cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Low-Voltage-Swing Electro-Absorption Modulator by High Mobility Conductive Oxide on Silicon Waveguide

We present a 5μm length silicon electro-absorption modulator using high mobility indium oxide gate. The device operates at 100 nm optical bandwidth and 2.5 GHz dynamic modulation, which requires only 2V voltage swing. © 2019 The Author(s)
Real-time anomaly detection framework using a support vector regression for the safety monitoring of commercial aircraft

Abstract The development of an automated health monitoring framework is critical for aviation system safety, especially considering the expected increase in air traffic over the next decade. Conventional approaches such as model-based and exceedance methods have a low detection accuracy and are limited to specific applications. This paper proposes a robust real-time health monitoring framework for detecting performance anomalies, which may impact system safety during flight operations, with high accuracy and generalized applicability. The proposed monitoring framework utilizes sensor data from commercial flight data recorders to predict possible flight performance anomalies. Decimation, a signal processing technique, in conjunction with Savitzky-Golay filtering is utilized to preprocess the dataset and mitigate sampling rate and noise issues that prevent direct usage of historical flight data. Correlation-based feature subset selection is subsequently performed, and these features are used to train a support vector machine that predicts flight performance. With this model, performance anomalies in the test data are automatically detected based on deviations from the predicted flight behavior. The proposed monitoring framework was demonstrated to detect performance anomalies in real-time and exhibited accurate detection capabilities with high computational efficiency.
Analytical Techniques Help in Emulating Biological Systems: An Explanation of Why High-Level Attention Constantly Oscillates

Once we have an adequate description of the users’ preferences and of the corresponding application domain, we need to come up with a system design which is the most appropriate for this setting. One of the ways to come up with a good design is to use the experience of successful similar systems—engineering and even biological. Examples of such systems are plentiful: many situations in engineering and in life require constant monitoring. At first glance, this would necessitate the need for the system to maintain the same alert level. However, interestingly, recent experiments have shown that in many situations like driving, the driver’s attention level constantly oscillates. In this chapter, we show that such an oscillation is indeed helpful—and thus, it is necessary to emulate such an oscillation when designing automatic systems, e.g., for driving.
LGBT+ physicists qualitative experiences of exclusionary behavior and harassment

This article looks at the qualitative survey responses of LGBT physicists about their experiences of exclusionary behavior and harassment. Of the 324 respondents 71 reported such an experience and gave a qualitative response. Findings indicate that the majority of respondents experienced exclusionary behavior based on their gender expression or being a woman. The behavior came mostly in the forms of verbal comments and social exclusion with fewer participants reporting physical touching or sexual harassment. These findings indicate the importance of intersectionality when considering experiences in physics and point to the need for more research on and support for LGBT identified students and professional. As such, the results represent a relevant and important case study in the area.
Comparison of a single day versus a multi-day immunization certificate scheduling for student pharmacists.

Abstract Background and Purpose The study objective was to determine differences in student pharmacists' knowledge, confidence, and preferences when the in-class portion of the American Pharmacists Association (APhA) Immunization Certificate was conducted in two different scheduling formats. Educational Activity and Setting A two-phase, pre-post design was utilized to compare delivery layouts of the certificate program for first-year student pharmacists. In fall 2018, students completed the certificate in eight, one-hour sessions. In fall 2019, students completed the certificate in one, eight-hour session. A pre- and post-survey assessed confidence in immunization-specific skills and scheduling preferences. The APhA self-study and final exams and faculty created knowledge questions were utilized to assess student knowledge before, during, and after the course. Findings Student confidence in both fall 2018 and fall 2019 increased significantly between the pre- and post-survey. However, when comparing cohorts, no difference was found in self-confidence or knowledge. Students did tend to show preference for how the course was delivered. Students in fall 2018 slightly leaned towards eight, one-hour sessions (approximately 51%) while students in fall 2019 strongly leaned towards one, eight-hour session (approximately 72%). Summary Variation in scheduling of the in-class portion of the APhA Immunization Certificate was not associated with a difference in student confidence or knowledge. However, a difference in student preference for delivery was noted. It is important for instructors to consider student preferences along with best pedagogical practices to ensure learning when scheduling formats are selected.
Important elements of the HACCP process to control Johne's disease, bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV, and bovine leukaemia virus (BLV)

The hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) programme was developed to address food safety issues and has been mandatory in all cattle harvest plants since January 2000. HACCP process control procedures provide a systematic approach to the identification and control of a variety of biological, physical and chemical hazards within a food production system. In addition, the seven steps of HACCP offer a proven systematic approach that addresses biological problems. This approach can be adapted to on-farm production problems of a non-food safety nature. The risk a disease poses to a production unit is assessed, critical control points (CCP) for a specific disease are identified, these risk factors are addressed and best management practices are applied to reduce or eliminate disease risk. Limits are established for each disease, monitoring procedures are applied to each CCP, and corrective action is applied when disease level surpasses the set limit. Thus, a record system is created that documents the plan, and verification procedures are established to ensure the plan is working. Together, practitioners and producers can use this method to systematically address specific production problems related to disease control. This paper describes how HACCP might be used to address bovine viral diarrhoea persistent infection (BVD PI), bovine leukosis [leukaemia] virus (BLV) and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) and to prevent introduction or systematically reduce or eliminate the impact of these diseases on the production unit.
The Role of Selective Information Processing in Price-Quality Inference

