cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radar observations of asteroid 1986 JK

The asteroid 1986 JK was observed with a 3.5 cm-wavelength radar in May and June, 1986, at less than 0.029 AU; its radar echo power circular polarization ratio indicates single backscattering from smooth surface elements. A working model constructed for the asteroid in light of these radar data postulates a 1-2 km object whose shape has little elongation and some polar flattening. Orbital and physical characteristics are rather cometlike. The radar astrometric data obtained are noted to be extremely powerful for orbit-improvement, so that a search ephemeris whose uncertainty is an order-of-magnitude smaller than that based on relevant optical data alone can be prepared by combining optical and radar data.
A Syntactic Approach to Readability

Focusing on the issue of readability, this article examines problems that readability formulas present to the technical communicator, especially in terms of interaction with government agencies, and focuses on readability formula requirements mandated by The Office of Health and Industry programs [OHIP] for medical technology product support literature. Because the Flesch Reading Ease and the Flesch-Kincaid formulas are widely available, they are probably the ones most frequently used. Contemporary readability scholars have overlooked the Golub Syntactic Density Formula, which evaluates prose according to a sentence's syntax at a deeper level than the number of words per sentence and the number of syllables per word. The authors recommend it as a tool for evaluating readability. How it might be applied with current computer applications is discussed.
Molecular basis of binding of the Plasmodium falciparum receptor BAEBL to erythrocyte receptor glycophorin C

Plasmodium falciparum invades human erythrocytes by redundant pathways. Unlike Plasmodium vivax that has one Duffy Binding-Like (DBL) receptor, P. falciparum has four members of the DBL receptor family. Furthermore, one of these DBL genes, BAEBL, has polymorphisms at four amino acids in region II; each polymorphism binds to a different erythrocyte receptor. One BAEBL variant (VSTK) binds specifically to erythrocyte glycophorin C and binds poorly to neuraminidase-treated erythrocytes. When the amino acid threonine (T121) in BAEBL (VSTK) is changed to a lysine (VSKK), it no longer requires sialic acid as a receptor. To explore the molecular basis of sialic acid binding, we modeled the structure of region II of BAEBL (VSTK) on the crystal structure of a related DBL receptor, region II of erythrocyte binding antigen-175 (EBA-175). Four charged amino acids, R52, R114, E54 and D125, are predicted to surround T121 in BAEBL (VSTK). They were individually mutated to alanine (R52A, R114A, E54A, and D125A) or lysine (R52K, R114K) and expressed on the surface of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells. BAEBL (VSTK) with mutations in R52 or R114 of BAEBL (VSTK) bound neuraminidase-treated erythrocytes. Unlike the arginine mutations, E54A and D125A still bound poorly to neuraminidase-treated erythrocytes. These findings suggest that the two arginine residues surrounding T121 are critical for the binding specificity of BAEBL (VSTK) to sialic acid and suggest a role for arginine in sialic acid binding independent of its negative charge.
Parameter optimization for a reflective bistable twisted nematic display by use of the Poincaré sphere method

Although reflective bistable twisted nematic (RBTN) displays have potential in low-power-consumption applications, to achieve the optimum conditions for both bistable states simultaneously remains a challenge. We use a geometrical method based on the Poincare sphere representation to obtain the optimum conditions that can simultaneously satisfy both bistable states for a RBTN structure. With this method, the optimum conditions can be obtained analytically and the operation modes can be clearly visualized and better understood.
Frictional interactions at high velocity ductile metal interfaces

We have examined the effect of evolution of grain morphology on the frictional force at polycrystalline Al-Al and Al-Ta interfaces as a function of grain size and sliding velocity. We present the results of 8M, 26M and 138M particle NonEquilibrium Molecular Dynamics (NEMD) simulations for grain sizes of 13 and 20 nm. Sample sizes consisted of 3?3?3 and 5?5?5 grains on each side of a sliding interface. We have considered sliding velocities from 20 to 4000 m/s. For velocities below a size dependent critical velocity above which a fluid layer forms, we find enhanced grain coarsening leading to a highly strained, graded final steady state microstructure that exhibits a dynamic morphology for times greater than 5-10 ns. We find that the frictional force is insensitive to the initial grain size distribution due to the evolution of the initial distribution to a new nonequilibrium steady state. We discuss the relationship of these results to single crystal interfaces and the mechanisms for grain size and shape evolution.
Transient rates of synthesis of individual polypeptides in E. coli following temperature shifts

Abstract The effect of temperature shifts on the rates of synthesis of selected individual polypeptides in wild-type E. coli was studied through pulse-labeling and resolution of protein by the O'Farrell two-dimensional gel system. The overall rate of protein synthesis quickly accelerated to its new steady state rate after temperature shifts, but the differential rates of synthesis of most individual polypeptides studied either increased transiently (as much as 50 fold) or decreased transiently (as much as 10 fold). Their new steady state values, usually the pre-shift values, were reched 20 min after the shift. The magnitude of the responses depended upon the size of the temperature shift, and a shift downward generated responses opposite to those of a shift upward. The ten aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and five transcriptional or other translational factors studied responded with greater similarity than did a group of nine unidentified polypeptides chosen from different regulatory classes. Guanosine tetraphosphate accumulated transiently upon a temperature shift upward, but reducing this accumulation did not in general alter the quantitative responses of the polypeptides. For some proteins, these transients accomplish rapid attainment of a new steady state level. Many of the transients seem to be active regulatory responses.
Plastic deformation of a boron/aluminum tube under multi-axial loadings

