cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Renal Toxicities of Targeted Therapies

With the incorporation of targeted therapies in routine cancer therapy, it is imperative that the array of toxicities associated with these agents be well-recognized and managed, especially since these toxicities are distinct from those seen with conventional cytotoxic agents. This review will focus on these renal toxicities from commonly used targeted agents. This review discusses the mechanisms of these side effects and management strategies. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents including the monoclonal antibody bevacizumab, aflibercept (VEGF trap), and anti-VEGF receptor (VEGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) all cause hypertension, whereas some of them result in proteinuria. Monoclonal antibodies against the human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) family of receptors, such as cetuximab and panitumumab, cause electrolyte imbalances including hypomagnesemia and hypokalemia due to the direct nephrotoxic effect of the drug on renal tubules. Cetuximab may also result in renal tubular acidosis. The TKIs, imatinib and dasatinib, can result in acute or chronic renal failure. Rituximab, an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, can cause acute renal failure following initiation of therapy because of the onset of acute tumor lysis syndrome. Everolimus, a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor, can result in proteinuria. Discerning the renal adverse effects resulting from these agents is essential for safe treatment strategies, particularly in those with pre-existing renal disease.
Age‐ and region‐dependent redistribution of con A binding sites on chick wing‐bud mesoderm cells

The distribution of concanavalin A (con A) binding sites on chick wing-bud mesoderm cells from two different developmental stages and from different regions of the same embyronic limbs was examined. Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled con A binding sites on mesoderm cells from whole stage 19–20 and the distal third of stage 25 limbs redistributed from a random array over the cell surface to form clusters or caps of binding sites. In contrast, a significantly smaller percentage of developmentally “older” mesoderm cells from the proximal third of stage 25 limbs underwent redistribution of bound con A from its normal random arrangement. In order to further examine the basis for the decrease in con A redistribution in the stage 25 proximal cells, this segment was subdivided into a core (presumptive chondrogenic) and peripheral (presumptive myogenic) region. The results of con A redistribution studies utilizing these two cell populations indicate that a significantly smaller percentage of the core cells are capable of forming clusters or caps. Likewise, in agglutination studies, core cells proved significantly less susceptible to con A-induced agglutination. These findings indicates that the differences in agglutination and con A redistribution, seen when comparing the proximal cells with the other cell populations, is attributable to a subpopulation of the proximal cells, specifically, those located in the chondrogenic core region. Since the proximal core and peripheral cells are of the same developmental age, these findings suggest that developmental age is not solely responsible for the differences reported here. Thus, prospective phenotype appears also to be involved in the decreased agglutination and a con A redistribution of the chondrogenic core cells.
Organizational Trust in Times of Challenge: The Impact on Faculty and Administrators

Higher education institutions have faced increased social, cultural, economic, and political challenges in recent decades. In this study we used the socio-cultural construct of trust to understand how organizational responses to external challenges impact the relationship between faculty members and administrators. Using extensive interviews, observations, and document analysis from a small, private college, we considered how intentionality, a safe campus climate, expertise, participatory governance, and transparency impact stakeholders’ perceptions of organizational trust.
Styles of Conflict Management

This article features a questionnaire exploring different ways that couples approach conflict. Five animals-shark, owl, fox, turtle, and teddy bear-are used to represent different conflict manageme...
Accurate Estimates of Infinite-Dilution Chemical Potentials of Small Hydrocarbons in Water via Molecular Dynamics Simulation

The infinite dilution chemical potentials of methane, ethane, propane, and benzene in water are precisely estimated using the single charging integral method [Chialvo, J. Chem. Phys. 1990, 92, 673;...
The soundscapes of lakes across an urbanization gradient.

Background/Methodology A significant implication of increasing urbanization is anthropogenic noise pollution. Although noise is strongly associated with disruption of animal communication systems and negative health effects for humans, the study of these consequences at ecologically relevant spatial and temporal scales (termed soundscape ecology) is in early stages of application. In this study, we examined the above- and below-water soundscape of recreational and residential lakes in the region surrounding a large metropolitan area. Using univariate and multivariate approaches we test the importance of large- and local-scale landscape factors in driving acoustic characteristics across an urbanization gradient, and visualize changes in the soundscape over space and time.
Data transmission using wavelength-selective spatial routing for photonic interconnection networks

Wavelength-selective spatial routing is proposed for photonic networks and demonstrated on an electro-optic microring switch. This technique yields greater path diversity in photonic networks, enabling improved overall network performance.
REVERSIBLE DISSOCIATION AND UNFOLDING OF THE ESCHERICHIA-COLI ASPARTATE RECEPTOR CYTOPLASMIC FRAGMENT

