cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two kinesins drive anterograde neuropeptide transport

Motor-dependent anterograde transport, a process that moves cytoplasmic components from sites of biosynthesis to sites of use within cells, is crucial in neurons with long axons. Evidence has emerged that multiple anterograde kinesins can contribute to some transport processes. To test the multi-kinesin possibility for a single vesicle type, we studied the functional relationships of axonal kinesins to dense core vesicles (DCVs) that were filled with a GFP-tagged neuropeptide in the Drosophila nervous system. Past work showed that Unc-104 (a kinesin-3) is a key anterograde DCV motor. Here we show that anterograde DCV transport requires the well-known mitochondrial motor Khc (kinesin-1). Our results indicate that this influence is direct. Khc mutations had specific effects on anterograde run parameters, neuron-specific inhibition of mitochondrial transport by Milton RNA interference had no influence on anterograde DCV runs, and detailed colocalization analysis by superresolution microscopy revealed that Unc-104 and Khc coassociate with individual DCVs. DCV distribution analysis in peptidergic neurons suggest the two kinesins have compartment specific influences. We suggest a mechanism in which Unc-104 is particularly important for moving DCVs from cell bodies into axons, and then Unc-104 and kinesin-1 function together to support fast, highly processive runs toward axon terminals.
Interfacial Self-Assembly of Polyelectrolyte-Capped Gold Nanoparticles.

We report on pH- and salt-responsive assembly of nanoparticles capped with polyelectrolytes at vapor–liquid interfaces. Two types of alkylthiol-terminated poly(acrylic acid) (PAAs, varying in length) are synthesized and used to functionalize gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to mimic similar assembly effects of single-stranded DNA-capped AuNPs using synthetic polyelectrolytes. Using surface-sensitive X-ray scattering techniques, including grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) and X-ray reflectivity (XRR), we demonstrate that PAA-AuNPs spontaneously migrate to the vapor–liquid interfaces and form Gibbs monolayers by decreasing the pH of the suspension. The Gibbs monoalyers show chainlike structures of monoparticle thickness. The pH-induced self-assembly is attributed to the protonation of carboxyl groups and to hydrogen bonding between the neighboring PAA-AuNPs. In addition, we show that adding MgCl2 to PAA-AuNP suspensions also induces adsorption at the interface and that the high affinity betw...
Formulae of ı-divided powers in Uq(sl2)

Abstract The existence of the i-canonical basis (also known as the i-divided powers) for the coideal subalgebra of the quantum sl 2 were established by Bao and Wang, with conjectural explicit formulae. In this paper we prove the conjectured formulae of these i-divided powers. This is achieved by first establishing closed formulae of the i-divided powers in basis for quantum sl 2 and then formulae for the i-canonical basis in terms of Lusztig's divided powers in each finite-dimensional simple module of quantum sl 2 . These formulae exhibit integrality and positivity properties.
Relation of Severity Of Renal Impairment to Tissue Calcium Concentration in the Human Kidney

Ibels et al1 recently reported that calcium in kidneys from patients with end-stage renal disease is 8-fold greater than in normal kidneys. We have extended these observations by examining the calcium content of renal tissue obtained at biopsy and representing a wide range of severity of renal impairment. This preliminary report focuses upon two questions: (i) Can a correlation be demonstrated between the concentration of calcium within the kidney and the degree of functional impairment? (ii) Does phosphate play a significant role as a determinant of renal calcification in human renal disease?
The Impacts of Climate Change on the World’s Economic, Political, and Demographic Structures

v Introduction 1 How Climate Influences Humanity 2 Indian Sub-Continent: Ethnic Divisions Refueled 8 Oceania and Islands: The Threats from the Ocean 14 Africa: A Disconnect in Supply and Demand 18 Europe: Adapting to Climate Refugees 24 Climate Change in the Americas 35 Climate Change in Asia and Polar Regions 41 How to Solve Global Warming 47 Annotated Bibliography 57 Additional Sources Cited in Supplementary Materials 82 Scientific Glossary 84
Effects of rate building on fluent performance: A review and commentary

The use of rate-building procedures to encourage the production of high response rates and to develop fluency has been increasingly justified by research on precision teaching and automaticity. Rate-building procedures often ensure both speed and accuracy, and claims have been made that such procedures result in greater retention, persistence, and generalization of trained skills, as well as preference by students. Given the potential importance of these claims for behavior analysts and educators alike, this review assesses the validity, generality, and implications of research on rate building. The review revealed sparse empirical evidence that retention, persistence, and generalization of skills result from the use of rate-building procedures when the effects of practice and reinforcement rate are controlled. Given the results of this review, the implications are discussed in the context of behavior-analytic research (e.g., behavioral momentum), and further research is recommended.
Assessing the effects of a barrier net on jellyfish and other local fauna at estuarine bathing beaches

