cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of chemically-induced cleft palate

Experimental Teratogenesis Section, Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 U.S.A. Introduction Since the demonstration in 1951 by Fraser and co-workers ~ that cortisone administration to pregnant mice caused clefts of the secondary palate, several research groups have focused their efforts on the induction of cleft palate. It should be made clear at the onset that the terminology in this area is somewhat confused since it is a common misconcep- tion that cleft lip and cleft palate are similar, or even identical. Actually, the normal and abnormal development of the lip (from the primary palate) and palate (from the secondary palate) are quite distinct. In man as well as in animals, cleft lip is most often accompanied by a cleft of the secondary palate [CL(P)], whereas isolated cleft palate (CP) is quite distinct in its etiology. It should be pointed out that these forms of facial clefting are the most common types of craniofacial anomalies observed in the human and they represent a serious health problem. In most strains of mice and rats, the spontaneous rate of appearance of CL(P) or CP is low or nonexistent. A few notable exceptions exist, with spontaneous CL(P) appearing in A/J mice and CP appearing in the chondrodysplasic mouse. These examples of spontaneous CL(P) or CP appear to be primarily genetically- associated defects with little or no environmental influence. However, the majority of experimentally-induced CL(P) or CP are: chemically-induced in various rodents that do not display spontaneous clefting. Normal secondary palatal development In order to fully understand the mechanisms of abnormal secondary palatal development, it is necessary to briefly review what is known of normal develop- ment ~ (Fig. 1). The secondary palatal shelves arise as outgrowths from the maxillary process on gestation day 11 in the mouse and day 12 in the rat. The palatal shelves are comprised of a 2-3 cell layered-epithelium surrounding a loosely organized mesenchyme. The shelves grow in a vertical orientation alongside the tongue and then rather rapidly (within 2-4 h) reorientate to the horizontal position above the tongue (day 13 in the mouse and day 15 in the rat). This is followed by A I }( ..___L/,~ N~,
Constants and cosmology : the nature and origin of fundamental constants in astrophysics and particle physics

We ask about the nature and origin of the fundamental constants of astrophysics and particle physics, notably the speed of light c, the gravitational constant G, Planck's constant h, and the magnitude of the electron charge e. We consider general relativity and the theories of the electromagnetic, weak and strong interactions that make up the Standard Model; together with the Lagrangians of Einstein, Maxwell, Schrodinger, Klein-Gordon, Dirac, Proca, and Yang-Mills. Then we look in a more qualitative way at how the equations of physics are set up, their dimensional content, and the removal of constants from them by a suitable choice of units. We conclude with Hoyle and Narlikar, Jeffreys and McCrea that parameters like c, G, and h are merely manmade dimensional conversion constants. They arise because of our subjective view that mass, length, and time are different concepts. These constants can be removed in a manner analogous to the removal of the permittivity of free space ɛ 0 from electrodynamics, and none are really fundamental. The charge e is different, being the low-energy limit of a function related to properties of the vacuum, but because of this it is not a fundamental constant either. We suggest there are no constants which truly deserve to be called fundamental, and that an aim of physics ought to be to write down laws in which no constants appear.
Hip chondrolysis and femoral head osteonecrosis: a complication of periacetabular cryoablation.

Abstract Purpose To describe a new complication and retrospectively identify the incidence and risk factors for hip chondrolysis and femoral head osteonecrosis associated with percutaneous cryoablation of periacetabular malignancies. Materials and Methods In this retrospective study, 45 patients with a total of 113 musculoskeletal lesions were treated by percutaneous image-guided cryoablation between May 2008 and June 2013. Included in the treated population were 10 patients with a total of 12 periacetabular lesions. Clinical and imaging follow-up of at least 2 months was reviewed for evidence of femoral head osteonecrosis or hip chondrolysis. Parametric and nonparametric statistical methods were used to assess patient demographics and treatment technique and parameters on the development of hip chondrolysis/femoral head osteonecrosis. Results Hip chondrolysis/femoral head osteonecrosis developed in 40% of patients (four of 10) and in 33% of treated periacetabular lesions (four of 12). All patients in whom chondrolysis/osteonecrosis developed were women. Needle proximity to the acetabulum ( P = .01). Three of the four patients in whom chondrolysis/osteonecrosis developed have undergone total joint replacement. Conclusions Periacetabular cryoablation can result in transarticular extension of the ablation zone, which may result in the development of hip chondrolysis and femoral head osteonecrosis. The proximity of the cryoablation probe to the acetabulum is a significant risk factor in the development of this complication.
Robust detection and fusion of mine images

