has the core β-sandwich fold typical of this enzyme family but lacks a dimerization domain observed in other intradiol dioxygenases. Consequently, the x-ray structure shows that the enzyme is monomeric and the Fe(III)-containing active site is exposed to solvent in a shallow depression on a planar surface. Purified SACTE_2871 catalyzes the O2-dependent intradiol cleavage of catechyl compounds from lignin biosynthetic pathways, but not their methylated derivatives. Binding studies show that SACTE_2871 binds synthetic lignin polymers and chitin through the interactions of the CBM 5/12 domain, representing a new binding specificity for this fold-family. Based on its unique structural features and functional properties, we propose that SACTE_2871 contributes to the invasive nature of the insect/microbial community by destroying precursors needed by the plant for de novo lignin biosynthesis as part of its natural wounding response.
Luni-solar 18.6- and solar cycle 10-11-year signals in USA air temperature records

Spectrum analysis of 1197 USA air temperature records yields evidence for two peaks with periods 18.8 ± 1.7 and 10.4 ± 0.5 years. Tests by the t-statistic show that both are significant at confidence levels of 99.9 per cent, and both account for 23 per cent of total variance in the raw data. They are identified as the luni-solar 18.6-year Mn and solar cycle Sc 10–11-year signals in climate, induced by the twelfth largest constituent tide acting on the Earth and a variation of 10 to 11 years in the Sun's luminosity of the order of 0.1 per cent. Amplitude and phase of Mn wavetrains are highly non-stationary with respect to both time and geography; in particular, abrupt 180° phase changes in wave polarity are often observed. Amplitude and phase of the Sc waves are also highly non-stationary, with those east of the Rocky Mountains out of phase with waves to the west. These results consolidate and greatly extend and clarify earlier studies of Currie based on far less American data.
Silent Corticogonadotroph Adenomas: Clinical and Cellular Characteristics and Long-Term Outcomes

Silent corticotrophins adenomas (SCAs) are clinically silent and non-secreting but immunostain positively for ACTH. We hypothesize that SCAs comprise both corticotroph and gonadotroph characteristics. Cohort analysis from 1994-2008 with follow-up time ranging from 1-15 years in a tertiary referral center. We compared preoperative and postoperative clinical results and tumor cytogenesis in 25 SCAs and 84 nonfunctioning adenomas in 109 consecutive patients diagnosed pre-operatively with nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. Clinical outcomes were radiologic and hormonal measures. Pathologic outcomes were expression of relevant pituitary hormones, tissue-specific transcription factors, and electron microscopy features. Preoperative SCA presentation was similar to that observed for nonfunctioning adenomas. However, SCAs recurred postoperatively at a median of 3 years vs. 8 years for nonfunctioning adenomas (p<0.0001). Fifty-four percent of patients with SCAs had new onset postoperative hypopituitarism vs. 17% of nonfunctioning adenomas (p<0.025). SCAs (n=18) were immunopositive for ACTH, cytoplasmic and nuclear SF-1, NeuroD1, DAX-1, and alpha-gonadotropin subunit, but Tpit negative, and co-expression of tumor ACTH with either SF-1 or LH was detected. In contrast, functional corticotroph adenomas (n=11) were immunopositive for ACTH, nuclear SF-1, NeuroD1, and Tpit, but negative for DAX-1, a gonadotroph cell transcription factor. Gonadotroph adenomas (n=23) were immunonegative for ACTH and Tpit but positive for nuclear SF-1, NeuroD1, and DAX-1. SCA electron microscopy demonstrated ultrastructural features consistent with corticotroph and gonadotroph cells. As SCAs exhibit features consistent with both corticotroph and gonadotroph cytologic origin, we propose a pathologic and clinically distinct classification of SCAs as silent corticogonadotroph adenomas.
Numerical Investigation on Air Side Performance of Fin-and-Tube Heat Exchangers With Large Diameter Tubes and Large Number of Tube Rows

In the present study, air-side turbulent heat transfer and friction characteristics of fin-and-tube heat exchangers with a large number of tube rows and large diameter of tubes are investigated numerically. Finite Volume Method based CFD software, Ansys CFX, was used as the 3-D Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes Solver. A k-ω based Shear-Stress-Transport (SST) model was used to predict the turbulent flow and heat transfer through the fin-and-tube heat exchanger coil. The effects of parameters such as Reynolds number, the number of tube rows, tube diameter, tube pitches and fin pitch are examined. In the end, correlations for the Nusselt number and friction factor which applicable to fin-and-tube heat exchangers with large number of large-diameter tube rows are proposed.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Tomato seed-based amperometric sensor for the determination of alcohols

