cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Organ Deformation and Navigation

As image-guided surgery expands beyond intracranial neurosurgery, it takes on additional challenges . Organs other than the brain lack the encompassing bone of the skull which allows them to move and deform as a result of operative pose, respiratory and cardiac motion, and tractions placed on the tissue during the interventional process. Additionally, the skull was easily accessible via a minor incision into the skin. That allowed for the implantation of rigid reference points, or fiducial markers, which allowed for easy registration of tomographic spaces and physical space. In other organs that rigid platform was not available. So both additional ways of using image information to guide procedures and techniques to account for deformation had to be developed.
The Use of Proximal Femoral Allografts in the Treatment of Bone Tumors

One of the most challenging problems in orthopedic oncology is the reconstruction following resection of tumors of the proximal femur. Various techniques have been proposed, one of which is the use of frozen cadaveric allografts, either as an osteoar-ticular implant or coupled with a standard proximal femoral replacement prosthesis (Austin Moore, bipolar or total hip replacement). Since 1971, 44 of these proximal femoral allografts have been performed by members of the Orthopaedic Oncology Service of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Of these, 28 met the dual criteria of being performed for malignant tumours and having at least a 2-year follow-up. Fifteen of the patients underwent osteoarticular allografts and 13 had allograft segments coupled with metallic hip prostheses (nine Austin Moore, two bipolars, and two long-stem THRs). The average period of follow-up was 57.6 months. The mean age at the time of operation was 49 years, with a range of 20–77 years. The average length of the femoral segments implanted (as measured from greater trochanter to host-donor junction sites) was 18.4 cm and the longest was 31 cm. The patients were graded according to function, degree of pain, and tumor-related complications. Twenty patients (71%) were rated as acceptable, having no to minimal pain and being ambulatory without support. When the tumor-related failures were deleted (to evaluate the allograft procedure in isolation), successful results rose to 80%. The osteoarticular series fared less well than the combination allograft prosthesis group, but the series were not directly comparable. The late complications included six fractures, two nonunions, and five infections. It was possible to treat most of these allograft-related complications and no patients required amputation. If the final results are evaluated to include the results of patients initially deemed failures (excluding tumor-related failures), but subsequently salvaged by a second reconstructive procedure, the final functional score was 96% satisfactory. Tumor-related complications included nine metastases, two local recurrences, and five deaths. Allograft transplants with or without prosthetic implants should be considered as a means of reconstruction when major tumor resections require sacrifice of a segment of the upper end of the femur.
Is Exercise Really Medicine? An Evolutionary Perspective

An evolutionary perspective helps evaluate the extent to which exercise is medicine and to explain the exercise paradox: why people tend to avoid exercise despite its benefits. Many lines of evidence indicate that humans evolved to be adapted for regular, moderate amounts of endurance physical activity into late age. However, because energy from food was limited, humans also were selected to avoid unnecessary exertion, and most anatomical and physiological systems evolved to require stimuli from physical activity to adjust capacity to demand. Consequently, selection never operated to cope with the long-term effects of chronic inactivity. However, because all adaptations involve trade-offs, there is no evolutionary-determined dose or type of physical activity that will optimize health. Furthermore, because humans evolved to be active for play or necessity, efforts to promote exercise will require altering environments in ways that nudge or even compel people to be active and to make exercise fun.
Translating Federalism: A Textualist Reaction

In his rich and important article, Translating Federalism: United States v Lopez, Professor Lawrence Lessig advances two ambitious and provocative claims. Lessig first asserts that the Supreme Court has sought to control the expansion of federal power by "translating" the Commerce Clause instead of following the Clause's textual meaning. Second, Lessig proclaims that, as a normative matter, the Supreme Court should engage actively in this type of translation. In his view, the Court shows greater fidelity to the Constitution by reading it in ways that preserve the document's original function than the Court exhibits by strictly following the document's text. Lessig's article makes a substantial contribution to the ongoing debate about how courts should react to changed circumstances when deciding constitutional cases. Ultimately, however, I disagree with both of Lessig's claims. The Supreme Court, in my view, did not translate the Commerce Clause in Lopez, but instead decided the case in a textualist manner. In addition, for reasons that I will explain, the Court generally should read the Clause according to the text's original meaning and should not attempt to translate it.
Initial Value Ordinary Differential Equations

This chapter describes initial value ordinary differential equations. Differential equations are often divided into two classes, ordinary and partial, according to the number of independent variables, and are studied separately. A more meaningful division, however, is between initial value problems, which usually model time-dependent phenomena, and boundary value problems, which generally model steady-state systems. The differences between initial value and boundary value problems and the similarities within each of these classes are even more striking when numerical methods for these problems are considered. The identification of initial value problems with time-dependency and of boundary value problems with a steady-state condition is helpful in understanding some of the differences in the properties of these two types of problems. The solution at any time of a time-dependent problem logically depends only on what has gone on before and not on future events. For a steady-state problem, on the other hand, the solution values at different spatial points may be interdependent. It is proposed that an approximate method is consistent with the differential equation if the truncation error goes to zero as the stepsize goes to zero.
Animated database courseware: using animations to extend conceptual understanding of database concepts

