cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Data system architecture considerations for a space station

The functions that a space station could serve are outlined and details of the data systems requirements are discussed. The data system design will be guided by an overall space systems plan, and will feature distributed, layered architecture, user friendliness, hierarchical control, technology transparency, standard interfaces, and automated engineering tools. The station would begin with a limited core capability and evolve to serve functions defined thereafter. The automation of the engineering tools will be necessary to permit an optimized, minimized crew to control all functions of the space station, while at the same time freeing the crew from being actively involved in maintaining the nominal life support functions of the equipment. One major criterion is that the software must be error free, while another is adaptibility to changing space station configurations and demands.
Oligomeric states of spectrin in normal erythrocyte membranes: Biochemical and electron microscopic studies

Abstract We estimated the relative amounts of oligomeric species of spectrin in 0°C red-cell-membrane extracts, including those released from spectrin-actinpolypeptide 4.1 complexes after mild urea treatment. Spectrin dimers, tetramers, and medium-size oligomers were the prominent species, accounting for 5%–10%, 45%–55%, and 25%–35% of spectrin, respectively. When examined by low-angle rotaryshadowing electron microscopy, these medium-size spectrin oligomers (e.g., hexamers, octamers, decamers, dodecamers, and quadecamers) appeared as polyskelions formed by head-to-head association of three to seven dimers. They were stable species capable of binding to, and subsequent release from, inside-out vesicles without degradation to tetramers or dimers. The data suggest that spectrin tetramers and medium-size oligomers coexist in the normal erythrocyte membrane as the primary native spectrin species.
A study of the solid-state polymerization of trithiane

The temperature dependence of the rate of solid-state polymerization of trithiane was investigated in conjunction with calorimetric measurements of the heat capacity of the irradiated monomer as a function of temperature. It was found that the rate of change of entropy with temperature exhibited a maximum at about 175° C. The curve of per cent polymerization versus isochronal, post-irradiation polymerization temperature also peaked at some 175° C. Finally, the existence of a crystalline phase-transition in the monomer at about 194° C was discovered by DSC and was confirmed by X-ray powder diffraction and by optical microscopy. Two models which may interrelate this set of phenomena are suggested.
Marmoset (Callithrix geoffroyi) Food-Associated Calls are Functionally Referential

Signals that are functionally referential provide listeners with information about a signaler’s external environment, such as the presence of a nearby predator. Just as alarm calls may signal the presence of a predator, food-associated calls may signal the presence of food. To date, however, the only conclusive evidence that conspecifics perceive information about food from food-associated calls comes from a single species, the domestic chicken. Geoffroy’s marmosets, small, arboreal New World primates, often emit food-associated calls when finding or consuming food. We presented playbacks of food calls and control sounds to two groups of naturalistically housed marmosets and observed the frequency of food-related behaviors (FRBs) during the 20-min post-playback period. Relative to the control playbacks, food call playbacks elicited an increase in the frequency of two FRBs (foraging and feeding), lasting throughout the post-playback observations. Moreover, the effect of food call playbacks was robust, occurring without regard to the type of food eliciting the food calls, the rate of food calling, or whether the signaler was a member of the receiver’s group. To our knowledge, this research is the first to demonstrate that the food-associated calls of a primate species, like the food-associated calls of domestic chickens, meet the perception criterion for functionally referential communication. The results are discussed in light of the affective and cognitive mechanisms that may underlie the responses of receivers to hearing food-associated calls given by marmoset conspecifics.
Agrobacterium-transformed tomato cells replace the hormone requirement for growth of tomato leaf protoplasts

Abstract We have studied the abilities of three cloned Lycopersicon pennellii cell lines, transformed by an octopine strain of Agrobacterium tumefaciens A6, to replace the hormonal requirement for growth of non-transformed L. esculentum leaf protoplasts. By employing a new protoplast feeder assay system, we were able to detect variability in the transformed phenotypes of the three lines which was not evident in an assay of callus growth. At high enough densities, all three lines could completely replace the auxin and cytokinin requirements for growth of non-transformed L. esculentum cells. One transformed line, however, could replace the hormonal requirements of non-transformed cells at a much lower cell density than the other two lines. The data suggest that the differing abilities of the three tumor lines to substitute for hormones reflect differences in the activities of the auxin and cytokinin-synthesizing systems in the individual lines. With the feeder cell assay, clonal heterogeneity in transformed phenotypes can be quantitatively measured to provide a new means to examine the physiological alterations initiated by the incorporation of T-DNA into a plant cell genome. Under the conditions described, high frequency division of non-transformed L. esculentum protoplasts can be obtained in the absence of exogeneously supplied hormones.
The Min System as a General Cell Geometry Detection Mechanism: Branch Lengths in Y-Shaped Escherichia coli Cells Affect Min Oscillation Patterns and Division Dynamics

