cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Review of Nonlinear Hyperspectral Unmixing Methods

In hyperspectral unmixing, the prevalent model used is the linear mixing model, and a large variety of techniques based on this model has been proposed to obtain endmembers and their abundances in hyperspectral imagery. However, it has been known for some time that nonlinear spectral mixing effects can be a crucial component in many real-world scenarios, such as planetary remote sensing, intimate mineral mixtures, vegetation canopies, or urban scenes. While several nonlinear mixing models have been proposed decades ago, only recently there has been a proliferation of nonlinear unmixing models and techniques in the signal processing literature. This paper aims to give an historical overview of the majority of nonlinear mixing models and nonlinear unmixing methods, and to explain some of the more popular techniques in detail. The main models and techniques treated are bilinear models, models for intimate mineral mixtures, radiosity-based approaches, ray tracing, neural networks, kernel methods, support vector machine techniques, manifold learning methods, piece-wise linear techniques, and detection methods for nonlinearity. Furthermore, we provide an overview of several recent developments in the nonlinear unmixing literature that do not belong into any of these categories.
FROM THE EDITOR: POLITICAL TOLERANCE, SOCIAL WORK VALUES, AND SOCIAL WORK EDUCATION

(2009). FROM THE EDITOR: POLITICAL TOLERANCE, SOCIAL WORK VALUES, AND SOCIAL WORK EDUCATION. Journal of Social Work Education: Vol. 45, No. 3, pp. 343-348.
Occurrence of the partial reinforcement extinction effect after only one NRNR sequence of trials

Evidence is presented which demonstrates that the partial reinforcement extinction effect occurs reliably after only one NRNR sequence of trials which is preceded by a series of continuously rewarded trials.
Renewal and Renewal-Intensity Functions with Minimal Repair

The renewal and renewal-intensity functions with minimal repair are explored for the Normal, Gamma, Uniform, and Weibull underlying lifetime distributions. The Normal, Gamma, and Uniform renewal, and renewal-intensity functions are derived by the convolution method. Unlike these last three failure distributions, the Weibull except at shape does not have a closed-form function for the n-fold convolution. Since the Weibull is the most important failure distribution in reliability analyses, the approximate renewal and renewal-intensity functions of Weibull were obtained by the time-discretizing method using the Mean-Value Theorem for Integrals. A Matlab program outputs all reliability and renewal measures.
Tyrosine Residues in the C-Terminal Domain of the Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Receptor Mediate Mitogenic and Tumorigenic Signals*

We investigated cellular proliferation, the transforming activity, and activation of known signal transduction pathways in NIH-3T3 cells stably expressing insulin-like growth factor-I receptors (IGF-IRs) with amino acid substitutions in the carboxy(C)-terminal domain. The mutant receptors contained substitutions of both tyrosines 1250 and 1251 with phenylalanine and histidine (amino acids present in the analogous positions in the insulin receptor), as well as phenylalanine 1310 replaced by tyrosine (IsY clones) to resemble the placement of tyrosine residues in the C-terminal domain of the insulin receptor. As a control for the IsY clones, a second mutant receptor was expressed with a substitution of phenylalanine 1310 with tyrosine only (DBY clones). Clones expressing IGF-IRs with the IsY substitutions had a significantly slower rate of growth compared with cells expressing an equivalent number of wild-type IGF-IRs (NWT). In contrast, the DBY clones showed relatively normal growth rates. Cells with wild-type IGF-IR demonstrated a transformed phenotype in soft agar assays. The IsY clones lost the transforming ability of the wild type IGF-IR, whereas DBY clones formed colonies. IGF-I-stimulated autophosphorylation of the IGF-IR and tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1 and SHC, known substrates in the IGF-IR signal transduction pathway, were studied. Mutated IGF-IRs (IsY and DBY) did not alter the IGF-I-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of these proteins. Furthermore, the mutated IGF-IRs did not alter Grb2 association with phosphorylated IRS-1 and SHC. IGF-I stimulation of Crk-II phosphorylation, a novel substrate of the IGF-IR, was similar in cells expressing mutated and wild-type IGF-IRs. IGF-I-induced activation of phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3'-kinase was equivalent in cells expressing either mutant or wild-type IGF-IRs. These data suggest that the IGF-IR mediates, at least in part, cellular proliferation and increased transforming ability through its C-terminal domain. The exact postreceptor signaling pathway(s) involved have yet to be fully elucidated.
Hormonal requirements for the transformation of morula to blastocyst in the rat: effects of long-term ovariectomy.

