cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Foreshortening on Center-to-Limb Variations of Measured Acoustic Travel Times

We use data observed near the solar disk center by the Solar Dynamics Observatory/Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (SDO/HMI) to mimic observations at high-latitude areas after applying geometric transform and projection. These data are then used to study how foreshortening affects the time–distance measurements of acoustic travel times. We find that foreshortening reduces the measured mean travel-times through altering the acoustic-power weighting in different harmonic degrees, but the level of reduction and the latitude dependence are not as strong as those measured from the observation data at the same latitude. Foreshortening is not found to be accountable for the systematic center-to-limb effect in the measured acoustic travel-time differences, which is an essential factor for a reliable inference of the Sun’s meridional-circulation profile. The differences in the acoustic power spectrum between the mimicked data and the observation data in high-latitude areas suggest that the optical spectrum-line formation height or convection cells in these areas may be the primary cause of the center-to-limb effect in helioseismic analyses.
"I don't know" my cancer risk: Implications for health behavior engagement

Background Many people report uncertainty about their cancer risk. We examined whether such uncertainty was related to cancer prevention and detection behaviors.
Assistive Technology: Human Capital for Mobility Disabled Workforce Diversity Development

The international workforce must understand and utilize knowledge and competencies in order to achieve and sustain longevity. Such knowledge and competencies are derived from human capital because human capital is an organization's most important asset. Hence, organizations need to be able to capitalize on human capital a source of competitive advantage. Organizations must first, focus on human capitals based on their ability, thereafter, provide modifications and accommodations, if necessary for mobility disabled human capitals who may, upon request, require assistive technologies. Hence, the purpose of this chapter is to analyze assistive technology. Assistive technology will be defined, assistive technology laws will briefly be covered, and negative connotations will be addressed in relations to disabilities. The utilization of assistive technology, in the disabled community, in relations to the independence of the motor disabled in the workforce in the United States.
Comparison of Symptoms Among Fibromyalgia Syndrome, Chronic Widespread Pain, and an Incomplete Form of Chronic Widespread Pain

ObjectivesIt is proposed that chronic widespread pain [CWP] is an intermediate state in a continuum from an incomplete form of CWP [I-CWP] to the fibromyalgia syndrome [FMS]. If this hypothesis is correct, the relative clinical symptoms severity of three somewhat similar soft tissue pain conditions would be FMS>CWP>I-CWP. The symptoms of outpatients with FMS, CWP, and I-CWP were compared.MethodsEligible subjects were limited to outpatients who were evaluated because a diagnosis of FMS was suspected. Subjects who had experienced pain in five regions, as described in the American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria, for more than three months with 11 or more tender points [TePs] were diagnosed with FMS, and those with 10 TePs or less were diagnosed with CWP. Subjects without CWP were diagnosed with I-CWP.ResultsSeventy-five patients with FMS [59 women and 16 men], 63 patients with CWP [44 women and 19 men], and 59 patients with I-CWP [49 women and 10 men] were studied. There was a significant difference b...
Note on Sex Differences in Response to Stress in Rats

Reanalysis of data from Ss of both sexes in response to mild (two behavioral tests) and severe (physiological measures) stress showed males to be more emotional to relatively mild stress but more resistant than females to more stressful experience as has been previously reported by Broadhurst and Sines, respectively.
Relationship Between Chronic Intestinal Stasis and Anemia

Chronic intestinal stasis has long been regarded as a possible cause of certain types of anemia. Although the evidence for this view is inconclusive and conflicting, the frequent association of the two conditions warrants further investigation of the idea. Particularly in pernicious anemia, gastrointestinal disturbances have been prominent, and the socalled "gastrointestinal theory" of the origin of this disease is based on the hypothesis that undue bacterial activity in the gastrointestinal tract may lead to the formation and absorption of hemolytic substances with a resultant anemia. The demonstration that in most
Application of Bayesian Stochastic Learning Automata for Modeling Lane Choice Behavior on High-Occupancy Toll Lanes on State Road 167

This paper investigates the learning behavior of users of State Road 167 high-occupancy toll lanes by use of toll transaction data collected over a 6-month period. The Bayesian stochastic learning algorithm theory was used to model drivers’ sequential lane choice decisions. Reward and penalty parameters were used to update users’ lane choice probabilities. The results showed that the effect of reward parameters that increased the probability of selection of an alternative after a satisfactory experience was more obvious than the effect of penalty parameters that decreased the probability of selection of an unfavorable choice. Low magnitudes of learning parameters might indicate strong habit formation of users. Moreover, the posterior distributions of learning parameters indicated that user perception heterogeneity existed when the outcomes of choices were evaluated. Finally, user familiarity was investigated with a subsample of less experienced users, and it was shown that the learning rates of more famil...
Effect of fasting on myocardial substrates in male and female rats.

