cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Manganese, trypsin, milk proteins and the susceptibility of milk to oxidized flavor development.

Summary A concentration of 10 −4 . moles per liter of added MnSO 4 was found to prevent development of an oxidized flavor in spontaneous milk and in susceptible milk containing 10 −5 moles per liter of added CuSO 4 Addition of the Mn salt either before or after pasteurization was equally effective. Such addition, however, had no effect on the rate of oxidation of ascorbic acid. The addition of ascorbic acid (100mg. per liter) to washed cream induced development of an oxidized flavor during 48-hr, storage at 40° F. The presence of added CuSO 4 (10 −5 moles per liter) showed no tendency to catalyze development of the flavor in washed cream. MnSO 4 , when added to washed cream containing ascorbic acid, did not prevent oxidized flavor development. The action of pure trypsin retarded or prevented development of an oxidized flavor in spontaneous and susceptible milk. The suggestion is made that the protective action obtained by treating milk with the pancreatic enzyme preparations presently being marketed is due to the trypsin contained therein. A possible mechanism by which milk proteins may function as reducing agents, through their "fixed" or reactive –SH groups, is discussed. The suggestion is made that these –SH groups in milk proteins may have a pronounced influence on the susceptibility of milk toward oxidized flavor development.
Ethylbenzene modulates the expression of different cytochrome P-450 isozymes by discrete multistep processes

Ethylbenzene (EB) treatment to male Holtzman rats was shown to alter the expression of cytochrome P-450s 1A1, 2B, 2C11, 2E1, and 3A, with several isozymes exhibiting complex multiphasic induction patterns when treated for 1 and 3 days with the alkylbenzene. Male rats were treated with daily i.p. injections of EB for either one or three days, and the effects on P-450 dependent activities, P-450 immunoreactive protein levels and their corresponding mRNA levels were measured. Although levels of P-450 2B, 2C11, 2E1, and 3A were all modulated by EB treatment, each exhibited different temporal characteristics. P-450 2B1/2B2 were induced after a single EB exposure and continued to be elevated after EB treatment for 3 days. However, P-450 2B1 and 2B2 mRNA levels were elevated about 50-fold after a single injection, and returned to control values after continued EB administration. P-450 2C11 expression was decreased to about 45% of controls after either single or repeated EB exposure with corresponding changes being observed in the levels of 2C11 mRNA. P-450 2E1 was induced by EB according to a complex multistep induction pattern. Both P-450 2E1 protein and RNA levels were increased 2–4-fold after a single EB treatment but returned to control values after continued administration. P-450 3A-dependent testosterone 2β-hydroxylation and P-450 3A immunoreactive protein levels were both increased about 3-fold after a single EB treatment, whereas levels were only elevated 2-fold after EB treatment for 3 days. In contrast, P-450 3A2 mRNA was unaffected by a single EB injection but was increased 3.5-fold with repeated administration. Changes in P-450 3A1/2 were similar to those observed with P-450 3A2, whereas changes in P-450 3A1/23 and 3A23 mRNAs were not detectable. These data indicate that while EB can influence the expression of several P-450 isozymes, the hydrocarbon appears to alter P-450 expression by acting at different regulatory steps.
The Intra- and Inter-rater Reliabilities of the Forward Head Posture Assessment of Normal Healthy Subjects

[Purpose] Assessment of posture is an important goal of physical therapy interventions for preventing the progression of forward head posture (FHP). The purpose of this study was to determine the inter- and intra-rater reliabilities of the assessment of FHP. [Subjects and Methods] We recruited 45 participants (20 male subjects, 25 female subjects) from a university student population. Two physical therapists assessed FHP using images of head extension. FHP is characterized by the measurement of angles and distances between anatomical landmarks. Forward shoulder angle of 54° or less was defined as FHP. Intra- and inter-rater reliabilities were estimated using Kendall’s Taub correlation coefficients. [Results] Intra-class correlation of intra-rater measurements indicated an excellent level of reliability (0.91), and intra-class correlation of inter-rater measurements showed a good level of reliability in the assessment of FHP (0.75). [Conclusion] Assessment of FHP is an important component of evaluation and affects the design of the treatment regimen. The assessment of FHP was reliably measured by two physical therapists. It could therefore become a useful method for assessing FHP in the clinical setting. Future studies will be needed to provide more detailed quantitative data for accurate assessment of posture.
APPLICATION OF CHLORINE TO REDUCE POPULATIONS OF ESCHERICHIA COLI ON BEEF

