cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
When Is Tax Enforcement Publicized

Every spring, the federal government appears to deliver an abundance of announcements that describe criminal convictions and civil injunctions involving taxpayers who have been accused of committing tax fraud. Commentators have occasionally suggested that the government announces a large number of tax enforcement actions in close proximity to a critical date in the tax compliance landscape: April 15, “Tax Day.” Despite their provocative implications, these claims are speculative at best, as they lack any empirical support. This Article fills the empirical void by seeking to answer a straightforward question: when does the government publicize tax enforcement? To conduct our study, we analyzed all 782 press releases issued by the U.S. Department of Justice Tax Division during the seven-year period of 2003 through 2009 in which the agency announced a civil or criminal tax enforcement action against a specific taxpayer identified by name. Our principal finding is that, from 2003 through 2009, the government issued a disproportionately large number of tax enforcement press releases during the weeks immediately prior to Tax Day compared to the rest of the year and that this difference is highly statistically significant. A convincing explanation for this finding is that government officials deliberately use tax enforcement publicity to influence individual taxpayers’ perceptions and knowledge of audit probability, tax penalties and the government’s tax enforcement efficacy while taxpayers are preparing to file their annual individual tax returns.
Myth or Truth: A White and Black View of Slavery

The controversy about North American slavery began early, raged continuously during slavery's practice, and has intermittently risen and subsided since slavery's demise in 1865. Scores of books by both Black and White authors-historians, sociologists, and novelists-have added to the controversy during and after slavery. This material, ostensibly, has been written to answer such questions as: What kind of institution was slavery; what was its economic impact on America; what were its effects on the American personality; was it an evil or a benevolent system; what kind of effect did it have upon the slaves and have its effects been lasting ones on the slave descendants? Among many such works, Slavery by Stanley M. Elkins and The Slave Community by John W. Blassingame are two examples that raise issues concerning certain myths or truths about slavery. Issues promulgated as truths by Elkins when they are continually analyzed by Blassingame are relegated to the realm of mere myth making. The selected issues that this inquiry will be centered on are the slave family, the Sambo personality, and the plantation as a closed system. These issues will be examined within the context of each work cited above, comparing their truth or myth content.
Aortic reconstruction in kidney transplant recipients

Renal transplantation has increased the longevity of patients with uremia. An increasing number undergo aortic reconstruction, which exposes the transplanted kidney to ischemic injury. To evaluate the risk for renal failure, loss of the transplant, and methods of renal protection, we reviewed our experience. Clinical data were reviewed for 10 consecutive patients (7 men, 3 women; mean age 52.7 years [range 32 to 75 years]) with a transplanted kidney who underwent aortic reconstruction between 1977 and 1994 at our institution. Mean interval between renal transplantation and aortic reconstruction was 5.9 years (range 1 month to 12.7 years). Seven patients required emergency repair because of dissection (2 patients), aneurysm rupture (4 patients), or symptomatic aneurysm (1 patient); three underwent elective repair. Reasons for reconstruction included aortic dissection (2 patients), aneurysm of the descending thoracic (2 patients), thoracoabdominal (1 patient), or abdominal aorta (3 patients), and aortoiliac occlusive disease (2 patients). Patients with thoracic or thoracoabdominal reconstructions underwent repair with atriofemoral, aortofemoral, or femorofemoral shunt placement or bypass. Of the five abdominal aortic reconstructions, the kidney was protected with aortofemoral shunt placement in one patient and cold renal perfusion in three. In two of them, topical cooling of the kidney also was used. One patient with acute aortic dissection died at 39 days as a result of respiratory failure. Loss of the recently transplanted kidney was caused by acute rejection. One patient had a transient increase in serum creatinine concentration. Eight had no worsening of renal function, and none of the nine survivors lost the transplanted kidney. We conclude that aortic reconstruction can be safely performed in kidney transplant recipients. Patients in whom thoracic or thoracoabdominal aortic reconstruction was required were protected with an atriofemoral or aortofemoral bypass or shunt. Patients undergoing abdominal aortic reconstruction did well when cold renal perfusion with or without local cooling of the transplant was used for renal protection. Transplanted kidneys appeared to tolerate ischemic injury similarly to native kidneys.
Experimental Renal Hypertension in Dogs FORELIMB HEMODYNAMICS

Blood flow arid segmental intravascular pressures were measured in the pump-perfused forelimb vascular beds of 25 dogs with chronic perinephritic hypertension and 26 normotensive control dogs (either unilaterally nephrectomized or sham-operated) under pentobarbital anesthesia. Measurements were made under resting conditions (pump-perfusion pressure set equal to aortic pressure) and during response to: (1) stepwise changes in pump blood flow over the range 21-330 ml/min; (2) intrabrachial arterial injection of supramaximal doses of methacholine chloride; and (3) limb denervation. Total limb vascular resistance and segmental pressure gradients were calculated. In hypertensive dogs, as compared to normotensive dogs, resting blood flow was equal (P>0.3) and resting limb total vascular resistance was increased (P<0.005). Small vessel pressure gradient was increased (P<.005) and venous pressure gradient was decreased (P<0.005). Limb vascular resistance following methacholine injections and residual resistance f...
Metamorphic evolution of two different eclogites in the Franciscan Complex, California, U.S.A.

