cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gender, Parasocial Interaction, and Nonverbal Communication: Testing the Visual Effect of Sports Magazine Cover Models

An experiment examined gender, parasocial interaction, and nonverbal communication regarding sports magazine cover models. Results indicate that a correlation exists among parasocial interaction, nonverbal communication, and gender, with female cover models eliciting larger effects on test subjects. However, gender did not correlate with parasocial interaction or nonverbal communication among the test subjects, contradicting extant literature. Also, the parasocial interaction and nonverbal communication measurement scales positively correlated. In conclusion, static images are reliable experimental stimuli for parasocial interaction studies and nonverbal measurement scales, and sports magazines are better served by featuring more women.
Meet the new mammoth, same as the old? Resurrecting the Mammuthus primigenius

Media reporters often announce that we are on the verge of bringing back the woolly mammoth, even while there is growing consensus among scientists that resurrecting the mammoth is unlikely. In fact, current “de-extinction” efforts are not designed to bring back a mammoth, but rather adaptations of the mammoth using close relatives. For example, Harvard scientists are working on creating an Asian elephant with the thick coat of a mammoth by merging mammoth and elephant DNA. But how should such creatures be classified? Are they elephants, mammoths, or both? Answering these questions requires getting clear about the concept of reproduction. What I hope to show is that with an appropriate notion of reproduction—one for which I will argue—resurrecting a member of Mammuthus primigenius is a genuine possibility.
A comparison of stepgrandchildren's perceptions of long-term and later-life stepgrandparents

Abstract Background Multi-generational steprelationships are relatively common, and yet little is known about stepgrandparent-stepgrandchild relationships. The quality of steprelationships is relevant to understanding intergenerational support for older divorced and remarried adults. Objectives The purpose of this study is to examine and compare stepgrandchildren's perceptions of two types of intergenerational step-relationships – long-term stepgrandparents who joined the stepfamily before stepgrandchildren were born and later-life stepgrandparents who joined stepfamilies when they were older. Research design and methods Grounded theory methods were used to interview 48 adult stepgrandchildren who had 44 long-term stepgrandparents and 28 later-life stepgrandparents. Results Long-term stepgrandparents more closely resembled biological grandparents' relationships with stepgrandchildren than did later-life stepgrandparents, largely because of conditions attributable to intergenerational dynamics associated with remarriage timing, shared histories, and linked lives with other kin. Middle-generation parents gatekept more in long-term stepfamilies – later-life stepgrandchildren had greater autonomy in relationships with new stepgrandparents and everyone in later-life stepfamilies experienced family structural changes concurrently. Long-term stepgrandparents were defined as kin more often than later-life stepgrandparents. Long-term relationships were often perceived as positive and emotionally close. Discussion and implications Later-life stepgrandchildren experience more intergenerational transitions than long-term stepgrandchildren. Appreciating and understanding the implications of different pathways to stepgrandparenthood will enhance science and practice with older stepfamily couples and intergenerational stepfamilies.
Solution of a multidimensional system of equations for differentiating probability densities with respect to Y to identify silver nanoparticles on fibers

The results of compiling and solving a system of multidimensional differential correlation equations of distribution ellipses in the identification of colloidal silver nanoparticles on polyester fibers with multi-dimensional correlation components of Raman polarization spectra are presented when applied in nanoelectronic technology. A method is proposed for increasing the accuracy and speed of identification of silver nanoparticles on polyester fibers, taking into account the longitudinal and transverse polarization of laser radiation over the entire spectral range, analyzing in sequence and in order simultaneously two peaks along the X-transverse and along the Y-along the fibers. When solving a system using a non-linear quadratic and differential probability density equations in Y, an uncertainty arises, the elimination of which is used by the numerical addition Δ = + 0.06455.
Associations of Drug Use, Violence, and Depressive Symptoms with Sexual Risk Behaviors Among Women with Alcohol Misuse.

Abstract Background Alcohol misuse is associated with increased human immunodeficiency virus sexual risk behaviors by women. Drug use, intimate partner violence (IPV), and depressive symptoms frequently co-occur, are well-recognized alcohol misuse comorbidities, and may interact to increase risk behaviors. Using a syndemic framework we examined associations between drug use, IPV, and depressive symptoms and sexual risk behaviors by 400 women with alcohol misuse attending an urban sexually transmitted infections clinic. Methods Participants completed computer-assisted interviews querying drug use, IPV, and depressive symptoms and sexual risk behavior outcomes—unprotected sex under the influence of alcohol, sex for drugs/money, and number of lifetime sexual partners. We used multivariable analysis to estimate prevalence ratios (PR) for independent and joint associations between drug use, IPV, and depressive symptoms and our outcomes. To investigate synergy between risk factors we calculated the relative excess prevalence owing to interaction for all variable combinations. Results In multivariable analysis, drug use, IPV, and depressive symptoms alone and in combination were associated with higher prevalence/count of risk behaviors compared with women with alcohol misuse alone. The greatest prevalence/count occurred when all three were present (unprotected sex under the influence of alcohol [PR, 2.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.3–4.9]), sex for money or drugs [PR, 2.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.7–4.2], and number of lifetime partners [PR, 3.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.9–5.2]). Drug use, IPV, and depressive symptoms did not interact synergistically to increase sexual risk behavior prevalence. Conclusions A higher prevalence of sexual risk behaviors by women with alcohol misuse combined with drug use, IPV, and depressive symptoms supports the need for alcohol interventions addressing these additional comorbidities.
Petri Nets Protocol Modeling Method Based on CPEBSDL Communication Protocol

