cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploring the Role of Ionospheric Drivers During the Extreme Solar Minimum of 2008

Abstract. During the recent solar minimum, solar activity reached the lowest levels observed during the space age, resulting in a contracted atmosphere. This extremely low solar activity provides an unprecedented opportunity to understand the variability of the Earth's ambient ionosphere. The average E × B drifts measured by the Vector Electric Field Instrument (VEFI) on the Communications/Navigation Outage Forecasting System (C/NOFS) satellite during this period are found to have several differences from the expected climatology based on previous solar minima, including downward drifts in the early afternoon and a weak to non-existent pre-reversal enhancement. Using SAMI2 (Sami2 is Another Model of the Ionosphere) as a computational engine, we investigate the effects of these electrodynamical changes as well as the contraction of the thermosphere and reduced EUV ionization on the ionosphere. The sensitivity of the simulations to wind models is also discussed. These modeled ionospheres are compared to the C/NOFS average topside ion density and composition and Formosa Satellite-3/Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate average NmF2 and hmF2. In all cases, incorporating the VEFI drift data significantly improves the model results when compared to both the C/NOFS density data and the F3/C GOX data. Changing the MSIS and EUVAC models produced changes in magnitude, but not morphology with respect to local time. The choice of wind model modulates the resulting topside density and composition, but only the use of the VEFI E × B drifts produces the observed post-sunset drop in the F peak.
Simultaneous Determination of C, S, Cl, Br, and I in Organic Compounds by Gas Chromatography

Abstract A procedure is described for the simultaneous determination of C, S, Cl, Br and I in organic compounds by gas chromatography. Combustion of the sample to CO2, SO2 Cl2, Br2 and I2 is effected, followed by a separation of the gases on two 10 ft. Al columns containing Kel F-3 and either Aroclor or dioctylphthalate.
Tunable electrochemical properties of fluorinated graphene

The structural and electrochemical properties of fluorinated graphene have been investigated by using a series of graphene fluorides (CFx, x = 0.47, 0.66, 0.89). Fluorinated graphene exhibited high capacity retentions of 75–81% of theoretical capacity at moderate rates as cathode materials for primary lithium batteries. Specifically, CF0.47 maintained a capacity of 356 mA h g−1 at a 5 C rate, superior to that of traditional fluorinated graphite. The discharged graphene fluorides also provide an electrochemical tool to probe the chemical bonding on the parent graphene substrate.
Indoor transmission of multi-gigabit-per-second data rates using millimeter waves

Demands for high data rate communication in an indoor environment require innovations on high speed and energy efficient channel equalizer designs. In this paper, we propose a ‘semi-analog’ channel equalizer with high power efficiency and fast processing speed for 60 GHz channels. The proposed system consists of a channel estimator and a multipath canceler. The channel estimator uses a prolate spheroidal wave function (PSWF) with low peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) to provide an accurate estimation of channel parameters, based on which the multipath canceler removes reflected signals due to multipath. We evaluate its performance in terms of bit error rate (BER) considering a real indoor propagation environment at 60 GHz.
European Anti-Americanism and Choices for a European Defense Policy

Since the end of World War II, a strong transatlantic partnership has been a cornerstone of Western geopoliti cal strategy. This does not mean that transatlantic relations have always been cordial. The North Atlantic Treaty Orga nization (NATO) was beset by periodic crises and disagreement throughout the Cold War and into the 1990s. Recent disagreements centered on the deploy ment of intermediate-range nuclear mis siles in Europe during the 1980s, and on NATO involvement in the former Yugo slavia during the 1990s. In the immedi ate aftermath of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, NATO enjoyed a brief resurgence as its member nations voted unanimously to activate their mu tual defense commitments under the North Atlantic Treaty (see Kaplan 2004). However, this was soon eclipsed by the subsequent dispute over U.S.-led mili tary intervention in Iraq, the rancor rising out of which has struck such seasoned observers as Henry Kissinger and Colin Powell as being an order of magnitude worse than from past NATO crises (cited in Pond 2004, ix). Kaplan (2004, ix) describes it as a "near death" experience that threatened "to dissolve an entity that had survived over half a century." Others argue that the alliance can and should be "saved"' from a cri sis that "need not be terminal to the po litical vitality of Atlanticism" (Hodge 2004, x). We suggest that this diplo matic crisis is doubled by a crisis in European confidence in the U.S. which may also be of unprecedented magni tude, and of some duration. While survey data suggest that trans atlantic differences in fundamental values
Global Precipitation and Thunderstorm Frequencies. Part I: Seasonal and Interannual Variations

