cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reaction mechanisms in low energy inelastic proton scattering

Abstract A number of (p, p′) angular distributions and (p, p′γ) angular correlations have been measured in order to investigate the reaction mechanisms involved in inelastic proton scattering at low energies. Angular distributions were measured for the following nuclei at the energies (centre-of-mass) indicated: A 40 6.14 MeV (first, second, and third excited states); Ni 58 4.70, 5.64, 6.65–6.80 MeV (first excited state); Ni 60 4.69, 5.63, 6.65–6.80 MeV (first excited state); Cu 65 6.83 MeV (second and third excited states). Angular correlations between protons leading to the first excited state and subsequent decay gamma rays were measured for the following nuclei: Si 28 , 5.66, 6.70 MeV,θ p′ = 45°, 90°, 135°; S 22 5.66 MeV, θ p′ = 90°, 135°; Ti 48 5.72, 6.77 MeV,θ p′ = 90°, 135°; Ni 58 5.73, 6.80 MeV,θ p′ = 45°, 90°,135°; Ni 60 5.73, 6.80 MeV,θ p′ = 50°, 90°, 135°. For the odd-mass nucleus Cu 65 , the angular distributions show a prominent forward peaking, suggesting the importance of a direct interaction mechanism at this energy. For the even nuclei in the neighbourhood of A = 60, both angular distributions and correlations show agreement with the predictions of the statistical compound nucleus model for proton energies less than 6 MeV but indicate an appreciable direct interaction contribution at 7 MeV. Angular correlations for Si 28 show that direct interactions are important in this case at both 5.66 and 6.70 MeV. It appears that the importance of direct interaction relative to compound nucleus contributions increases rapidly as the energy of the incident and emergent protons approaches the height of the Coulomb barrier, though it is clear that the structure of the nuclear states involved is also important in determining this ratio.
La Cour Notre-Dame de Michery: a response to Constance Berman

In a recent article in JMH, Constance Berman suggested that the thirteenth-century history of the Cistercian nuns of La Cour Notre-Dame de Michery in France has been distorted by scholars' reliance on the fifteenth-century cartulary of the house. This compilation, she argues, was meant to portray the nunnery as a failure and to justify its transformation into a male priory. The authors of the present article attempt to show that Berman's doubts about the reliability of the cartulary are unjustified and that the archeological evidence of the church of La Cour which she uses to infer La Cour's financial vigor in the thirteenth-century actually points strongly in the opposite direction.
Lustre filesystem for CMS storage element (SE)

This paper presents our effort to integrate the Lustre filesystem with BeStMan, GridFTP and Ganglia to make it a fully functional WLCG SE (Storage Element). We first describe the configuration of our Lustre filesystem at the University of Florida and our integration process. We then present benchmark performance figures and IO rates from the CMS analysis jobs and the WAN data transfer performance that are conducted on the Lustre SE.
Spherical subspace tracking for efficient, high performance adaptive signal processing applications

Abstract In this paper we develop and analyze multilevel spherical subspace updating algorithms. These algorithms track eigenvectors and/or eigensubspaces associated with time-varying data that arises in adaptive signal processing, direction of arrival (DOA) or frequency tracking problems. Spherical subspaces can be created by setting groups of eigenvalues to their average value. Because of the sphericity, the subspace basis vectors can be reoriented to deflate the update problem and reduce computation. In this paper, we focus on a four-level update that efficiently tracks the signal subspace and generates just enough eigenlevel information to make strongly consistent signal subspace rank estimates. The four-level method is O(nr) per update when n is the data dimension and r is the signal subspace tank. In order to analyze the multilevel algorithms, we use Ljung's method to derive ordinary differential equations (ODEs) that characterize the asymptotic eigenlevel and subspace projection operator trajectories. Under certain weak assumptions, we prove that the multilevel algorithms asymptotically converge with probability one to the true subspace and eigenlevel values. We also present a four-level MDL-based rank detection scheme and show it to be strongly consistent. Simulation studies support the theoretical results and demonstrate the performance of our methods with frequency tracking data.
Intracellular pathways of folded and misfolded amyloid precursor protein degradation.

A number of studies suggest that early events in the maturation of amyloid precursor protein (APP) are important in determining its entry into one of several alternative processing pathways, one of which leads to the toxic protein β-amyloid (Aβ). In pulse-labeled APP expressing CHO cells two proteolytic systems can degrade newly translated APP: the proteosome and a cysteine protease. When N-glycosylation was inhibited by tunicamycin, the former system is the dominant mechanism of APP degradation. Without tunicamycin present, the cysteine protease is operational: cysteine protease inhibitors completely inhibit APP turnover in cells in which the secretory pathway is interrupted with brefeldin A or when α-secretase and endosomal degradation are also pharmacologically blocked. APP immunoprecipitated from cells extracted under mild conditions and labeled in the presence of tunicamycin exhibited greater sensitivity to endoproteinase glu-C (V8) or lys-C than from cells without drug. The V8 fragment missing in tunicamyin treated cells encompassed the KPI inhibitor insertion site but was distinct from the site of N-glycosylation. It is concluded that a conformational change caused by interrupted N-glycosylation shunts newly translated APP into the proteasomal degradation pathway. Pulse-labeled and chased cells showed an additional V8 fragment that was not present in pulsed-labeled cells and was not due to glycosylation since it was also present in cells labeled in the presence of brefeldin. This latter result indicates that an additional, delayed conformational alteration occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Susceptibility of Electro-Explosive Devices to high pulsed electric fields

