cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Commuting inequality, role of urban structure, and identification of disadvantaged groups in the Mexico City metropolitan area

Cities in developing countries are undergoing a vigorous urbanization process marked by deep social and economic inequalities, which are reflected in transportation. This study analyzes one-way Average Commute Time (ACT) in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area, specifically regarding its spatial pattern in relation to the urban center and the differences between cars and public transportation. It also explores the urban structure drivers as well as the social dimension. Results show that ACT is lower for car drivers than for transit users. The curve depicting the relationship between ACT and distance to the center differs between private car and public transit, being semi-flat for the former and an inverted U-shaped curve for the latter. There is a higher spatial correlation for transit ACT than for car ACT. Based on the results from Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and spatial regression models, travel times from TRANUS transport model show that job accessibility plays a significantly inverse role in determining ACT for transit users and car users alike. However, this response is not consistent according to observed travel times from the 2017 Household Origin Destination Survey (HODS17). In regard to population groups, migrants and indigenous populations display significantly longer commute times, especially when using public transit, providing evidence that these groups are disadvantaged.
Utility Outage Data Driven Interaction Networks for Cascading Failure Analysis and Mitigation

In this paper, real outage data from utilities are analyzed to gain better understanding of cascading outage propagation. In order to accurately estimate the interactions between component outages, two mechanisms are introduced: the evolution of interactions over generations and the memory between consecutive generations. A metric, the expected number of outages following one component outage, is calculated based on the estimated interaction networks by solving a set of carefully formulated linear equations, considering loops due to the complex component interactions. Existence of unique positive solution for the linear equations is mathematically proved. Components that are critical for outage propagation are further identified based on the developed metric. Besides, the outage propagation properties are revealed by the interaction networks estimated from real outage data. Further, the cascades simulated from a highly probabilistic generation-dependent interaction model using the estimated interactions well capture the properties of the original outage data in terms of the distribution of the number of line outages, the offspring mean of the branching process, the distribution of the component metrics, and the identified critical components. Cascading failure risks are greatly mitigated by reducing the probability that the identified critical components fail.
A Novel Low Loss 3D System-in-Package Approach for 60GHz Antenna on Chip Applications

This paper presents a novel low loss 3D system in package (SiP) approach for achieving antenna-on-chip integration. Specifically, this design uses 3D through silicon via (TSV) technology to achieve a vertical SiP phased array radio. The fully integrated package consists of a digital baseband chip, a radio frequency integrated circuit (RFIC), and lastly a microstrip patch phased array. The 3D TSVs achieve an insertion loss of less than 0.4 dB/pair at millimeter-wave frequencies. The differential fed microstrip patch array achieves a return loss of 40 dB at a 60 GHz center frequency with 4 GHz instantaneous bandwidth. The antenna array achieves an E and H plane realized gain of 17.1 dBi for a 4×4 element design. In addition, this design approach enables individual fabrication of each element to maximize yield with low cost assembly using ball grid array (BGA) technology. Lastly, this design does not require special design rules that comprise either transistor or antenna performance as compared to other methods outlined in antenna on chip design.
Online auction marketplaces as a global pathway for aquatic invasive species

The ornamental aquarium pet trade is a leading pathway for the introduction of aquatic invasive species. In addition to purchasing live organisms in stores, hobbyists are engaging more with alternative informal online marketplaces that enable peer-to-peer selling of aquarium organisms via auctions. Although growing in popularity, little is known regarding the global extent of informal marketplaces, including the taxonomy of species that are traded, their economic value, and the geographic routes by which live organisms are transported. In this study we use an automated web crawler to collect data on completed auctions between 2011 and 2017 from the largest informal market for aquarium hobbyists, AquaBid, to understand the market dynamics and trade flows of the informal retail market online. During the 7-year study period, the AquaBid website facilitated the estimated trade of 539,548 live freshwater animals, 579,700 fish eggs, and 31,431 plant assortments/bunches among 24,409 unique users who collectively placed 444,132 bids on 192,227 auctions, representing a total sale value of $6,015,030 USD. Source (seller) and recipient (buyer) locations of live organisms were distributed across 39 countries but concentrated largely in major cities of the United States and select European and southeast Asian countries. Our study is among the first to quantify geographic routes of live organism transport between specific locations on the landscape and demonstrates the highly diffuse and non-centralized nature of the informal aquarium trade. Evaluating the emerging challenges represented by informal online retail marketplaces is critical to create policy and regulatory solutions that minimize the transport of prohibited invasive species.
A Quantitative Analysis of Student Solutions to Graph Database Problems

