cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Collaborate or Die! Collection Development in Today's Academic Library

SUMMARY The practice of collection development faces many challenges in the present and likely future library environment. The following text presents concepts for collaboration as viable solutions to these challenges for collection development in academic libraries. In particular, a model of collaboration involving department faculty representatives and library liaisons is discussed. Consulting professional literature on this topic has offered insight into the establishment of librarian-faculty relationships, the process of collaboration, benefits of collaboration, as well as problems that may result from such cooperative relationships. Examples are illustrated from experiences at three academic libraries: University of Nevada Las Vegas, University of South Florida, and Hillsborough Community College.
Multiphoton Ionization Photoelectron Spectroscopy

Recent research involving the monitoring of photoelectrons generated in the course of molecular multiphoton ionization is reviewed. Information about the order of the multiphoton ionization process, the identity and ionization potential of the species ionized, and spectroscopic data about excited states of neutral molecules and the ground states of ions can all be extracted using this new technique.
Calcium-Dependent Synaptic Vesicle Trafficking Underlies Indefatigable Release at the Hair Cell Afferent Fiber Synapse

Summary Sensory hair cell ribbon synapses respond to graded stimulation in a linear, indefatigable manner, requiring that vesicle trafficking to synapses be rapid and nonrate-limiting. Real-time monitoring of vesicle fusion identified two release components. The first was saturable with both release rate and magnitude varying linearly with Ca 2+ , however the magnitude was too small to account for sustained afferent firing rates. A second superlinear release component required recruitment, in a Ca 2+ -dependent manner, of vesicles not in the immediate vicinity of the synapse. The superlinear component had a constant rate with its onset varying with Ca 2+ load. High-speed Ca 2+ imaging revealed a nonlinear increase in internal Ca 2+ correlating with the superlinear capacitance change, implicating release of stored Ca 2+ in driving vesicle recruitment. These data, supported by a mass action model, suggest sustained release at hair cell afferent fiber synapse is dictated by Ca 2+ -dependent vesicle recruitment from a reserve pool.
Interactions of Desensitized Actomyosin with Tropomyosin, Troponin A, Troponin B, and Polyanions

Troponin B is an inhibitor of the Mg(++)-activated ATPase activity of actomyosin. The inhibitory effect, which is observed, however, depends upon whether tropomyosin is also present. In the absence of tropomyosin the inhibition by troponin B is markedly reduced by increasing the ionic strength from 0.03 to 0.07, but is not affected by calcium up to a concentration of 10(-4)M. Troponin A relieves the inhibition in both the absence and presence of calcium, an effect which is also shown by many polyanions and is illustrated by using RNA. Tropomyosin enhances the inhibitory effect of troponin B and renders it more resistant to increasing ionic strength but it does not make the inhibition calcium-sensitive. However, when troponin A or low concentrations of polyanions are added to troponin B and tropomyosin, the actomyosin ATPase activity becomes calcium-sensitive; i.e., in the presence of tropomyosin, troponin A or polyanions do not relieve the inhibitory action of troponin B in the absence of calcium but only in its presence. In marked contrast to this is the effect of troponin A in the absence of tropomyosin where it neutralizes the effect of troponin B under all conditions. Thus troponin A and the polyanions both confer calcium regulation on the troponin B-tropomyosin system. The similar effects exhibited by troponin A and the polyanions suggest that the addition of net negative charge to troponin B is an important factor in the conferral of calcium sensitivity. It is also clear that tropomyosin is an essential component of the regulatory mechanism.
Liposomes as a carrier for intracellular delivery of antisense oligonucleotides: a real or magic bullet?

Abstract Antisense oligonucleotides are specific inhibitors of gene expression. They represent a promising tool in fighting viral, malignant and inflammatory diseases. In many cases their activity is limited by their low cellular uptake and lack of target cell recognition. One approach to circumvent these problems is the use liposomes as an oligonucleotide carrier. The encapsulation of oligonucleotides in liposomes is useful for several reasons: (1) protection of oligonucleotides from nuclease degradation; (2) enhancement of cellular uptake in several cell types; (3) improvement of oligonucleotide potency, especially in vitro; (4) modification of their intracellular distribution (this is particularly true for cationic liposomes); (5) increased retention of the oligonucleotides in cells; (6) potential for slow release depots for modified oligonucleotides. However, encapsulation of oligonucleotides in liposomes may decrease the access of the oligonucleotide to tissues outside of the vascular system which may restrict the use of oligonucleotides encapsulated in liposomes or other particulate carriers to accessible cells or tissues. In this review results obtained in vitro and in vivo, using liposome encapsulated oligonucleotides are described and the benefits of liposomes as an oligonucleotide carrier are analyzed.
X-ray crystal structure of solvent-free hydridotris(triphenylphosphine) rhodium, HRh(PPh3)3

