cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electronic structure and chemical bonding in transition-metal-mixed gallium oxide (Ga2O3) compounds

Abstract Transition metal (TM)-mixed gallium oxide (Ga2O3) ceramic compounds have potential applications in optical, optoelectronic, and photovoltaic devices. Herein, we report on the salient electronic structures and chemical properties of a series of such compounds, with a view to optimizing performance. The TM-mixed Ga2O3 (Ga2-xMxO3; TM-GO; 0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.3, M = Fe, Ti, W) polycrystalline compounds were synthesized by a conventional, high-temperature solid-state reaction method. The effects of Fe-, Ti-, and W-doping on the electronic structures of the TM-GO compounds have been studied. The chemical states of Fe, Ti, and W ions in the TM-GO compounds vary as a function of TM concentration. The electronic structures and chemical states of the respective ions are greatly modified when Fe, Ti, or W ions are mixed in Ga2O3. For Fe and W, mixed chemical states (Fe2+/Fe3+, W4+/W6+) are evident in single-phase TM-GO compounds for lower x. On the contrary, Ti ions are invariably in their highest oxidation state (Ti4+) for all x in Ti-mixed-Ga2O3 compounds. Irrespective of the TM dopant, Ga ions exist in their highest oxidation state (Ga3+). The fundamental scientific understanding of the electronic properties, and tunability thereof, of TM-GO compounds presented in this detailed study should be useful when considering them for application in electronic, optoelectronic, or energy devices, or related technological fields.
Endocrine-Disrupting Chemical Exposures in Pregnancy: a Sensitive Window for Later-Life Cardiometabolic Health in Women

Pregnancy can be seen as a “stress test” with complications predicting later-life cardiovascular disease risk. Here, we review the growing epidemiological literature evaluating environmental endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) exposure in pregnancy in relation to two important cardiovascular disease risk factors, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and maternal obesity. Overall, evidence of EDC-maternal cardiometabolic associations was mixed. The most consistent associations were observed for phenols and maternal obesity, as well as for perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) with hypertensive disorders. Research on polybrominated flame retardants and maternal cardiometabolic outcomes is limited, but suggestive. Although numerous studies evaluated pregnancy outcomes, few evaluated the postpartum period or assessed chemical mixtures. Overall, there is a need to better understand whether pregnancy exposure to these chemicals could contribute to adverse cardiometabolic health outcomes in women, particularly given that cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in women.
Intrathecal inflammatory responses in the absence of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid in the CSF of COVID-19 hospitalized patients.

Abstract Objective Little is known about CSF profiles in patients with acute COVID-19 infection and neurological symptoms. Here, CSF was tested for SARS-CoV-2 RNA and inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and compared to controls and patients with known neurotropic pathogens. Methods CSF from twenty-seven consecutive patients with COVID-19 and neurological symptoms was assayed for SARS-CoV-2 RNA using quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) and unbiased metagenomic sequencing. Assays for blood brain barrier (BBB) breakdown (CSF:serum albumin ratio (Q-Alb)), and proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-15, IL-16, monocyte chemoattractant protein −1 (MCP-1) and monocyte inhibitory protein – 1β (MIP-1β)) were performed in 23 patients and compared to CSF from patients with HIV-1 (16 virally suppressed, 5 unsuppressed), West Nile virus (WNV) (n = 4) and 16 healthy controls (HC). Results Median CSF cell count for COVID-19 patients was 1 white blood cell/μL; two patients were infected with a second pathogen (Neisseria, Cryptococcus neoformans). No CSF samples had detectable SARS-CoV-2 RNA by either detection method. In patients with COVID-19 only, CSF IL-6, IL-8, IL-15, and MIP-1β levels were higher than HC and suppressed HIV (corrected-p Conclusions Lack of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in CSF is consistent with pre-existing literature. Evidence of intrathecal proinflammatory markers in a subset of COVID-19 patients with BBB breakdown despite minimal CSF pleocytosis is atypical for neurotropic pathogens.
Establishment and validation of a logistic regression model for prediction of septic shock severity in children.

Background Septic shock is the most severe complication of sepsis, and is a major cause of childhood mortality, constituting a heavy public health burden. Methods We analyzed the gene expression profiles of septic shock and control samples from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Four differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from survivor and control groups, non-survivor and control groups, and survivor and non-survivor groups were selected. We used data about these genes to establish a logistic regression model for predicting the survival of septic shock patients. Results Leave-one-out cross validation and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis indicated that this model had good accuracy. Differential expression and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) between septic shock patients stratified by prediction score indicated that the systemic lupus erythematosus pathway was activated, while the limonene and pinene degradation pathways were inactivated in the high score group. Conclusions Our study provides a novel approach for the prediction of the severity of pathology in septic shock patients, which are significant for personalized treatment as well as prognostic assessment.
\sin (\omega x) Can Approximate Almost Every Finite Set of Samples

