cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Survey of Parenting Books for Advice on the Common Cold, Diarrhea, and Otitis Media in Infants and Toddlers

Parenting books often provide advice for common medical ailments of infants and toddlers. However, the accuracy of such advice has never been evaluated. The purpose of this study is to survey the informational content of a sample of parenting books. Fifty general parenting books were identified and reviewed for the informational content on the following topics: common colds, diarrhea, and otitis media. When covered by the book, accurate and consistent information was generally provided in the following topic areas: non-medicated nose drops for nasal congestion, upright positioning for children with colds, breastfeeding infants with diarrhea, electrolyte solutions for diarrhea, and feeding practices as they relate to otitis media. The following topic areas displayed significant inconsistency: the use of decongestants, antihistamines, expectorants, cough suppressants, and decongestant nose drops for colds; antidiarrheal medications; soft drinks and juice for diarrhea; home recipes for oral hydration solutio...
Shift-Invariant And Distortion-Invariant Object Recognition

The problem of recognizing multiple objects in a highly cluttered background in the face of geometrical object distortions is addressed in this paper. A correlation architecture using a matched spatial filter of a synthetic discriminant function is employed to achieve the required performance. Synthesis of the synthetic discriminant function is discussed as is the initial performance obtained in the face of noise. Initial remarks are advanced on various methods to select the training set of images to use in this algorithm.
Flexible X-Ray Detector Array Fabricated With Oxide Thin-Film Transistors

A flat-panel flexible X-ray image sensor fabricated with oxide thin-film transistors (TFTs) is described. Bottom-gate GaInZnO TFTs are fabricated on a plastic substrate and integrated with amorphous silicon p-i-n photodiodes, with a maximum process temperature of 170°C . X-ray images obtained with a 160 × 180 pixel array in the indirect detection mode are reported.
Incorporation of adenine into nucleotides and nucleic acids of C57 mice.

Abstract Intraperitoneally administered adenine-4,6- 14 C is rapidly and extensively incorporated into nucleotides and nucleic acid by C57 mice. The incorporation rate of adenine into the nucleic acid indicates a pathway involving little or no dilution, therefore not through the general 5-adenylic acid pool. The “half-life” of the nucleotide fraction was found to be 2.5 days in the liver 13 hours and 3.5 days in the stomach and intestines, and 12 days in the carcass (including bone), whereas the PNA adenine had a “half-life” of 7–8 days in the liver and the nucleic acid adenine had a “half-life” of 3.5 days in the stomach and intestines, and 8 days in the carcass. The most rapid incorporation of adenine in the PNA of the liver occurred in the nuclear fraction and the least rapid in the microsomal fraction.
Sodium Toxicity control by the use of Magnesium in an Anaerobic Reactor

This study investigated the effectiveness of magnesium in reducing sodium toxicity in mesophilic (35oC) completely mixed anaerobic digesters (CMADs). The CMADs were operated at a chemical oxygen demand (COD) loading of 0.5 g/l/day initially which was gradually increased to 1.8 g/l/day. To evaluate the effect of sodium concentration on methanogens, the biomass in one of the CMADs was acclimated to an increasing concentration of sodium while the feed to the second CMAD was not supplemented with any additional sodium. The COD removal efficiency and methane production decreased by nearly 30% and 20% respectively at a sodium concentration of 9.0 g/l. Similarly, the total volatile fatty acids (VFAs) concentration increased from a mere 200 mg/l to 3000 mg/l. At this point, magnesium was added gradually to one of the reactors. The COD removal efficiency and methane production returned to the original level of 92% and 62% respectively, and the VFA concentration became negligible. It can be concluded that magnesium is very effective in reducing sodium toxicity to methanogens. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management Vol. 8 (1) 2004: 17 - 21
Strain Determination in Thermally Grown Alumina Scales Using Fluorescence Spectroscopy

By exploiting the strain dependence of the ruby luminescence line, we have measured room-temperature residual strains in thermally-grown alumina scales. Measurements were made on two alloys Fe-5Cr-28Al and Fe-18Cr 10Al (at.% bal. Fe), oxidized between 300–1300°C. Significantly different levels of strain buildup were observed in scales on these alloys. Results on similar alloys containing a dilute reactive element (RE) are also presented. Scales formed on RE-containing alloys (Zr or Hf) could support significantly higher strains at T ≥ 1000°C. Strain relief associated with spallation thresholds is readily observed. In early-stage oxidation, the evolution of transition phases is monitored using Raman and fluorescence spectroscopies. The fluorescence technique also provides a sensitive probe of early-stage formation of α-Al2O3. It appears that, in the presence of Cr2O3 or Fe2O3, the α-phase of Al2O3 can form at anomalously low temperatures.
A Study of the Effects of Physical Activity on Asthmatic Symptoms and Obesity Risk in Elementary School–Aged Children

