cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Culturing hippocampal neurons

We provide protocols for preparing low-density dissociated-cell cultures of hippocampal neurons from embryonic rats or mice. The neurons are cultured on polylysine-treated coverslips, which are suspended above an astrocyte feeder layer and maintained in serum-free medium. When cultured according to this protocol, hippocampal neurons become appropriately polarized, develop extensive axonal and dendritic arbors and form numerous, functional synaptic connections with one another. Hippocampal cultures have been used widely for visualizing the subcellular localization of endogenous or expressed proteins, for imaging protein trafficking and for defining the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of neuronal polarity, dendritic growth and synapse formation. Preparation of glial feeder cultures must begin 2 weeks in advance, and it takes 5 d to prepare coverslips as a substrate for neuronal growth. Dissecting the hippocampus and plating hippocampal neurons takes 2-3 h.
Molecular Chemical Structure on Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) Surface Studied by Sum Frequency Generation (SFG) Vibrational Spectroscopy

The molecular chemical structure of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) surface has been studied by sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy. By using various methods, we have shown that reflected SFG spectra of PMMA collected in our experiments only come from the polymer/air interface, not from the polymer/substrate or the bulk polymer. These SFG spectra are dominated by the vibrational bands from the ester methyl group. Ranges of orientation and orientation distribution of the ester methyl group on the PMMA surface have been deduced. The antisymmetric stretching vibrational band of the alpha methyl group has been detected on the PMMA surface. Analysis shows that the alpha methyl groups are lying down on the surface. The methylene group has not been observed in SFG spectra. For comparison, we have also studied surface chemical structures of poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA) and dimethyl succinate by SFG.
Behavioral confirmation of the "silent period" during adaptation to bright lights.

The “silent period” is an interval of time following the onset of an intense background during which there is absolute refractoriness to incremental light stimuli. The phenomenon has been reported to occur at all levels of retinal processing in the skate (Dowling and Ripps, 1970, 1971, 1972; Green, Dowling, Siegel and Ripps, 1975), in the ERG of several other elasmobranchs (Hamasaki and Bridges, 1965), and in the retinal ganglion cells of the goldfish (Raynauld, 1969; Beauchamp and Daw, 1972). The possibility that the effect occurs only in isolated preparations of retinal tissue (which may be less responsive than the same tissue in an intact animal) can be eliminated on the basis of the results of Hamasaki and Bridges (1965) and Beauchamp and Daw (1972), who found it in intact paralyzed preparations. This note provides further confirmation of the existence of the silent period by showing that restrained but otherwise normal goldfish do not respond behaviorally to incremental light stimuli for several minutes following onset of an intense background. We carried out two experiments, using two different behavioral techniques. In one, goldfish were conditioned to respond to increases in the intensity of a large spot of light. In the other, they responded reflexly, using optokinetic nystagmus (OKN), to movements of a striped drum.
Halogen surface chemistry on Si(100)−(2×1)

Abstract The surface chemistry of adsorbed halogen atoms on Si(100) has been studied using several surface-science methods. It has been found using electron-stimulated desorption ion angular distribution (ESDIAD) that Cl atoms bond to dangling bonds on symmetric Si 2 dimer sites, and that the Si-Cl bond angle is tilted (25°±4°) from the normal in the vertical plane containing the symmetric Si 2 dimer bond. The covalently bonded halogens Cl, Br, and I have been studied on Si(100) using atomic hydrogen bombardment at low substrate temperatures (300–630 K). In all cases, facile elimination of the hydrogen halide occurs, and the coverage of halogen may be driven to zero by moderate exposure to atomic hydrogen. The halogen extraction process is almost non-activated, suggesting that the chemical reaction to produce hydrogen-halide species is driven by the potential energy carried by the atomic hydrogen species. This is an example of an Eley-Rideal reaction process and provides a potentially useful new approach for controlling atomic layer chemistry on semiconductors.
Effect of reflections in pion-deuteron scattering

We compare the solutions of the Faddeev equations for pion-deuteron scattering, with and without the reflection terms in which the pion is allowed to scatter back and forth between the two nucleons. We show that in the resonance region, the effect of these terms in the differential cross section is less than 20%. We point out tht the Faddeev equations without reflections, reduce to a Lippmann-Schwinger equation with a pion-deuteron effective potential. We also point out that the pole approximation to the nucleon-nucleon T matrix is not a very good approximation.
A survey on the design of multiprocessing systems for artificial intelligence applications

Some issues in designing computers for artificial intelligence (AI) processing are discussed. These issues are divided into three levels: the representation level, the control level, and the processor level. The representation level deals with the knowledge and methods used to solve the problem and the means to represent it. The control level is concerned with the detection of dependencies and parallelism in the algorithmic and program representations of the problem, and with the synchronization and scheduling of concurrent tasks. The processor level addresses the hardware and architectural components needed to evaluate the algorithmic and program representations. Solutions for the problems of each level are illustrated by a number of representative systems. Design decisions in existing projects on AI computers are classed into top-down, bottom-up, and middle-out approaches. >
Success in slow motion: The Europeanization of Romanian child protection policy