Consider a set of points \((x_1,y_1),\ldots ,(x_n,y_n)\) with distinct \(0 \le x_i \le 1\) and with \(-1 < y_i < 1\). The question of whether the function \(y = \sin (\omega x)\) can approximate these points arbitrarily closely for a suitable choice of \(\omega \) is considered. It is shown that such approximation is possible if and only if the set \(\{x_1,\ldots ,x_n\}\) is linearly independent over the rationals. Furthermore, a constructive sufficient condition for such approximation is provided. The results provide a sort of counterpoint to the classical sampling theorem for bandlimited signals. They also provide a stronger statement than the well-known result that the collection of functions \(\{\sin (\omega x) : \omega < \infty \}\) has infinite pseudo-dimension.
Product information and consumer choice confidence in multi-item sales promotions

Abstract This research augments efforts to produce a richer understanding of the drivers of consumer choice confidence. It examines the interplay between two marketing interventions that consumers encounter in retail marketplaces, diagnostic product information and multi-item sales promotions. Results indicate that the influence of product information varies as a function of sales promotion format. The information effect is weaker when consumers are allowed to select the products that will be included in the promotion. Perception of information adequacy is revealed as a mediator of the information diagnosticity effect. The implications for marketing theory and promotional strategy are discussed.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a clearly characterized clinical syndrome secondary to impaired function of T lymphocytes that increases susceptibility to opportunistic infections.1–6 Compelling evidence implicates recently described human T-lymphotropic retroviruses in the etiology and pathogenesis of AIDS.7,8 Human T-lymphotropic virus strain III (HTLV-III) and lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV) have been involved in clinical circumstances ranging from an asymptomatic carrier state to fully developed AIDS. These viruses appear to be identical and have been renamed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The previously healthy status of most patients and the ever-increasing case for viral factors in pathogenesis clearly establish AIDS and related syndromes as acquired, i.e., secondary immune-deficiency states.
Individual- and School-Level Predictors of Student Office Disciplinary Referrals

Research has widely documented the over-representation of office disciplinary referrals (ODRs) among specific student groups (e.g., African American, boys). Despite extant research documenting individual-level predictors of ODRs, few studies have accounted for the nested structure of the settings in which these events occur. Guided by critical race theory and social-ecological theory, this study uses multilevel modeling to examine individual- and school-level predictors of student ODRs. Archival data were examined among 1,442 students in a high-poverty urban school district. The majority of students were male (66.4%), African American (56.2%), and in middle school (63.2%). Results revealed that individual-level characteristics significantly predicted student disciplinary referrals even when accounting for school-level variables. Racial/ethnic-minority concentration was positively associated with ODRs for physically aggressive behavior. Finally, results revealed moderation effects, such that schools with l...
Charateristics of a multiplex IDDM sample: Unexplained differences with other samples

Characteristics of a multiplex sample of families with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) are studied and contrasted with similar characteristics in other, more conventionally sampled data sets. Some characteristics remain consistent with earlier observations including the high frequency of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DR3,4 in affected individuals and the greater than expected percentage of HLA haplotype sharing among affected sib pairs. In other respects, however, differences are seen between this sample and others. "Control" haplotypes, i.e., those not transmitted to the first affected offspring, had a higher frequency of DR3 and DR4 than expected, and a rather high frequency of affected parents was observed. Differences between the first affected and later affected offspring reported in other samples were absent from these families. No effect of the sampling scheme and the resulting distribution of parental phenotypes could be shown to explain this difference.
Chapter 5: Transmedia Mobilization in the Popular Association of the Oaxacan Peoples, Los Angeles

Social movements are more effective when they adopt transmedia mobilization strategies as a means to challenge symbolic power in complex media environments. Transmedia mobilization involves engaging the social base of a movement in participatory media making practices across multiple platforms. Rich media texts produced through participatory practices can be pushed into wider circulation to produce multimodal narratives that reach and involve diverse audiences, strengthening cultural, mobilization and policy outcomes. This chapter develops the concept of transmedia mobilization based on interviews with immigrant rights movement activists conducted between 2006-2009 in Los Angeles. The focus is a case study of daily movement media practices within the Frente Indigena de Organizaciones Binacionales (Indigenous Front of Binational Organizations – FIOB) during the translocal protests of the Associacion Popular de los Pueblos de Oaxaca, Los Angeles (The Popular Association of the Oaxacan Peoples, Los Angeles – APPO-LA).
Abstract 284: Epigenome-wide study of sister study samples replicates and extends cpg sites associated with cigarette smoking

