cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparative molecular moment analysis (CoMMA): 3D-QSAR without molecular superposition.

3d-QSAR procedures utilize descriptors that characterize molecular shape and charge distributions responsible for the steric and electrostatic nonbonding interactions intimately involved in ligand−receptor binding. Comparative molecular moment analysis (CoMMA) utilizes moments of the molecular mass and charge distributions up to and including second order in the development of molecular similarity descriptors. As a consequence, two Cartesian reference frames are then defined with respect to each molecular structure. One frame is the principal inertial axes calculated with respect to the center-of-mass. For neutrally charged molecular species, the other reference frame is the principal quadrupolar axes calculated with respect to the molecular “center-of-dipole”. QSAR descriptors include quantities that characterize shape and charge independently as well as quantities that characterize their relationship. 3D-QSAR partial least squares (PLS) cross-validation procedures are utilized to predict the activity of...
Detection of lesions in mammographic structure

This paper is a report on very surprising results from recent work on detection of real lesions in digitized mammograms. The experiments were done using a novel experimental procedure with hybrid images. The lesions (signals) were real tumor masses extracted from breast tissue specimen radiographs. In the detection experiments, the tumors were added to digitized normal mammographic backgrounds. The results of this new work have been both novel and very surprising. Contrast thresholds increased with increasing lesion size for lesions larger than approximately 1 mm in diameter. Earlier work with white noise, radiographic image noise, computed tomography (CT) noise and some types of patient structure have accustomed us to a particular relationship between lesion size and contrast for constant detectability. All previous contrast/detail (CD) diagrams have been similar, the contrast threshold decreases as lesion size increases and flattens at large lesion sizes. The CD diagram for lesion detection in mammographic structure is completely different. It will be shown that this is a consequence of the power-law dependence of the projected breast tissue structure spectral density on spatial frequency. Mammographic tissue structure power spectra have the form P(f) equals B/f(beta ), with an average exponent of approximately 3 (range from 2 to 4), and are approximately isotropic (small angular dependence). Results for two-alternative forced-choice (2AFC) signal detection experiments using 4 tumor lesions and one mathematically generated signal will be presented. These results are for an unbiased selection of mammographic backgrounds. It is possible that an additional understanding of the effects of breast structure on lesion detectability can be obtained by investigating detectability in various classes of mammographic backgrounds. This will be the subject of future research.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Context, content, and relativism

This paper argues against relativism, focusing on relativism based on the semantics of predicates of personal taste. It presents and defends a contextualist semantics for these predicates, derived from current work on gradable adjectives. It then considers metasemantic questions about the kinds of contextual parameters this semantics requires. It argues they are not metasemantically different from those in other gradable adjectives, and that contextual parameters of this sort are widespread in natural language. Furthermore, this paper shows that if such parameters are rejected, it leads to an unacceptably rampant form of relativism, that relativizes truth to an open-ended list of parameters.
Thyroid cancer: The case for total thyroidectomy

Since there are no prospective studies concerning the treatment of thyroid cancer, there continues to be a considerable disagreement about the 'best' or most appropriate form of surgical treatment for patients with papillary or follicular thyroid cancer. Some surgeons recommend selective treatment depending upon the type of thyroid tumor and stage of the disease. Some advocate thyroid lobectomy and isthmusectomy, some near total thyroidectomy, and some total thyroidectomy for patients with papillary and follicular thyroid cancer. Total thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer would be the treatment of choice for virtually all patients with thyroid cancers if it could be done without complications. We therefore reviewed 160 consecutive patients who had total thyroidectomy for suspected or proven thyroid cancer to determine the complication rate of total thyroidectomy. One hundred and three patients had primary operations, 57 had reoperations with completion of total thyroidectomy and 124 had thyroid cancer. Serious complications (i.e. vocal cord paralysis or hypoparathyroidism) included two cases of transient bilateral recurrent nerve palsy, two patients with presumed transient unilateral vocal cord paralysis, three recurrent laryngeal nerves that were purposely sacrificed because of invasion of the nerve, and one case of permanent hypoparathyroidism. Two other patients developed postoperative wound infections. Only one of the permanent complications, the case of permanent hypoparathyroidism, could have been avoided by a lesser procedure. The experienced surgeon can perform a total thyroidectomy with minimal morbidity, and this procedure has certain theoretical and practical advantages. It should not be done, however, if it will result in a significant complication rate and, in selected patients, it may be preferable to leave a small amount of thyroid tissue to protect the blood supply to the parathyroid glands or recurrent laryngeal nerve.
An asymptotic analysis of the 1:3:4 Hamiltonian normal form

