cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coordinate induction of cytochrome P-448 mediated mixed function oxidases and histopathologic changes produced acutely in chick embryo liver by polychlorinated biphenyl congeners

Hepatic histologic changes and induction of mixed function oxidases were examined and compared after administration to the chick embryo of four highly purified polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners: 3,4,3′,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB) and 3,4,5,3′,4′,5′-, 2,4,5,2′,4′,5′-, and 2,3,6,2′,3′,6′-hexachlorobiphenyls (HCBs). The major histopathologic change was hepatocyte swelling as evidenced by sinusoidal narrowing. It was observed within 24 hr after PCB administration at doses as low as 5 nmol/egg for 3,4,3′,4′-TCB and 3,4,5,3′,4′,5′-HCB and only at doses of 5000 nmol/egg and higher for 2,4,5,2′,4′,5′-HCB. 2,3,6,2′,3′,6′-HCB was inactive. The histopathologic change was predominantly perivascular in distribution. It was accompanied by increased hepatic water content. Occasional hepatocytes showed nuclear pyknosis and cytoplasmic eosinophilia, but there was little histologic evidence of frank necrosis and no biochemical evidence, since serum glutamic-oxalic and glutamic-pyruvic transaminases and lactic dehydrogenase did not increase. Hepatic glutathione (GSH) levels were not significantly altered by 3,4,3′,4′-TCB or 3,4,5,3′,4′,5′-HCB, indicating that GSH depletion does not have a significant role in the production of hepatotoxic changes by PCBs. Measurement of the degree of pathologic change indicated that 3,4,3′,4′-TCB and 3,4,5,3′,4′,5′-HCB were three to four orders of magnitude more potent than 2,4,5,2′,4′,5′-HCB both as hepatotoxins and as inducers of the cytochrome P-448 mediated mixed function oxidases, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, and 7-ethoxyresorufin deethylase. 2,3,6,2′,3′,6′-HCB was inactive as an inducer as well as a hepatotoxin. The findings indicate that hepatotoxic changes are selectively produced in the chick embryo by those PCBs that also induce cytochrome P-448 mediated mixed function oxidases and in that respect resemble other manifestations of PCB toxicity (e.g., subcutaneous and pericardial edema and thymic involution) in both the chicken and other species. The results support the hypothesis that a common initial mechanism leads both to cytochrome P-448 type induction and to diverse manifestations of polyhalogenated hydrocarbon toxicity.
Spatial habitat modeling of American chestnut at Mammoth Cave National Park

The American chestnut (Castanea dentata) was historically one of the most important trees in forests of the eastern U.S., but it was severely decimated by chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica). Efforts are underway by The American Chestnut Foundation (TACF) and other organizations to develop blight-resistant chestnut trees for restoration. To ensure local adaptability, a variety of American chestnut trees with a broad genetic base is required in the breeding programs, but finding rare flowering American chestnut trees to incorporate into these breeding programs is often difficult. In this study, we used ecological niche factor analysis (ENFA) to determine the site affinities of surviving American chestnut trees and to produce a chestnut habitat suitability map for Mammoth Cave National Park (MCNP). Chestnut sprouts were found to be strongly associated with geological formation, slope steepness, elevation, and topographic position. Chestnuts were nearly absent on previously cultivated or pastured lands. The model provides information for efficiently locating chestnut trees, which could be used in breeding programs, and identifying potential restoration sites within the park and in other areas with similar site conditions.
A rescaling algorithm for the numerical calculation of blowing-up solutions

On presente un algorithme a invariance d'echelle pour le calcul numerique des solutions a singularites explosives des equations d'evolution non lineaires
Crystal data on chlorophyll a

Abstract By using the hexagonal cell: a = 8.75 8 , c = 42.0 7 A., it is possible to index the eight sharp lines of the powder pattern of crystalline chlorophyll a. The cell volume, in view of the observed density of 1.079 g./cc., requires two molecules per cell. Chlorophyll is pyroelectric and optically active in solution, so that only space groups isomorphic with holoaxial point groups need be considered. In the hexagonal and orthorhombic systems molecular disorder must be assumed in any structural hypothesis. In the monoclinic system the only possible space group is P2 with cell dimensions: a = c = 8.75 8 , b = 42.0 7 A., β = 120 °0′. Packing considerations make this symmetry unlikely. The remaining possible space group is the triclinic P1 in which the two molecules are not symmetrically related to each other. The only prediction that can be made concerning their packing rests on the presence of reflection 1.10.0—the planes of the chlorin rings should be parallel and should make an angle of about 29 ° with (010).
Teens, New Media and Contemporary Art: Expanding Authority in the Museum Context

AbstractThis article explores the impact of technology on contemporary art museums using case studies of teen media programs from the Hirsh-horn Museum and the ICA Boston. Teens, as “digital natives,“1 help to define the use of technology in museums. Responding to their needs opens up an institutional dialogue concerning issues of expertise, authorship, and class.
Rice bran‐soy blends as protein supplements in cookies

