cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FKBP12-Rapamycin-associated Protein (FRAP) Autophosphorylates at Serine 2481 under Translationally Repressive Conditions

The FKBP12-rapamycin associated protein (FRAP, also RAFT, mTOR) belongs to a family of phosphatidylinositol kinase-related kinases. These kinases mediate cellular responses to stresses such as DNA damage and nutrient deprivation in a variety of eukaryotes from yeast to humans. FRAP regulates G(1) cell cycle progression and translation initiation in part by controlling the phosphorylation states of a number of translational and cell cycle regulators. Although FRAP is known to be phosphorylated in vivo and to phosphorylate several proteins (including itself) in vitro, FRAP's phosphorylation sites and substrate specificity are unknown. We report here the identification of a FRAP autophosphorylation site. This site, Ser-2481, is located in a hydrophobic region near the conserved carboxyl-terminal FRAP tail. We demonstrate that the COOH-terminal tail is required for FRAP kinase activity and for signaling to the translational regulator p70(s6k) (ribosomal subunit S6 kinase). Phosphorylation of wild-type but not kinase-inactive FRAP occurs at Ser-2481 in vivo, suggesting that Ser-2481 phosphorylation is a marker of FRAP autokinase activity in cells. FRAP autophosphorylation is blocked completely by wortmannin treatment but not by rapamycin treatment, amino acid deprivation, or serum withdrawal, treatments that lead to acute dephosphorylation of eIF4E-binding protein (4E-BP1) and p70(s6k). Ser-2481 phosphorylation increases slightly upon c-Akt/PKB activation and dramatically upon calyculin A treatment of T-cells. These results suggest that FRAP-responsive dephosphorylation of 4E-BP1 and p70(s6k) occurs through a mechanism other than inhibition of intrinsic FRAP kinase activity.
Persistence in Variance, Structural Change, and the GARCH Model

This article examines the persistence of the variance, as measured by the generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model, in stock-return data. In particular, we investigate the extent to which persistence in variance may be overstated because of the existence of, and failure to take account of, deterministic structural shifts in the model. Both an analysis of daily stock-return data and a Monte Carlo simulation experiment confirm the hypothesis that GARCH measures of persistence in variance are sensitive to this type of model misspecification.
“5-a-day” - What is the Impact on Low Income Women?

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To determine associations between eating 5 or more fruits or vegetables on BMI, %body fat, nutrient intake, smoking, exercise, and alcohol intake. Does participation in Food Stamp or WIC programs, more education or higher incomes increase the likelihood that individuals will ingest 5 or more fruits or vegetables daily? What effect does consumption of 5 fruits or vegetables have on body mass index (BMI), percent body fat, intake of selected nutrients, and smoking, frequency of physical exercise, and alcohol intake? A sample of 328 women, 15 to 81 years of age (x = 35), were studied to provide answers to these questions. Approximately half of the subjects had not completed high school, 57% had annual household incomes below $10,000 and 64% were black. Data on smoking, exercise, and alcohol intake were obtained from the Carter Center Health Risk Appraisal. Nutrient intakes were determined from a detailed 24-hour recalls taken by registered dietitians. A Student's t-test was used to determine significant differences between the two groups (intakes of
Stochastic Duration Modeling of Pavement Overlay Crack Initiation

In this paper we present the development of an empirical pavement overlay crack initiation model using condition survey data for the highway system in the state of Washington. We use a semiparametric Cox model and show that its hazard function represents the sample hazard function, which follows a bathtub shape. This is a shape that commonly used parametric models cannot predict. Empirical data complications, such as the endogeneity of overlay design variables and data censoring, are corrected for using appropriate econometric techniques. Our research shows that a specification that captures the main factors responsible for the overlay crack initiation process, combined with careful analysis of the data, can produce models of sufficient realism for maintenance and rehabilitation action selection purposes.
Analysis of RNA-mediated gene silencing using a new vector (pKNOCKOUT) and an in plantaAgrobacterium transient expression system