The thermal denaturation of a 31-kDa soluble fragment derived from the Escherichia coli aspartate receptor cytoplasmic region (c-fragment) was found to be reversible. Denaturation monitored by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and circular dichroism (CD) was typically over 90% reversible in pH 7.0 buffer. The wild-type c-fragment exhibited one transition (Tm = 51 degrees C), which was taken as the main denaturation transition. c-Fragments derived from signaling mutants, shown to form oligomers by gel filtration chromatography (GFC), displayed a second low-temperature transition that correlated with the disappearance of the oligomeric form in the GFC traces over the same temperature range. The CD and DSC experiments also indicated that oligomers were more folded than monomers, observations that may provide an explanation for the structural basis of the smooth-swimming signaling state of the receptor. Octyl glucoside (OG), phospholipid (PL), and glycerol were added to characterize factors that contribute to c-fragment stability. At 10 mg/mL OG, the van't Hoff enthalpy of unfolding was reduced ca. 10-fold, although at room temperature the CD spectrum indicated little change in the secondary structure. The van't Hoff enthalpy was not affected by 35% (w/v) glycerol, but the Tm increased by ca. 18 degrees C. Cooperative transitions were detected in buffer containing OG, PL, and glycerol (10 mg/mL, 2 mg/mL, 35%, respectively). The correlation between conditions where cooperative transitions are observed, and where aspartate-modulated receptor signaling has been previously observed, provides an explanation for the inhibition of signaling in OG-containing buffers without glycerol and PL.
Simulating MPEG-4 over the IEEE 802.11 WLANs

In this paper, we provide a simulation of MPEG-4 using OPNET over the IEEE 802.11 wireless local area networks (WLANs) in terms of throughput and impacts of multiple MPEG-4 streams and compression rates on the throughput. Simulation results are explained in detail, especially for MPEG-4 simulations. Our results show that a higher throughput does not always mean a better quality of MPEG-4 video.
A NOVEL TECHNIQUE FOR PREPARATION OF AXENIC CULTURES OF SYMBIODINIUM (PYRROPHYTA) THROUGH SELECTIVE DIGESTION BY AMOEBAE1

The marine amoeba Trichosphaerium Am-I-7 was used as a tool for preparing unialgal axenic cultures of nondigestible Symbiodinium and Porphyridium species. The resistance of these unicellular algae to the amoebal digestive enzymes, and the differential digestion of bacteria, protozoans, and other algae, resulted in cleansed cells of Symbiodinium and Porphyridium that remained in the amoebal food vacuoles. During multiple fission, the amoeba evacuated its food vacuoles and released the trapped and intact algae, which were then successfully cultured. This method of cleaning was especially useful with algal species that were sensitive to antibiotics or other germicidal agents.
Preoperative risk factors for carotid endarterectomy: defining the patient at high risk.

Abstract Purpose The efficacy of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) for prevention of stroke has been demonstrated in randomized trials; however, the optimal approach in patients excluded from these trials or who have other significant comorbid conditions remains controversial, particularly with the advent of percutaneous interventions. We examined the influence of putative risk factors on outcome of CEA in a single-center experience. Methods A retrospective analysis of 1370 consecutive CEA performed from 1990 to 1999 was undertaken. Preoperative risk factors examined included age older than 80 years, congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, renal failure (serum creatinine concentration > 2.0 mg/dL), contralateral carotid artery occlusion, recurrent ipsilateral carotid artery stenosis, ipsilateral hemispheric symptoms within 6 weeks, and recent coronary bypass grafting (CABG). The Fisher exact test was used to identify baseline variables associated with perioperative (30 days) risk for stroke or death. Multivariate analysis with Poisson regression was used to study the effect of all univariate criteria in combination. Results In the overall cohort, there were 32 adverse events (2.3%), including 11 deaths (0.8%), 6 disabling strokes (0.4%), and 10 nondisabling strokes (0.7%). There was no significant difference in incidence of perioperative stroke or death between patients with one or more risk factors (n = 689) and those with no risk factors (low risk, n=681). Thirty-day mortality was significantly greater in patients with two or more risk factors compared with patients with no risk factors (2.8% vs 0.3%; P = .04), but no significant difference was noted in perioperative stroke rate (2.3% vs 1.0%). Univariate analysis demonstrated that contralateral carotid occlusion (n = 75) was the only significant predictor of adverse outcome (5 events, 6.7%) among the variables tested; this was confirmed with multivariate analysis (relative risk, 4.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-12.3; P = .01). Five-year survival for patients with two or more risk factors was notably diminished compared with that for patients with no risk factors (38.7% ± 5.9% vs 75.0% ± 2.6%; P P Conclusion CEA can be safely performed in patients deemed at high risk, including those aged 80 years or older and others with significant comorbid conditions, with combined stroke and mortality rates comparable to those found in randomized trials, ie, the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study and the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial. Contralateral occlusion may be a predictor for moderately increased perioperative risk and for reduced long-term survival. Caution may be warranted in asymptomatic patients with multiple risk factors, in whom presumed long-term benefit of CEA may be compromised by markedly reduced 5-year survival.
A Fast Linear Registration Framework for Multi-camera GIS Coordination

