cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Constraint violation reduction search for 0–1 mixed integer linear programming problems

This article presents Constraint Violation Reduction Search (CVRS), a primal heuristic for 0–1 Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) problems. CVRS constructs a series of MILP subproblems by addi...
Anesthesia Machine Failure: A Case Study

This article examines successful management of an anesthesia machine failure with the Draeger (or Drager) Apollo (Draeger Inc) anesthesia workstation. Approximately 45 minutes into the case, while the patient was under general anesthesia and mechanical ventilation, the anesthesia machine failed to achieve positive pressurization following a high-pressure alarm. Despite multiple maneuvers, the issue did not resolve until the machine was manually powered off and on at the main power switch. This case report emphasizes the importance of always having a backup means of patient ventilation and anesthesia administration.
Exercising Immunity: Interleukin-13 Flexes Muscle

Summary Endurance exercise drives physiological changes in the muscle to optimize performance. In a recent study in Science, Knudsen et al. report a role for the type 2 cytokine interleukin-13 in orchestrating metabolic reprogramming that drives adaptation to endurance exercise.
Hardening behavior and phase decomposition in very Ni-rich Nitinol alloys

Abstract A series of Ni-rich Nitinol compositions spanning from 53NiTi to 58NiTi (at%) have been solutionized at 1050 °C and aged at 400 °C, 625 °C, and 750 °C for varying times to determine the correlation between microstructure and hardenability. Compositions of 55NiT, 56NiTi, and 57NiTi displayed peak hardness values near 650 VHN upon quenching, which are on par with tool steels. Upon aging at 400 °C, all but the 55NiTi and 56NiTi compositions exhibited a decrease in hardness initiating, between 1 and 10 h for the lower Ni alloys and after 100 h for the highest Ni containing alloys. The high hardness, including the solution treated condition, was attributed to the precipitation of a large volume fraction of nanoscale Ni 4 Ti 3 platelets that resulted in narrow B2 NiTi matrix channels. These channels provided a microstructure-driven strengthening morphology. Upon increasing Ni content to greater than 56NiTi and increasing the aging time and temperature, the Ni 4 Ti 3 phase decomposed to either Ni 3 Ti 2 and/or Ni 3 Ti with a subsequent loss in hardness. The decomposition morphology between the precipitates was characterized by serial sectioning showing that Ni 4 Ti 3 platelets acted as a heterogeneous nucleation site and subsequent Ni-reservoir during the growth of globular Ni 3 Ti precipitates.
Care erosion in sedation assessment: A prospective comparison of usual care Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale assessment with protocolized assessment for medical intensive care unit patients.

Objectives To determine concordance between an explicit protocolized assessment of the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale and an assessment performed during usual care nursing practice. Research design In an urban, safety-net hospital, intensive care nurses previously trained in sedation assessment recorded a bedside Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale assessment, while study investigators used an explicit script to perform the assessment at a similar time point. Kappa indices determined concordance of the assessments. Bivariate analyses explored factors associated with discordance and unresponsiveness. Results Twenty-one subjects with 38 observations were analysed. Bedside nursing assessment was poorly concordant with protocolized assessment (ƙ = 0.21) with the former reporting significantly lighter sedation (median -2 vs. -5, p = .01). Bedside assessment was significantly less likely than protocolized assessment to categorize subjects as unresponsive (29 vs. 50%, p = .02). Conclusion Methods used in usual clinical practice to assess adequacy of sedation frequently led to oversedation. We propose that care erosion, the deterioration of skills over time, may help explain this finding. Implications for nursing management Results suggest sedation assessment may be particularly vulnerable to care erosion. Nurse managers should monitor for signs of care erosion and consider utilization of explicit scripts during sedation assessment and/or frequent education to ensure sedation assessment accuracy.
GABO: Graph Augmentations with Bi-level Optimization.

Data augmentation refers to a wide range of techniques for improving model generalization by augmenting training examples. Oftentimes such methods require domain knowledge about the dataset at hand, spawning a plethora of recent literature surrounding automated techniques for data augmentation. In this work we apply one such method, bilevel optimization, to tackle the problem of graph classification on the ogbg-molhiv dataset. Our best performing augmentation achieved a test ROCAUC score of 77.77 % with a GIN+virtual classifier, which makes it the most effective augmenter for this classifier on the leaderboard. This framework combines a GIN layer augmentation generator with a bias transformation and outperforms the same classifier augmented using the state-of-the-art FLAG augmentation.
Abstract 13567: Variability in Reported Post-percutaneous Coronary Intervention Mortality Among Physicians Practicing at Multiple Sites in New York State

Introduction: New York State (NYS) publicly reports physician-level post-percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) mortality at each individual site they practice, to empower patients to make inform...
Green’s Functions and Euler’s Formula for \(\zeta (2n)\)

