cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incorporation of 2-deoxy-D-glucose into glycolipids of normal and SV40-transformed hamster cells.

Abstract 1. 1. Normal hamster embryo fibroblast cells and SV40-transformed hamster cells grown in the presence of radioactive 2-deoxyglucose, a glucose and mannose analogue, incorporate the 2-deoxyglucose into membrane glycolipids. Hydrolysis of the 2-deoxyglucose-labeled lipids reveals that 2-deoxyglucose is incorporated intact. 2. 2. Short term labeling experiments reveal that both 2-deoxyglucose and glucosamine are rapidly incorporated into glycolipid and in significant amounts. 3. 3. The above results demonstrate that 2-deoxyglucose can be metabolized beyond 2-deoxyglucose 6-phosphate and 2-deoxygluconic acid 6-phosphate in both normal and SV40-transformed hamster cells.
Alkaline opening of imidazole ring of 7-methylguanosine. 2. Further studies on reaction mechanisms and products

SUMMARY High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to follow the kinetics of the alkaline induced opening of the imidazole ring of 7-methylguanosine (7-meGuo). The kinetics show an initial rapid formation of a major transient intermediate and some minor products that were chromatographically separable into seven peaks. This phase of the reaction is followed by the formation of a dominant pyrimidine derivative whose liquid chromatography retention time in a 6% methanol, 0.01 M NI~H2PO4 (pH 5.1) solvent is 6 min; during the rest of the reaction time this dominant species was progressively converted to a co<iominant species that has a 4.5-min column retention. Mass spectroscopy confirmed the existence of two species of ring opened 7-methylguanine (7-meGua), one formylated and another deforrnylated. Schiff's reaction demonstrated that the species in the second HPLC peak is the formylated one. The ring opened 7-methylguanine (romTGua) released by formamidopyrimidine (FAPy)-DNA glycosylase was shown to coelute with the formylated species. These results demonstrate that the enzyme excises formylated romTGua from DNA Analysis of romTGuo by NMR showed that there are two signals assignable to methyl protons and two to formyl protons. These chemical shifts were interpreted as being due to the opening of the imidazole ring at two sites and to the formation of formylated and deformylated rom7Gua.
Thermal tuning and broadening of the spectral lines of trivalent neodymium in laser crystals

This work reports a large number of experimental investigations of the effects of temperature on the sharp spectral lines of the trivalent neodymium ion in laser-type crystals. The available theory that explains these effects in simple luminescence systems is applied to the cases examined when possible. Some general conclusions regarding the thermal effects on the systems examined are presented. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Basal Protein Phosphorylation Is Decreased and Phosphatase Activity Increased by an Antioxidant and a Free Radical Trap in Primary Rat Glia

Reversible protein phosphorylation regulates a wide array of cellular functions. Cells respond to cytokines and various stressors via phosphorylation and thus activation of one or more of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Involvement of these signal transduction pathways has been implicated in numerous pathologies, including inflammation. Using a primary glia cell culture, we show here that the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and the nitrone-based free radical trap, alpha-phenyl-N-tert-butyl nitrone (PBN), reduce total basal protein phosphorylation in a concentration-dependent manner as assessed by phosphotyrosine analysis and by [gamma-32P]ATP transfer radioassay. In addition we show that NAC inhibits H2O2-induced phosphatase inactivation in glia cell lysate. The PBN- and NAC-induced reduction in protein phosphorylation is accompanied by an increase in phosphatase activity, suggesting that PBN and NAC reduce protein phosphorylation by globally augmenting oxidant-sensitive phosphatase activities. These results partly explain why certain antioxidants also possess anti-inflammatory actions.
New developments in clinical practice guidelines

During the last four years revised clinical practice guidelines on nutritional support have been published by the major nutritional societies worldwide. The aim of these guidelines is to promote the safe and effective care of patients who need nutritional support as part of their overall management. All guidelines are based on the available “best evidence” in order to assist nutrition professionals in making decisions on the appropriate and cost-effective nutritional practices. Although such guidelines are a useful tool to patient management, they are meant to support, not replace, the clinical judgment and experience of nutrition professionals.
Generating guitar tablature with LHF notation via DGA and ANN

This paper describes a system for converting music to guitar tablature. At run time, the system employs a distributed genetic algorithm (DGA) to create tablature and an artificial neural network to assign fingers to each note. Three additional genetic algorithms are used to optimize the fitness function of the DGA, the operating parameters of the DGA, and the learning environment of the Neural Network. These steps are taken in the hope of maximizing the consistency of our algorithm with human experts. The results have been encouraging.
Consideration of Alternatives in Decision Making

