cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE HISTOCHEMICAL DISTRIBUTION AND METABOLIC SIGNIFICANCE OF GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE ACTIVITY, GLYCOGEN AND LIPID IN THE STIMULATED ADRENAL CORTEX1

The adrenal cortices of normal and hypophysectomized rats subjected to cold stress of varying duration were studied using histochemical methods to determine the distribution of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, glycogen, and lipids. It was found that glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity did not vary in distribution or intensity in response to stress in either the normal or hypophysectomized animals, but remained concentrated in the reticular and fascicular zones. Glycogen in the normal animal, although distributed in the same areas as the enzyme, was depleted rapidly by stress, often disappearing from the cortex after only 30 minutes of stress. This was much more rapid than was the response of lipid to stress. Glycogen was usually well on its way to repletion before cortical lipid was at its lowest ebb. Neither glycogen nor fat responded to stress in the hypophysectomized animals. It is suggested that glycogenolysis initiated by ACTH provides substrate for the glucose-6-phosphate dehydroge...
Digoxin to facilitate late second-trimester abortion: a randomized, masked, placebo-controlled trial.

Abstract Objective: To examine the efficacy of digoxin for decreasing operative time, difficulty, and pain of late second-trimester surgical abortions. Methods: We performed a randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial of intra-amniotic digoxin for second-trimester dilation and evacuation (D&E) involving 126 consecutive women at an inner-city public hospital. Eligible women had gestational ages of 20–23.1 weeks, spoke English or Spanish, and were at least 16 years old. Digoxin (1 mg) or saline was injected intra-amniotically 24 hours before the procedure, at cervical laminaria insertion. The primary outcome was procedure duration. Sample size was based on 80% power to detect a difference of 3.5 minutes between groups. Results: The two groups were similar in demographic factors, obstetric histories, and gestational duration. The average gestational length was 22.5 weeks. There was no difference in procedure duration (mean ± standard deviation) between groups (placebo 14.7 ± 7.0, digoxin 15.4 ± 8.0). There were no differences in blood loss estimated by surgeons, pain scores, procedure difficulty scores, or complications between groups. Vomiting was significantly more common in those who received digoxin (placebo 3.1%, digoxin 16.1%). Most subjects (91%) reported that they preferred their fetuses were dead before the abortions. Conclusion: Although digoxin did not increase efficacy of late second-trimester abortion, patient preference might justify its use.
Host-Directed Inhibitors of Myxoviruses: Synthesis and in Vitro Biochemical Evaluation

Drugs targeted to viral proteins are highly vulnerable to the development of viral resistance. One little explored approach to the treatment of viral diseases is the development of agents that target host factors required for virus replication. Myxoviruses are predominantly associated with acute disease and, thus, ideally suited for this approach since the necessary treatment time is anticipated to be limited. High-throughput screening previously identified benzimidazole 22407448 with broad antiviral activity against different influenza virus and paramyxovirus strains. Hit to lead chemistry has generated 6p (JMN3-003) with potent antiviral activity against a panel of myxovirus family members exhibiting EC50 values in the low nanomolar range.
Endocrinologic, neurologic, and visual morbidity after treatment for craniopharyngioma

Craniopharyngiomas are locally aggressive tumors which typically are focused in the sellar and suprasellar region near a number of critical neural and vascular structures mediating endocrinologic, behavioral, and visual functions. The present study aims to summarize and compare the published literature regarding morbidity resulting from treatment of craniopharyngioma. We performed a comprehensive search of the published English language literature to identify studies publishing outcome data of patients undergoing surgery for craniopharyngioma. Comparisons of the rates of endocrine, vascular, neurological, and visual complications were performed using Pearson's chi-squared test, and covariates of interest were fitted into a multivariate logistic regression model. In our data set, 540 patients underwent surgical resection of their tumor. 138 patients received biopsy alone followed by some form of radiotherapy. Mean overall follow-up for all patients in these studies was 54 ± 1.8 months. The overall rate of new endocrinopathy for all patients undergoing surgical resection of their mass was 37% (95% CI = 33-41). Patients receiving GTR had over 2.5 times the rate of developing at least one endocrinopathy compared to patients receiving STR alone or STR + XRT (52 vs. 19 vs. 20%, χ(2) P < 0.00001). On multivariate analysis, GTR conferred a significant increase in the risk of endocrinopathy compared to STR + XRT (OR = 3.45, 95% CI = 2.05-5.81, P < 0.00001), after controlling for study size and the presence of significant hypothalamic involvement. There was a statistical trend towards worse visual outcomes in patients receiving XRT after STR compared to GTR or STR alone (GTR = 3.5% vs. STR 2.1% vs. STR + XRT 6.4%, P = 0.11). Given the difficulty in obtaining class 1 data regarding the treatment of this tumor, this study can serve as an estimate of expected outcomes for these patients, and guide decision making until these data are available.
On the Mechanisms of Adsorbent Interactions with Haze-Active Proteins and Polyphenols