In this note, we calculate the Green’s function for the linear operator \((- \Delta _D)^n,\) where \(- \Delta _D\) is the one-dimensional Dirichlet Laplacian in \(L^2((0,1); dx)\) defined by $$\begin{aligned} - \Delta _D f=-f^{\prime \prime } \end{aligned}$$ with (Dirichlet) boundary conditions \(f(0)=f(1)=0.\) As a consequence of this computation, we obtain Euler’s formula $$\begin{aligned} \zeta (2n) = \sum _{k \in {\mathbb {N}}} k^{-2n} = \dfrac{(-1)^{n-1}2^{2n-1}\pi ^{2n}B_{2n}}{(2n)!}, \quad n\in {\mathbb {N}}, \end{aligned}$$ where \(\zeta (\cdot )\) denotes the Riemann zeta function and \(B_{n}\) is the nth Bernoulli number. This generalizes the example given by Grieser [29] for \(n=1.\) In addition, we derive its z-dependent generalization for \(z \in {\mathbb {C}}\backslash \big \{(k \pi )^{2n}\big \}_{k \in {\mathbb {N}}}\), $$\begin{aligned} \sum _{k \in {\mathbb {N}}} \big [(k\pi )^{2n} - z\big ]^{-1} = \frac{1}{2n z}\bigg [n - \sum _{j=0}^{n-1} \omega _j^{1/2} z^{1/(2n)} \cot \big (\omega _j^{1/2} z^{1/(2n)}\big )\bigg ], \quad n\in {\mathbb {N}}, \end{aligned}$$ where \(\omega _j = e^{2 \pi i j/n}\), \(0 \le j \le n-1\), represent the nth roots of unity. In this context we also derive the Green’s function of \(\big ((- \Delta _D)^n - z I\big )^{-1}\), \(n \in {\mathbb {N}}\).
Evil as a Modal Mismatch: On Hegel's Distinction Between What Is and What Ought to Be

G.W.F. Hegel argues that a philosophy of history should engender comprehension of evil in the world. And yet some commentators have charged his philosophy with transcending mere explication by justifying the existence of these evils. In defense of his words, Hegel famously characterizes evil as a modal mismatch; namely, as the incompatibility between what is given and what ought to be the case. Unfortunately, some readers of Hegel's grand narrative either continue to struggle with or overlook this fine distinction. Against such readings, I organize my paper into three sections that speak directly to these concerns. In §1, against the concern that Hegel's view of the "actual world” justifies suffering, it is shown that his philosophy does not endorse the merely extant world, which is a whole world apart from the actual world. In §2, I articulate the premises of Hegel's Doppelsatz to argue that the famous slogan is not, as some commentators take it, an endorsement of "things as they are.” And in §3, I expose a category error that mistakes an epistemological claim made by Hegel about contingency as a metaphysical assertion in support of evil. Ultimately, I argue that Hegel views evil as neither actual nor necessary nor justified.
Nanolatex technology 1: synthesis and characterization of nanosize acrylic latexes and comparison to their conventional size counterparts

For this study, functional precoalescence (internally crosslinked) and postcoalescence (crosslinkable) conventional latexes were made using seeded semi-continuous emulsion polymerization. Nanosize polymer latexes with or without crosslinkable functional groups were made using a modified microemulsion copolymerization process. Films cast from conventional and nanosize latex were characterized using specific end use tests and fundamental properties using dynamic mechanical analysis, modulated differential scanning calorimetry, and atomic force microscopy. This study compares conventional and nanosize latex with respect to the effect of the type and level of crosslinking, particle size and distribution on latex film formation and morphology, and end use and fundamental properties. Nanosize latex films in general have superior gloss, solvent resistance, and adhesion but inferior water resistance. Stress–strain Young’s modulus showed an increase as a function of increasing crosslinker level in the nanosize latex films.
Methods of satellite oceanography

The theoretical basis for remote sensing measurements of climate and ocean dynamics is examined. Consideration is given to: the absorption of electromagnetic radiation in the atmosphere; scattering in the atmosphere; and satellite observations using visible light. Consideration is also given to: the theory of radio scatter from the sea; scatter of centimeter waves from the sea; and the theory of operation of synthetic aperture radars. Additional topics include: the coordinate systems of satellite orbits for oceanographic remote sensing applications; the operating features of the major U.S. satellite systems for viewing the ocean; and satellite altimetry.
The Consumption and Loss of Personal Property under the Internal Revenue Code

This Article examines the effects that the consumption and loss of personal property' should have upon the determination of taxable income. The provisions of the Internal Revenue Code material to this inquiry are few in number and simple in form. The Code's general rule states that personal, living, and family expenses are not deductible from gross income,2 whereas deductions may be taken for the ordinary and necessary expenses paid or incurred in the production or collection of income or in the maintenance of income-producing property.3 One exception to the rule that personal expenses are not deductible will be studied here, the deduction permitted under the Code for casualty losses to personal property.4 These provisions mark, for our purposes, the extent of the relevant statutory material. They have, over the years, received detailed examination in the literature.5 Almost without exception these inquiries have taken as their outer limit the Code's current structure and have attempted only to interpret
Optimal resilient power grid operation during the course of a progressing wildfire

