cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reconstruction of the projection periodicity and surface architecture of the flagellar central pair complex

The substructure of central pair microtubule-associated components has been analyzed by comparing thin section and freeze-etch images of Chlamydomonas flagellar axonemes. The longitudinal periodicity of central pair projections that were previously described from cross-sectional image averages was determined from thin sections of axonemes isolated from either wild type or central pair assembly-defective strains. All projections directed toward one quadrant of the central pair repeat at 32 nm, while those in the other three quadrants all show 16-nm spacing. The surface architecture of these projections as seen in rapidfreeze deep-etch images of central pair complexes includes elements that form circumferentially oriented fibers around most of the central pair. This appearance changes dramatically along the lateral edge of the C1 microtubule where material is arranged in rows of separate particles that may play a unique role in spokemediated regulation of flagellar dynein activity. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 55: 188 –199, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Transient thermal contact resistance in a diode heat-sink assembly

Abstract An infrared thermal imaging system is used to record developing temperature distribution on a diode heat-sink assembly. The quality of contact of a mechanical joint formed by a diode baseplate and a heat sink is determined in terms of instantaneous contact conductance, h i . The results of instantaneous contact conductance are compared with the corresponding steady-state results obtained in an earlier investigation. The results are presented for three different conditions of the interface. These conditions are (i) the mating surfaces are bare, (ii) aluminum foil is inserted between the mating surfaces and (iii) a high thermal conductivity grease is applied to the mating surfaces. Two levels of contact pressure are used for the interface with the aluminum foil. The results indicate that the power input to the diode heat-sink assembly and the condition of the interface determine the duration of transient analysis needed to closely approximate the parameter of interest in the steady-state condition. In all the interface conditions studied and at high power input to the diode heat sink assembly, it took only 45 min from the cold start to obtain a variation of less than 10% between the instantaneous and corresponding steady-state values.
Reliability of the WAIS-R with a Mixed Patient Sample

Reliability of the WAIS-R for a mixed sample of psychiatric and neurological patients was determined. Split-half reliabilities and standard errors of measurement were computed for all subtests (except Digit Span and Digit Symbol) and the Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQs. Only the Arithmetic subtest had a reliability estimate which was significantly lower than that of the 35—44-yr.-old standardization group. All other reliabilities and standard errors of measurement approximated those reported for the normative group. It was concluded that the WAIS-R is a reliable instrument for evaluating patients in a clinical setting.
Light and electron microscopic observations on a congenital insulinoma.

An insulinoma was found at the autopsy of a 48-day-old infant. The infant presented with documented hypoglycemia at 8 hours of age and the hypoglycemia continued throughout life despite medical therapy. The insulinoma was grossly a distinct nodule. Histologically, it was well-defined and characteristic of an islet cell adenoma. The tumor cells contained granules that were positively stained with aldehyde fuchsin. With the electron microscope a heterogeneous granule cell population similar to those in the beta-cell adenoma of the adult was seen.
Rationally convex sets on the unit sphere in ℂ2

Let X be a rationally convex compact subset of the unit sphere S in ℂ2, of three-dimensional measure zero. Denote by R(X) the uniform closure on X of the space of functions P/Q, where P and Q are polynomials and Q≠0 on X. When does R(X)=C(X)?
Global Change Effects on Plant Chemical Defenses against Insect Herbivores

This review focuses on individual effects of major global change factors, such as elevated CO2, O3, UV light and temperature, on plant secondary chemistry. These secondary metabolites are well-known for their role in plant defense against insect herbivory. Global change effects on secondary chemicals appear to be plant species-specific and dependent on the chemical type. Even though plant chemical responses induced by these factors are highly variable, there seems to be some specificity in the response to different environmental stressors. For example, even though the production of phenolic compounds is enhanced by both elevated CO2 and UV light levels, the latter appears to primarily increase the concentrations of flavonoids. Likewise, specific phenolic metabolites seem to be induced by O3 but not by other factors, and an increase in volatile organic compounds has been particularly detected under elevated temperature. More information is needed regarding how global change factors influence inducibility of plant chemical defenses as well as how their indirect and direct effects impact insect performance and behavior, herbivory rates and pathogen attack. This knowledge is crucial to better understand how plants and their associated natural enemies will be affected in future changing environments.
On first-order phase transitions in microcanonical and canonical non-extensive systems

Abstract Two examples of Microcanonical Potts models, two-dimensional nearest neighbor and mean field, are considered via exact enumeration of states and analytical asymptotic methods. In the interval of energies corresponding to a first order phase transition, both of these models exhibit a convex dip in the entropy vs. energy plot and a region with negative specific heat within the dip. It is observed that in the nearest neighbor model the dip flattens and disappears as the lattice size grows, while in the mean field model the dip persists even in the limit of an infinite system. If formal transitions from microcanonical to canonical ensembles and back are performed for an infinite but non-extensive system, the convex dip in the microcanonical entropy plot disappears.
The effect of phytohemagglutinin on glucose-U-C14 oxidation by peritoneal and blood white cells of the rat.

