cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acetylcholine Turnover and Compartmentation in Rat Brain Synaptosomes

The turnover of acetylcholine (ACh) in rat brain synaptosomes and its compartmentation in the labile bound and stable bound pools were investigated. The P(2) fraction from rat brain was subjected to three sequential incubations, each terminated by centrifugation followed by determination of ACh concentrations by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS): (1) Depletion phase: Incubation of synaptosomes at 37 percent C for 10 min in Na+ -free buffer containing 35 mM-KCl reduced the content of both labile bound and stable bound ACh by 40%. (2) Synthesis phase: incubation at 37 percent C with 2 micrometer-[(2)H(4)]choline resulted in accumulation of labeled and unlabeled ACh in both compartments. Addition of an anticholinesterase had little effect on stable bound ACh but greatly increased the content of labile bound ACh. This excess accumulated ACh was probably due to inhibition of intracellular acetylcholinesterase (AChE), because negligible uptake of ACh from the medium was observed. The effects on ACh synthesis of altered cation concentrations and metabolic inhibitors were examined. (3) Release phase: The tissue was incubated in the presence of 35 mM-KCl, 40 micrometer-paraoxon, and 20 micrometer-hemicholinium-3 (HC-3) (to inhibit further synthesis of ACh). Measurements of the compartmental localization of ACh at several time points indicated that ACh was being released from the labile bound fraction. In support of this conclusion, 20 mM-Mg2+ reduced ACh release and increased the labile bound ACh concentration.
Interaction between Noise and Asphyxiants: A Concern for Toxicology and Occupational Health

The article highlighted in this issue is "Potentiation of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss by Low Concentrations of Hydrogen Cyanide in Rats" by Laurence D. Fechter, Guang-Di Chen, and David L. Johnson (pp. 131-138).
Expression of KCNQ1OT1, CDKN1C, H19, and PLAGL1 and the methylation patterns at the KvDMR1 and H19/IGF2 imprinting control regions is conserved between human and bovine

Background Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is a loss-of-imprinting pediatric overgrowth syndrome. The primary features of BWS include macrosomia, macroglossia, and abdominal wall defects. Secondary features that are frequently observed in BWS patients are hypoglycemia, nevus flammeus, polyhydramnios, visceromegaly, hemihyperplasia, cardiac malformations, and difficulty breathing. BWS is speculated to occur primarily as the result of the misregulation of imprinted genes associated with two clusters on chromosome 11p15.5, namely the KvDMR1 and H19/IGF2. A similar overgrowth phenotype is observed in bovine and ovine as a result of embryo culture. In ruminants this syndrome is known as large offspring syndrome (LOS). The phenotypes associated with LOS are increased birth weight, visceromegaly, skeletal defects, hypoglycemia, polyhydramnios, and breathing difficulties. Even though phenotypic similarities exist between the two syndromes, whether the two syndromes are epigenetically similar is unknown. In this study we use control Bos taurus indicus X Bos taurus taurus F1 hybrid bovine concepti to characterize baseline imprinted gene expression and DNA methylation status of imprinted domains known to be misregulated in BWS. This work is intended to be the first step in a series of experiments aimed at determining if LOS will serve as an appropriate animal model to study BWS.
Epididymal secretion of a mouse sperm surface component recognized by a monoclonal antibody.

We have generated a monoclonal antibody directed against an antigenic determinant appearing on the surface of mouse sperm tails during passage through the epididymis (a determinant that we now term sperm maturation antigen number four [SMA 41 ). The present study demonstrates that sperm retained in the ductuli efferentes following ligation do not acquire the antigen, suggesting that its appearance is not due to changes intrinsic to the sperm, but that the epididymal environment is required. To examine the role of the epididymis in the appearance of this antigen, sections of unfixed frozen or fixed, paraffin embedded tissue from different regions of the male reproductive tract have been studied by indirect immunofluorescence. Results indicate that the antigen is a secretory product of the epididymal epithelium, produced in a short segment of the distal caput epididymidis. Ligation experiments show that absence of sperm or testicular fluid from the epididymis does not affect production of this antigen. Examination of prepubertal mice indicates that antigen production is age dependent, production beginning in the epididymis of mice between 2 and 4 weeks of age. Indirect immunofluorescence analysis of sections of a variety of tissues and organs shows that the antigen is restricted to sperm and to epithelial cells of the male reproductive tract. Finally, experiments comparing the antibody-induced agglutinability of sperm from the caput epididymidis to that of sperm from the cauda epididymidis gives further evidence that the antigen resides on the sperm surface.
Improved prototype cryomodule for the CEBAF 12 GeV upgrade

