cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Examiner Assisted Automated Patents Search

One of the most crucial and knowledge-intensive steps of patent examination is the determination of prior art — evidence that the idea claimed by a patent is already known. Automated prior art retrieval algorithms, if effective, can assist expert examiners by identifying literature that would otherwise take substantial research to uncover. Our approach is to build a patent search algorithm which functions as a cognitive as-sistant to the patent searcher. Contrary to the approach of treating the search algorithm as a black box, all components of the search algorithm are explained, and these components expose controls that can be adjusted by the user. This level of transparency and interactivity of the algorithm not only enables the experts to get the best use of the tool, but also is crucial in gaining the trust of the users. In this paper we discuss the engineering of the cognitive assistant search tool, referred to as Sigma, and the various interactions it affords the users. The tool is currently being piloted to patent examiners in the unit 2427.
Assessment of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) genotypes for response to bacterial canker disease

Integration of alleles for bacterial canker resistance into new sweet cherry cultivars requires information on the sources of resistance in the germplasm. Five market-leading sweet cherry cultivars, ‘Rainier’, ‘Sweetheart’, ‘Bing’, ‘Regina’ and ‘Chelan’, advanced selections ‘AA’, ‘BB’, ‘CC’, ‘DD’, ‘EE’, ‘GG’, and ‘PMR-1’ used as breeding parents in the Washington State University’s Sweet Cherry Breeding Program were evaluated. Comparative genotypic disease severity was obtained with three methods of inoculation (leaf wounding with carborundum, cut wounds in leaf mid-rib and shoot tip) on whole plants. Additionally, genotypic data on susceptibility of detached leaves versus fruit and an assessment of the movement of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (Pss) population in inoculated shoots were obtained. Genotype susceptibility was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) influenced by inoculation method, with shoot inoculation providing the best separation of resistance levels among genotypes. A low correlation (r = 0.26, P = 0.21) was observed between disease responses measured on detached leaf versus fruit, while a moderately high correlation (r = 0.50, P = 0.10) was found among bacterial populations in the tissues and in the degree of symptoms expressed. By all comparative methods, the advanced selections, as well as, ‘PMR-1’, were less susceptible than the market-leading cultivars. Also, movement of Pss from shoot tip inoculation points to the shoot base was not detected for advanced selections ‘AA’, ‘BB’, ‘DD’, and ‘EE’. This study reveals that the advanced selections could be potential sources of resistance alleles to bacterial canker. This is the first evaluation of the advanced selections for bacterial canker disease.
Preparing Teaching Assistants to Work with All Learners: The Impact of Accessibility Training.

This study investigated the impact of accessibility training on incoming teaching assistants’ (TAs) awareness of and preparation to implement academic adjustments and accommodations for students with disabilities. Pre- and postworkshop questionnaires and data gathered from weekly in-service group discussions indicated that TAs’ knowledge of and confidence in implementing accommodations increased, as well as their awareness concerning legal mandates and accessibility issues in general. Recommendations regarding the training and mentorship of TAs are offered.
Vascular and metabolic effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibition evaluated by tissue PO2 measurements in carotid body.

The suspected role of nitric oxide (NO) in modulating chemosensory activity, and the origin and actual locations of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the carotid body (CB) are not clear. Wang et al. (1993) were the first to show that NOS is present in the CB from immunochemistry and NADPH diaphorase staining of rat CBs. Prabhakar et al. (1993) also found NADPH positive nerve fibers around cat CB glomus cells. Wang et al. (1993) attributed the origin of NOS primarily to sensory neurons in the petrosal ganglion. On the other hand, Grimes et al. (1995) presented immunohistochemical evidence that NOS innervation in the cat CB appears to be autonomic, originating from dispersed ganglion cells, and may be parasympathetic in nature. Hohler et al. (1994) also found neuronal NOS primarily associated with autonomic neurons in Wistar rat CBs.
Asymptotic Expansions of Solutions for Backward Equations

In Chapter 4, we focused on obtaining an approximation to the solutions of Kolmogorov forward equations; the emphasis was on the associated probability distribution vectors. However, in many applications, instead of treating the forward equations, we need to deal with the backward equations. In this chapter, we take a dual point of view by examining the associated backward equations.
The Use of Psychiatric Expertise in Sex Offender Cases

The subject of psychiatric expertise in sex offender cases raises a multitude of questions which have profound ethical implications. Given the major uncertainties that exist about why an individual commits a sexual offense, whether or not the individual has a diagnosable mental disorder and, if so, whether or not a special kind of treatment modality should be recommended, sex offender cases necessarily present particular ethical dilemmas to the forensic psychiatrist. These dilemmas are made all the more difficult because any proffered psychiatric opinion about the sex offender may lead to drastic consequences, consequences that may include mislabeling, confinement, and/or coerced treatment.
T-Cell Lymphomas

