cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energetics and Dynamics of Solvation and Fission in Clusters

The nature, properties, and behavior of physical systems depend upon the identity of the constituents and the nature of interactions between them and upon the degree of aggregation and the ambient conditions. Investigations of the energy level structure, elementary excitations, morphology (shape or crystallographical structure), phase transformations and dynamics of finite systems, and their dependence upon the degree and form of aggregation, are common endeavors in the physical sciences spanning a wide spectrum of interaction forms and strengths, spatial dimensions, and temporal scales. Thus the evolution of energetic, structural, dynamical and thermodynamic properties of matter as a function of the degree of aggregation (i.e., size of the system, or number of particles composing it) is of fundamental interest in diverse fields cutting across the disciplines of atomic, molecular, nuclear, intermediate and high-energy particle physics, astrophysics, chemical dynamics, materials science and condensed matter physics. In this context it is of interest to note close analogies between some of the properties and phenomena exhibited by atomic and molecular clusters and those found in atomic nuclei, despite gross differences in the nature of binding in these systems and their spatial extent.
TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF (+)-CALYCULIN A AND (-)-CALYCULIN B : ASYMMETRIC SYNTHESIS OF THE C(9-25) SPIROKETAL DIPROPIONATE SUBUNIT

An asymmetric synthesis of the stereochemically fully endowed C(9−25) spiroketal fragment (+)-BC of the calyculins (1−8) is described. Highlights of the synthesis include: a highly diastereoselective IBr-induced iodocarbonate cyclization to introduce the C(21) stereocenter in epoxide (+)-18, fragment unions exploiting the reaction of acyl anion equivalents with epoxides to construct masked advanced aldols (−)-35 and (+)-71 as single diastereomers, chelation-controlled addition of the C(14−15) vinyl group to aldehyde (+)-38 to set the stereogenicity at C(16), selective reduction of the C(13) ketone via 1,3-induction, and development of an orthogonal protection scheme permitting both convenient installation of the C(17) phosphate group and flexibility in subsequent fragment couplings.
A Modular Platform for Rapid IRSP Development

Infrared scene projectors based on superlattice light emitting diodes (SLEDs) have evolved rapidly over the past decade. Much of this development has been enabled by the design of a flexible support system for driving the SLEDs. This paper describes the system and its benefits.
Process/Equipment Design Implications for Control System Cybersecurity

Abstract An emerging challenge for process safety is process control system cybersecurity. An attacker could gain control of the process actuators through the control system or communication policies within control loops and potentially drive the process state to unsafe conditions. Cybersecurity has traditionally been handled as an information technology (IT) problem in the process industries. In the literature for cybersecurity specifically of control systems, there has been work aimed at developing control designs that seek to fight cyberattacks by either giving the system appropriate response mechanisms once attacks are detected or seeking to make the attacks difficult to perform. In this work, we begin an exploration into the implications of process and equipment design for enhancing the ability of chemical processes to maintain safe operation during cyberattacks on the process control systems.
Contributions of Parenting Sense of Competence to Family Functioning in a Sample of Military-Connected Families Living in the Community:

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the potential contributions of parenting sense of competence and parental psychological symptoms to family functioning in a sample of military-conne...
The chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes of the green algae Pediastrum duplex isolated from Central Georgia (USA).

A Pediastrum duplex (Chlorophyta) strain was isolated from a freshwater system in Milledgeville, Georgia and its chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes sequenced. The chloroplast genome was 199,241 ...
Examination of Summer Campers' Physical Activity Interest and Behavior.

This study has provided insight into the complex relationship between situational interest, the social environment, competence, and behavior. This quasi-experiential design included a pre-test questionnaire, intervention activity of throwing and catching a football, and post-test questionnaire administered to forty children aged 7–13 enrolled in a summer camp. The results of this study supported a theoretical approach that hypothesized that competence positively influences situational interest. The implications for summer camp owners and counselors support providing an environment that is supportive of elementary-age children participating in an established curriculum that results in positive interactions and activities where summer campers can perceive that they are competent.
Mutations affecting levels of tetrahydrofolate interconversion enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The ADE15 mutation causes a requirement for adenine. It is dominant to its wild type allele as measured by growth of the heterozygous diploid. The mutation results in altered levels of three tetrahydrofolate interconversion enzymes. The presence of ade3-41, which itself causes reduction in the levels of the same three interconversion enzymes, in cis position to the ADE15 mutation eliminates dominance of the ADE15 mutation. The simplest explanation of the cis epistasis of ade3-41 to ADE15 is that the two mutations lie in the same transcriptional unit.
Affective Dimensions of Student Literacy Learning: Issue 2

In this second themed issue on Affective Dimensions of Student Literacy Learning, scholars engage in a productive discussion about affect, engagement, motivation, efficacy, and agency. Using a vari...
Impact of Cognitive Impairment and Dysarthria on Spoken Language in Multiple Sclerosis.

