cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transmitochondrial Cybrids: Tools for Functional Studies of Mutant Mitochondria

Mitochondrial functions are controlled by both mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and nuclear DNA. Hence, it is difficult to identify whether mitochondrial or nuclear genome is responsible for a particular mitochondrial defect. Cybrid is a useful tool to overcome this difficulty, where we can compare mitochondria from different sources in a defined nuclear background. Cybrids are constructed by fusing enucleated cells harboring wild type or altered mtDNA of interest with ρ(0) cells (cells lacking mtDNA) in which the endogenous mtDNA has been depleted. Therefore, cybrids are very useful in studying consequences of mtDNA alterations or other mitochondrial defects at the cellular level by excluding the influence of nuclear DNA mutations.
Wisconsin's Enterra Therapy Experience: A multi-institutional review of gastric electrical stimulation for medically refractory gastroparesis.

Background Gastric electrical stimulation is a treatment for symptoms of diabetic or idiopathic gastroparesis refractory to medical management. We sought to evaluate the outcomes of gastric electrical stimulation in the state of Wisconsin during a more than 10-year period. Methods Data were collected prospectively from patients undergoing implantation of the gastric electrical stimulation to initiate gastric electrical stimulation therapy at two Wisconsin institutions from 2005–2017. The Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index was administered during clinical encounters and over the phone preoperatively and postoperatively. Results A total of 119 patients received gastric electrical stimulation therapy (64 diabetic and 55 idiopathic). All devices were placed laparoscopically. Mean follow-up was 34.1 ± 27.2 months in diabetic and 44.7 ± 26.2 months in idiopathic patients. A total of 18 patients died during the study interval (15.1%). No mortalities were device-related. Diabetics had the greatest rate of mortality (25%; mean interval of 17 ± 3 months post implantation). GCSI scores improved, and prokinetic and narcotic medication use decreased significantly at ≥1 year. Satisfaction scores were high. Conclusion Gastric electrical stimulation therapy led to the improvement of symptoms of gastroparesis and a better quality of life. Patients were able to decrease the use of prokinetic and narcotic medications and achieve long-term satisfaction. Diabetic patients who develop symptomatic gastroparesis have a high mortality rate over time.
Genome-Wide Association Study for Variants That Modulate Relationships Between Cerebrospinal Fluid Amyloid-Beta 42, Tau, and P-Tau Levels

A relationship quantitative trait locus exists when the correlation between multiple traits varies by genotype for that locus. Relationship quantitative trait loci (rQTL) are often involved in gene-by-gene (G×G) interactions or gene-by-environmental interactions, making them a powerful tool for detecting G×G. We performed genome-wide association studies to identify rQTL between tau and Aβ42 and ptau and Aβ42 with over 3000 individuals using age, gender, series, APOE e2, APOE e4, and two principal components for population structure as covariates. Each significant rQTL was separately screened for interactions with other loci for each trait in the rQTL model. Parametric bootstrapping was used to assess significance. We found four significant tau/Aβ42 rQTL from three unique locations and six ptau/Aβ42 rQTL from five unique locations. G×G screens with these rQTL produced four significant G×G interactions (one Aβ42, two ptau, and one tau) with four rQTL where each second locus was from a unique location. On follow-up, rs1036819 and rs74025622 were associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) case/control status; rs15205 and rs79099429 were associated with rate of decline. The two most significant rQTL (rs8027714 and rs1036819) for ptau/Aβ42 are on different chromosomes and both are strong hits for pelvic organ prolapse. While diseases of the nervous system can cause pelvic organ prolapse, it is unlikely related to the ptau/Aβ42 relationship but may suggest that these two loci share a pathway. In addition to a ptau/Aβ42 rQTL and association with AD case/control status, rs1036819 is a strong rQTL for case/control status/Aβ42 and for tau/Aβ42. It resides in the ZFAT gene, which is related to autoimmune thyroid disease. For tau, rs9817620 interacts with the tau/Aβ42 rQTL rs74025622. It is in the CHL1 gene, which is a neural cell adhesion molecule and may be involved in signal transduction pathways. CHL1 is related to BACE1, which is a β-secretase enzyme that initiates production of the β-amyloid peptide involved in AD and is a primary drug target. Overall, there are numerous loci that affect the relationship between these important AD endophenotypes and some are due to interactions with other loci. Some affect the risk of AD and/or rate of progression.
Decisions, Decisions: Why The Quality Of Medical Decisions Matters

Questions about the process leading to particular medical decisions are seldom addressed in discussions of health care quality. In some cases, strict adherence to treatment protocols may overlook important elements in the clinical decision-making process, such as physicians' judgment and patients' preferences. Papers by Annette O'Connor and colleagues and Karen Sepucha and colleagues are welcome additions to this debate because they highlight the importance of the medical decision-making process; they suggest that the quality of this process should be considered when evaluating health care quality. I explore some key limitations and uncertainties that must be addressed before work in this area can become broadly applicable.
Model-based strategies for sensor fault accommodation in uncertain dynamic processes with multi-rate sampled measurements

