cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationships among Chinese college students’ defensive pessimism, cultural values, and psychological health

This study examined defensive pessimism, viewed as a self-regulatory strategy in Western cultures, in China among college students, and explored its relationship with Chinese cultural values and students’ psychological health operationalized as adult hope and personal growth initiative. Two-hundred and thirty Chinese students from a comprehensive university in Beijing, China, participated in the study. Data were analyzed by using structural equation modeling. The results showed that all the measures used in the study were valid for our sample. The inferential modeling demonstrated that reflectivity, but not pessimism, subscale of defensive pessimism correlated with Chinese cultural values. Additionally, pessimism and reflectivity predicted psychological health in opposite directions. Reflectivity contributed to hope and positive growth initiative, but pessimism decreased these psychological health indicators. The results seemed to suggest that reflectivity, but not pessimism, captured the essence of defen...
Approach to Optimize Anti-TNF-α Therapy in Patients With IBD

Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is an inflammatory cytokine that plays a major role during the initiation and perpetuation of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Anti-TNF-α agents are the most widely used biologics that specifically target either or both circulating and membrane-bound TNF-α, thus preventing its pro-inflammatory activity. Despite their efficacy, one third of the patients receiving anti-TNF-α agents are primary non-responders and nearly half of the patients that initially respond may subsequently lose response (secondary loss of response). Many of these cases can be explained by immunogenicity, which can lead to lower drug levels associated with reduced response and serious adverse effects that cause patients to withdraw from treatment. New treatment algorithms instruct practitioners to check drug and antibody levels when there is loss of response, and then provide guidance towards either dose optimization and/or change in the biologic agent or class to help regain efficacy.
From the Welfare State to the Militarized Market: Losing Choices, Controlling Losers

Beneath a libertarian surface, free market economic ideas and policies have helped rationalize the strengthening of anti-democratic moral and political fundamentalism. The triumph of market freedom has been accompanied by increasing authoritarian government control in many spheres. This chapter explains how a two-step rhetorical move in prevailing economic ideology turns authoritarianism and austerity into the route to freedom and growth. First, free market ideology constructs the increasingly limited and bad economic choices of a declining welfare state and rising plutocracy as an opportunity for enhanced market freedom. Second, free market rhetoric identifies welfare state protections with market losers who threaten others gains, so that security seems to come from controlling rather than supporting those who are most insecure. As with the market fundamentalism in Lochner v. New York, constrained choices can be reconstructed as free choices by masking the role of law in coercing and penalizing many peoples’ choices in the interests of privileging some interests. The ideology of market freedom contains a contradiction: if freedom comes from maximizing unconstrained self-interested gain in a harsh world of zero-sum competition, then maximizing one’s freedom can mean imposing the most constraint on others. Market winners will not be those who best make the tough choices necessary to maximize resources within given constraints, but those who create better choices for themselves by mobilizing government power to constrain others. This strategy permeates foreign policy that links military and corporate power to control global competition, and it shapes domestic policies controlling struggling workers and racialized groups through mass incarceration and the criminalization of immigration. I connect these authoritarian systems of popular control with the analysis of welfare reform policies of the 1990s, showing how restrictions on poor mothers were rationalized as expanding their “freedom of choice” by making their power to bargain for better choices appear pathological. Finally, I explore this construction of constrained choices as free choice in recent discussions of health care reform and the recent financial market crisis. In the prevailing contemporary debates about regulating financial and health insurance markets, individual freedom appears to come from concentrating rather than democratizing power because of an implicit assumption of a natural moral and political order in which most people deserve little freedom or security. Underneath the rhetoric of free choice lies a ideology of profound choicelessness that denies the freedom and power to use law to respond to insecurity by creating better market choices rather than by constraining market losers.
Therapeutic Angiogenesis for Ischemic Vascular Disease

Until recently, it was thought that physiological angiogenesis, the formation of small capillary blood vessels from existing ones, was confined in adults solely to wound healing and development of the endometrium, corpus luteum, and placenta. But angiogenesis and arteriogenesis, the formation of larger collateral vessels with surrounding muscle-derived cells, are now recognized as part of the physiological response to ischemia or injury. Development of collaterals in response to chronic ischemia helps maintain blood flow and oxygenation and therefore is a beneficial angiogenesis. Pathological angiogenesis is commonly associated with tumor growth, retinopathy, psoriasis, hemangiomas, and rheumatoid arthritis.
From Physical Time to Human Time

Time as experienced is said to have several properties that the physical image of time lacks.
Effectiveness of Bacillus thuringiensis Against the Southern Pine Coneworm, Dioryctria amatella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

The efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner against the southern pine coneworm, Dioryctria amatella (Hulst), was determined in laboratory bioassays. First-stage larvae were most susceptible to B. thuringiensis with an LC50 value of 0.64 IU/ml diet. Older larvae became less susceptible to B. thuringiensis , but died more quickly. The LC50 for second stage larvae on loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., cone dipped in water suspensions of B. thuringiensis was 42.3 IU/ml. These data indicate that D. amatella larvae are highly susceptible to B. thuringiensis .
Theoretical Prediction of Zinc Blende Phase GaN Avalanche Photodiode Performance Based on Numerically Calculated Electron and Hole Impact Ionization Rate Ratio

