cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparative Performance and Cost Assessments of Coal- and Natural-Gas-Fired Power Plants under a CO2 Emission Performance Standard Regulation

State and federal governments are considering performance standards to limit carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from new fossil-fuel-fired electric-generating units. This study employs a newly develope...
Caste in Steel: Jim Crow Careers in Birmingham, Alabama

Clarence Dean started as a "scrapper" at the Sloss-Sheffield Steel and Iron Company in Birmingham, Alabama, in 1933. For twelve hours each day, Dean, a wiry eighteen-year-old, directed the flow of molten iron as it poured out of a blast furnace and ran down a trough into pig-iron molds. "It was a man-killer," he said later, referring to the 150-degree temperatures around the blast furnace. "You'd be wet from the time you hit the clock." But the heat bothered Dean less than the job discrimination in the furnace department. He was promoted to "lineman," the worker who put the iron into the pig molds, and years later to "troughman," but he stopped there in the department's ultimate "black" job. Dean coveted the position of "iron pourer," leader of the furnace crew. "The iron pourer was a white man's job," he later explained. 1 He pursued the job. "What about me trying out on pouring iron?" Dean asked his supervisors. "We ain't going to give niggers no white folks' jobs," they replied. Through the years Dean trained white workers to be iron pourers. "They'd tell me, 'Clarence, take care of Mr. Sam, take care of Mr. Robert."' In the early 1960s he confronted his boss with the federal government's new order against job discrimination. "You got to give me a chance on that iron pouring job," Dean said to the superintendent. "I run this place; you do what I say," the superintendent answered. "I am the senior man around here," Dean continued; "I say you ought to give me a break on this iron pouring." The superintendent responded angrily, "I'm going to tell you right now: I ain't going to give none of you niggers these white folks' jobs." But not long afterward the superintendent's assistant took Dean aside and offered him the job. "The superintendent said ain't no nigger going to get no white man's job," Dean reminded. "It's been a change," the assistant superintendent admitted.2
Update on Novel Drugs for Primary Care Practice: Drugs Approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 2015

This Update discusses 5 novel drugs approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 2015 that have generated interest in the medical and lay 38 communities and have the greatest potential to c...
The efficacy of attention bias modification therapy in cocaine use disorders

ABSTRACTBackground: Attentional bias (i.e., differences in reaction time between drug and neutral cues) has been associated with a variety of drug-use behaviors (e.g., craving, abstinence). Reduction of bias may ultimately reduce use. Objective: The current study examined whether attentional bias modification therapy (ABMT) reduced the frequency of drug use behaviors in individuals with cocaine use disorder (CUD). Method: Participants (n = 37) were randomly assigned to ABMT or control therapy, which systematically varied how frequently probes replaced neutral (ABMT = 100%; control therapy = 50%) relative to drug stimuli. Each intervention included 5 training sessions comprising a total of 2640 trials over 4 weeks. Clinical assessments occurred at baseline, post-intervention, 2 weeks and 3 months posttreatment. Results: There were no baseline differences between groups on drug-use behaviors or other clinical measures. Contrary to predictions, both groups exhibited slower rather than faster reaction times f...
Ethics in science: ecotoxicology

Predictive ecotoxicology emphasizes the probable environmental outcome of exposure to toxics, rather than the mere appraisal of existing damage, and in so doing raises some complex but interesting ethical issues. Awareness of endocrine-disrupting chemicals is blurring the line between humankind and other life forms in toxicity testing by providing evidence that both humans and wildlife suffer adverse reproductive and developmental effect. There is a wide variety of chemicals that have been reported as potential endocrine disruptors. Finally, with the increasing loss of wildlife habitat, protecting the quality and ultimate fate of the remaining habitat from the effects of toxic sub- stances becomes increasingly important to the moral quest for sustainable use of the planet.
Subtle Modulation of Cu4X4L2 Phosphine Cluster Cores Leads to Changes in Luminescence.

A series of Cu4X4(PPh2py)2 compounds (X = Cl (1), Br (2), I (3), PPh2py = 2-(diphenylphosphino)pyridine) were prepared and characterized using X-ray crystallography, NMR, UV–vis, and luminescence spectroscopy. The copper chloride and bromide clusters have Cu4X4 octahedral cores while the copper iodide clusters contain an unprecedented butterfly shaped core. Crystallization of the copper bromide and iodide clusters from the appropriate solvent produced the solvates 2·2CH2Cl2, 2·2CHCl3, and 3·0.5CH2Cl2 where the presence of the lattice solvate influences the overall structural properties. Using TD-DFT calculations, the emission was assigned to a mixed metal- and halide-to-ligand charge transfer, (M + X)LCT. Subtle differences in the copper core geometry and μ-halide bonding perturb the emissions of these copper(I) halide clusters.
Protection of children from seasonal nutritional stress in an Andean agricultural community.

