cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stock Markets and Growth: A Re-Evaluation

There is a large body of literature stressing the importance of developing financial markets, including stock markets, to enhance countries’ growth. I argue that the relationship between stock markets and growth is exaggerated and that the simple act of opening a formal stock market is not a good predictor of whether a country will experience economic growth. While it is possible that in some instances opening a stock market can lead to increased growth, I do not find any evidence that opening a stock market has any impact. This research uses two Bayesian econometric methods, Extreme Bounds Analysis (EBA) and Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA), to discover if there are meaningful links between stock markets and growth in developing economies. Superior to traditional cross-sectional regressions, these methodologies allow for determining the true impact of certain variables. Using a similar dataset to multiple other studies, I find a zero, or weakly negative, correlation between the opening of a stock market and growth in developing countries. 82 countries and 32 independent variables were used comparing all stock market openings between 1960 and 1999 to those without a stock market on growth between 2002 and 2007.
If Dogmatists Have a Problem with Cognitive Penetration, You Do Too

Perceptual dogmatism holds that if it perceptually seems to S that P, then S thereby has prima facie perceptual justification for P. But suppose Wishful Willy's desire for gold cognitively penetrates his perceptual experience and makes it seem to him that the yellow object is a gold nugget. Intuitively, his desire-penetrated seeming can't provide him with prima facie justification for thinking that the object is gold. If this intuitive response is correct, dogmatists have a problem. But if dogmatists have a problem, you do too (well, most of you anyway). Reliabilists have denounced dogmatism's cognitive penetration problems, but they have problems with cognitive penetration that are even worse.
Justifying Justice: Therapeutic Law and the Victimization Defense Strategy

As cultural sociologists have long held, systems of collective meaning invariably take on concrete institutionalized form. In as much as a therapeutic code of moral understanding has become a dominant impulse in American culture, we would expect to find evidence of this cultural sensibility in society‘s major institutional structures, including the criminal justice system. In this article, we consider the impact of the therapeutic ethos on criminal adjudication through an examination of the =victimization defense strategy‘—an increasingly popular legal argument that explains criminal action through a focus on past experiences of social victimization. We find that the emergence and application of this legal strategy relies heavily on the therapeutic ethos, a development that both reaffirms the validity of the therapeutic culture and potentially transforms the very essence of the adjudicative process.
Computational restoration of fluorescence images: noise reduction, deconvolution, and pattern recognition.

Publisher Summary This chapter introduces to the basic concept of several computational image restoration techniques that are particularly useful for processing fluorescence images. An optimal computational noise filter should aggressively remove random fluctuations in the image while preserving as much as possible the non random features. Filters that apply a uniform algorithm across the image, such as low-pass convolution and median filters, usually lead to the degradation of image resolution or amplification of artifacts. Better performance may be obtained using filters that adapt to the local characteristics of the image. In anisotropic diffusion, local intensity fluctuations are reduced through a simulated division process by diffusing from pixels of high intensity toward neighboring pixels of low intensity. Mathematical reversal of systemic defects of the microscope is known as image “Deconvolution.” This is because the degradation effects of the microscope can be mathematically described as the convolution of input signals by the pointspread function of the optical system. In many cases, the fluorescence image contains specific characteristics, which may be used as powerful preconditions for image restoration. As optical microscopy continues to push for maximal speed and minimal irradiation, overcoming the limitation in signal-to-noise ratio will likely remain a major challenge for both the retrieval of information from unprocessed images and the application of various restoration algorithms. In addition, as many biological structures contain characteristic features, the application of feature recognition and extraction will play an increasingly important role in both light and electron microscopy.
Abstract MP35: The American Heart Association’s Life’s Simple 7 and Mortality by Race and Sex in the U.S.: the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Cohort

Background: The Life’s Simple 7 (LSS) metric is being used by AHA to track the cardiovascular health of the United States population and move toward a 2020 impact goal for improvement. Levels of LSS are associated with mortality risk but there are limited data on whether this association differs by race or sex. Hypothesis: There will be sex and race differences in the association of LSS with mortality in the REGARDS cohort study. Methods: We studied 29,692 REGARDS participants; a population sample of black and white men and women aged 45-98 from across the US, enrolled in 2003-7. Extensive baseline risk factor data were measured in participants’ homes. The 7 LSS components (blood pressure, cholesterol, glucose, body-mass index, smoking, physical activity, diet) were each scored in AHA-defined categories of poor (0 points), intermediate (1 point) and ideal (2 points), and were summed to yield scores ranging from poor for all (0) to ideal for all (14). With 6.4 years follow up there were 3709 deaths. Result...
Mass transfer correlations for nonaqueous phase liquid dissolution from regions with high initial saturations