Abstract The normal form of the Hamiltonian 1:3:4 resonance, which exhibits two simultaneous resonances of differing orders, is studied asymptotically. Since the two resonances have different strengths, the exact solution of the primary single resonance system may be used to construct an action-angle transformation. The resulting standard form system is solved asymptotically by canonical near-identity averaging transformations. In addition to the Hamiltonian itself and its unperturbed part, which are two exact constants of the motion, a third independent adiabatic invariant of the original Hamiltonian system is constructed. The results apply directly to the problem of a free electron laser with weak self-fields. A specific model problem is studied numerically to verify the asymptotic validity of the results over long times.
Gender Bias in Juvenile Court Dispositions

Much attention has been focused upon the extent to which extra-legal factors influence decisions made in the justice systems (both adult and juvenile) in this country. While major attention has been given to race, the growing rate of female involvement in criminal (and particularly delinquent) activity requires attention to gender as a potential influence on decision making. Available research is inconclusive concerning such influences. An analysis of the processing of juvenile offenders in California centering on the intake and detention decisions suggests that gender biases may depend upon the type of offense charged (particularly status offenses) and may be more pronounced in some organizational contexts.
Isolation of Plasmodium berghei (malaria) parasites by ammonium chloride lysis of infected erythrocytes.

IMMUNOLOGICAL, biochemical and other studies of intra-erythrocytic parasites, such as malaria, would be greatly facilitated if the parasites could be obtained free from erythrocytes. To lyse infected erythrocytes, hypotonic shock1, sonication2, rapid pressure release obtained with the French press3, proteolytic enzyme digestion4,5, saponin6,7 and antibody-induced lysis8,9 have been tried, but these either fail to remove erythrocyte debris completely, or cause structural damage to the organisms.
Metabolic activation of 3-methylcholanthrene and benzo(a)pyrene to mutagens in the L5178Y/TK assay by cultured embryonic rodent cells.

Early passage cultured rodent cells obtained from mouse, rat, or Syrian hamster embryos were cocultivated with L5178Y/TK/sup +///sup -/ cells in the presence of benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) or 3-methylcholanthrene (3MCA) for 6 hr to determine if active metabolic intermediates could be detected in this cell-mediated assay through the induction of TK/sup -///sup -/ mutants. Neither chemical was directly active as a mutagen when tested with L5178Y/TK/sup +///sup -/ cells alone. As a mutagen, 3MCA was slightly active in the presence of mouse or rat embryo cells and clearly active when tested with hamster embryo cells. B(a)P was active only in the presence of hamster embryo cells when tested at concentrations that would be mutagenic in the presence of rodent liver microsomal preparations. These results indicate the utility of L5178Y/TK/sup +///sup -/ plus hamster embryo cell combinations in a cell-mediated mutation assay for the detection of these two polycyclic hydrocarbon carcinogens.
Lever for recording fish target bumping

A method for constructing a lever to record fish target bumping is described. The lever has a pivot assembly that is submerged in a fish chamber. A photoelectric system is activated when a target is moved. The lever requires very little force. Force requirements and the distance that the lever travels can be changed easily.
Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin—an emerging troponin for kidney injury

NGAL as an AKI biomarker has successfully passed through the pre-clinical, assay development and initial clinical testing stages of the biomarker development process. It has now entered the prospective screening stage, facilitated by the development of commercial tools for the measurement of NGAL in large populations across different laboratories. But will any single biomarker such as NGAL suffice in AKI? In addition to early diagnosis and prediction, it would be desirable to identify biomarkers capable of discerning AKI subtypes, identifying etiologies, predicting clinical outcomes, allowing for risk stratification and monitoring the response to interventions. In order to obtain all of this desired information, a panel of validated biomarkers may be needed. The current status of NGAL as an AKI biomarker is shown in Table ​Table1.1. Other AKI panel candidates may include interleukin-18 (IL-18), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), cystatin C and liver-type fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP), to name a few [4–6]. A brief comparison of the properties of NGAL versus other promising urinary biomarkers is shown in Tables ​Tables22 and ​and33. Table 1 NGAL as an AKI biomarker Table 2 Urinary biomarkers for the early prediction of AKI in various clinical settings Table 3 Urinary biomarkers for the early prediction of clinical outcomes in various AKI settings The availability of a panel of AKI biomarkers could revolutionize renal and critical care. However, such idealistic thinking must be tempered with the enormous technical and fiscal issues surrounding the identification, validation, commercial development and acceptance of multi-marker panels. Deriving from the recent cardiology literature, a clinically useful biomarker should (a) be easily measurable at a reasonable cost with short turnaround times; (b) provide information that is not already available from clinical assessment; and (c) aid in medical decision making [61]. In this respect, troponin as a stand-alone biomarker provides excellent diagnostic and prognostic information in acute coronary syndromes and acute decompensated heart failure [62], although the addition of brain natrituretic peptide does improve the risk stratification of death from cardiovascular causes [63]. If the current prospective multicenter studies of NGAL measurements with standardized laboratory platforms provide promising results, we may have already closed in on the ‘renal troponin’.
Book Review: Empire and Environmental Anxiety: Health, Science, Art and Conservation in South Asia and Australasia, 1800–1920