Objective: To investigate the impact of cognitive impairment on spoken language produced by speakers with multiple sclerosis (MS) with and without dysarthria. Method: Sixty speakers comprised operationally defined groups. Speakers produced a spontaneous speech sample to obtain speech timing measures of speech rate, articulation rate, and silent pause frequency and duration. Twenty listeners judged the overall perceptual severity of the samples using a visual analog scale that ranged from no impairment to severe impairment (speech severity). A 2 × 2 factorial design examined main and interaction effects of dysarthria and cognitive impairment on speech timing measures and speech severity in individuals with MS. Each speaker group with MS was further compared to a healthy control group. Exploratory regression analyses examined relationships between cognitive and biopsychosocial variables and speech timing measures and perceptual judgments of speech severity, for speakers with MS. Results: Speech timing was significantly slower for speakers with dysarthria compared to speakers with MS without dysarthria. Silent pause durations also significantly differed for speakers with both dysarthria and cognitive impairment compared to MS speakers without either impairment. Significant interactions between dysarthria and cognitive factors revealed comorbid dysarthria and cognitive impairment contributed to slowed speech rates in MS, whereas dysarthria alone impacted perceptual judgments of speech severity. Speech severity was strongly related to pause duration. Conclusions: The findings suggest the nature in which dysarthria and cognitive symptoms manifest in objective, acoustic measures of speech timing and perceptual judgments of severity is complex.
A Survey of Provider Satisfaction of a New, Flexible Extended-Length Pharyngeal Airway to Relieve Upper Airway Obstruction During Deep Sedation

ABSTRACT Background Maintaining an open airway in a spontaneously-breathing patient under deep sedation, or deep monitored anaesthesia care, can be challenging. Specifically, current oral airways are not long enough to displace obstruction caused by redundant pharyngeal tissue, prompting external maneuvers by anesthetists that can impact patient outcomes and facility operational efficiency. As procedures increase at outpatient surgical centers, there is a need for an anesthesia provider-validated airway device that can sufficiently open an obstructed airway and maintain airway patency. Methods This prospective, multi-center user-experience survey evaluated anesthesia provider experience of a new airway device for adult patients with airway obstruction during deep sedation. The novel external airway has a longer flexible tubing allowing for displacement of pharyngeal tissue, smaller diameter to allow placement alongside an endoscopy bite block, and is manufactured with softer material to allow ease of insertion and patient comfort. Results Fifty-four anaesthetists at 15 hospital systems reported their experience of airway use in 86 cases. The novel airway device was 95% successful in establishing and maintaining a patent airway (n=68). Survey responses indicated that the airway was easy to place (93%), allowed for a “hands-off approach” (98%), and would improve airway management practice and patient outcomes (86%). Conclusions This pilot study demonstrated that the novel external airway is an effective and satisfactory method for anaesthesia providers to alleviate airway obstruction during deep sedation. Additional studies will be initiated to confirm efficacy and cost-effectiveness in patient populations and clinical environments that will most benefit from the new airway device.
1040. Real-World Implementation of Dolutegravir-Lamivudine to Achieve and Maintain HIV-1 Viral Suppression at an Academic Medical Center

Background Two-drug antiretroviral (ARV) regimens to achieve and maintain HIV viral suppression may lead to decreases in associated drug interactions, adverse events, and pill burden. Dolutegravir-lamivudine (DTG-3TC) has been established as safe and effective in treatment naive and experienced adults. Further research is warranted to assess insertion into real-world practice.
Properties, Propositions and Conditionals

Section 1 discusses properties and propositions, and some of the motivation for an account in which property instantiation and propositional truth behave ‘naively’. Section 2 generalizes a standard...
Long Term Follow-Up of a Single-Institution Prospective Study.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) The administration of concurrent chemotherapy and radiotherapy (RT) is advantageous as it addresses both the local disease, potential sites of metastatic disease and delivering both together may provide a synergistic effect resulting in better tumor control. The purpose of this analysis was to report the long-term overall survival, disease free survival and local control from our institutional study of the efficacy of post-operative doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide followed by concurrent paclitaxel and reduced dose radiotherapy in patients with node-positive breast cancer. MATERIALS/METHODS 44 women with Stage II or III pathologically confirmed node-positive breast cancer were enrolled in a Phase II, prospective, single-arm trial from June 2000 through December 2004. All patients received breast-conserving surgery and 4 cycles of doxorubicin (60 mg/m2)/cyclophosphamide (600 mg/m2) followed by 4 cycles of paclitaxel (175 mg/m2) which was delivered every 3 weeks. RT was concurrent with the first 2 cycles of paclitaxel. The breast received 39.6 Gy in 22 fractions with a tumor bed boost of 14 Gy in 7 fractions. Regional lymph nodes were treated, when indicated, using a dose of 45 Gy in 25 fractions. There was no inclusion of the internal mammary nodal chain. The diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) was measured as a means to evaluate functional lung volume. Pulmonary function tests with DLCO were obtained before and after RT, after completion of chemotherapy, and annually for 5 years. Breast cosmesis before initiation of RT was evaluated by the treating radiation oncologist, and scored using Harvard criteria. Cosmesis was scored weekly during RT, 1 month after RT, and every 3 months thereafter for 1 year. RESULTS At a median follow-up of 205 months (17 yrs), overall survival is 75% and disease-free survival is 86.4%. There were 2 local recurrences yielding a local recurrence free survival of 95.5%. One of the patients with a local recurrence previously had a stage IIA (T1N1M0), grade 2 infiltrating ductal carcinoma, ER 90%, PR 50%, HER2 negative. The recurrence was stage IIA, (T1N1M0) grade 2, invasive lobular carcinoma, triple negative, considered a new primary. The two patients who experienced a local recurrence were successfully salvaged and are disease free. There were no cases of radiation pneumonitis. There was no significant change in the diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide either immediately after radiotherapy (P = 0.51) or with extended follow-up (P = 0.63) CONCLUSION: With long-term follow-up, the use of concurrent chemotherapy with low dose radiation as adjuvant treatment for node positive breast cancer has continued to demonstrate efficacy with excellent disease-free survival, overall survival and local control with acceptable toxicity.
Spike: AI scheduling for Hubble Space Telescope after 18 months of orbital operations

