cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ecological notes on fungi in Mangrove forests

Lists of all marine and terrestrial fungi described from mangrove plants are compiled and relations between these fungi and mangrove forest plants ( Avicennia, Hibiscus, Pluchea, Rhizophora ) are described. Marine ascomycetes, basidiomycetes and deuteromycetes occur on submerged parts of roots (proproots, pneumatophores), stems and branches. Six of thirty-one species appear to be host specific. Most frequent marine species are Lulworthia sp., Metasphaeria australiensis and ‘ Phoma ’ sp. The majority of the forty-four terrestrial fungi described from mangrove trees are parasites on living leaves. High contents of tannin do not protect mangrove plants from decomposition by marine fungi and wood boring animals (shipworms and isopods). Submerged bark and wood of mangroves are deteriorated by higher marine fungi. Wood destruction is of the ‘soft rot’ type. Fewer kinds of fungi occur on bark than on wood; Mycosphaerella pneumatophorae (in Avicennia ) and Keissleriella blepharospora (in Rhizophora ) are exclusively corticolous. Some fungi develop within calcareous layers of shipworm tubes in mangrove roots or branches. Rhizophora forms adventitious roots above injured and fungus-infested root tips. There is a zonation of fungi and other organisms along vertical roots, stems, or branches of mangrove trees. Submerged parts are inhabited by marine fungi, algae, balanids, worms, shipworms, and gribbles. Several species of fungi are usually found together on the submerged part of one root, but no distinct pattern of vertical distribution among the species is evident. Growth of marine and terrestrial fungi overlaps at the high tide line. Organisms above the water include ascomycetes, deuteromycetes, basidiomycetes, and lichens. Horizontal distribution of fungi in a Hawaiian mangrove swamp along a transect from salt to fresh water is described. Marine fungi are absent in the freshwater part. Thus, host specific K. blepharospora occurs only on Rhizophora plants in salt water. Dispersal and geographical distribution of mangrove fungi are discussed. Knowledge of occurrence of marine fungi in the eastern mangrove is almost absent. Some fungi, chiefly host specific ones, have a limited distribution, while omnivorous species are found in mangroves throughout the tropics and sub-tropics. Most mangrove fungi are warm water species.
Analysis and design of reliable control systems for urban traffic networks

This work deals with the analysis and design of reliable traffic control systems for urban transportation networks. The dynamics of queue length in front of the intersections are captured by a nonlinear state space model where a limit-reset function is introduced to maintain the non-negativity of the queues for traffic conditions ranging from undersaturation to oversaturation. A reliable control system is then synthesized to maintain system integrity (stability and vehicle flow regulation) under partial system failure brought about by local faults such as sensor and actuator failure, vehicle accidents and severing of communication links. It is shown that the reliable conditions are rather mild and can readily be satisfied by a properly designed decentralized propotional–integral-type controller. A detailed case study is also included in this work to demonstrate the properties of a reliable traffic network.
Optical imaging predicts tumor response to anti-EGFR therapy

To evaluate cetuximab treatment in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma xenografts and cell lines, we investigated a preclinical model of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines SCC-1, FaDu, CAL27, UM-SCC-5 and UM-SCC-22A were used to generate subcutaneous flank xenografts in SCID mice. Mice were divided into control and cetuximab treatment groups, mice in the latter group received 250 μg cetuximab once weekly for four weeks. After completion of therapy, SCC-1 (P < 0.001), UM-SCC-5 (P < 0.001), UM-SCC-22A (P = 0.016) and FaDu (P = 0.007) tumors were significantly smaller than control, while CAL27 tumors were not different from controls (P = 0.90). Mice were systemically injected with 50 μg of the Cy5.5-cetuximab bioconjugate and imaged by stereomicroscopy to determine if tumor fluorescence predicted tumor response. Intact tumor fluorescence did not predict response. Tissue was harvested from untreated xenografts to evaluate ex vivo imaging. Cell line...
Salvage resections for recurrent or persistent cancer of the proximal esophagus after chemoradiotherapy.

Background Cancer of the cervical esophagus is uncommon and typically presents with locally advanced disease. Management is challenging and generally involves definitive chemoradiotherapy. A segment of patients will experience locoregional failure after chemoradiotherapy with either persistent or recurrent cancer. The benefit of so-called salvage surgical resection in this group of patients remains unclear and is the focus of this article. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of all patients who underwent resection for recurrent or persistent squamous cell carcinoma of the proximal esophagus after chemoradiotherapy at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, between January 1, 1990 and December 31, 2005. Results Twelve patients were studied: 5 (42%) with recurrent cancer and 7 (58%) with persistent cancer. The median age of the patients was 59 years (range, 42–73 years), and 8 patients were men (67%). Eight patients (67%) underwent pharyngolaryngectomy and 4 patients (33%) underwent McKeown's esophagectomy. Two patients (17%) had positive margins at the time of resection. Five patients (42%) experienced 1 or more perioperative complications. Median length of hospitalization was 15 days (range, 9–29 days) and median follow-up was 22 months (range, 1–159 months). Overall 1, 3, 5, and 10-year survival rates were 75%, 33%, 17%, and 8%, respectively. Median survival was 21 months. Cause of death was recurrent cancer in 10 patients (83%) and perioperative death in 1 patient (8%). Conclusions The opportunity for long-term survival after salvage resection for persistent or recurrent cancer of the proximal esophagus exists but is limited and must be thoughtfully balanced with the perioperative morbidity of such challenging resections by both patients and physicians.
Seminars in Oncology: The Emerging Role of MRI in Neoadjuvant Therapy

