cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scaling frequency of channel‐forming flows in snowmelt‐dominated streams

[1] The scaling properties of channel-forming flows are investigated using a regional flow frequency model developed for snowmelt-dominated streams in Colorado. The model is derived from analyses of daily flow records at 32 gauging stations where we have independent measurements of the bankfull discharge. The study sites are located in alpine/subalpine basins with drainage areas ranging from 4 to 3700 km2. The frequency distribution of daily flows at these locations can be reproduced with a broken power law (BPL) function described by two free parameters. Both parameters are strongly correlated with drainage area, and based on these correlations, a regional model capable of predicting the frequency of daily flows above the mean annual flow was formulated. The applicability of the model was tested using daily flow records from 32 similar-size basins in Idaho. The frequency distributions of daily flows in snowmelt-dominated streams in Colorado and Idaho with highly predictable hydrographs (i.e., 1 year autocorrelation above 0.7) are well fitted by the BPL function. According to the model, the frequency of flows greater than bankfull decreases downstream from about 15 d/yr in headwater reaches to about 6 d/yr in downstream reaches. These results imply that the basin response to precipitation and runoff is nonlinear. This multiscaling behavior can be physically interpreted as the result of scale-dependent variations in runoff and sediment supply, which influence downstream trends in the bankfull channel geometry and intensity of sediment transport.
Transcriptional activation and repression by cellular DNA-binding protein C/EBP.

Abstract A putative transcription factor, C/EBP, isolated from rat liver nuclei, has been shown to bind to at least two different sequence motifs: the CCAAT promoter domain and a core sequence [GTGG(T/A)(T/A)(T/A)G] common to many viral enhancers, including simian virus 40 and human hepatitis B virus. It has been proposed that C/EBP might function as a positive transcription factor by facilitating the communication between promoter and enhancer elements through its dual binding activities to DNA. Surprisingly, results from three different approaches suggest that C/EBP functions as a transcriptional repressor to hepatitis B virus and simian virus 40. Further investigation indicated that C/EBP can function as both a transcriptional activator and a repressor, depending on the reporter gene system.
Organizing for Transient Reliability: The Production of Dynamic Non-Events

Reliability is portrayed as a situation-specific localized accomplishment that involves continuous management of significant contradictions that are susceptible to interruption. Managing for higher reliability is precarious because it involves the substitution of a conceptual order for a perceptual order. Discrete concepts simplify and lag behind continuous perceptions, which means that our grasp of events is subject to mis-specification, misidentification, and misunderstanding. The gap between discrete concepts and continuous perceptions can be reduced if attention is organized so that it is directed at failures, simplifications, operations, resilience, and expertise. These micro-dynamics are discussed as a partial infrastructure that underlies Todd LaPorte's more macro-concerns with strategy and structure in the quest for failure-free interorganizational performance.
Chapter 13 Financial decision-making in markets and firms: A behavioral perspective

Publisher Summary This chapter provides a selective review of recent work in behavioral finance. Modern finance assumes that the study of substantively rational solutions to normative problems forms an adequate basis for understanding actual behavior. Substituting mathematical logic for empirical observation is regarded as convenient. To make scientific progress, some diversity in methods is probably a good thing. In particular, much is gained—and, possibly, some anomalies could be resolved—by careful observation of what people actually do. General behavioral principles are explored that apply in multiple economic contexts—for example, excessive self-confidence. Some principles are suggested and confirmed by psychological experiments. A systematic review of evidence that behavioral factors matter outside the laboratory, that is, even when a lot of money is at stake, is presented in the chapter. A pragmatic empirical work is presented to collect a set of robust empirical facts that stand out. The chapter discusses financial innovation during the last few decades. Three driving forces are suggested for this (1) the demand for completing the market, (2) the lowering of transactions costs, and (3) reductions in agency and monitoring costs. The innovation is interpreted as a response to regulatory changes. These forces, while relevant, leave out the central question of the design and the marketing of financial products.
Hypertension and Diabetic Kidney Disease in Children and Adolescents

“I see no hope for the future of our people if they are dependent on the frivolous youth of today, for certainly all youth are reckless beyond words. When I was a boy, we were taught to be discreet and respectful of elders, but the present youth are exceedingly wise and impatient of restraint.”—Hesiod (Greek poet, 700 BC) Youth is a carefree time. Reckless health behavior is seldom linked to serious consequences. This is generally true for diabetes, both type 1 and type 2. For young people with diabetes, it is well known that the transition years (pre-teen to mid-20s) are highly problematic (1). Numerous factors compete for youths’ attention, so diabetes and other health matters are low on their list of priorities. Deterioration of previously well-controlled diabetes always frustrates health care providers (HCPs) and parents, but for emerging adults trying to navigate the demands of “growing up,” diabetes management naturally falls by the wayside, and rising A1C levels are the proof. Young adults tend to their diabetes management better once their lives have settled down after the tumultuous transition years. However, recent evidence is showing that, by then, complications may have developed. Although diabetes complications such as hypertension and kidney disease occur primarily in older individuals with long-standing disease, these complications are not absent in young adult and pediatric populations. This article reviews the impact of type 1 and type 2 diabetes on long-term complications in youth, specifically focusing on hypertension and diabetic kidney disease (DKD). It concludes with considerations for future clinical research. Two major studies aimed at better characterizing diabetes in youth have contributed to our understanding of the unique pathophysiology of diabetes in this population: SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth (SEARCH) and Treatment Options for Type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Youth (TODAY). ### SEARCH SEARCH, an …
The Work Kids Do: Mexican and Central American Immigrant Children's Contributions to Households and Schools in California.

