cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PRESCHOOLERS SOCIALIZATION AS CONSUMERS OF CLOTHING AND RECOGNITION OF SYMBOLISM

To investigate the relative influence developmental and environmental factors have on young children's socialization as consumers 45 verbal preschool children (2 to 5 years) were administered a verbal questionnaire to assess their recognition of 8 consumer symbols. The children's mothers completed a questionnaire concerning their perceptions of their children's identity and the roles media, peers, and siblings play in children's preferences for clothing symbols. Correlations and multiple regression confirmed the presuppositions that joint influences of developmental and environmental factors in socialization of consumers begin at an early age.
On calculating the potential vorticity flux

We discuss and compare different approaches to calculating the dynamics of anisotropic flow structure formation in quasi two-dimensional turbulence based on potential vorticity (PV) transport in real space. The general structure of the PV flux in the relaxation processes is deduced non-perturbatively. The transport coefficients of the PV flux are then systematically calculated using perturbation theory. We develop two non-perturbative relaxation models: the first is a mean field theory for the dynamics of minimum enstrophy relaxation based on the requirement that the mean flux of PV dissipates total potential enstrophy but conserves total fluid kinetic energy. The results show that the structure of PV flux has the form of a sum of a positive definite hyper-viscous and a negative or positive viscous flux of PV. Turbulence spreading is shown to be related to PV mixing via the link of turbulence energy flux to PV flux. In the relaxed state, the ratio of the PV gradient to zonal flow velocity is homogenized. This homogenized quantity sets a constraint on the amplitudes of PV and zonal flow in the relaxed state. The second relaxation model is derived from symmetry principles alone. The form of PV flux contains a nonlinear convective term in addition to viscous and hyper-viscous terms. For both cases, the transport coefficients are calculated using perturbation theory. For a broad turbulence spectrum, a modulational calculation of the PV flux gives both a negative viscosity and a positive hyper-viscosity. For a narrow turbulence spectrum, the result of a parametric instability analysis shows that PV transport is also convective. In both relaxation and perturbative analyses, it is shown that turbulent PV transport is sensitive to flow structure, and the transport coefficients are nonlinear functions of flow shear.
Acute and chronic pain management in palliative care

Every palliative care patient should have the expectation that acute and chronic pain management will be an integral part of their overall care. However, in all too many instances, the pain of cancer is often grossly under-treated. This issue is of concern because more than 80% of patients with cancer pain can find adequate relief through the use of simple pharmacological methods. It is even more troubling to note that women and minority groups have their cancer pain under-treated more frequently. Physicians with the basic skills of assessment and treatment will be able to control the symptoms in the majority of cancer pain patients. However, there are still some patients who may require other modalities to control their moderate to severe pain. A thorough understanding of all pain management options will help the gynaecological oncologist to maintain an acceptable quality of life for their patients throughout the therapeutic and palliative phases of care.
ST-T Wave Abnormality in Lead aVR and Reclassification of Cardiovascular Risk (from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey-III)

Electrocardiographic lead aVR is often ignored in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to investigate whether ST-T wave amplitude in lead aVR predicts cardiovascular (CV) mortality and if this variable adds value to a traditional risk prediction model. A total of 7,928 participants enrolled in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III with electrocardiographic data available were included. Each participant had 13.5 ± 3.8 years of follow-up. The study sample was stratified according to ST-segment amplitude and T-wave amplitude in lead aVR. ST-segment elevation (>8 μV) in lead aVR was predictive of CV mortality in the multivariate analysis when not accounting for T-wave amplitude. The finding lost significance after including T-wave amplitude in the model. A positive T wave in lead aVR (>0 mV) was the strongest multivariate predictor of CV mortality (hazard ratio 3.37, p
Crystal structure of the hemitoluene solvate of racemic cis -bis(bipyridyl)chloro(tri-n-propylphosphine)ruthenium(II) perchlorate, a species with disordered PPr 3 and toluene moieties

The complexcis-[Ru(bpy)2(PPr3)Cl+][ClO 4 − ] · 0.5 (toluene) crystallizes as a racemate in the monoclinic space group P21/n. Both the PPr3 ligand and the toluene of crystallization are subject to disorder. Ruthenium—ligand distances are: Ru−PPr3=2.348(2) A, Ru−Cl=2.426(2) A and Ru−N(bpy)=2.035(6)–2.112(5) A.
Rheological and solid wall boundary condition characterization of unvulcanized elastomers and their compounds

