cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hanging out: Features of urban children’s peer social networks

This paper explores associations between two demographic characteristics (i.e., sex and grade level) and the peer network features (i.e., size, density, and demographic homophily) of 144 third through eighth grade students (ages 8—15) in an urban, US elementary school with considerable diversity in race and socioeconomic status. The results offer only partial support for the two cultures theory, as sex differences in network size attenuated with increasing grade levels. The findings also highlight developmental trends, including a curvilinear effect of grade on network density and grade-level increases in cross-sex and same-race relationships. Finally, the paper includes a discussion of the importance of opportunity structures for, and the joint consideration of sex and developmental influences on, children’s peer social networks.
Recent advances in highly nonlinear fiber

Recent advances on silica-based highly nonlinear fibers of their ultra uniform longitudinal chromatic dispersion uniformity are described. Practical applications utilizing these fibers such as enhanced wavelength conversion efficiency and supercontinuum generation are demonstrated.
Similar DNA methylation levels in specific imprinting control regions in children conceived with and without assisted reproductive technology: a cross-sectional study

While a possible link between assisted reproductive technology (ART) and rare imprinting disorders has been found, it is not clear if this is indicative of subtler disruptions of epigenetic mechanisms. Results from previous studies have been mixed, but some methylation differences have been observed. Children conceived through ART and children conceived spontaneously were recruited for this cross-sectional study. Information about reproductive history, demographic factors, birth characteristics, and infertility treatment was obtained from maternal interview and medical records. Peripheral blood lymphocytes and buccal cell samples were collected from participating children. Methylation analysis was performed on five loci using pyrosequencing. Statistical analysis of methylation differences was performed using linear regression with generalized estimating equations. Results are reported as differences with 95% confidence intervals (CI). A total of 67 ART children and 31 spontaneously conceived (SC) children participated. No significant difference in methylation in lymphocyte samples was observed between groups for any loci. Possible differences were found in buccal cell samples for IGF2 DMR0 (Difference: 2.07; 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.28, 4.42; p = 0.08) and IGF2R (Difference: -2.79; 95% CI: -5.74, 0.16; p = 0.06). Subgroup analysis indicated potential lower methylation in those whose parents used ART for unexplained infertility. Observed differences in methylation between the ART and SC groups were small for all loci in the two sample types examined and no statistical differences were observed. It is still unclear whether or not small differences observed in several studies represent a real difference between groups and if this difference is biologically meaningful. Larger studies with long term follow-up are needed to fully answer these questions.
A set of standard specifications for linear automatic control systems

A WIDESPREAD FEELING exists throughout the automatic control field that the art has matured to the point where standardization of performance specifications should be considered. In fact, during a 2-year study in which contact was made with approximately 100 control system vendors, only once were the authors told that the problem was unimportant. This paper reports on the first portion of the study: linear systems. The specifications discussed fall naturally into three groups: frequency domain, time domain, and generalized performance indices. Recommendation of a nonconflicting set of specifications is made from these groups. In addition, a discussion of statistical specifications and recommendations on data presentation are given.
Simulation of spatial and contrast distortions in keyhole imaging.

Keyhole imaging is a scheme introduced to improve temporal resolution in dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI by a factor of four or more. A “full” acquisition before contrast administration is followed by truncated acquisitions sensitive primarily to changes in image contrast. Simulations of the point-spread functions that obtain, and their effect on contrast and spatial resolution, reveal significant degradation only for the smallest objects. Our simulations also address the feasibility of three-dimensional keyhole imaging, and demonstrate a potential 16-fold increase in temporal resolution. This suggests roles for keyhole imaging in conventional (nondynamic) precon-trast and postcontrast studies and other applications.
Photodynamic Tumor Vascular Targeting Enhances Cancer Chemotherapy

Cancer drug therapy is limited by inadequate and heterogeneous tumor drug delivery due to the existence of vascular barrier. Photodynamic tumor vascular targeting is shown to disrupt tumor vascular barrier and enhance cancer chemotherapy.
ARIES-ST design point selection