In this paper, we present the first calculations of the electron and hole initiated interband impact ionization rate in zinc blende phase GaN as a function of the applied electric field strength. The calculations are performed using an ensemble Monte Carlo simulator including the full details of the conduction and valence bands along with a numerically determined, wave-vector dependent interband ionization transition rate determined from an empirical pseudopotential calculation. The first four conduction bands and first three valence bands, which fully comprise the energy range of interest for device simulation, are included in the analysis. It is found that the electron and hole ionization rates are comparable over the full range of applied electric field strengths examined. Based on these calculations an avalanche photodiode, APD, made from bulk zinc blende GaN then would exhibit poor noise and bandwidth performance. It should be noted however, that the accuracy of the band structure employed and the scattering rates is presently unknown since little experimental information is available for comparison. Therefore, due to these uncertainties, it is difficult to unequivocally conclude that the ionization rates are comparable.
Comprehensive analysis of disinfection quality of private and grassroots medical institutions in a city

Objective To understand the status of disinfection quality of private medical institutions and community health services in a city,and to provide the basis for strengthening the supervision and management. Methods By using the method of retrospective investigation,the monitoring results of disinfection and sterilization quality of the private and community health service institutions and private clinics in Wuhan city were statistically analyzed. Results In the period 2010 to2013,6 423 sampless were collected from the different objects disinfection in 257 grassroots medical institutions and the average pass rate of disinfection quality was 86. 86%. The qualified rate of private medical institutions,community health services,private clinics pass rate was 89. 44%,87. 89%,83. 09% respectively. The pass rate of the different monitoring objects,indoor air quality and medical staff hand disinfection was 73. 15% and 76. 75% respectively and pressure steam sterilizer monitoring pass rate was 93. 88%. Conclusion The quality pass rate of urban disinfection and sterilization was low overall in the private and grassroots medical institutions. Medical staff hand hygiene and pressure steam sterilizer should be improved as the key object,and strengthen supervision.
Incident Reporting and Biosafety Training in a BSL-3 Select Agent Facility

Incident reporting is an important component of any biosafety program. Effective analysis of incident report data can be used to evaluate compliance with standard operating procedures (SOPs) and th...
Editorial Commentary: Atherogenesis.

Endothelial cells preserve their atheroprotective phenotypic expression by promoting vascular homeostasis with regulations of vascular tone, cell adhesiveness, inflammatory responses, coagulation, and permeability [1]. Endothelial cell activation promotes transmigration of inflammatory cells—primarily neutrophils and monocytes—in the subendothelial layers through phenotypic expression of adhesion molecules. The migrating monocytes that differentiate into tissue macrophages (mononuclear phagocytes) to engulf oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles are known as foam cells and these early lesions are known as intimal xanthomas or “fatty streaks” [2]. Over time, cholesterol-engorged macrophages undergo apoptotic cell death; meanwhile efferocytosis (phagocytosis of apoptotic cells) does not suffice to scavenge large amounts of foam cells, promoting accumulation of apoptotic debris known as lipid-rich pool or necrotic core [3]. This process poses a major inflammatory nidus facilitating smooth muscle cells’ (SMCs) transmigration from the tunica media to intima. SMCs produce extracellular matrix including type I collagen—a major load bearing molecule—and elastin, forming a durable fibrous cap that covers the apoptotic debris. This type of progressive atherosclerotic lesion is the fibrous cap atheroma or fibroatheroma, further classified according to the thickness of the cap to either thick-capped fibroatheroma (ThCFA) or thin-capped FA (TCFA). TCFAs are recognized as best discriminators of plaque vulnerability and frequently have a cap thickness of o65 μm, a burden of macrophage infiltration of 425 cells/0.3mm diameter, and a large necrotic lipid core [4].
Mixed Essays (1879), Irish Essays (1882), Discourses in America (1885), Essays in Criticism, Second Series (1888)

By the summer of 1878, Arnold was planning a book that would collect together the eight essays he had published since the beginning of 1877: ‘Equality’, ‘Irish Catholicism and British Liberalism’, ‘Porro Unum Est Necessarium’, ‘A Guide to English Literature’, ‘Falkland’, ‘A French Critic on Milton’, ‘A French Critic on Goethe’ and ‘George Sand’. He decided to place the retitled ‘Democracy’, previously published as the Preface to The Popular Education of France in 1861, at the front of the collection. However, Last Essays had not sold well, and when he offered a formal proposal to Smith in August, the publisher was not enthusiastic. Smith finally agreed to pay Arnold £50 for an edition of 1000 copies, which appeared in March 1879. In spite of the eclectic nature of the book’s contents, Arnold was hopeful about its success because ‘it has a good deal of literature mixed up with it’ and would thus please readers who had been asking for more literary studies like those from the ‘Essays in Criticism’ period. As it turned out, Mixed Essays was at least moderately successful, and a second edition was called for in June 1880.
Atlanta households’ willingness to increase urban forests to mitigate cimate change

