cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Im)mutable Race

Courts rarely question the racial identity claims made by parties litigating employment discrimination disputes. But what if this kind of identity claim is itself at the core of a dispute? A recent cluster of “reverse passing” scandals featured women—Rachel Dolezal and Jessica Krug among them—who were born white yet who were revealed to have lived as members of Black, Indigenous, or Person of Color (BIPOC) communities. These incidents suggest that courts will soon have to make determinations of racial identity as a threshold matter in disputes over employment discrimination and contract termination. More specifically, courts will have to decide whether racial identity can change. This Essay offers a framework for thinking about the legal disputes that will arise from accusations of reverse passing. It makes a normative sociological statement about how we should understand changes in racial identity, as well as a positive doctrinal statement about what that means for law. Social science and theory have long questioned the claim that race is a stable identity marker such that there can be a fixed, objective, and observable truth. Law, conversely, has generally rejected the possibility of racial transformation even as it grapples with the mutability of other seemingly immutable traits. I show that, particularly in light of the Supreme Court’s 2020 decision in Bostock v. Clayton County, social science and law are not as far apart as we may think. The doctrinal foundations needed to account for racial identity transformation already exist, and the analytic means of doing so are largely there as well. What is left for courts to do is to cultivate attentiveness to race in a way that realizes these legal principles and social science insights. The Essay concludes with suggestions for how courts can cultivate a greater attentiveness to the ways in which race is performed and experienced: a kind of analysis that courts already conduct, but could conduct better.
Integrating Social Entrepreneurship Literature Through Teaching

As boundaries between the business and social sectors dissolve, social entrepreneurship has emerged as a phenomenon that bridges two worlds previously divided. Now, social entrepreneurs embrace mar...
Human placental villi immune cells help maintain homeostasis in utero

Maintenance of healthy pregnancy is reliant on successful balance between the fetal and maternal immune systems. Although maternal mechanisms responsible have been well studied, those used by the fetal immune system remain poorly understood. Using suspension mass cytometry and various imaging modalities, we report a complex immune system within the mid-gestation (17-23 weeks) human placental villi (PV). Further, we identified immunosuppressive signatures in innate immune cells and antigen presenting cells that potentially maintain immune homeostasis in utero. Consistent with recent reports in other fetal organs, T cells with memory phenotypes were detected within the PV tissue and vasculature. Moreover, we determined PV T cells could be activated to upregulate CD69 and proliferate after T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation and when exposed to maternal uterine antigens. Finally, we report that cytokine production by PV T cells is sensitive to TCR stimulation and varies between mid-gestation, preterm (26-35 weeks) and term deliveries (37-40 weeks). Collectively, we elucidated the complexity and functional maturity of fetal immune cells within the PV and highlighted their immunosuppressive potential.
France under Fire: German Invasion, Civilian Flight and Family Survival during World War II

Introduction: no more 'behind the lines' Part I. Civilians in the Line of Fire: 1. Securing the homeland 2. Mothers move against military and bureaucratic entrenchment 3. Pulling the plug on the city of lights 4. Civilian survival on the open road Part II. Refugees, Rights, and Return in a Divided Land: 5. Provincial towns feed and shelter refugees 6. Paving the road for refugees' return 7. German exclusions inaugurate a policy of ethnic cleansing 8. Disappointment and despair in the occupied zone Conclusion.
THE IMPACT OF SEAKEEPING ON SHIP OPERATIONS

A general philosophy of seakeeping is outlined, and a review of the various steps used in seakeeping analysis is given. Operational aspects of seakeeping are discussed as a complementary step to design, considering shipboard guidance as well as shore-based routing. For shipboard use a variety of currently available charts for guidance in heavy weather is first illustrated, indicating the need for a more effective system. The use of monitoring and recording instrumentation as a navigational aid is then described, as well as its use for specific guidance in heavy weather. Actual ship data as recorded and processed by a Heavy Weather Damage Avoidance System currently in use are illustrated. Possible integration of such a system with shore-based routing is evaluated, and a cost/benefit analysis illustrates the economics of the system. Conclusions based on the performance of the system are rather optimistic.
Aerial Triangulation Using Independent Photo Pairs

Three different methods of determining control points with second-order photogrammetric instruments have been examined. The practical uses of these methods are illustrated and analyzed. The procedure is given as well as the required mathematical theory, emphasizing the working equation as well as its derivations. These methods were compared and evaluated, and the resulting conclusions, as well as practical use and a general economy of the methods, are given.
The role of behavioral research in the free press/fair trial controversy

The role of behavioral research in the “free press-fair trial” controversy is reexamined in light of the recent article by Carroll, Kerr, Alfini, Weaver, MacCoun, and Feldman (1986). It is concluded that while further research is needed, as suggested by Carroll et al., behavioral research on the impact of pretrial publicity and judicial remedies already offers some useful guidance for the judicial system. In addition, a guideline is proposed for deciding if the empirical literature on a given issue is sufficiently strong to employ in legal decision making.
Congenital peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia in an alpaca

