cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sharing the Burden of the Transition to Adulthood: African American Young Adults’ Transition Challenges and Their Mothers’ Health Risk:

For many African American youth, the joint influences of economic and racial marginalization render the transition to stable adult roles challenging. We have gained much insight into how these chal...
Treatment of the Newly Diagnosed Adult with De Noyo Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Recent studies suggest that the administration of intensive postremission therapy, which includes high-dose cytarabine, results in a longer period of disease-free survival when compared with lower dose treatment. In view of these improved results, it is uncertain currently whether younger patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in first remission should be offered such intensive chemotherapy or either allogeneic or autologous bone marrow transplantation. Currently ongoing clinical trials, laboratory-based prognostic factor analysis, and attempts at better underStanding the pathophysiology of acute leukemia may provide more precise guidelines for choosing the best treatment among these alternatives for any given individual with AML in first remission.
Automated Theorem Proving for Analysis and Synthesis of Computations

This paper explores two aspects of automated theorem proving for sup­port of computer software and hardware development: rewriting techniques for equational and inductive reasoning; and construction of proof trees represent­ing key steps of a proof, as an aid to interactive proof search and as a basis for synthesis of computations.
The Regulation of JNK Signaling Pathways in Cell Death through the Interplay with Mitochondrial SAB and Upstream Post-Translational Effects

c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) activity plays a critical role in modulating cell death, which depends on the level and duration of JNK activation. The kinase cascade from MAPkinase kinase kinase (MAP3K) to MAPkinase kinase (MAP2K) to MAPKinase (MAPK) can be regulated by a number of direct and indirect post-transcriptional modifications, including acetylation, ubiquitination, phosphorylation, and their reversals. Recently, a JNK-mitochondrial SH3-domain binding protein 5 (SH3BP5/SAB)-ROS activation loop has been elucidated, which is required to sustain JNK activity. Importantly, the level of SAB expression in the outer membrane of mitochondria is a major determinant of the set-point for sustained JNK activation. SAB is a docking protein and substrate for JNK, leading to an intramitochondrial signal transduction pathway, which impairs electron transport and promotes reactive oxygen species (ROS) release to sustain the MAPK cascade.
Guidelines for a systematic review in systems and automatic engineering. Case study: distributed estimation techniques for cyber-physical systems

This paper presents some guidelines for conducting a systematic review SR (also referred to as a systematic literature review) in the field of systems and automatic engineering. Inspired by the available literature in SR in other fields, this paper presents an adaptation of this kind of review. In particular, we provide the advantages and limitations on the most used databases in this area and some advice on defining the boolean function for the search and the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the selected publications. The paper proposes some recommendations to extract and synthesize the data collected and, finally, some guides to create the final report. This methodology is applied to a practical case: distributed estimation techniques applied to cyber-physical systems (CPS).
Boundary limits for bounded quasiregular mappings

In this paper we establish results on the existence of nontangential limits for weighted $\Cal A$-harmonic functions in the weighted Sobolev space $W_w^{1,q}(\Bbb B^n)$, for some $q>1$ and $w$ in the Muckenhoupt $A_q$ class, where $\Bbb B^n$ is the unit ball in $\Bbb R^n$. These results generalize the ones in section \S3 of [KMV], where the weight was identically equal to one. Weighted $\Cal A$-harmonic functions are weak solutions of the partial differential equation $$\text{div}(\Cal A(x,\nabla u))=0,$$ where $\alpha w(x) |\xi|^{q} \le \le \beta w(x) |\xi|^{q}$ for some fixed $q\in (1,\infty)$, where $0<\alpha\leq \beta<\infty$, and $w(x)$ is a $q$-admissible weight as in Chapter 1 in [HKM]. Later, we apply these results to improve on results of Koskela, Manfredi and Villamor [KMV] and Martio and Srebro [MS] on the existence of radial limits for bounded quasiregular mappings in the unit ball of $\Bbb R^n$ with some growth restriction on their multiplicity function.
Are We Monogamous? A Review of the Evolution of Pair-Bonding in Humans and Its Contemporary Variation Cross-Culturally

Despite a long history of study, consensus on a human-typical mating system remains elusive. While a simple classification would be useful for cross-species comparisons, across contemporary human societies monogamous, polyandrous, polygynous, and short-term mating patterns are present, with most societies exhibiting multiple kinds of marriages and mating relationships. Further complicating a straightforward classification of mating system are the multiple possible interpretations of biological traits typical of humans used to indicate ancestral mating patterns. While challenging to characterize, our review of the literature offers several key insights. Although polygyny is socially sanctioned in most societies, monogamy is the dominant marriage-type within any one group cross-culturally. Though the timing of the evolution of certain anatomical characteristics is open to debate, human levels of sexual dimorphism and relative testis size point to a diverging history of sexual selection from our great ape relatives. Thus, we conclude that while there are many ethnographic examples of variation across human societies in terms of marriage patterns, extramarital affairs, the stability of relationships, and the ways in which fathers invest, the pair-bond is a ubiquitous feature of human mating relationships. This may be expressed through polygyny and/or polyandry but is most commonly observed in the form of serial and social monogamy.
Collagen Dynamics During the Process of Osteocyte Embedding and Mineralization