Teaching abstract concepts can be best supported with supplemental instructional materials such as software animations. Visualization and animations have been shown to increase student motivation and help students develop deeper understandings. Through an NSF funded CCLI grant, a set of animations to support the teaching of database concepts is being developed and made freely available. Current modules available cover areas such as database design, interactive SQL, stored procedures and triggers, transactions and database security. In this paper, we provide an overview of the Animated Database Courseware (ADbC) as well as provide examples of how this software might be utilized in the classroom.
A probability hypothesis density-based multitarget tracker using multiple bistatic range and velocity measurements

A novel multitarget tracking scheme for passive radar, using a particle filter implementation of Ronald Mahler's probability hypothesis density (PHD), is presented. Using range and velocity measurements from a simple non-directional receive antenna and low frequency transmitter pair, a target can be located along an ellipse. To pinpoint a target, multiple such antenna pairs are needed to locate the target at the intersection of the corresponding ellipses. Determining the intersection of these bistatic range ellipses, and resolving the resultant ghost targets, is generally a complex task. However, the PHD is found to provide a convenient and simple means of fusing together the multiple range and velocity measurements into coherent target tracks.
Monocarboxylate transporter mediated uptake of moxifloxacin on human retinal pigmented epithelium cells

Objectives This work was aim to determine in vitro interaction of moxifloxacin with monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) using a human retinal pigment epithelium cells (ARPE-19). Methods In vitro moxifloxacin uptakes were performed at 37°C across ARPE-19 cells. Concentration-dependent uptake of moxifloxacin was performed to delineate moxifloxacin kinetics with MCT. Effects of MCT substrates, MCT inhibitors, pH and metabolic inhibitors on moxifloxacin uptake were conducted to delineate mechanism of moxifloxacin influx via MCT. Key findings Moxifloxacin uptake was found to exhibit saturable kinetics (Km = 1.56 ± 0.32 μm and Vmax = 0.58 ± 0.16 μm/min/mg protein). Higher uptake of moxifloxacin was observed at acidic pH. MCT substrates such as salisylic acid, ofloxacin and L-lactic acid significantly inhibited the uptake of moxifloxacin. Furthermore, moxifloxacin uptake was significantly reduced in the presence of metabolic and MCT inhibitors. Overall, this study demonstrated an interaction of moxifloxacin with Na+ and H+-coupled transporter, most likely MCT1. Conclusions Apart from the lipophilicity, we anticipate that lowest vitreal half-life of intravitreal moxifloxacin compared with other fluoroquinolones may be due to its interaction with MCT. This information might be crucial in clinical settings and can be further explored to improve vitreous half-life and therapeutic efficacy of moxifloxacin.
Mixed mode simulation - Adding equation oriented convergence to a sequential modular simulation tool

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an introduction to the methods of solution for flowsheet simulations—sequential modular (SM) or equation oriented (EO). EO methods are gaining popularity and availability because of increased performance of computing equipment and improved high-level computer languages. EO techniques (also called “equation-based techniques”) involve expressing all the governing relationships as residuals that have a value of zero at solution. If sequential modular and equation-oriented techniques could be combined into a single framework, users have the potential to gain the strengths of both techniques while minimizing their weaknesses. An advantage of the tearing or SM methods is that the number of equations being solved at any given time is reduced. These techniques can be tailored so that they are very good at solving specific types of problems. SM simulation packages are generally very user friendly and easy for a novice to use. Adding EO solution techniques to an existing sequential modular flowsheet simulation tool requires the addition of many tools and features to guide users through specifying, solving, and interpreting results of EO simulation. Some of the key elements discussed are the EO variable grid, specification management, connection management, and objective functions.
Decrosslinking of crosslinked high‐density polyethylene via ultrasonically aided single‐screw extrusion

A novel environmentally friendly process for decrosslinking of the peroxide crosslinked HDPE (XHDPE) via ultrasonic assisted single (SSE) is developed and its process characteristics are established. The specific ultrasonic energy decreases with the flow rate and increases with the ultrasonic amplitude, while die pressure increases with the flow rate and decreases with the ultrasonic amplitude. Application of ultrasonic treatment during extrusion enables an increase of productivity. Gel fraction, crosslink density, dynamic and mechanical properties, and thermal behavior of the virgin HDPE, XHDPE, and decrosslinked XHDPE are measured. Gel fraction and crosslink density of the decrosslinked XHDPE are decreased with increasing flow rate and ultrasonic amplitude. A unique linear relation between the normalized gel fraction and the normalized crosslink density is found, regardless of the type of extruders and processing conditions. SEM images reveals that the decrosslinked XHDPE is a composite of submicron size gel particles embedded in its sol matrix. The sol extracted from the decrosslinked XHDPE exhibits a higher complex viscosity and higher level of branching than the virgin HDPE. An increase of the ultrasonic amplitude leads to a decrease of the complex viscosity, storage and loss moduli, and an increase of the loss tangent of the decrosslinked XHDPE. The thermal behavior and mechanical properties of the decrosslinked XHDPE show a weak dependency on processing conditions. At some processing conditions, mechanical properties of the decrosslinked XHDPE are close or higher to those of XHDPE. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 54:2715–2730, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Practicing Radical Pedagogy: Balancing Ideals with Institutional Constraints.