In this article, Marjorie Faulstich Orellana highlights the work immigrant children do as active agents in supporting and sustaining their families, households, and schools. Building on the work of sociologists who examine children's engagement in social processes, Orellana maintains that we should not lose sight of children's present lives and daily contributions in our concern for their futures. Similarly, we should not see immigrant children only as a problem or a challenge for education and for society while overlooking their contributions to family and school. Integrated into her discussion are the voices of Mexican and Central American immigrant children living in California as they describe their everyday work as helpers at home and school. These examples illustrate how immigrant children's work can be understood in many ways — as volunteerism, as opportunities for learning, and as acts of cultural and linguistic brokering between their homes and the outside world. (pp. 366–389)
Enhancing the role of the scientific expert witness.

Abstract There is growing attention to complex scientific questions in legal cases and the need for scientific expert testimony in these cases, including environmental health issues. This commentary addresses some problems common in expert witness work and recommends ways in which the legal system, the scientist, and our educational institutions can enhance the roles of experts. These recommendations may be particularly relevant for training programs in toxicology, epidemiology, and risk assessment.
Functional outcome of discordant xenoislet grafts from a large animal donor after recipient defibrinogenation with Ancrod.

E ARLY posttransplant intraand perigraft fibrinogen and fibrin deposition is a hallmark of the hyperacute rejection observed after transplantation of discordant xenogeneic solid organs into unmodified recipients.‘,’ We previously showed that discordant free tissue grafts (xenoislets) do not undergo hyperacute rejection, but rather accelerated graft failure.3 However, by immunohistology, fibrinogen deposits are also a prominent feature in early biopsies of intraportal xenoislet grafts.’ Fibrinogen and fibrin deposition may not have the same immediate consequences for discordant free tissue xenografts (which initially do not rely on a directed blood flow through a vascular system) vs solid-organ xenografts (which are lost hyperacutely from intravascular coagulation and subsequent strangulation of their blood supply). But fibrin deposition and clot formation are associated with platelet thrombi, tissue ischemia, polymorphonuclear leukocyte (neutrophil) chemotaxis, and phagocytosis.‘,2,4 Neutrophils are known to secrete cytokines (eg, interleukin l-p), which can impair endocrine p-cell function.‘-’ Thus, fibrin may also have a deleterious effect, through a variety of mechanisms, on discordant free tissue grafts (xenoislets), and may facilitate their previously reported accelerated graft failure (observed even under maximal immunosuppression).’ We hypothesized that preventing fibrin deposition may improve the outcome of discordant xenoislet grafts. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of ancrod, a defibrinogenating enzyme derived from the venom of the Malaysian pit viper (Agkistrodon rhodostoma),“,” on nonvascularized free tissue xenograft endocrine function in the well-established, strongly discordant dog-to-Lewis rat model. 10.1 1
Adaptation of a Knee Joint Testing System to Testing of the Spine

The first generation of the knee load application system was developed at the University of California, Davis under the direction of Professor Maury Hull. This apparatus has been described in several abstracts and was published in 1995 [1]. This original system continues to be used by Dr. Hull and associates.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Differential roles of ionic, aliphatic, and aromatic residues in membrane-protein interactions: a surface plasmon resonance study on phospholipases A2.

The roles of cationic, aliphatic, and aromatic residues in the membrane association and dissociation of five phospholipases A2 (PLA2), including Asp-49 PLA2 from the venom of Agkistodon piscivorus ...
The self and possibilites for change

In the context of a formulation of self, the possibility for self-defined change and its occurrence were specified. Views of self, defined as concordant (actual and preferred self views are the same) or discordant (actual and preferred self views are different) were analyzed in terms of the implicative capacity of each view of self and willingness to change one's view of self. The general formulation was confirmed. Individuals tend to (1) maintain a desired and current view of self, and (2) either shift or avoid a shift to the desired view of self depending on the relative implicative capacity of the desired or preferred view of self. Theoretical implications of the nature of the self and the possibilities of change, of self-defined change, and insight were discussed.
Femtosecond Two‐Dimensional Infrared Spectroscopy

