cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New algorithms for unification modulo one-sided distributivity and its variants

An algorithm for unification modulo one-sided distributivity is an early result by Tiden and Arnborg [14]. Unfortunately the algorithm presented in the paper, although correct, has recently been shown not to be polynomial time bounded as claimed [11]. In addition, for some instances, there exist most general unifiers that are exponentially large with respect to the input size. In this paper we first present a new polynomial time algorithm that solves the decision problem for a non-trivial subcase, based on a typed theory, of unification modulo one-sided distributivity. Next we present a new polynomial algorithm that solves the decision problem for unification modulo one-sided distributivity. A construction, employing string compression, is used to achieve the polynomial bound.
Persistent bacteremia due to coagulase-negative staphylococci in low birth weight neonates

During a 6-month period in 1987, 13 low birth weight neonates without indwelling central intravascular catheters had persistent (positive blood cultures for greater than or equal to 6 days) coagulase-negative staphylococcal bacteremia despite adequate antibiotic therapy. Daily blood cultures remained persistently positive for a mean of 13 days (range 6 to 25 days). This group of infants was compared with other low birth weight infants with similar birth weights and nonpersistent coagulase-negative staphylococcal bacteremia, defined as two or more positive blood cultures accompanied by supporting clinical manifestations of sepsis. During this period, coagulase-negative staphylococcal represented 29% of all bacteremias, and 33% of coagulase-negative staphylococcal bacteremias were persistent. Other than soft tissue abscesses, none of the infants with persistent coagulase-negative staphylococcal bacteremia had a defined focus of infection. Abdominal distention (P = .001) and thrombocytopenia (P less than .03) occurred significantly more frequently in the patients with persistent coagulase-negative staphylococcal bacteremia than in those with nonpersistent bacteremia. Of the 13 patients with persistent coagulase-negative staphylococcal bacteremia, 2 received methicillin and 11 received vancomycin. No antibiotic tolerance to either antibiotic could be demonstrated. Serum concentrations of vancomycin far exceeded the minimum bactericidal concentration in all cases in which vancomycin was prescribed. No in vitro differences could be demonstrated between persistent and nonpersistent coagulase-negative staphylococcal strains for slime production, biotype, proteins from modified whole cell lysates developed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and opsonophagocytosis by adult neutrophils in the presence of pooled human sera. Additionally, plasmid profile analysis and phage typing revealed no common strain causing the persistent bacteremia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
FGF23 in Skeletal Modeling and Remodeling

Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), a hormone primarily produced in bone cells, targets the kidney to accelerate phosphate excretion into the urine and suppresses vitamin D synthesis, thereby inducing a negative phosphate balance. Excessive serum FGF23 due to hereditary disorders such as hypophosphatemic rickets leads to phosphate wasting and impaired bone mineralization. In contrast, deficiencies in FGF23 are associated with hyperphosphatemia, elevated 1,25(OH)2D3, ectopic ossification in soft tissues, and defects in skeletal mineralization. Recent studies of human genetic disorders and genetically engineered mice, as well as the in vitro approaches, have clarified some mysteries in FGF23 regulation and its potential roles in bone modeling and remodeling, which are summarized in this review article.
The History of Autologous Fat Graft Use for Prevention of Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea After Transsphenoidal Approaches

Presented herein is a review of the history of fat graft use in preventing iatrogenic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea after transsphenoidal surgery. Since the first transsphenoidal surgeries were described in the early 1900s, the techniques of sellar packing to prevent CSF leak have evolved. Kanavel, Halstead, and Cushing used bismuth- or iodine-soaked gauze. Under Dandy's influence, fascia lata was the first autologous material to be used for the repair and prevention of CSF rhinorrhea. The use of autologous fat graft for this purpose has only been reported in recent decades. Montgomery was the first to use abdominal fat to obliterate the middle ear cavity in 1964, and Collins reported the first transsphenoidal application of fat graft in 1973. Other reports by Kirchner, Tindall, and Wilson followed.
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and Involuntary Weight Loss in Elderly, Community-Dwelling Adults

Study Objective. To evaluate the association between involuntary weight loss and serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in elderly, community-dwelling adults. Design. Cross-sectional, single—time point investigation. Setting. Two primary care ambulatory clinics. Subjects. Ambulatory adults aged 70 years or older with involuntary weight loss of 2.27 kg (5 lbs) or more, or with stable weight (+ 0.91 kg [2 lbs]) for the 3 months before enrollment. Measurements and Main Results. Ten subjects with weight loss (mean + SD −4.9 + 2.6 kg) and 25 subjects with stable weight (+ 0.06 + 0.55 kg) were enrolled. The latter group was recruited to serve as a comparison group to the weight-loss group. Subjects donated a venous blood sample and were administered the Mini Nutritional Assessment at a single clinic visit. Serum concentrations of TNF-α were measured by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The TNF-α concentrations were significantly higher in subjects with weight loss (mean + SD 19.3 + 24.9 pg/ml) than in subjects with stable weight (mean + SD 1.1 + 2.0 pg/ml, p<0.01). No relationship was found between the TNF-α concentration and the degree of weight loss expressed as a percentage of total body weight. Conclusion. Older adults with involuntary weight loss had increased circulating concentrations of TNF-α. Whether TNF-α plays a causal role in involuntary weight loss among older adults is unclear; however, this finding is consistent with those in other disease states associated with cachexia. Further research is necessary to clarify this relationship and to determine if pharmacotherapeutic interventions targeted at TNF-α can prevent or reverse involuntary weight loss and its associated morbidity and mortality.
Electron paramagnetic resonance studies of magnetically aligned phospholipid bilayers utilizing a phospholipid spin label.

