cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Renal kallikrein-kinin system

Although the primary function of the kidney is regulation of the volume and ionic composition of body fluids, it is also an endocrine organ with an important role in the regulation of blood pressure. Some renal hormones have both vasoconstrictor and antinatriuretic effects (vasopressor systems) while others have vasodilator and natriuretic effects (vasodepressor systems). A characteristic of these systems is that they act not only on distant target organs but also in the kidney itself (local hormones or autacoids). For example, the renin-angiotensin, prostaglandin, and kallikrein-kinin systems, whose activation and actions appear to be interrelated, may participate in the control of blood pressure not only by altering the tone of extrarenal blood vessels, but also by directly regulating intra-renal sodium and water excretion, perhaps by regulating renal blood flow distribution. The renal kallikrein-kinin system is the least well defined of these systems, yet it has been implicated in the control of renal blood flow and function, in the pathogenesis of hypertension, Bartter syndrome, and renal diseases, and in the antihypertensive mechanism of drugs such as diuretics and angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitors. However, the unequivocal role of the renal kallikrein-kinin system in these normal and pathological conditions still remains unknown.
EFFECT OF METRAZOL UPON MEMBRANE POTENTIAL AND RATE OF LOCOMOTION IN AMOEBA PROTEUS.

SummaryWhile under constant observation, the membrane potential and rate of locomotion of Amoeba proteus have been determined under normal conditions and in the presence of 1.75 × 10−4 m Metrazol. The membrane potential was changed from a normal average of —40.7 to —29.1 mV, and the rate of pseudopodal extension increased from a normal average of 1820 to 4080 μ3 per second. The possible significance of these changes are considered in relation to other reports upon Metrazol action and protozoan behavior.
TMIC-11NOVEL ANGIOCRINE CANDIDATES IN GLIOBLASTOMA PROGENITOR CELL PERIVASCULAR NICHE INTERACTIONS

Glioblastoma (GBM) cells promote and rely on tumor-associated vessels that form a structurally and functionally aberrant microvascular environment contributing to pathology, malignancy, and clinical prognosis. Self-renewing and multipotential tumor progenitor cells (TPCs) reside in close association with this microvasculature, which maintains them in a stem-like state. However, the factors responsible for this maintenance are still unknown. Given their contribution to normal vasculature, we examined the role of tumor associated endothelial cells (ECs) on GBM progression. We found that patient-derived gliomaspheres grown in 50% conditioned media, from GBM ECs, exhibited increased sphere initiating potential. Adopting an unbiased top-down experimental approach utilizing RNA-sequencing technology, we thus generated an angiocrine driven interactome of the entire set of secreted or cell surface molecules expressed in GBM associated ECs and TPCs, from the same primary GBMs, to elucidate the factors and signaling pathways underlying TPC dependence on its perivascular niche. We have identified prominent angiocrine candidates including members of the Small Integrin-Binding Ligand N-linked Glycoprotein (SIBLING) and Wnt family of proteins secreted by ECs, interacting with integrin and Frizzled binding partners on TPCs, respectively. SIBLING angiocrines integrin-binding sialoprotein (IBSP), dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), and Osteopontin (OPN) may have key roles in multiple stages of cancer development and expansion. Unequivocal roles for OPN in tumor propagation has been previously reported, thus validating our methodology. IBSP and DSPP represent novel GBM perivascular niche signaling angiocrines with possibly redundant and/or combinatorial roles with OPN. Their potential binding partners, ITGA4, 5, and ITGB1, with roles in MMP localization, tumor motility and progression, and CD44, with possible role in TPC self-renewal, are all upregulated in our GBM TPCs. Targeting such angiogrines may allow for inhibition of GBM progression and may elucidate mechanisms of GBM recurrence as tumor cells spread into the parenchyma, necessitating, uncoupling TPC survival and the vascular niche.
Subacute Diffuse Thyroiditis: Clinical and Laboratory Findings in 24 Patients and the Effect of Treatment with Adrenal Corticoids

Because the natural course of subacute diffuse thyroiditis without treatment is extremely variable, it is difficult to evaluate therapy unless it consistently produces rapid, striking improvement; the effectiveness of cortisone and related steroids in this regard is established.Clinical and laboratory findings in 24 patients are presented. Treatment with adrenal corticoids in 15 patients (prednisolone in 14, cortisone in one) consistently produced rapid and dramatic responses. Relapses occurred in six cases, but permanent remission was achieved in every case.Therapeutic response to TSH in three cases and to antibiotics in seven cases was not impressive.
Open Technique Standards of Telecommunication Service Capability

The open technique of telecommunication service capability is one of the most interesting subjects in the research of telecommunication technique,and the correspondent standards are also proposed or updated continuously.Among the standard group,JCP and Parlay are the two active international standards groups,which propose different kinds of technique standards for different users in different levels,such as JSR21,JSR32,JSR116 and JSR289 in JCP,and Parlay/Parlay X with different version in Parlay group.Each of these standards is realized in different technique,and each one has its own advantage and lifecycle.With the application developer and the need for the convergent applications becoming more and more obvious,it is more important to provide a kind of fast,efficient and easy service capability open technique.
Comparing the Efficacy of Peer versus Staff Models on Observational Learning in Adults with Developmental Disorders

