cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Designing, Developing, and Implementing an Accessible Computer-Based National Assessment System

As states adapt new content standards that support college and career readiness, there is a need to develop assessments that produce valid and reliable measures for all students. This chapter describes the overall processes and individual tasks that the Smarter Balanced Assessment Consortium (Smarter Balanced) implemented to produce one of the most accessible mathematics and English language arts/literacy assessment systems. The assessments are aligned with the Common Core State Standards (CCSS) and are geared to students in grades 3–8 and 11. This chapter explains the ways in which the consortium operationalized and implemented universal design principles throughout the entire assessment design and development process, including creation of the test administration platform, item writing, piloting, field testing, and scoring. In addition, the authors share how Smarter Balanced emphasized utilizing a multidisciplinary approach and evidence-based decisions-making processes. The chapter shows how these approaches resulted in a suite of embedded and non-embedded accessibility resources that can help meet individual student needs. The ability to customize individual test instances reinforces a paradigm shift away from considering the needs of student groups (e.g., English learners, students with disabilities) to focusing on each individual student’s specific need(s). The chapter closes with a call for future work and research that includes identifying how technology can meet the needs of individual students, in particular low-instance populations.
Neoliberalism, the Ambivalent State, and Community Struggles

Integrating three main strands of scholarship—globalization and neoliberalism, the state (as comprising several institutions), and the community that is involved in the struggles at both the local level and the global level, and is in that sense transnational (spanning across borders),—this chapter posits that the state is at the center of the struggles against the privatization of water. Arguing that the state is a complex set of institutions across the national and sub-national levels which do not always work in tandem makes it possible to unravel the intricate links between the local and the global in terms of the challenges to seeking access to water. State institutions at the national and sub-national levels may respond differently to community resistances and localized knowledge about resources, such as the case of water examined in this book. These aspects also have implications for which neoliberal tenets are adopted and how they are implemented by the various state fractions that in turn is further heightened by people’s resistances. It results in uneven forms of neoliberalism being implemented by an ambivalent state. Acknowledging that a focus on the ‘community’ requires examining the differences of gender, class, and caste within locales, I draw attention to how commonalities in concerns about the need for access to a basic need—water—can override differences. I rely on a social movement approach to examine the contestation of rights to water by including both micro-level (local) and macro-level (global) discussions of struggles in order to make interacting structures more visible. An analysis of the struggles makes it possible to recognize power and politics as constitutive of water realities. Studying these processes of organizing and collective action will facilitate the bridging of scholarship across two different social contexts—the developed country context (United States) and the developing country context (India)—and connecting the local struggles and global forums about water rights.
Real world evaluation of effectiveness and tolerance of chemotherapy for early stage breast cancer (ESBC) in elderly women.

e12509Background: While elderly patients (pts) diagnosed with ESBC represent a substantial fraction, they tend to receive less aggressive treatment, have higher mortality rates and are markedly und...
Use of adeno-associated virus as a general transduction vector for mammalian cells.

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a human virus that can be propagated either as an integrated provirus or by lytic infection (Atchison et al. 1965; Hoggan et al. 1966, 1972). The ability to form a latent infection appears to be an integral part of the AAV life cycle. Except under special circumstances (Yacobson et al. 1987; Schlehofer et al. 1986; Yalkinoglu et al. 1988), AAV requires the presence of a helper virus to initiate a productive viral infection (Fig. 1). Members of either the herpes or adenovirus families can provide the necessary helper functions (Atchison et al. 1965; Melnick et al. 1965; Hoggan et al. 1966; Buller et al. 1981; McPherson et al. 1985) and vaccinia virus can provide at least partial helper function (Schlehofer et al. 1986). In the absence of a helper virus AAV produces no progeny virus, but instead integrates into a host chromosome (Hoggan et al. 1972; Berns et al. 1975; Handa et al. 1977; Cheung et al. 1980). With rare exceptions, AAV proviruses appear to be stable. However, if a cell line that is carrying an AAV provirus (Fig. 1) is subsequently superinfected with a helper virus, the AAV genome is excised and proceeds through a normal productive infection (Hoggan et al. 1972; Cheung et al. 1980). This ability to establish a latent infection which can later be rescued appears to be a mechanism for ensuring the survival of AAV in the absence of a helper virus. The unusual life cycle of AAV has led a number of parvovirus laboratories to explore the possibility of using AAV as a general mammalian transduction vector.
Two Age-Class Parasites

Insects of course occur in different species. Here are two species always looking for more resources. As first one species is healthy and the other is diseased. How does the disease spread into the healthy population? This could be part of a population control strategy.
Atypical Glandular Cells of Undetermined Significance: Diagnostic Accuracy and Interobserver Variability Using Select Cytologic Criteria