We propose a novel registration framework to map the field-of-coverage of pan-tilt cameras to a GIS (Geographic Information System) planar coordinate system. The camera's field-of-coverage is obtained by building a spherical panorama using an efficient active camera model. The pan-tilt orientation rays from the panoramic image are projected onto a GIS orthophoto ground plane and registered using a transformation matrix. The parameters of the transformation are learned in linear time using least squares. The proposed model is experimentally evaluated by registering panoramas from multiple cameras with an orthophoto and then overlaying them with GIS metadata ground truth to validate the accuracy of registration. We also demonstrate the applicability of such a GIS-based framework to a multi-camera, master-slave active tracking system.
IMAGE/high-energy energetic neutral atom: Global energetic neutral atom imaging of the plasma sheet and ring current during substorms

[1] Energetic neutral atom (ENA) images in the 10–60 keV range show the substorm dynamics of the ion distribution out to 14 RE in the plasma sheet. The images were obtained during two substorms in the mainphase of the 4 October 2000 storm by the high-energy energetic neutral atom (HENA) imager on board the IMAGE satellite. During the two substorm sequences the edge of the most tailward ENA emissions appears to move earthward in association with dipolarization observed at geosynchronous distance by the GOES satellite. At the time of geosynchronous dipolarization, the auroral onset was observed by the far ultra violet (FUV) imager onboard IMAGE. Preliminary equatorial ion distributions derived from the individual ENA images in the substorm sequences have been obtained through a constrained linear inversion technique. The results show that the ion fluxes in the >8 RE plasma sheet suddenly decrease around dipolarization during approximately 30 min. About 12–20 min after the start of the plasma sheet flux decrease, ion injections are seen by the geosynchronous satellites. The peak of the ring current flux is pushed in from geosynchronous to L = 4 over the substorm sequences. Two exospheric models are used in the inversion. We find that more realistic plasma sheet fluxes are obtained with an exospheric model that contains enhanced exospheric hydrogen densities on the nightside. Implications for earthward propagation of the plasma sheet ion distribution during dipolarization are discussed.
On transport methods for peak utilization of dedicated connections

Several research and production networks now provide multiple Gbps dedicated connections to meet the demands of large data transfers over wide-area networks. Application throughputs, however, were not able to match these rates because the traditional transport methods have not been optimized for such connections. We propose a transport method based on stochastic approximation methods that: (a) stabilizes the source rate for peak utilization of connection bandwidth, and (b) adapts the acknowledgment interval to maximize the goodput at the receiver. We show the asymptotic stability and convergence of this method in maximizing the throughput over dedicated connections under fairly general conditions. Extensive experimental results indicate the effectiveness of this transport method in achieving file transfer throughputs that closely match iperf bandwidth measurements on dedicated connections of several thousand miles over UltraScience Net and ESnet, and also illustrate its superior performance on a local dedicated connection in comparison with existing methods.
Detection and substitution of clouds/hazes and their cast shadows on IKONOS images

Frequently cloudy conditions in moist tropical regions often cause difficulty in acquiring good-quality remote-sensing images. This paper explores approaches to detect clouds/hazes and their cast shadows on IKONOS images. Two approaches based on maximum and minimum filters and the second-moment texture measures were tested. The detected clouds/hazes and their cast shadows in one image were then replaced with the pixel values from the same location of another image after image normalization. This research indicates that both the approaches developed in this paper have successfully detected the clouds/hazes and their cast shadows on IKONOS images. In particular, the second-moment texture approach is recommended.
Influence of inclination angles for antennas buried in Arctic terrain on space wave radiation

Space wave radiation fields for an inclined electric dipole antenna in Arctic and Antarctic terrain are formulated with the results from superposition of fields for horizontal and vertical dipoles. Boundary conditions and the Fourier-Bessel transforms are applied to the wave equations in each layer of the multilayer media used as the terrain model. Integral expressions are obtained in closed form in terms of the media parameters. Homogeneous and stratified media, with ice above sea water or soil, are described. The inclination angles for optimum (maximum) space wave fields in a fixed polar angle \theta are obtained for both types of terrain. Patterns of the radiation fields are presented for several terrain conditions and inclination angles.
Satisfaction With Performance of Housework The Roles of Time Spent, Quality Assessment, and Stress

Where previous research on satisfaction with housework has examined satisfaction with relative allocations, this study examined spouses' satisfaction with their own performance. The authors found that satisfaction was a function of time spent, quality of outcomes, stress originating both at home and away, and approval by spouses for performance. Time spent and quality of outcomes were related in a complex fashion to satisfaction with own performance. The relation between time contributions and satisfaction was partially mediated by quality of outcomes, but the relation between quality of outcomes and satisfaction was also moderated by time spent. Several significant moderating effects suggested that the time contributions and perceived quality of outcomes had different meanings under varying circumstances. Patterns of findings for husbands and wives suggested that both used personal standards to evaluate performance and both valued their contributions to housework, but the greater responsibility for house...
Switching voltage regulator noise coupling to signal lines in a server system