Abstract Investments in urban forests have been increasing in many US cities. Urban forests have been shown to provide countless ecosystem benefits with many addressing climate change issues, such as sequestering carbon, reducing air pollution, and decreasing the heat island effect. Individual groups within the American public may not respond to the issue of climate change in the same way, thus engaging each group in climate change solutions will require different approaches. It is therefore important to understand how the public perceives climate change, their values and preferences, and barriers that might constrain their engagement to policy solutions. A mail survey was implemented, focused on households’ willingness to support and pay for urban forests as a climate change mitigation method. Atlanta, Georgia, USA was selected for this study given its environmental issues such as heat island effect and land cover changes, including conversion of forestland, that come with rapid population growth and urban sprawl. A Tobit model was used to model willingness-to-pay as a function of several variables derived from survey results; and a multivariate weighting strategy was used to address nonresponse issues. The analysis showed that Atlanta households are willing to pay $1.05 million to $1.22 million per year, or $5.24 to $6.11 million over a five-year period. The WTP amount was significantly related with the residents’ income, media source from where they received climate information, and the relative coverage of tree canopy around their residence. Results are relevant to city managers who are interested in understanding the public value of urban greening programs and developing strategies or policies to expand urban forests as part of a climate change strategy.
Traumatic brain injury results in acute rarefication of the vascular network

The role of the cerebrovascular network and its acute response to TBI is poorly defined and emerging evidence suggests that cerebrovascular reactivity is altered. We explored how cortical vessels are physically altered following TBI using a newly developed technique, vessel painting. We tested our hypothesis that a focal moderate TBI results in global decrements to structural aspects of the vasculature. Rats (naive, sham-operated, TBI) underwent a moderate controlled cortical impact. Animals underwent vessel painting perfusion to label the entire cortex at 1 day post TBI followed by whole brain axial and coronal images using a wide-field fluorescence microscope. Cortical vessel network characteristics were analyzed for classical angiographic features (junctions, lengths) wherein we observed significant global (both hemispheres) reductions in vessel junctions and vessel lengths of 33% and 22%, respectively. Biological complexity can be quantified using fractal geometric features where we observed that fractal measures were also reduced significantly by 33%, 16% and 13% for kurtosis, peak value frequency and skewness, respectively. Acutely after TBI there is a reduction in vascular network and vascular complexity that are exacerbated at the lesion site and provide structural evidence for the bilateral hemodynamic alterations that have been reported in patients after TBI.
A Singular Universe of Many Singularities: Cultural Evolution in a Cosmic Context

Nature’s myriad complex systems—whether physical, biological or cultural—are mere islands of organization within increasingly disordered seas of surrounding chaos. Energy is a principal driver of the rising complexity of all such systems within the expanding, ever-changing Universe; indeed energy is as central to life, society, and machines as it is to stars and galaxies. Energy flow concentration—in contrast to information content and negentropy production—is a useful quantitative metric to gauge relative degree of complexity among widely diverse systems in the one and only Universe known. In particular, energy rate densities for human brains, society collectively, and our technical devices have now become numerically comparable as the most complex systems on Earth. Accelerating change is supported by a wealth of data, yet the approaching technological singularity of 21st century cultural evolution is neither more nor less significant than many other earlier singularities as physical and biological evolution proceeded along an undirectional and unpredictable path of more inclusive cosmic evolution, from big bang to humankind. Evolution, broadly construed, has become a powerful unifying concept in all of science, providing a comprehensive worldview for the new millennium—yet there is no reason to claim that the next evolutionary leap forward beyond sentient beings and their amazing gadgets will be any more important than the past emergence of increasingly intricate complex systems. Nor is new science (beyond non-equilibrium thermodynamics) necessarily needed to describe cosmic evolution’s interdisciplinary milestones at a deep and empirical level. Humans, our tools, and their impending messy interaction possibly mask a Platonic simplicity that undergirds the emergence and growth of complexity among the many varied systems in the material Universe, including galaxies, stars, planets, life, society, and machines.
The quantum logic of direct-sumdecompositions: the dual to the quantum logic of subspaces

ince the pioneering work of Birkhoff and von Neumann, quantum logic has been interpreted as the logic of (closed) subspaces of a Hilbert space. There is a progression from the usual Boolean logic of subsets to the "quantum logic" of subspaces of a general vector space--which is then specialized to the closed subspaces of a Hilbert space. But there is a "dual" progression. The set notion of a partition (or quotient set or equivalence relation) is dual (in a category-theoretic sense) to the notion of a subset. Hence the Boolean logic of subsets has a dual logic of partitions. Then the dual progression is from that logic of set partitions to the quantum logic of direct-sum decompositions (i.e., the vector space version of a set partition) of a general vector space--which can then be specialized to the direct-sum decompositions of a Hilbert space. This allows the quantum logic of direct-sum decompositions to express measurement by any self-adjoint operators. The quantum logic of direct-sum decompositions is dual to the usual quantum logic of subspaces in the same sense that the logic of partitions is dual to the usual Boolean logic of subsets.
Anti-PD-L1 therapy and the onset of diabetes mellitus with positive pancreatic autoantibodies.

