cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Feasibility of simultaneous pre- and postfilter transcranial Doppler monitoring during carotid artery stenting

Objective Carotid artery stenting (CAS) is emerging as an acceptable treatment alternative to surgery for patients with carotid artery stenosis. The major risk of CAS is cerebral embolization of plaque and thrombus causing stroke or asymptomatic brain infarction. Use of embolic protection devices (EPD) to trap emboli before they reach the brain is now standard practice in CAS. The pore size of the currently available filters is >100 microns and emboli smaller than the EPD pores can still reach the brain. While the use of EPD is widespread, little evidence exists of their in vivo efficacy in preventing distal embolization. Our aim was to quantify the number of emboli reaching the brain with the device in place. Therefore, the expected value of this report is in its description of a novel application of transcranial Doppler (TCD). Due to the limited number of cases, it is not intended to support the use of one EPD over another. Methods Six patients were monitored with ipsilateral simultaneous dual probe TCD during CAS. Two types of cerebral protection systems were evaluated: FilterWire EZ System (FW; Boston Scientific, Santa Clara, Calif) and GORE Neuro Protection System (NPS; W.L. Gore and Associates, Flagstaff, Ariz). By placing TCD probes both proximal and distal to the filterwire EPD, we quantified the microembolic signals before the EPD as well as those, which reached the intracranial circulation after the EPD. One probe was placed submandibularly to monitor the ICA (SICA), while another was placed transtemporally to monitor the middle and anterior cerebral artery (MCA + ACA). We compare the number of extracranial emboli prior to the EPD with the number of intracranial emboli after the EPD. Results Dual probe monitoring was successful during the five stages of the CAS: lesion crossing (LC), predilatation (PreD), stent placement (SP), postdilatation (PostD), and filter/device removal (FR/DR). Using FW during LC by probe 1 (SICA)/probe 2 (MCA + ACA): (18 [range, 15-22]/15 [range, 11-20]), PreD (111 [range, 101-121]/101 [range, 90-111]), SP (68 [range, 60-76]/42 [range, 30-53]), PostD (27 [range, 25-30]/24 [range, 22-27]), FR (0.3 [range, 0-1]/0.7 [range, 0-1]) average number of microembolic signals were detected. Using NPS during LC (1.7 [range, 0-3]/1 [range, 0-2]), PreD (0/1.7 [range, 0-4]), SP (0/0), PostD (0/0), DR (18 [range, 0-18]/6.7 [range, 1-13]) average number of microembolic signals were detected. Conclusion EPD significantly reduces but does not eliminate the number of microemboli reaching the brain during carotid artery angioplasty and stenting. We propose monitoring of CAS with submandibular and transtemporal TCD probes to further evaluate the practice of distal embolization protection. Although our study is not powered to make any recommendations about EPDs, we believe that sequential dual probe TCD monitoring is a worthy tool with the potential to give vital information to assess the various devices and the techniques of utilization.
Classroom order and student learning in late elementary school: A multilevel transactional model of achievement trajectories

Abstract This study examines the association between classroom order in 4th and 5th grades and student achievement growth over a school year. A three level transactional model tested the effects of classroom order on students' rates of growth in math and reading during the school year controlling for starting achievement levels, student risk factors, and classroom poverty. Classroom order influenced students' rates of math and reading growth and accounted for a significant portion of variance in student achievement trajectories above and beyond student-level risk factors. Cross-level analyses identified the moderating effects of classroom order on achievement growth for at-risk students with higher levels of classroom order predicting greater rates of math achievement growth among disadvantaged minority students.
Ontogenetic changes in water-vapor conductance of eggs of yellow-headed blackbirds (Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus)

Eggs of Yellow-headed Blackbirds were incubated in a forceddraft incubator, and conductance of eggs to water vapor was determined for eggs having undergone different amounts of development. Multiple regression analysis indicated that water-vapor conductance is related to incubation time (expressed in both linear and quadratic forms) and to the length of pores through eggshells. Studies of geographic variation in conductance within a single avian species may be subject to serious sampling error if the eggs are at different stages of incubation at the time they are collected for study. Also, pore length is a better approximation to length of the diffusion pathway through an eggshell than is shell thickness.
Optical and electron microscopy of carbonaceous materials

Abstract A system of preparation of specimens of carbonaceous materials for optical and electron microscopy is described. Two innovations contained in this system are the use of hydrogen ion bombardment to etch for optical microscopy and the use of masks to facilitate the etching of specimens impregnated with and mounted in epoxy resin. The interpretation of some microstructural features common to graphites is discussed and the use of the term “optical domain” in descriptions of these materials is proposed.
A Kinesin in Command of Primary Ciliogenesis

Primary cilia sense extracellular cues and in response transmit signals required for development and tissue homeostasis. A new study by Kobayashi et al. (2011) reports that the kinesin Kif24 controls the formation of primary cilia by restricting the nucleation of cilia at centrioles.
Axotomy increases CNTF receptor mRNA in rat spinal cord