[1] The application of existing correlations for nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) dissolution, which were developed in small, one-dimensional columns, to larger-scale, heterogeneous or multidimensional systems has shown the predicted dissolution behavior depends greatly on the correlation used. Variation among existing correlations is due to the system scale, NAPL-water interfacial area, and the nature of mass transfer or hydrodynamic mechanisms that are lumped in the correlation. In this paper, new mass transfer correlation is developed using NAPL dissolution data from a small 2-D experimental cell that contained a well-characterized heterogeneous distribution of grain sizes. The new correlation can be used for quantifying NAPL dissolution rates over a wide range of NAPL saturations and aqueous phase velocities within the NAPL source zone. When incorporated in a finite difference transport model, the correlation provides reasonably good predictions for systems with initially high NAPL saturations that are then reduced through the dissolution process. It is shown that NAPL dissolution is slower in this case due to the larger amorphous blobs that result from preferential flow and dissolution pathways. These large blobs have significantly less surface area in comparison with small discrete blobs that result from capillary entrapment. In comparison with other published dissolution correlations, the slower mass transfer rate is characterized with a significantly higher exponent on the NAPL saturation term.
mRNA-decapping enzyme from Saccharomyces cerevisiae: purification and unique specificity for long RNA chains.

Abstract An enzyme that hydrolyzes one PPi bond of the cap structure of mRNA, yielding m7GDP and 5'-p RNA was purified from Saccharomyces cerevisiae to a stage suitable for characterization. The specificity of the enzyme was studied, using both yeast mRNA and synthetic RNAs labeled in the cap structure. A synthetic capped RNA (540 nucleotides) was not reduced in size, while as much as 80% was decapped. Yeast mRNA treated with high concentrations of RNase A, nuclease P1, or micrococcal nuclease was inactive as a substrate. The use of synthetic capped RNAs of different sizes (50 to 540 nucleotides) as substrates showed that the larger RNA can be a better substrate by as much as 10-fold. GpppG-RNA was hydrolyzed at a rate similar to that at which 5'-triphosphate end group were not hydrolyzed.
Geographic Access to Mammography and Its Relationship to Breast Cancer Screening and Stage at Diagnosis: A Systematic Review.

Abstract Introduction A review was conducted to summarize the current evidence and gaps in the literature on geographic access to mammography and its relationship to breast cancer-related outcomes. Methods Ovid, Medline, and PubMed were searched for articles published between January 1, 2000, and April 1, 2013, using Medical Subject Headings and key terms representing geographic accessibility and breast cancer-related outcomes. Owing to a paucity of breast cancer treatment and mortality outcomes meeting the criteria (N = 6), outcomes were restricted to breast cancer screening and stage at diagnosis. Studies included one or more of the following types of geographic accessibility measures: capacity, density, distance, and travel time. Study findings were grouped by outcome and type of geographic measure. Results Twenty-one articles met the inclusion criteria. Fourteen articles included stage at diagnosis as an outcome, five included mammography use, and two included both. Geographic measures of mammography accessibility varied widely across studies. Findings also varied, but most articles found either increased geographic access to mammography associated with increased use and decreased late-stage at diagnosis or no association. Conclusion The gaps and methodologic heterogeneity in the literature to date limit definitive conclusions about an underlying association between geographic mammography access and breast cancer-related outcomes. Future studies should focus on the development and application of more precise and consistent measures of geographic access to mammography.
Recovery from chronic and snowmelt acidification: Long-term trends in stream and soil water chemistry at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire, USA

Atmospheric acid deposition of sulfate and nitrate has declined markedly in the northeastern United States due to emissions controls. We investigated long-term trends in soil water (1984–2011) and stream water (1982–2011) chemistry along an elevation gradient of a forested watershed to evaluate the progress of recovery of drainage waters from acidic deposition at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in the White Mountains of New Hampshire, USA. We found slowed losses of base cations from soil and decreased mobilization of dissolved inorganic aluminum. Stream water pH at the watershed outlet increased at a rate of 0.01 units yr−1, and the acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) gained 0.88 µeq L−1 yr−1. Dissolved organic carbon generally decreased in stream water and soil solutions, contrary to trends observed at many North American and European sites. We compared whole-year hydrochemical trends with those during snowmelt, which is the highest-flow and lowest ANC period of the year, indicative of episodic acidification. Stream water during snowmelt had long-term trends of increasing ANC and pH at a rate very similar to the whole-year record, with closely related steady decreases in sulfate. A more rapid decline in stream water nitrate during snowmelt compared with the whole-year trend may be due, in part, to the marked decrease in atmospheric nitrate deposition during the last decade. The similarity between the whole-year trends and those of the snowmelt period is an important finding that demonstrates a consistency between recovery from chronic acidification during base flow and abatement of snowmelt acidification.
Anion charge storage through oxygen intercalation in LaMnO3 perovskite pseudocapacitor electrodes