We compared the effectiveness of a peer and staff model on observational learning by four adults with developmental disabilities. An alternating treatment design was used to evaluate the effects of a staff-as-model and peer-as-model condition. Results indicated that all four participants acquired the skill at a faster rate in the peer-as-model condition. Generalization and maintenance of the skills acquired with both models was also evaluated. Implications of programming for observational learning in education and habilitation settings are discussed.
Towards a Second Generation Hmong History

(1993). Towards a Second Generation Hmong History. Amerasia Journal: Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 51-70.
Deregulated Cellular Iron Metabolism Factors Mediate Iron Overload in Myeloma Cells and Osteoclasts, and Promote Myeloma Growth and Bone Disease,

Abstract 3941 Iron overload is a significant clinical feature in multiple myeloma (MM) and has been implicated in osteoporosis. MM patients also frequently suffer from anemia presumably due to elevated hepcidin secretion and dysfunctional erythropoiesis. The aims of the study were to shed light on molecular mechanisms associated with iron overload in MM cells and study the effect of the novel iron chelator, Dp44mT, on MM cell growth, osteoclastogenesis and MM bone disease in vitro and in vivo. In our clinical global gene expression profiling (GEP) data the main iron transporter gene TFRC (transferrin receptor) was >3 folds higher (p 4 folds (p 5 folds higher than highly proliferating MM cells). In primary MM cell-osteoclast cocultures (n=8) TFRC expression was upregulated in cocultured MM cells than baseline MM cells (p Disclosures: Barlogie:Celgene, Genzyme, Novartis, Millennium: Consultancy, Honoraria, Patents & Royalties. Shaughnessy:Myeloma Health, Celgene, Genzyme, Novartis: Consultancy, Employment, Equity Ownership, Honoraria, Patents & Royalties.
The Secular Landscape

This chapter is a brief and general overview of secularization statistics. Religiosity has been in slow decline in the United States since at least the turn of the twentieth century, and this decline accelerated in the 1960s and again in the 1990s. The chapter closes by situating declining rates of religiosity in the West in the larger context of global religiosity.
Deciphering the molecular mechanism responsible for GCaMP6m's Ca2+-dependent change in fluorescence

The goal of this work is to determine how GCaMP6m's fluorescence is altered in response to Ca2+-binding. Our detailed spectroscopic study reveals the simplest explanation for how GCaMP6m changes fluorescence in response to Ca2+ is with a four-state model, in which a Ca2+-dependent change of the chromophore protonation state, due to a shift in pKa, is the predominant factor. The pKa shift is quantitatively explained by a change in electrostatic potential around the chromophore due to the conformational changes that occur in the protein when calmodulin binds Ca2+ and interacts with the M13 peptide. The absolute pKa values for the Ca2+-free and Ca2+-saturated states of GCaMP6m are critical to its high signal-to-noise ratio. This mechanism has important implications for further improvements to GCaMP6m and potentially for other similarly designed biosensors.
Lessons from nonmammalian species.

There is abundant evidence for the presence of endogenous cannabinoid signaling systems in many nonmammalian species, including several classes of invertebrates. Interest in the study of these animals largely relates to their production of distinct and measurable specialized behaviors. The ability to alter these behaviors through manipulation of cannabinoid signaling has provided important insight into both the phylogenetic history and physiological relevance of this essential neuromodulatory system.
Hypothyroidism Potentially Linked to Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Retrospective Study at a Single Tertiary Academic Medical Center.

Background There are multiple known risk factors for the development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Objective To determine whether patients with cutaneous SCC have a higher prevalence of hypothyroidism than the general US population. Materials and methods A retrospective review was performed for patients seen at the University of Southern California with cutaneous SCC. Chart review was performed for the presence of hypothyroidism and thyroid replacement therapy before the diagnosis of SCC for each patient. Multiple prevalence studies were gathered from the literature for comparison, reporting the prevalence of overt and subclinical hypothyroidism in the general US population and/or elderly US population. Results Of the 265 patients diagnosed with SCC of the skin, 61 (23%) of patients were found to have a preceding diagnosis of hypothyroidism. The prevalence of hypothyroidism among the population of SCC patients was significantly greater than the prevalence of hypothyroidism (overt and subclinical) in any general and/or elderly US population reported. Conclusion Patients with SCC of skin are more likely to have a history of hypothyroidism than the general population. The authors conclude that hypothyroidism may be linked to the development of cutaneous SCC.
N-terminal gelsolin fragment potentiates TRAIL mediated death in resistant hepatoma cells