The current emphasis on environmental quality, which includes both man-made and natural environments, has had a significant impact on planning, design, and construction of engineering works. Until recent time, however, the major emphasis has been primarily on market or monetary values, even though some recognition was given to intangible values or those difficult to quantify. The incorporation of multidiscipline teams into project planning has helped insure consideration of all factors, as has introduction of new techniques for developing and presenting alternate project plans. The multi-institutional Westwide water resources planning being directed by the Bureau of Reclamation provides a sound guide to be used in weighing various alternatives in decision making. Experiences of Bureau of Reclamation and Corps of Engineers in incorporating the environmental quality objective into design and construction of selected water resource projects are described.
Idiopathic epicardial ventricular tachycardia with origin remote from vascular structures

We report a case of a patient with idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia (VT) successfully ablated from the epicardial aspect of the left ventricle, after a previous failed endocardial ablation. The VT appeared to be catecholamine sensitive. An excellent epicardial pacemap was found in the midlateral region of the left ventricle, remote from vascular structures. Following ablation, the patient discontinued antiarrhythmic drug use and has not experienced any recurrence of VT for more than 2 1/2 years.
Theory and methodology for utilizing genes as biomarkers to determine potential biological mixtures.

Purpose Genetically determined mixture information can be used as a surrogate for physical or behavioral characteristics in epidemiological studies examining research questions related to socially stigmatized behaviors and horizontally transmitted infections. A new measure, the probability of mixture discrimination (P MD ), was developed to aid mixture analysis that estimates the ability to differentiate single from multiple genomes in biological mixtures. Methods Four autosomal short tandem repeats (STRs) were identified, genotyped and evaluated in African American, European American, Hispanic, and Chinese individuals to estimate P MD . Theoretical P MD frameworks were also developed for autosomal and sex-linked (X and Y) STR markers in potential male/male, male/female and female/female mixtures. Results Autosomal STRs genetically determine the presence of multiple genomes in mixture samples of unknown genders with more power than the apparently simpler X and Y chromosome STRs. Evaluation of four autosomal STR loci enables the detection of mixtures of DNA from multiple sources with above 99% probability in all four racial/ethnic populations. Conclusions The genetic-based approach has applications in epidemiology that provide viable alternatives to survey-based study designs. The analysis of genes as biomarkers can be used as a gold standard for validating measurements from self-reported behaviors that tend to be sensitive or socially stigmatizing, such as those involving sex and drugs.
Nanomaterials in fluorescence-based biosensing

Fluorescence-based detection is the most common method utilized in biosensing because of its high sensitivity, simplicity, and diversity. In the era of nanotechnology, nanomaterials are starting to replace traditional organic dyes as detection labels because they offer superior optical properties, such as brighter fluorescence, wider selections of excitation and emission wavelengths, higher photostability, etc. Their size- or shape-controllable optical characteristics also facilitate the selection of diverse probes for higher assay throughput. Furthermore, the nanostructure can provide a solid support for sensing assays with multiple probe molecules attached to each nanostructure, simplifying assay design and increasing the labeling ratio for higher sensitivity. The current review summarizes the applications of nanomaterials—including quantum dots, metal nanoparticles, and silica nanoparticles—in biosensing using detection techniques such as fluorescence, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), fluorescence lifetime measurement, and multiphoton microscopy. The advantages nanomaterials bring to the field of biosensing are discussed. The review also points out the importance of analytical separations in the preparation of nanomaterials with fine optical and physical properties for biosensing. In conclusion, nanotechnology provides a great opportunity to analytical chemists to develop better sensing strategies, but also relies on modern analytical techniques to pave its way to practical applications.
Miniature penning cell array for on-chip vacuum pumping

This paper presents a miniaturized Penning cell array for on-chip sputter-ion vacuum pumping. The effects of miniaturization on pumping performance - including cut-off magnetic flux, pumping rate, and minimum operating pressure - are examined. The pump is experimentally shown to reduce pressure by 600 mTorr (80 Pa) from a starting pressure of 18 Torr (2.4 kPa) in 30 minutes of operation. The rate of molecular removal is typically 3–15 × 1013 molecules per second. The architecture allows device operation at pressures at least as low as 70 mTorr (9.3 Pa), representing an improvement of two orders of magnitude over previously reported micro-sputter-ion pumps.
Guided sprouting from endothelial spheroids in fibrin gels aligned by magnetic fields and cell-induced gel compaction

An aligned engineered microvascular network is critical to the culture of thick or highly metabolic tissue in vitro due to the need for inlet and outlet sides for perfusion of the network. Contact guidance may be a way to achieve aligned networks, but the relationship between the alignment of endothelial sprouts and the alignment of extracellular matrix fibers has yet to be fully elucidated. The data presented here show that sprouts from human blood outgrowth endothelial cell spheroids align with fibrin fibrils, and that the extent to which the sprouts align depends upon the strength of the fibril alignment. This was true for both magnetically-aligned fibrin and fibrin aligned via cell-induced gel compaction, although magnetically-aligned fibrin was more effective over the same culture period. The data also demonstrate that longer sprouts are grown when the fibrils, and thus the sprouts, are more strongly aligned. The formation of aligned endothelial sprouts using these methods can be an essential step in the generation of aligned microvascular networks.
Validation of inverse seasonal peak mortality in medieval plagues, including the Black Death, in comparison to modern Yersinia pestis - variant diseases.

