cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Die Reaktion von Borstickstoffverbindungen mit im Lichtbogen angeregten Kohlenstoffatomen

Die Reaktion von im Lichtbogen erzeugten Kohlenstoffatomen mit Dimethylaminoboran, (CH3)2NBH2 (1), ergibt als Hauptreaktionsprodukt das Dimethylamino-methylboran, (CH3)2NBHCH3 (3), das sich mit dem Ausgangsmaterial zur Vierringverbindung 5 umsetzt. Weiterhin findet man Dimethylamino-dimethylboran, (CH3)2NB(CH3)2 (2) und Dimethylamin-boran, (CH3)2NHBH3. Schlieslich kann die bisher noch nicht bekannte Verbindung (CH3)2NBHOBHN(CH3)2 (6) isoliert werden. The Reaction of Boron-Nitrogen Compounds with Excited Carbon Atoms Generated in an Arc The interaction of carbon vapor from a carbon are with dimethylaminoborane, (CH3)2NBH2 (1), yields as the main reaction product (dimethylamino)methylborane, (CH3)2 NBHCH3 (3), which combines with the starting material to form the four-membered ring compound 5. Other compounds formed in this reaction are (dimethylamino)dimethylborane, (CH3)2NB(CH3)2 (2), and dimethylaminborane, (CH3)2NHBH3, as well as the previously unknown compound (CH3)2NBHOBHN(CH3)2 (6), which could be isolated.
Overview of paediatric obesity for the paediatric mental health provider

Childhood obesity represents a significant challenge for paediatric healthcare delivery. As obesity rates increase, obese children and adolescents are at significant risk for the development of a myriad of medical and surgical problems as well as mental health problems. Moreover, children with mental health problems are increasingly presenting to their psychiatrists with obesity. Treatment of paediatric obesity requires a multidisciplinary approach with incorporation of the family into the treatment plan although still typically only offering suboptimal results. Paediatric providers from all disciplines should focus efforts primarily on obesity prevention and encouragement of healthy lifestyles, while incorporating treatment for obesity when such efforts fail. The goals of this article are to provide an overview of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, genetics, clinical features and treatment strategies for paediatric obesity.
Relationship of internal cyclic AMP levels, rates of protein synthesis and mucor dimorphism

Changes in the intracellular pools of cyclic AMP and specific rates of protein synthesis have been described as correlates of the yeast-to-hypha conversion in Mucor racemosis. A further examination of the relationship between these physiological parameters and the cellular morphogenesis was conducted in the present study. The levels of intracellular cyclic AMP consistently varied as a function of the cell morphology rather than the CO2 tension, oxygen tension or growth rate. The specific rate of protein synthesis failed to change during a N2-to-air-induced yeast-to-hypha transition. Previously reported changes in this parameter during CO2-to-air- and CO2-to-N2-induced yeast-to-hypha shifts may be a consequence of growth rate changes rather than development per se.
Energy and charge trapping by localized vibrations: Electron-vibrational coupling in anharmonic lattices.

We study the time dependence of the energy redistribution between an initially localized electron and the vibrations of a one-dimensional anharmonic lattice. Numerical solutions show the periodic electron-lattice energy exchange, in contrast to the usual irreversible gradual decrease of the electronic energy. This energy trapping is shown to occur due to the appearance of localized vibrations, induced by strong enough electron-vibrational coupling in the anharmonic lattice. For these strong-coupling situations, we observed both localized (trapped) and conductive electronic charge.
Unilateral temporal lobe epilepsy: An examination of psychopathology and psychosocial behavior

To investigate the hypothesis that patients with intractable left or right temporal lobe seizures manifest different interictal emotional presentations, the responses of 20 patients with left and 20 with right temporal lobe foci to a combined version of the California Psychological Inventory and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (CPI-MMPI) were analyzed. The CPI-MMPI was administered as part of a routine presurgical neuropsychological examination. Laterality of seizure focus was ascertained on the basis of EEG studies and was confirmed by the fact that all patients included in the study were seizure-free at the time of their 6-month follow-up postsurgical examinations. Two-tailed t tests revealed that the two groups (matched with regard to gender and age) were not significantly different (i.e., p > 0.01) with regard to any of the 36 CPI-MMPI scales. Item analysis using serial Chi-square analyses revealed that the left and right groups differed significantly ( p
Analytical Reflections on Access in English Higher Education: Transnational Lessons across the Pond

Recent policy trends in international higher education suggest that the dichotomy between selective and widening participation is a global issue. The central premise of this article considers the historical and contemporary challenge of promoting higher education opportunities across socio-economic distinctions in England. Three critical questions are considered: (1) How did historical developments of higher education in England during the twentieth century, including American influences after the Second World War, shape the contemporary debate on widening participation? (2) Have the purposes of higher education altered as access shifts from elite to mass? and (3) What critical philosophies influence higher education purposes and developments, and might more balanced viewpoints assist policy makers in crafting decisions? Thus, we can garner a greater comprehension of how educational policies in the twentieth century redefined the role of higher education, contributing to the debate concerning the definiti...
Classification of Exotropia

