cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Seismic Imaging of a Bimaterial Interface Along the Hayward Fault, CA, with Fault Zone Head Waves and Direct P Arrivals

We observe fault zone head waves (FZHW) that are generated by and propagate along a roughly 80 km section of the Hayward fault in the San Francisco Bay area. Moveout values between the arrival times of FZHW and direct P waves are used to obtain average P-wave velocity contrasts across different sections of the fault. The results are based on waveforms generated by more than 5,800 earthquakes and recorded at up to 12 stations of the Berkeley digital seismic network (BDSN) and the Northern California seismic network (NCSN). Robust identification of FZHW requires the combination of multiple techniques due to the diverse instrumentation of the BDSN and NCSN. For single-component short-period instruments, FZHW are identified by examining sets of waveforms from both sides of the fault, and finding on one (the slow) side emergent reversed-polarity arrivals before the direct P waves. For three-component broadband and strong-motion instruments, the FZHW are identified with polarization analysis that detects early arrivals from the fault direction before the regular body waves which have polarizations along the source-receiver backazimuth. The results indicate average velocity contrasts of 3–8 % along the Hayward fault, with the southwest side having faster P wave velocities in agreement with tomographic images. A systematic moveout between the FZHW and direct P waves for about a 80 km long fault section suggests a single continuous interface in the seismogenic zone over that distance. We observe some complexities near the junction with the Calaveras fault in the SE-most portion and near the city of Oakland. Regions giving rise to variable FZHW arrival times can be correlated to first order with the presence of lithological complexity such as slivers of high-velocity metamorphic serpentinized rocks and relatively distributed seismicity. The seismic velocity contrast and geological complexity have important implications for earthquake and rupture dynamics of the Hayward fault, including a statistically preferred propagation direction of earthquake ruptures to the SE.
False accusations in an investigative context: differences between suggestible and non-suggestible witnesses.

False sexual abuse allegations have spurred research on suggestibility, on the assumption that leading questions may produce false accusations. Most researchers, however, have not measured the likelihood that those who respond to suggestive questioning will take the next step and make a formal (false) accusation. The present study incorporates both aspects of abuse investigations: suggestibility (i.e., responsiveness to questions in a leading interview) and false accusations (i.e., signing a formal complaint against an innocent suspect). Participants (N = 129) were observed in a laboratory session and then interviewed twice about their experiences by an interviewer who suggested that the laboratory assistant had behaved inappropriately. Although only 17% of the participants were suggestible, 39% agreed to sign the complaint. Suggestible participants were significantly more likely to make a false accusation than were non-suggestible participants. However, because of the low rate of suggestibility, most false accusations were made by non-suggestible participants. Implications for the legal system are discussed.
Vaporization of the Earth: Application to Exoplanet Atmospheres

Currently, there are about three dozen known super-Earths (M < 10 M ⊕), of which eight are transiting planets suitable for atmospheric follow-up observations. Some of the planets are exposed to extreme temperatures as they orbit close to their host stars, e.g., CoRot-7b, and all of these planets have equilibrium temperatures significantly hotter than the Earth. Such planets can develop atmospheres through (partial) vaporization of their crustal and/or mantle silicates. We investigated the chemical equilibrium composition of such heated systems from 500 to 4000 K and total pressures from 10–6 to 10+2 bars. The major gases are H2O and CO2 over broad temperature and pressure ranges, and Na, K, O2, SiO, and O at high temperatures and low pressures. We discuss the differences in atmospheric composition arising from vaporization of SiO2-rich (i.e., felsic) silicates (like Earth's continental crust) and MgO-, FeO-rich (i.e., mafic) silicates (like the bulk silicate Earth). The computational results will be useful in planning spectroscopic studies of the atmospheres of Earth-like exoplanets.
The costs and limits of availability for replicated services

As raw system performance continues to improve at exponential rates, the utility of many services is increasingly limited by availability rather than performance. A key approach to improving availability involves replicating the service across multiple, wide-area sites. However, replication introduces well-known trade-offs between service consistency and availability. Thus, this article explores the benefits of dynamically trading consistency for availability using a continuous consistency model. In this model, applications specify a maximum deviation from strong consistency on a per-replica basis. In this article, we: i) evaluate the availability of a prototype replication system running across the Internet as a function of consistency level, consistency protocol, and failure characteristics, ii) demonstrate that simple optimizations to existing consistency protocols result in significant availability improvements (more than an order of magnitude in some scenarios), iii) use our experience with these optimizations to prove tight upper bound on the availability of services, and iv) show that maximizing availability typically entails remaining as close to strong consistency as possible during times of good connectivity, resulting in a communication versus availability trade-off.
Advisory Algorithm for Scheduling Open Sectors, Operating Positions, and Workstations

