cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ELECTRON-SCATTERING STUDY OF NUCLEAR LEVELS IN COBALT, NICKEL, LEAD, AND BISMUTH

We have observed inelastic scattering of 183-Mev electrons through angles of 40\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}-90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} in the laboratory, leading to excitation of discrete nuclear excited states in ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{58}$, ${\mathrm{Co}}^{59}$, ${\mathrm{Pb}}^{208}$, and ${\mathrm{Bi}}^{209}$. The excitation energies were below 8 Mev. Born-approximation analysis of the measured inelastic form factors was used to deduce the multipolarities $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ (when not previously known), and, by extrapolation, the transition rates for 15 corresponding gamma transitions. A number of groups of electric transitions for $\ensuremath{\lambda}=2, 3, \mathrm{and} 4$ were observed, each group having strikingly similar form factors. In all but one of these groups the ratios $G$ of the observed gamma transition rates to the single-particle predictions were greater than 15, and for some transitions from 30 to over 100. One of the groups, in cobalt and the nickels, contains the 1.33-Mev $E2$ transition to the first excited state of ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{60}$. Another group consists of fast $E3$ transitions, seen in all five nuclei, from states known as the "anomalous levels." They included the transition to the first excited state in ${\mathrm{Pb}}^{208}$ ($G=31$) and a transition in ${\mathrm{Bi}}^{209}$ identical in energy and form factor. Among three slow $E4$ transitions in cobalt and the nickels was the 2.50-Mev ${4}^{+}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${0}^{+}$ transition in ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{60}$. The $E4$, $E3$, and an $E2$ transition in ${\mathrm{Co}}^{59}$ identify states analogous to the ${4}^{+}$, ${3}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, and ${2}^{+}$ seen in the neighboring even-even nuclei. The last two transitions are strongly enhanced. A pair of fast 4.30-Mev $E4$ transitions was observed in ${\mathrm{Pb}}^{208}$ and ${\mathrm{Bi}}^{209}$; their speed ($G=37$) indicates they may constitute the lowest-energy configuration of 16-pole mode of excitation of the nuclear surface. Values of the collective vibrational parameters ${C}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}}$ and ${B}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}}$ and the degree to which some of the transitions exhaust ordinary sum rules support the conclusion that the inelastic scattering process is strongly exciting nuclear collective excitations. Some of the observed results are expected on the basis of the theory of collective vibrational excited states; some are the consequence of unidentified configurations.
Monocytes as accessory cells in the human mixed lymphocyte response: Lack of requirement at high cell densities

Abstract One-way mixed lymphocyte responses (MLR) were observed in microtiter plates with round-bottomed, but not flat-bottomed, wells between human peripheral blood mononuclear cell populations depleted of monocytes. The response in flat-bottomed wells was reconstituted when either responder or stimulator monocytes were added or when the cell density was increased. Possible implications of these results concerning the monocyte requirements for generating an MLR are discussed.
On the road to the large deployable reflector (LDR): The utility of balloon-borne platforms for far-infrared and submillimeter spectroscopy

Discussion des contributions des observations spectroscopiques dans le domaine IR-lointain et submillimetrique par ballon: revue des transitions les plus importantes entre 50 μm et 1 mm et discussion breve de la methode utilisee pour modeliser la transmission atmospherique
Detection of polychlorinated biphenyls employing chemical dechlorination followed by biphenyl whole cell sensing system

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a mixture of 209 individual chlorinated compounds commonly known as PCB congeners. These compounds are hydrophobic and are persistent in the environment. Their use was banned in the US a few decades ago because of harmful health effects. Therefore, detection of PCBs in environmental samples is increasingly important. To that end, we have developed a two-step simple and sensitive method for the detection of total PCBs. Specifically, our method involves dechlorination of PCBs to biphenyl followed by detection of biphenyl using a whole cell sensing system as the detection system. The whole cell sensing system consists of cells of the strain Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes KF707 harboring plasmid pSD7000. Plasmid pSD7000 contains the gene of lacZ, a reporter protein under the control of the bph operon. The detection is achieved through the emission of light afforded by the expression of reporter protein triggered by the presence of biphenyl. Due to the fact that this operon ...
Children's Emotional-Expressive Behaviors as Regulators of Others' Happy and Sad Emotional States.