The spherical tokamak (ST) regime of low-aspect-ratio (LAR) tokamak operation has provided an opportunity to consider a 1000-MWe(net) D � /T power plant conceptual design, designated ARIES-ST. Physics attributes include high beta (� /50%) together with high bootstrap current contribution (� /95%). Neutral-beam current driv e( � /28 MW) supports steady-state operation. The plasma aspect ratio was selected to be A #/1.6 leading to the choice of major plasma toroidal radius, RT � /3.2 m and plasma half-width, a � /2.0 m. The usual engineering considerations of providing an efficient thermal power cycle (gross efficiency #/45%), while handling first-wall (� /1 MW/m 2 ) and divertor-plate ( � /5 MW/m 2 ) surface heat fluxes, leads to 14-MeV neutron wall loads near 4.1 MW/m 2 (average) and 5.6 MW/m 2 (peak at outboard mid-plane) in a dual (PbLi and He) coolant system. The water-cooled toroidalfield-coil (TFC) centerpost is protected by a 20-cm (inboard) shield that does not breed tritium. Joule dissipation in the TFC system provides the major contribution to the plant recirculating power; specifically, Cu centerpost (222 MW), Al outboard shell (47 MW), Cu leads (27 MW), and power supplies (33 MW). The overall plant recirculating power fraction is an uncomfortable 34%. For a plant capacity factor � /76%, consistent with earlier ARIES studies, the COE is projected to be � /84 mill/kWe h (1992 constant $), using similar unit-cost assumptions and some passivesafety cost credits. Inclusion of additional credits for advanced, low-unit-cost manufacturing based on plasma spray and related techniques (as applied to the TFC centerpost and outboard TFC shell only) lowers this COE estimate to � /79 mill/kWe h. # 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Negotiating Feminist Politics in the Third Wave: Labor Struggle and Solidarity in Live Nude Girls Unite!

This essay examines Live Nude Girls Unite!, a documentary about female exotic dancers' successful efforts to unionize. The film rhetorically exposes an alternative perspective on the ideological evolution, and contradictions, that represent third-wave feminism by complicating the notion of gender oppression and the responsibilities of coalition politics. Through these women's analyses of their political situation, the film rhetorically addresses complex issues, including the complicated distinctions between victimizer and victim in contemporary gender politics, women's appropriation of sex work and capacity for labor activism, and the dominant culture's attempts to regulate working women's private and public lives.
Why Organizations Choose to Manage Diversity? Toward a Leadership-Based Theoretical Framework

Research suggests that equal employment opportunity (EEO) legislation and affirmative action programs (AAPs) have been only partially successful in promoting women and minorities in the workplace. Firms are voluntarily pursuing diversity management, but only when business objectives coincide with the needs of women and minorities. Thus, the question of what factors are needed to help women and minorities advance in the workplace merits further investigation. Although top executive support is believed to be crucial to managing diversity, few studies have linked CEO commitment to diversity outcomes. This article proposes a theoretical framework for linking CEO commitment to diversity practices. Specifically, CEO commitment is expected to mediate the relationships between the leader's demographic characteristics and personal factors—consisting of values, cognition, and leadership styles—and a firm's strategic orientation toward managing diversity. This article further argues that without CEO commitment, inst...
An Ethnographer Looks at Neo-Nazi and Klan Groups: The Racist Mind Revisited

The author re-examines his fieldwork with neo-Nazi and Klan leaders and followers. He first reviews primary findings: official movement ideology expressed crude social Darwinism and an apocalyptic struggle between Whites (humans) and Jews (children of Satan); everyday beliefs of members spoke more of a fear that they, as Whites, were going to be economic losers; leaders were intelligent, shallow men, and at core were political beings motivated more by a drive for power than by racism; members were male, young, dropouts without work skills, with a deep fear of personal annihilation—social isolates whose membership expressed personal needs that might be satisfied equally by alternative engagements. The article next asks how a working-class youth becomes a neo-Nazi activist and identifies social and personal factors, relating them to other research. It draws implications for prevention, looking at community organizing and education, and then at the relation of militant White racism to ordinary White racism.
RELATIONSHIPS AMONG CEEB SCHOLASTIC APTITUDE TEST AND AMERICAN COLLEGE TEST SCORES AND GRADE POINT AVERAGE1

In the past five years there has been an increase of approximately 40 percent in the number of fulltime freshmen enrolled in institutions of higher education in the United States (Yonge, 1965). Limitations in physical facilities and the increasing shortage of well-qualified faculty have necessitated applicants be selected with more careful scrutiny than ever before. With the post-World War II babies reaching college age it is quite possible that the situation will become worse before it gets better. This problem is further exacerbated by the fact that the mean ability level of college students over the past ten years has increased (Yonge, 1965). Thus the selection of students for admission to college has become a controversial issue of concern not only to applicants and colleges but also has ramifications of a value nature for national policy regarding the education of people with high ability and talent.
The Need for Continued Research on Gay–Straight Alliances

(2007). The Need for Continued Research on Gay–Straight Alliances. Journal of Curriculum and Pedagogy: Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 125-129.
Renal blood flow in a diving trained sea lion.