An adult alpaca was presented because of abdominal pain and was diagnosed with an intestinal obstruction. The putative diagnosis at surgery was an intestinal obstruction caused by peritonitis and intra-abdominal adhesions. The cause of the inflammation was not determined at that time. The alpaca died soon after surgery from post-surgical complications and a peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia that was not diagnosed until necropsy.
Antievolutionism and the Transformation of American Social Science

For more than half a century, scholarly studies of the antievolution movement have been concerned almost exclusively with its influence on the teaching of the natural sciences, especially biology. Yet from its inception in the 1920s, antievolution agitation has been aimed not only at the natural sciences but also, and almost as often, at the social sciences. Moreover, although antievolution campaigns had only limited impact on the natural sciences in the United States, it can be shown that they played a significant part in the development of the early twentieth century social sciences. This paper tells this previously untold story. Using public writings and private papers of antievolution activists, academic social scientists, and university officials from the 1920s, it examines how antievolutionism contributed to the creation of a set of characteristics—secular, scientific, and professional—that came to define the emerging social sciences. In concluding, the paper describes how antievolutionists have carried out campaigns aimed at the social sciences since that time, and it suggests that their efforts continue to influence the disciplinary identity of social scientists even today.
Pseudoachalasia: Still a Tough Clinical Challenge.

Patient: Male, 81 Final Diagnosis: Pseudoachalasia Symptoms: Dysphasia Medication: — Clinical Procedure: Endoscopy ultrasound Specialty: Gastroenterology and Hepatology Objective: Unusual clinical course Background: Treatment of achalasia is focused on decreasing the resting lower esophageal sphincter by either pneumatic dilation or surgical myotomy. When patients symptomatically relapse after one or more pneumatic dilations, then one explanation is to consider the possibility of pseudoachalasia as the diagnosis. Case Report: We present a rare case of an elderly patient with a presentation of chronic dysphagia and severe weight loss, who had diagnostic findings consistent with achalasia, and who also responded very well to a series of pneumatic dilations, but for only brief intervals. Further investigations finally uncovered esophageal adenocarcinoma, thus making our patient an example of the entity “pseudoachalasia”. Conclusions: Pseudoachalasia secondary to an esophageal malignancy should be suspected when dysphagia progresses despite technically well-performed pneumatic dilations, and is particularly suspicious in the setting of an elderly patient with marked weight loss. Endoscopic ultrasound is a new diagnostic tool for detecting and staging malignancy by obtaining diagnostic tissue and allowing appropriate therapy to be planned.
Induction of macrophage Ia expression in vivo by a synthetic block copolymer, L81.

Certain synthetic, nonionic, block copolymers of polyoxypropylene and polyoxyethylene are potent immunoadjuvants. While investigating their mechanisms of action, we found that one of these copolymers, L81, induced the expression of macrophage Ia in vivo. L81 is a 2750-Da, linear copolymer with a 43-unit core of hydrophobic polyoxypropylene flanked on each side by 3 U of hydrophilic polyoxyethylene. It induced threefold to sevenfold increases in the proportion of peritoneal macrophages expressing I-A from 5 to 7 days after an i.p. injection of 5 mg. As little as 1 mg caused a twofold increase. I-A density increased with time after injection of L81. Macrophages induced by L81 actively synthesized I-A, showing an 18-fold increase in biosynthetic capacity. Ia induction did not require the presence of mature T lymphocytes, because similar increases in I-A expression were seen in athymic and euthymic mice. L81-induced macrophages were 10-fold more effective than normal macrophages in presenting Ag to a T cell hybridoma. Other functional studies showed that they were primed for the secretion of superoxide ion and could be stimulated in vitro by IFN-gamma and LPS to lyse tumor target cells. These results suggest that the induction of macrophage Ia expression by L81 may play a role in its activity as an immunoadjuvant.
Full-field direct digital telemammography : Preliminary

Full-field direct digital mammography has many advantages over the conventional film/screen imaging detector. Among these are larger dynamic range, lower scattering noise, and the possibility of using it for telemammography applications to alleviate the shortage of expert mammographers. We are in the process of developing a full-field direct digital telemammography imaging chain to investigate its usefulness for telediagnosis, teleconsultation, and telemanagement. This paper describes the first phase of a three-year research program to set up a full-field direct digital mammography (FFDDM) imaging chain at the Breast Imaging Section connecting the University of California, San Francisco Medical Center and the Mt. Zion Hospital in the San Francisco Bay area. The chain consists of two FFDDM system, and two 2,500 line two-monitor workstations. An OC-3 155 Mbits/sec asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) communication network is used to connect the FFDDM and the two workstations. The FFDDM is based on a slot scan CCD detector which can image a full breast with 3,100 X 3,870 pixels, and produce a direct digital image with 50 micron pixel size. Preliminary results of the FFDDM demonstrate that it has a greater dynamic range and lower detector noise than that of a film-screen detector, and that the scattered radiation is reduced without using a grid. However, the spatial resolution is less than that of the conventional screen/film system. The 2K workstation can display simultaneously any two or four full-view mammographic images by either scrolling or subsampling on the two monitors. Display of an image takes about 1.5 seconds from the RAID disks. The ATM can transmit a 32 Mbyte digital mammogram from the FFDDM to the workstation in 3-4 seconds.
Spatial autocorrelation as a criterion for retaining factors in ordinations of geographic data