TNF-α related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) selectively kills tumor cells, without damaging normal cells. TRAIL receptors facilitate induction of apoptosis for selective elimination of malignant cells. However, some cancer cells have developed resistances to TRAIL which limits anticancer potential. Gelsolin, a multifunctional actin-binding protein, mediates cell death involving the TRAIL receptors in the hepatic stellate cell line, LX2. Here, we have shown that conditioned medium (CM) containing gelsolin fragments or an N-terminal gelsolin fragment (amino acid residues 1–70) in the presence of TRAIL impairs cell viability of TRAIL resistant transformed human hepatocytes (HepG2). Cell growth regulation by CM and TRAIL was associated with the modulation of p53/Mdm2, Erk and Akt phosphorylation status. The use of N-terminal gelsolin peptide1–70 alone or in combination with TRAIL, induced inhibition of Akt phosphorylation and key survival factors, Mdm2 and Survivin. Treatment of cells with an Akt activator SC79 or p53 siRNA reduced the effects of the N-terminal gelsolin fragment and TRAIL. Together, our study suggests that the N-terminal gelsolin fragment enhances TRAIL-induced loss of cell viability by inhibiting phosphorylation of Akt and promoting p53 function, effecting cell survival.
Investigating psychological safety in a flipped engineering course

Psychological safety (PS) refers to the shared belief that a team environment is safe for taking interpersonal risks (i.e., it is ok to be wrong or assert new ideas). PS has been shown to improve the cohesiveness of co-workers and improve group problem solving in various situations. In the flipped classroom model of instruction students watch video lectures before coming to class, then participate in structured learning activies during class meeting times. In flipped classes that use small group or team based learning activities during class, which many do, students' level of PS, willing to ask questions, make mistakes, and address new ideas for a topic without fear of negative feedback from peers, might be an important factor in their experience of the flipped class. For this paper, we collected self-report data from students enrolled in a flipped section of Calculus III. Students were asked to answer validated survey questions about PS to assess their current level of PS at different times in the course. We used this data to assess students' PS at the beginning of a flipped class, and examine whether PS changes over the course of the semester in a flipped class. The results of this study will inform educators about how PS builds in the team environment within a flipped classroom of Calculus III. Additionally, the findings of this study may highlight ways that some of the disadvantages to PS in the flipped classroom can be addressed so that they are not a detriment to student success.
A prospective study of family predictors of health-related quality of life in pediatric brain tumor survivors.

Background The objective of this study was to examine prospectively the associations between family functioning at the end of tumor-directed treatment and the health-related quality of life (HRQL) of pediatric brain tumor survivors (PBTSs) approximately 9 months later. Procedure Thirty-five PBTS (age 6-16 years) and their mothers completed measures of family functioning and survivor HRQL within 5 months of completing tumor-directed therapy (baseline) and again approximately 9 months later (follow-up). Results Survivor-rated general family functioning at baseline significantly predicted mother proxy- and self-reported survivor HRQL at follow-up when controlling for survivor HRQL at baseline and relevant demographic and treatment-related variables. Conclusions Family functioning is a key factor contributing to survivor HRQL and should be screened throughout the course of tumor-directed treatment. Psychosocial interventions directed toward improving general family functioning may improve survivor well-being following the completion of treatment.
Principal Well-Being and Resilience: Mindfulness as a Means to That End:

In this conceptual article, the researchers review the nature of stress as reported by principals and suggest a means for responding to that stress with efforts that have resulted in resilience for...
Pine Engraver (Ips pini) Colonization of Logging Residues Created Using Alternative Slash Management Systems in Western Montana

ABSTRACT: In this study, we observed effects of various slash treatments on pine engraver colonization. Fiveslash treatments (slash-free, chipped, small piles, large piles, scattered) were replicated five times at each oftwo sites, one consisting mainly of ponderosa pine and the other predominantly lodgepole pine. No pineengravers were found in slash-free or chipped slash treatments at either site. At the ponderosa pine site,significantly more pine engraver attacks and galleries were found in the scattered slash treatment than in smalland large pile treatments. A significantly greater number of invertebrate natural enemies were also found inthe scattered slash treatment, where they were approximately six to nine times as abundant as in the small pileand large pile treatments, respectively. No pine engravers were observed colonizing slash in the lodgepole pinetreatments where slash was in an advanced stage of drying. At both sites, the use of a feller buncher–delimberduring harvest increased the rate of drying of slash, reducing its suitability for pine engraver colonization. West.J. Appl. For. 17(2):96–100.Key Words: Slash management, natural enemies, bark beetles.
Abscisic Acid-Induced Chilling Tolerance in Maize

Recent trends in agricultural practice of maize (Zea mays L.) in North America have been to plant the crop earlier in the spring to take the advantage of more rainfall and radiation energy, and to avoid the hot and dry periods during pollination and fertilization. In addition, various conservation forms of soil tillage are more in use, resulting in slower soil warming. These practices exacerbate chilling injury during germination and early seedling establishment (Stewart et al., 1990). How chilling (e. g. 10° to 0°C) injures plants (e. g. increased ion leakage, leaf necrosis and seedling death), and how plants tolerate the stress are still poorly understood. It is essential to investigate the physiological and biochemical mechanisms underling chilling tolerance before one can apply the technology of genetic engineering attempting to improve the chilling tolerance of maize plants.
Antiviral agents from novel marine and terrestrial sources.

