cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
When Our Reach Exceeds Our Grasp: Remedial Realism in Antidiscrimination Law

Judges limit antidiscrimination rights to cases involving purposeful discrimination. Recent social psychological evidence for “implicit bias,” however, shows that people injure others by discriminating even when they do not intend to do so. Advocates of the behavioral realism approach argue that such gaps between the assumptions judges inevitably make about human behavior when interpreting legal doctrine and available social scientific evidence should be closed or justified explicitly on other grounds. Closing the gaps, however, requires understanding why they developed and persist, so that an appropriately responsive strategy can be developed. This Article argues that the law-science gap exists and persists in significant part because judges believe that they lack the ability to effectively remedy non-purposeful discrimination of the kind described by work on implicit bias and are unwilling to take the steps necessary to develop ways to do so. To illustrate, this Article reviews major developments in antidiscrimination doctrine related to discretionary decisions in two different domains - the death penalty and employment decisions - and highlights the role that judicial concerns about remedies plays in the opinions supporting those developments. In order to more effectively impact the doctrinal development in that area, this Article discusses concrete ways that the remedies understanding of the law-science gap can help guide social scientists, legal scholars, and advocates for expanded antidiscrimination rights.
Speciation of arsenic compounds in plant seafood by atomic fluorescence spectometry

Objective:To establish a method for the determination of four arsenic species by the combination of Ion exchange chromatography and hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry.Methods: In this research,an on-line system of HPLC and hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry was used for arsenic speciation.It has realized on-line separation and analysis of four arsenic species(AsⅢ,DMAⅤ,MMAⅤ and AsⅤ).Results: Various experimental parameters were optimized.Four arsenic species were separated by PRX-X100 anion exchange column and determined within 12 minutes in optimal conditions.Under the hydride reaction condition of 8%HCl and 2%(m/V)KBH4 with 100 μl injection volume,the detection limits of various forms were 0.48 μg/L for As(Ⅲ),0.56 μg/L for DMA,0.44 μg/L for MMA and 0.52 μg/L for As(V).The precision RSD of various forms was 5%(n=7).The linear relationship was good in the range of 5 μg/L～100 μg/L content of various forms(r0.9992).Conclusion: This method is simple,convenient,rapid and accurate with high sensitivity and precision.It was suitable for speciation of arsenic compounds in plant seafood
Mechanical Properties of T92/HR3C Dissimilar Steel Welded Joints in Ultra-supercritical Units

Using Ni-based welding wires of HIG-370,T92 and HR3C dissimilar welded joints were prepared by gas tungsten arc welding(GTAW).The tensile test,bending test,impact test and hardness test of T92 and HR3C dissimilar welded joints weld were investigated.The results show that the mechanical properties of T92 and HR3C dissimilar welded joints can meet the requirement of service using Ni-based welding wires of HIG-370.The formulation of the welding process is suitable.
Protein synthesis and breakdown in skin and muscle: a leg model of amino acid kinetics.

In the postabsorptive state, amino acids are released from the periphery to provide precursors for protein synthesis in the splanchnic organs. To evaluate the differential role of the most importan...
Approaches for studying PMR1 endonuclease-mediated mRNA decay.

Although most eukaryotic mRNAs are degraded by exonucleases acting on either end of the molecule, a subset of mRNAs undergo endonuclease cleavage within the mRNA body. Endonuclease cleavage can be activated by cellular stress, extracellular signals, or by ribosome stalling, as might occur at a premature termination codon. Only a few eukaryotic mRNA endonucleases have been identified, and of these, polysomal ribonuclease 1 (PMR1) is the best characterized. A notable feature of PMR1‐mediated mRNA decay is that it acts on specific mRNAs while they are engaged by translating ribosomes. This chapter begins with several procedures used to characterize in vivo endonuclease cleavage of any mRNA by any endonuclease. These include approaches for identifying the 5′‐end(s) downstream of an endonuclease cleavage site (S1 nuclease protection and primer extension), and a ligation‐mediated RT‐PCR approach developed in our laboratory for identifying the 3′‐ends upstream of a cleavage site. We then describe a number of approaches used to characterize PMR1‐mediated mRNA decay in cultured cells. PMR1 participates in a number of different complexes. We show several approaches for studying these complexes, and we describe techniques for isolating and characterizing PMR1‐interacting proteins and its target mRNAs. Although the various techniques described here have proven their usefulness in studying PMR1, they can be generalized to studying decay by any other mRNA endonuclease.
T-cell receptors in immune responses

