cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Foot deformities and gait deviations in children with arthrogryposis

Objectives: Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita is a congenital condition characterized by joint contractures with resulting foot deformities and gait deviations. The aim of this study was to describe gait deviations and foot deformities in children with arthrogryposis objectively and quantitatively with detailed gait analysis, including multisegment foot kinematics and foot pressure analysis. Materials and Methods: Children with arthrogryposis were evaluated retrospectively. Their data were compared to data from typically developing children. Comprehensive data presented include results of a full gait analysis with multisegment or single-segment foot kinematics, kinetics, pedobarograph, physical examination, and radiographic measurements. Children were grouped by age, orthotic use, and history of surgical intervention. Results: Forty-two children with arthrogryposis (2–20 years old) were reviewed. Physical examination and kinematic data showed that children walked with a crouched gait; exhibited stiffness in the hips, knees, and ankles; and showed limitations in their gross motor functioning. Power generation was low at the ankle and was high at the hip. Multisegment foot kinematics revealed stiffness in hindfoot plantar flexion and residual forefoot adduction. Foot pressure showed reduced heel impulse, excessive midfoot contact, and overall varus foot position. Categorization by age revealed greater stiffness at the hips and knees in older children. Children with knee–ankle–foot orthosis showed the most stiffness. Conclusions: Three-dimensional motion analysis and plantar pressure measurements are able to quantify the empirical observations of children with arthrogryposis walking with a crouched, stiff gait and having foot deformities. The use of these technologies in conjunction with clinical examination and functional tests is, therefore, recommended to monitor treatment efficacy and natural progression of gait deviations and joint deformities in arthrogryposis.
Monitoring Oxygenation Levels Deep in the Tumor Core: Noninvasive Imaging of Hypoxia, Now in Real-Time 3D.

Understanding the way hypoxia influences tumor biology is important; to study tumor hypoxia, simple and robust quantification of tissue oxygenation levels in vivo is necessary. Real-time noninvasive imaging without the use of expensive large equipment (PET or MRI) is most desirable. Photoacoustic imaging, in the form of volumetric multispectral optoacoustic tomography, as described in this issue of Cancer Research, paves the way for tumor hypoxia studies using an intrinsic optical contrast agent (hemoglobin), up to cm depth and 0.1-mm spatial resolution, in real-time 3D. This approach may find use in the clinic to assess tumor status and therapeutic efficacy. See related article by Ron et al., p. 4767
Do Investors Use Audit Partner Identification? Evidence From the KPMG ‘Steal the Exam’ Scandal

On April 11, 2017, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) announced charges against KPMG LLP – arising from their participation in a scheme to misappropriate and use confidential information relating to the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board’s (PCAOB) planned inspections of KPMG. The incident was colloquially labeled the KPMG ‘steal the exam scandal.’ We use this setting to investigate if the market finds information concerning individual partner identity useful. Since KPMG withheld the names of the audit partners who were involved in the scandal, the market was unable to distinguish between rotation-induced audit partner turnover and regulatory-related, audit partner terminations. Following information economics models of non-disclosure, we predict that the market would use information about KPMG audit partner turnover as evidence of regulatory-related, audit partner terminations and impose costs on KPMG audit clients who experienced audit partner turnover. The results are consistent with our prediction as KPMG’s overall reputation was not damaged, whereas audit engagements involving audit partners that were potentially involved in the scandal were. In sum, our results suggest that the market finds audit partner identification useful and informative.
Predictive Functions of H3K27me3 and H4K20me3 in Primate Hippocampal Stem and Progenitor Cells

Epigenetic regulations play important roles in cell fate determination during neurogenesis, a process by which different types of neurons are generated from neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs). Although some epigenetic changes are part of developmental and aging processes, the role of tri-methylation on histone 3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3) and histone 4 lysine 20 (H4K20me3) in primate hippocampal NSPCs remains elusive. This task is best assessed within a context resembling the human brain. As more studies emerge, the baboon represents an excellent model of human central nervous system in addition to their genomic similarity. With a focus on H3K27me3 and H4K20me3, the overarching goal of this work is to reveal their respective epigenetic landscapes in NSPCs of non-human primate baboon hippocampus. We identified putative targets of H3K27me3 and H4K20me3 that suggests a protective mechanism by dual H3K27me3/H4K20me3-mediated repression of specific-lineage gene activation important for differentiation processes while controlling the progression of the cell cycle.
A CRISE ESTRUTURAL NO SISTEMA-MUNDO: PARA ONDE VAMOS A PARTIR DAQUI?