Abstract This work presents model-based strategies for the accommodation of sensor faults in dynamic processes with multi-rate sampled state measurements. The developed strategies account explicitly for both closed-loop stability and performance considerations. Initially, a model-based feedback control system, in which a model predictor compensates for the unavailability of state measurements between sampling times, is designed. The stability and performance characteristics of the multi-rate sampled-data closed-loop system are analyzed and explicitly characterized in terms of the state sampling rates, the fault parameters, and the various process, model and controller design parameters. The resulting characterizations provide insight into the robustness and margins of tolerable faults that can be accommodated, and are used to develop both stability-based and performance-based fault accommodation schemes that aim to maintain closed-loop stability and minimize the degradation of closed-loop performance in the presence of sensor faults. Two types of sensor faults are considered. These include faults that manifest themselves as improper sensor readings, as well as faults that cause drift in the sensor sampling rate. The first type of fault introduces errors in the model state updates at the sampling times, while the second type of fault alters the rate at which the sensors sample the process states. The developed methods are illustrated through a case study involving a cascade of two non-isothermal continuous-stirred tank reactors with plant-model mismatch and access to full state measurements that are sampled at different rates. The case study gives some insight into the effects of sensor faults on the stability and performance of the sampled-data state feedback control system, and how these effects can be mitigated through use of fault-tolerant control.
Accountability in global surgery missions.

### Summary box There are limited supervisory systems, if any, regulating poor outcomes after medical and surgical missions in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). Even in the environment of close legal and academic oversight,1 2 the medical community fights the perception that only ‘good’ outcomes are reported in medical journals.3 The nature of global surgery poses significant additional barriers to oversight and outcomes reporting, some of which are more self-evident than others. The void of oversight may encourage untrained teams to embark on missions beyond their abilities4; despite the best of intentions, global surgeons may be doing more harm than good. We owe it to our Oath as medical professionals and to the populations we serve to evaluate the care we are providing, not just in our own countries, but in the countries to which we travel as non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and other humanitarian or global surgical missions. Our aim in this commentary is to (1) survey the current climate of outcomes reporting in global surgery, (2) identify obstacles and (3) propose concrete solutions. First, it is essential for us to acknowledge the role of outcomes and our reasons for …
NSTEMI IN THE SETTING OF MICROANGIOPATHIC HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA: A RARE COMPLICATION OF A RARE DISEASE PROCESS

Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA) is usually caused by infection, autoimmune disorders, and or genetic predisposition. More recently MAHA secondary to cocaine use has been described. We report a case of cocaine-induced MAHA presenting as non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). A 44-
Introduction: Sequence-Specific DNA Binding Pyrrole–Imidazole Polyamides and Their Applications

Pyrrole–imidazole polyamides (Py–Im polyamides) are cell-permeable compounds that bind to the minor groove of double-stranded DNA in a sequence-specific manner without causing denaturation of the DNA. These compounds can be used to control gene expression and to stain specific sequences in cells. Here, we review the history, structural variations, and functional investigations of Py–Im polyamides.
Benign Eyelid Squamous and Melanocytic Tumors

Benign tumors of the eyelid include a variety of nonpigmented and pigmented epidermal tumors (arising from squamous or melanocytic cells), adnexal tumors (Chap. 4), and stromal tumors (Chap. 5). Important to note is that not all clinically pigmented lesions are melanocytic, since squamous cell proliferations can include scattered melanocytes or melanin pigment, thus giving a pigmented appearance to a non-melanocytic lesion. The benign epidermal tumors of the eyelid are similar to those observed in other sun-exposed areas of the skin, but they may also include conjunctival tumors as well. Some of these tumors represent manifestations of systemic disease (Chap. 11). A classification of the epidermal eyelid tumors is presented in Table 3.1. Only the description of the most common and frequently observed benign tumors, along with their corresponding premalignant lesions and tumor-like nonneoplastic lesions, is included in this chapter.
National currency, world currency, cryptocurrency: A Fichtean approach to the Ethics of Bitcoin

I investigate ethical questions concerning a novel cryptocurrency, Bitcoin, using a Fichtean account of the ethics of currency. Fichte holds that currencies should fulfill an ethical purpose: providing access, in perpetuity, to the material welfare that underwrites citizens' basic rights. In his nineteenth‐century context, Fichte argues that currencies fulfill this purpose better when nations control them (i.e., when they are “national currencies”) than when foreigners freely trade them (as “world currencies”). After exploring conditions in which national currencies fail to secure material stability over time, e.g., in corrupt regimes, I develop a Fichtean model for ethically evaluating currencies and evaluate the extent to which Bitcoin meets its standards for ethical currency. I argue that Bitcoin undermines the (monetary) power of nations and, as such, threatens their ability to provide access to necessary material goods. While offering citizens a means of defending themselves against corrupt regimes, Bitcoin forsakes the general welfare and is, as such, unethical by Fichtean lights.
Drugs-Induced Injury, Infections, Vascular, Congenital, and Miscellaneous Disorders