T lymphocytes play a central role in the generation of both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. Although T-cells mediate diverse effector functions, most recognize antigenic peptide presented by molecules encoded within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The fine specificity of a T-cell is determined by a heterodimeric receptor for antigen (TCR) displayed on the cell surface. The TCR present on the majority of T-cells is composed of an alpha and a beta chain which are similar to immunoglobulins (Ig) in both sequence and gene organization. Genes for the alpha and beta chains of the TCR are encoded in germline DNA as discontinuous gene segments that rearrange specifically in T-cells during development. The variable regions of each of these chains are responsible for antigen recognition and are encoded by juxtaposed variable (V), diversity (D) (for beta chains), and joining (J) gene segments (reviewed in Toyonaga and Mak, 1987; Wilson et al., 1988; Davis and Bjorkman, 1988). A critical difference between TCR and Ig is that somatic mutation does not appear to play a role in the generation of TCR diversity (Ikuta et al., 1985), which emphasizes the importance of germline polymorphism of TCR gene segments. Knowledge of both the extent and variability of the germline TCR repertoire is critical to understanding the diversity of potential T-cell specificities.
Treatment of a pseudo-class III relationship in the primary dentition: a case history.

In conclusion, posterior and anterior crossbites of the primary dentition should be corrected, once recognized, to allow for normal dental base development and subsequent favorable skeletal growth, provided the analysis of the case reveals no gross boney discrepancies. To quiet any archaic ideas of delaying posterior crossbite correction until the eruption of the permanent first molars, a pilot is being undertaken to determine whether there is a statistical difference in the need for retreatment of patients, when the permanent first molars erupt with the use of either the Porter, Quadhelix, or R.P.E.-type appliances. It is hoped that this will support the low retreatment frequency of 7.6 percent reported by Kutin and Hawes.
Chemoenzymatic synthesis of the bacterial polysaccharide repeating unit undecaprenyl pyrophosphate and its analogs

Polysaccharides are essential and immunologically relevant components of bacterial cell walls. These biomolecules can be found covalently attached to lipids (e.g., O-polysaccharide (PS) contains undecaprenyl and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) contains lipid A) or noncovalently associated with cell wells (e.g., capsular PS (CPS)). Although extensive genetic studies have indicated that the Wzy-dependent biosynthetic pathway is primarily responsible for producing such polysaccharides, in vitro biochemical studies are needed to determine, for example, which gene product is responsible for catalyzing each step in the pathway, and to reveal molecular details about the Wzx translocase, Wzy polymerase and O-PS chain-length determinant. Many of these biochemical studies require access to a structurally well-defined PS repeating unit undecaprenyl pyrophosphate (RU-PP-Und), the key building block in this pathway. We describe herein the chemoenzymatic synthesis of Escherichia coli (serotype O157) RU-PP-Und. This involves (i) chemical synthesis of precursor N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (GalNAc)-PP-Und (2 weeks) and (ii) enzymatic extension of the precursor to produce RU-PP-Und (2 weeks). Undecaprenyl phosphate and peracetylated GalNAc-1-phosphate are prepared from commercially available undecaprenol and peracetylated GalNAc. The chemical coupling of these two products, followed by structural confirmation (mass spectrometry and NMR) and deprotection, generates GalNAc-PP-Und. This compound is then sequentially modified by enzymes in the E. coli serotype O157 (E. coli O157) O-PS biosynthetic pathway. Three glycosyltransferases (GTs) are involved (WbdN, WbdO and WbdP) and they transfer glucose (Glc), L-fucose (L-Fuc) and N-acetylperosamine (PerNAc) onto GalNAc-PP-Und to form the intact RU-PP-Und in a stepwise manner. Final compounds and intermediates are confirmed by mass spectrometry. The procedure can be adapted to the synthesis of analogs with different PS or lipid moieties.
A method of assessing the time-variant value of multi-domain architectures:

Modeling and simulation continues to improve the ability to evaluate future complex concepts and conduct early systems analysis. While the systems engineering community now advocates model-based systems engineering, the actual integrated methods and tools need to be refined. This research synthesizes descriptive architectural depictions of multi-domain (air and space) concepts, simulates these concepts through a physics-based model, collects several performance metrics, and integrates them using value-focused thinking. The proposed method enables the assessment of alternatives whose value can increase or decrease over time, depending on the design properties and operational scenario. Three surveillance concepts are proposed, made up of a low-earth orbit satellite constellation, with varying payloads, and extended by an unmanned air system flying waypoints in the area of interest. Uniquely, this method shows promise of depicting time-variant value assessments of these concepts across the simulation.
Factors related to genetic testing in adults at risk for Huntington disease: the prospective Huntington at-risk observational study (PHAROS)