THE TEXT DISCUSES THE MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WORLD SYSTEM APPROACH IN ITS DIRECT APPLICATION TO THE PRESENT SYSTEMIC CRISIS, WHICH CAN BE TERMINAL. THE ARTICLE CONSIDERS THEN THE PRESENT ALTERNATIVES TO THE SITUATION CONCEIVED AS WHAT IS CALLED THE “SPIRIT OF DAVOS”, A PROBABLY INCONSEQUENTIAL ATTEMPT OF REFORMING THE PRESENT, AND THE “SPIRIT OF PORTO ALEGRE”, AN ALTERNATIVE FOR A BETTER, MORE JUST AND MORE EQUAL WORLD-ECONOMY.
One-Dimensional Transient Fluid Model for Fuel/Coolant Interaction Analysis

A fuel/coolant interaction (FCI) is a phenomenon that may occur during a light water reactor severe accident when molten fuel comes into contact with residual water in-vessel or in the reactor containment. A new one-dimensional multifluid transient model, which currently has the capability of examining nonexplosive FCI behavior, is described. A unique dynamic fuel fragmentation model based on relative velocities was incorporated into this model along with other constitutive relations. The model was compared to the limited FCI data on mixing and nonexplosive FCI events and shows relatively good agreement. In addition, a set of FCI parametric calculations for in-vessel fuel-coolant mixing was performed to gain insight into the important variable affecting mixing (i.e., pressure, water depth, multiple jets) and the initial conditions for the explosion.
The production of health care services and changing hospital reimbursement. The role of hospital-medical staff relationships

The production of health care services has the unique feature that physicians do not face explicit costs for hospital inputs. This paper develops models of the production process given alternative hospital and medical staff relationships, and analyzes the impact of the change in hospital reimbursement under Medicare from a cost-based system to the Prospective Payment System (PPS). A basic theoretical result finds that the switch to PPS forces physicians to alter their input mix, changing both physician and hospital income. The effects of the introduction of PPS on hospital inputs, physician income, and hours of work are empirically examined.
Parental influence on systemic sclerosis.

Objective To examine parental influence on the development of systemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma). We designed 3 studies: mitochondrial inheritance, birth order (a possible surrogate marker for microchimerism), and paternal age at conception (a possible surrogate for telomere erosion) to examine their association with development of SSc. Methods SSc was defined by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth and Tenth Revision codes (ICD-9 710.1 and ICD 10 M34.0, M34.1, and M34.9) and identified from statewide discharge data, University of Utah Health Science Center Enterprise Data Warehouse (UUHSC), and death certificates that were linked to the Utah Population Database (UPDB) for analysis. Mitochondrial inheritance was evaluated by conditional logistic regression and population attributable risk using familial standardized incidence ratio as the covariate. Chi-square test and logistic regression were used to evaluate birth order and maternal/paternal age at conception of the SSc proband. Results We found 1,947 unique SSc patients from UUHSC and UPDB. We selected 5 controls per case (n = 9,115), matched by birth year and sex. Mitochondrial inheritance analysis indicated no evidence to suggest SSc was associated with mitochondrial inheritance. Birth order and maternal/paternal age at conception analysis results show that they also do not significantly affect SSc development. Conclusion Results suggest that although heritable risk of SSc is observed, mitochondrial inheritance, birth order, and parental age are not likely responsible for pathogenesis.
Server and buffer allocation in a client-server multimedia system

This paper presents a deterministic model for analyzing the performance of some client-server scheduling schemes for supporting multiple connections between a single server and multiple clients. It is concerned with the optimal allocation of the server and the client buffers. Each client presents data at a fixed rate (e.g., uncompressed video, CD audio), and the server must provide data to meet that rate. Any excess data (that arrived early) is buffered, provided enough client buffer has been allocated. The server may send to only one client at a time, and must schedule when and to which client to send, based on the rates requested and information fed back from the clients. Each client may make a specific request for data, or send information describing the client buffer state to the server. The authors examine analytically the performance of two schemes on the basis of server utilization and client buffer requirements, and validate the results using simulation.
Phosphonate inhibitors of protein-tyrosine and serine/threonine phosphatases

In all, 15 aryl-containing phosphonates have been synthesized and tested for their effect on protein-tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase) activity. Two compounds, (naphth-2-yl) difluoromethylphosphonic acid (12) and (napthy-1-yl) difluoromethylphosphonic acid (13) have been found to inhibit dephosphorylation of [32P]insulin receptors by PTP-1B, a protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase), with IC50 values of 40-50 microM. Compound 12 competitively inhibited insulin-receptor dephosphorylation by PTP-1B. Compound 12 also inhibited PTP-1B-catalysed dephosphorylation of a synthetic tyrosine phosphorylated substrate poly(Glu80-Tyr20) at the same potency, indicating that 12 acted via interaction with the PTPase. Additionally, 12 inhibited insulin-receptor PTPase(s) and epridermal-growth-factor-receptor PTPase(s) present in solubilized membranes from CHO (Chinese-hamster ovary)/HIRc and A431 cells respectively. IC50 values of 40-50 microM were obtained in all cases with compound 12. Of note is the fact that these compounds did not have any effect on insulin-receptor autophosphorylation. Nine out of the 15 compounds potently inhibited serine/threonine phosphatase PP-2A activity without any effect on serine/threonine phosphatase PP-1 when tested at a concentration as high as 675 microM. The most potent compounds acting toward PP-2A had IC50 values of 45-50 microM. These PP-2A inhibitors could be useful tools for studying serine/threonine-phosphatase-mediated signal transduction. Two compounds, 12 and 13, inhibited both tyrosine phosphatase PTP-1B and serine/threonine phosphatase PP-2A with similar potency; IC50 values being 40-50 microM in both cases. Details of the synthesis of compounds 10, 11 and 13 are given in Supplementary Publication SUP 50177 (6 pages), which has been deposited at the British Library Document Supply Centre, Boston Spa, Wetherby, West Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem. J. (1995) 305, 9.
Soil Genetic Ecology