Abstract We study a two-stage stochastic and nonlinear optimization model for operating a power grid exposed to a natural disaster. Although this approach can be generalized to any natural hazard of continuous (and not instantaneous) nature, our focus is on wildfires. We assume that an approaching wildfire impacts the power grid by reducing the transmission capacity of its overhead lines. At the time when proactive decisions have to be taken, the severity of the wildfire is not known. This introduces uncertainty. In this paper, we extend previous work by more realistically capturing this uncertainty and by strengthening the mathematical programming formulation through standard reformulation techniques. With these reformulation techniques, the resulting two-stage, convex mixed-integer quadratically constrained programming formulation can be efficiently solved using commercial quadratic programming solvers as demonstrated on a case study on a modified version of the IEEE 123-bus test system with 100 scenarios. We also quantify the uncertainties through a second case study using the following three standard metrics of two-stage stochastic optimization: the expected value of perfect information, the expected result of using the expected value solution and the value of the stochastic solution.
A Review of: “A School in Trouble: A Personal Story of Central Falls High School. William R. Holland.”

In February 2010, Superintendent Fran Gallo captured national attention when she announced a plan to terminate all of the teachers at the persistently low-achieving Central Falls High School. Her c...
Persistence in industrial policy impacts: Evidence from Depression-era Mississippi

This paper studies the effects of a large-scale industrial policy implemented in 1930s Mississippi on contemporaneous and modern-day labor market outcomes. Attracted by unprecedented government incentives under Mississippi’s Balance Agriculture with Industry (BAWI) Program, 13 large manufacturing plants established operations in the state between 1936 and 1940. Using difference-in-differences and synthetic control matching techniques, I find that counties that received these plants experienced an over 15% increase in female labor force participation on average in the short run. Moreover, these effects persisted decades into the future, well after many of the original companies shut down. I also find suggestive evidence of an increase in educational attainment among women in counties where BAWI investment occurred. The results highlight the potential for even transitory government interventions to have long-lived effects on labor markets.
Integrating Remotely Sensed Spatial Heterogeneity with a Three-dimensional Forest Succession Model

To address questions concerning the effects of naturally occurring or anthropogenically induced spatial heterogeneity on forested stands and landscapes, it is necessary to couple spatially explicit simulators with georeferenced data. In this study, we quantified heterogeneity within a forested scene from central Maine by using edge detection algorithms designed for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery. A spatially extended forest gap model that incorporates a three-dimensional solar radiation routine was used to simulate forest stand productivity as a function of edge orientation. The model results were then scaled up to the landscape based on the extent of edge and edge orientations detected in the SAR scene. The estimated increase in productivity, as a function of light-mediated edge effects, averaged ≈26% to ≈4% at the pixel (12.1 × 12.1-m) and scene (≈3600-ha) scales, respectively, over a 120-yr period after the edge was created.
When free is not really free: what does it cost to run a database workload in the cloud?

The current computing trend towards cloud-based Database-as-a-Service (DaaS) as an alternative to traditional on-site relational database management systems (RDBMSs) has largely been driven by the perceived simplicity and cost-effectiveness of migrating to a DaaS. However, customers that are attracted to these DaaS alternatives may find that the range of different services and pricing options available to them add an unexpected level of complexity to their decision making. Cloud service pricing models are typically ‘pay-as-you-go' in which the customer is charged based on resource usage such as CPU and memory utilization. Thus, customers considering different DaaS options must take into account how the performance and efficiency of the DaaS will ultimately impact their monthly bill. In this paper, we show that the current DaaS model can produce unpleasant surprises --- for example, the case study that we present in this paper illustrates a scenario in which a DaaS service powered by a DBMS that has a lower hourly rate actually costs more to the end user than a DaaS service that is powered by another DBMS that charges a higher hourly rate. Thus, what we need is a method for the end-user to get an accurate estimate of the true costs that will be incurred without worrying about the nuances of how the DaaS operates. One potential solution to this problem is for DaaS providers to offer a new service called Benchmark as a Service (BaaS) where in the user provides the parameters of their workload and SLA requirements, and get a price quote.
Migration of a Dual Granularity Globally Interconnected PLD Architecture to a 0.5 µm TLM Process

A global interconnect architecture with dual granularity demonstrates considerable migration capability from the original product on 0.8Μ two layer metal process by reducing die size to one third while nearly doubling system frequency when transferred to a 0.5Μ three layer metal process.
Iterative solutions for electromagnetic scattering by gratings