The classification of exotropia has been created to clarify the subsets of exotropia, to identify salient characteristics, and to address treatment options. These subsets were initially defined by ...
Crumpled graphene particles for microbial fuel cell electrodes

Abstract Graphene has a promising role in electrode fabrication/modification for microbial fuel cell (MFC) applications but there is a lack of research on graphene in MFCs. This study has systematically investigated two types of graphene materials with very different morphologies, namely regular graphene (like flat sheets of paper) and crumpled particles (like crumpled paper balls), respectively, to modify anode and cathode electrodes in MFCs. The higher electricity generation with the crumpled graphene particles is attributed to their higher electrical conductivity in the thickness direction, their larger surface area, catalytic activities of oxygen reduction, and the open structure they pack into that facilitates mass transfer of the fuels and ions. The crumpled graphene-modified anode electrode produces the highest maximum power density (3.6 W m−3), twice that of the activated carbon-modified anode electrode (1.7 W m−3). The maximum power densities with the crumpled graphene- and flat graphene-modified cathode electrodes are 3.3 W m−3 and 2.5 W m−3, significantly higher than 0.3 W m−3 with the unmodified carbon cloth, although still lower than a platinum cathode electrode. These results have demonstrated that graphene-based materials, especially the crumpled graphene particles, can be effective electrode modifying materials for improving electricity generation in MFCs.
Determining the force absorption quotient for restorative materials used in implant occlusal surfaces

Abstract It has been hypothesized that the type of material used to form the occlusal surface of restorations retained by dental implants may impart a “dampening effect” to the bone-implant interface. This study compared the force transmitted to human bone by gold, porcelain, and resin occlusal surfaces in a simulated implant occlusal rehabilitation. A Branemark self-tapping implant was placed in a human cadaver mandible with a stacked three element strain gauge cemented to the lingual cortical plate. An Instron testing machine was used to apply an axial force, through a peanut sample, to a restoration that contained interchangeable occlusal surfaces. Applied force was divided by recorded microstrain at the bone-strain gauge junction to derive a calculated ratio, or force absorption quotient. No statistically significant difference of the force absorption quotient between the occlusal surfaces of gold, porcelain, and resin was observed.
Photoconductivity in Organic Molecular Crystals

The present status of research on photoconductivity in organic molecular crystals is reviewed. The two main problems in the field, carrier generation and carrier transport, are discussed. The intent is to discuss those aspects of the problem which might be pertinent to photoconductivity induced by high energy radiation in polymers.
Structure, stability, and electronic and NMR properties of various oxo- and nitrido-derivatives of [L(Salen)Mn(III)]+, where L = none and imidazole. A density functional study.

Structure, stability, and electronic and NMR properties of [(Salen)Mn(III)]+-derived intermediates/reactants in the epoxidation/amination of unfunctionalized olefins, namely [(Salen)Mn(V)O]+ (1-oxo), [(Salen)Mn(IV)O] (2-oxo), and [(Salen)Mn(V)N] (3), have been studied with the B3LYP density functional method. It has been shown that the 1A, 3A, and 5A states of cationic 1-oxo species are virtually degenerate, while for the neutral 2-oxo species the ground 4A state lies 6.4 kcal/mol lower than 2A. In the nitrido species 3, the 1A state has been shown to be the ground state in agreement with experiment. We have investigated isomerization of 1-oxo and 2-oxo species into unusual [(OSalen)Mn(III)]+ (1-N-oxo and 1-peroxo) and [(OSalen)Mn(II)] (2-N-oxo and 2-peroxo) species, respectively. For cationic species 1, the 1-N-oxo isomers are more stable (by 10−12 kcal/mol) than the 1-oxo isomer and are separated from the latter by 21−22 kcal/mol barriers. On the other hand, 1-peroxo isomers are calculated to be 14−16 k...
On the Mechanism of [Rh(CO)2Cl]2-Catalyzed Intermolecular (5 + 2) Reactions between Vinylcyclopropanes and Alkynes

DFT calculations have been applied to investigate the reaction mechanism of rhodium dimer, [Rh(CO)2Cl]2, catalyzed intermolecular (5 + 2) reactions between vinylcyclopropanes and alkynes. The catalytic species is Rh(CO)Cl and the catalytic cycle is through the sequential reactions of cyclopropyl cleavage of vinylcyclopropane, alkyne insertion (rate-determining step), and a migratory reductive elimination.
Processing time for repetitions and the spacing effect.

