cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential effect of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids on hepatic glucose metabolism in humans.

Prolonged infusions of lipid and heparin that achieve high physiological free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations inhibit hepatic (and peripheral) insulin sensitivity in humans. These infusions are com...
Level structure of 97Tc from the decay of 2.9 d 97Ru

Abstract The level structure of 97Tc has been investigated from the decay of 2.9 d 97Ru. Singles γ-ray energy and intensity measurements were taken with a 42 cm3 high-resolution Ge(Li) detector in an anti-Compton arrangement which employed a large Na(Tl) annular detector. The following new very weak γ-ray transitions were observed in the decay of 97Ru: 114.34±0.07, 477.7±0.6, 850.1±0.4 and 898.19±0.15 keV. From the γγ coincidence relationships established in this work via extensive experiments employing two Ge(Li) detectors it was concluded that levels at 96.5, 215.71, 324.49, 656.82, 785.05, 855.45, 969.79 and 994.69 keV in 97Tc are populated in the decay of 97Ru. The population of two additional levels at 574.2 and 946.5 keV is discussed. Precision measurements of the K-shell conversion coefficients for eight transitions in 97Tc were made with the aid of a Si(Li)Ge(Li) conversion coefficient spectrometer. From the αK value determined in this work for the 216 keV transition its multipolarity is found to be M1 with (10±4 %) admixture. From log t and αK values determined in this work and from γ-ray branching ratio information Jπ assignments were made for eight levels and limits placed for two remaining levels. The αK value for the 336 keV transition in 95Tc following 95Ru decay was also measured and found to be (10.4±0.5) × 10−3, which is consistent with an M1 transition with (11±9) % E2 admixture. The level structure and trends in 97Tc and 99Tc isotopes are examined and discussed in relation to recently published results on calculated levels in these isotopes on the basis of an extend quasiparticle-phonon coupling model for the nucleus; only moderate qualitative agreement is found.
High-performance prediction of functional residues in proteins with machine learning and computed input features.

One of the major challenges in genomics is to understand the function of gene products from their 3D structures. Computational methods are needed for the high-throughput prediction of the function of proteins from their 3D structure. Methods that identify active sites are important for understanding and annotating the function of proteins. Traditional methods exploiting either sequence similarity or structural similarity can be unreliable and cannot be applied to proteins with novel folds or low homology with other proteins. Here, we present a machine-learning application that combines computed electrostatic, evolutionary, and pocket geometric information for high-performance prediction of catalytic residues. Input features consist of our structure-based theoretical microscopic anomalous titration curve shapes (THEMATICS) electrostatics data, enhanced with sequence-based phylogenetic information from INTREPID and topological pocket information from ConCavity. Our THEMATICS-based input features are augmented with an additional metric, the theoretical buffer range. With the integration of the three different types of input, each of which performs admirably on its own, significantly better performance is achieved than that of any of these methods by itself. This combined method achieves 86.7%, 92.5%, and 93.8% recall of annotated functional residues at 5, 8, and 10% false-positive rates, respectively. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 95: 390–400, 2011
Cad needs for analog IC design

The development of CAD tools for Integrated Circuit engineers designing digitial circuits is much more advanced than that of tools for analog circuit design. This paper discusses specific analog needs in modeling and simulation, layout and verification, and test development. The advent of mixed analog and digital ICs, sometimes combining bipolar and MOS processes on the same chip increases the need for CAD improvements. The need for better MOS models is stressed, including the need for mismatch and temperature differential analyses. Simulators with better analog functionality, layout tools which recognize thermal and stray coupling effects, and better test programming tools are also needed.
The Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor val66met Polymorphism and Variation in Human Cortical Morphology

A variation in the BDNF gene (val66met) affects the function of BDNF in neurons, predicts variation in human memory, and is associated with several neurological and psychiatric disorders. Here, we show that, in magnetic resonance imaging scans of a large sample of normal individuals, this polymorphism affects the anatomy of the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, identifying a genetic mechanism of variation in brain morphology related to learning and memory.
Comparative efficacy and safety of oral tocainide and quinidine for benign and potentially lethal ventricular arrhythmias.