Air traffic controller supervisors configure available sector, operating position, and workstation resources to safely and efficiently control air trafficin a region of airspace. In this paper, an algorithm for assisting supervisors with this task is described and demonstrated on two sample problem instances. The algorithm produces configuration schedule advisories that minimize a cost. The cost is a weighted sum of two competing costs: one penalizing mismatches between configurations and predicted air traffic demand and another penalizing the effort associated with changing configurations. The problem considered by the algorithm is a shortest path problem that is solved with a dynamic programming value iteration algorithm. The cost function contains numerous parameters. Default values for most of these are suggested based on descriptions of air traffic control procedures and subject-matter expert feedback. The parameter determining the relative importance of the two competing costs is tuned by comparing historical configurations with corresponding algorithm advisories. Two sample problem instances for which appropriate configuration advisories are obvious were designed to illustrate characteristics of the algorithm. Results demonstrate how the algorithm suggests advisories that appropriately utilize changes in airspace configurations and changes in the number of operating positions allocated to each open sector. The results also demonstrate how the advisories suggest appropriate times for configuration changes.
The water consumption of energy production: an international comparison

Producing energy resources requires significant quantities of fresh water. As an energy sector changes or expands, the mix of technologies deployed to produce fuels and electricity determines the associated burden on regional water resources. Many reports have identified the water consumption of various energy production technologies. This paper synthesizes and expands upon this previous work by exploring the geographic distribution of water use by national energy portfolios. By defining and calculating an indicator to compare the water consumption of energy production for over 150 countries, we estimate that approximately 52 billion cubic meters of fresh water is consumed annually for global energy production. Further, in consolidating the data, it became clear that both the quality of the data and global reporting standards should be improved to track this important variable at the global scale. By introducing a consistent indicator to empirically assess coupled water–energy systems, it is hoped that this research will provide greater visibility into the magnitude of water use for energy production at the national and global scales. S Online supplementary data available from stacks.iop.org/ERL/9/105002/mmedia
Effect of Tumbling and Tumbling Time on Quality and Microflora of Dry‐Cured Hams

Thirty-two intact hams were utilized to study the effects of tumbling and tumbling time (1 hr continuous, 3 hr intermittent, 6 hr intermittent) on the quality and microflora of intact dry-cured hams. Tumbled hams had higher salt concentrations, lower moisture percentages, and showed more muscle separation and excessive surface drying. Sensory panel scores were similar for all treatments except that 3 hr intermittently tumbled hams had higher salt and lower overall satisfaction scores. Tumbling significantly accelerated salt and nitrite penetration during the Fust 2 wk of curing but had little subsequent effect. Tumbled hams generally had lower microbial counts; however, after aging all hams were of acceptable microbial quality.
POWER SUPPLY EXPANSION AND THE NUCLEAR OPTION IN POLAND

This paper describes the construction of a data set of the Polish power sector for use with the Elfin capacity expansion planning model. Using Elfin, the paper derives four scenarios and some sensitivities for new generating capacity construction plans. These scenarios simulate choices among several generic generating technologies made to achieve the lowest overall net present cost of operating the power system through 2015. Key results include: (i) single-cycle natural gas-fired combustion turbines prove highly attractive for Poland because of its urgent need for peaking capacity, (ii) nuclear power cannot be excluded from consideration for Poland on economic grounds alone, (iii) the effectiveness of conservation to reduce airborne emissions is limited under scenarios in which nuclear generation is adopted, and (iv) the attractiveness of nuclear is shown to be highly sensitive to assumptions on some uncertain inputs, suggesting the need for a more detailed analysis before policy implications can be drawn.
Intensity and phase statistics of multilook polarimetric and interferometric SAR imagery

Polarimetric and interferometric SAR data are frequently multilook processed for speckle reduction and data compression. The statistical characteristics of multilook data are quite different from those of single-look data. The authors investigate the statistics of their intensity and phase. Probability density function (PDF's) of the multilook phase difference, magnitude of complex product, and intensity and amplitude ratios between two components of the scattering matrix are derived, and expressed in closed forms. The PDF's depend on the complex correlation coefficient and the number of looks. Comparisons of these theoretically derived PDF's are made to measurements from NASA/JPL AIRSAR data. The results of this paper can be applied to feature classification using polarimetric SAR and to the estimation of decorrelation effects of the interferometric SAR. >
Edge-Localized Mode Control and Transport Generated by Externally Applied Magnetic Perturbations

