cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of an additive and subtractive hybrid manufacturing process planning strategy of planar surface for productivity and geometric accuracy

The directed energy deposition (DED) process enables the production of near net shape parts in the starting form of either powder or wire melted by a focused energy source, such as laser. The target geometry is then built layer by layer. In theory, engineering components with complex shapes can be fabricated with a single setup using a hybrid CNC machine tool, which has capabilities of both DED and traditional subtractive machining processes. However, the issue of inaccurate DED deposited geometry and insufficient material deposition results in the repetition of the hybrid process to achieve the goal geometric dimension. This paper presents a generalized strategy for different materials that plan DED toolpath for the planar geometric feature to achieve its required final geometric dimension by using only a single hybrid manufacturing cycle based on simulated results and validate the strategy experimentally by using a hybrid CNC machine.
BPIFA1 expression in asthmatics

Introduction: Studies on the ubiquitous airway protein bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein fold-containing family member A1 (BPIFA1) have revealed important roles in reducing eosinophilic airway inflammation, relaxing airway smooth muscle, and defending against microbial infection. Aims and Objectives: The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that BPIFA1 expression is reduced in asthmatics. Methods: BPIFA1 protein levels were measured by ELISA from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) supernatants from twenty mild asthmatics and twenty normal volunteers who underwent research bronchoscopy at our center. BPIFA1 gene expression in airway epithelia was analyzed from seven transcriptomic studies involving 355 asthmatics and 193 controls (Tsai et al. ERJ. 2018;51). Results: The concentration of BPIFA1 was significantly lower in BAL samples from asthmatics compared to normal volunteers (9 + 3 vs. 38 + 8 ng/mL, p Conclusions: BPIFA1 protein and BPIFA1 mRNA expression is reduced in the airways and airway epithelia of asthmatics, respectively, suggesting that reduced protein levels are due to down-regulation of expression rather than degradation. Further research characterizing BPIFA1 levels in larger numbers of asthmatics with well-defined phenotypes will help determine if BPIFA1-deficiency contributes to asthma pathogenesis.
Intellectual capital and firm performance of US multinational firms: A study of the resource‐based and stakeholder views

The resource‐based view of the firm maintains that firms achieve a sustainable comparative advantage and earn superior profits by owning or controlling tangible as well as intangible strategic assets. The stakeholder view recommends that a better measure of financial performance than accounting profit is the total wealth created or net value added. Accordingly, this study examines the relationship between a return on total assets based on net value added (a la stakeholder view) and the specific intangible asset of intellectual capital to test the resource‐based view of the firm. The results, using a sample of US multinational firms, are statistically significant in support of both the resource‐based and stakeholder views.
An in silico analogue of in vitro systems used to study epithelial cell morphogenesis

In vitro model systems are used to study epithelial cell growth, morphogenesis, differentiation, and transition to cancer-like forms. MDCK cell lines (from immortalized kidney epithelial cells) are widely used examples. Prominent in vitro phenotypic attributes include stable cyst formation in embedded culture, inverted cyst formation in suspension culture, and lumen formation in overlay culture. We present a low-resolution system analogue in which space, events, and time are discretized; object interaction uses a two-dimensional grid similar to a cellular automaton. The framework enables “cell” agents to act independent using an embedded logic based on axioms. In silico growth and morphology can mimic in vitro observations in four different simulated environments. Matched behaviors include stable “cyst” formation. The in silico system is designed to facilitate experimental exploration of outcomes from changing components and features, including the embedded logic (the in silico analogue of a mutation or epigenetic change). Some simulated behaviors are sensitive to changes in logic. In two cases, the change caused cancer-like growth patterns to emerge.
Fatal Strategies and Film Studies

Jean Baudrillard _Fatal Strategies_ Translated by Philip Beitchman and W. G. J. Niesluchowski Edited by Jim Fleming London: Pluto Press, 1999 ISBN 0-7453-1453-8 191 pp.
Machine Dreams Economics Becomes a Cyborg Science

Acknowledgements 1. Cyborg agonistes 2. Some cyborg genealogies or, how the demon got its bots 3. John von Neumann and the cyborg incursion into economics 4. The military, the scientists and the revised rules of the game 5. Do cyborgs dream of efficient markets? 6. The empire strikes back 7. Core wars 8. Machines who think versus machines that sell Envoi References Index.
Negotiations: Statistical Aspects