[enter Abstract Body]This research investigates the effects of the amount of information presented, information organization, and concern about closure on selective information processing and on the degree to which consumers use price as a basis for inferring quality. Consumers are found to be less likely to neglect belief-inconsistent information and their quality inferences less influenced by price when concern about closure is low (vs. high) and information is presented randomly (vs. ordered) or asmall amount of information is presented. Results provide a picture of a resource-constrained consumer decision maker who processes belief-inconsistent information only when there is motivation and opportunity.
A Koopman Operator Tutorial with Othogonal Polynomials.

The Koopman Operator (KO) offers a promising alternative methodology to solve ordinary differential equations analytically. The solution of the dynamical system is analyzed in terms of observables, which are expressed as a linear combination of the eigenfunctions of the system. Coefficients are evaluated via the Galerkin method, using Legendre polynomials as a set of orthogonal basis functions. This tutorial provides a detailed analysis of the Koopman theory, followed by a rigorous explanation of the KO implementation in a computer environment, where a line-by-line description of a MATLAB code solves the Duffing oscillator application.
A Review of Postmortem Changes in Human and Animal Remains

This small volume (124 pages) contains nine chapters, 15 pages of references and an index providing increased means for answering questions about postmortem change. The book covers in approximate chronological order the action of taphonomic factors on human and animal remains.
Chapter 9 Regulation of growth cone motility by substratum bound molecules and cytoplasmic [Ca2+]

Publisher Summary This chapter presents some investigations of the navigational hypothesis for growth cone behavior. It analyses growth cone behaviors at boundaries between combinations of permissive and inhibitory substratum-bound molecules. In addition, the chapter investigates the involvement of one cytoplasmic regulatory factor—namely, cytoplasmic [Ca 2+ ], in controlling growth cone behaviors. The results suggest that: (1) growth cone behavior changes at boundaries between substratum adsorbed molecules, (2) interactions with surface bound molecules can trigger changes in growth cone [Ca 2+ ], (3) recurrent spikes of cytoplasmic [Ca 2+ ] can be generated in growth cones, and (4) growth cones contain Ca 2+ -regulated proteins that may be important in controlling the organization and functions of actin filaments and microtubules. These issues are relevant to nerve regeneration, as axons that are separated from their synaptic targets must re-express the activities necessary for growth cone migration and axonal elongation. Often, neurons with injured axons show a rapidly increased expression of the major cytoskeletal components of growing neurites, actin, and tubulin. Perhaps increased expression of cell surface receptors for environmental cues and the cytoplasmic signaling systems that mediate regulation of growth cone motility are also required for successful axonal regeneration.
The impact of standards-based practices in mathematics on the achievement of low-performing students

OF THE DISSERTATION THE IMPACT OF STANDARDS-BASED PRACTICES IN MATHEMATICS ON THE ACHIEVEMENT OF LOW-PERFORMING STUDENTS by Marcus V. Anglin Florida International University, 2008 Miami, Florida Professor Peter J. Cistone, Major Professor This study examined standards-based mathematics reform initiatives to determine if they would improve student achievement on the part of low-performing students. New curricula, the Carnegie Learning Cognitive Tutor®, were provided for algebra and geometry students. The new instructional strategy relied on both the teacher-led instruction and the use of computers to differentiate instruction for individual students. Mathematics teachers received ongoing professional development to help them implement the new curricula. In addition, teachers were provided with ongoing support to assist them with the transformation of the learning environments for students using standards-based practices. This quasi-experimental (nonrandomized) study involved teachers in two matched urban high schools. Analyses (ANCOVAs) revealed that the experimental group with an appropriately implemented program had significantly higher learning gains than the comparison group as determined by the students' 2007 mathematics Developmental Scale Score (DSS). In addition, the experimental group's adjusted mean for the second interim mathematics assessment was significantly higher than the comparison group's mean. The findings
Shrinking horizon model predictive control applied to autoclave curing of composite laminate materials

Motivation for batch chemical reactor optimization and control is provided. Autoclave curing of composite laminate materials is defined as an important batch reactor example. Shrinking horizon model predictive control (SHMPC) is presented as a means of online batch reactor control. The autoclave curing process is illustrated for a specific miniature autoclave. Results from curing 112 composite laminates from Hercules 8551-7A fiberglass/epoxy prepreg, with variable manipulated inputs, are summarized. Quantification of off-line control and SHMPC of the autoclave curing process is then proposed as a concluding effort to this work.
A Hierarchical Approach for Parallelization of a Global Optimization Method for Protein Structure Prediction