X-band electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was used to study the structural and dynamic properties of magnetically aligned phospholipid bilayers utilizing a variety of phosphocholine spin labels (PCSL) as a function of temperature. 1-Palmitoyl-2-[n-(4,4-dimethyloxazolidine-N-oxyl)stearoyl]-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (n-PCSL) in which a nitroxide group was attached to the different acyl chain positions of the phospholipid (n = 5, 7, 12, and 14) were used as an EPR spin probe to investigate magnetically aligned phospholipid bilayers from the plateau (near to the headgroup) region to the end of the acyl chain (center of the bilayers). The addition of certain types of paramagnetic lanthanide ions changes the overall magnetic susceptibility anisotropy tensor of the bicelles, such that the bicelles flip with their bilayer normal either parallel or perpendicular to the magnetic field. The present study reveals for the first time that, in the case of the n-PCSL, the bilayer normal is aligned paral...
Chronic Disasters and Social Networks: Exposure, Evacuation and Resettlement

Keywords: natural hazard, social network, evacuation, resettlement, disaster, ecology and environment
Selectively increased oxidative modifications mapped to detergent-insoluble forms of Aβ and β-III tubulin in Alzheimer’s disease

Deleterious post-translational modifications (PTMs) to the neuronal cytoskeleton are a proposed mechanistic link between accumulation of amyloid (A) β peptides and subsequent abnormalities of tau and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Here we tested the hypothesis that PTMs on neuronal tubulins selectively accumulate in a pathological protein fraction in AD. We used new software, P-MOD, to identify comprehensively and map PTMs using mass spectral data from soluble (normal) and detergent-insoluble (pathological) protein fractions from AD, as well as total extracts from controls, for selected proteins: Aβ, tau, apolipoprotein (apo) E, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), α-III tubulin, and β-III tubulin. Our results confirmed direct observations of others by identifying methionine (M) sulfoxides at Aβ position 35 and numerous sites of tau phosphorylation in detergent-insoluble protein from AD, while no PTMs were enriched on primarily astrocyte-derived apoE or GFAP in this fraction. P-MOD mapp...
Ellipsometric determination of the electric-field-induced birefringence of photorefractive dyes in a liquid carbazole derivative

Abstract We have used ellipsometric measurements on solutions of 2-dihexylamino-7-dicyanomethylidene-3,4,4a,5,6-pentahydronaphthalene and related polyenes in liquid 9-(2′-ethylhexyl)carbazole to measure the electric-field-induced birefringence at wavelengths of 690 nm and 830 nm. This electric-field-induced birefringence is related to the product of dipole moment squared and the polarizability anisotropy, μ2Δα, and to a large extent determines the dye's photorefractive figure-of-merit (FOM). We show that μ2Δα increases with the conjugation length and report one of the highest μ2Δα values observed so far.
Cell surface adhesion molecules and adhesion-initiated signaling: understanding of anoikis resistance mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities.

Abstract Cells express various cell surface adhesion molecules (receptors) that not only mechanically serve as contacting sites between the cell and extracellular matrix (ECM) or adjacent cells, but also initiate intracellular signaling pathways modulating important cellular events including survival and proliferation. Normal cells undergo apoptosis when lacking ECM attachment. This type of cell death has been termed anoikis. Anoikis can be viewed as a normal process which ensures tissue homeostasis and failure to execute the anoikis program or resistance to anoikis could result in adherent cells surviving under suspension condition and proliferating at ectopic sites where the matrix proteins are different from those the cells originally contact. Resistance to anoikis is emerging as a hallmark of metastatic cancers which enables cancer cells to disseminate to distant organs through systemic circulation. In this review, we will discuss the molecular basis of adhesion-initiated signaling, the impact of loss of cell–ECM adhesion on normal cell survival, the role of cancer cell aggregate formation via intercellular adhesion under non-adherent condition, and mechanisms of anoikis resistance developed in metastatic cancer cells. Understanding of these aspects will provide opportunities to find new potential molecular targets, and therapeutic strategies based on these findings will likely prove to be more specific and effective.
Beltrami field phasors are eigenvectors of 6×6 linear constitutive dyadics

When the constitutive parameters of a linear, homogeneous, bianisotropic medium are arranged in a certain way as a 6×6 dyadic, it is shown that the eigenvectors of that dyadic may yield admissible Beltrami field phasors whose wavenumbers are directly proportional to the corresponding eigenvalues. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 30: 127–128, 2001.
Hypersensitivity to contact inhibition provides a clue to cancer resistance of naked mole-rat