‘Negotiation analysis’ seeks to develop prescriptive theory and useful advice for negotiators and third parties. It generally emphasizes the parties' underlying interests, alternatives to negotiated agreement, approaches to productively manage the inherent tension between competitive actions to ‘claim’ value individually and cooperative ones to ‘create’ value jointly, as well as efforts to change perceptions of the game itself. Since advice to one side does not necessarily presume the full game-theoretic rationality of the other side(s), negotiation analysts often draw on the findings of behavioral scientists and experimental economists. Further, this approach does not generally assume that all the elements of the ‘game’ are common knowledge. It tends to de-emphasize the application of game-theoretic solution concepts or efforts to find unique equilibrium outcomes. Instead, to evaluate possible strategies and tactics, negotiation analysts generally focus on changes in perceptions of the ‘zone of possible agreement’ and the (subjective) distribution of possible negotiated outcomes conditional on various actions. It has been used to develop prescriptive advice for the simplest bilateral negotiations between monolithic parties, for negotiations through agents, or with linked ‘internal’ and ‘external’ aspects, for negotiations in hierarchies and networks, as well as for more complex coalitional interactions.
Cyclodextrins: Their Future in Drug Formulation and Delivery

Since their discovery, cyclodextrins and their ability to form inclusion complexes have fascinated chemists, formulators and recently, entrepreneurs. This mini-review has as its objective, a critical assessment of the current status of cyclodextrins in the formulation and delivery of pharmaceuticals and commentary on their potential future uses. The emphasis will be on answers to common questions often asked of pharmaceutical scientists working in this area. Why use cyclodextrins for drug solubilization and stabilization when alternative techniques are available? Why the greater interest in modified cyclodextrins and not the parent cyclodextrins? If a drug forms a strong cyclodextrin inclusion complex, how is the drug releasedin vivo? Does the injection of a cyclodextrin/drug complex alter the pharmacokinetics of the drug? Are there drug products on the market which contain cyclodextrins? What is the regulatory status of cyclodextrins? Although definitive answers to all these questions are not possible at this time, many of these questions are answerable, and educated and informed responses are possible for the rest.
Trace-Element Analysis in Clinical Chemistry

Present knowledge of human bodily contents and concentrations in blood, urine, and hair of 11 essential trace elements and 17-22 nonessential inert or toxic trace elements is reviewed and summarized. Analyses of trace elements are applicable as diagnostic aids and indices for therapy in a number of clinical conditions. Techniques are not difficult, and analyses will probably become more or less routine for many diseases in which primary or secondary abnormalities are manifest. Trace elements play fundamental roles in human metabolism.
EXTRACELLULAR AND INTRACELLULAR CARBON DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE IN THE TOAD BUFO MARINUS

Previous studies of reptiles and amphibians have shown that changing the body temperature consistently produces transient changes in the respiratory exchange ratio (RE) and, hence, changes in whole-body CO2 stores, and that the extracellular fluid compartment contributes to the temperature-related changes in CO2 stores. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the intracellular fluid compartment contributes to the changes in CO2 stores in undisturbed resting cane toads. Increasing body temperature from 10 to 30 degrees C temporarily elevated RE, and returning body temperature to 10 degrees C temporarily lowered RE. The estimated average change in whole-body CO2 stores associated with the transient changes in RE was 1.0 +/- 0.8 mmol kg-1 (+/- S.D., N = 6). Plasma [CO2] and, thus, extracellular fluid [CO2], were unaffected by the temperature change. Plasma calcium levels were also unaffected, so that bone CO2 stores did not contribute to changes in whole-body CO2 stores. Intracellular [CO2] was determined for the lung, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, ventricle, red blood cells, skin and 14 skeletal muscles. [CO2] was significantly lower (P 0.05), had mean values at least 0.5 mmol kg-1 lower at the higher temperature. The average change in intracellular [CO2] for all tissues examined was -0.165 mmol kg-1 degrees C-1. We conclude that, in cane toads, the temperature-related transients in RE result from intracellular CO2 adjustments, that different tissues have unique intracellular CO2/temperature relationships, and that a combination of respiratory and ion-exchange mechanisms is used to adjust pH as temperature changes.
Ascorbic Acid Does Not Increase the Oxidative Stress Induced by Dietary Iron in C3H Mice

Iron is a potent prooxidant that can induce lipid peroxidation. Ascorbic acid, a potent antioxidant, has prooxidant effects in the presence of iron in vitro. We investigated whether ascorbic acid and iron co-supplementation in ascorbic acid-sufficient mice increases hepatic oxidative stress. C3H/He mice were fed diets supplemented with iron to 100 mg/kg diet or 300 mg/kg diet with or without ascorbic acid (15 g/kg diet) for 3 wk. Liver iron concentration, malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) were measured. High dietary iron increased liver iron concentrations slightly (P < 0.05), whereas it dramatically increased hepatic MDA (P < 0.0001). Ascorbic acid increased MDA but only in mice fed the low-iron diet (P < 0.05). The high-iron diet reduced GPx (P < 0.0001), CAT (P < 0.0005), SOD (P < 0.05), and GST (P < 0.005) activities regardless of ascorbic acid supplementation. In contrast, ascorbic acid reduced GPx (P < 0.0001) and CAT (P < 0.05) activities only in mice fed the low-iron diet. In conclusion, ascorbic acid supplementation can have prooxidant effects in the liver. However, ascorbic acid does not further increase the oxidative stress induced by increased dietary iron.
Analytical advances in detection of performance-enhancing compounds

