cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract LB-235: BCL6 enables Ph+ acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells to survive BCR-ABL1 kinase inhibition

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) are widely used to treat patients with leukemia driven by BCR-ABL1 and other oncogenic tyrosine kinases. Recent efforts focused on the development of more potent TKI that also inhibit mutant tyrosine kinases. However, even effective TKI typically fail to eradicate leukemia-initiating cells, which often cause recurrence of leukemia after initially successful treatment. Here we report on the discovery of a novel mechanism of drug-resistance, which is based on protective feedback signaling of leukemia cells in response to TKI-treatment. We identified BCL6 as a central component of this drug-resistance pathway and demonstrate that targeted inhibition of BCL6 leads to eradication of drug-resistant and leukemia-initiating subclones. BCL6 is a known proto-oncogene that is often translocated in diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL). In response to TKI-treatment, BCR-ABL1 acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells upregulate BCL6 protein levels by ∼90-fold, i.e. to similar levels as in DLBCL. Upregulation of BCL6 in response to TKI-treatment represents a novel defense mechanism, which enables leukemia cells to survive TKI-treatment: Previous work suggested that TKI-mediated cell death is largely p53-independent. Here we demonstrate that BCL6 upregulation upon TKI-treatment leads to transcriptional inactivation of the p53 pathway. BCL6-deficient leukemia cells fail to inactivate p53 and are particularly sensitive to TKI-treatment. BCL6-/-leukemia cells are poised to undergo cellular senescence and fail to initiate leukemia in serial transplant recipients. A combination of TKI-treatment and a novel BCL6 peptide inhibitor markedly increased survival of NOD/SCID mice xenografted with patient-derived BCR-ABL1 ALL cells. We propose that dual targeting of oncogenic tyrosine kinases and BCL6-dependent feedback represents a novel strategy to eradicate drug-resistant and leukemia-initiating subclones in tyrosine kinase-driven leukemia. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-235. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-LB-235
Stability of the 4-vortex system

Abstract The stability of a symmetric system of 4-point vortices has been studied in a special rotating frame. New results reveal domains in the parameter space of periodic and chaotic motion, some in contradiction with prior conjectures.
Tracing Mexican Spanish /s/:: A Cross-Section of History

RESUMENOrigenes de la /s/ del Espanol Mexicano. Una Seccion Transversal de la HistoriaUna de las caracteristicas mas notables del espanol mexicano contemporaneo es la extraordinaria resistencia de la /s/ final de silaba y palabra a los procesos de reduccion fonetica. En los estudios dialectologicos, esta pronunciacion se atribuye comunmente a los efectos linguisticos conservadores de la capital virreinal; la retencion de la /s/ tamben se atribuye a una emigracion peninsular en la que los nativos de Castilla gozaban de una prominencia demografica. Tampoco se excluye la contribucion de las lenguas indigenas; la teoria mas conocida postula que el substrato nahuatl reemplazba toda /s/ del espanol por la sibilante africada /ts/. El presente trabajo postula una trayectoria algo diferente, al detectar indicios de una /s/ reducida repartidos por toda la extension territorial mexicana, en las areas rurales entre los sociolectos inferiores. En efecto, se plantea la hipotesis de que la /s/ final en Mexico de las areas urbanas, y sobre todo de la zona capitalina, haya sufrido dos efectos que atrasaban o bien invertian la erosion fonetica tan repartida en Hispanoamerica. El primero es la reaccion conservadora que provenia de la Ciudad de Mexico, convertida desde muy temprano en la concentracion urbana mas grande e imponente en toda America Latina. Al mismo tiempo, se reconoce una participacion de la poblacion bilingue nahuatl-espanol, mediante la reintroduccion, al lexico espanol, de prestamos anteriores que ya retenian una [s] sibilante.RESUMOLa origino de /s/ en la meksika hispana: transversa sekco de la historioEvidenta trajto de la meksika hispana lingvo estas la nepra konservo de /s/ fine de silabo aŭ vorto, kontraste al la malforta aŭ malaperinta prononco observebla en la kariba kaj aliaj latinamerikaj regionoj samkiel en suda Hispanio. Oni ofte supozas la kaŭzon en kombino de fonetika konservemo spronita de la proksimeco al la vicreĝa ĉefurbo kaj superrego de enmigrintoj el /s/-konservaj regionoj de Hispanio. Kelkfoje oni proponis influon de la nahuatla lingvo, tiel ke la nahuatla anstataŭigis la fruan hispanan /s/ per afrikata /tV. Ci tiu artikolo studas faktojn el la malcentraj regionoj de Meksikio kaj sugestas, ke la nuntempa konservo de la fina /s/ estas tipa nur por la urboj, de kie gi iom post iom disvastiĝis al la kamparo kaj al malpli altaj sociolektoj. Gi hipotezas, ke la hispana fina /s/ iam estis multe pli malfortigita en tuta Meksikio. En Meksikurbo, konservema malprogreso subtenis la partan reinstalon de la sibla [s]. Estas ankau tezate pri nerekta nahuatla influo, nome en fruaj hispanaj pruntvortoj, kiuj konservis la siblan [s]. Kiam la kontakto inter la nahuatla kaj la hispana plivastigis, tiuj fruaj pruntaĵoj estis repruntitaj en la regionajn variaĵojn de la hispana, subtenante kaj eĉ refortigante la siblan prononcon.
Methanococcus jannaschii prolyl-cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase possesses overlapping amino acid binding sites.