Incubation of washed white cells with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) had a stimulatory effect on the rate of C14O2 evolution from uniformly C14-labeled glucose by the cells. The intensity of this effect depended not only on the concentration of PHA, but also on the duration of soaking of the cells in protein-free medium for tissue culture before PHA was added and on the length of incubation of the soaked cells with PHA before glucose-U-C14 was added. This effect of PHA on the rate of glucose-U-C14 oxidation by the cells was essentially the same, whether white blood cells or peritoneal white cells were used.
Prospective study of surgery for left ventricular aneurysm.

Abstract To assess the effects of surgery for ventricular aneurysm on left ventricular performance 18 consecutive patients referred for such surgery were Studied prospectively. The patients had the following preoperative findings: ejection fraction by Isotope ventriculogram 28± 4 percent (mean ± standard error), New York Heart Association functional class 3.6 ± 0.1 and left ventricular noncontractile area 28 ± 3 percent by the graphic integration method. Thirteen patients had both angina pectoris and congestive heart failure, two had angina alone and three had congestive heart failure alone. All patients were studied before and after operation with isotope ventriculograms at rest and during exercise and treadmill exercise tolerance tests if their clinical status permitted these studies. Five patients also had postoperative cardiac catheterization. Catheterization data were in close agreement with the results of imaging studies. In 11 patients the aneurysm was resected and in 4 H was plicated; in 3, no discrete aneurysm was found. Sixteen patients including the three with no discrete aneurysm had concomitant coronary bypass grafting. There was no operative death and one late death. After operation, all patients had significant improvement in functional class (postoperative class 2.3 ± 0.1, p
Physical relationships among matter, energy and information

General systems theorists often refer to matter, energy and information as fundamental categories. The three concepts—matter, energy and information—are related through scientific laws. Matter and energy relations are more thoroughly understood than relations involving information. At the level of data or signal “difference” is suggested as a more elementary term than “information”.
The on-line processing of binding principles in second language acquisition: Evidence from eye tracking

This study examined how adult L2 learners make use of grammatical and extragrammatical information to interpret reflexives and pronouns. Forty adult English native speakers and 32 intermediate–advanced Korean L2 learners participated in a visual world paradigm eye-tracking experiment. We investigated the interpretation of reflexives (himself) and pronouns (him) in contexts where there is a potential coargument antecedent and in the context of picture noun phrases (a picture of him/himself), where the distribution of reflexives and pronouns can overlap. The results indicated that the learners interpreted reflexives in a nativelike fashion in both contexts, whereas they interpreted pronouns differently from native speakers, even when learners had advanced English proficiency. Adopting the binding theory as developed in the reflexivity/primitives of binding framework (Reinhart & Reuland, 1993; Reuland, 2001, 2011), we interpret these results to mean that while adult L2 learners are able to apply syntactic binding principles to assign an interpretation to anaphoric expressions, they have difficulty in integrating syntactic information with contextual and discourse information.
Response to Letters by Johnston et al and Bruno et al

Response: I thank Dr Johnston and her colleagues and Dr Bruno and his associates for their letters in regard to the 2007 AHA/ASA Guidelines for the Early Management of Adults with Ischemic Stroke.1 I believe we all can agree that management of hyperglycemia in the setting of acute ischemic stroke, just as with other life-threatening illnesses, is a critical component of general management. Evidence about the effects of hyperglycemia on increasing the likelihood of poor outcomes after stroke, including among patients receiving tissue …
Drug interactions and pharmacogenetic reactions are the basis for chloroquine and mefloquine-induced psychosis.

Summary Background Chloroquine and mefloquine used for prophylaxis and treatment of malaria sometimes causes severe mental status changes, through mechanisms that are poorly understood. Presentation of the hypothesis Psychosis is caused by interactions with other drugs or by pharmacogenetic vulnerabilities that cause heightened responses to chloroquine or mefloquine alone, mediated through dopamine, acetylcholine, serotonin, P-glycoprotein, inhibited cortical activity, deranged calcium homeostasis, and impaired synaptogenesis. Testing the hypothesis Retrospective studies can identify all other drugs taken coincident with chloroquine or mefloquine psychosis. Various genes from patients could be cloned and compared to those from individuals who tolerated chloroquine and mefloquine, culminating with transgenic animal studies. Identification of candidate genes may be aided by pharmacogenomic analysis of single nucleotide polymorphism maps. Finally, prospective studies with cerebrospinal fluid analysis and PET scanning could help verify the hypothesis. Implications of the hypothesis If this hypothesis is correct, the incidence of chloroquine and mefloquine psychosis can be greatly reduced by avoiding interacting medications and by conducting genetic screening prior to initiating chloroquine and mefloquine. Validation of the hypothesis would also provide a paradigm to follow for avoiding neuropsychiatric side effects if antidepressants and neuroleptics are used to overcome chloroquine resistance, if new antimalarial drugs chemically related to chloroquine and mefloquine are developed and if chloroquine and mefloquine are used for non-malarial applications such as HIV and cancer.
Association of an INSIG2 obesity allele with cardiovascular phenotypes is gender and age dependent