Abstract Hydridotris(triphenylphosphine)rhodium HRh(PPh3)3, I, crystallizes out of a toluene/hexane mixture free from solvent in the space group P21/a with a=23.289(8), b=19.985(6), c=9.810(2)A, β=97.83(2)°, V=4523(2)A3 and Dcalcd =1.308 g cm−3 for Z=4. Molecules of I exhibit a distorted square planar geometry in which the angle subtended by the phosphines adjacent to the hydride ligand is 147.28(4)°. A difference Fourier map based on low-angle diffraction data provided evidence for the hydride ligand with a Rh-H distance of 1.63A. In contrast to the known structure of HRh(PPh3)3 · HN(CH3)2 · THF, II, which contains solvent of crystallization, and has no ortho hydrogen rhodium separations less than 3.01A, a phenyl ring in I has rotated so as to place a hydrogen within 2.87A of the rhodium center.
Label-free detection and identification of protein ligands captured by receptors in a polymerized planar lipid bilayer using MALDI-TOF MS

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) coupled with affinity capture is a well-established method to extract biological analytes from complex samples followed by label-free detection and identification. Many bioanalytes of interest bind to membrane-associated receptors; however, the matrices and high-vacuum conditions inherent to MALDI-TOF MS make it largely incompatible with the use of artificial lipid membranes with incorporated receptors as platforms for detection of captured proteins and peptides. Here we show that cross-linking polymerization of a planar supported lipid bilayer (PSLB) provides the stability needed for MALDI-TOF MS analysis of proteins captured by receptors embedded in the membrane. PSLBs composed of poly(bis-sorbylphosphatidylcholine) (poly(bis-SorbPC)) and doped with the ganglioside receptors GM1 and GD1a were used for affinity capture of the B subunits of cholera toxin, heat-labile enterotoxin, and pertussis toxin. The three toxins were captured simultaneously, then detected and identified by MS on the basis of differences in their molecular weights. Poly(bis-SorbPC) PSLBs are inherently resistant to nonspecific protein adsorption, which allowed selective toxin detection to be achieved in complex matrices (bovine serum and shrimp extract). Using GM1-cholera toxin subunit B as a model receptor-ligand pair, we estimated the minimal detectable concentration of toxin to be 4 nM. On-plate tryptic digestion of bound cholera toxin subunit B followed by MS/MS analysis of digested peptides was performed successfully, demonstrating the feasibility of using the PSLB-based affinity capture platform for identification of unknown, membrane-associated proteins. Overall, this work demonstrates that combining a poly(lipid) affinity capture platform with MALDI-TOF MS detection is a viable approach for capture and proteomic characterization of membrane-associated proteins in a label-free manner.
State space modeling and performance analysis of a multilevel modular switched-capacitor converter using pulse dropping switching technique

Multilevel modular capacitor clamped dc-to-dc converter (MMCCC) is a two-phase modular switched capacitor converter. The conversion ratio of an ideal MMCCC is an integer and depends on the number of active modules. An MMCCC circuit can achieve fractional conversion ratios by varying the operating frequency or using the pulse dropping technique (PDT). Using PDT, the converter remains at the same state for longer time duration depending on the required conversion ratio needed. Therefore, PDT adds an additional degree of freedom to achieve variable conversion ratio at a constant frequency. Practical performance of switched-capacitor voltage regulator circuits are generally analyzed by measuring the equivalent output resistance of the converter at different frequencies. State space modeling technique has been used in this paper for measuring the equivalent output resistance when pulse dropping technique has been applied to MMCCC circuit. This analysis will define the boundaries of the PDT operation needed to achieve continuous conversion ratio, and the constraints on the output load resistance needed to achieve the required dynamic range of conversion ratio has been discussed as well. Detail of the state space modeling has been provided in this paper. Finally, the equivalent output resistance derived using the presented model has been validated using simulation and experimental results.
Information about Hyperparameters in Hierarchical Models

Abstract We consider situations in which the prior distribution of a parameter vector θ1 in the distribution of an observable random vector X contains a hyperparameter vector θ2. The experimenter specifies another distribution for θ2 that contains hyperparameters θ3, and so forth. One wants to learn about the hyperparameters at each level of this hierarchical model. We show that for many measures of information, the gain in information decreases as one moves to higher levels of hyperparameters. These results are illustrated for univariate normal models and a general linear hierarchical model. Examples of measures of information are given for which this property does not hold.
Has Artificial Intelligence Contributed to an Understanding of the Human Mind?: A Critique of Arguments For and Against