This article reviews the subject of edge localized mode (ELM) control using externally applied magnetic perturbations and proposes theoretical mechanisms that may be responsible for the induced transport changes. The first question that must be addressed is: what is the structure of magnetic field within the plasma? Although initial hypotheses focused on the possibility of the creation of a region of stochastic field lines at the tokamak edge, drift magnetohydrodynamics theory predicts that magnetic reconnection is strongly suppressed over the region of the pedestal with steep gradients and fast perpendicular rotation. Reconnection can only occur near the location where the perpendicular electron velocity vanishes, and hence the electron impedance nearly vanishes, or near the foot of the pedestal, where the plasma is sufficiently cold and resistive. The next question that must be addressed is: which processes are responsible for the observed transport changes, nonlinearity, turbulence, or stochasticity? Over the pedestal region where ions and electrons rotate in opposite directions relative to the perturbation, the quasilinear Lorentz force decelerates the electron fluid and accelerates the ion fluid. The quasilinear magnetic flutter flux is proportional to the force and produces an outward convective transport that can be significant. Over the pedestal region where the E × B flow and the electrons rotate in opposite directions relative to the perturbation, magnetic islands with a width on the order of the ion gyroradius can directly radiate drift waves. In addition, the combination of quasilinear electron transport and ion viscous transport can lead to a large net particle flux. Since there are many transport mechanisms that may be active simultaneously, it is important to determine which physical mechanisms are responsible for ELM control and to predict the scaling to future devices (© 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Reversal of diastereoselection in the addition of Grignard reagents to chiral 2-pyridyl tert-butyl (Ellman) sulfinimines

Addition of Grignard reagents to chiral tert-butyl sulfinimines derived from pyridine 2-carboxaldehyde affords protected 2-pyridyl amines in high yields and diastereoselectivities. The sense of chiral induction is opposite to that predicted via a chelation-controlled transition state.
Imports under a Foreign Exchange Constraint

The traditional model of import behavior -- which looks only at the gross domestic product (GDP) and real import prices as explanatory variables -- failed to predict or explain the developing countries' import slumps in the early 1980's. This paper expands on a more useful model, the Hemphill, which incorporates the traditional variables (relative prices and domestic income) with the variables introduced by Hemphill (foreign exchange receipts and international reserves). Section 2 of this paper discusses the theoretical models in the present study. The traditional model, used here as a benchmark, is presented first, and is later extended to include foreign exchange constraints. Section 3 presents the empirical estimates of the general import models that include foreign constraints, and two special cases, the Hemphill and benchmark models, using pooled, cross-section time series. Section 4 concludes that policy makers must look at the policies that affect GDP and prices and the availability of foreign exchange when trying to estimate import behavior in developing countries.
Catalytic enantioselective allylation with chiral Lewis bases

The advent of chiral Lewis base-promoted allylation of aldehydes has opened a new direction in the catalytic enantioselective construction of homoallylic alcohols. This short review outlines the conceptual framework for the creation of this new process and the interplay of mechanistic investigations and synthetic studies that have conspired to produce a useful new reaction. The current state-of-the-art in catalyst design and application of the reaction in synthesis are briefly illustrated.
Predicting Node Degree Centrality with the Node Prominence Profile

Centrality of a node measures its relative importance within a network. There are a number of applications of centrality, including inferring the influence or success of an individual in a social network, and the resulting social network dynamics. While we can compute the centrality of any node in a given network snapshot, a number of applications are also interested in knowing the potential importance of an individual in the future. However, current centrality is not necessarily an effective predictor of future centrality. While there are different measures of centrality, we focus on degree centrality in this paper. We develop a method that reconciles preferential attachment and triadic closure to capture a node's prominence profile. We show that the proposed node prominence profile method is an effective predictor of degree centrality. Notably, our analysis reveals that individuals in the early stage of evolution display a distinctive and robust signature in degree centrality trend, adequately predicted by their prominence profile. We evaluate our work across four real-world social networks. Our findings have important implications for the applications that require prediction of a node's future degree centrality, as well as the study of social network dynamics.
Defective Heterojunction Models

Fermi-level pinning behavior has been observed at the free surface, oxide interface, metal interface, MBE grown surface, stop-regrown homojunction, and misfit-dislocation pinned heterojunction of GaAs. Theories of such behavior are numerous and disparate. Theories of ideal heterojunction band offsets are less diverse, but have still not converged to a single mechanism. Recent studies of heterojunctions suggest that the conduction-band offsets are relatively independent of interface Fermi-level position, including situations in which the interface Fermi-level appears to be strongly “pinned”. In “ideal” heterojunctions, the conduction-band offsets and bulk doping determine interface Fermi-level location; among other results, this mechanism allows the two-dimensional electron gas at modulation-doped AlGaAs-GaAs heterojunctions. If “pinned” heterojunctions involve charge densities comparable to those inferred for Schottky barriers, then the pinning interface states should set up a dipole sufficient to alter the band offsets; the interfacial band alignment should then be dominated by the alignment of the pinning states, rather than that of the bulk bands. The experimentally suggested lack of sensitivity of band offsets to changes in pinning at heterojunction interfaces suggests that the mechanisms involved in band line-ups at “ideal” heterojunctions may be related to those mechanisms involved in Fermi-level “pinned” systems.
Effective Capacity Analysis of Cognitive Radio Channels for Quality of Service Provisioning