Combining CPEBSDL, Petri nets reachable marking graph, and Petri net process, this paper proposes an approach named PMA_CPEBSDL that can automatically construct a Petri nets model for communication protocol, presents some methods of protocol validation and test. PMA_CPEBSDL approach and methods of protocol validation and test are introduced with a factual example about LAPD protocol.
Heart rate variability in children with obstructive sleep apnea.

Adults with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) display substantial heart rate changes associated with obstructive events, and recent reports suggest similar heart rate changes in children with OSAS. These rate changes could assist screening of young patients for OSAS. Six-hour polysomnographic recordings were obtained from seven children with OSAS (mean age: 4.5 years; apnea index: 19.5 +/- 5.1) and from seven primary snorers without OSAS who served as controls (mean age: 4.7; apnea index: 0). Scatterplots of each cardiac R-R interval against the preceding interval (Poincare plots) were used to assess beat-to-beat cardiac variability at different heart rates. Beat-to-beat variation at slow rates was significantly increased in children with OSAS relative to controls, while variation at fast and intermediate heart rates was significantly reduced in these children. We conclude that OSAS alters beat-to-beat variation in characteristic fashions in children, that the variability changes occur at all heart rates but are most significant at slow heart rates, and that these heart rate patterns could assist in screening of suspected cases of OSAS.
Protein kinase C mediates phosphorylation of the regulatory light chain of myosin-II during mitosis.

Phosphorylation of the regulatory light chain (RLC) of myosin-II is cell cycle dependent. Early in mitosis the RLC is phosphorylated predominantly on Ser-1/2, while during cytokinesis the primary site of phosphorylation is Ser-19 (Yamakita et al., 1994). To identify candidate kinases likely to mediate the mitotic phosphorylation on Ser-1/2, we assayed RLC kinase activity in mitotic cell extracts and measured apparent steady-state kinetic constants using purified enzymes. The mitotic RLC kinase is distinct from cdc2 kinase, protein kinase A and protein kinase G, as activators or inhibitors specific for these kinases do not affect the mitotic kinase activity. The activity of the mitotic RLC kinase is enhanced by the addition of Ca2+ and DAG and/or phorbol esters, characteristics of a conventional protein kinase C (PKC). Moreover, the PKC inhibitors, Go6983 and Go6976, significantly attenuate the phosphorylation of the RLC in mitotic extracts. Apparent steady-state kinetic studies indicate that several PKC isoforms display high specificity for myosin-II. These results suggest that current models describing Ser-1/2 phosphorylation during mitosis need to be re-evaluated.
“Mainstream” Contract Theories and Critical Legal Studies

I now consider two schools of contract thought that, because of their breadth and internal conflicts and inconsistencies, are unitary and distinct “theories” only in a very broad sense. Nevertheless, a focus on the essence of “manstream,” also called “liberal,” contract theory on the one hand and Critical Legal Studies (CLS) on the other, helps establish the wide range of views on modern contract law’s nature and roles. More important, because CLS theorists often invoke mainstream theory to serve as a counterpoint to their own views, the focus in this chapter helps clarify the principal tenets of CLS.
Chapter 4 – Using the Second Law: Thermodynamic Analysis

The first law mainly deals with energy balance regardless of the quality of that part of the energy available to perform work. The thermal efficiency, defined as the ratio of the work output to total rate of heat input, may not describe the best performance of a process. On the other hand, the second law brings out the quality of energy, and second-law efficiency relates the actual performance to the best possible performance under the same conditions. Reversible process delivers the maximum useful work output. If the operating conditions cause excessive entropy production, the system will not be capable of delivering the maximum useful output. Thermodynamic analysis combines the first and second laws of thermodynamics, and makes use of second law analysis, exergy analysis, and pinch analysis. Second law analysis can identify the sources and quantity of entropy production in various processes in a system. Exergy analysis describes the maximum amount of work theoretically available by bringing a resource into equilibrium with its surrounding through a reversible process; hence, it can relate the impact of energy utilization to environmental degradation. Pinch analysis aims for a better integration of a process with its utility in reducing energy cost. On the other hand, the equipartition principle states that a process would be optimum when the thermodynamic driving forces are uniformly distributed in space and time. This chapter discusses second law analysis, equipartition principle, exergy analysis, pinch technology, and provide some examples.
SYNCVIBE: Fast and Secure Device Pairing through Physical Vibration on Commodity Smartphones

The emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT) and pervasive computing challenges in securely and conveniently connecting devices with limited user interfaces. In particular, discovering and bootstrapping a wireless connection (e.g., Wi-Fi and Bluetooth Low Energy) between two devices that share no prior knowledge, commonly known as pairing, often requires users to go through cumbersome tasks of manually discovering the target device and entering a long passkey. When the devices do not have a proper user interface to enter a passkey, the security of pairing is often given up, leaving the communication vulnerable to a number of attacks. To alleviate this challenge, we propose a usable and secure out-of-band (OOB) communication method called SyncVibe, leveraging the inherent nature of close-proximity transmission of mechanical vibration. SyncVibe utilizes a vibration motor and an accelerometer, that are already ubiquitously available or easy to embed in mobile and wearable devices, to transmit and receive pairing information. By simply keeping two devices in direct contact, the user can bootstrap a secure, high-bandwidth wireless connection without manual pairing procedures. The proposed method maximizes accuracy and effective data throughput with a vibration clock recovery technique, which inserts a minimal amount of extra bit patterns to assure synchronization between the transmitter and the receiver. In addition, SyncVibe can automatically adjust its detection thresholds in response to various vibration noises and transmission media. Our implementation of SyncVibe demonstrates high-accuracy transmission, proving itself as a suitable OOB communication channel for short data transmission for secure device pairing.
Uncontrollable Urges to Gamble Following Treatment with Pramipexole (Mirapex)

Among the medications used to treat Parkinson disease and restless legs syndrome are the second-generation dopamine receptor agonists pramipexole and ropinirole. These drugs are thought to exert their therapeutic effects by directly stimulating dopamine D2 and D3 receptors, which are expressed predominantly in limbic regions of the brain. Although dopamine agonists have shown significant therapeutic benefit, these medications have also been associated with a notable side effect: the onset of potentially severe addictive or impulsive behaviors, such as compulsive gambling and hypersexuality. These behaviors—often referred to as behavioral addictions—may have devastating psychosocial consequences. From a neurobiological perspective, the strong association between dopamine agonist therapy and a variety of reward-seeking behaviors contributes to a growing body of evidence that dopamine plays a key role in the development of addiction. Because only a minority of patients experience dopamine agonist-induced behavioral problems, however, further research is needed to understand the specific mechanisms underlying these adverse effects.
The reducibility of matrix sweeping operations: A computational issue in linear belief functions

Abstract Matrix sweeping operations are the basis for the knowledge representation and combination of linear belief functions. Yet, their basic properties are not well studied and often misunderstood. This paper attempts to fill the void and corrects a long lasting mistake in the literature on whether a block-level sweeping from a nonsingular submatrix can be reduced into sequential element-level sweepings from individual leading diagonal elements of the submatrix. It proposes a new alternative to workaround the failure of reducibility and introduces a prototype system, dubbed LMOS, in support of irreducible sweeping operations.
Reconfigurable Threshold Logic Gates using memristive devices

We present our early design exploration of reconfigurable Threshold Logic Gates (TLG) implemented using Silver-chalcogenide memristive devices combined with CMOS circuits. A variety of linearly separable logic functions including AND, OR, NAND, NOR have been realized in a Matlab-Simulink/Cadence co-simulation using a single-layer TLG. The functionality can be changed between these operations by reprogramming the resistance of the memristive devices.
New Positions in Mutual Fund Portfolios: Implications for Fund Alpha

This study introduces a new measure of fund activeness that predicts future fund abnormal returns. This measure is defined as the “return on new portfolio holdings.” It is constructed as the return on stocks that a fund has not held before. We find that the return on these positions drives future fund alpha. On average, a one-standard deviation increase in the return on new holdings increases fund alpha by approximately 0.39 to 0.49 percent per year. Overall, our findings provide new insights on the value of active management.
Horizontal Violence towards New Graduate Nurses: When Will It Stop?

Edited by Michelle Cleary, RN, PhD School of Nursing, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Sydney, NSW, Australia The phrase “nurses eat their young” is a common expression used ...
Abstract 1622: Microsatellite instability causes colorectal cancer cell death to trigger anti-tumor immune response