Deux experiences, dans lesquelles des sujets doivent repondre a des questions simples, sont menees pour verifier la perspective de reconstruction de Jacoby (1978) et de Cudy & Jacoby (1982). Ce modele stipule que l'espacement favorise le souvenir d'un item repete en autant qu'il soit suffisamment long pour que le sujet doive recommencer. Le traitement de l'item repete a cause de l'oubli de la presentation anterieure de cet item
Proof of the Landau-Zener formula in an adiabatic limit with small eigenvalue gaps

We consider a smooth operator-valued functionH(t,δ) that has two isolated non-degenerate eigenvaluesE A (t,δ) andE B (t,δ) for δ>0. We assume these eigenvalues are bounded away from the rest of the spectrum ofH(t,δ), but have an avoided crossing with one another with a closest approach that isO(δ) as δ tends to zero. Under these circumstances, we study the small e limit for the adiabatic Schrodinger equation $$i\varepsilon \frac{{\partial \psi }}{{\partial t}} = H(t,\varepsilon ^{1/2} )\psi .$$ We prove that the Landau-Zener formula correctly describes the coupling between the adiabatic states associated with the eigenvaluesE A (t,δ) andE B (t,δ) as the system propagates through the avoided crossing.
Optimal production run length for deteriorating production system with a two-state continuous-time Markovian processes under allowable shortages

The paper studies optimal production run length for a deteriorating production system in which the shortages are allowed and the deterioration processes are characterized by a two-state continuous-time Markov chain. We show that there exists a unique optimal production run length to minimize the expected total relevant cost. In addition, bounds for the optimal production run length are provided to develop the solution procedure. Finally, a numerical example is given to illustrate the results and sensitivity analysis is also performed
Processing of Thermoplastic Composites Using a Powder Slurry Technique. I. Impregnation and Preheating

Abstract The success of thermoplastic matrix composites depends upon the development of economical methods of impregnation. The purpose of this work was to develop and understand an economical impregnation procedure using a slurry based powder technology. An impregnation and preheating line consisting of a fiber tensioner, a slurry bath, a drying heater, a coating heater, and a fiber winder was used to make resin coated fibers. The influence of the process parameters on the impregnation, preheating, coating, and consolidation were studied. Part I of this paper presents the experimental investigation of the impregnation and preheating stages of the process together with a preheating model. Luikov's coupled equations of heat and mass transfer were used to model the heating and drying of the tow in the preheater. The predictions of the preheating and drying model are compared to the experimentally obtained results.
Highly disparate activity regions due to non-uniform potential distribution in microfluidic devices: Simulations and experiments

Abstract In a microfluidic flow cell activity pattern can occur along a thin band electrode due to the potential distribution in the cell. For quantitative characterization of the pattern formation exclusively due to electric effect and for elimination of interactions of reaction sites from concentration distribution along the flow channel, a partial differential equation model is formulated for the spatiotemporal variation of electrode potential with Butler–Volmer kinetics limited by mass transfer. At constant applied circuit voltage, with increase of the electrode size a limiting current is achieved because of the spatial pattern formation. The limiting current arises due to the formation of high activity at the downstream edge, and low (nearly open circuit potential) activity at the upstream edge. The spatial pattern (e.g., ratio of active vs. inactive region) depends on the electrode size, the applied voltage, the conductivity of the electrolyte, and the distance from the downstream electrode edge to the reservoir. It is also shown that by placing equally spaced insulating stripes on the electrode much of the activity can be retained and the current does not decrease significantly due to the lessened surface area (as long as the surface area of the insulating stripes is less than about 50% of the entire electrode area). The model simulations are interpreted with a coupled ordinary differential equation model of segmented electrodes and the occurrence of the strong edge effects is confirmed with experiments of a four-electrode electrode array in a microfluidic flow cell with ferrocyanide oxidation.
Crystal growth of YVO4 using the LHPG technique

A laser heated pedestal growth (LHPG) technique utilizing a 50 W CO2 laser source was employed for the growth of YVO4. A growth method where only a small volume of the substance is melted was selected, since vanadium oxides vaporize readily at the melting point of YVO4 (1810°C). The feed and seed rods were prepared from ceramics made from different Y2O3-V2O5 compositions synthesized by both solid state and wet chemical methods. The congruent melting composition (CMC) was determined to be 49.3 mol% V2O5-50.7 mol% Y2O3. Two phases in addition to YVO4 were observed and found to be Y8V2O17 and a black crystalline YVO4−x (0
Genetic diversity and population structure in urban white-tailed deer

Habitat fragmentation in urban areas has left many species isolated and vulnerable to loss of genetic variation. White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), however, thrive in urban areas. We compared genetic diversity and structure among deer in 2 urban metroparks with deer in a fenced reserve and with deer from an open, continuously distributed population to inform urban deer management. If urban deer maintain species' typical matrilineal genetic structure, removal of female groups may effectively reduce local abundance. However, if gene flow in urban areas is high, dispersal may impede efforts to reduce abundance. Although genetic diversity was high and mean relatedness was near zero in all locations, distributions of pairwise relatedness in urban metroparks and the fenced reserve contained greater proportions of closely and distantly related deer than the open locations, likely attributable to matrilineal structure. In addition, deer from the metroparks (approx. 65 km apart) were moderately differentiated (Fst = 0.092) indicating gene flow in urban areas may be less than in other landscapes. Our results indicate that removal of matrilineal groups may reduce local urban deer abundance without inducing immigration from surrounding areas. © The Wildlife Society, 2012
Computer analysis of the cracking patterns of deuterated hydrocarbons

