cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploration of the mechanisms of temperature-dependent grain boundary mobility: Search for the common origin of ultrafast grain boundary motion

The temperature dependence of grain boundary mobility is complex, varied, and rarely fits ideal Arrhenius behavior. This work presents a series of case studies of planar grain boundaries in a model FCC system that were previously demonstrated to exhibit a variety of temperature-dependent mobility behaviors. It is demonstrated that characterization of the mobility versus temperature plots is not sufficient to predict the atomic motion mechanism of the grain boundaries. Herein, the temperature-dependent motion and atomistic motion mechanisms of planar grain boundaries are driven by a synthetic, orientation-dependent, driving force. The systems studied include CSL boundaries with $$\Sigma $$ values of 5, 7, and 15, including both symmetric and asymmetric boundaries. These boundaries represent a range of temperature-dependent trends including thermally activated, antithermal, and roughening behaviors. Examining the atomic-level motion mechanisms of the thermally activated boundaries reveals that each involves a complex shuffle, and at least one atom that changes the plane it resides on. The motion mechanism of the antithermal boundary is qualitatively different and involves an in-plane coordinated shuffle that rotates atoms about a fixed atom lying on a point in the coincident site lattice. This provides a mechanistic reason for the observed high mobility, even at low temperatures, which is due to the low activation energy needed for such motion. However, it will be demonstrated that this mechanism is not universal, or even common, to other boundaries exhibiting non-thermally activated motion. This work concludes that no single atomic motion mechanism is sufficient to explain the existence of non-thermally activated boundary motion.
Embedded Networking and Hardware-Accelerated Graphics with Satellite CCRMA.

Satellite CCRMA is a platform for making embedded musical instruments and embedded installations. The project aims to help prototypes live longer by providing a complete prototyping platform in a single, small, and stand-alone embedded form factor. A set of scripts makes it easier for artists and beginning technical students to access powerful features, while advanced users enjoy the flexibility of the open-source software and open-source hardware platform. This paper focuses primarily on networking capabilities of Satellite CCRMA and new software for enabling interactive control of the hardware-accelerated graphical output. In addition, new results are presented showing that the Satellite CCRMA distribution allows the lifespan of the flash memory to be greatly increased in comparison with other embedded Linux distributions. Consequently, we believe that embedded instrument and installation designers will prefer using Satellite CCRMA for enhanced long-term reliability.
Kinetic Control of O2 Reactivity in H-NOX Domains

Transient absorption, resonance Raman, and vibrational coherence spectroscopies are used to investigate the mechanisms of NO and O2 binding to WT Tt H-NOX and its P115A mutant. Vibrational coherence spectra of the oxy complexes provide clear evidence for the enhancement of an iron–histidine mode near 217 cm–1 following photoexcitation, which indicates that O2 can be dissociated in these proteins. However, the quantum yield of O2 photolysis is low, particularly in the wild type (≲3%). Geminate recombination of O2 and NO in both of these proteins is very fast (∼1.4 × 1011 s–1) and highly efficient. We show that the distal heme pocket of the H-NOX system forms an efficient trap that limits the O2 off-rate and determines the overall affinity. The distal pocket hydrogen bond, which appears to be stronger in the P115A mutant, may help retard the O2 ligand from escaping into the solvent following either photoinduced or thermal dissociation. This, along with a strengthening of the Fe–O2 bond that is correlated wi...
Modification of the electrocardiogram of myocardial infarction by anomalous atrioventricular excitation; Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.

Abstract The difficulty in occasional instances of differentiating myocardial infarction from anomalous atrioventricular excitation (Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome) has been noted by Levine and Beeson, 1 Palatucci and Knighton, 2 Eichert, 3 and Missal, Wood, and Leo. 4 The paroxysmal tachycardia which occurs so regularly with anomalous excitation may produce chest discomfort which may be mistaken for the pain of infarction, and the electrocardiogram of anomalous excitation may also cause confusion. Fischer, 5 Zoll and Sachs, 23 Goldbloom and Dumanis, 6 and Rinzler and Travell 24 have reported cases of the coexistence of the two conditions. In these cases electrocardiograms were not recorded during periods when the anomalous excitation reverted to normal excitation, so that there is no comparison between the two, and the effect of anomalous excitation on the electrocardiogram of myocardial infarction cannot be determined. In the case which is the basis of the present discussion there is definite evidence of the coexistence of the two conditions, and electrocardiograms were recorded shortly after infarction showing both normal and anomalous excitation. These electrocardiograms reveal the fact that anomalous atrioventricular excitation may obscure some of the diagnostic electrocardiographic signs of infarction, in this case, the Q wave. During normal excitation the electrocardiograms showed the characteristic Q 2 and Q 3 of posterior wall infarction. At other times, however, during anomalous excitation the Q 2 and Q 3 were absent, and the initial portions of QRS 2 and QRS 3 were small R waves.
Una mirada retrospectiva sobre Quevedo y lo grotesco: (autocrítica, autobombo y perplejidad)

