cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gustav Freytag and the Assimilation of the German Middle Class

IN A SMALL VALUABLE STUDY of 19231 Werner Wittich analyzed the social content of Goethe's novel Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship (17931796)2. The significance of Wittich's article rests not only on its contribution to certain aspects of German eighteenth-century social history, but on the use of fiction by the author as a source for social history. Without particularly addressing himself to methodological questions, Wittich used Goethe's novel to indicate the status of the German bourgeoisie in the eighteenth century. The novel is a heuristically very valuable source for social history, although an as yet largely untapped one. Not, of course, to document social facts, such as unemployment, living conditions, and general behavior of groups-for these, as Aydelotte3 has pointed out, conventional sources are to be preferred. But it is an unequaled means for determining the ethos, the attitudes and values of groups.4 Wittich's work focuses on the passage in Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship in which the hero states that, because of the "constitution of [German eighteenth-century] society"5 he, a commoner, will never be allowed to develop his mind and his personality. Basing himself on Goethe's novel, Wittich demonstrates that the bourgeoisie was held in low esteem in
The semantics of facial expressions and the prediction of the meanings of stereoscopically fused facial expressions.

Two experiments were concerned with scaling affective meanings of posed facial expressions using a specially devised form of semantic differential and with determining the extent to which the meaning of stereoscopically fused facial expressions could be predicted. Both experiments provided evidence for at least three dimensions. High reliability for scaling the affective meanings of facial expressions was demonstrated. Two methods were employed for predicting the meaning of a composite expression. The results indicated that the predictions based on the congruity principle do no better than those based on a simple algebraic mean of the two components.
Development of a single kernel analysis method for detection of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline in aromatic rice germplasm

Because of the high demand for aromatic rice cultivars that command a premium, it is important to have efficient methods for determining 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP), the aromatic compound found in rice, that can be used in breeding efforts and to detect aromatic/non-aromatic blended rice in the marketplace. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) in conjunction with GC/MS was used to distinguish non-aromatic rice (Oryzasativa, L.) kernels from aromatic rice kernels. In this method, single kernels along with 10 μl of 0.1 ng μl−1 2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine were placed in sealed vials and heated to 80 °C for 18 min. During the heating stage volatile compounds, which include 2-AP, were adsorbed onto a SPME fiber. Volatiles were desorbed from the fiber and separated using gas chromatography. 2-AP was quantitated by mass spectrometry using the 111, 83 and 68 m/z ions. The method detected 2-AP in milled rice and brown rice; however, its detection in paddy rice was less successful. In a mixture of aromatic and non-aromatic rice, the aromatic rice kernels were differentiated from the non-aromatic rice kernels using the described method. Therefore, this method can be used to identify segregating from non-segregating progeny during early generations in an aromatic rice breeding program when quantities of seed are very limited and can determine if aromatic rice has been adulterated with non-aromatic rice either through inadvertent mixtures, outcrosses or prepared blends.
Immunosuppressive Mechanisms of Regulatory Dendritic Cells in Cancer

Three major functional subsets of dendritic cells (DCs) have been described in the tumor microenvironment in patients with cancer and tumor-bearing animals: (i) conventional DCs with intact antigen-presenting capabilities, (ii) functionally defective DCs with decreased motility and low ability to uptake, process and present antigens or produce cytokines and (iii) regulatory DCs with high capacity to suppress T cell proliferation, induce differentiation of regulatory T cells or support immune tolerance. Phenotypic characteristics of regulatory DCs (regDCs), as well as the mechanisms of T cell inhibition, vary in different experimental conditions and environments, suggesting high level of their plasticity and probably different origin. Although new data demonstrate that regDCs may play an important role at early stages of tumor development, functional differences and clinical significance of emergence of different myeloid regulatory cells (MDSCs, regDCs, M2 macrophages, N2 neutrophils, mast cells) in cancer remain to be determined.
Synergism of Turpentine and Ethanol as Attractants for Certain Pine-Infesting Beetles (Coleoptera)

Responses of seven species of pine-infesting beetles to traps baited with either turpentine, ethanol, turpentine and ethanol released from separate dispensers, or a 1:1 solution of turpentine and ethanol released from one dispenser were assessed in three field experiments. The weevil species, Pachylobius picivorus (Germar), and the cerambycid pine sawyer, Monochamus carolinensis (Olivier), were attracted to turpentine and were unaffected by the addition of ethanol. The ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus affinis Eichhoff, responded to ethanol alone but was not attracted to turpentine, nor did the presence of turpentine significantly affect its response to ethanol. The remaining four species displayed responses to turpentine that were enhanced by the addition of ethanol, but in different ways according to the method of deployment. Hylobius pales (Herbst) weevils and M. titillator (F.) sawyers displayed greatest attraction to turpentine and ethanol whether they were released from side-by-side dispensers or as a solution from one dispenser. The black turpentine beetle, Dendroctonus terebrans (Olivier), displayed the highest response to turpentine and ethanol in solution. The ambrosia beetle, X. pubescens Zimmermann, responded in low numbers to turpentine or ethanol deployed singly, but displayed an enhanced response (20-fold increase) to turpentine and ethanol deployed side-by-side and an even greater response (60-fold increase) to a solution of turpentine and ethanol. Reasons for increased responses by some species to a solution of turpentine and ethanol over the two released separately are not clear; they may lie in different dosages or evaporation rates of volatiles in the field. Laboratory analyses of trapped headspace volatiles from dispensers containing only turpentine and those containing a solution of turpentine and ethanol revealed no differences in the amounts of four principal monoterpene hydrocarbons (α-pinene, camphene, β-pinene, and limonene) released over time. The synergistic effect of turpentine and ethanol for some species and not others may point to ecological differences between species with regard to the condition of preferred host material.
A genetic model for the control of host resistance to thermal injury