Mature T-cell and natural killer (NK)-cell neoplasms account for a small proportion of non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL). Despite the fact that they are relatively uncommon, T-cell lymphoproliferations often are submitted to the clinical molecular laboratory for testing. The diagnostic need for molecular testing is because T cells do not have a definitive immunophenotypic marker of clonality, like kappa and lambda antigen receptor immunophenotyping in B cells, so molecular methods can be used. A variety of molecular assays are available to evaluate T-cell receptor (TR) gene rearrangements, structural and numeric chromosomal abnormalities, and viral sequences associated with mature T- and NK-cell neoplasms. However, many of these molecular tests, especially PCR-based TR gene rearrangement testing, have important caveats that must be considered when interpreting the assays. Therefore, molecular results must be considered in the context of available clinical information, histology, immunophenotype, and other laboratory data for proper interpretation and clinical use.
Invariant Subspaces and Quasiaffine Transforms of Unitary Operators

A classical conjecture on nontrivial invariant subspaces for Hilbert-space contractions reads as follows. “a C 1.-contraction has a nontrivial invariant subspace”. This turns out to be equivalent to a second conjecture, namely, “if a contraction is a quasiaffine transform of a unitary operator, then it has a nontrivial invariant subspace”. Although these are still unsolved problems, it can be proved that if a C 1. -contraction has no nontrivial invariant subspace then it is a quasiaffine transform of its own unitary extension which is reductive and has an invariant dense and totally cyclic linear manifold. This paper presents a brief review, based on [7] and [9], on the equivalence between the above conjectures.
Basic Concepts in Geometric Mechanics

In this chapter we develop and summarize some basic concepts in the geometric mechanics of holonomic systems (see Chapter 1), which provide background for parts of the rest of this book. Readers well versed in this material may omit part or all of it. Parts of the rest of the book can be read without this material, so the reader can return to it as the need arises.
A Sub-Harmonic Switching Digital Power Amplifier with Hybrid Class-G Operation for Enhancing Power Back-off Efficiency

This paper presents a sub-harmonic switching (SHS) digital power amplifier (PA) architecture that enhances power efficiency in the power back-off (PBO) region. The proposed technique is combined with Class-G operation and, using either SHS or dual-power-supply switching, can provide more peak efficiency points, located at 0, −3.5, −9.5 and −13dB PBO. Moreover, by judiciously choosing the optimal operation mode (between SHS and dual supplies) for each PA cell at different power output levels, we can further improve the efficiency between those peaks. The SHS PA prototype is implemented with a switched capacitor PA (SCPA) architecture in 65nm CMOS. It achieves a 26.8dBm peak output power with a 49.3% peak drain efficiency (DE) and a 27% −13dB PBO DE at carrier frequency of 2.25GHz.
G3BP1 enhances cytoplasmic DNA pattern recognition

The stress-granule protein G3BP1 forms a high-molecular-weight protein complex with the sensor cGAS and enhances its detection of cytoplasmic DNA.
The New 2019 AHA/ACC Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease.

Much of the cardiovascular disease burden and mortality can be traced back to four adverse health behaviors (smoking, poor diet, elevated body mass index, sedentary lifestyle) and three major risk factors (hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, diabetes). Ideal cardiovascular health defined as having all seven factors at goal is very rare among US adults. It is estimated that 87% of middle-aged US adults and 95% of individuals ≥60 years old meet ≤4 of these health metrics.1 Detailed guidelines are available that discuss cardiovascular risk assessment, lifestyle management, and treatment of individual risk factors. Each one of these guidelines provides a superb summary of evidence-based care, but for busy practitioners, the number of guidelines and updates can be overwhelming. The new Primary Prevention Guideline2 fills a critical gap by pulling together and updating, as appropriate, guidance on 9 topic areas: risk assessment, diet, exercise/physical activity, obesity, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, blood cholesterol, hypertension, smoking cessation and aspirin use. Paramount is a patient-centered treatment paradigm that emphasizes team-based care, shared decision-making, and evaluation of social determinants of health. This perspective will highlight several key aspects of the new guideline. Given extensive coverage in the recent literature, recommendations for risk assessment, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia are not reviewed.
Harmonic-Based Nonlinearity Factorization of Switching Behavior in Up-Conversion Mixers

A systematic approach is presented to analyze the switching pair linearity of low intermediate frequency (IF) up-conversion mixers. The approach explicitly divides the switching pair operation of the mixer into two steps–conversion of the low IF input to the common-source node voltage, in a common-mode domain, and conversion of the common-source node voltage to the output, in a differential-mode domain. In this way, closed-form formulas of the signal gain and third-order intermodulation distortions (IMD3) are derived, demonstrating that the even harmonics (mainly twice local oscillator frequency harmonics) on the common-source node affects the linearity performance significantly. As a result, the mixer linearity is strongly sensitive to the common-source node parasitic reactance. To suppress the even harmonics, we adopt a harmonic-trapping (HT) capacitor and demonstrate 9.1 dB improvement in OIP3 from the fabricated chip prototypes. The analysis approach and HT technique are further validated by well-matched analytical predictions, simulation and measurement results.
An Antimony(V) Dication as a Z‐Type Ligand: Turning on Styrene Activation at Gold

