cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hemiarthroplasty in hip fracture care Effects of surgical volume on short-term outcome

In 1992, the Agency of Health Care Administration in Tallahassee, Florida started releasing, as part of the discharge information, the names of the treating physician along with the clinical data. This information was used to assess the effects of volume on the short-term outcome of hemiarthroplasty surgery in hip fracture care as a function of surgeons and hospitals in the state of Florida, during the year 1992. A total of 5,604 cases were available for study. Analysis of the data showed that the average inhospital mortality rate was 4.3%. The average length of stay was 11.2 days. After arbitrarily dividing the doctors into three case volume groups (low, medium, high), results showed that surgeons with a low volume of arthroplasty cases (less than 10 per year) had a statistically significant higher average length of stay and inhospital charges when compared with the other two case volume groups.
Niemann-Pick disease in a boy of 16 months; electrophoretic study of blood serum proteins and lipoproteins following various types of therapy.

Summary 1. Cortisone, ACTH, and antibiotics (Mysteclin, streptomycin, Terramycin, and Chloromycetin) lowered the A/G ratio, with a respective lowering of the albumin fraction and subsequent increases of the alpha 1 , alpha 2 , beta, and gamma fractions, the greatest increase being in the beta and gamma fractions. 2. Neither vitamin A nor B 12 and lipoproteins (choline and methionine) had any effect on the protein fractions. 3. The therapy used had no significant effect on the peripheral blood picture, Na, Cl, K, urea, or cholesterol levels, outside of variable changes that were undoubtedly due to the clinical manifestations of the disease rather than the therapy used. 4. The therapy failed to affect the all-important lipoprotein fractions which are so significant and essential in a disease of the lipoid type.
Ojibway adolescent time spent with parents/elders as related to delinquency and court adjudication experiences.

This study sought to determine whether volume of time spent by adolescents (ages 12-18) with their families (parent/elder present) and the existence of family dysfunctional factors (substance use, domestic abuse, and negative well-being within the family) shared a relationship with adolescent experience in court adjudication and juvenile delinquency behaviors. Results indicated that adolescents experiencing greater volume of family contact tended to have less involvement with both court adjudication and delinquency behaviors (r = -.16 to -.38). Increased frequency of family dysfunctional factors served as a predictor of adolescent involvement with court adjudication and juvenile delinquency (r = .24 to .59). Language: en
306 - Nucleotides and related substances: Conformation in solution and at solution|electrode interfaces

Summary The problems involved in inferring conformation and orientation from electrochemical measurements are considered as are the implications of extrapolating the results for relatively simple nucleotides to biopolymers. The determination of conformation, e.g., shape in solution — more particularly, when approaching the electrode — largely depends on estimation of the effective molecular cross-section as reflected in the experimentally measured diffusion coefficient, D; for example, formation of associated species as in base stacking is usually reflected in a variation in D and, often, in redox potential. The determination of conformation at the solution/electrode interface is often intimately connected with the state and orientation of an adsorbed species — more particularly of its electroactive and adsorption sites — relative to the electrode surface. Current trends in inferring such interfacial conformation for DNA and derived large nucleic acid species are summrized; the adsorption pattern seen on oxidation of NADH at carbon electrodes is reviewed.
Improving Irrigation in Remote Areas: Multi-Objective Optimization of a Treadle Pump

Water-lifting technologies in rural areas of the developing world have enormous potential to stimulate agricultural and economic growth. The treadle pump, a human-powered low-cost pump designed for irrigation in developing countries, can help farmers maximize financial return on small plots of land by ending their dependency on rain-fed irrigation systems. The treadle pump uses a suction piston to draw groundwater to the surface by way of a foot-powered treadle attached to each suction piston. Current treadle pump designs lift water from depths up to 7 meters at a flow-rate of 1–5 liters per second. This work seeks to optimize the design of the Dekhi style treadle pump, which has gained significant popularity due to its simplicity. A mathematical model of the working fluid and treadle pump structure has been developed in this study. Deterministic optimization methods are then employed to maximize the flow rate of the groundwater pumped, maximize the lift height, and minimize the volume of material used for manufacturing. Design variables for the optimization included the dimensions of the pump, well depth, and speed of various parts of the system. The solutions are subject to constraints on the geometry of the system, the bending stress in the treadles, and ergonomic factors. Findings indicate that significant technical improvements can be made on the standard Dekhi design, such as increasing the size of the pump cylinders and hose, while maintaining a standard total treadle length. These improvements could allow the Dekhi pump to be implemented in new regions and benefit additional rural farmers in the developing world.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Parallel simulation of compressible flow using automatic differentiation and PETSc

Abstract Many aerospace applications require parallel implicit solution strategies and software. The use of two computational tools, the Portable, Extensible Toolkit for Scientific computing (PETSc) and ADIFOR, to implement a Newton–Krylov–Schwarz method with pseudo-transient continuation for a particular application, namely, a steady-state, fully implicit, three-dimensional compressible Euler model of flow over an M6 wing is considered. How automatic differentiation (AD) can be used within the PETSc framework to compute the required derivatives is described. Performance data demonstrating the suitability of AD and PETSc for this problem are presented. A synopsis of results and a description of opportunities for future work concludes this paper.
On equimultiple subvarieties of algebroid hypersurfaces.

