cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Miro1-mediated mitochondrial positioning shapes intracellular energy gradients required for cell migration.

The ratio of ATP:ADP is highest at perinuclear sites, where mitochondria are dense, and dissipates toward the periphery. Miro1 positions mitochondria toward the cortical cytoskeleton. Deletion of M...
Commentary: Perspectives on alcohol‐related gene and environment interplay in diverse populations

Background and Objectives Racial/ethnic groups comprise more than 20% of the U.S. population, but many experience disproportionately high risk for alcohol misuse, often resulting in higher rates of alcohol-associated consequences. Completion of mapping the human genome has launched rapidly evolving research methods aimed at improved understanding of genetic contribution to disease. Despite decades of research on the influence of genetic and environmental risks on alcohol use disorders and outcomes, few studies have included racial/ethnic subpopulations in sufficient numbers to allow for proper statistical analysis. Methods The papers in this special issue help to elucidate current knowledge on the etiology of genetic and environmental contributors and potential moderators of alcohol use and associated problems among racial/ethnic populations. The lack of racial/ethnic diversity across many genetic studies contributes to challenges in interpretation of findings and eventually applications to precision medicine. Results Proposed approaches to overcome disparities in racial/ethnic participant recruitment in genetic studies include methods to address population stratification in allele frequency, improve transparency in subjects’ consenting to participate, and engaging interdisciplinary research teams and community involvement to improve recruitment of racial/ethnic minorities. Discussion and Conclusions The reviews presented underscore various gaps in our knowledge of the genetic influences on alcohol use disorders due to the failure to include racially and ethnically diverse populations in genetic and epigenetic study samples. New directions are suggested to overcome the resulting research challenges and ultimately to inform future personalized intervention approaches for racial/ethnic populations. Scientific Significance Inclusion of heterogeneous populations in genomic research will provide a better comprehension of possible unique genetic factors in the broader general population that may be missed due to exclusion of unique and common variants that may be present in racial/ethnic populations. (Am J Addict 2017;26:526–531)
Performance anxiety during infertility treatment: effect on semen quality

The requirement to obtain a semen sample at a specific time for an infertility treatment procedure has potential to produce considerable performance anxiety. This study was designed to evaluate the semen quality of men participating in infertility treatments associated with heightened performance anxiety. The most recent pretreatment semen analysis and the infertility treatment semen analysis, as well as the first and last procedure semen analyses, were compared using paired t-tests for 77 patients undergoing assisted reproductive technology procedures and 121 patients undergoing intrauterine insemination. No significant differences were noted in either of these groups of patients. However, in men with total motile sperm counts of less than 40 million, semen parameters improved significantly in the procedure semen analyses. Thus, participation in infertility treatments associated with performance anxiety does not appear to be detrimental to semen quality, and in certain groups of patients semen quality may improve.
Closed Root Finding Methods

In contrast to linear equations, nonlinear equations can have many, one, or zero solutions. In this chapter we present methods for find the root of a function based on closed methods that begin with an interval that brackets the root, and successively shrinks the interval until the root estimate is sufficiently accurate. The discussion begins with the bisection method, a simple, but nearly bulletproof algorithm, before looking at false position and Ridder's method. The importance of minimizing the number of function evaluations is discussed, and all the methods are illustrated graphically to aid the reader's understanding of the behavior of each method. Additionally, a common example from elementary nuclear reactor theory is used to compare methods.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Pst/SenX3-RegX3 Regulates Membrane Vesicle Production Independently of ESX-5 Activity

Mycobacterium tuberculosis releases membrane vesicles (MV) that modulate host immune responses and aid in iron acquisition, although they may have additional unappreciated functions. MV production appears to be a regulated process, but virR remains the only characterized genetic regulator of vesiculogenesis. Here, we present data supporting a role for the M. tuberculosis Pst/SenX3-RegX3 signal transduction system in regulating MV production. Deletion of pstA1, which encodes a transmembrane component of the phosphate-specific transport (Pst) system, causes constitutive activation of the SenX3-RegX3 two-component system, leading to increased protein secretion via the specialized ESX-5 type VII secretion system. Using proteomic mass spectrometry, we identified several additional proteins hyper-secreted by the ΔpstA1 mutant, including LpqH, an MV-associated lipoprotein. Nanoparticle tracking analysis revealed a 15-fold increase in MV production by the ΔpstA1 mutant. Both hyper-secretion of LpqH and increased MV release required RegX3 but were independent of VirR, suggesting that Pst/SenX3-RegX3 controls MV release by a novel mechanism. Prior proteomic analysis identified ESX-5 substrates associated with MV. We therefore hypothesized that MV release requires ESX-5 activity. We constructed strains that conditionally express eccD5 , which encodes the predicted ESX-5 transmembrane channel. Upon EccD5 depletion, we observed reduced secretion of the ESX-5 substrates EsxN and PPE41, but MV release was unaffected. Our data suggest that ESX-5 does not affect vesicle production and imply that further characterization of the Pst/SenX3-RegX3 regulon might reveal novel mechanisms of M. tuberculosis vesicle biogenesis.IMPORTANCE In Gram-negative bacteria, MV derived from the outer membrane have diverse functions in bacterial physiology and pathogenesis, and several factors regulating their production have been identified. Though Gram-positive bacteria and mycobacteria that lack an outer membrane also produce vesicles with described roles in pathogenesis, the mechanisms of MV biogenesis in these organisms remain poorly characterized. Defining mechanisms of MV biogenesis might yield significant insights into the importance of MV production during infection. In M. tuberculosis, only a single genetic element, virR, is known to regulate MV production. Our work reveals that the Pst/SenX3-RegX3 signal transduction system is a novel regulator of MV biogenesis that controls MV production by a mechanism that is independent of both VirR and activation of the specialized ESX-5 protein secretion system. Understanding which genes in the RegX3 regulon cause increased MV production might reveal novel molecular mechanisms of MV release.
Site Selection with Attention to Susceptibility to Natural and Human Caused Hazards