We discuss the parallelization of our protein structure prediction algorithm on distributed-memory computers. Because the computation can be represented as a search through a vast tree of possible solutions, a hierarchical approach that assigns subtrees to different groups of processors allows us to partition the work efficiently and maintain information updated without incurring significant communication overhead. Our results show that a dynamic strategy for load balancing outperforms the static one.
Simulation of Cyclic Dynein-Driven Sliding, Splitting, and Reassociation in an Outer Doublet Pair

A regular cycle of dynein-driven sliding, doublet separation, doublet reassociation, and resumption of sliding was previously observed by Aoyama and Kamiya in outer doublet pairs obtained after partial dissociation of Chlamydomonas flagella. In the work presented here, computer programming based on previous simulations of oscillatory bending of microtubules was extended to simulate the cycle of events observed with doublet pairs. These simulations confirm the straightforward explanation of this oscillation by inactivation of dynein when doublets separate and resumption of dynein activity after reassociation. Reassociation is augmented by a dynein-dependent “adhesive force” between the doublets. The simulations used a simple mathematical model to generate velocity-dependent shear force, and an independent elastic model for adhesive force. Realistic results were obtained with a maximum adhesive force that was 36% of the maximum shear force. Separation between a pair of doublets is the result of a buckling instability that also initiates a period of uniform sliding that enlarges the separation. A similar instability may trigger sliding initiation events in flagellar bending cycles.
Crime in Atlantic City: Do casinos make a difference?

In November, 1976 a constitutional referendum in the state of New Jersey legalized casino gaming. This paper examines the impact of this action on crime in Atlantic City, the only location in the state where gambling is permitted. More specifically, the analysis looks at the incidence of FBI index crimes in that jurisdiction in two basic ways. First, the work examines the raw numbers and rate of crime in the city, both before and after the introduction of casino gambling. Although the analysis establishes that the raw figures show that there has been a significant increase in index crimes, it is argued that using these statistics as a measure of crime in Atlantic City is misleading because they fail to take into account the numerous visitors to the city when calculating the population‐at‐risk and because they do not differentiate between crime that occurs in the community and that which occurs in the casinos. The second phase of the analysis addresses these issues through the use of adjusted populations a...
Regulation by heme of the synthesis of cytochrome c oxidase subunits V and VII in yeast

Abstract The effects of heme on the synthesis of subunits V and VII of cytochrome c oxidase were examined in the heme-deficient yeast mutant, GL1 In vitro translation and immunodetection with subunit-specific antisera indicated a 50% decrease in both proteins, with RNA obtained from hemeless cells. Unsupplemented, pulse-labeled cells contained both V and VII polypeptides, but at extremely low levels as compared with those found in δ-aminolevulinic acid-supplemented cells. The data suggest that heme controls the formation of mRNAs for the two subunits, and may also have a regulatory role in translation and in the stability of the polypeptides.
A comparison of satisfaction with types of diaphragms among women in a college population.

Since the 1940s diaphragms have been a popular contraceptive device used by women in the United States. This study compared three popular diaphragms and women's subjective comparisons of comfort, ease of insertion, and overall satisfaction. None of the three types, the wideseal, coil spring, or arcing spring, was found to be statistically more comfortable or easier to insert. For overall satisfaction, women were more pleased with the coil spring than the wideseal (p= .0416 at two to four weeks, p= .0759 at four to six months, and p= .0049 at one year). Women who used the arcing spring and wideseal were more pleased with the wideseal at two to four weeks (p= .0571). No significant difference was found at one year. The study results demonstrate that certain diaphragm styles may improve women's use of and satisfaction with the diaphragm.
A MODIFICATION OF VAN LEERSUM'S BLOODLESS METHOD FOR RECORDING BLOOD PRESSURES IN ANIMALS

It has been shown that enzymes in serum will change maltose, dextrin, and starch so that they will react as dextrose in media. These enzymes are destroyed by heating to 60°C. for 15 minutes, but they are present in sera that have been refrigerated for as long as 18 months. The practice of using carbohydrate media containing unheated serum should be discouraged, and if it is used the possibility that the carbohydrate may be changed by the enzymes present must be considered.
An education on a whale ship

A talk delivered to the newly elected members of the Rutgers University chapter of Phi Beta Kappa, 25 May 2010.
DIRECT RECOVERY OF ADDED KETONES FROM FOAM-DRIED WHOLE MILK.

