cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Cologne pouch procedure for continent anal urinary diversion in children with bladder exstrophy-epispadias complex.

Summary Introduction In children who remain incontinent after reconstruction of bladder exstrophy–epispadias complex (BEEC), continent anal urinary diversion (CAD) is one option to achieve continence. Known problems after CAD are an increased stool frequency and ureterointestinal stenosis. We devised a new surgical technique of CAD that we named the “Cologne pouch procedure” (CPP) that renders the possibility of separate evacuation of urine and feces. Furthermore, we connect the bladder plate to the rectosigmoid pouch instead of performing a ureterosigmoidostomy to reduce the rate of ureterointestinal stenosis. In this study, we want to introduce the CCP and critically evaluate our results. Study design In CPP a detubularized sigmoid-bladder pouch is created, which is naturally connected to the rectum. A retrospective study was performed including all patients with BEEC and CPP treated in our hospital between January 1, 2007, and December 31, 2016. Epidemiological and surgical key data, complications, and the need for alkaline supplementation were assessed. At follow-up examinations, we evaluated continence, ability of independent urine and feces evacuation, need for bicarbonate supplementation, status of the upper urinary tract, and complications such as urinary tract infections or urolithiasis. Results In total, 29 patients with BEEC and CPP were included. The mean age at surgery was 4.2 ± 3.3 years (range 0.1–12.7 years). Overall, 14 short-term complications occurred in nine patients. Postoperatively, all patients were continent for urine and feces during daytime and only one child occasionally lost small portions of urine at night. An independent evacuation of urine and feces was accomplished in 22 patients (81.5%). Continued bicarbonate supplementation was necessary in 15 patients (55.6%). During the follow-up period six patients (22.2%) had a single urinary tract infection and four patients (14.8%) calculi of the urinary tract. No urinary tract abnormalities—especially no vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) or stenosis—were detected during follow-up ultrasound examination. In two children, a preoperatively known hydronephrosis decreased after CPP. Conclusion CPP is a novel technique that yields excellent results concerning continence. In contrast to other forms of rectosigmoid urinary diversion, functional separation of defecation and urination can be achieved in most patients. Download high-res image (54KB) Download full-size image Figure . CPP: Detubularized sigmoid-bladder pouch.
A Tale of Three Sovereigns: The Nebulous Boundaries of the Federal Government, New York State, and the Seneca Nation of Indians Concerning State Taxation of Indian Reservation Cigarette Sales to Non-Indians

This Note examines the conflict between New York State and the Seneca Nation of Indians regarding the taxation of cigarette sales to non-Indians on Indian reservations. In 1994, the United States Supreme Court found New York’s taxation scheme facially permissible without providing boundaries or guidance for the state’s subsequent enforcement. Seventeen years after the Court’s decision, no taxes have been collected on these sales. The issue involves conflicting spheres of federal, state, and tribal control. From 1965 to 1994, the Supreme Court balanced these competing interests, creating precedent that has failed to provide a definitive solution to this crisis. The Note examines the background of these decisions, the history of the treaties between the Seneca tribe and the United States, and the shift in federal Indian policy towards promoting a government-to-government relationship between the United States government and Indian tribes. Lastly, this Note proposes a solution modeled on the example of Washington State. Facing a crisis analogous to that of New York, Washington created a lasting solution to its taxation crisis by forging a relationship of trust between the state, its agencies, and the Indian tribes. This Note advocates that New York follow the same path and create cigarette tax compacts between New York and the Indian tribes.
A least-squares mixed scheme for the simulation of two-phase flow in porous media on unstructured grids

A least-squares mixed formulation is developed for simulation of two-phase flow in porous media. Such problems arise in petroleum applications and ground-water flow. An adaptive strategy based on the element residual as an error indicator is developed in conjunction with unstructured remeshing and tested for the two-phase flow of oil and water. An element-by-element conjugate-gradient scheme (EBE-CG) is compared to a band solution algorithm.
Leukemic cell apoptosis caused by constitutively active mutant glucocorticoid receptor fragments.

Publisher Summary A classic example of apoptosis is the lethal effect of glucocorticoids on certain classes of lymphoid cells. Apoptosis is defined as the sequential morphologic events set in train by exposure of sensitive lymphoid cells to such steroids, leading to cell death. This chapter presents a study to map the GR for cell kill, using as a test system clones of a line of acute lymphoblastic leukemic cells known as CEM. It is described in this chapter that these clones have glucocorticoid-specific, receptor-dependent sensitivity for lysis. The efficiency with which CEM cells can be electroporated without toxicity allows rapid evaluation of GR mutants for the domains necessary to evoke a lethal response. The replacement of holoreceptor in the glucocorticoid-resistant clone ICR27 restores steroid sensitivity. There is no requirement of either the ligand binding or the amino-terminal region of the GR for lethality. A GRE-specific DNA-binding domain is essential. The constitutive lethal effect is specific to the lymphoid cell lines tested and is not seen in two myeloid lines tested. A mutant GR fragment of only about 90 amino acids is sufficient to evoke constitutive cell kill.
Response of anxiety and agitation symptoms during nefazodone treatment of major depression.