Abstract A generalized, statistical model for calculating the mass spectral fragmentation patterns of deuterated hydrocarbons of low molecular weight is presented. Isotopic differences in bond energies and probabilities of the bond breakage of hydrogen and deuterium are included. Only a single fitting parameter is used. This parameter seems to be consistent for similar species of hydrocarbons. Small statistical deviations from observed spectra for deuterated methanes, acetylenes, ethylenes, and ethanes are obtained when this model is used.
Potential seismic hazards and tectonics of the upper Cook Inlet basin, Alaska, based on analysis of Pliocene and younger deformation

The Cook Inlet basin is a northeast-trending forearc basin above the Aleutian subduction zone in southern Alaska. Folds in Cook Inlet are complex, discontinuous structures with variable shape and vergence that probably developed by right-transpressional deformation on oblique-slip faults extending downward into Mesozoic basement beneath the Tertiary basin. The most recent episode of deformation may have began as early as late Miocene time, but most of the deformation occurred after deposition of much of the Pliocene Sterling Formation. Deformation continued into Quaternary time, and many structures are probably still active. One structure, the Castle Mountain fault, has Holocene fault scarps, an adjacent anticline with flower structure, and historical seismicity. If other structures in Cook Inlet are active, blind faults coring fault-propagation folds may generate M w 6–7+ earthquakes. Dextral transpression of Cook Inlet appears to have been driven by coupling between the North American and Pacific plates along the Alaska-Aleutian subduction zone, and by lateral escape of the forearc to the southwest, due to collision and indentation of the Yakutat terrane 300 km to the east of the basin.
Amide groups as interaction sites in wheat gluten proteins: Effects of amide-ester conversion

Abstract The side-chain amide groups of gluten and its fractions, glutenin and gliadin, were converted in part to ester groups by reaction with methanol containing hydrogen chloride. The transformation occurred with little cleavage of peptide linkages. Properties that were changed significantly included solubility in various systems, intrinsic viscosity, and cohesion of the hydrated mass. The changes indicate that the large number of side-chain amide groups in wheat gluten and its component proteins participate in association between the protein molecules and also between the proteins and various solvents. The concept of hydrogen bonding provides a reasonable explanation for the association through amide groups and for the effects of amideester conversion. The amide groups are also partially responsible for the cohesive and elastic characteristics of hydrated vital wheat gluten.
Prioritizing uncharacterized genes in the search for glioma biomarkers

Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA *Author for correspondence: rheal-towner@omrf.org A total of 40% of all primary CNS tumors are diagnosed as gliomas, with glioblastomas (GBM) being the most malignant [1]. There is a very poor survival time of approximately 15 months for most patients diagnosed with GBM [1]. The malignant nature of high grade gliomas makes them one of the leading causes of cancer death [1]. To classify tumors and assess prognosis, differences in molecular composition, or ‘biomarkers’, between tissue types can be used diagnostically to assess and manage adult malignant gliomas [2–7]. Recent biomarkers have been reported from genome-wide surveys associating somatic mutations with risk of glioma development [8]. The molecular biomarkers that are most commonly used to evaluate adult malignant gliomas from biopsies include 1p/19q codeletion, methylation of the O-6 methylguanineDNA methyltransferase (MGMT) gene promoter, alterations in the EGF receptor (EGFR) pathway, and isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) and IDH2 gene mutations [2–9]. Several proteomics-based approaches have been used to search for proteins that are unique to gliomas [10], but these have been severely limited by sample size, the ability to detect low abundance proteins and data reproducibility. It is also important to note that many of these studies have generated hundreds and even thousands of putative candidates, however, few have been able to follow up with subsequent validation and characterization approaches. The value of therapeutic biomarkers depends, in large part, on whether or not the technology exists to take advantage of their differential presence or absence in diseased cells. Arguably, the most valuable type of biomarkers are proteins that are either expressed on the cell surface or found in plasma, because the technology is readily available to manufacture antibodies to these proteins and deliver them intravenously, either alone or as conjugates to cytotoxic compounds. In fact, over the past decade, the market for such Rheal A Towner*,1,2 & Jonathan D Wren3,4 “...there is likely to be a higher relative contribution to scientific knowledge when characterizing/annotating a function or role for a gene that has not yet been studied over adding additional information to one that has already been very well-studied.”
Cortex Contacts both Output Neurons and Nitrergic Interneurons in the Superior Colliculus: Direct and Indirect Routes for Multisensory Integration