This paper analyzes the influence of the European Union (EU) through a qualitative case study of child protection policy in Romania. This is a particularly tough case for the growing “Europeanization” literature. Prior research has called attention to several factors that promote Europeanization, including the presence of a pro-reform domestic coalition, the clarity and consistency of the EU’s own legislative targets, a state’s own prior involvement in the setting of European standards, a strong consensus among EU member states backing the European position, and strong non-European support for EU initiatives. According to these propositions, Romanian child protection seemed to provide a worst case scenario for Europeanization, as initially none of these conditions held. And yet the paper shows that substantial Europeanization occurred anyway. We argue that the EU experienced a very slow start with Romania but that it cultivated an opposition that responded to EU initiatives when that opposition took power. Moreover, the EU found three “workarounds” to the obstacles just noted: it asserted legislative targets it did not possess itself, invented new policy tools, and drew protection for its most controversial policy from another international organization, the ECHR. Our central theoretical claim is that external pressure requires internal accommodation in order to have lasting effects. The claim has important implications for the diffusion and conditionality debates.
Semantic guidance of eye movements in real-world scenes.

The perception of objects in our visual world is influenced by not only their low-level visual features such as shape and color, but also their high-level features such as meaning and semantic relations among them. While it has been shown that low-level features in real-world scenes guide eye movements during scene inspection and search, the influence of semantic similarity among scene objects on eye movements in such situations has not been investigated. Here we study guidance of eye movements by semantic similarity among objects during real-world scene inspection and search. By selecting scenes from the LabelMe object-annotated image database and applying latent semantic analysis (LSA) to the object labels, we generated semantic saliency maps of real-world scenes based on the semantic similarity of scene objects to the currently fixated object or the search target. An ROC analysis of these maps as predictors of subjects’ gaze transitions between objects during scene inspection revealed a preference for transitions to objects that were semantically similar to the currently inspected one. Furthermore, during the course of a scene search, subjects’ eye movements were progressively guided toward objects that were semantically similar to the search target. These findings demonstrate substantial semantic guidance of eye movements in real-world scenes and show its importance for understanding real-world attentional control.
Treat 'em like other devices: user authentication of multiple personal RFID tags

User-to-tag authentication can prevent a variety of potential attacks on personal RFID tags. In this poster, a new RFID authentication scheme is presented that allows a user to control when a tag responds to queries by leveraging a mobile phone. The design and implementation of this approach is presented along with a study of its usability.
A flag-based algorithm and associated neutron interrogation system for the detection of explosives in sea–land cargo containers

Abstract Recent efforts in the simulation of sea–land cargo containers in active neutron interrogation scenarios resulted in the identification of several flags indicating the presence of conventional explosives. These flags, defined by specific mathematical manipulations of the neutron and photon spectra, have been combined into a detection algorithm for screening cargo containers at international borders and seaports. The detection algorithm's steps include classifying the cargo type, identifying containers filled with explosives, triggering in the presence of concealed explosives, and minimizing the number of false positives due to cargo heterogeneity. The algorithm has been implemented in a system that includes both neutron and photon detectors. This system will take about 10 min to scan a container and cost approximately $1M to construct. Dose calculations resulted in estimates of less than 0.5 mSv for a person hidden in the container, and an operator annual dose of less than 0.9 mSv.
Theoretical investigation of defects in photonic crystals in the presence of dielectric losses

We study defect states in two- and three-dimensional dielectric photonic crystals. We use the transfer-matrix method and we calculate the transmission and reflection coefficient of electromagnetic waves. The Q factor of the defect states increases exponentially with the thickness of the photonic crystal. However, it saturates at high thickness when absorption is introduced. The higher the absorption, the lower the saturated value of the Q factor. @S0163-1829~98!00907-2#
Effect of NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester on functionally characterized muscarinic receptors in anesthetized cats

Abstract This study was undertaken to determine if the nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor, NG-nitro- l -arginine methyl ester ( l -NAME), is a competitive antagonist of muscarinic receptors in vivo. Cats were anesthetized with pentobarbital (36 mg/kg, i.p.). Five peripheral muscarinic responses were characterized based on their sensitivity to intravenous administration of atropine (1–100 μg/kg), pirenzepine (1–100 μg/kg) or gallamine (30–3000 μg/kg) as follows: (1) muscarinic ganglionic transmission through the superior cervical ganglion to the nictitating membrane (M1), (2) electrically elicited vagal bradycardia (M2), (3) neurally evoked sudomotor responses (M3; non-endothelial), (4) basal pupil tone in sympathectomized cats (M3; non-endothelial) and (5) methacholine-induced depression of arterial blood pressure (M3; endothelial). Additional groups of animals were administered l -NAME (50 mg/kg, i.v.) to determine if this agent would alter activation of these muscarinic systems. l -NAME was devoid of effect on responses elicited by stimulation of muscarinic M1, M2 and M3 (non-endothelial) receptors. In contrast, l -NAME significantly reduced the depressor responses to i.v. methacholine (M3; endothelial), as did its non-alkyl ester congener, l -NA (NG-nitro- l -arginine; 25 mg/kg, i.v.). These results support the conclusion that although l -NAME inhibits synthesis of nitric oxide in vascular endothelial cells, it is not a generalized muscarinic receptor antagonist in vivo.
Anthropology, Universities, and American Society

