cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vitallium mold arthroplasty and femoral prosthetic replacement in the surgical management of rheumatoid arthritis in the hip.

Summary Vitallium mold arthroplasty is the procedure of choice in the young patient who has rheumatoid arthritis and a destroyed hip joint. In 52 cases followed over five years, there were 40 good or very good results. In 16 cases followed for 10 years or longer, there were still 50 per cent good or very good results. In the older age groups and in those patients with involvement of both hips and knees, the Charnley total hip arthroplasty is more certain to yield a good result.
Intellectual Property and the Common Law: The Concept of “Harm” in Copyright

This essay examines the tort of copyright infringement. It argues that the ideas of "harm" and "fault" already play a role in the tort’s functioning, and that an ideally reformulated version of the tort should perhaps give a more significant role to “harm.” The essay therefore examines what “harm” can or should mean, reviewing four candidates for cognizable harm in copyright law (rivalry-based losses, foregone fees, loss of exclusivity, and subjective distress) and canvassing three philosophical conceptions of "harm" (counterfactual, historical-worsening, and noncomparative). The essay identifies the appropriateness vel non of employing, in the copyright context, each harm-candidate and each variant conception. While the essay argues that there remain many issues that need to be resolved before making “harm” a formal prerequisite for liability in copyright, the essay takes steps toward resolving some of the open issues.
Methuselah Flash: Rewriting Codes for Extra Long Storage Lifetime

Motivated by embedded systems and datacenters that require long-life components, we extend the lifetime of Flash memory using rewriting codes that allow for multiple writes to a page before it needs to be erased. Although researchers have previously explored rewriting codes for this purpose, we make two significant contributions beyond prior work. First, we remove the assumption of idealized -- and unrealistically optimistic -- Flash cells used in prior work on endurance codes. Unfortunately, current Flash technology has a non-ideal interface, due to its underlying physical design, and does not, for example, allow all seemingly possible increases in a cell's level. We show how to provide the ideal multi-level cell interface, by developing a virtual Flash cell, and we evaluate its impact on existing endurance codes. Our second contribution is our development of novel endurance codes, called Methuselah Flash Codes (MFC), that provide better cost/lifetime trade-offs than previously studied codes.
The French comics theory reader, edited by Ann Miller and Bart Beaty, Leuven, Belgium, Leuven University Press, 2014, 334 pp., US$80.00 (paperback), ISBN: 978-9058679888

The mere mention of French theory brings to mind thoughts of split subjects, signifiers and definitions of postmodernism. However, The French Comics Theory Reader, edited by Ann Miller and Bart Bea...
Charge ordering and correlation effects in the extended Hubbard model

We study the half-filled extended Hubbard model on a two-dimensional square lattice using cluster dynamical mean-field theory on clusters of size 8--20. We show that the model exhibits metallic, Mott-insulating, and charge-ordered phases, and determine the location of the charge-ordering phase-transition line and the properties of the phases as a function of temperature, local interaction, and nearest-neighbor interaction. We find strong nonlocal correlations outside the charge-ordered phase and a pronounced screening effect in the vicinity of the phase transition, where nonlocal interactions push the system towards metallic behavior. In contrast, correlations in the charge-ordered phase are mostly local to the unit cell. Finally, we demonstrate how strong nonlocal electron-electron interactions can increase electron mobility by turning a charge-ordered insulator into a metal. We analyze finite-size effects and the convergence of our data to the thermodynamic limit. Control of all sources of errors allows us to assess the regime of applicability of simpler approximation schemes for systems with nonlocal interactions.
Implementing Robotic Telepresence in a Synchronous Hybrid Course

Synchronous hybrid learning is a technology-rich approach to enacting comparable, shared, and collaborative learning experiences for face-to-face and online participants in real-time. The benefits of this approach are often realized through an iterative process of innovation, review, and revision. We present an instructive case in which we used robotic telepresence devices to bring greater individualization to online students in one particular synchronous hybrid course. Our goal was to see if increased individuation for online participants helped them feel more "present" with their face-to-face counterparts, and thereby foster rich interactions between the two groups. The context was a higher education course in which 12 robotic telepresence devices were used to build a synchronous hybrid learning models. This case presents how we came to use robotic telepresence devices in this course, what challenges we encountered, how we tried to solve those challenges, and the lessons we learned in the process. Of particular interest is the importance of pairing pedagogical strategies to the technologies that best suit them.
Against Idealization in Virtue Ethics

Many virtue ethicists implicitly or explicitly make use of an ideal—the concept of a perfect character, a character that is at best approximated, but never realized. I shall argue against the use of ideals (idealization) in virtue ethics on both theoretical and practical grounds. The widespread, implicit assumption that ideals are necessary bits of theoretical machinery is not only false, but counterproductive. The widespread use of ideals as goals is not only unhelpful, but pernicious. I shall identify three familiar doctrines as idealizations: the corrective doctrine of virtue, the identification of right actions with characteristic actions of virtuous agents, and the reciprocity of virtues doctrine. I shall reject these doctrines and recommend alternatives.
Finite element tyre model for antilock braking system study

