cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Computerized Method for Measuring Computed Tomography Pulmonary Angiography Yield in the Emergency Department: Validation Study.

Background: Use of computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) in the assessment of pulmonary embolism (PE) has markedly increased over the past two decades. While this technology has improved the accuracy of radiological testing for PE, CTPA also carries the risk of substantial iatrogenic harm. Each CTPA carries a 14% risk of contrast-induced nephropathy and a lifetime malignancy risk that can be as high as 2.76%. The appropriate use of CTPA can be estimated by monitoring the CTPA yield, the percentage of tests positive for PE. This is the first study to propose and validate a computerized method for measuring the CTPA yield in the emergency department (ED). Objective: The objective of our study was to assess the validity of a novel computerized method of calculating the CTPA yield in the ED. Methods: The electronic health record databases at two tertiary care academic hospitals were queried for CTPA orders completed in the ED over 1-month periods. These visits were linked with an inpatient admission with a discharge diagnosis of PE based on the International Classification of Diseases codes. The computerized the CTPA yield was calculated as the number of CTPA orders with an associated inpatient discharge diagnosis of PE divided by the total number of orders for completed CTPA. This computerized method was then validated by 2 independent reviewers performing a manual chart review, which included reading the free-text radiology reports for each CTPA. Results: A total of 349 CTPA orders were completed during the 1-month periods at the two institutions. Of them, acute PE was diagnosed on CTPA in 28 studies, with a CTPA yield of 7.7%. The computerized method correctly identified 27 of 28 scans positive for PE. The one discordant scan was tied to a patient who was discharged directly from the ED and, as a result, never received an inpatient discharge diagnosis. Conclusions: This is the first successful validation study of a computerized method for calculating the CTPA yield in the ED. This method for data extraction allows for an accurate determination of the CTPA yield and is more efficient than manual chart review. With this ability, health care systems can monitor the appropriate use of CTPA and the effect of interventions to reduce overuse and decrease preventable iatrogenic harm.
Advantages of Mixed Enterprise to the Public Sector

The preceding chapter has examined the case for mixed enterprise from the standpoint of the business community. This chapter deals with the institution from the side of the public participant. In the main, it sets forth the gain to the public sector from a share in a mixed enterprise. The first section will consider the traditional framework of thought which forms the basis of Western economic thinking, and the conditions under which state interference is justified will be reviewed. The second section will outline the contrastive conception of the dualistic economy which is inherent in the Indian materials and review the idea of an equally important public sector in economic activity. Taking India’s concept of the public sector, the last sections will cover the gains which accrue to the components of the sector in a manner similar to the analysis carried on for the private.
Inside Family Viewing (Routledge Revivals) : Ethnographic Research on Television's Audiences

First published in 1990, this title presents a rich account of how television intersects with family life in American and other world cultures. From an analysis of the political and cultural significance of China’s most important television series to detailed descriptions of how families in the United States interpret and use television at home, James Lull’s ethnographic work marks an important stage in the study of the role of the mass media in contemporary culture. This title will be of interest not only to those in media and communications, but also to those in the broader fields of cultural anthropology and sociology.
Design and Implementation of Linear/Nonlinear Control Methods on 3-DOF Helicopter

Air vehicles typically are highly nonlinear, coupled and Multi-Input, Multi-Output (MIMO) systems. Designing controllers for such systems is challenging. In this paper, a three Degree of Freedom (3DoF) helicopter is considered for implementing different linear and nonlinear control methods. Two motors drive the helicopter, whose degrees of freedom are elevation (vertical), pitch (roll) and travel (yaw). Since there are more degrees of freedom than actuators, this is an under-actuated system. A simplified nonlinear dynamic model is considered for this paper, and design Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR), LQR based PID, Input-Output Feedback Linearizing (IOFL) and a Direct Adaptive Fuzzy Controller (DAC) are implemented in real-time on a micro-controller (Arduino Mega), and a systematic comparison of their performance is presented.
Is Justice Really Blind? Nondominant Groups in the American Justice System.

From the beginning, America has prided itself on an image of its justice system as fair and impartial despite wealth, religion, race, or ethnicity. There are certainly those who assert that the belief that our criminal justice system is indeed fair and that the assertion that the system is racist is
Switchable Aromaticity in an Isostructural Mn Phthalocyanine Series Isolated in Five Separate Redox States

The synthesis and characterization of a new phthalocyanine (Pc) Mn-nitride complex, (OEtPc)MnN (2; OEtPc = 1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-octaethoxy-Pc), as well as its stable, readily accessible oxidized (2...
Recent trends in integrated bioprocesses: aiding and expanding microbial biofuel/biochemical production

