cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prospects for Clinical Cancer Treatment Using Interleukin-2

Even if many of these immunologic approaches to anticancer therapy show the desired effect, with a greater percentage of patients having antitumor responses (hopefully without need for ICU level toxicity), it may be unrealistic to hope that these biological treatments will significantly prolong the survival of most patients with large progressively growing tumors. It is possible that the large, yet finite, number of cells with LAK activity that can be activated endogenously, or infused into a patient, may only be able to destroy a finite number of neoplastic cells. If so, the smaller the number of neoplastic cells at the time of in vivo LAK induction therapy, the more likely the chance for effective eradication of all tumor cells. Experimental animal studies support this postulate (46). Clinical regimens utilizing IL-2 therapy, alone or combined with other agents, with documented immunologic and antitumor activity, will need to be tested in a large number of patients in randomized adjuvant trials. This testing will probably require the involvement of large cooperative oncology trials groups, in order to determine the potential prolongation of survival by any adjuvant IL-2 approach. A vast number of regimens could presently be suggested for combining these separate approaches in groupwide trials (especially when issues of dose, route, and scheduling are considered). Trials in murine models must continue rapidly and be interpreted with caution in generating regimens to be tested clinically. Further treatment improvements, to be identified in Phase I and Phase II clinical trials, are still required to allow large groupwide randomized Phase III trials to test tolerable and effective IL-2-containing regimens likely to significantly prolong survival.
Relationship between sulfhydryl reactivity and toxicity of vinyl sulfone molluscicidal agents.

Abstract Vinyl sulfone was tested to determine (a) sulfhydryl reactivity, ascertained by monitoring the color-forming reaction between 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) and cysteine, (b) inhibition of malic dehydrogenase, (c) inhibition of in vitro endogenous respiration in the snail Australorbis glabratus , (d) the in vitro effect on endogenous respiration and pyruvate metabolism of liver and brain of albino rats, and (e) pyruvate metabolism in liver, kidney, and brain homogenates of male rats treated in vivo with vinyl sulfone. The effects of sublethal doses of vinyl sulfone on albino rats were also investigated. A series of vinyl sulfone molluscicidal agents was shown to exhibit a positive correlation between sulfhydryl reactivity and molluscicidal potency. High concentrations (>2 m m ) of vinyl sulfone were required to inhibit the activity of malic dehydrogenase. No effect on endogenous respiration was observed in snails. Similarly, no effects on endogenous respiration or pyruvate metabolism was observed in rats. An ip LD50 of 3 mg/kg vinyl sulfone was found in female rats. A sublethal dose of vinyl sulfone increased blood urea nitrogen and decreased urinary output while producing no effect on SGOT and SGPT activity or on hematocrit values in rats. These data indicate that the toxicity of vinyl sulfone is not related to the inhibition of endogenous respiration in either snails or rats. The toxicity of sublethal doses of vinyl sulfone was postulated to be caused by impairment of normal renal function.
The Contributions Of Prevention And Treatment To The Decline In Cardiovascular Mortality: Lessons From A Forty-Year Debate

Mortality from coronary heart disease in the United States has fallen 60 percent from its peak in the mid-1960s. Cardiologists and epidemiologists have debated whether this decline reflects better control of risk factors, including lifestyle interventions to reduce smoking or intake of dietary fats, or the power of medical interventions, including defibrillators and therapeutics such as statins. Attempts to resolve this debate and guide health policy have generated sophisticated data sets and techniques for modeling cardiovascular mortality. Neither effort has provided specific guidance for health policy. Historical analysis of the debate over the causes of the decline, concomitant with development of cardiovascular modeling, offers valuable policy lessons about tensions among medical and public health strategies, the changing meanings of disease prevention , and the ability of evidence-based research and models to guide health policy. Policy makers must learn to open up the “black box” of epidemiological...
Meaning As a Factor in Predicting Spelling Difficulty

AbstractThis study was designed to assess whether knowing the meaning of a word facilitates one’s ability to spell it. A total of 180 fourth, sixth, and eighth graders took four spelling tests and four multiple-choice vocabulary tests on a list of 100 words. Results of analysis showed that when the effects of word frequency, word length, and phoneme-grapheme regularity were partialed out, there was still a significant relationship between ability to spell words and understanding of their meanings. Implications for the teaching of spelling and vocabulary are discussed.
Additional atmospheric opacity measurements at lambda = 1.1 mm from Mauna Kea Observatory, Hawaii

Atmospheric opacity values in the zenith direction are given for a wavelength of 1.1 mm (278 GHz) at the summit of Mauna Kea in the Hawaiian Islands. A total of 75 days is covered during the period 1983-1986. Observations were made on a quasi-continuous basis, with opacity measured every 20 minutes around the clock for significant periods of time. A conversion from opacity at lambda = 1.1 mm to the equivalent precipitable water vapor column is given from the measurements of Zammit and Ade (1981), from which opacities at other wavelengths may be derived.
Genetic interactions between susceptibility loci reveal epistatic pathogenic networks in murine lupus