Radical pedagogy requires adopting alternative grading practices, cultivating classroom dialogue, relegating considerable power to students, and promoting social activism as part of the class expectations. An overview of, "Teaching Sociology," indicates that, probably, only a small minority of sociology teachers fully practice racial pedagogy. It is argued that college professors are free to teach racial theory, but that radical pedagogy is hindered by institutional constraints. The dramaturgical perspective is used to highlight some of the implications of different strategies radically inclined teachers may adopt in order to resolve the competing demands of their institutions amd philosophical leanings. It is concluded that radically inclined teachers and their students may benefit from balancing and tempering their commitment to radical pedagogy within the cofines imposed by their institutions.
Design strategies for very large telescopes

The reasons are presented for the high performance of the Columbus Project Telescope whose design is based on two short focal mirrors, large drive and support radii, and a short load path to the ground. The radius squared is argued to be the most important tool for the inprovement of performance in the large optical telescopes, since the stiffness of the mechanics is proportional to the radius at which they act squared. The six Columbus telescope finite element models show that optimization of a structure depends more on the initial conditions (radius squared) than the truss shape or elements. It is concluded that future exploitation of radius squared could lead to higher performance for the very large telescope.
Anomalous organic magnetoresistance from competing carrier-spin-dependent interactions with localized electronic and nuclear spins

Spin transport in organic semiconductors has garnered increased interest in the last decade due in part to the large room temperature organic magnetoresistance (OMAR) effect. This effect originates from the nuclear interactions with bottlenecked carrier spin pairs which are suppressed by applied fields. In this article the authors describe a new regime for low-field magnetoresistance in organic semiconductors, in which the spin-relaxing effects of localized nuclear spins and electronic spins interfere. In addition to elucidating the fundamental mechanisms of OMAR, this result has implications for improving the design of organic-based devices.
Ensuring integrity in biomedical publication.

THE COMPLEX cooperative enterprise that characterizes modern science depends on the maintenance of two attitudes, skepticism and collegiality, which are not easily reconciled one with the other. The friendship and trust that sustain collegiality can make objective criticism extremely difficult and undermine the ability to maintain the healthy skepticism needed for evaluating the ideas, data, and conclusions of scientific research. Recent cases of fraud in science have raised the question whether the assumption of integrity has interfered with our ability to be appropriately critical of our colleagues' research, to respond appropriately, and to be sufficiently diligent in detecting and correcting the problems when these events occur. Are we adequately teaching the scientific investigators and administrators of the future about the delicate balance of skepticism and collegiality, and the need for both in the social system of science? How can we ensure that the ongoing processes of scientific research and appraisal
Multiplex fluorescent in situ hybridization in zebrafish embryos using tyramide signal amplification.

One of the strengths of the zebrafish is the ease with which in situ hybridization can be performed to determine spatial and temporal patterns of gene expression in whole embryos. Thus far, colorimetric detection methods are mainly used for these analyses. Here we describe a fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) protocol for wholemount zebrafish embryos using tyramide signal amplification (TSA). An optimal set of reagents was identified that allows for simultaneous localization of gene expression patterns of two genes within the same embryo, permitting identification of colocalized expression within single cells. This protocol can be extended to perform multiplex studies by repetition of the TSA-based detection for each target sequentially with a different fluorescent dye label. To this effect, we demonstrate that this approach can be combined with standard horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-mediated immunocytochemistry procedures in addition to FISH.
The radiologist as a physician consultant.

patients and other physicians. We seem content to hide behind our monitors, avoiding contact with patients, but then wonder why these same patients do not bond with their radiologists as they do with other specialists (eg, cardiologists, dermatologists), many of whom have nurtured their strong patient and political ties for years, thereby safeguarding their roles (and reimbursements) within our health care system. Via teleradiology, we in effect shirk direct interaction with other specialists. The time has come for patients to say, “This is what my radiologist said.” What if there were radiology clinics at which patients could review their images first-hand with their interpreting physicians, their radiologists? Too often, we as radiologists read clinic notes stating that nonradiologist referring physi
Prevalence and knowledge of heavy menstrual bleeding among African American women.