Background Children with moderate persistent asthma are often reluctant to engage in physical activity and as a result are more prone to obesity and increased incidence of asthma attacks. Purpose This study developed an asthma program that included physical activity and asthma management education for elementary schoolchildren with moderate persistent asthma to evaluate the effectiveness of the program in reducing asthma symptoms while increasing lung functions. Methods This study utilized a quantitative, nonexperimental, nonrandomized longitudinal design that collected participants' asthma and physical exercise histories and forced vital capacity (FVC) volumes before and after the asthma program (n = 10). Results This asthma program significantly improved asthma control among participants by reducing the number of weekly and monthly emergency visits (P < .01), increasing participation in physical activities (P < .01), and increasing the average FVC volume from 1.93 ± 0.30 L to 2.74 ± 0.37 L (P < .01), in...
TH-A-141-06: Optimization of Incident X-Ray Source Spectrum Through Filtration for a Benchtop X-Ray Fluorescence Computed Tomography (XFCT) System

Purpose: To optimize acquisition of fluorescence photon signal from gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and reduce the effect of Compton scatter in benchtop x‐ray fluorescence computed tomography (XFCT). Methods: In polychromatic XFCT, fluorescence signal is obscured by Compton scatter of source photons, and thus the choice of source spectrum is crucial. An experimental XFCT system for irradiation of a GNP‐containing small animal‐sized phantom was accurately modeled using the MCNP5 code for Monte Carlo simulations. The model used either a lead (Pb) or tin (Sn) filter to harden the 105 kVp source spectrum, and was validated with fluorescence/scatter profile measurements. Spectra (Pb: 1, 2, and 3 mm; Sn: 0.9, 1, 2, and 3 mm) were input into the model and their effect on fluorescence production/detection was investigated. Simulations were also run with hypothetical quasi‐monochromatic x‐ray sources (81, 85, 90, 95, and 100 keV) to determine the ideal energy for discriminating gold K‐shell fluorescence peaks from Compton scatter background. Fluorescence signal‐to‐dose ratio (FSDR) and relative scan time (RST) were used to assess the degree of optimization during simulations. Results: For both materials, increasing filtration hardened source spectra and significantly decreased fluence available for producing fluorescence photons, while increasing FSDR. The RST increased at a much higher rate for a given increase in FSDR. Compared to Pb, Sn produced generally higher overall fluence, more prominent fluorescence peaks, favorably harder scatter profiles, increased FSDR, and shorter RST. Simulations using hypothetical quasi‐monochromatic spectra showed that increasing source energy, between 81 and 100 keV, increased signal‐to‐background ratio and FSDR. Conclusion: Judicious choice of filter material/thickness to tailor polychromatic x‐ray spectrum, considering trade‐offs between FSDR and RST, can dramatically improve the performance of benchtop XFCT. This work will foster the further development of a benchtop XFCT system for routine pre‐clinical imaging applications with GNPs.Supported by NIH/NCI grant R01CA155446; NIH/NCI grant R01CA155446
Pattern Formation in Flowing Electrorheological Fluids

A two-fluid continuum model is developed to describe mass transport in electro- and magnetorheological suspensions. The particle flux is related to the field-induced stresses. Solutions of the resulting mass balance show column formation in the absence of flow, and stripe formation when a suspension is subjected simultaneously to an applied electric field and shear flow.
Hepatitis E as a cause of acute non-A, non-B hepatitis.

Hepatitis E seems to be responsible for most epidemics of non-A, non-B hepatitis in developing countries. While hepatitis E is not endemic in the United States, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of the traveler with non-A, non-B hepatitis. we describe a patient with acute hepatitis E, confirmed by serologic testing, after recently returning from India and discuss current knowledge about the pathogenesis, clinical features, and diagnosis of hepatitis E. (Arch Intern Med. 1993;153:773-775)
Localized echo-volume imaging methods for functional MRI

To perform true three-dimensional activation experiments in the human brain, dedicated localized echo-volume imaging (L-EVI) methods were developed. Three-dimensional acquisition allows generation of activation maps with minimal vascular enhancement related to inflow effects. The rapid acquisition of the L-EVI (approximately 100 msec) reduces signal instabilities caused by motion, facilitating the detection of the small intensity changes expected with brain activation. Single-shot L-EVI was performed on normal volunteers at 1.5 T, imaging a three-dimensional predefined volume (240 x 45 x 45 mm3) in the superior portion of the brain with a spatial resolution of 3.75 x 5 x 5 mm3. Increased brain coverage was achieved with a multi-volume imaging (three-shot) version, which simultaneously achieved effective suppression of signals from cerebrospinal fluid. In addition, both asymmetric spin-echo (ASE) and spin-echo (SE) versions of the technique were used to detect blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal changes in the motor cortex with a finger-tapping paradigm. Images obtained by the L-EVI sequence were qualitatively comparable to standard multislice two-dimensional echo-planar images. Both ASE and SE functional MRI (fMRI) experiments showed consistent activation in the contralateral primary sensorimotor cortex. Furthermore, significant differences in location and magnitude of activation was observed between the two methods, confirming theoretical predictions.
Social work and social welfare: the organization of philanthropic resources in Britain 1900-1914.