The naked mole-rat is the longest living rodent with a maximum lifespan exceeding 28 years. In addition to its longevity, naked mole-rats have an extraordinary resistance to cancer as tumors have never been observed in these rodents. Furthermore, we show that a combination of activated Ras and SV40 LT fails to induce robust anchorage-independent growth in naked mole-rat cells, while it readily transforms mouse fibroblasts. The mechanisms responsible for the cancer resistance of naked mole-rats were unknown. Here we show that naked mole-rat fibroblasts display hypersensitivity to contact inhibition, a phenomenon we termed “early contact inhibition.” Contact inhibition is a key anticancer mechanism that arrests cell division when cells reach a high density. In cell culture, naked mole-rat fibroblasts arrest at a much lower density than those from a mouse. We demonstrate that early contact inhibition requires the activity of p53 and pRb tumor suppressor pathways. Inactivation of both p53 and pRb attenuates early contact inhibition. Contact inhibition in human and mouse is triggered by the induction of p27Kip1. In contrast, early contact inhibition in naked mole-rat is associated with the induction of p16Ink4a. Furthermore, we show that the roles of p16Ink4a and p27Kip1 in the control of contact inhibition became temporally separated in this species: the early contact inhibition is controlled by p16Ink4a, and regular contact inhibition is controlled by p27Kip1. We propose that the additional layer of protection conferred by two-tiered contact inhibition contributes to the remarkable tumor resistance of the naked mole-rat.
Generation and remodeling of phospholipid molecular species in rat hepatocytes.

Abstract In order to assess the relationship between de novo phospholipid synthesis and remodeling by deacylation-reacylation, we have pulse-labeled glycerolipids by incubating rat hepatocytes in media containing either [U- 14 C]glycerol or (H 2 18 O. Further incubation for up to 2 h in the absence of the labeled substrates and analysis of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) provided information on the remodeling of newly synthesized molecular species by deacylation-reacylation at the sn -1 or sn -2 positions of glycerol. We conclude that de novo synthesis of PC and PE yields primarily four molecular species: 16:0-18:2 ( n -6), 16:0-18:1, 16:0-22:6 ( n -3), and 18:1-18:2 ( n -6). Remodeling occurs in both lipid classes by replacement of the fatty acids at the sn -1 position with stearic acid, 18:0, or at the sn -2 position with arachidonic acid, 20:4 ( n -6). A major molecular species of both PC and PE, 18:0-20:4 ( n -6), appears to be produced by deacylation-reacylation at both the sn -1 and sn -2 positions and not to be further remodeled. De novo synthesis and remodeling of PC and PE in rat hepatocytes occur at similar rates, involve precursor-product relationships among newly synthesized molecular species, and therefore may be regulated as a single metabolic process.
Tip-of-the-tongue states as metacognition

The tip-of-the-tongue state (henceforth, TOT) is typically defined as the feeling that a known word will be recalled even though it is not accessible immediately. Others have defined TOTs as simply the state of temporary inaccessibility (cognitive state) rather than the feeling of temporary inaccessibility (metacognitive experience). I argue that TOTs are metacognitive experiences rather than cognitive states. I present several lines of evidence to support this from the existing literature. In addition, I present evidence to support a distinction between TOTs and feelings of knowing (FOK). Although there is no definitive data, several lines of research support that TOTs and FOKs, although similar, are partially produced by different processes. Indeed, recent neuroimaging data show that different areas of the brain may be involved in TOTs and FOKs.
New techniques of capacitance-voltage measurements of semiconductor junctions

Abstract Two novel measurement techniques for C - V characteristics of a semiconductor junction are described which provide substantial improvement over previous methods. One is a new method to implement the constant-capacitance voltage transient experiment using the idea of a capacitance operational amplifier. The other is an improved method of quasi-static capacitance-voltage measurement using an integration scheme instead of the usual differentation scheme, with substantial noise reduction and improvement of sensitivity.
Managers Not MBAs: A Hard Look at the Soft Practice of Managing and Management Development

The article reviews the book “Managers Not MBAs: A Hard Look at the Soft Practice of Managing and Management Development,” by Henry Mintzberg.
Synthesis, structure, and 19F NMR spectra of 1,3,7,10,14,17,23,28,31,40-C60(CF3)10.

A significant improvement in the selectivity of fullerene trifluoromethylation reactions was achieved. Reaction of trifluoroiodomethane with [60]fullerene at 460 °C and [70]fullerene at 470 °C in a flow reactor led to isolation of cold-zone-condensed mixtures of C60(CF3)n and C70(CF3)n compounds with narrow composition ranges: 6 ≤ n ≤ 12 for C60(CF3)n and 8 ≤ n ≤ 14 for C70(CF3)n. The predominant products in the C60 reaction, an estimated 40+ mol % of the cold-zone condensate, were three isomers of C60(CF3)10. Two of these were purified by two-stage HPLC to 80+% isomeric purity. The third isomer was purified by three-stage HPLC to 95% isomeric purity. Thirteen milligrams of this orange−brown compound was isolated (5% overall yield based on C60), and its C1-symmetric structure was determined to be 1,3,7,10,14,17,23,28,31,40-C60(CF3)10 by X-ray crystallography. The CF3 groups are either meta or para to one another on a p-m-p-p-p-m-p-m-p ribbon of edge-sharing C6(CF3)2 hexagons (each pair of adjacent hexago...
Are health journalists' practices tied to their perceptions of audience? An attribution and expectancy-value approach.