Interactions between Sle1 and other susceptibility loci were required for disease development in the NZM2410 model of lupus. Sle1 corresponds to at least three subloci, Sle1a, Sle1b, and Sle1c, each of which independently causes loss of tolerance to chromatin, but displays a distinctive immune profile. We have used congenic strains to analyze the interactions between the Sle1 subloci and other lupus susceptibility loci using Y autoimmunity accelerator (Yaa) and Faslpr as sensitizing mutations. Sle1 coexpressed with either one of these single susceptibility alleles resulted in a highly penetrant nephritis, splenomegaly, production of nephrophilic antibodies, and increased expression of B- and T-cell activation markers. Here, we show that only Sle1b interacted with Yaa to produce these phenotypes, suggesting that Sle1b and Yaa belong to the same functional pathway. Interactions between the three Sle1 loci and lpr resulted in lymphocyte activation and lupus nephritis, but a significant mortality was observed only for the Sle1a.lpr combination. This suggests a major role for the FAS pathway in keeping in check the loss of tolerance mediated by the Sle1 loci, especially for Sle1a. Our results illustrate the complexity of interactions between susceptibility loci in polygenic diseases such as lupus and may explain the clinical heterogeneity of the disease.
Drift-mode stability analysis for the Tandem mirror

Drift-mode stability analysis for the Tandem Mirror Experiment is formulated assuming MHD-stability from magnetic field curvature and plasma rotation. The self-consistent field equations describe two potentially unstable drift modes. For k|| ~ 2π/Lc, where Lc is the length of the central cell, the electron drift wave occurs with ω ~ ω*eS(b, ηi) ~ k||vA with a radial localization to the region of maximum electron diamagnetic drift frequency ω*e. For flute-like axial modes, the ion drift wave ω ~ ω*i > k||vA occurs. The ion drift mode is less radially localized and extends to high frequencies for large k⊥ρi. Stability conditions as a function of ηi, ηe, β and Ti/Te are developed for the drift modes including the guiding-centre drifts and bounce frequency resonances with the electrons.
Reconstructing from a degraded trace: A study of sentence repetition in agrammatism

Abstract Six agrammatic aphasics repeated simple active and passive voice sentences, varying in degree of semantic constraint: plausible, reversible, and implausible. Frequency of correct response was not sensitive to this semantic manipulation, but error pattern was. In general, errors to plausible targets consisted of relatively inconsequential transformation of the open or closed class vocabulary, while errors to implausible targets implicated a change of syntactic voice. In making these errors, the patients displayed evidence of productive control of the passive morphology and a degree of sensitivity to the syntactic and thematic consequences of passive voice. The repetition errors did not transform the surface order of the major lexical items. The results are interpreted as evidence for a sentence memory trace that preserves, minimally, the major grammatical roles of the target sentence and that serves as input to a reconstructive process that is biased toward the production of semantically plausible sentences.
Effects of alachlor and metolachlor on cucumber seedlings

Abstract Effects of alachlor [2-chloro-2,6-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide] and metochlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide] on Cucumis sativus L. cv ‘Marketeer’ root tissue were determined. Germination of cucumber seeds was inhibited in the presence of a 1.0 mM solution of either herbicide. Radicle elongation, fresh and dry weight were reduced at 10 −1 mM alachlor or metolachlor within 48 hr of germination. Neither 10 −2 nor 10 −3 mM alachlor or metolachlor inhibited all growth parameters examined during the 96-hr test period. Herbicide treated tissue was not morphologically different from untreated tissue. Leucine transport and subsequent incorporation into protein were inhibited by both herbicides at 1.0 mM. However, leucine transport was more sensitive to the herbicides than its incorporation.
Aliphatic β-nitroalcohols for therapeutic corneoscleral cross-linking: corneal permeability considerations.

PURPOSE Our recent tissue cross-linking studies have raised the possibility of using aliphatic β-nitroalcohols (BNAs) for pharmacologic, therapeutic corneal cross-linking. The present study was performed to determine the permeability of BNAs and to explore the use of permeability-enhancing agents. METHODS Ex vivo rabbit corneas were mounted in a typical Franz diffusion chamber. BNA permeability was determined by assaying the recipient chamber over time using a modification of the Griess nitrite colorimetric assay. The apparent permeability coefficient (Ptot) was determined for 2 mono-nitroalcohols [2-nitroethanol (2ne) and 2-nitro-1-propanol (2nprop)], a nitrodiol [2-methyl-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol (MNPD)], and a nitrotriol [2-hydroxymethyl-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol (HNPD)]. Permeability-enhancing effects using benzalkonium chloride (BAC) (0.01% and 0.02%), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (0.05%), and a combination of 0.01% BAC + 0.5% tetracaine were also studied. RESULTS The Ptot (±SE) values (in centimeters per second) were as follows: 4.33 × 10 (±9.82 × 10) for 2ne [molecular weight (MW) = 91 Da], 9.34 × 10 (±2.16 × 10) for 2nprop (MW = 105 Da), 4.37 × 10 (±1.86 × 10) for MNPD (MW = 135 Da), and 8.95 × 10 (±1.93 × 10) for HNPD (MW = 151 Da). Using the nitrodiol, permeability increased approximately 2-fold using 0.01% BAC, 5-fold using 0.02% BAC, and 5-fold using the combination of 0.01% BAC + 0.5% tetracaine. No effect was observed using 0.05% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that the corneal epithelium is permeable to BNAs, with the apparent permeability corresponding to MW. The findings are consistent with previous literature indicating that the small size of these compounds (<10A) favors their passage through the corneal epithelium via the paracellular route. This information will help to guide dosing regimens for in vivo topical cross-linking studies.
A hierarchical cellular logic for pyramid computers