Abstract On the east coast of the United States increases in the abundance of stinging bay nettle (Chrysaora chesapeakei) has negatively impacted recreational use of estuarine waters, particularly for bathing. A net-style barrier was assessed as a means to reduce the potential for adverse human-jellyfish interactions. The presence of a barrier reduced the mean number of bay nettles captured within the exclusion areas by 28%–67% compared to immediately adjacent waters depending on the mesh size of the barrier, with smaller mesh having a greater effect. The mean size of the nettles (bell diameter) captured within the exclusion areas was also significantly smaller than that in the adjacent areas. Fish entanglement in the barrier was limited (
Effects of two equine digestive aid supplements on hindgut health

Gastrointestinal disease is the number one killer of horses. Little is known about the maintenance of microbes in the equine hindgut and how to distinguish a healthy gut in a live horse. Utilization of internal and external digestibility markers and starch fermentation has been extensively studied in ruminants and is the basis for research conducted on horses. The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of two equine feed digestive aid supplements on hindgut health (HGH) as reflected in fecal pH and digestibility and to compare and validate DM digestibility measurements through the use of internal and external markers such as chromium oxide (CR), lignin (Lig), indigestible ADF (iADF), indigestible NDF (iNDF), and indigestible lignin (iLig). Nine mature Quarter horses (six geldings, three mares) were used in a crossover design, three feeding periods of 17 d (51 d total), using three treatments: control, no feed additive (CON), Smartpak (SP; Plymouth, MA), or Platinum Performance (PP; Buellton, CA). Both SP and PP contained a strain of Lactobacillus, whereas SP further supplied mannanoligosaccharides (MOS) and fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and PP supplied Saccharomyces boulardii. Within the 17-d period, horses were offered orchard grass hay and sweet cob grain and the assigned treatment daily and four CR cookies to deliver 8 g/d of CR for the last 7 d of each period. Total feces were collected from 15 to 17 d. Feed and fecal samples were dried, ground, and sent to ANALAB (Fulton, IL) for nutrient analysis. Duplicate samples of feed and feces were placed in ruminally cannulated cows for in situ determination of iADF, iNDF, and iLig to estimate digestibility. Estimated CR fecal output, CR DMI, and DM digestibilities were evaluated using the root mean square prediction error percentage of the observed mean (RMSPE), concordance correlation coefficient (CCC), and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency methods. Marker predictive ability tests showed iADF to have the least amount of bias with the smallest RMSPE (4%), largest CCC (0.43), and the largest amount of random bias (error of dispersion = 0.45). Supplementation of PP decreased CR DM digestibility (P < 0.02). Smartpak increased fecal pH (P < 0.09), but PP had no effect on fecal pH. Therefore, SP had a beneficial effect on HGH that is believed to be due to MOS and FOS.
Boundary element method (BEM) applied to the rough surface contact vs. BEM in computational mechanics

In the numerical study of rough surfaces in contact problem, the flexible body beneath the roughness is commonly assumed as a half-space or a half-plane. The surface displacement on the boundary, the displacement components and state of stress inside the half-space can be determined through the convolution of the traction and the corresponding influence function in a closed-form. The influence function is often represented by the Boussinesq-Cerruti solution and the Flamant solution for three-dimensional elasticity and plane strain/stress, respectively. In this study, we rigorously show that any numerical model using the above mentioned half-space solution is a special form of the boundary element method (BEM). The boundary integral equations (BIEs) in the BEM is simplified to the Flamant solution when the domain is strictly a half-plane for the plane strain/stress condition. Similarly, the BIE is degraded to the Boussinesq-Cerruti solution if the domain is strictly a half-space. Therefore, the numerical models utilizing these closed-form influence functions are the special BEM where the domain is a half-space (or a half-plane). This analytical work sheds some light on how to accurately simulate the non-half-space contact problem using the BEM.
Analysis of Linear Interface Algorithms for Power Hardware- in - the- Loop Simulation

Power hardware-in-the-loop (PHIL) simulation is a technique whereby actual power hardware is interfaced to a virtual surrounding system, simulated in real-time, through PHIL interfaces making use of power amplifiers and/or actuators. A number of seemingly disparate interface algorithms (IA) have been proposed in the literature for achieving the virtual coupling between the simulated and physical portions of the system, with each presenting different strengths and shortcomings. In this work, a framework based on an architecture for bilateral teleoperation systems is described, which is suitable for the formulation of linear PHIL IAs, encompassing the majority of the existing IAs proposed in the literature. Formulations of a number of existing PHIL IAs are given in the context of the described framework. Requirements for achieving transparency with the IAs are described, and several of the existing IAs are discussed in terms of the framework, adherence to the transparency requirements, and performance. As the architecture also lends itself to the development of flexible IA modules for real-time simulators, the implementation and application of an IA module reflecting this architecture is also described.
Do Not Cross Me: Optimizing the Use of Cross-Sectional Designs