This study examines a national survey of U.S. health journalists (N = 774) to ascertain how journalists' perceptions of audience use of health news shapes their journalistic practices. We establish a framework through attribution theory and expectancy-value theory for how journalists choose to fulfill their roles as providers of health information. Using these theoretical lenses, we look at whether health journalists' audience orientation is associated with their use of accessibility-oriented or credibility-focused practices. Our findings show that, overall, journalists believe readers are individually responsible for their health outcomes and that journalists focus on providing accessibility-oriented information when they feel their audience's ability to understand information may be compromised. Journalists' beliefs about audience behavior are associated with their attitudes toward communication practices.
Phenotypic patterns of distortion product otoacoustic emission in inbred and F1 hybrid hearing mouse strains

Distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOE) were obtained from five different hearing mouse groups: CBA/J, MOLF/Rk, ct (homozygous normal mice of the curly-tail stock), and the F1 hybrid offspring of the matings CBA/J x dn/dn and MOLF/Rk x dn/dn (dn/dn mice are the curly-tail stock with recessive deafness). The DPOE patterns of the CBA/J and ct strains were similar to each other and different from that of the MOLF/Rk. The two sets of F1 hybrid mice, (CBA/J x dn/dn)F1 and (MOLF/Rk x dn/dn)F1, were found to have significantly larger DPOE amplitudes than their hearing parent strains, MOLF/Rk and CBA/J, respectively. In addition, the DPOE amplitudes were greater for the offspring of the MOLF/Rk x dn/dn cross than for those of the CBA/J x dn/dn cross, even though they were lower for MOLF/Rk than for CBA/J. The distinct features of DPOE patterns among these five groups suggest that DPOE testing can be used for auditory phenotyping.
Some aspects of the massive transformation

Abstract A number of issues of current importance to achieving a fundamental understanding of the mechanisms of the massive transformation at the atomic level are identified and further considered. Re-analysis of published growth kinetics data for the massive transformation in six different alloy systems indicates that growth by the ledge mechanism is a reasonable possibility in all of them. Variations in the ratio of the inter-ledge spacing to the ledge height with boundary orientation and in the temperature-dependence of growth kinetics with boundary orientation also seem likely. Plateaux in plots of thermal arrest temperature vs a function of cooling rate are suggested to arise from changes in massive morphology with decreasing transformation temperature, derived from variations with boundary orientation of temperature-dependent growth kinetics. Solute “burial” during the massive transformation is concluded usually to be feasible only when the driving force for transfer back to the matrix of the atoms undergoing burial is much less than that for solvent atoms diffusing from the matrix to the product phase. Invariant plane strain surface reliefs can be generated during massive transformations when reaction occurs at sufficiently large undercoolings so that markedly anisotropic growth, involving comparatively large areas of partially coherent interphase boundary with a constant boundary orientation, is feasible. Massive transformation in a two-phase field below T 0 is probably viable when the volume diffusivity in the matrix is too low relative to the trans-interphase boundary diffusivity to permit appreciable solute partition during growth.
A non-plugging ink writer for physiological recording

Resume Description d'une methode permettan d'eviter l'obstruction au passage de l'encre dans les plumes d'appareils electroencephalographiques.
Speed and accuracy of same and different responses in perceptual matching

Models of the visual perceptual matching process are evaluated in two experiments in which the relative speeds of “same” and “different” responses were manipulated. In the first experiment, subjects were tested under two bias conditions: they were instructed to respond “same” only when sure or to respond “different” only when sure. Such bias is found to have a very large effect on the speed and accuracy of “same” and “different” responses, changing “same” responses from being faster than “different” responses (the usual result) in the sure “different” condition to being slower in the sure “same” condition. In the second experiment, the relative speed of “same” responses was slowed significantly by the addition of difficult “different” judgments. These results are used to argue against models that contain an identity matcher and against models that have separate components to account for errors and reaction time. We also point out that, although it is well known that the relative speeds of positive and negative responses are subject to bias manipulations, this fact has been ignored by many researchers in developing models in which the reaction time difference between positive and negative responses is used as a measure of a stage of processing.
Possibility of transforming the electronic structure of one species of graphene adatoms into that of another by application of gate voltage: First-principles calculations

Graphene provides many advantages for controlling the electronic structure of adatoms and other adsorbates via gating. Using the projected density of states and charge density obtained from first-principles density-functional periodic supercell calculations, we investigate the possibility of performing ``alchemy'' of adatoms on graphene, i.e., transforming the electronic structure of one species of adatom into that of another species by application of a gate voltage. Gating is modeled as a change in the number of electrons in the unit cell, with the inclusion of a compensating uniform background charge. Within this model and the generalized gradient approximation to the exchange-correlation functional, we find that such transformations are possible for K, Ca, and several transition-metal adatoms. Gate control of the occupation of the $p$ states of In on graphene is also investigated. The validity of the supercell approximation with uniform compensating charge and the model for exchange and correlation is also discussed.
Bilaterally synchronized oscillations in human diaphragm and intercostal EMGs during spontaneous breathing.