Abstract We deal with a finite projection πv of a hypersurface V in (r + 1)-space onto an affine r-space Ar and with the critical variety Δ of πv in Ar. We show that if Δ is equimultiple along a smooth subvariety W0, then W0 admits a unique lifting to a subvariety W of V (necessarily isomorphic to W0) and that also V is then equimultiple along W.
Solubility of Anthracene in Ternary Dibutyl Ether + Alcohol + Heptane Solvent Mixtures at 298.15 K

Experimental solubilities are reported for anthracene dissolved in ternary dibutyl ether + 1-propanol + heptane, dibutyl ether + 2-propanol + heptane, dibutyl ether + 1-butanol + heptane, dibutyl ether + 2-butanol + heptane, and dibutyl ether + 2-methyl-1-propanol + heptane solvent mixtures at 25 °C and atmospheric pressure. Nineteen compositions were studied for each of the five solvent systems. Results of these measurements are used to test the predictive ability of the ternary solvent form of the combined NIMS/Redlich−Kister equation. Computations showed that the model predicted the observed solubility behavior to within an overall average absolute deviation of about 1.5%, which is comparable to the experimental uncertainty of ±1.5%.
Orbits homoclinic to resonances, with an application to chaos in a model of the forced and damped sine-Gordon equation

Abstract In this paper we develop new global perturbation techniques for detecting homoclinic and heteroclinic orbits in a class of four dimensional ordinary differential equations that are perturbations of completely integrable two-degree-of-freedom Hamiltonian systems. Our methods are fundamentally different than other global perturbation methods (e.g. standard Melnikov theory) in that we are seeking orbits homoclinic and heteroclinic to fixed points that are created in a resonance resulting from the perturbation. Our methods combine the higher dimensional Melnikov theory with geometrical singular perturbation theory and the theory of foliations of invariant manifolds. We apply our methods to a modified model of the forced and damped sine-Gordon equation developed by Bishop et al. We give explicit conditions (in terms of the system parameters) for the model to possess a symmetric pair of homoclinic orbits to a fixed point of saddle-focus type; chaotic dynamics follow from a theorem of Silnikov. This provides a mechanism for chaotic dynamics geometrically similar to that observed by Bishop et al.; namely, a random “jumping” between two spatially dependent states with an intermediate passage through a spatially independent state. However, in order for this type of Silnikov dynamics to exist we require a different, and unphysical, type of damping compared to that used by Bishop et al.
Midcarpal instability caused by malunited fractures of the distal radius

Thirteen patients with malunited fractures of the distal radius developed symptoms of pain and instability of the midcarpal joint. In six cases, a recurrent voluntary midcarpal subluxation was also present during ulnar deviation. These symptoms were first noticed several weeks, and at times several months, after all immobilization for the treatment of the original fracture had been discontinued. We believe that the loss of the normal palmar tilt of the distal articular surface of the radius prepositions the carpus in a dorsal collapse alignment, which enables this instability to develop. Although the instability is localized to the midcarpus, it is treated best, in our opinion, by a corrective osteotomy of the distal radius. In nine patients, osteotomies resulted in relief of preoperative symptoms and correction of midcarpal instability. In one patient, osteotomy of the radius was deemed unnecessary because the loss of palmar tilt of the radius was minimal. Instead the midcarpal (triquetrohamate) joint was stabilized by ligament reconstruction. Only transient correction was obtained, with later recurrence of the voluntary midcarpal subluxation.
The good, the bad, and the statistical

Recently, statistical static timing analysis (SSTA) has been proposed as a technique for mitigating the effects of parametric process variations on typical design metrics like performance and power (through circuit optimization). In spite of significant advances in the algorithmic state-of-the-art, the applicability of SSTA to general purpose IC design continues to be a matter of debate at various forums across the semiconductor and EDA industry. This talk will present analyses, studies, and trends which will highlight the applicability of statistical techniques at different stages of microprocessor design: skew calculation, min-delay computation, leakage estimation, bin-split prediction, and, finally, timing analysis. The increasing role of test in handling the effects of process variation will also be discussed. A case will be made that while SSTA may have applicability in the design of some products, there is a need for significant variation-related innovation to enable continued scaling.
Arsenic(III) Species Inhibit Oxidative Protein Folding in vitro

The success of arsenic trioxide in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia has renewed interest in the cellular targets of As(III) species. The effects of arsenicals are usually attributed to their ability to bind vicinal thiols or thiol selenols in prefolded proteins thereby compromising cellular function. The present studies suggest an additional, more pleiotropic, contribution to the biological effects of arsenicals. As(III) species, by avid coordination to the cysteine residues of unfolded reduced proteins, can compromise protein folding pathways. Three representative As(III) compounds (arsenite, monomethylarsenous acid (MMA), and an aryl arsenical (PSAO)) have been tested with three reduced secreted proteins (lysozyme, ribonuclease A, and riboflavin binding protein (RfBP)). Using absorbance, fluorescence, and pre-steady-state methods, we show that arsenicals bind tightly to low micromolar concentrations of these unfolded proteins with stoichiometries of 1 As(III) per 2 thiols for MMA and PSAO a...
Multidetector computed tomography characterization of radiofrequency lesions: Implications for ventricular tachycardia ablation

SESSION 38: DEVICES XI: Pacing and Defibrillation Trials Friday, May 6, 2005 2:15 p.m.–3:45 p.m.
Effect of different purine auxotrophic mutations on mouse-virulence of a Vi-positive strain of Salmonella dublin and of two strains of Salmonella typhimurium.