Abstract Morulae were transferred into the uteri of recipient rats whose ovaries had been removed 30 days earlier. Three days after transfer, the eggs were recovered as blastocysts and retransferred into the uteri of day 4 pseudopregnant, definitive recipients, which were killed 14 days later. The 69 blastocysts transferred into the uteri of 11 definitive recipients yielded 27(39%) normal, live fetuses. The results demonstrate that morula to blastocyst transformation can occur in the absence of the ovarian hormones.
Initial observations on sensory interaction and the theory of dyslexia

Abstract Dyslexia is held to be a disorder of intersensory matching and discrimination. Two very different experiments are reported to test this theory, and the results to indeed support it. (a) The immediate visual recall of dyslexic children is significantly hindered by the presentation of distracting auditory noise during the initial exposure of the visual targets. (b) The bimodally evoked audiovisual brain responses in dyslexic children are most generally slightly reduced in amplitude, i.e. from their uninhibited unimodal ones, in contrast to the bimodal enhancement which we have sometimes found in normal readers. While we do not wish to extrapolate beyond these findings, particularly because the brain study with normals is still in progress, they do in general support the theory of the intersensory basis of dyslexia and suggest many directions for further study.
A comparison of routine urinalysis, addis count, and blood sedimentation rate as criteria of activity in acute glomerulonephritis

Summary There is a close correlation between the return of the sedimentation rate to normal and recovery from acute glomerulonephritis. There is a correlation between the return of the sedimentation rateand the Addis count, the Addis count becoming normal about five weeks after the sedimentation rate. In those instances where there has been great disparity between the return of the sedimentation rate and the Addis count to normal, the sedimentation rate has been an equally if not a more reliable prognostic index than has the Addis count. However, of even greater prognostic significance is the return of both the Addis count and sedimentation rate to persistently normal levels for a period of several weeks. Finally, the simplicity of the blood sedimentation test, which seems tobe a valuable guide of the course of acute glomerulonephritis, recommends its use in this disease.
The sophistication of ‘naive’ modeling

Abstract The relatively high predictive power of a naive market share model is due to (1) its similarity to the reduced form representation of the underlying model and (2) the comparison with forecasts generated from structural models that are likely to be misspecified.
Alkaline pH favors microtubule self-assembly in surf clam, Spisula solidissima, oocyte extracts

Microtubule assembly in surf clam oocytes is dependent upon events that occur during fertilization. Prior to fertilization there are few, if any microtubules, but within minutes after fertilization microtubules assemble to form the meiotic apparatus. This study demonstrates that the assembly of microtubules after fertilization may be dependent on the fertilization-induced pH change of the cytoplasm. Since the magnitude of the intracellular pH (pHi) change in Spisula oocytes has not been determined, surf clam microtubule assembly was examined at pH values that reflect the pHi change that occurs during sea urchin fertilization. The results indicate that microtubule assembly in crude oocyte extracts is favored at alkaline pH. In contrast, purified surf clam tubulin assembles to a greater extent at pH 6.6 than at pH 7.2. These results reveal that the tubulin in unfertilized oocytes can assemble into microtubules at pH 6.6 but that they are prevented from doing so by pH-dependent cytoplasmic regulatory factors in the oocyte.
Emerging antibody combinations in oncology

The use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has become a general approach for specifically targeting and treating human disease. In oncology, the therapeutic utility of mAbs is usually evaluated in the context of treatment with standard of care, as well as other small molecule targeted therapies. Many anti-cancer antibody modalities have achieved validation, including the targeting of growth factor and angiogenesis pathways, the induction of tumor cell killing or apoptosis, and the blocking of immune inhibitory mechanisms to stimulate anti-tumor responses. But, as with other targeted therapies, few antibodies are curative because of biological complexities that underlie tumor formation and redundancies in molecular pathways that enable tumors to adapt and show resistance to treatment. This review discusses the combinations of antibody therapeutics that are emerging to improve efficacy and durability within a specific biological mechanism (e.g., immunomodulation or the inhibition of angiogenesis) and across multiple biological pathways (e.g., inhibition of tumor growth and induction of tumor cell apoptosis).
An AES and SIMS study of the effect of temperature on the interaction of oxygen with Al(100)

Abstract Oxygen in chemisorbed, oxide and mixed chemisorbed/oxide layers deposited on Al(100) at 300 K is shown to be essentially immobile with respect to migration across the surface and with respect to diffusion into the subsurface for temperatures up to ∼ 700 K. The immobility of chemisorbed oxygen prevents it from being thermally converted to the oxide for temperatures up to 700 K. It is argued, in accord with the predictions of ab-initio calculations [K.L. Bedford and A.B. Kunz, Phys. Rev. B 25 (1982) 2119], that the immobility of chemisorbed oxygen on Al(100) is consistent with the adsorption of oxygen within or slightly below the surface Al plane at fourfold hollow sites. Increasing the temperature of the Al(100) surface during oxygen adsorption is shown to enhance subsurface oxidation even though increasing the surface temperature in UHV following oxygen adsorption at 300 K does not cause diffusion of oxygen into the subsurface or enhance oxide formation.
Hydrogeologist Looks at the 1965 Colorado Ground‐Water Lawa

The Colorado Assembly passed three laws in 1965 concerning water rights. Two of the new laws pertain directly to ground water and take cognizance of the fact that some wells divert water that would otherwise reach a stream. The use of ground water is now regulated under the doctrine of prior appropriation, which has applied to the administration of surface water in Colorado since 1852. Under the doctrine of prior appropriation, the first person to make beneficial use of water establishes a right to use that water even when there is a shortage of water for later appropriators. This paper discusses the new laws as they relate to hydrologists and others concerned with hydrology. The law sets up administrative processes for implementing the use of water but raises many questions. Proper hydrologic investigations are necessary as a technical base for administration of the laws.
Automatic segmentation of abdominal vessels for improved pancreas localization