This paper is a progress report on the Spike scheduling system, developed by the Space Telescope Science Institute for long-term scheduling of Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations. Spike is an activity-based scheduler which exploits artificial intelligence (AI) techniques for constraint representation and for scheduling search. The system has been in operational use since shortly after HST launch in April 1990. Spike was adopted for several other satellite scheduling problems; of particular interest was the demonstration that the Spike framework is sufficiently flexible to handle both long-term and short-term scheduling, on timescales of years down to minutes or less. We describe the recent progress made in scheduling search techniques, the lessons learned from early HST operations, and the application of Spike to other problem domains. We also describe plans for the future evolution of the system.
Troubleshooting the Problems

Even when the clinician and the child or parents all seem to be committed to collecting and using quantitative clinical information, problems can arise. We will discuss the most common ones we have encountered and the solutions we have found useful. Most of these solutions are elaborations of ideas presented in Chapter 7. Individual clinicians are encouraged to generate other possible solutions.
Chapter 10: Protein kinase C subtypes and their respective roles

Publisher Summary The Ca 2+ /PS/DAG-stimulated protein kinase C (PKC) subtypes are a family of closely related enzymes highly abundant in the CNS. These enzymes exhibit distinct biochemical characteristics, cellular and subcellular localizations, and developmental expression; however, direct evidence linking the activation of each of these enzymes with a particular response is not yet available. Selective subcellular localizations of these enzymes have thus far provided the best indication of possible functional distinction among these enzymes. Because of the unusual association of PKC isozymes with distinct cellular compartments, this chapter investigates the membrane lipid components capable of conferring such as specificity. Among those tested, the inositol-containing phospholipids appear to provide the best selectivity for PKC I. Thus, association of PKC I with these phospholipids not only places this enzyme near the site of its activator, DAG, generated by the activation of phospholipase C, but also its substrates that share the same binding affinity for these phospholipids as PKC I.
Political Institutions and War Initiation: The Democratic Peace Hypothesis Revisited

This chapter analyzes the influence of democratic institutions---specifically, the effects of (i) electoral uncertainty when individuals within a nation have different preferences over public peaceful investment and (ii) greater checks and balances that lead to a more effective mobilization of resources for both public peaceful investment and arming---on a nation's incentive to arm and willingness to initiate war. The analysis is based on a model where nations contest some given resource and where they cannot commit to their future allocations to arming; yet, the victor in a conflict today gains an advantage in future conflict and thus realizes a savings in future arming. These assumptions imply that, despite the short-term incentives to settle peacefully, one or both nations might choose to initiate war. In such a setting, electoral uncertainty tends to make a democracy more peaceful relative to an autocracy, whereas greater checks and balances tend to make a democracy less peaceful. Thus, while two democracies might be more peaceful than two autocracies when paired against each other in a contest over a given resource, this is not necessarily the case. Even under conditions where democracies are most likely to be peaceful with one another, democracies are at least as likely to be in war with autocracies as autocracies are likely to be in war each other.
International Nuclear Safety Center database on thermophysical properties of reactor materials

The International Nuclear Safety Center (INSC) database has been established at Argonne National Laboratory to provide easily accessible data and information necessary to perform nuclear safety analyses and to promote international collaboration through the exchange of nuclear safety information. The INSC database, located on the World Wide Web at http://www.insc.anl.gov, contains critically assessed recommendations for reactor material properties for normal operating conditions, transients, and severe accidents. The initial focus of the database is on thermodynamic and transport properties of materials for water reactors. Materials that are being included in the database are fuel, absorbers, cladding, structural materials, coolant, and liquid mixtures of combinations of UO{sub 2}, ZrO{sub 2}, Zr, stainless steel, absorber materials, and concrete. For each property, the database includes: (1) a summary of recommended equations with uncertainties; (2) a detailed data assessment giving the basis for the recommendations, comparisons with experimental data and previous recommendations, and uncertainties; (3) graphs showing recommendations, uncertainties, and comparisons with data and other equations; and (4) property values tabulated as a function of temperature.
A 2.60pJ/Inst Subthreshold Sensor Processor for Optimal Energy Efficiency