The dynamics occurring amongst the structures of peptides and small proteins present significant questions that are not readily addressed by conventional methods. Multiple pulse infrared experiments provide a promising alternative. The time resolution is easily fast enough to intercept the structures on different parts of the free energy surfaces. This paper reviews how infrared spectroscopy can be optimized by stretching it into two dimensions thereby making it possible to separately examine and assign the cross peaks arising from the interaction of different amide oscillators in the molecule. A variety of approaches such as pump/probe, self-heterodyned pump/probe, three pulse photon echo and spectrally resolved echoes are described which are analogous to magnetic resonance schemes.
Predicting crack growth in specimens with overloads and cold-worked holes with residual stresses

Abstract The FASTRAN life-prediction code was used to predict crack growth in specimens with compressive residual stresses on two aluminum alloys. All test data were obtained from the literature on middle-crack-tension or on specimens with a single through crack at an open hole. Specimens tested by Liu induced residual stresses by remote overloads, whereas the specimens tested by LaRue induced residual stresses by cold-expansion of the hole. Some modifications were made to FASTRAN to improve the residual-stress distribution and to simulate reaming of cold-worked holes. Overloads of specific magnitudes were applied to the FASTRAN strip-yield model to generate residual stresses that simulate those calculated from finite-element analyses from the literature. FASTRAN was then used to make fatigue-crack-growth predictions under residual-stress fields that compared fairly well with test results from the two aluminum alloys.
Assessment of the Performance of the M05-2X and M06-2X Exchange-Correlation Functionals for Noncovalent Interactions in Biomolecules.

The highly parametrized, empirical exchange-correlation functionals, M05−2X and M06−2X, developed by Zhao and Truhlar have been shown to describe noncovalent interactions better than density functionals which are currently in common use. However, these methods have yet to be fully benchmarked for the types of interactions important in biomolecules. M05−2X and M06−2X are claimed to capture “medium-range” electron correlation; however, the “long-range” electron correlation neglected by these functionals can also be important in the binding of noncovalent complexes. Here we test M05−2X and M06−2X for the nucleic acid base pairs in the JSCH-2005 database. Using the CCSD(T) binding energies as a benchmark, the performance of these functionals is compared to that of a nonempirical density functional, PBE, and also to that of PBE plus Grimme’s empirical dispersion correction, PBE-D. Due to the importance of “long-range” electron correlation in hydrogen-bonded and interstrand base pairs, PBE-D provides more accur...
Right precordial qrS pattern due to left anterior hemiblock

Abstract Five patients with left anterior hemiblock and a qrS pattern in V 2 were studied. In each instance, the q wave disappeared when V 2 was recorded in the fifth interspace and was accentuated when recorded in the third interspace. None of the patients had a history of myocardial infarction or were suspected of having arteriosclerotic heart disease. It is suggested that in the presence of marked left axis deviation, q waves in V 2 or V 1 and V 2 may not be due to myocardial infarction.
A Small Helium-3 Cyclotron

A 27-inch AVF cyclotron of fourfold symmetry designed specifically for use in helium-3 activation analysis is now in operation at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory in Berkeley. The fixed energy and modest beam quality requirements have resulted in an instrument of minimum size, weight, power consumption, and fabrication costs. New techniques were developed to construct edge-cooled tape-wound magnet coils which are housed inside the vacuum chamber. Other unusual design features include: unit construction dee liners hydraulically pressed to the pole tip contours; two 55° dees-in-valleys operating in pushpull; a removable top yoke assembly which allows complete access to the pole area; a narrow gap with an average spacing of 1.5 inches making possible maximum utilization of the pole diameter for stable orbits. In conjunction with the tape coils, the use of this small gap also results in a magnet of very high efficiency. The cyclotron operates with an average field of 16.6 kG and a grounded-grid triode provides 40 kV dee-to-ground (150 keV/turn). Power is supplied by 220 V, 3-phase service. The magnet requires 17 kW, the HF system uses 17 kW, and the remaining instruments, pumps, and controls use an additional 6 kW. The complete system, including vacuum pumps and power supplies, weighs 10.7 tons and occupies a floor space of 37 × 64 inches.
Positive solutions for third order semipositone boundary value problems

We obtain some sufficient conditions for the existence of positive solutions of a third order semipositone boundary value problem with a multi-point boundary condition. Applications of our results to some special problems are also discussed.
The atmospheric tide as a continuous spectrum: Lunar semidiurnal tide in surface pressure

The standard equations for the theory of atmospheric tides are solved here by an integral representation on the continuous spectrum of free oscillations. The model profile of back-ground temperature is that of the U.S. Standard Atmosphere in the lower and middle atmosphere, and in the lower thermosphere, above which an isothermal top extends to arbitrarily great heights. The top is warm enough to bring both the Lamb and the Pekeris modes into the continuous spectrum.
Use of binary solvent systems in the MALDI-TOF analysis of poly(methyl methacrylate).