Adult male and female rats were fasted for 1, 2, or 3 days to determine its effect on circulating and endogenous fuels available to the heart. Liver glycogen was depleted within the first 24 h of f...
Consequences of total tricuspid valvulectomy without prosthetic replacement in treatment of Pseudomonas endocarditis.

Tricuspid valvulectomy without prosthetic replacement has been advocated as a life-saving measure in the treatment of Pseudomonas endocarditis. The present report describes the clinical, hemodynamic, and anatomic consequences of this new approach in a patient who died in an automobile accident 7 months after total removal of the tricuspid valve.
The coding of cutaneous temperature in the spinal cord

The spinal cord is the initial stage that integrates temperature information from peripheral inputs. Here we used molecular genetics and in vivo calcium imaging to investigate the coding of cutaneous temperature in the spinal cord in mice. We found that heating or cooling the skin evoked robust calcium responses in spinal neurons, and their activation threshold temperatures distributed smoothly over the entire range of stimulation temperatures. Once activated, heat-responding neurons encoded the absolute skin temperature without adaptation and received major inputs from transient receptor potential (TRP) channel V1 (TRPV1)-positive dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. By contrast, cold-responding neurons rapidly adapted to ambient temperature and selectively encoded temperature changes. These neurons received TRP channel M8 (TRPM8)-positive DRG inputs as well as novel TRPV1(+) DRG inputs that were selectively activated by intense cooling. Our results provide a comprehensive examination of the temperature representation in the spinal cord and reveal fundamental differences in the coding of heat and cold.
Future-Oriented Dairy Farmers’ Willingness to Participate in a Sustainability Standard: Evidence from an Empirical Study in Germany

As a major agricultural subsector, milk production plays an important role in the EU 28. Political decisions such as the abolition of the milk quota system in 2015, highly volatile milk prices, high bargaining power of retailers and fierce international competition have led to challenges for both farmers and dairies and have created a need to improve competitiveness. Furthermore, the dairy sector is increasingly subject to societal demands for higher animal welfare and ecological standards. The concept of sustainability in the form of a production standard can be seen as a means for both dairy farmers and dairies to gain competitive advantages and meet stakeholders’ demands. Farmers’ willingness to participate in a sustainability standard is a key factor for its successful implementation. One attractive target group for such a standard are future-oriented farmers who plan to stay in dairy farming in the long run. This study, therefore, focuses on future-oriented dairy farmers and investigates their willingness to participate in a comprehensive sustainability standard. A hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis is conducted to identify different groups based on their willingness to participate. 211 farmers can be categorized into three different clusters: ‘halfhearted sustainability proponents’, ‘highly dedicated sustainability proponents’ and ‘profit-oriented sustainability refusers’. Further analysis provides insights into the determinants of farmers’ willingness to participate in a sustainability standard. The results of this study provide manifold starting points for deriving managerial implications for the successful implementation of sustainability standards in European dairy farming
A study in establishing flip-chip ball grid array (FCBGA) second level interconnect (SLI) reliability requirement by CFD simulation

CFD simulation using commercial tool such as Flotherm has been carried out to analyze the solder ball temperature (Tsb) in different regions underneath a FCBGA package in order to establish and characterize the second level interconnect (SLI) reliability requirement of the package. The package details and the mechanical load on the package directly affect Tsb and the thermal fatigue locus. The Tsb is used to correlate with the modified Coffin-Manson model in order to assess the package SLI solder joint reliability performance under temperature cycling stress.
Prognostic effects of O6-Methylguanine DNA methyltransferase promoter hypermethylation in high-grade glioma patients with carmustine wafer implants

Background: Local chemotherapy with carmustine (BCNU) wafer implantation has survival benefits for malignant glioma patients. However, available data regarding its association with O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT) are scant. Purpose: To evaluate whether MGMT hypermethylation has prognostic effects in malignant glioma patients with interstitial BCNU wafer implants. Methods: From September 2004 to August 2007, 32 patients with malignant gliomas underwent surgical resection plus interstitial BCNU wafer implantation at our hospital. Results and Conclusion: BCNU wafer implantation was performed in 18 patients with newly diagnosed gliomas and in 14 with recurrent gliomas. All patients had a Karnofsky performance status of ≥70. The median age was 51 years. At a median follow-up of 31 months, the 1- and 2-year overall survival (OS) rate was 43% and 22%, respectively. OS rates did not significantly differ between the newly diagnosed and recurrent patients. Gross total tumor resection was achieved in 19 (59%) patients, and MGMT hypermethylation was noted in 13 (41%) tumor specimens. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that patients with MGMT hypermethylation in their tumors and gross total tumor removal have more favorable survival rates (P = 0.03).
Whispering gallery mode based on-chip glass microbubble resonator for thermal sensing