Histologic follow-up of patients with the Bethesda system cervical-vaginal diagnosis of atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance (AGUS), "favor endocervical origin", or "not otherwise specified" (NOS) shows a high percentage of clinically significant (neoplastic or preneoplastic) lesions. Using the criteria of atypical single cells, irregular nuclear membranes, and decreased cytoplasm, eight observers retrospectively reclassified 88 AGUS, "favor endocervical", or NOS smears using a probabilistic scheme. Follow-up showed 46 clinically significant and 42 benign lesions. The mean accuracy for all observers and the experienced observers was 65% and 72%, respectively. For the experienced observers, the mean specificity of a "favor clinically significant" category was 72%; the mean sensitivity of a "favor benign" category was 90%. For the less experienced observers, subclassification had poor predictive value. We conclude that experienced observers may use specific criteria to correctly subclassify AGUS lesions, and this may aid in patient management.
Allometry predicts trabecular bone structural properties in the carnivoran jaw joint

Because overall cranial morphology-biomechanics linkage in carnivorans is significantly influenced by both feeding and non-feeding ecological variables, whole-skull mechanical performance measures may be less sensitive to feeding ecology than regional characteristics within the skull. The temporomandibular joint could be one regional characteristic that is highly sensitive to feeding ecology considering that this joint is used in prey capture, food processing, and experiences compressive loading during mastication. Through 3D model construction, 3D printing, and compression tests, morphological and mechanical performance measures were determined for the temporomandibular joint trabecular bone structure of 40 species representative of the phylogenetic and ecology diversity of Carnivora. Remarkably, the results indicate that relative fill volume, relative structural complexity, elastic modulus, and relative maximum compressive strength of trabecular bone structure are not significantly related to phylogeny or ecology. The results reveal that morphological and mechanical performance attributes of trabecular bone structure are primarily influenced by body size, and that positive centroid size allometry and positive body mass allometry are present for structural complexity. The lack of feeding ecological signal in dorso-ventral compressive loading of temporomandibular joint models indicates that carnivoran temporomandibular joint trabecular structures may not undergo significant differential remodeling as an evolutionary response to different mechanically demanding feeding tasks.
The Veridicality of Eidetic Intuition

We need to consider the verification of eidetic intuitional statements. The problem can be put into practical terms. If two persons disagree on what has been intuited by eidetic intuition, what, if anything, can be done about it? Is it possible to bring about agreement or to clarify the source of disagreement ? This implies that the claim to eidetic intuition is not in itself a proof that eidetic intuition did as a matter of fact occur.
Strategies and tools for digital repository selection and migration

As digital repositories evolve, so to do the needs of institutions who employ them. Increasingly, institutions are faced with the daunting task of migrating content from one repository to another. But what strategies exist to help institutions identify suitable repositories and effectively and efficiently plan and execute a migration? This workshop aims to explore the issues and strategies of repository (re)selection and migration. Participants will learn about the different phases of a migration process including: system evaluation and selection, migration planning, and implementation strategies and tools. Throughout the workshop, participants will actively explore these phases as they relate to their organizational context and come away with questions and next steps for planning for system selection and/or a migration at their own institution. Target Audience: Digital repository managers, metadata librarians, digital services librarians Format: Half Day Tutorial Expected Number of Participants: 20 Tutorial History: Completed one session at the 2019 Digital Initiatives Symposium
Fatal diffuse pulmonary fat microemboli following reperfusion in liver transplantation with the use of marginal steatotic allografts

Organ shortage is a major cause of delayed liver transplantation and increased waitlist time. The level of donor steatosis is a significant determinant in organ selection. Scarcity of organs has led some programs to expand their acceptable criteria for the percentage of steatosis. We report two cases of liver transplantation of steatotic donor organs that resulted in mortality within hours from transplantation. Postmortem analysis showed evidence of diffuse pulmonary fat microemboli likely originating from the donor organ, with marked preservation reperfusion injury. The mechanism of diffuse fat microemboli in this setting and possible relationship to other perioperative syndromes (transfusion-related lung injury, acute kidney injury, and postreperfusion syndrome) is discussed.
Validity of the Spot Vision Screener in detecting vision disorders in children 6 months to 36 months of age

Purpose To evaluate the Spot Vision Screener in detecting targeted vision disorders compared to cycloplegic retinoscopy in children Methods Children, ages 6 months to 36 months underwent vision screening using the Spot Vision Screener. Results were compared to results of comprehensive eye examinations. Validity of the Spot was evaluated by calculating the area under the curve (AUC); the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) were used to determine optimal sensitivity and specificity for detection of targeted vision disorders. Results A total of 249 children were included. The AUC for detecting targeted vision disorders as defined by the study specific criteria using the Spot was 0.790. Compared to cycloplegic retinoscopy, the Spot underestimated hyperopia by 1.02 D (95% CI, 0.86–1.17 D). For hyperopia ≥4.5 D spherical equivalent (n = 10), the mean difference between the Spot and cycloplegic retinoscopy was 3.46 D (95% CI, 1.95–4.98 D). In contrast, the Spot overestimated astigmatism compared to cycloplegic retinoscopy (−1.00 D vs −0.48 D; P Conclusions The Spot Vision Screener showed good overall validity in detecting targeted vision disorders. It was within 0.5 D and 1 D of cycloplegic retinoscopy with regard to low hyperopia and astigmatism. Higher hyperopic spherical equivalent refractive errors showed larger differences in mean values between the Spot and cycloplegic retinoscopy.
Hyper‐Palatable Foods: Development of a Quantitative Definition and Application to the US Food System Database