THE diving reflex described for many species of animals involves a reduction in heart rate and the redistribution of blood flow to various tissues. Available evidence1,2 indicates that cardiac output decreases and that arterial pressure increases only modestly or remains unchanged during a dive. Flow measurements using restrained animals have tended to show cessation of flow to the kidney3,4 with diving. But it is well accepted that differences in these responses will exist with restrained and frightened animals as opposed to trained or free ranging animals. We investigated peripheral blood flow in a trained sea lion (Zalophus californiaus) by measuring the renal flow response to face immersion in water. Several months before surgery, the female sea lion was trained to place her head into a bucket, either empty or filled with water, and to remain in that position until otherwise commanded. During training, the animal wore a harness to which the necessary electronics were later attached.
Lysophosphatidic acid signaling: how a small lipid does big things

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) promotes growth, differentiation, survival and motility in many different cell types. LPA has therefore been suggested to play a central role in a broad range of physiological and pathophysiological processes, including vascular and neuronal function and cancer. Three closely related G-protein-coupled cell-surface receptors mediate some of these effects, but assigning specific functions to particular receptor subtypes has been challenging and several lines of evidence indicate that other LPA signaling mechanisms might exist. Although the signaling actions of LPA have been studied widely, much less is known about how LPA is generated and released into the extracellular space, and how its signaling actions are terminated. Newly identified enzymes that generate and inactivate LPA have novel roles in cancer progression and early development, and a recent study indicates that LPA might regulate nuclear gene transcription directly. These findings provide novel insights into mechanisms involved in the synthesis, actions and inactivation of LPA, and the proteins involved provide new targets that can be exploited to manipulate LPA signaling at both cellular and organismal levels.
Mössbauer spectroscopy as a tool in metal ion insertion chemistry: Topotactic lithiation and protonation of the 3D-network Fe2(SO4)3

The contributions of Mossbauer spectroscopy as a diagnostic tool in following progressive metal ion insertion into the voids of open inorganic network compounds are outlined with special reference to anhydrous ferric sulfate.
Thermodynamic studies of purple membrane.

Differential dilatometric and differential scanning calorimetric measurements have been made of purple membrane with an emphasis upon the temperature range 5°C < T<45°C. The coefficient of thermal expansion a is about 7- 10-4/Cdeg up to 300C and decreases at higher temperatures. The specific heat increases rapidly with temperature with absolute values in the range 0.30-0.45 cal/Cdeg per g. A nearly constant a juxtaposed with a rapidly increasing specific heat is similar to the properties of lipid bilayers in the gel phase and alkanes in the solid phase. This behavior is explained by the concept of hindered vibrations which would now appear to apply to at least one integral membrane protein. There may also be a small broad transition centered near 20-25°C that would correspond to the melting of less than 25 degrees of freedom per bacteriorhodopsin molecule and associated lipids. Using our measured apparent specific volume the average thickness of purple membrane is calculated to be 43.5 ~,. The specific volume of interaction of lipids and proteins is estimated, using the amino acid sequence of bacteriorhodopsin and average amino acid volumes from structural studies of other proteins, to be about 11% of the specific volume of the purple membrane lipids or 4% of the volume of the bacteriorhodopsin A positive volume of interaction is consistent with lipid-protein interactions being an important determinant of the thermodynamic properties of purple membrane.
An association analysis of Alzheimer disease candidate genes detects an ancestral risk haplotype clade in ACE and putative multilocus association between ACE, A2M, and LRRTM3

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of progressive dementia in the elderly. It is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the neuropathologic findings of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles and extracellular amyloid plaques that accumulate in vulnerable brain regions. AD etiology has been studied by many groups, but since the discovery of the APOE e4 allele, no further genes have been mapped conclusively to the late-onset form of the disease. In this study, we examined genetic association with late-onset Alzheimer’s susceptibility in 738 Caucasian families with 4704 individuals and an independent case-control dataset with 296 unrelated cases and 566 unrelated controls exploring 11 candidate genes with 47 SNPs common to both samples. In addition to tests for main effects and haplotype analyses, the Multifactor Dimensionality Reduction Pedigree Disequilibrium Test (MDR-PDT) was used to search for single-locus effects as well as 2-locus and 3-locus gene-gene interactions associated with AD in the family data. We observed significant haplotype effects in ACE in both family and case-control samples using standard and cladistic haplotype models. ACE was also part of significant 2-locus and 3-locus MDR-PDT joint effects models with Alpha-2-Macroglobulin (A2M), which mediates the clearance of Aβ, and Leucine-Rich Repeat Transmembrane 3 (LRRTM3), a nested gene in Alpha-3 Catenin (CTNNA3) which binds Presenilin 1. This result did not replicate in the case-control sample, and may not be a true positive. These genes are related to amyloid beta clearance; thus this constellation of effects might constitute an axis of susceptibility for late-onset AD. The consistent ACE haplotype result between independent data sets of families and unrelated cases and controls is strong evidence in favor of ACE as a susceptibility locus for AD, and replicates results from several other studies in a very large sample.
Introduction: The Class Politics of Privatization: Global Perspectives on the Privatization of Public Workers, Land, and Services