Commercially available Electro-Explosive Devices (EEDs), such as blasting caps, use electrical current to initiate a primary charge. Various detonators including bridge wire, match-type, exploding bridge wire, and slapper. The basic operating principle of the match-type device is to heat the ignition element to the ignition temperature of the primary explosive. The normal operation current profiles, both constant current and pulsed excitation, are well known, as is the ignition temperature. However, as safety and reliability are of great concern, both in the operation and storage of EEDs, the susceptibility of these devices to transient or spurious fields is of interest. The susceptibility of match-type EEDs to high pulsed electric fields is examined. A Finite Element Method (FEM) simulation is performed using COMSOL to determine the induced current in the bridgewire due to applied electric fields and the resulting Joule heating of the wire. Several situations are investigated including the EED in conductive and non-conductive media and leads open or terminated representing operational and storage conditions.
Interfacial Tension Effect of Ethanol on Lipid Bilayer Rigidity, Stability, and Area/Molecule: A Micropipet Aspiration Approach

Micropipet aspiration was performed on unilamellar vesicles to study the effect of ethanol on lipid bilayer mechanical properties and area per lipid molecule. We show here that fluid-phase SOPC (1-...
Polar Airborne Observations Fill Gap in Satellite Data

In October 2009, NASA's Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) stopped collecting science data. However, noting the progressive degradation of ICESat's Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS), NASA had begun the previous year to plan a series of instrumented aircraft missions to fill the impending gap in satellite observations due to the loss of GLAS. Called Operation IceBridge, the project has been collecting data since March 2009 and will continue until the scheduled launch of ICESat's replacement, ICESat-2, in about 2015. The primary goal of IceBridge is to use airborne laser altimetry to monitor rapidly changing areas of ice sheets, glaciers, and sea ice; a secondary goal is to acquire ice-penetrating-radar data to map the bedrock topography beneath the ice sheets. Data collected by IceBridge will yield a three-dimensional view of ice sheets and sea ice as they change. IceBridge will improve modeling efforts and knowledge of the contribution of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets to sea level rise. The project will also contribute to scientific understanding of changes in the extent and thickness of the sea ice cover as the planet warms. IceBridge flights maintain altimetry time series over outlet glaciers started by NASA in the early 1990s, expand airborne altimeter coverage to new areas, and add grids of ice-penetrating-radar data to better resolve bedrock topography.
Multiple roles for CNS GABA mechanisms in the autonomic regulation of cardiovascular function: Pharmacologic evidence

Abstract Drugs which impair GABAergic inhibition by different mechanisms evoke similar cardiovascular changes. In the brainstem, these agents excite vagal preganglionic neurons, possibly by disrupting tonic inhibition at the nucleus ambiguus, and thus cause bradycardia. Acting in the periventricular forebrain, these same drugs suppress vagal activity while simultaneously enhancing sympathetic outflow. We propose that these actions represent impairment of two distinct GABAergic mechanisms impacting on cardiac vagal function, one controlling the final common pathway, the parasympathetic preganglionic neuron, the other inhibiting a latent system of hypothalamic “command neurons” whose activation results in cardiac vagal suppression as but one facet of a richer and highly integrated autonomic response.
Ten Most Influential Papers of Management Science's First Fifty Years

In this issue, we reproduce 10 of the most important papers published in Management Science from 1954 to 2003. Each paper is followed by a commentary by the author(s) and other scholars that offers insights into the background, creation, or subsequent impact of the paper.
A reinterpretation of Aristotle's notion of rhetorical form

Aristotle's three forms of public address are more correctly viewed as potential formulations than as actualities to be imitated. A close reading of the Rhetoric and an application of Aristotle's theory to Daniel Webster's public addresses reveals the efficacy of this reinterpretation. The analysis also raises serious issues in genre criticism. One genre may mask another; and one genre may borrow the strategies of another. One form may dominate in terms of time and audience, while another may dominate in terms of ends and aims.
Extreme isolation by distance in a montane frog Rana cascadae