A meta-analysis of six randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trials was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of the new antidepressant nefazodone in relieving symptoms of anxiety and agitation associated with major depression. Nefazodone blocks serotonin2 (5-HT2) receptors and selectively inhibits serotonin (5-HT) reuptake. This pharmacologic profile may confer clinical benefits that differ from those of other antidepressants, such as tricyclics (TCAs) and serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). The data base included 817 patients with major depression and baseline 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D-17) scores > or = 18; 345 received placebo, 288 imipramine, and 184 nefazodone. Both nefazodone and imipramine exhibited antidepressant efficacy compared with that of placebo, irrespective of baseline anxiety levels. Statistically significant improvement in Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HAM-A), HAM-D anxiety factor, HAM-D psychic anxiety item, and HAM-D agitation item scores was observed with both active treatments. Nefazodone-treated patients showed significantly greater improvement in somatic anxiety (HAM-D item 11) ratings than placebo-treated patients from Week 4 through end of treatment (p < or = .01), while imipramine-treated patients did not differ from placebo patients on this item. Nefazodone-treated patients improved more rapidly (as early as Week 1) than imipramine- and placebo-treated patients on agitation (HAM-D item 9) (p < or = .01). Nefazodone was found to have an excellent safety profile and was well tolerated, with 5% of nefazodone patients prematurely discontinuing treatment for adverse experiences compared with 17% for imipramine and 5% for placebo treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Therapy for esophageal cancer.

There are three traditional therapeutic modalities employed in the treatment of esophageal cancer; surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. These modalities have been utilized, either in combination or alone, as primary or adjuvant therapy for locally advanced disease as well as palliative therapy for metastatic disease. A thorough review of the incidence, risk factors and clinical presentation of esophageal cancer is described elsewhere in this book. However, it remains critically important to emphasize the changing epidemiology of this disease. The incidence of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia in the United States and parts of Western Europe is rising, while squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus remains the dominant histologic type in Asia and Africa (1,2). Although there are current efforts to stratify therapy based on histology, the existing studies are not adequate to support histology-specific therapeutic recommendations. Therefore, the treatment modalities discussed in this chapter are for both types of esophageal cancer.
Production of Rat × Mouse Hybridomas for the Study of the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor

In this chapter we will discuss methods used in our laboratory for the production of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) and their use in obtaining information on AChR structure, function, and synthesis, the autoimmune response to AChR, and the identification of putative AChRs in neurons. Space limitations preclude extensive discussion and referencing of work done in other laboratories in this field.
Bacterial growth in ground beef patties made with meat from animals fed diets without or with supplemental vitamin E.

A study was designed to determine populations of aerobic bacteria, coliforms, sorbitol-negative bacteria, and Listeria monocytogenes during display at 4 and 12°C of ground beef patties made with meat from animals fed diets supplemented daily (for 100 days) with 0, 1,000, or 2,000 IU of vitamin E. The patties (113.5 g) were either left uninoculated or were inoculated with Escherichia coli O157:H7 or L. monocytogenes and were tray-overwrapped and stored (at 4 or 12°C for 8 to 10 or 4 to 6 days, respectively) while being continuously exposed to fluorescent light in a display setting. Patties were visually evaluated for overall appearance (based on color and/or discoloration) twice a day and analyzed for microbiological counts at 2-day intervals during display at 4°C and at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 days during display at 12°C. Use of beef from animals fed supplemental vitamin E (“high-vitamin E beef”) resulted in ground beef patties which, when stored at 4°C, maintained visually acceptable color longer than did p...
“What’s your story?”: Storytelling as an affective learning strategy

Given the renewed importance of affective factors in teaching and learning, this paper aims at outlining the contribution of in-class storytelling as a phatic communication tool.
The Imaging Department of the Modern Hospital

In the modern hospital, imaging plays a seminal role in the diagnosis and treatment of a vast number of diseases. Recent breakthroughs in imaging technology particularly in CT, MRI, and ultrasound technology have profoundly changed the manner in which medicine is practiced. The imaging department in the modern hospital therefore functions as a key diagnostic hub that must provide safe, reliable, highly efficient, and advanced imaging services. Accordingly, the imaging department must be managed and organized in a manner that emphasizes teamwork and accountability. All members of the imaging team must focus on maintaining quality standards in every facet of the department and must assure optimal radiation safety, MRI safety, and equipment safety. The radiology IT infrastructure and its numerous components must be designed for optimal productivity and efficiency and maintained to the highest standards as required by the radiologists and referring physicians. Effective, continuous training of the imaging staff is necessary for the optimal operation of the highly advanced equipment of the modern imaging department.
Affiliated marketing