Objective Extensive research has focused on hyper-palatable foods (HPF); however, HPF are defined using descriptive terms (e.g., fast foods, sweets), which are not standardized and lack specificity. The study purpose was to develop a quantitative definition of HPF and apply the definition to the Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies (FNDDS) to determine HPF prevalence in the US food system. Methods A numeric definition of HPF was developed by extracting common HPF descriptive definitions from the literature and using nutrition software to quantify ingredients of fat, simple sugars, carbohydrates, and sodium. The definition was applied to the FNDDS. Results HPF from the literature aligned with three clusters: (1) fat and sodium (> 25% kcal from fat, ≥ 0.30% sodium by weight), (2) fat and simple sugars (> 20% kcal from fat, > 20% kcal from sugar), and (3) carbohydrates and sodium (> 40% kcal from carbohydrates, ≥ 0.20% sodium by weight). In the FNDDS, 62% (4,795/7,757) of foods met HPF criteria. The HPF criteria identified a variety of foods, including some labeled reduced or low fat and vegetables cooked in creams, sauces, or fats. Conclusions A data-derived HPF definition revealed that a substantial percentage of foods in the US food system may be hyper-palatable, including foods not previously conceptualized as hyper-palatable.
Proton-Coupled Electron Transfers of Defense Phytochemicals in Sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench).

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) produces a range of defense phytochemicals containing a quinone core structure: sorgoleone allelochemical, flavonoid phytoalexins, and a broad spectrum of polyphenols. Those phytochemicals react with the components of cellular and agroecosystems to form stable semiquinone radicals engaging in different proton-coupled electron transfer reactions. This unique redox reactivity of plant phenolics could be used to develop bioactive food ingredients and green pesticides. To achieve those application goals, chemical phenotyping methods sensitive to quinone-semiquinone-dihydroxybenzene redox cycles (e.g., electrochemical conversion with fluorescence detection) are in demand. Chemometrics-based fingerprinting tools could facilitate on-farm screening of target traits for breeding innovations.
Influencing nutritional habits of college students using a food pantry

Objective: Food insecurity in college students is associated with poor eating habits. The purpose of this project was to increase consumption of fruits and vegetables in college students using a ca...
Machine-agnostic and Communication-aware Designs for MPI on Emerging Architectures

Modern multi-/many-cores offer higher core-density, hardware multi-threading, deeper memory hierarchies, and diverse architectural capabilities. While emerging cloud-based HPC systems are able to deliver near-native performance, they bring more diversity to the architectures. The Message Passing Interface (MPI) offers the flexibility to arbitrarily bind application processes to CPU cores, however the static nature of these binding policies typically does not take applications’ communication patterns and underlying machine architecture into consideration. This lack of association between the dynamic nature of applications and architectural diversity offered by modern processors makes it difficult for the application developers and MPI designers to exploit modern multi-/many-core systems to their full potential. In this paper, we propose a set of low-level benchmarking based approaches and MPI-level designs to infer vendor-specific machine characteristics e.g., physical to virtual machine topologies, and dynamic communication patterns of the applications. By utilizing this information, we propose two novel algorithms to construct efficient MPI mappings for any given architecture and application communication pattern. The proposed designs are implemented in the MVAPICH2 MPI library and are evaluated on three different architectures using various micro-benchmarks and application kernels. We demonstrate up to 2X performance improvement for MPI collectives, and up to 3.5X and 26% improvement for NAS-CG and miniAMR application kernels, respectively.
Some Unusual Relict Features in the Great Lakes Coastal Zone

With the exception of features in the modern surf and swash zones, nearly all of the geomorphic features in the GLCZ are relict, i.e., have survived from an earlier geologic period and are being modified by current geomorphic and pedologic processes. This chapter highlights some of the unusual relict features from the earliest ancestral Great Lakes. These are discussed under three categories, including (i) glacial and periglacial, (ii) lacustrine and glaciolacustrine, and (iii) early people.
Using Digital Ethnography to Understand the Experience of Women With Pelvic Organ Prolapse.