In Escherichia coli, division site placement is regulated by the dynamic behavior of the MinCDE proteins, which oscillate from pole to pole and confine septation to the centers of normal rod-shaped cells. Some current mathematical models explain these oscillations by considering interactions among the Min proteins without recourse to additional localization signals. So far, such models have been applied only to regularly shaped bacteria, but here we test these models further by employing aberrantly shaped E. coli cells as miniature reactors. The locations of MinCDE proteins fused to derivatives of green fluorescent protein were monitored in branched cells with at least three conspicuous poles. MinCDE most often moved from one branch to another in an invariant order, following a nonreversing clockwise or counterclockwise direction over the time periods observed. In cells with two short branches or nubs, the proteins oscillated symmetrically from one end to the other. The locations of FtsZ rings were consistent with a broad MinC-free zone near the branch junctions, and Min rings exhibited the surprising behavior of moving quickly from one possible position to another. Using a reaction-diffusion model that reproduces the observed MinCD oscillations in rod-shaped and round E. coli, we predict that the oscillation patterns in branched cells are a natural response of Min behavior in cellular geometries having different relative branch lengths. The results provide further evidence that Min protein oscillations act as a general cell geometry detection mechanism that can locate poles even in branched cells.
Surface structural controls on compositional zoning of SO2−4 and SeO2−4 in synthetic calcite single crystals

Abstract Coprecipitation experiments show that structural characteristics of growth surfaces on synthetic calcite single crystals are a primary control on SO2−4 and SeO2−4 incorporation. Electron probe microanalyses of sections through sectorally zoned crystals show that SO2−4 concentrations in 1014 sectors are 50% higher than in 0112 sectors. Electron probe and synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microanalyses within 1014 sectors document a twofold to threefold difference in SO2−4 and SeO2−4 contents between subsectors associated with nonequivalent vicinal faces of growth hillocks. This differential incorporation of SO2−4 and SeO2−4 documents path-dependent, nonequilibrium partitioning behavior. Models of nearest-neighbor and second-nearest-neighbor coordination environments of nonequivalent kink sites reveal differences in site sizes and geometries. Vicinal faces that consist of steps with larger and geometrically less constrained kink sites have greater SO2−4 and SeO2−4 incorporation, whereas vicinal faces with smaller, more constrained kink sites always have less SO2−4 and SeO2−4 incorporation. This correlation requires surface-structural, i.e., crystallographic, controls on SO2−4 and SeO2−4 incorporation and, therefore, is consistent with SO2−4 and SeO2−4 substitution for CO2−3. Our results clearly show that consideration of surface structural controls on trace ion partitioning is essential for a better understanding of trace ion studies in carbonate geochemistry and of crystal surface processes.
Lipschitz properties of some actions of matrix groups

Abstract Given an action of a matrix group G on a vector space M , an element x ϵ M is said to have a global Lipschitz property if any y in the orbit of x can be achieved by a g ϵ G whose distance from the identity is comparable with ‖ y −‖. The global Lipschitz property is proved for several matrix group actions, including simultaneous similarity, simultaneous equivalence, and simultaneous congruence for m -tuples of Hermitian matrices. In the latter case, it is assumed that the hermitian matrices have no nonzero common isotropic vector. The local version of the Lipschitz property is proved for a general class of matrix group actions that contain, as particular cases, simultaneous similarity and simultaneous equivalence.
Care Needs of Higher-Functioning Nursing Home Residents

Objectives To quantify and characterize the chronic conditions of older Americans who live in nursing homes (NHs) but have minimal disability and might be able to live in less restrictive and less expensive settings. Design Secondary analysis of the 1999 National Nursing Home Survey. Participants NH staff memebers familiar with the care of residents who were 65 years or older and had resided in the NH for more than 100 days. Measurements We defined “higher-functioning” residents as those who received help from NH staff in 0-2 activities of daily living. We then classified these higher-functioning residents according to their conditions requiring chronic care: impaired mobility, conditions requiring rehabilitation, mental health disorders, incontinence, severe sensory impairment, and medical conditions (congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, Parkinson’s disease). Results One-fifth (19.8%) of the NH residents met the criteria for “higher-functioning” (n=1145). Of these, 64.1% had mental disorders, 40.4% had impaired mobility, 20.6% were incontinent, 18% had conditions requiring rehabilitative therapy, 8.7% had severe sensory impairment, and 43.0% had one or more of the four medical diagnoses. Conclusion Many higher-functioning long-stay nursing home residents have chronic care needs that are similar to those of older adults who live in private residences. Many such persons may be able to live in community settings.
Manifestations of HIV in the Head and Neck

The worldwide incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is increasing. The head and neck is a primary site for numerous manifestations of HIV disease, and it is clear that one or more of these processes will eventually affect most patients. HIV-infected patients are susceptible to all of the usual problems encountered in the head and neck, and the disease poses unique and significant problems rarely encountered in the non–HIV-infected patient. These problems include otolaryngic infections, inflammatory processes, and malignancies. The institution of highly active antiretroviral medications has significantly decreased the mortality and morbidity of this disease, and has resulted in significant improvements in quality of life. However, antiretroviral therapy can also suppress widely disseminated disease in the usual locations so that the head and neck becomes the presenting anatomic site for these processes. It is important for the health care team to be aware of these problems so that early diagnosis and treatment can be provided.
An analysis of black aerosol found in two winter atlantic coastal snow storms at Whiteface Mountain, New York

