cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Training interns in nutrition and dietetics: a cross-sectional study of the barriers and motivators to being a Registered Dietitian Nutritionist preceptor.

As is common across the health professions, training of Registered Dietitian Nutritionists (RDNs) requires experiential learning for interns/students to gain skills and demonstrate entry-level competency. Preceptors are essential to the experiential learning component of health care professional training, providing supervision and mentoring as students and interns gain the skills required for entry-level practice competency. Over the past 27 years, 47–73% of applicants to dietetic internships have received a placement. Practitioners willing to volunteer as preceptors are needed to generate more internship or experiential learning opportunities for the profession to continue to meet workforce demands. The objective of this national-level online cross-sectional survey was to identify perceptions and attitudes associated with the preceptor role and incentives that might encourage precepting by current RDNs. A random sample of RDN and Nutrition and Dietetic Technicians, Registered (NDTR) professionals from the Commission on Dietetic Registration credentialed practitioner database were eligible to participate in the online survey. The main outcome measures included perceptions, attitudes, and preferred incentives to precept compared by preceptor experience categories (current, former, never precepted). Comparisons of perceptions, attitudes, and preferred incentives were made between preceptor experience categories using Chi-square and ANOVA. Of 2464 invitations, 308 participants had complete variables for analysis. Top incentives were the opportunity to earn continuing education units (65.9%) and having expenses paid to attend a national conference (49.5%). Significantly more (P < 0.001) “former” and “never” preceptors reported the ability to choose when to take an intern, training on how to teach and communicate with interns, and access to an “on-call” specialist as incentives compared to “current” preceptors. Significantly more (P < 0.01) “never” preceptors reported training on internship expectations and the ability to provide input on intern selection process as incentives compared to “current” or “former” preceptors. Incentives to serve as a preceptor differ based on “current”, “former”, or “never” precepted status. Promoting and strategizing solutions to the current imbalance between the greater number of dietetic internship applicants compared to preceptors should be targeted based on preceptor status to retain current preceptors, encourage former preceptors to return and recruit professionals who have never served.
Coherent Versus Stochastic Theories of Collisionless Multiple-Photon Excitation of Polyatomic Molecules

At the present time there is no fundamental theory which gives a satisfactory quantitative-or even qualitative-account of all the observed features of the phenomena of collisionless multiple-photon excitation (CMPE) and dissociation (CMPD) of polyatomic molecules. Such relatively simple, experimentally observable characteristics as the dependence of the unimolecular rate of dissociation upon the intensity, energy per pulse, and frequency of the laser(s) used, are the result of many details of molecular structure. These details include (i) the structure of the vibrational and rotational energy levels of the overtone states (in SF6, the states 2v 3, 3v 3, etc.) of the vibrational mode pumped by the laser; (ii) the collisionless transfer of energy from the pumped mode to other vibrational modes; (iii) the processes by which dissociation occurs. The models or theories of CMPE which have been published so far include realistic treatments of (i) or (ii), but not both. The purpose of this report is to describe a theoretical framework into which both (i) and (ii) fit naturally, and in which the transition from coherent laser pumping of one mode to incoherent heating of the entire molecule occurs in a continuous manner. The framework encompasses both the rate-equation approach of RRKM theory [1–3] and the multilevel Schrodinger equations which are characteristic of coherent excitation [4–7]. The parameters which occur in the theory described here can, in principle, be evaluated using a model for the molecular vibrational force field. This theory therefore includes a first-principles derivation of the pheonomenological models of GOODMAN et al. [8] and HODGKINSON and BRIGGS [9], which employ equations similar to those derived here. This report, like previous work [7,10], will concentrate on the v 3 mode of SF6 although the methods are applicable to all spherical-top Molecules.
The Charge and Isotopic Composition of Solar Cosmic Rays

The charge and isotopic composition of solar cosmic rays potentially contain a wealth of information on the acceleration and confinment of energetic particles at the Sun. As the experimental techniques have improved and with the increasing number of measurements, this potential is now being realized. It is convenient to divide the composition studies into three areas: (a) helium-iron, with energies > 10 MeV nuc-1; (b) helium-iron, and the trans-iron elements, with energies <2 MeV nuc-1; (c) the isotopic composition. In the first area at energies above 10 MeV nuc-1 the solar cosmic rays appear to provide a representative sample of the solar corona. At lower energies (b) complex enhancement effects are noted. These increase with Z and decrease with energy. This result as well as the high abundance of 3He suggest that the acceleration process is not a simple one and probably several stages are required.
Sensitive, Secure Detection of Race 3 Biovar 2 and Native U.S. Strains of Ralstonia solanacearum

Detecting and correctly identifying Ralstonia solanacearum in infected plants is important because the race 3 biovar 2 (R3bv2) subgroup is a high-concern quarantine pathogen, while the related sequ...
A Neural Perspective of Immoral Behavior and Psychopathy