The cross-sectional research design, especially when used with self-report surveys, is held in low esteem despite its widespread use. It is generally accepted that the longitudinal design offers considerable advantages and should be preferred due to its ability to shed light on causal connections. In this paper, I will argue that the ability of the longitudinal design to reflect causality has been overstated and that it offers limited advantages over the cross-sectional design in most cases in which it is used. The nature of causal inference from a philosophy of science perspective is used to illustrate how cross-sectional designs can provide evidence for relationships among variables and can be used to rule out many potential alternative explanations for those relationships. Strategies for optimizing the use of cross-sectional designs are noted, including the inclusion of control variables to rule out spurious relationships, the addition of alternative sources of data, and the incorporation of experimental methods. Best practice advice is offered for the use of both cross-sectional and longitudinal designs, as well as for authors writing and for reviewers evaluating papers that report results of cross-sectional studies.
Ion specific, odd–even glass transition temperatures and conductivities in precise network polymerized ionic liquids

A series of crosslinked network polymerized ionic liquids (n-PILs) were synthesized with precise linker lengths, ranging from 4–12 carbons, to investigate the role of network nanostructure and electrostatic interactions on ion transport. The n-PILs contain tethered ammonium cations and either spherical BF4 or large, non-spherical bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide (TFSI) mobile anions. In the TFSI networks, a pronounced odd–even effect is observed with carbon linker length where the glass transition temperature (Tg) can vary by 45 K and conductivity by almost two orders of magnitude simply by adding one carbon between the junctions. The dynamic fragility of the temperature-dependent conductivity also shows an odd–even effect. In the BF4 networks, made from the same initial network, higher Tgs are observed with no odd–even effect. Both versions of the networks exhibit ionic aggregation peaks (via wide-angle X-ray scattering) which show monotonic variations with carbon length. These findings indicate that major odd–even Tg and conductivity effects can be observed with small variations in the chemical structure.
Effect of headspace gas composition on carboxylates production in open-culture fermentation of corn stover

Abstract In open-culture fermentation of lignocellulosic biomass, the gas composition in the fermentor headspace can suppress or favor certain fermentation pathways and thereby alter product concentrations. This study focuses on the effect of hydrogen and carbon dioxide concentrations in the headspace of open-culture fermentation of raw corn stover (80%) and chicken manure (20%). Four headspace gas compositions were evaluated at 2.05 × 105 Pa (abs): pure hydrogen, pure carbon dioxide, mixture of hydrogen and carbon dioxide (1:1), and pure nitrogen (control). Using pure hydrogen in the headspace increased the acetic acid equivalents by 13%, but did not change the product spectrum considerably. Using pure carbon dioxide in the headspace reduced the acetic acid equivalents by 4%, but shifted the acid spectrum from short toward medium-chain carboxylic acids. Using hydrogen:carbon dioxide (1:1) in the fermentor headspace increased the acetic acid equivalents by 29%.
Designing and Modeling Analog Neural Network Training Accelerators

Analog crossbars have the potential to reduce the energy and latency required to train a neural network by three orders of magnitude when compared to an optimized digital ASIC. The crossbar simulator, CrossSim, can be used to model device nonidealities and determine what device properties are needed to create an accurate neural network accelerator. Experimentally measured device statistics are used to simulate neural network training accuracy and compare different classes of devices including TaOx ReRAM, Lir-Co-Oz devices, and conventional floating gate SONOS memories. A technique called “Periodic Carry” can overcomes device nonidealities by using a positional number system while maintaining the benefit of parallel analog matrix operations.
O10 Community health workers: solving health issues and improving wellbeing

As the U.S. health care system continues to face a myriad of challenges due to political uncertainty, cost, lack of reform, and financial insecurity, many individuals and communities throughout the U.S. will continue to encounter barriers to accessing care. Among the most vulnerable groups include black, immigrant, refugee, and low-income communities. These groups encounter significant barriers in the form of social determinants of health – such as lack of financial security, education level, and transportation. One type of non-clinical worker, commonly known as a community health worker (CHW), provides one means of addressing these issues. However, in many states, CHWs are not well integrated within the workforce and/or are treated with ambivalence. Their strengths include belonging to the community they work within, emphasizing community outreach, health education, and advocacy. Their strengths address vital gaps in care for marginalized communities. This paper explores key findings from a dissertation project that documented the lived experiences of CHWs. The aim of this paper is to present the practical and theoretical findings regarding these workers as they are integrated into the workforce in the state of Indiana. The theoretical framing of this project includes moral economy and anthropological framings of health care. The project utilized a collaborative approach with a local CHW organization and drew on participant observation (>300 hours), semi-structured interview (n=50 interviews), focus groups, and photovoice. The results demonstrate similar yet diverse experiences among these workers, disparities in the vision of the CHW model between stakeholders and CHWs, and the vital role of advocacy in promoting health and wellbeing. Overall, this project demonstrates that social scientists can play a crucial role in infusing social theory in conceptions of health and wellbeing in addition to fostering collaborative research relationships with community partners.
The Neurosociology of Social Rejection and Suffering