Accurate automatic detection and segmentation of abdominal organs from CT images is important for quantitative and qualitative organ tissue analysis as well as computer-aided diagnosis. The large variability of organ locations, the spatial interaction between organs that appear similar in medical scans and orientation and size variations are among the major challenges making the task very difficult. The pancreas poses these challenges in addition to its flexibility which allows for the shape of the tissue to vastly change. Due to the close proximity of the pancreas to numerous surrounding organs within the abdominal cavity the organ shifts according to the conditions of the organs within the abdomen, as such the pancreas is constantly changing. Combining these challenges with typically found patient-to-patient variations and scanning conditions the pancreas becomes harder to localize. In this paper we focus on three abdominal vessels that almost always abut the pancreas tissue and as such useful landmarks to identify the relative location of the pancreas. The splenic and portal veins extend from the hila of the spleen and liver, respectively, travel through the abdominal cavity and join at a position close to the head of the pancreas known as the portal confluence. A third vein, the superior mesenteric vein, anastomoses with the other two veins at the portal confluence. An automatic segmentation framework for obtaining the splenic vein, portal confluence and superior mesenteric vein is proposed using 17 contrast enhanced computed-tomography datasets. The proposed method uses outputs from the multi-organ multi-atlas label fusion and Frangi vesselness filter to obtain automatic seed points for vessel tracking and generation of statistical models of the desired vessels. The approach shows ability to identify the vessels and improve localization of the pancreas within the abdomen.
Spectroscopic Observation of Dual Catalytic Sites During Oxidation of CO on a Au/TiO2 Catalyst

The prevailing view of CO oxidation on gold-titanium oxide (Au/TiO 2 ) catalysts is that the reaction occurs on metal sites at the Au/TiO 2 interface. We observed dual catalytic sites at the perimeter of 3-nanometer Au particles supported on TiO 2 during CO oxidation. Infrared-kinetic measurements indicate that O-O bond scission is activated by the formation of a CO-O 2 complex at dual Ti-Au sites at the Au/TiO 2 interface. Density functional theory calculations, which provide the activation barriers for the formation and bond scission of the CO-O 2 complex, confirm this model as well as the measured apparent activation energy of 0.16 electron volt. The observation of sequential delivery and reaction of CO first from TiO 2 sites and then from Au sites indicates that catalytic activity occurs at the perimeter of Au nanoparticles.
The uptake of L-[methyl-3H]carnitine by the rat epididymis

Abstract The uptake of radioactivity by the epididymis and other tissues was measured following administration of L-[methyl-3H]carnitine to male rats. Rapid uptake occurred in both the caput and cauda epididymides. This radioactivity was shown to be present in carnitine and was located almost exclusively within the epididymal lumen.
Are medical records a more reliable and valid source of CD4 count, viral load, and outpatient visit data than self-reports? A comparison with electronic medical records as the gold standard

CD4 cell count and viral load are the most widely used markers of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Obtaining accurate measures of these laboratory markers can be challenging. The purpose of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of self-reported and abstracted paper medical record CD4 counts, viral load, and outpatient visits using electronic data as the gold standard. We sampled a subgroup of 114 HIV-infected individuals in Los Angeles from a larger multi-site study for whom we could confirm outpatient visits and CD4 count and viral load data through electronic data. Agreement between electronic and paper record abstractions was approximately 90% for CD4 count (kappa = 0.85; P < 0.001), 78% for viral load (kappa = 0.56; P < 0.001), and 62% for visits (kappa = 0.02; P = 0.36). Agreement between electronic and self-reported measures was 80% for CD4 count (kappa = 0.71; P < 0.001), 77% for viral load (kappa = 0.54; P < 0.001), and 62% for visits (kappa = 0.13; P < 0.05). Using electronic data as the gold standard, we found that the accuracy of self-report was as good as paper record abstraction regarding viral load levels and visits, and only slightly lower for CD4 count. Despite limited generalizability, these findings are important because they suggest that the accuracy of clinical information collected by self-report and paper medical records are similar and raise questions about whether conducting abstractions of paper medical records is worthwhile, especially if it increases the costs of data collection.
Temporal relations within repetitions of preschool children near the onset of stuttering: A preliminary report☆