Abstract The antiarrhythmic efficacy and safety of oral tocainide hydrochloride and quinidine sulfate were compared in a double-blind, 3-center, parallel trial involving 133 patients with benign and potentially lethal ventricular arrhythmias. Baseline demographic, etiologic, functional and ventricular arrhythmia data were not significantly different between the 2 groups. Two weeks of an initial placebo period were followed by 8 weeks of active drug treatment, concluding with 4 weeks of washout. Frequent 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring was used to judge efficacy. Ten of 27 patients (37%) receiving tocainide and 12 of 24 patients (50%) receiving quinidine had a 75% reduction with drug treatment compared with the initial placebo period (p >0.25). Total abolition of ventricular tachycardia occurred in 6 of 16 patients (37%) receiving tocainide and 6 of 13 patients (43%) receiving quinidine (p >0.25). Conditions that required discontinuation of therapy occurred in 18 of 67 patients (27%) receiving tocainide and 16 of 66 (24%) receiving quinidine (difference not significant). More patients had dizziness during tocainide treatment and diarrhea during quinidine treatment. Quinidine caused a prolongation in the QT interval (0.03 second); tocainide caused a slight reduction (0.01 second). No important changes in vital signs or laboratory measurements were observed in left ventricular ejection fraction when measured. Thus, tocainide, the new oral analog of lidocaine, appears to be as safe as quinidine but is slightly less effective in suppressing ventricular arrhythmias.
The importance of preoperative laryngoscopy in patients undergoing thyroidectomy: voice, vocal cord function, and the preoperative detection of invasive thyroid malignancy.

Background Vocal cord paralysis is associated with extrathyroidal invasive malignancy. This study was performed to analyze the presentation of patients with invasive thyroid malignancy and to determine the preoperative symptomatic and radiographic correlates of vocal cord paralysis. Methods In a group of 365 consecutive patients undergoing thyroidectomy, the group of 21 patients with invasive thyroid malignancy was compared with the 344 patients who had benign thyroid disease or noninvasive cancers. Results Preoperative recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis was a robust marker for invasive thyroid malignancy, being present in 70% of patients with invasive disease and only 0.3% of patients with noninvasive disease. Vocal cord paralysis was associated with voice change in only one third of patients. Preoperative computed tomography was read as positive for vocal cord paralysis in only 25% of patients. Conclusions Laryngoscopic examination is essential for the detection of vocal cord paralysis preoperatively. Symptomatic voice assessment and radiographic evaluation are insufficient. Preoperative vocal cord paralysis tracts with invasive disease and facilitates preoperative recognition of disease extent, allowing for appropriate operative planning and central neck clearance at first operation. Because of the prevalence (approximately 6% in our study) of invasive thyroid disease, the importance of preoperative diagnosis of invasive disease in operative planning and patient counseling, and the importance of vocal cord functional analysis in recurrent laryngeal nerve management algorithms for nerves found infiltrated at operation, and laryngoscopic examination is recommended for all patients undergoing thyroid operation.
Ventilatory changes in convalescent infants positioned in car seats

Because premature infants have been shown to be at risk for hypoxia and bradycardia when positioned in standard car seats, this study was done to confirm this finding in a larger sample, to investigate convalescent term Infants in the neonatal intensive care unit for respiratory compromise in car seats, and to determine the physiologic mechanism or mechanisms responsible. Extensive multichannel polygraph recordings were obtained and pulmonary function tests were performed on 50 convalescent infants from the neonatal intensive care unit before, during, and after placement in a Cosco-Peterson First Ride car seat. Mean total dynamic compliance, total pulmonary resistance, and work of breathing improved in the car seat. Thirty percent of premature infants experienced hypoxia, bradycardia, or both in a car seat; in this group, tidal volume was lower ( p 0.02). In 11 of 16 infants with abnormal findings, oxygen desaturation was temporally related to episodes of short and mixed apnea. No term convalescent infant experienced respiratory difficulty in a car seat regardless of primary diagnosis. We conclude that premature infants may have respiratory compromise of a multifactorial nature when in car seats. Further development of car seats is necessary if such respiratory problems are to be avoided.
Timing of energy intake during the day is associated with the risk of obesity in adults

Background The timing of energy intake is a modifiable behaviour that may influence energy regulation and the risk of obesity. We examined the associations of energy intake in the morning, midday and evening with body mass index (BMI) (n = 239). Methods Cross-sectional analyses were performed using data from the University of California, Los Angeles Energetics Study. Energy intake was assessed using three 24-h dietary recalls and stratified by time-of-day: morning (00.00 h to 11.00 h), midday (11.00 h to 17.00 h) and evening (17.00 h to 00.00 h). Sensitivity analysis was conducted among ‘true-reporters’, whose self-reported energy intake was ±25% of total energy expenditure measured by doubly-labelled water (n = 99). Logistic regression models were performed adjusting for age, sex, race, education, total daily energy intake and physical activity. Results Energy intake in the morning was not associated with BMI. Participants who consumed ≥33% (versus <33%) of their daily energy intake at 12.00 h were (nonsignificantly) less likely to be overweight/obese [odds ratio (OR) = 0.68; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.37–1.24] and this association was stronger and statistically significant among true-reporters (OR = 0.34; 95% CI = 0.12–0.95). Those who consumed ≥33% of daily energy intake in the evening were two-fold more likely overweight/obese (OR = 2.00; 95% CI = 1.03–3.89), although this association was not significant among true-reporters (OR = 2.10; 95% CI = 0.60–7.29). Conclusions These data indicate that eating more of the day's total energy intake at midday is associated with a lower risk of being overweight/obese, whereas consuming more in the evening is associated with a higher risk. Randomised trials are needed to test whether shifting energy intake earlier in the day could have a regulatory effect with respect to reducing intake in the evening, thereby promoting weight loss and maintenance.
Inverted, stapled J-pouch free jejunal transfer for reconstruction of the pharynx and esophagus.