Objective To characterize the decision-making process and illness experience of women with pelvic organ prolapse (POP) using large-scale social media analysis. Methods Digital ethnographic analysis of online posts identified through data mining was performed. Grounded theory methodology was applied to 200 posts via traditional hand coding. To supplement our qualitative approach, we applied a Latent Dirichlet Allocation probabilistic topic modeling process to review the entire data set of identified posts to ensure thematic saturation. Results There were 3451 posts by 2088 unique users from 117 websites worldwide that were identified via social media data mining. We found that the anonymity of online forums allowed for information and support exchange among women with POP. Our analysis revealed that the exchange of online information aids in the decision-making process and, in some instances, appears to be the primary source of information. There was confusion about the anatomical and surgical complexities of prolapse. Our study also identified misconceptions, perceived risk factors, prevention methods, and management recommendations that were discussed online. Conclusions This large-scale online community-based analysis demonstrated the utility of social media to better understand women's experiences with POP. Thematic findings highlighted essential concerns and challenges involved in the surgical decision-making process and the understating of the anatomical complexity of sector defects, specifically to cystocele, rectocele, State specific defects.
Characteristics Associated With Depression, Anxiety, and Social Isolation in Adults With Spina Bifida.

Objective To identify demographic and clinical characteristics associated with depression, anxiety, and social isolation among adults with spina bifida. We hypothesize that lower urinary tract dysfunction is associated with poor psychosocial outcomes. Methods An anonymous survey was distributed via Facebook advertising to individuals with congenital urologic conditions. Adults with spina bifida were included in our analysis. Lower urinary tract dysfunction was assessed with the Neurogenic Bladder Symptom Score. Depression, anxiety, and social isolation T-scores were measured using Patient-Reported Outcome Measures Information System instruments. A composite depression-anxiety score was calculated. Separate adjusted linear models assessed the association between lower urinary tract dysfunction and depression, anxiety, composite depression-anxiety, and social isolation. Results Around 195 participants were included. Rates of depression, anxiety, and social isolation were 48%, 47%, and 43%, respectively. Comorbid depression and anxiety occurred in 39% of subjects. On adjusted regression analysis, lower urinary tract dysfunction was associated with depression (P Conclusion Depression, anxiety, and social isolation are common in individuals with spina bifida relative to the general population, and associated with lower urinary tract dysfunction. Interventions focused on optimizing lower urinary tract symptoms and function, transition-age adults, group psychotherapy, and comorbid depression and anxiety may be of particular value in this population.
What Does It Take to Know that You Know

In some recent work, (Williams Analysis, 75(2), 213–217, 2015, Logos and Episteme, 7(1), 83–94, 2016) John N.Williams defends a new objection to the defeasibility theory of knowledge. But the objection is of wider interest, since Williams also suggests that this style of objection may undermine other theories of knowledge. I distinguish two versions of Williams’ objection. I then show that the first version relies on false conceptual principles, and the second relies on a specific and dubious conception of the goal of the analysis of knowledge.
Sequencing the pandemic: rapid and high-throughput processing and analysis of COVID-19 clinical samples for 21st century public health

Genomic epidemiology has proven successful for real-time and retrospective monitoring of small and large-scale outbreaks. Here, we report two genomic sequencing and analysis strategies for rapid-turnaround or high-throughput processing of metagenomic samples. The rapid-turnaround method was designed to provide a quick phylogenetic snapshot of samples at the heart of active outbreaks, and has a total turnaround time of <48 hours from raw sample to analyzed data. The high-throughput method was designed for semi-retrospective data analysis, and is both cost effective and highly scalable. Though these methods were developed and utilized for the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic response in Arizona, U.S, and we envision their use for infectious disease epidemiology in the 21 st Century.
Students who are non-users of their academic library: A scoping review

Abstract Studies of university students who are non-users of their academic libraries could provide valuable insights to libraries, yet the extent of the research on this topic remains largely unexplored. This scoping review provides a comprehensive and systematic examination of the research literature in this area, exploring how authors have defined, researched, and addressed the phenomenon of non-users. A search for relevant studies was conducted using bibliographic databases, grey literature searching, and citation tracing. From 1864 records, 69 publications were identified for inclusion. Analysis of the included publications revealed a wide array of definitions for non-users and reasons for non-use. An overwhelming majority of studies (88%) included a survey or questionnaire, most described only a single mode of recruitment, and there was a surprising dearth of information gathered about the non-users themselves. There is currently still much to be learned about students who do not use their academic library and their reasons for non-use. Further qualitative research focused on the needs and motivations of non-users could allow for more nuanced segmentation within this group, and inform libraries' outreach and development efforts.
Material distortion in laser-based additive manufacturing of fuel cell component: Three-dimensional numerical analysis

