cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Induced Anomalous Dispersion in Semiconductor Lasers

In semiconductor lasers, the nonlinear parametric interaction of spectral modes, with one of them being at sufficiently high intensity, results in anomalous dispersion. Consequently, in the vicinity of a strong driving wave (mode), the phase index, group index, linewidth broadening, and the gain experienced by a neighboring weak mode are strongly perturbed. The magnitude of nonlinear perturbation depends on driving wave intensity, frequency detuning between the modes, lifetime of the carriers in the system, and optical confinement factor of the laser structure. In this paper, the perturbation of optical characteristics of probe (weak) wave in presence of a strong driving wave is illustrated for GaAs/AlGaAs separate confinement heterostructure and InGaAs/AlGaAs/GaAs double-quantum-well semiconductor ridge waveguide lasers using numerical modeling.
Discrete stochastic metapopulation model with arbitrarily distributed infectious period

Abstract In this study, a stochastic discrete-time model is developed to study the spread of an infectious disease in an n-patch environment. The model includes an arbitrary distribution of the (random) infectious period T, and the results are used to investigate how the distribution of T may influence the model outcomes. General results are applied to specific distributions including Geometric, Negative Binomial, Poisson and Uniform. The model outcomes are contrasted both numerically and analytically by comparing the corresponding basic reproduction numbers R 0 and probability of a minor epidemic (or probability of disease extinction) P 0 . It is shown analytically that for n = 2 the reproduction numbers corresponding to different distributions of T can be ordered based on the probability generating function ϕT of T. In addition, numerical simulations are carried out to examine the final epidemic size F and duration of the epidemic D of a two-patch model.
Evaluation of incisor position and dental transverse dimensional changes using the Damon system.

Abstract Objectives: To test the hypotheses that the Damon system will maintain intercanine, interpremolar, and intermolar widths. To test subsequent hypotheses that the Damon system will not produce a significant difference in maxillary and mandibular incisor position/angulation when compared with control groups treated with conventional fixed orthodontic appliances for similar malocclusion. Materials and Methods: Subjects treated with the Damon system (N = 27) were compared with subjects treated with a conventionally ligated edgewise bracket system (N = 16). Subjects' pretreatment and posttreatment lateral cephalometric radiographs and dental models were scanned, measured, and compared to see whether significant differences exist between time points and between the two groups. Results: Results did not support the claimed lip bumper effect of the Damon system and showed similar patterns of crowding alleviation, including transverse expansion and incisor advancement, in both groups, regardless of the ...
Infant Orthopedics in Cleft Lip and Palate have No Effect on Maxillary Arch Dimensions in Children Younger than Age 6

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Infant orthopedics has no effect on maxillary arch dimensions in the deciduous dentition of children with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (Dutchcleft). Bongaarts CAM, van 't Hof MA, Prahl-Andersen B, Dirks IV, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2006;43:665-72. Reviewer Deborah A. Redford-Badwal, DDS, PhD Purpose/Question Are there any differences at ages 4 and 6 years on maxillary arch dimensions in the deciduous dentition in children with unilateral cleft lip, alveolus, and palate who receive infant orthopedics before surgical closure of the soft palate versus those who do not receive orthopedics? Source of Funding The source of funding was not directly stated, rather it was reported that it was part of a Dutch intercenter study carried out in a collaboration among the Cleft Palate Centers of the University of Nijmegen, Academic Center of Dentistry in Amsterdam, and University Medical Center Rotterdam in Rotterdam Type of Study/Design Randomized controlled trial Level of Evidence Level 1: Good-quality, patient-oriented evidence Strength of Recommendation Grade Not applicable
A Frequency Analysis of Vocabulary in Three First-Year Textbooks of German

Research shows that the most frequently used words of a language's vocabulary are of great benefit and importance for the learner, especially during the early stages of language learning. Information about word frequency, therefore, plays a critical role when selecting vocabulary for a German course or textbook. This article describes a study which investigates how three current and widely-used textbooks for first-year German instruction at American universities and colleges reflect German lexical frequencies. The three textbooks investigated are Deutsch heute, Kontakte, and Neue Horizonte.
Nuclear Spectroscopy of Bi 210 with Stripping Reactions

Forty-four single neutron states are located in ${\mathrm{Bi}}^{210}$ with ${\mathrm{Bi}}^{209}(d, p)$ reactions. These are compared with the levels predicted from the $j\ensuremath{-}j$ coupling shell model. Of the ten levels predicted from a coupling of the ${h}_{\frac{9}{2}}$ proton and the ${g}_{\frac{9}{2}}$ neutron, nine are observed including the ground state. One of them is assumed to be composed of two close-lying levels, thus, accounting for all the ten levels. Proton angular distributions and total cross section for exciting these ten levels suggest that they have a very pure ${({h}_{\frac{9}{2}})}_{p}{({g}_{\frac{9}{2}})}_{n}$ configuration. A comparison of the relative cross sections for exciting these ten levels with the $2J+1$ statistical factor gives consistent spin values for these levels. Angular distributions of protons from several prominent groups in ${\mathrm{Bi}}^{209}(d, p)$ reactions are compared with those from ${\mathrm{Pb}}^{208}(d, p)$ reactions, identifying the (${d}_{\frac{5}{2}}$), (${s}_{\frac{1}{2}}$), and (${d}_{\frac{3}{2}}$) neutron states in ${\mathrm{Bi}}^{210}$. Effect of configuration mixing is discussed. The level density above 2.5-MeV excitation is found to be small compared to the shell-model prediction.
Multi-modal location-aware system for paratrooper team coordination