Abstract A recently developed constitutive theory, encoded in the form of a finite-element program, has been utilized to study the elastic-plastic deformation of a metal-matrix composite tube (shell). Numerical results have been obtained for a unidirectional boron/aluminum cylindrial tube specimen, integrally attached to steel end-fittings and subjected to a combined loading of tension, torsion and internal pressure. Of particular interest are the effect of load-step size on the accuracy of stresses in the plastic range, influence of plasticity on the “boundary-layer effect” and uniformity of the stress field in the central region of the fiber reinforced cylindrical tube when loaded in the plastic range under combined loading conditions.
Lateral hyporheic exchange throughout the Mississippi River network

River water circulates through river bed and bank sediments. Model simulations suggest that practically all of the river water that reaches the mouth of the Mississippi River network has circulated laterally through its banks.
MISSISSIPPI TECH-PREP COORDINATORS: IDENTIFYING CHALLENGES OF THE JOB

ABSTRACT Mississippi tech-prep coordinators were surveyed to determine their perceptions of the difficulty of their various job responsibilities as identified in the Mississippi Tech Prep Handbook Pilot Site Implementation Guide 1993–94 (1993). It was hypothesized that their perceptions would be influenced by the number of sites served by individual tech-prep coordinators and the number of years of experience of the individual coordinators. The coordinators' survey also included open-ended questions to gain insight into specific challenges, such as additional duties assigned by the community college, and changes in responsibilities that have occurred over the years. The coordinators were also asked to suggest improvements in their job responsibilities. Further, a separate survey was conducted of the state tech-prep staff members to gain their perspectives of the coordinators' responsibilities. The state staff members were asked to identify what they considered the most difficult duty and the easiest, to s...
Equal kinematics between central anatomic single-bundle and double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare the kinematics of a central anatomic single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with a double-bundle ACL reconstruction by use of hamstring grafts and anatomic tunnel placement. Methods Anterior tibial translation and rotation were measured with a computer navigation system in 8 pairs of fresh-frozen cadaveric knees by use of a 133-N anterior force, an internal and external torque of 10 Nm, and an anterior force (133 N) combined with an internal rotation torque (10 Nm). Tests were performed at 30° and 60° of flexion with the ACL intact, the ACL transected, and after reconstruction of one side of a pair with either a single or a double-bundle construct. Results At 30° of flexion, cutting the ACL increased anterior translation under an anterior force ( P P = .02), and a combined anterior force plus internal rotation torque ( P = .01). At 60° of flexion, transecting the ACL led to increased anterior translation only when an anterior force was used ( P Conclusions Central anatomic single-bundle ACL reconstruction with tunnels centered within the tibial and femoral insertions and double-bundle ACL reconstruction can restore normal anterior translation to the knee under anterior and rotational loads applied at 30° and 60° of flexion. Clinical Relevance The primary kinematic effect of an ACL injury is an increase in anterior tibial translation, but there is no significant change in maximum internal or external rotation. Single- and double-bundle ACL reconstructions are equally effective in restoring normal anterior translation to the knee under both anterior and rotational loads.
674 OXIDANT MECHANISM FOR SULFONE INDUCED AGRANULOCYTOSIS

The antimalarial sulfone, dapsone, produces hemolysis and agranulocytosis. A metabolite of dapsone, 4-amino-4′-hydroxylaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS-NOH) generates superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide in vitro. To study a potential oxidant mechanism for agranulocytosis, we examined the effect of DDS-NOH on altering stem cell proliferation in vitro. Human bone marrow cells (2 × 105 cells/culture plate) were exposed to DDS-NOH for one hour at 37°C, washed, and then cultured in semi-soft agar for 14 days. The majority of colonies were granulocytic and their number (mean ± SD) were: Trypan blue exclusion by nucleated marrow cells was impaired at 1mM DDS-NOH. With 0.1mM DDS-NOH, addition of superoxide dismutase (SOD) or lactoperoxidase, sodium iodide, and SOD further decreased colony numbers, while catalase partially restored colony formation. These studies demonstrate that dapsone induced agranulocytosis may be mediated by oxidant damage to bone marrow stem cells and suggests that SOD may enhance sulfone induced oxidant injury.
Timing Out: The Politics of Death and Gender in Almodóvar’s Volver

From the pistol-packing Mother Superior of Entre tinieblas to the neo-noir thrills of La mala educacion (and a host of other films in between), death has long been a staple of Pedro Almodovar’s filmic oeuvre. But so often death is read as a finalizing dead end, the overwhelmingly negative result of bad health, bad circumstances, or bad luck, when it has the potential to be read as productive and engendering possibility. This article claims that Almodovar resists the foreclosing negativity of death in order to create a politics out of lack and loss. This is seen most notably in his 2006 film Volver, which ultimately provides new ways of thinking about family, gender, and life itself.
A parallelizing algorithm for computing solutions to arbitrarily branched cable neuron models.