Given the recent interest in declining amphibian populations, it is surprising that there are so few data on genetic drift and gene flow in anuran species. We used seven microsatellite loci to investigate genetic structure and diversity at both large and small geographic scales, and to estimate gene flow in the Cascades frog, Rana cascadae. We sampled 18 sites in a hierarchical design (inter-population distances ranging from 1–670 km) to test for isolation by distance and to determine the geographic scale over which substantial gene flow occurs. Eleven of these sites were sampled as three fine-scale clusters of three, three, and five sites separated by pairwise distances of 1–23 km to estimate number of migrants exchanged per generation via F ST and by a coalescent approach. We found R. cascadae exhibits a strong pattern of isolation by distance over the entire species range, and that there is a sharp drop in migrants exchanged between sites separated by greater than 10 km. These data, in conjunction with results of other recent studies, suggest that montane habitats promote unusually strong genetic isolation among frog populations. We discuss our results in light of future management and conservation of R. cascadae.
Observables in effective gravity

We address the construction and interpretation of diffeomorphism-invariant observables in a low-energy effective theory of quantum gravity. The observables we consider are constructed as integrals over the space of coordinates, in analogy to the construction of gauge-invariant observables in Yang-Mills theory via traces. As such, they are explicitly nonlocal. Nevertheless we describe how, in suitable quantum states and in a suitable limit, the familiar physics of local quantum field theory can be recovered from appropriate such observables, which we term ``pseudolocal.'' We consider measurement of pseudolocal observables, and describe how such measurements are limited by both quantum effects and gravitational interactions. These limitations support suggestions that theories of quantum gravity associated with finite regions of spacetime contain far fewer degrees of freedom than do local field theories.
Experiential Learning Opportunities Designed To Recruit Native American Students Into Dietetics

Abstract A summer workshop/research apprenticeship was developed to recruit Native American students into the Dietetics program, Nutrition and Food Science Department, South Dakota State University. The project is part of a 2+2+2 College of Consumer and Family Sciences (CFCS) United States Department of Education grant. The purpose of the grant was to recruit Native American students into CFCS majors. Experiential learning activities were designed to expose students to quantity food recipe development and production. The students developed quantity recipes modified in fat and sodium using Native American foods. Four participants were recruited from South Dakota Tribal Community Colleges and high schools and paired with faculty members with expertise in foodservice management and nutrition. The students participated in quantity foods laboratories during the South Dakota school Lunch Training. Students toured various types of foodservice facilities where such recipes could be used. Tours included a specialty restaurant featuring game meats; institutional foodservice, and hospital foodservice operations. Evaluations demonstrated a high student approval rating.
Rethinking patient placement: The human service matrix model for matching services to needs

The improvements in both clinical and fiscal outcomes necessary for prosperity in the current healthcare environment require a rethinking of our conceptual approaches to patient assessment, treatment planning, and service delivery. Conventional practice rests in part on the Level of Care concept, which assigns intensities of both clinical services and treatment settings in a linked manner according to impairment severity. Although this approach has resulted in more efficient matching of resources to needs, it is overly restrictive, and does not speak directly to the need to match both healthcare and social services (including treatment setting) to human needs for treatment to be successful. The Human Service Matrix model presented in this article delinks clinical from social services and creates a conceptual framework for integrating social and healthcare services in the care of patients with addictions. Our experience with this model suggests it has heuristic value in promoting cost and outcome effective treatment.
The Stubbs Earthwork: Serpent Effigy or Simple Embankment:

The once monumental Stubbs earthwork in southwestern Ohio was destroyed by sand and gravel mining operations in the early 1970s. Before its demise, the Stubbs earthwork, or effigy, as it was more c...
5-(N-Ethyl-N-isopropyl)-amiloride, an Na(+)-H(+) exchange inhibitor, protects gerbil hippocampal neurons from ischemic injury.

Abstract The effect of the selective Na+/H+ antiporter inhibitor 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl)-amiloride (EIPA) on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury was evaluated in the Mongolian gerbil. Ischemia was induced in unanaesthetized gerbils by a 5-min period of bilateral common carotid artery occlusion followed by reperfusion for 6 days. Two groups of gerbils were injected intraperitoneally with either dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; 10 μl) or EIPA (5 mg/kg in 10 μl DMSO) 30 min prior to ischemia. The increase in locomotor activity in the EIPA-treated group was significantly less than that of the control group at both 24 h and 6-day post-ischemia. The extent of CA1 pyramidal neuron loss was significantly reduced in the EIPA-treated group in comparison with that of DMSO treated controls. These results suggest that EIPA can protect cerebral neurons from ischemia/reperfusion injury and implicates acidosis and Na+/H+ exchange as a causative factor in such injury.
Recapitulation of oral mucosal tissues in long‐term organotypic culture