An 84-year-old woman with metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the nasopharynx and no history of diabetes was started on the antiprogrammed cell death ligand-1 (anti-PD-L1) antibody durvalumab. Four months later, she presented in diabetic ketoacidosis with glucose 488 mg/dL, anion gap 16, positive serum ketones and A1C9.1%. Antiglutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD) antibody was 13 U/mL (normal,
Examining Chi-Square Test Statistics Under Conditions of Large Model Size and Ordinal Data

This study examined the effect of model size on the chi-square test statistics obtained from ordinal factor analysis models. The performance of six robust chi-square test statistics were compared a...
Motivations of Animal Cruelty Acts and Other Violence

Motivations are difficult to measure since they rely on a combination of self-report from the offender, victim, crime scene, and act of violence. Animal victims cannot share their views of the offender’s behavior. Felthous (1986) noted that motivation is important to understand and along with Kellert presented nine motivations for animal cruelty.
Military and Civilian Undergraduates: Attitudes Toward Women, Masculinity, and Authoritarianism

The influence of civilian and military college environments and undergraduates' sex on gender role attitudes and authoritarianism was investigated. Three hundred thirteen male and 69 female, primarily white middle-class students at the United States Naval Academy, United States Air Force Academy, Reserve Officer Training Corps, and a civilian university participated. Approximately 7% were Hispanic, 6% African-American, and 5% Asian-American. Military students had the most traditional authoritarian beliefs and gender role attitudes. When men only were analyzed, USNA males were the most traditional in their attitudes toward women and in antifemininity attitudes. ROTC men were the most traditional in authoritarianism and in status beliefs. All military-affiliated men held more traditional toughness attitudes than did civilian men. USNA men had the most traditional attitudes toward women as compared to the USNA females and civilian females and males.
Type III Hypersensitivity

This section describes collagen vascular diseases with evidence for a type III hypersensitivity component. Other immunologic events and mechanisms may be participating in the pathogenesis of this group of diseases as well. These disorders are typically multisystemic with protean manifestations affecting the joints, muscles, bursae, and tendons. Ocular inflammation is common and is often considered a major diagnostic criterion for establishing a clinical diagnosis in several of these disorders (Table 17.1).1
Soziologie als „Brücke und Weg“

Albert Salomon kam in der ersten Halfte der 1920er Jahre, wohl vermittelt uber seinen Heidelberger Lehrer Emil Lederer,2 mit Rudolf Hilferding in Kontakt. Hilferding hatte 1924, kurz nach seinem Ausscheiden aus dem Amt als Finanzminister des Kabinetts Stresemann, die Zeitschrift Die Gesellschaft. Internationale Revue fur Sozialismus und Politik gegrundet. Salomon, der sich mit Hilferding befreundete, publizierte in der Gesellschaft zwischen 1926 und 1933 insgesamt 42 Texte, ein Grosteil davon Rezensionen. Nachdem Hilferding 1928 unter Reichskanzler Hermann Muller erneut Finanzminister wurde, wurde Salomon die redaktionelle Verantwortung fur die Zeitschrift ubertragen. Neben heute kaum noch bekannten Autoren zahlen zu den von Salomon Rezensierten z.B. Ernst Fraenkel, Hermann Heller, Herbert Marcuse, Carl Schmitt, Ferdinand Tonnies und Alfred Weber. Die im Folgenden abgedruckte Rezension des zweiten Bandes (von insgesamt dreien nebst Erganzungsband) des Jahrbuch fur Soziologie, das der Frankfurter auserordentliche Professor Gottfried Salomon3 1926 herausgab, fallt nicht nur durch ihren verhaltnismasig breiten Umfang auf. Sie ist uberdies aufgrund ihres Gegenstands fur das Verstandnis der Denkentwicklung Salomons von besonderem Interesse. Denn der Herausgeber des Jahrbuchs verstand es als einen „Uberblick uber unsere Wissenschaft“, die Soziologie, und die Soziologie selbst als „Ausdruck einer neuen Geisteslage und kollektivistische[ n] Gesamteinstellung“.4 Insofern ermoglicht Salomons Rezension einen Eindruck seines Uberblicks uber die Soziologie und seiner Einschatzung des Verhaltnisses der Soziologie zur Geisteslage der Gegenwart Mitte der 1920er Jahre, zu der Zeit, als ihm die Soziologie zum Beruf zu werden begann.
Evolution and Biogeography of Orionina in the Atlantic, Pacific and Caribbean: Evolution and Speciation in Ostracoda, II