With the intent to demonstrate that the charge of Z-type ligands can be used to modulate the electrophilic character and catalytic properties of coordinated transition metals, we are now targeting complexes bearing polycationic antimony-based Z-type ligands. Toward this end, the dangling phosphine arm of ((o-(Ph2 P)C6 H4 )3 )SbCl2 AuCl (1) was oxidized with hydrogen peroxide to afford [((o-(Ph2 P)C6 H4 )2 (o-Ph2 PO)C6 H4 )SbAuCl2 ]+ ([2 a]+ ) which was readily converted into the dicationic complex [((o-(Ph2 P)C6 H4 )2 (o-Ph2 PO)C6 H4 )SbAuCl]2+ ([3]2+ ) by treatment with 2 equiv AgNTf2 . Both experimental and computational results show that [3]2+ possess a strong Au→Sb interaction reinforced by the dicationic character of the antimony center. The gold-bound chloride anion of [3]2+ is rather inert and necessitates the addition of excess AgNTf2 to undergo activation. The activated complex, referred to as [4]2+ [((o-(Ph2 P)C6 H4 )2 (o-Ph2 PO)C6 H4 )SbAuNTf2 ]2+ readily catalyzes both the polymerization and the hydroamination of styrene. This atypical reactivity underscores the strong σ-accepting properties of the dicationic antimony ligand and its activating impact on the gold center.
Estimating the pressure-limited dynamic capacity and costs of basin-scale CO2 storage in a saline formation

Abstract Deployment of carbon capture and storage (CCS) could be necessary to be able to satisfy baseload electricity demand, maintain diversity in the energy mix, and achieve mitigation of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions at lowest cost ( IPCC, 2015 ; U.S. DOE, 2016 ). If basin-, regional- or national-scale deployment of CCS is needed, it may be possible to store only a small fraction of the captured CO2 in oil and natural gas reservoirs. The vast majority would likely have to be stored in saline formations. Pressure buildup as a result of injecting CO2 into such reservoirs is expected to be an important source of risk associated with CO2 storage, and could constrain dynamic storage capacities (maximum injection rates) to be far below estimates based on access to theoretical storage resources. Estimates of CO2 storage costs based on an assumption of practical availability of the theoretical storage resource could lead to underestimation of the costs of CO2 storage. In this study, simulation results suggest that the pressure-limited dynamic CO2 storage capacity of the Mount Simon Sandstone could be less than 4% of the theoretical storage resource in this saline formation, and storage costs could be an order of magnitude higher than recent estimates. However, consideration of the geologic heterogeneity in this deep saline formation allowed definition of a high injectivity zone, and estimated costs of CO2 storage in this “sweet spot” of the reservoir approached recent estimates that did not include costs for pressure management.
The utility of the angled blade plate in hip fracture nonunion treatment: A report of three cases and review of the literature.

Objectives We report the radiographic and clinical outcome of patients treated with an angled blade plate (ABP) for hip fracture nonunion. We also provide a review of the literature on joint preserving treatment approaches to hip fracture nonunions. Design Retrospective, case series. Setting Tertiary academic hospital. Patients/Participants Three. Intervention We treated three patients with varied hip fracture nonunions using a joint preserving approach with an ABP. Main outcome measurements Radiographic union and clinical outcome. Results All three patients achieved radiographic union, and were ambulating without pain at final follow-up. Conclusions The treatment approach to hip fracture nonunions is either restorative (joint preserving) or reconstructive (joint replacing). The primary restorative approach to nonunions around the hip consists of revision open reduction and internal fixation with or without bone grafting. Though a variety of implants and treatment techniques have demonstrated excellent success in this setting, revision open reduction and internal fixation with an ABP remains an efficacious implant selection in hip nonunion surgery.
A 24-43 GHz LNA with 3.1-3.7 dB Noise Figure and Embedded 3-Pole Elliptic High-Pass Response for 5G Applications in 22 nm FDSOI

This paper presents a 20-44 GHz low-noise amplifier in 22 nm FDSOI with low noise figure and low DC power consumption. The LNA is based on a 3-stage cascode amplifier which is co-designed with embedded high-pass filters so as to results in a very sharp rejection at 11 17 dB at 20-43 GHz with a peak of 23 dB at 40 GHz. The LNA achieves a NF of 3.1-3.7 dB (3.4±0.3 dB) at 24-43 GHz, an in-band IIP3 of -13.2 to -19 dBm at 20-40 GHz, all at a power consumption of 20.5 mW. Operation at 12 mW is also shown, with a maximum gain and minimum NF of 18.2 dB and 3.4 dB at 24-43 GHz. To our knowledge, the LNA represents the highest FoM achieved at this frequency range todate and includes an embedded 3-pole filter response.
A Question of Inclusion: Intercultural Competence, Systematic Racism, and the North American German Classroom

This chapter focuses on the question of inclusion for Students of Color in the US German Classroom and the impact that the intercultural method may have upon marginalized students when German culture is essentialized and portrayed in a stereotypical fashion. It also engages with a critical analysis of culture and the division between culture and language, as well as the racialization that occurs for Students of Color at American colleges and universities. My central argument outlines how the emphasis should be placed upon the educator rather than the student and that, despite the popularity of buzz words such as “inclusion,” “diversity,” and the “inclusive classroom,” German curriculum objectives are not meeting the needs of marginalized students.
The Persistence of Picky Eating: Opportunities to Improve Our Strategies and Messaging.

