cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Renal responses to slight elevations of renal arterial plasma angiotensin II concentration in dogs.

1. Angiotensin II was infused into the renal artery of intact kidneys of slightly volume expanded anaesthetized dogs at rates of 125, 250, 500, and 1000 pg/kg body weight per min, resulting in elevations of the calculated renal arterial plasma angiotensin II concentration of 16.9 (s.e.m. =2.1), 35.0 (s.e.m.=4.3), 73.3 (s.e.m.=8.8), and 159.8 (s.e.m.=20.4)pg/ml...
Major dimensions of near-death experiences.

Szrtnmay.-Data from 71 near-death experiences indicated that there were €our independent clusters of elements to the experience and that personal and circurnstance-related variables were associated with some of these clusters. Sabom (1982) presented data on 71 near-death experiences. The respondents were 63.4% male and had a mean age of 52.2 yr. (SD= 12.2). Sabom reported that there were very few correlates of the experience. Women encountered other people/spirits more than men &d, as did laborers and service workers, but none of the other associations with personal characteristics or the circumstances of the near-death event were statistically significant. Saborn presented the raw data for his study, and the present analysis tested Sabom's conclusions using more appropriate statistical techniques. Sabom classified each of the near-death experiences for the presence of the 10 elements which Moody (1975) described. He also presented data for 14 variables on each subject-age, sex, whether the near-death experience occurred during surgery, whether the patient was referred to Sabom by others, race, urban location, religion, church attendance, prior knowledge of neardeath experiences, the time elapsed since the near-death experience, whether the near-death experience occurred during cardiac arresc, whether it occurred in the hospital, the length of coma, and the method of revival. Two of the elements (2: predominant emotional content of calm and peace and 10: return) were present in every report and so could not be used in the analyses. A factor analysis using SPSS-X, with a principal components extraction and a varirnax rotation, identified four orthogonal (independent) factors. Factor I had high loadings (>.50) from Transcendental environment and Encountering others and negatively from Autoscopy (the self separates from the body and observes what is happening). Scores on this factor were associated with sex, race, living in an urban setting, church attendance, being a referred subject, and [he experience occurring during surgery (Pearson rs=
Noise Squeezing Control for Bifurcation Sensing in MEMS

This paper reports the development and implementation of a new method for tracking parameters at which dynamic bifurcations occur in MEMS. The underlying theory is developed for subcritical pitchfork bifurcations that occur near the subharmonic instability experienced near parametric resonance. The method relies on experimentally observed changes in response phase and amplitude just prior to the bifurcation, and these are used to forebode the bifurcation. These precursors are then employed in a feedback control scheme to stabilize a parametrically excited MEMS device at the edge of instability, making it highly sensitive to changes in device parameters. Implementation of the controller is shown through experimental validation. A comparison with the previous method of bifurcation detection for the same device shows that the new approach offers an improvement of over three orders of magnitude for the bifurcation point acquisition rate.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
The Effect of Uncertainty on Reaction Time

Using various card-sorting tasks, this class experiment shows how choice reaction time increases with the number of bits processed in tasks having familiar stimuli and one-to-one stimulus-response compatibility. Students deal decks of cards during four timed exercises into a specific number of piles according to color (2 piles), suit (4 piles), etc., which represent a different level of uncertainty measured by bits of information processed. A second deal is conducted without regard to suit, color, etc. to determine and remove movement time from the total deal time. The relationship of the resulting reaction time and bits is shown in a graph of data generated in real time from the students' four class exercises. This demonstration can be used to introduce the concept of information processing, to explore what experimental factors could contribute to the resultant time, and to discuss real-life choice reaction time applications.
Refined theory of composite beams: The role of short-wavelength extrapolation

The present paper presents an asymptotically-correct beam theory with nonclassical sectional degrees of freedom. The basis for the theory is the variational-asymptotical method, a mathematical technique by which the three-dimensional analysis of composite beam deformation can be split into a linear, two-dimensional, cross-sectional analysis and a nonlinear, one-dimensional, beam analysis. The elastic constants used in the beam analysis are obtained from the cross-sectional analysis, which also yields approximate, closed-form expressions for three-dimensional distributions of displacement, strain, and stress. Such theories are known to be valid when a characteristic dimension of the cross section is small relative to the wavelength of the deformation. However, asymptotically-correct refined theories may differ according to how they are extrapolated into the short-wavelength regime. Thus, there is no unique asymptotically-correct refined theory of higher order than classical (Euler-Bernoulli-like) theory. Different short-wavelength extrapolations can be obtained by changing the meaning of the theory's one-dimensional variables. Numerical results for the stiffness constants of a refined beam theory and for deformations from the corresponding one-dimensional theory are presented. It is shown that a theory can be asymptotically correct and still have non-positive-definite strain energy density, which is completely inappropriate mathematically and physically. A refined beam theory, which appropriately possesses a positive-definite strain energy density and agrees quite well with experimental results, is constructed by using a certain short-wavelength extrapolation.
Feeding the Beast: Getting Data into Big Systems

