cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Marker-Based Localizing for Indoor Navigation

We present a method for assigning markers to locations to enable navigation by observing short sequences of markers. A motivating application is indoor navigation, where pedestrians can determine their location using the sequence of recently encountered markers as they walk along hallways in a building. While we may solve this problem simply by assigning a unique marker to each location, such a solution limits the granularity of localization due to limits on the number of distinct markers. We present a more efficient solution that uses a sequence of recently seen markers to determine locations. We demonstrate that our solution yields significant improvements over the naive solution even when the marker-sequences are quite short, consisting of only three of four markers each.
Neuroblastoma and MYCN

Neuroblastoma, the most common extracranial solid tumor of childhood, is thought to originate from undifferentiated neural crest cells. Amplification of the MYC family member, MYCN, is found in ∼25% of cases and correlates with high-risk disease and poor prognosis. Currently, amplification of MYCN remains the best-characterized genetic marker of risk in neuroblastoma. This article reviews roles for MYCN in neuroblastoma and highlights recent identification of other driver mutations. Strategies to target MYCN at the level of protein stability and transcription are also reviewed.
Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Eating Problems and Eating Disorders

Eating disorders represent a significant source of psychological impairment among adolescents. However, most controlled treatment studies have focused on adult populations. This review provides a synthesis of existing data concerning the efficacy of various psychosocial interventions for eating disorders in adolescent samples. Modes of therapy examined in adolescent samples include family therapy, cognitive therapy, behavioral therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy mostly in patients with anorexia nervosa. At this time, the evidence base is strongest for the Maudsley model of family therapy for anorexia nervosa. Evidence of efficacy for other treatments and other conditions is limited by several methodological factors including the small number of studies, failure to use appropriate control conditions or randomization procedures, and small sample sizes (i.e., fewer than 10 participants per treatment arm). Potential moderators and mediators of treatment effect are reviewed. Finally, results from adolescent studies are contrasted with those from adult studies of eating disorders treatment. Many studies of adult populations comprise late adolescent/young adult participants, suggesting that findings regarding the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy for bulimia nervosa in adults likely extend to older adolescent populations.
Identification of transcriptional regulators in the mouse immune system

The differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into immune cells has been extensively studied in mammals, but the transcriptional circuitry controlling it is still only partially understood. Here, the Immunological Genome Project gene expression profiles across mouse immune lineages allowed us to systematically analyze these circuits. Using a computational algorithm called Ontogenet, we uncovered differentiation-stage specific regulators of mouse hematopoiesis, identifying many known hematopoietic regulators, and 175 new candidate regulators, their target genes, and the cell types in which they act. Among the novel regulators, we highlight the role of ETV5 in γδT cells differntiation. Since the transcriptional program of human and mouse cells is highly conserved 1 , it is likely that many lessons learned from the mouse model apply to humans.
Current approaches to prenatal screening and diagnosis

Prenatal screening and diagnosis has advanced tremendously since its inception in 1966. We now have various means for screening in the first and second trimesters of pregnancy using noninvasive techniques such as ultrasound and maternal serum screening. For diagnostic testing, invasive procedures are required. The most frequently used procedures are chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis. The types of testing on these fetal cells and number of abnormalities detectable are changing rapidly. Techniques allowing defects to be detected before pregnancy are also becoming more readily available. The current methods and technologies for prenatal screening and diagnosis are discussed. Keywords: prenatal diagnosis; maternal serum screen; amniocentesis; preimplantation genetics; chorionic villus
Research Presentations: Disseminating Knowledge for Practice

The abstract should have a title and should include the purpose and the significance of the study to the target audience, the design and procedures used for data collection, a succinct summary of the most important findings, and a brief statement of conclusion (Table 1). Careful attention should be given when constructing a title. The title should be interesting, brief, representative of the focus of the study, and attract attention to the research. Most research titles include the type of study, the variables, and the population studied (Ryan, 1989). It is important to identify whether there is a limitation on the number of words to be contained in the abstract. If there is not a limitation, follow the rule, “Never more than one typewritten page.” The abstract that is sent with a query letter to an editor of a journal does not have a word limit, but the above rule generally applies. The limit for conferences can vary from 150 to 300 words, and will be indicated in the Call for Abstracts. Use of the word count feature in a word processing program will assist in the construction of an abstract that adheres to the word count stated in the Call for Abstracts (Plaut, 1982). Specific references to the literature are included in rare instances. The language used in writing the abstract should not be highly technical. It should be clear and concise and should communicate to the reader the motive of the study, why and how the study was conducted, and what knowledge was gained from the study. Many conferences print the abstracts in the conference syllabus. A clear, concise, well-organized abstract has a greater probability of being accepted for presentation and is more likely to be well attended at a conference than one that is highly technical or disorganized.
Inverse and direct magnetic shaping problems