This essay engages in a retrospective examination of the problem of Quevedo’s relationship to the grotesque. The author reflects primarily on the impact exercised by his Quevedo and the Grotesque (1978, 1982) in connection with the many changes that have occurred in the field of Hispanic studies and the teaching profession at the university level in general since its appearance. It explores the complex affective / intellectual relationship that develops between scholars and the authors and subjects they study and how that relationship is affected by the socio-economic dynamics of the academy. It examines how the ethos of scholarship has evolved in the last four decades, including the growing divide that separates Hispanic studies as practiced in the United States and Spain. The author develops hypotheses to explain why the part of his book that he considers its most original contribution went essentially unnoticed by critics. He also points to the parts of the book he considers to be its weakest and suggests ways in which they could have been improved. Finally, he reflects on the way scholars tend to be defined almost exclusively by their colleagues in terms of certain (often early) contributions, thereby leading to a misrepresentation of their full professional trajectory.
Differential elastic responses to barrier-altering agonists in two types of human lung endothelium

Vascular integrity is primarily determined by endothelial cell (EC) cytoskeletal structure that is differentially regulated by various stimuli. In this study, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to characterize structural and mechanical properties in the cytoskeleton of cultured human pulmonary artery EC (HPAEC) and human lung microvascular EC (HLMVEC) by determining elastic properties (Young's modulus) in response to endogenous barrier protective agents sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), or the barrier disruptive molecule thrombin. Initial studies in unstimulated cells indicate higher baseline peripheral elastic modulus values in HPAEC (mean 2.9 KPa) than in HLMVEC (1.8 KPa). After 30 min of stimulation, S1P induced the highest Young's modulus increase (6.1 KPa) compared to the other barrier enhancing stimuli, HGF (5.8 KPa) and the pharmaceutical agent and S1P analog FTY720 (4.1 KPa). In contrast, the barrier disruptive agent thrombin decreased values from 2.5 KPa to 0.7 KPa depending on the cell type and treatment time. AFM topographical imaging supports these quantitative biophysical data regarding differential peripheral elastic properties in EC. Overall, these AFM studies provide novel insights into the biomechanical properties of human lung EC that regulate vascular barrier function and have potential applicability to pathophysiologic vascular leak syndromes such as acute lung injury.
Gibberellic acid promotes flower stem elongation in ‘Renaissance Red’ poinsettia

Gibberellic acid (GA) used as a foliar spray on ‘Renaissance Red’ poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) greatly increased flower stem length without lengthening production time or other adverse effect...
Costly Signaling: Asian Americans and the Role of Ethnicity in the Willingness to Pay More for Socially Responsible Products

ABSTRACTThe present study applies motivated reasoning and costly signaling theory to examine whether consumers transfer stereotypical race-related attributes to their evaluations of companies' socially responsible advertisements. The study compares corporate socially responsible advertisements featuring different model races and cultural cues in order to meet consumers' motives to impress others by supporting CSR initiatives. Results (N = 754) of a 2 × 2 × 4 experiment reveal that strong ethnic identifiers among Asian Americans are more likely to make a costly signaling behavior when ads feature a white model with white cultural cues by attributing higher social status to whites' images, which is mediated by conspicuous consumption motives. Interestingly, ethnic identification among white Americans is also a strong predictor in making costly signaling behavior with socially responsible products.
Race play in BDSM porn: the eroticization of oppression

ABSTRACTDebates over the production and consumption of pornography have divided scholars into two main camps: anti-porn and sex-positive or pro-porn. Correspondingly, research about pornography has largely focused either on its negative social impacts or on its promise of personal sexual liberation. Very little work has explored the way in which pornography can be both repressive and freeing in the same instance, offering opportunities for excitement and titillation that may reify systemic oppression while also empowering marginalized subjects to disrupt these systems in unique ways. Grounding our work in the everyday life of erotic racism, we utilize Weiss’s notion of performative efficacy and Nash's racial iconography in order to conduct a deep reading of a well-known gay BDSM pornographic film. The analysis demonstrates how porn actors may find racial pleasure in their work by appropriating gendered racial stereotypes to counter standard racist narratives.
Improving Higher Education: Learning Analytics & Recommender Systems Research