Ten cfu of a Vi-positive strain of Salmonella dublin, given i.p. to BALB/c mice, caused death. Of transductional derivatives with nutritional requirements expected to reduce virulence, those with complete blocks at aroA (therefore aromatic-dependent) or at purA (therefore adenine-dependent) were non-virulent; no deaths from i.p. inocula of 10(6) or 10(7) cfu, respectively. Transductants with identified blocks at purF, purG, purC or in the purJHD operon, all with purine requirement satisfied by hypoxanthine or any other purine, were of reduced virulence, with some deaths from 10(4) cfu or, for most of the derivatives, from only 10(2) cfu. Blocks at guaA or guaB, causing guanine requirement, likewise resulted only in reduced virulence, with some deaths from inocula of 10(2). Transductional derivatives of two mouse-virulent (LD50, i.p., less than 25 cfu) strains of S. typhimurium were similarly tested, with generally similar results, in that purA and purB (adenine-requiring) transductants were non-virulent, no deaths from 2.5 x 10(7) cfu, and those with purF, purG or purC defects (hypoxanthine-responding) retained partial virulence. However, the guaA and guaB (guanine-requiring) derivatives were of much reduced virulence; all mice survived 2.5 x 10(5) cfu but only one survived 2.5 x 10(7) cfu. In both the S. dublin and the S. typhimurium tests autopsy cultures showed that fatal infections resulted from multiplication of the auxotrophic strain, not from that of non-exacting revertants.
Green Construction: Contractor Experiences, Expectations, and Perceptions

Abstract As the benefits of green building continue to change the Architecture/Engineering/Construction industry and the number of green projects rises in the United States due to market changes, m...
How will land use affect air temperature in the surface boundary layer? Lessons learned from a comparative study on the energy balance of an oak savanna and annual grassland in California, USA

We investigated the effect of land use on differences in air temperature. We based our analysis on a decade of weather and energy flux measurements, collected over two contrasting landscapes, an oak savanna and an annual grassland, growing under the same climate conditions. Over the decade, the daily-averaged, potential air temperature above the aerodynamically rougher and optically darker oak savanna was 0.5°C warmer than that above the aerodynamically smoother and optically brighter annual grassland. However, air temperature differences were seasonal. Smallest differences in potential air temperature occurred towards the end of spring, when much of the soil moisture reservoir was depleted. Largest differences in potential air temperature occurred during the winter rain season when the grass was green and transpiring and when the trees were senescent or deciduous. To understand the effect of land use on the local climate, we examined the concomitant changes in net radiation, sensible and latent heat exchange, the aerodynamic roughness ( R a ), the surface resistance to water transfer ( R s ), aerodynamic surface temperature and the growth of the planetary boundary layer, with measurements and model computations. Overall, these biophysical variables provide us with mechanistic information to diagnose and predict how changes in air temperature will follow changes in land use or management. In conclusion, land use change is responsible for having a marked impact on the local climate of a region. At the local level, the change in the surface energy balance, towards a darker and rougher surface, will produce an additive increment to climate warming induced by a greater greenhouse gas burden in the atmosphere. Keywords: climate change, micrometeorology, energy balance, savanna, land use change, eddy covariance (Published: 10 June 2013) Citation: Tellus B 2013, 65 , 19994, http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v65i0.19994
Comparative differences in the self-perceptions of disadvantaged and advantaged students☆

Abstract Previous research had indicated positive and significantly higher self-perceptions for disadvantaged children in comparison to advantaged children in grades four through eight. The intention of this research was to determine whether disadvantaged children maintain their more positive self-images when they enter the more integrated environment with advantaged children. It was discovered that both disadvantaged and advantaged high school students had significantly lower self-perception scores than did the elementary school pupils. The importance of the study is in the continued non-support of the hypothesis that disadvantaged children of all ages have negative self concepts—whether in segregated or integrated situations. However, the study further shows that high school students' self-images are not as high as those of younger children—whether they are disadvantaged or advantaged.
Conservative interpolation on unstructured polyhedral meshes: An extension of the supermesh approach to cell-centered finite-volume variables