In this work, we study the direct and inverse problems arising from electromagnetic shaping in applications such as continuous casting processes. The magnetic field produces a surface pressure which forces a molten metal to change its shape until it reaches an equilibrium state between the magnetic pressure and the surface tension. The arising direct problem is a free boundary problem which is to determine the shape of molten metals for a given magnetic field. On the other hand, the inverse problem is to seek a configuration of electromagnetic field generators (i.e. inductors) in order that molten metals have prescribed shapes. A level set method will be presented to determine an equilibrium shape formed by a given configuration of magnetic fields. Also a computational method as well as uniqueness results for the inverse problem will be introduced and illustrated with examples.
The mitochondrial genome of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae: DNA sequence, genome organization, and comparisons with mitochondrial sequences of other insects

The entire 15,363 bp mitochondrial genome was cloned and sequenced from the mosquito Anopheles gambiae. With respect to the protein-coding genes, rRN A genes and the control region, the gene order was identical to that reported for other insects. There were significant differences, however, in the position and orientation of specific tRNA loci. The overall nucleotide composition was heavily biased towards adenine and thymine, which accounted for 77.6% of all nucleotides. Comparisons were made with the mitochondrial genomes of other insects on the basis genome size and organization, DNA and putative amino acid sequence data, nucleotide substitutions, codon usage and bias, and patterns of AT enrichment.
Expression of the Integrin Subunit α8 in Murine Lung Development

The complex interplay between cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins is critical for lung development. Integrins are key modulators of this interaction. The integrin subunit α8 associates with the β1-subunit to form an RGD-binding integrin. We previously showed that, in adult lung, α8 is expressed in contractile interstitial cells and smooth muscle cells and is upregulated in lung injury. To gain insight into the function of α8 during lung development, we examined the spatiotemporal expression of α8 throughout murine lung development. We compared the distribution of α8 with α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA), fibronectin (α8 ligand), and cytokeratin. α8 co-localized with αSMA and fibronectin in the peribronchial and perivascular regions. In all stages, α8 immunoreactivity was detected diffusely in the mesenchyme except for cells surrounding distal, newly forming airways. α8, αSMA, and fibronectin co-localized at tips of secondary septae in the alveolar stage. We conclude that α8 is marker for lung mesenc...
Phenetic studies in Nuphar Sm. (Nymphaeaceae):variation in sect. Nuphar

Previous taxonomic assessments of the hydrophytic genus Nuphar Sm. (Nymphaeaceae) have inadequately considered the range of morphological variation existing in the genus. A comprehensive statistical analysis of morphological features among the recognized taxa of Nuphar is presented here, first using 10 fruit characters to delimit the separation of two infrageneric groups of taxa, and secondly using 31 characters to quantify the morphological variation found within sect. Nuphar. Results from combined phenetic analyses provided empirical support for recognition of two infrageneric groups of species in the genus (largely by fruit, stigmatic disk margin, neck, and stigmatic disk size) and for separation of taxa within sect. Nuphar (by leaf size, and fruit disk and neck size). Statistical analyses demonstrate that extensive variation in ranges of character states exists among sect. Nuphar taxa. However, a suite of qualitative and quantitative characters can be used to recognize five species and three subspecies within this predominantly Old World assemblage.
Basic fibroblast growth factor changes in response to coronary angioplasty in patients with stable angina.

Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of coronary atherosclerosis and in angiogenesis. We assessed the changes in serum bFGF before, immediately after, and 6 months after coronary angioplasty (PTCA). Using the ELISA methods we measured plasma bFGF in 28 patients who underwent PTCA, in 20 patients with coronary artery disease who underwent elective coronary angiography and in 28 healthy subjects. Before PTCA and coronary angiography, bFGF plasma levels were similar in both patient groups (4.4±1.0 vs. 3.3±0.5 pg/ml), but were significantly higher compared with those of the control group (0.8±0.1 pg/ml, P<0.05). By 24 h, 3 months and 6 months after PTCA, bFGF levels had decreased significantly in the PTCA group (3.2±0.6, 1.7±0.3 and 2.7±0.6 pg/ml, respectively, P<0.05). In conclusion, these findings show that bFGF levels are elevated in patients with coronary artery disease. Following PTCA, bFGF levels decreased significantly and remained stable for 6 months after the procedure. Thus, bFGF level may change in response to PTCA in patients with coronary artery disease and stable angina.
Creating a Context for the Learning of Science Process Skills Through Picture Books

This article provides suggestions on ways in which science process skills can be taught in a meaningful context through children’s literature. It is hoped that the following examples of how process skills can be taught using children’s books will provide a starting point from which primary teachers can create additional examples. Many possibilities exist within the world of children’s literature to develop process skills in a meaningful way.
Minimum concave cost flow over a grid network

The minimum concave cost network flow problem (MCCNFP) is NP-hard, but efficient polynomial-time algorithms exist for some special cases such as the uncapacitated lot-sizing problem and many of its variants. We study the MCCNFP over a grid network with a general nonnegative separable concave cost function. We show that this problem is polynomially solvable when all sources are in the first echelon and all sinks are in two echelons, and when there is a single source but many sinks in multiple echelons. The polynomiality argument relies on a combination of a particular dynamic programming formulation and an investigation of the extreme points of the underlying flow polyhedron. We derive an analytical formula for the inflow into any node in an extreme point solution, which generalizes a result of Zangwill (Manag Sci 14(7):429---450, 1968) for the multi-echelon lot-sizing problem.
Alternative tobacco product use and smoking cessation among homeless youth in los angeles county.