Background Recent studies have noted myriad qualitative and quantitative inconsistencies between the medieval Black Death (and subsequent “plagues”) and modern empirical Y. pestis plague data, most of which is derived from the Indian and Chinese plague outbreaks of A.D. 1900±15 years. Previous works have noted apparent differences in seasonal mortality peaks during Black Death outbreaks versus peaks of bubonic and pneumonic plagues attributed to Y. pestis infection, but have not provided spatiotemporal statistical support. Our objective here was to validate individual observations of this seasonal discrepancy in peak mortality between historical epidemics and modern empirical data. Methodology/Principal Findings We compiled and aggregated multiple daily, weekly and monthly datasets of both Y. pestis plague epidemics and suspected Black Death epidemics to compare seasonal differences in mortality peaks at a monthly resolution. Statistical and time series analyses of the epidemic data indicate that a seasonal inversion in peak mortality does exist between known Y. pestis plague and suspected Black Death epidemics. We provide possible explanations for this seasonal inversion. Conclusions/Significance These results add further evidence of inconsistency between historical plagues, including the Black Death, and our current understanding of Y. pestis-variant disease. We expect that the line of inquiry into the disputed cause of the greatest recorded epidemic will continue to intensify. Given the rapid pace of environmental change in the modern world, it is crucial that we understand past lethal outbreaks as fully as possible in order to prepare for future deadly pandemics.
(4+2)-cycloadditions of substituted arenediazocyanides: A kinetic study of a new dienophile

Abstract The rate constants of the (4+2)-cycloaddition reaction between substituted E -arenediazocyanides and 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene have been determined in several solvents. The reaction displays linear Hammett behavior; the data suggest a concerted reaction mechanism.
Modeling and controlling a robotic convoy using guidance laws strategies

This paper deals with the problem of modeling and controlling a robotic convoy. Guidance laws techniques are used to provide a mathematical formulation of the problem. The guidance laws used for this purpose are the velocity pursuit, the deviated pursuit, and the proportional navigation. The velocity pursuit equations model the robot's path under various sensors based control laws. A systematic study of the tracking problem based on this technique is undertaken. These guidance laws are applied to derive decentralized control laws for the angular and linear velocities. For the angular velocity, the control law is directly derived from the guidance laws after considering the relative kinematics equations between successive robots. The second control law maintains the distance between successive robots constant by controlling the linear velocity. This control law is derived by considering the kinematics equations between successive robots under the considered guidance law. Properties of the method are discussed and proven. Simulation results confirm the validity of our approach, as well as the validity of the properties of the method.
A high-frequency track-and-hold stage with offset and gain compensation

A novel fully differential track-and-hold stage is proposed. The gain of the stage does not depend on capacitor matching, and it uses a predictive correlated-double-sampling scheme to reduce the effects of op-amp offset and finite dc gain. Due to these properties, it is well suited for the construction of a fully differential sample-and-hold stage using a ping-pong approach. Simulations indicate that the circuit is capable of high-speed and high-accuracy operation without requiring high-quality components. >
Efficient Z-scheme charge separation in novel vertically aligned ZnO/CdSSe nanotrees

A new tree-like ZnO/CdSSe nanocomposite with CdSSe branches grown on ZnO nanowires prepared via a two-step chemical vapor deposition is presented. The nanotrees (NTs) are vertically aligned on a substrate. The CdSSe branches result in strong visible light absorption and form a type-II heterojunction with the ZnO stem that facilitates efficient electron transfer. A combination of photoluminescence spectroscopy and lifetime measurements indicates that the NTs are promising materials for applications that benefit from a Z-scheme charge transfer mechanism. Vertically aligned branched ZnO nanowires can provide direct electron transport pathways to substrates and allow for efficient charge separation. These advantages of nanoscale hierarchical heterostructures make ZnO/CdSSe NTs a promising semiconductor material for solar cells, and other opto-electronic devices.
The Cladophora resurgence in Lake Ontario: characterization and implications for management

Nuisance growth of the alga Cladophora, reported from Lake Ontario since the 1930s, abated in the decades following implementation of phosphorus control measures in the 1970s. Our examination of beach fouling records and historical observations of algal biomass has confirmed literature reports that a resurgence in nuisance growth of Cladophora has occurred since invasion of Great Lakes waters by dreissenids. Our findings indicate that the growth rate of Cladophora (specific rate of net photosynthesis) has decreased by 44% since 1972 in response to phosphorus controls. However, improved transparency, a response to mussel activity, has increased the maximum depth colonizable by Cladophora by a factor of 5 over that same interval. The net result is a sixfold increase in production potential since the late 1980s (the Post-P Management II Period) and a threefold increase since the 1970s (the Pre-P Management Period). Although the Cladophora resurgence has been driven by dreissenid modification of the light env...
Franklin H. Epstein Lecture: Sirtuins, aging, and medicine.