The INSIG2 gene has been implicated in cholesterol metabolism and a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) near INSIG2 has been shown to be associated with obesity. We sought to determine the relationship of the INSIG2 SNP to cardiovascular disease (CVD) related phenotypes. Nine hundred forty six patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in wave 5 of the multicenter NHLBI Dynamic Registry were genotyped using RT-PCR/TaqMan/allelic discrimination for the rs7566605 SNP near the INSIG2 gene. Clinical variables analyzed include demographics, medical history, and procedural details. The prevalence of peripheral vascular disease (PVD) was significantly higher in older men (≥65 years) who were either homozygous or carriers of the obesity/lipid risk allele ("C") compared to non-carriers (odds ratio 3.4, p = 0.013) using a logistic regression model incorporating history of hypercholesterolemia, history of hypertension, cerebrovascular disease, history of diabetes, and BMI. A similar relationship with cerebrovascular disease was found in older (>65) women (odds ratio 3.4, p = 0.013). The INSIG2 SNP was not associated with BMI, nor with other clinical variables. Age and gender may influence the association of the INSIG2 obesity SNP with PVD and cerebrovascular disease in patients with pre-existing CVD.
An approach to validation of software architecture model

Software architectures shift developers' focus from lines-of-code to coarser-grained architectural elements and their interconnection structure. However, the benefits of architecture description languages (ADLs) cannot be fully captured without an automated realization of software architecture designs because manually shifting from a model to its implementation is error-prone. We propose an integrated approach for automatically translating software architecture design models to an implementation and validating the translation as well as the implementation by exploring runtime verification technique and aspect-oriented programming. Specifically, system properties are not only verified against design models, but also verified during the execution of the generated implementation of software architecture design. A prototype tool, SAM Parser, is developed to demonstrate the approach on SAM (Software Architecture Model). In SAM Parser, all the realization and verification code can be automatically generated without human intervention. In this paper, we first brief describe the approach report on a case study conducted at an e-commerce scenario, an online shopping system to assess the benefits of automated realization of software architecture design and validation in a Web service domain.
Cannabis as a substitute for alcohol and other drugs

Background: Substitution can be operationalized as the conscious choice to use one drug (legal or illicit) instead of, or in conjunction with, another due to issues such as: perceived safety; level of addiction potential; effectiveness in relieving symptoms; access and level of acceptance. This practice of substitution has been observed among individuals using cannabis for medical purposes. This study examined drug and alcohol use, and the occurrence of substitution among medical cannabis patients. Methods: Anonymous survey data were collected at the Berkeley Patient's Group (BPG), a medical cannabis dispensary in Berkeley, CA. (N = 350) The sample was 68% male, 54% single, 66% White, mean age was 39; 74% have health insurance (including MediCal), 41% work full time, 81% have completed at least some college, 55% make less than $40,000 a year. Seventy one percent report having a chronic medical condition, 52% use cannabis for a pain related condition, 75% use cannabis for a mental health issue. Results: Fifty three percent of the sample currently drinks alcohol, 2.6 was the average number of drinking days per week, 2.9 was the average number of drinks on a drinking occasion. One quarter currently uses tobacco, 9.5 is the average number of cigarettes smoked daily. Eleven percent have used a non-prescribed, non OTC drug in the past 30 days with cocaine, MDMA and Vicodin reported most frequently. Twenty five percent reported growing up in an abusive or addictive household. Sixteen percent reported previous alcohol and/or drug treatment, and 2% are currently in a 12-step or other recovery program. Forty percent have used cannabis as a substitute for alcohol, 26% as a substitute for illicit drugs and 66% as a substitute for prescription drugs. The most common reasons given for substituting were: less adverse side effects (65%), better symptom management (57%), and less withdrawal potential (34%) with cannabis. Conclusion: The substitution of one psychoactive substance for another with the goal of reducing negative outcomes can be included within the framework of harm reduction. Medical cannabis patients have been engaging in substitution by using cannabis as an alternative to alcohol, prescription and illicit drugs.
Fluid Resuscitation for Trauma Patients: Crystalloids Versus Colloids