We studied the evolution and paleobiogeography of the marine ostracod genus Orionina Puri, 1953 by examining specimens from 23 Neogene and Quaternary formations and Holocene material from the Atlantic Coastal Plain, the Caribbean, Central and South America, and the central and western Pacific. Inter- and intraspecific variation in carapace length, surface ornamentation and internal features obtained by morphometric analysis and scanning electron microscopy showed post-middle Miocene Orionina can be grouped into 7 species, including two new species, O. boldi and 0. brouwersae . Biostratigraphical and biogeographical data show that geographical isolation of large populations by the Isthmus of Panama since the Pliocene did not result in morphologic divergence, but that the isolation of small populations on remote central and western Pacific islands and atolls resulted in the differentiation of the species O. flabellacosta Holden, 1976 and O. brouwersae n. sp. Inter-and intraspecific variation in Orionina carapace morphology is illustrated with scanning electron photomicrographs.
Anomalous Vertical Deviations in Attempted Abduction Occur in the Majority of Patients With Esotropic Duane Syndrome.

Purpose To describe a phenomenon, depression in attempted abduction, not previously recognized as a feature of Duane syndrome (DS). Design Retrospective, observational case series. Methods Setting : Institutional practice. Patient Population : Patients diagnosed with esotropic DS at Boston Children's Hospital from 2002 to 2015. Patients with clinical photographs documenting horizontal gaze were included. Patients with prior strabismus surgery were excluded. Observation Procedures : Patients were classified into 3 groups according to their vertical eye position in attempted abduction: midline group, depression group, and elevation group. Group assignment was performed by 3 independent ophthalmologists. Baseline characteristics, eye movement, and ocular deviation were compared among the 3 groups. Main Outcome Measures : Horizontal and vertical deviation on attempted abduction in the DS eye. Results Depression in attempted abduction was present in 74 of 113 unilateral patients (66%) and 18 of 42 gradable eyes (43%) of bilateral patients. Abduction limitation was significantly less severe in the midline group (median: -3.0) than in the depression group (median: -4.0) (P = .01). Vertical deviation in attempted abduction was more severe in the elevation group than in the depression group (P = .003). Conclusions Depression of the eye in attempted abduction has not been widely described, yet it is present in the majority of DS patients. It is more likely to occur with more severe abduction limitation. This phenomenon is likely another form of dysinnervation in DS, the result either of anomalous vertical rectus muscle activation or asymmetric lateral rectus muscle innervation during attempted abduction. Awareness of vertical deviation in attempted abduction may facilitate surgical planning in affected patients.
Initial report of a phase I study of LY2510924 with idarubicin and cytarabine (IA) in relapsed/refractory (R/R) AML.

7026Background: LY2510924 is a peptide antagonist of CXCR4, a key component of the CXCR4/SDF-1 signaling axis that is critical for homing of stem cells in the bone marrow and activation of downstre...
2350 Creating a comprehensive municipal inventory of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) to predict allergenic pollen exposures

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: One of the key difficulties in predicting allergenic pollen exposures has been a lack of information on source plant location and abundance. However, the increasing availability of spatially explicit data from remote sensing offers new opportunities to create comprehensive inventories of allergenic pollen producing plants. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: In this study, we use a spatially oriented field survey to map common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) in Detroit, MI, USA. We then combine this with remote sensing imagery and LiDAR to predict ragweed presence and potential pollen production across 344 km2 of Detroit. Finally, we compare this with measurements of airborne pollen concentrations collected throughout the city. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Our initial results show that ragweed is present in ~2% of the city, and its presence and abundance are strongly associated with demolished building (p<0.001). The uneven distribution of ragweed plants across the city leads to substantially higher pollen concentrations in neighborhoods where more buildings have been recently demolished. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Our approach offers an effective way to quantify allergenic pollen production, airborne concentrations, and exposures across a large metropolitan area. This in turn provides insight on how to best reduce airborne pollen concentrations: in this case, by changing post-demolition land management practices.
Defining Endodontic Residents' Clinical Experiences: A National Survey.

Endodontic residency programs across the U.S. vary in the exposure they provide to residents in procedures, protocols, and equipment. Having information on the range of clinical experiences provided in programs would be useful for program directors and for applicants who are seeking the best fit for their residency. The aim of this study was to collect information from residents in U.S. endodontic residency programs about the procedures and equipment they experienced in their programs. In January 2018, a 14-question survey was emailed to all 437 endodontic residents with an email address in the 2016-17 American Association of Endodontists Membership Directory. Survey items asked about the number of endodontic procedures, techniques employed, and products used in residents’ programs. A total of 133 endodontic residents responded to all or part of the survey, for a 30% response rate. The majority reported completing 151-250 nonsurgical root canals, 26-50 nonsurgical retreatments, 0-10 surgical retreatments, and 0-10 regenerative endodontic procedures during their residencies. All respondents said they used a surgical operating microscope (SOM), and 82% reported using a multi-file rotary system for nonsurgical procedures. Respondents reported that the main instruments they used were Dentsply Sirona file systems, and the most commonly used obturation technique was warm vertical compaction/condensation, reported by 92% of respondents. These endodontic residents reported being exposed to a variety of procedures, products, and protocols during their residency. Based on information they provided, prospective endodontic residency applicants can expect to use the SOM for treatment, to gain extensive experience in primary nonsurgical endodontic treatment, and to not perform endodontic surgery during their first year of postgraduate training.
A Characterization For Entangled Vectors