Current research in minefield detection indicates that operationally no single sensor technology will likely be capable of detecting mines/minefields in a real-time manner and at a performance level suitable for a forward maneuver unit. Minefield detection involves a particularly wide range of operating scenarios and environmental conditions, which requires deployment of complementary sensor suites. Consequently, the NVESD sponsored Signal Processing and Algorithm Development for Robust Mine Detection (SPAD) Program is currently focusing on the development of computationally efficient and robust detection algorithms applicable to a variety of sensors and on the development of a robust decision level fusion algorithm that exploits these detectors. One SPAD detection technique, called the Ellipse Detector, has been previously reported in the open literature. We briefly report on the continued robust performance of this detector on some new sensor output. We also report on another robust detector developed for sensors that produce output not suitable for the Ellipse Detector. However, the focus of this paper is on the SPAD decision level fusion algorithm, called the Piecewise Level Fusion Algorithm (PLFA). We emphasize the robustness and flexibility of the PLFA architecture by describing its performance and results for both multisensor and multilook fusion.
Effects of dorzolamide hydrochloride 2% on the retinal circulation

Purpose: To study the effect of a single dose of topical dorzolamide hydrochloride 2%, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, on the retinal circulation of normal subjects. Methods: Measurements of the effect of dorzolamide hydrochloride were performed in 20 normal subjects using bidirectional laser Doppler velocimetry and monochromatic fundus photography. In a double-masked randomized design, one eye received one drop of dorzolamide hydrochloride 2% and the other eye one drop of placebo. Vessel diameter, maximum erythrocyte velocity and volumetric blood flow rate were measured in a main temporal vein of each eye before the drops, and then, 2h later. Results: Following treatment, intraocular pressure decreased by 12% in the dorzolamide-treated eye (p = 0.0004, paired Student's t-test) and by 4% in the placebo-treated eye, p = 0.04). No significant changes in venous diameter, maximum erythrocyte velocity, and volumetric blood flow rate were observed in the dorzolamide-treated eyes (0.6%, 2.6% and 1.4%, respectively) or the placebo-treated eyes (1%, 3.7% and 1.6%, respectively). Conclusions: A single drop of dorzolamide hydrochloride does not cause any significant change in any of the hemodynamic parameters measured. With the variability of our measurements, we have about 89% power to detect average 10% change in volumetric blood flow rate if significance testing is performed at p = 0.05 level.
Theory and applications of matrix perturbations, with respect to Hankel matrices and power formulae

Recurrence relations are used to obtain formulae for the powers of additive and order perturbations of a square matrix A. These formulae are related to such concepts as controllability and may be applied to compute the perturbed power nulspaces and the perturbed principal idempotents associated with the zero eigenvalue. It is shown how rank-one and row-column perturbations are, to a large extent, determined by their Hankel sequences which are defined in terms of the Drazin inverse of A and the perturbations in question.
Spleen laceration, a rare complication of laparoscopy.

Abstract A 31-year-old woman had secondary infertility of 4 years' duration. Hysterosalpingography revealed bilateral distal tubal occlusion with bilateral hydrosalpinx-like appearance. At laparoscopy, both oviducts were occluded with marked hydropic change. Salpingoplasty was performed to correct bilateral hydrosalpinges and reform the fimbriated tubal ends. The procedure was performed uneventfully by an experienced surgeon in 45 minutes. Nine hours after the operation an emergency exploratory laparotomy was performed due to massive intraabdominal bleeding. The cause was a small tear, 3 cm long and 1 cm deep, with active bleeding in the inferior splenic tail. The laceration was repaired successfully with 1–0 chromic suture. The etiology of splenic laceration during laparoscopic surgery is uncertain. Many complications of laparoscopy are physiologic, and this one might have occurred while establishing pneumoperitoneum. Distortion and stretching of small vascular adhesions of the spleen with the abdominal wall also may have played a role. Gynecologists must be aware of the physiologic insult to patients during laparoscopy.
New compounds: Mannich bases from 2-phenylindolizines. II. 3-Dialkylaminomethyl derivatives.

In continuing the search for new therapeutic agents in the indolizine series, eight new Mannich bases derived from 1, 2-diphenylindolizine have been synthesized. In addition, 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-phenylindolizine, a new indolizine, and its 3-pyrrolidinomethyl derivative have been synthesized. The mechanism by which 1, 2-disubstituted indolizines participate in the Mannich reaction has been discussed and alternate SN2 and SN2 routes have been proposed.
Toward a science of metabolic engineering

Application of recombinant DNA methods to restructure metabolic networks can improve production of metabolite and protein products by altering pathway distributions and rates. Recruitment of heterologous proteins enables extension of existing pathways to obtain new chemical products, alter posttranslational protein processing, and degrade recalcitrant wastes. Although some of the experimental and mathematical tools required for rational metabolic engineering are available, complex cellular responses to genetic perturbations can complicate predictive design.
Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus: radiometric calibration and prelaunch performance

