cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonequilibration of Acetyl Units from Fatty Acids and Glucose in Mammary Glands of Lactating Mice

Abstract Lipid synthesis by lactating mouse mammary gland slices from [1-carbon-14] propionate, [1-carbon-14] valerate, and [1-carbon-14] heptanoate, in the presence of glucose and from [uniformly labeled carbon-14] glucose in the presence of propionate, valerate, and heptanoate was studied. Regardless of the labeled substrate, almost all of the radioactivity incorporated in the total lipid fraction was in triglycerides. In experiments with labeled glucose and either the propionic. the valeric, or the heptylic acid, the carbon-14 fatty acids in triglycerides were almost exclusively composed of even-chain fatty acids. When the substrate was either [1-carbon-14] propionate, [1-carbon-14] valerate, or [1-carbon-14] heptanoate, in the presence of glucose, the pattern changed to one in which a larger proportion of the radioactivity was in the odd-chain fatty acids. These findings suggest that in mouse mammary gland, acetyl units produced via β -oxidation of fatty acids may not equilibrate with those formed from oxidation of pyruvate which is derived from glucose.
The Points of a Certain Fivefold over Finite Fields and the Twelfth Power of the Eta Function

If p is an odd prime, then denote by Fp the field with p elements. We prove that a certain fivefold is modular in the sense that for every odd p, the number of its points over Fp is predicted explicitly by the pth coefficient of the Fourier expansion of the weight 6 modular form ?12(2z).
Distributed real-time stability monitoring algorithms using synchrophasors

This paper proposes real-time stability monitoring algorithms using synchrophasor data in distributed architectures. By dividing the computations between a central computer and multitude of local computers at the substation level, the algorithms efficiently detect instability mechanisms in the large-scale power system from wide-area power system measurements. Algorithms for monitoring damping levels of oscillatory modes (small-signal stability), voltage security indices, and angle instability indicators are proposed and illustrated on archived synchrophasor data from real power systems.
Polyimide amplified piezoelectric scanner for endoscopic optical coherence tomography

We have modeled, fabricated, and tested polyimide amplified piezoelectric bimorph scanning mirrors for application in optical coherence tomography (OCT). These scanning mirrors are fabricated using photolithography using polyimide as a substrate. These devices use bimorph actuators to drive polyimide micromechanical structures at resonance. The forced vibration of these micromechanical structures causes polysilicon gold plated mirrors attached to two torsion hinges to tilt. Operating the device at resonance allows us to achieve very large displacements of the mirror at real-time imaging speeds. The large scan angles and fast imaging speeds give these novel scanning devices the potential to be used to image larger areas of tissue to search for diseases such as mucosal cancers and to guide interventional procedures such as laser ablations and biopsies in real time. The mirror and support structures were modeled using one-dimensional beam theory and fundamental vibration mechanics. The structures were also modeled and simulated using ANSYS, a finite element analysis package. The finite element modeling has also lead to the development of new methods to fabricate the entire devices on a single silicon wafer. Prototype scanning devices have demonstrated optical scan angles up to 97 degrees with applied voltages from 15-60 V at a resonant frequencies ranging from 12-60 Hz, appropriate for real time imaging. These amplified bimorph imaging probes have been integrated into the scanning arm of a Spectral Domain OCT (SD-OCT) imaging system and have been used to generate preliminary in vivo human skin images at frame rates of 25 frames per second.
Status of Theories of CP Noninvariance

Different gauge models of CP nonconservation are reviewed. When both experimental constraints like the value of e′/e and theoretical constraints like grand unification are imposed, the Kobayashi-Maskawa model seems the most acceptable theory. We also review the strong CP problem.
Reversible Cognitive Decline Accompanies Migraine and Cluster Headaches

Vascular headaches, including migraine, cluster, and migrainous transformation to chronic daily headaches, are disabling. During and shortly after headache intervals, difficulties are reported in concentration, comprehension, and communication, not accounted for by nausea, photophobia, or sonophobia. These interfere with interpersonal relations and performance at work with economic loss. The hypothesis tested and reported here is that cognitive impairments comprise an important part of vascular headache diatheses. One hundred ninety-six otherwise normative subjects suffering from migraine or cluster, but not tension-type, headaches (136 women, 63 men; mean age, 46 years) participated in an outpatient prospective trial. One hundred thirty-three patients had migraine without aura, 39 migraine with aura, 11 periodic cluster (by IHS criteria), and 13 had migrainous transformation into chronic daily headaches. Neuropsychological testing was compared with and without headaches, by combined Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE), Cognitive Capacity Screening Examination (CCSE), and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). During headache intervals, significant decline was measured in both CCSE and MMSE scores (P <. 001) without HDRS change in all types of vascular headache and independent of headache severity, which often improved, or associated physical symptoms. Cognitive decline was promptly relieved by serotonin agonists and sleep. Disorders of cerebral serotoninergic projection systems appear to cause these reversible cognitive impairments.
Spaceflight and modeled microgravity effects on microbial growth and virulence