A 2.6pJ/Inst subthreshold sensor processor designed for energy efficiency has been fabricated. A two-stage micro-architecture was implemented to mitigate the impact of process variation in subthreshold operation. Careful library cell selection and robust SRAM design enabled fully functional operation from 1.2V to 200mV. We analyze the variation in frequency and optimal voltage and evaluate the need for adaptive control. The processor reaches maximum energy efficiency at 360mV, consuming 2.6pJ/Inst at 833kHz. The minimum energy consumption of the core marks a 10times improvement over previous sensor processors at the same MIPS
Knowledge discovery from user health posts

Online health communities offer tremendous medical information that could be available to all. However as is the case with other data intensive applications, this information contains hidden patterns which if explored, analyzed and understood could be very useful for administrators, medical practitioner sand patients alike. There are websites where patients express their experiences or side-effects on drugs used. In this work we collect such real time health posts from reputed websites, and perform data mining to determine the various possible associations from these posts. Also, we shall perform knowledge discovery from user posts, whereby useful ‘patterns’ about groups like: disease to disease, disease to drug and drug to symptom are discovered.
A Near Diffraction Limited Image of the Galactic Center

We present an L′ image of the Galactic center with a spatial resolution of 0.38″. The image was made with a shift and add algorithm on the best of ~ 16,000 images recorded during a single night of observations. With this image we are able to make improved photometric and astrometric measurements of the embedded point sources in IRS 16 over previous observations, which will be published in a future paper. An unresolved source with L′= 12.1 mag within the ±0.2″ positional error box of Sgr A* was found in this image. Though only one object falls within the Sgr A* error box, it remains difficult to conclude with certainty that his object is the infrared counterpart to Sgr A*.
The Cerebellum and Adaptive Control: A Hybrid Analogue/Digital Multiplexer/Multiplier-Based Adaptive Signal Processor

The implementation of the adaptive signal processors (ASPs) depicted in Figures 15.11, 15.12, and 15.15, with some modifications, was as follows. In the case of the linear predictor of Figure 15.11 (in which the training signal is identical with the input signal), the processor consists basically of a 16-tap delay line (Fig. A.1), the outputs of taps 9–16 of which are fed, respectively, to eight amplitude-matching units, each of the type shown in Figure 15.1A. (If the 16 taps of such a delay line are summed by means of precision (1%) resistors, linear interpolation results [compare traces 1 and 2 of Fig. A.2]. If two such units are cascaded, a sigmoid [actually a double parabolic] curve can be generated from a step function [compare traces 1 and 3 of Fig. A.2].) As indicated in Figure A.1, the analog tapped delay line itself (which has a DC response) consists of two synchronously driven 16-channel analogue multiplexers, which serially transfer, via their interconnected common terminals, the stored voltages between adjacent condenser-based storage (sample-and-hold) units (Barlow 1993, pp. 313–315). The outputs are available both in individual form and in multiplexed form, the latter from the interconnected common terminals of the multiplexers (Fig. A.1). In essence, the unit operates as a “bucket brigade,” as does a charge-transfer device. In the present unit, however, it is voltage rather than charge that is transferred. Figure 15.10 shows a sine wave read out from the tapped delay line at four successively increasing delays.
Disruption of target interactions prevents the development of enkephalin immunoreactivity in sympathetic neurons

We compared the development of enkephalin (Enk) expression in normal rats and rats in which target contact was transiently disrupted with 6- hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). During the first 3 postnatal weeks, there was a striking increase in Enk immunoreactivity (-IR) in superior cervical ganglia (SCG) assayed by radioimmunoassay (RIA). This increase was correlated with the appearance of Enk-IR in postganglionic neurons. In the caudal region of the SCG, the proportion of Enk-IR neurons and their immunoreactivity increased until one-third of the neurons possessed Enk-IR between postnatal days (P) 14 and 21. After P21, the number of Enk-IR neurons and their immunofluorescence decreased. By 6 weeks, only occasional neurons possessed moderate Enk-IR. The increases in Enk-IR were correlated with increased ganglionic proenkephalin A mRNA detected by in situ hybridization. The decrease in IR after P21 was not, however, paralleled by a comparable decrease in proenkephalin A mRNA. To determine whether interactions between SCG neurons and their target tissues influence Enk expression, we disrupted them by treating neonatal rats with a single dose of 6-OHDA at P0. This treatment transiently reduced sympathetic fiber density in the submandibular gland, one target of Enk-IR neurons, over 90%. Two weeks later, the fiber density in glands of treated animals was not different from control. Following 6-OHDA, the concentration of Enk-IR in SCG extracts and the number of Enk-IR neurons and their immunofluorescence intensity failed to increase. SCG from treated rats also contained fewer neurons with proenkephalin A mRNA. In contrast, the content of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and the proportion of NPY-IR neurons were not decreased by 6-OHDA treatment. Our results indicate that the developmental history of Enk expression differs from that of other neuropeptides in rat sympathetic ganglia, suggesting that distinct mechanisms regulate the expression of individual neuropeptides. Further, they provide evidence that target contact during a critical period is important for the induction of Enk.
Developmental regulation of planar cell polarity and hair‐bundle morphogenesis in auditory hair cells: lessons from human and mouse genetics