An enduring issue in higher education is student retention to successful graduation. Studies in the U.S. report that average six-year graduation rates across higher-education institutions is 59% and have remained relatively stable over the last 15 years. For those that do complete a college degree, less than half complete within four-years. Requiring additional terms or leaving college without receiving a bachelor's degree has high human and monetary costs and deprives students from the economic benefits of a college credential (over $1 million in a lifetime and even higher in STEM fields). Moreover, when students do not succeed in graduating, local and national communities struggle to create an educated workforce. Estimates indicate that by 2020 over 64% of the jobs in the U.S. will require at least some post-secondary education. These challenges have been recognized by the U.S. National Research Council, which identified that there is a critical need to develop innovative approaches to enable higher-education institutions retain students, ensure their timely graduation, and are well-trained and workforce ready in their field of study. Failure to do so represents a significant problem as it deprives the U.S. of the highly skilled workforce that it needs to successfully compete in the modern world.This talk describes various efforts under way to develop "Big Data" methods to analyze in a comprehensive manner, the large and diverse types of education and learning-related data in order to improve undergraduate education. These methods are motivated by and are designed to address various interrelated issues that have a significant impact on college student success and include: (i) academic pathways towards successful and timely graduation from the student perspective; (ii) effective pedagogy by instructors; and (iii) retention and persistence of students from the institutional and advisor perspective. In addition, the talk will discuss areas in which research methods and approaches originally developed by the recommender systems community can be applied to this domain.
Four-phonon scattering significantly reduces intrinsic thermal conductivity of solids

For decades, the three-phonon scattering process has been considered to govern thermal transport in solids, while the role of higher-order four-phonon scattering has been persistently unclear and so ignored. However, recent quantitative calculations of three-phonon scattering have often shown a significant overestimation of thermal conductivity as compared to experimental values. In this Rapid Communication we show that four-phonon scattering is generally important in solids and can remedy such discrepancies. For silicon and diamond, the predicted thermal conductivity is reduced by 30% at 1000 K after including four-phonon scattering, bringing predictions in excellent agreement with measurements. For the projected ultrahigh-thermal conductivity material, zinc-blende BAs, a competitor of diamond as a heat sink material, four-phonon scattering is found to be strikingly strong as three-phonon processes have an extremely limited phase space for scattering. The four-phonon scattering reduces the predicted thermal conductivity from 2200 to 1400 W/m K at room temperature. The reduction at 1000 K is 60%. We also find that optical phonon scattering rates are largely affected, being important in applications such as phonon bottlenecks in equilibrating electronic excitations. Recognizing that four-phonon scattering is expensive to calculate, in the end we provide some guidelines on how to quickly assess the significance of four-phonon scattering, based on energy surface anharmonicity and the scattering phase space. Our work clears the decades-long fundamental question of the significance of higher-order scattering, and points out ways to improve thermoelectrics, thermal barrier coatings, nuclear materials, and radiative heat transfer.
Achilles Tendon Cross Sectional Area Changes Over a Division I NCAA Cross Country Season.

Tracking Achilles tendon cross sectional area (CSA) changes may help clinicians understand exercise adaptations and Achilles tendon injury mechanisms. To track adaptations in the Achilles tendon in response to a cross country season. Design Longitudinal study. Musculoskeletal (MSK) ultrasound images were obtained in a research laboratory. Cross country athletes ran with no restrictions outdoors and indoors. Participants were Division I NCAA cross country athletes (N = 24, age = 19.9 ± 2.1 years, mass = 61.32 ± 20.16 kg, height = 168.92 ± 17.16 cm, sex = 8 males and 16 females). Achilles tendon CSA was obtained through MSK ultrasound imaging at a pre-season baseline measurement, every 3 weeks throughout the season, and at post-season for a total of 4 measurements. Participants followed their normal running regimen outlined by their cross country coach. The dependent variable was Achilles tendon CSA measured by ultrasound imaging. We used a repeated measures ANCOVA to determine differences in CSA over the cross country season. CSA increased from baseline (0.439 ± .081 cm), to 0.466 ± 0.096 cm at 3-weeks, to 0.471 ± 0.092 cm 6-weeks, and decreased to 0.451 ± 0.104 cm at the post-season measurement. The 3-week and 6-week measures significantly increased from baseline (F3,72 = 8.575, p < .001). Achilles tendon CSA increased during the cross country season, but returned to baseline values at the end of a cross country season. Clinicians should be aware of the changing nature of the Achilles tendon CSA when treating cross country runners.
Pilot Testing of a Brief Couple-Based Mind-Body Intervention for Patients With Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer and Their Partners

Abstract Context Given the generally incurable nature of metastatic lung cancer, patients and their spouses/partners are at risk for psychological and spiritual distress. To address this concern, we developed a couple-based mind-body (CBMB) intervention. Objectives This formative research aimed at examining the intervention's acceptability and initial efficacy in patients with metastatic lung cancer undergoing treatment and their spouses. Methods Intervention content evaluation sessions and an ensuing single-arm trial were conducted. To evaluate intervention content, participants performed intervention exercises and then participated in semistructured interviews and completed written evaluations. In the single-arm trial, four intervention sessions were delivered over two weeks, focusing on cultivating mindfulness, interpersonal connection, gratitude, and purpose. Newly recruited couples completed measures of depressive symptoms, cancer distress, spiritual well-being, and sleep disturbances before and after the intervention. Results Content evaluations by seven dyads of patients and their partners revealed high acceptability ratings for the CBMB intervention (e.g., all participants would recommend the intervention). Consent and adherence rates (54% and 67%, respectively) were acceptable in the single-arm trial. All patients ( n = 7 dyads; 67% male; mean age, 55 years) and partners (33% male; mean age, 59 years) rated the intervention as useful. Paired t-test analyses revealed large effect sizes for reduced sleep disturbances ( d = 1.83) and medium effect sizes for cancer-specific distress ( d = 0.61) for patients and large effect sizes for depressive symptoms ( d = 0.90) for partners. Conclusion Based on these results, the CBMB intervention appears to be acceptable and subjectively useful. In addition, we observed preliminary evidence of quality of life gains in both patients and their partners.
Examination of Child Placement, Emotional, Behavioral and Attachment Problems Among Children with Caregiver-Perpetrated Trauma Histories