Abstract A method is presented for conservatively transferring, or remapping, cell-centered variable fields from one mesh to another with second-order accuracy. The method is generally applicable to any polyhedral source or target mesh. Like the work of Farrell et al. [1] , which was designed for finite-element computations, the proposed methodology uses a logical supermesh consisting of the intersections of polyhedra from both meshes. The resulting transfer process is well-suited for finite-volume methods that rely on cell-centered variables. The accuracy and efficacy of the new remapping process is demonstrated with numerical experiments and a computational fluid dynamics test.
Haptoglobin Preferentially Binds β but Not α Subunits Cross-Linked Hemoglobin Tetramers with Minimal Effects on Ligand and Redox Reactions

Human hemoglobin (Hb) and haptoglobin (Hp) exhibit an extremely high affinity for each other, and the dissociation of Hb tetramers into dimers is generally believed to be a prerequisite for complex formation. We have investigated Hp interactions with native Hb, αα, and ββ cross-linked Hb (ααXLHb and ββXLHb, respectively), and rapid kinetics of Hb ligand binding as well as the redox reactivity in the presence of and absence of Hp. The quaternary conformation of ββ subunit cross-linking results in a higher binding affinity than that of αα subunit cross-linked Hb. However, ββ cross-linked Hb exhibits a four fold slower association rate constant than the reaction rate of unmodified Hb with Hp. The Hp contact regions in the Hb dimer interfaces appear to be more readily exposed in ββXLHb than ααXLHb. In addition, apart from the functional changes caused by chemical modifications, Hp binding does not induce appreciable effects on the ligand binding and redox reactions of ββXLHb. Our findings may therefore be relevant to the design of safer Hb-based oxygen therapeutics by utilizing this preferential binding of ββXLHb to Hp. This may ultimately provide a safe oxidative inactivation and clearance pathway for chemically modified Hbs in circulation.
Who will be committed to an organization that provides support for employee development

Purpose – A prevailing notion in the management development literature is that support for employee development by organizations is positively associated with organizational commitment by employees. This paper aims to examine whether learning and performance goal orientations of employees act as moderators of this effect. The authors hypothesized that support for development would have differential effects on commitment depending on the goal orientations of employees.Design/methodology/approach – The data were obtained in a sample of 651 employees from across the US workforce using a two‐wave internet survey sampling method.Findings – The authors found that perceived support for development is positively related to commitment for some workers; however, individual learning and performance orientations act as moderators. For some individuals, support for development by an organization will not be associated with greater commitment and might even be negatively associated with commitment.Research limitations/...
University-Community Mental Health Center Collaboration: Encouraging the Dissemination of Empirically-Based Treatment and Practice

Community Mental Health Centers (CMHC) are valuable resources for urban youth and families across the nation. Community demands for high volumes of clinical service, however, often render these agencies without ability to fully evaluate provided services or conduct rigorous research with their target populations. This report asserts the importance of establishing effective collaborations between research-oriented universities and CMHCs in an effort to bridge the gap between empirically-based treatments and “real world” clinical practice. Furthermore, this report explains the establishment of a mutually informative and beneficial university-CMHC collaboration between the Disruptive Behavior Clinic at the University of Illinois-Chicago and the Community Mental Health Council (CMHC) on an evidence-based outpatient family therapy protocol for urban youth with behavior problems. Values and guidelines to facilitate evidence-based practice for fellow academic institutions are asserted. University-CMHC collaboration is an effective way to bring empirically-based practice to the “real world,” front-line practice settings of community-based agencies that serve urban youth. Further research with regard to the maintenance and sustainability of these collaborations is suggested.
Longitudinal assessment of l-thyroxine therapy for congenital hypothyroidism

We evaluated the longitudinal response in 43 infants with congenital primary hypothyroidism during the first year of l -thyroxine therapy. Diagnosis was confirmed by serum thyroid hormone measurements by 4 weeks of age in 38 infants and between 40 and 80 days of age in the remainder. This group of infants was divided by radionuclide thyroid imaging into 34 infants with thyroid dysgenesis and nine with dyshormonogenesis. The group with thyroid dysgenesis was subdivided into 21 infants with athyreosis and 13 with residual thyroid tissue (11 ectopic and 2 hypoplastic glands). l -Thyroxine therapy, at an average dose of 10 to 14 μg/kg/day, was begun immediately after diagnosis, and serum concentration of total thyroxine, free thyroxine, triiodothyronine, reverse triiodothyronine, and thyroid-stimulating hormone were determined serially. Serum concentration of total and of free thyroxine became normal within 1 week of the start of therapy in all groups. Despite a similarly mild degree of hypothyroidism at diagnosis observed in infants with dyshormonogenesis or with ectopia or hypoplasia, those with dyshormonogenesis had a more sensitive response to initial thyroid hormone replacement than did patients with thyroid dysgenesis, as judged by l -thyroxine dose and thyroid-stimulating hormone suppression. We conclude that the prompt restoration of clinical and biochemical euthyroidism during early infancy with doses of l -thyroxine between 10 and 14 μg/kg/day is a safe and effective method of therapy for children with congenital hypothyroidism.
Multimodality Treatment and Timing for Rectal Cancer in Hereditary Colorectal Cancer Patients

The management of rectal cancer is complex enough in itself but even more complicated in the setting of a hereditary cancer syndrome. Although the cancer treatment as such is similar to the one in sporadic cancer and based on cancer stage, tumor location, the patient's overall presentation and condition, the presence of an underlying disease raises additional concerns about functional aspects and the risk of metachronous lesions. We reviewed the role of multimodality treatment and the timing and extent of the planned surgeries. Rectal cancer in the setting of hereditary cancer syndromes (eg, hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, familial adenomatous polyposis) is not genuinely handled with a different approach, except when an ileal pouch anal anastomosis is planned as the neo-adjuvant modality should always be chosen to avoid the detrimental effect of radiation on an ileal pouch.
Trimethyltin-induced apoptosis is associated with upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase and Bax in a hippocampal cell line.