The use and abuse of performance-enhancing substances has been an issue in sports since the ancient Greeks. The availability of numerous synthetic steroids and recombinant peptide hormones has made testing an analytical challenge. Recent advances in mass spectrometry have provided an opportunity to decrease detection limits. The Atlanta Olympic Games in 1996 marked the first time every specimen was screened by gas chromatography (GC) coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS). A further improvement may be seen with GC/MS/MS and quadrupole ion traps. Electrospray HPLC/MS has also been applied to the detection and confirmation of peptide hormones in urine. The ability to detect subtle differences in oligosaccharide structure may provide a way to detect abuse of recombinant glycoproteins. Simply decreasing detection limits is not enough; new technology also allows development of a foundation on which to base interpretation. Application of HPLC/MS/MS has allowed direct measurement of steroid conjugates in urine. The relative importance of sulfate, glucuronide, and other conjugates and metabolites of testosterone and epitestosterone can now be assessed. In the international sports arena, the impact of genetic metabolic disposition must also be considered if we are to provide an equitable system. Further research will establish more-refined criteria for the detection threshold of abused substances.
The service of institutions of higher learning in Tennessee

The first source of information in this connection is Who's Who in America. Assuming that those whose names appear in this book have achieved distinction worthy of mention, a few figures are presented from the volume for 1930-1931. The record shows that there are 428 men and women now living in the state who are mentioned in this book. It may be assumed furthermore that they are serving the state in some notable way. Were these people educated in Tennessee colleges or in colleges of other states? It is surprising that only 167, or 39 per cent, of the total number were educated within the state. Of these 167, only 24, or 17 per cent were educated in the state colleges. The remaining 83 per cent were trained in private and denominational colleges.
Structural characterization of arachidonyl radicals formed by aspirin-treated prostaglandin H synthase-2.

Peroxide-generated tyrosyl radicals in both prostaglandin H synthase (PGHS) isozymes have been demonstrated to couple the peroxidase and cyclooxygenase activities by serving as the immediate oxidant for arachidonic acid (AA) in cyclooxygenase catalysis. Acetylation of Ser-530 of PGHS-1 by aspirin abolishes all oxygenase activity and transforms the peroxide-induced tyrosyl radical from a functional 33–35-gauss (G) wide doublet/wide singlet to a 26-G narrow singlet unable to oxidize AA. In contrast, aspirin-treated PGHS-2 (ASA-PGHS-2) no longer forms prostaglandins but retains oxygenase activity forming 11(R)- and 15(R)-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid and also retains the EPR line-shape of the native peroxide-induced 29–30-G wide singlet radical. To evaluate the functional role of the wide singlet radical in ASA-PGHS-2, we have examined the ability of this radical to oxidize AA in single-turnover EPR studies. Anaerobic addition of AA to ASA-PGHS-2 immediately after formation of the wide singlet radical generated either a 7-line EPR signal similar to the pentadienyl AA radical obtained in native PGHS-2 or a 26–28-G singlet radical. These EPR signals could be accounted for by a pentadienyl radical and a strained allyl radical, respectively. Experiments using 11d-AA, 13(R)d-AA, 15d-AA, 13,15d 2-AA, and octadeuterated AA (d 8-AA) confirmed that the unpaired electron in the pentadienyl radical is delocalized over C11, C13, and C15. A 6-line EPR radical was observed when 16d 2-AA was used, indicating only one strongly interacting C16 hydrogen. These results support a functional role for peroxide-generated tyrosyl radicals in lipoxygenase catalysis by ASA-PGHS-2 and also indicate that the AA radical in ASA-PGHS-2 is more constrained than the corresponding radical in native PGHS-2.
Relationships between the intensity and duration of Peltier heat stimulation and pain magnitude.

Ramp-and-hold heat stimulation with a Peltier thermode is a standard procedure for quantitative sensory testing of human pain sensitivity. Because myelinated and unmyelinated nociceptive afferents respond preferentially to changing and steady temperatures, respectively, ramp-and-hold heat stimulation could assess processing of input from A-delta nociceptors early and C nociceptors late during prolonged thermal stimulation. In order to evaluate the progression from dynamic change to a steady temperature during prolonged Peltier stimulation, recordings of temperatures at the probe–skin interface were obtained. First, recordings of temperature during contact-and-hold stimulation (solenoid powered delivery of a preheated thermode to the skin) provided an evaluation of heat dissipation from the beginning of stimulation, uncontaminated by ramping. The heat-sink effect lasted up to 8 s and accounted in part for a slow increase in pain intensity for stimulus durations of 1–16 s and stimulus intensities of 43–59 °C. Recordings during longer periods of stimulation showed that feedback-controlled Peltier stimulation generated oscillations in temperature that were tracked for up to 75 s by subjects’ continuous ratings of pain. During 120-s trials, sensitization of pain was observed over 45 s after the oscillations subsided. Thus, long-duration stimulation can be utilized to evaluate sensitization, presumably of C nociception, when not disrupted by oscillations in thermode temperature (e.g., those inherent to feedback control of Peltier stimulation). In contrast, sensitization was not observed during 130.5 s of stimulation with alternately increasing and decreasing temperatures that repeatedly activated A-delta nociceptors.
Profiling small molecule inhibitors against helix–receptor interactions: the Bcl-2 family inhibitor BH3I-1 potently inhibits p53/hDM2