Caregiver-perpetrated trauma (CPT) is associated with adverse consequences for youth, including out-of-home placement. Although promotion of kinship care placement has recently increased, effects on youth remain unclear. Psychosocial functioning of 1107 CPT-exposed youth ages 2 to 18 was compared across placement types using generalized mixed models. Youth remaining at home had increased Somatization symptoms compared to kinship (OR = .25, CI = 0.07–.88) and foster care (OR = .32, CI = 0.11–.98) youth. Both out-of-home placement types had higher odds of Attachment Problems (OR = 3.61, CI = 2.22–5.87 and 4.41, CI = 2.71–7.18 respectively). PTSD symptoms varied, youth in kinship care had increased self-reported re-experiencing symptoms (OR = 2.66, CI = 1.04–6.8), while youth in foster care had elevated clinician-rated PTSD (OR = 2.07, CI = 1.1.3–3.80). Given the limited differences between kinship and foster care, studies should continue to delineate the impact of child placement type to inform child welfare policy.
The Clinical Application of Ionized Calcium

Some of the important milestones in the development of our ability to rapidly measure ionized calcium (Ca2+) in the whole blood, plasma, and serum to patients are listed in Table 1. The text also gives key references that can provide greater in-depth coverage for those wishing more detailed information.
Antisense-Mediated Exon Inclusion

Exon skipping induced by gene mutations is a common mechanism responsible for many genetic diseases. A practical approach to correct the aberrant splicing of defective genes is to use antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs). The recognition of splice sites and the regulation of splicing involve multiple positive or negative cis-acting elements and trans-acting factors. Base-pairing of ASOs to a negative element in a targeted pre-mRNA blocks the binding of splicing repressors to this cis-element and/or disrupts an unfavorable secondary structure; as a result, the ASO restores exon inclusion. For example, we have recently shown that appropriate 2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl) (MOE) phosphorothioate-modified ASOs can efficiently correct survival motor neuron 2 (SMN2) exon 7 splicing in a cell-free splicing assay, in cultured human cells-including patient fibroblasts-and in both peripheral tissues and the CNS of SMA mouse models. These ASOs are promising drug leads for SMA therapy.
Interpretation of non-verbal cues by people with and without TBI: understanding relationship intentions.

Background Although long-term social challenges following traumatic brain injury (TBI) are well documented, the challenges of establishing new relationships following TBI are less understood. Aims To examine how the type of non-verbal cues produced by an unfamiliar communication partner impacts feelings of relationship closeness by people with and without TBI. Methods & procedures In this quasi-experimental comparative mixed-group design, participants included 12 male heterosexual adults with moderate/severe TBI and 10 typical comparison peers. An adaptation of the Relationship Closeness Induction Task (RCIT), a 29-item questionnaire, was completed by all participants to induce relationship closeness through reciprocal self-disclosure during conversation. Participants completed the RCIT three separate times in counterbalanced order. Conversational partners for the RCIT were three female actors trained to convey similar verbal answers to the RCIT questions, but to produce different non-verbal cues: solicitation (i.e., flirting), neutral and rejecting. Following each conversation, the participants completed a 10-item Likert-type questionnaire about the experience. Outcomes & results Between- and within-group non-parametric statistical analysis of Likert questions showed non-significant differences between the two participant groups such that both groups consistently rated the female actor who used flirting non-verbal cues higher than the actor who used rejecting non-verbal cues. Conclusions & implications These results suggest a small sample of heterosexual males with TBI interpret non-verbal relationship cues in real-time conversations with unfamiliar partners as well as comparison peers. Clinical implications include the need to consider real-time conversation in assessment and treatment planning for social communication goals related to cognitive-communication impairment.
Local-game Decomposition for Multiplayer Perimeter-defense Problem