Abstract The purpose of this study was to compare duration characteristics of single repetitions of single-syllable words in the speech of preschool children who stutter (N = 15) recorded near the onset of their stuttering to those of control nonstuttering children (N = 18). Disfluent episodes were identified in audio tape recordings of the subjects' conversational speech. The digitized signals were analyzed by means of the CSpeech computer software (Milenkovic, 1987). Using visual displays of the sound-pressure waveforms, as well as spectrography, the durations of the first production of the word (1st unit), the second production (2nd Unit), the silent interval, and the total disfluency were measured. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups on any of these segments although there was a tendency for the stutterers to exhibit shorter silent intervals between repeated units. Relative measures, however, indicated that the ratio of the 2nd Unit to the total disfluency was significantly larger for the stutterers than the controls. For both groups, the ratio of the 1st to the 2nd Unit was positive, that is, the first production of the word was longer than the second. There was also a tendency for the ratio of the silent interval to total disfluency to be smaller for the stutterers. Overall, there appears to be a tendency for repetitions of very early stutterers to be faster than repetitions of nonstuttering children.
Statistical predictors of computing power in heterogeneous clusters

If cluster C 1 consists of computers with a faster mean speed than the computers in cluster C 2 , does this imply that cluster C 1 is more productive than cluster C 2 ? What if the computers in cluster C 1 have the same mean speed as the computers in cluster C 2 : is the one with computers that have a higher variance in speed more productive? Simulation experiments are performed to explore the above questions within a formal framework for measuring the performance of a cluster. Simulation results show that both mean speed and variance in speed (when mean speeds are equal) are typically correlated with the performance of a cluster, but not always; these statements are quantified statistically for our simulation environments. In addition, simulation results also show that: (1) If the mean speed of computers in cluster C 1 is faster by at least a threshold amount than the mean speed of computers in cluster C 2 , then C 1 is more productive than C 2 . (2) If the computers in clusters C 1 and C 2 have the same mean speed, then C 1 is more productive than C 2 when the variance in speed of computers in cluster C 1 is higher by at least a threshold amount than the variance in speed of computers in cluster C 2 .
Identification of Protein-Protein-Interaction (PPI) Inhibitors and Stabilizers for Antimalarial Drug Development using SPR

Malaria has been a human life threat for centuries, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Nevertheless, our repertoire of medication to treat the disease has been very limited 1, and emerging resistance of the malaria parasite Plasmodium has further restricted the use of current antimalarial treatment. The most recent reports indicating artemisinin resistance in Cambodia2 are indeed alarming and underscore the critical importance of exploring novel pathways for interfering with the life cycle of the malaria parasite.Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) has been a powerful tool to study protein ligand interactions. We utilize this technique for fragment and small molecule screening (∼150-500 Da) to identify PPI-inhibitors or PPI-stabilizers 3.In this study we present the identification of PPI-inhibitors for three plasmodial targets and two examples of PPI-stabilizers. We will furthermore demonstrate the in vitro effect on Plasmodium falciparum cultures of these PPI-inhibitors and PPI-stabilizers in the liver stage as well as blood stage form of the parasite. Small-molecules derived from our studies may represent useful probes for further dissecting the underlying biological mechanisms and analyzing the pathways in Plasmodium and other apicomplexan species such as Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium, Eimeria, Theileria and Babesia. Further development of our current small molecules may provide initial hits for lead optimization in drug design studies.References1 Baird, J. K. Effectiveness of antimalarial drugs. N Engl J Med 352, 1565-1577, doi:10.1056/NEJMra043207 (2005).2 Miotto, O. et al. Multiple populations of artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in Cambodia. Nat Genet 45, 648-655, doi:10.1038/ng.2624 (2013).3 Boucher, L. E. & Bosch, J. Development of a multifunctional tool for drug screening against Plasmodial protein-protein interactions via Surface Plasmon Resonance. Journal of Molecular Recognition 26, 496-500 (2013).
Elimination of energy denominators in Møller—Plesset perturbation theory by a Laplace transform approach

Abstract It is shown how the energy denominators encountered in various schemes for electronics structure calculation can be removed by a Laplace transform technique. The method is applicable to a wide variety of electronic structure calculations.
LEAF‐STRUCTURE AS RELATED TO ENVIRONMENT

This investigation was begun during the summer of I9I5 and carried on for about a year. Preliminary observation showed that the leaves growing in the sun at the south periphery were thicker than the leaves growing in the shade at the center of the same tree. The purpose of the investigation was to find out the exact differences in the structure of the leaves from the two positions, and to compare by measurements of the factors the environments in which the leaves were growing. The factors measured were light, evaporating power of the air, temperature, humidity and wind. A study of transpiration was also made during the summer of I9I6.
Navier-Stokes and Direct Simulation Monte Carlo Predictions for Laminar Hypersonic Separation

Axisymmetric direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) and Navier‐Stokes simulations are performed as part of a code validation effort for hypersonice ows. The e owe eld examined herein is the Mach 11 laminar e ow over a 25 ‐ 55-deg blunted biconic. Experimental data are available for surface pressure and heat e ux at a Knudsen number Kn=0.019 based on the nose radius. Simulations at a reduced freestream density (Kn=0.057) are performed to explore the region of viability of the numerical methods for hypersonic separated e ows. A detailed and careful effort is made to address the numerical accuracy of these simulations, including iterative and grid convergence studiesforNavier ‐Stokesandtemporal,grid,andparticleconvergencestudiesforDSMC.Goodagreementisfound between the DSMC and Navier ‐Stokes simulation approaches for surface properties as well as velocity proe les within the recirculation zone for the reduced density case. The results obtained indicate that the failure of earlier DSMC simulations at Kn=0.019 is due to insufe cient grid ree nement within the recirculation zone. Furthermore, it is shown that accurate simulations of the biconic at the experimental conditions with the DSMC method are not yet possible due to the extreme computational cost. Nomenclature d = molecular diameter, m f = general solution variable Kn = Knudsen number based on nose radius, ¸=RN L = characteristic length scale, m n = number density, particles/m 3 p = pressure, N/m 2 , order of accuracy q = heat e ux, W/m 2
Charge states of many-electron atoms in a strong laser field