The genetic control of resistance to a standardized model of severe thermal injury was studied using crosses between a resistant (BUF) and a susceptible (F344) strain of inbred rats; their reciprocal F1 hybrids and all eight possible backcross matings were examined for resistance to the same injury. Males were much more resistant than females, and none of the genes involved in resistance was linked to the major histocompatibility complex; there was also no evidence for a maternal effect upon the resistance of the offspring to thermal injury. The most parsimonious genetic model for host resistance to thermal injury based on the experimental data postulates control of resistance by two autosomal dominant genes and one X-linked recessive gene, with resistance factors being linearly additive.
Nonpharmacologic treatment of the catastrophic epilepsies of childhood

The catastrophic epilepsy syndromes of childhood are initially treated with a pharmacologic intervention in most cases. However, due to the poor response patients often have to pharmacologic interventions, nonpharmacologic treatment options are an important part of a comprehensive treatment plan for this group of children. Additionally, nonpharmacologic therapy may offer a method to minimize associated morbidity and mortality. This article discusses the use of epilepsy surgery, the ketogenic diet, and vagus nerve stimulation in the treatment of patients with infantile spasms, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, and progressive myoclonic epilepsy. Efficacy of the nonpharmacologic treatment options, as measured by reduction in seizure frequency, as well as by developmental progress or behavioral improvement, varies according to the specific catastrophic epilepsy disorder and the treatment option.
Acceptor and surface states of ZnO nanocrystals: a unified model

Semiconductor nanocrystals have the potential for a range of applications in optoelectronics and nonlinear optics. As the surface-to-volume ratio increases, surface emission processes become more important. Using infrared (IR) and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, we have developed a unified model for the acceptor and intragap surface states of ZnO nanocrystals. A PL peak was observed at 2.97 eV, in agreement with an acceptor level previously observed in the IR (Teklemichael et al 2011 Appl. Phys. Lett. 98 232112). The temperature dependence of the IR absorption peaks, which correspond to a hole binding energy of 0.46 eV, showed an ionization activation energy of only 0.08 eV. This activation energy is attributed to thermal excitation of the hole to surface states 0.38 eV above the valence band maximum. Therefore, while the acceptor is deep with respect to the bulk valence band, it is shallow with respect to surface states. A strong red PL emission centered at 1.84 eV, with an excitation onset of 3.0 eV, is attributed to surface recombination.
Cystic neuroblastoma of infancy

Cystic neuroblastoma is exceedingly rare; only 29 cases have been reported in the medical literature. The authors treated two children with cystic neuroblastoma. The first was a 2-week-old boy with an adrenal lesion; the second was a 15-month-old girl with solitary thoracic cystic neuroblastoma. Cystic neuroblastoma is located, almost exclusively, in the adrenal gland. In contrast to solid neuroblastoma, cystic neuroblastoma has a benign course. Cystic neuroblastoma is diagnosed earlier than solid neuroblastoma, and the former rarely presents with metastatic lesions. All previous reported cases of cystic neuroblastoma were diagnosed before 21 months of age. The presence of calcification was rare, and only 9.5% had documented elevation of the vanillylmandelic acid or homovanillic acid level. Surgical resection of all gross tumor was accomplished in 86% of children with cystic neuroblastoma, and in this group none of the patients had reported recurrent disease. Both present cases also had surgical resection of the entire gross tumor, and likewise have had no evidence of recurrent disease. This report brings the total number of reported pediatric cases of cystic neuroblastoma to 31; to the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of a child with solitary cystic neuroblastoma in an intrathoracic location.
The facilitative effect of muscle tension-release in the relaxation treatment of sleep disturbance

Sleep disturbed subjects were randomly assigned to one of four group therapy conditions: progressive relaxation with muscle tension-release, relaxation without tension-release, placebo, and no treatment. Subjects were instructed not toexpect improvement until after the final (fourth) therapy session. Progressive relaxation produced significantly greater improvement in reported latency to sleep onset than the three control conditions prior to the final session and was the only group to display greater improvement than no treatment after the final session. Five month follow-up revealed further gains for the progressive relaxation group Issues of active mechanisms, demand, and placebo are briefly discussed.
Influence of droplet characteristics on the optical properties of colored oil-in-water emulsions