Summary The effect of incorporating one of three stabilized full-fat rice brans in combination with each of four soy ingredients in a sugar-snap cookie was investigated. The four soy ingredients in a sugar-snap cookie were two soyflours (full-fat and defatted), a soy concentrate and a soy isolate. Rice bran and soy were added in place of wheat flour to increase protein content from 6% to a minimum of 9%, and the cookies were compared with each other and with a 100% wheat flour cookie. Quality characteristics evaluated included protein, spread, physical texture and colour, and sensory preference by ranking for colour, crispness and flavour. In general, the rice bran-soy cookies had less spread (even with added shortening, water and emulsifier), were less crisp and more chewy, and were somewhat darker in colour than the 100% wheat flour cookie. The soy isolate, USDA and Protex 20-S cookies were as acceptable in colour, crispness and flavour as the control.
Determination of the superfluid gap in atomic Fermi gases by quasiparticle spectroscopy.

We present majority and minority radio frequency spectra of strongly interacting imbalanced Fermi gases of $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$. We observed a smooth evolution in the nature of pairing correlations from pairing in the superfluid region to polaron binding in the highly polarized normal region. The imbalance induces quasiparticles in the superfluid region even at very low temperature. This leads to a local bimodal spectral response, which allowed us to determine the superfluid gap $\ensuremath{\Delta}$ and the Hartree energy $U$.
Development of RAPD markers in two introduced fire ants, Solenopsis invicta and S. richteri, and their application to the study of a hybrid zone

We developed RAPD DNA markers useful in distinguishing the fire ants Solenopsis invicta and S. richteri. An initial survey of 200 primers revealed seven informative markers; family studies allowed us to determine expression patterns and to confirm Mendelian inheritance of these markers. The seven RAPD markers, one of which is inherited as a codominant marker, were employed along with three allozyme markers to describe the structure of a hybrid zone that has formed between the two species in the USA, where they have been introduced. The data suggest minor introgression of alleles from one parental species (S. richteri) into the other (S. invicta), which most likely reflects the documented recent movement of this hybrid zone. This pattern is interpreted as interspecific introgression rather than shared intraspecific polymorphism on the basis of comparisons with samples from native, non-hybridizing populations in South America that lack such polymorphism. The data further reveal that the structure of the hybrid zone in the USA varies geographically. One parental species (S. invicta) and the hybrids exhibit a mosaic distribution in the east; a gradual transition between the parental species occurs in the centre, with a large intervening area of hybrid genotypes only; and there is apparent contact between parental populations with a small or no intervening zone of hybridization in the west. These differing patterns in the structure of the hybrid zone presumably reflect the unique histories of colonization in different parts of the range of introduced fire ants.
Ontology--based Tools to Enhance the Curation Workflow

In order to effectively search, retrieve, and analyze data oftentimes it is curated and tagged with ontology terms. However, the amount of effort to curate the existing set of data resources is beyond the limits of purely manual curation. We present three ontology-based tools developed by the National Center for Biomedical Ontology to enhance the curation workflow: Ontology Widgets, Notes, and the Annotator. The Ontology Widgets provide a mechanism to use ontologies in Web-based forms without the need to locally parse and store the ontology. The widgets provide a variety of functionality including term autocompletion and ontology visualization. The Ontology Widgets are implemented for all BioPortal ontologies, including those from the OBO Foundry and Unified Medical Language System. The Notes feature of BioPortal allows structured term proposals to be submitted in order to request the addition or modification of a term in an ontology. The term proposals can be added directly via the BioPortal Web interface or programmatically via the Notes Web service. Notification of new Notes and replies are both RSS- and Email-enabled. Once the term curation process is complete, the OWL class or OBO stanza can be generated via the Notes Web service. Finally, the Annotator can be used to automatically process textual metadata to identify ontology terms found within the text. The Annotator can be accessed programmatically via the Annotator Web service and can be used with all BioPortal ontologies. In summary, the Ontology Widgets, Notes, and Annotator provide mechanisms to enhance curation by helping collect annotated data upon data submission, by facilitating ontology term curation, and by tagging unstructured textual data with ontology terms.
Optimism and adolescent perception of skin cancer risk.

Objectives The present study examined comparative optimism for skin cancer (the belief that one is at lower risk for skin cancer than one's peers) among adolescents in two age groups: 11- and 12-year-olds versus 13- and 14-year-olds. Specifically, we tested whether optimism was enhanced when adolescents at lower relative risk (i.e., nontanners) were exposed to higher-risk comparison targets (photos of tanned models) and whether this effect was moderated by age. Methods Students (N = 211) viewed pictures of either tanned or fair-skinned models, and then responded to a questionnaire that included an assessment of their comparative optimism for skin cancer in later life. Results Students, as a whole, were comparatively optimistic about their likelihood of developing skin cancer, despite the fact that more than half (55.6%) of them reported intentionally tanning. Analysis of variance revealed a significant 3-way interaction among behavior (tanner vs. nontanner), target (pale vs. tanned model), and age (early vs. mid-adolescents). The interaction was driven by a particularly strong amount of comparative optimism in one group: mid-adolescent, nontanning students in the tan-target condition. Conclusions Most adolescents believe they are less likely than their peers to experience a negative health outcome. It also appears that the relation between social comparison and comparative optimism develops with age, as only the midadolescent students showed evidence of making a self-to-target comparison.
Molecular epidemiology in cancer risk assessment and prevention: recent progress and avenues for future research.