Bone formation, remodeling and repair are dynamic processes, involving cell migration, ECM assembly, osteocyte embedding, and bone resorption. Using live-cell imaging, we previously showed that osteoblast assembly of the ECM proteins fibronectin and collagen is highly dynamic and is integrated with cell motility. Additionally, osteoblast-to-osteocyte transition involved arrest of cell motility, followed by dendrite extension and retraction that may regulate positioning of embedding osteocytes. To further understand how osteocytes differentiate and embed in collagen, mice were generated that co-expressed GFPtopaz-tagged collagen with a Dmp1-Cre-inducible tdTomato reporter targeted to preosteocytes/osteocytes. Dual live-cell imaging of collagen and osteocyte dynamics in mineralizing primary calvarial cell cultures showed that Dmp1-Cre/tdTomato turned on in early bone nodule forming regions, demarcated by foci of concentrated GFP-collagen bundles that appeared structurally distinct from the surrounding collagen. Dmp1-Cre/tdTomato-positive cells were post-mitotic and were continuously induced throughout the 2 week timecourse, whereas the majority of collagen was assembled by day 7. GFP-collagen fibrils showed global (tissue-level) motions, suggesting coordinated cell layer movement, and local fibril motions mediated by cell-generated forces. Condensation of collagen fibril networks occurred within bone nodules prior to mineralization. Intravital imaging confirmed a similar structural appearance of GFP-collagen in calvarial bone, with analogous global motions of mineralizing areas adjacent to sutures. In early (unmineralized) calvarial cell cultures, Dmp1-Cre/tdTomato-positive cells were motile (mean velocity 4.8 μm/h), moving freely in and around the forming bone nodule, with a small number of these cells embedded in collagen, constraining their motion. In mineralizing cultures, the average velocity of Dmp1-Cre/tdTomato-positive cells was significantly reduced (0.7 μm/h), with many immobilized in the mineralizing nodule. Three apparent mechanisms for embedding of Dmp1-Cre/tdTomato-positive cells were observed. In some cases, a previously motile Dmp1-Cre/tdTomato-positive cell became immobilized in collagen fibril networks that were newly assembled around the cell, thereby entrapping it. In other cases, a motile Dmp1-Cre/tdTomato-positive cell moved into an already formed "collagen lacuna," arrested its motility and became embedded. Alternatively, some cells switched on tdTomato expression in situ within a lacuna. These data provide new insight into the dynamic process of bone collagen assembly and suggest multiple mechanisms for osteocyte entrapment in collagen matrix.
What Do We Mean by “The Future”?

This chapter introduces the book. It argues that the future is real, and that each individual needs to have a perspective on the future. It introduces several ways human cultures have conceived of time throughout the ages. It explains why uncertainty about the past actually increases our uncertainty about the future.
Increased Tumor Infiltrating FOXP3+ Regulatory T-Cells Are Associated with Improved Survival in Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma.

Background: Regulatory T-cells (Tregs), a CD4+, CD25+, FOXP3+ subset, appear to modulate the tumor microenvironment in lymphoma. Using FOXP3 expression as a marker of Tregs, single series have suggested that higher numbers of tumor infiltrating FOXP3+ cells are associated with improved survival in both follicular lymphoma and classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL). However, neither of these findings has been confirmed by separate studies and, in fact, contradictory data exists. We sought to evaluate potential correlations between the number of FOXP3+ cells in the tumor microenvironment and patient outcome. Methods : 98 previously untreated cHL patients, biopsied and treated with curative intent at the Cleveland Clinic, were studied. FOXP3 was assessed by immunohistochemistry (Abcam) and quantitated as the number of positive cells per high power field (hpf), averaged over 5 fields. Histology was evaluated and medical records were reviewed for clinical features (including gender, age, stage, B symptoms, bulk, number of sites and IPS), lymphoma progression and death. Results : The mean number of FOXP3+ cells (±standard deviation) was 41.7 ± 33.9 cells/hpf, and the median number was 36.4 cells/hpf (range 0–152.0 cells/hpf). Higher numbers of FOXP3+ T-cells were associated with age 25.0 FOXP3+ cells/hpf compared to 81% ± 6% for patients with Conclusion : FOXP3+ T cells are a favorable prognostic marker in cHL and reflect the importance of the immune response thus providing rationale for the use of immunomodulatory therapies in these patients.
Bridges Linz 2019: Mathematical Art Exhibition

This review of mathematical art exhibited at Bridges Linz in 2019 focusses on the use of two 20th c. mathematical developments, the theory of tilings and aperiodic order, and of fractals, in the wo...
Blood Transfusion Practice During Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Rationale and Modern Approaches to Management