In order to study the role of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and its receptor (CNTF-R) in the response of spinal cord neurons to axotomy, we measured the levels of CNTF mRNA in nerve and CNTF-R mRNA in spinal cord following transection of sciatic nerve, using reverse transcriptase PCR. We found CNTF mRNA levels in the nerve fell and that CNTF-R mRNA levels in spinal cord increased at both 1 and 7 days following transection.
A Biomechanical Analysis of the Effects of Resorption Cavities on Cancellous Bone Strength

We evaluated the effects of resorption cavities on cancellous bone strength using computational methods. Adding cavities to cancellous bone caused reductions in strength and stiffness that were greater than expected from the associated changes in bone volume and more pronounced when cavities were targeted to regions of high tissue strain. Introduction: The amount of bone turnover in the skeleton has recently been implicated as a factor influencing bone strength. One mechanism proposed to explain this effect is that resorption cavities reduce the effective thickness of trabeculae and modify local stress distributions leading to reduced mechanical performance of the entire structure. In this study, we tested the plausibility of this mechanism. Materials and Methods: High-resolution finite element models were created from μCT images of 16 vertebral cancellous bone samples, as well as from images of the samples in which cavities had been added digitally—either at regions of high strain (targeted) or placed at random on the bone surface (nontargeted). The effect of resorption cavities on predicted bone strength and stiffness was evaluated by comparing the relationships between mechanical properties and bone volume fraction among the three groups (the original images, those with nontargeted cavities, and those with targeted cavities). Results: Addition of resorption cavities modified the relationship between mechanical properties and bone volume fraction in the finite element models such that, for a given bone volume fraction, stiffness and yield strength were reduced compared with the original images (p < 0.05). The differences in yield strength–volume fraction relationships between the original models and those with targeted cavities were significantly greater than those between the original models and those with nontargeted cavities (p < 0.05). None of the differences in predicted mechanical properties per unit bone volume fraction could be accounted for by 3D measures of microarchitecture. Conclusions: Resorption cavities may influence cancellous bone strength and stiffness independent of their effect on bone volume. The effects of cavities on bone mechanical performance relative to bone volume are greater when cavities are targeted to regions of high strain and cannot be predicted using standard microarchitecture measures.
The role of histamine in allergic diseases.

Histamine, which is stored mainly in mast cells and basophils, is a prominent contributor to allergic disease. Elevations in plasma or tissue histamine levels have been noted during anaphylaxis and experimental allergic responses of the skin, nose, and airways. Of the four cardinal signs of asthma (bronchospasm, edema, inflammation, and mucus secretion), histamine is capable of mediating the first two through its H 1 receptor and mucus secretion through its H 2 receptor. Of the five cardinal signs of allergic rhinitis (pruritus, mucosal edema, sneezing, muscus secretion, and late-phase inflammatory reactions), histamine is capable of mediating the first three through its H 1 receptor. In the nose, mucus secretion can be reflexively mediated by H 1 and possibly also by H 2 receptors. In the skin the cardinal features of urticaria (vasodilation, vascular permeability, and pruritus) can be mediated by stimulation of the H 1 receptor. In anaphylaxis histamine H 1 -receptor stimulation can mediate vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction, and tachycardia, whereas H 2 -receptor stimulation can mediate mucus secretion. Stimulation of both receptors can mediate vasodilation and reduce peripheral vascular resistance. Thus although histamine is only one of many mediators of allergic disease, it plays a primary role in allergic rhinitis, urticaria, anaphylaxis, and to a lesser degree, asthma.
A Profile of Women Dentists

This investigation examines female dentists' employment status, practice characteristics, annual income, job satisfaction, familial status, and relationships with colleagues and staff. A questionnaire was constructed using a yes/no response, short answer, and multiple choice format. The instrument was mailed to a random sample of 2,000 female dentists in September 1988. Fifty-four percent (1,086) of the sample population responded to the single mailing. More than 80% are satisfied with their dental career and current practice arrangement. The majority of these women described their working relationship with male and female colleagues and staff as excellent.
The origin of man.

ALTHOUGH the Darwin–Mendel–De Vries theory of evolution provides a general frame for understanding the emergence of man, it leaves open crucial questions of detail. Why have man, and, to a lesser extent, the higher apes so strikingly exceeded other animals in intellectual development? Was it by the chance accumulation of a vast number of favourable mutations, each relatively insignificant? In other words, was their development like the cascading of the ball on Galton's board from peg to peg until it happens to fall into the outermost compartment at the bottom? Or can one recognize distinct turning-points of the development? A well-known fact of physiology, the possible evolutionary significance of which does not seem to have received attention, points strongly towards the second alternative.
Kinetics of Cyclic Oxidation and Cracking and Finite Element Analysis of MA956 and Sapphire/MA956 Composite System

