cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Machinery of Movement

Skeletal movements occur around joints due to the selective contraction and relaxation of striated muscles. Since muscles can only pull, never push, they must work in opposing groups. Operationally, groups of muscles that contribute to a movement in a particular direction at a particular joint (i.e., pull together) are called agonists, and those that oppose the movement are called antagonists. Much of the time, however, appropriate movements are accomplished by synergistic contractions of muscles, even to the extent that antagonistic groups of muscles cooperate to produce the movements. Moreover, the movements that are made during practical behaviors occur around more than one joint at a time and involve several sets of agonist and antagonist muscles in a highly choreographed pattern of contractions and relaxations. To produce effective behaviors, the central systems that control skeletal movements must reflect the anatomical organization of the musculoskeletal apparatuses. Further, the computation of effective movement commands requires that the central control systems receive a continuous stream of sensory data about the spatial layout of the local environment, the position of the body and limbs in space, and the load changes (tension) on the muscles. Since the motor systems are arranged in parallel as well as hierarchically (see below), the sensory information delivered to each level must be formated appropriately for the contribution of that particular level to movement control (Fig. 14.1).
Translates of Additive and Multiplicative Functions

In this chapter we apply some of the results of Chapter six. In particular we shall characterize all additive functions which, after a suitable translation, possess a limiting distribution.
A Theoretical Framework for Empirical Research on PAEs and Privateers

Patent Assertion Entities – firms that acquire patents from others and then deploy them for licensing or damages revenues rather than for practice within their own products or services – have been a frequent subject of debate over the last several years. More recently, focus has centered on a new species of PAE, “privateers” or “hybrid PAEs”. These are entities that obtain patent enforcement rights from practicing entities, assert those patents in litigation, and then share the damages earnings with the original patent holder. This paper provides a theoretical assessment of how hybrid PAEs may alter the litigation landscape. The framework developed here can provide an important aid to guide empirical work.
Ethics Research in Accounting: A Note on Using the Defining Issues Test

Students from the same college or accountants from large firms are inherently similar in background, education and academic achievement. These similarities can lead to low test reliability (Cronbach’s alpha) in research using the Defining Issues Test. This research studies reliability problems and a sample reduction technique to show how sample homogeneity affects research results. The study uses a sample of 113 accounting students from three eastern colleges with markedly different populations and educational philosophies. A basic research premise is that research findings should not be sample dependent. Given this, subjects were then removed from the original sample until the sample from each school had an alpha of .70. The regression models for the original and reduced samples are notably different suggesting that research results should be evaluated when alpha is below .70.
Cultural and Chemical Control of the Lesser Cornstalk Borer in Southern California

The lesser cornstalk borer, Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Zell.), is a pest of corn, sorghum, beans, grain, and a few other agricultural crops primarily in the southeastern desert areas of southern California but occasionally in southern coastal areas as well. Most weeds belonging to the grass family are important hosts in maintaining populations. Injury in California is confined almost entirely to the tender seeding stages of plant growth and arises primarily from migrating larvae resident within the field on miscellaneous hosts at planting time rather than from freshly deposited eggs. The most effective cultural control consists of destroying infested host plants within the field some weeks prior to planting. In the case of sorghums, which arc often planted flat for flood irrigation, a well-timed irrigation decimates the population sufficiently that usually satisfactory plant stands are assured. Successful insecticidal control is predicated upon preventive. applications. Endrin, aldrin, heptachlor, and dieldrin were the most effective of several insecticides investigated. There was little difference in effectiveness between granulated or spray formulations. Applications made at time of plant emergence were slightly superior to those made at planting time under the conditions of these experiments. Insecticides were applied in a narrow band along the seed furrow or row of seedling plants. Results with insecticides were satisfactory when the seeds were planted in beds at about a 40-ineh spacing, but when the seed was drilled into the soil in a flat planting with a row spacing of only a few inches, a similar amount of toxicant per acre did not give satisfactory plant protection.
Multidisciplinary Concepts in Ergonomic Design and Individual Differences in Performance

The purpose of this panel is to discuss controversial concepts and ideas on individual differences and capacities which should be included in HWH designs. Novel designs necessitate a broad interaction among psychology, physiology, sociology, biomechanics, emerging current health care needs and functional design as an integration of the individual differences within human capabilities and daily necessities. In this session we acknowledge the multidisciplinarity of ergonomic design and the significance of individual differences. We also ask the following questions:
Magnitude of reward in selective learning

The growth of incentive motivation was investigated in a two choice discrimination using three groups of 10 Ss for 300 trials. The experimental group was trained with 20 mg and 97 mg rewards. One control group received 20 mg while the other control received 97 mg on all trials. Asymptotic running speed was not achieved, but the converging speeds of the control groups tended to support the “habit” hypothesis. Both a negative contrast effect, where the experimental Ss ran slower to 20 mg than did the controls, and a positive contrast effect, where the experimental Ss ran faster to 97 mg than did the controls, was observed.
Platelet transfusion therapy for medical and surgical patients.