Microbial biosynthesis of fuels and chemicals represents a promising route for their renewable production. Product toxicity, however, represents a common challenge limiting the efficacy of this approach. Integrated bioprocesses incorporating in situ product separation are poised to help address this intrinsic problem, but suffer their own unique shortcomings. To improve and expand the utility of this versatile bioprocessing strategy, recent innovations have focused on developing more effective separation materials and novel process configurations, as well as adapting designs to accommodate semi-continuous modes of operation. As a result, integrated bioprocesses are finding new applications to aid the biosynthesis of an ever-growing list of bioproducts. Emerging applications, meanwhile, are exploring the further expansion of such designs to interface microbial and chemical catalysts, leading to new and versatile routes for the one-pot synthesis of an even greater diversity of renewable products.
Abstract 2701: Functionally specialized subsets of exhausted CD8+ T cells mediate tumor control and differentially respond to checkpoint blockade

T cell dysfunction in the tumor microenvironment (TME) is a hallmark of many cancers. Reinvigoration of T cell function by PD-1 checkpoint blockade can result in striking clinical responses, but is only effective in a minority of patients. The basis for T cell dysfunction in the TME, as well as the mechanisms by which anti-PD-1 therapy acts on dysfunctional T cells are not fully understood. Here we show that anti-PD-1 therapy acts on a specific subpopulation of CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in melanoma mouse models, which can also be found in patients with melanoma. We find that dysfunctional CD8+ TILs possess canonical epigenetic and transcriptional features of T cell exhaustion, mirroring those seen in chronic viral infection. Similar to chronic viral infection, exhausted CD8+ TILs contain a subpopulation of “progenitor exhausted” T cells that have a distinct regulatory state. Progenitor exhausted TILs also have critical functional attributes that are not shared by the majority “terminally exhausted” TILs: they retain more polyfunctionality, persist following transfer into tumor-bearing mice, and differentiate to repopulate terminally exhausted TILs in the TME. As a result, progenitor exhausted CD8+ TILs are better able to control tumor growth than terminally exhausted cells. Progenitor exhausted, but not terminally exhausted, CD8+ TILs can respond to anti-PD-1 therapy but this occurs without reversion of their exhausted epigenetic state. Human melanomas contain CD8+ T cells with a progenitor exhausted phenotype and patients with a higher fraction of this subpopulation in their tumors have a significantly longer duration of response to combination checkpoint blockade therapy. Therefore, approaches to expand progenitor exhausted CD8+ T cells in the tumor microenvironment may be an important component of improving checkpoint blockade response. Citation Format: Brian C. Miller, Debattama R. Sen, Rose Al Abosy, Kevin Bi, Yamini V. Virkud, Martin W. LaFleur, Kathleen B. Yates, Ana Lako, Kristen Felt, Girish S. Naik, Michael Manos, Evisa Gjini, F. Stephen Hodi, Scott J. Rodig, Arlene H. Sharpe, W. Nicholas Haining. Functionally specialized subsets of exhausted CD8+ T cells mediate tumor control and differentially respond to checkpoint blockade [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2701.
Perinatal Panencephalopathy in Premature Infants: Is It Due to Hypoxia-Ischemia?

Despite spectacular advances in the intensive care of the premature infant, 25–50% of survivors still demonstrate an unacceptable burden of cognitive, behavioral, motor, and sensory deficits (1–3). Moreover, it is increasingly clear that the clinical presentation in an individual child born prematurely is extraordinarily complex, without, for example, cerebral palsy in isolation of cognitive deficits (1, 2, 4, 5). It is also increasingly clear from autopsy studies that the underlying basis of these complex clinical abnormalities is (not surprisingly) not a single lesion alone, e.g., periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), or even two or three lesions, but rather reflects a combination of multiple gray and white matter lesions, which vary across individuals, thereby accounting for variable clinical presentations (6). Indeed, we believe that the term perinatal panencephalopathy in premature infants (PPPI) best captures the full spectrum of the brain pathology seen in premature infants today, as characterized clinically, radiographically, and at autopsy (6). We define this entity at the pathological level as brain injury in the premature infant (<37 weeks at birth) that consists of variable combinations of (a) white matter damage (PVL, diffuse white matter gliosis [DWMG]); (b) gray matter damage (neuronal necrosis, neuronal loss, and/or gliosis) primarily in the thalamus, basal ganglia, cerebellum, and brainstem, with relative sparing of the cerebral cortex; and (c) focal and diffuse axonal injury in the cerebral white matter. The term perinatal underscores the presence of this pattern of injury
The Longitudinal Associations of Handgrip Strength and Cognitive Function in Aging Americans.