Abstract This paper discusses an insoluble black aerosol associated with a very heavy mass loading of both snow and rime ice collected at two different elevations approximately 800 m apart. The blackness is associated with particles whose elemental composition is ⩽ atomic number 10 and which are less than 1 μm diameter. Subjective TEM analysis indicates that the aerosol is organic in nature. GCMS analysis is unable to confirm the particulate composition, although fragments characteristic of aliphatic hydrocarbons are identified.
Strategic Geographic Targeting in Community Development: Examining the Congruence of Political, Institutional, and Technical Factors

Strategic geographic targeting (SGT) of community development resources has become increasingly common among cities attempting to enhance the impact of limited community development resources. Through an examination of a unique geographically targeted community development initiative undertaken by the City of Detroit, the author shows that despite environmental changes that made adoption of SGT politically viable, efforts to implement SGT, particularly efficiency-based SGT (EB-SGT), were hampered by political, institutional, and technical factors. The author discusses the likely impact that these factors have on the potential for adopting and successfully implementing EB-SGT as a community development strategy in other cities.
Sulfur speciation in individual aerosol particles

Sulfur aerosols play an important role in acid deposition and the Earth's energy balance. Important species in these aerosols include methanesulfonates, hydroxymethanesulfonates, sulfates, and sulfites. Because the relative amounts of these species indicate different sources and atmospheric processes, it is important to distinguish them in single-aerosol particles. To accomplish this task, we use rapid single-particle mass spectrometry (RSMS), a technique that permits individual particles to be analyzed in an online mode. Each sulfur species produces a characteristic set of ions in the mass spectra. In simulated marine and urban aerosols the relative amounts of methanesulfonic acid (MSA) and sodium hydroxymethanesulfonate (NaHMSA) in a single particle can be determined from peak area ratios in the mass spectra. Improved quantitation is possible by application of the classification and regression tree (CART) algorithm to distinguish the mass spectra of particles having different compositions. Factors that influence speciation include particle size, morphology, and laser fluence.
Chelant-assisted Phytostabilization of Paint-contaminated Residential Sites

Following the basic incubation study, a greenhouse experiment was conducted to elucidate the efficiency ofvetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides L.), with or without chelating agents, in remediating lead (Pb)-contaminated soils from actual residential sites where Pb-based paints were used. Because the primary factor affecting Pb phytoavailability in soils is soil pH, we used two soil types widely varying in pH that have total Pb concentrations above 1500 mg kg -1 soil. Lead-contaminated, low pH, acidic soils were collected from residential sites in Baltimore, MD and high pH, alkaline soils were collected from residential sites in San Antonio, TX. Based on the soil characterization results, two most appropriate soils (one from each city, having similar Pb levels but variable soil physico-chemical properties) were selected for this study. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and [S,S']ethylenediaminedisuccinate (EDDS) were applied at 5, 10, and 15 mmol kg -1 soil. Lead uptake and translocation in vetiver was determined on day 10 after chelants addition. Plant and soil analysis show that EDTA treated soils have maximum Pb uptake and lower total soil Pb levels. Prediction models developed for exchangeable Pb show a strong correlation for total Pb accumulated in vetiver grass. Results of the sequential chemical extraction of the soils at both initial and final time-points, indicates a significant mobilization of Pb by the two chelants from carbonate-bound fraction to exchangeable pool. Information on physico-chemical properties of contaminated residential soils help in predicting Pb phytoextraction and thus further help in calibrating a successful chelant-assisted phytoremediation model.
DNA adducts from nitroreduction of 2,7-dinitrofluorene, a mammary gland carcinogen, catalyzed by rat liver or mammary gland cytosol.