Abstract Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF), an important additive manufacturing (AM) technique, has received a great deal of research attention and industrial application. The capability to fabricate complicated shapes and structures enables this technique to be applied for the manufacturing of rapid prototypes and complex parts. In operation, the constant melting and cooling of metal powders in a layer-by-layer fashion leads to large gradients and a rapid evolution of temperature, which may cause considerable residual stress and deformation. Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells are a major type of fuel cells that operate under low temperature with high efficiency. PEM fuel cell components must be free of major distortion to avoid leakage of the reactant gases, intrusion of contaminants, and a large interfacial resistance. In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) numerical study is conducted to investigate the residual stress and deformation in a fuel cell inlet/outlet fitting directly built on the bipolar plate by LPBF. Both Inconel 718 (IN718) and stainless steel 316 L (SS316L) are used as the building materials. The distortion prifle predictions are compered with literature data. Additionally, the validated tool is employed to investigate several major parameters in LPBF fabrication to assess their impacts on distortion, including laser power, laser speed, and layer thickness. In our case, the laser power and speed have a significant impact on the distortion of the inlet/outlet fitting. SS316L shows a much less distortion (about 40 µm) than that of IN71 (about 90 µm) for the maximum distortion and a nearly 30% smaller average distortion at all measuring locations. The middle height of the fitting is subject to the largest distortion. A strain parameter e * is discussed to facilitate the analysis of the simulation results.
Optimizing Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) using Machine Learning

Despite substantial standardization, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) experiments frequently fail. Troubleshooting failed PCRs can be costly in both time and money. Using a crowdsourced data set spanning 290 real PCRs from six active research laboratories, we investigate the degree to which PCR success rates can be improved by machine learning. While human designed PCRs succeed at a rate of 55-63%, we find that a machine learning model can accurately predict reaction outcome 81% of the time. We validate this level of improvement by then using the model to guide the design and predict the outcome of 39 new PCR experiments. In addition to improving outcomes, the model identifies 15 features of PCRs that researchers did not optimize well compared to the learned model. These results suggest that PCR success rates can easily be improved by 17-26%, potentially saving millions of dollars and thousands of hours of researcher time each year across the scientific community. Other common laboratory methods may benefit from similar data-driven optimization effort.
P08.02 CCR2/CCR5 dual-antagonist ‘licenses’ the radiation-induced effector T-cell infiltration in the anti-PD-1 antibody-treated pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Background The resistance of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma(PDAC) to immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs) is mainly attributed to the immune-quiescent nature of its tumor microenvironment(TME). Radiotherapy(RT) activates innate responses including the RAGE and TLR2/4 pathways and subsequently modifies the TME by promoting the release of chemokines that recruit inflammatory cells into the TME. In this preclinical study, we examined the PDAC vaccine or RT as a T-cell priming mechanism together with BMS-687681, a small molecule dual-antagonist of CCR2 and CCR5(CCR2/5i) as an immunosuppressive TME-targeting agent, in combination with the anti-PD-1 antibody(αPD-1) as a new treatment. Materials and Methods The hemi-spleen and Orthotopic mice model were used to investigate both GVAX and RT as T-cell priming agents in combination regimens that included αPD-1 and CCR2/5i. Dissected orthotopic pancreatic tumors were collected for analysis of tumor-infiltrating immune cells by flow cytometry. RNA from tumor-infiltrating immune cell pellets and whole-exome RNA sequencing was performed for further mechanism research. Results CCR2 and CCR5 are associated with the immunosuppressive TME of PDAC patients and their expression were induced after treatment with GVAX+nivolumab. Using a mouse model of PDAC, we demonstrated that the addition of GVAX to CCR2/5i+αPD-1 combination therapy did not significantly improve antitumor activity. However, RT followed by αPD-1 and prolonged treatment with CCR2/5i conferred significantly better antitumor efficacy compared to the other combination treatments we studied. The combination of RT, αPD-1, and CCR2/5i enhanced intratumoral effector and memory T-cell infiltration. This combination suppressed Treg, M2-like TAM, and M-MDSC infiltration, but not M1-like TAM and PMN-MDSC infiltration. Finally, RNA sequencing showed that CCR2/5i partially inhibited RT-induced TLR2/4&RAGE signaling, which would have otherwise led to the release of immunosuppressive cytokines including CCL2 and CCL5. The inhibition of TLR2/4&RAGE signaling permitted the expression of effector T-cell chemokines such as CCL17 and CCL22. Conclusions This study thus supports the clinical development of CCR2/5i in combination with RT and ICIs for PDAC treatment. Disclosure Information J. Wang: None. M. Tun Saung: None. K. Fujiwara: None. N. Niu: None. A. Narang: None. J. He: None. L. Zheng: None.
Cats Teach Stats: An Interactive Module to Help Reduce Anxiety When Learning Statistics in Biology

Tools that teach quantitative skills and foster positive student attitudes toward these skills are important in biology curricula. Math and statistics anxiety is common and can interfere with student learning in biology courses. We describe a new framework for alleviating this anxiety. In our module, students watch a cute internet cat video, which inspires them to ask scientific questions about animal behavior and collect, analyze, and interpret data. We developed two freely available interactive tools to implement our module. We successfully implemented these tools with undergraduate students at two institutions. Based on this experience, we provide ideas for extension along with assessment.
Immunological memory to tetanus toxoid is established and maintained in the vitamin A-depleted rat.