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is commonly used for women with locally advanced breast cancer. Many investigators are using the neoadjuvant setting to monitor response to therapy. One of the barriers to evaluating response is that clinical exam, mammography, and ultrasound are limited in defining the extent of disease, especially in the setting of dense breast tissue. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has the potential to play a very significant role in the management of patients in the neoadjuvant setting. Using high spatial resolution technique, MRI can define the extent of disease in the breast and provide anatomic detail, which can be used to monitor response to therapy and direct surgical intervention at the end of chemotherapy. MRI provides insight about tumor heterogeneity and has demonstrated distinct patterns of tumor infiltration into and containment by the breast parenchyma. MRI is being incorporated into clinical trials of neoadjuvant therapy to test whether change in volume over the course of therapy can serve as a surrogate marker of response, and whether, in combination with molecular biomarkers, it can be developed into a tool to change therapy and improve survival.
You're not from 'round here, are you?: naive Bayes detection of non-native utterance text

Native and non-native use of language differs, depending on the proficiency of the speaker, in clear and quantifiable ways. It has been shown that customizing the acoustic and language models of a natural language understanding system can significantly improve handling of non-native input; in order to make such a switch, however, the nativeness status of the user must be known. In this paper, we show that naive Bayes classification can be used to identify non-native utterances of English. The advantage of our method is that it relies on text, not on acoustic features, and can be used when the acoustic source is not available. We demonstrate that both read and spontaneous utterances can be classified with high accuracy, and that classification of errorful speech recognizer hypotheses is more accurate than classification of perfect transcriptions. We also characterize part-of-speech sequences that play a role in detecting non-native speech.
Determining zinc with commonly used calcium and zinc fluorescent indicators, a question on calcium signals

Investigations into the roles of Ca(2+) and Zn(2+) in cell biology have been facilitated by the development of sensitive fluorometric probes that have enabled the measurement of Ca(2+) or Zn(2+) in both extracellular and intracellular environments. It is critical to be aware of the specificity and relative selectivity of a probe for the targeted ion. Here, we investigated metal-ion responses by screening nominally Zn(2+)- or Ca(2+)-selective fluorophores in solutions containing various concentrations of Ca(2+), as a potential interferent for Zn(2+), or Zn(2+), as a potential interferent for Ca(2+). The results suggested that Zn(2+)-sensitive dyes were more specific for their targeted ion than dyes that targeted Ca(2+). Ca(2+)-sensitive dyes such as Calcium Green-1, Fura-2, and Fluo-3 showed a wide range of interaction with Zn(2+), even responding to Zn(2+) in the presence of high concentrations of Ca(2+). We demonstrate that these Ca(2+) indicators can effectively measure dynamic changes of cytosolic Zn(2+). Our results appeal for a new generation of Ca(2+) fluorophores that are more specific for Ca(2+) over Zn(2+). One implication of these results is that data obtained using Ca(2+)-sensitive dyes may need to be re-examined to determine if results previously attributed to Ca(2+) could, in part, be due to Zn(2+).
Optical studies on II–VI semiconductor quantum dots: Particle size dependence of the high pressure phase stability

Abstract Pressure dependent optical studies are reported for different sized CdS x Se 1− x quantum dots embedded in a glass matrix and for CdS x Se 1− x colloids. The increased phase stability of wurtzite to rock salt structure is reversible and size dependent. Different possible sources such as strain from defects, semi-conductor to glass matrix thermal expansion mismatch, increase in the electronic energy due to confinement, and surface tension which may cause this increased phase stability are discussed. Results indicate that surface tension is the major contribution for the quantum dots embedded in a glass matrix (composite material) and a simple model is used that produces estimates of the size distribution and difference of the surface tensions in the two phases. However, to explain the behavior of the colloid quantum dots, a different concept is required. The colloid model is also discussed in this paper.
Effects of the source of chloride ion and surface corrosion patterns on the kinetics of the copper-aluminum cementation system

Abstract The effect of chloride ion additions from various sources, viz. KCl, NaCl, AlCl 3 · 6H 2 O), CuCl 2 · 2H 2 O), and HCl, on the rates of copper cementation on aluminum has been studied. The change in the structure and morphology of the resultant copper deposits agree with the change in the kinetic results calculated from the rate data. Various corrosion patterns on pure aluminum and canning alloys were also identified. The aluminum consumption values, reported both as aluminum factor and as excess aluminum consumption, are included for purposes of comparison with the observed aluminum corrosion patterns.
Detecting phasic lapses in alertness using pupillometric measures

Small, nonreflexive pupillary changes are robust physiological indicators of cognitive activity. In the present paper, we examined whether measures of pupillary changes could be used to detect phasic lapses in alertness during a vigilance task. A polynomial curve-fitting method for quantifying parameters from single task-evoked pupillary responses (TEPRs) is described. The TEPR parameters associated with long latency responses (indicating low alertness) were compared to the TEPR parameters associated with normal latency responses (indicating an alert state) within a multilevel modeling framework. Three parameters, pupil diameter, linear pupil dilation rate and curvilinear pupil dilation rate, significantly differed between the long latency and normal latency response types. The results provide preliminary evidence that these parameters would be useful neurocognitive markers of operator state in a bio-behavioral alertness monitoring system.
Posaconazole: a new oral antifungal agent with an expanded spectrum of activity.