Abstract Objectives Factors that are responsible for age-related neurologic deterioration of noncognitive and cognitive processes may have a shared cause. We sought to examine the temporal, directional associations of handgrip strength and cognitive function in a national sample of aging Americans. Design Longitudinal panel. Setting Enhanced interviews that included physical, biological, and psychosocial measures were completed in person. Core interviews were often conducted over the telephone. Participants The analytic sample included 14,775 Americans aged at least 50 years who participated in at least 2 waves of the 2006-2016 waves of the Health and Retirement Study. Measures Handgrip strength was measured with a hand-held dynamometer. Participants were considered cognitively intact, mildly impaired, or severely impaired according to the Telephone Interview of Cognitive Status questionnaire. Separate lagged general estimating equations analyzed the directional associations of handgrip strength and cognitive function. Results The overall time to follow-up was 2.1 ± 0.4 years. Every 5 kg higher handgrip strength was associated with 0.97 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.93, 0.99] lower odds for both future cognitive impairment and worse cognitive impairment. Those who were not weak had 0.54 (CI 0.43, 0.69) lower odds for future cognitive impairment and 0.57 (CI 0.46, 0.72) lower odds for future worse cognitive impairment. Conversely, any (β = −1.09; CI –1.54, −0.64), mild (β = −0.85; CI –1.34, −0.36), and severe cognitive impairment (β = −2.34; CI –3.25, −1.42) predicted decreased handgrip strength. Further, the presence of any, mild, and severe cognitive impairment was associated with 1.82 (CI 1.48, 2.24), 1.65 (CI 1.31, 2.08), and 2.53 (CI 1.74, 3.67) greater odds for future weakness, respectively. Conclusions/Implications Strength capacity and cognitive function may parallel each other, whereby losses of functioning in 1 factor may forecast losses of functioning in the other. Handgrip strength could be used for assessing cognitive status in aging Americans and strength capacity should be monitored in those with cognitive impairment.
Baclofen-Induced Changes in the Resting Brain Modulate Smoking Cue Reactivity: A Double-blind Placebo-controlled Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study in Cigarette Smokers

Objective Smoking cue-(SC) elicited craving can lead to relapse in SC-vulnerable individuals. Thus, identifying treatments that target SC-elicited craving is a top research priority. Reduced drug cue neural activity is associated with recovery and is marked by a profile of greater tonic (resting) activation in executive control regions, and increased connectivity between executive and salience regions. Evidence suggests the GABA-B agonist baclofen can reduce drug cue-elicited neural activity, potentially through its actions on the resting brain. Based on the literature, we hypothesize that baclofen's effects in the resting brain can predict its effects during SC exposure. Methods In this longitudinal, double blind, placebo-controlled neuropharmacological study 43 non-abstinent, sated treatment-seeking cigarette smokers (63% male) participated in an fMRI resting-state scan and a SC-reactivity task prior to (T1) and 3 weeks following randomization (T2; baclofen: 80 mg/day; n = 21). Subjective craving reports were acquired before and after SC exposure to explicitly examine SC-induced craving. Results Whole-brain full-factorial analysis revealed a group-by-time interaction with greater resting brain activation of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) at T2 in the baclofen group (BAC) (pFWEcorr = 0.02), which was associated with reduced neural responses to SCs in key cue-reactive brain regions; the anterior ventral insula and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (pFWEcorr ＜ 0.01). BAC, but not the placebo group reported decreased SC-elicited craving (p = 0.02). Conclusion Results suggest that baclofen mitigates the reward response to SCs through an increase in tonic activation of the dlPFC, an executive control region. Through these mechanisms, baclofen may offer SC-vulnerable smokers protection from SC-induced relapse.
How robust are deep object detectors to variability in ground truth bounding boxes? Experiments for target recognition in infrared imagery

In this work we consider the problem of developing deep learning models – such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs) - for automatic target detection (ATD) in infrared (IR) imagery. CNN-based ATD systems must be trained to recognize objects using bounding box (BB) annotations generated by human annotators. We hypothesize that individual annotators may exhibit different biases and/or variability in the characteristics of their BB annotations. Similarly, computer-aided annotation methods may also introduce different types of variability into the BBs. In this work we investigate the impact of BB variability on the behavior and detection performance of CNNs trained using them. We consider two specific BB characteristics here: the center-point, and the overall scale of BBs (with respect to the visual extent of the targets they label). We systematically vary the bias or variance of these characteristics within a large training dataset of IR imagery, and then evaluate the performance on the resulting trained CNN models. Our results indicate that biases in these BB characteristics do not impact performance, but will cause the CNN to mirror the biases in its BB predictions. In contrast, variance in these BB characteristics substantially degrades performance, suggesting care should be taken to reduce variance in the BBs.
Library Services for Online Patrons: A Manual for Facilitating Access, Learning, and Engagement . Joelle E. Pitts, Laura Bonella, Jason M. Coleman, and Adam Wathen, eds. Santa Barbara, CA: Libraries Unlimited, 2019. 200p. Paperback. $55.00 (ISBN 978-1-44-085952-6).