Abstract To facilitate the development of a method for collecting flavor compounds directly from dried whole milk a study has been made of the recovery of ketones incorporated into dried milks. 2-Butanone, 2-heptanone, and 2-tridecanone were added to separate batches of butteroil. The butteroils with added ketones were homogenized with skimmilk. These whole milks were foam-dried by a standard method. The procedure for recovering the ketones involved a short-path migration under a temperature differential at about 1 μ pressure. A liquid nitrogen-cooled condenser, powder temperature of 40C and 60C, and heating periods of from 3 to 6 hr were employed. The use of conditions more severe than 40C for 3 hr increased the yield of tridecanone only slightly, if at all. The recoveries from unaltered dry milks were: butanone, with the powder heated 4 hr at 60 C—7.4%; heptanone, 3 hr at 40 C—9.0%; tridecanone, 3 hr at 40 C—7.3%. Under the same heating conditions, the following increased yields of ketones were obtained from powders in which the fat had been freed prior to collection: butanone—57%, heptanone—82%, and tridecanone—90%. Earlier findings that the critical moisture content for freeing the fat is in the region of 9% were confirmed. A procedure is described for freeing the fat by hydrating a dried milk within the evacuated collection system.
Pleuston and neuston: On the categories of organisms in the uppermost pelagial

The development of the connotations attached to the terms pleuston, neuston, and some of their derivatives is outlined. In the marine literature, the term hyponeuston has presently two principal. quite different meanings: organisms attached from below to the surface film and largely supported by it, and organisms frequenting the upper decimeter of the sea. To reduce the ensuing confusion in the marine realm and to maintain uniformity of aquatic terminology, the term endopleuston is proposed as a replacement for the second, recently acquired meaning of hyponeuston. Another new term, exopleuston, refers to positively buoyant organisms with dry upper surfaces which, however, live principally underwater, in the habitat of the endopleuston. The pleustal is recognized as the habitat of these organisms. It may be useful to regard it as a category. of equal rank the epipelagial or bathypelagial.
TOXICITY AND POSSIBLE SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS OF ULTRASOUND

Extensive literature exists on the biological effects of ultrasound, and there are excellent summaries of much of this literature.47779 In addition, there have been a few attempts to extrapolate toxicity threshold data to clinically relevant exposure conditions.6*7 Based on these extrapolations, it is fashionable to conclude that risks are too high to perform diagnostic procedures at levels above the bioeffects threshold line, and to conclude that exposures below these thresholds are safe. As implied in Wells’ introduction,’ such generalizations are not adequate. Rather, for each individual case the exposed individual, in consultation with his physician, must weigh rather speculative estimates of hazard against possible benefits resulting from information delivered by the diagnostic procedure. Often this rather objective benefit risk evaluation is made by considering the case in the context of a class of procedures for which the evaluation has already been made. Currently, there is very little bioeffects threshold information for ultrasound applicable to the pulse regimes and exposure durations to which any particular location in the body may be subjected during pulsed ultrasound B-mode scanning. Additionally, there are only limited data bn exposures delivered by current diagnostic equipment.‘” Bioeffects data which is available is related primarily to continuous wave and single pulse, gated continuous wave ultrasound beams. Extrapolating from these data and from clinical experience, one may conclude with reasonable confidence that the probability of creating significant damage during common B-mode ultrasound examinations is relatively small.
Exciton recombination dynamics in CdSe nanowires: bimolecular to three-carrier Auger kinetics.

Ultrafast relaxation dynamics of charge carriers in CdSe quantum wires with diameters between 6 and 8 nm are studied as a function of carrier density. At high electron−hole pair densities above 1019 cm-3 the dominant process for carrier cooling is the “bimolecular” Auger recombination of one-dimensional (1D) excitons. However, below this excitation level an unexpected transition from a bimolecular (exciton−exciton) to a three-carrier Auger relaxation mechanism occurs. Thus, depending on excitation intensity, electron−hole pair relaxation dynamics in the nanowires exhibit either 1D or 0D (quantum dot) character. This dual nature of the recovery kinetics defines an optimal intensity for achieving optical gain in solution-grown nanowires given the different carrier-density-dependent scaling of relaxation rates in either regime.
The program of protein synthesis during the development of the micromere-primary mesenchyme cell line in the sea urchin embryo

Changes in the pattern of protein synthesis were analyzed during the in vitro development of the micromere-primary mesenchyme cell line of the sea urchin embryo. Micromeres were isolated and cultured from 16-cell stage embryos, and primary mesenchyme cells were isolated and cultured from early gastrulae. Both cell isolates developed normally in culture with about the same timing as their in situ counterparts in control embryos. Newly synthesized proteins were labeled with [3H]valine at several stages of development and were analyzed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorography. The electrophoretic pattern of labeled proteins changed dramatically during development. More than half of the analyzed proteins underwent qualitative or quantitative changes in their relative rates of valine incorporation and these changes were highly specific to this cell line. Almost all of the changes were initiated prior to gastrulation and many prior to hatching. The highest frequency of changes in the micromere pattern of protein synthesis occurred between hatching and the start of gastrulation. this peak of activity coincided with the normal time of ingression of the primary mesenchyme and preceded the differentiation of spicules by more than 30 hr. Most of the observed changes were characterized as either decreases in the synthesis of proteins that showed maximum incorporation at the 16-cell stage or increases in the synthesis of proteins that showed maxima in the fully differentiated cells. Very few proteins exhibited transient synthetic maxima at intermediate stages. Thus, the program of protein synthesis associated with the development of micromeres consists largely of a switch in emphasis from early to late proteins, with the primary time of switching being between hatching and the onset of grastrulation.
Arthroscopic distal clavicle resection: a comparison of bursal and direct approaches.

