cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neural network simulation on a reduced-mesh-of-trees organization

The theory of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN's) shows that ANN's can perform useful image recognition functions. Simulations on uniprocessor sequential machines, however, destroy the parallelism inherent in ANN models and this results in a significant loss of speed. Simulations on parallel machines are therefore essential to fully exploit the advantages of ANN's. We show how to simulate ANN's on an SIMD architecture, the Reduced Mesh of Trees (RMOT). The architecture has p PE's and n2 memory arranged in a p x p array of modules (p is a constant less than or equal to n). This massive memory is used to store connection weights. A fully connected, single layer neural network with n neurons can be mapped easily onto the architecture. An update in this case requires O(n2/p) time steps. A sparse network can also be simulated efficiently on the architecture. The proposed architecture can also be used for the efficient simulation of multilayer networks with a Back Propagation learning scheme. The architecture can easily be implemented within the framework of existing hardware technology.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Heterotic Moduli Stabilization with Fractional Chern-Simons Invariants

We show that fractional flux from Wilson lines can stabilize the moduli of heterotic string compactifications on Calabi-Yau threefolds. We observe that the Wilson lines used in GUT symmetry breaking naturally induce a fractional flux. When combined with a hidden-sector gaugino condensate, this generates a potential for the complex structure moduli, Kahler moduli, and dilaton. This potential has a supersymmetric AdS minimum at moderately weak coupling and large volume. Notably, the necessary ingredients for this construction are often present in realistic models. We explore the type IIA dual phenomenon, which involves Wilson lines in D6-branes wrapping a three-cycle in a Calabi-Yau threefold, and comment on the nature of the fractional instantons that change the Chern-Simons invariant.
Temperature-Dependent Subsurface Growth during Atomic Layer Deposition on Polypropylene and Cellulose Fibers

Nucleation and subsequent growth of aluminum oxide by atomic layer deposition (ALD) on polypropylene fiber substrates is strongly dependent on processing temperature and polymer backbone structure. Deposition on cellulose cotton, which contains ample hydroxyl sites for ALD nucleation and growth on the polymer backbone, readily produces a uniform and conformal coating. However, similar ALD processing on polypropylene, which contains no readily available active sites for growth initiation, results in a graded and intermixed polymer/inorganic interface layer. The structure of the polymer/inorganic layer depends strongly on the process temperature, where lower temperature (60 °C) produced a more abrupt transition. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy images of polypropylene fibers coated at higher temperature (90 °C) show that non-coalesced particles form in the near-surface region of the polymer, and the particles grow in size and coalesce into a film as the number of ALD cycles increases. Quartz...
An FPGA-based architecture for a local tone-mapping operator

This paper presents an FPGA-based architecture for local tone mapping of gray scale high dynamic range images. The architecture is described in VHDL and has been synthesized using Altera Quartus tools. It achieves an operating frequency consistent with a video rate of 60 frames per second for a frame of 1,024 × 768 pixels. The proposed architecture is a modification of the nine-scale Reinhard operator. Approximations to the original Reinhard operator ensure that the operator is amenable to implementation in hardware. A peak signal-to-noise ratio study shows that our fixed-point hardware approximation produces results similar to a floating-point original.
Teacher Attributions of Student Performance Effects of Outcome

Teacher attributions for elementary school students' successful and unsuccessful performances in real classrooms were assessed during three different times of the school year. Results suggest that practicing teachers' explanations of their own students' performances follow patterns consistent with earlier research on attribution processes.
The HIV-1 Vif PPLP motif is necessary for human APOBEC3G binding and degradation.

The HIV-1 virion infectivity factor (Vif) is required during viral replication to inactivate the host cell anti-viral factor, APOBEC3G (A3G). Vif binds A3G and a Cullin5-ElonginBC E3 ubiquitin ligase complex which results in the proteasomal degradation of A3G. The Vif PPLP motif (amino acids 161–164) is essential for normal Vif function because mutations in this motif reduce the infectivity of virions produced in T-cells. In this report, we demonstrate that mutation of the Vif PPLP motif reduces Vif binding to A3G without affecting its interaction with ElonginC and Cullin5. We demonstrate that the failure of the Vif mutant to bind A3G resulted in A3G incorporation into assembling virions with loss of viral infectivity.
Sequestering carbon dioxide in a closed underground volume