In the present work a 235/75R15 tyre 3D finite element (FE) model was developed using the commercial software package ABAQUS. The finite element model considers the severe nonlinearities due to a tyre's complicated geometry, hyperelastic properties of the rubber material, contact between the tyre and the road, and the reinforcing bars inside the tyre's structure. The FE model was utilised to implement a braking event of antilock braking system (ABS) controller logic. The ABS controller was developed based on a commercially available system and the logic was coded in Fortran 77 and implemented in a UVAMP ABAQUS subroutine. The detailed 3D tyre model and the FE ABS model are discussed in detail. The results show that the ABS logic is capable of maintaining the minimum slip ratio to avoid tyre sliding.
Establishing a new intergovernmental fiscal transfer system in China: The state of the field, 1994-2010

This article reviews 31 academic studies on establishing the intergov ernmental fiscal transfer system in China since 1994. These studies were selected from major academic journals published in mainland China and reviewed by their theme—design of the transfer system, transfers for equalization, local fiscal stress and tax efforts, rural tax/ fees reform, outcome evaluation, and routes of development. The article starts by placing China's economic reform and government roles into the general framework of industrialization and human develop ment; it ends with a section critiquing research reviewed and linking the reviewed studies to existing literature in the West. The Industrial Revolution did not develop simultaneously over the conti nents but has occurred in three waves at 100-year intervals. For example, Britain and Germany as forerunners of the modern society first experi enced it at the turn of the 19th century, the United States at the turn of the 20th century, and now China in the late-20th and the dawn of the 21st centuries. Each wave has brought rapid productivity increase, substantial improvement of living standards, and dramatic advances of Yilin HOU is the Stanley W. Shelton Professor of Public Finance at the Depart ment of Public Administration and Policy, School of Public and International Affairs, the University of Georgia. His current research examines the develop ment of intergovernmental fiscal relations in China. He can be reached by email at yihou@uga.edu and by mail at Baldwin 204, Athens, GA 30602-1615, USA. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.174 on Wed, 31 May 2017 18:33:00 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Surfaces for high heat dissipation with no Leidenfrost limit

Heat dissipation from hot surfaces through cooling droplets is limited by the Leidenfrost point (LFP), in which an insulating vapor film prevents direct contact between the cooling droplet and the hot surface. A range of approaches have been developed to raise this limit to higher temperatures, but the limit still exists. Recently, a surface architecture, decoupled hierarchical structure, was developed that allows the suppression of LFP completely. However, heat dissipation by the structure in the low superheat region was inferior to other surfaces and the structure required an extensive micro/nano fabrication procedure. Here, we present a metallic surface structure with no LFP and high heat dissipation capacity in all temperature ranges. The surface features the nucleate boiling phenomenon independent of the temperature with an approximate heat transfer coefficient of 20 kW m−2 K−1. This surface is developed in a one-step process with no micro/nano fabrication. We envision that this metallic surface prov...
CURRENT STATUS OF MUSIC EDUCATION IN SENIOR HIGH SCHOOLS

The importance of music education at various levels of education has amply been emphasized in literature. In spite of this reality, the delivery of elective music instruction in Senior High Schools (SHS) in Ghana is bedeviled with some challenges, and it is based on this that this study was conducted among three selected senior high schools in the Kumasi Metropolis. The population for the study included music teachers and students of Opoku Ware, Anglican and Armed Forces senior high schools. Four (4) music teachers and hundred (100) students were sampled purposively and used for data collection. Forty (40) closed-ended questionnaires were administered primarily. The questions were analysed descriptively such that frequencies and percentages were generated for the presentation of results. The study revealed that some of the challenges that confront the teaching and learning of music were lack of resources, poor musical ability of teachers and low priority given to music education. Moreover, it was observed that only few students offered music as elective subjects. It was also discovered that the West Africa Senior Secondary Certification Examination (WASSCE) results of students were not bad. Having unearthed these challenges, it was recommended that adequate resources must be made available for the elective instruction of music in senior high schools. It was also recommended that music education must be given the needed attention and support.
Sinter bonding titanium and Ti-6Al-4V

The production of titanium parts by additive manufacturing techniques has great potential for cost reduction. Further manufacturing cost reduction to open new markets can come by producing separate components by die pressing powder into parts, assembling the parts, and sinter bonding to form complex shapes. In this work, we demonstrate that die pressed titanium components can be bonded using the differences in sintering behavior in vacuum. Green compacts pressed from powders of TiH2, TiH2 + master alloy (MA), and Armstrong pre-alloyed grade 5 were measured using dilatometry during sintering and had shrinkages of 9.85, 9.64, and 8.31%, as compared to HDH + MA powder with 4.59%. The larger shrinkage powders were bonded as peripheral components to an hydride-dehydride (HDH) + MA core producing various bond interfaces and strengths. Bonded components were tested with a push-out test and compared to pucks of single powder and wrought grades 2 and 5 titanium. Push-out stresses were measured as 101 ± 14 MPa, 235 ± 52 MPa, and 423 ± 60 MPa for bonds using periphery powders, TiH2 + MA, TiH2, Armstrong pre-alloyed grade 5, respectively. The as-sintered vacuum cooled state of the bond using Armstrong pre-alloyed grade 5 titanium achieved 82% of the strength of wrought grade 5 titanium.
Patients' assessments of a superficial modified vestibulectomy for vestibulodynia.