Author(s): Tucker, Joan S; Shadel, William G; Golinelli, Daniela; Ewing, Brett | Abstract: IntroductionApproximately 70% of homeless youth smoke cigarettes, but their use of alternative tobacco products (ATPs) is unknown. This paper reports on ATP use among past-month smokers in Los Angeles County, including whether it differs by demographic characteristics, homelessness severity, past-year quit attempts, and readiness to quit smoking. Given the growing popularity of e-cigarettes, we also report on perceptions of harm and reasons for using this product.MethodsWe surveyed 292 unaccompanied homeless youth who were randomly sampled from street sites. Participants had smoked at least 100 cigarettes during their lifetime and 1 cigarette during the past month.ResultsSeventy-two percent of youth reported past-month ATP use (e-cigarettes = 51%; little cigars/cigarillos = 46%; hookah = 31%; other smokeless tobacco product = 24%; chewing tobacco/moist snuff = 19%). Current ATP use was unrelated to most demographic characteristics or having a past-year quit attempt. However, youth who planned to quit smoking in the next 30 days were significantly less likely to report current use of hookahs, other smokeless tobacco products, or e-cigarettes. Among lifetime e-cigarette users, the most common reasons for use included not having to go outside to smoke (38%) and being able to deal with situations or places where they cannot smoke (36%); it was less common to report using e-cigarettes to quit smoking (17%-18%).DiscussionDual use of ATPs among homeless youth smokers is common and is more likely among those who have no immediate plans to quit smoking. Effective and easily disseminable strategies for reducing all forms of tobacco use among homeless youth are urgently needed.
Concurrent validity and reliability of two-dimensional video analysis of hip and knee joint motion during mechanical lifting.

Movement patterns used during mechanical lifting are usually assessed subjectively by clinicians as a stoop or squat based on visual estimation of joint motion and position. Two-dimensional (2D) video analysis has the potential to objectively measure joint motion during a mechanical lifting task. This study investigated concurrent validity, intrarater, interrater, and test-retest reliability of 2D video analysis using Dartfish software for the measurement of sagittal plane angles at the hip and knee during mechanical lifting. Fifteen healthy female participants (mean age 27.1 ± 7.1 years) were recruited to perform mechanical lifting on 2 separate test days. Concurrent validity was determined by comparing 2D derived hip and knee flexion angles to goniometric measures. Intrarater and interrater reliability of the 2D kinematic procedures was determined by using examiners with varying experience in the use of Dartfish software. Between-day test-retest reliability of hip and knee 2D kinematics during mechanica...
Generating tests from counterexamples

We have extended the software model checker BLAST to automatically generate test suites that guarantee full coverage with respect to a given predicate. More precisely, given a C program and a target predicate p, BLAST determines the set L of program locations which program execution can reach with p true, and automatically generates a set of test vectors that exhibit the truth of p at all locations in L. We have used BLAST to generate test suites and to detect dead code in C programs with up to 30 K lines of code. The analysis and test vector generation is fully automatic (no user intervention) and exact (no false positives).
On destabilizing effects of two fundamental non-conservative forces

In this work we discuss the instabilities in mechanical systems caused by two fundamentally different non-conservative forces, referred to as dissipative and positional forces, each of which may lead to energy dissipation. One of the objectives of this discussion is to recall and to put into the context of current research some of the important classical results by Thomson–Tait–Chetayev and Merkin, which are under-appreciated nowadays: many new examples, e.g. radiation in Hamiltonian systems, the Levitron, etc., appearing in recent literature can be interpreted with the help of these classical results. Next, in the spirit of the Lagrange–Dirichlet theory, we introduce the geometric picture of the phase space corresponding to the effects of destabilization in finite-dimensional systems. On the physical side, our objective is to demonstrate that both of these types of non-conservative forces appear quite commonly and often simultaneously in physical systems. As an illustration, we consider the Levitron, a system in which the dissipative effects have not heretofore been studied. Finally, using Nikolai’s elastic bar model as a paradigm, we discuss the notion of a secondary dissipation-induced instability, when the above two fundamental non-conservative forces interact. This unified way of thinking should help us to understand the intricate links among various mechanical systems through the most fundamental mechanisms in their behavior
Septal projections to nuclei functioning in oxytocin release.