The effects of chlorine against 2 strains of E. coli attached to the surface of beef carcass tissue (BCT) were examined using a model carcass washer. Lean and adipose BCT with approximately 5 log 10 CFU/cm 2 E. coli bacteria were spraytreated with water and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCI) to give chlorine concentrations of 50, 100, 250, 500, or 800 ppm, incubated for 24 h, 4C, and E. coli populations enumerated. Spray treatments with water did significantly (P<0.05) reduce the bacterial populations of either organism attached to lean or adipose BCT as compared to populations of controls; however, reductions were less than 0.60 log 10 CFU/cm 2 . Treatments with 500 and 800 ppm chlorine agains E. coli ATCC 25922 attached to BCT resulted in the greatest reductions of 1.22 and 1.28 log 10 CFU/cm 2 , respectively. At 800 ppm chlorine, E. coli 0157:H7 ATCC 43895 attached to BCT was reduced by 1.04 log 10 CFU/cm 2 , whereas spray treatments with 50, 100, 250, and 500 ppm chlorine resulted in reductions of < 1 log 10 CFU/cm 2 . Spray treatments with chlorine from sodium hypochlorite solutions reduced populations of E. coli, however, these reductions were not sufficient to completely inactivate the bacteria attached to red meat
The contributions of social learning to language acquisition

Abstract Psycholinguists have often lost sight of the functions of language in their search for structural regularities. This paper focuses on three social learning variables whose roles in language development have often been discounted. Feedback or reinforcement has been said to be unrelated to grammatical development since parents tend to reinforce the truth instead of the grammar of their children's utterances. But evidence is presented showing that feedback for the child's comprehension responses can affect production of grammatical forms. Modeling or imitation has been said to be unimportant in grammatical development because most children's utterances are novel and because the frequency of imitation appears unrelated to the rate of language growth. But evidence is presented showing how many utterances can be both imitative and novel and showing that the role of these selective imitations has not been assessed properly in many studies. Contextual constraints on language have been considered unimportant in many psycholinguistic theories. But evidence is presented showing that communicative competence is related critically to the ability to adjust utterances to contextual constraints and that the language of the young child is deficient in this regard. The educational advantages of a functional analysis of language are discussed.
Does the duration of index episode affect the treatment outcome of major depressive disorder? A STAR*D report

Objective: This article aims to identify baseline sociodemographic and clinical characteristics associated with the duration of the index major depressive episode (MDE) and to assess the effect of the current MDE duration on response and remission rates with up to 14 weeks of citalopram. Method: Eligible participants met DSM-IV criteria for nonpsychotic major depressive disorder, scored ≥ 14 on the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D-17), and were not resistant to adequate antidepressant treatment in the current episode. The first patient was enrolled in July 2001 and the last visit for the last patient in follow-up was in March 2006. The evaluable sample (N = 2851) was divided into 4 groups based on the index MDE duration at study entry: acute (≤ 6 months, N = 1324), subchronic (7-23 months, N = 807), chronic (24-41 months, N = 326), and ultrachronic (≥ 42 months, N = 394). These 4 groups were compared in terms of baseline sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes. Citalopram was generally begun at 20 mg/day and raised to 40 mg/day by weeks 2 through 4 and to 60 mg/day (final dose) by weeks 4 through 6. Logistic regression models with adjusted post hoc analyses were used to control for associated baseline characteristics. Response was defined as ≥ 50% reduction in baseline 16-item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self-Report (QIDS-SR-16) scores at exit. Remission was defined as ≤ 7 on the HAM-D-17 or ≤ 5 on the QIDS-SR-16. Results: MDE duration was longer in primary care settings, blacks, Hispanics, single or widowed, unemployed, publicly insured or uninsured, older, and less educated participants and in those with lower income, less recurrence, or greater concurrent general medical or Axis I comorbidities. HAM-D-17 remission rates ranged from 31.0% (acute group) to 24.1% (ultrachronic group). HAM-D-17 remission rates were significantly related to MDE duration (p =.0010), but after adjustments for baseline differences among the 4 groups, remission rates were not different. QIDS-SR-16 response rates were lower for the subacute and chronic groups but not different for the acute and ultrachronic groups after adjustment. Conclusion: Longer MDE duration is associated with socioeconomic disadvantage and greater Axis I and medical comorbidity. Episode duration per se does not significantly affect the likelihood of remission.
The knowledge problem, determinism, and The Sensory Order

The arguments presented in Hayek's The Sensory Order suggest that the mind/brain is a decentralized spontaneous order. The decentralized nature of decision-making and the central role of classification in perception, cognition, and action, are solutions to the knowledge problem that confronts the system. The nature of this decentralized complex system suggests that the ordering is deterministic and that free will in the sense of a decision-maker being able to stand outside the circle of cause and effect is an illusion. If determinism is correct, how can we hold individuals responsible for their actions? It is argued that the evolution of responsibility, blame and credit are the products of a second Hayekian spontaneous order. Responsibility and the allocation of credit and blame are part of an implicit social contract that facilitates cultural evolution, political freedom, and economic growth. It is responsibility, not the existence of free will, that makes freedom possible.
Impurity centers in PN junctions determined from shifts in the thermally stimulated current and capacitance response with heating rate

