cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Excited and ionic states of dimeric chlorophyll derivatives. Biomimetic modelling of the primary events of photosynthesis

The following topics are discussed: preparation of covalently bound dimeric species of chlorophyll; molecular structure of bis(bacteriochlorophyllide a) ethylene glycol diester; /sup 1/H spectra of BChl, a covalent dimer, dissolved in various solvents; chemical shift changes in proton resonances; C/sub 2/ symmetric folded configuration of covalently linked BChl; electronic transition spectrum of Chl a covalent dimer in dry CCl/sub 4/ and in water-saturated CCl/sub 4/; special pair models of bis(chlorophyll) cyclophanes; synthetic pathway for preparation of bis(chlorophyll) cyclophane 8; proton magnetic resonance data; redox potentials of chlorophyll; and optical and EPR properties of special pairs. (HLW)
Tobacco Use Among the Adult Muslim Population in Indonesia: A Preliminary Study on Religion, Cultural, and Socioeconomic Factors:

In this study, we used data from the Indonesia Family Life Survey Wave 2014 to explore the association between tobacco use (measured in smoking habit, smoking cessation, and smoking intensity) with...
Advances in adult asthma diagnosis and treatment in 2009

There is a growing need to standardize and validate outcomes for asthma research. In this review of asthma-related publications from the Journal in 2009, efforts to standardize methodology and reporting of translational research, the influence of the environment, therapeutics, and management of asthma are highlighted.
Retinal supplementation augments optogenetic stimulation efficacy in vivo.

Objective Over the last two decades, optical control of neuronal activity in the central nervous system has seen rapid development, demonstrating the utility of optogenetics as both an experimental and therapeutic tool. Conversely, applications of optogenetics in the peripheral nervous system have been relatively constrained by the challenges of temporally variable opsin expression, light penetration and immune attack of non-native opsins. Whilst opsin expression can be increased significantly through high-concentration viral induction, subsequent attack by the immune system causes temporal decay and high variability in electrophysiological response. Approach In this study, we present a method to circumvent the aforementioned challenges by locally supplementing all-trans-retinal (ATR) (via a slow release pellet) to increase tissue photosensitivity in transgenic mice expressing channelrhodopsin 2 (ChR2) in nerves. Main results In mice supplemented with ATR, we demonstrate enhanced electrophysiological activation and fatigue tolerance in response to optical stimulation for six weeks. Significance Local supplementation of ATR enables improved optogenetic stimulation efficacy in peripheral nerves. This method enables greater exploration of neurophysiology and development of clinically-viable optogenetic treatments in the peripheral nervous system.
Visual Cortex Inspired Pixel-Level Re-configurable Processors for Smart Image Sensors

This paper presents a reconfigurable hardware architecture of smart image sensors to speed up low-level image processing applications at the pixel level. For each pixel in the sensor plane, the design includes an activation module and a processor. The processor has a basic structure which is common to all applications and reconfigurable segments for specific applications. Visual cortex inspired computing, like, Predictive Coding in time is implemented in the activation module to remove temporal redundancy. The ASIC implementation shows the design saves up to 84.01% dynamic power and achieves 9x speedup at 800 MHz by accurate prediction.
Microphysiological models of neurological disorders for drug development

Abstract Clinical trials of drug candidates intended to treat neurological conditions often fail because of the poor correlation between outcomes in humans and other animal models. Microphysiological systems offer a potential alternative to or a synergetic approach with animal testing by using human cells assembled in three-dimensional morphologies that are representative of human tissues and organs. The recent advances in microphysiological models of neurological disorders are reviewed here in terms of models used to quantify drug distribution and drug engagement and function. We find that the complexity of microphysiological models continues to increase, but only few neurological conditions have been modeled with the purpose of testing pharmacological traits of candidate drugs. Much more effort appears to have been devoted to models that recapitulate drug distribution, particularly across vascular barriers, and models involving barrier modifications as a result of patient-specific neurological conditions have started to emerge. Based on the current trend, microphysiological models of neurological disorders have the capacity to become a useful tool in the preclinical testing of drugs for human use.
A primer on assessing intelligence in laboratory studies

Abstract This paper is an attempt to provide a brief guide to major conceptual and statistical problems that are unique to the study of individual differences in intelligence and various intellectual abilities, in the context of laboratory experimental studies, and to suggest strategies to successfully navigate these problems. Such studies are generally designed so that the goal is to evaluate the relationships between individual differences in basic task performance or related markers on the one hand, and individual differences in intellectual abilities on the other hand. Issues discussed in this paper include: restriction-of-range in talent, method variance and facet theory; speed vs. power; regression to the mean; extreme-groups designs; difference scores; differences in correlations; significant vs. meaningful correlations; factor- pure tests; and criterion variables. A list of representative “do” and “don't” recommendations is provided to help guide the design and evaluation of laboratory studies.
A general and unified theory of the kinematic relationships in bulge tests