Since the advent of the jejunal free flap in the early 1900s, it has become one of the most effective and widely used methods for reconstruction of circumferential defects of the esophagus, often due to malignant disease. However, as esophageal resections extend further cranially, reconstruction becomes more difficult due to the size discrepancy between the proximal jejunum and the pharygostome. Several authors have described techniques to overcome this problem, although there is, as yet, no consensus on the most effective method. Here we present our experience with an inverted, stapled J-pouch free jejunal transfer, analogous to that used in the ileoanal anastomosis after proctocolectomy for the treatment of ulcerative colitis and familial polyposis coli. In the head and neck, the inverted J-pouch provides several advantages when a resection extends into the pharynx: a closer size match to the large pharyngeal defect, a reservoir to aid swallowing, and increased conduit size proximally to aid gravity-dependent swallowing in the presence of uncoordinated peristalsis and tongue resection. This technique has served as a safe, effective, and rapid operation for this complex reconstructive problem. J. Surg. Oncol. 2007;95:663–669. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An upper bound elemental technique approach to the process design of axisymmetric forging by forward and backward simulation

Abstract Upper bound element technique (UBET) is used to simulate axisymmetric forging and to determine the optimum intermediate shapes using backward simulation. The lowest energy rate is the key issue in achieving the optimal intermediate shape as well as the backward simulation of the process. The two simulations (forward and backward) were tested with different profiles of disks and two cases are presented here. The present method was validated using finite element method (FEM) by forward simulation. As results show, this technique improves the capability of the simulation tool and provides results within a short period of time compared to the FEM.
Epimerization in the synthesis of thiophosphoanhydrides

Abstract Reaction of ( R p )-[β- 17 O]ADPβs or ( S p )-[β- 17 O]ADPβs (adenosine 5′,2-thio[2- 17 O]diphosphate with R and S configurations, respectively, at P 2 ) with diphenylchlorophosphate for 15 min in hexamethylphosphoramide followed by aqueous workup produces ( R p )- and ( S p )-P 1 -5′-ado-P 3 -phenyl-2-thio[2- 17 O]triphosphate as an epimeric mixture. Separation of the epimeric coupling products and analysis for bridging and nonbridging 17 O reveals that the labeling pattern is similar for products derived from either ( R p )- or ( S p )-[β- 17 O]ADPβS, with 17 O distributed between bridging and nonbridging positions in both epimers. Similar labeling patterns in the coupling products must have arisen from epimerization at chiral P in ( R p )-[β- 17 O]ADPβS and ( S p )-[β- 17 O]ADPβS during the initial coupling reaction. Otherwise, one of the coupling products from each stereoisomer would have contained 17 O in the P 2 -nonbridging position and the other in the P 2 -P 3 -bridging position. Epimerization at P 2 of [β- 17 O]ADPβS could in principle involve either reversible formation of [ 17 O]thiometaphosphate or reversible transfer of the [ 17 O]thiophosphoryl group to the solvent, hexamethylphosphoramide. Consideration of the rate of epimerization observed in these experiments and the rate of thiometaphosphate formation in solvolysis reactions suggests that epimerization involves solvent participation via the resonance-stabilized zwitterionic species O -[ 17 O]thiophosphoryl-hexamethylphosphoramide.
Regulation of pineal rhythms in chickens: inhibition of dark-time N-acetyltransferase activity.

Abstract 1. The high dark-time level of the rhythm (27-fld, circadian) in pineal gland N -acetyltransferase activity in chickens ( in vivo ) is regulated by light, requires continuous protein synthesis, and can be inhibited by beta-agonists, pargyline, ethanol, serotonin and histamine. 2. The first dark-time peak can be delayed (2–4 hr) with light. 3. Cycloheximide is inhibitory throughout the dark-time (83–97%). 4. Isoproterenol, epinephrine, L -dopa, ethanol, pargyline, serotonin or histamine injections inhibit the dark-time rise (61–83%). 5. Melatonin, caffeine, theophylline, Lorazepam, phenoxybenzamine, Benadryl, PMS, progesterone, testosterone, estrogen, reserpine, arginine vasotocin, dopamine, Equithesin, mersalyl acid, carbachol, pilocarpine, cysteamine, taurine, penicillamine, atropine sulfate, immobilization stress or low temperature stress did not affect the dark-time rise.
Bioconvection patterns in swimming microorganism cultures as an example of Rayleigh-Taylor instability