Late Victorian and Edwardian social reform has been studied in recent years in order to clarify that important transitional era when new state resources were being called upon to help redress the most glaring abuses which comprised the condition-of-England question. Most of these studies have emphasized the politics of social policy and have also subsumed the tangled and competitive world of philanthropy. But philanthropists were prominent in the politics and practice of social welfare. In his study of Edwardian social policy, Bentley Gilbert distinguishes three organizations as characteristic of “scientific social reform”: settlements (inspired by Canon Samuel Barnett), the Fabians, and the Charity Organization Society. His analysis of each concluded that “professionally-minded social work,” as represented by the C.O.S., least typified the transition from old to new attitudes about social policy. David Owen's examination of English philanthropy supports Gilbert's conclusions concerning the C.O.S., and less detailed surveys of social policy also cite that agency as representative of a philosophic individualism which rejected the policies necessary for reform. All agree that the charitable community called attention to many defects in the British social system, but they leave readers with the impression that it generally opposed state sponsored remedies for those ills.It is the concern of this essay to show that the “professionally-minded” world of Edwardian philanthropy was, like the state, developing new agencies and reorganizing its resources to help meet the massive and diverse welfare needs of the twentieth century.
Combined Fractures of the Distal Radius and Scaphoid

Combined fractures of the distal radius and scaphoid are uncommon, are usually the result of a high-energy trauma and there is no consensus regarding their optimal management. We present a retrospective study of ten patients, out of whom nine underwent internal fixation of their fractures. Open reduction and internal fixation were performed in six of the eight intraarticular fractures of the distal radius. After a mean follow-up of 40 months, eight patients reported no pain and the mean range of wrist motion was 55 degrees flexion and 71 degrees extension. Our current management protocol is outlined. Emphasis on treatment of this combined fracture should be placed on the management of the distal radius fracture. Internal fixation of both fractures, followed by early rehabilitation, optimises outcomes. Cast treatment is indicated only in patients with completely undisplaced fractures of both the radius and the scaphoid.
Lymph node vascular-stromal growth and function as a potential target for controlling immunity

Lymphadenopathy occurs in many autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, and vascular proliferation is a common feature in the enlarged lymph nodes. The lymph node vasculature plays critical roles in delivering immune cells as well as oxygen and micronutrients, and therefore represents a potential target for therapeutic manipulation of immunity. In this review, we discuss recent insights made in understanding the growth and function of the vascular and associated stromal compartment in immune-stimulated lymph nodes and the potential utility of altering this process in autoimmune diseases.
Assimilation of rubidium by Melanoplus grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae)

A series of assays were set up to evaluate several parameters affecting rubidium assimilation, excretion and effects on migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.), development following ingestion of RbCl. Dosages of RbCl as high as 3.82 mg were found to elevate tissue concentrations of Rb as much as 4,900 ppm above background levels at 2 d after ingestion. The rate of ingestion was essentially linear, and excretion rates followed the behavior of a half-life model with a half-life of roughly 1 d. There were no differences between M. sanguinipes and M. packardii (Scudder) in the amount of Rb assimilated, however, subtle differences that were proportional to the weight of the grasshoppers were observed in the resulting tissue concentrations. Constant exposure to RbCl raised body concentrations of Rb to 2,000-5,000 ppm and caused a slight retardation in developmental rates. A single exposure to 121 μg of RbCl caused tissue concentrations of Rb to rise to 140 ppm at 2 d after ingestion, but had no effect on developmental rates. These assays provide the basic parameters necessary for designing field studies in which RbCl, formulated in a bait, can be used for grasshopper dispersal and feeding studies.
Active Transport of Acetylcholine by the Human Vesicular Acetylcholine Transporter

The characteristics of ATP-dependent transport of acetylcholine (ACh) in homogenates of pheochromocytoma (PC-12) cells stably transfected with the human vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) cDNA are described. The human VAChT protein was abundantly expressed in this line and appeared as a diffuse band with a molecular mass of approximately 75 kDa on Western blots. Vesicular [3H]ACh accumulation increased approximately 20 times over levels attained by the endogenous rat VAChT, expressed at low levels in control PC-12 cells. The transport of [3H]ACh by human VAChT was dependent upon the addition of exogenous ATP at 37 degrees C. Uptake was abolished by low temperature (4 degrees C), the proton ionophore carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (2.5 microM) and bafilomycin A1 (1 microM), a specific inhibitor of the vesicular H+-ATPase. The kinetics of [3H]ACh uptake by human VAChT were saturable, exhibiting an apparent Km of 0.97 +/- 0.1 mM and Vmax of 0.58 +/- 0.04 nmol/min/mg. Maximal steady-state levels of vesicular [3H]ACh accumulation were directly proportional to the concentration of substrate present in the medium with saturation occurring at approximately 4 mM. Uptake was stereospecifically inhibited by L-vesamicol with an IC50 of 14.7 +/- 1.5 nM. The apparent affinity (Kd) of [3H]vesamicol for human VAChT was 4.1 +/- 0.5 nM, and the Bmax was 8.9 +/- 0.6 pmol/mg. The turnover (Vmax/Bmax) of the human VAChT was approximately 65/min. This expression system should prove useful for the structure/function analysis of VAChT.
Topic development in USENET newsgroups