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in the western world. Approximately 15% of CRCs have defects in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes, which lead to frequent mutations in repetitive genomic sequences known as microsatellites. This kind of genomic instability, referred to as microsatellite instability (MSI), contributes to the emergence of highly immunogenic neoantigen peptides that can stimulate an antitumor response. As such, a subset of CRC patients with deficient MMR has a positive response to immune checkpoint blockade immunotherapy. However, the molecular basis of MSI-induced antitumor immune response is not well understood. To address this issue, we used CRISPR to genetically inactivate MutL homolog 1 (MLH1), a key MMR protein, in two microsatellite stable (MSS) murine colorectal cancer cell lines, CT26 and MC-38, which enabled us to directly compare isogenic MSI and MSS tumors in mice with an immuno-deficient or -competent microenvironment. The growth of MLH1-KO cells was comparable to the parental cells in immunocompromised mice. Upon transplantation into syngeneic, immunocompetent mice, the parental CT26 and MC-38 tumors rapidly proliferate. In contrast, the MLH1-KO tumors grew poorly under the same conditions, which was accompanied by apoptotic cell death, upregulation of inflammatory cytokines, and tumor infiltration of CD8+ T lymphocytes. Blocking apoptosis by caspase inhibition suppressed cytokine induction and T lymphocyte infiltration, suggesting a key role of apoptosis in triggering an antitumor immune response. Our current efforts are towards elucidating the mechanism of cell death and defining the associated immune signatures. Ultimately, a better understanding of the immunological consequences of MSI status in CRCs may help to develop more effective CRC therapies. Citation Format: Darleny Y. Lizardo, Yi-Jun Wang, Liheng Yang, Jian Yu, Lin Zhang. Microsatellite instability causes colorectal cancer cell death to trigger anti-tumor immune response [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 1622.
Physical Controls on Carbonate Intraclasts: Modern Flat Pebbles From Great Salt Lake, Utah

In carbonate‐forming environments, authigenic minerals can cement surface sediments into centimeter‐sized intraclasts that are later reworked into “flat‐pebble” or “edgewise” conglomerates. Flat‐pebble conglomerates comprise only a small portion of facies in modern marine environments but are common in ancient strata, implying that seafloor cements were more widespread in the past. Flat‐pebble conglomerates nearly disappeared after the Ordovician radiation, yet it is unclear if this decline was due to changing seawater chemistry or if increased infaunalization and bioturbation simply worked to break down nascent clasts. We discovered a process analog that produces flat‐pebble conglomerates around the Great Salt Lake, Utah, USA—and studied these facies using field observations, wave models, satellite imagery, petrography, and microanalytic chemical data. Clasts were sourced from wave‐rippled grainstone that cemented in situ in offshore environments. Lake floor cements formed under aragonite saturation states that are lower than modern marine settings, suggesting that physical processes are at least as important as chemical ones. Results from our wave models showed that coarse sediments near the field site experience quiescent periods of up to six months between suspension events, allowing isopachous cements to form. Using a simple mathematical framework, we show that the main difference between Great Salt Lake and modern, low‐energy marine settings is that the latter has enough bioturbating organisms to break up clasts. Observations from Great Salt Lake demonstrate how geologic trends in flat‐pebble abundance could largely reflect changes in total infaunal biomass and ecology without requiring regional‐to‐global changes in seawater chemistry.
Analysis and design of Trajectory-Based Operations under wind forecast uncertainty

The Trajectory-Based Operations (TBO) concept is a key part of the FAA’s and EUROCONTROL’s programs to make flight operations more efficient and predictable, while maintaining operational flexibility. TBO relies on four-dimensional (4D) trajectories that are managed by specifying a sequence of metering points. Each metering point is associated with a controlled time of arrival (CTA) that must be met by the aircraft within a specified time tolerance. Although the TBO concept has been around for a while, prior literature has not addressed design aspects, such as identifying metering point locations and their impact on the system performance. In this paper, we show how a prior analytical model for TBO can be adapted to account for wind forecast uncertainty, and other operational constraints. We investigate the influence of different system parameters such as wind forecast uncertainty, distance between metering points, and CTA tolerance. The analysis reveals interesting trade-offs between various performance metrics such as throughput, fuel burn and delay. Based on this analysis, we propose a framework for locating metering points to satisfy traffic demand, while being fuel efficient.
Ebola, Emerging: The Limitations of Culturalist Discourses in Epidemiology

In this paper, I offer a critique of the culturalist epidemiology that dominates the discourse of Ebola in both popular and international health spheres. Ebola has been exoticized, associated with “traditional” practices, local customs, and cultural “beliefs” and insinuated to be the result of African ignorance and backwardness. Indeed, reified culture is reconfigured into a “risk-factor.” Accounts of the disease paint African culture as an obstacle to prevention and epidemic control efforts, at times even linking the eruption of the disease to practices such as burial traditions or consumption of bushmeat. But this emphasis is misleading; the assumption of African “otherness,” rather than evidence, epidemiological or otherwise, underpins dominant culturalist logics that “beliefs” motivate behaviors which increase the likelihood of Ebola’s emergence and spread. Conspicuously absent from both popular and official rhetoric has been attention to larger structural determinants of the course of Ebola epidemics. Yet global forces condition the emergence of Ebola far more than culture does. Inequality and inadequate provision of healthcare, entrenched and exacerbated by a legacy of colonialism, superpower geopolitics, and developmental neoliberalism, are responsible for much of Ebola’s spread. Certainly, structural force alone cannot account for the destruction Ebola has wreaked on the lives of victims and their families. Culture does matter. But the focus on culture comes at the expense of attention to sociopolitical and economic structures, obscuring the reality that global forces affect epidemics in Africa. In this paper, I seek to map the discursive contours of Ebola’s emergence, contextualize these trends within a larger debate about the role of anthropology in epidemiology, and question the simplistic link between culture and Ebola through a critical examination of structural-level forces.
Adherence to Car Seat Tolerance Screening Differs by Indication and Patient Characteristics