This article presents a simple characterization for entangled vectors in a finite dimensional Hilbert space $H$. The characterization is in terms of the coefficients of an expansion of the vector relative to an orthonormal basis for $H$. This simple necessary and sufficient condition contains a restriction and we also present a more complicated condition that is completely general. Although these characterizations apply to bipartite systems, we show that generalizations to multipartite systems are also valid.
QuantiFERON®-TB Gold In-Tube reliability for immigrants with parasitic infections in Boston, USA.

SETTING Accurate testing and treatment for latent tuberculous infection is necessary for tuberculosis elimination. Certain parasite infections are associated with increased tuberculin skin test positivity; species-specific effects on QuantiFERON®-TB Gold In-Tube (QGIT) have not been described. OBJECTIVE To determine whether infection with helminths or protozoa affects QGIT results. DESIGN We retrospectively analyzed QGIT and parasite testing results for immigrants screened in Boston, MA, USA, from 2012 to 2017. We also prospectively measured cytokines in QGIT supernatants for a subset (n = 68) with 1) helminths, 2) Blastocystis hominis, 3) other protozoa, and 4) no parasites. RESULTS Of 527 immigrants screened, 141 (26.8%) were QGIT-positive and 229 (43.4%) had parasites detected: 27/527 (5.1%) had helminths and 202/527 (38.3%) protozoa. Cytokine analysis revealed increased interleukin-10 concentrations with protozoa (P = 0.04), and non-significantly higher T-helper 2 concentrations with helminths compared with no parasites. No significant differences emerged in QGIT positivity or interferon-gamma concentrations in any group. CONCLUSION Study results support the use of QGIT in parasite-endemic settings. .
Breastfeeding and Its Relationship to Childhood Respiratory Allergies and Allergic Asthma a Longitudinal Study (P11-104-19)

Objectives Breastfeeding might be associated with respiratory allergy and asthma subtypes(i.e., allergic asthma), but such relations have never been examined yet in the US. Therefore, the aims of the study were: To examined the association between breastfeeding and respiratory allergy in children aged six years. To examined the association between breastfeeding and asthma including asthma subtypes (allergic) in children aged six years Our hypothesis was that exclusively breastfeeding for 3 months would reduce the risk of developing childhood respiratory allergy and allergic asthma.
The Effect of Midyear Report Cards on Colonoscopy Quality Measures

Introduction. Since 2011, our institution has distributed annual reports, in June, to providers with personalized data regarding adenoma detection rate (ADR), colonoscope withdrawal time (CW), and cecal intubation (CI) rate, using standardized reporting systems. We examined the impact of distribution of individualized reports at the midpoint of each year on colonoscopy outcomes in the latter half of each year. Methods. Providers with endoscopy privileges, performing ≥20 colonoscopies/year, at our center throughout a five-year period (2011-2015) were included. The three metrics recorded and reported were ADR, CW, and CI using standard benchmark rates. The mean values of each metric from January through June (1st half) and July through December (2nd half) were calculated. Curve estimation test was used to determine the significance of ADR in the respective time period. Results. Fifteen providers were eligible for the study. Collective ADR in the 1st half of all years was 26.9% and in the second half of all years was 28.1% ( ). CW for all years was more than 9 minutes while CI was above 90% for all providers. There was no significant increase in the CI and CW during the 5-year study period. Overall, ADR increased from 26.43% (2011) to 33.47% (2015) ( ). When examining ADR during each of the 12 months following the June report cards, there was no month-to-month trend observed ( ). Conclusion. Endoscopists at our institutions met/exceeded the quality metrics in the first half of each year from the beginning of the study. Routine reporting may maintain, but not improve, outcomes. Long-term studies to determine if periodic feedback to endoscopists improves the quality of endoscopy as per national standards for detection of early colorectal cancers are required.
Chapter 12 – Environmental Biotechnology

The environment around us has always been a source of new products and stimulated our imagination in developing new technologies. Our species is very successful at harnessing the environment for our benefit. We are also good at destroying or harming the environment for immediate gains. The readily visible world has been charted and mapped, but areas under the ocean and in the deep recesses of jungles are still unknown. In fact, many parts of the visible world still harbor unknown life forms invisible to the naked eye, including bacteria and viruses. These are found in the air, water, and land. Many have unique metabolisms, and some have abilities never seen before. Many can live in extreme environments once thought too hot or too dry for life to exist.
Why distillation helps: a statistical perspective