In this paper, the performance of cognitive radio systems is studied when the secondary users operate under statistical quality of service (QoS) constraints. In the cognitive radio channel model, secondary users initially perform channel sensing, and then engage in data transmission at two different average power levels depending on the channel sensing results. A state transition model is constructed to model this cognitive transmission channel. Statistical QoS constraints are imposed as limitations on buffer violation probabilities. Effective capacity of the cognitive radio channel, which provides the maximum throughput under such QoS constraints, is determined. This analysis is conducted for fixed-power/fixed-rate, fixed-power/variable-rate, and variable-power/variable-rate transmission schemes under different assumptions on the availability of channel side information (CSI) at the transmitter. The interactions and tradeoffs between the throughput, QoS constraints, and channel sensing parameters (e.g., sensing duration and threshold, and detection and false alarm probabilities) are investigated. The performances of fixed-rate and variable-rate transmission methods are compared in the presence of QoS limitations. It is shown that variable schemes outperform fixed-rate transmission techniques if the detection probabilities are high. Performance gains through adapting the power and rate are quantified and it is shown that these gains diminish as the QoS limitations become more stringent.
Electromagnetic Waves in a Rotating Frame of Reference

We discuss the electromagnetic measurements of rotating observers and study the propagation of electromagnetic waves in a uniformly rotating frame of reference. The phenomenon of helicity-rotation coupling is elucidated and some of the observational consequences of the coupling of the spin of a particle with the rotation of a gravitational source are briefly examined.
Regioselective, Directed Meta Acylation of Aromatic Compounds

A new method for the directed meta acylation of aromatic compounds is described. This method involves an ortho lithiation procedure combined with zirconocene−benzyne chemistry. 3-Acyl-1-substituted benzene derivatives were obtained by acidic hydrolysis of the azazirconacycle intermediate which results from the coupling of a nitrile with a zirconocene−benzyne complex. Similarly, 3-acyl-2-iodo-1-substituted benzene derivatives were obtained by the iodination of the same intermediate followed by acidic hydrolysis. These procedures, which utilize simple, readily available starting materials, give good yields of regiochemically pure products.
An All-Orders Derivative Expansion

We evaluate the exact QED2+1 effective action for fermions in the presence of a family of static but spatially inhomogeneous magnetic field profiles. This exact result yields an all-orders derivative expansion of the effective action, and indicates that the derivative expansion is an asymptotic, rather than a convergent, expansion.
Error estimates for generalized barycentric interpolation

We prove the optimal convergence estimate for first-order interpolants used in finite element methods based on three major approaches for generalizing barycentric interpolation functions to convex planar polygonal domains. The Wachspress approach explicitly constructs rational functions, the Sibson approach uses Voronoi diagrams on the vertices of the polygon to define the functions, and the Harmonic approach defines the functions as the solution of a PDE. We show that given certain conditions on the geometry of the polygon, each of these constructions can obtain the optimal convergence estimate. In particular, we show that the well-known maximum interior angle condition required for interpolants over triangles is still required for Wachspress functions but not for Sibson functions.
Authentication of outsourced databases using signature aggregation and chaining

Database outsourcing is an important emerging trend which involves data owners delegating their data management needs to an external service provider. Since a service provider is almost never fully trusted, security and privacy of outsourced data are important concerns. A core security requirement is the integrity and authenticity of outsourced databases. Whenever someone queries a hosted database, the results must be demonstrably authentic (with respect to the actual data owner) to ensure that the data has not been tampered with. Furthermore, the results must carry a proof of completeness which will allow the querier to verify that the server has not omitted any valid tuples that match the query predicate. Notable prior work ([4,9,15]) focused on various types of Authenticated Data Structures. Another prior approach involved the use of specialized digital signature schemes. In this paper, we extend the state-of-the-art to provide both authenticity and completeness guarantees of query replies. Our work analyzes the new approach for various base query types and compares it with Authenticated Data Structures. We also point out some possible security flaws in the approach suggested in the recent work of [15].
Fine-scale structure of the Jovian magnetotail current sheet

New evidence concerning the detailed structure of the magnetic field in and near the Jovian tail sheet is presented, and nonunique temporal variations in the sheet structure are deduced. Data from Voyagers 1 and 2 are used to show that the local sheet structure, while tending to vary with time and distance from Jupiter, generally corresponds to one of four general types. The four types are classified using examples, and possible geometries associated with each type are identified. The locations of the different types of sheet crossings are pointed out and discussed. The possibility of reconnection occurring at the current sheet is discussed through analogy with the terrestrial magnetotail. It is concluded that the results support the view that reconnection occurs in the Jovian magnetotail as a time-dependent, and possibly spatially localized, process.
Peer Functioning in Children With ADHD