Abstract The influence of droplet characteristics on the optical properties of oil-in-water emulsions containing different colored dyes was investigated. The spectral reflectance and tristimulus color coordinates (L, a, b) of a series of n-hexadecane oil-in-water emulsions with different droplet concentrations (0–20 wt.%), mean droplet diameters (0.26–26 μm) and dye-types (red, green and blue) were measured. Spectral reflectances increased with increasing droplet concentration and decreasing droplet size, and had troughs at the same wavelengths as the peaks in the absorption spectra of the dyes. The influence of droplet size and concentration on the lightness and color of emulsions containing different types of dye was fairly similar.
Integration of Computational Fluid Dynamics and Experimentation in Undergraduate Fluid Mechanics

A combination of computational and experimental analyses with the conventional lectures and problem-solving in a fundamental course such as fluid mechanics can enhance students' learning enormously. This teaching model has been examined within the mechanical engineering curriculum at WSU Vancouver, and successful results have been obtained thus far. The goal in this course was first to seed concepts and theorems of fluid mechanics in general terms, followed by numerical solutions and hands-on experimentation on selective subjects. This would allow the students to gain a deep understanding of the contents within the course timeframe. For selective fluid problems with more complications, such as the flow in the entrance region of a pipe, a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) software known as FlowLab was used to obtain numerical solutions. The assigned computational projects could open the eyes of students to the world of CFD analysis in thermal/fluid systems design. The results of the numerical analysis were then compared to the theoretical and experimental results. For experimentation, the students were divided into groups to design experimental procedures, conduct experiments, collect and interpret data, and report the results in an appropriate format. The selective experiments were relevant to the course topics including Burdon pressure gauges, manometers, flow-rate measurements, pipe flow, and flow around immersed bodies in a water tunnel. The present study addresses the details, results, and advantages of such a multi-dimensional and more interactive learning model.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
The role of platelets in coagulation dysfunction in xenotransplantation, and therapeutic options

Xenotransplantation could resolve the increasing discrepancy between the availability of deceased human donor organs and the demand for transplantation. Most advances in this field have resulted from the introduction of genetically engineered pigs, e.g., α1,3-galactosyltransferase gene-knockout (GTKO) pigs transgenic for one or more human complement-regulatory proteins (e.g., CD55, CD46, CD59). Failure of these grafts has not been associated with the classical features of acute humoral xenograft rejection, but with the development of thrombotic microangiopathy in the graft and/or consumptive coagulopathy in the recipient. Although the precise mechanisms of coagulation dysregulation remain unclear, molecular incompatibilities between primate coagulation factors and pig natural anticoagulants exacerbate the thrombotic state within the xenograft vasculature. Platelets play a crucial role in thrombosis and contribute to the coagulation disorder in xenotransplantation. They are therefore important targets if this barrier is to be overcome. Further genetic manipulation of the organ-source pigs, such as pigs that express one or more coagulation-regulatory genes (e.g., thrombomodulin, endothelial protein C receptor, tissue factor pathway inhibitor, CD39), is anticipated to inhibit platelet activation and the generation of thrombus. In addition, adjunctive pharmacologic anti-platelet therapy may be required. The genetic manipulations that are currently being tested are reviewed, as are the potential pharmacologic agents that may prove beneficial.
Genetic susceptibility to atrial fibrillation in patients with congestive heart failure

Background Previous reports demonstrate an association between atrial fibrillation (AF) and certain polymorphisms in genes controlling the production of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). Objectives The purpose of this study was to examine the association between polymorphisms of ACE and eNOS gene complexes and AF in an unselected series of patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). Methods In each of the 340 unselected, unrelated patients with CHF, common polymorphisms in ACE (I/D) and eNOS (T786C, G894T, and intron 4b/a) gene complexes were evaluated. Associations between individual genotypes and the presence of AF were assayed. Results AF was present in 51 patients (15%) and was significantly associated with the ACE D/D (odds ratio 1.5) and eNOS 894 T/T genotypes (odds ratio 3.2). There were no significant associations between AF and eNOS 786 or eNOS intron 4 genotypes. Conclusion In patients with CHF, the presence of AF was significantly associated with certain ACE and eNOS genotypes.
Fine structural alterations in cell particles during chemical carcinogenesis. III. Selective action of hepatic carcinogens other than 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene on different types of mitochondrial swelling. Effect of stimulated liver growth.

The previous studies on the correlation between tumor incidence and changes in microsomal and mitochondrial swelling during feeding of 39-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene to rats have been extended to other hepatic carcinogens. Administration of 49-fluoro-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene, 49-ethyl-2-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene, 2-acetylam-inofluorene, ethionine, and tannic acid were found to produce drastic alterations of the swelling of rat liver mitochondria. In contrast to these compounds, feeding of the non-carcinogenic azobenzene and 4- diethyl aminoazobenzene produced only small changes in swelling. Significant modification in the over-all pattern of the swelling curve was observed when the usual concentration of 39-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene was reduced, but not when the riboflavin level in the diet was increased tenfold. Feeding of high levels of this dye to the guinea pig did not affect mitochondrial swelling which is consistent with the resistance of this species to azo-dye carcinogenesis. Hypophysectomy provides protection against the alterations, produced by feeding 39-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene, in the characteristics of thyroxine- or mercuric chloride-induced mitochondrial swelling. Studies with citric cycle substrates on mitochondrial swelling suggest block of the glutamate ⇌ α-keto-glutarate pathway after feeding 39-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene for 4 weeks. There is a considerable, but reversible, reduction of certain types of mitochondrial swelling in two situations associated with rapid liver growth: after partial hepatectomy and after intraperitoneal injection of 20-methylcholanthrene. Naphthacene, however, which also stimulates rapid liver growth, does not affect mitochondrial swelling.
Continuous convergence in partially ordered sets