The distance between compute and data continues to grow and despite being declared "dead" a decade ago, the interfaces of the serial world (Posix) are still with us. Is it time to move on and to what? How can we give applications the desired flexibility, consistency and volume of data in large systems composed of thousands or millions of failing parts? The group Brent runs at Intel, the High Performance Data Division, has been shepherding the Lustre file system while working on the riddle of "what now" for big systems when it comes to feeding them data.
Two-dimensional arrays of colloidal gold particles : A flexible approach to macroscopic metal surfaces

Covalent attachment of nanometer-scale colloidal Au particles to organosilane-coated substrates is a flexible and general approach to formation of macroscopic Au surfaces that have well-defined nanostructure. Variations in substrate (glass, metal, Al2O3), geometry (planar, cylindrical), functional group (−SH, −P(C6H5)2, −NH2, −CN), and particle diameter (2.5−120 nm) demonstrate that each component of these assemblies can be changed without adverse consequences. Information about particle coverage and interparticle spacing has been obtained using atomic force microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and quartz crystal microgravimetry. Bulk surface properties have been probed with UV−vis spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and surface enhanced Raman scattering. Successful application of the latter two techniques indicates that these substrates may have value for Raman and electrochemical measurements. The assembly method described herein is compared with previous methods for controlling the na...
Eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of squeeze operators

In this paper we have constructed the continuum eigenfunctions and eigenvalue spectra for the squeeze operators of both single mode and two modes. Our analyses also show explicitly that proper eigenstates of both single-mode and two-mode squeeze operators do not exist, which implies that the squeeze operators do not have a discrete spectrum.
Use of flight simulation to develop terminal instrument procedures for transport category aircraft

In a collaborative effort between the FAA and NASA, a simulation was conducted to look at the issues involved with flying a large, widebody aircraft in the terminal area using MLS-RNAV procedures. A variety of approach paths, departure paths, and holding patterns were investigated during the course of the study, which included the participation of subject pilots. The simulation made use of paths designed by the FAA Office of Aviation Standards and employed Langley's Visual Motion Simulator (VMS) for their execution. Data obtained from this simulation will be used to support the joint FAA/USAF MLS flight test and demonstration project. This paper describes the flight simulation facility adapted to model terminal area maneuvers for jet transport aircraft using the Microwave Landing System (MLS). A description of the overall project will be presented first, along with a discussion of the guidance schemes used, followed by a description of the simulation hardware and software. A sample of the resulting data will also be presented.
Planarization in Electrochemically Fabricated Nanodimensional Films

Recent demonstrations of electrochemical fabrication of nanodimensional, alternating metal and metal oxide films open a pathway to nanoscale templating with high-quality interfaces and high uniformity over macroscopic surface areas. Planarization during electrochemical oxidation is the critical enabling feature of this growth process. Here we present a theory and simulation of this planarization phenomenon applicable to a wide range of initial surface profiles and material systems. We describe the impact of different system parameters on the rate of planarization for both the exposed oxide surface and the internal metal oxide interface. Finally, we show that our simulations are consistent with experimental measurements of Ta 2 O 5 electrochemically grown on Ta thin films.
Tax competition in imperfectly competitive markets

Abstract The literature on strategic trade policy has shown that in imperfectly competitive markets governments have an incentive to subsidize exports of their own firms. Yet the consequence of the departure from laissez-faire is a wasteful subsidy race. In contrast, this paper shows that even in imperfectly competitive markets there is a strong tendency for laissez-faire to prevail. The driving force is the firms' willingness to exploit tax or subsidy differentials by relocating production. A small tax differential induces firms to change their place of production. The change in market structure has a negligible effect on the oligopoly equilibrium, but a non-negligible impact on government revenues. When tax policy is non-discriminatory, governments gain (lose) by attracting all firms when production is taxed (subsidized). Hence, laissez-faire is the only equilibrium. Since, from the point of view of the two producing countries, laissez-faire (nondiscrimination) Pareto dominates the intervention equilibrium (discrimination), nondiscrimination is a simple device to result in a mutual beneficial outcome.
Satellite-based estimate of global aerosol-cloud radiative forcing by marine warm clouds