After a short introduction to neurosociology, I demonstrate how the human brain is organized to make us profoundly social. Support for this position came from the contrasts studied by Spitz (1966) between infants isolated from almost all human contact and other infants with normal social contact. The effect of isolation on the infants who were deprived of normal human mothering and cuddling ruined their psychological and physical health. The discovery that the same general brain areas enable both physical pain and that of social isolation casts light on the isolated infants plight. Current research on this supports evolutionary arguments for why such commonalities exist in the human brain. This research also demonstrates that we are sensitive to even minor forms of social rejection causes social pain or “interpersonal suffering.” Neurosciences and neurosociology add greatly to our understanding of the role of social rejection in both pain and suffering.
Computationally Optimized Broadly Reactive H2 HA Influenza Vaccines Elicited Broadly Cross-Reactive Antibodies and Protected Mice from Viral Challenges.

ABSTRACT Influenza viruses have caused numerous pandemics throughout human history. The 1957 influenza pandemic was initiated by an H2N2 influenza virus. This H2N2 influenza virus was the result of a reassortment event between a circulating H2N2 avian virus and the seasonal H1N1 viruses in humans. Previously, our group has demonstrated the effectiveness of hemagglutinin (HA) antigens derived using computationally optimized broadly reactive antigen (COBRA) methodology against H1N1, H3N2, and H5N1 viruses. Using the COBRA methodology, H2 HA COBRA antigens were designed using sequences from H2N2 viruses isolated from humans in the 1950s and 1960s, as well as H2Nx viruses isolated from avian and mammalian species between the 1950s and 2016. In this study, the effectiveness of H2 COBRA HA antigens (Z1, Z3, Z5, and Z7) was evaluated in DBA/2J mice and compared to that of wild-type H2 HA antigens. The COBRA HA vaccines elicited neutralizing antibodies to the majority of viruses in our H2 HA panel and across all three clades as measured by hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) and neutralization assays. Comparatively, several wild-type HA vaccines elicited antibodies against a majority of the viruses in the H2 HA panel. DBA/2J mice vaccinated with COBRA vaccines showed increase survival for all three viral challenges compared to the wild-type H2 vaccines. In particular, the Z1 COBRA is a promising candidate for future work toward a pandemic H2 influenza vaccine. IMPORTANCE H2N2 influenza has caused at least one pandemic in the past. Given that individuals born after 1968 have not been exposed to H2N2 influenza viruses, a future pandemic caused by H2 influenza is likely. An effective H2 influenza vaccine would need to elicit broadly cross-reactive antibodies to multiple H2 influenza viruses. Choosing a wild-type virus to create a vaccine may elicit a narrow immune response and not protect against multiple H2 influenza viruses. COBRA H2 HA vaccines were developed and evaluated in mice along with wild-type H2 HA vaccines. Multiple COBRA H2 HA vaccines protected mice from all three viral challenges and produced broadly cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies to H2 influenza viruses.
Evaluation of Wood Composite Sandwich Panels as a Promising Renewable Building Material

During this study, full-size wood composite sandwich panels, 1.2 m by 2.4 m (4 ft by 8 ft), with a biaxial corrugated core were evaluated as a building construction material. Considering the applications of this new building material, including roof, floor, and wall paneling, sandwich panels with one and two corrugated core(s) were fabricated and experimentally evaluated. Since primary loads applied on these sandwich panels during their service life are live load, snow load, wind, and gravity loads, their bending and compression behavior were investigated. To improve the thermal characteristics, the cavities within the sandwich panels created by the corrugated geometry of the core were filled with a closed-cell foam. The R-values of the sandwich panels were measured to evaluate their energy performance. Comparison of the weight indicated that fabrication of a corrugated panel needs 74% less strands and, as a result, less resin compared to a strand-based composite panel, such as oriented strand board (OSB), of the same size and same density. Bending results revealed that one-layer core sandwich panels with floor applications under a 4.79 kPa (100 psf) bending load are able to meet the smallest deflection limit of L/360 when the span length (L) is 137.16 cm (54 in) or less. The ultimate capacity of two-layered core sandwich panels as a wall member was 94% and 158% higher than the traditional walls with studs under bending and axial compressive loads, respectively. Two-layered core sandwich panels also showed a higher ultimate capacity compared to structural insulated panels (SIP), at 470% and 235% more in bending and axial compression, respectively. Furthermore, normalized R-values, the thermal resistance, of these sandwich panels, even with the presence of thermal bridging due to the core geometry, was about 114% and 109% higher than plywood and oriented strand board, respectively.
Patient-centered mobile health technology intervention to improve self-care in patients with chronic heart failure: Protocol for a feasibility randomized controlled trial.

