cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Small Nonpeptide Inhibitors of Staphylococcal Superantigen-Induced Cytokine Production and Toxic Shock

Staphylococcal superantigens are grouped into three classes based on their primary sequence homology. In humans and monkeys, Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) induce an emetic response and toxic shock at submicrogram concentrations. The mouse models commonly used today rely on the use of sensitizing agents such as D-galactosamine, actinomycin D, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or viruses to induce toxic shock. None of the existing mouse models faithfully reproduces all of the complex events of human toxic shock syndrome. Bacterial superantigens cause toxic shock and contribute to septic complications during infection. Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is characterized by fever, hypotension, desquamation of skin, fever, and dysfunction of three or more organ systems. Superantigens from both S. aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes are the causative agents of staphylococcal and streptococcal toxic shock. Given the complex pathophysiology of toxic shock, an understanding of the interaction of cellular receptors and signaling pathways used by these staphylococcal superantigens and the biological mediators they induce provides invaluable insight into selecting appropriate therapeutic targets. A list of small nonpeptide inhibitors effective in blocking the effects of superantigens is shown in this chapter. The anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 10 (IL-10) was used to block the production of IL-1, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and gamma interferon (IFN-γ), resulting in reduced lethality to superantigen-induced toxic shock. The ability to stop the inflammatory events initiated by superantigens early appears to be critical in preventing toxic shock.
Selection for Abamectin Resistance in Tetranychus urticae and T. pacificus (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Three colonies of Tetranychus urticae Koch and two colonies of Tetranychus pacificus McGregor were selected in the laboratory and greenhouse with abamectin (avermectin B10). Two selection methods were used. One challenged ability of gravid females to survive 48 h on dried residues using concentrations that resulted in 40–60% mortality. The other technique selected against all life stages on bean plants. Concentration/response bioassays were used to determine whether a selection response was achieved. The three T. urticae colonies were selected 4, 6, or 15 times. LC50’s for two of these colonies before selection ranged from 0.06 to 0.15 ppm on different dates. After selection, the T. urticae colonies LC50’s were 0.12 and 0.24 ppm (values not significantly different from those of their respective base colonies). Likewise, for the two T. pacificus colonies (selected 2 and 15 times), no response to selection occurred. LC50’s of the unselected T. pacificus base colonies ranged from 0.04 to 0.12 ppm on different dates. Selected lines had LC50’s of 0.06 and 0.08 ppm, values not significantly different from LC50’s of their base colonies. These negative results do not preclude the possibility that resistance to abamectin will develop in other populations of T. urticae or T. pacificus. Because at least one of the T. urticae and T. pacificus colonies tested was resistant to propargite, cyhexatin, and fenbutatin-oxide, we suggest that cross resistances are unlikely.
Time-Resolved and Post-Irradiation Studies of the Interaction of High-Power Pulsed Microwave Radiation with Silicon

We have measured the microwave-induced damage to the near-surface region of silicon for 1.9-μs pulses at a frequency of 2.856 GHz and a pulse power of up to 7.2 MW. Rectangular samples were irradiated in a test section of WR-284 waveguide that was filled with freon to a pressure of 30 psig. Incident, transmitted and reflected powers were monitored with directional couplers and fast diodes. The results of the time-resolved optical measurements show that the onset of surface damage is accompanied by a large increase in the reflected power. Examination of the irradiated surfaces shows that the degree of damage is greatest near the edges of the samples. Using secondary ion mass spectrometry to profile the implanted As, we find that the microwave pulses can melt the near-surface region of the material for pulse powers exceeding a threshold value.
Systemic Insecticides and a Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus for Control of the Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm on Cotton

In comparative tests, Allied Chemical Corp. compound GL-6506 (dimethyl p -(methylthio) phenyl phosphate) applied as a stern treatment to cotton in small-plot field tests gave more effective control of the bollworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), and the tobacco budworm, H. virescens (F.), than monocrotophos or methomyl; however, no stem treatment was as effective as foliar applications of monocrotophos. The Heliothis nuclear polyhedrosis virus ( Heliothis NPV), applied as a foliar spray 3 times/week, was as effective as monocrotophos (applied as a foliar spray at 5-, to 7-day intervals) in increasing the yields of cotton, but when the Heliothis NPV was applied 1 or 2 times/week, yields were inferior to that achieved with monocrotophos.
Diagnosis of interstitial cystitis.