A variety of infections and drug reactions can involve the stomach. The clinical and pathological features of this heterogeneous group of entities are discussed. This chapter also discusses and illustrates vascular gastropathies, congenital disorders, polypoid lesions, and other conditions such as pancreatic acinar metaplasia, gastritis cystica polyposa/profunda, mucosal calcinosis, amyloidosis, and gastric siderosis.
Multigroup Transfer Matrices for Charged-Particle and Neutron-Induced Reactions. Part I: The General Two-Body Interaction

The l’th Legendre component of the multigroup transfer matrix, σlg→j, is developed for the general nonrelativistic two-body interaction-arbitrary (nonzero) particle masses and reaction Q value. Thi...
3D Atomic Understanding of Functionalized Carbon Nanostructures for Energy Applications

Functionalized carbon nanostructures have garnered significant research interest as a class of materials for a myriad of energy applications, including fuel cell catalysts, and batteries. However, ...
Nutrition Support in Elderly Patients Undergoing Surgery

Nutritional status of any surgical patient is of great importance but in elderly patients (aged ≥65 years) undergoing surgical procedures takes a whole another meaning. Malnourished elderly undergoing major surgery will have significant complications such as wound healing, pneumonias, decubitus, et cetera. The etiology of malnutrition in the elderly is multifactorial and encompasses low nutrient intake, reduced appetite, chronic disease, polypharmacy, and/or cognitive decline. In this chapter we will describe the systematic approach to assess, intervene, and analyze the nutritional status in the elderly undergoing major surgery. We begin with expounding the prevalence and pathogenesis of malnutrition in the elderly undergoing surgery. The second part defines the malnutrition in the elderly and the methods to screen and diagnose the malnutrition in the elderly. This is followed by a description of the nutrition intervention plan for elderly surgical patients. The nutrition intervention plan includes the mode of nutritional support, the timing of administration of nutrition in pre- and postoperative period, and nutritional counseling. The final section of this chapter will highlight the areas of current and future research on malnutrition in the elderly undergoing surgery.
Thickness-Dependent Permeance of Molecular Layer-By-Layer Polyamide Membranes.

Abstract We present the thickness-dependent permeance of highly cross-linked polyamide (PA) membranes formed by a molecular layer-by-layer (mLbL) deposition process. The deposition allows for the synthesis of extremely smooth, uniform PA films of tunable thickness, which is counter to the less controlled interfacial polymerization process used commercially. The ability to control and measure the membrane thickness allows us to elucidate the relationships among network structure, transport properties, and separation performance. In this work, a series of large-area mLbL PA membranes is prepared with thickness ranging from less than 5 nm to greater than 100 nm, which can be transferred defect-free via a film floating technique onto a macroporous support layer and challenged with salt solutions. A critical thickness of 15 nm is identified for efficient desalination, and water permeance is described using a multi-layer solution diffusion model that allows for the extraction of material properties relevant to transport. Finally, the model demonstrates the existence of two distinct layers in the mLbL films, one layer comprised of a (5–10) nm graded or less cross-linked layer at the surface and a more densely cross-linked layer in the interior of the film. This graded layer appears inherent to the mLbL deposition process and is observed at all film thicknesses.
Peripheral blood lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio as a screening marker for influenza infection

Influenza outbreaks occur annually and account for significant morbidity and mortality. The overall burden of influenza infections, in the USA, for the 2017–2018 season, was an estimated 45 million cases, 810 000 hospitalizations and 61 000 deaths. Literature suggests that leukocyte count and differential, particularly lymphopenia and/or monocytosis, can provide diagnostic value for influenza infection. However, studies regarding these findings are limited in the adult population, particularly in the USA. The objective of this study was to determine if lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (L:M)
Assessing the changes in childbirth care practices and neonatal outcomes in Western China: pre-comparison and post-comparison study on early essential newborn care interventions.

Objective To explore the changes in childbirth care practices and health outcomes of newborns after the introduction of early essential newborn care (EENC). Design A pre-comparison and post-comparison study. Setting The study was conducted in December 2016 and December 2018 in 18 counties in four western provinces of China. Participants 46 hospitals that provide delivery services participated in the study. Interventions EENC practices were introduced and implemented in the 46 hospitals. Outcome measures The changes of hospital indicators such as incidence of birth asphyxia and neonatal mortality were compared in 2016 and 2018. EENC coverage indicators, such as skin-to-skin (STS) contact, and time of first breast feeding were also compared before and after the intervention via interview with 524 randomly selected postpartum mothers (320 in 2016 and 204 in 2018). Results 54 335 newborns were delivered in the pre-EENC period (2016) and 58 057 delivered in the post-EENC period (2018). According to hospital records, the proportion of newborns receiving immediate STS contact increased from 32.6% to 51.2% (Risk Ratio (RR)=1.57,95% CI 1.55 to 1.59) and the percentage of newborns receiving prolonged STS contact for more than 90 min increased from 8.1% to 26.8% (RR=3.31, 95% CI 3.21 to 3.41). No statistically significant changes were found in neonatal mortality, although slight decreases in birth asphyxiate and neonatal intensive care unit admission rates were detected. Among the mothers interviewed, the proportion of newborns receiving immediate STS contact increased from 34.6% to 80.0% (RR=2.31, 95% CI 1.69 to 3.17). The exclusive breastfeeding rate increased from 43% to 73.4% (RR=1.71, 95% CI 1.43 to 2.04). The average length of the first breast feeding increased from 15.8 min to 17.1 min. Conclusions The introduction of EENC has yielded significant improvements in newborn care services at the pilot hospitals, including enhanced maternal and newborn care practices, improved STS contact quality and early breastfeeding performance. Further studies are needed to evaluate the long-term impact of EENC on newborn health outcomes.
Abstract P708: Artificial Intelligence Enabled-Electrocardiography for the Detection of Cerebral Infarcts in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is an established risk factor for ischemic stroke, but it can be paroxysmal and may go undiagnosed. An artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled ECG acquired during ...
Book Review: The Address Book: What Street Addresses Reveal about Identity, Race, Wealth, and Power