Huntington disease (HD) is a late onset ultimately fatal neurodegenerative disorder caused by a cytosine-adenine-guanine ( CAG) triplet repeat expansion in the Huntingtin gene which was discovered in 1993. The PHAROS study is a unique observational study of 1001 individuals at risk for HD who had not been previously tested for HD and who had no plans to do so. In this cohort, 104 (10%) individuals changed their minds and chose to be tested during the course of the study but outside of the study protocol. Baseline behavioral scores, especially apathy, were more strongly associated with later genetic testing than motor and chorea scores, particularly among subjects with expanded CAG repeat length. In the CAG expanded group, those choosing to be tested were older and had more chorea and higher scores on the behavioral section of the unified Huntington's disease rating scale at baseline than those not choosing to be tested. Following genetic testing, 56% of subjects with CAG < 37 had less depression when compared to prior to testing, but depression generally stayed the same or increased for 64% of subjects in the expanded group. This finding suggests that approaches to testing must continue to be cautious, with appropriate medical, psychological and social support.
A multi-band OFDM system for UWB communication

In this paper, a multi-band OFDM system for ultra-wideband communication (UWB) is described. In this system, the UWB spectrum is divided into bands that are 528 MHz wide and the data is transmitted across the bands using a time-frequency code. Within each sub-band, an OFDM modulation scheme is used to convey the information. An overview of the multi-band OFDM system and various system design trade-offs are discussed within this paper. In addition, bit precision requirements, power consumption estimates and performance results in realistic multi-path environments are provided for the multi-band OFDM system.
Moral dividends: Freemasonry and finance capitalism in early-nineteenth-century America

AbstractUsing documents from the Grand Lodge of Free & Accepted Masons of the State of Indiana (USA), I show how the material practices and symbolic orientations of finance capitalism became transposed into Freemasonry in the early-nineteenth century. I briefly discuss why this happened and point to how these developments shaped the institutional trajectory of Freemasonry. Next, I observe that the symbolic moral standing of Freemasonry became transposed onto finance capitalism as undertaken by its members and other white men like them. After a brief explanation, I outline how these developments affected the institutionalisation of finance capitalism.
Emerging technologies for long-term antimicrobial device coatings: advantages and limitations:

Over the past 20 years, the field of antimicrobial medical device coatings has expanded nearly 30-fold with technologies shifting their focus from diffusion-only based (short-term antimicrobial eluting) coatings to long-term antimicrobial eluting and intrinsically antimicrobial functioning materials. A variety of emergent coatings have been developed with the goal of achieving long-term antimicrobial activity in order to mitigate the risk of implanted device failure. Specifically, the coatings can be grouped into two categories: those that use antibiotics in conjunction with a polymer coating and those that rely on the intrinsic properties of the material to kill or repel bacteria that come into contact with the surface. This review covers both long-term drug-eluting and non-eluting coatings and evaluates the inherent advantages and disadvantages of each type while providing an overview of variety applications that the coatings have been utilized in. Impact statement This work provides an overview, with advantages and limitations of the most recently developed antibacterial coating technologies, enabling other researchers in the field to more easily determine which technology is most advantageous for them to further develop and pursue.
Printable food: the technology and its application in human health

Millions of Americans suffer from diseases and conditions that require careful control of their diet as part of treatment. The current solution is to have each person customize their own food choices. Food production automation can enable consumer specific data to be easily integrated into the food as it is being prepared. This would improve the quality and utility of the food without a cognitive burden on the consumer. 3D Printing is an ideal family of technologies for enabling such mass customization of food. Current efforts in 3D printing food are focused on improving the artistic quality of food in the short term and consumer health in the long term.
Palliative Care Training in Cardiology Fellowship: A National Survey of the Fellows.

Objectives:To address perspectives of cardiology fellows on the current state of palliative education and palliative and hospice resource utilization within their fellowship experiences.Methods:We conducted an online national survey of cardiology fellows during the 2015 to 2016 academic year. Survey questions aimed to assess perceived importance of palliative care education, level of palliative care education during fellowship, and the structure of palliative care support at respondent institutions. Responses were collected anonymously. A total of 519 programs, including subspecialty programs, were contacted.Results:We received 365 responses, a number that represents roughly 14% of all cardiology fellows nationwide during the 2015 to 2016 academic year. Fellows reported discordance in the quality of education between general cardiology and palliative care principles as it relates to care of the patient approaching the end of life. Fellows infrequently received explicit training nor were observed or mentor...
Cobalt Intercalated Layered NiFe Double Hydroxides for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction.

We present a combined experimental and theoretical study to demonstrate that the electrocatalytic activity of NiFe layered double hydroxides (NiFe LDHs) for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) can be significantly enhanced by systematic cobalt incorporation using coprecipitation and/or intercalation. Electrochemical measurements show that cobalt modified NiFe LDH possesses an enhanced activity for the OER relative to pristine NiFe LDH. The Co-modified NiFe LDH exhibits overpotentials in the range of 290–322 mV (at 10 mA cm–2), depending on the degree of cobalt content. The best catalyst, cobalt intercalated NiFe LDH achieved a current density of 10 mA cm–2 at an overpotential of ∼265 mV (compared to 310 mV for NiFe LDH), with a near unity (99%) faradaic efficiency and long-term stability. Density functional theory calculations revealed that enhanced activity of Co-modified NiFe LDH could be attributed to the ability of Co to tune the electronic structure of the NiFe LDH so that optimal binding of OER reac...
Rethinking Causation in Cancer with Evolutionary Developmental Biology.