Landsat-7 will carry the enhanced thematic mapper plus (ETM+) as its payload. This instrument is a derivative of the thematic mapper (TM) instruments flown on the Landsat 4 and 5 spacecraft. Key changes to the instrument include a new 15 meter panchromatic band, an increased spatial resolution 60 meter thermal band and two new solar calibrators to improve the radiometric calibration of the reflective bands. The ETM+ is currently going through a series of radiometric performance tests to evaluate spectral responsivity, noise performance, linearity, radiometric stability, and absolute radiometric calibration in ambient and vacuum. To date, spectral responsivity, dynamic range, noise performance and absolute calibration tests have been conducted in ambient conditions for the reflective channels. System spectral responsivity, based on component level measurements, is similar to previous TM instruments. One notable difference is in band 5, where the ETM+ response cuts off near the nominal value of 1.75 micrometer versus the 1.78 micrometer of Landsat 4 and 5 TM's, providing a bandpass freer of atmospheric absorption. The gain setting on the reflective channels provided within-specification values of dynamic range and variations of less than 2% between detectors in a band for bands 1 - 5, and less than 4% for bands 7 and 8. Generally within-specification noise performance is observed on the instrument, with signal-to-noise ratios in the range of 150 - 300 at the upper end of the dynamic range. The current notable exception is the panchromatic band which shows significant coherent noise. In orbit, the ETM+ has three on board devices available for performing radiometric calibration: the internal calibrator (IC), the partial aperture solar calibrator (PASC) and the full aperture solar calibrator (FASC). The IC, which is similar to the internal calibrator on the thematic mappers, consists of two lamps, a blackbody and a shutter flag which transmits the light from the lamps and blackbody to the focal plane. The IC is calibrated prior to launch by reference to an external integrating sphere, using the ETM+ as a transfer instrument. The PASC provides a reduced aperture image of the sun on a daily basis. The FASC is a diffuser panel periodically deployed in front of the ETM+ aperture. BRDF measurements on a flight panel have recently been completed. The panel's reflectance varies little across the first four ETM+ bands, averaging about 0.91.
Analysis of the low-temperature specific heat of multiwalled carbon nanotubes and carbon nanotube ropes

We analyze specific-heat measurements in the temperature range 1,T,200 K for two types of carbon nanotube samples: multiwalled tubes and ropes of single-walled tubes. The multiwalled tube sample has a specific-heat not unlike that of graphite, which we maintain is reasonable given the structural similarities between the two materials. In contrast, the low-temperature specific-heat data for ropes are surprisingly large in magnitude and have surprisingly strong temperature dependence. We present model calculations that highlight the puzzling nature of these results and then suggest explanations. @S0163-1829~99!00129-0#
An iterated maps approach for dynamic ratchetting in sdof hysteretic damping systems

Dynamic ratchetting is a phenomenon in which plastic deformation increases in successive cycles. In the present paper, first, various characteristics of dynamic ratchetting are demonstrated based on numerical simulation. Second, iterated maps are developed as a tool for the investigation of dynamic ratchetting in a single degree of freedom (sdof) system. When an elasto-perfectly-plastic model is employed to represent hysteretic damping, a piecewise linear solution can be obtained and used to develop iterated maps. A stability investigation in the iterated maps shows that dynamic ratchetting is developed under a stable cycling. In this stable cycling, dynamic ratchetting occurs when an excitation function loses antiperiodicity (shift symmetry).
Organic small molecule solar cells with a homogeneously mixed copper phthalocyanine: C60 active layer

An efficient organic solar cell with a vacuum codeposited donor–acceptor copper phthalocyanine (CuPc):C60 mixed layer is described. A device with a structure of indium tin oxide/330 A CuPc:C60(1:1)/100 A C60/75 A 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline/Ag has a series resistance of only RS=0.25 Ω cm2, resulting in a current density of ∼1 A/cm2 at a forward bias of +1 V, and a rectification ratio of 106 at ±1 V. Under simulated solar illumination, the short circuit current density increases linearly with light intensity up to 2.4 suns. The maximum power conversion efficiency is ηP=(3.6±0.2)% at 0.3 suns (AM1.5G simulated solar spectrum) and ηP=(3.5±0.2)% at 1 sun. Although the fill factor decreases with increasing intensity, a power efficiency as high as ηP=(3.3±0.2)% is observed at 2.4 suns intensity.
Comparison of guidelines available in the United States for diagnosis and management of diabetes before, during, and after pregnancy.

Women with preexisting diabetes are at increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes and birth defects. Women with gestational diabetes are at increased risk for adverse outcomes, including neonatal hypoglycemia, hyperbilirubinemia, macrosomia, increased risk of obesity and diabetes in the offspring later in life, and increased risk for other maternal comorbidities. Studies have shown that tight glycemic control before and during pregnancy can decrease the risk for adverse outcomes, congenital malformations, and maternal complications resulting from maternal preexisting diabetes. It is important to identify women with gestational diabetes and provide interconception care to minimize the risk of a future pregnancy complicated by type 2 diabetes. To reduce the risk of adverse consequences for both the woman and her baby, it is important to effectively manage diabetes before, during, and after pregnancy. Several professional organizations have developed guidelines in an effort to establish some consistency in...
The ultimate contribution of nuclear activation to analysis

BS>The objective in analysis, accuracy through Standard Reference Materials, present state of trace analysis, present state of activation analysis, and the challenge for the future are considered in this plenary lecture. (LK)
Kinetics of hydrogen chemisorption on epitaxial ferromagnetic layers of fcc cobalt on copper(001)