OBJECTIVE: To assess long-term outcomes of surgical treatment of vestibulodynia by reporting patients' tabulated questionnaire responses. STUDY DESIGN: Between 1988 and 2006, 133 subjects underwent modified superficial vestibulectomies. At 4 time intervals, portions of the expanding cohort were queried with a mailed questionnaire. Results were compared to the clinical findings. Questionnaires had closed questions, ranked and non-ranked, as well as open questions and visual analogue scales. Percentages were calculated by SPSS statistical software. RESULTS: A total of 119 women (89%) returned questionnaires, allowing a mean follow-up interval of 2.8 years; 68% reported that dyspareunia was cured completely, and for 24% it was lessened. Twenty-two percent said they perceived a different pain after surgery, many identifying it as muscular. Eighty-seven percent said they would have the procedure again. Qualitative responses revealed the importance of physical therapy, the complexities of pain issues, the toll on emotions and relationships and suggestions for more education of health practitioners and women generally about this entity. CONCLUSION: A large majority of women who under went superficial vestibule surgery for vestibulodynia found it quite acceptable and instrumental in treating dyspareunia. Many wished they had had it sooner. Individualized, superficial surgery is very effective and should not be withheld if short-term medical and physical therapy have proven to be incomplete therapies.
The Organization of Cell Metabolism: A Historical Vignette

Enzymology as a distinct science is just over 100 years old, dating most notably to the work of W. Kuhne (Gutfreund, 1976). Originally, enzymes were called ferments, reflecting the early interest in the nature of alcoholic fermentation. In 1876 Kuhne presented to the Heidelberger Naturhistorischen und Medizinischen Verein a paper (reproduced in FEBS Letters, Volume 62, Supplement, 1976), in which he proposed that isolable ferments should be called enzymes. As we learn in elementary biochemistry courses, the word enzyme comes from the Greek for in yeast or leavened.
Privacy Policy and Technology in Biomedical Data Science

Privacyis an important consideration when sharing clinical data, which often contain sensitive information. Adequate protection to safeguard patient privacy and to increase public trust in biomedical research is paramount. This review covers topics in policy and technology in the context of clinical data sharing. We review policy articles related to (a) the Common Rule, HIPAA privacy and security rules, and governance; (b) patients' viewpoints and consent practices; and (c) research ethics. We identify key features of the revised Common Rule and the most notable changes since its previous version. We address data governance for research in addition to the increasing emphasis on ethical and social implications. Research ethics topics include data sharing best practices, use of data from populations of low socioeconomic status (SES), recent updates to institutional review board (IRB) processes to protect human subjects' data, and important concerns about the limitations of current policies to address data deidentification. In terms of technology, we focus on articles that have applicability in real world health care applications: deidentification methods that comply with HIPAA, data anonymization approaches to satisfy well-acknowledged issues in deidentified data, encryption methods to safeguard data analyses, and privacy-preserving predictive modeling. The first two technology topics are mostly relevant to methodologies that attempt to sanitize structured or unstructured data. The third topic includes analysis on encrypted data. The last topic includes various mechanisms to build statistical models without sharing raw data.
New Methods in Nonlinear Mechanics

Publisher Summary This chapter presents some of the fundamental ideas of two new mathematical theories that have already provided powerful computational approaches. These theories, invariant imbedding and dynamic programming, are based upon new conceptual approaches to classical analysis and mathematical physics. The chapter describes a new method of invariant imbedding that eliminates two-point boundary value aspects and provides an analytic formulation solely in terms of initial values. To answer the problem of determining the reflected and transmitted fluxes associated with a rod of prescribed length, the general problem of determining the reflected flux from a rod of arbitrary length is considered. There is great merit of using imbeddings simultaneously as each possesses certain useful and desirable features, both analytically and computationally. Furthermore, it is natural to suppose that there exist many other types of imbedding with other useful features.
The Preternship – An Academic-Industry Partnership Model for Early Experiential Learning Experiences in Computer Science Curricula

Herein, we present the “Preternship”, an experiential learning method for introducing industry projects in the classroom early in the CS curricula. We conduct surveys of 132 industry members and 39 faculty members, and compare the results to assess opportunity for experiential learning. Then, we present the format and post-program survey results of a Preternship for a 48-student introductory computing course and a 16student junior/senior level VLSI course, working in tandem with 27 industry Mentors, to demonstrate the potential for implementing this program early in CS curricula. The survey results show significant potential for the Preternship as a model for enhancing student skills in project planning and execution, motivating students to remain in their program, and showcase their technical and leadership potential to employers.
Pre-Loss Grief in Caregivers of Older Adults with Dementia with Lewy Bodies.