To test the influence of fibroblasts on epithelial morphology and expression of keratinocyte proteins and barrier lipids, we bioengineered homotypic and heterotypic oral mucosae and skin using cultured adult human cells. Fibroblasts were allowed to modify collagen type I gels for 2 weeks before keratinocytes were added. The organotypic cultures were then grown at the air-liquid interface for 4 weeks. In homotypic combinations, epithelial morphology and protein expression closely mimicked those in vivo. In heterotypic combinations, the morphology resembled that in vivo and keratinocytes expressed their typical markers, except when skin keratinocytes were recombined with alveolar fibroblasts; they expressed K19, K4, and K13, which is similar to oral mucosal epithelia rather than to the epidermis. Morphologically, the stratum corneum layers were typical for the epithelial tissues. Grafting the bioengineered cultures to the backs of Nude mice did not change the results, suggesting that our findings are not merely a culture phenomenon. Lipid profiles of the homotypic combinations mimicked the profiles found in the normal epithelial tissues, except that the engineered alveolar epithelium expressed more ceramide 2 than that in vivo. In the heterotypic combinations, keratinocytes appeared to control the lipid profile, except in the combination of skin keratinocytes with alveolar fibroblasts, wherein the ceramide profile appeared to be partly that of alveolar epithelium and partly that of epidermis. These results suggest that cultured adult fibroblasts and keratinocytes are sufficient to recapitulate graftable oral tissues, and, except for alveolar fibroblasts, the type of fibroblast had little influence on keratinocyte differentiation.
Recent advances in forensic drug analysis by DART-MS

Mass spectrometry methods play a major role in many forensic applications. While gas chromatography-mass spectrometry methods are commonly used in crime laboratories and enforcement agencies, a variety of advanced techniques are now available that can improve upon standard methods and address emerging issues in forensic science. New mass spectrometry technologies include more versatile ionization sources, allowing the next generation of instrumentation to be more multipurpose and adaptable to the needs of the discipline. Direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometry is an ambient ionization method that allows direct testing of gas, liquid and solid samples without the need for any preparation or extraction, based on thermal desorption and ionization directly from the sample surface. This Review will provide an in-depth description of direct analysis in real-time time-of-flight mass spectrometry as applied to samples relevant to forensic science, with a focus on analysis and characterization related to forensic drug chemistry.
Stability of proteins on hydrophilic surfaces

The physical and chemical properties of solid substrates or surfaces critically influence the stability and activity of immobilized proteins such as enzymes. Reports of increased stability and activity of enzymes near/on surfaces as compared with those in solution abound; however, a mechanistic understanding is wanting. Simulations and experiments are used here to provide details toward such a mechanistic understanding. Experiments demonstrate increased activity of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) inside moderate hydrophilic mesopourous silica (SBA-15) pores but drastically decreased activity inside very hydrophilic NH2-SBA-15 surfaces as compared with that in solution. Also, the temperature stability of ADH was increased over that in solution when immobilized in a cavity with a mildly hydrophilic surface. Simulations confirm these experimental findings. Simulations calculated in the framework of a hydrophobic-polar (H-P) lattice model show increased thermal stability of a model 64-mer peptide on positive and zero curvature surfaces over that in solution. Peptides immobilized inside negative curvature cavities (concave) with hydrophilic surfaces exhibit increased stability only inside pores that are only 3-4 nm larger than the hydrodynamic radius of the peptide. Peptides are destabilized, however, when the surface hydrophilic character inside very small cavities/pores becomes large.
Web Search Credibility Assessment for Individuals who are Blind

While screen reading technologies offer considerable promise to individuals who are blind by providing an accessible overview of web-based content, difficulties can be faced determining the credibility of sites and their respective contents. This can impact the user's behavior, particularly if sensitive information needs to be entered (e.g. into a web-based form). In this paper, we describe an exploratory study examining the criteria which blind screen reader users utilize to assess credibility. More specifically, we have focused on the common task of web searching and exploring search results. Findings from the study have suggested that mismatches between the title of the search results and their respective snippets, along with the richness and accessibility of the content when search results are selected, can lead to users determining whether sites are indeed credible.
Perceived Barriers to Physical Activity Among Pregnant Women Living in a Rural Community

Objective The purpose of this research was to describe perceived barriers to physical activity among pregnant women living in a rural community. Design and Sample The project followed a simple descriptive design. The sample included 88 healthy pregnant women from a rural community in the southeast United States. Measures The women completed the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and an open-ended item seeking a description of personal barriers to engagement in regular physical activity. Results Scores on the IPAQ were generally equally distributed across categories of low, moderate, and high activity. A total of 42 barriers was described from 34% of the women. Seven themes emerged among the reported barriers: (1) symptoms of pregnancy, (2) family and childrearing activities, (3) lack of personal motivation, (4) time and employment demands, (5) perceptions of sufficient activity from daily life, (6) fear of injury, and (7) lack of a habit of activity. Conclusions Barriers reported by the rural women were similar to those identified in other settings. Some perceptions confirmed myths about the health value of exercise during pregnancy, but did not confirm barriers commonly cited or assumed for reduced physical activity among rural residents.
Effects of flavonoids and transitional metal cations on antigen-induced histamine release from human basophils

Structure-activity relationship studies have been performed on the inhibition of antigen-induced histamine release from human basophils by various naturally occurring flavonoids. Quercetin was the most active compound. Of the transitional metal ions, Cu2+ most effectively blocked the inhibitory activity of quercetin, possibly through a chelation mechanism.
Stresses at joints and cracks in highway and airport pavements

