cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Catalytic production of diesel-like oils from plastic wastes

A dewaxing catalyst was prepared through the dissolution of nickel oxide and tungsten powders in an aqueous medium, followed by impregnation of a Zeolite Socony Mobil-5 substrate and calcination at 500 °C. The synthesized catalyst was used in conjunction with a lab-designed, single-stage pyrolytic reactor running at a set point of 360 °C to break down a mixture of plastic grocery bags. The catalyst was found to be selective to the C9–C22 isomers typical of diesel No. 2. Gas chromatographic analysis indicated that the fraction of C24 and heavier components in the pyrolysis product was only 1.0%. Implications for process scale-up and economics are discussed.
Biomarkers of Pulmonary Hypertension Are Altered in Children With Down Syndrome and Pulmonary Hypertension.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the performance of pulmonary hypertension (PH) biomarkers in children with Down syndrome, an independent risk factor for PH for whom biomarker performance may differ compared with other populations. Study design Serum endostatin, Interleukin 1 Receptor 1 (ST2), Galectin-3, NT-proBNP, IL-6, and hepatoma derived growth factor (HDGF) were measured in subjects with Down Syndrome and PH (N=29), with Down Syndrome and resolved PH (N=13), with Down Syndrome without PH (N=49), and patients without Down Syndrome, with World Symposium on Pulmonary Hypertension (WSPH) Group I pulmonary arterial hypertension (No Down Syndrome PH, N=173). Each biomarker was assessed to discriminate PH in Down Syndrome. A classification tree was created to distinguish PH from a resolved PH and no PH in children with Down Syndrome. Results Endostatin, Galectin-3, HDGF, and ST2 were all elevated in subjects with Down Syndrome, regardless of PH status. Not all markers were different between subjects with Down Syndrome and PH versus resolved PH. NT-proBNP and IL-6 were similar in subjects with Down Syndrome with PH compared with No Down Syndrome PH. A classification tree identified NT-proBNP and Galectin-3 as the best markers to sequentially distinguish PH, resolved PH, and no PH in subjects with Down Syndrome. Conclusions Proteomic markers are used to improve diagnosis and prognosis of pulmonary hypertension, but as demonstrated, can be altered in genetically unique populations such as Down Syndrome. This further suggests that clinical biomarkers should be evaluated in unique groups with development of population-specific nomograms.
Buckling of Sandwich Cylinders Under Axial Load

This paper presents the solution for the nonlinear postbuckling behavior of a cylindrical sandwich shell with face sheets of a homogeneous material and a core of an isotropic shear-resistant material. Effects of inelastic behavior are neglected. The principle of minimum potential energy is used in the derivation of the compatibilit}^ equation. Also determined from this principle are three equations of equilibrium to be solved simultaneously with the compatibility equation. The four unknown functions appearing in the equations are a stress function, a normal displacement component, and two shear-deformation components. A Ritz method of solution is used to reduce the four partial differential equations to a set of five nonlinear algebraic equations whose unknowns are parameters in an assumed form of the solution for the normal displacement component. Limiting solutions of these equations are compared with the works of Kempner, Teichmann, Wang, and Gerard. These algebraic equations are solved by a numerical scheme on an IBM 704 computer, and the results, which represent approximate postbuckling behavior, are plotted. These results are then compared with those of March and Kuenzi.
Applications of Technology for Infants, Toddlers, and Preschoolers with Disabilities

This paper reviews research studies involving the use of technological interventions for direct educational application with children who have disabilities from birth to age five. Studies are organ...
§ 5:10 Potential Constitutional Limitations on Claims of Privilege — The Constitutional Right to Produce Evidence

Generally under the law a litigant is entitled to every person's evidence in order to pursue a claim or defense. A primary exception to this rule is where the evidence is privileged and hence protected from compelled disclosure. However, even privileged evidence can be compelled to be disclosed in some circumstances, such as where it is critical exculpatory evidence needed by a criminal defendant. This Section discusses the conflict between the law of privilege and a criminal defendant's constitutional right to produce evidence in his defense.
Women in Jail: Is Substance Abuse Treatment Enough?

Objectives. This study examined the self-reported needs of women in jail who indicated a need for drug abuse services. Methods. A total of 165 interviews were conducted of women held in a large, urban county jail in Ohio in May 1999. Results. Drug-abusing women were more likely to report a need for housing, mental health counseling, education, job training, medical care, family support, and parenting assistance when released from jail. Conclusions. The provision of drug abuse treatment referrals to women in jail may not break the continual cycle of drug use and incarceration if other needs cannot be addressed. (Am J Public Health. 2001;91:798‐800)
Autoreactive T Cells Persist in Rats Protected against Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis and Can Be Activated through Stimulation of Innate Immunity