Pharmaceutical products are derived from only two sources--natural products and organic synthesis; indeed, natural products have proven a cornucopia of drugs through the years. Systematic searches for antiviral agents in nature, however, are both rare and recent. Our own extensive efforts to identify natural products with antiviral activity began with a one-month expedition to the Western Caribbean in 1978 on board the National Science Foundation’s R/V Alpha Helix (Alpha Helix Caribbean Expedition, AHCE 1978).1 The expedition started in Panama, extended to Cozumel, Mexico, and visited roughly 20 collecting sites en route. The focus was on Belize, the site of the largest reef in the Western Hemisphere. During the expedition we collected somewhat over 500 different species and a total of about 1000 samples. The scientific crew of this expedition included Dr. Robert G. Hughes, Jr., Roswell Park Memorial Institute, Buffalo, NY, who carried out antiviral assays on shipboard by using a standard Herpes simplex virus, type 1 (HSV-1), assay, with the virus being grown in monkey kidney, CV-1, cells.2 This allowed us to identify not only antiviral, but also cytotoxic species. Because we had no prior information on active species, our goal was to collect by SCUBA every marine invertebrate and alga we could find and to assay every sample for antiviral activity. Then, while on location, we planned to collect more of the bioactive species.
Worldwide oil and gas platform decommissioning: A review of practices and reefing options

Abstract Consideration of whether to completely remove an oil and gas production platform from the seafloor or to leave the submerged jacket as a reef is an imminent decision for California, as a number of offshore platforms in both state and federal waters are in the early stages of decommissioning. Laws require that a platform at the end of its production life be totally removed unless the submerged jacket section continues as a reef under state sponsorship. Consideration of the eventual fate of the populations of fishes and invertebrates beneath platforms has led to global reefing of the jacket portion of platforms instead of removal at the time of decommissioning. The construction and use of artificial reefs are centuries old and global in nature using a great variety of materials. The history that led to the reefing option for platforms begins in the mid-20th century in an effort for general artificial reefs to provide both fishing opportunities and increase fisheries production for a burgeoning U.S. population. The trend toward reefing platforms at end of their lives followed after the oil and gas industry installed thousands of standing platforms in the Gulf of Mexico where they had become popular fishing destinations. The National Fishing Enhancement Act and subsequent National Artificial Reef Plan laid the foundation for Rig-to-Reefs. Reefing platforms in the Gulf of Mexico is a well-established practice that is also applied globally. Deliberation of reefing decommissioned platforms and many years of scientific study beneath California platforms has culminated in a California State law that now allows consideration of the concept. This paper summarizes the history, practices, published science, and available information involved when considering the reefing option. It is hoped that this material will inform the public, policy makers, and regulators about their upcoming decisions.
The Louisiana State Museum Music Collection Oral Histories: Digitization, Preservation, and Use:

The Louisiana State Museum, a statewide network of National Historic Landmarks, architecturally significant structures, and half a million artifacts, has a robust collection of oral histories with ...
Puerto Rico as colonial palimpsest: A microhistory of translation and language policy

This article presents a microhistory of Puerto Rico that investigates the role of translation and language policy during the transition from Spanish to U.S. colonial rule. Two specific periods, namely the transitional military government from 1898 to 1900 and the first civilian government from 1900 to 1917, provide the framework within which the study is conducted. Analyses of official language and translation policies, as well as historical documents from governmental and educational contexts, illustrate the multiple, conflicting agendas employed by the new colonial power to Americanize the island. Results also demonstrate how codified policies do not fully account for the linguistic and cultural landscape in colonial contexts, thereby requiring closer examination of translation practices and beliefs and their interplay with translation policy.
Pattern-based strategic surgical capacity allocation.

Abstract Strategic allocation of limited operating room (OR) capacity to surgeons is crucial for the coordination of surgical work flow, including planning of consultation and surgery days, and staff assignment to perioperative teams. However, it is a challenging problem in practice, since the capacity allocation needs to be cyclic for schedule predictability and surgical team coordination, and also needs to satisfy surgeons’ preferences. It is further complicated by the practice of surgeons sharing ORs. In this study, we propose a mathematical optimization model to coordinate capacity allocation among surgeons in order to improve the utilization of surgical capacity. We introduce the concept of capacity allocation patterns to account for schedule cyclicity and surgeons’ preferences. Further, we develop a data-driven approach to coordinate OR sharing among surgeons based on their historical OR usage. The proposed methodology is applied to a case study with data from a surgical division at Mayo Clinic. Compared with the state-of-the-practice, the proposed approach shows a substantial potential in reducing the maximum number of ORs allocated daily to the division with little overtime. With a solution time of less than 0.5 s, the proposed methodology can be readily used as a decision support tool in surgical practice.
The issue of monorepo and polyrepo in large enterprises