While computer mediated discussions, such as those that take place in USENET newsgroups, superficially appear to be analogous to verbal discussions, observation has shown significant differences. USENET topics are created, and they evolve, mutate, and become extinct in ways fundamentally different from spoken dialogue. These differences can be explained partially by the asynchronous nature of electronic communication, as well as by other factors unique to such wide-scale multi-user media. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The role of AMP-activated protein kinase in the androgenic potentiation of cannabinoid-induced changes in energy homeostasis

Orexigenic mediators can impact the hypothalamic feeding circuitry via the activation of AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK). Given that testosterone is an orexigenic hormone, we hypothesized that androgenic changes in energy balance are due to enhanced cannabinoid-induced inhibition of anorexigenic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons via activation of AMPK. To this end, whole animal experiments were carried out in gonadectomized male guinea pigs treated subcutaneously with either testosterone propionate (TP; 400 μg) or its sesame oil vehicle (0.1 ml). TP-treated animals displayed increases in energy intake associated with increases in meal size. TP also increased several indices of energy expenditure as well as the p-AMPK/AMPK ratio in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) measured 2 and 24 h posttreatment. Subcutaneous administration of the CB1 receptor antagonist AM251 (3 mg/kg) rapidly blocked the hyperphagic effect of TP. This was mimicked largely upon third ventricular administration of AM251 (10 μg). Electrophysiological studies revealed that TP potentiated the ability of the cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN 55,212-2 to decrease the frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents in ARC neurons. TP also increased the basal frequency of miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents. In addition, depolarization-induced suppression (DSE) is potentiated in cells from TP-treated animals and blocked by AM251. The AMPK inhibitor compound C attenuated DSE from TP-treated animals, whereas the AMPK activator metformin enhanced DSE from vehicle-treated animals. These effects occurred in a sizable number of identified POMC neurons. Collectively, these results indicate that the androgen-induced increases in energy intake are mediated via an AMPK-dependent augmentation in endocannabinoid tone onto POMC neurons.
Duration of ejection in aortic stenosis: effect of stroke volume and pressure gradient

The theoretical effect of variable ventricular function on left ventricular ejection time in aortic stenosis was predicted by applying data measured in 52 patients with pure aortic stenosis to equations derived from the relations of Gorlin and Gorlin and Weissler et al. Ejection time and aortic valve area are not, of necessity, linearly related because (Formula: see text) where LVET is left ventricular ejection time, k is a constant, SV is stroke volume, PG is mean aortic pressure gradient and AVA is aortic valve area. When the patients were separated into performance groups on the basis of cardiac index (at 2.8 liters/min per m2), the linear regression relating the measured SV/square root PG with valve area in 18 patients with normal function (SV/square root PG = 11.1 AVA + 2.0, r = 0.969, p less than 0.001) predicted ejection time prolongation with decreasing valve area. In 34 patients with poor function, however, the decrease in SV/square root PG with decreasing valve area was more marked (SV/square root PG = 12.6 AVA + 0.4, r = 0.894, p less than 0.001), predicting a shorter ejection time at any given valve area in this group. As predicted by the effect of valve area on the equation, ejection time becomes most variable at a small aortic valve area. Independent ejection time measurement in these patients validated the predicted effect.
Targeted Molecular Imaging

M.J. Welch and W.C. Eckelman, Eds. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2012, 370 pages, $179.95 Intended for an audience of clinicians, translational research scientists, molecular biologists, imaging scientists, pharmaceutical developers, physicists, fellows, and staffs, this book covers advances in
Formulation of parallel image processing tasks

An increasing awareness of the need for high speed parallel processing systems for image analysis has stimulated a great deal of interest in the study of such systems. These studies have focussed primarily on specific algorithms and while they demonstrated the utility of such an approach, few general principles have evolved. As a result, it is still uncertain how one may go about addressing a given application. This paper first presents techniques for formulating parallel image processing tasks by focussing on one or more components of an image processing environment. Then a parallel processing model is proposed which specifies the interaction among tasks formulated in this manner. The techniques and model enable one to determine constraints on architectural features required to achieve predefined performance levels and compare and contrast different formulations.
Pulling your strings