Solutions of gliadin and catechin were prepared in pH 4.2 alcoholic buffers. The effects of the hydrogen bond acceptor N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), the nonpolar solvent dioxane, and sodium chloride...
Drosophila dFOXO controls lifespan and regulates insulin signalling in brain and fat body

In Drosophila melanogaster, ageing is slowed when insulin-like signalling is reduced: life expectancy is extended by more than 50% when the insulin-like receptor (InR) or its receptor substrate (chico) are mutated, or when insulin-producing cells are ablated. But we have yet to resolve when insulin affects ageing, or whether insulin signals regulate ageing directly or indirectly through secondary hormones. Caenorhabditis elegans lifespan is also extended when insulin signalling is inhibited in certain tissues, or when repressed in adult worms, and this requires the forkhead transcription factor (FOXO) encoded by daf-16 (ref. 6). The D. melanogaster insulin-like receptor mediates phosphorylation of dFOXO, the equivalent of nematode daf-16 and mammalian FOXO3a. We demonstrate here that dFOXO regulates D. melanogaster ageing when activated in the adult pericerebral fat body. We further show that this limited activation of dFOXO reduces expression of the Drosophila insulin-like peptide dilp-2 synthesized in neurons, and represses endogenous insulin-dependent signalling in peripheral fat body. These findings suggest that autonomous and non-autonomous roles of insulin signalling combine to control ageing.
Acrodermatitis enteropathica and other nutritional diseases of the folds (intertriginous areas)

The appropriate intake and metabolism of vitamins and minerals are critical to maintaining homeostasis. Imbalance in essential nutrients, either through dietary excess or deficiency or disorders in metabolism, can result in a spectrum of dermatologic and systemic manifestations. Certain nutrient deficiencies produce a characteristic pattern of cutaneous eruption. Recognition of these patterns is important, as they can alert the physician to an underlying nutritional disease. We review nutritional diseases involving zinc, biotin, essential fatty acids, vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), and riboflavin that present specifically with intertriginous eruptions.
Influence of absorption on polarization effects in light scattering from human red blood cells

Abstract Polarization effects in light scattering are sensitive indicators of cell structure and structural changes in time. In the spectral regions where the optical properties of the scatterers are relatively constant, the scattering pattern scales, it contracts or expands in a predictable manner as a function of the wavelength. In the spectral regions where the optical properties are strongly wavelength dependent (near absorption bands, etc.) the scattering curves do not scale, but change drastically in phase and amplitude as the wavelength is varied. Reported here is an empirical study of the magnitude of the influence of absorption on the polarization effects in light scattering. Scattering curves have been obtained for human red blood cells in the absorption band (blue light) and far from the absorption band (red light). The scattering at these wavelengths shows very strong nonscaling differences. These observations suggest the use of polarization effects in light scattering and their wavelength dependence for the studies of structural changes in cell nuclei. Nucleoproteins have strong absorption, optical rotatory dispersion and circular dichroism bands in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum, whereas there is little ψ-dependence in the visible range. There is also the possibility of binding specific chromophoric dyes to cell components, thus introducing absorption bands in the visible range, where scattering instrumentation and laser light sources are more readily available.
Effects of Negative Information about Aging on Attitudes.

This study investigated the effect of negative information about aging on attitudes. Change in attitudes was predicted by examining the type of attitude. Negative financial information about aging had no effect on mildly negative attitudes toward older adults but significantly lowered optimistic attitudes toward one's own future life as an older adult. When negative information was followed by an overview of facts about aging, attitudes toward older adults and attitudes toward one's own future life improved. The results were predicted using social judgment theory.
Footprint size and cloud-clearing error relationships derived from NAST-I top of the atmosphere radiance measurements

We discuss the relationship between instrument footprint size, field-of-regard sample density, and cloud clearing technique on measured top of the atmosphere radiance error under partly cloudy conditions. The cloud clearing technique (N*) uses the linear relationship between observed radiance and the amount of cloud in a field-of-view. We extrapolate radiance observed for two adjacent fields-of-view possessing differing cloud amounts to the cloud free value (i.e., zero cloud). Options include techniques to compensate for “black” or “gray” clouds, where a single channel N* may not provide adequate spectral correction. Spectrally dependent error statistics are developed from partly cloudy samples of varying footprint size and sample patterns. Data were collected by the NPOESS (National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System) Aircraft Sounding Testbed-Interferometer (NAST-I) flying on the NASA Proteus or ER-2 high altitude research aircraft, and include tropical, temporal and arctic flight sections. Analysis shows that larger sounder footprints contain more cloud contamination and higher cloud clearing errors; these errors can be significantly reduced by techniques that utilize high-spectral and -spatial resolution coincidently collected radiance measurements from sensors like MODIS. Data also indicates that full area sampling results in smaller cloud clearing errors than small footprint sampling on a wider spaced grid.
Multifunctional Materials via Molecular Self-Organization into Liquid-Crystalline Phase

In this paper, we described the synthesis of N,N’-di-(2-ammoniumethyl)perylene- 3,4,9,10-bis(dicarboximide) ditrifluoroacetate (1), an ionic organic compound that self-organized to give chromonic liquid crystals and anisotropic crystals. Using a polymer template with micrometer-scale features to direct the ordered arrangement of 1, patterned structure with micrometer-scale local order was fabricated. The anisotropic (direction-dependent) properties of the crystals and micropatterns of 1 were investigated.
The human serotonin 5-HT2C receptor: complete cDNA, genomic structure, and alternatively spliced variant.