Terminal degeneration was observed in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus following lesions in the septum of the squirrel monkey. The degeneration was usually greater in the supraoptic nucleus. A lesion in the posterior dorsal septum resulted in more degeneration in the paraventricular nucleus. Lesions in the dorsal gyrus rectus, genu of the corpus callosum and extreme rostral septum resulted in no identifiable degeneration in the two nuclei. These nuclei have been shown by various investigators to facilitate milk ejection (oxytocin release). Stimulation of the mesencephalic central gray has been shown to influence oxytocin release. Following a lesion in the mid-septal area, degenerating terminals were seen in the mesencephalic central gray. Our results show that the septum is directly connected with the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei and mesencephalic tectum. Possibly the septum functions in modulating mechanisms having to do not only with lower autonomic responses such as blood pressure, and bladder emptying, but oxytocin release as well.
Isolation, characterization, and structural elucidation of a “nod signal” excreted by Rhizobium trifolii ANU843 which induces root hair branching and nodule-like primordia in axenic white clover seedlings

Rhizobium excretes various metabolites which are biologically active on its leguminous host. For example, a substituted tetrasaccharide excreted by R. meliloti has been reported to induce alfalfa-specific root hair branching and control host specificity in this symbiosis (3). We study the excreted metabolites from the clover symbiont, R. trifolii, which are responsible for inducing the morphological changes that occur during infection and nodulation by this bacterial symbiont. We are particularly interested in the metabolites whose product ion/export require pSym nod genes; hence, these are called “nod signals”. Our general strategy has been to grow wild-type R. trifolii ANU843 on defined Bill medium with or without flavones to enhance nod gene expression, fractionate the culture supernatant, and perform axenic seedling bioassays on the purified excreted metabolites. Our results to date have shown that wild-type R. trifolii excretes a diversity of bacterial factors capable of affecting development of the root nodule symbiosis (1,2this paper, Fig. 1).
Patterns and predictors of survivorship clinic attendance in a population-based sample of pediatric and young adult childhood cancer survivors

Because many survivors do not receive recommended follow-up, we sought to characterize patterns and predictors of survivorship clinic attendance in a population-based sample of childhood cancer survivors. Using the Connecticut Tumor Registry, we identified all patients diagnosed with cancer at age ≤ 18 years from March 1, 1998 to March 1, 2008, still in follow-up 5 years post-diagnosis, and living <100 miles from Yale. Survivorship clinic attendance, demographics, disease characteristics, and treatment exposures were ascertained. Vital status was confirmed with the National Death Index. The Kaplan-Meier curves and hazard ratios were calculated for survivorship clinic attendance. Four hundred eighty-nine eligible survivors currently 19.1 ± 6.2 years old were diagnosed at a mean age of 9.1 ± 5.8 years with leukemias/lymphomas (47.2 %), central nervous system tumors (16.4 %), sarcomas (11.2 %), thyroid cancers or melanomas (7.8 %), and other solid tumors (17.4 %). The 10-year post-diagnosis clinic attendance probability was 27.8 % (SE = 2.3) overall, and 36.9 % (SE = 4.4) and 40.8 % (SE = 3.8), in patients with radiation and anthracycline exposure, respectively. In adjusted analysis, patients with insurance (HR = 2.90; p < 0.01 for private and HR = 2.05; p = 0.02 for public assistance), treated with anthracyclines (HR = 3.05; p < 0.01), and treated with radiation (HR = 1.90; p < 0.01) were significantly more likely to attend clinic. The majority of childhood cancer survivors in our population-based sample had not attended survivorship clinic, even among those with high-risk exposures. Health care access, as measured by insurance status, was an important predictor of clinic attendance. More research is needed to clarify the link between insurance status and survivorship care to increase appropriate late effects surveillance in this population.
Albumin enhances negative feedback effect of cortisol on ACTH release from sheep pituitary cells

Albumin binds circulating glucocorticoids such as cortisol and consequently may modify the biological activity of these steroids by altering access to target cells. Because albumin is likely present in pituitary interstitial fluid, this study was designed to compare the negative feedback effect of cortisol on pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion from isolated sheep pituitary cells perifused with media containing 0.25% or 2% bovine serum albumin (BSA). Pituitary cells released less (P less than 0.05) immunoreactive ACTH in response to a 10-min treatment with 10 nM ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone (oCRH) after 45 min pretreatment with 0.5 microM cortisol when media contained 2% BSA vs. 0.25% BSA. A similar enhancement in negative feedback potency was observed when cells were treated with cortisol followed by 1 nM oCRH for 60 min, with an additional 10 min co-addition of arginine vasopressin. This potentiation was not observed when a noncortisol binding protein, ovalbumin, was substituted for BSA. However, the potentiating effect of albumin was present in perifused rat pituitary cells, indicating that the effect was not species specific. We conclude that albumin enhances the negative feedback potency of cortisol in anterior pituitary corticotrophs and that the process may operate under physiological conditions to enhance cell specific delivery of this steroid to appropriate targets.
Fine structure in the elastic and inelastic scattering of C-12 + Si-28 and O-16 + Si-28