We validate a practical methodology for the rapid profiling of small molecule inhibitors of protein–protein interactions. We find that a well known BH3 family inhibitor can potently inhibit the p53/hDM2 interaction.
Slender Solar Sail Booms: Finite Element Analysis

Various aspects related to the numerical (finite element) analysis of the support structure for solar sails are analyzed. Static analyses of single booms (simple beam and isogrid configurations) are presented and dynamic properties are extracted before and beyond the buckling load. Numerical difficulties associated with the case of buckling under nonconservative loading are also explored using as a reference example von Beck’s problem, for which a closed-form solution for comparison is available. A study of the entire support structure for a square solar sail(fourconnectedbooms)isalsopresented.Inallanalyses,attentionisfocusedonthepredictionofthepostbuckling (large deflection) behavior, including dynamics.
Induction of Delayed Hypersensitivity in Guinea Pigs by Aflatoxins, Other Coumarins and Furazolium *

Aflatoxins B 1 , B 2 , G 1 and G 2 , highly toxic mycological metabolic products occurring as food contaminants, were capable in minute quantities of causing delayed hypersensitivity in guinea pigs. Structurally related compounds, sterigmatocystin (a mycotoxin), coumarin, 8-methoxypsoralen and furazolium chloride were also equally or more active in causing delayed hypersensitivity in guinea pigs. Animals which were strongly sensitized to aflatoxin B 1 showed cross-reactivity to other aflatoxins (B 2 , G 1 and G 2 ), sterigmatocystin, coumarins, 8-methoxypsoralen, furans and commerical perfumes. Less strongly immunized animals, on the other hand, showed differential cross-reactivity in that other aflatoxins produced frank erythema whereas closely related compounds were more moderate in action. None of these immunized animals showed any circulating antibodies.
The Escalation of Inter-Nation Conflicts

Abstract Nations engaged in a dispute may escalate their use of coercion in order to raise the costs of the fight to the other side and gain concessions. As a fight continues, escalation is made more probable by changes in the motivation and the expectations of the participants. The goals of each participant may expand and winning the dispute may become more important than it was initially. Each may come to expect the other to increase its coercion beyond previous boundaries and no longer see the prospect of a negotiated settlement. In addition, normative and other inhibitions on the use of force tend to decrease once the use of coercion has begun. The ways in which a conventional war might escalate to a nuclear war are discussed. The conditions under which deescalation of coercion will occur are outlined.
Bubbling the false vacuum away

We investigate the role of nonperturbative, bubblelike inhomogeneities on the decay rate of false-vacuum states in two- and three-dimensional scalar field theories. The inhomogeneities are induced by setting up large-amplitude oscillations of the field about the false vacuum, as, for example, after a rapid quench or in certain models of cosmological inflation. We show that, for a wide range of parameters, the presence of large-amplitude bubblelike inhomogeneities greatly accelerates the decay rate, changing it from the well-known exponential suppression of homogeneous nucleation to a power-law suppression. It is argued that this fast, power-law vacuum decay---known as resonant nucleation---is promoted by the presence of long-lived oscillons among the nonperturbative fluctuations about the false vacuum. A phase diagram is obtained distinguishing three possible mechanisms for vacuum decay: homogeneous nucleation, resonant nucleation, and crossover. Possible applications are briefly discussed.
Mid-IR frequency comb upconversion spectroscopy

We present a mid-infrared frequency comb generated via differency frequency mixing of a Yb femtosecond fiber laser. After passing through a methane gas sample, the MIR comb is upconverted and dispersed onto a CCD for detection.
The emergent urban imaginaries of geosocial media

A class of geosocial software applications has begun to emerge that integrates location and social networking. These applications enable public participation in the production of datasets that reveal patterns of individual perception, interaction, and experience in space. Geosocial data consist of point locations that have been created and tagged by participants with short statements about their perceptions and/or experiences. Increasingly, these data are streamed via map interface by ‘meta-geosocial’ aggregation services and are freely available to the public. In this article I suggest that as geosocial applications become more popular, the composite sketches of place that result from them will constitute increasingly accurate representations of the local collective socio-spatial imaginary. Using data collected from one of the more popular geosocial media services, I explore the proposition that collective digital imaginaries have the potential to emerge from geosocial data. And drawing on the literature of the imaginary, I argue that geosocial-based imaginaries do not simply reflect socio-spatial practice, but also inform and influence the ways that we perceive, experience and interact in space.
Respiratory motoneurons in lampreys