Purpose: To test the hypothesis that the direct (superior) approach to arthroscopic distal clavicle resection is as safe and effective as the bursal (subacromial) approach. Methods: All patients who had an arthroscopic distal clavicle resection in our institution between 1994 and 2002 were reviewed. Patients with a history of acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) instability, previous shoulder surgery, glenohumeral pathology, full-thickness rotator cuff tear, or other significant orthopaedic comorbidity were excluded. Outcome data were collected including the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score as well as subjective ratings of pain and instability. Results: Follow-up was completed on 66 shoulders of 60 patients. Twenty-four shoulders had a bursal approach (group I) and 42 had a direct approach (group II). There were 45 men and 15 women with an average age of 46 years (range, 21 to 78 years). Follow-up averaged 6.0 years (range, 2 to 11.5 years). The average ASES score was 90 (range, 53-100) in group I and 94 (range, 55-100) in group II. Four patients (10%) in group II required reoperation: 2 patients required ACJ stabilization at 6 and 9 months postoperatively because of anteroposterior instability, and 2 patients required resection again at 5 years because of recurrent symptoms. Conclusions: Both the direct and bursal approaches lead to satisfactory outcomes in the majority of patients with ACJ arthrosis. However, the direct approach to the ACJ may damage the superior capsular ligaments, potentially leading to distal clavicle instability. Care should be taken when performing the direct ACJ resection to avoid disrupting the capsular restraints. Level of Evidence: Level IV therapeutic case series.
Can restaging transurethral resection of T1 bladder cancer select patients for immediate cystectomy

Purpose: We determined whether pathological findings on restaging transurethral resection predict early stage progression of T1 bladder cancer.Materials and Methods: A cohort of 352 patients presenting with T1 bladder cancer on initial transurethral resection was evaluated by second or restaging transurethral resection. All patients received bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy and 88% were followed for 5 years. Pathological findings on restaging transurethral resection were correlated with tumor features, stage progression frequency and progression-free survival.Results: Of the 352 patients with T1 tumors 203 (58%) had residual tumor on restaging transurethral resection, including 92 (26%) with residual nonmuscle invasive (T1) cancer. During 5 years 66% of cases recurred and 35% progressed in stage. Of the 92 patients with residual T1 cancer 75 (82%) progressed to muscle invasion within 5 years compared to 49 of 260 (19%) who had no or nonT1 tumor detected on restaging transurethral resection.Conclusions: Re...
Image estimation and segmentation using a continuation method

The authors are interested in solving the problems of image estimation and image segmentation in a joint maximum a posteriori (MAP) framework. Due to the computational complexity and non-convexity of the problem, a continuation method which tracks the minima through the variation of a control parameter is used. The authors have found it useful to define two new processes; the gradient (GRAD) and gradient-magnitude (GMAG) processes. The line process can be obtained through a monotonic transformation of the GMAG process. Interactions are still added in the line process domain, and the concept of the uncertainty function is introduced to characterize the properties of the GMAG-line process transformation. Results obtained using two different transformations are compared. >
The surgical legacies of Hawkeye Pierce.

The title of the story I want to tell today is “The Surgical Legacies of Hawkeye Pierce.” Hawkeye Pierce is the dedicated master surgeon, fun-loving romantic, acerbic observer of the foibles of his associates, and successful football team leader invented by Richard Hooker in his book, M*A*S*H. Richard Hooker was the pseudonym adopted by Richard Hornberger, a surgeon and alumnus of the Cornell Medical School. All of you know that the book later became a successful motion picture and a longrunning television series. Dr Otis Apel published a reallife account of a mobile Army surgical hospital (MASH) surgeon in his book MASH: An Army Surgeon in Korea. Hooker’s book joins a long line of darkly humorous works about war experiences, including the cartoons of Bill Mauldin and novels by such authors as Heller and Vonnegut. Recent additions to this lineage include an important comic novel about the war in Iraq entitled Fobbit by David Abrams. I became interested in the legend of Hawkeye Pierce when reading the obituary for Dr Keith Reemstma after his death in 2001. The obituary stated that Dr Reemstma had been the surgeon that Hooker had used as the model for Hawkeye. Of interest is the fact that I knew of at least 3 other surgeons who had been identified as the model for Hawkeye. One of them was a former member of the Southern Surgical Association and a valued friend, Dr Alvin Bronwell. It is unlikely that there was a single model for Hawkeye. In fact, in the author’s foreword he states that Hawkeye was a composite of personalities he had encountered in Korea and was not modeled after a single surgeon. The Southern Surgical Association has a history of supporting military surgeons during and after wars. In his Presidential Address in 1917, William D Haggard reflected on the patriotism of military medical personnel. Dr Haggard reminded the audience that the first American killed in World War I was a surgeon who was part of the staff of the Washington University Medical Unit
Neural Circuit of Tail-Elicited Siphon Withdrawal in Aplysia. I. Differential Lateralization of Sensitization and Dishabituation

The tail-elicited siphon withdrawal reflex (TSW) has been a useful preparation in which to study learning and memory in Aplysia. However, comparatively little is known about the neural circuitry th...
Effect of chloramphenicol on the ultrastructure of mitochondria in sensitive and resistant strains of HeLa.