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has become increasingly utilized for patients with severe respiratory, cardiac, or combined cardiopulmonary failure. The encouraging results of several modern clinical trials, coupled with advancements in circuit technology, improved safety, and widening global experience, have encouraged growth and acceptance of ECMO within the critical care community. However, great variation continues to exist in management practices of ECMO-supported patients, and evidence-based approaches are lacking. One of the key areas of controversy is in the approach to blood transfusion, as the potential for improved oxygen delivery must be weighed against the risks of transfused blood, such as risk of infection or volume overload. A conservative approach to transfusions with a lower transfusion trigger compared to a more liberal approach has shown clinical benefit in both critically ill medical and surgical patients. Though this benefit may extend to ECMO-supported patients, evidence is limited. Changes in global ECMO practice indicate that many centers are moving toward a more conservative approach to blood transfusions, but the optimal transfusion trigger or clinical target is not known. Current transfusion practice, the rationale, and evidence guiding approaches to blood transfusions in ECMO-supported patients will be reviewed in this chapter.
Perspectives on the Intracellular Bacterium Chlamydia pneumoniae in Late-Onset Dementia

Chronic diseases remain a daunting challenge for clinicians and researchers alike. While difficult to completely understand, most chronic diseases, including late-onset dementias, are thought to arise as an interplay between host genetic factors and environmental insults. One of the most diverse and ubiquitous environmental insults centers on infectious agents. Associations of infectious agents with late-onset dementia have taken on heightened importance, including our investigations of infection by the intracellular respiratory bacterium, Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cpn), in late-onset dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. Over the last two decades, the relationship of this infection to pathogenesis in late-onset dementia has become much clearer. This clarity has resulted from applying contemporary molecular genetic, biochemical, immunochemical, and cell culture techniques to analysis of human brains, animal models, and relevant in vitro cell culture systems. Data from these studies, taken in aggregate form, now can be applied to evaluation of proof of concept for causation of this infection with late-onset disease. In this evaluation, modifications to the original Koch postulates can be useful for elucidating causation. All such relevant studies are outlined and summarized in this review, and they demonstrate the utility of applying modified Koch postulates to the etiology of late-onset dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. Regardless, it is clear that even with strong observational evidence, in combination with application of modifications of Koch’s postulates, we will not be able to conclusively state that Cpn infection is causative for disease pathogenesis in late-onset dementia. Moreover, this conclusion obtains as well for the putative causation of this condition by other pathogens, including herpes simplex virus type 1, Borrelia burgdorferi, and Porphyromonas gingivalis.
Black and Indigenous Theoretical Considerations for Higher Education Sustainability

In this conceptual paper, the authors make the case for why and how researchers can incorporate Black and Indigenous standpoints in higher education scholarship. We begin by drawing parallels between the racialized contexts of higher education for Black and Indigenous communities in the United States (U.S.). Next, we explore ethics of communality among Black immigrant and refugee populations, as well as Indigenous knowledge systems of relationality. We conclude by posing 10 research questions to be taken up by higher education researchers.
Predictively Defined Representations of State

The concept of state is central to dynamical systems. In any timeseries problem—such as filtering, planning or forecasting—models and algorithms summarize important information from the past into some sort of state variable. In this chapter, we start with a broad examination of the concept of state, with emphasis on the fact that there are many possible representations of state for a given dynamical system, each with different theoretical and computational properties. We then focus on models with predictively defined representations of state that represent state as a set of statistics about the short-term future, as opposed to the classic approach of treating state as a latent, unobservable quantity. In other words, the past is summarized into predictions about the actions and observations in the short-term future, which can be used to make further predictions about the infinite future.While this representational idea applies to any dynamical system problem, it is particularly useful in a model-based RL context, when an agent must learn a representation of state and a model of system dynamics online: because the representation (and hence all of the model’s parameters) are defined using only statistics of observable quantities, their learning algorithms are often straightforward and have attractive theoretical properties. Here, we survey the basic concepts of predictively defined representations of state, important auxiliary constructs (such as the systems dynamics matrix), and theoretical results on their representational power and learnability.
Viewers vs. doers: how watching food television and cooking frequency relate to BMI (811.21)

Objectives: Examine where nutritional gatekeepers obtain information about new foods, and whether information source impacts Body Mass Index (BMI), as well as whether any impact varied according to...
Do Auditor Resignations Convey Private Information About Continuing Audit Clients

The paper investigates how auditor resignations affect capital market participants' perception of firms from which the auditors resign ("former clients") and of firms that continue as clients of the resigning auditor ("continuing clients"). We find that resignation announcements result in significant negative abnormal returns for former clients and in significant positive abnormal returns for a sample of continuing clients (matched on industry, time period, and recent stock-price performance). As in prior work on auditors' actions, these effects are most pronounced when the news media reports the resignation. We investigate continuing clients because in recent years auditors have adopted a portfolio approach to risk management that includes centralized risk-based screening. We propose that the absence of resignation signals that, despite its poor performance, the continuing client has satisfied the auditor's unobservable risk-screening process. Therefore, the positive abnormal returns observed for the continuing clients suggest that despite their poor recent performance, the auditor believes the continuing clients' accounting methods and financial reporting choices are not misleading. We rule out a competition-based intra-industry information transfer as an alternative explanation for the positive abnormal returns.
A STUDY OF ENGINE OILS AT LOW TEMPERATURES IN AN IMPROVED CRANKING APPARATUS