Navigation and assembly are critical tasks for Soldiers in battlefield situations. Paratroopers, in particular, must be able to parachute into a battlefield and locate and assemble their equipment as quickly and quietly as possible. Current assembly methods rely on bulky and antiquated equipment that inhibit the speed and effectiveness of such operations. To address this we have created a multi-modal mobile navigation system that uses ruggedized to mark assembly points and smartphones to assist in navigating to these points while minimizing cognitive load and maximizing situational awareness. To achieve this task, we implemented a novel beacon receiver protocol that allows an infinite number of receivers to listen to the encrypted beaconing message using only ad-hoc Wi-Fi technologies. The system was evaluated by U.S. Army Paratroopers and proved quick to learn and efficient at moving Soldiers to navigation waypoints. Beyond military operations, this system could be applied to any task that requires the assembly and coordination of many individuals or teams, such as emergency evacuations, fighting wildfires or locating airdropped humanitarian aid.
Polymorph and Particle Size Control of PPAR Compounds PF00287586 and AG035029

Development of polymorph control procedures for PF00287586 and AG035029 is described herein. For PF00287586, investigations were undertaken to control formation of both identified polymorphs, Form A and Form B. Solvent screening methodology was employed to find a solvent system that inhibited the solvent-mediated transformation of A to B so that the thermodynamically less stable Form A could be generated. For Form B, meta-stable zone width (MSZW) determination was performed and used to devise a controlled crystallization protocol to furnish Form B with improved flow and physical characteristics. For AG035029, both seeded crystallization and solvent-mediated transformation methods to generate Form B were investigated. During the development of the seeded crystallization, challenges arose when a ring of spontaneously nucleated Form A would form above the liquid level in the vessel during the cooling phase. Extraneous seeding from this “beard” invariably resulted in crystallization of Form A. A solution was ...
Citrinin mycotoxicosis in the Syrian hamster.

Abstract Citrinin, dissolved in either a solution of equal parts of dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) and 50% ethanol (EtOH) or 0.5 N -sodium hydroxide (NaOH), was administered by the ip or oral route to weanling Syrian hamsters. The single-dose ip LD 50 for citrinin dissolved in DMSO-50% EtOH, determined 72 hr after injection, was 66 mg/kg: for citrinin in 0-5 N -NaOH it was 75 mg/kg. The oral LD 50 for a single dose of citrinin dissolved in 0.5 N -NaOH was 220 mg/kg. The LD 50 values for seven daily doses of citrinin dissolved in 0.5 N -NaOH and given by the ip or oral route were 43 and 67 mg/kg/day respectively. Lesions in hamsters given single or multiple doses of citrinin were primarily found in the kidneys and included slight to marked necrosis of the renal cortical tubular epithelium, tubular calcification, the presence of protein and protein casts in the renal tubules and tubular dilation. The renal lesions in hamsters given multiple doses of citrinin were no more severe than those found in hamsters given only a single dose.
Circular polarization of external bremsstrahlung from 210Bi beta rays

Abstract The degree of circular polarization of the external bremsstrahlung produced by the beta rays from 210Bi was measured by the Compton scattering technique. The results are consistent with an electron longitudinal polarization of 0.731.
Variability in the quantitation of mitral regurgitation by Doppler color flow mapping: comparison of transthoracic and transesophageal studies.

Objectives. This study was designed to assess the most accurate and reproducible methods to quantitate mitral regurgitation by color flow trarasthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography. Background. Quantitative measurements of mitral regurgitant jets have resulted in an intraobserver and interobserver variability of up to 20%. Few data are available evaluating the various techniques by which mitral regurgitant jets are quantitated. Methods. Forty patients who underwent cardiac catheterization and both transesophageal and transthoracic echocardiography within 1 week were studied. Two boundaries of the color regurgitant jet area were identified and quantitated: 1) the central aliased core of the regurgitant jet with the mosaic pattern excluding any swirling low velocity flow; and 2) the largest definable area of the regurgitant flow, including low velocity flow considered to be part of the regurgitant jet. Results. The total regurgitant areas obtained by transthoracic and transesophageal studies did not differ (5.7 ± 4.6 vs. 5.7 ± 3.7 cm2; p = NS). However, the transesophageal mosaics were significantly larger than those obtained by transthoracic echocardiography (3.6 ± 3.1 vs. 2.8 ± 3.4 cm2; p < 0.01). In transthoracic studies observer variability was higher when the mosaic aspect of the regurgitant jet rather than the total regurgitant area was measured (24 ± 20 vs. 16 ± 11%; p < 0.05). In contrast, in transesophageal studies variability was lower when the mosaic area rather than the total regurgitant area was measured (11 ± 12% vs. 18 ± 18%; p < 0.05). The best correlations with left ventriculography were obtained by using the absolute tolal regurgitant area (r = 0.72) for transthoracic studies and the mosaic area of the jets (r = 0.87) for transesophageal studies. Conclusions. Doppler color flow jet areas correlate closely with angiographic results in the evaluation of mitral regurgitation. The total regurgitant area (including the surrounding swirling flow) in transthoracic studies and the aliased core of the regurgitant jet (mosaic) in transesophageal studies appear to be the most accurate and reproducible measurements for evaluating mitral regurgitation.
Mircea Eliade, Postmodernism, and the Problematic Nature of Representational Thinking