The protein translation apparatus of Methanococcus jannaschii possesses the unusual enzyme prolyl-cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase (ProCysRS), a single enzyme that attaches two different amino acids, proline and cysteine, to their cognate tRNA species. Measurement of the ATP−PPi exchange reaction revealed that amino acid activation, the first reaction step, differs for the two amino acids. While Pro-AMP can be formed in the absence of tRNA, Cys-AMP synthesis is tRNA-dependent. Studies with purified tRNAs indicate that tRNACys promotes cysteine activation. The kcat values of wild-type ProCysRS for tRNA prolylation (0.09 s-1) and cysteinylation (0.02 s-1) demonstrate that both aminoacyl-tRNAs are synthesized with comparable rates, the cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase activity being only 4.5-fold lower than prolyl-tRNA synthetase activity. Kinetic analysis of ProCysRS mutant enzymes, generated by site-directed mutagenesis, shows glutamate at position 103 to be critical for proline binding, and proline at position 100 to b...
Synthesis and characterization of a new catalyst Pt/Mg(Ga)(Al)O for alkane dehydrogenation

Abstract A novel approach is described for preparing Ga-promoted Pt particles for the dehydrogenation of light alkanes to alkenes. The modifying element, Ga, was introduced by transference from the support, a calcined Mg(Ga)(Al)O hydrotalcite-like material. Pt nanoparticles were dispersed onto the calcined Mg(Ga)(Al)O starting from an organometallic precursor, followed by reduction. The formation of PtGa alloy particles is dependent on reduction temperature. Reduction at 723 K produces mainly metallic Pt particles. The average diameter of the Pt nanoparticles increased from 1.4 nm to 2.2 nm with increasing Ga content, and decreasing Al content of the support, demonstrating the importance of support Al atoms in stabilizing the dispersion of Pt. After reduction at 773–873 K, PtGa alloys were observed. It is proposed that at high reduction temperatures, H atoms formed on the surface of the metal particles spill over onto the support where they reduce Ga3+ cation to atomic Ga, which then interacts with the supported Pt to form PtGa alloys. The activity, selectivity and stability of Pt/Mg(Ga)(Al)O catalysts for ethane and propane dehydrogenation are described in the second part of this study (G. Siddiqi, P. Sun, V. Galvita, A.T. Bell, Journal of catalysis (2010), doi:10.1016/j.jcat.2010.06.016 [40] ).
Characterization of Pseudomonas chlororaphis myovirus 201ϕ2-1 via genomic sequencing, mass spectrometry, and electron microscopy

Pseudomonas chlororaphis phage 201{phi}2-1 is a relative of Pseudomonas aeruginosa myovirus {phi}KZ. Phage 201{phi}2-1 was examined by complete genomic sequencing (316,674 bp), by a comprehensive mass spectrometry survey of its virion proteins and by electron microscopy. Seventy-six proteins, of which at least 69 have homologues in {phi}KZ, were identified by mass spectrometry. Eight proteins, in addition to the major head, tail sheath and tail tube proteins, are abundant in the virion. Electron microscopy of 201{phi}2-1 revealed a multitude of long, fine fibers apparently decorating the tail sheath protein. Among the less abundant virion proteins are three homologues to RNA polymerase {beta} or {beta}' subunits. Comparison between the genomes of 201{phi}2-1 and {phi}KZ revealed substantial conservation of the genome plan, and a large region with an especially high rate of gene replacement. The {phi}KZ-like phages exhibited a two-fold higher rate of divergence than for T4-like phages or host genomes.
Homogeneous vs. heterogeneous catalysis oxidation of liquid cyclohexene catalyzed by ions and oxides of transition metals

Abstract Liquid-phase autoxidations of cyclohexene at 70 ° in the presence of soluble acetylacetonates of the first-row transition metals are compared with similar autoxidations in the presence of insoluble oxides of the same metals. The distributions of volatile products (cyclohexene oxide, cyclohexenone, cyclohexenol, and cyclohexenyl hydroperoxide) closely follow the patterns observed for the decompositions of cyclohexenyl hydroperoxide in the presence of the same metal catalysts. Whereas several of the metals give nearly equal quantities of cyclohexenol and cyclohexenone, chromium(III) and iron(III) give significantly more ketone than alcohol, and vanadium and molybdenum give large proportions of epoxide. The pattern suggests that all of the observed oxidations are free-radical chain reactions having the same homogeneous propagation steps and yielding, as the principal primary product, cyclohexenyl hydroperoxide, which then undergoes metal-catalyzed decomposition Strong parallelism is noted between the product distributions in the homogeneous oxidations and those in the heterogeneous oxidations involving the corresponding metals, leading to the conclusion that for the system studied, the atomic number and oxidation state of the transition metal in the catalyst is more important than the detailed catalyst structure in determining the course of the reaction.
Polyamines modulate the neurotoxic effects of NMDA in vivo