Ethidium bromide and chloramphenicol (CAP) are known to impair mitochondrial nucleic acid and protein synthesizing ability . These compounds also bring about alterations in the mitochondrial ultrastructure (2-9, 11) . Correlation of ultrastructure with biochemical changes has been shown in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells grown in the presence of these inhibitors (1-9) . Ultrastructural changes in mitochondria of cultured human or mouse cells have been compared to their appearance under normal conditions of growth (2-4) . The isolation and characterization of clone 296-1, a CAP-resistant mutant of HeLa S3 cells, and the study of its mitochondrial protein synthesizing ability in vitro (10), prompted us to survey its ultrastructure in the presence and absence of CAP, and to compare it to S3 cells under the same conditions . This report indicates that, in the absence of CAP, the mitochondrial morphology of this mutant is similar to that of the parental S3 cells . Although the growth rate of the mutant remains unaltered after the addition of CAP, changes occur in the mitochondrial ultrastructure, but to a much lesser extent than in sensitive cells of the parent HeLa strain . After this work was completed, similar results were reported for a mutant of Paramecium resistant to CAP (11) .
Effect of mesh size and codend circumference on selectivity in the Mediterranean demersal trawl fisheries

Abstract The effects of mesh size and codend circumference on selectivity of some commercially important species were evaluated. Four different codends were used in the sea trials. The nominal mesh sizes tested were 48 mm and 56 mm and two different nominal circumferences were associated with each mesh size. Selectivity experiments were carried out in the Central Adriatic Sea, in the course of two different periods of the year (May and September 2005) on two different fishing grounds normally exploited by local fishermen. Reliable selectivity results were obtained for red mullet ( Mullus barbatus ), little squid ( Alloteuthis media ) and European hake ( Merluccius merluccius ). For all the species, the codend circumference plays a role which is as important as mesh size. The positive effect of increasing mesh size, from 48 mm to 56 mm, could be made fruitless by an increase in codend circumference. According to species, the change only in the mesh size from 48 mm to 56 mm significantly increases L50 by +15–42%, while by increasing only the codend circumference of around 13–17%, L50 decreases by 9–41%, thus being effective as by increasing mesh size. As a consequence the selection factor (i.e. SF is the ratio of L50 and the codend mesh size) depends on the codend circumference and does not result mesh-size-independent. We confirm that it is not sufficient to regulate selectivity in multispecies fisheries just by setting a minimum mesh size and that there is a need in mixed fisheries to improve selectivity by using additionally mechanisms. Possible solution would be to design policies and management programmes that seek to minimise discards, which include active rather than static management, obligations to land all catches, and no MLS and reduced benefits from landings of juvenile fish.
Chronic High Glucose Lowers Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Activity in Islets through Enhanced Production of Long Chain Acyl-CoA PREVENTION OF IMPAIRED GLUCOSE OXIDATION BY ENHANCED PYRUVATE RECYCLING THROUGH THE MALATE-PYRUVATE SHUTTLE

In islet β-cells, the high expression of pyruvate carboxylase and the functional importance of the downstream anaplerosis pathways result in a unique characteristic whereby high glucose and fatty acids both increase production of a key fatty acid metabolite, long chain acyl-CoA, for signaling and enzyme regulation in β-cells. We showed previously in islets that pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity is lowered by excess fatty acids (the so-called Randle effect). We have now investigated PDH activity and pyruvate metabolism in islets after 48-h culture at 16.7 mmol/liter glucose. Active PDH Vmax was lowered 65% by 48 h of high glucose, and this effect was markedly attenuated by co-culture with triacsin C, which inhibits acyl-CoA synthase. Despite the large reduction in PDH activity, glucose oxidation was twice normal. The reason was continued metabolism of pyruvate through pyruvate carboxylase (Vmax, 83% of control) and diversion of flux through the pyruvate-malate shuttle. The result was a 3-fold increase of the pyruvate concentration that overcame the lowered PDH activity by mass action as shown by glucose oxidation measured with [6-14C]glucose being twice normal. In addition, glucose-induced insulin secretion was 3-fold increased after 48 h of high glucose, and this effect was totally blocked by co-culture with triacsin C. These results show that a unique feature of islet β-cells is not only fatty acids but also excess glucose that impairs PDH activity. Also, a specialized trait of β-cells is a long chain acyl-CoA-mediated defense mechanism that prevents a reduction in glucose oxidation and consequently in insulin secretion.
Photodetectors on structures with vertically correlated dot clusters