Purpose. The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, spectrum of activity and resistance, clinical utility, adverse effects, dosage and administration, and recommended monitoring of posaconazole are reviewed. Summary. Posaconazole is a member of the azole class of antifungals recently approved for the prophylaxis and treatment of invasive fungal infections. Posaconazole has a large volume of distribution and distributes well into tissues. Posaconazole-induced fungal killing is optimal when peak drug concentrations achieved are 2–10 times the organism’s minimum inhibitory concentration. Posaconazole demonstrates fungistatic activity against most species of Candida , Cryptococcus , and Trichosporon . In a direct comparison, posaconazole appeared 2–4 times more active than itraconazole against most pathogenic yeast species. Posaconazole also showed activity against Candida and Aspergillus isolates resistant to the other azoles and amphotericin B. Posaconazole has superior activity to the other azoles against Zygomycetes isolates. It has demonstrated activity equal or superior to other antifungal agents against almost all varieties of yeast and mold. The most common treatment-related adverse events associated with posaconazole are nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, rash, hypokalemia, thrombocytopenia, and abnormal liver function test values. Significant drug interactions include cimetidine, rifabutin, and phenytoin, for which concomitant use should be avoided, as well as cyclosporine, tacrolimus, and midazolam, for which dosage reductions are recommended. Conclusion. Posaconazole is an oral anti-fungal agent with a broader spectrum of activity and better clinical efficacy than other available antifungals. It is less nephrotoxic than the polyenes and probably less likely to be involved in drug–drug interactions than the mold-active azoles.
Fluctuation theory of hydrogen bonding in near-critical fluids

Recent experiments indicate that the number of hydrogen bonds in solutions increases in the critical region of the solvent. This effect can be explained by the density fluctuations near the critical point. A theory of this unusual effect is developed. The theoretical predictions are compared with the experimental data on hydrogen bonding between perfluoro-tert-butanol and dimethyl ether in supercritical sulfur hexafluoride. The theory requires no adjustable parameters and is in excellent agreement with the experimental data. Possible applications of this effect for hydrogen-bonding solutions and polymer mixtures are discussed.
OBJECTIVE WEATHER-MAP ANALYSIS

Abstract Wind and pressure fields are fitted by third-degree polynomials in areas of the order of 106 square miles. Expressions involving derivatives of wind and pressure are computed and the question of computation of geostrophic deviations is re-examined. A method of connecting polynomials in separate areas is investigated. The following conclusions are drawn: Isopleths and streamlines drawn from the polynomials greatly resemble subjective isopleths and streamlines. In all cases studied, the smoothing seems to be adequate. Horizontal divergence and vertical velocities can be determined as well from the polynomials objectively as by other subjective methods. The errors of observation influence the magnitude of these quantities considerably, but usually do not affect the sign. On the scale of these measurements, reliable pressure gradients can be obtained objectively; however, the Laplacian of pressure is very much affected by the technique of analysis and by observational errors. Reliable values of the g...
EFFECTS OF RED IMPORTED FIRE ANTS ON RECRUITMENT OF WHITE-TAILED DEER FAWNS

We investigated the effect of red imported fire ants (RIFA; Solenopsis invicta) on an index of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) fawn recruitment (doe:fawn ratio) on 10 200-ha plots in the Texas Coastal Prairie during 1991-93. Five of the plots received treatments of the fire ant bait AMDRO© (Am. Cyanamid Co., Wayne, N.J.) during April and October 1991 and May 1992 to reduce RIFA populations. The remaining 5 plots served as untreated comparison areas. Populations of RIFA were reduced (P < 0.10) on treated study areas during deer fawning periods in 1991-92. Fawn recruitment was higher on treated areas during 1991 (P = 0.037) and 1992 (P = 0.069), with recruitment about twice as high on treated areas. In 1993, after 1 year of RIFA reinfestation, fawn recruitment did not differ between treated and untreated plots (P = 0.443). We conclude that high density RIFA infestations reduced white-tailed deer fawn recruitment.
Shifts in associative hierarchies over time as a function of paired-associate training

In Stage 1, individual response hierarchies were assessed by obtaining eight responses to each of eight stimulus words. In experimental conditions, Stage-2 PA training consisted of learning the stimulus words paired with the respective sixth response (R6) from each of the hierarchies. Control conditions involved stimulus and response words which had not previously appeared in the experiment. The response hierarchies of the eight stimulus words were reassessed (Stage 3) at four time intervals after PA training. The results indicate R6 repetitions increased after PA training. Repetition of responses in Stage 3 also tended to increase as Stage-1 hierarchy position (HP) varied from HP8 to HP1. In addition, the R6 responses showed significant upward shifts in HP after PA training. There was some evidence that time influenced the degree of R6 shift, with maximum upward shift occurring when Stage 3 occurred immediately after PA training.
High-level expression of recombinant dengue virus type 2 envelope domain III protein and induction of neutralizing antibodies in BALB/C mice.