Abstract We have studied hydrogen thermal desorption kinetics from ferromagnetic layers of Co grown epitaxially on Cu (001). The thickness of the layers was varied such that the Curie temperatures were tuned through the desorption temperature. The films exhibit a fee structure and their morphology was carefully controlled by MBE techniques. Values for the thermal desorption kinetic parameters: the activation energy, E, and pre-exponential factor, v , together with S, the sticking coefficient, are reported and discussed.
Access to L2 Data: The Childes Archive

It goes without saying that longitudinal second language (L2) data have contributed—and will continue to contribute—much to L2 theory construction, yet one of the more difficult problems involved with this and similarly large-scale corpora is their very manageability. In years past, a common solution to this problem involved creating card catalogs for what appeared to be crucial parts of the data; more recently, researchers have resorted to computational resources, generally electronic databases. Nonetheless, these solutions remained strictly local: Access to such analytical means was generally restricted to the researchers involved. This situation is beginning to change, however, because, as this report will show, more child as well as adult L2 data are finding their way into the Child Language Data Exchange System (CHILDES) archive, thereby permitting widespread access to these data.
Intrinsic versus laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy for coronary atherosclerosis: A generational comparison model for testing diagnostic accuracy

Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) and intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy (IFS) have been used experimentally for diagnosing coronary atherosclerosis. In this study, we demonstrated the diagnostic superiority of IFS at 342-nm excitation (IFS342) versus LIF (LIF342) and described a protocol for head-to-head comparison of old (LIF) versus new (IFS) generations of similar diagnostic methods, labeled as “generational comparison model”. IFS342 and LIF342 were modeled with basis spectra of media, fibrous caps, and superficial foam cells and of their correspondent chemicals (elastin, collagen, and lipoproteins). The average accuracy and receiver operating characteristic area under the curve of IFS342 in single-, double-, and triple-parameter diagnostic algorithm iterations, geared toward identifying 84 atherosclerotic specimens from a group of 117 coronary segments, was 90% ± 1% and 0.87 ± 0.025, superior to LIF342 (84% ± 3% and 0.84 ± 0.016; P = 0.0002 and 0.02, respectively) in a generational comparison model.
Determination of the potential in a synodic system

Determination of the potential field in a fixed (inertial) system may be accomplished by the solution of a homogeneous linear partial differential equation when a family of orbits of a body moving in the field is given. This partial differential equation was presented and thoroughly analyzed earlier. The present paper discusses the same problem in a rotating system where the centrifugal and Coriolis effects render the pertinent partial differential equation in general non-homogeneous and non-linear. A linear, though non-homogeneous, partial differential equation for the determination of the synodic potential is obtained only in the special case of iso-energetic families of orbits.
Peak intensities and photoelectric cross sections: In the sudden approximation

Abstract The sudden approximation has been utilized in numerous studies for predicting the origins and relative intensities of fine structure and satellites due
Upper tibial hyperextension fractures in infants: another occult toddler's fracture

We describe the radiographic findings associated with occult upper tibial fractures in infants and young children and offer an explanation for the underlying mechanism from which they result. These fractures tend to be subtle, just as the classic spiral tibial fracture originally described by Dunbar et al. (1964, J Can Assoc Radiol 15: 136–144). The fracture we describe results from a hyperextension injury to the knee, and the knowledge of the mechanism of injury, the subtle radiographic findings, and the findings on physical examination allow one to diagnose this fracture with confidence. Otherwise, it easily can go undetected.
Theoretical radar-Doppler models for pivoting mechanical and biological objects-of-interest

A set of approximate theoretical equations for the Doppler response of monostatic radar signals due to slowly pivoting objects are derived. The treatment is based on physical models extracted from the mechanical engineering community. Potential applications include analysis of load-based vehicle classification and detection of biological movements such as human joint rotations. Several example calculations are presented based on the resulting theoretical formulas. These examples include Doppler calculations for notional first-order vehicle suspension models and first-order human joint (arm/leg) rotation models. Each set of example calculations includes two sets of notional radar parameters in order to provide insight into potential Doppler pivot detection capabilities as a function of basic radar parameters such as frequency and PRF (pulse repetition frequency).
CHARGE EXCHANGE SCATTERING OF HIGHER PARTIAL WAVE FERMIONS BY A JULIA-ZEE DYON

