cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of wrap thickness and ply configuration on composite-confined concrete cylinders

Abstract The behavior of small-scale fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) wrapped concrete cylinders under uniaxial compressive loading was investigated through nonlinear finite element analysis. Two parameters were considered for this numerical study: the FRP wrap thickness, and the ply configuration. Performances of numerical models with “hoop-angle-hoop” and “angle-hoop-angle” ply configurations were compared, where the terms “hoop” and “angle” indicate that wraps were oriented at an angle of 0° and 45° in reference to circumferential direction, respectively. The finite element analysis results showed substantial increase in the axial compressive strength and ductility of the FRP confined concrete cylinders as compared to the unconfined ones. The cylinders with “hoop-angle-hoop” ply configuration in general exhibited higher axial stress and strain capacities as compared to the cylinders with the “angle-hoop-angle” ply configuration. The increase in wrap thickness also resulted in enhancement of axial strength and ductility of the concrete cylinders.
Function of the syndecan-4 cytoplasmic domain in oligomerization and association with α-actinin in turkey muscle satellite cells

Syndecan-4 (S4) is a cell membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan that plays a role in satellite cell mediated myogenesis. S4 modulates the proliferation of myogenic satellite cells, but the mechanism of how S4 functions during myogenesis is not well understood. In other cell systems, S4 has been shown to form oligomers in the cell membrane and interact through its cytoplasmic domain with the cytoskeletal protein α-actinin. This study addressed if S4 forms oligomers and interacts with α-actinin in muscle. The S4 cytoplasmic domain was found to interact with α-actinin in a phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate dependent manner, but did not associate with vinculin. Through confocal microscopy, both S4 and syndecan-4 without the cytoplasmic domain were localized to the cell membrane. Although the cytoplasmic domain was necessary for the interaction with α-actinin, S4 oligomer formation occurred in the absence of the cytoplasmic domain. These data indicated that S4 function in skeletal muscle is mediated through the formation of oligomers and interaction with the cytoskeletal protein α-actinin.
Child and adolescent mental disorders: the magnitude of the problem across the globe

Objective: Describe objectively the global gaps in policy, data gathering capacity, and resources to develop and implement services to support child mental health. Methods: Report on the World health Organization (WHO) child and adolescent mental health resources Atlas project. The Atlas project utilized key informants and was supplemented by studies that focused on policy. This report also draws on current epidemiological studies to provide a context for understanding the magnitude of the clinical problem. Results: Current global epidemiological data consistently reports that up to 20% of children and adolescents suffer from a disabling mental illness; that suicide is the third leading cause of death among adolescents; and that up to 50% of all adult mental disorders have their onset in adolescence. While epidemiological data appears relatively uniform globally, the same is not true for policy and resources for care. The gaps in resources for child mental health can be categorized as follows: economic, manpower, training, services and policy. Key findings from the Atlas project include: lack of program development in low income countries; lack of any policy in low income countries and absent specific comprehensive policy in both low and high income countries; lack of data gathering capacity including that for country-level epidemiology and services outcomes; failure to provide social services in low income countries; lack of a continuum of care; and universal barriers to access. Further, the Atlas findings underscored the need for a critical analysis of the 'burden of disease' as it relates to the context of child and adolescent mental disorders, and the importance of defining the degree of 'impairment' of specific disorders in different cultures. Conclusions: The recent finding of substantial gaps in resources for child mental health underscores the need for enhanced data gathering, refinement of the economic argument for care, and need for innovative training approaches. Language: en
Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Celiac Plexus Neurolysis in Pancreatic Cancer: A Prospective Pilot Study of Safety Using 10 mL versus 20 mL Alcohol.

Background. The dose of alcohol used in EUS-CPN is not standardized. The objective was to compare the safety of 20 mL alcohol versus 10 mL alcohol during EUS-CPN for patients with pancreatic cancer-related pain. Methods. 20 patients were selected to receive 10 mL or 20 mL of alcohol during EUS-CPN. Followup was done at baseline, 24 hours, and weekly. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) was assessed at baseline, week 2, week 4, and every 4 weeks thereafter until pain returned. Results. There were no major complications in both groups. Minor self-limited adverse effects were seen in 6 (30%) subjects and included lightheadedness in 1 (5%), transient diarrhea in 2 (10%), and transient nausea and vomiting in 3. Pain relief was similar in both groups: 80% in the 10 mL group and 100% in the 20 mL group (). The mean (± SD) duration of pain relief in the 10 mL and 20 mL groups was and weeks, respectively. 30% of patients in each group had complete pain relief. Conclusions. EUS-CPN using 20 mL of alcohol is safe. Similar clinical outcomes were seen in both groups. Further investigations to confirm these findings are warranted.
Hepatocellular carcinoma and regenerating nodule in a 3-year-old child with Alagille syndrome