In information-intensive environments some firms may be sending their customers to other firms' or affiliates' websites in order to generate additional sales for their affiliates. Although this may provide a choice for the customers, from a firm's point of view such strategies have the potential to cannibalize own sales. Hence, when customers purchase from other firms' websites, the firm may loose its own customers. This study analyzes the optimality of such strategies using an analytical framework. The findings show that a firm may increase its prices and profit when its own customers purchase from other firm websites. An analysis of customer surplus and total welfare show that such strategies may have adverse effects. The results show that customer surplus and total welfare may decrease as a result of affiliations.
Feature Distillation: DNN-Oriented JPEG Compression Against Adversarial Examples

Image compression-based approaches for defending against the adversarial-example attacks, which threaten the safety use of deep neural networks (DNN), have been investigated recently. However, prior works mainly rely on directly tuning parameters like compression rate, to blindly reduce image features, thereby lacking guarantee on both defense efficiency (i.e. accuracy of polluted images) and classification accuracy of benign images, after applying defense methods. To overcome these limitations, we propose a JPEG-based defensive compression framework, namely “feature distillation”, to effectively rectify adversarial examples without impacting classification accuracy on benign data. Our framework significantly escalates the defense efficiency with marginal accuracy reduction using a twostep method: First, we maximize malicious features filtering of adversarial input perturbations by developing defensive quantization in frequency domain of JPEG compression or decompression, guided by a semi-analytical method; Second, we suppress the distortions of benign features to restore classification accuracy through a DNN-oriented quantization refine process. Our experimental results show that proposed “feature distillation” can significantly surpass the latest input-transformation based mitigations such as Quilting and TV Minimization in three aspects, including defense efficiency (improve classification accuracy from ∼ 20% to ∼ 90% on adversarial examples), accuracy of benign images after defense (≤ 1% accuracy degradation), and processing time per image (∼ 259× Speedup). Moreover, our solution also can provide the best defense efficiency (∼ 60% accuracy) against the latest BPDA attack with least accuracy reduction (∼ 1%) on benign images among all other input-transformation based defense methods.
Microtubules: Evolving roles and critical cellular interactions.

Microtubules are cytoskeletal elements known as drivers of directed cell migration, vesicle and organelle trafficking, and mitosis. In this review, we discuss new research in the lens that has shed...
Co-production at the front line: a user reflection on theory and practice

The concept of co-production (CP) is a key concept highly developed in the public administration literature reflecting the end stage of policy implementation. It is explored through a personal acco...
Huntingtin CAG expansion impairs germ layer patterning in synthetic human gastruloids through polarity defects

Abstract Huntington’s disease (HD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder caused by an expansion of the CAG repeats in the Huntingtin gene (HTT). While HD has been shown to have a developmental component, how early during human embryogenesis the HTT-CAG expansion can cause embryonic defects remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate a specific and highly reproducible CAG length-dependent phenotypic signature in a synthetic model for human gastrulation derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Specifically, we observed a reduction in the extension of the ectodermal compartment that is associated with enhanced ACTIVIN signaling. Surprisingly, rather than a cell-autonomous effect, tracking the dynamics of TGFβ signaling demonstrated that HTT-CAG expansion perturbs the spatial restriction of ACTIVIN response. This is due to defects in the apicobasal polarization in the context of the polarized epithelium of the gastruloid, leading to ectopic subcellular localization of TGFβ receptors. This work refines the earliest developmental window for the prodromal phase of HD to the first two weeks of human development as modeled by our gastruloids.
Safeguarding truth: Supporting children’s participation at truth commissions

Children are among the most vulnerable groups during periods of repression and conflict, and their exposure to violence can have long-term effects on their development, including how they manage an...
Community-based climate action planning as an act of advocacy: a case study of liberal arts education in a rural community

The current lack of comprehensive federal climate policy highlights the critical need for effective subnational climate policy and programs. We describe our efforts to create and cultivate a community-based multi-stakeholder group centered around local climate change planning and advocacy in a small, rural New York municipality. The literature on sustainability planning emphasizes the importance of collaborative work to build new capacities, develop knowledge, and create community commitment over the long term to advocate for municipal policies that prioritize climate change mitigation and resilience. However, case studies of rural community contexts are lacking in the literature, and rural communities may not have the planning and other resources found in the municipal offices of larger, urban communities. We argue that higher education institutions, especially those situated in small rural communities, have a vital role in supporting the climate strategies of local actors and can develop productive partnerships through research and co-curricular education. We discuss several challenges to effective campus-community partnerships, including the need to balance student engagement in community-based research with the traditional liberal arts model of education, engaging and sustaining the participation of community partners, and differential access to resources in rural spaces.
Examination of the Effectiveness and Acceptability of a Play-Based Sibling Intervention for Children with Autism: A Single-Case Research Design.