Molecular epidemiology is increasingly being applied in studies of cancer risks derived from exposure to environmental carcinogens of both endogenous and exogenous origins. Analytical methods have been developed that are capable of detecting and quantifying levels of covalent adducts of several important classes of carcinogens with cellular DNA and blood proteins. Methods of sufficient sensitivity and specificity to detect ambient levels of exposure are in current use. These are being used in studies related to tobacco use (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, aromatic amines, tobacco-specific nitrosamines); dietary exposures (aflatoxins, N-nitrosamines, heterocyclic amines); medicinal exposures (cisplatin, alkylating agents, 8-methoxypsoralen, ultraviolet photoproducts); occupational exposures (aromatic amines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, oxides of ethylene and styrene, and vinyl chloride); and oxidative damage (8-hydroxyguanine, thymine glycol). Methodologic improvements together with their expanded use in feasibility studies continue to produce results that support the validity of this approach for detecting and quantifying exposure to carcinogens. Genetic markers are also being used to detect early biological responses in efforts to link carcinogen exposure to initiating events in the carcinogenesis process. These include, in addition to traditional cytogenetic markers (e.g., chromosomal aberrations, sister chromatid exchange, micronuclei), other alterations in chromosomal structure such as restriction fragment length polymorphisms, loss of heterozygosity, and translocation markers. Specific genetic changes have recently been identified as critical molecular events in the initiation and development of many cancers. Important among these are activation of oncogenes, especially those of the ras family, and inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes (e.g., p53 and Rb) by point mutations and/or chromosomal deletions and other structural changes. Although some of these changes are known to occur in chemically induced tumors of experimental animals, the possible role of chemical carcinogens in the induction of genetic abnormalities in human cancers has yet to be determined. Continuing investigations employing the methods of molecular epidemiology promise to provide further evidence concerning these relationships. Future investigations employing newly developed molecular biological methods, in particular those based on polymerase chain reaction amplification of DNA, to identify alterations in DNA and chromosomal structure, combined with methods for characterizing exposure to carcinogens and early effects, have great potential for further elucidating the role of genotoxic agents in the etiology of human cancers and also for the development of strategies for their prevention.
Effect of coronary bypass surgery and valve replacement on left ventricular function: Assessment by intraoperative two-dimensional echocardiography

Intraoperative two-dimensional echocardiography (2DE) was performed in 15 patients during coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and in 14 patients during aortic (AVR) or mitral valve replacement (MVR) before and immediately after cardiopulmonary bypass by means of a 3.5 MHz transducer. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), end-diastolic (LVEDV) and end-systolic (LVESV) volumes were measured by a light pen system and biplane Simpson's rule from short-axis and apical two-chamber views. In seven patients with CABG and new abnormal Q waves or greater than 5% MB to total CPK ratio postoperatively, the mean LVEF decreased significantly (from 52 +/- 10 to 43 +/- 12%, p = 0.005). Patients undergoing MVR for mitral regurgitation showed, a significant decrease in LVEF (from 63 +/- 10 to 42 +/- 23%, p less than 0.025) and LVEDV (from 166 +/- 34 to 147 +/- 44 ml, p less than 0.05). Mean LVEF also decreased after AVR for aortic regurgitation (from 46 +/- 16 to 26 +/- 15%, p less than 0.05). Six patients with valve replacement and postoperative hypotension had the greatest decrease in intraoperative LVEF (from 50 +/- 12 to 24 +/- 10%, p less than 0.005). It is concluded that: Intraoperative 2DE can be used to assess immediate changes in left ventricular function after CABG or valve replacement. LVEF decreases significantly immediately after AVR for aortic regurgitation and MVR for mitral regurgitation. Intraoperative 2DE may identify those patients who can benefit from inotropic support in the immediate postoperative period after valve replacement.
Category-based Effects in Clinical Judgment

Abstract Theories of social cognition predict that counselors, once their categories are primed, more accurately recall information that is category-consistent than information that category-inconsistent. Confirmatory bias may also prompt perceivers to seek information that confirms their category hypothesis, but previous research (Hoffman, Mischel & Mazze, 1981)also suggests that task instructions might influence the magnitude of this bias. Counselor-participants were given one of two category sets (diagnoses) about a client and one of two instructional sets. They were then shown a videotape which contained symptoms from both categories. Recall for category-consistent and -inconsistent symptoms was assessed via an incidental memory task. Participants were also asked to confer a tentative diagnosis of the client, as well as to list questions they would like to ask the client. Results indicated that participants were not affected by the type of instructions they were given, but they did recall more categor...
Quantitative cell biology: transforming the conceptual, theoretical, instrumental, and methodological approaches to cell biology.