As data grow both in size and in connectivity, the interest to use graph databases in industry has been growing rapidly. However, there has been little research on graph database education. In response to the need to introduce college students to graph databases, this paper is the first to analyze students' errors in their submissions writing different types of queries in Cypher, the query language for Neo4j--the most prominent graph database. Based on 40,093 student submission from homework assignments in an upper-level computer science database course at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, this paper provides qualitative insights and quantitative analysis about students' learning when solving graph database problems. The data shows that writing more complex queries initially takes students more time and more attempts to write more complex queries correctly. Additionally, students struggle to correctly use Cypher's WITH clause to define variable names before referencing in the WHERE clause, and these errors persist over multiple homework problems requiring the same techniques.
Intracranial hypertension after doxycycline sclerotherapy of a large macrocystic lymphatic malformation in an infant

Abstract We present a case of an infant who developed intracranial hypertension after Doxycycline sclerotherapy of a large right axillary macrocystic lymphatic malformation secondary to significant absorption of the drug. This case highlights the association between Doxycycline and intracranial hypertension, even when it is used as a sclerosing agent. Clinicians performing and taking care of infants post sclerotherapy need to be aware of this potential association so any signs of intracranial hypertension post sclerotherapy can be identified and treated accordingly.
Biomechanical study and objective evaluation of muscle co-contraction following chemodenervation

This combined study presents the design (technical) and application (clinical) results from an upper extremity (UE) motion analysis system (MAS) used to evaluate muscle co-contraction in post-stroke adult subjects undergoing chemodenervation (botulinum toxin A) treatment. Included in the work are preliminary treatment results from an evaluation of three (3) adult test subjects (post-stroke). The upper extremity motion evaluation system includes a set of nineteen (19) markers for the kinematic model and ten (10) surface electrodes for EMG analysis. A reaching task was used to evaluate subjects. Preliminary results from applying the system confirm changes in dynamic limb range and muscle activation with chemodenervation treatment. The system is suggested for further clinical application and model development.
BHUNT: automatic discovery of Fuzzy algebraic constraints in relational data

We present the BHUNT scheme for automatically discovering algebraic constraints between pairs of columns in relational data. The constraints may be "fuzzy" in that they hold for most, but not all, of the records, and the columns may be in the same table or different tables. Such constraints are of interest in the context of both data mining and query optimization, and the BHUNT methodology can potentially be adapted to discover fuzzy functional dependencies and other useful relationships. BHUNT first identifies candidate sets of column value pairs that are likely to satisfy an algebraic constraint. This discovery process exploits both system catalog information and data samples, and employs pruning heuristics to control processing costs. For each candidate, BHUNT constructs algebraic constraints by applying statistical histogramming, segmentation, or clustering techniques to samples of column values. Using results from the theory of tolerance intervals, the sample sizes can be chosen to control the number of "exception" records that fail to satisfy the discovered constraints. In query-optimization mode, BHUNT can automatically partition the data into normal and exception records. During subsequent query processing, queries can be modified to incorporate the constraints; the optimizer uses the constraints to identify new, more efficient access paths. The results are then combined with the results of executing the original query against the (small) set of exception records. Experiments on a very large database using a prototype implementation of BHUNT show reductions in table accesses of up to two orders of magnitude, leading to speedups in query processing by up to a factor of 6.8.
Effects of Selected Weight Training Programs on the Development of Strength and Muscle Hypertrophy

Abstract This experiment was undertaken to determine the effects of a six-week progressive weight training program on the development of strength and muscle hypertrophy, using one exercise, the deep-knee bend, with varying repetitions. Thirty students were chosen by random from beginning weight lifting classes at Michigan State University. Following a two-week conditioning period the subjects were divided into three groups of ten each for the controlled training period. The programs were as follows: Group A—3 sets of 9-10 repetitions, Group B—3 sets of 5-6 repetitions, and Group C—3 sets of 2-3 repetitions. Individuals in each group handled maximum weight loads for the number of repetitions each was required to perform. The effectiveness of the program was determined by three measurements: (a) thigh girth, (b) dynamic strength as measured by one RM on the deep-knee bend, and (c) static strength as measured on the dynamometer. The results were graphically analyzed and percentages calculated. The data were ...
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF ANOMALIES OF THE SEX CHROMOSOMES.

Abstract An analysis of 196 patients with problems of sexual differentiation who have had an examination of the sex chromatin and sex chromosomes indicates that our present knowledge allows us to conclude that: 1. 1. To be useful a sex chromatin count must be quantitatively stated. 2. 2. Two X chromosomes in those cells giving rise to the primitive gonocytes are necessary for normal ovarian development. Turner's syndrome is but one clinical picture associated with failure of ovarian formation. 3. 3. There is some evidence for a locus on the Y chromosome for the suppression of Mullerian development. At least, testes which apparently develop with mosaic deletion of the Y chromosome seem incapable of suppressing the development of the uterus and/or testes. 4. 4. The development of testicular tissue, in true hermaphroditism in which condition most patients have an XX sex chromosome complement, has no cytogenetic explanation at the present time.
The surgical correction of aortic regurgitation; bicuspid conversion.

