cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies on topical antiinflammatory corticosteroids. III. Synthesis and vasoconstrictive activity of 11 beta,17 alpha,21-trihydroxy-2'-phenyl-2'H-2,4-pregnadieno[3,2-c]pyrazol- 20-one derivatives

17α-Acyloxy-11β, 21-dihydroxy-2'-phenyl-2'H-2, 4-pregandieno[3, 2-c]pyrazol-20-one derivatives (3a, 3b, 4, 5a and 5c) were synthesized and tested for vasoconstrictive activities. Compound 3b showed the most potent activity, which was greater than that of 9α-fluoro-11β, 21-dihydroxy-16β-methyl-17α-valeroyloxy-1, 4-pregnadiene-3, 20-dione (betamethasone 17-valerate, BV). The activities of all other compounds (3a, 4, 5b and 5c) were rather weaker than that of the mother compound, 11β, 17α, 21-trihydroxy-2'-phenyl-2'H-2, .4-pregnadieno[3, 2-c]pyrazol-20-one (1). In contrast to the case of corticosteroids having a hydrocortisone-type skeleton, esterification of both the 17- and 21-hydroxy groups of the pyrazole-fused compound (1) or the substitution of the 21-hydroxy group of the 17-ester compound (3) with a chlorine atom are not always necessary for the exhibition of higher activity.
Measurement of protein in serum and rodent embryos by spectrophotometry at 215 and 225 nm

Abstract The Waddell quantitative method for total protein estimation was slightly modified and applied to sera and rodent embryos, and also compared to the Lowry method. It was not necessary to employ the Kjeldahl method to determine an instrument correction factor; reference sera were used to establish a standard curve. The results from this simplified Waddell method were reproducible from day to day with a high degree of accuracy. Comparative data obtained by total protein determination in three commercially available reference sera demonstrated a sensitivity in the modified Waddell method of 4.8 μg/ml with a precision of >96% and an accuracy of >93%. The overall precision in the determination of the total protein by the method in Day 12 rat embryos was >91% as compared to >86% in the Lowry method.
Solution of the nonlinear elasticity imaging inverse problem: the compressible case

We discuss and solve an inverse problem in nonlinear elasticity imaging in which we recover spatial distributions of hyperelastic material properties from measured displacement fields. This problem has applications to elasticity imaging of soft tissue because the strain dependence of the apparent stiffness may potentially be used to differentiate between malignant and normal tissues. We account for the geometric and material nonlinearity of the tissues by assuming a known hyperelastic model for the soft tissue. We formulate the problem as the minimization of a cost function representing the difference between the measured and predicted displacement fields. We minimize the cost function with respect to the spatial distribution of material properties using a gradient-based (quasi-Newton) optimization approach. We calculate the gradient efficiently using the adjoint method and a continuation strategy in the material properties. We present numerical examples that demonstrate the feasibility of the approach.
Long base line measurements of light transmission in clear water.

Measurements have been made of the uncollimated (poor geometry) 1/e transmission distance of light in seawater at ~1200- and 780-m depths, 34 km west of Keahole Point, Hawaii. The measurements were made with 480-nm blue-green light through path lengths of 84.0 and 7.86 m. Transmission distance is determined to be 25.9 m ±1 m at 1.2-km depth and 24.4 m ±1 m at 780-m depth.
Pure Tubular Carcinoma and Axillary Nodal Metastases

Pure tubular carcinoma of the breast is a rare subtype with a low incidence of axillary lymph node metastases. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of axillary lymph node metastasis in patients with pure tubular carcinoma. We identified patients diagnosed with tubular carcinoma from 1987 to 2009 from our institution’s tumor registry. Pathology slides were reviewed, and pure tubular carcinoma was defined as ≥90% tubule formation, low nuclear grade, and rare to no mitoses. Medical records were reviewed for clinicopathologic data including tumor size, number of positive and negative axillary lymph nodes, treatment, and recurrence. We identified 105 cases of pure tubular carcinoma of the breast in 103 patients. Median tumor size was 0.8 (range 0.1–1.8) cm. Nodal staging was performed in 93 cases (89%). Five patients (5.4%) had positive lymph nodes, and two patients (2.2%) had isolated tumor cells. All patients with lymph node metastases had tumors >0.8 cm in size. At 5.2 years’ follow-up, no patients have developed recurrence or metastases, or have died from breast cancer. Axillary lymph node metastases are not common in small pure tubular carcinomas. Nodal staging may be omitted in small pure tubular carcinomas.
A Simple Method for the Determination of Bushing-Current-Transformer Characteristics

Now that excitation characteristics are being made available to the application engineer, it has become increasingly important that a simple accurate calculation method be used to determine the errors. ``Inphase addition'' has all the advantages of simplicity, and, under careful analysis, it is apparent that over the normal ranges involved, the more complicated procedure of vector addition is not warranted. This simple method has been extened to cover complete curve drawing from only one calculation by a graphical process.
The stochastic revolution and the nature of scientific explanation