The use of tomato seeds as a source for alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) for the determination of alcohols is described. The unique reactivity pattern of the tomato ADH is coupled with the speed and sensitivity of the mixed tissue/carbon paste configuration. The effect of experimental variables, such as pH, cofactor concentration, applied potential, or paste composition, is explored. In accordance to the substrate specificity, the lowest detection limits (in the micromolar level) are obtained for allyl alcohol and ethanol.
Audit Committees and Accountability in Local Government: A National Survey

Abstract Financial scandals in city governments have received increased publicity in recent years. Audit committees have been suggested as a way review and improve standards and procedures for financial accountability. Audit committees assist local government managers in overseeing and monitoring the financial accounting and auditing process. They provide a communication link between elected officials, municipal managers, and independent auditors. This study relies on national survey data to examine the prevalence, role, and composition of audit committees in cities with populations over 65,000 and the conditions affecting their use and effectiveness. Interviews and a brief case study supplement survey data to provide richer detail regarding the performance of audit committees in ensuring improved accountability.
High-Spectral-Resolution Lidar with Iodine-Vapor Filters: Measurement of Atmospheric-State and Aerosol Profiles

A high-spectral-resolution lidar can measure vertical profiles of atmospheric temperature, pressure, the aerosol backscatter ratio, and the aerosol extinction coefficient simultaneously. We describe a system with these characteristics. The transmitter is a narrow-band (FWHM of the order of 74 MHz), injection-seeded, pulsed, double YAG laser at 532 nm. Iodine-vapor filters in the detection system spectrally separate the molecular and aerosol scattering and greatly reduce the latter (−41 dB). Operating at a selected frequency to take advantage of two neighboring lines in vapor filters, one can obtain a sensitivity of the measured signal-to-air temperature ratio equal to 0.42%/K. Using a relatively modest size transmitter and receiver system (laser power times telescope aperture equals 0.19 Wm2), our measured temperature profiles (0.5–15 km) over 11 nights are in agreement with balloon soundings to within 2.0 K over an altitude range of 2–5 km. There is good agreement in the lapse rates, tropopause altitudes, and inversions. In principle, to invert the signal requires a known density at one altitude, but in practice it is convenient to also use a known temperature at that altitude. This is a scalable system for high spatial resolution of vertical temperature profiles in the troposphere and lower stratosphere, even in the presence of aerosols.
Is it Just a Bad Class? Assessing the Long‐term Stability of Estimated Teacher Performance

A number of teacher workforce policies implicitly assume that job performance is a relatively stable attribute within teachers. We use longitudinal data on 5th grade teachers in North Carolina to assess this using value-added measures (VAMs) of job performance. We find that there is a permanent component of teacher performance that is stable in teachers over long periods—implying that workforce policies selecting teachers based on VAMs could effectively improve student achievement. But importantly, our time series model suggests that the permanent component of performance is considerably smaller than that which is often used to estimate workforce policy impacts.
Self-financing land and urban development via land readjustment and value capture

Abstract This paper is about a unique case of a 47 mile long ring road in Ahmadabad, India, planned and implemented using self-financing land readjustment (LR) technique. Uniquely, no landowners were displaced, while the road's 200' wide right-of-way (ROW) was reserved while land abutting the road's ROW was also developed in a self-financing manner. Forty six different – neighborhood scale LR plans were formulated, systematically planned, and spatially arranged to carve the road's ROW and service abutting land with infrastructure. This paper showcases how a regional level infrastructure asset can be created using the LR technique, and how rapidly growing fringe area can benefit using the LR technique. This case is becoming a new model for capital intensive road projects now in India, inspiring other financially constrained similar size cities to follow Ahmadabad's LR based ring road development model. The case study is useful for land management and planning professionals, especially those who are engaged with fiscally constrained and rapidly urbanizing cities of the developing world.
Effects of Food Deprivation on Attraction of Mexican Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) to Grapefruit in a Wind Tunnel