The roots of immoral behavior may be traced to dysfunction within neural regions that integrate emotion and decision making. Individuals who engage in immoral behavior are in some ways similar to i...
Do We Fatten Our Children at the Television Set? Obesity and Television Viewing in Children and Adolescents

The association of television viewing and obesity in data collected during cycles II and III of the National Health Examination Survey was examined. Cycle II examined 6,965 children aged 6 to 11 years and cycle III examined 6,671 children aged 12 to 17 years. Included in the cycle III sample were 2,153 subjects previously studied during cycle II. These surveys, therefore, provided two cross-sectional samples and one prospective sample. In all three samples, significant associations of the time spent watching television and the prevalence of obesity were observed. In 12- to 17-year-old adolescents, the prevalence of obesity increased by 2% for each additional hour of television viewed. The associations persisted when controlled for prior obesity, region, season, population density, race, socioeconomic class, and a variety of other family variables. The consistency, temporal sequence, strength, and specificity of the associations suggest that television viewing may cause obesity in at least some children and adolescents. The potential effects of obesity on activity and the consumption of calorically dense foods are consistent with this hypothesis.
Infallibility Naturalized: Reply to Hoffmann

The present piece is a reply to G. Hoffmann on my infallibilist view of self-knowledge. Contra Hoffmann, it is argued that the view does not preclude a Quinean epistemology, wherein every belief is subject to empirical revision. 1. Expository
The loss and gain of marginal zone and peritoneal B cells is different in response to relapsing fever and lyme disease Borrelia.

T cell-independent Abs are protective against Lyme disease and relapsing fever, illnesses caused by Borrelia spirochetes with distinct blood-borne phases of infection. To understand this protective response, we characterized splenic and peritoneal B cell compartments during infection using flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. In the spleen, early after infection, Borrelia crocidurae, a relapsing fever species, induced a striking loss of marginal zone (MZ) B cells from the MZ, while Borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of Lyme disease, induced the expansion of this subset. At the same time, no significant changes were observed in follicular B cells in response to either species of Borrelia. In the peritoneal cavity, a further loss was demonstrated early in response to B. crocidurae in the B1b, B1c, and B2 cell subsets, but B1a cells were not significantly altered. The loss of B1c and B2 cells was sustained through subsequent peaks of spirochetemia, suggesting these subsets may be important in resolving relapsing episodes. In contrast, an early and significant increase in peritoneal B1a, B1b, and B1c cells, but not B2 cells, occurred in response to B. burgdorferi. Later in the course of infection, both species of Borrelia induced the selective expansion of peritoneal B1b cells, suggesting that B1b cells may participate in long-lasting immunity to Lyme and relapsing fever spirochetes. Our data demonstrate that different Borrelia can activate the same B cell subsets in distinct ways and they each elicit a complex interplay of MZ and multiple peritoneal B cell subsets in the early response to infection.
Presentation of Laboratory Experiments through Motion Picture Films

Two motion picture films for use in student laboratory courses are described. The film on the “span of attention” showed 4 to 13 black dots on a white field at two exposure intervals for 100 trials. The film on the influence of word frequency on perception presented 15 words in a random order with the ascending method of limits, more adequate exposure conditions on each successive exposure until each word had been shown three times. Results from use in laboratory sections are given for each film. The laboratory film is an inexpensive method of increasing the range and depth of materials available to the laboratory instructor.
Cocaine-induced structural plasticity in frontal cortex correlates with conditioned place preference

Contextual cues associated with previous drug exposure can trigger drug craving and seeking, and form a substantial obstacle in substance use recovery. Using in vivo imaging in mice, we found that cocaine administration induced a rapid increase in the formation and accumulation of new dendritic spines, and that measures of new persistent spine gain correlated with cocaine conditioned place preference. Our data suggest that new persistent spine formation in the frontal cortex may be involved in stimulant-related learning driving appetitive behavior.
Heretical views on mountain building in Europe and North America: Harbingers of modern tectonics

Since Hutton's doctrine of internal dynamics, geologists have striven to find a rationale for the forces that engender mountain ranges. The 19th century vogue in geological opinion came to a consensus of thermal contraction, and ana priori assumption of shrinking of the globe. Outcrop relations were interpreted accordingly. But leading geologists on both sides of the Atlantic soon observed structures not accounted for by the prevailing hypothesis. The Alpine school of mobilism introduced tectonic polarity (Suess, 1875), nappes (Bertrand, 1884), thrust plates (Termier, 1903) and reached its climax with Argand's visionary perception of crustal flux, of closing ocean basins, and of colliding continents. While the nappe theory was being debated in Europe, another controversy with respect to mountain building surfaced in the American West: the derivation of the Basin Ranges (Gilbert, 1876). Just as the early proponents of large-scale crustal shortening felt that they must dissent from established views, so their contemporaries in America paradoxically discovered still another reason for mountain building, namely, that of crustal extension (Russel, 1884;Le Conte, 1889).
General: Uniform Distribution of Objects in a Homogeneous Field: Cities on a Plain