The Dirac equation in the field of an extended SU(2) dyon is studied for a massless fermion isodoublet with nonzero angular momentum J. The scattering amplitudes for all partial waves are obtained, and the dependence on the energy and the dyon's charge are explicitly given. Because the Coulomb potential of a dyon in the time independent gauge does not vanish at large distances, the asymptotic kinetic energy of a positively and negatively charged massless fermion E± does not coincide with the energy E, the eigenvalue of the Dirac hamiltonian. In the limit of small dyon radius and electric charge, the charge exchange scattering amplitude can be parametrized by a suppression factor ∣4E+E−r02∣√J(J+1) = ∣(eq/4π)2 − (2Er0)2∣√J(J+1) where e is the SU(2) gauge coupling constant, q is the electric charge of the dyon, and r0 is the “radius” of the dyon. For sufficiently low energies E, this amplitude is only suppressed by powers of eq4π. However, a dyon radiates away electric charge through fermion pairs. When the self-consistency requirement is imposed that the overall charge conservation holds for the combined dyon-fermion system, the dyon can only have a very small charge and E+ ∼ E− ∼ E. Consequently, the charge exchange scattering found in the external field problem becomes completely negligible for low-energy fermions with J ⩾ 1. Therefore, the only physically significant charge exchange scattering is that of the s-wave fermions. The details are given for a specific model (which we call the asymptotic model) in which the dyon has a sharp edge: the exterior potentials are approximated by their asymptotic forms, while the interior potentials are replaced by their values at the origin. In an appendix we show that our result is quite general, and the dependence on a particular dyon potential used is characterized by a numerical factor of order unity.
Axon guidance at the midline choice point.

The central nervous system (CNS) of higher organisms is bilaterally-symmetric. The transfer of information between the two sides of the nervous system occurs through commissures formed by neurons that project axons across the midline to the contralateral side of the CNS. Interestingly, these axons cross the midline only once. Other neurons extend axons that never cross the midline; they project exclusively on their own (ipsilateral) side of the CNS. Thus, the midline is an important choice point for several classes of pathfinding axons. Recent studies demonstrate that specialized midline cells play critical roles in regulating the guidance of both crossing and non-crossing axons at the ventral midline of the developing vertebrate spinal cord and the Drosophila ventral nerve cord. For example, these cells secrete attractive cues that guide commissural axons over long distances to the midline of the CNS. Furthermore, short-range interactions between guidance cues present on the surfaces of midline cells, and their receptors expressed on the surfaces of pathfinding axons, allow commissural axons to cross the midline only once and prevent ipsilaterally-projecting axons from entering the midline. Remarkably, the molecular composition of commissural axon surfaces is dynamically-altered as they cross the midline. Consequently, commissural axons become responsive to repulsive midline guidance cues that they had previously ignored on the ipsilateral side of the midline. Concomitantly, commissural axons lose responsiveness to attractive guidance cues that had initially attracted them to the midline. Thus, these exquisitely regulated guidance systems prevent commissural axons from lingering within the confines of the midline and allow them to pioneer an appropriate pathway on the contralateral side of the CNS. Many aspects of midline guidance are controlled by mechanistically and evolutionarily-conserved ligand-receptor systems. Strikingly, recent studies demonstrate that these receptors are modular; the ectodomains determine ligand recognition and the cytoplasmic domains specify the response of an axon to a given guidance cue. Despite rapid and dramatic progress in elucidating the molecular mechanisms that control midline guidance, many questions remain.
Cardiac Abnormalities associated with hydrops fetalis

Cardiovascular abnormalities are associated with hydrops fetalis in 26% of cases reported in the modern era. These include not only structural abnormalities, but also cardiac arrhythmias, failure, tumors, myopathy, infection, inflammation, infarction, and arterial calcification. Cardiac structural abnormalities may be causative or seen only in association with hydrops fetalis. Structural lesions that result in right atrial pressure or volume overload seem to be most commonly associated with hydrops fetalis. Fetal cardiac tumors, cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, myocardial infarction, and arterial calcification probably result in hydrops fetalis by a similar mechanism. Fetal tachyarrhythmia has been shown to result in elevation of atrial pressure and atrial natriuretic peptide. Fetal tachyarrhythmias are the most treatable of cardiac causes of hydrops fetalis. Fetal bradyarrhythmias are less easily treatable and less certainly a causative mechanism of hydrops fetalis.
Comparative effectiveness study of self-directed walking exercise, lower extremity revascularization, and functional decline in peripheral artery disease.

Objective Among individuals with peripheral artery disease (PAD), we compared annual change in 6-minute walk performance between participants who neither underwent lower extremity revascularization nor walked for exercise (group 1, reference), those who walked regularly for exercise (group 2), and those who underwent lower extremity revascularization (group 3). Methods Participants were recruited from Chicago-area vascular laboratories and followed annually. Change in 6-minute walk was calculated beginning at the study visit preceding lower extremity revascularization or exercise behavior and continuing for 1 additional year after the therapy was reported. Results are adjusted for age, sex, race, comorbidities, and other confounders. Results Of 348 PAD participants, 43 underwent revascularization during median follow-up of 84 months. Adjusted annual declines in 6-minute walk were −96.6 feet/year for group 1, −49.9 feet/year for group 2, and −32.6 feet/year for group 3 ( P P P Conclusions A large proportion of PAD participants did not have ABI improvement of at least 0.15 at follow-up study visit after revascularization. The benefits of lower extremity revascularization in patients with PAD appear closely tied to improvements in the ABI after revascularization.
A modified Karnaugh map technique

