cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Limits of quintessence.

We present evidence that the simplest particle-physics scalar-field models of dynamical dark energy can be separated into distinct behaviors based on the acceleration or deceleration of the field as it evolves down its potential towards a zero minimum. We show that these models occupy narrow regions in the phase-plane of w and w', the dark energy equation-of-state and its time-derivative in units of the Hubble time. Restricting an energy scale of the dark energy microphysics limits how closely a scalar field can resemble a cosmological constant. These results, indicating a desired measurement resolution of order \sigma(w')\approx (1+w), define firm targets for observational tests of the physics of dark energy.
Determination of Dynamic Modulus of Syntactic and Particulate Foams by a Non‐Destructive Approach

: Developments in aviation posed requirement of lightweight, high strength and highly damage-tolerant materials. Sandwich-structured composites fulfilling these requirements have become the first choice for many aerospace applications as well as structural components for ground transport and marine vessels. Sandwich composites are a special class of composite materials which are widely used because of their high specific strength and high bending stiffness. Syntactic foams, which are hollow particle-filled core materials used in sandwich composites, have recently emerged as attractive material for applications requiring low weight, low moisture absorption and high insulation properties. Quasi-static and dynamic properties of these syntactic foams are commonly determined though various destructive techniques such as quasi-static compression and split Hopkinson pressure bar testing. However, there is a need for characterising these materials non-destructively in the field. The present study focuses on the prediction of dynamic Young's modulus using ultrasonic testing in various types of hollow particle-reinforced syntactic foam and solid particulate composites. Hollow particle-filled syntactic foams and solid particulate composites are fabricated with three different volume fractions of 10%, 30% and 60%. Longitudinal and shear wave velocities are used for calculating the dynamic modulus. Effect of longitudinal attenuation behaviour along with longitudinal and shear wave velocities on the varying density and volume fraction of syntactic foams is also discussed.
Centrally mediated inhibition of small intestinal transit and motility by morphine in the rat.

The effects of morphine treatment on small intestinal propulsion and contractile activity were investigated in unanesthetized rats. Intragastrically, s.c. and i.c.v. administered morphine produced dose-related decreases in the transit of a radioactive marker (51Cr) through the small intestine. Morphine was most potent after i.c.v. administration whereas the intragastric route was the least potent. Intracerebroventricular and s.c. morphine also delayed gastric emptying of [3H]polyethylene glycol placed directly into the stomach. Intragastric morphine at doses up to 500 mg/kg did not alter gastric emptying. The antitransit effects of i.c.v. and s.c. morphine were antagonized by prior treatment with naloxone (2 mg/kg s.c.). Changes in small intestinal motility resulting from morphine treatment were measured directly through chronically implanted silastic cannulas. Two cannulas were implanted in each rat, one into the duodenum and the second in the proximal jejunum. Each cannula was perfused with distilled water at a low flow rate (0.04 ml/min) and increases in intraluminal pressure associated with contractions were recorded as changes in outflow resistance. Morphine treatment decreased the frequency of contractions in both areas of the small intestine. Intracerebroventricular morphine again was the more potent route of administration when compared to s.c. morphine. These data indicate that morphine can act within the central nervous system to alter autonomic outflow to the small intestine. The result is an inhibition of motility which accounts for the antitransit effects of opiate-like compounds in the rat.
Neuropsychological test performance before and after HIV-1 seroconversion: the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study

The objective of this study is to compare neuropsychological test performance before and after HIV-1 seroconversion in order to identify possible acute changes in psychomotor speed, memory, attention, and concentration secondary to seroconversion. The study utilized mixed effects models to examine longitudinal neuropsychological test data. We conducted a nested cohort study of 362 male HIV-1 seroconverters enrolled in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. We used linear mixed models with random subject effects to compare repeated neuropsychological test outcomes from 5 years before seroconversion to 2 years after seroconversion on the Trail Making Test (parts A and B), Symbol-Digit Test, Grooved Pegboard (dominant and non-dominant hands), Stroop Color-Interference Test, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, and the CalCAP Reaction Time Test. We found no significant changes in the time-dependent score after seroconversion for the majority of neuropsychological tests used in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. There was a significant change in time trend after seroconversion on part B of the Trail Making Test (p = 0.042), but the difference only represented a 2 % decrease in performance. We found the following characteristics to be associated with worse neuropsychological test performance: lower education levels, history of depression, older age, and no previous neurocognitive testing (p < .05). Our results suggest that despite a 50 % decrease in CD4 cell count immediately following infection, HIV-1 does not appear to have a measurable effect on psychomotor or complex cognitive processing for up to 2 years following infection, using this set of neurocognitive measures.
Studies on the metabolism of vamidothion and its thioanalog in insecticide-resistant and susceptible house fly strains