An extensive fundamental investigation of the rheological properties and solid wall boundary condition shear stress of elastomers and elastomer–carbon black compounds has been carried out. The elastomers were an emulsion butadiene–styrene copolymer (SBR 1500) and a polybutadiene. Shear flow rheological properties were measured using a newly designed sandwich rheometer, in both constant shear rate and creep modes as well as in a capillary rheometer. A constant elongation rate rheometer for elastomers was developed. Stress relaxation measurements were also carried out in the sandwich rheometer. The shear viscosity of the gum elastomers exhibits a constant very high shear zero viscosity (8 × 108 Pa.s for SBR 1500 at 100°C) and decreases with increasing shear rate. The compounds exhibit yield values of similar magnitude to carbon black compounds of molten plastics. Only the SBR 1500 and its compounds were studied in the elongational flow mode. It was not possible to achieve a steady state in these experiments. An apparatus for measurement of shear stress as a function of velocity (shear rate) at a specified pressure was developed. The instrument, which we call a friction tester, was used not only to determine wall shear stress but to investigate the regime of flow and potentially determine conditions for the onset of slip. Evidence of changing flow regimes were found, and the implications discussed.
Coffee Stirrers and Drinking Straws as Disposable Spatulas.

Although metal spatulas are damaged through everyday use and become discolored and corroded by chemical exposure, plastic drinking straws are inexpensive, sterile, and disposable, reducing the risk of cross-contamination during laboratory procedures. Drinking straws are also useful because they come in a variety of sizes; narrow sample containers such as NMR and EPR tubes can easily be filled using small diameter coffee stirrers, whereas bulk material can be transferred using larger drinking straws. Several types of drinking straws and coffee stirrers were cut at various angles and the amount of material picked up in a single scoop was massed 30 times. Standard deviations of the 30 measurements per straw indicate that approximately the same amount of material will be transferred each time by the same operator.
The lost generation: students of Arizona's structured English immersion

This study examines Arizona's restrictive language policy from the perspective of English learners (ELs) and reclassified fluent English proficient students who have been enrolled in the structured English immersion (SEI) model. While multiple scholars in the USA have analyzed Arizona's policy impact since its enactment in 2008, none to date have presented a portrait of who the students are or students' perception of the policy as experienced. This study surveyed 1542 students three years post-implementation of SEI. It provides a portrait of the students who have been subjected to the SEI model and presents findings which support other research that students are not exiting the SEI model in the policy's stipulated one-year goal. Findings show that most students are emergent bilinguals who have always experienced an English-only schooling in the state of Arizona. This paper also presents findings on students' attitudes toward their involvement in the SEI model with attitudes decreasing over time. Discussio...
The dynamic function of the atrial diastole of the heart and motion of venous valves in humans.

This study demonstrates dynamic function of atrial diastole for the first time in the history of medicine, following the revelation of ventricular function by Sir William Harvey. This study consists of two parts. First part is the study of humans and the discovery of the rhythmic opening and closing of venous valves in the femoral vein segment during each cardiac cycle under fluoroscopy. Its relationship to the right atrial diastole is discussed. Second part is an experimental model developed in a dog's heart. Experiments are conducted in an erect posture, in which the right atrium is partially and totally isolated physically and/or functionally. The right atrium was found to function as a suction pump, readily demonstrated on graphic curves by voluntary stretching of muscle fibers of the empty atrium, creating considerable negative pressure during diastolic function, and responsible for venous return to the heart. Motive forces in the venous return are common knowledge in present medical literature, but are limited to respiration and skeletal muscle contraction of the extremities. The discovery of the right atrium as a suction force due to stretching of muscle fibers during diastolic function, thereby creating negative pressure, represents a departure from the currently accepted paradigm established by Sir William Harvey (1576–1652), with the heart as an organ functioning solely by contraction of its chambers. This is the first time since then a fundamental new discovery concerning cardiac mechanical function has been made utilizing experimental evidence.
Menger’s theory of monopoly price in the years of high theory: the contribution of Vernon A. Mund

The theory of monopoly price was originally formulated by Carl Menger at the inception of the marginalist revolution in 1871 and represented the dominant theoretical approach to monopoly until the 1930s. Despite its impeccable doctrinal pedigree and lengthy dominance, the theory abruptly disappeared from the mainstream neoclassical literature after the Monopolistic Competition Revolution, to be revived and reformulated after World War II by Ludwig von Mises. The present paper describes the theory as it was offered in its most sophisticated pre‐war form by American economist Vernon A. Mund, who published an unjustifiably neglected volume on monopoly theory that appeared in the same year as the classic works by Joan Robinson and Edward Chamberlain. This paper then attempts to draw out the critical implications of Mund’s formulation of the theory for the current neoclassical orthodoxy in monopoly and competition theory, including the elasticity of demand curves facing individual producers under competition, the time perspectives that are most relevant in analyzing the pricing process, the proper role of long‐run equilibrium in this analysis, and the misapplication of the marginal revenue and marginal cost concepts. Finally, the paper suggests a number of reasons why the theory was swept aside in the aftermath of the Chamberlain/Robinson Revolution with almost no resistance from its most prominent exponents.
TOWARD AN ARRAY OF PHENOMENOLOGICAL IDEAL-TYPES FOR THE SOCIAL SCIENCES