Two of the main problems associated with matrix-assisted laser desorption−ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) analysis of polymers are mass discrimination and poor reproducibility. This paper shows that the use of binary solvent systems is one of the causes of these problems. It was observed that the presence of a second solvent such as water in the PMMA solution could cause significant mass discrimination and varying polymer distributions, which can be varied by over 50% when PMMA 4K was used as the polymer sample. In general, a small amount of a second solvent tends to result in less severe mass discrimination but varying distributions, while large amounts of a second solvent are more likely to cause more systematic and severe mass discrimination. Except for a few cases, mass discrimination was observed to be against larger oligomers. Moreover, it was observed that this effect varies with the matrix, main solvent, and sample preparation used. The importance of this work is that it provides guidance fo...
Instrumentation and Environmental Radiation Assessment Systems

Information derived from environmental radiation monitoring is required to assess the compliance status, guide the development, and measure the progress of programs addressed to the overall problem of radiation protection. Monitoring techniques and requirements of instrumentation needed to cost-effectively implement environmental radiation monitoring systems are discussed.
Nicolai Nicolaevich Luzin and the Moscow school of the theory of functions

Abstract Shortly before the revolution of 1917, four papers written by participants in N. N. Luzin's analysis seminar at Moscow University appeared in the Comptes Rendus of the Paris Academy of Sciences. The publication of these papers--written by A. Ya. Khinchin, D. E. Menshov, P. S. Aleksandrov and M. Ya. Suslin--and Luzin's monograph, The Integral and Trigono-metric Series 1915, marked the emergence of Moscow University as a center of research in the theory of functions of a real variable. This paper describes Luzin's early mathematical education at Moscow University and the three year period he spent abroad (mainly in Paris) where he wrote a series of papers whose results form the core of his influential and widely praised monograph. Finally, we will show how Luzin's ideas formed the basis for the early investigations of a series of young Moscow mathematicians.
Canonically Conjugate Variables for the Korteweg-de Vries Equation and the Toda Lattice with Periodic Boundary Conditions*)

A new set of canonically conjugate variables 1s introduced for the penoclic Korteweg-de Vries equation and the periodic Toda lattice. These vanables are used for reducing both equations to a nonlinear system which can be integrated in terms of theta functions. It becomes clear that the discrete and the continuous problems are, in a sense, Jsomorph1c. Action variables are defined by loop integrals, and the basic oscillation frequencies are computed. In the infinite-period limit, these action variables tend to the ones used in the canonical description of the inverse-scattering solution method.
On the facile dehydrohalogenation of amino acid derived chloromethyl ketones.

Abstract Amino acid derived chloromethyl ketones are shown to undergo a general dehydrohalogenation reaction under mild, basic, nonnucleophilic conditions to afford α-β-unsaturated ketones.
The role of chemical-induced stress responses in immunosuppression: a review of quantitative associations and cause-effect relationships between chemical-induced stress responses and immunosuppression

Although there is an increasing awareness that drugs and chemicals can modulate the immune system by indirect mechanisms, few compounds have been thoroughly evaluated in this regard. Several environmentally relevant chemicals induce stresslike responses, as indicated by elevated glucocorticoid levels. Comparable glucocorticoid levels induced by physical or psychological stressors are consistently associated with suppression of one or more immunological parameters. Thus, it seems likely that stress-related neuroendocrine mechanisms are important in immunosuppression by some environmental chemicals. Distinguishing direct and indirect (stress-related) mechanisms of immunosuppression is generally possible, and this could be done as a routine part of immunotoxicity assessment. Although it is clear that glucocorticoids can contribute to such immunosuppression, it is also clear that several other neuroendocrine mediators associated with stress responses can be immunomodulatory. Thus, correlation between glucocorticoid levels and immunosuppression does not conclusively demonstrate a cause-effect relationship. Demonstrating such relationships has been difficult, but it has been done in a few cases of drug-induced thymic hypoplasia by monitoring several parameters known to be affected by glucocorticoids and by measuring the ability of a glucocorticoid antagonist (RU 486) or adrenalectomy to block changes in these parameters. A similar strategy might be useful for evaluation of the role of glucocorticoids in drug- or chemical-induced suppression of a variety of immune functions, but the effects of RU 486 on neuroendocrine feedback circuits and the possibility of consequent immunological changes must be considered when the data are interpreted. This approach could also be applied to evaluation of the roles in chemical-induced immunosuppression of other neuroendocrine mediators for which antagonists or agents that block the synthesis or release of the mediator are available. However, it is likely that a comprehensive (and perhaps predictive) understanding of the relationship between chemically induced stress responses and immunosuppression will require more detailed and quantitative elucidation of the mechanisms and regulation of neuroendocrine-immune interactions.
High-current effects in magnetotransport of two-dimensional electrons in GaAs/AlxGa1-xAs heterostructures.