The ability of cat superior colliculus (SC) neurons to integrate information from different senses is thought to depend on direct projections from regions along the anterior ectosylvian sulcus (AES). However, electrical stimulation of AES also activates SC output neurons polysynaptically. In the present study, we found that nitric oxide (NO)--containing (nitrergic) interneurons are a target of AES projections, forming a component of this cortico-SC circuitry. The dendritic and axonal processes of these corticorecipient nitrergic interneurons apposed the soma and dendrites of presumptive SC output neurons. Often, an individual cortical fiber targeted both an output neuron and a neighboring nitrergic interneuron that, in turn, contacted the output neuron. Many (46%) nitrergic neurons also colocalized with g-aminobutyric acid (GABA), suggesting that a substantial subset have the potential for inhibiting output neurons. These observations suggest that nitrergic interneurons are positioned to convey cortical influences onto SC output neurons disynaptically via nitrergic mechanisms as well as conventional neurotransmitter systems utilizing GABA and other, possibly excitatory, neurotransmitters. In addition, because NO also acts as a retrograde messenger, cortically mediated NO release from the postsynaptic elements of nitrergic interneurons could influence presynaptic cortico-SC terminals that directly contact output neurons.
Developmental and Family Correlates of Children's Knowledge and Attitudes Regarding AIDS

Assessed developmental and family variables associated with children's knowledge of and emotional attitudes toward AIDS. Participants included 65 first to sixth graders from two private elementary schools and their mothers. Between-groups comparisons showed that children knowledgeable about AIDS were older and had more mature illness concepts than children who were not knowledgeable. Among children who were knowledgeable about AIDS, a relatively negative attitude toward AIDS was associated with a negative attitude toward illness in general. Moreover, the children's attitude toward AIDS was more negative than their attitudes toward other serious illnesses. Family relations and maternal AIDS-related knowledge and attitudes were linked with neither children's knowledge nor their attitudes.
Hijacking of RIG-I Signaling Proteins into Virus-Induced Cytoplasmic Structures Correlates with the Inhibition of Type I Interferon Responses

ABSTRACT Recognition of viral pathogens by the retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptor (RLR) family results in the activation of type I interferon (IFN) responses. To avoid this response, most viruses have evolved strategies that target different essential steps in the activation of host innate immunity. In this study, we report that the nonstructural protein NSs of the newly described severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is a potent inhibitor of IFN responses. The SFTSV NSs protein was found to inhibit the activation of the beta interferon (IFN-β) promoter induced by viral infection and by a RIG-I ligand. Astonishingly, we found that SFTSV NSs interacts with and relocalizes RIG-I, the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM25, and TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) into SFTSV NSs-induced cytoplasmic structures. Interestingly, formation of these SFTSV NSs-induced structures occurred in the absence of the Atg7 gene, a gene essential for autophagy. Furthermore, confocal microscopy studies revealed that these SFTSV NSs-induced structures colocalize with Rab5 but not with Golgi apparatus or endoplasmic reticulum markers. Altogether, the data suggest that sequestration of RIG-I signaling molecules into endosome-like structures may be the mechanism used by SFTSV to inhibit IFN responses and point toward a novel mechanism for the suppression of IFN responses. IMPORTANCE The mechanism by which the newly described SFTSV inhibits host antiviral responses has not yet been fully characterized. In this study, we describe the redistribution of RIG-I signaling components into virus-induced cytoplasmic structures in cells infected with SFTSV. This redistribution correlates with the inhibition of host antiviral responses. Further characterization of the interplay between the viral protein and components of the IFN responses could potentially provide targets for the rational development of therapeutic interventions.
Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using Raman and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous atmospheric pollutants and food contaminants, which exhibit potent carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and teratogenicity. Vibrational spectroscopy techniques, especially Raman spectroscopy and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), can be potentially used as an alternative technique to liquid and gas chromatography in PAH analysis. However, there is limited information on the intrinsic Raman and SERS fingerprints of PAHs. In this study, we have acquired the Raman and SERS spectra of seven PAH compounds and compared their experimental spectra with theoretical Raman spectra calculated by density function theory (DFT). The vibrational modes corresponding to the Raman peaks have also been assigned using DFT. Characteristic Raman and SERS peaks have been identified for five PAH compounds, and the limits of detection were estimated. Such information could be useful for developing SERS assays for simple and rapid PAH identification. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel computer-based assessment of asthma strategies in inner-city children

Background Childhood asthma continues to be a growing medical concern in the United States, affecting >17 million children in 1998. The mortality rate from asthma in children aged 5 to 14 years has nearly doubled, from 1.7 deaths per million to 3.2 deaths per million between 1980 and 1993. Objective To evaluate the use of artificial neural networks (ANNs) to rate problem-based strategies for asthma management in a defined population of children. Methods The participants in our study were recruited from a local inner-city medical facility in Los Angeles. The majority of participants had received the diagnosis of mild-to-moderate-persistent asthma. Each participant was given 10 asthma-based problems and asked to manage them. Each management decision and its order were entered into a database. This database was used to train an artificial neural network (ANN). The trained ANN was then used to cluster the various performances, and outputs were evaluated graphically. Results Three hundred five performances were analyzed through our trained neural network. Our ANN classified five major clusters representing different approaches to solving an acute asthma case. Conclusions ANNs can build rich models of complex phenomena through a training and pattern-recognition process. Such networks can solve classification problems with ill-defined categories in which the patterns are deeply hidden within the data, and models of behavior are not well defined. In our pilot study, we have shown that ANNs can be useful in automating evaluation and improving our understanding of how children manage their asthma.
The Case of the Missing Premise