SUMMARY Platelet transfusions have become more common as more patients undergo bone marrow transplantation and aggressive chemotherapy for malignant diseases. This paper reviews the indications for platelet transfusions and the factors that can decrease their effectiveness.
Infection of the germ line by retroviral particles produced in the follicle cells: a possible mechanism for the mobilization of the gypsy retroelement of Drosophila

The gypsy retroelement of Drosophila moves at high frequency in the germ line of the progeny of females carrying a mutation in the flamenco (flam) gene. This high rate of de novo insertion correlates with elevated accumulation of full-length gypsy RNA in the ovaries of these females, as well as the presence of an env-specific RNA. We have prepared monoclonal antibodies against the gypsy Pol and Env products and found that these proteins are expressed in the ovaries of flam females and processed in the manner characteristic of vertebrate retroviruses. The Pol proteins are expressed in both follicle and nurse cells, but they do not accumulate at detectable levels in the oocyte. The Env proteins are expressed exclusively in the follicle cells starting at stage 9 of oogenesis, where they accumulate in the secretory apparatus of the endoplasmic reticulum. They then migrate to the inner side of the cytoplasmic membrane where they assemble into viral particles. These particles can be observed in the perivitelline space starting at stage 10 by immunoelectron microscopy using anti-Env antibodies. We propose a model to explain flamenco-mediated induction of gypsy mobilization that involves the synthesis of gypsy viral particles in the follicle cells, from where they leave and infect the oocyte, thus explaining gypsy insertion into the germ line of the subsequent generation.
Tobacco Smoking Cessation in Adults and Pregnant Women: Behavioral and Pharmacotherapy Interventions

This JAMA Clinical Guidelines Synopsis summarizes the US Preventive Services Task Force’s 2015 guideline on screening for tobacco smoking and provision of cessation interventions.
Research of weak sending-end coupling characteristics for bundled wind-thermal power transmission of UHVDC project

There are various safety and stability problems in the sending-end network of Hami-Zhengzhou UHVDC system of the first large-scale bundled wind-thermal power transmission project in China. The operating characteristics of HVDC are analyzed and the operational conditions of both grid-connecting and islanding modes in the transition period are proposed. The imbalanced power distribution in weak sendingend network is studied for the establishment of control strategy,which ensures the post-fault safety and stability of important lines. The coupling characteristics between UHVDC and 750 k V AC grid is studied,which shows that the successive putting into operation of auxiliary thermal units will change the stability problem of Tulufan-Hami section from dynamic stability to transient stability and there is large voltage fluctuation and transient stability problem in both channels,and the power transmission capacities of UHVDC and two channels are given. The effect of Hami-Zhengzhou UHVDC on the frequency stability of Qinghai-Tibet DC and Tibet Power Grid is researched and the voltage fluctuation induced by DC faults is studied for different wind-thermal power ratios,which provides reference to the operation and control of Northwest China Grid.
Calculation of Short-Circuit Current Distribution Between OPGW and Ordinary Ground Wire Under Single-Phase Earth Fault Occurred in Transmission System Simultaneously Configuring Both Kinds of Ground Wires

It is very important for the security of transmission system to accurately calculate the shout-circuit current distribution of single-phase earth fault.The feature of double-sided elimination method is illustrated and the distribution of short-circuit current is quantitatively calculated and verified by loop method,and the calculation results are compared with those by double-sided elimination method,and then the variation of short-circuit current distribution under the condition that the insulation gap of ordinary ground wire is not broken down is discussed.Calculation results show that the short-circuit current distribution by loop method conforms to that by double-sided elimination method,so it is proven that the calculation results by loop method are correct;it is assumed that more portion of short-circuit current will flow through optical fiber composite overhead ground wire(OPGW) in corresponding section of line when insulation gap is not broken down,so it is of significance in practice to ensure reliable breakdown of insulation gap during the setting of insulation gap for making OPGW matching to ordinary ground wire and reducing the construction cost of transmission line.
STUDIES ON THE OBJECTIVE AUDIOMETRY FOR DEAFNESS: ESPECIALLY INTRATYMPANIC MUSCLE REFLEX BY USING THE IMPEDANCE METHOD