This paper studies a real-world signal Integrity problem due to switching voltage-regulator (VR) noise coupling in a multi-processor server system. The fast switching of the VR FETs causes significant performance degradation on signal lines in proximity. The major source of the degradation is the high di/dt noise induced by FETs switching. The coupling mechanism is mutual inductive coupling between the VR transient current loop and the loop of differential signal pair. Solutions were identified by decreasing di/dt of the aggressor and optimizing component layout to reduce mutual inductance. General VR design methodology improvements are also discussed to address signal integrity concerns.
The role of landscape features and density dependence in growth and fledging rates of Piping Plovers in North Dakota, USA

ABSTRACT For species with precocial young, survival from hatching to fledging is a key factor influencing recruitment. Furthermore, growth rates of precocial chicks are an indicator of forage quality and habitat suitability of brood-rearing areas. We examined how growth and fledging rates of Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus) chicks were influenced by landscape features, such as hatchling density (hatchlings per hectare of remotely sensed habitat [H ha−1]), island vs. mainland, and wind fetch (exposure to waves) at 2-km segments (n = 15) of Lake Sakakawea, North Dakota, during 2007–2008. Hatchling growth was comparable with published estimates for other habitats. Models for fledging rate (fledged young per segment) assuming density dependence had more support (wi = 96%) than those assuming density independence (wi = 4%). Density-dependent processes appeared to influence fledging rate only at densities >5 H ha−1, which occurred in 19% of the segments we sampled. When areas with densities >5 H ha−1 were exc...
Required Background in Set Theory

Let X be a nonempty set. Unless otherwise stated, all sets that we consider are subsets of X. X is called the universe of discourse. The elements of X are called points. X may contain finite, countably infinite, or uncountably infinite number of points. A set that consists of a finite number of points x 1, x 2, ...., x n (or, a countably infinite number of points x 1, x 2, ...) may be denoted by {x 1, x 2, ..., x n } ({x 1, x 2, ...}, respectively). A set containing no point is called the empty set, and is denoted by O.
Estimation of penetration limit of variable resources based on frequency deviation

This paper presents a method to estimate the maximum level of variable energy resources that can be integrated into the grid based on the frequency security constraint. The method described uses the approximation of the frequency deviation extremum based on the sensitivity analysis. The approximated results are then employed to estimate the change of the maximum frequency deviation following the change of inertia and the equivalent regulation constant in the presence of variable energy resources. The frequency security constraint is then used to define the maximum level of variable energy resources penetration. The approximation model has been tested on two test systems and the obtained results are compared with those produced by the simulation. The comparison shows that the proposed method can be utilized to define the maximum level of variable energy resources penetration while securing the stability and reliability of the system without losing notable accuracy.
Scheduling for humans in multirobot supervisory control

This paper describes efficient utilization of human time by two means: prioritization of human tasks and maximizing multirobot team size. We propose an efficient scheduling algorithm for multirobot supervisory control that helps complete a mission faster. The proposed algorithm is superior to existing algorithms by prioritizing human tasks such that robots can regain autonomous control sooner. In simulations of a multirobot area surveying problem, we show that the rate of area coverage is much higher using our algorithm compared to first-in-first-out. We also show that the use of different scheduling algorithms can affect the maximum number of robots a human can manage on a team. Another significant finding related to maximum team size is that the size is always the same or higher than an often-cited estimate known as fan-out [5]. Since fan-out is derived from an ideal, average case, simulations show that the upper bound on team size is higher than that predicted by the fan-out equation. Fan-out is actually a lower bound on the maximum team size for any practical situation (i.e., where task lengths and periodicity may vary or when robots are heterogeneous).
NO REVOLUTION NECESSARY: NEURAL MECHANISMS FOR ECONOMICS

We argue that neuroeconomics should be a mechanistic science. We defend this view as preferable both to a revolutionary perspective, according to which classical economics is eliminated in favour of neuroeconomics, and to a classical economic perspective, according to which economics is insulated from facts about psychology and neuroscience. We argue that, like other mechanistic sciences, neuroeconomics will earn its keep to the extent that it either reconfigures how economists think about decision-making or how neuroscientists think about brain mechanisms underlying behaviour. We discuss some ways that the search for mechanisms can bring about such top-down and bottom-up revision, and we consider some examples from the recent neuroeconomics literature of how varieties of progress of this sort might be achieved.
Peru's Indian Peoples and the Challenge of Spanish Conquest: Huamanga to 1640

This is the second edition of "Peru's Indian Peoples and the Challenge of Spanish Conquest", a written history of the Indians of the Ayachucho region during the century that followed the Spanish Conquest. It includes reflections on the ten years of historical interpretation that have passed since the book's original publication, thus enabling the author to set his analysis of Huamanga in a larger perspective. This combination of anthropological research and history is aimed at ethnohistorians, particularly Andeanists.
Currents and Futures in American Feminist Psychology: State of the Art Revisited

The intellectual development of feminist psychology is discussed in terms of social change that is affecting the discipline. The issues that seem important are the changing sex ratio, changes in the practice of psychology, decline of interest in the pursuit of academic/research careers, and the generally conservative tenor of society.
Physiology and morphology of shared and specialized spinal interneurons for locomotion and scratching.