Our key motivation is the rehabilitation of individuals recovering from stroke or other neurological insult. The torque exerted by a cable-driven joint is the cross product of the line of action of the cable, known as the moment arm, and its tension. The subject of this article delves into this latter, less-studied quantity associated with torque. The concept of moment arm manipulation of a cable-driven joint is introduced, developed, formalized, and then examined with experiments on a physical, single-joint device. This method of moment arm manipulation, referred to as the moment arm manipulation for remote induction of net effective torque (MARIONET), is found to have distinct advantages that make it feasible for home rehabilitation as well as potential outside of the field.
Self-Assembling Sequence-Adaptive Peptide Nucleic Acids

Several classes of nucleic acid analogs have been reported, but no synthetic informational polymer has yet proven responsive to selection pressures under enzyme-free conditions. Here, we introduce an oligomer family that efficiently self-assembles by means of reversible covalent anchoring of nucleobase recognition units onto simple oligo-dipeptide backbones [thioester peptide nucleic acids (tPNAs)] and undergoes dynamic sequence modification in response to changing templates in solution. The oligomers specifically self-pair with complementary tPNA strands and cross-pair with RNA and DNA in Watson-Crick fashion. Thus, tPNA combines base-pairing interactions with the side-chain functionalities of typical peptides and proteins. These characteristics might prove advantageous for the design or selection of catalytic constructs or biomaterials that are capable of dynamic sequence repair and adaptation.
Communications for unattended sensor networks

The future model of the US Army's Future Combat Systems (FCS) and the Future Force reflects a combat force that utilizes lighter armor protection than the current standard. Survival on the future battlefield will be increased by the use of advanced situational awareness provided by unattended tactical and urban sensors that detect, identify, and track enemy targets and threats. Successful implementation of these critical sensor fields requires the development of advanced sensors, sensor and data-fusion processors, and a specialized communications network. To ensure warfighter and asset survivability, the communications must be capable of near real-time dissemination of the sensor data using robust, secure, stealthy, and jam resistant links so that the proper and decisive action can be taken. Communications will be provided to a wide-array of mission-specific sensors that are capable of processing data from acoustic, magnetic, seismic, and/or Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) sensors. Other, more powerful, sensor node configurations will be capable of fusing sensor data and intelligently collect and process data images from infrared or visual imaging cameras. The radio waveform and networking protocols being developed under the Soldier Level Integrated Communications Environment (SLICE) Soldier Radio Waveform (SRW) and the Networked Sensors for the Future Force Advanced Technology Demonstration are part of an effort to develop a common waveform family which will operate across multiple tactical domains including dismounted soldiers, ground sensor, munitions, missiles and robotics. These waveform technologies will ultimately be transitioned to the JTRS library, specifically the Cluster 5 requirement.
The Dissemination and Utilization of Welfare‐to‐Work Experiments in State Policymaking

Abstract This paper reports the results of a telephone survey of state-level officials as to the influence of evaluations of three state welfare innovations: California's GAIN, New York's CAP, and Florida's Project Independence. The three experiments were known to those interviewed, yet they did not have dramatic, decisive effects on policymaking. However, GAIN and CAP appear to have influenced policymaking in less dramatic and more subtle respects. Much more important than empirical findings about the effects of tested programs was information about how these programs actually operated in the field along with evidence that the policies tested in welfare-to-work experiments were logically consistent (that is, there was no obvious reason to think that they would be unsuccessful), could clear federal waivers, and would not encounter major political resistance. © 2000 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Site-specific synthesis and reactivity of oligonucleotides containing stereochemically defined 1,N2-deoxyguanosine adducts of the lipid peroxidation product trans-4-hydroxynonenal.

trans-4-Hydroxynonenal (HNE) is a major peroxidation product of ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. The reaction of HNE with DNA gives four diastereomeric 1,N2-γ-hydroxypropano adducts of deoxyguanosine; background levels of these adducts have been detected in animal tissue. Stereospecific syntheses of these four adducts at the nucleoside level have been accomplished. In addition, a versatile strategy for their site-specific incorporation into oligonucleotides has been developed. These adducts are destabilizing as measured by melting temperature when compared to an unadducted strand. The thermal destablization of the adducted 12-mers ranged from 5 to 16 °C and is dependent on the absolute stereochemistry of the adduct. The HNE adducts were also examined for their ability to form interstrand DNA−DNA cross-links when incorporated into a CpG sequence. We find that only one of the HNE stereoisomers formed interstrand DNA−DNA cross-links.
Cortical surface anatomy in pediatric patients with generalized anxiety disorder