A hairpin RNA (hpRNA) vector, pKNOCKOUT (pKO) has been constructed to facilitate the analysis of posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS) in anAgrobacterium-mediated transient expression system developed for tobacco. The pKO binary vector was tested by cloning a firefly luciferase (Photinus pyralis) gene segment in sense (sFLUC), antisense (aFLUC), and inverted repeat (ihpFLUC) orientations. The inverted repeats of the target gene are separated by the castor bean catalase intron (CbCi) and, when transcribed and spliced, produce a self-complementary hpRNA. hpRNA-mediated gene silencing exploits a cellular mechanism that recognizes double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and subjects it, and homologous mRNA molecules, to sequence-specific degradation. Agrobacteria harboring compatible plasmids, pE1778-RiLUC (Renilla luciferase normalization construct) and pTCaMV35S-FiLUC (functional firefly luciferase test construct), were co-infused with different variants of pKO-FLUC plasmids intoNicotiana benthamiana andNicotiana tobaccum leaf tissues. Reduced firefly luciferase reporter gene activity (from pTCaMV35S-FiLUC) indicated gene silencing and was observed in leaf tissues co-infused with pKO-sFLUC (50% reduction), pKO-aFLUC (85% reduction), or pKO-ihpFLUC (96% reduction) agrobacteria lines. Gene silencing was observed at different times postinfusion in leaves from bothNicotiana species. The hpRNA-mediated interference with FiLUC reporter gene expression, as measured by reduced firefly luciferase activity, was found to also suppress silencing of the cotransferredRenilla reniformis luciferase normalization reporter gene, resulting in reproducibly elevated RiLUC activity. This suppression effect was reduced by lowering the percentage of infused pKO-ihpFLUC agrobacteria without markedly effecting hpRNA-mediated gene silencing of FiLUC (all pKO-ihpFLUC dilutions produced >90% reduction of FiLUC activity). Viral suppressors of PTGS, such as p19 and HcPro, were found to reduce the RNAi effect of hpRNA-mediated gene silencing. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that excess amounts of targeted dsRNA can result in nonspecific suppression of PTGS of an unrelated, co-infused reporter gene in plants.
Factorized extended Kalman filter for optical processing.

Kalman filtering represents formidable linear algebra computational requirements for each new input measurement vector. An architecture-motivated implementation of a discrete-time extended Kalman filter algorithm is presented. This particular formulation takes advantage of the following features of the optical processor architecture: the ability to perform matrix–vector operations, floating-point capabilities, and specially designed matrix–vector L U decomposition operations. A factorized L D LT algorithm is used to propagate the covariance matrices between sample times. The air-to-air missile guidance problem is used as a case study wherein an extended Kalman filter is required due to the nonlinear nature of the measurement equations.
Academic achievement in preadolescence: The role of motivational, affective, and self-regulatory processes

Abstract To address the need for multivariate research on the social competencies associated with school success, this study investigated the concurrent effects of motivational, affective, and self-regulatory processes on academic achievement in preadolescence. Two ways in which these factors may influence academic achievement were investigated. First, it was hypothesized that student reports of low distress and high school motivation would be positively related to classroom achievement by way of their association with self-restraint. In contrast, it was hypothesized that teachers' evaluations of students' low distress and high restraint would be positively related to achievement through their association with students' school motivation. For each model, both classroom grades and standardized test scores were used as indices of academic achievement. Based on a sample of 163 sixth-grade students, results of hierarchical regression analyses generally confirmed the hypothesized models. These results suggest that motivational, affective, and self-regulatory factors play an important role in the achievement of academic competence, both as intrapersonal processes and as behavioral manifestations of student efforts to achieve.
Inviting the Muse Into the Classroom: Poetic License in Management Education

Instructors are responsible for making teaching come to life. This article seeks to energize the classroom through an exploration of the tacit synergies between the language of poetry and the language of management. In the process, the authors delve into both the opportunities and the obstacles in bringing together two disparate discourses. As an autoethnography, the article details a journey that is both personal and professional. It includes a literature search to explore the uses and potential of poetic language, the design of a workshop to enhance the experience of poetry in management professors, and the crafting of classroom activities using poetry to elicit students' felt connections to the course material. In the end, the authors envision a style of teaching rich enough to compete for the center of students' attention—their depth, their creativity, and their stillness of mind.
Efficient MMSE design for joint MIMO processing in analog network coding schemes

A new generalized iterative approach (GIA) is proposed for jointly designing the precoders, relay processors and decoders for analog Network Coding schemes. The considered criterion is minimum mean square error (MMSE). The proposed approach is the same as our previously developed GIA except that it uses single user multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) closed-form solutions for the precoders. This change reduces the number of design variables by two since the precoding Lagrange multipliers are no longer needed. The proposed approach is compared with our previously developed GIA design in terms of convergence rate, BER and MSE. Numerical results show that both GIA's achieve similar MSE and BER performances and that the proposed GIA may provide faster convergence speeds.
Effects of pH and hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin concentration on peak resolution in the capillary electrophoretic separation of the enantiomers of weak bases

Abstract Weak base enantiomers were separated by capillary electrophoresis using hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin-containing background electrolytes. The multiple equilibria-based electrophoretic separation selectivity model (DID model) of enantiomers was used to analyze the results and determine the model parameters. The extended peak resolution equation of capillary electrophoresis has been applied to calculate the peak resolution surfaces as a function of the pH and the hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin concentration of the background electrolyte, the dimensionless electroosmotic flow coefficient, and the effective portion of the applied potential. Combination of the DID selectivity model and the extended peak resolution equation allows the rational optimization of the operating conditions and the realization of separations previously deemed impossible.
Generalization of rectangular element stiffness matrix and thermal load vector associated with a0+a1x + a2y + a3xy type interpolation rule