Distinct types of rhythmic movements that use the same muscles are typically generated largely by shared multifunctional neurons in invertebrates, but less is known for vertebrates. Evidence sugges...
Integrated biosensors in CMOS

This paper reviews several integrated biosensing technologies compatible with standard CMOS process. With a particular focus on detecting biomolecules and molecular interactions, the selected sensing modalities include electrochemical biosensor, fluorescent biosensor, magnetic biosensor, and gravimetric biosensor. For each modality, the sensing mechanism is first presented, and is then followed by a typical design example. Advantages as well as limitations of the sensing technology are also discussed.
Diffusable growth factors induce bladder smooth muscle differentiation.

Abstract Bladder smooth muscle differentiation is dependent on the presence of bladder epithelium. Previously, we have shown that direct contact between the epithelium and bladder mesenchyme (BLM) is necessary for this interaction. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that bladder smooth muscle can be induced via diffusable growth factors. Fourteen-day embryonic rat bladders were separated into bladder mesenchyme (prior to smooth muscle differentiation) and epithelium by enzymatic digestion and microdissection. Six in vitro experiments were performed with either direct cellular contact or no contact (1) 14-d embryonic bladder mesenchyme (BLM) alone (control), (Contact) (2) 14-d embryonic bladders intact (control), (3) 14-d embryonic bladder mesenchyme combined with BPH-1 cells (an epithelial prostate cell line) in direct contact, (4) 14-d embryonic bladder mesenchyme with recombined bladder epithelium (BLE) in direct contact, (No Contact) (5) 14-d embryonic bladder mesenchyme with BPH-1 prostatic epith...
Monetization of Intellectual Property: An Open Innovation Perspective

Monetization of intellectual property (IP) presents a challenge to firms in a market economy because innovation is expensive to produce and inexpensive to copy. Still, individual firms, in search of supernormal profits, continue to invest in innovation and employ a variety of means to monetize IP. This chapter discusses several forms of monetization—including sale of products, licensing and sale of technologies, and securitization—and suggests the importance of complementary marketing assets for monetization. Finally, this chapter discusses monetization of IP in the context of the emerging open innovation paradigm—in contrast to the vertical integration (VI) model of innovation—with reference to open-source and proprietary software and concludes that there is a trend toward coexistence and convergence between the two.
Glucagon and insulin regulate lipolysis in trout liver by altering phosphorylation of triacylglycerol lipase

Rainbow trout were used to investigate the hormonal regulation by glucagon and insulin of hepatic triacylglycerol (TG) lipase activation. Two purified preparations of the trout hepatic TG lipase enzyme, the 110,000-g preparation and the resuspended ammonium sulfate fraction (ASF), were activated up to 58% with (in mM) 0.5 ATP, 0.01 cAMP, 5 MgCl2, and exogenous protein kinase over control levels. ATP or cAMP alone had no effect on activation. Activation of the trout hepatic lipase was reversible; complete inactivation of the ASF was obtained within 3 h in the presence of exogenous phosphorylase phosphatase. Adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)/ATP-dependent 32P-phosphorylation of trout hepatic lipase was observed within 5 min of incubation with the cAMP/ATP-Mg2+ activation system and 25 microCi [32P]ATP. Hormonal modulation of trout hepatic lipase phosphorylation was studied in isolated hepatocytes. Hepatocytes were incubated with [32P]-monopotassium phosphate for 3 h, then exposed to mammalian glucagon (GLU). Within 5 min, increased lipolysis was accompanied by a 95% increase in phosphorylation of the enzyme. Mammalian insulin (INS) depressed GLU-stimulated phosphorylation by 56% and inhibited GLU-stimulated lipolysis. These results indicate that GLU and INS modulate lipolysis in trout liver by altering phosphorylation of the TG lipase enzyme.
The fundamental aspects of the structural theory of multispeed transmissions control

The first level task among the tasks of analysis and synthesis of the control systems (CS) for multispeed transmissions (MT) is the organization of speed shifts process. The method of synthesis of electrohydraulic schemes of mechatronic CS, that is based on the theory of discrete logical devices is worked out by us (see SAE Tech. Pap. Ser. 2003-01-0319). It was shown, that there is a close relation between the structures of CS and MT. Therefore it is necessary to know the properties of MT as the object of control. The analysis of such properties is the subject of this paper. It is shown that the relation between CS and MT at the level of their structures may be described quite fully with help of three basic parameters of MT kinematics schemes: the number of freedom degrees, the number of control elements (CE), the number of speeds. The concept of generalized CS and MT is introduced. This concept permits to give quantitative evaluation of their multiplicity, to formulate and to decide the series of structural tasks by using mathematical methods of combinatorial analysis and graph's theory.
Towards Interoperability of Adaptive Social-Aware Routing at the Tactical Edge