This paper reports the first experimental observations of whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonance in on-chip glass microbubble structures. Using microfabrication methods, chip-scale glass microbubbles with ultra-smooth surface and sub-micrometer wall thickness are shown to support optical resonance modes with ultra-high Q-factors of >107. The resonance is highly sensitive to temperature, with measured sensitivity of −1.8 GHz/°C. Based upon the signal to noise performance, this corresponds to a temperature resolution of 55 μΚ.
Water Quality and Public Health: Role of Wastewater

Abstract The quest to sustain modern civilization and food security amid the world's population explosion has resulted in unprecedented levels of water contamination from anthropogenic sources. Natural phenomena such as climate change are also set to worsen the already grave situation. Public health is under threat from emerging and reemerging water-related illnesses. In developed countries, thriving economies and advances in technology had rendered waterborne illnesses “a-thing-of-the-past”. The problem was left for developing countries to deal with but not anymore! The increase in the world's population and the resultant increase in demand- and pollution-driven water stress amid faltering global economies have thrust the issue of water quality to global prominence once again. Donald Hopkins, of the Carter Center once described the situation almost perfectly: “Throughout parts of the developing world, some people work hard “just to get dirty water” for drinking, cooking, and for other personal needs.....Although the overall quality of water is far better, developed countries also face challenges in maintaining drinking water quality standards.” [1] Streams of raw wastewater in streets and residential areas are now a common sight in both developed and developing countries, and water is inevitably getting contaminated by a slew of environmental pollutants. William K. Reilly, a former E.P.A. administrator under President George H.W. Bush once said of the United States drinking water: “For years, people said that America has the cleanest drinking water in the world……That was true 20 years ago. But people don't realize how many new chemicals have emerged and how much more pollution has occurred. If they did, we would see very different attitudes.” [2] This chapter discusses the sources and health impacts of water contaminants. The biogeochemistry, speciation, toxicity of selected heavy metal(loid)s, as influenced by wastewater and microplastics, will also be discussed.
Differential transport properties of two mdr gene products are distinguished by progesterone.

P-glycoprotein is an integral membrane protein that is overproduced in multidrug-resistant cells. It is likely to function as an energy-dependent drug efflux pump to maintain intracellular drug concentrations below cytotoxic levels. Individually isolated multidrug-resistant murine cell lines, J7.V1-1 and J7.V3-1, overproduce P-glycoproteins encoded by the mdr1b and mdr1a genes, respectively. The transport properties of these cell lines and the drug binding characteristics of their P-glycoproteins have been compared. It is concluded that 1) the mdr1a gene product is a more efficient efflux pump than the mdr1b gene product, and 2) whereas a single class of vinblastine binding sites is present in J7.V1-1 membrane vesicles, there appears to be two classes of such sites in J7.V3-1 membrane vesicles. The effects of verapamil and progesterone, two compounds that are known to interact with P-glycoprotein, have been analyzed in the two cell lines. Progesterone inhibited drug binding and efflux and increased drug sensitivity to vinblastine with more potency in J7.V1-1 cells than in J7.V3-1 cells. It is concluded that progesterone, but not verapamil, can be used to differentiate the two mdr gene products in the mouse.
Protein chemical approaches to understanding PTEN lipid phosphatase regulation

Abstract Since the discovery of C-tail phosphorylation of PTEN almost 20 years ago, much progress has been made in understanding its regulatory influences on the cellular function of PTEN. Phosphorylation of Ser380, Thr382, Thr383, and Ser385 drives a PTEN conformational change from an open to closed state where catalytic function is impaired, plasma membrane binding is reduced, and cellular stability is enhanced. Despite these advances, a detailed structural and mechanistic model of how these phosphorylations impact PTEN function is lacking. We discuss here several recent approaches to analyzing PTEN phosphorylation and highlight several insights that have come from this work. We also discuss remaining challenges for the PTEN regulation field and potential directions for future research.
Status epilepticus. Clinical features, pathophysiology, and treatment.

Abstract During the past two decades, substantial progress has been made in the understanding of the clinical features, classification, pathophysiology, central nervous system consequences, and treatment of status epilepticus. The most commonly used drug regimens have advantages and disadvantages, and, in this review, I recommend a protocol for the treatment of status epilepticus. An important concept in the approach to patients in generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus is that treatment should be administered within a predetermined time frame. Clinical and experimental research indicates that continuous seizure activity for longer than 60 to 90 minutes may result in irreversible brain damage. As our understanding of the basic mechanisms of neuronal function and seizure generation advances, it is expected that more specific and novel approaches to the treatment of status epilepticus will emerge.
Benefit incidence analysis in public health facilities in India: utilization and benefits at the national and state levels