Beginning with the isolation of four essentially unique mathematical intervals on a continuum, we show the process by which an array of four phenomenological ideal-types can be generated which carry rather specific analytical and administrative implications. The basic vehicle of the paper is deductive inference, employed to generate successively more specific taxonomies of system types, eventuating in the four felt to be a specific interest as real-world references for the social scientist, with empirical point included wherever they can defend the deductions.
Regression in thromboembolic type of primary pulmonary hypertension during 2½ years of antithrombotic therapy

Primary pulmonary hypertension carries a poor prognosis, with a 5 year survival rate of less than 25%. However, a previous study of more than 100 patients with tissue-proved primary pulmonary hypertension suggested that antithrombotic therapy may have a beneficial effect on survival, especially in patients with the thromboembolic type of primary pulmonary hypertension. This report describes a 54 year old white man with primary pulmonary hypertension of the thromboembolic type (proved by right upper lobe lung biopsy) who, after long-term antithrombotic therapy, showed resolution of symptoms of dyspnea and fatigue, regression of electrocardiographic signs of right ventricular hypertrophy and regression of elevated pulmonary artery pressure. Baseline cardiac catheterization in January 1982 revealed elevated pulmonary artery pressure (104/37 mm Hg) and pulmonary vascular resistance (14.6 units/m2) that did not decrease with 100% oxygen or intravenous hydralazine (12 mg). The patient was treated with warfarin and dipyridamole, 100 mg four times daily. The most recent cardiac catheterization in January 1984 revealed a pulmonary artery pressure of 50/15 mm Hg and a pulmonary vascular resistance of 8.7 units/m2. It is believed that this is the first report of regression of the symptoms and signs of biopsy-proved primary pulmonary hypertension. In view of the lack of a response to vasodilators in 1982, it is suggested that antithrombotic therapy is partially responsible for the improvement of this patient.
Morphologic and growth effects of tobacco-associated chemical carcinogens and smokeless tobacco extracts on human oral epithelial cells in culture

Abstract Epidemiologic studies show an increase in the use of smokeless tobacco but few in vitro studies have directly assessed the potential for smokeless tobacco-induced oral carcinogenesis. Oral keratinocytes were grown to 90% confluence from explants of human labial and gingival mucosa at 34° C, 5% CO 2 in defined media. Epithelial monolayers were subsequently subcultured and then treated for 1 hour with aqueous extracts of moist or leaf smokeless tobacco, or with 0.25 to 1.0 ng/ml of three common smokeless tobacco carcinogens: 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridinyl)-1-butanone; N-nitrosonornicotine; and benzo(a)pyrene. Even though the controls and most treatment groups terminally differentiated, cells exposed to 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridinyl)-1-butanone, N-nitrosonornicotine, and moist and dry extract continued to divide, maintained a differentiated phenotype for 8 1 2 to 10 weeks in culture, and displayed focal growth and morphologic changes suggestive of early stages in cell transformation.
The Structure of Informal Care: Are There Differences by Race?

This study investigated whether there are race differences in the structure of informal caregiving networks. Data on 3,793 functionally impaired persons age 65 and over from the 1989 National Long-Term Care Survey were analyzed. The size of the total caregiver network and the unpaid network did not differ by race, but the likelihood of there being a non-immediate family member among unpaid caregivers was higher among disabled older blacks. These findings raise questions about whether race differences in nursing home utilization and paid long-term care services, documented in other studies, can be explained by differences in caregiving arrangements.
Uses of Eye Tracking Technology in Design

Eye tracking technology has caught the attention of designers who wish to better understand how users visually interact with products and technologies. Given the availability of eye tracking technologies, which are able to measure users' eye gaze on computer screens, designers and researchers can employ eye tracking to answer a very wide variety of questions about users' visual behavior, cognition, and visual attention strategies. Yet, commercial eye tracking software typically provides a limited number of out-of-the-box analysis tools for understanding the massive amount of data generated during eye tracking sessions. This poster (1) surveys the range of questions that people have successfully asked using eye tracking technology and (2) summarizes how raw eye tracking data is transformed into higher-level constructs that are more appropriate for analysis and the kinds of analysis that can be performed. The goal of this poster is to help designers make more informed decisions when considering the use of e...
Resolution of cervical syringomyelia after transoral odontoidectomy and occipitocervical fusion in a patient with basilar invagination and Type I Chiari malformation.