AbstractWe reviewed clinical and histological findings in 55 patients with interstitial cystitis and 21 with voiding dysfunction secondary to other pathological conditions. Of our interstitial cystitis patients 36% would fail to meet the research definition proposed at a recent National Institutes of Health workshop. Detrusor mastocytosis was present in 64% of our interstitial cystitis patients compared to 80% of the noninterstitial cystitis group. There was no statistically significant difference in mean detrusor mast cell counts between interstitial cystitis and noninterstitial cystitis patients. Biopsies of 12 patients who did meet the proposed National Institutes of Health research definition were evaluated by immunohistochemical techniques. Early results are inconclusive.These studies indicate that interstitial cystitis is a complex disease whose diagnosis presently still must be made from a symptom complex rather than from objective histological criteria, including mastocytosis or the presence of an...
Systemic methotrexate for prurigo nodularis and keratoacanthomas in actinically damaged skin

We previously reported a cohort of elderly patients with concurrent development of debilitating prurigo nodularis, extreme and disabling pruritus with or without eczematous dermatitis, and keratoacanthomas in the presence of actinic damage.1 This report is a long-term follow through on patients who were successfully transitioned from cyclosporine, acitretin, and topical 5-fluorouracil to subcutaneously administered methotrexate. We believe that an underlying dysregulation of both inflammatory and cell growth pathways predisposes these individuals to the development of both types of lesions.1 Three of the patients have since been successfully treated with systemic methotrexate and are described below. We stated in our original report that no patients had keratoacanthomas while on cyclosporine and acitretin; however, in reviewing the material for this follow-up report, keratoacanthomas were noted in the patients' files. These lesions were existing lesions that did not clear after the initiation of therapy and were deemed suspicious enough for further evaluation. Herein we describe patients who underwent transition from cyclosporine to methotrexate and experienced relief of their symptoms. Traditional treatment options for keratoacanthomas include standard excision, Mohs micrographic surgery, systemic retinoids, radiotherapy, curettage and electrodessication, and intralesional 5-fluorouracil.2 In patients with a predisposition to the development of pruritic nodules and multiple keratoacanthomas, many of the aforementioned treatments are ineffective or only elicit some clinical response, often with relapse.1 Intralesional methotrexate is noted in the literature as an effective and well-tolerated treatment for solitary keratoacanthomas.2, 3, 4 However, this approach may not be practical in the case of multiple keratoacanthomas, especially if it is believed that a predisposition exists for the development of additional lesions, as is the case in our patients.1 Systemic methotrexate, used for rheumatoid arthritis5 and psoriasis,6 has also been reported as an effective treatment for prurigo nodularis.7 Some literature supports the use of parenteral methotrexate as a method to ensure uniform and predictable bioavailability, particularly in doses at and greater than 15 mg.8, 9, 10, 11, 12 We have also observed that accessibility of injectable methotrexate is far more affordable than the oral tablet form, and patients are less likely to confuse their dosing regimens with the subcutaneous format. To our knowledge, there are no reports on the use of systemic methotrexate to treat keratoacanthomas. Three distinct cases are described in this report.
Nuclear Reactor Kinetics

Reactor kinetics is the study of those processes which control the time-dependent behavior of a nuclear reactor. Because during fission, the length of time between one neutron generation and the next is extremely short, it might be expected that controlling a nuclear reactor would be quite difficult. Fortunately, however, neutrons are produced not only through the fission process, but also through the radioactive decay of certain nuclides. The neutrons produced through radioactive decay appear over time scales ranging from seconds to several minutes. With proper design, these radioactive decay neutrons can be made to govern the rate of power change in the reactor thus making the control of the reactor much simpler due to the much slower reactor response times. Because these radioactive decay neutrons also persist for a time after the control system brings the reactor subcritical, a considerable amount of reactor power may be produced even after the reactor is shut down. This power must be disposed of in some way and may require wasting significant amounts of fuel to keep the reactor cool until these decay neutrons die away.
A Call for Better Opioid Prescribing Training and Education

Pain is the most common complaint in the emergency department (ED), and emergency physicians face unique challenges in making opioid-related treatment decisions. Medical students and residents experience significant variation in the quality of education they receive both about opioid prescribing as well as substance-use detection and intervention in the ED. To achieve a better standard of education, clinical educators will need to (a) develop a clearer understanding of the risk for aberrant opioid prescribing in the ED, (b) recognize prescribing bias and promote uptake of evidence-based opioid prescribing guidelines in their EDs, and
Killing two birds with one stone? Turning CFL learners into book writers: An exploratory study

Two problems often emerge in the process of learning Chinese. First, learning to write at the beginning stage often focuses on forms, without an authentic purpose. As a result, learners do not have enough motivation to write. Second, while extensive reading benefits language learners, not many extensive reading materials are available to beginning and lower-intermediate level CFL learners. This empirical study examined the feasibility of incorporating a writing project into the curriculum, as well as the potential impact of such a project on learners’ reading and writing progress. A total of 89 learners participated in this study. The findings show that the participants who wrote books and those who read the books both enjoyed and benefited from the project.
Relationship between plasma D-lactate levels and prognosis of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis

Objective To investigate the relationship between plasma D-lactate levels and prognosis in newborns with neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC).Methods One hundred and four premature infants with NEC (stase Ⅱ and Ⅲ ) and another 104 premature infants without NEC admitted into Quanzhou Children's Hospital for other diseases from January 2007 to October 2010 were selected into this case control study.The gestational age,gender and birth weight of patients in the two groups were matched.NEC patients' bloods were collected within 24 hours after NEC was confirmed and blood samples of the control group were collected at the corresponding age.Enzymelinked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the plasma D-lactate level.Receiver operating characteristic curve was used to confirm the criteria of D-lactate positive,according to which,the NEC group was divided into high D-lactate group and normal D-lactate group,and the mortality and complication rate of the two groups were compared with x2 test.And NEC group was subdivided into death group and survive group according to the prognosis of the patients,and the difference of D-lactate level between the two groups were compared with t test.Results Among the NEC group,there were 63 cases (60.6％) of stage Ⅱ and 41 (39.4％) cases of stage Ⅲ ; 88 (84.6％) survived infants and 16 (15.4％) dead infants.D-lactate level was (35.4 ± 29.1) μg /ml in stage Ⅲ NEC group,(29.5±16.2) μg/ml in stage Ⅱ NEC group and (3.7±18.4) μg/ml in control group; there were statistical differences between each other(F=5.97,P＜0.05).Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that if 6 μg/ml was set as the borderline,there were 87 cases(83.7％,87/104) with high D-lactate patients in NEC group,whose neonatal critical illness scoring (NCIS) was 80.9±22.6,significantly lower than that of normal D-lactate patients ( 95.8 ± 20.5) (t =2.417,P＜ 0.05),and higher neonatal septicemia rate (48.3％,42/87) and mortality (27.6％,24/87) compared with those [(5.9％,1/17) and (5.9％,1/17)] of normal D-lactate patients(x2 =11.539 and 7.146,P＜0.05,respectively).In NEC group,compared with the survived infants,the D-lactate level [(43.2±13.5) μg/ml vs (21.9 ± 22.9) μg/ml,t =4.572,P＜0.05] and the rate of septicemia [68.8％ (11/16) vs 38.6％ (34/88),x2 =3.445,P＜0.05] were higher in dead patients,and NCIS (82.4± 29.1 vs 90.6 ± 21.3,t =2.409,P＜0.05) was lower.Conctusions The level of plasma D-lactate related to the prognosis of neonatal NEC and which might be a good indicator for its prognosis and severity. Key words: Enterocolitis, necrotizing; Lactic acid; Infant, newborn; Prognosis
Animal Research in Higher Education: Engaging the Moral and Ethical Conversation

AbstractFaculty and staff are rightly concerned with the moral and ethical dimensions of human relationships on campus. Yet, they rarely discuss the animals with whom they share their campuses and ...
History, Testimony and Postmemory: The Algerias of Pauline Roland and Assia Djebar

In the last movement of her autobiographical novel L’amour, la fantasia, following haunting and kaleidoscopic stories of colonization , resistance and the lives of Algeriennes during battles of conquest, independence and love, Assia Djebar evokes the final months of the French woman Pauline Roland , political prisoner of Louis Napoleon, transported to Algeria in 1852 as described in Roland’s letters to her friends in France . This essay argues that, for Djebar , Roland’s story offers a site of postmemory for Djebar’s recounting of generations of Algerian women, especially those from the time of Roland’s exile. In Dejbar’s history of lost voices, Roland’s words become part of the palimpsest that reveals women’s memories and traumas in both colonial and postcolonial settings.
Risk in Housing Markets

The conventional statistical measure of housing risk is standard deviation of year-over-year percentage changes in price. This definition facilitates quantification of risk and its statistical description, although it does not fully capture the wide range of downside risks that homeowners, their lenders, and other interrelated sectors of the economy face when housing prices fall sharply (e.g., banks, pension funds holding mortgage-backed securities, and local governments whose tax base is tied to housing prices). This article provides examples of the conventional quantification of housing risk based on standard deviation, its limitations, and some alternative measures that focus on downside risk rather than symmetric fluctuation about the mean.
Comparing the National Death Index and the Social Security Administration's Death Master File to ascertain death in HIV surveillance.

Objectives New York City (NYC) maintains a population-based registry of people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection to monitor the epidemic and inform resource allocation. We evaluated record linkages with the National Death Index (NDI) and the Social Security Administration's Death Master File (SSDMF) to find deaths occurring from 2000 through 2004. Methods We linked records from 32,837 people reported with HIV and not previously known to be dead with deaths reported in the NDI and the SSDMF. We calculated the kappa statistic to assess agreement between data sources. We performed subgroup analyses to assess differences within demographic and transmission risk subpopulations. We quantified the benefit of linkages with each data source beyond prior death ascertainment from local vital statistics data. Results We discovered 1,926 (5.87%) deaths, which reduced the HIV prevalence estimate in NYC by 2.03%, from 1.19% to 1.16%. Of these, 458 (23.78%) were identified only from NDI, and 305 (15.84%) only from SSDMF. Agreement in ascertainment between sources was substantial (kappa = [K] 0.74, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.72, 0.76); agreement was lower among Hispanic people (K = 0.65, 95% CI 0.62, 0.69) and people born outside the U.S. (K = 0.60, 95% CI 0.52, 0.68). We identified an additional 13.62% of deaths to people reported with HIV in NYC; white people and men who have sex with men were disproportionately likely to be underascertained without these linkages (p Conclusion Record linkages with national databases are essential for accurate prevalence estimates from disease registries, and the SSDMF is an inexpensive means to supplement linkages with the NDI to maximize death ascertainment.
Psychiatric Disorders and Maxillofacial Surgery

