cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
GOING GLOBAL: HOW TO JOIN THE SECOND MAJOR REVOLUTION IN ADVERTISING

The Two Revolutions in Advertising. Dr. Shoop's Restorative was a patent medicine sold around the turn of the century. It allegedly cured shingles, rickets, the grippe, the vapors, neuritis, and neuralgia. It also changed the course of advertising. One day in 1904 a couple of young ad men, Ambrose Thomas and Albert Lasker, were sitting in their Chicago offices when a messenger arrived with a note. “I am downstairs at the saloon,” it said, “and I can tell you what advertising is.” When Thomas and Lasker went down to investigate, they found an imposing fellow named John E. Kennedy, a former member of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police who had more recently been employed as a copywriter for Dr. Shoop's Restorative. Several hours and many drinks later, they hired Kennedy at a salary of $28,000 a year—fantastic money in those days. But Kennedy eventually made them very rich, and his concept made advertising the $170 billion global industry it is today.
Cytochemical Methods for the Detection of Apoptosis

Detection of apoptotic cell death in cells and tissues has become of paramount importance in many fields of modern biology, including studies of embryonic development, degenerative disease, and cancer biology. In addition to methods that employ biochemical analysis of large populations of cells, cytochemical methods have recently been extensively used both in individual cells and in tissues. Most of these methods exploit properties of dying cells that are more or less specific for the apoptotic process. However, considerable confusion exists over the interpretation of some of these methods and their usefulness in all settings. This review attempts to summarize the more recent advances in cytochemical detection of apoptosis and emphasizes some of the pitfalls that confuse the interpretation of results of these methods.
Contextual control of conflicting associations in the developing rat.

Two experiments examined the effects of manipulations of contextual cues on the expression of conflicting associations in 18-, 26-, and 35-day-old rats. Subjects learned to GO RIGHT in a water-filled T-maze, then were trained to reverse this position habit (GO LEFT). When the competing responses were learned in the same visual context, all age groups displayed a recency effect on a subsequent test in extinction; they behaved in accordance with the last-learned GO LEFT habit. If the competing responses were learned in different visual context, and testing took place in the context of the first problem, 35-day-old subjects behaved in a manner consistent with the GO RIGHT context (reduced recency). However, similarly trained 18-day-old subjects showed no evidence of a reduced recency effect. Given that 18-day-old rats are sensitive to other context manipulations, the present results suggest that the ability to “disambiguate” conflicting associations by context may be depend upon the maturation of a relatively late-developing configural learning system. © 1992 Wiley & sons. Inc.
Tumor Ablation in the Kidney

The interventional radiologist who establishes a percutaneous tumor ablation program will likely become skilled in liver tumor ablation before attempting to treat renal cell carcinoma. Liver tumors are more common than primary renal tumors, and most patients with liver tumors are not surgical candidates. Thus, a steady influx of patients eligible for percutaneous ablation of hepatic tumors can be expected in many centers. In contrast, surgical removal remains the standard therapy for small renal cell carcinomas, and most patients can undergo resection (1). Nevertheless, with the incidence of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) increasing and with the aging population in the United States, the number of patients with small RCCs who are not good surgical candidates is expected to increase (2, 3, 4). Thus, from time to time, the radiologist experienced in percutaneous tumor ablation can expect to encounter patients for whom percutaneous treatment of RCC is the only option or the most reasonable one.
The Place of the Extension Specialist in Farm and Home Counseling

The broad goals or objectives of this program have already been outlined to us. Our job is not, at this point at least, to question these objectives but rather to accommodate ourselves to them. They are of sufficient importance to review. First: The "unit approach" is basically an educational program and not a service program. In the strict sense of the word, it is not a program but rather an educational method or technique. Second: The goal of this "unit approach" is to maximize satisfactions at the family level. This program is concerned with people and not things. The family is the end product and not the by-product. Third: The economic concern as related to maximization of satisfac-
Notes on the History of the Slide Rule

(1908). Notes on the History of the Slide Rule. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 1-5.
The Affluent Prosper While Everyone Else Struggles

(1990). The Affluent Prosper While Everyone Else Struggles. Sociological Focus: Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 73-87.
Helicoma chlamydosporum, a new hyphomycete from submerged wood in Panama

Large, black, intercalary, dictyochlamydospores borne on dematiaceous hyphae were found on a twig submerged in a stream in Panama and subsequently incubated in a moist chamber. Single chlamydospore isolates produced both dictyochlamydospores and yellow, non-hygroscopic, helical conidia coiled in a single plane. The latter are typical ofHelicoma. This fungus cannot be accommodated in any existing species of this genus however, and is therefore described as new.
Distinct Cell Responses to Substrates Consisting of Poly(ε-caprolactone) and Poly(propylene fumarate) in the Presence or Absence of Cross-Links