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Smoking increases the risk of many diseases -including cancer, and is also linked to blood DNA methylation changes that may be important in disease etiology. The objective of the current study was to identify and confirm potentially novel CpG sites associated with cigarette smoking. To do this we used two epigenome-wide datasets from the Sister Study. One included 908 women with methylation measurements at 27,578 CpG sites using the Illumina HumanMethylation27 BeadChip; the other included 200 women with methylation measurements for 473,844 CpG sites using the Illumina HumanMethylation450 BeadChip. Significant CpGs from the second dataset that were not included in the 27k assay were validated by pyrosequencing in a subset of 476 samples from the first dataset. We were able to successfully confirm smoking associations for nine previously established CpGs and identify two potentially novel CpGs: cg26764244 in GNG12 (p= 9.0×10-10) and cg22335340 in PTPN6 (p=2.9×10-05).In addition to this we provide the first independent confirmation of the association between smoking status and cg02657160 in CPOX (p=7.28x10-7). All 12 CpGs were under-methylated in current smokers and showed increasing percent methylation in former and never smokers. The CPOX CpG proved to be of particular interest as the corresponding enzyme is involved in heme biosynthesis and smoking is known to increase heme production. Our study extends the evidence base for smoking-related changes in DNA methylation. Citation Format: Sara Sophia Harlid, Zongli Xu, Vijayalakshmi Panduri, Dale P. Sandler, Jack A. Taylor. Epigenome-wide study of sister study samples replicates and extends cpg sites associated with cigarette smoking. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 284. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-284
T lymphocytes are required for protection of the vaginal mucosae and sensory ganglia of immune mice against reinfection with herpes simplex virus type 2

Intravaginal inoculation of mice with an attenuated strain of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) resulted in vigorous HSV-specific immune responses that protected against subsequent challenge with fully virulent HSV-2 strains. Even in the presence of high titers of HSV-specific Ab, T cell-dependent mechanisms were required for protection of the vaginal mucosae of HSV-immune mice and could be detected by 24 h after intravaginal reinoculation. Depletion of specific T cell subsets from HSV-immune mice before HSV-2 reinoculation demonstrated that CD4+ T cells were primarily responsible for this protection. Similarly, optimal protection of the sensory ganglia against reinfection with HSV-2 was dependent on the presence of T cells. Infectious HSV-2 was not detected in the sensory ganglia or spinal cord of HSV-immune mice depleted of only CD4+ or CD8+ T cells, suggesting that the T cell-mediated protection could be provided by either subset. Similarly, neutralization of IFN-gamma during challenge of HSV-immune mice resulted in diminished protection of the vaginal mucosa, but not of the sensory ganglia. These results suggest that the ability to induce vigorous HSV-specific T cell responses is an important consideration in the design of vaccines to protect both the vaginal mucosa and sensory ganglia against HSV-2.
Reducing Disruptive Behavior in General Education Classrooms: The Use of Self-Management Strategies.

The use of a self-management strategy in a general education classroom to decrease the disruptive behavior of three elementary school students with ADHD or ODD was investigated. A multiple-probe de...
The Unidimensional Congress, 1919-84

A simple unidimensional spatial model provides a highly accurate description of roll call voting in the United States Congress. Moreover, the dimension exhibits remarkable temporal stability. Today's liberal-conservative lineup basically prolongs the major political axis that existed both after World War I and after the Great Depression. These theses are argued on the basis of a statistical analysis of, essentially, every recorded roll call vote in the House and in the Senate in the years 1919-1984.
Structure maps for AI4AII6(BO4)6X2 apatite compounds via data mining

This paper describes a method to identify key crystallographic parameters that can serve as strong classifiers of crystal chemistries and hence define new structure maps. The selection of this pair of key parameters from a large set of potential classifiers is accomplished through a linear data-dimensionality reduction method. A multivariate data set of known AI4AII6(BO4)6X2 apatites is used as the basis for the study where each AI4AII6(BO4)6X2 compound is represented as a 29-dimensional vector, where the vector components are discrete scalar descriptors of electronic and crystal structure attributes. A new structure map, defined using the two distortion angles αAII (rotation angle of AII—AII—AII triangular units) and ψAIz = 0AI—O1 (angle the AI—O1 bond makes with the c axis when z = 0 for the AI site), is shown to classify apatite crystal chemistries based on site occupancy on the A, B and X sites. The classification is accomplished using a K-means clustering analysis.
Trends in urodynamics in U.S. female medicare beneficiaries, 2000-2010.

Aims To document variations and temporal trends in the use of urodynamics (UDS) in female U.S. Medicare beneficiaries. Methods Using a 5% sample of U.S. Medicare utilization records, we identified female beneficiaries who had undergone UDS studies between 2000 and 2010 by the presence of Common Procedural Terminology codes for cystometrogram in claims from the Carrier file. We abstracted data for each patient on age, race, residence, ICD9 diagnoses, dates of service, and provider specialty. We calculated rates per 100,000 beneficiaries with data available from the enrollment files (i.e., Denominator files) and reported the numbers and rates per 100,000 by year. Results During this period, 1.4 million female U.S. Medicare beneficiaries underwent UDS, of which 6% were videourodynamics. Seventy four percent of UDS were associated with a diagnosis of any urinary incontinence, with 50% specific for stress incontinence. The annual rates of UDS increased by 29%, from 422 in 2000 to 543 in 2010 per 100,000. Similar increases were seen across age groups, geographic regions and racial/ethnic groups. The rate of UDS performed by gynecologists increased by 144% over the study period, while that of urologists decreased by 3%. In 2010, gynecologists performed 35% and urologists 58% of all UDS. Conclusions The use of UDS in the female Medicare program increased substantially between 2000 and 2010, with some variation across demographics and marked variation across provider specialty. Neurourol. Urodynam. 34:420–423, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Associations versus registration as alternative strategies of small firms