In order to provide a higher performance building block cryomodule for the CEBAF 12 GeV upgrade, modifications have been made to the design of the Upgrade Cryomodule. The prototype cryomodule will be completed in 2004 and be installed for operation in CEBAF. Design changes enable the use of higher gradient cavities to achieve greater than 100 MV per cryomodule while not exceeding the budgeted cryogenic load of 300 W during steady-state operation. They also include refinements based on experience gained during the construction of the first generation upgraded cryomodules as well as the prototype cryomodule for the Spallation Neutron Source. Two cavity designs will be used in the prototype, one optimized for E/sub peak//E/sub acc/ ratio, and the other optimized for minimum cryogenic load. The input waveguides, thermal shield and piping have been redesigned to accommodate the higher expected heat loads. The vacuum connections consist of niobium-titanium flanges, aluminum-magnesium seals and stainless steel clamps to provide reliable UHV sealing. The cavity tuner features one cold motor and two piezoelectric actuators to provide coarse and fine tuning respectively.
A 51-Year-Old Woman With an Inguinal Mass

51-year-old woman presented with a right inguinal area ulcerated mass that had slowly enlarged for 5 years (Figure 1). Preoperative computerized axial tomography confirmed the presence of a mass in the inguinal region and did not reveal any abnormalities in the pelvic organs (Figure 2). She underwent a wide local excision of the skin lesion in continuity with superficial and deep inguinal lymph nodes. The resected specimen consisted of an oval portion of skin and subcutaneous tissue with a central depressed area filled by nodular growth. The deep portion of the specimen contained peritoneum with adherent infarcted but otherwise unremarkable ipsilateral ovary and fallopian tube. Cut section revealed a poorly defined, multinodular tumor measuring 12.0 3 7.0 3 4.0 cm. Histologically, the tumor showed 2 equal patterns. One portion consisted of cystically dilated glands in a dense fibrotic stroma. The glands contained eosinophilic luminal material. There was moderate pleomorphism with scanty cytoplasm, stippled chromatin, and occasional nucleoli. The other pattern consisted of microcystic spaces filled with eosinophilic material; papillary projections; and large pleomorphic cells with indistinct borders, inconspicuous nucleoli, and finely stippled chromatin (Figure 3). A few nuclear grooves and clear nuclei were observed. Adherent ovary with fallopian tube showed infarction only, with no evidence of tumor. What is your diagnosis?
Using Experimental Models to Guide Data Gathering

In constructing a plausible mathematical model of a ground-water basin, including the flow equations and the data describing the physical parameters of the basin, use of a series of experimental models may be found to be the minimal-cost approach to guiding data-gathering programs while simultaneously developing a plausible model to be used for predicting the consequences of management decisions such as increasing or decreasing the amount of water to be withdrawn in various parts of the basin. The basis for experimentation is a sensitivity analysis, for which triangular probability distributions are suggested as appropriate methods for perturbing known values of parameters into erroneous values. The worth of improving the accuracy of measurements or estimates can be evaluated empirically by use of these techniques. Automated techniques for deducing basin parameters from histories of water level were developed but were not fully successful. Use of linear programming shows some promise but require further development before being routinely applicable.
Integrating Business School Curricular Resources into Real Estate Practitioner Professional Development

This article reports on the development of a Mini MBA® in Real Estate—a semester long program developed for real estate practitioners. This real estate program utilizes university business school i...
Discrimination and psychiatric disorders among older African Americans.

Objectives This study examined the impact of everyday discrimination (both racial and non-racial) on the mental health of older African Americans. Methods This analysis is based on the older African American subsample of the National Survey of American Life (NSAL) (n = 773). We examined the associations between everyday discrimination and both general distress and psychiatric disorders as measured by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). Six dependent variables were examined: lifetime mood disorders, lifetime anxiety disorders, any lifetime disorder, number of lifetime disorders, depressive symptoms as measured by the 12-item Center for Epidemiological Scale of Depression (CES-D), and serious psychological distress as measured by the Kessler 6 (K6). Results Overall, racial and non-racial everyday discrimination were consistently associated with worse mental health for older African Americans. Older African Americans who experienced higher levels of overall everyday discrimination had higher odds of any psychiatric disorder, any lifetime mood disorder, any lifetime anxiety disorder, and more lifetime DSM-IV disorders, in addition to elevated levels of depressive symptoms and serious psychological distress. These findings were similar for both racial discrimination and non-racial discrimination. Conclusions This study documents the harmful association of not only racial discrimination, but also non-racial (and overall) discrimination with the mental health of older African Americans. Specifically, discrimination is negatively associated with mood and anxiety disorders as well as depressive symptoms and psychological distress. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microstructural Aspects of High-Performance Cement-Based Materials

The goal of this research is to improve the physical properties, mechanical properties and durability of cement-based materials by controlling chemistry and processing to produce the desired microstructures and properties. An accompanying initiative is to establish the basic scientific understanding relating processing and microstructure with physical and mechanical behavior, for the future development of new, special purpose, high performance cement-based materials. The research involves both experimentation and theory elucidating fundamental strengthening mechanisms for materials such as warm-pressed, MDF, DSP, polymer, and fiber composites. SEM and computer image analysis were used. Of interest are creating process models that serve as a basis for real applications such as in the following areas: High-performance highway concrete, and the immobilization of radioactive waste.
The Design of Door Trim Panel of Vehicle Front Door