Methods Environmental Genomics and the Future of Soil Genetic Ecology Keywords: environmental genomics; genetic ecology of soil; soils
(R)‐(–)‐2,2‐Diphenylcyclopentanol

[126421-67-8] C17H18O (MW 238.1358) InChI = 1S/C17H18O/c18-16-12-7-13-17(16,14-8-3-1-4-9-14)15-10-5-2-6-11-15/h1-6,8-11,16,18H,7,12-13H2/t16-/m1/s1 InChIKey = TYFASEURNPWTII-MRXNPFEDSA-N (chiral auxiliary in asymmetric synthesis) Physical Data: a white solid,1-3 mp 76–77 °C; ‘α’20D - 116 (c 0.97, EtOH).1 Solubility: soluble in most common organic solvents including acetone, DMSO, MeOH, EtOH, Et2O, CH2Cl2, THF, and EtOAc. Analysis of Reagent Purity: by 1H NMR and X-ray analyses1 of its (R)-α-methoxy-α-(trifluoromethyl)phenylacetic acid ‘(R)-MTPA’ derivative;2chiral HPLC analysis; supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC).4 Preparative Methods: on a preparative scale (> 97% ee) by borane reduction of 2,2-diphenylcyclopentanone in the presence of (S)-tetrahydro-1-methyl-3,3-diphenyl-1H,3H-pyrrolo[1,2-c][1,3,2]oxazaborole;3, 4 by asymmetric reduction of 2,2-diphenylcyclopentanone with ( + )-β-chlorodiisopinocampheylborane;1 by kinetic resolution of racemic acetate derived from the alcohol.5 Purification: recrystallization from hexane.1, 3, 4
(−)‐Dichlorobis[(1,2,3,3a,7a‐η)‐1‐[(1S,‐2S,5R)‐5‐methyl‐2‐(1‐methylethyl)]cyclohexyl‐1H‐inden‐1‐yl]zirconium and Its (+)‐(1R,2R,5S)‐Isomer

[148347-90-4] C38H50Cl2Zr (MW 668.9) InChI = 1S/2C19H25.2ClH.Zr/c2*1-13(2)16-10-8-14(3)12-19(16)18-11-9-15-6-4-5-7-17(15)18;;;/h2*4-7,9,11,13-14,16,19H,8,10,12H2,1-3H3;2*1H;/q;;;;+2/p-2/t2*14-,16+,19+;;;/m11.../s1 InChIKey = PJPPWEIHGLZWBM-IZAHSXOQSA-L (reagent used as catalyst for enantioselective and regieoselective carboalumination of alkenes, stereoselctive polymerization of olefins, and other asymmetric reactions) Alternate Name: (−)- or (+)-dichlorobis(1-neomenthylindenyl) zirconium, (NMI)2ZrCl2. Physical Data: mp 145–146 °C, [α]D for the (−)-isomer = −77 (c = 0.23, toluene). Solubility: soluble in dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, chloroform, and toluene. Preparative Methods: obtained by the reaction of ZrCl4(THF)2 with 2 molar equiv of (1-neomenthylindenyl)lithium in THF– toluene.1 Alternatively, this complex can be prepared by the in situ lithiation of 1-neomenthylindene with BuLi and subsequent complexation with ZrCl4(THF)2 in comparable yields, i.e., without the isolation of (1-neomenthylindenyl)lithium. Purification: recrystallization from dichloromethane. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: the reagent should be stored under an inert atmosphere of N2 or Ar and refrigeration. It may be handled in air, but it is advisable to avoid extensive or prolonged exposure to air, moisture, and light.
When seafaring is (or was) a calling: Norwegian seafarers’ career experiences

Careers are seen as important to individuals, organizations and to the world at large. As globalization processes continue to transform seafaring careers, David Cockroft's ‘Editorial’, published in the 30-year issue of this journal, calls on the maritime community to recover fundamental aspects of the human element that made seafaring an attractive career option 1. Norway has historically been the ‘essence of maritime things’; where seafaring may be considered an ‘ancestral ‘calling’. Due to the current public and academic attention placed on the Norwegian ‘maritime cluster’, there exists a dearth of academic studies focused on the experiences of the highly qualified Norwegian seafarers who helped to shape the maritime industry. Drawing upon the literatures in both career research and maritime studies, in-depth conversations with 41 Norwegian seafarers attempt to redress this imbalance; to unpack some of the human ‘elements’ connected with seafaring careers. The qualitative method of career narratives is ...
Mitigation of Layered to Spinel Conversion of a Li-Rich Layered Metal Oxide Cathode Material for Li-Ion Batteries