Lewis rats can be rendered unresponsive to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by immunization with myelin basic protein (MBP), or MBP68-86, the dominant encephalitogenic MBP epitope for this strain, administered in IFA. However, protected rats harbor potentially encephalitogenic T cells, which are maintained in an inactive state. We investigated whether these quiescent effector cells could be activated in vitro. Although these T cells respond poorly to MBP68-86, they proliferate vigorously whether cocultured with MBP68-86 and either IL-2 or IL-12, suggesting that the T cells are in a state of anergy. Moreover, we could activate these anergic T cells with peptide and cytosine-guanine dinucleotide (CpG) oligonucleotide, but not control oligonucleotide, suggesting that products of the innate immune response are capable of activating anergic autoreactive T cells. The activated T cells produced the proinflammatory cytokine, IFN-gamma in response to IL-12, and IL-6 was secreted in response to CpG oligonucleotide. IL-6 has been reported to play a role in T cell activation by blocking T regulatory/suppressor (Treg) cell-mediated suppression through a Toll-like receptor-dependent pathway. However, anti-IL-6 mAb did not block CpG activation of the anergized cells. In contrast, anti-TGF-beta(1) Ab released the unresponsive T cells from the anergic state in the presence of MBP68-86, whereas TGF-beta(1) inhibited proliferation of MBP68-86- plus CpG-activated T cells. Because TGF-beta(1) has previously been implicated in Treg activity, this finding is consistent with a role for Treg cells in maintaining autoreactive T cells in the anergic state.
Spinal Cord Injury as a Permanent Consequence of Victimization in Random Violence: A Public Health Perspective.

ABSTRACT many inner-cities across America, there are growing numbers of violent crime victims, including a burgeoning number of those who become paralyzed through spinal cord injury inflicted during episodes of criminal violence. Among those who are disproportionately represented among victims are uninsured minorities, especially African-Americans, who significantly contribute to a declining health care system.
Retrovirus-Mediated Over-Expression of Decay-Accelerating Factor Rescues Crry-Deficient Erythrocytes from Acute Alternative Pathway Complement Attack

Decay-accelerating factor (DAF) and complement receptor 1-related gene/protein y (Crry) are two membrane-bound complement regulators on murine erythrocytes that inhibit C3/C5 convertases. Previously, we found that Crry- but not DAF-deficient erythrocytes were susceptible to alternative pathway complement-mediated elimination in vivo. To determine whether it is a unique activity or a higher level expression of Crry makes it indispensable on murine erythrocytes, we over-expressed DAF on Crry-deficient (Crry−/−) erythrocytes by retroviral vector-mediated DAF gene transduction of bone marrow stem cells. DAF retrovirus-transduced erythrocytes expressed 846 ± 127 DAF molecules/cell (DAFhigh) compared with 249 ± 94 DAF molecules/cell (DAFlow) and 774 ± 135 Crry molecules/cell on control mouse erythrocytes. DAFhigh-Crry−/− erythrocytes were significantly more resistant than either DAFlow-Crry−/−, DAF−/− -Crry+/+ or wild-type erythrocytes to classical pathway complement-mediated C3 deposition in vitro. Furthermore, increased DAF expression rescued Crry−/− erythrocytes from acute alternative pathway complement attack in vivo. Notably, long term monitoring revealed that DAFhigh-Crry−/− erythrocytes were still more susceptible than wild-type erythrocytes to complement-mediated elimination as they had a shorter half-life in complement-sufficient mice but survived equally well in complement-deficient mice. These results suggest that both a high level expression and a more potent anti-alternative pathway complement activity of Crry contributed to its indispensable role on murine erythrocytes. Additionally, they demonstrate the feasibility of using stem cell gene therapy to correct membrane complement regulator deficiency on blood cells in vivo.
Effective Elastic Moduli of Core-Shell-Matrix Composites

Abstract The effective Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio of spherical monodisperse and polydisperse core-shell particles ordered or randomly distributed in a continuous matrix were predicted using detailed three-dimensional numerical simulations of elastic deformation. The effective elastic moduli of body-centered cubic (BCC) and face-centered cubic (FCC) packing arrangements of monodisperse microcapsules and those of randomly distributed monodisperse or polydisperse microcapsules were identical. The numerical results were also compared with predictions of various effective medium approximations (EMAs) proposed in the literature. The upper bound of the EMA developed by Qiu and Weng (1991) was in good agreement with the numerically predicted effective Young’s modulus for BCC and FCC packings and for randomly distributed microcapsules. The EMA developed by Hobbs (1971) could also be used to estimate the effective Young’s modulus when the shell Young’s modulus was similar to that of the matrix. The EMA developed by Garboczi and Berryman (2001) could predict the effective Poisson’s ratio, as well as the effective Young’s modulus when the Young’s modulus of the core was smaller than that of the matrix. These results can find applications in the design of self-healing polymers, composite concrete, and building materials with microencapsulated phase change materials, for example.
Entropic properties of international systems

In this article the mathematical formula of entropy is used to evaluate the degree of anarchy specific to multipolar, bipolar, and balance of power international political systems. Several entropic properties characteristic to these systems are deduced, and it is proved that alliances decrease international systems' entropy. Each international system it is observed is characterized by a specific amount of structural strain, and that under the assumptions of structural neo‐realism the entropy and structural strain move in opposite ways. On the basis of these findings a few properties regarding the stability of international systems are divided and the effects of alliances on international structural strain are examined. In the last part of the paper theoretical conclusions are tested against three empirical cases – the Cold War bipolar system, the XIXth Century European system, and the current one. The article ends with several methodological suggestions regarding a possible generalization of the entropic model.
In vitro performance of mouse hearts from different age groups at hypothermic temperatures.

