cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling crystal shape of polar organic materials: Applications to amino acids

Models for predicting the shape of organic crystals use geometrical rules and intermolecular interaction energies between the building blocks of the crystal but often ignore the environment in which the crystal grows. The resulting shapes predicted by these models may differ from the actual grown shapes since shape can be influenced by the solvent, impurities, and additional external factors. We present a model to predict the shape of polar organic materials crystallized from solution. The model is based on a Burton, Cabrera, and Frank growth mechanism and accounts for the solute−solvent interactions at the interface. Using this model, we have successfully predicted the shape of amino acids crystallized from solution. Amino acids were chosen as model compounds not only because they are biologically important but also because they are small organic molecules that exhibit various functional groups and have strong electrostatic interactions. Their modeling raised fundamental issues discussed in this article,...
Evaluation of Microwave Cooking Procedures and Ovens for Devitalizing Trichinae in Pork Roasts

Pork roasts from pigs experimentally infected with Trichinella spiralis were cooked in five microwave ovens. Twenty-nine procedures, generally recommended by the oven manufacturers or pork interest groups, were used. Infective trichinae were present after cooking in 50 of 189 roasts. Factors affecting infectivity included procedure used, use or nonuse of post-cooking standing or temperature holding, weight of roast, and internal temperatures attained. Five visually well done roasts contained infective trichinae including one in which all five temperatures taken exceeded 76.7°C. One other infective roast, with a small red spot, also had all temperatures at or above the 76.7°C level. Recommendations are made to minimize the potential that trichinae may survive in microwaved-cooked pork.
Material contrast does not predict earthquake rupture propagation direction

[1] Earthquakes often occur on faults that juxtapose different rocks. The result is rupture behavior that differs from that of an earthquake occurring on a fault in a homogeneous material. Previous 2D numerical simulations have studied simple cases of earthquake rupture propagation where there is a material contrast across a fault and have come to two different conclusions: 1) earthquake rupture propagation direction can be predicted from the material contrast, and 2) earthquake rupture propagation direction cannot be predicted from the material contrast. In this paper we provide observational evidence from 70 years of earthquakes at Parkfield, CA, and new 3D numerical simulations. Both the observations and the numerical simulations demonstrate that earthquake rupture propagation direction is unlikely to be predictable on the basis of a material contrast.
Chemistry of the Calcalong Creek lunar meteorite and its relationship to lunar terranes

The Calcalong Creek lunar meteorite is a polymict breccia that contains clasts of both highlands and mare affinity. Reported here is a compilation of major, minor, and trace element data for bulk, clast, and matrix samples determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). Petrographic information and results of electron microprobe analyses are included. The relationship of Calcalong Creek to lunar terranes, especially the Procellarum KREEP Terrane and Feldspathic Highlands Terrane, is established by the abundance of thorium, incompatible elements and their KREEP-like CI chondrite normalized pattern, FeO, and TiO2. The highlands component is associated with Apollo 15 KREEP basalt but represents a variant of the KREEP-derived material widely found on the moon. Sources of Calcalong Creek's mare basalt components may be related to low-titanium (LT) and very low-titanium (VLT) basalts seen in other lunar meteorites but do not sample the same source. The content of some components of Calcalong Creek are found to display similarities to the composition of the South Pole-Aitken Terrane. What appear to be VLT relationships could represent new high aluminum, low titanium basalt types.
British Indian Grammar, Writing Pedagogies, and Writing for the Professions: Classical Pedagogy in British India

One accurate measurement is worth a thousand expert opinions. —Rear Admiral Grace Hopper (qtd. in Sheehan, 2010) Nineteenth-century freshman composition instruction at Madras University, based on a classical paradigm, prepared students for writing in professional discourses. Examining this pedagogy from today's perspective raises, for the field of postcolonial theory, questions of whether the British, who offered Indians a curriculum comparable to those at important British universities, viewed Indians as inferior beings or those needing help to become modern.
Pharmacologic therapy to reduce fracture risk: comment on the clinical practice guidelines of the ACP.

Pharmacologic therapy to reduce fracture risk: comment on the clinical practice guidelines of the ACP
On test suite composition and cost-effective regression testing

Regression testing is an expensive testing process used to revalidate software as it evolves. Various methodologies for improving regression testing processes have been explored, but the cost-effectiveness of these methodologies has been shown to vary with characteristics of regression test suites. One such characteristic involves the way in which test inputs are composed into test cases within a test suite. This article reports the results of controlled experiments examining the effects of two factors in test suite composition---test suite granularity and test input grouping---on the costs and benefits of several regression-testing-related methodologies: retest-all, regression test selection, test suite reduction, and test case prioritization. These experiments consider the application of several specific techniques, from each of these methodologies, across ten releases each of two substantial software systems, using seven levels of test suite granularity and two types of test input grouping. The effects of granularity, technique, and grouping on the cost and fault-detection effectiveness of regression testing under the given methodologies are analyzed. This analysis shows that test suite granularity significantly affects several cost-benefit factors for the methodologies considered, while test input grouping has limited effects. Further, the results expose essential tradeoffs affecting the relationship between test suite design and regression testing cost-effectiveness, with several implications for practice.
Nuclear Export of NF-ATc Enhanced by Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3