Present and past weather reports from ;15 000 stations around the globe and from the Comprehensive Ocean‐ Atmosphere Data Set from 1975 to 1997 were analyzed for the frequency of occurrence for and the percentage of the days with various types of precipitation (drizzle, nondrizzle, showery, nonshowery, and snow) and thunderstorms. In this paper, the mean geographical, seasonal, and interannual variations in the frequencies are documented. Drizzles occur most frequently (;5%‐15% of the time) over mid- and high-latitude oceans. Nonshowery precipitation is the preferred form of precipitation over the storm-track regions at northern mid- and high latitudes in boreal winter and over the Antarctic Circumpolar Current in all seasons. Showery precipitation occurs ;5%‐20% of the time over the oceans, as compared with , 10% over land areas except in boreal summer over Northern Hemisphere land areas, where showery precipitation and thunderstorms occur in over 20% of the days. Inferred mean precipitation intensity is generally , 1.0 mm h21 at mid- and high latitudes and ;1.5‐3.0 mm h21 in the Tropics. The intertropical convergence zone and the South Pacific convergence zone are clearly defined in the frequency maps but not in the intensity maps. Nonshowery precipitation at low latitudes is associated with showery precipitation, consistent with observations of stratiform precipitation accompanying mesoscale convective systems in the Tropics. The seasonal cycles of the showery precipitation and thunderstorm frequencies exhibit a coherent land‐ocean pattern in that land areas peak in summer and the oceans peak in winter. The leading EOFs in the nondrizzle and nonshowery precipitation frequencies are an ENSO-related mode that confirms the ENSO-induced precipitation anomalies over the open oceans previously derived from satellite estimates.
Canada in Space

Canada has been a space-faring nation since early in the space age. In the thirty years since the first entry into space via the scientific satellite Alouette 1, Canadians have become world leaders in areas specifically related to Canadian needs and the Canadian environment. This article shows how, following that initial achievement, Canadians went on to acquire the knowledge and industrial capability that enabled them to exploit the potential of space in the fields of satellite communications, earth observation, and space science. This paper reviews the Canadian space story focusing particularly on communications satellites. The background of the development of the first Canadian communications satellite, Anik A, is outlined. And the significance and highlights of the innovative Hermes program that further established the Canadian leadership role in space are described. Le Canada a compte parmi les premieres nations a voyager dans l'es-pace. Dans les trente ans qui ont suivi le lancement du satellite scientifique Alouette 1, le Canada a developpe une competence de haut calibre en ce qui concerne ses besoins et son environnement. Le present article raconte comment les Canadiens ont donne suite a cette premiere performance en developpant les savoirs et la capacite industrielle qui leur ont permis d'exploiter le potentiel de l'espace dans les domaines des communications par satellite, de l'observation de la terre et des sciences de l'espace. L'histoire du Canada dans l'espace, celle du developpement de son premier satellite de communications Anik A et des successeurs font l'objet de ce texte, qui souligne aussi la signification et les evenements saillants du programme Hermes, dont les innovations ont contribue a confirmer la place du Canada parmi les leaders internationaux dans le monde de l'espace.
Elasticity in constitutive modeling of soils

In June 2002 I met Dr. Jacques Desrues at a conference in Minnesota. I overheard Jacques in a discussion with a colleague saying:“I do not believe in elastic strains in soils”. I told him that this is exactly the topic Prof. Kolymbas asked me to present in July in Horton. He said that Prof. Kolymbas approached him with this topic a while ago, but he decided that it was too complicated to get involved. That was when I realized that I was in trouble, but it was already too late to back off.
Starvation Induces Proteasome Autophagy with Different Pathways for Core and Regulatory Particles

The proteasome is responsible for the degradation of many cellular proteins. If and how this abundant and normally stable complex is degraded by cells is largely unknown. Here we show that in yeast, upon nitrogen starvation, proteasomes are targeted for vacuolar degradation through autophagy. Using GFP-tagged proteasome subunits, we observed that autophagy of a core particle (CP) subunit depends on the deubiquitinating enzyme Ubp3, although a regulatory particle (RP) subunit does not. Furthermore, upon blocking of autophagy, RP remained largely nuclear, although CP largely localized to the cytosol as well as granular structures within the cytosol. In all, our data reveal a regulated process for the removal of proteasomes upon nitrogen starvation. This process involves CP and RP dissociation, nuclear export, and independent vacuolar targeting of CP and RP. Thus, in addition to the well characterized transcriptional up-regulation of genes encoding proteasome subunits, cells are also capable of down-regulating cellular levels of proteasomes through proteaphagy.
X-ray Diffraction Study of Laser-Material Interactions with an Ultrafast Table-Top X-ray Source

X-ray diffraction, employing a table-top, laser-driven x-ray source, has been used to investigate laser-material interactions with simultaneous picosecond and subatomic range distance resolution. The x-ray source, consisting of a table-top terawatt laser system and a moving Cu wire target apparatus, generates:_ 5 × 1010 photons (4π steradians s)−1 of Cu Kα radiation. The lattice dynamics of the (111) planes of GaAs single crystals has been studied after the crystal is exposed to intense femtosecond laser pulses. The diffraction results have yielded information about the timescale of the lattice dynamics in the picosecond range and an upper limit for the width of the x-ray pulses. Initial strain, defined as the percentage of lattice distortion resulted from the laser illumination, is as high as 0.25% and is followed by an exponential decay with a time constant of:_ 150 ps. Increases in the diffraction intensity after the laser irradiation have also been observed, likely due to a transition from dynamic to kinematic diffraction associated with degradation of the crystal.
Depiction and description