Differences in social-cognitive development and children's ability to regulate their own emotional responses are implicated in developmental differences in children's strategies for influencing others' mood states.
Totally robot-assisted biliary pancreatic diversion with duodenal switch: single dock technique and technical outcomes

The biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BPD/DS) requires operating in three different abdominal quadrants. Previous techniques have used either two docks or a hybrid technique in which the robot is used only to suture the duodeno-ileal anastomosis, while the rest of the operation was performed laparoscopically. Recently, a modification in technique has allowed all operative steps to be completed robotically with a single dock. The operative technique and its technical results are described. Operative technique is described. Baseline demographics, operative duration, length of stay, and adverse events (intraoperative, 30-days, and 1-year) of all primary totally robot BPD/DS cases are reported. From Nov. 2011 to Jan. 2014, 59 totally robotic BPD/DS operations were attempted. One was completed hybrid, and the rest were totally robotic. No robotic operation was converted to an open operation. Five trocars were placed, the small bowel was anchored to the anterior abdominal wall, and the robot was docked. Mean age was 44 ± 10 years with a mean preoperative BMI of 56 ± 9 kg/m2. 69 % was female, and 71 % was Caucasian. Mean operative duration was 306 ± 80 min (60 min less than the hybrid technique). There were no mortality, leaks, venous thromboembolism, or bleeding requiring transfusion. Mean length of stay was 4.6 ± 4.3 days. Three patients were readmitted for nausea and vomiting. There was one superficial wound infection, and three patients needed reoperations in the first year, two for strictures, and one for debriding a suture abscess. All key technical components of the BPD/DS were performed with low morbidity and mortality with a single dock. Since the surgeon performed all key parts of the operation from the console, the need for experienced bedside assistance was minimized, resulting in shorter operative duration compared to the hybrid technique.
THERMALIZATION OF EXCITONS

Thermalization means the achievement of thermal equilibrium. In this article we will be interested in how physical systems achieve thermal equilibrium after optical excitation. Actually we are not always interested in how a system returns to true thermal equilibrium. Often we are interested only in how a part of the system attains thermal equilibrium and this is sometimes known as a quasi-equilibrium. However, for the sake of brevity, I will refer to all processes which enable a system or subsystem to relax towards thermal equilibrium or quasi-equilibrium as thermalization. The word "exciton n will also be used in this article in a broad sense. Exciton usually denotes a bound state of an electron and a hole in solids, I will consider mobile electrons and holes not bound to each other as continuum states of an exciton. This more general definition of excitons allows me to discuss the thermalization of electron-hole plasmas in semiconductors also. The study of how systems relax and thermalize has been going on for years. This review article becomes necessary as a result of recent advances in short laser pulse technology. In solids there are typically a large number of electrons. In addition to electron-electron interactions, the electrons interact with lattice vibrations and with electromagnetic radiations. These interactions are often strong in solids and as a result excitons relax and thermalize in times varying from nanoseconds to femtoseconds. Such short time durations made a real time study of thermalization of excitons very difficult if not impossible in the past. Recent advances in short laser pulse technology made it possible for the first time to study these thermalization processes in condensed systems in real time. The purpose of this article is to review some of the recent time-resolved studies of thermalization of excitons in semiconductors. This article is not meant to be exhaustive and only representative examples have been chosen to illustrate the physical principles involved. In particular I want to point out some of the subtleties in the interpretation of the time-resolved photoluminescence experiments. It is hoped that by comparing the results in different systems this article will serve as a guide to understanding time-resolved studies of thermalization in less understood solids. The organization of this article is as follows. In the next section I will survey the present status of experimental techniques available for performing time-resolved studies. Since many articles have already appeared on the generation of short laser pulses, the emphasis of that section will be on matching the detectors to the available light sources. As will be shown, the time resolution of an experiment is often not limited by the light source but rather by the detector. In Section III the theortical background for understanding relaxation processes in solids is reviewed. In the section
Hand washing in pediatric ambulatory settings : an inconsistent practice

• The first phase of this study was performed to determine the rate of breaks in hand washing technique by physicians in two pediatric ambulatory settings and to determine whether this technique was influenced by the physician's level of training. The second phase was performed to determine if reminding physicians to wash their hands would decrease the rate of breaks. A hand washing break in technique was defined as not washing hands before patient contact. The observations were made by medical students accompanying the providers. In the 496 encounters during the first phase, 254 breaks (51.2%) occurred. In the 293 encounters during the second phase, 150 (51.2%) breaks occurred. During both phases, the rates of hand washing breaks among the four groups of providers (residents in postgraduate years 1 through 3 and faculty) were similar. Breaks in hand washing technique occur at an unacceptably high rate in outpatient settings. ( AJDC . 1991;145:1198-1199)
Analysis of Nighttime Driver Behavior and Pavement Marking Effects Using Fuzzy Inference System

Nighttime driving behavior differs from that during the day because of differences in the driver's field of view. At night, drivers must rely on their vehicle headlamps to illuminate the roadway. It is essential then that the roadway delineation system provide the appropriate lane guidance to motorists when navigating a roadway, particularly one that is curvilinear. A nighttime driving experiment was conducted to collect user perception data of various pavement markings and markers applied to horizontal curves. The effectiveness of each pavement marking was rated using a subjective scale. A fuzzy inference system was used to analyze the subjective pavement marking and marker evaluation ratings provided by the research participants. Pavement marking effectiveness, horizontal curve sharpness, and driver age were used to develop a fuzzy index for nighttime driving condition (FIND). Based on the FIND, the results indicate that drivers prefer that a combination of treatments be applied to horizontal curves rather than only a single treatment. A bright centerline, bright edgeline, and bright retroreflective raised pavement maker combination treatment, and a bright centerline and bright edgeline combination treatment, resulted in the highest FIND score. A bright, 8-in. (20.3 cm) edgeline, applied alone to a horizontal curve, scored the lowest FIND.
Spirals, Security and Stability in East Asia