To investigate the role of chemical cross-links in regulating biomaterial properties and cell behavior, we have prepared and characterized a series of biodegradable polymer blends in both un-cross-linked and photo-cross-linked forms. In this comparative study, these blends consisted of an oligomeric, cross-linkable, amorphous poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF) and a high-molecular-weight, semicrystalline poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL). After cross-linking, semi-interpenetrating polymer networks (semi-IPNs) were formed by combining PPF chemical network and PCL physical network that was associated by the crystallites. The material design strategy presented here was different from previously studied semicrystalline polymer networks, in which crystallizable segments participated covalently in the chemical network and were significantly suppressed by the network. For these PPF/PCL blends, thermal properties such as melting temperature (T(m)) and crystallinity have been correlated with their rheological and mechanical properties to demonstrate the effects of cross-linking density and crystallinity. Surface morphology, hydrophilicity, and the capability of adsorbing proteins from cell culture media have also been determined. For potential applications in bone and vascular tissue engineering and demonstration of regulating cell behavior on polymer substrates with controllable physicochemical characteristics, in vitro cell studies that included cell viability, attachment, spreading, and proliferation have been performed using mouse MC3T3 cells and primary rat aortic smooth muscle cells (SMCs). In a similar manner, these two cell types have been found to show distinct cell responses to the polymer substrates in the presence or absence of cross-links.
Surgical Control/Cure of 5TGM1 Murine Multiple Myeloma Model By Thyroparathyroidectomy

The 5TGM1 transplanted C57BL6/KaLwRij mouse is widely used to study murine multiple myeloma development. It recapitulates many features of human multiple myeloma including monoclonal paraprotein as well as bone lesions. Using this mouse model we demonstrated the crucial role of the parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R) on the survival of mice exposed to proteasome inhibitor drugs such as bortezomib and carfilzomib; specifically the blockage of the PTH1R function by parathyroid hormone antagonist (PTH 7-34) resulted in significant abrogation of the beneficial survival effect of proteasome inhibitor drugs. To further investigate the effect of the parathyroid hormone (PTH) axis on murine myeloma development we performed thyroparathyroidectomy on the C57BL6/KaLwRij mouse before or after 5TGM1 transplantation. Thyroparathyroidectomy was performed by trained personnel in general anesthesia with isoflurane; all surgical/postsurgical procedures and animal welfare followed an IACUC approved protocol at the University of Arkansas. To prevent hypocalcaemia at postsurgery, 1M CaCl2 solution in the drinking bottle was supplemented for a week. All tested mice received 0.5X106 5TGM1 cell infusion by intravenous injection; mice were divided into three groups; Group 1 control mice (n=10) received 5TGM1 infusion at day 0; Group 2 included 15 mice which on day 10 post 5TGM1 cell infusion underwent thyroparathyroidectomy; Group 3 included 15 mice which at 20 days post-surgery received infusion of 5TGM1 cells. 30% of animals experienced post-surgical complications and died in the first 7 days from procedure; those animals were not included in this survival analysis which is based on 10 animals for each cohort. Blood samples were collected at weekly intervals for IgG2 measurements. The survival curves of mice recovered after surgery are shown in the figure. All control mice (group 1) developed myeloma progression and died within 3 weeks post-transplant; 2 mice from group 2 and 5 mice of the third cohort manifested disease. All 7 animal deaths were pathologically and serologically attributed to myeloma progression. Compared to controls thyroparathyroidectomized mice (Group 2 and Group 3) showed significantly longer survival p Disclosures Zangari:Norvartis: Membership on an entity9s Board of Directors or advisory committees; Onyx: Research Funding; Millennium: Research Funding.
Enterotoxin production and resistance to anti-microbial drugs of Staphylococcus aureus in selected retail food products in Ouhai

Objective:To investigate the prevalence of enterotoxin production and resistance to anti-microbial drugs of Staphylococcus aureus in selected retail food products.Methods:In terms of GB/T4789.10-2003,food product such as raw meat,cooked food etd were analyzed for S.aureus.Isolated S.aureus strains were tested for staphylococcal enterotoxin production and antimicrobial resisitance.Results:From 177 food samples,S.aureus was detected in 45 product samples.Enterotoxin production was observed 32(71.11%).Conclusion:The data show that the foods in Ouhai are severely contaminated with S.aureus which could cause potential health hazards to consumers of Chinese food products and S.aureus shows resistance to different kinds of antimicrobial angents.
Analysis of the genotype of hepatitis A virus responsible for 4 hepatitis A outbreaks in Guizhou Province in 2008 and 2009

OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to determine the pathogenic strains and the genotypes of hepatitis A virus responsible for 4 hepatitis A outbreaks in Guizhou Province between 2008 and 2009, so to provide basic information on the genotypes of epidemic strains of hepatitis A virus in the Province. METHODS Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) was used to detect IgM antibodies against hepatitis A virus(HAV-IgM) and against hepatitis E virus(HEV-IgM)in the serum samples, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) was utilized to detect and sequence viral nucleic acids in HAV-IgM-positive serums. RESULTS All 60 serum specimens were tested HEV-IgM negative, and 54specimens were HEV-IgM positive. Among the HAV-IgM-positive serum specimens, 28 were HAV RNA-positive, and hepatitis A virus in 15 specimens belonged to subtype IA as identified by genetic sequencing. CONCLUSION 15 strains of hepatitis A virus responsible for the 4 outbreaks have the same genotype and are closely related phylogenetically. The epidemic strain varies in different counties(or cities) during different periods.
Venlafaxine treatment of panic disorder: a case series.

Background : Venlafaxine inhibits the neuronal reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine and has been shown to be an effective antidepressant ; however, its potential efficacy in treating panic disorder has not yet been evaluated. Method : Four consecutive patients with panic disorder were administered low doses of venlafaxine in an open-label, nonblinded trial. Outcome data were obtained at regular intervals via detailed clinical exploration and patient self-report. In no case was any depth psychotherapy or attempt at conflict resolution provided. Results : Panic attacks were completely eliminated in the first four patients with panic disorder that I treated with low doses of venlafaxine. Three of these patients experienced no further panic attacks after the institution of venlafaxine therapy. The total daily maintenance doses used were between 50 and 75 mg/day, and the effective starting doses were even lower. Conclusion : The resolution of panic disorder in all four patients treated with low doses of venlafaxine suggests that venlafaxine might be an effective treatment for panic disorder. Moreover, the rapid, apparently immediate, disappearance of panic attacks after the initiation of venlafaxine in three of four patients raises the possibility that this agent may have an unusually fast onset of action. The efficacy of low doses of venlafaxine or the need to start treatment with very low doses in patients with panic disorder was predicted by experience with other monoamine reuptake inhibitors in this patient population. Double-blind, placebo-controlled studies of venlafaxine in panic disorder are indicated.
Charter school closure and student achievement: Evidence from Ohio

Abstract The closure of low-performing schools is an essential feature of the charter school model. Our regression discontinuity analysis uses an exogenous source of variation in school closure—an Ohio law that requires charter schools to close if they fail to meet a specific performance standard—to estimate the causal effect of closure on student achievement. The results indicate that closing low-performing charter schools eventually yields achievement gains of around 0.2–0.3 standard deviations in reading and math for students attending these schools at the time they were identified for closure. The study also employs mandatory closure as an instrument for estimating the impact of exiting low-quality charter schools, thus providing plausible lower-bound estimates of charter school effectiveness. These results complement the more common lottery-based estimates of charter school effects, which likely serve as upper-bound estimates due to their focus on oversubscribed schools often located in cities with high-performing charter sectors. We discuss the implications for research and policy.
BER test time optimization

In commerce, time to market (TTM) is defined as the length of time it takes from a product being conceived until its being available for sale. There are no standards for measuring TTM and it varies from product to product. The product life cycle of PC's is 2–3 years whereas for mobile products its 1–2 years. Major part of product's life cycle time is taken by testing phase. Hence it becomes essential to reduce number of tests to very critical ones and also to reduce test time. For high speed serial interfaces one of the quality measures of digital transmission is bit error ratio (BER). BER is defined as the ratio of number of received bits in error to the total number of bits transmitted. BER testing for high speed serial interfaces requires long string of bits to be sent and hence requires very long test time, usually in minutes and hours. This test time finally translates to money and hence should be shortened. This paper explains how hypothesis definition and testing can reduce BER test time and cost cutting can be achieved. Further research goes in to verification phase of this test methodology with test lab exercise.
The effects of teachers' efficacy beliefs on students' perceptions of teacher relationship quality

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine if teacher efficacy beliefs would predict middle school students' perceptions of relationship quality when controlling for gender, teacher expectations of student success, and student perceptions of parent relationship quality. Using hierarchical linear modeling techniques, we found that teachers' who had high expectations for success tended to have students who perceived closeness and low conflict at the beginning of the year. Over time, teachers' general efficacy was a significant predictor of students' increased reports of teacher closeness, while teachers' personal efficacy was a significant predictor of students' perceptions of increased conflict and decreased dependency on their teacher during the school year. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Air-Ground Channel Characterization for Unmanned Aircraft Systems—Part IV: Airframe Shadowing