Features of low temperature cranking device constructed at General Motors Research Laboratories which incorporates advantages of dynamometer-type drive and yet permits cranking with starting motor; engine can be cranked with engine starter motor or electric motor-transmission drive; torque and speed can be measured directly with either system; results obtained with various cranking techniques on commercial engine oils and reference base oil.
"It Takes a Whole Village": Working With Community Coalitions to Promote Positive Parenting and Strengthen Families

RATIONALE FOR AN ECOLOGIC APPROACH This conference brings me back full circle to where I started my academic career in the mid-1960s studying the effects of different child-rearing styles on the behavior and development of children. At that time I was interested in the studies of Lewin et al 1 that demonstrated how different leadership styles affect child behavior in groups. I used that model to develop an interview method for identifying different approaches to child rearing by having mothers describe how they handled many common rearing situations with young children. 2 Those mothers who made frequent use of unmodified directives and physical and/or psychological punishment for noncompliance were identified as authoritarian and those who responded with reasoning and more flexible approaches to discipline, such as using distraction and time out, were identified as accommodative. 3 I was interested to see whether pediatricians could identify high-risk styles that would be harmful to children and then work with the parents to change those styles. This led me to develop a longitudinal study that followed a group of 135 2-year-olds experiencing different parenting styles into first grade. 4 The parents of these children were recruited from two suburban pediatric group practices. The first observation we made was that even with this middle class population it was difficult to find an adequate sample of parents of 2-year-olds who did not use a lot of unmodified directives and spanking. We did, after considerable effort, find a suitable contrast group in a highly educated subsample of the population. As for corporal punishment, the parents using an authoritarian style generally reported using physical punishment once a day or more to control behavior and those with an accommodative style once a week or less.
Content-based document routing and index partitioning for scalable similarity-based searches in a large corpus

We present a document routing and index partitioning scheme for scalable similarity-based search of documents in a large corpus. We consider the case when similarity-based search is performed by finding documents that have features in common with the query document. While it is possible to store all the features of all the documents in one index, this suffers from obvious scalability problems. Our approach is to partition the feature index into multiple smaller partitions that can be hosted on separate servers, enabling scalable and parallel search execution. When a document is ingested into the repository, a small number of partitions are chosen to store the features of the document. To perform similarity-based search, also, only a small number of partitions are queried. Our approach is stateless and incremental. The decision as to which partitions the features of the document should be routed to (for storing at ingestion time, and for similarity based search at query time) is solely based on the features of the document.Our approach scales very well. We show that executing similarity-based searches over such a partitioned search space has minimal impact on the precision and recall of search results, even though every search consults less than 3% of the total number of partitions.
Dominance in arguing mixed-sex dyads: Visual dominance patterns, talking time, and speech loudness

Abstract The effects of individuals' assertiveness and sex on dominant behaviors in arguing, mixed-sex dyads were examined in this study. The primary dominant behaviors investigated were (1) visual dominance behavior, (2) talking time, and (3) speech loudness. Subjects' assertiveness was determined by pretesting with the Rathus Assertiveness Schedule. Then dyads consisting of an assertive or an unassertive man and an assertive or an unassertive woman were videotaped as they argued an issue. Measures derived from the tapes indicated that men talked more and louder than women did, as expected. Also, the hypotheses that assertive individuals would talk more and louder than unassertive ones were supported with some qualifications. However, only the assertiveness of women was associated with higher visual dominance patterns. Men's assertiveness had no influence on their visual behavior. Men paired with assertive women had lower visual dominance patterns than men paired with unassertive ones. Also, women showed another form of visual dominance, looking while speaking, more than men did. These results were compared with earlier studies of the behavior of women and men in same-sex and mixed-sex dyads and groups and in structured and unstructured discussion situations.
Multiscale-Based Simulations of Longitudinal Mechanical Behaviors of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Reinforced Polymer Nanocomposites