In his article “China, the U.S.-Japan Alliance, and the Security Dilemma in East Asia,”1 Thomas Christensen argues that East Asia is primed for conoict. He contends that security dilemma theory, and two other exacerbating factors, predict spirals of tension between China and Japan. First, Chinese historical memories of Japanese aggression make China especially fearful of increases in Japanese military activities. Second, because China regards Taiwan as a renegade province rather than an independent country, the acquisition of even defensive weapons by Taiwan or Japan (a potential Taiwanese ally) threatens China and may provoke spirals. Based on these arguments, Christensen concludes that the United States should limit the Japanese role in the U.S.-Japan alliance. For example, the United States should not codevelop theater missile defense (TMD) with Japan because this could trigger spirals between Japan and China (p. 75). In this letter I argue that Christensen greatly overstates the potential for conoict in the region. First, I argue that he misapplies security dilemma theory to East Asia. Security dilemma theory actually predicts stability in the region, not dangerous spirals. Second, I show that Christensen’s application of security dilemma theory is falsiaed by evidence from the past afty years. This evidence conarms my argument that spirals are unlikely in East Asia, despite historical grievances and the issue of Taiwanese sovereignty. The implication of my analysis is that U.S. alliance policies in East Asia need not be hamstrung by fears that the region is primed for conoict. Japan can and should be a full and active member of the alliance that guarantees its security.
Nerve growth factor and neurotrophin-3 promote chemotaxis of mouse macrophages in vitro

Microchemotaxis chambers were used to explore macrophage chemotaxis in response to the neurotrophins, nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3). Both NGF and NT-3, but not BDNF, promoted macrophage chemotaxis that was receptor mediated and dependent on protein phosphorylation. These in vitro observations point to novel roles for neurotrophins that are present in nerve prior to and immediately after injury.
Failure in laminates in tension under increasing stress, constant stress, and cyclic stress

Both monotonic and cyclic tension experiments have been carried out to fracture on transparent laminates made from flat ribbon glass and polyethylene sheets by heat bonding in a vacuum. The distribution of the measured tensile fracture stresses in monotonic loading correlates very well with the distribution of fracture stresses calculated from the measured distribution of element fracture stresses and the yield strength in shear of the polyethylene, according to a detailed statistical theory worked out earlier by Scop and Argon. Although the expected mode of fatigue damage by propagation of delamination cracks emanating from isolated stable fractures in reinforcing elements was observed, actual fatigue failure was a result of a more rapid mechanism of continued fracturing in reinforcing elements by a humidity-induced time-integrated static fatigue process. While laminates subjected to static stresses of the same magnitude as those in the dynamic experiments failed by the development of an identical form of damage during the same length of time under stress in laboratory air, other laminates tested in the same manner in dry air had 5 to 10 fold increased lives.
Morphometric studies of the aged hippocampus: I. Volumetric analysis in behaviorally characterized rats

The present investigation examined the structural integrity of the aged hippocampus by using computer-aided morphometry to quantify the volume of principal hippocampal circuits in young, mature adult, and aged Long-Evans rats. A key feature of the experimental design was that the status of hippocampal-dependent learning and memory was documented prior to histologic evaluation. The following regions, which were visualized by using Timm staining, were included in the analysis: 1) outer portions of the dentate gyrus molecular layer (OML) innervated by the lateral entorhinal cortex, 2) middle portions of the molecular layer (MML) that receive input from the medial entorhinal cortex, 3) the commissural/associational zone (IML) immediately adjacent to the granule cell layer, and 4) the hilus and mossy fiber projection to the CA3 pyramidal cell field (MF). To identify morphometric changes that emerge during the same segment of the life span as age-related learning impairment, analysis of the volumetric results focused on comparisons between the mature adult group and the aged group. Among the individual regions that were analyzed, age-related decreases in total volume were restricted to the MML. This effect, however, occurred against a background of other, subtle changes that, together, reflected substantial reorganization in the normal balance of hippocampal circuitry. Age-related decreases in the proportion of the molecular layer (ML) that comprises the MML were accompanied by a corresponding increase in relative IML volume. The ratio between the volumes of the MML and the MF also displayed significant age-related decline. Overall, aging affected septal levels of the hippocampus disproportionately, and, with the exception of MML/MF volume ratio, the temporal hippocampus was spared. Finally, the status of spatial learning among the aged animals correlated selectively with decreases in the MML/ML and MML/MF ratios. These results demonstrate that the effects of aging are regionally selective and circuit specific, and they suggest that connectional reorganization may contribute to age-related decline in the computational functions of the hippocampus. J. Comp. Neurol. 403:459‐470, 1999. r 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Indexing terms: entorhinal cortex; histological techniques; maze learning; stereology
Differential reflectometry—a new optical technique to study corrosion phenomena☆