Abstract We present a 16-year-old male patient with Marfan’s syndrome who presented with quadriparesis from a Type I Chiari malformation (CM) with basilar invagination and a syrinx. The condition resolved after transoral odontoidectomy and occipitocervical fusion without posterior decompression of the CM. Thus, ventral decompression alone can resolve a cervical syrinx in patients with compression of the foramen magnum.
Determination of Testicular Blood Flow in Camelids Using Vascular Casting and Color Pulsed-Wave Doppler Ultrasonography

We describe the vasculature of the camelid testis using plastic casting. We also use color pulsed-wave Doppler ultrasonography to measure testicular blood flow and compare the differences between testicular blood flow in fertile and infertile camelids. The testicular artery originates from the ventral surface of the aorta, gives rise to an epididymal branch, and becomes very tortuous as it approaches the testis. Within the supratesticular arteries, peak systolic velocity (PSV) was higher in fertile males compared to infertile males (P = 0.0004). In addition, end diastolic velocity (EDV) within the supratesticular arteries was higher for fertile males when compared to infertile males (P = 0.0325). Within the marginal arteries, PSV was also higher in fertile males compared to infertile males (P = 0.0104). However, EDV within the marginal arteries was not significantly different between fertile and infertile males (P = 0.121). In addition, the resistance index was not significantly different between fertile and infertile males within the supratesticular (P = 0.486) and marginal arteries (P = 0.144). The significance of this research is that in addition to information obtained from a complete reproductive evaluation, a male camelid's fertility can be determined using testicular blood flow measured by Doppler ultrasonography.
Biologically Controlled Mineralization in Prokaryotes

As stated in an Chapter 4, prokaryotes of both Domains or Superkingdoms, the Bacteria and the Archaea, mediate the formation of a large number of diverse minerals. They are known to do this either through biologically induced mineralization (BIM) (Lowenstam 1981) (the subject of Chapter 4 in this volume; Frankel and Bazylinski 2003) or biologically controlled mineralization (BCM). The latter has also been referred to as organic matrix-mediated mineralization (Lowenstam 1981) and boundary-organized biomineralization (Mann 1986). There are several important differences between BIM and BCM that will be discussed in detail in this chapter, most notably those dealing with aspects of the mineral crystals and the biomineralization process (see also Weiner and Dove 2003). However, there is another significant difference between the two modes of biomineralization and this is the aspect of functionality. Generally, in BIM there is no function to the biomineralized particles except, perhaps, as a solid substrate for attachment in the case of bacteria or as a form of protection against certain environmental conditions or attack from predators. However, it is easier to recognize the primary function of bone or shells produced by molluscs; two well-characterized examples of BCM by higher organisms. Functionality should always be examined when dealing with examples of biomineralization particularly in situations where the mineral product displays some qualities of both BIM and BCM. In BCM, the organism exerts a great degree of crystallochemical control over the nucleation and growth of the mineral particles. For the most part, the minerals are directly synthesized at a specific location within or on the cell and only under certain conditions. The mineral particles produced by bacteria in BCM are characterized as well-ordered crystals with narrow size distributions, and specific, consistent particle morphologies. Because of these features, BCM processes are likely to be under specific chemical/biochemical and …
Geospatial Reasoning Ability: Definition, Measurement and Validation

An understanding of geospatial reasoning ability (GRA) is essential to human–computer interaction research, as many recent consumer and commercial technologies require an ability to interpret complex geospatial data. Individuals, as well as government, commercial, and military organizations, use such technologies regularly. For instance, consumer technologies including online mapping services and in-vehicle navigation systems are increasingly prevalent. Business leaders rely on geospatial data when making strategic and operational decisions. Military strategists leverage geospatial systems during mission planning and battlefield operations. Although there has been research into the significance of user characteristics when making decisions using geospatial data, there is conflicting evidence on the impact of GRA on the decision-making process. This article suggests applying a multidimensional measure of GRA to facilitate a better understanding of such interactions. Furthermore, this article proposes a new...
Comparison of Fry strain ellipse and AMS ellipsoid trends to tectonic fabric trends in very low-strain sandstone of the Appalachian fold–thrust belt

Abstract In moderately to highly strained sandstones, both the long axis of the bedding-parallel finite-strain ellipse, as calculated by the normalized Fry method, and the projection of the long axis of the AMS ellipsoid on the plane of bedding, align well with local “structural grain” (trends of cleavage, folds, and faults). This relationship implies that results of both 2D Fry and AMS analyses represent the local layer-parallel tectonic strain component. Do both methods provide comparable results for very low-strain sandstone (e.g.,
Prevention of Venous Thromboembolic Disease After Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty

Patients undergoing total hip and knee arthroplasty are at increased risk for the development of venous thromboembolic disease, and there is general agreement that these patients require prophylaxis. The selection of a prophylactic agent involves a balance between efficacy and safety and often needs to be individualized for specific patients and institutions. Despite extensive research, the ideal agent for prophylaxis against deep venous thrombosis has not been identified. The results of randomized trials indicate that low-molecular-weight heparin, warfarin, and fondaparinux are the most effective prophylactic agents after total hip arthroplasty and that low-molecular-weight heparin, warfarin, fondaparinux, and pneumatic compression boots are the most effective agents after total knee arthroplasty. The duration of prophylaxis against deep venous thrombosis after total hip and knee arthroplasty remains controversial. Prophylaxis should be continued beyond hospital discharge. In the future, the determination of the duration of prophylaxis will be based on the risk stratification of individual patients. The practice of discharging patients from the hospital without prophylaxis, even when the decision is based on negative results of procedures that screen for the presence of deep venous thrombosis, is not cost-effective.
Impossible Antecedents and Their Consequences: Some Thirteenth-Century Arabic Discussions