Perovskite oxides have attracted significant attention as energy conversion materials for metal-air battery and solid-oxide fuel-cell electrodes owing to their unique physical and electronic properties. Amongst these unique properties is the structural stability of the cation array in perovskites that can accommodate mobile oxygen ions under electrical polarization. Despite oxygen ion mobility and vacancies having been shown to play an important role in catalysis, their role in charge storage has yet to be explored. Herein we investigate the mechanism of oxygen-vacancy-mediated redox pseudocapacitance for a nanostructured lanthanum-based perovskite, LaMnO3. This is the first example of anion-based intercalation pseudocapacitance as well as the first time oxygen intercalation has been exploited for fast energy storage. Whereas previous pseudocapacitor and rechargeable battery charge storage studies have focused on cation intercalation, the anion-based mechanism presented here offers a new paradigm for electrochemical energy storage.
Thermal-gradient migration of helium bubbles in uranium dioxide

Abstract The migration velocities of cyclotron-injected helium bubbles have been measured in single-crystal UO 2 in a measured linear temperature gradient of approximately 1000°C/cm. At temperatures around 2000°C, bubble velocities on the order of 1 μm/h are observed independent of bubble size for radii in the range of 100 A to 1 μm. These velocities do not agree with predictions made from existing simple theories of pore migration, and a new surface-gas mechanism is proposed based on nonlocalized surface diffusion. The proposed mechanism predicts bubble velocities independent of bubble size in the size range observed, but other mechanisms are believed to be applicable for small ( A ) and large (> 1 μm ) bubbles. Results from a number of related measurements are summarized, and a comparison of isothermally measured bubble mobilities is made using the concept of a bubble-diffusion coefficient.
Forecasting the number of competing products in high-technology markets

Abstract Firm decisions to enter a high-tech product category or to extend an existing product line depend in part on the intensity of competition anticipated in the marketplace at the planned introduction time. We develop and empirically test three models that may be used to forecast the number of products competing in a developing marketplace as a function of time. By helping managers to predict the degree of competition they will face at alternative introduction times, these models may be used, in conjunction with demand growth models, to assess efforts to commercialize new products.
Complications of anomalous origin of the right subclavian artery: case report and review of the literature.

A 35-year-old black woman presented with thrombosis of an anomalous right subciavian artery and distal arterial embolization. Initially, her right subclavian artery was reimplanted onto the common carotid artery, and a brachial artery embolectomy plus intraoperative thrombolytic therapy were used to reopen her distal arterial circulation. When her brachial artery repair thrombosed the following day, a distal ulnar artery bypass and repeat thrombolytic therapy were required to restore arterial patency. Six months later, she returned with severe, progressive, neointimal hyperplasia of her brachial artery and a second attempt at arterial reconstruction was unsuccessful. She eventually required a right below-elbow amputation. This patient demonstrated an anomalous right subclavian artery that presented with distal embolization without an antecedent history of severe atherosclerotic disease or the development of a right subclavian artery aneurysm. A review of the medical literature relating to complications of this anomaly is provided.
The long-range interaction landscape of gene promoters

The vast non-coding portion of the human genome is full of functional elements and disease-causing regulatory variants. The principles defining the relationships between these elements and distal target genes remain unknown. Promoters and distal elements can engage in looping interactions that have been implicated in gene regulation. Here we have applied chromosome conformation capture carbon copy (5C) to interrogate comprehensively interactions between transcription start sites (TSSs) and distal elements in 1% of the human genome representing the ENCODE pilot project regions. 5C maps were generated for GM12878, K562 and HeLa-S3 cells and results were integrated with data from the ENCODE consortium. In each cell line we discovered >1,000 long-range interactions between promoters and distal sites that include elements resembling enhancers, promoters and CTCF-bound sites. We observed significant correlations between gene expression, promoter-enhancer interactions and the presence of enhancer RNAs. Long-range interactions show marked asymmetry with a bias for interactions with elements located ∼120 kilobases upstream of the TSS. Long-range interactions are often not blocked by sites bound by CTCF and cohesin, indicating that many of these sites do not demarcate physically insulated gene domains. Furthermore, only ∼7% of looping interactions are with the nearest gene, indicating that genomic proximity is not a simple predictor for long-range interactions. Finally, promoters and distal elements are engaged in multiple long-range interactions to form complex networks. Our results start to place genes and regulatory elements in three-dimensional context, revealing their functional relationships.
The structure of oriented sphingomyelin bilayers

Abstract X-ray diffraction from oriented bilayers of sphingomyelin gave up to 14 orders of diffraction of a lamellar repeat of 68.5 A on the meridian and up to eight reflections, including a strong reflection at 4.2 A, on the equator. The diffraction spacings did not change when the sphingomyelin bilayers were exposed to different humidities. A direct analysis of the low resolution X-ray data, using deconvolution is presented. A comparison of the Patterson functions of sphingomyelin with those of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine suggests that the molecular structure of sphingomyelin in oriented bilayers resembles the structure of both phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. Molecular model calculations for sphingomyelin bilayers have also been performed. Electron density profiles of sphingomyelin bilayers at resolution of about 6 A and about 2.5 A are presented. Our results indicate that the phosphorylcholine head group of sphingomyelin is in the plane of the membrane and at right angles to the hydrocarbon chains, the hydrocarbon chains are nearly parallel to each other, and there is only a limited, if any, interdigitation of the hydrocarbon chains of the adjacent sphingomyelin molecules in the bilayer.
Recent developments in plasticized flame retardant polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