Controversy regarding the role of colloids in the resuscitation of trauma patients has persisted for the past century without a clear resolution. Recently, the early treatment goals of traumatic hypovolemic shock have changed with an emphasis on minimal intravenous fluid administration and the avoidance of over-resuscitation. While some clinicians see a role for colloids in this model, others have become wary as evidence mounts against the efficacy and safety of hydroxyethyl starch and human albumin in critically ill patients. We reviewed the history and fundamentals of the crystalloid versus colloid debate and explored the relevant findings from the prominent non-trauma literature with attention to their applicability in the trauma population. Critical appraisal of the trauma-specific colloid literature is offered with a focus on study design and practical utility. Finally, we offer recommendations about the rational selection of fluids for clinicians who treat these challenging patients.
Test generation for primitive path delay faults in combinational circuits

This paper presents a method of identifying primitive path-delay faults in combinational circuits, and deriving robust tests for all robustly testable primitive faults. It uses the concept of sensitizing cubes to reduce the search space. This approach helps identify faults that cannot be part of any primitive fault, and avoids attempting test generation for them. Sensitization conditions determined for primitive fault identification are also used in test generation, reducing test generation effort. Experimental results on some of the ISCAS'85 and MCNC'91 benchmark circuits indicate that they contain a fair number of primitive multiple path delay faults which must be tested.
A Mixed Model-Based Variance Estimator for Marginal Model Analyses of Cluster Randomized Trials

Generalized estimating equations (GEE) are used in the analysis of cluster randomized trials (CRTs) because: 1) the resulting intervention effect estimate has the desired marginal or population-averaged interpretation, and 2) most statistical packages contain programs for GEE. However, GEE tends to underestimate the standard error of the intervention effect estimate in CRTs. In contrast, penalized quasi-likelihood (PQL) estimates the standard error of the intervention effect in CRTs much better than GEE but is used less frequently because: 1) it generates an intervention effect estimate with a conditional, or cluster-specific, interpretation, and 2) PQL is not a part of most statistical packages. We propose taking the variance estimator from PQL and re-expressing it as a sandwich-type estimator that could be easily incorporated into existing GEE packages, thereby making GEE useful for the analysis of CRTs. Using numerical examples and data from an actual CRT, we compare the performance of this variance estimator to others proposed in the literature, and we find that our variance estimator performs as well as or better than its competitors.
Effects of parity on pelvic size and shape dimorphism in Mus.

The pelvis is a sexually dimorphic structure and although the causes of that dimorphism have long been studied, relatively little is known regarding the effects of partuitive events on the magnitude of that dimorphism. Here, we use a sample of Mus musculus domesticus to contrast dimorphism in body length and os coxae size and shape between males and parous and nulliparous females. We also test for correlations between relative litter size (L/M) and relative offspring size (O/M) with body length and os coxae size and shape in parous females. Males had greater body length than nulliparous females but were not different from parous females. Females as a whole had the largest os coxae, with parous females having the largest and males the smallest. Os coxae shape was also significantly different between groups and was most divergent between parous females and males than between nulliparous females and males. Os coxae shape differences between females are associated with differences in body length between females and O/M is correlated with os coxae shape in parous females such that females with the largest offspring have the most divergent shapes along the relative warp one axis. Pelvic shape differences between males and females were consistent with previous findings in other taxa which identify the pubo-ischial complex as the primary region of dimorphism. J. Morphol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Cenozoic Mammalian Herbivores From the Americas: Reconstructing Ancient Diets and Terrestrial Communities

▪ Abstract Herbivory first evolved in terrestrial mammals during the late Cretaceous, ∼100 million years ago (Mya). Of the ∼35 ordinal-level clades of extinct or extant eutherian mammals from the New World, ∼24 have been adapted to herbivory in one form or another. Dental adaptations for specialized terrestrial browsing are first recognized during the early Cenozoic (Paleocene-Eocene). Mammalian herbivores adapted for grazing did not become widespread in the New World until the middle Cenozoic; it seems that this adaptation and the spread of grasslands occurred during the late Oligocene (30 Mya) in South America ∼10 million years earlier than in North America (20 Mya). Carbon isotopic evidence from fossil herbivore teeth indicates that C3 plants predominated until the late Miocene (∼8 Mya). Thereafter, C3 and C4 terrestrial communities diversified. Late Pleistocene extinctions ∼10,000 years ago decimated the diversity of mammalian herbivores, particularly those of larger body size.
Highly Enhanced Damping Figure of Merit in Biomimetic Hierarchical Staggered Composites