Objective To assess self-reported prevalence, knowledge, and health literacy regarding heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) among African American women.
Flowgraph models: a Bayesian case study in construction engineering

Flowgraph models are useful in a wide variety of systems engineering and survival analysis problems. They are especially useful for analyzing time-to-event data and constructing corresponding Bayes predictive distributions. When a continuous time semi-Markov process defines transition times between a finite number of states and interest focuses on estimating densities, survival/reliability and hazard functions, or predictive distributions, flowgraph models provide a way of presenting the model and an associated method for data analysis. The method is illustrated using data from a construction engineering project.
Notes on the Biology of the Alfalfa Weevil, Hypera postica, in Alabama

At Auburn, Alabama, alfalfa weevil larvae, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), were found in alfalfa fields during each month of the year in 1961–62, but were most abundant from late March through mid-April. Larval activity was not influenced by time of clay, but adult weevils were much more active at night than during the day. Adults were found in the field during every month. Peak activity adults occurred in early June, and the adult population declined rapidly after June as estivation began. Adult activity began to increase for a second time in November, and reached a peak (smaller than that of June) in January as winter egg-laying activity reached its maximum.
Antimony in iron meteorites

Sb concentrations determined by radiochemical neutron activation analysis in 60 iron meteorites range from 0.2 ng/g to 36 microg/g. The meteorites with the highest Sb concentrations are those of the nonmagmatic groups IAB and IIICD, while meteorites with the lowest Sb concentrations are found in groups IVA and IVB. In all groups Sb is positively correlated with Ni; slopes on log Sb vs log Ni plots decrease with increasing Ni. This decrease may reflect an increasing tendency to avoid schreibersite during the analysis of high-Ni meteorites because Sb partitions strongly into schreibersite. It is found that schreibersite from New Westville is enriched in Cr, Ni, Ge, As, Sb, and Au and depleted in Fe, Co, Ir; the Sb content in schreibersite is 540 times higher than the bulk metal value.
Ultrafast electron transfer from low band gap conjugated polymer to quantum dots in hybrid photovoltaic materials

Ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy is used in conjunction with chemical doping experiments to study the photo-generation of charges in hybrid thin films composed of PCPDTBT and CdSe quantum dots. We show how we use chemical doping experiments to de-convolute the spectral signatures of the transient states in the near infrared.
A comparison study between the modified decomposition method and the traditional methods for solving nonlinear integral equations

In this paper, we conduct a comparative study between the modified decomposition method and two of the traditional methods for analytic treatment of nonlinear integral and integro-differential equations. The proper implementation of the modified method can dramatically minimize the size of work if compared to existing traditional techniques. The analysis is accompanied by examples that demonstrate the comparison and show the pertinent features of the modified technique.
Energy-efficient self-timed circuit design using supply voltage scaling

Energy-efficient design for self-timed circuits is investigated. Null convention logic is employed to construct speed-independent self-timed circuits. For error-free computation, the supply voltage automatically tracks the input data rate so that the supply voltage can be kept as small as possible while maintaining the speed requirement. For error-tolerable computation, such as soft digital signal processing, further energy saving is achieved at the cost of signal-to-noise ratio when an ultralow supply voltage is applied. Cadence simulation shows that 40 to 70% power can be saved by introducing -15 to -11 dB error in typical speech signal processing.
90 INFLIENCE OF SULFUR AMIND ACIDS |[lpar]|Saa|[rpar]| ON RENAL TISSLE CALCIFICATION AND THE COURSE CF CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE |[lpar]|CRF|[rpar]|

Top of pageAbstract The progression of CRF is accelerated with a high protein (Pr) intake, however, the mechanism and the causal Pr-components are unknown. One factor might be Pr-induced hypercalciuria with calcification of the residual renal tissue. Since calciun(Ca)excretion is related to the Saa- and sulfate(Si)-content of ingested Pr, we investigated the influence of diets with different Pr- and Saa-content on GFR and renal tissue-Ca(RTca) in rats with CRF. The animals were fed for 4 weeks with either:1.high Pr diet(HP 32%,Saa:1,45%) 2.low Pr(LP8%, Saa:0,46%) 3.LP+0,89% met(LPSaa)or 4.LP(Soja 10%)+0,22% of taurine (LPlau, Saa:0,46%). Energy,Ca and phosphate (Pi)was equal in all diets. GFR(Ccr) and BUN were measured before(a) and after(p), plasma-Ca,Si,Pi and RTca after the feeding period. Results (means;P(CaSiPi)= ion product of plasma Ca,Si,Pi). P(CaSiPi) was positively correlated with RTca and inversely with GFR. Conclusion: The negative effect of high protein on renal function in CRF might partially be due to a high Saa-content, resulting in an increased sulfate production and renal calcification.
What ever happened to West Side Story? Gene Kelly, jazz dance, and not so real men in Jacques Demy's The Young Girls of Rochefort

