cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploring the context: contemporary medical education.

t t A w n s t s h e A d o Iwas honored to help kick off the “Patients and Populations: Public Health in Medical Education” conference on September 14, 2010. The Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) and the CDC had convened close to 200 energized medical educators and public health professionals who were committed to integrating public health content into medical education. Together with Dr. Judith Monroe from the CDC and Dr. Scott Frank from Case Western Reserve University, I participated in an opening plenary session that helped set the context for 2 days of presentations and discussions featuring curricular innovations focused on increasing the teaching of public health in themedical curriculum at institutions across theU.S. andCanada. As an emergency physician with over 25 years of experience practicing in challenging military and rural environments, I have a strong appreciation of the power of prevention, particularly as a component of injury control. As a leader in academic medicine, I have witnessed first-hand the vital interplay of the public health and medical education disciplines. Thus it was a privilege to discuss the pressing issues facing medical education and share my belief that now, more than ever before, those of us committed to educating the health professionals of the future must work together to meet the complex health needs of the nation.
Abstract PL03-03: The clinical significance of intratumor diversity in breast cancer

Intratumor diversity for hereditary traits is the driver of tumor evolution, including disease progression and therapeutic resistance. To investigate the role of intratumor genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity in breast tumor progression and in therapeutic responses, we performed immunoFISH (iFISH) analyses of distant metastases from the same patient and breast tumor biopsies before and after treatment. iFISH allows for the combined analysis of phenotypic markers (e.g., such as CD24 and CD44) and chromosomal copy number gains at the single-cell level. In each tumor we evaluated four distinct tumor cell populations (CD44+/CD24-, CD44-/CD24+, CD44+/CD24+, and CD44-/CD24- cells) for chromosomal gain at 8q24 and other commonly gained chromosomal regions. iFISH data was evaluated using ecological and evolutionary models. We found high degree of genetic heterogeneity within and between the four different cell subpopulations in some tumors, in some patients the distant metastases were highly divergent, and the degree of intratumor diversity was altered by treatment and was associated with clinical characteristics. Our findings demonstrate the power of analyzing tumors as ecosystems and indicate that numerical measures of intratumor diversity can be used as clinically useful biomarkers predicting the risk of progression and therapeutic resistance. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr PL03-03. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-PL03-03
Effect of erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficiency on light-induced riboflavin deficiency in the neonate.

SummaryFive neonates with moderate hyperbilirubinemia and G-6-PD deficiency underwent phototherapy for periods of 48 to 120 hr. No biochemical evidence of ribo-flavin deficiency resulted. This contrasts with evidence of riboflavin deficiency observed in 15 of 16 infants with moderate hyperbilirubinemia but no G-6-PD deficiency who were exposed to light for periods of 48 hr or longer. The elevated FAD levels of the erythrocyte of the G-6-PD-deficient infants may have protected them from the light-induced vitamin deficiency.
Hypotheses of Origins of Oil,Natural Gas and Diamond by Underground Discharge/Radiation

A brief introduction of hypothesis of earthquake and volcano origins by underground avalanche and discharge is made.Based on the fact of existing strong underground discharge and earthquake lighting(such as ultraviolet light,etc.),and the basic fact of organic compounds(such as amino acid,hydrocarbon,oil oligomer,etc.) generated by the process of inorganic matter under the discharge and ultraviolet radiation,the hypothesis of origins of oil,natural gas and diamond by underground discharge or underground radiation is proposed.The positive correlation phenomenon or adjacent phenomena between distributions of earthquake or volcano and the distributions of continental oil and gas fields in China are revealed.It is pointed out that the explorations of oil,natural gas and diamond should pay more attention to the regions where earthquake or volcano has been active and the vicinities where more carbon compounds and groundwater exist underneath.
Analysis of the Double Dividend Effect on Environmental Tax and Revelation on Tax Reform of China

On the basis of expounding the appearance of the DDE(double dividend effect) of EX(environmental tax),the authors depict and analyze the effect in those countries in which the EX is applied.According to the existing taxation structure and pollution charge in China,the authors analyze the confinement and possibility of the DDE of EX in China,and give the advice of creating the DDE of EX in China.
Tetrazolium Salt and Electron-Microscopic Studies of Cellular Degeneration and Necrosis in the Interdigital Areas of the Developing Chick Limb