Most composites exhibit a damping figure of merit, a crucial index of a material's dynamic behavior, lower than the value predicted by the Hashin–Shtrikman bound. This work found that the biomimetic hierarchical staggered composites inspired by bone structure can have a damping figure of merit tens of times higher than the Hashin–Shtrikman composite. The optimum state is achieved when the hard and soft phases contribute equally to the overall stiffness of the composite in the direction parallel to the platelets. At this optimal point, the model predicts that the overall stiffness is half the Voigt bound while the damping loss factor is half that of the soft phase. This behavior stems from a deformation mechanism transition from soft-phase-dominant to hard-phase-dominant as the platelet's aspect ratio increases. The findings from this study may have important implications in the future design of composites to mitigate vibration and absorb shock in load-bearing structures.
A simplified receiver assisted routing enhancement (RARE) in MANET

This paper shows a novel technique for routing protocol in ad hoc network, namely simplified receiver assisted routing enhancement (RARE). Simplified mathematical model has been explained to analyze the performance of RARE algorithm. In this algorithm, we use the principle of the biologically inspired ant routing technique to evolutionally maintain the routing information. The similarities and differences of RARE and the traditional ant technique have been highlighted. The RARE concept is implemented to increase the probability to find the destination and decrease the connection set up time between the source and the destination. The performance of the proposed RARE is simulated and compared to the traditional ant [1]-[2] in radio network model (random graph model). The simulation result shows the potential of RARE to achieve higher probabilities to find the destination. More, the RARE can be used as an add-on module to many ad hoc routing protocols.
Measuring the strength of associations between HLA antigens and diseases

The strength of the population association between an antigen and a disease can be estimated not only by the relative risk value, but also by what variously has been called the population attributable risk and the etiologic fraction. This alternative measure has certain advantages if the association is due to linkage disequilibrium between the antigen allele and a "disease" allele at a closely linked "disease susceptibility" locus. In particular, it can then be used to determine which of many antigens associated with the same disease has the strongest association from a genetical point of view.
Pattern languages in the wild: exploring pattern languages in the laboratory and in the real world

For more than two decades much of the pattern language literature, within the field of Human Computer Interaction (HCI), has focused on the possible benefits pattern languages may provide, but there has been very little empirical work to support these claims. In fact, existing controlled studies show practically no benefit of using pattern languages in design. Despite this lack of evidence, interest in pattern languages continues. In this paper we examine how pattern languages are used in experimental settings and in the real world. We explore two questions here: Are pattern languages real? Are pattern languages useful? We argue that the answer to both of these questions is yes. As a community, we believe that we have been looking in the wrong places to find evidence of pattern languages and have been looking for the wrong benefits. Said differently, we have been overlooking the existence of and the benefits of pattern languages. This study began exploring pattern languages in a laboratory setting, but then continued that exploration in a real setting where we encountered evidence of the existence of pattern languages and of their benefits. By continuing these explorations, we argue that, the HCI community will then begin to see the benefits from all the great efforts in this area.
BioGPS and MyGene.info: organizing online, gene-centric information

Fast-evolving technologies have enabled researchers to easily generate data at genome scale, and using these technologies to compare biological states typically results in a list of candidate genes. Researchers are then faced with the daunting task of prioritizing these candidate genes for follow-up studies. There are hundreds, possibly even thousands, of web-based gene annotation resources available, but it quickly becomes impractical to manually access and review all of these sites for each gene in a candidate gene list. BioGPS (http://biogps.org) was created as a centralized gene portal for aggregating distributed gene annotation resources, emphasizing community extensibility and user customizability. BioGPS serves as a convenient tool for users to access known gene-centric resources, as well as a mechanism to discover new resources that were previously unknown to the user. This article describes updates to BioGPS made after its initial release in 2008. We summarize recent additions of features and data, as well as the robust user activity that underlies this community intelligence application. Finally, we describe MyGene.info (http://mygene. info) and related web services that provide programmatic access to BioGPS.
Characterizing flash memory: anomalies, observations, and applications

Despite flash memory's promise, it suffers from many idiosyncrasies such as limited durability, data integrity problems, and asymmetry in operation granularity. As architects, we aim to find ways to overcome these idiosyncrasies while exploiting flash memory's useful characteristics. To be successful, we must understand the trade-offs between the performance, cost (in both power and dollars), and reliability of flash memory. In addition, we must understand how different usage patterns affect these characteristics. Flash manufacturers provide conservative guidelines about these metrics, and this lack of detail makes it difficult to design systems that fully exploit flash memory's capabilities. We have empirically characterized flash memory technology from five manufacturers by directly measuring the performance, power, and reliability. We demonstrate that performance varies significantly between vendors, devices, and from publicly available datasheets. We also demonstrate and quantify some unexpected device characteristics and show how we can use them to improve responsiveness and energy consumption of solid state disks by 44% and 13%, respectively, as well as increase flash device lifetime by 5.2x.
Potassium Channels and Proliferation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