Longitudinal elastic mechanical behavior of the armchair and zigzag single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and the SWCNTs reinforced polymer nanocomposites are investigated. Finite element analysis (FEA) models of the SWCNTs and the SWCNTs reinforced polymer nanocomposites are developed utilizing multiscale modeling technique along with molecular structural mechanics (MSM), which provides material properties at molecular scale and establishes relations between the steric potential energy and the classic structural mechanics. Material properties of C-C bond were obtained using multiscale-based modeling method with the consideration of shear deformation. In addition, for the interphase layer interaction between the carbon molecules of SWCNTs and the molecules of polymer matrix, multiscale-based modeling method was utilized to obtain the stiffness of nonlinear spring elements representing the van der Waals interaction. It is observed that the mechanical behavior of the SWCNTs reinforced polymer nanocomposites is dictated by the mechanical behavior of the SWCNTs embedded in the polymer matrix. Furthermore, varying radius and length of the SWCNTs would affect the longitudinal elastic mechanical properties of the SWCNTs reinforced polymer nanocomposites. Specifically, the simulation results had demonstrated that longitudinal elastic mechanical properties of the SWCNTs reinforced polymer nanocomposites would vary due to different loading conditions applied, i.e., discrete and continuous loading conditions.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Neutrino opacity of neutron-star matter

Scattering of neutrinos from neutron-star matter is calculated for the case of very high neutron-star temperatures, under the assumption of a neutral-current interaction of the form given by the Weinberg-Salam theory. The resulting neutrino opacity depends in an interesting way upon the equation of state of the matter. The maximum possible opacity of a thin layer of matter is estimated for the case of an arbitrary equation of state.
Ajulemic acid (CT3): a potent analog of the acid metabolites of THC.

The acid metabolites of THC were discovered almost 30 years ago and were later shown to posses modest analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity in a variety of models. Ajulemic acid (CT3) is a more potent analog of THC-11-oic acid in which a dimethylheptyl side chain is substituted for the pentyl side chain of the naturally occurring metabolite. It produces analgesia in the mouse hot plate, the PPQ writhing, the formalin and the tail clip assays. In the latter, it was equipotent to morphine; however, it showed a much greater duration of action. In the paw edema, subcutaneous air pouch and rat adjuvant-induced arthritis models of inflammation; it showed significant therapeutic activity at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg p.o. In the arthritis model it greatly reduced permanent damage to joints when compared to an indomethacin control as evidenced by an improved joint score over vehicle controls and by histopathological examination. In contrast to the NSAIDs, it was totally nonulcerogenic at therapeutically relevant doses. Moreover, it does not depress respiration, exhibit dependence, induce body weight loss or cause mutagenesis. It shows none of the typical actions in models of the psychotropic actions of cannabinoids suggesting that a good separation of desirable from undesirable effects was achieved. Studies on its mechanism of action are currently underway. The data thus far suggest the existence of a novel receptor for ajulemic acid with possible downstream effects on eicosanoid production, cytokine synthesis and metalloprotease activity. There is also circumstantial evidence for a putative endogenous ajulemic acid, namely, arachidonylglycine.
G Protein-coupled Receptor Activation Rapidly Stimulates Focal Adhesion Kinase Phosphorylation at Ser-843 MEDIATION BY Ca2+, CALMODULIN, AND Ca2+/CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT KINASE II

A rapid increase in the tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) has been extensively documented in cells stimulated by multiple signaling molecules, but little is known about the regulation of FAK phosphorylation at serine residues. Stimulation of Swiss 3T3 cells with the G protein-coupled receptor agonists bombesin, vasopressin, or bradykinin induced an extremely rapid (within 5 s) increase in FAK phosphorylation at Ser-843. The phosphorylation of this residue preceded FAK phosphorylation at Tyr-397, the major autophosphorylation site, and FAK phosphorylation at Ser-910. Treatment of intact cells with ionomycin stimulated a rapid increase in FAK phosphorylation at Ser-843, indicating that an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) is a potential pathway leading to FAK-Ser-843 phosphorylation. Indeed, treatment with agents that prevent an agonist-induced increase in [Ca2+]i (e.g. thapsigargin or BAPTA (1,2-bis(O-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid)), interfere with calmodulin function (e.g. trifluoperazine, W13, and W7), or block Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) activation (KN93) or expression (small interfering RNA) abrogated the rapid FAK phosphorylation at Ser-843 induced by bombesin, bradykinin, or vasopressin. Furthermore, activated CaMKII directly phosphorylated the recombinant COOH-terminal region of FAK at a residue equivalent to Ser-843. Thus, our results demonstrate that G protein-coupled receptor activation induces rapid FAK phosphorylation at Ser-843 through Ca2+, calmodulin, and CaMKII.
From interaction of lipidic vehicles with intestinal epithelial cell membranes to the formation and secretion of chylomicrons

Abstract Lipophilic drugs are carried by chylomicrons that are secreted by the small intestine and transported in lymph. This review discusses the digestion, uptake, and transport of dietary lipids and the impact that these processes have on the absorption of lipophilic drugs by the gastrointestinal tract. This chapter complements Dr. Chris Potter’s chapter on the “pre-absorptive” events of drug processing and solubilization. This chapter reviews the digestion of lipids in the gastric and intestinal lumen and the role of bile salts in the solubilization of lipid digestion products for uptake by the gut. Both the passive and active uptake of lipid digestion products is discussed. How intestinal lipid transporters located at the brush border membrane may play a role in the uptake of lipids by the enterocytes is examined, as is the regulation of the absorption of cholesterol by the human ATP-binding cassette transporter-1 (ABC1). The intracellular trafficking and the resynthesis of complex lipids from lipid digestion products are explored, and the formation and secretion of chylomicrons are described.
Flexure and seismicity beneath the south flank of Kilauea Volcano and tectonic implications