Trimethyltin (TMT) produces selective neuronal degeneration in the central nervous system (CNS), in which the hippocampus is the most sensitive area. Since previous studies have been conducted in either non-neural cells or mixed primary cultures, an immortalized hippocampal neuronal cell line (HT-22 cell) was used to assess the mechanism and mode of death produced by TMT. The compound produced a time- and concentration-dependent apoptotic death that was caspase-mediated. Excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subsequent reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) were involved in the cytotoxicity. Scavenging of ROS by a free radical trapping agent or inhibition of the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) pore significantly reduced cell death. Additionally, TMT increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) by activation of the redox-sensitive transcription factor NFκB. Pharmacologic inhibition studies showed that the iNOS-mediated NO generation increased expression of Bax and then mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis. It was concluded that excessive ROS generation initiated the apoptotic cell death by upregulating iNOS followed by increased Bax expression which then led to loss of ΔΨm and caspase-executed cell death. This study is the first to report in a neuronal cell model that TMT stimulates induction of iNOS, which then increases cellular levels of reactive nitrogen species (RNS) to initiate apoptotic death.
Clustering in ternary III V semiconductors

Abstract The difference between the bond probability between identical cations (anions) in a quasi-chemical and random solid solution is used as a quantitative measure of the tendency for clustering to occur in ternary III–V semiconductors. GaAlAs, GaAsP, InGaAs and InGaP are examined in some detail and the antimonides, InGaSb, InAsSb and GaAsSb, are discussed briefly. It is shown that the tendency to cluster increases more rapidly with increasing mole fraction than it does with decreasing temperature. It is also suggested that the segregation effects observed in GaAlAs in GaAs/GaAlAs quantum well structures is due to kinetic, as opposed to thermodynamic, effects.
BALANCE SHEET ITEMS AS THE PRESENT VALUE OF FUTURE CASH FLOWS

This paper develops balance sheets assuming that assets are future service potentials, or future cash flows. All balance sheet items are the present (discounted) values of future cash flows. All future flows, whether receipts or payments, including transactions with shareholders, are accounted for on the balance sheet. Balance sheets are constructed on the basis of (1) full knowledge of the future, and (2) knowledge only of past flows, assuming that investment projects have zero net present value. Capital gains (losses) are recorded when events demonstrate that projects have positive (negative) net present value.
Müllerian adenosarcoma of the uterine cervix with heterologous elements: a light and electron microscopic study.

A mullerian adenosarcoma with heterologous elements having the gross appearance of a sarcoma botryoides occurred in the uterine cervix of a 14-year-old girl. Histologically, the tumor was composed of an admixture of benign-appearing glands and a sarcomatous stroma, the latter containing areas of undifferentiated sarcoma and endometrial stromal sarcoma, as well as heterologous elements consisting of rhabdomyosarcoma and hyaline cartilage. No malignant epithelial component was observed. The distribution of benign mullerian-type glands throughout the tumor simulated a malignant mixed mullerian tumor in appearance. Ultrastructural studies of the stromal elements of the neoplasm suggest origin from primitive mullerian stroma, and the glands have features of primitive mullerian epithelium. This study supports the concept that the malignant mixed mullerian tumor and related mullerian sarcomas originate from a common undifferentiated multipotential mullerian stem cell.
Degrees of coronary arterial narrowing at necropsy in men with large fusiform abdominal aortic aneurysm.

Abstract In 27 patients (mean age at death 72 ± 9 years) with abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) ≥5.0 cm in its widest transverse diameter, the amounts of narrowing at necropsy in the 4 major (left main, left anterior descending, left circumflex, and right) epicardial coronary arteries were determined. During life, 12 of the 27 patients (44%) had symptoms of myocardial ischemia: angina pectoris alone in 2, acute myocardial infarction alone in 3, angina pectoris and acute myocardial infarction in 5, and sudden coronary death in 2. Ten of the 27 patients (37%) died from consequences of myocardial ischemia. Six (22%) died from rupture of the AAA. Grossly visible left ventricular necrosis or fibrosis, or both, was present in 15 patients (56%). Of the 27 patients, 23 (85%) had narrowing 76 to 100% in cross-sectional area of 1 or more major coronary arteries by atherosclerotic plaque. The mean number of coronary arteries per patient severely (>75%) narrowed was 2.0 ± 1.3/4.0. Of the 108 major coronary arteries in the 27 patients, 55 (51%) were narrowed >75% in cross-sectional area by plaque. The 4 major coronary arteries in the 27 patients were divided into 5-mm segments and a histologic section, stained by the Movat method, was prepared from each segment. The mean percentages of the resulting 1,475 five-mm segments narrowed in cross-sectional area 0 to 25%, 26 to 50%, 51 to 75%, 76 to 95% and 96 to 100% were 17, 37, 28, 15 and 3%, respectively. The percentages of 5-mm coronary segments narrowed >75% in cross-sectional area were similar in the right, left anterior descending, and left circumflex coronary arteries. Thus, patients with AAA nearly always have diffuse and severe coronary atherosclerosis.
Rb and Cs broadening of the Na resonance lines