Sapphire fiber-reinforced MA956 composites hold promise for significant weight savings and increased high-temperature structural capability, as compared to unreinforced MA956. As part of an overall assessment of the high-temperature characteristics of this material system, cyclic oxidation behavior was studied at 1093 C and 1204 C. Initially, both sets of coupons exhibited parabolic oxidation kinetics. Later, monolithic MA956 exhibited spallation and a linear weight loss, whereas the composite showed a linear weight gain without spallation. Weight loss of the monolithic MA956 resulted from the linking of a multiplicity of randomly oriented and closely spaced surface cracks that facilitated ready spallation. By contrast, cracking of the composite's oxide layer was nonintersecting and aligned nominally parallel with the orientation of the subsurface reinforcing fibers. Oxidative lifetime of monolithic MA956 was projected from the observed oxidation kinetics. Linear elastic, finite element continuum, and micromechanics analyses were performed on coupons of the monolithic and composite materials. Results of the analyses qualitatively agreed well with the observed oxide cracking and spallation behavior of both the MA956 and the Sapphire/MA956 composite coupons.
Self-definition and self-defense: Jewish racial identity in nineteenth-century France

This article examines how and why French Jews began to speak of themselves as a “race.” Though we often assume that Jewish racial identity was an invention of anti-Semites in the 1880s, Jewish publicists had in fact adopted this language as early as the 1820s. Far from unwittingly appropriating the language of their detractors, Jews borrowed the language of race from scholars neutral or sympathetic to their cause in ways that made sense in light of their larger strategies of self-defense. The scholars who pioneered modern race theory were not the late nineteenth-century Social Darwinists; they were romantic historians like the Thierrys and Michelet, who saw France as a nation composed of a plurality of peoples who had come together over time to form a unified nation. Race thus provided a framework for understanding difference as legitimate, useful and dignified at a moment when anti-Jewish publicists attacked Jews as anti-social and immoral people who brought only harm to France. Looking at what French Jews borrowed from these early historians allows us to see the interconnections between Jewish self-defense and Jewish self-definition. In seeking to guarantee their rights and social status, French Jews appropriated new terms of understanding who they were.
GABAA and glutamate receptor subunit mRNAs in cortex of mice chemically kindled with FG 7142

Messenger RNA (mRNA) for several subunits of the GABAA receptor was measured in the cortex of mice chemically kindled with FG 7142. At 10 days after the final FG 7142 injection, beta 2 and gamma 2S subunit mRNA were significantly increased. At 31 days, alpha 1, alpha 3, beta 2, and gamma 2L mRNA were elevated. In contrast, levels of mRNA for four subunits of the glutamate receptor in the cortex of FG 7142-kindled mice killed at 31 days were not significantly increased. Previous investigations have shown a reduction in GABA-gated chloride channel function and density in mice kindled with FG 7142, and the increases in subunit mRNA found in the present studies may be a response to these decreases. These results indicate that chemical kindling produces long-lasting changes in expression of genes coding for specific neurotransmitter receptor subunits.
Precalibers, monolithic spaces, first countability, and homogeneity in the class of compact spaces

Abstract Some new results on relationships between cardinal invariants in compacta are obtained. We establish that every non-separable compactum admits a continuous mapping onto a compactum of the weight ω 1 that has a dense non-separable monolithic subspace (Lemma 1). Lemma 1 easily implies Shapirovskij's theorem that every compactum of countable tightness and of precaliber ω 1 is separable. The lemma also opens the road to some generalizations of this statement and to other results. We also obtain new results on the structure of monolithic compacta and of homogeneous compacta. In particular, a new class of shell-homogeneous compacta is introduced and studied. One of the main results here is Theorem 31 which provides a generous sufficient condition for a homogeneous monolithic compactum to be first countable. Many intriguing open questions are formulated.
Asymptotic theory for estimators under random censorship

The product limit estimator $$\hat F$$ of an unknown distributionF is represented as aU-statistic plus an error of the ordero(1/n). Using this, the maximum likelihood estimator of the specific risk rate in the time interval [0,M], is shown to admit a two term Edgeworth expansion. This risk rate for a specific cause of death is defined as the ratio of the probability of death, due to that particular cause, in the time interval [0,M], to the mean life time of an individual up to that time pointM. Similar expansions for the bootstrapped statistics are used to show that the bootstrap distribution, of the studentized estimator of the risk rate, approximates the sampling distribution better than the corresponding normal distribution.
Extremal regular graphs for the achromatic number

The problem of constructing (m, n) cages suggests the following class of problems. For a graph parameter @q, determine the minimum or maximum value of p for which there exists a k-regular graph on p points having a given value of @q. The minimization problem is solved here when @q is the achromatic number, denoted by @j. This result follows from the following main theorem. Let M(p, k) be the maximum value of @j(G) over all k-regular graphs G with p points, let {x} be the least integer of size at least x, and let @W(k)@?Z be given by @w(k) = {i(ik+1)+1:1== p}. Then for fixed k>=2 we have M(p, k=@?(p, k) if p@?@w(k) and M(p, k)=@?(p,k-1 if p@e@w(k) for all p sufficiently large with respect to k.
Molecular Determinants of Mouse Neurovirulence and Mosquito Infection for Western Equine Encephalitis Virus

Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) is a naturally occurring recombinant virus derived from ancestral Sindbis and Eastern equine encephalitis viruses. We previously showed that infection by WEEV isolates McMillan (McM) and IMP-181 (IMP) results in high (∼90–100%) and low (0%) mortality, respectively, in outbred CD-1 mice when virus is delivered by either subcutaneous or aerosol routes. However, relatively little is known about specific virulence determinants of WEEV. We previously observed that IMP infected Culex tarsalis mosquitoes at a high rate (app. 80%) following ingestion of an infected bloodmeal but these mosquitoes were infected by McM at a much lower rate (10%). To understand the viral role in these phenotypic differences, we characterized the pathogenic phenotypes of McM/IMP chimeras. Chimeras encoding the E2 of McM on an IMP backbone (or the reciprocal) had the most significant effect on infection phenotypes in mice or mosquitoes. Furthermore, exchanging the arginine, present on IMP E2 glycoprotein at position 214, for the glutamine present at the same position on McM, ablated mouse mortality. Curiously, the reciprocal exchange did not confer mouse virulence to the IMP virus. Mosquito infectivity was also determined and significantly, one of the important loci was the same as the mouse virulence determinant identified above. Replacing either IMP E2 amino acid 181 or 214 with the corresponding McM amino acid lowered mosquito infection rates to McM-like levels. As with the mouse neurovirulence, reciprocal exchange of amino acids did not confer mosquito infectivity. The identification of WEEV E2 amino acid 214 as necessary for both IMP mosquito infectivity and McM mouse virulence indicates that they are mutually exclusive phenotypes and suggests an explanation for the lack of human or equine WEE cases even in the presence of active transmission.
A System Gone Berserk: How Are Zero-Tolerance Policies Really Affecting Schools?.

School administrators continue to use zero-tolerance policies as a one-size-fits-all, quick-fix solution to curbing discipline problems with students. Originally intended to address serious offenses such as possession of firearms, zero-tolerance policies are also now meant to address fighting and disrespect. Despite the seeming popularity of zero-tolerance policies, the evidence base is lacking. The literature suggests that zero-tolerance has flaws and school districts and administrators have misused it. When implemented, it typically equates to exclusion through suspension and expulsion: two disciplinary actions that have well-documented side effects. Researchers have indicated that there are alternatives to zero-tolerance that school administrators can use to curb discipline problems. The author discusses the history of zero-tolerance policies, its effectiveness, and alternatives.
Aβ Fibrillogenesis: Kinetic Parameters for Fibril Formation from Congo Red Binding

Abstract Using Scatchard analysis, we have formulated as a function of time and pH the relationship between the binding of Congo red to Alzheimer's β-amyloid and the aggregation number (i.e., monomer concentration within fibrils) as defined by nucleation-dependent self-assembly. This provides a basis on which to determine the kinetic parameters for fibril formation from the observed concentration of bound Congo red.
Stability of transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion in the setting of retained facets and posterior fixation using transfacet or standard pedicle screws

Abstract Background context The transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) technique supplements posterior instrumented lumbar spine fusion and has been tested with different types of screw fixation for stabilization. Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion is usually placed through a unilateral foraminal approach after unilateral facetectomy, although extraforaminal entry allows the facet to be spared. Purpose To characterize the biomechanics of L4–L5 lumbar motion segments instrumented with bilateral transfacet pedicle screw (TFPS) fixation versus bilateral pedicle screw-rod (PSR) fixation in the setting of intact facets and native disc or after discectomy and extraforaminal placement of a TLIF technology graft. Study design Human cadaveric lumbar spine segments were biomechanically tested in vitro to provide a nonpaired comparison of four configurations of posterior and interbody instrumentation. Methods Fourteen human cadaveric spine specimens (T12–S1) underwent standard pure moment flexibility tests with intact L4–L5 disc and facets. Seven were studied with intact discs, after TFPS fixation, and then with TLIF and TFPS fixation. The others were studied with intact discs, after PSR fixation, and then combined with extraforaminally placed TLIF. Loads were applied about anatomic axes to induce flexion-extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation. Three-dimensional specimen motion in response to applied loads during flexibility tests was determined. A nonpaired comparison of the four configurations of posterior and interbody instrumentation was made. Results Transfacet pedicle screw and PSR, with or without TLIF, significantly reduced range of motion during all directions of loading. Transfacet pedicle screw provided greater stability than PSR in all directions of motion except lateral bending. In flexion, TFPS was more stable than PSR (p=.042). A TLIF device provided less stability than the intact disc in constructs with TFPS and PSR. Conclusions These results suggest that fixation at L4–L5 with TFPS is a promising alternative to PSR, with or without TLIF. A TLIF device was less stable than the native disc with both methods of instrumentation presumably because of a fulcrum effect from a relatively small footplate. Additional interbody support may be considered for improved biomechanics with TLIF.
My ill literacy narrative: growing up Black, po and a girl, in the hood