For unsuspecting bacteria, the difference between life and death depends upon efficient and specific responses to various stressors. Facing a much larger world, microbes are invariably challenged with ever-changing environments where temperature, pH, chemicals, and nutrients are in a constant state of flux. Only those that are able to rapidly reprogram themselves and express subsets of genes needed to overcome the stress will survive and outcompete neighboring microbes. Recently, low shear stress, emulating microgravity (MG) experienced in space, has been characterized in a number of microorganisms including fungi and prokaryotes ranging from harmless surrogate organisms to bona fide pathogens. Interestingly, MG appears to induce a plethora of effects ranging from enhanced pathogenicity in several Gram-negative enterics to enhanced biofilm formation. Furthermore, MG-exposed bacteria appeared better able to handle subsequent stressors including: osmolarity, pH, temperature, and antimicrobial challenge while yeast exhibited aberrant budding post-MG-exposure. This review will focus on MG-induced alterations of virulence in various microbes with the emphasis placed on bacteria.
Pulmonary function tests cannot predict exercise-induced hypoxemia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

We studied 40 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) to determine whether measurements of pulmonary function could predict a fall in arterial oxygen pressure (PaO 2 ) with exercise. The PaO 2 fell more than 3 mm Hg in 21 patients (group 1), did not change (± 3 mm Hg) in nine patients (group 2), and increased more than 3 mm Hg in ten patients (group 3). Group 3 had significantly less severe expiratory obstruction than groups 1 and 2. The most significant variables in predicting a change in PaO 2 with exercise were the ratio of the forced expiratory volume in one second over the forced vital capacity (FEV 1 /FVC) and the single-breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (Dsb). Measurements of FEV 1 /FVC of 0.50 or more and Dsb of 20 ml/min/mm Hg or more were 100 percent predictive in excluding a fall in PaO 2 with exercise. Measurements below these thresholds could not be used reliably to predict which patients would develop worsening hypoxemia with exercise. Because of wide variability in reference values from eight different published studies for diffusing capacity, recommended criteria based on the percent predicted Dsb should be used with caution. We conclude that pulmonary function measurements cannot be used to predict exercise-induced hypoxemia in patients with COPD; however, the measurements may be useful in identifying patients whose condition is less severe who are unlikely to develop worsening hypoxemia with exercise.
Dual differentiation: An approach for meeting the curricular needs of gifted students with learning disabilities

Gifted students who experience difficulty with reading, mathematics, spelling, handwriting, and organization frequently become frustrated at an early age. Well-intentioned teachers attempt to remediate their weaknesses; yet, these youngsters still feel alone in the classroom. Moreover, their academic limitations often mask enormous talent, which seldom has an opportunity to surface. Thus, gifted learning-disabled students require curriculum that develops their special talents and provides them strategies to compensate for problematic weaknesses. This article discusses the dual characteristics of gifted learning-disabled students and suggests a unique curriculum that integrates both through talent development. Developed through Project HIGH HOPES, funded federally by the Javits Act (1993–1996), this dually differentiated curriculum offers strategies for addressing students' learning problems while fulfilling their need for sophisticated challenge through advanced-level content and a focus on solving authentic, real-world problems. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Biodemographic analysis of male honey bee mortality.

Biodemographic studies of insects have significantly enhanced our understanding of the biology of aging. Eusocial insects have evolved to form different groups of colony members that are specialized for particular tasks and highly dependent on each other. These different groups (castes and sexes) also differ strongly in their life expectancy but relatively little is known about their mortality dynamics. In this study we present data on the age-specific flight activity and mortality of male honey bees from two different genetic lines that are exclusively dedicated to reproduction. We show that males initiating flight at a young age experience more flight events during their lifetime. No (negative) relation between the age at flight initiation and lifespan exists, as might be predicted on the basis of the antagonistic pleiotropy theory of aging. Furthermore, we fit our data to different aging models and conclude that overall a slight deceleration of the age-dependent mortality increase at advanced ages occurs. However, mortality risk increases according to the Gompertz–Makeham model when only days with flight activity (active days) are taken into account. Our interpretation of the latter is that two mortality components act on honey bee males during flight: increasing, age-dependent deaths (possibly from wear-and-tear), and age-independent deaths (possibly due to predation). The overall mortality curve is caused by the interaction of the distribution of age at foraging initiation and the mortality function during the active (flight) lifespan.
Potential ergot substitutes: esters and amides of beta-amino acids.