Nitrofluorenes are mutagenic and carcinogenic environmental pollutants arising chiefly from combustion of fossil fuels. Nitro aromatic compounds undergo nitroreduction to N-hydroxy arylamines that bind to DNA directly or after O-esterification. This study analyzes the DNA binding and adducts from the in vitro nitroreduction of 2,7-dinitrofluorene (2,7-diNF), a potent mammary carcinogen in the rat. Potential adduct(s) of 2,7-diNF was (were) generated by reduction of 2-nitroso-7-NF with ascorbate/H + in the presence of calf thymus DNA. The major adduct was characterized by HPLC/ESI/MS and 1 H NMR spectrometry as N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-2-amino-7-NF, and a minor one was determined by HPLC/ESI/MS to be a deoxyadenosine adduct of 2-amino-7-NF. Products from enzymatic nitroreduction were monitored by HPLC and DNA adduct formation by 3 2 P-postlabeling. Xanthine oxidase/hypoxanthine-catalyzed nitroreduction of 2,7-diNF, 2-nitrofluorene (2-NF), and 1-nitropyrene (1-NP) yielded the respective amines to similar extents (30-50%). However, the level of the major adducts (∼0.15/ 10 6 nucleotides) from 2-NF [N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-2-aminofluorene] and 2,7-diNF [N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-2-amino-7-NF] was ≤2% that from 1-NP. In the presence of acetyl CoA, nitroreduction of 2-NF catalyzed by rat liver cytosol/NADH yielded the same adduct at a level of 2.2/10 6 nucleotides. Liver or mammary gland cytosol with acetyl CoA yielded mainly N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-2-amino-7-NF from 2,7-diNF at > 30 adducts/10 6 nucleotides, levels comparable to those from 1,6-dinitropyrene and 4- or 49-fold greater than the respective levels without acetyl CoA. Recovery of 2-nitroso-7-NF and 2-amino-7-NF from cytosol-catalyzed reduction of 2,7-diNF indicated nitroreduction and an N-hydroxy arylamine intermediate. Likewise, the presence of 2-acetylamino-7-NF indicated that reactivity with acyltransferase(s) was not prevented by the nitro group at C7. These data are consistent with activation of 2,7-diNF via nitroreduction to the N-hydroxy arylamine and acetyl CoA-dependent O-acetylation of the latter to bind to DNA. Enzymatic nitroreduction of 2,7-diNF was greatly enhanced by 9-oxidation. The nitroreduction of either 9-oxo-2,7-diNF or 9-hydroxy-2,7-diNF catalyzed by liver cytosol with acetyl CoA yielded two adducts (>2/10 6 nucleotides). Differences in the TLC migration of these adducts, compared to those from 2,7-diNF, and the lack of 2,7-diNF formation in the incubations suggested retention of the C9-oxidized groups. The relative ratios of the amine to amide from nitroreductions of 9-oxo-2,7-diNF and 2,7-diNF catalyzed by liver cytosol suggested that the 9-oxo group decreased reactivity with acyltransferase and, thus, the amount of N-acetoxy arylamine that binds to DNA. The mammary gland tumorigenicity of 2,7-diNF and the extent of its activation by the tumor target tissue shown herein suggest relevance of this environmental pollutant for breast cancer.
EVALUATION OF CARDIAC FUNCTION IN SYMPTOMATIC HEART FAILURE PATIENTS IN A SINGLE INFUSION, PHASE 1, DOSE ESCALATION STUDY OF GLIAL GROWTH FACTOR 2

Glial Growth Factor 2 (GGF2) is a neuregulin peptide critical for myocardial function. GGF2 improves left ventricular function (LVF) in animal models of cardiac injury. We report echocardiographic findings in a first-in-man, double-blind, placebo controlled, escalating single dose study of
Optimal seismic analysis of degrading planar frames using a weighted energy method to associate inelastic mode shapes. Part II application

Abstract The objective of this study is to predict the seismic demands in four steel planar test buildings, including the absolute displacements at each floor and the local member strains, by formulating suitable equivalent single-degree of freedom (E-SDOF) systems. The E-SDOF systems are generated using the buildings’ capacity curves and three specified parameters (established in Part I) that are used to determine the pre- and post-yielded portions of the systems. The computed demands are compared to those using a nonlinear time-history analysis and also to those determined using an equal-energy approach that utilizes only the structures’ fundamental mode shapes. It is found that by assembling several inelastic mode shapes to generate individual pre-and postyield mode shapes, the ensuing E-SDOF system analysis leads to reasonably accurate inelastic displacement demands over the heights of the test structures, especially at the target location. These demands are also significantly more accurate than the demands computed using an equal-energy approach. Local member strains are also computed by analyzing the formulated E-SDOF systems although it is concluded that local responses are not predicted with consistent accuracy over the buildings’ heights. The entire procedure is automated using the program EQ-CAP (EQuivalent SDOF Formulation/CAPacity curves), which enables demands to be readily predicted without the need of a nonlinear time-history analysis.
Putting Conflict Where It Belongs: A Response to “Creating Shared Responsibility through Respect for Military Culture: The Russian and American Cases”

Professor Dale R. Herspring argues that civil-military relations should move beyond a preoccupation with civilian control; instead, he says, the focus should be on the degree and nature of conflict within civil-military interactions. This alternative theoretical view adds much to the extant literature and allows future work to concentrate both on a more nuanced account of the effects of civil-military relations and, as Professor Herspring does, on the determinants of a “healthy” degree of civil-military conflict. This piece responds to Professor Herspring’s alternative view, arguing that future work building on his framework could incorporate much from within public administration.
X-ray scan detection for cargo integrity