This essay reviews the "ten affinities" Bryan S. Rennie proposes, in his book, Reconstructing Eliade (1996), to establish Mircea Eliade as a precursor of postmodernism. These affinities can be grouped together as historical, ontological, and epistemological. The paper goes on to refute these affinities between Eliade and postmodernism by drawing on the work of undisputedly recognized postmodern thinkers.
PCB and hydrocarbon contamination of plankton by nets.

1. Nylon nets are in equilibrium with hydrocarbon materials in the water column. 2. Plankton can extract adsorbed hydrocarbons from the net. 3. In a plankton tow the entire water column (water, detritus, plankton, etc.) is really being sampled for hydrocarbons and PCB. 4. Care must be exercised in interpreting PCB or hydrocarbon analyses of plankton. Several short tows would be more valuable than one long tow, because the latter might partially equilibrate with an area of high contaminant level encountered near the end of the tow. 5. Washing the nets with a good clean solvent prior to towing appears to be beneficial in reducing contamination from nets
Youths' substance use and changes in parental knowledge-related behaviors during middle school: A person-oriented approach

Parental knowledge is a key protective factor for youths’ risky behavior. Little is known about how longitudinal combinations of knowledge-related behaviors are associated with youths’ substance use. This longitudinal study uses Latent Transition Analysis to identify latent patterns of parental knowledge-related behaviors occurring in mother-youth dyads during middle school and to investigate how changes in knowledge-related patterns are associated with youths’ substance use in Grade 6 and the initiation of substance use from Grade 6 to 8. Using a sample of 536 rural dyads (53 % female, 84 % White), we assessed mother and youths’ reports of parental knowledge, active parental monitoring efforts, youth disclosure, and parent-youth communication to identify six latent patterns of knowledge-related behaviors: High Monitors, Low Monitors, Communication-Focused, Supervision-Focused, Maternal Over-Estimators, and Youth Over-Estimators. Fifty percent or more of dyads in the High Monitors, Communication-Focused and Youth Over-Estimators were in the same status in both 6th and 8th grade: 98 % of Low Monitors in Grade 6 were also in this status in Grade 8. The initiation of alcohol, smoking, and marijuana was associated significantly with transitions between patterns of knowledge-related behaviors. The initiation of alcohol and smoking were associated with increased odds of transitions into the Low Monitors from the Communication-Focused, Supervision-Focused, and Maternal Over-Estimators. However, the initiation of substance use was associated with decreased odds of transitions from the High Monitors to the Low Monitors and with increased odds of transitions from High Monitors to Supervision-Focused. The discussion focuses on the value of using a person-oriented dyadic approach with multiple reporters to study changes in knowledge-related behaviors over the middle school period.
On optimal congestion

Abstract A number of classic papers conclude that if a congestible facility is the property of a profit maximizing entrepreneur, he will impose a charge for use that induces the socially optimal level of use and congestion. All these papers happen to deal with a special case in which that conclusion holds, but it is not true in general. In general, the socially optimal level of use of a congestible facility is the level at which the marginal cost of providing the service is equal to the sum of the decreases in the users' willingnesses to pay for a unit of service when the level of congestion is optimal, and need not coincide with the level resulting from a profit-maximizing charge. This sum is derived from the integral under a fictitious demand curve constructed by imagining that the level of congestion is the same (and optimal) at all levels of the use-charge.
SPIN FLIP IN INELASTIC SCATTERING: A POSSIBLE EXPLANATION OF THE OBSERVED BACKWARD-ANGLE PEAK.

Abstract Utilizing an analogy between the spin-orbit field and a magnetic field, it is shown that a plane-wave Born-approximation calculation in two dimensions gives a good qualitative account of the observed features of the probability of spin flip in inelastic scattering. Comparisons of the two-dimensional model and the collective model DWBA are given for the reaction 58 Ni(p, p′) 58 Ni(2 + ) at 20 MeV and 100 MeV.
Extreme childhood obesity is associated with increased risk for gastroesophageal reflux disease in a large population-based study

AbstractObjective. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) may link the obesity epidemic to an array of adverse health outcomes including chronic esophageal inflammation and, consequentially, to pathophysiological changes of the esophagus. Although obesity and GERD are associated in adults, data in children are scarce and inconclusive. The aim of this study is to investigate whether, similar to adults, obesity is associated with GERD in youth. Methods. For this population-based, cross-sectional study, measured weight and height and diagnosis of GERD were extracted from electronic medical records of 690 321 patients, aged 2–19 years, who were enrolled in an integrated prepaid health plan between 2007 and 2008. Weight class (normal weight, overweight, moderate and extreme obesity) was assigned based on body mass index-for-age. Results. Overall, GERD was diagnosed in 1.5% of boys and 1.8% of girls (P<0.001). Moderately and extremely obese children, aged 6–11 years, were more likely to have a diagnosis of GERD...
The Effects of Communication Style on Robot Navigation Performance