Abstract The hydraulic circular and elliptical bulge tests have been widely used in extracting mechanical properties of sheet materials. Theoretical analysis of bulge tests usually requires the kinematic relationships between the apex strains, radii of curvatures and dome heights to be established. Most of the available analytical solutions are derived on a case-by-case basis and are often limited to circular bulge tests of isotropic materials, and thus cannot be applied to materials with more complicated constitutive behaviors or non-circular bulge tests. Based on the variable-separable assumption and proportional kinematic conditions at the apex, this study develops a set of power-law relationships between the apex strains, radii of curvatures and dome heights that hold for both circular and elliptical bulge tests, irrespective of material properties. Numerical simulations of a set of circular and elliptical bulge tests with different material models are performed and the scaling laws between the apex strains, radii of curvatures and dome heights are verified. An extensive set of experimental results of circular and elliptical bulge tests from the literature are compared with the theoretical predictions and the power-law kinematic relationships are again validated. This general and unified theory contributes to the fundamental understanding of the intrinsic kinematic constraints in circular and elliptical bulge tests and is expected to facilitate the application of bulge tests to a broader class of sheet materials.
Professional Stigma of Mental Health Issues: Physicians Are Both the Cause and Solution

After a medical student prompted medical faculty to tell their stories of depression and related mental health issues, the author wrote this article with the aim of decreasing the stigma of mental illness and encouraging treatment, as needed, in the medical profession. The professional culture of the house of medicine not only mimics society in attributing stigma to people with mental health issues but may also contribute to high rates of suicide in the ranks of health care professionals by leading to a delay in seeking treatment. Acculturation accelerates in the first year of medical school such that medical students experience an increase in burnout and depressive symptoms from prematriculation levels. It follows that faculty have a responsibility to improve the learning environment. Survey data from medical faculty at the author's institution showed that depression decreased respondents' willingness to seek mental health treatment because of the stigma and issues of access to help. Faculty attitudes toward mental health issues, including reluctance to admit having such issues, may be conveyed to medical students in the hidden curriculum that teaches them to keep depression hidden. Moreover, the fear of mental disorders is manifested in licensing and privileging applications under the guise of patient safety, contributing to a culture of shame and silence. As creators and guardians of this professional culture, medical faculty and other physicians must be the ones who change it. The same faculty who play a part in causing and perpetuating stigma related to mental health issues have the power to derive and enact some of the solutions. In addition to giving voice to a personal experience of mental health issues, this article offers suggestions for normalizing moderate to severe depression as a medical disorder, decreasing the stigma of mental health issues, and encouraging faculty to seek treatment.
The Role of Home-Based Exercise in Maintaining Skeletal Muscle During Preoperative Pancreatic Cancer Treatment.

Loss of skeletal muscle and inferior muscle quality are associated with poor prognosis in patients undergoing preoperative treatment for pancreatic cancer, so maintaining skeletal muscle health bef...
Adaptive Dynamic Pruning for Non-IID Federated Learning.

Federated Learning~(FL) has emerged as a new paradigm of training machine learning models without sacrificing data security and privacy. Learning models at edge devices such as cell phones is one of the most common use case of FL. However, the limited computing power and energy constraints of edge devices hinder the adoption of FL for both model training and deployment, especially for the resource-hungry Deep Neural Networks~(DNNs). To this end, many model compression methods have been proposed and network pruning is among the most well-known. However, a pruning policy for a given model is highly dataset-dependent, which is not suitable for non-Independent and Identically Distributed~(Non-IID) FL edge devices. In this paper, we present an adaptive pruning scheme for edge devices in an FL system, which applies dataset-aware dynamic pruning for inference acceleration on Non-IID datasets. Our evaluation shows that the proposed method accelerates inference by $2\times$~($50\%$ FLOPs reduction) while maintaining the model's quality on edge devices.
Reimagining Local Journalism: A Community-centered Intervention

At a moment when many U.S. news organizations are reckoning with their relationships with communities of color and attempting to build relationships of trust, this engaged research project uses a c...
Mindfulness in Pregnancy: A Brief Intervention for Women at Risk.

Introduction The U.S. has the highest rate of preterm birth (PTB), of all developed countries, especially among African American women. Social determinants of health and inequalities in health outcomes are understudied areas. The intersectionality of race and socioeconomic status has been shown to contribute to chronic stress, stress has been shown to be associated with PTB, yet the mechanisms that affect pregnancy outcomes have not been explicit. Mindfulness-based Interventions that address stress reduction during pregnancy may improve quality of life during pregnancy, perhaps enhancing resilience, and be on the pathway to reducing the risk of negative pregnancy outcomes such as PTB. Methods We over-enrolled African American women and those covered by Medicaid to reach women at higher risk for PTB and included women in substance use treatment. Participants were enrolled in a 6-week mindfulness in pregnancy (MIP) intervention at the obstetric clinic. Sociodemographic characteristics and psychosocial assessments were obtained at three time points. Results We enrolled 35 women who self-identified as: non-white, Medicaid recipients, aged 25-35 years, with high school or less education. We found reductions in perceived stress, pregnancy specific stress, trait anxiety and depression and increases in mindfulness that sustained post-intervention at 2 and 7 months. Discussion Social determinants and stress in particular have been associated with negative birth outcomes. This paper describes a brief intervention and results of MIP tailored to women who have significantly more stress due to race, poverty, homelessness, substance use treatment and other comorbid health risks including PTB.
The Human Enteric Caliciviruses: an Expanded Role for Old Viruses