Applications of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) are expected to expand dramatically in the coming decades. In order to provide safe and reliable links for UAS, NASA Glenn Research Center sponsored a measurement campaign in 2013 to characterize air-ground (AG) channels. In the first three of our AG channel characterization series papers, path loss, small scale fading, stationarity distance, root mean square (RMS) delay spread, spatial correlations, and tapped delay line models were presented for a range of ground site environment. In this paper, we expand the results to a unique and little-studied characteristic of the AG channels—airframe shadowing—for a medium-sized aircraft. Airframe shadowing occurs when the line-of-sight signal is obstructed by the airplane itself in some specific maneuvers. Based on over 200 aircraft wing/engine shadowing events in both C-band (5060 MHz) and L-band (968 MHz) collected in the measurement campaign, shadowing depth, duration, multiple antenna diversity gain, and small scale fading results and their statistics are reported. Algorithms are proposed to simulate a random shadowing event based upon shadowing depth and duration cumulative density functions. Airframe shadowing characteristics are independent of the local ground site conditions and link distance. The shadowing loss is modeled as a function of aircraft roll angle, but shadowing loss and duration are essentially uncorrelated. The maximum shadowing loss measured was over 35 dB and the duration was up to 74 s. As expected, deployment of multiple aircraft antennas is shown helpful to mitigate this shadowing.
Model Combination Methods for Outlier Ensembles

An important part of the process of creating outlier ensembles is to combine the outputs of different detectors. The precise method for model combination has a significant impact on the effectiveness of a particular outlier detection method because of the varying theoretical effects of different combination methods. For example, the impact of the scheme of averaging is quite different from that of maximization in terms of the bias and variance of the result. Therefore, the choice of model combination has a crucial effect on the results of the ensemble.
Reactions of some chromium-oxygen complexes containing superoxo, hydroperoxo, oxo, and (mu)- peroxo ligands

84 INTRODUCTION 85 EXPERIMENTAL SECTION 86 RESULTS 88 Composition 88 Reversible redox chemistry 88 Electrochemistry 91 Kinetics 94 Decomposition products 95 DISCUSSION 97 The nature of Complexes I and n 97 Redox chemistry 100 Quinone oxidation of ethanol catalyzed by chromic ion 101 Coordinative stabilization of radicals 102 REFERENCES 104 GENERAL SUMMARY ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 107 108
A site-consistent method to quantify sufficiency of alternative IMs in relation to PSDA

Summary In probabilistic seismic demand analysis, evaluation of the sufficiency of an intensity measure (IM) is an important criterion to avoid biased assessment of the demand hazard. However, there exists no metric to quantify the degree of sufficiency as per the criterion of Luco and Cornell (2007). This paper proposes a site-specific unified measure for degree of sufficiency from all seismological parameters under consideration using a total information gain metric. This unified metric for sufficiency supports not only comparison of the performance of different IMs given a response quantity but also assessment of the performance of a particular IM across different response quantities. The proposed sufficiency metric was evaluated for a 4-story steel moment frame building, and the influence of ground motion selection on the degree of sufficiency was investigated. It was observed that ground motion selection can have a significant impact on IM sufficiency. Because computing the total information gain requires continuous deaggregation across the IM space, an approximate deaggregation technique that allows for a more practical estimation of marginal deaggregation probabilities is proposed. It is expected that the total information gain metric proposed in this paper will aid in understanding the efficiency-sufficiency relation, thus enabling the selection of a proper scalar IM for a given site and application in probabilistic seismic demand analysis.
Multiple Sclerosis, Genetics, and Autoimmunity

Multiple sclerosis (MS) afflicts approximately 250,000 to 350,000 individuals in the United States and is the most common autoimmune disease involving the nervous system. Multifocal immune-mediated destruction of the myelin sheath and secondary axonal damage in the central nervous system (CNS) results in variable neurological dysfunction, most commonly altered vision, incoordination, gait ataxia, paralysis, and sensory disturbances (1). Relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), where patients have attacks of neurological dysfunction lasting days to weeks followed by complete to near complete recovery, accounts for approximately 85% of patients with MS. After approximately 10 years, the majority of patients with RRMS have entered secondary-progressive MS (SPMS), where there is gradual accumulation of neurological dysfunction without recovery. This may represent a neurodegenerative phase of the disease that results from axon transfection and neuronal loss (2,3). Primary-progressive MS (PPMS), accounting for approximately 15% of patients with MS, is similar to SPMS, except that these patients do not have a preceding relapsing-remitting phase.
Operating at night does not increase the risk of intraoperative adverse events.