Serving digital patrons is not a new practice for libraries, but in recent years online access has become more casual and ubiquitous. Serving digital patrons has changed focus from a particular group of users without access to physical library services and resources to an ordinary part of serving our regular patrons who may access our services from off campus or via mobile as easily as they walk into a physical library. The recent closures of many libraries due to COVID-19 has highlighted both readiness to provide services online and possible deficiencies in online service. The result for many libraries may be a service strategy that transcends mode of access and makes it easier for online patrons to take full advantage of resources and services. Library Services for Online Patrons focuses on the diversity of patrons accessing the library online through equitable access to resources and establishing best practices for providing library services. This book can serve as a resource for establishing services for online patrons and as a checklist for libraries that already have a foundation of service, yet may need development in some areas.
From shape to meaning: Evidence for multiple fast feedforward hierarchies of concept processing in the human brain.

Abstract A number of fMRI studies have provided support for the existence of multiple concept representations in areas of the brain such as the anterior temporal lobe (ATL) and inferior parietal lobule (IPL). However, the interaction among different conceptual representations remains unclear. To better understand the dynamics of how the brain extracts meaning from sensory stimuli, we conducted a human high-density electroencephalography (EEG) study in which we first trained participants to associate pseudowords with various animal and tool concepts. After training, multivariate pattern classification of EEG signals in sensor and source space revealed the representation of both animal and tool concepts in the left ATL and tool concepts within the left IPL within 250 ​ms. Finally, we used Granger Causality analyses to show that orthography-selective sensors directly modulated activity in the parietal-tool selective cluster. Together, our results provide evidence for distinct but parallel “perceptual-to-conceptual” feedforward hierarchies in the brain.
Tutorial: “With sufficient increases in X, more people will engage in the target behavior”

Abstract Psychological theory should guide the method. A method should not dictate theory. Extraneous assumptions entering psychological theories through the backdoor of a method may differentially affect the analysis of different data sets. This introduces noise and jeopardizes successful replication of valid theoretical claims. Auxiliary theoretical assumptions can also bias substantive conclusions (including across replications). It is therefore becoming ever more crucial that theoretical claims genuinely represent the given theory, no more, no less. Recent work has highlighted a disconnect between some theories and their ‘predictions,’ questioned the scope of theories in the presence of heterogeneity in hypothetical constructs, and developed methods to avoid extraneous assumptions. This tutorial merges these strands of research using a simple, illustrated case study on formulating and testing order-constrained theories. The tutorial applies to empirical paradigms in which scholars can state ordinal constraints on the outcome probabilities for several binary variables such as binary responses or the presence/absence of symptoms, and where the collection of binary variables is associated with a finite set of distinct conditions, such as group membership, treatment condition, or discrete levels of an independent variable. The goal is to let scholars spell out very precise hypotheses that (1) areunadulterated reflections of their theory, (2) provide exceptional theoretical nuance, (3) formally accommodate substantive heterogeneity and (4) offer rigorous and strong quantitative diagnosticity.
Variation in Postoperative Opioid Prescribing Among Upper-Extremity Surgery Providers

Purpose To identify targets for corrective interventions and guide improved opioid stewardship, we studied opioid prescribing patterns of attending surgeons compared with surgical trainees for 2 upper-extremity surgeries: open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) of distal radius fractures (DRF), and carpal tunnel release (CTR). Methods We retrospectively reviewed records for all patients who underwent CTR or DRF ORIF at 6 hospitals across a large health system from 2016 to 2018. We collected prescriber training level (attending vs trainee), analgesic prescribed, and amount initially prescribed after surgery converted to oral morphine equivalents (OMEs). Regression models evaluated OMEs by prescriber and surgery type. Our final models included an interaction term between prescriber training level and year of surgery to assess group changes over time. No prescription guidelines or formal training was provided during the study period. Results We included 707 CTR and 383 DRF ORIF patients. Opioids prescribed by trainees ranged from 90 to 300 OMEs (median, 180 OMEs). Opioids prescribed by attendings ranged from 100 to 225 OMEs (median, 150 OMEs). Early in the analyses, trainees prescribed significantly more than attendings (320 versus 180). Over time, trainees reduced overprescribing significantly more, by an additional 40 OME/y. By the end of the analysis period, trainees were prescribing less OME than were attendings (112.5 vs 150). Both groups continued to prescribe more than recently suggested amounts for both procedures. Conclusions Our study found that both attendings and trainees overprescribed opioids after surgery. Trainees prescribed more than attendings over the study period; however, when analyzing for improvement over time and with no formal intervention or training, trainees showed greater improvement, eventually dropping to levels at or below that of attendings. Considering that most change was seen at the trainee level, education for established providers may be an area in which more improvement can be made. Clinical relevance Understanding which providers are more likely to overprescribe opioids can help guide interventions that improve opioid stewardship.
Women and Policing: An Assessment of Factors Related to the Likelihood of Pursuing a Career as a Police Officer:

Law enforcement is still considered a male dominated occupation resulting in the underrepresentation of women in sworn personnel positions. While it is critical for police departments to have a mor...
Implicit associations related to physical disability among nursing students.