Sexually mature, mated female Mexican fruit flies, Anastrepha ludens (Loew), from a laboratory culture, whether starved or not, were attracted to grapefruit in a wind tunnel. Females starved for 24 h were more strongly attracted than fed females but those starved for 48 h were equivalent to fed females in responsiveness. There were no significant differences in propensity to attempt oviposition on grapefruit by fed or starved females. Sexually mature, mated males, whether fed or starved for 24 h, were not attracted to grapefruit, but those starved for 48 h were attracted.
The implications of helical patterns in 3C 120

Abstract Ongoing monitoring observations of the 3C 120 radio jet with the VLBA at 1.7 GHz show a pattern and motions that suggest that the internal jet structure is helical with a long wavelength [ApJ 556 (2001) 772]. The pattern is stationary or slowly moving with features moving through it at apparent superluminal speeds. Physical theory and numerical simulation of jets show that the helical patterns are an expected result in many circumstances as a result of perturbations to the jet such as jet-cloud collision or precession. The wavelength and pattern speed of such structures are related to the internal sound speed and Lorentz factor and to the external sound speed. The internal jet structure expected from the theory suggests that the pattern will have a wider opening angle than the trajectories of individual particles. This helps avoid a requirement for extreme conditions when interpreting the appearance of the jet in terms of relativistic beaming.
EPR evidence for Co(IV) species produced during water oxidation at neutral pH.

Thin-film water oxidation catalysts (Co−Pi) prepared by electrodeposition from phosphate electrolyte and Co(NO3)2 have been characterized by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Co−Pi catalyst films exhibit EPR signals corresponding to populations of both Co(II) and Co(IV). As the deposition voltage is increased into the region where water oxidation prevails, the population of Co(IV) rises and the population of Co(II) decreases. The changes in the redox speciation of the film can also be induced, in part, by prolonged water oxidation catalysis in the absence of additional catalyst deposition. These results provide spectroscopic evidence for the formation of Co(IV) species during water oxidation catalysis at neutral pH.
Parametrization of all stabilizing controllers via quadratic Lyapunov functions

This paper presents a parametrization of all finite-dimensional, linear time-invariant controllers which asymptotically stabilize a given finite-dimensional, linear time-invariant system. Both continuous-time and discrete-time systems are considered. A potential advantage over existing parametrization schemes in the frequency domain is that the controller order can be fixed. Consequently, necessary and sufficient conditions for stabilizability via static output feedback controller are obtained and stated by the existence of a quadratic Lyapunov functionV(x):=x T Px such thatP satisfies a linear matrix inequality (LMI), whileP −1 satisfies another LMI. If the controller order is not fixed a priori, then the resulting computational problem can be made convex, and a controller of order less than or equal to the plant order may always be constructed.
The effect of d-2(p-aminophenyl)-2-phenylethylamine (SK&F-12185) in Cushing's syndrome associated with adrenocortical carcinoma☆

Abstract A 55-year-old woman with Cushing's syndrome and adrenocortical carcinoma was treated with d-2(p-amino-phenyl)-2-phenylethylamine (SK & F-12185). Marked improvement in the clinical manifestations of Cushing's syndrome, including the severity of the diabetes mellitus, was observed. The urinary excretion of tetrahydrocortisol was reduced whereas that of tetrahydro S was increased. The progression of the tumor itself appeared to be unaffected.
Whole-cell-analysis of live cardiomyocytes using wide-field interferometric phase microscopy

We apply wide-field interferometric microscopy techniques to acquire quantitative phase profiles of ventricular cardiomyocytes in vitro during their rapid contraction with high temporal and spatial resolution. The whole-cell phase profiles are analyzed to yield valuable quantitative parameters characterizing the cell dynamics, without the need to decouple thickness from refractive index differences. Our experimental results verify that these new parameters can be used with wide field interferometric microscopy to discriminate the modulation of cardiomyocyte contraction dynamics due to temperature variation. To demonstrate the necessity of the proposed numerical analysis for cardiomyocytes, we present confocal dual-fluorescence-channel microscopy results which show that the rapid motion of the cell organelles during contraction preclude assuming a homogenous refractive index over the entire cell contents, or using multiple-exposure or scanning microscopy.
Squirrel monkeys in Costa Rica: drifting to extinction