Nowadays it is a commonplace observation that the entry of stochastic laws into natural science, via physics, the paradigm of scientific respect ability, has made a revolutionary impact upon our concept of nature. Even schoolboys have heard something of the quantum theory and its de thronement of the deterministic conceptions of classical physics. It has also been argued, in discussions which have perhaps generated more heat than light, that the statisticization of physics holds vast implications for our concept of man, because of purported bearings upon the age-old problem of free will versus determinism in human affairs. In the hue and cry over these two highly exciting phases of the stochastic revolution, a third, less striking but perhaps no less significant effect has been largely overlooked the necessity for basic revisions of the concept of scientific explanation itself. Only gradually have philosophers of science, students of scientific method, and scientists concerned about conceptual funda mentals, come to occupy themselves with something whose necessity they have granted but grudgingly a fundamental re-examination of the very meaning of explanation. Forcible considerations came to light which a militate towards a view of explanation prepared to recognize as an "explanation" of some fact an argument which provides a rationalization of this fact from premisses which render it not necessary but merely probable. It is the aim of the present discussion to give a brief but con vincing picture of the difficulty created for the heretofore standard conception of explanation by the entry of stochastic laws into natural science. This matter seems to be especially deserving of attention because, although these difficulties are by now increasingly widely recognized, they cannot yet be regarded as resolved in any fully satisfactory way.
Novel graphite salts and their electrical conductivities

Abstract A set of novel first stage graphite salts of general formula C8+MF6− has been prepared (M = Os, Ir, As). Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies indicate that these salts are hexagonal with a ≈ 4.9 and c ≈ 8.1 A . The unit cell volume indicates that the anions are closely packed in the galleries. Platinum hexafluoride, which is the most powerful oxidizer of the third transition series, forms a first stage compound, which analytical, structural, and magnetic studies establish as C122+PtF62−. In this salt the anions are not close packed, but the electron withdrawal from the graphite planes is greater than for the C8+MF6− series. The variation in the electrical conductivity (in the a–b plane), as a function of composition, has been investigated with the OsF6, IrF6, PtF6 and AsF5 intercalates. For OsF6 and IrF6, the conductance per plane of graphite is found to be a maximum at approximately C24MF6 (second stage); the conductivity being an order of magnitude greater than that of the parent material. Intercalation beyond C24MF6 leads to a marked decrease in conductivity. C8MF6 is comparable in conductivity with the parent graphite. This behavior contrasts with the graphite/AsF5 system in which a steady increase in conductance per graphite plane with increasing AsF5 content is observed. For the PtF6 system, the second as well as the first stage materials are poorly conducting.
Raman Mapping of Local Phases and Local Stress Fields in Silicon–Silicon Carbide Composites

Abstract Silicon–silicon carbide (Si–SiC) composites have emerged as a new class of materials with superior properties like high resistance against oxidation and corrosion, low thermal expansion coefficient and high mechanical strength. This enabled the composite to be successfully utilized in different industrial applications, such as combustion chambers, gas turbines, heat exchangers, fusion reactors, seal rings, welding nozzles, valve discs and ceramic engine parts. The strength of such composites showed a dependence upon their internal granular structure, since the latter was found to affect local stress distribution in the composite. In this study, we developed a Raman spectroscopy based technique to monitor local composition and local stress fields in Si–SiC composites. The Raman technique was used to monitor local stress fields’ development as the composite is globally loaded in compression for two different composites with reinforcement volume fractions of 13 and 34%. Our results show that the Raman based technique is very suitable for monitoring the local stress fields and their development as the composite is globally loaded. Secondly, it was found that in composites with high volume fraction of reinforcement, local stress fields are more uniform and homogeneous than in composites with low fraction of reinforcement.
Identification of two novel mutations (296 + 1G-C and A46D) in exon 2 of the CFTR gene in Greek cystic fibrosis patients.

Two novel CFTR mutations were detected in Greek cystic fibrosis patients. One was a missense mutation, A46D, and the other a splice mutation, 296 + 1G − C. Neither was detected on normal chromosomes.
Does shell species occupied influence individuality and behavioural syndromes in the defensive behaviour of three Hawaiian hermit crabs

This study examined the phenomena of individuality and behavioural syndromes in three species of hermit crabs (Calcinus laevimanus, C. elegans and C. haigae) and how they are affected by the level of predator protection afforded by a shell. To examine the role of the level of predation risk, the duration of withdrawal responses of individuals was recorded following tactile manipulation under control and alarm odour conditions. To examine how shell species occupied influenced the duration of withdrawal and behavioural syndromes, crabs were in either preferred or unpreferred species of gastropod shells in C. laevimanus and C. elegans and one of the two preferred species in C. haigae. In C. laevimanus and C. elegans, but not C. haigae, crabs showed strong individuality in their withdrawal responses to predation risk, and the withdrawal response was longer in unpreferred than in preferred shells. Shell species occupied did not significantly affect the responses to levels of predation risk. In all the three cr...
Porosity and Pore-Size Distribution in Cultivated Ustolls and Usterts