With the advance of computer speech recognition programs, robotic operators have a new method of robot-operator communication. An experiment was conducted using a “Wizard of Oz” paradigm to investigate how different styles of communication affect robot navigation performance. Using manual inputs, verbal commands (restricted to directions only), and verbal commands with object referent labels, participants navigated a simulated robot through various simulated indoor environments. Results indicated that manual control was faster than free form verbal commands but not faster than simple directional commands. When provided the opportunity, participants did use object labels particularly objects related to the structure of the building (doors, rooms, and halls). Discussion focuses on improving robotic communication and object recognition in a robotic control system.
Children with Terminal Illness: A Selected Review

This brief review considers the psychiatric aspect of a child's dying from terminal illness. Much of the literature is largely theoretical, illustrated by case histories and clinical observations. Only recently has research been published based on empirical analyses of grief reactions in the child. There is no corresponding empirical research on the grief reactions of parents and siblings, or of the medical staff that cares for the terminally ill child. A review in this area points out the need for more integration of theoretical, clinical, and empirical work, including all aspects of a dying child's environment.
Assessing Decision-Making Capacity: A Primer for the Development of Hospital Practice Guidelines

Decision making capacity (DMC) is a fundamental concept grounding the principle of respect for autonomy and the practice of obtaining informed consent. DMC must be determined and documented every time a patient undergoes a hospital procedure and for routine care when there is reason to believe decision making ability is compromised. In this paper we explore a path toward ethically informed development and implementation of a hospital policy related to DMC assessment. We begin with a review of the context of DMC assessment before discussing some considerations relevant to policy creation by healthcare ethics committees. The discussion concludes in a presentation of a typology of capacity assessment policies, which draws upon a sampling of currently used hospital policies to illustrate relevant ethical considerations.
How Shape Affects Microtubule and Nanoparticle Assembly

Part of the tantalizing promise of nanoparticles is that they can serve as building blocks of complex systems that could outperform other materials. For example, different structures could form depending on the shape of the nanoparticles. A stimulus, such as a change in temperature or the addition of a small molecule, that changes nanoparticle shape could create a new structure with a different function. Nature provides a large example set of nanoparticles in the form of proteins, which can be studied to gain insight into shape-dependent assembly. In a recent paper, Ojeda-Lopez et al. ( 1 ) describe a new shape-changing mechanism that dramatically alters how a protein system assembles. The α–β tubulin dimer naturally polymerizes to form microtubules. The authors discovered that adding a highly charged small molecule, spermine, causes a shape transformation. The tubules assemble within an inverted structure compared to that of the original microtubules.
Predominance of gonadotropin alpha-subunit resulting from preferential loss of hCG beta production in an established cell line.

The BeWo line of trophoblastic cells, maintained in continuous culture since 1966, was employed to investigate the phenomenon of gonadotropin α-subunit predominance that exists in several cell lines. The secretion of complete human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) relative to α-subunit was compared in several different BeWo sublines, all of which were derived from BeWo stock roller tube colonies. In all of the BeWo sublines, secretion of hCG originally exceeded secretion of α-subunit. With time in culture, however, there was a marked decline in production of hCG/hCGβ, but not in α-subunit. Thus it appears that the production of hCGβ by BeWo choriocarcinoma cells is more labile than the production of the α-subunit.
Majorants and Minorants for Elliptic Measures on Rk

Abstract Let μ(· ; Σ , G 1 ) and μ(· ; Ω , G 2 ) be elliptically contoured measures on R k centered at 0 , having scale parameters ( Σ , Ω ) and radial cdf′s ( G 1 , G 2 ). Elliptical measures v m (·) and v M (·), depending on ( Σ , Ω , G 1 , G 2 ), are constructed such that V m ( C ) ≤ {μ( C ; Σ , G 1 ), μ( C ; Ω , G 2 )} for every symmetric convex set C ⊂ R k with equality for certain sets. These in turn rely on the construction of spectral lower and upper matrix bounds for ( Σ , Ω ). Extensions include bounds for certain ensembles and mixtures, including versions having star-shaped contours. The lindings specialize to give envelopes for some nonstandard distributions of quadratic forms, with applications to stochastic characteristics of ballistic systems.
The Role of State-Sponsored Militias in Genocide

This article explains how and why armed, non-state actors collaborate with states to inflict massive levels of violence. Regime type and state capacity interact to provide state elites a menu of repertoires for implementing violence, some emphasizing direct state action, others emphasizing cooperation and alliance between state and armed, non-state actors. Rather than struggling in vain to build strong states to eliminate armed non-state actors and establish a monopoly over the use of force, averting genocide might necessitate recruiting and strengthening the power of indigenous, armed non-state actors.
Selective depression of GABA-mediated IPSPs by somatostatin in area CA1 of rabbit hippocampal slices.