Knowledge distillation is a technique for improving the performance of a simple "student" model by replacing its one-hot training labels with a distribution over labels obtained from a complex "teacher" model. While this simple approach has proven widely effective, a basic question remains unresolved: why does distillation help? In this paper, we present a statistical perspective on distillation which addresses this question, and provides a novel connection to extreme multiclass retrieval techniques. Our core observation is that the teacher seeks to estimate the underlying (Bayes) class-probability function. Building on this, we establish a fundamental bias-variance tradeoff in the student's objective: this quantifies how approximate knowledge of these class-probabilities can significantly aid learning. Finally, we show how distillation complements existing negative mining techniques for extreme multiclass retrieval, and propose a unified objective which combines these ideas.
Altering age and gender stereotypes by creating the Halo and Horns Effects with facial expressions

This study examined the impact of a variable, facial expression, on the social perception and personality trait stereotypic inferences made to age and gender. Twelve facial photographs of young and old female and male models posing with either smiling, scowling, or neutral facial expressions were presented to participants who judged various social perceptions and personality traits. Results indicated that facial expression is strongly associated with two very different inference groupings. Smiling induced positive inferences, creating a Halo Effect, scowling induced negative inferences, creating a Horns Effect. Smiling influenced the age and gender inferences in a positive direction, and scowling did the opposite. The age and gender stereotypical inferences made to the neutral facial expression were in-between smiling and scowling. In all model configurations, the impact of smiling or scowling on the inference process was much stronger than either age or gender. However, significant age and gender inference differences were found in all three facial expression conditions, indicating that facial expressions did not completely subdue the use of these variables as inference inducers. The results are discussed in terms of how specific facial expressions can be used to positively or negatively influence age and gender stereotypes.
Deep-learning-based surrogate flow modeling and geological parameterization for data assimilation in 3D subsurface flow

Abstract Data assimilation in subsurface flow systems is challenging due to the large number of flow simulations often required, and by the need to preserve geological realism in the calibrated (posterior) models. In this work we present a deep-learning-based surrogate model for two-phase flow in 3D subsurface formations. This surrogate model, a 3D recurrent residual U-Net (referred to as recurrent R-U-Net), consists of 3D convolutional and recurrent (convLSTM) neural networks, designed to capture the spatial–temporal information associated with dynamic subsurface flow systems. A CNN-PCA procedure (convolutional neural network post-processing of principal component analysis) for parameterizing complex 3D geomodels is also described. This approach represents a simplified version of a recently developed supervised-learning-based CNN-PCA framework. The recurrent R-U-Net is trained on the simulated dynamic 3D saturation and pressure fields for a set of random ‘channelized’ geomodels (generated using 3D CNN-PCA). Detailed flow predictions demonstrate that the recurrent R-U-Net surrogate model provides accurate results for dynamic states and well responses for new geological realizations, along with accurate flow statistics for an ensemble of new geomodels. The 3D recurrent R-U-Net and CNN-PCA procedures are then used in combination for a challenging data assimilation problem involving a channelized system. Two different algorithms, namely rejection sampling and an ensemble-based method, are successfully applied. The overall methodology described in this paper may enable the assessment and refinement of data assimilation procedures for a range of realistic and challenging subsurface flow problems.
Examining Relationships among Concert Band Directors' Efficacious Sources, Self-Efficacy for Teaching Strategies, and Effective Teaching Skills.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the extent that concert band directors’ self-efficacy for teaching strategies was influenced by its four sources: mastery experiences, verbal persuasion...
Color-tunable <10 μm square InGaN micro-LEDs on compliant GaN-on-porous-GaN pseudo-substrates

In this study, two methods to tune the emission wavelength of micro-LEDs fabricated on tile patterned compliant GaN-on-porous-GaN pseudo-substrates (PSs) are presented. The mechanical flexibility of porous GaN was utilized to relax the strain induced during the growth of light-emitting diode (LED) structures with n- and p-InGaN layers and enhance the indium incorporation via the composition pulling effect. The first approach involved only varying the size of the PS square tiles used for LED structure regrowth, from 20 × 20 μm2 to 8 × 8 μm2. Higher n-InGaN base layer relaxation with decreasing tile size resulted in a red shift of emission from 525 nm to 561 nm with no change in the growth conditions. The second method involved changing the mole fraction, x, of the n-InxGa1−xN base layer of the LED structure from 0.04 to 0.09 by reducing growth temperature, while maintaining the high temperature growth conditions of the multi-quantum well (MQW) and p-InGaN targeting 530 nm emission. The resulting wavelength shift was a remarkable 536–616 nm due to the stronger composition pulling effect, providing a pathway to enable high indium content MQW active regions to be grown at high temperature.
Bioinspired movement of gas bubbles: composition, applications, generation, contact angle, and movement – an overview

Gas bubbles are of interest in various applications including biomedicine, food production, drag reduction, water treatment, oil removal and surface cleaning. Therefore, studying gas bubbles in its entirety and their movement is important. In this paper, an overview is presented on gas bubbles in terms of their composition, applications, generation, and contact angles, with focus on their movement on bioinspired conical surfaces and triangular patterns. Effects of parameters including gas bubble volume, orientation, tip angle, surface wettability, and liquid were also presented.
Weighted principal component analysis fusion of satellite telemetry data