Abstract If X and Y are topological spaces and {fn: nϵD} is a net of function on X into Y, we see that {fn:nϵD} converges continuously to fϵYX if whenever {xm: mϵE} is a net in X converging to x, then the net {fn(xm): (n,m)ϵ D × E} converges to f(x). It is shown that the limit function f is always continuous (without any hypothesis of continuity on the functions fn) if the space Y is regular, and furthermore that the regularity of Y is necessary for this result. Some equivalent characterizations of continuous convergence are also given, and the following result obtained. Let Y be a partially ordered set in which all totally unordered subsets are finite, and let Y be assigned its Dedekind (interval) topology. Suppose {gn: n ϵ D} is a net in YX converging pointwise to f ϵ YX, and such that for all x ϵ X the net {gn(x): n ϵ D} is monotone increasing. If f and each gn are continuous, then {gn} converges continuously to f on X. This result may be regarded as a generalization of the classical theorem of Dini on uniform convergence of sequences of continuous real-valued functions on a compact metric space.
AlGaAs transverse junction stripe laser with distributed Bragg reflector

A new longitudinal mode stabilised AlGaAs transverse junction stripe laser with distributed Bragg reflector has been fabricated. Stabilised single longitudinal mode operation was obtained; temperature dependence of the lasing wavelength for the d.b.r. t.j.s. laser was 0.5 A/°C.
Spectral mixture analysis of inland tropical waters

Abstract This letter presents results of experiments conducted to assess the use of linear mixing models to unmix the reflectance spectra of water. The model was tested with 11 reflectance spectra measured at Tucurui reservoir, Brazilian Amazon. The results showed that the fraction of chlorophyll reflectance accounting for the reflectance spectra of the various samples correlate significantly with the chlorophyll concentration in the 600 to 700 nm spectral region.
Barcode-based calibration of a 1-D blur restoration pipeline

In high-speed printed media inspection environments, image restoration pipelines play a critical role in establishing and continually evaluating performance. A key role of such systems is to understand, mitigate (and possibly remove) artifacts introduced by motion blur. An approach is proposed that uses barcodes to help calibrate a one-dimensional blur restoration pipeline. Techniques are demonstrated whereby the structure of barcode markings may be leveraged to estimate motion blur parameters, even under extreme blur conditions or when the barcode is unknown. In addition, a framework for comparing blur estimation procedures based on barcode readability is introduced. These techniques can be applied independently of one another, but together form a set of useful tools for blur restoration pipeline calibration. Within this framework, it is shown that a low-complexity blur estimation strategy demonstrates performance competitive with state-of-the-art approaches in term of speed and accuracy.
Lipopolysaccharide and IL-1 alpha activate CNS pathways as measured by NK cell activity

The effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on murine unstimulated and prestimulated natural killer (NK) cells and its ability to serve as an unconditioned stimulus was investigated. LPS injection induced a statistically significant increase in NK cell activity when compared with saline-treated control groups. To demonstrate the existence of communication between the peripheral immune system and the central nervous system (CNS), we used a single-trial conditioning paradigm in which camphor served as the conditioned stimulus (CS) and LPS as the unconditioned stimulus (US). Once a CS/US association is made, exposure of animals to the CS alone results in the conditioned response (i.e., increase in NK cell activity). Using 50 micrograms of LPS as the US produced a low but significant increase in NK cell activity when compared to control groups. However, 10 micrograms of LPS did not show a significant increase in NK cell activity. We also observed that interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) injected intracisternally can serve as a US to condition a central neuroendocrine pathway. Because the dose of IL-1 alpha employed was too small to raise NK cell activity in the spleen, the NK cells themselves were formally not subjected to conditioning. These observations suggest that LPS and IL-1 alpha conditions the brain and that NK cell activity can be used as an indicator system to detect neuroendocrine signals arising from the activated pathway(s).
Antagonism of neuronal prostaglandin E(2) receptor subtype 1 mitigates amyloid β neurotoxicity in vitro

Multiple lines of evidence indicate that regional brain eicosanoid signaling is important in initiation and progression of neurodegenerative conditions that have neuroinflammatory pathologic component, such as AD. We hypothesized that PGE2 receptor subtype 1 (EP1) signaling (linked to intracellular Ca2+ release) regulates Aβ peptide neurotoxicity and tested this in two complementary in vitro models: a human neuroblastoma cell line (MC65) producing Aβ1–40 through conditional expression of the APP C-terminal portion, and murine primary cortical neuron cultures exposed to Aβ1–42. In MC65 cells, EP1 receptor antagonist SC-51089 reduced Aβ neurotoxicity ~50 % without altering high molecular weight Aβ immunoreactive species formation. Inositol-3-phosphate receptor antagonist 2-aminoethoxy-diphenyl borate offered similar protection. SC-51089 largely protected the neuron cultures from synthetic Aβ1–42 neurotoxicity. Nimodipine, a Ca2+ channel blocker, was completely neuroprotective in both models. Based on these data, we conclude that suppressing neuronal EP1 signaling may represent a promising therapeutic approach to ameliorate Aβ peptide neurotoxicity.
Naphthalenedicarboxamides as Fluorescent Probes of Inter- and Intramolecular Electron Transfer in Single Strand, Hairpin, and Duplex DNA