Abstract The purpose of this investigation has been to establish an understanding of the effects of hypothermia on in vitro metabolism in hearts from young (3 month), mature (16 month) and old mice (25 month) of the C57BL/6J strain. Some of the parameters measured were glucose uptake, lactate production and glycogen flux. We have also made in vivo recordings of heart rate of mice under stressed and unstressed conditions and compared these to normothermic in vitro rates. Hearts perfused at normothermic temperatures demonstrated significantly higher heart rates, utilized more glucose and produced more lactate than those hearts under hypothermic conditions. From all three age categories, mouse hearts perfused under hypothermic conditions beat significantly fewer times during the removal of each μmol of glucose than did normothermic hearts. Although total lactate production was much greater for normothermic hearts, the rate of production as related to number of heart beats per unit produced was similar for all hearts. Glycogen stores in normothermic hearts was neither utilized nor increased following perfusion. Under hypothermic conditions the youngest and oldest hearts did show significant increases in glycogen stores following perfusion, whereas the 16 month old hearts did not show any changes. We also noted significant increases in glycogen stores among nonperfused control hearts which were directly related to increasing age.
The Rules of Forced Engagement: Race, Gender, and the Culture of Fear among Arab Immigrants in San Francisco Post-9/11

Based on ethnographic research on the impact of the aftermath of 11 September 2001 on Arab immigrant communities in San Francisco, this essay explores the ways that the Bush administration's ‘war o...
Skin Reactivity of Mothers and Infants to Gonococcus Vaccines.

ConclusionsThe poor skin response to gonococcus antigens to which newborns and older infants are clinically more susceptible resembles that of other bacterial preparations similarly used. We believe this phenomenon (“anergy”) to be due to an underdeveloped mechanism for dermal reactivity in early age.
Influence of uremia, hemodialysis, and nonesterified fatty acids on zomepirac plasma protein binding

Zomepirac binding to plasma of uremic patients before hemodialysis and to that of healthy subjects was compared. Unbound zomepirac in plasma of uremic patients averaged 3.7% to 4.0% of the 14C-zomepirac added (0.2, 2, and 20 μg/ml). This was more than the percentage of unbound zomepirac observed when the same 14C-zomepirac concentrations were dialyzed against plasma from healthy subjects (mean 1.3% to 1.4%). Plasma albumin from uremic patients appeared to have lower apparent binding affinity for zomepirac. Oleic, stearic, and palmitic acids, when added to plasma at concentrations of 2.0 mM, markedly reduced zomepirac free fraction, but, there were no significant differences between uremic and normal plasma in total nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations after equilibrium dialysis. Thus, plasma NEFAs do not contribute to the differences in zomepirac plasma binding between normal and uremic plasma. Hemodialysis increased zomepirac binding to plasma of uremic patients, but NEFA concentrations were also increased in hemodialyzed plasma. Enhanced zomepirac binding by NEFAs could not be differentiated from other effects of hemodialysis, such as the removal of endogenous inhibitors of drug plasma protein binding. The binding of zomepirac was not affected by its three known metabolites: zomepirac glucuronide, hydroxyzomepirac, and 4-chlorobenzoic acid. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1983) 34, 681–688; doi:10.1038/clpt.1983.232
Measurement of perceived flicker in VDU products

Abstract An objective method for measuring flicker in VDUs is described, which compares a normalized human sensitivity curve against a measurement of light modulation. The method and equipment are part of a research project to provide design engineers with a fast method for assessing expected flicker level of prototype displays. The equipment principles and operation are described and the flicker assessment computer program is presented, followed by a description of the measurement process and some results.
An Attachment Model of University Connectedness

Students with high levels of connectedness to the university have been found to be more likely to complete their college degree than are students with low levels of university connectedness. This study examined the role of parental and peer attachment as distal predictors of school connectedness. As predicted, it was found that attachment style to parents predicted attachment style to peers. An avoidant attachment style to peers predicted negative perceptions of peer support and support services. An anxious attachment style to peers predicted negative perceptions of faculty support. Perceptions of peer support, support services, and faculty support then predicted feelings of connectedness to the university. Classroom comfort also predicted university connectedness, although it was not found to be related to attachment style to parents or peers. Implications for college students and college/university administrators are discussed.
Adsorbed Thallium(I) Ions as a Probe of Surface Charge in UV-Irradiated Titania/Aqueous Solution Interfaces

Thallium(I) is shown to be a sensitive probe of titania particle/aqueous solution interfaces in the dark and under ultraviolet (UV) illumination. We show that experimental conditions can be chosen such that photocatalytic reduction or oxidation of this probe is avoided. Thus, any changes in the measured solution levels of this probe can be simply attributed to corresponding variations in its adsorption tendency on the TiO2 particle surface. Data are presented on how this interfacial probe tracks modulations in the oxide surface charge induced either by variations in solution pH or by UV irradiation.
A boundary value problem on an infinite interval