The broadening of the Na resonance lines, due to collisions with Rb and with Cs, has been measured with the use of the normalized fluorescence-intensity method of Chatham, Lewis, and Gallagher. Several Na resonance-radiation diffusion and absorption corrections were necessary in the Rb case, due to an unavoidable excess of Na density in the Rb vapor. The line-broadening rate coefficients ${k}_{1}$ and ${k}_{2}$ for the ${D}_{1}$ and ${D}_{2}$ resonance lines are ${k}_{1}(\mathrm{Rb})=(6.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ ${\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, ${k}_{2}(\mathrm{Rb})=(5.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.6)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ ${\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, ${k}_{1}(\mathrm{Cs})=(6.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.0)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ ${\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, and ${k}_{2}(\mathrm{Cs})=(5.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.9)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ ${\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ at $T\ensuremath{\simeq}300$\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} C. The leading (${C}_{6}{R}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$) dipole-dipole long-range dispersion forces for the Na-Rb and Na-Cs interactions are calculated, and are used in the impact-theory formula to obtain theoretical line-broadening rate coefficients. These are in poor agreement with the measurements, indicating that as suggested by Vadla, the higher-order (${C}_{8}{R}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$) dispersion terms are also important at the very long range responsible for this line broadening.
Strategies of immunization against mucosal infections

The presence of secretory (S-) IgA in middle-ear fluid and localization of IgA-secreting cells in its mucosae suggest that the middle ear is an effector site of the mucosal immune system. Several strategies have been devised to induce potent, long-lasting, and recallable mucosal S-IgA antibodies, as well as circulating IgG antibodies and Th1- or Th2-type help, according to the most appropriate responses for a particular infection. Application of immunogens to inductive sites in the upper respiratory tract may be most effective for generating responses in the middle ear and nasopharynx for protection against the organisms responsible for otitis media.
Clinical and electroretinographic findings in fetal alcohol syndrome.

Abstract Purpose: Fetal exposure to alcohol is a serious public health problem and is associated with anomalies of the eye ground, as well as neurodevelopmental delay, growth delay, and characteristic facial features. Our purpose is to report the incidence of abnormal electroretinogram (ERG) results in children with fetal alcohol syndrome and raise awareness of the diagnosis of fetal alcohol syndrome in ophthalmology. Methods: A retrospective review was performed on the records of 11 children with the diagnosis of fetal alcohol syndrome. The results of the ophthalmologic examination, magnetic resonance imaging, visual acuity test, and ERG are reported. Results: The magnetic resonance imaging results were abnormal in all subjects tested. The ophthalmology examination showed optic nerve hypoplasia in 91% of the subjects. Visual acuity was reduced in all but one subject. The ERG results were abnormal, showing reduced b-wave amplitude, increased a- and b-wave implicit time, reduced Rmax, and increased log (k). The scotopic ERG was more severely affected than the photopic ERG. Conclusions: Prenatal alcohol exposure can lead to changes in retinal function as evidenced by an abnormal ERG response. The ERG can therefore be a tool with which to identify suspected alcohol embryopathy. (J AAPOS 2000;4:200–4)
Blister Rust Incidence in Treeline Whitebark Pine, Glacier National Park, U.S.A.: Environmental and Topographic Influences

Abstract Whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) is a foundation and keystone species of upper subalpine and treeline ecosystems throughout the western United States and Canada. During the past several decades, Cronartium ribicola, an introduced fungal pathogen that causes white pine blister rust in five-needled pines, has caused significant declines in whitebark pine throughout its range. Our research objectives were to examine geographic variation in blister rust infection (total canker density) in whitebark pine found at six alpine treelines east of the Continental Divide in Glacier National Park, Montana, and to determine which environmental factors have the greatest influence on blister rust infection at treeline. Within a total of 30 sampling quadrats (five at each treeline study site), we measured the number of cankers on each whitebark pine in order to assess how blister rust infection varied throughout our study area. We created high-resolution digital elevation models to characterize surface microtopo...
Bovine CD4+ T-Lymphocyte Clones Specific for Rhoptry-Associated Protein 1 of Babesia bigemina Stimulate Enhanced Immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and IgG2 Synthesis