This essay examines arguments for and against the proposition that Artificial Intelligence (AI) research makes an important contribution to the understanding of the human mind. A number of recent articles have seemed to question the value of AI ideas in specific domains (e.g., language, mental imagery, problem solving). In the present paper, it is argued that the real disagreement concerns the form of a scientific psychology. The critics of Artificial Intelligence believe that many acceptable psychological theories exist and the important task of the scientist is to show that certain of these theories are true. They criticize AI research because it has not produced theories whose adequacy can be tested by empirical research. The supporters of AI research believe that no adequate psychological theories exist. They claim that the important task is to develop adequate theories and until such theories have been constructed, it is pointless to worry about empirical tests. A number of major arguments attacking and defending AI research are examined in order to illustrate that the real issue is methodological. It is concluded that the present debate is counterproductive since both sides assume that the methodological premise of the other side is wrong without attempting to refute it. A more constructive debate would address directly the more fundamental question of what methods offer the greatest promise of solving the major problems of psychology.
A toxicologic evaluation of 5-ethoxy-3-trichloromethyl-1,2,4-thiadiazole (ETMT)

Abstract The following studies were conducted on 3-ethoxy-3-trichloromethyl-1,2,4-thiadiazole (ETMT, Terrazole), a soil fungicide: acute oral toxicity in rats, rabbits, and dogs; acute and subchronic percutaneous toxicity in rabbits; subchronic feeding to rats and dogs; 2-year feeding to rats and dogs; and a three-generation reproduction study in rats. CD rats, albino rabbits, and mongrel and beagle dogs were employed. The acute oral toxicity values (LD50 ± SD) were: rats, 1077 ± 78 mg/kg; rabbits, 779 ± 532 mg/kg; dogs > 5000 mg/kg (premedicated with morphine). The test material was added to the diet of rats at levels of 0, 78, 156, 312, 625, and 1250 ppm (subchronic study) and 0, 10, 80, and 640 ppm (chronic study and reproductive study); and to the diet of dogs at levels of 0, 100, 400, and 1600 ppm (subchronic study); and 0, 10, 100, and 1000 ppm (chronic study). Three-month feeding in rats resulted only in growth inhibition at 1250 ppm and elevated liver to body weight ratios at 625 and 1250 ppm. Dogs fed 3 months showed a decrease in spleen-to-body weight ratios at all feeding levels and a higher liver-to-body weight ratio at 1600 ppm. No consistent adverse dose-related effects were apparent in the 2-year rat feeding study. The following findings were noted only in dogs that received the 1000-ppm diet: a lesser body weight gain, increases in SAP, SGOT, serum cholinesterase, BSP retention, liver weights; cholestatic hepatosis with secondary bile nephrosis. No adverse effects were apparent at 10 or 100 ppm. In the three-generation reproduction study, no adverse effects were apparent on fertility, gestation, viability, lactation, number of stillborn, and mean number of pups born and weaned per litter. Adverse effects occurred only on the 640-ppm diet and these consisted of lower weaning weights of offspring and depressed body weight gains of parent rats.
Monoamine and diamine oxidase activities in uremic rats.

Abstract The activities of monoamine and diamine oxidases in various organs and tissues and the amine levels in plasma and urine were determined in chronically uremic and pair-fed control rats. Plasma amine levels were elevated in uremic animals while the urinary excretion of amines was decreased. In uremic as compared to control animals, monomaine oxidase activity was decreased in kidney and muscle, increased in heart and plasma and not altered in liver and cerebrum. Diamine oxidase activity in uremic rats was decreased in kidney, increased in plasma and unchanged in liver and muscle. These alterations of amine oxidase activities in renal failure may affect the metabolism of many amines and thus contribute to the pathogenesis of the uremic syndrome.
Maternal lipid levels during pregnancy and gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background Lipid levels during pregnancy in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) have been extensively studied; however, it remains unclear whether dyslipidaemia is a potential marker of preexisting insulin resistance. Objective To evaluate the relationship between lipid measures throughout pregnancy and GDM. Search strategy We searched PubMed-MedLine and SCOPUS (inception until January 2014) and reference lists of relevant studies. Selection criteria Publications describing original data with at least one raw lipid (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C], low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C], or triglyceride) measurement during pregnancy in women with GDM and healthy pregnant controls were retained. Data collection and analysis Data extracted from 60 studies were pooled and weighted mean difference (WMD) in lipid levels was calculated using random effects models. Meta-regression was also performed to identify sources of heterogeneity. Main results Triglyceride levels were significantly elevated in women with GDM compared with those without GDM (WMD 30.9, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 25.4–36.4). This finding was consistent in the first, second and third trimesters of pregnancy. HDL-C levels were significantly lower in women with GDM compared with those without GDM in the second (WMD −4.6, 95% CI −6.2 to −3.1) and third (WMD −4.1, 95% CI −6.5 to −1.7) trimesters of pregnancy. There were no differences in aggregate total cholesterol or LDL-C levels between women with GDM and those without insulin resistance. Author's conclusions Our meta-analysis shows that triglycerides are significantly elevated among women with GDM compared with women without insulin resistance and this finding persists across all three trimesters of pregnancy.
Repair replication of viral and cellular DNA in herpes simplex virus type 2-infected human embryonic and xeroderma pigmentosum cells