Changes in aerosol concentrations affect cloud albedo and Earth’s radiative balance. Aerosol radiative forcing from pre-industrial time to the present due to the effect of atmospheric aerosol levels on the micro- and macrophysics of clouds bears the largest uncertainty among external influences on climate change. Of all cloud forms, low-level marine clouds exert the largest impact on the planet’s albedo. For example, a 6% increase in the albedo of global marine stratiform clouds could offset the warming that would result from a doubling of atmospheric CO_2 concentrations. Marine warm cloud properties are thought to depend on aerosol levels and large-scale dynamic or thermodynamic states. Here we present a comprehensive analysis of multiple measurements from the A-Train constellation of Earth-observing satellites, to quantify the radiative forcing exerted by aerosols interacting with marine clouds. Specifically, we analyse observations of co-located aerosols and clouds over the world’s oceans for the period August 2006–April 2011, comprising over 7.3 million CloudSat single-layer marine warm cloud pixels. We find that thermodynamic conditions—that is, tropospheric stability and humidity in the free troposphere—and the state of precipitation act together to govern the cloud liquid water responses to the presence of aerosols and the strength of aerosol–cloud radiative forcing.
Lateral spreads of energy dissipation profiles of 20-kV electrons in polymethylmethacrylate: Functional representation and its application to proximity effect

Monte Carlo calculations have been used extensively to study the energy dissipation of electrons penetrating into solid materials both in the direction of the initial electron trajectory and lateral to it. Knowing the lateral energy dissipation is important for the prediction of proximity effects in electron‐beam lithography and limiting resolution in scanning electron microscopy. The Weibull probability density functions are shown to approximate the lateral energy dissipation profiles determined by Monte Carlo calculations of 20‐keV electrons in polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), and their application to simple line and square patterns of electron‐beam exposure are also discussed.
Coimmobilization of a redox enzyme and a cofactor regeneration system

The coimmobilization of nitrobenzene nitroreductase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in silica particles enables the continuous conversion of nitrobenzene to hydroxylaminobenzene with NADPH recycling.
Enzyme-inhibitor-like tuning of Ca 2+ channel connectivity with calmodulin

Ca(2+) channels and calmodulin (CaM) are two prominent signalling hubs that synergistically affect functions as diverse as cardiac excitability, synaptic plasticity and gene transcription. It is therefore fitting that these hubs are in some sense coordinated, as the opening of Ca(V)1-2 Ca(2+) channels are regulated by a single CaM constitutively complexed with channels. The Ca(2+)-free form of CaM (apoCaM) is already pre-associated with the isoleucine-glutamine (IQ) domain on the channel carboxy terminus, and subsequent Ca(2+) binding to this 'resident' CaM drives conformational changes that then trigger regulation of channel opening. Another potential avenue for channel-CaM coordination could arise from the absence of Ca(2+) regulation in channels lacking a pre-associated CaM. Natural fluctuations in CaM concentrations might then influence the fraction of regulable channels and, thereby, the overall strength of Ca(2+) feedback. However, the prevailing view has been that the ultrastrong affinity of channels for apoCaM ensures their saturation with CaM, yielding a significant form of concentration independence between Ca(2+) channels and CaM. Here we show that significant exceptions to this autonomy exist, by combining electrophysiology (to characterize channel regulation) with optical fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) sensor determination of free-apoCaM concentration in live cells. This approach translates quantitative CaM biochemistry from the traditional test-tube context into the realm of functioning holochannels within intact cells. From this perspective, we find that long splice forms of Ca(V)1.3 and Ca(V)1.4 channels include a distal carboxy tail that resembles an enzyme competitive inhibitor that retunes channel affinity for apoCaM such that natural CaM variations affect the strength of Ca(2+) feedback modulation. Given the ubiquity of these channels, the connection between ambient CaM levels and Ca(2+) entry through channels is broadly significant for Ca(2+) homeostasis. Strategies such as ours promise key advances for the in situ analysis of signalling molecules resistant to in vitro reconstitution, such as Ca(2+) channels.
Computer vision for CARMEL

In this paper we discuss the implementation and uses of the object recognition system used for CARMEL, the University of Michigan's winning entry in the AAAI-92 Autonomous Robot Competition. Following the rules of the competition, the robot was required to navigate within a large, unstructured environment performing exploration, and then a directed search, for objects placed throughout the arena. CARMEL was completely autonomous and performed these tasks, in part, using computer vision techniques. The tasks required of the computer vision system consisted of actively searching for objects (four inch diameter tubes marked with black and white stripe patterns), detecting them in images, uniquely identifying each object based upon its distinguishing pattern, and determining each object's position from orientation and distance estimates measured from the image. We briefly describe the design of the various computer vision algorithms that were developed to perform these tasks. Because of the accuracy and robustness of the vision system, we were able to perform absolute positioning, where the robot accurately updated its position through backward triangulation from previously located objects. The success of CARMEL stemmed largely from the use and implementation of the vision system to perform the tasks listed above. Other teams chose to approach these same tasks using different sensory systems and/or techniques. We analyze the general approaches, looking at where they excelled and failed, in terms of their actual performance and in general, perhaps giving insight into how to build autonomous robots that can successfully operate in 'natural' environments.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Hartree-Fock computation of the high- T c cuprate phase diagram