Cellular degeneration and necrosis were studied in the interdigital areas of developing hind limb buds of normal chick embryos by means of enzyme-specific tetrazolium salts and electron microscopy. Using succinic acid as a substrate and the tetrazolium salt, nitro blue tetrazolium, succinate dehydrogenase was specifically demonstrated via a colour reaction in which degenerating and necrotic cells--those with no enzyme activity--did not stain, while those with enzyme activity stained deeply blue-black. The interdigital cells exhibited near absent levels of succinate dehydrogenase as early as stage 26-27, one to two days prior to when morphological evidence of degeneration and necrosis was present. It was postulated that the mechanism of cell death resulted from decreased activity and/or loss of strategic cellular enzymes such as succinate dehydrogenase, with a subsequent fall in the cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) level and a resultant compromise in vital cellular processes, eventually leading to cell death. The evidence indicated that ‘biochemical degeneration’ occurred prior to morphological changes in cells. The ultrastructural events of degenerating and necrotic cells were also studied. Most ‘dying’ cells observed had already been phagocytosed and were observed in various stages of degeneration. The degenerating cells exhibited both nuclear and cytoplasmic changes. There was evidence of active intracellular digestion within the phagocytes. Numerous lysosomes were observed within these cells, and some appeared fused with the digestive vacuole's membranes. The origin of the phagocytes was not determined. No definite information was obtained concerning the utility of cellular degeneration and necrosis in the interdigital areas of the hind limb buds. It appeared to be at least partially causal in separation of the digits.
Latino immigrant youth and interrupted schooling: dropouts, dreamers, and alternative pathways to college

Immigrant minority populations in the USA continue to be at a high risk of not obtaining a high school diploma or a General Education Diploma (GED). Despite this lack of success, general education ...
Evidence-Based Parenting Programs for School-Aged Children

The past two decades have witnessed an upsurge in the number, length, and frequency of military deployments for service members with unprecedented reliance on National Guard and Reserve (NG/R) troops, calling into question how children are impacted by the deployment cycle. Research on civilian populations suggests that parenting practices likely play an important role in mediating the relationship between family stress and child adjustment. This underscores the significant need for evidence-based interventions to support parenting, particularly during reintegration, as this is a key transition period offering families an opportunity to prevent problems as parents readjust to parenting roles. NG/R families may be particularly vulnerable to experiencing the stress of the deployment cycle, as this population is geographically dispersed without a common support system targeting the needs of military families. The paucity of evidence-based parenting interventions tailored for military families has prompted the development of After Deployment, Adaptive Parenting Tools (ADAPT), a post-deployment intervention adapted for use with military families from the preexisting evidence-based intervention, Parent Management Training—Oregon Model (PMTO). In this chapter, we describe PMTO, the adaptations made for ADAPT, and preliminary results from a randomized controlled trial longitudinal study testing the effectiveness of ADAPT in improving positive parenting practices and strengthening parent/child adjustment in NG/R families living in Minnesota.
Administered Production: Continuities in Mexican Political Economy

This chapter is a comparative analysis that illustrates the importance of political institutions as organisers of productive resources in agrarian economies at the local level of the Mexican nation-state. The framework for the comparative analysis is historical and ethnographic. First, a 50-year microhistory of the Yucatecan village of Chan Kom indicates a progressive monopolisation of land and labour resources by political administrators. Secondly, an examination of pre-colonial and colonial forms of labour organisation in Yucatan indicates continuities in patterns of land and labour organisation over time. Thirdly, two brief ethnographic comparisons confirm the importance of political institutions organising production processes. Local administrators historically have used their connections to national political institutions to control the allocation of productive resources and the channels of access to distribution networks, including international money markets as well as marketplaces. From pre-Columbian times to the present, local administrators, whether they were pre-colonial Maya territorial leaders or post-revolutionary ejido officials, have used state-controlled resources to their own advantage.
Now I “See”: The Impact of Graphic Novels on Reading Comprehension in High School English Classrooms

ABSTRACTFew empirical studies have been conducted to investigate the educational uses of graphic novels. Because of this, misconceptions and stereotypes exist. This article presents findings from a study examining the effects of graphic novels on high school students’ (N = 217) reading comprehension. A graphic adaptation of a traditionally taught text (Poe’s “The Cask of Amontillado”) was explored as (a) a replacement text and (b) a supplemental text. The study design utilized a factorial analysis of variance with three independent variables: text type, grade level, and gender. A reading comprehension test was developed to serve as the dependent variable. Findings indicated significant effects for all factors. At the conclusion of the study, post interviews were conducted to elicit students’ and teachers’ perceptions of interacting with the graphic text.
Microscopic Characterization of Membrane Insertion and Dynamics of an Isoprenoid Lipid

Bacterial cell wall synthesis requires the transport of peptidoglycan components across cell membrane via the carrier lipid, undecaprenyl pyrophosphate (UPP). The essential role of UPP in bacterial cell growth renders itself a valuable drug target for antimicrobial treatments (e.g. direct binding by bacitracin, nisin, and clausin) in addition to its metabolic enzymes. After synthesized by a soluble enzyme, UPP needs to be incorporated into the membrane before entering the cell-wall biosynthesis pathway.
Severe brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome is associated with hypercoagulability in dogs