We consider the diffraction of a p -polarized electromagnetic wave incident from the vacuum side onto a one-dimensional grating ruled on the planar surface of a dielectric medium characterized by an isotropic, frequency-dependent dielectric constant ∊(ω). The plane of incidence is assumed to be perpendicular to the grooves of the grating. On the basis of the Rayleigh hypothesis, integral equations are derived for the amplitudes of the reflected and transmitted beams. Formal solutions of these equations are obtained in the form of series of powers of the grating profile function. Recursion relations for determining the successive terms in these expansions are established. It is then pointed out that, if the series for the amplitudes of the reflected and transmitted waves are truncated after any finite number of terms, they have poles at the frequency of a surface polariton on a flat surface and not at the frequency of a surface polariton on the grating surface, in disagreement with the requirements of formal scattering theory. It is shown how the direct iterative series solutions for these coefficients can be rearranged into quotients of two series in powers of the surface-profile function in which the series in the denominator vanishes at the frequency of a surface polariton on the grating surface as required. Recursion relations are derived for the terms in both of these series. The solutions presented here are convenient in not requiring the inversion of large matrices and are well suited for machine computation in addition to possessing the required analytic properties.
Sensor self-localization with beacon position uncertainty

We propose algorithms for distributed sensor self-localization using beacon nodes. These beacon nodes broadcast some information which describes their positions. The sensor nodes with unknown location information utilize these descriptions along with the characteristics of received signals to obtain estimates of their positions. Sensors with resolved positions, in the successive stages of the algorithm also broadcast their location information to other sensors so that they can resolve their own positions. Conditional upon the availability of probabilistic distributions of noise processes, we propose iterative and Monte Carlo sampling-based methods for obtaining sensor location descriptions. We also provide approximate hybrid Cramer-Rao bounds for distributed sensor self-localization and compare them with the proposed algorithms. We demonstrate the performance of the proposed algorithms through extensive computer simulations.
Sigma1 receptor upregulation after chronic methamphetamine self-administration in rats: a study with yoked controls

Sigma1 receptors (Sig-1R) are implicated in behavioral sensitization, conditioned place preference, and cellular restructuring induced by psychostimulants. We previously reported that rats which actively self-administered methamphetamine for 5 weeks and were then withdrawn from methamphetamine for 24 h showed downregulation of dopamine D2 autoreceptors (approximately 30%) in the midbrain and this was not seen in rats that passively received injections of methamphetamine or saline at the same time (yoked controls). Involvement of Sig-1R in the self-administration of psychostimulants, however, has never been reported. This study examined neuroadaptive changes in Sig-1R in the brains of rats self-administering methamphetamine. Three groups of rats were tested simultaneously 5 days per week, for 5 weeks (25 daily sessions). Two groups served as yoked controls and passively received an injection of either 0.1 mg/kg methamphetamine or saline (not contingent on responding) each time a response-contingent injection of 0.1 mg/kg methamphetamine was actively self-administered by the first group of rats. Protein and mRNA levels of Sig-1R were then measured by Western and Northern blottings, respectively. There was a marked upregulation of Sig-1R proteins (50%) in the midbrain and altered levels of Sig-1R mRNA in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of rats that learned to actively self-administer methamphetamine, but not in yoked methamphetamine- or saline-control rats. Neuroadaptive increases in Sig-1R seen in this study may contribute to the reinforcing effects of methamphetamine. This upregulation of Sig-1R may be mediated by increased protein kinase A activity due to downregulation of dopamine D2 autoreceptors.
Combined reduction osteotomy for triphalangeal thumb

Triphalangeal thumb is an uncommon congenital deformity. The thumb is long, awkward, frequently angulated, and may have a broad, unsightly nail. When the middle phalanx has an abnormal C-shaped ("delta") epiphysis, the deformity worsens if untreated. Three triphalangeal thumbs in two patients who were 2 1/2 and 8 1/2 years of age were treated with single-stage combined longitudinal and transverse reduction osteotomy, which included narrowing, shortening, and deangulation by ablating the extra joint and abnormal epiphysis. The patients were followed 48 to 59 months after surgery. Realignment, corrected relative length, and interphalangeal motion have been preserved in all thumbs. Neither patient has developed instability or angulation or had a recurrence after surgery.
Cardiogenic shock associated with calcium-channel and beta blockers: Reversal with intravenous calcium chloride

Two cases in which oral ingestion of beta blocker and slow calcium-channel blocker was associated with profound hypotension and bradycardia are reported, including one case in which serum levels of both drugs were documented in the normal range at a time of severe clinical toxicity. Though unresponsive to usual therapeutic interventions, both patients showed an immediate and dramatic response to intravenous calcium chloride. It is recommended that intravenous calcium chloride be considered in any patient using routine doses of these two agents who presents with hypotension and/or bradycardia.
Effects of deposited fine sediment on life history traits of Physa integra snails

Fine sediment loading is one of the leading causes of ecological impairment to rivers and streams in the United States. However, few studies have addressed how deposited silt affects the life history traits of benthic macroinvertebrates. We determined how deposited silt affects somatic growth, behavior, and egestion rates of Physa integra snails from Emmons Creek, WI by exposing snails to 3 levels of silt (ambient, low, and high) in stream-side once-through flumes and recirculating chambers. Deposited silt did not affect somatic growth rates of snails. Snails that received added silt spent less time on algal-covered tiles than those not receiving silt. Elemental analysis of periphyton revealed higher %C, C:N, and C:P for the silt addition treatments. Per capita egestion rates were higher for the treatments with added silt. Snails exposed to increased deposited silt may have increased ingestion rates to compensate for the reduced food quality after silt addition. Results such as these about how fine sediment affects life history traits of primary consumers can aid in the interpretation of how fine sediment affects aquatic ecosystems.
Antibacterial efficacy and cytotoxicity of three endodontic drugs.