The nonresonant, multiphoton ionization of many-electron atoms is explained theoretically within the Thomas-Fermi model with the inclusion of an electromagnetic field. Numerical results are presented for the charge state and induced dipole moment versus the strength of the applied electric field, which, because of the scaling properties of the model, can be expressed as universal functions of the field. Our results compare favorably with those from recent ionization experiments performed on noble gases using laser fields.
A Feedback Loop in the Polo-like Kinase Activation Pathway

The Xenopus polo-like kinase Plx1 plays important roles during entry into and exit from mitosis (M phase). Previous studies revealed that Plx1 is activated by phosphorylation on serine and threonine residues, and purification of an activating enzyme from mitotic Xenopus egg extracts led to cloning and characterization of Xenopus polo-like kinase kinase (xPlkk1), which can phosphorylate and activate Plx1 in vitro. In the present study, a positive feedback loop between Plx1 and xPlkk1 was shown to result in each kinase phosphorylating and activating the other. Sequencing of radiolabeled xPlkk1 after phosphorylation by Plx1 in vitro identified three phosphorylation sites each spaced three amino acids apart, two of which have the consensus acidic-X-pSer-hydrophobic described for other polo-like kinase substrates. In addition, endogenous xPlkk1 in oocytes was phosphorylated on these sites in M phase but not in interphase. A mutant xPlkk1 in which these three amino acids were changed to alanine (xPlkk1(SA3)) was unable to be phosphorylated or activated in vitro by Plxl. Depletion of Plx1 from oocyte extracts prior to stimulation of the G2/M transition blocked the activation of xPlkk1, but depletion of xPlkk1 before stimulation did not block Plx1 activation. These results indicate that xPlkk1 may function downstream as a target of Plx1 rather than as an upstream activating kinase during the G2/M transition.
A simulation of the angle resolved auger yield from Al(001)

Abstract A semi-quantum-mechanical Monte Carlo simulation has been developed to model the complete angular distribution of KLL Auger electrons emitted from an Al(001) surface. Forward focusing of the Auger electrons is found in angle resolved Auger electron spectroscopy (ARABS) images for Auger emitters in each of the outer four atomic layers. This contrasts with what others have found at lower Auger energies.
Growth, accessibility and the distribution of arts activity in the United States: 1980 to 1990

Using data on the location of artists by state as a proxy for the location of artistic activity, this paper shows that from 1980 to 1990 the arts grew rapidly and became more dispersed, reversing a trend toward greater concentration during the 1970s. Accessibility increased as the ratio of artists to population rose in most states. Nevertheless, enormous inter-state variation in that ratio remains. The second part of the paper examines the determinants of artist location at the state level. The equations estimated for both years prove to have a high degree of explanatory power.
Carnegie Mellon's entertainment technology center: combining the left and right brain

This professional master's degree program puts artists and technologists together on interdisciplinary teams to create interactive experiences.
Effects of a polyimide coating on the hydrogen selectivity of MIS sensors

Abstract To enhance the selectivity of metal–insulator–semiconductor (MIS) sensors for hydrogen detection in mixed-hydrocarbon streams, a palladium MIS sensor has been modified by depositing a polyimide (PI) layer above the palladium surface. Response measurements indicate that PI-coated sensors inhibit the effect of gases, such as carbon monoxide, acetylene, ethylene, and methane on H 2 response, dramatically improving selectivity to hydrogen. The effect of coated layer thickness on sensor response is also evaluated, and it is found that the sensor response rate strongly depends on PI film thickness. The modified performance of the PI coated sensor to hydrogen in gas mixtures is explained by both the permselective properties of the membrane and metal surface modification resulting from the PI coating.
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate alters synaptic potentials in area CA1 of the hippocampal slice

The influences of the neurosteroid dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) on neuronal properties and synaptic transmission in area CA1 of the hippocampus were examined using a slice preparation. DHEAS had no apparent effects upon cell membrane resistance or active cell responses to intracellular hyperpolarizing or depolarizing current pulses. However, DHEAS did increase the excitability of CA1 neurons in response to Schaffer collateral synaptic stimulation. This was apparent both in field potential recordings as well as intracellular recordings. Effects appeared within minutes following exposure to DHEAS and were reversible, suggesting a non-genomic mechanism of action. Intracellular recordings indicated that DHEAS increased the amplitudes of EPSPs associated with stimulation of Schaffer collateral fibers. The increased EPSP amplitudes resulted from DHEAS effecting an inhibition of fast IPSPs as well as a direct enhancement of excitatory synaptic transmission. No significant effects on slow IPSPs were noted. In summary, neurosteroids such as DHEAS may influence synaptic transmission through multiple mechanisms. Such influences result in increased excitability of postsynaptic neurons and indicate the profound influences neurosteroids may have to regulate neuronal activity in intact CNS structures.
Geologic Implications of River-Pattern Variability: ABSTRACT