Abstract In area CA1 of hippocampus, a subpopulation of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-containing interneurons that make synaptic contacts on pyramidal cells also contains the neuropeptide, somatostatin. The effects of GABA and somatostatin on hippocampal pyramidal cells have been investigated separately, but it is not known whether an interaction occurs between these co-localized substances. We demonstrate that somatostatin has a potent inhibitory effect on GABA-mediated synaptic potentials which hyperpolarize pyramidal cells. This effect may be relevant to the well-documented epileptogenicity of the hippocampus, as well as the phenomenon of long-term potentiation, which is a well-studied example of synaptic plasticity.
Peripheral dendritic cells are essential for both the innate and adaptive antiviral immune responses in the central nervous system.

Intranasal application of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) causes acute infection of the central nervous system (CNS). However, VSV encephalitis is not invariably fatal, suggesting that the CNS may contain a professional antigen-presenting cell (APC) capable of inducing or propagating a protective antiviral immune response. To examine this possibility, we first characterized the cellular elements that infiltrate the brain as well as the activation status of resident microglia in the brains of normal and transgenic mice acutely ablated of peripheral dendritic cells (DCs) in vivo. VSV encephalitis was characterized by a pronounced infiltrate of myeloid cells (CD45highCD11b+) and CD8+ T cells containing a subset that was specific for the immunodominant VSV nuclear protein epitope. This T cell response correlated temporally with a rapid and sustained upregulation of MHC class I expression on microglia, whereas class II expression was markedly delayed. Ablation of peripheral DCs profoundly inhibited the inflammatory response as well as infiltration of virus-specific CD8+ T cells. Unexpectedly, the VSV-induced interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) response in the CNS remained intact in DC-deficient mice. Thus, both the inflammatory and certain components of the adaptive primary antiviral immune response in the CNS are dependent on peripheral DCs in vivo.
Design for Product Embedded Disassembly

This chapter discusses an application of multi-objective genetic algorithm for de- signing products with a built-in disassembly means that can be triggered by the removal of one or a few fasteners at the end of the product lives. Given compo- nent geometries, the method simultaneously determines the spatial configuration of components, locators and fasteners, and the end-of-life (EOL) treatments of components and subassemblies, such that the product can be disassembled for the maxim profit and minimum environmental impact through recycling and reuse via domino-like "self-disassembly" process. A multi-objective genetic algorithm is utilized to search for Pareto optimal designs in terms of 1) satisfaction of the distance specification among components, 2) efficient use of locators on compo- nents, 3) profit of EOL scenario, and 4) environmental impact of EOL scenario. The method is applied to a simplified model of the Power Mac G4 cube R for demonstration.
Money in the trans-Mississippi confederacy and the confederate currency reform act of 1864☆

Abstract The unusual conditions of the Confederacy in the American Civil War, in particular, a currency reform which discriminated against certain denominations of the currency, and separation into two areas, only one of which could print money, enable us to examine the relationship between denomination and Gresham's law, and the importance of the convertibility of a currency into other assets and the ability of expected tax payments to support a currency. Finally, regional comparisons of aggregate monetary measures provide a controlled experiment in the quantity theory of money.
Late Quaternary Climates Indicated by Foraminifers from Southwestern Gulf of Mexico: ABSTRACT

Planktonic foraminiferal assemblages were examined in 22 deep-sea cores from the Bay of Campeche in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico. Analysis of these assemblages clearly indicates 3 distinct successive biofacies during the late Pleistocene and Holocene. The biofacies are defined by variations in the relative percentages of the Globorotalia cultrata group and Turborotalia inflata. Excellent correlation can be made between these biofacies and those found in a core from the continental shelf in the northern Gulf of Mexico. These biofacies are interpreted as representing climatic changes. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1902------------
Transparent inorganic/organic copolymers by the Sol-Gel process: Copolymers of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), vinyl triethoxysilane (VTES) and (meth)acrylate monomers

Vinyl triethoxysilane (VTES) and (meth)acrylate monomers were mixed to create covalently bonded inorganic/organic copolymers, with and without tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS). Vinyl groups underwent free radical polymerization along with copolymerization with (meth)acryl groups of the monomer. For the two-monomer system, (meth)acrylate monomer and VTES, polymerization resulted in mechanically strong copolymers with flexure strengths greater than 40 MPa. Three-component materials obtained by polymerization of (meth)acrylate monomer, VTES and TEOS were homogeneous, highly transparent, with flexure strengths similar to those for silica xerogels, about 20 Mpa.
Reducing phosphorus in dairy diets improves farm nutrient balances and decreases the risk of nonpoint pollution of surface and ground waters

Abstract Reducing phosphorus (P) in dairy diets may result in different types of manure with different chemical composition. Application of these manures to soils may affect the soil P solubility and lead to different environmental consequences. A laboratory incubation study determined the impact of 40 dairy manures on P dynamics in two soil types, Mattapex silt loam (Aquic Hapludult) and Kalmia sandy loam (Typic Hapludult). The manures were fecal samples of lactating cows, collected from commercial dairy farms located in Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic United States, with a wide range of dietary P concentrations (from 2.9 to 5.8 g P kg−1 feed dry matter, DM). Dried and ground fecal samples were mixed with surface horizon (0–15 cm) of soils at 150 kg P ha−1 and the mixtures were incubated at 25 °C for 21 days. At the end of incubation, water soluble P (WS-P) and Mehlich-3 P (M3-P) in the soil–manure mixtures were substantially higher than the control (soil alone) but were lower than the soils receiving fertilizer KH2PO4 at 150 kg P ha−1. Similarly, the relative extractability of P in soils amended with low- and high-P manures was always lower (
Familial hypercholesterolemia in a rhesus monkey pedigree: molecular basis of low density lipoprotein receptor deficiency.