Surveying countries in all continents, a recent international report sponsored by The Club of Rome declared privatization to be “one of the defining features of our era.” Any major phenomenon of our time must have historical roots. The purpose of this volume is to address privatization as an issue of globalization, to give it a history apart from the totalizing notion of neoliberalism and the prescriptive models of economic theory. The consensus among social theorists and observers is that this global process of privatization is a result of neoliberalism, a practice and ideology whose central tenet is the primacy of markets. Certainly, the rhetoric and policies of neoliberalism have been spreading rapidly throughout the globe, but the blanket use of this concept has not enabled us to get inside the real social and political transformations that marked the last decades of the twentieth century. The writers in this volume introduce the particularities of social and labor histories and locate privatization in narratives of class politics and struggle. Bringing social and labor history into the analyses of privatization, at the same time, these essays put labor history, often monographically focused, into larger discussions of the state and capitalism. These essays make the class agenda of privatization explicit, viewing it not just as the “opening of markets,” but as clear assaults on the working classes and on the public claims that workers and citizens are able to make on the economy's resources and productivity.
A Survey of undergraduate student perceptions and use of nutrition information labels in a university dining hall

Objective:To examine undergraduate student perceptions and reported use of nutrition information labels in campus dining halls.Design:Paper surveys were administered to a convenience sample of undergraduates.Setting:This study was conducted at an urban United States university.Method:A survey about perceptions and use of nutrition information labels in the dining halls was distributed to 487 students over a three-month period during the 2009–2010 academic year.Results:Of survey respondents, 98% were in favour of making nutrition information available to students, while 96% preferred the information to appear in the dining halls or both in the dining halls and online, rather than online only. Some 88% of survey respondents indicated that the labels affect their food choices at least sometimes.Conclusion:The results suggest that college and university dining halls should consider student opinion when deciding whether to provide nutrition information labels in the dining halls.
Theory‐building and theory‐confirming observation in science and science education

A paper by Norris presents scientific observation as a highly inferential activity in which human senses have become secondary to instrumentation. Norris takes examples from elementary and secondary curricula to support his position. This paper examines Norris's contentions from two perspectives, that of cognitive psychology and that of the philosophy of science. It is argued here that Norris has discussed only one aspect of observation, theory-confirming observation. Another, pretheoretic or theory-building observation, is more closely related to the curriculum activities he criticized. From a cognitive psychology perspective the theory-confirming observation is of use to the expert, but for novices the absence of domain-specific knowledge and of sophisticated problem-solving processes may render theory-building observation more meaningful for instruction.
Compact, reliable 70-watt X-band power module with greater than 30-percent PAE

A compact X-band solid state module with greater than 70 watts and over 30 percent PAE has been demonstrated over 9.5 to 9.9 GHz. A peak power level in excess of 77 watts with an associated PAE greater than 31 percent is reported. Minimum gain is greater than 13 dB over this frequency range. This was accomplished by combining six highly reliable 12-watt HFET MMIC amplifiers.
Detecting outliers using transduction and statistical testing

Outlier detection can uncover malicious behavior in fields like intrusion detection and fraud analysis. Although there has been a significant amount of work in outlier detection, most of the algorithms proposed in the literature are based on a particular definition of outliers (e.g., density-based), and use ad-hoc thresholds to detect them. In this paper we present a novel technique to detect outliers with respect to an existing clustering model. However, the test can also be successfully utilized to recognize outliers when the clustering information is not available. Our method is based on Transductive Confidence Machines, which have been previously proposed as a mechanism to provide individual confidence measures on classification decisions. The test uses hypothesis testing to prove or disprove whether a point is fit to be in each of the clusters of the model. We experimentally demonstrate that the test is highly robust, and produces very few misdiagnosed points, even when no clustering information is available. Furthermore, our experiments demonstrate the robustness of our method under the circumstances of data contaminated by outliers. We finally show that our technique can be successfully applied to identify outliers in a noisy data set for which no information is available (e.g., ground truth, clustering structure, etc.). As such our proposed methodology is capable of bootstrapping from a noisy data set a clean one that can be used to identify future outliers.
Carboxymethyl Hyaluronan-Stabilized Nanoparticles for Anticancer Drug Delivery

Carboxymethyl hyaluronic acid (CMHA) is a semisynthetic derivative of HA that is recognized by HA binding proteins but contains an additional carboxylic acid on some of the 6-hydroxyl groups of the N-acetyl glucosamine sugar units. These studies tested the ability of CMHA to stabilize the formation of calcium phosphate nanoparticles and evaluated their potential to target therapy resistant, CD44(+)/CD24(-/low) human breast cancer cells (BT-474EMT). CMHA stabilized particles (nCaP(CMHA)) were loaded with the chemotherapy drug cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (CDDP) to form nCaP(CMHA)CDDP. nCaP(CMHA)CDDP was determined to be poorly crystalline hydroxyapatite, 200 nm in diameter with a -43 mV zeta potential. nCaP(CMHA)CDDP exhibited a two-day burst release of CDDP that tapered resulting in 86% release by 7 days. Surface plasmon resonance showed that nCaP(CMHA)CDDP binds to CD44, but less effectively than CMHA or hyaluronan. nCaP(CMHA-AF488) was taken up by CD44(+)/CD24(-) BT-474EMT breast cancer cells within 18 hours. nCaP(CMHA)CDDP was as cytotoxic as free CDDP against the BT-474EMT cells. Subcutaneous BT-474EMT tumors were more reproducibly inhibited by a near tumor dose of 2.8 mg/kg CDDP than a 7 mg/kg dose nCaP(CMHA)CDDP. This was likely due to a lack of distribution of nCaP(CMHA)CDDP throughout the dense tumor tissue that limited drug diffusion.
Health Systems and Home-Based Care: Closing the Loop