Hierarchical structure occurs in biological vision systems and there is good reason to incorporate it into a model of computation for processing binary images. A mathematical formalism is presented which can describe a wide variety of operations useful in image processing and graphics. The formalism allows for two kinds of simple transformations on the values (called pyramids) of a set of cells called a hierarchical domain: the first are binary operations on boolean values, and the second are neighborhood-matching operations. The implied model of computation is more structured than previously discussed pyramidal models, and is more readily realized in parallel hardware, while it remains sufficiently rich to provide efficient solutions to a wide variety of problems. The model has a simplicity which is due to the restricted nature of the operations and the implied synchronization across the hierarchical domain. A corresponding algebraic simplicity in the logic makes possible the concise representation of many cellular-data operations.
Marine attacks on towed acoustic arrays

Approved for public release. Distribution unlimited. Editor's note: The author is on the staff of the Dean of the College of Ocean and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, but is presently on detail to the Naval Sea Systems Command, PMS 435, Washington, D.C. As explorationists know, sound is commonly used to investigate and understand phenomena in the ocean and the structure of geologic strata beneath the sea. But, as they may not know, it is also used by submarines and surface ships to find and track other submarines and ships. In all cases, the sound is detected and recorded through hydrophones often deployed in long linear arrays to permit the determination of spatial information. These arrays are typically long flexible tubes or hoses like a large garden hose or fire hose. The hose is either a flexible solid structure or hollow and liquid-filled with hydrophones and their power and transmitting wires embedded within. Hydrophone arrays, similar to those widely used in the search for undersea hydrocarbon deposits, are used by the U.S. Navy, principally by submarines, to silently listen for the sounds of adversaries. Although these military arrays differ from the …
A very personal professional experience with the social power of the breastplate of righteousness

Gives the author’s own variations of his work on a similar vein but quite different in its own way to Laud Humphreys. Revisits Humphrey’s ideas on the “breastplate of righteousness”, finding them insightful in explaining a particular bad experience of being fired from an American University, which was run by Jesuit priests, although he has now forgiven them for what transgressed there.
Quantification of the perfusion of the anterior cruciate ligament and the effects of stress and injury to supporting structures

The perfusion of the normal ACL was quantitated using the hydrogen washout technique in a canine model. This was compared to the perfusion of the synovium in the suprapatellar pouch. Changes in the ACL perfusion were quantitated after the application of anterior stress, division of the infrapatellar fat pad, and dissection of the synovium enveloping the ACL. The ACL is relatively hypovascular, with one-half the blood flow of the sy novium of the suprapatellar pouch. Application of an anterior stress diminishes the blood flow to the ACL to one-fifth of the baseline value, an effect which is re versible. Division of the infrapatellar fat pad causes a two-fold decrease in perfusion to the ACL, whereas dissection of the enveloping synovium results in a com plete cessation of blood flow.
Determination of monotonic stress-strain curve of hard materials from ultra-low-load indentation tests

Abstract A method has been proposed to determine the stress-strain curve of hard materials from ultra-low-load indentation tests using geometrically similar indenters. The hardness-flow stress, and characteristic plastic strain-cone angle correlations, for conical indenters, were obtained from a number of calculations with different stress-strain curves using the finite element code ABAQUS. The flow stress values thus obtained, lie between that predicted by the slip line field theory and the spherical cavity expansion model. These correlations do not assume any deformation mode, and are thus valid for a wide range of hardness to elastic modulus ratio. The validity of the proposed method was checked by determining the monotonic stress-strain curve of 1070 steel from ultra-low-load indentation tests performed in the present study. Also, the stress-strain curves of copper and steel were obtained from macroscopic hardness values reported by Atkins and Tabor (Atkins, A.G. and Tabor, D. (1965) Plastic indentation in metals with cones. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids 13 , 149–164.). The predicted stress-strain curves agree well with the known properties of these materials. These correlations were then used to determine the monotonic stress-strain curve of silicon nitride.
A 16-year-old male with gynecomastia and ductal carcinoma in situ

While gynecomastia is common in adolescents, male breast cancer in the pediatric population is exceedingly rare. Occasional reports describe malignant and pre-malignant lesions in mastectomy specimens for gynecomastia in young adults. We present a 16-year-old male with unilateral gynecomastia discovered to have ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), treated by mastectomy with 4 year follow-up.
Cortisone-Induced Growth Failure in Neonatal Rats