The human enteric caliciviruses, previously known as the Norwalk family of viruses, the "classic human caliciviruses," or the small round-structured viruses, are a group of enteric pathogens that are a common cause of gastroenteritis in children and adults alike. When the gene encoding the capsid was expressed in baculovirus, the resulting protein self-assembled into virus-like particles that looked like natural virus by electron microscopy (EM) and provided replenishable reagents for serologic testing, structural studies, and antigen to develop immunoassays for antigen detection. These molecular discoveries and diagnostic advances have permitted researchers to reassess the clinical and epidemiologic features of illness caused by the caliciviruses and to reconsider public health approaches to their prevention and control. This chapter provides a review to highlight some of the advances in our understanding of calicivirus-associated gastroenteritis following the introduction of new molecular diagnostics, with illustrations drawn from several recent epidemic investigations. Tracing some epidemics back to their source has extended the use of diagnostics to the detection of viruses in contaminated food and water. Despite the major advances in the knowledge of the caliciviruses based upon the understanding of their sequence and molecular organization, the search for simple diagnostic assays has been difficult. Nonetheless, in the process of sequencing many strains, the human enteric caliciviruses fell into two distinct genera. The ability to sequence polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products made it possible to trace the molecular epidemiology of caliciviruses in outbreaks of disease.
New strong interactions at the Tevatron

Abstract Recent results from CDF indicate that the inclusive cross section for jets with E r > 200 GeV is significantly higher than that predicted by QCD. We describe here a simple flavor-universal variant of the “coloron” model of Hill and Parke that can accommodate such a jet excess, and which is not in contradiction with other experimental data. As such, the model serves as a useful baseline with which to compare both the data and other models proposed to describe the jet excess. An interesting theoretical feature of the model is that if the global chiral symmetries of the quarks remain unbroken in the confining phase of the coloron interaction, it realizes the possibility that the ordinary quarks are composite particles.
Effects of transcription and translation on gyrase-mediated DNA cleavage in Escherichia coli.

Gyrase-mediated DNA cleavage on plasmid DNAs was measured in Escherichia coli treated with oxolinic acid. On pBR322 DNA, gyrase cleavage sites were concentrated in the region between the 3'-ends of the tetA and bla genes. The preferential cleavage in this region was dependent on RNA transcription and the divergent orientation of these two transcription units. The enhanced gyrase cleavage also required translation; chloramphenicol treatment or the insertion of a translation terminator within the 5'-proximal region of the tetA gene abolished the enhanced cleavage. We suggest that the enhanced gyrase cleavage may reflect the changes in local DNA supercoiling during RNA transcription as gyrase cleavage in vitro was shown to be sensitive to the supercoiling state of DNA. The effects of transcription and translation on gyrase cleavage can best be explained by the twin-supercoiled-domain model of transcription (Liu, L. F., and Wang, J. C. (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84, 7024-7027).
Theoretical tools for studies of low‐frequency thermospheric variability

[1] This paper supports studies of low-frequency variability (LFV) within the thermosphere by deriving approximate integral and closed-form solutions of a nontrivial model of thermospheric temperature, density, and composition depending on altitude and time. We also provide a paradigm for applying dimensional analysis in such studies. The domain is the region between the mesopause and the exobase. The solutions emphasize the connectedness of the thermosphere, i.e., nonlocal influences of LFV in key physical parameters and phenomena. The present focus is seasonal variability, within which the origin of a sizable semiannual variation in the thermosphere remains under active investigation. Following from the thermodynamic differential equation for temperature is a filtered, integral solution consistent with the Π theorem of dimensional analysis. A key result is the explicit demonstration that lower thermospheric boundary conditions affect low-frequency variability throughout the thermosphere, making accurate boundary conditions essential to modeling LFV. In addition, LFV of the temperature varies inversely with variability of the net heating profile and has directly and inversely proportional contributions from variations in the thermal conductivity profile, which can include an “eddy diffusivity” component. Given a temperature profile, diffusive equilibrium defines model composition. For rapid calculations and transparency, we develop an approximate, closed-form solution for temperature, density, and composition depending only on a minimal set of observable parameters, and from that, we demonstrate the essential role of the phase and amplitude profile of the temperature LFV in determining the corresponding profile of variability in composition and density.
The E5 gene product of rhesus papillomavirus is an activator of endogenous Ras and phosphatidylinositol-3′-kinase in NIH 3T3 cells