1. Motoneurons to muscles of the branchial basket were identified by physiological critera in isolated brain-gill preparations of small adult lampreys,Petromyzon marinus andIchthyomyzon castaneus. Intracellular stimulation of motoneurons produced one-to-one contractions in ipsilateral motor units; one-to-one electromyographic potentials were also observed (Fig. 2). Motoneurons were confirmed as such by antidromic stimulation (Fig. 3). 2. Identified respiratory motoneurons were located in the IX and X cranial motor nuclei, through which they were distributed somatotopically (Fig. 1). Cells innervating the branchial constrictor, diagonal, gill pouch, and valve muscles were intermixed. Motoneurons marked by intracellular dye injection (Fig. 4) had the same morphology as other cells of the rostral motor nucleus of the vagus. 3. During respiratory movements branchial motoneurons were driven by a periodic and powerful burst of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP's) (Fig. 5). Several observations indicated that these EPSP's were not due to electrical coupling of motoneurons, but rather were produced by unidentified pacemakers in the brain.
Erythropoietin Inhibits Basal and Stimulated Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Release from the Rat Hypothalamus via a Nontranscriptional Mechanism

Brain hypoxia-ischemia induces a local increase in the levels of erythropoietin (EPO) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF); this condition is also associated with acute activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, suggesting that increased levels of EPO and VEGF in the hypothalamus may play a role in the control of HPA function. Thus, in this study we used rat hypothalamic explants to investigate whether EPO and VEGF can directly modulate CRH release; the latter was assessed by RIA measurement of the peptide in the incubation medium and hypothalamic tissue. EPO and VEGF effects were studied in short-term (1–3 h) experiments under basal conditions or after stimulation with 56 mM KCl or 10 μM veratridine. We observed that EPO (1–10 nm) significantly reduced CRH release and, in parallel, increased intrahypothalamic CRH content. VEGF tended to reduce CRH release without reaching statistical significance. Moreover, EPO, but not VEGF, inhibited KCl- and veratridine-stimulated CRH release...
Ultrasonic devulcanization of waste rubbers: Experimentation and modeling

Continuous ultrasonic devulcanization of ground tire rubber (GRT) and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) is considered. Experiments are performed under various processing conditions. Two recipes of SBR with different amounts of polysulfidic linkages are utilized. Gel fraction and crosslink density of devulcanized rubbers are measured and a unique relationship between them is established. Die characteristics with and without imposition of ultrasonic waves are determined. Devulcanized samples are revulcanized and mechanical properties are measured. In some cases, properties of revulcanized SBR samples exceeded those of virgin vulcanizates. This is explained based on the presence of a double network in the revulcanized rubber. A modification of acoustic cavitation and flow modeling of ultrasonic devulcanization of SBR and GRT is proposed using a concept of effective viscosity characterizing the flow of vulcanized particles before devulcanization combined with a shear rate, temperature and gel fraction-dependent viscosity of devulcanized rubber. Velocity, shear rate, pressure, and temperature field along with gel fraction, crosslink density and number of bonds broken are simulated. Predicted data on gel fraction, crosslink density, and pressure using the present modification of the model are found to be closer to experimental data then previously reported.
Viral surveillance and discovery

The field of virus discovery has burgeoned with the advent of high throughput sequencing platforms and bioinformatics programs that enable rapid identification and molecular characterization of known and novel agents, investments in global microbial surveillance that include wildlife and domestic animals as well as humans, and recognition that viruses may be implicated in chronic as well as acute diseases. Here we review methods for viral surveillance and discovery, strategies and pitfalls in linking discoveries to disease, and identify opportunities for improvements in sequencing instrumentation and analysis, the use of social media and medical informatics that will further advance clinical medicine and public health.
Acousto-optics&#8212;A review of fundamentals

The paper first reviews the historical development of acousto-optics and its applications. Following this, a heuristic explanation of acousto-optic effects is presented, with the emphasis on the plane wave model of interaction. Finally, there is a discussion of some basic configurations of relevance to signal processing.
Early Adolescent Cognitions as Predictors of Heavy Alcohol Use in High School

The present study predicts heavy alcohol use across the high school years (aged 14 through 18) from cognitions regarding the use of alcohol assessed in middle school. Using Latent Growth Modeling, we examined a structural model using data from 1011 participants in the Oregon Youth Substance Use Project. In this model, social images and descriptive norms regarding alcohol use in grade 7 were related to willingness and intention to drink alcohol in grade 8 and these variables were subsequently related to the intercept and slope of extent of heavy drinking across the high school years (grades 9 through 12). Across the sample, both descriptive norms and social images influenced the intercept of heavy drinking (in the 9th grade) through willingness to drink alcohol. Multiple sample analyses showed that social images also were directly related to the intercept of heavy drinking, for girls only. Results suggest that cognitions regarding alcohol use in middle school predict subsequent heavy drinking in high school. These findings emphasize the need for prevention programs targeting changing students' social images and encouraging a more accurate perception of peers' use when students are in middle school.
Processing empty categories: A parallel approach.