New technological innovations in multiscale microscopy, image analysis, cell-focused physics, bioinformatics, and computational modeling are enabling fundamental principles of cell activity to be studied in ways previously deemed impossible. These innovations make it now possible to distinguish individual molecules as they diffuse across membranes; count subunits comprising receptor or structural scaffolds; measure cellular forces; and model complex cell behaviors. The remarkable information so obtained is profoundly transforming the world within which cell biology is conceived and done, drawing in physicists, chemists, theoreticians, and engineers and causing the convergence cell biology with traditional disciplines of physics, mathematical modeling, and bioinformatics. This special issue of Molecular Biology of the Cell recognizes this transformation in cell biology's methodologies and conceptual foundations and signals a broadening of the scope of MBoC to include papers that employ quantitative approaches to address cell biology problems. The issue includes a broad collection of research articles and Perspectives that all apply or discuss physical and quantitative approaches to cell biology problems. The articles range from those focused on new quantitative imaging approaches to ones devoted to computational modeling of complex physical processes. The Perspectives focus on how to bridge the wide gulf between collection of quantitative data and the use of physics, mathematics, and computers in providing causal relationships in cell biology. This is important, because intuition about how objects behave generally fails at the scale of cells and molecules. Computational approaches and mathematical modeling can help overcome this by excluding alternative explanations, putting competing hypotheses into a rigorous framework, explaining paradoxical data, and constraining possible outcomes. J. Lippincott-Schwartz Together the reviews and studies demonstrate how the combination of mathematical modeling with quantitative experimental studies can be a powerful and compelling approach to understanding cell biology. We expect that more and more researchers will adopt this approach for addressing their specific cell biological problems in innovative ways, making quantitative and computational approaches part of the standard tool kit of cell biologists. Recognizing this, we have expanded MBoC's ability to handle quantitative biology manuscripts by adding seven editors with expertise in diverse quantitative approaches: Patricia Bassereau, Margaret Gardel, Diane Lidke, Wallace Marshall, Samara Reck-Peterson, Thomas Surrey, and Valerie Weaver.
Estrogen Regulation of Human Breast Cancer Cell Line MCF-7 Tissue Plasminogen Activator*

The human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 produces a number of estrogen-regulated proteins, among which is tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). Increased medium concentrations of PA activity were observed after the addition of 17 beta-estradiol to cultures of MCF-7 cells. However, in the current study these hormone-regulated increases are limited to cultures near or at confluence, but not in the preconfluent period. MCF-7 cell cultures produce either tPA activity alone or in combination with urokinase activators. At confluence, a single exposure to 17 beta-estradiol stimulates a marked transitory rise in tPA activity in the extracellular and cell-associated compartments; the peak increases were at 48 h for medium activity and 24-48 h for cell-associated activity. Sustained exposure to hormone leads to a persistent increase in activity in both compartments. Examination of the structure-function relationships of estrogen agonists, steroidal and nonsteroidal, as well as nonestrogenic steroids indicated that stimulation of PA activity was restricted to estrogen agonists. The increased activity was reflected in enhancement of tissue PA activity when viewed using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel zymography. Those cultures expressing both activators revealed no alteration of urokinase activity due to hormone addition. Antiestrogens added to MCF-7 cells not rigorously limited in exogenous estrogens selectively suppressed tissue PA activity, but not that of urokinase. These data indicate that at the point when MCF-7 cell cultures are no longer growing exponentially, addition of estrogen agonists at physiological concentrations elevates tPA activity while not altering expression of urokinase activity. The discussion suggests a possible role that this regulation may subserve in the function of breast epithelial cells.
Return Mapping Algorithms and Stress Predictors for Failure Analysis in Geomechanics

Two well-known return mapping algorithms, the closest point projection method (CPPM) and the cutting plane algorithm (CPA), have been analyzed in detail in relation to two classical failure problems in geomechanics, namely, bearing capacity and slope stability. The stability and efficiency of the algorithms have been investigated in relation to two types of stiffness operators, namely, the consistent elastoplastic modulus and the continuum elastoplastic modulus, and two types of stresses prediction strategies, namely, path independent (based on stresses at previous step) and path dependent (based on stresses at the previous iteration). The numerical experiments show that CPPM working with a consistent elastoplastic modulus and a path independent strategy gives the best performance. It was also observed, however, that the CPA with a continuum elastoplastic modulus and path dependent strategy was quite stable and efficient. This latter observation has implications for advanced constitutive modeling since CPA with a continuum elastoplastic modulus avoids the need for evaluation of the second derivatives of the plastic potential function, making it easier to deal with complicated yield surfaces.
Current collection at the shuttle orbiter during TSS-1R high voltage charging