A computation of the cuprate phase diagram is presented. Adiabatic deformability back to the density function band structure plus symmetry constraints lead to a Fermi liquid theory with five interaction parameters. Two of these are forced to zero by experiment. The remaining three are fit to the moment of the antiferromagnetic state at half-filling, the superconducting gap at optimal doping, and the maximum pseudogap. The latter is identified as orbital antiferromagnetism. Solution of the Hartree-Fock equations gives, in quantitative agreement with experiment, (1) quantum phase transitions at 5% and 16% $p$-type doping, (2) insulation below 5%, (3) a $d$-wave pseudogap quasiparticle spectrum, (4) pseudogap and superconducting gap values as a function of doping, (5) superconducting ${T}_{c}$ versus doping, (6) London penetration depth versus doping, and (7) spin wave velocity. The fit points to superexchange mediated by the bonding O atom in the Cu-O plane as the causative agent of all three ordering phenomena.
Acute infusion of chemotactic or enkephalin-analog peptides into rat cerebral ventricles: scanning and transmission electron microscopy of leukocyte immigration in vivo

Abstract Acute infusions of the formylated chemotactic peptide formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine-lysine (FMLPL) or enkephalin analogue (Sandoz peptide) were made to the lateral cerebral ventricle of adult male rats to examine potential cellular responses within the central nervous system (CNS). Ependymal regions lining the third ventricle atop the hypothalamus were examined using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The formylated peptide induced a significant, primarily neutrophilic cellular response in animals sacrificed 1 h after infusion. Cells were observed within and external to neuropil blood capillaries, suggestive of emigration from vasculature in response to the peptide. In contrast, the enkephalin analogue did not induce any leukocyte cellular response within the same time frame. Earlier studies have shown a monocyte/macrophage response in the same setting to the opioid peptides β-endorphin, and to a lesser extent, methionine enkephalin. The present findings suggest that a formylated peptide is a potent stimulus for neutrophil migration within a CNS site, while opioid peptides may be variable with respect to effectiveness on cells of the immune system within the CNS, depending upon chemical configuration.
Survey of dopants in silicon for 2–2.7 and 3–5 μm infrared detector application

Abstract In support of the continuing quest of combining i.r. detectors and silicon electronics on a single substrate, an experimental survey was made of doping candidates for use in the 2–2.7 and 3–5 μm i.r. spectral ranges. The elements beryllium, copper, zinc, nickel, thulium and ytterbium were explored for applicability. Measured spectral response curves and the dependence of detectivity on temperature are presented and compared, where applicable, with theory. Various useful attributes of some of these dopants (Si:Cu, Si:Zn) including higher operational temperatures as well as the observed limitations are discussed and critiqued against the Si:In, Si:S and Si:Tl detectors previously investigated for the 3–5 μm range.
Molecular orientation evolution during low‐density polyethylene blown film extrusion using real‐time Raman spectroscopy

Real-time polarized Raman spectroscopy was used in this study to measure the molecular orientation evolution during blown film extrusion of low-density polyethylene (LDPE). Spectra were obtained at different locations along the blown film line, starting from the molten state near the die and extending up to the solidified state near the nip rolls. The trans CC symmetrical stretching vibration of polyethylene (PE) at 1132 cm−1 was analyzed for films possessing uniaxial symmetry. For the given peak, the principal axis of the Raman tensor is coincident with the c-axis of the orthorhombic crystal, and was used to solve a set of intensity ratio equations to obtain second (〈P2(cosθ)〉) and fourth (〈P4(cosθ)〉) moments of the orientation distribution function. The orientation parameters (P2, P4) were found to increase along the axial distance in the film line even past the frost-line height (FLH). The P2 values also showed an increasing trend with crystalline evolution during extrusion, consistent with past observations that molecular orientation takes place even after the blown film diameter is locked into place. It was also found that the integral ratio (I1132/I1064) obtained from a single, ZZ-back-scattered mode can provide a reasonable estimate of molecular orientation. These results indicate the potential of real-time Raman spectroscopy as a rapid microstructure monitoring tool for better process control during blown film extrusion. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transient vortex events in the initial value problem for turbulence.

A vorticity surge event that could be a paradigm for a wide class of bursting events in turbulence is studied. The coherent mechanism is characterized by locally transverse vortex configurations that are intrinsically helical in both physical and Fourier space when there is a peak of the maximum vorticity $\ensuremath{\parallel}\ensuremath{\omega}{\ensuremath{\parallel}}_{\ensuremath{\infty}}(t)$. At no time are nonhelical, antiparallel vorticity elements observed. This event precedes the appearance of the traditional signatures of an energy cascade such as strong growth of the dissipation, spectra approaching $\ensuremath{-}5/3$, and strongly Beltramized vortex tubes. Comparing how different large-eddy simulations reproduce these properties demonstrates the importance of properly modeling nonlinear transport of both energy and helicity.
Designing energy efficient communication runtime systems: a view from PGAS models