In many current theories of human sentence processing, the mechanisms and principles proposed to account for data related to processing (1) long-distance dependencies and (2) structural ambiguities, such as garden-path sentences, are independent, despite the fact that deciding whether or not to posit a gap is just a special case of ambiguity resolution. In this paper we demonstrate how the parallel parsing theory proposed by Gibson (1991, in press)—which was developed to account for nongap ambiguity resolution data—also explains a number of gap-positing facts, without additional strategies. In particular, we show how this theory correctly explains filled-object-gap effects and the lack of filled-subject-gap effects in English, as well as certain gap-processing effects in Dutch.
On the mapping of massively parallel processors onto finite element graphs

Abstract Massively parallel processors have been built and some are commercially available. Efficient solution of finite element problems on these machines requires minimizing interprocessor communication bandwidth. This is achieved by mapping adjacent generalized elements as far as possible onto directly connected processors. When the topology of the multiprocessor embeds the communication structure of the finite element mesh, this mapping problem becomes similar to the problem of matching two graphs. However, realistic finite element meshes which include several discretization patterns and a variety of local refinement procedures do not result in graphs that exactly match the wiring of a parallel processor. For this reason, we concentrate here on efficient heuristics that produce a mapping that can minimize the overall communication cost and/or communication bandwidth. Two algorithms are presented, one for MIMD machines and another for SIMD computers. It is shown that over a trivial mapping and with a quite reasonable complexity, both algorithms can significantly reduce the cost/bandwidth of communication of a massively parallel processor.
Storm-Generated Surface Waves and Sediment Resuspension in the East China and Yellow Seas

Abstract Surface winds derived from atmospheric pressure fields are used as input to a finite-depth wind-wave model to predict the sea state during a cold air frontal passage over the Yellow and East China Seas, which occurred 15–18 November 1983. The predicted maximum wave-stress field near the bottom is used to examine the concept of turbulent wave intensities causing sediment resuspension. The temporal variability of the wave field at three sites is used to illustrate the dependence of the bottom response on depth within the Yellow Sea. Maps of the temporal and spatial distribution of index for initiation of sediment movement are computed for different noncohesive sediment materials during this storm period and compared to sedimentological results for this region. This study demonstrates that wave action is a mechanism which can significantly influence the sediment transport pattern induced by the regional circulation existing in this marginal sea. The results also identify regions where winter storm-g...
Post-Irradiation Effects in Field-Oxide Isolation Structures

We have studied experimentally the time dependence of leakage currents in six CMOS (complementary metaloxide semiconductor) processes using LOCOS (local oxidation of silicon) isolation structures. These six process lines represent six different U. S. semiconductor companies. In their radiation response, these processes range from very hard to very soft. In the softer processes, the radiation-induced leakage currents are due to the turning on of a leakage path either under the thick field-oxide or along the transistor edge (bird's beak) region. In the hardest process, the field-oxide did not turn on, and the leakage was entirely due to subthreshold current in the gate region. These different mechanisms have qualitatively different time dependences, which we describe and discuss. We also discuss the implications of our results for hardness assurance testing.
RSR′ pattern and the risk of mortality in men and women free of cardiovascular disease

This study included 6,398 participants (mean age 55 ± 0.34 years; 54% female; 49% white; 22% black; 24% Mexican; 4.3% other) free of clinical cardiovascular disease (CVD) and major ECG abnormalities. Cox regression was used to examine the association between the RSR' (incomplete right bundle branch block (RBBB) or right ventricular conduction delay) pattern and CVD and all-cause mortalities. The RSR' pattern was not associated with an increased risk of CVD (HR=1.10; 95%CI=0.63, 1.91) mortality or all-cause (HR=0.95; 95%CI=0.66, 1.35) mortality. The results were similar when the RSR' pattern was further separated into incomplete RBBB and right ventricular conduction delay. In conclusion, the RSR' pattern is a benign finding in older adults free of clinical CVD.
Computer simulation of atomic collision processes in solids

Computer simulation is a major tool for studying the interactions of swift ions with solids which underlie processes such as particle backscattering, ion implantation, radiation damage, and sputtering. Numerical models are classed as molecular dynamics or binary collision models, along with some intermediate types. Binary collision models are divided into those for crystalline targets and those for structureless ones. The foundations of such models are reviewed, including interatomic potentials, electron excitations, and relationships among the various types of codes. Some topics of current interest are summarized.
Genetic identification of essential indels and domains in carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II of Toxoplasma gondii