A new self-documenting method of constructing Karnaugh maps that assigns a unique identifier to each element in a Boolean minterm expression and uses these identifiers to construct the map is discussed. This method provides an immediate "audit trial" for the map's creation and facilitates the teaching of Karnaugh maps by including enough information within the map to show the exact method used to construct the map. During the grading process, this information enables the teacher to better assess a student's level of understanding of the Karnaugh map technique by highlighting exactly where errors were made. It also enhances a student's understanding of Karnaugh map construction during a lecture.
The ideological bases and functions of contemporary juvenile law reform: The New York State experience

This paper reviews dominant crime control ideologies and relates these ideological assumptions to juvenile justice reform. Using New York State as a case study, the ideological basis of recent juvenile justice legislation is then reviewed through analysis of legislative debates. The debates indicate that the legal reforms represent the ascendance of conservative crime control ideology. The paper then examines the functions and effects of crime control ideology. It is argued that liberal and conservative crime control ideologies are part of a more general institutionalized thought structure dominant in American society. Key elements of this institutionalized thought structure include an emphasis on individualism, formal equality, and rationality. The net effect of the legal reforms, however, appears to be an increase in substantive inequality in the form of extended state control over poor, urban, minority youths. The paper concludes by suggesting that these ideologies function to offer apparent responses to the problem of crime in society without threatening existing distributions of power and wealth.
Idolatry, Incest, and Impurity: Moral Defilement in Ancient Judaism

L'article est consacre a la notion d'impurete dans la Bible hebraique et la litterature intertestamentaire. Dans la premiere partie de son travail, l'A. clarifie la distinction entre impurete morale et impurete rituelle et montre que l'impurete morale ne peut pas simplement etre comprise comme une metaphore dans la Torah. Il analyse ensuite des textes ulterieurs, bibliques et intertestamentaires, exprimant ce theme de la souillure non metaphorique du peche.
Locoregional control in infants with neuroblastoma: role of radiation therapy and late toxicity.

Abstract Purpose : To review patterns of failure in infants with neuroblastoma and determine late toxicity and efficacy of radiotherapy (RT) on locoregional control. Methods and Materials : From 1955 to 1998, 53 children (35 males and 18 females) Results : Tumor control: The 5-year overall and freedom from progression rates were 79 ± 9% and 81 ± 11%; the locoregional control rate was 88 ± 9%. INSS Stage was a prognostic factor for overall survival (p = 0.03) and freedom from progression (p = 0.035). Gender, age (≤1 month vs. >1 month), and primary site were not found to impact on survival or progression. None of the Stage 1, 2A, or 2B patients recurred. One of 15 Stage 3 and 5 of 6 Stage 4 children recurred (6 distant metastases, 4 local failure). Four of 6 (67%) LN+ patients treated with locoregional RT and 8 of 10 (80%) LN+ patients treated without RT were locally controlled. There was no isolated locoregional relapse. Two Stage 4S patients died of respiratory compromise secondary to hepatomegaly. RT toxicity: For the 20 infants who received RT, 13 are alive with long-term follow-up ranging from 9.3 to 41 years, median 23 years. The 10 and 15-year musculoskeletal toxicity rates were 38.5% and 47.3% for those receiving RT and 3.3% for no RT (p = 0.02, log-rank test). Five of 6 infants Conclusions : Our study shows that most LN+ infants achieve locoregional control without RT. Infants
Histamine stimulates calcium-mediated protein phosphorylation in a colonic epithelial cell line.

Protein phosphorylation responses in intact enterocytes were examined by stimulating 32Pi-labeled T84 cell monolayers with histamine and resolving proteins by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Histamine increases 32P-incorporation into two acidic proteins of Mr 83,000 and of Mr 29,000, designated p83 and p29. Labeling of p83 and p29 is also increased in cells exposed to ionomycin, but not in cells exposed to vasoactive intestinal peptide under conditions resulting in cAMP-mediated secretion and cAMP-stimulated protein phosphorylation. When T84 cell fractions are incubated with [γ-32P]ATP, labeling of p83 is stimulated by Ca++, but not by cAMP. Thus, histamine stimulates Ca++-mediated protein phosphorylation during the regulation of Cl− secretion.
Serial measurements of left ventricular ejection fraction by radionuclide angiography early and late after myocardial infarction.