This paper suggests that the flaw in the enthymeme approach to argument analysis is in the requirement, as I come to formulate it, that an argument be restated as a premises-and-conclusion sequence. The paper begins by investigating how logicians show that there are problems with the enthymeme approach. That investigation reveals a failure on the part of logicians to appreciate the importance of the rhetorical context of an argument. This failure, it is argued, is a consequence of what I refer to as the Premise-Conclusion Requirement.
Defining and refining international donor support for combating the AIDS pandemic

Summary The international aid effort against AIDS is greatly incommensurate with the severity of the epidemic. Drawing on the data that international aid donors self-reported to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), we find that, between 1996 and 1998, finance from all rich countries to sub-Saharan Africa for projects designated as AIDS control averaged US$69 million annually, and, assuming a safe margin for under-reporting and misreporting, we estimate that total donor spending on HIV/AIDS control was perhaps twice that at most. Since the late 1980s, aid levels have dropped relative to the prevalence of HIV infection, and stood recently at about $3 per HIV infected person. Lack of finance is now the primary constraint on progress against AIDS, notwithstanding the wide spread belief that a lack of interest from the governments of poor countries is limiting. We argue that to produce a meaningful response to the pandemic, international assistance must be based on grants, not loans, for the poorest countries; be increased within the next 3 years to a minimum of $7·5 billion or more; be directed toward funding projects which are proposed and desired by the affected countries themselves, and which are judged as having epidemiological merit against the pandemic by a panel of independent scientific experts; and fund concurrent needs, including prevention, drug treatment (such as highly active antiretroviral therapy), and blocking mother-to-child HIV transmission. An effort of this scope and scale will both radically alter the prospects for intervention against AIDS in poor countries, and together with comparable efforts to control other infectious diseases, is easily afforded by the OECD donor economies, whose aggregate national income recently surpassed $21 trillion annually.
A Loop Correlation Technique to Improve Performance Auditing

Performance auditing is an online optimization strategy that empirically measures the effectiveness of an optimization on a particular code region. It has the potential to greatly improve performance and prevent degradations due to compiler optimizations. Performance auditing relies on the ability to obtain sufficiently many timings of the region of code to make statistically valid conclusions. This work extends the state-of-the-art of performance auditing systems by allowing a finer level of granularity for obtaining timings and thus, increases the overall effectiveness of a performance auditing system. The problem solved by our technique is an instance of the general problem of correlating a program's high-level behavior with its binary instructions, and thus, can have uses beyond a performance auditing system. We present our implementation and evaluation of our technique in a production Java VM.
Changing Governance of the World's Forests

Major features of contemporary forest governance include decentralization of forest management, logging concessions in publicly owned commercially valuable forests, and timber certification, primarily in temperate forests. Although a majority of forests continue to be owned formally by governments, the effectiveness of forest governance is increasingly independent of formal ownership. Growing and competing demands for food, biofuels, timber, and environmental services will pose severe challenges to effective forest governance in the future, especially in conjunction with the direct and indirect impacts of climate change. A greater role for community and market actors in forest governance and deeper attention to the factors that lead to effective governance, beyond ownership patterns, is necessary to address future forest governance challenges.
The Effects of Processing on the Microstructure of Copper Thin Films on Tantalum Barrier Layers

Preferred crystallographic orientation and grain size distribution were characterized as a function of processing for sputtered Cu films on Ta underlayers. The Ta barrier layer was deposited at two temperatures, 30 and 100 °C. Cu was deposited at 30, 150 and 250 °C on the 30 °C Ta, and at 100, 150, 200 and 250 °C on the 100 °C Ta. In the first set of samples, with increasing deposition temperature, the Cu (111) fiber texture grew weaker and the volume fraction of randomly oriented grains increased from 0.23 to 0.74. In contrast, for the films deposited on the 100 °C Ta, with increasing deposition temperature, Cu (111) fiber texture strengthened and the fractions of randomly oriented and twinned grains decreased. Grain size was lognormally distributed in all samples and varied approximately parabolically with deposition temperature. At a given deposition temperature, median grain size in the Cu was larger in the films deposited on the 100 °C Ta. These results will be related to the microstructure of the Ta underlayers. Cu microstructure on the 100 °C Ta is shown to be influenced by textural inheritance from the Ta underlayer. Microstructure of the Cu on 30 °C Ta is discussed in terms of trace contaminants.
The spectrum of acute encephalitis: Causes, management, and predictors of outcome