Long photocarrier lifetime is a key issue for improving of room-temperature infrared photodetectors. Detectors based on nanostructures with quantum dot clusters have the strong potential to overcome the limitations in quantum well detectors due to various possibilities for engineering of specific kinetic and transport properties. Here we review photocarrier kinetics in traditional QDIPs and present results of our investigations related to the QD structures with vertically correlated dot clusters (VCDC). Modern technologies allow for fabrication of various VCDC with controllable parameters, such as the cluster size, a distance between clusters, dot occupation etc. Modeling of photocarrier kinetics in VCDC structures shows that the photocarrier capture time exponentially increases with increasing of the number of dots in a cluster. It also exponentially increases as the occupation of a dot increases. At the same time, the capture processes are weakly sensitive to geometrical parameters, such as the cluster size and the distance between clusters. Compared with ordinary quantum-dot structures, where the photoelectron lifetime at room temperatures is of the order of 1-10 ps, the VCDC structures allow for increasing the lifetime up to three orders of magnitude. We also study the nonlinear effects of the electric field and optimize operating regimes of photodetectors. Complex investigations of these structures pave the way for optimal design of the room-temperature QDIPs.
Infection Rate in Mandibular Angle Fractures Treated With a 2.0-mm 8-Hole Curved Strut Plate

Purpose The aim of this study was to determine the rate of postoperative infection and the efficacy of removing teeth in the line of mandibular angle fractures treated with 2.0-mm 8-hole titanium curved strut plates. Our understanding is that this method of repair is currently being used only in a few centers in the United States. Materials and Methods A retrospective review of mandibular angle fractures treated with a 2.0-mm 8-hole strut plate during a 4-year period. Postoperative antibiotics were given for 1 week. Follow-up appointments were 4 weeks or longer. A nonchewing diet was instructed for 6 weeks. Data for all selected patients include the information such as age, gender, etiology of injuries, medical history, concurrent injuries, nerve deficits, pre- and postoperative antibiotic administration, postop infection, a presence or absence of teeth in the line of fractures, and whether these teeth were removed. Results Four patients (4 of 49 or 8.2%) developed infections. Two of those patients had a tooth in the line of a fracture that was retained (2 of 14 or 14%). The third had a tooth in the line of a fracture that was extracted (1 of 18 or 5.6%). The fourth patient was 1 of the 17 patients who did not have teeth in the line of fracture and developed infection (1 of 17 or 5.9%). None of the patients developed failed hardware, malunion, nonunion, malocclusion, or iatrogenic nerve injury. Conclusions The use of a 2.0-mm 8-hole strut plate is associated with a low infection rate (8.2%). The infection rate for those mandibular angle fractures with teeth in the line of fracture retained was 14% compared with 5.6% for those fractures with the teeth in the line of fracture extracted.
Die stress variation in area array components subjected to accelerated life testing

Thermal cycling accelerated life testing is often used to qualify packages for various applications. Finite element life predictions for thermal cycling configurations is challenging due to the complicated temperature/time dependent constitutive relations and failure criteria needed for solders and encapsulants and their interfaces, aging/evolving material behavior (e.g. solders), difficulties in modeling plating finishes, the complicated geometries of typical electronic assemblies, etc. In addition, in-situ measurements of stresses and strains in assemblies subjected to temperature cycling is difficult because of the extreme environmental conditions and the fact that the primary materials/interfaces of interest (e.g. solder joints, die device surface, wire bonds, etc.) are embedded within the assembly (not at the surface). For these reasons, we really know quite little about the evolution of the stresses, strains, and deformations occurring within sophisticated electronic packaging geometries during thermal cycling. In our research, we are using test chips containing piezoresistive stress sensors to continuously characterize the in-situ die surface stress during long-term thermal cycling of several different area array packaging technologies including plastic ball grid array (PGA) components, ceramic ball grid array (CBGA) components, and flip chip on laminate assemblies. The utilized (111) silicon test chips are able to measure the complete three-dimensional stress state (all 6 stress components) at each sensor site being monitored by the data acquisition hardware. The die stresses are initially measured at room temperature after packaging. The assemblies are then subjected to thermal cycling from -40 to 125 C or from -55 to 125 C for up to 3000 thermal cycles. During the thermal cycling, sensor resistances at critical locations on the die device surface (e.g. die center and die corners) are recorded. From the resistance data, the stresses at each site can be calculated and plotted versus time. The experimental observations show significant cycle-to-cycle evolution in the stress magnitudes due to material aging effects, stress relaxation and creep phenomena, and development of interfacial damage. The observed stress variations as a function of thermal cycling duration are also being correlated with the observed delaminations at the die surface (as measured using scanning acoustic microscopy (C-SAM)) and finite element simulations that include material constitutive models that incorporate thermal aging effects.
Between Psoriasis and Ptarmigan: American Encyclopedia Portrayals of Psychology, 1880–1940:

Articles in encyclopedias represented 1 of several avenues that the new experimental psychologists of the late 19th and early 20th centuries had to portray their science to the public, and as such,...
Are Today's Avionic Systems Maintenance Liabilities?