The 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxamide chromophore has been investigated as a fluorescent probe for DNA hairpin and duplex formation and DNA electron transfer. The high fluorescence quantum yield and long singlet lifetime of this chromophore make it an attractive candidate for these studies. The kinetics of intermolecular quenching of a naphthalenedicarboxamide by nucleosides is dependent upon the nucleoside oxidation potential and solvent. Bis(oligonucleotide) conjugates containing naphthalene linkers have been prepared by means of conventional phosphoramidite chemistry. The base-sequence dependence of the naphthalene fluorescence intensity and decay times in both single-strand and hairpin conjugates indicates that singlet naphthalene is quenched by neighboring dA more efficiently than by dT, in accord with an electron-transfer quenching mechanism. These data are analyzed by means of a three-state model which includes a nonemissive “dark” state. Duplexes formed between complementary naphthalene-linked oligonuc...
Nanoparticles: A Promising Modality in the Treatment of Sarcomas

Improvements in surgical technique, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy have enhanced the prognosis of sarcoma patients, but have since reached a plateau in recent years. Novel approaches have been sought but with limited results. Nanomedicine offers solutions in diverse areas of sarcoma therapy including diagnosis and treatment. Several varieties of nanoparticles, including multifunctional nanoparticles, are available that localize the biodistribution of conventional chemotherapeutics to the tumor site. Also, nanoparticles loaded with chemotherapeutic drugs have the ability to overcome drug resistance which is a major obstacle impeding the progress of the treatment. Multifunctional nanoparticles, which have the potential to further augment the bioavailability of drugs, are being actively investigated. In this review, we will discuss the application of nanoparticles for improving the treatment of sarcoma patients.
Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and liver regeneration

Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) have long been noted to contribute to liver regeneration after liver injury. In normal liver, the major cellular source of HGF is the hepatic stellate cell, but after liver injury, HGF expression has been thought to increase markedly in proliferating LSECs. However, emerging data suggest that even after injury, LSEC expression of HGF does not increase greatly. In contrast, bone marrow progenitor cells of LSECs (BM SPCs), which are rich in HGF, are recruited to the liver after injury. This Review examines liver regeneration from the perspective that BM SPCs that have been recruited to the liver, rather than mature LSECs, drive liver regeneration.
β-Chemokine Receptor CCR5 Signals through SHP1, SHP2, and Syk

The beta-chemokine receptor CCR5 has been shown to modulate cell migration, proliferation, and immune functions and to serve as a co-receptor for the human immunodeficiency virus. We and others have shown that CCR5 activates related adhesion focal tyrosine kinase (RAFTK)/Pyk2/CAK-beta. In this study, we further characterize the signaling molecules activated by CCR5 upon binding to its cognate ligand, macrophage inflammatory protein-1beta (MIP1beta). We observed enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of the phosphatases SHP1 and SHP2 upon MIP1beta stimulation of CCR5 L1.2 transfectants and T-cells derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Furthermore, we observed that SHP1 associated with RAFTK. However, using a dominant-negative phosphatase-binding mutant of RAFTK (RAFTK(m906)), we found that RAFTK does not mediate SHP1 or SHP2 phosphorylation. SHP1 and SHP2 also associated with the adaptor protein Grb2 and the Src-related kinase Syk. Pretreatment of CCR5 L1.2 transfectants or T-cells with the phosphatase inhibitor orthovanadate markedly abolished MIP1beta-induced chemotaxis. Syk was also activated upon MIP1beta stimulation of CCR5 L1.2 transfectants or T-cells and associated with RAFTK. Overexpression of a dominant-negative Src-binding mutant of RAFTK (RAFTK(m402)) significantly attenuated Syk activation, whereas overexpression of wild-type RAFTK enhanced Syk activity, indicating that RAFTK acts upstream of CCR5-mediated Syk activation. Taken together, these results suggest that MIP1beta stimulation mediated by CCR5 induces the formation of a signaling complex consisting of RAFTK, Syk, SHP1, and Grb2.
Microsomal iron-dependent NADPH oxidation: Evidence for the involvement of membrane-bound nonheme iron in NADPH oxidation by rat heart microsomes