The Address Book: What Street Addresses Reveal about Identity, Race, Wealth, and Power. By Deirdre Mask. 2020. New York: St. Martin’s Press. Pp. 326. $26.99. ISBN 978-1-250-13476-9.
Switching Costs and Store Choice

Switching costs are generally regarded as anti-competitive as firms can raise prices to "locked-in" consumers, at least up to the cost of switching to a lower-priced alternative. However, there is some evidence, both theoretical and empirical, that tends to show the opposite. Namely, suppliers, anticipating the pool of rents potentially available, compete aggressively to acquire non-switching consumers. Moreover, fixed shopping costs and uncertain prices imply that there is a "real option" value embedded in consumers' shopping behavior, and which must be compensated if consumers are to switch stores. We argue that retail prices are lower when retailers use programs designed to increase customer retention, or "stickiness." We test our theory using a panel of household-level store-choice data. Contrary to the conventional wisdom, we find that loyalty is pro-competitive and leads to lower prices than would otherwise be the case. We also find that approximately 50% of the loyalty effect is attributable to the existence of a real option in store choice.
A Synthesis of Research on the Human Dimensions of Sagebrush Ecosystem Management

Abstract To protect species of concern in rangeland systems, managers and policy makers must understand the human dimensions of the ecosystems those species rely on. Sagebrush (Artemesia spp. L.) ecosystems are among the most extensive rangelands in the western United States and have been of particular concern in recent years due to the decline of greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) and other sagebrush obligate species. While there is a substantial body of literature on the biophysical aspects of sagebrush ecosystems, the human dimensions of sagebrush management are not well understood and social science research is distributed throughout a wide range of journals and disciplines. We used systematic review principles to conduct a synthesis of literature to assess existent knowledge on the human dimensions of sagebrush management and conservation and to identify areas for future research. We cast a broad net to include studies from economics, political science, social psychology, sociology, governance, anthropology, and other fields. Using Web of Science and search terms sourced from our research questions and relevant stakeholders, we identified 78 studies meeting the following criteria: 1) the research was conducted within the distribution of North American sagebrush and 2) the research included social science methods. We coded the 78 studies to identify the focus of research on resource issue(s), social issue(s), geographical region, and additional research needs. The literature focused on resource issues primarily related to fire, land use, sage-grouse, and rangeland management, while social issues emphasized collaboration, stakeholder perceptions and attitudes, and modes of governance. Research gaps include assessments of the longevity and ecological impacts of collaboration, perceptions and attitudes surrounding wild horse and burro management, and governance approaches to managing invasives and ecological restoration. Research that includes input from Native Nations is lacking, and inclusive social science relevant to diverse stakeholders in sagebrush is overdue.
The Effect of Declining Marriage Prospects on Young Men's Labor-Force Participation Rate

Why have so many young men left the U.S. workforce? This paper develops a model in which men earn a marriage market return on past employment. It hypothesizes that this return declined as gender-role-specialized marriage became a less efficient arrangement. It establishes causal evidence for this hypothesis by identifying two shocks that lowered the returns to gender role specialization: growth in female employment opportunities across U.S. commuting zones from 1980-2016, and unilateral divorce regime transitions across U.S. states in the 1970s. These shocks reduce marriage and labor-force participation (LFP) among young men without college and can account for 1/4 of their long-run LFP decline. Policy implications of these results are discussed.
Plastic Collapse and Shakedown Theorems for Structures of Strain-Hardening Material