Abstract The ability of polyamines to alter NMDA-induced neurotoxicity in neonatal rats was examined to determine whether polyamines modulate NMDA receptor activity in vivo. Unilateral injections of NMDA and/or polyamines were made into the striatum of 7-day-old rats. After 5 days, the brains were removed and 20 μm thick coronal sections were cut and stained with Cresyl violet. A computer-based image analysis system was used to densitometrically measure the cross-sectional area of intact tissue in the control and injected hemispheres. Administration of NMDA (5–40 nmol) produced a dose-dependent tissue damage that ranged from 7 to 52% of the area of the uninjected hemisphere. The polyamine agonist spermine (10–500 nmol) dose-dependently exacerbated the toxicity of a 15 nmol dose of NMDA, increasing the size of the lesion by up to 50%. Administration of spermine alone produced dose-dependent tissue damage that ranged from 9 to 52%. The damage produced by both NMDA and spermine could be completely inhibited by co-administration of the NMDA antagonist MK-801. The polyamine inverse agonist 1, 10-diaminodecane (DA-10, 50–400 nmol) inhibited the damage produced by NMDA in a dose-dependent manner, with a maximal inhibition of 50%. Administration of DA-10 alone produced limited damage at doses above 100 nmol. The weak partial agonist diethylenetriamine had no effect by itself or on NMDA-induced toxicity at the doses tested. These resultsindicate that polyamines can modulate the activity of NMDA receptors in vivo and suggest that polyamines or related compounds may have important therapeutic potential as neuroprotective agents.
Characterization of proinflammatory cytokine production and CD14 expression by murine alveolar macrophage cell lines

Alveolar macrophages, which play a central role in lung defense, produce cytokines that help orchestrate local inflammatory responses. In sepsis and other pathological conditions, bacterial lipopolysaccharide endotoxin can induce alveolar macrophages (AM) to release proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1, and interleukin-6. Studying the mechanisms that control alveolar macrophage cytokine production may lead to better therapies for conditions involving inflammatory lung injury. We and others have noted significant differences between alveolar macrophages and peritoneal macrophages, but large numbers of human or murine alveolar macrophages are rarely available for detailed mechanistic studies. We have obtained three murine alveolar macrophage cell lines (AMJ2C8, AMJ2C11, and AMJ2C20) and have begun to characterize their cytokine responses to proinflammatory stimuli. We measured the effects of endotoxin, interferon gamma, and the combination of the two on production of tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1 beta, and interleukin-6 in each line. We also studied the expression of the endotoxin receptor CD14 by these cells, and investigated the effect of serum on their endotoxin responsiveness. We show here that all three of the cell lines responded in a manner comparable to that of primary murine alveolar macrophages. Observed variations between these lines may reflect the documented heterogeneity seen in populations of primary alveolar macrophages. These cell lines should expand the repertoire of tools available to investigators studying regulation of murine alveolar macrophage responses.
Retention of offender DNA samples necessary to ensure and monitor quality of forensic DNA efforts: appropriate safeguards exist to protect the DNA samples from misuse.

Retention of offender DNA samples serves an important quality assurance role for forensic DNA laboratories. Consistent with the principles of confidentiality underlying the establishment of the state and national DNA databases, safeguards are in place to protect the DNA samples from unauthorized use.
SURVIVAL, LUNG INJURY, AND LUNG PROTEIN NITRATION IN HETEROZYGOUS MnSOD KNOCKOUT MICE IN HYPEROXIA

This study tested whether a strain of heterozygous Mn superoxide dismutase (SOD) knockout mice differed from wild types in response to lethal (100 or 85%) or sublethal (50 or 75%) oxygen exposures. Lung MnSOD activity was significantly (- 40%) less in the heterozygous mice, and lung catalase activity was also significantly decreased. Total SOD activity, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase did not differ between heterozygous (+/-) and wild-type (+/+) mice. We exposed both heterozygous and wild-type mice to hyperoxia (50, 75, 85, or 100% oxygen) until death or for 48 hours to assess sublethal lung injury. Survival of the heterozygous and wild-type mice did not differ significantly in 100 or 85% oxygen. No mice of either genotype died in 50 or 75% oxygen (14-day exposures). Hyperoxia exposures significantly increased (by two-way ANOVA) the alveolar lavage protein concentration, percent neutrophils, and lung wet-dry/dry weight ratios. No significant differences occurred between the heterozygous ...
Is a richer-but-warmer world better than poorer-but-cooler worlds?