As the march to the exascale computing gains momentum, energy consumption of supercomputers has emerged to be the critical roadblock. While architectural innovations are imperative in achieving computing of this scale, it is largely dependent on the systems software to leverage the architectural innovations. Parallel applications in many computationally intensive domains have been designed to leverage these supercomputers, with legacy two-sided communication semantics using Message Passing Interface. At the same time, Partitioned Global Address Space Models are being designed which provide global address space abstractions and one-sided communication for exploiting data locality and communication optimizations. PGAS models rely on one-sided communication runtime systems for leveraging high-speed networks to achieve best possible performance. In this paper, we present a design for Power Aware One-Sided Communication Llibrary --- PASCoL. The proposed design detects communication slack, leverages Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS), and Interrupt driven execution to exploit the detected slack for energy efficiency. We implement our design and evaluate it using synthetic benchmarks for one-sided communication primitives, Put, Get, and Accumulate and uniformly noncontiguous data transfers. Our performance evaluation indicates that we can achieve significant reduction in energy consumption without performance loss on multiple one-sided communication primitives. The achieved results are close to the theoretical peak available with the experimental test bed.
Balancing Risks and Benefits in Pain Medicine: Wither Vioxx

Merck, a respected pharmaceutical ally in our fight against pain, recently announced their voluntary removal of rofecoxib (Vioxx) from the international market because of significantly increased rates of cardiovascular disease in patients taking the drug for more than 18 months. This COX 2 anti-inflammatory has an important place in our pharmacological armamentarium for chronic pain and acute pain. One of its rapidly growing uses is in pre-emptive analgesia prior to surgery, where it has demonstrated considerable benefit in reducing the opioid analgesic doses needed to control post-operative pain. The promise of this effect for the health care system included more rapid recovery from surgery and fewer complications of higher doses of opioids such as sedation and respiratory depression, leading to shorter hospital stays. Rather than placing warning labels about the risks of extended use, Merck opted to pull the drug completely. One might say that this does not matter—there are plenty of other COX 2 Inhibitors available on the market. However, those of us who spend our days seeing dozens …
Enhanced dopamine transporter activity in middle-aged Gdnf heterozygous mice.

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) supports the viability of midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons that degenerate in Parkinson's disease. Middle-aged, 12 month old, Gdnf heterozygous (Gdnf+/-) mice have diminished spontaneous locomotor activity and enhanced synaptosomal DA uptake compared with wild type mice. In this study, dopamine transporter (DAT) function in middle-aged, 12 month old Gdnf+/- mice was more thoroughly investigated using in vivo electrochemistry. Gdnf+/- mice injected with the DAT inhibitor, nomifensine, exhibited significantly more locomotor activity than wild type mice. In vivo electrochemistry with carbon fiber microelectrodes demonstrated enhanced clearance of DA in the striatum of Gdnf+/- mice, suggesting greater surface expression of DAT than in wild type littermates. Additionally, 12 month old Gdnf+/- mice expressed greater D2 receptor mRNA and protein in the striatum than wild type mice. Neurochemical analyses of striatal tissue samples indicated significant reductions in DA and a faster DA metabolic rate in Gdnf+/- mice than in wild type mice. Altogether, these data support an important role for GDNF in the regulation of uptake, synthesis, and metabolism of DA during aging.
Cleavage development within a foreland fold and thrust belt, southern Pyrenees, Spain

Abstract In the southern Pyrenees lithologically distinct cleavage fronts are each parallel to bedding and dip ∼20° towards the foreland. Pressure solution was the dominant mechanism of cleavage development. The mudstone cleavage front is coincident with the ∼195°C paleoisotherm and is associated with a pressure solution strain of ∼5%, a mechanical twin strain of ∼4%, and a deviatoric stress magnitude of ∼65 MPa. Illite crystallinity measurements define a geothermal gradient of 15°C km −1 and indicate that the paleoisotherms are bedding-parallel. Deviatoric stress magnitudes, from calcite twins, were regionally constant at ∼65 MPa and principal stress axes were perpendicular to cleavage. Temperature was the primary control on deformation micromechanisms and the position and orientation of the cleavage front within the foreland thrust wedge. Deformation below the cleavage front occurs predominantly by pressure solution, which in conjunction with mechanical twinning and microfracturing produces a quasi-plastic rheology. Stress magnitudes determined from mechanical twinning of carbonate grains and long-term (10 6 –10 76 y) strain rates determined for regional folds and faults suggest an apparent macroscopic viscosity of 9.8 × 10 18 to 7.2 × 10 19 Pa s for the lower thrust wedge. Above the cleavage front temperature, pressure solution strain, total strain, and mesoscale deformation diminish. The region of the thrust wedge above the ∼100°C paleoisotherm is characterized by large brittle faults with cataclastic fault zones and negligible grain-scale deformation indicating an elastico-frictional rheology.
The Structural Embeddedness of Collective Goods: Connection and Coalitions in Exchange Networks*