RATHER definite spatial patterns are observed in cultures of swimming microorganisms which are heavier than water and which tend to propel themselves toward the upper surface in response to some external stimulus; for example, gravity, light and chemicals. These patterns are characterised by falling fingers containing the organisms and are maintained by return upward swimming of the organisms. The patterns have been termed ‘bioconvection’ patterns1 and have been known since 18482; they are found in bacterial, flagellate3,4, plankton5 and ciliate6 cultures.
Changes in pituitary and adrenal sensitivities allow the snow bunting (Plectrophenax nivalis), an Arctic-breeding song bird, to modulate corticosterone release seasonally

Several free-living avian species have recently been shown to seasonally modulate corticosterone release in response to capture and restraint. We examined possible mechanisms underlying seasonal adrenocortical modulation in snow buntings (Plectrophenax nivalis), a species that breeds and molts (the energetically costly replacement of feathers) in the Alaskan Arctic Snow buntings dramatically reduced baseline and maximal corticosterone titers during molt compared to the breeding season. This effect is not explained by changes in either corticosterone binding protein capacity or the overall condition of the bird (assessed by weight and fat storage). Although the adrenal's capacity to secrete corticosterone is reduced during molt, adrenal insensitivity does not fully explain reduced maximal output since exogenous adrenocorticotropic-hormone enhanced corticosterone release during both seasons. In contrast, no exogenous adrenocorticotropic hormone releasing factor (corticotrophin-releasing factor, arginine vasotocin or mesotocin) enhanced corticosterone secretion during molt. This suggests that the pituitary's endogenous adrenocorticotropic secretion was maximal in response to capture and handling, making the pituitary an important site regulating corticosterone levels. Taken together, these results indicate that seasonal modulation of corticosterone release in this species is controlled at both the adrenal and pituitary glands.
Cooperation between Core Binding Factor and Adjacent Promoter Elements Contributes to the Tissue-specific Expression of Interleukin-3

Abstract Tissue-specific expression of interleukin-3 (IL-3) is mediated via cis-acting elements located within 315 base pairs of the transcription start. This is achieved in part through the positive activities of the AP-1 and Elf-1 sites in the IL-3 promoter. The contribution to T cell-specific expression by other promoter sites was assessed in a transient expression assay with IL-3 promoter constructs linked to a luciferase gene, focusing initially on the core binding factor (CBF) site, which is footprinted in vivo upon T cell activation. Activity of the CBF site is shown to be critically dependent on the adjacent activator site Act-1. Together the Act-1 and CBF sites form a functional unit (AC unit) with dual activity. The AC unit is demonstrated to enhance basal activity of promoters both in fibroblasts and T cells. This activity is further inducible in activated T cells, but not in fibroblasts. In addition to the already identified NIP repressor site, evidence is presented for a second repressor region that restricts promoter activity in fibroblasts. Finally, a novel positive regulatory element has been mapped in the IL-3 promoter between nucleotide −180 and −210 that leads to increased expression in T cells. Together these results demonstrate that T cell expression of IL-3 is not specified by the activity of a single tissue-specific element, but instead involves multiple interacting elements that provide both specific positive regulation in T cells and specific negative regulation in fibroblasts.
Immunotherapy: Parameters of assessment

Allergen immunotherapy has proved safe and effective for selected aeroallergens that can be studied under controlled conditions. Various mechanisms of action have been proposed with limited evidence for their role in the protection resulting from immunotherapy. The exception is blocking antibody, which was discovered 50 years ago. In eight successive studies sponsored or carried out by one institution in which clinical efficacy was demonstrated, the serum level of IgE antibody was unchanged or slightly increased. All eight studies showed a significant rise in the serum level of IgG antibody, and this response is the logical immunologic explanation for clinical efficacy. For aeroallergens that cannot be avoided or subjected to clinical efficacy studies, demonstrations of safety and of significant IgG antibody response constitute the appropriate method of assessment.
Metals and Metals Processing

The first annual Metals and Metals Processing Conference of the Society for the Advancement of Material and Process Engineering (SAMPE) was held during mid-August in Cherry Hill, New Jersey. Hosted by the Wilmington-Philadelphia Chapter of SAMPE, this conference was the first attempt by SAMPE, a technical society normally associated more with materials other than metals, to hold a meeting devoted solely to metals. The three-day conference featured a total of 12 technical sessions which explored such topics as aluminumlithium processing, cleanliness and advances in steel and nickel alloy production, alloy development, coatings and corrosion, metal fabrication, metal matrix composites, powder metallurgy, and cost reduction through heat treating and processing. A metals exhibition was also conducted and included both primary producers, processors and component fabrications.
Low-temperature heat capacity of metals