We are interested here in proving the existence of solutions to the (generalised) boundary value problemwhere A is a continuous n×n matrix on R+ = [0, ∞), F is a continuous n vector on R+ × S (S = a suitable subset of Rn), T is a bounded linear operator defined on (or on a subspace of) C[R+, Rn], the space of all bounded and continuous Rn-valued functions on R+, and r is a fixed vector in Rn. There is an abundance of papers dealing with the problem ((I), (II)) on finite intervals, either in its full generality (cf., for example, (1), (2), (3), (4), (6)), or for special cases of the operator T. The reader is especially referred to the work of Shreve (7), (8) for such problems on infinite intervals for scalar equations. A series representation of the solutions is given by Kravchenko and Yablonskii (5). Most of our methods are extensions of the corresponding ones on finite intervals with some variations concerning the application of fixed-point theorems. Examples of interesting operators T arewhere V(t), M, N are n×n matrices with V(t) integrable.
The role of ethanol extractable proteins from the 80S rat liver ribosome

Abstract 80S rat liver ribosomes have been extracted with fifty percent ethanol at varying salt concentrations. The resulting 80S core ribosomes have lost almost all of their protein synthesis activity. The protein synthesis activity could be partially regained when the ethanol extracted proteins were reconstituted with the core ribosomes; however, reconstitution of the ribosome dependent EF-II GTP hydrolysis activity could not be detected. The ethanol extracts were found to contain only a few proteins, one or more of which we believe is necessary for the binding of elongation factor-II.
Mono- and Trinuclear Nickel(II) Complexes with Sulfur-Containing Oxime Ligands: Uncommon Templated Coupling of Oxime with Nitrile.

4,7-Dithiadecane-2,9-dione dioxime forms both violet and purple-black nickel(II) complexes with unexpected structural properties, quite unlike the square-planar chelates formed by its dithiaundecane homologue. Their perchlorate salts were isolated and examined crystallographically. The lilac product [Ni{(Dtox)(CH3CNH)2}](ClO4)2 entails a bis(iminoether) ligand formed by coupling of the dioxime with two moles of acetonitrile. The purple-black complex results from further ligand deprotonation, to yield trinuclear, antiferromagnetic [Ni3(Dtox)(DtoxH)2](ClO4)2·CH3CN, which maintains its structure in solution. The first one-electron electrochemical oxidation step is relatively facile for the trimer, yielding a Ni2IINiIII complex, whereas for [Ni{(Dtox)(CH3CNH)2}](ClO4)2 a transient Ni(I) species is accessible. Comment is made on those properties (coordination number, donor type, core charge) of nickel(II) coordination spheres that affect the accessibility of the corresponding nickel(I) and nickel(III) forms. [...
Mobility and exit from homeownership: Implications for community reinvestment lending

Abstract This study focuses on the transition out of homeownership among community reinvestment loan borrowers, documenting patterns among low‐income and minority households. We show that the higher rates of home‐ownership exit documented among low‐income and minority borrowers in the larger population do not hold for community reinvestment mortgage borrowers. We model the transition, separating the determinants of mobility and tenure choice. Our results show that low‐income and minority homeowners are less likely than their high‐income and white counterparts to move, but no less likely to purchase a new home when they do. These findings are contrasted with the results of a model that specifies the transitions out of homeownership as the purchase of a new home and the return to renting.
Playable Serious Games for Studying and Programming Computational Stem and Informatics Applications of Distributed and Parallel Computer Architectures

Carefully engineered playable games can serve as vehicles for students and practitioners to learn and explore the programming of advanced computer architectures to execute applications, such as high performance computing (HPC) and complex, inter-networked, distributed systems. The article presents families of playable games that are grounded in the concurrent, parallel, and distributed manipulations and processing of sequences. Some examples of such manipulations are games that involve pattern matching, recognition, alignment, transformation, and evolution of sequences.
Generalization in perceptual learning for speech

Lexical context strongly influences listeners' identification of ambiguous sounds. For example, a sound midway between /f/ and /s/ is reported as /f/ in "sheri_," but as /s/ in "Pari_." Norris, McQueen, and Cutler (2003) have demonstrated that after hearing such lexically determined phonemes, listeners expand their phonemic categories to include more ambiguous tokens than before. We tested whether listeners adjust their phonemic categories for a specific speaker. Do listeners learn a particular speaker's "accent"? Similarly, we examined whether perceptual learning is specific to the particular ambiguous phonemes that listeners hear, or whether the adjustments generalize to related sounds. Participants heard ambiguous /d/ or /t/ phonemes during a lexical decision task. They then categorized sounds on /d/-/t/ and /b/-/p/ continua, either in the same voice that they had heard for lexical decision, or in a different voice. Perceptual learning generalized across both speaker and test continua: Changes in perceptual representations are robust and broadly tuned.
Characterization of a high performing passive direct formic acid fuel cell