James Beattie, Empire and Environmental Anxiety: Health, Science, Art and Conservation in South Asia and Australasia, 1800–1920, London: Palgrave, 2011. pp. 320.
Enzymatic reactions for galactolipid synthesis with a soluble, sub-chloroplast fraction from spinacia oleracea

Abstract The biosynthesis of monogalactosyl diglyceride and digalactosyl diglyceride has been investigated with a soluble, sub-chloroplast fraction obtained from Spinacia oleracea leaves. [ 14 C] galactose was actively incorporated into galactolipids from UDP-[ 14 C] galactose when UDP-[ 14 C] galactose was incubated with the soluble enzyme. Temperature and pH optima for the synthesis were 45° and 7·4 respectively. The soluble enzyme was relatively heat stable and 5 min heat treatment at 50° increased the enzyme activity about 40 per cent over the control. None of the divalent and monovalent cations tested was required for the biosynthesis of galactolipids. Michaelis constants for the synthesis of monogalactosyl diglyceride was 2·21 × 10 -4 mM and for digalactosyl diglyceride was 4·0 × 10 -4 mM respectively. The incorporation of galactose into galactolipids from UDP-galactose was slightly stimulated by light and there was no observable galactose exchange reactions between exogenous UDP-galactose and galactolipids in the intact chloroplasts.
Breast cancer patients’ recall of receiving patient assistance services

Background The objective of this study was to assess factors that affect breast cancer patients’ recall of patient assistance services.
Design of double-passed arrayed-waveguide gratings for the generation of flat-topped femtosecond pulse trains

This paper presents a theoretical investigation of femtosecond flat-topped pulse-sequence generation using an arrayed-waveguide grating (AWG) in a double-passed configuration. We present low-insertion-loss designs using phase-only filters designed using numerical optimization. The designs are also analyzed for robustness to fabrication errors.
Person-Level Relatedness and the Incremental Value of Relating

The concept of a human need for relatedness is among the oldest and most generative topics in psychology. Yet despite the considerable attention relatedness has received, some basic aspects of this important construct remain poorly understood. Specifically, the literature to this point has been inconclusive with regard to how one's lifetime experiences of relatedness may be related to how much individuals value additional or new experiences of relatedness. The present investigation directly addressed this question using a multimethod approach. Three studies found consistent support for a positive association between person-level relatedness and the incremental value of new relatedness experiences. That is, those who reported having experienced more relatedness in their lives nevertheless reported anticipating and extracting more affective value from additional social encounters. By contrast, those having experienced less relatedness in life reported less incremental value—a pattern consistent with a process of person-level accommodation or desensitization.
Model fitting and hypothesis testing for age‐specific mortality data

Demographic studies focusing on age-specific mortality rates are becoming increasingly common throughout the fields of life-history evolution, ecology and biogerontology. Well-defined statistical techniques for quantifying patterns of mortality within a cohort and identifying differences in age-specific mortality among cohorts are needed. Here I discuss using maximum likelihood (ML) statistical methods to estimate the parameters of mathematical models, which are used to describe the change in mortality with age. ML provides a convenient and powerful framework for choosing an adequate mortality model, estimating model parameters and testing hypotheses about differences in parameters among experimental or ecological treatments. Simulations suggest that experiments designed to estimate age-specific mortality should involve at least 100-500 individuals per cohort per treatment. Significant bias in the estimation of model parameters is introduced when the mortality model is misspecified and samples are too small to detect the true mortality pattern. Furthermore, the lack of simple and efficient procedures for comparing different mortality models has forced the use of the Gompertz model, which specifies an exponentially increasing mortality with age, and which may not apply to the majority of experimental systems.
Alterations in Weight-Transfer Capabilities in Adults With Hemiparesis

Background and Purpose. The purposes of this study were (1) to examine the position and displacement in the frontal plane of the body's center of mass (CM) with respect to the base of support during single-leg flexion movements in adults with hemiplegia and (2) to examine their relationship with other clinical scores. Subjects. Fourteen ambulatory adult volunteers with hemiparesis of the right side of the body due to cerebrovascular accident participated in the study. Metbods. Subjects performed single-leg flexion movements with the paretic and nonparetic limbs while standing on two separate force platforms. Motion analysis and force platform data were used to determine the displacement of the CM. Results. Successful performance of the transfer and holding single-limb stance occurred for 48% (to the nonparetic side) and 20% (to the paretic side) of the trials. Lack of success was due to insufficient displacement of the CM (26% of the trials to the nonparetic side and 17% of the trials to the paretic side) or a failure to maintain single-limb stance (26% of all trials to the nonparetic side and 63% of the trials to the paretic side). Overall, the final position of the CM with respect to the single-limb support region did not differ between sides. Successful peformance was highly to moderately associated with clinical assessment scores for motor function and balance. Its association with gait velocity, however, was poor. Conclusion and Discussion. A classification scheme that can distinguish between four categories of bipedal to single-limb stance transitions has been established. Issues concerning clinical assumptions pertaining to the relationship between static and dynamic motor dysfunction in adults with hemiparesis are discussed.
In vivo and in vitro effects of methylprednisolone on human lymphocyte proliferation