Abstract An algorithm for the solution of branching one-dimensional cable neuron models is presented. The algorithm is based on solving the finite-difference approximations to a cable or compartmental model of a neuron with a time implicit integration scheme. The algorithm solves the linear system of equations that must be solved at each time step with implicit algorithms via an “exact domain decomposition.” This domain decomposition allows the solution of the unbranched and branching regions of the neuron to be done separately and permits a wide variety of possible implementations on parallel computers. Similarly, the separation of the straight and branched regions allows the solution of these two problems to be accomplished with linear system algorithms optimized for each class of problems. In contrast to other widely used methods (Hines, M. (1984) Int. J. Biomed. Comput., 15: 69–75), this algorithm can be used with arbitrary branching geometries, even those which contain closed loops.
Innovation in cross-national alliance ecosystems

Based upon emerging research and field interviews with alliance leaders in US organisations, this paper reports findings that highlight the roles of ecosystems and entrepreneurship in fostering innovation in the context of cross-national alliance management in four sectors. Particular attention is paid to the professionalisation and institutionalisation of an alliance management capability and to a focus on 'ecosystems' as a unit of analysis and operation. Three practical critical success factors are identified as well as possible constraints.
Gastric Irradiation for Complicated Peptic Ulcer in Geriatric Patients

: Thirty-six elderly patients with complicated peptic ulcer were treated by gastric irradiation (2000 roentgens directed at the fundus). In 30 of the 36 cases there was a significant improvement in symptoms. A marked decrease of hydrochloric acid secretion was observed in the 15 tested before and after therapy. Gastric irradiation offers a safe means of treatment for complicated peptic ulcer in patients who, because of advanced age or associated disease, are poor surgical risks.
A finite algorithm for the Drazin inverse of a polynomial matrix

Based on Greville's finite algorithm for Drazin inverse of a constant matrix we propose a finite numerical algorithm for the Drazin inverse of polynomial matrices. We also present a new proof for Decell's finite algorithm through Greville's finite algorithm.
Control of the Cdc2/cyclin B complex in Xenopus egg extracts arrested at a G2/M checkpoint with DNA synthesis inhibitors.

Proliferating eukaryotic cells possess checkpoint mechanisms that block cell division in the presence of unreplicated or damaged DNA. Using cell-free extracts from Xenopus eggs, we have investigated the mechanisms underlying the inability of a recombinant Cdc2/cyclin B complex to induce mitosis in the presence of incompletely replicated DNA. We found that the activities of the kinases and phosphatases that regulate the major phosphorylation sites on Cdc2 (e.g., tyrosine 15, threonine 14, and threonine 161) are not altered significantly under conditions where Xenopus extracts remain stably arrested in interphase due to the presence of the replication inhibitor aphidicolin. However, at threshold concentrations, a Cdc2/cyclin B complex containing a mutant Cdc2 subunit that cannot be phosphorylated on either tyrosine 15 or threonine 14 displays a markedly reduced capacity to induce mitosis in the presence of aphidicolin. This observation indicates that the replication checkpoint in Xenopus egg extracts functions without the inhibitory tyrosine and threonine phosphorylation of Cdc2. We provide evidence that the checkpoint-dependent suppression of the Cdc2/cyclin B complex involves a titratable inhibitor that is regulated by the presence of unreplicated DNA.
The death of the long case

The long case has tested the clinical skills of students for many years, yet inherent problems preclude it from being the sole source of decision making For most of the past century the long case has been an essential tool in the evaluation of clinical skills, being used to make important judgments about the education and practice of doctors throughout the world. Despite its widespread use and rich tradition, the long case has major flaws, making it unwise to use it as the sole basis for making decisions of consequence. In this article I describe the strengths and weaknesses of the long case and report on some of the modifications that have been introduced to improve its performance. #### Summary points The long case has been an essential tool in the assessment of clinical skills It evaluates performance with real patients and enables students to gather information and develop treatment plans under realistic conditions Problems have been found with the reproducibility of scores generated by the long case The long case can be improved by increasing the number of encounters, examiners, or aspects of a competence assessed Organisations responsible for high stakes testing are increasingly abandoning the long case or using it only in combination with other forms of assessment Although there are numerous variations on the long case, traditionally a student is given unobserved time with a real patient in a clinical setting. During that time the student conducts an interview and performs a physical examination as appropriate. The student then presents his or her findings and plans to the examiners, who ask about the patient and related topics enabling them to judge the quality of the student's …
Values in Land: Fiscal Pressures, Land Disputes and Justice Claims in Rural and Peri-urban China