To assess whether adherence to institutional car seat tolerance screening (CSTS) guidelines differed for infants born preterm (PTM), term low birth weight (T-LBW), or both preterm and low birth weight (P-LBW), and to examine the association between CSTS adherence and patient characteristics. Within two large academic and community hospitals, we retrospectively reviewed all infants meeting institutional criteria (< 37 weeks’ gestation and/or < 2.27 kg) for CSTS from 2014 to 2018. Multivariable logistic regression evaluated the association of patient characteristics with institutional CSTS guideline adherence. 4374 eligible infants were born PTM (50.9%), T-LBW (6.5%), or P-LBW (42.6%). Adherence rates were 92.7% in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and 95.2% in the well-baby nursery with initial CSTS failure rates of 6.1% and 9.9%, respectively. Adherence was lowest among T-LBW (80.7%) compared to PTM (95.1%) or P-LBW (92.2%) infants in the NICU (p < 0.001) and well-baby nursery (81.6%, 96.7% and 97.1%, respectively, p < 0.001). In bivariate analyses, gestational age, birth weight, insurance, race, hospital type, discharge year, and preferred language were associated with adherence. In fully-adjusted models, adherence was positively associated with lower gestational age, higher birth weight, non-Medicaid insurance, and later discharge year (NICU) and lower gestational age and later discharge year (well-baby nursery). Adherence was lower for T-LBW than PTM or P-LBW infants, despite similar CSTS failure rates. Disparities in adherence among Medicaid-insured patients in the NICU warrant further study. Future studies are needed to clarify the benefit of CSTS and increase adherence in high-risk populations.
The utility of prostate MRI within active surveillance: description of the evidence.

PURPOSE We present an overview of the literature regarding the use of MRI in active surveillance of prostate cancer. METHODS Both MEDLINE® and Cochrane Library were queried up to May 2020 for studies of men on active surveillance with MRI and later confirmatory biopsy. The terms studied were 'prostate cancer' as the anchor followed by two of the following: active surveillance, surveillance, active monitoring, MRI, NMR, magnetic resonance imaging, MRI, and multiparametric MRI. Studies were excluded if pathologic reclassification (GG1 → ≥ GG2) and PI-RADS or equivalent was not reported. RESULTS Within active surveillance, baseline MRI is effective for identifying clinically significant prostate cancer and thus associated with fewer reclassification events. A positive initial MRI (≥ PI-RADS 3) with GG1 identified at biopsy has a positive predictive value (PPV) of 35-40% for reclassification by 3 years. MRI possessed a stronger negative predictive value, with a negative MRI (≤ PI-RADS 2) yielding a negative predictive value of up to 85% at 3 years. Surveillance MRI, obtained after initial biopsy, yielded a PPV of 11-65% and NPV of 85-95% for reclassification. CONCLUSION MRI is useful for initial risk stratification of prostate cancer in men on active surveillance, especially if MRI is negative when imaging is obtained during surveillance. While useful, MRI cannot replace biopsy and further research is necessary to fully integrate MRI into active surveillance.
LOCALIZATION OF CAROTENOID PIGMENT IN THE CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE OF XANTHOMONAS JUGLANDIS

Stephens, William L. (University of California, Davis), and Mortimer P. Starr. Localization of carotenoid pigment in the cytoplasmic membrane of Xanthomonas juglandis. J. Bacteriol. 86:1070-1074. 1963.-The kinetics of release of carotenoid pigment from cells of Xanthomonas juglandis, disrupted by sonic or ballistic treatment, showed the pigment to be localized in the cell envelope. Cells subjected to ballistic disintegration released carotenoid at a rate identical to that of a membrane component (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase) and at a slightly higher rate than a wall component (hexosamine). Thus, the membrane portion of the cell envelope is the most probable locus of the unique carotenoid pigment of X. juglandis.
Research and Analysis for Real‐World Applications

Modeling and simulation (M&S) has made a name for itself as a discipline with its own body of knowledge, theory, and research methodology and as a tool for analysis and assessment. Significantly, M&S has attained this broad and meaningful position in a few short decades paralleling the technological advances of mainframe and desktop computers, the ever-expanding internet, and the omnipresent digital communications infrastructure. In 1999, the National Science Foundation (NSF) declared simulation the third branch of science (1). In a 2006 NSF report entitled, Simulation-Based Engineering Science: Revolutionizing Engineering Science through Simulation, a focused discussion ensued on the challenges facing the United States as a technological world leader. The report proffered four recommendations to ensure U.S. maintenance of a leadership role in M&S as a strategically critical technology. Foremost was the call for the NSF to ‘‘underwrite an effort to explore the possibility of initiating a sweeping
Dealing with the Problems of Teacher Isolation.