Benefit Incidence Analysis (BIA) is used to understand the distribution of health care utilization and spending in comparison to income distribution. The results can illustrate how effectively governments allocate limited resources towards meeting the needs of the poor. In analyzing the distribution of public spending on inpatient, outpatient, and deliveries, this paper represents the most recent BIA completed in India. In order to conduct the BIA statistical analysis for this project, 2014 utilization data from the most recently completed Indian National Sample Survey (NSS) was used. Unit costs were estimated for primary care, hospital inpatient, hospital outpatient, and deliveries. Concentration curves and concentration indices were estimated both at the national and state levels. Analyses were reported for overall utilization, as well as for the gross and net benefits for inpatient, outpatient, and deliveries. According to the results, utilization of government inpatient and delivery services is pro-poor. When gross and net benefits are included in the analysis, services become more equal and less pro-poor. Gross benefits, which are measured with state-level unit costs, are virtually equal for all services. Although there are some pro-poor gross benefits trends for national outpatient services, the results also show that the equality of national gross benefits trends hides a significant disparity across Indian States. While a number of Indian States have outpatient gross benefits that are pro-poor, few show pro-poor benefits for inpatient and delivery services. Net benefits, which considers both unit costs for each respective service, and out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditures, trend similarly to gross benefits. In addition, those who use public facilities spend considerable OOP to supplement government services. This BIA reveals that government spending on public health care has not resulted in significantly pro-poor services. While some progress has been made relative to deliveries and outpatient services, inpatient stays are not pro-poor. In addition, national results mask significant disparities across Indian states.
Aerosol–Cloud–Meteorology Interaction Airborne Field Investigations: Using Lessons Learned from the U.S. West Coast in the Design of ACTIVATE off the U.S. East Coast

AbstractWe report on a multiyear set of airborne field campaigns (2005–16) off the California coast to examine aerosols, clouds, and meteorology, and how lessons learned tie into the upcoming NASA ...
The Extracellular Matrix Modulates the Metastatic Journey.

The extracellular matrix is perturbed in tumors. The tumor matrix promotes the growth, survival, and invasion of the cancer and modifies fibroblast and immune cell behavior to drive metastasis and impair treatment. Here, we discuss how the tumor matrix regulates metastasis by fostering tumor cell invasion into the stroma and migration toward the vasculature. We describe the role of the tumor matrix in cancer cell intravasation and vascular dissemination. We examine the impact of the matrix on disseminated tumor cell extravasation and on tumor dormancy and metastatic outgrowth. Finally, we discuss the clinical outcome of therapeutics that normalize tumor-matrix interactions.
Impacts of soil nitrogen and phosphorus levels on cytotype performance of the circumboreal herb Chamerion angustifolium: implications for polyploid establishment.

Premise Although polyploidy commonly occurs in angiosperms, not all polyploidization events lead to successful lineages, and environmental conditions could influence cytotype dynamics and polyploid success. Low soil nitrogen and/or phosphorus concentrations often limit ecosystem primary productivity, and changes in these nutrients might differentially favor some cytotypes over others, thereby influencing polyploid establishment. Methods We grew diploid, established tetraploid, and neotetraploid Chamerion angustifolium (fireweed) in a greenhouse under low and high soil nitrogen and phosphorus conditions and different competition treatments and measured plant performance (height, biomass, flower production, and root bud production) and insect damage responses. By comparing neotetraploids to established tetraploids, we were able to examine traits and responses that might directly arise from polyploidization before they are modified by natural selection and/or genetic drift. Results We found that (1) neopolyploids were the least likely to survive and flower and experienced the most herbivore damage, regardless of nutrient conditions; (2) both neo- and established tetraploids had greater biomass and root bud production under nutrient-enriched conditions, whereas diploid biomass and root bud production was not significantly affected by nutrients; and (3) intra-cytotype competition more negatively affected diploids and established tetraploids than it did neotetraploids. Conclusions Following polyploidization, biomass and clonal growth might be more immediately affected by environmental nutrient availabilities than plant survival, flowering, and/or responses to herbivory, which could influence competitive dynamics. Specifically, polyploids might have competitive and colonizing advantages over diploids under nutrient-enriched conditions favoring their establishment, although establishment may also depend upon the density and occurrences of other related cytotypes in a population.
End-of-life care among adolescent and young adult patients with cancer living in poverty.