Patients with psychiatric illnesses present a major challenge to the surgical teams due to high rates of medical and substance use comorbidities, complexity of psychotropic medical regimens increasing the risk of serious drug-drug interactions, and difficulties with patient-provider communications. Psychiatric patients fall under one of the three major categories: mood disorders, anxiety disorders, or psychotic disorders. Patients from each of these categories present with unique challenges due to their distinct symptomatology, cognitive status, and ability to understand and engage in informed consent.
Surgical excision of infected arteriovenous grafts: technique and review

Infected prosthetic arteriovenous grafts for hemodialysis present a profound risk to patient well being. Here we present five recent cases and describe our technique for total graft excision. We also review the literature and discuss the much debated role of partial, subtotal, and total graft excision.
High-Risk Behaviors in African American Youth: Conceptual and Methodological Issues in Research

During the last decade, a veritable explosion of books, articles, and media reports about at-risk minority youth and high-risk behaviors of minority youth have been published. In some cases these reports have made substantive contributions to our understanding of the escalating self-destructive behaviors of some minority youth whereas in other cases they have merely served to confuse and distort the phenomenon. Despite the increased scrutiny of scholars and policy analysts in a range of disciplines, the research on high-risk problematic behaviors in minority youth can be generally characterized as fragmented, lacking any coherent conceptual framework, and plagued by methodological difficulties, conceptual biases and analytical limitations (McKenry, Everett, Ramseur, & Carter, 1989; Taylor, 1995).
MRI biomarkers in osseous tumors

Although radiography continues to play a critical role in osseous tumor assessment, there have been remarkable advances in cross-sectional imaging. MRI has taken a lead in this assessment due to high tissue contrast and spatial resolution, which are well suited for bone lesion assessment. More recently, although somewhat lagging other organ systems, quantitative parameters have shown promising potential as biomarkers for osseous tumors. Among these sequences are chemical shift imaging (CSI), apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), and intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) from diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), quantitative dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE)-MRI, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). In this article, we review the background and recent roles of these quantitative MRI biomarkers for osseous tumors. Level of Evidence: 3 Technical Efficacy Stage: 3 J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2019. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;50:702-718.
The Faith and Work Integration Spheres of Influence Model (FWSI)

As this book has already presented, many authors have discussed various factors impacting faith integration in the workplace. A number have presented frameworks that examine faith integration from a theological perspective (Keller, 2012; Stevens, 2000; Veith Jr, 2011) or provided a theological or doctrinal description of work (Volf, 2001; Whelchel, 2011; Witherington III, 2011), while others have categorized specific ways the individual Christian can integrate their faith in the workplace (Beckett, 2009; Day, 2008; Kinjerski, 2013; Lynn, Naughton, & Vanderveen, 2012; Miller, 2007; Miller & Ewest, 2015). Some authors have included organizational influences (Miller & Ewest, 2013), while others have considered demographic variables such as age and gender, as well as other variables such as professional status, organizational size, and denominational strictness (Lynn, Naughton, & Vanderveen, 2010). Such approaches are helpful, but do not easily depict the comprehensive and overlapping set of factors that contribute to whether or the extent to which people actually integrate faith in the workplace.
Who are we missing with EHR-based smoking cessation treatments? A descriptive study of patients who smoke and do not regularly visit primary care clinics

Introduction Most tobacco treatment efforts target healthcare settings, because about 75% of smokers in the United States visit a primary care provider annually. Yet, 25% of patients may be missed by such targeting. Aims To describe patients who smoke but infrequently visit primary care – their characteristics, rates of successful telephone contact, and acceptance of tobacco treatment. Methods Tobacco Cessation Outreach Specialists ‘cold-called’ those without a primary care visit in the past year, offering tobacco dependence treatment. Age, sex, insurance status, race, ethnicity, electronic health record (EHR) patient-portal status and outreach outcomes were reported. Results Of 3,407 patients identified as smokers in a health system registry, 565 (16.6%) had not seen any primary care provider in the past year. Among 271 of those called, 143 (53%) were successfully reached and 33 (23%) set a quit date. Those without visits tended to be younger, male, some-day versus every-day smokers (42 vs. 44 years, P = 0.004; 48% vs. 40% female, P = 0.0002, and 21% vs. 27% some-day, P = 0.003), and less active on the EHR patient portal (33% vs. 40%, P = 0.001). Conclusions A substantial proportion of patients who smoke are missed by traditional tobacco treatment interventions that require a primary care visit, yet many are receptive to quit smoking treatment offers.
Supporting the well-being of health care providers during the COVID-19 pandemic: The CopeColumbia response.