Lymphocytes obtained from normal volunteers 4 hr after intravenous methyprednisole (1 mg/kg of body weight) were significantly less stimulated in vitro by several concentrations of phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A. This effect was not due to diurnal variations. Significant decreases in the levels of circulating T lymphocytes (p < 0.001) at this time suggested cellular redistribution as a factor in decreased mitogen responsiveness. However, incubation of plasma, obtained 1 hr after methylprednisolone injection, with normal autologous lymphocytes suppressed the in vitro responses as well, indicating an additional direct corticosteroid effect on the lymphocytes.
Bias-Tuning and Modulation Characteristics of Transferred-Electron Oscillators

A theoretical analysis of the tuning and modulation characteristics of transferred-electron oscillators is given. The effects of the device properties and temperature and the influence of the circuit are discussed. Experimental results are also reported.
Occult Gastric Cancer Presenting as Hypoxia from Pulmonary Tumor Thrombotic Microangiopathy

Pulmonary tumor thrombotic microangiopathy (PTTM) causing fatal pulmonary hypertension is a rare presentation of malignancy. In general, patients with PTTM rapidly succumb to death due to severe hypoxia. To date, very few cases of PTTM have been reported in the literature; and most of these cases were from gastric cancer and were diagnosed on post mortem autopsy, as it is extremely challenging to make an ante mortem diagnosis. We here report on a case of undiagnosed diffuse gastric cancer, presenting as worsening hypoxia. The clinical, radiographic, and echocardiographic features, and laboratory and pathological results were consistent with PTTM from gastric cancer. The patient was started on anticoagulation therapy, corticosteroids, and high-flow oxygen. However, her hypoxia worsened to the extent that she required ventilator support, and she died soon after intubation due to cardiac arrest. Since diffuse gastric cancer is associated with hereditary diffuse gastric cancer syndrome, cadherin 1 gene mutation analysis was performed to estimate the risk to her daughters. The test came back negative.
Regime where zero-bias is the low-power solution for digitally modulated laser diodes

We demonstrate that when a laser diode is digitally modulated with zero-bias, the average electrical power consumption can be less than a threshold-biased scheme for the same bit error rate. We find that the power consumption of large threshold >10 mA lasers with zero-bias is comparable to or less than with threshold-bias modulation as long as B/spl tau/<1/ln(2), where B and /spl tau/ are the bit rate and the laser's carrier lifetime, respectively. Experiments with a buried crescent laser diode confirm this claim at both 300 K and 77 K. The power penalty of zero-bias at higher bit rates is also discussed.
Culture-fair prediction of academic achievement

A theoretically based, culture-fair test of new learning ability is predictive of academic achievement. A sample of 633 adults, 121 of minority status, drawn from urban private universities, colleges, and community colleges were given information as to the meanings of previously unknown words, sayings, similarities, and analogies. They were also tested for their existing knowledge of vocabulary, opposites, and analogies with a brief version of the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT). New learning ability proved to be culture-fair, reliable, and predictive of grades and of the brief version of the SAT.
Pulse oximetry screening for critical congenital heart disease in the neonatal intensive care unit.

Pulse oximetry screening for critical congenital heart disease in the neonatal intensive care unit
On games, patterns, and design

With unsteady enrollments in computer science programs nationwide, it is important to find new ways to increase student interest and retention. Undergraduates exhibit an almost universal interest in interactive electronic entertainment. The use of interactive environments such as Alice have proven their pedagogic usefulness for teaching programming concepts [4], and game-related assignments are a staple of the SIGCSE "Nifty Assignments" panel. These results have inspired our research on the teaching of design patterns through game programming courses [3]. As we hoped and expected, with the direct intervention of professors, students' software design skills improved through these experimental courses. However, we also made an unanticipated observation: students' game designs improved as well, separately from the software design. There was little or no direct influence by the professors over the game designs, and so we have developed further experiments to measure this correlation between game and software design.
The cutoff rate for on-off keying