Extract: Growth failure in two-day-old rats following a single injection of cortisone has been ascribed to thymic destruction. Specific early degeneration of thymus gland, however, has not been demonstrated. Moreover, the cellular changes in other organs accompanying this induced growth failure are unknown. Within 33 hours of injection of cortisone there is marked destruction of thymic and splenic cells, as indicated by a 50-fold reduction in DNA content of these organs. On about the third day following injection, DNA, RNA, and protein content were proportionally reduced in seven other organs studied, and protein: DNA and RNA: DNA ratios remained normal. All organs, therefore, contained fewer cells of normal size. By three weeks of age, the thymus and the spleen were partially regenerated and showed reductions in DNA, RNA, and protein content in proportion to the amount present in other organs. These data demonstrate that the initial event after injection of 1 mg of cortisone in two-day-old rats is the destruction of thymic and splenic cells. This is followed by partial regeneration of these organs. Later, cell division is slowed in other organs, resulting in a stunted animal whose organs contain fewer cells of normal size. Speculation: Injection of a large dose of steroids into young animals will result in selective destruction of lymphoid tissue, subsequent immunologic tolerance, and growth failure. The stunted animal shows a continually reduced number of cells in certain organs. These data reinforce the concept that growth failure after steroid injection is secondary to massive destruction of lymphoid tissue and further support the hypothesis that the thymus may play a role in the regulation of growth during the neonatal period.
Driving the Bow: Fiddle and Dance Studies from around the North Atlantic 2

Reviewed Medium: book Year: 2008 Pages: 226 Publisher: Elphinstone Institute, University of Aberdeen ISBN: 0-9545682-5-7 (soft cover).
Phylogeography of the Peninsula Crowned Snake (Tantilla relicta relicta) on the Lake Wales Ridge in Central Florida

Abstract Concordant phylogeographic patterns among species indicate similar ecological and/or evolutionary histories. A concordant phylogeographic pattern exists among two fossorial skinks inhabiting Florida scrub habitat on the Lake Wales Ridge in central Florida. We evaluate whether the Peninsula Crowned Snake (Tantilla relicta relicta), a fossorial species similarly adapted to xeric upland habitats in central Florida, follows the same phylogeographic pattern. We collected 51 Peninsula Crowned Snakes from 13 sites on the Lake Wales Ridge. The sites spanned Josephine Creek, a location identified as a potential phylogeographic break-point for the species studied previously. We screened the genetic variation of a portion of the mitochondrial cytochrome-b gene and the mitochondrial control region. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the Peninsula Crowned Snake has central and southern groups, which is similar, yet not identical, to other reptiles on the Lake Wales Ridge. Tests of differentiation detected p...
Hip Resurfacing Arthroplasty: A Review of the Evidence for Surgical Technique, Outcome, and Complications

Hip resurfacing arthroplasty has reemerged as a valid reconstruction option for the osteoarthritic hip. Patient selection is critical for excellent surgical outcomes, especially when compared with total hip arthroplasty. However, concerns regarding surgical technique and postsurgical complications persist. The authors review the evidence for surgical technique, outcomes, and complications related to modern metal-on-metal hip resurfacing arthroplasty.
An Impact of Subgrid-Scale Ice-Ocean Dynamics on Sea-Ice Cover

A coupled sea-ice‐ocean numerical model is used to study the impact of an ill-resolved subgrid-scale seaice‐ocean dynamical process on the areal coverage of the sea-ice field. The process of interest is the transmission of stress from the ocean into the sea-ice cover and its subsequent interaction with the sea-ice internal stress field. An idealized experiment is performed to highlight the difference in evolution of the sea-ice cover in the circumstance of a relatively coarse-resolution grid versus that of a fine-resolution one. The experiment shows that the ubiquitous presence of instabilities in the near-surface ocean flow field as seen on a fine-resolution grid effectively leads to a sink of sea-ice areal coverage that does not occur when such flow instabilities are absent, as on a coarse-resolution grid. This result also implies that a fine-resolution grid may have a more efficient atmosphere‐sea-ice‐ocean thermodynamic exchange than a coarse one. This sink of sea-ice areal coverage arises because the sea-ice undergoes sporadic, irreversible plastic failure on a fine-resolution grid that, by contrast, does not occur on a coarse-resolution grid. This demonstrates yet again that coarse-resolution coupled climate models are not reaching fine enough resolution in the polar regions of the world ocean to claim that their numerical solutions have reached convergence.
Low-Temperature Polymer-Based Three-Dimensional Silicon Integration