We have prepared the Li-rich layered NMC composite cathode material of the composition 0.3Li2MnO30.7LiMn0.33Ni0.33Co0.33O2, (NMC) with 5 wt% Na doping. The latter material with composition of 0.3Li2MnO3.0.7Li0.97Na0.03Mn0.33Ni0.33Co0.33O2, synthesized as 200–300 nm size particles, was compared to its counterpart without Na. The discharge rate capability of the Li-rich NMC was greatly improved at both room temperature and 50°C with the Na doping. The Na doped material exhibited significantly higher conductivity than its un-doped analog as evidenced by dc electronic conductivity data and impedance of Li cells. Charge/discharge cycling results of Li cells at 50°C indicated that the voltage decay of Li-rich NMC accompanied by a layer to spinel structural conversion was mitigated with Na doping. XRD analysis revealed that ionic exchange of Na occurs upon contact of the cathode material with the electrolyte and produces a volume expansion of the crystal lattice which triggers a favorable metal (probably Ni) migration to Li depleted regions during oxidation of Li2MnO3 in the first cycle. XANES data showed that Na doped NMC has better Ni reduction efficiency to provide higher rate capability. EXAFS data supported this conclusion by showing that in the case of Na doped NMC, the structure has larger crystal cage allowing for better metal migration into the Li depleted regions located in the layered unit cell of C2/m space group. XANES of Mn K-edge supported by pre-edge analysis also revealed that during charging of the electrode, the Na doped NMC was oxidized to a higher Mn valence state compared to its undoped counterpart.
Fast communication: Image denoising by bounded block matching and 3D filtering

The block-matching with 3D transform domain collaborative filtering (BM3D) achieves very good performance in image denoising. However, BM3D becomes ineffective when an image is heavily contaminated by noise. This is because it allows block-matching to search out of the region where a template block is located, resulting in poor matching. To address this, this paper proposes a bounded BM3D scheme. The novelty of our bounded BM3D is two-folded. First, our scheme partitions an image into multiple regions, and identifies the boundaries between regions. And we restrict block matching search within the region of the template block. Second, to prevent important geometric features such as edges from being removed by collaborative filtering in BM3D, we do partial block matching for different block coherent segments which belong to different regions. Compared to BM3D, the proposed bounded BM3D achieves better visual performance, as well as 0.23-1.33dB PSNR increase for heavily noisy images.
Comparative discrimination spectral detection method for the identification of vapors using overlapping broad spectral filters.

We present a comparative discrimination spectral detection approach for the identification of chemical vapors using broad spectral filters. We applied the method to flowing vapors of as-received and non-interacting mixtures for the detection of the volatile components of a target chemical in the presence of interferents. The method is based on measurements of the overall spectral signature of the vapors, where the interferent spectrum largely overlaps the target spectrum. In this work we outline the construction of a set of abstract configuration-space vectors, generated by the broadband spectral components from sampled chemical vapors, and the subsequent vector-space operations between them, which enable the detection of a target chemical by comparative discrimination from interferents. The method was applied to the C-H vibrational band from 2500 to 3500 cm−1, where there is large spectral signal overlap between the chosen target chemical and two interferents. Our results show clear detection and distinction of the target vapors without ambiguity.
Neuronal N-glycosylation Processing Modulates Voltage-gated Potassium Channel Activity

The N-glycan pool contains high amounts of sialic acid with atypical linkage in mammalian brain. Sialoglycoconjugates are more alike in similar tissues from different mammals than in dissimilar organs from the same mammal. The intent of this study was to generate a cell model for examining the role of neuronal derived N-glycans of a voltage-gated K+ channel, Kv3.1. Neuroblastoma B35 cells were utilized to heterologously express glycosylated (wild type Kv3.1) and unglycosylated (N220Q/N229Q) forms of Kv3.1 channels. Immunoband shift assays of partially purified wild type Kv3.1 protein digested with PNgase F indicated that both sites were utilized. Additionally, the attachment of N-linked sialooligosaccharides to the wild type Kv3.1 protein was shown by digestions with neuraminidase. Endoglycosidase N digestions demonstrated that an oligo/polysialyl unit with internal α2,8-linked sialyl residues was associated with the Kv3.1 glycoprotein. To date this unusual glycosidic bond for sialyl residues has not been identified on N-glycans of potassium channels. Whole cell current measurements of glycosylated and unglycosylated Kv3.1 channels revealed differences in channel activation, inactivation and deactivation properties. Channel density at the cell surface was also greatly reduced for the unglycosylated Kv3.1 channel compared to the glycosylated Kv3.1 channel. Based on the glycosidase specificities and the immunoband patterns, our results demonstrated that both N-glycosylation sites within the S1-S2 linker of Kv3.1 are highly available, and that at least one of the carbohydrate chains is capped with an oligo/polysialyl unit. These results also provide strong evidence that the S1-S2 linker of Kv3.1 is extracytoplasmic, and that N-glycosylation modulates the inactivation and activation kinetics of the Kv3.1 channel. Given the above observations, we suggest that neuronal N-glycosylation processing of the Kv3.1 channel is crucial in regulating and fine tuning the excitable properties of neurons in the nervous system.
Properties of the Q n -matrix in bilinear transformation

The usefulness of a matrix transformation has been noted in the design of digital filters from analog prototypes. In this letter, a new general property, that relates two such matrices of successive orders, (n - 1) and n, is proved.
Dissolved gallium in the Atlantic Ocean