Abstract The in vivo and in vitro metabolism of vamidothion [ O,O -dimethyl S -[2-(1-methylcarbamoyl)-ethylthio] ethylphosphorothiolate] as well as the in vitro metabolism of thiovamidothion [ O,O -dimethyl S -[2-(1-methylcarbamoyl)ethylthio] ethylphosphorodithioate] was investigated in insecticide-resistant and susceptible house fly strains. Vamidothion was converted in vivo to the sulfoxide, the principle metabolite, and subsequently to the sulfone at a slower rate. Vamidothion and vamidothion sulfoxide were hydrolyzed at the PS and SC bond. The resulting primary alcohol metabolite was further oxidized to a carboxylic acid followed by decarboxylation. No metabolism of vamidothion or thiovamidothion occurred in vitro without the addition of NADPH. The addition of NADPH resulted in rapid conversion of vamidothion to the sulfoxide, and thiovamidothion was oxidatively metabolized to six metabolic products. No qualitative differences were found between resistant and susceptible strains, but there were signficant quantitative differences. The metabolism was highest in the Rutgers strain followed by Cornell-R, Hirokawa, and then CSMA strain. The route of vamidothion and thiovamidothion metabolism was via the cytochrome P -450-dependent monooxygenase system, and none of the resistant strains showed glutathione S -transferase activity toward vamidothion or thiovamidothion. No further oxidation of vamidothion sulfoxide to the sulfone was observed and also no hydrolysis products were formed, in vitro .
Exercise-induced dyspnea in children and adolescents: if not asthma then what?

Background Exercise-induced dyspnea (EID) in children and adolescents is a common manifestation of asthma and is therefore commonly attributed to exercise-induced asthma (EIA) when present in otherwise healthy children. Objective To report the outcome of evaluations for EID when other symptoms and signs of asthma were absent or if there was no response to previous use of an inhaled β 2 -agonist. Methods We reviewed the results of all exercise tests performed in otherwise healthy patients with EID during 1996 to 2003. Physiologic measures included preexercise and postexercise spirometry with the addition of oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide production, continuous oximetry, and electrocardiogram monitoring during most tests. EIA was diagnosed if symptoms were reproduced in association with a 15% or greater decrease in forced expiratory volume in 1 second from baseline. Endoscopy was performed if stridor and/or decreased maximal inspiratory flow were present. Criteria were established for restrictive abnormalities, physical conditioning, exercise-induced hyperventilation, and normal physiologic limitation. Results A total of 142 patients met our criteria for inclusion. EID had been present in these patients for a mean duration of 30.2 months (range, Conclusion The diagnosis of EIA should be questioned as the etiology of EID in children and adolescents who have no other clinical manifestations of asthma and who do not respond to pretreatment with a β 2 -agonist. Exercise testing that reproduces symptoms while monitoring cardiac and respiratory physiology is then indicated to identify causes of EID other than EIA.
A trial for comparing methods for eliciting treatment preferences from men with advanced prostate cancer: results from the initial visit.

Objective. The objective of this study was to evaluate the convergent validity of 3 types of utility measures: standard gamble, time tradeoff, and rating scale. Research Design. A prospective cohort of 120 men with advanced prostate cancer were first asked to rank order 8 health states, and then utility values were obtained from each participant for each of the 8 health states through 2 of the 3 techniques evaluated (standard gamble, time tradeoff and rating scale). Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 possible pairs of techniques. The validity of the 3 methods, as measured by the convergence and raw score differences of the techniques, was assessed with ANOVA. The ability of the techniques to differentiate health states was determined. The inconsistencies between rankings and utility values were also measured. Proportions of illogical utility responses were assessed as the percent of times when states with more symptoms were given higher or equal utility values than states with fewer symptoms. Results. There were significant differences in raw scores between techniques, but the values were correlated across health states. Utility values were often inconsistent with the rank order of health states. In addition, utility assessment did not differentiate the health states as well as the rank order. Furthermore, utility values were often illogical in that states with more symptoms received equal or higher utility values than states with fewer symptoms. Conclusions. Use of the utility techniques in cost-effectiveness analysis and decision making has been widely recommended. The results of this study raise serious questions as to the validity and usefulness of the measures.
Agricultural Product Loads and Warehouse Failures

Two manufactured metal building warehouses loaded with agricultural products failed in service. Inspection revealed considerable damage to the structure and the foundation. The building owner filed suit against the building supplier, the building erector, and the soils testing laboratory whose engineer had designed the foundation. The agricultural product imposed substantial outward lateral pressures on the walls of the structures. Review of the available design documents indicated that these loads had not been accounted for in design. A structural analysis revealed that elements of the structure were underdesigned for the agricultural product loads. In addition, the foundation did not have any slab reinforcement to resist the loads. To prevent similar failures, these loads must be accounted for in design. The steel structure design and foundation design were both deficient. A contributing factor was the lack of communication between the designer of the structure and the designer of the foundation, due to the lack of a single engineer of record to take responsibility for the buildings.
Perennial grass filter strips for reducing herbicide losses in runoff