The eclogites in California, U.S.A., have been regarded as tectonic blocks which formed 150–160 Ma ago and have been tectonically incorporated into younger rocks of the Franciscan Complex of 90–130 Ma. However, in Ward Creek, northern California, two different types of eclogites were identified: Type I is a typical tectonic block and Type II is a possible in-situ eclogite formed during the Franciscan metamorphism. Most eclogites in the Franciscan Complex are Type I eclogites. Type I eclogites in Ward Creek consist of garnet + omphacite + epidote + glaucophane + phengite + rutile ± barroisite ± quartz and have coarse-grained gneissic texture. They have precursors of the epidote-amphibolite facies and are overprinted in various degrees by blueschist facies retrograde metamorphism. Remnants of metamorphic rinds, which consist of actinolite ± talc ± chlorite and formed during metasomatic interaction with serpentinizing peridotite, occur at the margins of Type I eclogite blocks. Type II eclogites are medium-grained and consist of garnet + chloromelaniticclinopyroxene + epidote + glaucophane + paragonite + phengite + rutile + quartz. Petrochemical characters of Type II eclogites are similar to those of in-situ eclogitic schists in the Ward Creek metabasite sequence. Epidote-amphibolite f facies precursors, metamorphic rinds, and overprint of retrogressive blueschist facies metamorphism are not found in Type II eclogites. Garnets in Type II eclogites are medium-grained, unaltered and idioblastic and have higher spessartine contents (SP14–25), whereas garnets in Type I eclogites are coarse-grained and chloritized and have lower spessartine contents (Sp2–7). The PT-conditions of peak metamorphism for Type II eclogites are 380 10–11.5 kb. Type I eclogites follow a counter-clockwise PT-path from the epidote-amphibolite through eclogite to blueschist facies, whereas the presumable in-situ Type II eclogites follow a clockwise PT-path from the blueschist to eclogite facies.
Shock acceleration of energetic particles in corotating interaction regions

Abstract A simple shock model for the acceleration of energetic particles in corotating interaction regions (CIR) in the solar wind is presented. Particles are accelerated at the forward and reverse shocks which bound the CIR by being compressed between the shock fronts and magnetic irregularities upstream from the shocks, or by being compressed between upstream irregularities and those downstream from the shocks. Particles also suffer adiabatic deceleration in the expanding solar wind, an effect not included in previous shock models for acceleration in CIR's. The model is able to account for the observed exponential spectra at earth, the observed behavior of the spectra with radial distance, the observed radial gradients in the intensity, and the observed differences in the intensity and spectra at the forward and reverse shocks.
Multicast vs. Unicast Error Recovery Tradeoffs for Group Correlated IPTV Networks

In IPTV networks, quality of experience (QoE) is typically expressed in terms of perceived packet loss rate and latency performances. As the IPTV content is delivered over diverse transmission channels, to meet the QoE objectives of all the users connected to the same IPTV network, we need to utilize resource efficient error control techniques. Recent research on IPTV error control has mostly focused on the use of a dedicated error recovery server (ERServ) to support reactive and unicast-based error control services. It is known that a unicast-based strategy is typically preferred when the accumulative packet loss rate is small and/or the correlation among the users' loss processes is negligible. However, if the users start to observe correlated packet losses, then unicast-based strategies may lead to significant performance degradations. For such scenarios, to improve the effectiveness of the error recovery process, we need to also utilize multicast-based repair strategies. In this paper, our objectives are (i) to develop spatial correlation models that are applicable to IPTV networks, (ii) to design an error recovery framework that is capable of exploiting the spatial correlation characteristics of the network, and, finally, using the proposed packet loss models and recovery protocols (iii) to analyze the performance tradeoffs associated with the use of unicast- and multicast-based error recovery strategies for correlated packet loss scenarios in IPTV networks.
Click reaction-mediated functionalization of near-infrared pyrrolopyrrole cyanine dyes for biological imaging applications

Clickable pyrrolopyrrole cyanine (PPCy) dyes were synthesized by incorporating an alkyne moiety, followed by click reaction with azide-functionalized molecules of different polarities. The clickable dyes are readily amenable to labelling diverse molecules and exhibit exceptionally high photostabilities and impressive fluorescence quantum yields.
Computer literacy revisited: a comprehensive investigation of computer literacy

The literature on computer literacy (CI) courses in higher education was reviewed. A survey was completed of components of CI courses from three populations. Results of the literature review, survey results, and most popular CI course components are presented, along with implications for CI course revisions.
Identification of Quantitative Trait Loci Underlying Proteome Variation in Human Lymphoblastoid Cells