Examining the role of the American ‘guest stars’ in Jacques Demy's 1967 film The Young Girls of Rochefort, this paper foregrounds the problematized notion of masculinity that emerges from the film's ‘celebrity intertexts’. While the presence of Gene Kelly reinforces both conventional notions of masculinity and the heterosexual discourse of the Hollywood movie musical, the case of West Side Story stars George Chakiris and Grover Dale is considerably more ambivalent. Demy's film essentially recontextualizes movements and postures from West Side Story, both film and play, yet lacks the dynamic tension of the earlier work. This partial citation of the musical combines with Demy's narrative and directorial choices, as well as with the celebrity intertext of recognized gay/bisexual actors Chakiris and Dale, create a strong sense of sexual ambiguity. The Young Girls of Rochefort thus allows for the exploration of the representation of the male body in the film musical in all its complexity.
Hypertrophic remodeling: gender differences in the early response to left ventricular pressure overload

Abstract Objectives. To identify gender differences in left ventricular remodeling, hypertrophy, and function in response to pressure overload due to ascending aortic banding in rats. Background. Gender may influence the adaptation to pressure overload, as women with aortic stenosis have greater degrees of left ventricular hypertrophy and better left ventricular function than men. Methods. Fifty-two weanling rats underwent ascending aortic banding (16 males, 18 females), or sham surgery (9 males, 9 females). At 6 and 20 weeks, rats underwent transthoracic echo Doppler studies, and closed-chest left ventricular pressures with direct left ventricular puncture. Perfusion-fixed tissues from eight rats were examined morphometrically for myocyte cross-sectional area and percent collagen volume. Results. At 6 weeks after aortic banding, left ventricular remodeling, extent of hypertrophy, and function appeared similar in male and female rats. At 20 weeks, male but not female rats showed an early transition to heart failure, with onset of cavity dilatation (left ventricular diameter = 155% vs. 121% of same-sex sham), loss of concentric remodeling (relative wall thickness = 102% vs. 139% of sham), elevated wall stress (systolic stress = 266% vs. 154% of sham), and diastolic dysfunction (deceleration of rapid filling = 251% vs. 190% of sham). Left ventricular systolic pressures were higher in female compared with male rats (186 ± 20 vs. 139 ± 13 mm Hg), while diastolic pressures tended to be lower (14 ± 4 vs. 17 ± 4 mm Hg). Conclusions. Gender significantly influences the evolution of the early response to pressure overload, including the transition to heart failure in rats with aortic stenosis.
Empirical TOMS index for dust aerosol: Applications to model validation and source characterization

[1] An empirical relation is developed to express the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) aerosol index (AI) for the case of dust plumes, as an explicit function of four physical quantities: the single scattering albedo, optical thickness, altitude of the plume and surface pressure. This relation allows sensitivity analysis of the TOMS AI with physical properties, quantitative comparison with dust model results and physical analysis of dust sources, without the necessity of cumbersome radiative calculation. Two applications are presented: (1) the case study of a dust storm over the North Atlantic in March 1988, and (2) the characterization of 13 major dust sources. The first application shows that simulated dust distribution can be quantitatively compared to TOMS AI on a daily basis and over regions where dust is the dominant aerosol. The second application necessitates to further parameterize the relation by replacing the optical thickness and the altitude of the plume by meteorological variables. The advantage is that surface meteorological fields are easily available globally and for decades but the formulation only applies to dust sources. The daily, seasonal and interannual variability of the parameterized index over major dust sources reproduces correctly the variability of the observed TOMS AI. The correlation between these two indices is used to determine the surface characteristics and physical properties of dust aerosol over the sources.
Molecular Geometry of 7α-Bromocholesteryl Chloride

THE crystal and molecular structures of 7α-bromocholesteryl chloride, C27H44ClBr (Fig. 1), were determined by Burki and Nowacki1 in 1956 by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis using a combination of heavy atom, isomorphous replacement, and Patterson superposition methods. The unit cell is monoclinic, space group P21 with cell constants of a0 = 11.95 A, b0 = 8.78 A, c0 = 12.54 A, β = 101.2°, and Z = 2.
A CAMAC Serial Crate Controller for the Tevatron Accelerator

A CAMAC serial crate controller has been developed for the Tevatron Accelerator Control System. The controller accommodates two serial ports of access, block transfer read facility, and aggregate command capability. Communications to the controller are bit serial at a 10 megabit rate and employ a specially developed protocol. The programmed serial ports allow better than 50K dataway operations per second. The Block Transfer read facility operates in the UQC mode and can perform at the rate of 250K dataway operations per second. Operations at both ports and the Block Transfer function may be fully interleaved. The design provides for programmed arbitration of the two serial ports allowing either port to reserve the crate or a target slot for an uninterrupted sequence of dataway operations.
Tests of a 3 Meter Curved Superconducting Beam Transport Dipole Magnet