The capture and subsequent geologic sequestration of CO2 has been central to plans for managing CO2 produced by the combustion of fossil fuels. The magnitude of the task is overwhelming in both physical needs and cost, and it entails several components including capture, gathering and injection. The rate of injection per well and the cumulative volume of injection in a particular geologic formation are critical elements of the process. Published reports on the potential for sequestration fail to address the necessity of storing CO2 in a closed system. Our calculations suggest that the volume of liquid or supercritical CO2 to be disposed cannot exceed more than about 1% of pore space. This will require from 5 to 20 times more underground reservoir volume than has been envisioned by many, and it renders geologic sequestration of CO2 a profoundly non-feasible option for the management of CO2 emissions. Material balance modeling shows that CO2 injection in the liquid stage (larger mass) obeys an analog of the single phase, liquid material balance, long-established in the petroleum industry for forecasting undersaturated oil recovery. The total volume that can be stored is a function of the initial reservoir pressure, the fracturing pressure of the formation or an adjoining layer, and CO2 and water compressibility and mobility values. Further, published injection rates, based on displacement mechanisms assuming open aquifer conditions are totally erroneous because they fail to reconcile the fundamental difference between steady state, where the injection rate is constant, and pseudo-steady state where the injection rate will undergo exponential decline if the injection pressure exceeds an allowable value. A limited aquifer indicates a far larger number of required injection wells for a given mass of CO2 to be sequestered and/or a far larger reservoir volume than the former.
Determination of Radiative Fluxes in an Absorbing, Emitting, and Scattering Vapor Formed by Laser Irradiation

A two-dimensional computer model is developed to determine the radiative heat flux distributions within the vapor formed above a metal target irradiated by a laser beam. An axisymmetric cylindrical enclosure containing a radiatively participating medium is considered. Scattering is assumed to be isotropic and allowances are made for variation of the radiative properties of the medium and boundaries. The P-1 and P-3 spherical harmonics approximations are used to solve the integro-differential radiative transfer equation. The resulting equations are then solved for the radial and axial heat fluxes using a finite-difference algorithm. The most significant factors affecting the results obtained from both the P-1 and P-3 approximations were the optical thickness of the medium and the type of laser profile incident upon the medium. Using different wall reflectivities and scattering albedos had a smaller effect. Changing the medium temperature had an insignificant effect as long as medium temperatures were below 20,000 K.
Misfit dislocations in gold/Permalloy multilayers

Several groups have reported the misfit dislocation structures in Au/Ni0.8Fe0.2 multilayers where the lattice parameter misfit is very large. To explore the factors controlling such structures, molecular dynamics simulations have been used to simulate the vapour-phase growth of (111)-oriented Au/Ni0.8Fe0.2 multilayers. The simulations revealed the formation of misfit dislocations at both the gold-on-Ni0.8Fe0.2 and the Ni0.8Fe0.2-on-gold interfaces. The dislocation configuration and density were found to be in good agreement with previously reported high-resolution transmission electron microscopy observations. Additional atomic-scale simulations of a model nickel–gold system indicated that dislocations are nucleated as the first nickel layer is deposited on gold. These dislocations have an (a/6)⟨112⟩ Burgers vector, typical of a Shockley partial dislocation. Each dislocation creates an extra {220} plane in the smaller lattice parameter nickel layer. These misfit-type dislocations effectively relieve misfi...
International Development NGOS: Agents of Foreign Aid or Vehicles for International Cooperation?:

What is the future for development NGOs who work internationally but are based in and governed from the industrialized world? Are they destined for redundancy as NGOs and other organizations rooted in southern societies take over their roles and replace their expertise, or will they retain a legitimate place on the world stage in the 21st century? This article looks at the changing context for international NGOs and lays out three alternative routes into the future: incremental change (which is probably unsustainable), global market brands, and international social movements. The implications of each strategy are presented, and some overall conclusions drawn. The fundamental question facing all NGOs is how to move from their current position—as agents of a foreign aid system in decline—to vehicles for international cooperation in the emerging global arena.
Effects of Potassium Sorbate, Sodium Acetate, Phosphates and Sodium Chloride Alone or in Combination on Shelf Life of Vacuum‐Packaged Pork Chops

Microbiological and some physical and chemical effects of treating pork chop surfaces with sodium acid pyrophosphate, a commercial phosphate blend, potassium sorbate and phosphate/sorbate/sodium acetate solutions, with or without sodium chloride, before packaging were studied in pork chops vacuum-packaged and stored at 2–4°C for 10 weeks. All treatments containing potassium sorbate reduced (P<0.05) counts of mesophiles, psychrotrophs, EnterobacteriaCeae, facultative anaerobes, and lactobacilli. Treatment of chops with 10% phosphates/ 10% potassium sorbate solutions improved pork color and decreased purge. Potassium sorbate alone reduced microbial counts more than it did when combined with phosphates, but chops were darker and had more exudate (P<0.05). Combined use of 10% phosphates/10% potassium sorbate extended shelf life in vacuum-packaged fresh pork chops to 10 weeks at 2–4°C compared with 4 weeks for untreated pork and protected meat color.
Low-Frequency Variability in the Midlatitude Atmosphere Induced by an Oceanic Thermal Front