Soil management systems affect soil porosity and pore sizes, changing soil hydraulic properties by loosening or by compacting different soil layers. Changes in porosity and pore-size distribution following cultivation were studied in six Ustolls and two Usterts of the prairie in the Upper Missouri River Basin. Soil pores were morphologically described. Water infiltration was measured at 0.03- and 0.06-m tensions. Soil bulk density and moisture retention at 1-in tension were determined in undisturbed and in remolded soil cores. In Ustolls, cultivation decreased soil porosity and pore sizes. Steady-state water infiltration rates were higher in grasslands than in cultivated soils. In no-till and till systems, both very fine macroporosity and microporosity were reduced when compared with grasslands. No-tillage relative to tillage increased soil porosity between the 0.05- and 0.30-m depth. More very fine tubular pores were present in no-till than in tilled Ustolls, indicating increased biological activity in pore formation. In Usterts, total pore space, quantity, shape, and size of macropores, water infiltration under tension, and moisture retention at 1-m tension did not show significant changes related to different management systems.
Biology and beyond : Domain specificity in a broader developmental context

The assumption of domain specificity has been invaluable to the study of the emergence of biological thought in young children. Yet, domains of thought must be understood within a broader context that explains how those domains relate to the surrounding cultures, to different kinds of cognitive constraints, to framing effects, to abilities to evaluate knowledge and to the ways in which domain-specific knowledge in any individual mind is related to knowledge in other minds. All of these issues must come together to have a full account of conceptual development in biology.
A Continuous Multicomponent Fuel Flame Propagation and Chemical Kinetics Model

A continuous multi-component fuel flame propagation and chemical kinetics model has been developed. In the multicomponent fuel model, the theory of continuous thermodynamics was used to model the properties and composition of fuels such as gasoline. The difference between the current continuous multi-component fuel model and previous similar models in the literature is that the source terms contributed by chemistry in the mean and the second moment transport equations have been considered. This new model was validated using results from a discrete multi-component fuel model. In the flame propagation and chemical kinetics model, five improved combustion sub-models were also integrated with the new continuous multi-component fuel model. To consider the change of local fuel vapor mixture composition, a “PRF adaptive” method is proposed that formulates a relationship between the fuel vapor mixture PRF number (or octane number) and the fuel vapor mixture composition based on the mean molecular weight and/or variance of the fuel vapor mixture composition in each cell. Simulations of single droplet vaporization with a single-component fuel (iso-octane) were compared with multi-component fuel cases.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
An overview of the gulf coast aerosol research and characterization study: the Houston fine particulate matter supersite.

Abstract The Gulf Coast Aerosol Research and Characterization Study ([GC-ARCH], also known as the Houston Fine Particulate Matter [PM] Supersite) examined the spatial and temporal variability in fine PM source contributions and composition and the physical and chemical processes that govern PM formation and transformation in southeastern Texas. This was accomplished through the analysis of data collected in a 16-month field sampling program (August 2000 through November 2001). Three core sites and ∼15 peripheral sites, jointly operated by the study team and the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ), were used. Key scientific findings related to spatial and temporal variability in fine PM concentrations, sizes and composition of the fine PM, the strength of primary emission sources and causes of secondary fine PM formation are reported.
Comparing Language and Literacy Environments in Two Types of Infant–Toddler Child Care Centers

Language development is a significant milestone in the infant/toddler years; vocabulary by 2 years of age is predictive of later school success. It has been recognized within the bioecological systems theoretical framework that language develops as a result of an interplay between characteristics of the child, features of the setting, and interactions between children and adults (Bronfenbrenner and Morris 2006; Dunst et al. 2006). Child care centers serve as an important setting for many young children. The purpose of this article was to compare the language and literacy environments in two distinct types of child care centers. Partnership Centers (n = 33) had higher standards for structural quality than Typical Centers (n = 29). Language literacy environments as well as caregiver communication strategies were significantly better in Partnership Centers. Improvements in both environments and interactions are possible with professional development that provides caregivers opportunities to gain knowledge and reflect on current practices.
Attention turns to naturally occurring methane seepage

Methane is the most abundant organic compound in the Earth's atmosphere. As a powerful greenhouse gas, it has implications for global climate change. Sources of methane to the atmosphere are varied. Depending on the source, methane can contain either modern or ancient carbon. Methane exiting from swamps and wetlands contains modern carbon, whereas methane leaking from petroleum reservoirs contains ancient carbon. The total annual source of methane to the atmosphere has been constrained to about 540 teragrams (Tg) per year “Cicerone and Oremland, 1988”. Notably absent from any identified sources is the contribution of geologically sourced methane from naturally occurring seepage.
Dancing Through the School Day: How Dance Catapults Learning in Elementary Education

The necessity for engaging the body in learning, the need for students to move throughout the school day, and the positive effects that dance has on students' development are all good reasons for dance to be included in the elementary curriculum.
Do Anthropologists Need learning Theory?1