T HE choice of my subject has been governed by two factors: a qualitative evaluation of American anthropology as a product of the American academic environment that recently came to my attention while sojourning in England; and my own long-range concern, shared by all, with the problems and purposes of American universities. The evaluation expressed the judgment that anthropology in the United States is inferior in quality and destined to deteriorate further because of the nature of our universities and their attendant academic climate. The situation was described as one in which we are
Cyber‐security, cyber‐attack, and the development of governmental response: the librarian's view

This article presents an overview of the historical development of information security policies promulgated by a variety of governments and agencies. After a brief history of the development of government technology policy in the electronic age, and a review of the possible cyber‐security threats to today's military and civilian populations, policy documents from the organization for economic co‐operation and development, the European Union, and the USA are described and compared. Analysis of the policy documents shows some similarities in the manner by which national and supra‐national political agencies are reacting to the threat of cyber‐attack. The paper alerts the library community to possible compromise in the systems with which we work, and provides some understanding of the process by which the government is reacting to threats. It concludes by encouraging the librarian to become more actively involved and informed concerning the development of government policies in this area.
Effect of Glucocorticoids on Type I Collagen Synthesis, Alkaline Phosphatase Activity, and Deoxyribonucleic Acid Content in Cultured Rat Calvariae*

Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis is believed to be caused by increased bone resorption and decreased bone formation. However, the direct effects of glucocorticoids on bone formation are, as yet, not fully understood. Cortisol, corticosterone, and dexamethasone were examined for their effects on alkaline phosphatase activity, the incorporation of [3H]proline into type I collagen, DNA content, and mitotic index in intact 21-day-old fetal rat calvariae. After 24 h of treatment, cortisol at 1-100 nM increased the incorporation of [3H]proline into type I collagen, whereas at 1-10 microM, cortisol inhibited type I collagen labeling. After 96 h, cortisol (0.1-10 microM) had an inhibitory effect on type I collagen labeling and alkaline phosphatase activity. Cortisol had a small, not dose dependent, and transient stimulatory effect on alkaline phosphatase which appeared after 12-24 h of exposure, whereas the inhibitory effect was dose related, it appeared and was near-maximal after 48 h of continuous treatment with cortisol. Corticosterone and dexamethasone had an effect similar to that of cortisol on type I collagen synthesis and alkaline phosphatase activity. None of the steroids tested affected the release of the enzyme into the culture medium. Cortisol, corticosterone, and dexamethasone did not alter calvarial DNA content after 24 h of treatment, but after 96, concentrations of 1 nM to 10 microM were inhibitory. The decrease in DNA appeared after 48 h of exposure to 100 nM cortisol and was maximal after 72 h. Histological sections showed a marked and generalized decrease in the number of mitoses after colcemid arrest in calvariae treated with 100 nM cortisol, corticosterone, or dexamethasone for 96 h. These studies indicate that glucocorticoids have a dual effect on type I collagen synthesis and alkaline phosphatase activity in cultured calvariae: a transient stimulatory effect after short term treatment and an inhibitory one after long term exposure. The latter is related to a generalized decrease in cell population.
Modification of Feeding Behavior of Myzus persicae (Homoptera: Aphididae) by Selected Compounds

An electronic feeding monitor was used to examine the feeding behavior of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), on lettuce, Lactuca sativa L. ‘Empire’ sprayed with a number of behavior-modifying compounds. The number of probing events recorded per hour was significantly higher on plants treated with an insecticidal soap(M-Pede), azadirachtin (Margosan-O), and an acrylic copolymer (Forevergreen) than on controls. Ingestion events occurred significantly less often on plants treated with nicotine sulfate (Black Leaf 40), the acrylic copolymer, and the insecticidal soap than on control plants. Aphids spent significantly more time in preprobing activities on plants treated with the acrylic copolymer compared with the untreated control. Aphid feeding behavior on plants treated with sabadilla was not significantly different from that on plants treated with distilled water. The use of these results in an IPM context is discussed.
Taxonomic level sufficient for assessing pollution impacts on the southern california bight macrobenthos—revisited