Hegemonic discourses authorise certain ways of being, knowing, and doing. We internalise or appropriate images, patterns, and words from the social activities in which we have participated. Race, gender, sexuality, age, education, class are among aspects of identity (social constructions) that affect our language and literacy acquisition, the way we make sense. Grounded in the field of New Literacy Studies and drawing on the tools of critical discourse studies, I analyse verbal and non‐verbal excerpts from a street literature memoir, tentatively titled ‘PHD 2 Ph.D.: Po Ho on Dope 2 Ph.D, The Ill Narrative of Dr. E’, to examine young Black women’s negotiation of raced, classed, gendered and sexual ideologies. My aim is to show that these ideologies work to constrain the possibilities for Black womanhood by ascribing negative meanings and identities to Black women, which render them ‘at‐risk’ for various sorts of disadvantage, that ‘at‐risk’ youth are not inherently so, and that educators and other youth wo...
Relating plume spread to meteorology in urban areas

Abstract This paper examines relationships between dispersion and meteorology measured in a field study conducted in Barrio Logan, a suburb of San Diego, during 5 days of the period 21 August 2001–31 August 2001. The mean building height in Barrio Logan is about 4 m. The tracer, SF 6 , was released at a height of 5 m from a shipyard on the shoreline, and the concentrations of the tracer were sampled on 4 arcs at 200, 500, 1000, and 2000 m from the source during ten hours of the day starting at 10 am. The meteorological conditions that governed dispersion were measured using sonic anemometers and a SODAR with a range of 200 m in the vertical. It turned out that ground-level concentrations at the receptors used in this study were governed by the meteorological variables in the urban boundary layer above the urban roughness sublayer (RSL). In this region between 15 and 150 m above ground-level, the horizontal and vertical turbulent intensities were relatively uniform. This uniformity in turbulent intensities allowed the formulation of simple expressions for horizontal and vertical plume spreads that could be used in a Gaussian dispersion model. These expressions are similar to those proposed by Briggs (ERL, ARL USAEC Report ATDL-106, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 1975) and Hanna et al. (Atmos. Environ. 37 (2003) 5069) to model dispersion in St. Louis and Salt Lake City, respectively. However, the application of these dispersion curves requires information on the meteorology of the boundary layer. It might be possible to use measurements above the average building height (4 m in our case) to infer these boundary layer properties. The dispersion model based on boundary layer meteorological information explained about 63% of the variance of the maximum observed concentrations on each sampling arc, and 60% of these concentrations was within a factor of two of the corresponding model estimates. It was necessary to account for initial plume spread caused by building effects to explain concentrations on the 200 and 500 m arcs.
MH ΓENOITO in the Diatribe and Paul

Rudolf Bultmann's dissertation is still the best general description of diatribal style and remains the authority on the subject for most NT scholars. Bultmann draws attention to the dialogical element in the diatribe in which a speaker or writer makes use of an imaginary interlocutor who asks questions or raises objections to the arguments or affirmations that are made. These responses are frequently stupid and are then summarily rejected by the speaker or writer in a number of ways, for example by οὐδαμῶς (“by no means”), οὐ πάντως (“not at all”), οὐ μὰ Δία (“indeed not”), or minime (“by no means”). The limited purpose of this paper is to examine the way in which μὴ γένοιτο (“by no means”) is widely used in the diatribal literature, usually thought to be represented in Greek by the Dissertation of Epictetus, certain Moralia of Plutarch, various works of Philo, and by Bion, Teles, Musonius, Dio Chrysostom, Lucian, and Maximus of Tyre. In fact, however, this particular rejection, as it appears as a response in a dialogue without being part of a larger sentence, is unique to Epictetus and Paul. Bultmann's interpretation of the diatribe is heavily dependent on Epictetus despite the latter's peculiar development of the style, and the generalization about the use of μὴ γένοιτο in the diatribe is made on the basis of Epictetus.
A library-based approach to portable, parallel, object-oriented programming: interface, implementation, and application

The use of parallel platforms, despite their increasing availability, remains largely restricted to well-structured, numeric applications. We address the issue of facilitating the use of parallel platforms on unstructured problems through object-oriented design techniques and the actor model of concurrent computation. We present a multi-level approach to expressing parallelism for unstructured applications: a high-level interface based on the actor model of concurrent object-oriented programming and a low-level interface which provides an object-oriented interface to system services across a wide range of parallel architectures. The high- and low-level interfaces are implemented as part of the ProperCAD II C++ class library which supports shared memory, message-passing, and and hybrid architectures. We demonstrate our approach through a detailed examination of the parallelization process for an existing unstructured serial application, viz. a state-of-the-art VLSI computer-aided design application. We compare and contrast the library-based actor approach to other method for expressing parallelism in C++ on a number of applications and kernels. >
Selective Homologation Routes to 2,2,3‐Trimethylbutane on Solid Acids