The complete 4775-nt cDNA encoding the human serotonin 5-HT2Creceptor (5-HT2CR), a G-protein-coupled receptor, has been isolated. It contains a 1377-nt coding region flanked by a 728-nt 5′-untranslated region and a 2670-nt 3′-untranslated region. By using the cloned 5-HT2CR cDNA probe, the complete human gene for this receptor has been isolated and shown to contain six exons and five introns spanning at least 230 kb of DNA. The coding region of the human 5-HT2CR gene is interrupted by three introns, and the positions of the intron/exon junctions are conserved between the human and the rodent genes. In addition, an alternatively spliced 5-HT2CR RNA that contains a 95-nt deletion in the region coding for the second intracellular loop and the fourth transmembrane domain of the receptor has been identified. This deletion leads to a frameshift and premature termination so that the short isoform RNA encodes a putative protein of 248 amino acids. The ratio for the short isoform over the 5-HT2CR RNA was found to be higher in choroid plexus tumor than in normal brain tissue, suggesting the possibility of differential regulation of the 5-HT2CR gene in different neural tissues or during tumorigenesis. Transcription of the human 5-HT2CR gene was found to be initiated at multiple sites. No classical TATA-box sequence was found at the appropriate location, and the 5′-flanking sequence contains many potential transcription factor-binding sites. A 7.3-kb 5′-flanking 5-HT2CR DNA directed the efficient expression of a luciferase reporter gene in SK-N-SH and IMR32 neuroblastoma cells, indicating that it contains a functional promoter.
Testosterone Replacement Therapy for Treatment Refractory Cluster Headache

Objectives.—To describe the clinical characteristics and laboratory findings of cluster headache patients whose headaches responded to testosterone replacement therapy. Background.—Current evidence points to hypothalamic dysfunction, with increased metabolic hyperactivity in the region of the suprachiasmatic nucleus, as being important in the genesis of cluster headaches. This is clinically borne out in the circadian and diurnal behavior of these headaches. For years it has been recognized that male cluster headache patients appear overmasculinized. Recent neuroendocrine and sleep studies now point to an association between gonadotropin and corticotropin levels and hypothalamically entrained pineal secretion of melatonin. Results.—Seven male and 2 female patients, seen between July 2004 and February 2005, and between the ages of 32 and 56, are reported with histories of treatment resistant cluster headaches accompanied by borderline low or low serum testosterone levels. The patients failed to respond to individually tailored medical regimens, including melatonin doses of 12 mg a day or higher, high flow oxygen, maximally tolerated verapamil, antiepileptic agents, and parenteral serotonin agonists. Seven of the 9 patients met 2004 International Classification for the Diagnosis of Headache criteria for chronic cluster headaches; the other 2 patients had episodic cluster headaches of several months duration. After neurological and physical examination all patients had laboratory investigations including fasting lipid panel, PSA (where indicated), LH, FSH, and testosterone levels (both free and total). All 9 patients demonstrated either abnormally low or low, normal testosterone levels. After supplementation with either pure testosterone in 5 of 7 male patients or combination testosterone/estrogen therapy in both female patients, the patients achieved cluster headache freedom for the first 24 hours. Four male chronic cluster patients, all with abnormally low testosterone levels, achieved remission. Conclusions.—Abnormal testosterone levels in patients with episodic or chronic cluster headaches refractory to maximal medical management may predict a therapeutic response to testosterone replacement therapy. In the described cases, diurnal variation of attacks, a seasonal cluster pattern, and previous, transient responsiveness to melatonin therapy pointed to the hypothalamus as the site of neurological dysfunction. Prospective studies pairing hormone levels and polysomnographic data are needed.
Conservation status of tigers in a primary rainforest of Peninsular Malaysia

Abstract This study provided the first reliable density estimate of tigers based on photographic capture data in Taman Negara National Park, Peninsular Malaysia's most important conservation area. Estimated densities ( X ± SE ) of adult tigers ranged from 1.10 ± 0.52 to 1.98 ± 0.54 tigers/100 km2 (X2=1.56, df=2, P=0.46) with the overall mean of 1.66 ± 0.21 tigers/100 km2. The tiger population in the 4343-km2 park was estimated to be 68 (95% CI: 52–84) adult tigers. Prey biomass estimates ranged from 266 to 426 kg/km2, and wild boar were the most important potential prey species in terms of abundance, biomass, and occupancy, followed by muntjac. Both tigers and leopards were more diurnal than nocturnal, which corresponded with the activity patterns of wild boar and muntjac. No evidence of poaching of large mammals was found in the 600-km2 study sites and overall human impacts on the tiger–prey community appear to be minimal, but in the long run its viability needs to be evaluated in a greater landscape context.
Production of amylase by Arthrobacter psychrolactophilus