It is well known that on-off keying (OOK), i.e. the transmission of a pulse for a data one (mark) and transmission of no signal for a data zero (space), exhibits a 3 dB inferiority to antipodal signalling, in terms of the signal-to-noise ratio required to achieve a specified bit error probability. When the channel is characterized by the cutoff rate R/sub 0/, this 3 dB inferiority persists, in the sense that the required E/sub b//N/sub 0/ to operate at a given value of R/sub 0/ is 3 dB greater for the OOK channel than for the antipodal channel. However, it is shown that, if the definition of cutoff rate is generalized in an appropriate way to reflect the fact that signal energy is expended only in the transmission of marks, part of this penalty is recovered. In fact, it is shown that, in the limit of low R/sub 0/, there is no penalty in signal-to-noise ratio. Even at rates of realistic interest, the penalty is significantly less than the expected 3 dB. >
HOW MEDIA USE AND RELIANCE AFFECT KNOWLEDGE LEVEL

Results of studies of the relation between media consumption and political knowledge are mixed. This study looked at three media consumption variables—reliance, media use, and focused media use—and their relation to knowledge of issues in a state tax referendum. Focused media use was defined as reading or viewing of news about state and local politics. Reliance on TV news correlated negatively with knowledge of issues. Reliance on newspapers did not correlate at all. Focused TV news use correlated more highly with knowledge of issues than did general TV news use. For newspapers, both focused and general use had strong correlations with knowledge measures.
5.5.1 Architectural Abstractions

Architectural constructs provide the basis for effective system design. A well conceived architecture also provides a foundation for a product definition that can be effectively adapted and reused across many different project instantiations. But what makes up a complete system architecture? Is one block diagram illustrating the arrangement of physical components “the architecture“? Or are there other dimensions of a system architecture that are needed to complete the picture? This paper explores some concepts of the “complete system architecture.” Multi-dimensional views of architecting are examined to provide insight into what makes up a system architecture.
Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics: recent stroke highlights.

, which are featured in the journal every February and August, offer valuable insights into a number of transdisciplinary and practical issues in selective aspects of vascular dis-eases of the CNS. In this issue, a detailed comparative study of different service con-figurations on the delivery of intravenous thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke, a discussion of advances in the manage-ment of lacunar strokes and a management update on cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) are covered in detail.
Biases in Predicting the Human Language Model

We consider the prediction of three human behavioral measures ‐ lexical decision, word naming, and picture naming ‐ through the lens of domain bias in language modeling. Contrasting the predictive ability of statistics derived from 6 different corpora, we find intuitive results showing that, e.g., a British corpus overpredicts the speed with which an American will react to the words ward and duke, and that the Google n-grams overpredicts familiarity with technology terms. This study aims to provoke increased consideration of the human language model by NLP practitioners: biases are not limited to differences between corpora (i.e. “train” vs. “test”); they can exist as well between corpora and the intended user of the resultant technology.
Aid for Trade: Chronicle of a WTO Attempt at Coherence

Developing countries requests for technical and financial assistance in the Doha Round negotiations prompted the WTO to collaborate with donors and development agencies. This led to the Aid for Trade Initiative. However, no attempt at increasing coherence between trade policy, aid policy, and development policy has been made. The main reason is that, while the WTO Secretariat had to collaborate with other institutions, it is not institutionally in a position to lead or influence the Initiative. His role is largely limited to calling for more financial resources but aid for trade is delivered on donor’s terms in the same way than any other form of aid. The stalled Doha Round negotiations made matters worse as not only the Initiative was headless but it lost its initial core purpose of supporting the implementation of a Doha Round agreement. As a result, the Initiative as grown increasingly de-linked from the Doha Round and, short of a multilateral agreement, support to trade capacity building and trade reforms is slipping off donors’ priorities list. In its current Aid for Trade Work Programme the WTO implicitly acknowledges this reality. It does not call to increase coherence in policy making or in aid delivery but merely asks donors to consider the trade dimension of their emerging new priorities.
Antipsychotic prescribing patterns in the Texas prison system

Although prison inmates are reported to exhibit elevated rates of psychotic disorders, little is known about antipsychotic pharmacotherapy in correctional settings. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to describe antipsychotic prescribing patterns in one of the nation's largest prison systems. The study population consisted of 3,750 Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ) inmates diagnosed with schizophrenic disorders, nonschizophrenic psychotic disorders, or both. In 1998, among inmates diagnosed with schizophrenic disorders, 14.6 percent were prescribed atypical antipsychotic agents, and 85.4 percent were prescribed typical antipsychotic agents. Among inmates diagnosed with nonschizophrenic psychotic disorders, 89.3 percent were prescribed typical antipsychotic agents, while 10.7 percent were prescribed atypical antipsychotic agents. Black males and females were prescribed atypical antipsychotic agents less frequently than their counterparts. Understanding such prescribing patterns is integral to the efficient and cost-effective planning of correctional mental health care.
Evaluation of an iPhone Otoscope in a Neurotrauma Clinic and as an Adjunct to Neurosurgical Education.