Population-based variability in protein expression patterns, especially in humans, is often observed but poorly understood. Moreover, very little is known about how interindividual genetic variation contributes to protein expression patterns. To begin to address this, we describe elements of technical and biological variations contributing to expression of 544 proteins in a population of 24 individual human lymphoblastoid cell lines that have been extensively genotyped as part of the International HapMap Project. We determined that expression levels of 10% of the proteins were tightly correlated to cell doubling rates. Using the publicly available genotypes for these lymphoblastoid cell lines, we applied a genetic association approach to identify quantitative trait loci associated with protein expression variation. Results identified 24 protein forms corresponding to 15 proteins for which genetic elements were responsible for >50% of the expression variation. The genetic variation associated with protein expression levels were located in cis with the gene coding for the transcript of the protein for 19 of these protein forms. Four of the genetic elements identified were coding non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms that resulted in migration pattern changes in the two-dimensional gel. This is the first description of large scale proteomics analysis demonstrating the direct relationship between genome and proteome variations in human cells.
The stability of core-filled long cylinders subjected to uniform outside pressure.

Bending and buckling of cylindrical shells filled with soft core studied under uniform outside pressure via perturbation theory and nonlinear equations
High-performance thin-layer chromatography and densitometric determination of brain ganglioside compositions of several species.

Abstract Improved resolution of complex brain ganglioside mixtures was achieved by high-performance thin-layer chromatography. The percentage distribution of individual gangliosides was then determined by direct densitometric seanning, employing a transmittance mode, of the resorcinol-positive spots on the plate. As little as 90 pmol (29 ng) of lipid-bound sialic acid could be detected with a good signal-to-noise ratio. A linear detector response was observed up to 3.0 μg of lipid-bound sialic acid. The brain white matter ganglioside patterns of eight animal species, including human, chimpanzee, monkey, chicken, bovine, sheep, and pig, were examined in detail. In addition, human brain gray matter, rat cerebral, rat brain gray matter, and rat cerebellar ganglioside patterns were also studied. Ganglioside G M4 (G 7 ) was found to be one of the major components in primate and chicken brain white matter, but it represented only a minor ganglioside in other species. Other major gangliosides in all brain samples studied were G M1 , G D1a , G D1b , and G T1b . G M1 was more abundant in white matter than in gray matter. G T1a , a recently discovered ganglioside species, was found in all species examined, but was most abundant in the rat cerebellum. The latter source also contained high proportions of G T1b and G Q1b .
Vertical stiffening members for flatness control of surface-micromachined structures

Surface-micromachined devices with large length-to-thickness ratios can deform considerably once released from the substrate. This can be a serious problem for large aperture optical components where deformation due to internal stresses must be controlled. Adding stiffening fins with various geometric configurations to surface micromachined structures has been shown to significantly reduce stress-related deformations. The stiffening fins have also been shown to control deformations in uni-axial and bi-axial tilt mirrors. In this paper we investigate the use of stiffening members with various lattice configurations to reduce stress-induced deformation of silicon nitride cantilever beams. Stiffness and flatness of these structures are investigated both experimentally and analytically.
A geometric approach to accretivity

We establish a connection between generalized accretive operators intro- duced by F. E. Browder and the theory of quasisymmetric mappings in Banach spaces pioneered by J. Vaisala. The interplay of the two fields allows for geometric proofs of continuity, differentiability, and surjectivity of generalized accretive operators.
Kinesin 5B (KIF5B) Is Required for Progression through Female Meiosis and Proper Chromosomal Segregation in Mitotic Cells

The fidelity of chromosomal segregation during cell division is important to maintain chromosomal stability in order to prevent cancer and birth defects. Although several spindle-associated molecular motors have been shown to be essential for cell division, only a few chromosome arm-associated motors have been described. Here, we investigated the role of Kinesin 5b (Kif5b) during female mouse meiotic cell development and mitotic cell division. RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated silencing of Kif5b in mouse oocytes induced significant delay in germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and failure in extrusion of the first polar body (PBE). In mitotic cells, knockdown of Kif5b leads to centrosome amplification and a chromosomal segregation defect. These data suggest that KIF5B is critical in suppressing chromosomal instability at the early stages of female meiotic cell development and mitotic cell division.
Survey results of pain treatments in adults with cerebral palsy.