We examined the effect of two rhesus papillomavirus 1 (RhPV) oncogenes on cytokine-induced signal transduction pathways leading to the possible activation of Ras protein (p21ras) and phosphatidylinositol kinase. p21ras in both the activated (GTP-bound) and inactivated (GDP-bound) states were quantitated. NIH 3T3 cell lines expressing the RhPV 1 E5 gene or epidermal growth factor receptor cDNA had about a sixfold higher ratio of p21ras-bound GTP to p21ras-bound GDP as compared with parental NIH 3T3 cells or a cell line expressing the RhPV 1 E7 gene under normal culture conditions, yet expressed similar levels of p21ras. Quiescent cells had dramatically reduced levels of activated p21ras, except those containing RhPV 1 E7. Levels were restored by stimulation with epidermal growth factor or platelet-derived growth factor. Both epidermal growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor receptor of RhPV 1 E5- and E7-containing cells responded to cytokine stimulation. Endogenous phosphatidylinositol-3′-kinase was up-regulated in NIH 3T3 cells transformed with the E5 genes of RhPV 1 and bovine papillomavirus 1. These results suggest that E5 genes of papillomaviruses play a major role in the regulation of transduction pathways.
Environmental Change and Management Staffing: A Comment

This article comments on Guthrie, Grimm and Smith’s (1991) examination of the impact of environmental change on top management team characteristics. Specifically, we argue against their approach of predicting directional changes in top executive attributes without first studying the nature of changes that are transforming the context. Since the impact of environmental shifts such as deregulation can vary by industry, we suggest that it is first necessary to examine changes in the dominant mode of competition, before investigating organizational adaptation. We empirically illustrate the value of this method in a study of the U.S. domestic airline industry before and after deregulation. Our results are dramatically opposed to those reported by Guthrie et al. (1991) in the railroad industry.
Acute renal failure in a patient with antiphospholipid syndrome and immune thrombocytopenic purpura treated with eltrombopag

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the presence of antibodies directed against phospholipid-binding proteins such as beta-2 glycoprotein I and prothrombin, venous and/or arterial thromboembolism, and recurrent fetal loss. To fulfill diagnostic criteria, patients must have thrombotic or obstetrical morbidity and consistently positive antiphospholipid testing on two occasions separated by at least 12 weeks [2]. Other clinical manifestations include thrombocytopenia, renal insufficiency, vasculitis, and cardiac valvular abnormalities. Thrombocytopenia occurs in 20-40% of patients with APS while renal dysfunction develops in ~25% of patients with primary APS [3,4]. Thrombocytopenia is thought to be primarily due to the presence of autoantibodies directed against platelet membrane glycoproteins, although platelet activation and aggregation by APS-associated antibodies have also been implicated. Thrombocytopenia in patients with APS is typically moderate in severity with platelet counts remaining greater than 50,000 cells/mm3 in most cases,so therapy is often unnecessary. When treatment is required, therapies used for immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) are often effective. Corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin, dapsone, and rituximab have all been shown to be effective in APS patients with thrombocytopenia[5-7]. Since November 2008, eltrombopag (Promacta; GlaxoSmithKline,Middlesex, United Kingdom), a nonpeptide thrombopoietin receptor agonist that stimulates the development of megakaryocytes, has been approved for use in the management of chronic ITP. To date, no reports of renal toxicity have emerged with its use. We report the case of a patient with APS and steroid-dependent thrombocytopenia who developed partially reversible acute renal failure after initiation of eltrombopag that recurred on rechallenge.
Current status of applied pharmacogenetics in clinical practice.

PGXLTM Laboratories, 201 E. Jefferson Street, Suite 309, Louisville, KY 40202, USA Tel.: +1 502 569 1584 ext. 3; Fax: +1 502 569 1586; E-mail: kreynolds@pgxlab.com 2University of Louisville, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA 3Virginia Commonwealth University, Departments of Pharmacy and Pathology, Richmond, VA 23298, USA Tel.: +1 804 828 3531; Fax: +1 804 828 8359; E-mail: blbukaveckas@vcu.edu
Bioassay method for assessing the virulence of Beauveria bassiana against tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Hem., Miridae)

: A standard bioassay method for assessing the pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (GHA strain) against second instar tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) (Hem., Miridae) was developed. Several types of inoculation methods, assay containers and incubation times were tested. Our goal was to minimize control mortality and maximize treatment mortality. Five inoculation methods (immersing broccoli florets or bean pods, spraying broccoli florets or bean pods, and immersing insects) and four types of plastic containers (114-, 171-, 228- and 455-ml) were tested. Immersing insects directly in a fungal suspension was the most effective inoculation method, which resulted in a treatment mortality of 70–81.3% at a concentration of 1 × 107 conidia/ml. The 114-ml plastic container was the most suitable assay container when 10 tarnished plant bug nymphs were treated together, resulting in a control mortality of only 6% 12 days after treatment. Within the first 6 days after treatment, 71.1% of the insects were killed, compared with a total mortality of 81.3% after 12 days. Nymphs infected with the test fungus changed colour from green to black. Mycelial outgrowth and sporulation on the cadavers demonstrated that most nymphs died of fungal infection. A total of 61.1 and 80.5% of the cadavers showed signs of mycelial outgrowth 9 days after death among those that were surface sterilized and those that were not, respectively.
Adapting STEM lectures for culturally and linguistically diverse classrooms