Abstract Background We sought to investigate the association between nighttime (NT) operating and the occurrence of intraoperative adverse events (iAEs). Study design Our 2007–2012 institutional ACS-NSQIP and administrative databases were screened for iAEs using the ICD-9-CM-based Patient Safety Indicator “accidental puncture or laceration”. Procedures were defined as AM (06.00–14.00 h), PM (14.00–22.00 h), or NT (22.00–06.00 h). Univariate and multivariable analyses were performed to investigate the association between PM and NT operating and the occurrence of iAEs. Results 9136 surgical procedures were included: 7445 AM, 1303 PM, 388 NT. iAEs occurred in 183 procedures. NT patients were younger and less comorbid, but sicker, and with less complex surgeries. There was no correlation between PM or NT operations and iAEs (multivariable analysis [reference: AM operations]: OR = 0.66 [95% CI = 0.40–1.12], P = 0.123; OR = 1.22 [95% CI = 0.51–2.93], P = 0.659, respectively). Conclusion Operating at night does increase the risk of iAEs.
Weight stigma and health: The mediating role of coping responses.

Objective Considerable evidence has documented links between weight stigma and poor health, independent of weight. However, little research has assessed how individuals cope with weight stigma, and how stigma-specific coping responses contribute to health. The present study examined multiple stigma-specific coping responses as mediators of the relationship between experienced weight stigma and health. Method A diverse national sample of 912 adults (53.9% female, Mage = 40.33, SD = 15.58) reporting experiences of weight stigma completed questionnaires about stigma, stigma-specific coping responses (i.e., coping with weight stigma via negative affect, maladaptive eating behavior, healthy lifestyle behavior, and exercise avoidance), and health indices including depressive symptoms, physical health, psychological wellbeing, dieting frequency, and self-esteem. Results Stigma-specific coping responses mediated the relationship between experienced weight stigma and all health indices, though indirect effects of weight stigma on health varied by coping strategy. Weight stigma was indirectly associated with greater frequency of depressive symptoms, lower scores on psychological wellbeing, self-esteem and physical health through coping via negative affect. Weight stigma indirectly contributed to greater frequency of depressive symptoms and dieting, as well as lower self-esteem and poorer physical health through coping via maladaptive eating. Weight stigma was associated with less frequent depressive symptoms, more frequent dieting, better psychological wellbeing, better self-esteem, and better physical health through coping with healthy lifestyle behaviors. Conclusions These findings suggest that it may be useful to address weight stigma and coping in the context of weight management and obesity treatment programs, to help protect individuals from negative health effects of experiencing weight stigma. (PsycINFO Database Record
Estimating the three dimensional structure of the harvard forest using a database driven multi-modal remote sensing technique

The global forest covers over 30% of the Earth's landmass and plays a critical role in a number of global systems including the carbon cycle. Developing methods to track the carbon flow into and out of forests is necessary to gain a complete understanding of the global carbon cycle and, in turn, its effect on the climate. Remote sensing technologies such as satellite based passive optical remote sensing and synthetic aperture radar are uniquely capable of interrogating forests. Using data fusion or synergy, we present a novel approach to estimating forest aboveground biomass and mean canopy height in heterogeneous forest regions with minimal required ancillary ground measurements. We present a dynamic database driven approach wherein a region of study is divided into stands and each stand is compared to a set of simulated forest stands. The simulated stands each contain a set of simulated fractal trees with distributions based on observed ranges within the area of study. Each stand within the region of study is examined and compared to the simulated forest stands using a measure of similarity. If a simulated stand is not found to be similar to the measured stand, an iterative process is employed wherein the most similar simulated stand is dynamically modified including its species composition and the mean canopy height and above-ground biomass within each species until a similar simulated stand is constructed. The simulated stand, regardless of if it existed previously in the set of simulated stands or if it needed to be dynamically generated, is considered a reasonable representation for the measured stand under test and its height and biomass are reported. This approach relies heavily on our sensor simulators, including our fractal-based tree geometry generator, as well as SAR, IfSAR, LiDAR, and Optical simulators. We propose to validate our approach in the Harvard Forest, a heavily studied region in central Massachusetts.
Disconnects and Silos in Transitional Care: Single-Case Study of Model Implementation in Home Health Care:

Transitional care incorporates actions to ensure the coordination and continuity of care between provider settings (ie, hospitals, nursing homes, home health care, patients’ home, and physician offices) occurs to meet the patient’s goals relative to their disease management. The evolution of transitional care over the past decade has facilitated the emergence of several transitional care models. However, there is a dearth of understanding related to the collaboration between nurse transition coaches and home care nurses when implementing transitional care model activities to achieve desired patient outcomes in the home health care setting. This case study describes the enactment of a specific transitional care model’s conceptual framework to derive an in-depth understanding of the collaborations between nurse transition coaches and home health nurses in the unique context of home health care. The case is a specific patient-centered Care Transitions Intervention (CTI) model with 4 embedded subunits: (1) th...
Skeletal Muscle Glucose MetaboLism and InsuLin Resistance