The site selection for a given use or mixed use urban development project is affected by factors often tied in to an area’s geology, topography, and soil conditions. This is a knowledge of the modern and past geologic history of natural hazard events and their triggered hazards that have directly impacted a study area or that occurred at a distance but still caused damage and harmed populations outside the immediate impact area. The frequency, intensity, and duration of a hazard event dictates whether a parcel can be used as is for a given project or projects. If land use is in question or has a must use status, a planning team has to determine if there are mitigation strategies that can be implemented to allow development [1]. These fall in the categories of prediction if possible, prevention if possible, and enhancing the state of preparedness that is definitely possible.
What does the nurse reinvestment act mean to you

During 2002, the 107th Congress passed landmark legislation, the Nurse Reinvestment Act, P.L. 107-205. This article discusses the specific provisions of P.L. 107-205 within the context of the contemporary literature and the experience of the nursing shortage. The authors ask nurses to examine what the Nurse Reinvestment Act means for their career development. In laying out the anatomy of the Nurse Reinvestment Act, title by title, and section by section, the article presents the Congressional plan for addressing the two faces of the shortage: Nurse Recruitment, Title I, and Nurse Retention, Title II.
The Cayley Method for Studying Discriminants

In Chapter 1 we introduced, for any projective variety X ⊂ P n , the X-discriminant Δ X which is the equation of the projective dual variety X ∨ (so Δ X is a constant if X ∨ is not a hypersurface). We now explain the method that allows us, for a smooth X, to write down at least in principle, the polynomial Δ X . The method goes back to the remarkable paper by Cayley [Ca4] on elimination theory, in which the foundations were laid for what is now called homological algebra. The Cayley method can also be applied to other similar problems, such as finding resultants (see Chapter 3).
Chapter 36 – Exact Indexing of Dynamic Time Warping

Publisher Summary The indexing of very large time series databases has attracted the attention of database community in recent years. The vast majority of work in this area has focused on indexing under the Euclidean distance metric. The problem of indexing time series has attracted much research interest in the database community. Most algorithms that are used to index time series utilize the Euclidean distance or some variation thereof. However, it has been forcefully shown that the Euclidean distance is a very brittle distance measure. Dynamic time warping (DTW) is a much more robust distance measure for time series, allowing similar shapes to match even if they are out of phase in the time axis. Because of this flexibility, DTW is widely used in science, medicine, industry, and finance. Unfortunately, however, DTW does not obey the triangular inequality and, thus, has resisted attempts at exact indexing. Instead, many researchers have introduced approximate indexing techniques, or abandoned the idea of indexing and concentrated on speeding up sequential search.
Determination of the Required Tritium Breeding Ratio for the Next Fusion Experimental Reactor

The next fusion experimental reactor such as ITER requires tritium breeding because of the high tritium cost and its limited availability from non-fusion sources, in addition to demonstrating breeding capability of commercial D-T reactors. A tritium fuel cycle model was developed to compute the required tritium breeding ratio (TBR) by taking into account rector down-time. The results show that TBR should be unity to achieve 3 MW * Year/m/sup 2/ of neutron fluence in 10 years for a steady-state reactor with 600 MW fusion power and 25% system availability provided 5 kg of initial tritium supply. If the external tritium supply is increased to 20 kg, the required TBR is 0.9. The estimated TBR is very sensitive to the variation of the tritium burn-up fraction in plasma and the tritium residence time in the tritium processing system. For example, decreasing the burn-up fraction from 5% to 1% leads to a 25% increase in the required TBR. Thus these parameters must be carefully examined in future work.
Atomic Steps in the Decay of 1- and 2- Dimensional Gratings