Despite the productivity of basic cancer research, cancer continues to be a health burden to society because this research has not yielded corresponding clinical applications. Many proposed solutions to this dilemma have revolved around implementing organizational and policy changes related to cancer research. Here I argue for a different solution: a new conceptualization of causation in cancer. Neither the standard molecular biomarker approaches nor evolutionary biology approaches to cancer fully capture its complex causal dynamics, even when considered jointly. These approaches map on to Ernst Mayr’s proximate–ultimate distinction, which is an inadequate conceptualization of causation in biological systems and makes it difficult to connect developmental and evolutionary viewpoints. I propose looking to evolutionary developmental biology (EvoDevo) to overcome the distinction and integrate the proximate and ultimate causal frameworks. I use the concepts of modularity and evolvability to show how an EvoDevo perspective can be manifested in cancer translational research. This perspective on causation in cancer is better suited for integrating the complexity of current empirical results and can facilitate novel developments in the investigation and clinical treatment of cancer.
Yield limit interaction relations for biaxially loaded non-sway steel beam-columns with applied torsion

Abstract This paper presents yield limit interaction relations for biaxially loaded non-sway steel beam-columns with a concentrated torsional moment applied at the bottom end. The interaction relations are based on an experimentally verified general analysis for hollow square section and then utilized for predicting the behavior of both rectangular and I-shaped section members. The analysis includes p-delta effects and initial residual stresses. A set of new yield limit interaction expressions are finally developed, including the influence of applied torsion. The use of interaction relations is demonstrated by means of analysis and design examples.
Walking where Jesus walked: American Christians and Holy Land pilgrimage: by Hillary Kaell, New York, New York University Press, 2014, xiii+269 pp., $28 (paperback), ISBN 978-14-7983-1845

In tourism research, scholars have often drawn a comparison between tourists and pilgrims to explain individuals’ travel motivation and behavior. Tourists are frequently conceived of as modern pilg...
Porousness and Peru’s moratorium on genetically modified organisms: stakeholder epistemologies and neoliberal science

ABSTRACTIn 2011 Peru became the first nation in Latin America to prohibit the importation of genetically modified material as well as its use in agricultural applications. To date Peru is one of ju...
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (Venovenous) Cannulation

This chapter describes the surgical procedure for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (venovenous) cannulation as performed by the following approaches: open and percutaneous. The text includes an introduction that outlines the indications, risks, alternatives, essential steps, needed equipment, and variations in technique for the procedure in question. This is followed by a template operative dictation, which provides the reader with an operative report, such as is found in a patient chart or electronic medical record. A description is provided of the following critical concepts for this procedure: choice of cannulas, positioning, exposure and control of vessels or percutaneous access of vessel, cannulation, and connection to circuit.
TRENDS IN UTILIZATION AND OUTCOMES OF BIVALIRUDIN VERSUS UNFRACTIONATED HEPARIN IN PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION FOR ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME: A STATE-WIDE ANALYSIS (2012 - 2018)

Real-world trends of anticoagulation use in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) remains poorly studied. The Cardiac Care Outcomes Assessment Program (COAP) captures all PCI procedures in Washington State. We evaluated patients who underwent PCI in the setting
Epidemiology and outcomes of cardiac arrest among children with Down Syndrome: a multicenter analysis.

Background With the increasing prevalence of Down Syndrome, it is unknown if children with Down Syndrome are associated with increased incidence of cardiac arrest and poor outcomes after cardiac arrest. The objective of this study was to evaluate the epidemiology of cardiac arrest and mortality after cardiac arrest among critically ill children with and without Down Syndrome. Methods Patients ≤18 years admitted at a Pediatric Health Information Systems (PHIS) participating Intensive Care Unit were included (2004-2014). Multivariable logistic regression models were fitted to evaluate association of Down Syndrome with study outcomes after adjusting for patient and center characteristics. Results A total of 849,250 patients from 44 centers were included. Of the 25,143 patients with Down Syndrome, cardiac arrest was noted among 568 (2.3%) patients with an associated mortality at hospital discharge of 248 (43.6%) patients. In contrast, of the 824,107 patients without Down Syndrome, cardiac arrest was noted among 15,822 (1.9%) patients with an associated mortality at hospital discharge of 7775 (49.1%) patients. In adjusted models, patients with Down Syndrome had a higher likelihood of having cardiac arrest as compared to patients without Down Syndrome (with vs. without Down, OR: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.03-1.25, P=0.01). Despite having a higher likelihood of cardiac arrest, patients with Down Syndrome were associated with a lower mortality after cardiac arrest (OR: 0.78, 95% CI: 0.63-0.96, P=0.02). Conclusions Both incidence of cardiac arrest, and mortality at hospital discharge in those with cardiac arrest vary substantially in children with and without Down Syndrome.
Optical coherent transients by laser frequency switching