Abstract A theory is developed for the thermal response of pn junction current and capacitance where the junction contains deep impurity centers. Measurements lead to values for the energy level, emission coefficient and concentration of these centers. Energy levels and emission coefficients are found from shifts in either the current maxima or the capacitance slope maxima with heating rate. The theory indicates that the heating rate may be non-linear and that energy levels may be found independent of the emission coefficient. The analysis accounts for the possibility that only a portion of the space-charge region may contain charged deep centers. This allows the identification of centers in a small segment of the space-charge region. In addition, the analysis allows for the motion of the space-charge width as deep centers discharge. A gold-doped silicon n + p junction is used to verify the theory. The experimental hole emission parameters for the gold donor are in good agreement with those values obtained by other workers using different methods.
Identifying Gypsy Moth Defoliation in Ohio Using Landsat Data

The gypsy moth is one of the most devastating forest pests in North America. The Ohio Department of Agriculture, in common with other state agencies involved in the Gypsy Moth Suppression Program, uses aerial sketch mapping each year to map gypsy moth damage. We compare results obtained from Landsat 5 and Landsat 7 to locations determined by aerial sketch mapping to locate gypsy moth infestations in Ohio. The haze-corrected ratio of Landsat band 4 (near infrared) to band 3 (red) detects changes of leaf area. We subtract the ratio values from two dates to determine the change. As in previous studies, we search for the defoliation caused by the gypsy moth by subtracting the ratio values of frames acquired in early June and late June. Unlike previous studies, we use the subsequent refoliation that takes place between late June and late July as part of the signal. This is seen as large positive ratio subtraction values between early June and late June and large negative ratio subtraction values between late June and late July. Pixels that exhibit these attributes are candidates for gypsy moth defoliation. The use of three frames to analyze both defoliation and subsequent refoliation results in a stronger, less ambiguous signal of gypsy moth damage and pinpoints the locations of the most severe defoliation. The most severe defoliation often marks the location of egg masses. Although we reduced the ambiguity caused by agricultural anomalies, this procedure also detected areas with significant wild grapevine infestations.
Effect of Dietary Acetylsalicylic Acid on Eggshell Quality

Abstract Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) is an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis. Many soft-shelled (SS) and shell-less (SL) eggs are laid prematurely. It is hypothesized that prostaglandins may be responsible for the premature expulsion of some SS or SL eggs. The objective of the present study was to determine whether aspirin would reduce the incidence of SS or SL eggs and result in a concomitant increase in hard-shelled (HS) eggs. Layer breeders in their 15th mo of production were divided into groups of high and low incidence SS or SL egg laying and fed either control or rations with .05% aspirin for 4 wk. A decrease (P
The MT Stack: Paging Algorithm and Performance in a Distributed Virtual Memory System

Advances in parallel computation are of central importance to Artificial Intelligence due to the significant amount of time and space their programs require. Functional languages have been identified as providing a clear and concise way of programming parallel machines for artificial intelligence tasks. The problems of exporting, creating, and manipulating processes have been thoroughly studied in relation to the parallelization of functional languages, but none of the necessary support structures needed for the abstraction, like a distributed memory, have been properly designed. In order to design and implement parallel functional languages efficiently, we propose the development of an all-software based distributed virtual memory system designed specifically for the memory demands of a functional language. In this paper, we review the MT architecture and briefly survey the related literature that lead to its development. We then present empirical results obtained from observing the paging behavior of the MT stack. Our empirical results suggest that LRU is superior to FIFO as a page replacement policy for MT stack pages. We present a proof that LRU is an opti
Use of a personal digital assistant to monitor surgery student work and sleep hours.

Abstract Background We developed a personal digital assistant (PDA)-based program to assess compliance with our medical student work hours policy, and to correlate work hours with sleep and performance. Methods Medical students on surgery clerkship logged real-time work and sleep hours for 1 week. Estimated work hours, clinical evaluations, and score on the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) surgery examination were recorded. Results Thirty-seven students logged work hours, which correlated poorly with estimated work hours and sleep hours. The majority of students overestimated work hours by a mean of 19.5 hours. Twenty-four students transgressed written policy. Increased in-hospital study hours correlated with improved clinical ratings but poorer NBME examination scores. Increased operating room hours correlated with higher NBME examination scores. Conclusions Medical students inaccurately estimate work hours; a PDA-based log facilitates hours monitoring. Unenforced work hour policies are frequently transgressed. Work activity patterns, but not total work hours, correlated with outcomes on standardized written tests and clinical ratings.
Weighted integration of visual position information.