Background To the authors' knowledge, end-of-life (EOL) care outcomes among adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with cancer who are living in poverty remain poorly understood. The primary aim of the current study was to examine the effect of poverty on EOL care for AYA patients with cancer. Methods The authors conducted a multisite, retrospective study of AYA patients with cancer aged 15 to 39 years who died between January 2013 and December 2016 at 3 academic sites. Medical record-based EOL care outcomes included hospice referral, palliative care (PC) consultation, cancer treatment within the last month of life, and location of death. Two measures of poverty were applied: 1) zip code with a median income ≤200% of the federal poverty level; and 2) public insurance or lack of insurance. Logistic regression analyses were conducted. Results A total of 252 AYA cancer decedents were identified. Approximately 41% lived in a high-poverty zip code and 48% had public insurance or lacked insurance; approximately 70% had at least 1 poverty indicator. Nearly 40% had a hospice referral, 60% had a PC consultation (76% on an inpatient basis), 38% received EOL cancer treatment, and 39% died in the hospital. In bivariable analyses, AYA patients living in low-income zip codes were found to be less likely to enroll in hospice (P ≤ .01), have an early PC referral (P ≤ .01), or receive EOL cancer treatment (P = .03), although only EOL cancer treatment met statistical significance in multivariable models. No differences with regard to location of death (P = .99) were observed. Conclusions AYA patients with cancer experience low rates of hospice referral and high rates of in-hospital death regardless of socioeconomic status. Future studies should evaluate early inpatient PC referrals as a possible method for improving EOL care.
Proximally Based Split Abductor Hallucis Turnover Flap for Medial Hindfoot Reconstruction: A Case Report

Abstract Limited reconstructive options exist for soft tissue defects of the foot and ankle because of a lack of surrounding tissue. Although microsurgical free flaps have become a popular treatment modality for this anatomic region, pedicled muscle flaps can provide robust coverage of small foot wounds with significantly less donor site comorbidity. One such muscle is the abductor hallucis, which can be used as a proximally based turnover flap to cover medial hindfoot defects. However, complete distal disinsertion of the muscle may lead to loss of support over the medial arch and first metatarsophalangeal joint, leading to pes planus and hallux valgus. In this case report, we describe a modified technique of a split abductor hallucis turnover flap for a young patient with a chronic, traumatic medial heel wound complicated by calcaneal osteomyelitis. By preserving part of the muscle's distal tendinous attachment, this technique allows for adequate soft tissue coverage while maintaining long-term biomechanical function.
Computational Methods for Single-Particle Electron Cryomicroscopy.

Single-particle electron cryomicroscopy (cryo-EM) is an increasingly popular technique for elucidating the three-dimensional (3D) structure of proteins and other biologically significant complexes ...
Postpartum acute hemolytic transfusion reactions associated with anti-Lea in two pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia.

CONCLUSIONS Lewis blood group antibodies, which are mostly naturally occurring and considered clinically insignificant, have rarely been documented as a cause of acute hemolytic transfusion reactions (AHTRs). This report presents two cases of AHTRs caused by anti-Lea occurring in postpartum black females (one group B, one group AB) whose pregnancies were complicated by preeclampsia. Neither anti-Lea was detected by automated solid-phase red cell adherence technology in pre-transfusion testing. Therefore, red blood cell units, compatible by electronic crossmatch, were issued and transfused. The subsequent transfusion reactions were characterized by acute intravascular hemolysis, evidenced by both clinical and laboratory criteria. These two cases demonstrate that, even when least anticipated, hemolytic transfusion reactions may occur. As expected, neither live-born neonate was affected by hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. Because both transfusion reactions occurred in non-group O, postpartum black females with pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia, possible links between in vivo hemolytic anti-Lea, non-group O pregnant black females, and preeclampsia may require additional investigation.
Stress Fracture Injuries in Sport

Stress fractures are fatigue fractures of bone, and result from an overuse mechanism. These injuries present most commonly in the legs and feet of long distance runners and military personnel, but can also occur in the upper extremity and the spine depending on the causative activity. Nutritional, hormonal, and biomechanical factors all contribute to the development of bony stress injuries, and no two stress fractures behave exactly alike. A detailed history, thorough physical examination, and proper imaging are required to diagnose and classify these injuries. The management of stress fractures requires nutritional and emotional support, rest from the causative activity, and at times surgical fixation. Recently developed biological treatment options may help to stabilize these injuries and stimulate more rapid healing.
Viral Endothelial Dysfunction: A Unifying Mechanism for COVID-19

Abstract The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly transmissible virus with significant global impact, morbidity, and mortality. The SARS-CoV-2 virus may result in widespread organ manifestations including acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute renal failure, thromboembolism, and myocarditis. Virus-induced endothelial injury may cause endothelial activation, increased permeability, inflammation, and immune response and cytokine storm. Endothelial dysfunction is a systemic disorder that is a precursor of atherosclerotic vascular disease that is associated with cardiovascular risk factors and is highly prevalent in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular and peripheral disease. Several studies have associated various viral infections including SARS-CoV-2 infection with inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and subsequent innate immune response and cytokine storm. Noninvasive monitoring of endothelial function and identification of high-risk patients who may require specific therapies may have the potential to improve morbidity and mortality associated with subsequent inflammation, cytokine storm, and multiorgan involvement.
Inter-domain routing with multi-dimensional QoS requirements