The stiffness-matrix formulation for the rectangular finite element described by Melosh (1963) and Weaver and Johnston (1984) is generalized to orthotropic materials with material axes not necessarily coincident with the x and y axes; i.e., the condition d(13) = d(23) = 0 is removed. Also included are explicit expressions for the element load vector associated with nonuniform temperature increase in the element. Applications to the analysis of thermal stresses in thin Si-crystal ribbons subjected to temperature changes with highly nonuniform lengthwise and transverse gradients (Utku et al., 1986) and to the simulation of the thermoviscoelastic behavior of growing Si ribbons (Utku and Ray, 1986) are indicated.
Evidence of harmonic tremor from a submarine volcano detected across the Pacific Ocean basin

[1] Since the 1950s seismic activity associated with submarine volcanic eruptions has been detected throughout the Pacific Ocean basin using hydroacoustic methods. However, narrowband harmonic tremor with multiple overtones typically associated with subaerial volcanic eruptions has not commonly been observed. This paper presents a series of recently recorded hydroacoustic signals that originated in the Volcano Islands arc south of Japan, a region that frequently experiences submarine eruptions. The signals are characterized by a narrowband, long-duration, high-amplitude fundamental centered at 10 Hz with three harmonics at 20, 30, and 40 Hz and are consistent with harmonic tremor signals observed using traditional seismic methods at active subaerial volcanoes throughout the world. These hydroacoustic signals were detected 21 different times over the period from April 1998 through December 1999, typically lasting from several days to several weeks. After a 6-month hiatus, the signals were detected 26 more times from June 2000 through August 2001. The signals are qualitatively interpreted as a result of resonance of a magma-gas mixture within a large chamber/conduit near the surface of a shallow (<1 km) submarine volcanic edifice, allowing for efficient release of acoustic energy into the ocean sound channel. During periods of peak energy radiation the tremor could be clearly detected on hydrophones in the western Aleutians, Hawaii, west coast of the United States, and eastern equatorial Pacific and was detected by the French Polynesian seismic network, covering a maximum distance of ∼14,000 km.
A PITFALL WITH THE EEA STAPLER IN VERTICAL BANDED GASTROPLASTY

This report details an intraoperative complication with the anvil of the EEA stapler in the course of a Mason vertical banded gastroplasty for morbid obesity. It was unrecognized by the operating team, and resulted in prolongation of the procedure, excessive manipulation of the stomach, and the use of a second EEA stapling instrument.
ATTITUDES OF TRADITIONAL AND NONTRADITIONAL STUDENTS TOWARD THEIR CLASSMATES OF VARIOUS AGES

Summary.-430 Cameron University students indicated the extent to which they agreed with 20 statements concerning attitudes toward older and younger students. A principal components factor analysis with varimax rotation indicated three underlying dimensions with statements favoring (1) younger students, (2) age diversity, and (3) older students. A 2 (traditional vs nontraditional students) x 2 (sex) between-subjects multivariate analysis of variance was performed. Traditional students favored younger students significantly more than nontraditional students; nontraditional students favored older students and diverse ages significantly more than traditional students. In addition, men favored younger students sigdicantly more than women. Directions for research are discussed.
Development of new fibers for high capacity systems and networks

Internet and data traffic is fueling an explosion in the demand for information capacity over the backbone optical transmission network. Data traffic that 10 years ago was approximately 5% of total bandwidth now is nearly equal to voice traffic and in 10 years time will grow to be 95%. To meet this capacity demand the commercialization of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers was the key technology for massive deployment of wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM).
Apparent contralateral inferior oblique muscle overaction after unilateral inferior oblique muscle weakening procedures

Abstract Background: Unilateral inferior oblique muscle weakening surgical procedures often lead to the appearance of inferior oblique muscle overaction in the contralateral eye. The purpose of this study was to determine how different types of unilateral inferior oblique muscle procedures affect the apparent function of the inferior oblique muscle in the contralateral eye. Methods: A computer search was performed to locate all patients on the pediatric ophtalmology service at the Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute who underwent a unilateral inferior oblique muscle weakening procedure from 1980 to 1994. Only patients with a diagnosis of primary inferior oblique muscle overaction were included in the study. Results: Fourteen patients met the inclusion criteria. One patient had undergone an anterior transposition of the inferior oblique muscle, seven patients had undergone a 10 mm recession of the inferior oblique muscle, and six patients had undergone a myectomy of the inferior oblique muscle. Before the operation, there was no difference in the inferior oblique muscle function of the contralateral eye among the three groups. However, after the operation apparent inferior oblique muscle overaction developed more frequently and to a greater degree in the contralateral eye among patients in the anterior transposition and 10 mm recession groups than among patients in the myectomy group. Conclusion: Either anterior transposition or 10 mm recession of the inferior oblique muscle may limit elevation in abduction in the eye on which inferior oblique muscle surgery was performed. The limitation of elevation in abduction may create apparent inferior oblique muscle overaction in the contralateral eye.
Social Workers and Substance-Abusing Clients: Caseload Composition and Competency Self-Ratings