The growing body of literature on coalitions in exchange networks has addressed issues such as the kind of social dilemmas posed and how structurally disadvantaged actors overcome free-rider problems. We add to this stream of research by focusing explicitly on what low-power actors can gain from collective action. We offer theory that predicts whether actors can gain a collective good by forming coalitions and, if so, the size of that good, for all types of network connection. The results from new experiments yield strong support for the predictions. Results show that (1) collective goods are latent in some, but not all, types of exchange structures: (2) when present, collective good size is determined by connection type; and (3) these goods are made manifest through collective action. Among other phenomena, the theory explains why networks that generate identical exchange ratios when participants act independently can produce different size collective goods when they act collectively. This article concludes with a discussion of implications, limitations, and directions for future research.
Reconnaissance (RECCE) Under Control

Technological and operational requirements for airborne photographic reconnaissance missions over the past several years have generated the need for a multi-mission, multi-mode sensor control system. It is desirable that the sensor control system maximize operator-pilot mission flexibility while minimizing operator-pilot interaction with the system and the sensors under its control. Ideally the sensor control system would be capable of performing its role when install-ed in a tactical fighter aircraft, which is subject to environ-mental and operational extremes, with little or no degredation of reconnaissance mission performance. This paper describes an integrated sensor control system developed by the Fairchild Space & Electronics Company (Fairchild) for the Northrop Corporation for use on the RF-5E reconnaissance aircraft.
MINACE-filter-based facial pose estimation

A facial pose estimation system is presented that functions with illumination variations present. Pose estimation is a useful first stage in a face recognition system. A separate minimum noise and correlation energy (MINACE) filter is synthesized for each pose. To select the MINACE parameter c for the filter for a pose, a training set of illumination differences of several faces at that pose, and a validation set of other poses (illumination differences of several faces at a few other poses) is used in the automated filter-synthesis step. However, the filter for each pose is a combination of faces at only that pose. The pose estimation system is evaluated using images from the CMU Pose, Illumination and Expression (PIE) database. The classification performance (PC) scores are presented for several pose estimation tests. The pose estimate will be used for a subsequent image transformation of a test face to a reference pose for face identification.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Synthesis and magneto-transport properties of single PEDOT/Ni and PEDOT/Ni30Fe70 core/shell nanowires

Abstract Single polyethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT) nanowires bridging pairs of electrodes were utilized as positive templates to create PEDOT/Ni and PEDOT/Ni 30 Fe 70 core/shell nanowires by electrodepositing ferromagnetic material (i.e., Ni and Ni 30 Fe 70 ) on the entire assembly, including both the electrodes and nanowire. The temperature dependence of the electrical resistance indicated that electrons are transported predominately through the ferromagnetic shell. The magnetoresistive (MR) behavior of the core/shell nanowires was investigated as a function of temperature, magnetic field orientation, shell thickness, and composition. The MR behavior of the PEDOT/Ni core/shell nanowires was anomalous for low applied magnetic fields, deviating from expected anisotropic magnetoresistance, with positive Δ R / R O values for all field orientations. PEDOT/Ni 30 Fe 70 core/shell nanowires displayed the opposite behavior, with negative Δ R / R O for both longitudinal and transverse field orientations. The origin of this magnetoresistive behavior is postulated to be a geometry induced domain wall effect.
Reductive Quenching of Photoexcited Cu(dipp)2+ and Cu(tptap)2+ by Ferrocenes (dipp = 2,9-Diisopropyl-1,10-phenanthroline and tptap = 2,3,6,7-Tetraphenyl-1,4,5,8-tetraazaphenanthrene)

The metal-to-ligand charge-transfer excited states of Cu(NN)2+ systems tend to be good reducing agents but poor oxidants for kinetic and thermodynamic reasons. However, this report demonstrates that reductive electron-transfer quenching is an important pathway for ferrocenes that react with the photoexcited states of Cu(dipp)2+ and Cu(tptap)2+ in methylene chloride (dipp = 2,9-diisopropyl-1,10-phenanthroline and tptap = 2,3,6,7-tetraphenyl-1,4,5,8-tetraazaphenanthrene). In the case of the dipp complex the bulky isopropyl substituents inhibit structural relaxation within the excited state, and the self-exchange rate for reductive quenching is quite favorable, k** ≈ 2 × 108 M-1 s-1. Even in the absence of a significant kinetic barrier to reaction, however, for energetic reasons only extensively methylated ferrocene derivatives with relatively negative reduction potentials are capable of transferring an electron to the excited state. In contrast, every ferrocene derivative investigated, except diacetyl ferro...
Comments on "Redundancy Testing in Combinational Networks"