We have previously shown that vitamin A deficiency severely impairs the young rat's ability to produce specific antibodies after primary immunization with tetanus toxoid (TT). In the present studies, we asked whether immunologic memory to TT is established even in the vitamin A-depleted animal, and if so, whether such memory can be elicited after subsequent repletion with retinol. Vitamin A-depleted rats produced very low concentrations of TT-specific IgM and IgG antibodies in both the primary and secondary responses; however, the ratios of secondary to primary IgM anti-TT and of IgG anti-TT were normal. When rats were repleted with retinol 1 day after immunization, IgM and IgG anti-TT concentrations in both the primary and secondary responses were at least as great as those of control rats. For rats repleted with retinol 2 days before the booster immunization, secondary IgM and IgG anti-TT concentrations were equal in magnitude to those of vitamin A-sufficient controls. For all groups, the kinetics of th...
TOTAL ANOMALOUS PULMONARY VENOUS CONNECTION: ELECTRO-VECTORCARDIOGRAPHIC, HEMODYNAMIC, AND ANATOMIC.

Abstract An analysis of 11 cases of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection indicates that the electro-vectorcardiogram consistently shows right axis deviation, right ventricular hypertrophy, and right atrial hypertrophy. The degree of elevation of right ventricular pressure may be correlated with certain electro-vectorcardiographic, hemodynamic, and anatomic observations.
Sexism and Pornography Use: Toward Explaining Past (Null) Results

Abstract Empirical research has failed to provide a clear understanding of the relationship between pornography use and sexism. Study 1 showed an inverse correlation between modern sexism and pornography use, such that participants who used pornography more frequently displayed less sexist attitudes. Study 2 found a positive correlation between pornography use and benevolent sexism, such that participants who used pornography more frequently displayed more benevolent sexism. Our studies provide insight into the largely inconclusive findings of previous research on pornography use and sexist attitudes toward women.
Stability analysis of AC steady-state control for inverters

Two methods are proposed for analyzing a commonly used control scheme for AC inverters. The first method is based on an adaptive control theory and the second method is based on the well-known internal model principle. These methods gives sufficient conditions for stability and allow the designers to analytically determine the stability margin and to specify range of stable operating condition.
Electromagnetic radiation from printed traces on a circuit board with coated plastic cover

A rigorous formulation in the spectral domain is used to investigate the radiation from printed traces on a circuit board in the frequency range from 30 MHz to 1 GHz. The coupling effect among adjacent traces and the shielding effectiveness of metallic coating on the plastic cover are analyzed. It is found that the radiation around resonant frequencies is critical in satisfying the FCC (US Federal Communications Commission) requirement, and an appropriate coating can resolve the problem. >
Correlation and Prediction of Efficiency of Centrifugal Pumps Due to Tip Clearance effects

A wide range of specific speeds (ns = 17–80), based on five centrifugal pumps, was experimentally analysed to study the performance deterioration associated with tip clearance effects. Consequently and systematically, an empirical expression was developed that predicted the efficiency deterioration as a function of specific speed and tip clearance within a fairly good margin.
Space-charge effects in liquid argon ionization chambers

Abstract We have uniformly irradiated liquid argon ionization chambers with betas from high-activity 90 Sr sources. The radiation environment is similar to that in the liquid argon calorimeters which are part of the ATLAS detector installed at CERN׳s Large Hadron Collider (LHC). We measured the resulting ionization current over a wide range of applied potential for two different source activities and for three different chamber gaps. These studies provide operating experience at exceptionally high ionization rates. In particular they indicate a stability at the 0.1% level for these calorimeters over years of operation at the full LHC luminosity when operated in the normal mode at an electric field E = 1.0 kV / mm . We can operate these chambers in the normal mode or in the space-charge limited regime and thereby determine the transition point between the two. This transition point is parameterized by a positive argon ion mobility of μ + = 0.08 ± 0.02 mm 2 / V s at a temperature of 88.0±0.5 K and at a pressure of 1.02±0.02 bar. In the space-charge limited regime the ionization currents are degraded and show signs of instability. At the highest electric fields in our study (6.7 kV/mm) the ionization current is still slowly rising with increasing electric field.
Monte-Carlo Simulations of Performance Scaling in Strained-Si nMOSFETs

The performance of strained Si nFETs is studied as a function of channel length and Ge mole fraction using fullband Monte-Carlo simulations. The performance enhancement of strained Si is found to exhibit only modest channel length dependence upon scaling to the 20-nm regime. Although higher Ge mole fraction x leads to an increasing enhancement which is sustained upon channel length scaling, it is argued that x=0.17 represents a good practical design point.
On the Dubins Traveling Salesman Problem

We study the traveling salesman problem for a Dubins vehicle. We prove that this problem is NP-hard, and provide lower bounds on the approximation ratio achievable by some recently proposed heuristics. We also describe new algorithms for this problem based on heading discretization, and evaluate their performance numerically.
Ovarian and omental ependymomas in peritoneal washings: cytologic and immunocytochemical features.