THE uniform distribution of objects in a homogenous field is familiar in all kinds of circumstances—atoms in liquids1–3, fibrils in cells4, hairs on insects5,6 and mammals7, stomata on leaves8, trees in forests9–10 and cities on plains11,12. In many of these circumstances the relative positions of the objects may be described by a radial distribution function. In what follows we shall show that such a function may be used to study the distribution of cities on a plain.
Integrating climate forecasts and natural gas supply information into a natural gas purchasing decision

This paper illustrates a key lesson related to most uses of long-range climate forecast information, namely that effective weather-related decision-making requires understanding and integration of weather information with other, often complex factors. Northern Illinois University's heating plant manager and staff meteorologist, along with a group of meteorology students, worked together to assess different types of available information that could be used in an autumn natural gas purchasing decision. Weather information assessed included the impact of ENSO events on winters in northern Illinois and the Climate Prediction Center's (CPC) long-range climate outlooks. Non-weather factors, such as the cost and available supplies of natural gas prior to the heating season, contribute to the complexity of the natural gas purchase decision. A decision tree was developed and it incorporated three parts: (a) natural gas supply levels, (b) the CPC long-lead climate outlooks for the region, and (c) an ENSO model developed for DeKalb. The results were used to decide in autumn whether to lock in a price or ride the market each winter. The decision tree was tested for the period 1995–99, and returned a cost-effective decision in three of the four winters. Copyright © 2000 Royal Meteorological Society
Summer skin care for dogs and cats

ABSTRACT:Skin conditions occur more frequently in summer months, either as the result of the hotter and more humid weather, or environmental factors such as exposure to grass awns. Increased time o...
Acquired B Antigen: An ABO Typing Discrepancy Successfully Reversed by Transfusion with Type A Red Blood Cells

Two elderly type A patients were found to have acquired B antigen, one secondary to Escherichia coli and the other to Pseudomonas septicemia. One received a transfusion of type A red blood cells without any apparent sequelae. The mechanism and diagnosis of the acquired B antigen are discussed.
The Long Noncoding RNA Pnky Regulates Neuronal Differentiation of Embryonic and Postnatal Neural Stem Cells

While thousands of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been identified, few lncRNAs that control neural stem cell (NSC) behavior are known. Here, we identify Pinky (Pnky) as a neural-specific lncRNA that regulates neurogenesis from NSCs in the embryonic and postnatal brain. In postnatal NSCs, Pnky knockdown potentiates neuronal lineage commitment and expands the transit-amplifying cell population, increasing neuron production several-fold. Pnky is evolutionarily conserved and expressed in NSCs of the developing human brain. In the embryonic mouse cortex, Pnky knockdown increases neuronal differentiation and depletes the NSC population. Pnky interacts with the splicing regulator PTBP1, and PTBP1 knockdown also enhances neurogenesis. In NSCs, Pnky and PTBP1 regulate the expression and alternative splicing of a core set of transcripts that relates to the cellular phenotype. These data thus unveil Pnky as a conserved lncRNA that interacts with a key RNA processing factor and regulates neurogenesis from embryonic and postnatal NSC populations.
KRAS mutant metastatic colorectal cancer;is there a role for Yttrium-90 microsphere radioembolotherapy?

Purpose Yttrium-90 microsphere radioembolotherapy (Y90mRE) and EGFR receptor inhibitors (cetuximab, panitumumab) have been utilized predominantly in chemotherapy exposed metastatic colorectal cancer (MCRC) patients. Recent evidence supports the benefit of EGFR receptor inhibitors exclusively in non-mutant KRAS status and has divided MCRC into 2 distinct therapeutic groups; mutant and non-mutant KRAS status. The void of options for KRAS mutant MCRC has created opportunities for a myriad of alternate approaches including Y90mRE, however it is unknown if Y90mRE may exhibit a similar lack of benefit in this cohort. As chemotherapy refractory KRAS mutant MCRC forms a dominant indication of referrals for Y90mRE, we sought to negate the possibility of therapeutic futility by retrospectively analyzing the outcomes of MCRC therapy based on KRAS status at our institution. Materials and Methods Data detailing patient demographics, systemic therapy received, activity of Y90 microspheres (SIR-Spheres ® , Sirtex Medical, Australia or TheraSphere ® , Nordion, Canada) delivered, RECIST responses and TTP were noted. Results 35 patients (16 female, mdn age 63 yrs) met study criteria. All patients had received systemic chemotherapy before Y90mRE. Median activity of Y90 delivered was 40.5 mCi (range 6.7-71). KRAS status was mutated in 17 and non-mutated in 18 patients respectively. Partial responses were noted in 1 KRAS mutant and 4 KRAS non-mutants. Median TTP was 6 months for KRAS mutants and 7 months for non-mutants respectively. Conclusion MCRC KRAS mutational status did not negate responses to Y90 mRE however the magnitude of the clinical benefit in this cohort remains to be determined.
Hybrid Power/Energy Generation System Design Through Multistage Design Optimization Problem With Complementarity Constraints

The optimal design of hybrid power generation systems (HPGS) can significantly improve the economical and technical performance of power supply. However, the discrete-time simulation with logical disjunctions involved in HPGS design usually leads to a nonsmooth optimization model, to which well established techniques for smooth nonlinear optimization could not be directly applied. This paper proposes a multistage design optimization problem with complementarity constraints approach for HPGS design, which introduces a complementarity formulation of the nonsmooth logical disjunction, as well as a multistage decomposition framework, to ensure a fast local solution. A numerical study of a stand-alone hybrid photovoltaic (PV)/wind power generation system is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
The search for the missing 'missing-self' receptor on natural killer cells.