Abstract Gallium is geochemically similar to aluminum, though less reactive. As such, gallium is potentially useful to resolve questions about the aluminum distribution. Dissolved gallium data from 14 profiles in the Atlantic Ocean as well as additional surface water samples are presented here. The results verify that the main delivery of gallium to the surface ocean is aeolian and that gallium has a surface water residence time longer than aluminum but probably similar to manganese (i.e., order of decades). Surface water gallium concentrations in the Sargasso Sea are unusually high (>40 pmol kg −1 ). There is likely an anthropogenic component in the Sargasso Sea, but residence time effects may also be at work. Dissolved gallium profiles in the Atlantic are generally similar to those of aluminum. The subsurface gallium maximum previously observed in the northeast Pacific is not found, but may be obscured by advective features in the Atlantic. Deep waters in the Atlantic show generally conservative behavior of gallium, supporting the concept of using aluminum as a deep water tracer in the Atlantic. However, gallium enrichments are observed in the deep waters of the Norwegian Sea and Iceland Basin. A consideration of possible sources of these enrichments suggests that release from resuspended sediments is the most likely source mechanism.
Uniqueness of solutions to a two-dimensional mean problem

Abstract Let 0 r m r m m ⩽ ϱ for all large m , and let w n = e i2π n , n = 1, 2, 4 For a function ƒ(z) = ∑ a n z n , holomorphic in the open unit disk U , let s n (ƒ) = ( 1 n ) ∑ k = 1 n ƒ(r n w n k ) , the n th arithmetic mean of ƒ over the circle ¦z¦ = r n . We prove that if p a n = O ( n − α 1 ) for α 1 = 1.728…, then ƒ is uniquely determined by the two-dimensional means s n (ƒ), n = 1, 2, 4 We also prove that for each ϱ, 0 ϱ U . such that s n (ƒ) = 0 for n = 1, 2,… with r n = ϱ 1 n .
SCATTERING OF 14.5-MeV PROTONS FROM THE EVEN ISOTOPES OF GERMANIUM.

Protons from the 90-in. cyclotron at Lawrence Radiation Laboratory (LRL)-Livermore have been scattered from enriched targets of $^{70,72,74,76}\mathrm{Ge}$, with an over-all energy resolution (FWHM) of 70 keV. The incident proton energy was approximately 14.5 MeV, and angular distributions were obtained from 20\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 150\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, in 10\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} intervals. The elastic-scattering results were analyzed using the optical model. Angular distributions were obtained for inelastic proton groups from seven levels in $^{70}\mathrm{Ge}$, nine levels in $^{72}\mathrm{Ge}$, eleven levels in $^{74}\mathrm{Ge}$, and ten levels in $^{76}\mathrm{Ge}$---all below 3.5-MeV excitation. These included scattering to the quadrupole and octupole one-phonon vibrational levels and scattering to the ${0}^{+}$, ${2}^{+}$, ${4}^{+}$ two-quadrupole-phonon triplet. The data were analyzed using a coupled-channel computer code and a vibrational model of the nucleus. Strengths to excited states (${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{I}$) and spins and parities of levels were determined and are compared with Coulomb-excitation decay studies and with other scattering experiments.
Nuclear Winter in the Post-Cold War Era

1. Nuclear Winter: The Decade-Long Debate In the early 1980s, there were some 60,000 nuclear weapons on the planet - all but a few thousand in the hands of the USA and the then Soviet Union. Between 10,000 and 13,000 on each side were strategic weapons that could be carried by missile or aircraft halfway around the world. The remainder were less potent theater or tactical weapons, most of which nevertheless had a higher explosive yield than the bombs that obliterated Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This was also the moment when we were hearing - mainly from US strategists and politicians - that nuclear war was 'survivable' and even 'winnable'. At just the same time, atmospheric and planetary scientists accidentally discovered that as bad as the prompt and local effects of nuclear war would be - the delayed and global consequences might be much worse. In 1982, Paul Crutzen and John Birks noted that forest fires ignited in a such a war could generate enough smoke to obscure the sun and perturb the atmosphere over large areas. The following year, we and our colleagues - Turco, Toon, Ackerman, Pollack, and Sagan (TTAPS) - recognized that the smoke from the burning of modern cities would provide a still more serious threat, and quantified the resulting climatic effects from various sources of soot and dust and for a wide range of possible nuclear war scenarios. Provided cities were targeted, even a 'small' nuclear war could have disastrous climatic consequences; a global war, we calculated, might lower average planetary temperatures by 15 to 20?C, darken the skies sufficiently to compromise green plant photosynthesis, produce a witches' brew of chemical and radioactive poisons, and significantly deplete the protective ozone layer. (The climate is thought to recover several years later.) These effects, which had been almost wholly overlooked by the world's military establishments, we described as 'nuclear winter'. Considering how profound a challenge nuclear winter presented to prevailing nuclear
Self-Touching and Impressions of Others:

This study compared subjects' impressions of their conversational partners who either displayed or did not display self-touching. Previous reports have focused on self-touching as an indication of underlying negative affect. Subjects were individually videotaped in two separate S-minute conversations with two different confederates: One confederate self-touched during the conversation and the other did not. Self-touching confederates were rated significantly more positively on three of four composite variables (working relationship, honest, and outgoing), and first versus second interactions were regarded more positively on likable person and honest variables. Discussion is focused on discrete and continuous self-touching, functional aspects of self-touching, and the issue of saliency for performers and observers.
Chronic aortic dissection in a young adult.