STEM courses, especially the introductory courses, tend to be heavy on learning and mastering sequential concepts. With the increase in culturally and linguistically diverse students, it is important for faculty to minimize mainstream culturally-bound words and linguistic idioms so as to minimize student confusion and maximize student learning. In addition, students with disabilities often have linguistic or cultural differences, such as those who are deaf or autistic.
Student attitudes toward the assessment criteria in writing-intensive college courses

Abstract Mixed quantitative and qualitative methods were used to assess student attitudes toward the assessment criteria for higher-order critical and analytical thinking skills in writing-intensive curricula in first-year, general education courses. The courses varied in emphasis on critical thinking in the criteria used to assess writing. The analysis is grounded in social constructivist and sociocultural theories of writing. Students in a course featuring explicit, detailed criteria for assessing critical thinking skills rated such criteria as more useful to their learning, than did students in a course with fewer criteria focused on critical thinking. The perceived usefulness of the more elaborate rubric did not come at the expense of its clarity and ease of use. Results are discussed in reference to insights about the relationship between student attitudes and classroom assessment practices.
Contrast Enhancement Materials For Mid-Uv Applications

The use of nitrones as contrast enhancement materials has been extended to the mid-UV region. Diarylnitrones, which function effectively as near-UV contrast enhancement materials, have been found to be less suitable for mid-UV printing because of secondary photochemical reactions. α-Aryl-N-alkylnitrones, however, can be designed to absorb efficiently and photobleach cleanly over a wavelength range of about 280 to 350 nm. Arylalkylnitrones are much more resistant to hydrolysis than are their diaryl counterparts and have been successfully formulated as aqueous solutions. Submicron resist patterns have been printed with a scanning projection aligner operating in the mid-UV through the use of a contrast enhancement material based upon an arylalkylnitrone.
Bromo[18F]fluorination of cyclohexenes: a method for the preparation of [18F]fluorocyclohexanes

Abstract In an earlier report, we described an olefin halofluorination process that was used to label monosubstituted alkenes with fluorine-18 at the no-carrier-added level. In this report, we describe further studies on the radiohalofluorination of more highly substituted and more reactive alkenes, such as the cyclohexenes 1,4-diisopropylcyclohexene (DIPC), 1-methylcyclohexene (MeC) and pregnenolone (3β-hydroxy-5-pregnen-20-one). DIPC, MeC and pregnenolone were labeled with fluorine-18 in 30%, 26% and 35% radiochemical yields, respectively, within 15 min at 0 °C under no-carrier-added conditions. A comparison of the conditions required to obtain optimal yields for fluorine-18 radiohalofluorination with these trisubstituted cyclic alkene systems vs. the monosubstituted alkenes studied earlier, suggests that alkene systems with different degrees of alkyl substitution (and hence different reactivity towards electrophiles) will each require careful optimization of the reaction conditions.
Failure of orthopedic implants: Three case histories

Abstract Total joint replacement is an accepted treatment for pain and disability from diseased or damaged joints. Three case histories of failure analyses conducted on implants are presented. A series of 316L stainless-steel hip replacement components failed in fatigue by a unique mechanism of multiple cracks on the medial side of the stem and a fracture surface with crack initiation sites from both the medial and lateral surfaces. A Ti6AL4V alloy knee implant used for reconstruction of the knee after tumor surgery failed by fatigue through an embrittled weld microstructure around a cross pin. A cast Cobalt Stellite 21 alloy knee replacement failed because of the poor quality of the casting microstructure and the probable increase in stress concentration at the corners of the condyles arising from modifications to the casting. Each case study illustrates the contribution of material and design deficiencies to failure of total joint replacements.
Ultrastructural aspects of discs in rod outer segments.

Abstract Cytomembrane lipids are retained in tissue embedded in polymerized glutaraldehyde-urea, and a collapse of hydrated carbohydrate gels is prevented. After this embedment the discs of retinal rod outer segments demonstrated persistent 15–20 A-wide intradisc spaces even when exposed to extremely hypertonic environments. On the other hand, conventional dehydration and embedding in Araldite eliminated these spaces, resulting in the pentalaminar patterns of arrangement previously recognized. The latter are regarded as artifactually created as a result of the collapse of the supporting gel in the final stages of conventional dehydration. Persistent intradisc spaces are in agreement with X-ray diffraction measurements which suggest about 25 A intradisc gaps in fresh outer rod segments. It was serendipitously found that the disc membranes and inner rod segment mitochondria remained osmotically active after an aldehyde fixation, so that subsequently the size of the intradisc spaces and mitochondria varied with osmotic manipulation. In order to preserve these spaces as they existed under particular osmotic conditions, a secondary osmium tetroxide fixation in an osmotically controlled medium proved to be necessary.
Identification of the temperature field and stresses in a thermosensitive cylinder according to the surface strains

We identify the time dependence of temperature of a surface of a long hollow thermosensitive cylinder and its thermal and thermal stressed states according to the known temperature and strains on the other surface. The posed problem is reduced to the inverse problem of thermoelasticity. By using the solution of the direct problem of thermoelasticity, we perform the numerical verification of the proposed procedure of solution of the inverse problem.
Concise syntheses of (-)-galanthamine and (+/-)-codeine via intramolecular alkylation of a phenol derivative.