Abstract When human embryonic fibroblasts were infected with herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) at a multiplicity of 5 PFU/cell, repair replication of cellular DNA was detectable by 3–5 hr postinfection (p.i.). Between 12 and 14 hr p.i., predominantly repair replication of cellular DNA was noted but some repair and semiconservative replication of viral DNA occurred. Almost all DNA synthesis between 22 and 24 hr p.i. was derived from repair synthesis of cellular and viral DNA. Alkaline sucrose gradient sedimentation analysis revealed that cellular DNA of HSV-2-infected cells suffered extensive strand breaks by 14 hr p.i. Significant repair replication of cellular DNA was induced by HSV-2 even in the presence of 100 μg/ml of phosphonoacetic acid which inhibits viral DNA synthesis to undetectable levels. Repair replication of cellular and viral DNA was also detected in infected xeroderma pigmentosum (XP12BE) cells. The results suggest that HSV-2 induced repairable damage in cellular DNA without viral DNA replication and that native HSV-2 DNA which accumulated in the infected cells had a repairable structure (probably strand breaks) that did not require incision for repair.
Ozone, Climate, and Global Atmospheric Change

The delicate balance of the gases that make up our atmosphere allows life to exist on Earth. Ozone depletion and global warming are related to changes in the concentrations of these gases. To solve global atmospheric problems, we need to understand the composition and chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere and the impact of human activities on them.
Structures, Organization, and Function of Reflectin Proteins in Dynamically Tunable Reflective Cells

The reversible assembly of reflectin proteins drives dynamic iridescence in cephalopods. Squid dynamically tune the intensity and colors of iridescence generated by constructive interference from intracellular Bragg reflectors in specialized skin cells called iridocytes. Analysis of the tissue specificity of reflectin subtypes reveals that tunability is correlated with the presence of one specific reflectin sequence. Differential phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of the reflectins in response to activation by acetylcholine, as well as differences in their tissue-specific and subcellular spatial distributions, further support the suggestion of different roles for the different reflectin subtypes.
A digital model of trabecular bone

A 3D microCT dataset of bovine bone was used to create a digital 3D model simulating trabecular bone. The model serves a dual purpose: It allows for standard quantitative histomorphometric analysis and it approximates the reality e.g. of high resolution CT in vivo datasets of trabecular bone. Thus the model can potentially be used as a reference to develop 2D and 3D structural analysis algorithms applicable in vivo while it simultaneously allows verification of the results of these algorithms by standard histomorphometry. The model can be used as a standard to evaluate the impact of image processing techniques and of restrictions of imaging systems on the quantitative analysis of structural parameters describing a trabecular network. The model can be used for a comparison of 2D and 3D structural analysis methods and for an analysis of decreasing spatial resolution. The effects of segmentation and filtration can be studied separately and grayscale analysis is possible. As examples standard 2D histomorphometry and the analysis of topological parameters like node number and trabecular network length were applied to the model. The influence of spatial resolution was investigated by decreasing the spatial resolution of the digital model. The bone surface area determined by 3D surface triangulation was only 4% smaller than the surface area determined from the traditional 2D bone histomorphometric parameter bone surface/tissue volume (BS/TV) when 2D results were averaged over all slices of the 3D volume. However, BS/TV showed large (10%) variations among slices within the volume. Both histomorphometric and topological parameters were heavily influenced by spatial resolution and image segmentation. Our initial experience with the digital model indicates a need to investigate bone microstructure based on volume data or to average the 2D results of many slices.
The Parameters Sensitivity Analysis of Battery Electric Vehicle Dynamic Performance

Battery electric vehicle is to be researched and developed as the best alternative for fuel vehicle. Dynamic performance is the basic performance of a vehicle. In the prior period of research and development, studying on the sensitivity of relevant parameters to dynamic performance can determine the degree of influences that the relevant parameters have on it. This paper establishes mathematical model for the dynamic performance of battery electric vehicle, and deduces computational methods of the dynamic parameters sensitivity. Improving these parameters will provide the basis for improving the dynamic performance of battery electric vehicle.
A simple scheme for generating nearly uniform distribution of antipodally symmetric points on the unit sphere.

A variant of the Thomson problem, which is about placing a set of points uniformly on the surface of a sphere, is that of generating uniformly distributed points on the sphere that are endowed with antipodal symmetry, i.e., if x is an element of the point set then −x is also an element of that point set. Point sets with antipodal symmetry are of special importance to many scientific and engineering applications. Although this type of point sets may be generated through the minimization of a slightly modified electrostatic potential, the optimization procedure becomes unwieldy when the size of the point set increases beyond a few thousands. Therefore, it is desirable to have a deterministic scheme capable of generating this type of point set with near uniformity. In this work, we will present a simple deterministic scheme to generate nearly uniform point sets with antipodal symmetry.
Isovolumic relaxation period in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Assessment by radionuclide angiography