The article elaborates the development process of door trim panel design of vehicle front door,analyzes its modeling process and introduces the factors that have effects on the structure design of front door's trim panel functions.
Analysis on Transient Grounding Performance of Common Grounding Electrodes in HVDC System

For several fault types of common grounding electrode in HVDC system,the frequency spectrum analysis of transient process of earthing current is performed and the features that the frequency spectrum of transient process of earthing current of common grounding electrode is within the range from 0 to 200 Hz is obtained. Based on this feature,through the further analysis on the response of transient process of earthing current of common grounding electrode,following conclusion is obtained: the waveform of transient response is similar to that of the earthing current,and the ratio of the peak value of transient response to steady state response is equal to the ratio of the peak value of transient current to the rated current of the system. Combining with the important parameter for the design of grounding electrode,i.e.,the limit of step voltage,it is not necessary for the design of common grounding electrode to consider the influence of transient process of earthing fault current on ambient environment.
On Confucian Doctrine of Exercising Perfect Self-cultivation and Benevolent Governance in the Field of Globalized View

Globalization has made more distinct the problem of domestication of general value and generalization of domestic experiences. Whether or not the Confucian doctrine of exercising perfect self-cultivation and benevolent governance will help to construct the political and economic systems of modern society is an issue much concerned about in the contemporary period. In contrast with the Western reasonable spirit and the thinking way with the division of the subject and the object, the Confucian doctrine of exercising perfect self-cultivation and benevolent governance is always united, thus forming rich Confucian cultural resources. The thinking of exercising perfect self-cultivation is not only involved with the ethics, but also a run-through of the heavenly doctrine and the mind of the people. As a component of exercising perfect self-cultivation, exercising benevolent governance has a profound foundation to exercise perfect self-cultivation. The wisdom structure has met with severe crisis in the contemporary period. When re-thinking our traditional culture, the political consideration of Confucians from exercising perfect self-cultivation to exercising benevolent governance covers a specific nature different from the development of Western democracy. If we say that the problem of Western democracy is essentially one of the legitimacy of power, then the Confucian doctrine of exercising perfect self-cultivation and benevolent governance is to make limitations on the highest power. As we possess rich resources of the doctrine of exercising perfect self-cultivation and benevolent governance, we should realize the modernization of traditional culture based on referring rationally to Western resources.
Short-, Intermediate-, and Long-term Quality of Life Outcomes Following Radical Prostatectomy for Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer

Many clinically localized prostate cancers that are diagnosed today are low risk, and prevention of disease-specific mortality may only be realized decades after treatment. Radical prostatectomy (RP) may adversely impact health-related quality of life (HRQOL) by causing both transient or permanent urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction. In contrast, RP may also improve HRQOL via relief of lower urinary tract symptoms in men suffering from these symptoms prior to surgery. Because the average man treated for prostate cancer has a life expectancy of approximately 14 years, it is imperative to consider the long-term impact of RP on both survival and HRQOL in treatment decision making. This comprehensive literature review examines short-, intermediate-, and long-term HRQOL following RP. In addition, the long-term results of RP are compared with other treatment modalities for treating clinically localized prostate cancer.
Molecular pathology of solid tumors

Medical practice based on information gleaned from molecular diagnostic testing is increasingly becoming the standard of care. Molecular information not only aids in diagnosis, but in prognostication and as a guide to targeted therapy. This chapter reviews current knowledge of relevant mutations in solid tumors in an organ-based approach. In addition, some technical aspects of molecular diagnostic testing are included, with emphasis on the advantages and disadvantages of different methods. Finally, the use of targeted therapies based on molecular findings is discussed where applicable.
Hull convexity defects features for human activity recognition

Activity recognition has been applied to many varied applications ranging from surveillance to medical analysis. Interpreting human actions is often a complex problem for computer vision. Actions can be classified through shape, motion or region based algorithms. While all have their distinct advantages, we consider a feature extraction approach using convexity defects. This algorithmic approach offers a unique method for identifying actions by extracting features from hull convexity defects. Specifically, we create a hull around the segmented silhouette of interest in which the regions that exist in the hull are recognized. A feature database is created through a dataset of features for multiple individuals. These feature points are registered between progressive frames and then normalized for analysis. Using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), the feature points are classified to different poses. From there testing and training is performed to observe the classification into major human activities. This approach offers a robust and accurate method to identify actions and is invariant to size and human shape.
Math Is Like a Lion Hunting a Sleeping Gazelle: Preservice Elementary Teachers' Metaphors of Mathematics.