Triaryl and alkylaryl phosphates are plasticizers/flame retardants for polyvinyl chloride. The former are more effective flame retardants and the latter are better plasticizers. The latter also gives less smoke. A new phosphate ester blend with good plasticizer properties and low smoke is reported. A brominated triaryl phosphate ester is shown to be a highly effective flame retardant giving plasticized polyvinyl chloride compositions with oxygen index values up to 36. These compositions are suitable for high temperature wire and cable products.
Massively parallel jitter measurement from deep memory digital waveforms

As the increase of computer clock rates has finally begun to reach its stopping point the focus has instead shifted to increasing the number of cores present. This increase in cores is seen most in Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) and other massively parallel processors. These new devices however bring with them new methods for achieving top performance. This paper uses jitter quantification to show the power that a massively parallel device can bring to measurement analysis. The parallel algorithm shown is able to obtain large speed ups over serial implementations and is able to analyze large data sets to provide a more complete picture of nature of the timing jitter in a signal.
Time-dependent magnetization of a superconducting glass.

The time dependence of the magnetization of polycrystalline samples of the high-temperature superconductor ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ has been investigated in order to ascertain the limits of the glasslike state. Slow rates of decay have been found to persist and to continuously decrease with increasing temperature up to the superconducting transition, suggesting that the latter is the upper bound on glasslike behavior.
Phase III crystal structure and 115 K phase transition of hexamethylbenzene

High-resolution spectroscopic data-Raman, infrared, and electronic-have been employed for the study of low-temperature, phase III, hexamethylbenzene and its associated X-type phase transition. Phase III is trigonal, with point group $6 and one molecule per primitive unit cell, giving an $6 site group, an $6 molecular group, and a trivial interchange group. The X-type phase transition is not second order, and it is not related to a free rotation of the methyl groups. Restricted, geared methyl-group rotations do exist both above and below the phase transition temperature, and are sensitive to it. The molecular point symmetry is $6 in phase III and effectively so in phase II.
Sequential pharmacotherapy for children with comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity and anxiety disorders.

ABSTRACT Objective Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is often accompanied by clinically significant anxiety, but few empirical data guide treatment of children meeting full DSM-IV criteria for ADHD and anxiety disorders (ADHD/ANX). This study examined the efficacy of sequential pharmacotherapy for ADHD/ANX children. Method Children, age 6 to 17 years, with ADHD/ANX were titrated to optimal methylphenidate dose and assessed along with children who entered the study on a previously optimized stimulant. Children with improved ADHD who remained anxious were randomly assigned to 8 weeks of double-blind stimulant + fluvoxamine (STIM/FLV) or stimulant + placebo (STIM/PL). Primary efficacy measures were the Swanson, Nolan, Atkins, and Pelham IV Parent and Teacher Rating Scale ADHD score and the Pediatric Anxiety Rating Scale total score. ADHD, ANX, and overall Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement scores were also obtained. Results Of the 32 medication-naive children openly treated with methylphenidate, 26 (81%) improved as to ADHD. Twenty-five children entered the randomized trial. Intent-to-treat analysis indicated no differences between the STIM/FLV (n = 15) and STIM/PL groups on the Pediatric Anxiety Rating Scale or Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement-defined responder rate. Medications in both arms were well tolerated. Conclusions Children with ADHD/ANX have a response rate to stimulants for ADHD that is comparable with that of children with general ADHD. The benefit of adding FLV to stimulants for ANX remains unproven.
Reply to Comment by Paul R. Motyka and G. Warren Hall

WE wish to thank P. R. Motyka and G. W. Hall for their comments on our decoupling paper. They have correctly explained why we arrived at a result different from theirs when solving their problem. When the calculations presented in Ref. 2 were done, we were at a loss to explain the nonagreement of results. It was discovered that their solution did not give the prescribed eigenvalues and we incorrectly assumed that was the explanation. As Motyka and Hall have correctly pointed out, we had, in fact, assigned the eigenvalues to different eigenvectors. It is not true, however, that this is an inherent shortcoming of the geometric approach. As was pointed out, the geometric theory provides a method for placing the poles that was not used in Ref. 2. In fact, for the lateral motions case, it is a simple matter to assign eigenvalues independently to the individual controllability subspaces. It is true that the heuristic Penalty Function Method described in Ref. 2 must be used with considerable care, and we are indebted to Motyka and Hall for making this point. Next, we consider the comments relating to "exact" model following. In order to minimize confusion, we shall try to be somewhat precise. In the notation of Ref. 3, the given system is described by
Improvement of coronary artery endothelial dysfunction with lipid-lowering therapy: heterogeneity of segmental response and correlation with plasma-oxidized low density lipoprotein.