Abstract The low-temperature heat capacities of transition metals and alloys were reviewed by Heiniger, Bucher, and Muller1 in 1966, with particular emphasis on the dependence of the electronic heat capacity on the number of conduction electrons. Nuclear contributions to the heat capacity of metals and alloys have been reviewed recently by Lounasmaa.2 The most recent general review of the low-temperature heat capacities of metals, however, was that by Keesom and Pearlman3 in 1956. Since that time there have been important advances in experimental techniques and also in theory related to certain of the heat capacity contributions.
Selected global health care activities of the Hospital Infections Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

In the past decade, rapid advances in medical technology and increasing populations of immunodeficient patients worldwide have resulted in increased interest in health care–associated infections in developed and developing countries. Many health care facilities in the developing world now have the capability to provide specialized services, such as dialysis, cardiac catheterization, and transplantation. The increased availability of these specialized procedures and the use of invasive devices have predictably been accompanied by an increased number of health care–associated infections globally. Implementation of infection control programs in the developing world has not been very successful because of lack of personnel and financial resources, laboratory capacity, or limited access to formal training in hospital epidemiology and infection control. Throughout the years, the Hospital Infections Program (HIP), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), has expanded its global activities in response to an increasing demand for epidemiologic assistance and training in issues related to nosocomial infections. This article summarizes selected recent international outbreak investigations (1993 through 1998) conducted by HIP and provides an overview of some of HIP’s ongoing global activities. Selected global health care activities of the Hospital Infections Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Forging Connections: An Investigation of New Students' Perspectives of Their Transition to the University.

We studied first-year students through an integrated group workshop and longitudinal interviews that focused on students' transitional experience at the university as well as the strategies they developed to adjust to university life. Four themes emerged: the challenges of forming connections to other students with similar interests during the first few weeks on campus, the need to balance competing demands, varied experiences of connection with faculty and staff, and the need for translation of university life for minority students. To address the issues and concerns that emerged from our findings, we offer a number of advisory recommendations and programmatic initiatives. Relative Emphasis: research, practice, theory
Effects of prostaglandin deficiency on natriuresis, diuresis, and blood pressure

Abstract Deprivation of prostaglandin precursors, in the rat, resulted in significantly elevated systolic blood pressure and a reduced capacity to excrete water, sodium and potassium in response to loading. The results are interpreted as consistent with the hypothesis that endogenous prostaglandins exert an effect on salt and water balance.
Relation between plasma phospholipid saturated fatty acids and hyperinsulinemia

We determined whether plasma phospholipid fatty acid levels, an indicator of fatty acid composition in the diet, are associated with fasting serum insulin concentrations (a marker of insulin resistance). We examined cross-sectionally 4,304 middle-aged adults free of diabetes. Plasma fatty acid composition was quantified by gas chromatography. Fasting insulin was strongly and positively associated with the saturated fatty acid percentage in plasma phospholipids, moderately and inversely associated with the monounsaturated percentage, and not appreciably associated with the polyunsaturated percentage. Fasting insulin adjusted for age, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and sports participation, for example, was 29% higher in men and 33% higher in women per 1.9% greater level of saturated fatty acids (the interquartile range). After adjustment for body mass index (BMI) and other covariates, these estimates were 12% and 15% (P or = 143.5 pmol/L). These data are consistent with studies showing that fatty acid composition of cell membranes modulates insulin action, and support the hypothesis that increased habitual saturated fat intake or a related dietary pattern is a risk factor for hyperinsulinemia.
Effect of Different Methods of Killing Atlantic Salmon on Whole‐Body Concentrations of Selected Electrolytes

Abstract Juvenile Atlantic salmon Salmo salar (mean total length, 44 mm) were killed by an overdose of tricaine (MS-222) or quinaldine sulfate, or by a blow to the head. Comparisons of whole-body concentrations of Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ were made among fish killed by the different methods. The sodium concentration in fish killed with quinaldine sulfate was significantly lower than that in fish killed by the other methods. There were no significant differences in the concentrations of the other cations among treatments.
An apparatus for the measurement of lipoxygenase activity and pentane production

The enzyme lipoxygenase has been demonstrated to produce pentane. However, until now no apparatus has been available to measure the pentane concomitantly with the lipoxygenase activity. Such an apparatus is described by this paper. The apparatus consists of a reaction vessel which can be sealed with a rubber septum to allow sampling for pentane production and an oxygen measuring device to determine the oxygen level of the system. The apparatus is being used to conduct in-depth studies of the lipoxygenase enzyme and its possible role in food quality.
Between Theory and Fact: Explaining American Behavior in the Gulf War

During the Gulf Crisis, I served on the staff of the United States delegation to the United Nations. This article does not contain classified information. It is based on the analytical reflections ...
Polymeric controlled drug delivery