Six esters and amides of derivatives of β-alanine which are related to lysergic acid have been prepared and tested for oxytocic activity. None of these products possess a significant oxytocic activity. A method for the preparation of N-methyltryptamine is described.
Centrilobular injury following hypoxia in isolated, perfused rat liver

Hypoxia was produced in isolated, hemoglobin-free, perfused rat liver by reducing the flow rate of oxygen-carrying fluid entering the organ. The procedure caused anoxia in centrilobular regions. In these anoxic areas, structural derangements developed rapidly, characterized by bleb-like protrusions of hepatocyte plasma membrane through fenestrations in the sinusoidal endothelium. Periportal tissue remained normoxic and was completely spared. Cellular injury resulting from localized anoxia may play an important role in the pathogenesis of centrilobular liver disease.
Estimating Queue Lengths by Using SIGNAL94, SYNCHRO3, TRANSYT-7F, PASSER II-90, and CORSIM

A variety of programs are available to aid transportation engineers in their evaluation of signalized intersection operations. One measure of effectiveness—queue length—is examined. The methods used to estimate queue length, which often are not readily available, are documented for five programs; the definition used by each is clarified; and the queue length estimate of each program is compared with field data from six intersections in Denver, Colorado. Of the programs studied, three produced reasonable results 70 to 85 percent of the time—CORSIM, TRANSYT-7F, and SIGNAL94. PASSER II-90 results are reasonable 50 percent of the time. SYNCHRO3 produces reasonable results 50 percent or 85 percent of the time, depending on the queue estimation desired. The queue length estimates for high, medium, and low volume-to-capacity ratio conditions, for all programs, are also documented.
A new familial syndrome of oral, cranial, and digital anomalies

A sibship of 6 from nonconsanguineous, normal parents is described in which 5 had oneor more of a specific group of oral, cranial, and digital anomalies. The 2 brothers had cleft lip and palate, microcephalus, hypoplasia and distal placement of both thumbs, and bilateral elbow deformities which limited extension. One of the 2 brothers had toe anomalies which were also present in 3 of the 4 sisters. The other defects among the sisters included microcephalus and interphalangeal inflexibility of both thumbs in one and an occult cleft lip in another. This constellation of defects is most likely due to a single, autosomal recessive gene with variable expressivity in the homozygote.
The timing and extent of illite formation in Ordovician K-bentonites at the Cincinnati Arch, the Nashville Dome and north-eastern Illinois basin

The K/Ar ages of illite/smectite (I/S) were measured from Middle Ordovician K-bentonites both west and east of the present crest of the Cincinnati Arch and the Nashville dome to test a previous hypothesis that I/S formed by reaction with migrated saline solutions during the Alleghanian Orogeny. The K/Ar ages of I/S at the distal margin of the southern Appalachian basin and from central Indiana range from 251 to 277 Ma. However, the ages of I/S from west of the crest of the Cincinnati Arch are slightly older (286–301 Ma) and the ages of I/S from north-eastern Indiana, on the northern edge of the Kankakee Arch and in effect in the Michigan basin, are the oldest measured in this study (315–325 Ma). The westward decrease in the K/Ar ages of I/S from Late Pennsylvanian ages in the proximal basin (286–303 Ma) to Permian (251–277 Ma) at the distal margin suggest that I/S was formed by the westward migration of fluids during the Alleghanian Orogeny as opposed to being formed by projected deep burial by Permian sediments. Moreover, the available thermal maturation data suggest the Cincinnati Arch was not buried deeply. The ages of I/S west of the Cincinnati Arch are an enigma as they are older than the ages in the distal Appalachian basin. The ages of I/S from central Indiana within the Illinois basin suggest the possibility that I/S was formed by reaction with fluids that migrated from the Ouachita orogenic belt in Mississippi. The oldest ages of I/S from north-eastern Indiana suggest the formation of I/S might have been influenced by the presence of potassic brines from the Michigan basin.
Morphometric and chemical response of two contrasting lake systems to modern climate change

Observational data on the response of lakes during modern-day periods of abundant precipitation and drought may provide analogs for Holocene stratigraphic records and help elucidate the mechanisms that influence how lakes integrate climate. This study evaluated the impacts of climatic variation during the past 50 years on the morphometry and salinity of two neighboring lake systems in the central U.S. The two lakes were chosen, because paleolimnological reconstructions indicated that they had opposing geochemical responses to climate change at AD1200. This divergence suggested that local differences in hydrological setting had a major impact on the lake response to climate variation. Changes in surface area and volume were derived from aerial photographs and historic measurements of lake conductivity to contemporaneous annual precipitation data, the Palmer Drought Severity Index, and to groundwater table elevation. Hypsographic curves help to illustrate changes in lake surface area to depth. Both lakes showed predictable changes in surface area, volume, and salinity in response to precipitation change, but the magnitude of change in surface area and volume varied between the two lakes, likely because of differences in basin morphometry, but mechanisms remain speculative. These differences in basin size and shape also affected the salinity response over time. In the modern systems, the influence of groundwater on the chemical budgets appears to be limited and does not clarify the differential response of the lakes in the past. Yet, in the past the groundwater connection may have been different in turn changing the way the basins responded to climate. Although this study furthers our understanding of differences in the impacts of climate variations on Moon and Coldwater Lakes during recent times, it still does not clearly reveal why Moon and Coldwater Lake show opposite patterns of salinity change at 1200 A.D.
Predicting Economic and Medical Outcomes Based on Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery Classification of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgical Admissions

The Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery (RACHS-1) classification is an established method for predicting mortality for congenital heart disease surgery. It is unknown if this extends to the cost of hospitalization or if differences in economic and medical outcomes exist in certain subpopulations. Using data obtained from the University HealthSystem Consortium, we examined inpatient resource use by patients with International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, procedure codes representative of RACHS-1 classifications 1 through 5 and 6 from 2006 to 2012. A total of 15,453 pediatric congenital heart disease surgical admissions were analyzed, with overall mortality of 4.5% (n = 689). As RACHS-1 classification increased, the total cost of hospitalization, hospital charges, total length of stay, length of intensive care unit stay, and mortality increased. Even when controlled for RACHS-1 classification, black patients (n = 2034) had higher total costs ($96,884 ± $3,392, p = 0.003), higher charges ($318,313 ± $12,018, p
The Key to Social Media Implementation: Bridging Customer Relationship Management to Social Media

Perhaps, one of the most recent IT-based solutions nowadays is social media solution. Many organizations have created their own Facebook and Twitter pages, and employ social media tools to monitor their standing in the social networks. However, not all of them have been successful in employing these social solutions. As a matter of fact, we attempted to investigate the most important factors in implementation of IT-based solutions (with an emphasis on customer relationship management) in the social media context. We interviewed 65 IT professionals from various organizations and employed exploratory factor analysis to find the similarities and distinctions between social media solution implementation and other IT-based solutions implementation. Although our results revealed some similarities, the social part of these new solutions imposed a specific emphasis to customer engagement. Finally, we proposed a framework for implementation of social media solutions.
Thoughts on the future of education in information technology

Education for students preparing to enter corporate information technology departments will need to deal with a vast array technologies that are becoming commoditised. This paper outlines the fundamental concepts. It further presents the need for dynamic case models that can present real-world problem-solving concepts that are not only technical but also business-related. As a means of assuring that curricula meet industry real-world situations the paper proposes that the future will allow a web based knowledge management system for evaluations by practitioners.
Lactation physiology: a ruminant animal perspective.

Importance of peripubertal mammary development as a foundation for subsequent mammary growth and milk production was discussed. Morphological differences in peripubertal mammary growth in rodents and ruminants were described. The relevance of tissue interactions and association with hormones and growth factors in mammary development were delineated. Data from specific studies with ruminant mammary parenchyma were outlined for comparison with rodent studies. It is concluded that the wholesale extrapolation of data from rodent studies to explain udder development is inappropriate. Lastly, recent data from experiments with culture of mammary explants from bulls is described. Pragmatically, these data suggest that responses of mammary tissue from bulls might provide a means for early selection of superior sires or provide a unique model to study tissue interactions in udder development.
Significance Of Chemiluminescence In Biological Systems

Excited states are a way of life on earth. The absorption of the free energy of photons from the sun produces excited states of the antenna pigments of photosynthesis and this "electronic energy" is converted to "chemical energy" for reduction and phosphorylation of pyridine nucleotides. This drives the plant-DNA-replicating engines and the animal (predator) DNA-replicating engines which we call living organisms. Photons captured by other pigment systems provide signals for pnototaxis, morphogenesis and vision, information for the engines to interact with the environment and with one another. Evolutionary pre-biotic photochemical synthesis selected for stable tetrapyrrole'and carotenoid structures whose electronic properties were coincidently ideal for excited state photosensitization, energy transfer and electron transfer. These basic structures are ubiquitous in all living organisms. In this paper we shall be concerned with biological chemiluminescence, the production of excited states of molecules in the cells and tissues of living organisms, from which photons are emitted as the consequence of chemical reactions with quantum efficiencies ranging from 10-15 to unity.© (1989) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Trends in fine particle concentration and chemical composition in southern California.

ABSTRACT Airborne fine particle mass concentrations in Southern California have declined in recent years. Trends in sulfate and elemental carbon (EC) particle concentrations over the period 1982-1993 are consistent with this overall improvement in air quality and help to confirm some of the reasons for the changes that are seen. Fine particle sulfate concentrations have declined as a strict sulfur oxides (SOx) emission control program adopted in 1978 was implemented over time. Fine particle elemental (black) carbon concentrations have declined over a period when newer diesel engines and improved diesel fuels have been introduced into the vehicle fleet. Organic aerosol concentrations have not declined as rapidly as the EC particle concentrations, despite the fact that catalyst-equipped cars having lower particle emission rates were introduced into the vehicle fleet alongside the diesel engine improvements mentioned above. This situation is consistent with the growth in population and vehicle miles traveled...
Minimal positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) may be "best PEEP".