External border gateway protocol (eBGP) is the ubiquitous protocol used today for advertisement of reachability information and for route selection among administrative domains (autonomous systems or ASs) in the Internet. However, many emerging needs in commercial and military networking have exposed limitations of the current eBGP. In particular, these IP networks of the future carries a very diverse mix of applications, with very diverse quality of service (QoS) requirements (in the broad sense of the phrase). Some of these networks also have a very diverse set of component networks (wireless and wireline, fixed and mobile with different degrees of mobility, long lived and short term ad-hoc) and some of the component networks may be very dynamic in their service capabilities. These scenarios call for enhancing eBGP to allow for multi-topology and QoS-aware routing, using several QoS metrics in decision making. In such an enhanced BGP, more than one route (or path vector) may be propagated in BGP_UPATE messages, helping optimize with respect to different QoS metrics as needed by different traffic types. In this paper, we discuss such an enhancement of eBGP. We develop details of advertisements, route thinning, and route selection needed to make the eBGP multi-topology and QoS-aware in the sense described above. We take the eBGP and internal BGP (iBGP) advertisement and route selection process and identify any modifications needed at each stage. We also discuss interactions between eBGP and iBGP and between BGP and the interior (intra-domain) gateway protocol (IGP) needed to make the approach work end-to-end. We also discuss alternative ways to ensure that packets follow the selected end-to-end routes (both within and between domains). In particular, the potential uses of MPLS, source routing, tunneling, and DiffServ/ToS bits for this purpose are discussed in the paper
Robbins Review of Pathology

As the book review editor of Modern Pathology, I was faced with an interesting ethical dilemma: should I review this book that has almost an identical title as my own book reviewed in this Journal a few months ago? Both books were obviously written for the same medical student population. However, because most medical students buy several review books and usually base their decision more on the recommendation of their peers than professors, I wondered whether these two books are really competing with one another. Finally, because I have only nice things to say about the "competition," I decided to write this review, thinking that my positive reaction would be its best endorsement.
The Irony of Oversight: Delegated Acts and the Political Economy of the European Union's Legislative Veto Under the Treaty of Lisbon

AbstractAs part of the Treaty of Lisbon, the European Union adopted a legislative veto mechanism which grants the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union independent authority to revoke delegations to the European Commission or to override elements of the Commission's “delegated acts.” This article provides a functional assessment of this new provision—Article 290 of the Treaty on the Functioning of Europe—as a basis for evaluating the way in which it alters the grounds of the legitimacy of secondary legislation in the EU. The article argues that Article 290 does little to augment the claim that secondary legislation reflects the views of the Parliament or Council, and ironically may increase the capacity of interest groups to shape the content of the Commission's secondary legislation. Because the costs of collective action to formally override Commission acts are high for Parliament, principles of political economy predict that the members of Parliament will prefer individual negotiati...
Fast Fourier transform of sparse spatial data to sparse Fourier data

The nonuniform fast Fourier transform (FFT) on a line has been of interest to a number of scientists for its practical applications. However, not much has been written on Fourier transforming sparse spatial data where the Fourier transform is needed at only sparse data points in the Fourier space in 2D or 3D. It finds applications in remote sensing, inverse problems, and synthetic aperture radar where the scattered field is related to the Fourier transform of the scatterers. We outline an algorithm to perform this transform in NlogN operations, where N is the number of spatial data available, and we assume that the number of Fourier data desired is also of O(N). The algorithm described here is motivated by the multilevel fast multipole algorithm (MLFMA), but is different from that described by Brandt (1991). In MLFMA, an embedded fast Fourier transform algorithm is inherent, where the spatial data is arbitrarily distributed, but the Fourier data is required on the Ewald sphere. In the present algorithm, the restriction of the Fourier data to an Ewald sphere is lifted so that it can be arbitrarily distributed as well. The present algorithm can be easily generalized to 3D.
How Optimal Depth Cue Integration Depends on the Task

Bayesian parameter estimation can be used to generate statistically optimal solutions to the problem of cue integration. However, the complexity and dimensionality of these solutions is frequently prohibitive. In this paper, we show how the complexity and performance characteristics of the optimal estimator for a task depend strongly on the detailed formulation of the task, including the choice of representation for the scene variables. In particular, some representations lead to simpler inference algorithms than others. We illustrate the problem of cue integration for the perception of depth from two highly disparate cues, cast shadow position and image size, and show how the complexity and performance of the depth estimators depends on the specific representation (choice) of depth parameter. From the analysis we predict human performance on a simple depth discrimination task from the optimal cue integration in each depth representation. We find that the cue-integration strategy used by human subjects can be described as near-optimal using a particular choice of depth representation.
Absorption of protein from the vagina and uterine cervix