Greater economic growth could lead to greater greenhouse gas emissions, while simultaneously enhancing various aspects of human well-being and the capacity to adapt to climate change. This begs the question as to whether and, if so, for how long would a richer-but-warmer world be better for well-being than poorer-but-cooler worlds. To shed light on this issue, this paper draws upon results of the “Fast Track” assessment (FTA) reported in a special issue of Global Environmental Change: Part A 14(1): 1-99 (2004), which employed the IPCC’s emissions scenarios to project future climate change and its global impacts on various determinants of human and environmental well-being. Results suggest that notwithstanding climate change, through much of this century, human wellbeing is likely to be highest in the richest-but-warmest (A1F1) world and lower in poorer-but-cooler worlds. With respect to environmental well-being, matters may be best under the A1F1 world for some critical environmental indicators through 2085-2100, but not necessarily for others.
Development of Experimental Techniques for Thermoelectric Properties Characterization of Low-Dimensional Structures

This work reports current efforts in developing experimental techniques applicable for thermoelectric properties characterization at micro and nanoscale. A one-dimensional transport model was used to asses the effects of heat leakage, non-symmetric boundary conditions, and electrical contact resistance, on thermoelectric properties measurements performed by transient Harman method. If the above effects are important, the thermoelectric figure of merit cannot be extracted directly from the ratio between the Seebeck voltage and the resistive voltage drop across the sample. On the other hand, measurements of both thermal conductivity and Seebeck coefficient can be performed if the temperature drop across the sample is acquired simultaneously with the voltage drop. The theoretical model and the experimental technique are validated by measurements performed on bulk calibration samples. Furthermore, this work shows that the spatial resolution of thermoelectric properties characterization methods can be enhanced by using scanning probe based techniques. Preliminary results are presented for Seebeck coefficient measurements of p-type or n-type calibration samples performed using an AFM probe instrumented with a temperature sensor.
The history of the development of the continuum model of coupled oscillator arrays - A review

Throughout the development of coupled oscillator array based agile beam antennas, the continuum model, though approximate, has proven a valuable tool providing an intuitive view of the dynamic behavior analogous to heat conduction and electrostatics. Now, however, as more accurate and detailed descriptions including the nonlinear effects are of interest, much more sophisticated models are being developed and are yielding much deeper insight into the behavior of these arrays.
Shame-Focused Attitudes Toward Mental Health Problems: The Role of Gender and Culture

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of gender and culture on shame-focused attitudes toward mental health problems. Two hundred and ninety-three university students from Asian, Latino, and Caucasian American cultural backgrounds participated in the study. The Attitudes Toward Mental Health Problems Scale was used to measure shame-focused attitudes. A 2 (gender) × 3 (culture) multivariate analyses of variance was performed. Results indicated that there was no significant gender difference in shame-focused attitudes toward mental health problems. Of the three ethnic cultural groups, Latino American students had the highest mean score on how shameful they would feel if they had mental health problems. Asian American students had the lowest mean score on how negative their families would view themselves if they had mental health problems. Implications of the results for rehabilitation research and practice are discussed.
Clinical problems in the use of alginate hydrocolloid

osteomas, osteogenic-sarcomas, develop­ mental and skeletal disorders. Instances have been cited in which osteogenic pathology had its initial and tentative diagnosis made from a dental roentgeno­ gram. In view of the numerous physio­ logic and pathologic conditions which produce densities in the dental roentgeno­ gram, it is anticipated all radiopacities will be given the consideration which they deserve. In the organization of this material, it has been noted that many diseases and formations which produce radiopaque images have numerous terms describing the same disease or formation; for ex­ ample, for the cementoma, nine terms have been utilized to identify this ab­ normal formation. An attempt has been made in this paper to use nomenclature describing each disease or lesion which is in accord with the pathology of the lesion. To avoid confusion, synonyms and various terms that have been used to describe each disease follow the pre­ ferred term.
The role of lithospheric stress in the support of the Tharsis Rise

It is hypothesized that the Tharsis rise can be approximated as an axisymmetrical igneous construct. Linear theory for the deflection of planetary lithospheres is used to demonstrate that the lithospheric stresses required partially to support the construct are reasonable and consistent with the observed radial grabens around Tharsis. The computed thickness of the elastic lithosphere is between 110 and 260 km, depending of the values assumed for crustal thickness and crustal density. The computed thickness of the Tharsis load ranges from 40 to 70 km. Since in this model the height of the geoid is not specified a priori, the agreement between the observed and computed geoid is evidence for the validity of the model. The tectonics of the Tharsis region are briefly reviewed, and it is contended that all observations are consistent with the loading model.
Functional Communication Using VIC

The functional communication performance of two users of VIC (Visual Communication) is reviewed, six months after termination of formal training. One patient continues to use VIC only in response to stimuli provided by her nurse/ companion. The other uses VIC spontaneously as an augmentative communication technique, without restriction as to topic. Results of a test of this patient's communicative efficacy, requiring production of novel sentences to specify the correct picture out of four choices, are reported. The implications of these patients' performance for the design of an improved VIC interface are discussed.
The Multiple Scale Transport Equation in One Space Dimension

This study examines the behavior of the one-dimensional non-homogeneous transport equation of the form ɛut= ux+f, ɛ«1. The solution consists of behavior which changes on two different time scales, one rapid and one slow. This time scale behavior is known. Additionally, however, we find here that because of the presence of the non-homogeneous forcing termf, and large wave speed 1/ɛ, there is a component of the solution which will vary only on a very large spatial scale. This large space-scale solution persists throughout all time, even after the source term of the solution has been shut off. The analysis of this large spacescale behavior is the focus of this paper. Numerical experiments highlight some of our results. These results have applications in fields such as meteorology, and other areas where multiple time scales are of interest.
Electrodynamics of effective charge