We evaluated whether dogs with severe brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS) developed a hypercoagulable state similar to people with obstructive sleep apnea. Five dogs with grade 3 BOAS were included as well as 5 healthy control Labrador Retrievers. Venous blood samples were collected from each dog for performance of thromboelastography and determination of hematocrit and platelet count. Groups were compared using a t-test, with p < 0.05 considered significant. Thromboelastography results identified that all BOAS dogs were hypercoagulable compared to the Labradors, having significantly shortened clotting time with increased angle, maximal amplitude, and clot rigidity. BOAS dogs also had evidence of delayed fibrinolysis. These results are consistent with, but more severe than, those previously documented in apparently healthy Bulldogs. Together, these findings support the presence of a hypercoagulable state in brachycephalic dogs, and suggest that this state is amplified by increasing severity of BOAS.
End-to-End Dialogue with Sentiment Analysis Features

Psychiatric assistance for suicide prevention does not have a wide enough reach to help the number of victims who commit suicide every year. To help people cope with suicidal thoughts when formal care is unavailable, we propose an artificial intelligence, text-based conversational agent that generates responses similar to those of a counselor. The application will offer a temporary channel for expression that serves as a transition to speaking with a professional psychiatrist. We expand upon existing approaches by utilizing sentiment analysis data, or scores that rank the emotional content of users’ text input, when generating responses. We also train a response generation system based on a dataset of counseling and therapy transcripts. We posit that inclusion of sentiment analysis data provides marginally better responses based on quantitative metrics of quality. We hope our results will advance realistic conversation modeling and promote further research into its humanitarian applications.
Note on: Fields of a horizontal wire antenna over a layered half-space

A previous analysis for a horizontal loop antenna is extended to deal with a horizontal wire antenna located over a layered half-space. As before, the exact solution so obtained is reduced to known special cases for the T.M.(transverse magnetic) and T.E. (transverse electric) radiated fields. These expressions are valid for zero or small heights above the air/ground interface. The application to a flat lying butterfly antenna, as a source, is also outlined.
Beyond A Deficit Perspective

Toward the end of the 20th century, poor economic conditions and political turmoil characterized Argentina. In 2008, the United States’ real estate market crashed leading to a steep decline in the country’s economic activity. Two years later, Greece faced its own financial crisis causing the country to spiral into economic depression.
Tunable narrow-band near-field thermal emitters based on resonant metamaterials

In the near field, Planck's law of blackbody radiation breaks down, and radiative heat transfer can be enhanced by orders of magnitude when surface polaritons are supported by interacting materials. However, such thermal radiation enhancement is strongly material dependent, thus difficult to control. Here, we propose a metamaterial-based structure consisting of patterned doped silicon nanorods that exhibits tunable narrow-band thermal emission. Direct numerical simulation based on the Wiener chaos expansion (WCE) method is performed to accurately investigate the heat transfer mechanism of metamaterials in the near field. The fundamental principle of the WCE method is elucidated, and an algorithm for symmetric and periodic structures is discussed. Implementation of the WCE method with the finite-difference time-domain method using the discrete dipole approximation (DDA) is also addressed in this paper.
Correlation of the Cesium-134/Cesium-137 Ratio to Fast Reactor Burnup

The correlation of 134Cs/137Cs to burnup in irradiated fast reactor fuel pins was investigated using nondestructive precision gamma-ray scanning. This correlation was significant within individual ...
Professional values and ethics as defined by the LIS discipline

The library and information science literature suggests a growing theoretical congruence in professional values and ethics. These values and ethics may be interpreted and applied in a variety of ways and through a variety of institutions. The library and information science (LIS) community has perhaps not been as responsive as it might be to these issues. LIS educators should first seek to identify the scope of the issues and then help students engage in what may become one of the more controversial domains of our time.
Effects of intranasal versus intramuscular modified live vaccines and vaccine timing on health and performance by newly received beef cattle.

Two studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of viral vaccines and vaccination programs on health and performance of newly received beef cattle. In Exp. 1, two loads (120 steer and bull calves and 108 heifer calves for Load 1 and 2, respectively) were used to evaluate the effects of an intranasal vs an intramuscular IBR-PI3 vaccine on performance and health of newly received beef cattle. Treatments were: 1) no vaccine (Control); 2) an intranasal modified-live IBR-PI3 vaccine (IN); and 3) an intramuscular modified-live IBR-PI3 vaccine (IM). No treatment x load interactions were observed for performance data. For the 28-d receiving period, cattle given IN IBR-PI3 vaccine had greater daily gain (P .10) were noted for daily dry matter (DM) intake, however, the feed:gain ratio was increased (P .10) were noted among treatments in the percentage of cattle treated for BRD. In Exp. 2, 102 steer and bull calves were used to evaluate vaccine timing on health and performance of newly received calves. Treatments included: 1) no vaccine (Control); 2) no vaccine at processing, with an IM multiple antigen (IBR-PI3-BVD-BRSV) viral vaccine given on d 7; 3) intranasal IBR-PI3 administered at processing with IM IBR-PI3-BVD-BRSV vaccine given on d 7; and 4) IM IBR-PI3-BVD-BRSV vaccine administered both at processing and on d 7. No differences were noted for daily gain or daily DM intake during the 28-d receiving period. Feed:gain was improved (P < .10) for vaccinated calves as compared to controls. Results suggest that an intranasal IBR-PI3 vaccine might have beneficial effects on gain and feed efficiency compared with an intramuscular IBR-PI:-i vaccine. There was no advantage or disadvantage to delaying vaccination with viral vaccines until 7 d after arrival. In terms of overall 28-d gains and morbidity, vaccines did not enhance gains or effect morbidity, compared to negative controls. However, statistical power to detect differences was marginal in both experiments.
The Wages of Relativism