This paper explores justice claims and legal recourse in disputes over land rights—a major source of unrest—in rural China. Local governments’ search for fiscal revenue and the concomitant fiscalisation of land create the context for the recent wave of land disputes. The types of dispute and the contexts in which disputes arise shape the ways in which citizens seek recourse to threats to their property rights and shape the kinds of justice claim they make in the process. Citizens whose land rights are threatened by land takings orchestrated by local governments and outside developers are more likely to pursue both distributive and procedural justice claims in court than are citizens whose land rights are threatened by reallocation of land within the community. In the latter case, citizens are more likely to pursue distributive but not procedural justice claims through mediation. These patterns hold in both case study and survey evidence. Distributive justice is associated with the fairness of outcome of a...
A family with seizures and minor features of tuberous sclerosis and a novel TSC2 mutation

The authors studied nine members of a family that demonstrated a limited form of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). Cutaneous findings were limited to hypopigmented macules in four patients. Five family members had recurrent seizures, and three of these had migrational defects of the cerebral mantle. Mutational analysis of TSC2 indicated the presence of the novel missense change 3106T-->C, 1036S-->P in all family members with seizures. The findings suggest that this mild variant form of TSC is due to a novel TSC2 mutation.
A transactional analysis of biobehavioral systems.

The system of behavior [B] consists of those transactional interrelationships between organism [O] and environment [E] that govern their commerce. The biological significance of such [O]-[E] interrelationships, their truing through learning, as well as those systems involved in the subordinate and superordinate regulation of behavior, are clear when life, itself, is seen as an emergent property of the [O]-[E] complex. In addition, a systems view of these hierarchically organized complexities suggests that they adaptively self-stabilize and self-organize, over time, as they participate in [L], the organism-environment complex. Such a transactional analysis of biobehavioral systems resonates well with the most basic axioms of Pavlov’s paradigm.
Improving Care With Nurse Case Managers: Practical Aspects of Designing Lipid Clinics

Compliance with the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP II) Adult Treatment Panel II guidelines for lipid management in patients with coronary artery disease has not been widespread. Barriers to effective lipid management occur at numerous levels of interaction between the patient, provider, and healthcare organizations. Nurse care managers (NCMs), recognized in the inpatient and discharge planning settings, are emerging in new roles in the outpatient setting working in subspecialty areas including lipid/risk-reduction, heart failure, and anticoagulation clinics. To improve patient adherence to NCEP II goals, NCMs can help overcome treatment barriers by: (1) bridging inpatient/outpatient care; (2) securing long-term patient compliance and follow-up; (3) developing clinic policy and computerized patient databases; (4) implementing management algorithms; and (5) enhancing financial reimbursement from insurers. Additional graduate nursing programs and novel healthcare delivery models demonstrating the ability to overcome the barriers to improved patient care must be encouraged and supported.
Localized charge carrier transport in pure single crystals of NiO

Abstract Results of Seebeck and resistivity measurements on carefully grown pure single crystals of NiO are shown to be inconsistent with predictions based on itinerant carrier models. A new model for hopping conduction, which contains a dependence of the hopping activation energy on spin ordering, is proposed and used to predict accurately the observed magnitude and temperature dependence of the resistivity in NiO.
Educational Software for Simulating Risk of HIV Infection.

The AIDS epidemic is still growing rapidly and the disease is thought to be uniformly fatal. With no vaccine or cure in sight, education during high school years is a critical component in the prevention of AIDS. We propose the use of computer software with which high school students can explore via simulation their own risk of acquiring an HIV infection given certain sexual behaviors. This particular software is intended to help students understand the three factors that determine their risk of HIV infection (number of sexual acts, probability that their partners are infected, and riskiness of the specific sexual activities they choose). Users can explicitly calculate their own chances of becoming infected based on decisions they make. Use of the program is expected to personalize the risk of HIV infection and thus increase users' concern and awareness. Behavioral change may not result from increased knowledge alone. Therefore the effectiveness of this program in changing attitudes toward risky sexual behaviors would be enhanced when the simulation is embedded in an appropriate curriculum. A description of the program and an example of its use are presented.
Biological electron energy loss spectroscopy: the present and the future

The current state of electron loss spectroscopy (EELS) techniques and applications in biology is briefly reviewed. The field-emission scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) equipped with a parallel detection spectrometer can localize and quantitate physiologically and biochemically relevant concentrations of many important elements in specimens prepared by suitable low-temperature techniques. The energy-filtering TEM is a complementary instrument, well suited for mapping locally high concentrations of elements over wider sample regions. With the STEM, nearly single-atom sensitivity can be achieved in the analysis of individual macromolecular assemblies although the spatial resolution is limited by radiation damage. Other STEM energy loss techniques
Reversible changes in the susceptibility of mice to bacterial infections. I. Changes brought about by injection of pertussis vaccine or of bacterial endotoxins.