In military operations at the tactical edge, mobile networking systems are crucial for war fighters to ensure rapid situational response to the surrounding environments. Traditional routing protocols for tactical mobile networking systems assume end-to-end wireless connectivity among war fighters, but may experience serious performance degradation in practical Disconnected, Intermittent, and Limited-bandwidth (DIL) environments where such network connectivity is usually unavailable. Node mobility is instead exploited to ensure efficient data delivery following the methodology of "carry-and-forward", in particular, by investigating the information about social relationship between war fighters. It is hence important to maintain the interoperability between the carry-and-forward routing schemes and traditional Link State Routing (LSR) protocols, so as to improve the communication efficiency without incurring significant upgrade cost. Such interoperability will also improve the data delivery performance and network scalability by addressing the unavailability of routing paths in LSR protocols, without requiring global network information. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to maintaining such interoperability by investigating the diverse wireless connectivity among mobile nodes that varies over time. Our basic idea is to opportunistically enable LSR whenever temporary multi-hop connectivity exist between nodes, and to further integrate the locally maintained network link states into the calculation of social-aware routing metrics among disconnected nodes. Extensive simulation results show that our scheme could significantly improve the routing performance in various network scenarios.
Induction of the delayed footpad and wattle reaction to killed Staphylococcus aureus in chickens

Two experiments were conducted to induce the delayed footpad reaction (DFR) to killed Staphylococcus aureus antigen. In Experiment 1, tracheal, cloacal, and choanal swabs were collected from chickens prior to sensitization with S. aureus to determine the carrier status of S. aureus. The second experiment compared the DFR to the delayed wattle reaction (DWR). Chickens were subjected to single or multiple sensitizations in the neck with S. aureus antigen between 4 and 6 wk of age. One week later, birds were challenged with S. aureus either in the right footpad or wattle. The left footpad or wattle was injected with PBS. The thicknesses of the footpad or the wattle were measured up to 96 h postchallenge. The recoveries of S. aureus from the choanal slit and trachea were significantly higher than that of the cloaca (P < 0.001). Birds of Experiment 1 showed a significant DFR (P < 0.0001) following intradermal challenge with killed S. aureus that was sustained through 48 h postchallenge with no difference in the DFR between carrier and noncarrier birds. In Experiment 2, the thicknesses of the footpad and wattle were significantly increased following challenge with S. aureus (P < 0.0001), with the footpad showing a greater response than the wattle (P < 0.001). Three sensitizing dosages, as compared to two dosages, resulted in a less pronounced DFR and DWR (P < 0.02). These results indicate that the DFR can be used as a delayed reaction model in the study of staphylococcosis in poultry.
The alienation syndrome: a triadic pattern of self-other orientation.

A social psychological theory of personality is presented which examines the crucial relationship between self and other as perceived by the individual and communicated by topological configurations of the self in relation to.significant others. The inadequacies of self and social guidance mechanisms for social adaptation are assumed to he associated with the concept of alienation. The alienation syndrome is defined as low self esteem, low social interest, and high self, centrality. This triadic pattern is shown to describe behavior problem children, neuropsychiatric patients, and to some extent, persons over 40 years of age and American Negro children. It is suggested that the processes leading from exclusion to the alienation syndrome may be a self fulfilling prophecy mediated by reduced social reinforcement. The Alienation Syndrome:1 A Triadic Pattern of Self-Other Orientation Robert C. Ziller University of Oregon The present approach to alienation attempts to clarify the proteam term by defining it in terms of the individual's perceptions mediated by self esteem and social interest and self centrality in interaction. Alienation is defined as an attitude of hopelessness resulting from an inability to structure the environment in terms of either a stable self orientation or a stable Other orientation, and a cessation in the individual's attempts to confront the social environment. Having no guidance mechanisms from self or Other, a sense of meaningless, powerlessness, and normlessness is generated. The alienated individual does not mediate environmental stimuli through the concept of self or the concept of Other. The alienated are not accepted as members within a significant subgroup and perceive themselves as unguided persons in an unchartered environment. Against this theoretical background it is proposed that alienation evolves under conditions which generate low self esteem and low social interest, and high self centrality. Three studies will be described which demonstrate the relationship between alienation and a recurring triadic pattern of self-other orientation.
Sundry Dynasties in the East

While petty dynasties, mostly of Arab origin, were parcelling out the domains of the caliph in the west, the same process was being carried forward by others, chiefly Turkish or Persian, in the east.
REGULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION AND TERMINATION IN THE CONTROL OF EXPRESSION OF THE TRYPTOPHAN OPERON OF E. COLI