In this year's Franklin H. Epstein Lecture, Leonard Guarente summarizes the many biologic properties of the sirtuin family of deacetylases and explains why enhancement or inhibition of specific sirtuins may influence many common diseases and longevity.
Use of the Mediator Design Pattern in the LaSRS++ framework

Software design patterns are effective, efficient, established solutions to common software design problems. The Mediator Design Pattern is a particularly simple design pattern. It is used extensively in the NASA Langley Standard Real-Time Simulation in C++ (LaSRS++) Framework. The Mediator Design Pattern acts as an information “broker” between the components of a system. The use of the Mediator Design Pattern is a simple means by which re-usability, simplicity and testability of flight simulation software can be obtained.
Respiratory Metabolism of Homogenates during the Embryonic Development of the Mealworm, Tenebrio Molitor Linnaeus, with Added Substrates and Inhibitors

Ludwig and Barsa (1955) compared the activity of the succinoxidase system with the rate, of O2 consumption during the egg stage of the mealworm, Tenebrio molitor. They found that enzyme activity remained constant during the first half and increased rapidly during the last half of this stage. Oxygen consumption, however, was very low in newly laid eggs. It increased rapidly during the first 24 hours and thereafter followed the same relative changes as did enzyme activity.
Grasshopper Response to Rapid Vertical Displacements within a “Clear Air” Boundary Layer as Observed by Doppler Radar

Dual-polarization radar recorded insect behavior when a gust flow interacted with a deep, dense cloud of large insects over North Dakota on 4 July 1987. These data reveal areas within the upper parts of the cloud with apparent active modified flight behavior. Disturbed areas were separated from adjacent undisturbed areas by only a few hundred meters. The boundary layer was not capped and circulations were free to rise above an apparent flight ceiling of ≈1,800 m and where temperatures were in the range 12–15°C. Disturbances in some areas extended downward 1,000–1,200 m from the top of the cloud to levels where the temperatures were ≈10°C warmer. Kinematic analysis of Doppler velocities revealed close correspondence between the areas of modified flight behavior and strong updrafts (and in a few instances, strong downdrafts). The data permit at least five explanations for the apparent modified flight behavior. These are passive sorting in updrafts, and active response to turbulence, rates of change of temperature, rates of change of pressure, and the presence of clouds.
The displacement field due to an interface crack along an elastic inclusion in a differing elastic matrix

A two dimensional mathematical model of an interface crack which lies along an elastic inclusion embedded in an elastic matrix with different elastic constants is considered. In contrast to a previous study by Toya, which determined only the displacement of the crack faces for a far-field biaxial load, a formula for theEntire displacement throughout the matrix and inclusion is obtained for a far-field biaxial load. Herrmann [16], which considered a fixed rigid inclusion, and this paper are the first solutions for the entire displacement of an interface crack problem with in plane far-field loading. From this expression for the displacement, a natural decomposition of the problem is identified and the extent of the predicted interpenetration of the crack faces is discussed for each case. It is seen, analogous to a Griffith crack, that interpenetration regions always occur and are large for most mixed far-field loads. This confirms the statement in England [10] that “it might be expected... that a similar wrinkling and crossover phenomena will be observed near the ends of the crack.” This elegant closed-form expression for the displacements throughout both the matrix and the inclusion is of interest either for use as a benchmark for numerical studies of interface problems or to determine a domain of influence for interface cracks in fiber-reinforced and particular composites.
Social Norms and Stigma Regarding Unintended Pregnancy and Pregnancy Decisions: A Qualitative Study of Young Women in Alabama

CONTEXT Social norms and stigma may play important roles in reproductive health behavior and decision making among young women in the U.S. South, who disproportionately experience unintended pregnancies. No research has described the presence and manifestations of social norms and stigmas associated with unintended pregnancy and related decision making from the perspective of this population. METHODS Six focus groups and 12 cognitive interviews were conducted between December 2013 and July 2014 with 46 low-income women aged 19–24 living in Birmingham, Alabama; respondents were recruited from two public health department centers and a community college. Semistructured interview guides were used to facilitate discussion about social perceptions of unintended pregnancy and related pregnancy decisions. Sessions were audio-recorded, and transcripts were analyzed using a theme-based approach. RESULTS Participants described community expectations that pregnancy occur in the context of monogamous relationships, in which both partners are mature, educated and financially stable. However, respondents reported that unintended pregnancy outside of these circumstances was common, and that the community expected young women faced with unintended pregnancies to bear and raise their children. Women who chose to do so were viewed more positively than were women who chose abortion or adoption. The community generally considered these alternatives to parenting unacceptable, and participants discussed them in terms of negative labels, social judgment and nondisclosure. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest a need to reduce stigma and create a social environment in which young women are empowered to make the best reproductive decisions for themselves.
Precipitation Behavior of Inclusions in 253MA Steel with Different Cleanliness