This article describes what is currently known about the peer relationships of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This topic is addressed both from the perspective of how ADHD initially contributes to problematic relationships with peers, and also from the perspective of how peers' reactions to these problems may serve to maintain them. Given the limited improvement typically obtained in treatment studies that use peer report measures as outcomes with ADHD samples and the well-documented predictive validity of peer reports for later adjustment, the need for more intensive interventions and novel approaches to address the peer problems of children with ADHD is emphasized.
Content distribution by multiple multicast trees and intersession cooperation: Optimal algorithms and approximations

The paper addresses the problem of massive content distribution in a network where multiple sessions coexist. In more traditional approaches, the sessions form separate overlay networks and operate independently from each other. In this case, some sessions may suffer from insufficient resources (e.g., aggregate upload bandwidth) even though other sessions have excessive resources. To cope with this problem, we consider the universal swarming approach, which allows multiple sessions to cooperate with each other by forming a shared overlay network. We formulate the problem of finding the optimal resource allocation to maximize the sum of the session utilities under the network capacity constraints. The solution turns out to be optimal sharing of multiple minimum-cost multicast trees. We present a subgradient algorithm and prove that, although the algorithm uses a single multicast tree per session at each iteration and hence does not converge in the conventional sense, it converges to the optimal solution in the time-average sense. The solution involves an NP-hard subproblem of finding a minimum-cost Steiner tree. We cope with this difficulty by using a column generation method, which reduces the number of Steiner-tree computations. Furthermore, we allow the use of approximate solutions to the Steiner-tree subproblem. We show that the approximation ratio to the overall problem turns out to be no more than that to the Steiner-tree subproblem. Simulation results demonstrate that universal swarming improves the performance of resource-poor sessions with negligible impact to resource-rich sessions.
OCR in a hierarchical feature space

This paper describes hierarchical OCR, a character recognition methodology that achieves high speed and accuracy by using a multiresolution and hierarchical feature space. Features at different resolutions, from coarse to fine-grained, are implemented by means of a recursive classification scheme. Typically, recognizers have to balance the use of features at many resolutions (which yields a high accuracy), with the burden on computational resources in terms of storage space and processing time. We present in this paper, a method that adaptively determines the degree of resolution necessary in order to classify an input pattern. This leads to optimal use of computational resources. The hierarchical OCR dynamically adapts to factors such as the quality of the input pattern, its intrinsic similarities and differences from patterns of other classes it is being compared against, and the processing time available. Furthermore, the finer resolution is accorded to only certain "zones" of the input pattern which are deemed important given the classes that are being discriminated. Experimental results support the methodology presented. When tested on standard NIST data sets, the hierarchical OCR proves to be 300 times faster than a traditional K-nearest-neighbor classification method, and 10 times taster than a neural network method. The comparison uses the same feature set for all methods. Recognition rate of about 96 percent is achieved by the hierarchical OCR. This is at par with the other two traditional methods.
Delay reduction via Lagrange multipliers in stochastic network optimization

In this paper, we consider the problem of reducing network delay in stochastic network utility optimization problems. We start by studying the recently proposed quadratic Lyapunov function based algorithms (QLA, also known as the MaxWeight algorithm). We show that for every stochastic problem, there is a corresponding deterministic problem, whose dual optimal solution “exponentially attracts” the network backlog process under QLA. In particular, the probability that the backlog vector under QLA deviates from the attractor is exponentially decreasing in their Euclidean distance. This is the first such result for the class of algorithms built upon quadratic Lyapunov functions. The result quantifies the “network gravity” role of Lagrange Multipliers in network scheduling. It not only helps to explain how QLA achieves the desired performance but also suggests that one can roughly “subtract out” a Lagrange multiplier from the system induced by QLA.
Protein expression during heat stress in thermo-intolerant and thermo-tolerant diatoms

Abstract Diatoms (Chrysophyta) are photosynthetic microorganisms that are abundant in the natural environment and often associated with specific habitat and water quality conditions. Their significance as bioindicators and as exploitable sources of fine chemicals makes them desirable candidates for the study of stress responses. The protein expression of a thermo-intolerant ( Phaeodactylum tricornutum ) and thermo-tolerant ( Chaetoceros muelleri ) diatom following exposure to elevated temperature was investigated using one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and Western blot analysis. It was determined using SDS PAGE with 35 S-methionine labeled proteins and Western blot analysis using pea HSP70 antisera that higher temperatures and longer duration treatment were required to cause a noticeable stress response in C. muelleri compared to P. tricornutum. This may be explained by C. muelleri possessing higher amounts of constitutively expressed heat shock proteins, which allows these cells to rapidly adjust to temperature increases. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis revealed that putative small heat shock proteins (smHSPs) may appear to play a role during heat stress in both diatoms, which is similar to the response in plants. SDS PAGE data are also presented characterizing the recovery of P. tricornutum after heat shock. These results suggest that there is a lag period between heat shock and stress protein synthesis in these thermo-intolerant cells. This supports the hypothesis that cells without higher amounts of constitutively expressed stress proteins have a greater sensitivity to increased temperature. Work is underway to identify particular stress proteins responsible for conveying thermo-tolerance and to determine if overexpression of these genes in thermo-intolerant diatoms affects their temperature sensitivity.
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with hepatic and skeletal muscle insulin resistance in overweight adolescents