The principle that a necessarily false proposition implies any proposition, and that a necessarily true proposition is implied by any proposition, was apparently first propounded in twelfth century Latin logic, and came to be widely, though not universally, accepted in the fourteenth century. These principles seem never to have been accepted, or even seriously entertained, by Arabic logicians. In the present study, I explore some thirteenth century Arabic discussions of conditionals with impossible antecedents. The Persian-born scholar Afdal al-Dīn al-Khūnajī (d.1248) suggested the novel idea that two contradictory propositions may follow from the same impossible antecedent, and closely related to this point, he suggested that if an antecedent implies a consequent, then it will do so no matter how it is strengthened. These ideas led him, and those who followed him, to reject what has come to be known as ‘Aristotle's thesis’ that no proposition is implied by its own negation. Even these suggestions were wi...
Neutrophil depletion inhibits experimental abdominal aortic aneurysm formation.

Background— Neutrophils may be an important source of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), two matrix-degrading enzymes thought to be critical in the formation of an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). The purpose of this investigation was to test the hypothesis that neutrophil depletion would limit experimental AAA formation by altering one or both of these enzymes. Methods and Results— Control, rabbit serum–treated (RS; n=27) or anti-neutrophil-antibody–treated (anti-PMN; n=25) C57BL/6 mice underwent aortic elastase perfusion to induce experimental aneurysms. Anti-PMN–treated mice became neutropenic (mean, 349 cells/μL), experiencing an 84% decrease in the circulating absolute neutrophil count ( P <0.001) before elastase perfusion. Fourteen days after elastase perfusion, control mice exhibited a mean aortic diameter (AD) increase of 104±14% ( P <0.0001), and 67% developed AAAs, whereas anti-PMN–treated mice exhibited a mean AD increase of 42±33%, with 8% developing AAAs. The control group also had increased tissue neutrophils (20.3 versus 8.6 cells per 5 high-powered fields [HPFs]; P =0.02) and macrophages (6.1 versus 2.1 cells per 5 HPFs, P =0.005) as compared with anti-PMN–treated mice. There were no differences in monocyte chemotactic protein-1 or macrophage inflammatory protein-1α chemokine levels between groups by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Neutrophil collagenase (MMP-8) expression was detected only in the 14-day control mice, with increased MMP-8 protein levels by Western blotting ( P =0.017), and MMP-8–positive neutrophils were seen almost exclusively in this group. Conversely, there were no statistical differences in MMP-2 or MMP-9 mRNA expression, protein levels, enzyme activity, or immunostaining patterns between groups. When C57BL/6 wild-type (n=15) and MMP-8–deficient mice (n=17) were subjected to elastase perfusion, however, ADs at 14 days were no different in size (134±7.9% versus 154±9.9%; P =0.603), which suggests that MMP-8 serves only as a marker for the presence of neutrophils and is not critical for AAA formation. Conclusions— Circulating neutrophils are an important initial component of experimental AAA formation. Neutrophil depletion inhibits AAA development through a non–MMP-2/9–mediated mechanism associated with attenuated inflammatory cell recruitment. Received November 1, 2004; revision received January 4, 2005; accepted January 11, 2005.
THE RANDOM POROUS STRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL RESPONSE OF LIGHTWEIGHT ALUMINUM FOAMS

Lightweight porous foams have been of particular interest in recent years, since they have a very unique set of properties which can be significantly different from their solid parent materials. These properties arise from their random porous structure which is generated through specialized processing techniques. Their unique structure gives these materials interesting properties which allow them to be used in diverse applications. In particular, highly porous Al foams have been used in aircraft components and sound insulation; however due to the difficulty in processing and the random nature of the foams, they are not well understood and thus have not yet been utilized to their full potential. The objective of this study was to integrate experiments and simulations to determine whether a relationship exists between the relative density (porous density/bulk density) and the mechanical properties of open-cell Al foams. Compression experiments were performed using an Instron Universal Testing Machine (IUTM) on ERG Duocel open-cell Al foams with 5.8% relative density, with compressive loads ranging from 0–6 MPa. Foam models were generated using a combination of an open source code, Voro++, and MATLAB. A Finite Element Method (FEM)-based software, COMSOL Multiphysics 4.3, was used to simulate the mechanical behavior of Al foam structures under compressive loads ranging from 0–2 MPa. From these simulated structures, the maximum von Mises stress, volumetric strain, and other properties were calculated. These simulation results were compared against data from compression experiments. CES EduPack software, a materials design program, was also used to estimate the mechanical properties of open-cell foams for values not available experimentally, and for comparison purposes. This program allowed for accurate prediction of the mechanical properties for a given percent density foam, and also provided a baseline for the Al foam samples tested via the IUTM method. Predicted results from CES EduPack indicate that a 5.8% relative density foam will have a Young’s Modulus of 0.02–0.92 GPa while its compressive strength will be 0.34–3.37 MPa. Overall results revealed a relationship between pores per inch and selected mechanical properties of Al foams. The methods developed in this study can be used to efficiently generate open-cell foam models, and to combine experiments and simulations to calculate structure-property relationships and predict yielding and failure, which may help in the pursuit of simulation-based design of metallic foams. This study can help to improve the current methods of characterizing foams and porous materials, and enhance knowledge about theirproperties for novel applications.
Psychological Androgyny A Review of the Research