Scientists often use factor analysis to reduce the number of dimensions needed to meaningfully describe the variation of species' abundances at a set of sample locations. Their assessments of appropriateness and adequacy of a factor solution for explaining observed geographic variation are limited to subjective considerations of numerical results and maps. Spatial autocorrelation analysis of the factor solution can be used to test the sufficiency of results objectively. This approach provides one way for investigators to determine how many factors should be retained and to evaluate the performance of those factors as descriptors of the spatial pattern.
ORAL COMMUNICATION AND TECHNICAL WRITING : A RECONSIDERATION OF WRITING IN A MULTICULTURAL ERA

This article investigates the status of orality in the history of technical communication. The article calls for orality as an integral part and driving force of technical writing. The article brings to light the misconceptions that have led to a diminished role of oral communication in technical writing. The article shows the implications of oral skills for improved effectiveness of technical communicators. The article outlines the challenges and promises of teaching oral communication in technical writing.
The mechanobiology of brain function

All cells are influenced by mechanical forces. In the brain, force-generating and load-bearing proteins twist, turn, ratchet, flex, compress, expand and bend to mediate neuronal signalling and plasticity. Although the functions of mechanosensitive proteins have been thoroughly described in classical sensory systems, the effects of endogenous mechanical energy on cellular function in the brain have received less attention, and many working models in neuroscience do not currently integrate principles of cellular mechanics. An understanding of cellular-mechanical concepts is essential to allow the integration of mechanobiology into ongoing studies of brain structure and function.
Prediction of length of stay in an inpatient dual diagnosis unit

The institution of prospective payment systems, in which flat fees are paid per discharge, raised the concern that hospitals might preferentially admit patients expected to have a short length of stay (LOS). This concern presupposes that intake workers could accurately predict psychiatric hospitalization LOS, but this does not appear to have been empirically demonstrated. Accordingly, we examined the ability of two psychiatrists heading separate treatment teams on an inpatient, dual-diagnosis unit and a program coordinator who worked with both teams to predict LOS for 94 patients consecutively admitted to one or the other of these teams. Predictions were highly consistent across the raters and were significantly correlated with actual LOS (r = 0.25, 0.35, and 0.45 for the three raters). However, we found that the psychiatrists were accurate predictors only for patients for whom they were the attending psychiatrist. The program coordinator, who was involved in the treatment of all patients, was an accurate predictor for the patients of either psychiatrist. We concluded that the relationships found between predicted and actual LOS held true only when the rater also influenced treatment management and discharge. Our results do not support the proposition that specialized intake workers independent of those providing care would be able to predict LOS accurately.
Maximization of foraging efficiency and resource defense by group retrieval in the ant Formica schaufussi

Workers of the ant Formica schaufussi forage as individuals and cooperate in groups to retrieve arthropod prey. In 2 sample years, group-transported prey were on average 6.8 and 4.7 times heavier than individually retrieved items, and the average loading ratios of groups were greater than the loading ratios of single foragers. Retrieval group size was adjusted to prey size, and prey transport velocity for individuals and groups tended to decrease with increasing prey weight. The efficiency of individual and group retrieval, estimated from calculations of the prey delivery rate to the nest (PDR) achieved by each foraging mode, varied as a function of prey size. Individual retrieval maximized PDR at a prey weight of 19.5 mg, and group transport maximized PDR at 190 mg. Although the PDR maxima of an individual in a group and a solitary forager were approximately equal, depending on prey size, group transport may maximize foraging efficiency. Group transport also decreased interference competition from sympatric ant species. Group-transported prey having a greater likelihood of successful retrieval were within the size range of prey that maximized foraging efficiency. Transport group size appeared to be more important in prey defense than in increasing prey transport velocity, suggesting an important role of group size in competitive ability.
Perfluorocarbon emulsion prevents eicoasanoid release in skeletal muscle ischemia and reperfusion

Abstract Eicosanoids play an important role in mediating deleterious effects following skeletal muscle ischemia-reperfusion injury. It has previously been shown that oxygenated perfluorocarbon emulsion (O2 Fluosol-DA 20%) decreases the amount of muscle necrosis and neutrophil sequestration when given during the reperfusion phase following skeletal muscle ischemia. As thromboxane is known to alter the endothelial cytoskeleton, thereby favoring diapedesis of neutrophils, the effects of O2 Fluosol-DA 20% on thromboxane release in a canine gracilis muscle model were investigated. The gracilis muscle on one randomly selected side of 14 adult mongrel dogs (body-weight 22–26 kg) was subjected to 6 h of normothermic ischemia followed by 48 h of normothermic reperfusion. The control group (n = 7) underwent ischemia-reperfusion, but without any pharmacological intervention. The Fluosol group (n = 7) were infused with O2 Fluosol-DA 20% ( 4.3(0.2) ml O 2 100 ml ) at 12ml/min for 40 min via the gracilis artery following the ischemic period. Thromboxane B2 levels were measured from blood samples obtained at pre-ischemia, and at 1 h and 48 h of reperfusion. The gracilis muscles were harvested at the end of the experiment and extent of muscle necrosis quantitated by serial transections, nitroblue tetrazolium staining and computed planimetry. The mean(s.e.m.) muscle necrosis in the control group (59(6)%) was significantly higher than in the Fluosol group (22(5)%, P
High-fluence 1.05-um performance tests using 20-ns shaped pulses on the Beamlet prototype laser