After a flurry of attention to and use of explicit learning theory by anthropologists in the 1940s, few direct citations of it appear in anthropological work. This paper explores current psychological learning theory, including social learning; resolution of dissonance, coercive persuasion, compliance, latent learning, discovery learning, guided learning, and information-processing models to see what might be useful to anthropologists. LEARNING THEORY, SOCIAL LEARNING, ACQUISITION OF CULTURE, INITIATION, CRITICAL LEARNlNC PERIODS.
Asymptotic finite deformation analysis of growing crack fields in elastic-perfectly plastic materials

Abstract A symptotic , finite deformation solutions for the stress and velocity fields near the tip of a quasi-statically propagating Mode I plane strain crack in an incompressible, elastic perfectly plastic material are derived. An objective form of the Prandtl-Reuss constitutive relation is employed. The solutions obtained are represented by a singular perturbation series with the singularity described by integer powers of the quantity (μ In r) where μ, the perturbation parameter, is of the order (yield stress/elastic modulus) and r is the non-dimensional distance from the crack tip. Previously developed small-displacement-gradient solutions are shown to result to leading order. However, the extension of these solutions to higher order is not straight-forward; the introduction of strained coordinates and asymptotic modifications of the interfaces joining different near-tip angular sectors are required. The resulting solutions contain an asymptotically indeterminate parameter that is equivalent to the free parameter m in D rugan and C hen 's (1989, J. Mech. Phys. Solids37, 1) small-displacement-gradient solution family. Indeed, a principal conclusion is that the present solution approaches that of Drugan and Chen outside an extremely small radius (of the order of the microstructural scale of the material), differing significantly only for radii below which the quantity (μ In r) becomes significant compared to unity. Thus, at least for the constitutive class analysed, the finite deformation solutions confirm and quantify the remarkable accuracy and range of validity of the previous small-displacement-gradient growing crack solutions.
The arthropathy of Down syndrome: an underdiagnosed and under-recognized condition.

Objective To define the clinical manifestations, determine prevalence, and heighten awareness about the arthropathy of Down syndrome. Study design Using diagnostic codes for Down syndrome and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), we identified 9 cases in our hospital system. Each case met diagnostic criteria for JIA. Cases were compared with 21 additional literature cases. Prevalence was determined with diagnostic codes. Results Average delay from symptom onset to diagnosis was 2 years. Age at onset varied from 20 months to 12 years. Sex distribution was equal. At symptom onset, 57% had polyarticular disease, and 43% had oligoarticular disease, but 54% with oligoarticular disease progressed to polyarticular disease. Seventy-two percent had an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Most required second-line therapy, and almost half had development of joint subluxation. Prevalence of Down syndrome arthropathy is 8.7/1000, more than 6 times higher than JIA in the general population. Conclusion The arthropathy of Down syndrome is an underrecognized condition that results in chronic disability and functional impairment in a population already at significant risk. Children with Down syndrome are predisposed to autoimmune disorders, but arthritis is overlooked in surveillance guidelines. To maximize joint function and quality of life, providers caring for children with Down syndrome need a high index of suspicion for the related arthropathy.
Development and evaluation of multiple tendon injury models in the mouse

The mouse has proven to be an advantageous animal model system in basic science research focused on aiding in development and evaluation of potential treatments; however, the small size of mouse tendons makes consistent and reproducible injury models and subsequent biomechanical evaluation challenging for studying tendon healing. In this study, we investigated the feasibility and reproducibility of multiple mouse tendon injury models. Our hypothesis was that incisional (using a blade) and excisional (using a biopsy punch) injuries would result in consistent differences in tendon material properties. At 16 weeks of age, 17 C57BL/6 mice underwent surgery to create defects in the flexor digitorum longus, Achilles, or patellar tendon. Each animal received 1-2 full-thickness, central-width incisional or excisional injuries per limb; at least one tendon per limb remained uninjured. The injuries were distributed such that each tendon type had comparable numbers of uninjured, incisionally injured, and excisionally injured specimens. Three weeks after injury, all animals were euthanized and tendons were harvested for mechanical testing. As hypothesized, differences were detected for all three different tendon types at three weeks post-injury. While all models created injuries that produced predictable outcomes, the patellar tendon model was the most consistent in terms of number and size of significant differences in injured tendons compared to native properties, as well as in the overall variance in the data. This finding provides support for its use in fundamental tendon healing studies; however, future work may use any of these models, based on their appropriateness for the specific question under study.
Quantum-beat g-value measurements on transitions from levels of aligned fast ions.