A simple method for observing coherent optical-transient phenomena is described. Effects such as photon echoes and free induction decay (FID) should allow studies of the dynamic properties of atoms, molecules, and solids on a time scale ranging from milliseconds to \ensuremath{\sim} 50 ps. The frequency of a cw dye laser is switched with an intracavity electro-optic modulator, producing in an external sample coherent transients which are detected in the forward beam. Measurements of long dephasing times are possible, as in FID, because the laser can oscillate indefinitely at the new frequency following a step-function switching pulse. Measurements of short decay times are also practical because the switching time is not restricted by the laser gain or cavity ringing time. In addition, the dye's dephasing time of a few picoseconds or less is too rapid to interfere with these observations. Since the pulse sequence can be preselected, the entire class of coherent optical transients is accessible. The method thus incorporates all of the advantages inherent in Stark switching, including heterodyne detection and high sensitivity, without being restricted to Stark-tunable systems. Laser frequency switching is discussed also in terms of a theoretical model which exposes the time-dependent properties of a phase-modulated cavity mode. Dephasing studies have been carried out thus far in atomic and molecular gases and low-temperature solids containing inorganic impurity ions or large organic molecules. The utility of the FID effect is emphasized where precise dephasing times are obtained from time-frequency Fourier transformation of FID signals using a digital computer. The first quantitative and detailed test of FID theory is provided by these experimental techniques.
CSR Case Studies of Selected Blue Chip Companies in Kenya

This chapter presents some case studies of selected blue chip companies in Kenya. The companies are major players in the economies of East Africa. They were selected for study because they are some of the most active companies in Kenya in corporate social responsibility (CSR).
Humanizing voice assistant: The impact of voice assistant personality on consumers’ attitudes and behaviors

Abstract A voice assistant (VA), a type of voice-enabled artificial intelligence, is no longer just a character in science fiction movies. Currently, voice is embedded in a variety of products such as smartphones (mobile applications) and smart speakers in consumers' homes. Furthermore, voice assistants are becoming integral to our daily lives. While human personalities shape the way we interact with the world, voice assistant personalities can also impact everyday interactions with our environment. This study identifies seven voice assistant personality traits (VAP) of three commonly used mobile applications: Microsoft's Cortana, Google's Assistant, and Amazon's Alexa. To examine the effect of VAP on consumer experience, this study applies and extends flow theory to uncover why VAP has the effects it has and what facets of VAP drive the voice interaction flow experience that can influence consumers' attitudes and behavioral intentions. Our study shows that voice interaction with a VA that incorporates functional intelligence, sincerity, and creativity empowers consumers to take control of their voice interactions with the VA, focus on their voice interaction, and engage in exploratory behavior. Consumers' exploratory behavior leads to consumer satisfaction and consumers' willingness to continue using voice assistant.
Use of Critical Time Intervention (CTI) to Promote Continuity of Reintegration After Incarceration

Critical time intervention (CTI) is a time-limited intervention originally designed to provide the continuity of support for homeless and mentally ill people released from an institution to communi...
A survey of US hospitals' criteria for the allocation of remdesivir to treat COVID-19.

Purpose To determine how hospitals across the United States determined allocation criteria for remdesivir, approved in May 2020 for treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) through an emergency use authorization, while maintaining fair and ethical distribution when patient needs exceeded supply. Methods A electronic survey inquiring as to how institutions determined remdesivir allocation was developed. On June 17, 2020, an invitation with a link to the survey was posted on the Vizient Pharmacy Network Community pages and via email to the American College of Clinical Pharmacy's Infectious Disease Practice and Research Network listserver. Results 66 institutions representing 28 states responded to the survey. The results showed that 98% of surveyed institutions used a multidisciplinary team to develop remdesivir allocation criteria. A majority of those teams included clinical pharmacists (indicated by 97% of respondents), adult infectious diseases physicians (94%), and/or adult intensivists (69%). Many teams included adult hospitalists (49.2%) and/or ethicists (35.4%). Of the surveyed institutions, 59% indicated that all patients with COVID-19 were evaluated for treatment, and 50% delegated initial patient identification for potential remdesivir use to treating physicians. Prioritization of remdesivir allocation was often determined on a "first come, first served" basis (47% of respondents), according to a patient's respiratory status (28.8%) and/or clinical course (24.2%), and/or by random lottery (22.7%). Laboratory parameters (10.6%), comorbidities (4.5%), and essential worker status (4.5%) were rarely included in allocation criteria; no respondents reported consideration of socioeconomic disadvantage or use of a validated scoring system. Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the inconsistencies of US medical centers' methods for allocating a limited pharmacotherapy resource that required rapid, fair, ethical and equitable distribution. The medical community, with citizen participation, needs to develop systems to continuously reevaluate criteria for treatment allocation as additional guidance and data emerge.
This land is your land: Naturalization in England and Arabia, 500–1000