In Alagille syndrome, routine follow-up imaging of the liver plays an important role in detecting early parenchymal changes and to evaluate portal hypertension. Modern contrast-enhanced imaging methods not only allow early detection of focal liver lesions, but also enable further characterization of their nature and guide biopsy procedures. We present the US and MR imaging findings of hepatocellular carcinoma and a regenerating nodule in a 3-year-old child with Alagille syndrome.
A Non-Hamiltonian Formulation of the Ising Chain

The Gibbs states of binary lattice systems can be characterized by their stability with respect to certain microscopic transitions which have a simple physical interpretation. A detailed analysis is provided for the case of a one-dimensional lattice gas with nearest-neighbor interactions.
Long-Range Heterogeneous Electron Transfer Between Ferrocene and Gold Mediated By n-Alkane and N-Alkyl-Carboxamide Bridges

Electron-transfer rates between ferrocene and gold were measured for two series of ferrocene-based alkanethiolate monolayers on gold electrodes. In one series, the bridge linking the ferrocene group to gold consisted of a simple alkane chain, and in the other, the bridge was modified such that the two methylene linkages immediately adjacent to the ferrocene group were replaced by a carboxamide linkage. Monolayers in both series were studied using a novel ac voltammetry method to measure the standard electron-transfer rate constants for oxidation/reduction of the ferrocene groups. Rate constants were nearly the same for pairs of molecules in the two series when the number of bonds in the direct pathway linking ferrocene to gold was the same, regardless of whether the group immediately adjacent to ferrocene was a pair of methylene units or a carboxamide unit. This observation suggests that the contribution of the carboxamide group to the overall bridge-mediated electronic coupling is not greatly different f...
Severe Mitral Regurgitation Secondary to Ruptured Chordae Tendineae

Fifteen cases of severe mitral regurgitation secondary to ruptured chordae tendineae have been reviewed, eight of whom underwent open-heart surgery to correct their lesions. Three patients are living at this time with two being markedly improved. Cardiac catheterization was performed in six prior to surgery. Progressive deterioration within the year following the onset of difficulty or sudden worsening of previous cardiac symptoms characterized the usual clinical course. The apical systolic murmur, always loud, was conspicuously harsh and radiated to the base of the heart, simulating aortic stenosis when the mural cusp was ruptured. Although strongly suggesting the diagnosis, the sudden onset of an apical systolic murmur could be documented in only three instances. The presence of a small left atrium radiographically with tall left atrial "v" waves and marked reflux of contrast material into a paradoxically pulsating left atrium also pointed to the correct diagnosis. Various technics of surgical repair an...
Stratospheric Species Measurements With Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy

A balloon-borne instrument for stratospheric research has been developed with the capability to simultaneously measure several chemically related species in situ, for a full diurnal cycle. The instrument utilizes tunable infrared diode lasers (TDLs) to provide the radiation in selected wavelength regions for sensitive absorption spectroscopy over a one-km round-trip path. The TDL radiation is directed to a remote retroreflector which is lowered 500 m below the instrument gondola. A HeNe laser and co-aligned TV camera with CID imaging are used for retroreflector tracking. Currently the instrument operates with two TDLs, and the capability exists to measure four stratospheric species: NO, NO2, O3, and H2O. The number of operating TDLs can be expanded to four, resulting in the possibility of measuring several additional trace species.
Effect of air voids on salt scaling and internal freezing

Abstract By combining calorimetric measurements with dilatometry, it has been possible to calculate the contributions of thermal expansion, pore pressure, and crystallization pressure of ice to the strain observed in a mortar during freezing/thawing cycles. Air-entrained mortars contract upon freezing, while non-air-entrained mortars expand. The expansion of the latter is attributed primarily to hydraulic pressure, owing to the rapid growth of ice, which nucleates at low temperatures in laboratory samples. Poromechanical calculations account quantitatively for the contraction of samples with air entrainment, assuming that ice crystals form in the air voids. As originally proposed by Powers and Helmuth, those crystals create suction in the pore liquid that offsets the crystallization pressure of ice in the mesopores of the paste, resulting in a net contraction. Ice in the matrix also contributes significantly to the increase in the thermal expansion coefficient of the mortar. The magnitude of the contraction in air-entrained mortar is shown to account for a reduction of salt scaling damage. According to the glue-spall theory, the damage results from cracking of the ice on the surface of concrete, when the thermal expansion mismatch stress exceeds the strength of the ice. The contraction of the mortar caused by air entrainment offsets the thermal expansion mismatch sufficiently to prevent cracking. Based on observations of the nucleation temperature of ice in laboratory samples of various sizes, it is estimated that there is one site capable of nucleating ice at − 1 °C in a cube of mortar roughly 34 cm on an edge (or, one per square meter in a slab 3 cm thick). This suggests that ice nucleates in the field at high temperatures, compared to what is typically seen in the laboratory, and propagates slowly through the pores as the temperature drops. This mode of growth may lead to fatigue damage over many cycles, owing to local stresses from crystallization pressure, where the contribution of hydraulic pressure is insignificant.
The Problem of Translating

Author's Summary.— Whoever makes an earnest attempt to translate from one language into another should be aware that, being faced with a problem sui generis, he can give only approximative values, and that his “solution” represents nothing but a compromise.
Vitamin E oxidation with alkaline ferricyanide.