The transcription factor NF-AT responds to Ca2+-calcineurin signals by translocating to the nucleus, where it participates in the activation of early immune response genes. Calcineurin dephosphorylates conserved serine residues in the amino terminus of NF-AT, resulting in nuclear import. Purification of the NF-AT kinase revealed that it is composed of a priming kinase activity and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3). GSK-3 phosphorylates conserved serines necessary for nuclear export, promotes nuclear exit, and thereby opposes Ca2+-calcineurin signaling. Because GSK-3 responds to signals initiated by Wnt and other ligands, NF-AT family members could be effectors of these pathways.
Stochastic subsurface hydrology from theory to applications

Research on stochastic analysis of subsurface flow has developed rapidly in the last decade, but applications of this approach have been very limited. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how currently available techniques and results can be used to answer important questions about the large-scale behavior of naturally heterogeneous aquifers. Perturbation-based spectral theory, which presumes local statistical homogeneity, provides generic theoretical results for the head variance, effective conductivity tensor, and macrodispersivity tensor in a field. These results emphasize the key role of the variance and spatial correlation scales of the log hydraulic conductivity field. Field information of variances and correlation scales of natural materials is summarized. The validity of some of the generic stochastic results is evaluated through comparisons with Monte Carlo simulations and field observations. A specific field application example is developed to illustrate how the stochastic results are used to estimate large-scale parameters and determine the reliability of three-dimensional numerical simulations. Using typical log conductivity covariance parameters, the effective hydraulic conductivity tensor, and the macrodispersivity tensor are estimated. The calculated head variance, based on the simulated mean hydraulic gradient, is used as a measure of the adequacy of the calculation of the steady state flow model. Discussion emphasizes limitations and extensions of this approach, and ongoing field evaluations of the results.
Splitting theorems for spatially closed space-times

A Lorentzian splitting theorem is obtained for spatially closed spacetimes. The proof employs and extends some recent results of Bartnik and Gerhardt concerning the existence and rigid uniqueness of compact maximal hypersurfaces in spatially closed space-times. A splitting theorem for spatially closedtime-periodic space-times, which generalizes a result first considered by Avez, is derived as a corollary.
The effect of temperature, heating rate, and ZSM-5 catalyst on the product selectivity of the fast pyrolysis of spent coffee grounds

Spent coffee grounds (SCG) are a continuously produced and abundant biomass resource that is rich in fixed carbon and underutilized. In this study, fast pyrolysis was employed as a method of upgrading this waste product into higher value chemicals and commodities. The effect of catalytic upgrading via a ZSM-5 catalyst on the pyrolysis product was investigated at two heating rates and three different pyrolysis temperatures. The ZSM-5 catalyst was explored as the means to increase the selectivity to deoxygenated olefins and aromatic products. The liquid products from the pyrolysis of SCG were predominantly fatty acids, linear hydrocarbons, furans, phenols, ketones, and aromatic hydrocarbons. The ZSM-5 catalyst was seen to decrease selectivity to linear hydrocarbons and furans, and enhance selectivity to aromatic hydrocarbons and CO. Increasing the pyrolysis temperature was seen to decrease selectivity to fatty acids, and increase selectivity to aromatic and linear hydrocarbons.
A comparative assessment of malware classification using binary texture analysis and dynamic analysis

AI techniques play an important role in automated malware classification. Several machine-learning methods have been applied to classify or cluster malware into families, based on different features derived from dynamic review of the malware. While these approaches demonstrate promise, they are themselves subject to a growing array of counter measures that increase the cost of capturing these binary features. Further, feature extraction requires a time investment per binary that does not scale well to the daily volume of binary instances being reported by those who diligently collect malware. Recently, a new type of feature extraction, used by a classification approach called binary-texture analysis, was introduced in [16]. We compare this approach to existing malware classification approaches previously published. We find that, while binary texture analysis is capable of providing comparable classification accuracy to that of contemporary dynamic techniques, it can deliver these results 4000 times faster than dynamic techniques. Also surprisingly, the texture-based approach seems resilient to contemporary packing strategies, and can robustly classify a large corpus of malware with both packed and unpacked samples. We present our experimental results from three independent malware corpora, comprised of over 100 thousand malware samples. These results suggest that binary-texture analysis could be a useful and efficient complement to dynamic analysis.
Overview of analysis of carcinogenic and/or mutagenic metals in biological and environmental samples. I. Arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium and selenium.