In the absence of clinical trials, positive end-expired pressure (PEEP) has been accepted as efficacious for treatment of postoperative decreases in arterial oxygen tension (FaO 2 ) from a variety of causes including adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). PEEP is thought to increase PaO 2 by alveolar recruitment, which in turn, has been hypothesized to play a decisive role in pulmonary recovery One hundred and eighteen patients were followed prospectively, and after development of decreased PaO 2 , randomized to receive recruitive PEEP (determined by blood gas criteria) or supportive PEEP (the minimal PEEP required to maintain PaO 2 above 60 mm Hg on .5 inspired O 2 fraction (FIO 2 ). No prognostic factors were significantly different between the two groups. Recruitive PEEP application in 22 patients yielded a significantly increased incidence of hypotension (55 percent), pneumothorax (20 percent), and death during treatment (27 percent) when compared to the 28 supportive PEEP patients who had no hypotension or pneumothorax and only one death during treatment (4 percent). After PEEP treatment, deaths in each group were similar (19 percent and 15 percent, respectively). We find no evidence that PEEP treatment promotes beneficial outcomes and conclude that recruitment attempts may be harmful.
Identification of a receptor for protein import into mitochondria

Anti-idiotypic antibodies, prepared using a chemically synthesized signal peptide of a mitochondrial precursor protein, recognized a mitochondrial integral membrane protein (p32). Fab fragments derived from both anti-idiotypic antibodies and monospecific antibodies against purified p32 inhibited protein import into mitochondria. Moreover, anti-p32 antibodies specifically immunoprecipitated a precursor-p32 complex after detergent solubilization of mitochondria. Immunoelectron microscopy and subfractionation of mitochondria indicate that p32 is located in contact sites between the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes.
Chest pain and progressive shortness of breath in a 60-year-old woman following liver transplantation.

60-year-old white woman with a liver transplant 3 years previous presented with a 3-month history of increasing dyspnea and lower-extremity edema. The patient reported associated midsternal chest pressure with activity, wheezing, and orthopnea. She also reported episodes of dry cough and rightsided “rib pain.” She denied having fevers, chills, and sweats. She was a life-long nonsmoker with no exposure to TB, asbestos, or silica. Her medical history was signifi cant for autoimmune hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) postliver transplant and re-transplant due to graft dysfunction, postoperative right-middle-lobe segmental artery pulmonary embolus, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Medications included tacrolimus, mycophenolic acid, esomeprazole, prednisone, and spironolactone. The patient was chronically ill but in no acute distress. Breath sounds decreased over the lower right hemithorax. Heart sounds were normal without murmur, and the abdomen was benign. She had moderate pitting edema without clubbing or cyanosis in her extremities. She had no palpable lymphadenopathy. Test results showed the presence of thrombocytopenia (platelets 77 3 10 9 /L) and slightly elevated cre
Judicial Behavior on the Chilean Constitutional Tribunal

Research on judicial independence suggests that high courts can be designed to serve as external checks on political actors. However, independence from political influence does not necessarily imply incentives to use these powers. Chile's Constitutional Tribunal, while possessing significant powers, has been characterized as generally deferential to political actors. Using rulings from the Tribunal from 1990–2010, we examine whether reforms that increased the number of judges appointed by politicians and expanded the Tribunal's jurisdiction have contributed to a more assertive use of judicial review power. We find that the reforms have not produced an increased tendency to rule laws unconstitutional under abstract review. However, the new appointment structure has nevertheless increased the types of judges relatively more likely to assert this power. Specifically, after the reforms, judges appointed by elected actors were individually more likely to find laws unconstitutional than those appointed by the Supreme Court, especially on cases of concrete review of enacted laws. We also find that cases of abstract review brought by legislators have been especially associated with both unconstitutional rulings and individual judicial votes for unconstitutionality.
Use of multiple criteria in an ecological assessment of a prairie restoration chronosequence