Rat heart microsomes were found to contain nonheme iron and two lines of evidence suggested that this iron was involved in NADPH oxidation. As first evidence, pretreatment of rats with iron gluconate increased microsomal iron content and NADPH oxidation. As second evidence, treatment of microsomes with nonionic detergent Triton N-101 decreased membrane iron content and NADPH oxidation. Triton N-101-solubilized nonheme iron was nondialyzable and ammonium sulfate-precipitable, indicative of association with protein(s). This protein-bound iron per se did not oxidize NADPH but its addition to detergent-treated microsomes restored very high rates of NADPH oxidation, that were abolished by inhibiting NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase with p-hydroxymercuribenzoate. Since heart microsomes did not contain cytochrome P450, these results suggested that stimulation of NADPH oxidation was mediated by direct electron transfer from reductase to iron. Purified rat heart ferritin and hemosiderin did not stimulate NADPH oxidation and the stimulation observed with detergent-solubilized microsomal iron was much higher than that observed with EDTA-Fe3+, a very effective electron acceptor for the reductase. This suggested that (i) microsomal iron was different from other intracellular iron-storage proteins, and (ii) microsomal iron was unusually permissive to one-electron transfer from reductase.
Line mixing and speed dependence in CO2 at 6348 cm-1: Positions, intensities, and air-and self-broadening derived with constrained multispectrum analysis

Abstract Intensity and line shape parameters which predict spectral lines with absolute accuracies better than 0.3% have been determined for transitions of the 30012 ← 00001 band of 16 O 12 C 16 O centered near 6348 cm −1 from 26 high resolution, high signal-to-noise ratio spectra recorded at room temperature with the McMath–Pierce Fourier transform spectrometer. To maximize the accuracies of the retrieved parameters, the multispectrum non-linear least squares retrieval technique was modified to adjust the rovibrational constants ( G , B , D , etc.) and intensity parameters, including Herman–Wallis terms, rather than retrieving the individual positions and intensities. Speed-dependent Voigt line shapes with line mixing were required to remove systematic errors in the fit residuals. Self- and air-broadening (widths and pressure-induced shifts, speed dependence parameters) and line mixing (off-diagonal relaxation matrix elements) coefficients were thus obtained in the multispectrum fit. Remaining errors were minimized by fitting the weak 30011 ← 00001 band of 16 O 13 C 16 O as well as the weak hot bands 31112 ← 01101, 32212 ← 02201, 40012 ← 10001, and 40013 ← 10002 of 16 O 12 C 16 O that contribute interfering absorptions in this spectral window. This study presents the most extensive set of measurements to date for self- and air-broadening and self- and air-shift coefficients of a near infrared band of CO 2 . This is also the first study where line mixing parameters have been experimentally determined for any parallel CO 2 band.
Tests of expectancy theory predictions of effort: A simulation study comparing simple and complex models

Abstract The authors summarize existing studies of expectancy theories of work effort and conclude that simple additive models generally predict effort as well as, or better than, more complex multiplicative ones. An attempt is made to explain the empirical findings using a computer simulation. The results of the simulation indicate that reasonable amounts of measurement error invalidate attempts to show that one combination of valence, expectancy, and instrumentality is a better predictor of work effort than any other. The authors conclude that even though questions regarding complex interactions cannot be answered, valence, expectancy, and instrumentality, taken independently, appear to be important determinants of work effort and point out areas where future research is needed.
Amyloid β-Protein Oligomerization PRENUCLEATION INTERACTIONS REVEALED BY PHOTO-INDUCED CROSS-LINKING OF UNMODIFIED PROTEINS

Assembly of the amyloid beta-protein (Abeta) into neurotoxic oligomers and fibrils is a seminal event in Alzheimer's disease. Understanding the earliest phases of Abeta assembly, including prenucleation and nucleation, is essential for the development of rational therapeutic strategies. We have applied a powerful new method, photoinduced cross-linking of unmodified proteins (PICUP), to the study of Abeta oligomerization. Significant advantages of this method include an extremely short reaction time, enabling the identification and quantification of short lived metastable assemblies, and the fact that no pre facto structural modification of the native peptide is required. Using PICUP, the distribution of Abeta oligomers existing prior to assembly was defined. A rapid equilibrium was observed involving monomer, dimer, trimer, and tetramer. A similar distribution was seen in studies of an unrelated amyloidogenic peptide, whereas nonamyloidogenic peptides yielded distributions indicative of a lack of monomer preassociation. These results suggest that simple nucleation-dependent polymerization models are insufficient to describe the dynamic equilibria associated with prenucleation phases of Abeta assembly.
Hierarchical Requirement of SWI/SNF in Retinoblastoma Tumor Suppressor-mediated Repression of Plk1

Plk1 (Polo-like kinase 1) is a critical regulator of cell cycle progression that harbors oncogenic activity and exhibits aberrant expression in multiple tumors. However, the mechanism through which Plk1 expression is regulated has not been extensively studied. Here we demonstrate that Plk1 is a target of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor (RB) pathway. Activation of RB and related pocket proteins p107/p130 mediate attenuation of Plk1. Conversely, RB loss deregulates the control of Plk1 expression. RB pathway activation resulted in the repression of Plk1 promoter activity, and this action was dependent on the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex. Although SWI/SNF subunits are lost during tumorigenesis and cooperate with RB for transcriptional repression, the mechanism through which SWI/SNF impinges on RB action is unresolved. Therefore, we delineated the requirement of SWI/SNF for three critical facets of Plk1 promoter regulation: transcription factor binding, corepressor binding, and histone modification. We find that E2F4 and pocket protein association with the Plk1 promoter is independent of SWI/SNF. However, these analyses revealed that SWI/SNF is required for histone deacetylation of the Plk1 promoter. The importance of SWI/SNF-dependent histone deacetylation of the Plk1 promoter was evident, because blockade of this event restored Plk1 expression in the presence of active RB. In summary, these data demonstrate that Plk1 is a target of the RB pathway. Moreover, these findings demonstrate a hierarchical role for SWI/SNF in the control of promoter activity through histone modification.
Antibiotic Allergies in a Birth Cohort from 2007