In order to investigate appropriate audiometry for deafness, especially for severe deafness, infra aural muscle reflex (aural reflex) and uncomfortable level (UCL) in deafness and normals were measured by using an impedance meter (Nagashima's Aural Reflex Indicator) with a computor. The subjects were 14 (18 ears) with normal hearing and 103 (111 ears) sensorineural deafness, and the age ranged between 0 and 48 years old, in whom 73 subjects (62%) were ranged from 3 to 6 years old. The results were as follows: 1) Aural reflex could be obtained 100% in normal hearing subjects and those with the hear- ing loss less than 40 dB, 88% in those with 50 to 70 dB hearing loss, and 78% in those with 80 to 100 dB hearing loss. 2) Aural reflex and hearing loss was highly correlated dispersing within t 5 dB range, which indicates that aural reflex is available for objective audiometry. 3) The threshold of aural reflex was considered as the highest level in comfortable level, then the dB range from the threshold of aural reflex to the hearing threshold was considered as the dynamic range. 4) The threshold of aural reflex was almost close to UCL in sensorineural deafness. The UCL could not be changed by auditory training. In order to control recruitment phenomena, it is desirable to use a hearing aid which is combined with automatic volume compression so that voice and sound pressure level may be within the dynamic range. 5) The possibility of measurement of aural reflex in severe deafness indicates that the auditory impulse reaches nucleus of the lateral lemniscus in the brain stem, and the transmis-sion system of sound energy in inner ear is still functional.
Temporal variation in the strength of podzolization as indicated by lysimeter data

Abstract This study examines trends in podzolization – both temporally and with depth – as indicated by translocation of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), iron (Fe) and aluminum (Al) in soil water. Water as saturated flow was captured by zero-tension lysimeters installed below the O, E and B horizons of six Spodosol pedons in Michigan, USA. Over a 2-year timespan, we sampled soil water on 36 different dates, resulting in 505 samples. All samples were analyzed for DOC, whereas Fe and Al contents were determined for a subset of 227 samples. Cumulative water fluxes are high during both spring snowmelt and the fall (autumn) season, when much water is moving as saturated flow. Water flux rates are much greater during snowmelt, and when averaged over all horizons, 1.15 times more water is translocated through the soil during snowmelt than in fall, even though the latter is routinely twice as long. Translocation of DOC out of the O horizon is a dominant process in these soils during snowmelt, peaking in mid-snowmelt. It peaks again – even higher – in fall, as rains strip C from fresh litter. Overall, little DOC leaves the soil system; B horizons are effective traps for C being transported in soil water. Surprisingly, E horizons retain DOC in almost all seasons, but particularly in fall and early snowmelt, as water percolates through C-rich, fresh litter. The thick, bright, C-poor E horizons in these soils suggest that, over long timescales, in situ mineralization of C exceeds the net retention of DOC from the O horizons above. Translocation of Fe and Al in soil water also has a distinct annual bimodality, largely following that of DOC. This component of podzolization peaks in mid-snowmelt and again late in fall. On an annual basis, considerably more Al moves in soil water than Fe; 1.9 times more Al than Fe is translocated out of E horizons, and 1.8 times more Al is lost from B horizons. Our study supports existing pedogenic theory for the snowy midlatitudes, in which snowmelt is seen as a key period for podzolization. Daily rates of translocation of metals and DOC moving in saturated flow during snowmelt are considerably higher than for any other time of year. Our study also sheds new light on the importance of fall rains to podzolization. Although the daily rates of translocation for fall are much less than during snowmelt, the greater length of the season, the relatively high frequency of rain events, and the abundance of fresh C combine to make fall an important period for translocation of metals and DOC. Thus, our study highlights that podzolization here has a short but intense “pulse” during snowmelt, and a second, less intense but longer period during fall. Little podzolization occurs during winter, and during summer, translocation occurs only during infrequent, large storms.
Optical and Magnetic Properties of PbS Nanocrystals Doped by Manganese Impurities

We study the effect of manganese impurities on optical and magnetic properties of PbS quantum dots (QDs) of different sizes. We find that at low Mn concentrations, the manganese atoms slightly change the absorption spectra of pure PbS nanocrystals. A soon as the number of Mn atoms increases a QD energy gap expands. In a PbS QD there is a distinct exciton peak. With the presence of Mn impurities this peak is smeared over and almost disappears for larger Mn concentrations. This effect indicates the strong sp–d hybridization. We also study how an Mn location inside a QD can affect the absorption spectra. We find that if the Mn atoms are spread over the surface, there is no significant influence on the absorption. If the Mn atoms are clustered, there is no difference where such a cluster is located, whether in the middle of a QD or on a QD surface. We also study the magnetic properties of Pbn–xMnxSn nanocrystals. We find that such a system is always in an antiferromagnetic order. This indicates that at short ...
Fabrication of high temperature polyphenylsulfone nanofoams using high pressure liquid carbon dioxide

In this paper, we describe fabrication of micro- and nano-structured foams in high temperature polyphenylsulfone (PPSU) with a Tg of 219°C using a solid-state carbon dioxide (CO2) foaming process. ...
Waveform control of high-harmonic generation in solids

We report a strong carrier-envelope-phase dependence of high-harmonics in bulk solids subjected to strong few-cycle laser fields. We discover that harmonics are delayed with respect to each other at the sub-cycle level, yielding an atto-chirp.
The effect of diabetes on neuropeptide content in the rat cornea and iris