Abstract An investigation was undertaken to examine the feasibility of using differential reflectometry to identify and study thin film corrosion products on metal substrates. Differential reflectometry is a form of modulation spectroscopy which measures the normalized difference in reflectivity between two samples, or two adjacent areas of the same sample. In these experiments, one half of each sample was protected by an insulating lacquer, while the other half was allowed to form a thin film corrosion product. The use of a transparent lacquer permits monitoring of the film in situ . Owing to the differential nature of the technique, the effect of the metal substrate is in special cases subtracted out, so that the resulting differential reflectogram is related to the absorption spectrum of the corrosion product. Unique spectra for cuprous oxide (Cu 2 O) and cupric oxide (CuO) were obtained and their identities verified either by using conventional optical techniques or by using calculated electronic band structures. The intensity of the structure in the differential reflectogram is related to the thickness of the film in the thickness range up to ca. 50 nm so that an estimate of the film thickness can be obtained directly from the differential reflectogram. Differential reflectometry is ideally suited to identify thin corrosion products which cannot be identified with X-rays, Auger electron spectroscopy, or other conventional techniques.
Increased Fracture Toughness of Graphite-Epoxy Composites through Intermittent Interlaminar Bonding

The objective of this study was to increase the fracture toughness of multilayer continuous-filament graphite-epoxy composites. The method used is intermittent interlaminar bonding which can lead to a large increase in the fracture surface area. Intermittent bonding was achieved through introduction of thin perforated Mylar between the layers of the composite. For the optimum condition, fracture toughness was increased from about 100 kJ/sq m for untreated specimens to an average of about 500 kJ/sq m, while tensile strength dropped from 500 MPa to 400 MPa, and elastic modulus remained the same at about 75 GPa. An approximate analysis is presented to explain the improvement in toughness.
An optimized capacity planning approach for virtual infrastructure exhibiting stochastic workload

Traditionally, any capacity planning problem is modeled with deterministic workloads by considering the peak workload for resource allocation. In the context of businesses using cloud service, cloud provider could allocate resources for peak workload which could lead to under utilization of resource and charging users for unused yet provisioned resources. Hence we came up with a better capacity planning algorithm which could ensure that we plan for peak usage but do not provision for it.In our approach, we modeled the problem as a stochastic optimization problem with the objective of minimizing the number of servers considering two important constraints a) stochastic nature of workloads and b) minimizing the application SLA violations. We implemented the model using genetic algorithm and to address the stochastic nature of work loads, we reserved a free pool of resources in each server by the quantity determined by our algorithm. We evaluated the solution with real sever utilization data from a datacenter seeking consolidation. We did comparative analysis on the number of servers required suggested by our solution vs. peak work loads based solutions for various service levels. Our results illustrate that reserving certain amount of resources in servers for addressing variability of workloads gives better results in terms of lesser number of servers compared to packing resources based on peak workloads for the same service levels.
Response suppression by response-contingent noise: Effects of conditioning history

Ss performed in a button-pushing task in which 0.75 sec of either 95-dB SPL or 30-dB SPL noise was delivered contingent on each response for a RRLRL pattern of responses. Ss who received high-level noise in their first exposure to the task generally learned to avoid the noise. About half (13) of the Ss who received low-level noise in their first exposure to the task learned to avoid the noise, while the other half (12) learned to deliver the noise on every response. Eight of the 12 Ss who learned to deliver low noise continued to deliver noise for every response when the noise level was increased to 95 dB. There were no consistent differences in the amount of time required to learn the pattern in low-noise and high-noise conditions.
Onzin, a c-Myc-repressed target, promotes survival and transformation by modulating the Akt-Mdm2-p53 pathway.

The c-Myc oncoprotein is a general transcription factor whose target genes dictate the c-Myc phenotype. One such target of c-Myc, ‘onzin’, is normally expressed at high levels in myeloid cells and is dramatically downregulated in response to c-Myc overexpression. We show here that short hairpin interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of endogenous onzin results in a reduced growth rate and a proapoptotic phenotype. In contrast, onzin overexpression in fibroblasts is associated with an increased growth rate, resistance to apoptotic stimuli, loss of the G2/M checkpoint, and tumorigenic conversion. Onzin-overexpressing cells fail to induce p53 in response to apoptotic stimuli and contain higher levels of the active, phosphorylated forms of Akt1 and, more strikingly, of Mdm2. Using yeast two-hybrid and coimmunoprecipitation assays, we show that onzin directly interacts with both proteins. Green fluorescent protein tagging also confirms directly that Akt1 and Mdm2 colocalize with onzin, although the precise subcellular distribution of each protein is dependent on its relative abundance. Collectively, our results identify onzin as a novel regulator of several p53-dependent aspects of the c-Myc phenotype via its dramatic effect on Mdm2. This is reminiscent of the c-Myc → p19ARF--∣ Mdm2 pathway and might function as a complementary arm to ensure the proper cellular response to oncogenic and/or apoptotic stimuli.
Modification of the hemorrhagic action of endotoxin by Bordetella pertussis vaccine.