The increase of terrorism and its global impact has made the determination of the contents of cargo containers a necessity. Existing technology allows non-intrusive inspections to determine the contents of a container rapidly and accurately. However, some cargo shipments are exempt from such inspections. Hence, there is a need for a technology that enables rapid and accurate means of detecting whether such containers were non-intrusively inspected. Non-intrusive inspections are most commonly performed utilizing high powered X-ray equipment. The challenge is creating a device that can detect short duration X-ray scans while maintaining a portable, battery powered, low cost, and easy to use platform. The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) has developed a methodology and prototype device focused on this challenge. The prototype, developed by PNNL, is a battery powered electronic device that continuously measures its X-ray and Gamma exposure, calculates the dose equivalent rate, and makes a determination of whether the device has been exposed to the amount of radiation experienced during an X-ray inspection. Once an inspection is detected, the device will record a timestamp of the event and relay the information to authorized personnel via a visual alert, USB connection, and/or wireless communication. The results of this research demonstrate that PNNL's prototype device can be effective at determining whether a container was scanned by X-ray equipment typically used for cargo container inspections. This paper focuses on laboratory measurements and test results acquired with the PNNL prototype device using several X-ray radiation levels.
Photochemistry at Corrugated Thin Metal Films: A Phenomenological Approach

A phenomenological model is adopted to explore possible novel photochemical phenomena for molecules in the vicinity of a corrugated thin metal film, with detailed results worked out for the photoabsorption cross section for molecules in the vicinity of a grating film. A mechanism is proposed by which enhanced selective photoabsorption may be achieved based on the different nature of the coupling of the molecular dipole and the incident laser light to the surface plasmon modes of the thin films.
Mössbauer effect of rapidly diffusing Fe in Y

Abstract The diffusion coefficient for Fe in Y from Mossbauer experiments is several orders of magnitude lower than from bulk diffusion measurements. This can be explained by a combination substitution-interstitial diffusion mechanism.
CRIUS: user-friendly database design

Non-technical users are increasingly adding structures to their data. This gives rise to the need for database design. However, traditional database design is deliberate and heavy-weight, requiring technical expertise that everyday users may not possess. For this reason, we propose that users of personal data management applications should be able to create and refine data structures in an ad-hoc way over time, thereby "organically" growing their schemas. For this purpose, we develop a spreadsheet-like direct manipulation interface. We show how integrity constraints can still provide value, even in this scenario of frequent schema and data modifications. We also develop a back-end database implementation to support this interface, with a design that permits schema changes at a low cost.We have folded these ideas into a system, called CRIUS, which supports a nested data model and a graphical user interface. From the user's perspective, the chief advantages of CRIUS are its support for simple schema definition and modification through an intuitive drag-and-drop interface, as well as its guidance towards user data entry based on incrementally updated data integrity. We have evaluated CRIUS by means of user studies and performance studies. The user studies indicate that 1) CRIUS makes it much easier for users to design a database, as compared to state-of-the-art GUI database design tools, and 2) CRIUS makes user data entry more efficient and less error-prone. The performance experiments show that 1) the incremental integrity update in CRIUS is very efficient, making the data entry guidance applicable and 2) the backend database implementation in CRIUS significantly improves the performance of schema update tasks, without a significant impact on other operations.
A Review of Cross-Cultural Methodologies for Organizational Research: A Best- Practices Approach:

Cross-cultural studies that use self-report instruments can present researchers with a variety of challenges. This article reviews the organizational research literature between the years of 1995 and 2001 to identify common practices prevalent in this type of research. Key methodological issues are examined within the context of a three-stage framework: (a) the development of the research question, (b) the alignment of the research contexts, and (c) the validation of the research instruments. This examination serves as a basis for the identification of best-practice recommendations for cross-cultural researchers.
β-D-Xylosidase From Selenomonas ruminantium of Glycoside Hydrolase Family 43

β-d-Xylosidase from the ruminal anaerobic bacterium, Selenomonas ruminantium (SXA), catalyzes hydrolysis of β-1,4-xylooligosacharides and has potential utility in saccharification processes. The enzyme, heterologously produced in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity, has an isoelectric point of approx 4.4, an intact N terminus, and a Stokes radius that defines a homotetramer. SXA denatures between pH 4.0 and 4.3 at 25°C and between 50 and 60°C at pH 5.3 Following heat or acid treatment, partially inactivated SXA exhibits lower k cat values, but similar K m values as untreated SXA. d-Glucose and d-xylose protect SXA from inactivation at high temperature and low pH.
PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTATION OF RUMINANTS CONSUMING LOW-QUALITY COOL- OR WARM-SEASON FORAGE: DIFFERENCES IN INTAKE AND DIGESTIBILITY