In this article, I outline the studies that led to the discovery of Ly49A as the first ‘missing-self ’ receptor on natural killer cells. It is a more detailed and formal version of my acceptance speech at the Novartis Award ceremony at the International Congress of Immunology in Stockholm. Yet, it is impossible to mention my gratitude to all of my previous mentors and colleagues or to credit all the scientists and immunologists who preceded us by making contributions, large and small, to knowledge upon which our findings were based. It is therefore humbling to accept the 2001 Novartis Award for Basic Immunology along with Professors Klas Karre and Lorenzo Moretta.
Generating Singlet Oxygen Bubbles: A New Mechanism for Gas! Liquid Oxidations in Water

Laser-coupled microphotoreactors were developed to bubble singlet oxygen [1O2 (1Δg)] into an aqueous solution containing an oxidizable compound. The reactors consisted of custom-modified SMA fiberoptic receptacles loaded with 150 μm silicon phthalocyanine glass sensitizer particles, where the particles were isolated from direct contact with water by a membrane adhesively bonded to the bottom of each device. A tube fed O2 gas to the reactor chambers. In the presence of O2, singlet oxygen was generated by illuminating the sensitizer particles with 669 nm light from an optical fiber coupled to the top of the reactor. The generated 1O2 was transported through the membrane by the O2 stream and formed bubbles in solution. In solution, singlet oxygen reacted with probe compounds (9,10-anthracene dipropionate dianion, trans-2-methyl-2-pentanoate anion, N-benzoyl-d,l-methionine, or N-acetyl-d,l-methionine) to give oxidized products in two stages. The early stage was rapid and showed that 1O2 transfer occurred via ...
Temporal generalization capability of simple recurrent networks

Simple recurrent networks have been widely used in temporal processing applications. In this study we investigate temporal generalization of simple recurrent networks, drawing comparisons between network capabilities and human characteristics. Elman networks were trained to regenerate temporal trajectories sampled at different rates, and then tested with trajectories at both the trained sampling rates and at other sampling rates. The networks were also tested with trajectories representing mixtures of different sampling rates. It was found that for simple trajectories, the networks show interval invariance, but not rate invariance. However, for complex trajectories which contain greater contextual information, these networks do not seem to show any temporal generalization. Similar results were also obtained employing measured speech data. Thus, these results suggest that this class of networks exhibits severe limitations in temporal generalization.
Scientific innovation and the limits of social scientific prediction

Philosophers and historians of philosophy have come to recognize that at the core of logical positivism was an attachment to prediction as the necessary condition for scientific knowledge.1 The inheritors of their tradition, especially the Bayesians among us, continue to seek a theory of confirmation that reflects this epistemic commitment. The impor tance of prediction in the growth of scientific knowledge is a com mitment I share with the positivists, so I do not blanch at that design ation, much less employ it as a term of abuse. Precisely expressing and conclusively establishing the claims of pre diction as a necessary condition for certifying claims as increments of knowledge is a goal that has so far eluded us post-positivists. Philoso phers know the problems well: defining a positive instance, distin guishing projectible from nonprojectible predicates, deciding whether retrodiction is as epistemically probative as prediction.2 But I can't help thinking that these problems are technicalities important and arresting, but not impediments to embracing the positivist demand that increments in scientific knowledge withstand tests of predictive success.
Computation of Complex Band Structures and Transmission Spectra of 2-D Photonic Crystals Using a Layer-KKR Method

Abstract The photonic band structures of 2-D photonic crystals consisting of cylindrical dielectric rods on a square and on a triangular lattice are computed by a layer-KKR method. The matrices involved in the present method are substantially smaller than those required for the plane-wave method. Unlike the KKR method, a root searching procedure is not needed. In addition, with this method, the attenuation lengths for frequencies within the forbidden bands are computed together with the band structure. Reflection and transmission characteristics of crystals of finite thicknesses, as well as defective and composite crystals, are also computed.
The efficiency of antigen delivery from macrophage phagosomes into cytoplasm for MHC class I-restricted antigen presentation