Left ventricular isovolumic relaxation and the relation between relaxation and filling were studied in 90 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and 29 control subjects using radionuclide angiography. The isovolumic relaxation period was determined automatically on left ventricular time-activity curves as the interval between minimal volume and onset of rapid filling. In 17 patients, M-mode echocardiography performed simultaneously with radionuclide angiography demonstrated that onset of mitral valve opening correlated well with onset of rapid filling (r = 0.84, p The isovolumic relaxation period was longer in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy than in cdntrol subjects (95 ± 44 versus 50 ± 23 ms, p Thus, the delay in peak filling rate in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is caused by prolongation of the isovolumic period. Verapamil decreases the isovolumic relaxation period and improves subsequent diastolic filling. These data suggest that impaired relaxation is an important determinant of decreased left ventricular filling in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
A review of Transportation Security Administration funding 2001–2007

The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 spurred a fundamental change in the thinking, organization, and funding of transportation security in the United States. The most visible organizational change was the creation of the Transportation Security Administration (TSA), first as an entity within the Department of Transportation in November 2001, and then as part of the newly-established Department of Homeland Security effective March 2003. The TSA assumed control of many aviation security activities, many of which had previously been provided through private organizations under contract to airports or aviation authorities. While the most visible of these activities was passenger and baggage security screening, the TSA mandate includes air cargo screening, the Federal Air Marshals service, transportation employee background checks, and roles in rail, urban transit, and port and maritime security. However, in the years since its inception, TSA has devoted the overwhelming majority of its resources to commercial aviation and to meeting aviation security statutory requirements imposed by Congress. More recently, the agency has increased efforts at security for rail, transit, and ports.
MOLECULAR INSIGHTS INTO CARDIAC DEVELOPMENT

▪ Abstract Recent discoveries have led to a greater appreciation of the diverse mechanisms that underlie cardiac morphogenesis. Genetic strategies (primarily gene targeting approaches in mice) have significantly broadened research in cardiovascular developmental biology by illuminating new pathways involved in heart development and by allowing the genetic evaluation of pathways that have previously been implicated in these events. Advances have also been made using biochemical and cell- and tissue-based approaches. This review summarizes the author's interpretation of current trends in the effort to understand the molecular basis of cardiac development, with an emphasis on insights obtained from genetic models.
Provider-level content migration strategies in P2P-based media distribution networks

In a P2P-based media distribution network (PMDN), content migration is one of the key problems that affect the overall performance of a system. In the system hierarchy, the content migration problem consists of two levels of migration: provider-level migration and user-level migration. In this paper, we focus on the former, provider-level migration, where the goal is to reduce data migration cost while enhancing the local cache hit ratio of media contents. Since this is an NP-complete problem, we propose two types of heuristic migration strategies: object-benefit-based migration (OBM) and peer-benefit-based migration (PBM). The former maximizes the local benefits in allocating a data object to a certain node, while the latter maximizes the benefit of each peer. Experimental results show the effectiveness of both algorithms, which significantly outperform random and round-robin migration schemes.
Organizational learning dominance: The emerging key to success in the New Era of warfare

This article identifies and defines the concept of organizational‐learning dominance as a key to success in the new era of warfare that is currently being shaped by the unfolding revolution in military affairs. Organizational‐learning dominance is defined as the ability to understand, revise, or reverse expectations about “what works and what does not” more rapidly than one's opponent. Central to organizational learning dominance are “windows of opportunity,” which can be exploited if the side to which the advantage accrues recognizes the opportunity and acts to exploit it before the vulnerable side recognizes the nature of the danger and acts to create an effective hedge or accommodation. The article shows how the centrality of “systems of systems” to operational effectiveness in the new form of warfare makes the potential impact of each window of opportunity more unpredictable and potentially more extensive, with effects rapidly crossing warfare areas and imposing strategic consequences across global di...
Investigating security investment impact on firm performance

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to propose to use the economic value added to measure firm performance against information security investments. Design/methodology/approach – The authors develop a conceptual framework to capture non information technology (IT)-related and IT-related security investment factors and propose to study their holistic influences on firm performance. Findings – The authors propose 14 propositions to understand the relationship between security investments and firm performance. Research limitations/implications – The authors propose a validation process to guide future research to further empirically capture all needed data and analyze the proposed relationships. Practical implications – Managers can view security investment from a more comprehensive perspective and understand how to potentially contribute each of the non IT-related and IT-related factors to firm performance. Originality/value – This is one of the early attempts studying information security investment vs ...
Iron Disequilibrium in the Rat Lung After Instilled Blood