The ability to localize visual objects is a fundamental component of human behavior and requires the integration of position information from object components. The retinal eccentricity of a stimulus and the locus of spatial attention can affect object localization, but it is unclear whether these factors alter the global localization of the object, the localization of object components, or both. We used psychophysical methods in humans to quantify behavioral responses in a centroid estimation task. Subjects located the centroid of briefly presented random dot patterns (RDPs). A peripheral cue was used to bias attention towards one side of the display. We found that although subjects were able to localize centroid positions reliably, they typically had a bias towards the fovea and a shift towards the locus of attention. We compared quantitative models that explain these effects either as biased global localization of the RDPs or as anisotropic integration of weighted dot component positions. A model that allowed retinal eccentricity and spatial attention to alter the weights assigned to individual dot positions best explained subjects’ performance. These results show that global position perception depends on both the retinal eccentricity of stimulus components and their positions relative to the current locus of attention.
Evidence for reduced thermal conductivity in quantum dot active region from chirp characteristics in InGaAs/GaAs quantum dot lasers

This study presents evidence for reduced thermal conductivity in quantum dot (QD) active region from chirp characteristics in InGaAs/GaAs quantum dot lasers. This study shows measurements of the wavelength of one of the F-P modes of the QD laser as a function of pulse width both above and below threshold. Measurements reveal that the displayed behavior is potentially due to the lowered thermal conductivity of quantum dots. Particularly below threshold, there is a large fraction amount of nonradiative recombination occurring directly in the QD active region. Decreased thermal conductivity results in increased temperature with increasing duty cycle or current. Above threshold, additional thermal effects are largely due to resistive healing from current injection; recombination in the active region is mostly radiative, and hence QD and QW laser behavior above threshold is similar.
Phanerozoic deformation in the “stable” craton, Manitoba, Canada

An outlier of strongly deformed Ordovician dolomite in Early Proterozoic gneiss of northern Manitoba belies traditional theories of Phanerozoic stability in the Canadian shield. Despite the perception that this part of the craton has been tectonically quiescent since Precambrian time, the observed structures appear to have had a tectonic origin. The margins of the outlier are not parallel to bedding, and the outlier is up to 150 m lower than the projected base of Phanerozoic deposits in Manitoba, indicating that the dolomites are not in place. The exposure is pervasively folded and the presence of a spaced cleavage is a strong argument against syndepositional deformation and glaciotectonics. Uniformly parallel glacial striae indicate that deformation predated the last glaciation. Carbonate solution cannot explain all of the features observed, and karstic weathering on this scale is not reported elsewhere in the western Canadian craton. An impact origin for the outlier is not supported by a circular physiographic feature or signs of shock metamorphism. The geometry of the outlier and its relationship with regional geophysical lineaments suggest, rather, an association between deformation and strike-slip faulting. Whatever the cause, the existence of Phanerozoic tectonic deformation structures will require rethinking of some well-entrenched ideas of the geologic history of this “stable” craton.
The Torodbe Clerisy: A Social View

It is a salient feature of the great jihāds of the western Sudan that the leadership for these wars of religious fervour should have sprung forth from a single source, the Torodbe clerisy. It was the Torodbe ʿulamā’ who sustained the jihāds in Futas Bundu, Toro and Jallon in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and prefigured the jihāds of Usumān dan Fodio and al-Hājj ʿUmar b. Saʿīd, perhaps the most illustrious leaders thrown up by Torodbe Islam.We have long viewed these Islamic revolutions as ‘Fulani jihads’—as consummate examples of the way in which ‘Fulani’ skilfully orchestrated the people in favour of their own views. But it would now appear that those Muslims we have been calling ‘Fulani’ deserved this designation in language and culture only—that they were drawn from diverse strains of Sūdānī society—that Turudiyya suggests a metier and not an ethnic category.The Torodbe clerisy evolved out of that mass of rootless peoples who perceived in Islam a source of cultural identity. Bound in a new persuasion—linked by a common oppression—they shook the sense of ethnic difference and sought to stimulate a counter trend of a levelling nature. Yet, having habitually recruited from all levels, and most notably from the submerged levels of society, the Turudiyya became an increasingly closed world, discoloured of their levelling intentions. This tendency was manifest in Futas Toro and Bundu especially. In these new communities, the Turudiyya took shape as a hereditary ruling class—succession to the imāmiyya became the special preserve of a select few families. The position of slaves in the new order progressively hardened; the ranks of the Turudiyya remained closed to artisans who continued to pursue their traditional crafts.The levelling tendency of the Turudiyya movement seems to have reached its apogee in the ʿUmarian Jamāʿa. Though it is said that al-Hājj ʿUmar b. Saʿid did not extend freedom to his slaves, the ties of Islam and the community of faith came to supplant the old threads of allegiance. Among believers, superiority in the faith or stricter observance of its precepts presented a new passport to honoured status.
Mechanism and Function of Formins in the Control of Actin Assembly