Hearing loss is the most common and costly sensory defect in humans and genetic causes underlie a significant proportion of affected individuals. In mammals, sound is detected by hair cells (HCs) housed in the cochlea of the inner ear, whose function depends on a highly specialized mechanotransduction organelle, the hair bundle. Understanding the factors that regulate the development and functional maturation of the hair bundle is crucial for understanding the pathophysiology of human deafness. Genetic analysis of deafness genes in animal models, together with complementary forward genetic screens and conditional knock-out mutations in essential genes, have provided great insights into the molecular machinery underpinning hair-bundle development and function. In this review, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of hair-bundle morphogenesis, with an emphasis on the molecular pathways governing hair-bundle polarity and orientation. We next discuss the proteins and structural elements important for hair-cell mechanotransduction as well as hair-bundle cohesion and maintenance. In addition, developmental signals thought to regulate tonotopic features of HCs are introduced. Finally, novel approaches that complement classic genetics for studying the molecular etiology of human deafness are presented. WIREs Dev Biol 2016, 5:85-101. doi: 10.1002/wdev.202 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Gene cloning, sequencing, and biochemical characterization of endoxylanase from Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum B6A-RI.

Abstract The gene encoding endoxylanase (xynA) from Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum B6A-RI was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. A putative 33-amino-acid signal peptide, which corresponded to the N-terminal amino acids, was encoded by xynA. An open reading frame of 3,471 bp, corresponding to 1,157 amino acid residues, was found, giving the xynA gene product a molecular mass of 130 kDa. xynA from T. saccharolyticum B6A-RI had strong similarity to genes from family F beta-glycanases. The temperature and pH optimum for the activity of the cloned endoxylanase were 70 degrees C and 5.5, respectively. The cloned endoxylanase A was stable at 75 degrees C for 60 min and displayed a specific activity of 227.4 U/mg of protein on oat spelt xylan. The cloned xylanase was an endo-acting enzyme.
A Syndemic Model of Substance Abuse, Intimate Partner Violence, HIV Infection, and Mental Health Among Hispanics

Hispanics are disproportionately affected by substance abuse, HIV infection, intimate partner violence, and mental health conditions. To address health disparities among Hispanics and other vulnerable groups, it is necessary to understand the complex interactions between health conditions clustering together (e.g., substance abuse, intimate partner violence, and HIV) and the social ecology in which these conditions exist. A syndemic orientation, a consideration of clustering epidemics and common individual, relationship, cultural, and socioenvironmental factors linking these conditions, may be helpful in developing comprehensive models that expand our ability to understand and address health disparities. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a Syndemic Model of Substance Abuse, Intimate Partner Violence, HIV Infection, and Mental Health among Hispanics, and provide evidence from the research literature to support the central relationships and risk and protective factors (i.e., potential links between conditions) depicted by the model. The development and evaluation of interventions aimed at the prevention of substance abuse, intimate partner violence, HIV/AIDS, and mental health problems as a syndemic affecting Hispanics is urgently needed. Public health nurses can initiate this endeavor with the guidance of a Syndemic Model.
THE CEREBELLAR-VESTIBULAR BASIS OF LEARNING DISABILITIES IN CHILDREN, ADOLESCENTS AND ADULTS: HYPOTHESIS AND STUDY ','

This paper provides a description of the cerebellar-vestibular-determined (CV) neurological and electronystagmographic (ENG) parameters characterizing 4,000 patients with learning disabilities. Of this sample, 1465 or 36.6% were children, 1156 or 28.9% adolescents, and 1379 or 34.5% adults. Using a set of diagnostic methods and criteria, the incidence of CV-dysfunction in this diverse sample was statistically equivalent to that reported by neurologists and neurotologists in a prior "blind" analysis of 115 dyslexic children. Over 94% of both the learning disabled and the dyslexic samples showed two or more abnormal neurological or ENG parameters indicating a CV-dysfunction whereas less than 1% evidenced hard neurological signs of a cerebral disorder. These and related data suggested that: (1) learning disabilities and dyslexia may be cerebellar-vestibular-based and reflect a single disorder and that (2) the varying academic, speech, concentration, activity, and related symptoms characterizing learning disabled persons seem to be shaped by a diverse group of cerebellar-vestibular-determining mechanisms rather than distinct neurophysiological disorders; also, (3) cerebellar-vestibular dysfunctioning and learning disabilities may secondarily trigger altered and/or compensatory cerebral processing and dominance mechanisms. (4) The cerebral cortex apparently plays a vital, compensatory role in shaping the final symptoms. A cerebellar-vestibular basis of learning disabilities is proposed. This conceptualization is consistent with, encompasses, and/or readily explains most of these clinical diagnostic, therapeutic, and research data as well as the many and varied hypotheses.
Use of the InfraAlyzer in Proximate Analysis of Mutton