This paper contains a brief summary of our experimental results on the characteristics of the evolution during annealing of periodic modulations on surfaces. Most of the work involves 1-dimensional modulations on vicinal surfaces but recent results with 2-dimensional structures are described. Results on Ni and Si are the most extensive. Amplitude-time decay relationships, scaling of rates with fundamental wavenumber and temperature dependencies are discussed. The importance of steps due to the ‘miscut’ from singular planes is emphasized. For surfaces near Si(001) we summarize observations on both the overall modulation decay and the dynamics of the corresponding step arrays. The role of processes other than surface diffusion, in particular volume diffusion and evaporation, in the decay process is addressed. Some preliminary results on morphology changes at silicate glass surfaces are described; in the dimension range investigated viscous flow appears to dominate.
Branching Process Model

In this chapter a stochastic model called a branching process is developed to describe a small outbreak of a contagious disease in a large susceptible population. We will imagine that one or several infectious individuals arrive in an otherwise disease-free area and start the outbreak. To avoid the situation in which the outbreak gets out of Control and eventually involves all susceptibles in the population, we assume that conditions are sufficiently unfavorable that the outbreak never becomes very large.
Activity of 9-10 anthracenedicarboxaldehyde bis[(4,5-dihydro-1 H-imidazol-2-yl)hydrazone]dihydrochloride (CL216,942) in a human tumor cloning system. Leads for phase II trials in man.

We have utilized a recently developed human tumor cloning system to screen for antitumor effects in vitro of a new anthracene derivative, CL216,942. The object was to determine whether the system is useful for pinpointing the types of tumors in patients which should be studied in early phase II clinical trials. Tumors from 684 patients were placed in culture (27 different histologic tumor types). Two hundred seventy-three tumors both grew and formed enough colonies for drug sensitivity assays. In vitro antitumor activity was noted for CL216,942 against human breast cancer, ovarian cancer, renal cancer, squamous cell, small cell and large cell lung cancer, lymphoma, acute myelogenous leukemia, melanoma, adenocarcinoma of unknown origin, adrenal cancer, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, and head and neck cancer. The drug definitely showed no in vitro activity against colon cancer. These date indicate that CL216,942 has a wide spectrum of in vitro antitumor activity. A comparison of these in vitro results with the results of phase II clinical trials with the drug should allow an evaluation of the utility of the human cloning system for predicting clinical activity of a new compound.
Religious Freedom and Recycled Tires: The Meaning and Implications of Trinity Lutheran

The Supreme Court's decision in Trinity Lutheran clearly affirmed a First Amendment rule against anti-religious discrimination. At the same time, it raised or left open a number of important and interesting questions about education reform, the relevance of anti-Catholic bias to states' so-called Blaine Amendments, and the sharpening tension between religious freedom and the application of antidiscrimination laws.
Maintaining friendships throughout the lifespan.

This chapter highlights the means by which friendships are maintained. Friends frequently play overlapping roles. For example, W. K. Rawlins distinguished between friendships for friendships' sake as compared to friendships that complement other relationships, such as marriage or work relationships. Significantly, third-grade friendship pairs were also more likely to distribute rewards equitably. B. P. Buunk and K. S. Prins examined the effect of friendship inequity on loneliness and found that college students in underbenefited and overbenefited friendships felt significantly lonelier than participants who reported providing and receiving equitable amounts of help. Dialectical theories provide the second major theoretical approach to understanding the maintenance of friendships. A dialectical approach presupposes that change, opposing tendencies, and instability characterize all social relationships. Although attachment clearly applies to the infant-caregiver relationship, research has investigated the influence of attachment style on other types of close relationships, including friendships. Attachment style, influences the development and maintenance of childhood and young adult friendships.
8.5 A Fully Integrated Voltage Regulator in 14nm CMOS with Package-Embedded Air-Core Inductor Featuring Self-Trimmed, Digitally Controlled Variable On-Time Discontinuous Conduction Mode Operation

Fully Integrated Voltage Regulators (FIVR) with package-embedded air-core inductors [1] or on-die solenoid inductors with planar magnetic core [2] promise efficient power delivery and fine-grain wide-range DVFS in complex SoCs while providing fast transient response. The FIVR must provide high conversion efficiency across a wide operating range of output voltages and load currents, including light to medium loads, to maximize the overall energy efficiency of the SoC across different power states. Phase shedding and switch scaling have been used for high-frequency FIVR designs with pulse-width modulation (PWM) control in continuous conduction mode (CCM) to maintain high efficiency for large load currents [1–5], and pulse-frequency modulation (PFM) and hysteretic control have been used to achieve high efficiency across light to medium loads [3–5]. In this paper, we present an FIVR in 14nm CMOS with a 2.5nH air-core inductor embedded in an ultrathin coreless package $( 200 \mu m$ thick) (Fig. 8.5.7), featuring self-trimmed, soft-switched and digitally controlled variable ON-time DCM operation up to 70MHz to achieve high conversion efficiencies across light to medium load currents ranging from 5mA to 500mA and wide 0.7-1.2V output voltage range. The FIVR uses a cascoded thin-gate powertrain (Fig. 8.5.1) to support input voltages up to 2Vmax with the cascode bias rail set at $V_{in} /2$ which consumes $\lt/p\gt\lt1$ uA at light load. A small thick-gate device is connected across the inductor to dampen oscillations when the power stage is in a high-impedance state. The output voltage is monitored by a comparator with sub-ns response time which triggers an inductor current pulse when the output drops below the reference voltage. A resistor divider with a feedforward capacitor is used to achieve fast response time.
The Screening Role of Covenant Heterogeneity