Taxonomic sufficiency is the pragmatic concept of identifying organisms only to the taxonomic level necessary and sufficient to meet a study`s objectives. Sufficient taxonomy was determined for detecting differences in macrobenthic taxa richness, a dominance index, and three diversity indices between a reference and two pollution-impacted stations in the Southern California Bight using a wide variety of sampling protocols. A higher taxonomic level was deemed sufficient for a given measure and sampling protocol if the statistical power of t tests performed on data grouped to it was essentially the same as that when tests were performed on data grouped to all lower taxa. The sufficient taxon for the optimum sampling protocol was phylum except when assessing biological stimulation based on differences in mean log{sub 10} (number of taxa) where it was species. Generic dominance and diversity indices were sufficient independent of the sample units tested (0.02, 0.06, and 0.1 m{sup 2}) and sample size (n{ge}2). The authors recommend family-level identification of specimens collected using the optimum sampling protocol when assessing macrobenthic community impacts in the study area because familial analyses are very likely to be sufficient. Confounding effects of sampling variables need to be accounted for when determining the truemore » cost efficiency of and the underlying reason(s) for the sufficiency of higher taxonomy.« less
Teenage pregnancy and perinatal mortality.

In the general population teenage pregnancies present an elevated rate of perinatal mortality compared with pregnancies of women in their twenties. In two large-scale university hospital studies (one American, one Danish), the teenage pregnancies showed lower perinatal mortality than those of any other age group. This article attempts to determine the origin of these differing results. A comparative analysis was conducted focusing on methodologies, subject characteristics, and treatment procedures involved in the two classes of studies, which involved representative populations and university hospital samples. The uniformly high quality medical treatment provided to all subjects in the university hospital samples contrasted with the uneven quality of treatment found in population studies constituted the most important difference. Since pregnant teenagers generally tend to be of lower socioeconomic status, they are likely to receive inferior medical care. It was argued that this factor could, to large extent, be responsible for the elevated mortality rates found in teenage pregnancies in representative populations.
Hubble Space Telescope Observations of the Gravitationally Lensed Cloverleaf Broad Absorption Line QSO H1413+1143: Imaging

An analysis of Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Wide Field Planetary Camera (WFPC) and Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) images of the gravitationally lensed Cloverleaf broad absorption line quasi-stellar object (QSO) H1413+1143 is presented. Astrometric and photometric measurements are derived for the four components of the lensed QSO for five different epochs over a baseline of 2.76 yr. Because of the replacement of WFPC with WFPC2 and the change in the purpose of the observation at the various epochs, the data were not always taken with the same filter. With the exception of the declination of component D, the relative positions of the four components are measured to within ≈ 3 mas; these results are consistent with but considerably more accurate than earlier measurements. The relative photometric measurements at any one epoch are typically accurate to ≈ 0.02-0.03 mag (1 σ). The initial HST WFPC images cover a baseline of 1.26 yr (1992.21-1993.47 [1992 March 16-1993 June 22]), and over this time interval there is little evidence for brightness variations of any of the components relative to one another at levels >0.06 mag (>2 σ). Photometric measurements of the more accurate WFPC2 data obtained with different filters extends this baseline an additional 1.50 yr (to 1994.97 [1994 December 22]). The WFPC2 data also fail to reveal significant brightness variations among the components. In addition, the WFPC2 data include both UV (F336W) and near-infrared (F814W) images. These color data indicate the presence of sight-line-dependent extinction, causing the F336W-F814W color index of component B (the most reddened component) to be 0.56 ± 0.04 mag redder than that of component C (the least reddened component). The lack of evidence for significant component brightness variations at all HST observation epochs suggests that the data could be reliably extinction-corrected to derive the relative amplifications of the four image components. This is done for several reasonable dust-extinction models. Thus, the derived astrometry along with the photometric analysis set clear constraints on models for the Cloverleaf. Since component D shows some evidence for microlensing, the results on its relative amplification should be used with caution. While existing models can successfully reproduce the relative positions, the relative amplifications have not yet been successfully modeled. The WFPC2 imaging data has also permitted a sensitive search for component structure and the gravitational lens itself. There is marginal evidence for elongated structure between components A and C that may be part of an Einstein ring. However, no significant evidence for the lensing object is found. The various measurements are quantified in ways useful for setting model constraints. Limits on the mass-to-light ratio and detectability of the lensing galaxy are also discussed.
The University of Washington Nuclear Physics Data Acquisition System

During the past several years we have been developing a new data acquisition system based on a PDP-11/60 with an MBD-11 controlled CAMAC crate. The hardware configuration, the acquisition codes involved and the offline analysis system, a VAX-11/780, will be described.
Non-destructive quantitation of spermine in human prostate tissue samples using HRMAS 1H NMR spectroscopy at 9.4 T