Abstract This study examines the flow induced in a highly idealized atmospheric model by an east–west-oriented oceanic thermal front. The model has a linear marine boundary layer coupled to a quasigeostrophic, equivalent- barotropic free atmosphere. The vertical velocity at the top of the boundary layer drives the flow in the free atmosphere and produces an eastward jet, parallel to the oceanic front's isotherms. A large gyre develops on either side of this jet, cyclonic to the north and anticyclonic to the south of it. As the jet intensifies during spinup from rest, it becomes unstable. The most unstable wave has a length of about 500 km, it evolves into a meander, and eddies detach from the eastern edge of each gyre. The dependence of the atmospheric dynamics on the strength T∗ of the oceanic front is studied. The Gulf Stream and Kuroshio fronts correspond roughly, in the scaling used here, to T∗ ≅ 7°C. For weak fronts, T∗ ≤ 4°C, the circulation is steady and exhibits two large, antisymmetric gyres sepa...
Radiofrequency catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia in patients without structural heart disease.

BACKGROUNDRadiofrequency energy has been used safely and successfully to eliminate accessory pathways in patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and the substrate for atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. However, this form of ablation has had only limited success in eliminating ventricular tachycardia in patients with structural heart disease. In contrast, direct-current catheter ablation has been used successfully to eliminate ventricular tachycardia in patients with and without structural heart disease. The purpose of this study was to test whether radiofrequency energy can safely and effectively ablate ventricular tachycardia in patients without structural heart disease.METHODS AND RESULTSSixteen patients (nine women and seven men; mean age, 38 years; range, 18-55 years) without structural heart disease who had ventricular tachycardia underwent radiofrequency catheter ablation to eliminate the ventricular tachycardia. Two patients presented with syncope, nine with presyncope, and five...
Classroom Assessment Practices, Teacher Judgments, and Student Achievement in Mathematics: Evidence from the ECLS.

In this study we use data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Survey third- and fifth-grade samples to investigate teacher judgments of student achievement, the extent to which they offer a similar picture of student mathematics achievement compared to standardized test scores, and whether classroom assessment practices moderate the relationship between the two measures. Results indicate that teacher ratings correlate strongly with standardized test scores; however, this relationship varies considerably across teachers, and this variation is associated with certain classroom assessment practices. Furthermore, the evidence suggests that teachers evaluate student performance not in absolute terms but relative to other students in the school and that they may adjust their grading for some students, perhaps with basis on perceived differences in need and/or ability.
Anxiety in musicians: On and off stage:

Music performance anxiety (MPA) is a prevalent problem for musicians. MPA has been conceptualized as a type of social anxiety and also as a discrete focal anxiety with normal functioning outside of specific music performance situations. In an effort to examine unique and overlapping components of MPA and social anxiety, 130 professional musicians were assessed concerning self-reported MPA in three different musical performance settings (solo, group, and practice) using the Performance Anxiety Questionnaire and also completed measures of general social anxiety. Results showed that the expression of MPA varies by performance setting, with the most anxiety reported during solo performances. Regression models demonstrated that general measures of social anxiety increasingly predicted MPA from practice, to group, to solo settings, with fear of negative evaluation uniquely predicting anxiety in all three contexts. These results highlight fear of negative evaluation as a core component of MPA. Based on these findings, the relationship between MPA in various performance contexts and social evaluative anxiety is discussed.
DREAM: a chip-package co-design tool for RF-mixed signal systems

'Package aware' IC design has not only become advantageous, but also essential towards optimum performance of high-end systems. Here, an early design tool has been presented that can assist a designer in chip-package co-design of RF and mixed signal systems. The primary function of this tool is to correlate metrics in the chip and package domain. The tool allows modifications of RF standard CMOS circuits based on package effects and in analyzing package power distribution. It evaluates the effect of package power supply noise on RF circuits in detail. The analysis can be used either to change the RF/mixed signal design or the packaging technology used for both simultaneously depending upon the application.
Decay of the HIV Reservoir in Patients Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy for Extended Periods: Implications for Eradication of Virus

The persistence of latently infected resting CD4+ T cells has been clearly demonstrated in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals receiving effective antiviral therapy. However, estimates of the half-life of this viral reservoir have been quite divergent. We demonstrate clear evidence for decay of this HIV reservoir in patients who initiated antiviral therapy early in infection. The half-life of this latent viral reservoir was estimated to be 4.6 months. It is projected that it will take up to 7.7 years of continuous therapy to completely eliminate latently infected resting CD4+ T cells in infected individuals who initiate antiviral therapy early in HIV infection.
Computer Programs in Seismology: An Evolving Tool for Instruction and Research