A study has been made of the time variations in the susceptibility of albino mice to experimental infections with Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus , and Mycobacterium tuberculosis . Susceptibility to infection was determined by two criteria: ( a ) mortality rates following intravenous injection of a known infective dose; ( b ) numbers of bacterial colonies that could be recovered from the tissues of the infected animals at various times after infection. When measured in terms of either one of these two criteria, susceptibility was consistently modified by temporary deprivation of food, and by various changes in the composition of the diet. Increase in susceptibility to infection could be detected within a few hours to a few days depending upon the nature and intensity of the nutritional disturbance imposed upon the animal. Under the proper conditions, return to a normal state of resistance could also occur within a very short time. There was commonly observed an explosive bacterial multiplication in mice receiving the infective dose shortly after being subjected to nutritional disturbances. In the case of infection with Klebsiella pneumoniae , however, this phase of increased susceptibility was often followed a few hours later by one during which the numbers of living bacteria that could be recovered from the various organs fell to a very low level. Many of the animals which had exhibited severe but transient bacteriemia recovered rapidly and survived the infection. Mice rendered more susceptible to infection by being fed deficient diets progressively recovered their normal resistance while being kept on the same inadequate regimens. This adaptation occurred even though the weight of the animals on these regimens remained much lower than the weight of the animals fed a complete diet ad lib . The weight of the animal at the time of infection appeared to have little bearing on susceptibility. However, susceptibility consistently increased during the periods while the animals were losing weight—whatever the cause of the weight loss. The facts disclosed in the present study, as well as findings reported by other investigators, make clear that profound changes in susceptibility to infection can be brought about by varied non-specific procedures. These changes can occur within very short periods of time and are often rapidly reversible.
Current prognostic factors for prostate carcinoma

BACKGROUND. Prostate carcinoma provides a wide spectrum for risk of death from the disease and clinicians have long sought methods to predict the outcome accurately in individual patients. Traditional prognostic factors, such as histologic grade and stage, remain valuable. Additional clinical and laboratory studies may add to the precision of predicting the natural history of the disease or response to therapy. METHODS. A review of the literature on current, well accepted prognostic factors for prostate carcinoma and evolving methodology for the incorporation of new factors was conducted. RESULTS. The most widely used current prognostic factors for survival of patients with prostate carcinoma include clinical and pathologic stage, histologic grade, prostate specific antigen (PSA) level, age, and comorbidity. DNA ploidy has been extensively studied on radical prostatectomy specimens and appears valuable, but is not widely employed. The utility of DNA ploidy on biopsy specimens is less certain because of both methodologic issues and heterogeneity within the tumor. The statistical tools used to identify and validate new prognostic factors are critical and new techniques are sought to incorporate several independent factors into a prognostic score or index for an individual patient. CONCLUSIONS. Current prognostic factors for prostate carcinoma provide important information for patient care and research. However, new methods to define pretreatment prognosis are needed to assist clinicians and patients in making therapeutic choices for prostate carcinoma. The ideal method with which to incorporate the information attained from anatomic stage, histologic grade, PSA level, age, and comorbidity into a manageable prognostic score is uncertain and studies on this topic should be a high priority research objective.
IL-17R signaling: new players get in on the Act1.

Proinflammatory signaling by the interleukin 17 receptor requires the adaptor Act1. Two studies identify an additional function for Act1 and identify new participants that regulate the inflammatory effects of IL-17.
The prophylactic use of digitalis before thoracotomy.

Abstract Of 207 patients undergoing thoracotomy who were over 40 years of age and had compensated, rhythmic, normal-sized hearts, 143 received preoperative prophylactic digitalization and 64 did not. A comparison of the postoperative incidence of arrhythmia, congestive failure, and death from these causes revealed complications and resulting death rates of 4.2% and 1.4%, respectively, in the preoperative digitalis group and 14% and 6.3%, respectively, in the group that did not receive digitalis preoperatively. Arrhythmias in the preoperative digitalis group were less severe and more easily controlled. Of 211 patients undergoing open-heart operation, 185 had preoperative digitalis and 26 did not. Of those receiving digitalis prior to operation, 15% required more digitalis within the first 48 hours and showed increased drug tolerance. Eight of the 26 patients who did not have digitalis preoperatively required postoperative digitalization and showed decreased drug tolerance.
Assessment of protein coding measures

A number of methods for recognizing protein coding genes in DNA sequence have been published over the last 13 years, and new, more comprehensive algorithms, drawing on the repertoire of existing techniques, continue to be developed. To optimize continued development, it is valuable to systematically review and evaluate published techniques. At the core of most gene recognition algorithms is one or more coding measures--functions which produce, given any sample window of sequence, a number or vector intended to measure the degree to which a sample sequence resembles a window of 'typical' exonic DNA. In this paper we review and synthesize the underlying coding measures from published algorithms. A standardized benchmark is described, and each of the measures is evaluated according to this benchmark. Our main conclusion is that a very simple and obvious measure--counting oligomers--is more effective than any of the more sophisticated measures. Different measures contain different information. However there is a great deal of redundancy in the current suite of measures. We show that in future development of gene recognition algorithms, attention can probably be limited to six of the twenty or so measures proposed to date.
Mathematical Models for the Genesis of War