We present the results of a study of human prostate specimens evaluated by high resolution magic angle spinning 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy at 400 MHz (9.4 T) and by quantitative histopathology. We demonstrate that NMR and pathology data can be obtained from the same intact specimens, and report for the first time a linear correlation between the NMR measured concentration of spermine, a proposed endogenous inhibitor to prostate cancer growth, and the volume percentage of normal prostatic epithelial cells as quantified by histopathology. Our results show that NMR may serve as a critical tool for the investigation of the inhibitory mechanism of spermine in human subjects.
The dynamics among G7 government bond and equity markets and the implications for international capital market diversification

Abstract This paper investigates potential international capital market diversification gains from relationships between global government bond and equity markets. Its primary contributions are (1) including both government debt and equity markets in the investigation of global diversification gains, (2) basing the analysis on real, risk-adjusted returns, and (3) evaluating both variance decompositions and impulse responses, as well as long-term relationships for international U.S. dollar investors. We find the cointegration, variance decomposition, and impulse response function results indicate interdependence and reduction in gains to international diversification.
The Mechanism of Ciliary Movement. I. Ciliary Reversal and Activation by Electric Current; the Ludloff Phenomenon in Terms of Core and Volume Conductors.*

In Paramecium there is no known correlation between the direction of electric current through the membrane and of ciliary beat. One reason is that the Ludloff phenomenon, an anodal shift in the limit of the area of reversal with increased current strength, has seemed contradictory to most other data. However, by assuming Paramecium to be a core conductor immersed in a volume conductor and by applying the laws of polarizing currents it is possible to explain all existing data on reversal of normal ciliary action, and also on activation of cilia in immobilized specimens by electrical current. It is assumed that a threshold degree of depolarization of the normal membrane potential or of current density causes reversal. The Ludloff phenomenon is caused by anodal progression of this degree of depolarization with increasing membranecurrent. If it is also assumed that an increase in the membrane potential of immobilized specimens causes activation in the normal direction, one can predict anodal activation, progression of reversal with decrement in velocity, time course of development of excitation, ancdal stimulation upon “break.” stimulation by linearly rising currents, relative refractory and supernormal periods, effect of angle of orientation, and effect of acetylcholine and antiacetylchoiine esterase. Assumption of a neuromotor system is not needed. However, if available data are interpreted in the manner commonly used for nerve it can be concluded that an active accommodative process exists and possibly also a local excitatory state. A recent “dipolar” theory of galvanotaxis is not acceptable because it does not include ciliary reversal.
Neurological consequences of prenatal stimulant drug exposure

In this paper, neurological issues for the stimulant drug-exposed neonate are reviewed. The experiences in adult users are reviewed, and the applicability to neonatal studies is identified. Structural abnormalities are described, and the possible mechanisms of injury are reviewed. The biochemical systems altered by these drugs are described with the possible behavioral outcomes. Neurophysiological measures showing drug effect are described as evidence of acute intoxication on ischemia. This article lays out the possible neurological bases for the descriptions of altered behavior in early infancy and beyond after prenatal stimulant drug exposure. Les problemes neurologiques pour les nouveau-nes exposes aux stupefiants sont ici examines. Les experiences chez les utilisateurs adultes sont passees en revue et les applications possibles pour les etudes neonatales son identifiees. Les anormalites structurales sont decrites et les mecanismes envisageables de lesion sont examines. Les systemes biochimiques alteres par ces drogues sont examines avec les evntuelles consequences en matiere de comportement. Des mesures neurophysiologiques montrant l'effet de la drogue sont decrites comme preuve d'intoxication severe d'ischemie. Ce travail pose les base pour les descriptions de comportement altere ou la guerison durant la petite enfance apres une exposition prenatale aux stupefiants.
Synthesis of 1,6-anhydro-β-d-talopyranose from derivatives of d-galactose and d-mannose

Abstract Oxidation of 1,6-anhydro-3,4-O-isopropylidene-β- d -galactopyranose (1) with methyl sulfoxide-acetic anhydride or with ruthenium tetraoxide gave the crystalline 2-ketone (2) in high yield. Reduction of 2 with lithium aluminum hydride or sodium borohydride gave the d -talo isomer(3) of 1 stereospecifically. The same reducing agents converted 1,6-anhydro-2,3-O-isopropylidene-β- d -lyxo-hexopyranos-4-ulose (4) stereospecifically into 1,6-anhydro-2,3-O-isopropylidene-β- d -talopyranose (5). Reduction of 4 with hydrogen over palladium gave a 3:1 mixture of 5 and its d -manno isomer (7); and, under these conditions, 2 was converted into a 1:1 mixture of 3 and 1. Mild hydrolysis of 3 or 5 gave 1,6-anhydro-β- d -talopyranose (6), the last 1,6-anhydro-β- d -aldohexopyranose to be described; further hydrolysis gave d -talose. N.m.r. spectral data are given for the triacetate (8) of 6. The ketones 2 and 4 showed optically active absorption at 330 and 300 nm, respectively, which gave rise in each case to a negative circular dichroism curve, and a Cotton effect of negative sign in the o.r.d. spectrum
The Effects of Road Culverts on Nekton in New England Salt Marshes: Implications for Tidal Restoration