A coupled thermodynamic model of inclusion precipitation and solute elements microsegregation during solidification of 253 MA steel was established on the base of the reaction equilibrium principle of multiphase and polycomponent,and the redistribution theory of solute elements in the interface of liquid and solid during solidification.The accuracy of this model was validated through the commercial test and scanning electron microscope(SEM) analysis of inclusions formed in the samples.Under the rated condition,the inclusions in 253 MA steel are mainly Ce2O3,Ce2O2 S,Ce3S4,CeS,CeN,SiO2 and MnS.And the precipitation principles of these inclusions are obtained by this model.When oxygen content in 253 MA steel is higher0.006%,Ce2O3 can precipitate if the ratio [% O] / [% S] is greater than 1.When oxygen content is lower than 0.006%,Ce2O3 can precipitate if the ratio is greater than 2.When the oxygen content is lower than 0.004 6%,Ce3S4 precipitates and CeN disappears if [% O]+[% S] 0.009;CeS exists in steel when [% O]/[% S] 1 and transfers to Ce3S4 with the increase of the sulfur content.When the oxygen content is higher than 0.004 6%,CeN can precipitate if2[% O]+[% S] 0.014.
POTENTIALS TAPPING AND ADJUSTING TECHNOLOGY OF RESIDUAL OIL DISTRIBUTION IN HIGH WATER-CUT STAGE IN COMPLICATED FAULT-BLOCK RESERVOIR

East-3 member and Cha-3 member of Cha 12 sector in Cha-heji Oilfield is complicated fault - block reservoir with low - permeability , mid - pore, high - saturation - pressure, high - het- erogeneity. There are grown faultage, crashed conformation, un - stability and small area of sand distribution in landscape orientation. Now, the oilfield is at high - water - cut stage. In order to improve development effectiveness, the paper studies the reasonable technical development plans that improve production at high - water - cut stage by applying simulation methods. It determined the plans through scheme optimization. That is: the reservoir in the future should be water flooding. The major means should be adjust with chemistry flooding, but not with re - perforation or altering layers etc. The implement effectiveness shows that the study accomplishment have more strong guide meaning for oilfield development.
Study of the prevalence of human intestinal parasites in areas inhabited by the Baiku Yao minority in Guangxi

Objective To investigate the prevalence of human intestinal parasites in the areas inhabited by the Baiku Yao minority in Guangxi Province and provide scientific evidence for prevention and control strategies.Methods Demographic data on people in areas inhabited by the Baiku Yao minority were collected along with fecal samples.The Kato-Katz technique and a normal saline smear were used to test fecal samples.Results Of the 671 people screened for intestinal parasites,386 people were infected with intestinal parasites.The total rate of infection was 57.53%,and the rate of infection among Baiku Yao was 71.02%.Nine types of intestinal parasites were found.Of the people infected,33.68% were infected with hookworms,24.89% were infected with roundworms,33.68% were infected with whipworms,10.87% were infected with Blastocystis hominis,1.15% were infected with Giardia lamblia,4.45% were infected with Entamoeba coli,1.65% were infected with Entamoeba histolytica,and 0.33% were infected with other protozoa.There were significant differences in infection among different age groups and among different ethnicities.Conclusion The rate of infection with intestinal parasites remains high in remote areas of Guangxi Province,and especially in areas inhabited by minorities,representing a prominent public health problem.
Radiation Therapy as Adjuvant Treatment After Radical Prostatectomy: Patient Tolerance and Preliminary Results

AbstractFor the last 7 years we administered therapeutic doses of radiation therapy as adjuvant treatment after radical prostatectomy in 45 patients at high risk for recurrence, that is patients with pathological stage C (seminal vesicle invasion) or stage D1a (microscopic involvement of the resected pelvic lymph nodes) disease. All of the patients have been followed for at least 2 years. Short-term and long-term complications were minimal; only 2 patients had significant sequelae that were managed satisfactorily. There has been no local recurrence after mean followups of 62 and 48 months for patients with stages C and Dla disease, respectively. The actuarial 5-year survival rate free of disease was 79 per cent for patients with stage C and 72 per cent with stage
Relationship between plasma 25-hydroxymitamin D and leucocyte telomere length by sex and race in a US study.