Abstract This randomized controlled trial aims to determine the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a patient-centered, mobile health technology intervention (iCardia4HF) in patients with chronic Heart Failure (HF). Participants (n = 92) are recruited and randomized 1:1 to the intervention or control group. The intervention group receives a commercial HF self-care app (Heart Failure Storylines), three connected health devices that interface with the app (Withings weight scale and blood pressure monitor, and Fitbit activity tracker), and a program of individually tailored text-messages targeting health beliefs, self-care self-efficacy, HF-knowledge, and physical activity. The control group receives the same connected health devices, but without the HF self-care app and text messages. Follow-up assessments occur at 30 days and 12 weeks. The main outcome of interest is adherence to HF self-care assessed objectively through time-stamped data from the electronic devices and also via patient self-reports. Primary measures of HF self-care include medication adherence and adherence to daily weight monitoring. Secondary measures of HF self-care include adherence to daily self-monitoring of HF symptoms and blood pressure, adherence to low-sodium diet, and engagement in physical activity. Self-reported HF self-care and health-related quality of life are assessed with the Self-care Heart Failure Index and the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire, respectively. Hospitalizations and emergency room visits are tracked in both groups over 12 weeks as part of our safety protocol. This study represents an important step in testing a scalable mHealth solution that has the potential to bring about a new paradigm in self-management of HF.
Negatively biased cognition as a mechanism of mindfulness: a review of the literature

Mindfulness-based interventions are efficacious in reducing depression and anxiety symptoms, but mechanisms underlying these benefits have not been fully elucidated. Based on cognitive theories of depression and anxiety, a reduction in negatively biased cognition may be one mechanism. We reviewed the empirical literature on mindfulness and negatively biased cognition. Thirty-seven studies met inclusion/exclusion criteria. The evidence generally indicated that mindfulness was inversely associated with negatively biased cognition, across various measures (i.e., self-reported negatively biased cognitive styles and cognitive responses to tasks involving valenced stimuli), study designs (i.e., correlational, quasi-experimental, and experimental), and samples (i.e., unselected and clinical). However, the relation was mixed for cognitive reactivity to negative emotions in recurrent depression and null for indices of quick behavioral control. Correlational evidence in unselected samples also supported an indirect relation between mindfulness and fewer depression and anxiety symptoms through less negatively biased cognition. Mindfulness may be useful for addressing this intended mechanism of traditional cognitive-behavioral therapy. Future research should more directly test the role of negatively biased cognition in protective and therapeutic effects of mindfulness.
Socio-demographic factors related to parent engagement in the NICU and the impact of the SENSE program

Abstract Background Early parent engagement in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is important for both parent and infant mental health and for improving developmental outcomes. It remains unclear how different programs, such as the Supporting and Enhancing NICU Sensory Experiences (SENSE) program, may empower parents from various socio-demographic groups to engage in the NICU. An improved understanding could aid in individualizing interventions for those at the highest risk for health disparities. Aims This exploratory study, which was part of a larger study, sought to explore 1) socio-demographic factors related to parent presence and engagement in the NICU and 2) if the SENSE program related to increased parent presence and engagement among different socio-demographic groups. Methods Seventy parent-infant dyads (born ≤ 32 weeks gestation) were randomized to SENSE programming (parent education and age-appropriate, positive sensory interventions for parents to conduct with their infants every day of hospitalization) or standard care after admission to the NICU. The amount of parent presence and participation in sensory activities was tracked using bedside logs, nursing records, and research team documentation. Results Being married (p = 0.048; p = 0.01), having private insurance (p Conclusion Programming, such as the SENSE program, can improve parent engagement in the NICU among high-risk groups.
A beamformer-independent method to predict photoacoustic visual servoing system failure from a single image frame

Visual servoing is a robotic method that has the potential to assist surgeons with tracking tool tips when attached to optical fibers to create photoacoustic images that are autonomously monitored. Currently, this approach must be tested with multiple image frames and multiple laser energies prior to each surgery in order to identify the minimum required energy that will not cause system failure over the number of frames tested. This study investigates possible integration of the generalized contrast-to-noise ratio (gCNR) into pre-surgical procedures as a method to predict system failure from only a single image frame. Photoacoustic data were acquired from an optical fiber inserted in a plastisol phantom or in the left ventricle of an in vivo swine heart. Raw data were processed with delay-and-sum (DAS) and short-lag spatial coherence (SLSC) beamforming (M = 25). gCNR values were estimated from a 3 mm x 3 mm region of interest (ROI) surrounding the photoacoustic target coordinates provided by the visual servoing algorithm. The prediction function modelled from phantom data was fit with R2 values of 0.992 and 0.991 for DAS and SLSC beamformers, respectively. When applying this fit to the in vivo test data, the RMSE between measured segmentation accuracy and the prediction functions was 9.34% for DAS images and 4.78% for SLSC images. These results indicate that the newly introduced image quality metric gCNR has sufficient robustness to predict the performance of visual servoing segmentation tasks and thereby mitigate the burden, time, and requirements of testing multiple image frames prior to the initiation of a surgery.
Familial Cancer Syndromes