Earthquake seismology, like most areas of geophysics, is a fascinating mix of theory, computation, and observation. The past 50–60 years of earthquake seismology can be described as a synergistic interaction between the expanding quantity and improving quality of seismic data and important advances in practical wave‐propagation physics and computation. An important impetus for many of these developments was the need to monitor and characterize nuclear explosions in the atmosphere, oceans, and underground, which stimulated a major investment in seismology during the 1960s that, combined with the plate tectonics revolution, initiated large growth in the field. Substantial effort was invested to produce standard analysis packages and software tools for the processing and analysis of seismic observations. As a result, high‐quality seismic data are readily accessible and sufficient computational power to routinely analyze these observations is available to almost everyone. Turn‐key seismic networks are available from manufacturers who provide sensors, data acquisition and transmission, event location, and archival functions in a manner that requires training, but not a detailed understanding of the of the hardware or software packages. As we advance toward more sophisticated analysis of ever‐larger data sets, including the effects of 3D structure, the practical and theoretical challenges facing students are substantial. Students must adapt to research‐quality software and use it to develop the deep insight into seismic‐wave excitation and propagation before they can confidently apply the concepts to more sophisticated earth and earthquake models. Although beginning students have the skills to use some tools such as word processors and have some scripting experience, many are less comfortable extending old or developing new analysis tools or even using existing codes to tackle realistic 1D problems. The challenge facing educators is to enable students to quickly become proficient in basic seismic data processing so that they can move on to research …
The comparative effectiveness of biologics among older adults and disabled rheumatoid arthritis patients in the Medicare population.

Aims Older and disabled rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients are often not present in large numbers in clinical trials or registries. A novel, claims-based clinical effectiveness algorithm provides the potential to compare the effectiveness of different biologics among this population using large administrative databases. Method Using Medicare 2006–2010 data for 100% of patients with RA, we identified biologic naive users of abatacept, adalimumab, etanercept and infliximab, defined as no biologic use during the 12 months before the biologic initiation. The effectiveness was evaluated at 365 days after biologic initiation, determined using a validated claims-based algorithm. We compared the proportion meeting effectiveness criteria for each biologic using robust Poisson regression to compute risk ratios (RRs) adjusted for potential confounders. One year cost per effectively treated patient was calculated by different biologics. Results The study included biologic naive users of abatacept (n = 2129), adalimumab (n = 2944), etanercept (n = 3517) and infliximab (n = 5654). The algorithm classified the medications as 26% effective for abatacept, 24% for adalimumab, 28% for etanercept and 23% for infliximab, indicating comparable effectiveness. However, after adjustment and compared with infliximab, the RRs for effectiveness were 1.17 (95% CI 1.06, 1.30) for abatacept, 1.11 (95% CI 1.02, 1.23) for adalimumab and 1.27 (95% CI 1.17, 1.39) for etanercept. Older patients had a higher effectiveness than patients who were disabled (RR = 1.18, 95% CI 1.08, 1.28). Infliximab had highest cost per effectively treated patient. Conclusion Abatacept, adalimumab and etanercept are more effective than infliximab among RA patients initiating biologics. Effectiveness was significantly higher among older patients compared with disabled RA Medicare patients.
Neuropsychological aspects of dementia of motor neuron disease: A report of two cases

We describe the neuropsychological data from two cases of dementia of motor neuron disease. In both cases, a gradually progressive presenile dementia began prior to the development of motor neuron disease involving predominantly bulbar musculature. These data, along with the neuropathologic findings available in one case, suggest that dementia of motor neuron disease differs from that of Alzheimer9s disease (AD). Both patients displayed major alterations of personality and comportment. Neuropsychological test results revealed marked attention deficits, particularly on tasks requiring sustained effort and on those requiring ability to shift from one line of thinking to another. Confrontation naming, verbal fluency, insight, and judgment also showed extensive impairment. By contrast, verbal and nonverbal memory remained intact after several years of illness. This pattern is quite different from that seen in AD, where memory deficits are salient.
Viscous dissipation in die flows

The flow of polymer melts in cylindrical, annular, and slit dies has been examined. Large temperature rises at the outer surface of the extrudate were measured with an infrared pyrometer. Calculations show that severe radial temperature gradients exist in these flow geometries under conditions similar to those encontered in polymer processing and in viscometry measurements. A common method of estimating the average temperature rise from the total mechanical energy input seriously underestimates the maximum temperature rise. A numerical solution of the flow and energy equations models the flow in all three geometries. A very simple Nusselt number correlation allowed an estimate of the temperature rises possible if heat transfer with the die wall occurrs. Good agreement was obtained between predicted and infrared measured melt surface temperature rises. The pressure drop gives only an indication that nonisothermal flow is occuring and is not sensitive enough to distinguish the type of heat transfer boundary condition present. The mathematical model presented could be helpful in die design and in process modeling, allowing the designer to obtain some knowledge of the kind of flow situations which might be encountered.
An Analysis of PCA-based Vocal Entrainment Measures in Married Couples' Affective Spoken Interactions