Complementary and reciprocal interactions are a defining feature of sibling relationships for young children. However, the social and communication difficulties of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can make reciprocal play more difficult and play between siblings can be less rewarding. Sibling play can serve an important role in intervention and family cohesiveness, but there is no consistent method for involving siblings in intervention benefitting the sibling dyad. This study evaluated a novel treatment package including training siblings on play strategies to increase positive sibling play in combination with a sibling support group to offer social support for the neurotypical sibling (NT). The effects of the treatment package on NT sibling play and fidelity of implementation of naturalistic play strategies was examined using a concurrent multiple-baseline design across six dyads, five of whom completed the intervention. After behavior skills training, all NT siblings increased the number of strategies they used, and increased the frequency of initiations towards their sibling with ASD. In addition, the percentage of reciprocal play between siblings increased. Generalization probes and follow-up probes demonstrated above-baseline levels of performance across most dyads, indicating that the skills learned generalized across other toys and were maintained over time. Only three of the sibling support group sessions were completed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the effectiveness of the sibling support group cannot be determined, social validity questionnaires suggest siblings and parents valued and liked the support group.
Topological operators, noninvertible symmetries and decomposition

In this paper we discuss the relationship between noninvertible topological operators, one-form symmetries, and decomposition of two-dimensional quantum field theories, focusing on two-dimensional orbifolds with and without discrete torsion. As one component of our analysis, we study the ring of dimension-zero operators in two-dimensional theories exhibiting decomposition. From a commutative algebra perspective, the rings are naturally associated to a finite number of points, one point for each universe in the decomposition. Each universe is canonically associated to a representation, which defines a projector, an idempotent in the ring of dimension-zero operators. We discuss how Wilson lines on boundaries of two-dimensional theories decompose, and compute actions of projectors. We discuss one-form symmetries of the rings, and related properties. We also give general formulas for projection operators, which previously were computed on a case-by-case basis. Finally, we propose a characterization of noninvertible higher-form symmetries in this context in terms of representations. In that characterization, non-isomorphic universes appearing in decomposition are associated with noninvertible one-form symmetries.
Race Determination of Fragmentary Crania by Analysis of the Cranial Base

The cranial base can be used to determine the race of fragmentary skulls. An initial study used 8 measurements taken from 100 crania in the Terry Collection. The sample was divided equally by race and sex. Five regression models were formulated that predicted correctly the race of the sample with 70 to 86% accuracy. In a separate test, a control sample of 20 skulls, also drawn from the Terry Collection but not involved with formulating the regression equations, was correctly classified with 75 to 95% accuracy.
Trade and Investment Cooperation in East Asia: Concerns, Prospects and Issues

This paper attempts to provide a context for the discussion of possible trade and investment cooperation is East Asia. First I describe the present role in the world economy of regional cooperative arrangements. These seem to be concerned primarily with foreign investment, secondarily with national economic-policy credibility, and thirdly with other issues, such as trade and migration. I discuss the changing role of East Asia in the global economy, especially with regard to the role of the multilateral trading system. This changing role raises the issue of possible East Asian cooperation, which I discuss in the light of the present function of regional arrangements. I attempt to identify potential benefits and dangers and the circumstances to which these are sensitive.
Herald of Change: New Jersey's Repeal of the Death Penalty