Abstract Bilaterally synchronized high-frequency oscillations have been found in recordings of human diaphragm and intercostal EMGs during spontaneous breathing (SB). Correlated frequencies (28–52 and/or 68–88 Hz) in the left and right diaphragm EMGs during SB: (1) are at similar values, but not as broad-band, as those found during voluntary breathing maneuvers; (2) often occur at the same values as correlated frequencies found in left and right intercostal EMGs; and (3) fluctuate with time.
THE ADHESIVENESS OF LEUCOCYTES TO SOLID SURFACES

1. Methods are described for measuring the stickiness of cells to solid surfaces. 2. The effect of various factors such as temperature, serum concentration, sodium chloride concentration, etc., on the adhesiveness of leucocytes to solid surfaces and the phagocytosis of solid particles are compared, and certain marked differences pointed out. 3. On account of these differences it is concluded that forces of surface tension, though undoubtedly operative in determining the behavior of cells in contact with solid bodies, are not the only factors involved. 4. Ways in which changes in the structure or rigidity of the protoplasm might affect phagocytosis and adhesiveness in opposite directions are suggested.
The preparation of single crystals of FeS2, CoS2, and NiS2 pyrites by chlorine transport☆

Abstract Single crystals of FeS 2 , CoS 2 , and NiS 2 with the pyrite structure were prepared by Cl 2 transport in various temperature gradients. Several different methods were employed. It was possible to prepare well-formed crystals of CoS 2 as large as 3–4 mm on an edge and of FeS 2 and NiS 2 as large as 2–3 mm.
Surface chemistry studies of (CdSe)ZnS quantum dots at the air-water interface.

Trioctylphosphine oxide- (TOPO-) capped (CdSe)ZnS quantum dots (QDs) were prepared through a stepwise synthesis. The surface chemistry behavior of the QDs at the air−water interface was carefully examined by various physical measurements. The surface pressure−area isotherm of the Langmuir film of the QDs gave an average diameter of 4.4 nm, which matched very well with the value determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements if the thickness of the TOPO cap was counted. The stability of the Langmuir film of the QDs was tested by two different methods, compression/decompression cycling and kinetic measurements, both of which indicated that TOPO-capped (CdSe)ZnS QDs can form stable Langmuir films at the air−water interface. Epifluorescence microscopy revealed the two-dimensional aggregation of the QDs in Langmuir films during the early stage of the compression process. However, at high surface pressures, the Langmuir film of QDs was more homogeneous and was capable of being deposited on a ...
Randomization of coherence and polarization from the ballistic to the diffusive regimes in a highly scattering thin layer

Time-resolved measurements were performed to determine the coherence and polarization lengths in terms of the transport scattering length for highly scattering layer media. The randomization of coherence occurs at thickness (L) greater than three transport scatterers lengths (L>3 lt) and the polarization disappears after five transport scatterers lengths (L>5 lt).
The Lattice of Periods of a Group Action

Let L(G) denote the lattice of subgroups of G and Π(S) the lattice of partitions of S. Given an action of a finite group G on a finite set S, define the map η:L(G) → Π(S) by a, b ∈ S are in the same block of η(H) if and only if there is a g ∈ H such that g · a = b. The blocks of η(H) are the periods or orbits of the action of H on S. The image of η in Π(S) is a lattice called the lattice of periods of the group action and is denoted J(G, S). The lattice J(G, S) encodes a great deal of the information about the group action of G on S. Enough that a poset theoretic proof of Polya′s Enumeration Theorem can be given using these lattices. [See G.-C. Rota, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc.75 (1969), 325-329 and 330-334; G.-C. Rota and D. Smith, Ann. Scuola Norm. Sup. Pisa CI. Sci. (4)IV, No. 4 (1977).] This paper gives a systematic look at these lattices. The main result is that J(G,) depends only on the support of the representation of the action on the irreducible representations of G. If the representation of two group actions contain the same irreducible representations possibly with different multiplicities, then the resulting lattices of periods are the same. A method for generating all the possible lattices of periods for a particular group is also given.
Syndromology's message for craniofacial biology.

Summary Syndromology is a misunderstood specialty that has much to contribute to the understanding of craniofacial biology in general and the study of craniofacial anomalies in particular. An introduction to the practice of syndromology and the rudiments of syndrome delineation is presented. The aetiology and pathogenesis of selected craniofacial anomalies (Robin complex, hemifacial microsomia, and craniosynostosis) are considered from the perspective of syndromology.
Sentence processing strategies in healthy seniors with poor comprehension: an fMRI study.