Abstract Field studies were conducted in 1996, 1997, and 1998 to determine the effectiveness of several grasses as filter strips for reducing sediment and herbicide losses in runoff. Big bluestem, eastern gamagrass, switchgrass, and tall fescue reduced total runoff volume by at least 55, 76, 49, and 46%, respectively. Within the 127-d sampling period, each perennial grass filter strip investigated reduced total sediment loss in surface runoff by at least 66%. All four species reduced total fluometuron loss in runoff at least 59%. Big bluestem and eastern gamagrass reduced norflurazon loss in runoff 63 and 86%, respectively. When a filter strip was present, fluometuron and norflurazon losses did not exceed 5 and 3% of the total applied, respectively, compared to 12 and 5%, respectively, when a filter strip was not present. Nomenclature: Fluometuron; norflurazon; big bluestem, Andropogon gerardii Vitman; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘DES-119’; eastern gamagrass, Tripsacum dactyloides L.; switchgrass, Panic...
Channel Assignment Strategies for Mobile Networks Using Fuzzy Petri Nets

In mobile cellular networks, the mobile devices need to handoff to different base stations based on certain criteria. And also fuzzy Petri nets can support an effective rule to deduce the inexact information. Based on the reasons, this paper focuses on the use of fuzzy Petri nets to model the handoff region for obtaining optimal channel assignment schemes. In this paper, a fuzzy logic based scheme for selection of base station is presented. The scheme considers two cover regions, namely, dual-BSs fuzzy assignment handoff and triple-BSs fuzzy assignment handoff of each base station to arrive at a fuzzy handoff decision regarding handoff to any particular base station. For comparison, the conventional power level based handoff scheme is also considered.
Hispanic agencies and profits of distinction: an examination of the advertising industry as a field of cultural production

This project examines the advertising industry as a self-governing space that is guided by its own internal logics, but is nonetheless influenced by social dynamics at play in the larger social space. Using Bourdieu's theory of practice as a theoretical and analytical framework, this study explores the relationship between cultural capital and economic capital. Specifically, I examine the degree to which Hispanic practitioners have leveraged their knowledge of Latina(o) culture and their proficiency in Spanish as profits of distinction within the marketplace. Qualitative interviews conducted with Hispanic ad agents, general market ad agents and clients reveal that the position that Latinas(os) occupy within the social hierarchy has created both opportunities and boundaries for Hispanic agencies. This paper focuses on the practices that allow Hispanic agencies to isolate Latinas(os) from other consumers, distinguishing them institutionally and entitling them to dedicated marketing resources, but I also dis...
Design and performance of a fore-prism-grating infra-red spectrometer

Resume L'instrument a une separation excellente et l'energie transmise par rapport a les dimensions de la fente est grande; l'intensite de fond du spectre est petite. Le tout consiste de trois parts: (1) source de lumiere avec l'optique requise (2) monochromateur a prisme (3) monochromateur a reseau avec controle des longueurs d'onde et les systemes de detection et d'enregistrement. La partie pour la preselection consiste d'un monochromateur du type Littrow de construction simple a prisme de bromure de potassium et adjustement de longueur d'onde manuel. La radiation provenant de la source lumineuse est dispersee par le prisme et forme une image a la fente d'entree du monochromateur a reseau. Cette radiation ne comprend qu'une region restreinte de frequences. Le preselecteur a prisme a—en comparaison avec les filtres optiques—des avantages en eliminant les radiations de frequences plus hautes et plus basses des autres ordres du reseau et en limitant la bande de frequences transmise. L'ajustage des longueurs d'onde desirees est simple. Avec des combinaisons additionelles de prisme et reseau, la region effective de l'instrument s'etend de la region U.V. jusque dans le I.R. eloigne. Dans la region NaCl l'intensite de fond n'atteint pas 0,1%.
Y-stent-assisted coil embolization for the management of unruptured cerebral aneurysms: report of six cases

Background The advent of stent-assisted coil embolization has revolutionized the endovascular management of complex intracranial aneurysms. Although performed routinely in most cerebrovascular centers, there are not many case series reported about the Y-stent technique for coil placement in cerebral aneurysms. The authors present the second largest series available within the neurosurgical literature.
Juxtavascular microglia migrate along brain microvessels following activation during early postnatal development.