Abstract Feasible surgical technics have been devised and applied in the correction of the three most common types of acquired aortic regurgitation. The current rapid advances in the field of total cardiopulmonary and simple cardiac bypass (using the autogenous lung instead of an oxygenator) promise soon to reduce the entailed operative mortality to a reasonable level. Even at the present time, it seems worthwhile to apply these methods in individuals with severe aortic regurgitation who are in clinical difficulty. It is felt that definitive maintenance of coronary arterial perfusion by direct ostial cannulation during the course of the operation will permit maintenance of such myocardial vigor as to enable most of these very sick patients to survive operative intervention.
Local Solutions to Inequality: Steps Toward Fostering a Progressive Social Movement

Over the past four decades, inequality of income, wealth, and power have become increasingly extreme in the United States. The triumph of a neoliberal agenda to reduce taxes, deregulate the economy, and promote international trade has undermined the economic status of the middle class, increased poverty, and led to a concentration of wealth. This nation has gone through such periods before, followed by progressive movements that have realigned economic and political forces. I argue that we may be at a point where a new progressive social movement is about to emerge and I point out several areas where rural sociologists are working, such as local food systems, that reflect a reorientation of social values supporting such a movement. Promoting local food systems and similar locality-based enterprises can foster economic relationships embedded in multistranded social relationships and contribute to progressive change through reducing the central role of large corporations in our daily lives. Building on Busch's (1999) concept of Leviathan, I identify the roles of researchers and community activists in which rural sociologists can work to democratize social, economic, and political relationships in society.
Urbanization Increases Pathogen Pressure on Feral and Managed Honey Bees

Given the role of infectious disease in global pollinator decline, there is a need to understand factors that shape pathogen susceptibility and transmission in bees. Here we ask how urbanization affects the immune response and pathogen load of feral and managed colonies of honey bees (Apis mellifera Linnaeus), the predominant economically important pollinator worldwide. Using quantitative real-time PCR, we measured expression of 4 immune genes and relative abundance of 10 honey bee pathogens. We also measured worker survival in a laboratory bioassay. We found that pathogen pressure on honey bees increased with urbanization and management, and the probability of worker survival declined 3-fold along our urbanization gradient. The effect of management on pathogens appears to be mediated by immunity, with feral bees expressing immune genes at nearly twice the levels of managed bees following an immune challenge. The effect of urbanization, however, was not linked with immunity; instead, urbanization may favor viability and transmission of some disease agents. Feral colonies, with lower disease burdens and stronger immune responses, may illuminate ways to improve honey bee management. The previously unexamined effects of urbanization on honey-bee disease are concerning, suggesting that urban areas may favor problematic diseases of pollinators.
Effect of EHL Contact Conditions on the Behavior of Traction Fluids

New infinitely variable transmission (IVT) systems are under development for the automotive industry as a means to achieving significant fuel economy benefits. These systems rely on the lubricating fluid to transmit the drive train loads across the interface of the transmission components. This requires the development of new fluids that exhibit high traction properties under elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) conditions. However, it has been reported recently that the traction performance of some fluids can reduce dramatically as temperature is reduced. This may place severe operational limits on IVT systems and suggests that the low-temperature traction properties of fluids for these systems should be studied in order to understand the mechanism for the observed reduction in traction. The work reported here is an experimental study aimed at identifying whether low temperature traction reduction is related to a fundamental change in rheological behavior specific to the fluids tested or to more generic ...
Combustion Gas Measurements Using Tunable Laser Absorption Spectroscopy.

Abstract : Applications of tunable infrared diode lasers for combustion gas measurements are described. The diode laser serves as a source of narrow-linewidth infrared radiation whose wavelength can be rapidly modulated to perform fast, high-resolution absorption spectroscopy. Measurements of fully resolved vibration-rotation lines in the fundamental band of CO are used to infer temperature, CO species concentrations and CO collisions halfwidths in the post-flame gases of a flat flame burner. The feasibility of diode laser measurements in fluctuating and particle-laden combustion flows is also demonstrated. (Author)
Superimposed code based channel assignment in multi-radio multi-channel wireless mesh networks

Motivated by the observation that channel assignment for multiradio multi-channel mesh networks should support both unicast and local broadcast1, should be interference-aware, and should result in low overall switching delay, high throughput, and low overhead, we propose two flexible localized channel assignment algorithms based on s-disjunct superimposed codes. These algorithms support the local broadcast and unicast effectively, and achieve interference-free channel assignment under certain conditions. In addition, under the primary interference constraints2, the channel assignment algorithm for unicast can achieve 100% throughput with a simple scheduling algorithm such as the maximal weight independent set scheduling, and can completely avoid hidden/exposed terminal problems under certain conditions. Our algorithms make no assumptions on the underlying network and therefore are applicable to a wide range of MR-MC mesh network settings. We conduct extensive theoretical performance analysis to verify our design.
Nanobelts of Semiconductive Oxides: a Structurally and Morphologically Controlled Nanomaterials System