(1986). Dealing with the Problems of Teacher Isolation. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 59, No. 7, pp. 320-322.
Black Neighbors, Higher Crime? The Role of Racial Stereotypes in Evaluations of Neighborhood Crime

This article investigates the relationship between neighborhood racial composition and perceptions residents have of their neighborhood’s level of crime. The study uses questions about perceptions of neighborhood crime from surveys in Chicago, Seattle, and Baltimore, matched with census data and police department crime statistics. The percentage young black men in a neighborhood is positively associated with perceptions of the neighborhood crime level, even after controlling for two measures of crime rates and other neighborhood characteristics. This supports the view that stereotypes are influencing perceptions of neighborhood crime levels. Variation in effects by race of the perceiver and implications for racial segregation are discussed.
Generating realistic large bayesian networks by tiling

In this paper we present an algorithm and software for generating arbitrarily large Bayesian Networks by tiling smaller real-world known networks. The algorithm preserves the structural and probabilistic properties of the tiles so that the distribution of the resulting tiled network resembles the realworld distribution of the original tiles. By generating networks of various sizes one can study the behavior of Bayesian Network learning algorithms as a function of the size of the networks only while the underlying probability distributions remain similar. We demonstrate through empirical evaluation examples how the networks produced by the algorithm enable researchers to conduct comparative evaluations of learning algorithms on large real-world Bayesian networks.
Direct in situ measurement of specific capacitance, monolayer tension, and bilayer tension in a droplet interface bilayer

Thickness and tension are important physical parameters of model cell membranes. However, traditional methods to measure these quantities require multiple experiments using separate equipment. This work introduces a new multi-step procedure for directly accessing in situ multiple physical properties of droplet interface bilayers (DIB), including specific capacitance (related to thickness), lipid monolayer tension in the Plateau-Gibbs border, and bilayer tension. The procedure employs a combination of mechanical manipulation of bilayer area followed by electrowetting of the capacitive interface to examine the sensitivities of bilayer capacitance to area and contact angle to voltage, respectively. These data allow for determining the specific capacitance of the membrane and surface tension of the lipid monolayer, which are then used to compute bilayer thickness and tension, respectively. The use of DIBs affords accurate optical imaging of the connected droplets in addition to electrical measurements of bilayer capacitance, and it allows for reversibly varying bilayer area. After validating the accuracy of the technique with diphytanoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPhPC) DIBs in hexadecane, the method is applied herein to quantify separately the effects on membrane thickness and tension caused by varying the solvent in which the DIB is formed and introducing cholesterol into the bilayer. Because the technique relies only on capacitance measurements and optical images to determine both thickness and tension, this approach is specifically well-suited for studying the effects of peptides, biomolecules, natural and synthetic nanoparticles, and other species that accumulate within membranes without altering bilayer conductance.
The effects of an action video game on visual and affective information processing

Abstract Playing action video games can have beneficial effects on visuospatial cognition and negative effects on social information processing. However, these two effects have not been demonstrated in the same individuals in a single study. The current study used event-related brain potentials (ERPs) to examine the effects of playing an action or non-action video game on the processing of emotion in facial expression. The data revealed that 10 h of playing an action or non-action video game had differential effects on the ERPs relative to a no-contact control group. Playing an action game resulted in two effects: one that reflected an increase in the amplitude of the ERPs following training over the right frontal and posterior regions that was similar for angry, happy, and neutral faces; and one that reflected a reduction in the allocation of attention to happy faces. In contrast, playing a non-action game resulted in changes in slow wave activity over the central–parietal and frontal regions that were greater for targets (i.e., angry and happy faces) than for non-targets (i.e., neutral faces). These data demonstrate that the contrasting effects of action video games on visuospatial and emotion processing occur in the same individuals following the same level of gaming experience. This observation leads to the suggestion that caution should be exercised when using action video games to modify visual processing, as this experience could also have unintended effects on emotion processing.
Secondary cluster ion emission from megaelectron volts ion impacts on NaBF4. 1. Ion decay fractions and dissociation pathways