Formins are a widely expressed family of proteins that govern cell shape, adhesion, cytokinesis, and morphogenesis by remodeling the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons. These large multidomain proteins associate with a variety of other cellular factors and directly nucleate actin polymerization through a novel mechanism. The signature formin homology 2 (FH2) domain initiates filament assembly and remains persistently associated with the fast-growing barbed end, enabling rapid insertion of actin subunits while protecting the end from capping proteins. On the basis of structural and mechanistic work, an integrated model is presented for FH2 processive motion. The adjacent FH1 domain recruits profilin-actin complexes and accelerates filament elongation. The most predominantly expressed formins in animals and fungi are autoinhibited through intramolecular interactions and appear to be activated by Rho GTPases and additional factors. Other classes of formins lack the autoinhibitory and/or Rho-binding domains and thus are likely to be controlled by alternative mechanisms.
Unesterified Fatty Acids and Lipid Transport in Dogs.

SummaryPlasma neutral fats and unesterified fatty acids were investigated in different conditions of increased lipid transport in the dog. During fat absorption, in addition to the increase in neutral fats, unesterified fatty acid also increases. Heparin and protamine influence both transport mechanisms in the post absorptive state, the former increasing the unesterified fatty acids and decreasing the esterified fatty acids: the latter opposing this effect. Starvation for from 48 to 72 hours and acute CCl4 poisoning raise the unesterified fatty-acid level markedly. The results indicate the metabolic importance of unesterified fatty acids in lipid transport and the possible role of clearing factor in regulating lipid metabolism.
Gas sampling measurements of effluent from a singlet oxygen generator

A gas-sampling diagnostic has been developed to determine the molecular composition in real time of the gaseous flow emanating from a 1(Delta) g oxygen generator. This excited state oxygen is the energy source for a chemical oxygen-iodine laser (COIL). The major constituents in the flow, helium, oxygen, chlorine and water are drawn from the generator and transported to a quadrupole mass spectrometer for analysis. Information derived from this instrument such as chlorine utilization, water vapor content and flow impurities will advance our understanding of the oxygen generator performance. Precise measurements of water content are particularly important because of its energy quenching effect on I*, the lasing species in a COIL. This diagnostic may also be used to measure the mixing distribution of molecular iodine in the supersonic excited oxygen flow downstream of the nozzles. This paper discusses the criteria for the design of the gas-sampling diagnostic.
Resonance ionization spectroscopy with amplification

Abstract Resonance ionization spectroscopy (RIS) can be used to ionize selectively nearly all of the atoms in the periodic table. Here we propose RIS with amplification (RISA) which incorporates collisional processes occurring during a laser pulse in order to complete a photoionization cycle and thereby amplify the number of ion pairs produced from one atom. With RISA the ability to distinguisha “two-atom” sample from a “one-atom” sample is greatly enhanced.
Disputes involving youth street gang members: Micro-social contexts

This paper examines microsocial contexts of violent and nonviolent dispute-related incidents involving gang members. Data consist of reports of field observations of twelve black and eight white youth street gangs in Chicago between 1959 and 1962. Dispute-related incidents (N = 2,637) were classified according to three primary pretexts: normative or order violations, identity attacks and retaliation. Findings show that disputes associated with each of these generally unfolded consistently with expectations based on the extent to which status concerns were likely to be outweighed by such situational constraints as a close relationship between disputants and audience intervention. We suggest that understanding violence in the gang context will be enhanced greatly by further consideration of the microsocial level of explanation and linkages to its macro- and individual-level counterparts.
Performance Evaluation of Concurrent Multipath Transfer Using SCTP Multihoming in Multihop Wireless Networks

A transport layer protocol supporting multihoming allows an application to transmit data via multiple paths simultaneously (termed concurrent multipath transfer, or CMT for short). SCTP is an IETF-supported transport layer protocol with built-in multihoming capability. Earlier work by Iyengar et. al.proposed a CMT protocol using SCTP multihoming for improving application throughput, which studied the performance of CMT over wired networks using ns-2 simulations. Given recent advances in multiple radio nodes, multichannel radios, and multipath routing we believe that we will see more multihomednodes in the wireless networks context. This motivates us to study theSCTP-based CMT over wireless networks. In this paper, we investigate the throughput of the applications using the SCTP-based CMT over IEEE 802.11 static multihop wireless networks with QualNet simulations.
Eigenvector-based initial ranging process for OFDMA uplink systems