This essay compares attitudes toward travel to foreign lands and encounters with strangers in first-millennium Britain and Arabia. It suggests that tribes and their social networks were both diverse and amenable to outsider incorporations under favorable circumstances. The essay focuses on the poetic record to highlight how these disparate societies imagined the individual in relation to larger social and environmental structures and generally valued inclusion. Adoptions into other tribes and practices of tribal sponsorship indicate that the paths to ‘citizenship’ were not closed off, certainly not on ethnic grounds, and moreover could serve as transnational bridges that promised cultural and material exchange.
Scene-aware audio for 360° videos

Although 360° cameras ease the capture of panoramic footage, it remains challenging to add realistic 360° audio that blends into the captured scene and is synchronized with the camera motion. We present a method for adding scene-aware spatial audio to 360° videos in typical indoor scenes, using only a conventional mono-channel microphone and a speaker. We observe that the late reverberation of a room's impulse response is usually diffuse spatially and directionally. Exploiting this fact, we propose a method that synthesizes the directional impulse response between any source and listening locations by combining a synthesized early reverberation part and a measured late reverberation tail. The early reverberation is simulated using a geometric acoustic simulation and then enhanced using a frequency modulation method to capture room resonances. The late reverberation is extracted from a recorded impulse response, with a carefully chosen time duration that separates out the late reverberation from the early reverberation. In our validations, we show that our synthesized spatial audio matches closely with recordings using ambisonic microphones. Lastly, we demonstrate the strength of our method in several applications.
Mandatory savings, credit access and home ownership: The case of the housing provident fund

Several Asian countries have established savings and loan programs called housing provident funds, which comprise of a voluntary or mandatory savings account and eligibility for discounted mortgage loans. This study evaluates the impact of a mandatory housing provident fund in China on home ownership using the China Health and Nutrition Survey from 1989 to 2009. The empirical results indicate that households enrolled in the program were more likely to own a home since the housing provident fund loans became available in 1998, and such difference was fully explained by the length of the enrolment history which was related to the housing provident fund loan benefits by program design. The success of the housing provident fund was in part attributable to its program designs that feature behavioural economics theories, such as automatic enrolment, mental accounting, and self-discipline. The empirical findings have implications for designing effective housing policies to promote home ownership.
NeuroMeter: An Integrated Power, Area, and Timing Modeling Framework for Machine Learning Accelerators Industry Track Paper

As Machine Learning (ML) becomes pervasive in the era of artificial intelligence, ML specific tools and frameworks are required for architectural research. This paper introduces NeuroMeter, an integrated power, area, and timing modeling framework for ML accelerators. NeuroMeter models the detailed architecture of ML accelerators and generates a fast and accurate estimation on power, area, and chip timing. Meanwhile, it also enables the runtime analysis of system-level performance and efficiency when the runtime activity factors are provided. NeuroMeter’s micro-architecture model includes fundamental components of ML accelerators, including systolic array based tensor units (TU), reduction trees (RT), and 1D vector units (VU). NeuroMeter has accurate modeling results, with the average power and area estimation errors below 10% and 17% respectively when validated against TPU-v1, TPU-v2, and Eyeriss.Leveraging the NeuroMeter’s new capabilities on architecting manycore ML accelerators, this paper presents the first in-depth study on the design space and tradeoffs of “Brawny and Wimpy” inference accelerators in datacenter scenarios with the insights that are otherwise difficult to discover without NeuroMeter. Our study shows that brawny designs with 64x64 systolic arrays are the most performant and efficient for inference tasks in the 28nm datacenter architectural space with a 500mm2 die area budget. Our study also reveals important tradeoffs between performance and efficiency. For datacenter accelerators with low batch inference, a small $(\sim 16$%) sacrifice of system performance (in achieved Tera OPerations per Second, aka TOPS) can lead to more than a 2x efficiency improvement (in achieved TOPS/TCO). To showcase NeuroMeter’s capability to model a wide range of diverse ML accelerator architectures, we also conduct a followon mini-case study on implications of sparsity on different ML accelerators, demonstrating wimpier accelerator architectures benefit more readily from sparsity processing despite their lower achievable raw energy efficiency.
Prediction of Stock Market Values using Artificial Intelligence