A few studies have examined the association between vitamin D and telomere length, and fewer still have examined the relationship in black or male populations. We investigated the cross-sectional association between the vitamin D metabolite 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration in plasma and relative leucocyte telomere length (LTL) in 1154 US radiologic technologists who were 48-93 years old (373 white females, 278 white males, 338 black females, 165 black males). Plasma 25(OH)D concentration was measured by the chemiluminescence immunoassay, and relative LTL was measured by quantitative PCR. Logistic regression was used to obtain OR and 95 % CI for long v. short (based on median) LTL in relation to continuous 25(OH)D, quartiles of 25(OH)D and 25(OH)D deficiency. We found no significant association between continuous 25(OH)D and long LTL in all participants (P trend=0·440), nor in white females (P trend=0·845), white males (P trend=0·636), black females (P trend=0·967) or black males (P trend=0·484). Vitamin D deficiency (defined as 25(OH)D<30 nmol/l), however, was significantly associated with short LTL in whites (P=0·024), but not in other groups. In this population, we found little evidence to support associations between 25(OH)D and long LTL over the entire range of 25(OH)D in the overall study population or by sex and race.
Extensible access control with authorization contracts

Existing programming language access control frameworks do not meet the needs of all software components. We propose an expressive framework for implementing access control monitors for components. The basis of the framework is a novel concept: the authority environment. An authority environment associates rights with an execution context. The building blocks of access control monitors in our framework are authorization contracts: software contracts that manage authority environments. We demonstrate the expressiveness of our framework by implementing a diverse set of existing access control mechanisms and writing custom access control monitors for three realistic case studies.
Cell demise inhibited: Unexpected liaisons between mitochondria and IκΒα

AbstractIκΒα (the protein product of NFKBIA gene) has widely been considered a pro-apoptotic factor due to its ability to inhibit the anti-apoptotic transcription factor NFκB. Our findings indicate that IκΒα also exerts a strong anti-apoptotic activity at the outer mitochondria membrane (OMM). This function we uncovered is distinct from its ability to sequester and inhibit NFκB. IκΒα instead binds to voltage dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1) and Hexokinase 2 (HK2), stabilizes this complex and prevents mitochondria outer membrane permeabilisation (MOMP) and apoptosis.
What to expect when you're exercising: An experimental test of the anticipated affect-exercise relationship.

Objective Anticipated affect may influence exercise behavior via experienced affective responses and intentions. Cognitive manipulations of anticipated affect may inform exercise intervention design. The purpose of this study was to experimentally test the effects of an expectation-based manipulation of affective responses to exercise on anticipated, experienced, and remembered affect and adherence to a 7-day exercise prescription. Method Participants (N = 98) were randomly assigned to a positive anticipated affect manipulation, a negative anticipated affect manipulation, or a no affect manipulation control. They reported anticipated, experienced, and remembered affect during and after a standardized 30-min bout of treadmill exercise at an intensity just below ventilatory threshold. Participants were asked to try to complete the prescribed exercise daily for 1 week. Differences in affect and exercise behavior were examined across conditions, as were relationships between affect measures, intentions and behavior. Results The manipulation influenced anticipated and experienced affective responses, but not behavior. Participants generally expected exercise to be less pleasant and more fatiguing that it actually was. Anticipated, experienced, and remembered affect were associated with intentions to exercise. Intentions and remembered affect were both directly associated with exercise behavior. Conclusions Moderate-to-vigorous exercise can be more pleasant than people expect it to be. Additionally, encouraging exercisers to focus on the positive affective outcomes of exercise can yield a more positive affective experience than those who focus on negative affective outcomes or do not focus on affective outcomes at all. The role of affect in both reflective and automatic motivation to exercise is discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record
Family Literacy Practices Surrounding Homework

Examining authentic literacy practices regarding homework in three demographically different family groups was the focus of this study. Parents of school age children identified as living in subsidized housing, parents of school age children working in a university teacher education program and parents of school age children who spoke a language other than English, the language of their school instruction were interviewed for the study. Implications of the study encourage teachers to be conscious of the importance of homework as a tool for providing meaningful activity, communicating information to the home about the classroom curriculum and mainstream practices. Teachers are encouraged to see the bi-directional potential of homework as an opportunity for teachers to learn about family practices through the returned homework.
Warped AdS6 × S 2 in Type IIB supergravity II: global solutions and five-brane webs

Motivated by the construction of holographic duals to five-dimensional superconformal quantum field theories, we obtain global solutions to Type IIB supergravity invariant under the superalgebra F (4) on a space-time of the form AdS6 × S 2 warped over a two-dimensional Riemann surface Σ. In earlier work, the general local solutions were expressed in terms of two locally holomorphic functions $$ \mathcal{A} $$ ± on Σ and global solutions were sketched when Σ is a disk. In the present paper, the physical regularity conditions on the supergravity fields required for global solutions are implemented on $$ \mathcal{A} $$ ± for arbitrary Σ. Global solutions exist only when Σ has a non-empty boundary ∂Σ. The differentials ∂ $$ \mathcal{A} $$ ± are allowed to have poles only on ∂Σ and each pole corresponds to a semi-infinite (p, q) five-brane. The construction for the disk is carried out in detail and the conditions for the existence of global solutions are articulated for surfaces with more than one boundary and higher genus.
Genetic Diversity and Population Structure In the Rare, Endemic Baker Cypress (Hesperocyparis bakeri)