Philosophers have traditionally considered questions about the status of norms to be of great significance. Most have thought that it matters very much whether or not our normative judgments can be said to be true or correct. Much of the writing of the existentialist philosophers is given to an examination of what are perceived to be the momentous consequences of our loss of grounds for belief in the objectivity of moral and other sorts of normative standards. Renouncing belief in the objectivity of morals is thought to compel one to abandon certain kinds of fundamental attitudes and commitments. It might seem that the results arrived at in this book compel me to make such a renunciation. In this chapter I shall endeavor to determine whether any of the usual attitudes and commitments of ordinary human beings presuppose any particular views about the status of norms. More specifically, I will atempt to determine whether any ordinary human commitments or attitudes about the world are inconsistent with either: (1) the view that normative judgments are not correct in any sense that is opposed to mistaken (I will call this view ‘hard meta-ethical relativism’ or ‘HMER’) — HMER is equivalent to what I called “nihilistic relativism” in Chapter Three (I am dropping this terminology here, since it tends to prejudge the issues to be considered in this chapter); or (2) ‘soft metaethical relativism’ (‘SMER’) — the view that normative judgments are not objectively correct or correct for all rational beings, but are still correct in some sense that is opposed to mistaken. The position defended in Chapter Two is a version of SMER.
Slippery Slopes: Skiing, Fashion, and Intrigue in 1960s Film

During the 1960s, the exhilaration and seductions of skiing (and apres ski) were embodied in cinematic narratives that joined European sophistication with Hollywood glamour. This chapter examines how four feature films—Charade (1963), The Pink Panther (1963), Caprice (1967), and On Her Majesty’s Secret Service (1969)—utilised skiing as a value-added ingredient to enhance messages of mobility, sexuality, and fashionability. These were crucial themes in a period that saw the emergence of James Bond as an exemplar of masculinity, the autonomous single woman, and an evolving singles industry focused on travel. This chapter examines how ski resorts and skiwear were promoted specifically in Playboy and Cosmopolitan, two magazines that served as “how to” manuals for the nascent and expanding “sexual revolution”.
Conclusion: Continuing the Dialogue

This critical volume on Latinx literature written in Spanish builds upon the success of earlier scholars to open and deepen the dialogue about inclusivity with the goal that readers will come to understand the wider implications of accepting Latinxs (and Spanish) as part of the fabric of the United States. No history is clear and demarcated, and no walls will define the borders of a nation. Our intent is to help find this literature its rightful place and even educate those willing to listen that the Spanish language is not just a colonial vestige. Spanish language literature and its production in the United States of America is a contemporary reality and the sooner we accept it, the richer our lives and curriculum will be.
Causality Verification using a First-Order Chebyshev Filter

This work presents a novel method for causality verification and enforcement of scattering parameters (S-parameters) which may result from computational electromagnetic tools and are often required in performing transient simulations of electromagnetic systems, including antennas. We propose a method which uses a first order Chebyshev filter, derive the exact expression of truncation error, and perform a thorough error analysis of the numerical implementation of the Hilbert transform based on frequency-normalized and magnitude-normalized plots of absolute error due to a) truncation error and b) discretization error. The proposed technique, summarized as an algorithm, operates on the sampled frequency responses, without the need for extrapolation.
Understanding Microstructural Evolution During Rapid Heat Treatment of Microalloyed Steels Through Computational Modeling, Advanced Physical Simulation, and Multiscale Characterization Techniques

An AISI 1045 steel modified with vanadium (V) and niobium (Nb) was studied to evaluate microstructural conditioning prior to and throughout a rapid heat treat process. In order to accomplish this, both computational and physical simulation techniques have been employed with the goal of assessing the microstructural evolution in a medium-carbon bar steel during the rapid austenitization and quenching procedures involved in an induction hardening process. The appropriate thermal profiles for induction hardening were obtained through finite element modeling using Flux 2D software. Physical simulations of the induction hardening process were carried out using a Gleeble® 3500. Analysis of prior austenite grain size is complemented by observation of nanoscale carbonitride precipitation via transmission electron microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy, and high-energy synchrotron small-angle x-ray scattering. Through a combination of characterization techniques, this study presents a deeper understanding of nano- and microstructural changes occurring in a microalloyed steel during an induction hardening process.
Special issue of TEJ: What is to be done with curriculum and educational foundations’ critical knowledges? New qualitative research on conscientizing preservice and in-service teachers