Pictures and words may be grossly distinguished in terms of how they represent their subjects, and they exemplify, again grossly, the two chief systems by which we represent the world. The iterated grosso modo derives from the fact that the mode of representation pictures exemplify is not uniquely exemplified by them, and the same distinction one seeks to draw between them and words can be gotten to arise within the domain of words themselves, which may be seen to represent in both sorts of ways, so the deep distinction between the two modes of representation would be available even if pictures had somehow never been invented, and words composed our only vehicles of representation. Indeed, it is with respect to words themselves that Plato draws the distinction at Republic 394 between mimesis and diegysis, or, as they are put into English in one widely used translation, between "representation" and "simple narrative." Socrates, there sketching the role of poetry in the curriculum of the guardians, observes in passing that there are three classes of poetic representation: "First, that which employs mimesis only, tragedy and comedy, as you say. Secondly that in which the poet speaks in his own person; the best example is lyric poetry. Thirdly, that which employs both methods, epic and various kinds of poetry." Thus Homer will at times describe what a man is
Optimal Attitude Control of Agile Spacecraft Using Combined Reaction Wheel and Control Moment Gyroscope Arrays

Abstract : This dissertation explores the benefits of combined control moment gyroscope (CMG) and reaction wheel array (RWA) actuation for agile spacecraft. Agile spacecraft are capable of slewing to multiple targets in minimum time. CMGs provide the largest torque capability of current momentum exchange actuation devices but also introduce singularity events in operation. RWAs produce less torque capability than CMGs but can achieve greater pointing accuracy. In this research, a combined RWA and CMG (RWCMG) system is evaluated using analytical simulations and hardware experiments. A closed-loop control scheme is developed which takes advantage of the strengths of each actuator set.The CMGs perform slews for a representative target field. Borrowing from variable-speed CMG theory, a system of switching between CMG and RWA actuation allows the RWA to assume control of the spacecraft when desired pointing tolerance is met for a given target. During collection, the CMG gimbals may travel along null motion trajectories towardpreferred angles to prepare for the next slew. Preferred gimbal angles are pre-computed off-line using optimization techniques or set based on look-up tables. Logic is developed to ensure CMG gimbal angles travel the shortest path to the preferred values. The proportional-integral-derivative, quaternion feedback, and nonlinear Lyapunov-based controllers are assessed for the RWCMG system. Extended and unscented Kalman filter techniques are explored for improved accuracy in analytical simulation. Results of RWCMG hardware experiments show improvements in slew capability, pointing accuracy, and singularity avoidance compared to traditional CMG-only systems.
Evolution of Strain Energy During Recrystallization of Plated Cu Films

Microstructural evolution within thin films is dictated by energy minimization that can arise due to different mechanisms. Conventional treatments that estimate the driving force associated with elastic strain energy often employ a fiber-textured microstructure to arrive at an analytical solution. By approximating the case of a recrystallized grain in a randomly oriented film as an elastically anisotropic inclusion in an elastically isotropic matrix, we can apply Eshelby's inclusion method to calculate both the interaction strains and the strain energy density generated by this elastic incompatibility. A comparison of these two approaches for grains with cubic symmetry reveals that a lower amount of elastic strain energy is generated in the case of an elastically anisotropic grain in an isotropic matrix, suggesting that it is less energetically favorable for Cu (111) grains to recrystallize in films possessing strong (111) texture than in randomly textured films. High-resolution X-ray diffraction measurements are used to extract the difference in the elastic response between recrystallized grains and the untransformed matrix, providing experimental quantification of the induced interaction strains. In addition, the corresponding elastic strain energy values are compared with the appearance of recrystallized (100) grains as a function of film thickness, allowing for a threshold energy density to be extracted. This threshold energy density can be correlated to the difference in surface energy values between (100)- and (111)-oriented grains.
Zirconium and Titanium Propylene Polymerization PrecatalystsSupported by a Fluxional C_2-Symmetric Bis(anilide)pyridine Ligand

Titanium and zirconium complexes supported by a bis(anilide)pyridine ligand (NNN = pyridine-2,6-bis(N-mesitylanilide)) have been synthesized and crystallographically characterized. C_2-symmetric bis(dimethylamide) complexes were generated from aminolysis of M(NMe_2)_4 with the neutral, diprotonated NNN ligand or by salt metathesis of the dipotassium salt of NNN with M(NMe_2)_2Cl_2. In contrast to the case for previously reported pyridine bis(phenoxide) complexes, the ligand geometry of these complexes appears to be dictated by chelate ring strain rather than metal–ligand π bonding. The crystal structures of the five-coordinate dihalide complexes (NNN)MCl_2 (M = Ti, Zr) display a C_1-symmetric geometry with a stabilizing ipso interaction between the metal and the anilido ligand. Coordination of THF to (NNN)ZrCl_2 generates a six-coordinate C_2-symmetric complex. Facile antipode interconversion of the C_2 complexes, possibly via flat C_(2v) intermediates, has been investigated by variable-temperature ^1H NMR spectroscopy for (NNN)MX_2(THF)_n (M = Ti, Zr; X = NMe_2, Cl) and (NNN)Zr(CH_2Ph)_2. These complexes were tested as propylene polymerization precatalysts, with most complexes giving low to moderate activities (10^2–10^4 g/(mol h)) for the formation of stereoirregular polypropylene.
Gerald Vizenor’s Indian Gothic