Proximate meat analysis for fat, protein, moisture and ash were performed using the InfraAlyzer. Results were then compared with values obtained by reference AOAC methods. Correlation coefficients of 0.992, 0.867, 0.992 and 0.511 were obtained for fat, protein, moisture and ash, respectively. Results from the two methods did not differ significantly (p ≤ 0.05). The InfraAlyzer showed potential for use as a rapid method for proximate analysis of fat, protein and moisture in mutton meat. The correlation coefficient for ash between AOAC and InfraAlyzer methods was low, but the methods were not statistically different (p ≤ 0.05).
RELAXATION OF COHERENT STRAIN IN Si1 − xGex/Si SUPERLATTICES AND ALLOYS

Abstract Relaxation of coherent strain in Si 1− x Ge x /Si heterostructures is studied quantitatively as a function of ex situ anneal procedures with the use of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman scattering techniques. Highly strained Si 1− x Ge x alloy films and superlattices of selected film thickness and composition have been produced through molecular beam epitaxial (MBE) growth at unusually low growth temperature (310–365 °C). Low MBE growth temperature leads to metastable, coherently strained films which subsequently relax substantially upon annealing at temperatures as low as 370 °C. Strain relaxation is observed to differ between superlattices and alloy films of equivalent average composition and overall film thickness. Superlattices are observed to relax only approximately 43% of their coherent strain, whereas the corresponding alloys relax approximately 84%. Thermal activation of strain relaxation is studied as a function of ex situ annealing time and temperature. The observed strain relaxation is described by a first-order kinetic process which has an activation energy near 2 eV. This value is close to the activation energy associated with dislocation glide in silicon.
A tunable-bandwidth white light interferometer using Bi-frequency Raman gain in atomic vapor

A White Light Cavity is of considerable interest in broadband gravitational-wave detection. This paper presents a demonstration of the such a system in a meter long ring-cavity using bi-frequency Raman gain in the intra-cavity medium.
Effects of smoking on haloperidol and reduced haloperidol plasma concentrations and haloperidol clearance

Plasma concentrations of haloperidol and its reduced metabolite (reduced haloperidol) were investigated in cigarette smokers (N=23) and nonsmokers (N=27). Steady-state plasma concentrations were obtained 12 h post bedtime dose. Haloperidol and reduced haloperidol concentrations were determined by RIA. Reduced haloperidol was separated by selective succinylation and liquid chromatography. Patients were clinically assessed with the Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGIS). Smokers had significantly lower haloperidol and reduced haloperidol plasma concentrations than nonsmokers (P<0.01, P<0.05). Clearance of haloperidol was significantly greater in smokers compared to nonsmokers (P=0.0052). CGIS assessments did not show significant differences between smokers and non-smokers. Plasma concentrations should be carefully monitored when patients either start or stop smoking.
Anthropology in the U.S. Agency for International Development: An Overview

For readers who may not be familiar with the Agency for International Development, allow me to provide some background information. AID administers most of the foreign economic assistance programs of the United States government and is concerned primarily with direct, or "bilateral," assistance to other countries. Large scale United States assistance efforts began in, 1947 with the European Recovery Program (later known as the Marshall Plan) and were supplemented by the Point IV program in East Asia, Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and Europe. The 1954 Food for Peace Act provided food commodities to feed people in need overseas and, in the latter 1950's the Development Loan Program was begun so the United States could provide financial assistance to developing countries. Then, in 1961, most United States foreign assistance was consolidated in the newly established Agency for International Development.
Satellite formation in capillary jet breakup

Computations of finite‐amplitude, spatially periodic wave growth on a cylindrical jet have been carried out using a boundary integral method. The initial wave growth is in agreement with Rayleigh’s linear theory. When followed to completion these waves pinch off large drops separated by smaller satellite drops (spherules) that decrease in size with decreasing wavelength. The computed sizes of both drops and satellites agree with experiment. It is found that satellites will form for all unstable wave numbers. The small satellites that are computed at wave numbers near the critical wave number were not predicted by near‐linear analysis but are observed in experimental photographs of jet breakup. Computation of the collapse of elongated satellites shows short waves propagating on their surfaces.
Surface micromechanics of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene: Microindentation testing, crosslinking, and material behavior.