AbstractOBJECTIVESThis study assessed coronary artery endothelial function in patients with hypercholesterolemia before and after lipid lowering, using quantitative angiography to examine the acety...
Constraints on mantle anisotropy beneath Precambrian North America from a transportable teleseismic experiment

Data from the APT89 transportable teleseismic experiment was examined to characterize the variations in shear-wave splitting along a 1500 km traverse in North America (see Silver et al, 1993, this issue). Three geologic terranes were sampled: the western Superior Province of the Canadian Shield, the Trans-Hudson Orogen and the Wyoming Craton. The primary goal was to determine the extent to which the anisotropy was controlled by Archean and Proterozoic tectonic episodes. Of the large suite of teleseismic events recorded, 5 were suitable for determining the fast polarization direction ϕ and delay time δt from the phases SKS and SKKS. The resulting observations reveal two important features. First, the values of ϕ display good geologic coherence. Stations along the northern part of the array in the exposed shield reveal a consistent ENE direction for ϕ that is generally parallel to exposed geologic structures. Within the part of the Superior Province buried beneath Phanerozoic cover, ϕ rotates to a NE-SW azimuth as do geophysical indicators of geologic fabric. Moving onto the Trans-Hudson, ϕ changes abruptly to a more EW azimuth. The stations within the Wyoming Craton suggest values with a more northerly direction although the waveforms from these stations are more complex. Second, δt, which ranges between 0.40s and 1.75s, shows systematic variations across the traverse. The largest delay times (approaching 2 s) are found in a 250 km wide band from Red Lake, Ontario to the U.S-Canada border. δt is reduced to about 1 s or less both north and south of this region. For the stations with detectable splitting, we find an inverse relationship between S isotropic station delays derived from the portable data set and δt, which is most easily explained by the anisotropy being primarily localized in the fast, presumably lithospheric mantle. The splitting observations overall suggest that mantle anisotropy along this traverse is dominated by Precambrian ‘fossil’ anisotropy that is preserved in the subcontinental lithosphere.
CLINICAL-MOLECULAR CORRELATES IN A MOTHER AND 2 SONS WITH A CONSTITUTIVELY ACTIVATING MUTATION OF THE LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH) RECEPTOR (LHR). † 569

CLINICAL-MOLECULAR CORRELATES IN A MOTHER AND 2 SONS WITH A CONSTITUTIVELY ACTIVATING MUTATION OF THE LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH) RECEPTOR (LHR). † 569
Inelastic spin-exchange scattering of electrons from paramagnetic metals

Spin-polarized electron-energy-loss spectra have been obtained from Cu(100) and Mo(110) surfaces by use of a polarized primary beam coupled with energy-resolved spin analysis of the scattered electrons. The data reveal strong evidence for inelastic spin-exchange scattering. In particular, a prominent polarization-loss feature evident in the Mo(110) data correlates with the joint density of states available for electron-hole pair excitation. Exchange scattering is observed to decrease rapidly with increasing primary beam energy.
Analysis of Freeway Travel Time Variability Using Bluetooth Detection

Travel time has long been an important performance measure for assessing traffic conditions and the extent of highway congestion. However, recently, more and more attention has been given to understanding the uncertainty regarding the variability in travel time from hour to hour and day to day—variability that is known to be a source of great frustration among road users. In this paper, travel-time variability is studied by collecting travel-time data using probe data on freeway segments in Indianapolis obtained using anonymous Bluetooth sampling techniques. The data show considerable travel-time variability is induced by adverse weather, but also show that variability results from unexpected changes in traffic flow rates and driver behavior. Various statistical models are estimated to understand the effect that traffic-related variables have on variability in individual vehicle travel times as well as average travel times. For individual vehicle travel times, a model is estimated to study how the probabi...
The Transitional ER Localization Mechanism of Pichia pastoris Sec12

COPII vesicles assemble at ER subdomains called transitional ER (tER) sites, but the mechanism that generates tER sites is unknown. To study tER biogenesis, we analyzed the transmembrane protein Sec12, which initiates COPII vesicle formation. Sec12 is concentrated at discrete tER sites in the budding yeast Pichia pastoris. We find that P. pastoris Sec12 exchanges rapidly between tER sites and the general ER. The tER localization of Sec12 is saturable and is mediated by interaction of the Sec12 cytosolic domain with a partner component. This interaction apparently requires oligomerization of the Sec12 lumenal domain. Redistribution of P. pastoris Sec12 to the general ER does not perturb the localization of downstream tER components, suggesting that Sec12 and other COPII proteins associate with a tER scaffold. These results provide evidence that tER sites form by a network of dynamic associations at the cytosolic face of the ER.
Academic emergency physicians' understanding and opinions toward emergency contraception