Some parenchymal microglia in mammalian brain tissues, termed "juxtavascular microglia," directly contact the basal lamina of blood vessels; however, the functional consequences of this unique structural relationship are unknown. Here we used a rat brain slice model of traumatic brain injury to investigate the dynamic behavior of juxtavascular microglia following activation. Juxtavascular microglia were identified by confocal 3D reconstruction in tissue slices stained with a fluorescent lectin (FITC-IB4) that labels both microglia and blood vessel endothelial cells. Immunolabeling confirmed that juxtavascular cells were true parenchymal microglia (OX42+, ED2-) and not perivascular cells or pericytes. Time-lapse imaging in live tissue slices revealed that activating juxtavascular microglia withdraw most extant branches but often maintain contact with blood vessels, usually moving to the surface of a vessel within 1-4 h. Subsequently, some microglia migrate along the parenchymal surface of vessels, moving at rates up to 40 microm/h. Activated juxtavascular microglia sometimes repeatedly extend veil-like protrusions into the surrounding tissue, consistent with a role in tissue surveillance. Juxtavascular cells were twice as likely as nonjuxtavascular cells to be locomotory by 10 h in vitro, suggesting an enhanced activation response. Moreover, 38% of all juxtavascular cells migrated along a vessel, whereas this was never observed for a nonjuxtavascular cell. These observations identify a mobile subpopulation (10%-30%) of parenchymal microglia that activate rapidly and are preferentially recruited to the surfaces of blood vessels following brain tissue injury. The dynamic and sustained interaction of microglia with brain microvessels may facilitate signaling between injured brain parenchyma and components of the blood-brain barrier or circulating immune cells of the blood in vivo.
Implementation of a universal analytical method in early-stage development of human antibody therapeutics: application to pharmacokinetic assessment for candidate selection

Background: Effective bioanalytical support for pharmacokinetic assessment of therapeutics in early development remains challenging. Concurrent evaluation of multiple candidates per program is typical, requiring efficient characterization in various preclinical species; an ambitious effort often complicated by assay reagent unavailability and limited sample volume. Accordingly, a universal anti-human Fc assay for human monoclonal antibody and derived therapeutics was developed using a microfluidics platform to address these bioanalytical challenges. Results: The universal assay with standardized format was qualified for quantitation of human IgG Fc-containing biotherapeutics in matrices from commonly used preclinical species. Results from this assay compared well with those from traditional colorimetric immunoassays. Furthermore, result comparison between the universal and target-specific assays provided additional information on the effect of antidrug antibodies and in vivo drug catabolism. Conclusion: T...
Comparative studies on distribution of DMBA‐3H and 7‐hydroxy‐DMBA‐3H and their carcinogenic activity

Radioactivity in selected tissues was measured 24 and 72 h after a single feeding of DMBA-3H or 7-hydroxy-DMBA-3H to female Sprague-Dawley strain rats, aged 50 days. The concentration of radioactivity per gram of mammary tissue 24 h after a single 5-, 10- or 20-mg dose of DMBA-3H was equivalent to 3.2, 6.4 and 15.5 μ respectively. The concentration of radioactivity after 20 mg 7-hydroxy-DMBA-3H was equivalent to 4.8 μ of unchanged hydrocarbon. After a single feeding of 5, 10 or 20 mg of DMBA the incidence of breast cancer was 27, 72, and 100% respectively; after 20 mg 7-hydroxy-DMBA, it was 45%. These observations indicate that the level of hydrocarbon in mammary fat is one of the critical determinants for induction of breast cancer. In addition to breast cancer, the 7-hydroxymethyl compound induced nephroblastoma, lung cancer, and leukemia. These observations support the hypothesis that 7-hydroxy-DMBA, a metabolite of DMBA, is more closely related to the proximate carcinogen than the parent compound.
The Influence of Dietary Fat and Environmental Temperature Upon Chick Growth and Carcass Composition

Abstract SEVERAL investigators have demonstrated that chicks reared at elevated temperatures (85°F. to 99°F. grow at a slower rate and consume less feed than chicks reared at “normal” temperatures (Joiner and Huston, 1957; Squibb et al., 1959; Pope, 1960; Adams et al., 1962a, b, c). Adams et al. (1962a) reported that high energy rations increased growth rate in chickens in elevated temperatures, whereas Pope (1960) obtained inconsistent results by adding fat to a ration fed to chicks in a 90°F. environment. Kleiber and Dougherty (1934) and Winchester and Kleiber (1938) concluded that the fat content of the carcass is increased and the water content decreased as the temperature in which chicks were reared was increased. Adams et al. (1962b) reported no difference in fat or moisture content of the carcass of chicks reared in 70°F. and 85°F. environments. Other investigators have demonstrated an increase in the fat content and a reduction …
The Soviet Military before and after the August Coup: Departization and Decentralization:

The August coup was a major quake in a series of political tremors that continue to shake the lands of the former Soviet Union. Societal forces had been building towards a break with the traditions of the unitary Soviet state under authoritarian Communist party rule. Gorbachev lost control and fell from power while attempting to harness rising demand for political pluralism and republican self-government. The Soviet military struggled to contain the same forces.This article is a brief political history of the Soviet military's adjustment to political pluralism and republican political power from March 1990 through September 1991. It chronicles the end of the political commissars, that quintessential Marxist-Leninst military institution, and the beginning of the breakdown of the USSR's unified, extraterritorial, multinational armed forces.
Mothers of children with developmental disabilities: Stress in early and middle childhood