SummaryPertussis-sensitized mice were tested for their reactivity to endotoxin as expressed by lethality and induction of hemorrhagic necrosis in implanted tumors. It was found that, whereas pertussis treatment increased the susceptibility of animals to the lethal effect of endotoxin, transplanted tumors became more resistant to its necrotizing effects. Induction of tumor necrosis by an anaphylactic reaction was not affected by pertussis treatment. Tumor-bearing mice injected with pertussis vaccine did not become more susceptible to the lethal effects of endotoxin than did animals not bearing tumors.
Investigation of effective system designs for transcranial photoacoustic tomography of the brain

Photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT) holds great promise for transcranial brain imaging. However, the strong reflection, scattering and attenuation of acoustic waves in the skull present significant challenges to developing this method. We report on a systematic computer-simulation study of transcranial brain imaging using PACT. The goal of this study was to identify an effective imaging system design that can be translated for clinical use. The propagation of photoacoustic waves through a model skull was studied by use of an elastic finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The acoustic radiation pattern from a photoacoustic source just beneath the skull was observed with a ring transducer array that was level with the source. The observed radiation pattern was found to contain stronger contributions from waves that were converted to shear waves in skull than longitudinal waves that did not undergo mode conversion. Images reconstructed from the pressure data that contain shear wave components possess better resolution than images reconstructed from the data that only contain the longitudinal wave signals. These observations revealed that the detection system should be designed to capture photoacoustic signals that travel through the skull in the form of shear waves as well as in the form of longitudinal waves. A preliminary investigation on the effect of the presence of absorption in the skull is also reported. This study provides an insight into the wave phenomena in transcranial PACT imaging, as well as a concrete detection design strategy that mitigates the degraded resolution of reconstructed images.
Development of Clinical Trials in a Cooperative Group Setting: The Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group

Purpose: We examine the processes and document the calendar time required to activate phase II and III clinical trials by an oncology group: the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG). Methods: Setup steps were documented by ( a ) interviewing ECOG headquarters and statistical center staff, and committee chairs, ( b ) reviewing standard operating procedure manuals, and ( c ) inspecting study records, documents, and e-mails to identify additional steps. Calendar time was collected for each major process for each study in this set. Results: Twenty-eight phase III studies were activated by ECOG during the January 2000 to July 2006 study period. We examined a sample from 16 of those studies in detail. More than 481 distinct processes were required for study activation: 420 working steps, 61 major decision points, 26 processing loops, and 13 stopping points. Median calendar days to activate a trial in the phase III subset was 783 days (range, 285-1,542 days) from executive approval and 808 days (range, 435-1,604 days) from initial conception of the study. Data were collected for all phase II and phase III trials activated and completed during this time period ( n = 52) for which development time represented 43.9% and 54.1% of the total trial time, respectively. Conclusion: The steps required to develop and activate a clinical trial may require as much or more time than the actual completion of a trial. The data shows that to improve the activation process, research should to be directed toward streamlining both internal and external groups and processes.
Some electrical and chemical properties of the (111) niobium surface

Abstract The work function, the effects of argon-ion bombardment, and the adsorption of oxygen and carbon monoxide were investigated for the (111) surface of niobium. Cleaning of the sample was accomplished in an ultra-high vacuum system by the process of argonion bombardment and annealing. In terms of the photoelectric behavior and the oxygen adsorption properties of the surface, it was determined that many cycles of this process were required before the most satisfactory surface was obtained. Oxygen was adsorbed at room temperature with a sticking coefficient of about 0.6. The coefficient for carbon monoxide was slightly lower. Attempts to remove adsorbed oxygen by heating up to 1500° C in vacuum were unsuccessful and indicated that some diffusion into the lattice took place. Adsorbed species could be removed by the ion-bombardment cleaning process. Argon-ion bombardment in the 500 eV range caused the work function to decrease from the initial clean, annealed surface value of 4.66 eV to 4.09 eV after a bombardment of 1017 ions/cm2. Following shorter bombardments, the surface seemed to be in a transition state in which the fit of experimental points to the Fowler curve was poor. These bombardment effects are discussed in terms of the possible nature of the ion-bombardment damage.
Investigating the Undergraduate Student Decision-Making Process of Selecting a Business Specialization: A Comparison of Marketing and Nonmarketing Business Students:

This study presents a detailed analysis outlining the differences between the decision-making activities of marketing and nonmarketing business students. The results reveal the presence of important decisional differences and similarities with respect to students' information-gathering activities, consideration sets, alternative evaluations, self-perceptions, timing, and stability of the decision.
Field-and current-driven domain wall dynamics : An experimental picture

Field- and current-driven domain wall velocities are measured and discussed in terms of existing spin-torque models. A reversal in the roles of adiabatic and non-adiabatic spin-torque is shown to arise in those models below and above Walker breakdown. The measured dependence of velocity on current is the same in both regimes, indicating both spin-torque components have similar magnitude. However, the models on which these conclusions are based have serious quantitative shortcomings in describing the observed field-driven wall dynamics, for which they were originally developed. Hence, the applicability of simple one-dimensional models to most experimental conditions may be limited.
Distribution of protein and nucleic acids in hyphae and microconidia of Fusarium.