Objective: To describe and analyze etiologies, clinical presentations, therapeutic management, and outcomes of patients with acute encephalitis and identify outcome predictors. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of patients diagnosed with acute encephalitis at Mayo Clinic Rochester between January 2000 and December 2012. On the basis of the final diagnosis, the patients were categorized into 3 groups: viral encephalitis, autoimmune encephalitis, and encephalitis of unknown/other etiology. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyze factors associated with good (modified Rankin Scale scores of 0–2) or poor (scores of 3–6) outcome at hospital discharge. Results: We identified 198 patients (100 [50.5%] men and 98 [49.5%] women) with a median age of 58 years (range 41.8–69). Etiologies included viral infection (n = 95, 48%), autoimmune (n = 44, 22%), and unknown/others (n = 59, 30%). Good outcome at discharge was achieved by 48 patients (50.5%) with viral encephalitis, 17 (40.5%) with autoimmune encephalitis, and 32 (54.2%) with unknown/other etiologies. Mortality rates were 8%, 12%, and 5% in each of the 3 categories, respectively. On multivariate regression analysis, the factors that were associated with poor outcome were age 65 years or older ( p = 0.0307), immunocompromised state ( p = 0.0153), coma ( p = 0.0062), mechanical ventilation ( p = 0.0124), and acute thrombocytopenia ( p = 0.0329). CSF polymorphonuclear cell count was also strongly associated with poor outcome in viral encephalitis ( p = 0.0027). Conclusions: Advanced age, immunocompromised state, coma, mechanical ventilation, and acute thrombocytopenia portend a worse prognosis in acute encephalitis. In contrast, the etiology of encephalitis, development of seizures or focal neurologic deficit, and MRI findings were not associated with clinical outcomes.
Multifunctional porous silicon nanopillar arrays: antireflection, superhydrophobicity, photoluminescence, and surface-enhanced Raman scattering

We have fabricated porous silicon nanopillar arrays over large areas with a rapid, simple, and low-cost technique. The porous silicon nanopillars show unique longitudinal features along their entire length and have porosity with dimensions on the single-nanometer scale. Both Raman spectroscopy and photoluminescence data were used to determine the nanocrystallite size to be <3 nm. The porous silicon nanopillar arrays also maintained excellent ensemble properties, reducing reflection nearly fivefold from planar silicon in the visible range without any optimization, and approaching superhydrophobic behavior with increasing aspect ratio, demonstrating contact angles up to 138°. Finally, the porous silicon nanopillar arrays were made into sensitive surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates by depositing metal onto the pillars. The SERS performance of the substrates was demonstrated using a chemical dye Rhodamine 6G. With their multitude of properties (i.e., antireflection, superhydrophobicity, photoluminescence, and sensitive SERS), the porous silicon nanopillar arrays described here can be valuable in applications such as solar harvesting, electrochemical cells, self-cleaning devices, and dynamic biological monitoring.
Multiple organic anion transporters contribute to net renal excretion of uric acid

Excretion of uric acid, a compound of considerable medical importance, is largely determined by the balance between renal secretion and reabsorption. The latter process has been suggested to be pri...
Assay of Chicken Brain Neurotoxic Esterase Activity Using Leptophosoxon as the Selective Neurotoxic Inhibitor

Hen brain microsomal preparation has phenyl valerate-hydrolyzing activity associated with neurotoxic esterase activity. Part of that activity is due to paraoxon-insensitive esterases and a sub-part of this is sensitive to neurotoxic organophosphates, i.e., mipafox and leptophosoxon. This neurotoxic agent sensitive esterase activity is referred to as neurotoxic esterase (NTE). Because of the commercial unavailability and high toxicity of mipafox, which is usually used as the selective inhibitor for assaying NTE, leptophosoxon was used as an alternative to mipafox. Results indicated that the NTE fraction of hen brain microsomal PV-hydrolyzing activity is the same target for either mipafox or leptophosoxon. The inhibitory effect of leptophosoxon against that fraction was much higher than that of mipafox. The availability of leptophos/leptophosoxon makes this assay very useful for screening organophosphorus esters for neurotoxic effects.
Inferences about magma sources and mantle structure from variations of ^(143)Nd/^(144)Nd

Continental flood basalts and mid-ocean ridge (MOR) tholeiitic basalts have distinctly different ^(143)Nd/^(144)Nd which may permit a priori distinction between "continental" and "oceanic" igneous rocks. Initial ^(143)Nd/^(144)Nd of continental igneous rocks through time fall on a Sm/Nd evolution curve with chondritic REE abundance ratio. These observations indicate that many continental igneous rocks are derived from a reservoir with chondritic REE pattern which may represent primary material remaining since the formation of the earth. Oceanic igneous rocks are derived from a different ancient reservoir which has Sm/Nd higher than chondritic. Initial ^(143)Nd/^(144)Nd and ^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr in young basalts from both oceans and continents show a strong correlation suggesting that Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr fractionation events in the mantle may be correlative and caused by the same process. From this correlation Rb/Sr for the earth is inferred to be 0.029.
A Dominant Suppressor of A and B