We compare measurements of collected currents and Space Shuttle Orbiter potentials, taken during the Tethered Satellite System (TSS) missions, with predictions of a numerical model. The model assumes thin potential sheaths about the Orbiter and contributions from both ram and thermal currents. It was originally developed to explain the smaller than expected Orbiter charging detected throughout the first TSS mission (TSS-1). During periods of the TSS reflight (TSS-1R) when the Orbiter potential was > −100 V the model effectively described current collection. Deviations from model predictions appeared at more negative potentials. These indicate bounds of applicability for the model and the growing importance of unaccounted physical processes. Data acquired near the time of the tether break suggest that additional current during the break was carried by secondary ions created in collisions between surface-generated electrons and ambient neutrals within the Orbiter's high-voltage sheath.
Managing your privacy in an on-line world

In our changing world, it's becoming harder and harder to keep secrets. Government agencies maintain profiles on each of us, credit card companies record every transaction we make, and mailing lists sell our addresses and telephone numbers to anyone who wants to buy them. This has caused much alarm, and at first glance it seems that the Internet and the World Wide Web are rapidly making things worse. Already, there are many sites that let anyone look up our addresses and telephone numbers. Nevertheless, in this article, I argue that the Web actually offers an opportunity to improve our lives by managing the invasions of our privacy.
Nanofiltration Membranes with Modified Active Layer Using Aromatic Polyamide Dendrimers

The modification of a commercial nanofiltration (NF) membrane (TFC-S) with shape-persistent dendritic molecules is reported. Amphiphilic aromatic polyamide dendrimers (G1–G3) are synthesized via a divergent approach and used for membrane active layer modification by direct percolation. The permeate samples collected from the percolation experiments are analyzed by UV-visible spectroscopy to monitor the influence of dendrimer generations on percolation behavior and active layer modification. Further characterization of modified membranes by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry and atomic force microscopy techniques reveals a relatively low-level accumulation of dendrimers inside the original TFC-S NF membrane active layer and subsequent formation of a coating of pure aramide dendrimers on top of the active layer. A PES-PVA ultrafiltration membrane is used as a control membrane support (without an NF active layer) showing that structural compatibility between the dendrimers and support plays an important role in the membrane modification process. The performance of the modified TFC-S membrane is evaluated on the basis of the rejection abilities for a variety of water contaminants having a range of molecular size and chemistry. As the water flux is inversely proportional to the thickness of the active layer, the amount of dendrimers deposited for specific contaminants are optimized to improve the solute rejection while maintaining high water flux.
Semidiscrete least squares methods for linear convection-diffusion problem

Abstract In this paper, some approximate methods for solving linear convection-diffusion problems are presented. The methods consist in discretizing with respect to time and solving the resulting convection dominated elliptic problem for fixed time by least squares finite element methods. An analysis of least squares approximations is given, including optimal order estimates for piecewise polynomial approximation spaces. The model problem considered is the time-dependent convection dominated linear convection-diffusion equation. Numerical results for the Burgers' equation will also be presented.
Regulation of algal community development in a Macrocystis pyrifera forest

The effects of small and large-scale roughness, overstory development, competition for space with sessile animals, and grazing on algal community development in a subtidal Macrocystis pyrifera forest were examined using specially prepared concrete blocks as substrata. Variation in small-scale roughness (crevices and grooves in the order of 0.1 to 3 mm width and depth) had no significant effects on community composition. However, M. pyrifera colonization, algal diversity, and sessile animal biomass were higher near the upper horizontal edges of blocks and concrete prisms. This “edge” effect may result from a combination of increased spore and larval settlement and enhanced growth of plants and animals associated with the turbulent eddies formed around these obstructions. Natural and experimentally produced variations in the algal overstory demonstrated that the presence of an overstory can reduce algal diversity and cover beneath. Caging experiments suggest that predatory fishes and sea-stars indirectly affect the algal community by removing sessile animals (primarily bryozoans) which compete with the algae for space. The exclusion of grazers resulted in increased growth of Gigartina spp. Selective grazing on this genus may account for its reduced abundance in the study area.
Skepticism should not result in ignoring a treatment option

We agree with some of the arguments of So et al.1 to justify the skepticism of “refractory” epilepsy centers.
Thermodynamic analysis of effluent tailing observed during dissolution of binary oil mixtures

Tailing phenomena observed during the dissolution of binary oil mixtures are manifestations of non-equilibrium effects and are not induced by non-ideal partitioning. This conclusion follows a thermodynamically-based analysis of the dissolution process in a chromatographic framework. A criterion, both components of binary oil mixtures having enhanced or unaffected solubilities relative to Raoult's law, serves as an indicator for systems in which non-linear-partitioning induced tailing is precluded; tailing must be the result of non-equilibrium processes. This condition is the rule, since chemical dissimilarities tend to increase activity coefficients in mixtures.
Fetal Hepatosplenomegaly Associated with Transient Myeloproliferative Disorder in Trisomy 21