S U N D A Y 370 The Association of HLA-B* 5101 and Phenobarbital-Induced Severe Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reactions in Thai Children Plernpit Likkasittipan, MD, Wiparat Manuyakorn, MD, Surakameth Mahasirimongkol, Suwat Benjaponpitak, MD, Anannit Visudtibhan, Nuanjun Wichukchinda, Sukanya Wattanapokayakit; Division of Pediatric Allergy/Immunology/Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand, Division of Pediatric Allergy/Immunology/Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Medical genetic center, Medical Life Science Institute, Department of Medical Science, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand. RATIONALE: Adverse drug reactions to phenobarbital (PB), the firstline aromatic anticonvulsant drug, are maculopapular rash (MP) and severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions (SCARs) including drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP), Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). These conditions have highmortality rate and are usually unpredictable. This preliminary study aims to investigate the association between variations of HLA genotypes and phenobarbitalinduced SCARs among Thai children. METHODS: Thai children aged between 0-18 years who were diagnosed with phenobarbital hypersensitivity from 2004-2014. Control patients were phenobarbital-tolerant Thai children with corresponding age groups. Their HLA-B locus was genotyped using a PCR technique. RESULTS: A total of 45 Thai children were enrolled. Thirteen children were diagnosed with phenobarbital hypersensitivity (7 with MP and 6 with SCARs). Thirty two phenobarbital-tolerant children were recruited as control. The frequency of HLA-B*5101 in phenobarbital-induced SCARs was 50% (3/6) while only 6% (2/32) was found in the drug-tolerant children (OR515, 95%CI (1.75-128) p5 0.02). No patient with phenobarbital-induced MP was found to carry HLA-B*5101. The frequency of HLA-B*1502 in phenobarbital-induced MP was 14.3%, phenobarbitalinduced SCARs was 16.7% and drug tolerant was 12.5%. We did not find any association between phenobarbital-induced MP and SCARs and HLA-B*1502, a known HLA genotype associated with anticonvulsant hypersensitivity in previous study. CONCLUSIONS: Our preliminary study shows an association between HLA-B*5101 and phenobarbital-induced SCARsamong Thai children.
Development of nodal interface conditions for a PN approximation nodal model

A relation was developed for approximating higher order odd-moments from lower order odd-moments at the nodal interfaces of a Legendre polynomial nodal model. Two sample problems were tested using different order PN expansions in adjacent nodes. The developed relation proved to be adequate and matched the nodal interface flux accurately. The development allows the use of different order expansions in adjacent nodes, and will be used in a hybrid diffusion-transport nodal model.
The synthesis of [2.2.2]bicyclooctane and [3.1.1]bicycloheptane based amino acids as constrained glutamate analogues

Abstract A novel [2.2.2]bicyclooctane analogue of glutamic acid was synthesised using a modification of the Corey-Link amino acid synthesis. A related [3.1.1]bicycloheptane was prepared by cyclising a symmetrical 4,4-disubstituted cyclohexanone.
Global analytic hypoellipticity of the ?-Neumann problem on circular domains.

In this paper we show that if $$D \subseteq \mathbb{C}^n ,n \geqq 2$$ , is a smooth bounded pseudoconvex circular domain with real analytic defining functionr(z) such that $$\sum\limits_{k = 1}^n {z_k \frac{{\partial r}}{{\partial z_k }}} \ne 0$$ for allz near the boundary, then the solutionu to the $$\bar \partial$$ -Neumann problem, $$square u = (\bar \partial \bar \partial * + \bar \partial *\bar \partial )u = f,$$ is real analytic up to the boundary, if the given formf is real analytic up to the boundary. In particular, if $$D \subseteq \mathbb{C}^n ,n \geqq 2$$ , is a smooth bounded complete Reinhardt pseudoconvex domain with real analytic boundary. Then ▭ is analytic hypoelliptic.
Training and development of programmers and operators

Mr. Cadow noted that the number of operator levels varied from 3 to at least 10, but that for training purposes it was preferable to relate to job descriptions.
III-Nitride Nanowire Light Sources