We show that different types of debt covenants have different relations with borrowers’ future risk-taking: investment covenants, which restrict the amount of investment, have a positive relation with borrowers’ future operating risk, while performance covenants and performance pricing provisions, which both depend on the outcome of these investments, have a negative relation with risk. We distinguish between screening and incentive explanations for these relations and find that the positive relation between investment covenants and borrowers’ future risk is entirely due to screening effects: riskier borrowers agree to contracts with investment covenants, but both investment and performance covenants dampen borrowers’ risk-taking incentives. Corroborating the screening role of investment covenants, we find that lenders are more likely to use these covenants when precontractual information asymmetry is more costly. Collectively, our findings provide insight into the purpose and incentive consequences of different types of debt covenants, which are an important source of heterogeneity in debt contracts.
Acculturation stress and allostatic load among Mexican immigrant women.

Objectives this case-control study compared levels of stress and allostatic load (AL) among Mexican women in the US ( n =19) and Mexico ( n = 40). Method measures of stress included the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and the Hispanic Women's Social Stressor Scale (HWSSS). A composite measure of 8 indicators of AL (systolic and diastolic blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio, total cholesterol, glycated hemoglobin (hemoglobin A1C), triglycerides and C-reactive protein) was calculated. Results there were no significant group differences in AL between Mexican and Mexican immigrant women ( t = 1.55, p = .126). A principal component factor analysis was conducted on the 8 AL indicators; a 2-factor solution explained 57% of the variance. Group differences in the two AL factors were analyzed using MANOVA. BMI and waist-to-hip ratios were lower, but blood pressure and triglycerides were higher in the US group and were mediated by time in the US. Greater acculturation stress was significantly related to increased waist-to-hip ratio ( r = .57, p = .02). Final remarks findings suggest some measures of AL increased with time in the US, and acculturation stress may be a significant factor.
Epilogue: (Re)Sonorous Tempest

As a reprise of problems initially suggested in the introduction, the epilogue cites the work of Glauber Rocha, specifically his film Der Leone Have Sept Cabecas, as a model for thinking about sound’s role as a metric for time and its possibility in the organization of the moving image.
Susceptibility of Nanoparticles Studied by Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert and Snoek’s Equations

Snoek’s law is a well-known theory used to predict magnetic properties of bulk ferromagnetic material. Landau-Lifshitz-Gilber (LLG) equations are differential equations used to describe the precessional motion of magnetization in magnetic materials. In this paper, we focus on magnetic nanoparticles and study the relationship between LLG equations and Snoek’s law in seeking high permeability at high frequencies in magnetic materials. The susceptibility/permeability calculations of cobalt nanoparticles with different shapes are carried out analytically. Micromagnetic software package, Object Oriented MicroMagnetic Framework (OOMMF) software package, has been used to validate the results.
Fronto-temporal galanin modulates impulse control

The neuropeptide galanin has been implicated in a wide range of pathological conditions in which frontal and temporal structures are compromised. It works through three subtypes of G-protein-coupled receptors. One of these, the galanin receptor 1 (Gal-R1) subtype, is densely expressed in the ventral hippocampus (vHC) and ventral prefrontal cortex (vPFC); two brain structures that have similar actions on behavioral control. We hypothesize that Gal-R1 contributes to cognitive-control mechanisms that require hippocampal-prefrontal cortical circuitry. To examine the effect of local vHC and vPFC infusions of M617, a Gal-R1 agonist, on inhibitory mechanisms of response control. Different cohorts of rats were implanted with bilateral guide cannulae targeting the vPFC or the vHC. Following infusion of the Gal-R1 agonist, we examined the animals’ behavior using a touchscreen version of the 5-choice reaction time task (5-choice task). The Gal-R1 agonist produced opposing behaviors in the vPFC and vHC, leading to disruption of impulse control when infused in the vPFC but high impulse control when infused into the vHC. This contrast between areas was accentuated when we added variability to the timing of the stimulus, which led to long decision times and reduced accuracy in the vPFC group but a general improvement in performance accuracy in the vHC group. These results provide the first evidence of a selective mechanism of Gal-R1–mediated modulation of impulse control in prefrontal-hippocampal circuitry.
Experience and relatedness influence mating interactions in a simultaneously hermaphroditic snail, Physa gyrina