Initial tests of one of the curved 3 m long superconducting dipole magnets intended to generate 6.0 T and produce a 20.4° bend in the primary proton beam to a new D-target station at the Brookhaven National Laboratory AGS have been completed. Although this magnet, whose window frame design generally follows that of the successful "8°" and "Model T" superconducting dipoles, demonstrates many of the desirable characteristics of these earlier magnets such as excellent quench propagation and good ramping properties, it has only reached a disappointingly low magnetic field of 3.5 to 4.0 T. Because of the great interest in superconducting magnet technology, this report will describe the diagnostic tests performed and plans for future modifications.
Influence of an Anonymous Stranger on a Routine Decision to Act or Not to Act: An Experiment in Conformity*

The purpose of the study was to investigate the impact of law-adhering and law-violating contexts on subject-behavior in a potentially law-violating situation in which the probability of negative sanctions was slight. Observations were made on subjects who had to make a decision either to violate or to adhere to a “Don't-Walk” signal at the intersection with sparse traffic. The three specific conditions included the control-condition in which no model was present and the experimental conditions in which an anonymous male stranger, the experimenter's confederate, acted either as a law-adhering model or as a law-violating model. The presence of a law-adhering model significantly increases the rate of pedestrian-adherence to a minor legal restriction on the part of both males and females. After the ceiling effects arising from the design of the experiment were factored out, the results showed that a law-violating model has greater influence on subject-behavior than the law-adhering model does. In both the la...
High‐Pressure‐High‐Temperature Polymorphism of the Oxides of Lead

The common oxides of lead, PbO, PbO2, and Pb3O4, were examined at pressures of 0 to 60,000 atmospheres and temperatures of 100° to 600° C. The pressure-temperature curve for the litharge-massicot transition was measured, giving a ΔH of transition of 57 cal. per mole. Unusual meta-stability and inversion characteristics of the massicot phase were examined in detail. PbO2 (rutile) transformed at pressures in excess of 13,000 atmospheres at 300°C. to an ortho-rhombic form. The univariant equilibrium curve for the transition gave a ΔH of 11 cal. per mole. Pb3O4 underwent a disproportionation reaction yielding PbO and “Pb2O3.” The equilibrium curve for this reaction was measured, and ΔH was determined to be 4500 cal. per mole.
Solution growth of silicon from liquid tin for application to photovoltaic solar cells

Abstract Thick epitaxial front junctions offer some interesting potential advantages for photovoltaic solar cell fabrication. An optimization model was developed which predicts open circuit voltages of 0.75 V and AM1 efficiency of 25% (before correction for reflection and grid losses and substrate recombination). For concentrator cell application, sheet resistances of 10 Ω 2 with open circuit voltages near 0.7 V are predicted. Experimental realization of these predictions requires an epitaxial deposition technology capable of producing layers 10–50 μm thick with minority carrier lifetimes ∼ 10 μ s. Solution growth of silicon from liquid tin at 900°C was evaluated because lifetimes greater than 1 μ s have been reported using this method, and because it is a low-temperature technology which should not degrade the high substrate lifetimes also required for high-efficiency cells. Lifetimes were measured using Quantitative Electron Beam Induced Conductivity (QEBIC). The best lifetimes obtained were 1 μ s, which would produce a photovoltaic cell comparable to, but not significantly better than, that obtained with present shallow-junction technology.
IgA nephropathy histologically resembling focal-segmental glomerulosclerosis: A clinicopathologic study of 18 cases

Abstract IgA nephropathy (IgAN) may present with several histologic patterns, including lesions resembling primary focal-segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). To examine the clinical significance of these lesions, slides from all cases of IgAN diagnosed in our renal biopsy service between 1980 and 1994 for which diagnostic materials were available were reviewed. Eighteen of the 244 cases (7.4%) reviewed showed focal and segmental glomerular sclerosis with capillary collapse, sometimes associated with an overlying "cap" of visceral epithelial cells, and no more than very mild glomerular hypercellularity limited to mesangial areas. All showed mesangial IgA as the major immunoglobulin present by immunofluorescence, and all showed mesangial electron-dense deposits ultrastructurally. The mean age (34.8 ± 11.0 years [±SD]), gender distribution (72% male), and racial distribution (67% white, 17% Hispanic, 11% black, 6% Asian) among the 18 patients with FSGS-like IgAN were similar to those of patients in our population with other histologic lesions of IgAN. Notably, the racial distribution of these patients was different from that of our patients with primary FSGS (>35% black). Seventy-one percent of patients with FSGS-like IgAN had hematuria, but only one patient had gross hematuria. Eighty-two percent had nephrotic-range proteinuria. The mean serum creatinine (1.6 ± 1.2 mg/dL; n=17) and urine protein (5.5 ± 2.8 g/24 hr; n=17) levels in these patients at the time of biopsy were not significantly different from mean levels in 42 previously studied patients with primary FSGS(Haas et al, Am J Kidney Dis 26:740–750, 1995). Follow-up data obtained for 11 patients with FSGS-like IgAN (mean follow-up, 70 ± 25 months; range, 37 to 120 months) showed only one who progressed to end-stage renal failure, with dialysis initiated 74 months postbiopsy. However, renal survival in these 11 patients was not significantly greater than that in the previously studied cohort of primary FSGS patients.
Location of antibody epitopes within the mouse hepatitis virus nucleocapsid protein.