ABSTRACTIn this essay, we provide a brief introductory statement to the special issue of Teaching Education titled What is To Be Done with Curriculum and Educational Foundations’ Critical Knowledge...
The Freshman: Comedy and Masculinity in 1920s Film and Youth Culture

Before the advent of the teenager in the 1940s and the teenpic in the 1950s, The Freshman (Taylor and Newmeyer, 1925) represented 1920s college youth culture as an exclusive world of leisure to a mass audience. Starring popular slapstick comedian Harold Lloyd, The Freshman was a hit with audiences for its parody of contemporary conceptions of university life as an orgy of proms and football games, becoming the highest grossing comedy feature of the silent era. This book examines The Freshman from a number of perspectives, with a focus on the social, economic, and political context that led to the rise of campus culture as a distinct subculture and popular mass culture in 1920s America; Lloyd’s use of slapstick to represent an embodied, youthful middle-class masculinity; and the film’s self-reflexive exploration of the conflict between individuality and conformity as an early entry in the youth film genre.
Scientific Progress: Why Getting Closer to Truth Is Not Enough

This discussion note aims to contribute to the ongoing debate over the nature of scientific progress. I argue against the semantic view of scientific progress, according to which scientific progres...
Oral dysfunction as a cause of malocclusion.

Most infants are beautiful because most children are born with normal craniofacial shape, normal jaw relationship and potential for optimal airway. In most newborn faces, the alveolar process easily accommodates the tongue and all future teeth. Nevertheless, orthodontists see multitudes of children with abnormal jaw relationship, steep mandibular angle (SMA), anterior open bite (AOB), high narrow palate (HNP), posterior cross bite (PCB) and suboptimal facial development. While orthodontic referrals may begin at age seven, the facial dysmorphology is often evident years earlier. When oral dysfunction goes untreated, orofacial myofunctional disorder (OMD) can result. Orofacial myofunctional disorder includes dysfunction of the lips, jaw, tongue and/or oropharynx that interferes with normal growth, development or function of other oral structures, the consequence of a sequence of events or lack of intervention at critical periods, that result in malocclusion and suboptimal facial development. Oral dysfunction can begin with our very first breath and with our very first feeding.1 OMD can become apparent as children learn to speak2 and transition to table food.3 Most children with OMD are diagnosed after experiencing articulation disorder, sleep‐disordered breathing (SDB)4 or malocclusion.5 Orthodontic relapse, obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and temporomandibular disorder6 are predictable consequences of long‐term oral dysfunction and OMD. This manuscript provides a brief narrative survey of ten areas of oral function related to occlusal and facial development: breastfeeding, airway obstruction, soft tissue restriction, mouth breathing, oral resting posture, oral habits, swallowing, chewing, OMD over time and maternal oral dysfunction on the developing foetus.
Which graphical models are difficult to learn

We consider the problem of learning the structure of Ising models (pairwise binary Markov random fields) from i.i.d. samples. While several methods have been proposed to accomplish this task, their relative merits and limitations remain somewhat obscure. By analyzing a number of concrete examples, we show that low-complexity algorithms systematically fail when the Markov random field develops long-range correlations. More precisely, this phenomenon appears to be related to the Ising model phase transition (although it does not coincide with it).
Commutativity of Linear Functions.

QUITE early in a student's mathe matical study, he is introduced to the idea of commutativity. Initially the concern is primarily with the arithmetic operations, and in most instances the study of this property terminates there. In this article, we incorporate some ideas typically taught at the high school level (linear functions and composition of functions) to investi gate the notion of commutativity in yet another setting. Of perhaps even greater interest than the main result of this paper is the strategy used to arrive at the original conjecture. Poly a has written extensively about such strategies,1 and the authors believe that the material can be easily presented to senior high school students with a view to illustrating how certain strategies are used in the creation of a mathematical theorem. Let us recall that (1) a linear function is a function of the form f:x?>ax + b and (2) the composition / o g of two functions / and g is a function of the form / o g:x ?> /GKs))?i.e., (fog) (x) = j(g(x)).
Evaluating Sufficient Similarity of Botanical Dietary Supplements: Combining Chemical and In Vitro Biological Data