Abstract The antibacterial efficacy and cytotoxicity of three endodontic drugs were studied in vitro. Formocresol, camphorated parachlorophenol, and Cresatin were tested against Staphylococcus aureus and two enterococci in order to determine whether clinical doses of the drugs are effective inhibitors of bacterial growth. Formocresol was the most effective antibacterial drug and was the only effective drug when not in contact with the bacterial lawn. Camphorated parachlorophenol was an effective antibacterial drug only when in contact with the bacteria. Cresatin was not an effective antibacterial drug in this study. The cytotoxicity of the drugs was measured in a mammalian cell culture system. Clinical doses of formocresol, if confined to the pulp chamber of the tooth, were relatively nontoxic to either BHK-21/4 or diploid human embryonic lung cells. Camphorated parachlorophenol and Cresatin, when sealed in the root canal and pulp chamber of the tooth, were not toxic to either cell line.
A framework for evaluating operating targets

Abstract The objective of this paper is to provide an analytical framework to evaluate the relative effectiveness of reserve or monetary base operating targets. We begin the paper by constructing an IS schedule and an expanded LM schedule. Uncertainty is introduced into the model by including stochastic error terms in the product and money market. Then we detail the impact of the exogeneously determined operating target as a constraint upon the equilibration process in the monetary and real sectors. In particular, the operating target determines the structure of the disturbances in the respective markets and the economic target depending upon how fast the markets clear. Since the deviation of the relevant targets from their mean values depend upon the operating target, the standard deviation of the targets are derived for the alternative operating strategies. Using illustrative macroeconomic and money market parameters, loss functions are calculated to provide a basis to evaluate the relative desirability of reserves and the monetary base as the policy instrument. The stability of various intermediate targets as well as one final target, nominal income, is analyzed as is the crucial role played by required reserve ratios. The robustness of these results is also analyzed for various parametric changes.
Examining student decisions to adopt Web 2.0 technologies: theory and empirical tests

The purpose of this study was to examine student awareness of the pedagogical benefits of Web 2.0 to supplement in-class learning and to better understand factors that influence student decisions to adopt these tools, using the Decomposed Theory of Planned Behavior (DTPB). Findings indicated that while many students feel that some Web 2.0 applications can be effective at increasing satisfaction with a course, improving their learning and their writing ability, and increasing student interaction with other students and faculty; few choose to use them in educational contexts. Additional results indicated that student attitudes and their subjective norms are strong indicators of their intentions to use Web 2.0.
Fatigue failure of a star–ratchet gear

Abstract We present an analysis of the fatigue failure of an 18 tooth star–ratchet gear (SRG). The subject gear was implemented in the freewheel assembly of a mountain bicycle. After 6 years of service, the gear failed unexpectedly during a typical off-road ride. The unique geometry of SRGs precluded a simple comparison to existing gear lifetimes. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis of the failed gears showed crack initiation at the root of the gear teeth, followed by fatigue crack propagation and eventual chip-out. A biomechanical analysis of pedaling forces, coupled with explicit power data obtained from instrumented rides over the same trails, in conjunction with a Finite Element Analysis (FEA) of the gear, were used to determine stress amplitudes for fatigue calculations. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) determined the alloy composition of the gear and thus set the strength and fatigue properties of the gear. Basquin’s law, Goodman’s mean stress correction, and Miner’s rule were used to estimate the lifetime, in bike rides, of the gear. Our analysis led to an estimate of 2288 rides, while failure was reported after roughly 312 rides. Given the uncertainties in fatigue life estimation and service use, we find this estimate acceptable.
15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase protein expression in human fetal membranes with and without subclinical inflammation.

Prostaglandins play a central role in the stimulation and maintenance of both term and preterm labor. 15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH), localized primarily to chorion trophoblasts, is the key enzyme responsible for the metabolism of prostaglandins. In preterm chorion, levels of PGDH protein and activity were lower when compared to term and were further reduced with the presence of infection, but effects of subclinical inflammation and membrane rupture on PGDH expression are not known. Our objectives were (1) to determine the relative expression of PGDH in amnion and chorion and (2) to determine the effect of preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) and (3) subclinical inflammation on PGDH protein expression in preterm fetal membranes. Fetal membranes were collected from women with idiopathic preterm labor. Patients were divided into preterm birth (1) <32 weeks with PPROM (n = 6), (2) <32 weeks with intact membranes (n = 11), (3) ≥32 and <37 weeks with PPROM (n = 10), and (4) ≥32 and <37 ...
Investigation of spatially patterned catalytic reactors