Lewis F. Richardson, Statistics of Deadly Quarrels, edited by Quincy Wright and C. C. Lienau, Pittsburgh, Pa., The Boxwood Press, and Chicago, Ill., Quadrangle Books, i960, 373 pp. $I2.50. Lewis F. Richardson, Arms and Insecurity: A Mathematical Study of the Causes and Origins of War, edited by Nicolas Rashevsky and Ernesto Trucco, Pittsburgh, Pa., The Boxwood Press, and Chicago, Ill., Quadrangle Books, i960, 307 pp. $Io.o0.
An Evaluation of Thermal Enhancements to Flip-Chip-Plastic Ball Grid Array (FC-PBGA) Packages

Flip-chip plastic ball grid array (FC-PBGA) packages are fast becoming the industry norm, in particular in the performance and cost driven consumer electronics sector. Since high thermal conductivity (k∼15–20 W/(m K)) ceramic substrate is replaced by a low conductivity (k∼0.2–0.5 W/(m K)) organic substrate in the FC-PBGA packages, enhancement of thermal performance of these packages to meet ever increasing demands is crucial for their wide spread use. In this study, enhancements to thermal performance of FC-PBGA packages due to material and design changes and external means such as heat spreaders and overmolding of the packages have been evaluated by solving a conjugate heat transfer models using the methods of computational fluid dynamic. The thermal enhancements evaluated in this study include the effect of thermal conductivity of the chip to package interconnect due to change in underfill material and the C4 bump pitch, effect of package to printed wiring board (PWB) interconnection through the use of thermal balls, effect of a heat spreader on the backside of the die, and overmolding the die without and with a heat spreader. Thermal performance of the FC-PBGA packages have been studied using junction to ambient thermal resistance, Θja , junction-to-board thermal resistance Ψjb , and junction to case thermal resistance ΨjT under natural and forced convection for freestream velocities up to 2 m/s and the for following ranges of parameters: Substrate size: 25 to 35 mm, die size: 6.19×7.81 mm (48 mm2 area) and 9.13×12.95 mm (118 mm2 area), C4 pitch: 250 mm, 150 mm and below, underfill material thermal conductivity: 0.6 to 3.0 W/(m K), no thermal balls between the package and the PWB to 9×9 array of thermal balls on 1.27 mm square pitch, and with copper heat spreader on the back of the bare and overmolded die. Based on previous experience, predictions in this study are expected to be within ±10% of measured data. The following conclusions are drawn from this study: 1. It is concluded that the thermal conductivity of the underfill materials in the range 0.6 to 10 W/(m K) is negligible. 2. It is also concluded that the bump pitch can decrease thermal resistances by 12 to 15 %. The change may be smaller with large die area. 3. Thermal balls (C5) connected to the PTHs in the PWB can decrease thermal resistance by about 10% to 15% as the number of thermal balls & PTHs increase zero to 9×9 on 1.27 mm pitch. The effect die size on this thermal enhancement is more noticeable on Ψjb . 4. Heat spreader on the back of the die decreases Θja by a small amount (6–7%) in natural convection and a large amount, about 25% in forced convection. 5. Overmolded die with heat spreader on the top of the overmold provides better thermal enhancement than heat spreader alone up to about 1 m/s. Beyond 1 m/s, heat spreader (without overmold) performs slightly better.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Identification and quantification of DNA repair protein apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) in human cells by liquid chromatography/isotope-dilution tandem mass spectrometry.

Unless repaired, DNA damage can drive mutagenesis or cell death. DNA repair proteins may therefore be used as biomarkers in disease etiology or therapeutic response prediction. Thus, the accurate determination of DNA repair protein expression and genotype is of fundamental importance. Among DNA repair proteins involved in base excision repair, apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) is the major endonuclease in mammals and plays important roles in transcriptional regulation and modulating stress responses. Here, we present a novel approach involving LC-MS/MS with isotope-dilution to positively identify and accurately quantify APE1 in human cells and mouse tissue. A completely 15N-labeled full-length human APE1 was produced and used as an internal standard. Fourteen tryptic peptides of both human APE1 (hAPE1) and 15N-labeled hAPE1 were identified following trypsin digestion. These peptides matched the theoretical peptides expected from trypsin digestion and provided a statistically significant protein score that would unequivocally identify hAPE1. Using the developed methodology, APE1 was positively identified and quantified in nuclear and cytoplasmic extracts of multiple human cell lines and mouse liver using selected-reaction monitoring of typical mass transitions of the tryptic peptides. We also show that the methodology can be applied to the identification of hAPE1 variants found in the human population. The results describe a novel approach for the accurate measurement of wild-type and variant forms of hAPE1 in vivo, and ultimately for defining the role of this protein in disease development and treatment responses.
Evidence that a serotonergic mechanism is involved in the anticonvulsant effect of fluoxetine in genetically epilepsy-prone rats.