Nonlinear transport in GaAs/${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$As heterostructures was studied at high current densities in the strong-magnetic-field limit. The striking features in the transport characteristics result from breakdown of the integer quantum Hall effect (IQHE) and thermionic emission of hot electrons in the inversion layer of GaAs to the bypass layer of ${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$As. In narrow-channel devices, we observe a series of pronounced steps in the longitudinal resistance as a function of current or magnetic field. We show that these steps originate from localized breakdowns of the IQHE at different sections of the sample. (The nature of these steps was previously incorrectly attributed in the literature to a new quantization in electronic transport.) In addition, we report the observation of a strong negative differential resistance, realized exclusively at high magnetic fields. It results from an interplay between a real-space transfer of hot electrons in GaAs into the ${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$As layer and the IQHE due to the cold electrons remaining in the inversion layer.
Fabrication techniques for high-resolution lens assemblies

This paper presents the fabrication and assembly techniques for high resolution lens assemblies such as the projection lenses used for submicron photolithography. In order to meet the stringent precision and dimensional stability requirements for such lens assemblies the aluminum lens cells are machined and heat treated in several steps to achieve the required accuracies. Special optical tools and mechanical gages are then used to assemble the lenses into the cells on an airbearing table. 1.
On the Complexity of Inversions

The inversion process which entails the interchange of two adjacent elements in a list is fundamental to most practical sorting algorithms.Consequently, one can utilize the inversions associated with a given permutation as its measure of complexity. To this end a recurrence relation is established.
The Importance of Course Design on Classroom Performance of Marketing Students.

The main objective of this study was to investigate the impact of course design on marketing student outcomes by examining data gathered over several semesters from 563 undergraduate students enrolled in marketing classes at a major university. During this period of time, respondents were enrolled in one of four marketing courses, each of which was offered in three different course designs: experiential, participative, and traditional. Results indicate that course design influences student perceptions about how the class was conducted and their performance on assessments of seven specific marketing concepts: marketing environment, buyer behavior, marketing research, product, price, promotion, and place.
Re-thinking the embryo lethal system within the Pinaceae

Outcrossing, wind-pollinated members of the Pinaceae have high self-pollination rates yet produce few selfed seedlings. How are selfs selectively eliminated? Barriers to selfing have long been cons...
A prototype planning and resource allocation program for higher education

Abstract A state-space model describes the behavioral characteristics of a system as a set of relationships among time-functions representing its inputs, outputs, and internal state. The model presented in this paper describes the utilization of a university's basic resources of personnel, space and technological equipment in the production of degree programs, research, and public or technical services. It is intended as an aid in achieving an optimal allocation of resources in higher education, and in predicting future needs. The internal state of the system is defined as the distribution of students into levels and fields of study, with associated unit “costs” of education received. The model is developed by interconnecting, with appropriate constraints, independent sub-models of major functional segments of university activity. The development of computer programs for estimation of parameters with continual up-dating, and for simulation of the system behavior, is described. This description includes a review of machine-addressable data files needed to implement the programs. The state model provides an effective basis for approaching problems of system optimization and control. The paper discusses the question of control inputs, and the feasibility of developing a formal optimal control policy, with respect to the internal state, for a university with essentially “open door” admissions.
The logic of message design: Individual differences in reasoning about communication

It is hypothesized that there are systematic individual differences in the premises used to generate messages through ends to means reasoning. Reliance on these alternative sets of premises and beliefs—referred to as “message design logics"—can be detected in several different features of message design, including the kind of project undertaken in the message, the kinds of elements that appear in the message, the principles of coherence that connect message elements or units, and the manner in which goal integration is managed in message design. The paper offers models of three alternative message design logics and describes a general method of message analysis based on these models. The method of analysis is exemplified in a study of messages used in addressing a regulative communication task. Respondents were asked to provide messages they would address to a subordinate who failed to complete assigned work; these messages were classified in terms of the kind of goal set being pursued and the kind of rea...
Flame Spectrophotometric Analysis of Glasses and Ores: I, Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, and Cesium

The alkali elements in a wide range of glass and feldspar ore compositions can be rapidly determined with the flame spectrophotometer without making chemical separations. Flame photometer response to lithium, sodium, and potassium seems little affected by the presence of many of the glass constituents in concentration ranges commonly found in commercial glasses. The mean deviation in absolute per cent between chemical and flame photometer analyses for a series of twenty-nine glass and ore samples is approximately 0.15% for each of the three common alkalis lithium, sodium, and potassium. Evaluation of the rubidium and cesium results was not possible since chemical analyses for these elements were not available.
Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Tax Oncoprotein Prevents DNA Damage-induced Chromatin Egress of Hyperphosphorylated Chk2