Abstract 1. 1. A direct method of studying the absorption of protein from the human vagina and cervix has been presented. 2. 2. Absorption of protein from the cervix is a normal phenomenon occurring in every case studied with peanut protein within a relatively short period, i.e., from eight to twenty-five minutes. 3. 3. Absorption of protein from the vagina is inconstant. It occurred in this series in six out of seventeen cases. Absorption of peanut protein from the vagina is much slower than from the cervix, taking from forty to one hundred and twenty minutes.
Electrode Materials for Mixed‐Potential No, Sensors

The focus of this work is electrode materials for "mixed-potential" NO x sensing elements operating at temperatures near 650 °C. Several different metal oxides, including Cr-containing spinels and La-containing perovskites, were evaluated as sensing electrode materials and Lacontaining perovskites were used as conducting materials in the place of Pt. Evaluations included sensing response as a function of temperature, the differing response to NO and NO 2 , and the effect of varying O 2 concentration. Strong responses to NO 2 were observed in several instances, and the NO responses were typically weaker and opposite in sign.
The Transition-Zone Water Filter Model for Global Material Circulation: Where Do We Stand?

Materials circulation in Earth's mantle will be modified if partial melting occurs in the transition zone. Melting in the transition zone is plausible if a significant amount of incompatible components is present in Earth's mantle. We review the experimental data on melting and melt density and conclude that melting is likely under a broad range of conditions, although conditions for dense melt are more limited. Current geochemical models of Earth suggest the presence of relatively dense incompatible components such as K 2 O and we conclude that a dense melt is likely formed when the fraction of water is small. Models have been developed to understand the structure of a melt layer and the circulation of melt and volatiles. The model suggests a relatively thin melt-rich layer that can be entrained by downwelling current to maintain "steady-state" structure. If deep mantle melting occurs with a small melt fraction, highly incompatible elements including hydrogen, helium and argon are sequestered without much effect on more compatible elements. This provides a natural explanation for many paradoxes including (i) the apparent discrepancy between whole mantle convection suggested from geophysical observations and the presence of long-lived large reservoirs suggested by geochemical observations, (ii) the helium/heat flow paradox and (iii) the argon paradox. Geophysical observations are reviewed including electrical conductivity and anomalies in seismic wave velocities to test the model and some future directions to refine the model are discussed.
Thyroid Hormones (T4, T3)

Thyroid hormone is produced by all vertebrate. In mammals, the thyroid gland is derived embryologically from endoderm at the base of the tongue and develops into a bilobed structure lying anterior to the trachea. The structure and arrangement of thyroid tissue, however, vary significantly among species. The thyroid gland receives a rich blood supply, as well as sympathetic innervation, and is specialized to synthesize and secrete thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) into the circulation (Fig. 1). This process is regulated by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secreted from the pituitary, which is in turn stimulated by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus. Both TSH and TRH are regulated in a negative-feedback loop by circulating T4 and T3. Iodine and the trace element selenium are essential for normal thyroid hormone metabolism. Regulatory mechanisms within the thyroid gland allow for continuous production of thyroid hormone despite variation in the supply of dietary iodine. Thyroid hormone regulates a wide range of processes, including amphibian metamorphosis, development, reproduction, growth, and metabolism. The specific processes that are regulated differ among species, tissues, and developmental phase.
Minimal unitary representation of SO∗(8)=SO(6,2) and its SU(2) deformations as massless 6D conformal fields and their supersymmetric extensions

Abstract We study the minimal unitary representation (minrep) of SO ( 6 , 2 ) over an Hilbert space of functions of five variables, obtained by quantizing its quasiconformal realization. The minrep of SO ( 6 , 2 ) , which coincides with the minrep of SO ∗ ( 8 ) similarly constructed, corresponds to a massless conformal scalar field in six spacetime dimensions. There exists a family of “deformations” of the minrep of SO ∗ ( 8 ) labeled by the spin t of an SU ( 2 ) T subgroup of the little group SO ( 4 ) of lightlike vectors. These deformations labeled by t are positive energy unitary irreducible representations of SO ∗ ( 8 ) that describe massless conformal fields in six dimensions. The SU ( 2 ) T spin t is the six-dimensional counterpart of U ( 1 ) deformations of the minrep of 4D conformal group SU ( 2 , 2 ) labeled by helicity. We also construct the supersymmetric extensions of the minimal unitary representation of SO ∗ ( 8 ) to minimal unitary representations of OSp ( 8 ∗ | 2 N ) that describe massless six-dimensional conformal supermultiplets. The minimal unitary supermultiplet of OSp ( 8 ∗ | 4 ) is the massless supermultiplet of ( 2 , 0 ) conformal field theory that is believed to be dual to M-theory on AdS 7 × S 4 .
A ten-year study of cesarean section in the St. Louis Maternity Hospital