Study objectives: Emergency physicians are often the first to encounter a patient who has been sexually assaulted. Every emergency physician will inevitably be in this situation and be in the position to offer postcoital contraception to an at-risk patient. The objective of this survey is to evaluate the practice habits of emergency physicians in academic centers about the use of postcoital contraception. Methods: This study surveyed residents and attending physicians at all residency review committee–approved emergency residency programs. A 9-question multiple-choice survey was distributed by residency officials during resident conference and collected at the end of conference. The total number of attendants at the conference was recorded to calculate the return rate. Individual responses were anonymous, but data were grouped according to geographic region. Results: One thousand three hundred sixty-four surveys were distributed, and 914 surveys were returned, with a 67% response rate. Results were as follows: 8.4% of respondents stated that they would not prescribe postcoital contraception in cases of rape, whereas 24.7% stated that they would not prescribe it after consensual sex; 5.1% have encountered nursing refusing to administer postcoital contraception, whereas 3.9% have encountered pharmacy refusing to fill the order; 66.3% stated that postcoital contraception was standard of care, whereas 3.8% said it was not; and 29.9% stated that they did not know whether or not administering postcoital contraception was the standard of care. Conclusion: According to this survey, emergency physicians at academic centers do not consistently provide postcoital contraception. The American Public Health Association, American College of Emergency Physicians, and the American College of Obstetrician and Gynecology all state that postcoital contraception should be offered in cases of rape. Therefore, physicians who would not prescribe postcoital contraception in rape would knowingly compromise the standard of care to which a rape victim is entitled to protect their individual beliefs. This survey shows that emergency physicians at academic centers are not providing uniform care for these patients.
A Review of Gerald Caplan's Theory and Practice of Mental Health Consultation

Gerald Caplan's Theory and Practice of Mental Health Consultation (1970), considered to be a classic seminal work in the field of consultation, is reviewed. First, the author presents Caplan's general definition of consultation along with what may be considered the general principles or procedures of consultation. Then the author presents Caplan's procedures and principles as relevant to each type of consultation. Next, each of Caplan's four models of consultation is described. Last, these four models are compared in terms of the professional role of the consultee, the primary goal of consultation, and the target of consultation intervention.
Maintenance of pregnancy with prolactin or progesterone in rats on a sucrose diet.

The fecundity of female rats on a diet of sucrose and distilled water during pregnancy was compared to rats on the same diet receiving daily injections of 4–6 i.u. prolactin or 5 mg. progesterone. At autopsy on the 21st day after mating there was an average of 8.1, 10.8, and 10.0 implantation sites which included 2.2, 7.6, and 7.8 living young per rat in the control, progesterone, and prolactin groups, respectively. It is suggested that rats on a diet of only sucrose have a deficiency of prolactin.
Metals as regulators of heme metabolism

Heme is essential for cell respiration, energy generation, and oxidative biotransformations. The latter function is exemplified by the oxidative metabolism of various endogenous and exogenous chemicals catalyzed by the heme protein cytochrome P-450. Recent studies have established that metal ions directly regulate cellular content of heme, and thus of heme proteins by controlling production of delta-aminolevulinate synthetase and heme oxygenase, the rate-limiting enzymes for heme synthesis and degradation, respectively. Metal ions also alter cellular content of glutathione. In excess amounts, metal ions greatly accelerate the turnover and degradation of heme and substantially impair the oxidative functions of cells--particularly those dependent on cytochrone P-450. As a result, the biological impact of chemicals which are detoxified or metabolically transformed by the P-450 system is greatly altered.
Temporary Thoracoscopic Sympathetic Block for Hyperhidrosis

Background Compensatory hyperhidrosis (CH) is the most common side effect after a thoracoscopic sympathectomy. The fear of CH is the most common reason why patients do not undergo a sympathectomy, because it is an irreversible procedure unless removal clips are used. Unfortunately, clip removal for reversal of postsympathectomy CH has not been reliable. To address this issue, we developed a new technique of a temporary thoracoscopic sympathetic block that can hopefully predict if postsympathectomy CH is going to occur after sympathectomy for medical refractory primary hyperhidrosis (PH). Methods We reviewed all patients who underwent a temporary thoracoscopic sympathetic block and subsequent thoracoscopic sympathectomy for medical refractory PH. All patients were concerned about the development of CH and requested the possibility of a reversible procedure. Results Twenty-five patients underwent a temporary thoracoscopic sympathetic block; 18 suffered from palmar, axillary, and plantar hyperhidrosis, 4 had axillary and plantar hyperhidrosis; and 3 had palmar and plantar hyperhidrosis. The sympathetic block and subsequent sympathectomy were performed as outpatient bilateral thoracoscopic procedures. Sympathetic blockade was performed at each level of the planned sympathectomy (T2, T3, and accessory nerves) with 2.5 cc 0.25% marcaine with epinephrine per level without complications. All patients had temporary relief of hyperhidrosis ranging from 1 to 10 days with a median of 4 days after the block. Three patients (12%) had temporary CH after the thoracoscopic block, 2 mild and 1 severe. All but 1 (4%), the severe CH patient, elected to proceed with the planned sympathectomy; all sympathectomy patients (100%) were cured of their excessive sweating. The 2 patients who experienced mild CH after the thoracoscopic block also had it after the sympathectomy. All patients were completely satisfied with the final results, even the 2 patients in whom mild CH developed. Conclusions Temporary thoracoscopic sympathetic block is a reversible and accurate procedure for the determination of postsympathectomy CH. A temporary thoracoscopic sympathetic block followed by sympathectomy may be the best approach for the treatment of medically refractory PH in patients who are concerned about the development of postsympathectomy CH.
Conduits for Hemodialysis Access