The left ventricular ejection fraction was determined serially with radioisotope angiography in 63 patients with acute myocardial infarction. After the peripheral injection of a bolus of technetium-99m, precordial radioactivity was recorded with a gamma scintillation camera and the ejection fraction calculated from the high frequency left ventricular time-activity curve. Since this technique requires no assumptions with respect to left ventricular geometry, it is particularly useful in patients with segmental left ventricular dysfunction. Serial measurements during the first 5 days after hospital admission were made in 50 patients, 30 of whom were studied during the subsequent 2 to 39 months (mean 19.9 months). Late follow-up serial studies were also performed in an additional 13 patients who had only one measurement of the left ventricular ejection fraction during the early postinfarction period. Early after infarction, the left ventricular ejection fraction was normal (more than 0.52) in only 15 of the 63 patients, and averaged 0.52 ± 0.05 (standard deviation) in the 27 patients with an uncomplicated infarct. The ejection fraction was reduced in 24 patients with mild to moderate left ventricular failure (0.40 ± 0.05, P < 0.0001) and in the 12 patients with overt pulmonary edema (0.33 ± 0.07, P < 0.0001). In 35 patients the ejection fraction correlated with the mean pulmonary arterial wedge pressure (r = 0.72). In 15 patients with normal left ventricular wall motion by heart motion videotracking, the ejection fraction was significantly higher (0.53 ± 0.08) than in the 26 patients with regional left ventricular dysfunction (0.41 ± 0.10, P < 0.0001). During the early postinfarction period, the left ventricular ejection fraction improved in 55 percent of patients and remained unchanged or decreased in 45 percent. A further increase in the ejection fraction was noted in 61 percent of patients during the late follow-up period. Patients with an initially low or decreasing ejection fraction had a significantly greater incidence of early mortality and left ventricular dysfunction (P < 0.02) than those whose ejection fraction was normal or improved to normal early after infarction. These data indicate that the ejection fraction is a sensitive indicator of left ventricular function after acute myocardial infarction and that serial measurements are helpful in predicting early mortality and morbidity.
Loglinear Analysis in Social Work Research

Loglinear analysis is a method of statistical analysis that is used when all the variables of interest are categorical. The method has had wide use in the social sciences, but has not been used extensively in social work research. Loglinear analysis has several advantages over less appropriate methods that tend to be used frequently in social work research. Among the most important of those advantages is the capability of accounting for multicollinearity among variables; multiple bivariate tests cannot detect such relationships and may thus produce distorted and misleading results. This article explains the appropriate uses of loglinear analysis, describes briefly the calculations involved, and finally illustrates applications of the method.
Identification of multiple groups of efferent vestibular neurons in the adult pigeon using horseradish peroxidase and DAPI.

Abstract This study was designed to investigate the efferent innervation of the pigeon labyrinth. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected and confined within the endolymphatic space of one labyrinth in 9 adult pigeons. The brain was perfused by transcardiac carotid catheterization and the HRP reacted by the tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) blue reaction process. Five different groups of HRP-labeled vestibular efferent neurons were identified. Three groups were located within the confines of the ipsilateral vestibular nuclear complex (in the lateral, tangential and descending nucleus) and two additional groups, each bilateral, were located in the reticular formation. In 9 additional pigeons, 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) was also injected and confined within the endolymphatic space of one labyrinth. DAPI-labeled cells were noted in 3 of the 5 locations (tangential nucleus, and both reticular groups) which in the other animals contained HRP-labeled cells. These findings raise the possibility of different physiological roles for the efferent vestibular groups in the ipsilateral vestibular nuclear complex and bilateral reticular formation.
Properties and relationships among RNA species from tobacco rattle virus

Abstract Ribonucleic acid isolated from a strain of tobacco rattle virus, which normally displays three distinct nucleoprotein particles, sedimented as three species of 12, 18, and 26 S. Only the latter is infectious. The nucleotide compositions of the three components were closely related, however; the 18 S moiety having the most divergent composition. Stability studies involving thermal denaturation and ribonuclease cleavage indicated that the 12 S RNA can be obtained from the infectious 26 S RNA. The rate and incorporation of 32 P into the 18 and 26 S RNA components suggested that the non-infectious 18 S component is a rapidly synthesized natural product of virus infection. No synthetic precursor or degradation product role could be attributed to the 18 S form.
What can mitochondrial proteomics tell us about cardioprotection afforded by preconditioning

In 2008, acute myocardial infarction (AMI) remains a major source of mortality and morbidity, notwithstanding the aggressive use of reperfusion therapy [1]. To researchers in cardiology intent on d...
Determination of repose-period patterns of volcanoes from sequences of ash layers

The repose-period patterns of volcanoes have been studied earlier from the historical records of their eruptions. This paper analyzes the necessary conditions for using observed sequences of ash layers instead of such records. The temporal distribution of preserved ash falls at a point is a function of: (1) the number of active volcanoes of the region; (2) their locations within the region; (3) the regional wind pattern; and of accidental erosion and redeposition at the point. The distribution of ash layers is derived if only one volcano must be considered and factor (4) can be neglected. Explicit functions are complicated; ash falls from a “Poissonian volcano” are, however, also Poissonian but with a different wind pattern-dependent parameter. A correction for factor (3) is rarely possible because the present wind pattern may differ from the pattern at the time of ash falls. By determining the chronostratigraphy of the ash falls all around the volcano, factor (3) may be eliminated. The example of several volcanoes producing origin-indistinguishable ash layers, is briefly discussed. The time sequence of such “pooled” ash falls practically always shows pronounced memory effects of previous eruptions.
Failure of Biceps Tenodesis With Interference Screw Fixation