Abstract Background Negative beliefs about disability are associated with poorer outcomes for individuals with disabilities; understanding disability-related attitudes is critical for clinical care. Recently, interest in attitudes toward people with disabilities has increased; however, most studies focus on explicit attitudes. In contrast, the Disability Attitude Implicit Association Test (DA-IAT) is designed to evaluate respondents’ underlying automatic preferences regarding physical ability. Objective The aim of this pilot study was to expand the literature on health professionals’ implicit disability attitudes by analyzing the DA-IAT in a sample of nursing students. Methods A cross-sectional design was utilized with a sample of nursing students (n = 95; 88.7% female). Respondents completed the DA-IAT online before responding to some basic demographic questions. Results Participants associated able-bodied status with positive descriptors more quickly than disability related stimuli. Conclusions Most participants in this sample of nursing students (87%) mentally associated able-bodiedness with desirable traits in a more efficient manner than disability. Future research should focus on developing models to better understand the relationship between automatic processing, disability-related attitudes, and how this relationship informs clinician behavior.
Treatment of recurrent retroperitoneal myxolipoma

The problem of retroperitoneal neoplasm management is still relevant despite certain achievements in diagnosis, anesthetic care and surgical techniques. These patients often admit to specialized hospitals with a widespread malignant process and/or complications due to no specific symptoms. Resection is preferred for malignant inorganic retroperitoneal tumors. A feature of these neoplasms is frequent local relapses, which seriously limit the possibility of redo surgery. The authors report successful surgical treatment of recurrent malignant inorganic retroperitoneal myxolipoma with giant baseline dimensions.
PROSPECTS FOR OFF-AXIS NEUTRAL BEAM CURRENT DRIVE IN THE DIII-D TOKAMAK

AbstractOff-axis neutral beam (NB) current drive (CD) (NBCD) has the potential to supply substantial off-axis CD for the demonstration steady-state, Advanced Tokamak scenarios. A modification of the two existing DIII-D NB beamlines is proposed to allow off-axis CD with NB injection (NBI) vertically steered to drive current as far off axis as half the plasma radius. The profile and magnitude of the driven current is calculated using the NUBEAM Monte Carlo module in the TRANSP and ONETWO transport codes. When the beam is injected in the same direction as the toroidal field, off-axis CD of [approximately equal to]45 kA/MW is calculated at normalized radius (square root of the toroidal flux), ρ = 0.5 with full-width at half-maximum of 0.45 in ρ. The dimensionless CD efficiency is comparable or somewhat better than that for electron cyclotron CD (ECCD) at the same location and plasma parameters. The efficiency stays nearly constant in going from on-axis to off-axis CD. The localization and magnitude of the off...
Depression in women of reproductive age: Considerations in selecting safe, effective therapy

The understanding of biologic and psychologic underpinnings of depression in women of reproductive age continues to grow. Overall, the news is good. Increased knowledge, safer treatments, and early identification have combined to reduce the morbidity of depression in this population. Many treatments appear to be safe and well tolerated by mother and infant alike. No matter how safe the treatment, however, a poor perinatal outcome will prompt both physician and patient to second-guess the intervention. Women who are pregnant or breast-feeding and have a history of depression or are currently experiencing symptoms need to be educated about the risks and benefits of treatment and nontreatment. Whenever possible, another family member should be involved in this discussion. Ultimately, the decision to medicate or not comes down to whether the risk of treatment outweighs the risk of no treatment. Untreated depression is not without its own risks and morbidity. Psychotherapy remains an important tool that can be used independent of or in addition to medication. It is especially helpful for the many women who refuse any and all medications when they are pregnant or breast-feeding.
The Goldilocks conditions applied to T cell development

The newly rearranged T cell receptor on the surface of immature thymocytes must interact with not too much and not too little affinity for self-peptide–MHC ligands to allow the cell to mature and emigrate to the lymphoid periphery. Recent experiments shed new light on how the signal is perceived as “just right”.
Maximin Analysis of Message Passing Algorithms for Recovering Block Sparse Signals

We consider the problem of recovering a block (or group) sparse signal from an underdetermined set of random linear measurements, which appear in compressed sensing applications such as radar and imaging. Recent results of Donoho, Johnstone, and Montanari have shown that approximate message passing (AMP) in combination with Stein's shrinkage outperforms group LASSO for large block sizes. In this paper, we prove that, for a fixed block size and in the strong undersampling regime (i.e., having very few measurements compared to the ambient dimension), AMP cannot improve upon group LASSO, thereby complementing the results of Donoho et al.
Simple liquid scrubber for large-volume air sampling.