Was ecological fidelity (structure/composition, function and durability) restored in a series of tallgrass prairie restorations? Which factors influenced success? Can success be assessed in prairie restoration using indices of ecological fidelity? Nachusa Grasslands in Lee and Ogle Counties, Illinois, USA. To assess restoration of ecological fidelity, mean coefficient of conservatism (Mean C), floristic quality index (FQI), above-ground net primary productivity (ANPP), soil bulk density, total soil nitrogen (N) and total soil carbon of 19 restoration sites were recorded from 20 × 50 m modified Whittaker plots across a chronosequence, and compared to benchmark values acquired from both the literature and field observation of remnant prairies. Following assessment, multiple factors were examined through correlation analysis, Akaike's information criterion and multiple regression analysis to determine the relationship of these factors to restoration success. All restoration sites attained the benchmark value for Mean C, while only four attained the benchmark value for FQI. Mean C and FQI both decreased across the chronosequence. Frequency of prescribed fire and soil bulk density had significant positive relationships to Mean C. FQI was best explained by the FQI value of the seed mix sown. Thirteen restoration sites attained the benchmark value for ANPP, which remained stable across the restoration chronosequence. Abundance of exotic species and soil drainage had a negative relationship to ANPP. Few restoration sites attained benchmark values for soil bulk density, total N and total carbon, and none of the sites showed a trajectory towards benchmark values across the chronosequence. Our study demonstrates that high-quality seed mixes may aid in establishing prairie restorations with high scores of floristic quality. However, restoration of vegetation does not guarantee the successful restoration of ecological function. Long-term monitoring is needed to more effectively assess durability and the multiple factors that influence restoration quality. Overall, the three components of ecological fidelity related to structure/composition, function and durability provide a useful framework to assess restoration success and guide management. Our study can serve as a model for future research and assessment of restoration success. A chronosequence of restored prairies was evaluated to determine if benchmark levels of ecological fidelity had been achieved. Restoration success varied depending on the ecological attribute examined, but many prairies, especially those planted most recently with species-rich seed mixes, displayed high levels floristic quality. Our study can serve as a model for future research and assessment of restoration success.
Group operating systems for decision factories of the future: an extended relational GDSS architecture

The authors focus on technological issues for a unifying GDSS (group-decision-support system architecture) architecture. A relational GDSS architecture using extended database concepts and an associated processing kernel or GDSS operating system (GOS) are set forth. The proposed architecture is sufficiently robust to represent existing and anticipated group decision support systems. Major benefits include: (1) system configuration, session control, group work products, and research variable settings are stored in and can be retrieved from a common database; (2) a GOS is recognised to be a query processor used to define, control, and coordinate group sessions; (3) the relational structure supports distributed implementations; and (4) the architecture is consistent with research proposing the integration of data, models, and solvers for decision applications. >
Breaking the Silence: Facing Undocumented Issues in Teacher Practice

This conceptual article addresses the need for educators to interrupt status-quo silences surrounding the role of immigration status in schools—an issue that disproportionately impacts Latina/os. In this article we: (a) articulate the need for teacher education to address the impact of undocumented status in school settings; (b) present ethnographic vignettes of teachers who navigated these issues drawing from two qualitative studies; (c) synthesize understandings related to teaching undocumented youth; (d) highlight emerging areas of focus based on our research; and (e) outline continuing tensions in how teachers address documentation status. This article serves as an entry-way to bridge the lived circumstances of undocumented youth in schools, teacher practice, and aspirations for more equitable schooling.
Review of The Metabolic Syndrome. Christopher D. Byrne and Sarah H. Wild, eds. Chichester, West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2005, 432 pp., $110.00, hardcover. ISBN 0-470-02511-5.

This book ambitiously reviews a subject that is undergoing shifts in popularity at a rate equaled only by the speed of identification of relevant adipocytokines and inflammatory markers. Nevertheless, the editors tackle the controversial topic with ease and competence. The collection highlights the underpinning elements of the metabolic syndrome—excess visceral adipose tissue fostering poor responses to oxidative stress and inflammation, which worsen and are worsened by insulin resistance and lead to vascular dysfunction. Although the clinician easily recognizes the phenotype of abdominal obesity with its accompanying complications, the details of the pathophysiology are exceedingly complex, and the text serves to clarify underlying themes, if not to render them simple, which they are not. Cardiovascular disease and diabetes are the tip of the iceberg of …
THE EFFECTS OF ATROPINE AND NEOSTIGMINE ON HEART RATE AND RHYTHM

SUMMARY Fifty patients anaesthetized with nitrous oxide-oxygen, supplemented by thiopentone and pethidine, thiopentone and halothane, or droperidol and fentanyl, who received tubocurarine for the maintenance of muscular relaxation were divided into five groups each of ten. At the end of anaesthesia, the patients of groups A and B received intravenously atropine 6 /ig/kg and neostigmine 20 yug/kg, those in groups C and D atropine 12 /fg/kg and neostigmine 40 /ig/kg, and those in group E atropine 8 /ig/kg and neostigmine 20 /ig/kg. In groups A and C atropine was injected in 60 seconds and was followed 1 minute later by neostigmine also administered in 60 seconds. In groups B, D, and E atropine and neostigmine were injected together in 60 seconds. Reversal of residual neuromuscular block was achieved in all five groups without the development of any serious arrhythmias. Statistically significant tachycardia developed only in those groups (A and C) in which atropine was injected 2 minutes before the administration of neostigmine. Of the different dosages and sequences of administration investigated, the combined injection of atropine 6 /tg/kg and neostigmine 20 /tg/kg over 60 seconds appears to be most suitable for the reversal of residual neuromuscular block.
Acute secretory cell toxicity and epithelial exfoliation after smoke inhalation injury in sheep: an electron and light microscopic study.