The theta/sub c.m./ = 180/sup 0/ elastic and inelastic excitation functions have been measured for the systems /sup 12/C + /sup 28/Si (27.8 < or = E/sub c.m./ < or = 31.5 MeV) and /sup 16/O + /sup 28/Si (30.0 < or = E/sub c.m./ < or = 32.7 MeV) in small steps (deltaE/sub c.m./ < 100 keV). In both systems it is observed that the gross structures previously found (GAMMA approx. = 1--2 MeV) are strongly split into finer structure. A statistical analysis of the data has been made to determine the average width, strength, and cross correlation of these narrow structures. The results are compared to the predictions of Hauser-Feshbach calculations. It is concluded that it is impossible within the standard statistical model to simultaneously reproduce both the observed widths and the average fluctuating cross sections.
The Enzymology of Bacterial Protein Export

In 1967, as a first-year student in medical school, I attended an elegant series of lectures by Professor Eugene Kennedy on the topic of lipid metabolism. While this topic often fails to quicken the pulse of the audience (and, in fact, is pretty good at flattening brain waves), Dr. Kennedy’s lectures were so lucid and witty that I was left wanting to know more of the topic and, frankly, of the man behind the topic. He kindly consented to letting me work in his lab that summer, and, together with Eugene Scarborough, a postdoctoral fellow, we explored the physiology of lactose transport in intact E. coli.
Identification of Risk Factors for Diethylstilbestrol-associated Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma of the Vagina: Similarities to Endometrial Cancer

This epidemiologic case-control study describes risk factors for clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina among 106 cases and 447 controls with in utero exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES). Controlling for age, socioeconomic status, and time during gestation of initial DES exposure, the authors found a significantly increased risk of this cancer in women who were taller or more obese then their contemporaries at age 14-15 years. The relative risk of this cancer for women in the highest tertile for height compared with those in the lowest tertile was 2.5 (95% confidence interval 1.23-4.90). The relative risk from a similar comparison of body mass was 2.8 (95% confidence interval 1.20-6.53). Trend tests indicated that both factors had significant dose-response relations with risk of vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma. These findings are particularly interesting since height and body mass are risk factors for endometrial cancer. DES-positive cases interviewed more than 10 years after diagnosis were also significantly thinner than cases interviewed less than 7 years after diagnosis (p = 0.01), providing the first evidence that adolescent adiposity level is associated with survival times for women with this disease.
Developing venture capital when institutions change

This paper investigates the impact of formal institutional change on the venture capital (VC) development process. Specifically, it contrasts VC development processes taking place in stable and volatile formal institutional environments. It shows that formal institutional change – both improvement and decline – facilitates the VC development process, and that more change is more beneficial to that process than less change. Macro institutional change plays a larger role in facilitating the VC development process than micro institutional change, and changes in two macro-level dimensions – rule of law and political stability – have the largest positive impact on that process. Employing longitudinal interview and archival data from four emerging economies with a range of institutional change and quality levels, Botswana, Indonesia, Pakistan, and South Africa, empirical support is provided for the propositions.
Abstract 46: Peripheral Inflammation Prior to rhe Onset of Hypertension and Proteinuria Characterizes the BPH/5 Mouse Model of Preeclampsia

Evidence suggests that the immune system plays an important role in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia (PE), a hypertensive disease of pregnancy. Increased levels of circulating pro-inflammatory Th1 polarized T cells have been observed in PE patients. However, because it is not possible to diagnose PE until after its onset at ∼20 weeks of pregnancy, it is not known whether overactivity of the immune system is a cause or an effect of this disease. The BPH/5 mouse strain spontaneously develops the hallmarks of PE, including late-gestational (∼e14-16) hypertension and proteinuria, making it a valuable model system for studying early-pregnancy factors that may play a causal role in PE. Here we utilized flow cytometry to measure inflammatory cells and tested the hypothesis that BPH/5 mice exhibit T cell activation prior to the development of PE. First, similar to humans, there are increased circulating pro-inflammatory T cells at the hypertensive late-gestation stage (e18.5) in BPH/5 mice compared to C57Bl/6 controls (11 ± 0.2 x 10 5 vs 1.5 ± 0.4 x 10 5 CD3 + cells, n=5; p + T cells compared to C57 (7.2 ± 1.2 x 10 3 vs 1.1 ± 0.4 x 10 3 CD3 + cells, n=5; p 5 vs 2.2 ± 0.2 x 10 5 CD3 + cells, n=5; p 3 vs 0.8 ± 0.2 x 10 3 CD3 + cells, n=5; p
Beyond the Common Core: Examining 20 Years of Literacy Priorities and Their Impact on Struggling Readers