Past research and reports from the field have described social workers as having a host of negative responses to alcohol- and drug-abusing clients. Some found that substance abuse training increased social workers' sense of security and legitimacy in the therapeutic role with such clients. We report on 23 master's level social workers (MSWs) who completed an intensive 9-month substance abuse training program (trainees) and 22 MSW comparison subjects (comparisons). Both trainees and comparisons completed caseload forms identifying their clients by diagnosis and self-rated their competence to assess and treat each client. We predicted that workers trained in substance abuse, when compared with workers who lacked such intensive training, would (a) assess and treat more substance-abusing clients, (b) work with more complex substance-abusing clients (i.e., dually diagnosed clients), and (c) perceive themselves to be more competent to assess and treat substance-abusing clients. No significant differences were f...
High-resolution description of antibody heavy-chain repertoires in humans

Antibodies' protective, pathological, and therapeutic properties result from their considerable diversity. This diversity is almost limitless in potential, but actual diversity is still poorly understood. Here we use deep sequencing to characterize the diversity of the heavy-chain CDR3 region, the most important contributor to antibody binding specificity, and the constituent V, D, and J segments that comprise it. We find that, during the stepwise D-J and then V-DJ recombination events, the choice of D and J segments exert some bias on each other; however, we find the choice of the V segment is essentially independent of both. V, D, and J segments are utilized with different frequencies, resulting in a highly skewed representation of VDJ combinations in the repertoire. Nevertheless, the pattern of segment usage was almost identical between two different individuals. The pattern of V, D, and J segment usage and recombination was insufficient to explain overlap that was observed between the two individuals' CDR3 repertoires. Finally, we find that while there are a near-infinite number of heavy-chain CDR3s in principle, there are about 3–9 million in the blood of an adult human being.
Dopamine Transporter SPECT Imaging in Parkinson Disease and Dementia

The clinical diagnosis of Parkinson disease (PD) is difficult, as several other neurodegenerative and basal ganglia disorders have similar clinical presentations. Dopamine transporter single-photon emission computed tomography has been proposed as possible diagnostic tool to help differentiate idiopathic PD from essential tremor and other disorders that present with parkinsonian symptoms. In addition, it is valuable in the diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies, differentiating it from other causes of dementia such as Alzheimer disease.
Rules for the use of model organisms in antiaging pharmacology

Summary The use of animal models for initially screening antiaging drugs is a promising approach for drug discovery. However, there a number of potential artifacts, confounds and errors that can arise in such research programs. The following rules are intended to minimize such problems: (1) since aging occupies an increasing proportion of human adulthood, data that conflate aging and late life should not be extrapolated to human aging; (2) the response to candidate medications should show a normal dose-response pattern, although not necessarily a linear response; (3) medicated animal models should not be hypometabolic; (4) medicated animal models should not show pronounced reductions in fertility; (5) medicated animal models should not exhibit general nervous system depression; (6) the effect of the medication should not be highly sensitive to the culture environment; (7) the effect of the medication should not be highly dependent on the genetic ancestry of the stock employed, leaving aside inbreeding, which should be avoided because humans are not generally inbred. While these rules do not guarantee successful extrapolation of successful drug results from the animal model to humans in a clinical setting, the failure to adhere to these rules
Introduction To Coherent Optics

Slowly but surely coherent optical methods are assuming an important place in the field of optical system design, and applications of these methods are moving out of the optical research laboratories and being used and further developed by people in other fields. This seminar deals with one of those fields. It is the aim of this tutorial to provide some background into the concepts and ideas of coherent optics.© (1974) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Spatial distribution of neural activity in the anterior olfactory nucleus evoked by odor and electrical stimulation.

Several lines of evidence indicate that complex odorant stimuli are parsed into separate data streams in the glomeruli of the olfactory bulb, yielding a combinatorial “odotopic map.” However, this pattern does not appear to be maintained in the piriform cortex, where stimuli appear to be coded in a distributed fashion. The anterior olfactory nucleus (AON) is intermediate and reciprocally interconnected between these two structures, and also provides a route for the interhemispheric transfer of olfactory information. The present study examined potential coding strategies used by the AON. Rats were exposed to either caproic acid, butyric acid, limonene, or purified air and the spatial distribution of Fos-immunolabeled cells was quantified. The two major subregions of the AON exhibited different results. Distinct odor-specific spatial patterns of activity were observed in pars externa, suggesting that it employs a topographic strategy for odor representation similar to the olfactory bulb. A spatially distributed pattern that did not appear to depend on odor identity was observed in pars principalis, suggesting that it employs a distributed representation of odors more similar to that seen in the piriform cortex.
Atypical clustering of gynecologic malignancies: A family study including molecular analysis of candidate genes.