We have developed a simple and economic technique for synthesis of one-dimensional nanobelt structures of semiconductive oxides such as ZnO, SnO2, In2O3, CdO, Ga2O3 and PbO2. The as-synthesized oxide nanobelts are pure, structurally uniform, single crystalline and most of them free from dislocations; they have a rectangular-like cross-section with typical widths of 30–300 nanometers, width-to-thickness ratios of 5–10 and lengths of up to a few millimeters. The belt-like morphology appears to be a unique and common structural characteristic for the family of semiconducting oxides with cations of different valence states and materials of distinct crystallographic structures. The nanobelts are structurally and morphologically controlled and they are intrinsic semiconductors, providing a new system after carbon nanotubes for a systematic understanding on dimensionally confined transport phenomena in functional oxides. They are also ideal building blocks for fabrication of nanoscale devices based on the integrity of individual nanobelts.
Once a sex offender … always a sex offender: Myth or fact?

In the current focus upon prisons, prisoners, and correctional treatment, there also seems to be an increase in fear of sex offenders. “Once a sex offender, always a sex offender” has become a common belief. The following study, however, has concluded that this phrase is mistaken and misleading. The actual number of sex offenders who recidivate are few. This study, and many prior to this one, have concluded that upwards of 65% donot commit another sex offense. Most reoffenses are committed between 1 and 5 years after release, and the percentage of reoffenders declines rapidly after. A positive correlation was found between length of time spent in prison and recidivism rates. Further studies are suggested to follow up this interesting finding.
X-ray Structure of the T. Aquaticus Ftsy:GDP Complex Suggests Functional Roles for the C-Terminal Helix of the SRP GTPases

FtsY and Ffh are structurally similar prokaryotic Signal Recognition Particle GTPases that play an essential role in the Signal Recognition Particle (SRP)-mediated cotranslational targeting of proteins to the membrane. The two GTPases assemble in a GTP-dependent manner to form a heterodimeric SRP targeting complex. We report here the 2.1 A X-ray structure of FtsY from T. aquaticus bound to GDP. The structure of the monomeric protein reveals, unexpectedly, canonical binding interactions for GDP. A comparison of the structures of the monomeric and complexed FtsY NG GTPase domain suggests that it undergoes a conformational change similar to that of Ffh NG during the assembly of the symmetric heterodimeric complex. However, in contrast to Ffh, in which the C-terminal helix shifts independently of the other subdomains, the C-terminal helix and N domain of T. aquaticus FtsY together behave as a rigid body during assembly, suggesting distinct mechanisms by which the interactions of the NG domain “module” are regulated in the context of the two SRP GTPases. Proteins 2007. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Stakeholder Identity Orientation Approach to Corporate Social Performance in Family Firms

Extending the dialogue on corporate social performance (CSP) as descriptive stakeholder management (Clarkson, Acad Manage Rev 20:92, 1995), we examine differences in CSP activity between family and nonfamily firms. We argue that CSP activity can be explained by the firm’s identity orientation toward stakeholders (Brickson, Admin Sci Quart 50:576, 2005; Acad Manage Rev 32:864, 2007). Specifically, individualistic, relational, or collectivistic identity orientations can describe a firm’s level of CSP activity toward certain stakeholders. Family firms, we suggest, adopt a more relational orientation toward their stakeholders than nonfamily firms, and thus engage in higher levels of CSP. Further, we invoke collectivistic identity orientation to argue that the higher the level of family or founder involvement within a family firm, the greater the level of CSP toward specific stakeholders. Using social performance rating data from 1991 to 2005, we find that family and nonfamily firms demonstrate notable differences in terms of social initiatives and social concerns. We also find that the level of family and founder involvement is related to the type and frequency of a family firm’s social initiatives and social concerns.
Environmental determinants of U.S. foreign direct investment in developed and developing countries: A structural analysis

This study attempts to explain theoretically and empirically the influence of developed and developing countries’ environments on foreign direct investment from the United States. It is postulated that foreign direct investment into these economies can be explained by examining interactions among three environmental constructs: technological development, quality of life, and political instability. A structural equation model is developed to test the concurrent and longitudinal influence of the three environmental constructs on foreign direct investment into these economies from the United States.
On turbulent diffusion of magnetic fields and the loss of magnetic flux from stars

The turbulent diffusion of magnetic fields in astrophysical objects, and the processes leading to magnetic field flux loss from such objects are discussed with attention to the suppression of turbulent diffusion by back-reaction of magnetic fields on small spatial scales, and on the constraint imposed on magnetic flux loss by flux-freezing within stars. Turbulent magnetic diffusion can be suppressed even for very weak large-scale magnetic fields, so that 'standard' turbulent diffusion is incapable of significant magnetic flux destruction within a star. Finally, magnetic flux loss via winds is shown to be generally ineffective, no matter what the value of the effective magnetic Reynolds number is.
ALMA band 3 cartridge maintenance plan