CellScope®, an iPhone-enabled otoscope, was introduced into the neurotrauma clinic at an American College of Surgeons certified Level I trauma center. CellScope is an innovative tool that digitally improves optical clarity of the tympanic membrane, providing the acquisition of HIPPA compliant images. We compared the CellScope to the traditional otoscope in teaching medical students, neurosurgery physician assistants, and neurosurgery residents. In addition, the utility of this device in a neurotrauma clinic was specifically examined because of the high frequency of otologic symptoms after head trauma.
Constraining State Business Tax Incentives: The Commerce Clause's Role

One of the primary motivations behind the drafting of the Constitution was concern about the deleterious effects of the economic competition among the states under the Articles of Confederation, particularly in the form of tariff impositions. In consequence, the Constitution's Commerce Clause has long been applied by the courts to prohibit the states from deploying discriminatory tax provisions that provide a direct commercial advantage to in-state economic activity. This paper assesses the extent to which this Commerce Clause anti-discrimination principle is likely to be applied by the courts to invalidate familiar types of state business tax incentives, as it was when the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit invalidated Ohio's investment tax credit in the Cuno decision, which was overturned on jurisdictional grounds by the Supreme Court in May 2006. The paper articulates the argument for invalidation of a wide range of familiar tax incentives, and compares that argument with the Sixth Circuit's reasoning in Cuno and with other recent cases. It then considers and responds to several arguments, deployed in the course of the recent litigation and in scholarly commentary, that seek to insulate state business tax incentives from Commerce Clause attack. In particular, it responds to critics who propose to reconstruct or to deconstruct the courts' anti-discrimination jurisprudence based on its inability to draw principled distinctions between impermissible measures and functionally similar but permitted alternatives. The paper argues that the approach developed by the courts succeeds in offering relatively straightforward standards, relatively well grounded in the Commerce Clause's history and intentions, for drawing boundaries along dimensions where judicial line-drawing is urgently needed.
Abstract B32: Role of megalin in uptake of 1α,25(OH)2D in colon cancer cells

Vitamin D has been proposed as a chemopreventive agent for colorectal cancer; however, the mechanisms governing the availability of the active form of vitamin D, 1α,25(OH)2D, remain unclear. There is growing evidence that uptake of vitamin D metabolites at the cellular level may involve receptor-mediated endocytosis in certain tissues. Megalin, or low-density lipoprotein 2, has demonstrated effects on uptake of Gc-globulin (GC)-bound vitamin D metabolites in kidney, bone, gallbladder, and mammary gland cells. However, this mode of metabolite uptake has not been tested in the colon. We measured activation of the VDR-RXR heterodimer in the context of a mammalian-2-hybrid (M2H) biological assay system as a marker for uptake of vitamin D metabolites in human HCT-116 colorectal carcinoma cells. Cells were transfected with control versus megalin siRNA or, alternatively, no siRNA but treatment with receptor associated protein (RAP), a ligand for megalin that blocks GC binding. Cells were then treated with ethanol (EtOH) vehicle versus 1x10-8 M, 2.5x10-9 M, or 5x10-10 M 1α,25(OH)2D. The results demonstrate that treatment with either megalin siRNA or RAP induced an overall statistically significant increase in activation of the VDR-RXR heterodimer (ANOVA p Citation Format: Elizabeth A. Hibler, Elizabeth T. Jacobs, Peter W. Jurutka. Role of megalin in uptake of 1α,25(OH)2D in colon cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2012 Oct 16-19; Anaheim, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Prev Res 2012;5(11 Suppl):Abstract nr B32.
Light Eye Color Mutants as Genetic Markers for Released Populations of Hawaiian Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Success in a sterile insect release program is partially dependent on positive classification of population samples to determine the ratio of released insects to the target population. Fluorescent powder applied to tephritid fruit fly pupae and current methods to trap and handle field samples produce uncertain results. We describe mutant phenotypes in three species of Hawaiian fruit flies; the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann); the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel); and melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett), that allow rapid field identification of flies even after they have been dead and dried for several weeks.
8 Writing Book Chapters and Books

Some medical writers choose to write book chapters or even edit or write a book of their own. Writing a book chapter is a lot like writing a review article, except that it generally requires an invitation from a book editor who will assign the topic and perhaps specify the approach desired. Editing a book of submitted chapters is daunting task, involving careful planning, author recruitment and nurturing, and pulling things together in the end. Writing your own book can be the most fun of all, but it requires finding a compelling topic, selling your idea to an editor, and completing the task somewhere near the deadline. In the end, your chapter or book should be something you would like to read.
The Catalytic Determinants of Streptococcal Pneumoniae IgA1 Protease are Formed by Multiple Domains