Abstract Using a sample of 219 families of children with ( n = 94) and without ( n = 125) developmental disabilities, this study examined the longitudinal perspectives of maternal stress in early (ages 3–5) and middle childhood (ages 6–13) and its relationship to mothers’ and children's characteristics. Multivariate latent curve models indicated that maternal stress remained high and stable with minimal individual variation in early childhood, but declined with significant individual variation in middle childhood. Maternal stress at the beginning of middle childhood was associated with earlier maternal stress, as well as children's behavioral problems and social skills. The trajectory of maternal stress across middle childhood was related to children's behavioral problems. Implications for interventions are discussed.
Deficiency in the p110α subunit of PI3K results in diminished Tie2 expression and Tie2-/-–like vascular defects in mice

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) is activated by transmembrane tyrosine kinases such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors and Tie2 (tunica intima endothelial kinase 2), both of which are key regulators of vascular development. However, the in vivo role of PI3K during developmental vascularization remains to be defined. Here we demonstrate that mice deficient in the p110α catalytic subunit of PI3K display multiple vascular defects, including dilated vessels in the head, reduced branching morphogenesis in the endocardium, lack of hierarchical order of large and small branches in the yolk sac, and impaired development of anterior cardinal veins. These vascular defects are strikingly similar to those in mice defective in the Tie2 signaling pathway. Indeed, Tie2 protein levels were significantly lower in p110α-deficient mice. Furthermore, RNA interference of p110α in cultured endothelial cells significantly reduced Tie2 protein levels. These findings raise the possibility that PI3K may function as an upstream regulator of Tie2 expression during mouse development.
Multidimensional nonlinear evolution equations and inverse scattering

Abstract In this paper we will review some recent work done in the field of integrable nonlinear evolution equations and inverse scattering. We will concentrate on the basic underlying areas and refer interested readers to suitable references for complete details; specifically background material can be found in various texts on this subject (e.g. [1] by Ablowitz and Segur). More recent references will be given as necessary. The outline of the paper is as follows. 1. 1) Introductory remarks. 2. 2) A discussion of two separate but related issues. Namely, (a) solving certain nonlinear evolutions equations in infinite space; and (b) inverse scattering. These are important problems having many physical applications. Moreover, they are related to each other by what we refer to as the Inverse Scattering Transform (IST). 3. 3) At the end of the paper we will make some remarks on the possibility of solving nonlinear evolution equations in high dimensions (i.e. equations with more than two spatial and one time variable) by using the IST method as we now understand it.
13C NMR evidence for pyruvate kinase flux attenuation underlying suppressed acid formation in Bacillus subtilis.

When batch and continuous Bacillus subtilis cultures are provided with a small amount of citrate, acid production ceases, carbon yield increases by more than 2-fold, and the productivity of recombinant protein increases. It has been hypothesized that pyruvate kinase activity is attenuated, which in turn lowers glucose flux and minimizes the acid overflow prompted by low Krebs cycle capacity. To complement existing enzyme activity, linear programming, and metabolite pool studies, (13)C NMR studies were performed. Atom mapping and isotopomer mapping matrix methods were used to select the best glucose label. "Best" was defined such that the NMR spectra of glutamate associated with metabolizing labeled glucose via the different candidate metabolic trafficking scenarios would differ considerably in fine structure (e.g., relative singlet intensities). When experiments were performed with 1-(13)C glucose, the observed NMR spectra corresponded well to the one predicted to arise when the metabolic trafficking occurs according to a pyruvate kinase attenuation scenario. This evidence further fortifies the prospects for successfully basing a metabolic engineering strategy on reducing pyruvate kinase activity to better match glycolytic and Krebs cycle capacities.
A study of Multiagent System operation within dynamic ad hoc networks

Two enabling technologies for envisioned tactical network systems are mobile ad hoc network (MANET) routing and collaborative multiagent systems (MAS). Despite their respective technical value in enabling more distributed, autonomous networking, open research and engineering questions remain regarding robust interoperation, standardization, and design of these two technologies. Little work has been done to date to examine the interaction and performance of distributed agent designs within MANET environments. This paper examines the interactions and effects of running a team of belief-desire-intention (BDI) agents within a wireless network using emerging MANET protocol frameworks. The focus of the interagent communication model applied in this study is a form of MANET multicast routing and is aimed at improving group-based agent collaboration. The developed simulation testing environment is specified and results from various experiments are discussed. We present recent results examining overall MAS task performance vs. related knowledge loss induced by the underlying MANET network disruptions. We conclude by outlining several open issues and areas of further work.
Projected Salt Waste Production from a Commercial Pyroprocessing Facility

Pyroprocessing of used nuclear fuel inevitably produces salt waste from electrorefining and/or oxide reduction unit operations. Various process design characteristics can affect the actual mass of such waste produced. This paper examines both oxide and metal fuel treatment, estimates the amount of salt waste generated, and assesses potential benefit of process options to mitigate the generation of salt waste. For reference purposes, a facility is considered in which 100 MT/year of fuel is processed. Salt waste estimates range from 8 to 20 MT/year from considering numerous scenarios. It appears that some benefit may be derived from advanced processes for separating fission products from molten salt waste, but the degree of improvement is limited. Waste form production is also considered but appears to be economically unfavorable. Direct disposal of salt into a salt basin type repository is found to be the most promising with respect to minimizing the impact of waste generation on the economic feasibility and sustainability of pyroprocessing.
Graph-based approaches to insider threat detection