Background Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and insulin resistance are common in overweight adolescents.
A CART Based Mechanism for Collision Detection in IEEE 802.11

The ability to detect and distinguish packet errors due to collisions from those caused by channel errors can significantly impact the performance of medium access control (MAC) protocols such as IEEE 802.11. In particular, such mechanisms affect the backoff mechanism as well as rate adaptation algorithms. This paper presents a real-time algorithm based on classification and regression trees (CART) for distinguishing packet corruption and losses due to channel errors from those caused by collisions with other simultaneous transmissions. Using a set of four metrics, we propose a classifier tree that reduces the classification errors by considering the impact of channel variations and collisions on bit errors from multiple, disparate perspectives. Extensive simulation results are used to verify the superior performance of the proposed technique over existing mechanisms.
The Dilemma of Growth: Understanding Venture Size Choices of Women Entrepreneurs

In recent years the number of women-owned firms with employees has expanded at three times the rate of all employer firms. Yet women remain underrepresented in their proportion of high-growth firms. A number of plausible explanations exist. To develop richer insights, a two-stage research project was undertaken. A mail survey was sent to a sample of female entrepreneurs to assess motives, obstacles, goals and aspirations, needs, and business identity. Based on the survey results, follow-up, indepth interviews were conducted with entrepreneurs, selecting equally from modestgrowth and high-growth ventures. In terms of quantitative findings, growth orientation was associated with whether a woman was “pushed” or “pulled” into entrepreneurship, was motivated by wealth or achievement factors, had a strong women’s identity in the venture, had equity partners, and believed women faced unique selling obstacles. The qualitative research made clear that modest- and highgrowth entrepreneurs differ in how they view themselves, their families, their ventures, and the larger environment. The results of both stages suggest that growth is a deliberate choice and that women have a clear sense of the costs and benefits of growth and make careful trade-off decisions.
TouchIn: Sightless Two-factor Authentication on Multi-touch Mobile Devices

Mobile authentication is indispensable for preventing unauthorized access to multi-touch mobile devices. Existing mobile authentication techniques are often cumbersome to use and also vulnerable to shoulder-surfing and smudge attacks. This paper focuses on designing, implementing, and evaluating TouchIn, a two-factor authentication system on multi-touch mobile devices. TouchIn works by letting a user draw on the touchscreen with one or multiple fingers to unlock his mobile device, and the user is authenticated based on the geometric properties of his drawn curves as well as his behavioral and physiological characteristics. TouchIn allows the user to draw on arbitrary regions on the touchscreen without looking at it. This nice sightless feature makes TouchIn very easy to use and also robust to shoulder-surfing and smudge attacks. Comprehensive experiments on Android devices confirm the high security and usability of TouchIn.
THE ROLE OF INVENTORIES AND SPECULATIVE TRADING IN THE GLOBAL MARKET FOR CRUDE OIL

SUMMARY We develop a structural model of the global market for crude oil that for the first time explicitly allows for shocks to the speculative demand for oil as well as shocks to flow demand and flow supply. The speculative component of the real price of oil is identified with the help of data on oil inventories. Our estimates rule out explanations of the 2003–2008 oil price surge based on unexpectedly diminishing oil supplies and based on speculative trading. Instead, this surge was caused by unexpected increases in world oil consumption driven by the global business cycle. There is evidence, however, that speculative demand shifts played an important role during earlier oil price shock episodes including 1979, 1986 and 1990. Our analysis implies that additional regulation of oil markets would not have prevented the 2003–2008 oil price surge. We also show that, even after accounting for the role of inventories in smoothing oil consumption, our estimate of the short-run price elasticity of oil demand is much higher than traditional estimates from dynamic models that do not account for for the endogeneity of the price of oil. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
(N-Heterocyclic Carbene)-Pd-Catalyzed Anaerobic Oxidation of Secondary Alcohols and Domino Oxidation−Arylation Reactions