Suzuki coupling of 7 to 8 gave the biphenyl derivative 9. Reaction of 9 with ethyl vinyl ether/bromine/base gave 10, which on treatment with CsF/DMF at 130 °C resulted in the cross-conjugated 2,5-cyclohexadienone 6. Acid hydrolysis of 6 gave 11, which was reductively aminated to give (±)-narwedine 2. Since 2 has been converted into (−)-galanthamine 1 in two steps, this synthesis proceeds in eight steps with an overall yield of 63%. Also treatment of the cross-conjugated cyclohexadienone 6 with nitromethane/base gave 12, which was reduced to provide 13. Reduction of the nitro group in 13 to an amine, followed by reductive amination under acidic conditions, arrives at the codeine skeleton 15. Elaboration of 15 into (±)-codeine proceeds via the previously unknown α-epoxide derivative 18. This is the shortest synthesis of codeine (13 steps, 20% overall yield) and, for the first time, allows access to codeine without having to reduce codeinone.
Transmission of hemic neoplasia in the bay mussel, Mytilusedulis, using whole cells and cell homogenate

Experimental studies with hemic neoplasia in the bay mussel indicated that the condition can be transmitted allogeneically with intact whole cells and cell-free homogenate. A differential pathogenesis of the disease in mussels receiving the two different inocula supports the argument that actual cell transplantation occurred. In addition to the first demonstration of the infectious nature of the disease with cell-free homogenates, it was also shown that the disease is transmitted by cohabitation. Remission of the disease occurred in some mussels indicating individual variation in recognition mechanisms.
A new pachycephalosaurid skull (Ornithischia) from the Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation of Montana

ABSTRACT The new genus and species Stenotholus kohleri from the Late Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation of McCone County, Montana is a pachycephalosaurid omithischian. The species possesses a vertically high and transversely narrow dome, elimination of the parietosquamosal shelf, closure of the supratemporal fenestra in the subadult, a highly sculptured frontal, and a sagittally shortened occipital region. The possibility that this skull represents a previously described pachycephalosaurid is rejected on the basis of the unique suite of traits presented.
Infrared-transparent glass ceramics: An exploratory study

Abstract In this work, the vision and need for a fully ceramized long-wave infrared (LWIR)-transmitting glass ceramic have been articulated. Three sulfide systems were explored including two with La2S3 in hopes of imparting strong bonds from this refractory sulfide, and two containing GeS2 in hopes of widening the glass-forming region. Attempts were made to produce glasses in the Ga2S3–La2S3–(ZnS,CaS) system, the GeS2–La2S3 system, and the GeS2–Ga2S3–CdS system. Water quenching produced glasses of Ga2S3–La2S3–CaS and GeS2–Ga2S3–CdS. Microstructural and thermal analyses were used to explore nucleation and growth in these systems and infrared transmission and mechanical hardness showed potential for LWIR window use. The GeS2–Ga2S3–CdS system showed good LWIR transmission and pre-crystallized hardness superior to chemical vapor deposited ZnS. The Ga2S3–La2S3 glasses did not appear to be viable candidates at this time due to a small temperature window between crystallization and glass transition temperatures and problems with oxygen contamination in the La2S3 source. Suggestions are made for two alternative methods for producing fully ceramized LWIR-transmitting glass ceramics.
Clifford Analysis and Commutators on the Besov Spaces

Abstract We study commutators between multiplication by a function, called the symbol, and Riesz transformations on the Besov spaces. We characterize symbols, by potential capacity, for which the associated commutators are bounded. Clifford analysis plays a key role in our approach.
A Bridge Too Far? Findings of Bridging Anticoagulation Use and Outcomes in the Outcomes Registry for Better Informed Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation (ORBIT-AF)

In the current issue of Circulation , Steinberg et al1 describe the use and outcomes associated with bridging anticoagulation (AC) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) in the contemporary Outcomes Registry for Better Informed Treatment of AF (ORBIT-AF). Chronic oral anticoagulation (OAC) significantly reduces the risk of stroke or thromboembolism in patients with AF. Despite the growing population burden of AF,2 the increasing use of OAC, and the frequent need for cardiac and noncardiac procedures in this population, remarkably little contemporary data exist to help guide the clinician with respect to periprocedural AC decision making. Although guidelines exist on the topic, they are based on limited and largely observational data.3,4 Current guideline-supported periprocedural AC management supports the discontinuation of OAC and the use of short-acting AC, most commonly low-molecular-weight heparin or unfractionated heparin, to bridge AF patients at high risk for thromboembolic complications during the immediate pre- and postprocedure period (American College of Chest Physicians grade 2C; American Heart Association grade 1C).3,4 Article see p 488 “To bridge or not to bridge,” is a question often asked in clinical practice, with an estimated 250 000 patients on OAC undergoing cardiac and noncardiac procedures annually in North America.3 The authors are therefore to be congratulated for examining the topic of use and outcomes of bridging AC in an effort to better inform us and enhance the safety of our AF patients. Currently, the periprocedural management of patients who are receiving OAC is often informed by a clinician’s (1) assessment of patient risk for thromboembolism, (2) assessment of risk for perioperative bleeding, and (3) the type of procedure. Although CHADS2, CHA2DS2-VASc, HAS-BLED, and ATRIA scores are used in clinical practice to assess the risks of …
Reaction of Zinc Acetate with Wool Carboxyl Groups Derived from Cyclic Acid Anhydrides