Dengue fever is a growing public health problem in many countries since so far no effective vaccines are available. In this study, the domain III of dengue virus type 2 envelope was expressed in Escherichia coli without fusion of any carrier protein. The recombinant protein was detected in the form of inclusion bodies, which were solubilized in 8 M urea and could be purified subsequently by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on an ion exchange column. After refolding, the recombinant protein inhibited the DEN-2 plaque formation on C6/36 cells, demonstrated its function of receptor-interaction was retained. The recombinant protein was inoculated into BALB/c mice to test its immunogenicity and ability to induce neutralizing antibodies. The mice immunized with the purified protein developed high antibody titers. A neutralizing titer of 1:64 was also obtained by a cytopathogenic effect (CPE) inhibition assay in C6/36 cells. Mice challenged with lethal dose of DEN-2 in combination with sera from immunized mice were protected completely. The results suggested that these expression and purification strategies have the potential for development of an inexpensive vaccine.
Comparative anti-androgenic actions of vinclozolin and flutamide on transgenerational adult onset disease and spermatogenesis

Abstract Exposure of gestating female rats to the anti-androgenic endocrine disruptor vinclozolin has been shown to induce transgenerational adult onset disease phenotypes. The current study, was designed to compare the actions of vinclozolin to the known anti-androgenic compound flutamide. The gestating female rats were exposed to intraperitoneal injections during embryonic day 8–14 (E8–E14) to 100 mg/kg/day vinclozolin or flutamide at either 5 mg or 20 mg/kg/day. As previously observed, vinclozolin induced a transgenerational testis phenotype of increased spermatogenic cell apoptosis and decreased epididymal sperm number. In contrast, the flutamide exposures resulted in a testis phenotype of increased spermatogenic cell apoptosis and decreased epididymal sperm numbers in the F1 generation only, and not the F2 and F3 generation adult males. Interestingly, some of the low dose (5 mg/kg) flutamide F2 generation offspring developed spinal agenesis and supernummery development (polymelia) of limbs. Although the actions of vinclozolin and flutamide appear similar in the F1 generation males, the transgenerational effects of vinclozolin do not appear to be acting through the same anti-androgenic mechanism as flutamide.
Adsorption Dynamics of Organic Compounds and Water Vapor in Activated Carbon Beds

Breakthrough behavior is investigated for an activated carbon bed fed with constant concentrations of organic vapors and a stepped concentration of water vapor. The organics are present as single components and binary mixtures, with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic organics considered. Experiments are performed using a fully automated fixed-bed apparatus, which enables breakthrough curve studies for gas mixtures over a wide range of concentrations, from much less than 1 ppm up to saturation. The adsorbed-phase mass transfer coefficient of water is found to be a strong function of water loading. The system response is complex, with behaviors for hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds being quite different. A model incorporating an accurate description of the highly nonideal adsorption equilibria is developed to simulate all of the fixed-bed experiments and gives good agreement in time, trend, extent, and shape of the breakthrough curves.
RNase Protection Analyses Show High Genetic Diversity among Field Isolates of Satellite Tobacco Mosaic Virus

Abstract Fifteen field isolates of satellite tobacco mosaic virus (STMV) were collected from wild Nicotiana glauca plants within a 2O-km2 area in southern California. Analyses of the entire length of the satellite genomic RNA of each isolate by RNase protection assays showed that there were 10 different genotypes within the 15 isotates, including some with regions of extreme divergence from the STMV type strain. This indicates a very high level of genetic diversity between natural STMV populations. Isolates from adjacent plants (within 3 m) were not always identical, but were more similar than those from more distant locations. Mapping of the genomic sites of heterogeneity revealed that in all cases the 3′ half of the genome, which comprises the untranslated region, was more conserved than were the 5′ coding regions.
Discussion of Ultimate Ownership, Income Management, and Legal and Extra‐Legal Institutions

Haw, Hu, Hwang, and Wu (hereafter, HHHW) examine the association between earnings management (as captured by absolute total discretionary accruals scaled by total assets), the separation of insiders’ cash flow and control rights, and institutional factors that affect both earnings management and control rights. Their study extends the literature on institutional determinants of earnings management by examining the interaction between country-level institutional factors and firm-level ownership characteristics. HHHW present empirical evidence that suggests that earnings management arising from the detachment of insiders’ control and cash flow rights decreases in both legal and extra-legal institutional factors. The authors particularly highlight their empirical finding that, relative to other institutional factors, high tax compliance appears to have the greatest impact on reducing earnings management. The authors therefore suggest that policy efforts to reduce insiders’ private control benefits and earnings management activities may be best focused on tax enforcement reforms. Given the potentially important policy implications of HHHW, my discussion and associated empirical tests focus on the empirical validity of their earnings management proxy and on their claims of a causal link between
Perceptual learning and representational learning in humans and animals