Androgyny represents a combination of personality characteristics traditionally associated with men (masculine) and those associated with women (feminine). This critical review provides an overview of basic assumptions, measures, research topics, and results of research in the androgyny literature. In particular, research on developmental perspectives emphasizes the importance of focusing upon how individuals systematically maintain and modify their perceptions and experiences as men and women over the life span. The impact of client and practitioner femininity and masculinity upon the counseling process remains poorly understood. Researchers and practitioners alike should recognize the complexity of sex-role-related phenomena, including the importance of situational factors and the role of individual differences in accounting for sex role behavior and adjustment.
Integration testing of object‐oriented components using finite state machines

In object-oriented terms, one of the goals of integration testing is to ensure that messages from objects in one class or component are sent and received in the proper order and have the intended effect on the state of external objects that receive the messages. This research extends an existing single-class testing technique to integration testing. The previous method models the behavior of a single class as a finite state machine, transforms that representation into a data flow graph that explicitly identifies the definitions and uses of each state variable of the class, and then applies conventional data flow testing to produce test case specifications that can be used to test the class. This paper extends those ideas to inter-class testing by developing flow graphs and tests for an arbitrary number of classes and components. It introduces flexible representations for message sending and receiving among objects and allows concurrency among any or all classes and components. A second major result is the introduction of a novel approach to performing data flow analysis. Data flow graphs are stored in a relational database, and database queries are used to gather def-use information. This approach is conceptually simple, mathematically precise, quite powerful, and general enough to be used for traditional data flow analysis. This testing approach relies on finite state machines, database modeling and processing techniques, and algorithms for analysis and traversal of directed graphs. A proof-of-concept implementation is used to illustrate how the approach works on an extended example.
WHY MUSIC? Essays on the importance of music education and advocacy: Why does our profession need advocacy?

Advocacy for music education has become a major professional activity that is not always understood by music educators. Education decision makers - boards of education, legislators, government poli...
Emerging issues in public health genomics

This review highlights emerging areas of interest in public health genomics. First, we describe recent advances in newborn screening (NBS), with a focus on the practice and policy implications of current and future efforts to expand NBS programs (e.g., via next-generation sequencing). Next, we detail research findings from the rapidly progressing field of epigenetics and epigenomics, highlighting ways in which our emerging understanding in these areas could guide future intervention and research efforts in public health. We close by considering various ethical, legal, and social issues posed by recent developments in public health genomics; these include policies to regulate access to personal genomic information, the need to enhance genetic literacy in both health professionals and the public, and challenges in ensuring that the benefits (and burdens) of genomic discoveries and applications are equitably distributed. We also note needs for future genomic research that integrates across basic and social s...
Wavelength-selective light quenching of biochemical fluorophores

The use of light quenching to selectively eliminate the emission of biochemical fluorophores based on the emission wavelength is described. To demonstrate the possibility of wavelength-selective light quenching, a mixture of two fluorophores, 4-(dimethylamino)-48-cyanostillene (DCS) and Prodan, emitting at different wavelengths was examined first. The emission spectrum and intensity decay were altered by the 570-nm quenching pulse due to selective quenching of the longer wavelength emission of DCS. Quenching of the solvent-sensitive fluorophore partially bound to human serum albumin and partially in the aqueous phase was then examined. Light quenching with a long wavelength (570 nm) time-delayed pulse selectively quenched the Prodan fluorophore in the aqueous phase while in the presence of the Prodan bound to human serum albumin, which emitted at shorter wavelengths, was not quenched. Using one-beam short wavelength excitation and quenching, a selective quenching of the blue-shifted emission of ribonuclease T1 in the presence of the red-shifted emission of the tryptophan residue in adrenocorticotropic hormone was observed. In both systems wavelength-selective light quenching was demonstrated by a shift in the emission spectra, and by changes in the intensity decay consistent with preferential quenching of one species. Light quenching is instantly reversible by blocking or defocusing of the quenching beam. It can occur for inaccessible residues or in viscous solvents, and thus can be of wide applicability for resolving the complex emission of biological macromolecules. © 1997 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.
Slag–Portland Cement Based DSP Paste