We describe a low-temperature polymer-based 3D integration technique for wafer-scale transplantation of micrometer thick circuit and device layers onto another host wafer. The maximum temperature of this approach is 340 oC. It incorporates a low-k semiconductor compatible dielectric bonding media, employs tools that are readily available within a fabrication environment, and is very simple to implement. Another unique characteristic of the approach is the simultaneous separation of the transplanting layer from the donor assembly with the bonding to the host assembly. Alignment registration of several micrometers between device layers is demonstrated. Electrical results of 3D inverter circuit along with demonstration of four-device-layer 3D integrated stack are presented.
The mobile society: effects of global sourcing and network organisation

The notion of a mobile society needs to be rooted in the newly emerging forms of business and organisation of the global economy. In this paper we explore the five stages of business focus evolution over the past 50 years, with a special attention paid to the current, the fifth stage. From the given and fixed processes, through their re-engineering and extension to networks, we have moved up to their disaggregation and distribution. This is a remarkable journey in search of competitive advantage and its main acceleration is beginning now. The future of business and entrepreneurship is more remarkable than its recent past. We focus on global sourcing as the main driver of attaining global competitiveness and sustainability. It is becoming the interest of all network participants that their relationships are competitive, sustainable and stable on a global scale. The main point of this paper is that mobile knowledge and learning are brought forth by the underlying global forces of mobile business and society.
EFFECTS OF PREDICTABILITY AND COMPETITION ON GROUP AND INDIVIDUAL CHOICE IN A FREE-RANGING FORAGING ENVIRONMENT

Thepresentstudyexaminedthesocialforagingofratsinanopenarena.Therelativequantityoffoodvariedacross two food sources, or “patches.” Five food quantity ratios (1:1, 1:2, 1:8, 8:1, 2:1) were presented in aseriesof30-minsessions.Ratiosvariedrandomlyacross6-mincomponentswithinsessions(Phase1),orinaconsistent order across sessions (Phase 2). Group and individual preferences were well described by theideal free distribution and the generalized matching law, respectively, with evidence of undermatching atbothgroupandindividuallevels.Sensitivityofindividualandcollectivebehaviortotherelativequantitiesoffood was higher in Phase 2 than in Phase 1. Competitiveness rankings, assessed before and afterexperimental sessions by delivering food in rapid succession from a single feeder, was positively related tosensitivity values in Phase 1, but less consistently so in Phase 2. This study illustrates a promisingexperimental method for investigating foraging in a social context.Key words: choice, foraging, concurrent schedules, generalized matching law, ideal free distribution
The golden anniversary of broadcasting

When San Francisco Sigma Delta Chi professionals in September, 1958, discussed what newspaper site deserved an historic marker, Gordon Greb thought, “Why not radio?” This idea stimulated research into pioneer broadcasting claims—and this article. Mr. Greb received a Master of Arts degree in Journalism from the University of Minnesota in 1951 and is a doctoral candidate at Stanford University. His master's thesis, “Freedom of the Movies in Presenting News and Opinions,” was quoted before the U.S. Supreme Court in the precedent‐setting case, Burstyn v. Wilson, et al, 343 U.S. 495 (1952), which struck down movie censorship. Mr. Greb is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Journalism and Advertising at San Jose State College where he directs the radio‐television news sequence. He also has taught at Minnesota, Oregon, and Stanford.
Standardizing Infra-red Measures of Bone Mineral Crystallinity: an Experimental Approach

Three experiments demonstrate that infra-red spectroscopic measures of bone mineral crystallinity are partially dependent upon sample preparation methods. Intensive grinding of bone samples for Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis results in a net decrease in splitting factor (SF), a common measure of apatite crystallinity. If grinding is overly intensive, SF measurement may respond more to variation in sample preparation than to the differences in bone mineral crystallinity that it is intended to monitor. Because even slight differences in sample preparation can affect SF values, a set of procedures and standards are proposed as a means of calibrating infra-red crystallinity measures.
Community and foodweb ecology of freshwater mussels

Freshwater mussel (Superfamily Unionoidea) communities are important components of food webs, and they link and influence multiple trophic levels. Mussels filter food from both the water column and sediment with ciliated gills. Differences in cilia structure and arrangement might allow mussel species to partition food resources. Mussels are omnivores that feed across trophic levels on bacteria, algae, detritus, zooplankton, and perhaps, dissolved organic matter. Living mussels and their spent shells provide or improve habitat for other organisms by providing physical structure, stabilizing and bioturbating sediments, and influencing food availability directly and indirectly through biodeposition of organic matter and nutrient excretion. Effects of mussel communities on nutrient translocation and cycling depend on mussel abundance, species composition, and environmental conditions. Nutrient-related mussel effects influence multiple trophic levels. Healthy mussel communities occur as multispecies assemblages in which species interactions are probably very important. Food limitation and competition among species have been documented, but so have positive species interactions, and rare species have been shown to benefit energetically from living in species-rich communities. Effects of mussel species on ecosystem services and food webs vary across spatial and temporal scales, and the relative importance of competition and facilitation might change at different scales.
The distended facet sign: an indicator of position-dependent spinal stenosis and degenerative spondylolisthesis.