Abstract Small fuel cells are considered likely replacements for batteries in portable power applications. In this paper, the performance of a passive air breathing direct formic acid fuel cell (DFAFC) at room temperature is reported. The passive fuel cell, with a palladium anode catalyst, produces an excellent cell performance at 30 °C. It produced a high open cell potential of 0.9 V with ambient air. It produced current densities of 139 and 336 mA cm −2 at 0.72 and 0.53 V, respectively. Its maximum power density was 177 mW cm −2 at 0.53 V. Our passive air breathing fuel cell runs successfully with formic acid concentration up to 10 and 12 M with little degradation in performance. In this paper, its constant voltage test at 0.72 V is also demonstrated using 10 M formic acid. Additionally, a reference electrode was used to determine distinct anode and cathode electrode performances for our passive air breathing DFAFC.
Overlay Accuracy Investigation for advanced memory device

Overlay in lithography becomes much more challenging due to the shrink of device node and multi-patterning approach. Consequently, the specification of overlay becomes tighter, and more complicated overlay control methods like high order or field-by-field control become mandatory. In addition, the tight overlay specification starts to raise another fundamental question: accuracy. Overlay inaccuracy is dominated by two main components: one is measurement quality and the other is representing device overlay. The latter is because overlay is being measured on overlay targets, not on the real device structures. We investigated the following for accurate overlay measurement: optimal target design by simulation; optimal recipe selection using the index of measurement quality; and, the correlation with device pattern’s overlay. Simulation was done for an advanced memory stack for optimal overlay target design which provides robustness for the process variation and sufficient signal for the stack. Robustness factor and sufficient signal factor sometimes contradicting each other, therefore there is trade-off between these two factors. Simulation helped to find the design to meet the requirement of both factors. The investigation involves also recipe optimization which decides the measurement conditions like wavelength. KLA-Tencor also introduced a new index which help to find an accurate measurement condition. In this investigation, we used CD-SEM to measure the overlay of device pattern after etch or decap process to check the correlation between the overlay of overlay mark and the overlay of device pattern.
The role of eucaryotic cell surface glycoconjugates in DNA replication

Multiple forms of ricin have been isolated from castor bean seeds. Two forms, ricin-1 and ricin-2, differ in their isoelectric pI values and toxicity towards IMR-32 cells. Inhibition of IMR-32 DNA polymerase α2 is more pronounced with ricin-1 (65%) than with ricin-2 (10%). Ricin B chain (pI = 5.2) isolated from ricin-1 binds to IMR-32 cell surfaces as well as inhibits DNA polymerase α2 activity when studiedin vitro. The presence of galβ-linked glycoconjugates near the active site of IMR-32 DNA polymerase α2 has been proposed. Replication modulators which bind to the glycose portion of the enzymes involved in the replication system may need a mandatory binding to cell surface glycoconjugates for their activity.
Is E-Learning Really Working? The Trillion-Dollar Question

In the world of Web 2.0, Internet 2, and open systems, most learning is still done in traditional classrooms. As education costs continue to grow far faster than inflation, this paper discussed the role of e-learning.
Barrett esophagus: update for radiologists.

Barrett esophagus is a well-recognized entity in which there is progressive columnar metaplasia of the lower esophagus due to longstanding gastroesophageal reflux and reflux esophagitis [1]. This condition is important because it is associated with an increased risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma by a well-established sequence from dysplasia to carcinoma [2]. During the past decade, however, an explosion of new data has dramatically affected our understanding of Barrett esophagus. Not only have revised histopathologic criteria been developed for this condition, but it is currently believed that patients with Barrett esophagus should be classified as having “short-segment” or “long-segment” disease based on the extent of columnar metaplasia in the distal esophagus. This distinction has important implications for the risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma and subsequent need for endoscopic surveillance. The purpose of this article is to present these new concepts about Barrett esophagus and provide radiologists with a more current framework for diagnosing this condition.
Case study: successful medication withdrawal using cognitive-behavioral therapy for a preadolescent with OCD.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the addition of manual-based cognitive-behavioral therapy to a medication regimen of clomipramine and fluoxetine and the withdrawal of medication during cognitive-behavioral therapy. The participant was an 11-year-old girl with symptoms of obsessive thoughts about germs and illness and handwashing compulsions. The addition of cognitive-behavioral therapy reduced the participant's daily number of obsessions and avoidance behaviors after three sessions. When medication was tapered during the cognitive-behavioral therapy program, the participant's symptoms continued to decline, and after treatment, she no longer met diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Impressively, the participant remained medication free and treatment gains were maintained at 4 months' follow-up.
Plasma matrix metalloproteinase-9 response to eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors

Recent efforts to establish a role for plasma matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) as a marker of exercise-induced muscle damage have been inconsistent. Methodological and experimental design issues have contributed to confusion in this area. The purpose of this study was to use a damaging eccentric arm task to evaluate the relationship between activity-induced muscle damage and plasma MMP-9 levels in humans while controlling for physical activity history and quantifying day-to-day variability of the dependent variables. Fourteen physically inactive males performed 6 sets of 10 eccentric contractions of the elbow flexors at 120% of their voluntary concentric maximum. Soreness ratings, maximum voluntary isometric strength, range of motion (ROM), limb circumference, and plasma creatine kinase (CK) and MMP-9 levels were measured at 2 time points before, immediately after, and 1, 2, 4, and 7 days post-exercise. Changes in traditional markers of muscle damage mirrored patterns previously reported in the literature, but plasma MMP-9 concentration and activity measured by ELISA and gelatin zymography were unchanged at all time points examined. Plasma levels of the MMP-9 inhibitor, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), were also unchanged post-exercise. Finally, although mean MMP-9 levels were not significantly different between the two pre-exercise timepoints, the high total error of measurement and low day-to-day correlation suggest substantial within and between subject variability. Plasma MMP-9 levels are not a robust or reliable marker for eccentric exercise-induced damage of the elbow flexor musculature, though this may not preclude a role for MMPs in skeletal muscle remodeling in response to injury.
Assembly of Patterned Graphene Film Aided by Wetting/Nonwetting Surface on Liquid Interface

This paper demonstrates a methodology for preparing patterned graphene films through the destabilization of dispersed graphene in N-methyl-pyrrolidone (NMP) by addition of water, which causes the graphene to be trapped at the interface of NMP/hexane. The trapped graphene film is transferred onto the patterned wetting/nonwetting surface through dip-coating process. The quality of graphene film is studied by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The sheet resistance of graphene film is 1.49 × 10 $^{2}$ kΩ/□ with surface coverage of 70% measured by the four-probe method. Field effect transistor based on such patterned graphene film is then fabricated. The current on/off ratio of devices is 1.24 with field-effect hole mobility of 159 cm $^{2}$ /Vs.
Seizures and neuronal damage in mice lacking vesicular zinc.

Abstract Synaptically released zinc has neuromodulatory capabilities that could result in either inhibition or enhancement of neuronal excitability. To determine the net effects of vesicular zinc release in the brain in vivo, we examined seizure susceptibility and seizure-related neuronal damage in mice with targeted disruption of the gene encoding the zinc transporter, ZnT3 ( ZnT 3 −/− mice). ZnT 3 −/− mice, which lack histochemically reactive zinc in synaptic vesicles, had slightly higher thresholds to seizures elicited by the GABA A antagonist, bicuculline, and no differences in seizure threshold were seen in response to pentylenetetrazol or flurothyl. However, ZnT 3 −/− mice were much more susceptible than wild-type mice to limbic seizures elicited by kainic acid, suggesting that the net effect of hippocampal zinc on acute seizures in vivo is inhibitory. The hippocampi of ZnT 3 −/− mice showed typical seizure-related neuronal damage in response to kainic acid, demonstrating that damage to the targets of zinc-containing neurons can occur independently of synaptically released zinc. Mice lacking the neuronal zinc-binding protein metallothionein III (MT-III) are also more susceptible to kainic acid-induced seizures. Double knockout ( ZnT 3 and MT 3) mice show the same response to kainic acid as ZnT 3 −/− mice, suggesting that ZnT3 and MT-III function in the same pathway.
Interleukin-2 secretion by bovine mammary gland mononuclear cells during the nonlactating period.

Abstract Bovine blood and mammary gland mononuclear cells were isolated from five primiparous Holstein cows at 14–18 and 28–32 days of involution and 7–13 days prior to parturition and used in a bioassay to determine if bovine mammary mononuclear cells produced interleukin-2 in culture. Interleukin-2 production by mononuclear cells was stimulated in 24 hr cultures using concanavalin A. Bovine interleukin-2 dependent cytotoxic T-lymphocytes were used as target cells. Interleukin-2 production by mammary gland and blood mononuclear cells was comparable. Interleukin-2 production by mammary gland mononuclear cells did not vary significantly over the three time periods evaluated. However, blood mononuclear cells isolated at 28–32 days of involution produced significantly greater amounts of interleukin-2 compared to blood mononuclear cells isolated during the early nonlactating period and the prepartum period. These data suggest that bovine mononuclear cell hyporesponsiveness to mitogens during the nonlactating period is not due to a deficiency in interleukin-2 production.
The Degree of Blood Pressure Evaluation and End Organ Damage With Severe Hypertension: A Case-Control Study

To investigate the association of blood pressure and end-organ damage in patients with severe hypertension in a case-controlled manner, 26 patients with syndromes of acute end-organ damage and severe hypertension were compared with 25 patients with severe but asymptomatic hypertension for a variety of demographic, clinical, and basic laboratory values. Differences were assessed with the Chi-square test and multiple logistic regression analysis. End-organ damage was significantly associated with a degree of systolic and diastolic blood pressure elevation, a history of hypertensive crisis, serum creatinine, and a history of alcohol use, in multivariate analysis. The relationship to creatinine and a history of hypertensive crisis were not present in univariate analysis. The possible relationships of these factors to the pathophysiology of hypertensive crisis are discussed.
The East Asian financial crisis: getting to the heart of the issues