Abstract We discuss a technique for measuring Lande g -values using the periods of quantum beats in transitions from excited and aligned levels produced by the collision of a fast ion beam with a thin foil. The analysis provides a means of evaluating the characteristics of beat-period measurements of this type. Measurements were performed on excited levels of O II, O III, and O IV ions. We describe perturbations of the beat period produced by optical blends, having used a method of spectrometer refocusing which promises to reduce such blends. Transitions entering and leaving levels subject to strong optical cascades were investigated to determine if such cascades affect the accuracy of the g -value results. No cascade effects were found. The g -values of the oxygen-ion levels were obtained by a ratio method, using an argon transition from a level with a precisely known g -value as a standard. The results were found to agree with predictions of LS coupling in O II, and with optical Zeeman-effect measurements in O II and O III, when comparison was possible.
Two algorithms for maximizing a separable concave function over a polymatroid feasible region

Abstract In this paper we present two new algorithms for maximizing a separable concave function on a polymatroid. Both algorithms apply to the discrete as well as the continuous version of the problem. The application of these algorithms to several types of polymatroids is discussed, and we show that the Decomposition Algorithm runs in polynomial time (in the discrete version) for network and generalized symmetric polymatroids, and the Bottom Up Algorithm (in the discrete version) runs in polynomial time when the polymatroid is given as an explicit list of constraints.
Experimental Investigation of Mist Sprays Impinging on a Heated Cylinder

Experimental studies are conducted to investigate the effect of mist on the spray heat transfer in the cooling of a low-carbon steel cylindrical surface heated to the nucleate boiling temperature range. Multiple tests are performed to investigate the effect of the liquid mass flux, liquid-to-air loading, spray speed, and droplet size on the spray heat transfer along the circumference of the annulus cylinder. Infrared imaging is used to visualize the spray flow around the heated cylinder. Operating conditions for the air-mist spray cover variations in spray speed from 18 to 44 m/s, liquid mass flux from 0 to 1.54 kg/m 2 · s, and critical surface heat flux temperature from 123 to 130°C. The spray local heat transfer coefficients were obtained at various angular positions along the cylinder surface. The tests reveal that, with the introduction of a small amount of water in the spray, the heat transfer is dramatically increased. The spray heat transfer effectiveness decreases with the increase in the water mass flux. As a result, dilute sprays are more desirable than dense sprays in achieving higher heat transfer effectiveness and better efficiency for water utilization. The tests also reveal that, for the same spray speed and mean droplet flux, spray heat transfer effectiveness decreases with the increase in droplet size. The results of this study shall lead to a better understanding of the usage of dilute airmist sprays in optimizing the cooling on a cylindrical surface.
On the formation of planets from a solar nebula

Effects that will bring the whole of the dust component of the nebula into the form of an extremely thin disk in the equatorial plane of the system are pointed out, and the final thickness of the dust-disk is investigated. Aspects of the gravitational development of the dust-disk are discussed together with the range of gravitational influence of a planet, the rate of mass increase of a planet, questions of the multiple formation of planets, the angular momentum of planets formed, the angular momentum of a planet growing from the dust disk, the rate of addition of energy to the planet, and problems of the formation of the four outer planets.
Anomalous transient behavior in the electrogenerated chemiluminescence of 9,10-diphenylanthracene

Abstract The chemuluminescence arising in acetonitrile from the annihilation of the anion and cation radicals of 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA) has been studied in detail via the triple-step method. The dynamics of the electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) are markedly dependent on the identity of the anion of the supporting electrolyte. Especially fast decays are obtained in the presence of perchlorate. In addition, the ECL depends on the manner in which the electrode is treated just before a triple step is performed. In all cases, the system remains well behaved electrochemically. Moreover, there is no magnetic effect on the ECL in any studied circumstance. It is proposed that electrogenerated hydride intervenes to open a new chemiluminescent reaction channel of high efficiency and that interactions between the radical ions and the ions of the supporting electrolyte cause very substantial alterations in the efficiencies of excited state production in electron transfers between the radical ions.
Production of acetone - butanol from acid whey

Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 was used to produce butanol and acetone by fermenting acid whey. Results showed that both autoclaving and agitation played roles in solvent production. Maximum production was obtained in 120 h using autoclaved, pH adjusted (6.0) acid whey at 37 °C in a fermentor that was not agitated.
An ESL Writer and her Discipline-Based Professor Making Progress Even when Goals Don't Match

This study by a philosophy professor and a compositionist focuses on the progress of an ESL student in the philosopher's writing-intensive Intro course. In it, the authors answer calls for examination of instructional supports that help ESL students in their college classes across the curriculum. Their report is divided into three parts. In the first, the philosophy professor explicates his classroom aims and expectations, rooting them in the educational approaches of Dewey, Freire, and Gramsci. In the second, the compositionist offers an account of the ESL pupil's experiences in this philosophy classroom, describing the pedagogies that promote her progress toward achieving the professor's goals. In the final section, the authors, acknowledging the contested nature of “progress” in this context, describe the ideological conflicts behind their different interpretations of the successes and failures of this ESL student.
A simple procedure for the isolation of l-fucose-binding lectins from Ulex europaeus and Lotus tetragonolobus