Abstract Thirteen monoclonal antibodies (Mab) specific for the nucleocapsid (N) protein of mouse hepatitis virus were mapped using a panel of carboxy-terminal N protein truncations expressed by recombinant vaccinia viruses. All of the Mab recognized both native protein and full-length N protein expressed in this vector by both Western blot and enzyme-linked immunoabsorbant assays (ELISA), indicating that they recognized linear epitopes. The results obtained by both Western blot and ELISA for binding to the truncated N proteins coincide for seven of the Mab tested. The linear epitopes recognized localize to four domains dispersed between amino acids 171 end 196, 231 and 277, and 374 and 455. The epitopes for six Mab were localized to domains comprising 29 amino acids or less as determined by ELISA. Seven Mab showed different reactivity patterns in Western blot versus ELISA, suggesting binding may be influenced by local conformation. Therefore, the fine specificity of these Mab could not be determined with certainty. These data represent the first determination of antibody binding domains within the mouse hepatitis virus N protein which forms the viral helical nucleocapsids and appears to perform a number of regulatory functions during virus replication.
The Impact of Website Quality on Information Quality, Value, and Loyalty Intentions in Apparel Retailing

Abstract This study investigated relationships among website quality, perceived information quality, perceived value, and loyalty intentions in the context of apparel online shopping. Analysis of data using structural equation modeling showed that among the website quality dimensions, interactivity, online completeness, ease of use, and entertainment significantly influence perceived information quality. Perceived information quality affects perceived value and loyalty intentions and perceived value influences loyalty intentions toward apparel retail websites. The post-hoc test revealed that entertainment and trust affect perceived value. Online completeness and entertainment were found to influence loyalty intentions. Strategic suggestions are provided for e-retailer improvement of website information quality, such as utilizing entertaining and engaging devices and designing their websites for consumer comprehension and enjoyment during the shopping experience.
Headspace Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and Electronic Nose Analysis of Volatile Compounds in Canned Alaska Pink Salmon Having Various Grades of Watermarking

Volatiles in canned pink salmon, produced from different degrees of skin watermarked raw material and stored for 2 and 9 mo, were characterized and compared using static headspace gas chromatography analysis coupled to a mass spectrometer (SHGCMS). Sulfur-containing compounds comprised 30% to 50% of the total volatiles and tended to decrease with increasing degrees of skin watermarking, and dimethyl sulfide was the most abundant compound of this class of molecules. A few alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and furans were also identified. Forward stepwise general discriminant analysis (FSGDA) was used to investigate prediction models based on degree of skin watermarking. The 2- and 9-mo models using SHGCMS showed 92.5% and 93.75% correct classifications, respectively. The ability of the Cyranose 320, a hand-held electronic nose (EN), to differentiate these grades of watermarking in the canned samples was also tested. EN analysis using FSGDA resulted in models with 90% and 92.5% correct classifications for the 2- and 9-mo samples, respectively. Overall, results indicate that the watermarking grades studied are not readily distinguishable from each other by either method of analysis.
Kinetics of the solid-liquid transition in Tin☆

Abstract The kinetics of the solid-liquid transition in tin have been studied using a thermal wave technique. The relationship between interface velocity V and local undercooling δ T is found to be linear, i.e. V = μδT with the kinetic constant μ equal to 0.007, 0.008 and 0.019 cm/sec °C for motion in the 〈332〉, 〈103〉 and 〈110〉 crystallographic directions respectively. The results are discussed and compared with those of other workers who used a similar technique. The dependence on applied frequency of the interface response is discussed in terms of a relaxation time for the interface motion.
Dipole-modeling of the visual evoked P300

Abstract We collected visual event-related potentials (ERPs) from 6 normal subjects using an “oddball” paradigm. Subjects were required to count the occurrences of matching shapes presented in the left and right visual field. Shapes matched on 20% of trials. ERPs were recorded from 20 or 43 electrodes distributed over the scalp. A multiple spatio-temporal equivalent dipole (ED) model was used to fit the early sensory and P300 component. A latency window to analyze the P300 was determined using the global field power statistic. The spatial topography of the P300 over this window was characterized by a midline positivity that decreased in amplitude with spatial distance from the peak. After sensory components were fit, the source of P300 could be accounted for by 1 or 2 EDs, which were usually located near medial temporal areas. This result is at odds with evidence from depth recordings during the oddball paradigm, showing that multiple regions of the brain are active during this interval.
Essential fatty acids and the major urinary metabolites of the E prostaglandins in thriving neonates and in infants receiving parenteral fat emulsions.