New treatments need to be developed for the significant human diseases of toxoplasmosis and malaria to circumvent problems with current treatments and drug resistance. Apicomplexan parasites causing these lethal diseases are deficient in pyrimidine salvage, suggesting that selective inhibition of de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis can lead to a severe loss of uridine 5'-monophosphate (UMP) and thymidine 5'-monophosphate (dTMP) pools, thereby inhibiting parasite RNA and DNA synthesis. Disruption of Toxoplasma gondii carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II (CPSII) induces a severe uracil auxotrophy with no detectable parasite replication in vitro and complete attenuation of virulence in mice. Here we show that a CPSII cDNA minigene efficiently complements the uracil auxotrophy of CPSII-deficient mutants, restoring parasite growth and virulence. Our complementation assays reveal that engineered mutations within, or proximal to, the catalytic triad of the N-terminal glutamine amidotransferase (GATase) domain inactivate the complementation activity of T. gondii CPSII and demonstrate a critical dependence on the apicomplexan CPSII GATase domain in vivo. Surprisingly, indels present within the T. gondii CPSII GATase domain as well as the C-terminal allosteric regulatory domain are found to be essential. In addition, several mutations directed at residues implicated in allosteric regulation in Escherichia coli CPS either abolish or markedly suppress complementation and further define the functional importance of the allosteric regulatory region. Collectively, these findings identify novel features of T. gondii CPSII as potential parasite-selective targets for drug development.
Economic Conditions and Gubernatorial Elections Is the State Executive Held Accountable

This research examines economic retrospective voting in gubernatorial elections. Previous research has suggested that there is little (if any) accountability for state economic conditions in these elections. In the research presented here, however, the author found evidence of economic retrospective voting in the 1990 gubernatorial elections, while controlling for potentially dominant national forces such as presidential popularity and the perceived health of the national economy. These findings (along with some of the more recent research in this area) suggest that perhaps the scholarly conventional wisdom about these elections needs to be reevaluated.
Implementation and evaluation of animation controls sufficient for conveying ASL facial expressions

Technology to automatically synthesize linguistically accurate and natural-looking animations of American Sign Language (ASL) from an easy-to-update script would make it easier to add ASL content to websites and media, thereby increasing information accessibility for many people who are deaf. We are investigating the synthesis of ASL facial expressions, which are grammatically required and essential to the meaning of sentences. To support this research, we have enhanced a virtual human character with face controls following the MPEG-4 Facial Action Parameter standard. In a user-study, we determined that these controls were sufficient for conveying understandable animations of facial expressions.
Personal Computer Based Food Engineering Education

The availability, speed and affordability of personal computers (PCs) enable new possibilities in the education and training of Food Engineers. The use of PCs enables students to grasp complex concepts without getting tangled in computational details, use simulations and ask what-if questions to better understand and visualize phenomena or processes, and eliminate or minimize simplifying assumptions. Internet and World Wide Web make distributed learning possible. Available software are classified into three categories: generalized commercial software such as spreadsheets, semi-specialized but expensive software such as Aspen or MATLAB, and specialized software written by faculty/students in Food Engineering. There is a need to develop educational software by the latter group, since software for small audiences is not economical for commercial software companies. Examples of educational programs are given. A world-wide clearing house for software developed by faculty/students is suggested. The possible mechanisms of such an effort is discussed.
Ureteroscopic endopyelotomy in the treatment of patients with ureteropelvic junction obstruction.

Abstract Objectives. To investigate the effectiveness and morbidity of ureteroscopic endopyelotomy in adults with ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction. Methods. Twenty-two patients (13 women, 9 men) with a mean age of 44 years (range 18 to 86) underwent retrograde ureteroscopic endopyelotomy in the treatment of primary (n = 18) or secondary (n = 4) UPJ obstruction. All procedures were performed using a 6F to 8.5F semirigid ureteroscope with either a 3F electrocautery probe (n = 16) or a 365-μm holmium laser fiber (n = 6). Postoperatively, a tapered 14/7F endoureterotomy stent (n = 11) or standard 7F to 8F double pigtail stent (n = 11) was left in place for 6 to 7 weeks. Radiographic follow-up was obtained using intravenous urography or renal scintigraphy. Results. With a median follow-up of 20.5 months, the success rate was 82% (18 of 22 patients). Follow-up of at least 6 and 12 months was available in 21 (95%) and 17 (77%) of 22 patients, respectively. The mean operative duration was 63 minutes, and all but 1 patient was hospitalized for less than 24 hours. No bleeding complications or other serious morbidity were encountered. No difference in treatment outcome was found on the basis of the size of the stent placed postoperatively, the incision type (cautery versus laser), or the etiology of the obstruction. Conclusions. Ureteroscopic endopyelotomy is an effective, minimally invasive treatment option for patients with primary or secondary UPJ obstruction.
Viscometric Measurement of Chromium(ill)-Polyacrylamide Gels by Weissenberg Rheogoniometer