Abstract Background It is established that pediatric patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) exhibit functional abnormalities and altered gray matter volumes in neural structures that subserve emotional processing, yet there are no data regarding the surface anatomy of the cerebral cortex in youth with GAD. Methods Using an automated surface-based approach (FreeSurfer), cortical thickness was assessed node-by-node over the entire cerebral cortex in adolescents with GAD and no co-occurring major depressive disorder (n = 13) and healthy subjects (n = 19). Results Compared with healthy adolescents, youth with GAD exhibited increased cortical thickness in the right inferolateral and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (i.e., inferior frontal gyrus), the left inferior and middle temporal cortex as well as the right lateral occipital cortex. No relationships were observed between cortical thickness and the severity of anxiety symptoms in the significant regions that were identified in the vertex-wise analysis. Conclusions These findings suggest that, in adolescents with GAD, abnormalities in cortical thickness are present in an ensemble of regions responsible for fear learning, fear extinction, reflective functioning (e.g., mentalization), and regulation of the amygdala.
Semiclassical theory of quantum tunneling in multidimensional systems

classical method. Providing the coupling has a physically reasonable form factor, the coupling produces an enhancement in the tunneling rate. The enhancement becomes larger when the tunneling degree of freedom couples with a harmonic oscillator with lower frequency. The semiclassical method is found to be quite useful in situations where the coupled channel method becomes numerically difficult. The effect on quantum tunneling of the internal degrees of freedom has been much discussed recently' ' in connection with the large enhancement of subbarrier fusion cross sections found in heavy ion collisions. ' ' An interesting question in this respect is the relative roles of high- and low-frequency collective excitations of the individual nuclei. The problem is quite difficult to study by the numerical coupled channel methods, when many degrees of freedom are involved simultaneously and one deals with energies much below the barrier. We shall examine the problem using the influence functional formalism of Feynman's path integral method. This method conveniently clarifies the importance of the potential renormalization, and the decisive role of the functional form of the coupling to the internal motion. We compare the results of the path integral method with those of coupled channel calculations to verify the accuracy of the path integral method.
Studies on the role of histones in the structure of chromatin.

Abstract The effects of selective removal of histones from chromatin on physical properties of the nucleoprotein complex have been examined using two dissociating agents: (1) sodium deoxycholate, which removes histone II at lowest concentrations of dissociating agent, followed by histones III and IV at slightly higher concentrations, and lastly, at still higher concentrations, by histone I; and (2) sodium chloride, which removes histone I at lowest concentrations of dissociating agent, followed by histones II, III and IV at higher concentrations. Properties studied include thermal denaturation, sedimentation velocity, flow dichroism, and the irreversible disruption of a 130 s cross-linked component of sheared chromatin. None of the structural and chemical parameters measured depends on the interaction of any one specific kind of histone with DNA. Rather, all of the properties measured are conferred upon DNA by all species of histones.
INVESTIGATION OF COLLEGE STUDENTS' ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT BASED ON THEIR PIAGETIAN COGNITIVE LEVEL AND AMERICAN COLLEGE TEST SCORES

Surnmwy.-The purpose of this study was to determine whether academic achievement differed among the Piagetian cognitive levels of 670 students in teacher-education and whether these differences interacted with sex, age, classification (e.g., freshmen, sophomores), or American College Test scores. All were enrolled in a developmental psychology class. Analysis indicated Piagetian scores differed according to sex and American College Test scores but not classification or age; the four types of achievement (quizzes, projects, test, and total) differed according to Piagetian scores, sex, and American College Test scores. All types of achievement except quizzes differed by classification. Age was not related to achievement.
Report from the Lectern: Reflections on Over Twenty Years of Teaching Folklore Courses. Stories for the Young and Old

I have been asked to write about our success teaching folklore. Our courses are very large. We draw one hundred students, one hundred and fifty; when larger lecture rooms are available, we draw more. Recently, one hundred and seventy students enrolled in our class. Had a larger lecture room beenavailable earlier in the semester, the number would have been higher still. With pressure to produce high enrollments coming from deans and other administrators, faculty in Slavic departments and Slavic faculty in modern language departments across the nation are looking to folklore as the way to counter that pressure. The metafolklore of the situation is that folklore courses are magic and that anyone teaching such courses will easily attract many students. As with all folklore, there is truth to this belief-and also a great many things going on beneath the surface. Our folklore courses are attractive to students because they have the same traits that characterize all well-taught courses. There is nothing inherently magic about them. As folklore restates the truth in ever-varying and situation-relevant ways, it is perhaps appropriate to restate the traits of good teaching in terms of folklore courses. In keeping with the folklore theme, I have selected three traits to discuss here: I) a good teacher loves the subject and likes the subject; a good teacher of folklore loves the lore and likes the folk 2) a good teacher knows the subject 3) a good teacher loves the students and is seriously interested in their learning something from the course I will go through these points first addressing an audience that is new to folklore and folklore teaching. Then I will offer a few reflections that might be useful to folklore veterans.
The System‐Topics Framework and the Structural Arrangement of Systems within and around Personality

The field of personality psychology possesses rich theories and excellent research, but few good means to communicate them. The system-topics framework is an integratory approach that divides the study of personality into three central topics and their subdivisions: (a) the components of personality, (b) the organization of those components, and (c) the development of those components and their organization over time. The present article describes the system-topics framework and then examines the addition of a potential new topic useful to an improved exposition of the field: the structural arrangement of the component systems in and around personality. A three-dimensional model of these systems is created that can synthesize the many spatial metaphors used in earlier personality theory and research. The reasons for integrating this structural model within the system-topics framework and how such integration can be accomplished are discussed.
Clinico-pathological report : a 7-year old white-male boy with progressive neurological deterioration