In recent years, salt marsh restoration projects have focused upon restoring hydrology through culvert enlargement to return functional values lost due to reduced tidal flow. To evaluate culvert effects on upstream nekton assemblages, fyke nets were set upstream of tidally restricted creeks, creeks recently restored with larger culverts, and paired reference creeks in New Hampshire and Maine, U.S.A. Subtidal habitats created or enlarged by scour were found immediately upstream of undersized culverts. All marshes supported similar assemblages and densities of fish, suggesting that marshes upstream of moderately restrictive culverts provide suitable habitat to support fish communities. However, densities of Crangon septemspinosa (sand shrimp) were significantly reduced upstream of culverts. A mark–recapture study was conducted in tidally restricted, restored, and reference marsh creeks to evaluate culvert effects on the movement of Fundulus heteroclitus (mummichog), the numerically dominant fish species in New England salt marshes. Recapture data indicated that small culvert size and consequently increased water velocity significantly decreased fish passage rates. We infer that upstream subtidal habitats and greater water velocities due to undersized culverts decreased nekton movements between upstream and downstream areas, resulting in segregated nekton populations. Restoration of salt marsh hydrology by the installation of adequately sized culverts will support increased fish access to marsh habitats and nekton-mediated export of marsh-derived production to coastal waters.
Speckle Pattern Evolution of Diffusive and Localized Waves

While the phase statistics within speckle patterns is generic, the statistics of the motion of phase singularities differs substantially for diffusive and localized waves reflecting the wave interaction with the underlying electromagnetic modes.
Extended Kalman filter for frequent local and infrequent global sensor data fusion

In this paper we compare the performance of a dead-reckoning system for robot navigation to a system using an extended Kalman filter (EKF). Dead-reckoning systems are able to approximate position and orientation by feeding data (provided usually by local sensors) to the kinematic model of the vehicle. These systems are subject to many different sources of error. EKFs have the ability to combine the same information and compensate for most of these errors to yield a better estimate. Our simulation results using a simplified kinematic model of Rocky 7 [an experimental rover used in the Mars exploration program at Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)] show that an improvement in performance up to 40% (position error) can be achieved. The local sensors used are: wheel encoders, steering angle potentiometer and gyroscope. Involvement of global sensor measurements can drastically increase the accuracy of the estimate. The lack of GPS or magnetic field on Mars narrows our choices for global localization. Landmarks, such as the sun can be used as natural beacons (reference point for absolute measuremnts). A sun sensor (SS) that measures the absolute orientation of the rover has been built by Lockheed Martin and now is part of the sensor suite of Rocky 7. The SS measurement is crucial for the estimation filter and we show that the accuracy of the estimation decreases exponentially as the frequency of the SS data fed to the EKF decreases.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The relationship between violent and sexual images and the popularity of music videos

(1990). The relationship between violent and sexual images and the popularity of music videos. Popular Music and Society: Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 1-9.
Attachment, sense of coherence, and mental health among Chinese American college students: Variation by migration status

Abstract Informed by Antonovksy's salutogenic model, the current study examined sense of coherence as a mediator in the relationship of parent and peer attachment and college challenges with depressive symptom level in three groups of Chinese American college students. Due to differential acculturation, we hypothesized that peer relationship would be more salient for the most acculturated American-born Chinese, parent relationship would be more salient for the least acculturated, late arriving immigrants, and both parent and peer attachment would contribute to the well-being of early arriving immigrants who have been significantly exposed to both cultures. A sample of 112 American-born Chinese, 121 early immigrants, and 110 late immigrants completed paper–pencil surveys. Sense of coherence mediated the effect of attachment and college challenges on depressive symptoms in all three groups. Furthermore, our hypotheses regarding American-born Chinese and early immigrants were supported. For late immigrants, both parent and peer attachment predicted sense of coherence, but only parent attachment contributed to depressive symptom level. Implications for mental health interventions are discussed.
Measurement and Resulting First and Second Order Approximations for a 9 Degree Bending Magnet in LAMPF's 750-KeV Transport

The three Cartesian components of magnetic field are measured for a 9 degree bending magnet. Measurement errors are corrected and the data is fit to a polynomial which satisfies Maxwell's equations. Particle paths through the magnet are calculated by numerical integration and the corresponding first and second order particle transformation matrices are generated. A parameterization for the first order transformation matrix is developed and the resulting approximations for predicting particle motion in the magnet are compared to the results of the numerical integration.
Preparation of α‐Fluorobis(phenylsulfonyl)methane (FBSM)