Preservice elementary teachers hold a variety of beliefs about mathematics and mathematics learning, which influence their teaching. Previous research has shown that preservice elementary teachers believe that mathematics is doing arithmetic. However, it is unclear if preservice elementary teachers truly believe that mathematics is only arithmetic, or if they simply have a difficult time describing their views on mathematics. In this study, preservice elementary teachers were asked to provide metaphors for mathematics and mathematics learning in order to illuminate the preservice teachers’ beliefs about mathematics. The metaphors were analyzed to reveal twelve different categories of belief. Approximately one-fourth of the metaphors suggested negative views about mathematics and mathematics learning. Approximately 44% of the metaphors described mathematics and mathematics learning as something that one must engage in as one travels the successes and failures of it. The metaphors prove to be a powerful tool for discovering preservice teachers’ views of mathematics.
Western Flower Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Insecticide Resistance: An Overview and Strategies to Mitigate Insecticide Resistance Development

Abstract Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), are one of the most-destructive insect pests of greenhouse-grown horticultural crops worldwide due to the direct and indirect damage they cause to plants. Western flower thrips induce direct damage by feeding on leaves and flowers and also cause indirect damage by vectoring certain tospoviruses including Impatiens necrotic spot and Tomato spotted wilt viruses. As a result, the threshold for this insect pest is near zero. Consequently, the primary means of suppressing populations of western flower thrips in greenhouse production systems is the application of insecticides. In general, insecticides are inexpensive, easy to apply, and relatively effective. However, the selection pressure placed on western flower thrips populations due to intensive applications of insecticides has resulted in severe problems associated with the development of resistance. Therefore, in order to avoid the prospect of insecticide resistance developing in west...
Towards Interactive Debugging of Rule-based Entity Matching.

Entity Matching (EM) identifies pairs of records referring to the same real-world entity. In practice, this is often accomplished by employing analysts to iteratively design and maintain sets of matching rules. An important task for such analysts is a “debugging” cycle in which they make a modification to the matching rules, apply the modified rules to a labeled subset of the data, inspect the result, and then perhaps make another change. Our goal is to make this process interactive by minimizing the time required to apply the modified rules. We focus on a common setting in which the matching function is a set of rules where each rule is in conjunctive normal form (CNF). We propose the use of “early exit” and “dynamic memoing” to avoid unnecessary and redundant computations. These techniques create a new optimization problem, and accordingly we develop a cost model and study the optimal ordering of rules and predicates in this context. We also provide techniques to reuse previous results and limit the computation required to apply incremental changes. Through experiments on six real-world data sets we demonstrate that our approach can yield a significant reduction in matching time and provide interactive response times.
DIFFERENTIAL ROTATION OF THE PHOTOSPHERIC MAGNETIC FIELD.

Photospheric magnetic field differential rotation using synoptic charts for autocorrelation technique
Management of Essential Hypertension

The treatment of essential hypertension is one of the most critical interventions to decrease cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The prevalence of hypertension in the US varies across race/ethnicity with African Americans having the highest prevalence and overall less control among racial/ethnic minorities compared with non-Hispanic whites. Therapeutic lifestyle modifications are the bedrock of essential hypertension control, but most patients with hypertension will require pharmacotherapy, usually with multiple medications often in combination. Overall, the principal drug classes recommended as initial pharmacotherapy are thiazide-type diuretics, calcium channel blockers, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers.
Signal Processing Plume Fluence for Fuzzy Control of Superconducting Thin-Film Depositions

Abstract Process control is a critical element in all deposition techniques. It is especially elusive in the versatile and efficient deposition technique known as pulsed-laser-deposition (PLD). Signal processed emissions from the copper components in the plume from a YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-x (YBCO) target are utilized for process control feedback. Manual and fuzzy-logic based regulation of laser energy based on this plume emission feedback resulted in improved film quality and repeatability of the PLD thin-film depositions.
Botulinum Toxin Treatment in Cerebrovascular Disease

Cerebrovascular disease is a major cause of chronic morbidity and disability worldwide. After stroke, many patients develop symptoms which add to the patient’s limitation and deteriorate their quality of life. In this chapter, we discuss spasticity, post-stroke pain syndromes, involuntary movement disorders, and sialorrhea, all potentially amenable to botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) therapy. Evidence-based data on the efficacy of BoNTs in treatment of each of these disorders will be presented and discussed.
Mannobiose Binding Induces Changes in Hydrogen Bonding and Protonation States of Acidic Residues in Concanavalin A As Revealed by Neutron Crystallography

Plant lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins with various biomedical applications. Concanavalin A (Con A) holds promise in treating cancerous tumors. To better understand the Con A carbohydrate binding specificity, we obtained a room-temperature neutron structure of this legume lectin in complex with a disaccharide Manα1–2Man, mannobiose. The neutron structure afforded direct visualization of the hydrogen bonding between the protein and ligand, showing that the ligand is able to alter both protonation states and interactions for residues located close to and distant from the binding site. An unprecedented low-barrier hydrogen bond was observed forming between the carboxylic side chains of Asp28 and Glu8, with the D atom positioned equidistant from the oxygen atoms having an O···D···O angle of 101.5°.
Cap n collar transcription factor regulates multiple genes coding for proteins involved in insecticide detoxification in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum.