In the above-mentioned paper1, Lee and Davidson present an algorithm for detecting all single redundant lines in a tree-type NAND network. In order to test for a single redundancy in a nontree network, they suggest replicating portions of the network (those which fan out) to get an equivalent tree-type NAND network. The algorithm for detecting single redundancies can then be applied to the equivalent tree-type network. However, a problem may arise if a single redundant connection in the original network, when replicated, leads to a set of connections all of which are irredundant when considered individually, but which are redundant when considered as a group. Lee and Davidson state that it is not known whether such a situation can occur. However, after some discussion they resolve the problem to the following question which they leave open: Can a set of 4 or more connections in a tree network corresponding to a single connection in the nontree network be redundant while any proper subset of the 4 or more lines is irredundant? The answer to this question will indicate whether the extension of their algorithm to nontree networks will always work.
Challenges in providing credible scientific evidence of health benefits of dietary polyphenols

► Credible scientific evidence of health benefits of dietary polyphenols is needed. ► Bioavailability of bioactive compounds must be known. ► Bioavailability includes absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. ► Metabolites must be included in vitro and in vivo studies. ► Physiological concentrations of bioactive compounds must be used.
Health effects of tropospheric ozone: review of recent research findings and their implications to ambient air quality standards.

The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Administrator proposed (on August 3, 1992) to retain the current National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for ozone (O3) on the basis of data assembled in a draft Criteria Document (1986) and its Addendum (1988) which, together with a draft Staff Paper (1988), received public comment and review comments by the EPA's Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee (CASAC). This paper summarizes and discusses research findings presented since 1988 which, based on the author's experience as a Chairman of CASAC, are most relevant to the promulgation of a primary (health based) NAAQS for O3. These newer findings include substantial evidence from controlled chamber exposure studies and field studies in natural settings that the current NAAQS contains no margin of safety against short-term effects that the EPA has considered to be adverse. They also include evidence from epidemiologic studies that current ambient exposures are associated with reduced baseline lung function, exacerbation of asthma and premature mortality, as well as evidence from chronic animal exposure studies at concentrations within current ambient peak levels that indicate progressive and persistent lung function and structural abnormalities. The current NAAQS, if retained, may therefore also be inadequate to protect the publicmore » from effects resulting from chronic exposure to O3. 96 refs.« less
What role does culture play? A look at motivation and job satisfaction among hotel workers in Brazil

Job satisfaction has been associated with positive organizational outcomes such as increased employee productivity, higher innovation and reduced turnover, all of which are linked to improved firm performance. Motivation is considered to be a primary determinant of job satisfaction. Yet little research has focused on the links between motivation, job satisfaction and the impact of culture in the workplace. This qualitative research uses Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory of Motivation to assess job satisfaction in the Brazilian hotel industry. The results partially support the theory and suggest that culture influences the degree of job satisfaction.
Cobalt meso-Tetrakis(N-methyl-4-pyridiniumyl)porphyrin Becomes a Catalyst for the Electroreduction of O2 by Four Electrons When [(NH3)5Os]n+ (n = 2, 3) Groups Are Coordinated to the Porphyrin Ring

In a series of recent reports evidence has been offered to support the proposal that coordination of (NH_3)_5Ru^(2+) groups to ligand sites introduced on the meso positions of certain cobalt porphyrins enhances their abilities to act as electrocatalysts for the reduction of O_2 to H_2O. The enhancement is believed to be the result of back-bonding by the Ru(II) centers into the pendant ligands and the cobalt porphyrin to which they are linked. The catalytic mechanism that has been proposed leaves the coordinated Ru centers in their +2 oxidation state as the O_2 molecule coordinated to the Co(II) center of the porphyrin in the activated complex is reduced via electron-transfer from the electrode surface. Intramolecular electron-transfer from the Ru(II) centers to the coordinated O_2 is not consistent with the experimental data. To obtain additional information about the importance of back-bonding in enhancing the catalytic activity of these cobalt porphyrins, we sought to use Os(III) in place of Ru(II) as the source of the back-donation. Os(III), unlike Ru(III), exhibits substantial back-bonding capabilities, but Os(III) is a much weaker thermodynamic reductant than Ru(II). Thus, we reasoned that any increase in the catalytic activity of cobalt porphyrins that might result from the attachment of Os(III) centers to the porphyrin ring could be confidently attributed to back-bonding effects free of any contributions from intramolecular electron-transfer. The results of experiments designed to test this speculation are described in this report.
AT1 receptor subtype mediates the inhibitory effect of central angiotensin II on cerebrospinal fluid formation in the rat

Abstract The effect of central administration of angiotensin II (AII) on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) formation was studied in pentobarbital-anesthetized, artificially-ventilated rats. CSF production was measured by the ventriculocisternal perfusion method with Blue Dextran 2000 as the indicator. Baseline value of CSF production was 3.35 ± 0.08 μ l/min . Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusion of AII at rates of 0.5 and 5 pg/min significantly lowered ( P ) CSF formation by 23% and 16%, respectively. In comparison, high peptide doses (50 and 500 pg/min) did not alter this parameter. The inhibitory effect of low AII doses on CSF formation was blocked by the i.c.v. AT1 receptor subtype antagonists, losartan and SK&F 108566 (2.4 and 2.7 ng/min, respectively), but not by the AT2 receptor subtype-specific agent, PD 123319 (3.8 ng/min). Peptide AII antagonist, [Sar1,Ile8]AII (5 ng/min), which binds to both AT1 and AT2 receptors, had a similar effect to those of AT1-specific blockers. It is concluded that AII, by controlling CSF formation, may influence the water and electrolyte balance in the brain.
Computer science research on scientific discovery