De novo expression of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax results in cellular genomic instability. We demonstrated previously that Tax associates with the cell cycle check point regulator Chk2 and proposed that the inappropriate activation of Chk2 provides a model for Tax-induced loss of genetic integrity (Haoudi, A., Daniels, R. C., Wong, E., Kupfer, G., and Semmes, O. J. (2003) J. Biol. Chem. 278, 37736-37744). Here we provide an explanation for how Tax induces some Chk2 activities but represses others. We show that Tax interaction with Chk2 generates two activation signals in Chk2, oligomerization and autophosphorylation. However, egress of Chk2 from chromatin, normally observed in response to ionizing radiation, was repressed in Tax-expressing cells. Analysis of chromatin-bound Chk2 from Tax-expressing cells revealed phosphorylation at Thr(378), Ser(379), Thr(383), Thr(387), and Thr(389). In contrast, chromatin-bound Chk2 in the absence of Tax was phosphorylated at Thr(383) and Thr(387) in response to ionizing radiation. We further establish that Tax binds to the kinase domain of Chk2. Confocal microscopy revealed a redistribution of Chk2 to colocalize with Tax in Tax speckled structures, which we have shown previously to coincide with interchromatin granules. We propose that Tax binding via the Chk2 kinase domain sequesters phosphorylated Chk2 within chromatin, thus hindering chromatin egress and appropriate response to DNA damage.
Effects of Atrial Appendectomy on Circulating Atrial Natriuretic Factor during Volume Expansion in the Rat

This study examined the changes in the circulating level of endogenous atrial natriuretic factor during diuresis and natriuresis produced by acute volume expansion in anesthetized rats with either bilateral atrial appendectomy (n = 9) or sham operation (n = 9). Following control measurements in the sham-operated rats, 1% body weight volume expansion with isotonic saline produced an increment in urinary sodium excretion of over 4 mueq/min (P less than 0.05) while urine volume increased by more than 20 microliter/min (P less than 0.05). These responses were associated with a significant increase in immunoreactive plasma atrial natriuretic factor from a baseline value of 82 +/- 10 pg/ml to a level of 120 +/- 14 pg/ml (P less than 0.05). In contrast, in the group of rats with bilateral atrial appendectomy an identical degree of volume expansion increased urinary sodium excretion and urine volume by only 0.61 mueq/min (P less than 0.05) and 3.07 microliter/min (P less than 0.05), respectively. In this group, immunoreactive plasma atrial natriuretic factor remained statistically unchanged from a control value of 70 +/- 12 pg/ml to a level of 82 +/- 16 pg/ml (P greater than 0.05). Comparison of the two groups indicates that the natriuresis, diuresis, and plasma atrial natriuretic factor levels during volume expansion were significantly reduced in the rats with bilateral atrial appendectomy. No differences in mean arterial pressure and heart rate were observed between the two groups. These data demonstrate that removal of both atrial appendages in the rat attenuated the release of atrial natriuretic factor during volume expansion; and this effect, in turn, was associated with a reduction in the natriuretic and diuretic responses.
Synchronization Dynamics and Evidence for a Repertoire of Network States in Resting EEG

Intrinsically driven neural activity generated at rest exhibits complex spatiotemporal dynamics characterized by patterns of synchronization across distant brain regions. Mounting evidence suggests that these patterns exhibit fluctuations and nonstationarity at multiple time scales. Resting-state EEG recordings were examined in 12 young adults for changes in synchronization patterns on a fast time scale in the range of tens to hundreds of milliseconds. Results revealed that EEG dynamics continuously underwent rapid transitions between intermittently stable states. Numerous approximate recurrences of states were observed within single recording epochs, across different epochs separated by longer times, and between participants. For broadband (4-30 Hz) data, a majority of states could be grouped into three families, suggesting the existence of a limited repertoire of core states that is continually revisited and shared across participants. Our results document the existence of fast synchronization dynamics iterating amongst a small set of core networks in the resting brain, complementing earlier findings of nonstationary dynamics in electromagnetic recordings and transient EEG microstates.
Abstract 3994: Loss of miR-23b enhances Pyk2-induced glioma cell migration and invasion