Macrophages can present exogenous antigen in association with MHC class I molecules. Indirect evidence indicates that antigens internalized by phagocytosis can enter cytoplasm before following the conventional MHC class I presentation pathway. However, little is known about how common such entry is, or to what extent it depends on the kind of particle ingested. This study reports quantitative and morphological characterization of antigen delivery from phagosomes into cytoplasm for MHC class I-restricted antigen presentation. Ovalbumin (OVA) was associated with polystyrene particles (PS), biodegradable poly-e-caprolactone particles (PCL), and sheep red blood cells (SRBC), and its delivery into macrophage cytoplasm via phagocytosis was assessed with a T hybridoma assay for MHC class I-restricted presentation of OVA-derived peptides. Although direct introduction of antigen into cytoplasm by scrape-loading produced the most efficient presentation, comparable signals could be obtained after phagocytosis of PCL or PS. Phagocytosis of OVA-loaded SRBC, and OVA internalized by pinocytosis, did not deliver efficiently. MHC class I-restricted presentation of phagosome-derived OVA required cytoplasmic processing, as it was inhibited by proteasome inhibitors and brefeldin A. Morphological studies showed that biotinylated OVA originating in PCL phagosomes could be delivered into the cytoplasm of 90% of the macrophages. These results indicate that phagocytosis per se is not sufficient to deliver antigen into cytoplasm, but that phagocytosis of solid, synthetic polymeric particles delivers antigen efficiently into cytoplasm for MHC class I processing.
THz absorption spectra and stability of Fe water complexes calculated by density functional theory

Monitoring of water contaminants implies a need for determining their dielectric response properties with re- spect to electromagnetic wave excitation at various frequencies. Iron is a naturally occurring water contaminant resulting from decaying vegetation, which is at much higher concentrations than any other metal contaminant. The present study uses density functional theory (DFT) for the calculation of ground state resonance struc- ture and molecular stability analysis for Fe water complexes. The calculations presented are for excitation by electromagnetic waves at frequencies within the THz range. Dielectric response functions calculated by DFT can be used for the analysis of water contaminants. These functions provide quantitative initial estimates of spectral response features for subsequent adjustment with respect to additional information such as laboratory measurements and other types of theory based calculations. In addition, with respect to qualitative analysis, DFT calculated absorption spectra provide for molecular level interpretation of response structure. The DFT software GAUSSIAN was used for the calculations of ground state resonance structure presented here.
Synergistic toxicity and carcinogenicity of 'freons' and piperonyl butoxide.

‘FREONS’ are fluorocarbons, with 1–4 carbon atoms, fluorine and sometimes chlorine, bromine or hydrogen, which are widely used as propellants (for example, with pressurized aerosols of foods or pesticides), fire extinguishers, solvents, and refrigerants. ‘Freons’ have low toxicity after acute or chronic inhalation exposures1,2, with the exception of halothane, CF3-CHBrCl, which has produced occasional hepatotoxicity, possibly as a result of fluoroalkene contaminant3.
Three-dimensional stability theory of a continuous beam with axisymmetric Kapchinskij-Vladimirskij distribution

This work is a three-dimensional stability study based on the modal analysis for a continuous beam with an axisymmetric Kapchinskij-Vladimirskij (KV) distribution. The analysis is carried out self-consistently within the context of linearized Vlasov-Maxwell equations and electrostatic approximation. The emphasis is on investigating the coupling between longitudinal and transverse perturbations in the high-intensity region. The interaction between the transverse modes supported by the KV distribution and the ``usual transverse modes'' is examined. We found two classes of ``coupling modes'' that would not exist if longitudinal and transverse perturbations are treated separately. We also found that some transverse modes can interact among themselves through longitudinal perturbation to cause instability. The effects of wall impedance on beam stability is also studied and numerical examples are presented.
An analytic study of Fisher's equation by using Adomian decomposition method

In this paper, we develop a framework to obtain exact solutions to Fisher's equation and to a nonlinear diffusion equation of the Fisher type by employing Adomian decomposition method. The proposed scheme is supported by examining nonlinear diffusion equations of the Fisher type.
Architecture and building blocks for VME optical backplane bus

To eliminate the intrinsic problem associated with electrical interconnects, processor-to- processor interconnects based on fiber optics are under development. The major bottleneck of fiber-based optical interconnects is their point-to-point characteristic which seriously limits their interconnectivity. As a result of the low interconnectivity, multiplexing/demultiplexing (e.g., 1:1024 and 1024:1) technology was employed to minimize optical channels. This approach significantly reduces the bandwidth of the data transfer rate. Moreover, it is incompatible with most of the IEEE standard buses (such as FASTBUS, VMEbus, and Futurebus). The high density highly distributed channel waveguide array presented in this paper is the only feasible solution to provide a lithographically defined optical interconnection network with full compatibility of IEEE standard and special purpose high performance bus systems.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Canonical quantization of (2+1)-dimensional QED with a topological mass term.