Streptococcus pneumoniae (SPN) is a gram-positive bacterium which causes non-invasive infections, such as otitis media, as well as invasive diseases like pneumonia and meningitis. Despite the development of bacterial antibiotics and vaccines, exposure to SPN still leads to diseases in young, elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. Current vaccines have serious limitations due to the serotype variability and genomic plasticity of the bacterium and therefore, an ever-increasing frequency of multidrug-resistant strains have been reported. Immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1) represents 90% of the IgA within the human respiratory tract and multiple bacterial pathogens, including SPN, can produce an IgA1-specific protease (IgA1P) to inactivate this major component of mucosal immunity. IgA1P cleaves IgA1 at the hinge region and leads to removal of the Fc domain of IgA1, which is recognized by host clearance mechanisms. Because of the universal expression among different serotypes of SPN, IgA1P has been shown to be a potential target for new vaccine development. SPN IgA1P is unique with no sequence conservation to any other known protein, other than a conserved HExxH Zn-binding motif found in many metalloproteases. We have discovered that the SPN IgA1P released from cells is active and our biochemical studies have revealed that the SPN IgA1P contains a well-folded C-terminal domain (CTD) that houses the third Zn coordinating residue, Glu1628. Furthermore, our data illustrates that the N-terminal domain (NTD) is primarily responsible for engaging IgA1 and the CTD does not have detectable affinity for IgA1 by itself. However, the CTD does play a role in facilitating the binding and is essential for the catalytic activity. Our discoveries shed light on the mechanistic details of this novel metalloprotease and potentially help in developing better vaccines.
The Language Of Word Meaning

1. Preface James Pustejovsky 2. Introduction: word meaning and creativity Pierrette Bouillon and Federica Busa Part I. Linguistic Creativity and the Lexicon: 3. Introduction Federica Busa and Pierrette Bouillon 4. Chomsky on the creative aspect of language use and its implications for lexical semantic studies James McGilvray 5. The emptiness of the lexicon: critical reflections on J. Pustejovsky's 'The Generative Lexicon' Jerry A. Fodor and Ernie Lepore 6. Generativity and explanation in semantics: a reply to Fodor and Lepore James Pustejovsky 7. The 'Fodor'-FODOR fallacy bites back Yorick Wilks Part II. The Syntax of Word Meaning: 8. Introduction Federica Busa and Pierrette Bouillon 9. Type construction and the logic of concepts James Pustejovsky 10. Underspecification, context selection and generativity Jacques Jayez 11. Qualia and the structuring of verb meaning Pierrette Bouillon and Federica Busa 12. Sense variation and lexical semantics generative operations Patrick Saint-Dizier 13. Individuation by partitive constructions in Spanish Salvador Climent 14. Event co-reference in causal discourses Laurence Danlos Part III. Interfacing the Lexicon: 15. Introduction Federica Busa and Pierrette Bouillon 16. Metaphor, creative understanding and the generative lexicon Julius M. Moravcsik 17. Metaphor in discourse Nicholas Asher and Alex Lascarides 18. Syntax and metonymy Jerry Hobbs 19. Generative lexicon meets corpus data: the case of non-standard word uses Adam Kilgarriff Part IV. Building Resources: 20. Introduction Federica Busa and Pierrette Bouillon 21. Generative lexicon and the SIMPLE model: developing semantic resources for NLP Federica Busa, Nicoletta Calzolari and Alessando Lenci 22. Lexicography informs lexical semantics: the SIMPLE experience Nilda Ruimy, Elisabetta Gola and Monica Monachini 23. Condensed meaning in EuroWordNet Piek Vossen.
Studying the impact of stress/strain on cracks in laminated crystalline silicon cells: Opening the doors of synchrotron facilities to the PV module industry

In this paper we present and discuss the capabilities of synchrotron X-ray topography for the direct imaging and analysis of defects, stress and strain affecting the cell within the laminated photovoltaic module. The results of the initial synchrotron experiment done at Brookhaven National Laboratory-NSLS II and the following topography campaign run at the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory will be presented and discussed. Cracks originating from grain boundaries and strain affecting the cell in the module package are clearly revealed on the X-ray topographs of a commercial single-cell mini-module — also known as reference cell. With this experiment we demonstrate that the use of synchrotron facilities is promising for the non-destructive analysis of the entire PV module structure.
Electronic band structures and excitonic properties of delafossites: A GW-BSE study

We report the band structures and excitonic properties of delafossites CuMO2 (M=Al, Ga, In, Sc, Y, Cr) calculated using the state-of-the-art GW-BSE approach. We evaluate different levels of self-consistency of the GW approximations, namely G0W0, GW0, GW, and QSGW, on the band structures and find that GW0, in general, predicts the band gaps in better agreement with experiments considering the electron-hole effect. For CuCrO2, the HSE wave function is used as the starting point for the perturbative GW0 calculations, since it corrects the band orders wrongly predicted by PBE. The discrepancy about the valence band characters of CuCrO2 is classified based on both HSE and QSGW calculations. The PBE wave functions, already good, are used for other delafossites. All the delafossites are shown to be indirect band gap semiconductors with large exciton binding energies, varying from 0.24 to 0.44 eV, in consistent with experimental findings. The excitation mechanisms are explained by examining the exciton amplitude ...
Diseño institucional y neoliberalismo : el modelo chileno como resultado del quiebre unilateral del contrato social