This paper studies a multi-player game between intruders and defenders. The intruder team tries to score by sending as many intruders as possible to the target. The defender team tries to minimize this score by intercepting the intruders. Finding the strategies for both teams and estimating the outcome of the game is challenging due to the high dimensionality of the joint state space. The state-of-the-art method decomposes the game into two-player games and reduces the design of the defense strategy to an assignment problem, whose solution gives an upper bound on the score. We investigate the cooperative aspects of the multi-player game that are not captured in the aforementioned approach and propose a decomposition method that leads to the formation of local sub-teams. We use the method to design a cooperative-intrusion strategy that guarantees a lower bound on the score. The presented results enable a more accurate estimation of the game outcome, and are expected to be useful in the design and evaluation of defender-team strategies.
Social equality in education: France and England 1789–1939: by Ann Margaret Doyle, Cham, Palgrave Macmillan, 2018, xiii + 245 pp., €77.99 (hardback), ISBN 978-3-319-94721-1

In Social Equality in Education: France and England 1789–1939, Ann Margaret Doyle examines the evolution of the French and English education systems from the French Revolution to the beginning of W...
White Adipocyte Plasticity in Physiology and Disease

Cellular plasticity is a transformation of a terminally differentiated cell into another cell type, which has been long known to occur in disease and regeneration. However, white adipocytes (fat cells) have only recently been observed to undergo different types of cellular plasticity. Adipocyte transdifferentiation into myofibroblasts and cancer-associated fibroblasts occurs in fibrosis and cancer, respectively. On the other hand, reversible adipocyte dedifferentiation into adipocyte progenitor cells (preadipocytes) has been demonstrated in mammary gland and in dermal adipose tissue. Here we discuss the research on adipocyte plasticity, including the experimental approaches that allowed to detect and study it, the current state of the knowledge, major research questions which remain to be addressed, and the advances required to stimulate adipocyte plasticity research. In the future, the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of adipocyte plasticity can be utilized both to prevent adipocyte plasticity in disease and to stimulate it for use in regenerative medicine.
A Recipe for Disaster: Framing Risk and Vulnerability in Slum Relocation Policies in Chennai, India

This article investigates how governments use dramatic natural events such as disasters to justify potentially unpopular policy interventions. I use the case of the southern Indian city of Chennai ...
Structure and Function of Complex Carbohydrates Active in Regulating the Interactions of Plants and Their Pests

Our laboratory has recently come to realize that complex carbohydrates of higher plants, fungi, and bacteria can act as regulatory molecules, that is, as molecules which in minute quantities alter the metabolism of receptive cells by causing the synthesis of specific proteins. It is not surprising that these structurally complex and exquisitely specific molecules can possess regulatory properties, as many diverse classes of molecules including glycoproteins, proteins, peptides, steroids and a variety of smaller molecules such as epinephrine, indoleacetic acid, gibberellic acid, cytokinins, and even ethylene, are known to possess regulatory properties.
An RNA Pseudoknot stimulates HTLV-1 pro-pol Programmed -1 Ribosomal Frameshifting.

Programmed -1 ribosomal frameshifts (-1 PRFs) are commonly used by viruses to regulate their enzymatic and structural protein levels. Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a carcinogenic retrovirus that uses two independent -1 PRFs to express viral enzymes critical to establishing new HTLV-1 infections. How the cis-acting RNA elements in this viral transcript function to induce frameshifting is unknown. The objective of this work was to conclusively define the 3' boundary of and the RNA elements within the HTLV-1 pro-pol frameshift site. We hypothesized that the frameshift site structure was a pseudoknot and that its 3' boundary would be defined by the pseudoknot's 3' end. To test these hypotheses, the in vitro frameshift efficiencies of three HTLV-1 pro-pol frameshift sites with different 3' boundaries were quantified. The results indicated that nucleotides included in the longest construct were essential to highly efficient frameshift stimulation. Interestingly, only this construct could form the putative frameshift site pseudoknot. Next, the secondary structure of this frameshift site was determined. The dominant structure was an H-type pseudoknot which, together with the slippery sequence, stimulated frameshifting to 19.4(±0.3)%. The pseudoknot's critical role in frameshift stimulation was directly revealed by examining the impact of structural changes on HTLV-1 pro-pol -1 PRF. As predicted, mutations that occluded pseudoknot formation drastically reduced the frameshift efficiency. These results are significant because they demonstrate that a pseudoknot is important to HTLV-1 pro-pol -1 PRF and define the frameshift site's 3' boundary.
Combining phenome-driven drug-target interaction prediction with patients' electronic health records-based clinical corroboration toward drug discovery.