This work presents the use of graph-based approaches to discovering anomalous instances of structural patterns in data that represent entities, relationships and actions. Using the minimum description length (MDL) principle to first identify the normative pattern, the algorithms presented in this paper identify the three possible changes to a graph: modifications, insertions and deletions. Each algorithm discovers those substructures that match the closest to the normative pattern without matching exactly. As a result, this proposed approach searches for those activities that appear to match normal (or legitimate) transactions, but in fact are structurally different. After briefly presenting the three algorithms, we then show the usefulness of applying these graph theoretic approaches to discovering illegal activity for a simulated insider threat within a passport processing scenario.
Modeling on microcomputers

The instructional power of experimental models was recognized by the significant effort directed toward the development of EXPER SIM at several institutions. Owing to a number of factors, interest in these tools appeared to wane. The price/performance characteristics of some new microcomputers suggested that a rekindling of interest in the use of modeling as an inquiry/problem solving tool could possibly be achieved if the large timesharing versions could be successfully migrated to one or more popular micros. We have partially achieved these objectives, having both transported EXPER SIM to the LSI-11 computer and developed, tested, documented, and evaluated many new models in sensory, personality, and social psychology and psychobiology. In addition, we have begun devising techniques to migrate a version to the Apple II and III microcomputers.
FUZZY INTERPRETIVE STRUCTURAL MODELING

It is natural to inquire if fuzzy set theoretic methods could enhance the structuring method. It is shown in this paper that it is possible to develop fuzzy structuring methods. These are based on a fuzzy reach ability matrix and fuzzy graphs. Panel members respond to a relational question “is siRsj ?”along a scale from 0% to 100% representing a set of polar concepts, such as “dense-sparse.” The characteristic logic equation has its fuzzy version in the matrix form. However, in the element form, the problem is more complicated. A reachability matrix of an inter connection matrix is developed to aid the solution process. Measures of incertitude (fuzzy entropy) guide the panel members in choosing appropriate entries. Incertitudes of the set S of issues and of the fuzzy graph ┌R are defined.
Freezing Temperature in Dilute Ising Spin Glasses with Long-Range Interactions

The onset of spin-glass freezing in dilute Ising systems with long-range interactions is investigated with the use of numerical simulations. We show that taking pair correlations explicitly into account results in the renormalization of the interaction matrix and suppression of the density of localized states compared with conventional mean field theory. Application of the theory to the RKKY interaction in the dilute limit raises the question of the appropriate boundary eigenvalue of the effective interaction matrix that separates localized and extended states. We identify the onset of spin-glass freezing with the temperature Tg at which this boundary eigenvalue is equal to one. Numerical simulations reproduces the linear concentration dependence of Tg in the very dilute limit, in agreement with scaling relations, and show a significant improvement over the conventional mean-field theory in the value obtained for the freezing temperature.
On the role of cooling on fatigue failure of a woven glass/epoxy laminate

The effect of the surface cooling on the fatigue life of a glass/epoxy laminate during fully reversed bending tests is investigated both experimentally and analytically. The experimental tests involve the use of acoustic emission and infrared thermography to monitor the structural integrity and evolution of damage. An analytical study is also performed to calculate the stress in the outermost layer of the laminate for both cases of cooled and uncooled specimens. The results show that the life of the laminate is highly dependent on the temperature and that surface cooling, if done appropriately, can significantly increase the fatigue life of the laminate.
Confirmation of a blocked amino terminus of sulfhydryl oxidase.

Abstract The isolation of sulfhydryl oxidase from bovine milk in a suitably pure form for sequencing was carried out by transient covalent affinity chromatography of diafiltered whey using cysteinylsuccinamidopropyl-glass as matrix. The glutathione-eluted proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE. By radiolabeling the affinity chromatography-purified enzyme with [ 14 C]iodoacetate before subjecting to SDS-PAGE, the sulfhydryl oxidase band was identified, because sulfhydryl oxidase is known to be inactivated by alkylation of one sulfhydryl group per mole. The results confirmed that sulfhydryl oxidase corresponds to the 85 (± 5)-kDa band observed on SDS-PAGE. The protein band corresponding to radiolabeled sulfhydryl oxidase was recovered from SDS-PAGE gels by electrophoretic elution and by electroblotting on polyvinylidene difluoride membrane and subjected to gas phase sequencing. Precautions were taken during electrophoretic elution to prevent reactions that result in N-terminal blocking. Both methods of protein recovery yielded negative results when subjected to sequence analysis indicating that the N-terminus of sulfhydryl oxidase is blocked.
Equation of state of tantalum to 174 GPa