Abstract One of the most dangerous and pernicious forms of pollution arises from the potential mobilization of a spectrum of toxic trace metals and metalloids in our environment. Among the most important elements in this regard are arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium and selenium whose adverse toxic effects are now well recognized including their carcinogenicity and/or mutagenicity. These agents (and their derivatives) can be widely dispersed throughout the environment as a result of fossil fuel combustion, industrial and agricultural processes and natural processes. The trend for the immediate future appears to be of greater exposure to these metals not only as a result of generally increased usage patterns but also because of prospective enhanced use of fossil fuels for space heating and electricity generation. In order to more readily evaluate trends of human exposure as well as the toxicity, bioavailability, bioaccumulation and transport of these elements, sensitive analytical procedures are require...
Optimizing null ellipsometry for oxidized silicon.

Polarizer imperfections which produce a deviation of the measuring light beam cause systematic errors in the estimation of optical parameters particularly for low absorbing systems such as oxidized silicon. These can be reduced considerably by using the polarizer, specimen, compensator, analyzer (PSCA) instead of the PCSA arrangement. In addition, PSCA measurements can be made nearer to the principal angle where sensitivity is greatest. The discrepancy of Δ measurements between zones is reduced by a factor of 20. Precision is improved by a factor of 10–50 for the PSCA measurements near the principal angle compared with measurements at any angle of incidence for the PCSA arrangement. Results on silicon covered with a natural oxide are compared for illustration.
Development of valve dysfunction in adolescents and young adults with Down syndrome and no known congenital heart disease.

We performed examinations and echocardiographic studies in 35 patients with Down syndrome (aged 20 ± 4.2 years) with no known intracardiac disease. Six-teen patients (46%) had mitral valve prolapse; two of these also had tricuspid valve prolapse. Two had aortic regurgitation. Valve regurgitation was present in 4 (17%) of 23 patients more than 18 years of age but in none of the 12 patients 18 years of age or younger. We recommend screening of adolescent and young adult patients with Down syndrome for the development of valve dysfunction, especially before dental or surgical procedures.
Atomistic modeling of interfaces and their impact on microstructure and properties

Atomic-level modeling of materials provides fundamental insights into phase stability, structure and properties of crystalline defects, and to physical mechanisms of many processes ranging from atomic diffusion to interface migration. This knowledge often serves as a guide for the development of mesoscopic and macroscopic continuum models, with input parameters provided by atomistic models. This paper gives an overview of the most recent developments in the area of atomistic modeling with emphasis on interfaces and their impact on microstructure and properties of materials. Modern computer simulation methodologies are discussed and illustrated by several applications related to thermodynamic, kinetic and mechanical properties of materials. Existing challenges and future research directions in this field are outlined.
The t rp RNA-binding Attenuation Protein (TRAP) from Bacillus subtilis Binds to Unstackedtrp Leader RNA *

Abstract TRAP ( t rp RNA-binding attenuation protein) is a tryptophan-activated RNA-binding protein that regulates expression of the trp biosynthetic genes by binding to a series of GAG and UAG trinucleotide repeats generally separated by two or three spacer nucleotides. Previously, we showed that TRAP contains 11 identical subunits arranged in a symmetrical ring. Based on this structure, we proposed a model for the TRAP·RNA interaction where the RNA wraps around the protein with each repeat of the RNA contacting one or a combination of two adjacent subunits of the TRAP oligomer. Here, we have shown that RNAs selected in vitro based on their ability to bind tryptophan-activated TRAP contain multiple G/UAG repeats and show a strong bias for pyrimidines as the spacer nucleotides between these repeats. The affinity of the TRAP·RNA interaction displays a nonlinear temperature dependence, increasing between 5 °C and 47 °C and then decreasing from 47 °C to 67 °C. Differential scanning calorimetry and circular dichroism spectroscopy demonstrate that TRAP is highly thermostable with few detectable changes in the structure between 25 °C and 70 °C, suggesting that the temperature dependence of this interaction reflects changes in the RNA. Results from circular dichroism and UV absorbance spectroscopy support this hypothesis, demonstrating thattrp leader RNA becomes unstacked upon binding TRAP. We propose that the bias toward pyrimidines in the spacer nucleotides of the in vitro selected RNAs represents the inability of Us and Cs to form stable base stacking interactions, which allows the flexibility needed for the RNA to wrap around the TRAP oligomer.
The incidence and significance of femoral tunnel widening after quadrupled hamstring anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using femoral cross pin fixation