Product and engineering teams' speed of producing high-quality results is critical to ensuring enterprise competitiveness. Additionally, one can observe an increase in IT systems complexity driven by the adoption of service-oriented architecture, micro-services, and serverless. Therefore, many large enterprises benefit from a mono-repository for source code management because of the improved team cognition that results from eroding barriers between teams and from influencing enhanced teamwork quality. This paper, first, reviews the characteristics of a multi-repositories structure, a mono-repository structure, and a hybrid model. Second, it discusses why some manage source code in a multi-repositories structure, either by choice or because of the organic evolution of large enterprises. Third, it reviews how mono-repositories in large teams, beyond the technical arguments, can drive high efficiency and enhanced product quality through improved team cognition.
Use of chemical concentration changes in coastal sediments to compute oil exposure dates

Oil spills can result in changes in chemical contaminant concentrations along coastlines. When concentrations are measured along the Gulf of Mexico over time, this information can be used to evaluate oil spill shoreline exposure dates. The objective of this research was to identify more accurate oil exposure dates based on oil spill chemical concentrations changes (CCC) within sediments in coastal zones after oil spills. The results could be used to help improve oil transport models and to improve estimates of oil landings within the nearshore. The CCC method was based on separating the target coastal zone into segments and then documenting the timing of large increases in concentration for specific oil spill chemicals (OSCs) within each segment. The dataset from the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill was used to illustrate the application of the method. Some differences in exposure dates were observed between the CCC method and between oil spill trajectories. Differences may have been caused by mixing at the freshwater and sea water interface, nearshore circulation features, and the possible influence of submerged oil that is unaccounted for by oil spill trajectories. Overall, this research highlights the benefit of using an integrated approach to confirm the timing of shoreline exposure.
Are Participants in Ethnonationalist Movements Rational-Choosers, Socially-Embedded Actors, or Psychologically-Instinctive Beings?: Motivations and Worldviews of Sikh Separatists from India

This article contributes to answering the fundamental research question, “Why do individuals participate in contentious ethnonationalist movements?” More specifically, it tries to ascertain which c...
“Von Nun an ist der Staat zugleich die höchste Poesie.” Satirizing the Viennese Märzrevolution

This article explores the way in which two dramatic satires criticized the shortcomings of the Viennese Marzrevolution. As opposed to the typically “partisan” nature of a satire that attacks either...
Clinical trial protocol to evaluate the efficacy of cefixime in the treatment of early syphilis.

Syphilis rates have been increasing both in the USA and internationally with incidence higher among men-who-have-sex-with-men and people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Currently, benzathine penicillin is the recommended treatment for syphilis in all patients. Global shortages and cost increases in benzathine penicillin call for alternative treatment options. This study evaluates the efficacy of oral cefixime for the treatment of early syphilis. We are conducting a randomized, multisite, open-label, non-comparative clinical trial in Los Angeles and Oakland, CA. Eligible participants are ≥ 18 years old, with primary, secondary, or early latent syphilis (rapid plasma reagin [RPR] titer ≥ 1:8). Patients with HIV infection must have a viral load ≤ 200 copies/mL and CD4+ T cell count ≥ 350 cells/μL during the past 6 months. Participants are randomized to receive either 2.4 M IU benzathine penicillin G intramuscularly once or cefixime 400 mg orally twice a day for 10 days. Participants return at 3, 6, and 12 months post-treatment for follow-up RPR serological testing. The primary outcome is the proportion of participants who achieve ≥ 4-fold RPR titer decrease at 3 or 6 months post-treatment. Clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of alternative antibiotics to penicillin are urgently needed. Clinicaltrials.gov NCT03660488 . Registered on 4 September 2018.
RMSprop can converge with proper hyper-parameter

Despite the existence of divergence examples, RMSprop remains one of the most popular algorithms in machine learning. Towards closing the gap between theory and practice, we prove that RMSprop can converge with proper choice of hyper-parameters under certain conditions. More specifically, we prove that when the hyper-parameter β2 is large enough, the random shuffling version of RMSprop converges to a bounded region in general, and converges to a stationary point in the interpolation regime. It is worth mentioning that our results do not depend on "bounded gradient" assumption, which is often the key assumption utilized by existing theoretical work for RMSprop. Removing this assumption allows us to establish a phase transition from divergence to non-divergence for RMSProp. Finally, based on our theory, we conjecture that there is a critical threshold in practice, such that RMSprop generates reasonably good results only if β2≥th. We provide empirical evidence about such a phase transition in our numerical experiments.
Extreme Compressed Sensing of Poisson Rates from Multiple Measurements