Familial cancer syndromes represent a small proportion of the overall number of cancers that are diagnosed each year. However, given the high incidence of some cancers (such as breast and colorectal), the absolute number of patients with hereditary cancer syndromes is quite large, and many cancer patients may be unaware that they have a hereditary cancer syndrome. The study of familial cancer syndromes has led to discovery of genes that also play a significant role in the development of nonfamilial, sporadic cancers. In addition, genetic cancer syndromes can offer opportunities for early cancer diagnosis and treatment in subjects at high risk because of identification of inherited mutations. For these reasons, familial cancer syndromes form an important area for both basic research and clinical practice. In this chapter, the molecular aspects of selected hereditary cancer syndromes are reviewed.
Overview of Relapse Prevention

Publisher Summary This chapter provides a concise overview of the original model and specific relapse prevention intervention strategies. Relapse has been defined as both an event, any drinking, and a process. A lapse is the initial setback or the first instance of a previously changed behavior, whereas a prolapse is the process of getting back on track in the direction of positive behavior change. The primary basis of the cognitive-behavioral model of relapse is the identification of a high-risk situation. A high-risk situation is defined as any experience, emotion, setting, thought, or context that presents an increased risk for a person to engage in some transgressive behavior. The first level of the hierarchy distinguishes between the intrapersonal and interpersonal precipitants for relapse. One study demonstrated that high emotional arousal during an alcohol intervention can have iatrogenic effects. It is found that within a few seconds of entering a high-risk situation or in the anticipation of a future high-risk situation the key relapse prevention strategy is the implementation of an effective coping skill.
22 – Histiocytosis syndromes

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses clinical manifestations, pathology, diagnostic features, and treatments of histiocytosis syndromes and other disorders. Histiocytosis syndrome identifies a group of disorders that have in common the proliferation of cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system and the dendritic cell system. Histiocytes are defined as a group of immune cells, including macrophages and dendritic cells. It does not include storage diseases, hyperlipidemic xanthomatosis, or granulomatous reaction in chronic infections such as tuberculosis or foreign body granuloma. The histiocyte society established the criteria required for the histologic, histochemical, and electron microscopic diagnosis of Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH). The immunologic, cytochemical, and histologic identifying features of cells of the histiocyte system are also described. Clinical manifestations depend on the site of lesions, number of involved sites, and extent to which the function of the involved organs is compromised. Most reliable systems used for the description of the various clinical manifestations of LCH are eosinophilic granuloma, hand schuller christian disease, and abt letterer siwe disease. A generally accepted standard for the initial treatment of patients is to use an appropriate amount of the least toxic therapy to treat the disease. The solitary bone lesion treatment is commonly given to the patients.
Frequency response of a polarization-maintaining optical fiber interferometer for simultaneous measurement of strain and temperature

ABSTRACT Two different demodulation schemes, heterodyne and passive homodyne, were used to determine the frequency responseof a polarization—maintaining (PM) optical fiber Mach—Zehnder interferometer for simultaneous measurement of axial strainand temperature. A symmetric 3 x3 coupler was used to construct the passive homodyne configuration. The heterodyne setup consisted of two acousto-optically modulated lightwaves combined in a 2 x PM fiber coupler. The intensity output of the coupler was demodulated using a digital lock—in amplifier. For a sensing fiber length of 0.54 meters, the frequency response toan axial load was flat up to 2 kHz. A simple rigid rod model ofthe fiber was developed to estimate the dynamic response.Keywords: interferometer, optical fiber, frequency response, dual—paramter measurement 1. INTRODUCTIONA problem in the design of highly sensitive interferometric optical fiber sensors is their extreme sensitivity totemperature. When measuring disturbances other than temperature, the change in phase induced by a change in temperatureadds noise to the response of the sensing fiber. In many measurement environments, the ambient temperature is uncontrolled
Receding Horizon Model-Predictive Control for Mobile Robot Navigation of Intricate Paths

As mobile robots venture into more difficult environments, more complex state-space paths are required to move safely and efficiently. The difference between mission success and failure can be determined by a mobile robots capacity to effectively navigate such paths in the presence of disturbances. This paper describes a technique for mobile robot model predictive control that utilizes the structure of a regionalmotion plan to effectively search the local continuum for an improved solution. The contribution, a receding horizon model-predictive control (RHMPC) technique, specifically addresses the problem of path following and obstacle avoidance through geometric singularities and discontinuities such as cusps, turn-in-place, and multi-point turn maneuvers in environments where terrain shape and vehicle mobility effects are non-negligible. The technique is formulated as an optimal controller that utilizes a model-predictive trajectory generator to relax parameterized control inputs initialized from a regional motion planner to navigate safely through the environment. Experimental results are presented for a six-wheeled skid-steered field robot in natural terrain.
Analyzing the Visual Discourse of Charter Schools in the News