We used fMRI to examine patterns of brain recruitment in 22 healthy seniors, half of whom had selective comprehension difficulty for grammatically complex sentences. We found significantly reduced recruitment of left posterolateral temporal [Brodmann area (BA) 22/21] and left inferior frontal (BA 44/6) cortex in poor comprehenders compared to the healthy seniors with good sentence comprehension, cortical regions previously associated with language comprehension and verbal working memory, respectively. The poor comprehenders demonstrated increased activation of left prefrontal (BA 9/46), right dorsal inferior frontal (BA 44/6), and left posterior cingulate (BA 31/23) cortices for the grammatically simpler sentences that they understood. We hypothesize that these brain regions support an alternate, nongrammatical strategy for processing complex configurations of symbolic information. Moreover, these observations emphasize the crucial role of the left perisylvian network for grammatically guided sentence processing in subjects with good comprehension.
Plantation Economics, Violence, and Social Well-being: The Lingering Effects of Racialized Group Oppression on Contemporary Human Development in the American South

Historic patterns of racialized oppression, discrimination, and prejudice have been linked to contemporary levels of racialized inequality. Such patterns are thought to be created and maintained through a series of institutions aimed at limiting access to resources for some while opening doors for others. It is expected that patterns of historical racialized inequality are the by-product of a historical lack of investment in the cultural capital of the local community, which later manifests itself in the form of low levels of human development, both in relational and absolute terms. In order to test this pattern in the American South, this link is tested using historical and contemporary data from the US Census Bureau, the National Institute for Literacy, the Bureau of Economic Analysis, the Center for Disease Control, the Historical American Lynching Project, and the Negro Participation Survey. Spatially-centered nested regression models provide support for this thesis through the identification of links...
Uniqueness results for the phase-retrieval problem for radial functions

A representation theorem for band-limited functions of several variables whose moduli are radial is stated. The proof of this theorem, which is based on techniques from Fourier analysis and the theory of analytic functions of several variables, is outlined in the Appendix. Several uniqueness results concerning the phase-retrieval problem that follow from the representation theorem are derived. References that relate the phase-retrieval problem to the problem of wave-front reconstruction in optics and image reconstruction in speckle interferometry are cited.
Peritraumatic and persistent dissociation as predictors of PTSD symptoms in a female cohort.

Recent research has investigated peritraumatic and persistent dissociation as a possible predictive factor for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The current study aimed to add to this literature by examining dissociative responses in female assault survivors (N = 92 at initial assessment; n = 62 at follow-up). Dissociative symptoms experienced at 3 time points were assessed: peritraumatic dissociation (PD), persistent dissociation-initial (M = 28.2 days posttrauma) and follow-up (M = 224.9 days posttrauma), as well as initial and follow-up PTSD symptoms. We hypothesized that PD and persistent dissociative symptoms would predict chronic PTSD symptoms at the follow-up assessment with initial PTSD symptoms and assault type in the model. Hierarchical regression resulted in a significant model predicting 39% of the variance in follow-up PTSD symptom scores (p Language: en
Hepatic and peripheral responsiveness to a glucose infusion in pregnancy.

Abstract To enhance glucose transfer to the fetus, the pregnant woman may evidence hyperglycemia after feeding. In order to evaluate whether hepatic responsiveness, in contrast to peripheral uptake, contributes to this response, the glucose production rate was measured in 15 pregnant nondiabetic patients, in 12 pregnant insulin-dependent diabetic patients, and in 12 nonpregnant nondiabetic patients (controls). Seventeen of the women were infused with 3.2 mg - kg -1 min -1 of glucose. All glucose-infused groups had an elevated plasma glucose concentration compared to their saline solution-infused counterparts. The glucose production rate was suppressed in the nondiabetic glucose-infused groups. The glucose production rate of the pregnant nondiabetic patients was similar to that of the pregnant insulin-dependent diabetic patients, but the glucose production rate of the latter group was more variable than that of nonpregnant nondiabetic controls (p
THE CHEMICAL AND ANTIVIRAL PROPERTIES OF THE SOMATIC ANTIGEN OF PHASE II SHIGELLA SONNEI

1. The somatic antigen of Phase II Shigella sonnei can be isolated by extracting phenol-killed microorganisms with water. This substance inactivates all T phages to which this bacillus is susceptible. 2. The Phase II antigen is constituted from a protein and a phosphorylated lipocarbohydrate. The major portion of the protein component can be removed by digestion with pancreatin. The enzymatically degraded antigen thus obtained can be further dissociated into its protein and lipocarbohydrate components by treatment with 90 per cent phenol. Glucose, galactose, glucosamine, and an aldoheptose have been identified as the monosaccharide constituents of the lipocarbohydrate.
The utilization of flexible sigmoidoscopy by family practitioners after residency training.