Compressed sensing (CS) is a signal processing technique that enables the efficient recovery of a sparse high-dimensional signal from low-dimensional measurements. In the multiple measurement vector (MMV) framework, a set of signals with the same support must be recovered from their corresponding measurements. Here, we present the first exploration of the MMV problem where signals are independently drawn from a sparse, multivariate Poisson distribution. We are primarily motivated by a suite of biosensing applications of microfluidics where analytes (such as whole cells or biomarkers) are captured in small volume partitions according to a Poisson distribution. We recover the sparse parameter vector of Poisson rates through maximum likelihood estimation with our novel Sparse Poisson Recovery (SPoRe) algorithm. SPoRe uses batch stochastic gradient ascent enabled by Monte Carlo approximations of otherwise intractable gradients. By uniquely leveraging the Poisson structure, SPoRe substantially outperforms a comprehensive set of existing and custom baseline CS algorithms. Notably, SPoRe can exhibit high performance even with one-dimensional measurements and high noise levels. This resource efficiency is not only unprecedented in the field of CS but is also particularly potent for applications in microfluidics in which the number of resolvable measurements per partition is often severely limited. We prove the identifiability property of the Poisson model under such lax conditions, analytically develop insights into system performance, and confirm these insights in simulated experiments. Our findings encourage a new approach to biosensing and are generalizable to other applications featuring spatial and temporal Poisson signals.
Sparse Binary Matrix-Vector Multiplication on Neuromorphic Computers

Neuromorphic computers offer the opportunity for low-power, efficient computation. Though they have been primarily applied to neural network tasks, there is also the opportunity to leverage the inherent characteristics of neuromorphic computers (low power, massive parallelism, collocated processing and memory) to perform non-neural network tasks. Here, we demonstrate how an approach for performing sparse binary matrix-vector multiplication on neuromorphic computers. We describe the approach, which relies on the connection between binary matrix-vector multiplication and breadth first search, and we introduce the algorithm for performing this calculation in a neuromorphic way. We validate the approach in simulation. Finally, we provide a discussion of the runtime of this algorithm and discuss where neuromorphic computers in the future may have a computational advantage when performing this computation.
A layout optimization method based on wave wake preprocessing concept for wave-wind hybrid energy farms

Abstract Major investment of renewable energy currently focuses on wind and solar, which are commercially mature. However, there is no large commercial application of wave energy, despite more than four decades of continuous development. Previous research has indicated that wave energy could supply a significant portion of world electricity consumption. Therefore, it is critical to incentivize the utilization of wave energy. The hybrid energy farms, combining wave energy with wind energy, have been considered as one of the most viable solutions to promote mature grid integration of wave energy. However, combining wind and wave requires the identification of adequate locations for both resources and development of layout optimization algorithms capable of handling the complexity of wave wakes. Wave wake analysis has been one of the biggest hurdles for the development of recursive wave farm layout optimization algorithms due to the required extremely time consuming computation processes for each wave wake iteration. This research proposes a new approach by preprocessing the wave wakes beforehand the actual execution of the recursive layout optimization algorithm. This proposed preprocessed wave wake model can be integrated with the different optimization algorithms to identify optimal layouts for hybrid wave-wind farms. The new approach was tested in two selected locations in the Gulf of Mexico with over 36 years (1979–2015) of historical meteorological data. It identifies locations capable of sustaining commercially viable levels of wind and wave energy while simultaneously avoiding risk from extreme oceanic conditions that in the past have damaged or destroyed wave energy converters. Although the two locations have different meteorological conditions, the new approach was able to identify layouts with promising results in both locations. Results indicated that the selected locations could produce very good power output with a wave-wind hybrid energy farm, and most wave and wind energy devices generated capacity factor with values higher than commercial threshold limits.
An Initial Development and Evaluation of a Culturally Responsive Police Interactions Training for Black Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder

The purpose of the current study was to conduct a qualitative and experimental analysis of a culturally informed police safety skills training for adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The current study focused primarily on meeting the unique training needs of Black adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A single case design was used to evaluate the initial efficacy and acceptability of a culturally responsive training method. Preliminary evidence about the physiological ramifications of police contact were also collected to begin to examine the broader behavioral and psychophysiological nature of youth's experiences. The current experimental design included in-person simulated contexts that youth, and caregivers, endorsed as relevant to their normal lives, which greatly strengthened the ecological validity of the approach.
Surface and Atmospheric Contributions to Passive Microwave Brightness Temperatures