Much of American literature is concerned with conquering the hostile wilderness and "winning the West." For a long time Americans read little Indian literature, and so we learned almost nothing from the people who "lost" the West, and who considered the wilderness not hostile, but home. In the past fifteen years, however, there has been an efflorescence of Indian literature. The best known of the Indian writers not only have strong tribal identities, but as they are or have been English professors (Scott Momaday at Berkeley, Stanford, and Arizona, James Welch at Montana, Leslie Silko at New Mexico and Arizona, Paula Gunn Allen at Berkeley, and Gerald Vizenor at Berkeley, Minnesota and Santa Cruz), they have a thorough grounding in American literature. It is not surprising that these writers have been reexamining traditional American genres, myths, and themes from a different perspective, the Indian point of view. In Darkness in Saint Louis Bearheart Gerald Vizenor takes the tradi-
Exchange Rate Forecasting

In the previous chapter, we discussed theories of exchange rate determination and we looked at some of the macroeconomic variables (fundamentals) that influence and are influenced by the exchange rate. We can envision a “true” model of the two economies (domestic and foreign) that include all of these variables, incorporate full information, and expectations and in the context of economic optimization and random events generate the time path of foreign exchange rate between two currencies. Forecasting can be thought of as the formal process of generating expectations by using economic theory, mathematics, statistics, and econometric analysis. When expectations for future economic variables are derived, we have an implicit forecast of the variable in question, the exchange rate. The rational expectations theory says that people form expectations of future values of the exchange rate and other variables in the same way that the “true” model of the economy generates these variables. Forecasting is very common and necessary in our times. People take forecasting into consideration when they make economic decisions. These decisions then influence the direction in which the economy will move. Cash flows of all international transactions are affected by the expected value of the exchange rates; therefore, forecasting exchange rate movements is very important for businesses, investors, and policy makers.
A comparative study on the efficiency of therapy of IVIG, IFN-α and ribavirin for the children with infectious mononucleosis

Objective: To evaluate the clinical effect of IVIG, IFN-α and ribavirin on the children with infectious mononucleosis. Methods: One hundred and forty-two children with IM were divided into three groups treated with IVIG, IFN-α and ribavirin respectively. The time of relief of manifestation was analyzed. Results: The effectual rates of IVIG group and IFN-a(97. 2% and 92. 9% respectively) were both higher significantly than that of ribavirin group ( P 0. 01), and the hospitalization of these two groups were shortened. Conclusions: IVIG and IFN-a are effective in to treating IM.
Abstract 45: Critical Residues of the Hemoglobin a / Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Macromolecular Complex Within Endothelial Cells Can Regulate Arterial Reactivity and Blood Pressure

Arterial vascular reactivity is a fundamental process to the regulation of blood pressure, blood flow and oxygen delivery and is governed in part by endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS). We recently demonstrated that monomeric hemoglobin α (Hb α) is 1) expressed in arterial endothelial cells, 2) enriched at the myoendothelial junction, 3) forms a complex with eNOS and 4) regulates the effect of eNOS signaling during vascular reactivity. Based on these results, we hypothesized that a macromolecular complex may form between Hb α and eNOS to regulate NO signaling. In silico modeling of potential Hb α and eNOS protein-protein interaction sites identified a discreet pocket and sequence where Hb α and eNOS may interface. Therefore, we created a TAT-linked peptide identical to the Hb α sequence (Hb α-X) along with a scrambled control (Hb α-scr). Using recombinant eNOS and Hb α protein, we demonstrate by coimmunoprecipitation a loss of protein-protein interaction in the presence of the Hb α-X peptide but not the Hb α-scr. Consistent with these results, the Hb α-X peptide incubated with thoracodorsal arteries exhibited disruption of the Hb α and eNOS complex measured by coimmunoprecpitation and by a proximity ligation technique. Next, we performed vascular reactivity studies, which resulted in significantly altered responses to both phenylephrine and acetylcholine with the Hb α-X peptide, which were reversed with a NOS inhibitor. To test the in vivo effect of these peptides on blood pressure, we administered the peptides to mice via intraperitoneal injection and performed real-time measurements using radio telemetry. Mice injected with the Hb α-X peptide showed a significant decrease in blood pressure (MAP= -10 mmHg). Collectively, these results identify a novel Hb α sequence that is critical for Hb α/eNOS interaction, control of arterial vascular reactivity and regulation of blood pressure.
SU-G-IeP4-05: Experience with a Practical Approach to the Release of Radioactive Patients from Radiation Safety Isolation