The volume compression of tantalum was measured to 174 GPa in a diamond-anvil cell using angle-resolved synchrotron x-ray diffraction. A third-order Birch-Murnaghan equation-of-state constrains the compression data rather well with the zero-pressure isothermal bulk modulus ${B}_{0T}=194.7(4.8)\mathrm{GPa}$ and the first pressure derivative ${B}^{\ensuremath{'}}=3.4(0.1).$ These values are consistent with the previous ultrasonic results, ${B}_{0S}=196\mathrm{GPa}$ and ${B}^{\ensuremath{'}}=3.8,$ but are different from the previous x-ray compression results, ${B}_{0T}=231\mathrm{GPa}$ and ${B}^{\ensuremath{'}}=2.5.$ The current compression data also demonstrate that the bcc phase of Ta continues to be stable to 174 GPa, which qualifies tantalum for a pressure standard in static high-pressure experiments.
Nonsingular, big-bounce cosmology from spinor-torsion coupling

The Einstein-Cartan-Sciama-Kibble theory of gravity removes the constraint of general relativity that the affine connection be symmetric by regarding its antisymmetric part, the torsion tensor, as a dynamical variable. The minimal coupling between the torsion tensor and Dirac spinors generates a spin-spin interaction which is significant in fermionic matter at extremely high densities. We show that such an interaction averts the unphysical big-bang singularity, replacing it with a cusp-like bounce at a finite minimum scale factor, before which the Universe was contracting. This scenario also explains why the present Universe at largest scales appears spatially flat, homogeneous and isotropic.
The Headaches of Alexander Graham Bell

lexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876. In so doing, he fundamentally changed how we communicate. The telephone was not immediately successful. To publicize his invention, Bell traveled often. He wrote his wife, who was deaf, frequently and candidly during their days apart. Their letters are available online for public review and are searchable by keyword. Using the keywords headache, head ache, medicine, and pill, 90 letters were identified and examined for decscriptions of Bell's frequent, debilitating headaches. The headaches lasted hours to days, were associated with nausea and photophobia, worsened with exercise, and remitted with sleep. Bell suffered from migraines. His potential etiologies and treatments are discussed as are spouse and parent concerns about his health.
EGE Records from Cortical and Deep Brain Structures during Centrifugal and Vibrational Accelerations in Cats and Monkeys

Electroencephalographic records have been taken from deep regions of the brains of cats and monkeys with chronically implanted electrodes during centrifugal and shaking accelerations comparable to booster forces. Histological and X-ray controls have indicated that displacement of the electrodes does not occur, and that damage to brain tissue is comparable with nonaccelerated animals. A transistorized EEG amplifier suitable for recording in satellite biopack environments has been developed. In centrifuge tests, transverse accelerations up to 8 G were associated with rhythmic "arousal" patterns of slow waves in hippocampal regions of the temporal lobe during increasing or decreasing acceleration. Longitudinal accelerations between 5 and 6 G produced blackouts after 30 to 40 seconds, with flattening of EEG records, and frequently with induction of epileptic seizure activity in temporal-lobe leads. Shaking tests suggested that vibrational acceleration may be associated with the intermittent "driving" of the cerebral rhythms, in a fashion resembling photic driving, at shaking rates from 11 to 15 cps, and from 22 to 30 cps.
Effect of high pressure on the electronic properties of VO2

Abstract Samples of VO 2 were prepared at 50 kbar and 800°C in a belt apparatus. The products were then annealed in evacuated silica tubes at 800°C for 1 week. The X-ray diffraction patterns of these samples, before and after annealing, were compared with polycrystalline and ground single crystals of VO 2 . In addition, the resistivity above and below 67°C was measured. The effect of high pressure on the metal-semiconducting transition is discussed in terms of the relative positions of the t ‖ and π∗ bands.
Exploring Health Disparities in Integrated Communities: Overview of the EHDIC Study

Progress in understanding the nature of health disparities requires data that are race-comparative while overcoming confounding between race, socioeconomic status, and segregation. The Exploring Health Disparities in Integrated Communities (EHDIC) study is a multisite cohort study that will address these confounders by examining the nature of health disparities within racially integrated communities without racial disparities in socioeconomic status. Data consisted of a structured questionnaire and blood pressure measurements collected from a sample of the adult population (age 18 and older) of two racially integrated contiguous census tracts. This manuscript reports on baseline results from the first EHDIC site, a low-income urban community in southwest Baltimore, Maryland (EHDIC-SWB). In the adjusted models, African Americans had lower rates of smoking and fair or poor self-rated health than whites, but no race differences in obesity, drinking, or physical inactivity. Our findings indicate that accounting for race differences in exposure to social conditions reduces or eliminates some health-related disparities. Moreover, these findings suggest that solutions to the seemingly intractable health disparities problem that target social determinants may be effective, especially those factors that are confounded with racial segregation. Future research in the area of health disparities should seek ways to account for confounding from SES and segregation.
Scanning tunneling microscopy of the cleaved surface of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8