BACKGROUND Pre-loss grief increases as dementia advances. Caregivers who experience pre-loss grief face risks to their own physical and psychological health. OBJECTIVE The study examined factors associated with pre-loss grief in caregivers of older adults with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) to determine whether overall caregiver experiences differ based on the stages of DLB in care recipients. The study also compared pre-loss grief in caregivers of DLB patients with that in caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other dementias. METHOD Using a cross-sectional design, 714 caregivers of older adults with dementia (488 DLB, 81 AD, 145 other dementias) completed an online survey on pre-loss grief. Multivariate linear regression identified risk factors associated with pre-loss grief and analysis of variance examined whether pre-loss grief in caregivers differed significantly based on type of dementia or stage of DLB. RESULTS Being the caregiver of a spouse, lower level of caregiver well-being, lower psychological well-being of the caregiver, and higher level of burden were associated (p < 0.005) with increased pre-loss grief in caregivers of older adults with DLB. There was no significant difference in caregiver burden, well-being, or depression according to the various stages of DLB (mild, moderate, severe, deceased) in the care recipients. There was no significant difference in pre-loss grief in caregivers of DLB care recipients compared to caregivers of patients with other dementias. CONCLUSION Assessment of DLB caregivers and appropriate interventions should be conducted to reduce their burden and emotional distress to decrease the incidence of pre-loss grief.
Inferences among logical operators

This chapter reviews the relationships in which one logical element is inferred from another in the Square of Opposition, which are referred to as “inferences of opposition”. It introduces the Square in terms of the logical quantifiers, and then introduces a spreading-activation model that can account for them. The next task it follows is to run the Interactive Competition and Activation (IAC) simulations of the three main types of oppositional inference, using implementations of the IAC algorithm in MATLAB. The processing of sentences with logical coordinators is solely not a function of content and experience, but rather depends on more general mechanisms. There are two extended families of such general mechanisms, which are: the semantic, and the syntactic approach. The semantic approach has its roots in the model-theoretic deduction and the syntactic approach has its roots in the proof-theoretic deduction. According to the syntactic account, people extract and represent a logical structure of statements that include logical operators and the reasoning consists of a manipulation of this structure. While according to the semantic approach, people represent possibilities consistent with a statement, even if these representations deviate from the logical prescriptions. The chapter also reviews a model of grammar in which activation spreads among all three major linguistic components, in order to trace how the excitation of a phonological form excites or inhibits other phonological forms. In this way, the inference from one logical clause to another can be simulated as the spread of activation from a phonological item to its semantic representation and then back to another phonological item.
Sequential event prediction

In sequential event prediction, we are given a "sequence database" of past event sequences to learn from, and we aim to predict the next event within a current event sequence. We focus on applications where the set of the past events has predictive power and not the specific order of those past events. Such applications arise in recommender systems, equipment maintenance, medical informatics, and in other domains. Our formalization of sequential event prediction draws on ideas from supervised ranking. We show how specific choices within this approach lead to different sequential event prediction problems and algorithms. In recommender system applications, the observed sequence of events depends on user choices, which may be influenced by the recommendations, which are themselves tailored to the user's choices. This leads to sequential event prediction algorithms involving a non-convex optimization problem. We apply our approach to an online grocery store recommender system, email recipient recommendation, and a novel application in the health event prediction domain.
EVIDENTIARY POWER AND PROPRIETY OF DIGITAL IDENTIFIERS AND THE IMPACT ON PRIVACY RIGHTS IN THE UNITED STATES

Media and network systems capture and store data about electronic activity in new, sometimes unprecedented ways; computational systems make for new means of analysis and knowledge development. These new forms offer new, powerful tactical tools for investigations of electronic malfeasance under traditional legal regulation of state power, particular that of Fourth Amendment limitations on police searches and seizures under the U.S. Constitution. But autonomy, identity and authenticity concerns with electronic data raise issues of public policy, privacy and proper police oversight of civil society. We examine those issues and their implications for digital and computational forensics.
Voluntary Simplicity: Characterization, Select Psychological Implications, and Societal Consequences

The idea that the over-arching goal of capitalist economies needs to be changed and that achieving ever-higher levels of consumption of products and services is a vacuous goal has been with us from the onset of industrialization. It often has taken the form of comparing the attractive life of the much poorer, pre-industrial artisan to that of the drudgeries of the more endowed industrial assembly-line worker.
Pasolini collaboratore di Fellini. Analisi del contributo dato da Pier Paolo Pasolini alla scrittura de Le notti di Cabiria