Purpose: The radioactive patient releases of the nuclear medicine department in a large cancer center were analyzed to compare the estimated doses to others to the regulatory limit and institutional targets and to gauge how onerous the patients’ instructions were. Methods: In-house software that implements the NUREG 1556 approach and further considers fellow travelers, children and pregnant women and members of the public following Siegel, et al., is used to calculate release timing and to provide patients with individualized instructions. A retrospective analysis of the 218 releases in 2015 that required instructions included all I-131 and Lu-177 treatments. Results: There were 87 male and 131 female patients. They were 45.5±16.5 (8-84) years old, weighed 83.3±21.8 kg and stood 168±10 cm tall with a body mass index of 29.3±6.7 kg/m2. 195 patients received 2.96±2.23 GBq of I-131-NaI for differentiated thyroid carcinoma and eight received 636±231 MBq of I-131-NaI for hyperthyroidism. There were eight administrations of 18.5 GBq of I-131-mIBG and seven administrations of 7.4 GBq of Lu-177-DOTATATE. The dose to the most exposed person was 1.67±1.05 (mode=0.60, median=1.15) mSv. The dose to a fellow traveler was 0.31±0.31 (mode=0.1, median=0.17) mSv. The dose to children and pregnant women was 0.51±0.34 (mode=1.0, median=0.42) mSv. The duration of isolation was 7.7±17.3 (mode=2, median=1.7) hours. The duration of sleeping alone was 60.4±127 (mode=0, median=15.5) hours. The time to delay traveling was 12.2±11 (mode=median=0) hours. The time to completely avoid children and pregnant women was 23.3±26.5 (0–254, mode=median=24) hours followed by limited contact for 20.6±68.1 (0–491, mode=median=0) hours. The time to avoid others (e.g., to wait to return to work) was 12.1±101 (0–1465, mode=median=0) hours. Conclusion: The estimated doses to others were often well below the limits set by regulation, 5 mSv, or prudent practice, 1 mSv. Most patients’ instructions were not hard to comply with.
1-Carbon Cycle Metabolites Methylate Their Way to Fatty Liver

Fatty liver is a complex disease often accompanying metabolic syndrome and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Hepatosteatosis may have roots in multiple metabolic abnormalities. However, metabolic dysfunction in the 1-carbon cycle (1CC), which produces the methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and phosphatidylcholine (PC), induces hepatic lipogenesis in model systems. Human diseases where 1CC or PC synthesis is disrupted, such as alcoholism, congenital lipodystrophy, or cystic fibrosis, often present with fatty liver. Given that the 1CC is clearly linked to this disease, it is critical to understand how the individual metabolites drive mechanisms increasing stored hepatic lipids. In this review, I summarize evidence that ties the 1CC to fatty liver disease along with data proposing mechanisms for increased lipogenesis or decreased lipid export by phosphatidylcholine.
Monte Carlo modeling of phase separation in CuIn x Ga 1−x Se 2

Energetically favorable configurations of defect structures in CIGS are studied with a Metropolis-Hastings lattice Monte Carlo (MC) method. Empirical models or the binding energy of arbitrary CIGS configurations are tested and fit to ab-initio data. The MC simulations yield energetically favorable crystal structures for the optimized binding energy model. These structures reveal temperature-dependent phases of indium-gallium segregation and copper-vacancy segregation. These results are then used in kinetic lattice Monte Carlo (KLMC) simulations to study cation diffusion.
A Plenoptic Multi-Color Imaging Pyrometer

A three-color pyrometer has been developed based on plenoptic imaging technology. Three bandpass filters placed in front of a camera lens allow separate 2D images to be obtained on a single image sensor at three different and adjustable wavelengths selected by the user. Images were obtained of different black- or grey-bodies including a calibration furnace, a radiation heater, and a luminous sulfur match flame. The images obtained of the calibration furnace and radiation heater were processed to determine 2D temperature distributions. Calibration results in the furnace showed that the instrument can measure temperature with an accuracy and precision of 10 Kelvins between 1100 and 1350 K. Time-resolved 2D temperature measurements of the radiation heater are shown.
Does Local Development Influence Outmigration Decisions? Evidence from Indonesia

Summary This paper takes advantage of the exogenous phasing of the district-level elections in Indonesia to establish an unbiased causal impact of local economic development conditions on outmigration decisions. Does the change in service delivery due to decentralization affect the internal migration, a phenomenon not new to Indonesia and driven by the historic uneven development across the archipelago? Furthermore, because the services are no longer centered in Java and Bali, will the migration to these historically popular provinces change? If yes, to what extent? This discussion is of central importance not only in the Indonesian context – where rising population pressures in Java and Bali provinces are the government’s ultimate challenge – but also in the development literature, where empirical research on such questions is made impossible by the lack of appropriate data and context. Two different datasets, the Indonesian Family Life Survey and the Indonesian Census, are used to conduct the analyses. They provide consistent results. A household in a district that went through election is 19% less likely to be a migrant-sending household. This is true particularly for districts that are in Java and Bali. A household in a district in Java and Bali that went through election is 27% less likely to be a migrant-sending household.
The Likelihood of Coliform Bacteria in NJ Domestic Wells Based on Precipitation and Other Factors.