Experiments were performed in a large flume at constant discharge to determine the effect of slope on channel patterns. At very low slopes ( 1.3%). These experiments demonstrate that channel patterns can change from straight to meandering to braided at critical values of slope. The results also are applicable to the problem of the downstream variability of river patterns. Most alluvial rivers flow on surfaces (valley floor or alluvial plain) whose slopes have been determined by past conditions of flow and sediment load, by tributary effects, and/or by warping. As channel patterns are sensitive to changes of slope, other conditions being similar, a steeper reach of valley slope usually will cause an increase in channel sinuosity, as the river attempts to maintain a relatively constant gradient. Experimental results and Mississippi River data support this conclusion, which may be of practical value in identifying reaches of a river system influenced by neotectonics or structure. End_of_Article - Last_Page 652------------
Ethylene biosynthesis: processing of a substrate analog supports a radical mechanism for the ethylene-forming enzyme

Abstract Background: The chemical mechanism of the final step of ethylene biosynthesis (the conversion of 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid, ACC 1 to ethylene by ACC oxidase, the ethylene-forming enzyme, EFE) is poorly understood. Two possibilities have been suggested: a radical mechanism and an N -hydroxylation mechanism. We investigated reaction pathways available to radical intermediates in this reaction using an ACC analog, 1-aminocyclobutanecarboxylic acid (ACBC) as a substrate. Results: ACBC was converted to dehydroproline (A 1 -pyrroline-2-carboxylic acid) by the EFE via a ring expansion process. The possibility that an N -hydroxy-aminoacid (produced during two-electron oxidation) acts as an intermediate in this process was eliminated by control experiments. Chemical model reactions involving two-electron oxidants, such as a positive halogen (X + ) which presumably generate N-halo derivatives, produce only decarboxylation products. Radical-based oxidants, in contrast, generate dehydroproline. Model reactions involving sequential single-electron transfer mechanisms also produce dehydroproline; thus our results support the proposal that the EFE-catalyzed step of ethylene biosynthesis proceeds using a radical-based mechanism. Conclusions: Our results provide support for a radical mechanism in the final step of ethylene biosynthesis and refute an alternative N -hydroxylation mechanism. This work extends the idea that the intrinsic chemical reactivity of a high energy iron—oxo intermediate can account for the observed products in ethylene biosynthesis.
Origin of CP-violation through quark mass matrix

Abstract After a brief review of the CP violation models, we trace the origin of CP-phases from the phases of a class of quark mass matrices compatible with the calculability condition. The case of three generations corresponding to the standard milliweak CP model is discussed explicitly for the generic case of Fritzsch-type mass matrices.
Calcium alginate gel as a biocompatible material for endovascular arteriovenous malformation embolization: six-month results in an animal model.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to expand our assessment of calcium alginate as an embolic agent in an animal model of a cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM). The objective of this study was to assess the long-term biocompatibility and stability of calcium alginate in AVM swine models that survived from 1 to 6 months. METHODS: The swine model included a carotid-jugular anastomosis to redirect flow to the rete mirabile (RM), thereby simulating flow to an AVM. Alginate and the reactive component, calcium chloride, were injected from double-lumen or concentric-tube microcatheters to form an occlusion of the RM feeding vessel and the inferior portion of the RM. RESULTS: Angiography and histology verified complete occlusion of the RM feeding vessel for up to 6 months in eight of nine swine. Blood flow remained open to the superior portion of the RM and the circle of Willis. No evidence of downstream calcium alginate gel was seen in the follow-up angiograms or the histological preparations of the circle of Willis. A minor bioactive response to the alginate gel was noted at 1 month, yet no degenerative or inflammatory response was seen. At 6 months, there was moderate fibrous tissue around the alginate, which further sealed off flow to the embolized areas of the RM. CONCLUSION: Over a period of 6 months, calcium alginate was an effective endovascular occlusion material that blocked blood flow to the inferior portion of the RM. The chronic AVM model verified the long-term stability and biocompatibility of calcium alginate.
Polarographic behaviour of hansa yellow- like dyes. Reduction mechanism and substituent effects

Abstract The electroreduction of a series of 3-phenyl-2,3-dioxopropionanilide 2-arylhydrazones ( III ) on the dropping mercury electrode ( dme ) was investigated in ethanolic Britton-Robinson buffers. In each case, the polarographic curves showed two waves, A and B , corresponding to a four- and a two-electron process, respectively. The E 1/2 values for the wave A at pH 8.0 were shown to be a linear function of the Hammett substituent constant σ; -( E 1/2 ) A (V) = 0.982 + 0.145 σ ( r = 0.989). A mechanism for the polarographic reduction of III is proposed.
Civic Opportunities in Associations: Interpersonal Interaction, Governance Experience and Institutional Relationships