Patterns of seasonal variation in energy intake among small scale farmers (n = 112 individuals) of the highland community of Nunoa, Peru are examined. Marked seasonal fluctuations in energy consumption are demonstrated with average daily energy intakes being lowest during the last few months before harvest (January-April) when locally produced foods are in shortest supply. However, seasonal energy reduction does not affect all sectors of the population equally. Children (aged 12 years and under) show the least seasonal change in energy intake and appear to be protected from energy stress during the pre-harvest period. This pattern contradicts the generally held view that children are most severely affected under conditions of food scarcity because resources must be preferentially allocated to adult males. Hence, these results emphasize the need to examine further variation in responses to nutritional stress among human populations. It appears that such variation may be dependent upon (1) the nature of the subsistence economy, and (2) aspects of division of labour within populations.
Solver, Scenarios, and Goal Seek Tools

Chapters 1 through 8 have introduced us to some very powerful tools for formulating, solving, and analyzing complex problems. From the seemingly endless array of cell functions, to the sorting, filtering, and querying, to PivotTable and PivotChart reports, to the Data Analysis tools, there seems to be a tool for almost every analytical need. Yet, still there are a number we have not exercised; in particular, the optimization tool Solver. Solver permits us to utilize a problem structure known as constrained optimization. Decision makers can search for a best solution for some desired objective under constrained conditions. We will learn more about this prescriptiveanalysis procedure later in this chapter.
Ischemia/reperfusion-induced alterations of enzymatic and signaling functions of the rat cardiac Na+/K+-ATPase: protection by ouabain preconditioning.

Cardiac glycosides (CG) are traditionally known as positive cardiac inotropes that inhibit Na+/K+‐ATPase‐dependent ion transport. CG also trigger‐specific signaling pathways through the cardiac Na+/K+‐ATPase, with beneficial effects in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury (e.g., ouabain preconditioning, known as OPC) and hypertrophy. Our current understanding of hypersensitivity to CG and subsequent toxicity in the ischemic heart is mostly based on specific I/R‐induced alterations of the Na+/K+‐ATPase enzymatic function and has remained incomplete. The primary goal of this study was to investigate and compare the impact of I/R on Na+/K+‐ATPase enzymatic and signaling functions. Second, we assessed the impact of OPC on both functions. Langendorff‐perfused rat hearts were exposed to 30 min of ischemia and 30 min of reperfusion. At the inotropic concentration of 50 μmol/L, ouabain increased ERK and Akt phosphorylation in control hearts. In I/R hearts, this concentration did not induced positive inotropy and failed to induce Akt or ERK phosphorylation. The inotropic response to dobutamine as well as insulin signaling persisted, suggesting specific alterations of Na+/K+‐ATPase. Indeed, Na+/K+‐ATPase protein expression was intact, but the enzyme activity was decreased by 60% and the enzymatic function of the isoform with high affinity for ouabain was abolished following I/R. Strikingly, OPC prevented all I/R‐induced alterations of the receptor. Further studies are needed to reveal the respective roles of I/R‐induced modulations of Na+/K+‐ATPase enzymatic and signaling functions in cardiomyocyte death.
High efficiency hydrodynamic chromatography in micro- and sub-micrometer deep channels using an on-chip pressure-generation unit.

Abstract In this article, we report the development of a microchip based hydrodynamic chromatographic device that has an integrated pressure-generation unit to drive the mobile phase during the separation process. The pressure-gradient in this system was realized through introduction of a mismatch in electroosmotic flow rate at the junction of two glass channel segments with different depths as has been previously reported by our research group. A fraction of the resulting pressure-driven flow was then guided into an analysis channel to enable the size-based particle separations. The reported device allowed the realization of hydrodynamic chromatography in both micro- and sub-micrometer deep analysis channels as experiments showed the noted approach to yield pressure-driven velocities in our system that were nearly unaffected upon scaling down the depth of the entire fluidic network. Separations with plate numbers in the range of 500–2000 plates/mm were realized in a 3 cm long analysis column for a mixture of 25, 100 and 250 nm diameter polystyrene beads with analysis times as short as 12 s. The noted separation efficiency exceeds those previously reported in the literature for hydrodynamic chromatographic analysis performed on microchips likely due to a faster mass transfer across the channel cross-section as well as narrower band injections in our assays.
Low glucose stress decreases cellular NADH and mitochondrial ATP in colonic epithelial cancer cells: Influence of mitochondrial substrates

In this study, we investigated how colonic epithelial cells maintained pyridine nucleotide (NADH/NAD+) redox homeostasis upon acute metabolic variation imposed by glucose deprivation or supplementation with mitochondrial substrates, succinate and malate/glutamate (M/G). Our results showed that low glucose caused cellular NADH/NAD+ redox imbalance that diminished lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and resulted in lower lactate contents. The concurrent activation of malic enzyme (ME) suggested a role for malate in preserving cellular pyruvate that remained unchanged at low glucose. Mitochondrial substrates restored cellular NADH/NAD+ redox homeostasis at low glucose in association with specific compartmental catabolism of mitochondrial substrates. As compared with normal glucose, M/G and low glucose promoted glycolytic ATP production but inhibited mitochondrial-derived ATP generation in association with decreased glucose availability for mitochondrial respiration. At normal glucose, succinate and M/G enhanced mitochondrial respiratory activity, but had minimal impact on mitochondrial-derived ATP production. Collectively, these results are consistent with low glucose-induced NADH/NAD+ redox imbalance in association with decreased aerobic glycolysis that is reversed by supplementation with M/G but not succinate.
Putting Public Back into Speaking: A Challenge for Forensics