Health providers, researchers, and parents do not yet have a handle on the management and messaging of picky eating in children. This is, in part, due to the lack of a precise and accepted definition of what constitutes picky eating. Moreover, the variation in those who persist in picky eating through developmental stages versus those who outgrow it has not been well studied. If picky eating is not a normative developmental event but rather an individual difference, recommendations for how to feed the picky eater may differ from those provided for typical eaters. One complicating factor is that what is common, as in a child’s position on a normative developmental curve, or adaptive and desirable, as in normative standards,1 is poorly operationalized in terms of what constitutes picky eating. This leaves pediatricians at a loss and parents disconsolate. For example, the prevalence of picky eating can vary in the literature depending on how it is defined. When the definition is based on a “somewhat” response to the question “Is your child a picky eater?” the prevalence of picky eating can be as high as 50%.2 When more stringent and complex definitions are employed, the prevalence estimates are closer to 5%.3 The study by Fernandez et al4 in this issue of Pediatrics improves … Address correspondence to Nancy L. Zucker, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Duke University, PO Box 3454, Durham, NC 27710. E-mail: zucke001@mc.duke.edu
Racial disparities in knowledge, attitudes and practices related to COVID-19 in the USA.

BACKGROUND: Recent reports indicate racial disparities in the rates of infection and mortality from the 2019 novel coronavirus (coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19]). The aim of this study was to determine whether disparities exist in the levels of knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAPs) related to COVID-19. METHODS: We analyzed data from 1216 adults in the March 2020 Kaiser Family Foundation 'Coronavirus Poll', to determine levels of KAPs across different groups. Univariate and multivariate regression analysis was used to identify predictors of KAPs. RESULTS: In contrast to White respondents, Non-White respondents were more likely to have low knowledge (58% versus 30%; P < 0.001) and low attitude scores (52% versus 27%; P < 0.001), but high practice scores (81% versus 59%; P < 0.001). By multivariate regression, White race (odds ratio [OR] 3.06; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.70-5.50), higher level of education (OR 1.80; 95% CI: 1.46-2.23) and higher income (OR 2.06; 95% CI: 1.58-2.70) were associated with high knowledge of COVID-19. Race, sex, education, income, health insurance status and political views were all associated with KAPs. CONCLUSIONS: Racial and socioeconomic disparity exists in the levels of KAPs related to COVID-19. More work is needed to identify educational tools that tailor to specific racial and socioeconomic groups.
P5 Understanding Farm to Early Care and Education (ECE) Efforts in Colorado

Background Farm to school programs have been shown to have positive impacts on child outcomes. As such, interest and initiatives in farm to ECE programs have become common. Information on ECE providers’ perceptions on farm to ECE programming and current farm to ECE activities is limited. Objectives To describe perceived benefits, barriers, and participation of farm to ECE programming (gardening, nutrition education, and local food procurement) by ECE providers in Colorado. Study Design, Setting, Participants A descriptive cross-sectional design targeting ECE providers statewide was employed in 2 phases using an electronic survey that was distributed through snowball sampling: Phase 1 (46 questions) and Phase 2 (48 questions). Questions were adapted from the National Farm to School Network 2018 Farm to ECE Survey, or developed to capture specific Colorado initiatives. Measurable Outcome/Analysis Descriptive statistics were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics (version 25). Results A total of 250 complete surveys were used for analysis. Child-centered benefits were most important to respondents, and included helping children develop healthy eating habits (99%), children connecting with nature via gardening (98%), and opportunities for children to try more fruits/vegetables (98%). The greatest challenges of farm to ECE programming were limited resources, including the cost of procuring local foods (80%), and expenses and staff time associated with gardening (68%). More than half of respondents reported that the ECE facility had a garden (59%) and provided some form of nutrition education (57%). Only one-third of respondents (37%) indicated that their program procured food from local sources. Conclusions Findings highlight that a majority of farm to ECE activities revolve around gardening and nutrition education, with less participation in local food procurement. Future efforts to understand successes and address barriers associated with local food procurement efforts is warranted to enhance participation in all farm to ECE programming components.
Best practices in project-based learning: Online instructional technology courses and emergency remote teaching

A retrospective case study design was used to analyze online instructional technology courses at two US universities. A project-based learning design model was used for both complete online delivery and emergency remote teaching formats. Although deep areas of scholarship exist for online learning, project-based learning, and digital media literacies, research in the area of project-based learning designs to support technical learning in online courses is nascent. A review of these areas of literature is presented, and results from this case analysis are presented as recommendations to faculty who wish to design project-based learning for online technical courses, or for those who are planning emergency remote teaching conversions for similar technical courses. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)
Rapid focus map surveying for whole slide imaging with continuous sample motion.