ABSTRACTResearchers utilized a historical context of the What’s Hot, What’s Not expert surveys over the last 20 years to examine literacy priorities and possible impacts. The Common Core State Standards (CCSS) were recently recognized as the hottest topic in the field of literacy education. Perhaps one of the unintended consequences of this intense focus is that literacy priorities have shifted away from other important topics, particularly those involving children and youth who may fail to meet these new rigorous standards. Topics such as early intervention; literacy coaches/reading specialists; motivation/engagement; response to intervention/differentiated instruction; and struggling readers have not been as highly rated as in the past, yet perhaps should warrant more attention if all students are expected to be college or career ready. This article takes the stance that rigorous standards alone are not enough. A historical context is provided and discussed regarding how these topics related to less pro...
A Heuristic Solution Procedure for Linear Programming Problems with Special Structure

Abstract A heuristic method is developed for linear programming problems with homogeneous costs in the objective function and upper bounds on the variables. The iterative procedure developed starts with an initial nontrivial feasible solution vector and improves the objective function value at each iteration by improvement on the value of a variable in the solution vector. No artificial or slack variables are used in the solution of the problem. Computational experience with the method and comparison with standard LP codes are presented. Advantages and disadvantages of the method are also discussed.
Emotion regulation: Taking stock and moving forward.

The field of emotion regulation has now come of age. However, enthusiasm for the topic continues to outstrip conceptual clarity. In this article, I review the state of the field. I do this by asking--and attempting to succinctly answer--10 fundamental questions concerning emotion regulation, ranging from what emotion regulation is, to why it matters, to how we can change it. I conclude by considering some of the challenges that confront this rapidly growing field.
The Hidden Logic of Candidate Selection for Chilean Parliamentary Elections

The political consequences of Chile's two member district (binominal) parliamentary electoral system have been the subject of much academic and political debate.' Most analyses of the electoral formula have focused on its consequences for the country's party system.2 Nonetheless, little has been written on how the system affects parliamentary candidate selection and electoral list composition. The process of candidate selection is little understood by Chileans and students of Chilean politics alike. Very little has been written on internal party processes in Chile or in Latin America generally. In addition, most studies of candidate selection focus on European parliamentary governments or the United States and are less relevant to Latin America's predominantly multiparty, presidential systems. This article makes some preliminary generalizations concerning the process of parliamentary candidate selection in Chile. It sets out the context of electoral reform and its connection to candidate selection and goes on to suggest some of the impediments to understanding the process in Chile. It then explores the actual mechanisms of candidate selection for legislative elections on three interrelated, yet analytically distinct, levels. First, it suggests what makes candidates attractive to political parties and analyzes how parties choose candidates. Second, it explores the rationale of party elites in forming pacts and coalitions and discusses the most important variables that determine which of the subpacts' constituent parties are awarded candidacies in which districts. Third, it analyzes the incentives that shape candidate selection within major coalitions and the way these coalitions determine the composition of national lists. It establishes generally applicable rules that govern candidate selection within coalitions and provides a schematic diagram of these rules. The final section provides evidence of these rules through empirical discussion of the candidate selection process, underscoring some of the paradoxes in candidate choice produced by this unique electoral system. Contrary to simplistic assumptions concerning the desire of parties and coalitions to maximize votes, a much more complex constellation of variables influences where and with which coalition partners candidates run. Leaders attempt to achieve a series of discrete objectives, many of which are contradictory and some of which are not particularly well thought out in terms of their political consequences. Maximizing
Patterns of Flight Activity of Culicoides Variipennis (Coquillett) (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)

The flight activity of Culicoides variipennis (Coquillett), as shown by truck-trap collections, was greater near dusk and dawn and during moonlight hours than in darker periods of the night. Peaks of activity near dusk were larger than those near dawn and began earlier in the fall, relative to sunset, than in the summer. The evening peaks also began at higher light intensities in the fall, which was characterized by relatively low temperatures and evaporation rates. Biting activity, indicated by CO2-trap collections, usually was greatest in a 2-hr period at sunset. However, patterns of biting and flight activity did not always closely coincide. Culicoides haematopotus Malloch and Culicoides posoensis Wirth & Blanton also had peaks of flight activity near dusk and dawn, and Culicoides crepuscularis Malloch and Culicoides freeborni Wirth & Blanton had them near dusk. All species collected were active throughout the night.
The Water Hexamer: Cage, Prism, or Both. Full Dimensional Quantum Simulations Say Both