In 2007, the New Jersey legislature repealed the death penalty, twenty five years after it had reinstated capital punishment. The U.S. Supreme Court suspended all executions in 1972 in Furman v. Georgia. The New Jersey Legislature restored the measure in 1982 - relying on specified aggravating and mitigating factors to cure the arbitrariness that the Supreme Court had declared made execution as random as being struck by lightning. Of 228 death penalty trials 60 were sentenced to death, 57 death sentences were reversed on appeal. 9 condemned men remained on death row when the Legislature’s Study commission recommended repeal in 2007. No one was executed from reinstatement to the day the Legislature repealed capital punishment in December 2007, replacing execution with life imprisonment without parole. The New Jersey courts took their mandate to avoid arbitrariness with utmost earnestness and approached their task with scientific rigor. The Office of the Public Defender, in its mission to "save lives" used advanced statistical methods to examine death penalty outcomes across a spectrum of circumstances. The Supreme Court appointed a Special Master to determine if racial or other impermissible disparity tainted the death sentences. The Supreme Court itself used what Justice Alan Handler (a death penalty opponent) called "super due process" and Justice John Wallace labeled "exacting review"-- a fusion of the lessons of the 5th, 6th, 8th, and 14th amendments. It was this process, not, as some detractors would argue, obstruction, that led to the lack of executions. Justice Virginia Long felt that the "proportionality review" process used by the courts to be "futile" and wanted to outlaw the death penalty based on "evolving standards of decency". The majority was unpersuaded. Justice Barry Albin agreed with her assessment but believed the court must defer to the voting public, which had affirmed in a 1992 amendment that execution was supported by common sentiment. Indeed, this was the ultimate outcome - the elected Legislature acted. New Jersey, with its urban and diverse population, has long been a bellwether state on social issues such as fair employment practices, and civil union. The death penalty is no exception. 15 months after repeal one state (New Mexico) has already followed New Jersey’s lead and has abolished the death penalty. This article is part of the symposium held at Seton Hall in 2008 to discuss the death penalty in New Jersey. The symposium can be found in its entirety on SSRN under "Legislation, Litigation, Reflection and Repeal: The Legislative Abolition of he Death Penalty in New Jersey", paper no. 1392846. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1392846.
ANATOMY OF THE CANINE ORBITAL REGION: Multiplanar Imaging by CT

Computed tomography (CT) was used to study the normal anatomy of the orbital region in one Beagle. Direct transverse and reformatted dorsal, sagittal, and oblique plane images were used to distinguish various soft tissue structures. Intraorbital fat provided a natural contrast against which extraocular muscles and nerves could be discerned. The noninvasive nature and the multiplanar imaging capabilities of CT provided a means by which the orbital contents could be precisely localized and differentiated from one another.
Post-Gutenberg Galaxy: The Fourth Revolution in the Means of Production of Knowledge

The 4th revolution after speech, writing and print, is skywriting (email, hypermail, web-based archiving).
Computing stationary points

Given the set Open image in new window of form {x: Ax≤a} in R n and the linear function Open image in new window from Open image in new window to R n we adapt Lemke's algorithm for the purpose of computing a point x * in Open image in new window such that Open image in new window does not exceed Open image in new window for any y in Open image in new window .
Race-specific resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae conferred by bacterial blight resistance gene Xa-10 in rice (Oryza sativa) involves accumulation of a lignin-like substance in host tissues

When seedling leaves of rice ( Oryza sativa L.) cultivars carrying the Xa-10 gene for bacterial blight resistance were infiltrated with suspensions of cells from races 2 or 5 of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae , a rapid, race-specific incompatible reaction occurred: the leaf tissue became dark greenishbrown, and the rate of bacterial multiplication decreased compared to compatible interactions. By 48–72 h after inoculation, the affected area was dark brown. Lignin-like phenolic compounds accumulated throughout the incoulation site in the incompatible combination, beginning by 18–24 h after inoculation and reaching a maximum by 72 h. With the Xa-4 resistance gene, incompatible reactions involved localized water soaking, inhibition of lesion development, and deposition of a lignin-like polymer around the perimeter of the infiltration site. Compatible interactions between cultivars with either Xa-4 and race 2 or Xa-10 and race 1 were similar: both displayed a uniformly water-soaked, yellow-green, spreading lesion by 24–48 h after inoculation. Lignin-like substances were detected by 96–120 h following inoculation and were limited to the perimeter of the infiltration site. Infiltration of cultivars containing the Xa-10 gene with water or UV-killed bacteria elicited no responses. The phenotypes conferred by resistance genes Xa-4 and Xa-10 were distinguished rapidly by histological reactions.
DH reading frame usage influences HIV-1 epitope recognition (MPF2P.804)

Background: Some HIV-1-specific neutralizing antibodies, such as 2F5 and 4E10, contain a long H chain complementarity determining region 3 (CDR-H3) includes patches of hydrophobic and charged amino acids, but B cells bearing Igs with charged or hydrophobic CDR-H3s are normally culled from mature B cell subsets. Thus, DH influence on neutralizing antibody generation is very worth to explore. Methods: Mice-BALB/c mice cohort limited to the use of single DH gene segments were generated. ΔD-DFL is a human-like repertoire control. ΔD-DµFS promotes the use of hydrophobic amino acid repertoire. The ΔD-iD is charged amino acid enriched repertoire. Immunization-each strain of 10 mice was immunized with HIV-1 JR-FL gp140 protein. Epitope Identification, serum Assay were conducted. Results: As a general rule, the heterogeneity of the anti-JR-FL gp140 response varied by DH genotype with ΔD-DFL>Wild Type (WT)>>ΔD-DμFS, ΔD-iD. Conversely, the intensity of the response was greatest in the ΔD-iD. However, linear response was not identified with the response to natural HIV-1 epitope. Anti-JR-FL gp140 antibodies present in the sera of the DH altered did not block HIV-1 envelope CD4, 2F5, 2G12 binding site. Conclusion: The pattern of epitope recognition and antigen binding in the response to T dependent antigen, in part, on DH gene segment sequence. Restrictions imposed by natural selection of DH sequence may underlie some of the difficulty that patients generate neutralizing antibody.
Methane hydrate formation in partially water-saturated Ottawa sand