The partial replacement of Portland cement and silica fume by ground granulated blast furnace slag in DSP cement pastes has been investigated under different curing regimens. The influence of long-term hydration at 25°C, as well as hydrothermal curing (at 80°C) and strong drying (at 200° and 400°C), on the composition and microstructures of slag–Portland cement DSP materials was investigated by nsing QXRD, TGA, MIP, and TMS-GPC methods in this study. Slag is found to be an additive improving intrinsic properties of the DSP paste. CaO/SiO2 molar ratios of C-S-H phase in the DSP cement past have been calculated.
Letter Regarding Article by Martinelli et al, “Risk Factors and Recurrence Rate of Primary Deep Vein Thrombosis of the Upper Extremities”

To the Editor: This letter regards the article by Dr Martinelli et al,1 “Risk factors and recurrence rate of primary deep vein thrombosis of the upper extremities.” Although the focus of the study published by these authors is in reference to the possible coagulopathy that patients may have as a predominant risk factor to develop upper vein thrombosis, as well as the possible influence of oral contraceptives, there is no reference to the Paget-Schroetter syndrome, also known as “effort thrombosis of the subclavian vein,” that some of their patients seemed to have. A strenuous muscular effort with the arms was recorded in one fourth of their patients. The current acceptable treatment for that condition is lytic therapy followed by surgery. The patients were followed up to investigate the rate of recurrence. …
Anti-Xa Stability of Diluted Dalteparin for Pediatric Use

BACKGROUND:The low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) dalteparin is approved by the Food and Drug Administration for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in adults and has recently received an indication for acute VTE therapy in adults with cancer. Published reports of experience with dalteparin use in European children suggest that this LMWH agent is safe and effective in the prophylaxis and treatment of VTE in the pediatric population. However, dalteparin is commonly available in the US in a concentrated form that requires dilution for accurate administration in infants and young children.OBJECTIVE:To investigate the in vitro stability of diluted dalteparin for pediatric use, as measured by serial anti-Xa activity assays over the course of 4 weeks.METHODS:At 2 clinical research pharmacies, dalteparin multidose vials (anti-Xa concentration 25,000 U/mL) of the 2 distinct lots presently available for clinical use were diluted 1:10 with preservative-free NaCl 0.9% and maintained in tuberculin syringes a...
Arsenic Disruption of DNA Damage Responses—Potential Role in Carcinogenesis and Chemotherapy

Arsenic is a Class I human carcinogen and is widespread in the environment. Chronic arsenic exposure causes cancer in skin, lung and bladder, as well as in other organs. Paradoxically, arsenic also is a potent chemotherapeutic against acute promyelocytic leukemia and can potentiate the cytotoxic effects of DNA damaging chemotherapeutics, such as cisplatin, in vitro. Arsenic has long been implicated in DNA repair inhibition, cell cycle disruption, and ubiquitination dysregulation, all negatively impacting the DNA damage response and potentially contributing to both the carcinogenic and chemotherapeutic potential of arsenic. Recent studies have provided mechanistic insights into how arsenic interferes with these processes including disruption of zinc fingers and suppression of gene expression. This review discusses these effects of arsenic with a view toward understanding the impact on the DNA damage response.
Target Region Amplification Polymorphism: A Novel Marker Technique for Plant Genotyping

The advent of large-scale DNA sequencing technology has generated a tremendous amount of sequence information for many important organisms. We have developed a rapid and efficient PCR-based technique, which uses bioinformatics tools and expressed sequence tag (EST) database information to generate polymorphic markers around targeted candidate gene sequences. This target region amplification polymorphism (TRAP) technique uses 2 primers of 18 nucleotides to generate markers. One of the primers, the fixed primer, is designed from the targeted EST sequence in the database; the second primer, the arbitrary primer, is an arbitrary sequence with either an AT-or GC-rich core to anneal with an intron or exon, respectively. PCR amplification is run for the first 5 cycles with an annealing temperature of 35°C, followed by 35 cycles with an annealing temperature of 50°C. For different plant species, each PCR reaction can generate as many as 50 scorable fragments with sizes ranging from 50–900 bp when separated on a 6.5% polyacrylamide sequencing gel. The TRAP technique should be useful in genotyping germplasm collections and in tagging genes governing desirable agronomic traits of crop plants.
Revolutionary impact of today's array detector technology on chemical analysis

State-of-the-art array detector technology is having a profound impact on numerous types of chemical analysis. The unique capabilities of these detectors create unprecedented opportunities in the various domains of high resolution, ultra sensitive optical spectroscopy. These array detectors, including charge coupled devices (CCDs) and charge injection devices (CIDs) have found successful application in molecular fluorescence, chemiluminescence, and atomic emission spectroscopies. The potential of these detectors for spatial and spectral imaging has been realized in a variety of applications including thin layer chromatography and flow cytometry. Applications of array detectors to these areas are discussed along with the inherently unique methods of operation such as random access integration, time delay integration, and flat fielding.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Methotrexate for the Management of Crohn’s Disease in Children