Abstract Megaelectron volt ion impacts, event-by-event bombardment/detection, coincidence counting and a time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer equipped with an electrostatic ion mirror were used to study the emission and dissociation of secondary cluster ions sputtered from sodium tetrafluoroborate (NaBF4). The positive and negative plasma desorption spectra produced from NaBF4 are distinct. The negative ion spectrum contains BF4− and cluster ions composed of Na+ and BF4−, with a small series of peaks corresponding to (NaF)nF−. The positive spectrum, however, is dominated by a cluster ion series with composition (NaF)nNa+, n = 0–15. Magic numbers are observed in the positive cluster ion intensity distribution, highlighting n = 4 and 7 as stable cluster compositions. The presence of magic number enhancements in the linear TOF spectrum indicates that the stable cluster compositions are generated prior to entering the drift region of the TOF analyzer (i.e. during ion formation and acceleration). Decay fraction measurements demonstrate that both positive and negative secondary cluster ions carry residual internal energy and undergo dissociation reactions in the drift region of the TOF spectrometer. Decay pathway measurements show that the preferred neutral loss, in general, for positive and negative cluster ions is (NaF)0. In the positive ion mode, the most probable dissociation pathway for many cluster ions is the formation of a product ion with a magic number composition.
Normal anatomy and limitations in CT interpretation of lymph node disease

The CT appearance of normal retroperitoneal lymph nodes has been described. In many instances the structures are too small to be identified. Other retroperitoneal structures, such as collapsed bowel loops, vessels, and other perirenal structures, may simulate the presence of nodes. CT is of great benefit in disease with bulky tumors, such as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, testicular tumors, etc. Its usefulness is much more limited in disease that may have extensive nodal involvement but no significant enlargement of the nodes. The accuracy of CT scanning in Hodgkin's disease and in many instances of genitourinary tumors is questioned, and we submit that further studies are needed to establish the reliability of this mode of examination.
Complexes of Greatly Enhanced Thermodynamic Stability and Metal Ion Size-Based Selectivity, Formed by the Highly Preorganized Non-Macrocyclic Ligand 1,10-Phenanthroline-2,9-dicarboxylic Acid. A Thermodynamic and Crystallographic Study

The metal ion-complexing properties of 1,10-phenanthroline-2,9-dicarboxylic acid (PDA) are reported. The protonation constants (pK1 = 4.75, pK2 = 2.53) and formation constants (log K1) for PDA with Mg(II) (3.53), Ca(II) (7.3), Sr(II) (5.61), Ba(II) (5.43), La(III) (13.5), Gd(III) (16.1), Zn(II) (11.0), Cd(II) (12.8), Pb(II) (11.4), and Cu(II) (12.8) were determined by UV−vis spectroscopy in 0.1 M NaClO4 at 25 °C. The log K1 values for most of these metal ions were high enough that they were not displaced from their PDA complexes even at pH 2. The log K1 values were determined using the UV spectra to monitor the competition with EDTA (or DTPA; EDTA = ethylendiamine tetraacetic acid, DTPA = diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid) as a function of pH according to the equilibrium: M(EDTA) + PDA + nH+ = M(PDA) + EDTAHn. The log K1 values indicate that the rigid extended aromatic backbone of PDA leads to high levels of ligand preorganization and selectivity toward large metal ions (e.g., Ca(II), Cd(II), Gd(III)) ...
Evidence for multiple phosphorylation sites in rat liver 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Coenzyme A reductase

Microsomal 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Coenzyme A reductase (EC 1.1.1.34) was inactivated by [γ-32P]ATP in the presence of endogenous reductase kinases, solubilized, and purified 575-fold with retention of32P to a state where phosphoreductase was the only32P-labeled protein present.32P comigrated with reductase activity under nondenaturing conditions (polyacrylamide gets, isoelectric focusing gels) and with reductase monomer under denaturing conditions (sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels). Polyfunctional antibody to homogeneous reductase precipitated all of the32P present. The phosphate-reductase bond was acid-stable and base-labile. Following acid hydrolysis and high-voltage electrophoresis,32P label migrated solely with phosphoserine and inorganic orthophosphate. Exhaustive (>100 h) tryptic digestion of phosphoreductase denatured in 2 M urea yielded two major phosphorylated components as judged by high-performance liquid chromatography or Sephadex G-25 chromatography. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Coenzyme A reductase inactivated in the microsomal state by [γ-32P]ATP is thus phosphorylated exclusively at seryl residues and contains two structurally distinct phosphorylation sites.
A Preliminary Investigation of the Reinforcement Function of Signal Detections in Simulated Baggage Screening: Further Support for the Vigilance Reinforcement Hypothesis

The vigilance reinforcement hypothesis (VRH) asserts that errors in signal detection tasks are partially explained by operant reinforcement and extinction processes. VRH predictions were tested with a computerized baggage screening task. Our experiment evaluated the effects of signal schedule (extinction vs. variable interval 6 min) and visual field complexity (dial vs. baggage x-ray) on search behavior rates. There was a main effect for signal schedule [F (1, 20) = 14.0, p = .001, prep = 0.99], but no effects for field complexity or interaction. The VRH suggests that performance errors in visual screening work may be reduced through operant conditioning of search behaviors by intensive management of artificially planted signals.
BRACHYMERIA INTERMEDIA (HYMENOPTERA: CHALCIDIDAE) PARASITIZING GYPSY MOTH IN MAINE

Brachymeria intermedia (Nees), an introduced parasite of the gypsy moth, was recovered from gypsy moth pupae collected in Fryeburg, Maine (latitude 44°). The recovery of this parasite in Maine shortly after it was reported established on gypsy moth in Connecticut suggests that B. intermedia is rapidly expanding its range. The wide range of hosts attacked by the parasite, and its occurrence in northern New England, make it a promising potential biotic agent on a variety of northern pest species of lepidopterans, either through natural spread or by artificial introduction.
The Urban Los Angeles American Indian Experience: Perspectives from the Field.