Abstract The means by which animals assess potential mates is an important issue in studies of reproductive systems. I tested whether an individual’s previous experiences and the relatedness of mates affected mating behavior in a simultaneous hermaphrodite snail, Physa gyrina. Previous work with this species showed reduced reproductive success resulting from both strong outbreeding and inbreeding. Thus, I predicted that individuals should prefer partners of intermediate relatedness. During activity trials, snails moved longer distances when exposed to chemical cues from conspecifics of lesser relatedness. Furthermore, during mating interactions, behavioral responses to relatedness varied with gender-role: male-role behaviors did not vary across relatedness treatments, while snails paired with either closely related or highly dissimilar partners increased their female-role resistance behaviors as interactions escalated. Experiences with their current partner also affected behavioral dynamics. Familiar pairs had fewer matings and longer latency times until a mating occurred than unfamiliar pairs. Snails acting in the female role also exhibited higher resistance rates in familiar pairs than in unfamiliar pairs. Previous, brief exposure to chemical cues in a non-mating context also influenced behavior during a subsequent mating interaction. Snails that were previously exposed to chemical cues from unfamiliar individuals tended to be more likely to occupy the male role following an encounter, and had significantly lower copulation frequencies and higher female-role resistance rates (i.e. were choosier) than those previously exposed to cues from familiar individuals. Overall, the results show that: 1) relatedness, past exposure to conspecific chemical cues, and experience with a current partner all influence mating behaviors in these snails; and 2) in these simultaneous hermaphrodites, an individual’s responses depend on whether it is occupying the male or female role.
Exploration and comparison of contextual characteristics and mistreatment prevalence among older American Indian and Alaska Native Respondents: secondary analysis of the National Elder Mistreatment Study

Limited research on elder abuse among American Indians and Alaska Natives (AIANs) suggests a higher prevalence of abuse. Using data from the National Elder Mistreatment Study (NEMS), we compared co...
Alcohol use among 10th-graders: Distinguishing between high-intensity drinking and other levels of use.

Abstract Introduction Drinking at levels beyond standard binge drinking thresholds poses particularly high risks to youth. Few studies have examined high-intensity drinking (HID; 10+ drinks in a row) in high school students and none have tested whether peer drunkenness and parental knowledge (e.g., about youth's whereabouts) distinguish between binge and high-intensity drinkers. Methods We used data from the Monitoring the Future study collected from nationally-representative samples of U.S. 10th graders (modal age 16 years old) in 2016–2018 (n = 14,824; 48.3% girls, 46.8% boys). We conducted multinomial logistic regression to examine odds of drinking at one of four mutually-exclusive levels: HID in the past 2 weeks, binge (5+) drinking in the past 2 weeks, any alcohol use in the past year, and no alcohol use in the past year. Results Low parental knowledge and peer drunkenness were both associated with higher odds of each drinking level, including HID vs. binge, binge vs. alcohol use, and alcohol use vs. no alcohol use. Boys had higher odds than girls of HID compared to binge drinking and of no alcohol use compared to alcohol use. Conclusions Parent and peer risk factors differentiate HID from other levels of drinking.
A Cyclic Periodic Wave Function Approach for the Study of Infinitely Periodic Solid-State Systems. I. Application to the C-H···π(C≡C) Hydrogen Bonding Systems.

The cyclic periodic wave function (CPWF) approach is applied at the AM1 and PM3 semiempirical levels of approximation to infinitely periodic solid-state systems stabilized by weak CH–pi (C–H···π) i...
Male with Altered Mental Status.

Author(s): Kondrat, Jason; Ilyaguyev, Ben; Stern, Jonathan; Choe, Teresa; Greenstein, Josh; Hahn, Barry | Abstract: Case Presentation: A 62-year-old male presented to the emergency department with altered mental status and fever. Computed tomography of the head showed enlargement of the left lateral ventricle. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated debris and purulence in the ventricle along with edema and transependymal flow of cerebrospinal fluid surrounding both ventricles.Discussion: The patient was diagnosed with ventriculitis. Ventriculitis is an uncommon but serious disease. Early recognition and treatment are essential.
Surface Plasmon Enhanced Fluorescence Temperature Mapping of Aluminum Nanoparticle Heated by Laser

Partially aggregated Rhodamine 6G (R6G) dye is used as a lights-on temperature sensor to analyze the spatiotemporal heating of aluminum nanoparticles (Al NPs) embedded within a tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, and vinylidene fluoride (THV) fluoropolymer matrix. The embedded Al NPs were photothermally heated using an IR laser, and the fluorescent intensity of the embedded dye was monitored in real time using an optical microscope. A plasmonic grating substrate enhanced the florescence intensity of the dye while increasing the optical resolution and heating rate of Al NPs. The fluorescence intensity was converted to temperature maps via controlled calibration. The experimental temperature profiles were used to determine the Al NP heat generation rate. Partially aggregated R6G dyes, combined with the optical benefits of a plasmonic grating, offered robust temperature sensing with sub-micron spatial resolution and temperature resolution on the order of 0.2 °C.
Urinary Phthalate Biomarkers and Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women.