Extracts obtained by manual grinding of the mycelium and microconidia of Fusarium oxysporum were fractionated into four particulate portions—designated P1, P2, P3 and P4—and into a soluble portion by differential centrifugation. Approximately 60% of the protein was recovered in the supernatant fraction whereas the ribonucleic acid content of the P3 and P4 particles was particularly high. The P4 particle fraction was composed of approximately 40% ribonucleic acid and 60% protein and contained a particle with a sedimentation constant of about 85 S. More than 70% of the deoxyribonucleic acid was recovered among the various particle types, but the deoxyribonucleic acid: protein ratio was highest in the P1 granules. Polysaccharides were particularly concentrated in the P3 fraction. On the basis of the distribution of bound hexosamine, the extracts appeared to be free of cell wall fragments. Several methods of disruption of the fungus hyphae were examined.
Basement zone antibodies in bullous pemphigoid.

Indirect immunofluorescent (IF) staining revealed that in 14 of 16 patients with active lesions of bullous pemphigoid the sera contained antibodies specific for the basement zone beneath stratified squamous epithelium while the sera from six patients in remission contained no demonstrable antibodies. The sera of 18 patients with dermatitis herpetiformis and 94 patients with various bullous and nonbullous dermatoses yielded negative reactions to the basement zone by indirect IF staining. In four of five skin biopsy specimens from patients with bullous pemphigoid direct IF staining indicated that γ-globulin had been bound in vivo to the basement zone.
A high-frequency electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometer for multi-dimensional, multi-frequency, and multi-phase pulsed measurements.

We describe instrumentation for a high-frequency electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and pulsed electron-electron double resonance (PELDOR) spectroscopy. The instrumentation is operated in the frequency range of 107−120 GHz and 215−240 GHz and in the magnetic field range of 0−12.1 T. The spectrometer consisting of a high-frequency high-power solid-state source, a quasioptical system, a phase-sensitive detection system, a cryogenic-free superconducting magnet, and a 4He cryostat enables multi-frequency continuous-wave EPR spectroscopy as well as pulsed EPR measurements with a few hundred nanosecond pulses. Here we discuss the details of the design and the pulsed EPR sensitivity of the instrumentation. We also present performance of the instrumentation in unique experiments including PELDOR spectroscopy to probe correlations in an insulating electronic spin system and application of dynamical decoupling techniques to extend spin coherence of electron spins in an insulating solid-state system.
Basal and induced levels of tryptophan pyrrolase and tyrosine transaminase in the chick.

Abstract In the liver of chick embryos tyrosine transaminase was present from the 5th day, tryptophan pyrrolase from the 11th day, and form-ylase appeared at the time of hatching. The tyrosine transaminase level was elevated 5-fold by treatment with hydrocortisone but not with tryptophan, and the tryptophan pyrrolase was elevated a similar amount by treatment with tryptophan but not with hydrocortisone. The dramatic developmental elevation of formylase was not affected by either treatment. The behavior of the enzymes is therefore markedly different in the chick embryo than in the fetal rat. This difference was emphasized by the finding that the hydrocortisone-induced elevation of tyrosine transaminase in the chick embryo was not prevented by actinomycin.
New Measurements of Reactor Disappearance with the Double Chooz Far Detector

Abstract We present an update on the results of the Double Chooz experiment. Double Chooz searches for the neutrino mixing angle, θ 13 , in the three-neutrino mixing matrix via the disappearance of produced by the dual 4.27 GW/th Chooz B Reactors. Here we discuss updated oscillation fit results using both the rate and the shape of the anti-neutrino energy spectrum. In the most recent oscillation analysis we included data with neutron captures on Gadolinium and Hydrogen along with the reactor off data that we collected. This is an important step in our multi-year program to establish the value of θ 13 .
Two Markov Models of the Spread of Rumors

We present two Markov models of the spreading of rumors. Specifically, we determine the limiting distribution as the population becomes large for the time to spreading of the rumor to the full population. For the first model, all particles are identical, but one initially knows the rumor. The limiting distribution is the convolution of two double exponential distributions. For the second model, there are two kinds of individuals: spreaders, who can spread the rumor, and ordinary individuals, who can only learn the rumor. Here, the limiting distribution is simply a double exponential distribution.
Influence of ethosuximide on valproic acid serum concentrations