Abstract Objective COVID-19 is an international public health crisis, putting substantial burden on medical centers and increasing the psychological toll on health care workers (HCW). Methods This paper describes CopeColumbia, a peer support program developed by faculty in a large urban medical center's Department of Psychiatry to support emotional well-being and enhance the professional resilience of HCW. Results Grounded in evidence-based clinical practice and research, peer support was offered in three formats: groups, individual sessions, and town halls. Also, psychoeducational resources were centralized on a website. A Facilitator's Guide informed group and individual work by including: (1) emotional themes likely to arise (e.g., stress, anxiety, trauma, grief, and anger) and (2) suggested facilitator responses and interventions, drawing upon evidence-based principles from peer support, stress and coping models, and problem-solving, cognitive behavioral, and acceptance and commitment therapies. Feedback from group sessions was overwhelmingly positive. Approximately 1/3 of individual sessions led to treatment referrals. Conclusions Lessons learned include: (1) there is likely an ongoing need for both well-being programs and linkages to mental health services for HCW, (2) the workforce with proper support, will emerge emotionally resilient, and (3) organizational support for programs like CopeColumbia is critical for sustainability.
Single cell transcriptomic analyses reveal the impact of bHLH factors ATOH7 and Neurog2 on human retinal organoid development

Abstract The developing retina expresses multiple bHLH transcription factors. Their precise functions and interactions in uncommitted retinal progenitors remain to be fully elucidated. Here, we investigate the roles of bHLH factors ATOH7 and Neurog2 in developing human ES cell-derived 3D retinal organoids. Single cell transcriptome analyses identify three states of proliferating retinal progenitors: pre-neurogenic, neurogenic, and cell cycle-exiting progenitors. Each shows different expression profile of bHLH factors. The distinct cell cycle-exiting progenitors feed into a postmitotic heterozygous neuroblast pool that gives rise to early born neuronal lineages. Elevating ATOH7 or Neurog2 expression accelerates the transition from the pre-neurogenic to the neurogenic state, and expands the exiting progenitor and neuroblast populations. In addition, ATOH7 and Neurog2 significantly, yet differentially, enhance retinal ganglion cell and cone photoreceptor production. Moreover, single cell transcriptome analyses reveal that ATOH7 and Neurog2 assert positive autoregulation, suppress key bHLH factors associated with the neurogenic progenitors, and elevate bHLH factors expressed by exiting progenitors and differentiating neuroblasts. This study thus provides novel insight regarding how ATOH7 and Neurog2 impact human retinal progenitor behaviors and neuroblast fate choices.
Prognostic Utility of KDIGO Urine Output Criteria After Cardiac Surgery.

Objectives Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guidelines include assessment of creatinine and urine output to identify acute kidney injury (AKI). Whether urine output is an accurate indicator of AKI after cardiac surgery, however, is unclear. The authors’ goal was to examine whether cardiac surgery patients who fulfilled criteria for AKI by KDIGO urine output criteria also demonstrated kidney injury by elevated creatinine, other kidney biomarkers, or had worse clinical outcomes. Design Secondary analysis of prospectively collected data from a clinical trial, “6% Hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 in Cardiac Surgery (NCT02192502).” Setting Academic, quaternary care hospital. Participants Patients undergoing elective aortic valve replacement Interventions None Measurements and Main Results One hundred forty-one patients were classified into AKI stage by KDIGO urine output criteria within 24 hours after surgery. Kidney biomarkers (serum creatinine, urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin [NGAL], urinary interleukin-18 [IL-18]) and hospital and intensive care unit length of stay were analyzed across AKI stages. Urine output criteria classified four times as many patients with AKI than creatinine criteria (95 [67%] v 21 [15%]). Most patients meeting KDIGO urine output criteria for AKI postoperatively did not satisfy KDIGO creatinine criteria for AKI within one week (77 of 95 [81%]) or six-to-12 months (27 of 29 [93%]). Higher AKI stage assessed by urine output was not associated with higher NGAL, IL-18, or longer hospital or intensive care unit stays. Conclusions Acute kidney injury classified by KDIGO urine output criteria was not associated with other biomarkers of kidney injury or worse patient outcomes. These data suggested that KDIGO urine output criteria after cardiac surgery may overclassify AKI stage; further research is needed.
Impacts of different resolution DEMs on terrain characteristic parameters

Relief features(e.g.elevation and slope) and hydrological characteristics(e.g.reach length and reach slope) are basic parameters for distributed models of hydrology and water quality.These parameters provide quantified profiles for the natural watershed that is studied with the model.How well the model simulates the processes of water quantity and quality depends directly on the accuracies of those parameters.Currently,Digital Elevation Model(DEM) has been widely used to derive relief and hydrology characteristics in watershed models for hydrology and water quality.Impacts of 10 different resolution DEMs on mean elevation,subbasin area,subbasin slope,reach slope,and longest reach length were evaluated in 4 subbasins with different reliefs.The DEMs,with grid sizes of 1 m,2.5 m,5 m,10 m,20 m,30 m,40 m,80 m,90 m,and 160 m respectively,were resampled with TIN(Triangular Irregular Network) method from digital line graphic data at 1∶10 000 scale.Results showed that watershed slope decreased with coarser DEM,and the terrain was smoothed.When DEM was resampled to a coarser one,the rainfall accumulation area and reach length changed along with the boundaries of subbasins and reach network,especially,in hilly areas where the terrains substantially changed within small ranges.No systemic trend was found in reach slope change with DEM resolution.This study reveals the uncertainty in distributed watershed model caused by DEM resolution in parameter level,and provides references for both model developers and users.
Color and structural modifications of alkaline extracted sunflower protein concentrates and isolates using L-cysteine and glutathione.