Chloromethyl phenyl sulfide Potassium fluoride Acetonitrile Fluoromethyl phenyl sulfide Oxone® Methanol Water Fluoromethyl phenyl sulfone Potassium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide Benzenesulfonyl fluoride Tetrahydrofuran Hydrochloric acid α-Fluorobis(phenylsulfonyl)methane Keywords: α-Fluorobis(phenylsulfonyl)methane; Fluoromethyl phenyl sulfone; Hazardous chemical disposals
Selected Topics in Computational Mathematics

Computational mathematics is a discipline of mathematical research in areas of science where computation plays a central and essential role. Our everyday lives have been transformed by the impact of computation and communication. This impact can be observed in the world economy, where information technology has contributed in significant and numerous ways to growth in productivity and the development of a plethora of new products and services. For example, advances in computational techniques have led to improvements in healthcare diagnoses, access, and delivery; in education where learning is increasingly medicated by information technologies; and in science and engineering where increasingly pervasive and sophisticated cyberinfrastruture are revolutionalizing research methodology. Applying computation to problemsolving has led to the development of new ways of conceptualizing, analyzing, and solving problems that are otherwise difficult to tackle. This special issue consists of a few selected topics of research in computational mathematics from a prominent group of young researchers. The contributing papers address some of the key issues in computational mathematics: from model development to design, analysis, and implementation of numerical methods and computational algorithms. All papers are invited, but all have been carefully peer-reviewed. I would like to thank all the contributors for their diligent, high-quality work, and all the anonymous referees who have made constructive suggestions and comments that led to a much improved collection of papers.
A smooth control law for graceful motion of differential wheeled mobile robots in 2D environment

Although recent progress in 2D mobile robot navigation has been significant, the great majority of existing work focuses only on ensuring that the robot reaches its goal. But to make autonomous navigation truly successful, the “quality” of planned motion is important as well. Here, we develop and analyze a pose-following kinematic control law applicable to unicycle-type robots, such that the robot can generate intuitive, fast, smooth, and comfortable trajectories.
Mode matching of terahertz radiation to cylindrical wire waveguides

We describe a method for dramatically enhancing the coupling of THz radiation to a wire waveguide using a radially symmetric photoconductive antenna. We present both numerical simulations and experimental results showing enhanced coupling.
Managed care and the treatment of asthma

Few diagnoses offer managed care more return for the investment than asthma. Physicians are beset by mandates to use more anti-inflammatory therapy, peak flow meters, spacer devices, and written step care plans. The managed care system offers the organization and resources to meet this challenge to support physicians on the front line. Economies of scale and computer data bases now make asthma care outcome measures available for evaluation and revision. The current review focuses on five areas for development of successful asthma intervention: (1) physician education, (2) the comanagement concept, (3) patient education, (4) cost-effectiveness, and (5) implementation.
Herbivore-Free Time? Damage to New Leaves of Woody Plants after Hurricane Andrew1

All broadleaf woody plants of pinelands and hammocks (upland areas) in the northern parts of Everglades National Park were defoliated by the strong winds of Hurricane Andrew in August 1992. Most plants re-leafed within two months of the storm, at which time we tagged newly produced leaves of eight species (five species in two hardwood hammocks and four in two pineland sites; one species was studied in both habitats), and monitored individual leaf area lost or damaged monthly for three months. We marked a second cohort of new leaves on the same individuals four months later and monitored these for three months. Herbivory rates in leaves of the first cohort were lower than observed in pre-hurricane studies on two of the species, and lower in the first cohort than in the second cohort in six of the eight species studied, indicating that most insect herbivores were virtually absent for the first few months after the storm. Additionally, most species produced significantly larger leaves in the first cohort than the second cohort, and leaves of the second cohort were not significantly different in size from pre-hurricane leaves in one species for which pre-hurricane data were available. The large disturbance of the hurricane defoliated and reduced the aboveground biomass of the plants, but apparently also eliminated most herbivores and competition for light, facilitating the recovery of the plants.
Evaluation and management of the patient with multiple syringomas: A systematic review of the literature.

Syringomas are benign adnexal tumors with distinct histopathologic features, including the characteristic comma ("tadpole") shaped tail comprised of dilated, cystic eccrine ducts. Clinically, syringomas typically present in adolescent females predominantly in the periorbital region. They may present as solitary or multiple lesions, and more rare sites of involvement include the genitals, palms, scalp, and the chest. Over the past 50 years, there have been >800 reported cases of syringoma either alone or in conjunction with a systemic syndrome, most commonly Down syndrome. The primary aim of this systematic review is to discuss the clinical features and associations of syringomas with a focus on the patient with multiple syringomas. Its secondary aims are to explore pathophysiology with a focus on multiple syringomas and provide comprehensive data on both traditional and novel treatments. Importantly, multiple syringomas present across a broad clinical spectrum. Though noted in many textbooks to be related to tumor syndromes, the association of syringomas with inherited tumor syndromes is only rarely reported in the literature. Despite multiple reported cases of syringoma, the pathophysiology remains poorly understood and treatment continues to pose a significant challenge.
Review: Palace of the Mind: The Cloister of Silos and Spanish Sculpture of the Twelfth Century by Elizabeth Valdez del Álamo