Pier Paolo Pasolini ha contribuito in maniera tutt'altro che marginale alla scrittura de Le notti di Cabiria (1957) di Federico Fellini. Non si limito a riscrivere i dialoghi del film, come in genere si crede per la qualifica di collaboratore ai dialoghi che gli fu attribuita. Fellini fece invece ricorso alle capacita critiche e al talento letterario di Pasolini per rielaborare la struttura narrativa del film nel suo complesso. Per Le notti di Cabiria Pasolini corregge dialoghi e descrizioni, suggerisce di eliminare o ampliare intere scene, alcune delle quali riscrive di sana pianta, e crea personaggi a cui Fellini e i suoi sceneggiatori non avevano pensato. L'intensa collaborazione di Pasolini alla sceneggiatura del film di Fellini sara determinante per lo sviluppo della poetica di entrambe gli autori.
Review of "Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology of the Liver: Diagnostic algorithm a Southeast Asian Perspective" by A Wee and P Sampatankul

Recently there has been an expansion of general and organ-specific cytopathology books. One may think there is no need for the latter since most of the general cytopathology books cover the cytopathology of organ sites extensively. This argument may not be true for all organ sites, particularly for the liver where there is a high demand for a book that illustrates the cytomorphologic aspects of liver lesions, especially in geographic regions such as Southeast Asia and Africa where liver disease is common. Wee and Sampatanukul's Fine Needle Aspiration of the Liver aim to fulfill the need for such a book. This book presents a strong case for the complementary use of cytology and histology in the diagnostic work-up of liver mass and it is true to its title since it follows a simple diagnostic algorithm for the cytodiagnosis of hepatic lesions. As in clinical problem solving, this algorithm starts with the clinical findings followed by the imaging studies and then the cytologic findings. The algorithm ultimately allows a set of differential diagnoses from which a final diagnosis is arrived at through clinicopathological correlation and occasionally through the addition of ancillary studies such as immunohistochemistry. As such, the first part of the book is arranged in chapters each of which reflects a step in this process: chapter 2 describes clinical presentation, chapter 3 imaging, chapter 4 to 9 cytodiagnosis, chapter 10 ancillary testing and chapter 11 deals with clinicopathological correlation. The second part of the book presents "case studies" that beautifully illustrate this algorithm. The book is well-written and well-illustrated. The authors presents a large collection of cases of primary and metastatic tumors of the liver as well as several other space occupying lesions of the liver that mimic primary liver cancers or their variants. They also review the diagnostic performance and accuracy of FNA as compared to needle biopsy and illustrate the pitfalls associated with cytodiagnosis of liver lesions. To demonstrate various microscopic features of these lesions, the authors use cytology-histology correlation extensively. The book is moderate in size and is well-indexed, well-referenced and easy to read. The illustrations are high-quality color photographs with succinct informative legends. I wish the authors had included more cytologic rather than histologic illustrations of the various inclusions that are commonly seen in hepatocytes. This is also true for the immunohistochemistry. During the three weeks that I had the book for review, I consulted it during the diagnostic workup for a case of hepatocellular carcinoma and again for a case of metastatic non-small cell carcinoma. Practicing pathologists as well as cytopathology trainees, especially those in the Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa will find this book very appealing and a useful easy-to-use reference. Additionally, those of us who work in large centers where liver FNA is frequently performed will find this book indispensable.
Transient analysis of extended surfaces with convective tip

Abstract Analytical transient solutions of a straight fin including fin tip heat transfer are developed using the method of Laplace transforms. The effects of neglecting fin tip heat transfer are examined by comparing results with available adiabatic tip solutions. The Harper-Brown approximate method is also explored for transient application.
Listeria monocytogenes batch culture growth response to metabolic inhibitors.

In certain environments nutrient and energy sources available to microorganisms can be limited. Foodborne pathogens must efficiently adapt in order to be successfully transmitted through the food chain to their hosts. For the intracellular foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes, little is known regarding its response to nutrient/energy-limiting conditions. The alternative stress responsive sigma factor σB has been reported to contribute to survival under specific stresses. Therefore, the effects of several metabolic inhibitors on growth of L. monocytogenes wild-type and a ΔsigB mutant were examined. In the absence of inhibitors, both strains reached stationary phase after 18 h at 23°C and 10 h at 37°C. All of the metabolic inhibitors slowed growth of either strain, with few differences observed among the different inhibitors.
Characteristics of the mental representations of novice and expert programmers: an empirical study

Abstract This paper presents five abstract characteristics of the mental representation of computer programs: hierarchical structure, explicit mapping of code to goals, foundation on recognition of recurring patterns, connection of knowledge, and grounding in the program text. An experiment is reported in which expert and novice programmers studied a Pascal program for comprehension and then answered a series of questions about it, designed to show these characteristics if they existed in the mental representations formed. Evidence for all of the abstract characteristics was found in the mental representations of expert programmers. Novices' representations generally lacked the characteristics, but there was evidence that they had the beginnings, although poorly developed, of such characteristics.
Structural and interpersonal impact of heterosexual assumptions on lesbian health care clients.