Under the "Memorandum of Understanding between the National Radio Astronomy Observatory/Associated Universities Incorporated, Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics (HIA) and the University of Calgary related to Canadian ALMA Construction Phase Work Packages", HIA is committed to deliver a suite of seventy-three Band 3 100 GHz receiver cartridges to the ALMA Project. After the acceptance of each cartridge at the Front End Integration Centers, HIA is responsible to perform any post-delivery maintenance, repair and rework of the cartridges for a warranty period of up to one year. This paper defines a framework for the maintenance and repair services for the Band 3 cartridges after the post-delivery warranty period has expired. This framework consists of a detailed work breakdown structure, timelines and labour effort estimates of the major tasks related maintenance and repair services of ALMA Band 3 cartridges.
Geomagnetic disturbances are associated with reduced nocturnal excretion of a melatonin metabolite in humans

The effects of geomagnetic disturbances on urinary excretion of the melatonin metabolite, 6-hydroxymelatonin sulfate (6-OHMS), were studied in conjunction with 60 Hz magnetic field (MF) and ambient light exposure in 132 electric utility workers. Geomagnetic activity was assessed using a local (equivalent amplitude or A(K), Boulder, CO) and global (average antipodal or aa) index. Personal exposures to 60 Hz MFs and light were obtained using data-logging meters. The relationship between geomagnetic activity and 6-OHMS was assessed with adjustment for age, light exposure, and month of participation. Mean overnight 6-OHMS excretion was lower on days when the 36-h A(K) or aa values exceeded 30 nT. A greater reduction in 6-OHMS excretion was observed when increased geomagnetic activity was combined with elevated 60 Hz MF or reduced ambient light exposures.
Pattern Recognition Software and Techniques for Biological Image Analysis

The increasing prevalence of automated image acquisition systems is enabling new types of microscopy experiments that generate large image datasets. However, there is a perceived lack of robust image analysis systems required to process these diverse datasets. Most automated image analysis systems are tailored for specific types of microscopy, contrast methods, probes, and even cell types. This imposes significant constraints on experimental design, limiting their application to the narrow set of imaging methods for which they were designed. One of the approaches to address these limitations is pattern recognition, which was originally developed for remote sensing, and is increasingly being applied to the biology domain. This approach relies on training a computer to recognize patterns in images rather than developing algorithms or tuning parameters for specific image processing tasks. The generality of this approach promises to enable data mining in extensive image repositories, and provide objective and quantitative imaging assays for routine use. Here, we provide a brief overview of the technologies behind pattern recognition and its use in computer vision for biological and biomedical imaging. We list available software tools that can be used by biologists and suggest practical experimental considerations to make the best use of pattern recognition techniques for imaging assays.
Kant, Kuhn, and the Rationality of Science

This paper considers the evolution of the problem of scientific rationality from Kant through Carnap to Kuhn. I argue for a relativized and historicized version of the original Kantian conception of scientific a priori principles and examine the way in which these principles change and develop across revolutionary paradigm shifts. The distinctively philosophical enterprise of reflecting upon and contextualizing such principles is then seen to play a key role in making possible rational intersubjective communication between otherwise incommensurable paradigms.
Evolution and spread of glyphosate resistance in Conyza canadensis in California

Recent increases in glyphosate use in perennial crops of California, USA, are hypothesized to have led to an increase in selection and evolution of resistance to the herbicide in Conyza canadensis populations. To gain insight into the evolutionary origins and spread of resistance and to inform glyphosate resistance management strategies, we investigated the geographical distribution of glyphosate resistance in C. canadensis across and surrounding the Central Valley, its spatial relationship to groundwater protection areas (GWPA), and the genetic diversity and population structure and history using microsatellite markers. Frequencies of resistant individuals in 42 sampled populations were positively correlated with the size of GWPA within counties. Analyses of population genetic structure also supported spread of resistance in these areas. Bayesian clustering and approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) analyses revealed multiple independent origins of resistance within the Central Valley. Based on parameter estimation in the ABC analyses, resistant genotypes underwent expansion after glyphosate use began in agriculture, but many years before it was detected. Thus, diversity in weed control practices prior to herbicide regulation in GWPA probably kept resistance frequencies low. Regionally coordinated efforts to reduce seed dispersal and selection pressure are needed to manage glyphosate resistance in C. canadensis.
A kinetic study of the production of light-induced ESR signals in Rhodospirillum rubrum chromatophores.