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the amount of femoral tunnel widening that occurred after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using quadrupled hamstring autografts and to determine the clinical significance of any such tunnel enlargement. Type of Study: Retrospective clinical analysis. Methods: Twenty-nine patients who had undergone reconstruction of a torn anterior cruciate ligament with quadrupled hamstring autograft and cross pin femoral fixation were evaluated to determine the incidence and significance of postoperative femoral tunnel widening. A single surgeon performed all procedures, and average follow-up was 18.4 months (range, 12 to 31.5 months). All patients underwent flexion posteroanterior and lateral radiographs, an examination for determination of an International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) rating, had KT-1000 data collected, and completed Lysholm and Knee Outcome Survey functional questionnaires. Femoral tunnels were clearly seen in 27 patients. The tunnel diameters were measured at the opening of the tunnel, at the widest part of the tunnel, and just proximal to the cross pin. The amount of tunnel widening for each patient was then compared with the individual's KT-1000 data, IKDC rating, and Lysholm and knee outcome survey scores to assess correlation. Results: Four different tunnel morphologies were noted, with the linear type being the most common. The widening at the greatest tunnel diameter was 65.5% on average. Side-to-side KT-1000 differences averaged 1.04 mm at 30 lb, and 1.10 mm at manual maximum. Eleven patients had IKDC overall ratings of normal, 13 had ratings that were nearly normal, and 2 had abnormal. Average Lysholm and knee outcome survey scores were 92.6 and 93.9, respectively. A significant correlation was found only between F2 and F3 widening with Lysholm scores. However, the significance was eliminated with removal of 2 outliers. Conclusions: The exact etiology of postoperative anterior cruciate ligament tunnel widening remains unknown. The present study reveals that significant tunnel widening occurs with quadrupled hamstring autografts and femoral cross pin fixation. However, the widening does not appear to have a significant effect on postoperative ligament laxity or functional knee scores, at least in the short term. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, Vol 19, No 5 (May-June), 2003: pp 470–476
Endothelin-1 Activation of the Endothelin B Receptor Modulates Pulmonary Endothelial CX3CL1 and Contributes to Pulmonary Angiogenesis in Experimental Hepatopulmonary Syndrome

Hepatic production and release of endothelin-1 (ET-1) binding to endothelin B (ETB) receptors, overexpressed in the lung microvasculature, is associated with accumulation of pro-angiogenic monocytes and vascular remodeling in experimental hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) after common bile duct ligation (CBDL). We have recently found that lung vascular monocyte adhesion and angiogenesis in HPS involve interaction of endothelial C-X3-C motif ligand 1 (CX3CL1) with monocyte CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1), although whether ET-1/ETB receptor activation influences these events is unknown. Our aim was to define if ET-1/ETB receptor activation modulates CX3CL1/CX3CR1 signaling and lung angiogenesis in experimental HPS. A selective ETB receptor antagonist, BQ788, was given for 2 weeks to 1-week CBDL rats. ET-1 (±BQ788) was given to cultured rat pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells overexpressing ETB receptors. BQ788 treatment significantly decreased lung angiogenesis, monocyte accumulation, and CX3CL1 levels after CBDL. ET-1 treatment significantly induced CX3CL1 production in lung microvascular endothelial cells, which was blocked by inhibitors of Ca2+ and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK)/ERK pathways. ET-1–induced ERK activation was Ca2+ independent. ET-1 administration also increased endothelial tube formation in vitro, which was inhibited by BQ788 or by blocking Ca2+ and MEK/ERK activation. CX3CR1 neutralizing antibody partially inhibited ET-1 effects on tube formation. These findings identify a novel mechanistic interaction between the ET-1/ETB receptor axis and CX3CL1/CX3CR1 in mediating pulmonary angiogenesis and vascular monocyte accumulation in experimental HPS.
EFFECTS OF FEEDING POTASSIUM IODIDE, 3,5-DIIODOSALICYLIC ACID, OR L-THYROXINE ON IODINE METABOLISM OF LACTATING DAIRY COWS.

Abstract Three Jersey cows were fed daily 1.3g iodine as KI, 1.3g iodine as 3,5-diiodosalicylic acid (DIS), or no supplemental iodine in three preiods of a Latin-square design. In each period, NaI 125 was administered orally twice daily for 21 days. The supplements were added to the capsules containing NaI 125 from the 8th through the 14th day. A single dose of I 131 -labelled l-thyroxine was injected intravenously on the 12th day of NaI 125 dosing. Iodine-125 excretion was only slightly affected by DIS, but KI caused a 34% reduction in milk I 125 and a 38% increase in urine I 125 . Both compounds reduced excretion of I 131 from thyroxine into milk. Urinary I 131 excretion was highest from cows fed KI and lowest from those fed DIS. Neither supplement significantly influenced fecal I 131 or I 125 excretion. In another experiment, four cows were dosed orally with NaI 125 twice daily for 31 days. From the 11th through the 26th day, 80mg of l-thyroxine daily were added to dosing capsules for three cows, and the fourth served as a control. Feeding thyroxine lowered I 125 concentration in milk 15%, but this was accompanied by greater milk yields. Total I 125 excretion in milk, urine, or feces was not changed by the thyroxine feeding.
Autonomic nervous stimulation affects left ventricular relaxation more than left ventricular contraction