In a previous article, we described that progressive health systems have begun to redefine the definition of their enterprise to include the most intensive acute care setting all the way to an individual patient's home. This is being made possible by the transformation into a digital field that all of health care is beginning to make a reality. The vision is seamless care provision, where digital information convergence produces new levels of continuity of care, efficiency, effectiveness, and total situational awareness. In this installment, we focus on the current potential for home-based care, without which the vision of seamless care will ultimately fall short.
High-Throughput Cell-Based Screen for Chemicals That Inhibit Infection by Simian Virus 40 and Human Polyomaviruses

We developed a high-throughput, cell-based screen to identify chemicals that inhibit infection by the primate polyomaviruses. The screen is based on the detection of compounds that inhibit the ability of a replication-defective simian virus 40 (SV40)-based viral vector to cause growth arrest in HeLa cells by repressing the expression of the endogenous human papillomavirus E7 oncogene in these cells. We identified two compounds, ellagic acid and spiperone, that suppressed the ability of the SV40 recombinant virus to inhibit cellular DNA synthesis. These compounds caused a marked reduction of the ability of wild-type SV40 to productively infect permissive monkey cells, even when the compounds were added several hours after infection. The fraction of cells expressing SV40 large T antigen and the levels of T antigen mRNA were reduced in infected human and monkey cells treated with ellagic acid and spiperone, suggesting that these compounds block a step in the virus life cycle prior to SV40 early gene expression. Ellagic acid and spiperone also inhibited large T antigen expression by BK virus and JC virus, two important, pathogenic human polyomaviruses.
Protein kinases and light: unlikely partners in a receptor localization puzzle

Abstract Brief flashes of light directed at neuronal cell bodies and proximal dendrites of neurons in culture can enhance whole-cell electrophysiological responses mediated by NMDA and GABAA receptors. In experiments aimed at identifying the molecular moieties responsible for mediating this phenomenon, we observed that broad-spectrum protein kinase inhibitors substantially amplified the actions of light. Kinase inhibitors, however, were surprisingly ineffective in altering light-induced potentiation of recombinant NMDA receptors expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Furthermore, receptors assembled from truncated NMDA receptor subunits, previously shown to be relatively insensitive to modulation via phosphorylation, remained light sensitive. Phosphatase inhibitors had no effects of light-induced NMDA receptor potentiation in neurons, and nucleated patches excised from neuronal somata behaved similarly to CHO cells. Taken together, these data suggests that the effects of kinase inhibitors were unrelated to the molecular mechanism of light-induced potentiation. We propose a model whereby kinase inhibition promotes an enrichment of NMDA receptors in the neuronal cell body vs. the distal dendrites. Under these conditions, NMDA receptor redistribution elicited by kinase inhibitors would increase the number of receptors exposed to light and, as a consequence, the whole cell response. These observations support a critical role for protein kinases in the rapid redistribution of neurotransmitter receptors, with profound physiological significance.
Multiple agminated spindle cell nevi: Unique clinical presentation and review

A boy with agminated spindle cell nevi is described. Present within the area of involvement were congenital nevocellular and composite spindle/nevocellular nevi. Other unusual features included a dynamic pattern of growth and regression of the lesions, with the presence of halo nevi and background cafe au lait pigmentation. This unique presentation of multiple nevi is discussed in the context of previous reports of agminated spindle cell nevi.
Cacophony or Empowerment? Analysing the Impact of New Information Communication Technologies and New Social Media in Southeast Asia