Arthrobacter psychrolactophilus ATCC 700733 grew with a doubling time of 1.5–2.3 h (22°C) and produced up to 0.2 units/mL (soluble starch assay) of extracellular amylase in tryptic soy broth without dextrose (TSBWD) containing 0.5% or 1.0% (w/v) soluble starch or maltose as the fermentable substrate. Time-course experiments in media containing soluble starch as substrate showed that amylolytic activity appeared in cultures at 24 h (after exponential growth had ceased), reached peak levels in 72–96 h, and declined rapidly after reaching peak levels. Peak levels were highest in TSBWD containing 1.0% soluble starch. Proteolytic activity appeared at about the same time as amylolytic activity and increased during the period of amylase production. Significant amylase production was not observed in cultures in TSBWD with 0.5% glucose or in cultures grown at 28°C, but low levels of amylase were observed in TSBWD cultures grown at 19–23°C which contained no added carbohydrate. A single band of activity was observed after electrophoresis of supernatant fractions in non-denaturing gels, followed by in situ staining for amylolytic activity. The amylase possessed a raw starch-binding domain and bound to uncooked corn, wheat or potato starch granules. It was active in the Phadebas assay for α-amylase. Activity was maximum on soluble starch at a temperature between 40°C and 50°C. The amylase after purification by affinity chromatography on raw starch granules exhibited two starch-binding protein bands on SDS gels of 105 kDa and 26 kDa.
Using multi-species surplus production models to estimate ecosystem-level maximum sustainable yields

Abstract We used time series of biomass and catches for the major commercial groundfish stocks in the Eastern Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands region and in the Gulf of Alaska to compute annual surplus production for 1977–2004. Annual surplus production and average annual biomass were aggregated across stocks within each region to examine the relationship between total surplus production and total aggregated biomass. We fit two surplus production models (Graham-Schaefer and Pella-Tomlinson) to the observed relationships to estimate maximum multi-species surplus production (equivalent to maximum sustainable yield) of the groundfish complexes in these ecosystems. Maximum multi-species surplus production was estimated to be approximately 2.5 × 10 6 t in the Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands and 330 × 10 3 t in the Gulf of Alaska. These point estimates were smaller than the sum of single-species MSY proxies from recent stock assessments, and estimates for the Gulf of Alaska were much smaller than earlier estimates that were used to specify optimum yield ranges for the Gulf of Alaska groundfish complex. Therefore, optimum yield ranges for the Gulf of Alaska may need to be re-assessed to reflect more recent conditions. We further estimated the effects of environmental variability on annual surplus production using correlations and generalized surplus production models with environmental covariates. Results suggest that surplus production in the Bering Sea may be lower during conditions associated with the positive phase of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, which is characterized by warmer temperatures, reduced ice, and reduced wind mixing over the shelf. Similarly, surplus production on the Gulf of Alaska shelf was lower during years with warm bottom temperatures coupled with low salinities in late winter. If maximum multi-species surplus production varies as a result of environmental variability, optimum yield ranges for the groundfish complexes in these ecosystems should take such fluctuations into account.
Illiquidity and Earnings Predictability

This paper studies whether illiquidity affects the predictability of fundamental valuation variables. Firm-level, cross-sectional analyses show that returns of illiquid stocks contain less information about their firm's future earnings growth compared to those of more liquid stocks. A natural experiment utilizing an exogenous variation in liquidity amid the reduction of tick size on the NYSE indicates that an improvement in liquidity causes an increase in earnings predictability. At the aggregate level, stock returns contain less information about future growth in aggregate earnings, GNP, and industrial production during illiquid periods. The results highlight the importance of liquidity for forecasting fundamentals and stock-price efficiency.
Inhibition of transcription factor activity by poliovirus

To study the poliovirus-induced inhibition of host-cell RNA synthesis, we prepared transcription extracts from mock-infected and poliovirus-infected HeLa cells. In contrast with the control extracts, poliovirus-infected cell extracts prepared 3 hr after infection were unable to transcribe specifically DNA templates recognized by RNA polymerase II. Accurate transcription by RNA polymerase III, however, was only slightly reduced. Supplementation of the infected cell extract with a crude preparation of transcription factors (S100) restored its ability to transcribe a polymerase II template specifically; supplementation with purified polymerase II had no effect. When the S100 was fractionated on a phosphocellulose column, the restoration activity eluted between 0.35 M and 1 M KCl. When we tested infected extracts for inhibitory activity by mixing uninfected and infected cell extracts, no in vitro inhibition of polymerase II transcription by the uninfected extract was evident. These results indicate that at least one factor required for specific transcription by polymerase II is deficient in extracts from poliovirus-infected cells.
Gestalt-Switching and the Evolutionary Transitions