Bulk properties of gas hydrate-bearing sediment strongly depend on whether hydrate forms primarily in the pore fluid, becomes a load-bearing member of the sediment matrix, or cements sediment grains. Our compressional wave speed measurements through partially water-saturated, methane hydrate-bearing Ottawa sands suggest hydrate surrounds and cements sediment grains. The three Ottawa sand packs tested in the Gas Hydrate And Sediment Test Laboratory Instrument (GHASTLI) contain 38(1)% porosity, initially with distilled water saturating 58, 31, and 16% of that pore space, respectively. From the volume of methane gas produced during hydrate dissociation, we calculated the hydrate concentration in the pore space to be 70, 37, and 20% respectively. Based on these hydrate concentrations and our measured compressional wave speeds, we used a rock physics model to differentiate between potential pore-space hydrate distributions. Model results suggest methane hydrate cements unconsolidated sediment when forming in systems containing an abundant gas phase.
Quadratic Residues and the Quadratic Reciprocity Law

As shown in Chapter 5, the problem of solving a polynomial congruence $$ f\left( x \right) \equiv 0\left( {\bmod m} \right) $$ can be reduced to polynomial congruences with prime moduli plus a set of linear congruences. This chapter is concerned with quadratic congruences of the form $$ {x^2} \equiv n\;(\,\bmod \,\;p) $$ (1) where p is an odd prime and n ≢ 0 (mod p). Since the modulus is prime we know that (1) has at most two solutions. Moreover, if x is a solution so is - x, hence the number of solutions is either 0 or 2.
Multiobjective sensitivity analysis of sediment and nitrogen processes with a watershed model

[1] This paper presents a computational analysis for evaluating critical non-point-source sediment and nutrient (specifically nitrogen) processes and management actions at the watershed scale. In the analysis, model parameters that bear key uncertainties were presumed to reflect the importance of natural processes and/or management actions that they represent. The multiobjective generalized sensitivity analysis and the tree-structured density estimation procedures were used in combination to investigate correlation structure in the parameter space while accounting for multiple objectives. Using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool, this framework was applied to the Dreisbach watershed in Indiana in the Midwestern portion of the United States. Results showed that incorporation of parameter interactions and multiple objectives is essential to obtaining conclusive information about critical system processes and management actions. Interactions between surface runoff volume and within-channel processes were critical to describe transport of sediments in the study watershed. Key management actions for total nitrogen control were found to be nitrogen fertilizer application and upland farming practices. The sensitivity analysis reported herein could be used to derive a list of key non-point-source best management practices for development of watershed management plans. Implications of the analysis that are relevant to calibration of complex watershed models are discussed.
Effects of chronic morphine administration and naloxone on EEG, EEG power spectra, and associated behavior in two inbred rat strains

Utilizing behavioral and electroencephalographic (EEG) assessments, two inbred rat strains, Lewis (LEW) and Fischer 344 (F344), were exposed to morphine (IV) over a period of 7 days to discern differences in tolerance development. Following morphine injection, the LEW group demonstrated a greater mean total amount, as well as a greater rate of reduction, of stuporous behavior across the 7 days tested. Differences in patterns of latency to onset of slow-wave sleep between the two strains were also exposed. EEG analysis of spectral parameters utilizing an analysis of variance with repeated measures revealed that peak frequency, mean frequency, and edge frequency differed as a function of inbred rat strain. All spectral parameters differed as a function of duration of morphine injection; linear trends were indicated for both strains. Naloxone was administered (IV) following the 7 days of morphine to delineate dependence differences. LEW animals reflected a greater amount of behavioral responses, for example, wet-dog shakes, diarrhea, body stretch, and sluggish behavior. However, F344 rats demonstrated a greater alteration in two spectral parameters assessed: peak frequency and total power. Genetic variability appears to play a major role in both morphine tolerance and dependence as indicated by differences in EEG and behavioral responses.
Visualizing Three-Dimensional Reconnection in a Colliding Laser Plasma Experiment

Most processes in nature where magnetic field line reconnection occurs are thought to be 3-D and time dependent. These include solar flares and sites in the Earth's and in Jupiter's magnetotails, as well as astronomical objects such as pulsars and colliding galaxies. We present experimental evidence for a fully 3-D reconnection, which occurs when two dense plasmas collide in a background-magnetized plasma.
Ultrafast Rotational Anisotropy Measurements: Unidirectional Detection