Abstract The rise kinetics of the light-induced ESR signal of Rhodospirillum rubrum chromatophores has been re-examined and the rise time of this signal has been found to be a function of bacteriochlorophyll concentration and of light intensity. At constant bacteriochlorophyll concentration the rate constant was found to be first order over a thousand-fold range of light intensities. The formation rate constant was found to be proportional to the light intensity (within experimental error). At the highest light intensity used (3.0 × 105 ergs cm−2 sec−1) the corrected characteristic time ( 1 k ) was found to be about 5 milliseconds. No evidence was found for an induction period within the resolving time of the instrumental system used. The experimental results presented here are consistent with the hypothesis that the light-induced ESR signal may originate from the primary photo-oxidant of bacterial photosynthesis.
Inhibition of aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase under physiological conditions: optimization of 3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine concentration to prevent concurrent inhibition of monoamine oxidase

Abstract The activity of the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH; EC 1.14.16.2) is commonly studied indirectly by quantifying the formation of the product, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), after inhibition of aromatic l -amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD; EC 4.1.1.28), the enzyme which metabolizes DOPA. This study was done to determine if the concentration of the hydrazine derivative 3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine (NSD-1015), a drug frequently used in vitro to inhibit AAAD, could be adjusted such that it would inhibit that enzyme, but would not simultaneously inhibit a second, potentially important enzyme, monoamine oxidase (MAO; EC 1.4.3.4). MAO catalyzes the formation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol (DOPEG) from dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE), respectively. Five concentrations of NSD-1015 in superfusate (0.01 to 20 μM) were tested in strips of canine portal vein superfused and stimulated in vitro. DOPA, DA, NE, and DOPEG in superfusate and in the veins after superfusion were quantified by HPLC with electrochemical detection. The efficacy of NSD-1015 in inhibiting AAAD and MAO was determined by examining the levels of DOPA and DOPEG, respectively. NSD-1015, only when applied at 0.1 μM, resulted in the marked augmentation of total DOPA levels, but did not affect levels of DOPEG, which suggests that this concentration of the drug inhibits AAAD, but does not inhibit MAO. Therefore, it is concluded that, of the concentrations of NSD-1015 tested, 0.1 μM is the optimum concentration to use in this preparation for studies designed to examine TH activity by measuring DOPA after the inhibition of AAAD.
Density fractions in human enamel.

Abstract A micromethod for determining the density of small amounts of powdered enamel has been developed. Fractionation by density of successive layers of enamel from single teeth showed predominance of high density fractions in the outer enamel and low density fractions in the inner enamel. The overall effect was a gradual decrease in density from the surface toward the dentine. A small portion of the enamel, probably representing prism sheaths, had a density below 2.70. This fraction contained from 47 to 79% ash. The Ca/P ratio, ranging from 2.06 to 2.24 was similar to that reported for enamel mineral. Exposure of intact enamel to fluoride followed by immersion in a metastable calcium phosphate solution increased the density of the most superficial enamel layer.
Women, autoimmunity, and cancer: a dangerous liaison between estrogen and activation-induced deaminase?

Why women are more susceptible to autoimmune diseases is not completely clear, but new data suggest that the hormone estrogen may play an important role. A new study now shows that estrogen activates the expression of activation-induced deaminase (AID), a protein that drives antibody diversification by deaminating cytosine in DNA to uracil. If estrogen increases the level of AID, increased mutations could transform benign antibodies into anti-self pariahs. AID might also contribute to cancer—particularly in breast tissue, which is highly responsive to estrogen—by introducing mutations and strand breaks into the genome.
Neuropilin-2, a Novel Member of the Neuropilin Family, Is a High Affinity Receptor for the Semaphorins Sema E and Sema IV but Not Sema III

Semaphorins are a large family of secreted and transmembrane proteins, several of which are implicated in repulsive axon guidance. Neuropilin (neuropilin-1) was recently identified as a receptor for Collapsin-1/Semaphorin III/D (Sema III). We report the identification of a related protein, neuropilin-2, whose mRNA is expressed by developing neurons in a pattern largely, though not completely, nonoverlapping with that of neuropilin-1. Unlike neuropilin-1, which binds with high affinity to the three structurally related semaphorins Sema III, Sema E, and Sema IV, neuropilin-2 shows high affinity binding only to Sema E and Sema IV, not Sema III. These results identify neuropilins as a family of receptors (or components of receptors) for at least one semaphorin subfamily. They also suggest that the specificity of action of different members of this subfamily may be determined by the complement of neuropilins expressed by responsive cells.
Repeated exposure to hyperbaric oxygen sensitizes rats to oxygen-induced seizures.