Abstract This contribution examines the current role that polymeric systems have in controlling the administration and site-specific delivery of drugs. The fundamentals of polymeric controlled release are examined in a phenomenological manner. Consideration is given to system design, and in particular the release mechanisms controlling drug availability. Examination is made of physically controlled release and chemically controlled release devices. The review points to the role of such devices and systems in a clinical setting, and exemplifies the advantages and disadvantages of these systems by studying the use of polymeric-controlled drug release in contraception, cancer chemotherapy and diabetes. It is concluded that with the emergency of peptidergic mediators having unique properties, the use of controlled release polymeric systems will increase.
Diminution of acetylene reduction during assay of detached soybean nodules

Abstract Initial rates of acetylene reduction were observed to decline after about 2 h at a given ratio of detached soybean nodule mass to assay vessel vol. Such decreases occurred despite final concentrations of oxygen at 20–30 per cent. and could not be attributed to depletion of acetylene or to accumulation of hydrogen or carbon dioxide. Nodules held briefly at high nodule mass to container vol. ratio gave evidence of progressive inactivation with holding time when subsequently assayed. A search for possible gaseous inhibitors revealed several unknown products that occurred consistently during prolonged acetylene reduction assay. One product observed during assay gave a peak on the gas chromatogram that was determined by the initial concentration of oxygen, and varied inversely with the ethylene peak. The compound responsible for this peak was identified as ethanol. Ethanol vapor added to the assay system inhibited acetylene reduction after 2 h. A high initial oxygen concn depressed somewhat the inhibitory effect of ethanol.
Ondansetron―der erste hochselektive 5-HT3-Antagonist in der Therapie psychiatrischer Erkrankungen

Ondansetron is a highly selective 5-HT3 antagonist, which has recently become available for the control of chemotherapy-induced emesis. Since 5-HT3 receptors not only have a high density in the area postrema but also in the hippocampal and amygdala region of the limbic system, it has been suspected that 5-HT3 selective agents have psychotropic effects. In animal models of anxiety ondansetron showed a benzodiazepine-like anxiolytic effect without any sedation or withdrawal effects. Other states of withdrawal have been prevented with ondansetron. This agent might also exert neuroleptic effects since dopaminergic hyperactivity in the mesolimbic system was antagonised by ondansetron. In different models of memory and learning a positive effect on basal learning behaviour and on scopolamine-induced memory impairment was noted. This manuscript reviews essential pharmacological and behavioural effects of ondansetron as well as preliminary data from clinical studies. The role of highly-selective ligands for a more differentiated view of serotonergic subsystems are discussed.
Lateral bias in feeding and brachiation in Hylobates

Lateralized hand use in gibbons was assessed for both food reaching and leading limb in brachiation. Sex and age effects were found in hand preference for food reaching. Adult females were all very strongly right hand preferent, whereas adult males had no across group consistent preference. Within the female group there was a strong correlation between age and strength of right handedness. When compared in terms of absolute strength of hand preference, females were found to be more strongly lateralized than males. Leading limb preference in brachiation was scored into vocal and non-vocal categories. Three subjects had a shift in preferred leading limb from the non-vocal brachiation condition to the vocal brachiation condition. This shift may be influenced by the arousal effects of species typical vocalization. The results of this study underline the importance of consideration of such factors as sex and age when interpreting behavioral lateralization data. The exploration of laterality in many different response measures is important to the achievement of a complete understanding of behavioral lateralization in primates.
Chelate Bite Effects for [Pd(triphosphine)(solvent)](BF4)2 Complexes in Electrochemical CO2 Reduction and the Heterolytic Cleavage of Molecular Hydrogen

A series of [Pd(triphosphine)(CH3CN)](BF4)2 complexes has been prepared with different chelate bites. Stoichiometric reactions of these complexes with triethylphosphine, NaBH4, and H2 have been studied, as well as the catalytic electrochemical reduction of CO2. All of these reactions show significant chelate effects. [Pd(ttpE)(CH3CN)](BF4)2 (where ttpE is bis(3-(diethylphosphino)propyl)phenylphosphine) catalyzes the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO in acidic dimethylformamide solutions and reacts with NaBH4 or H2 to form [Pd(ttpE)(H)](BF4). The latter complex is the decomposition product formed under catalytic conditions. X-ray diffraction studies of [Pd(ttpE)(CH3CN)](BF4)2 and [Pd(ttpE)(H)](BF4) provide insight into possible steric origins of reactivity differences between the last two complexes and analogous complexes with smaller chelate bites. [Pd(ttpE)(CH3CN)](BF4)2 has a square-planar structure with one methylene group of the ethyl substituents making a close contact with the nitrogen atom of ...
POPULATION DENSITY EFFECTS ON THE BEHAVIOR AND FEEDING OF YOUNG STRIPED MULLET (Mugil cephalus) IN 37.8‐LITER AQUARIA