Abstract Baker cypress (Hesperocyparis bakeri [Jeps.] Bartel) is one of 10 species of cypress found in western North America. It is restricted to a small number of highly disjunct, isolated populations, making it particularly vulnerable to the influences of genetic drift, inbreeding, and reduced gene flow. Baker cypress is fire adapted and the serotinous cones require heat to open and release seeds. Altered fire regimes have negatively impacted the health and vigor of some populations and lower levels of genetic diversity could make this species more susceptible to the impacts of predicted future climate change. Previously, no information on genetic diversity and population structure of Baker cypress was available. We used 12 polymorphic allozyme loci to assess genetic diversity and population structure for eight of the 11 known populations of Baker cypress. Overall mean observed heterozygosity (Ho) was 0.178 and expected heterozygosity (He) was 0.204, values higher than for other cypress species and othe...
Abstract P325: Enhanced Afferent Arteriole Dilatation in Dahl Salt-sensitive Rats (dahlss): Role of Connecting Tubule Glomerular Feedback (ctgf)

Afferent arteriole (Af-Art) resistance is modulated by 2 intrinsic nephron feedbacks: the vasoconstrictor tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) and the vasodilator CTGF. TGF is mediated by NKCC2 channel in the macula densa and blocked by furosemide; and CTGF is mediated by ENaC in the connecting tubule and blocked by benzamil. Previously we measured CTGF indirectly, by differences between TGF response with and without CTGF blocker benzamil. Thus, using this indirect measurement we reported that Dahl SS have greater CTGF than Dahl salt-resistant rats (Dahl SR). We have recently developed a new method to measure CTGF more directly and we found that when we simultaneously blocked TGF with furosemide and CTGF with benzamil, the increasing tubular perfusion caused Af-Art constriction (TGF-like) that is mediated by the NHE. W e hypothesize that in vivo during simultaneous inhibition of NKCC2 and the NHE, CTGF causes an Af-Art dilatation revealed by an increase in stop-flow pressure (P SF ) and that is greater in Dahl SS than in Dahl SR in a high salt diet. In the presence of furosemide alone, increasing nephron perfusion did not change the P SF in neither Dahl SS nor Dahl SR. When we blocked both, NKCC2 with furosemide and NHE with DMA, increase in tubular flow caused Af-Art dilation that was demonstrated by an increase in P SF . This increase was greater in Dahl SS (5.1±0.4 mmHg) than in Dahl SR (2.9±0.3 mmHg; P
Expanding the Mental Health Workforce in China: Narrowing the Mental Health Service Gap

There is a significant gap between mental health service coverage and the need for these services in China. In particular, workforce shortages impair several aspects of China's national mental health service system, including access to timely diagnosis and treatment in rural areas, expansion of general hospital psychiatric consultation-liaison services, and leadership in establishing a collaborative stepped-care system. This column focuses on China's ongoing efforts to develop its mental health workforce to ensure a sustainable supply of psychiatrists and allied mental health professionals.
Formal and computational verification of phonological analyses

This article presents a selection of methods to analyse, compare, verify and formally prove properties about phonological generalisations. Drawing from both well-known and recent results in the domains of model checking and automata theory, a useful methodology for automating the task of comparing analyses and inventing counterexamples is explored. The methods are illustrated by practical case studies that are intended to both resolve concrete issues and be representative of typical techniques and results.
MRI and PET: Noninvasive Tools to Probe the Biology of Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma.

> See the associated article on page [1264][1]. In children, brain stem gliomas can have heterogeneous behavior, but most of these tumors are diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPGs), which carry a poor prognosis with a median overall survival of only 11 mo ([1][2]). One of the biggest challenges
ADMISSION RENAL DYSFUNCTION AND CARDIAC INTENSIVE CARE UNIT OUTCOMES

Both acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are associated with adverse outcomes in acutely ill cardiac patients. The effect of admission renal dysfunction on outcomes in cardiac intensive care unit (CICU) patients is not well-defined. Historical cohort study of 9431 patients admitted
Evaluating the Ability of Transit Direct Ridership Models to Forecast Medium-Term Ridership Changes: Evidence from San Francisco:

Transit direct ridership models (DRMs) are commonly used both for descriptive analysis and for forecasting, but are rarely evaluated for their ability to predict beyond the estimation data set. This research does so, using two DRMs estimated for rail and bus ridership in San Francisco. The models are estimated from 2009 data, applied to predict 2016 conditions, and compared to actual 2016 ridership. Over this period in San Francisco, observed rail ridership increased by 9% whereas observed bus ridership decreased by 13%. The results show that the models predict 2016 ridership about as well as that for 2009. The rail model correctly predicts the direction of change, but underestimates the magnitude of change. The bus model predicts the direction of change incorrectly, with a predicted 2% increase. A series of sensitivity tests are conducted to better understand the factors driving the ridership changes. These tests produce reasonable rail sensitivities, but reveal that the bus model is too sensitive to fre...
Task frames in robot manipulation