The in utero diagnosis of fetal myeloproliferative disease was made by cordocentesis following the ultrasound appearance of fetal hepatosplenomegaly and mild hydrops. The 2 fetuses reported both had leukocyte counts greater than 75,000/mm3 with a predominance of blast forms. In both cases the karyotype revealed trisomy 21.
Changing practice, changing minds, from arithmetical to algebraic thinking: an application of the concerns-based adoption model (CBAM)

This study examines the process of change among grade 4 teachers (students aged 9–10 years) who participated in a yearlong Teacher Quality Grant innovation program. The concerns-based adoption model (CBAM), which informed the design and implementation of the program, was used to examine the process of change. Two questions guided the investigation: (1) How did teachers’ concerns about and levels of use of the innovation evolve during the course of the project? (2) What changes in teachers’ perceptions and practices arose as a result of the innovation? Results showed that several of the teachers’ concerns evolved from self/task toward impact. With continued support, several participants achieved routine levels of use, which they sustained beyond the project.
Effects of metal cations and other chemicals upon the in vitro activity of two enzymes in the blood plasma of the white sucker, Catostomus commersoni (Lacépède).

Abstract Relative changes in the activity of glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT, l -aspartate-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH, l -lactate-NAD oxidoreductase) in blood plasma from white suckers were determined after incubation with 49 compounds, principally inorganic chlorides, at concentrations of the ions up to 2 mg/ml in the reaction mixture. A sequence of inhibitory effect was arranged for each enzyme. Dose-response curves were qualitatively similar for most of the chemicals. GOT was most sensitive to silver and mercury, and LDH to palladium and mercury. Both enzymes are highly inhibited by metals which are highly toxic to aquatic animals. Correlations were studied between the inhibitory effect and certain physicochemical properties of chemicals, the best being found between the inhibition of GOT and the equilibrium constants of metal sulfides.
Discovering Novel Risk Factors for Venous Thrombosis: a Candidate-Gene Approach

The candidate-gene approach can be used to locate and identify genetic variations that are associated with a particular phenotype. This gene-centric approach assumes that there exists important genetic variation within genes that can influence health. Identifying known genes which are candidates for the phenotype of interest can be accomplished using existing knowledge about biology or using findings from genome-wide association studies. Genetic variation can be characterized locally by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or insertion-deletions, or it can be characterized more broadly in terms of haplotypes and diplotypes, which usually need to be inferred statistically. As an example, we present a candidate-gene approach to identify novel associations between variation in 24 clotting genes and the risk of incident venous thrombosis.
An improved Lighthill's analysis of heat transfer through boundary layers

Abstract Lighthill's investigation of heat transfer through laminar boundary layers has been improved by incorporating the effect of the streamwise pressure gradient on the velocity field. The analysis employs a unique coordinate transformation which makes it possible to express the solution of the governing energy boundary layer equation in terms of a sequence of universal functions. For fluids with Prandtl number of the order unity or larger, only a limited number of these functions are needed. They have been evaluated and tabulated. To demonstrate the extent of improvement over the analysis of Lighthill, two specific cases are considered. The first is the determination of heat transfer in boundary layers over wedges with a step change in surface temperature. The second is concerned with the evaluation of local Nusselt number over the front portion of a circular cylinder of uniform surface temperature in cross flow. Significant improvement is achieved in both cases.
Relationship between covalent binding to microsomal protein and the destruction of adrenal cytochrome P-450 by spironolactone.

Abstract Previous investigations have demonstrated that guinea pig adrenal microsomes catalyze an NADPH-dependent activation of spironolactone (SL) resulting in the degradation of cytochrome(s) P-450 and decreases in steroidogenic enzyme activities. Studies were done to evaluate the relationship between the destruction of cytochrome P-450 and the covalent binding to microsomal protein by SL and by 7α-thiospironolactone (7α-thio-SL), an obligatory intermediate in the activation pathway. NADPH-dependent irreversible binding to guinea pig adrenal microsomal protein was demonstrable with 22-14C- and with 35S-labelled SL or 7α-thio-SL as substrates. In the absence of NADPH, there was relatively little binding. NADPH-dependent covalent binding was not demonstrable with hepatic microsomal preparations. The amount of covalent binding to adrenal microsomes was far greater with 7α-thio-SL than with SL and also greater with 35S-labelled than with 14C-labelled substrates. The latter results suggest the possibility of more than one reactive metabolite. Time-course experiments revealed a good correlation between covalent binding and P-450 destruction by SL and by 7α-thio-SL. In addition, the 17α-hydroxylase inhibitor, SU-10′603, and the 17α-hydroxylase substrate, progesterone, prevented both the degradation of cytochrome P-450 and the NADPH-dependent covalent binding by 7α-thio-SL. Reduced glutathione also decreased covalent binding but did not diminish P-450 destruction. The latter results indicate that some of the covalent binding is unrelated to the degradation of cytochrome P-450. However, all of the data are consistent with the hypothesis that 7α-thio-SL is a suicide inhibitor of adrenal cytochrome P-450 and that covalent binding to protein is involved in the degradation of cytochrome P-450.
Abdominoplasty-derived dermal-fat graft augmentation gluteoplasty.