Abstract Background: Acute aortic dissection is a life-threatening disease that is often a diagnostic challenge in the Emergency Department (ED). Patients with acute aortic dissection often have underlying hypertension and atherosclerotic disease, and commonly present with acute-onset severe chest or back pain in their sixth or seventh decades of life. Aortic dissection, however, can also be seen in patients
Interphase momentum interaction effects in the averaged multifield model. Part II: Kinematic waves and interfacial drag in bubbly flows

Abstract The model proposed in Part I [ Int. J. Multiphase Flow 12 , 559–573 (1986)] for bubbly flows is extended to include the effect of velocity distributions around bubbles and the Riemann invariants are calculated to demonstrate that the void fraction is the conserved quantity that propagates along the faster characteristics. It is shown that kinematic wave velocities based on a constant interfacial friction coefficient propagate with velocities close to but slightly greater than that for the faster characteristic and are weakly unstable. Neutral stability of kinematic waves is found to imply a form of the interfacial friction coefficient in remarkable agreement with experiment. Wall friction has a negligible effect on these results for the usual range of parameters. Bubble interactions as described by a bubble-in-cell model do not affect the results up to a void fraction of 0.1. Beyond these void fractions the cell model predicts significant effects but experimental data suggest that the effects may be overestimated. Turbulence is shown to provide axial dispersion of void fraction which stabilizes the system of bubbly flow equations.
Corrigendum to “Evolution, body composition, insulin receptor competition, and insulin resistance” [Preventive Medicine 49 (2009) 283–285]

Corrigendum to “Evolution, body composition, insulin receptor competition, and insulin resistance” [Preventive Medicine 49 (2009) 283–285] S. Boyd Eaton ⁎, Loren Cordain , Phillip B. Sparling c a Departments of Anthropology and Radiology, Emory University, 2887 Howell Mill NW, Atlanta, GA 30327, USA b Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA c School of Applied Physiology, Georgia Institute of Technology, 281 Ferst Drive, North Ave. NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
A new dynamic testing apparatus to study glenohumeral joint motion

A dynamic shoulder testing apparatus has been developed to examine unconstrained glenohumeral joint motion in human cadaveric full upper extremities. Six computer-controlled hydraulic cylinders are used to simulate muscle action, while the corresponding tendon excursions and six-degree of freedom joint motion are measured. Trials showed that the testing apparatus creates highly reproducible glenohumeral joint motion in the scapular plane. The apparatus can be used to examine the function of the shoulder musculature and capsuloligamentous structures during normal and pathologic motion at the glenohumeral joint.
An Exploratory Study of Time Use in the Practice of Music Majors: Self-Report and Observation Analysis

The purpose of this study is to obtain survey and observation data concerning music education majors' practice room behavior. A survey provided opportunity for participants ( n = 38) to articulate techniques they used in practice. An observation component (n = 9) provided a view of the use of these techniques in actual practice. All participants articulated common practice techniques but a minority of those in observation analysis consistently used these techniques in optimal ways, thus demonstrating a gap between “knowing” and “intelligent doing.” Overwhelmingly, participants identified better self-discipline as the one thing that would improve practice efficiency. Suggestions for resolving this problem are provided.
Edge dislocation-circular inclusion interactions at elevated temperatures

Abstract While previous analyses of dislocation-inclusion interactions during the creep of dispersion strengthened systems have generally concluded that the dislocation climbs over the inclusion, detailed consideration of the associated elastic and diffusive problems, analyzed here, indicate that climb by-pass of the inclusion is not possible. In order to keep the elastic problem tractable, we consider a straight edge dislocation interacting with a cylindrical inclusion of infinite extent. Additionally, since we are concerned with interactions at elevated temperatures, we allow the matrix-inclusion interface to slip. We find that along approximately 1 2 of the glide planes intersecting the inclusion, the dislocation is attracted toward the inclusion. Dislocations originally lying on those glide planes, where the dislocation-inclusion interaction is repulsive, respond by either climbing on to a glide plane where the interaction is attractive or by diffusionally relaxing the repulsion. Therefore, a dislocation that is gliding on my plane that intersects the inclusion will end its trajectory at the inclusion-matrix interface. When the dislocation-inclusion separation is of order a dislocation core diameter, the dislocation core relaxes into the inclusion-matrix interface, thereby pinning the dislocation. Unpinning the dislocation requires a stress of order the Orowan stress, which is believed to give rise to the observed threshold stress for creep in dispersion strengthened systems.
Art therapy with adolescents.