Central American squirrel monkeys Saimiri oerstedii are limited to Costa Rica and Panama, and have never been abundant. The Costa Rican population is now decimated. Based on our survey of squirrel monkeys throughout a large portion of the Costa Rican range of this species in 1996, we can confirm that at least 1246 squirrel monkeys remain in 26 spatially dispersed localities. Despite probable undercounts of squirrel monkeys within sites and potentially missed localities, the total population size should be considered far below a size that would provide long-term genetic viability. Deforestation and habitat fragmentation spurred by agricultural and tourism development are the familiar culprits contributing to this decline. Our strong recommendation is that future conservation efforts be targeted at the level of each specific locality, perhaps recruiting local, national and international sponsors. A focused strategy would allow management efforts to be tailored to the circumstances specific to each site and thus allocate scarce resources more efficiently.
A change in treatment process with a modern record and verify system

Abstract Purpose: With the introduction of new treatment devices, such as a multileaf collimator (MLC) and dynamic wedge (DW), therapists have an increased responsibility to ensure correct treatment. Simultaneously, three-dimensional treatment planning (3DTP) has led to an increased number of portals and table movements. To counteract this challenge and maintain efficiency, a comprehensive record and verify (RV auto setup for MLC, jaw, collimator, gantry, and limited table parameters; direct download of simulation beam data; and a regimented field scheduling system that prescribes all beam data for particular fractions. Evaluation of the system was driven by treatment time analysis, error rates, and an increased workload. These issues were governed by how we disseminated duties and how the system accommodated or changed our processes. Results: Most data entry is performed by our dosimetry staff. Data can be downloaded from the simulator, but more patients now move from CT simulation and/or 3DTP to the treatment machine. Varis does not link to these systems. The physics staff confirms all entries to correct data entry errors. The workload for dosimetrists increased by an average of 8 minutes/patient entry; physics time increased by 7 minutes/patient entry; the weekly electronic chart check takes approximately 3 minutes/patient. Therapists who used Varis efficiently showed a slight decrease in treatment times, attributed to MLC integration and auto-setup. Some therapists experienced a decrease in efficiency, because of unfamiliarity and excess intervention. On a positive note, notable events have decreased by a factor of 10 since full initiation. Unfortunately, the remaining errors are often the result of a therapist relying on incorrect electronic information. Conclusion: The Varis R&V system has had an impact on our clinic’s process and efficiency. Checking of all beam data and related field scheduling have helped reduce errors and misconceptions. We feel a dual-energy machine can be operated with two experienced therapists and an up-to-date R&V system more accurately and efficiently than with three therapists working without an integrated R&V. We anticipate future Varis releases will further promote efficiency and accuracy.
Belief in a Just World Scale: Unidimensional or Multidimensional?

Abstract The present study attempted to determine whether the Belief in a Just World Scale (BJWS; Rubin & Peplau, 1975) is unidimensional or multidimensional. The results of a factor analysis, based on a sample of U.S. students, indicated that the BJWS appears to be multidimensional rather than unidimensional, and that it is affected by both gender and culture. Also, there was a gender difference in the total scale scores, with men scoring significantly higher than women.
Can homo economicus follow Kant’s categorical imperative?

Abstract This paper incorporates Immanuel Kant’s duty-based system of ethics into the neoclassical model of rational choice. We briefly summarize the most relevant aspects of Kant’s ethics, focusing on his distinction between perfect and imperfect duties. We then explain how each one can fit easily into economists’ conception of decision-making, which will allow economic models of choice to include a wider variety of ethical motivations beyond the typical egoism or utilitarianism implicitly assumed.
The extent of multimedia partitioning of organic chemicals

Abstract This paper examines the question of the extent of multimedia partitioning of organic chemicals. Partition profiles are estimated for releases into air, water, and soil. The analysis shows that cross-media partitioning can be expected for 50 – 80 % of all organic chemicals.
Caring for and Learning from Each Other: A Grounded Theory Study of Grandmothers and Adult Granddaughters

This study examines the transmission of values between grandmothers and adult granddaughters, including how these values are transmitted bidirectionally and then used to cocreate a mutually formed value set. Past research has been restricted to a unidirectional approach of transmission of values from older generation to younger generation. The majority of past studies support that youth look to elders for guidance on life, values, and moral development. Few studies have ventured to consider a bidirectional process, in which the elder also benefits from the relationship and a dynamic relationship emerges. Data gathering for this study began with a focus group (n = 6) to pilot the interview guide followed by semistructured interviews with four grandmother-granddaughter dyads. Data indicate that grandmothers and adult granddaughters experience a change in their relationship when the granddaughter reaches adulthood, that the relationship is mutually beneficial, that both generations learn from exchanges withi...
Blue-Sac Disease in Lake Ontario Lake Trout