The cytologic findings in peritoneal washings of two women, one of whom had an ovarian ependyoma and the other a primary omental ependymoma, are reported. The ependyomas were characterized by the presence of numerous, isolated, spindle and stellate cells as well as groups of cells forming true rosettes. The tumor cells displayed slightly pleomorphic, round-to-oval eccentric nuclei and abundant fibrillary cytoplasm with tapering cytoplasmic processes. In addition, one of the patients had numerous papillae and cell clusters with associated psammoma bodies indistinguishable from those found in low-grade serous carcinoma. The demonstration of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in both cases by immunocytochemical procedures indicates the usefulness of this method in cytologic preparations to confirm the diagnosis of these uncommon neoplasms. Diagn Cytopathol 1986;2:62-68.
High-frequency oscillatory ventilation after cardiac surgery: a treatment for all ages

In a recent issue of Critical Care, Bojan and colleagues [1] reported their experience with early initiation of highfrequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) in pediatric cardiac surgery that demonstrated shorter mechanical ventilation times and intensive care stays. Acute lung injury is common in adult patients undergoing surgery, yet there is scant reporting of the intraoperative utility of HFOV [2]. We initiated HFOV in a 49-year-old morbidly obese (body mass index of 69 kg/m 2 ) man who had aortic stenosis, pulmonary hypertension, and decompensated congestive heart failure and who was undergoing aortic valve replacement. Separation from cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) with inverse-ratio pressure-control ventilation – fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO 2 ) of 1.0 and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 18 cm H 2 O – failed because of hypoxia, defi ned as an arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO 2 ) of 64 mm Hg. HFOV was initiated (mean pressure airway of 33 cm H 2 O and FiO 2 of 1.0), yielding a PaO 2 of 74 mm Hg and allowing CPB separation. Th e patient was transitioned to conventional ventilation on postoperative day 3 and was extubated on postoperative day 5. Th is adult patient benefi ted from HFOV, as did the pediatric population of Bojan and colleagues. Continuous positive intrathoracic pressure is a concern as it may impede venous return and thereby limit cardiac output (CO) [3]. However, the transition from ventilation with PEEP to HFOV usually results in signifi cant changes in oxygenation/ventilation but not in CO [4]. In patients with pulmonary hypertension, HFOV has been demonstrated to increase CO and decrease pulmonary vascular resistance [5]. For our patient, HFOV allowed improved oxygenation without aff ecting hemodynamics. HFOV may be a safe and eff ective therapy to improve oxygenation/ventilation in patients undergoing cardiac surgery and possibly is underused because of unfounded hemodynamic concerns. HFOV needs exploration as a rescue tool after CPB for patients with hypoxia.
Stimulus bias, asymmetric similarity, and classification

Abstract This article proposes that patterns of proximity data that have been characterized in terms of “asymmetric similarity” may be alternatively characterized in terms of differential “bias.” Bias is a characteristic pertaining to an individual object, as opposed to similarity, which is a relation between two objects. It is proposed that biases can be stimulus based as well as response based, and numerous examples are provided. Part 1 of the article reviews an additive similarity and bias model proposed by Holman (1979, Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 20, 1–15), which generalizes various extant models that have successfully characterized asymmetric proximities. Part 1 then discusses relations between asymmetric proximities and differences in self-proximities, and also discusses multidimensional scaling models that are supplemented with stimulus bias terms. Part 2 of the article reviews and integrates a variety of phenomena in the perceptual classification literature involving asymmetries that can be characterized in terms of symmetric similarity together with differential stimulus bias. Part 3 provides examples of limitations of the additive similarity and bias model. A main thesis of the article is that models of proximity and classification data that incorporate properties of the individual stimulus may not always require recourse to the positing of asymmetric similarities.
Causes of police behavior revisited

In 1980, Lawrence Sherman reviewed two decades of quantitative research examining the causes of police behavior in the United States. That review provided a synopsis of the factors known to influence service, detection, arrest, and force behavior. Since Sherman's summary of findings, scholarly interest regarding the causes of police behavior has increased significantly. Moreover, more sophisticated modes of analysis have been utilized, producing a large body of findings on how individual, situational, organizational, and community-level variables influence police behavior. This article reviews quantitative research from the 1980s and compares and contrasts these recent findings with those cited in the Sherman article. The findings indicate that although our understanding of the causes of police behavior has become more refined, a number of questions remain unanswered. The article highlights the gaps in the findings and suggests what issues need to be addressed in future research.
The effect on the magnitude of the horizontal-vertical illusion of horizontal retinal eccentricity.