This article is an essay on directions and methodology in computer-science oriented research on scientific discovery. The essay starts by reviewing briefly some of the history of computing in scientific reasoning, and some of the results and impact that have been achieved. The remainder analyses some of the goals of this field, its relations with sister fields, and the practical applications of this analysis to evaluating research quality, reviewing, and methodology. An earlier review in this journal (Kocabas 1991b) analysed scientific discovery programs in terms of their designs, achievements and shortcomings; the focus here is research directions, evaluation and methodology, all from the viewpoint of computer science.
Studies of neutron irradiation of avalanche photodiodes using 252Cf

Abstract Results on the radiation hardness of photodiodes to fast neutrons are presented. Four photodiodes (three avalanche photodiodes from two manufacturers, and one PIN photodiode) were exposed to neutrons from a 252 Cf source at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The effects of this radiation on many parameters such as gain, intrinsic dark current, quantum efficiency, noise, capacitance, and voltage and temperature coefficients of the gain for these devices for fluences up to ∼2×1013 neutrons/cm2 are shown and discussed. While degradation of APDs occurred during neutron irradiation, they remained photosensitive devices with gain.
The highly sensitized patient awaiting heart transplantation: success with combination therapy of plasmapheresis and intravenous gamma globulin

10 with T-cell FXM, 16 with B-cell FXM, and 6 with PRA 10%. Pre-TX Ab persisted in 16 recipients. Antibody was detected within the first post-transplant year in 102 (55%) of recipients; 70 recipients (38%) had denovo Ab that persisted in 27. Antibody was persistent for 42% of the antibody producers. Patients with non-persistent Ab had similar rates of cellular (P 0.98) and humoral rejection (P 0.79) compared to Ab negative recipients. Rates of cellular (P 0.05) and humoral (P 0.003) rejection were higher in patients with persistent antibody (see table). Conclusion: Patients with persistent HLA antibody had increased risk of both cellular and humoral rejection while patients with non-persistent HLA antibody had lower risk for rejection, possibly suggesting a form of accommodation. Although these data did not correlate with death through 3 years, longer follow-up may be necessary to detect outcome differences.
Three-valued derived logics for classical phase spaces

Reichenbach proposed a three-valued logic to describe quantum mechanics. In his development, Reichenbach presented three different “negation” operators without providing any criteria for choosing among them. In this paper we develop two three-valuedderived logics for classical systems. These logics are derived in that they are based on a theory of physical measurement. In this regard they have some of the characteristics of the quantum logic developed by Birkhoff and von Neumann. The theory of measurement used in the present development is the one used previously in developingbivalent derived logics for classical systems. As these systems are derived logics, many of the ambiguities possessed by systems such as Reichenbach's are avoided.
Ways of maintaining hope in HIV disease

Utilizing Denzin's interpretative interactionism, this study was focused on the experiences of eight men and two women who were in Clinical Category C (AIDS) of HIV Disease. Interviews and analysis revealed their interpretations of the illness and the ways that they maintained hope while coping with end-stage HIV. There were four major ways that hope was maintained: by miracles, religion, involvement in work or vocations, and support of family and friends. These themes are discussed as they relate to the context of HIV within the structure of biomedicine.
Oculo‐palatal‐cerebral syndrome: A second case

Oculo-palato-cerebral syndrome is an extremely rare disorder consisting of low birth weight, microcephaly, short stature, persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous, microphthalmia, large ears, small hands and feet, cleft palate, joint hypermobility, developmental delay, and cerebral atrophy. There has been one report of a consanguineous family with three affected children, suggesting autosomal recessive inheritance. We report on the second case of this disorder. Our patient, a 2-year-old boy, had growth delay, microcephaly, bilateral persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous with right microphthalmia, long ears with thickened helices, small hands and feet, highly arched palate, joint hypermobility, hypoplastic nails, frontal cerebral atrophy and thinning of the corpus callosum on brain magnetic resonance imaging, and mild developmental delay. He has much milder features than those seen in the previously reported cases.
Hominid Phylogeny and Immunology: A Critical Appraisal

Although there seems to be a regular relation of protein change versus time via an exponential equation of the form ID =e kt , nevertheless, examination of the data indicates that such an exponential fit may be premature. Two other models, ID = kt + b and ID = bt k + c represent better fits. Without better data none of the models appears convincing.