See related article, pages 1280–1287 Potassium channels play a major role in the immediate and long term regulation of vascular smooth muscle function.1 The activity of these ion channels determines and regulates cell membrane potential, which, in turn, regulates the open state probability of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, Ca2+ influx, and intracellular Ca2+. The concentration of intracellular Ca2+ not only regulates the immediate contractile responses of smooth muscle cells (ie, vascular tone),1 but also the long term responses of these cells through control of gene expression.2 By their effect on membrane potential, K+ channels also establish the electrochemical gradient that determines the movement of other ions across the plasma membrane. In addition, potassium channels participate significantly in cell volume regulation.3 Over the past two decades it has become apparent that K+ channels also play an important role in cell proliferation.4–8 In vascular smooth muscle cells, investigators have identified increased expression of intermediate conductance, Ca2+-activated K+ (IKCa) channels (KCa3.1, locus: KCNN4) associated with proliferation,4 and recent studies have shown that selective inhibition of these channels prevents vascular smooth muscle proliferation associated with injury-induced restenosis.9 The study by Miguel-Velado et al in this issue of Circulation Research 10 confirms …
Estimating Audit Fees Post-SOX

SYNOPSIS: This article discusses the findings of structured interviews with audit practitioners with a goal of increasing our understanding of the audit fee estimation process and how that process has changed following the passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX). The data provide practicing auditors with information that may be helpful in the development or revision of their own audit fee pricing practices. The data are also relevant to audit committee members as they seek to better understand the audit fee pricing process and how potential risk areas or other matters may impact audit fees. Researchers may also find the results of the interviews useful for the enhancement of audit fee pricing models, whether to more-closely align estimation models with the reported fee estimation process, or to revise models to reflect post-SOX economic and regulatory changes.
Comparative Evaluation of Three Commercial Systems for Detection of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus in Cervical and Vaginal ThinPrep PreservCyt Samples and Correlation with Biopsy Results

Genital human papillomavirus (HPV) is the etiologic agent of more than 99% of all cervical cancers worldwide, with 14 genotypes being considered oncogenic or “high risk” because of their association with severe dysplasia and cervical carcinoma. Among these 14 high-risk types, HPV-16 and -18 account for approximately 70% of cervical cancers. The aim of this study was to evaluate three FDA-approved HPV nucleic acid-based tests for the ability to predict high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasias (CIN2 or worse) in corresponding tissue biopsy specimens. Residual specimens (total n 793, cervicaln 743, vaginaln 50) collected in ThinPrep PreservCyt medium with a cytologic result of >atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance were tested by the Hybrid Capture 2 (HC2) assay (Qiagen, Gaithersburg, MD), the cobas HPV test (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN), and the APTIMA HPV assay (Hologic, San Diego, CA). Genotyping for HPV-16 and HPV-18 was simultaneously performed by the cobas HPV test. Results were compared to cervical or vaginal biopsy findings, when they were available (n 350). Among the 350 patients with corresponding biopsy results, 81 (23.1%) showed >CIN2 by histopathology. The >CIN2 detection sensitivity was 91.4% by the cobas and APTIMA assays and 97.5% by HC2 assay. The specificities of the cobas, APTIMA, and HC2 assays were 31.2, 42.0, and 27.1%, respectively. When considering only positive HPV-16 and/or HPV-18 genotype results, the cobas test showed a sensitivity and a specificity of 51.9 and 86.6%, respectively. While the HC2, cobas, and APTIMA assays showed similar sensitivities for the detection of >CIN2 lesions, the specificities of the three tests varied, with the greatest specificity (86.6%) observed when the HPV-16 and/or HPV-18 genotypes were detected.
Electromagnetic macromodels and Maxwellian circuits

Discrete approximations and numerical solution of Maxwell's curl equations provide a foundation for the development of a variety of macro-models of electromagnetic passive devices, components, and sub-systems. In their majority, such macro-modeling is aimed at containing the cost of numerical computation by offering compact, computationally efficient models as alternatives to the computationally more expensive, detailed models of structures of multi-scale complexity. Preserving key physical attributes of the electromagnetic structure, as Maxwellian circuits attempt to do, is a highly desirable property of the macromodel, albeit not always possible. The aggressive pursuit of on-chip RF and mixed-signal functionality integration prompts us to consider electromagnetic macro-modeling from a different angle. More specifically, this paper entertains the possibility of using electromagnetic macro-models for the seamless insertion of spatially-accurate (distributed) models of integrated passives and their interactions in the nonlinear, high-frequency circuit simulators used for computer-aided analysis and design of on-chip RF and mixed-signal functional blocks.
Similarity grouping as feature-based selection