In recent years at tempts have been made to develop methods of design for redundant structures of ductile material which are based upon the calculation of the load a t which a structure actually collapses as a result of excessive plastic deformation. Such methods of plastic or limit design may be used when it is known in advance tha t all the loads on the structure will be applied simultaneously. However, when a structure is subjected to several loads, each of which may vary independently of the other, a different type of failure must be considered. As the loads vary, a cycle of plastic deformations may be established, even though no possible combination of the loads could cause collapse. In this case, failure would occur either (1) by the fracture of some member in which plastic deformations occurred alternately in one sense and then in the other or (2) by the development of excessive plastic deformation as a result of a finite increase in the amount of plastic deformation occurring during each cycle of loading. I t is therefore necessary to ensure that , as the loads vary, the structure attains a state of residual stress such that no further plastic flow can occur, no matter how often and in what order the loads are repeated. When this occurs, the structure is said to have shaken down. Recent theoretical work on the problems of plastic collapse and shakedown has been restricted to the case of trusses and framed structures whose members exhibit the ideal-plastic type of stressstrain relation. In the present paper, some theorems concerning collapse and shakedown are established for trusses and framed structures whose members possess a strain-hardening type of characteristic. The most interesting cases, covered by the theorems, are those in which the strain hardening is limited, so that the stress-strain characteristic eventually becomes horizontal and plastic deformation can continue indefinitely under constant stress. The method adopted for the proof of these theorems is to simulate the strain-hardening characteristic by imagining a large number of bars of ideal-plastic material to be placed in parallel and constrained to have the same elongation. In this way theorems are established which are closely analogous to those tha t apply to structures of ideal-plastic material and which are in a suitable form to enable plastic collapse and shakedown loads to be calculated.
Adaptive Individuals In Evolving Populations: Models And Algorithms

* Introduction R.K. Belew and M. Mitchell Biology * Overview * Adaptive Computation in Ecology and Evolution: A Guide to Future Research J. Roughgarden, A. Bergman, S. Shafir, and C. Taylor Reprinted Classics * The Classics in Their Context, and in Ours J. Schull * Of the Influence of the Environment on the Activities and Habits of Animals, and the Influence of the Activities and Habits of These Living Bodies in Modifying Their Organization and Structure J.B. Lamarck * A New Factor in Evolution J.M. Baldwin * On Modification and Variation C. Lloyd Morgan * Canalization of Development and the Inheritance of Acquired Characters C.H. Waddington * The Baldwin Effect G.G. Simpson * The Role of Somatic Change in Evolution G. Bateson New Work * A Model of Individual Adaptive Behavior in a Fluctuating Environment L. A. Zhivotovsky, A. Bergman, and M. W. Feldman * The Baldwin Effect in the Immune System: Learning by Somatic Hypermutation R. Hightower, S. Forrest, and A. S. Perelson * The Effect of Memory Length on Individual Fitness in a Lizard S. Shafir and J. Roughgarden * Latent Energy Environments F. Menczer and R. K. Belew Psychology * Overview * The Causes and Effects of Evolutionary Simulation in the Behavioral Sciences P.M. Todd Reprinted Classics * Excerpts from Principles of Biology H. Spencer * Excerpts from Principles of Psychology H. Spencer * William James and the Broader Implications of a Multilevel Selectionism J. Schull * Excerpts from The Phylogeny and Ontogeny of Behavior B.F. Skinner * Excerpts from Adaptation and Intelligence: Organic Selection and Phenocopy J. Piaget * Selective Costs and Benefits of in the Evolution of Learning T. D. Johnston New Work * Sexual Selection and the Evolution of Learning P. M. Todd * Discontinuity in Evolution: How Different Levels of Organization Imply Preadaptation O. Miglino, S. Nolfi, and D. Parisi * The Influence of Learning on Evolution D. Parisi and S. Nolfi Computer Science * Overview * Computation and the Natural Sciences R. K. Belew, M. Mitchell, and D. H. Ackley Reprinted Classics * How Learning Can Guide Evolution G. E. Hinton and S. J. Nowlan * Natural Selection: When Learning Guides Evolution J. Maynard Smith New Work * Simulations Combining Evolution and Learning M. L. Littman * Optimization with Genetic Algorithm Hybrids that Use Local Searches W. E. Hart and R. K. Belew
Predictors of Success in Diagrammatic Problem Solving

We conducted an eye-tracking study of mechanical problem solving from cross-sectional diagrams of devices. Response time, accuracy and eye movement data were collected and analyzed for 72 problem-solving episodes (9 subjects solving 8 problems each). Results indicate that longer response times and visually attending to more components of a device do not necessarily lead to increased accuracy. However, more focus shifts, visually attending to components in the order of causal propagation, and longer durations of visual attention allocated to critical components of the devices appear to be characteristics that separate successful problem solvers from unsuccessful ones. These findings throw light on effective diagrammatic reasoning strategies, provide empirical support to a cognitive model of comprehension, and suggest ideas for the design of information displays that support causal reasoning.
Development of secretory activity in serous cells of the rat tongue. Cytological differentiation and accumulation of lingual lipase.