Abstract The weight function method is used to determine the stress intensity factors for cracks and joints in highway and airport pavements. The relationship between the stress intensity factors and the deflection caused by a wheel load are then used to obtain the stresses in the pavement. The new method that combines the theory of elasticity and fracture mechanics is called EFM. The results from EFM for the deflection and bending stress at the midslab position along the longitudinal edge are compared with the theoretical solution of Westergaard, solutions using the finite element method, and with the experimental data from the AASHO road test. The deflection caused by an axle load at the corner of a transverse joint for a rigid pavement determined by EFM is also compared with the test data from the AASHO road test. There is good agreement in all cases.
Translational control of protein synthesis and the control of steroidogenesis in the rabbit ovary.

Abstract The addition of luteinizing hormone (LH) to preovulatory rabbit ovaries incubated in vitro stimulated steroid synthesis. When protein synthesis was inhibited by cycloheximide or puromycin, the effect of LH on Steroidogenesis was also blocked. Actinomycin D, at concentrations which limit incorporation of cytidine-H 3 into RNA to less than 10% of that of controls, did not affect steroid synthesis. Translational control or regulation of protein synthesis at a step following synthesis of messenger RNA may regulate steroid synthesis in this system.
Measurement of free glucose turnover in brain.

A method has been developed for the measurement of the turnover rate constant or the half-life of the free glucose content of brain. It is based on an equation derived by the mathematical analysis of a kinetic model of the equilibration of the specific activity of the free glucose in brain with that of the plasma during an infusion of radioactive glucose. The method requires the measurement of the time course of the specific activity of glucose in the arterial plasma during an intravenous infusion of radioactive glucose for a period of 1 to 4 min and the specific activity of the free glucose in brain at the termination of the infusion. The turnover rate constant, or the half-life, is then calculated from these data by means of the operational equation of the method. The technique has been applied to conscious and anesthetized rats. In conscious rats the half-life of the free glucose content of brain was found to be 1.6 +/- 0.5 min (mean +/- S.D.) when the animals were killed by decapitation and 1.2 +/- 0.2 min (mean +/- S.D.) when they were killed by microwave irradiation; this difference is not statistically significant. In anesthetized rats, the half-life was found to be 2.6 +/- 0.8 min (mean +/- S.D.) in those killed by decapitation and 1.8 +/- 0.3 min (mean +/- S.D.) in those killed by microwave irradiation; this difference is statistically significant. The half-life of the glucose content of brain was found to be significantly prolonged during anesthesia and to be significantly and positively correlated with the plasma glucose concentration (r = 0.78; p < 0.001).
Influence of rock strength on the valley morphometry of Big Creek, central Idaho, USA

Abstract Analysis of valley morphometry and bedrock strength along Big Creek, central Idaho, shows that valley floor width is strongly controlled by bedrock. We performed statistical analysis of Schmidt hammer rock strength as a function of lithology and aspect and of valley morphometry as a function of rock strength. Rock strength is significantly greater on the south side of the valley and in Eocene granodiorites. Rock strength is weakest in Eocene volcanic tuffs. Valley floor width depends negatively on weakest valley-side rock strength, and hillslope gradient on the north side of the valley depends positively on rock strength. Stream gradient does not depend on rock strength. Valley floor width appears to be controlled by bedrock strength on the weaker side of the valley, which was generally the north (south-facing) side. We speculate that a higher degree of weathering via freeze–thaw cycles contributes to lower strength on the north side. The positive dependence of hillslope gradient on rock strength on the north side provides evidence that differential weathering across lithologies determines the gradient that can be maintained as lateral migration of the stream erodes valley walls. These results suggest that in situ rock strength exerts strong influences on some measures of valley morphometry by modulating hillslope mass wasting processes and limiting lateral erosion.
Was the Formation of a 20-km-Diameter Impact Crater on the Moon Observed on June 18, 1178?

As reported in medieval chronicles, on the evening of June 18, 1178, the upper horn of a new moon split, and from the division a flaming torch sprang up. We interpret this observation in terms of a large impact event which formed the 20-km-diameter crater, Giordano Bruno.
Investigation of the HIV‐1 matrix interactome during virus replication