In invertebrates, a heterodimer of xenobiotic transcription factors, cap n collar C isoform (CncC) and muscle aponeurosis fibromatosis (Maf) mediate cellular defense. In insects, these proteins regulate expression of genes involved in insecticide detoxification. In the current study, we performed sequencing of cDNA copied from RNA isolated from Tribolium castaneum pyrethroid resistant strain (QTC279) beetles injected with CncC or green fluorescence protein (GFP, control) dsRNA. Differential expression analysis of sequences identified 662 genes that showed a decrease and 91 genes that showed an increase in expression (p value ≤ 0.01 and log2 fold change of ≥ 1.5) in CncC knockdown insects when compared to their expression in control insects. We selected a subset of 27 downregulated genes and verified their differential expression using qRT-PCR. This subset of 27 genes included 21 genes with a predicted function in xenobiotic detoxification. RNAi and insecticide bioassays were employed to study the function of six of these genes coding for CYP4G7, CYP4G14, GST-1 and four ABC transporters, ABCA-UB, ABCA-A1 and ABCA-A1L and ABCA-9B involved in all three phases of insecticide detoxification. These data suggest that CncC regulates genes coding for proteins involved in detoxification of insecticides.
Rodenticides for the control of pine and meadow voles in orchards

Abstract Two new anticoagulants (bromadiolone—90% control) and (difethialone—87% control) gave excellent control of voles in field and laboratory tests. The older anticoagulants, chlorophacinone—84...
Recyclable thermoset shape memory polymers with high stress and energy output via facile UV-curing

Engineering applications of current thermoset shape memory polymers are limited by three critical issues: demanding fabrication conditions (from 70 to 300 °C temperatures for hours or days), lack of reprocessability or recyclability, and low recovery stress and energy output. To address these problems simultaneously, a new UV curable and vitrimer-based epoxy thermoset shape memory polymer (VSMP) has been synthesized. A 1.1 mm thick VSMP film can be readily cured at room temperature under UV-irradiation (61 mW cm−2) in just 80 s. It possesses 36.7 MPa tensile strength, 230 MPa compressive strength, and 3120 MPa modulus at room temperature. It still has a compressive strength of 187 MPa at 120 °C. The covalent adaptable network (CAN) imparts the VSMP with recyclability, as reflected by two effective recycling cycles (>60% recycling efficiency). In addition, the VSMP exhibits good shape memory properties for multiple shape recovery cycles. With 20% compression programming strain, up to 13.4 MPa stable recovery stress and 1.05 MJ m−3 energy output in the rubbery state are achieved. With good mechanical strength, thermal stability, recyclability, and excellent shape memory properties combined with in situ UV-curing capabilities, the new VSMP is a promising multifunctional thermoset for engineering applications.
NMR analysis of the structure of synaptobrevin and of its interaction with syntaxin.

Synaptobrevin is a synaptic vesicle protein that has an essential role in exocytosis and forms the SNARE complex with syntaxin and SNAP-25. We have analyzed the structure of isolated synaptobrevin and its binary interaction with syntaxin using NMR spectroscopy. Our results demonstrate that isolated synaptobrevin is largely unfolded in solution. The entire SNARE motif of synaptobrevin is capable of interacting with the isolated C-terminal SNARE motif of syntaxin but only a few residues bind to the full-length cytoplasmic region of syntaxin. This result suggests an interaction between the N- and C-terminal regions of syntaxin that competes with core complex assembly.
Structure and Function of Biological Membranes

All living cells contain a multiplicity of membrane systems. One type of membrane forms the boundaries of cells (plasma membranes in mammalian systems); a derivative of a plasma membrane forms the multilayered insulating myelin sheath which surrounds nerves. Many subcellular organelles are both surrounded by membranes, and contain membranes within them which are made up of enzymes that carry out complicated concerted reactions, or function in energy transduction and conservation. For example, the mitochondrion is a system of two membranes, an outer membrane, and an inner membrane which contains the proteins that couple electron transfer reactions to the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate. The light-sensitive rhodopsin molecules found in the retinal rods of the eye are the principal protein components of the membranes which are concerned in the photoreception. The list could be extended, but the point to be made is that membrane systems, while having the same general structure and characteristics, have exceedingly diverse functions.
Expanding Meaningfulness in Literacy Research: Possibilities of a Relational Perspective.

In this article, I consider expanding meaningfulness in literacy research by exploring the possibilities offered by a relational perspective on literacy and its study. An interdisciplinary relation...
High-Altitude Nighttime Balloons

An experimental high-altitude balloon suitable for nighttime use was recently developed and tested in both tropic and temperate latitudes. Results of tests indicate the balloon is capable of attaining a bursting altitude in excess of 100,000 ft with slightly more hydrogen than that required by existing night balloons now used to attain an altitude of 80,000 ft. Some reduction in the size of the balloon will be required to make it suitable for inflation in existing shelters.
Awake and fully mobile patients on cardiac extracorporeal life support.