Botanical dietary supplements are complex mixtures with numerous potential sources of variation along the supply chain from raw plant material to the market. Approaches for determining sufficient similarity (ie, complex mixture read-across) may be required to extrapolate efficacy or safety data from a tested sample to other products containing the botanical ingredient(s) of interest. In this work, screening-level approaches for generating both chemical and biological-response profiles were used to evaluate the similarity of black cohosh (Actaea racemosa) and Echinacea purpurea samples to well-characterized National Toxicology Program (NTP) test articles. Data from nontargeted chemical analyses and gene expression of toxicologically important hepatic receptor pathways (aryl hydrocarbon receptor [AhR], constitutive androstane receptor [CAR], pregnane X receptor [PXR], farnesoid X receptor [FXR], and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha [PPARα]) in primary human hepatocyte cultures were used to determine similarity through hierarchical clustering. Although there were differences in chemical profiles across black cohosh samples, these differences were not reflected in the biological-response profiles. These findings highlight the complexity of biological-response dynamics that may not be reflected in chemical composition profiles. Thus, biological-response data could be used as the primary basis for determining similarity among black cohosh samples. Samples of E. purpurea displayed better correlation in similarity across chemical and biological-response measures. The general approaches described herein can be applied to complex mixtures with unidentified active constituents to determine when data from a tested mixture (eg, NTP test article) can be used for hazard identification of sufficiently similar mixtures, with the knowledge of toxicological targets informing assay selection when possible.
Exploring Types of Programs: Dog Rescue, Rehabilitation and Training

Over 330 correctional institutions in the United States and globally have implemented a prison animal program, with the most popular being dog-training programs. This chapter will examine the different types of dog programs in correctional facilities and how program structure and implementation has varied. Broadly speaking, there are two types of dog-training programs: those that train shelter dogs for adoption and those that train dogs to work as service animals. There are a smaller number of more specialized rehabilitation and training programs, too (e.g., kenneling, grooming, and private training for owned dogs; collaboration with veterinary medicine programs to restore dogs to health, and fostering programs for purebred rescue groups). The common structure of these different programs will be discussed, as well as the extent of the implementation. Next, the chapter will explore the different variations of dog rehabilitation and training programs. Dog programs differ in structure and implementation and tend to do so in accordance with the demographics and needs of their canine and human participants, as well as according to the structure and ethos of the correctional facility in question. Program size, duration, admittance criteria, daily activities, required certifications, housing arrangements, and program completion criteria all vary by program. Furthermore, the intended purpose of the programs themselves can be quite different across programs; some programs focus primarily on the outcomes of the dogs, making their training the priority of the program, while others stress the importance of rehabilitating the inmates and providing them with educational and vocational resources. These variations have several implications for dog program researchers and practitioners. This chapter will conclude with a discussion of these implications.
Comparing Convex Region-of-Interest Selection Techniques for Surface Geometry

Selecting 3D regions-of-interest (ROI) in surface geometry is essential for 3D modeling, but few 3D user interfaces using fully manual input for ROI selection exist. Furthermore, their relative performance is not well studied. We present an evaluation comparing three ROI techniques: Volume Cube [Ulinski et al. 2007], Slice-n- Swipe [Bacim et al. 2014], and Yea Big Yea High Selection [Jackson et al. 2018]. Results show that Yea Big Yea High is best for tasks requiring high accuracy and speed, but modifications may be needed for use in dense geometry or with non-convex ROI.
Education, early life, and political participation: New evidence from a sibling model:

Although educational attainment is one of the strongest correlates of mass political participation, researchers disagree about whether it has a causal impact on voter turnout. One prominent theory ...
Marginal Lives and the Microsociology of Overhearing in the Jamuna Chars

In the past decade, Bangladesh has made a shift to becoming an authoritarian state. What happens to everyday speech within the context of state repression and censorship? I take up this question by...
Low power threshold photochemical upconversion using a zirconium(IV) LMCT photosensitizer

The current investigation demonstrates highly efficient photochemical upconversion (UC) where a long-lived Zr(IV) ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) complex serves as a triplet photosensitizer in concert with well-established 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA) along with newly conceived DPA–carbazole based acceptors/annihilators in THF solutions. The initial dynamic triplet–triplet energy transfer (TTET) processes (ΔG ∼ −0.19 eV) featured very large Stern–Volmer quenching constants (KSV) approaching or achieving 105 M−1 with bimolecular rate constants between 2 and 3 × 108 M−1 s−1 as ascertained using static and transient spectroscopic techniques. Both the TTET and subsequent triplet–triplet annihilation (TTA) processes were verified and throughly investigated using transient absorption spectroscopy. The Stern–Volmer metrics support 95% quenching of the Zr(IV) photosensitizer using modest concentrations (0.25 mM) of the various acceptor/annihilators, where no aggregation took place between any of the chromophores in THF. Each of the upconverting formulations operated with continuous-wave linear incident power dependence (λex = 514.5 nm) down to ultralow excitation power densities under optimized experimental conditions. Impressive record-setting ηUC values ranging from 31.7% to 42.7% were achieved under excitation conditions (13 mW cm−2) below that of solar flux integrated across the Zr(IV) photosensitizer's absorption band (26.7 mW cm−2). This study illustrates the importance of supporting the continued development and discovery of molecular-based triplet photosensitizers based on earth-abundant metals.
Toward a Theory of Digital Mindfulness: A Case of Smartphone-Based Self-monitoring