We discuss the canonical quantization of quantum electrodynamics in 2+1 dimensions, with a Chern-Simons topological mass term and gauge-covariant coupling to a Dirac spinor field. A gauge-fixing term is used which generates a canonical momentum for ${A}_{0}$ so that there are no primary constraints on operator-valued fields. Gauss's law and the gauge condition ${A}_{0}=0$ are implemented by embedding the formulation in an appropriate physical subspace, in which state vectors remain naturally in the course of time evolution. The photon propagator is derived from the canonical theory. The electric and magnetic fields are separated into parts that reflect the presence of massive photons, and other parts that are rigidly attached to charged fermions and do not consist of any observable, propagating particle excitations. The effect of rotations on charged particle states is analyzed, and the relation between the canonical and the Belinfante "symmetric" angular momentum is discussed. It is shown that the rotation operator can be consistently formulated so that charged particles behave like fermions, and do not acquire any arbitrary phases during rotations, even when they are dressed in the electromagnetic fields required for them to obey Gauss's law.
Tobacco Industry Strategies to Oppose Federal Regulation

RECENT efforts by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to restrict youth access to tobacco and reduce tobacco advertising have met with predictable resistance from the tobacco industry. In opposing the FDA proposals, the tobacco industry draws on almost a century of largely successful experience attempting to limit or thwart regulation. Historically, the industry has brought extensive resources to bear on its efforts to dispute the health risks of tobacco, resist attempts to classify tobacco as a pharmaceutical product, and challenge the authority of federal agencies asserting regulatory jurisdiction. Today, similar strategies are in use as the tobacco industry confronts what may be its greatest challenge in 30 years. The objective of this article is to examine the antiregulatory strategies used by the tobacco industry in the face of new federal initiatives. The framework in which the social regulation of tobacco occurs is presented first. Then, the industry's response to
Mentoring in the 21st Century: Using the Internet to Build Skills and Networks

Mentoring has transformed from traditional master-apprentice relationships into multiple developmental relationships that extend beyond functional, organizational, and geographic boundaries. The Internet provides one mechanism for proteges to identify mentors to help navigate career opportunities. The online mentor activity presented here requires students to identify successful business leaders who serve as mentors and assist in developing needed skills. Student-proteges utilize mentoring relationships to ask questions and develop networks, while increasing the connection between course concepts and “the real world.” Often students maintain their relationships after the course, and some supplement this relationship with face-to-face contact. Activity mechanics, variations, and benefits are covered.
Endocytosis of the Glucose Transporter GLUT4 Is Mediated by the GTPase Dynamin

To study the role of the GTPase dynamin in GLUT4 intracellular recycling, we have overexpressed dynamin−1 wild type and a GTPase-negative mutant (K44A) in primary rat adipose cells. Transfection was accomplished by electroporation using an hemagglutinin (HA)-tagged GLUT4 as a reporter protein. In cells expressing HA-GLUT4 alone, insulin results in an ≈7-fold increase in cell surface anti-HA antibody binding. Studies with wortmannin indicate that the kinetics of HA-GLUT4-trafficking parallel those of the native GLUT4 and in addition, that newly synthesized HA-GLUT4 goes to the plasma membrane before being sorted into the insulin-responsive compartments. Short term (4 h) coexpression of dynamin-K44A and HA-GLUT4 increases the amount of cell surface HA-GLUT4 in both the basal and insulin-stimulated states. Under conditions of maximal expression of dynamin-K44A (24 h), most or all of the intracellular HA-GLUT4 appears to be present on the cell surface in the basal state, and insulin has no further effect. Measurements of the kinetics of HA-GLUT4 endocytosis show that dynamin-K44A blocks internalization of the glucose transporters. In contrast, expression of dynamin wild type decreases the amount of cell surface HA-GLUT4 in both the basal and insulin-stimulated states. These data demonstrate that the endocytosis of GLUT4 is largely mediated by processes which require dynamin.
Observation of fine structure in the 1s2s2p2 5P-1s2p3 5S transition of core-excited O V

Abstract We have measured the absolute wavelengths of the fine structure components of the 1s2s2p 2 5 P-1s2p 3 5 S transition in beryllium-like oxygen using the method of fast ion spectroscopy. These results represent the first measurement of fine structure in any core-excited 4-electron ion. We have also measured the lifetime of the metastable 1s2p 3 5 S state. The structure and lifetime results are compared with recent relativistic MCHF calculations.
Three-color femtosecond source for simultaneous excitation of three fluorescent proteins in two-photon fluorescence microscopy

We demonstrate a fiber-based, three-color femtosecond source for simultaneous imaging of three fluorescent proteins (FPs) using two-photon fluorescence microscopy (2PM). The three excitation wavelengths at 775 nm, 864 nm and 950 nm, are obtained through second harmonic generation (SHG) of the 1550-nm pump laser and the 1728-nm and 1900-nm solitons generated through soliton self-frequency shift (SSFS) in a large-mode-area (LMA) fiber. These energetic pulses are well matched to the two-photon excitation peaks of red, cyan and yellow fluorescent proteins (TagRFPs, TagCFPs, and TagYFPs) for efficient excitation. We demonstrate simultaneous 2PM of human melanoma cells expressing a “rainbow” combination of these three fluorescent proteins.
The 15-Amino Acid Motif of the C Terminus of the β2-Adrenergic Receptor Is Sufficient to Confer Insulin-Stimulated Counterregulation to the β1-Adrenergic Receptor