Beamlet is a single beamline, nearly full scale physics prototype of the 192 beam Nd:Glass laser driver of the National Ignition Facility. It is used to demonstrate laser performance of the NIF multipass amplifier architecture. Initial system characterization tests have all been performed at pulse durations less than 10 ns. Pinhole closure and modulation at the end of long pulses are a significant concern for the operation of NIF. We recently demonstrated the generation, amplification and propagation of high energy pulses temporally shaped to mimic 20 ns long ignition pulse shapes at fluence levels exceeding the nominal NIF design requirements for Inertial Confinement Fusion by Indirect Drive. We also demonstrated the effectiveness of a new conical pinhole design used in the transport spatial filter to mitigate plasma closure effects and increase closure time to exceed the duration of the 20 ns long pulse.
Possible features of current electronic endoscopic information systems: what to look for

The endoscopic electronic medical record (EEMR) has the potential to increase greatly the efficiency of both the endoscopist and the entire endoscopy unit. Potential efficiencies depend on the specific situation of the endoscopist and the type of endoscopy unit. This article describes a number of features available in current EEMRs as well as some emerging features that are important for future databases. Additionally, some aspects of equipment and staff needed to implement a successful EEMR are discussed.
A simple pneumatic device for plunge-freezing cells grown on electron microscopy grids

A detailed design for a simple and inexpensive variable-speed (1.0-5.8 m s-1) pneumatic plunge-freezing device is presented. Cultured cells, grown on Formvar-coated 75-mesh gold finder grids, are pneumatically driven into a stirring mixture of propane/isopentane (3:1) cooled by liquid nitrogen (LN2). Premature freezing of the sample in the cryogenic vapors above the cryogen is prevented by plunging through an entry tube into an insulating box, to which a partial vacuum is applied. The cryogenic vapors are drafted into the box at the level of the liquid cryogen by the vacuum, thereby preventing a layer of cold gas from collecting above the cryogen. To prevent the sample from thawing during transfer from the cryogen to the substitution medium, the box top is removed and compressed air is forced through a corrugated tube running the length of the box. The resulting boiling LN2 creates an atmosphere below -120 degrees C in which the transfer can be accomplished.
Mitochondrial DNA of the extinct quagga: relatedness and extent of postmortem change.

Sequences are reported for portions of two mitochondrial genes from a domestic horse and a plains zebra and compared to those published for a quagga and a mountain zebra. The extinct quagga and plains zebra sequences are identical at all silent sites, whereas the horsse sequence differs from both of them by 11 silent substitutions. Postmortem changes in quagga DNA may account for the two coding substitutions between the quagga and plains zebra sequences. The hypothesis that the closest relative of the quagga is the domestic horse receives no support from these data. From the extent of sequence divergence between horse and zebra mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs), as well as from information about the fossil record, we estimate that the mean rate of mtDNA divergence inEquus is similar to that in other mammals, i.e., roughly 2% per million years.
Synthesis of high specific activity 1,8‐naphthalic anhydride

The synthesis of [14C-carboxyl] 1,8-naphthalic anhy-anhydride of high specific activity (31.8 mCi/mmol) is reported. The 14C was introduced by carbonation of the Grignard reagent, 8-bromo-1-naphthylmagnesium iodide, that was prepared from 8-bromo-1-iodonaphthalene. The overall radiochemical yield for the reaction scheme was 63.7% based on barium carbonate-14C.
Effect of Osmotic Pressure of Semen Extenders on the Fertility and Hatchability of Turkey Eggs

Abstract A VERY interesting development in the theory of semen diluent formulation was suggested by Wales and White (1961) who observed that hypertonicity of the medium reduced the detrimental effects of high dilution. Yamane et al. (1962) claimed that seminal plasma is not isotonic with the spermatozoan midpiece. Although the osmotic pressure of the seminal plasma approximates 323 m Osm, he claims the midpiece suffers damage from plasmolysis when the osmotic pressure is less than about 500 m Osm. This damage results in a significant increase in bent midpieces (with sperm head lying back along the tail). Yamane et al. (1962) states that this abnormality is the result of hypotonicity of seminal plasma, and, since the tonicity of diluents has been adjusted to that of seminal plasma, this means the diluents are also hypotonic to the midpiece. He stored cock semen in a yolk-citrate glucose solution with an O.P. of 550…
Design equations for soil aeration via bioventing