CONTEXT Phthalates are endocrine-disrupting chemicals that could disrupt normal physiologic function, triggering detrimental impacts on bone. OBJECTIVE We evaluated associations between urinary phthalate biomarkers and BMD in postmenopausal women participating in the prospective Women's Health Initiative (WHI). METHODS We included WHI participants enrolled in the BMD substudy and selected for a nested case-control study of phthalates and breast cancer (N = 1255). We measured 13 phthalate biomarkers and creatinine in 2 to 3 urine samples per participant collected over 3 years, when all participants were cancer free. Total hip and femoral neck BMD were measured at baseline and year 3, concurrent with urine collection, via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. We fit multivariable generalized estimating equation models and linear mixed-effects models to estimate cross-sectional and longitudinal associations, respectively, with stratification on postmenopausal hormone therapy (HT) use. RESULTS In cross-sectional analyses, mono-3-carboxypropyl phthalate and the sum of di-isobutyl phthalate metabolites were inversely associated with total hip BMD among HT nonusers, but not among HT users. Longitudinal analyses showed greater declines in total hip BMD among HT nonusers and with highest concentrations of mono-3-carboxyoctyl phthalate (-1.80%; 95% CI, -2.81% to -0.78%) or monocarboxynonyl phthalate (-1.84%; 95% CI, -2.80% to -0.89%); similar associations were observed with femoral neck BMD. Among HT users, phthalate biomarkers were not associated with total hip or femoral neck BMD change. CONCLUSION Certain phthalate biomarkers are associated with greater percentage decreases in total hip and femoral neck BMD. These findings suggest that phthalate exposure may have clinically important effects on BMD, and potentially fracture risk.
A Review of 1978 Year Book of Pathology and Clinical Pathology

Within this small, but extremely informative, volume are the well-written synopses of over 250 recent journal articles concerning new diagnostic and therapeutic procedures of pathological significance. The editors and associate editors selected excellent articles from May 1976 through May 1977 and divided the text into anatomical and clinical pathology sections. Practically every subspecialty area is covered, with the majority of articles devoted to anatomical pathology. The anatomical pathology section includes general, cellular, inflammation and infectious disease, neoplasia, immunopathology, forensic pathology, cardiovascular, hematopoietic and lymphatic system, respiratory, alimentary system, hepatobiliary, urinary tract, genital system, endocrine, muscular, skin and subcutaneous tissue, and nervous system topics. The clinical pathology section includes chemical pathology, microbiology, diagnostic immunology, blood banking, hematology, and lab data processing topics.
Managerial Inefficiency and the British Climacteric, 1860-1914

This paper argues that a key reason for Britain's economic decline was the management culture of British industry, in particular the unwillingness of British entrepreneurs to decentralize decision-making within their firms, in comparison to their foreign counterparts. A theory of delegation is developed, and its importance to economic growth established. While it is difficult to directly measure how much authority is delegated within a firm, the paper describes how using this hypothesis, many observed characteristics of British industrial development can then be explained, most importantly the lesser ability of large British firms to generate innovations and maintain growth in all aspects of the firm. In support the paper analyzes the development of a number of industries, particularly the chemical and electrical engineering industries, and examines descriptions of British management practices by contemporaries and recent historians. Thus vigorous entrepreneurship is observed early in the life of many British industries, but as the industries matured and larger firms became appropriate and are developed in the US and Germany, British firms fell behind their counterparts in productivity and their ability to grow.
Chemistry of Reactive Oxygen Species

Oxidation is one of the most significant causes of foodstuff deterioration. It can lead to rancidity, off-flavor and -color, deterioration of texture, and other damage. Toxic materials may also result from the oxidation of naturally occurring substances (Pryor 1984). For example, cholesterol epoxides and hydroperoxides are thought to be carcinogenic or mutagenic (Koch and Schenck 1967; Sporer et al. 1982); they are among the products of oxidation of cholesterol (Smith et al. 1979).
Spin transport and optically-probed coherence in magnetic semiconductor heterostructures

Molecular beam epitaxy is used to “spin engineer” an environment wherein quantum-confined electronic states in a wide band gap II–VI semiconductor quantum well (Zn1−xCdx Se) are strongly exchange-coupled to systematic 2D distributions of localized spins (Mn2+ ions). Magneto-optical spectroscopy of undoped structures demonstrates that such a scheme successfully produces well-confined excitonic states whose Zeeman splitting in modest magnetic fields greatly exceeds the inhomogeneous line widths. In modulation-doped structures, a combination of magneto-transport and magneto-optical measurements shows the formation of a “magnetic” two-dimensional electron gas characterized by spin gaps which are much larger than Landau level gaps. This results in a novel quantum Hall system which can be highly spin polarized even at large filling factors. Time-resolved Faraday/Kerr effect measurements in the Voigt geometry probe the electronic spin dynamics of the exciton/electron gas, revealing terahertz and gigahertz oscillations that originate from the coherent spin precession of electrons and local moments, respectively.
The importance of surgical sequence in the treatment of lower extremity injuries with concomitant vascular injury: A meta-analysis