Abstract We have recently identified a family of rhesus monkeys with members exhibiting a spontaneous hypercholesterolemia associated with a low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) deficiency. By using the polymerase chain reaction, we now show that the affected monkeys are heterozygous for a nonsense mutation in exon 6 of the LDLR gene. This mutation changes the sequence of the codon for amino acid 284 (tryptophan) from TGG to TAG, thereby generating a nonsense codon potentially resulting in a truncated 283-amino acid protein, which needs documentation, however. This G----A mutation also creates a site for the restriction endonuclease Spe I. Using this site as a marker for this nonsense mutation, we have shown that the mutation is present in all of the affected members of the pedigree and absent in unaffected members and that the mutation segregates with the phenotype of spontaneous hypercholesterolemia through three generations. Quantitative analyses of RNA obtained from liver biopsies show that the abundance of the LDLR RNA is also reduced by about 50%. Thus, we have identified a primate model for human familial hypercholesterolemia which will be useful for studying the relationship between the LDLR and lipoprotein metabolism and for assessing the efficacy of diets and drugs in the treatment of human familial hypercholesterolemia.
Probiotic strategies for treatment of respiratory diseases

Recent advances in next-generation sequencing and phylogenetic microarray technologies have identified diverse, niche-specific microbial communities that comprise the human superorganism. Mucosal microbiome perturbation is a prominent feature of an increasing number of chronic inflammatory disorders, including respiratory diseases, and efforts are now focused on identifying novel microbe-based strategies to treat or manage these conditions. Considering the evidence for niche-specificity and the diversity of function that human microbial communities afford, the range of therapeutic species used to date in probiotic supplements is strikingly narrow and is limited to species typically of gastrointestinal origin. Although the field is still relatively nascent, the potential for identifying novel microbe-based therapeutics in the human microbiome is great. This article focuses primarily on the respiratory tract, its associated microbiome, potential interactions with the gastrointestinal microbiota, and the possibilities for microbiome-manipulation strategies in the treatment and prevention of respiratory disease.
Triply bridged binuclear complexes of the (organodiazenido)molybdenum and the (organodiazenido)rhenium cores. Crystal and molecular structures of [HNEt3]2[Mo2(NNPh)(NNHPh)(SCH2CH2S)3(SCH2CH2SH)].cntdot.2/3H2NNHPh, [HNEt3][Mo2(NNPh)4(SPh)5, and [HNEt3][Re2(NNPh)2(SPh)7]

Les deux complexes de Mo cristallisent dans le systeme triclinique, groupe d'espace P1 et leur structure est affinee respectivement jusqu'a R=0,052 et R=0,055. Le complexe de Re cristallise dans le systeme monoclinique, groupe d'espace P2 1 /n avec R=0,055
Eye movement potentials in the oculomotor and visual systems of the cat: a comparison of reserpine induced waves with those present during wakefulness and rapid eye movement sleep.

A study has been made of the ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) waves associated with eye movement in the cat. Three charactersitcs serve to distinguish the PGO waves normally present during wakefulness (PGOw) from those recorded during REM (PGOREM): (1) cortical PGOW are attenuated in amplitude in the dark and abolished by lateral optic nerve section, whereas cortical PGOREM are unaltered by these procedures; (2) cortical PGOREM often contain an initial surface negative component never present in cortical PGOW; and (3)_lateral geniculate PGOW are invariably much smaller in amplitude than PGOREM recorded from the same electrode. The observation that PGOW are reduced in amplitude in the dark provides further support for the notion that these potentials correspond to lambda waves Stimulation of the pontine reticular formation evokes responses within the visual system which resemble spontaneous PGO waves. During wakefulness the evoked responses have the characteristics of PGOW and during REM they have the characteristics of PGOREM. The results suggest that PGOW and PGOREM are closely related, but not identical, phenomena, both dependent upon the activity of pacemakers localized in the pons. The PGO waves induced by reserpine (PGORes) resemble PGOREM, rather than PGOW, despite the fact that animals remain awake when the waves are present. Throughout the period when during induced waves appear, similar potentials are evoked by stimulation of the pontine reticular formation. Thus, reserpine appears to act by opening the gating mechanisms which normally confines PGOREM to episodes of REM.
Mutagenicities of the pyrolyzates of peptides and proteins.