Elizabeth Valdez del Alamo. Palace of the Mind: The Cloister of Silos and Spanish Sculpture of the Twelfth Century Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2012, xx + 532 pp., 16 color and 300 b/w illus. €150, ISBN 9782503517117 This large, attractive, and comprehensive book on the cloister of Santo Domingo de Silos, among the most familiar and most compelling of the major Romanesque sites in northern Spain, represents a significant contribution to the study of medieval art and architecture. The magnificent illustrations and rich bibliography alone would make the book an essential resource for the study of European visual culture from the decades around 1100, an astonishing period that witnessed a veritable explosion in architectural sculpture. The probable early date and remarkable creativity of the sculpture at Silos had already established the cloister as a focal point for the study of Romanesque art in the days of Arthur Kingsley Porter and Meyer Schapiro, and Elizabeth Valdez del Alamo’s thorough volume provides a useful, up-to-date compendium of primary and secondary sources that reflects the richness of the artwork and the scholarly tradition associated with it. Palace of the Mind also gives readers insightful discussions of the style, sources, and iconographic interpretation of the sculptures, presenting many ideas that will surely remain fundamental points of departure for future scholarship on this celebrated site. The book is well organized, opening with brief chapters on the historiography and history of Silos, and moving smoothly into a chronological presentation of the sculptures in their architectural context. Valdez del Alamo divides these discussions into two main parts, the first (“Cult Through Construction”) presenting the early history of the monastery at Silos, the rise of the cult of Santo Domingo, and a detailed discussion of the earliest surviving Romanesque cloister sculptures in three chapters. The second part (“The Era of Expansion”) turns to the somewhat later twelfth-century additions to the monastery and cloister, including discussions of the south transept, the newer portions of the cloister, and the portals (chapters 4–6). The closing chapter situates Silos …
Deposition and Diagenesis of Marine Oncoids: Implications For Development of Carbonate Porosity

Abstract Microbially mediated carbonates form in numerous environments and produce a range of lithologic fabrics and textures. While the environmental and biological factors controlling microbial carbonate precipitation are becoming more established, the influence of precursor microbial textures on diagenetic processes is less understood. Here we describe microbial oncolites from Mare, New Caledonia, to assess their formation, textures, and subsequent diagenetic alteration. Calcified filaments and sheets are interpreted as microbial-mat constituents (bacterial sheaths and EPS sheets) within a constructive micritic cortex of uniform crystal size (5–10 μm) and shape formed around a nucleus grain. Thin-section analyses show trapped and bound grain inclusions and irregular laminations within the cortex, also consistent with a microbial origin. The combination of a dense micrite cortex, subrounded shape, and irregular laminations are consistent with oncoid formation under periodic wave agitation in a back-reef setting. The Mare oncolites also display an unexpected pseudomorphic stabilization of the nucleus grains and cortex, likely due to the original mineralogy and low permeability of the cortex micrite. To our knowledge, this is the first example of microbial coatings leading to pseudomorphic stabilization of aragonite and high-Mg calcite skeletal grains. This textural preservation lies in stark contrast to the extensive dissolution and moldic porosity found outside the oncolite beds and common to many tropical shallow-water carbonates. These findings have implications for development of meteoric porosity, the interpretation of δ13C values in marine carbonates, and potential controls on fluid flow.
Reduced Wiener Chaos representation of random fields via basis adaptation and projection

Abstract A new characterization of random fields appearing in physical models is presented that is based on their well-known Homogeneous Chaos expansions. We take advantage of the adaptation capabilities of these expansions where the core idea is to rotate the basis of the underlying Gaussian Hilbert space, in order to achieve reduced functional representations that concentrate the induced probability measure in a lower dimensional subspace. For a smooth family of rotations along the domain of interest, the uncorrelated Gaussian inputs are transformed into a Gaussian process, thus introducing a mesoscale that captures intermediate characteristics of the quantity of interest.
The Applications of Infrared Spectroscopy to Polymers, Particularly 1,3 Diene Polymers

Abstract As a result of the discovery of methods for making stereospecific polymers, the whole field of polymer chemistry has broadened considerably from its state in the early post-war years. Infrared spectroscopy has played an important role in the study and development of such polymers and has been applied to the study of polymer features which were not considered before the advent of stereospecific polymers. The present review is concerned with some of these applications, particularly to 1,3 diene polymers, such as microstructure determinations, polymer spectra and structures, isomerization, degree of crystallinity, vulcanization, and rubber derivatives. The survey covers the literature to the end of 1960. Some of these applications are discussed in a book edited by Clark and applications of infrared spectroscopy to other types of polymers are also discussed there. Krimm has published an excellent paper on the theoretical analyses of some polymer spectra which leads to assignments of many of the bands...