Gelled polymers are being used increasingly to modify the movement of injected fluids in secondary and enhanced oil recovery processes. A common gelation process involves the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) in the presence of polyacrylamide. The Cr(III) reacts or interacts with the polymer to form a gel network. Although correlations of gelation time with principal process variables have been obtained, viscometric data have not been reported during or after gelation. These data are needed for fluid flow calculations in surface equipment and estimation of flow behavior in reservoir rocks. A Weissenberg Rheogoniometer, with cone and plate geometry, was used to obtain viscometric data for the gelation of polyacrylamide and chromium (III). Solutions consisting of polyacrylamide polymer, sodium dichromate-dihydrate and sodium bisulfite were gelled under a steady shear field at constant temperature. The shear stress vs. time profile for the gelation process was interpreted to define a gelation time and to determine the apparent viscosity of the gelled fluid. The gelation time decreased as the applied shear rate increased up to about 14.25 sec/sup -1/ and was affected by shear rate history. Viscometric properties of the gelled solutions were determined. Apparent viscosity of the gelled solutions decreased as the shearmore » rate under which they were formed increased. Post gelation studies indicated that gels exhibited a residual or yield stress at zero shear rate and behaved as Bingham plastics under steady shear. Gels formed at low shear rates were more viscous than gels formed at high shear rates. However, the structure of these gels was susceptible to shear degradation.« less
On looking for neural networks and "cell assemblies" that underlie behavior. I. A mathematical model.

A list of important features of animal behavior related primarily to learning has suggested to many investigators that an important aspect of brain function is the establishment or modification of functional connections between neural elements. In this paper a considerably, more inclusive list of behavioral features suggests that another important aspect may be the utilization of patterns of activity constituting the resonant responses of linear networks in the brain. To account for the longer list on the basis of connections requires additional assumptions, while both lists follow immediately from the second mechanism. An input locus may become functionally connected to a particular response mode by firing at a frequency which comes to approach the resonant frequency of that mode. The information in a complicated “cell assembly” of the type considered could be transmitted through a nerve tract by a very simple frequency code. One neurological guess is that frequency-coded inputs excite the transients in dedritic networks. It the amplititude of the pattern becomes large, as it would near, resonance, the all-or-none axonal response would become excited. This axonal response would tend to augment resonant patterns and disrupt other patterns, for a reasonal inherent in any linear network. It is shown how the mechanism might be related to the list of important behavioral features, and a numerical illustration is provided. Since this mechanism is automatically present in any linear network, unless special processes suppress it, it must have led to overt hehavior in any animal, possessing such networks. Evolution either suppressed this feature or exploited it. Since its properties resemble those of animal behavior, the latter might be suspected.
Infants who stay in foster care: child characteristics and permanency outcomes of legally free children first placed as infants

Despite growing concern in the United States about the number of children who are entering child welfare care as infants, little empirical attention has been given to the sizable group of these children who are not reunified with their biological families and who then remain in care for long periods. This study examined length of stay and permanency outcomes for 458 legally free children who initially entered out-of-home care as infants. Using a Cox proportional-hazards event history model, the study also explored the effects of race/ethnicity and gender on the likelihood of these children achieving a permanent placement (legalized adoption or guardianship) within a reasonable period of time. African–American children and boys were found to be significantly less likely to achieve permanence than Caucasian children or girls. Across all groups of children in the sample, however, long stays in care were the norm. These findings suggest the need for flexible approaches to permanency, for efforts to better differentiate among infants in care, and for attention to children’s long-term developmental needs as well as to strategies that better assure placement stability.
Solid- and Solution-Phase Structures of Zinc Enolates of Amides and Ketones

Solid-phase structural data for five Zn enolate derivatives are presented. Included are the amide enolates BrZn[CH2C(O)NEt2](thf) (1a), BrZn[CH2C(O)NEt2](dmso) (1b), and BrZn[CH2C(O)NEt2](tBu-py) (...
Aging and protein oxidative damage

The hypothesis that aging is associated with the accumulation of oxidative damage was tested in the adult male housefly by monitoring the loss of membrane protein -SH groups, and activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and alcohol dehydrogenase, the cytosolic enzymes that are particularly susceptible to oxidative damage. Membrane protein -SH content and activities of these enzymes decreased with age and were correlated with the life expectancy or physiological age rather than the chronological age of the flies. Because the experimentally-induced loss of membrane protein -SH groups has a demonstrable deleterious effect on a variety of cellular functions, such damage during aging can be hypothesized to contribute to the physiological attrition associated with senescence.
Classroom Changes in ADHD Symptoms Following Clinic-Based Behavior Therapy

This study examined classroom behavioral outcomes for children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) following their participation in a manualized, 10-week intervention called Family Skills Training for ADHD-Related Symptoms (Family STARS). Family STARS combined behavioral parent training (BPT) and child-focused behavioral activation therapy (CBAT). Participants were children ages 7–10 diagnosed with ADHD-Combined Type. Pre- and post-treatment teacher ratings of ADHD symptoms were compared using a single group, within-subjects research design. Intervention effectiveness was analyzed using paired-samples t-tests. Results indicated statistically significant classroom improvements for externalizing behaviors and attention problems with medium and large main effects (respectively) for the intervention. Possible implications for combining CBAT with BPT for the treatment of ADHD are discussed as well as the relevance of these results for improving the effectiveness and portability of empirically supported interventions.