Abstract Objective The optimal sequence of surgical repair for lower extremity injury with associated vascular injuries is unclear. Lower extremity injury in our study is defined as femoral fracture, tibial fracture, and/or knee dislocation. Advocates of performing the vascular repair prior to lower extremity fixation argue that reversal of ischaemia in the limb is the most important factor in limb survival and should take precedence. Advocates of lower extremity fixation prior to revascularisation worry that the manipulation during fixation could disrupt the vascular repair and that total ischaemia time is more relative than absolute. Methods A literature search was performed to identify studies with the following criteria: adult population, femoral fracture, tibial fracture, and/or knee dislocation with associated vascular injury, an intervention of fracture fixation or knee stabilisation prior to revascularisation and/or revascularisation prior to fracture fixation, and amputation as an outcome measurement. Results 934 articles were identified and narrowed to 14 articles through exclusion criteria. Meta-analysis of the data shows no statistical difference in regards to the incidence of amputation between lower extremity fixation prior to revascularisation and revascularisation prior to fracture fixation. Conclusion Lower extremity injuries with associated vascular injury are uncommon. There has been a widespread but unsupported belief that manipulation and traction during lower extremity fixation will disrupt the vascular repair. Ischaemic time should be considered a relative, but not absolute predictor of amputation. Soft tissue injury and neurologic deficits have been found highly correlated with disability and amputation. Surgical sequence has not been shown to affect the rate of amputations in lower extremity fractures.
Key issues of tidal energy and factors affecting it globally with civil structures

This paper focus on some of the key challenges to be met in the development of marine energy, it present prototype form to being a widely deployed contributor to future energy supply of the world. Large-scale wave and tidal current prototypes have been demonstrated around the world, but marine renewable energy technology is still 10-15 years behind that of wind energy. However, having started later, the developing technology can make use of more advanced science and engineering, and it is therefore reasonable to expect rapid progress. Many scientific advances are required to meet these challenges and their likelihood is explored based on current and future capabilities. The paper incorporating aspects of technology, power production effects and capital cost factor implications. The aim is to give grounding in the nature of the industry, the current state of the industry and the key factors which will potentially shape and limit the growth of the industry. This is achieved by evaluating tidal power from technological, environmental and socioeconomic viewpoints.
Hormonal and gestational evidence for delayed implantation in the striped skunk, Mephitis mephitis.

Two lines of evidence are presented for a brief, obligate delay in implantation in the striped skunk. First, a relationship was found between the date of mating and gestation and is described by a weighted least-squares model Y = 59.85 + 204.94 e−0.0519X. Matings occurred between 21 February and 5 April with gestations ranging from 59 to 77 days. Longer gestations usually were associated with matings occurring early in the breeding season. The second line of evidence involves differences in progesterone levels in females mated early (2 March) and late (22 March) in the breeding season. Females mated early in the breeding season had progesterone levels that required longer for their initial increase (4–7 days) and did not peak (32.3 ng/ml) until 27 days postcoitus. Females bred later in the breeding season had initial increases in progesterone after 2–4 days postcoitus and a peak in progesterone (31.1 ng/ml) at 19 days postcoitus. Progesterone levels in mated females that failed to give birth were significantly lower on Days 47 and 56 than hormone levels for pregnant skunks. Unmated controls that were samples throughout the year had negligible amounts of progesterone (<1 ng/ml) present. Therefore, striped skunks mated early in the breeding season had longer gestations, lower initial progesterone levels, and later peaks in progesterone secretion, suggesting that a brief, obligate delay in implantation occurred.
Retinoic acid modulation of 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 receptors and bioresponse in bone cells: species differences between rat and mouse.

Retinoic acid (RA) caused a reduction in the level of 1,25(OH)2D3 receptors to 13 of control in rat osteoblast-like cells (ROB) while increasing the receptor level to 3-fold the control in mouse osteoblast-like cells (MOB). Scatchard analysis of receptor binding indicated that there was no change in affinity for 1,25(OH)2D3. The changes in receptor levels required time to develop and were dose-dependent. RA also modulated the ability of cells to respond to 1,25(OH)2D3 as measured by the induction of the enzyme 25(OH)D3-24 hydroxylase. Induction of enzyme activity by 1,25(OH)2D3 closely paralleled receptor level established by RA pretreatment. In MOB, the up-regulation of the receptor occurred despite the action of RA to inhibit DNA, RNA and protein synthesis. However, RA stimulation of 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor levels was blocked by the addition of cycloheximide or actinomycin D, indicating that the up-regulation required protein and RNA synthesis. The opposite effect of RA on mouse and rat cells suggests that important species-dependent factors modulate the action of retinoids on mammalian cells.
"I Would Have Rather Paid for a Class I Wanted to Take": Utilitarian Approaches at a Community College

This article examines community-college students’ goals within the dominant framing of higher education, in which education serves primarily as preparation for the new economy. Specifically, it explores students’ motives for acquiring college credentials and how they apply the principles of utility and efficiency to their pursuit of those credentials. This examination of students’ strategies illuminates their assumptions about what is worth learning and how one learns and, in turn, how their hopes of “learning something” can lead to disappointment. Ultimately, this analysis illustrates the consequences of students’ highly instrumental goals for their participation in college and in college coursework.
Polarographic reduction of sulfitobis(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III) ions