In this feminist narrative study using in-depth interviews and focus groups, a racially and economically diverse sample of 45 lesbians described their access to and experience with health care. The multistaged narrative analysis revealed structural and interpersonal conditions uniquely faced by lesb
Characterization of the Complex Matrix of the Mytilus Edulis Shell and the Implications for Biomimetic Ceramics

The macromolecular matrix present in the composite shell of the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis , accounts for less than 1% of the shell by weight but is theorized to play a significant role in controlling the growth, morphology, and orientation of the CaCO 3 that makes up the shell. The presence of several proteins in this matrix, only some of which have affinity for calcium, suggests a hierarchical structural model for the shell. Proteins were isolated under denaturing, reducing conditions and separated by centrifugation, gel electrophoresis, and high performance liquid chromatography. The major matrix proteins, both soluble and insoluble, were evaluated for amino acid composition, calcium binding, and glycosylation. Some N-terminal sequence data was collected. Non-proteinaceous components of the matrix were also analyzed. Comparison of the mussel shell matrix with the protein matrix of other molluscan systems suggests that this complexity is not unique to the mussel and may provide a key to the understanding of more generic biomineralization processes necessary for such applications as biomimetic ceramics.
Prediction of hot-spots in protein sequences using statistically optimal null filters

The knowledge of hot-spots locations in protein sequences is crucial for understanding protein functionality. It is known that the hot-spots exhibit a characteristic frequency corresponding to their biological function. In this paper, a new technique using a statistically optimal null filter (SONF) is proposed to predict the locations of hot-spots in proteins. The technique involves detecting the characteristic frequency corresponding to hot-spots of interest. This is achieved using an instantaneous matched filter in SONF which increases the signal-to-noise ratio and the estimation is further improved by using a least squared optimization. Through examples it is shown that the proposed technique is more accurate and reliable as compared to the popular modified Morlet wavelet technique.
Identifying Clay Sources of Prehistoric Pottery Using Atomic Spectroscopy

Atomic spectroscopy is applied to the compositional analysis of sherds from pottery produced by the Hohokam about 1150 A.D. near modern day Tucson, Arizona. Analysis of National Institute of Standards and Technology standard reference materials is used to develop the necessary digestion procedures and to demonstrate that atomic absorbance and inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopies offer a good substitute for neutron activation analysis in the compositional analysis of ceramic artifacts. Accuracy and precision of the determination of major and minor elements are evaluated. Analysis of 16 possible clay sources and 30 sherds suggests that the pottery sherds were from locally produced pottery.
Effect of dietary linseed oil on tumoricidal activity and eicosanoid production in murine macrophages

Diets that contain high levels of n−3 fatty acids from fish oil have been shown to significantly effect macrophage cytolytic capacity, tumor necrosis factor alpha production and eicosanoid production. The present study was undertaken to determine whether n−3 fatty acids from vegetable origin [linseed oil (LIN)] would have the same effects on murine macrophage tumoricidal capacity and eicosanoid production as would fish oil. Mice were fed for three weeks diets that contained 10% (wt/wt) of either LIN, which is high in linolenic acid (18∶3n−3), menhaden fish oil (MFO), which is high in eicosapentaenoic (20∶5n−3) and docosahexaenoic (22∶6n−3) acids, or safflower oil (SAF), which is high in linoleic acid (18∶2n−6).In vivo- orin vitro-activated macrophages were assessed for select functions. As expected, macrophages from mice fed LIN and MFO produced significantly lower levels of both prostaglandins and leukotriene C4 when compared with macrophages from mice fed SAF. In addition, LIN and MFO macrophages were able to synthesize leuko-triene C5, which could not be produced by macrophages from mice fed SAF. The effects of LIN, however, were not as pronounced as those of MFO. With respect to specific functions, macrophages from mice fed LIN did not have altered cytolytic capacity when compared with macrophages from mice fed SAF and activatedin vitro with either lipopolysaccharide (LPS) alone for 24 h or with LPS plus interferon gamma (IFNγ) for 5 h. Diet did not significantly alter tumoricidal capacity of macrophages activated completelyin vivo either. Specific binding of macrophages to tumor targets, nitric oxide production and the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha were found to be unaltered by LIN when compared with SAF. The results are not consistent with a general n−3 effect, as LIN could not effect the functions comparable to MFO. The results also suggest that a change in eicosanoid production may not be sufficient to modulate tumoricidal activity in macrophages.
Biological activity of LH during the peripartum period and the estrous cycle of the ewe.