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Glioblastoma is the most common and lethal type of primary brain tumor. Despite recent therapeutic advances in other cancers, the treatment of glioblastomas remains ineffective and essentially palliative due the highly invasive nature of the disease. To discern molecular mechanisms that drive GBM migration, we investigated the potential role of differential expression of microRNAs (miRNA) by comparing the matched large-scale, genome-wide miRNA expression profiles of migrating and migration-restricted human glioma cells. Using a radial migration assay, migrating and non-migrating populations from seven well-established glioma cell lines were isolated and utilized for miRNA expression analysis. Statistical analyses revealed 22 miRNAs common to all seven glioma cell lines were down-regulated in the migrating cell population (p < 0.0005) relative to cells in the non-migratory population. Specifically, we report here that the expression level of miR-23b was markedly down-regulated in migrating glioma cells as compared to migration-restricted cells. Over-expression of miR-23b significantly inhibited glioma cell migration and invasion. A bioinformatics search revealed a conserved target site within the 3’untranslated region (UTR) of Pyk2, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that has been previously implicated in the regulation of glioma cell migration and invasion. Increased expression of miR-23b reduced the expression level of Pyk2 in glioma cells indicating that miR-23b targets Pyk2. Notably, increased expression of miR-23b did not alter the expression level of the related focal adhesion kinase FAK indicating that miR-23b specifically inhibits the expression Pyk2. Taken together, our study demonstrates that reduced expression of miR-23b facilitates the enhancement of glioma cell migration and invasion via modulation of Pyk2 expression. Thus, these data suggest that certain miRNAs may regulate glioma migration and invasion to influence the progression of this disease. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3994. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3994
Iron−Sulfur Cluster Biosynthesis: Functional Characterization of the N- and C-Terminal Domains of Human NFU†

Human NFU (also known as HIRIP5) has been implicated in cellular iron-sulfur cluster biosynthesis. Bacterial and yeast forms are smaller than the human protein and are homologous to the C-terminal domain of the latter. This C-terminal domain contains a pair of redox active cysteines and demonstrates thioredoxin-like activity by mediating persulfide bond cleavage of sulfur-loaded NifS (an IscS-type protein), the sulfide donor for [2Fe-2S] cluster assembly on ISU-type scaffold proteins. Herein, the affinity of full-length human NFU and the individual N- and C-terminal domains for sulfide donor and cluster scaffold proteins is assessed. The influence of the N-terminal domain on C-terminal NFU binding to NifS and persulfide reductase activity is also examined. Only the C-terminal domain is required for persulfide reductase activity, while complex formation of NifS with full-length NFU is similar to that of the C-terminal domain alone (K(D) approximately 9.7 +/- 0.7 and 10.1 +/- 0.6 microM, respectively). There is negligible affinity between the isolated C- and N-terminal domains, while the N-terminal domain has negligible affinity for either sulfide donor or cluster scaffold proteins. The temperature dependence of the binding enthalpy for formation of the complex between NifS and the C-terminal domain of NFU yields a change in molar heat capacity (DeltaC(p) approximately 138 cal mol(-1) K(-1)) that suggests bonding at the protein-protein interface is dominated by electrostatic interactions. This is consistent with electrostatic potential maps for bacterial homologues of the N- and C-terminal domains of human NFU, which most likely reflect the structural characteristics expected for full-length human NFU.
Augmented Lagrangian formulation of orbital-free density functional theory

We present an Augmented Lagrangian formulation and its real-space implementation for non-periodic Orbital-Free Density Functional Theory (OF-DFT) calculations. In particular, we rewrite the constrained minimization problem of OF-DFT as a sequence of minimization problems without any constraint, thereby making it amenable to powerful unconstrained optimization algorithms. Further, we develop a parallel implementation of this approach for the Thomas-Fermi-von Weizsacker (TFW) kinetic energy functional in the framework of higher-order finite-differences and the conjugate gradient method. With this implementation, we establish that the Augmented Lagrangian approach is highly competitive compared to the penalty and Lagrange multiplier methods. Additionally, we show that higher-order finite-differences represent a computationally efficient discretization for performing OF-DFT simulations. Overall, we demonstrate that the proposed formulation and implementation are both efficient and robust by studying selected examples, including systems consisting of thousands of atoms. We validate the accuracy of the computed energies and forces by comparing them with those obtained by existing plane-wave methods.
Applications Of Fiber Optics To Computer Systems

Fiber optics promises to be an attractive transmission medium for communication between the computer and its I/O devices and for local networks. Its attractiveness results from its potential for providing high data transfer rate and long transmission distance. Within the central computer complex, serial transmission on fiber optics can also eliminate many of the problems associated with today's bulky parallel cables and connectors. However to obtain the maximum benefits of fiber optics, it will be necesary to make changes to the I/O interface architecture as well as the transmission medium. Changes may also be required in the way applications utilize I/O in order to take advantage of the high data rate potential. This paper discusses some of the features of fiber optics as applied to the computer system and also indicates possible architecture and application approaches for deriving the greatest benefit from fiber optics.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Online conductivity and stability in the emulsion polymerization of n-butyl methacrylate: Batch versus semibatch systems