The capabilities, tools and websites we associate with new information communication technologies and social media are now ubiquitous. Moreover tools that were designed to facilitate innocuous conversation and social interaction have had unforeseen political impacts. Nowhere was this more visible than during the 2011 uprisings across the Arab World. From Tunis to Cairo, and Tripoli to Damascus protest movements against authoritarian rule openly utilized social networking and file sharing tools to publicize and organize demonstrations and to catalogue human rights abuses. The Arab Spring, or Jasmine Revolution, was an event that was both witnessed and played out in real time online. This article explores the impacts and effects of these technologies on regimes in East Asia, in particular exploring the extent to which they proffer new capabilities upon activists and reformers in the region’s semi-democratic and authoritarian regimes. Drawing on data on Internet and smartphone use, as well as case studies that explore the role of these technologies on the 2008 and 2011 general elections in Malaysia and Singapore respectively, this article suggests that the Internet and social networking platforms do present unique opportunities for activists, citizens and social movements.
Treatment of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by the presence of intrusive, anxiety-provoking thoughts, images, or impulses along with repetitive behaviors or mental acts designed to reduce obsessional distress. OCD is associated with significant functional impairment, psychiatric comorbidity, and compromised quality of life. Fortunately, substantive progress has been made in the past several decades in the development and empirical evaluation of treatments for OCD across the developmental spectrum. The current review begins with a discussion of the clinical presentation of OCD and psychological theories regarding its etiology and maintenance. A detailed discussion follows of exposure plus response prevention, the psychosocial treatment that has garnered the most evidence for its efficacy. A summary of the extant treatment outcome literature related to exposure plus response prevention as well as cognitive therapies, pharmacotherapies, and combined approaches is then presented. Recommendations for future clinical and research directions are then provided.
Resolution Performance of Pulse Trains with Large Time-Bandwidth Products

The coherent pulse train has good clutter suppression performance because the energy in its matched-filter response is essentially concentrated within sharp ambiguous spikes. However, this is so only when the Doppler distortions are neglected, so that the Doppler effect is taken as a simple translation of the carrier frequency. This paper analyzes the consequences of Doppler distortions on the resolution performance of pulse trains. It is found that Doppler distortions widen the Doppler ambiguities of the pulse train response, with the widening factor proportional to the order of the Doppler ambiguity. This reduces the interval between Doppler ambiguities, and hence the Doppler width of a clutter space that can be accommodated without severe clutter interference. For an operation in a Doppler-ambiguous mode, it also degrades nominal Doppler resolution performance. A detailed analysis of the effects is presented, and numerical results on the widening of the Doppler ambiguities are obtained.
New Formulas for Evaluating the Abnormality of Test Score Differences

Two new formulas are offered for evaluating the abnormality of the difference between a subject's average score and one of the scores included in that average. The use of these formulas is illustrated with a portion of the standardization data for the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities. Users of the formulas are cautioned that a difference that is abnormal in the statistical sense need not imply pathology.
An approach to the display and analysis of multiobjective problems

Abstract In all operations research applications, the problem of implementation rests on the information conveyed to the decision maker. The presentation of results is a critical link in the success of a project. An ineffective transfer of information will reduce the chance of decision maker acceptance. This final step in the analysis is particularly difficult in multiobjective analyses, where the amount of relevent information increases with each performance measure. This paper will describe an alternative to the typical graphical approach to multiobjective display, which is adaptable to any number of objectives. A real world example is given and some theoretical insights are developed.
Interaction in a Committee of the United Nations General Assembly

Scholars have devoted much attention to the significance of public sessions in international organizations for both the practice of diplomacy and the condition of relations between nations. They have not, however, taken much account of the dramatic way in which ‘public diplomacy’ provides them with greater access to the phenomena they are studying than is the case with more traditional diplomacy.
Spatial and temporal patterns of phytoplankton composition in subtropical coastal lagoon, the Indian River Lagoon, Florida, USA

A 2 year study of the phytoplankton community was carried out in the Indian River Lagoon, USA. In terms of biovolume, the phytoplankton community was generally dominated by dinoflagellates, diatoms or cyanobacteria. Mean phytoplankton standing crops were highest in the most flow-restricted regions of the lagoon, which had the lowest mean salinity values and comparatively high total nitrogen:total phosphorus ratios. In this region, blooms of dinoflagellates were common in the first year of the study, which was characterized by an El Nino event that yielded exceptionally high rainfall levels and freshwater outflow. Picoplanktonic cyanobacteria blooms became more prominent in the second year of the study, which was characterized by below average rainfall conditions. In unrestricted flow regions of the lagoon, located near inlets to the Atlantic Ocean, diatoms were most often the dominant taxa. Regions of intermediate water turnover rates and high external loading of phosphorus had a prevalence of diatom blooms. However, the average phytoplankton standing crops in the latter regions did not reach the levels experienced in the flow-restricted parts of the lagoon. In terms of individual phytoplankton taxa, the most common bloom-forming diatoms in the Indian River Lagoon system included: Skeletonema costatum, Dactyliosolen fragilissimus, Skeletonema menzelii, Cerataulina pelagica, Odontella regia, Chaetoceros lorenzianus, Rhizosolenia setigera and Thalassionema nitzschioides. The major bloom-forming dinoflagellate species included: Pheopolykrikos hartmannii, Akashiwo sanguinea, Prorocentrum micans, the potentially toxic species Pyrodinium bahamense var. bahamense and Prorocentrum minimum. Several picoplanktonic cyanobacteria were also prominent members of the phytoplankton community, including Synechococcus elongates. The spatial and temporal patterns observed in some of these dominant species were attributable to patterns in key environmental variables, including salinity, temperature and nutrient concentrations.
Constructing and Analyzing Recombinant DNA