Study objectives: The extravasation of erythrocytes into the human lung occurs in a myriad of pulmonary disorders. Metal that is initially included in hemoglobin has been postulated to precipitate a disequilibrium in iron metabolism, to present an oxidative stress, and to contribute to tissue injury in several lung diseases. The objective of this study is to test the hypothesis that the tracheal instillation of blood in an animal model would have significant effects on iron equilibrium and would be associated with an injury to the lower respiratory tract. Design: Rats were intratracheally instilled with either 1.0 mL saline solution (n 5 36) or 1.0 mL blood (n 5 36). Biochemical end points and histochemistry were obtained at times between 20 min and 14 days after the exposure to saline solution or blood. Results: Total and nonheme iron concentrations in tracheal lavage fluid increased after the instillation of the blood. The percentage of neutrophils in the lavage fluid was elevated 1 day after the instillation of blood and remained at that level for at least 4 days following exposure, while protein concentrations were significantly increased at 1 day and 2 days only. Erythrocytes in the lung tissue were stained for hemoglobin immediately after exposure, but by 4 days after exposure, there was none. Ferritin was elevated between 1 day and 4 days after exposure, but by 7 days after exposure, the expression of this storage protein had returned to baseline values. Conclusions: We conclude that intratracheal instillation of whole blood in the rat can induce a neutrophilic lung injury that is associated with a disruption of normal iron metabolism. This disruption of the iron equilibrium is made evident by quantifying iron and staining for hemoglobin and ferritin. All indexes of biological effect had corrected by 7 days after exposure. (CHEST 2000; 118:814 ‐ 823)
Control of ankle position using neural feedback

Describes a closed loop control system that uses afferent neural activity from muscle spindle fibers as feedback for controlling ankle position. The gastrocnemius muscle was stimulated through a dual channel intrafascicular electrode implanted in a fascicle of the tibial nerve. Dual channel intrafascicular electrodes were also used to record spindle fiber activity from the tibialis anterior and the lateral gastrocnemius muscles to estimate ankle joint angle. Experiments were conducted in neurally intact anesthetized cats and in unanesthetized decerebrate cats to demonstrate the feasibility of this control scheme. >
Reprogramming cell fates: Insights from combinatorial approaches

Epigenetic reprogramming can be achieved in different ways, including nuclear transfer, cell fusion, or the expression of transcription factors (TFs). Combinatorial overexpression provides an opportunity to define the minimal core network of TFs that instructs specific cell fates. This approach has been employed to induce mouse and human pluripotency and differentiated cell types from cells that can be also as distant as cells from different germ layers. This suggests the possibility that any specific cell type may be directly converted into another if the appropriate reprogramming TF core is determined. Herein, we review the factors used for reprogramming multiple cell identities and raise the question of whether there is a common underlying blueprint for reprogramming factors. In addition to the generation of human cell types of interest for cell-replacement therapies, we propose that the TF-mediated conversion of differentiated cell types, especially somatic stem cells, will have an impact on our understanding of their biological development.
Priming, performance, and the dynamics of political trust

Political trust has never returned to Great Society-era levels. Conventional wisdom suggests that chronically poor performance explains why. Over the last 25 years, however, performance has often been at least very good. We show that one key to understanding the persistence of lower levels of political trust is that Americans have become more apt to use less favorable criteria when asked to evaluate government. When more people identify international problems as most important, trust increases. Hence the steep decline in concern about international issues after the 1960s has set a lower baseline than before. In addition, we show that the effect of economic performance on political trust is asymmetric. Since fewer people think the economy is important during good times than bad, even the often strong economies of the past 30 years increased trust less than the poor economies diminished it. Taken together, our results imply that a return to 1960s-era trust levels is unlikely.
Diverse Routing: Exploiting Social Behavior for Routing in Delay-Tolerant Networks

Delay tolerant network (DTN) is an emerging research area that exploits user mobility for transporting information. While user mobility connects disconnected network components, it causes a large end to end communicationlatency. Towards reducing this latency, the habitual nature of human movements have been widely exploited for prediction-based routing protocols. We observe that while habitual mobility is useful in reducing the average communication latency, irregular deviation from habits canseriously affect worst-case performance. This paper motivates the need to address such deviations, characterizes their impact on latency, and addresses them through a protocol called Diverse Routing (DR). Evaluation of our protocol on a variety of real-life traces offers promising results. Experimental results reveal that DR provides efficient handling on worst-case latency, i.e., DR’s delivery delay is hardly affected by those irregular deviations, while it only incurs a moderate communication overhead. Moreover, DR can be easily tuned to meet different requirements of delivery delay and communication overhead.
Monitoring urea transport in rat kidney in vivo using hyperpolarized 13C magnetic resonance imaging

Urea functions as a key osmolyte in the urinary concentrating mechanism of the inner medulla. The urea transporter UT-A1 is upregulated by antidiuretic hormone, facilitating faster equilibration of urea between the lumen and interstitium of the inner medullary collecting duct, resulting in the formation of more highly concentrated urine. New methods in dynamic nuclear polarization, providing ∼50,000-fold enhancement of nuclear magnetic resonance signals in the liquid state, offer a novel means to monitor this process in vivo using magnetic resonance imaging. In this study, we detected significant signal differences in the rat kidney between acute diuretic and antidiuretic states, using dynamic 13C magnetic resonance imaging following a bolus infusion of hyperpolarized [13C]urea. More rapid medullary enhancement was observed under antidiuresis, consistent with known upregulation of UT-A1.
Structure and composition of oligohaline marsh plant communities exposed to salinity pulses