Traditionally, perceptual learning in humans and classical conditioning in animals have been considered as two very different research areas, with separate problems, paradigms, and explanations. However, a number of themes common to these fields of research emerge when they are approached from the more general concept of representational learning. To demonstrate this, I present results of several learning experiments with human adults and infants, exploring how internal representations of complex unknown visual patterns might emerge in the brain. I provide evidence that this learning cannot be captured fully by any simple pairwise associative learning scheme, but rather by a probabilistic inference process called Bayesian model averaging, in which the brain is assumed to formulate the most likely chunking/grouping of its previous experience into independent representational units. Such a generative model attempts to represent the entire world of stimuli with optimal ability to generalize to likely scenes in the future. I review the evidence showing that a similar philosophy and generative scheme of representation has successfully described a wide range of experimental data in the domain of classical conditioning in animals. These convergent findings suggest that statistical theories of representational learning might help to link human perceptual learning and animal classical conditioning results into a coherent framework.
Comparison of an Extended Interstitial with a Split Interstitial in Silicon

Molecular mechanics (MM) is a computer program used in organic chemistry to model the interactions of atoms in a molecule and thereby determine its configuration. The program models the interactions between atoms using two-body potentials, bond-bending and bond-twisting force constants, and van der Waals interactions. In this paper MM is applied to silicon for the first time and used to study defect structures in crystalline silicon. In particular, the Jackson model and the split interstitial are treated and configurations obtained. The resultant structures are then used for molecular orbital calculations using extended Huckel theory (EHT), to give oneelectron energy levels in the band gap. It is found that the Jackson interstitial has a high formation energy which does not favor this defect as a high temperature defect in silicon. Molekul-Mechanik (MM) ist ein Computer-Programm, das in der organischen Chemie benutzt wird, um die Wechselwirkung zwischen Atomen in einem Molekul zu beschreiben und dadurch die Konfiguration zu bestimmen. Das Programm beschreibt die Wechselwirkung zwischen Atomen mit Zwei-Korper-Potentialen, Bindungs-Biegungs- und Bindungs-Drehungs-Kraftkonstanten und der van der Waals-Kraft. In dieser Arbeit wird MM zum ersten Mal auf Silizium angewandt und zur Untersuchung von Defektstrukturen in Siliziumkristallen benutzt. Speziell wird das Jackson-Modell und das 〈100〉-aufgespaltene Zwischengitteratom behandelt und Konfigurationen dafur bestimmt. Die Strukturen, die sich ergeben, werden danach fur Molekul-Bahn-Berechnungen mit der erweiterten Huckel-Theorie (EHT) benutzt um Einelektron-Energie-Zustande in der Bandlucke zu bestimmen. Es wird gefunden, das das Jackson-Zwischengitteratom eine hohe Bildungsenergie besitzt und darum nicht als Hochtemperatur-Defekt in Silizium begunstigt.
Radiation-Induced Trivalent Silicon Defect Buildup at the Si-SiO2 Interface in MOS Structures

Electron spin resonance and capacitance versus voltage measurements demonstrate approximately a one-to-one correspondence between the density of radiation-induced trivalent silicon defects at the (111) Si-SiO2 interface and the density of radiation induced electronic interface states.
Economies of scale and scope in higher education: a case of comprehensive universities

Abstract This study empirically estimates a multiple-product fixed total cost function and output relationship for comprehensive universities in the United States. Statistical results based on data for 158 private and 171 public comprehensive universities suggest that there are both economies of scale and economies of scope in higher education. However, product-specific economies of scope do not exist for all output levels and activities [JEL I22].
Cross‐cultural and Cross‐temporal Explanations of Drinking Behavior: contributions from epidemiology, life‐span developmental psychology and the sociology of aging

Summary A review is presented of the contributions to understanding historical and cultural variation in drinking practices from three disciplines—epidemiology, life-span developmental psychology and the sociology of aging. It is concluded that while these disciplines have made major methodological contributions to understanding these variations, theory is lacking. Reasons for the paucity of theory and the lack of hypotheses are advanced, as are frameworks in which to test competitive hypotheses across temporal and cultural boundaries.
Diet Options of Obesity: Fad or Famous?