Entrainment has played a crucial role in analyzing marital couples interactions. In this work, we introduce a novel technique for quantifying vocal entrainment based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The entrainment measure, as we define in this work, is the amount of preserved variability of one interlocutor’s speaking characteristic when projected onto representing space of the other’s speaking characteristics. Our analysis on real couples interactions shows that when a spouse is rated as having positive emotion, he/she has a higher value of vocal entrainment compared when rated as having negative emotion. We further performed various statistical analyses on the strength and the directionality of vocal entrainment under different affective interaction conditions to bring quantitative insights into the entrainment phenomenon. These analyses along with a baseline prediction model demonstrate the validity and utility of the proposed PCA-based vocal entrainment measure. Index Terms: vocal entrainment, couples therapy, behavioral signal processing, principal component analysis
Alternative splicing: An important mechanism in stem cell biology

Alternative splicing (AS) is an essential mechanism in post-transcriptional regulation and leads to protein diversity. It has been shown that AS is prevalent in metazoan genomes, and the splicing pattern is dynamically regulated in different tissues and cell types, including embryonic stem cells. These observations suggest that AS may play critical roles in stem cell biology. Since embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells have the ability to give rise to all types of cells and tissues, they hold the promise of future cell-based therapy. Many efforts have been devoted to understanding the mechanisms underlying stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. However, most of the studies focused on the expression of a core set of transcription factors and regulatory RNAs. The role of AS in stem cell differentiation was not clear. Recent advances in high-throughput technologies have allowed the profiling of dynamic splicing patterns and cis-motifs that are responsible for AS at a genome-wide scale, and provided novel insights in a number of studies. In this review, we discuss some recent findings involving AS and stem cells. An emerging picture from these findings is that AS is integrated in the transcriptional and post-transcriptional networks and together they control pluripotency maintenance and differentiation of stem cells.
Model of human refractive error development.

Purpose. To construct a model of refractive error development that can account for the different interactive mechanisms and time courses of refractive error in the hyperope (HYP), emmetrope (EMM), early-onset myope (EOM), and late-onset myope (LOM) over the first 30 years of life. Methods. First, a baseline short-term (1 mo.) simulation of a previously developed nearwork-induced transient myopia (NITM) model was performed under both far- and near-viewing paradigms to obtain the critical relationships between AE rms and refractive error for the four refractive groups. Then, two control pathways were added to the NITM model. The genetically-controlled pathway was associated with the long-term growth of the cornea, lens, and the eyeball. The environmentally-controlled pathway was associated with retinal-defocus during nearwork, wherein the root mean square (rms) of the accommodative error (AE) above a threshold level resulted in an increase in axial length of the eyeball. The thresholds for defocus-induced a...
Further work in species grouping in multicomponent adsorption calculation

On a examine empiriquement la possibilite d'utiliser des regroupements d'especes dans les calculs relatifs a l'adsorption a plusieurs constituants en lit fixe, en comparant les courbes globales de rupture obtenues en regroupant les especes, avec celles obtenues par le calcul exact. Criteres de regroupement
An Exploration of the Effect of Modafinil on Olanzapine Associated Weight Gain in Normal Human Subjects

Background Weight gain has been associated with many second generation antipsychotics (SGAs). A variety of theories have been put forward as to the etiology of SGA-associated weight gain. Modafinil possesses pharmacologic effects that could influence the weight gain associated with SGAs. The objective of this trial was to determine the effect of modafinil on olanzapine-associated weight gain. Methods This study was a 3-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. All subjects received olanzapine titrated to 10 mg/day. Concurrently, subjects were randomized to receive modafinil titrated to 200 mg/day or placebo. Weight and feeding lab assessments were conducted at baseline and endpoint. Results Fifty subjects were enrolled in the study with 20 subjects per group completing the trial. The primary outcome variable was change in the body mass index (BMI) over the 3 weeks of the trial. Increases in BMI were observed in both groups. However, analysis of covariance, controlled for baseline BMI, revealed that the olanzapine/placebo group had a greater increase in BMI at end point compared with the olanzapine/modafinil group (.89 ± .59 vs. .47 ± .50 kg/m 2 , p Conclusions The results of this trial should not be extrapolated to clinical practice at this time. These data do serve to support further evaluation in a patient population to determine if the weight modifying effect of modafinil can be demonstrated over a longer period of time.
Multiple child care arrangements and common communicable illnesses in children aged 3 to 54 months

The study examined the relationship between the number of concurrent child care arrangements and children’s incidence of communicable illnesses throughout the first 4½ years of life, and whether this association is mediated by the total number of children across care settings. Within-child fixed effects regression models were used to relate changes in the numbers of concurrent nonparental arrangements to changes in children’s illnesses using longitudinal data from the NICHD’s Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (N = 1,265). 52 % of children attended multiple child care arrangements at least once from 3 to 54 months. Increases in the number of arrangements were associated with a 15 % increase in respiratory problems among children 3–54 months of age, and a 25 % increase in otitis media among children 36–54 months. Associations were smaller among African American children compared to European American and other-race children. Findings suggest that the number of peers with which a child comes into contact at child care mediates the association between increases in number of arrangements and increases in reported respiratory problems. Children attending multiple child care arrangements prior to kindergarten entry experience slightly more contemporaneous communicable diseases, relative to attending single nonparental arrangements, through exposure to more peers.
Comparing English Premier League Goalkeepers: Identifying the Pitch Actions that Differentiate the Best from the Rest