Oxidation of dl-α-tocopherol or its model, 6-hydroxy-2,2,5,7,8-pentamethylchroman, with alkaline ferricyanide yields a variety of products. In addition to the known dimeric keto ether, two new products, compound A, a trimer, and compound B, an isomer of compound A, were ioslated. Ultraviolet and infrared absorption spectra and paper chromatography indicate that compound A might be identical with liver metabolite "O" which results from the addition of α-tocopherol to the diet.
More observations on the problem of tempering in compositional studies of archaeological ceramics

Abstract Provenance studies of archaeological ceramics by means of chemical characterization may be complicated by the presence of temper in the ceramic paste. The impact of tempering on the compositional distinctiveness of ceramics derived from two distinct clay sources defines an “overlap curve” whose shape is described by the point of maximum temper effect and spread of temper effect. Values of these parameters are determined in part by (1) relative magnitudes of elemental concentrations in clays versus tempers and (2) the initial distinctiveness of the clay sources. Demonstration of these effects with artificially generated data is presented here.
Sedimentation of 74 PCB congeners in the upper Hudson River

Abstract Determination of 74 PCB congeners in sediment cores from the Hudson River is reported. Ancillary measurements of 137 Cs, 210 Pb, chlorophyll and reduction potential indicate that PCB pattern modification probably occurs during settling from the water column.
Comparison of the action research arm test and the Fugl-Meyer assessment as measures of upper-extremity motor weakness after stroke.

Abstract Rabadi MH, Rabadi FM. Comparison of the Action Research Arm Test and the Fugl-Meyer Assessment as measures of upper-extremity motor weakness after stroke. Objective To assess the relative responsiveness of 2 commonly used upper-extremity motor scales, the Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) and the Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA), in evaluating recovery of upper-extremity function after an acute stroke in patients undergoing inpatient rehabilitation. Design Prospective. Setting An acute stroke rehabilitation unit. Participants One hundred four consecutive admissions (43 men, 61 women; mean age ± standard deviation, 72±13y) to a rehabilitation unit 16±9 days after acute stroke. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures The following assessments were completed within 72 hours of admission and 24 hours before discharge: ARAT, upper-extremity motor domain of the FMA, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, FIM instrument total score, and FIM activities of daily living (FIM-ADL) subscore. Results The Spearman rank correlation statistic indicated that the 2 upper-limb motor scales (ARAT, FMA) correlated highly with one another, both on admission (ρ=.77, P P P P Conclusions Both the FMA motor score and the ARAT were equally sensitive to change during inpatient acute rehabilitation and could be routinely used to measure recovery of upper-extremity motor function.
Small normal-metal loop coupled to an electron reservoir

A conceptually simple approach is proposed to introduce dissipation into a normal-metal loop penetrated by a flux. The loop is coupled via a single current lead to an electron reservoir. Scattering processes in the loop are elastic. Inelastic processes occur only in the reservoir and are the source of dissipation. We investigate the effect of this reservoir on the persistent currents in the loop and the adsorption of power in the presence of a sinusoidally modulated flux.
Preparation and Biodistribution of 99mTc-Labeled Tyramine Iminodiacetic Acid

The synthesis and biodistribution properties of 99mTc-labeled N-substituted tyramine, [N-(4-hydroxyphenethyl)iminodiacetic acid] are described. Tissue distribution studies in rats were indicative of high hepatic and kidney extraction, accompanied by rapid plasma and urinary clearance and minimal biliary excretion. These findings were substantiated by organ image analysis. The preliminary data indicate that this labeled material may represent a new class of radiopharmaceuticals for the evaluation of hepatic and renal functions.
Signal transmission from red cones to horizontal cells in the turtle retina.

1. Intracellular recordings were made from L-type horizontal cells in the retina of the turtle Pseudemys scripta elegans. The responses were evoked by 500 msec pulses of 'white' light. 2. L-type horizontal cells were classified as either, 'small receptive field' s.r.f. or 'large receptive field' l.r.f. based upon (1) receptive field size and (2) kinetics of responses to test flashes covering small and big spots. 3. Constant illumination of the entire receptive field, with any intensity studied, evoked a response that reached a peak and then slowly sagged back to a steady-state level that was about half the peak response. 4. Termination of backgrounds resulted in a very fast recovery of the membrane potential that overshot the dark-adapted potential. This 'off' response had faster kinetics in horizontal cells than in red cones. 5. The intensity-response curve measured around any background intensity was shifted along the log intensity axis toward higher test intensities. The curves obtained under light-adapted conditions were sharper than the curve measured in the dark-adapted state. 6. The photoresponses of red cones and s.r.f. horizontal cells were compared under similar states of adaptation. In the dark-adapted state of the gain, expressed as the millivolt change in the horizontal cell per millivolt change in the cone, was not linearly related to cone potential, and was highest for dim stimuli. Light-adaption modified the synaptic transmission to make the horizontal cells most sensitive to light modulation around the background illumination. 7. The mechanisms by which signal transmission can be modified by light-adaptation are discussed in terms of transmitter release by the presynaptic terminals and its binding to post-synaptic sites.
Influence of in-plane restraint on the buckling behaviour of plates under uniform compression, shear and in-plane bending