This article highlights the different dietary approaches that have evolved and become popular over the past few years. Whether these are fads or truly represent important changes in the way peo-ple eat and that ultimately will lead to a lower rate of obesity and improved health is impossible to know.
From classical to quantum noise

An account is given of noise in electrical circuits and its relation to quantum noise connected with Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. A phase-insensitive amplifier must introduce noise (most commonly the spontaneous emission noise) in order to satisfy the constraint imposed by quantum mechanics on the simultaneous measurement of two observables represented by noncommuting operators. Nonstationary, phase-sensitive amplifiers can employ squeezed radiation and reduce the noise below that of phase-insensitive amplifiers. Experiments on squeezing in optical fibers and the attendant noise reduction are presented. The squeezing apparatus can also be employed as a quantum nondemolition measurement of photon number. A thought experiment of a two-slit interferometer is described, in which the fringes are washed out progressively with the accuracy of the photon number determination in one of its arms. Implications of measurements of this kind for the resolution of the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox are discussed.
Investment in energy-efficient houses: An estimate of discount rates implicit in new home construction practices☆

Abstract Data on residential construction practices in 1975–1976, together with climatic data, construction costs and fuel costs, are used to calculate discount rates implicit in homeowner's decisions to invest in energy-saving measures in new homes. This process is repeated for ten cities for three heating fuels in each city. The resulting discount rates are significantly higher than market rates of interest, suggesting market imperfections which reduce the level of investment in energy efficiency below the socially optimal level.
Handling gauss' law in the A0=0 gauge☆

Abstract Feynman rules in the A0=0 gauge are derived, basaed on the subsidiary condition theorem. The resulting lonitudnal propagator is in agreement with the Caracciolo-Curci-Menotti (CCM) prescription.
Emerging Data Curation Roles for Librarians: A Case Study of Agricultural Data

This article discusses ways in which agricultural librarians can transform what they do to meet the emerging needs of scientists for creating data management strategies. Discussion of the Purdue University Libraries’ experience with evolving roles in working with scientists will include required knowledge, training, experimentation, and development of working relationships with scientists involved in the data curation, as well as pitfalls and barriers.
Skin test in bronchogenic carcinoma. II. Its value in the differential diagnosis.

Previously, we observed close relationship between impairment of reaction to delayed hypersensitivity skin test and extent of bronchogenic carcinoma patients. Recently 3 patients with suspected carcinoma of the lung with hematogenous metastases demonstrated excellent reaction to the skin tests contrary to our past experience. Further work up demonstrated that these patients had primary carcinoma other than the lung in origin. The cases are reported to emphasize again the importance of skin tests in bronchogenic carcinoma.
Influence of the Columbia River plume on cross-shelf transport of zooplankton

[1] A high-resolution sampling strategy along a cross-shelf transect near the mouth of the Columbia River was used to determine the distribution, abundance, and spatial relationship between plankton and a tidally modulated river plume. During a strong ebb tide, zooplankton-sized particles were concentrated on the seaward side of the plume front and transported 15 km across the shelf at a rate of 38 cm s−1, roughly fivefold faster than typical wind-driven transport in the region. Physical processes associated with the developing plume vertically depressed relatively dense layers of phytoplankton and zooplankton an average of 7 m deeper into the water column beneath the plume and up to 10 km beyond the extent of the plume front. The enhanced cross-shelf transport by the Columbia River plume is unique for this region of the Northern California Current. Its impact on the vertical and horizontal distribution of zooplankton shifts prey availability for higher trophic levels, such as larval fish, that primarily feed in the upper water column.
Epigenetic and genetic inactivation of tyrosyl-DNA-phosphodiesterase 1 (TDP1) in human lung cancer cells from the NCI-60 panel

Abstract Tyrosyl-DNA-phosphodiesterase 1 (TDP1) repairs 3′-blocking DNA lesions by catalytically hydrolyzing the tyrosyl-DNA-phosphodiester bond of trapped topoisomerase I (Top1) cleavage complexes (Top1cc). It also removes 3′-blocking residues derived from oxidative damage or incorporation of chain terminating anticancer and antiviral nucleosides. Thus, TDP1 is regarded as a determinant of resistance to Top1 inhibitors and chain terminating nucleosides, and possibly of genomic stability. In the 60 cell lines of the NCI Developmental Therapeutic Anticancer Screen (the NCI-60), whose whole genome transcriptome and mutations have recently been characterized, we discovered two human lung cancer cell lines deficient for TDP1 (NCI_H522 and HOP_62). HOP_62 shows undetectable TDP1 mRNA and NCI_H522 bears a homozygous deleterious mutation of TDP1 at a highly conserved amino acid residue (K292E). Absence of TDP1 protein and lack of TDP1 catalytic activity were demonstrated in cell lysates from both cell lines. Lack of TDP1 expression in HOP_62 was shown to be due to TDP1 promoter hypermethylation. Our study provides insights into the possible inactivation of TDP1 in cancers and its relationship to cellular response to Top1-targeted drugs. It also reveals two TDP1 knockout lung cancer cell lines for further TDP1 functional analyses.
Track 1: Knowledge Discovery, Capture and Creation

Compte-rendu de la rencontre annuelle de l'American Society of Information Science pour 1999. Apres avoir defini differents types de connaissance, l'article donne un bref apercu des techniques actuellement utilisees dans la decouverte, la capture et la creation de connaissances : Meta-analyse, bibliometrie, analyse des citations, couplage bibliographique, analyse des co-occurences, fouille de texte/de donnees, extraction d'information ...
A new converse in rate-distortion theory

This paper shows new finite-blocklength converse bounds applicable to lossy source coding as well as joint source-channel coding, which are tight enough not only to prove the strong converse, but to find the rate-dispersion functions in both setups. In order to state the converses, we introduce the d-tilted information, a random variable whose expectation and variance (with respect to the source) are equal to the rate-distortion and rate-dispersion functions, respectively.
Arteriosclerotic occlusion of cerebral arteries: mechanism and therapeutic considerations.