Abstract In the therapy of absence epilepsies, a combination of ethosuximide (ESM) and valproic acid (VPA) is sometimes necessary for a successful seizure control. Previous studies of the interaction between ESM and VPA revealed contradictory results. We investigated the influence of ESM on VPA serum concentrations in children with epilepsy. In case of ineffectiveness of the drug, ESM was withdrawn ( n =9). Four children treated with VPA got ESM additionally because their seizure control was insufficient with VPA alone. Two children had bromide, and one clobazam as comedicament. Both of these antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) do not have any known interactions with ESM or VPA. Serum levels of VPA were higher in monotherapy than in combination with ESM (120.0±20.1 μ g/ml; range, 88.9–153.4 μ g/ml; vs. 87.0±13.1 μ g/ml; range, 67.4–108.0 μ g/ml). The difference was statistically significant ( P
What makes ecological systems reactive

Although perturbations from a stable equilibrium must ultimately vanish, they can grow initially, and the maximum initial growth rate is called reactivity. Reactivity thus identifies systems that may undergo transient population surges or drops in response to perturbations; however, we lack biological and mathematical intuition about what makes a system reactive. This paper presents upper and lower bounds on reactivity for an arbitrary linearized model, explores their strictness, and discusses their biological implications. I find that less stable systems (i.e. systems with long transients) have a smaller possible range of reactivities for which no perturbations grow. Systems with more species have a higher capacity to be reactive, assuming species interactions do not weaken too rapidly as the number of species increases. Finally, I find that in discrete time, reactivity is determined largely by mean interaction strength and neither discrete nor continuous time reactivity are sensitive to food web topology.
Computing Instantaneous Throughput For Spatially Constrained Aiming Tasks

Abstract Motor throughput is a standard measure of how rapidly information can be transmitted through an input device (such as a mouse or wand) by a human user carrying out point-to-point movement (also known as a Fitts' task.) As low-cost motion tracking systems become more prevalent, engineers are presented with increasing opportunities to control operations using hand gestures. However, accurate analysis of motor throughput in such cases may be difficult, as muscle tremors may prevent midair motions from coming to an absolute stop, and visual obstructions may prevent endpoint data from being reliably captured. A lack of accurate temporal and spatial endpoint information precludes any determination of motor throughput. Inspired by Fitts' information channel model, we derive a measure of instantaneous motor throughput. Observation of this instantaneous measure demonstrates how the traditional measure of information bandwidth, Fitts' motor throughput, emerges during the course of an aimed movement. Further, an experimental study demonstrates that instantaneous throughput (ITP) profiles exhibit a common shape when plotted against normalized distance. We select the moment of peak variance to be the most convenient landmark along the ITP trajectory for computing an overall throughput value, and demonstrate that this new method compares favorably with traditional throughput measures.
Note on the non-homogeneous Prendiville process

By creating an auxiliary process, this note obtains complete solution to the distribution of the non-homogeneous Prendiville process. In addition, an error in the literature of the original Prendiville process is corrected.
Effects of interactive discussion and text type on learning counterintuitive science concepts

Abstract The possibility that students can learn counterintuitive science concepts as the result of reading and then discussing ideas within a social context was examined in this study. Students read one of two texts, narrative and expository, that taught students Newtonian principles related to projectile motion. After reading, they (a) answered questions about ideas in the text, (b) participated in a scaffolded discussion with another student and a researcher to answer the same questions, or (c) participated in a control activity. Students who read expository text and students who participated in scaffolded discussion performed better on posttests than did those who read narrative and participated in question/answer sessions. Students who answered questions after reading had inappropriate search strategies, and they twisted information to make it consistent with their own nonscientific understandings. Students who discussed the text evidenced the same behaviors; however, the scaffolded discussion helped...
Control of astigmatism in proton isolated stripe aigaas double heterostructure lasers

Astigmatism was measured for proton isolated stripe geometry AIGaAs thin-active-layer (TAL) lasers, for which the proton implant depth was varied. Astigmatism was found to be smallest for deep implants close to the active layer. A semi-empirical model is presented which relates astigmatism to mode width, injected carrier distribution (gain width or spontaneous emission width), lateral dielectric constant variation across the laser stripe (determined from side lobe angle in far field) and active layer thickness. Comparison of experimental results with calculations are sufficiently precise to aid in practical laser design.
Viscosity studies on dna and the observation of double-stranded and single-stranded breaks in a 40% dmso-phosphate buffer system