Abstract A new large-volume air sampler called the „simple liquid scrubber” is described. It can recover a high percentage of microorganisms from large volumes of air, up to 950 liters/min, and concentrate them into a small volume of liquid at a ratio of about 400,000 to 1. The principle of operation of the scrubber is based on the production of a fine mist in a rapidly moving airstream with ultimate collection of the airborne particles by impingement into the film of liquid formed upon impaction of the mist droplets on the scrubber walls. The scrubber compared favorably with the all-glass impinger (AGI-30) and the slit sampler in tests with the normal flora and with experimental aerosols of Bacillus subtilis var. niger spores.
Plastic Collapse of Thin Rings

When several concentrated or distributed loads are applied on a circular or elliptic ring and are increased proportionally, the ring first yields at some locations and, at the final stage, collapses as a mechanism. The collapse of a ring cannot take place until the number of yield joints developed in the ring exceeds its number of redundancies. In this paper we shall study the configuration of the collapse mechanism, the corresponding collapse load of rings, and the deformations of a circular ring immediately before plastic collapse takes place. For rings in which the heights of the cross section are small compared with their overall dimensions, the stresses are essentially due to flexure of the ring segments when the ring is under the action of concentrated forces. The stresses due to axial and shear forces are relatively small and may be neglected. Furthermore, at the instant of plastic collapse, the deformation of the ring as a mechanism is unlimited if we assume no strain-hardening of the material in the plastic state. In parts of the ring where the sections are still elastic, or partly elastic and partly plastic, the deformation is contained and may be neglected. Thus the change in geometry of the ring is disregarded; the ring is considered as a mechanism made of perfectly rigid members connected by yield joints that offer constant resisting moments. The positions of these yield joints and the corresponding collapse load are found for several typical loading conditions.
DESIGN PROBLEMS IN PUBLIC POLICY DEVELOPMENT: The Case of the Community Anti‐Crime Program

This essay explores the issues involved in designing public policies. It suggests that those programs not well designed will generate inappropriate expectations for success. This lack of design sophistication may not lead well-conceived methods .for achieving stated objectives. Taking the Low Enforcement Assistance Administration's Cornmunit. Anti-Crime Program as an example, the paper analyzes the implicit sociological theory which guided the development of this new and important program. The essay concludes by highlighting some of the important contributions the Community Anti-Crime Program can make in the criminal justice policy arena despite its conceptual shortcomings. While design problems may hinder the implementation of programs, they do not necessarily have to cripple them.
Oxygen kinetic isotope effects in selenate during microbial reduction

Abstract The redox cycling of selenium oxyanions, elemental selenium, and selenides within water resources has implications for Se bioavailability and ecotoxicity. Dual stable isotope analysis of Se and O may provide important information for interpreting environmental Se transformations. Stable Se isotope systematics within the Se redox cycle has been well characterized within the literature, however concomitant oxygen isotope composition requires additional investigation. This study reports the O isotope fractionation of selenate ( SeO 4 2 − ) during microbial reduction by the dissimilatory Se-reducing bacterium Sulfurospirillum barnesii SES-3. Microbial reduction experiments were conducted under various conditions in order to investigate the range of 18O enrichment factors (eO) in selenate. The reduction of selenate to selenite coupled to the oxidation of lactate to acetate resulted in an 18O kinetic isotope effect with eO values 1.5–5.8‰. Greater 18O enrichment was observed with increasing pH, but no correlation was found between eO and reduction rates, lactate availability, or cell density. eO values from biotic reduction by S. barnesii here are significantly less than those observed for abiotic reduction with Fe(II)-rich minerals reported in the literature, and this difference could be explained by a diffusion limitation during enzymatic reduction. Our results expand the isotope systematics of the selenium redox cycle and suggest eO has potential usefulness as indicators for in situ selenate reduction.
The sexually oppressed

Harvey L. Gochros, DSW, is Visiting Professor, School of Social Work, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Haiuaii. This article is based on a paper presented at the NASW Eastern Regional Institute, Washington, D.C., October 25, 1971. The author wishes to acknowledge the contri butions of Leroy G. Schultz to the section of this article that deals with the imprisoned. Every society regulates and molds the ex pression of biological sex drives. Indeed there are relatively few sexual behaviors that are universal. As a result of this
The prime number theorem for generalized primes

Abstract Suppose the integer-counting function N of a system of generalized prime numbers satisfies N(x) = Ax + O(x exp{−c logα x}) for some c and α with c > 0 and 0 b ≤ α 7.91 , then the prime-counting function π satisfies π(x) = lix + O(x exp{−logbx}). The proof is somewhat simpler than the original proof of Malliavin; the simplication consists of replacing an interpolation argument of Malliavin by an argument using Leibniz's rule. The improvement, which is in the largest permissible value for b, comes merely from using a better trigonometric inequality.
NEURAL STATE FILTERING FOR ADAPTIVE INDUCTION MOTOR SPEED ESTIMATION

Effective sensorless transient speed estimation of induction motors is desirable for both on-line condition monitoring and assessment, and for efficiency calculations. In this paper, a sensorless neural adaptive speed filter is developed for induction motors operating under normal conditions and running off the power supply mains. The filter performance is demonstrated by comparisons with speed sensor measurements and spectral speed estimates. In addition to nameplate information required for initial filter set-up, the proposed neural speed filter uses only measured motor terminal currents and voltages. Initial training of the speed filter is accomplished off-line, using rotor slot harmonic-based speed estimates. The developed speed filter is scalable and it has been used for speed estimation of induction motors with varying power ratings. Incremental tuning is used to further improve filter performance and reduce filter development time significantly.
Preclinical Medical Student Hematology/Oncology Education Environment