The skeletal muscle is uniquely important for the maintenance of normal blood glucose levels in humans, and defects in glucose metabolism in this tissue play a critical role in the development and progression of type 2 diabetes. In this article, we first review the mechanisms of glucose transport and metabolism in the skeletal muscle and focus on its regulation by the hormone insulin. Insulin, a peptide hormone produced and released from the pancreas in response to a rise in blood glucose levels, binds to receptors on skeletal muscle cells and stimulates the uptake of glucose from the blood into the cell. This seemingly basic physiological function – which is essential for the maintenance of glucose homeostasis in humans – nevertheless involves a complex interplay of multiple signaling proteins, glucose transporters, enzymes, and transcription factors that, together, coordinate the response to insulin and regulate the fate of glucose entering the muscle cell. In type 2 diabetes, defects in these insulin signaling pathways contribute to the skeletal muscle insulin resistance, which is a hallmark feature of the disease and can be observed very early on in the natural history of diabetes. In the second part of this article, we describe the current understanding of the mechanisms of insulin resistance in the skeletal muscle and demonstrate that multiple defects involving several distinct physiological pathways likely underlie insulin resistance in humans and contribute to the development and progression of type 2 diabetes.
Remarriage: A Family Systems Perspective

A social systems framework to help practitioners understand the impact of remarriage on the family is presented. This perspective addresses attempts by the family to reestablish boundaries, to inte...
Full Nutrition or Not

Enteral nutrition (EN) is widely used in intensive care units around the world, but the optimal dosing strategy during the first week of critical illness is still controversial. Numerous studies in the past decade have provided conflicting recommendations regarding the roles of trophic and permissive/intentional underfeeding strategies. Further complicating effective medical decision making is the widespread, yet unintentional and persistent underdelivery of prescribed energy and protein, in addition to the trend for recommending ever-higher amounts of protein delivery. We postulate that the key to appropriate enteral strategy lies within an accurate and patient-specific assessment. Patients with a baseline high nutrition risk and those with increased nutrition demands, such as those with wounds, surgery, or burns, likely require full nutrition support, in contrast with medical patients, such as those with acute respiratory distress syndrome, who may selectively be appropriate for trophic strategies. In this analysis, we review several key trials for and against full EN in the first week of critical illness, as well as key issues such as the role of autophagy and immunonutrition in enteral dose selection.
Protein and Cell Interactions with Nanophase Biomaterials

This chapter provides an overview of current knowledge regarding protein and cell interactions with nanophase materials, that is, materials with feature sizes of less than 100 nm in (at least) one dimension. Nanophase biomaterials promote select and specific interactions with biomolecules and, subsequently, support enhanced mammalian cell functions pertinent to new tissue formation. Although some advances have been made in elucidating aspects of these processes, many questions regarding fundamental processes controlling protein and cell interactions with nanophase biomaterials remain unanswered. Advantages and limitations of these material formulations are highlighted in this chapter; challenges and needs for further research that will elucidate the cellular and molecular processes, as well as pertinent underlying mechanisms, are outlined. These issues must be addressed and resolved before the full potential and promise of these novel biomaterial formulations can be realized.
Adaptive Co-management in Social-Ecological Governance

Directional changes in factors that control social-ecological systems require a flexible approach to social-ecological governance that promotes collaboration among stakeholders at various scales and facilitates social learning. Previous chapters showed that environmental and social changes are rapidly degrading many ecosystem services on which human livelihoods depend. However, simply knowing that degradation is occurring seldom leads to solutions. People have tremendous capacity to modify their environment by changing the rules that shape human behavior, yet much of the conventional thinking on resource management offers limited insights into how to steward sustainability in conditions of rapid change. Consequently, there is a critical need to understand the role of people and their social institutions as mechanisms for negotiating social-ecological change. Designing and implementing appropriate resource management in conditions of change requires an understanding of both the processes by which groups make decisions and the mechanisms by which these decision-making processes adjust to change. It also requires moving beyond notions of resource management as control of resources and people, toward an approach of adaptive social-ecological governance.
Growing Attributed Networks through Local Processes

This paper proposes an attributed network growth model. Despite the knowledge that individuals use limited resources to form connections to similar others, we lack an understanding of how local and resource-constrained mechanisms explain the emergence of structural properties found in real-world networks. We make three contributions. First, we propose a simple and accurate model of attributed network growth that jointly explains the emergence of in-degree, local clustering, clustering-degree relationship and attribute mixing patterns. Second, we make use of biased random walks to develop a model that forms edges locally, without recourse to global information. Third, we account for multiple sociological phenomena: bounded rationality; structural constraints; triadic closure; attribute homophily; preferential attachment. Our experiments show that the proposed Attributed Random Walk (ARW) model accurately preserves network structure and attribute mixing patterns of real-world networks; it improves upon the performance of eight well-known models by a significant margin of 2.5-10 × .
Delayed fission energy effect on LWR normal operation and transients