Modification of wool by cyclic acid anhydrides such as succinic or citraconic anhydride introduces new carhoxyl groups. Subsequent reaction of the modified wool with zinc or cadmium acetate in hot dimethylformamide further increases fabric weight by over 15% and retards felting shrinkage. Under similar conditions, neither zinc chloride nor calcium acetate is effective. A possible explanation of these effects is offered.
GBL-based electrolyte for Li-ion battery: thermal and electrochemical performance

Thermal stability, flammability, and electrochemical performances of the cyclic carbonate-based electrolytes [where γ-butyrolactone (GBL) is a main component (at least 50 vol.%) among of EC and PC with LiBF4] have been examined in comparison with contemporary (EC/EMC, 1:3 vol.%, 1 M LiPF6) electrolyte by DSC, accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC), AC impedance, and cyclic voltammetry (CV). This study shows that GBL-based electrolytes have perfect thermal stability and will improve Li-ion battery safety (including flammability) without performance trade-off with the accurate combination of active materials and separator. Several types of negative electrode materials (such as hard carbon, MCMB, and SWF) have been tested to evaluate GBL-based electrolyte influence on SEI formation and battery performance. Finally, GBL-based electrolytes show not only equal electrochemical performance in comparison to commonly used electrolytes (EC/EMC in this study) but it will notably improve battery safety.
Ohmic contacts in GaAs

Abstract Ohmic contacts of n -type GaAs can be reproducibly made to exhibit specific contact resistivities less than 1 × 10 −6 Ω - cm −2 . To do this requires an understanding of the physics involved, a knowledge of the history of previous treatment of the GaAs wafer surface, and processing techniques which are compatible with precisely controlled donor impurity site location determination. The present paper correlates the electrical effects observed in several significant recent developments with theory and interface chemistry to provide workers in the field with a physical understanding of what is essential for reproducible, effective, and reliable ohmic contacts.
MicroRNAs as pharmacological targets in diabetes

Diabetes is characterized by high levels of blood glucose due to either the loss of insulin-producing beta-cells in the pancreas, leading to a deficiency of insulin in type 1 diabetes, or due to increased insulin resistance, leading to reduced insulin sensitivity and productivity in type 2 diabetes. There is an increasing need for new options to treat diabetes, especially type 2 diabetes at its early stages due to an ineffective control of its development in patients. Recently, a novel class of small noncoding RNAs, termed microRNAs (miRNAs), is found to play a key role as important transcriptional and posttranscriptional inhibitors of gene expression in fine-tuning the target messenger RNAs (mRNAs). miRNAs are implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetes and have become an intriguing target for therapeutic intervention. This review focuses on the dysregulated miRNAs discovered in various diabetic models and addresses the potential for miRNAs to be therapeutic targets in the treatment of diabetes.
An Iwatsubo-Based Solution for Labyrinth Seals: Comparison to Experimental Results

The basic equations are derived for compressible flow in a labyrinth seal. The flow is assumed to be completely turbulent in the circumferential direction where the friction factor is determined by the Blasius relation. Linearized zeroth and first-order perturbation equations are developed for small motion about a centered position by an expansion in the eccentricity ratio. The zeroth-order pressure distribution is found by satisfying the leakage equation while the circumferential velocity distribution is determined by satisfying the momentum equation. The first-order equations are solved by a separation of variables solution. Integration of the resultant pressure distribution along and around the seal defines the reaction force developed by the seal and the corresponding dynamic coefficients. The results of this analysis are compared to published test results.
In vivo phosphorus spectroscopy of human skin

Skin 31 P MRS measurements might detect metabolic damage from irradiation, chemotherapy, or ischemia. Although rat and cadaver data have demonstrated this potential (C. D. Cuono, et al., Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 81, 1-11 (1988), H. W. Klein, et al., Ann. Plast. Surg. 20, 547-551 (1988)), few studies of in vivo phosphorus human skin spectra have been published (A. Zemtsov, et al., J. Dermatol. Surg. Oncol. 15, 1207-1211 (1989), A Zemtsov, et al., J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 30, 959-965 (1994)), and those likely reflect underlying muscle as much as skin. To separate 31 P skin and muscle spectra, we have developed a unique two-layer flotation phantom for mapping coil sensitivity and an associated semiempirical two-power RF depth-resolved technique. Phantom and method have been applied in a study of 17 normal volunteers to obtain human in vivo 31 P skin spectra uncompromised by muscle contamination and to quantitate ratios of major phosphometabolites. Skin results consistently showed low ratios of phosphocreatine (PCr) to adenosine triphosphate (ATP), high levels of phosphomonoester (PME), P i , and phosphodiester (PDE) relative to PCr, and demonstrated a shift in pH toward greater alkalinity, compared to that with simultaneous muscle results.
HOMOCYSTEINE AND VASCULAR DYSFUNCTION