ABSTRACT Transcription of the tryptophan operon of E. coli is controlled at two sites, operator and attenuator, which are located before the first major structural gene of the operon. At the operator transcription initiation is prevented by the binding of a tryptophan-repressor protein complex. At the attenuator, a site in the transcribed leader region of the operon, transcription is either terminated or not, depending on the cellular concentration of some metabolic product of tryptophan. This product, probably Trp-tRNA, and the rho termination protein are participants in regulation at the attenuator. The existence of the two transcription control mechanisms extends the range of expression of the operon and permits the cell to sense the intracellular concentrations of both tryptophan and Trp-tRNA. There is a third transcription control mechanism, which is used to regulate initiation frequency relative to cell growth rate. The molecules involved in this regulatory mechanism are unknown.
Integrated network analysis reveals distinct regulatory roles of transcription factors and microRNAs

Analysis of transcription regulatory networks has revealed many principal features that govern gene expression regulation. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as another major class of gene regulators that influence gene expression post-transcriptionally, but there remains a need to assess quantitatively their global roles in gene regulation. Here, we have constructed an integrated gene regulatory network comprised of transcription factors (TFs), miRNAs, and their target genes and analyzed the effect of regulation on target mRNA expression, target protein expression, protein-protein interaction, and disease association. We found that while target genes regulated by the same TFs tend to be co-expressed, co-regulation by miRNAs does not lead to co-expression assessed at either mRNA or protein levels. Analysis of interacting protein pairs in the regulatory network revealed that compared to genes co-regulated by miRNAs, a higher fraction of genes co-regulated by TFs encode proteins in the same complex. Although these results suggest that genes co-regulated by TFs are more functionally related than those co-regulated by miRNAs, genes that share either TF or miRNA regulators are more likely to cause the same disease. Further analysis on the interplay between TFs and miRNAs suggests that TFs tend to regulate intramodule/pathway clusters, while miRNAs tend to regulate intermodule/pathway clusters. These results demonstrate that although TFs and miRNAs both regulate gene expression, they occupy distinct niches in the overall regulatory network within the cell.
Youth Receptivity to FDA's The Real Cost Tobacco Prevention Campaign: Evidence From Message Pretesting.

In February 2014, the Food and Drug Administration launched The Real Cost, a national youth tobacco prevention campaign. This article examines youth receptivity to potential campaign ads using data from 3 message pretesting studies featuring the same design and consistent instrumentation. A total of 3,258 adolescents ages 13–17 were randomized to either an ad-viewing condition or a no-exposure control condition. Perceived ad effectiveness, smoking-related beliefs, and attitudes were measured as outcome variables. The sample consisted of both experimental smokers (58%) and current nonsmokers at risk for cigarette initiation (42%). A total of 14 ads were tested across the three studies. Participants who viewed the ads generally considered them to be effective (with a mean perceived ad effectiveness score of 3.66 on a scale from 1 to 5). Compared to those in the control condition, participants in the ad-viewing condition reported stronger beliefs about the health risks of smoking (p < .001), a greater likeli...
Methods for Specifying Scientific Data Standards and Modeling Relationships with Applications to Neuroscience

Neuroscience continues to experience a tremendous growth in data; in terms of the volume and variety of data, the velocity at which data is acquired, and in turn the veracity of data. These challenges are a serious impediment to sharing of data, analyses, and tools within and across labs. Here, we introduce BRAINformat, a novel data standardization framework for the design and management of scientific data formats. The BRAINformat library defines application-independent design concepts and modules that together create a general framework for standardization of scientific data. We describe the formal specification of scientific data standards, which facilitates sharing and verification of data and formats. We introduce the concept of Managed Objects, enabling semantic components of data formats to be specified as self-contained units, supporting modular and reusable design of data format components and file storage. We also introduce the novel concept of Relationship Attributes for modeling and use of semantic relationships between data objects. Based on these concepts we demonstrate the application of our framework to design and implement a standard format for electrophysiology data and show how data standardization and relationship-modeling facilitate data analysis and sharing. The format uses HDF5, enabling portable, scalable, and self-describing data storage and integration with modern high-performance computing for data-driven discovery. The BRAINformat library is open source, easy-to-use, and provides detailed user and developer documentation and is freely available at: https://bitbucket.org/oruebel/brainformat.
Intake of up to 3 Eggs/Day Increases HDL Cholesterol and Plasma Choline While Plasma Trimethylamine-N-oxide is Unchanged in a Healthy Population