Abstract In reactor core analysis, equilibrium delayed fission energy is often assumed except for estimating the decay heat during reactor shutdown or post-accident scenarios. In this paper, we investigated a few slow and fast transient operational conditions in which the assumption of equilibrium delayed energy could be questionable. A model of lumping the delayed heat source into groups has been adopted in this study to calculate the time-dependent delayed power in the CASL neutronics code MPACT. For the normal operational depletion, the time-integrated effect of the delayed heat shows a small impact in calculating the flux normalization factor, and thus eigenvalue and depletion isotopics. The effect of delayed energy for the reactivity-initiated accident (RIA) problems is more interesting. For a PWR 3-D full core simulation of rod ejection, the peak core power is reduced by about 3% and the decay heat is significantly higher after SCRAM, with an overall energy release increased by 7%. Therefore, the time-dependent delayed model is more beneficial for fast transient analysis. In addition to the temporal effect, the spatial distribution of energy deposited from delayed gamma rays are compared with that from prompt gamma rays for a few typical LWR mini-lattices, and the results affirm that using the scaling approach for spatial energy deposition of delayed gamma rays has good accuracy.
Hybrid super homogenization and discontinuity factor method for continuous finite element diffusion

Abstract This paper presents a novel homogenization equivalence technique aiming to simultaneously leverage the simplicity of the Super Homogenization (SPH) method to reproduce reference reaction rates and the ability to preserve reference leakage rates at desired surfaces through Discontinuity Factors (DF). The need for this new class of methods arises from the inability of the current state-of-the-art SPH technology to properly reproduce the reactor multiplication factor for problems with significant leakage. This work shows that this defect lies in the use of normalization factors in the SPH algorithm: while they are necessary with purely reflecting problems to ensure uniqueness of the solution, they introduce homogenization inconsistencies if at least one vacuum boundary condition is present. Two solutions to this problem are presented in this work: (i) to simply remove the normalization factor or (ii) to introduce additional degrees of freedom in the form of DFs in such a way that the normalization factors can still constrain the problem. While the former clearly offers unrivaled simplicity and can lead to very satisfactory results for leakage-dominated cores or if spatial restriction of the SPH regions is applied – as demonstrated for the High Temperature Test Reactor, the latter is more robust and does not require to scale the fission terms with the reference eigenvalue.
The Expression of Functional Vpx during Pathogenic SIVmac Infections of Rhesus Macaques Suppresses SAMHD1 in CD4+ Memory T Cells

For nearly 20 years, the principal biological function of the HIV-2/SIV Vpx gene has been thought to be required for optimal virus replication in myeloid cells. Mechanistically, this Vpx activity was recently reported to involve the degradation of Sterile Alpha Motif and HD domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) in this cell lineage. Here we show that when macaques were inoculated with either the T cell tropic SIVmac239 or the macrophage tropic SIVmac316 carrying a Vpx point mutation that abrogates the recruitment of DCAF1 and the ensuing degradation of endogenous SAMHD1 in cultured CD4+ T cells, virus acquisition, progeny virion production in memory CD4+ T cells during acute infection, and the maintenance of set-point viremia were greatly attenuated. Revertant viruses emerging in two animals exhibited an augmented replication phenotype in memory CD4+ T lymphocytes both in vitro and in vivo, which was associated with reduced levels of endogenous SAMHD1. These results indicate that a critical role of Vpx in vivo is to promote the degradation of SAMHD1 in memory CD4+ T lymphocytes, thereby generating high levels of plasma viremia and the induction of immunodeficiency.
Interferer-Robust Compressed Sensing Receiver Based on Mixer Harmonics

The underlying assumption in much of the existing work on cognitive radios (CRs) has been the availability of a high-performance CR receiver. Designing an efficient wideband radio that can sense over a broad spectrum is challenging, especially since high-levels of integration and low power are essential for CR systems operating in battery-powered mobile systems. Recently, sensing strategies based on compressed sensing (CS) have been proposed to reduce the sensing time at minimal hardware overhead. Existing CS receivers, however, assume that the signal energy outside the frequency range of interest is negligible. In a real system, unfortunately, this is not an accurate assumption. Because of the difficulty of designing a wideband and high-order filter, the out-of-band interferers remain largely unattenuated, especially those near the edge of the frequency band of interest. The problem with existing CS receivers is that they are sensitive to these out-of-band interferers, which fold in-band and result in significant performance degradation. This paper presents a CS receiver that is more robust to out-of-band interferers, which are inevitably present in realistic operating scenarios. In the proposed receiver, a cascade of multi-phase clocks exploit the harmonics of modern hard-switching commutating mixers to fold the wideband signal to baseband. The proposed receiver is shown to be similar to existing multi-coset receiver but without the folding of the out-of-band interferers. A possible circuit realization of the mixer block is presented, and the effects of circuit non-idealities have been quantified. The proposed receiver outperforms existing CS receiver even in the absence of out-of-band interferers, because unlike existing receivers, it does not fold the out-of-band noise floor to in-band. In the presence of out-of-band interferers, existing CS receivers cease to function while the proposed receiver remains largely unaffected.
A zooarchaeological history of the Neolithic occupations at Franchthi Cave and paralia in southern Greece