To better prepare medical students to care for patients in today's changing health-care environment as they transition to continuing their education as residents, many US medical schools have been reviewing and modifying their curricula and are considering integration of newer adult learning techniques, including team-based learning, flipped classrooms, and other active learning approaches (Assoc Am Med Coll. 2014). Directors of hematology/oncology (H/O) courses requested an assessment of today's H/O education environment to help them respond to the ongoing changes in the education content and environment that will be necessary to meet this goal. Several recommendations for the improvement of cancer education resulted from American Association for Cancer Education's (ACCE's) "Cancer Education Survey II" including a call for medical schools to evaluate the effectiveness of current teaching methods in achieving cancer education objectives (Chamberlain et al. J Cancer Educ 7(2):105-114.2014). To understand the current environment and resources used in medical student preclinical H/O courses, an Internet-based, Survey Monkey®-formatted, questionnaire focusing on nine topic areas was distributed to 130 United States Hematology/Oncology Course Directors (HOCDs). HOCDs represent a diverse group of individuals who work in variably supportive environments and who are variably satisfied with their position. Several aspects of these courses remain relatively unchanged from previous assessments, including a predominance of traditional lectures, small group sessions, and examinations that are either written or computer-based. Newer technology, including web-based reproduction of lectures, virtual microscopes, and availability of additional web-based content has been introduced into these courses. A variety of learner evaluation and course assessment approaches are used. The ultimate effectiveness and impact of these changes needs to be determined.
Effects of ICRF power on SOL density profiles and LH coupling during simultaneous LH and ICRF operation on Alcator C-Mod

A dedicated experiment during simultaneous lower hybrid (LH) and ion cyclotron range-of-frequencies (ICRF) operations is carried out to evaluate and understand the effects of ICRF power on the scrape-off-layer (SOL) density profiles and on the resultant LH coupling for a wide range of plasma parameters on Alcator C-Mod. Operation of the LH launcher with the adjacent ICRF antenna significantly degrades LH coupling while operation with the ICRF antenna that is not magnetically connected to the LH launcher minimally affects LH coupling. An X-mode reflectometer system at three poloidal locations adjacent to the LH launcher and a visible video camera imaging the LH launcher are used to measure local SOL density profile and emissivity modifications with the application of LH and LH + ICRF power. These measurements confirm that the density in front of the LH launcher depends strongly on the magnetic field line mapping of the active ICRF antenna. Reflectometer measurements also observe both ICRF-driven and LH-driven poloidal density profile asymmetries, especially a strong density depletion at certain poloidal locations in front of the LH launcher during operation with a magnetically connected ICRF antenna. The results indicate that understanding both LH-driven flows and ICRF sheath driven flows may be necessary to understand the observed density profile modifications and LH coupling results during simultaneous LH + ICRF operation.
Impact of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on elective and emergency abdominal aortic aneurysm repair

Abstract Objective: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) expansion and is considered by some to be a relative contraindication to conventional aortic surgery. This study was undertaken to determine if COPD increases operative death, morbidity, intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay (LOS), and hospital LOS, after AAA repair. Methods: Data from national administrative records supplemented with laboratory data previously obtained for a system-wide study were analyzed in a retrospective review of 1053 consecutive patients (264 with and 789 without COPD) undergoing operation for intact or ruptured AAAs in Veterans Administration Hospitals from 1997 to 1998. Bivariate comparisons and multivariate regression were used to evaluate the impact of COPD on the number of days of ventilation, ICU LOS, total hospital LOS, and death, while controlling for other known risk factors, including acute myocardial infarction, renal failure, and age. Results: The mortality rate in elective aneurysm patients did not differ ( P =.99) between patients with (3.7%) or without COPD (3.7%). However, elective AAA repair was associated with longer hospital LOS (14.4 vs 12.3 days, P =.01), longer ICU LOS (6.5 vs 5.4 days, P =.01), and a higher incidence of requiring 96 hours or more ventilation (6.9% vs 3.6%, P =.02) in patients with COPD. Ruptured AAA affected 4.9% of patients and was strongly associated with COPD ( P =.02); however, COPD did not result in a statistically significant increase in death ( P =.25). Conclusions: Although COPD does not appear to increase operative death, it is associated with an increased risk of rupture. Elective repair of AAA should not be deferred in patients with COPD despite their higher LOSs and need for postoperative ventilation. (J Vasc Surg 2001;33:72-6.)
The Mass of a Solar Quiescent Prominence