Whole slide imaging (WSI) has recently been cleared for primary diagnosis in the U.S. A critical challenge of WSI is to perform accurate focusing in high speed. Traditional systems create a focus map prior to scanning. For each focus point on the map, a sample needs to be static in the x-y plane, and axial scanning is needed to maximize the contrast. Here we report a novel focus map surveying method for WSI. In this method, we illuminate the sample with two LEDs and recover the focus points based on 1D autocorrelation analysis. The reported method requires no axial scanning, no additional camera and lens, works for stained and transparent samples, and allows continuous sample motion in the surveying process. By using a 20× objective lens, we demonstrate a mean focusing error of ∼0.08 μm in the static mode and ∼0.17 μm in the continuous motion mode. The reported method may provide a turnkey solution for most existing WSI systems due to its simplicity, robustness, accuracy, and high speed. It may also standardize the imaging performance of WSI systems for digital pathology and find other applications in high-content microscopy, such as time-lapse live-cell imaging.
Forced use therapy to improve hand function in spastic cerebral palsy children

Introduction: Prehension, the ability to grasp, hold and manipulate objects is an important hand function. Impairment in hand function makes it difficult to fulfill activities of daily living. Objectives: To assess the effect of forced use therapy (FUT) in improving hand function of hemiplegic cerebral palsy children. Outcome measures: Modified Ashworth scale, Fegl Meyer assessment upper extremity, 9-hole peg board, upper extremity functional index and caregiver functional use survey are the outcome measures. Method: Fifty two children with cerebral palsy were divided into 2 groups A and B, 26 subjects in each group. Group A was given conventional hand function exercise whilst group B was given forced hand use therapy. Both groups received the treatment for 45 minutes for the affected limb for 5 days a week. But the FUT group was administered with gloves to constraint the hand movement for 6 hours daily. They were administered with the protocol for 4 weeks and outcomes were measured pre- and post-treatment duration. Results: FUT showed significantly better improvement over the conventional group in outcome measures (p Conclusions: FUT caused reduction in spasticity and increased functional ability in children with spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Sri Lanka Journal of Child Health, 2020; 49(4): 335-340
Monolithic 3D Integration of High Endurance Multi-Bit Ferroelectric FET for Accelerating Compute-In-Memory

We demonstrate, for the first time, monolithic 3D (M3D) integration of back-end-of-line (BEOL) compatible Hf 0.5 Zr 0.5 O 2 (HZO) ferroelectric FET (FeFET) with front-end-of-line (FEOL) high-k/metal gate (HKMG) Si-NMOS. We use low thermal budget ( 2 O 3 (IWO) semiconducting oxide channel and demonstrate high remnant polarization charge density 2P R , of 40μC/cm2 reliable with switching characteristics. We report (a) read memory window of 0.45V in ultra-scaled 20nm channel length IWO FeFET, (b) write speed of 100ns, and (c) write endurance >108 cycle. We further demonstrate a 2bit/cell synaptic weight cell with well separated conductance states. System-level analysis of compute-in-memory (CIM) accelerators for performing inference on CIFAR-10 image dataset using VGG-8 model shows that 22nm BEOL FeFET achieves 3× higher energy-efficiency than 7nm SRAM while occupying a smaller memory array area due to area folding enabled by M3D architecture.
Targeting Gametocytes of the Malaria Parasite Plasmodium falciparum in a Functional Genomics Era: Next Steps

Mosquito transmission of the deadly malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum is mediated by mature sexual forms (gametocytes). Circulating in the vertebrate host, relatively few intraerythrocytic gametocytes are picked up during a bloodmeal to continue sexual development in the mosquito vector. Human-to-vector transmission thus represents an infection bottleneck in the parasite's life cycle for therapeutic interventions to prevent malaria. Even though recent progress has been made in the identification of genetic factors linked to gametocytogenesis, a plethora of genes essential for sexual-stage development are yet to be unraveled. In this review, we revisit P. falciparum transmission biology by discussing targetable features of gametocytes and provide a perspective on a forward-genetic approach for identification of novel transmission-blocking candidates in the future.
Gait Adaptations to Physical Fatigue During the Negotiation of Variable and Unexpected Obstacles

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to investigate how physical fatigue impacts one’s ability to negotiate unexpected and randomly located obstacles during locomotion.BackgroundPhysically demand...
Industry Unbound: The Inside Story of Privacy, Data, and Corporate Power

In Industry Unbound, Ari Ezra Waldman exposes precisely how the tech industry conducts its ongoing crusade to undermine our privacy. With research based on interviews with scores of tech employees and internal documents outlining corporate strategies, Waldman reveals that companies don't just lobby against privacy law; they also manipulate how we think about privacy, how their employees approach their work, and how they weaken the law to make data-extractive products the norm. In contrast to those who claim that privacy law is getting stronger, Waldman shows why recent shifts in privacy law are precisely the kinds of changes that corporations want and how even those who think of themselves as privacy advocates often unwittingly facilitate corporate malfeasance. This powerful account should be ready by anyone who wants to understand why privacy laws are not working and how corporations trap us into giving up our personal information.
Comparing and Contrasting Holocene and Eemian Warm Periods with Greenhouse-Gas-Induced Warming