L-Fucose-binding lectins from Ulex europeaus and Lotus tetragonolobus were isolated by affinity chromatography on columns of L-fucose-Sepharose 6B. L-Fucose was coupled to Sepharose 6B after divinyl sulfone-activation of the gel to give an affinity adsorbent capable of binding more than 1.2 mg of Ulex lextin/ml of gel, which could then be eluted with 0.1M or 0.05M L-fucose. Analysis of the isolated lectins by hemagglutination assay, by gel filtration, and polyacrylamide disc-electrophoresis revealed the presence of isolectins, or aggregated species, or both. The apparent mol. wt. of the major lectin fraction from Lotus was 35000 when determined on Sephadex G-200 or Ultrogel AcA 34. In contrast, the apparent mol. wt. of the major lectin fraction from Ulex was 68 000 when chromatographed on Sephadex G-200 and 45 000 when chromatographed on Ultrogel AcA 34. The yields of lectins were 4.5 mg/100 g of Ulex seeds and 394 mg/100 g of Lotus seeds.
What every grammar does: A reply to Prof. Arbini

Prof. Arbini's attention is flattering; his conclusions rather less so. The issues over which Arbini and I divide are many. Yet fundamentally, ! think, our differences may be traced to disagreement about the nature and promise of the theories produced by contemporary generative grammarians. It is here that I shall focus my attention. Some of the points at which Arbini aims his criticism are quite crucial if we are to appreciate what sort of theory a grammar is. At other points his critique can best be viewed as the product of misunderstanding or polemical exuberance. The first of the five sections that follow is aimed at setting to rest one such misunderstanding, provoked by my remark that a grammar commonly entails infinitely many statements of the form: S is a grammatical sentence.' On my critic's reading, this portends an heretical doctrine which would deprive grammars of the most basic empirical test against a native speaker's intuitions. The intended reading, by contrast, is the very soul of orthodoxy. The section that follows attends to this basic empirical test in more detail. While Arbini and I agree that intuitions play a crucial role in the empirical confirmation of a grammar, he would have grammaticality be no more than accord with intuitions. On my view, grammaticality cannot be explained so simply. Recourse to the notion of a correct grammar is required. If I am right, then the paradox I proposed about the nature of linguistic intuitions survives Arbini's attempt to scuttle it.
Chapter 1 – GMR in Metallic Multilayers – A Simple Picture

Publisher Summary The basic physics related to the giant magnetoresistance (GMR) effect is tied to the fact that the electron spin takes two different values (say up and down) and, when traveling through magnetized materials, one type of spin might encounter a resistance that is different from that experienced by the other. Thin metallic multilayers became the proving ground for the GMR effect because their magnetizations could be altered with some ease, especially in a sandwich structure. In this chapter, details can be found about the GMR effect, its discovery and history, magnetic recording as well as other related phenomena. This chapter discusses magnetoresistance, magnetic recording, perpendicular recording and future storage technology, and a historical perspective of GMR. There is a discussion about qualitative arguments including quantum well (QW) approach and spin-polarized quantum well states. There is discussion on growth related issues and measuring interlayer coupling, GMR in magnetic sensors, biquadratic coupling. The chapter also discusses selected multilayer systems—Co/Cu (001), multilayers grown on Fe whiskers, Fe/Cr system, multilayered alloys, and nanowires. There are details on scattering of electrons, magnetic tunnel junctions, and half-metallic systems. An introduction to the GMR effect has been provided. Some applications, such as magnetic recording, sensors, and multilayered nanowires are discussed briefly and with vivid examples. A picture of how the magnetic exchange interaction gets transmitted through the spacer layer is provided using quantum well ideas from elementary quantum mechanics. In addition, various related experimental systems are discussed and compared to theoretical calculations.
A spindle-independent cleavage furrow positioning pathway

The mitotic spindle determines the cleavage furrow site during metazoan cell division, but whether other mechanisms exist remains unknown. Here we identify a spindle-independent mechanism for cleavage furrow positioning in Drosophila neuroblasts. We show that early and late furrow proteins (Pavarotti, Anillin, and Myosin) are localized to the neuroblast basal cortex at anaphase onset by a Pins cortical polarity pathway, and can induce a basally displaced furrow even in the complete absence of a mitotic spindle. Rotation or displacement of the spindle results in two furrows: an early polarity-induced basal furrow and a later spindle-induced furrow. This spindle-independent cleavage furrow mechanism may be relevant to other highly polarized mitotic cells, such as mammalian neural progenitors.
SU-FF-T-544: Optimal Number of Blocking Beams for Plug-Modulated Gamma Knife Stereotactic Radiosurgery