Contest persuasion potentially offers students a life-service by imbuing them with the skills and experience to argue effectively in contexts beyond the tournament setting. Unfortunately, current c...
Pooled Clustering of High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer Gene Expression Leads to Novel Consensus Subtypes Associated with Survival and Surgical Outcomes.

Purpose: Here we assess whether molecular subtyping identifies biological features of tumors that correlate with survival and surgical outcomes of high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). Experimental Design: Consensus clustering of pooled mRNA expression data from over 2,000 HGSOC cases was used to define molecular subtypes of HGSOCs. This de novo classification scheme was then applied to 381 Mayo Clinic HGSOC patients with detailed survival and surgical outcome information. Results: Five molecular subtypes of HGSOC were identified. In the pooled dataset, three subtypes were largely concordant with prior studies describing proliferative, mesenchymal, and immunoreactive tumors (concordance > 70%), and the group of tumors previously described as differentiated type was segregated into two new types, one of which (anti-mesenchymal) had downregulation of genes that were typically upregulated in the mesenchymal subtype. Molecular subtypes were significantly associated with overall survival (P 28% in other subtypes; P = 0.02). Conclusions: HGSOC tumors may be categorized into five molecular subtypes that associate with overall survival and the extent of residual disease following debulking surgery. Because mesenchymal tumors may have features that were associated with less favorable surgical outcome, molecular subtyping may have future utility in guiding neoadjuvant treatment decisions for women with HGSOC. Clin Cancer Res; 23(15); 4077–85. ©2017 AACR.
Research Methods for Studying Narrative Identity: A Primer

This article provides a primer for researchers seeking an introduction to quantitative narrative research methods. It represents a consensus document of most common practices used by the coauthors. Key elements of conducting narrative research (e.g., asking narrative questions, designing narrative prompts, collecting narratives, coding narratives) are discussed along with limitations to this approach and future directions.
Air Emission Reduction Benefits of Biogas Electricity Generation at Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants.

Conventional processes for municipal wastewater treatment facilities are energy and materially intensive. This work quantifies the air emission implications of energy consumption, chemical use, and direct pollutant release at municipal wastewater treatment facilities across the U.S. and assesses the potential to avoid these damages by generating electricity and heat from the combustion of biogas produced during anaerobic sludge digestion. We find that embedded and on-site air emissions from municipal wastewater treatment imposed human health, environmental, and climate (HEC) damages on the order of $1.63 billion USD in 2012, with 85% of these damages attributed to the estimated consumption of 19 500 GWh of electricity by treatment processes annually, or 0.53% of the US electricity demand. An additional 11.8 million tons of biogenic CO2 are directly emitted by wastewater treatment and sludge digestion processes currently installed at plants. Retrofitting existing wastewater treatment facilities with anaero...
Turbulent Transport and Refractive Index Structure Immediately Above the Air-Sea Interface

In order to study the structure of the radio refractive index n in the maritime atmosphere (since the refractivity Open image in new window depends on pressure, temperature, and moisture according to (Bean and Dutton, 1966) $$N = 77.6p/T\left( {1 + 4810e/T} \right) = 77.6p/T\left( {1 + 7.773q/T} \right),$$ where p is total air pressure in mb, T is temperature in oK, e is partial pressure of water vapor in mb, and q is specific humidity in 9/kg) it is necessary to examine the mechanisms that give rise to the distributions of pressure, temperature, and humidity, both in the mean and from instant to instant.Refraction, determined by the gradient of mean refractive index, depends upon P’ T, and q. Therefore, the mean profiles of pressure, temperature, and specific humidity are required.
Comparative Aspects of Stable Population Models

In Chapter Two the fundamental premises of stable population theory, as well as the other foundations for respective stable models, were introduced. The models were of two basic types: discrete time models, and the continuous model. The two discrete time models illustrated were the recursive or finite difference model as discussed in Chapter Three, and the matrix model as discussed in Chapter Five. The continuous model was discussed in Chapter Four, and an alternate approach to this model is given as an appendix. It is now the intent to consolidate these models by highlighting their similarities and their differences.
Supporting representation construction in sensemaking