Abstract Background context Symptoms of spinal stenosis are position-dependent. Stand up magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and myelography can demonstrate further dynamic components of spinal stenosis that may go unrecognized on supine MRI. Purpose To describe a radiographic finding seen on standard supine MRI that is an indicator for dynamic spinal stenosis and degenerative spondylolisthesis. Study design/setting Case series. Patient sample Six patients. Outcomes measures Radiographic observation. Methods Six patients with classic neurogenic claudication but equivocal supine MRI findings were evaluated with myelography. The imaging findings were reviewed and compared. Results All patients had severe position-dependent spinal stenosis upon upright myelographic imaging with grade I or II spondylolisthesis. The MRI showed very minimal to no spondylolisthesis. These dynamic slips reduced when supine, causing the vertebral bodies to appear aligned with adequate canal space, whereas the irregular facet joints became distended. Hypertrophic and fluid-filled facets at the dynamic slip level were seen in all patients, giving the appearance of a distended joint. Conclusions MRI may not demonstrate significant stenosis in patients with neurogenic claudication caused by dynamic degenerative spondylolisthesis. However, the presence of large fluid-filled facet joints indicates the likelihood of positional translation at that level which could be further confirmed by upright imaging.
A Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy Study of Electron and Proton Irradiated ${\hbox {p}} ^{+} {\hbox {n}}$ GaAs Diodes

Defects produced by 0.6 MeV, 1 MeV, and 5 MeV electrons are compared with those produced by 2 MeV proton irradiations in p+n GaAs diodes using Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy (DLTS). The introduction rates are determined as a function of electron energy and compared with the nonionizing energy loss (NIEL). It has been determined that a majority of the electron-induced defects (E-traps) are similar to those observed following proton irradiation (PR-traps). However, a new defect emerges in the 5 MeV electron DLTS spectrum with a peak maximum occurring at ∼ 163 K which is not observed at the other electron energies. It has been determined that this new electron-induced defect which has previously not been detected is the proton-induced PR4'' defect. This defect emerges as the incident electron energy is increased suggesting it is formed by higher energy recoils and may be a complex defect. The recoil spectra are analyzed.
The Dual Challenges of Generality and Specificity When Developing Environmental DNA Markers for Species and Subspecies of Oncorhynchus

Environmental DNA (eDNA) sampling is a powerful tool for detecting invasive and native aquatic species. Often, species of conservation interest co-occur with other, closely related taxa. Here, we developed qPCR (quantitative PCR) markers which distinguish westslope cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii lewsi), Yellowstone cutthroat trout (O. clarkii bouvieri), and rainbow trout (O. mykiss), which are of conservation interest both as native species and as invasive species across each other’s native ranges. We found that local polymorphisms within westslope cutthroat trout and rainbow trout posed a challenge to designing assays that are generally applicable across the range of these widely-distributed species. Further, poorly-resolved taxonomies of Yellowstone cutthroat trout and Bonneville cutthroat trout (O. c. utah) prevented design of an assay that distinguishes these recognized taxa. The issues of intraspecific polymorphism and unresolved taxonomy for eDNA assay design addressed in this study are likely to be general problems for closely-related taxa. Prior to field application, we recommend that future studies sample populations and test assays more broadly than has been typical of published eDNA assays to date.
Dielectric Mixing Models for Cement Based Materials

The construction industry has a keen interest in using a nondestructive, real-time, reliable and inexpensive technique for the in-place evaluation of the compressive strength of concrete structures. Compressive strength of concrete is usually determined by drilling a core and testing it in a laboratory. This method is relatively expensive, and it may take a few days for the results to be known. In addition, this method is destructive. Consequently, several nondestructive techniques have been developed for this purpose. These include: pulse velocity method, surface hardness, penetration, pullout, breakoff and maturity techniques [1]. The major disadvantage of these techniques is their limited accuracy, and the fact that they are not totally nondestructive.
Stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of cellular and tissue medium- and long-chain acyl-coenzyme A thioesters

RATIONALE Acyl-Coenzyme A (CoA) thioesters are the principal form of activated carboxylates in cells and tissues. They are employed as acyl carriers that facilitate the transfer of acyl groups to lipids and proteins. Quantification of medium- and long-chain acyl-CoAs represents a significant bioanalytical challenge because of their instability. METHODS Stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography/selected reaction monitoring-mass spectrometry (LC/SRM-MS) provides the most specific and sensitive method for the analysis of CoA species. However, relevant heavy isotope standards are not available and they are challenging to prepare by chemical synthesis. Stable isotope labeling by essential nutrients in cell culture (SILEC), developed originally for the preparation of stable isotope labeled short-chain acyl-CoA thioester standards, has now been extended to medium-chain and long-chain acyl-CoAs and used for LC/SRM-MS analyses. RESULTS Customized SILEC standards with >98% isotopic purity were prepared using mouse Hepa 1c1c7 cells cultured in pantothenic-free media fortified with [13C315N1]-pantothenic acid and selected fatty acids. A SILEC standard in combination with LC/SRM-MS was employed to quantify cellular concentrations of arachidonoyl-CoA (a representative long-chain acyl-CoA) in two human colon cancer cell lines. A panel of SILEC standards was also employed in combination LC/SRM-MS to quantify medium- and long-chain acyl-CoAs in mouse liver. CONCLUSIONS This new SILEC-based method in combination with LC/SRM-MS will make it possible to rigorously quantify medium- and long-chain acyl-CoAs in cells and tissues. The method will facilitate studies of medium- and long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiencies as well as studies on the role of medium- and long-chain acyl-CoAs in cellular metabolism. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reservoir simulation and modeling based on artificial intelligence and data mining (AI&DM)