Purpose Like all viruses, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) requires host cellular factors for productive replication. Identification of these factors may lead to the development of novel cell-based inhibitors. Experimental design A Strep-tag was inserted into the C-terminus of the matrix (MA) region of the HIV-1 gag gene. The resultant virus was replication competent and used to infect Jurkat T-cells. MA complexes were affinity purified with Strep-Tactin agarose. Protein quantification was performed using sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment ion spectra (SWATH) MS, data were log2 -transformed, and Student t-tests with Bonferroni correction used to determine statistical significance. Several candidate proteins were validated by immunoblot and investigated for their role in virus infection by siRNA knockdown assays. Results A total of 17 proteins were found to be statistically different between the infected versus uninfected and untagged control samples. X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 6 (Ku70), X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 5 (Ku80), and Y-box binding protein 1 (YB-1) were confirmed to interact with MA by immunoblot. Knockdown of two candidates, EZRIN and Y-box binding protein 1, enhanced HIV infection in vitro. Conclusions and clinical relevance The Strep-tag allowed for the capture of viral protein complexes in the context of virus replication. Several previously described factors were identified and at least two candidate proteins were found to play a role in HIV-1 infection. These data further increase our understanding of HIV host -cell interactions.
Defects in Aluminum: A Density Functional Study

We describe a new method of examining defects and their interactions with each other at a microscopic level of detail. This involves efficiently calculating local properties at arbitrary spatial points, applicable in periodic supercell calculations. In particular, we have identified two quantities, the local energy density, fk(r) and the local stress density, σ6hpd(r), which are constrained to yield the total energy and the average macroscopic stress tensor, respectively, when integrated over the entire volume of the supercell. In systems with defects, these microscopic quantities provide important insights about the local nature and environment of defects. For the test case of bulk Al with a point defect, we demonstrate that these concepts result in meaningful local quantities characteristic to the point defect. We propose to use these methods to study the microscopic nature of vacancies at a grain boundary and their interaction with each other.
Propagation of 0π pulses in a gas of three-level atoms

We have theoretically studied the pulsed regime of electromagnetically induced transparency. In particular, simulations of propagation of Gaussian and $0\ensuremath{\pi}$ copropagating laser pulses in a medium consisting of three-level $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ atoms have been performed. It has been found that even at the two-photon resonance, the length of propagation for the $0\ensuremath{\pi}$ pulses is much smaller than the one for the Gaussian probe pulses. Using the dark and bright basis, we explain this behavior. Some possible applications are discussed.
Host specificity of ambrosia and bark beetles (Col., Curculionidae: Scolytinae and Platypodinae) in a New Guinea rainforest

1. Bark and ambrosia beetles are crucial for woody biomass decomposition in tropical forests worldwide. Despite that, quantitative data on their host specificity are scarce. 2. Bark and ambrosia beetles (Scolytinae and Platypodinae) were reared from 13 species of tropical trees representing 11 families from all major lineages of dicotyledonous plants. Standardised samples of beetle-infested twigs, branches, trunks, and roots were taken from three individuals of each tree species growing in a lowland tropical rainforest in Papua New Guinea. 3. A total of 81 742 beetles from 74 species were reared, 67 of them identified. Local species richness of bark and ambrosia beetles was estimated at 80–92 species. 4. Ambrosia beetles were broad generalists as 95% of species did not show any preference for a particular host species or clade. Similarity of ambrosia beetle communities from different tree species was not correlated with phylogenetic distances between tree species. Similarity of ambrosia beetle communities from individual conspecific trees was not higher than that from heterospecific trees and different parts of the trees hosted similar ambrosia beetle communities, as only a few species preferred particular tree parts. 5. In contrast, phloeophagous bark beetles showed strict specificity to host plant genus or family. However, this guild was poor in species (12 species) and restricted to only three plant families (Moraceae, Myristicaceae, Sapindaceae). 6. Local diversity of both bark and ambrosia beetles is not driven by the local diversity of trees in tropical forests, since ambrosia beetles display no host specificity and bark beetles are species poor and restricted to a few plant families.
RadioSense: Exploiting Wireless Communication Patterns for Body Sensor Network Activity Recognition

Automatically recognizing human activities in a body sensor network (BSN) enables many human-centric applications. Many current works recognize human activities through collecting and analyzing sensor readings from on-body sensor nodes. These sensing-based solutions face a dilemma. On one hand, to guarantee data availability and recognition accuracy, sensing-based solutions have to either utilize a high transmission power or involve a packet retransmission mechanism. On the other hand, enhancing the transmission power increases a sensor node's energy overheads and communication range. The enlarged communication range in consequence increases privacy risks. A packet retransmission mechanism complicates on-body sensor nodes' MAC layer and hence increases energy overheads. In contrast to the sensing-based solutions, we build Radio Sense, a prototype system that exploits wireless communication patterns for BSN activity recognition. Using Radio Sense, we benchmark three system parameters (transmission (TX) power, packet sending rate, and smoothing window size) to design algorithms for system parameter selection. The algorithms aim to balance accuracy, latency, and energy overheads. In addition, we investigate the minimal amount of training data needed for reliable performance. We evaluate our Radio Sense system with multiple subjects' data collected over a two-week period and demonstrate that Radio Sense achieves reliable performance in terms of accuracy, latency, and battery lifetime.
Cloud-to-Ground Lightning in Linear Mesoscale Convective Systems