An in situ study (Exp. 1) using 4 ruminally cannulated steers (343 ± 11 kg of BW) in a completely randomized design was used to compare ruminal degradation characteristics of low-quality cool-season (C3; Kentucky bluegrass straw; Poa pratensis; 6.3% CP; DM basis) and warm-season (C4; tallgrass prairie; 5.7% CP; DM basis) forage. Four ruminally cannulated steers (252 ± 8 kg of BW; Exp. 2) and 4 wethers (38 ± 1 kg of BW; Exp. 3) were used in two 2 × 2 factorial arrangements of treatments to determine the influence of supplemental CP (CPSupp; soybean meal; 0.09 and 0.19% of BW, CP basis, for steers and lambs, respectively) on nutrient intake and digestion of C3 and C4 forages. Steers and wethers were allotted to separate 4 × 4 Latin squares that ran simultaneously with 20-d periods. In Exp. 1, C3 had a greater A fraction (fraction of total pool disappearing at a rate too rapid to measure) and effective degradability of DM and NDF compared with C4 (P < 0.01). In addition, C3 had a greater (P < 0.01) A fraction and effective degradability of N, whereas the C fraction (fraction of total pool unavailable in the rumen) was less (P < 0.01) than those for C4. Consequently, RDP accounted for 84.7% of total CP in C3 as compared with 66% for C4 (P < 0.01). In Exp. 2, a CPSupp × forage interaction (P < 0.01) was noted for forage and total DMI, with CPSupp increasing intake of C4 by 47% and intake of C3 forage by only 7%. Dry matter digestibility responded similarly, with a CPSupp × forage interaction (P = 0.05; CPSupp increased digestibility by 21% with C4 and by 9% with C3 forage). In addition, CPSupp × forage interactions were noted for ruminal liquid retention time (P = 0.02; CPSupp decreased retention by 3.6 h with C4 and by only 0.6 h with C3 forage) and particulate passage rate (P = 0.02; CPSupp increased passage by 46% with C4 and by 10% with C3 forage). As in Exp. 2, a CPSupp × forage interaction (P = 0.01; CPSupp increased digestibility by 18% with C4 and by 7% with C3 forage) was observed with DM digestibility in Exp. 3. In contrast, only N balance (P < 0.01) and N digestibility (P < 0.01) were affected by CPSupp. These data suggest that intake and digestion of low-quality C3 and C4 forages by ruminants are not similar and, more important, that the physiological response of ruminants to protein supplementation of low-quality forage is dependent on forage type.
Rheology of Polymer Brushes: A Brownian Dynamics Study

We present results of Brownian dynamics simulations of polymer brushes under steady and oscillatory shear. The brush is sheared by a bare surface and the resulting solvent velocity and polymer dynamics are solved self-consistently. Under steady shear the deformation of the brush proceeds in two steps: chains tilt in the flow direction followed by a physical thinning of the brush. The brush- effective viscosity increases upon compression to near 60% and decreases thereafter. We develop a scaling based on the Brinkman equation to explain the unusual trends in the viscosity. Upon introducing oscillatory shear flow in the brush, we observe large increases in the normal stress and bead density near the upward surface. Shear-induced collisions of beads in the brush increase the osmotic pressure and thus give rise to these normal forces. The strain amplitude determines the dynamics during oscillatory flow, and we develop scalings for the range of strain amplitude over which the normal stress increases occur. The simulation results for a single grafted layer are compared to the experiments performed by Klein et al. for the shearing of two grafted layers.
Increased cancer antigen 27.29 (CA27.29) level in patients with mycosis fungoides.

Background Mycosis fungoides, also called cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, comprise a group of extranodal, indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of T-cell origin with primary involvement of the skin. There are few data available on tumor markers in these patients. Cancer antigen 27.29 (CA27.29), which is expressed on most carcinoma cells, is a soluble form of the glycoprotein MUC1. Measuring CA27.29 has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for monitoring disease activity in patients with breast cancer. Objective We sought to assess whether CA27.29 levels were increased in patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and whether there was a correlation of this marker with tumor response. Methods We evaluated the CA27.29 blood levels from 6 patients with advanced mycosis fungoides (who had no evidence of breast cancer) and reviewed their charts for information about history and physical examinations, laboratory data, pathology findings, and radiologic examinations. Results We demonstrated that 3 of 6 patients with advanced mycosis fungoides had markedly elevated CA27.29 blood levels. In the two patients who had serial blood levels drawn, CA27.29 increased or decreased during treatment as the disease progressed or responded, respectively. Limitations This study reflects pilot data on a limited number of patients. Conclusions Our observations suggest that CA27.29 merits further investigation as a tumor marker in patients who have cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.
Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) are uncommon, biologically aggressive soft tissue sarcomas of neural origin that pose tremendous challenges to effective therapy. In 50% of cases, they occur in the context of neurofibromatosis type I, characterized by loss of function mutations to the tumor suppressor neurofibromin; the remainder arise sporadically or following radiation therapy. Prognosis is generally poor, with high rates of relapse following multimodality therapy in early disease, low response rates to cytotoxic chemotherapy in advanced disease, and propensity for rapid disease progression and high mortality. The last few years have seen an explosion in data surrounding the potential molecular drivers and targets for therapy above and beyond neurofibromin loss. These data span multiple nodes at various levels of cellular control, including major signal transduction pathways, angiogenesis, apoptosis, mitosis, and epigenetics. These include classical cancer-driving genetic aberrations such as TP53 and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) loss of function, and upregulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and (mechanistic) target of rapamycin (TOR) pathways, as well as less ubiquitous molecular abnormalities involving inhibitors of apoptosis proteins, aurora kinases, and the Wingless/int (Wnt) signaling pathway. We review the current understanding of MPNST biology, current best practices of management, and recent research developments in this disease, with a view to informing future advancements in patient care.
A gross anatomy ontology for hymenoptera.