Abstract The theme of this work is to enhance the performance of a primary reaction system by introducing dual-functionality into a packed-bed reactor via a spatial pattern. This paper focuses on a generic system in which the primary reaction is equilibrium-limited and an auxiliary reaction is incorporated to act as a drain-off mechanism alleviating the equilibrium constraint. It is found that patterns in which the two catalysts are spatially layered (and maintained at different temperatures) or well-mixed (and operated at a common temperature) can both offer significant improvements over an unpatterned reactor. Operating the well-mixed pattern at high temperature is generally superior to switching between high- and low-temperature layers in the segmented configuration. The exception to this rule occurs when the mixed bed is punished for being hot as either the equilibrium ceiling on the primary reaction drops sharply or a competitive reaction dominates at high temperature. The extent to which the layered pattern’s improvements are compromised by axial heat dispersion between zones is examined in terms of a backflow mixing cell model.
Effects of Air-Supersaturated Water on Survival of Pacific Salmon and Steelhead Smolts

Abstract Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and sockeye (O. nerka) salmon smolts and steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) smolts were exposed to several concentrations of air-supersaturated water in the laboratory from March through June, 1974, the normal fish migration period in the Columbia River and the time when the river water is usually supersaturated. Tests were conducted at 12 C in water 60 cm deep. Time to 20 percent death was determined and lethal threshold concentrations of 114.5 percent saturation for coho, 113.5 percent for sockeye, and 114.0 percent for steelhead were calculated. Ninety-six hour LC50 values were 120.5 percent for coho, 116.7 percent for sockeye, and 116.0 percent total gas percent saturation for steelhead. Thirty-day LC50 values were 116.2 percent for coho, 113.9 percent for sockeye, and 114.0 percent for steelhead. Severe emphysema (bubbles) occurred on fins, in the mouth, and on the head and opercles of the fish exposed to 120 percent and 115 percent saturation. Emphysema was not as...
Differential-pulse polarographic determination of N-nitrosoproline in uncooked meat.

Abstract Ham and bacon have been analysed for N-nitrosoproline by differential-pulse polarography. Quantitative polarograms without interfering peaks were obtained from ethanol extracts prepared after extensive clean-up which included freeze-drying and column chromatography. Differential-pulse polarography proved sufficiently sensitive to give peaks corresponding to ca. 100 μg of N-nitrosoproline per kg in several commercial samples of cured meat.
Transformation of boundary value problems into initial value problems

In a previous paper of the author (SIAM Review, 1962, pp. 43–47), the idea of Blasius for the transformation of the B.V.P., y‴ + yy′' = 0, y(o) = y′(o) = 0, y′(∞) = 2, into a pair of similar I.V.P.'s was extended to D.E.'s or systems of D.E.'s of any order which were invariant under certain groups of homogeneous linear transformations. The boundary conditions were specified at the origin and at infinity and were homogeneous at the initial point. Subsequently, T. Y. Na (SIAM Review, 1967, pp. 204–210; 1968, pp. 85–87) showed that the method was also applicable to finite intervals and also considered other groups of transformations. He noted that for the method to apply, the boundary conditions have to be homogeneous at the initial point. Here, however, we show that homogeneity is not necessary by treating equations subject to a variety of nonhomogeneous boundary conditions.
Segmentation and classification of meetings using multiple information streams

We present a meeting recorder infrastructure used to record and annotate events that occur in meetings. Multiple data streams are recorded and analyzed in order to infer a higher-level state of the group's activities. We describe the hardware and software systems used to capture people's activities as well as the methods used to characterize them.
Model-integrated computing

Computers now control many critical systems in our lives, from the brakes on our cars to the avionics control systems on planes. Such computers wed physical systems to software, tightly integrating the two and generating complex component interactions unknown in earlier systems. Thus, it is imperative that we construct software and its associated physical system so they can evolve together. The paper discusses one approach that accomplishes this called model-integrated computing. This works by extending the scope and use of models. It starts by defining the computational processes that a system must perform and develops models that become the backbone for the development of computer-based systems. In this approach, integrated, multiple-view models capture information relevant to the system under design. The paper considers the Multigraph Architecture framework for model-integrated computing developed at Vanderbilt's Measurement and Computing Systems Laboratory.
Water-Cooled Gas Turbine Monometallic Nozzle Fabrication and Testing

This paper describes the fabrication and testing of the second-stage monometallic water-cooled nozzles for the Department of Energy funded High-Temperature Turbine Technology (HTTT) program. The materials and processes development work required to fabricate these nozzles has been reported in an earlier paper. The fabrication of these nozzles—including investment casting, Shaped Tube Electrolytic Machining (STEM), Electrode discharge Machining (EDM), conventional machining, and brazing—is described. The testing of these nozzles in a static hot-gas path development test stand is also described, and the results of this testing are discussed in terms of the overall component design goals.
Assessment and validation of the community radiative transfer model for ice cloud conditions