Insulin counterregulates catecholamine action in part by inducing the sequestration of beta2-adrenergic receptors. Although similar to agonist-induced sequestration, insulin-induced internalization of beta2-adrenergic receptors operates through a distinct and better-understood cellular pathway. The effects of insulin treatment on the function and trafficking of both beta1- and beta2-adrenergic receptors were tested. The beta2-adrenergic receptors were counterregulated and internalized in response to insulin. The beta1-adrenergic receptors, in sharp contrast, are shown to be resistant to the ability of insulin to counterregulate function and induce receptor internalization. Using chimeric receptors composed of beta1-/beta2-adrenergic receptors in tandem with mutagenesis, we explored the role of the C-terminal cytoplasmic tail of the beta2-adrenergic receptors for insulin-induced counterregulation. Substitution of the C-terminal cytoplasmic tail of the beta2-adrenergic receptor on the beta1-adrenergic receptor enabled the chimeric G protein-coupled receptor to be functionally and spatially regulated by insulin. Truncation of the beta2-adrenergic receptor C-terminal cytoplasmic tail to a 15-amino acid motif harboring a potential Src homology 2-binding domain at Y350 and an Akt phosphorylation site at S345,346 was sufficient to enable receptor regulation by insulin.
Regularized Vortex Sheet Evolution in Three Dimensions

A computational method is presented to track the evolution of regularized three-dimensional vortex sheets through an otherwise irrotational, inviscid, constant-density fluid. The sheet surface is represented by a triangulated mesh with interpolating functions locally defined inside each triangle.C1continuity is maintained between triangles via combinations of cubic Bezier triangular interpolants. The self-induced sheet motion generally results in a highly deformed surface which is adaptively refined as needed to capture regions of increasing curvature and to avoid severe Lagrangian deformation. Automatic mesh refinement is implemented with an advancing front technique. Sheet motion is regularized by adding a length scale cutoff to the Biot?Savart kernel. Toroidal and periodic-cylinder vortex sheets are simulated, modeling vortex rings and vortex/jet combinations, respectively. Comparisons with previous 2D results are favorable and 3D results are presented.
On simplicial maps of the complexes of curves of nonorientable surfaces

This paper combines the proofs and the results given by the author in [13; 8] about simplicial maps of complexes of curves on nonorientable surfaces. The complex of curves of a compact, connected, orientable surface was defined as an abstract simplicial complex by Harvey in [7] as follows: The vertex set consists of isotopy classes of nontrivial simple closed curves, where nontrivial means it does not bound a disk and it is not isotopic to a boundary component of the surface. Vertices form a simplex if they can be represented by pairwise disjoint simple closed curves on the surface. For a compact, connected, nonorientable surface N , the complex of curves C.N / is defined similarly where a simple closed curve is called nontrivial if it does not bound a disk or a Mobius band, and it is not isotopic to a boundary component of the surface. Simplicial maps such as automorphisms, superinjective simplicial maps and injective simplicial maps of the complexes of curves on surfaces are studied to get information about the mapping class groups of these surfaces. The mapping class group is defined as the group of isotopy classes of all self-homeomorphisms of the surface.
Some effects of tonicity on lupine succinoxidase.

The integrity of mitochondria is relevant to the intracellular distribution of inorganic ions by Donnan equilibria and active transport processes (cf. 1-4, 17,25, 31, 37, 39,41, 42,47). Two related properties of mitochondria probably dependent upon their integrity and especially relevant to ion distribution are the permeabilities to salts, sucrose, and organic acids (2, 6, 9, 20, 34) and the ability of mitochondria to act as osmometers (26, 27, 35, 43, 44). Furthermore, since respiratory activity is influenced by the osmolarity of the media used in both preparation and assay procedures (8, 13, 14, 18, 21-23, 40, 45) the osmotic properties of niitochondria also must be considered with the effects of inorganic ions not only upon ion uptake but also with the effects of ions upon the oxidation of cytochrome c (18, 28, 36, 46), reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide (18) and various organic acids (30). As Tyler (45) pointed out, few investigators have considered tonicity itself to affect the activity of mitochondrial enzymes, apart from any osmotic influence on permeability or swelling of mitochondria. One inadequacy in noting the effect of different osmotic concentrations on enzymatic activity usually stems from an arbitrary selection of substrate concentration since either inhibition or activation may result depending upon the substrate concentration used (15, 16). A more complete characterization is required, such as the determination of the -apparent reaction constants for succinoxidase (cf. 41). A complicating factor in experiments concerning tonicity results from the common use of sucrose as the chief solute for varying osmotic pressure. Lehninger, Ray, and Schneider (24) discuss evidence for the inhibitory action of sucrose on mitochondrial activities. In common with studies on tonicity effects, however, sucrose effects may be incompletely characterized. In our study concerning the ionic relations of plant mitochondria (cf. 17,18, 37), information was required to characterize the behavior of lupine mitochondria in different osmotic conditions. Results are reported of experiments studying the effects of both pie-assay and assay tonicities upon the kinetics of lupine succinoxidase under conditions used for studying mitochondrial swelling in the preseice of succinate (16). METHODS
An Assessment of Pharmacists' Caring Ability