Abstract Pyrolyzates of 10 peptides, 10 proteins and 5 naturally-occurring materials were tested for mutagenicity in the histidine-requiring mutants Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100. Significant mutagenic activity was detected with pyrolyzates of most of these materials. The pyrolyzates required a liver-microsomal fraction, as representative of mammalian metabolism, for their detection as mutagens. Among the pyrolyzates tested, the highest mutagenic activity was observed with that of a tryptophan-containing peptide. The pyrolyzate of protein obtained from tobacco leaf also showed mutagenicity. The higher the protein content in the leaf the higher the mutagenic activity of the pyrolyzate. Protein in a tobacco leaf may be the principal precursor of mutagens in tobacco-smoke condensate.
Practical Suggestions to Accommodate the Needs of Muslim Students on Campus

We provide a brief overview of Muslim college students and the issues they face on campus. Specific practical suggestions are given on what student affairs professionals can do to combat hostility toward Islamic religious groups through the use of dialogue and to create safe spaces for Muslim students to engage in spiritual exploration.
Discrete Intensity Jumps and Intramolecular Electronic Energy Transfer in the Spectroscopy of Single Conjugated Polymer Molecules

Single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy of a multichromophoric conjugated polymer (molecular weight ∼20,000) revealed surprising single-step photobleaching kinetics and acute jumps in fluorescence intensity. These jumps were shown not to result from spectral diffusion and were attributed to fluctuations in the quantum yield of emission for the molecules. The data indicate efficient intramolecular electronic energy transfer along the polymer chain to a localized fluorescence-quenching polymer defect. The defects are created by reversible photochemistry of the polymer. These findings have implications for the use of conjugated polymers in light-emitting diode displays and sensors.
Insights into cytoskeletal behavior from computational modeling of dynamic microtubules in a cell-like environment.

Microtubule dynamic instability plays a fundamental role in cell biology, enabling microtubules to find and interact with randomly distributed cargo and spatially localized signals. In vitro, microtubules transition between growth and shrinkage symmetrically, consistent with the theoretical understanding of the mechanism of dynamic instability. In vivo, however, microtubules commonly exhibit asymmetric dynamic instability, growing persistently in the cell interior and experiencing catastrophe near the cell edge. What is the origin of this behavior difference? One answer is that the cell edge causes the asymmetry by inducing catastrophe in persistently growing microtubules. However, the origin of the persistent growth itself is unclear. Using a simplified coarse-grained stochastic simulation of a system of dynamic microtubules, we provide evidence that persistent growth is a predictable property of a system of nucleated, dynamic, microtubules containing sufficient tubulin in a confined space – MAP activity is not required. Persistent growth occurs because cell-edge-induced catastrophe increases the concentration of free tubulin at steady-state. Our simulations indicate that other aspects of MT dynamics thought to require temporal or spatial changes in MAP activity are also predictable, perhaps unavoidable, outcomes of the `systems nature9 of the cellular microtubule cytoskeleton. These include the mitotic increase in microtubule dynamics and the observation that defects in nucleation cause changes in the behavior of microtubule plus ends. These predictions are directly relevant to understanding of the microtubule cytoskeleton, but they are also attractive from an evolutionary standpoint because they provide evidence that apparently complex cellular behaviors can originate from simple interactions without a requirement for intricate regulatory machinery.
Morphological evolution of dissolving feldspar particles with anisotropic surface kinetics and implications for dissolution rate normalization and grain size dependence: A kinetic modeling study

Abstract With previous two-dimensional (2D) simulations based on surface-specific feldspar dissolution succeeding in relating the macroscopic feldspar kinetics to the molecular-scale surface reactions of Si and Al atoms ( Zhang and Luttge, 2008, 2009 ), we extended our modeling effort to three-dimensional (3D) feldspar particle dissolution simulations. Bearing on the same theoretical basis, the 3D feldspar particle dissolution simulations have verified the anisotropic surface kinetics observed in the 2D surface-specific simulations. The combined effect of saturation state, pH, and temperature on the surface kinetics anisotropy has been subsequently evaluated, found offering diverse options for morphological evolution of dissolving feldspar nanoparticles with varying grain sizes and starting shapes. Among the three primary faces on the simulated feldspar surface, the (1 0 0) face has the biggest dissolution rate across an extensively wide saturation state range and thus acquires a higher percentage of the surface area upon dissolution. The slowest dissolution occurs to either (0 0 1) or (0 1 0) faces depending on the bond energies of Si–(O)–Si ( Φ Si–O–Si / kT ) and Al–(O)–Si ( Φ Al–O–Si / kT ). When the ratio of Φ Si–O–Si / kT to Φ Al–O–Si / kT changes from 6:3 to 7:5, the dissolution rates of three primary faces change from the trend of (1 0 0) > (0 1 0) > (0 0 1) to the trend of (1 0 0) > (0 0 1) > (0 1 0). The rate difference between faces becomes more distinct and accordingly edge rounding becomes more significant. Feldspar nanoparticles also experience an increasing degree of edge rounding from far-from-equilibrium to close-to-equilibrium. Furthermore, we assessed the connection between the continuous morphological modification and the variation in the bulk dissolution rate during the dissolution of a single feldspar particle. Different normalization treatments equivalent to the commonly used mass, cube assumption, sphere assumption, geometric surface area, and reactive surface area normalizations have been used to normalize the bulk dissolution rate. For each of the treatments, time consistence and grain size dependence of the normalized dissolution rate have been evaluated and the results revealed significant dependences on the magnitude of surface kinetic anisotropy under differing environmental conditions. In general, the normalized dissolution rates are strongly dependent on grain size. Time-consistent normalization treatment varies with the investigated condition. The modeling results suggest that the sphere-, cube-, and BET-normalized dissolution rates are appropriate under the far-from-equilibrium conditions at low pH where these normalizations are time-consistent and are slightly dependent on grain size.
Coplanar Waveguide Vs. Microstrip for Millimeter Wave Integrated Circuits