In(Ga)N nanowires can be grown catalyst-free on silicon substrates by molecular beam epitaxy with density in the range of 108-1011cm-2 and lengths in the range of a few micrometers depending on the growth time. The nanowires grow vertically in the wurtzite crystalline form and the In composition of the nanowire can be varied to produce emission in the range of 366-700nm. Most importantly, extensive structural characterization by several groups, including ours, indicates that the nanowires are free of extended defects such as dislocations, stacking faults, and twins. It has also been reported that the measured surface recombination velocity in GaN nanowires is very small and ~103cm/s. Temperature dependent luminescence of the nanowires does not exhibit any blue shift, usually attributed to trapping of carriers in localized defects. Due to radial relaxation of strain during epitaxy, the polarization fields in nanowire heterostructures is significantly smaller than those in bulk heterostructures. This reduces the blue shift of the emission peak with injection due to the quantum confined Stark effect. Single or an array of such nanowires can therefore provide an excellent platform for the realization of advanced light sources with unique characteristics. In this talk I will describe the properties of a few such devices being investigated in our group.
The impacts of changes in federal timber harvest on forest carbon sequestration in western Oregon

This study examines the potential impacts of changes in federal timber harvest, acting through regional log markets, on the sequestration of carbon in forests and forest products in western Oregon. We construct a dynamic model of the region’s log markets in which market prices, log consumption at mills, and timber harvests and timber inventories on private, federal, and state forests are endogenous. Absent any policies regulating forest carbon sequestration, simulations show that regional carbon flux in forests and forest products would gradually decline as federal harvest rises from recent historical levels. If regional forest carbon flux were constrained to meet some minimum target, however, projections indicate that there would be opportunities for substituting carbon sequestration between federal and nonfederal lands through coordination of harvests across ownerships. We find that relatively small reductions in average private harvest could offset substantial losses of carbon flux on federal timberlan...
Cocaine synergism with alpha agonists in rat aorta: Computational analysis reveals an action beyond reuptake inhibition

Abstract Background Cocaine has long been known to increase blood pressure, but the degree and mechanism of vasoconstricting action remain poorly understood. Here we examine the interaction between cocaine and alpha -adrenoceptor agonists, with the action of reuptake inhibition minimized. Methods Cocaine was administered to isolated rings of rat thoracic aorta, alone and in combination with three different adrenoceptor agonists: phenylephrine, methoxamine, and norepinephrine. Synergy analysis begins with the predicted additive effect of the combination of two agonists, based upon dose equivalence theory. This case where one agonist (cocaine) has no effect when administered alone requires only a t -test to demonstrate that a departure from additivity has occurred. Results At doses where cocaine alone produced no vasoconstriction, it potentiated the vasoconstriction produced by all three alpha agonists, a clear indication of synergism between cocaine and these agents. Higher doses of cocaine in combination with alpha adrenoceptor agents gave an inverted-U shaped (hormetic) dose–effect curve, i.e., dose-related relaxation at higher doses. The hormetic dose–effect relation was analyzed using computational methodology based on dose equivalence to derive the unknown second component of action that causes relaxation. Conclusions Cocaine exhibits both vasoconstricting and vasorelaxant effects. This relaxing component, possibly related to activation of myosin light chain phosphatase, was quantified as a dose–effect curve. Most important is the synergism between cocaine and alpha -adrenoceptor stimulation which cannot be explained as an action due to reuptake inhibition, and has not been previously described.
Antihypertensive effects of flutamide in rats that are exposed to a low-protein diet in utero

Objective We investigated whether gestational age of in utero low-protein diet played a role in the subsequent development of adult hypertension and whether it is gender dependent and examined whether flutamide (a specific, nonsteroidal competitive antagonist of the androgen receptor) reduces blood pressure in rat offspring that are exposed to in utero low-protein diet (6%). Study design Pregnant rats were fed either with 20% protein (control) or 6% protein (low-protein diet) from day 1 or day 12 of gestation. Fetoplacental weights and mortality rates of pups were assessed. Systolic blood pressure, mean arterial blood pressure, and circulatory hormone levels in offspring were determined. In addition, male and female hypertensive offspring were treated with flutamide, and their blood pressure was monitored. Results After delivery, pup weights were reduced, and pup mortality rates increased in the low-protein diet–day1 group. Systolic blood pressure and mean arterial blood pressure were elevated in low-protein diet–day 1 males and females and low-protein diet–day 2 males. Significant (P Conclusion The day of in utero insult by low-protein diet is critical in the induction of adult hypertension; the severity is gender dependent. Flutamide was found to protect against hypertension only in females.
Intrinsic sympathomimetic activity counteracts beta-blocker inhibition of renin activation.

Enzymatically inactive renin (IR) is the predominant circulating form of renin. Sympathetic activity may influence plasma renin activity (PRA) by regulation of the conversion of IR to active renin (AR, PRA). It has been demonstrated previously that beta blockade lowers PRA at least partly through inhibition of this conversion process. The authors hypothesized that beta blockade and intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA) would have opposing effects on production of AR from its inactive precursor.Eighteen primary hypertensives (12 male, 6 female, mean age 57.7 ± 2.7) were entered in a placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover study of the effects of equipotent doses of pindolol and propranolol on mean ± SEM systolic BP, diastolic BP, heart rate, active renin (AR), total renin (TR), inactive renin (IR), and % AR/TR. Drug dose was titrated to achieve a goal DBP of 90 mmHg or less. Active renin was defined as the rate of generation of angiotensin I in 37°C plasma at pH 5.7. Total renin was determined by pre...