ABSTRACT This article reports on the findings from two studies conducted in the Los Angeles urban American Indian/Alaska Native (AIAN) community. The research investigated the relationship between the American Indian and Alaska Native cultural values and the social problems that challenge the urban Native community in the greater Los Angeles and Orange County regions, in addition to other topics. In both studies, respondents were American Indian/Alaska Native human services providers who are affiliated with the network of American Indian organizations in the region. The respondents identify and discuss the significance of cultural values, the protective functions of the cultural inheritance, and challenges confronting the native community in the urban Los Angeles region. Similar findings emerged in each study, indicating that perspectives are relatively constant despite the passage of time. However, concerns about the challenges confronting the American Indian/ Alaska Native community have not shifted sub...
The big picture of Raman scattering in carbon nanotubes

A big picture view of Raman scattering in carbon nanotubes is presented, starting from its early history and the discovery of the unique Raman spectra of carbon nanotubes, and following on to the discovery of Raman spectra at the single nanotube level and a more detailed understanding of the scattering mechanism in terms of the excitonic picture. Recent developments and an outlook to the future of the field are emphasized along with the special role that Brazilian researchers have played in the development of the field. Both the advance in our understanding of Raman scattering in 1D systems and the use of Raman scattering to advance carbon nanotube research and sample characterization are discussed.
Developing an Allocation of System of Systems Requirements for Border Security

During the initial concept development of a System of Systems (SoS) capability, a methodical process is required to develop the SoS requirements and then allocate them to their constituent systems. Review of existing Systems and SoS Engineering requirements literature do not identify such a process. This paper develops a process in order to create the SoS requirements, decompose and allocate them to their systems, develop a model to represent these requirements, and then assess their allocation properties.
Electron fluence driven, Cu catalyzed, interface breakdown mechanism for BEOL low-k time dependent dielectric breakdown

Abstract During technology development, the study of low- k time dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) is important for assuring robust chip reliability. It has been proposed that the fundamentals of low- k TDDB are closely correlated with the leakage conduction mechanism of low- k dielectrics. In addition, low- k breakdown could also be catalyzed by Cu migration occurring mostly at the interface between capping layer and low- k dielectrics. In this paper, we first discuss several important experimental results including leakage modulation by changing the capping layer without changing the electric field, TDDB modulation by Cu-free and liner-free interconnect builds, 3D on-flight stress-induced leakage current (SILC) measurement, and triangular voltage sweep (TVS) versus TDDB to confirm the proposed electron fluence driven, Cu catalyzed interface low- k breakdown model. Then we review several other low- k TDDB models that consider only intrinsic low- k breakdown, especially the impact damage model. Experimental attempts on validation of various dielectric reliability models are discussed. Finally, we propose that low- k breakdown seems to be controlled by a complicated competing breakdown process from both intrinsic electron fluence and extrinsic Cu migration during bias and temperature stress. It is hypothesized that the amount of Cu migration during TDDB stress strongly depends on process integration. The different roles of Cu in low- k breakdown could take different dominating effects at different voltages and temperatures. A great care must be taken in evaluating low- k dielectric TDDB as its ultimate breakdown kinetics could be strongly dependent on interconnect space, process, material, stress field, and stress temperature.
Introducing technology into the Linux kernel: a case study

There can be no doubt that a great many technologies have been added to Linux™ over the past ten years. What is less well-known is that it is often necessary to introduce a large amount of Linux into a given technology in order to successfully introduce that technology into Linux. This paper illustrates such an introduction of Linux into technology with Read-Copy Update (RCU). The RCU API's evolution over time clearly shows that Linux's extremely diverse set of workloads and platforms has changed RCU to a far greater degree than RCU has changed Linux---and it is reasonable to expect that other technologies that might be proposed for inclusion into Linux would face similar challenges. In addition, this paper presents a summary of lessons learned and an attempt to foresee what additional challenges Linux might present to RCU.
A tumor-like hernia of the hepatopancreas and associated tissues of the penaeid shrimp Penaeus stylirostris (Crustacea: Decapoda)

Abstract A sub-adult cultured blue shrimp, Penaeus stylirostris (Crustacea: Decapoda) possessed a prominent papilliform tumor-like growth that protruded from the mid-dorsal surface of its carapace. Subsequent study showed the growth not to be a true tumor, but to be a hernia of the hepatopancreas and associated organs. The unusual lesion was probably the result of a puncture wound.