The influence of precipitation on coliform bacteria detection rates in domestic wells was investigated using data collected through the New Jersey Private Well Testing Act. Measured precipitation data from the National Weather Service (NWS) monitoring stations was compared to estimated data from the Multisensor Precipitation Estimate (MPE) in order to determine which source of data to include in the analyses. A strong concordance existed between these two precipitations datasets; therefore, MPE data was utilized as it is geographically more specific to individual wells. Statewide, 10 days of cumulative precipitation prior to testing was found to be an optimal period influencing the likelihood of coliform detections in wells. A logistic regression model was developed to predict the likelihood of coliform occurrence in wells from 10 days of cumulative precipitation data and other predictive variables including geology, season, coliform bacteria analysis method, pH, and nitrate concentration. Total coliform (TC) and fecal coliform or Escherichia coli (FC/EC) were detected more frequently when the preceding 10 days of cumulative precipitation exceeded 34.5 and 54 mm, respectively. Furthermore, the likelihood of coliform detection was highest in wells located in the bedrock region, during summer and autumn, analyzed with the enzyme substrate method, with pH between 5 and 6.99, and (for FC/EC but not TC) nitrate greater than 10 mg/L. Thus, the likelihood of coliform presence in domestic wells can be predicted from readily available environmental factors including timing and magnitude of precipitation, offering outreach opportunities and potential changes to coliform testing recommendations.
Input Quantity Restricted Production

In economics, restrictions on the input space R + N are frequently imposed. In this chapter we analyze the impact on production induced by quantity restricted subvectors of inputs. Our interest in this topic is prompted by the Law of Diminishing Returns introduced into economic thought by Turgot (1767), see Schumpeter (1966). Loosely stated, the law of diminishing returns states that as equal increments of capital and labor are applied successively to a given plot of land, the output resulting from these applications will increase at first up to a certain point, after which further applications will result in decreasing product increments.
VCSEL-based optoelectronic smart pixels

The field of optical interconnects has made dramatic advances over the last few years. We define optical interconnects, or optical data communications, as the optically based hardware and protocols for transmitting digital data over distances ranging from approximately one kilometer down to approximately one centimeter. For these distances, electrical cables and interconnects are still very much contenders and so the focus of R&D in optical data communications has been on reducing costs to the range of the electrical interconnects, while demonstrating performance advantages. Smart pixel technology is designed to address interconnects over the shortest distances (a few centimeters). In order for optical interconnects to be cost effective at those distances, dramatic changes must be made in the way a link is constructed. Heterogeneous integration is likely to be one of the technologies which can produce the required cost reductions. The term smart pixel refers to the heterogeneous integration of optical devices (providing the I/O function) with electronic logic onto a single chip or substrate. In order to provide a context for the description of the objectives and current efforts in the area of VCSEL based smart pixels, this paper will first give a brief description of the major areas of effort in the field of optical data communications, highlighting the role smart pixels are expected to play (Section I). In Section II, the requirements for smart pixel arrays will be discussed. In section III, the unique characteristics of VCSELs which make them promising for application to smart pixels will be discussed. The monolithic integration of VCSELs and MSM photodetectors as a first step in smart pixel integration will be described in Section IV. Potential heterointegration techniques for VCSEL based smart pixels will be discussed in Section V. Section VI will summarize the topics described in this paper.
Mechanical Design Considerations of an “Ironless,” High-Specific-Power Electric Machine

This paper describes the mechanical design considerations for a 1 MW, 14 000 rpm motor which achieves a specific power of at least 13 kW/kg. This is enabled through an “ironless,” inside out, Halbach array permanent magnet, high frequency, and airgap or slotless configuration. The “ironless” design creates mechanical challenges because thin radial builds which reduce weight also typically reduce structural stability and vibrational damping. Structural deformation challenges include radial expansion and static bending. Vibrational issues include stator resonance mode excitation as well as rotor dynamic resonance excitation. The mechanical challenges were studied with analytical calculations and high-fidelity finite-element analysis. These analyses drove design refinements to mitigate these challenges. The rotor has then been tested to verify these analysis results.
A Kinase Duet Performance in the Asymmetric Division of Drosophila Neuroblasts

The ability of progenitor stem cells to divide asymmetrically allows for the production of diverse daughter cell fates.[...]
A Cyber-Physical Systems Approach to Optimizing Internet of Vehicles Architecture with Rapidly Evolving Technology