Sieben als magische Kohlenstoffzahl: 2,2,3-Trimethylbutan (Triptan) entsteht an sauren Zeolithen bei niedrigen Temperaturen selektiv aus Dimethylether. Die Methylierung an weniger substituierten Kohlenstoffatomen, das Verhaltnis der Geschwindigkeiten von Methylierung und Wasserstofftransfer bei unterschiedlichen Kettenlangen, eine langsame Gerustisomerisierung und eine β-Spaltung von Triptylketten und ihren Vorstufen sind intrinsische Eigenschaften der Carbeniumionen, die zu den bemerkenswerten Triptanselektivitaten in den C7-Fraktionen fuhren.
Cardiogenic shock secondary to myocardial rupture contained by a thrombus with left atrial and pulmonary venous compression.

myocardial rupture, transesophageal echocardiography, intrinsic left atrial compression, intrinsic pulmonary vein compression, acute myocardial infarction
Differential Contribution of Pacemaker Properties to the Generation of Respiratory Rhythms during Normoxia and Hypoxia

Pacemaker neurons have been described in most neural networks. However, whether such neurons are essential for generating an activity pattern in a given preparation remains mostly unknown. Here, we show that in the mammalian respiratory network two types of pacemaker neurons exist. Differential blockade of these neurons indicates that their relative contribution to respiratory rhythm generation changes during the transition from normoxia to hypoxia. During hypoxia, blockade of neurons with sodium-dependent bursting properties abolishes respiratory rhythm generation, while in normoxia respiratory rhythm generation only ceases upon pharmacological blockade of neurons with heterogeneous bursting properties. We propose that respiratory rhythm generation in normoxia depends on a heterogeneous population of pacemaker neurons, while during hypoxia the respiratory rhythm is driven by only one type of pacemaker.
Pellagrous encephalopathy presenting as alcohol withdrawal delirium: A case series and literature review

Background Alcohol withdrawal delirium (AWD) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Pellagra (niacin deficiency) can be a cause of delirium during alcohol withdrawal that may often be overlooked.
Implications of Nitrogenous BOD in Treatment Plant Design

This paper is intended to describe the attitude of a major state regulatory agency in the practical application of concepts of water pollution control, particularly with respect to control of nitrogenous compounds, aptly researched and documented by capable investigators in the academic, governmental and consulting fields. It is not intended to present any new concepts or statistical documentation of events previously substantiated by others. The main objective is to describe the evolution of concern leading to the position taken by the Division of Pure Waters of the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation in administering its water pollution control program.
Using Linda for supercomputing on a local area network

A distributed parallel processing system based on the LINDA programming constructs has been implemented on a local area network of computers. This system allows a single application program to utilize many machines on the network simultaneously. Several applications have been implemented on the network at Sandia National Laboratories and have achieved performances considerably faster than that of a Cray-1S. Several collections of machines have been used including up to eleven DEC VAXes, three Sun/3 workstations, and a PC.
Low Fat and High Monounsaturated Fat Diets Decrease Human Low Density Lipoprotein Oxidative Susceptibility In Vitro

Oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein (LDL) is thought to play an important role in the development of atherosclerosis. Some studies have found that LDL enriched in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) are less susceptible to oxidation than LDL enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). A high MUFA diet is an alternative to a lower-fat blood cholesterol-lowering diet. Less is known about the effects of high MUFA versus lower-fat blood cholesterol-lowering diets on LDL oxidative susceptibility. The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of men and women consuming diets high in MUFA (peanuts plus peanut butter, peanut oil and olive oil) on LDL oxidative susceptibility, and to compare these effects with those of a Step II blood cholesterol-lowering diet. A randomized, double-blind, five-period crossover design (n = 20) was used to study the effects of the following diets on LDL-oxidation: average American [35% fat, 15% saturated fatty acids (SFA)], Step II (25% fat, 7% SFA), olive oil (35% fat, 7% SFA), peanut oil (35% fat, 7% SFA) and peanuts plus peanut butter (35% fat, 8% SFA). The average American diet resulted in the shortest lag time (57 +/- 6 min) for LDL oxidized ex vivo, whereas the Step II, olive oil and peanuts plus peanut butter diets resulted in a lag time of 66 +/- 6 min (P < or = 0.1). The slower rate of oxidation [nmol dienes/(min x mg LDL protein)] observed when subjects consumed the olive oil diet (24 +/- 2) versus the average American (28 +/- 2), peanut oil (28 +/- 2) and peanuts plus peanut butter diets (29 +/- 2; P < or = 0.05) was associated with a lower LDL PUFA content. The results of this study suggest that lower-fat and higher-fat blood cholesterol-lowering diets high in MUFA have similar effects on LDL oxidative resistance. In addition, our results suggest that different high MUFA sources varying in the ratio of MUFA to PUFA can be incorporated into a high MUFA diet without increasing the susceptibility of LDL to oxidation.
Optimal design of mixed AC–DC distribution systems for commercial buildings: A Nonconvex Generalized Benders Decomposition approach