ABSTRACTObjective:The aims of this study were to identify the types and frequencies of pain treatments used by individuals with cerebral palsy, examine the perceived effectiveness of these treatments, and identify the types of healthcare providers that were accessed for pain-related services.Design:
Effect of an Asp905Tyr Mutation of the Glycogen-Associated Regulatory Subunit of Protein Phosphatase-1 on the Regulation of Glycogen Synthesis by Insulin and Cyclic Adenosine 3*,5*- Monophosphate Agonists

The glycogen-associated regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase-1 (PP-1G) plays a major role in insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis and thus the regulation of nonoxidative glucose disposal in skeletal muscle. In a general population of Caucasians a polymorphism at codon 905 of PP-1G from an aspartate to tyrosine has been reported to be associated with insulin resistance and hypersecretion. In this report functional studies were performed on rat skeletal muscle L6 cells stably transfected with an Asp905Tyr mutant PP-1G to evaluate the impact of this mutation on cellular responsiveness to insulin and cAMP. Although transfection resulted in a 3-fold increase in mutant PP-1G subunit expression, basal and insulin-stimulated PP-1 catalytic activities were decreased when compared with L6 cells transfected with wild-type PP-1G. The Asp905Tyr mutation resulted in an increase in cellular sensitivity to cAMP agonist, resulting in an inhibition of insulin’s stimulatory effect on glycogen synthesis. More important...
Invariant imbedding filter in the modeling of water resources

Abstract The nonlinear invariant imbedding optimal filter is used to model the various problems of water resources and water quality. Some of the problems studied are the modeling of water underground aquifer, activated sludge process and the modeling of a nonlinear watershed system. Numerical results are given to illustrate the approach and also to show the effectiveness of the method.
The kinetics of cavity growth and creep fracture in silver containing implanted grain boundary cavities

Abstract An experimental technique has been developed for implanting water vapor bubbles (H2O(v) of fixed size and spacing along the grain boundaries of polycrystalline silver. The effects of this microstructure on the creep fracture behavior have been studied by conducting constant stress creep tests over the temperature range 200 to 550°C. The stress and temperature dependence of creep fracture has been determined for samples containing 1 μm diameter gas bubbles spaced 10 μm apart. The time to rupture varies with the applied stress as: tr ~ σ−3.7. The activation energy for the creep fracture is found to be 85.5 kJ/mol, which is in close agreement with the activation energy for surface self diffusion. Scanning electron microscopy of the creep fracture surfaces indicates a brittle intergranular failure process. The grain boundary facets on the fracture surface exhibit a dimpled structure. The spacing of these dimples corresponds to the initial gas bubble spacing, indicating that fracture occurs solely by the growth of the pre-existing gas bubbles. It is found that the stress, temperature and microstructural dependence of the rupture time, as well as the absolute rupture time itself, can be described accurately by a model of lenticular cavity growth and creep fracture proposed by Chuang and Rice. In this treatment, self diffusion along the cavity surface is the rate limiting step and the rupture time is predicted to vary as σ−3, in close agreement with the experimental data.
Fourth root of the Kogut-Susskind determinant via infinite component fields

An example of interpolation by means of local field theories between the case of normal Kogut-Susskind fermions and the case of keeping just the fourth root of the Kogut-Susskind determinant is given. For the fourth root trick to be a valid approximation, certain limits need to be smooth. The question about the validity of the fourth root trick is not resolved, only cast into a local field theoretical framework.
Feminism, religion, and shared reasons: A defense of exclusive public reason

The idea of public reason is central to political liberalism’s aim to provide an account of the possibility of a just and stable democratic society comprised of free and equal citizens who nonetheless are deeply divided over fundamental values. This commitment to the idea of public reason reflects the normative core of political liberalism which is rooted in the principle of democratic legitimacy and the idea of reciprocity among citizens. Yet both critics and defenders of political liberalism disagree over whether or not the idea of public reason permits citizens to appeal to their comprehensive conceptions of the good in public deliberation over matters of basic justice. Our aim in this paper is to provide a defense of an exclusive idea of public reason, and at the same time we aim to dispel the underlying concerns of two prominent criticisms of the idea of public reason—the concern of alienation from the political process, as expressed by religiously oriented critics, and the concern over women’s equality, as expressed by feminist critics. We argue that inclusive accounts of the idea of public reason are not consistent with political liberalism’s core commitments. Further, we claim, inclusive accounts of the idea of public reason deepen feminist concerns. We think that, properly understood, an exclusive account of the idea of public reason can address feminist concerns about political liberalism and avoid alienating (reasonable) religious persons in an unacceptable way. Thus, we conclude that an exclusive account of the idea of public reason is our best hope for reconciliation.
Antidepressants' Black-Box Warning — 10 Years Later

In 2004, the FDA issued a black-box warning linking antidepressants to an increased risk of suicidal thinking, feeling, and behavior in young people. But some worrisome trends suggest that the warning may inadvertently discourage appropriate treatment of depression.
Solution-processed near-infrared polymer photodetectors with an inverted device structure