Abstract The development of the serous cells of the rat tongue was studied by light and electron microscopy and compared with the accumulation of lingual lipase, measured by triglyceride hydrolysis at pH 5.4. The lingual serous (von Ebner's) glands were initiated in 19- to 20-day fetuses as epithelial ingrowths from the vallate and foliate papillae. The cells contained mostly free polyribosomes, few RER cisternae, and a small Golgi apparatus. Branching of the cell cords began shortly after initiation, but formation of acini and production of secretory granules did not begin until 3–4 days postnatally. The acinar cells had abundant basal RER, a supranuclear Golgi apparatus, and apical secretory granules and attained adult appearance by 17–25 days. The serous demilune cells of the lingual mucous glands differentiated more rapidly than the lingual serous acinar cells, attaining functional secretory structure in Day 20 fetuses. Lipase activity was first detected in Day 20 fetuses and increased 14-fold by birth. The activity decreased 50% during the first suckling period, returned to birth levels 1 day later, and increased rapidly thereafter. By 17 days postnatally, lipase activity was 23% of the adult level, although activity per gram body weight was equal to the adult. The results suggest that lingual lipase is produced prenatally by the demilune cells of the lingual mucous glands and postnatally predominately by the lingual serous glands. Lingual lipase may play an important role in lipid digestion in neonates, when levels of pancreatic lipase are low.
Cervicitis clinic—Twenty-five years in review☆

Abstract In 1930 the late Dr. Otto Schwarz organized a cervicitis clinic for the referral of patients who needed a special study for classification of their benign cervical lesions. We undertook the study of cervicitis as to its etiology, occurrence, prognosis, and therapy. These studies were made available to the residents, assistant residents, nurses, and visiting doctors who were taking refresher courses in gynecology. The personnel of the general Out-Patient Gynecological Clinic selected patients who had cervical lesions exclusive of acute gonorrhea and proved cervical cancer. These patients were to be treated by other specialized subclinics. It was the policy of the cervicitis clinic to avoid becoming involved with cases of vaginitis unless such cases were secondary to chronic cervical infection. A large number of such patients were referred to the cervicitis clinic, however. In the majority of such cases, there was marked improvement in the vaginitis when the cervicitis was adequately treated. Patients who had a primary vaginitis were sent back to the general gynecological clinic with recommendation for some specific therapy.
Conductive inkjet printed ultra-wideband (UWB) planar monopole antenna on low cost flexible PET substrate material

Printed antennas on flexible substrate material are highly desirable for flexible circuits and wearable applications. An ultra-wideband (UWB) printed planar monopole antenna operating at 3.4–12 GHz was designed, modeled, fabricated, and tested for scattering parameters and radiation pattern response. The measured reflection coefficient magnitude for the fabricated antenna exhibits a bandwidth of 8.6 GHz, with near omnidirectional radiation patterns. For the sake of brevity, only some selected results are presented here.
Graphene plasmonics: Theory and experiments

The pioneering theoretical and experimental research in terahertz graphene plasmonics developed by Prof. Julien Perruisseau-Carrier and his group is reviewed. From the experimental point of view, Prof. Perruisseau-Carrier determined the reconfigurable EM properties of graphene in different frequency bands and introduced self-biased graphene-based structures with enhanced performance and unprecedented recon-figuration capabilities. Theoretically, Prof. Perruisseau-Carrier proposed novel miniaturized and reconfigurable plasmonic devices at terahertz, including resonant and leaky-wave antennas, reflectarrays, filters, modulators, non-reciprocal structures, Faraday-rotators, and frequency selective surfaces, forecasting the required technology for developing tunable communication, imaging, biomedical, and sensing systems in the terahertz band.
The molecular basis of a hereditary form of hypertension, glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism

Glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism (GRA) is a hereditary cause of human hypertension in which aldosterone secretion is regulated by ACTH. Recent studies demonstrate that this disorder is caused by fusion of regulatory sequences of the steroid 11 β -hydroxylase gene to coding sequences of the aldosterone synthase gene. These mutations occur by unequal crossing over between these two genes and result in ectopic expression of aldosterone synthase in adrenal fasciculata. These features explain the physiology and genetics of GRA and provide the basis for a simple direct genetic test for this disorder.
Deep prepyriform cortex kindling differentially alters the levels of prodynorphin mRNA in rat hippocampus and striatum.

Abstract The effect of deep prepyriform cortex (DPC) kindling on the levels of prodynorphin mRNA (DYN mRNA) in rat hippocampus and striatum was examined under two different stimulation paradigms. Electrical stimulations were delivered to rats twice per day (slow kindling) or once every hour (fast kindling) until two consecutive stage 5 kindled seizures ocurred. Animals were decapitated 24 h after reaching the second stage 5 seizure, and DYN mRNA levels in the brain were determined by RNA blot analysis. In the slow kindling model, the level of DYN mRNA in the hippocampus was reduced by 57%, whereas the level of striatal DYN mRNA was increased by 34% compared to sham-operated controls. Fast kindling induced a similar decrease in the DYN mRNA level in the hippocampus, but did not alter that in the striatum. These results, together with the previous report that kindling decreased dynorphin A(1–8) level in the hippocampus, suggest that electrical kindling decreases the biosynthesis of dynorphin peptides in the hippocampus and, in the slow DPC kindling model, also increases the gene expression of dynorphin in the striatum.
Influence of Topography on the Propagation of Isolated Eddies