Abstract Objective. We set out to determine whether hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) was responsible for cancer susceptibility in a family with gynecologic malignancies in three consecutive generations. Methods. A detailed family history study, including review of medical records, was undertaken. Tumor DNAs from affected family members were evaluated for microsatellite instability (MSI). Linkage between cancer susceptibility and the candidate DNA mismatch repair genes MLH1, MSH2, MSH3, and MSH6 (GTBP) was investigated. MLH1 and MSH2 protein expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and MSH2 was investigated for mutation. Results. Four gynecologic malignancies in the core family were confirmed. MSI was seen in six of seven cancers studied. The only MSI-negative tumor was an ovarian cancer from the proband's maternal grandmother, which arose at the age of 92. Haplotype analysis using chromosome 2p markers implicated the MSH2 gene in this family's cancer susceptibility. MSH2 protein expression was absent in an MSI-positive colon cancer from an affected family member. Conclusions. The inability to exclude linkage of MSH2 with the disease susceptibility, the presence of the MSI phenotype in cancers from family members sharing the same region of chromosome 2p, and the lack of immunodetectable MSH2 point to MSH2-assosciated HNPCC as a cause for this family's cancer susceptibility. Continued efforts to increase awareness of the heritability of endometrial cancer should improve our understanding of the disease, with resultant improved surveillance strategies, recommendations for surgical and chemoprophylaxis, and identification of patients at risk for malignancy as a result of HNPCC.
On the secular pole motion and the Chandler wobble.

Summary The Earth's pole motion is characterized by an annual term, the Chandler wobble, and a strong secular motion. The annual is nearly periodic and the Chandler wobble is nearly a damped oscillation, but data are so limited that little about the secular term can be learned by conventional statistical analysis. Instead, we have used a new technique called ' cumulative range analysis ', which is effective in studying long-run dependence. The secular motion was found to follow a nearly Gaussian two-dimensional generalization of ' I/f noise'. The process yielding this kind of noise, for which the power diverges very slowly, can be imagined lying between stationary processes, such as white noise, for which the power is constant, and expanding processes, such as Brownian motion, for which the power diverges rapidly. One can prove that, for ' I/f noises ', uncertainty is left unchanged by averaging. Thus, one should expect the scatter of time averaged pole positions to be independent of the averaging times and nearly the same as the scatter of the monthly positions. This inference was checked empirically and verified. Averaging secular positions does not increase precision. Cumulative range analysis was also applied to the Chandler peak, confirming the accepted damped oscillator model, and yielding for Q an estimate between 30 and 35.
Cohabitation in the United States: An Appraisal of Research Themes, Findings, and Implications

Cohabitation has risen dramatically in the United States in a very short time. So, too, has the amount of sociological research devoted to the topic. In the span of a bit more than a decade, family sociologists and demographers have produced a large and rich body of research, ranging from documentation of cohabitation to assessment of its various consequences and implications. I first review basic descriptive findings about cohabitation as well as common explanations for its striking increase over recent decades. I next identify the central questions motivating most of the extant research and provide an assessment of past research as a whole. Finally, I speculate about themes that will be central to future research on cohabitation and consider the implications of cohabitation for gender equality in the United States and social science research on families.
Monte Carlo investigation of an atom laser with a modulated quasi-one-dimensional cavity

Abstract The dynamics of a recently proposed atom laser scheme based on a modulated quasi-one-dimensional atom cavity are investigated. A three-mode model is developed which includes the effects of dipole–dipole collisions as well as pump and loss mechanisms. It is shown that the Monte Carlo wavefunction simulation technique is superior to a direct solution of the resulting master equation because of the existence of constants of motion which are present in the Monte Carlo wavefunctions but not in the full density operator. Under suitable parameter choices, the solution to the master equation leads to Poissonian atom statistics in the occupation of a single-atomic-cavity mode, analogous to the photon statistics of the optical laser. A threshold behaviour is predicted as the losses are varied relative to the gain for the laser mode.
Homodyne fiber optic backscatter dynamic light scattering

Optical homodyne detection in the backscatter direction is achieved through a pair of collinearly located fibers in a cylindrical probe body. One fiber illuminates the scattering solution while the other fiber provides optical mixing of the backscattered optical field with a local oscillator derived from the Fresnel reflections at the glass interfaces of the sample container. Homodyne detection is possible over a broad range of particle size and sample concentration with a single probe design.
Nutrients, endpoints, and the problem of proof.