The swimming and feeding behavior of striped mullet (Mugil cephalus), 40–60 mm SL, was observed in 37.8-liter aquaria. Five of the most frequently observed behavioral acts were then chosen as representatives of “normally” occurring behavior under these experimental conditions. These behavioral acts were subsequently counted in the 37.8-liter aquaria with population densities of 3, 6, 18, 30 and 60 mullet per aquaria, during swimming and feeding observations. More food bites were taken at densities of 18 and 30 than at the other densities. Mullet kept at a density of 30 per tank exhibited the lowest mean number of long traverses (a distance of more than one-half the aquarium front). Perhaps at a density of 30 mullet per aquarium (0.79 mullet/liter or 231 mullet/m2), food was assimilated into biomass and less was burned for energy. Obtaining data in aquaria in this manner may prove an invaluable tool since it is less expensive than stocking ponds experimentally and can provide a useful basis for deciding efficient stocking densities for any size fish.
A case of obstruction due to jejunoileal diverticula

Objective The objective of this study is to discuss the presentation and diagnosis of a complicated jejunoileal diverticuli.
The EC 14026 stars — IX. KPD 2109+4401

ABSTRA C T The results of 37 h of high-speed photometry of KPD 2109+4401 are described. At least five periodicities in the range 182‐198 s are consistently present in the observations, with amplitudes in the range 1‐6 mmag. Results of simultaneous multicolour high-speed photometry with the Stiening photometer are also presented; these data could in principle be used for mode identification of the periodicities. The results of a preliminary study suggest that the pulsations may all be , o 1 and 2 modes. Properties of the star are compared with those of the other EC 14026 stars.
Neoplastic Mesorectal Microfoci (MMF) following Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy: Clinical and Prognostic Implications

Neoplastic microfoci have frequently been found in the mesorectum, with poor outcome. In this study, incidence and clinical significance of mesorectal microfoci (MMF) were analyzed in patients operated upon for rectal cancer following neoadjuvant chemoradiation. A case series of 68 patients with extraperitoneal rectal cancer, treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiation and surgery (including total mesorectal excision), was investigated for the presence of neoplastic MMF. Mesorectal microfoci were found in 26 cases (38.2%). Increasing incidence of microfoci was statistically related to pathologic involvement of bowel wall (P = 0.0006), Mandard’s tumor regression grading (P = 0.0006) and pathologic neoplastic mesorectal involvement (P < 0.00001). None of the nine patients with complete tumor disappearance displayed both microfoci and lymph node metastasis. Only one local recurrence developed in a patient with multiple MMF. Out of 9 pT0 or TRG1 patients, 1 (11.1%) had distant metastases, compared to 15 out of 59 pT1–4 or TRG2–5 (25.4%, P = 0.70). A remarkable incidence of MMF was found following chemoradiation. However, when this therapy induces complete regression of primary tumor (pT0–TRG1), node metastases and neoplastic MMF could also disappear, as shown in our cases. These features should be confirmed because they could significantly impact the treatment decision-making of rectal cancers.
RE-ENTRY BEHAVIOR OF ZIRCONIUM HYDRIDE-URANIUM FUEL ELEMENTS

An important aspect of the utilization of nuclear auxiliary power systems in aerospace ve- hicles is the safe disposal of the radioactive materials they contain. In this study the be- havior of zirconium hydride-uranium fuel elements was investigated by subjecting them to stagnation pressure and heat-flux conditions for selected trajectories, using an arc image fur- nace. The results suggest that zirconium hydride-uranium is highly resistant to the condi- tions encountered on re-entry from a decaying orbit, making it unlikely that adequate dis- persal of the fuel-element material can be achieved. HEN nuclear-powered energy sources are carried in aerospace vehicles, it will be necessary to dispose of them or recover them at the ends of their projected flights. Incineration during their re-entry into earth's atmosphere has been considered as a practical means of safe disposal, provided that this process results in particles small enough to remain suspended for a long time or to become sufficiently dispersed. The present program was devised specifically to obtain information regarding the burnup of nuclear auxiliary power systems of the NAPS-2 type, which contain a miniaturized nuclear reactor in which zirconium-uranium hydride fuel elements are used. These fuel elements (and the fission product inventory they contain at the end of the projected life) constitute the main hazard of radioactive contamination. This study was an experimental investigation of the fate of a zirconium-uranium hydride fuel element subjected to simulated re-entry conditions of stagnation heating and pres- sures. Its purpose was to determine, insofar as possible with available laboratory apparatus and reasonable effort, the melting and oxidation behavior of this material, to obtain in- formation on the particle size of the resulting products of combustion, and to help establish a generalized model of the behavior of fuel rod material under re-entry conditions. It should be emphasized that only two parameters were simulated in this work: stagnation heat flow and stagnation pressure. No attempt was made to simulate dynamic gas flow. It was felt, however, that these limitations did not introduce major uncertainties for the following reasons: 1) the shear forces created by dynamic conditions are small compared to the tensile strength of an oxide layer and, there- fore, are not likely to remove it; and 2) the oxidation reactions of zirconium are only slightly pressure dependent, which re- duces the importance of the increased oxygen supply provided by dynamic (over static) conditions. Since the statement of the problem required a breakup of the fuel rod above 100,000 ft to assure freedom from local
Quasitransient backward Raman amplification of powerful laser pulses in dense plasmas with multicharged ions