Tenodesis is a common surgical procedure used to treat pain caused by inflammation or instability of the long head of the biceps tendon. Many studies have evaluated different forms of fixation and their biomechanical characteristics, but few have discussed clinical complications or failures as a result of these techniques. The purpose of this article is to report a case series of 3 patients with failures after undergoing arthroscopic biceps tenodesis with an interference screw.
Metasomatism in Subduction Zones of Subducted Oceanic Slabs, Mantle Wedges, and the Slab-Mantle Interface

Physical juxtaposition of chemically disparate rocks, and the mobility of “fluids” at up to tens of kilometer scales, lead to myriad metasomatic effects in subduction zones, with larger scale manifestations including the metasomatism related to mass flux leading to arc magmatism and convergent margin volatiles cycling. Subduction-zone metasomatism is initiated at very shallow levels, as oceanic slabs entering trenches bend and are potentially infiltrated by seawater and as sedimentary sections begin their journey into forearcs resulting in extensive physical compaction, fluid expulsion, and diagenetic alteration. Studies of forearc fluid geochemistry (e.g., in accretionary complexes and, for the Marianas margin, in serpentinite seamounts) track this shallow-level metasomatic alteration, whereas high- and ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic suites provide records of fluid generation and flow, and related metasomatism to depths approaching those beneath volcanic fronts (and, in a smaller number of cases, depths beyond those beneath arcs). Uncertainty remains regarding the geochemical influence of strongly mechanically mixed zones along the slab-mantle interface (i.e., in the “subduction channel”), represented by melange zones in many metamorphic suites. Experimental studies predict dramatic change in the physicochemical properties, and metasomatic capabilities, of subduction-zone “fluids,” as a function of depth. However, the studies of metamorphic suites have yet to document results of this change and, toward this goal, further work is warranted on UHP suites representing subduction-zone depths of 100 km or greater. Work on higher-P suites is also necessary in order to test the generally accepted hypothesis that subduction-zone metamorphism serves as a geochemical “filter” altering the compositions of deeply subducting rocks that then contribute to arc magmatism and the geochemical heterogeneity of the deeper mantle sampled by ocean-island basalts.
The Impact of Sexual Abuse Committed by a Child on Mental Health in Adulthood

Numerous research studies document the negative mental health outcomes associated with the experience of childhood sexual abuse. In addition, factors such as one's relationship with the perpetrator and the severity of the abuse predict the likelihood of future mental health problems. Less attention, however, has focused on the age of the perpetrator, and recent years have seen an increased interest in children who display sexual behavior problems. College students completed measures of mental health functioning and retrospective reports of maltreatment histories. Participants were categorized as abused by an adult (n = 48), teenager (n = 39), or another child (n = 37), and non-abused (n = 219). Victims of abuse, regardless of perpetrator age, displayed higher levels of mental health problems than non- abused participants. There were no differences between the abused groups on any of the mental health outcomes; however, individuals who were abused by other children were less likely to label their experiences as abuse.
Heterosigma akashiwo in central California waters

Abstract Heterosigma akashiwo (Hada) gives rise to red tides along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts and is known to produce brevetoxins. This investigation establishes baseline information showing the presence of H. akashiwo along the central California coast based on water samples collected from the Santa Cruz pier in Monterey Bay (on the open coast) and the Berkeley pier in San Francisco Bay. Light and electron microscopy as well as two species-specific DNA probe methods based on cell homogenates preparations were employed to detect H. akashiwo during the 2001–2002 field study. The DNA probe methods consisted of a sandwich hybridization assay (SHA), which targets ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and an end-point polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, which targets internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of rRNA genes. The SHA was used to provide semi-quantitative data showing the intermittent presence of the species during a 13-month period in Monterey Bay. Samples that showed a variety of responses in the SHA (negative as well as the highest) were then subjected to the PCR assay in an attempt to confirm species identification using an independent DNA probe method that employs cell homogenates; samples included those from Monterey Bay and one from a red tide event in San Francisco Bay. SHA and PCR assays agreed on the presence or absence of H. akashiwo. Gene products from two field samples positive for H. akashiwo by PCR were cloned and sequenced and found to be identical to those of that species in GenBank. When the same samples were viewed by light microscopy, however, H. akashiwo cells were only seen in the sample with the highest abundance of that species, as evidenced by SHA. It was extremely difficult to recognize naturally occurring H. akashiwo using light microscopy in field samples that had been preserved with Lugol's iodine, including samples that gave positive results by cell homogenate methods. Results of this study indicate that H. akashiwo is present along the open California coast and could easily be missed in routine phytoplankton surveys. Despite its presence, H. akashiwo does not appear to routinely bloom with sufficient densities to cause harmful outbreaks of the frequency and severity documented in some other coastal environments. Molecular identification techniques may be the preferred approach over light microscopy when there is a need to rapidly screen many samples for fragile, harmful species and those that are otherwise problematic to identify based on their gross morphology alone.