This paper investigates the influence of in-plane restraints on the buckling behaviour of plates under uniform compression, shear and in-plane bending. Most of the design expressions and the numerical data available in the literature are based on the assumption that the plate is free to move laterally and, hence, the restraints imposed by the attached elements against this motion are ignored. In this paper the induced stresses due to lateral restraints are derived and the mathematical formulation for analyzing the plate with longitudinal edges partially restrained against rotation is presented. Results are then presented showing the variation of K and the associated buckling mode for the full range of lateral restraint, α, from edges free to move, α = 0, to fully restrained edges, α = 1, for various plate aspect ratios and stress gradient coefficients. Also, a comparison is made between the buckling loads predicted from various formulas in stability standards, based on free edge translation, and the values derived from the present investigation. A difference of about 35% in the predicted buckling load will be found which shows the importance of defining the in-plane boundary condition in the buckling analysis of plates under this type of loading. Moreover, it will be shown that the buckling mode, which is an important quantity in estimating the post-buckling reserve, is also different by changing this in-plane boundary condition.
Reproduction and damage by Russian wheat aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) as influenced by fungal endophytes and cool-season turfgrasses.

In the Pacific Northwest of the United States, certain cool-season turf grasses grown for seed are colonized by Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko). The objectives of our study were to determine which turfgrass species are colonized and damaged by the aphid, to determine if genetic resistance occurs within genotypes of the same species, and to determine if fungal endophytes enhance aphid resistance in turfgrasses. Compared with cereal species and intermediate wheatgrass ( Elytrlgia intermedia (Host) Nevski subsp. intermedia ), turfgrass species were not as susceptible to Russian wheat aphid. Festuca spp. were better hosts than other grass species. Perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne L. ‘Repell’ and ‘Regal’) had resistance 6 wk after infestation. Redtop ( Agrostis alba L. ‘Streaker’), sheep fescue ( Festuca ovina L. ‘Azay’), slender creeping red fescue ( F. rubra subsp. litoralis ‘Logro’), and tall fescue ( F. arundinacea Screb. ‘Mustang,’ ‘Apache,’ and ‘Rebel’) had intermediate resistance to Russian wheat aphid feeding. ‘Repell’ and ‘Regal’ were infected with a fungal endophyte, Acremonium lolii Latch, Christenson, & Samuels. ‘Mustang’ was infected with Acremonium coenophialum Morgan-Jones & Cams, and ‘Wrangler’ was infected with an unidentified species of Acremonium . Sheep fescue ‘Bighorn’ and strong creeping fed fescue ( F. rubra L. subsp. rubra , ‘Ruby’) were infected with Epichloe typhina (Pers. ex Fr.) Tul. ‘Repell’ and ‘Regal’ showed the greatest resistance to aphid feeding, suggesting that plant resistance may have been enhanced by the presence of fungal endophytes. Observations suggest that Russian wheat aphid survival was better on isogenic lines of endophyte-free tall fescue and that nymphs were more sensitive to the presence of fungal endophyte than adults. Researchers in the areas of plant resistance and germ plasm screening for genetic resistance to aphids must be cognizant of fungal endophyte and its effect on aphid biology.
Soil berms as an alternative to steel plate borders for runoff plots

Steel plates are often used to border runoff-erosion plots, but they are difficult to install and are expensive. This study assessed the effectiveness of using polyacrylamide (PAM; 2-propenamide, homopolymer) treated soil with and without geotextile fabric (GF) for soil berm plot borders in laboratory and field conditions. Hemispherically shaped soil berms of 250 mm wide by 150 mm high were constructed in erosion boxes. Erosion and runoff from untreated berms, berms treated with 9 kg ha -1 of PAM, and berms treated with 9 kg ha -1 of PAM and covered with GF (PAM-GF) were measured under simulated rainfall. A dry simulation run was conducted for 1 h followed by a wet simulation run after 24 h under field conditions. The PAM-GF reduced soil erosion from berms by 99% when compared with the untreated soil berm (control). Use of PAM alone reduced erosion from berms by 84%; however, erosion with PAM increased rapidly with time. Effectiveness of PAM alone decreased for reducing soil loss from 94% in the first 10 min of the 1-h dry run to 27% by the end of the 1-h wet run in field conditions. Although some runoff occurred from berms into the plots, this was insignificant for plot-to-berm ratios ≥10:1(P < 0.01). Results show that soil berms treated with PAM and GF reduced erosion to nondetectable levels. The cost for soil berm construction is about 10% of that for steel plate plot borders. The PAM-GF treated soil berms can be an economical alternative to conventional steel plate plot borders especially for short-term runoff studies.
Detection with the Wigner distribution of a pulse propagating with dispersion and damping