This study investigates how people construct representations in sensemaking tasks and explores the design space of systems supporting representation construction. Russell et al (1993) defined sensemaking as a process that searches for appropriate representation to answer task-specific questions. Their approach brought representation into the center of sensemaking research. My research follows this representational approach, narrowing it down to the construction of external and explicit representations in the sensemaking process because these representations provide a medium for people and computer systems to access and interact with the sensemaking process. The research approach is to interlace theoretical analyses and behavioral studies with system design and development in a spiraling process towards greater understanding of and effective support for sensemaking activities. The research starts with the examination of existing sensemaking theories, which lead to the development of a pilot sensemaking supporting system. Using this pilot system, a behavioral study was conducted to investigate representation construction in the early stage of sensemaking. Design implications were drawn from this experiment. Then a preliminary design space of systems supporting structure finding and exploration on the web was laid out. A system framework was proposed and a prototype was implemented. The system prototype provides a platform for further explorations in the design space and for further behavioral studies. This study finds that people not only get ideas for structuring representation from their existing knowledge, but also from the outside information world. Representation construction and information seeking are closely coupled in the process. The findings suggest important revisions of previous sensemaking theories and new opportunities for system design. A system framework is then proposed to help people locate and explore websites with high probabilities of containing useful structures. Many theoretic and design problems are identified for future exploration.
Masculinities and Femininities

Masculinities and femininities refer to the social roles, behaviors, and meanings prescribed for men and women in any society at any time. Such normative gender ideologies must be distinguished from biological ‘sex,’ and must be understood to be plural as there is no single definition for all men and all women. Masculinities and femininities are structured and expressed through other axes of identity such as class, race, ethnicity, age, and sexuality. Thus some definitions are held up as the hegemonic versions, against which others are measured. Gender ideologies are more than properties of individuals; masculinities and femininities are also institutionally organized and elaborated and experienced through interactions.
Genetic Mapping of Sheath Blight Resistance QTLs within Tropical Japonica Rice Cultivars

Most commercial cultivars of rice (Oryza sativa L.) are susceptible to sheath blight (SB), a devastating fungal disease causing signifi cant losses in grain yield and quality. There are limited sources of genetic resistance adapted to U.S. growing conditions, and no commercial long grain cultivar of rice is currently available in the United States with a high level of SB resistance. Sheath blight resistance has been reported to be horizontal and quantitative. A population of 279 F 2:3 progeny rows derived from a cross between two tropical japonica U.S. rice cultivars, Rosemont (semi-dwarf, SB susceptible) and Pecos (tall, SB resistant), was used to map SB resistance. Progeny families were evaluated for disease reactions, plant height (PH), and heading date (HD) in replicated fi eld trials for 2 yr and genotyped with 149 simple sequence repeat markers. Correlation analysis between SB ratings with PH and HD showed that both agronomic traits were signifi cantly correlated with SB resistance. Four signifi cant (logarithm of odds ratio ≥ 3.6) quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were identifi ed for SB resistance, with individual effects explaining 5.6 to 33.4% of the total phenotypic variation. Plant height appears to have a direct infl uence on SB resistance, with QTLs for these traits colocated on chromosome 1. Consistent results across years indicate the stability of the identifi ed QTLs and their potential for improving rice SB resistance using marker-assisted selection.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Expectations of Parenthood and Children's Development.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may increase the risk of adverse parenting-related outcomes. Research has not determined if PTSD symptoms correspond with more negative expectations of parenthood and unrealistic beliefs regarding children's developmental milestones. Negative and unrealistic preparenthood and developmental expectations are tied to problematic parenting-related outcomes; thus, these beliefs are important to examine within the context of PTSD. The aim of the current study was to examine whether PTSD is related to negative parenthood expectations as well as more unrealistic perceptions of children's development. Included in the study were 368 trauma-exposed adults who had yet to become parents (Mage = 25.92 years, SD = 7.11; 68.2% female; 63.8% White). Structural equation modeling (SEM) revealed that probable PTSD was associated with more negative parenting expectations, βs = -.08--.16. Alterations in cognitions and mood were associated with more negative perceptions of parenthood, βs = .10--.31. However, higher levels of intrusion symptoms were related to more positive expectations of parenthood and more realistic development expectations, βs = .17-.25. The data were a satisfactory fit for the model. Thus, PTSD may be relevant in understanding perceptions of parenthood, which may be important to address and ultimately improve parenting outcomes among parents with PTSD.
Deep Learning to Assess Long-term Mortality From Chest Radiographs.