Eggs are a source of cholesterol and choline and may impact plasma lipids and trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) concentrations, which are biomarkers for cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Therefore, the effects of increasing egg intake (0, 1, 2, and 3 eggs/day) on these and other CVD risk biomarkers were evaluated in a young, healthy population. Thirty-eight subjects [19 men/19 women, 24.1 ± 2.2 years, body mass index (BMI) 24.3 ± 2.5 kg/m2] participated in this 14-week crossover intervention. Participants underwent a 2-week washout with no egg consumption, followed by intake of 1, 2, and 3 eggs/day for 4 weeks each. Anthropometric data, blood pressure (BP), dietary records, and plasma biomarkers (lipids, glucose, choline, and TMAO) were measured during each intervention phase. BMI, waist circumference, systolic BP, plasma glucose, and plasma triacylglycerol did not change throughout the intervention. Diastolic BP decreased with egg intake (P < 0.05). Compared to 0 eggs/day, intake of 1 egg/day increased HDL cholesterol (HDL-c) (P < 0.05), and decreased LDL cholesterol (LDL-c) (P < 0.05) and the LDL-c/HDL-c ratio (P < 0.01). With intake of 2–3 eggs/day, these changes were maintained. Plasma choline increased dose-dependently with egg intake (P < 0.0001) while fasting plasma TMAO was unchanged. These results indicate that in a healthy population, consuming up to 3 eggs/day results in an overall beneficial effect on biomarkers associated with CVD risk, as documented by increased HDL-c, a reduced LDL-c/HDL-c ratio, and increased plasma choline in combination with no change in plasma LDL-c or TMAO concentrations.
A literacy-sensitive approach to improving antibiotic understanding in a community-based setting

Objective Antibiotic misuse contributes to antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. Patient and prescriber knowledge and behaviors influence antibiotic use. Past research has focused on describing and influencing prescriber behavior with less attention to the patient role in antibiotic use. This study seeks to: (1) develop and deploy a program to enhance patient knowledge about antibiotic use; (2) evaluate whether providing patient education is associated with improvements in antibiotic knowledge in a community-based sample; and (3) explore whether health literacy may be associated with knowledge of appropriate antibiotic use. Method This study developed, deployed, and evaluated whether community-based educational seminars enhance patient knowledge about antibiotic use. Key findings Twenty-eight participants from five locations completed the seminar. The antibiotic knowledge index score significantly increased by 2.0 points on the 14 point knowledge index from 10.95 (±2.88) to 12.95 (±1.72) (P = 0.0011) for the 19 participants completing both the pre and post-test. Conclusion A community-based educational seminar on appropriate antibiotic use can effectively increase patient understanding of their role in antibiotic stewardship and combat the inappropriate use of antibiotics.
The history of star formation in the universe

Our primary means of studying how galaxies form and evolve over cosmic time is through measurements of the rate at which massive stars are born in galaxies per unit comoving volume of the universe. Only recently have the most distant, most massively star-forming galaxies in the universe even been discovered, and these discoveries are challenging the standard cosmological scenario in which galaxies form hierarchically, with low-mass objects collapsing first and then merging to form larger and larger systems over cosmic time. We now know that these incredibly luminous galaxies, which have all but vanished in the local universe, are cocooned in dust, hiding them from optical view. They can only be detected at long wavelengths where the dust reradiates the starlight that it has absorbed. In this review, I trace the spectacular progress that has been made over the last decade towards understanding the cosmic history of star formation, with a particular emphasis on the important role of dusty sources in that hi...
Mycotoxins as a Deteriorating Factor in Stored Crops

Mycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolities which by ingestion in man and animals cause intoxication, termed mycotoxicosis. Already in 1968 more than 100 toxin-producing mold species were known (1), mainly belonging to the fungal genera Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium, and this list has since been considerably extended. Information on occurrence of mycotoxins in foodstuff is however limited, and survey data are only available for a few mycotoxins. Similarly the number of recognized mycotoxicoses in domestic animals is limited and amounts to less than ten, and in man even fewer mycotoxicoses are known. Thus four mycotoxins or groups of mycotoxins were considered to be causally associated with disease in humans, proven or hypothetically, according to a recent publication by the World Health Organization (2). These mycotoxins have been selected for detailed description in this chapter.
Rethinking Criminal Contempt in the Bankruptcy Courts

A surprising number of courts believe that bankruptcy judges lack authority to impose criminal contempt sanctions. We attempt to rectify this misunderstanding with a march through the historical treatment of contempt-like powers in bankruptcy, the painful statutory history of the 1978 Bankruptcy Code (including the exciting history of likely repealed 28 U.S.C. § 1481), and the various apposite rules of procedure. (Fans of the All Writs Act will delight in its inclusion.) But the principal service we offer to the bankruptcy community is dismantling the ubiquitous and persistent belief that there is some form of constitutional infirmity with "mere" bankruptcy judges entering criminal contempt orders. This is likely false; at best, it is unsupported by relevant Supreme Court precedent. The shibboleth seems to find its primary roots in misperceptions about Article III, which we try to disabuse. To be sure, there are serious (albeit maddeningly underspecified) constraints on the contempt power that sound in constitutional provenance, mostly under due process, but they have nothing to do with the status of bankruptcy judges. This article’s overdue analysis (it is hoped) will aid courts having to confront this issue in the future.
In-situ Temperature Calibration Capability for Dimensional Metrology

The Dimensional Metrology Group (DMG) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has developed a new in-situ temperature calibration system. This paper discusses the system compon...