We present an overview of the development of optimal detection methods using phase space (Wigner) distributions, and give a derivation for the detection of a known pulse in nonstationary noise. Application of the approach to detection of a pulse propagating with dispersion and absorption (or damping) is considered, using a recently developed Wigner-based approximation for pulse propagation.
Globalization and the Changing Clothing Industry in Turkey

In this paper, I explore the manner in which, since the 1980s, some Turkish domestic firms in the clothing industry have found ways of connecting themselves to the global webs of manufacturing, distribution, and retailing of garments. I call attention to two related developments that have occurred during the process. First, a number of manufacturing firms have acquired enough autonomy to develop and exercise their own strategies, have upgraded their operations, and, as original brand-name manufacturers, have evolved into global competitors. Second, some large domestic manufacturers have experienced a cautious and gradual transformation from industrial capital to commercial and financial capital. The findings show the necessity of seeing firms as intentional agents of change with some autonomy of their own as well as the importance of maintaining a structural understanding of power relations in the networked relationships of the global economy.
A two-stage method for fast edge detection

Abstract A two stage method for edge detection is proposed in this paper. During the first stage the potential edge points in the picture are obtained using a fast method based on a differencing edge detector. The real edge points are detected by applying an edge operator only to the potential edge points. The motivation behind this two-stage method is fast edge detection.
Method Variance in Organizational Research Truth or Urban Legend

It has become widely accepted that correlations between variables measured with the same method, usually self-report surveys, are inflated due to the action of common method variance (CMV), despite a number of sources that suggest the problem is overstated. The author argues that the popular position suggesting CMV automatically affects variables measured with the same method is a distortion and oversimplification of the true state of affairs, reaching the status of urban legend. Empirical evidence is discussed casting doubt that the method itself produces systematic variance in observations that inflates correlations to any significant degree. It is suggested that the term common method variance be abandoned in favor of a focus on measurement bias that is the product of the interplay of constructs and methods by which they are assessed. A complex approach to dealing with potential biases involves their identification and control to rule them out as explanations for observed relationships using a variety ...
Mastering the art of VR: on becoming the HIT Lab cybrarian

Virtual Reality (VR) emerged as a technology when Ivan Sutherland created the ‘Sword of Damocles’, the first visual display enabling users to be immerse themselves in a 3‐dimensional environment (Sutherland 1968). This virtual 3‐dimensional visual display profoundly changes the relationship between the user and the computer. With this virtual interface, the user is placed inside the computer‐generated environment. This concept has revolutionized information displays. For the first time, the user interacts with a spatial display. The virtual display is engineered to fit how we, as humans, perceive things intuitively. Humans are spatial beings and virtual interfaces evolved from the desire to make machines more human‐like (Furness 1986). The paradigm shift in information displays lies in the inclusiveness of the virtual interface. The multi‐sensory display of VR amplifies the perceptions and experiences of the user (Bricken 1991).
Effects of Microbubbles on Surface Pressures of a Sphere

The surface pressure of a stationary spherical particle in an upward liquid flow was measured in this study. Specifically, the microbubble drag reduction effect on the particle was examined in light of the surface pressure variation. The microbubble drag reduction expressed in terms of the pressure coefficient of the particle is significant. Furthermore, the turbulence intensity in the turbulent wake of the sphere was also measured using laser Doppler velocimetry. The turbulence intensity with microbubbles is about 10% lower than that without microbubbles.
Adenosquamous carcinoma of the pancreas harbors KRAS2, DPC4 and TP53 molecular alterations similar to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Adenosquamous carcinoma of the pancreas is one of the most aggressive forms of pancreatic cancer. Molecular characterizations of this rare tumor subtype are sparse. Understanding the common molecular and pathologic features of pancreatic adenosquamous carcinomas could provide critical information for identifying therapeutic targets. Herein, we analyzed the pathologic and molecular features of our series of eight pancreatic adenosquamous carcinomas. We found KRAS2 gene mutations at codon 12 in all eight cases. All the cases showed loss of p16 protein. In three of these cases the loss was attributed to an exon 2 homozygous deletion in the p16/CDKN2a gene. The majority of the cases had loss of Dpc4 protein and strong nuclear p53 positivity, similar to the molecular signature found in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. We found that E-cadherin was either lost or reduced in all cases and that epidermal growth factor receptor was overexpressed in all cases. The squamous component was positive for p63 staining and thus p63 labeling was helpful in identifying squamous differentiation in adenosquamous carcinomas with an acantholytic growth pattern. In summary, although pancreatic adenosquamous carcinoma and ductal adenocarcinoma have overlapping pathologic and molecular characteristics, there are distinct differences that may be helpful in diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
Heat-shock-induced enhanced reactivation of UV-irradiated Herpesvirus.