The wear behavior of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) is critical to the success of total joint replacements. Recent attempts to modify the wear behavior of UHMWPE by processing, in particular, crosslinking UHMWPE have shown promise to increase wear resistance, but concerns persist regarding other mechanical properties. It is also unclear what specific surface mechanical properties govern the wear resistance seen in these materials. The goal of this study was to demonstrate a custom-built surface mechanical test system and method that measures the micromechanical response of microtomed UHMWPE surfaces to depth-sensing microindentation tests. The surface structure of these UHMWPE materials was also examined using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. A custom designed microindentation test system assessed the microindentation behavior of three UHMWPE resins: 1. Hylamertrade mark, 2. GUR-1020 CMS, and 3. Marathontrade mark-a lightly crosslinked material. The effects of material and indentation depth were studied. Microindentation tests were performed with indentation depths ranging from 2 to 45 microm. Four different measurements of surface micromechanical behavior were obtained including the surface modulus, microhardness, hysteresis energy (irreversible work done to the sample per unit cycle) and its associated energy dissipation factor, and loading slope. Statistically significant differences in each of these parameters were found for each material. Generally, Hylamer had the largest values for these parameters, followed by the GUR resin and then the Marathon. Surface modulus was independent of depth of testing and found to be 651 MPa for Marathon, 738 MPa for GUR, and 1015 MPa for Hylamer (Modulus for bulk UHMWPE is 540 MPa for Hylamer, 620 for GUR, and 1380 for Hylamer). The microhardness varied between 67 and 162 MPa depending on material and depth of testing. Surface structural characterization shows that the microtoming process for surface preparation generated distinct surface features that varied between materials. Intermittent drawn ribbons of polymer with oriented crystals were observed in both scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The surface density and size of these features were characteristic of the materials with the Hylamer having the fewest, but largest ribbons, followed by GUR and then Marathon.
Phenolic glucosides from needles of Larix laricina

Abstract Three phenolic glucosides were isolated from needles of Larix laricina and identified as the β-glucosides of vanillic acid and p -coumaric acid and as the α-glucoside of p -hydroxybenzoic acid.
Acute and chronic syndesmosis injuries: pathomechanisms, diagnosis and management.

Abstract Both acute and chronic syndesmotic injuries can lead to significant morbidity. The key to management of acute injuries is anatomic reduction of the fibula and the syndesmosis. A high index of suspicion for syndesmotic injuries will allow the surgeon to avoid the difficult reconstruction options for chronic diastasis.
Diversity and Ancient Democracy

W HAT CAN ONE LEARN about democracy from the fifth and fourth century practice of and theory about Athenian democratic institutions? Joel Schwartz's review of my book Fear of Diversity: The Birth of Political Science in Ancient Greek Thought (1992) in the November 1994 Political Theory (vol. 22, pp. 685-8) implicitly raises this question. While the issue was at best subsidiary in a book that focused primarily on the ancient theorists' explorations of the political consequences of an epistemological search for an unseen, underlying unity, the question of how ancient democracy can help us understand the most common modern political regime is an important one and worthy of more consideration than I can offer in these brief comments on Schwartz's review of my book. Ours is a world in which democracies constantly have to address demands for unity, ethnic or otherwise, as well as demands for an openness to diverse populations. Our ability to accept "the other," to acknowledge difference at the same time that we recognize the need for a unity based on some set of similarities, is central to the preservation and successful functioning of democratic institutions. Schwartz reads the argument of my book as turning the "demos" into the "totalizing modernist," unable to accept the differences that derive from the particular bodies of individual members of the community, and as suggesting that the "aristoi become the champion of diversity" (1994, 686). The former point deserves primary consideration; the latter is simply a misreading of the argument, but in itself indicates the difficulties we often have with acknowledging the tensions within democratic regimes between a need for a unity based on identity of members as opposed to a unity that can incorporate and build from differences. To approach this as a conflict between aristocracy and democracy with all the normative baggage that accompanies those words is to ignore that those tensions plague democracies and is to limit the possibility
The politics of leadership: The relationship between task‐people leadership and subordinate influence

The purpose of the present research was to investigate the political nature of leadership by examining the association of the task-people leadership approach with strategies used by subordinates to influence their superiors. Forty-eight faculty members (31 males and 17 females) from a school of higher education completed the T-P Leadership Questionnaire and Profile of Organizational Influence Strategies. Reponses were analyzed using Pearson product-moment correlations. The results indicated that as perceived task-centered leadership increased, employees reported a significantly greater use of bargaining, assertiveness, higher authority, and coalition as strategies to influence their superiors. The relationships were observed only during second influence attempts. Further, it was observed that as the perceived level of people-centered leadership behavior rose, subordinates reported a significantly decreased use of bargaining and higher authority as influence strategies during first influence attempts. The findings are discussed in terms of the reciprocal and political character of managerial- subordinate relationships.
Oestradiol dampens reflex-related activity of on- and off-cells in the rostral ventromedial medulla of female rats