Small firms, especially those in developing countries, face several serious problems: (1) costs of regulation, including corruption, (2) contract enforcement, and (3) idiosyncratic risks that leave their owners with high costs of finance. To deal with these problems, it is recognized that firms exercise choice over their degree of formality. Little attention, however, has been given to the alternative strategies that firms may choose in gaining formality and dealing with these problems. This article examines the choice between two different strategies: (1) registering with official entities, and (2) participating in private associations. We develop hypotheses concerning factors that would favor one such choice over the other and then test these hypotheses with data taken from a large sample survey of Mexican microenterprises. The results provide support, in some cases strong support, for most of the hypotheses.
Comparison of the effects of risperidone and haloperidol on regional cerebral blood flow in schizophrenia

Abstract Background: Atypical antipsychotics, such as risperidone, have been shown to be more effective for the treatment of the symptoms of schizophrenia and have a greater beneficial effect on neurocognition compared to the conventional antipsychotics. The present study used [ 15 O]H 2 O positron emission tomography imaging of regional cerebral blood flow to examine and compare the effects of haloperidol and risperidone on brain function. Methods: Thirty-two subjects with schizophrenia participated in the study. Each subject was scanned in a medication-free state, and after being on a stable clinically assigned dose of either risperidone or haloperidol for 3 weeks. The off-medication scan was subtracted from the on-medication scan, using a within-subjects design. A randomization analysis was used to determine differences between the effects of haloperidol and risperidone on regional cerebral blood flow. Results: Haloperidol was associated with a significantly greater increase in regional cerebral blood flow in the left putamen and posterior cingulate, and a significantly greater decrease in regional cerebral blood flow in frontal regions compared to risperidone. Risperidone was associated with a significantly greater decrease in regional cerebral blood flow in the cerebellum bilaterally compared to haloperidol. Conclusions: The results show that risperidone and haloperidol have significantly different effects on brain function, which may be related to their differences in efficacy and side effects. Further work is required to more precisely determine the mechanisms by which different antipsychotic medications exert their therapeutic effects on the clinical symptoms and cognition in schizophrenia. These findings emphasize the importance of controlling for both medication status and the individual antipsychotic in neuroimaging studies.
Effects of intranasal inoculation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, Bordetella bronchiseptica, or a combination of both organisms in pigs

Objective—To examine effects of co-infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and Bordetella bronchiseptica in pigs. Animals—Forty 3-week-old pigs. Procedure—30 pigs (10 pigs/group) were inoculated with PRRSV, B bronchiseptica, or both. Ten noninoculated pigs were control animals. Results—Clinical signs, febrile response, and decreased weight gain were most severe in the group inoculated with both organisms. The PRRSV was isolated from all pigs in both groups inoculated with virus. All pigs in both groups that received PRRSV had gross and microscopic lesions consistent with interstitial pneumonia. Bordetella bronchiseptica was cultured from all pigs in both groups inoculated with that bacterium. Colonization of anatomic sites by B bronchiseptica was comparable between both groups. Pigs in the group that received only B bronchiseptica lacked gross or microscopic lung lesions, and B bronchiseptica was not isolated from lung tissue. In the group inoculated with B bronchiseptic...
MOBILITY MODELS FOR STIFF AND FLEXIBLE MACROMOLECULES IN DILUTE GELS

The effective sphere approximation for modeling electrophoretic transport of macromolecules in highly porous gels (the “Ogston model”) is examined, and contrasted with similar mobility models for stiff and flexible solutes. Calculation of segmental depletion near gel obstacles of various shapes demonstrates the limited applicability of the effective sphere approach. For highly flexible chains, both theory and experiment reveal a nonunique mapping between mobility and molecular size when the molecular radius is comparable to that of gel fibers. Turning to mobility behavior in more concentrated gels, neither flexible or stiff macromolecules behave as spheres; for the particular case of flexible chains, the presence of entropic barriers in concentrated gels can be understood in terms of a simple random planes model for the gel structure.
Receptor avidity and costimulation specify the intracellular Ca2+ signaling pattern in CD4(+)CD8(+) thymocytes.