Summary Polarographic reduction data are presented for several sulfitobis(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III) compounds. The cobalt(III) appears to be reduced first to cobalt(II), followed in acidic solution by reduction of the sulfurous acid formed at the electrode surface. Reduction of the aquosulfitobis (ethylenediamine)cobalt(III) ion yields another wave, which may be that of the disulfitobis(ethylenediamine)-cobaltate(III) ion formed by a ligand exchange mechanism at the electrode surface. The cis- and trans-disulfitobis(ethylenediamine)cobaltate(III) ions are sharply different in polarographic behavior. All of the reductions are hindered by the polar character of the ions.
Are memory traces localized or distributed

Abstract Evidence supports the view that “memory traces” are formed in the hippocampus and in the cerebellum in classical conditioning of discrete behavioral responses (e.g. eyeblink conditioning). In the hippocampus, learning results in long-lasting increases in excitability of pyramidal neurons that appear to be localized to these neurons (i.e. changes in membrane properties and receptor function). However, these learning-altered pyramidal neurons are distributed widely throughout CA3 and CA1. Although it plays a key role in certain aspects of classical conditioning, the hippocampus is not necessary for learning and memory of the basic conditioned responses. The cerebellum and its associated brain stem circuitry, on the other hand, does appear to be essential (necessary and sufficient) for learning and memory of the conditioned response. Evidence to date is most consistent with a localized trace in the interpositus nucleus and multiple localized traces in cerebellar cortex, each involving relatively large ensembles of neurons. Perhaps “procedural” memory traces are relatively localized and “declarative” traces more widely distributed.
Time dependent effects of adriamycin and x‐ray therapy on wound healing in the rat

Wound healing as measured by wound breaking strength (WBS) was studied in male Fischer rats. Animals were wounded (day 0) and treated with Adriamycin (ADR), x-ray therapy (XRT), or the combination of ADR + XRT. Treatments were either on day -7,0 or +7. Animals were killed on days +14 and +21, and excised wounds were subjected to uniaxial extension and the recording of WBS (grams), hydroxy-proline assay, and collagen fiber diameter measurements. In this model, day 0 treatment with ADR, XRT, or ADR + XRT impaired WBS most significantly. This was supported by a diminution in newly synthesized hydroxyproline and load extension curve analysis.
IT Risks [Guest editors' introduction]

Most IT professionals would agree that IT is good at identifying and managing risks--but is this really the case? Or has risk management become simply buzz word for us? This issue of IT Pro highlights some risk areas often overlooked. As IT professionals, we talk about risk management mitigations, write risk management plans, and use these terms in our testing strategies, but we often overlook risks in areas outside of normal project development.
Softening patterns of light cured glass ionomer cements.

Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of commonly used food simulating solutions and sodium hydroxide on the softening of light cured glass ionomer cements. Methods: Four types of light cured glass ionomers (classified on the basis of the liquid component) as follows: (1) materials that combine a polymerizable monomer and polyalkenoic acid (PMPA); (2) use of a polymerizable polyalkenoic acid (PPA); (3) acid monomer (AM) in place of the polyalkenoic acid; and (4) replacement of polyalkenoic acid with polymerizable monomer (PMPR). A traditional glass ionomer and a microfil composite were used as controls. Disc-shaped specimens aged for a week at 37°C and 100% relative humidity were stored in water, ethanol, heptane and 0.1 M sodium hydroxide for a period of 28 days. Barcol hardness measurements were made before immersion as well as at intervals of 24 h, 3 days, 7 days and 28 days after immersion. Results: In general the softening effect was lowest on the resin composite control. Hardness could not be measured for the traditional glass ionomer after 24 h due to breakage and dissolution of samples. The different solutions had varying effects on the different classes of light cured glass ionomers. The change in hardness after 28 days ranged from an increase of +6.7% for PMPA material in heptane to a complete disintegration of PPA amd PMPR in NaOH at 60°C. Significance: The softening effect of food simulating solutions is dependent on the formulation of light cured glass ionomers. In clinical use, the role of softening in wear will consequently vary.
Extraction of Electron Current from the UM Large Area, ECR Plasma Neutralizer

Summary form only given. We report experiments, theory and simulations in which the Getty, large area ECR plasma source, has been applied as a neutralizer for space propulsion applications. This plasma source utilizes linear arrays of permanent magnets, placed in the end of a large, S-band microwave horn. Magnet bars are cross-polarized so microwaves propagate through with relatively low reflection. Large, ECR-resonant zones are created by the magnet arrays, where ionization occurs. Overdense electron densities up to 6 E11 /cc have been generated at the operating frequency of 2.45 GHz. Scaling measurements of electron current have been performed as a function of gas pressure, extraction voltage and microwave power. Theory and simulations are underway of ECR plasma ionization and heating in realistic magnetic fields