Abstract The response of two oligohaline marsh macrophyte communities to pulses of increased salinity was studied over a single growing season in a greenhouse experiment. The plant communities were allowed a recovery period in freshwater following the pulse events. The experimental treatments included: (1) salinity influx rate (rate of salinity increase from 0 to 12 g l −1 ); (2) duration of exposure to elevated salinity; and (3) water depth. The communities both included Sagittaria lancifolia L.; the codominant species were Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roemer and J.A. Schultes in community 1 and Schoenoplectus americanus (Pers.) Volk. ex Schinz and R. Keller in community 2. Effects of the treatments on sediment chemical characteristics (salinity, pH, redox potential, and sulfide and ammonium concentrations) and plant community attributes (aboveground and belowground biomass, stem density, leaf tissue nutrients, and species richness) were examined. The treatment effects often interacted to influence sediment and plant communities characteristics following recovery in fresh water. Salinity influx rate per se, however, had little effect on the abiotic or biotic response variables; significant influx effects were found when the 0 g l −1 (zero influx) treatment was compared to the 12 g l −1 treatments, regardless of the rate salinity was raised. A salinity level of 12 g l −1 had negative effects on plant community structure and composition; these effects were usually associated with 3 months of salinity exposure. Water depth often interacted with exposure duration, but increased water depth did independently decrease the values of some community response measures. Community 1 was affected more than community 2 in the most extreme salinity treatment (3 months exposure/15-cm water depth). Although species richness in both communities was reduced, structural changes were more dramatic in community 1. Biomass and stem density were reduced in community 1 overall and in both dominant species. Structural changes in community 2 consisted of reduced biomass and stem density in the community overall and in S. lancifolia ; S. americanus was not affected by salinity. In this most extreme treatment, community 2 tended to change to a monospecific S. americanus stand while community 1 was reduced to a few surviving stems of secondary species. Our results suggest that vegetation recovery or establishment of new species following a temporary increase in soil water salinity will vary with exposure duration and water depth.
Combined experimental and computational study of W(II), Ru(II), Pt(IV) and Cu(I) amine and amido complexes using 15N NMR spectroscopy

Abstract Using 2D proton-coupled gHSQC pulse sequences in addition to 1D 15 N NMR experiments of 15 N labeled systems, 15 N NMR chemical shifts of a range of transition metal amido and amine complexes were determined. Tungsten(II), ruthenium(II), platinum(IV) and copper(I) complexes with aniline and their anilido variants were studied and compared to free aniline, lithium anilido and anilinium tetrafluoroborate. Upon coordination of aniline to transition metals, upfield chemical shifts of 20–60 ppm were observed. Deprotonation of the amine complexes to form amido complexes resulted in downfield chemical shifts of 40–60 ppm for all of the complexes except for the tungsten d 4 system. For the tungsten(II) complexes, the cationic aniline complex displayed a downfield shift of approximately 56 ppm relative to the neutral anilido complex. The change in chemical shift for amine to amido conversion is proposed to depend on the ability of the amido ligand to π-bond with the metal center, which influences the magnitude of the paramagnetic screening term.
Numerical modeling of seismic waves with a 3-D, anisotropic scalar-wave equation

Abstract By systematically defining the orientation and amount of velocity anisotropy at every point in a computational grid, and modifying the scalar-wave equation to accommodate directionally dependent velocity coefficients, scalar waves may be numerically synthesized in heterogeneous anisotropic 3-D structure by finite-differencing. The use of an intermediate, local, rotated coordinate system associated with each grid point allows the anisotropy orientation to conform spatially with 3-D structure, stress orientations, or any other correlate of the anisotropy. Both travel times and amplitudes in anisotropic media may differ significantly from those in the corresponding isotropic media. Under some conditions, the seismic response of an anisotropic flat-layered medium is nearly identical to, and may be confused with, that of a symmetrical isotropic structure. In general, these alternate interpretations can be evaluated by obtaining independent data from different recording configurations.
Update on Development of Mesh Generation Algorithms in MeshKit

MeshKit uses a graph-based design for coding all its meshing algorithms, which includes the Reactor Geometry (and mesh) Generation (RGG) algorithms. This report highlights the developmental updates of all the algorithms, results and future work. Parallel versions of algorithms, documentation and performance results are reported. RGG GUI design was updated to incorporate new features requested by the users; boundary layer generation and parallel RGG support were added to the GUI. Key contributions to the release, upgrade and maintenance of other SIGMA1 libraries (CGM and MOAB) were made. Several fundamental meshing algorithms for creating a robust parallel meshing pipeline in MeshKit are under development. Results and current status of automated, open-source and high quality nuclear reactor assembly mesh generation algorithms such as trimesher, quadmesher, interval matching and multi-sweeper are reported.
Christianity’s Content: (Neo)Platonism in the Middle Ages, Its Theoretical and Theological Appeal