Abstract A portion of the charge induced in an isotropic plasma by an injected charged particle is shown to combine with the particle to form a charged quasi-particle, the effective charge, that is different from the conventional “dressed” charge. The remainder of the induced charge is found in a wake behind the effective charge. Properties of effective charge are described, and the application of this concept to coherent ion acceleration and stopping power is discussed.
Lessons Learned: Building the Caernarvon High-Assurance Operating System

This article features lessons learned in designing, developing, and testing features for a high-assurance smart card operating system. In particular, this paper describes software design, development, and testing process, and the advantages reaped from following established process guidelines. The authors describe the project impact experienced from external influences and count among them market pressure from a rapidly changing commercial landscape which demands agility in order to assure continued funding and product success.
Impact of hospital teaching status on survival from ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm repair.

Objectives Controversy exists over the optimal hospital type to which high-risk surgical patients should be referred for operative management. While high volume centers have been traditionally advocated, recent evidence suggests teaching hospitals may have better outcomes for high-risk patients. We investigated whether mortality outcomes of patients undergoing surgery for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (rAAA) were different between teaching hospitals and non-teaching hospitals, independent of hospital operative volume. Methods A retrospective review of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample dataset (1998-2004) was performed to identify open and endovascular (EVAR) repair for rAAA. Hospitals were stratified by teaching status, including teaching hospitals (TH) with any type of residency training program, those with general surgery training programs (GSTH) and those with vascular surgery training programs (VSTH). The association of hospital teaching status with in-hospital mortality for open AAA repair and EVAR was assessed via multi-level multivariable logistic regression, controlling for patient demographics, comorbidities, and hospital operative volume. Results Of 6636 open AAA repairs for rAAA, the overall perioperative mortality was 42%. Mortality was significantly lower at TH than non-TH (39.3% vs 44.5%; P P Conclusion In-hospital mortality is significantly reduced for patients undergoing open AAA repair for rAAA at teaching hospitals and hospitals with vascular surgery training programs, independent of volume. These results suggest that in addition to factors associated with teaching hospitals in general, the type of specialty training within teaching institutions is a critical factor which may influence outcomes, specifically for patients with rAAA.
Habitat use and population structure of four native minnows (family Cyprinidae) in the upper Missouri and lower Yellowstone rivers, North Dakota (USA)

Abstract – In 1997 and 1998, sampling was conducted on the Missouri and Yellowstone rivers, North Dakota, to obtain information on the distribution, abundance, and habitat use of the flathead chub (Platygobio gracilis Richardson), sicklefin chub (Macrhybopsis meeki Jordan & Evermann), sturgeon chub (Macrhybopsis gelida Girard), and western silvery minnow (Hybognathus argyritis Girard), four declining fish species (family Cyprinidae) native to the Missouri River basin, USA. The study area consisted of four distinct river segments near the confluence of the Missouri and Yellowstone rivers – three moderately altered segments that were influenced by a main-stem dam and one quasi-natural segment. One moderately altered segment was located at the confluence of the two rivers (mixing-zone segment (MZS)). The other two moderately altered segments were in the Missouri River adjacent to the MZS and extended up-river (above-confluence segment (ACS)) and down-river (below-confluence segment (BCS)) from this segment. The quasi-natural segment (Yellowstone River segment (YRS)) extended up-river from the MZS in the Yellowstone River. Catch rates with the trawl for sicklefin chub and sturgeon chub and catch rates with the bag seine for flathead chub and western silvery minnow were highest in the BCS and YRS. Most sicklefin and sturgeon chubs were captured in the deep, high-velocity main channel habitat with the trawl (sicklefin chub, 97%; sturgeon chub, 85%), whereas most flathead chub and western silvery minnow were captured in the shallow, low-velocity channel border habitat with the bag seine (flathead chub, 99%; western silvery minnow, 98%). Best-fit regression models correctly predicted the presence or absence of sicklefin chub, flathead chub, and western silvery minnow more than 80% of the time. Sturgeon chub presence and absence were predicted correctly 55% of the time. Best-fit regression models fit to fish number data for flathead chub, sicklefin chub, and sturgeon chub and fish catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) data for flathead chub also provided good fits, with R2 values ranging from 0.32 to 0.55 (P < 0.0001). The higher density and catch of the four native minnows in the YRS and BCS suggest that these two segments are better habitat than the ACS and MZS.
Epigenetic Regulation of Individual Modules of the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus 3′ Regulatory Region