Hymenoptera is an extraordinarily diverse lineage, both in terms of species numbers and morphotypes, that includes sawflies, bees, wasps, and ants. These organisms serve critical roles as herbivores, predators, parasitoids, and pollinators, with several species functioning as models for agricultural, behavioral, and genomic research. The collective anatomical knowledge of these insects, however, has been described or referred to by labels derived from numerous, partially overlapping lexicons. The resulting corpus of information—millions of statements about hymenopteran phenotypes—remains inaccessible due to language discrepancies. The Hymenoptera Anatomy Ontology (HAO) was developed to surmount this challenge and to aid future communication related to hymenopteran anatomy. The HAO was built using newly developed interfaces within mx, a Web-based, open source software package, that enables collaborators to simultaneously contribute to an ontology. Over twenty people contributed to the development of this ontology by adding terms, genus differentia, references, images, relationships, and annotations. The database interface returns an Open Biomedical Ontology (OBO) formatted version of the ontology and includes mechanisms for extracting candidate data and for publishing a searchable ontology to the Web. The application tools are subject-agnostic and may be used by others initiating and developing ontologies. The present core HAO data constitute 2,111 concepts, 6,977 terms (labels for concepts), 3,152 relations, 4,361 sensus (links between terms, concepts, and references) and over 6,000 text and graphical annotations. The HAO is rooted with the Common Anatomy Reference Ontology (CARO), in order to facilitate interoperability with and future alignment to other anatomy ontologies, and is available through the OBO Foundry ontology repository and BioPortal. The HAO provides a foundation through which connections between genomic, evolutionary developmental biology, phylogenetic, taxonomic, and morphological research can be actualized. Inherent mechanisms for feedback and content delivery demonstrate the effectiveness of remote, collaborative ontology development and facilitate future refinement of the HAO.
Assessing The Comparative Effectiveness Of Teaching Undergraduate Intermediate Accounting In The Online Classroom Format

This paper presents the results of a study assessing the comparative effectiveness of teaching an undergraduate intermediate accounting course in the online classroom format. Students in a large state university were offered an opportunity to complete the first course in intermediate accounting either online or on-campus. Students were required to complete several objective homework assignments and write an essay on what is means to be a professional. In addition, students were asked to report their progress in achieving seven stated objectives of the course. Students in the online course performed as well as students in the on-campus course.
The Red Face: Atopic Dermatitis

Abstract A topic dermatitis is a genetically determined cutaneous affliction characterized by redness, scaling, lichenification, and pruritus, affecting approximately 10% of the population. 1 This allergic disorder is conceptually similar to asthma and allergic rhinitis. Other than a nonspecific spongiosis, there is no pathognomonic histopathology, nor are there diagnostic laboratory parameters for this disorder. A patient with atopic dermatitis demonstrates a constellation of clinical features, most prominent being increased irritability of the skin, intense pruritus, and chronic scratching leading to lichenification. Physiologic abnormalities include specific vasomotor alterations, increased susceptibility to viral, bacterial, and fungal infections, and abnormalities in humoral and cell-mediated immunity.
Biochemical sensors with photonic crystals in the terahertz region

Promising properties of photonic crystals open up their potential applicability for biosensing applications. We proposed and carried out a detailed study of photonic-crystal based sensors with different configurations using finite-difference time-domain method with recursive convolution.
Multi-biometrics using facial appearance, shape and temperature

We present results of the first study to examine individual and multi-modal face recognition using 2D, 3D and infrared images of the same set of subjects. Each sensor captures different aspects of human facial features; appearance in intensity representing surface reflectance from a light source, shape data representing depth values from the camera, and the pattern of heat emitted, respectively. We employ a database containing a gallery set of 127 images and an accumulated time-lapse probe set of 297 images. Using a PCA-based approach tuned separately for 2 D, 3D and IR, we find rank-one recognition rates of 90.6% for 2D, 91.9% for 3D and 71.0% for IR. Combining each pair of modalities, we find a multi-modal rank-one recognition rate of 98.7% for 2D-3D, 96.6% for 2D-IR and 98.0% for 3D-IR. When all three modalities are combined, we obtain 100% recognition. The results shown in this study appear to support the conclusion that the path to higher accuracy and robustness in biometrics involves use of multiple biometrics rather than the best possible sensor and algorithm for a single biometric.
Web Services Enabled E-Market Access Control Model

With the dramtic expansion of global e-markets, companies collaborate more and more in order to streamline their supply chains. Companies often form coalitions to reach the critical mass required to bid on a large volume or wide ranges of products. Meanwhile, they also compete with one another for market shares. Because of the complex relationships among companies, controlling the access to shared information found in e-markets is a challenging task. Currently, there is a lack of comprehensive approach in access control that can be used to maintain data security in e-markets. We propose to integrate several known access control mechanisms such as role-based access control, coalition-based access control, and relationship driven access control into an e-market access control (EMAC) model. In this paper, we present a web services based architecture for EMAC and the associated concepts and algorithms. We also illustrate via an automotive emarket example how the EMAC model can support e-market access control.
Female Athletes and Performance-Enhancer Usage