Most robotics computations refer to a single world-based frame of reference; however, several advantages accrue with the introduction of a second frame, termed a task frame. A task frame is a coordinate frame that can be attached to different objects that are to be manipulated. The task frame is related to the world-based coordinate frame by a simple geometric transformation. The virtues of such a frame are: (1) certain actions that are difficult to specify in the world frame are easily expressed in the task frame; (2) the task-frame to task-world transformation provides a formalism for describing physical actions; and (3) the task frame can be related to the world frame by proprioception.
On the Regulation of Climate: A Sulfate Particle Feedback Loop Involving Deep Convection

We propose a climate stabilizing feedback loop involving biogenic sulfur. The mechanism is similar to the "CLAW" hypothesis (Charlson et al., 1987) but does not require the active participation of the ocean biota. The magnitude of the feedback response in this loop is derived by convective transport of biogenic sulfur over tropical oceans into the middle and high troposphere. Once aloft, the sulfur is oxidized into low-volatile species which nucleate new particles that later subside back into the subtropical marine boundary layer (MBL) and serve as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). The MBL clouds are susceptible to albedo modification by changes in CCN concentrations (Platnick and Twomey, 1995). We envision that as global temperatures rise the sea surface warms, convective mass transport of sulfur will rise and the increased mass of sulfur in the upper troposphere will lead to higher numbers of particles or a shift in the particle size distribution to larger sizes. In either case, there is an increase in the number of particles large enough to act as CCN in the air subsiding backinto the MBL. The increase in CCN increases the cloud albedo, decreases the solar input to the surface and the temperature decreases. More measurements are needed to confirm whether the magnitude of increased sulfur carried through the loop as a function of increased sea surface temperature is sufficient to close the loop and regulate the climate.
On the Sociology of Belief, Knowledge, and Science

When one agrees to contribute to a volume such as this*, it seems reasonable to assume that defending one’s own ideas is a generally acceptable approach to adopt. Whether or not it is worthwhile to do so in a particular instance depends upon the existence of considerable disagreement over sufficiently interesting or controversial ideas. I find the issues at hand to be both interesting and controversial.
The Birth of Tragedy out of the Spirit of Music: Claudel, Milhaud and the Oresteia

Claudel thought of himself not simply as a European, but as a citizen of the world. He was an artist far more than a social or political thinker. For creative renewal he turned, like many playwrights, to the myths and legends of Greek drama, and to the tragic conflicts in the house of Atreus, in particular. Whether Orestes or his sister Electra is made a central figure, whether the action is presented by Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, Racine, Goethe, Alfieri, Hofmannsthal, T. S. Eliot, O’Neill, Jack Richardson, Jean-Paul Sartre, Giraudoux, Cocteau, or in Richard Strauss’s operatic masterpiece, it has a terrifying simplicity. Claudel is mostly moved by the lyrical, musical flow of the Greek language, not present in most translations of Aeschylus. Claudel explains: I began to read Aeschylus in the translation by Leconte de Lisle, which I thought horrible... I said to myself, it just isn’t possible. Aeschylus can’t be like this. So I decided I must read him in the original ... Aeschylus was giving me the education in prosody which I needed.1
Skin Lesion Feature Vector Space with a Metric to Model Geometric Structures of Malignancy for Classification

This paper develops an approach aiming to identify a pattern defined by malignant dermoscopic skin lesions presented as lesion feature vectors (LFVs) in a 4D Riemannian manifold. The manifold consists of all 4-tuples and its metric is defined on the basis of the Total Dermoscopy Score (TDS) formula used in the ABCD diagnosis rule. Tools in Riemannian geometry including distance functions, directional angles, polar, cylindrical and spherical coordinates are used to study the geometric structures of a sample space defined by malignant 4D LFVs. To explore the geometric structures and the distribution pattern of the malignant LFVs, we find methods to visualize the objects in a 4D manifold by projecting them onto a 2D or 3D space via polar, generalized cylindrical and spherical coordinates. To observe malignancy identification structures in the newly constructed manifold a data-set of 70 lesion images with a ground truth were used to generate LFVs. To build a surface separating the benign and malignant LFVs a linear TDS-based and a non-linear support vector machine (SVM) classifiers were applied. The SVM is build with a polynomial kernel, whose degree and parameters were suggested by a geometric structure observed in a 3D space. A statistical comparison, on the base of experimental results, showed that the polynomial SVM has a better f-measure accuracy than the linear TDS based one.
A Universal Platform for the Electrodeposition of Ligand-Free Metal Nanoparticles from a Water-in-Oil Emulsion System

Prodigious resources are currently being devoted to control the size and morphology of metal nanoparticles (NPs). Several homogeneous chemical and photochemical techniques exist for the synthesis o...
Choline and NMDG directly reduce outward currents: reduced outward current when these substances replace Na+ is alone not evidence of Na+-activated K+ currents.

We show that choline or N-methyl-d-glucamine (NMDG) directly (i.e., not due to changes in extracellular sodium) decrease outward currents. Prior work studying sodium-activated potassium channels in...