The role of prosthetic arteriovenous (AV) access is still important in the management and care of the renal dialysis patients. Multiple new modalities are available to the surgeon today and it is imperative that their role be understood so that optimum care can be delivered to this complex group of patients. This article describes significant changes in prosthetic management and newer configurations available to the surgeon.
Gastrointestinal: Small bowel evisceration with chronic rectal prolapse

A rectal prolapse is a protrusion of the rectum through the anal orifice. However, prolapse can take a variety of forms. One is complete rectal prolapse (procidentia) where all layers of the rectum protrude through the anus. Another is an occult rectal prolapse, where there is internal intussusception of rectal tissue either without protrusion through the anus or with protrusion only on straining. The third and most common variant is a mucosal prolapse with protrusion of distal rectal tissues during straining or at defecation. Complete and occult prolapse are more common in elderly women and have been associated with poor tone in pelvic muscles, chronic straining at stool and fecal incontinence. The primary abnormality is intussusception of the rectum that is facilitated by weak fascial attachments, a redundant rectosigmoid colon, vertical orientation of the rectum and a weak anal sphincter. Complications apart from fecal incontinence include rectal bleeding, a solitary rectal ulcer and rectal ischemia. A much rarer complication is outlined below. An 88-year-old woman presented to the Emergency Department with anal discomfort and a more prominent rectal prolapse. She had been known to have a complete rectal prolapse for the preceding 8 years, but had not had surgery because of atrial fibrillation and severe cardiac failure. She lived at home with help from family and community support. Anal examination revealed evisceration of small bowel (Fig. 1). At emergency laparotomy, she had a large hole in the ante-mesenteric wall of the upper third of the rectum corresponding to the apex of the chronic rectal prolapse (Fig. 2). The distal half of her small bowel had protruded through this hole into the lumen of the rectum and was subsequently passed per anus. The small bowel was replaced in the abdominal cavity but was subsequently resected because of ischemia. The rectum was also resected and the sigmoid colon was fashioned into an endstoma. Histological evaluation of the rectum revealed ischemic changes on the ante-mesenteric wall adjacent to the hole. The case illustrates ischemic perforation at the apex of a chronic rectal prolapse with the subsequent development of small bowel evisceration per anus. Contributed by
Uncovering foreign military innovation

An analysis of US assessments of Germany's development of armored warfare illustrates the problems that intelligence agencies face as they attempt to understand military innovation. The covert nature of German Army's tank research in the years immediately following World War I limited the number of indicators of Berlin's interest in armored warfare. Similarly, the United States possessed at best a fragmentary picture of German experimentation with armor. By the outbreak of World War II, however, US military attaches had nonetheless developed an accurate understanding of German concepts of armored warfare. If the United States is to avoid strategic surprise in the future, it must cultivate intelligence sources and employ considerably different methods from those of the Cold War.
Ion-Polar molecule collisions: the effect of ion size on ion-polar molecule rate constants; the parameterization of the average-dipole-orientation theory

Abstract Proton transfer rate constants from CH 5 + , C 2 H 5 + , C 3 H 7 + and C 4 H 9 + to NH 3 , CH 3 NH 2 , and (CH 3 ) 2 NH have been measured at thermal energies by ion cyclotron resonance techniques. The data are compared with the predictions of the average-dipole-orientation theory. In all cases, the CH 5 + , C 2 H 5 + and C 3 H 7 + ions transfer a proton with essentially unit efficiency. The C 4 H 9 + ions transfer protons with efficiencies between 0.6 and 0.9 depending on the substrate molecule. There is no evidence that the size of the ion has an appreciable effect on the magnitude of the proton transfer rate, at least within the accuracy of the ICR experiments. The average-dipole-orientation theory has been parameterized to permit determination of capture limit rate constants by reading a graph and making a simple calculation. A graph covering the range of polarizabilities and dipole moments of most molecules is included.
MIGRATION, SENSE OF PLACE, AND NONMETROPOLITAN VITALITY