Abstract Biodegradation enhanced by aeration through soil venting, a technique commonly referred to as bioventing, is gaining in popularity as a means for in situ remediation of soils contaminated with organic compounds. The effectiveness of this technique at a particular site is dependent upon achieving and maintaining sufficient oxygen levels in the contaminated soil zones to support aerobic biodegradation. This paper uses analytic and numerical models of the gas flow in soil surrounding vents with simplified biodegradation relationships to predict the oxygen profiles in the soil under given site properties and operating conditions. The results may be used to decide whether bioventing is a feasible remediation technique at a particular site and to investigate the effects of vent placement and flow rate upon performance.
Regulation by glucocorticoids of interferon gamma-induced HLA-DR antigen expression in cultured human orbital fibroblasts.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine whether glucocorticoids can block the induction of HLA-DR antigen expression by interferon gamma in human fibroblasts in culture. DESIGN AND PATIENTS Confluent cultures of fibroblasts derived from the orbit or the skin of patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy or from normal subjects were treated with interferon gamma (100 U/ml) without or with graded concentrations of steroids. MEASUREMENTS Cultures were analysed for HLA-DR expression using quantitative immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence. RESULTS Glucocorticoids could block HLA-DR induction in a dose-dependent manner. At 10-8 mol/1, the steroids dexamethasone and RU 28362 inhibited expression by 70% (P <0.004) and 56% (P <0.002) respectively. RU 38486, a glucocorticoid antagonist, could reverse the effect of both glucocorticoids, an action that was also dose dependent. At 10-5 mol/1, RU 38486 blocked virtually the entire glucocorticoid effect. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that glucocorticoids can regulate HLA-DR induction by interferon gamma at physiological concentrations, an action which is stereospecific and mediated through the glucocorticoid receptor.
Electronic and structural properties of carbon nanotubes

Abstract Recent developments using synthetic methods typical of fullerene production have been used to generate graphitic nanotubes with diameters on the order of fullerene diameters: “carbon nanotubes.” The individual hollow concentric graphitic nanotubes that comprise these fibers can be visualized as constructed from rolled-up single sheets of graphite. We discuss the use of helical symmetry for the electronic structure of these nanotubes, and the resulting trends we observe in both band gap and strain energy versus nanotube radius, using both empirical and first-principles techniques. With potential electronic and structural applications, these materials appear to be appropriate synthetic targets for the current decade.
Soft X-ray population inversion in laser plasmas by resonant photoexcitation and photon-assisted processes

In this paper, the results of studies on soft X-ray population inversion by the resonant photoexcitation process are presented. The experimental studies in highly ionized multicomponent plasmas produced by high power glass laser indicate large population inversion densities at wavelengths \lsim 130 A. Intensity inversions of resonance lines from the n = 3 and n = 4 levels of Mg11+ions at electron densities as high as 1020cm-3have been observed, indicating that gains of \sim 5-10 cm-1have been achieved. These results and other photon-assisted soft X-ray population inversion schemes in inhomogeneous plasmas are discussed.
Fossils and ferns in the resolution of land plant phylogeny

Fifty-two taxa of living and extinct vascular plants were evaluated in an unconstrained numerical cladistic analysis using 101 morphological characters to simultaneously resolve the phylogenetic relationships of ferns sensu lato. Included in the analysis were ferns assignable to the Cladoxylales, Stauropteridales, Rhacophytales, Zygopteridales, Ophioglossales, Marattiales, Filicales, and Hydropteridales, as well as a rhyniophyte, a trimerophyte, equisetophytes, lignophytes, and the psilotophytesPsilotum andTmesipteris. The results placed ferns and fernlike plants in three distinct clades, indicating that ferns s.l. are a polyphyletic grade group. Fern clades consist of extinct stauropterids; extinct cladoxylaleans, rhacophytaleans, and zygopteridaleans; and eusporangiates and leptosporangiates with living and extinct species. Psilotophytes occur near the base of the tree rather than nesting with the Filicales, as hypothesized by some. These results place Ophioglossales as the sister group to Marattiales plus the leptosporangiates, supporting the hypothesis that Ophioglossales represent ferns rather than progymnosperms. These analyses are a first attempt, which includes extinct plants, to develop cladistic hypotheses for the overall topology of fern phylogeny and to lay the groundwork for more detailed analyses of relationships among the homosporous leptosporangiates.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Pituitary Tumors

We are fortunate to have multiple safe and effective therapeutic options available for the treatment of pituitary tumors. These options include medical therapy, transsphenoidal surgery and radiotherapy. The treatment of choice depends on the type of pituitary tumor. The majority, of PRL-secreting tumors can be effectively treated with dopamine agonists. Transsphenoidal surgery is also an effective option for patients who are resistant to or intolerant of these drugs. Transsphenoidal surgery remains the treatment of choice for the majority of patients with GH, ACTH, and TSH-secreting tumors and for large nonsecreting tumors. Medical therapy with somatostatin analogs and/or dopamine agonists should be undertaken in patients with persistent elevations of GH and IGF-I levels; radiotherapy should be considered for patients with significant residual tumor in whom medical therapy is unsuccessful. Radiotherapy is also indicated for ACTH-secreting tumors not cured by surgery; medical therapy with ketoconazole and other adrenal enzyme inhibitors can be used as adjunctive therapy to lower cortisol levels. Postoperative radiotherapy for nonsecreting tumors is also an option if there is considerable residual tumor or evidence of tumor growth on follow-up MRI. Evaluation and treatment of hypopituitarism is an important part of the management of all patients with pituitary tumors. Patients also should be monitored for the development of new deficits, particularly after radiotherapy. The development of new medical therapies, such as GH antagonists, as well as refinements of surgical, radiotherapy, and imaging techniques should continue to improve our management of pituitary tumors.
Conjugate function theory in weak∗ Dirichlet algebras