Egg lots from individual females of Seneca strain lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush), captured from Lake Ontario and incubated at 7°–9°C, showed a very high incidence of blue-sac disease and associated mortality. Losses were shown to be female dependent. Some of the eggs were found to be infected by a myxobacterium (Cytophaga sp.) that may have been transmitted to the fry through the egg and/or sperm. This myxobacterial infection may have been related to the blue-sac disease observed in some egg lots. Incubation at 1.7°–3.0° C significantly reduced the incidence of blue-sac disease and mortality in the replicated egg lots.
Elastic Response of Titanium Foams During Compression Tests and Using Laser‐Ultrasonic Probing

The elastic properties of titanium foams were evaluated using compression tests and the measurements of the specimen's resonance frequencies using laser-ultrasonics. The values measured by the two methods are in good agreement. Laser-ultrasonic techniques can be useful to measure the elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio of underformed specimens. The technique can be particularly valuable to evaluate the properties on small specimens.
On Certainty and indoctrination

My concern is with Wittgenstein's "pedagogical turn", the move he makes when he asks, "How would one learn or teach this concept or word?" I shall pay some attention to a hierarchy of modes of teaching that can be discovered in Wittgenstein's later work in order to move on into a consideration of some points about the acquisition of "world pictures" (Weltbilder) in On Certainty. I shall conclude with some comments about a problem in the ethics of education indoctrination for On Certainty highlights this problem in an interesting and unusual way. The pedagogical turn has two forms: one asks how a concept or term would be learned, the other how they might be taught. The first of these, as I have tried to show in another context (Macmillan 1981), is usually limited to showing either how complex a particular concept is,1 or else that a particular form of words could not be learned because of its confusedness.2 What is not attempted by Wittgenstein with the learning form is a psychological doctrine about how or what people learn rather, it is to be seen as part of his larger attack on the nature of language-games and concepts. The fact of learning is a given in his discussion rather than the center of attention.3 Nor does Wittgenstein hold that learning and teaching are the same. This is as it should be, since learning and teaching are quite different concepts. While a question, "Who taught you that?" might be asked in any case where a learning claim has been made, its relevance can be rejected easily by appeals to self-teaching or to experience. As Witt genstein points out (PI II, 227), there are some things in this case, expert judgment about the genuineness of expressions of feeling that are learned but for which teaching is either irrelevant or takes unusual forms.
Localizing Width and Energy of Solar Global p-Modes

We present the first attempt at localizing in latitude the temporal variation of mode energy, energy supply rate, and lifetime of global acoustic modes. We use Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG) and Michelson Doppler Imager data analyzed with the GONG peak-fitting algorithm to measure mode width and amplitude of individual (l, n, m) modes. While measured amplitude and width values are inherently noisier than frequency measurements, it is possible to use the (m/l) dependence of these mode parameters to extract their variation in latitude. With the currently analyzed data sets, we construct maps in time and latitude of acoustic mode energy, lifetime (inverse of mode width), and energy supply rate covering the rising phase of the current solar cycle from the previous minimum to the current maximum. We find that the energy and width of global modes vary in latitude as well as in time and that the variation is clearly related to the distribution of magnetic flux. After removing the average quantity, the residual mode width shows a linear correlation with magnetic activity with a correlation coefficient of 0.88, while the corresponding residual mode energy is anticorrelated with magnetic activity with a correlation coefficient of -0.90. These mode parameters derived from global p-modes respond to the local distribution of surface magnetic activity. The energy supply rate shows no correlation with the latitudinal distribution of magnetic activity within the limits of the current measurements. We estimate the variation of global mode energy in response to an individual magnetic feature, such as a plage, and find that the global mode energy and the mode lifetime are reduced by about 40% by an active region compared to the quiet Sun.
Assessing the instrumental and symbolic elements in attitudes toward the death penalty using a sample of Puerto Rican students

Theoretical explanations for the support or opposition to the death penalty have often been dichotomized into the instrumental and the symbolic perspectives. The instrumental perspective sees support for the death penalty as utilitarian, that it is a means to a desired end, which is often to lower crime rates. The symbolic perspective sees support for the death penalty as emanating from individuals’ political and social ideologies, no matter its utilitarian value. Both perspectives have often been examined individually, and seldom juxtaposed as competing explanations in a singular model. This paper examines both perspectives in a singular model, using a sample of Puerto Rican students.
Compost Tea: Principles and Prospects For Plant Disease Control