The brains of 20 patients with cerebral arteriosclerosis have been studied with regard to the exact mechanism of occlusion of the arteries in encephalomalacia. The histologic material has convinced the author that the concept of "cerebral thrombosis" in its present wide application is erroneous; there is arterial occlusion but the mechanisms of its production, which are discussed, are not the usually accepted ones.
Sex Differences in Environmental Concern and Knowledge: The Case of Acid Rain.

Several theories have been presented that predict differences between women and men in attitudes toward the environment due to differences in sex roles. Research on which these theories can be tested has tended to examine general environmental concern, and the results have generally been weak and inconclusive. Using an approach suggested in the literature, this study examines sex differences in concern and knowledge, using multi-item scales for each, about one environmental issue — acid rain. The results contradict the theories being tested, however: if there is a sex difference, men are found to be more concerned and knowledgeable about the environmental problem.
Unsteady Vane Boundary Layer Response to Rotor–Rotor Interactions in a Multistage Compressor

Experiments have been performed in a three-stage axial compressor to investigate unsteady stator boundary-layer transition in an embedded stage environment. Quasi-wall shear stress data have been acquired on the suction surface of the second stage stator, in addition to unsteady flow angle measurements at the stator inlet. With two rotor blade rows upstream of the instrumented stator, blade row interactions representative of a multistage environment are present. The different blade counts for the upstream rotors provide an unsteady flowfield at the stator inlet featuring a beating pattern. There is no portion of fully laminar boundary-layer flow on this vane. The vane boundary layer is transitional near the leading edge, and transition to a fully turbulent boundary layer is complete by 45% suction side length. The presence of the rotor 1 wakes, when arriving in between the rotor 2 wakes, increases the normalized quasi-wall shear stress in the leading-edge region by 4% and decreases the amount of laminar t...
The Effect of Sibling Visitation on Bacterial Colonization Rate in Neonates

The effect of postpartum sibling visitation on the incidence of bacterial colonization in neonates was investigated in a 32-bed obstetrical unit of a midwestern university hospital. Siblings, following a temperature check, handwashing with a Hibiclens® solution, and the donning of a patient covergown, were allowed unrestricted interaction with the infant. Statistical analysis of discharge cultures of nares and umbilici revealed that there was no significant difference between the control group and the experimental group. There was no difference between the two groups in the chart audit for postnatal infection at the first pediatric visit. Data analysis supported the hypothesis that sibling visitation does not increase bacterial colonization in neonates.
Teaching the Biology of Gender, Sex, and Sexuality Leads to a Marked Increase in Acceptance of the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

Biology education in the U.S. is under threat due to resistance to the principles of modern evolutionary theory. Although religious and cultural prejudices heavily influence this resistance, poor understanding of evolutionary theory itself is at least partly responsible. Thus, coherent and aggressive strategies are needed in order to rectify this poor understanding and properly educate the next generation of the electorate and its policy makers. Herein, we examine acceptance of evolutionary concepts among students in a majors-level introductory biology course and those in a gender studies course on sex, gender, and sexuality. Through pre- and post-course surveys, we measured the change in their acceptance. Surprisingly, students in the gender studies course consistently displayed greater improvement in their acceptance of evolutionary theory than the biology students, despite only tangential coverage of these topics in the gender studies course and substantial coverage of them in the biology course. These results provide evidence that one strategy for advancing the proper education of biology and natural history is through teaching of the biological basis of reproduction and sexuality, topicsthat exhibit a high level of student interest and uniquely convey the effects and consequence of evolutionary forces such as natural and sexual selection, adaptation, mutation, and genetic drift.
Ovarian Steroid Dehydrogenase Histochemistry and Circulating Progesterone in Aged Golden Hamsters During the Estrous Cycle and Pregnancy

The histochemical activity of the enzymes delta-5-3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3-beta-HSD) and 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17-beta-HSD) was studied in the ovaries of aged golden hamsters. These enzymes are operative in progesterone synthesis (3-beta-HSD) and 17-beta-estradiol-estrone interc onversion (17-beta-HSD). Blood levels of circulating progesterone were determined in the same animals. Data from the old animals were compared to measurements of these parameters from young hamsters. The pattern of 3-beta-HSD activity was similar in young and old animals appearing in follicles and copora lutea at appropriate times of their function and in interstitium at all times. The 17-beta-HSD activity was found in follicular granulosa cells during the cycle and the first half of pregnancy of young and old animals but was also found in corpora lutea in later pregnancy. The ovaries from old animals differed from those from young animals mainly in the degree of development of various components. There was much individual variability but often old ones had fewer large follicles fewer ovulations and more corpora lutea atretica. Interstitum with 3-beta-HSD was less abundant and replaced by pigment or condensed inactive stroma. Circulating progesterone was not significantly lower than normal in old hamsters; and on certain days some even had exceptionally high levels compared to young. Old hamsters carried fetuses to term but did not deliver them apparently because their corpora lutea continued to secrete progesterone. The fact that many old hamsters resorb conceptuses or fail to have implantations does not appear to be primarily related to lack of progesterone or deficiency of ovarian steroid dehydrogenases. (AUTHORS MODIFIED)
Differential Effects of General Anesthetics on the Quaternary Structure of the Ca-ATPases of Cardiac and Skeletal Sarcoplasmic Reticulum †