Biological activity of luteinizing hormone (LH) is related to the degree of glycosylation of the glycoprotein hormone. The objectives of this study were to determine changes in biologically (BLH) and immunologically (ILH) active LH concentrations in plasma (in vitro bioassay and radioimmunoassay, respectively) and in the ratio of BLH to ILH (B:I) during the peripartum period and during the estrous cycle of the ewe. Blood samples were collected daily 4 days before through 4 days after parturition and during one estrous cycle. Also, samples were collected at 15-min intervals for 6 hr on Days 3 and 12 of the estrous cycle to quantify the influence of an elevated plasma concentration of progesterone (P) on the episodic secretion profiles of BLH. Progesterone concentration was determined on the 4th days pre- and post-partum, on each day of the estrous cycle and at hourly intervals on Days 3 and 12 of the cycle to investigate the hypothesis of an inverse relationship between P and BLH. The BLH and ILH concentrations were low during the peripartum period, and the B:I ratio did not increase by the 4th day postpartum. Mean ILH concentration was greater (P<.05) in the postpartum than during the prepartum period. During the estrous cycle, mean daily B:I ratio was consistently above unity except for the day of estrus. The pre-ovulatory LH surge (BLH and ILH) was associated with a decrease (P<.05) in the mean B:I ratio to 0.065. Mean concentrations of BLH and ILH in plasma samples collected every 15 min on Day 12 were similar to Day 3 of the cycle. On Day 12 the frequency of BLH and ILH pulses decreased (P<.05), but the peak height was not different from Day 3. These data indicate that both biological and immunological activity of LH are suppressed during late gestation and the escape from the suppressive effects of gestation is more rapid for immunological than for biological activity of LH. In addition, the change in B:I ratio during estrus demonstrates differences in biological potency of LH associated with the preovulatory LH surge. We suggest that factors of placental and ovarian origin may influence biological activity of LH in the ewe.
The power of information access: transforming the goals and processes of education

NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES are flooding the marketplace. The primary characteristic shared by these new information technologies is that they increase access to information. This article considers the impact of the power of information access on the three major components of an educational system: (1) the goals of education; (2) the pedagogical process of teacher-student interaction; and (3) the infrastructure for delivery of education. A new educational paradigm is emerging based on research in cognitive science, the explosion of new information resources available to faculty and students, and the demands of the information age. The new access to information and information technology is transforming the world and with it, the world of education.
A test circuit for second breakdown suitable for routine measurements

Damage to a transistor is prevented during testing by turning on its base simultaneously with the onset of reverse biased second breakdown. Test data is similiar to that obtained with crowbar circuits. Repetitive observation is possible, but after about 10,000 test cycles, some transistors show degradation above Ic = 1A.
Preparation of Enzymatically Liberated Lignin From Naturally Brown-Rotted Wood

Abstract Brown rots from various conifer species were sieved (&lt60 mesh) and alcohol and water extracted to yield crude preparations of “naturally enzymatically liberated lignin” (NEL) containing 61.4–91.7Z of Klason plus soluble lignin and 0.5–2.6% ash. The <200 mesh fractions were generally best represented in <60 mesh preparations and contained highest Klason plus soluble lignin percentages (86.6–92.2Z). Carbohydrates varied in these fractions between 3.7 and 8.0% and contained glucose, mannose, galactose, xylose, and arablnose, decreasing generally in that order. Methoxyl contents were lower and oxygen contents higher than in milled wood lignin (MWL) suggesting some oxidative demethylation. Treatment with Cuoxaa increased Klason plus soluble lignin content to 93.0–95.8%, decreased carbohydrates to 1.7–5.0%, increased methoxyl and decreased oxygen contents by removal of a part of cellulose and hemicelluloses and of more degraded lignin fractions. Infrared spectra of the preparations showed a small inc...
155: Mitotic response to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) of lymphocytes during the neonatal period

Lymphocyte function measured by the assay of mitotic response to PHA was studied in the blood of 46 fullterm and 51 premature neonates. The lymphocyte cultures were incubated for 72 hours at 37°C and DMA synthesis was estimated by incorporation of [125J] 5-iodo-deoxyuridine. DNA synthesis in unstimulated cultures from premature or fullterm newborns was significantly greater than in adult controls (p < 0.001). With the maximal PHA stimulation dose the mitotic response of neonates both fullterm and prematures during the first 4 days of life was significantly lower than in adults (p < 0.001). However it rose to adult levels after the 4th day. In the presence of the submaximal PHA dose the mitotic response was similar in adults and neonates in the first days of life and later. These findings indicate decreased mitogenic capacity of the lymphocytes during the first days of life suggesting either functional immaturity or the presence of an inhibitory factor in the newborn's plasma.
Fabrication and characterisation of powder metallurgy parts having porosity gradient

Powder metallurgical preforms, which were fabricated by compaction and sintering as well as by loose sintering, were subjected to surface densification as a secondary operation by means of a specially designed indenter. The resulting structure of each specimen consisted of three zones, namely a fully dense layer, an intermediate zone with gradually increasing porosity, and the initial porous core that did not undergo any densification. Such a unique structure was created to mimic natural bones and the potential application for such parts would therefore be bone implants. The morphology of various specimens was characterised using image analysis with optical microscopy, physical measurements of density distribution, as well as scanning electron microscopy. Results indicated that the thickness of the fully dense layer increased with increasing depth of indentation and can be controlled as required.
Characterization of ligand-induced states of maize homoserine dehydrogenase