Unidirectional signal detection in time-resolved rotational anisotropy experiments has been known to affect the time zero and time infinity (persistent alignment) values because these measurements can overestimate the parallel or perpendicular components of the signal. Here we demonstrate that the well-known expression for obtaining the rotational anisotropy, a quantity that is typically calculated to measure the alignment, rotational energy, or rotational constants of molecules, is not applicable for some of the most common experimental configurations. We report new formulations that take into account different unidirectional detection schemes and the f-number of the collection optics. Femtosecond time-resolved anisotropy measurements on iodine vapor were obtained, with typical right-angle detection, to illustrate how the new expression corresponding to this configuration yields the expected time zero and time infinity values. Fits to the observed anisotropy are shown to provide quantitatively accurate r...
Religion in patients with advanced cancer

Data on religious belief, activity, and connections, and ratings of happiness, life satisfaction, and pain level were obtained periodically from 71 patients with advanced cancer. Religious belief showed substantial positive correlation with life satisfaction, and religious activity and connections were significantly correlated with both happiness and life satisfaction. Religious patients also reported significantly lower levels of pain, even though they were no less likely to report the presence of pain. Data from the 36 patients who have since died show no correlation between the religion variables and duration of survival. In general, the patients showed little change in religious belief over time. Religion seems to be an important source of support for many patients.
Microcephaly-lymphedema-chorioretinal dysplasia: a unique genetic syndrome with variable expression and possible characteristic facial appearance.

We report on a follow-up examination of a family with microcephaly and lymphedema. The finding of chorioretinal dysplasia with variable visual deficit in multiple relatives, which was not previously discovered, supports the concept of microcephaly, lymphedema, and chorioretinopathy as being a single autosomal dominant genetic entity with variable expression. We recommend that fundoscopic examination be performed in all patients with microcephaly with or without lymphedema.
Understanding the Art and Science of Implementation in the SAAF Efficacy Trial.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the importance of considering both fidelity and adaptation in assessing the implementation of evidence‐based programs.Design/methodology/approach – The current study employs a multi‐method strategy to understand two dimensions of implementation (fidelity and adaptation) in the Strong African American Families (SAAF) program. Data were video recordings of program delivery and pre‐test and post‐test interviews from the efficacy trial. Multilevel regression in Mplus was used to assess the impact of fidelity to the manual, coded by independent observers, on racial socialization outcomes. One activity on racial socialization, a core component of the program, was selected for an in‐depth examination using conversation analysis (a qualitative method of analyzing talk in interactions).Findings – Results of the quantitative analyses demonstrated that fidelity of the selected activity was associated with increases in parent's use of racial socialization from pre...
Migration and children's schooling and time allocation: Evidence from El Salvador

Abstract This paper examines the impact of parental migration on schooling outcomes for children left behind in El Salvador. Using cross sectional data collected in 2012, outcomes for children are analyzed for children with migrant parents. The outcomes are also analyzed by remitting behavior of the parents and gender of the migrant parent who left his or her child behind. Results are observed using instrumental variable estimations, as well as seemingly unrelated regressions to estimate the impact of migration on children's time allocation. Results show that children with at least one migrant parent will complete more years of school. The gender of that migrant parent has no significant impact. Lastly, parental migration has no significant influence on work time but does decrease time devoted to education. This paper studies the impact of both migration and remittances on a child's schooling behavior. Results suggest that the same factors that affect schooling may have a strong correlation with the propensity to migrate as well, hence the use of instrumental variables.
Stereochemie siliciumorganischer Verbindungen

Optisch aktive siliciumorganische Verbindungen mit funktionellen Gruppen am asymmetrischen Silicium wurden dargestellt. Ihre Untersuchung ergab, das viele Reaktionen siliciumorganischer Verbindungen stereospezifisch verlaufen. In dieser Arbeit wird die Konfigurationszuordnung fur sechs Schlusselverbindungen, welche die α-Naphthyl-phenylmethyl-silyl-Gruppe enthalten, mit Hilfe chemischer und physikalischer Methoden beschrieben. Ferner werden die Stereochemie einer Reihe von stereospezifischen Reaktionen am Silicium dargelegt und die grundlegenden Beziehungen zwischen der Stereochemie siliciumorganischer Verbindungen und den Reaktionsmechanismen monofunktioneller Verbindungen vom Typ R3SiY diskutiert.
Early Supplemental Parenteral Nutrition Is Associated with Increased Infectious Complications in Critically Ill Trauma Patients