This paper follows up on our recent paper on the role of prominence mass in the storage of magnetic energy for driving a coronal mass ejection (CME). The previous paper erroneously rejected a set of sheet- prominence solutions, the recovery of which allows for a simple theoretical estimate of the mass of a quiescent prominence. For coronal fields of 5-10 G, these hydromagnetic solutions suggest that a prominence mass of (1-26) x 10(exp 6) g is needed to hold detached magnetic fields of intensity comparable to the coronal fields in an unbounded atmosphere such that the global magnetic field is energetically able to spontaneously open up and still have enough energy to account for the kinetic and gravitational potential energies carried away in a CME. This simple result is discussed in relation to observed prominence magnetic field intensities, densities, and masses, pointing to the relevance of such observations to the question of magnetic energy storage in the solar corona.
The noninvasive determination of linoleic acid content of human adipose tissue by natural abundance carbon‐13 nuclear magnetic resonance

A new method to assess noninvasively the proportionate storage of poly- and mono-unsaturated fatty acids in human adipose tissue is described. The method is based on in vivo natural abundance 13C NMR at 1.9 T using a TMR 32/200. Data were acquired with a concentric coil system placed below subcutaneous adipose tissue of the calf or the lower arm. Continuous single-frequency decoupling was used to optimize the signal in the spectral region of interest and minimize potential heating effects. Only adipose triglycerides contributed significantly to the resonance intensities. Typical linewidths for the in vivo13C resonances were 10-14 Hz resulting in excellent resolution in the region of the unsaturated carbons. Signal-to-noise ratios for the resonance at 128.4 ppm (due to carbon atoms of polyunsaturated fatty acids) were typically 50-90 in 8 min using 0.25s repetition time. The relative storage of polyunsaturated fatty acids was determined by comparing the peak intensity at 128.4 ppm with the intensities of the peaks due to the carbonyl, the glycerol, or the main methyl carbons. High-resolution in vitro NMR of adipose biopsies and various mixtures of triglycerides studied with the in vivo NMR protocols provided further evidence that the described in vivo NMR methods allowed precise information on the relative storage of linoleic acid, the main constituent of the pool of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Conventional gas chromatography was performed on adipose biopsies of two volunteers and resulted in close agreement with the in vivo NMR methods. The average polyunsaturated fatty acid concentration in adipose tissue in seven healthy volunteers was 19.83 mol% ± 1.74 (SD) as determined by in vivo NMR, consistent with conventional studies based on gas chromatography of biopsied material. Preliminary data on three cystic fibrosis patients showed a decreased polyunsaturated fatty acid concentration of 13.12 mol% ± 2.73 (SD). The high accuracy of this method and its noninvasive character should be especially valuable in clinical research and diagnosis as repetitive adipose biopsies can be avoided. © 1988 Academic Press, Inc.
Radio-frequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma before liver transplantation: a histologic and ‘TUNEL’ study

: Background: Radio-frequency ablation (RFA) is an increasingly used treatment modality for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients awaiting liver transplantation (OLTX). The current study evaluates the effectiveness of RFA in this setting based on evaluation of total cell death in explanted native livers. Design: We evaluated 36 tumors from 35 patients with RFA-treated HCC who underwent OLTX at our center between 1998 and 2002. Native livers from OLTX were extensively sampled for histologic evaluation. For each HCC, an estimate ratio of necrotic tumor areas was calculated based on hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) sections. In tumors with 10% or more residual viable areas, Tdt-mediated UTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) was further performed to assess apoptosis in the morphologically ‘viable’ areas. A final ‘tumor cell death’ (TCD) ratio was recalculated for each HCC to include areas of apoptosis identified by TUNEL. Results: Based on HE P=0.019). There was no significant correlation between tumor grade or pre-RFA size of the tumors and TCD rate in RFA-treated HCC (P=0.11). Conclusion: Extensive TCD (88.4% median) can be obtained using RFA for HCC in patients awaiting OLTX. Our TUNEL findings suggest that RFA-induced cell injury could be associated with apoptosis.
High-velocity clouds and extended gaseous galactic halos

This contribution summarizes some recent results concerning gas in Galaxy halos. In the past few years, distances have been determined for six high-velocity clouds (HVCs), including the second largest, complex C. The derived distances range from about 2 to 10 kpc, placing these HVCs in the near Galactic halo, but far above the Galactic plane. Distances of ∼10 kpc were determined to three different concentrations in Complex C, implying a mass of ∼5 × 10 7 M ⊙ ; this cloud is known to have a metallicity of ∼0.15 solar, and represents an inflow of 0.15–0.25 M ⊙ yr −1 of low-metallicity material. A statistical analysis of the sky and velocity distribution of the ∼200 small HVCs shows that they probably form a population of clouds orbiting the Milky Way, with distances up to 80 kpc, and a radial inflow component of 50 km s −1 . A study of 115 Lyα and 14 O VI absorption lines at redshifts z v −1 ) in the spectra of 76 AGNs shows that half of the intergalactic Lyα absorption lines originate within 450 kpc of galaxies. The amount of gas inside this distance is a factor 2–4 more than the total amount of mass inside the galaxies.