Purpose. To determine the effect of diabetes mellitus on the levels of substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in the rat cornea and iris. Methods. Corneas and irides from control and diabetic rats were processed for neuropeptide radioimmunoassay 3 months after induction of diabetes with streptozotocin. Corneas and irides also were processed for SP and CGRP immunohistochemistry and were evaluated qualitatively. Results. The radioimmunoassay data revealed no significant differences in either the content or concentration of SP, CGRP, and VIP between control and diabetic corneas. In contrast, iridial levels of CGRP and SP were significantly increased by 38% and 256%, respectively, in the diabetic animals. Iridial VIP levels were unchanged in the diabetic versus control groups. Immunohistochemical demonstrations of corneal and iridial SP- and CGRP-immunoreactive fiber plexuses were indistinguishable on the basis of purely qualitative criteria. Conclusions. The results of this study have demonstrated a target- and peptide-specific effect of short-term diabetes on SP and CGRP expression in ocular nerves of the anterior eye segment. The absence of demonstrable changes in corneal neuropeptide levels argue against the theory that corneal abnormalities seen in clinical diabetes are caused, in part, by deficits in synthesis or axonal transport of "trophic" peptides in corneal sensory nerves. In contrast, elevated iridial SP and CGRP levels may be responsible for reported clinical deficits in pupillary diameter regulation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1995;36:1100-1106. Uiabetes mellitus is associated with a variety of ocular complications. The most serious of these are retinopathy and cataract; however, corneal complications also have been reported in patients with this disease. The corneal epithelium in diabetes exhibits a number of morphologic abnormalities, including cellular enlargement, 1 reduced numbers of hemidesmosomes, 2
The Uniformly 3-Homogeneous Subsets of PGL (2, q )

We use the character-table of PGL(2, q) to determine the subsets of that group acting uniformly 3-homogeneously on the projective line.
Crossing points and connecting lines: Nissim Ezekiel and Dom Moraes in Bombay and beyond

AbstractLike any other form of art, poetry depends upon social networks for its creation, circulation, appreciation and preservation. In turn, social networks are defined by cultural and historical circumstances. The flourishing of anglophone poetry in postcolonial Bombay provides a good case to for studying the significance and impact of social networks on the naturalization of literary modernism in a particular period and place. In this context, the parallel lives of two of India’s earliest and most accomplished postcolonial anglophone poets, Nissim Ezekiel and Dom Moraes, reveal the relevance of the network paradigm in understanding their work. This article is a preliminary attempt at highlighting the vast network of local, national and international contacts underlying the different yet overlapping careers of these two poets in a wider context defined by events and realities (the cultural cold war, the decolonization process, the rise of postcolonial literatures) that simultaneously transcended and im...
Kidney physiology: A size bandpass filter

Size matters when it comes to developing next-generation precision medications and diagnostic tools.
Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia Secondary to Subarachnoid Haemorrhage: A Rare Occurrence in the Setting of Normal QTc

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a neurologic emergency associated with high mortality rate. Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) is a rare arrhythmia. It can occur in any setting of a long QT interval and bradycardia. This may result from a cardiomyopathy (both ischemic and non-ischemic), acute coronary ischemia, congenital long QT syndrome, electrolyte disturbances and cerebrovascular diseases. We report a rare case of polymorphic VT of unclear etiology with a normal corrected QT, likely secondary to SAH. Reports associating ventricular arrhythmias and SAH have been described, yet the mechanism of this association remains unclear. Previous observations of VT seen in patients with SAH suggest a relationship with QT prolongation. The QT interval, however, remained normal in our patient, suggesting an alternative and unknown mechanism for the polymorphic VT.
Development of compact laser systems using 3D printing techniques for stand-off laser spectroscopy

Compact, robust, and energy-efficient lasers play critical roles in various laser remoting sensing applications in fields such as laser Raman and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) techniques. This paper discusses the development of compact and portable Q-Switched Nd: YAG lasers with multi-pulse output and their applications in laser remote sensing. Using a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser in an end-pump scheme and 3D printing technique, we describe a new approach to produce compact and lightweight laser system with outstanding thermal-mechanic properties. The applications of compact laser systems will be discussed in LIBS.
Can Partible Inheritance Explain Land Fragmentation? The Case of Bulgaria:

Partible inheritance, alone or together with population growth, is widely assumed to be the fundamental cause of land fragmentation in Bulgaria. This study questions the explanatory power of these ...
Influence of specimen size during accelerated weathering of wood-based structural panels

Wood structural panels are commonly subjected to short-term accelerated weathering (AW) procedures to determine relative moisture durability for quality control and product development purposes. Th...
Evaluation of high resolution X-ray monochromatic wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence instrument for determining Pu and U in nuclear reprocessing streams

Abstract An alpha-prototype benchtop instrument was developed and tested for measuring Pu and U in spent fuel dissolver tanks in a nuclear fuel reprocessing plant. The high resolution X-ray (hiRX) instrument was designed with the aim of providing a new capability to measure samples with high radiation background with selectivity, accuracy, and precision using ultra-low volumes (7 μL) of liquid. The instrument was tested with specimens from the operational reprocessing facility at Savannah River National Laboratory. The results showed that bias was
Peripheral complement interactions with amyloid β peptide in Alzheimer's disease: Polymorphisms, structure, and function of complement receptor 1.