We studied the effects of stimulation of the vagal and also the sympathetic efferent cardiac nerves on left ventricular (LV) relaxation and contraction in 11 anesthetized, open-chest dogs. In each dog, we paced the ventricles at a fixed rate of 120 beats·min−1 and kept the systemic arterial pressure constant. The maximum rate of LV pressure decline, (dP/dt)min, and the time constant of LV isovolumic pressure decline, τ, were used as our indexes of LV relaxation. The maximum rate of LV pressure rise, (dP/dt)max, was used as our measure of LV contractility. Vagal stimulation decreased (dP/dt)min more than (dP/dt)max (P < 0.01) when examined at frequencies that ranged from 2 to 12 Hz. Vagal stimulation at 12 Hz reduced (dP/dt)min by 26% (P < 0.001) and increased τ by 57% (P < 0.0001) but decreased (dP/dt)max by only 20%. Sympathetic stimulation, at frequencies that ranged from 2 to 12 Hz, increased (dP/dt)min more than (dP/dt)max (P < 0.001). Sympathetic stimulation at 12 Hz increased (dP/dt)min by 130% (P < 0.0001) whereas it increased (dP/dt)max by 60% (P < 0.0001). Sympathetic stimulation at 12 Hz decreased τ by 74% (P < 0.0001). Our studies suggest that cardiac autonomic nerve stimulation affects left ventricular relaxation more than left ventricular contraction.
Preparation and Properties of Cubic ZrO2 Stabilized with Ni(II).

Abstract : The Fischer-Tropsch activity of the nickel-zirconia system has been investigated and preparations of the catalyst involving coprecipitation gave a significantly more active catalyst than did preparations involving impregnation. Stabilization towards reduction has been observed when certain transition metal ions such as Rh(III) are inserted into the fluorite ZrO2 structure. Recent investigations using the NiO/ZrO2 system have concluded that NiO does not interact with zirconium oxide, but the materials were prepared by incipient wetness. It was the purpose of this study to investigate the formation of cubic ZrO2 stabilized with Ni(II) and to relate the structural properties of the catalyst with its observed stability in reducing atmospheres. These properties were then compared to those of catalysts prepared by incipient wetness. Changes in the structure of ZrO and in the temperatures at which reduction of Ni(II) to Ni metal occurred were then related to the relative strengths of the catalyst-support interaction.
Compact odd‐order band‐pass filters using capacitively coupled spiral resonators

In this article, a new topology for designing compact, band-pass filters of odd-order (N = 3, 5, 7, …) is presented. The technique is based on using resonators with parallel RLC type resonance with high loaded quality factor (QL) in conjunction with the capacitively loaded, slow-wave transmission lines. Using the approach presented in this article compact band-pass filters with bandwidths as small as 5% to as wide as 50% can easily be designed. The principles of operation of the proposed filter along with experimental results of several different fabricated prototypes are presented and discussed in this article. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 50: 3172–3175, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.23921
Parahydrogen-induced polarization by pairwise replacement catalysis on Pt and Ir nanoparticles

Pairwise and random addition processes are ordinarily indistinguishable in hydrogenation reactions. The distinction becomes important only when the fate of spin correlation matters, such as in parahydrogen-induced polarization (PHIP). Supported metal catalysts were not expected to yield PHIP signals given the rapid diffusion of H atoms on the catalyst surface and in view of the sequential stepwise nature of the H atom addition in the Horiuti-Polanyi mechanism. Thus, it seems surprising that supported metal hydrogenation catalysts can yield detectable PHIP NMR signals. Even more remarkably, supported Pt and Ir nanoparticles are shown herein to catalyze pairwise replacement on propene and 3,3,3-trifluoropropene. By simply flowing a mixture of parahydrogen and alkene over the catalyst, the scalar symmetrization order of the former is incorporated into the latter without a change in molecular structure, producing intense PHIP NMR signals on the alkene. An important indicator of the mechanism of the pairwise replacement is its stereoselectivity, which is revealed with the aid of density matrix spectral simulations. PHIP by pairwise replacement has the potential to significantly diversify the substrates that can be hyperpolarized by PHIP for biomedical utilization.
Condensed-matter physics: vortices and hearts.

A single vortex of flux, formed inside a superconducting Josephson junction, has been detected undergoing quantum tunnelling — a feature that could be developed into a quantum bit.
Improved shape measurement in optical profiler

The precision of interferometric measurements strongly depends on the system's calibration procedure, the stability of the illumination source and the quality of the scanner that moves the objective through focus. Typically, a calibration procedure is done prior to measurement and these measurement conditions are then assumed to be constant over time. Any variation in these conditons introduces errors into the measurement. Veeco's NT8000 optical profiler employs a calibration procedure that sharply decreases the system's sensitivity to changes in measurement conditions. It is a system that is independent of any geometrical standards and one that is capable of self-calibration during each measurement. This hands-off self-calibrating feature allows for high repeatability, reproducibility and accuracy of measurements and excellent sytem to system correlation. These measurement features make such a system ideally suited for production lines, laboratories and standardization institutes.
Endosomal Accumulation of the Activated Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Induces Apoptosis