This chapter describes a number of procedures commonly used to construct, select, and characterize recombinant DNA. They could, for example, be used to obtain a recombinant DNA clone that contains a particular gene. The procedures are listed in approximately the same order as for a gene cloning project. The exception to this order is that RNA purification methods are grouped at the end of the chapter. Ordering the procedures according to a gene cloning scheme is convenient but somewhat misleading, since the procedures described are useful for many other purposes.
Understanding Chinese as a Foreign Language from the Perspective of Second Language Acquisition

As a result of rigorous scholarship efforts over the past 50 years, a rich understanding has been gained regarding the processes associated with teaching and learning Chinese as a Foreign Language (CFL). CFL particularly benefits from research in second language acquisition (SLA). This chapter provides a critical review of major SLA theories by examining three key constructs: learner language, second language learning processes, and second language learners. Implications of SLA findings on CFL learning and teaching are discussed in terms of setting realistic expectations for CFL learners, creating an optimal learning environment for CFL learning, and tailoring teaching to individual learners. The chapter concludes by highlighting areas in need of increased attention and alternate perspectives that will contribute to our understanding of the complexities associated with CFL learning and also generate theory-guided practices for CFL teaching and learning.
Cytokeratin 7-negative mammary Paget's disease: A diagnostic pitfall

Pathologists should be aware of the existence of a rare CK7-negative variant of breast carcinoma in general, and of Paget's disease in particular. Cytokeratin 7-negative Paget's disease and CK7-negative ductal intraepithelial neoplasia (ductal carcinoma in situ) present a major diagnostic challenge for pathologists since there is limited awareness of their existence. When there is classic Paget's morphology on H&E sections, GATA3 positivity should resolve any doubts about the diagnosis in the setting of a CK7-negative neoplastic cell population.
Exchange Values: Commodities, Colonialism, and Identity on Nineteenth Century Zanzibar

Zanzibar during the nineteenth century was under the colonial rule of the Gulf state of Oman. This was a period during which the economy of Zanzibar became increasingly engaged in global capitalism, through the caravan trade in ivory and slaves which was funneled through the entrepot of Zanzibar, and also through the development of plantation agriculture to grow the spice cloves. Archeological evidence of mass produced ceramic use on these plantations forms the basis for a multiscalar analysis of the place of commodity exchanges in the shifting colonial social structure of Zanzibar during the nineteenth century. A commodity-chain analysis is utilized in order to follow imported ceramics – mostly brightly painted and sponge printed bowls – through their cycles of production, exchanges, and use. Ceramics are shown to have been an important part of the material relations of reciprocal relations of obligation between plantation residents (including both owners and enslaved laborers), of perceived differences between Indian traders and plantation residents through commodity exchanges, and in the creation of perceived Others in far off lands for factory workers in Europe as they made these vessels. Overall, the chapter aims to show the multifaceted nature of the flow of commodities and their social valence in understandings of identities and the structuring of interpersonal relations in this colonial setting.
miR-29 Regulates Type VII Collagen in Recessive Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa

Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) is a complex inherited skin disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations in the COL7A1 gene. For an effective treatment of this disorder to be realized, both a thorough understanding of the regulation of COL7A1 and an understanding of the underlying nature of the complications of RDEB are needed. Currently, both posttranscriptional regulation of COL7A1 and the underlying causes of fibrosis in RDEB patients are poorly understood. Here, we describe a mechanism of regulation, to our knowledge previously unknown, by which micro RNA-29 (miR-29) regulates COL7A1 in a complex network: both directly through targeting its 3′ untranslated region at two distinct seed regions and indirectly through targeting an essential transcription factor required for basal COL7A1 expression, SP1. In turn, miR-29 itself is regulated by SP1 activity and transforming growth factor-β signaling. RDEB mice express high levels of transforming growth factor-β and significantly lower miR-29 compared with wild-type cohorts. The sustained decrease in miR-29 in RDEB skin leads to an increase of miR-29 target genes expressed in the skin, including profibrotic extracellular matrix collagens. Collectively, we identify miR-29 as an important factor in both regulating COL7A1 and inhibiting transforming growth factor-β–mediated fibrosis.
Sum of gaussian single beacon range-only localization for AUV homing

Abstract Range-only measurements are extensively used in many Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) applications. These measurements do not depend on water quality and can be taken from long distances. This paper proposes two methods based on the Sum of Gaussian (SoG) filter, to solve the range-only localization problem for homing. The use of the SoG allows us to combine the benefits of both a Particle Filter (PF) and an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) approach in a single filter. An Active Localization (AL) method is applied to the SoG to autonomously choose the best waypoints for autonomous convergence. Both the SoG filter and the AL are tested in a real scenario with an Intervention Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (I-AUV) and compared with a vision-based method to confirm localization.
THE DIAMOND MAKERS.Robert M. Hazen. Cambridge University Press, 1999. Softbound, 244 p. $15.95 U.S.