Abstract Introduction Genome-wide association studies consistently show that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the complement receptor 1 ( CR1 ) gene modestly but significantly alter Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. Follow-up research has assumed that CR1 is expressed in the human brain despite a paucity of evidence for its function there. Alternatively, erythrocytes contain >80% of the body's CR1, where, in primates, it is known to bind circulating pathogens. Methods Multidisciplinary methods were employed. Results Conventional Western blots and quantitative polymerase chain reaction failed to detect CR1 in the human brain. Brain immunohistochemistry revealed only vascular CR1. By contrast, erythrocyte CR1 immunoreactivity was readily observed and was significantly deficient in AD, as was CR1-mediated erythrocyte capture of circulating amyloid β peptide. CR1 SNPs associated with decreased erythrocyte CR1 increased AD risk, whereas a CR1 SNP associated with increased erythrocyte CR1 decreased AD risk. Discussion SNP effects on erythrocyte CR1 likely underlie the association of CR1 polymorphisms with AD risk.
Outcomes of laparoscopic nissen fundoplications in children younger than 2-years: single institution experience.

Variation exists in the diagnostic testing for gastroesophageal reflux (GER) in infants and in the application of surgical therapy. There has been an increase in antireflux surgery (ARS) since the development of laparoscopy but the outcomes in high-risk infants is unclear. This study examines the results of laparoscopic fundoplication in infants less than 2 years. The results of infants less than 2 years undergoing laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication (Lap-F) from 2012 to 2015 were retrospectively reviewed and outcomes were followed until 2017. There were 106 patients, median gestational age 32.50 weeks ± 6.35 SD and non-corrected age at operation 23.0 weeks ± 19.0 SD, mean weight of 4.81 kg ± 2.10 SD. One of the most common reasons for surgical consultation was improvement in respiratory status after insertion of nasoduodenal feeding tube. Of the Lap-F, 100 were with gastrostomy tube (GT). There were no conversions to open or intraoperative complications. The complication rate was 4.71%, and the reoperation rate was 5.66%, one fundoplication revision and the others gastrostomy revisions. The median time for feeds and to reach goal were 1 (1–14) and 4 (2–279) days, respectively. The 30-day mortality was 0.9% and long-term it was 4.71%. The long-term mortality was related to the underlying medical problems. The median follow-up was 113 (3–286) weeks. One patient required revision of the fundoplication and none required esophageal dilatation during the follow-up period. Fundoplication is effective for relief of symptoms of GER in children younger than 2 years. The procedure has a low morbidity and mortality in this population.
Remote detection and measurement of limb tremors

Remote limb tremor measurement is an important step for assessing severity of a number of diseases including Parkinson's disease and cerebellar tremor. Detection and precise quantification of limb tremor helps doctors for effectively adjust medications for patients. We propose a novel tracker that detects and measures human limb tremors automatically and remotely. Our proposed tracker upgrades Kinect's capabilities for accurate limb tremor detection and measurement.
More than the Medial Prefrontal Cortex (MPFC): New Advances in Understanding the Neural Foundations of Self-Insight

Self-insight is an important aspect of self-regulation. If we do not know what we are like, then how can we act to ensure that we are meeting our ideals? This chapter explores the neural basis of self-insight, that is, how we evaluate and represent self-relevant information. Historically, the frontal lobes became associated with self-insight through observations of deficits associated with brain injury. Empirical efforts have only begun to emerge and have refined our understanding of how different aspects of self-insight are supported by subregions within the frontal lobes. Most of these empirical efforts address one of two broad questions: At the neural level, what is the relation between evaluating the self and evaluating other people? And what neural regions support the motivational factors known to bias self-insight? After reviewing the current research, we propose a new neural model of self-insight that extends past previous models exclusively focused on the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC). Specifically, we agree with previous models that MPFC supports representations of self-knowledge but show that the evidence suggests this region is not exclusively associated with self-knowledge and includes knowledge of other people. Furthermore, we propose that orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) supports top-down influences on self-evaluation whereas ventral anterior cingulate cortex (vACC) supports relatively more bottom-up influences on self-evaluation. The chapter concludes with future directions needed to expand investigation into the neural basis of self-insight.
An Overview of Composite Plate Buckling

An overview is presented of considerations involved and some of the more interesting results found in the buckling of laminated composite plates. In the case of plates which are symmetrically laminated, classical orthotropic or anisotropic plate theory applies, and numerous theoretical results are available. For unsymmetrical laminates coupling exists between bending of the plate and stretching of its midplane, and a considerably more complicated theory must be used. Additional complicating factors are considered, including: interior holes, shear deformation, sandwich construction involving other materials, local effects, nonlinear stress-strain relationships, and hygrothermal effects. Postbuckling behavior and the effects of initial geometric imperfections are also discussed. The results summarized are taken from a recent comprehensive study of the world’s literature on this subject, encompassing approximately 300 references.
Mathematics Education in Russia