Abstract Elevated plasma levels of homocysteine and disulfide adducts of homocysteine (collectively termed “homocyst(e)ine”) are associated with increased risk of thrombotic and atherosclerotic vascular disease. It is still not evident, however, whether moderately elevated plasma homocyst(e)ine concentration per se is a cause, or rather just a marker for an associated condition that may predispose to development of vascular disease or its complications. This distinction has important clinical consequences, since dietary intervention to lower plasma homocyst(e)ine has been proposed as a global strategy to decrease the prevalence of vascular disease. Studies of cultured cells in vitro have led to the hypothesis that homocysteine may predispose to vascular disease by altering the normally antithrombotic and vasoprotective phenotype of vascular endothelium, perhaps through a mechanism that involves generation of peroxides and other reactive oxygen species. Recent findings in animal and human models of moderate hyperhomocyst(e)inemia provide support for some aspects of this hypothesis. Endothelial dysfunction in hyperhomocyst(e)inemia provide support for some aspects of this hypothesis. Endothelial dysfunction in hyperhomocyst(e)inemia may contribute to development of atherosclerosis and predispose to complications such as thrombosis and vasospasm. Important questions to be addressed in future investigations include the relative importance of homocysteine versus associated conditions (such as folate deficiency) in the etiology of vascular dysfunction, the role of homocysteine-induced oxidant stress, and the potential benefits of lowering plasma homocyst(e)ine levels through dietary supplementation with B vitamins.
The Twin Cities GLBT Oral History Project: Introductory Remarks

Ryan P. Murphy, Jennifer L. Pierce and Larry Knopp (eds) Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2010, 360 pp., $25.00 paperback, (ISBN 978-0-8166-5321-8), $75.00 cloth, (ISBN 978-0-8166-53...
Studio-based learning in CS2: an experience report

Recently there has been a surge of interest in making computer science education attractive to potential students, motivating to current students, and relevant to graduating students. We are exploring a new pedagogical approach called studio-based learning as a means to reinvigorate computer science education. Adapted from architectural education, this instructional model emphasizes learning activities in which students (a) design computational solutions to problems that lend themselves to multiple solution strategies, and (b) present and justify their solutions to their instructors and peers for critical review and discussion. In this paper we describe the studio-based approach, discuss how it was implemented in CS2, and present preliminary evaluation results.
Evaluating Land Use Dynamics and Forest Cover Change in Nepal’s Bara District (1973–2003)

This research uses Landsat Multi-Spectral Scanner of 1973, Thematic Mapper of 1989, Advance Earth Observing Satellite of 1996, and Enhanced Thematic Mapper of 2003 imagery to examine the effects of socioeconomic and demographic factors on land use and forest cover dynamics in the Bara district of the Central Tarai Region of Nepal for 1973–2003. These satellite images are used to generate three transition matrices for 1973–1989, 1989–1996, and 1996–2003; and the outcomes of the final transition matrix are compared with the land use and cover patterns seen on the IKONOS (1 × 1 m) 2003 images. This paper contributes to our understanding of how land use and cover dynamics correspond to national-level socioeconomic developments, demographic changes, and environmental awareness as envisioned by Ecological Modernization Theory. It also demonstrates how such a set of transition matrices generated from different resolution images helps assess these explanatory relationships at different temporal and spatial scales.
Repair of Sub-lethal and Potentially Lethal Radiation Damage in Plateau Phase Cultures of Human Cells

WHEN monolayer cultures of mammalian cells are allowed to reach the stationary or plateau phase of growth, overall DNA synthesis decreases markedly. This is chiefly a result of the appearance of many non-proliferating cells which remain in the presynthetic (G1) stage of the cell cycle, while the cell concentration remains approximately constant because the lowered rate of cell division is balanced by the sloughing of dead cells into the nutrient medium1,2. Such cultures are interesting to radiobiologists because they represent an in vitro cell renewal system which has several of the characteristics of human malignant tumours. When Chinese hamster cells were irradiated in the plateau phase of growth, the slope of the survival curve was similar to that obtained with exponentially growing cultures, but the cells did not accumulate and repair sub-lethal damage3. I have investigated the effects of radiation on stationary cultures of a line of cells derived from normal human liver (Chang)4. After irradiation in the plateau phase of growth, not only do these human cells recover from sub-lethal radiation damage, but potentially lethal damage is repaired if the cells are allowed to remain in the stationary phase for some time after irradiation.
Effect of Preparation Time on the Minimum-Cost Diet

The implications on a minimum-cost diet of introducing meal preparation time are explored using a multiple criteria framework. Using a bicriterion method, the tradeoff between the money cost of home-cooked meals and the meal preparation time is empirically estimated with a set of 895 recipes popular in Hawaii. There is a clear tradeoff between cost and time in preparing home-cooked meals, and it is found that the minimum-cost diet is very sensitive to the meal pre-parer's value of time.