Abstract Periods of the past that are estimated to have been warmer than present are of great potential interest for comparison with simulations of future climates associated with greenhouse-gas-induced warming. Certain features of the climates of the mid-Holocene and Eemian periods, both interglacial maxima, are described. The simulated climatic responses to both types of forcing, in terms of land/ocean and latitudinal averages, are also compared. The zonal average and annual (or seasonal) average radiation fluxes associated with the different-from-present orbital conditions that existed for those interglacials are compared to the radiation flux associated with CO 2 -induced warming. There are some similarities but also significant differences in the two types of radiation flux perturbations, and there are both similarities and differences in the simulated climatic responses.
Health Professionals' Views on Standards for Decision‐Making Capacity Regarding Refusal of Medical Treatment in Mild Alzheimer's Disease

This study was designed to determine which elements professionals consider important for evaluation of decision-making capacity. Survey with a vignette case report of an individual with mild dementia was mailed to four groups of individuals: 1. members of the Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine, 2. chairs of Veterans Affairs (VA) Ethics Advisory Committees (EACs), 3. randomly selected geriatricians who were members of the Gerontological Society of America (GSA), and 4. randomly selected psychologists who were members of the GSA. Two hundred thirty-seven psychiatrists, 95 VA EAC chairs, 103 geriatricians, and 46 psychologists responded to this survey. The majority of the respondents endorsed all five basic elements as necessary for determination of decision-making capacity in the presented vignette, but only a minority of respondents endorsed all five basic elements, and a small proportion of respondents endorsed only one or two elements. The results indicate that physicians do not use uniform standards for assessment of decision-making capacity.
Automatic synthesis of customized local memories for multicluster application accelerators

Distributed local memories, or scratchpads, have been shown to effectively reduce cost and power consumption of application-specific accelerators while maintaining performance. The design of the local memory organization must take several factors into account, including the memory bandwidth and size requirements of the program and the distribution of program data among the memories. In addition, when register structures and function units in the accelerator are clustered, the effects of intercluster communication should be taken into account. This work proposes a technique to synthesize the local memory architecture of a clustered accelerator using a phase-ordered approach. First, the dataflow graph is pre-partitioned to define a performance-centric grouping of the operations. Second, memory synthesis is performed by combining multiple data structures into a set of physical memories that minimizes cost while maintaining a performance threshold. Finally, post-partitioning is performed to determine the final assignment of operations to clusters given the memory organization. Results show that customization reduces memory cost from 2% to 59% over a naive scheme that utilizes one physical memory per program data structure. Further, pre-partitioning is shown to reduce the intercluster communication required to achieve a fixed performance.
Two Key Decisions for China's Sovereign Fund (TN)

The China Investment Corporation (CIC) was China's sovereign wealth fund (SWF), established with $200 billion of registered capital in September 2007 to diversify China's foreign exchange holdings and increase risk-adjusted returns on those assets. CIC was unusual in that it had a strictly commercial orientation and market-driven investment mandate to invest in foreign assets but also served as the parent company of a 100 percent-owned subsidiary, Huijin, that invested solely in key state-owned financial institutions in China. Moreover, the fact that CIC was an SWF presented broader political challenges for it, its shareholder the Chinese government, its direct investments and their governments, and the world economy generally. This case involved two decisions CIC faced in early 2011: The first was how to best and most accurately articulate the relationship among CIC, Huijin, and Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC) to the Federal Reserve Board (the Fed) so that ICBC could expand its business in the United States while exempting CIC and Huijin from certain types of Fed oversight. The second was whether to appoint a board director to Morgan Stanley, a company in which CIC had directly invested close to $6 billion and held 9.9 percent ownership. Additionally, the case discussed SWFs generally and their rights and responsibilities to the global community.Learning Objective:To educate students about the tensions between the commercial and political objectives of sovereign funds when operating within and outside of their home country.
Mutations affecting cell division in Tetrahymena pyriformis, syngen 1. II. Phenotypes of single and double homozygotes.

Abstract The surface patterns associated with arrest of cell division by temperature-sensitive mutations at five different loci are described. Mutations at the mo1 locus prevent both the subdivision of ciliary meridians that mark the fission zone and the subsequent furrowing. Mutations at mo8 and mo12 cause abnormal configurations in the fission zone and aborted furrowing. Mutations in mo3 and mo6 bring about fission arrest with associated elongation ( mo3 ) or twisting ( mo6 ), even though complete fission zones do develop. The defects in mo1, mo3 , and mo12 are expressed in the first division after shift to restrictive temperature, whereas expression of mo6 and of one allele of mo8 are delayed. Following preincubation in an amino acid-free medium at the restrictive temperature, mo8 causes arrest at the first division after readdition of nutrients, while mo6 blocks fission only after one or more divisions at the restrictive temperature. Double homozygotes were constructed containing the mo3 a mutation and mutations at each of the other loci. In addition, mo1 a was combined with mo8 a . In each of the double homozygotes, the characteristic phenotypes of both mutations were simultaneously expressed, and the penetrance of division blockage was very greatly enhanced. The results suggest that the functions of these five loci are not ordered in a single dependent sequence of steps, but rather that these loci probably mediate independent processes required for cytokinesis.
Comparison of extraction procedures for detection of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli in common bean seed

Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli (Xap) is an important seedborne pathogen of Phaseolus vulgaris. Accurate seed health testing methods are critical to protect seed quality and meet phytosanitary requirements. Currently employed selective media-based methods include several variations in extraction procedures. In order to optimize pathogen extraction from seeds, the influence of different extraction steps on the sensitivity of Xap detection was assessed. Seeds were inoculated by vacuum infiltration with Xap to achieve inoculum levels from 101 to 105 CFU per seed; one contaminated seed was mixed into 1000-seed subsamples of uncontaminated P. vulgaris seeds. Thirty subsamples of 1000 seeds were tested using each different extraction procedure. These included soaking whole seeds in sterilized saline phosphate buffer, either overnight at 4°C or for 3 h at room temperature, with or without vacuum extraction, and either with or without concentrating the seed extract by centrifuging. Seed extract dilutions were cultured on semiselective agar media MT and XCP1. The percentages of positive subsamples were compared to measure the effects of each extraction step on detection sensitivity. Vacuum extraction and centrifugation of seed extracts increased sensitivity; the highest sensitivity was obtained with the 3 h vacuum extraction followed by centrifugation. These results were confirmed with naturally infested seeds; Xap was detected in 48 of 70 samples using the 3 h vacuum extraction with centrifugation, whereas only 35 of 70 field samples tested positive using overnight soaking, a significant difference. The results suggest that these steps would be valuable modifications to the current method approved by the International Seed Testing Association (ISTA).
Del.icio.us Subject Guides: Maintaining Subject Guides Using a Social Bookmarking Site.

By using Web 2.0 social bookmarking sites, libraries can more easily manage subject guides and other lists of Web resources. Social bookmarking services such as Delicious provide a one-click method to bookmark a Web site, allowing librarians to describe and categorize Web sites. Using a small amount of JavaScript, these bookmarked resources can be dynamically included into subject guides and other Web-based library resources. This paper describes and analyses the use of social bookmarking at a medium-sized comprehensive college library for the creation and maintenance of modern languages subject guides. A brief technical description outlining necessary JavaScript code provides a way for librarians to try this idea elsewhere. This paper examines the initiative at The College of New Jersey (TCNJ) Library to utilize the social bookmarking Web site del.icio.us to easily update and maintain modern language subject-specific guides on the library Web site. Previously, the subject guides have proven difficult to maintain and a solution that allowed subject librarians to quickly and easily update subject guides from anywhere was desired. By using del.icio.us, librarians at TCNJ have been able to stream line subject guide maintenance. This paper describes the process used to include resources bookmarked on del.icio.us by librarians from both the subject librarians' and systems librarian's perspectives. Included is a brief technical description that outlines the JavaScript code that needs to be included in the subject guides that other libraries can use as an example if they choose to embark on a similar project. The response from librarians and teaching faculty has been positive. Librarians appreciate the ease of use while teaching faculty appreciate the constantly evolving nature of the subject guides. Recommendations on ways to expand this project, including methods to allowing students and faculty to identify content to be included in subject guides using del.icio.us are also discussed.
A Goodness-of-Fit Test for the Two Parameter vs. Three Parameter Weibull; Confidence Bounds for ThreshoId

An investigation is described herein of modifications of the two-parameter Weibullgoodness-of-fit test of Mann, Scheuer and Fertig (1973). It is assumed that the sole alternative of interest is any three-parameter Weibull distribution. The power of candidate test statistics is investigated, therefore, only under various three-parameter Weibull alternative hypotheses. It is found that for a fixed selection of gaps (differences of adjacent order statistics) used in the numerator and in the denominator of the approximately F dist ributed test statistic, nothing is gained by weighting the gaps in order to minimize the variances and thus to maximize the numbers of degrees of freedom. A test statistic which is a modified version of that of Mann, Scheuer and Fertig is shown to have higher power under three-parameter Weibull alternatives, and a simple method for approximating critical values of the test statistic is described. The test statistic is shown to be a monotone function of an unknown threshold (location...
Etiologic complexities of diaphragmatic defects: Right diaphragmatic hernia, pulmonary hypoplasia/agenesis, and hydrocephalus in sibs

Here we review the complexities of diaphragmatic defects and describe sibs with small, right diaphragmatic defects with pulmonary hypoplasia/agenesis and hydrocephalus. Despite a poor initial prognosis, the propositus has progressed remarkably well. Antenatal sonographic study detected hydrocephalus but not the diaphragmatic defect in the sib of the propositus. Because diaphragmatic defects are most commonly found in association with other anomalies and may occur in association with chromosome anomalies careful workup of all affected infants is crucial for accurate genetic counseling.
Fiber Optic Sensor for Hydrogen Concentrations near the Explosive Limit

This paper discusses a new hydrogen sensor which has been demonstrated that provides a large signal for concentrations of hydrogen in air near the explosive limit. This optical fiber sensor is intrinsically safe for use in potentially explosive environments. The sensor responds to changes in the optical properties of a thin palladium film exposed to hydrogen.
Moving and looming stimuli capture attention.