El present article intenta definir el sentit dels processos de redisseny institucional que han afectat la societat xilena en els ultims trenta anys, basats en el que denominem descol·lectivitzacio i que han operat sobre la part constitucional, la propietat estatal i el funcionament de l’economia privada. Sostenim que el problema de la descol·lectivitzacio a Xile prove del trencament unilateral del contracte social entre classes que es va produir a mitjan decada de 1970. Com a recurs metodologic, s’exposa el contracte social, mecanisme institucional previst per corregir la tensio entre interessos individuals i resultats socials, i la figura del forced rider o consumidor forcat de bens publics. Aixo, amb la finalitat d’intentar il·lustrar les restriccions i la contencio de beneficis que la matriu sociopolitica desenvolupista —el model de capitalisme embridat o reformat— imposava sobre el capital entre les decades de 1940 i 1970, la qual cosa va provocar que l’elit trenques unilateralment amb el contracte democratic i va generar les condicions per imposar un nou disseny institucional, aquesta vegada mes restrictiu i antidemocratic. Com a resultat i discussio, s’exposen breument una serie de consequencies observables que el disseny institucional neoliberal hauria comportat, tant en el terreny politic com en l’economic i cultural. Totes son consequencies que confirmen les conjectures teoriques que sostenen que el redisseny institucional neoliberal significa un projecte de classe que vol destruir els assoliments del projecte politic de l’alianca de les classes mitjanes i baixes propis del desenvolupisme nacional popular.
Learning through making in public libraries: theories, practices, and tensions

This article investigates learning and teaching in library makerspace programs. Given the recent trend for libraries and makerspaces to define themselves in terms of learning, the findings of this ...
A review of international coverage and pricing strategies for personalized medicine and orphan drugs

Abstract Background Personalized medicine and orphan drugs share many characteristics—both target small patient populations, have uncertainties regarding efficacy and safety at payer submission, and frequently have high prices. Given personalized medicine's rising importance, this review summarizes international coverage and pricing strategies for personalized medicine and orphan drugs as well as their impact on therapy development incentives, payer budgets, and therapy access and utilization. Methods PubMed, Health Policy Reference Center, EconLit, Google Scholar, and references were searched through February 2017 for articles presenting primary data. Results Sixty-nine articles summarizing 42 countries’ strategies were included. Therapy evaluation criteria varied between countries, as did patient cost-share. Payers primarily valued clinical effectiveness; cost was only considered by some. These differences result in inequities in orphan drug access, particularly in smaller and lower-income countries. The uncertain reimbursement process hinders diagnostic testing. Payer surveys identified lack of comparative effectiveness evidence as a chief complaint, while manufacturers sought more clarity on payer evidence requirements. Despite lack of strong evidence, orphan drugs largely receive positive coverage decisions, while personalized medicine diagnostics do not. Conclusions As more personalized medicine and orphan drugs enter the market, registries can provide better quality evidence on their efficacy and safety. Payers need systematic assessment strategies that are communicated with more transparency. Further studies are necessary to compare the implications of different payer approaches.
A genome-wide assessment of conserved SNP alleles reveals a panel of regulatory SNPs relevant to the peripheral nerve.

Identifying functional non-coding variation is critical for defining the genetic contributions to human disease. While single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within cis-acting transcriptional regulatory elements have been implicated in disease pathogenesis, not all cell types have been assessed and functional validations have been limited. In particular, the cells of the peripheral nervous system have been excluded from genome-wide efforts to link non-coding SNPs to altered gene function. Addressing this gap is essential for defining the genetic architecture of diseases that affect the peripheral nerve. We developed a computational pipeline to identify SNPs that affect regulatory function (rSNPs) and evaluated our predictions on a set of 144 regions in Schwann cells, motor neurons, and muscle cells. We identified 28 regions that display regulatory activity in at least one cell type and 13 SNPs that affect regulatory function. We then tailored our pipeline to one peripheral nerve cell type by incorporating SOX10 ChIP-Seq data; SOX10 is essential for Schwann cells. We prioritized 22 putative SOX10 response elements harboring a SNP and rapidly validated two rSNPs. We then selected one of these elements for further characterization to assess the biological relevance of our approach. Deletion of the element from the genome of cultured Schwann cells—followed by differential gene expression studies—revealed Tubb2b as a candidate target gene. Studying the enhancer in developing mouse embryos revealed activity in SOX10-positive cells including the dorsal root ganglia and melanoblasts. Our efforts provide insight into the utility of employing strict conservation for rSNP discovery. This strategy, combined with functional analyses, can yield candidate target genes. In support of this, our efforts suggest that investigating the role of Tubb2b in SOX10-positive cells may reveal novel biology within these cell populations.