In this progress report I will look at recent developments in models and theories relevant to nonmetropolitan migration and development [in the United States]. I will also focus on bottom up approaches and the importance of a sense of place in maintaining nonmetropolitan vitality. Finally I will discuss the importance of a historical and regional approach when examining the continuing economic and social transformations of nonmetropolitan areas. (EXCERPT)
Brain computer interface to enhance episodic memory in human participants

Recent research has revealed that neural oscillations in the theta (4–8 Hz) and alpha (9–14 Hz) bands are predictive of future success in memory encoding. Because these signals occur before the presentation of an upcoming stimulus, they are considered stimulus-independent in that they correlate with enhanced memory encoding independent of the item being encoded. Thus, such stimulus-independent activity has important implications for the neural mechanisms underlying episodic memory as well as the development of cognitive neural prosthetics. Here, we developed a brain computer interface (BCI) to test the ability of such pre-stimulus activity to modulate subsequent memory encoding. We recorded intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) in neurosurgical patients as they performed a free recall memory task, and detected iEEG theta and alpha oscillations that correlated with optimal memory encoding. We then used these detected oscillatory changes to trigger the presentation of items in the free recall task. We found that item presentation contingent upon the presence of pre-stimulus theta and alpha oscillations modulated memory performance in more sessions than expected by chance. Our results suggest that an electrophysiological signal may be causally linked to a specific behavioral condition, and contingent stimulus presentation has the potential to modulate human memory encoding.
Uranium in Runoff from the Gulf of Mexico Distributive Province: Anomalous Concentrations

Uranium concentrations in North American rivers are higher than those reported 20 years ago. The increase is attributed to applications to agricultural land of larger amounts of phosphate fertilizer containing appreciable concentrations of uranium. Experiments showing a constant phosphorous-uranium ratio for various types of fertilizers and for the easily solubilized fraction of 0-46-0 fertilizers support this view.
Electrophysiological Responses to Threat in Youth with and without Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

The current study was designed to examine event-related brain potentials and autonomic responses to pictures indicating threat, relative to non-threat, and acoustic startle reflexes in traumatized youth diagnosed with PTSD, relative to non-exposed children, before and after receiving psychotherapy. Children in the control group were individually yoked and demographically matched to the PTSD group. Both groups displayed enhanced late positive potentials and more prolonged heart rate deceleration to pictures indicating threat, relative to non-threat, and larger skin conductance responses to pictures indicating threat, relative to non-threat, at time one. At time two, controls appeared to habituate, as reflected by an overall attenuated skin conductance response, whereas the PTSD group showed little change. Across time points the PTSD group exhibited greater acoustic startle reflexes than the control group. Psychotherapy and symptom reduction was not associated with electrophysiology. Drawing from the adult literature, this study was an attempt to address the scarcity of research examining electrophysiological irregularities in childhood PTSD. The overall results suggest that children and adolescents allocate more attention to threat-related stimuli regardless of PTSD status, and exaggerated startle and a possible failure to habituate skin conductance responses to threat-related stimuli in youth with versus without PTSD.
Papain proteolysis releases a soluble NADPH dependent diaphorase activity from bovine neutrophil membranes

Abstract An NADPH dependent cytochrome c reductase has been purified from resting bovine neutrophil membranes. A high degree of purification, approaching homogeneity, is indicated by the presence of a single 75 kDa protein band on silver stained SDS-PAGE (10%). The purified protein catalyzes as well an NADPH dependent reduction of iodonitrotetrazolium violet (INT). Limited papain digestion of the purified preparation produces a 65 kDa product which retains both enzymatic activities. In a similar fashion papain digestion of the plasma membrane bound protein generates a fully active soluble NADPH dependent INT and cytochrome c reductase preparation (65 kDa). Proteolytic cleavage would appear to occur at a protein-membrane anchor remote from the proteins catalytic site. The cytochrome c reductase acts independently of the O−2 generating cytochrome b558, a leukocyte plasma membrane protein which also catalyzes an NADPH dependent INT reduction.
Real Time Power Monitoring & integration with BIM

A Real Time Power Monitoring (RTPM) System is proposed in which end-use detailed energy consumption data is provided for each load level. The data will be integrated with a BIM (Building Information Modeling) Model to create a Realtime on-line electronic BIM Model. This paper describes the RTPM system and the process leading to its creation. The basic components of the proposed system were designed and tested using a prototype board.
A test for finite representation type

Let R be a left pure-semisimple ring. It is proved that if R has self-duality or if R is a polynomial identity ring, then R is of finite representation type. If there exists an example of a left pure-semisimple ring which is not of finite representation type, we show that then there exists an example which is hereditary, but not right artinian. We reduce the question of the existence of such an example to a problem regarding simple bimodules over division rings.