We present a refined model for the tectonic behavior of Kilauea volcano's south flank, including flexure calculations and microearthquake data supportive of the model. In our model the south flank moves seaward over the downwardly flexed ocean crust in a manner analogous to an accretionary prism in a subduction zone. The flank is driven seaward by the gravitational stresses inherent in its shape; this driving force is augmented by high-density material in Kilauea's rift zones. Elastic flexure calculations predict a configuration for the downwardly flexed crust which agrees with previous seismic refraction and gravity modeling. This configuration in turn is consistent with the hypothesis that many earthquakes occur along the volcanic pile/ocean crust interface. Focal mechanisms for these events predominantly indicate southeastward directed overthrusting. We also propose a relationship between rift zone intrusion and south flank displacement, including a suggestion that the decollement configuration controls the relative activity of Kilauea's east and southwest rift zones.
The case for a 40% efficiency goal for photovoltaic cells in 2005

Abstract The creation of 40% efficient, multijunction laboratory cells under 500× concentrations is a reasonable, important near-term goal for the US photovoltaic (PV) program. A renewed focus on high-performance PV device research is justified by the large-scale market potential it creates for PV. Promising research results on multijunction III–V devices have established the technical feasibility of this goal. DOE is working to expand the resources available for high-performance research, while continuing to accomplish breakthroughs in thin-films, manufacturing, and balance of systems that will pave the way for commercial deployment of new high-efficiency PV devices. This paper explains why 40% efficiency is important to achieving PV's potential, the research results that have led to this conclusion and how this research complements the overall PV program; and discusses how the US program intends to accomplish this challenging – but realistic – goal.
Node fault tolerance in graphs

A graph G* is a k-node fault-tolerant supergraph of a graph G, denoted k-NFT (G), if every graph obtained by removing k nodes from G* contains G. A k-NFT (G) graph G* is said to be optimal if it contains n + k nodes, where n is the number of nodes of G and G* has the minimum number of edges among all (n + k)-node k-NFT supergraphs of G. We survey prior results on the design of optimal k-NFT supergraphs of various useful forms of G; this work covers cycles and various types of trees. We also introduce the concept of exact node fault tolerance, which requires that every graph obtained by removing k nodes from G* be isomorphic to G, and explore its basic properties. We conclude with a discussion of some unsolved and partially solved problems. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A simple random assignment problem with a unique solution

All agents have the same ordinal ranking over all objects, receiving no object (opting out) may be preferable to some objects, agents differ on which objects are worse than opting out, and the latter information is private. The Probabilistic Serial assignment, improves upon (in the Pareto sense) the Random Priority assignment, that randomly orders the agents and offers them successively the most valuable remaining object. We characterize Probabilistic Serial by efficiency in an ordinal sense, and envy-freeness. We characterize it also by ordinal efficiency, strategyproofness and equal treatment of equals.
The effect and durability of a pregraduation boot cAMP on the confidence of senior medical student entering surgical residencies.

Objective Medical school does not specifically prepare students for surgical internship. Preinternship courses are known to increase confidence in multiple key areas. We examined the immediate effect and durability of effect of a surgical pregraduation preparatory course or “boot camp” on provider confidence in technical and medical management skills. Design A 5-day boot camp was offered to senior medical students (SMS) entering surgical programs. SMS were anonymously surveyed before, after, and 6 months following the course. The same survey was given 6 months into internship to a control group of surgical interns who graduated from the same medical school but did not participate in boot camp before graduation. Data were compared between the time intervals and across cases and controls using the Wilcoxon rank-sum and signed-rank tests and the Student t test. Setting A joint effort between the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, the Department of Surgery at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, and the Penn Medicine Simulation Center in Philadelphia, PA. Participants All senior medical students set to graduate from a single institution entering general surgery or surgery subspecialties were offered the course. Twenty-nine students participated in the course. Results Post-boot camp confidence scores of SMS were significantly greater in all areas except placement of a peripheral intravenous catheter compared with pre-boot camp scores. Six months into internship, the SMS boot camp group felt more confident than controls in their ability to perform a cricothyroidotomy (median 2.5 vs 1.0, p = 0.04) and to insert a chest tube (median 3.3 vs 1.0, p = 0.05). Otherwise, there was no residual difference in confidence levels between the boot camp group and the controls. Conclusions Boot camps can improve self-confidence in young doctors in many areas of perioperative care before enrolling in surgical residency. The effect is most durable in high risk, infrequently performed technical tasks. Future studies are under design to examine the impact of boot camps on the “July Effect.”
Spatial Search and Fishing Location Choice: Methodological Challenges of Empirical Modeling