Importance Chest radiography is the most common diagnostic imaging test in medicine and may also provide information about longevity and prognosis. Objective To develop and test a convolutional neural network (CNN) (named CXR-risk) to predict long-term mortality, including noncancer death, from chest radiographs. Design, Setting, and Participants In this prognostic study, CXR-risk CNN development (n = 41 856) and testing (n = 10 464) used data from the screening radiography arm of the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial (PLCO) (n = 52 320), a community cohort of asymptomatic nonsmokers and smokers (aged 55-74 years) enrolled at 10 US sites from November 8, 1993, through July 2, 2001. External testing used data from the screening radiography arm of the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) (n = 5493), a community cohort of heavy smokers (aged 55-74 years) enrolled at 21 US sites from August 2002, through April 2004. Data analysis was performed from January 1, 2018, to May 23, 2019. Exposure Deep learning CXR-risk score (very low, low, moderate, high, and very high) based on CNN analysis of the enrollment radiograph. Main Outcomes and Measures All-cause mortality. Prognostic value was assessed in the context of radiologists’ diagnostic findings (eg, lung nodule) and standard risk factors (eg, age, sex, and diabetes) and for cause-specific mortality. Results Among 10 464 PLCO participants (mean [SD] age, 62.4 [5.4] years; 5405 men [51.6%]; median follow-up, 12.2 years [interquartile range, 10.5-12.9 years]) and 5493 NLST test participants (mean [SD] age, 61.7 [5.0] years; 3037 men [55.3%]; median follow-up, 6.3 years [interquartile range, 6.0-6.7 years]), there was a graded association between CXR-risk score and mortality. The very high-risk group had mortality of 53.0% (PLCO) and 33.9% (NLST), which was higher compared with the very low-risk group (PLCO: unadjusted hazard ratio [HR], 18.3 [95% CI, 14.5-23.2]; NLST: unadjusted HR, 15.2 [95% CI, 9.2-25.3]; bothP Conclusions and Relevance In this study, the deep learning CXR-risk score stratified the risk of long-term mortality based on a single chest radiograph. Individuals at high risk of mortality may benefit from prevention, screening, and lifestyle interventions.
Impact of Deposition of ITO on Tunnel Oxide Passivating Poly-Si Contact

In this study, we investigate the impact of the deposition of indium tin oxide (ITO) via DC magnetron sputtering on tunnel oxide passivating poly-Si contacts. Before ITO deposition to the tunnel SiO x passivating n+ poly-Si rear-contact on the cell structure with an SiN x /Al2O 3 passivating boron emitter, the implied open-circuit voltage (iV oc ) and implied fill factor (iFF) were measured to be 694±10 mV and 83±0.6%, respectively. After ITO sputtering and curing annealing, the iV oc and iFF were almost fully recovered, resulting in the iVoc of 685±11 mV and iFF of 81.9±0.8%. The characteristic of fully recovered effective lifetime is attributed to unique sputtering conditions employing a very low power density at room temperature and curing.
The Excitatory Effects of GABA within the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus: Regulation of Na-K-2Cl Cotransporters (NKCCs) by Environmental Lighting Conditions:

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) contains a pacemaker that generates circadian rhythms and entrains them with the 24-h light-dark cycle (LD). The SCN is composed of 16,000 to 20,000 heterogeneous neurons in bilaterally paired nuclei. γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) is the primary neurochemical signal within the SCN and plays a key role in regulating circadian function. While GABA is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, there is now evidence that GABA can also exert excitatory effects in the adult brain. Cation chloride cotransporters determine the effects of GABA on chloride equilibrium, thereby determining whether GABA produces hyperpolarizing or depolarizing actions following activation of GABAA receptors. The activity of Na-K-2Cl cotransporter1 (NKCC1), the most prevalent chloride influx cotransporter isoform in the brain, plays a critical role in determining whether GABA has depolarizing effects. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that NKCC1 protein expression in the SCN is regulated by environmental lighting and displays daily and circadian changes in the intact circadian system of the Syrian hamster. In hamsters housed in constant light (LL), the overall NKCC1 immunoreactivity (NKCC1-ir) in the SCN was significantly greater than in hamsters housed in LD or constant darkness (DD), although NKCC1 protein levels in the SCN were not different between hamsters housed in LD and DD. In hamsters housed in LD cycles, no differences in NKCC1-ir within the SCN were observed over the 24-h cycle. NKCC1 protein in the SCN was found to vary significantly over the circadian cycle in hamsters housed in free-running conditions. Overall, NKCC1 protein was greater in the ventral SCN than in the dorsal SCN, although no significant differences were observed across lighting conditions or time of day in either subregion. These data support the hypothesis that NKCC1 protein expression can be regulated by environmental lighting and circadian mechanisms within the SCN.
Chemically coded transmitter systems.

Publisher Summary The chemical vocabulary of interneuronal communication resides in at least three specifiable variables: the transmitter molecules that neurons secrete, the temporal and spatial domains over which interconnected cells can regulate each other, and the resultant intracellular conditions imposed by these signals on their targets. Present data indicate that molecules acting as neurotransmitters fall into three chemical classes: amino acids, amino acid derivatives, and peptides. Neuronal systems chemically coded by their transmitter substance exist within all structurally distinguishable classes of neuronal circuits. Characterization of chemical signals in the brain thus requires consideration of all three domains. The intracellular conditions imposed by the actions of transmitters on their target cells may provide the basis for a logic of intercellular operations that organizes individual neurons into responsive ensembles to produce phenomena recognizable as behavior. The ever-lengthening list of neuron-produced chemical signals allows ample possibilities for integrating time, space, and modality for rapid processing of biological information.
Defects in additive manufactured metals and their effect on fatigue performance: A state-of-the-art review