Our visual system groups objects with similar features, such as colour, orientation, or shape. We argue that similarity grouping is nothing more than global selection of a certain feature value, such as red, horizontal, or circular. This account makes the striking prediction that only one feature group can be created at a time. Here we provide the most direct evidence yet for this proposal, using a number estimation task that forces simultaneous processing of all objects. Multiple similarity cues failed to produce grouping in this task, in contrast to proximity, connectivity, and common region, which all showed strong grouping effects.
Modeling Tipping Point Theory using Normative Multi-agent Systems: (Extended Abstract)

Tipping points occur when a large number of group members radically modify their behaviors in response to small but significant events; after a critical point is reached, the behavior of the entire social system changes irrevocably. This paper proposes that normative multi-agent systems (NorMAS) can serve as excellent computational models for modeling and predicting tipping points. We illustrate how tipping point theory can be modeled with a standard social learning approach and replicate some of the key findings.
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF MICROBES AND ORGANIC CARBON COMPOSITION IN THE SOILS APPLIED TOGETHER WITH CHEMICAL FERTILIZER, STRAW INCOOPERATION AND MICROBIAL AGENT

Through field experiment,the effects of straw returning with straw decomposition agent on microbes,enzyme and organic carbon components in early rice soils and its yield were investigated in this paper.The results showed that straw returning with chemical fertilizer as well as microbial agent significantly could not only enhance the quantity of bacteria,fungi and actinomyces in the soil,but only improve the activity of sucrase,urease and catalase.Moreover,comparing to fertilization without straw returning(F) and treatments without fertilizer(CK) when rice straw was returned to the soil with chemical fertilizer and microbial agent(SFM),the contents of all types of soil carbon and carbon pool management index(CPMI) were both improved,in which the active carbon and CPMI were increased by 10.33%~28.88% and 12.85%~30%,respectively.Furthermore,it was obvious that straw returning with chemical fertilizer and microbial agent was favorable to tillering of early rice,and the early rice yield was significantly increased by 3.56%~23.29%.According to the results obtained in this study,it can be concluded that straw returning with chemical fertilizer and microbial agent has the potential to improve the production of crop yield,but also has an important role in ameliorating the soil fertility of paddy.
Drug Interactions in Psychopharmacology

The mechanisms underlying psychotropic drug interactions include alterations in gastrointestinal absorption, protein-binding, specific and nonspecific metabolic degradation, receptor interactions, and renal clearance. The risk of interactions can be minimized by detailed drug history-taking, use of rapid reference sources, patient education, and physician behaviors that include serious attention to somatic complaints, identification of "at risk" situations, and rational prescribing habits.
Application of the Finite Element Method in Metal Forming Process Design

The application of the Finite Element Method (FEM) for the simulation of metal forming processes has provided a rational methodology for designing and optimizing these processes. This paper reviews two general approaches — the flow formulation and the solid formulation — used in describing the deformation mechanics of metal forming. Some considerations related to the constitutive behavior of the material, the contact between the die and the workpiece are described. These considerations must be taken into account in an appropriate fashion while conducting the finite element simulation. The problem of severe grid distortions that is encountered during the simulations is discussed in detail with particular reference to remeshing. Results obtained using a finite element package based on the flow formulation are presented. Some of the future directions in this fast growing area of research are also discussed.
Posterior Lateral Open Approach for Sacroiliac Joint Arthrodesis

The open posterior lateral, or transiliac approach to the sacroiliac joint (SIJ) is considered by many to be the standard open approach for either arthrodesis or drainage of septic sacroiliitis. This chapter will describe the historical background and development of the transiliac approach and will review results and complications observed utilizing this technique.
Molecular Pathophysiology of White Matter Anoxic-Ischemic Injury

Ischemia of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS), including the secondary vascular embarrassment that frequently accompanies traumatic brain and spinal cord insults, 1 2 damages both gray and white matter ( Fig. 44-1 ). In fact, about 20% of ischemic strokes involve predominantly white matter, as a result of occlusion of small penetrating arteries that supply the deep areas of the cerebral hemispheres (see <a class="cLink" queryStr="?_fmt=high&_origin=article&_docanchor=defaultINDEX_LINK_ANCHOR&_xRefDocId=chapter1m first, the brain of rodents, which is most often used to study stroke, has far less white matter than the human brain, and second, there is a tendency to think that protection of neuron cell bodies alone is sufficient to rescue stroke-imperiled brain tissue.
Can Asynchronous Techniques Help the SoC Designer

As technological advances make it possible to integrate an entire system on a single die, the designer of a system-on-chip (SoC) is confronted with increasing difficulties concerning complexity, reliability, energy and power consumption, and clock distribution. All those issues are aggravated by increasing parameters variability as a result of the same technological advances. This paper argues that because of the quasi-independence of asynchronous (QDI) circuits of timing, asynchronous logic alleviates the problems posed by parameter variability, and eliminates the clock distribution problem altogether. Furthermore, as some researchers attempt to turn the liability into an asset by exploiting parameter variability to design truly probabilistic computation, the flexibility and time-independence of asynchronous logic could be a natural match
Capacity, stability and flows in large-scale random networks