Understanding adolescents is a challenge at best, and the adolescent who is ill or suffering from psychological stress is an even greater conundrum. The physician treats the physical problem but often puzzles over where to find therapeutic treatment for this age group. Teenagers are sensitive about their image, particularly with their peers, and often put themselves at emotional risk rather than confess that they need help from a “shrink.” Furthermore, their view of the “talking” psychotherapies has been shaped by the movies, and they often think that these therapies are only for serious “mental” cases. In contrast, they come to art therapy without such preconceived ideas, and this form of therapy has proved effective with adolescents. Imagery taps into a person's earliest way of knowing and reacting to the world; therefore, it is not foreign to the experience of learning. Art as a language of therapy, combined with verbal dialogue, uses all of our capacities to find a more successful resolution to our difficulties. In art therapy, the client is asked to make a collage, make some marks on paper, or shape a small piece of clay to illustrate the difficulties that have brought them to therapy. The art therapist does not interpret the art piece, and the clients are free to share as much of the meaning of their art as they choose. Adolescents, in particular, are attracted to making symbols and graphic depictions; therefore, they are more attracted to using art as language than to verbal questioning. When the negative behavior is illustrated, it is then external to the individual, and the behavior thus becomes the problem, not the individual. This externalization of an internal stress or by the creation of “nonartistic art” allows both the therapist and the client to better address the problem. The therapist gains greater knowledge of the problem because the client uses metaphor and narrative to explain the product. The “art” allows clients to distance themselves from their own dilemma and, in that manner, work with the therapist toward alternative solutions to a problem.
Neural responses in motor cortex and area 7a to real and apparent motion

The neural activity in area 7a and the arm area of motor cortex was recorded while real or path-guided apparent motion stimuli were presented to behaving monkeys in the absence of a motor response. A smooth stimulus motion was produced in the real motion condition, whereas in the apparent motion condition five stimuli were flashed successively at the vertices of a regular pentagon. The stimuli moved along a low contrast circular path with one of five speeds (180-540 deg/s). We found strong neural responses to real and apparent motion in area 7a and motor cortex. In the motor cortex, a substantial population of neurons showed a selective response to real moving stimuli in the absence of a motor response. This activity was modulated in some cases by the stimulus speed, and some of the neurons showed a response during a particular part of the circular trajectory of the stimulus; the preferred stimulus angular locations were evenly distributed across this neuronal ensemble. It is likely that these neural signals are continuously available to the motor cortex in order to generate responses that demand immediate action. In area 7a, two overlapping populations of neurons were observed. The first comprised cells the activity of which was tuned to the angular location of a circularly moving stimulus in the real motion condition. These cells also responded to apparent motion at high stimulus speeds. A visual receptive field analysis showed that the angular tuning in most of the area 7a neurons did not depend on the spatial location of the stimulus in relation to their receptive field. The second population was selective to apparent moving stimuli and showed a periodic entrainment of activation with the period of the inter-stimulus interval of the flashing dots. Both the angular location and the inter-stimulus interval neural signals can be used to generate precise behavioral responses towards real or apparent moving stimuli.
Optical Properties of ZnO Quantum Dots in Epoxy with Controlled Dispersion

Optical properties of monodisperse colloidal ZnO quantum dots (QDs) having various degrees of dispersion in epoxy have been systematically studied. Exfoliated α-zirconium phosphate (ZrP) nanoplatel...
IRF7: activation, regulation, modification and function

Interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) was originally identified in the context of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, and has since emerged as the crucial regulator of type I interferons (IFNs) against pathogenic infections, which activate IRF7 by triggering signaling cascades from pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize pathogenic nucleic acids. Moreover, IRF7 is a multifunctional transcription factor, underscored by the fact that it is associated with EBV latency, in which IRF7 is induced as well as activated by the EBV principal oncoprotein latent membrane protein-1 (LMP1). Aberrant production of type I IFNs is associated with many types of diseases such as cancers and autoimmune disorders. Thus, tight regulation of IRF7 expression and activity is imperative in dictating appropriate type I IFN production for normal IFN-mediated physiological functions. Posttranslational modifications have important roles in regulation of IRF7 activity, exemplified by phosphorylation, which is indicative of its activation. Furthermore, mounting evidence has shed light on the importance of regulatory ubiquitination in activation of IRF7. Albeit these exciting findings have been made in the past decade since its discovery, many questions related to IRF7 remain to be addressed.
Optical Data Processing Using Kinoforms

The problem of mating the pictorial world of bio-medical imagery with the digital one of computers is a difficult one. Basicly, the problem is one of assimilating massive quantities of raw data into the computer and then operating on that data at a rate which is fast enough for clinical decisions.© (1971) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
An Exploratory Study of Learning Behaviors and Their Relationship to Gains in Linguistic and Communicative Competence

A questionnaire relating to presumed good learning behaviors was administered to 37 students enrolled in an eight-week intensive course in English as a second language in preparation for graduate study in the United States. The answers to the self-report questionnaire were classified according to the students' cultural background (Asian versus Hispanic) and field of specialization (professional engineering/science versus social science/humanities) and related to gains on four English language proficiency measures: linguistic competence; auditory comprehension; overall oral proficiency; and communicative competence, conceptualized here primarily as the ability to convey information. Analyses indicated that while the Asian subjects engaged in fewer of the assumed “good” learning behaviors than the Hispanics, they tended to make greater gains in linguistic competence and communicative competence. On the other hand, the Hispanic students made more progress in overall oral proficiency and in auditory comprehension. Examination of the relationships between specific behaviors and second language learning gains revealed an interesting split: Some behaviors were associated with conscious learning, while others were related to acquisition and gains in general communicative competence. Results indicate that caution in prescribing good learning behaviors is warranted. Considerable further research is needed to explain which behaviors are helpful for learners at various levels and to relate these behaviors to current second language learning theories.
Disodium octaborate tetrahydrate treatments to slash pine for protection against formosan subterranean termite and eastern subterranean termite (isoptera: rhinotermitidae)