Abstract Alkaline sunflower protein extraction can be performed along with de-phenolization of sunflower seed proteins if greening is unwanted. This greening is promoted at alkaline pH when chlorogenic acid (CGA) oxidizes and reacts with amino acids such as lysine. Thiol-containing dough conditioners: L-cysteine hydrochloride and glutathione (GSH) were investigated as an alternative de-greening strategy to acidification and de-phenolization. Greening and browning inhibition of thiols (GSH and Cysteine) were modeled by a combination of additive and interaction effects of extraction pH (7.0 to 11.0) and thiol concentration (0.00 to 5.60 mM) randomly assigned by Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The powders with the highest greening were the controls (pH 8.9–9.3 and no added thiols) and powders at pH 10.41 with 0.82 mM thiols. From RSM, the maximum greening inhibition was achieved at pH 8.71 and 4.23 mM cysteine, and pH 8.51 and 3.78 mM GSH. However, cysteine caused more browning at alkaline pH than GSH. Furthermore, fluorescence spectroscopy showed that cysteine had a protective effect against alkaline unfolding, whereas GSH quenched fluorescence in a concentration-dependent manner. Overall, de-greening of alkaline extracted sunflower protein was achieved by adding cysteine or glutathione, but the thiols differed in their contribution to the browning and unfolding effect.
Counterlanguage powermoves in African American women’s language practice

This essay considers some of the insight we have gathered about language, feminism, racism and power. In many respects, it celebrates the linguistic power of the many theories about how Black women navigate intersectionality where racism and sexism intermingle, suggesting that our analyses should always recognise that a lethal combination of factors are in play. Black women, in particular, actively insist on forms of language and discourse that both represent and create their world through words, expressions and verbal routines that are created within and outside of the African American speech community to confront injustice. One example involves the verb ‘play,’ which I argue often functions as a power statement or ‘powermove’ that demands respect while presenting a threat to the status quo. This use of ‘play’ is the opposite of inconsequential games of play or joking.
The Dodo Bird

"Dick Gibson talking low on the low band. "Were on Mauritius. Formerly Ile de France. Indian Ocean, east of Mada gascar. Breasting the 20th parallel like a runner breaking the tape. Sister isles, all volcanic?R?union (a French possession), Rodrigues and the St. Brandon group. (Who's St. Brandon, patron of what? Sounds English to me. How did he get those spic brothers R?union and Rodrigues for sister isles? What miscegenous, nigger-in-the-woodpile history went on here anyway? Who, wanting something for nothing, looking for what trade routes, asking the way east from the way west like those other old junkmen of science, the alchemists, lowering what boats of which mutineers or the sea-sickened say, burying the beriberied, promising to return, putting them ashore?as the government Collins and me?on some open ended will-call, found this place? Charted it on maps, informing the old cartogra phers so they could erase their ancient lame finesse, Hie sunt leones? It is the world, real as Paris. And ah significance returns, grazing the surfaces of the place like that random spinning spotlight of the world, the sun, illuminating?the light is terrible, I have no smoked glasses, though Collins, an officer does?the landscape as monks an initial letter in an old text. ) "There's not much here. Lieutenant Collins agrees. Wait, I have my map. Hmn. Well. Hmn. Oh. Mnh hmn. Say, let's try that. Here's how I read it. I see from the Miller Cylindrical Projection that we are the last island cluster of democracy in the Tropic of Cancer, a short?as the bomber hops?hop from the Tropic of Capricorn Border. We are the Gateway to the Antarctic then, a bright prize in the tactics, a key cog in the bitter battle to control the glaciers. Yes. The glaciers. Am I getting warm? "When I was a boy I imagined war as a cataclysm, an extended chaos. There was nothing in what I read of the daily, and I puzzled where soldiers slept, when they ate. After a while I came to believe that wars had no silences save tho?e of ambush. War seemed some eternal fire, sourceless and undying like a nasty mir acle. Just a hint of the undisrupted was more exotic than the fiercest massacre. There's our humanity?to feast on the commonplace and make a mystery of the ordinary. What, the mail goes through? The lottery isn't stopped? The restaurants are full? Imagine. Now I perceive something of the thinness of cataclysm and know that more bombs fall in the sea than on the city, and I gauge the under
SpecTRM: a CAD system for digital automation

SpecTRM (specification tools and requirements methodology) is a system engineering environment to support modeling and analysis during requirements generation, functional decomposition and tradeoff analysis, subsystem specification, implementation, verification, and system maintenance and evolution. A general goal is to build bridges among disciplines by providing integrated specifications and modeling tools that can be used by system engineers, software engineers, hardware engineers, and human factors experts. We also hope to provide seamless transitions and mappings between the various system development and maintenance stages. Because many automated real-time systems have safety-critical aspects, SpecTRM provides support for hazard analysis and building safety into the design. The safety information and activities on a project are integrated into the development and decision making environment.
Turnover, New Workers, and Safety