Attention capture is often operationally defined as speeded search performance when an otherwise nonpredictive stimulus happens to be the target of a visual search. That is, if a stimulus captures attention, it should be searched with priority even when it is irrelevant to the task. Given this definition, only the abrupt appearance of a new object (see, e.g., Jonides & Yantis, 1988) and one type of luminance contrast change (Enns, Austen, Di Lollo, Rauschenberger, & Yantis, 2001) have been shown to strongly capture attention. We show that translating and looming stimuli also capture attention. This phenomenon does not occur for all dynamic events: We also show that receding stimuli do not attract attention. Although the sorts of dynamic events that capture attention do not fit neatly into a single category, we speculate that stimuli that signal potentially behaviorally urgent events are more likely to receive attentional priority.
An improved diagnostic test for rod cone dysplasia 1 (rcdl) using allele-specific polymerase chain reaction

Purpose. To develop an improved diagnostic test for rod-cone dysplasia type 1 (rcdl). The rcdl phenotype is an early onset, autosomal recessive disease caused by a mutation in the canine rod cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase (β-subunit (PDE6B) gene. A G to A transition in codon 807 at nucleotide position 2420 results in a stop codon. This is the only disease causing mutation detected so far in the canine PDE6B gene.Methods. Allele specific primers were designed in which the 3' end had the nucleotide corresponding to either the wild type or the mutant rcdl allele. PCR was done using the allele specific primers in combination with a common primer complementary to the opposite strand to distinguish between the wild type and the rcdl alleles.Results. The wild type and rcdl alleles were identified successfully in two independent ASPCRs done with two different sets of allele specific primers. Further, both alleles could be amplified in a single tube and distinguished based on the size difference of the PCR products ...
BILOBED GALLBLADDER IN A CAT: ULTRASONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE

A five-month-old male domestic shorthair cat presented with a history of vomiting for 4 days. An ultrasound examination of the abdomen was performed as part of the diagnostic workup. The gallbladder appeared to be bilobate. The cat died the following day from renal failure. At necropsy, a bilobed gallbladder was confirmed and considered to be a congenital anomaly unrelated to the cat's death.
Photoselection and the Appearance of Franck−Condon-Forbidden Thresholds in the ZEKE Spectrum of NO2

Photoionizing transitions that change NO2+−core vibrational quantum numbers are examined by means of zero-kinetic-energy (ZEKE) threshold photoelectron spectroscopy. Observable intensity is found in Franck−Condon-off-diagonal transitions from the (000) vibrational ground state of the 3pσ 2Σu+ Rydberg state of NO2 to long-lived resonances at thresholds corresponding to (010), (0200), and (100) vibrationally excited states of NO2+. Analyses of the rovibrational structure of the originating Rydberg state and the cation establish that NO2+−core potential energy surfaces are in each case substantially parallel and thus predict zero Franck−Condon factors for transitions that change vibrational quantum numbers. The appearance of nonvertical transitions is attributed to the mixing of long-lived high-principal-quantum-number discrete Rydberg states that converge to each excited threshold with the optically accessible ground-state free-electron continuum. The vibrationally inelastic interaction that gives rise to t...
Physical activity is a predictor of all-cause mortality in patients with intermittent claudication.

Objective We examined whether all-cause mortality was predicted by physical activity level in peripheral arterial disease (PAD) patients limited by intermittent claudication. Methods This retrospective, natural history follow-up study determined survival status of each patient. Patients with stable symptoms of intermittent claudication were evaluated in the Geriatrics, Research, Education, and Clinical Center at the Maryland Veterans Affairs Health Care System (MVAHCS) at Baltimore between 1994 and 2002, and were classified into a physically sedentary group (n = 299) or a physically active group (n =135), and followed in 2004 using the Social Security Death Index. Results Median follow-up was 5.33 years (range = 0.25 to 8.33 years) for the physically active group, and 5.0 years (range = 0.17 to 8.5 years) for the sedentary group. At follow-up, 108 patients (24.9%) had died, consisting of 86 (28.8%) in the sedentary group and 22 (16.3%) in the active group. Unadjusted risk of mortality was lower ( P = .005) in the physically active group (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.510, 95% CI=0.319 to 0.816). In multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis, age (HR = 1.045, 95% CI=1.019 to 1.072, P P = 0.009), ankle-brachial index (ABI) (HR = 0.202, 95% CI=0.064 to 0.632, p=0.006), and physical activity status (HR = 0.595, 95% CI=0.370 to 0.955, P = .031) were predictors of mortality. Conclusion Patients limited by intermittent claudication who engage in any amount of weekly physical activity beyond light intensity at baseline have a lower mortality rate than their sedentary counterparts who perform either no physical activity or only light-intensity activities. The protective effect of physical activity persists even after adjusting for other predictors of mortality, which include age, ABI, and BMI.