A homemade resistance probe (R) and a torroidal probe (T), which work on different principles to measure conductivity, were used as online sensors to monitor conductivity during the course of emulsion polymerizations of n-butyl methacrylate (BMA). Six batch emulsion polymerizations of BMA (20% solids content) were carried out using sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) as surfactant. To compare latex stability and conductivity profiles, the SLS concentration was varied (5, 6, 8, 10, 20, and 30 mM). Seven semibatch emulsion polymerizations of BMA (40% solids content) were also run. All semibatch polymerizations had the same seed stage, while different amounts of SLS were fed during the feed stage. During these reactions, the conductivity curves obtained from the two different probes overlapped if the SLS concentration was high enough (20 and 30 mM); on the other hand, the two curves diverged if the SLS concentration was low. Since the final conductivity values obtained from the two probes were not the same in most of the reactions, the ratio between them (R/T) was used to correlate conductivity to latex stability. A blender test and turbidity measurements were carried out to estimate the mechanical stability and the electrolyte stability of the prepared latexes, respectively. The results showed that R/T varied linearly with the latex stability. These results showed that latex stability could be predicted through online conductivity measurements. Moreover, the reason for an observed increase in conductivity during these emulsion polymerization reactions was also investigated. This increase was related to the disappearance of monomer droplets, which demonstrated that the conductivity measurements could also be used to aid in the study the kinetics of the emulsion polymerization process. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 4001–4013, 2013
Cell-fusion events induced by α-herpesviruses

ABSTRACT Enveloped viruses encode proteins that can induce cell fusion to allow spread of infection without exposure to immune surveillance. In this review, we discuss cell fusion events caused by neurotropic α-herpesviruses. Syncytia (large, multinucleated cells) are clinically indicative of α herpesvirus infections, and peripheral neuropathies are clinical hallmarks. We examine the viral and cellular factors required for cell fusion, as well as mutations which confer a more aggressive ‘hypersyncytial’ phenotype. Finally, we consider the causes of fusion events in infected neurons, and the implications for neuronal dysfunction and pathophysiology.
Spatial-angular compounding for elastography using beam steering on linear array transducers

Spatial-angular compounding is a new technique that enables the reduction of noise artifacts in ultrasound elastography. Under this method, compounded elastograms are obtained from a spatially weighted average of local strain estimated from radio frequency (rf) echo signals acquired at different insonification angles. In previous work, the acquisition of the rf signals was performed through the lateral translation of a phased-array transducer. Clinical applications of angular compounding would, however, require the utilization of beam steering on linear-array transducers to obtain angular data sets, which is more efficient than translating phased-array transducers. In this article, we investigate the performance of angular compounding for elastography by using beam steering on a linear-array transducer. Quantitative experimental results demonstrate that spatial angular compounding provides significant improvement in both the elastographic signal-to-noise ratio and the contrast-to-noise ratio. For the linear array transducer used in this study, the optimum angular increment is around 1.5°–3.75°, and the maximum angle that can be used in angular compounding should not exceed 10°.
Democracy Attenuated: Schumpeter, the Process Theory, and American Democratic Thought

'Joseph Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1942), 269. 2David Truman, The Governmental Process (New York: Knopf, 1951); Bernard Berelson, Paul Lazarsfeld, and William McPhee, Voting (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1954), esp. ch. 14, 305-323; Bernard Berelson, "Democratic Theory and Public Opinion," Public Opinion Quarterly, 16 (Fall 1952), 313-330; William Kornhauser, The Politics of Mass Society (Glencoe, Illinois: Free Press, 1959); Robert Dahl, Who Governs? (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1961); Robert Dahl, Preface to Democratic Theory (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1956), esp. chs. 3-5, 63-151; Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba, The Civic Culture (Boston: Little, Brown, 1965), esp. ch. 13, 337-374; Lester Milbrath, Political Participation (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1965), esp. ch. 6, 142-154; Thomas Thorson, The Logic of Democracy (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1962); Glendon Schubert, The Public Interest (Glencoe, Illinois: Free Press, 1962); Edward Banfield, Political Influence (Glencoe, Illinois: Free Press, 1961), esp. ch. 12, 324-341; Anthony Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy (New York: Harper and Row, 1957); Henry Mayo, "How Can We Justify Democracy?,"
Orexin stimulates breathing via medullary and spinal pathways.

A central neuronal network that regulates respiration may include hypothalamic neurons that produce orexin, a peptide that influences sleep and arousal. In these experiments, we investigated 1) pro...
Russia's Electoral Geography: A Review

A noted specialist on the electoral geography of Russia reviews the existing body of work on the subject based on national elections, beginning with the RSFSR returns from the March 1989 voting for seats in the the USSR Congress of People's Deputies and extending to the presidential race of 2004. The author identifies major themes and methodologies relevant to a discussion of the political topography of Russia, before assessing the extent to which the country's emergent electoral landscape has been described. He emphasizes the importance of scale in interpreting the spatial patterns of electoral outcomes, as well as the social and economic correlates of voting across the regions. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: H10, O10, R10. 4 figures, 84 references.