Physically-based passive microwave precipitation retrieval algorithms require a set of relationships between satellite observed brightness temperatures (TB) and the physical state of the underlying atmosphere and surface. These relationships are typically non-linear, such that inversions are ill-posed especially over variable land surfaces. In order to better understand these relationships, this work presents a theoretical analysis using brightness temperature weighting functions to quantify the percentage of the TB resulting from absorption/emission/reflection from the surface, absorption/emission/scattering by liquid and frozen hydrometeors in the cloud, the emission from atmospheric water vapor, and other contributors. The results are presented for frequencies from 10 to 874 GHz and for several individual precipitation profiles as well as for three cloud resolving model simulations of falling snow. As expected, low frequency channels (<89 GHz) respond to liquid hydrometeors and the surface, while the higher frequency channels become increasingly sensitive to ice hydrometeors and the water vapor sounding channels react to water vapor in the atmosphere. Low emissivity surfaces (water and snow-covered land) permit energy downwelling from clouds to be reflected at the surface thereby increasing the percentage of the TB resulting from the hydrometeors. The slant path at a 53deg viewing angle increases the hydrometeor contributions relative to nadir viewing channels and show sensitivity to surface polarization effects. The TB percentage information presented in this paper answers questions about the relative contributions to the brightness temperatures and provides a key piece of information required to develop and improve precipitation retrievals over land surfaces.
Die Finanzierungsgeschäfte der Kreditinstitute im Außenhandel

Im Ausenhandel ubernehmen die Kreditinstitute: 1. die Finanzierung von Importen, 2. die Finanzierung von Exporten, 3. die Bereitstellung von Garantien.
Local Decision Procedures for Avoiding the Tragedy of Commons

The social sciences literature abound in problems of providing and maintaining a public good in a society composed of self-interested individuals [6]. Public goods are social benefits that can be accessed by individuals irrespective of their personal contributions. Such problems are also addressed in the domain of agent based systems [15]. In this paper we address the problem of the Tragedy of the Commons [9], a particularly common social dilemma that leads to inefficient usage of shared resources. We present a decision procedure following which rational agents can optimally use a shared resource using only local information. Our experimental results confirm that the tragedy of the commons is successfully avoided and the shared resource is utilized to its capacity when agents following our prescribed decision procedure.
Workshop on the Archean Mantle

The Workshop on the Archaen mantle considers and discusses evidence for the nature of earth's Archaen mantle, including its composition, age and structure, influence on the origin and evolution of earth's crust, and relationship to mantle and crustal evolution of the other terrestrial planets. The summaries of presentations and discussions are based on recordings made during the workshop and on notes taken by those who agreed to serve as summarizers.
Truncated Glycolytic System in Veillonella

Rogosa, M., (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.), M. I. Krichevsky, and F. S. Bishop. Truncated glycolytic system in Veillonella. J. Bacteriol. 90:164–171. 1965.—Intact Veillonella cells do not utilize carbohydrates for growth, nor are carbohydrates fermented. In cell extracts, there is no detectable glucokinase or fructokinase. Cell extracts do not degrade glucose or fructose unless supplemented with yeast hexokinase. Under these conditions, triose phosphates are formed in the presence of a hydrazine trap. When glucose-C14 plus added hexokinase or fructose-1,6-diphosphate-C14 was incubated with cell extracts, the production of CO2, acetate, pyruvate, propionate, and lactate was detected. It is concluded that, except for a hexokinase, all the activities required for a glycolytic system are present.
Is Dependence Corruption the Solution to America's Campaign Finance Problems?

Lawrence Lessig has suggested that the answer to contemporary campaign finance issues is reframing it as dependence corruption problem. I examine the merits of this approach from a political science perspective, and offer an alternative way to look at the same problem. Professor Lessig’s original intent account rests on too many contestable counterfactual assumptions about what the Founders would have thought about conditions and political practices that they could not have imagined in their day. Moreover, the argument that the Constitution’s intent is direct popular sovereignty alone ignores the Electoral College and US Senate elections based on geography. Nonetheless, I suggest that a simpler alternative is to think of the problem as one of democratic distortion, and that the solution under the current constitutional constraints requires continuing efforts to open up donor participation to all voters, fixing the broken disclosure system and preserving the current system of congestion pricing.
Flexibility versus commitment in strategic trade policy under uncertainty: A model of endogenous policy leadership

Abstract I consider a tax-subsidy game played between governments. Governments choose their policies either prior to observing the random, demand intercept, or subsequent to this observation. The resulting equilibrium frequently involves asymmetric timing of policy choice. One government moves first and is the leader. The other government delays its commitment, thereby better tailoring its policy to the environment. In the low noise case, there are two such equilibria, though one may Pareto dominate the other. In the large noise case, such an equilibrium exists when the number of firms differs across countries, in which case this is the unique equilibrium of the game.
Growth cone choices of Drosophila motoneurons in response to muscle fiber mismatch