Background: Plastic surgeons are exploring novel techniques for augmentation gluteoplasty as the demand for this procedure increases annually in the United States. Objectives: The authors retrospectively reviewed a series of lower abdominal dermal-fat graft augmentation gluteoplasties to validate the procedure. Methods: Nine consecutive patients underwent abdominoplasty or torsoplasty in which 2 oval dermal-fat grafts were excised, de-epithelialized, and then implanted into subfascial gluteal pockets for augmentation. All operations were independently conducted by 1 of 2 surgeons at facilities in Maryland and New Jersey. Results: The mean age of the 9 female patients was 46 years. The mean dermal-graft size was 188 cm2, and the mean graft weight was 288 g. One graft became infected and required excision 39 days after the procedure. There were no other complications. All surviving grafts provided a substantial increase in posterior projection and long-lasting gluteal volume. Conclusions: Dermal-fat graft augmentation gluteoplasty provides a voluminous, natural-feeling, and durable aesthetic result. The procedure should be considered a viable option for patients undergoing abdominoplasty or torsoplasty, especially as more experience is gained. Level of Evidence: 4 ![Graphic][1] [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
Calculation of apparent activation energy for the deposition of TEOS-SiO2 films by PECVD

Abstract Apparent activation energy for the deposition of SiO2 films from tetraethylorthosilicate(TEOS)/O2 discharges is calculated using the electron-induced dissociation model which describes the radical concentration in the steady state of a uniform plasma. The model is modified for a isobaric plasma to give the deposition rate of TEOS-SiO2 films as a function of the gas temperature adjacent to the substrate. In the scheme where organo-silane film precursors formed from TEOS completely cover the surface and thus the oxygen radical flux to the surface of growing films is the rate-limiting step, the model predicts that the apparent activation energies lie well in the range of −kBTs to −2kBTs (with kB the Boltzmann's constant and Ts the surface temperature, respectively), dependent on the discharge power, pressure, and the flow rate of reaction gases. The values of activation energy at Ts of 700 and 300 K are calculated to be −2.78 and −0.60 kcal/mol, respectively, which are consistent with those of estimated experimentally by other researchers. The model is further modified to attain a generalized form and on that basis the origin of the negative and temperature-dependent activation energy is discussed.
Sound production and reception by stored products insect pests—A review of present knowledge

Abstract The published literature on production and reception of sounds and acoustical behavior of beetles of eleven families and moths of two families that include important stored products pests is reviewed. Little is known directly on the pest species, but studies on related species suggest that the pests may have acoustical reactions that could form the basis for control. Except for one promising study on Plodia interpunctella , no critical attempts have been made to control stored products pests with sound.
Algae, Canola, or Palm Oils—Diesel Microemulsion Fuels: Phase Behaviors, Viscosity, and Combustion Properties

Vegetable oils are being considered as a renewable energy alternative for diesel. The high viscosity of vegetable oils causes injector fouling and durability problems in compression–ignition engines. Microemulsification can be used to reduce vegetable oil viscosity without complex chemical transformation processes. The goal of our work is to formulate reverse micellar microemulsions of vegetable oils and No. 2 diesel fuel blended with ethanol using different combinations of surfactants and co-surfactants. Ethanol, also a renewable fuel, was used as a viscosity modifier. We studied three vegetable oils (canola, palm, and algae oils) to blend with diesel fuel. The microemulsion fuels were tested for temperature stability, viscosity, water tolerance, and their combustion performance in terms of flame radiation and pollutant (CO, NOx) emissions. With appropriate surfactant and co-surfactant systems, we successfully formulated canola and algae/diesel microemulsions with cloud points and points that satisfy the...
Solvent shifts in the NMR spectra of monomethoxyflavones a comparison of four solvent systems

Nmr chemical shifts of methoxyl protons are reported for the eight monomethoxyflavones in four solvents: deuteriochloroform, benzene, dimethylsulfoxide, and pyridine. Benzene shift data are presented, and Δ values interpreted on the basis of a preferential approach of benzene molecules near the positive end (hetero oxygen atom) of a large pyrone dipole. Pyridine shifts, relative to deuteriochloroform and dimethylsulfoxide, are reported. The Δ values for monomethoxyflavones indicate that only in 2′-methoxyflavone is the shift value positive.
Core states and spectral flow in vortex dynamics

Abstract I review the semi-classical picture of how states bound in the core of a vortex in an S-wave superconductor respond to relative motion between the vortex and the condensate. I show how the momentum absorbed as a result of the Magnus force acting on the core leads to a change in the distribution of occupied states (“spectral flow”). In the simplest relaxation time approximation this modified distribution gives rise to the Kopnin–Kravtsov force on the vortex.
Alternative pay-for-performance scoring methods: implications for quality improvement and patient outcomes.