The Igh locus undergoes an amazing array of DNA rearrangements and modifications during B cell development. During early stages, the variable region gene is constructed from constituent variable (V), diversity (D) and joining (J) segments (VDJ joining). B cells that successfully express an antibody can be activated, leading to somatic hypermutation (SHM) focused on the variable region, and class switch recombination (CSR), which substitutes downstream constant region genes for the originally used Cμ constant region gene. Many investigators, ourselves included, have sought to understand how these processes specifically target the Igh locus and avoid other loci and potential deleterious consequences of malignant transformation. Our laboratory has concentrated on a complex regulatory region (RR) that is located downstream of Cα, the most 3’ of the Igh constant region genes. The ~40 kb 3’ RR, which is predicted to serve as a downstream major regulator of the Igh locus, contains two distinct segments: an ~28 kb region of four enhancers and an adjacent ~12 kb region containing multiple CTCF and Pax5 binding sites. Analysis of targeted mutations in mice by a number of investigators has concluded that the entire 3’ RR enhancer region is essential for SHM and CSR (but not for VDJ joining) and for high levels of expression of multiple isotypes. The CTCF/Pax5 binding region is a candidate for influencing VDJ joining early in B cell development and serving as a potential insulator of the Igh locus. Components of the 3’ RR are subject to a variety of epigenetic changes during B cell development, i.e., DNAse I hypersensitivity, histone modifications and DNA methylation, in association with transcription factor binding. We propose that these changes provide a foundation by which regulatory elements in modules of the 3’ RR function by interacting with each other and with target sequences of the Igh locus.
A Hamiltonian approach using partial differential equations for open-loop stochastic optimal control

This paper utilizes a minimum principle for infinite dimensional systems for the optimal control of systems constrained by the Fokker-Plank equation governing the evolution of a state probability density function. From the backwards evolution of the corresponding adjoint system, we define a Hamiltonian and use its gradient to construct a numerical optimal control. The basic nature of the adjoint system allows for all of the necessary terms defining the control to be inferred from stochastic process samples which is exploited in provided examples. Solving stochastic optimal control problems utilizing stochastic processes is a promising approach for solving open-loop stochastic optimal control problems of non-linear dynamic systems with a multi-dimensional state vector.
SYNTEST: a method for high-level SYNthesis with self-TESTability

The article introduces a new high-level synthesis method for self-testable RTL designs. A basic feature of this method is a structural testability model which treats testability as a structural design style integrated in the design process. The main objective is to develop a system-level synthesis tool set mapping a behavioral description onto an optimized and testable RTL design subject to user-defined constraints. The approach involves several major components within the following system-level iteration: scheduling and allocation, constraint estimation, and testability tradeoffs. >
Measuring Organizational Effectiveness: The Role Of The Organizational Community Index

The purpose of this research is to help understand the value of presuppositions through the development of a community index for organizations, that employees bring certain community appeals to organizational life. Those appeals are entrenched in ancestral paradigms of the past as a natural part of the human psyche (Nicholson, 1997). This research attempts to understand the appeals with the development of the Organizational Community Index (OCI) with three subscales: Measure of Influence; Sense of Belonging; and Feeling of Recognition. The subscales were developed based on previous research from the influence of anthropology, sociology, and psychology on organizational studies. One hundred and forty-six business professionals were surveyed as an initial sample. Results of reliability coefficients, skewness, and kurtosis indicated that the subscales are reliable and serve psychometric purposes. The OCI should be further tested with larger samples sizes and in a variety of organizations. Initial conclusions suggest that organizations might want to assess their sense of community among employees before they proceed with planned change involving organizational effectiveness.
period-1 encodes an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that influences nutritional compensation of the Neurospora circadian clock

Mutants in the period-1 (prd-1) gene, characterized by a recessive allele, display a reduced growth rate and period lengthening of the developmental cycle controlled by the circadian clock. We refined the genetic location of prd-1 and used whole genome sequencing to find the mutation defining it, confirming the identity of prd-1 by rescuing the mutant circadian phenotype via transformation. PRD-1 is an RNA helicase whose orthologs, DDX5 [DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp) Box Helicase 5] and DDX17 in humans and DBP2 (Dead Box Protein 2) in yeast, are implicated in various processes, including transcriptional regulation, elongation, and termination, ribosome biogenesis, and mRNA decay. Although prd-1 mutants display a long period (∼25 h) circadian developmental cycle, they interestingly display a WT period when the core circadian oscillator is tracked using a frq-luciferase transcriptional fusion under conditions of limiting nutritional carbon; the core oscillator in the prd-1 mutant strain runs with a long period under glucose-sufficient conditions. Thus, PRD-1 clearly impacts the circadian oscillator and is not only part of a metabolic oscillator ancillary to the core clock. PRD-1 is an essential protein, and its expression is neither light-regulated nor clock-regulated. However, it is transiently induced by glucose; in the presence of sufficient glucose, PRD-1 is in the nucleus until glucose runs out, which elicits its disappearance from the nucleus. Because circadian period length is carbon concentration-dependent, prd-1 may be formally viewed as a clock mutant with defective nutritional compensation of circadian period length.
Secondary vs. primary cachexia in patients with advanced cancer

9128 Background: Cachexia results in decreased survival and adherence to chemotherapy, and increased treatment toxicity. Primary Cachexia (PC) is characterized by weight loss, anorexia and fatigue ...
Cognitive reflection predicts the acceptance of unfair ultimatum game offers.