The effects of the general anesthetics hexanol, halothane, and diethyl ether on Ca-ATPase activity and on the oligomeric state of the Ca-ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) from cardiac and skeletal muscle were investigated. The effects of these general anesthetics on Ca-ATPase activity were similar in cardiac and skeletal SR and were characterized by stimulation of Ca-ATPase activity at lower concentrations of anesthetics and inhibition at higher concentrations. The distribution of the Ca-ATPase among its oligomeric states was estimated from the time-resolved phosphorescence anisotropy (TPA) decay of SR in which Ca-ATPase was covalently labeled with erythrosin isothiocyanate (ERITC) or with erythrosin iodoacetamide (ERIA). In contrast to the similar responses of Ca-ATPase activity, there were marked differences in the responses to general anesthetics of the TPA decay between cardiac and skeletal SR. In cardiac SR hexanol, halothane, and diethyl ether caused pronounced increases in the limiting anisotropy at very long times (r∞), which indicate increases in the fraction of oligomers too large to rotate on the millisecond time scale of the experiments. In skeletal SR, by contrast, there were no significant changes in r∞ in response to the three general anesthetics. This difference between cardiac and skeletal SR in response to general anesthetics is not due to the presence of phospholamban in cardiac SR, since SR from AT-1 cells, which have the SERCA2a isoform of Ca-ATPase, but only trace levels of phospholamban, have increases in r∞ in response to the general anesthetics that resemble those in cardiac SR. Experiments with cardiac SR labeled with ERIA give similar results, showing that the results with ERITC are not an artifact of the labeling procedure. Increasing the ionic strength with LiCl diminished the proportion of large immobile oligomers of cardiac Ca-ATPase under control conditions but enhanced the formation of large oligomers in response to hexanol. Several previous studies from this laboratory have dealt with the relationship between the oligomeric state of the Ca- ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum and its ATPase activity (reviewed in ref 1). We have studied the effects of membrane thickness (2), the influence of general and local anesthetics on SR 1 from skeletal muscle (3-6) and SR from cardiac muscle (7), the effects of melittin ( 8-11), the influence of inhibitors of Ca-ATPase (5, 12), and the effects of phospholamban in cardiac SR (13, 14) on the quaternary structure and enzymatic activity of the Ca-ATPase. In these previous studies, the major means of assessing the distribution of the Ca-ATPase among its oligomeric states has been measurements of the time-resolved phosphorescence anisotropy (TPA) decay of erythrosin isothiocyanate (ERITC) covalently bound to Ca-ATPase (3). Previous studies from this laboratory found that conditions that promote the formation of larger oligomers of the Ca-ATPase are associ- ated with decreased ATPase activity of both skeletal and
Young Creative Producers: Twenty-Five Years Later

This retrospective study examines the lives of students twenty-five years after they participated in an elementary gifted program based on The Revolving Door Identification Model (Renzulli, Reis, and Smith, 1981). The purpose of the multiple case-study research was to investigate the relationship between students' early interests and their subsequent vocations and avocations as young adults. Five themes emerged from the investigation, including a correlation between students' early and subsequent interests. The results from the study provide support for an enrichment model that develops the talent of young people.
The Role of Sse1 in the de Novo Formation and Variant Determination of the [PSI+] Prion

Yeast prions are a group of non-Mendelian genetic elements transmitted as altered and self-propagating conformations. Extensive studies in the last decade have provided valuable information on the mechanisms responsible for yeast prion propagation. How yeast prions are formed de novo and what cellular factors are required for determining prion “strains” or variants—a single polypeptide capable of existing in multiple conformations to result in distinct heritable phenotypes—continue to defy our understanding. We report here that Sse1, the yeast ortholog of the mammalian heat-shock protein 110 (Hsp110) and a nucleotide exchange factor for Hsp70 proteins, plays an important role in regulating [PSI+] de novo formation and variant determination. Overproduction of the Sse1 chaperone dramatically enhanced [PSI+] formation whereas deletion of SSE1 severely inhibited it. Only an unstable weak [PSI+] variant was formed in SSE1 disrupted cells whereas [PSI+] variants ranging from very strong to very weak were formed in isogenic wild-type cells under identical conditions. Thus, Sse1 is essential for the generation of multiple [PSI+] variants. Mutational analysis further demonstrated that the physical association of Sse1 with Hsp70 but not the ATP hydrolysis activity of Sse1 is required for the formation of multiple [PSI+] variants. Our findings establish a novel role for Sse1 in [PSI+] de novo formation and variant determination, implying that the mammalian Hsp110 may likewise be involved in the etiology of protein-folding diseases.