Abstract The objective of this study was to compare the ability of heat stock (HS) with that of another type of cellular stress, UV irradiation, to cause the induction of enhanced viral reactivation, a process that may represent an SOS-type repair process in mammalian cells. Studies performed to evaluate the effect of HS on growth of Vero cells revealed that HS at 45°C for 45 min caused inhibition of cell growth similar to that caused by UV irradiation at 12 J/m 2 , but this inhibition was not observed at HS treatment for 5–15 min, or at a UV fluence of 2 J/m 2 . Enhanced reactivation of UV-irradiated Herpesvierus was observed in cells which had been pretreated by HS for > 30 min or UV at 12 J/m 2 . The synthesis of new proteins following HS for 15 and 45 min and UV at 12 J/m 2 was examined by [ 35 S]methionine-labeling experiments. The new synthesis of two HS proteins with molecular weights of 46 000 and 78 000 was induced by both levels of HS, but to a much greater extent at the high dose. These proteins were not detected in response to UV irradiation. These results indicate that, like UV irradiation, HS at levels inhibitory to cell growth induced enhanced viral reactivation in Vero cells. The results also suggest that at least two proteins in the HS protein family are not necessary for this response to occur.
Native peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence from the reaction of bis(2,4-dinitrophenyl) oxalate and hydrogen peroxide perturbed by nonfluorophores

Abstract The reaction of bis(2,4-dinitrophenyl) oxalate and hydrogen peroxide yields an excited-state product tht luminesces with great intensity at ca. 400 nm. The weak intensity is enhanced by some agents tht normally do not fluorece. In pure solutions, the detection limits for the nonflurophores ouabain and urea, based on this effect, are 2.0 and 20 pmol, respectively.
Domain graph of Arabidopsis proteome by comparative analysis.

The domain graph of domains and domain combinations of Arabidopsis thaliana is established based on pfam 14.0 database and analyzed via comparison with 10 eukaryotic, 30 bacterial, and 16 archaeal proteomes. The comparative analysis of the domain graphs provides a useful platform for revealing global insights on the evolution of plant kingdom. More importantly, it is a powerful tool for searching not only the possible new function of both plant-specific and nonspecific domains via specific domain combinations in Arabidopsis thaliana but also the functional role of unknown domains. As an example, we present the functional link between ubiquitin and Myb_DNA-binding domains via Bromodomain as the plant specific evidence for the association between transcription and ubiquitin. We further show that PentatricoPeptide Repeats (PPR) proteins have plant-specific links with a wide variety of domains responsible for RNA binding/metabolism, modulation of protein−protein interactions, ubiquitin-conjugation, cell growt...
Prevention of SV40 Virus Tumorigenesis in Newborn Hamsters by Maternal Immunization.

SummaryAdministration of live SV40 virus vaccine to adult female hamsters prior to conception afforded protection of the progeny against tumorigenesis by the homologous virus given shortly following birth. The mechanism appeared to be passive transfer of maternal antibody which prevented infection. There was no apparent infection of the fetus with SV40 virus in utero and there was no detectable CF antibody in the mothers or the progeny against SV40 tumor antigen. Maternal immunization holds promise as a means for preventing tumor induction in man caused by hypothetical viral neoplastic agents.
Is patience a virtue? Succession, light, and the death of invasive glossy buckthorn ( Frangula alnus )

Non-native, invasive glossy buckthorn (Frangula alnus P. Mill.) threatens North American forests by inhibiting tree regeneration. While glossy buckthorn commonly invades younger, developing forests, we hypothesized that this species is competitively excluded as secondary succession proceeds. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that glossy buckthorn mortality in New Hampshire forests is associated with low levels of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), low levels of nutrients in the soil, and greater abundance of shade tolerant tree species. Twenty-six living and 26 dead glossy buckthorn individuals were randomly selected on three, mid-successional study sites in southeastern New Hampshire, USA. Shrub ages, indicated by wood ring counts, showed that both living and dead shrubs were members of the same cohort, roughly 16-18 years of age. Living and dead shrubs were compared as to (1) tree basal area in the surrounding forest (estimated by plot sampling), (2) light intensity in the vicinity of the buckthorn crowns (measured by Sunfleck Ceptometer), (3) canopy openness and % total transmitted PAR (estimated by hemispheric photography), and (4) concentrations of available Ca, P, Mg, and K in the B horizon. Relative to live buckthorn shrubs, dead individuals were associated with greater basal area of shade tolerant species, decreased PAR in the vicinity of shrub crown, and decreased soil concentrations of Ca, P, and Mg. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that competition for light and perhaps nutrients limits the ability of glossy buckthorn to persist in late successional stands. If these relationships are causal, active removal of glossy buckthorn might not be required to reduce its abundance in late successional stands.
FTIR imaging for the characterization of controlled-release drug delivery applications

Abstract The diffusion of nicotine in ethanol/water mixtures into an ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer membrane was studied by FTIR imaging. The spatial and temporal distribution of each component in the EVA membrane was demonstrated in the FTIR images. The concentration profiles extracted from these images showed that segregation occurs during diffusion. Nicotine diffuses into EVA ahead of the solvent for 0–60 wt% ethanol/water mixtures, but the segregation behavior changes as the ethanol in the solvent increases to 80 wt%; for the 80 wt% ethanol solvent, D 2 O leads the diffusion front, and for the 100% ethanol solvent, ethanol diffuses into EVA first. The initial swelling rates were calculated from the concentration profiles, and an exponential trend with increasing ethanol in the solvent was observed. The concentration profiles were also used to calculate average diffusion coefficients for the overall solutions and specifically for nicotine. The relative intensities of the aromatic ring stretching bands of nicotine in solution indicate that the solvation properties in pure ethanol and water are not equivalent; a pseudo-conjugation scheme between water and nicotine was proposed to account for this difference. Examination of the intensity of the carbonyl band of the EVA film revealed an interaction with the solvents by hydrogen bonding.
The visual coupling between neighbors in real and virtual crowds