Endocytosis positively and negatively regulates cell surface receptor signaling by temporally and spatially controlling interactions with downstream effectors. This process controls receptor-effector communication. However, the relationship between receptor endocytic trafficking and cell physiology is unclear. In MDA-MB-468 cells, cell surface EGF receptors (EGFRs) promote cell growth, whereas intracellular EGFRs induce apoptosis, making these cells an excellent model for studying the endocytic regulation of EGFR signaling. In addition, MDA-MB-468 cells have limited EGFR degradation following stimulation. Here, we report that in MDA-MB-468 cells the phosphorylated EGFR accumulates on the limiting membrane of the endosome with its carboxyl terminus oriented to the cytoplasm. To determine whether perturbation of EGFR trafficking is sufficient to cause apoptosis, we used pharmacological and biochemical strategies to disrupt EGFR endocytic trafficking in HeLa cells, which do not undergo EGF-dependent apoptosis. Manipulation of HeLa cells so that active EGF·EGFRs accumulate on the limiting membrane of endosomes reveals that receptor phosphorylation is sustained and leads to apoptosis. When EGF·EGFR complexes accumulated in the intraluminal vesicles of the late endosome, phosphorylation of the receptor was not sustained, nor did the cells undergo apoptosis. These data demonstrate that EGFR-mediated apoptosis is initiated by the activated EGFR from the limiting membrane of the endosome.
Selective self-disclosure with and without correspondent performance.

Abstract If people are motivated to elicit attributions from others, are they capable of using attribution theory as a means to this end? To explore this question, subjects were asked to select information to disclose to hypothetical target persons in order to have those target persons make specific attributions about the subjects' traits and abilities. The disclosures conformed well to a model sensitive to the principles of augmentation and discounting. The model considers the causal relevance and value of personal information and whether the self-presenter is given the opportunity to engage in behavior that accomplishes some specific self-presentational objective. The results, in line with the model, showed that subjects having the opportunity to engage in such “correspondent” behavior, are subsequently eager to disclose impediments that highlight the likely presence of highly valued behavioral causes. Subjects without such an opportunity seek to disclose facilitating causal factors that would make an effective performance appear to be more likely should the opportunity later arise.
Artificial spawning facilities for brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis

Abstract Lack of suitable conditions for natural spawning is a limiting factor in brook trout production in waters in the Adirondack Mountains, New York. Presence of ground water or springs is considered a major requirement for successful spawning in this species. Two kinds of improved spawning areas have been offered: (1) replacement of unsuitable bottom material with gravel on or near known natural spawning areas; (2) piping and dispersing water through a gravel-filled box. Both types of improvements have been used by brook trout under some conditions. Further studies are required to determine factors responsible for acceptance or rejection of improved areas and to evaluate efficiency in the production of fry.
Progressive hydronephrosis, hydroureter, and dilation of the bladder in siblings with congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

Two siblings with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, in whom progressive dilation of the upper urinary tract was demonstrated, are reported. In one child this was accompanied by focal pyelonephritis with glomerular and tubular atrophy. Urologic evaluations and radiographic studies failed to reveal an organic obstructive etiology; it is hypothesized that these changes were caused by a "functional obstruction" due to the large urine volume in a distensible urinary tract. The necessity of serial urologic evaluations in all such patients is stressed.
DNA single-strand breaks, double-strand breaks, and crosslinks in rat testicular germ cells: Measurements of their formation and repair by alkaline and neutral filter elution

This work describes a neutral and alkaline elution method for measuring DNA single-strand breaks (SSBs), DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), and DNA-DNA crosslinks in rat testicular germ cells after treatments in vivo or in vitro with both chemical mutagens and gamma-irradiation. The methods depend upon the isolation of testicular germ cells by collagenase and trypsin digestion, followed by filtration and centrifugation. 137Cs irradiation induced both DNA SSBs and DSBs in germ cells held on ice in vitro. Irradiation of the whole animal indicated that both types of DNA breaks are induced in vivo and can be repaired. A number of germ cell mutagens induced either DNA SSBs, DSBs, or cross-links after in vivo and in vitro dosing. These chemicals included methyl methane sulfonate, ethyl methane sulfonate, ethyl nitrosurea, dibromochlorpropane, ethylene dibromide, triethylene melamine, and mitomycin C. These results suggest that the blood-testes barrier is relatively ineffective for these mutagens, which may explain in part their in vivo mutagenic potency. This assay should be a useful screen for detecting chemical attack upon male germ-cell DNA and thus, it should help in the assessment of the mutagenic risk of chemicals. In addition, this approach can be used to study the processes of SSB, DSB, and crosslink repair in DNA of male germ cells, either from all stages or specific stages of development.
Predictors of Hope Among Members of Mental Health Self-Help Agencies

Hope is a key construct for successful community adjustment among those with severe mental illnesses, particularly given the strengths-based recovery model increasingly prevalent in mental health services and in social work. Consumer-run mental health self-help agencies (SHAs) are well suited to fostering hope via their supportive program environments. This study examines factors associated with hope among members of four self-help agencies via a two-stage least squares regression model (N = 310). Findings provide evidence of both individual and program-level associations with hope. These findings mirror social work ethical values of focusing on consumer strengths and self-determination, which are primary goals of SHAs.
SBML Reaction Finder: Retrieve and extract specific reactions from the BioModels database