Background Parenteral nutrition (PN) is often used in severely injured patients when caloric goals are not achieved enterally. The purpose of this study is to determine whether early administration of parenteral nutrition is associated with an increased risk for infection after severe injury. Study Design Retrospective cohort study of severely injured blunt trauma patients enrolled from eight trauma centers participating in the "Inflammation and the Host Response to Injury" (Glue Grant) study. We compared patients receiving PN within 7 days after injury with a control group that did not receive early PN. We then focused on patients who tolerated at least some enteral nutrition (EN) during the first week and evaluated the potential influence of supplemental PN on outcomes in this "enteral tolerant" subgroup. Primary outcomes included occurrence of a nosocomial infection after the first postinjury week. Secondary outcomes included type of infection and hospital mortality. Results Of 567 patients enrolled, 95 (17%) received early PN. Early PN use was associated with a greater risk of nosocomial infection (relative risk [RR] = 2.1; 95% CI, 1.6 to 2.6; p Conclusions In critically ill trauma patients who are able to tolerate at least some EN, early PN administration can contribute to increased infectious morbidity and worse clinical outcomes.
Finding a minimal set of base paths of a program

An approach to finding a minimal set of base paths of a program is described. The program digraph is reduced to a weighted loopfree graph (WLFG) in which a node represents a subgraph of the program digraph that contains at most one outermost loop of the program. An algorithm for finding a maximal cutset of the WLFG is given such that (1) a maximal cutset does not contain two arcs that lie on a single path of the WLFG, and (2) its capacity is equal to the cardinality of a minimal set of base paths of the program. The algorithm repeatedly finds an eliminable arc and removes it from the WLFG until either the WLFG contains three nodes or no more eliminable arc can be found. An illustration is given for finding a maximal cutset and subsequently a minimal set of base paths.
Web N-gram workshop 2010

The Web N-gram Workshop was held on July 23, 2010 in Geneva, Switzerland, in conjunction with the 33rd Annual ACM SIGIR Conference. The workshop brought together leaders in information retrieval and language modeling to discuss the challenges in information retrieval and how language modeling approaches may help address some of these challenges, with a focus on using n-gram model to help solve them. The workshop consisted of 1 invited talk, 1 tutorial, 1 panel, 10 refereed paper presentations along with discussion sessions built-in in the agenda.
Identifying preferences of apartment dwellers: a case study in Michigan, USA

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to ascertain the current affordable apartment dwelling quality attributes, and the preferences of eastern Michigan's urban young and poor, with a view to making recommendations for improvement based on findings.Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected through the questionnaire instrument administered to a representative sample of 32 apartment dwellers. Some ordinal ranking scales were developed and treated in a quantitative manner by assigning ordered Likert scores to them, while others were measured using ratio scales. Spearman rho's correlation and Kruskal–Wallis H test were conducted on the data.Findings – Among the key conclusions, it was observed that the choice to dwell in an apartment may be simply deliberate and a real preference, and not necessarily connected with income, gender or age. The overwhelmingly majority of apartment occupants rejected to pay more for environmentally sustainable apartments.Research limitations/implications – It is acknowle...
An Automated Highway System Dedicated To Inter-City Trucking: Design Options, Operating Concepts And Deployment

The concept of automated highway systems (AHS) has been primarily motivated by the rapidly worsening traffic congestion on metropolitan highways and the potential of AHS for drastically increasing vehicle throughput in the existing right-of-way. The overwhelming majority of the research has been focused on automobile-AHS. This paper focuses on the automation of inter-city trucking for the purpose of increasing trucking productivity, of which vehicle throughput is only one of many factors. In the AHS literature, various operating concepts have been developed for an "end-state AHS," but little attention has been paid to the critical issue of how to realize such ultimate systems through a planned sequence of deployment steps. We believe that truck-AHS operating concepts and their deployment sequences must be developed with a needs-driven and technology-steered approach. We first identify the needs of the long-haul trucking industry and the major concerns of key stakeholders. A major need of the long-haul tru...
Operational system for quantum cryptography

An operational system for quantum cryptography based on the polarisations of single photons has been demonstrated. The system allows the automated transmission of secure messages between two computers at data rates up to 5 kHz with lower error rates than previous systems.
The effect of gamma radiation on some organic p H indicators

The effect of gamma-radiation on the color intensity of a series of representative organic dyes, commonly used as pH indicators, has been studied. In aqueous medium, at commonly used concentration levels, the dyes demonstrate ability to indicate pH after gamma-doses of 103-104 r. In general all the dyes show less sensitivity to radiation in neutral or basic media than in acid media. The compounds demonstrate a pseudo first order degradation reaction rate which was shown to be the expected radiation effect zero order rate. Of those compounds studied, methyl orange proved to be the most sensitive to radiation while bromocresol green is the most resistant to radiation damage. It was found that addition of small amounts of ethyl alcohol to the medium was effective in decreasing dye radiation damage to a large degree.