This chapter is devoted to the history of Russian mathematics education from Peter I to recent times. The discussion addresses issues pertaining to the organization and aims of education at different stages; what constituted the content of education during different periods; who implemented the teaching of this material; and how teachers were prepared. Russian mathematics education was fundamentally different (and continues to be so) from education in many other countries and came to serve as a model for many countries. This chapter attempts to describe the typical traits of the Russian system and understand how they took shape.
Stability, advocacy and voice: opportunities and challenges in resident-led preservation of affordable housing

AbstractThe role of safe, stable affordable housing has been found to play an outsized role in the ability of residents to access opportunity. However, low-income and moderate-income households fac...
Very Young Children Who Undergo Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation at Weight Extremes Have Inferior Overall Survival and Increased Transplant Related Morality

Background Extremes in weight, both underweight and obesity, prior to hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is associated with increased mortality in adults and some groups of children. However, very young children have been excluded in these studies because body mass index (BMI) is not validated in this age group. We aimed to describe the relationship of pre-HCT weight and overall survival and transplant related mortality and to determine if severe weight loss in the immediate post HCT period is associated with increased mortality. Methods In this retrospective study, weight, height/length, and outcomes of children who underwent HCT under the age of 3 years from 2008-2017 were collected at multiple time points. CDC definitions were used to define weight groups, all children not classified as severely underweight or obese were considered normal (Table 1). Kaplan-Meier curves for overall survival (OS) were generated. All deaths not related to relapse were considered transplant related mortality (TRM). Cumulative incidence curves for TRM were generated; comparisons between groups were made using Gray's test. Results Overall, 205 children underwent HCT during the study period. Median age at HCT was 1.08 years (range .13-2.96 yrs), 135 (66%) of children received an allogenic HCT, and 123 (60%) were male. Most frequent transplant indications included immune deficiency/dysregulation (n=74), neuroblastoma (n=48) and leukemia (n=35). Fifteen (7%) were obese and 11 (5%) were severely underweight prior to HCT. Among the three weight groups, there were no significant differences in transplant characteristics including the number who received allogenic HCT, HLA loci match >10/10, or transplant indication. Rates of acute graft versus host disease (aGVHD), infection, chronic GVHD, admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) care, days hospitalized in the first 100 days post HCT, and relapse were not statistically different among weight groups. However, obese and severely underweight children had significantly lower OS compared to normal weight children (p=0.0002) (Figure 1A) and higher TRM (p=0.0029) (Figure 1B). Of patients alive at time of discharge, 25/198 (12.6%) lost greater or equal to 5% of their body weight. There was no difference in OS or TRM in children who lost 5% of body weight and those who did not (p>0.14). Conclusion Children less than 3 years old at weight extremes prior to HCT, particularly obese children, have inferior OS and increased TRM. Larger studies are needed to understand how weight extremes may affect outcomes in HCT in young children.
Cell type and circuit modules in the spinal cord

The spinal cord contains an extraordinarily diverse population of interconnected neurons to process somatosensory information and execute movement. Studies of the embryonic spinal cord have elucidated basic principles underlying the specification of spinal cord neurons, while adult and postnatal studies have provided insight into cell type function and circuitry. However, the overarching principles that bridge molecularly defined subtypes with their connectivity, physiology, and function remain unclear. This review consolidates recent work in spinal neuron characterization, examining how molecular and spatial features of individual spinal neuron types relate to the reference points of connectivity and function. This review will focus on how spinal neuron subtypes are organized to control movement in the mouse.
Crowdsourcing Morphology Assessments in Oculoplastic Surgery: Reliability and Validity of Lay People Relative to Professional Image Analysts and Experts.

Purpose To determine if crowdsourced ratings of oculoplastic surgical outcomes provide reliable information compared to professional graders and oculoplastic experts. Methods In this prospective psychometric evaluation, a scale for the rating of postoperative eyelid swelling was constructed using randomly selected images and topic experts. This scale was presented adjacent to 205 test images, including 10% duplicates. Graders were instructed to match the test image to the reference image it most closely resembles. Three sets of graders were solicited: crowdsourced lay people from Amazon Mechanical Turk marketplace, professional graders from the Doheny Image Reading Center (DIRC), and American Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery surgeons. Performance was assessed by classical correlational analysis and generalizability theory. Results The correlation between scores on the first rating and the second rating for the 19 repeated occurrences was 0.60 for lay observers, 0.80 for DIRC graders and 0.84 for oculoplastic experts. In terms of inter-group rating reliability for all photos, the scores provided by lay observers were correlated with DIRC graders at a level of r = 0.88 and to experts at r = 0.79. The pictures themselves accounted for the greatest amount of variation among all groups. The amount of variation in the scores due to the rater was highest in the lay group at 25%, and was 20% and 21% for DIRC graders and experts, respectively. Conclusions Crowdsourced observers are insufficiently precise to replicate the results of experts in grading postoperative eyelid swelling. DIRC graders performed similarly to experts and present a less resource-intensive option.
Thermally induced phase switching in mechanically biased single crystal relaxors