. A healthy blood donor was found to have no anti-A in his serum while his red cells typed as O. A maternal half-brother, whose father is not related, lacks anti-B. The pedigree shows that the effect is due to dominant suppression of normal A1 and B genes.
Feedback time delay as a stabilizing tool in trajectory tracking, analysis and experiments

A trajectory-tracking problem is considered, represented by linear time invariant (LTI) dynamics of the error. Interesting complexity appears, both analytically and experimentally, when the feedback line is affected by a time delay. We analyze first, the influence of the delay on the system stability and then validate the findings via experiments and numerical simulations. In this effort the system dynamics and the control law are all kept fixed while the only varying parameter is taken to be the feedback time delay, /spl tau/. The analysis is conducted utilizing a recent framework of the authors, "cluster treatment of characteristic roots (CTCR)". We obtain the complete stability outlook of the system in the domain of /spl tau/ and observe an interesting property: the feedback delay may be utilized as a stabilizing tool within the control that is when properly selected it may improve the quality of control. We validate these observations via an experimental study and a dynamic simulation work. Ultimately, we propose a unique and interesting procedure to use the time delay as a stabilizing agent as well as a tool to enhance the control performance.
But Yet and Still the Cotton Gin Kept on Working

(1983). 'But Yet and Still the Cotton Gin Kept on Working…! The Black Scholar: Vol. 14, The Best of The Black Scholar: The Black Woman III, pp. 13-17.
Synthesis, characterization and chemical stability of silicon dichalcogenides, Si(SexS1-x)(2)

Silicon dichalcogenides have an intriguing crystal structure consisting of long tetrahedral chains held together by van der Waals forces but the electronic and optical properties have been less explored. In the present work, bulk SiSe2, SiS2, and Si(SexS1-x)(2) were synthesized by the congruent melt growth method and characterized by Raman spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction and UV/visible/IR transmission measurements supported by first-principles calculations. First-principles calculations reveal a nearly linear decrease of band gap energy in Si(SexS1-x)(2) with increasing Se content, i.e., from SiS2 to SiSe2 which corresponds with a blue-shift in the transmission spectra from bulk SiSe2 to Si(Se0.6S0.4)(2), and to SiS2. Air stability tests demonstrate the formation of toxic H2Se/H2S gas from sample oxidation at room temperature upon exposure to ambient air, and great care should be paid when handling these materials. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Abstract P5-06-02: The Role of Breast Tumor Kinase (Brk) in Cell Cycle Control

Brk promotes cell proliferation and has been associated with multiple mitogenic pathways. However, the role of Brk in the cell cycle is still elusive. Here, we present a mechanism of Brk-induced cell cycle progression. Brk downregulates the cell cycle inhibitor p27 by altering its transcription factor FoxO3a subcellular localization. p27 is a key component of the G1/S cell cycle checkpoint and downregulation of p27 promotes S phase entry. The progression of the cell from G1 to S phase, induced by Brk, is independent of growth factors suggesting a role for Brk in malignant transformation. FoxO3a appears to be a major component in p27 down-regulation by Brk as the effect of Brk on p27 expression is significantly abrogated in cells transfected with siRNA targeting FoxO3a. The induction of FoxO3a nuclear exclusion by Brk is inhibited by LY294002 indicating that the mechanism is mediated by the PI3-kinase/Akt pathway. The mechanism underlying PI3-kinase mediated Brk function is still under investigation with evidence suggesting the involvement of the translocation of epidermal growth factor receptor. These data suggest that perturbation of p27 expression induced by Brk causes S phase entrance. Deregulation of the cell cycle is a key event in neoplasia, and thus, the mechanism presented here likely contributes to breast cancer development. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-06-02.
Econometric analysis of the impacts of rail transit on property values:the number 1 and 2 lines in Nanjing

Urban rail transit results in an improvement of residents' accessibility and a change in urban traditional locations. Urban rail has a significant effect on property values,and it is necessary to analyse the extent and degree of impact. Here,from the perspective of theoretical and empirical analysis,we verify the impacts of urban rail transit on property values in Nanjing,Jiangsu. Using theoretical analysis and empirical data we propose a hypothesis and then build an econometric analysis model and hedonic price method based on an area within 2km of subway lines 1 and 2 in Nanjing. We found that urban rail transit has a significant multiplier effect on property values,the influence of different distances from the subway station is different:property values within 500 m of a subway station are 14.3% higher than those beyond that distance;property values within 1 000 m of a subway station are 8.9% higher than those beyond that distance;and property values within1 500 m of a subway station are 3.9% higher than those beyond that distance. When the distance is greater than 1 500 m,the multiplier effect is not statistically significant. There is an inverted U relationship between the impact of rail transit on property values and linear distance from a subway station:as distance increases,the influence degree firstly increases and then decreases and the greatest degree of influence is 320 m from the subway station. The impact of rail transit on property values has a sub-market effect and the influence on rural markets is far greater than on urban markets.