Objectives To assess the level of caring ability of practicing pharmacists and to examine differences in caring ability by sex, degree earned, practice setting, years in practice, and whether the pharmacist provides clinical services. Design Descriptive survey study. Participants The survey was mailed to a stratified random sample of pharmacists registered in Illinois (n = 1,200). Main Outcome Measures Caring Ability Inventory (CAI) score. Information was also gathered regarding respondents' practice setting, number and types of clinical services provided, and demographic characteristics. Results Of the 1,076 deliverable surveys, 323 were returned completed and used in the analysis (response rate=30%). Mean CAI score ± standard deviation was 203.0 ± 17.7. Statistical analyses revealed no significant differences in CAI score by sex, degree earned, or practice setting. A significant and positive correlation was found between years in practice and CAI score. Pharmacists who provided disease management and other clinical services scored significantly higher on the CAI than pharmacists who did not. Conclusion Pharmacists exhibit relatively high levels of caring ability as assessed by the CAI. Further inquiry into the nature of caring and its implications for pharmacy practice is needed.
The Entropy of Defects and Diffusion in Silicon

Theoretical calculations of the finite temperature properties of defects, such as defect concentration and diffusion rate, require a knowledge of the entire 3N-dimensional defect total energy surface. We present a formalism for obtaining such defect energy surfaces from total energy calculations. Preliminary results of the application of this formalism to the silicon self-interstitial are described. Implications for understanding the remarkable experimental high temperature diffusion entropies are discussed.
A GROWTH HORMONE BINDING PROTEIN IN NORMAL HUMAN SERUM.

IT has been demonstrated that human growth hormone migrates in agar gel electrophoresis at the rate of the α-globulins1. This occurs both in pure solution and in serum. The technique of radioimmunoelectrophoresis has now been used to demonstrate the presence of binding proteins for both insulin2 and thyroxine3. In this communication the technique is applied to human growth hormone.
Winners and losers and Why: A Study of Defamation litigation

This article summarizes the results of a study of 534 reported defamation cases decided over a period beginning in 1976 and ending just before the Hutchinson and Wolston decisions of mid-1979. A major aspect of the study was the comparison of media and nonmedia defamation cases, which appear quite different. Each case was studied to identify, among other things, the plaintiff and the defendant, the statement that provoked the suit, the context of that statement, the role of state and federal law in resolving the case, and the procedural stages at which each case was resolved. A follow-up study to identify changes since Hutchinson and Wolston is in progress.
Vector-meson-exchange and unitarity effects in low-energy photoproduction

Vector-meson-exchange effects are investigated for photoproduction in the $\ensuremath{\Delta}$ region. An improved analysis using a current-algebra model with unitarity corrections and the most recent multipole analysis indicates the necessity of vector-meson contributions. The required vector-meson coupling constants are consistent with quark-model values.
Depression persistence and serotonin transporter genotype in adolescents under usual care conditions.

Abstract Objectives: Polymorphisms of the serotonin transporter (SERT) gene have been shown to influence the risk for depression. The goal of this study was to investigate a possible effect of SERT polymorphisms on severity and course of depression symptoms in a community sample of adolescents. Methods: Community-dwelling adolescents (n=192) ages 13–17 years, who were at risk for depression, were followed for a period of 6 months. Subjects donated a saliva sample for genotyping of the 5-HTTLPR and STin2 VNTR polymorphisms of SERT. Results: We found no associations between SERT genotype and severity of depressive symptoms at baseline. Depression symptom severity markedly decreased over time. For 5-HTTLPR, we observed a significant interaction between time and genotype, indicating the possibility that heterozygote genotype carriers (s/l) might experience a greater reduction in depression symptoms over time compared with adolescents with the 5-HTTLPR l/l genotype. Conclusions: Our study shows that for most c...
Living Donor Kidney Donation: Another Form of White Coat Effect

Background/Aims: Living donor nephrectomy can be associated with increases in blood pressure several years following the procedure, but the best method to assess blood pressure during the living donor evaluation process is unclear. Methods: Living kidney donors underwent casual clinic and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) and measurement of central aortic pressures at baseline and 6 months following donor nephrectomy. Results: There was a significant decline in clinic systolic blood pressure (SBP; p = 0.001) and central aortic systolic pressure (p = 0.011) during the study period. However, average ABPM was unchanged and other measures of central arterial pressures and Augmentation Index were unchanged at 6 months compared to baseline. Conclusions: The remarkable differences between clinic SBP and ambulatory SBP prior to donation, and the disappearance of these differences 6 months later, suggest a substantial white coat effect on SBP associated with living kidney donor evaluation. Also, ABPM represents a better way to assess blood pressure prior to kidney donation.