MOTIVATION Predicting drug-target interactions (DTIs) using human phenotypic data have the potential in eliminating the translational gap between animal experiments and clinical outcomes in humans. One challenge in human phenome-driven DTI predictions is integrating and modeling diverse drug and disease phenotypic relationships. Leveraging large amounts of clinical observed phenotypes of drugs and diseases and electronic health records (EHRs) of 72 million patients, we developed a novel integrated computational drug discovery approach by seamlessly combining DTI prediction and clinical corroboration. RESULTS We developed a network-based DTI prediction system (TargetPredict) by modeling 855 904 phenotypic and genetic relationships among 1430 drugs, 4251 side effects, 1059 diseases and 17 860 genes. We systematically evaluated TargetPredict in de novo cross-validation and compared it to a state-of-the-art phenome-driven DTI prediction approach. We applied TargetPredict in identifying novel repositioned candidate drugs for Alzheimer's disease (AD), a disease affecting over 5.8 million people in the United States. We evaluated the clinical efficiency of top repositioned drug candidates using EHRs of over 72 million patients. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.97 in the de novo cross-validation when evaluated using 910 drugs. TargetPredict outperformed a state-of-the-art phenome-driven DTI prediction system as measured by precision-recall curves [measured by average precision (MAP): 0.28 versus 0.23, P-value < 0.0001]. The EHR-based case-control studies identified that the prescriptions top-ranked repositioned drugs are significantly associated with lower odds of AD diagnosis. For example, we showed that the prescription of liraglutide, a type 2 diabetes drug, is significantly associated with decreased risk of AD diagnosis [adjusted odds ratios (AORs): 0.76; 95% confidence intervals (CI) (0.70, 0.82), P-value < 0.0001]. In summary, our integrated approach that seamlessly combines computational DTI prediction and large-scale patients' EHRs-based clinical corroboration has high potential in rapidly identifying novel drug targets and drug candidates for complex diseases. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION nlp.case.edu/public/data/TargetPredict.
The dynamics of Twitter users’ gun narratives across major mass shooting events

This study reveals a shift of gun-related narratives created by two ideological groups during three high-profile mass shootings in the United States across the years from 2016 to 2018. It utilizes large-scale, longitudinal social media traces from over 155,000 ideology-identifiable Twitter users. The study design leveraged both the linguistic dictionary approach as well as thematic coding inspired by Narrative Policy Framework, which allows for statistical and qualitative comparison. We found several distinctive narrative characteristics between the two ideology groups in response to the shooting events—two groups differed by how they incorporated linguistic and narrative features in their tweets in terms of policy stance, attribution (how one believed to be the problem, the cause or blame, and the solution), the rhetoric employed, and emotion throughout the incidents. The findings suggest how shooting events may penetrate the public discursive processes that had been previously dominated by existing ideological references and may facilitate discussions beyond ideological identities. Overall, in the wake of mass shooting events, the tweets adhering to the majority policy stance within a camp declined, whereas the proportion of mixed or flipped stance tweets increased. Meanwhile, more tweets were observed to express causal reasoning of a held policy stance, and a different pattern in the use of rhetoric schemes, such as the decline of provocative ridicule, emerged. The shifting patterns in users’ narratives coincide with the two groups distinctive emotional response revealed in text. These findings offer insights into the opportunity to reconcile conflicts and the potential for creating civic technologies to improve the interpretability of linguistic and narrative signals and to support diverse narratives and framing.
The Accuracy of Peer Comparison Observations: A Simulated Analysis:

Classroom observations are frequently conducted with the purpose of comparing the behavior of a target student to that of other peers within the same classroom. A variety of procedures may be utili...
Overcoming challenges to enteral nutrition delivery in critical care.

Purpose of review Existing data and all ICU nutrition guidelines emphasize enteral nutrition (EN) represents a primary therapy leading to both nutritional and non-nutritional benefits. Unfortunately, iatrogenic malnutrition and underfeeding is virtually ubiquitous in ICUs worldwide for prolonged periods post-ICU admission. Overcoming essential challenges to EN delivery requires addressing a range of real, and frequently propagated myths regarding EN delivery. Recent findings Key recent data addresses perceived challenges to EN including: Adequately resuscitated patients on vasopressors can and likely should receive trophic early EN and this was recently associated with reduced mortality; Patients paralyzed with neuromuscular blocking agents can and should receive early EN as this was recently associated with reduced mortality/hospital length of stay; Proned patients can safely receive EN; All ICU nutrition delivery, including EN, should be objectively guided by indirect calorimetry (IC) measures. This is now possible with the new availability of a next-generation IC device. Summary It is the essential implementation of this new evidence occurs to overcome real and perceived EN challenges. This data should lead to increased standardization/protocolization of ICU nutrition therapy to ensure personalized nutrition care delivering the right nutrition dose, in the right patient, at the right time to optimize clinical outcome.
Shock structure for the seven-equation, two-phase continuum-mixture model

Continuum models of two-phase flow have been employed to investigate a wide variety of physical phenomena, ranging from bubbly-gas and solid-loaded liquid flows to detonation waves in granular expl...
Ab initio simulation of hypersonic flows past a cylinder based on accurate potential energy surfaces

For the first time in the literature, we present 2D simulations of hypersonic flows around a cylinder obtained from accurate ab initio potential energy surfaces (PESs). We compare results obtained from a low fidelity (empirical) and a high fidelity (ab initio) PES, thus demonstrating the impact of PES accuracy on the entire aerothermodynamic field around the body. We observe that the empirical PES is not adequate to accurately reproduce rotational and vibrational relaxation in the hypersonic flow, both in the compression and expansion regions of the flow field. This approach, enabled by advancements in large-scale computing, paves the way to the direct simulation of hypersonic flows where the only modeling input is the PES that describes molecular interactions between the various air constituents. Such flow field simulations provide benchmark solutions for the validation of reduced-order models.
Lésions mammaires non masses échographiques : un défi pour le radiologue ?