In the ultimatum game, one player proposes a split of money between him- or herself and another player, who can accept the offer (and both players keep the allocated money) or reject the offer (and both players get nothing). The present study examined predictors of accepting unfair ultimatum offers. In Study 1, 184 participants responded to an unfair ultimatum offer, completed a measure of cognitive reflection, and completed a self-report measure of rational and experiential thinking. Slightly more than half of the participants (54.3%) accepted the unfair offer, and cognitive reflection was positively correlated with accepting unfair offers. The rational and experiential thinking scales were not significantly correlated with ultimatum decisions. In Study 2, 306 participants responded to 20 ultimatum offers that varied in fairness and completed an expanded measure of cognitive reflection. Performance on the cognitive reflection measure predicted the number of ultimatum offers accepted. These results suggest that rejecting ultimatum offers is related to intuitive, heuristic-based thinking, whereas accepting offers is related to deliberate, analytic-based thinking.
Student-Athletes’ Perceptions of Mental Illness and Attitudes Toward Help-Seeking

ABSTRACTGiven that there is evidence that college student-athletes may be at risk for psychological disturbances (Pinkerton, Hintz, & Barrow, 1989), and possibly underutilizing college mental health services (Watson & Kissinger, 2007), the purpose of this study was to examine attitudes toward mental illness and help seeking among college student-athletes compared to college student nonathletes. The roles that athletic identity and gender play in treatment-seeking comfort were examined. Contrary to what was hypothesized, the results showed that student-athletes and nonathletes did not significantly differ in willingness to seek mental health treatment. Student-athletes perceived significantly less discrimination toward individuals based on mental illness status.
Chevy Volt: Pricing and Capacity Decisions in Response to Government Incentives for the Electric Vehicle Industry

At the end of 2013, executives from General Motors (GM) must make decisions about what production capacity and price to allocate to the Chevrolet Volt electric vehicle considering the costs of supply chain shift necessary to make changes in the assembly process. Concerns about battery life, price, and driving range have influenced most consumers' decisions to continue to purchase conventional fuel vehicles despite the U.S. federal government's implementation of incentives. What must the senior GM team do to balance concerns of cost with the potential social effect of selling a public-interest good such as the Chevy Volt? Excerpt UVA-OM-1519 Rev. Jan. 7, 2015 CHEVY VOLT: PRICING AND CAPACITY DECISIONS IN RESPONSE TO GOVERNMENT INCENTIVES FOR THE ELECTRIC VEHICLE INDUSTRY At the General Motors (GM) headquarters in Detroit, the executive team reviewed the disappointing Chevrolet Volt sales from 2013. Although sales had been rising each year since the launch in December 2010, GM was still not meeting its internal sales targets. GM had accelerated production of the Volt, believing that sales would increase as the government continued to incentivize the purchase of electric vehicles (EVs). Those incentives supported President Barack Obama’s stated goal that the United States would become the first country in the world to have 1 million EVs on the road by 2015. The executives were hoping that many of those million vehicles would be GM vehicles. Consumers, on the other end, were hesitant to invest in expensive new technology such as EVs. Despite the incentives in place, sales of EVs—the Volt included—were not even near the 1 million mark. Taking into account consumer trends, government incentives, and GM’s internal cost structure, the executives wondered if they should reconsider their decisions for the upcoming year of 2014: How much capacity should GM allocate to the Volt, and how should the Volt be priced? Electric Vehicles as Public-Interest Goods . . .
CORE: A dataset of critical objects for response to emergency

Robotic first responders have potential to significantly improve rescue efficiency and safety in search and rescue missions. To operate intelligently, a robot requires the capability to recognize critical objects in a disaster environment, in order to effectively locate victims and/or prevent secondary disasters. In this report, we introduce a novel dataset of Critical Objects for Response to Emergency (CORE) to facilitate future design of object detection systems for search and rescue missions. We also implement an object detection approach, using object proposals, deep features, and classifiers, to recognize objects in the CORE dataset. An average accuracy of 94.6% is achieved.
Application of Gel Technology in Preparation of High-Tc Perovskite Superconductors

La-Ba-Cu-O and Y-Ba-Cu-O superconducting systems have been successfully prepared by gel techniques with high degree of chemical homogeneity. The precursor gel was synthesized from mixture of the corresponding metallic nitrates and di-carboxylic acids. The sintered oxides prepared from the different dicarboxylic acids were all Tc = 90K perovskite superconductors. However differences in electrical and magnetic properties were also observed. Effects due to the different acids elucidated by magnetic susceptibility measurements and X-ray diffraction analysis will be discussed.
Integrated Online Virtual Metrology and Fault Detection in Plasma Etch Tools

This paper presents an integrated virtual metrology (VM) and quality excursion detection framework for online implementation on a plasma etch tool. Traditional external metrology have inherent dela...
Safety Planning with Children and Adolescents in Domestic Violence Shelters