Abstract Additive manufacturing (AM) is emerging as an alternative to conventional subtractive manufacturing methods with the goal to deliver unique and complex net or near-net shaped parts. AM components should operate under various loading conditions, from static to complex dynamic multiaxial loadings, therefor, fatigue performance is often a key consideration. Intrinsic AM defects such as Lack of Fusion (LOF) defects, porosities, and un-melted particles are important for fatigue as a local phenomenon which usually starts at stress concentrations. Defects can be minimized by process optimization and/or post-processing but may not be fully eliminated. Full-scale testing, which is typically very costly and often necessary to assess reliability for fatigue performance of safety critical components, could be reduced by robust analytical fatigue performance prediction techniques. This work reviews the literature on the influential microstructural attributes on fatigue performance of AM parts with a focus on generated defects. This includes AM defect characterization and statistical analysis methods, as well as effect of process parameters and post-processing on defects, and consequently fatigue performance. The review also includes defect-based, microstructure-sensitive, and multiscale models proposed in the literature for modeling the effect of defects on fatigue performance and provides an outlook for additional research needed.
OSiRIS: A Distributed Storage and Networking Project Update

We report on the status of the OSiRIS project (NSF Award #1541335, UM, IU, MSU and WSU) after its fourth year. OSiRIS is delivering a distributed Ceph storage infrastructure coupled together with software-defined networking to support multiple science domains across Michigan’s three largest research universities as well as the Van Andel Institute. The project’s goal is to provide a single scalable, distributed storage infrastructure that allows researchers at each campus to work collaboratively with other researchers across campus or across institutions. The NSF CC*DNI DIBBs program which funded OSiRIS is seeking solutions to the challenges of multi-institutional collaborations involving large amounts of data and we are exploring the creative use of Ceph and networking to address those challenges. We will present details on the current status of the project and its various science domain users and use-cases. In the presentation we will cover the various design choices, configuration and the tuning and operational challenges we have encountered in providing a multiinstitutional Ceph deployment interconnected by a monitored, programmable network fabric. We will conclude with our plans for the final year of the project and its longer term outlook.
The balance between toxic versus nontoxic microRNAs determines platinum sensitivity in ovarian cancer

Numerous micro(mi)RNAs (short noncoding RNAs that negatively regulate gene expression) have been linked to platinum (Pt) sensitivity and resistance in ovarian cancer (OC). miRNA activity occurs when the guide strand of the miRNA, with its seed sequence (pos. 2-7/8), is loaded into the RNA induced silencing complex (RISC) and targets complementary short seed matches in the 39 untranslated region of mRNAs. Toxic seeds, targeting genes critical for cancer cell survival, have been found in tumor suppressive miRNAs. Many si- and shRNAs can also kill cancer cells via toxic seeds, the most toxic carrying G-rich 6mer seed sequences. We now show that treatment of OC cells with Pt leads to an increase in RISC-bound miRNAs carrying toxic 6mer seeds and a decrease in miRNAs with nontoxic seeds. Pt-resistant cells did not exhibit this toxicity shift but retained sensitivity to cell death mediated by siRNAs carrying toxic 6mer seeds. Analysis of RISC-bound miRNAs in OC patients revealed that the ratio between miRNAs with toxic versus miRNAs with nontoxic seeds was predictive of treatment outcome. Application of the 6mer seed toxicity concept to cancer relevant miRNAs provides a new framework for understanding and predicting cancer therapy responses.
Prodromal Dementia With Lewy Bodies: Evolution of Symptoms and Predictors of Dementia Onset.

Background:Research criteria for prodromal dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) were published in 2020, but little is known regarding prodromal DLB in clinical settings.Methods:We identified non-demente...
Reinforcement enhancement by nicotine: A novel abuse-liability assessment of e-cigarettes in young adults.

Nicotine can act as a primary positive reinforcer, and as negative reinforcer to relieve withdrawal; we tested whether it can also enhance the reinforcing efficacy of non-drug reinforcers. Young-adult never-users were delivered nicotine via e-cigarette, and a videogame reinforcer was used to test nicotine enhancement. Three dose groups were tested (placebo-only, 6 or 12-mg nicotine), and participants returned to the lab for several sessions over the course of 1 month. Those in the two nicotine-dose groups received placebo on some occasions and nicotine on others; nicotine enhancement of the videogame reinforcer was assessed in a within-subjects fashion by comparing each of the two nicotine groups' dedicated nicotine dose to placebo. In the placebo-only group, progressive-ratio (PR) schedule breakpoints did not alter as a function of videogame exposure, suggesting that the videogame retained its basic-reinforcing properties throughout the study. For the two groups that received nicotine, both doses of nicotine increased PR-schedule breakpoints for the videogame reinforcer relative to the placebo condition. Although nicotine was associated with greater subjective evaluation of the enjoyment of the videogame, it was unrelated to the enjoyment of the e-cigarette device. No evidence was found that nicotine elevated either anhedonia or withdrawal symptoms in the timeframe of the study. The results provide initial evidence that nicotine enhancement, via electronic cigarettes, occurs in non-frequent users of nicotine products and may be a reason they can develop nicotine dependence in the absence of withdrawal and direct effects of nicotine. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Lessons from systemic bank restructuring