Formal methods developed for modeling levels of selection problems have recently been applied to the investigation of major evolutionary transitions. We discuss two new tools of this kind. First, the ‘near-variant test’ can be used to compare the causal adequacy of predictively equivalent representations. Second, ‘state-variable gestalt-switching’ can be used to gain a useful dual perspective on evolutionary processes that involve both higher and lower level populations.
Self-aligned S/D regions for InGaAs MOSFETs

Self-aligned access regions for indium gallium arsenide (In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As) n-type metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors suitable for an extremely-thin III-V-on-insulator approach are investigated. Highly doped n+ source/drain regions are selectively grown by metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy and self-aligned Nickel-InGaAs alloyed metal contacts are obtained using a self-aligned silicide-like process, where different process conditions have been studied. Soft pre-epitaxy cleaning is followed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Relevant contact and sheet resistances are measured and integration issues are highlighted.
Experimental perspectives on learning from imbalanced data

We present a comprehensive suite of experimentation on the subject of learning from imbalanced data. When classes are imbalanced, many learning algorithms can suffer from the perspective of reduced performance. Can data sampling be used to improve the performance of learners built from imbalanced data? Is the effectiveness of sampling related to the type of learner? Do the results change if the objective is to optimize different performance metrics? We address these and other issues in this work, showing that sampling in many cases will improve classifier performance.
Variations of the Earth's figure axis from satellite laser ranging and GRACE

[1] Satellite laser ranging (SLR) data were used to determine the variations in the Earth's principal figure axis represented by the degree 2 and order 1 geopotential coefficients: C21 and S21. Significant variations at the annual and Chandler wobble frequencies appear in the SLR time series when the rotational deformation or “pole tides” (i.e., the solid Earth and ocean pole tides) were not modeled. The contribution of the ocean pole tide is estimated to be only ∼8% of the total annual variations in the normalized coefficients: / based on the analysis of SLR data. The amplitude of the nontidal annual variation of is only ∼ 30% of from the SLR time series. The estimates of the annual variation in from SLR, the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and polar motion excitation function, are in a good agreement. The nature of the linear trend for the Earth's figure axis determined by these techniques during the last several years is in general agreement but does not agree as well with results predicted from current glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) models. The “fluid Love number” for the Earth is estimated to be ∼0.9 based on the position of the mean figure axis from the GRACE gravity model GGM03S and the mean pole defined by the IERS 2003 conventions. The estimate of / from GRACE and SLR provides an improved constraint on the relative rotation of the core. The results presented here indicate a possible tilt of the inner core figure axis of ∼2° and ∼3 arc sec displacement for the figure axis of the entire core.
Sensitive broadband SIS receivers for microwave limb sounding

We present the measured performance of a sensitive new broadband waveguide sideband-separating superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS) heterodyne receiver with very wide IF bandwidth that is being developed for a future space-borne microwave limb sounder to study the earthpsilas atmosphere. The prototype receiver has measured noise temperature below 100 K from 190 to 300 GHz, and features 24 GHz of sideband-separated output. Measured sideband image rejection is typically 13 dB. The receiver features a three-section suspended stripline 6-18 GHz quadrature hybrid coupler integrated into the mixer waveguide block to minimize phase errors and standing waves to provide maximum bandwidth and image rejection. The high spectral resolution achieved with heterodyne detection will enable precision measurement of the profiles of pressure-broadened thermal emission spectral lines. Broad instantaneous bandwidth will enable multiple chemical species in the atmosphere to be measured simultaneously without retuning the receiver.
Evaluating the performance of photonic interconnection networks

This paper describes the design and use of the interconnection network simulator (ICNS) framework. ICNS is a modular, object-oriented simulation system that has been developed to investigate performance issues in multiprocessor interconnection networks that exploit photonic technology in their design. We describe the ICNS infrastructure, present two distinct photonic interconnection networks that have been modeled using ICNS, and give performance results for each of these networks.
Effects of Footwear on Measurements of Balance and Gait in Women Between the Ages of 65 and 93 Years

Background and Purpose. Footwear is not consistently standardized in the administration of the Functional Reach Test (FRT), Timed Up & Go Test (TUG), and 10-Meter Walk Test (TMW). This study was conducted to determine whether footwear affected performance on these tests in older women. Subjects. Thirty-five women, aged 65 to 93 years, were recruited from assisted living facilities and retirement communities. Methods. Each subject performed the FRT, TUG, and TMW while wearing walking shoes, wearing dress shoes, and barefooted. Because of space constraints at the facilities where the testing was performed, 22 subjects performed the FRT and TUG on a linoleum floor and 13 subjects performed the tests on a firm, low-pile, carpeted floor. All 35 subjects completed the TMW on a firm, low-pile, carpeted floor. One-way repeated-measures analyses of variance (ANOVAs) and a Tukey Honestly Significant Difference test were used to compare the outcomes for the 3 footwear conditions, with separate ANOVAs conducted for the different floor surfaces for the FRT and TUG. Results. Subjects performed better on the FRT when barefooted or wearing walking shoes compared with when they wore dress shoes, regardless of floor surface. Differences were found among all footwear conditions for the TUG performed on the linoleum floor and for the TMW. For these tests, the women moved fastest in walking shoes, slower barefooted, and slowest wearing dress shoes. Conclusion and Discussion. Footwear should be documented and should remain constant from one test occasion to another when the FRT, TUG, and TMW are used in the clinic and in research. Footwear intervention may improve performance of balance and gait tasks in older women.
Anisotropic grain morphology, crystallographic texture and their implications for flux pinning mechanisms in MgB2 pellets, filaments and thin films