Thymocyte maturation is governed by antigen–T cell receptor (TCR) affinity and the extent of TCR aggregation. Signals provided by coactivating molecules such as CD4 and CD28 also influence the fate of immature thymocytes. The mechanism by which differences in antigen–TCR avidity encode unique maturational responses of lymphocytes and the influence of coactivating molecules on these signaling processes is not fully understood. To better understand the role of a key second messenger, calcium, in governing thymocyte maturation, we measured the intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) response to changes in TCR avidity and costimulation. We found that TCR stimulation initiates either amplitude- or frequency-encoded [Ca2+]i changes depending on (a) the maturation state of stimulated thymocytes, (b) the avidity of TCR interactions, and (c) the participation of specific coactivating molecules. Calcium signaling within immature but not mature thymocytes could be modulated by the avidity of CD3/CD4 engagement. Low avidity interactions induced biphasic calcium responses, whereas high avidity engagement initiated oscillatory calcium changes. Notably, CD28 participation converted the calcium response to low avidity receptor engagement from a biphasic to oscillatory pattern. These data suggest that calcium plays a central role in encoding the nature of the TCR signal received by thymocytes and, consequently, a role in thymic selection.
Multidimensional set switching

The present study examined the organization of preparatory processes that underlie set switching and, more specifically, switch costs. On each trial, subjects performed one of two perceptual judgment tasks, color or shape discrimination. Subjects also responded with one of two different response sets. The task set and/or the response set switched from one to the other after 2-6 repeated trials. Response set, task set, and double set switches were performed in both blocked and randomized conditions. Subjects performed with short (100-msec) and long (800-msec) preparatory intervals. Task and response set switches had an additive effect on reaction times (RTs) in the blocked condition. Such a pattern of results suggests a serial organization of preparatory processes when the nature of switches is predictable. However, task and response set switches had an underadditive effect on RTs in the random condition when subjects performed with a brief cue-to-target interval. This pattern of results suggests overlapping task and response set preparation. These findings are discussed in terms of strategic control of preparatory processes in set switching.
Echelon Modifications of Vector Bundles

We study a filtered generalization of the operation of elementary modification of vector bundles. The generalization is motivated by applications to the degeneration theory of linear systems.
Noise of the slowly inactivating Na current in suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons.

Slow depolarization induces a riluzole-sensitive persistent Na current (I Na,P ) in several types of neurons and a pharmacologically similar slowly inactivating Na current (I Na,S ) in rat suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons. In isolated suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons, I Na,S fluctuations were analyzed to characterize the Na channel responsible for I Na,S . The single-channel current near resting potential was -0.53±0.04 pA in an external solution containing 151 mM Na + and 5 mM Na + in the patch pipette. Tetrodotoxin completely blocked I Na,S and single-channel current noise; 25μM riluzole also suppressed I Na,S and current noise by about 80% without a significant effect on mean single-channel current. The data suggest that single-channel noise is due to the opening of channels mediating I Na,S with a conductance of about 3.4 pS.
Modeling the Electrophoresis of Short Duplex DNA: Counterions K+ and Tris+

The electrophoretic mobility of short 18 and 20 bp duplex DNAs is modeled by an iterative boundary element procedure that numerically solves the coupled Poisson, low Reynolds Number Navier−Stokes, and ion transport equations. Both capped cylinder (CC) and “detailed” models derived from the secondary structure of the fragments are examined. Translation−rotation coupling is examined with regard to the transport of the detailed models, and it is concluded that this coupling has very little effect on either diffusion or electrophoresis. When the buffer consists primarily of KCl, the calculated mobility is about 4−6% larger than the experimental mobility for either the CC or “detailed” models, but when the buffer is Tris acetate, the descrepancy is significantly larger. This indicates that there is an association between Tris+ and DNA beyond the classical electrostatic interactions accounted for in modeling. For 18 bp DNA in 0.04 M Tris acetate, a model in which the phosphate charges of DNA are reduced from −1...
Validation of the "Six Step Spot Test" for gait among patients with multiple sclerosis in Brazil

The clinical manifestations of multiple sclerosis (MS) are variable among patients, and the course of disease is not linear. Different symptoms are presented, with gradual accumulation of disability. These variations are difficult to quantify in clinical practice, and several studies have attempted to create instruments capable of measuring these disabilities. The Six Step Spot Test (SSST) was developed for quantitative evaluation of the lower limbs (LL) over time. Performance in this test reflects the complexity of sensory-motor function, including LL strength, spasticity, coordination and balance, going beyond vision and cognition. The aim of the present study was to validate the SSST in a population of MS patients in Brazil. This prospective study included 75 patients with MS, with EDSS 0 to 6.5 in the study group. Ninety-one healthy subjects were randomly selected for the control group. The results showed that the groups were similar, and that the SSST is a reliable and reproducible test. According to the statistical analysis on the data in this study, the SSST is a valid, reliable and reproducible tool for use in the Brazilian MS patient population.
CONTROVERSIES IN LUNG CANCER SCREENING IN OLDER PATIENTS