Abstract An analytical and numerical study of isolated coherent vortices and topography is presented. The motivation for this work comes from many observations of vortices influenced in trajectory, propagation, and decay by encounters with midocean ridges, seamounts, and bottom slopes. In particular, analytical predictions relevant to vortex propagation and evolution are compared with numerical results for lenses on bottom slopes and mixed barotropic–baroclinic eddies over a variety of topographies. The latter case includes examination of short-term and long-term behavior. Analytical theories are found to work well for the bottom lenses, and short-term behavior is captured well by a simple theory that emphasizes barotropic dynamics for mixed vortices. The exception for the latter case occurs for counterrotating eddies (i.e., eddies with opposing upper- and lower-layer swirl), for which the evolution is dominated by vortex instability. Long-term evolution has no comparable theory, and the various possibili...
Metastatic colorectal carcinoma: pushing the surgical envelope of cure.

Over the last 25 years, surgical resection for hepatic colorectal metastases (HCM) has progressed through various phases of enthusiasm. In the 1980s, considerable cynicism existed, and William Silen stated that ‘‘hepatic resection for metastases from colorectal carcinoma is of dubious value’’ and suggested that the benefit was primarily due to the natural history of the disease. 1 Those who supported surgical resection proposed a very cautious approach with eligible candidates limited to ‘‘only highly selected young patients with a solitary lesion...’’ The multi-institutional collective series reported by Hughes et al. 2 established that hepatic resection for HCM altered the natural history of the disease and provided a 5year actuarial survival of 33%. In historical series of unresected patients, the reported median survival is 6 to 9 months, with very few survivors at 5 years and none recorded at 10 years. In contrast, studies of hepatic resection with long-term follow-up have demonstrated a 10-year survival rate of 22% to 24%, 3 and several authors have reported survival periods of longer than 20 years after hepatic resection. Despite the lack of a confirmatory prospective randomized trial, surgical resection for HCM has become the standard approach. However, such a curative approach can be offered to only 10% to 15% of patients with colorectal cancer, because it has traditionally been contraindicated in the presence of extrahepatic disease, particularly portal lymph node metastases. 2 Bilobar, multiple, and/or large metasta
Practice makes a hemisphere perfect: The advantage of interhemispheric recruitment is eliminated with practice.

A new measure sensitive to differences in the importance that people ascribe to their social (group) and personal identities is described. The Social and Personal Identities (SIPI) scale distinguishes between the interpersonal level of self which differentiates the individual as unique from others, and the social identity level of self whereby the individual is identified by his or her group memberships. In contrast to perspectives that emphasize the context-dependence of self-conception, our measure was designed to capture individual differences in participants' readiness to categorize themselves using group and personal self-categories as measured by the degree of importance or centrality assigned to each. Factor and reliability analyses support the scale's stability as a two-factor structure with high internal consistency, and these factors are modestly correlated. Results from six studies substantiate the scale's criterion and construct validity.
Expression of Leu-8 antigen, a majority T-cell marker, is uncommon in mycosis fungoides.

Predominance of mature helper T cells with the Leu- 1+, 2-, 3+, 4+, 5+ phenotype was confirmed in 22 biopsy specimens of mycosis fungoides from 15 patients. Dissection of the T helper/inducer cells into phenotypically distinct subsets was performed with the use of a new monoclonal antibody, anti-Leu-8. One might predict a predominance of Leu-8+ in mycosis fungoides, as the known ratio of Leu-8+/Leu-8- cells is approximately 70/30; in the peripheral blood. Unexpectedly, a deficiency of Leu-8 was demonstrated in 18 of the 22 specimens from 13 of 15 patients. This finding could not be attributed to an artifact of the staining method or to therapy, and was present in early- as well as late-stage disease. Whether neoplastic cells in mycosis fungoides derive from Leu-8-subset of T cells at risk for malignant transformation, or whether there is antigen loss with malignant transformation remains to be determined. Implications of our finding with regard to etiopathogenesis of mycosis fungoides are discussed.
How China Could Contribute to a Benign Global Rebalancing

Our study shows that China could contribute to an orderly global rebalancing using a package of policies to stimulate its domestic consumption. These policies include a progressive appreciation of the RMB, fiscal stimulation by increasing expenditure on education, health care, social safety nets and poverty reduction, income policies to reduce inequality and to strengthen wage income, and reforms of the financial system to improve financial efficiency and to mitigate financial constraints. By implementing such policies, China's external surplus could be narrowed and its domestic imbalances improved. The excessively high savings rate could be lowered and the share of household consumption increased, even though GDP growth would moderate slightly. Copyright (c) 2008 The United Nations Journal compilation (c) 2008 Institute of World Economics and Politics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.
Argument and alternative dispute resolution systems

Alternative dispute resolution occurs outside the litigation process. The alternative dispute resolution (ADR) movement in North America has emphasized viable alternatives to the litigation framework, such as arbitration, mediation, med-arb, multi-party facilitation, non-legal negotiation, mini-trials, administrative hearings, private judging (“renta-judge”), fact finding, and moderated settlement conferences. This essay addresses argument in the dominant alternatives: arbitration, mediation, and multi-party facilitation. Prior to comparing argument in these ADR systems, each will be briefly described.
Regional GABA-stimulated chloride uptake in amygdala kindled rats.