Early mobilization of critically ill patients is increasingly being recognized as not only safe and feasible, but also as a potential means of optimizing outcomes in the intensive care unit (ICU). With the rapidly expanding use of extracorporeal life support (ECLS) for severe cardiopulmonary failure, there is a growing interest in the application of early mobilization to this patient population, which has been shown to be safe and feasible in select patient populations. However, some patients receiving ECLS support may benefit more than others. For instance, early mobilization may be particularly beneficial in patients awaiting heart or lung transplantation, as maintenance of physical conditioning may be an important component of a patient’s transplant candidacy. The ability to engage critically ill patients in active physical therapy and early mobilization necessarily involves minimization of sedation and is often further facilitated by a strategy that favors endotracheal extubation. Whether an awake, extubated and mobile strategy can be applied in any given patient is often dictated by the severity of the underlying disease and the amount of extracorporeal support required. Additionally, whether this approach is superior to usual care, which patients might benefit or be harmed, and which patient characteristics are most likely to predict success of this strategy, are areas of ongoing investigation.
The New Map of Empire: How Britain Imagined America before Independence. By S.Max Edelson. (Cambridge,MA: Harvard University Press, 2017. Pp. xvi, 464. $35.00.)

In the decade‐and‐a‐half following the end of the Seven Years’ War, Britain undertook an unprecedented effort to survey its empire. This study reveals the breathtaking scale of this cartographic pr...
Cross-Lingual Phoneme Mapping for Language Robust Contextual Speech Recognition

Standard automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems are increasingly expected to recognize foreign entities, yet doing so while preserving accuracy on native words remains a challenge. We describe a novel approach for recognizing foreign words by injecting them with appropriate pronunciations into the recognizer decoder search space on-the-fly. The pronunciations are generated by mapping pronunciations from the foreign language's lexicon to the target recognizer language's phoneme inventory. The phoneme mapping itself is learned automatically using acoustic coupling of Text-to-speech (TTS) audio and a pronunciation learning algorithm. Evaluation of our algorithm on Google Assistant use cases shows we can improve recognition of media-related queries by incorporating English entity pronunciations in French and German recognizers, with wins/losses ratios of roughly 2-3:1, without hurting recognition on general traffic.
Preliminary evidence of different and clinically meaningful opioid withdrawal phenotypes

Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a public health crisis. Differences in opioid withdrawal severity that predict treatment outcome could facilitate the process of matching patients to treatments. This is a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) that enrolled treatment seeking heroin-users (N = 89, males = 78) into a residential study. Participants maintained on morphine (30 mg, subcutaneous, four-times daily) underwent a naloxone (0.4 mg, IM = intramuscular) challenge session to precipitate withdrawal. Area-under-the-curve (AUC) values from self-reported withdrawal ratings during the challenge session were analyzed using K-means clustering, revealing two phenotype groups. Withdrawal and retention from the subsequent 14-day double-blind, double-dummy RCT comparing three study medications (clonidine, tramadol-ER, and buprenorphine) were evaluated as a function of phenotype. Cluster analyses suggested HIGH (N = 37; mean [SD] subjective opiate withdrawal scale [SOWS]-AUC 123.7 [65.8]) and LOW (N = 52; SOWS-AUC 68.0 [47.7]) withdrawal phenotype groups. HIGH participants were significantly more female and had lower body mass indices than LOW participants; no drug-use variables were significant. Regarding RCT outcomes, HIGH phenotype participants were less likely to be retained in the study (P = 0.02) and had higher mean self-reported withdrawal (P = 0.05) than LOW phenotype participants. A significant interaction in RCT retention was observed between phenotype (P = 0.02) and study medication (P < 0.01). Self-reported withdrawal was significant for phenotype (P = 0.02); study medication trended towards significance (P = 0.07). Results suggest patients have meaningfully different experiences of opioid withdrawal that may predict differential response to opioid pharmacotherapies during supervised withdrawal. Additional prospective research to replicate and more thoroughly evaluate withdrawal phenotype correlates and sex differences is warranted.
I-Optimal Design of Hierarchical 3D Scaffolds Produced by Combining Additive Manufacturing and Thermally Induced Phase Separation.