Abstract Solution-processed near-infrared polymer photodetectors with an inverted device structure were designed and fabricated. By introducing ZnOx and MoO3 as an electron extraction layer and a hole extraction layer, respectively, the asymmetric characteristics of the inverted polymer photodetectors was constructed. Operating at room temperature, the inverted polymer photodetectors exhibited the detectivity over 1012 cm Hz1/2/W from 400 to 850 nm, resulting from the enhanced photocurrent and reduced dark current induced by fabricating photoactive layer from solution with processing additive 1,8-diiodooctane. These device performances were comparable to those of inorganic counterparts.
Increased p53 transcription prior to DNA synthesis is regulated through a novel regulatory element within the p53 promoter

p53 mRNA levels are tightly regulated during the cell cycle with its transcription being induced prior to DNA synthesis. However, the mechanism controlling this regulation is not well defined. Through characterizing an additional 1000 bp of upstream DNA sequences of the murine p53 gene, we identified new positive and negative regulatory elements. Furthermore, we found a trans-acting factor(s) that binds within a positive cis-acting element (-972/-953) in a manner indicative of regulation during the cell cycle. When Swiss3T3 cells are arrested by serum depletion p53 mRNA levels decrease and binding of this regulatory factor(s) to the promoter is reduced. Upon serum stimulation, the regulatory factor(s) binds the promoter and p53 mRNA levels increase prior to the cells entering S phase. When the factors are experimentally sequestered from the promoter or when the regulatory element is deleted from the promoter, p53 promoter activity is reduced. There is no further reduction in p53 promoter activity upon serum depletion and the kinetics of induction upon serum stimulation is delayed by approximately 5 h. These findings indicate that a factor(s) binding within the -972/-953 regulatory element on the p53 promoter is important for the proper regulation of p53 mRNA expression in response to mitogen stimulation. Our initial findings indicate that a member of the C/EBP family of transcription factors may play a role in this regulation.
Estimation with Incompletely Specified Loss Functions (the Case of Several Location Parameters)

Abstract If p ≥ 3 separate normal means are to be estimated, the usual, invariant estimator is “inadmissible” if the p separate loss functions can be pooled into a single loss function for the ensemble-of-means problem. Here, we formulate a version of the problem where the losses cannot be pooled in this way, and find a surprisingly weak necessary and sufficient condition under which the usual estimator is inadmissible in a sense appropriate to this formulation. We also examine the spherically symmetric case and find a different necessary and sufficient condition there.
Calcium and Time Postmortem Effects on Functional and Textural Characteristics of Porcine Semimembranosus Muscle

Muscle samples removed immediately postexsanguination were vacuum marinated in CaCl2, EGTA, and NaCl and chemical and textural analysis was performed at 0, 3, 6, and 24 hr postmortem. Samples at 0 hr were tougher within respective treatments than those stored 24 hr. Marination increased moisture absorption, and consequently, purge and cooking losses as well. Calcium marination resulted in faster pH declines and more rapid ATP depletion. No significant effects on color or shear force values were observed for any treatments.
On the bootstrap and smoothed bootstrap

The standard bootstrap and two commonly used types of smoothed bootstrap are investigated. The saddlepoint approximations are used to evaluate the accuracy of the three bootstrap estimates of the density of a sample mean. The optimal choice for the smoothing parameter is obtained when smoothing is useful in reducing the mean squared error.
A Comparison of Institutional Stakeholders Perceptions of Presidential Effectiveness.

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to extend the research of Michael, Schwartz, and Balraj pertaining to presidential effectiveness. Faculty senate chairpersons, academic deans, senior‐level institutional officers, and student leaders were surveyed in order to ascertain whether there was a relationship between stakeholders' perceptions and whether the findings support the original study conducted by Michael et al.Design/methodology/approach – A descriptive, survey research methodology was utilized to survey 36 institutions of higher learning in the state of Ohio. Each participant was requested to complete a two‐page survey that included questions related to indicators of presidential effectiveness, factors associated with the president's role at their respective institution, and ways of improving presidential effectiveness. Analysis of the data included a descriptive analysis of means and standard deviations; Spearman rho coefficient to obtain correlations of ranked data; and an Analysis of Variance t...
The benthic macro-algae of Georgian Bay, the North Channel and their drainage basin

Thirty-nine subgeneric taxa of macroalgae have been collected from 83 sites in Georgian Bay, the North Channel and their drainage basin. There were 15 species in the Bay and Channel and 32 species in streams, rivers and impoundments in the basin. Only 8 of the Bay and Channel species were also found in the watershed. Cladophora glomerata was the most important species in Georgian Bay and the North Channel, having an estimated 640 × 103 m2 cover and 19 × 104 kg fresh weight standing crop. However, this species was largely concentrated on the southwestern shorelines of these water bodies. Its distribution along the northeastern shoreline appears to be limited by total ion and phosphorus levels. Chara globularis/vulgaris was the subdominant taxon in Georgian Bay and the North Channel with an estimated 70 × 103 m2 cover and 15 × 103 kg fresh weight biomass. This species was more widely distributed than C. glomerata. No other taxon contributed significantly to the standing crop including the frequently occurring Ulothrix zonata, Zygnema spp. and Spirogyra spp. The maximum benthic macroalgal biomass was estimated to be approximately 10% of the phytoplankton biomass.
A randomized trial of education to prevent lead burden in children at high risk for lead exposure: efficacy as measured by blood lead monitoring.