Summary: The SBML Reaction Finder (SRF) application leverages the deep semantic annotations in the BioModels database to provide efficient retrieval and extraction of individual reactions from SBML models. We hope that the SRF will be useful to quantitative modelers who seek to accelerate their modeling efforts by reusing previously published representations of specific chemical reactions.Availability and Implementation: The SRF is open source, coded in Java, and distributed under the Mozilla Pubic License Version 1.1. Windows, Macintosh and Linux distributions are available for download at http://sourceforge.net/projects/sbmlrxnfinder.
Chlorthalidone: Don’t Call It “Thiazide-Like” Anymore

Recently, there has been growing interest in the idea that chlorthalidone should be preferred over thiazides when it comes to selecting a nonloop diuretic for treatment of hypertension.1–4 Depending on how these drugs are dosed, it is believed that the nonthiazide diuretic chlorthalidone might provide greater cardiovascular protection than thiazide diuretics because of its more potent and prolonged effects on blood pressure. However, given that the chemical structure of chlorthalidone is clearly distinct from the basic chemical structure of the thiazides (Figure), it is possible that the nonthiazide chlorthalidone might also differ from thiazides with respect to effects on determinants of cardiovascular disease other than just blood pressure. Yet, few if any studies have ever directly compared the effects of the nonthiazide chlorthalidone versus thiazides on potential cellular or molecular mechanisms of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality independent of blood pressure. Figure. The nonthiazide diuretic chlorthalidone and the thiazides, including hydrochlorothiazide, have sulfonamide groups (denoted within the unshaded ovals) that interact with the Zn(II) ion in the active site cleft of CA and with amino acid residues in the enzyme as well. A sulfonamide moiety is also present in the nonthiazide diuretics metolazone and indapamide (not shown), and these agents are also known to affect CA activity. However, the nonthiazide diuretics chlorthalidone, metolazone, and indapamide do not have the benzothiadiazine dioxide scaffold that is characteristic of the thiazides (denoted within the shaded oval). The structures of the nonthiazide diuretics beyond the sulfonamide group are clearly different from those of the thiazides and contribute to different effects of the various diuretics on CA isozyme activity profiles and perhaps to different effects on cardiovascular outcomes as well. In this issue of Hypertension , Woodman et al5 report novel in vitro experiments in which chlorthalidone was found to reduce epinephrine-induced platelet aggregation …
A reader‐response reading of Robert Frost's “Home Burial”

The search for the proper reading of a text has resulted in a tunnel‐vision approach to analyzing literature, which has been particularly damaging to women characters, who are depicted as frail, emotional, and, worst of all, insane. All of the women in Robert Frost's woman/man dialogue poems have suffered at the hands of critics looking for the one, correct reading. Reader‐response criticism acts as a corrective to this approach, and, as demonstrated by a reader‐response analysis of Amy in Frost's “Home Burial,” it accepts simultaneously those readings that are uniquely personal and those that are shared by a larger community. The key to multiple readings is identity, as described by Kenneth Burke; by Norman Holland, a reader‐response critic; and by social psychologists Andrew J. Weigart, J. Smith Teitge, and Dennis W. Teitge. Together, their notions of identity allow for a variety of readings and debunk the idea that the text contains only one message.
FAMILY THERAPY AND IDEOLOGY

Contemporary family therapy is examined in terms of its ideological content. The adoption of cybernetics and biological systems theory to the family has led to the erroneous belief that familytherapy is exclusively concerned with natural systems, is process oriented, content relative, and above ideology. This article argues that the family and the enterprise of family therapy are social systems and under the influence of the ideology particular to a given society. The strategic family therapy treatment of a family with a drug-addicted member serves as an example to clarify the ideological themes of contemporary family therapy. These themes are: (a) family reductionism and blaming; (b) the relabeling of personal injustice into communicational terminology; (c) the assumption that the nuclear family is optimal; (d) the conceptualization of therapy as a commodity; and (e) the model of human relatedness and intimacy supported by family therapy.
Minimizing non-radiative losses in erbium laser systems

Very low rates of excited-state absorption and upconversion were measured from the 4I13/2 level in Er3+ doped KPb2Cl5 crystals. Comparisons with other hosts suggest significant potential improvements in laser performance.
The Perceived Relationship Knowledge Scale: An Initial Validation

The rationale, development, and initial validation of the Perceived Relationship Knowledge Scale (PRKS), a brief six-item instrument designed to measure central aspects of perceptions of relationship knowledge, are described in this article. To test the instrument’s psychometric properties, two studies were conducted: an exploratory study with a small clinical sample (n = 54; Study 1), and the second with a sample of participants in a statewide relationship education initiative (n = 2,183; Study 2). In both studies, exploratory factor analyses yielded a single-factor structure. Maximum-likelihood confirmatory factor analyses in Study 2 indicated good internal consistency and good model fit. Analyses of construct validity in both studies indicated that the PRKS measures relationship knowledge in psychometrically expected ways, and that the instrument discriminates low versus high levels of perceived relationship knowledge. The use of the instrument is described and research implications are discussed.
Learning Auto-regressive Models from Sequence and Non-sequence Data