A 9-month-old boy presented with rapid deterioration of psychomotor development. He developed seizures at 2 months, and shortly thereafter lost motor skills and developed feeding difficulties, increased startle response, red maculas, and decreased vision. His measurements, including head circumference, were greater than the 95th centile. No organomegaly was found. Serum determination of the hemoxsaminidases confirmed the diagnosis of Sandhoff disease.
Trophic tangles through time? Opposing direct and indirect effects of an invasive omnivore on stream ecosystem processes.

Omnivores can impact ecosystems via opposing direct or indirect effects. For example, omnivores that feed on herbivores and plants could either increase plant biomass due to the removal of herbivores or decrease plant biomass due to direct consumption. Thus, empirical quantification of the relative importance of direct and indirect impacts of omnivores is needed, especially the impacts of invasive omnivores. Here we investigated how an invasive omnivore (signal crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus) impacts stream ecosystems. First, we performed a large-scale experiment to examine the shortterm (three month) direct and indirect impacts of crayfish on a stream food web. Second, we performed a comparative study of un-invaded areas and areas invaded 90 years ago to examine whether patterns from the experiment scaled up to longer time frames. In the experiment, crayfish increased leaf litter breakdown rate, decreased the abundance and biomass of other benthic invertebrates, and increased algal production. Thus, crayfish controlled detritus via direct consumption and likely drove a trophic cascade through predation on grazers. Consistent with the experiment, the comparative study also found that benthic invertebrate biomass decreased with crayfish. However, contrary to the experiment, crayfish presence was not significantly associated with higher leaf litter breakdown in the comparative study. We posit that during invasion, generalist crayfish replace the more specialized native detritivores (caddisflies), thereby leading to little long-term change in net detrital breakdown. A feeding experiment revealed that these native detritivores and the crayfish were both effective consumers of detritus. Thus, the impacts of omnivores represent a temporally-shifting interplay between direct and indirect effects that can control basal resources.
Cuing Interacts with Perceptual Load in Visual Search

We tested the strong form of the perceptual-load hypothesis, which posits that the amount of perceptual load is the only factor determining whether attention can be effectively focused. Participants performed a visual search task under conditions of low and high load and with either a 100% valid spatial cue or no spatial cue. With no cue, participants showed evidence of processing to-be-ignored stimuli when perceptual load was low but not when it was high, consistent with the perceptual-load hypothesis. However, with a 100% valid spatial cue, participants showed little evidence of processing to-be-ignored stimuli, even when perceptual load was low. These results suggest that although perceptual load may be an important factor in attentional selectivity, load alone is not sufficient to explain how and when selective attention is effective.
Modulation of Igf2 Genomic Imprinting in Mice Induced by 5-Azacytidine, an Inhibitor of DNA Methylation

The adjacent genes, insulin-like growth factor 2 (Igf2) and H19, are imprinted in both mouse and human. While Igf2 is expressed from the paternal allele, H19 is transcribed exclusively from the maternal allele. To explore the underlying mechanism of Igf2 and H19 imprinting, we studied the effect of DNA demethylation on allelic expression by injecting mice with the demethylating agent 5-azacytidine (5-aza-C). We observed a > or = 2-fold increase in the abundance of Igf2 mRNA in liver from treated mice compared with that of control mice. There was no significant change in Igf2 or H19 expression in brain. In the 5-aza-C-treated mice, there was dramatic modulation of Igf2 imprinting. In some tissues, Igf2 was expressed biallelically, while in other tissues, the paternal allele was silenced and the normally imprinted maternal allele was expressed, an example of allelic switching. There was no change in the normal biallelic pattern of Igf2 expression in brain. H19, on the other hand, remained imprinted in all tissues in mice treated with 5-aza-C. These results provide the first example of a pharmacological manipulation of genomic imprinting of an endogenous gene in vivo and further implicate DNA methylation as an important factor in maintaining the differential allelic expression of the Igf2 gene.
Sustained high-frequency energy harvesting through a strongly nonlinear electromechanical system under single and repeated impulsive excitations