The range of plasma parameters, where the efficient quasitransient backward Raman amplification (QBRA) of powerful laser pulses is possible, is determined for dense plasmas with multicharged ions. Approximate scalings that portray in a simple way the efficient QBRA range in multidimensional parameter space are found. The calculation, applicable to infrared, ultraviolet, soft x-ray, and x-ray laser pulses, takes into account plasma heating by the lasers. It is shown that efficient QBRA can survive even the nonsaturated linear Landau damping of the Langmuir wave mediating the energy transfer from the pump to the seed laser pulse; moreover, this survival does not require very intense seed laser pulses.
Ionomics: Studying the Social Network of Mineral Nutrients

The accumulation of a given element is a complex process controlled by a network of gene products critical for uptake, binding, transportation, and sequestration. Many of these genes and physiological processes affect more than one element. Therefore, to understand how elements are regulated, it is necessary to measure as many of the elements contained in a cell, tissue, or organism (the ionome) as possible. The elements that share components of their network vary depending on the species and genotype of the plants that are studied and environment they are grown in. Several recent papers describe high-throughput elemental profiling studies of how the ionome responds to the environment or explores the genetics that control the ionome. When combined with new genotyping technologies, ionomics provides a rapid way to identify genes that control elemental accumulation in plants.
Population spread of the introduced red imported fire ant parasitoid, Pseudacteon tricuspis Borgmeier (Diptera: Phoridae), in Louisiana.

Abstract Predicting the spread of introduced species, such as natural enemies used in classical biological control programs, requires quantitative data on the rates of spread. Here, the pattern of spread of Pseudacteon tricuspis Borgmeier (Diptera: Phoridae), a parasitoid of the red imported fire ant ( Solenopsis invicta Buren; Hymenoptera: Formicidae), was monitored at two widely separated release sites in Louisiana, USA. At both sites, P. tricuspis range expansion (measured as the mean radius of the range from four cardinal directions) was accelerating during the first four years post-release. This pattern contrasts with a linear pattern expected with simple diffusion. This suggests that population spread involved both a neighborhood diffusion and long-distance dispersal component. This is known as stratified or jump dispersal. Annual rates of spread were low in the first two years post-release (possibly owing to an Allee effect), increased rapidly in years 3–4, and slowed down or leveled off by years 5–6. Annual spread rates reached a peak of 15–25 km/yr, with the northward spread being about 40% greater than the spread in the other cardinal directions. High rates of spread in the latter years and directional bias in the spread of P. tricuspis may have been driven by prevailing winds and two northward-moving hurricanes. Spread of introduced species offers insight into factors affecting spread that is more difficult to evaluate for native species.
The distribution and stereochemistry of amino acids in rocks and sediments from harsh terrestrial environments: analogues for future studies of ancient extraterrestrial materials

The search for life elsewhere in the solar system has focused on experiments to detect extant life and on the detection of ancient remnants of life from times in the distant past when planetary bodies may have had more hospitable climates for the proliferation of life as we know it. With respect to the latter, compounds that are ubiquitous to life on Earth (e.g. amino acids) are logical targets when attempting to assess the possible occurrence of ancient extraterrestrial life. However, subsequent to death, the distribution and stereochemistry of amino acids change with the passage of time, and these changes may vary depending on environments of preservation. Amino acid distributions and stereochemistry for microorganisms in desert and arctic environments are presented and compared to those derived from older rocks and sediments that they are associated with. Criteria are suggested for the assessment of ancient, extraterrestrial life based on these distributions.
Sales force obsolescence: Perceptions from sales and marketing executives of individual, organizational, and environmental factors

Abstract The trade and academic literature is replete with observations that many sales organizations are in the midst of a redefinition of the strategic role of their sales forces. With today's market forces, change is overdue in many sales organizations. Consequently, the issue of whether the sales force is becoming obsolete has come to the forefront in recent years. As business environments change rapidly, the relevance of the modern sales force comes into question. Data were gathered from 245 midlevel sales and marketing executives on perceived sales force obsolescence. Our findings suggest that obsolescence is a phenomenon for sales organizations to address. The main findings of our study are (1) obsolescence is a phenomenon that affects sales professionals' feelings toward the job (job satisfaction) and outcomes (performance); (2) a firm's market orientation is very important in lowering perceived obsolescence; (3) a learning orientation is important in detecting symptoms of obsolescence; (4) age and education are related to perceptions of obsolescence depending on the type of industry in which the sales force competes: high- or low-tech; and (5) organizational changes can also have a bearing on the sales force's perceptions of obsolescence.