At the contention-based synchronization, e.g., initial ranging process, it is crucial to identify multiple users through ranging codes and estimate the corresponding parameters such as timing offset and frequency offset. This paper presents an improved parameter estimation and pairing algorithm for initial ranging process in orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) uplink systems by exploiting multidimensional harmonic retrieval (HR) technique. Unlike most existing techniques that estimate each parameters independently and associate the ranging codes with the estimated parameters manually, the proposed method estimates multiple user’s ranging code, timing and frequency offsets simultaneously, and pair up all the multiple parameters automatically. The simulation results confirm that the proposed technique not only improves the ranging code detection capability and adjusts the acquisition range of the estimators but also increases the maximum number of resolvable users for given samples.
Management of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a common, often debilitating disorder characterized by the presence of obsessions and compulsions. Obsessions are repetitive thoughts or images which are experienced as intrusive and unwanted; they cause marked anxiety and distress. Compulsions (also known as rituals) are repetitive behaviors or mental acts that individuals with OCD perform in an attempt to decrease their anxiety. Patients tend to hide their symptoms due to shame; the amount of time between onset of symptoms and appropriate treatment is often many years. The disorder likely results from several etiological variables; functional imaging studies have consistently shown hyperactivity in the orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, thalamus, and striatum. The mainstays of treatment include cognitive-behavioral therapy in the form of exposure and response prevention (ERP) and serotonin reuptake inhibiting medications. Several pharmacological augmentation strategies exist for treatment-resistant OCD, with addition of antipsychotics being most commonly employed. Radio and neurosurgical procedures, including gamma knife radiation and deep brain stimulation, are reserved for severe, treatment-refractory disease that has not responded to multiple treatments, and some patients may benefit from transcranial magnetic stimulation.
Faculty work as learning: Insights from theories of cognition

Sociocultural and cultural-historical theories urge us to study the social relations and interactions of faculty embedded in local and particular contexts. They promise deeper insights into the work of college and university faculty.
Selective Recognition of Bile Acids by Molecular Imprints

Developing molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) as selective recognition elements for chemical sensors and biosensors is a promising technique that has wide applications in environmental and biological analysis. Previous work in our research group has introduced novel chemical sensors based on MIPs in combination with infrared evanescent field spectroscopy. Here, molecularly imprinted polymers for selective recognition of bile acids were prepared by the non-covalent approach. Our results indicate that almost no imprinting effect was achieved when using methacrylic acid (MAA) as the functional monomer and THF as the porogenic solvent, even with a variety of cross-linkers. However, using 4-vinylpyridine as functional building block successful imprinting of bile acids was demonstrated using the synthesized MIPs as stationary phase material in HPLC analysis, where individual separation and accurate quantification of bile acids derivatives enables early detection and monitoring of various diseases associated with these constituents.
Surface electron perturbations and the collective behaviour of atoms adsorbed on a cylinder

Charge transfer from adsorption is shown to provide an electrical method for probing the collective behaviour of atoms and small molecules confined to the surface of a carbon nanotube.
On Optimization of the V-BLAST Algorithm

Optimum power allocation for the V-BLAST algorithm, which is based on various criteria (average and instantaneous block and total error rates (BLER and TBER)), is considered. Closed-form expressions are derived for high-SNR case in a Rayleigh fading channel. It is demonstrated that, in that case, the optimization "on average" is almost identical to the instantaneous one (while the former requires only the feedback "on average", the latter requires instantaneous feedback and hence is of higher complexity). The BLER and TBER optimization criteria result in the same performance. Power optimization (of un-ordered BLAST) and optimal ordering result in the same performance improvement at high SNR
What can epidemiology tell us about systemic lupus erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an often-severe autoimmune rheumatic disease most commonly diagnosed in women in their childbearing years. It is thought to develop when genetically predisposed individuals are exposed to one or more environmental triggers. This review outlines the epidemiologic evidence for several putative risk factors including cigarette smoke, hormonal and reproductive factors, environmental silica and infectious exposures, as well as many yet to be identified. We also review the evidence for factors associated with increased disease activity and adverse outcomes in SLE. We review the literature on the epidemiology of SLE, its distribution, potential risk factors for its onset and for adverse outcomes. The information considered in this review was gathered through extensive review of the literature. Online Pubmed literature searches, previous reviews of the epidemiology of SLE and original studies were employed. Epidemiologic studies have helped to identify some of these potential risk factors, including exogenous hormone use, cigarette smoking, infections such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and crystalline silica exposure, but many more have yet to be studied. These exposures may interact with multiple genetic factors in determining susceptibility to SLE. While epidemiologic research has contributed an enormous amount to our understanding of the disease and its pathogenesis, there are many more avenues of epidemiologic research that deserve to be pursued.
What Makes Women-Friendly Public Accounting Firms Tick? The Diffusion of Human Resource Management Knowledge Through Institutional and Resource Pressures