Background: Flexible sigmoidoscopy is routinely performed by family practice physicians, most of whom receive training in postgraduate education programs. The aim of this study was to assess the utilization of flexible sigmoidoscopy by family practitioners who received training during residency. Methods: Family practitioners who underwent training in flexible sigmoidoscopy during their residency were contacted by phone or mail and polled regarding their current use of flexible sigmoidoscopy and assessment of their previous training. Results: Forty-two graduates were contacted; 76% were certified (according to our predefined criteria) during training and 74% were currently performing flexible sigmoidoscopy. Of those who were certified, 87% were currently using flexible sigmoidoscopy compared with 45% of those who did not receive certification (p = 0.02). Training during the last year of residency was more likely to be associated with current use of flexible sigmoidoscopy than earlier training (69% vs. 30%, p = 0.03). Certification was associated with more procedures during training (24.3 ± 1.7 vs. 16.6 ± 3.1, p < 0.05). Current users performed a mean of 4.3 ± 0.75 procedures/month; most reached 40 cm in depth of insertion and completed the procedure in 17.2 ± 1.2 minutes. Of patients undergoing flexible sigmoidoscopy, 13% were ultimately referred for colonoscopy. Most practitioners considered their training useful and only 9.6% had obtained additional training outside residency. Conclusions: Most family practitioners certified in flexible sigmoidoscopy during residency performed the procedure in their practices. Depth of insertion and time for completion of the procedure seem to be adequate. (Gastrointest Endosc 2000;52:45-7.)
Meeting Emergent Needs in Uganda: A Path to Accelerated Development of Community and Work Colleges

National development conditions and goals in Uganda, as in many nations, are such that the robust establishment of community colleges could provide many solutions. Yet the creation of such has been inhibited by a number of factors including the historic roots of higher education in former colonial contexts and a lack of Ugandan familiarity with appropriate models. Proposed in this article is a path forward in Uganda and, by extension, in other sub-Saharan and developing nation contexts, for the accelerated development of community colleges and other alternative models, in particular the work college. The model of inquiry proposed here would involve the short-term exchange of experts, policy makers, and educators, and the consideration of Western models in local contexts. With relatively modest funding, the plan could be executed in a few months and could yield a plan endorsed by both Ugandan education leaders and experts in the models under consideration. The concept could be executed with application to ...
Progress towards the total synthesis of guanacastepene A. Approaches to the construction of quaternary carbons and the 5-7-6 tricyclic carbon skeleton

Abstract The construction of the 5-7-6 tricyclic skeleton of guanacastepene A, including the quaternary carbons, has been achieved. The C-11 and C-8 quaternary carbons were constructed by cuprate addition and carbene insertion, respectively. The 5-7-6 tricyclic core was generated by a selective aldol and SmI 2 -induced intramolecular aldehyde–alkene coupling.
Links between Risk and Attachment Security: Models of Influence.

Abstract The relation between maternal behavior and child attachment security is weaker among low SES samples, but it is unclear how stressors/risks associated with low SES alter the dynamics of attachment relationships. Results of this study of 63 low income mothers and their 24–36-month-old children indicated that the influence of multiple economic risks on children's security is mediated through an associated effect on maternal behavior, while emotional risks–those directly affecting the emotional climate of the home–exert direct influences on child security not mediated by maternal behavior. A moderating effect of emotional risks on the relation between maternal behavior and child security suggested that maternal behavior is less strongly associated with child security in families with many emotional risks. Implications of emotional risks as predictors of child security and the characteristics of low-income homes that moderate the association between security and maternal behavior are discussed.
Fall prevention strategies in two nursing homes: how can they be improved and properly managed?

The purpose of this study is to discuss falls among the elderly, risk factors, injuries caused by those falls, and the impact of these injuries on the cost of healthcare in the USA. This investigation concentrates on fall management techniques by two nursing facilities – Meadows Nursing Home in Dallas, Pennsylvania, and Daughters of Israel in West Orange, New Jersey. The goal of this investigation was to develop a plan that reduces falls among the elderly and lowers healthcare costs. This study has highlighted strategies that, if implemented, will lead to fewer falls and injuries among the elderly and lower healthcare costs in the USA, particularly the portion paid by Medicare. Proper management of falls requires that suggestions for improvement be communicated between various entities including nursing facilities, hospitals, older individuals and others in charge of their care.
Ambiguity Resolution in Interferometry

A comprehensive theory of interferometry from a system viewpoint with particular emphasis on the ambiguity resolution problem is developed. The derived error equations include contributions from all system uncertainties, i.e., phase measurement, frequency, and element phase center position errors in three dimensions. The direction-of-arrival errors are inversely proportional to the interferometer baseline and it is customary to make the baseline large enough to meet the accuracy requirements. A system with a baseline greater than a half-wavelength results in the well known direction-of-arrival ambiguity problem with the addition of a third element to each baseline being a common method for resolving the ambiguity. It is shown that contrary to previous thinking there are many equally optimal positions for adding the third element to resolve the ambiguity. In addition, it is shown how the measurement made to resolve the ambiguity can also be applied to increase the accuracy of the angle-of-arrival measurement. A central result is the derivation of expressions specifying the probability of correct resolution of ambiguities as a function of system parameters and system errors. Moreover the concept of an acceptance criterion designed to reduce processing of erroneous measurements is developed. Narrowing the criterion reduces the percentage of data accepted for processing, but increases the probability of correct ambiguity resolution. This is analogous to the relationship between the probability of detection and the probability of false alarm in radar theory.
Purification of follicular regulatory protein: possible plasminogen identity.