Smoke inhalation injury promotes exfoliation of the upper airway columnar epithelium. Tracheal tissues from sheep 30 min after smoke exposure show intact epithelial areas, areas of epithelial disruption with loss of columnar cells and areas denuded of columnar cells. In intact areas detaching ciliated cells can be seen raised above the apical surface. This study aims to assess cell-specific toxicity by examining intact epithelium after inhalation injury. The junctional adhesion integrity between columnar and basal cells and the type of cells initially being displaced were also studied using light (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM assessment of intact areas of sheep tracheal tissue (n = 3) 30 min after exposure showed secretory cell toxicity including extrusion of cytoplasmic contents. In cells with severe secretory cell cytoplasmic disruption, loss of desmosomal junctions between the secretory and adjacent ciliated cells was evident. The number of desmosomes visible between columnar cel...
Design of a Holding System for Micro-coil based MRI

We report the design and fabrication of a holding cell system that enables concurrent image visualization of a single cell during planar micro-coil based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at cellular level. The present hardware design of many micro-coil based MRI systems prevents monitoring of cell interactions and compositions during MRI. The system, fabricated on a poly dimethyl siloxane (PDMS) structure using soft lithography on a glass substrate, is designed to solve this problem. To test it, a laser beam would be coupled into the chip to acquire images of a frog oocyte.
Caudate hepatectomy for cancer: A single institution experience with 150 patients

Background Resection of the caudate lobe of the liver is technically demanding, with the disparate goals of preserving major vascular and biliary structures without compromising tumor clearance. Our objective was to assess our results with resection of the caudate lobe of the liver for malignant disease. Study design From 1992 to 2004, we performed caudate resection for malignancy in 150 patients. Clinicopathologic correlates, surgical methods, patterns of recurrence, and survival were analyzed. Results Of the 150 patients identified, 21 (14%) underwent an isolated caudate lobe resection and 129 (86%) underwent caudate lobe resection as part of a more extensive hepatectomy. The most common indication was for metastatic colorectal cancer (48%), followed by cholangiocarcinoma (30%) and hepatocellular cancer (10%). Thirty patients required resection and reconstruction of the portal vein (n = 16), vena cava (n = 15), or both. Pathologic microscopic margins were positive in 30 patients (20%). At least one postoperative complication was reported in the majority of patients (55%), and nine patients (6%) died as a result of these complications. Postoperative mortality was significantly higher in patients who underwent a major vascular reconstruction (20% versus 2.5%, p Conclusions Performing caudate hepatectomy with negative microscopic margins remains a technical challenge because of the proximity of major biliary and vascular structures. Although caudate resection of the liver can be performed safely, concomitant major vascular reconstruction substantially increases the mortality of the procedure.
Linear and nonlinear characteristics of the silicon CMOS monolithic 50-/spl Omega/ microwave and RF control element

Radio-frequency (RF) control elements using silicon CMOS technology are investigated as an alternative to traditional PIN diode and GaAs MESFET control devices. Silicon CMOS RF control elements are attractive because of their potential in all-silicon monolithic CMOS solutions for completely integrated baseband and RF functions in low-cost wireless systems. Results of the study show that silicon CMOS switches can be designed to rival the insertion loss and isolation of gallium arsenide switches at low frequencies. Data are presented that show less than 1 dB insertion loss and isolation of greater than 50 dB at low frequencies for a variety of silicon CMOS fabrication technologies. A model for a distortion intercept point in MOS switches is presented and validated with experimental measurements.
The Social and Ecological Consequences of Early Cattle Ranching in the Little Colorado River Basin

Commercial cattle ranching began in east central Arizona during the late 1880s when thousands of head of cattle were introduced onto the previously unexploited grasslands of the Little Colorado River Basin. Most of these animals were imported from western Texas where serious overgrazing had resulted in both catastrophic cattle losses and widespread range deterioration. By the turn of the century, the Texas experience had been repeated in Arizona, because Texas cattlemen continued to follow the same destructive stocking practices in this new region. This paper examines: (1) the early development of cattle ranching in the Little Colorado River Basin; (2) the various factors which contributed to overgrazing in the region; and (3) the consequences that commercial cattle ranching had on the local environment and on the pre-existing farming communities of the region.
Classroom Music Experiences of U.S. Elementary School Children: An Analysis of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study of 1998–1999