We consider the problem of determining the maximum stable throughput in large-scale random networks under a fairness constraint. The networks are modeled as random unit-disk graphs, and the problem of throughput stability is formulated as one finding the maximum value of a multicommodity flow problem. In this paper, we construct upper and lower bounds on the value of that multicommodity flow problem which, together, provide a tight characterization of an optimal solution to within constants independent of network size. These results contain as a special case those of Gupta and Kumar for random networks, for which an entirely new derivation is provided, using only elementary counting and discrete probability tools.
Breathe Easy at Home: A Qualitative Evaluation of a Pediatric Asthma Intervention

The Breathe Easy at Home Program enables clinicians to refer asthmatic patients to Boston Inspectional Services Department (ISD) if they suspect housing conditions trigger symptoms. The authors conducted one-on-one interviews with clinicians (n = 10) who referred patients, and focus groups with inspectors from the ISD (n = 9) and a variety of stakeholders (n = 13), to gain insight into program function and implementation. Clinician interviews revealed inconsistencies in enrollment approaches, dissatisfaction with the web-based system, and patient follow-up difficulties. Inspectors identified barriers to working effectively with residents and landlords, and the stakeholder focus group highlighted successes of an unusual institutional collaboration. Interviews and focus groups identified strong and personal rapport between clinicians, inspectors, and patients as key to program retention, and that participating families required additional support throughout the process. Despite recommendations for improvement in program implementation, clinicians, inspectors, and stakeholders felt that the program overall improved both the home environment and asthma outcomes.
Spatial Distance, Community Disadvantage, and Racial and Ethnic Variation in Prison Inmate Access to Social Ties

Objectives:This article examines the impact of distal prison placements on inmate social ties. Specifically, we test whether distance adversely affects inmates by reducing their access to family and friends and then test whether the effects are amplified for minorities and inmates who come from socially disadvantaged areas.Methods:These questions are assessed using a sample of inmates that includes all convicted felony offenders admitted to a single state’s prison system over a three-year period.Results:We find that inmates vary greatly in the distance from which they are placed from home and that Latinos are placed more distally than Blacks and Whites. We also find that distance and community disadvantage adversely affect the likelihood of inmate visitation. Although the adverse effect of distance appears to be similar across racial and ethnic groups, a difference exists among Blacks—for this group, high levels of community disadvantage amplify the adverse effects of distance.Conclusions:This study ident...
Multiscale metasurfaces for enhanced light extraction

Computationally designed multi-scale gratings demonstrating both diffractive and effective medium properties can dramatically increase optical coupling out of a high-index dielectric. Typical results show increase of transmission on the order of 20%.
Association of Early Outpatient Rehabilitation With Health Service Utilization in Managing Medicare Beneficiaries With Nontraumatic Knee Pain: Retrospective Cohort Study.

Background Nontraumatic knee pain (NTKP) is highly prevalent in adults 65 years of age and older. Evidence-based guidelines recommend early use of rehabilitation; however, there is limited information comparing differences in health care utilization when rehabilitation is included in the management of NTKP. Objectives To describe the overall health care utilization associated with the management of NTKP; estimate the proportion of people who receive outpatient rehabilitation services; and evaluate the timing of outpatient rehabilitation and its association with other health care utilization. Design Rretrospective cohort study was conducted using a random 10% sample of 2009-2010 Medicare claims. The sample included 52,504 beneficiaries presenting within the ambulatory setting for management of NTKP. Methods Exposure to outpatient rehabilitative services following the NTKP index ambulatory visit was defined as 1) no rehabilitation; 2) early rehabilitation (1-15 days); 3) intermediate rehabilitation (16-120 days); and 4) late rehabilitation (>120 days). Logistic regression models were fit to analyze the association of rehabilitation timing with narcotic analgesic use, utilization of nonsurgical invasive procedure, and knee surgery during a 12-month follow-up period. Results Only 11.1% of beneficiaries were exposed to outpatient rehabilitation services. The likelihood of using narcotics, nonsurgical invasive procedures, or surgery was significantly less (adjusted odds ratios; 0.67, 0.50, 0.58, respectively) for those who received early rehabilitation when compared to no rehabilitation. The exposure-outcome relationships were reversed in the intermediate and late rehabilitation cohorts. Limitations This was an observational study, and residual confounding could affect the observed relationships. Therefore, definitive conclusions regarding the causal effect of rehabilitation exposure and reduced utilization of more aggressive interventions cannot be determined at this time. Conclusions Early referral for outpatient rehabilitation may reduce the utilization of health services that carry greater risks or costs in those with NTKP.