Industrial safety studies have shown consistently that there is a higher incidence of job injuries to those workers who are new in their particular jobs. Recent studies in construction safety have revealed that this phenomenon is also in existence in the construction industry. In the construction industry, worker turnover has been shown to be a key factor in job safety. Studies have also shown that injury levels are affected by the manner in which company managers and company policies assist the new workers in assimilating to their work environments.
An algorithm for identifying voltage regulators in ECL circuits

Emitter coupled logic (ECL) circuits are comprised of two types of subcircuits: switching subcircuits and voltage regulators. Switching subcircuits change states according to input changes. Voltage regulators produce a constant reference voltage. A voltage regulator identification algorithm is presented. It first identifies the switching subcircuits and identifies all remaining subcircuits as voltage regulators. The algorithm is independent of the circuit configuration and requires no special pre-processing of a SPICE input file by the user. The circuit is assumed to consist of a ground node (GND), a power supply source (VCC), one or more grounded voltage sources and circuit elements, namely resistors and transistors. No package or VCC and GND parasitics are assumed to be included in the circuit description file. The voltage regulator identification algorithm is analyzed, and its computational complexity is considered. >
Surface-micromachining processes for electrostatic microactuator fabrication

Etch characteristics are discussed of three forms of hydrofluoric acid, used as the micromachining etchant for fabricating a rotary variable-capacitance micromotor structure from polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) thin films. Low-pressure chemically vapor deposited SiO/sub 2/ (LPCVD LTO) is used to form the sacrificial layers and LPCVD Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/ is used as an electrical isolation layer for the micromachined structure. 7:1, NH/sub 4/F:HF buffered HF (BHF), 48 wt.% concentrated hydrofluoric acid (LHF), and HF vapor in air (VHF) are evaluated at 20 degrees C for etch rate and selectivity, and attack of four types of LPCVD poly-Si films; POCl/sub 3/-doped or undoped, with or without 1150 degrees C annealing. Both BHF and VHF are found to damage POCl/sub 3/-doped poly-Si films, possibly by attack of grain boundaries. VHF is found to be effective for micromachining suspended structures since it avoids deformation of microstructures due to surface tension effects during drying after wet etching with LHF or BHF. >
Notes on Quantum Field Theory in Curved Spacetime: Problems Relating to the Concept of Particles and Hamiltonian Formalism

The aim of these notes is to elucidate some aspects of quantum field theory in curved spacetime, especially those relating to the notion of particles. A selection of issues relevant to wave-particle duality is given. The case of a generic curved spacetime is outlined. A Hamiltonian formulation of quantum field theory in curved spacetime is elaborated for a preferred reference frame with a separated space metric (a static spacetime and a reductive synchronous reference frame). Applications: (1) Black hole. (2) The universe; the cosmological redshift is obtained in the context of quantum field theory.
Cyclophilin A-Dependent Restriction of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Capsid Mutants for Infection of Nondividing Cells

Among retroviruses, lentiviruses are unusual in their ability to efficiently infect both dividing and nondividing cells, such as activated T cells and macrophages, respectively. Recent studies implicate the viral capsid protein (CA) as a key determinant of cell-cycle-independent infection by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). We investigated the effects of the host cell protein cyclophilin A (CypA), which binds to HIV-1 CA, on HIV-1 infection of nondividing cells. The HIV-1 CA mutants A92E, T54A, and R132K were impaired for infection of aphidicolin-arrested HeLa cells, but not HOS cells. The mutants synthesized normal quantities of two-long-terminal-repeat circles in arrested HeLa cells, indicating that the mutant preintegration complexes can enter the nuclei of both dividing and nondividing cells. The impaired infectivity of the CA mutants on both dividing and nondividing HeLa cells was relieved by either pharmacological or genetic disruption of the CypA-CA interaction or by RNA interference-mediated depletion of CypA expression in target cells. A second-site suppressor of the CypA-restricted phenotype also restored the ability of CypA-restricted HIV-1 mutants to infect growth-arrested HeLa cells. These results indicate that CypA-restricted mutants are specifically impaired at a step between nuclear import and integration in nondividing HeLa cells. This study reveals a novel target cell-specific restriction of HIV-1 CA mutants in nondividing cells that is dependent on CypA-CA interactions.
Rain shadow development during the growth of mountain ranges: An atmospheric dynamics perspective

[1] An idealized atmospheric model is used to explore the links between climate and topography in the development of orographic rain shadows during orogenesis. The atmospheric dynamics theory of density stratified fluid flow over topography is used to interpret the results. The controlling nondimensional parameter is Nh/U, where N is the Brunt-Vaisala frequency, a measure of atmospheric stability, h is the terrain relief, and U is the initial horizontal wind speed. Rain shadow development is found to be a nonlinear and nonunique function of both topography and atmospheric state, indicating that geological records of orographic aridity cannot be interpreted in terms of relief alone. When upstream topography exceeds Nh/U ≈ 1 during surface uplift, downstream orographic precipitation vanishes, and downstream orographic cloud mass decreases by as much as 90%. Upstream blocking of air flow can generate a forward projecting rain shadow in which a relatively low ridge (Nh/U 1) may be decoupled from the atmospheric flow by a zone of flow stagnation extending upstream of the high terrain. Such an effect may occur if the valley separating the two ranges is narrower than the length scale of flow stagnation. In the model configuration used here, lateral widening of a relatively low (Nh/U 1) range increases downstream cloud mass by up to a factor of 3. These results help to refine interpretations of climate-tectonic interactions in shaping the geological record of the Sierra Nevada and Andes.
De novo food sensitization and eosinophilic gastrointestinal disease in children post-liver transplantation.