©1998 International Monetary FundCover design and composition: Massoud Etemadi, Julio Prego, and the IMF Graphics SectionISBN 1-55775-739-9ISSN 1020-5098Published April 1998To order IMF publications, please contact:International Monetary Fund, Publication Services700 19th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20431, U.S.A.Tel: (202) 623-7430 Telefax: (202) 623-7201E-mail: publications@imf.orgInternet: http://www.imf.org
Coronavirus Accessory Proteins

Coronaviruses are classified, based on comparative sequence analyses and other studies, into three major groups: 1, 2, and 3. The basic steps in the coronavirus replication cycle are conserved among several groups and are regulated by viral proteins encoded by a set of genes essential for viral replication and assembly. The essential genes include open reading frame 1ab (ORF 1ab), which occupies about two-thirds of the genome towards the 5’ end and encodes two large polyprotein precursors whose cleavage products are responsible for RNA replication and transcription. The other essential genes encode the common structural proteins, the spike protein (S protein), membrane protein (M protein), envelope protein (E protein), and nucleocapsid protein (N protein); these genes occupy the remaining one-third of the genome proximal to the 3’ end and are involved in infectious virus assembly. This chapter discusses current knowledge about the coronavirus accessory proteins to provide insight into the possible role of these proteins in the propagation of coronavirus under natural conditions. Group 1 coronaviruses have two or three accessory ORFs in the region between the S and E protein genes and two other ORFs 3’ to the N protein gene. The recent emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) has led to further classification of group 2 into groups 2a and 2b. The prototypic group 3 avian coronavirus, infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) contains two group-specific genes, genes 3 and 5, which are functionally tricistronic and bicistronic, respectively.
Microdeletions of chromosome 17p13 as a cause of isolated lissencephaly

Lissencephaly (agyria-pachygyria) is a brain malformation manifested by a smooth cerebral surface, resulting from arrest of neuronal migration at 10-14 wk gestation. Type I, or classical, lissencephaly can occur either in association with the Miller-Dieker syndrome (MDS) or as an isolated finding, termed "isolated lissencephaly sequence" (ILS). About 90% of MDS patients have visible or submicroscopic deletions of 17p13.3. We therefore investigated the possibility that some ILS patients have smaller deletions in this chromosomal region. Forty-five ILS patients with gyral abnormalities ranging from complete agyria to mixed agyria/pachygyria and complete pachygyria were studied. RFLP analysis with five polymorphic loci in 17p13.3 was performed on all patients and their parents. Somatic cell hybrids were constructed on three patients, to confirm a deletion or to determine the boundaries of a deletion. In-situ hybridization using cosmid probes from within a newly defined lissencephaly critical region was performed on 31 patients as a further method of deletion detection. Six submicroscopic deletions were detected (13.3%). Three of the deletions among 45 ILS patients were detected by RFLP analysis, 4 deletions in 31 patients were detected by in situ hybridization, and one deletion was detected only by somatic cell hybrid studies (in situ hybridization was not performed). Overall, in situ hybridization proved to be the most rapid and sensitive method of deletion detection. The centromeric boundary of these deletions overlapped that of MDS patients, while the telomeric boundary for four ILS deletions was proximal to that of MDS and narrows the critical region for a lissencephaly locus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
PUBLIC INTEREST(S) AND FOURTH AMENDMENT ENFORCEMENT

Fourth Amendment events generate substantial controversy among the public and in the legal community. Yet there is orthodoxy to Fourth Amendment thinking, reflected in the near universal assumption by courts and commentators alike that the amendment creates only tension between privately held individual liberties and public-regarding interests in law enforcement and security. On this account, courts are faced with a clear choice when mediating Fourth Amendment conflicts: side with the individual by declaring a particular intrusion to be in violation of the Constitution or side with the public by permitting the intrusion. Scholarly literature and court decisions are accordingly littered with references to the “costs” to society of enforcing the Fourth Amendment in favor of individual claimants. Taking the “public interest” seriously in this framework predictably favors government intrusions. This Article challenges this dichotomous approach to Fourth Amendment interpretation by identifying a new dimension of the public’s interest: important collective values that are in harmony, rather than in tension, with individual liberties. The multidimensional approach advanced here recognizes that there are many kinds of public interests, some of which are advanced and some of which are impeded by Fourth Amendment intrusions. Drawing on First Amendment and Due Process Clause jurisprudence, empirical data, and historical materials, this Article uses as examples two categories of collective interests—participatory pluralism and efficient and accurate administration of the criminal justice system—that are implicated by Fourth Amendment questions but are ignored by the Supreme Court’s current jurisprudence. If the Court is to take the public’s interest seriously, it needs a Fourth Amendment jurisprudence that takes into account these interests, among others, and acknowledges the reality that the “public interest” is multifaceted.
The Limits of Corporate Law in Promoting Good Corporate Governance

Discussions of corporate governance reform often combine prescriptions for legal reform with prescriptions for better governance practices. Both sets of prescriptions - for better law and for better practices - typically focus on the board of directors, and particularly "independent" directors. The assumption is that the law can affect the governance behavior of the board by establishing roles for outside directors and by motivating independent directors to do a good job. The extent to which law can promote good governance in the boardroom, however, is quite limited. This comment briefly outlines the limits of corporate law in promoting good corporate governance and in doing so helps clarify the gap that must be filled by nonlegal influences.
External coronary artery compression due to prosthetic valve bacterial endocarditis.