Abstract Repeated exposure to increased partial pressure of oxygen (Po2) is the standard of care for several medical conditions. The side-effects of repeated exposure to hyperbaric oxygen (HBO), however, are not well defined. Previous studies have demonstrated that acute exposure of rats to HBO causes hypothermia that precedes convulsions. In the present studies, rats that were repeatedly exposed to 100% oxygen at 4 atmospheres absolute (ATA) pressure developed convulsions earlier than naive controls. There was also a trend toward less hypothermia in the rats repeatedly exposed to oxygen. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that repeated exposure to HBO increases sensitivity to convulsions induced by HBO and to determine if the time to onset of convulsions is affected by the hypothermia caused by exposure to HBO. Rats were repeatedly exposed to 2 ATA oxygen for a total of 10 days. After 72 h, these rats were challenged by exposure to 100% oxygen at 4 ATA pressure. Rats repeatedly exposed to HBO had convulsions significantly earlier than the naive controls (84±8min compared to 147±11min), and they developed significantly less hypothermia. Control studies suggested that the decrease in the degree of hypothermia was caused by both repeated exposure to oxygen and adaptation to the mild restraint used during oxygen re-exposures. Adaptation to restraint eliminated the hypothermia induced by oxygen but did not change the time to onset of convulsions. Increased sensitivity to convulsions was present after five exposures to 2 ATA oxygen and persisted for 10 days after the last 2 ATA oxygen re-exposure. Kindling is an animal model of epilepsy which is caused by repeated exposure to subthreshold doses of convulsant stimuli. This repeated dosing causes an increase in the sensitivity of the animal to the convulsant stimuli that can persist for weeks. The increased sensitivity of rats to convulsions during subsequent HBO challenge that is induced by repeated exposures to subconvulsant ‘doses’ of HBO (2 ATA) is similar to kindling. At present the mechanism that causes either kindling or the increased sensitivity to seizures induced by HBO are unknown, and therefore may not be the same.
Diffusion of liquids in unsaturated paper

The flow of liquids in porous media such as paper can be described by the parabolic diffusion equation divD gradw=∂w/∂t when the only driving forces are capillary in nature. This equation can be extended to include other forces, such as gravitational, by writing the diffusion equation in terms of a free energy or potential gradient.
Some effects of pretectum lesions on the frogs' detection of stationary objects

Frogs with bilateral aspiration lesions of the caudal thalamus were unable to avoid collision with a vertically striped barrier that partly surrounded the animal. This striking deficit co-existed with normal visual guidance of feeding and avoidance of threat. In addition, all lesioned animals were unable to turn towards an aperture within black or white enclosures in order to escape noxious stimulation. Some residual detection of stationary edges remains, however, since most lesioned animals were able to avoid a small barrier placed before them. It is concluded that pretectal visual neurons play a key role in the detection of stationary objects in contrast to the motion detection functions of the frogs optic tectum.
Investigation of the selective sites on graphitic carbons for oxidative dehydrogenation of isobutane

Reaction network analysis of the oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) reaction of isobutane over model carbon catalysts with tailored open-edge graphitic structure and quinone-type oxygenated functionalities was used to identify the selective pathways for the formation of isobutene. Carbon-based materials have been widely used in catalysis, but the active sites are not well-understood due to the complexity of the carbon structure. Correct identification of these sites is essential for learning how to manipulate material structure to achieve high catalytic yields of the desired products. In this study, we created model catalysts with controllable surface concentration of oxygen based on graphitized mesoporous carbon (GMC). Our studies reveal that the ODH reaction of isobutane on carbon catalysts is a parallel-consecutive pathway with partial oxidative dehydrogenation for the formation of isobutene and deep oxidation pathway for the direct formation of CO and CO2 from isobutane. These two pathways show different dependence on the quinone-type oxygen sites: the rate constant leading to the desired partial oxidation product does not show a strong correlation to the density of the oxygen sites, whereas the rate constant leading to the unselective COx products increases continuously with the density of oxygen sites.
Autonomous orbit determination system for earth satellites

Abstract : A new system for autonomous satellite navigation is developed and investigated. Unlike many previous studies, however, this system is not limited to the determination of an Earth satellite's current position. By using a two- step technique combined with a general perturbations model, this method allows the air-drag effect on the orbit to be estimated and applied to a future position prediction. Simulations using existing hardware have demonstrated that the algorithm presented is capable of current position estimates of sub- kilometer accuracy. Prediction precisions rival those of ground-based facilities: 8-12 kilometers two weeks in the future for low-Earth orbit. Keywords: Autonomous navigation; Orbit determination; Orbit prediction; Estimation; Position Estimation; Theses.
The US motor carrier industry: estimation of operational efficiency using DEA

In this paper, a performance analysis of the US motor carriers is carried out from the perspectives of a shipper and a motor carrier. Various efficiency measures are estimated using Data Envelopment Analyses (DEAs) with publicly available financial data on a representative sample of 21 publicly listed motor carriers. The analysis reveals that the average efficiencies of US motor carriers have gradually increased during the study period; however, a majority of the carriers are scale-inefficient, which demonstrates potential savings through benchmarking input targets.
Platelet-associated igg in pediatric HIV infection