The National Lung Screening Trial found a 20% decrease in lung cancer-specific mortality using low-dose computed tomography to screen individuals with a 30 pack-year history of smoking, aged 55–75 years. Increasing age is an independent risk factor for lung cancer. Thus, elderly patients stand to benefit the most from low-dose computed tomography screening. Based upon the peak age of lung cancer diagnosis, currently 71 years, screening until at least the age of 79 years will continue to provide benefit to the healthy elderly who have largely outlived their birth cohort. Consideration for low-dose computed tomography in older elderly individuals should be based upon functional status and reserve on a case-by-case basis. These adaptations are contained within the 2012 American Association for Thoracic Surgery Lung Cancer Screening Guidelines. The United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) voted in favor of low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening between ages 54–80 for 30 pack year smokers, because of this final recommendation published in 2013, private insurance plans, including those created under the Affordable Care Act, must cover lung cancer screening by January 1st, 2015. This recommendation also encourages Medicaid plans to provide screening services with no cost sharing; however, Medicare is not required to follow this recommendation. Instead, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) reanalyzed the service, its presumed benefit, and potential risk to make a National Coverage Determination. The Medicare Evidence Development & Coverage Advisory Committee (MEDCAC) met in April 2014, and disagrees with the screening recommendation. They believe, despite overwhelming evidence from NLST, that there is not have enough confidence in the available data to safely recommend screening knowing that the main benefit may not outweighed the potential harm. Disclosure of interest: None declared
Early Settlement and Subsistence in the Casma Valley, Peru

Early Settlement and Subsistence In the Casma Valley, Peru.Sheila Pozorski and Thomas Pozorski Iowa City: Unlversltyof Iowa Press, 1987. 149 pp., tables, figures. 20.00 (cloth). ISBN 0-87745-183-4.
Modulatory effects of adenosine on baroreflex activation in the brainstem of normotensive rats.

Abstract The effects of the adenosine antagonists, 1,3-dipropyl-8-p-sulphenylxanthine (DPSPX) and caffeine, on baroreflex activity were tested in normotensive Sprague-Dawley rats. The microinjection of DPSPX (0.92 nmol) into the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) of urethane-anesthetized animals did not modify basal blood pressure or heart rate but inhibited the reflex bradycardia elicited by phenylephrine. Similar inhibitory effects on baroreflex activation were observed after intracisternal adminisration of caffeine to conscious or anesthetized animals. These results suggest that central endogenous adenosine is involved in the medullary regulation of blood pressure and that adenosine antagonists such as caffeine can inhibit baroreflex activation.
Dietary induction of rat liver fatty acid binding protein

Abstract Fatty acid binding protein (FABP) present in liver, myocardium, intestine and adipose tissue is involved in the intercellular metabolism of long chain fatty acids. It is known that lipogenic enzymes respond to dietary manipulation, so in the present study we investigated the possible changes induced by high carbohydrate and high fat diets on FABP. The binding activity for [ 14 C] palmitoyl CoA to FABP fraction was 120% and 148% of control in response to high carbohydrate and high fat diets respectively. These changes in FABP concentration indicate involvement of this protein in the regulation of fatty acid metabolism within the cell. fatty acid binding protein, metabolism
Next generation sequencing of stage IV squamous cell lung cancers reveals an association of PI3K aberrations and evidence of clonal heterogeneity in patients with brain metastases

Large-scale genomic characterization of squamous cell lung cancers (SQCLC) has revealed several putative oncogenic drivers. There are, however, little data to suggest that these alterations have clinical relevance. We performed comprehensive genomic profiling of 79 stage IV SQCLCs (including next-generation sequencing) and analyzed differences in the clinical characteristics of two major SQCLC subtypes: FGFR1 amplified and PI3K aberrant. Patients with PI3K aberrant tumors had aggressive disease marked by worse survival (median OS 8.6 vs. 19.1 mo, p 3 organs 18% vs. 3%, p=0.025), and greater incidence of brain metastases (27% vs. 0% in others, p<0.001). We performed whole-exome and RNA sequencing on paired brain metastases and primary lung cancers to elucidate the metastatic process to brain. SQCLC primaries that gave rise to brain metastases exhibited truncal PTEN loss. SQCLC brain metastases exhibited a high degree of genetic heterogeneity and evidence of clonal differences between their primary sites.
Interpersonal conflict and physical violence during the childbearing year

Abstract Reducing physical abuse directed at women by male partners is one of the nation's Year 2000 health objectives. An important target group for achieving this health objective is pregnant women. The present study examines the frequency, severity, perpetrators and psychosocial correlates of violence during the childbearing year. A panel of 275 women were interviewed 3 times during pregnancy and at 6 months postpartum. Moderate or severe violence was somewhat more common during the postpartum period than during the prenatal period—19% of women reported experiencing moderate or severe violence prenatally, compared to 25% in the postpartum period. For partner-perpetrated violence, being better educated was associated with increased risk of violence as was having had a sex partner who ever shot drugs; being older, having a confidant and having social support from friends were significant protective factors. For violence perpetrated by someone other than a male partner, having a confidant was a significant protective factor. Obstetric care providers who routinely come in contact with pregnant women, as well as emergency department staff, need to be systematically screening for violence against women. Efforts to enhance women's social support networks should be included in primary and secondary prevention programs.
Ultrasonographic assessment of flexor tendon mobilization: effect of different protocols on tendon excursion.