The Diamond Makers by Robert Hazen is a fascinating and well-written history where the dreams of the alchemist actually came true. The reader should not expect a reference book on diamonds or a textbook on diamond synthesis. Rather, anyone with an interest in high-pressure research, material science, or good storytelling will find it a compelling tale of perseverance and drama. Technically complex concepts needed to tell the tale, such as certain elements of thermodynamics and crystallography, are explained in an accessible fashion. Thus, this book will appeal to the interested layperson. Not only is the story of diamond synthesis told, so is the tale of the myriad of interesting characters involved. In fact, …
Spatial Nonlinear Pricing with Per-Trip versus Per-Unit Transportation Costs

In this paper, we introduce a nonlinear pricing model with transportation costs that do not vary with the quantity purchased. In contrast to the quantity discounts seen in a model with per-unit transportation charges, we find that the optimal nonlinear pricing schedule takes the form of either a two-part tariff or package pricing, which appears to be consistent with observed pricing structures. We compare efficiency measures between optimal nonlinear pricing and the single price monopoly result, finding that per trip transportation costs can lead to qualitatively different results for pricing structure and efficiency measures.
Interconnection: A qualitative analysis of adjusting to living with renal cell carcinoma.

ABSTRACTObjective:Adjusting to cancer is an ongoing process, yet few studies explore this adjustment from a qualitative perspective. The aim of our qualitative study was to understand how patients construct their experience of adjusting to living with cancer. Method Qualitative analysis was conducted of written narratives collected from four separate writing sessions as part of a larger expressive writing clinical trial with renal cell carcinoma patients. Thematic analysis and constant comparison were employed to code the primary patterns in the data into themes until thematic saturation was reached at 37 participants. A social constructivist perspective informed data interpretation. Results Interconnection described the overarching theme underlying the process of adjusting to cancer and involved four interrelated themes: (1) discontinuity-feelings of disconnection and loss following diagnosis; (2) reorientation-to the reality of cancer psychologically and physically; (3) rebuilding-struggling through existential distress to reconnect; and (4) expansion-finding meaning in interconnections with others. Participants related a dialectical movement in which disruption and loss catalyzed an ongoing process of finding meaning. Significance of results Our findings suggest that adjusting to living with cancer is an ongoing, iterative, nonlinear process. The dynamic interactions between the different themes in this process describe the transformation of meaning as participants move through and revisit prior themes in response to fluctuating symptoms and medical news. It is important that clinicians recognize the dynamic and ongoing process of adjusting to cancer to support patients in addressing their unmet psychosocial needs throughout the changing illness trajectory.
On the Minimum Average Distortion of Quantizers With Index-Dependent Distortion Measures

In many applications, one is interested in optimally deploying a network of unidentical agents to a certain area of interest; examples include heterogeneous sensor networks and cellular networks. Such deployment problems can equivalently be formulated as quantizer design problems, where different distortion measures should be associated with different quantization indices. In this paper, we consider the case where the distortion measure is the $r$ th power $(r\geq 1)$ of the distance between the reproduction point and the source sample weighted by a factor that varies from one index to another. For a uniform distribution of source samples, we determine the corresponding optimal scalar quantizers and their average distortions. For nonuniform distributions and vector quantization, we provide a high-resolution analysis of the minimum possible average distortion. Applications to sensor and cellular networks are also discussed together with numerical design examples.
How can it enable the simultaneous pursuit of green and business outcomes?: An investigation of smart grid innovations

Sustainability has emerged as a key area of interest in response to a growing concern surrounding the adverse effects of pollution, such as climate change and health problems. Given these concerns, firms need to re-evaluate their traditional bottom line measures. We conceptualize production/distribution technologies (PDTs) and sense-making technologies (SMTs) as information technology (IT) innovations, whose combination allows firms to simultaneously achieve green and business outcomes. We focus on investments directed at PDTs and SMTs, which allows for a better understanding of the nature of the interdependencies between these two types of IT innovations. We propose the use of stochastic frontier analysis for business and green goals. We situate our study in the context of the U.S. Electric Utility Industry (EUI). This industry has been investing heavily in the Smart Grid over the past decade. Investments in the Smart Grid have been used to improve efficiency and facilitate environmental sustainability.
PRESENT AND FUTURE TRENDS IN PLANT TISSUE CULTURE

ABSTRACT The result of a detailed questionnaire sent to selected plant tissue culture specialists in industry, government, and institutes throughout the world reflecting their view of their area of specialization is evaluated and discussed.