The early days of nutritional science were a heady time. Working out the metabolic roles and many benefits of specific nutrients was both exciting and clearly important. In more recent times, emphasis has shifted somewhat from metabolism to policy. In a sense, this represents a major victory for nutrition. Less than a century ago, E. V. McCollum had to struggle with the prevailing notion that food was primarily fuel. The idea that not eating something could make one sick was considered laughable. Now, it is taken for granted that the quality of what we eat is at least as important as the quantity, an understanding that leads naturally to the determining of nutrient intake requirements. It is not surprising, therefore, that 7 of the last 14 Atwater lectures dealt more or less explicitly with the issue of requirements. This one will be no exception to that pattern. In my McCollum lecture of 5 y ago (1), I called attention to what I perceived as a broadening of the way deficiency disease might be conceptualized. The original nutrient deficiency diseases were all of short latency and involved discrete body systems and dysfunctions. Rickets, pellagra, and beriberi are good cases in point. And, while the working science has progressed far beyond these beginnings, these short latency diseases have remained the implicit model for much of our thinking about nutritional deficiency and, to a substantial extent, our determination of nutrient intake requirements. For example, in the first of the dietary reference intake books, that for bone-related nutrients (2), the intake requirement for vitamin D was explicitly pegged solely to the prevention of rickets/osteomalacia. As is evident on a moment’s reflection, short latency was a prerequisite for the discovery of a connection between nutrient intake and disease. Had the outcome of an inadequate intake not been discrete and not been manifested promptly, it is doubtful that we ever would have recognized the connection between cause and effect (i.e. nutrient intake and health or disease). But the science has gone far beyond that point, and it seems that there is no inherent reason why inadequate intake of the same nutrients involved in short-latency diseases could not be producing long latency deficiency disease as well. Moreover, as is now generally recognized, nutrients act through multiple mechanisms, and low intakes might be expected to lead to disorders quite distinct from the disease originally connected with the nutrient. Vitamin D is a good case in point. Total body inputs closer to those that must have prevailed during hominid evolution are associated with reduced risk of disorders as varied as Type I diabetes, hypertension, osteoporosis, various cancers, multiple sclerosis, and periodontal disease, to name only some (3–24). (For several of these disorders there is now what is referred to as ‘‘level I evidence,’’ i.e. randomized controlled trials, confirming what had been found both in observational studies and in extensive bench and small animal studies.) This broadened scheme is illustrated graphically in Figure 1.
Modeling the effect of pressure altimetry on geostationary satellite surveillance accuracy

In the ranging and processing mobile-satellite (RAPSAT) system, aircraft position is estimated from the aircraft altitude in conjunction with the aircraft range (signal transit time) to two surveillance satellites. Due to large variations in atmospheric conditions, altimeter readings deviate significantly from the true geometric altitudes. As a result, the aircraft position estimation accuracy of satellite surveillance systems, such as RAPSAT, may be degraded. The authors model the spatial and temporal deviations between pressure altitudes and true geometric altitudes, and the results are applied to characterize the position estimation error of the RAPSAT system. The results show that the geometric altitude deviated widely from the pressure altitude at different latitudes and altitudes, but the altitude difference remained constant at the same latitudes and altitudes. As a result, these altitude deviations can be modeled as a constant correction over the same latitudes and altitudes. These altitude deviations were observed to be reasonably stable over several days. With the adjustment of altimeter readings, the errors in the estimation of geometric altitudes, including instrumentation errors, were computed to be less than 310 ft (one standard deviation) across conterminous US. The corresponding root mean square error in aircraft position (2-D) estimated by the RAPSAT system varied from 135 ft to 297 ft for six selected locations representing the cross section of the country. >
High performance data buses-progress and evolution

In 1987 four new 32-bit computer backplane buses joined FASTBUS (ANSI/IEEE Std. 960-1986) as IEEE standards. They are Futurebus (IEEE Std. 896.1), VME (IEEE Std. 1014), NuBus (IEEE Std. 1196), and Multibus-II (IEEE Std. 1296). The author compares and contrasts these buses, discusses their strengths and weaknesses, and considers possible directions for future improvement. He discusses fundamental limits and ways in which they can be overcome. >
Cancer epigenetics takes center stage

Epigenetics is defined as modifications of the genome, heritable during cell division, that do not involve a change in the DNA sequence. Examples include methylation induced premeiotically in Ascobolus, repeat-induced gene silencing and paramutation in plants, mating type silencing and telomere silencing in yeast, position effect variegation in Drosophila, and genomic imprinting in mammals and flowering plants. There are several features that distinguish epigenetics from conventional genetic mechanisms: reversibility; position effects, i.e., the ability to act over unexpected distances larger than a single gene; apparent mutations at unexpectedly high frequency; and the involvement of gene domains. One common thread to most epigenetic phenomena is DNA methylation, a covalent modification of the C5 position of cytosine. This methylation pattern is stably maintained at CpG dinucleotides by a family of DNA methyltransferases that recognize hemimethylated CpG dinucleotides after DNA replication. DNA methyltransferases belong to multiprotein complexes, and they contain sequence motifs for multiple such interactions, including interactions with chromatin components, some of which have been directly identified (3). Another common thread to epigenetics is a link to transcriptional regulation, generally involving gene silencing. DNA methylation in particular is generally but not exclusively linked to transcriptional silencing, including methylation induced premeiotically, paramutation, and mammalian gene silencing.
Protection of semiconductor devices, circuits, and equipment from voltage transients