Abstract 1. 1. The incidence of cesarean section has increased from 1:73.7 (1927–1932) to 1:43.4 (1932–1937). 2. 2. The explanation of the increase in incidence on the ward service lies in the increase in number of operations performed for “medical” conditions rather than purely obstetric reasons. 3. 3. The low segment operation is preferred on the ward service. In recent years the transverse incision in the lower segment has been the operation of choice. 4. 4. The maternal mortality for ten years is 2.9 per cent. The maternal mortality for the past five years is 0.57 per cent. 5. 5. Forty-four per cent of the maternal deaths were attributed to sepsis. 6. 6. The use of one per cent acriflavine (neutral) hydrochloride in glycerin as a vaginal instillation before operation is recommended. 7. 7. The uncorrected fetal mortality for ten years is 8.2 per cent; for the last five years, 5.8 per cent.
Time-Dependent Behavior of Redundant Systems with Deterministic Repair

In this paper, we consider various redundant systems attended by a single repairperson that services components in a First Come First Served (FCFS) order. Failure times are taken to be exponentially distributed random variables, while repair times are deterministic. As a result, the underlying stochastic process is not Markovian or semi-Markovian. However, the underlying stochastic process is Markov regenerative and as such we are able to write and solve equations for the process. We compute various dependability measures, such as reliability function, Mean Time To Failure (MTTF), time-dependent and steady-state availability.
Molecular mimicry as an inducing trigger for CNS autoimmune demyelinating disease.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects about 0.1% of the worldwide population. This deleterious disease is marked by infiltration of myelinspecific T cells that attack the protective myelin sheath that surrounds CNS nerve axons. Upon demyelination, saltatory nerve conduction is disrupted, and patients experience neurologic deficiencies. The exact cause for MS remains unknown, although most evidence supports the hypothesis that both genetic and environmental factors contribute to disease development. Epidemiologic evidence supports a role for environmental pathogens, such as viruses, as potentially key contributors to MS induction. Pathogens can induce autoimmunity via several well-studied mechanisms with the most postulated being molecular mimicry. Molecular mimicry occurs when T cells specific for peptide epitopes derived from pathogens cross-react with self-epitopes, leading to autoimmune tissue destruction. In this review, we discuss an in vivo virus-induced mouse model of MS developed in our laboratory, which has contributed greatly to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying molecular mimicry-induced CNS autoimmunity.
Chapter 15 Sodium–Calcium Exchange in Cardiac, Smooth, and Skeletal Muscles: Key to Control of Contractility

Publisher Summary Calcium ions play a key regulatory role in numerous physiological processes in most types of cells. Consequently, it is important to understand how cell Ca 2+ and the cytosolic free Ca 2+ concentration,[Ca 2+ ] i , are controlled. One of the mechanisms involved in [Ca 2+ ] i control in many types of cells is the Na+-Ca2 + exchanger, which was first identified in invertebrate nerve and vertebrate cardiac muscle in the late 1960s. Na + -Ca2 + exchange is a form of “secondary active” transport; it is powered by the Na + electrochemical gradient, Δμ Na , across the plasma membrane and, thus, indirectly, by the Na + pump. A discussion of the properties and physiological significance of this countertransport system therefore seems most appropriate for inclusion in the present symposium. The properties of the Na + -Ca2 + exchanger appear to be quite similar in most types of tissues in which it has been identified.
Differences in the drug-metabolizing enzyme activities among fish and bivalves living in waters near industrial and non-industrial areas.

Fish and shellfishes, living in coastal areas receiving agricultural, industrial and domestic wastewaters, have been exposed to various chemicals. Identifing the various harmful chemicals in the environments and accumulated in aquatic organisms is difficult. Even if concentrations of pollutants are low so that no mortality of fish and shellfishes occurs, the pollutants may affect the biochemistry and physiology of aquatic organisms. Activities of some drug-metabolizing enzymes, especially the cytochrome P-450 dependent monooxygenase (MO) in fish livers, increase when fish are exposed to environmental pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, halogenated organic chemicals. However, most studies have been done on the field evaluation only by MO induction in fish as a monitor for marine pollution with crude-oil and halogenated organic compounds, without regard for other chemicals. In a previous paper, the activity of benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase (AHH) was induced by 22 times at 2-wk, although the cytochrome P-450 content increased only twice. Activity of phenol-sulfate transferase in the mid-gut gland of short-necked clam was induced by exposure to some phenolic compounds, especially pentachlorophenol (PCP), resulting in the increase of the enzyme activity by approximately 7 times the control after 5 wk exposure. Induced activity was maintained at least for 3 wk, evenmore » after the clam had been transferred to running clean sea water, although PCP accumulated in its body is rapidly excreted. Although the activity of this enzyme in the clam is easily induced by exposure to phenols, the induction of this enzyme activity in fish is very low as compared with that of clam. This paper examines the activities of drug-metabolizing enzymes of fish and bivalves living in waters near industrial and non-industrial areas to elucidate the applicability of the sulfate transferase activity in bivalves as a monitor for marine pollution, as well as the MO activity in fish.« less