Optimal protective immunity against babesial infection is postulated to require both complement-fixing and opsonizing antibodies in addition to gamma interferon (IFN-gamma)-mediated macrophage activation. The rhoptry-associated protein 1 (RAP-1) of Babesia bigemina induces partial protective immunity and is a candidate vaccine antigen. Previous studies demonstrated that cattle immunized with native protein that were subsequently protected against challenge had a strong IFN-gamma and weaker interleukin-4 (IL-4) response in immune lymph node lymphocytes that reflected the cytokine profile of the majority of CD4(+) T-cell clones obtained from peripheral blood. RAP-1-specific T helper (Th) cell clones that coexpress IFN-gamma and IL-4 are typical of numerous parasite-specific clones examined. However, the function of such cells as helper cells to enhance immunoglobulin secretion by bovine B cells has not been reported. In cattle, both immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and IgG2 can fix complement, but IgG2 is the superior opsonizing subclass. Therefore, studies were undertaken to ascertain the functional relevance of RAP-1-specific, CD4(+) Th0 cells as helper cells to enhance IgG1 and/or IgG2 production by autologous B lymphocytes. For comparison, Th0 clones specific for the metazoan parasite Fasciola hepatica that expressed relatively more IL-4 than the B. bigemina-specific Th cells were similarly assayed. B. bigemina RAP-1-specific clones could enhance production of both IgG1 and IgG2 by autologous B cells, whereas Th cell clones specific for F. hepatica enhanced predominantly IgG1 production. The capacity to enhance IgG2 production was associated with production of IFN-gamma by Th cells cocultured with B cells, antigen, and IL-2. The in vitro helper T-cell activity of these T-cell clones was representative of the in vivo serologic responses, which were composed of a mixed IgG1-IgG2 response in B. bigemina RAP-1 immune cattle and a biased IgG1 response in F. hepatica-immune cattle.
Helper T cells for cytotoxic T lymphocytes need not be I region restricted

We investigated the antigenic requirements for restimulation of H-2- restricted cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) in vitro to determine whether H-2 I region-restricted helper T cells are required in these responses. In one set of experiments, we studied the in vitro response of (responder x nonresponder)F(1) female T cells to the male antigen H-Y. We chose to examine this response because it has been suggested that the defect in nonresponder strains is a failure of helper T cells to recognize H-Y in association with nonresponder I region determinants. However, we find that nonresponder male stimulator cells are as effective as F(1) male stimulator cells at inducing H-Y-specific CTL responses. This finding calls into question reports that secondary CTL responses to H-Y are dependent upon the activation of H-Y- specific helper T cells restricted to responder type I region determinants. In a second set of experiments, we examined the requirements for restimulation of H-2-restricted T cells specific for minor-histocompatibility antigens from long-term mixed lymphocyte cultures. These cultures were established by repeatedly restimulating cultures of specific T cells with H- 2-matched stimulator cells expressing foreign minor histocompatibility antigens. We found that H-2D-restricted T ceils, including CTL, could be restimulated with cells that were matched with the responding cells at only the D region genes. This response did not appear to result from positive allogeneic effects or from antigen processing and “representation” by responder type APC that might contaminate the cultures. Thus, we find no evidence for a requirement for I region-restricted helper T cells in these CTL responses. However, helper T cells are required because we find that CTL lines derived by limit-dilution cloning from these long-term MLC are absolutely dependent upon exogenous helper factors for growth. The most simple interpretation of these results is that the helper cells are restricted to H-2 antigens other than I region antigens or to antigens that code outside of the H-2 complex. Finally, we show that factor-dependent CTL lines must recognize their specific antigen to proliferate, even in the presence of exogenous factors. The requirement of activated CTL for antigen to proliferate provides an explanation for how specific CTL can be selectively enriched in MLC by specific antigen stimulation. Furthermore, it is at variance with reports that memory CTL or activated CTL require only interleukin 2 for restimulation.
Binding to CD20 by anti-B1 antibody or F(ab')(2) is sufficient for induction of apoptosis in B-cell lines.

CD20 is a B-cell-specific cell surface protein expressed on mature B lymphocytes and is a target for monoclonal antibody therapy for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Though clear clinical efficacy has been demonstrated with several anti-CD20 antibodies, the mechanisms by which the antibodies activate CD20 and kill cells remain unclear. Proposed mechanisms of action include complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), and induction of apoptosis. In this report we compared the activity of two anti-CD20 antibodies, Anti-B1 Antibody (tositumomab) and rituximab (C2B8), in a variety of cellular assays using a panel of B-cell lines. Anti-B1 Antibody showed a low level of activity in a CDC assay against complement-sensitive B-cell lines, Ramos and Daudi. We found that there is an inverse correlation between the expression of CD55 and CD59 and CDC mediated by either Anti-B1 Antibody or rituximab. Rituximab was more potent at inducing CDC when compared to Anti-B1 Antibody. Using Raji cells as target cells and human peripheral blood leukocytes as effector cells, Anti-B1 Antibody was a potent inducer of ADCC. The activities of Anti-B1 Antibody and rituximab were nearly identical in the ADCC assay. In addition, Anti-B1 Antibody showed direct induction of apoptosis in all B-cell lines tested. In general, crosslinking Anti-B1 Antibody with a goat anti-mouse Ig did not further enhance the percentage of cells undergoing apoptosis. Importantly, a F(ab')2 fragment of Anti-B1 Antibody induced apoptosis, while the Fab fragment did not, indicating that the Fc region was not required and dimerization of CD20 may be sufficient for induction of apoptosis. In contrast, rituximab, which binds to an overlapping epitope on CD20 with a three-fold lower affinity than Anti-B1 Antibody, did not efficiently induce apoptosis in the cell lines tested in the absence of crosslinking. In conclusion, these two anti-CD20 antibodies have overlapping, but distinct mechanisms of action on B-cell lines.
A classification system for seed dormancy