Abstract In this paper a new class of reservoir models that are developed based on the pattern recognition technologies collectively known as Artificial Intelligence and Data Mining (AI&DM) is introduced. The workflows developed based on this new class of reservoir simulation and modeling tools break new ground in modeling fluid flow through porous media by providing a completely new and different angle on reservoir simulation and modeling. The philosophy behind this modeling approach and its major commonalities and differences with numerical and analytical models are explored and two different categories of such models are explained. Details of this technology are presented using examples of most recent applications to several prolific reservoirs in the Middle East and in the Gulf of Mexico. AI-based Reservoir Models can be developed for green or brown fields. Since these models are developed based on spatio-temporal databases that are specifically developed for this purpose, they require the existence of a basic numerical reservoir simulator for the green fields while can be developed entirely based on historical data for brown fields. The run-time of AI-based Reservoir Models that provide complete field responses is measured in seconds rather than hours and days (even for a multi-million grid block reservoir). Therefore, providing means for fast track reservoir analysis and AI-assisted history matching are intrinsic characteristics of these models. AI-based Reservoir Models can, in some cases, completely substitute numerical reservoir simulation models, work side by side but completely independent or be integrated with them in order to increase their productivity. Advantages associated with AI-based Reservoir Models are short development time, low development cost, fast track analysis and practical capability to quantify the uncertainties associated with the static model. AI-based Reservoir Model includes a novel design tool for comprehensive analysis of the full field and design of field development strategies to meet operational targets. They have open data requirement architecture that can accommodate a wide variety of data from pressure tests to seismic.
Prosthetic Valve Thrombus Versus Pannus: Progress With Imaging.

Prosthetic valve obstruction is a condition associated with significant morbidity and mortality.1 The most common causes of obstruction include valve thrombosis or pannus formation. Thrombosis is more likely to occur early after valve implantation, in the setting of inadequate anticoagulation, and is more common in mechanical prostheses.2,3 However, it can occur with bioprostheses and may develop long after implantation.4 Pannus is a more chronic process associated with ingrowth of tissue, causing obstruction.5 Distinguishing between thrombus and pannus as a cause of obstruction is important because thrombus can potentially be treated with fibrinolysis, whereas pannus requires surgical intervention to relieve the obstruction. Fibrinolysis is associated with potentially serious adverse outcomes including intracranial bleeding or embolic events, particularly when used for left-sided prosthetic valve thrombosis.6 Unsuccessful fibrinolysis may delay surgical intervention; this delay can be associated with increased mortality.3 Hence, correctly identifying the cause of prosthetic valve obstruction is critically important for management. See Article by Gunduz et al The evaluation of obstructed prosthetic valves has traditionally used both transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), as well as fluoroscopy.3 Transthoracic echocardiography serves well as the standard for evaluation of the hemodynamic performance of prosthetic heart valves; an increase in gradient and decrease in orifice area can signal development of obstruction. Gradual rotation of the imaging plane is required to appreciate occluder motion. However, the ability to visualize thrombus or pannus may be compromised by acoustic shadowing from the mechanical prosthesis or by limited acoustic windows because of patient size or lung disease. Fluoroscopy is good at determining whether leaflet motion is normal or abnormal, but cannot provide additional information about the presence or the absence of the thrombus.7 TEE provides a better assessment of the prosthesis, and the presence of mobile masses with …
Behavioral Management, Enrichment, and Psychological Well-being of Laboratory Nonhuman Primates

Animal care in biomedical facilities housing nonhuman primates has undergone a dramatic transformation in the past two decades, with increasing emphasis on behavioral management, psychological well-being, and animal welfare. Today, providing for the psychological well-being of nonhuman primates is an integral part of animal care. Behavioral management is a comprehensive management strategy that includes enrichment, positive reinforcement training, facilities and enclosure design, positive staff–animal interactions, and behavioral monitoring in an effort to promote psychological well-being and animal welfare. Successful behavioral management strategies are tailored to the natural behavior of the species and include both social and nonsocial forms of enrichment. An increasing number of behavioral management programs include positive reinforcement training, a significant refinement to animal care practices. Appropriate behavioral management strategies can help reduce stress for nonhuman primates and prevent behavioral problems from occurring, which ultimately enhances the utility of the primate model in biomedical research. This chapter briefly summarizes several concepts that are integral to the appropriate behavioral management of laboratory primates and to the promotion of their psychological well-being and welfare.
Inverted Population Distributions Produced by Chemical Reactions