The present study was conducted to determine whether the ovarian steroid oestradiol alters the activity of nociceptive modulatory neurons in the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM). Adult female rats were ovariectomized and implanted s.c. with an oestradiol-filled or placebo capsule. Sixteen to 37 days later, rats were anaesthetised for single unit recording from RVM neurons. On-cells were characterised by a burst of activity, and off-cells by a pause in activity immediately preceding reflexive withdrawal of the tail from 51 and 54 °C water. Although on- and off-cells were evident in both oestradiol- and placebo-treated rats, the reflex-related on-cell burst and off-cell pause were dampened in oestradiol-treated rats. On-cells from oestradiol-treated rats had a mean activity burst of 9.1±2.2 Hz in the 2 s preceding the tail withdrawal reflex to 51 °C water, compared with 17.9±4.3 Hz for on-cells in placebo controls. Off-cell activity during the 2 s preceding tail withdrawal was 4.8±2.2 vs. 0.1±0.1 Hz in oestradiol vs. placebo-treated females, respectively. Similar changes in on- and off-cell activity occurred when the tail was placed in 54 °C water. The present data demonstrate that oestradiol constrains the magnitude of the shift in RVM on- and off-cell activity associated with nociceptive reflexes.
Increase in hematocrit, hemoglobin and red cell mass in normal mice after treatment with cyclic AMP (38543).

SummaryChronic treatment of normal mice with either dibutyryl cyclic AMP or erythropoietin produced elevations in the hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration and red cell mass when compared to these same hematological parameters in untreated mice. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP increased red cell mass by 46% while ESF treatment resulted in a 56% increase in red cell mass. These studies confirm earlier reports of the effects of cyclic AMP in increasing radioactive iron incorporation into red cells and further indicate that this change is associated with an absolute increase in red cell mass. Agents which increase renal cyclic AMP concentrations probably stimulate erythropoiesis as a consequence of increased kidney production of erythropoietin.
Upwelling radiance distribution camera system, NURADS

We have built a new fisheye camera radiometer to measure the in-water spectral upwelling radiance distribution. This instrument measures the radiance distribution at six wavelengths and obtains a complete suite of measurements (6 spectral data images with associated dark images) in approximately 2 minutes (in clear water). This instrument is much smaller than previous instruments (0.3 m in diameter and 0.3 m long), decreasing the instrument self-shading. It also has improved performance resulting from enhanced sensor sensitivity and a more subtle lens rolloff effect. We describe the instrument, its characterization, and show data examples from both clear and turbid water.
Enhanced Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes by Glycerol Monolaurate with Organic Acids

Glycerol monolaurate (ML) inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes was affected by pH and testing matrix. We investigated antimicrobial effects of ML combined with acetic, benzoic, citric, and lactic acids (AA, BA, CA, and LA) on L. monocytogenes in broth medium and crawfish tail meat. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were lower when ML was combined with each acid in dual combination. ML combined with sublethal amounts of AA, BA, or LA gave greater inhibition than for the most active compound alone. No interaction occurred between ML and CA. ML had no influence on pH of media containing organic acids. ML or LA in crawfish tail meat had reduced activity. ML activity was influenced by type of organic acid used. Combining ML with organic acids may provide similar protection to other precooked ready-to-eat foods.
Effect of methionine replacement by homocystine in cultures containing both malignant rat breast carcinosarcoma (walker-256) cells and normal adult rat liver fibroblasts

When malignant W-256 rat breast carcinosarcoma cells are mixed with an equal number of normal adult rat liver fibroblasts and allowed to grow in a medium containing sufficientl-methionine and an excess of vitamin B12 and of folic acid, the malignant cells outgrow the normal cells, and within 2 weeks the tissue culture flasks contain only neoplastic cells. However, when ampledl-homocystine or homocysteine replaces methionine in the medium containing the same amount of vitamin B12 and folic acid, and seeded with the same type and number of malignant and normal cells, the malignant cells die and the normal cells thrive. Substantiating this concusion are the results of injections into rats of comparable numbers of cells from each group after 3 weeks of growth in tissue culture. Fatal malignancies are produced by the methionine-cultured cells, whereas no malignancies are produced by the homocystein-cultivated cells.
Impact of operator technique and device on infrared emission detection tympanic thermometry.

Abstract Preliminary data on the use of infrared emission detection (IRED) tympanic thermometers suggest that operator technique may be important in IRED readings. No systematic investigation of specific technique and available IRED devices has previously been performed. In a prospective, blinded trial, 40 healthy adult subjects using six IRED thermometers with two techniques were examined in random sequence. Differences between IRED tympanic, oral, and rectal temperatures were compared using ANOVA. Significant differences were observed between all temperatures, the IRED devices, and the method of probe insertion. Differences between oral or rectal temperatures and IRED tympanic readings were reduced by an ear tug (as for routine otoscopy) for all but one device. An “ear tug” results in increased IRED readings that may improve accuracy of tympanic thermometers using IRED.
Strategic Collaboration for Ethical Leadership: A Mentoring Framework for Business and Organizational Decision Making

Recent corporate scandals in the U.S. have shaken the public trust and spurred the creation of a host of new regulatory controls and laws to help ensure compliance with ethical standards. The purpo...