The stock market or share market is one of the most entangled and refined approaches to work together. Little possessions, business organizations, and banking areas rely upon this very body to make income and separation chances, an extremely confounded model. This paper will present and survey a more practical technique to foresee stock development with higher precision. The main thing, this paper represents the dataset of the stock market costs from the earlier year. The dataset was pre-prepared and adjusted for genuine analysis. Henceforth, our paper will likewise zero in on data preprocessing of the crude dataset. Besides, after pre-handling the data, paper explains the survey of utilization of irregular woodland, uphold vector machine on the dataset, and the results it produces. Furthermore, the proposed paper looks at utilizing the expectation framework in natural settings and issues related to the precision of the general qualities. The article likewise presents a machine-learning model to anticipate the life span of stock in a competitive market.
Oil Is Not a Curse: Taking Domestic Politics Seriously

For reasons elaborated upon in Chapter 1, the literature on the resource curse has heretofore viewed ownership structure as a constant rather than a variable. In particular, this literature is characterized by a prevailing assumption that mineral wealth is always and necessarily state-owned and centrally controlled. Consequently, it has not invoked ownership structure as either a possible explanation for the empirical correlation between mineral abundance and a myriad of negative social, political and economic outcomes – poor economic performance, unbalanced growth, impoverished populations, weak states, and authoritarian regimes – or a possible remedy. Yet the empirical reality is that ownership structure varies considerably both within and across mineral-rich states over time. If one takes a broader and more nuanced view, it becomes clear – at least regarding petroleum-rich states – not only that state ownership is not inevitable but also that it is accompanied by different degrees of state control. We provide such a view in Chapter 1 (see Figure 1.1) based on an original database of ownership structure in petroleum-rich states in the developing world from the late 1800s through 2005 (see Appendix B for details).
Aspirin Resistance and Genetic Polymorphisms

Differences in genetic makeup or polymorphisms can affect individual drug response. Detecting genetic variation may help predict how a patient will respond to a drug and could be used as a tool to select optimal therapy, tailor dosage regimens, and improve clinical outcomes. The data are replete relative to the therapeutic efficacy of aspirin (ASA) for the prevention of ischemic events. However, there is a paucity of published data on the relationship between polymorphisms and the clinical effects on ASA. Prothrombotic genetic variations that may contribute to ASA resistance, and increased risk of cardiovascular events may involve: (1) a polymorphism on the cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) gene affecting Ser529; (2) overexpression of COX-2 mRNA on platelets and endothelial cells; (3) polymorphism PLA1/A2 of the gene encoding glycoprotein IIIa (GPIIIa); and (4) the homozygous 807T (873A) polymorphism allied with increased density of platelet GP Ia/IIa collagen-receptor gene. Because of the possible increased risk of ischemic vascular events, carriers of these genetic polymorphisms may be resistant to the antithrombotic effects of ASA and should be considered for additional or alternative treatment.
Drug action on the electrical activity of the hippocampus.

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the actions of drugs on the electrical activity of the hippocampus, excluding the actions of drugs on evoked potentials and evoked seizure discharges. The primary discussion in the chapter is related to the drug-induced changes of the hippocampus activity. There is a short section on the spontaneous electrical activity of the hippocampus because knowledge of the normal activity is essential for understanding its drug-induced changes. One of the main advantages of the hippocampus as a tool in neurophysiological and neuropharmacological investigations is the simple and relatively uncomplicated structure of this part of the cortex. Few other brain areas have such a simple structure, one of the exceptions being the prepyriform cortex, which is composed of a single sheet of cells. The simple and well-organized structure of the hippocampus is responsible for its simple pattern of electrical activity, the so-called “theta rhythm,” which appears in the hippocampus under certain experimental conditions. The hippocampus is connected by afferent and efferent pathways with many other brain areas and, therefore, a drug-induced change of hippocampal activity does not necessarily indicate a drug action on the hippocampus itself.
Family-based therapy for adolescents with bulimia nervosa.

Bulimia nervosa is occurring with increasing frequency among adolescents. Yet, no studies have examined effective treatments for this patient population. Involving the family in the treatment of ad...
Text message reminders for timely routine MMR vaccination: A randomized controlled trial

Objective Measles–mumps–rubella (MMR) vaccination is important for preventing disease outbreaks, yet pockets of under-vaccination persist. Text message reminders have been employed successfully for other pediatric vaccines, but studies examining their use for MMR vaccination are limited. This study assessed the impact of text message reminders on timely MMR vaccination.
Molecular Mechanisms of Ethanol and Anesthetic Actions: Lipid- and Protein-Based Theories

The use of ethanol goes back to the dawn of civilization, but in spite of intense efforts its mode of action at the molecular level has remained elusive. Ethanol is classed as a weak anesthetic. Apart from its metabolic fate, it is generally believed that the mechanisms of ethanol intoxication and general anesthesia share important features (in this review the term anesthetic therefore includes ethanol). The precise location of molecular action has continued to be a subject of controversy to the present day. The current consensus is that anesthetics have a site(s) of action, located within the cell membrane, presumably at the synapse. However, debate has continued as to whether the site is located exclusively in the lipid bilayer, at a hydrophobic site on a protein or at the membrane protein-lipid interface.
Protein folding invariants