‘Digital mindfulness’ refers to the mindful use of digital technologies, such as smartphones. Despite being a topic of significant interest among researchers and practitioners, there is limited empirical evidence about digital mindfulness in existing HCI literature. This ongoing gap in empirical support led to speculation that digital mindfulness might be an academic fad lacking theoretical rigor. As a response, this study is an attempt to investigate digital mindfulness and uncover the mechanism(s) underlying the mindful use of digital technology in the context of smartphones. Specifically, this study argues that ‘self-monitoring’ is an important dimension of digital mindfulness that can be objectively defined, systematically measured, and practically supported by digital tools and technologies. Moreover, adding nuance to smartphone-enabled self-monitoring literature, this paper sheds light on the role of digital mindfulness in the enhancement of productivity as well. This in turn paves the way for theorizing the concept of digital mindfulness specifically within an HCI context.
Team Approach: Management of an Acute L4-L5 Disc Herniation.

» Lumbar disc herniation is one of the most common spinal pathologies, often occurring at the L4-L5 and L5-S1 levels. The highest incidence has been reported in patients between the fourth and sixth decades of life. » The severity of symptoms is influenced by the patient's risk factors, the location, and the extent and type of disc herniation. » Lumbar disc herniation can be effectively treated with multiple treatment protocols. In most cases, first-line treatment includes oral analgesic medication, activity modification, and physical therapy. When nonoperative treatments do not provide adequate relief, patients may elect to undergo a fluoroscopically guided contrast-enhanced epidural steroid injection. A subgroup of patients whose condition is refractory to any type of nonoperative modalities will proceed to surgery, most commonly an open or minimally invasive discectomy. » The treatment algorithm for symptomatic lumbar disc herniation often is a stepwise approach: failure of initial nonoperative measures leads to more aggressive treatment when symptoms mandate and, as such, necessitates the use of a multidisciplinary team approach. The core team should consist of an interventional physiatrist, an orthopaedic surgeon, a physician assistant, and a physical therapist. Additional team members may include nurses, radiologists, neurologists, anesthesiologists, spine fellows, psychologists, and case managers. » This review article describes a case scenario that uses a multidisciplinary team approach for the treatment of an acute L4-L5 disc herniation in a 31-year-old patient without any major comorbidities.
Novel disinfection method for toxic cyanobacteria (Oscillatoria tenuis) and simultaneous removal of cyanotoxins aided by recyclable magnetic nanoparticles

Abstract An optimized disinfection method with metal ions to address cyanobacteria contamination in freshwater is presented, based on recyclable magnetic nanoparticles. In this study, the disinfection ability of individual metal ions (Ag+ and Cu2+) and combined (Ag+ + Cu2+) were evaluated with a target cyanobacteria, Oscillatoria tenuis, under various environmental conditions. The usage of combined Ag+ and Cu2+ reduces the time and concentration needed to achieve the same disinfection effectiveness compared to individual metal ions. However, the addition of Cu2+ and Ag+ stimulated production of cyanotoxin during disinfection, with an increase of 24.8% for anatoxin-a. To reduce the potential health risk, we evaluated the recovery and reuse of metal ions, and removal of cyanotoxins after disinfection, using magnetic nanoparticles with permanently confined micelle arrays (Mag-PCMA) under various environmental conditions. Recovery efficiency of Ag+, the most valuable ion, was excellent (99.8%), although it decreased to 74.5% with increasing Cl- concentration (0–10 mg/L). The regeneration and reuse of Mag-PCMA was studied for 5 cycles. Removal efficiency of Cu2+, anatoxin-a and cylindrospermopsin were minimally changed during the 5 sorption-desorption cycles, and that of Ag+ remained above 93% by the end of 5th cycle, indicating that this disinfection method may be sustainable for practical use with low energy requirements and minimized environmental impacts.
Online Auctions and Multichannel Retailing

An advantage of online auctions is the ability to offer an item at auction while simultaneously using other offline and online channels. Despite the potential of interactions between channels, little is known regarding how multichannel-retailing strategies may influence outcomes for online auctions. Using data collected from eBay Motors and dealer websites, this paper examines how resources and capabilities of sellers related to multichannel retailing influences online auction outcomes--with findings indicating that auction outcomes are influenced by seller activities in other channels. In particular, this paper finds that the quality of the retail location (accessed through the total household income for the surrounding 30 miles of the seller's location) and the seller's electronic commerce capabilities (accessed through the seller's website and use of other online channels) are each associated with increases in auction sale price, a lower percentage of auctions in which the reserve price is met (closing ratio), and a lower percentage of vehicles which sell through the online auction channel (sell-through ratio).
The Privatization of Roads and Highways: Human and Economic Factors