Resume Souvent decrites comme des plages hypoechogenes, les lesions mammaires « non masses echographiques » ne sont pas definies dans le lexique Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS). Elles sont toutefois importantes a connaitre, car certains cancers mais aussi anomalies IRM et mammographiques se traduisent comme telles en echographie. Une fois identifiees, la principale difficulte est de caracteriser ces images subtiles. Le contexte, la recherche de signes echographiques associes comme les microcalcifications mais aussi l’elastographie par ondes de cisaillement permettent d’ameliorer la specificite de l’echographie. Une surveillance plutot qu’un prelevement pourra etre proposee si certaines conditions sont reunies. Dans les autres cas, la macrobiopsie sous echographie constituera la methode de prelevement de reference.
Mast cell infiltration and activation in the gallbladder wall: Implications for the pathogenesis of functional gallbladder disorder in adult patients.

Abstract Background Functional gallbladder disorder (FGD) is characterized by recurrent biliary colic with a decreased gallbladder ejection fraction on cholescintigraphy but absence of visible gallbladder abnormalities on ultrasonography. FGD is generally regarded as a primary gallbladder motility disturbance, however, the underlying pathophysiology remains largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the potential role of mast cells in the pathogenesis of FGD by examining mast cell density and activation in the gallbladder wall. Design Twenty adult patients with FGD undergoing cholecystectomy were included in the study. Seven patients with no gallbladder disease were served as controls who were subject to incidental cholecystectomy during abdominal surgery such as partial hepatectomy. The density of mast cells in the gallbladder wall was assessed by immunohistochemistry and by toluidine blue special stain. Mast cell activation was evaluated by calculating the percentage of degranulated mast cells on toluidine blue stain. Results Compared to the controls, patients with FGD showed a significant increase in mast cell infiltration in the gallbladder walls. Peak mast cell accumulation was predominantly located in the inner muscular layer of the gallbladder wall. Mast cell activation was also markedly increased in the FGD group as evidenced by significantly enhanced mast cell degranulation. Conclusions Mast cell infiltration and activation were significantly increased in the muscular wall of gallbladders from FGD patients, suggesting potential involvement of mast cells in the compromised gallbladder motility in adult patients with FGD.
Maximum a Posteriori Probability (MAP) Joint Fine Frequency Offset and Channel Estimation for MIMO Systems With Channels of Arbitrary Correlation

Carrier frequency offset (CFO) and channel estimation is a classic topic with a large body of prior work using the maximum likelihood (ML) approach together with the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) analysis. We give the maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) estimation solution, which is particularly useful for tracking. Unlike the ML cases, the corresponding Bayesian CRLB (BCRLB) shows a clear relation with parameters and low complexity algorithms are provided to achieve the BCRLB in almost all SNR range. Among them, the universal algorithm takes a new approach and avoids error floors of the traditional approach. We assume that the time invariant MIMO channel within a packet can have spatial correlation and nonzero mean. The estimation is based on pilot signals. An unexpected result is that the joint MAP estimation is equivalent to an individual MAP estimation of the frequency offset first, again different from the ML results. We provide insight on the pilot/training signal design based on the BCRLB. Unlike past algorithms that trade performance and/or complexity for the accommodation of time varying channels, the MAP solution provides a different route for dealing with time variation. Within a short enough (segment of) packet where the channel and CFO are approximately time invariant, the low complexity algorithm can be employed. Similar to the belief propagation, the estimation of the previous (segment of) packet can serve as the prior knowledge for the next (segment of) packet.
Membrane Processes in Biotechnology: An Introduction

Traditional synthetic membrane processes, including pressure-driven and electrically-driven processes, did not have high enough selectivity to have been crucial in the discoveries of the biological revolution of the second half of the twentieth century. They have, however, played an important role in the production of valuable biological molecules. Exciting developments such as the use of membranes as reactive and adsorptive media present many new opportunities. In this overview [1]* , we will explore the advantages and limitations of using membranes in bioprocessing, the role of synthetic membranes in bioreactors, the opportunities of placing enzymes in the pores of membranes, and the use of the microstructure and surface chemistry of membranes for highly selective and extremely fast adsorptive separations.
From rakı to ayran: regulating the place and practice of drinking in Turkey

Despite religious proscriptions and practices, currents of alcohol never wholly ceased in Ottoman or Republican Turkey. Rather, Anatolian history overflows with examples of regulated consumption – ...
Thin-Plate Splines and the Atlas Problem for Biomedical Images