Acute coronary syndromes in the setting of infective endocarditis may be the result of coronary compression secondary to periannular aortic valve complications, coronary embolism, obstruction of the coronary ostium due to a large vegetation, coronary atherosclerosis, and severe aortic insufficiency. External coronary artery compression as a result of infective endocarditis is a rare and lethal finding with few reported cases available in the medical literature. We present a rare occurrence of an acute coronary syndrome occurring in the setting of a bioprosthetic aortic valve abscess in which there was no complete coronary occlusion visualized and given the patient's recent unremarkable catheterization and findings of diffuse tapering of the proximal left coronary system, the most likely etiology was external compression secondary to the known aortic root abscess, which caused myocardial ischemia, and was confirmed during surgery. Although uncommon, external compression should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome in this setting and coronary angiography can be diagnostic of this entity.© 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
RBP4 activates antigen-presenting cells leading to adipose tissue inflammation and systemic insulin resistance (APP4P.116)

A major cause of Type 2 diabetes is impaired insulin action which is a critical risk factor for cardiovascular disease and early mortality. Insulin resistance in obesity is highly associated with adipose tissue (AT) inflammation. RBP4, a retinol-transporter, is elevated in insulin resistance and contributes to increased diabetes risk. We aimed to determine the mechanisms for RBP4-induced insulin resistance. Here we show that RBP4 elevation causes AT inflammation by activating innate immunity which elicits an adaptive immune-response. RBP4-overexpressing mice (RBP4-Ox) are insulin-resistant and glucose-intolerant and have increased AT macrophage and CD4 T-cell infiltration. In RBP4-Ox, AT CD206+ macrophages express pro-inflammatory markers and activate CD4 T-cells while maintaining alternatively-activated macrophage markers. These effects result from direct activation of AT antigen-presenting cells (APCs) by RBP4 through a JNK-dependent pathway. Transfer of RBP4-activated APCs into normal mice is sufficient to induce AT inflammation, insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. Thus, RBP4 causes insulin resistance, at least in part, by activating AT APCs which induce CD4 T-cell Th1 polarization and AT inflammation.
Sensitivity Analysis: Nonlinear Static Spring Systems

In design we perform an analysis and then we often “tweak” a design parameter and repeat the analysis to see if the design performance improves. In optimization we compute gradients of the cost and constraint functions to guide us through the design space and ultimately arrive at a design that satisfies the Karush-Kuhn Tucker optimality criteria*. In identification and inverse analyses we perform a simulation of an observed physical system and then tweak unknown model parameters and repeat the simulation in the hopes of making our simulated response better match the physical data and hence improve our system model. And finally in reliability studies, we use optimization techniques to determine the most probable point of failure. All of these tasks involve analysis and sensitivity analysis.
Discount Rates for Nonindustrial Private Forest Landowners in Mississippi: How High a Hurdle?

Mississippi forest landowners were surveyed to determine average discount rates or "hurdle rates"—the lowest rates of return they consider acceptable—for 3 nonforestry investments, and for 5, 15, and 25 yr forestry investments. The survey included 829 individuals who owned at least 20 ac of uncultivated land and had harvested timber during a recent 5 yr period; survey results are therefore oriented toward commercially active forest landowners. On average, the private nonindustrial forest landowners included in the survey expect timberland investments to earn higher rates of compound interest than relatively low-risk bank savings accounts and certificates of deposit. Relatively short-term (5 yr) timberland investments, however, have lower minimum rates of return than stocks, bonds, and mutual funds. With forestry investments, all else equal, Mississippi nonindustrial private forest landowners prefer shorter time periods—average hurdle rates in nominal terms before taxes were 8.0% for forestry investments lasting 5 yr, 11.3% for those lasting 15 yr, and 13.1% for those lasting 25 yr. Household income significantly influenced the lowest rate of return considered acceptable for 5 yr forestry investments—the rate was 9% for landowners with annual incomes above $50,000 and 7.4% for landowners with annual incomes below $50,000. On a hurdle rate basis, higher income private landowners in Mississippi generally find forestry investments lasting 15 yr to be competitive with stocks, bonds, and mutual funds. However, Mississippi landowners' 13.1% required rate of return for 25 yr forestry investments was higher than the rate considered acceptable for the other investments included in the survey. Reforestation tax incentives, cost-shares, and related public policies that reduce the front-end costs incurred by NIPF landowners tend to increase the projected rate of return for relatively long-term reforestation investments. South. J. Appl. For. 26(1):26-31.