Abstract An experiment was performed to examine the effect of horizontal eccentricity of the target stimulus on the magnitude of the horizontal-vertical illusion. The result was that the magnitude of the illusion increased from foveal to near peripheral locus of stimulation. The findings were discussed in relation to two structural explanations of the illusion, one involving dioptrics and the other the neuroanatomy of the eye.
Secondary Formation and the Smoky Mountain Organic Aerosol: An Examination of Aerosol Polarity and Functional Group Composition During SEAVS

Size-resolved particle samples were collected in the Smoky Mountains at Look Rock, TN, during the Southeastern Aerosol and Visibility Study (SEAVS) July−August 1995 and analyzed directly by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for functional group and chemical bond information. Twenty-eight samples were also gently rinsed in hexane, acetone, and water and reanalyzed after each rinse. Direct FTIR analyses of substrates rinsed with solvents enabled separation by polarity and identification of sulfur-containing organics even though samples were too small for traditional extraction and analysis (approximately 10−15 μg). The submicron organic aerosol was predominantly polar. Most of the nonpolar material, including aliphatic carbon and various minerals, was concentrated in particles greater than 1.0 μm and is most likely from primary biogenic and geogenic emissions, such as plant waxes and windblown soil dust. Unlike Los Angeles, carbonyl size distributions were unimodal and usually peaked in the 0.5...
Growth differentiation factor 15 and cardiovascular events in patients with stable ischemic heart disease (The Heart and Soul Study).

Background Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) is a relatively new biomarker that predicts mortality in patients with chronic stable angina or acute coronary syndrome. However, the association of GDF-15 with cardiovascular (CV) events and the mechanisms of this association are not well understood. Methods We measured plasma GDF-15 and cardiac disease severity in 984 patients with stable ischemic heart disease who were recruited for the Heart and Soul Study between September 2000 and December 2002. Subsequent CV events (myocardial infarction, stroke, and CV death), hospitalization for heart failure, and all-cause mortality were determined by chart review during an average of 8.9-year follow-up. Results Each doubling in GDF-15 was associated with a 2.5-fold increased rate of CV events (hazard ratio [HR] 2.53, 95% CI 2.13-3.01, P P P ≤ .001 adjusted for all covariates). Addition of GDF-15 to existing risk factors resulted in a 50% change in net reclassification of patients' risk for mortality. Conclusions Higher levels of GDF-15 are associated with major CV events in patients with stable ischemic heart disease. This suggests that GDF-15 is capturing an element of risk not explained by other known risk factors.
Static magnetic properties and magnetic phase diagram of Mn1−xNixCl2·2H2O

Abstract The magnetic properties of Mn1−xNixCl2·2H2O are examined by DC magnetization and susceptibility measurements on a wide range of compositions. The pure components are three-dimensional Heisenberg antiferromagnets, ordering at 6.7 K (MnCl2·2H2O) and at 7.25 K (NiCl2·2H2O). Each contains MC12MC12M… chemical (and structural) chains, with intrachain exchange ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic in the Ni and Mn materials, respectively. Interchain exchange is predominantly antiferromagnetic in each. The Curie and Weiss constants, in χ M = C / ( T – θ ) fits to high temperature data, vary regularly with composition. C(x) is essentially linear, and θ ( x ) exhibits systematic curvature which is analyzed to show that unlike-ion exchange is antiferromagnetic and weaker than like-ion interactions. The form of the susceptibility evolves with composition: maxima in χ ( T ) broaden and shift to lower temperature with admixture of either component, but beyond about 20% minority component such maxima are absent, with upturns appearing instead. Tc descends rapidly with admixture from either composition extreme, but varies only weakly between x = 0.30 and 0.70. Magnetization isotherms display a subtle composition dependence which suggests that the ordered state differs for intermediate compositions from those for the composition extremes. Although frustration in mixtures is likely, from competing (sign) intrachain interactions, it is not strong enough to yield magnetic irreversibilities or time dependences signaling a spin glass phase.
Scale of pluton/wall rock interaction near May Lake, Yosemite National Park, CA, USA

Interaction of magma with wall rock is an important process in igneous petrology, but the mechanisms by which interactions occur are poorly known. The western outer granodiorite of the Cretaceous Tuolumne Intrusive Suite of Yosemite National Park, California, intruded a variety of metasedimentary and igneous wall rocks at 93.1 Ma. The May Lake metamorphic screen is a metasedimentary remnant whose contact zone exhibits a variety of interaction phenomena including xenolith incorporation, disaggregation, and partial melting. The chemical contrast of these metasedimentary rocks with the invading pluton provides an excellent measure of pluton/wall rock interactions. Wall rock xenoliths (mostly pelitic quartzite) are predominantly located in an elongate horizon surrounded by a hybridized fine-grained granodiorite. Initial Sr and Nd isotopic ratios of the hybridized granodiorite indicate significant local incorporation of crustal material. Major- and trace-element geochemical data indicate that contamination of the granodiorite occurred via selective assimilation of both high-K and low-K, high-silica partial melts derived from pelitic quartzite. Although the hybridized granodiorite shows significant amounts of contamination, adjacent to xenoliths the proportion of contamination is undetectable more than a meter away. These results indicate that the chemical and isotopic variability of the Tuolumne Intrusive Suite is not caused by magma contamination via in situ wall rock assimilation.