Purpose: To investigate the optimal number of blocking beams for Gamma Knife(GK) Stereotactic Radiosurgery in treating large and complex target. Method and Materials: A Plugging Pattern Web‐engine based on GK C‐model was developed to generate the plugging pattern for the given contour of target. In optimizing the treatment plan and the number of shot, an optimal number of blocking beams for each shot was calculated. The volume of the target and critical structures was defined by the contour in each slice of image set. A C‐shape target around a cylindrical critical structure in the center was used for the study. A treatment plan was first generated by 9 shots without plugging beams. Then different numbers of blocking beams were generated from 1 to 200. Both the DVHs from target and critical structure were used to analyze the optimal number of blocking beams for better target coverage and normal tissue sparing. Results: The effect of beam blocking was reflected in DVHs. Both absolute dose and normalized dose DVH curves showed that the plugging patterns improve the conformity of the treatment plans. With the increased number of blocking beams, both DVH curves showed the critical structure dose significantly decreased. The benefit of optimizing the number of blocking beams depends on the distance between the curves of the target and the critical structure in the DVHs. For the selected case, the optimal number of blocking beams is close to 50 in the range of 30 to 100. Conclusion: The optimization of the number of blocking beams for multiple‐shot GK Radiosurgery is a complex problem which can be solved with the GK Plugging Pattern Web‐engine embedded with an updated auto‐shielding algorithm. This provides an option to generate a better conformal treatment plan for GK Stereotactic Radiosurgery.
Phagocytosis by hemocytes of the hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria.

Abstract Large granular hemocytes of Mercenaria mercenaria avidly phagocytose a variety of biological particles (red blood cells of six species, yeast, and gram-positive and gramnegative bacteria) as well as polystyrene spheres. Clam hemolymph is not necessary for phagocytosis but may have some opsonic effect in certain circumstances (e.g., low temperature and low particle density). Formaldehyde treatment of red blood cells enhances susceptibility to phagocytosis. Phagocytosis by Mercenaria hemocytes in vitro appears to be a nonspecific process.
Faculty and Resident Attitudes About Spirituality and Religion in the Provision of Pediatric Health Care

Objective.—To characterize pediatricians' attitudes toward spirituality/religion (S/R) in relationship to the practice of pediatrics. Methods.—Pediatric faculty (n = 100) and residents (n = 65) in an urban academic medical center completed a questionnaire about their attitudes toward and clinical practices related to S/R. Study variables included the strength of personal S/R orientation, attitudes toward S/R, clinicians' discussion of S/R with patients and families, self-reported S/R behaviors, the medical conditions that warrant discussion of S/R, and attitudes toward praying with patients if asked to do so. Results.—Sixty-five percent of pediatricians felt that faith plays a role in healing, and 76% reported feeling comfortable praying with a patient if asked to do so. Ninety-three percent would ask about S/R when discussing a life-threatening illness, and 96% when discussing death and dying. A strong personal S/R orientation was associated with beliefs that the pediatrician should discuss S/R with the patient (P Conclusions.—In an urban, inner-city, academic medical center, pediatric residents and faculty have an overall positive attitude toward the integration of S/R into the practice of pediatrics.
Viral dsRNA inhibitors prevent self-association and autophosphorylation of PKR.

Host response to viral RNA genomes and replication products represents an effective strategy to combat viral invasion. PKR is a Ser/Thr protein kinase that binds to double-stranded (ds)RNA, autophosphorylates its kinase domain, and subsequently phosphorylates eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α). This results in attenuation of protein translation, preventing synthesis of necessary viral proteins. In certain DNA viruses, PKR function can be evaded by transcription of highly structured virus-encoded dsRNA inhibitors that bind to and inactivate PKR. We probe here the mechanism of PKR inhibition by two viral inhibitor RNAs, EBERI (from Epstein–Barr) and VAI (from human adenovirus). Native gel shift mobility assays and isothermal titration calorimetry experiments confirmed that the RNA-binding domains of PKR are sufficient and necessary for the interaction with dsRNA inhibitors. Both EBERI and VAI are effective inhibitors of PKR activation by preventing trans-autophosphorylation between two PKR molecules. The RNA inhibitors prevent self-association of PKR molecules, providing a mechanistic basis for kinase inhibition. A variety of approaches indicated that dsRNA inhibitors remain associated with PKR under activating conditions, as opposed to activator dsRNA molecules that dissociate due to reduced affinity for the phosphorylated form of PKR. Finally, we show using a HeLa cell extract system that inhibitors of PKR result in translational recovery by the protein synthesis machinery. These data indicate that inhibitory dsRNAs bind preferentially to the latent, dephosphorylated form of PKR and prevent dimerization that is required for trans-autophosphorylation.
Transition metals in organic synthesis: Highlights for the year 2005

A review with 1627 references to transition metal catalyzed or mediated reactions and functional group preparations.
Monoclonal antibodies to subpopulations of bovine neutrophils