Minimum retentions of disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (DOT) needed in slash pine, Pinus elliottii Engelm. variety elliottii , wood to provide maximum protection against 2 species of subterranean termites were determined in choice and no-choice laboratory tests. Efficacy criteria for DOT were ≥90% termite mortality and ≤5% loss in weight of treated wooden blocks. For termites fed only DOT-treated wood, 0.10 and 0.30% boric acid equivalent (BAE, percentage of boric acid based on dry weight of wood, assuming all boron is present as boric acid) protected wood from the eastern subterranean termite, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), and Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, respectively. When termites had a choice between treated or nontreated wooden blocks, 0.30% BAE protected wood from R. flavipes , but the highest retention tested, 0.54% BAE, was not effective against C. formosanus . In a nonleaching field study where wooden blocks were not in contact with soil or exposed to rain, a BAE of 0.30% protected the wood from naturally occurring Reticulitermes sp. for 18 mo. In wooden structures under constant pressure from subterranean termites, concentrations >0.54% BAE may be required to protect wood, especially against C. formosanus .
The perception of optimal profile in African Americans versus white Americans as assessed by orthodontists and the lay public

This study was designed to assess the perceived optimal profiles of African Americans versus white Americans. A survey was conducted using profile silhouettes of 30 African American and 30 white patients, ranging in age from 7 to 17 years. Twenty white orthodontists, 18 African American orthodontists, 20 white laypersons, and 20 African American laypersons evaluated the profiles. The preference of each rater for each of the 60 profiles was scored on an attached visual analog scale. Eighteen cephalometric variables were measured for each profile, and statistical analyses were performed on the profiles that had a mean rating of 60 or greater from an analog scale of 0 to 100. The results show the following 6 cephalometric variables were significant: Z-angle, skeletal convexity at A-point, upper lip prominence, lower lip prominence, nasomental angle, and mentolabial sulcus. All raters preferred the African American sample to have a greater profile convexity than they preferred for the white sample. The raters preferred the African American sample with upper and lower lips that were more prominent compared with the white sample. However, only the choice of the African American orthodontists for the African American sample was significantly different for this parameter. The white orthodontists gave the highest mean scores for the profile chosen, whereas the African American laypersons gave the lowest scores.
Characterization of a photoaffinity analog of UTP, 5-azido-UTP for analysis of the substrate binding site on E.coli RNA polymerase

The substrate binding site on E. coli RNA polymerase was investigated by photoaffinity labeling with a photoaffinity analog of UTP, 5-azido-UTP. We have established that 5-azido-UTP is a substrate for RNA polymerase by specific transcription on 229 bp DNA containing the gene II promoter of M13 phage. Analysis of the initial rate of RNA synthesis gives Km(5-azido-UTP) approximately 80 microM. Photolabeling with varying concentrations of 5-azido-UTP follows a saturation curve with the midpoint occurring at a 5-azido-UTP concentration of 65 microM near to the Km obtained by kinetic analysis. 5-Azido-UTP photolabels the beta', beta, and sigma subunits to about the same extent, both in the presence (33, 31, and 36%) and absence (35, 30 and 35%) of DNA. This labeling pattern is somewhat different from that obtained with 8-azido-ATP (beta' greater than sigma much greater than beta greater than alpha).
An assessment of asbestos body formation in extrapulmonary sites: liver and spleen.

Study Objectives: Asbestos bodies (ABs) form as asbestos fibers become coated by a cellular iron- and protein-rich matrix. ABs have been reported in lymph nodes and a few extrapulmonary sites, but no data exist as to their formation outside of the lung. It is not clear whether the AB found in these extrapulmonary areas have been transported as mature structures from the lung or formed at the extrapulmonary site. This study was designed to determine if ABs are produced in extrapulmonary sites. The guinea pig efficiently forms ferruginous bodies in the lung and so it was chosen as a model to test the coating efficiency of amosite asbestos fibers in lung, liver and spleen. Design: Sized amosite asbestos (5 mg) was administered either endotracheally into lung (n=2) or directly into liver (n=4) and spleen (n=4) of healthy 10-week-old male guinea pigs. The lung, liver and splenic tissues were removed at 40 and 180 days post inoculation and were examined histologically for the presence of AB via light microscopy...
A Method for Establishing Acceptable Toxicant Limits for Fish—Malathion and the Butoxyethanol Ester of 2,4-D

Abstract Two 10-month exposures of malathion and butoxyethanol ester of 2,4-D under continuous-flow conditions were made to determine the effect of these pesticides on reproduction and growth of fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas Rafinesque. Results show that 1/45 and 1/19 of the 96-hour median tolerance limit (TLm) concentrations of malathion and butoxyethanol ester, respectively, will not harm growth and reproduction of fathead minnows during continuous exposure. We suggest that these two fractions applied to TLm concentrations determined for other species and other types of water should estimate accurately safe concentrations for other fishes to these pesticides.