A partially purified protein (the SR fraction) of porcine and human origin has been extensively characterized as Follicular Regulatory Protein (FRP). In the current study, 1A8D5, one of several monoclonal antibodies raised against FRP, was used to further purify the protein. The monoclonal antibody cross-reacted only with porcine plasminogen, a key fibrinolytic proenzyme. A commercial polyclonal antibody for human plasminogen confirmed the relationship between plasminogen and bands of the SR fraction of the porcine follicular fluid. Sequencing of the N-terminal amino acids (54 kd) of the SR fraction indicated that it shared 100% identity with the short form of porcine plasminogen chain A and 93% identity to human plasminogen. Moreover, we demonstrated that this purified protein from human follicular fluid inhibited aromatase activity of granulosa cells, a key biological property of FRP. Given that plasminogen possesses most of the proposed properties of the protein termed FRP, we conclude that FRP is likely plasminogen itself or a plasminogen-related protein and not a novel protein.
Formal and Informal Crime Control Views in Bangladesh and the United States

Crime control methods can be grouped into two major categories: formal and informal. Formal crime control uses the law and government agencies (e.g., police, courts, and prisons) to deter crime, whereas informal crime control utilizes moral and social institutions (e.g., the family, religion, peers, and neighborhood groups) to deter illegal behaviors. This exploratory study used t tests, chi-square tests, ordinal ordered regression, and ordinary least squares regression analyses of survey data from 258 Bangladeshi and 484 U.S. college students to explore students’ perceptions of formal and informal crime control. Bangladeshi students had more support for both formal and informal crime controls than their U.S. counterparts; however, U.S. students were more likely to feel that being rejected by family, neighbors, and peers was effective at deterring crime. Both groups felt that punishment by the law was needed to deter repeat offenders. When asked to rank formal and informal crime control mechanisms, Bangla...
Synthesis and Characterization of Fully Conjugated Donor–Acceptor–Donor Triblock Copolymers

A synthetic approach is established to provide a monofunctional telechelic poly(3-octylthiophene) (P3OT) bearing a single bromine-substituted end group that is of potential use in the preparation of well-defined block copolymers. Telechelic P3OT was prepared via a chain growth process by a catalyst-transfer condensation polymerization (CTCP) of 5-bromo-4-octyl-2-thienylmagnesium iodide initiated by a phenylnickel(II) initiator. Optimization of the conditions for quenching the reaction allowed for the installation an α-bromo functionality at the terminus of the polymer. We demonstrate the utility of this well-defined monofunctional polymer, Ph–P3OT–Br, by coupling it to a poly(quinoxaline) (PQ) bearing boronate ester end groups to provided a new class of donor–acceptor–donor (D–A–D) triblock copolymers. The formation of the triblock copolymers was confirmed by gel-permeation chromatography (GPC) and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The optical properties of the polymers were investigated using UV–visible absorption an...
Diffusion of hydrogen and deuterium on the (111) plane of tungsten

Abstract The diffusion of 1 H and 2 H on the (111) plane of a W field emitter has been studied by the fluctuation method at various coverages. Both activated and unactivated diffusion is observed; the latter shows very little isotope effect, suggesting that coupling to the substrate is so strong that mass renormalization makes the effective masses of 1 H and 2 H nearly identical. Values of D in the tunneling, i.e. temperature independent, regime are 10 −13 −5 × 10 −14 cm 2 /s depending on coverage. For activated diffusion at high coverages, corresponding to population of the β 1 state E = 2.4−3.2 kcal/mol and D 0 = 2 × 10 −8 −5 × 10 −7 cm 2 /s, depending on coverage. For lower coverages, corresponding to β 2 population, E = 7–9 kcal/mol, D 0 = 9 × 10 −6 −2 × 10 −3 cm 2 /s, again depending on coverage. Similar values are obtained for 2 H, with E and D 0 values slightly reduced. An exponentially decaying correlation signal for clean W was also seen and interpreted in terms of flip-flop of W atoms.
Deletion of the amyloid precursor-like protein 2 (APLP2) does not affect hippocampal neuron morphology or function.

Abstract Amyloid precursor protein (APP), the parent molecule to amyloid β peptide, is part of a larger gene family with two mammalian homologues, amyloid precursor-like protein 1 (APLP1) and amyloid precursor-like protein 2 (APLP2). Initial knock-out studies demonstrated that while single APP family gene deletions produced relatively mild phenotypes, deficiency of APLP2 and one other member of the gene family resulted in perinatal lethality, suggesting vital roles masked by functional redundancy of the other homologues. Because of the importance of APP in Alzheimer's disease, the vast majority of studies to date have concentrated on the neuronal functions of APP, leaving limited data on its homologues. APLP2 is of particular interest as it contains high sequence homology with APP, is processed similarly, is expressed in overlapping spatial and temporal patterns, and is obligatory for lethality when combined with deficiency of either APLP1 or APP but does not contain the toxic amyloid β sequence. Here we sought to test the role of APLP2 on neuronal structure and function using a combined approach involving in vitro and in vivo techniques in young and aged animals. Surprisingly, we found that unlike APP, APLP2 appears not to be essential for maintenance of dendritic structure, spine density, or synaptic function. Thus, there is clear divergence in the functional redundancy between APP and APLP2.