Recent work in ecology emphasized the spatial patchiness of marine resources. Fish and shellfish populations often occur in clumps or discrete patches of habitat with different population levels and dynamics in each patch. Patches are linked through a set of complex biological and oceanographic factors. This new view has given rise to spatial marine management proposals, including permanent marine reserves and rotating spatial closures. Reserve proposals are particularly popular among ecologists because closed areas can presumably augment the biomass in areas that were overharvested due to stochas-
Ambient air pollution is associated with the increased incidence of breast cancer in US

Women in the United States have among the highest incidence rates of breast cancer. The reasons behind this are not fully understood. In this study we analyzed US ecological data to examine the effect of ambient air pollution on breast cancer incidence. Time trends and regional variations in breast cancer incidence were assessed in relation to emissions of air pollutants. A statistically significant increase in the incidence of female breast cancer in US was observed during 1986–2002, which could occur following the increased emissions of air pollutants as a result of industrial development and automobile use. Emissions of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and volatile organic compounds were shown to be positively associated with breast cancer incidence with r = 0.89, 0.82, 0.71, and 0.68, respectively (p < 0.001). A higher incidence rate of breast cancer was found in high emission regions and metropolitan areas. This study suggests a possible association between air pollution and female b...
On the wave number spectrum of oceanic mesoscale variability observed by the SEASAT altimeter

The wave number spectrum of mesoscale variability in various parts of the oceans is computed on the basis of sea surface height variations measured by the SEASAT altimeter in nearly repeat orbits during the last 24 days of its mission, and it is noted that oceanic spectrum characteristics are dependent on the energy level of the mesoscale variability. On the basis of an assumed horizontal isotropy of mesoscale variability, scalar-wave number spectra of sea surface height and geostrophic kinetic energy are presented and the dynamical implications of these spectra are discussed. A rigorous examination of the effects of residual geoid and atmospheric water vapor on the computed oceanic spectra indicates that the general characteristics of the spectra were not significantly affected by them.
Thin film SOFCs with cobalt-infiltrated cathodes

Abstract Anode-supported SYSZ [i.e., (Sc2O3)0.1(Y2O3)0.01(ZrO2)0.89] thin-film solid oxide fuel cells were evaluated between 650 and 800 °C. Peak power densities and power densities at cell voltages of 0.7 V were 320 and 190 mW/cm2, respectively, at 650 °C, denoted as 320/190/650. Corresponding power densities at other temperature were 1400/1100/800, 990/640/750, and 600/360/700. At 750 °C and lower, the power densities and ASRs (area-specific resistances) were better than those reported for an 8YSZ cell with record performance [S. de Souza, S.J. Visco, L.C. De Jonghe, in Proceeding of the Second European Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Forum, edited by B. Thorstensen, vol. 2 (1996), 677.], while showing a smaller temperature dependence. Further performance improvements of about a factor of 2 were obtained at 650 °C after infiltration of the LSM/YSZ cathodes with a cobalt solution. This improvement persisted up to about 750 °C, being more pronounced at the lower temperatures. The results indicate the potential benefit of cobalt infiltration for reduced temperature SOFCs. AC measurements revealed that the majority of effect resulted from a decrease in the non-ohmic resistance of the cathode. TEM observations found ∼25 nm Co3O4 particles in the pores of the modified LSM-composite cathodes. The AC impedance response following cobalt infiltration indicates a decrease of the effective charge transfer resistance.
Delayed degeneration of the optic tract and neurons in the superior colliculus after forebrain ischemia.

Abstract Neuronal damage induced by 15-min forebrain ischemia was investigated in adult rats 1–5 days (short-term group) and 1–5 months (long-term group) after the initial ischemic attack. In addition to the vulnerable areas reported previously, we observed that the optic tract was also very susceptible. Degeneration of the optic tract and subsequent transsynaptic cell death in the superior colliculus developed slowly and was observed only in the long-term group. The delayed, progressive neuronal damage in this sensory system may serve as a suitable model to investigate the mechanisms of long-term changes in the injured brain.
Determination of the Pore Size of Cell Walls of Living Plant Cells

The limiting diameter of pores in the walls of living plant cells through which molecules can freely pass has been determined by a solute exclusion technique to be 35 to 38 angstroms for hair cells of Raphanus sativus roots and fibers of Gossypium hirsutum, 38 to 40 angstroms for cultured cells of Acer pseudoplatanus, and 45 to 52 angstroms for isolated palisade parenchyma cells of the leaves of Xanthium strumarium and Commelina communis. These results indicate that molecules with diameters larger than these pores would be restricted in their ability to penetrate such a cell wall, and that such a wall may represent a more significant barrier to cellular communication than has been previously assumed.
Time Domain Optical Studies of Dynamics in Supercooled o-Terphenyl: Comparison to Mode Coupling Theory on Fast and Slow Time Scales