Recently, three distinct archetypes for midlatitude linear mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) have been identified: those comprising convective lines with trailing stratiform precipitation (TS), leading stratiform precipitation (LS), and parallel stratiform precipitation (PS). While cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning in TS MCSs has received a great deal of study in recent years, linear MCSs exhibiting leading or parallel stratiform precipitation have received comparatively little attention. This paper documents the arrangement and frequency of CG lightning for four LS and four PS MCSs that occurred during May 1996 and May 1997. On average, the LS cases bore some similarity to previously studied TS MCSs; they produced predominantly positive CG lightning (1CG) early in their lifetimes (concomitant with convective precipitation) and late in their lifetimes (concomitant with stratiform precipitation). In contrast with previously published results for MCSs in general, the LS MCSs in the present study overall had relatively low negative CG (2CG) flash densities, yielding higher percentages of 1CGs than other MCS archetypes. While the PS systems had higher average flash densities than the LS systems, they did not exhibit prolonged 1CG modes early in their lifetimes, and they produced a lower overall fraction of 1CGs. Notably, the presence of line-parallel flow may render a somewhat unique electrical character in PS systems. In particular, the PS MCSs in this study exhibited enhanced CG lightning in the vicinity of decaying convective cells that were embedded within their stratiform precipitation regions.
Professor-Student Rapport Scale: Psychometric properties of the brief version

The original Professor-Student Rapport Scale contained 34 items and predicted several single-item student outcomes. A high level of internal consistency encouraged the development of a shorter measure in order to address apparent redundancy. Our goals in the current study were to provide psychometric data for the brief version of the scale and to evaluate its ability to predict student outcomes based on more rigorous student-outcome assessments. We found the brief version of the scale demonstrated reliability and validity and significantly predicted rigorous assessments of student outcomes. We suggest that the brief version of the Professor-Student Rapport Scale, with only 6 items, can be used for formative assessment. Instructors can address issues concerning rapport and potentially enhance student outcomes.
“One Question Before You Get Gone. . .” Consent Search Requests as a Threat to Perceived Stop Legitimacy

The use of consent searches in the war on drugs has brought this type of search to the forefront of the racial profiling debate. Studies using official traffic-stop data have attempted to determine...
Revisiting metastatic adult pancreatoblastoma. A case and review of the literature.

Context Most cases of pancreatoblastoma, a rare tumor of neuroendocrine origin, are seen in the pediatric population. To date, at least sixteen case reports have been described of pancreatoblastoma in patients 19-year old or older. Surgical resection is the mainstay of curative treatment. Even patients with liver metastasis can have long-term disease-free survival. Case report One recent example is a 33-yearold male who presented to us for a right hepatic lobectomy for removal of the presumed primary tumor - later discovered to be a metastasis - followed by pancreaticoduodenectomy for resection of the true primary lesion. Five years after resection, this patient is the longest disease-free survivor of metastatic adult pancreatoblastoma. Conclusion We review the literature and propose that resection of pancreatoblastoma can offer long-term disease-free survival even with liver metastasis and microscopicallypositive surgical margins.
Arbitrarily Large Solutions of the Conformal Scalar Curvature Problem at an Isolated Singularity

We study the conformal scalar curvature problem k(x)u n+2/n-2 ≤ -Δu ≤ n+2/n-2 in R n , n ≥ 3, where k: R n → (0,1] is a continuous function. We show that a necessary and sufficient condition on k for this problem to have C 2 positive solutions which are arbitrarily large at oo is that k be less than 1 on a sequence of points in R which tends to ∞.
Changes in Antibiotic-Prescribing Practices and Carriage of Penicillin-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: A Controlled Intervention Trial in Rural Alaska

From 1998 to 2000, 13 rural Alaskan villages (population, 3326) were surveyed annually by nasopharyngeal cultures for Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage. Data regarding antibiotic use for the entire population was abstracted from clinic records. In 1999, education of medical providers and the community about appropriate antibiotic use began in 4 villages; this program was expanded to include all villages in 2000. Antibiotic courses per person decreased by 31% in the initial intervention villages and by 35% in the remaining villages after education (P<.01 for each). Samples were obtained for culture from a mean of 31% of the population each year; 31% carried pneumococcus. No sustained decrease in carriage of penicillin-nonsusceptible strains was observed. When linear regression was used, serotype accounted for 81% of the variance in pneumococcal minimum inhibitory concentrations after the intervention, compared with 7% for antibiotic use. This suggests that reducing the carriage of serotypes associated with antibiotic resistance by use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines may have a greater short-term impact than does decreasing antibiotic use.
Preemptive Competition in City Development

The rise of decentralization and polycentrism in cities raises questions of optimality. This paper proposes a model of two competing developers that generates new development prior to the optimal time. If demand is growing for new developments, the development built later will have potentially lower present value profitability, due to discounting, when compared to the earlier development. Both developers compete to gain the “first-mover advantage” to build the first of the two developments, and developing sooner than what is optimal achieves this goal. This preemptive theory of competition offers a result that cities are more decentralized and polycentric than what is optimal.
Different response to osteo-inductive agents in bone marrow- and periosteum-derived cell preparations