Satellites are equipped with an array of diversified sensors, capable of relaying multiple types of optical data about the earth’s surface. The different sensors used can capture varying levels of detail for a particular area of interest. Combining information gathered from sensors, ranging from the infrared to the visible spectrum, can enhance visualization and depth of data. The application of principal component analysis (PCA) to data fusion is traditionally processed by weighted reliability matrix. This paper presents a novel weighted reliability with rejection control PCA based sensor algorithm to improve data fusion quality creating a more robust visualization of the composite information obtained from satellites. The proposed algorithm can be applied using both L2 and L1 PCA. Simulation studies validate the proposed controlled weighted fusion method, even under high levels of corruption.
Identification of Genetic Targets to Improve Lignocellulosic Hydrocarbon Production in Trichoderma reesei Using Public Genomic and Transcriptomic Datasets

Advanced biofuels have received increasing consideration due to their compatibility with current fuel infrastructure and high energy densities. Consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) is a promising strategy for economic lignocellulosic biofuel production. Recently, National Renewable Energy Laboratory scientists proposed a novel concept to develop a model fungal cellulase producer Trichoderma reesei as the fungal CBP platform for economic lignocellulosic biofuel production. Although nearly all of the systems biology studies for T. reesei were focused on cellulase induction, and there is no systems biology study reported yet for T. reesei as a CBP candidate for biofuel production, these systems biology datasets still can help us understand the global transcriptional profiles of T. reesei in different environmental conditions. In this study, we used public genomic and transcriptomic datasets to help us reconstruct metabolic pathways of glycolysis/fermentation and terpenoid biosynthesis. Several potential genetic targets were proposed to help improve farnesene production in T. reesei. In addition, the transcriptional profiles of known regulators in T. reesei were investigated, and the possibility to identify promoters with different strength was discussed. Our study thus demonstrated the feasibility of harnessing public genomic and transcriptomic data to guide metabolic engineering practice.
Environmental Change and Post-Communist Transformations in the Czech Republic and Slovakia

Two U.S. geographers analyze the effects of post-1989 economic and political transformations on the quality of the environment in the Czech Republic and Slovakia through 1998. Initially they examine the importance of environmental issues in Czechoslovakia's 1989 revolution and factors subsequently weakening the environmental movement in its two successor states. The close relationship between economic decline and reduced pollution and resource consumption early in these countries' transitions is then explored. A persistent theme is the contradictory nature of recent environmental changes, whereby pollution levels have decreased substantially, while new problems associated with Western consumerism and foreign direct investment have emerged. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: O10, P20, Q20, Q30. 14 figures, 1 table, 105 references.
Mood and anxiety disorders among rural, urban, and metropolitan residents in the United States.

Objective: To estimate the correlates of mood and anxiety disorders among rural, urban and metropolitan residents in the United States. Methods: We analyzed the National Co-morbidity Survey (NCS), which yields the distribution and correlates of psychiatric disorders in a probability sample of U.S. population using DSM-III-R for diagnosis. Logistic regressions of mood and anxiety disorders were stratified by geographical area. Results: We found gender differences in mood disorders among urban (O.R. = 1.8, P < 0.0001) and metropolitan (O.R. = 1.6, P < 0.0001) but not among rural residents. Rural (O.R. = 0.2, P < 0.05) and urban (O.R. = 0.5, P < 0.05) African Americans were less likely to report mood disorders compared to rural and urban Whites. Similarly, we found gender differences in anxiety disorders among urban (O.R. = 2.0, P < 0.0001) and metropolitan (O.R. = 1.7, P < 0.0001), but not among rural residents. Conclusion: Rural men reported more mood and anxiety disorders than urban men, thus erasing expected rural gender differences in these disorders. Rural male mood and anxiety disorders may be a function of diminishing resources (steady, high paying jobs) or increasing financial strain particularly among Whites, who comprise a majority of rural residents.
Pectoralis major muscle rupture in windsurfing

Abstract Board sailing (windsurfing) has become a popular water recreational activity. However, there is little in the medical literature concerning musculoskeletal complications resulting from participation in this sport. We present the first reported case of pectoralis major rupture sustained during board sailing. The patient was initially misdiagnosed, which happens commonly when this muscle ruptures. Only after conservative management failed was the correct diagnosis made and appropriate surgical intervention provided. Proper technique in board sailing requires sustained isometric contraction of the pectoralis major, deltoid and scapular stabilizers to maintain appropriate pull of the sail against wind resistance. Sharp increases in wind speed underly the mechanism of injury. Ruptures of the pectoralis major are usually complete, occur at or near the humeral insertion, and can be associated with misleading physical signs. Therefore, anatomy, clinical findings, surgical technique, and the postoperative rehabilitation program are stressed as to expedite diagnosis and maximize functional outcome.