Although there are many possibilities of forming inverted populations by chemical reactions, few studies of actual inversions have been reported. The known examples are gas phase reactions, and generally the inversions are most pronounced at low pressures and involve reactions with atomic species.
Emergy baseline for the Earth: A historical review of the science and a new calculation

Abstract Quantifying the emergy baseline of the Earth is a practical necessity for emergy evaluations, because it serves as a unified basis for determining transformities of the available energy storages and flows of the geobiosphere. The current debate over the value and significance of the planetary baseline has been in progress since 1998, when the author first brought new data on geopotential energy formation in the world oceans to H.T. Odum's attention. In this paper, past studies of the baseline were reviewed and errors in data translation and model formulation were found to be sufficient to justify a new calculation. A fundamental epistemological obstacle to establishing a unified planetary baseline (i.e., the production functions for deep Earth heat and tide as a function of solar radiation are unknown) is overcome by using the transitive property of equalities to estimate equivalences between solar radiation and Earth's deep heat exergy flows (4200 solar equivalent joules per joule, seJ J⿿1) and between the exergy of solar radiation and the tidal exergy dissipated in the oceans (35,400 seJ J⿿1). At present, the planetary baseline for the Earth with its ice-covered, polar oceans is approximately 1.16 y 1025 seJ y⿿1 and the distribution of the emergy or the organizing power of the inputs is: 1/3 solar radiation, 1/3 deep Earth heat and 1/3 tidal geopotential energy. In addition, the planetary baseline has been remarkably stable over the past 555,000,000 y (1.00 y 1025 ± 1.13 y 1024 seJ y⿿1 or within ±11%). The tidal exergy dissipated in the world oceans over this time varies from 31% to 155% of its present value largely due to the changing efficiency of the Earth as a ⿿machine⿿ for generating tidal exergy. Close correspondence of the value and properties of this new baseline with the principles of Energy Systems Theory indicates that it should be preferred over prior determinations.
Falling Asleep: Observations and Thoughts

ABSTRACT.Depth EEG findings (obtained in patients with intractable epilepsy) demonstrate the occurrence of sleep spindles in the frontal region and especially in the supplementary frontal motor cortex at a time when the scalp EEC and the patient's behavior may indicate light drowsiness or even wakefulness. Implanted thalamic electrodes in the human also show relatively early occurrence of spindles. These findings suggest the existence of a preparatory state for sleep in an apparently waking person.Elevated temperature of the periocular region has been demonstrated with the use of thermography. These periocular are likely to indicate a peripheral mechanism of sleep induction. There is reason to presume that dissociation between central and peripheral mechanisms of sleep induction may exist.
Jonathan Miller on The Shakespeare Plays

Hallinan. When you're producing Shakespeare for television as opposed to the stage, what does it do to your general approach? Miller. Well, I think that television offers you the chance of removing large-scale hectoring rhetoric. It means the people haven't got to boom or to sing or to go in for that rather grandiloquent verse-speaking which often puts people off. You can be much more naturalistic. People can speak quietly in their own voice without simply descending into an ordinary modern vernacular. You can't have them doing that because it's very destructive to Shakespeare's verse if you speak as if it was ordinary modern speech. Hallinan. It seems to me that television is inherently a more naturalistic medium. You're used to seeing the news on television. Miller. That's right. I think that as soon as you put Shakespeare on that box where, as you say, people are accustomed to seeing naturalistic events represented, you are more or less obliged to present the thing as naturally as you can. There are, of course, limits upon that because of the sort of language that is being spoken. First of all, it comes from the past, and secondly, it doesn't come from the naturalistic past. It comes from the artistic past, and it's got a style and an idiom of its own which can't be violated. You have to allow these people to speak verse. But you have to get them speaking the verse in such a way that the audience is not aware of the fact that they're in the presence of an art form. They're only in the presence of naked communication. You have to give them the sense that when they hear those sentiments and feelings and ideas expressed in Shakespeare's language it's the only possible way in which those particular characters could have spoken; and that that's the best way to convey the ideas that they are actually trying to express. Hallinan. What about the visual style? Miller. Well, you have an awkward situation always, with the television, when you're taking an art form which was not intended for that medium. One has to understand that Shakespeare wrote for an unfurnished, unscenic stage without naturalistic representation of any sort. People didn't even wear colorful costumes. They simply wore modern costume, the costume of the sixteenth century, with perhaps some item which represented the past. Even in doing the Roman plays, it seems very unlikely that people wore archaeologically correct Roman
Primary frequency modulation performance evaluation for Heilongjiang Electric Power Grid

Variation of power grid frequency is a vital for power grid system to run safely and steadily,making the power grid frequency within the range of requirements is an important index that the system operates in safe and sound.This paper furthered to discuss and research the frequency modulation capability,response speed and the dead zone range of power generation units in Heilongjiang Power Grid in order to make better use of the primary frequency modulation's function and implement the checkout and evaluation on line of the primary fre-quency modulation.