Many models of crowd behavior are based on local interactions between pedestrians, but little is known about the actual mechanisms governing these interactions. In Experiments 1 and 2, a participant walked with three human ‘confederates’ or a virtual crowd of 30, while the heading direction or speed of a subset of neighbors was manipulated. In Experiment 3, real crowds of 16 or 20 walked together in a swarming scenario. We find that pedestrians are unidirectionally coupled to neighbors ahead of them, the influence of multiple neighbors is linearly combined, and their weights decrease with distance.
Extreme-Value Statistics Analysis of Fracture Strengths of a Sintered Silicon Nitride Failing from Pores

Statistical analysis and correlation between pore-size distribution and fracture strength distribution using the theory of extreme-value statistics is presented for a sintered silicon nitride. The pore-size distribution on a polished surface of this material was characterized, using an automatic optical image analyzer. The distribution measured on the two-dimensional plane surface was transformed to a population (volume) distribution, using the Schwartz-Saltykov diameter method. The population pore-size distribution and the distribution of the pore size at the fracture origin were correllated by extreme-value statistics. Fracture strength distribution was then predicted from the extreme-value pore-size distribution, usin a linear elastic fracture mechanics model of annular crack around pore and the fracture toughness of the ceramic. The predicted strength distribution was in good agreement with strength measurements in bending. In particular, the extreme-value statistics analysis explained the nonlinear trend in the linearized Weibull plot of measured strengths without postulating a lower-bound strength.
Cournot Oligopoly and Competitive Behaviour

This paper shows that the Cournot oligopoly model need not converge to perfect competition, regardless of the quasi-competitiveness of the model. Convergence takes place if, and only if, there are no scale economies. Without convergence, interest centres on the other properties of the Cournot model! It is shown, for example, that both quasicompetitiveness and stability may break down with large numbers of firms. But an example suggests that the numbers involved, though not impossible, might be higher than one could expect in practice. Throughout the analysis we examine the strong case in which all firms are identical. This strips away the non-essentials and considerably simplifies the analysis. Section II describes the model and demonstrates the uniqueness of the solution. Section III is devoted to the limiting behaviour of the Cournot model. Section IV examines the quasi-competitiveness and stability of the model. Section V offers an illustrative and suggestive example based on a general linear demand function and a general cubic cost function. Finally, Section VI makes some concluding remarks on the relation between numbers of firms and competitive behaviour.
Protocols for the in situ PCR-amplification and detection of mRNA and DNA sequences

In this protocol we describe the in situ PCR method for the amplification of both DNA and mRNA targets [in situ reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR)], from frozen or paraffin-fixed tissue sections, cell culture or other single-cell suspensions. Detection of amplicons can be achieved by the hybridization and detection of labeled probes. The protocol includes the following steps: (i) tissue preparation, (ii) in situ PCR (or in situ RT-PCR), (iii) probe hybridization, (iv) signal detection. The technique has high sensitivity (geometrically PCR-amplifying 150-350 bp fragments of a gene of interest in situ) and specificity (derived from in situ hybridization with specific fluorescent or biotinylated probes for the target genes). The ability to identify individual cells, expressing or carrying specific genes of interest in a latent form in a tissue section under the microscope provides a visual account of silent genes, and allows the determination of various aspects of normal versus pathological conditions, or latent versus active viral replication. An average of 48 h is required to carry out the technique.
Architecture-based quality attribute synergies and conflicts

Large or critical software projects often identify particularly-critical quality attributes (QAs), often called non-functional requirements or ilities, and organize Integrated Product Teams (IPTs) to address them. Frequently, the resulting IPT solutions include architectural decisions that address the QA of interest, but seriously conflict with other QAs which are also important but less-well analyzed. These conflicts will often become major sources of significant technical debt and expensive architectural breakage to rectify. As the QA of interest also has synergies with other QAs, the rectification needs to be careful not to undo the synergies. This paper summarizes recent research to develop QA synergies and conflicts matrices that can be used by software system engineers to identify potential areas of concern in balancing a system's QAs.
Isolation of polypeptides containing the intermolecular cross-link δ,δ′-dihydroxylysinonorleucine from dentin collagen

Abstract Insoluble dentin collagen was reduced with sodium borotritiide and then sequentially cleaved with cyanogen bromide and trypsin. Separation and purification of the labeled peptides were accomplished by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. Two peptides were obtained containing 38 and 26 residues each, respectively. Both contained stoichiometric amounts of the collagen intermolecular cross-link δ,δ′-dihydroxylysinonorleucine. Their compositions are reported. The data indicate that one of the branches on each of the H-shaped peptides might be identical and the other branch on each is derived from different loci on the collagen molecule. Neither crosslink peptide involves the N-terminal portion of collagen.
The interaction of short-chain model lubricants with the surfaces of hydrogenated amorphous carbon films