Foreword by Brad Edmonds Acknowledgements Introduction PART I: THE THEORY 1. Free Market Transportation: Denationalizing the Roads 2. Congestion and Road Pricing 3. Public Goods and Externalities: The Case of Roads 4. Theories of Highway Safety PART II: APPLICATIONS 5. Private Roads, Competition, Automobile Insurance and Price Controls 6. Road Socialism 7. Compromising the Uncompromisable: Speed Limits, Parades, Cigarettes 8. Roads and the Immigration Issue 9. The Motor Vehicle Bureau PART III: PROCESS 10. Privatize the Public Highway System 11. Homesteading City Streets 12. Overcoming Difficulties in Road Privatization 13. Transition to Private Roads PART IV: CRITIQUES 14. Roads, Bridges, Sunlight and Private Property Rights 15. Comment on Roads, Bridges, Sunlight and Private Property 16. Roads, Bridges, Sunlight and Private Property: Reply to Tullock 17. Who is Responsible for Traffic Deaths 18. Open Letter to Mothers Against Drunk Driving 19. Road Privatization: Rejoinder to Mohring 20. Aiding and Abetting Road Socialism: The Case of Robert Poole and the Reason Foundation PART V: CONCLUSION 21. An Interview with Walter Block Appendix, Bibliography, Index.
SAPO-34 membranes for CO2/CH4 separation

Abstract Continuous SAPO-34 membranes with low concentrations of non-zeolite pores were synthesized by in situ crystallization on porous stainless steel and α-Al2O3 supports. These membranes separated CO2 from CH4 with selectivity as high as 67 at 297 K for a CO2 permeance of 1.6 × 10−7 mol/m2 s Pa. The membranes are selective for CO2 because CO2 preferentially adsorbs, and it also diffuses faster than CH4. The CO2 and CH4 heats of adsorption were measured on SAPO-34 crystals as 24 ± 0.8 and 16 ± 0.8 kJ/mol, respectively. Selectivity depended on temperature, feed pressure, and pressure drop. A maximum in CO2 permeance was observed near 275 K for both the single gas and a CO2/CH4 mixture. The CO2/CH4 selectivity decreased as temperature increased from 253 to 473 K. As trans-membrane pressure drop increased, the CO2 flux increased, but the CO2 permeate concentration showed a maximum of 94.7 mol% for a 50/50 feed. Both permeance and selectivity were stable for at least 1 month.
Functional Reorganization of the Rat Motor Cortex Following Motor Skill Learning

Kleim, Jeffrey A., Scott Barbay, and Randolph J. Nudo. Functional reorganization of the rat motor cortex following motor skill learning. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 3321–3325, 1998. Adult rats were alloca...
Skilled comprehension and its development through instruction.

This article addresses the myth that children will be able to comprehend a text simply because they can decode words in it. Evidence is provided to support the claim that developing readers benefit...
Adaptive Predistorters for Linearization of High-Power Amplifiers in OFDM Wireless Communications

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has several desirable attributes which make it a prime candidate for a number of emerging wireless communication standards. However, one of the major problems posed by OFDM is its high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), which seriously limits the power efficiency of the high-power amplifier (HPA) because of the nonlinear distortion resulting from the high PAPR. We provide a new mixed computational/analytical approach for adaptive compensation of this nonlinear distortion for cases in which the HPA is a traveling wave tube amplifier (TWTA) and solid state power amplifier (SSPA). TWTAs are used in wireless communication systems when high transmission power is required as in the case of the digital satellite channel, and SSPAs are generally used in mobile communication systems. Compared to previous predistorter techniques based on LUT (look-up table) or adaptive schemes, our approach relies on the analytical inversion of Saleh's TWTA model and Rapp's SSPA model in combination with a nonlinear parameter estimation algorithm. This leads to a sparse and yet accurate representation of the predistorter, with the capability of tracking efficiently any rapidly time-varying behavior of the HPA. Computer simulations results illustrate and validate the approach presented.
Self-loading lithographically structured microcontainers: 3D patterned, mobile microwells

We demonstrate mass-producible, mobile, self-loading microcontainers that can be used to encapsulate both non-living and living objects, thus forming three-dimensionally patterned, mobile microwells.
Sexual Behaviors During the First Year of College: An Exploratory Comparison of First and Second Semester Freshmen

The transition from high school to college offers adolescents more freedom that may result in increased risky sexual behaviors. This exploratory study examines sexual behaviors of freshmen. Half of participants completed a questionnaire during the first week of college and the other half during the last week of their freshmen year. Significant differences in sexual behaviors between the semesters and subgroups of students who may be more likely to engage in high risk behaviors are identified. The results suggest that freshmen need more effective targeted educational programming about the importance of condom use in preventing sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and pregnancy.