The performance of the Community Radiative Transfer Model (CRTM) under ice cloud conditions is evaluated and improved with the implementation of MODIS collection 6 ice cloud optical property model based on the use of severely roughened solid column aggregates and a modified Gamma particle size distribution. New ice cloud bulk scattering properties (namely, the extinction efficiency, single-scattering albedo, asymmetry factor, and scattering phase function) suitable for application to the CRTM are calculated by using the most up-to-date ice particle optical property library. CRTM-based simulations illustrate reasonable accuracy in comparison with the counterparts derived from a combination of the Discrete Ordinate Radiative Transfer (DISORT) model and the Line-by-line Radiative Transfer Model (LBLRTM). Furthermore, simulations of the top of the atmosphere brightness temperature with CRTM for the Crosstrack Infrared Sounder (CrIS) are carried out to further evaluate the updated CRTM ice cloud optical property look-up table.
Fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth restored with composite posts.

Abstract Statement of Problem. The most recent application of fiber-reinforced composites involves their use as post and core systems to restore endodontically treated teeth. Even though this last application has been advertised and used clinically by many dentists, there is very little information regarding the physical properties of these post systems. Purpose. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of 3 fiber-reinforced composite post systems on the fracture resistance and mode of failure of endodontically treated teeth. Material and Methods. Ninety maxillary central incisors were divided into 8 experimental groups and 1 stainless steel (ParaPost) control group of 10 specimens each. Eighty teeth were assigned to 2 main experimental groups called "narrow" and "flared" canals. For the narrow canal group, post spaces were prepared with the corresponding reamer to restore the teeth with FibreKor, Luscent anchors, and Ribbond posts of 1.5 mm, 1.6 mm, and 2.0 mm in diameter, respectively. For the flared canals group thin-walled canals were simulated. Teeth for the flared canals were restored with the same posts but were cemented into tapered 2 mm wide canals created with a tapered diamond bur. Prefabricated posts (FibreKor and Luscent anchors) for narrow and flared canals were cemented with an autopolymerized resin cement and a flowable composite, respectively, whereas customized Ribbond posts were luted with a light-polymerized flowable composite for both canal types. An additional set of 20 Ribbond posts with coronal portions of variable size and shape referred to as "Ribbond nonstandardized" were also prepared and evaluated. Specimens were loaded to failure (kg) with a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.05 cm/min until failure occurred. Data were analyzed with analysis of variance and Student t tests ( P Results. Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference between flared and narrow canals in mean load to failure between the post systems except for the Ribbond posts ( P P Conclusion. Results from the study show that the load to failure of the stainless steel posts were significantly stronger than all the composite posts studied. However, the mode of failure or deflection of the fiber-reinforced composite posts is protective to the remaining tooth structure. (J Prosthet Dent 2003;89:360-7.)
PROTEIN FRACTIONS OF A SCARLATINAL STRAIN OF STREPTOCOCCUS HEMOLYTICUS

1. A tentative method is described for extracting a labile nucleo-protein from scarlatinal Streptococcus hemolyticus. 2. The product differs chemically and serologically from the fractions prepared by subsequent alkaline extraction of the cell residues, and from protein obtained by the classical method for extraction of bacterial "nucleoproteins." 3. The new nucleoprotein is sensitive to very weak alkalies and readily loses nucleic acid under these conditions. The protein degradation products resemble the alkaline-extracted protein fractions of the cell residues. 4. The bearing of the properties of the new nucleoprotein on the chemistry of nucleoproteins in general is discussed, also the possible relation of the fractions obtained to the analysis of streptococcus antigens made by Lancefield.
The influence of experimental manipulations on chewing speed during in vivo laboratory research in tufted capuchins (Cebus apella).

Even though in vivo studies of mastication in living primates are often used to test functional and adaptive hypotheses explaining primate masticatory behavior, we currently have little data addressing how experimental procedures performed in the laboratory influence mastication. The obvious logistical issue in assessing how animal manipulation impacts feeding physiology reflects the difficulty in quantifying mechanical parameters without handling the animal. In this study, we measured chewing cycle duration as a mechanical variable that can be collected remotely to: 1) assess how experimental manipulations affect chewing speed in Cebus apella, 2) compare captive chewing cycle durations to that of wild conspecifics, and 3) document sources of variation (beyond experimental manipulation) impacting captive chewing cycle durations. We find that experimental manipulations do increase chewing cycle durations in C. apella by as much as 152 milliseconds (ms) on average. These slower chewing speeds are mainly an effect of anesthesia (and/or restraint), rather than electrode implantation or more invasive surgical procedures. Comparison of captive and wild C. apella suggest there is no novel effect of captivity on chewing speed, although this cannot unequivocally demonstrate that masticatory mechanics are similar in captive and wild individuals. Furthermore, we document significant differences in cycle durations due to inter-individual variation and food type, although duration did not always significantly correlate with mechanical properties of foods. We advocate that the significant reduction in chewing speed be considered as an appropriate qualification when applying the results of laboratory-based feeding studies to adaptive explanations of primate feeding behaviors. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Analysis of Plethysmographic Estimation of Alveolar Pressure