The thin-plate spline, a general-purpose interpolant for labelled point data, ties the geometry of image deformation to the classic biometric algebra of quadratic forms. The technique thus helps not only in the production of biomedical atlases—averaged or normative images of particular structures or configurations of parts—but also in the understanding of specimen-by-specimen variability around those atlases. This report summarizes the statistics of thirteen landmark points in midsagittal MRI images of nine normal adult human brains, produces and evaluates averaged images with the aid of those statistics, and pursues some implications for stereotaxy, for region-tracing, and for the understanding of averaged image structures.
Preservation by Freeze-Drying and the Stability of Virulence of Salmonella typhimurium

Abstract Differences in the ability to withstand freeze-drying were demonstrated among strains of Salmonella typhimurium. On the average, the number of viable cells in freeze-dried cultures stored at 5 C for 12 to 18 months was approximately one half as large as that found 24 hr after freeze-drying. The viability in samples stored at higher temperatures declined rapidly and was correlated with the dryness of the sample. The virulence for mice of three strains of S. typhimurium did not change appreciably when samples were kept for 1 or 2 years as freeze-dried samples stored at 5 C, or as agar cultures stored at 5 C or at room temperature.
A New Compton Camera Imaging Model to Mitigate the Finite Spatial Resolution of Detectors and New Camera Designs for Implementation

An intrinsic limitation of the accuracy that can be achieved with Compton cameras results from the inevitable fact that the detectors, which comprise the camera, cannot have infinitely-accurate spatial resolution. To mitigate this loss of accuracy, a new imaging model is proposed. The implementation of the new imaging model, however, requires new camera designs. The results of a computer simulation indicate that the new imaging model can produce reasonable images, at least when noiseless simulated data are used. In the future, more work is needed to determine if the use of the new imaging model will improve the imaging capabilities of Compton cameras despite the loss of sensitivity caused by the use of the new camera designs. Regardless of the outcome of this work, the results presented here illustrate that new models for imaging from Compton scatters are possible and motivate the development of further models that could be more advantageous than the ones already developed.
Work Group Collectivism and the Centrality of Work A Multinational Investigation

This study examined relationships at the individual level of analysis between work group collectivism and work centrality and pride in work, and the moderating effects of nations on these relationships. Participants from Ecuador, Germany, India, Mexico, and the United States completed questionnaire measures of the constructs of interest. Multiple-groups confirmatory factor analyses were performed to evaluate and control for psychometric nonequivalence in the measurement of latent constructs, prior to multiple-groups structural equation modeling analyses of the relationships between work group collectivism and work centrality and pride in work. Results showed positive relationships between collectivism and work centrality and work pride in each country, and non-significant differences between countries in these relationships. Tests of mean differences at the nation level of analysis also showed somewhat higher work centrality and pride in work among countries that scored higher in work group collectivism.
Fishes: A Field and Laboratory Manual on Their Structure, Identification, and Natural History

(1988). Fishes: A Field and Laboratory Manual on Their Structure, Identification, and Natural History. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society: Vol. 117, No. 2, pp. 218-220.
Protein production from the structural genomics perspective: achievements and future needs

Despite a multitude of recent technical breakthroughs speeding high-resolution structural analysis of biological macromolecules, production of sufficient quantities of well-behaved, active protein continues to represent the rate-limiting step in many structure determination efforts. These challenges are only amplified when considered in the context of ongoing structural genomics efforts, which are now contending with multi-domain eukaryotic proteins, secreted proteins, and ever-larger macromolecular assemblies. Exciting new developments in eukaryotic expression platforms, including insect and mammalian-based systems, promise enhanced opportunities for structural approaches to some of the most important biological problems. Development and implementation of automated eukaryotic expression techniques promises to significantly improve production of materials for structural, functional, and biomedical research applications.
Strategies for automating top-down protein analysis with Q-FTICR MS

Abstract Thirty years after its invention, the Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass spectrometer continues its evolution into an enabling technology to deepen our understanding of biological systems. For contemporary protein analysis, a quadrupole FTICR hybrid with electrospray ionization is forwarded here as an engine for high resolution tandem mass spectrometry in a high-throughput setting. Three basic strategies for MS/MS of ions >10 kDa are illustrated by identification and characterization of proteins from stationary-phase yeast cells. From samples containing 1–13 proteins, introduced by a nanospray robot, 2–6 can be isolated automatically and fragmented in 15–45 min. Features used commonly for peptide analyses (e.g., multidimensional separations, data dependent acquisition, and probability-based protein identification) are now available in an off-line top-down platform. In one set of 9 samples, 20 proteins (6–17 kDa) were processed through the platform yielding a mean P score =0.002 (99.8% identification confidence) upon database retrieval with characterization of N-terminal post-translational modifications. On occasion of his 60th birthday, we offer this work in celebration of the steadily advancing technology that Alan Marshall helped to invent (now in over 400+ labs worldwide).