In this article we report on the effectiveness of a community-based, culture-specific, controlled trial of intensive peer education aimed at preventing lead burden in children 0-36 months of age within a neighborhood with high risk for lead exposure. Mothers (n = 594) were randomly assigned to control or intervention groups. Offspring blood lead levels were assessed every 4 months. All participants received brochures on basic lead prevention strategies. Intervention participants were offered 20 bi-weekly educational sessions by same-ethnicity peer educators over the course of 1 year, and quarterly booster sessions for 2 years afterward. The intervention group's educational curriculum included information on lead sources (e.g., paint, dust, water, soil, and risks from home repairs and remodeling), health consequences of lead burden, and strategies to reduce lead exposure, including household cleaning, hygiene, safe use of water, and nutritional recommendations. Results indicated that of the 378 children contributing sufficient blood data for analysis, 23% had blood lead levels > 10 micro g/dL before 3 years of age. Intervention participants were more likely to maintain blood lead levels 10 micro g/dL by approximately 34%. We conclude that although intensive education resulted in a lower proportion of children with elevated lead levels, education alone cannot be relied upon to prevent lead burden.
Synthesis of the bis-diaryl ether fragment of vancomycin via enzymatic oxidative phenolic coupling

Abstract The bis-diaryl ether cross-linked amino acid fragment, which constitutes the upper part of a vancomycin aglycone framework, was synthesized for the first time using an enzymatic oxidative phenolic coupling methodology. This was achieved via two peroxidase-catalyzed reactions of three amino acid derivatives, 2 , 3a , and 4 . Other C–O and C–C hetero and homo coupling products were also obtained.
Minimizing Variation of Flow Time in Single Machine Systems

This paper addresses the problem of n jobs to be scheduled on a single machine in such a way that flow time variation is minimized. When the measure of variation is total absolute difference of completion times TADC the problem is shown to be quite simple. Sufficient conditions are shown for minimal TADC and a simple method for generating an optimal solution is provided. When the measure of variation is variance of flow time the problem is much more difficult. For this case a heuristic method for scheduling is proposed. The heuristic is simple and provides solutions which compare favorably with others found in the literature.
On the source location of low-frequency heliospheric radio emissions

[1] We used a combination of three different types of source localization to determine the two-dimensional source positions for low-frequency heliospheric radio emissions in ecliptic coordinates. These techniques include time of flight, rotating dipole direction finding, and a comparison of received power from two widely spaced receivers. Most of the source locations are within a few tens of degrees of the heliospheric nose, although some sources are located as far as 90° from the nose. The distribution is roughly linear and aligned generally parallel to the galactic plane. We conclude that the magnetic field in the local interstellar medium is the only obvious means by which to impose an asymmetry to the set of source locations about the nose; it is likely these measurements confirm that the previously proposed model for the galactic magnetic field with a primarily longitudinal orientation parallel to the galactic plane is present just upstream of the heliosphere. The apparent sizes of the radio sources range from very small (a few degrees at the most) to a few tens of degrees. In a couple of cases the source half-angle could approach 80 degrees. We suggest that the true source size is quite small and that the larger sizes found here are likely due to scattering in the intervening medium. The fact that the apparent source size varies considerably implies that scattering in the outer heliosphere is a function of time, position, or both.
Aminolysis of crosslinked polysiloxanes: Tautomeric catalysis by 2‐pyridone

Results are presented which extend earlier findings on the transformation of insoluble crosslinked polysiloxanes into soluble linear polymers by selective aminolysis at crosslink sites. The present study provides evidence of a substantial steric effect and catalysis by 2-pyridone. The results with 2-pyridone are attributed to tautomeric catalysis which, to our knowledge, had not been observed before in substitution reactions at silicon. Evidence is also presented that unhindered, difunctional primary amines effect aminolysis with both amine groups to produce insoluble crosslinked polymer, presumably with silylamine functionality at crosslink sites.
High-dose atorvastatin after stroke or transient ischemic attack.

The significant age-adjusted decline in cardiovascular mortality that has occurred over the past three decades is multifactorial. However, the advent of statin therapy has markedly facilitated the optimization of dyslipidemia in patients at risk for coronary events. Statin therapy has proven to be effective in reducing morbidity and mortality in large-scale primary and secondary prevention trials. As with all therapies, the administration of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG Co A) reductase inhibitors is not without clinical risks. Myopathy, albeit uncommon, was one of the earliest clinical problems associated with statin therapy. Recent data from the largescale statin mega-trials have clarified the quantitative clinical risk-benefit relationship of reductase inhibitors relative to the induction of muscle toxicity. Histopathologic studies have clarified the potential role of statins in the syndrome of myalgias and normal creatine kinase levels. However, the precise mechanism of statin-associated muscle toxicity remains unclear and is potentially related to genetically mediated muscle enzyme defects, drug interactions, intracellular depletion of metabolic intermediates, and intrinsic properties of the statins per se.
PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF DINOFLAGELLATE CHROMOSOMAL PROTEINS