Gives and overview of the East Asian financial crisis, focusing on the seven countries most directly involved, and the underlying reasons for its magnitude. Examines the 1991‐1999 economic growth rates, inflation rates and current account positions in the area and asserts that the deterioration of macroeconomic fundamentals was insufficient to explain it. Relates a number of external factors in the crisis to some research models and argues that the poor regulation and control of the banking system, coupled with an inflow of foreign investment, which investors wrongly believed to be government guaranteed, caused a “bubble” in share and property prices. Describes the collapse of companies, currency values and share/property prices which followed, exacerbated by a panicky withdrawal of foreign funds, speculative activity and government policy errors. Lists the objectives of and instruments used by the IMF programme and asks if it was too harsh e.g. on bank closures. Considers the lessons of the crisis and its implications for the Basle capital adequacy rules and the imposition of capital controls.
Vision-based feedback strategy for controlled pushing of microparticles

A strategy for controlled pushing is presented for microassembly of 4.5μm polystyrene particles on a flat glass substrate using an atomic force microscope probe tip. Real-time vision based feedback from a CCD camera mounted to a high resolution optical microscope is used to track particle positions relative to the tip and target position. Tip-particle system is modeled in 2D as a non- holonomic differential drive robot. Effectiveness of the controller is demonstrated through experiments performed using a single goal position as well as linking a series of target positions to form a single complex trajectory. Cell decomposition and wavefront expansion algorithms are implemented to autonomously locate a navigable path to a specified target position. Control strategy alleviates prob- lem of slipping and spinning during pushing.
Nanoscale patterning and oxidation of H‐passivated Si(100)‐2×1 surfaces with an ultrahigh vacuum scanning tunneling microscope

Nanoscale patterning of the hydrogen terminated Si(100)‐2×1 surface has been achieved with an ultrahigh vacuum scanning tunneling microscope. Patterning occurs when electrons field emitted from the probe locally desorb hydrogen, converting the surface into clean silicon. Linewidths of 1 nm on a 3 nm pitch are achieved by this technique. Local chemistry is also demonstrated by the selective oxidation of the patterned areas. During oxidation, the linewidth is preserved and the surrounding H‐passivated regions remain unaffected, indicating the potential use of this technique in multistep lithography processes.
Association of Filial Responsibility, Ethnicity, and Acculturation Among Japanese American Family Caregivers of Older Adults

Challenges of filial caregiving practices by 1st-generation immigrants due to differences in caregiving values between their home and host countries are well documented. This study explored the filial responsibility of later generation Japanese American caregivers of older adults. Acculturation and filial responsibility were measured using the Suinn-Lew Asian Self Identity Acculturation scale and Filial Values Index, respectively. A qualitative interview guide was developed using Gordon’s assimilation theory, and 21 caregivers (M age = 68 years, 86% female, seven in each generation) were interviewed. Despite the 3rd-generation caregivers’ high acculturation level, their filial responsibility scores remained high. Qualitative interviews also revealed later generation caregivers’ strong filial responsibility and continued caregiving involvement. Unexpectedly, caregivers’ own future expectancy of care included placement in mainstream residential facilities rather than ethnic-specific settings. Findings point...
After 10 years and 1903 inguinal hernias, what is the outcome for the laparoscopic repair?

Background: The procedure of choice for inguinal hernia repair has remained controversial for decades. The laparoscopic approach has now been utilized for more than 10 years, and a significant volume of patient outcomes is now available for review. Methods: The hospital and office records of 1388 patients who underwent 1903 laparoscopic inguinal hernia repairs at Atlanta Medical Center during the past 10 years were retrospectively reviewed in order to determine demographics, recurrence rate, and complications. In addition, 123 hernia repairs were prospectively studied in 71 patients during this time period in order to accurately evaluate postoperative pain and return to activity. Results: Two hundred fifty-five (13.4%) hernias were recurrent and 1648 (86.6%) were primary. Five hundred and fifteen (37.1%) hernias were bilateral. The total extraperitoneal approach was utilized for 1561 (82.0%) of the 1903 repairs. The average operative time was 75.4 (14–193) minutes. Estimated blood loss was 22.0 (0–250) ml. Seventeen patients (1.2%) were converted to an open form of hernia repair. Minor complications occurred in 83 (6.0%) patients and major complications occurred in 18 (1.3%) patients. Conclusions: The laparoscopic approach is a safe form of inguinal hernia repair that offers the patient a shorter and less painful recovery with an extremely low recurrence rate.
Real Time Queue Operations in Pure LISP

Several methods of implementing a queue in Pure LISP are presented. A technique to distribute the reversal of a list over a number of operations leads to a real-time queue implementation.
Mean excitation energy of polystyrene extracted from proton-stopping-power measurements

The measured stopping power of polystyrene for 2.2- to 5.9-MeV protons has been analyzed with the Bloch projectile-z/sup 4/ correction term and a modified low-velocity projectile-z/sup 3/ term included in the Bethe-Bloch formula. When the full-strength Walske K-shell correction was utilized, the mean excitation energy corresponding to the best fit of the measurements was (71.1 +- 1.8) eV. This result was obtained for a value of the free parameter of the low-velocity projectile-z/sup 3/ effect formalism of 1.90 +- 0.05, whether or not a Walske L-shell correction was included.
Pharmacokinetic modeling of heparin and its clinical implications.