This study examines a number of political cartoons focused on various aspects of charter school reform. These images illustrate the ways in which political cartoons are able to tap into dominant cultural beliefs in order to call attention to particular issues often from a critical perspective. The paper unpacks the meaning embedded in these cartoons through the use of tools borrowed from both the study of semiotics and the field of visual rhetoric. With regard to semiotics, the study focuses on identifying the signs and symbols embedded within the images. With respect to visual rhetoric, the study focuses on the way the images condense and combine ideas, present opposing position, and seek to normalize or challenge particular perspectives. More generally, the study uses political cartoons as a means to identify currents of opposition and possibilities for contestation in relation to the dominant direction of educational reform. In the case of charter school reform, political cartoons open up a discursive space for consideration and critique of current policies and their consequences. These cartoons provide access to a discourse that questions the benefits of charter school reform and stands in opposition to the dominant neoliberal discourses now shaping educational policy.
Detection of KRAS and BRAF Mutations in Colorectal Carcinoma: Roles for High-Sensitivity Locked Nucleic Acid-PCR Sequencing and Broad-Spectrum Mass Spectrometry Genotyping

KRAS and BRAF mutations predict the resistance of colorectal carcinomas to therapy targeted to the epidermal growth factor receptor, but their detection can be challenging because of high testing volume, frequently low tumor content, and the spectrum of rarer mutations in these genes. To address these issues, we evaluated a locked nucleic acid (LNA)-PCR sequencing assay to detect low levels of mutant DNA, and we also evaluated a mass spectrometry genotyping assay (Sequenom, San Diego, CA) that is suitable for broad mutation screening. Clinical cases (n = 308) previously tested for KRAS and BRAF by standard sequencing were retested by LNA-PCR sequencing incorporating an LNA oligonucleotide to suppress amplification of nonmutant DNA, and by a Sequenom assay panel targeting common mutations in both genes. Standard sequencing detected 121 KRAS (39%) and 10 BRAF mutations; retesting with the LNA-based method and the Sequenom assay detected 19 (140/308, 45%) and 6 (127/308, 41%) additional KRAS mutants, respectively. One additional BRAF mutant was detected by the Sequenom assay. The analytical sensitivities were 0.3% for both KRAS and BRAF by LNA-PCR and from 1% to 10% for the Sequenom assays, depending on the specific mutation. Given these results, standard sequencing is suboptimal for mutation detection in metastatic and treated lesions even with predissection for tumor enrichment. High-sensitivity LNA-PCR sequencing detects significantly more mutations, whereas the Sequenom platform shows intermediate sensitivity but offers significant advantages for broader mutation screening.
Tangential Cauchy-Riemann Operators

The theme of this section is that holomorphic functions in a region Ω ⊂ ℂ n that are smooth on \(\bar \Omega \) satisfy “tangential Cauchy-Riemann equations” on ∂Ω when n > 1, and that, conversely, all functions defined on a portion M of the boundary that satisfy these equations extend to be holomorphic on one or even on both sides of M, provided certain geometric conditions hold.
Study of the outage probability of the multiply-detected macrodiversity scheme

In this paper, the outage probability of the "multiply-detected macrodiversity (MDM)" scheme is studied. The previously introduced MDM scheme is a non-selection based, postdetection combining scheme, which employs a maximum likelihood decision algorithm on signals received at a number of base-stations. Previously published performance results indicate that the MDM scheme considerably outperforms other conventional forms of macrodiversity throughout a large portion of the cell area. In this paper, we analyze and simulate the outage performance of the MDM scheme and compare those with the (S/I)-diversity scheme. As a point of reference, if the outage probability is defined as BER above 0.0001, the outage is eliminated at least 45% of the time as compared with (S/I)-diversity, for propagation attenuation exponent of 4 and shadowing standard deviation of 4 dB.
Initiation of tachycardia with longitudinal dissociation: What is the mechanism?

Case presentation A 61-year-old man with hypertension, diabetes, and obstructive sleep apnea had a history of intermittent palpitations for 30 years that progressively increased in frequency and duration. The patient underwent an invasive electrophysiologic study, during which pacing from the right ventricular apex demonstrated earliest retrograde atrial activation along the posterior paraseptal region. Administration of intravenous adenosine (12 mg) during ventricular pacing is shown in Figure 1. There was no evidence of anterograde dual atrioventricular (AV) nodal physiology or anterograde preexcitation. Sustained supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) at a cycle length of 370 ms was induced in the baseline state with a single premature ventricular extrastimulus (Figure 2). An example of tachycardia response to a premature extrastimulus is shown in Figure 3A. What is the mechanism of the tachycardia?
Do Different Recruitment Methods Reach Different Asian Demographics

In systematic analyses of recruitment data, Liu, Sha and Park (2013) and Park and Sha (2014) examined the efficiency of four common recruitment methods to recruit Asian research participants who speak little or no English. Continuing this line of research, this paper examines whether there are considerable differences in demographic characteristics among the Asian research participants recruited through these four recruitment methods: newspaper ads, physical flyers, online communication, and word of mouth. We examined 845 recruitment records completed with Chinese and Korean speakers for a cognitive interviewing study of the American Community Survey (ACS) Language Assistance Guide, conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau. The findings of this paper will be of interest to researchers of cross-cultural studies who would like to recruit specific Asian demographics.
Isolation and Characterization of a Thermophilic Strain of Methanosarcina Unable to Use H(2)-CO(2) for Methanogenesis.