Objective: To review the literature evaluating methotrexate as a treatment option for Crohn’s disease (CD) in pediatric patients. Data Sources: A search of PubMed electronic database (1966 to August 2015) and secondary resources was performed using the terms methotrexate, Crohn’s, and inflammatory bowel disease. Other relevant articles cited within identified articles were also utilized. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Data sources were limited to English-language studies that included children less than 18 years of age. In total, 10 clinical studies met the criteria. Data Synthesis: Awareness of the risk of hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma associated with anti–tumor necrosis factor and thiopurine therapies has renewed interest in methotrexate to treat CD in children. According to data from 10 predominantly retrospective studies, children treated with oral or subcutaneous methotrexate once weekly had remission rates of 25% to 53% at 1 year. Adverse effects most often included nausea and vomiting, elevat...
Gene Expression Profiling in Viable but Nonculturable (VBNC) Cells of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae.

Pseudomonas syringae infects diverse crop plants and comprises at least 50 different pathovar strains with different host ranges. More information on the physiological and molecular effects of the host inhibitory environment on the pathogen is needed to develop resistant cultivars. Recently, we reported an in vitro model system that mimics the redox pulse associated with the oxidative burst in plant cells inoculated with Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. Using this system, we demonstrated that oxidation of acetosyringone, a major extracellular phenolic compound induced in some plants in response to bacteria, rendered Pseudomonas syringae. pv. syringae to a “viable but nonculturable” (VBNC) state. Here we performed a large scale transcriptome profiling of P.s.pv. syringae in the VBNC state induced by acetosyringone treatment and identified bacterial genes and pathways presumably associated with this condition. The findings offer insight into what events occur when bacterial pathogens are first encountered and host defense responses are triggered. The acquired knowledge will improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of stress tolerance. We believe that this is the first work on global gene expression profiling of VBNC cells in plant pathogenic bacteria.
Schema Mappings and Data Examples: Deriving Syntax from Semantics (Invited Talk).

Schema mappings are high-level specifications that describe the relationship between two database schemas. Schema mappings are considered to be the essential building blocks in such critical data interoperability tasks as data exchange and data integration. For this reason, they have been the focus of extensive research investigations over the past several years. Since in real-life applications schema mappings can be quite complex, it is important to develop methods and tools for illustrating, explaining, and deriving schema mappings. A promising approach to this effect is to use “good” data examples that illustrate the schema mapping at hand. In this talk, we present an overview of recent work on characterizing and deriving schema mappings via a finite set of data examples. We show that every LAV schema mapping (i.e., a schema mapping specified by a finite set of local-as-view tuple-generating dependencies) is uniquely characterized by a finite set of universal data examples with respect to the class of all LAV schema mappings. We also show that this type of result does not hold for arbitrary GAV schema mappings (i.e., schema mappings specified by a finite set of global-as-view tuple- generating dependencies). After this, we give a necessary and sufficient algorithmic condition for a GAV schema mapping to be uniquely characterizable by a finite set of universal examples with respect to the class of all GAV schema mappings. Along the way, we establish tight connections between unique characterizability of schema mappings and homomorphism dualities. This is joint work with Bogdan Alexe (IBM Research - Almaden), Balder ten Cate (UC Santa Cruz), and Wang-Chiew Tan (UC Santa Cruz and IBM Research - Almaden) based on [1, 2, 3].
AN AUDIT OF THE MANAGEMENT OF EPILEPSY IN CHILDREN AND YOUNG PEOPLE WITH INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES

Objective To assess the management of epilepsy in children and young people with intellectual disabilities, against quality standards published by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) and the International League against Epilepsy (ILAE). Method 276 case notes from a large CAMHS Learning Disabilities service were audited to identify patients with a current diagnosis of epilepsy. Data collected included: (a) demographics, (b) epilepsy type, (c) seizure control, (d) prescribed medication, (e) professionals involved, and (f) psychiatric diagnoses. Descriptive statistics were computed. Results 38 patients from the service were identified as having epilepsy. 21 (55%) patients were of male gender. The predominant seizure type was focal seizures affecting 26 patients (68%). 28 (74%) patients were on 1 anti-epileptic medication, but notably there were 6 (16%) patients on 3 or more anti-epileptic medications. 26 (68%) patients had more than 1 psychiatric diagnosis, and 34 (89%) patients were prescribed psychotropic medication. 24 (63%) patients were reviewed regularly by a Paediatric Neurologist. It was unclear which professional was reviewing the epilepsy management in 2 (5%) patients. 4 (11%) patients had a joint Neurology and Psychiatry review within the last 12 months. Conclusion Children and young people with intellectual disabilities have higher rates of epilepsy compared to the general population. The nature of their epilepsy tends to be more difficult to diagnose and treat. Despite both NICE and ILAE guidelines recommending that care be delivered for this group of patients in a tertiary neurology centre, preferably with joint management between a neurologist and psychiatrist; this was a rarity in the audited population. Several actions are proposed to improve the quality of epilepsy care in this group of patients.