Abstract The Neolithic settlement at Franchthi Cave was founded ca. 8650–8450 cal BP. It was one of the first Neolithic settlements in mainland Greece and was occupied over many phases within the regional Neolithic sequence. This zooarchaeological study examines the history of the Neolithic occupations of the site and the community’s relationship to the land and the sea. Zooarchaeological evidence shows that newcomers brought livestock and domestic plants into the area, and these formed the core of the economy throughout its long history. The caprines were intensively managed for meat throughout the cultural sequence, though secondary products such as milk and wool gained some importance toward the end. Caprine herds were sheltered in the cave, and dogs likely served as guardian animals. The settlement expanded and contracted over time and experienced variable connectivity with other Neolithic communities and regional trade networks. Given the small number of settlements in southern Greece and the rugged land separating them from one another, marine trade may have been critical for replenishing genetic variation in livestock at Franchthi.
Chronic orofacial pain

While pain chronicity in general has been defined as pain lasting for more than 3 months, this definition is not useful in orofacial pain (OFP) and headache (HA). Instead, chronicity in OFP and HA is defined as pain occurring on more than 15 days per month and lasting for more than 4 h daily for at least the last 3 months. This definition excludes the periodic shortlasting pains that often recur in the face and head, but are not essentially chronic. Although the headache field has adopted this definition, chronic orofacial pain is still poorly defined. In this article, we discuss current thinking of chronicity in pain and examine the term 'chronic orofacial pain' (COFP). We discuss the entities that make up COFP and analyze the term's usefulness in clinical practice and epidemiology.
Airborne Aerosol Generation During Endonasal Procedures in the Era of COVID-19: Risks and Recommendations.

ObjectiveIn the era of SARS-CoV-2, the risk of infectious airborne aerosol generation during otolaryngologic procedures has been an area of increasing concern. The objective of this investigation w...
Intertextuality, Parody, and Polyphony in Pepsi’s® 2009 Presidential Inauguration Campaign

AbstractThis paper explores Pepsi’s 2009 advertising campaign as intertextual reference to Obama’s 2008 presidential campaign. Mikhail Bakhtin’s conceptualizations of heteroglossia and the utterance are combined with Julia Kristeva’s discussion of intertextuality to create a theoretical framework for understanding how the ideological viewpoints inherent in the two ad campaigns reflect on one another. Voters and consumers are invited by Pepsi’s logo, slogan, and online video campaign to read the advertisements in relationship to the celebrity status of new President Barack Obama. The interactive nature of the intertextual reference is critical to the overall persuasiveness of the Pepsi campaign.
Five Decades of Modeling Oil Price Shocks: A Critical Review

After five decades of modeling oil price shocks, their causes and repercussions remain a question of considerable interest, both in the academic literature and the policy domain. This paper critically reviews the leading explanations of the underlying causes of oil price shocks since the 1970s. Specifically, it is intended to provide insights into the theoretical, methodological, and empirical milestones together with unresolved issues from both a historical and exploratory viewpoint. The paper also provides and discusses pathways to overcome some of the unresolved issues to aid future model formulations and policy prescriptions.
A continental-scale soil evaporation dataset derived from Soil Moisture Active Passive satellite drying rates.

This manuscript describes an observationally-based dataset of soil evaporation for the conterminous U.S. (CONUS), gridded to a 9 km resolution for the time-period of April 2015-March 2019. This product is termed E-SMAP (Evaporation-Soil Moisture Active Passive) in which soil evaporation is estimated from the surface layer, defined by the SMAP sensing depth of 50 mm, between SMAP overpass intervals that are screened on the basis of precipitation and SMAP quality control flags. Soil evaporation is estimated using a water balance of the surface soil that we show is largely dominated by SMAP-observed soil drying. E-SMAP soil evaporation is on average 0.72 mm day−1, which falls within the range of soil evaporation estimates (0.17–0.89 mm day−1) derived from operational land surface models and an alternative remote sensing product. E-SMAP is independent from existing soil evaporation estimates and therefore has the potential to improve understanding of evapotranspiration partitioning and model development. Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.13181822
The Effect of Police Layoffs on Crime: A Natural Experiment Involving New Jersey’s Two Largest Cities

The current study tests the effect of police layoffs on crime through a natural experiment involving Newark and Jersey City, New Jersey’s two largest cities. In response to severe budget shortfalls...