Background Children have increased prevalence of food allergy (FA) and eosinophilic gastrointestinal disease (EGID) following liver transplantation. The aim of this study was to identify related risk factors. Methods Chart review of pediatric liver transplant (LT) recipients with de novo FA and/or EGID post-LT and non-allergic controls. Results We identified 30 (8.5%) children with FA and/or EGID among 352 pediatric LT recipients. Median age at transplant was 0.9 inter-quartile range (IQR 0.6–2.0) years. FA developed at a median 1.0 (IQR 0.5–8.2) yr post-LT and manifested with gastrointestinal symptoms (53%) or urticaria/angioedema (40%). Commonly avoided foods included milk (60%), egg (57%), and peanut (47%). Of the 15 children with FA who underwent endoscopy, 11 had eosinophilic infiltrates in multiple segments of the esophagus alone or in combination with other bowel segments. FA and EGID were linked to transplantation at a younger age (median, 0.9 vs. 5.5 yr), higher frequency of blood eosinophilia, and prior history of rhinitis and atopic dermatitis. Tacrolimus use and tacrolimus serum levels were similar between allergic subjects and controls. Conclusions Findings suggest that exposure to tacrolimus alone post-LT is insufficient to initiate de novo allergic disease in LT recipients; rather, younger age and underlying predisposition to atopic disease may play larger roles.
GLUCOSAMINE IN THE TREATMENT OF OSTEOARTHRITIS

Glucosamine sulfate, a constituent of cartilage, is evaluated for the treatment of osteoarthritis. Available data suggest that glucosamine decreases pain and improves function in osteoarthritis. Most of the glucosamine studies have methodological flaws or used parenteral formulations, making their data difficult to extrapolate into clinical practice. Glucosamine sulfate is shown to be as good as ibuprofen for osteoarthritis of the knee. Better designed clinical trials of glucosamine are needed to identify its role in the pharmacotherapy of osteoarthritis.
Can the passive leg raise test predict spinal hypotension during cesarean delivery? An observational pilot study.

Abstract Background It was hypothesized that patients who are preload dependent, as demonstrated by a >12% increase in cardiac output in response to a passive leg raise test, would be more likely to exhibit hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Methods Cardiac output response to the passive leg raise test was measured in 40 women before spinal anesthesia with a noninvasive, continuous cardiac output monitor (NICOM®). Patients were divided into two groups based on their performance on the passive leg raise test; those who increased cardiac output >12% following passive leg raise test were considered fluid responsive. NICOM® hemodynamic values were collected from the onset of spinal anesthesia until 10 min after delivery of the fetus. The incidence of hypotension, defined as mean arterial blood pressure Results Nine patients were fluid responsive and 31 were fluid non-responsive. The groups had similar demographics and baseline hemodynamic parameters. No significant differences were seen between the groups in the incidence of spinal hypotension, vasopressor use, or neonatal outcome. At the time of delivery, fluid responsive patients had larger cardiac outputs compared to fluid non-responsive patients. Conclusions In this pilot study, non-invasive assessment of the hemodynamic response to a volume load was not predictive of hypotension or vasopressor use during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Fluid responsiveness was related to hemodynamic responses at delivery.
What's new in ophthalmic surgery.

o a phthalmic surgery, like all surgical disciplines, has volved tremendously over the past 50 years. Technoloies improve, and so do the procedures that implement hem. Ophthalmology is a field that continues to look or improved methodologies to remove cataracts, to hange refractive errors, to remove retinal pathologies, nd to decrease intraocular pressure more efficiently. In his review, I will break down the various subspecialty reas and elucidate how they have changed over the past 2 months and talk briefly of the new frontiers that elate to them.
Issues in Patient Education

Nurses and nurse midwives have historically considered patient education one of their most important responsibilities. Increasingly, however, appropriate and comprehensive patient education has become more difficult to accomplish. There are many reasons for this, including the huge influx of clients of varying cultures into virtually all health care systems across the United States, the lack of time available for patient education in tightly scheduled managed care visits, the dearth of educational materials written at appropriate readability levels and/or in languages other than English, and the lack of reimbursement for time spent on patient education. In addition, many providers might not have specific training in the provision of patient education or in the development of appropriate health educational materials for the population they serve. This article discusses these issues, suggesting also that there are ethical dilemmas inherent in the provision of some aspects of patient education.