Relationships between the change in a representative alveolar pressure in a pulmonary system which acts as a single mechanical compartment and changes in measurable variables are derived for several plethysmographic systems. Derivations considering air as a one-component gas are presented for the pressure and flow-displacement plethysmographs in which the subject exchanges respired gas with air in the box, and for a plethysmograph from which the subject breathes gas from outside the box using a tube through the box wall. A set of assumptions and approximations which can be invoked to develop the standard differential plethysmographic equations is explicitly stated. The analysis is extended to include multicomponent gas mixtures and mass exchange between alveolar gas and blood for a generalized plethysmographic configuration. Some practical requirements on experimental conditions arising from the derived relationships and the assumptions and approximations used in the derivations are considered.
Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry in a high homogeneity 25 tesla resistive magnet

Many performance parameters of Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometry improve dramatically with increasing magnetic field. Our prior results from a 20 tesla resistive magnet showed that performance was limited by the large spatial inhomogeneity in spite of the high field. In this paper, we compare matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectra at the same magnetic field for two resistive magnets with different field spatial homogeneity. In addition, we report MALDI spectra at 25 tesla—the highest magnetic field for FT-ICR to date. The first broadband FT-ICR mass spectrum [poly(ethylene glycol) 2000] from a resistive magnet is accurately fitted by the standard ICR mass calibration function.
Enantiomeric Propanolamines as selective N-Methyl-d-aspartate 2B Receptor Antagonists†

Enantiomeric propanolamines have been identified as a new class of NR2B-selective NMDA receptor antagonists. The most effective agents are biaryl structures, synthesized in six steps with overall yields ranging from 11−64%. The compounds are potent and selective inhibitors of NR2B-containing recombinant NMDA receptors with IC50 values between 30−100 nM. Potency is strongly controlled by substitution on both rings and the centrally located amine nitrogen. SAR analysis suggests that well-balanced polarity and chain-length factors provide the greatest inhibitory potency. Structural comparisons based on 3D shape analysis and electrostatic complementarity support this conclusion. The antagonists are neuroprotective in both in vitro and in vivo models of ischemic cell death. In addition, some compounds exhibit anticonvulsant properties. Unlike earlier generation NMDA receptor antagonists and some NR2B-selective antagonists, the present series of propanolamines does not cause increased locomotion in rodents. Thu...
Hunger, thirst, and energy intakes following consumption of caloric beverages

Whereas soft drinks are described as primarily thirst-quenching liquids, juices and milk are said to be liquid foods, with a greater satiating power. This study was conducted to compare the effects of orange juice, low-fat milk (1%), regular cola, and sparkling water on hunger, thirst, satiety, and energy intakes at the next meal. Thirty-two volunteers (14 men and 18 women), ages 18-35 years, consumed a breakfast preload composed of 590 ml (20 oz) of an energy-containing beverage (1036 kJ) or water (0 kJ) and a slice of toast (418 kJ) on four different occasions. Participants rated hunger, thirst, fullness, and desire to eat at baseline and at 20-min intervals for 2 h following preload ingestion. A tray lunch was presented at 2 h, 15 min and food consumption was measured. Compared to sparkling water, the three energy-containing beverages were associated with higher fullness and reduced hunger rating and desire to eat. However, energy intakes at lunch (4511+/-151 kJ for men and 3183+/-203 kJ for women) were the same across all four beverage conditions and no compensation for breakfast energy was observed. The three beverages of equal energy value were significantly different from sparkling water, but not from each other, in their effects on hunger and satiety ratings. All four beverages satisfied thirst equally well. Whether energy-containing cola, juice, and low-fat milk facilitate a positive energy balance remains a topic for further study.
The relation of visual field defects to retinotectal topography in teleost fish.

Abstract Classical heart rate conditioning was employed for mapping the location and extent of scotomata due to surgical lesions in the optic tectum of a marine teleost, Girella nigricans (Ayres). The resulting maps of the visual field were compared with subsequently obtained maps of the retinotectal projection by electrophysiological techniques. The results reveal a strict parallel between anatomical orderliness of the retinal projection upon the midbrain tectum and functional vision. A small lesion in the optic tectum abolishes vision in a specific area of the visual field which is related to the site of the lesion in conformity with the electrophysiologically determined projection pattern. The areas of the visual field noted by an absence of the conditioned cardiac response were found to be larger than the unresponsive area determined by electrophysiological methods. Extensive lesions in the dorsum of the tectum resulted in a superior horizontal hemianopia when mapped by the cardiac conditioned response several days after surgery. The electrophysiologically unresponsive areas appear to be due to local surface damage caused by the lesion, added to by interruption of passing optic fibers, whereas the large field defects determined by the conditioned response perimetry seem to be so much larger, principally due to additional destruction in the tectal neuropil, sometimes also due to occasional section of efferent fiber tracts. Regeneration with restitution of vision was observed 50 days after a lesion restricted to the superficial tectal layers.