The limitations in the transport of oxygen, nutrients, and metabolic waste products pose a challenge to the development of bioengineered bone of clinically relevant size. This paper reports the des...
E-cigarette aerosol condensate enhances metabolism of benzo(A)pyrene to genotoxic products, and induces CYP1A1 and CYP1B1, likely by activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor

E-cigarette aerosol contains lower levels of most known carcinogens than tobacco smoke, but many users of e-cigarettes are also smokers, and these individuals may be vulnerable to possible promoting and/or cocarcinogenic effects of e-cigarettes. We investigated the possibility that a condensate of e-cigarette aerosol (EAC) enhances the metabolism of the tobacco carcinogen, benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), to genotoxic products in a human oral keratinocyte cell line. Cells were pretreated with EAC from two popular e-cigs and then with BaP. Metabolism to its ultimate carcinogenic metabolite, anti-7,8-dihydroxy-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro B[a]P (BPDE), was assayed by measuring isomers of its spontaneous hydrolysis products, BaP tetrols. The pretreatment of cells with EAC enhanced the rate of BaP tetrol formation several fold. Pretreatment with the e-liquid resulted in a smaller enhancement. The treatment of cells with EAC induced CYP1A1/1B1 mRNA and protein. The enhancement of BaP tetrol formation was inhibited by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) inhibitor, α-napthoflavone, indicating EAC likely induces CYP1A1/1B1 and enhances BaP metabolism by activating the AhR. To our knowledge, this is first report demonstrating that e-cigarettes can potentiate the genotoxic effects of a tobacco smoke carcinogen.
Epigenetic modulation by VidazaTM induces apoptosis and overcomes in vitro drug resistance in human multiple myeloma cells.

3193 Methylation of DNA is an epigenetic modification that plays an important role in the regulation of gene expression in mammalian cells. Although DNA methylation is required for normal cell development and function, aberrant methylation and the resulting aberrant expression of genes, such as tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes, contribute to the development of malignancies. Interestingly, aberrant DNA methylation has recently emerged as one of the most frequent molecular alterations in hematologic malignancies, providing a powerful rationale to use inhibitors of DNA methylation as a novel means of targeting hematologic malignancies. VidazaTM [Pharmion Corporation] (5-azacytidine), an FDA approved drug for the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes, is an inhibitor of DNA methylation. Multiple myeloma (MM) is currently an incurable hematological malignancy despite all the conventional and novel therapies, and we here examined the biological effects using VidazaTM on human MM cells. We demonstrate here that VidazaTM has significant cytotoxicity in both conventional therapy sensitive (MM1S, RPMI-8226) and resistant (MM1R, RPMI-Dox40, RPMI-LR5) MM cell lines, as well as freshly isolated patient MM tumor cells, with an IC50 of 1.25-4 μM at 72 hours in vitro. Importantly, no cytotoxic effects of VidazaTM were detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNC) obtained from healthy volunteers at ≤ 20 μM, suggesting a therapeutic index. Moreover, VidazaTM overcame the survival and growth advantages conferred by interleukin-6 (IL-6) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), or by adherence of MM cells to bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC). VidazaTM induced apoptosis in MM cells, as determined by flow cytometric analysis using PI and Annexin V staining. VidazaTM-induced apoptosis was associated with PARP, caspase 8 and caspase 9 cleavage. Importantly, pan-caspase inhibitor zVAD-fmk, significantly, but only partially, inhibited apoptosis induced by VidazaTM, suggesting the involvement of both caspase dependent and independent pathways. Taken together, our studies therefore demonstrate that VidazaTM induces apoptosis and overcomes in vitro drug resistance in MM cells. Ongoing studies are delineating the mechanism of action of VidazaTM against MM cells to further provide the preclinical rationale for clinical evaluation of VidazaTM, alone or in combination with other agents, to improve patient outcome in MM.
TRPV1 and TRPV1-expressing nociceptors mediate orofacial pain behaviors in a mouse model of orthodontic tooth movement

Orthodontic force produces mechanical irritation and inflammation in the periodontium, which is inevitably accompanied by pain. Despite its prevalence, treatment of orthodontic pain is ineffective. Elucidating underlying neural mechanisms is critical to improving the management of orthodontic pain. We have assessed the contribution of transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1) and the TRPV1-expressing subset of nociceptive afferents to pain behaviors induced by orthodontic force in mice. Microfocus X-ray computed tomography analysis showed that application of an orthodontic force of 10 g to the maxillary first molar produced reliable tooth movement in mice. Mouse grimace scale (MGS) was evaluated as an indication of non-evoked spontaneous pain and bite force (BF) was measured for assessing bite-evoked nocifensive behaviors. Orthodontic force increased MGS and decreased BF, both of which were interpreted as increased levels of pain. These behaviors peaked at 1d and returned near to the sham level at 7d. Retrograde labeling and immunohistochemical assays showed TRPV1-expressing peptidergic afferents are abundantly projected to the periodontium. Direct injection of resiniferatoxin into trigeminal ganglia (TG) decreased TRPV1-expressing afferents by half in the targeted region of TG. The chemical ablation of TRPV1-expressing afferents significantly attenuated orthodontic pain behaviors assessed by MGS and BF. Consistently, the knockout of TRPV1 also attenuated orthodontic force-induced changes in MGS and BF. These results suggest that TRPV1 and TRPV1-expressing trigeminal nociceptors constitute a primary pathway mediating orthodontic pain behaviors in mice. This model will be useful for mechanistic studies on orthodontic pain aimed at developing novel approaches for painless orthodontics.
Ears to Listen, Hearts to Understand: Bereavement Adaptation and Its Relationship to Kinship and Gender