There is significant work underway to make the internet of vehicles a reality, however the required infrastructure is substantial and the technologies will quickly evolve during the early adaption phase. While an internet of vehicles architecture must be optimized for its key performance metrics, because of the technological volatility, additional objectives measuring the sensitivity of the key performance metrics to technological change should also be included. This would minimize the impact of evolving technologies although it would also effectively double the number of objectives. A large number of objectives creates a significant difficulty for optimization due to Pareto breakdown where a large percentage of the solution space is non-dominated. An approach is developed that casts this as a cyber-physical systems architecting problem using a meta-architecture that represents the problem in terms of systems and interfaces. The systems are formally characterized in manner allowing the objectives to be calculated given an architecture which is a particular instance of the meta-architecture. The meta-architecture is structured as a chromosome to allow the use of a many-objective evolutionary algorithm to optimize the architecture despite the large number of objectives present. An evolutionary algorithm was chosen because it does not require a continuous solution space and can readily enforce constraints on solutions. A guide to problem formulation and models of representative objectives and feasibility constraints are provided to demonstrate this approach.
The Superconducting Transition Temperature

After the presentation of a brief survey of the principal formulae of weak- coupling and strong-coupling superconductivity, followed by discussion of the priorities under which the transition temperature is governed by atomic, band-electronic, and lattice-dynamical effects, the compositional systematics of T c in amorphous and crystalline transition-metal-alloy superconductors are reviewed. The chapter concludes with a documented presentation, in numerical and graphical form, of the transition temperatures of representative and important Ti-base alloy systems.
Judicious Design of Cationic, Cyclometalated Ir(III) Complexes for Photochemical Energy Conversion and Optoelectronics

ConspectusThe exponential growth in published studies on phosphorescent metal complexes has been triggered by their utilization in optoelectronics, solar energy conversion, and biological labeling applications. Very recent breakthroughs in organic photoredox transformations have further increased the research efforts dedicated to discerning the inner workings and structure–property relationships of these chromophores. Initially, the principal focus was on the Ru(II)-tris-diimine complex family. However, the limited photostability and lack of luminescence tunability discovered in these complexes prompted a broadening of the research to include 5d transition metal ions. The resulting increase in ligand field splitting prevents the population of antibonding eg* orbitals and widens the energy range available for color tuning. Particular attention was given to Ir(III), and its cyclometalated, cationic complexes have now replaced Ru(II) in the vast majority of applications.At the start, this Account documents t...
School-Wide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (SWPBIS): A synthesis of existing research

ABSTRACTAlthough evidence suggests significant and positive relationships between School-Wide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (SWPBIS) implementation and student outcomes, research is still needed to review and consolidate this existing literature base. The current study synthesized findings from 55 cases in order to better understand the (a) general quantity, quality, and types of SWPBIS research being conducted, and (b) overall magnitude of these relationships across studies. The majority of cases were single descriptive studies, included PBIS implementation data, and studied diverse elementary or multigrade populations within the United States. Of the cases that performed statistical analyses, the majority reported unanimously positive or predominately positive findings, and these findings were notably more positive for behavioral outcomes than for academic outcomes. Limitations and implications for future research and practice are discussed.
Trait Mindfulness: A Multifaceted Evaluation:

Scant studies have addressed the relations of an array of variables related to trait mindfulness in the context of a single investigation. We tested 800 (67.9% females, 31.3% males, .6% other, and ...
Diagnosis and Evaluation of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

Pancreatic cancer is the fourth most common cause of cancer-related mortality in the United States (1). The 5-yr survival rate is the lowest among all cancers, with estimates ranging from 0.4 to 4%. The only potentially curative treatment for pancreatic cancer is surgical resection. However, because the disease is generally advanced at presentation, only 10–20% of patients are eligible for attempted curative resection. In these patients who undergo pancreaticoduodenectomy, 5-yr survival is somewhat better, about 20% (2). The epidemiology and clinical features of pancreatic cancer will be reviewed. A careful examination of current imaging technology in the staging, diagnosis, and evaluation of pancreatic adenocarcinoma will also be discussed.
TENSILE AND CREEP BEHAVIOR OF GRAPHITES ABOVE 3000°F

At 5000°F the tensile ductility of one lot decreased from 40 to 1 % when the strain rate was increased from 5 × 10−5 to 1 × 10−2 sec−1. The strength increased slightly. Tensile creep rate measured at 4650°F for one lot of graphite was proportional to the square of the applied stress. Preheating a specimen to 5100°F before testing it at 4800°F under a stress of 2800 lb/in2 reduced the creep rate from 4 × 10−5 sec−1 for the non pre-heated specimen to 1.5 × 10−5 sec−1 for the pre-heated specimen. Analysis of the creep data has been attempted in terms of three different creep equations. The equation ∈ = A + B log t + Ct gives the most satisfactory description of the data in agreement with Davidson and Losty. B and C were found to be Arrhenius functions of the temperature and there is evidence that they represent two distinct thermally activated processes. Creep recovery can be approximated by a logarithmic time dependence, though a distribution of relaxation processes is a better approximation.
Flavin homeostasis in the mouse retina during aging and degeneration