Fluoxetine (15 mg/kg i.p.) decreased the audiogenic seizure intensity in 33% of severe seizure genetically epilepsy-prone rats (GEPR-9s). 5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP, 12.5 mg/kg i.p.) produced no anticonvulsant effect in GEPR-9s. When GEPR-9s were treated with a combination of these two drugs, the combination treatment decreased the audiogenic seizure intensity in 83% of the animals tested. Brain microdialysis studies showed that the same combination of 5-HTP and fluoxetine also produced a marked potentiation of the increase in the extracellular serotonin concentration in the thalamus of freely-moving GEPR-9s when compared with administration of either drug alone. A negative correlation between audiogenic seizure intensity and extracellular serotonin concentration existed after either fluoxetine alone or the combination treatment. No significant changes in extracellular norepinephrine concentrations were observed after the combination treatment. These results coupled with our earlier reports strongly suggest that a serotonergic mechanism is involved in the anticonvulsant effects of fluoxetine in GEPRs.
The chimeron model of the intermediate vector boson W

Abstract This paper proposes to mediate the weak interactions with charged vector bosons which are given strong pair-wise interactions with the hadrons (coupling f ∼ 1), and which are identified with the “a” particles of T. D. Lee—these are particles having nonvanishing charge Q k corresponding to the C st -even part of the electromagnetic current. A mismatch model of Lee is adapted here to illustrate the prominent features of the W ± ≡ a ± “Chimeron” theory in the limit that the strong interactions are SU (3) conserving. It is shown that a relatively stringent additional constraint is needed to make the f ∼ 1 type Chimeron theory viable. The pattern of mismatch which leads to CP nonconsevation when SU (3) breaking and electromagnetic interactions are introduced, is considered. An alternative W ≡ a model proposed by Okun and Rubbia which employs universal definition of C , P , T without SU (3) symmetry is also presented and shown to lead to very different empirical consequences; in particular the pair-wise coupling f of the a -fields to normal hadrons must now be reduced to 10 −2 -10 −3 . Finally the experimental implications of the strong (f ∼ 1) W ± ≡ a ± theory are discussed.
Melting properties of He3 and He4 up to 3500 kg/cm2

Abstract For He3 and He4 the volume change on melting, ΔVm, the molar volume of fluid, Vf, and the fluid thermal expansion coefficient, α f [≠ ( 1 V f ) ( ϖV f ϖT ) p ], were measured along the melting curve from 1.3 to 31°K at pressures up to 3500 kg/cm2. These are the first such measurements to be reported for He3; for He4 they are the first measurements, consistent with melting curve determinations, which cover this pressure range accurately. Detailed studies of all the melting parameters were made at pressures below 250 kg/cm2 for both isotopes. Two solid forms of He3 were found with a transition line which intersects the melting curve at 3.15°K and 141 kg/cm2. For He4 an indirect determination was made of the intersection of the lambda line with the melting curve.
Effects of various reproductive hormones on the penetration of LHRH across the blood-brain barrier.

Abstract A previous study has shown bidirectional saturable transport of LHRH across the blood-brain barrier. Here, the effects of the steroids progesterone and β-estradiol and the pituitary glycoproteins luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) on the bidirectional transport rate were determined. No statistically significant difference in brain to blood transport of 125 I-LHRH was found in mice given ICV progesterone (1 and 100 pmol/mouse), β-estradiol (1 and 100 pmol/mouse), FSH (10 and 1000 pmol/ mouse) or LH (100 and 1000 pmol/mouse). Blood to brain transport of 125 I-LHRH, tested in rats with a carotid artery perfusion method, was not affected by inclusion of progesterone (100 nmol/ml), β-estradiol (100 nmol/ml), LH (2 and 10 nmol/ml), or FSH (10 nmol/ml) in the perfusate. We conclude, therefore, that unlike its release from the hypothalamus, the exchange of LHRH between the CNS and blood is unlikely to be influenced by reproductive hormones.
A PHYSICIAN?S LIABILITY FOR MISTAKES OF A PHYSICIAN ASSISTANT

(2000). A PHYSICIAN?S LIABILITY FOR MISTAKES OF A PHYSICIAN ASSISTANT. Journal of Legal Medicine: Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 125-142.
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy as an Adjunctive Treatment for Diabetic Foot Wounds: A Comprehensive Review With Case Studies

Complications associated with diabetes are often expensive to treat, and commonly include foot ulceration. While most diabetic foot ulcers heal with standard treatment, when standard treatment measures fail, adjunctive therapies must be considered. We review the theory and evidence for the use of systemic Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) as an adjunctive treatment for chronic lower extrem- ity diabetic ulceration. Two clinical cases of patients treated with HBOT for refractory diabetic foot ulceration at Georgetown University Hospital are presented. A growing body of evidence suggests that oxy- gen plays a major role in whether wounds heal normally or remain non- healing chronic wounds. An oxygen gradient, from high oxygen levels in the edges of the wound to hypoxic conditions in the wound center, seems to optimally stimulate wound healing. Wounds that are instead surrounded by hypoxic tissue lack this oxygen gradient and seem less likely to heal. In wounds with adequate perfusion, HBOT may over- come periwound hypoxia to create an oxygen gradient and stimulate healing of otherwise nonhealing wounds. The clinical trials assessing the effectiveness of HBOT in diabetic wound healing have been incon- clusive. However, considering the evidence supporting oxygen's role in wound healing and the potential for HBOT to decrease medical costs related to the care of chronic diabetic ulcers, there is a need for more extensive clinical trials to evaluate HBOT efficacy.
A system of performance intervention zones for use during student evaluation in the clinical environment