The proposal is made that seed scientists need an internationally acceptable hierarchical system of classification for seed dormancy. Further, we suggest that a modified version of the scheme of the Russian seed physiologist Marianna G. Nikolaeva be adopted. The modified system includes three hierarchical layers – class, level and type; thus, a class may contain levels and types, and a level may contain only types. The system includes five classes of dormancy: physiological dormancy (PD), morphological dormancy (MD), morphophysiological dormancy (MPD), physical dormancy (PY) and combinational dormancy (PY + PD). The most extensive classification schemes are for PD, which contains three levels and five types (in the non-deep level), and MPD, which contains eight levels but no types. PY is not subdivided at all but probably should be, for reasons given. Justifications are presented for not including mechanical dormancy or chemical dormancy in the modified scheme. PD (non-deep level) is the most common kind of dormancy, and occurs in gymnosperms (Coniferales, Gnetales) and in all major clades of angiosperms. Since, first, this is the class and level of dormancy in seeds of wild populations of Arabidopsis thaliana and, secondly, Type 1 (to which seeds of A. thaliana belong) is also common, and geographically and phylogenetically widespread, it seems that biochemical, molecular and genetic studies on seed dormancy in this model species might have rather broad application in explaining the basic mechanism(s) of physiological dormancy in seeds.
Bayesian Correction for Attenuation of Correlation in Multi-Trial Spike Count Data

When correlation is measured in the presence of noise, its value is decreased. In single-neuron recording experiments, for example, the correlation of selectivity indices in a pair of tasks may be assessed across neurons, but, because the number of trials is limited, the measured index values for each neuron will be noisy. This attenuates the correlation. A correction for such attenuation was proposed by Spearman more than 100 yr ago, and more recent work has shown how confidence intervals may be constructed to supplement the correction. In this paper, we propose an alternative Bayesian correction. A simulation study shows that this approach can be far superior to Spearman's, both in accuracy of the correction and in coverage of the resulting confidence intervals. We demonstrate the usefulness of this technology by applying it to a set of data obtained from the frontal cortex of a macaque monkey while performing serial order and variable reward saccade tasks. There the correction results in a substantial increase in the correlation across neurons in the two tasks.
Enabling Multithreading on CGRAs

Coarse-Grained Reconfigurable Arrays or CGRAs are programmable fabrics that promise both high performance and high power efficiency. Traditionally, CGRAs were used to accelerate extremely-embedded systems, and were typically manually programmed. However, as CGRAs are conceived to be used as more general-purpose accelerators, there is a need to develop software tools and capabilities. Much work has been done on developing compiler techniques for CGRAs, making programming them easier, however, there is no support for multithreading. As an accelerator to a multithreaded processor, CGRAs now are restricted to accelerating only one kernel of one thread running on the processor at any point in time. Supporting multithreading is difficult, since the start times and end times of threads are dynamic in nature, while CGRAs are statically scheduled. In this paper, we propose a strategy to do multithreading on a CGRA. The chief capability that we develop is a scheme to quickly transform an existing application mapping using the entire CGRA to one using only a fraction of it. Our experimental results on kernels from multimedia applications demonstrate that multithreading support can improve the total throughput of a CGRA by over 30%, 75%, and 150% on 4x4, 6x6, and 8x8 CGRAs, respectively, compared to single-threaded methods.
A performance analysis exemplar: parallel ray tracing

Among the many techniques in computer graphics, ray tracing is prized because it can render realistic images, albeit at great computational expense. Ray tracing's large computation requirements, coupled with its inherently parallel nature, make ray tracing algorithms attractive candidates for parallel implementation. In this paper we illustrate the utility and the importance of a suite of performance analysis tools when exploring the performance of several approaches to ray tracing on a distributed memory parallel system. These ray tracing algorithm variations introduce parallelism based on both ray and object partitions. Traditional timing analysis can quantify the performance effects of different algorithm choices (i.e. when an algorithm is best matched to a given problem), but it cannot identify the causes of these performance differences. We argue, by example, that a performance instrumentation system is needed that can trace the execution of distributed memory parallel programs by recording the occurrence of parallel program events. The resulting event traces can be used to compile summary stapistics that provide a global view of program performance. In addition, visualization tools permit the graphic display of event traces. Visual presentation of performance data is particularly useful, indeed, necessary for large-scale, parallel computations; assimilating the enormous volume of performance data mandates visual display.