The fundamental theorems on conjugate functions are shown to be valid for weak∗ Dirichlet algebras. In particular the conjugation operator is shown to be a continuous map of Lp to Lp for 1 < p < ∞, to be a continuous map of L1 to Lp, 0 < p < 1, and to map functions in L∞ to exponentially integrable functions. These results allow a number of results for Dirichlet algebras to be extended to weak∗ Dirichlet algebras.
IN VITRO GROWTH AND MULTIPLICATION OF THE MALARIA PARASITE, PLASMODIUM KNOWLESI.

In this paper, Anfinsen, Ball, Geiman, McKee, and Omsbee described two techniques, "rocker-dilution" and "rocker-perfusion," for the growth and multiplication of malarial parasites in vitro. By studying the parasites in vitro, the team believed that researchers could better address the many biochemical, biological, immunological, and chemotherapeutic aspects of this infectious disease.
A Microscopic View of Laser Ablation

Recent applications of the breathing sphere model for molecular dynamics simulations of laser ablation of organic solids have yielded detailed microscopic data of the processes involved. The results to date include a prediction of a fluence threshold for ablation, an explanation for the presence of clusters in the plume and a consistent analytical description of the velocity distribution for both matrix molecules and heavier analyte molecules in matrix-assisted laser desorption. In this paper we review the approach and the basic physical picture that emerges from the simulations, present new results, and discuss future prospects for microscopic simulations of laser ablation.
A semigroup characterization of a linearly realizable automaton over GF(p)

This paper gives necessary and sufficient conditions on a semigroup to guarantee that if the semigroup is isomorphic to the semigroup of a finite automaton, then the finite automaton can be linearly realized over GF(p) , for some prime p .
Astrocytes as a primary locus for the conversion MPTP into MPP

The enzymatic conversion of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine to 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion by monoamine oxidase-B is an essential step mediating the dopaminergic neurotoxicity. Since monoamine oxidase-B is located primarily in serotonergic neurons and astrocytes, the production of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion is thought to be extra-dopaminergic. This study provides evidence in support of this conclusion. Pretreating mice with fluoxetine (a serotonergic uptake inhibitor) before the administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine attenuated the dopaminergic neurotoxicity. This was not the result of a nonspecific inhibition of dopaminergic uptake, as fluoxetine pretreatment did not attenuate the dopaminergic neurotoxicity resulting from the intrastriatal administration of the 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion. Further localization of the primary site of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion production as being astrocytes was provided by the failure of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine-induced serotonergic lesions to attenuate the neurotoxicity produced by administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, whereas, fluoxetine pretreatment in similarly lesioned subjects, continued to attenuate 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that astrocytes are a principle site of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion production.
Formulation of manipulator Jacobian using the velocity similarity principle

Velocity similarity principle V(θ., ṡ , u b , Q b ) = D ab V (θ., ṡ , u a , Q a )D ab –1 is presented and used to derive several useful forms of the Jacobian matrix for the manipulator from its basic kinematic equations in 4 X 4 matrix form. The zero reference position representation is used and, therefore, the base system is the only coordinate system utilized in the derivations. For manipulators with a spherical wrist, a modified form of the Jacobian is presented in which the Jacobian columns corresponding to the regional structure are completely decoupled from those corresponding to the wrist structure.
Phenotypic spectrum of mutations in DAX-1 and SF-1.

Abstract SF-1 (steroidogenic factor-1) (NR5A1) and DAX-1 (dosage-sensitive sex-reversal, adrenal hypoplasia congenital, X chromosome) (NR0B1) are orphan nuclear receptors that are expressed in the adrenal gland, gonads, ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), and pituitary gonadotrope cells. The function of these genes has been clarified by examining the consequences of naturally occurring mutations in humans, as well as targeted disruption of the genes in mice. Mutations in DAX1 cause adrenal hypoplasia congenita (AHC), an X-linked disorder characterized by adrenal insufficiency and failure to undergo puberty because of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Most DAX1 mutations introduce frameshifts and/or cause premature termination of the protein. Relatively few missense mutations have been described and all are located within the carboxy-terminal half of the protein. Transfection assays demonstrate that AHC-associated DAX1 mutations abrogate its ability to act as a transcriptional repressor of SF-1. Most boys affected with AHC present with adrenal insufficiency in early infancy, although a significant fraction present in later childhood or even as young adults. The degree of gonadotropin deficiency is also variable. With the exception of one mild missense DAX1 mutation, genotype–phenotype correlations have been elusive, suggesting an important role for modifier genes. Targeted mutagenesis of Dax1 (Ahch) in mice reveals an additional role in testis development and spermatogenesis. Similar abnormalities appear to be present in humans. Targeted mutagenesis of Sf1 (FtzF1) prevents gonadal and adrenal development, and causes male-to-female sex-reversal. A human XY individual with a heterozygous SF1 mutation presented with adrenal insufficiency and complete sex-reversal; this DNA-binding domain mutation prevents SF-1 stimulation of its target genes. In addition to their clinical relevance, studies of SF1 and DAX1 are proving useful for unraveling the genetic pathways that govern adrenal and gonadal development.
Effects of in vivo ethanol administration on Ca2+/Mg2+ ATPase and ATP-dependent Ca2+ uptake activity in synaptosomal membranes.