Following Tocqueville, many scholars consider associations “schools of democracy” because members can develop civic capacities within them. This article identifies the distribution of civic development opportunities across civic sectors (e.g., politics, service, recreation), focusing on understudied apolitical groups. New data is introduced on a set of often referenced, but rarely studied, associations: choral societies. Choruses are shown to offer numerous opportunities for interpersonal interaction, governance experience and institutional relationships. Data are compared to opportunities offered by associations in other civic sectors. Apolitical arts associations are found to provide as many or more opportunities for individual civic development than their politically-and service-oriented counterparts suggesting their potential for shrinking the political communication gap between naturally politically interested and disinterested citizens.
A phase-slip model of switching

We review recent experiments which suggest that charge-density wave (CDW) amplitude fluctuations play a critical role in switching, and present a model of switching based on amplitude collapse at phase-slip1 centers.
Diverse motives for fictitious post‐traumatic stress disorder

Fictitious cases of Vietnam-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) present a difficult diagnostic problem. In settings where the motives of avoiding criminal responsibility or gaining financially are apparent, the clinician is alerted to possible fictitious cases. But there are a variety of other reasons for fictitious presentation of PTSD that the clinician needs to consider. These other reasons include psychotic disorders, concealing other behavior, gaining special attention in a Vietnam veteran PTSD role, explaining and covering up a dysfunctional life, and factitious disorder- Case examples are presented of these various fictitious presentations of post- Vietnam PTSD.
An Economic Model for Evaluating Mining and Manufacturing Ventures with Output Yield Uncertainty

This paper develops an operational risk management model for evaluating production efforts in manufacturing and mining industries where the resource to be exploited is nonhomogenous. Using acontingent claims methodology now commonly encountered in financial applications, we formulate a production control model in an environment characterized bymarket andprocess uncertainty. In our analysis, market risk is depicted by the output price while process uncertainty is captured by the random variability inherent in the output's yield. In this light, adjustments to the rate of production are viewed as a sequence of (nested) real options affording operating flexibility. We account for an optimal sequence of production adjustments, over a preestablished production horizon, by taking the production rate as an adapted positive real-valued process. Accordingly, techniques of stochastic control theory and contingent claims analysis (CCA) are employed to ensure value maximizing production policies are rendered in a manner consistent with an equilibrium price structure.
CQP 201-403 in Parkinson's disease: an open-label pilot study.

Le CQP 201-403, un agoniste dopaminergique des recepteurs D 1 et D 2 , est administre a dix patients atteints de la maladie de Parkinson de stade III ou plus sur l'echelle de Hoehn et Yahr, a des doses rapidement croissantes. Au bout de vingt jours en moyenne, une amelioration significative est constatee sur la bradykinesie, la rigidite, et l'instabilite posturale. Le tremblement, peu frequent dans ce groupe de malades, n'a pas pu etre etudie de facon precise. L'effet indesirable le plus serieux rencontre est une confusion prolongee avec psychose, mais d'autres effets indesirables sont rapportes tels: vertige, delire, somnolence, et aggravation des dyskinesies. Le CQP 201-403 peut entrer dans les medicaments de la maladie de Parkinson
Viscosities of vegetable oils and fatty acids

Data for viscosity as a function of temperature from 24 to 110°C (75 to 230°F) have been measured for a number of vegetable oils (crambe, rapeseed, corn, soybean, milk-weed, coconut, lesquerella) and eight fatty acids in the range from C9 to C22. The viscosity measurements were performed according to ASTM test methods D 445 and D 446. Several correlations were fitted to the experimental data. Correlation constants for the best fit are presented. The range of temperature in which the correlations are valid is from 24°C (75°F), or the melting point of the substance, to 110°C (230°F). The correlation constants are valuable for designing or evaluating such chemical process equipment as heat exchangers, reactors, distillation columns, mixing vessels and process piping.
Family child care providers' self-perceived role in obesity prevention: working with children, parents, and external influences.

Abstract Objective To describe the perspective and strategies of family child care providers (FCCPs) to reduce children's suboptimal weight trajectories. Design In-person, in-depth interviews with FCCPs. Setting Family child care homes. Participants Seventeen FCCPs caring for children 6 weeks to 9 years old; 94% caring for children paying with a state subsidy. Phenomenon of Interest Strategies of FCCP to reduce children's suboptimal weight trajectories. Analysis Constant comparative method of qualitative data analysis. Results Family child care providers described 3 core strategies: (1) improving children's behavior, (2) engaging and educating parents, and (3) leveraging influences external to their relationship with parents to effect positive change and to avoid parental conflict. These strategies were framed within their knowledge of child development, parental communication, and community services. Conclusions and Implications The findings suggest that FCCPs' role in obesity prevention may be framed within knowledge that may be commonly expected of a child care provider. Partnerships between public health policy makers and FCCP may reduce obesigenic environments by employing training and resources that link obesity prevention and child care provider expertise.
Human supervisory control of multiple mobile agents