Experimental work on heparin has indicated that its half-life increases with dose. Two models to describe heparin's pharmacokinetic behavior are proposed, and the parameters in the models are fitted to experimental data. Both models exhibit an apparent firstorder decay with a “halflife” that increases with dose. It is shown that, even though both models exhibit a bolus half-life of from 1 to 2 hr, over 2 days can be required for true steadystate conditions to be achieved in these models when a constant intravenous infusion of drug is given. The clinical implications of these models are discussed. Suggestions are made for further research on heparin kinetics.
An agenda for concern-oriented software engineering

The principle of separation of concerns has certainly stood the test of time in guiding the field of software engineering, leading to an amazing variety of approaches available to programmers to actually separate and manage concerns in their software. In this paper, we provide a novel perspective on these approaches, a perspective that is guided by the observation that the underlying goal of any approach should not be to always separate concerns, but instead to minimize the impact of concern scattering and tangling. Reframed as such, we survey and relate existing work, highlight fundamental limitations of the four canonical approaches to minimizing the impact of concern scattering and tangling, and provide an agenda for future work -- at both the code level and beyond.
Factored language models and generalized parallel backoff

We introduce factored language models (FLMs) and generalized parallel backoff (GPB). An FLM represents words as bundles of features (e.g., morphological classes, stems, data-driven clusters, etc.), and induces a probability model covering sequences of bundles rather than just words. GPB extends standard backoff to general conditional probability tables where variables might be heterogeneous types, where no obvious natural (temporal) backoff order exists, and where multiple dynamic backoff strategies are allowed. These methodologies were implemented during the JHU 2002 workshop as extensions to the SRI language modeling toolkit. This paper provides initial perplexity results on both CallHome Arabic and on Penn Treebank Wall Street Journal articles. Significantly, FLMs with GPB can produce bigrams with significantly lower perplexity, sometimes lower than highly-optimized baseline trigrams. In a multi-pass speech recognition context, where bigrams are used to create first-pass bigram lattices or N-best lists, these results are highly relevant.
Comment on “The morphology dependent resonance does not require discontinuity of the refractive index at the sphere surface”

The claim of novelty in suggesting that morphology dependent resonances (MDR) does not require a discontinuity is questioned. Previous works showing that MDRs exist even when there is no index discontinuity at the sphere boundary are presented.
Expression and ligand binding of α2β1 integrin on breast carcinoma cells

We examined the expression and ligand specificity of the alpha 2 beta 1 integrin on human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC) and a panel of breast carcinoma cell lines in vitro. We found that the alpha 2 beta 1 integrin was universally, but quite variably expressed on these cells by FACS analysis. No significant correlation was observed between its expression and other known cellular phenotypes. Substrate attachment assays using blocking antibodies demonstrated that alpha 2 beta 1 integrin served as a receptor for collagen on HMEC and almost all breast carcinoma cells. However, its contribution to laminin binding of these cells appeared to be related to cellular differentiation as evaluated by sex steroid receptor status and by markers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, i.e. loss of E-cadherin and expression of vimentin. Two different populations of non-malignant immortalized HMEC (184A1N4 and MCF-10A) contained cells capable of using alpha 2 beta 1 integrin as a laminin receptor. Breast cancer cell lines positive for estrogen receptor (ER) and E-cadherin (MCF-7, T47D, ZR75-1) could also use alpha 2 beta 1 integrin as a laminin receptor. Conversely, alpha 2 beta 1 integrin appeared to be incapable of binding to laminin or to be a very minor receptor for laminin on metastatic ER-negative breast carcinoma cells that expressed vimentin (MDA-MB 231, MDA-MB 435, and MDA-MB 436). These findings suggest that the ligand specificity of alpha 2 beta 1 integrin, i.e. its function as a laminin receptor, may be regulated during the malignant progression of breast carcinoma cells. A reduced contribution of alpha 2 beta 1 integrin to the cellular laminin binding appears to be associated with an increased malignant phenotype and with an epithelial-mesenchymal transition of breast carcinoma cells.
Jakobson Revisited Poetics, Subjectivity, and Temporality

Un des postulats fondamentaux qui regit les travaux de Jakobson depuis 1985 est le lien particulierement etroit entre les deux domaines d'etude que constituent la linguistique et la litterature. Les travaux de Jakobson ont ainsi marque ces deux disciplines et ont suscite de nombreuses polemiques. L'A. remarque toutefois que les arguments avances par ses defenseurs ont peu attire l'attention. Pour eclairer ce passe de critiques, l'A. se propose de reconsiderer certains elements des travaux de Jakobson ainsi que les principales questions qu'ils auront amenees principalement quant a la relation entre linguistique et stylistique. Il tente ainsi de clarifier les propos de Jakobson tenus sur la poetique. Enfin, il propose une reanalyse d'un poeme etudie par Jakobson en 1987 : The sorrow of love. L'A. exploite les resultats obtenus par Jakobson et y applique la theorie de la temporalite poetique