The development of medieval Christian thought reveals from its inception in foundational authors like Augustine and Boethius an inherent engagement with Neoplatonism. To their influence that of Pseudo-Dionysius was soon added, as the first speculative medieval author, the Carolingian thinker Johannes Scottus Eriugena (810–877 CE ), used all three seminal authors in his magisterial demonstration of the workings of procession and return. Rather than a stable ongoing trajectory, however, the development of medieval Christian (Neo)Platonism saw moments of flourishing alternate with moments of philosophical stagnation. The revival of the Timaeus and Platonic cosmogony in the twelfth century marks the achievement of the so-called Chartrian authors, even as the Timaeus never acquired the authority of the biblical book of Genesis. Despite the dominance of scholastic and Aristotelian discourse in the thirteenth century, (Neo)Platonism continued to play an enduring role. The Franciscan Bonaventure follows the Victorine tradition in combining Augustinian and Dionysian themes, but Platonic influence underlies the pattern of procession and return — reflective of the Christian arc of creation and salvation — that frames the thought of Thomas Aquinas. Echoing the interrelation of macro- and microcosmos, the major themes of medieval Christian Platonic thought are, on the one hand, cosmos and creation and, on the other, soul and self. The Dominican friar Meister Eckhart and the beguine Marguerite Porete, finally, both Platonically inspired late-medieval Christian authors keen on accomplishing the return, whether the aim is to bring out its deep, abyss-like “ground” (Eckhart) or to give up reason altogether and surrender to the free state of “living without a why” (Marguerite), reveal the intellectual audacity involved in upending traditional theological modes of discourse.
Contribution of Electrostatics to the Kinetics of Electron Transfer from NADH-Cytochrome b5 Reductase to Fe(III)-Cytochrome b5

Brownian dynamics (BD) simulations provide here a theoretical atomic-level treatment of the reduction of human ferric cytochrome b5 (cyt b5) by NADH-cytochrome b5 reductaste (cyt b5r) and several of its mutants. BD is used to calculate the second-order rate constant of electron transfer (ET) between the proteins for direct correlation with experiments. Interestingly, the inclusion of electrostatic forces dramatically increases the reaction rate of the native proteins despite the overall negative charge of both proteins. The role played by electrostatic charge distribution in stabilizing the ET complexes and the role of mutations of several amino acid residues in stabilizing or destabilizing the complexes are analyzed. The complex with the shortest ET reaction distance (d = 6.58 A) from rigid body BD is further subjected to 1 ns of molecular dynamics (MD) in a periodic box of TIP3P water to produce a more stable complex allowed by flexibility and with a shorter average reaction distance d = 6.02 A. We pred...
Spin alignment of excited projectiles due to target spin-flip interactions

The sequential breakup of $E/A=65.5\text{-MeV}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}^{7}\mathrm{Be}$ and $E/A=36.6\text{-MeV}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}^{6}\mathrm{Li}$ projectiles excited through inelastic interactions with $^{9}\mathrm{Be}$ target nuclei has been studied. For events where the target nucleus remained in its ground state, significant alignment of the excited projectile's spin axis parallel or antiparallel to the beam direction was observed. This unusual spin alignment was found to be largely independent of the projectile's scattering angle and it was deduced that the target nucleus has a significant probability of changing its spin orientation during the interaction. It is proposed that the unusual spin alignment is a consequence of the molecular structure of the $^{9}\mathrm{Be}$ nucleus.
Hunter-Gatherer Tobacco Smoking in Ancient North America: Current Chemical Evidence and a Framework for Future Studies

Tobacco (Nicotiana sp.) is a powerful plant intoxicant and was widely used by contact period indigenous peoples throughout the North American west. Until recently, however, evidence of its prehistoric use has remained elusive. Recent advances in residue extraction and chemical identification techniques employing gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) are giving archaeologists the tools that are needed to address questions about the antiquity and nature of tobacco use. Recent chemical analyses of residues extracted from stone pipes and pipe fragments excavated at sites in the southern Pacific Northwest Coast of North America and Central California demonstrate tobacco was being smoked for at least 1100 years, a practice that continued into the historic period. Yet, it is likely that tobacco smoking began much earlier, and a number of anthropological questions about tobacco remain. In this chapter, we review recent research on the history of tobacco use in western North America, summarize ethnographic data, and discuss the theoretical framework of chemical studies and potential for future work. Our focus is on tobacco use by hunting-gathering-fishing societies who manipulated many different indigenous (“wild” and cultivated) tobaccos through selection to a degree that has been largely unappreciated. These cultural practices likely altered several tobacco species on a genetic and phenotypic level, perhaps even leading to the generation of unique varieties or species. We suggest several potential avenues of research, from historical questions of indigenous use and management to “Tobacco Sovereignty” and other modern-day applications for tribal communities.