Background: Different mobilization protocols have been proposed for rehabilitation after hand flexor tendon repair to provide tendon excursion sufficient to prevent adhesions. Several cadaver studies have shown that the position of the neighboring fingers influences tendon excursions of the injured finger. We hypothesized that the positions of adjacent fingers influence the long finger flexor digitorum profundus tendon excursion, measured both absolutely and relative to the surrounding tissue of the tendon. Methods: Long finger flexor digitorum profundus tendon excursions and surrounding tissue movement were measured in zone V in eleven healthy subjects during three different rehabilitation protocols and two experimental models: (1) an active four-finger mobilization protocol, (2) a passive four-finger mobilization protocol, (3) a modified Kleinert mobilization protocol, (4) an experimental modified Kleinert flexion mobilization model, and (5) an experimental modified Kleinert extension mobilization model. Tendon excursions were measured with use of a frame-to-frame analysis of high-resolution ultrasound images. Results: The median absolute long finger flexor digitorum profundus tendon excursions were 23.4, 17.8, 10.0, 13.9, and 7.6 mm for the active four-finger mobilization protocol, the passive four-finger mobilization protocol, the modified Kleinert mobilization protocol, the experimental modified Kleinert flexion mobilization model, and the experimental modified Kleinert extension mobilization model, respectively, and these differences were all significant (p ≤ 0.041). The corresponding relative flexor digitorum profundus tendon excursions were 11.2, 8.5, 7.2, 10.4, and 5.6 mm. Active four-finger mobilization protocol excursions were significantly (p = 0.013) greater than passive four-finger mobilization protocol excursions but were not significantly greater than experimental modified Kleinert flexion mobilization model excursions (p =0.213). Conclusions: The present study demonstrated large and significant differences among the different rehabilitation protocols and experimental models in terms of absolute and relative tendon displacement. More importantly, the present study clearly demonstrated the influence of the position of the adjacent fingers on the flexor tendon displacement of the finger that is mobilized. Clinical Relevance: The positions of adjacent fingers in tendon mobilization protocols have a large influence on both absolute and relative tendon excursions. The most commonly used protocols after flexor tendon repair may not lead to optimal tendon excursions.
A Symposium on the Relevance of Michael Polanyi's Insights to a Reformulated Understanding of Science, Technology, and Society.

This is intended as an introductory statement to the explorations undertaken in the essays that follow. The authors of these essays attempt to introduce the reader to some of the insights of Michael Polanyi and their implications for the reader who wishes to come to a greater understanding of modern technological society, which — for better or worse — has come to define his very existence. Arguably, no twentieth-century thinker has probed more deeply than Polanyi into the dynamics of scientific discovery or demonstrated more courage in his willingness to think outside the box of ruling orthodoxies and, consequently, come up with more profound insights and radically new ways of understanding the processes of scientific inquiry, their technological implications, and the sometimes fateful, but potentially fruitful, relationships that exist among science, technology, and society. Each of the following nine authors, grounded in different fields of study and research, but also in a common appreciation of Polany...
Self-expanding metal esophageal stent with anti-reflux mechanism☆☆☆

Abstract Background: When deployed across the gastroesophageal junction, self-expanding metal esophageal stents can predispose to gastroesophageal reflux. Our aim was to evaluate the efficacy of a self-expanding metal esophageal stent that was modified to prevent gastroesophageal reflux. Methods: The polyurethane coating of a metal Z-stent was extended beyond its lower end to form windsock-type valve. The anti-reflux property of this stent was studied in vitro by submerging the stent under water and measuring the pressure required to invert the valve. Esophageal acid exposure time was measured in 5 dogs with a standard and the modified stent placed across the gastroesophageal junction. The modified stent was also placed in 11 patients with cancer of the gastroesophageal junction who were prospectively followed. Results: The pressure required to invert the valve was directly proportional to the thickness of the valve membrane (48 ± 0.4 cm water for a 0.0067-inch thick membrane). Esophageal acid exposure time was significantly less with the modified stent as compared with a standard stent (1% ± 0.3%, 49% ± 11%, respectively, p = 0.03). Dysphagia score in patients improved from 3.4 ± 0.1 to 1.1 ± 0.2 ( p Conclusions: The efficacy of the modified stent in relieving dysphagia is comparable with a standard stent. It also effectively prevents gastroesophageal reflux. (Gastrointest Endosc 2001;53:603-13.)
Adenosine-induced Cardiac Pause for Endovascular Embolization of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations: Technical Case Report

OBJECTIVE Extremely high flow through arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) may limit the safety and effectiveness of endovascular glue therapy. To achieve a more controlled deposition of glue, we used transient but profound systemic hypotension afforded by an intravenously administered bolus of adenosine to induce rapidly reversible high-degree atrioventricular block. METHODS AND CASE REPORT A patient with a large high-flow occipital AVM fed primarily by the posterior cerebral artery underwent n-butyl cyanoacrylate glue embolization. Nitroprusside-induced systemic hypotension did not adequately reduce flow through the nidus, as determined by contrast injection in the feeding artery. In a dose-escalation fashion, boluses of adenosine were administered to optimize the dose and verify that there was no flow reversal in the AVM and no other unexpected hemodynamic abnormalities by arterial pressure measurements and transcranial Doppler monitoring of the posterior cerebral artery feeding the AVM. Thereafter, 64 mg of adenosine was rapidly injected as a bolus to provide 10 to 15 seconds of systemic hypotension (approximately 20 mm Hg). Although there were conducted beats and some residual forward flow through the AVM during this time, the mean systemic and feeding artery pressures were roughly similar and remained relatively constant. A slow controlled injection of n-butyl cyanoacrylate glue was then performed, with excellent filling of the nidus. CONCLUSION Adenosine-induced cardiac pause may be a viable method of partial flow arrest in the treatment of cerebral AVMs. Safe, deep, and complete embolization with a permanent agent may increase the likelihood of endovascular therapy's being curative or may further improve the safety of microsurgical resection.
Nucleotide Oligomerization Domain-2 (NOD2)-Induced Uveitis: Dependence on IFN-γ