Abstract Involvement of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and flavin mononucleotide (FMN) in cellular homeostasis has been well established for tissues other than the retina. Here, we present an optimized method to effectively extract and quantify FAD and FMN from a single neural retina and its corresponding retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Optimizations led to detection efficiency of 0.1 pmol for FAD and FMN while 0.01 pmol for riboflavin. Interestingly, levels of FAD and FMN in the RPE were found to be 1.7- and 12.5-fold higher than their levels in the retina, respectively. Both FAD and FMN levels in the RPE and retina gradually decline with age and preceded the age-dependent drop in the functional competence of the retina as measured by electroretinography. Further, quantifications of retinal levels of FAD and FMN in different mouse models of retinal degeneration revealed differential metabolic requirements of these two factors in relation to the rate and degree of photoreceptor degeneration. We also found twofold reductions in retinal levels of FAD and FMN in two mouse models of diabetic retinopathy. Altogether, our results suggest that retinal levels of FAD and FMN can be used as potential markers to determine state of health of the retina in general and more specifically the photoreceptors.
Oxygen Starvation Unmasks a Killer.

In this issue of Cell Chemical Biology, Jacobsen et al. (2018) investigate the hypoxia selectivity of two cyclolipodepsipeptide natural products bearing a 4-amido-2,4-pentadienoate warhead. A switch in the cell death pathway under hypoxic conditions is observed, suggesting these electrophilic natural products have potential as a prodrug-free approach for treating hypoxic tumors.
Assortative mating by flowering time and its effect on correlated traits in variable environments

Reproductive timing is a key life-history trait that impacts the pool of available mates, the environment experienced during flowering, and the expression of other traits through genetic covariation. Selection on phenology, and its consequences on other life-history traits, has considerable implications in the context of ongoing climate change and shifting growing seasons. To test this, we grew field-collected seed from the wildflower Mimulus guttatus in a greenhouse to assess the standing genetic variation for flowering time and covariation with other traits. We then created full-sib families through phenological assortative mating and grew offspring in three photoperiod treatments representing seasonal variation in daylength. We find substantial quantitative genetic variation for the onset of flowering time, which covaried with vegetative traits. The assortatively-mated offspring varied in their critical photoperiod by over two hours, so that families differed in their probability of flowering across treatments Allocation to flowering and vegetative growth changed across the daylength treatments, with consistent direction and magnitude of covariation among flowering time and other traits. Our results suggest that future studies of flowering time evolution should consider the joint evolution of correlated traits and shifting seasonal selection to understand how environmental variation influences life histories.
Public Performance Metrics: Driving Physician Motivation and Performance.

Author(s): Jen, Maxwell; Han, Vy; Bennett, Kathryn; Rudkin, Scott E.; Wong, Andrew C.; Barton, Erik D.; Gaubert, Ronald | Abstract: Introduction: As providers transition from “fee-for-service” to “pay-for-performance” models, focus has shifted to improving performance. This trend extends to the emergency department (ED) where visits continue to increase across the United States. Our objective was to determine whether displaying public performance metrics of physician triage data could drive intangible motivators and improve triage performance in the ED.Methods: This is a single institution, time-series performance study on a physician-in-triage system. Individual physician baseline metrics—number of patients triaged and dispositioned per shift—were obtained and prominently displayed with identifiable labels during each quarterly physician group meeting. Physicians were informed that metrics would be collected and displayed quarterly and that there would be no bonuses, punishments, or required training; physicians were essentially free to do as they wished. It was made explicit that the goal was to increase the number triaged, and while the number dispositioned would also be displayed, it would not be a focus, thereby acting as this study’s control. At the end of one year, we analyzed metrics.Results: The group’s average number of patients triaged per shift were as follows: Q1-29.2; Q2-31.9; Q3-34.4; Q4-36.5 (Q1 vs Q4, p l 0.00001). The average numbers of patients dispositioned per shift were Q1-16.4; Q2-17.8; Q3-16.9; Q4-15.3 (Q1 vs Q4, p = 0.14). The top 25% of Q1 performers increased their average numbers triaged from Q1-36.5 to Q4-40.3 (ie, a statistically insignificant increase of 3.8 patients per shift [p = 0.07]). The bottom 25% of Q1 performers, on the other hand, increased their averages from Q1-22.4 to Q4-34.5 (ie, a statistically significant increase of 12.2 patients per shift [p = 0.0013]).Conclusion: Public performance metrics can drive intangible motivators (eg, purpose, mastery, and peer pressure), which can be an effective, low-cost strategy to improve individual performance, achieve institutional goals, and thrive in the pay-for-performance era.
A Quick and Inexpensive Alternative to Frozen Section for Diagnosing Myometrial Invasion in Endometrial Cancer

Abstract Objective: Depth of myometrial invasion is an important determinant for performing lymphadenectomy to remove endometrial cancer. Frozen section of the uterus correlates with final patholog...
Nonmedical Use of Prescription Opioids, Heroin Use, Injection Drug Use, and Overdose Mortality in U.S. Adolescents

Objective:We assessed overdose mortality by opioid types involved as well as interrelationships between nonmedical use of prescription opioids (NUPO) and heroin and injection drug use (IDU) among a...