1. Acute administration of ethanol (4 g/kg, i.p.) to mice inhibits the sequestration of calcium into endoplasmic reticulum-like organelles in synaptosomal membranes. 2. Ethanol administration inhibits both Ca2+-stimulated adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis and ATP-dependent calcium uptake in the vesicles at time of loss of righting reflex. 3. At recovery of righting reflex, the Ca2+-ATPase activity returns to normal levels, while the ATP-dependent uptake remains inhibited. 4. The effect of ethanol is specific for the sequestration (active transport) of calcium since calcium binding to synaptic membranes is not altered. 5. Alteration in mechanisms responsible for synaptosomal buffering of cytosolic Ca2+ levels by in vivo ethanol may contribute to altered transmitter release rates following ethanol adminstration.
Heart Failure and Diabetes: Collateral Benefit of Chronic Disease Management

To test the hypothesis that a focus on heart failure (HF) care may be associated with inadequate diabetes care, the authors screened 78 patients (aged 64±11 years; 69% male) with diabetes enrolled in an HF disease management program for diabetes care as recommended by the American Diabetes Association (ADA). Ninety-five percent of patients had hemoglobin A1c levels measured within 12 months, and 71% monitored their glucose at least once daily. Most patients received counseling regarding diabetic diet and exercise, and approximately 80% reported receiving regular eye and foot examinations. Mean hemoglobin A1c level was 7.8±1.9%. There was no relationship between hemoglobin A1c levels and New York Heart Association class or history of HF hospitalizations. Contrary to the authors' hypothesis, patients in an HF disease management program demonstrated levels of diabetic care close to ADA goals. “Collateral benefit” of HF disease management may contribute to improved patient outcomes in diabetic patients with HF.
Metal hydride catalysis—Water formation on exposure of LaCo5Hz to O2☆

Abstract The formation of H2O upon exposure of LaCo5Hz to O2 is studied at various temperatures in the vicinity of room temperature. In the equilibrium range of α and β hydride phases a predominantly linear dependence of rate on z (first-order rate law) is observed, Near room temperature no concomitant metal oxidation occurs, as the metal matrix can be rehydrided. The process is therefore a catalytic one. At higher temperatures the predominantly first-order reaction is modified by at least two concurrent reactions. They involve reaction of gas phase hydrogen and partial metal oxidation. Similar reactions of metal hydrides with NO and CO are briefly discussed.
Adenoviruses and Ultraviolet Light: An Introduction

Adenoviruses have been shown to be highly resistant to inactivation by ultraviolet (UV) light. While a dose of 40 mJ/cm2 is generally considered sufficient to effect at least a 4-log (99.99%) inactivation of most waterborne pathogens (e.g., hepatitis A virus, Salmonella, Cryptosporidium), recent studies have indicated that doses of 120 mJ/cm2, and possibly up to 200 mJ/cm2 are required to achieve the same level of inactivation of adenoviruses. In order to ensure a high degree of public health protection, the USEPA adopted a UV dose table value of 186 mJ/cm2 for 4-log inactivation credit in the Long-Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule. This may have a significant effect on the number of systems that are able to utilize UV as the disinfectant, due to the higher costs associated with providing the increased UV dosage. This presentation will provide an introduction to the adenoviruses, including their health effects, routes of transmission, and potential for contamination of water.
Sexual dimorphism in neuromuscular junction size on a muscle used in courtship by green anole lizards

The green anole lizard exhibits seasonal courtship behavior that is sexually dimorphic. This courtship consists of the extension of a bright red throat fan (dewlap) associated with head-bobbing display behavior. While males extend their dewlaps in aggressive encounters as well as in courtship, females use their considerably smaller dewlaps much less frequently and mainly in agonistic encounters. In parallel, a number of components of the neuromuscular system controlling dewlap extension are greater in males than in females during the breeding season, including dewlap motoneuron soma size and muscle fiber size and number. These features do not seem to change substantially in adulthood, despite a dramatic decline in dewlap use during the nonbreeding season. We explored the morphology of this neuromuscular system in more detail in the present experiment in males and females during both the breeding and nonbreeding seasons. Fiber and whole muscle length (approximately perpendicular to the fibers) were measured. Acetylcholinesterase histochemistry was used to visualize neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), and the surface area and density of NMJs were assessed for each animal. During the breeding season, NMJ size was larger in males than in females, but NMJ density along each fiber was equivalent between the sexes. In addition, whole muscle length and that of individual muscle fibers, was larger in males than in females. However, when corrected for body size, the sex difference in muscle fiber length disappeared. In the nonbreeding season, the sexual dimorphisms were maintained, suggesting that these features do not change substantially due to differences in circulating testosterone or a difference in use across seasons. Overall, these results are consistent with the idea that enhanced NMJ size is a relatively stable feature of the dewlap muscle in adulthood that either facilitates or is a consequence of using a larger muscle to extend a bigger dewlap in males compared to females.
Magnetic Helicity Injection by Horizontal Flows in the Quiet Sun. I. Mutual-Helicity Flux