Summary DinoflageUate chromosomal proteins were analyzed by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The electrophoretic pattern of acid-insoluble chromosomal proteins from Gyrodiniurn cohnii in sodium dodecylsulfate gels is less heterogeneous than that of corn, and is characterized by a paucity of bands representing molecular weights below 43 000. Acrylamide gel electrophoresis of G. cohnii and Peridiniurn trochoideum acid-soluble chromosomal proteins in urea at pH 3.2 gives a banding pattern quite different than that of typical histones. Acidsoluble protein from chromatin prepared by the two different methods and from both organisms migrates as one predominant band with a mobility slightly less than that of Histone IV from corn. Its molecular weight, estimated by sodium dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis, is about 16000. It is a basic protein (basic/acidic amino acids 1.3) but differs from most histones in that it contains both cysteine and aromatic amino acids and somewhat lower levels of basic amino acids (18 mole % compared with 22 to 30% for histones). In addition, the major acid-soluble component is present in chromatin from log-phase cells but absent in chromatin from stationary-phase cells. For these reasons, the major acid-soluble protein is probably not a histone.
Structural Insights into the Anti-HIV Activity of the Oscillatoria agardhii Agglutinin Homolog Lectin Family

Oscillatoria agardhii agglutinin homolog (OAAH) proteins belong to a recently discovered lectin family. All members contain a sequence repeat of ∼66 amino acids, with the number of repeats varying among different family members. Apart from data for the founding member OAA, neither three-dimensional structures, information about carbohydrate binding specificities, nor antiviral activity data have been available up to now for any other members of the OAAH family. To elucidate the structural basis for the antiviral mechanism of OAAHs, we determined the crystal structures of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Myxococcus xanthus lectins. Both proteins exhibit the same fold, resembling the founding family member, OAA, with minor differences in loop conformations. Carbohydrate binding studies by NMR and x-ray structures of glycan-lectin complexes reveal that the number of sugar binding sites corresponds to the number of sequence repeats in each protein. As for OAA, tight and specific binding to α3,α6-mannopentaose was observed. All the OAAH proteins described here exhibit potent anti-HIV activity at comparable levels. Altogether, our results provide structural details of the protein-carbohydrate interaction for this novel lectin family and insights into the molecular basis of their HIV inactivation properties.
Controlled trial of acifran in type II hyperlipoproteinemia

The hypolipidemic effects of acifran were evaluated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 30 patients with type IIa hyperlipoproteinemia. Plasma lipid and lipoprotein values were determined at baseline (mean of three values), again after a 2-week single-blind period of acifran dosing, and at 2-week intervals during a 10-week period of double-blind drug dosing. At week 8, subjects who received the lower dose of acifran (100 mg t.i.d.) showed significantly lower levels of total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides compared with their baseline levels (P < 0.01) or the placebo group (P < 0.05). At week 12, subjects who received the higher dose of acifran (300 mg t.i.d.) had an increase in high-density lipoprotein levels of 16% (P < 0.01) and a decrease in the ratio of low- to high-density lipoproteins of 22% compared with their baseline levels (P < 0.01). There were no significant differences in lipid responses between the two groups receiving acifran. Transient mild flushing and pruritus were experienced by some subjects, but no subject failed to complete the study because of drug intolerance or side effects. The safety and efficacy demonstrated in this short-term therapeutic trial justify additional long-term studies with acifran. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1985) 38, 313–317; doi:10.1038/clpt.1985.177
Water in Betelgeuse and Antares

Absorption lines of hot water have been identified in the infrared spectra of Betelgeuse (alpha Orionis) and Antares (alpha Scorpii) near 12.3 micrometers (811 to 819 wavenumbers). The water lines originate in the atmospheres of the stars, not in their circumstellar material. The spectra are similar in structure to umbral sunspot spectra. Pure rotation water lines of this type will occur throughout the spectra of cool stars at wavelengths greater than 10 micrometers. From the water spectra, the upper limit for the temperature in the line formation region in both stars is 2800 kelvin. The water column density in both stars is (3 +/- 2) x 10(18) molecules per square centimeter, yielding an abundance relative to atomic hydrogen of n(H2O)/n(H) approximately 10(-)7.
p53 mutations in human cancers