Abstract 1. 1. The effect of pH and ionic strength on the viscosity behavior of single-stranded DNA has been studied. The intrinsic viscosity is influenced more by ionic strength than pH. 2. 2. The progressive denaturation of DNA by DMSO has been followed by viscosity measurements. It is possible that viscosity is a more sensitive means for observing the denaturation of DNA than is u.v. absorption. 3. 3. The viscosity behavior of DNA in 40 % DMSO is very sensitive to ionic strength before and after denaturation. 4. 4. Single-stranded DNA produced by exposure to DMSO is similar to that produced by exposure to alkali as revealed by viscosity measurements. 5. 5. A DMSO-phosphate system has been used to study double-stranded and singlestranded breaks in DNA. Sonication produces double-stranded breaks whereas u.v. irradiation in the presence of H2O2 produces single-stranded breaks as revealed by viscosity measurements before and after denaturation. 6. 6. At ionic strengths below 0.001 the intrinsic viscosity of single-stranded DNA is greater than that for double-stranded DNA. At ionic strengths above 0.001, the reverse is true. 7. 7. The intrinsic viscosity of DNA is reduced by slight protein contamination. Intrinsic viscosities of DNA are strongly dependent on the source. PBS-2 DNA had the highest intrinsic viscosity of those studied.
Ageing and photoageing of the skin: observations at the cellular and molecular level.

Summary It is now well established that ageing occurs at the level of individual cells in the skin and other organ systems. Changes in cell behaviour, protein production and gene expression in response to standardized stimuli are readily observed in cultured cells derived from young vs old donors and from photoaged vs sun-protected body sites. Whether these changes are best viewed as a cause or a consequence of ageing cannot be determined at present. Nevertheless, available data now provide cellular and molecular correlates for the well-known differences in clinical responsiveness between newborn, adult and photoaged skin. From this basis, it will hopefully be possible to develop a more comprehensive understanding of cutaneous ageing processes.
Preparation of Linear α-Olefins Using Cationic Nickel(II) α-Diimine Catalysts

Nickel(II) dibromide complexes containing para- and unsubstituted aryl α-diimine ligands in combination with modified methylaluminoxane (MMAO) are highly active and efficient catalysts for the oligomerization of ethylene to linear α-olefins. α-Olefins in the C4−C26 range have been prepared with selectivities as high as 94%. The Schulz−Flory product distributions and selectivities for α-olefins are a sensitive function of catalyst structure and reaction conditions. Details of this catalyst system are described, including the synthesis of initiators, catalyst activities, and α-olefin product distributions.
Combining Variable Speed Limits with Ramp Metering for freeway traffic control

This paper proposes a control strategy for combining Variable Speed Limits (VSL) and Ramp Metering (RM) to maximize the flow of a recurrent bottleneck which can be modeled as a lane reduction. The control strategy can be simply described as: (a) Assuming a known ramp metering rate for each onramp; (b) using Finite Time Horizon Model Predictive Control to design VSL for each link; (3) VSL design is based on a simplified 2nd order METANET model with density (or occupancy) and mean speed as the state variables. Simulations are conducted in Matlab with several performance measures to evaluate the control strategy quantitatively.
The Consistency of Perceived Teacher–Child Relationships Between Preschool and Kindergarten

Abstract Children's relationships with their teachers were examined in a three-year longitudinal study beginning in their next-to-last year of preschool and continuing through kindergarten. Three hundred and fifty-seven children had complete data, and 793 children had at least one year of data. Teachers reported greater closeness and more dependency in their relationships with girls than with boys. There were no age changes in teacher perceptions of relationship quality. Path analysis suggested that perceptions of teacher–child relationship quality, particularly conflictual relationship quality, were consistent from preschool to kindergarten. Further path analysis suggested that teacher perception of children's social adjustment in school was consistent in from preschool to kindergarten. Kindergarten teacher–child relationship perceptions were predicted by preschool teacher perceptions of social adjustment in preschool and by preschool teacher–child relationship perceptions after controlling for gender, maternal education, and preschool child-care quality.
Effects of interfacial instability on film boiling of saturated liquid helium I above a horizontal surface

Film boiling above a horizontal surface has been investigated theoretically and experimentally at standard gravity and 1 atm. Theoretical film boiling results for conventional fluids have been extended, on the basis of interfacial instability due to gravity, to include liquefied gases properties, such as low viscosity and small surface tension. In the experiments, primarily ordinary liquid helium I has been studied to extend the range of the film boiling Rayleigh numbers (based upon Laplace's reference length) from about 107 (reported for room temperature liquids) to values of the order of magnitude unity. The heat transfer data taken at surface excess temperatures ΔT (above the boiling point) between 80° and 300°K. have been correlated with a theoretical model which presumes the absence of any scaling length (Laplace length) associated with surface tension. At low ΔT the experimental results have been found to agree with a model which presumes a negligible influence of a scaling length due to surface tension and absence of detectable viscosity effects.
Methods of proximate analysis by thermogravimetry

Abstract Two completely automated proximate analysis methods are developed for coals, cokes and other solid fossil fuel materials. The first is a dynamic—isothermal method and calculates the results on wet basis according to national standards. The second consists of two separate dynamic—isothermal methods and calculates the results of volatiles, fixed carbon, and ash content of the fuel on dry basis. Both methods were developed for a Mettler TA 3000 system but could be applicable for routine quality assurance analysis on other systems.