Vector Auto-regressive models (VAR) are useful tools for analyzing time series data. In quite a few modern time series modelling tasks, the collection of reliable time series turns out to be a major challenge, either due to the slow progression of the dynamic process of interest, or inaccessibility of repetitive measurements of the same dynamic process over time. In those situations, however, we observe that it is often easier to collect a large amount of non-sequence samples, or snapshots of the dynamic process of interest. In this work, we assume a small amount of time series data are available, and propose methods to incorporate non-sequence data into penalized least-square estimation of VAR models. We consider non-sequence data as samples drawn from the stationary distribution of the underlying VAR model, and devise a novel penalization scheme based on the Lyapunov equation concerning the covariance of the stationary distribution. Experiments on synthetic and video data demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
Ocular lesions in disseminated coccidioidomycosis in 2 dogs.

Monolateral ocular lesions in 2 cases of coccidioidomycosis in dogs were granulomatous uveitis, retinitis, keratitis, and occasional focal scleritis. These lesions were more extensive than those previously described for ocular coccidioidomycosis in the dog.
The protean toxicities of lead: new chapters in a familiar story.

Many times in the history of lead toxicology the view that “the problem” has been solved and is no longer a major health concern has prevailed, only to have further research demonstrate the prematurity of this judgment. In the last decade, an extraordinary amount of new research on lead has illustrated, all too clearly, that “the problem” has not disappeared, and that, in fact, it has dimensions never before considered. Recent risk assessments have concluded that research has yet to identify a threshold level below which lead can be considered “safe.” Although children’s intelligence has traditionally been considered to be the most sensitive endpoint, and used as the basis for risk assessment and standard setting, increased lead exposure has been associated with a wide variety of other morbidities both in children and adults, in some cases at biomarker levels comparable to those associated with IQ deficits in children. In adults, these endpoints include all-cause mortality and dysfunctions in the renal, cardiovascular, reproductive, central nervous systems. In children, IQ deficits are observed at blood lead levels well below 10 μg/dL, and the dose-effect relationship appears to be supra-linear. Other health endpoints associated with greater early-life lead exposure in children include ADHD, conduct disorder, aggression and delinquency, impaired dental health, and delayed sexual maturation. Studies employing neuroimaging modalities such as volumetric, diffusion tensor, and functional MRI are providing insights into the neural bases of the cognitive impairments associated with greater lead exposure.
Front-Stage Stars and Backstage Producers: The Role of Judges in Problem-Solving Courts

In problem-solving courts judges are no longer neutral arbitrators in adversarial justice processes. Instead, judges directly engage with court participants. The movement towards problem-solving court models emerges from a collaborative therapeutic jurisprudence framework. While most scholars argue judges are the central courtroom actors within problem-solving courts, we find judges are the stars front-stage, but play a more supporting role backstage. We use Goffman's front-stage-backstage framework to analyze 350 hours of ethnographic fieldwork within five problem-solving courts. Problem-solving courts are collaborative organizations with shifting leadership, based on forum. Understanding how the roles of courtroom workgroup actors adapt under the new court model is foundational for effective implementation of these justice processes.
MethylSig: a whole genome DNA methylation analysis pipeline.

Motivation: DNA methylation plays critical roles in gene regulation and cellular specification without altering DNA sequences. The wide application of reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) and whole genome bisulfite sequencing (bis-seq) opens the door to study DNA methylation at single CpG site resolution. One challenging question is how best to test for significant methylation differences between groups of biological samples in order to minimize false positive findings. Results: We present a statistical analysis package, methylSig, to analyse genome-wide methylation differences between samples from different treatments or disease groups. MethylSig takes into account both read coverage and biological variation by utilizing a beta-binomial approach across biological samples for a CpG site or region, and identifies relevant differences in CpG methylation. It can also incorporate local information to improve group methylation level and/or variance estimation for experiments with small sample size. A permutation study based on data from enhanced RRBS samples shows that methylSig maintains a well-calibrated type-I error when the number of samples is three or more per group. Our simulations show that methylSig has higher sensitivity compared with several alternative methods. The use of methylSig is illustrated with a comparison of different subtypes of acute leukemia and normal bone marrow samples. Availability: methylSig is available as an R package at http://sartorlab.ccmb.med.umich.edu/software. Contact: ude.hcimu@amrotras Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
A linearized model for the line of sight guidance law

This paper deals with the linearization of the nonlinear model describing the kinematics equations of the line of sight guidance law. The linearized model is derived based on optimization techniques, where different cost functions are used. It turns out that in the case of maneuvering targets, the linear coefficients are time independent and time dependent in the case of maneuvering targets. In both cases these coefficients depend on the initial line of sight angle, which means that the linearization has the same order as the nonlinear system. The linearization method is illustrated using simulation, and a comparison with the classical linearization is provided.