The use of commercially available (SIPr)Pd(cinnamyl)Cl (SIPr = 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-4,5-dihydroimidazol-2-ylidene) as a precatalyst for the anaerobic oxidation of secondary alcohols is described. The use of this complex allows for a drastic reduction in the reaction times and catalyst loading when compared to the unsaturated counterpart. This catalytic system is compatible with the use of microwave dielectric heating, decreasing even further catalyst loading and reaction times. Domino Pd-catalyzed oxidation−arylation reactions of secondary alcohols are also presented.
Rigidity of the measurable structure for algebraic actions of higher-rank Abelian groups

We investigate rigidity of measurable structure for higher-rank Abelian algebraic actions. In particular, we show that ergodic measures for these actions fiber over a zero entropy measure with Haar measures along the leaves. We deduce various rigidity theorems for isomorphisms and joinings as corollaries.
Enterobacteriaceae and Salmonella recovered from nonsanitized and sanitized broiler hatching eggs

SUMMARY Sanitizing hatching eggs may reduce the chances that a broiler flock will become colonized with Salmonella and reduce the numbers of other microorganisms, such as Enterobacteriaceae, that can depress hatchability. An experiment was conducted to determine if a quaternarybiguanide sanitizer applied as foam or spray would reduce Enterobacteriaceae or Salmonella naturally occurring on broiler hatching eggs. The sanitizer was applied to buggies of 5,040 eggs the day before set (one buggy/treatment at each of 2 settings). Treated eggs were compared with untreated controls. Foam application lowered Enterobacteriaceae prevalence at set (0 vs. 18%) and transfer (5 vs. 28%); spraying was effective only when eggs were set (2.5 vs. 11%). At transfer spray, treated and control eggs were 19% Enterobacteriaceae-positive. Five Salmonella-positives were recorded during the study. No indication that the sanitizer was effective in reducing Salmonella prevalence when applied as foam was observed (3/120 vs. 1/120). No Salmonella were recovered from spray-treated eggs. No statistically significant difference for Salmonella prevalence was noted, but with such a low rate of recovery it is difficult to draw a firm conclusion. However, the sanitizer applied as foam was effective at decreasing the prevalence of Enterobacteriaceae (a family of bacteria that includes Salmonella and Escherichia coli), and is present more often and in higher numbers than Salmonella.
Renewable Hydrogen From the Zn/ZnO Solar Thermochemical Cycle: A Cost and Policy Analysis

Flexible energy carriers are a crucial element of our energy portfolio. In a future in which a significant fraction of our energy comes from renewable sources, renewably produced fuels will be vital. The zinc/zinc-oxide thermochemical redox cycle is one approach for producing hydrogen using solar energy. This paper explores the level of carbon taxation necessary to make the cycle competitive with hydrogen production via methane reforming. In addition, the time frame for economic viability is assessed through the use of experience curves under minimal input, midrange, and aggressive incentive policy scenarios. Prior work projects that hydrogen produced by the zinc/zinc-oxide cycle will cost between $5.02/kg and $14.75/kg, compared with $2.40-3.60/kg for steam methane reforming. Overcoming this cost difference would require a carbon tax of ($119-987)/tCO 2 , which is significantly higher than is likely to be implemented in most countries. For the technology to become cost competitive, incentive policies that lead to early implementation of solar hydrogen plants will be necessary to allow the experience effect to draw down the price. Under such policies, a learning curve analysis suggests that hydrogen produced via the Zn/ZnO cycle could become economically viable between 2032 and 2069, depending on how aggressively the policies encourage the emerging technology. Thus, the Zn/ZnO cycle has the potential to be economically viable by mid-century if incentive policies-such as direct financial support, purchase guarantees, low interest rate loans, and tax breaks-are used to support initial projects. DOI:10 1115/1. 4002511].
High resolution measurement of polarization mode dispersion with quantum interferometry

A new quantum interferometric technique for measuring polarization mode dispersion with a higher precision than classical techniques is introduced. This approach simultaneously allows extracting chromatic and polarization mode dispersion parameters from a single optical setup.
Causation Delays and Causal Neutralization up to Three Steps Ahead: The Money-Output Relationship Revisited

In this paper, we develop a parametric test procedure for multiple horizon ”Granger” causality and apply the procedure to the well established problem of determining causal patterns in aggregate monthly U.S. money and output. As opposed to most papers in the parametric causality literature, we are interested in whether money ever "causes" (can ever be used to forecast) output, when causation occurs, and how (through which causal chains). For brevity, we consider only causal patterns up to horizon h =3 . Our tests are based on new recursive parametric characterizations of causality chains which help to distinguish between mere noncausation (the total absence of indirect causal routes) and causal neutralization, in which several causal routes exists that cancel each other out such that noncausation occurs. In many cases the recursive characterizations imply greatly simplified linear compound hypotheses for multi-step ahead causation, and permit Wald tests with the usual asymptotic χ 2 -distribution. A simulation study demonstrates that a sequential test method does not generate the type of size distortions typically reported in the literature, and null rejection frequencies depend entirely on how we define the "null hypothesis" of non-causality (at which horizon, if any). Using monthly data employed in Stock and Watson (1989), and others, we demonstrate that while Friedman and Kuttner’s (1993) result that detrended money growth fails to cause output one month ahead continues into the third quarter of 2003, a significant causal lag may exist through a variety of short-term interest rates: money appears to cause output after at least one month passes, although in some cases using recent data
Why design must change: rethinking digital design