Using a full wave analysis, coplanar waveguide transmission line is compared to microstrip in terms of conductor loss, dispersion and radiation into parasitic modes. It is shown that, on standard .1 mm semiconductor at 60 GHz, the dimensions of coplanar waveguide can be chosen to give better results in terms of conductor loss and dispersion than microstrip. Curves are presented comparing the microstrip open end and the coplanar waveguide short circuit in terms of parasitic mode generation.
GESTURE CONSISTENCY FOR TEXT, SPREADSHEET, GRAPHIC AND FORM FILL EDITING

Computer systems that simulate a paper and pen environment have been the focus of considerable development activity. One concern generated from this activity is whether a default set of hand-drawn gestures should be provided to the users. This paper examined whether individuals produced similar gestures for 32 editing functions across four application domains; text, spreadsheet, graphic, and form fill. The individuals (half computer novices and half computer-experienced) indicated gestures for each of the editing functions using each application domain. The results indicated that the consistency of hand-drawn gestures was not affected by the participant's computer experience, by the size and shape of the information to be modified or the application domain.
THE BILIARY OBSTRUCTION REQUIRED TO PRODUCE JAUNDICE

The bile ducts from three-quarters of the liver substance in dogs and monkeys can be obstructed without any clinical evidence developing of pigment or cholate accumulation in the organism. And in the dog nineteen-twentieths of the liver substance can be placed in stasis without the occurrence of tissue icterus such as regularly follows total obstruction in this animal. There is no reason to suppose that this will not be found true in the monkey as well. Always a local obstruction results sooner or later in atrophy of the affected tissue with compensatory hypertrophy elsewhere. Thus as time passes the derangement of function produced by the sudden stasis is progressively lessened. The plasma of the dog and monkey, unlike that of man, is normally free from bilirubin, and this pigment so readily escapes from the blood into the urine that bilirubinuria is often to be found in the dog in the absence of bilirubinemia, while the latter is never met with alone in either animal. It follows that in both species the renal threshold for bilirubin is much lower than in man,—if indeed one can be said to exist at all. The amount of biliary obstruction required to produce jaundice in human beings is probably as great as in the experimental animals with which we have dealt. The clinical jaundice encountered in association with local liver lesions should be viewed not as the result of local bile resorption, but as due to a general injury to the hepatic parenchyma or ducts, or to blood destruction.
Magnetic Hyperfine Interaction and Electronic Relaxation in Rare-Earth Ions in Europium Iron Garnet

The attenuation and rotation of the integral angular correlation for the ${2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$(1409 keV)${2}^{+}$(122 keV)${0}^{+}$ $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ cascade in ${\mathrm{Sm}}^{152}$ following $K$ capture in ${\mathrm{Eu}}^{152}$ and of the ${1}^{\ensuremath{-}}$(1280 keV)${2}^{+}$(123 keV)${0}^{+}$ $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ cascade in ${\mathrm{Gd}}^{154}$ following beta decay in ${\mathrm{Eu}}^{154}$ was measured in polycrystalline samples of europium iron garnet from -25\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C to above the N\'eel point with and without magnetizing field perpendicular to the counter plane. These data and differential angular correlation data, have been analyzed using an extension of the theory of Abragam and Pound to time-dependent magnetic hyperfine interactions in magnetic materials. Explicit formulas for the dependence of the angular correlation on the electronic relaxation time, the average effective field acting at the nucleus in the direction of the magnetizing field $〈{{H}_{\mathrm{int}}}^{z}〉$, and the mean square fluctuating field $〈{{H}_{\mathrm{int}}}^{2}〉$ are given. The sign, magnitude, and temperature dependence of $〈{{H}_{\mathrm{int}}}^{z}〉$ in ${\mathrm{Sm}}^{152}$ were in excellent agreement with the expectation value of ${{H}_{\mathrm{int}}}^{z}$ calculated from molecular field theory under the assumption that the electronic configuration following $K$ capture in ${\mathrm{Eu}}^{152}$ is that of the ${\mathrm{Sm}}^{+3}$ ion. Crystalline field and quadrupole interaction effects have been neglected. The contribution of the magnetic hyperfine interaction arising from the exchange between the $4f$ and inner core $s$ electrons was small compared with that from the orbital and spin moments of the $4f$ shell. The value of the root-mean square hyperfine field was found to be 4.7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{6}$ Oe and that of the average effective field was 4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{5}$ Oe at room temperature. The electronic relaxation time was 4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}12}$ sec at room temperature and varied inversely with absolute temperature. The electronic state in ${\mathrm{Gd}}^{154}$ following beta decay in ${\mathrm{Eu}}^{154}$ has as yet not been determined. $〈{{H}_{\mathrm{int}}}^{z}〉$ was found to be 8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{4}$ Oe at room temperature.
Moving sources, FDTD and reciprocity

The use of reciprocity in FDTD simulations is described herein for the case of moving sources. The method is validated against experimental data associated with extremely low frequency EM sources. The correlation between data sets associated with simulation and experiment is excellent.