The Opta Index is a prestigious performance measure used to assess English Premier League (EPL) football players. Although the Opta model is proprietary, the general structure uses a multiattribute collection of subjectively weighted pitch measures that either rewards or penalizes a player with a potential range of points based on the quality of his game performance. In addition, the specific set of measures used depends upon player position: forwards, midfielders, defenders, and goalkeepers each have their own unique set of measures even though there might be some overlap. Although the player's Opta Index is calculated for each game, it is the cumulative "grade card"the final Opta Index calculated at the end of the thirty-eight game EPL season in Maythat is of particular importance. The index, along with the large array of player pitch data, is commercially distributed to the EPL clubs and appears in a wide variety of television and print media outlets. This paper proposes an alternative to using the full set of Opta data by identifying those specific pitch actions that form a statistically significant retrodictive linear regression model for the 2007-2008 EPL season. Additionally, the importance of evaluating pitch actions historically assumed to be clearly pertinent measuressuch as goals allowed per game for the goalkeeperwill be not only be appraised from a statistical viewpoint, but also from a practical perspective.
Volcanologic developments in 1931–32

The year 1931 was an interesting one in the production of a succession of eruptions, and earthquake-catastrophes in volcanic lands, while for the United States it was a year of expanded organization in the study of volcanoes, chiefly in Hawaii, under the Government. It was not a year of any colossal steam-blast eruptions, other than Aniakchak, which have come to my knowledge. There was a succession of interesting volcano-developments in the Aleutian belt. The year brought to a focus the condition of unrest which had appeared in several volcanoes in 1929 and 1930. Akutan was smoking in 1928, probably Chiginagak was fuming in March 1929, as were Mount Cleveland and a volcano west of it in the Islands of the Four Mountains. Shishaldin was reported flinging out fiery matter in May and June 1929, and Gareloi in the western islands erupted so violently in 1930 as to destroy trappers cabins with what are called “lava-flows from fissures.” Glowing matter of any kind is always called lava by laymen.
Non-invasive waveform probing for nonlinear network analysis

A noninvasive technique has been developed for the measurement of fundamental and harmonic S-parameters as functions of input frequency and power. This technique was demonstrated on a GaAs FET by plotting its drain current versus voltage trajectory at 5 GHz. By superimposing the RF trajectory on the DC characteristics, the origin of the device nonlinearity was clearly shown. The results make it possible to characterize the nonlinear behavior and to verify the large-signal model of the device in both the time and the frequency domains. >
Glory Days: Establishment of the Sliding Filament Model of Muscular Contraction in the 1950s and 1960s

The late 1950s and the 1960s turned out to be the “glory days” for the sliding filament model of muscle contraction. But these years started with a mixed reception to the sliding filament model. There were at least two issues that required careful further consideration. The first issue related to dogma and the criticism by Albert Szent-Gyorgyi that it had not been proven that myosin was located only in the A band. The dogma was that myosin was distributed throughout the sarcomere and that the filaments folded on muscle shortening. The second and more fundamental problem was that neither light microscopy nor Hugh Huxley’s electron micrographs from longitudinal muscle sections were good enough to trace a single thin filament from the Z line into the A band where it was presumed to overlap with the thick filaments.
Differential Thermal Analyses of Clay Minerals and Other Hydrous Materials

"Reprinted from the American mineralogist, vol. 27, no. 11, pp.746-761(1942); vol. 27, no. 12,pp.801-818 (1942)."
Mobilization and micellar solubilization of NAPL contaminants in aquifer rocks

Surfactant-enhanced aquifer remediation is often performed to overcome the capillary forces that keep residual NAPL phases trapped within contaminated aquifers. The surfactant selection and displacement mechanism usually depend on the nature of NAPL constituents. For example, micellar solubilization is often used to cleanup DNAPLs from aquifers whereas mobilization is desirable in aquifers contaminated by LNAPLs. Although the majority of crude oils are LNAPLs, they often contain heavy organic macromolecules such as asphaltenes that are classified as DNAPLs. Asphaltenes contain surface-active components that tend to adsorb on rocks, altering their wettability. Previous studies revealed that surfactants that formed Winsor type III microemulsions could promote both mobilization and solubilization. However the extent by which these two mechanisms occur is still unclear, particularly in oil-contaminated aquifers. In this study we investigated the remediation of oil-contaminated aquifers using an environmentally friendly surfactant such as n-Dodecyl β-D-maltoside. Focus was given on asphaltenes to better understand the mechanisms of surfactant cleanup. Through phase behavior, spontaneous imbibition, dynamic interfacial tension and contact angle measurements, we showed that microemulsions formed by this surfactant are able to mobilize bulk NAPL (containing 9wt.% asphaltenes) in the porous rock and solubilize DNAPL (i.e., 4-6wt.% adsorbed asphaltenes) from the rock surface. Spontaneous imbibition tests, in particular, indicated that the ratio of mobilized to solubilized NAPL is about 6:1. Furthermore, aging the cores in NAPL beyond 3days allowed for more NAPL to be trapped in the large pores of the rock but did not alter the amount of asphaltenes adsorbed on the mineral surface.
Cigarette smokers’ classification of tobacco products