The IC industry is facing a huge paradox. On one hand, with the slowing of the performance and power gains provided by scaling, designers need to find new ways of delivering value to their customers. Historically this has meant creating more application specialized chips and systems. On the other hand the rising NRE costs for chip design (now over $10M/chip) has caused the number of chip design starts to fall. Everyone today seems to be talking about building programmable platforms to ensure the total available market is large enough to justify the chip design costs.
Information processing and signal integration in bacterial quorum sensing

Bacteria communicate using secreted chemical signaling molecules called autoinducers in a process known as quorum sensing. The quorum-sensing network of the marine bacterium Vibrio harveyi uses three autoinducers, each known to encode distinct ecological information. Yet how cells integrate and interpret the information contained within these three autoinducer signals remains a mystery. Here, we develop a new framework for analyzing signal integration on the basis of information theory and use it to analyze quorum sensing in V. harveyi. We quantify how much the cells can learn about individual autoinducers and explain the experimentally observed input–output relation of the V. harveyi quorum-sensing circuit. Our results suggest that the need to limit interference between input signals places strong constraints on the architecture of bacterial signal-integration networks, and that bacteria probably have evolved active strategies for minimizing this interference. Here, we analyze two such strategies: manipulation of autoinducer production and feedback on receptor number ratios.
An analog DFE for disk drives using a mixed-signal integrator

An analog adaptive decision-feedback equalizer (DFE) is described. The DFE cancels intersymbol interference using four feedback taps, and a fifth tap cancels dc offset. The coefficient for each tap is adapted using a small mixed-signal integrator. The DFE dissipates 220 mW at a data rate of 150 Mb/s. The active area is 1.8 mm/sup 2/ in a 1-/spl mu/m CMOS process.
Homotopy-theoretically enriched categories of noncommutative motives

Waldhausen’s K-theory of the sphere spectrum (closely related to the algebraic K-theory of the integers) is naturally augmented as an S 0-algebra, and so has a Koszul dual. Classic work of Deligne and Goncharov implies an identification of the rationalization of this (covariant) dual with the Hopf algebra of functions on the motivic group for their category of mixed Tate motives over . This paper argues that the rationalizations of categories of noncommutative motives defined recently by Blumberg, Gepner, and Tabuada consequently have natural enrichments, with morphism objects in the derived category of mixed Tate motives over . We suggest that homotopic descent theory lifts this structure to define a category of motives defined not over but over the sphere ring-spectrum S 0. Mathematics subject classification: 11G, 19F, 57R, 81T
CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA

Chronic myeloid leukemia is a clonal myeloproliferative disorder of a pluripotent stem cell with a specific cytogenetic abnormality, the Philadelphia chromosome, involving myeloid, erythroid, megakaryocytic, B lymphoid, and sometimes T lymphoid cells but not marrow fibroblasts. Advances in cell biology and molecular genetics and a plethora of biochemical, cytogenetic, and molecular data of clinical relevance have yielded much new information regarding this disease. This article reviews the hematologic and clinical aspects of chronic myeloid leukemia; discusses the pertinent aspects of the advances in understanding of the cytogenetics and molecular biology of the disease; and reviews treatment programs employing busulfan, hydroxyurea, interferon, and marrow transplantation, which still are clinically important and relevant despite the development of the exciting new drug imatinib mesylate, a new paradigm for cancer chemotherapy in general.
ORAL APPLIANCES IN THE TREATMENT OF SNORING AND SLEEP APNEA

Over the past decade, interest in oral applicance therapy for snoring and sleep apnea has increased. This article reviews the types of appliances, their possible mechanisms of action, and their efficacy. We also provide a logical approach for the clinician to determine the patients who should be referred for oral appliance therapy.
MANAGER COMMUNICATIVE STYLE AND NURSE MORALE

This research project examined questions concerning the effectiveness of female managers using stereotypically masculine or feminine communication management styles. Nurses from three hospitals were surveyed on the perceptions of the communication management style of their superiors and answered self-report questions about their morale and job satisfaction. Employees of female managers who were perceived as managing in a stereotypically feminine style reported significantly greater morale and job satisfaction than did employees whose female managers were perceived as managing in a stereotypically masculine style. Implications are discussed.
The exact density of nonparametric regression estimators: fixed design case

This paper studies the exact density of a general nonparametric regression estimator when the errors are non-normal. The fixed design case is considered. The density function is derived by an application of the technique of Davis (1976)