An increasing body of experimental evidence indicates that plant disease can be suppressed by treating plant surfaces with a variety of water-based compost preparations, referred to in the literature as watery fermented compost extracts or compost teas. The terms nonaerated compost teas (NCT) and aerated compost teas (ACT) are used in this review to refer to the common production methods that diverge in the intent to actively aerate. Very little data directly compares the efficacy of NCT and ACT for plant disease suppression. A variety of foliar plant pathogens and/or diseases have been suppressed by applications of NCT while few controlled studies have examined ACT. For some diseases the level of control would be considered inadequate for conventional agriculture; organic producers with limited control options consider partial disease control to be an important improvement. For both compost tea production methods, decisions that influence pathogen suppression include choice of compost feedstocks, compost...
Changes in Texture and Flavor of Red Hake Sticks As Affected by Frozen Storage Form

Red hake (Urophycis chuss) was processed into frozen blocks from which sticks were made at various times so that the samples tested had been stored at – 18°C either as sticks or blocks or a combination of the two over a 9-month period. Sensory panelists found highly significant differences (p<0.001) among storage periods (3, 6, 9, months) for both flavor and texture. Storage form (stick or block), however, had little apparent effect on changes in flavor and texture. Cooking method had a significant effect on flavor (p<0.05) and on texture (p<0.001). Warner-Bratzler shear measurements were shown.
Effect of thyrotropin-releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, and somatostatin on neuronal activity of brain stem reticular formation and hippocampus in the female rat

Abstract Changes in the multiunit activity of the brain stem reticular formation and dorsal hippocampus were studied in environmentally habituated, freely moving, regularly cyclic female rats with chronically implanted “macro” and “semimicro” depth electrodes. Cortical electroencephalograms and multiunit activity were recorded continuously. An inverse relationship was observed between the brain stem reticular formation and the dorsal hippocampus multiunit activity. The multiunit activity in the brain stem reticular formation was variably high during attentive behavior, stable and low under slow-wave sleep, and reached very high values in paradoxical sleep (REM). Conversely, the dorsal hippocampus multiunit activity was high during slow-wave sleep and variably low during attentive behavior or REM sleep. Samples of raw multiunit activity were tape-recorded during slow-wave sleep for analysis of interspike intervals of amplitude-discriminated cell discharges prior to and after hormonal treatments. The analysis revealed that intraperitoneal injection of either thyrotropin-releasing hormone ( 3 μ g 100 g body weight) or luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (500 ng/rat) resulted in a rapid decrease in interspike intervals of amplitude-discriminated spikes in the brain stem reticular formation and a concomitant increase in intervals between hippocampal cell discharges. Somatostatin ( 3 μ g 100 g body weight), on the other hand, resulted in a general depression of firing rates of neurons in both the brain stem reticular formation and the dorsal hippocampus. In the administered doses, none of the hormones interfered with the regular vaginal cycle of the rats.
Design Considerations For Coherent Imaging Systems

The mechanisms of image recording with coherent and partially coherent light are well understood and many examples are to be found in the rather extensive literature. The deleterious effects in the recordings of coherent images arise from the specific functional form of the amplitude impulse response and the non-linearity of the coherent image forming and recording process. Several groups of workers have used apodisation of diffraction limited optical systems to produce acceptable amplitude impulse response functions. Satisfactory results have been obtained. Current progress in this important aspect of coherent image recording will be reviewed.
Generation of networks with prescribed degree-dependent clustering

We propose a systematic, rigorous mathematical optimization methodology for the construction, “on demand,” of network structures that are guaranteed to possess a prescribed collective property: the degree-dependent clustering. The ability to generate such realizations of networks is important not only for creating artificial networks that can perform desired functions, but also to facilitate the study of networks as part of other algorithms. This problem exhibits large combinatorial complexity and is difficult to solve with off-the-shelf commercial optimization software. To that end, we also present a customized preprocessing algorithm that allows us to judiciously fix certain problem variables and, thus, significantly reduce computational times. Results from the application of the framework to data sets resulting from simulations of an acquaintance network formation model are presented.
An Additional Bone in the Carpal Region of Raptorial Birds