This exploratory mixed methods survey yielded a comprehensive picture of safety planning practices with children and adolescents in Texas emergency domestic violence shelters. Shelter personnel described safety planning goals, methods, timing, and contents and views of best practices, barriers, and risks. The study's approach was guided by Proctor's (2005) recommendations for developing the research base for an understudied intervention. Results indicate that the practice is widespread. Shelters consider developmental differences and use multiple methods and timing strategies. Views on goals and risks varied. Findings are contextualized with information on overall child/youth services. This article discusses implications for shelter practices and future research, such as outcome studies and the feasibility of children/youth implementing commonly recommended safety strategies.
Marketing Functions and Marketing Systems: A Synthesis—A Comment:

This is a commentary on “Marketing Functions and Marketing Systems: A Synthesis” published in the July, 1969 issue of the JOURNAL OF MARKETING. The author maintains that the conceptual framework fo...
A china-specified multi-level technical infrastructure for diabetes chronic care management

This study uses the World Health Organization Innovative Care for Chronic Conditions (ICCC) framework to specify current diabetes prevention and management challenges in China as a basis for design of a technical architectural infrastructure to address gaps and leverage strengths using smart phone technologies as a core element. We acknowledge past theoretically grounded chronic care models as well as systematic literature review of the status of diabetes care in China. We expand the boundaries of pre-existing human and organizational capabilities in the area of diabetes management by creating new and innovative artifacts intended to: (1) help policy makers and technologists understand and contribute to a comprehensive infrastructure to address management of chronic conditions in China and (2) serve as an example of ICCC specification applied to a particular context to facilitate contextual understanding and innovation for healthcare technology development.
Expression of SOX10 mRNA in Bowel of Children with Hirschsprung′s Disease

Objective To investigate the expression of SOX10 mRNA in bowels of Hirschsprung′s disease(HD) patients,and to further explore the molecular mechanism of HD. Methods The specimens were collected from 50 HD patients,and the negative samples from 50 patients without HD were used as controls.Smooth muscle tissues were isolated from spastic segment,transition segment and distending segment,respectively.RNA of each segment was extracted,then the targeting gene and housekeeping gene(β-actin) were amplified by means of reverse transcriptions polymerase chain reaction,and the expression level of SOX10 mRNA was subjected to a comparative examination in the trial and control groups.The data were analyzed by using SPSS 17.0 statistical software. Results SOX10 mRNA in spastic segment(0.186 19±0.007 84) showed low expression,which displayed statistical difference from that in transitional segment(0.314 71±0.016 57),distending segment(0.506 94±0.006 31) and control group(0.594 35±0.006 29)(F=16 384.220,P=0.000).In contrast,a comparative high expression in distending segment was observed.However,SOX10 mRNA level in transitional segment and distension segment was significantly lower than that in control group(F=8 666.046,P=0.000). Conclusions The abnormal expression in bowel segments of HD patients infers that SOX10 is necessary to maintain the function of enteric nervous system.The insufficient expression of SOX10 mRNA may cause the relevant bowel dysfunctions,including intestinal stenosis and spasm.
Inherent Macrophage Defects in Mice

Macrophages represent a highly diverse population of “phagocytic monocytes,” capable of effecting a number of important biological functions. The ubiquitous nature of macrophages as a network of circulating and fixed scavengers within the tissues, combined with their complex phagocytic and detoxifying abilities, subserve their role as the primary host surveillance system. One major function of macrophages is to protect the host from harmful infectious agents, particularly in the early phases of infection, prior to the establishment of a specific immune response. To this end, highly differentiated or “activated” macrophages (Mackaness, 1969) are capable of killing intracellular parasites and tumor cells. In addition to the ability to deal directly with invading microorganisms, the macrophage has been shown to be the source of a number of “monokines” (substances synthesized by macrophages) such as lymphocyte-activating factor, prostaglandins, and certain complement components, each of which modulates the immune response. Moreover, macrophages have clearly been implicated as an essential accessory cell in the establishment of antigen-specific immune responses, and in some cases may act to suppress both humoral and cellular immune functions.
Solvent Effects on the Ultrafast Dynamics of Chlorine Dioxide Photochemistry

The ultrafast photophysical and photochemical processes following the photodissociation reaction of chlorine dioxide in liquid solutions are investigated using femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy.
Yielding of tantalum at strain rates up to 109 s−1

We have used a 45 μJ laser pulse to accelerate the free surface of fine-grained tantalum films up to peak velocities of ∼1.2 km s−1. The films had thicknesses of ∼1–2 μm and in-plane grain widths of ∼75–150 nm. Using ultrafast interferometry, we have measured the time history of the velocity of the surface at different spatial positions across the accelerated region. The initial part of the histories (assumed to correspond to the “elastic precursor” observed previously) exhibited measured strain rates of ∼0.6 to ∼3.2 × 109 s−1 and stresses of ∼4 to ∼22 GPa. Importantly, we find that elastic amplitudes exhibit little variation with strain rate for a constant peak surface velocity, even though, via covariation of the strain rate with peak surface velocity, they vary with strain rate. Furthermore, by comparison with data obtained at lower strain rates, we find that amplitudes are much better predicted by peak velocities rather than by either strain rate or sample thickness.