The primary purpose of this study was to describe the music experiences elementary school children in the United States receive in the academic classroom setting. The data were drawn from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study of the Kindergarten Class of 1998–1999 (ECLS-K), a nationally representative study that followed kindergarteners through to their eighth-grade school year with the last data collection wave in 2006–2007. The variables pertaining to music experiences in the academic classroom that were available in the ECLS-K were (a) the frequency and duration with which children received music instruction, (b) the frequency that music was used to teach math, and (c) the percentage of children receiving formal music instruction outside of school. Each of these variables also was analyzed as a function of child urbanicity, socioeconomic status (SES), and race. Statistically significant (p < .001) disparities among children based on urbanicity, SES, and race were found on each of the music experience ...
Controlling the Frequency Responses of Particles

The frequency responses for various particles in frequency ranges have been reviewed for well control the corresponding frequency responses on related applications. Size effect determines the action range. In general, small particles especially in the nanoscale possess high frequency responses, while coarse particles are sensitive to low frequency ranges. With optimum volume fraction, the reactive near‐field frequency responses from coupling could cause enhanced or retarding far‐field responses. The origin of those responses comes from the polarization of particles in the applied electromagnetic field. The selection of the matrix in which particles are imbedded also determines the response frequency. Modern fabrication technology has progressed to be able to control particle size, shape, and spacing in matrix. To take the advantages of frequency responses from controlled particles, there are plenty of spaces for functional‐designed devices to come out.
A nonlinear viscoelastic model for one dimensional response of elastomeric bushings

Abstract Experience in analyzing suspension systems that contain elastomeric bushings has led engineers to conclude that it is essential to determine the correct bushing model in order to obtain accurate predictions of the dynamic behavior of the suspension system. In such a model, there must be a nonlinear relation between force and displacement, and viscoelastic effects must be included. It must also be computationally convenient in order to be useful in multi-body dynamics analysis. To this end, this paper presents a candidate nonlinear viscoelastic force-displacement relation which satisfies these criteria. This force-displacement relation depends on a force relaxation function, which is the relevant bushing property. Unfortunately, the idealized method for determining this property is experimentally unfeasible. Consequently, a practical method for determining this property from experimental data has been developed. Results of application of this procedure are presented for radial displacements of an elastomeric bushing. The resultant model is then used to predict forces due to various prescribed displacement histories. In comparing these forces with experimentally determined forces, good agreement was obtained.
Copyright indicators and the costs of symbolic production

The paper discusses the current situation of the economic case of copyright through the available theoretical and empirical literature, and from a cultural economics perspective. For its classic case, copyright can only increase welfare in a dynamic setting, when the static welfare losses are offset by dynamic welfare gains: monopolistic rents give producers an incentive to produce more, offering consumers more innovation in return. In the digital age, many economists have remained skeptical about the welfare benefits of strong copyright policies, notwithstanding the lack of indicators of the actual effects of such policies, especially in terms of the production of new cultural goods. While accepting this conclusion, the paper argues that, in order to construct a more realistic landscape of indicators to inform copyright policy makers, the economic case of copyright needs to be broadened to include not only the direct producers of the work in its material form, but also the producers of the meaning and value of the work (the overall perception of its "quality"). Once both symbolic and material production are theoretically and empirically incorporated in the economic case of copyright policy, a new set of hypothesis and indicators can be constructed and tested in relation to changes in the telecommunication system. Despite the lack of solid indicators, many economists have remained skeptical about the quantitative benefits of strong copyright policiesIn the digital context, the effects of copyright policy in the "quality" of cultural production have also come to the forefront of the debate."Quality" is a social construction. Copyright policy does not affect "quality", but the social construction of quality.Copyright policy needs to consider the variable geometry of "quality" producers, and the "costs of symbolic production" that they assume.Once this cultural dimension is incorporated, a new set of hypothesis and indicators emerge.
Acoustical Bubble Spectrometry at Sea

We’ve come a long way since the early 1960s when a prominent oceanographer wrote a memorandum titled “Do Invisible Microbubbles Exist in the Sea?” Our first bubble count at sea used an optical technique [1]. But the optical scattering cross section is at most equal to the geometrical cross section. Therefore, photographic techniques are restricted to small volumes. Furthermore, the optical identification of bubbles in a sea laden with detritus requires at least proof of sphericity. For small bubbles this proof is additionally constrained by the Rayleigh criterion for resolution.
The Young Science of International Politics

We have entered a new phase in the apparently endless debate method. Argument once centered on the possibility of quantifying important political variables, and of establishing empirically based generalizations about international behavior. With accumulating evidence that measurement and generalization are possible, the grounds have shifted. Sometimes only specific applications are attacked. Though it is curious how few of the extant applications of scientific method come up to the high standards of some of their critics, the critics’ targets cannot complain too much. After all, the methods and applications are new, most studies do suffer from significant flaws of one sort or another, and constructive criticism is essential to their improvement.