One of the problems facing today's avionic systems maintenance is that too often a system is designed and built before an effective maintenance concept has been finalized. This paper presents a logical evolution for automatic checkout equipment. The vital features of a maintenance and design concept are also presented. In addition, qualitative results are described that demonstrate the importance of establishing these concepts.
Sorghum bicolor's transcriptome response to dehydration, high salinity and ABA

Genome wide changes in gene expression were monitored in the drought tolerant C4 cereal Sorghum bicolor, following exposure of seedlings to high salinity (150 mM NaCl), osmotic stress (20% polyethylene glycol) or abscisic acid (125 microM ABA). A sorghum cDNA microarray providing data on 12,982 unique gene clusters was used to examine gene expression in roots and shoots at 3- and 27-h post-treatment. Expression of approximately 2200 genes, including 174 genes with currently unknown functions, of which a subset appear unique to monocots and/or sorghum, was altered in response to dehydration, high salinity or ABA. The modulated sorghum genes had homology to proteins involved in regulation, growth, transport, membrane/protein turnover/repair, metabolism, dehydration protection, reactive oxygen scavenging, and plant defense. Real-time PCR was used to quantify changes in relative mRNA abundance for 333 genes that responded to ABA, NaCl or osmotic stress. Osmotic stress inducible sorghum genes identified for the first time included a beta-expansin expressed in shoots, actin depolymerization factor, inositol-3-phosphate synthase, a non-C4 NADP-malic enzyme, oleosin, and three genes homologous to 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase that may be involved in ABA biosynthesis. Analysis of response profiles demonstrated the existence of a complex gene regulatory network that differentially modulates gene expression in a tissue- and kinetic-specific manner in response to ABA, high salinity and water deficit. Modulation of genes involved in signal transduction, chromatin structure, transcription, translation and RNA metabolism contributes to sorghum's overlapping but nonetheless distinct responses to ABA, high salinity, and osmotic stress. Overall, this study provides a foundation of information on sorghum's osmotic stress responsive gene complement that will accelerate follow up biochemical, QTL and comparative studies.
A priori truth

There are several epistemic distinctions among truths that I have argued for in this paper. First, there are those truths which holdof every rationally accessible conceptual scheme (class A truths). Second, there are those truths which holdin every rationally accessible conceptual scheme (class B truths). And finally, there are those truths whose truthvalue status isindependent of the empirical sciences (class C truths). The last category broadly includes statementsabout systems and the statements they contain, as well as statements true by virtue of the rules of language itself.
Thermogravimetric analysis of developing cotton fibers

Abstract In this research, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to investigate the structural changes that occur during cotton fiber development starting at 10 days post-anthesis (dpa). The percent weight losses attributed to water, non-cellulosic materials, and cellulose macromolecules were calculated from the thermograms. Valuable information was obtained related to the composition of the cell wall and the timing of the transition between the primary cell wall and the secondary cell wall. The results indicated that the two cultivars investigated (TX19 and TX55) exhibited different structural evolution. The transition phase between the primary cell wall and the secondary cell wall occurs between 17 and 18 dpa in fibers from the TX19 cultivar, while this transition occurs between 21 and 24 dpa for fibers from the TX55 cultivar. These conclusions are in agreement with the results obtained with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
Nightglow studies with the world's largest optical telescope

Abstract By making use of 0.02-nm-resolution sky spectra from the HIRES echelle spectrograph at the W.M. Keck(I) observatory on Mauna Kea, HI, obtained during normal astronomical observations, we have shown that 650–870 nm emission from the vibrationally-excited levels of the O2(b1Σ+g) state is a significant component of the terrestrial nightglow, with a total average intensity from levels v = 1–15 of approximately 150 R. The b1Σ+g state vibrational distribution is bimodal, with peaks at v = 3, 4 and v = 12, and a deep minimum at v = 8 containing only ∼5% of the v = 3 population. The b-X 0-0 band (the Franhofer A-band) is discernible via isotopic emission, with an intensity comparable to that of the strongest of the new b-X bands. There are indications that the vibrationally-excited b1Σ+g state emissions correlate temporally with the OH Meinel band emission, and satellite measurements appear to show that the relatively strong emission from the O2(b-X) 4-3 band originates at an alitutde near 87 km, i.e. in the OH region. In an 8-minute observation on 20 Nov 1999, the Keck telescope was pointed at Venus, and the first high-resolution nightglow spectrum was recorded in the visible spectral region. The oxygen green line was revealed, with an intensity near 150 R, approximately the same as in the terrestrial atmosphere. The only previous observation, from the Venera 9/10 orbiters, did not detect this emission.