The adsorption of water and small model perfluorinated lubricants on hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a∶C-H) films of varying hydrogen content was investigated using thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS). Hydrogen content of the carbon films was measured by Rutherford back scattering (RBS) and elastic recoil spectroscopy (ERS) and correlated to changes in surface free energies measured by contact angle analysis. Hydrogenated carbon films exhibiting the highest surface free energy provided a greater attractive interaction for the model lubricants. All model lubricant species studied - water (D2O), perfluorodiethyl ether (CF3CF2OCF2CF3), perfluoropentane (CF3(CF2)3CF3), perfluorooctane (CF3(CF2)6CF3), 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (CF3CH2OH), and 1,1,7-H-perfluoroheptanol (CF2H(CF2)5CH2OH)—reversibly adsorbed to the carbon surface with little chemical reaction. Increases in desorption energies with increasing chain length were observed among the adsorbates and are ascribed to increasing van der Waals interactions. Incorporation of alcoholic end groups provided an avenue of hydrogen bonding to the surface and produced an ~20 kJ/mol increase in desorption energy relative to a perfluorinated alkane of the same chain length. Ether linkages within the model lubricant provide little increase in desorption energy as fluorine substituents effectively screen the oxygen. Together these findings implicate a predominantly physisorbed state for perfluorinated lubricants on hydrogenated carbon surfaces.
Locational Conflict and the Siting of Nuclear Waste Disposal Repositories: An International Appraisal

The industrialized nations of the world have begun to plan for the storage and eventual disposal of their increasing volumes of nuclear wastes. In this paper the authors inventory the progress made by these nations in planning for nuclear waste disposal. A typology based on the adoption of spent-fuel reprocessing programs and of progress toward selection of permanent disposal sites is developed, and the world's nuclear nations are located within this typology. However, those countries which have been active in determining and constructing disposal sites have faced considerable internal and international political conflict. Conflict over nuclear waste disposal site-selection is both a geographical and a political problem. There is a review of various factors which contribute to the articulation and resolution of political conflict, including public participation in siting decisions, veto power of local governments, and prospects for international cooperation in siting decisions. It is concluded that decent...
Energy balance, early life body size, and plasma prolactin levels in postmenopausal women

Objective We examined the relationships of prolactin with birth weight; childhood, adolescent and adult body size measures; adult physical activity and inactivity; and alcohol consumption among 1,423 postmenopausal women from the Nurses’ Health Study.
Bio-informational processing in agoraphobia.

Abstract McNeil et al. (1984) found that agoraphobics, unlike simple phobics, fail to respond physiologically to personally-relevant fear scripts in Lang's bio-informational imagery paradigm. Prompted by these findings, we conducted an experiment to investigate self-report and physiological (SCR and HR) responses to imagery scripts in 24 agoraphobics. Twelve subjects received stimulus training and 12 received response training. Subjects were then exposed to imagery scripts describing a neutral scene, an action scene, and three agoraphobia scenes that varied in propositional content: one containing only stimulus propositions, another containing stimulus and response propositions, and a third containing stimulus, response, and meaning propositions. Subjects also completed questionnaires measuring imagery ability and anxiety sensitivity. Consistent with McNeil et al. 's findings, agoraphobics were verbally but rarely physiologically responsive to fear scripts. Fear scripts including meaning propositions were not more effective than those including only stimulus and response, or only stimulus propositions. Physiological responsivity to fear scripts was unrelated to imagery ability and to anxiety sensitivity. Finally, in contrast to McNeil et al. 's agoraphobics, our subjects had average , not poor, imagery ability.
MULTISCALING TRANSPORT EQUATION ON FRACTALS

The general transport equation of multiscaling disordered fractal media in three-dimensional case is derived from conservation of mass. Multiscaling fractional transport equation is obtained on the basis of discussing Brownian motion, fractional Brownian motion and standard diffusion equation of fractals, which is consistent with the result of literature.
Layer potentials and boundary value problems for Laplacian in Lipschitz domains with data in quasi-Banach Besov spaces

We study the Dirichlet and Neumann boundary value problems for the Laplacian in a Lipschitz domain \({\Omega}\), with boundary data in the Besov space \({B_{s}^{p,p} (\partial\Omega).}\) The novelty is to identify a way of measuring smoothness for the solution u that allows us to consider the case p 1 was treated.
Legal Response to Environmental Concerns about Weather Modification

Abstract Legal response to environmental concerns about weather engineering was minimal until the late 1960's when state laws began to tighten regulation of cloud seeding operations. The state statutes of the 1970's made possible closer governmental control over the environmental consequences of weather modification. Federal environmental protection and wilderness legislation has been applied to seeding activities. State and federal reporting rules now demand environmental information.