Abstract This work investigates a vibration-based energy harvesting system composed of two oscillators coupled with essential (nonlinearizable) stiffness nonlinearity and subject to impulsive loading of the mechanical component. The oscillators in the system consist of one grounded, weakly damped linear oscillator mass (primary system), which is coupled to a second light-weight, weakly damped oscillating mass attachment (the harvesting element) through a piezoelastic cable. Due to geometric/kinematic mechanical effects the piezoelastic cable generates a nonlinearizable cubic stiffness nonlinearity, whereas electromechanical coupling simply sees a resistive load. Under single and repeated impulsive inputs the transient damped dynamics of this system exhibit transient resonance captures (TRCs) causing high-frequency ‘bursts’ or instabilities in the response of the harvesting element. In turn, these high-frequency dynamic instabilities result in strong and sustained energy transfers from the directly excited primary system to the lightweight harvester, which, through the piezoelastic element, are harvested by the electrical component of the system or, in the present case, dissipated across a resistive element in the circuit. The primary goal of this work is to demonstrate the efficacy of employing this type of high-frequency dynamic instability to achieve enhanced nonlinear vibration energy harvesting under impulsive excitations.
A New Field-assisted Access Scheme of STT-RAM with Self-reference Capability

Spin-transfer torque random access memory (STT-RAM) has demonstrated great potentials in embedded and stand-alone applications. However, process variations and thermal fluctuations greatly influence the operation reliability of STT-RAM and limit its scalability. In this work, we propose a new field-assisted access scheme to improve the read/write reliability and performance of STT-RAM. During read operations, an external magnetic field is applied to a magnetic tunneling junction (MTJ) device, generating a resistive sense signal without referring to other devices. Such a self-reference scheme offers a very promising alternative approach to overcome the severe cell-to-cell variations at highly scaled technology node. Furthermore, the external magnetic field can be also used to assist the MTJ switching during write operations without introducing extra hardware overhead. Simulation results show that compared to the existing self-reference scheme, our proposed design can improve the read sense margin by more than 200% and reduce the write error rate down to 2.29×10--9.
Generating scheduling constraints for discrete event dynamic systems

In most scheduling literature, constraints are seemingly generated in an ad-hoc manner using intuitive arguments. This could result in overlooking some constraints or including unnecessary constraints. Schruben (2000) has shown how the dynamics of some discrete event systems can be modeled as the solutions of optimization programs. In this paper, we use this idea to generate mathematical programming models systematically for scheduling resources in discrete event dynamic systems. Two examples are presented: a multiple server queue and a semiconductor manufacturing cluster tool. An interesting result was that the mathematical structure of the scheduling program generated from a simulation of a cluster tool found in the literature leads to a different, more concise and illuminating cluster tool simulation model that would have been difficult to discover otherwise. The corresponding optimal scheduling problem is surprising in that it does not include explicit representation of the resource that is actually being scheduled!
PARSING GOD: CONVERSATIONS ABOUT THE MEANING OF WORDS AND METAPHORS IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY SOUTHERN AFRICA

During the first half of the nineteenth century, European missionaries in southern Africa sought to establish their intellectual and moral authority over Africans and propagate the tenets of Christianity. Men like Jacob Dohne, Robert Moffat, John Colenso, Henry Callaway and others viewed a knowledge of African languages as key to disclosing ‘the secrets of national character’, to the translation and transmittal of ideas about the Christian ‘God’, and to accepting the ‘literal truth’ of the Bible. Africans, especially the Zulu king, Dingane, disputed these teachings in discussions about the existence of God, suitable indigenous names for such a being (including uThixo, modimo, and unkulunkulu), and his attributes (all-powerful, or merely old), arguing for the significance of metaphor rather than literalness in understanding the world.
Endothelial Differentiation Molecular Mechanisms of Specification and Heterogeneity

A complex and diverse vascular system is requisite for the survival of higher organisms. The process of vascular development is highly regulated, involving the de novo formation of vessels (vasculogenesis), followed by expansion and remodeling of the primitive vasculature (angiogenesis), culminating in differentiation of endothelial phenotypes, as found in the mature vascular system. Over the last decade, significant advances have been made in understanding the molecular regulation of endothelial cell development and differentiation. Endothelial development, in particular the mechanisms in play during vasculogenesis and angiogenesis, is discussed in a sister review to this article. This review highlights the key pathways governing in endothelial differentiation, with a focus on the major molecular mechanisms of endothelial specification and heterogeneity.
Algorithm, architecture, and implementation of algorithmic delay-locked loop based data recovery circuit for high-speed serial data communication

An algorithmic delay-locked loop (DLL) based high-speed serial data recovery circuit (DRC) architecture is proposed. This scheme is based on a novel modulator-based phase synthesis and phase error compensation principle, which offers advantages of inherently instantaneous locking capability, high jitter tolerance, and unconditional loop stability. Its fully digital, highly regular, modular, and scaleable VLSI implementations is very suitable for the SoC solution to various high-speed, low power applications. The architecture has been implemented in test chips fabricated using a 0.25 /spl mu/m standard CMOS process technology. It occupied the area around 300 /spl mu/m /spl times/ 150 /spl mu/m, consumed less than 4 mW power. It demonstrated higher than 800 Mb/s data rate, and a better than 10/sup -9/ BER at 480 Mb/s rate and the best measured BER of better than 10/sup -12/ with a 2/sup 15/-1 pseudorandom data stream across a USB cable.