State-of-the-art quantum simulations on a full-dimensional ab initio potential energy surface are used to characterize the properties of the water hexamer. The relative populations of the different isomers are determined over a wide range of temperatures. While the prism isomer is identified as the global minimum-energy structure, the quantum simulations, which explicitly include zero-point energy and quantum thermal motion, predict that both the cage and prism isomers are present at low temperature down to almost 0 K. This is largely consistent with the available experimental data and, in particular, with very recent measurements of broadband rotational spectra of the water hexamer recorded in supersonic expansions.
Goal orientation and changes of carelessness over consecutive trials in science inquiry

In this paper, we studied the relationship between goal orientation within a science inquiry learning environment for middle school students, and the manifestation of carelessness over consecutive trials. Carelessness is defined as not demonstrating a skill despite knowing it; we measured carelessness using a machine learned model. Findings suggest that students with performance goals demonstrate an increase in carelessness sooner in the set of trials than do students with learning goals, and that students with lack of goals are consistent with their carelessness over trials.
Children’s Exposure to Alcohol, Tobacco, and Drugs: Long-Term Outcomes

Epigenetics is one of the most cutting edge and revolutionary fields in the biological sciences. This review encapsulates a framework of how modifications in epigenetic adaptations provide a credible link between the alterations in gene expression and the environmental entities that might lead to disease phenotypes as it relates to children’s exposure to alcohol, tobacco and drug, and the long-term outcomes. The emerging systematic approach to understanding various long-term effects of developmental exposures adds a novel dimension to the importance of preventing the deleterious effects of environmental chemicals. This new research paradigm is challenging as it requires a multidisciplinary team of collaborative scientists that includes but is not limited to toxicologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists to keenly scrutinize viable external contributing factors in the past, as far back as each individual’s intrauterine life; the life of their parents and/or grandparents; prospective studies to define and identify early-life exposures to chemicals and nutrients and provide a new emphasis on multigenerational studies. Because epidemiological data increasingly suggest that respective individuals’ environmental exposures early in development have a role in susceptibility to disease in later life, the relevance of this biological phenomenon to human disease can inevitably be used to improve public health.
A Note about the Text

When you read these documents, it is important to be aware of the nature of the sources in which the information appears. To that end, I have provided a general description of the most important authors of the literary works from which this information has been derived (see “List of the Principal Authors and Literary Sources”). The dates provided for many of these authors are approximate, not much better than educated guesswork.
Assessing Learning across Pedagogical Modalities and Learning Retrieval Conditions for College Learners in Introductory Psychology

The present study attempted to explore if learning is as effective in the web-based platform as it is in the traditional or web-enhanced modalities. Unlike prior studies that measured learning usin...
Neonatal Safety Information Reported to the FDA During Drug Development Studies.

Background:Relatively few neonatal drug development studies have been conducted, but an increase is expected with the enactment of the Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act (FDASIA). Understanding the safety of drugs studied in neonates is complicated by the unique nature of the population and the level of illness. The objective of this study was to examine neonatal safety data submitted to the FDA in studies pursuant to the Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act (BPCA) and the Pediatric Research Equity Act (PREA) between 1998 and 2015.Methods:FDA databases were searched for BPCA and/or PREA studies that enrolled neonates. Studies that enrolled a minimum of 3 neonates were analyzed for the presence and content of neonatal safety data.Results:The analysis identified 40 drugs that were studied in 3 or more neonates. Of the 40 drugs, 36 drugs received a pediatric labeling change as a result of studies between 1998 and 2015, that included information from studies including neonates. Fourteen d...
PhaseBeat: Exploiting CSI Phase Data for Vital Sign Monitoring with Commodity WiFi Devices

Vital signs, such as respiration and heartbeat, are useful to health monitoring since such signals provide important clues of medical conditions. Effective solutions are needed to provide contact-free, easy deployment, low-cost, and long-term vital sign monitoring. In this paper, we present PhaseBeat to exploit channel state information (CSI) phase difference data to monitor breathing and heartbeat with commodity WiFi devices. We provide a rigorous analysis of the CSI phase difference data with respect to its stability and periodicity. Based on the analysis, we design and implement the PhaseBeat system with off-the-shelf WiFi devices, and conduct an extensive experimental study to validate its performance. Our experimental results demonstrate the superior performance of PhaseBeat over existing approaches in various indoor environments.
Inquire Biology: A Textbook that Answers Questions

Inquire Biology is a prototype of a new kind of intelligent textbook — one that answers students’ questions, engages their interest, and improves their understanding. Inquire Biology provides unique capabilities via a knowledge representation that captures conceptual knowledge from the textbook and uses inference procedures to answer students’ questions. Students ask questions by typing free-form natural language queries or by selecting passages of text. The system then attempts to answer the question and also generates suggested questions related to the query or selection. The questions supported by the system were chosen to be educationally useful, for example: what is the structure of X? compare X and Y? how does X relate to Y? In user studies, students found this question-answering capability to be extremely useful while reading and while doing problem solving. In an initial controlled experiment, community college students using the Inquire Biology prototype outperformed students using either a hardcopy or conventional E-book version of the same biology textbook. While additional research is needed to fully develop Inquire Biology, the initial prototype clearly demonstrates the promise of applying knowledge representation and question-answering technology to electronic textbooks.
THE IBM VIEW