Abstract γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)-stimulated 36chloride (Cl−) influx into membrane vesicles derived from cerebral cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum and midbrain/brainstem was evaluated in naive rats and amygdala or sham kindled rats. GABA-stimulated 36Cl− uptake was greatest in cortex and hippocampus of naive rats. One week after amygdala kindling, 10 μM GABA-stimulated 36Cl− influx was significantly reduced in each brain region, except midbrain/brainstem, indicating a regional variation in impaired GABAergic function. Midazolam potentiation of GABA-mediated Cl− flux showed a regional variation. The effect of midazolam in kindled rats indicated either an increase in efficiency of GABA/benzodiazepine coupling in areas of reduced GABA function or its ability to restore Cl− channel function to the pre-kindled state.
Habitat, Seed Dormancy, and Allozyme Variation of the Rare Endemic Phacelia cookei (Boraginaceae)

Abstract We conducted habitat, germination, and population genetic studies to inform management priorities for Phacelia cookei Constance & Heckard (Boraginaceae), a diminutive annual herb known from only four populations near Mt. Shasta in Siskiyou Co., California. Habitat surveys characterized soil, vegetation, and ground cover of extant populations and attempted to identify potentially suitable, but uncolonized, habitat. We were unable to distinguish any sites based on tests of soil characteristics. Nama densum Lemmon occurred at all sites where P. cookei was present. We identified several areas near existing populations that appeared to be suitable, but uncolonized, habitat. We tested the effects of various factorial combinations of after-ripening, scarification, stratification, and variable germination temperatures on breaking seed dormancy. Seed viability by tetrazolium tests ranged between 89% and 93%, but the highest germination from any treatment combination was 14% after adjusting for seed viabil...
Decompressive Craniectomy for Management of Traumatic Brain Injury: An Update

Decompressive craniectomy (DC) for the management of severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) has a long history but remains controversial. Although DC has been shown to improve both survival and functional outcome in patients with malignant cerebral infarctions, evidence of benefit in patients with TBI is decidedly more mixed. Craniectomy can clearly be life-saving in the presence of medically intractable elevations of intracranial pressure. Craniectomy also has been consistently demonstrated to reduce “therapeutic intensity” in the ICU, to reduce the need for intracranial-pressure-directed and brain-oxygen-directed interventions, and to reduce ICU length of stay. Still, the only randomized trial of DC in TBI failed to demonstrate any benefit. Studies of therapies for TBI, including hemicraniectomy, are challenging owing to the inherent heterogeneity in the pathophysiology observed in this disease. Craniectomy can be life-saving for patients with severe TBI, but many questions remain regarding its ideal application, and the outcome remains highly correlated with the severity of the initial injury.
Semicontinuous reactive extraction and reactive distillation

A novel semicontinuous process that alternates between reactive extraction and reactive distillation in a single packed column is introduced. It is illustrated for the recovery of dilute 1,3-propanediol from an aqueous fermentation broth. 1,3-Propanediol is recovered by reaction with isobutyraldehyde, forming 2-isopropyl-1,3-dioxane. The dioxane is recovered by extraction in a liquid organic phase using excess isobutyraldehyde, and then reacted in reverse to form the diol. Rigorous simulations, including a new methodology to simulate the dynamic transition from reactive extraction to reactive distillation, and economic analyses are presented. The semicontinuous process is shown to have lower costs and energy requirements than a previously proposed continuous process using this unique reaction route. However, in this case, direct distillation has lower costs than either reaction process.
From `food aid' to `aid for food': into the 21st century

Abstract Food aid deserves much credit for having pioneered in the 1950/60s the transfer of large quantities of resources to the poorest nations and people inflicted with poverty and hunger. In recent years, the magnitude of this aid has drastically diminished. Fortunately, many of the programs that used to receive food aid are now funded by financial aid. The paper argues that it may have become counter-productive to plead for `food aid', because it distracts attention from the fact that many food shortages can be alleviated as well, or even better, with financial aid. It might be more effective to solicit `aid for food' and to assure an adequate allocation of overseas development assistance for the purpose, irrespective of the supply of food aid. The policies, of which food aid was a by-product and which have led to the accumulation of large food surpluses in the industrial countries and the inhibition of the efficient functioning of food markets in the developing countries, have by now become thoroughly discredited. Is it in parallel, not also high time to question the appropriateness of the public distribution of food to nations and people, short on food?
Spirituality in health: the role of spirituality in critical care

Caring for critically ill patients requires that physicians and other health care professionals recognize the potential importance of spirituality in the lives of patients, families, and loved ones and in their own lives. Patients and loved ones undergo tremendous stress and suffering in facing critical illness. Professional caregivers also face similar stress and sadness. Spirituality offers people away to understand suffering and illness. Spiritual beliefs can also impact how people cope with illness. By addressing spiritual issues of patients, loved ones, and ourselves, we can create more holistic and compassionate systems of care.