Abstract The threonine-sensitive homoserine dehydrogenase ( l -homoserine: NAD(P) + oxidoreductase), isolated from seedlings of Zea mays L. , is characterized by variable kinetic and regulatory properties. Previous analysis of this enzyme suggested that it is capable of ligand-mediated interconversions among four kinetically distinct states ( S. Krishnaswamy and J. K. Bryan (1983) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 222, 449–463). These forms of the enzyme have been identified and found to differ in oligomeric configuration and conformation. In the presence of KCl and threonine a rapid equilibrium among three species of the enzyme (B, T, and K) is established. Each of these species can undergo a unique slow transition to a steady-state form under assay conditions. Results obtained from gel-filtration chromatography and sucrose density centrifugation indicate that the B and steady-state forms are tetramers and the T and K states are dimers. Evidence is presented to indicate that the rapid conversion from one dimeric species to the other can only occur via formation of the tetrameric B state. Chromatography under reactingenzyme conditions provides direct support for the slow formation of a common steadystate species from any one of the other forms of the enzyme. The rate of transition is influenced by threonine, homoserine, NAD + , and, for transitions involving association reactions, by enzyme concentration. Small, reproducible differences in the apparent size of the T and K forms, and the B and steady-state species, are attributed to changes in conformation. This conclusion is supported by differential susceptibility of the enzymic states to proteolytic inactivation, by different rates of inactivation by dithio-bis-nitrobenzoate, and by alterations in their thermal stability. In addition, the B, T, and K states of the enzyme exhibit unique intrinsic fluorescence spectra. Spectral changes are shown to closely parallel changes in kinetic and hysteretic properties of the enzyme. The results of diverse methods of analysis are internally consistent, and provide considerable support for the conclusion that this pleiotropic regulatory enzyme can exist in any of several physically distinct states.
Surgical treatment of varicose veins and venous malformations in Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome.

BackgroundKlippel–Trenaunay syndrome (KTS) is a mixed mesenchymal malformation characterised by varicose veins, venous and capillary malformations, and hypertrophy of soft tissue and bone. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the surgical outcomes in KTS patients to provide standards for comparison with endovenous therapy.MethodsThe clinical data of consecutive patient with KTS who underwent open venous surgical treatment between January 1987 and December 2008 were reviewed. Demographics, clinical presentation, operative data, and clinical outcomes were recorded. Follow-up information was obtained from the medical records, mailed questionnaires and phone calls. Descriptive statistics, the Kaplan–Meier method and Log-rank statistics were used where appropriate.ResultsTwenty-seven females and 22 males, (mean age 26.5 years, range 7.7–55.8) were included in this study. All had varicose veins, 36 (73%) had limb hypertrophy, and 33 (67%) had capillary malformations, with two of three clinical features pre...
Reduced p53 dosage associated with mammary tumor metastases in C3(1)/TAG transgenic mice

Transgenic mice expressing the simian virus 40 large T-antigen (TAG) under the regulatory control of the rat prostatic steroid binding protein C3(1) gene develop mammary carcinomas (in females) and prostate carcinomas (in males). The development of carcinomas occurs several months after the appearance of dysplastic lesions, suggesting that TAG is necessary but insufficient for tumor formation and that other genetic events are involved in this process. TAG is known to bind to p53 and to result in its functional inactivation, which is believed to be a critical step in TAG-induced transformation. We investigated whether the TAG-p53 interaction is rate limiting in the development of phenotypic changes in these transgenic mice by crossing C3(1)/TAG transgenics with mice carrying null mutations of the p53 gene. TAG-expressing animals with a p53+/- genotype developed much more aggressive mammary tumors, as evidenced by increased numbers and size of metastases, than did TAG-expressing animals carrying two wild-type p53 alleles. While p53 was expressed in primary tumors, p53 expression appeared to be reduced or lost in many metastases in mice carrying either the p53+/+ or p53+/- genotypes. The tumorigenic process did not appear to be due to the loss of the second wild-type p53 allele or the gain of dominant oncogenic mutations in p53, as no mutations were detected in either primary or metastatic tumors by polymerase chain reaction--single-strand conformation polymorphism analyses. These findings suggest that despite the presence of TAG, p53 levels influence the characteristics of the late stages of mammary tumor growth and accelerate metastases. Functional loss of p53 and not p53 mutations participates in TAG-induced mammary carcinoma development and progression.
Molecular effects in K-shell ionization of fluorine☆

Abstract Absolute cross sections for K-shell ionization of fluorine by 0.5 and 1.5 MeV protons were measured for the gas targets BF 3 , CF 4 , C 2 F 6 , SF 6 , and TeF 6 . The cross sections for these molecular targets agree to within ±5% except for SF 6 where yields were approximately 10% smaller.