Grain morphology and crystallographic texture were investigated by electron microscopy in four different polycrystalline forms of superconducting MgB2. The materials included a hot-pressed sintered MgB2 pellet, a pellet reacted in situ from Mg and B, an in situ reacted MgB2 filament and a pulsed-laser-deposited thin film grown on a single crystalline [111] oriented SrTiO3 substrate. Thick plate-shaped grains with an aspect ratio of ~3 and large faces parallel to (0001) planes dominated the microstructure in all four types of sample. The intermediate-sized plate-shaped grains (0.1 μm × 0.3 μm on average) in the electromagnetically most homogeneous parts of the hot-pressed pellets were strongly facetted, but not textured. Large (3–5 μm) plate-shaped grains were seen in the pellet reacted directly from stoichiometric Mg and B. A tendency for parallel alignment of the [0001] axes of the considerably larger grains (~0.25 μm × 1 μm) in the filament was observed near its W core, but degradation of this texture away from the core was apparent. The very small grains (~10 nm) of the thin film possessed a well-defined fibre texture with [0001] parallel to the film normal and no preferred orientation in the plane of the film. Electrical resistivity of the finest grain samples was some 103 times higher than the largest grain sample and their critical current density about one order of magnitude higher. We conclude that, in contrast to the cuprate-based high-Tc superconductors, grain boundaries do not limit the critical current density of polycrystalline MgB2 and indeed act as flux-pinning centres, which enhance the critical current density.
Screening for severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia

Screening for severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia is integral to newborn care. Predischarge risk assessment relies on documentation of visual jaundice: age at onset and progression; identification of clinical risk such as late prematurity and bruising; with determination of total bilirubin (blood or transcutaneous assay) adjusted for age in hours. Along with promotion of breastfeeding, coordination between birthing hospital and medically supervised outpatient follow-up, a systems approach allows for a safer and effective means to prevent adverse effects of extreme hyperbilirubinemia.
In vitro propagation of Acer grandidentatum Nutt

Bigtooth maple (Acer grandidentatum) is a promising ornamental tree that is not widely used in managed landscapes. Tissue culture has not been used successfully to propagate this taxon. We cultured single- and double-node explants from greenhouse-grown, 2-y old seedlings of bigtooth maples, which are indigenous to New Mexico, Texas, and Utah, on Murashige–Skoog (MS), Linsmaier–Skoog (LS), Driver–Kuniyuki Walnut (DKW), and Woody Plant (WPM) tissue culture media. Media affected shoot proliferation (P = 0.0242) but the zone of explant origin (P = 0.7594) did not. After four 30-d subcultures, explants on DKW media and WPM media produced 3.6 and 3.5 shoots per explant, respectively. Sprouting rates were highest on DKW, making DKW the best overall media for shoot proliferation. Double-node microshoots were rooted in vitro on DKW containing indole acetic acid (IAA). Microshoots represented six genotypes from three locations within Texas and New Mexico. Rooting percentage increased up to 15% as IAA concentration increased (P = 0.0040). There was 100% survival of rooted microshoots in vented Phytatrays containing one perlite: one peat moss (v/v). We conclude that DKW can be used to proliferate microshoots, and IAA induces rooting in microshoots of bigtooth maple.
Development of a Fluorescence-Based, Ultra High-Throughput Screening Platform for Nanoliter-Scale Cytochrome P450 Microarrays

Cytochrome P450 enzyme (CYP450s) assays are critical enzymes in early-stage lead discovery and optimization in drug development. Currently available fluorescence-based reaction assays provide a rapid and reliable method for monitoring CYP450 enzyme activity but are confined to medium-throughput well-plate systems. The authors present a high-throughput, integrated screening platform for CYP450 assays combining enzyme encapsulation techniques, microarraying methods, and wide-field imaging. Alginate-containing microarrays consisting of up to 1134 CYP450 reaction elements were fabricated on functionalized glass slides (reaction volumes 20 to 80 nL, total enzyme content in pg) and imaged to yield endpoint activity, stability, and kinetic data. A charge-coupled device imager acquired quantitative, high-resolution images of a 20 × 20 mm area/snapshot using custom-built wide-field optics with telecentric lenses and easily interchangeable filter sets. The imaging system offered a broad dynamic intensity range (linear over 3 orders of magnitude) and sensitivity down to fluorochrome quantities of <5 fmols, with read accuracy similar to a laser scanner or a fluorescence plate reader but with higher throughput. Rapid image acquisition enabled analysis of CYP450 kinetics. Fluorogenic assays with CYP3A4, CYP2C9, and CYP2D6 )
Analysis of the log-periodic folded slot array