This paper discusses the process integrations which implement the mediation hierarchy in the multiple agent supervisory control (MASC) system interface. This interface is employed in a multiple mobile robotic system. The mediation hierarchy permits the human supervisor to interact with the various level of the robotic system either upon an agents request or when the supervisor deems intervention necessary. The general concept behind the mediation hierarchy is that it will create a semi-autonomous system which is capable of successfully completing feasible tasks.
Use of sedimentary rock impact indices in evaluation of tunnel-boring machine performance

This paper outlines the analytical methods being used to develop Rock Impact Indices (RIIs), a suite of parameters which are used to link Tunnel Boring Machine (TOM) performance to in situ geologic conditions in sedimentary rocks. RIIs will be developed to describe the rock mass by reference to intact rock strength, water inflow and jointing parameters. However, only the derivation of the RII associated with jointing is described in this paper. Discrete values of this index are obtained along the tunnel and linked to local TOM performance measures, penetration rate and utilization. Emphasis is placed on establishing a reasonable representation of the jointing along the length of the tunnel using the RII, derived from tunnel mapping. The relationships unking the RII to TOM performance parameters, as identified from the back-analysis of case history data, are used in the prediction of TOM performance in a simulation program.
Efficacy of prenatal ultrasonography in confirmed club foot

Club foot can be diagnosed by ultrasound of the fetus in more than 60% of cases. We have correlated the accuracy of the prenatal findings in 281 ultrasound surveys with the physical findings after birth and the subsequent treatment in 147 children who were born with club foot. The earliest week of gestation in which the condition was diagnosed with a high degree of confidence was the 12th and the latest was the 32nd. Not all patients were diagnosed at an early stage. In 29% of fetuses the first ultrasound examination failed to detect the deformity which subsequently became obvious at a later examination. Club foot was diagnosed between 12 and 23 weeks of gestation in 86% of children and between 24 and 32 weeks of gestation in the remaining 14%. Therefore it can be considered to be an early event in gestation (45% identified by the 17th week), a late event (45% detected between 18th and 24th weeks) or a very late event (10% recognised between 25th and 32nd weeks). We cannot exclude, however, the possibility that the late-onset groups may have been diagnosed late because earlier scans were false-negative results. The prenatal ultrasonographic findings were correlated with the physical findings after birth and showed that bilateral involvement was more common than unilateral. There was no significant relationship between the prenatal diagnosis and the postnatal therapeutic approach (i.e., conservative or surgical), or the degree of rigidity of the affected foot.
RAPD markers associated with salt tolerance in an interspecific cross of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum×L. pennellii).

This study was conducted to identify randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers associated with quantitative trait loci (QTLs) conferring salt tolerance during germination in tomato. Germination response of an F2 population (2000 individuals) of a cross between UCT5 (Lycopersicon esculentum, salt-sensitive) and LA716 (L. pennellii, salt-tolerant) was evaluated at a salt-stress level of 175 mM NaCl+17.5 mM CaCl2 (water potential ca. –9.5 bars). Germination was scored visually as radicle protrusion at 6-h intervals for 30 consecutive days. Individuals at both extremes of the response distribution (i.e., salt-tolerants and salt-sensitives) were selected. The selected individuals were genotyped for 53 RAPD markers and allele frequencies at each marker locus were determined. The linkage association among the markers was determined using a “Mapmaker” program. Trait-based marker analysis (TBA) identified 13 RAPD markers at eight genomic regions that were associated with QTLs affecting salt tolerance during germination in tomato. Of these genomic regions, five included favorable QTL alleles from LA716, and three included favorable alleles from UCT5. The approximate effects of individual QTLs ranged from 0.46 to 0.82 phenotypic standard deviation. The results support our previous suggestion that salt tolerance during germination in tomato is polygenically controlled. The identification of favorable QTLs in both parents suggests the likelihood of recovering transgressive segregants in progeny derived from these genotypes. Results from this study are discussed in relation to using marker-assisted selection in breeding for salt tolerance.
Immunosuppressant Combinations in Primate Cardiac Xenograftsa

ABO matched cynomolgus monkey to baboon heterotopic xenografts were performed using three different immunosuppressant regimens. Group 1 (n = 4) baboons, which did not receive immunosuppression, had a mean graft survival of 9 days. Group 2 (n = 6) received cyclosporine (CsA) and methylprednisolone acetate which prolonged graft survival to an average of 78 days. Group 3 (n = 5) received CsA, Pred, and azathioprine (Aza) as well as steroid pulses and antithymocyte globulin (ATG) for rejection episodes. Survival in this group averaged 94 days. In Group 4 (n = 3), the same regimen as group 3 was used; however, Mycophenolate Mofetil was substituted for Aza. This resulted in a mean survival of 296 days. Histologic examination of the coronary vasculature in baboons treated with Mofetil showed a reduction in vascular pathologic changes when compared to those treated with Aza. Long-term cardiac xenograft survival is possible using currently available immunosuppressive agents.