In this paper a survey is presented of the means that can be applied to the suppression of voltage transients that can affect the reliability of equipment and systems employing semiconductor devices. Consideration is given to some of the ways transients are generated, their duration and magnitudes, and the approach taken in the military standard MIL-STD-704 in confining the power supply characteristics within definite limits which must be tolerated by the utilization equipment. Emphasis is placed on the various techniques--their advantages and limitations--that can be applied in suppressing transients generated from 28-volt dc power supplies. In addition, various device approaches used to limit voltage transients to rectifier diodes are also presented.
Advances in three-dimensional SAR from curvilinear apertures

Three-dimensional images free of sidelobe interaction effects of CLEAN have been generated by the PML algorithm. Some implementation speedups are possible and the significance of PML may extend to autofocus. Roll data while traversing a circular path is found suitable to define a curved aperture for preliminary three-dimensional ship imagery.
A Procedure for Evaluating Sensitivity to Within-Person Change: Can Mood Measures in Diary Studies Detect Change Reliably?

The recent growth in diary and experience sampling research has increased research attention on how people change over time in natural settings. Often however, the measures in these studies were originally developed for studying between-person differences, and their sensitivity to within-person changes is usually unknown. Using a Generalizability Theory framework, the authors illustrate a procedure for developing reliable measures of change using a version of the Profile of Mood States (POMS; McNair, Lorr, & Droppleman, 1992) shortened for diary studies. Analyzing two data sets, one composed of 35 daily reports from 68 persons experiencing a stressful examination and another composed of daily reports from 164 persons over a typical 28-day period, we demonstrate that three-item measures of anxious mood, depressed mood, anger, fatigue, and vigor have appropriate reliability to detect within-person change processes.
Electrodeposit Formation in Solid Electrolytes

Devices based on polarity-dependent switching in solid electrolytes show great promise as next generation memory and perhaps even logic devices. These elements operate by the formation of robust but reversible electrodeposited conducting pathways which can be grown and dissolved at low voltage and current. Although such devices have been well characterized, little has been presented on the exact growth mechanism and nature of the conducting links themselves. In this paper we will show and discuss examples of electrodeposition within ternary silver-chalcogenide electrolyte device structures. The electrolyte was sectioned using focused ion beam milling and imaged with an in-situ scanning electron microscope to reveal the profile of the structure. A variety of Ag electrodeposits were imaged in overwritten devices and it was clear that programming times in the order of a few seconds will create multiple deposits on the inert cathode, some of which appear to extend through to the anode. The electron beam itself was also used to reduce silver ions within the electrolyte to reveal how the electrodeposits might nucleate on the Ag-rich phases within the film.
Influence of naloxone infusion on prolactin and growth hormone response to growth hormone-releasing hormone in anorexia nervosa.

Abstract Anorexia nervosa (AN) is frequently associated with anomalies of growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) secretion. We studied the GH and PRL responses to GHRH 1–44 (50 μg iv ) and the effect of a naloxone infusion (1.6 mg/hr), started 1 hr before GHRH administration, on this response in 12 female patients with AN, aged 15–30 yr, and in seven normal women, aged 19–27 yr, during the follicular phase as controls. In AN, GHRH induced an increase in GH levels similar to that observed in normal subjects. A significant inhibition of the GH response to GHRH was observed during naloxone infusion, similar to the inhibition in normal female subjects during the follicular phase. PRL levels showed a significant increment after GHRH alone and a slight, nonsignificant, PRL increment after GHRH during naloxone infusion in AN patients. In contrast a slight PRL decrease was observed after GHRH, both before and during naloxone infusion, in the normal subjects. Our study demonstrates that endogenous opioids play a role in influencing PRL secretion in patients with AN different from their role in normal subjects.
Accommodation of single amino acid insertions by the native state of staphylococcal nuclease

Single alanine and glycine insertions were introduced at 20 randomly selected positions in staphylococcal nuclease. The resulting changes in catalytic activity and in stability to guanidine hydrochloride denaturation indicate that the native state structure is frequently able to accommodate the extra residue without great difficulty, even insertions within secondary structural elements such as alpha helices and beta sheets. On average, an inserted residue reduces the free energy of denaturation (delta GH2O) by an amount roughly comparable to an alanine or glycine substitution for one of the residues flanking the site of insertion. Several positions outside of the enzyme active site were found where insertions, but not substitutions, lead to structural changes that modify catalytic activity and the circular dichroism spectrum. Amino acid insertions represent a virtually unexplored class of genetic mutation that may prove complementary to amino acid substitutions for engineering proteins with altered functional and structural properties.
Some Observations on the Experimental Production of Acute Neuroaxonal and Synaptosomal Dystrophy