Introduction Cigarette consumption has declined in the USA. However, cigar consumption has increased. This may be due in part to some cigarette smokers switching to filtered cigars as a less expensive substitute for cigarettes. Additionally, some cigarette smokers may perceive and consume little filtered cigars as cigarettes. The purpose of this study was to determine how cigarette smokers classify tobacco products when presented with photographs of those products. Methods An online survey was conducted with a sample of 344 self-identified cigarette smokers. Respondents were presented with pictures of various types of tobacco products, both with and without packaging, and then asked to categorise them as either a cigarette, little cigar, cigarillo, cigar or machine-injected roll-your-own cigarette (RYO). Respondents were also asked about their tobacco use and purchasing behaviour. Results Overall, respondents had difficulty distinguishing between cigarettes, little cigars, cigarillos and RYO. When presented with images of the products without packaging, 93% of respondents identified RYO as a cigarette, while 42% identified a little cigar as a cigarette. Additionally, respondents stated that they would consider purchasing little cigars as substitutes for cigarettes because of the price advantage. Conclusions The results of this survey suggest that when presented with photographs of tobacco products, large proportions of current smokers were unable to differentiate between cigarettes, little cigars, cigarillos, RYO and cigars. Findings have implications for existing public health efforts targeting cigarette smokers, and underscore the need to review current definitions of tobacco products and federal excise taxes on such products.
Covariant spectator theory of np scattering: Deuteron quadrupole moment

The deuteron quadrupole moment is calculated using two CST model wave functions obtained from the 2007 high precision fits to np scattering data. Included in the calculation are a new class of isoscalar np interaction currents automatically generated by the nuclear force model used in these fits. The prediction for model WJC-1, with larger relativistic P-state components, is 2.5% smaller that the experiential result, in common with the inability of models prior to 2014 to predict this important quantity. However, model WJC-2, with very small P-state components, gives agreement to better than 1%, similar to the results obtained recently from XEFT predictions to order N3LO.
Party Ideologies in America, 1828–1996: What Drives Ideological Change?

The previous chapters have attempted to show that there are plausible grounds for regarding the American parties as ideologically motivated. What, then, might account for the content of American party ideology? What mechanisms, pressures, or concerns drive the formation and periodic reformation of ideology within these party organizations? Work on this question is diverse. Studies employ a wide range of indicators, focus on different periods of American history, and ask different questions of the historical record. Nonetheless, it is possible to distinguish four general theories of party conflict in America: classical, social-class, ethnocultural , and realignment . This chapter explores these frameworks in light of the empirical findings of this study. I conclude with a few general observations about what “causes” party ideology. The Classical Theory Of politics in the Roman republic, Cicero wrote, “Those who have wished their deeds and words to be pleasing to the multitude have been held to be populares , and those who have conducted themselves in such a manner that their counsels have met the approval of all the best men have been held to be optimates .” Whether we classify these groupings as parties or factions, it is clear that for many in the Roman republic, politics was understood as a battle between the rabble-rousers and the better sort, between the democrat (in its older, classical meaning) and the aristocrat. A millennium later, David Hume described political struggle in England in remarkably similar terms.
A metric for quantifying response time in a browser application

This paper presents to a performance quantification methodology for browser applications that operate in a distributed computing environment and are used in a nondeterministic way. It asserts that usability is intimately tied to response time, and that a single metric to quantify response time can be developed using probabilistic arguments. This metric incorporates both the delays inherent in the operation of a distributed application, and the observed frequency of each delay in order to create a single value that represents the responsiveness of the application.
SEXUAL SELECTION FOR HOMOGAMY IN THE GERRIDAE: AN EXTENSION OF RIDLEY'S COMPARATIVE APPROACH.