Summary In a series of 4 species of owls and 12 species of diurnal raptors, an additional bone was present bilaterally in the area of the carpus. Designating the bone as an “additional bone of the raptorial carpal region” is suggested pending appropriate embryological studies to determine the origin of the bone. Generally, the bone was present in owls and in diurnal raptors with relatively short, rounded wings, but was absent in species with longer, more tapered wings. The bone lies at the cranial edge of the carpal area near the radial carpal bone, and is fixed to the surrounding skeleton by ligaments. The tendon of the tensor patagium longus muscle has one slip that attaches to the additional bone and another that passes over its craniodorsal surface en route to insertion. Awareness of the occurrence of this bone in some raptors, but not others, is essential in clinical evaluation of wing injuries, as well as in forming a prognosis for the return to soundness, the potential for release, and, therefore, the life of an injured raptor.
Size-dependent diffusion in the n-alkanes

The translational diffusion constants, D, of trans-stilbene, 1,4-dipheny-1,3-butadiene, 1,6-dipheny-1,3,5-hexatriene, 1,1,4,4,-tetraphenyl-1,3-butadiene, tetraphenylethylene, 9,10-diphenylanthracene, p-terphenyl, bibenzyl, 1,1‘-binaphthyl, [2.2]paracyclophane, triptycene, and dodecahydrotriphenylene have been determined in the n-alkanes using capillary flow techniques. The solutes showed deviations from the Stokes−Einstein (SE) relation (D = kBT/(6πηr)); the values of the hydrodynamic radius, r, decrease as the viscosity, η, increases. The data can be fitted to D/T = ASE/ηp with p < 1 (p = 1 for the SE relation). The values of p increase as the solute size increases; they range from p = 0.712 for p-terphenyl to p = 0.942 for 1,1,4,4,-tetraphenyl-1,3-butadiene. The deviations from SE behavior are discussed in terms of the ratio Vs/Vp, where Vs and Vp are the van der Waals volumes of a solvent and diffusing probe, respectively. The diffusion constants also are discussed in terms of the Wilke−Chang equation....
Does the threshold representation associated with the autoconversion process matter

Different ad hoc threshold functions associated with the autoconversion process have been arbitrarily used in atmospheric models. However, it is unclear how these ad hoc functions impact model results. Here systematic investigations of the sensitivities of climatically-important properties: CF (cloud fraction), LWP (liquid water path), and AIE (aerosol indirect effect) to threshold functions have been performed using a 3-D cloud-resolving model. It is found that the effect of threshold representations is larger on instantaneous values than on daily averages; and the effect depends on the percentage of clouds in their transitional stages of converting cloud water to rain water. For both the instantaneous values and daily averages, the sensitivity to the specification of critical radius is more significant than the sensitivity to the "smoothness" of the threshold representation (as embodied in the relative dispersion of droplet size distribution) for drizzling clouds. Moreover, the impact of threshold representations on the AIE is stronger than that on CF and LWP.
Arthroscopic anterior Shoulder stabilization of collision and contact athletes

BackgroundRepair of the anterior labrum (Bankart lesion) with tightening of the ligaments (capsulorrhaphy) is the recommended treatment for recurrent anterior glenohumeral dislocations. Current evidence suggests that arthroscopic anterior stabilization methods yield similar failure rates for resubluxation and redislocation when compared to open techniques.Study DesignCase series; Level of evidence, 4PurposeTo examine the results of arthroscopic anterior shoulder stabilization of high-demand collision and contact athletes.MethodsThirteen collision and 5 contact athletes were identified from the senior surgeon's case registry. Analysis was limited to patients younger than 20 years who were involved in collision (football) or contact (wrestling, soccer) athletics. Objective testing included preoperative and postoperative range of motion and stability. Outcome measures included the American Shoulder and Elbow Society shoulder score, Simple Shoulder Test, SF-36, and Rowe scores. The surgical procedure was perf...
Parental Perspectives of Communication about Sexuality in Families of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders

To explore the content of communication about sexuality between parents and children with autism spectrum disorders, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 18 parents of children ages 6–13. Content analysis and ethnographic summary were used to interpret the data. Findings suggest that parent’s perceptions of a child’s behaviors and comprehension are associated with the likelihood that communication occurs. However, parents recognize the risks their children experience, with the greatest fears being sexual victimization and misperceptions related to the intent of their child’s behaviors. This study provides information on the nature of communication about sexuality in families of children with autism spectrum disorders and can help tailor interventions aimed at assisting parents to communicate sexuality information effectively.