Fluorocitrate, and fluoroacetate block the Krebs cycle in neural tissue, cause convulsive seizures, and produce interesting neuropathological lesions, notably a swelling of neuronal and glial mitochondria and neuroaxonal and synaptosomal dystrophy. Axonal ballooning is a consequence of convulsive seizures coupled with inhibition of the Krebs cycle. Mg++ suppresses the convulsive seizures produced by fluorocitrate and prevents axonal ballooning. Strychnine convulsions do not cause neuroaxonal dystrophy. However, Mg++ does not prevent mitochondrial swelling or axonal dystrophy. Fluorouracil produces similar neuropathological lesions, apparently because it is degraded partly to fluoroacetate. Numerous agents with diverse biological actions also produce dystrophic changes in axons and nerve endings. These include: cyanide, arsenious oxide, ouabain, puromycin, parabenzoquinone, malonate, succinate, 3-acetylpyridine, desoxypyridoxine, methionine sulfoximine, antimycin A, iminodiproprionitrile, plasmocide, pyrathiamine, cupric sulfate, Trypan blue. Electron microscopic examination showed that the following agents also caused mitochondrial swelling: cyanide, iminodiproprionitrile, plasmocide, 3-acetylpyridine, methione sulfoximine, puromycin and Trypan blue. It is proposed that a swelling of perikaryal mitochondria is the common basis for the increased disgorgement of lysosomes, mitochondria and other cytoplasmic constituents occurring in neuroaxonal and synaptosomal dystrophy.
Non-Destructive Activation Analysis of Meteorites

Gamma spectrometry is a useful substitute for chemistry in the activation analysis of meteoritic specimens. After irradiation, instead of dissolving the sample and chemically extracting particular elements, the sample is instead placed in a scintillation counter and its gamma spectrum analyzed with the aid of a multichannel analyzer. By a suitable choice of irradiation conditions, various nuclides can be made to stand out clearly against the background of the irradiated meteorite. As examples, recent data are presented for aluminum and fluorine analysis of chondrites.
Overexpression of Homer1a in the basal and lateral amygdala impairs fear conditioning and induces an autism-like social impairment.

Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) represent a heterogeneous group of disorders with a wide range of behavioral impairments including social and communication deficits. Apart from these core symptoms, a significant number of ASD individuals display higher levels of anxiety, and some studies indicate that a subset of ASD individuals have a reduced ability to be fear conditioned. Deciphering the molecular basis of ASD has been considerably challenging and it currently remains poorly understood. In this study we examined the molecular basis of autism-like impairments in an environmentally induced animal model of ASD, where pregnant rats are exposed to the known teratogen, valproic acid (VPA), on day 12.5 of gestation and the subsequent progeny exhibit ASD-like symptoms. We focused our analysis on the basal and lateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA), a region of the brain found to be associated with ASD pathology. We performed whole genome gene expression analysis on the BLA using DNA microarrays to examine differences in gene expression within the amygdala of VPA-exposed animals. We validated one VPA-dysregulated candidate gene (Homer1a) using both quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blot. Finally, we overexpressed Homer1a within the basal and lateral amygdala of naive animals utilizing adeno-associated viruses (AAV) and subsequently examined these animals in a battery of behavioral tests associated with ASD, including auditory fear conditioning, social interaction and open field. Our microarray data indicated that Homer1a was one of the genes which exhibited a significant upregulation within the amygdala. We observed an increase in Homer1a messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein in multiple cohorts of VPA-exposed animals indicating that dysregulation of Homer1a levels might underlie some of the symptoms exhibited by VPA-exposed animals. To test this hypothesis, we overexpressed Homer1a within BLA neurons utilizing a viral-mediated approach and found that overexpression of Homer1a impaired auditory fear conditioning and reduced social interaction, while having no influence on open-field behavior. This study indicates that dysregulation of amygdala Homer1a might contribute to some autism-like symptoms induced by VPA exposure. These findings are interesting in part because Homer1a influences the functioning of Shank3, metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR5), and Homer1, and these proteins have previously been associated with ASD, indicating that these differing models of ASD may have a similar molecular basis.
Oxidative thymine mutation in DNA: water-wire-mediated proton-coupled electron transfer.

One-electron oxidation of A/T-rich DNA leads to mutations at thymine. Experimental investigation of DNA containing methyl-deuterated thymine reveals a large isotope effect establishing that cleavage of this carbon–hydrogen bond is involved in the rate-determining step of the reaction. First-principles quantum calculations reveal that the radical cation (electron hole) generated by DNA oxidation, initially located on adenines, localizes on thymine as the proton is lost from the methyl group, demonstrating the role of proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) in thymine oxidation. Proton transport by structural diffusion along a segmented “water-wire” culminates in proton solvation in the hydration environment, serving as an entropic reservoir that inhibits reversal of the PCET process. These findings provide insight into mutations in A/T-rich DNA such as replication fork stalling that is implicated in early stage carcinogenesis.