Through the analysis of qualitative data, this research applies institutional theory and the resource-based perspective to examine why public accounting firms adopt women-friendly human resource management policies. The study reveals that 5 types of institutional pressures explain why women-friendly policies have proliferated in the public accounting industry. In addition to these institutional pressures, the proliferation of women-friendly policies in accounting firms has occurred because these firms are motivated to optimize available economic choices. Firms view women-friendly policies as a means to acquire, develop, and accumulate resources that will give them a competitive advantage in the marketplace. However, these women-friendly policies only provide competitive advantage when they are both valuable and difficult for competitors to imitate because of social complexity, knowledge management, and tacitness.
Photonic sensing technology: currents and trends

Photonic sensing technology and in particular the field of fiber optic sensing, has entered a period of dynamic market growth. Studies of anticipated world demographic shifts and climate change projections suggest areas in which significant opportunities for the use of the technology exist and will continue to grow. In this paper, the general currents and trends in photonic/fiber optic sensor technology will be discussed with a focus upon fiber optic biosensors. In 2004, the fiber optic biosensor market was estimated to be in the $6-8B range, while this year, its value is projected to be in the $7-11B range, an annual growth rate of between 6 and 10% during the period. The market is substantial with continued growth expected over the next 5 years at least. It is large enough and growing fast enough to offer a significant opportunity for penetration by appropriate fiber optic biosensor products.
The Ecological Context of Interpersonal Violence From Culture to Collective Efficacy

This brief essay outlines the progression over the last 20 years of ecological theories of interpersonal violence. The period between the present and the early 1980s began with a revival of cultural explanations of violence that paralleled the introduction of the neo-conservative social science and then witnessed a rediscovery of deficitsbased structural explanations of interpersonal violence under the broad rubric of social disorganization theory. The essay concludes with a more optimistic appraisal of recent refinements of social disorganization theory that consider the mediating effects of collective efficacy on urban crime and interpersonal violence.
Catecholamine stimulation is associated with impaired myocardial O2 utilization in heart failure

Objectives: To investigate the effect of α, β1 and β2 adrenergic receptor (AR) stimulation on coronary hemodynamics, myocardial oxygen consumption (MvO2) and metabolic substrate preference in advanced dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Methods: We studied 19 conscious, instrumented dogs with pacing-induced DCM. We evaluated systemic, coronary hemodynamics and MvO2 in response to norepinephrine (NOR, 0.05–0.4 μg/kg per min), dobutamine (DOB, 1–10 μg/kg per min), phenylephrine (PHE, 1–5 μg/kg per min) and isoproterenol (ISO, 0.05–0.4 μg/kg per min) alone or in the presence of metoprolol (ISO+MET). Experiments were conducted in control state and in advanced DCM, 4–5 weeks after the initiation of pacing. Results: Contractile responses (LV d P /d t ) to catecholamines were desensitized and accompanied by a parallel decrease in heart rate-adjusted myocardial O2 consumption (MvO2/beat), when α (PHE) or β1 (DOB) or both α/β1 (NOR) AR were stimulated in DCM. This was due to impaired transmyocardial (Ao–Cs) O2 extraction rather than limitations in CBF responses. There was an associated shift in myocardial metabolism, evidenced by an increased preference for glycolytic substrates (↑Respiratory Quotient) following administration of any of these three adrenergic agonists in DCM. Combined β1/β2 stimulation with ISO or β2-AR stimulation (ISO+MET) in DCM resulted in greater MvO2/beat, [(Ao–Cs) O2] extraction, and decreases in myocardial RQ consistent with a shift toward oxidation of FFA. Conclusions: The impairment in contractile responses to dobutamine and norepinephrine in DCM is associated with impaired myocardial O2 extraction, and a shift toward a preference for glycolysis. A different myocardial metabolic pattern suggestive of increased oxidation of FFA with increased myocardial O2 extraction was observed in the presence of combined β1/β2 stimulation with isoproterenol or β2 stimulation (ISO+MET). These data suggest that β2-AR stimulation in DCM shifts substrate preference toward FFA oxidation associated with greater MvO2 requirements. These findings identify a putative metabolic effect of β2 –AR in DCM that may be deleterious.
Heavy ion and proton induced single event transients in comparators

This paper presents a display of heavy-ion- and proton-induced single event transients for three comparators. The transient vital signs are serious: low LET threshold, very high voltage amplitude and extended pulse duration (microsecs.).
Interval-related problems on reconfigurable meshes

Interval graphs provide a natural model for a vast number of scheduling and VLSI problems. A variety of interval graph problems have been solved on the PRAM family. Recently, a powerful architecture called the reconfigurable mesh has been proposed: in essence, a reconfigurable mesh consists of a mesh-connected architecture augmented by a dynamically reconfigurable bus system. It has been argued that the regular structure of the reconfigurable mesh is suitable for VLSI implementation. The authors develop a set of tools and show how they can be used to devise constant time algorithms to solve a number of interval-related problem on reconfigurable meshes. These problems include finding a maximum independent set, a minimum clique cover, a minimum dominating set, a minimum coloring, along with algorithms to compute the shortest path between a pair of intervals and, based on the shortest path, an algorithm to find the center of an interval graph. More precisely, with an arbitrary family of n intervals as input, all their algorithms run in constant time on a reconfigurable mesh of size n*n. >
Sense Disambiguation Using Semantic Relations and Adjacency Information