In this work, we examine the time-dependent piezoelectric response of [011] poled rhombohedral [Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3]0.24[Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3]0.44[PbTiO3]0.32 single crystals under variable thermal loading. We find that thermal radiation incident on a piezoelectric crystal held under mechanical compressive bias stress generates an abrupt jump in strain with a rise time <1 ms, much faster than the bulk thermal time scale. This discontinuity is associated with a weak first-order ferroelectric–ferroelectric structural phase transition as confirmed by in situ X-ray diffraction results. We demonstrate that this transition can be cycled repeatedly with low thermal hysteresis (<3 °C) under zero applied electric field with a sizable reversible strain jump of ∼0.12%. Moreover, we show that the thermally driven phase switching behavior can be tuned by varying the bias stress and/or electric field, establishing effective control parameters and conditions for future applications such as actuators, thermally controlled transducers, and sensors.
Induced pluripotent stem cells are Japanese brand sources for therapeutic cells to pretrial clinical research

iPSCs are promising and have potential benefits for medical use, understanding human organogenesis, and cell therapy for advanced diseases. iPSCs are derived pluripotent cells which can further differentiate into functional human cell-lineages, such as neuronal, epithelial cells, cardiac cell, immune cell, and blood cells, etc. Thirteen years on, the discovery of iPSC has revolutionized the field of regenerative medicine, and also the number of clinical studies using iPSC has been growing rapidly worldwide. However, Japan is leading the race of iPSC-based studies and clinical trials due to government support. The Japanese government implemented the world’s fastest approval system and set to host first pretrial clinical studies using iPSC derived therapeutic products. Also, multinational companies of Japan are investing enormously in iPSC-based research for mobilization of iPSC-derived regenerative products to the research institution globally. This review presents an overview of iPSCs, potential benefits, commercialization of iPSC, iPSC-based pretrial clinical studies, and iPSC biobanking in Japan.
Social media analytics of overactive bladder posts: what do patients know and want to know?

To assess women’s knowledge, patient experience, and treatment decision making regarding overactive bladder (OAB) using digital ethnography. Online posts were identified using a data mining service. Two hundred randomized posts were reviewed and coded using grounded theory. We then applied a latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) probabilistic topic modeling process to review the entire collection of identified posts. A total of 2618 posts by 1867 unique users from 203 different websites were identified. Our analysis yielded six themes: the impact of OAB on quality of life, patient-physician interactions, online engagement, symptom management, patient knowledge acquisition, and alternative therapies. Overall, online communities are a source of support for women to self-manage the OAB symptom complex and help overcome treatment pathway challenges. Digital ethnography provides insight into patient knowledge and barriers to patient-centered care, which are important to improve patient outreach. Additionally, we identify similar findings to prior work, indicating the reliability of studying social media.
Ploidy is an important determinant of fluoroquinolone persister survival.

Summary Genetic mutants have demonstrated the importance of homologous recombination (HR) to fluoroquinolone (FQ) persistence, which suggests that single-cell chromosome (Chr) abundance might be a phenotypic variable of importance to persisters. Here, we sorted stationary-phase E. coli based on ploidy and subjected the subpopulations to tolerance assays. Subpopulations sorted to contain diploid cells harbored up to ∼40-fold more FQ persisters than those sorted to contain monoploid cells. This association was observed with distinct FQs, in independent environmental conditions, and with more than one strain of E. coli (MG1655; uropathogenic CFT073) but was abolished in HR-deficient strains (ΔrecA and ΔrecB). It was observed that the persister level of monoploid subpopulations exceeded those of ΔrecA and ΔrecB by 10-fold or more, and subsequent high-purity sorting confirmed that observation. Those data suggested the existence of distinct FQ persister subtypes: those that are and are not proficient with HR. Time-lapse microscopy revealed significant differences in initial size and growth dynamics during the post-antibiotic recovery period for persisters from monoploid- and diploid-enriched subpopulations. In addition, non-persisters in monoploid-enriched subpopulations elongated minimally following FQ treatment, resembling previous observations of HR-deficient strains, whereas non-persisters in diploid-enriched subpopulations on average filamented extensively. Together, these results identify a phenotypic variable with a significant impact on FQ persistence, establish the existence of more than one type of persister to the same antibiotic in an isogenic culture, and reveal roles for RecA and RecB in FQ persistence, even in the absence of homologous chromosomes.
Selectivity between an Alder–ene reaction and a [2 + 2] cycloaddition in the intramolecular reactions of allene-tethered arynes

Substituent-dependent reactivity and selectivity in the intramolecular reactions of arynes tethered with an allene are described. With a 1,3-disubstituted allene moiety, an Alder–ene reaction of an allenic C–H bond is preferred over a [2 + 2] cycloaddition, whereas a [2 + 2] cycloaddition of the terminal π-bond of the allene is preferred with a 1,1-disubstituted allene. With a 1,1,3-trisubstituted allene-tethered aryne, an Alder–ene reaction with an allylic C–H bond is preferred over a [2 + 2] cycloaddition.
Adolescents With Inflammatory Bowel Disease Have Decreased Rates of Health Maintenance Visits.