Abstract A thermophilic strain of Methanosarcina, designated Methanosarcina strain TM-1, was isolated from a laboratory-scale 55°C anaerobic sludge digestor by the Hungate roll-tube technique. Penicillin and d-cycloserine, inhibitors of peptidoglycan synthesis, were used as selective agents to eliminate contaminating non-methanogens. Methanosarcina strain TM-1 had a temperature optimum for methanogenesis near 50°C and grew at 55°C but not at 60°C. Substrates used for methanogenesis and growth by Methanosarcina strain TM-1 were acetate (12-h doubling time), methanol (7- to 10-h doubling time), methanol-acetate mixtures (5-h doubling time), methylamine, and trimethylamine. When radioactively labeled acetate was the sole methanogenic substrate added to the growth medium, it was predominantly split to methane and carbon dioxide. When methanol was also present in the medium, the metabolism of acetate shifted to its oxidation and incorporation into cell material. Electrons derived from acetate oxidation apparently were used to reduce methanol. H2-CO2 was not used for growth and methanogenesis by Methanosarcina strain TM-1. When presented with both H2-CO2 and methanol, Methanosarcina strain TM-1 was capable of limited hydrogen metabolism during growth on methanol, but hydrogen metabolism ceased once the methanol was depleted. Methanosarcina strain TM-1 required a growth factor (or growth factors) present in the supernatant of anaerobic digestor sludge. Growth factor requirements and the inability to use H2-CO2 are characteristics not found in other described Methanosarcina strains. The high numbers of Methanosarcina-like clumps in sludges from thermophilic digestors and the fast generation times reported here for Methanosarcina TM-1 indicate that Methanosarcina may play an important role in thermophilic methanogenesis.
Explorations in the realm of organization theory. III: Decision making, planning, and the steady state

Since World War 11, fundamental changes in organizations have been taking place. What is the new thinking on organization? What is the effect of the new technology? Is there a technical “elite” emerging in our culture? Pursuing the analysis of organization theory begun in the January, 1958 issue of Behavioral Science, examination is made here of instances where science is changing the procedures by which decisions are being made for organizations. Future planning must take into account not only the equilibrium state of organizations but, more importantly, essential features of growth.
Plant regeneration of Solanum lycopersicoides Dun. from stem explants, callus and suspension cultures

Protocols were established for achieving plant regeneration from stem internode, callus, and cell suspension cultures of Solanum lycopersicoides Dun. Two accessions of S. lycopersicoides exhibited different responses as to callus formation on various media, requirement of gibberellic acid for shoot regeneration, and ability to grow in suspension culture. The optimum medium for initiation and maintenance of cell suspension cultures was Murashige and Skoog [9] medium with 15 mg l− NAA. For shoot regeneration, of three cytokinins tested, zeatin was found most effective relative to number, rapidity of response and overall quality of shoots. Shoot regeneration from stem explants, callus and suspension cultures was optimum on MS + 3.0 mg l−1 zeatin + 0.1 mg l−1 gibberellic acid.
A FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY MODEL OF RISK ASSESSMENT FOR CHILD CUSTODY RELOCATION LAW

Relocation in child custody presents a psycho-legal dilemma of trying to preserve stability in the child's residential family unit while maintaining continuity in the role of the nonresidential parent. Courts have shown a strong preference to permiting the child to move away with the residential parent unless there is a showing of potential harm to the child. The forensic violence risk assessment literature provides an analogous conceptual framework for understanding the prediction of harm. Instead of predicting violence, the evaluator is predicting the effect of environmental circumstances on the child's adjustment. A forensic psychology model of risk assessment is adapted to the relocation problem. The elements of the model are an expected base rate of short-term emotional distress due to relocation, risk and modulating factors, and how to handle the potential consequences of prediction errors. A hierarchical predictive process, derived hypotheses, and practical considerations in relocation are discussed.
The Use of Standardized Patient Encounters for Evaluation of a Clinical Education Program on the Development of HIV/AIDS-Related Clinical Skills

Abstract The success of medical education is traditionally gauged by performance on written examinations. However, clinical proficiency in real-world situations is difficult to assess by written examinations alone. We developed a novel evaluation tool to measure the development of HIV-specific clinical skills using Standardized Patient Encounters (SPEs). Trainees were evaluated at baseline and after an HIV clinical training module by (1) self-reported confidence with HIV-specific clinical skills and (2) performance assessments using SPEs. Case scenarios were designed to incorporate unique issues associated with HIV that may present to a primary care provider. SPEs were scored based on written documentation including problem list and plan as well as a review of the videotapes by HIV specialists evaluating key elements of clinical skills and decision making. Improvements were noted in multiple facets of the encounters. The use of SPEs enables evaluation of clinical training interventions on the development ...