This paper describes a heuristic-based approach to word-sense disambiguation. The heuristics that are applied to disambiguate a word depend on its part of speech, and on its relationship to neighboring salient words in the text. Parts of speech are found through a tagger, and related neighboring words are identified by a phrase extractor operating on the tagged text. To suggest possible senses, each heuristic draws on semantic relations extracted from a Webster's dictionary and the semantic thesaurus WordNet. For a given word, all applicable heuristics are tried, and those senses that are rejected by all heuristics are discarded. In all, the disambiguator uses 39 heuristics based on 12 relationships.
Bjorken Scaling in Quantum Field Theory

We discuss the conditions under which renormalization-group methods can imply Bjorken scaling for deep-inelastic structure functions. We prove and refine a conjecture of Parisi's concerning the high-spin behavior of anomalous dimensions in order to show that in most theories Bjorken scaling is possible only if the renormalization group has a fixed point at the origin of coupling- constant space. (auth)
PROPHYLAXIS OF EPISIOTOMY PAIN: A CONTROLLED STUDY OF ORAL TRYPSINS ON THE POSTPARTUM COURSE.

Abstract Because previous studies to determine whether oral enzymes can alleviate pain at an episiotomy site have been somewhat equivocal and studies in other fields have shown that starting treatment before surgery gives better results than waiting until afterward, a study was designed in which obstetrical patients could be primed with enzymes. Patients who were scheduled for induction of labor were given enzyme tablets or placebo tablets starting approximately 14 hours before amniotomy. Observations were made on 38 patients in the enzyme-treated group and on 36 in the placebo group. Pain at the episiotomy incision, pain on walking, and perineal edema were all decreased by the trypsin. Although this procedure was successful in induced labor, its application to spontaneous labor must wait for further information on the time at which pretreatment can be given.
Coenobichnus currani (new ichnogenus and ichnospecies): Fossil trackway of a land hermit crab, early Holocene, San Salvador, Bahamas

Abstract Land hermit crabs (Coenobitidae) are widespread and abundant in Recent tropical and subtropical coastal environments, yet little is known about their fossil record. A walking trace, attributed to a land hermit crab, is described herein as Coenobichnus currani (new ichnogenus and ichnospecies). This trace fossil occurs in an early Holocene eolianite deposit on the island of San Salvador, Bahamas. The fossil trackway retains the distinctive right and left asymmetry and interior drag trace that are diagnostic of modern land hermit crab walking traces. The overall size, dimensions and shape of the fossil trackway are similar to those produced by the modern land hermit crab, Coenobita clypeatus, which occurs in the tropical western Atlantic region. The trackway was compared to other arthropod traces, but it was found to be distinct among the arthropod traces described from dune or other environments. The new ichnogenus Coenobichnus is proposed to accommodate the asymmetry of the trackway demarcated by...
The Written Federal Attorney Examination

NO N SEPTEMBER 26, I942, more than I3,000 lawyers took the written examination for government legal positions conducted by the then Board of Legal Examiners, now the Legal Examining Section of the United States Civil Service Commission. This was probably the largest number ever to participate in a single law examination. The program for placing the government's attorneys under civil service, of which this examination was a part, has been discussed in other articles.' The purpose of this article is to explain the nature of the written examination and the types of questions used. Another, similar examination will probably be offered in the near future, and so prospective candidates particularly may be interested in the nature and results of the past examination. The written test was in itself only the first step in the examining process. Out of the total group those attaining the highest scores in each state-about 3,000 in all-were called for oral examination before state committees made up typically of a judge, a practicing lawyer, and a law professor. These committees further pruned down the group to less than 2,000, who were then placed on the list of those eligible for appointment. All legal positions in the federal government paying $3200 per year or less (not including increases recently granted), with few exceptions, must now be filled from this list. The examination was something of an experiment. The questions differed considerably both in form and in content from the usual law school or bar examination questions. There were eighty legal questions, and four hours' time was allowed for answering these questions. In addition, the examination included eighty verbal questions, to be answered in one hour, and ninety questions on
Accounting Meets Strategy: Share Repurchase Programs

Corporations are active purchasers of their own stock for their Treasury. This article discusses the cost and par value methods of accounting for Treasury stock, the traditional reasons for repurchases, required disclosures and the increase in EPS associated with repurchases.
Reducing Oncology Unit Central Line–Associated Bloodstream Infections: Initial Results of a Simulation-Based Educational Intervention

A targeted educational intervention using a simulated central line care model improved competence in central line care and resulted in decreased CLABSI rates for oncology inpatients.