Summary: The administration of parcnteral fat emulsion—Intralipid, a preparation rich in the essential fatty acid (EFA), linoleic acid, is widely used as an integral part of therapy for sick infants along with total parenteral nutrition (TPN). EFAs serve as precursors for prostaglandin (PGs). We measured tissue lipid composition and the excretion of the major urinary metabolite of prostaglandins E1 and E2, 7α-hydroxy-5, 11 diketotetranor-prostane-1, 16 dioic acid (PGE-M) in three infants who received TPN with Intralipid for prolonged periods and compared these values with control infants. Linoleic acid is incorporated into the major lipid classes of the plasma, RBC, and tissues in the infants receiving Intralipid. Concomitantly with the increase in the relative concentration of linoleate, a decrease in the higher polyunsaturated fatty acid homologue, arachidonate is apparent. However, the sum of the two EFAs, linoleate and arachidonate, is similar in red blood cells (RBC) and tissue phospholipids of control infants and in infants who received Intralipid. A significant difference between the PGE-M excretion in the group of infants before and after the administration of Intralipid also is apparent (P < 0.05). Differences in the urinary excretion of PGE-M are seen between the control group and the infants receiving Intralipid (P < 0.05). PGE-M excretion after the administration of Intralipid is similar to that obtained from infants with EFA-deficiency. Speculation: The increase in the relative concentration of linoleic acid in plasma, RBC, and major tissue lipid classes and a concomitant decrease in the level of the higher EFA homologue arachidonate after the administration of Intralipid may indicate a competition between these EFAs for esterification and storage in tissue lipids, a balanced content of the intake of the linoleic and linolenic acids, a rapid turnover of the long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids or a combination of these factors. The decrease in PGE-M excretion in patients receiving high content of linoleic acid is most likely related to a decrease in the precursor EFA, arachidonate, although an inhibiting effect of linoleic acid on prostaglandin synthesis is possible. Further investigation is needed into the pathophysiologic consequences of increased linoleic acid consumption as well as decreased PG biosynthesis and turnover in sick infants.
Miniplate reconstruction of severely comminuted maxillary fractures in two dogs.

Objective— To describe the treatment of severely comminuted maxillary fractures that resulted in separation of the maxilla from the base of the skull in 2 dogs. The structural areas of support, identified by thicker areas of bones of the skull, were used as a guide to apply buttress plate fixation, with miniplates using these apparent structural buttresses. Study Design— Case report. Sample Population— A 1-year-old Borzoi and a 5-year-old German shepherd dog. Results— Fractures were repaired in a single procedure that resulted in excellent postoperative occlusion, immediate function, and cosmetic result. Healing was uneventful. Full function and excellent cosmetic appearance were still evident at 5 years, and the miniplates have not been removed. Conclusions— Long-term outcome appeared to justify surgical reconstruction of these severely comminuted fractures with miniplate methods similar to those used in human maxillofacial surgery. Miniplates were easily contoured 3-dimensionally and placed along apparent lines of buttress support. Miniplate fixation provided a simple method to secure the bone fragments with excellent stability while maintaining both bony and soft tissue stability. Clinical Relevance— Severely comminuted maxillary fractures in the dog may be repaired with miniplate fixation, using fixation principles identical to those used for similarly complex fractures in human maxillofacial surgery.
Prayer Life of a Professor

This autoethnographic account describes interconnections among a professor's personal prayer life, teaching, and research. The contextual frame for the story includes episodes and observations from a twelve-year span, encompassing postacademic tenure and promotion to the present.
Pole-Placement Technique for Magnetic Momentum Removal of Earth-Pointing Spacecraft

A linear pole-placement technique is presented for magnetic momentum removal of Earth-pointing spacecraft. First probed are the twomost commonly used momentum removal schemes, linear and bang-bangH £ B schemes (whereH is the excess angularmomentumvector andB is the geomagnetic eld vector), bothbased on a comparison between a constant disturbance torque and an averaged magnetic control torque acting on a spacecraft. Through analysis and illustrations, it is shown that these two methods lack a precise technique for determining control gains or strength (in ampere meter squared) of roll, pitch, and yaw electromagnets. As an alternative, a linear, closed-loop, pole-placement technique is devised, which correlates control gainswith the closed-loop pole locations and steady-state amplitudes of roll/yaw and pitch momentum under an orbit-averaged magnetic controller and disturbances. Special cases of lowand high-inclination orbits where pitch and yaw electromagnets, respectively, are ineffective are formulated. This new scheme and the mentioned two classical schemes of momentum removal are compared and illustrated, and generally applicable conclusions are drawn.
Local interests, central leadership, and the passage of TRA86

The U.S. federalist public economy is an ever-evolving system of financing and expenditure responsibilities between local, state, and federal governments. The past decades have seen a significant centralization of responsibility for the financing of state and local public services through grants-in-aid and federal tax subsidies. This article advances a model of local constituent influence in central government fiscal policies which seeks to explain this trend, and then examines how strong executive branch and congressional leadership might begin to control the local pressures for central government financing. TRA86 is offered as one example in which this leaedership proved effective. The general lesson is that good fiscal policy in federalist public economies requires not only capable local governments, but central government political institutions with the strength to meet national needs as well.