AbstractThe majority of individuals utilize informal support exclusively in bereavement. This qualitative study, conducted at a private, nonprofit metropolitan area hospice from 2011 to 2016, sough...
Social structure and control: perceptual control theory and the science of sociology

Abstract This chapter offers a general theory from the PCT perspective of what social structures are and how they work. The chapter (1) develops conceptual tools for understanding the impacts of perceptual control on the physical environment; (2) shows how physical objects and repetitive human actions provide feedback paths for control of higher-order perceptions; (3) reviews simulation findings on collective control processes that stabilize physical phenomena in spite of conflicts between participants; (4) defines social structures as hyper-networks of collective control networks and discusses four types of perceptions collectively controlled in social structures; (5) argues that social structures depend on stabilization of both physical and cultural environments and that people's work activities provide that stabilization; and (6) shows how the changing membership of social structures, innovations by disadvantaged individuals, social conflicts, and disturbances from external sources all contribute to social change. My overall goal is to help make sociology more scientific.
Auto-Processed Retinal Vessel Shadow View Images From Bedside Optical Coherence Tomography to Evaluate Plus Disease in Retinopathy of Prematurity.

Purpose To describe the creation of en face retinal vessel shadow view (RVSV) optical coherence tomography (OCT) images and assess the feasibility of using these for evaluating vascular disease in preterm infants at risk for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Methods In this exploratory study, we selected images from eyes with a range of ROP vascular disease, prospectively acquired from preterm infants using an investigational, noncontact, handheld, bedside swept-source OCT. We autosegmented OCT volumes using custom infant-specific software, extracted RVSV-OCT images from volumetric data bracketed around the retinal pigment epithelium, and automontaged the resulting RVSV-OCT images. Three masked ophthalmologists graded the RVSV-OCT montages as plus, pre-plus, or neither and ranked them by relative vascular disease severity. Results We selected images from 17 imaging sessions (7 plus, 4 pre-plus, 6 neither on clinical examination). On review, 15/17 (88%) RVSV-OCT montages were gradable for plus, pre-plus, or neither and all 17 montages were rankable for relative severity. Intergrader agreement for plus, pre-plus, or neither grading was good (κ, 0.67; 95% confidence interval, 0.42-0.86) and for relative severity ranking was excellent (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.98; 95% confidence interval, 0.96-0.99). Conclusions Our novel automatic processing method can create RVSV-OCT montages optimized for retinal vessel visualization for ROP screening. Although our data support the feasibility of using RVSV-OCT montages for ranking relative vascular disease severity, there is room for improved OCT image capture and processing methods in preterm infants screened for ROP. Translational relevance Creation and grading of RVSV-OCT images could eventually be integrated into an alternative method for ROP screening.
Temperature and composition dependence of short-range order and entropy, and statistics of bond length: the semiconductor alloy (GaN)1−x(ZnO)x

We present total energy and force calculations for the (GaN)1-x(ZnO)x alloy. Site-occupancy configurations are generated from Monte Carlo (MC) simulations, on the basis of a cluster expansion model proposed in a previous study. Local atomic coordinate relaxations of surprisingly large magnitude are found via density-functional calculations using a 432-atom periodic supercell, for three representative configurations at x = 0.5. These are used to generate bond-length distributions. The configurationally averaged composition- and temperature-dependent short-range order (SRO) parameters of the alloys are discussed. The entropy is approximated in terms of pair distribution statistics and thus related to SRO parameters. This approximate entropy is compared with accurate numerical values from MC simulations. An empirical model for the dependence of the bond length on the local chemical environments is proposed.
Do Advance Payments Matter? The Relation Between Deferred Revenue and the Cost of Debt

This study examines how deferred revenue influences the cost of debt. Using credit spreads as a proxy for the cost of debt, we find that deferred revenue increases the cost of debt. However, when we consider the impact that an increase in deferred revenue has on the debt-to-asset ratio, we find that the relation between deferred revenue and the cost of debt is contingent on whether the increase in deferred revenue has a favorable or adverse effect on the debt-to-asset ratio. An increase in deferred revenue is associated with a decrease in the cost of debt if the deferred revenue increase favorably affects the debt-to-asset ratio. In contrast, an increase in deferred revenue is associated with an increase in the cost of debt if it adversely affects the debt-to-asset ratio. We also find that sales changes and inventory changes moderate the effect that deferred revenue has on the cost of debt. When sales and deferred revenue are both increasing, there is a higher cost of debt. In contrast, when inventory and deferred revenue are both increasing, there is a lower cost of debt. The study provides insights into when it is advantageous or not for managers to set contractual arrangements for receiving payments before revenue is earned if a firm has plans to issue debt.