The innate immune system is the line of protection first against invading microbial pathogens. Immune detection of microbes is mediated by pathogen recognition receptors, including membrane-bound TLRs and the nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) located within the cytoplasm. The NLR family member NOD2 plays an important role in host defense against intracellular bacteria through its ability to sense muramyl dipeptide (MDP),1,2 a naturally occurring degradation product of peptidoglycan (PGN) present in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial cell walls. Activated NOD2 exerts its inflammatory effects through its interactions with the adaptor protein RIP2, which results in the stimulation of NF-κB.3,4 NOD2 has also been implicated in the induction of other signal transduction pathways involving p38, JNK,5,6 and caspase-1.7–9 The importance of NOD2 in inflammation is further underscored by the fact that rare mutations in NOD2 cause the autoinflammatory disease Blau syndrome.10–14 Blau syndrome is an autosomal dominant disease, wherein granulomatous inflammation develops predominantly within the eye, skin, and joints.15–17 In addition, polymorphic variations in NOD2 increase the risk of Crohn disease,18–20 another inflammatory syndrome that results in granulomatous inflammation sometimes associated with uveitis. Thus, investigation of the functions of NOD2 within the eye may provide important insight into mechanisms involved in uveitis as occurs in Blau syndrome or even mechanisms involved in more common forms of uveitis. Such has been the case for NALP3-associated auto-inflammatory diseases. Elucidating the role of NALP3 in rare diseases such as Muckle-Wells syndrome has provided valuable insight into the regulation of IL-1β in more common diseases, including gout and delayed-type hypersensitivity responses.21 In addition to its expression in immune cells, NOD2 is present in nonlymphoid tissue including the eye.22,23 We have shown that NOD2 is functionally active in the eye because local treatment with MDP in mice elicits an ocular inflammatory response characterized by increased leukocyte rolling and adherence within the iris vasculature and infiltration within iris tissue.24 Importantly, NOD2 knockout (KO) mice fail to show ocular inflammation in response to MDP, indicating the essential role for NOD2 in MDP-induced uveitis. We have demonstrated that in this model system, IL-1β is a downstream product of NOD2 activation, yet caspase-1 and IL-1β fail to contribute to the development of ocular inflammation. However, we did find that IL-1β contributes to systemic inflammation triggered by NOD2.9 Thus, NOD2-driven uveitis involves distinct mediators other than IL-1 signaling. Here, we further explored the role of NOD2 in regulating inflammatory responses within the eye and tested the hypothetical role of the cytokine IFN-γ as a modulator of MDP-induced uveitis.
A liquid-chromatographic method for the determination of tobramycin

A rapid and sensitive liquid-chromatographic method was developed to quantify the release of tobramycin from polymeric drug delivery systems in vitro. Pre-column derivatization of tobramycin and kanamycin B sulphate (internal standard) was carried out with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid. The sample volume required was only 50 microliters. The chromatographic separation was achieved on an octyl reversed-phase column with UV detection at 340 nm. This isocratic method was performed at ambient temperature and required only 8 min of chromatography time. The standard curves were linear over the concentration range 0.50-50.0 mg l-1. Inter-day and intra-day relative standard deviations ranged from 3.6 to 9.3% and from 1.6 to 6.8%, respectively. The assay method was used to determine the tobramycin content in different pharmaceutical formulations and to study the stability of the drug both in the solid-state and in solution.
Selected Contribution: TNF-α modulates murine tracheal rings responsiveness to G-protein-coupled receptor agonists and KCl

Although the mechanisms that underlie airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma are complex and involve a variety of factors, evidence now suggests that intrinsic abnormalities in airway smooth muscle (...
Wandering Spleen: A Rare Diagnosis with Variable Presentation

We present two cases of wandering spleen, one in a 47-year-old woman who presented with constipation, and one in a 3-year-old girl who presented with acute abdominal pain. Wandering spleen is a rare clinical condition characterized by ectopic positioning of the spleen due to abnormal peritoneal attachments including the lienorenal and gastrosplenic ligaments. The spleen can "wander" or migrate into various positions within the abdomen or pelvis due to this ligamentous laxity. The clinical presentation of patients with this entity is variable and can range from an incidental finding to an acute abdomen associated with torsion. Various imaging modalities can be utilized for the diagnosis of this condition.