In order to support decision making during comprehensive clinical examinations involving patient care, a system of performance intervention zones was developed and implemented. The aims of the system were to assist examiners in deciding when to intervene during a clinical examination, to facilitate consistency in decision making, and to create the basis and language for shared understanding of examinee performance. The system was recently utilized in Ontario during assessment of internationally educated massage therapists in relation to provincially set competency standards. Feedback from examiners suggested that the system of intervention zones was effective in achieving the specified aims, and on the basis of this preliminary field test, further work is being planned in order to establish the reliability of the system.
Cerebral Localization of Functions and the Neurology of Language: Fact versus Fiction or Is It Something Else?

Over the last 15 years there has been a burgeoning number of publications using functional brain imaging (>40,000 articles based on an ISI/Web of Science search) to localize behavioral and cognitive processes to specific areas in the human brain that are often not confirmed by traditional, lesion-based studies. Thus, there is a need to reassess what cerebral localization of functions is and is not. Otherwise, there is no rational way to interpret the escalating claims of localization in the functional imaging literature that is taking on the appearance of neurophysiologic "phrenology". This article will present arguments to suggest that functional localization in the brain is a robust but very dynamic, four-dimensional process. It is a learned phenomenon driven over time by large-scale, spatially distributed, neural networks seeking to efficiently maximize the processing, storage, and manipulation of information for cognitive and behavioral operations. Because of historical considerations and space limitations, the main focus will be on localization of language-related functions whose theoretical neurological basis can be generalized for any complex cognitive-behavioral function.
Thermodynamic aspects of the magnetic transitions in the chromium tellurides Heat Capacities of Cr5Te6, Cr3Te4 and Cr2Te3 from 5 to 350°K

Heat capacities of three chromium tellurides representing the compounds Cr5Te6 and Cr3Te4 with monoclinically-deformed structures, and Cr2Te3 with hexagonal structure were determined over the range from 5 to 350°K. Values of the heat capacities, enthalpy functions, and entropy increments are tabulated at selected temperatures. At 298.15°K the entropy increments (S298.15–Soo) in cal gfw−1 °K−1 are 10.228 for Cr0.4546Te0.5454 [i. e., (Cr5Te6)/11], 10.008 for Cr0.4286Te0.5714 [i. e., (Cr3Te4)/7], and 9.973 for Cr0.4000Te0.6000 [i. e., (Cr2Te3)/5]. Transitional entropy increments of about 1.7, 1.1, and 1.0 cal/(g atom Cr °K) are associated with λ-type maxima in the heat capacity at 327, 300, and 172°K, in Cr5Te6, Cr3Te4, and Cr2Te3 respectively and are correlated with the magnetic properties. Es wurden die Molwarmen der drei Chromtelluride Cr5Te6, Cr3Te4 (beide mit verzerrtmonoklinem Gitter) und Cr2Te3 (hexagonal) im Temperaturbereich von 5 bis 350°K bestimmt. Die erhaltenen Werte der Molwarmen, Enthalpien und Entropien werden mitgeteilt. Die Cp = f(T)-Kurven haben bei den Umwandlungstemperaturen der drei Verbindungen (327, 300 bzw. 172°K) einen λ-formigen Verlauf. Die dazugehorigen Umwandlungsentropien betragen 1,7; 1,1 bzw. 1,0 cal/(g-Atom Cr. Grad). An Hand der magnetischen Eigenschaften der Phasen wird die Art der Umwandlungen diskutiert.
Parametric investigation of ground roughness on the interference between AP-mine and clutter-object buried under two-dimensional random rough surfaces

In realistic landmine fields, the anti-personnel plastic mine is often buried nearby a clutter-object under the ground. The presence of a second object buried near the mine under a two-dimensional (2-D) rough ground can easily obscure the target and/or cause a false alarm. The separation distance between the AP mine and clutter-object plays a significant role on the probability of true or false alarm in this situation. A rigorous electromagnetic model has been developed to analyze the scattering mechanism between the target and the clutter-object, between the target and the rough ground, between clutter-object and the rough ground and the multiple scattering between different spots on the rough ground itself. The new rigorous model is based on the classical electromagnetic equivalence theorem leading to producing six new integral equations. Using the Method of Moment (MoM), the new integral equations are transformed into a linear system of equations to be solved for the unknown electric and magnetic currents on the surface of three scatterers; 1) rough ground, 2)target and 3)clutter-object. The MoM impedance matrix completely represents every interaction between these three scatterers. The superior Steepest Descent Fast Multipole Method (SDFMM) is used to tremendously speed up the computations of the unknown MoM surface currents.