Cleaver describes the thinking behind IBM's transformation over the past couple of years and assesses the results. This transformation is intricately linked with IBM's new goal, expressed in 1986, of enhancing customer partnerships.
Frequency distribution of osteochondral fragmentation of the dorsoproximal articular surface of the proximal phalanx in racing Thoroughbreds in the UK

BACKGROUND Osteochondral fragmentation of the dorsoproximal margin of the proximal phalanx is commonly recognised in racing Thoroughbreds. Frequency distribution has been documented in racing Thoroughbreds and Quarter Horses in the USA and in European Warmbloods but no data have been published from the UK. Concurrent intra-articular soft tissue lesions and radiographic accuracy of fragment distribution in racing Thoroughbreds have not previously been reported. OBJECTIVES To document frequency distribution of dorsoproximal fragmentation of the proximal phalanx in a UK population of racing Thoroughbreds and to compare this with published data. To document concurrent intra-articular lesions identified arthroscopically and radiographic accuracy of fragment distribution. STUDY DESIGN A retrospective single centre-based, observational study. METHODS Surgical reports and radiographs of all racing Thoroughbreds that underwent arthroscopic surgery for removal of fragmentation from the dorsoproximal margin of the proximal phalanx at Newmarket Equine Hospital between 2011 and 2015 were reviewed. RESULTS Two hundred and forty-two (85.8%) horses were in or being prepared for flat racing. Osteochondral fragmentation of the dorsoproximal aspect of the proximal phalanx was present in 428 fetlock joints of 282 horses, consisting of 194 (45.3%) left and 188 (43.9%) right metacarpophalangeal joints, and 20 (4.7%) left and 26 (6.1%) right metatarsophalangeal joints. Fragmentation was located dorsomedially in 316 (73.8%), dorsolaterally in 32 (7.5%) and biaxially in 80 (18.7%) joints. Concurrent soft tissue lesions were identified in 168 (39.3%) joints. Radiographic evidence of fragmentation was visible in 320 joints (74.8%). MAIN LIMITATIONS Limited numbers preclude conclusions with respect to yearlings and horses in jump race training. CONCLUSION Dorsoproximal fragmentation of the proximal phalanx occurred most frequently medially and in the forelimbs. Sidedness was not demonstrated. Although similar to previously reported data, variance in limb distribution is evident. Further research is required to determine whether concurrent intra-articular soft tissue lesions are aetiopathogenic or an additional result of the pathological changes leading to fragmentation. Fragmentation site was not always accurately identified radiographically. The Summary is available in Spanish - see Supporting information.
How Efficient Is to Judge by Standards in a Civil Law Country? A Law and Economics Approach on Brazilian's Precedent System

In civil law countries, the law arises, as a general rule, from a political legislative source that, through popular legitimacy, create norms that make up the legal system, differently from the common law tradition, in which the binding precedents are acknowledged as a legal source. However, recently Brazil has structured a new system of precedents that imperatively binds all the Judiciary, in order to recognize, from here onwards, the normative force of the Brazilian’s Superior Courts decisions, in a system very much alike the judge-made law. Albeit, due to this legal innovation, the question that remains is if this is the most efficient form of judicial decision-making, or if the application and interpretation of law by the Magistrates, in an independent and individual manner, is the best way to judge. For that reason, the present essay analyzed this new Brazilian’s Precedent System on an approach of Law and Economics, considering the proper institutes of this legal doctrine, and demonstrated that the efficiency gains in this new binding system, justifies its application even if it means, for part of the jurists, the reduction of Judges liberty to adjudicate.
Unimolecular Decay of Criegee Intermediates to OH Radical Products: Prompt and Thermal Decay Processes.

ConspectusAlkene ozonolysis is a primary oxidation pathway for anthropogenic and biogenic alkenes emitted into the troposphere. It is also an important source of atmospheric hydroxyl (OH) radicals, often called the atmosphere’s detergent. Alkene ozonolysis takes place through a highly exothermic reaction pathway with multiple intermediates and barriers prior to releasing the OH radical products. This Account focuses on a key reaction intermediate with a carbonyl oxide functional group (−COO), known as the Criegee intermediate, which is formed along with a carbonyl coproduct in alkene ozonolysis reactions. Under atmospheric conditions, the initially energized Criegee intermediates may promptly decay to OH products or be collisionally stabilized prior to thermal decay to OH radicals and other products. Alternatively, the stabilized Criegee intermediates may undergo bimolecular reactions with atmospheric species, including water vapor and sulfur dioxide, which can lead to nucleation and growth of aerosols.Th...