Abstract Scanning tunneling microscopy images of the cleaved surface of Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8 at room temperature have been obtained. Comparison of the dependence of scan line characteristics on tunneling bias with calculations on the density of states of each elemental component around the Fermi energy suggests that tunneling occurs on the Bi face. High resolution images show striations ∼ 10 to 30 A wide. On samples oriented with Laue reflection, the striations are observed to run parallel to the a or b axis of the crystal. These striations are likely to be associated with the undulations along the b axis of the Bi layer observed in the bulk in recent transmission electron micrographs. The topographical and tunneling bias dependence results show that the B-rich surface of this new superconductor is essentially a termination of the bulk structure even though structural or chemical defects are common.
Long Radiation Detector System for Beam Loss Monitoring

This paper describes the Long Radiation Monitor (LRM) system installed at the 200 MeV linac at Brookhaven National Laboratory. This system allows observation of both the spatial and temporal character of the losses in the linac and its transport lines. An array of large diameter gas filled coaxial cables are used as extended ion chambers to detect the losses. The output signals are available as a histogram, video waveforms, and numerical data via the computer. A fast beam interrupt is also provided. The detector characteristics and details of the processing electronics are presented. Results of studies of longitudinal, steering and focusing losses are described.
Evaluation of the environmental fate of thymol and phenethyl propionate in the laboratory.

BACKGROUND: The natural monoterpenoid pesticides thymol and phenethyl propionate (PEP) are used indoors and outdoors, but their fate in the environment has not been reported. In order better to understand their impact on the environment, water metabolism and soil metabolism studies were conducted with thymol and PEP at a concentration of 10 µg g−1 in water and in soil under laboratory conditions. RESULTS: Dissipation half-lives of thymol and PEP were 16 and 5 days in water and 5 and 4 days in soil. 2-Phenylethanol and 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol were detected as primary degradation products of PEP. Over time, a considerable volatilization loss of thymol, but not of phenethyl propionate, was found in the 1 month study under the experimental conditions used. Less than 6% of thymol and PEP were detected as bound residues, and less than 3% were mineralized during the 30 day study. CONCLUSION: In order to maximize the pesticidal effect, more attention should be paid to the temperature for thymol than for PEP when they are being applied, owing to the high volatility of the former. Thymol and PEP pose low risks to the ecosystem because of their rapid dissipation and low bound residues in the environment. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Theory of ferromagnetism in vanadium-oxide based perovskites

The conditions under which ferromagnetism may occur in transition metal oxides with partially filled ${t}_{2g}$ shells such as vanadium-based perovskites are studied using a combination of density functional and single-site dynamical mean field methods. For reasonable values of the correlation strength, rotations of the VO${}_{6}$ octahedra play an important role in enabling ferromagnetism, with ferromagnetism typically occurring for rotations larger than a nonzero critical value. Ferromagnetism is suppressed near the Mott-insulating phase but the phase boundary is otherwise only weakly dependent on carrier concentration. Design rules are suggested for new oxide systems exhibiting ferromagnetism.
The evolution of the zodiac in the context of ancient oriental history

Abstract The dates for the second (ca. 2700 B.C. to within 250 years) and the third ecliptical quartets (ca. 1200 B.C. to within 400 years) evaluated earlier are considered in the context of ancient Egyptian history. The origin of the second quartet coincides with the Great Pyramids and the initiation of the Egyptian solar, or so-called “civil” calendar, the first of such a type in the world. The third quartet is concurrent with the solar conversion of Amenhotep IV (Akhenaton) and takes place at the finale of the great Sothic period of 1461 years after the initiation of the solar calendar. It is argued that the Great Pyramids seem to be monuments to the Sun-god built in honor of the Egyptians having reached an understanding of the Sun's track upon the starry background, Akhenaton's conversion being in a direct connection with the original Pyramids' ideology. This paper is the third part of a single investigation. The first two parts “On the Origin of the Zodiacal Constellations” and “Prehistory of Zodiac Dating: Three Strata of Upper Paleolithic Constellations” were published in Vistas in Astronomy in 1993 and 1995.
Structure variation of intersubband electron–acoustic phonon scattering rate in coupled quantum wells

Intersubband electron–acoustic phonon scattering rates are calculated for asymmetric coupled AlGaAs/GaAs quantum wells (QW) at low temperature. Emphasis is placed on the dependence of the scattering rate on the thickness and position of the AlGaAs barrier in the QW. Strong variation of the scattering rate between the second and the first subbands is obtained for small barrier displacement from the center of the QW. These results show that intersubband scattering rates can be engineered to optimize the performances of far-infrared detectors, lasers, and photovoltaic devices. Moreover, this study shines new light on the discrepancy among recent experimental results for these structures.
Shared mechanisms between chronic pain and neurodegenerative disease

Accumulating evidence indicates that chronic pain provokes morphological changes in the central nervous system. Animal models of neuropathic pain have revealed that degeneration of inhibitory interneurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord contributes to persistent pain after peripheral nerve injury. Brain imaging in patients with chronic pain demonstrates a decrease in neocortical gray matter and in brain metabolites, a sign of reduced neuronal density. Shared disease mechanisms suggest that chronic pain should be considered a neurodegenerative disorder.