Orientational relaxation of supercooled o-terphenyl (OTP) is studied over a wide range of temperatures and time scales using optical heterodyne detected optical Kerr effect techniques. A combination of experimental setups made it possible to study the dynamics for greater than six decades of time (100 fs to hundreds of nanoseconds). The complex shape of the data is analyzed in terms of power laws at intermediate times and an approximately exponential decay at long times. Most features of the relaxation curves are in accord with predictions of mode-coupling theory (MCT) for supercooled liquids. In particular, at long times the relaxation data show a temperature independent shape in the temperature regime 361−290 K. When plotted vs temperature, the long time decay constants scaled by a relationship given by MCT fall on a line as predicted and give a value of the MCT critical temperature, Tc = 285 K, in accord with literature values. On a faster time scale, the slowest of the power law decays has a temperatu...
Wireless networks, physician handhelds use, and medical devices in U.S. hospitals

As wireless technologies such as smartphones, tablets, and other handheld devices continue to permeate into every aspect of everyday life, hospitals have attempted to integrate them into the clinical workflow. Similarly, wireless sensor devices are being used in healthcare institutions that have the infrastructure to support the technology. In this paper, we describe the current state and recent trends of hospital wireless networks, physician use of mobile devices, and medical device technology that interfaces with electronic medical records.
The RNA-binding PUA domain of archaeal tRNA-guanine transglycosylase is not required for archaeosine formation.

Abstract Bacterial tRNA-guanine transglycosylase (TGT) replaces the G in position 34 of tRNA with preQ1, the precursor to the modified nucleoside queuosine. Archaeal TGT, in contrast, substitutes preQ0 for the G in position 15 of tRNA as the first step in archaeosine formation. The archaeal enzyme is about 60% larger than the bacterial protein; a carboxyl-terminal extension of 230 amino acids contains the PUA domain known to contact the four 3′-terminal nucleotides of tRNA. Here we show that the C-terminal extension of the enzyme is not required for the selection of G15 as the site of base exchange; truncated forms of Pyrococcus furiosus TGT retain their specificity for guanine exchange at position 15. Deletion of the PUA domain causes a 4-fold drop in the observed kcat (2.8 × 10–3 s–1) and results in a 75-fold increased Km for tRNAAsp(1.2 × 10–5 m) compared with full-length TGT. Mutations in tRNAAsp altering or abolishing interactions with the PUA domain can compete with wild-type tRNAAsp for binding to full-length and truncated TGT enzymes. Whereas the C-terminal domains do not appear to play a role in selection of the modification site, their relevance for enzyme function and their role in vivo remains to be discovered.
Similarity Criteria for the Laboratory Simulation of Supernova Hydrodynamics

The conditions for validity and the limitations of experiments intended to simulate astrophysical hydrodynamics are discussed, with application to some ongoing experiments. For systems adequately described by the Euler equations, similarity criteria required for properly scaled experiments are identified. The conditions for the applicability of the Euler equations are formulated, based on the analysis of localization, heat conduction, viscosity, and radiation. Other considerations involved in such a scaling, including its limitations at small spatial scales, are discussed. The results are applied to experiments aimed at simulating three-dimensional hydrodynamics during supernova explosions and hydrodynamic instabilities in young supernova remnants. In addition, hydrodynamic situations with significant radiative effects are discussed.
Near field capillary repulsion

Anisotropic microparticles adsorbed at fluid–fluid interfaces create interface deformations and interact because of capillarity. Thus far, much of the work related to this phenomenon has focused on capillary attraction, which is ubiquitous in the far field for microparticles at interfaces. In this paper, we explore capillary repulsion. We study particles at interfaces with contact line undulations having wavelength significantly smaller than the characteristic particle size. By a combination of simulation and experiment, we show that identical microparticles with features in phase attract each other, and microparticles with different wavelengths, under certain conditions, repel each other in the near field, leading to a measurable equilibrium separation. We study these assemblies at air–water and oil–water interfaces. The capillary bond between particles at air–water interfaces is rigid, whereas at oil–water interfaces, the bond between particles with near field repulsion is elastic under perturbation. These results have implications for the capillary assembly of rough microparticles at interfaces, and for the tailoring of mechanics of particle monolayers.
Review of Statistical Aspects of Survey Sampling for Marine Fisheries

Fishery surveys are an essential ingredient of modern fisheries stock assessment. To understand this, one must understand that the survey time series are the essential anchor that makes modern fishery stock assessment modeling possible. Without fishery surveys, fisheries stock assessment scientists would have great difficulty modeling absolute abundance, and therefore agencies would have difficulty setting levels of allowable catch. In this review, we explore the basic assumptions that need to be fulfilled for valid surveys to be accomplished. Although these assumptions are generally well understood, the complexity of survey sampling gear and the complexity of target animal behavior makes them difficult to fulfill in practice and can easily lead to problems when interpreting survey results from even the most carefully designed survey. In reviewing the literature surrounding fishery surveys, their sampling design, modeling, and methods of analysis, it became clear that fisheries scientists have long been p...