The purpose of this study was to develop a knowledge base on factors associated with performance-enhancer usage among female athletes at the high school level in order to identify markers for a future prevention-education program. The study used a pretest-only, between-subjects Likert Scale survey to rank the importance of internal and external pressures that may lead to performance-enhancer usage among this population. Subjects included 122 female athletes from top-ranked sport programs at 7 New Jersey high schools. Descriptive and quantitative statistics were used to analyze the data at a p < .05 significance level. The Chi Square Test of Homogeneity, Spearman Correlation Coefficient, Kruskal-Wallis One-Way ANOVA, and Scheffe Post-Hoc Test were used to analyze associations between the nine survey issues and five levels of importance. Results indicated that subjects rated the pressure to win and self-induced competitive pressures as the two most important factors in leading to performance-enhancer usage. Chi-Square results showed significant differences in the level of importance for each of the nine issues presented, while the Spearman Correlation revealed several correlations among certain issues. The Kruskal-Wallis One-Way ANOVA showed significant differences in ranks when data were grouped by school and sport. Post-Hoc analysis supported findings of the Kruskal-Wallis One-Way ANOVA. This study provided descriptive and quantitative data that added to the existing research. The findings may be used by health educators and athletic coaches for performance-enhancer prevention-education programs.
Experimental broadband OFDM system: field results for OFDM and OFDM with frequency domain spreading

The paper presents link performance results of a series of field experiments conducted for OFDM and spread-OFDM/MC-CDMA in the context of a fourth-generation cellular system (4G) downlink. The experimental system is a 20 MHz 2/spl times/2 MIMO-OFDM system operating at a carrier frequency of 3.676 GHz. Measurements were conducted in a moderate density urban and suburban setting outside Chicago, Illinois, which exhibits varying degrees of delay spread and signal-to-noise ratio, with vehicle speeds ranging from 0 to 65 miles per hour. Coded performance (r=1/2 64-state convolutional coding) is compared for various link configurations: no receive diversity, 2-branch diversity, Alamouti transmit diversity, and 2/spl times/2 MIMO for QPSK, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM constellations. Results indicate that OFDM typically outperforms spread-OFDM, especially for higher order modulations. Moreover, the performance of dual-stream MIMO is sensitive to the channel condition number.
Rapid evolution of the most luminous galaxies during the first 900 million years.

The galaxy described on page 186 may be, for the moment, the most distant and hence oldest galaxy known. Large samples of galaxies have been found at redshifts of z∼6, but detections at earlier times tend to be uncertain and unreliable. But this 'new' old galaxy has a spectroscopic redshift of z=6.96, corresponding to just 750 million years after the Big Bang; and a Lyman-α emission line in its spectrum suggests that active star formation was under way when the Universe was only about 6% of its present age. This galaxy was detected during a survey using the Subaru Suprime-Cam on the summit of Mauna Kea. Looking at the galaxy population as a whole, the same survey produced a number density of galaxies at z≈7 that is only 18-36% that at z=6.6. A separate search for galaxies at at z∼7–8 using data from the Hubble Space Telescope yielded (conservatively) only one candidate galaxy, where 10 would be expected if there were no evolution in the galaxy population between z∼7 and z∼6. The simplest explanation for this is that the Universe is just too young to have built up many luminous galaxies at z∼7–8 by hierarchical merging of small galaxies. A search for galaxies at z≈7–8, roughly 700 million years from the Big Bang finds only one candidate galaxy at z≈7–8, where ten would be expected if there were no evolution in the galaxy population between z≈7 and z≈6. The simplest explanation is that the Universe is just too young to have built up many luminous galaxies at z≈7–8 by hierarchical merging of small galaxies. A search for galaxies at z≈7–8, roughly 700 million years from the Big Bang finds only one candidate galaxy at z≈7–8, where ten would be expected if there were no evolution in the galaxy population between z≈7 and z≈6. The simplest explanation is that the Universe is just too young to have built up many luminous galaxies at z≈7–8 by hierarchical merging of small galaxies. The first 900 million years (Myr) to redshift z ≈ 6 (the first seven per cent of the age of the Universe) remains largely unexplored for the formation of galaxies. Large samples of galaxies have been found at z ≈ 6 (refs 1–4) but detections at earlier times are uncertain and unreliable. It is not at all clear how galaxies built up from the first stars when the Universe was about 300 Myr old (z ≈ 12–15) to z ≈ 6, just 600 Myr later. Here we report the results of a search for galaxies at z ≈ 7–8, about 700 Myr after the Big Bang, using the deepest near-infrared and optical images ever taken. Under conservative selection criteria we find only one candidate galaxy at z ≈ 7–8, where ten would be expected if there were no evolution in the galaxy population between z ≈ 7–8 and z ≈ 6. Using less conservative criteria, there are four candidates, where 17 would be expected with no evolution. This demonstrates that very luminous galaxies are quite rare 700 Myr after the Big Bang. The simplest explanation is that the Universe is just too young to have built up many luminous galaxies at z ≈ 7–8 by the hierarchical merging of small galaxies.