In Drosophila embryos, each motoneuron is accurately matched to one or more singly identifiable muscle fibers. In this article we altered the number and pattern of the embryonic muscle fibers using genetic, heat shock, and laser ablation methods to test whether motoneuron growth cones are able to recognize specific targets. The choices made by two motoneurons were assayed using both intracellular dye fills and immunocytochemistry. The motoneurons RP1 and RP3 have nearly identical central and peripheral axonal trajectories. However, RP3 innervates the two most ventral longitudinal muscle fibers, 7 and 6, while RP1 grows past these fibers to innervate only muscle fiber 13. In rhomboid mutants muscle fiber 7 does not develop. Despite the loss of one of its targets, RP3 faithfully innervated the remaining muscle fiber 6 in over 80% of the observed cases. Furthermore, neuron RP1 accurately innervated muscle fiber 13, although it traversed one fiber fewer to reach it. Laser ablation of muscle fiber 7 confirmed the target choices shown by the motoneurons. In numb mutants, multiple muscle fibers, including 7, 13, and 12, fail to develop. This allowed us to test whether fibers distal to the target are involved in muscle fiber recognition, possibly by halting the growth cone advance. In mutant embryos, RP3 innervated muscle fiber 6 at the same frequency regardless of the absence of the distal muscle fiber 13. By contrast, RP1, which had lost its target entirely, frequently failed to innervate any muscle fiber during the period examined. Finally, muscle fiber 13 can be duplicated in wild-type embryos by means of a brief heat pulse during myogenesis. Presented with two targets, RP1 innervated both fibers in each case examined, while RP3 synapsed with muscle fibers 7 and 6 normally. Neuron-specific antibodies revealed that the embryonic growth cone choices were not transient, but persisted into the larval neuromuscular projections. These results indicate that each motoneuron growth cone has a primary target preference, which is retained even when the numbers of the muscle fibers, and therefore their relative positions, are altered. We therefore suggest that synaptic recognition by Drosophila motoneuron growth cones relies on unique features of the individual muscle fibers.
Review of "Hemoparasites of the Reptilia. Color Atlas and Text" by Sam R. Telford, Jr

Book review of "Hemoparasites of the Reptilia. Color Atlas and Text" by Sam R. Telford, Jr.
Comparison between mutagenesis in normal and transformed Syrian hamster fibroblasts: difference in the temporal order of HPRT gene replication.

Abstract A highly tumorigenic subdiploid cell line, BP6T, derived in our laboratory from Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cells, is amenable to studies of somatic mutation in vitro. Cellular and biochemical characterization of clonally derived BP6T cells resistant to 6-thioguanine (TG r ) or ouabain (Oua r ) demonstrated these mutants to be similar qualitatively to mutants of SHE cells characterized previously (Barrett et al., 1978). BP6T TG r mutants resistant to 6-thioguanine are cross-resistant to 8-azaguanine, lack HPRT activity, exhibit a low frequency of reversion and arise spontaneously at a rate of ∼5 × 10 −7 mutants per cell per generation. BP6T Oua r mutants were shown to be highly resistant to ouabain-mediated inhibition of 86 Rb influx, indicating an alteration in the Na + /K + ATPase. These studies on the BP6T cell line provide the experimental basis for a comparative study of the mutagenic responses of normal, diploid SHE cells versus those of related, but transformed aneuploid cells. Highly synchronized cultures of these 2 cells were mutagenized by pulse treatment with BrdU during different periods of S phase, followed immediately by near-UV irradiation. The induced mutation frequencies so obtained provided information about the temporal order of replication of genes encoding HPRT and Na + /K + ATPase in both SHE and BP6T cells. The temporal pattern of replication of Na + /K + ATPase gene loci is similar in both cell types, but the temporal order of replication of the HPRT gene is significantly different between SHE and BP6T cells (mid-late S phase, versus early S phase, resp.). This observed difference emphasizes the caution required in the study of mutagenesis and DNA replication using transformed, aneuploid cells under the assumption that the underlying mechanisms are the same for normal, diploid cells.
Social Class Distinctions in Adolescents' Reports of Problems and Punishment in School:

Adolescents from high- and low-income backgrounds were interviewed about their perceptions of their own and others' disciplinary infractions and consequences in school. High-income adolescents reported fewer misbehaviors and behaviors which were playful, whereas those of low-income youth stemmed mainly from anger. Low-income adolescents reported a greater number and variety of penalties that seemed both disproportionate to offenses and humiliating in nature. It is suggested that inequitable school conditions for low-income students influence their behaviors and disciplinary practices contribute to their anger and alienation. Moreover, low-income adolescents' acting-out or withdrawal behaviors are likely to be perceived by others as signs of emotional disturbance and not as legitimate responses to social class inequities in school and society.
Age-Based task specialization for crowdsourced proofreading

Crowdsourcing can efficiently produce accessible digital books for people with print disabilities. However, particularly in Japan, the proofreading step tends to be expensive because of language-related issues. The elderly population is a promising source of proofreaders. Our surveys found that they have strong linguistic skills and want to contribute to society. So why do they rarely participate in Internet-based work scenarios such as crowdsourcing? We introduce a collaborative crowdsourcing model that aims to fully utilize the linguistic skills of the elderly by encouraging younger people to support the elderly in overcoming their limited technical skills. We decompose each proofreading task into several types of sub-tasks, where some tasks require more linguistic skills while the other tasks need more technical skills, so that the linguistic and technical tasks can be distributed to older and younger participants, respectively. We also discuss other scenarios that may be suitable for such multi-generational crowdsourcing model.