Monoclonal antibodies were developed to neutrophil surface antigens in an effort to identify neutrophil subpopulations. Eleven monoclonals were positive for neutrophils using the ELISA and flow cytometry. Four monoclonals recognised neutrophils and monocytes, but more importantly each recognised subpopulations of neutrophils. Percentage binding of the same population of neutrophils by each monoclonal was 19H7, 23%; 36H10, 34%; 46B3, 16%; 9D13, 37%. All four showed additive percentage binding to neutrophils when reacted with each other. Cow differences in percentage binding of monoclonals were also evident, i.e., 46B3 — cow no. 8437, 8%; cow no. 2820, 22%. Monocytes showed the most variation, both by cow and by clone within cow, i.e., cow no. 8813, 46B3 = 98% and 9D13 = 6%; clone 19H7, cow no. 8813 = 88% and cow no. 8679 = 2%. Percentage binding to eosinophils was low for all clones except 46B3 which averaged 46%, 5%, 72% and 76% for four cows tested. Percentage binding to lymphocytes tended to be high for all clones across all cows, averaging 62%. Clone 36H10 tended to be the lowest of the clones, averaging 38%. The ability of these clones to identify subpopulations of neutrophils and the significant among cow variation make them useful tools for studying the relationship of different cell-surface antigens to cell function within cow and among cows.
Lack of long term facilitation of ventilation after exposure to hypoxia in goats

Abstract Episodic hypoxia has been shown to induce augmented normoxic ventilatory drive or long term facilitation (LTF, continued hyperventilation after termination of hypoxic stimulation) in awake dogs and awake goats. The main objective of these experiments was to examine whether continuous isocapnic hypoxia in awake goats elicits LTF and additionally, to determine if goats exhibit hypoxic ventilatory decline (roll-off) during the hypoxic exposure. Goats were exposed to either 4 h of isocapnic hypoxia (n=10) or 30 min of isocapnic hypoxia (n=7). Ventilation (V e ), tidal volume and frequency were measured before, during and following the end of the isocapnic hypoxia (PaO2 40 Torr) exposure. During the 4 h period of hypoxia, V e increased in a time-dependent manner in a typical pattern of acclimatization, reaching a mean of 40.8±3.6 L/min at the end of 4 h. Five minutes after return to normoxia, V e was 13.0±0.8 L/min, not different than control V e (13.1±0.9 L/min) measured prior to the hypoxic exposure and remained unchanged from this value for another 30 min. During the 30 min hypoxic exposure, V e increased upon exposure to hypoxia, remained significantly elevated throughout the hypoxic exposure, but promptly returned to control levels upon return to normoxia. These results indicate that continuous isocapnic hypoxia elicits neither long term facilitation of ventilation nor hypoxic ventilatory decline in awake goats.
Environmental Influences on Democracy Aridity, Warfare, and a reversal of the Causal Arrow

The origins of autocracy in hydraulic civilization and the threat of war emerging from many land borders lead to an examination of two environmental sources of democracy—rainfall and sea borders. Karl Wittfogel's theory of Eastern autocracy arising from the need for centralized irrigation systems is generalized to include rainfall as a correlate of democracy. Findings concerning the absence of warfare between democracies are used to reverse the causal arrow and suggest that warfare is inimical to democratic development. Four ancient civilizations, Sumer, Mesoamerica, Crete, and China, are examined for the existence of early democracy and its inhibition by the onset of widespread warfare. Rainfall and sea borders as two dimensions of minimized environmental threat are tested systematically in a multivariate analysis, along with two societal variables, land inequality and economic development. The two environmental variables as well as the two societal variables are strongly associated with the political ri...
Applications and Implementation DATA‐BASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM EVALUATION AND SELECTION DECISIONS*

The rapid increase in the use of data-base management systems (DBMSs) has created a need for structured methods of evaluation and selection. This paper offers one such method. It develops a decision schema for data-base software selection that is data-model independent and contains structural associations. A decision analysis method, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), is used to quantify the evaluation. The method developed in this paper is applied to the evaluation of two microcomputer DBMS products: dBASE II® and Condor 3®.
Direct and Indirect Belief

The word 'belief' is ambiguous, referring sometimes to what is believed, sometimes to the act or state of believing it. I believe that as I write this it is sunny outside. This belief is true. What is true is what I believe, namely that it is sunny, not my believing it. On the other hand, my belief that it is sunny is rational and unshakeable, and it played a causal role in my deciding not to wear a coat today. What is rational, unshakeable, and played a causal role is my believing a certain thing, not the thing I believe. I will say that what I believe is an object of belief, and that my believing it is a belief state. There is a parallel distinction between perceptual states and objects of perception. If Agnes sees an Angus, then one object of her perception is a cow, and she herself is in one of the perceptual states which can be gotten into by looking at a cow. If I say, "Agnes sees an Angus," then I am conveying two sorts of information: information about Agnes' perceptual state, and information about the object of her perception. In ascriptions of belief, too, we convey information both about the believer's state and about the object of his or her belief.1 I take the moral of much-discussed examples due to Tyler Burge and Saul Kripke to be that the relation between one's belief state and what one believes is rather loose: one could be in the same belief state but have different objects of belief, and one can have the same objects of belief in virtue of being in different belief states (with qualifications to be noted later). In section II I explain why. I then suggest, following my paper "What is a Belief State?"2 that one's being in a particular belief state is nevertheless best characterized by a set of propositions, namely those one would believe in any situation in which one