This article discusses the topological invariants associated with an augmented ribbon model of single domain protein. The model is a triple (S, G, J) in S3 where S is a 2-manifold with boundary, G is a circle-with-chords, and J is an arc. The surfaces satisfy an embedding condition called laundry. The invariants are necessary and sufficient conditions for two triples to be equivalent by ambient isotopy. The model describes the native state, the unfolded state, and a unique folding pathway as a single mathematical entity. This may help illuminate some of the remarkable properties of protein. Twist transitions are introduced that allow the surface to pass through itself. A new arithmetic involving the complex numbers is used to represent variable linking numbers.
Induction of cytochrome P-450 in Streptomyces griseus by soybean flour

Summary Soybean flour and the isoflavonoid genistein, were found to induce cytochrome P-450 In Streptomyces griseus . The chromophore was found in the 105, 000xg supernatant and gave a reduced CO-difference spectrum with an absorption maximum of 448 nm. Almost 70% of the P-450 could be precipitated at 35–45% ammonium sulfate saturation. SDS-gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of a 45, 000 dalton polypeptide in extracts induced by either soybean or genistein. S. griseus generated the free isoflavonoids genistein and daidzein when grown on soybean flour medium.
Characterization of Supported Metal Particles in Heterogeneous Catalysts: Part II. Studies of Low Surface Area, Model Materials

As discussed in part I of this series dealing with the characterization of supported metal particles, spectroscopy techniques with short analysis depths (i.e., Class II techniques) are sensitive to only those metal particles on the external surface of a high surface area (porous) supported metal sample. To fully interpret the information that can be obtained from these techniques it is desirable to “unfold” the pore structure of the high surface area support and to thereby place each metal particle in direct line-of-sight with the spectrometer. This is the rationale for the study of “model supported metal samples”, which are composed of metal particles on low surface area, geometrically flat supports.
2', 3'-Dideoxycytidine represses thymidine kinases 1 and 2 expression in T-lymphoid cells.

Abstract In vitro culture of H9 human lymphoid cells in the presence of 5.0 μM dideoxycytidine (ddC), for about 40–45 days, selected cells (H9-ddC cells), which were resistant to the drug and cross-resistant to AZT (zidovudine) and 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine (FdUR). The major mechanism of cross-resistance to AZT and FdUR in these cells was low cellular activity of thymidine kinase (TK). To explore molecular mechanisms of the reduced TK activity in H9-ddC cells, the mRNA expression of TK1 and TK2 and western blot analysis of TK1 protein were performed. RT-PCR analysis revealed that in H9-ddC cells the expression of both TK1 and TK2 mRNA was reduced to 27.1% and 79.4%, respectively. The reduced TK1 gene expression was confirmed by an absence of a detectable TK1 protein band in western blot of H9-ddC cells. These results demonstrate that long-term treatment of H9 cells in the presence of ddC down-regulated TK1 and TK2 gene expression and reduced the expression and activity of TK in the resistant cells.
Polyaramide hollow fibers for H2/CH4 separation

Abstract The effect of spinning process conditions on the permeation and mechanical properties of asymmetric hollow fiber membranes based on a DuPont family of aromatic polyamides is discussed with particular emphasis on the role of gap-spinning dynamics and spinline stress profile. To gain insight of the spinline dynamics, the velocity profile of a spinning polyaramide fiber was measured as a function of distance in the air gap by using non-contact laser-Doppler velocimetry. A theoretical analysis of the measured velocity profile indicates that the spinning extensional viscosity of the polyaramide spin dope increases as the rate of extensional strain in the air gap increases. The significance of this observation for the development of membrane properties is discussed. Increase of the air gap draw ratio or rate of extensional strain was found to render the morphology of the hollow fiber membranes denser and enhance both their He/N 2 selectivity and mechanical properties significantly.
A Comparison of Different Sea Level Pressure Analysis Fields in the East Greenland Sea

Abstract Geostrophic wind fields, used to drive a numerical sea ice model, were calculated from three sources of sea-level pressure. The pressures obtained from the National Weather Service's operational analysis system, which are also included as part of the level III-a FGGE data set, yielded erroneously high winds concentrated in a narrow band adjacent to the Greenland coast and, consequently, led to unrealistic model results. Other pressure fields obtained from 1) an independent optimal analysis that merged pressure data from Arctic FGGE buoys with high latitude land stations and from 2) manual digitization of the NWS hand-analyzed Northern Hemisphere surface charts agreed well and did not exhibit these high winds. The extreme pressure gradient parallel to Greenland results partially from the pressure reduction procedure used to obtain the sea level pressures from the terrain-following sigma coordinate system. An associated problem may be that the NWS data filtering procedure sees the rapid elevation c...