Background:Pay-for-performance programs typically rate hospitals using a composite summary score in which process measures are weighted by the total number of treatment opportunities. Alternative methods that weight process measures according to how hospitals organize care and the range for possible
Measuring role entrapment of people who stutter

Abstract The purpose of this study was to explore whether people who stutter experience role entrapment in the form of vocational stereotyping. To accomplish this, 385 university students reported their perceptions of appropriate career choices for people who stutter. Direct survey procedures, utilizing the newly developed Vocational Advice Scale (VAS) , were used in this study. Comparisons for the main effect of speaker status (person who stutters and person who does not stutter) were conducted using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results of this analysis suggested that the university students reported an overall perception that stuttering affected career opportunities and that 20 careers were judged to be inappropriate choices for people who stutter. Conversely, 23 careers were judged to be appropriate choices for people who stutter. Findings of this study provide initial data that supports that people who stutter may suffer from role entrapment related to career choices. Educational objectives: The reader will be able to: (1) provide the definitions of stereotyping, role entrapment, and how these relate to people who stutter; (2) discuss the career choices that college students perceive as appropriate and inappropriate for people who stutter; and (3) summarize the needs for future research in this area.
Electrostatic Layer-by-Layer Self-Assembly of Poly(carboxybetaine)s: Role of Zwitterions in Film Growth

We report on self-assembly of a weak zwitterionic polymerpoly(carboxybetaine), PCB5within a polyelectrolyte multilayer film. Multilayer growth and ionization of carboxylic groups are monitored in situ using ATR-FTIR. Deposition of PCB5 within the film is contrasted for two pH regimes: (1) at slightly acidic pH values where PCB5 carries overall cationic charge, but a significant number of dipoles provided by ionized carboxylic groups also exists within the polymer chain, and (2) at neutral and basic pH values where these polymers become zwitterionic. In the latter case, no multilayers could be produced with either polyanions or polycations. In the former case, PCB5 can be deposited within the polymer film via alternating adsorption with a variety of polyanions, such as heparin, DNA, poly(carboxylic acid)s, or poly(styrenesulfonate). The produced films can be erased from the solid surface by exposure to solutions with higher pH values, when the fraction of charged carboxylic groups in PCB5 is increased. Th...
Study of microscopic porphyrin fluorescence

A technique of porphyrin (hematoporphyrin derivative [Hpd]) fluorescence microscopy was evaluated by studying Hpd uptake, retention, and loss in established human cancer cell lines. Hpd uptake appeared to be qualitatively identical in the three cell lines used, but the rate of loss was slowest in the renal-carcinoma-derived line, suggesting a cellular characteristic. The technique was readily applied to demonstrate porphyrin fluorescence in exfoliated cells in urine of bladder cancer patients.
A comparison of selective saturation and selective echo chemical shift imaging techniques

We report on a comparative study of two methods of chemical shift imaging which can be used to selectively image fat and water in vivo. Both methods require a B0 field sufficiently homogenous to resolve the methylene and water spectral lines. One method, called CHESS, uses a chemically selective pulse to saturate the unwanted spectral line. The other method, called SECSI, achieves chemical selectivity by using a soft 180 degree RF pulse in forming a spin echo image. Both methods require that the strength of the B1 RF field be accurately calibrated and homogenous. We show by theoretical analysis that the suppression of unwanted spectral lines is sensitive to the first power of B1 errors in the CHESS method but to the second power of B1 errors in the SECSI method. Experiments with phantoms confirmed the expected non linearity of the SECSI method, and showed superior water suppression factors in phantoms with it. Experiments with a large phantom and a living rabbit showed superior results using the SECSI method, and the best results were obtained using a combination of the two techniques.
Volumetric compartmentalization of the cranial cerebrospinal fluid system determined radiographically in the cat

A volume-distribution analysis of the water soluble contrast medium, meglumine iothalamate, injected into various ventricular and subarachnoid sites was accomplished radiographically in the cat with the aid of a newly designed screw-type cannula having a deadspace of 6 to 8 ml. The cannula is positioned stereotaxically and mounts directly and permanently in the cranium by a single self-tapping insertion maneuver. As little as 100 ml of solution injected into the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, or 50 and 20 ml into the third and fourth ventricles, respectively, was visualized immediately in the lateral apertures of the fourth ventricle connecting with the subarachnoid spaces. Injection of 50 ml into the posterior horn of the lateral ventricle delineated the entire ventricle as well as the interventricular foramen. A volume of 12 ml deposited in the base of the third ventricle served to define the hypothalamic cleft and infundibular recess. If rate of injection was not excessive, the solution could be introduced into the third and fourth ventricles without penetrating into the more anterior regions. Radiopaque medium injected into subarachnoid spaces (cisternae ambiens and cerebellomedullaris) did not enter the ventricular system.