In recent years then has been significant interest in conformal, low-profile, very wideband antennas. To this end various configurations of log-periodic antenna structures have been developed, mostly consisting of planar logarithmic spirals, toothed planar and wire structures, and the ubiquitous dipole array. Unfortunately, none of these designs easily lend themselves to low-profile, conformal mounting. A log-periodic antenna structure more suited to this type of mounting has been developed by Greiser and is called the log-periodic folded slot array (LPFSA). Accurate knowledge of the radiation patterns and impedance characteristics would facilitate the development and optimization of a design procedure for the LPFSA. The purpose of this investigation is to gain a more complete understanding of the LPFSA, with the goal of developing an optimized design procedure. >
Violence Against Lesbians and Gay Men

Violence Against Lesbians and Gay Men is the first book to reveal the shocking problem of anti-gay/lesbian violence. Beginning with an overview of the emergence of lesbian and gay neighborhoods in major U.S. cities after World War II, Comstock describes how the increased visibility of lesbians and gay men was followed by physical attacks that were illegal but socially sanctioned. He presents results of his survey on present-day violence and then studies the perpetrators, using information supplied by survey participants as well as reports from the media, court records, and personal interviews. Finally, Comstock proposes a sociological explanation for the fact that adolescent males are the group most prone to violence against lesbians and gay men.
A New Low-Temperature Gas Expansion Cycle

In the past decade, experimentation at extremely low temperatures has brought to light several physical phenomena which show considerable promise of practical applications, provided a simple, reliable refrigerator can be developed to maintain the required low temperature. The solid statemaser [1,2], a low-noise microwave amplifier, may require temperatures as low as 1.5°K. Superconductive devices such as the cryotron [3], will probably require temperatures In the vicinity of the boiling point of helium (4.2°K); and there are a variety of infrared detectors which are benefited considerably by cooling below the temperature of liquid air [4]. A refrigeration system of the required simplicity and with sufficient flexibility to meet the broad spectrum of foreseeable applications will necessarily be based on a closed-cycle, adiabatic-expansion system using helium gas as the refrigerant. The use of helium is inevitable because it is the only substance which remains fluid at the lower temperatures, and it is highly desirable to have a closed-cycle device because of the necessity of conserving helium. Finally, it is necessary to use adiabatic expansion because Joule-Thomson expansion does not result in cooling of helium gas until the gas is first cooled to below 30°K by some other means.
Effects of high‐temperature treatments on development, viability, and heat‐shock response in a temperature‐sensitive cell‐lethal mutant of Drosophila melanogaster

Pulses of various durations at temperatures between 29 and 38°C were applied to developing larvae of Drosophila melanogaster carrying the temperature-sensitive cell-lethal mutation 1 (1)ts726. The results show that it is not possible to reduce the time required for the induction of abnormalities in the mutant by treating larvae with heat pulses at temperatures higher than 29°C. Instead, treatment with high temperature leads to fewer abnormalities than 29°C treatments. Furthermore with high temperature treatments, the mutation has less effect on viability than is seen at 29°C. It is suggested that 1 (1)ts726 leads to abnormalities and death by a temperature-induced imbalance between different physiological or development events, rather than by interfering with the ability of the cell or the organism to withstand high temperature in general.
Analyzing and Detecting Review Spam

Mining of opinions from product reviews, forum posts and blogs is an important research topic with many applications. However, existing research has been focused on extraction, classification and summarization of opinions from these sources. An important issue that has not been studied so far is the opinion spam or the trustworthiness of online opinions. In this paper, we study this issue in the context of product reviews. To our knowledge, there is still no published study on this topic, although Web page spam and email spam have been investigated extensively. We will see that review spam is quite different from Web page spam and email spam, and thus requires different detection techniques. Based on the analysis of 5.8 million reviews and 2.14 million reviewers from amazon.com, we show that review spam is widespread. In this paper, we first present a categorization of spam reviews and then propose several techniques to detect them.
Analysis of a femoral hip prosthesis designed to reduce stress shielding

The natural stress distribution in the femur is significantly altered after total hip arthroplasty (THA). When an implant is introduced, it will carry a portion of the load, causing a reduction of stress in some regions of the remaining bone. This phenomenon is commonly known as stress shielding. In response to the changed mechanical environment the shielded bone will remodel according to Wolff's law, resulting in a loss of bone mass through the biological process called resorption. Resorption can, in turn, cause or contribute to loosening of the prosthesis. The problem is particularly common among younger THA recipients. This study explores the hypothesis that through redesign, a total hip prosthesis can be developed to substantially reduce stress shielding. First, we describe the development of a new femoral hip prosthesis designed to alleviate this problem through a new geometry and system of proximal fixation. A numerical comparison with a conventional intramedullary prosthesis as well as another proximally fixed prosthesis, recently developed by Munting and Verhelpen (1995. Journal of Biomechanics 28(8), 949-961) is presented. The results show that the new design produces a more physiological stress state in the proximal femur.
Modulation Effects in Multiple Electron Resonance Spectroscopy