Ridley (1983) proposed that three factors are necessary and sufficient for the development of positive assortative mating (homogamy) in natural populations. These factors are 1) a correlation between male size and success in competition for mates (intrasexual selection), 2) a correlation between female size and fecundity, and 3) prolonged pairing. In the presence of these three factors, selection will favor males that select large (and thus more fecund) females as mates, thus leading to positive assortative mating. Although this simple hypothesis is generally supported by data across taxa (Ridley, 1983), the evidence for the Insecta is equivocal at best. In this paper, I test this hypothesis using three species of waterstriders (Gerridae; Hemiptera). The three factors and homogamy are measured in several samples from each species. Homogamy is predicted and observed in one species (Gerris remigis) and is not predicted and not observed in the other two (G. comatus and G. buenoi). These results support Ridley's hypothesis and suggest that the processes leading to homogamy in the insects do not, in general, differ from those dominant in other taxa. The possible influence of even low levels of homogamy on genetic variance within populations and the difficulties of assessing such levels on the basis of single samples are discussed.
Phase responses of harmonics reflected from radio-frequency electronics

The phase responses of nonlinear-radar targets illuminated by stepped frequencies are studied. Data is presented for an experimental radar and two commercial electronic targets at short standoff ranges. The amplitudes and phases of harmonics generated by each target at each frequency are captured over a 100-MHz-wide transmit band. As in the authors’ prior work, target detection is demonstrated by receiving at least one harmonic of at least one transmit frequency. In the present work, experiments confirm that the phase of a harmonic reflected from a radio-frequency electronic target at a standoff distance is linear versus frequency. Similar to traditional wideband radar, the change of the reflected phase with respect to frequency indicates the range to the nonlinear target.
Investigation on Laser-Induced Coal Particle Flow Plasma Properties Acquired with Different Collection Angles

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy(LIBS) was applied to directly detect the coal particle flow.An investigation of the impact of different spectrometer detector angles measured from the laser incident axis on the plasma properties was conducted on the self-built two-phase particle flow experiment bench.Coal particle flow was used as the experimental sample.An analysis of the variation in the emission intensity and relative standard deviation(RSD) was carried out.The atomic spectral lines of C,Si and Al which are representative elements in coal were chosen as the analytical lines.Then the influence of the spectra acquired with different collection angles was discussed.The results demonstrated that the strong and stable intensity signal can be acquired in the collection angle range from 30° to 45°.
The Subrenal Capsule: An Alternative Site for the Maintenance of Normal and Preneoplastic Urothelium

AbstractImplantation of normal bladder mucosa beneath the kidney capsule of a syngeneic animal, results in a heterotopic bladder lined by a one to three cell layer of urothelium. This cystic structure can be maintained for greater than 90 days and displays many of the differentiation characteristics of a normal bladder, both at the light and electron microscopy level. Preneoplastic urothelial cells behave in a similar manner recreating a heterotopic bladder lined by urothelium displaying aberrant differentiation and surface morphology. All tumorigenic cell lines tested in this model produced solid tumor growth within a few weeks. The subrenal capsule represents an alternative site for the reconstitution of urothelial material at different stages of neoplastic progression. (J. Urol., 140: 1067–1070, 1988)
Amplification of magnetic fields in a primordial H ii region and supernova

Magnetic fields permeate the Universe on all scales and play a key role during star formation. We study the evolution of magnetic fields around a massive metal-free (Population III) star at $z \sim 15$ during the growth of its HII region and subsequent supernova explosion by conducting three cosmological magnetohydrodynamic simulations with radiation transport. Given the theoretical uncertainty and weak observational constraints of magnetic fields in the early universe, we initialize the simulations with identical initial conditions only varying the seed field strength. We find that magnetic fields grow as $\rho^{2/3}$ during the gravitational collapse preceding star formation, as expected from ideal spherical collapse models. Massive Population III stars can expel a majority of the gas from the host halo through radiative feedback, and we find that the magnetic fields are not amplified above the spherical collapse scaling relation during this phase. However, afterwards when its supernova remnant can radiatively cool and fragment, the turbulent velocity field in and around the shell causes the magnetic field to be significantly amplified on average by $\sim$100 in the shell and up to 6 orders of magnitude behind the reverse shock. Within the shell, field strengths are on the order of a few nG at a number density of 1 cm$^{-3}$. We show that this growth is primarily caused by small-scale dynamo action in the remnant. These strengthened fields will propagate into the first generations of galaxies, possibly affecting the nature of their star formation.
The Effects of Self-Awareness and Self-Reflective Writing on Online Task Performance

This study examined self-awareness and self-reflective writing effects on performance in an online task environment. Participants (N = 98) were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: self-awareness (private vs. public) and self-reflection (reflection vs. no-reflection). They were instructed to complete two successive online survival tasks that required analytical thinking and problem-solving skills. Findings demonstrated that participants in the private self-awareness condition performed better after writing a self-reflection than the no self-reflection condition. However, participants in the public self-awareness condition performed worse in the second task upon completion of their self-reflection compared with those that did not write a self-reflection. Additionally, a post-hoc linguistic analysis of the self-reflections illustrated that high-performers discussed their task completion using more cognitively complex language compared to low-performers.