Abstract Direct current (DC) electricity distribution systems have been proposed as an alternative to traditional, alternating current (AC) distribution systems for commercial buildings. Partial replacement of AC distribution with DC distribution can improve service to DC loads and overall building energy efficiency. This article develops (i) a mixed-integer, nonlinear, nonconvex mathematical programming problem to determine maximally energy efficient designs for mixed AC–DC electricity distribution systems in commercial buildings, and (ii) describes a tailored global optimization algorithm based on Nonconvex Generalized Benders Decomposition. The results of three case studies demonstrate the strength of the decomposition approach compared to state-of-the-art general-purpose global solvers.
"It's Like Being in a Labyrinth:" Hispanic Immigrants' Perceptions of Depression and Attitudes Toward Treatments

This study aimed to describe Hispanic immigrants’ perceptions of depression and attitudes toward treatments and to examine how demographics, acculturation, clinical factors, and past service use were associated with their perceptions and attitudes. A convenience sample of 95 Hispanic immigrant patients was presented a vignette depicting an individual with major depression. Structured interviews that included standardized instruments and open-ended questions were used to query patients about their views of depression and its treatments. Findings showed that Hispanic immigrants perceived depression as a serious condition caused by interpersonal and social factors. Consistent with existing literature, most patients endorsed positive attitudes toward depression treatments yet reported apprehensions toward antidepressants. Demographic factors, acculturation, depressive symptoms, and past mental health service use were related to patients’ views of depression and attitudes toward care. This study emphasizes the need to incorporate Hispanic immigrants’ perceptions and attitudes into depression treatments.
Wipe-Reverse Wipe Design and the Evaluation of Brass/Copper-Beryllium for Electrical Contacts Under Highly Contaminating Conditions

A wipe-reverse wipe technique, which may be incorporated in the design of electrical contact closure mechanisms, was found to markedly decrease the contact resistance of electrical switches even when very heavily contaminated with surfaces oxides, sulfides, or chlorides. The use of this technique reduces the sensitivity of electrical contact operation to environmental contaminants, allows a reduction in the closure force, and allows the substitution of inexpensive base metal's for precious metals in many electrical contact applications. Brass and copper-beryllium contacts were evaluated under several very highly contaminated conditions.
The Effect of Balloon-Occluded Transvenous Obliteration of Gastric Varices and Gastrorenal Shunts on the Hepatic Synthetic Function: A Comparison Between Child-Pugh and Model for End-Stage Liver Disease Scores

Purpose:To evaluate the effect of balloon-occluded transvenous obliteration (BRTO) on the model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) and the Child-Pugh (C-P) score and their individual components.Met...
Selection with monotone comparison costs

We consider the problem of selecting the rth-smallest element from a list of n elements under a model where the comparisons may have different costs depending on the elements being compared. This model was introduced by [3] and is realistic in the context of comparisons between complex objects. An important special case of this general cost model is one where the comparison costs are monotone in the sizes of the elements being compared. This monotone cost model covers most "natural" cost models that arise and the selection problem turns out to be the most challenging one among the usual problems for comparison-based algorithms. We present an O(log2n)-competitive algorithm for selection under the monotone cost model. This is in contrast to an Ω(n) lower bound that is known for arbitrary comparison costs. We also consider selection under a special case of monotone costs --- the min model where the cost of comparing two elements is the minimum of the sizes. We give a randomized O(1)-competitive algorithm for the min model.
The Prevalence of Academic Dishonesty in Texas Dental Hygiene Programs

The media has given much attention to the academic cheating crisis in America. A majority of college students believe that, in today’s global environment, it is necessary to cheat in order to get ahead and to compete with their peers. The prevalence and attitudes concerning academic dishonesty of health professions students, including those in medical, dental, and nursing schools, have been extensively researched. No such studies exist in the discipline of dental hygiene. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of cheating in Texas dental hygiene programs. Four hundred surveys were mailed to twenty Texas dental hygiene schools for graduating students to complete. A total of 289 usable surveys was returned for a response rate of 72.25 percent. Data were analyzed using SPSS with frequencies and chi-square tests. Findings from this study reveal that 86.5 percent of graduating Texas dental hygiene students have cheated a minimum of one time during matriculation. Students identified the demands of what they considered academic overload as the primary justification for cheating behavior.
Thermal mitigation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms

Bacterial biofilms infect 2–4% of medical devices upon implantation, resulting in multiple surgeries and increased recovery time due to the very great increase in antibiotic resistance in the biofilm phenotype. This work investigates the feasibility of thermal mitigation of biofilms at physiologically accessible temperatures. Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms were cultured to high bacterial density (1.7 × 109 CFU cm−2) and subjected to thermal shocks ranging from 50°C to 80°C for durations of 1–30 min. The decrease in viable bacteria was closely correlated with an Arrhenius temperature dependence and Weibull-style time dependence, demonstrating up to six orders of magnitude reduction in bacterial load. The bacterial load for films with more conventional initial bacterial densities dropped below quantifiable levels, indicating thermal mitigation as a viable approach to biofilm control.
Optimal communication logics in networked control systems