In the broadest sense, modulation effects can be considered to represent those perturbations or influences on spectroscopic line shapes that arise either (1) from applied coherent (frequency, amplitude, or phase) modulation of the electromagnetic radiation incident upon the sample or modulation of the energy levels (resonance condition) as found, for example, with Stark modulation in microwave spectroscopy(1–6) or Zeeman modulation in magnetic resonance(7–19) or (2) from modulation of the populations of energy levels or of the phase coherence of precessing electric or magnetic dipoles arising from stochastic lattice fluctuations.(19–28) Thus, modulation effects can be classified as either applied and coherent or as molecular and stochastic. Earlier in this volume, Freed has discussed the effects of stochastic lattice fluctuations upon electron and nuclear spin relaxation rates and hence upon magnetic resonance and multiple magnetic resonance line shapes. While we shall explicitly consider both types of modulation effects, we shall do so from the standpoint of examining the importance of applied coherent modulation in determining magnetic resonance and multiple resonance responses. There are three aspects to the utilization of coherent modulation and accompanying phase-sensitive detection
Marineland Aircraft Observations of L-Band Radar Backscatter Dependence upon Wind Direction

Radar observations of the ocean during the Marineland Experiment have been examined to establish whether L-band backscatter varies with surface wind direction. This complements recent aircraft and SEASAT observations which indicate that L-band backscatter from the ocean at angles of incidence near 20° varies as the square root of the wind speed. The Marineland data are particularly well suited for this since flights over instrumented surface sites were conducted in a number of directions for several different days.
Hybrid-LSH for Spatio-Textual Similarity Queries

Locality Sensitive Hashing (LSH) is a popular method for high dimensional indexing and search over large datasets. However, little efforts have put forward to utilizing LSH in mobile applications for processing spatio-textual similarity queries, such as find nearby shopping centers that have a top ranked hair salon. In this paper, we present hybrid-LSH, a new LSH method for indexing data objects according to both their spatial location and their keyword similarity. Our hybrid-LSH approach has two salient features: First our hybrid-LSH carefully combines the spatial location based LSH and textual similarity based LSH to ensure the correctness of the spatial and textual similarity based NN queries. Second, we present an adaptive query-processing model to address the fixed range problem of traditional LSH and to handle queries with varying ranges effectively. Extensive experiments conducted on both synthetic and real datasets validate the efficiency of our hybrid LSH method.
Turnitin Systems: A Deterrent to Plagiarism in College Classrooms

Computer technology and the Internet now make plagiarism an easier enterprise. As a result, faculty must be more diligent in their efforts to mitigate the practice of academic integrity, and institutions of higher education must provide the leadership and support to ensure the context for it. This study explored the use of a plagiarism detection system to deter digital plagiarism. Findings suggest that when students were aware that their work would be run through a detection system, they were less inclined to plagiarize. These findings suggest that, regardless of class standing, gender, and college major, recognition by the instructor of the nature and extent of the plagiarism problem and acceptance of responsibility for deterring it are pivotal in reducing the problem.
Superinfection of Aedes togoi with Brugia malayi.

Aedes togoi were fed on a cat with a moderate microfilaremia of Brugia malayi. Significantly greater numbers of infective B. malayi larvae were recovered from mosquitoes which had been permitted 2 spaced infective blood meals than from mosquitoes fed only once.
Incorporation of structural health monitoring data on load effects in the reliability and redundancy assessment of ship cross-sections using Bayesian updating

This article presents an approach for improving the accuracy in the reliability and redundancy assessment of ship cross-sections by using the Bayesian updating method. The vertical bending moments associated with ultimate failure and first failure for a given ship cross-section are evaluated using an optimization-based method and the progressive collapse method, respectively. The prior information on the wave-induced load effects is calculated based on the linear theory. Having extracted the hogging and sagging peaks from the low-frequency structural health monitoring signals, the Bayesian method is used to update the Rayleigh-distributed prior load effects. The original and updated reliability and redundancy indexes of the ship cross-sections are evaluated, and the results are displayed in polar plots.
Nature and Provenance of Red Pipestone from the Wittrock Site (130B4), Northwest Iowa

Five pipestone specimens from the Wittrock Mill Creek culture site were evaluated by x-ray powder diffraction analysis. While their mineral compositions were very similar to one another, they are not among the varieties of “catlinite” pipestone types occurring at Pipestone National Monument, a commonly assumed source of all pipestone. Pipestone types like the Wittrock specimens were found in outcrop and cores from south central Minnesota.Because several pipestone samples from abandoned river-terrace gravel quarries and gravel bars immediately adjacent to the site produced the same kaolinite-rich quartzose variety of pipestone materials recovered archaeologically, the conclusion is that the Wittrock Village inhabitants obtained pipestone raw materials locally.These results are discussed with respect to resolution of archaeological problems not the least being when prehistoric groups abandoned the use of local source materials in favor of “catlinite” materials now exposed at Pipestone National Monument.