Hematologic abnormalities, including thrombocytopenia, are seen in HIV infection. Mi have previously reported elevated platelet-associated IgG (PAIgG) in thrombocytopenia in children associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In this study we prospectively monitored 40 HIV-infected infants and children to determine the significance of elevated PAIgG levels as they relate to thrombocytopenia. We also examined platelet eluatesfor the presence of HIV antibody and antigen. Of 16 patients with thrombocytopenia, 15 (93.7%) had elevated PAIgG. Of 24 patients with normal platelet counts, 21 (87.5%) had elevated PAIgG. On follow-up, none of the children with normal platelet counts and elevated PAIgG levels developed thrombocytopenia. Examination of the platelet eluates was negative for HIV antibody or P24 antigen. Although the sensitivity of an elevated PAIgG level in predicting thrombocytopenia is 93%, its specificity is only 13%. Elevated PAIgG levels are therefore not causally related to the developmen...
Iron Bioavailability from Common Raisin‐containing Foods Assessed with an In Vitro Digestion/Caco‐2 Cell Culture Model: Effects of Raisins

The effects of raisins on iron bioavailability from wheat bran cereal, bread, rice pudding, and granola bars were studied. Iron bioavailability was assessed with an in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell culture model. Raisins reduced iron bioloavailability from all foods except granola bars. Raisins also reduced ifon bioavailablity from samples of wheat bran cereal and bread fortified with elemental iron or ferrous sulfate, but this inhibitory effect was less pronounced in samples fortified with sodium iron ethylenediaminetetraacetate (NaFeEDTA). Iron bioavailability was markedly higher for samples fortified with NaFeEDTA, suggesting that iron in the form of NaFeEDTA is more bioavailable than elemental iron or ferrous sulfate in raisin-containing foods.
Analysis of meteoritic samples using proton-induced x-rays

Abstract The S, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, and Ni contents of chondrules from the Bjurbole and Saratov meteorites have been measured using proton-induced X-ray emission analysis. Comparisons of replicate runs with literature data indicate typical precision and accuracy of about 25 %. Chondrule compositions show a depletion of siderophile elements (Fe, Ni, S) and enrichment of some lithophile elements (Ca, Mg, Si) and agree with earlier studies.
Electrical conductivity of pyroxene which contains trivalent cations: Laboratory measurements and the lunar temperature profile

Three natural orthopyroxene single crystals, measured in the laboratory over the temperature range 850/sup 0/--1200/sup 0/C, are more than 1/2 order of magnitude more electrically conducting than previously measured crystals. Small concentrations (1--2%) of Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ and Cr/sub 2/O/sub 3/ present in these crystals may be responsible for their relatively high conductivity. Such pyroxenes, which contain trivalent elements, are more representative of pyroxenes expected to be present in the lunar mantle than those which have been measured by other investigators. The new conductivity values for pyroxene are responsible for a relatively large bulk conductivity calculated for (polymineralic) lunar mantle assemblages. The results permit a somewhat cooler lunar temperature profile than previously proposed. Such lower profiles, several hundred degrees Celsius below the solidus, are quite consistent with low seismic attenuation and deep moonquakes observed in the lunar mantle.
Characteristics of municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash promoting the formation of polychlorinated dioxins

Abstract Physical and chemical characteristics of fly ash samples from thirteen U.S. MSW incinerators were tested for correlations with PCDD concentrations. Strong correlations may indicate catalytic activity in the de novo synthesis of PCDDs. Copper is strongly correlated with PCDD concentration but carbon and surface area are not. Other correlations include positive effects by sulfur, chlorine, sodium, potassium, and zinc and negative effects by silicon and aluminum.
Popliteal Artery Injury Associated With Total Knee Arthroplasty: Trends, Costs and Risk Factors

Popliteal artery injury is a relatively rare but potentially devastating complication of total knee arthroplasty (TKA). We analyzed the Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 1998 to 2009 to determine the actual incidence, risk factors and consequences of this complication. There were 1,120,508 hospitalizations coded for TKA; of these, 633 (0.057%) were identified as having a popliteal artery injury. The rate of injury remained relatively constant though the number of both TKAs and injuries have risen annually by 0.65% and 0.5%, respectively. Significant risk factors included revision surgery, peripheral vascular disease, weight loss, renal failure, coagulopathy, and metastatic cancer. Consequences were increased hospital charges, length of stay, and mortality rates. Because the rate of popliteal artery injury is not diminishing with time and morbidity and mortality are high, patients should be assessed for known risk factors for popliteal artery injury.
Winter Diet of Lake Herring (Coregonus artedi) in Western Lake Superior

Lake herring (Coregonus artedi) and zooplankton samples were simultaneously collected through the ice in the Apostle Islands region of western Lake Superior to provide information on the winter feeding ecology of lake herring. Zooplankton constituted the entire diet of the 38 lake herring collected for this study. We found no evidence of piscivory, although it has been reported by anglers. Diet selectivities were calculated using a Wilcoxon signed-ranks test and showed a preference of lake herring for larger zooplankton, especially Diaptomus sicilis, whereas the smaller copepod, Cyclops bicuspidatus thomasi, and immature copepod stages were selected against. These data document that overwintering copepods are food for a broad size range of lake herring in winter.