Rabbit bone marrow- and periosteum-derived cells were cultured in medium containing dexamethasone, bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2) or both. The response of bone marrow-derived cells, measured as alkaline phosphatase expression, depended on the stage of growth. In subconfluent cultures, BMPP had a greater effect than dexamethasone and treatment with both further increased enzyme activity. In confluent cultures, the effect of dexamethasone was greater than that of BMPP and, when used together, they had an additive effect. The mineral deposition observed in these cultures did not have the typical structure of bone nodules. For periosteum-derived cells, dexamethasone did not increase the expression of alkaline phosphatase, while BMP2 did; treatment with both was less effective than treatment with BMP2 alone. Typical bone nodules were observed in cultures of periosteumderived cells treated with dexarnethasone and BMPP. These findings indicate that either osteoprogenitor cells from these two sources are intrinsically different or else non-progenitor cells in the preparations directly or indirectly affect the responsiveness to osteo-inductive agents. -. ._
Instructional Module in Fourier Spectral Analysis, Based on Principles of “How People Learn”

This paper describes the design and evaluation of an instructional module for teaching/learning Fourier spectral analysis, with emphasis on biomedical applications. The module is based on the principles of “How People Learn” (HPL) as embodied in the Legacy cycle. This cycle is a particular instantiation of problembased learning and includes components explicitly aimed at providing context and motivation, facilitating exploration, developing in-depth understanding, and incorporating opportunities for self-assessment. In the spectral analysis module, traditional teaching methods are augmented with small group discussions, peer-to-peer learning, a Web-based tutorial, and an interactive demonstration. Assessment included the development of rubrics for scoring student understanding of key concepts, revealing that students who used the module demonstrated better understanding relative to students who studied the material using traditional methods. Survey results and comments indicate that students generally liked the interactive tutorial and demonstration, as well as the structure provided by the HPL framework.
A comparison of normal intraarterial digital subtraction angiography with standard angiography in patients with symptomatic cerebrovascular ischemia.

The association between carotid artery disease, transient ischemic attack (TIA), and stroke has been recognized for many years. There still appears to be some controversy over the accuracy of lesion detection with intraarterial digital sub­ traction angiography (IADSA) as compared with film screen technique. We describe a prospective study that took place over a period of nearly 4 years with 30 consecutive, sympto­ matic patients who were referred to us for angiography. We compared IADSA with film screen carotid angiograms of the implicated side.
THE ADAPTIVE CHANGES IN THE HIP IN CONGENITAL DISLOCATION AND THEIR IMPORTANCE IN TREATMENT

1. Congenital dislocations of the hip should be reduced at the earliest possible time, for two reasons: a. The reduction is more easily accomplished. b. Adaptive changes and injury to the upper femoral epiphysis are increased by function in the unreduced hip. 2. Manipulative reduction in the early years of childhood may be successful. It should be tried first. But force and resultant injury should be avoided if the hip is not easily reduced. Open operation is the better method. We are dealing, it seems to me, with an embryological defect in congenital dislocation of the hip. We should realize that the hip is not normal at birth and that throughout the individual's life it is to be deformed. In fact, this abnormality of growth may develop into a change in the upper end of the femur which is incompatible with normal hip function. If this be true, and I for one believe it to be true, then success or failure following any operative procedure depends to some degree upon the foreordained changes in the upper femoral region. In other words, reduction of the dislocation does not mean a perfect hip, no matter how reduction is accomplished. Reduction (and early reduction) does mean, however, the lessening of all the secondary changes which we know follow the faulty mechanics of the unreduced hip. Force of any kind, used either in open operation or manipulative reduction, will add its influence to the development of deformity in the upper end of the femur as growth is accomplished.
Zimbabwe: Political Constructions of War Veterans

Because industrialised countries are promoting trade liberalisation as the only means toward development, a Zimbabwean economist proposes that African countries employ this same logic and demand that African reduction of trade barriers be linked to economic performance indicators. For example, until the debt service ratio is reduced to 20% of exports, an African economy may put tariffs on the import of luxury items, saving hard earned foreign exchange.
Numerical Modeling of Ozonation of Organic Chemicals in Surface Water

Ozonation of organic chemicals generally can result in less toxic and more biodegradable products. It is proposed to use ozone as a potential decontaminant in case of chemical spill in surface waters. CCHE2D chemical model, a two-dimensional depth-averaged and process-based chemical fate and transport model, was developed for simulating multiple decontamination tests including two-chemical-reaction processes. In this study, toluene decontamination by ozone was selected as an example. Both chemicals’ transport, fate and the reactions between these two are all taken into consideration. The model is also used to investigate the effectiveness of decontamination on the water quality by comparing the simulation results of a selfdecay case with scenarios of ozonation. The hypothetical case demonstrated the model’s capability to represent not only the chemical fate and transport but also the decontamination operations.