The flux of magnetic helicity through the solar photosphere has implications in diverse areas of current solar research, including solar dynamo modeling and coronal heating. In this work, we focus on the flux of magnetic helicity from quiet-Sun magnetic fields. We express the total helicity flux in terms of mutual and self-helicities, which arise from relative motions of separate flux elements and from internal motions within individual magnetic flux elements, respectively. Using a novel labeling algorithm and a tracking algorithm applied to high-cadence, high-resolution Solar and Heliospheric Observatory Michelson Doppler Imager magnetograms, we determine the observed mutual-helicity flux density in the quiet Sun to be ~5 × 1012 Mx2 cm-2 s-1 and compare this value with a simple theoretical prediction. The observed rate corresponds to a whole-cycle, hemispheric mutual-helicity flux of ~1043 Mx2 from the quiet Sun, meaning that helicity injection by surface motions in quiet-Sun fields is negligible compared to the active region helicity flux rate.
Effect of mercuric chloride and methylmercury chloride exposure on tissue concentrations of six essential minerals

There are few data on the effects of mercury exposure on tissue concentrations of essential minerals. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to mercuric chloride and methylmercury chloride administered via the drinking water. Subsequently, the kidneys, spleen, liver, and brain were analyzed for mercury, calcium, copper, magnesium, manganese, iron, and zinc by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Significant differences from controls were found for brain copper, kidney copper, and kidney zinc in the mercuric chloride-exposed animals; and for brain iron, kidney copper, kidney iron, kidney magnesium, spleen magnesium, and liver manganese in the methylmercury chloride-exposed rats. There was a fivefold higher mean kidney copper concentration in the mercuric chloride-exposed group; this may be related to the induction of renal metallothionein synthesis by mercury. Increased kidney copper may be a manifestation of heavy metal-induced renal toxicity. Both inorganic and methylmercury exposure produce significant changes in tissue concentrations of some essential minerals.
Dye spread through gap junctions in the corneal epithelium of the rabbit

PURPOSE. Microelectrode dye injection of 5,6-carboxyfluores-cein was used to investigate gap junctional communication in the corneal epithelium. METHODS. Dye injection started in the superficial layer and pro-ceeded stepwise into the underlying epithelial layers until spread was observed. Intracellular [Ca 2+ ] was manipulated by exposing the cornea to the calcium ionophore A23187 (global increase) or by increasing the [Ca 2+ ] in the injection electrode (source cell increase). Intracellular pH was manipulated by exposing the cornea to nigericin in a low-pH KCl Ringer's (global decrease) or by lowering the pH in the injection elec-trode (source cell decrease). Heptanol was tested for its ability to uncouple gap junctions. Gap junctional communication was based on the layer at which spread was first observed and on the apparent dye travel distance from the point of injection. RESULTS. Control dye spread occurred, on average, in the third layer from the surface. Increased [Ca 2+ ] in the source cell resulte...
DISPLACEMENTS AND FINITE-STRAIN FIELDS IN A HOLLOW SPHERE SUBJECTED TO LARGE ELASTIC DEFORMATIONS

Abstract This paper presents the fields of displacements and strains in a hollow sphere diametrically loaded to seven levels of loads. Polyurethane rubber was used to make the hollow sphere and grids and moire gratings were printed on a meridian plane to measure displacements. The maximum applied vertical displacement reduced the outer diameter of the hollow sphere by about 20 per cent. It was found that the horizontal displacement of the ends of the horizontal diameter divided by its deformed length is linear up to that load. Strains were obtained by photographic differentiation. Strains obtained for low levels of load were compared at two points to those obtained using a series by Golecki for the inside boundary, and found appreciably lower. Results are presented in terms of dimensionless loads and Eulerian strains. The largest Eulerian strain recorded is about 30 per cent, the smallest is of the order of 0.001. Stress distributions will be given in another paper.
Predictability of transport equations for pervaporation on the basis of pore-flow mechanism

Abstract In this paper a transport model for pervaporation based on the pore-flow mechanism was tested by examining whether it could describe main features observed in pervaporation experiments. The pervaporation systems used for the above test include mixtures of ethanol/n-heptane, methanol/ethanol, 2-propanol/water and cyclohexane/benzene. Membrane polymeric materials such as cellulose, cellulose diacetate-triacetate blend, polyamide, polyethylene and poly(γ-methyl- l -glutamate) are also included in this study. Membranes are either asymmetric or homogeneous but not of composite nature. Separation of organic mixtures by vapor permeation was also discussed in relation to pervaporation.