This paper addresses the control of spatially distributed processes. We utilize a distributed architecture in which multiple local controllers coordinate their efforts through a data network that allows information exchange. We focus our work on linear time invariant processes disturbed by Gaussian white noise and propose several logics to determine when the local controllers should communicate. We provide conditions under which these logics guarantee boundedness and investigate the trade-off between the amount of information exchanged and the performance achieved. The resulting closed-loop systems evolve according to stochastic differential equations with resets triggered by stochastic counters. This type of stochastic hybrid system seems to be interesting on its own. The theoretical results are validated through Monte Carlo simulations.
Guided time warping for motion editing

Time warping allows users to modify timing without affecting poses. It has many applications in animation systems for motion editing, such as refining motions to meet new timing constraints or modifying the acting of animated characters. However, time warping typically requires many manual adjustments to achieve the desired results. We present a technique which simplifies this process by allowing time warps to be guided by a provided reference motion. Given few timing constraints, it computes a warp that both satisfies these constraints and maximizes local timing similarities to the reference. The algorithm is fast enough to incorporate into standard animation workflows. We apply the technique to two common tasks: preserving the natural timing of motions under new time constraints and modifying the timing of motions for stylistic effects.
High pressure electroosmotic pump based on a packed bed planar microchip

Abstract A high pressure electroosmotic flow (EOF) pump was fabricated within a glass substrate and tested to characterize its fluid dynamic performance. The EOF pump was constructed on a compact, planar microchip platform with (L × W × D) dimensions of 10 cm × 3.6 cm × 0.3 cm. The pumping region itself consisted of a straight channel (3 cm × 160 μm × 62 μm) uniformly packed with 3.38 μm silica microspheres held in place by a microfabricated weir structure. Characterization of the microchip EOF pump included pressure and flow rate measurements as a function of voltage and system backpressure for a buffered aqueous fluid containing 10 mM cyclohexylamino alkyl sulfonate CHES. Measurements indicate a maximum pressure of 25 atm and a maximum measured flow rate of 85 nL/min. Linear relationships of pressure and flow rate with voltage were confirmed. Current measurements show linear profiles with voltage for flow rate and maximum pressure measurements, indicating minimal effects due to Joule heating under either test condition. Design and performance considerations relating to fluid dynamic considerations are discussed. The large pressures generated electrokinetically by the microchip EOF pump show the potential for a compact motive source that allows for easy integration with applications requiring high pressures.
Microstructural Studies of Sputtered Co90Fe10/Ag GMR Multilayers

The microstructure of Co90Feio/Ag giant magnetoresistive multilayer films has been investigated using x-ray diffraction (XRD) and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy. Columnar grains with a (111) fiber growth texture is observed. A comparison is made between the observed layering structure and earlier multilayer schematics based on the literature and magnetic and magnetoresistive measurements as a function of layer thickness. A direct correlation is made between superlattice satellite peak signals from selected area electron diffraction patterns and XRD scans.
Second malignant neoplasms among survivors of pediatric Hodgkin disease treated with low-dose radiation (15–25.5 Gy) and chemotherapy

10003 Background: Second malignant neoplasms (SMN) are a known complication of Hodgkin disease (HD) treatment. While it is theorized that lower radiation doses may be associated with lower SMN risk, long-term follow-up of children treated with low-dose radiation is lacking. We report the occurrence of SMN among pediatric HD survivors treated at Stanford with chemotherapy and low-dose radiation from 1970 to 1990. Methods: Patients received 6 cycles of MOPP (mechlorethamine, vincristine, prednisone, procarbazine) with 15–25.5 Gy radiation ± 10 Gy boost or 3 MOPP and 3 ABVD cycles (doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, dacarbazine) with 15 Gy radiation ± 10 Gy boost. Follow-up was obtained through 9/1/2007. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) and absolute excess risk (AER) for SMN were calculated using the SEER9 database (1973–2004). Cumulative SMN incidence was determined by the Kaplan-Meier method. Univariate associations were evaluated with the chi-square test or t-test. Multivariate analysis was performe...
High performance red-emitting multiple layer InGaN/GaN quantum dot lasers

InGaN/GaN self-organized quantum dots can provide useful advantages over quantum wells for the realization of long-wavelength visible light sources because the dots are formed by strain relaxation. A III–nitride based laser emitting in the red (λ ~ 630 nm), which has not been demonstrated with quantum wells, would be useful for a host of applications. We have investigated the epitaxy and characteristics of self-organized InGaN/GaN multiple layer quantum dots grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy and have optimized their properties by tuning the growth parameters. Red-emitting (λ ~ 630 nm) quantum dots have radiative lifetime ~2.5 ns and internal quantum efficiency greater than 50%. Edge-emitting red-lasers with multi-dot layers in the active region exhibit an extremely low threshold current density of 1.6 kA/cm2, a high temperature coefficient T0 = 240 K, and a large differential gain dg/dn = 9 × 10−17 cm2.