INTRODUCTION Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) commonly presents during adolescence and may affect health care utilization. This study aimed to assess rates of health maintenance examinations (HMEs) in adolescents with IBD with their primary care physicians (PCPs). METHODS This is a single center, case-control study of adolescents with IBD who received their IBD care and primary care within the same healthcare system. Adolescents diagnosed with IBD between 13 and 17 years of age were matched 1:1 by age, gender, race/ethnicity, and insurance status to healthy controls. Patient demographics, IBD characteristics, and health outcomes were extracted from the medical record. HME rate was defined as having one HME with a PCP during a 12-month period. RESULTS This study included 150 IBD-control matched pairs. HME rates were similar at baseline between cases and controls (83% vs 85%, P = 0.53) but approached significance in year 1 post-diagnosis (77% vs 85%, P = 0.056). In year 2 post-diagnosis, IBD patients had less frequent HME (62% vs 74%, P = 0.0486). Disease severity did not affect HME rates. IBD patients from under-represented minority groups had lower rates than matched controls (46.2% vs 91.7%, P = 0.03). Meningococcal and human papilloma vaccination rates were lower in cases versus controls (79% vs 94%, P = 0.0005 and 60% vs 84%, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Adolescents with IBD have less frequent HME and lower rates of certain vaccinations than their peers. Those from underrepresented minority groups are at particular risk. Given the important issues addressed at HMEs, gastroenterologists should recommend that adolescents with IBD have ongoing PCP engagement to optimize health outcomes.
Ferumoxytol-enhanced vascular suppression in magnetic resonance neurography

To evaluate ferumoxytol-enhanced vascular suppression for visualizing branch nerves of the brachial plexus in magnetic resonance (MR) neurography. Signal simulations were performed to determine ferumoxytol’s effect on nerve-, fat-, and blood-to-muscle contrast and to optimize pulse sequence parameters. Prospective, in vivo assessment included 10 subjects with chronic anemia who underwent a total of 19 (9 bilateral) pre- and post-infusion brachial plexus exams using three-dimensional (3D), T2-weighted short-tau inversion recovery (T2-STIR) sequences at 3.0 T. Two musculoskeletal radiologists qualitatively rated sequences for the degree of vascular suppression and brachial plexus branch nerve conspicuity. Nerve-to-muscle, -fat, and -vessel contrast ratios were measured. Quantitative nerve/muscle and nerve/small vessel contrast ratios (CRs) increased with ferumoxytol (p < 0.05). Qualitative vascular suppression and suprascapular nerve visualization improved following ferumoxytol administration for both raters (p < .05). Pre- and post-ferumoxytol exams demonstrated moderate to near-perfect inter-rater agreement for nerve visualization and diagnostic confidence for the suprascapular and axillary nerves but poor to no agreement for the long thoracic nerve. Ferumoxytol in T2-weighted brachial plexus MR neurography provides robust vascular suppression and aids visualization of the suprascapular nerve in volunteers without neuropathy.
Feeding Selectivity of Montane and Long-Tailed Voles (Microtus montanus and M. longicaudus)

Monitoring populations of these species of voles (1982-1988) has shown that Microtus longicaudus exhibits relatively stable numbers while M. montanus has dramatic fluctuations in some habitats. The study sites for M. montanus have been chosen to include primary and secondary habitat, and proximate and isolated habitat patches. Vegetation has heretofore not been quantitatively analyzed. The purpose of the research begun in 1989 is to ascertain how selectively these species feed, and to assess vegetation as a factor in demographic processes in the two species.
QGENE: software for marker-based genomic analysis and breeding

Efficient use of DNA markers for genomic research and crop improvement will depend as much on computational tools as on laboratory technology. The large size and multidimensional character of marker datasets invite novel approaches to data visualization. Described here is a software application embodying two design principles: conventional reduction of raw genetic marker data to numerical summary statistics, and fast, interactive graphical display of both data and statistics. The program performs various analyses for mapping quantitative-trait loci in real or simulated datasets and other analyses in aid of phenotypic and marker-assisted breeding. Functionality is described and some output is illustrated.
Restoration of compact discs.

More than 100 genes have been mapped that cause inherited blinding diseases. The majority affect the outer layer of the retina, which is composed of photoreceptor cells and retinal pigment epithelium. Gene therapy is a potential means of correcting defects in specialized cellular structures that mediate phototransduction or visual pigment regeneration, as illustrated by a paper in this issue.