Mutations in the evolutionarily conserved codons of the p53 tumor suppressor gene are common in diverse types of human cancer. The p53 mutational spectrum differs among cancers of the colon, lung, esophagus, breast, liver, brain, reticuloendothelial tissues, and hemopoietic tissues. Analysis of these mutations can provide clues to the etiology of these diverse tumors and to the function of specific regions of p53. Transitions predominate in colon, brain, and lymphoid malignancies, whereas G:C to T:A transversions are the most frequent substitutions observed in cancers of the lung and liver. Mutations at A:T base pairs are seen more frequently in esophageal carcinomas than in other solid tumors. Most transitions in colorectal carcinomas, brain tumors, leukemias, and lymphomas are at CpG dinucleotide mutational hot spots. G to T transversions in lung, breast, and esophageal carcinomas are dispersed among numerous codons. In liver tumors in persons from geographic areas in which both aflatoxin B1 and hepatitis B virus are cancer risk factors, most mutations are at one nucleotide pair of codon 249. These differences may reflect the etiological contributions of both exogenous and endogenous factors to human carcinogenesis.
Mathematical analysis of a 3-variable cell cycle model

Mathematical analysis is performed on a 3-variable nonlinear ordinary differential equation system which had been previously introduced to model the regulation of the G1 phase of the cell cycle. The nature and stability of the model's steady states and periodic solutions are described. These results are obtained via linear stability analysis, bifurcation theory and computational techniques using AUTO. The model exhibits different types of bifurcations. The bifurcation results are further confirmed by numerical simulations. This original model (three variables) and a model for a special biological case (the original reduced to two variables) are compared. Some mathematical properties of the 3-variable model are preserved, while others are lost, when the model is reduced to a 2-variable system. The possible biological relevance of the mathematical results is discussed.
Global issues and futures: A theory and pedagogy for heuristic modeling

Abstract Most futures methodologies might be termed “heuristic”, that is a way to promote learning, discovery, and problem solving through trial and error. This paper describes one such approach, used primarily in teaching a Masters planning program class Global Issues and Futures in a class designed to raise awareness of a variety of global concerns. After explaining the underlying framework and concepts, and their foundation in previous futures studies, the core equations, data, and a classroom application are described. The method serves primarily to raise questions rather than answer them; to broaden the perspective that students will bring to their later careers. 1
Movement dynamics of tagged sablefish in the northeastern Pacific

Abstract We used a Markov model to quantify movement rates of tagged sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) among regulatory areas of the North Pacific Fishery Management Council during 1979–1987. The model included natural and fishing mortality, tag reporting and shedding rates, and movement probabilities. Maximum likelihood was used to estimate the parameters of the model. Estimated annual movement rates out of an area were in the range 19–69% for small (less than 57 cm fork length (FL)), 25–72% for medium (57–66 cm FL), and 27–71% for large (more than 66 cm FL) sablefish. The predominant direction of movement along the continental slope was eastward for large sablefish and westward for small sablefish. Most estimates of movement rates were precise, unconfounded, and robust to perturbations of input constants (natural and fishing mortality, and tag reporting rates), except for some imprecise estimates of large sablefish. The results indicate that movement plays an important role in determining the amount of sablefish available for harvest in an area. To account for the interactions among fisheries in different areas, the movement dynamics of sablefish should be incorporated into a stock assessment based on size or age-structure.
Unconditional Bases Are Optimal Bases for Data Compression and for Statistical Estimation

Abstract An orthogonal basis of L2 which is also an unconditional basis of a functional space F is an optimal basis for compressing, estimating, and recovering functions in F . Simple thresholding operations, applied in the unconditional basis, work essentially better for compressing, estimating, and recovering than they do in any other orthogonal basis. In fact, simple thresholding in an unconditional basis works essentially better for recovery and estimation than other methods, period. (Performance is measured in an asymptotic minimax sense.) As an application, we formalize and prove Mallat′s Heuristic, which says that wavelet bases are optimal for representing functions containing singularities, when there may be an arbitrary number of singularities, arbitrarily distributed.
Contributing software to the internet: the amplify program

Abstract The Internet provides a good way to distribute software to a wide range of potential users. Your program becomes instantly available to anyone who cares to download it. This note is about Amplify , a program I wrote a little more than a year ago, and about the more general topic of distributing scientific software.
Asymptotic operators for Coulomb scattering

The connection between Zwanziger's prescription for asymptotic fields for charged particles and the Dollard-Kulish-Faddeev formalism is pointed out.
Restricted words by adjacencies

Abstract A recurrence, a determinant formula, and generating functions are presented for enumerating words with restricted letters by adjacencies. The main theorem leads to refinements (with up to two additional parameters) of known results on compositions, polyominoes, and permutations. Among the examples considered are (1) the introduction of the ascent variation on compositions, (2) the enumeration of directed vertically convex polyominoes by upper descents, area, perimeter, relative height, and column number, (3) a tri-variate extension of MacMahon's determinant formula for permutations with prescribed descent set, and (4) a combinatorial setting for an entire sequence of bibasic Bessel functions.
Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in familial dysautonomia

Tyrosine hydroxylase antigen was localized immunohistochemically in sympathetic neurons from human autopsy tissue. The reaction persists in paraffin-embedded tissue, and the method is applicable to archival specimens. Increased amounts in this antigen per cell may partially compensate for decreased numbers of sympathetic neurons in familial dysautonomia.