cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Information Theoretical Significance of Spatial and Temporal Masking in Video Signals

We discuss the significance of masking effects for source coding of video signals without visible impairments. A new nonlinear spatiotemporal model of human threshold vision is proposed. Linearization yields the space-time-varying w-model. The model predicts both spatial and temporal masking effects accurately. Maximum bit-rate savings by irrelevancy reduction according to the w-model are evaluated for natural test pictures on the basis of the Shannon Lower Bound of rate distortion theory. Maximum bit-rate savings due to masking are below 0.5 bit/sample in the average. Typically 1/3 of the masking gain is due to spatial masking, the rest is due to the presence of dark and bright areas in the picture, where the visibility of noise is reduced. Gains due to temporal masking are significant only in the first 100 ms after a scene cut.
Methodologies for 2-alkylidene-1,3-cyclopentanediones

Abstract Methods for the synthesis of 2-alkylidene-1,3-cyclopentanediones are given along with some preliminary information on the reactivity of these ene-diones.
Simulation of the spinodal phase separation dynamics of the Bi–Zn system

Abstract In the phase separation occurring at the miscibility gap (at the spinodal region) of an alloy a discrete symmetry is spontaneously broken and a domain wall network is formed. Field theory simulations are often used to study the dynamics of topological defects networks appearing in different physical contexts. In this work, we focus on the dynamics of the two immiscible liquids appearing on the phase diagram of the Bi–Zn system, one of the basic systems of lead free solders. We use phase field simulations to quantitatively simulate the dynamics of the two liquids separation in the Bi–Zn system, at different temperatures and for different concentrations. We obtain the miscibility gap curve and the domain morphologies of the system as a function of time, temperature and component concentrations using simulations.
The effect of pentobarbital on the antinociceptive action of morphine in morphine-tolerant and non-tolerant rats

Abstract The interaction of sodium pentobarbital with morphine sulfate in both morphine-tolerant and non-tolerant rats was investigated using the tail-compression test for analgesia. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (300–350 g) were given pentobarbital (4, 8, or 16 mg/kg) 5 min before morphine (2, 4, 6, or 8 mg/kg). Control animals received two saline injections, or pentobarbital plus saline, or saline plus morphine. All injections were subcutaneous. Prior to the first injection, a baseline nociceptive threshold was determined for each rat by applying a modified micrometer to its tail and increasing the pressure until a squeak was elicited. Test readings were taken every half-hour for 2 hr beginning 30 min after the second injection. For the chronic studies, animals were first made tolerant to morphine by the administration of the narcotic twice a day for 3 days, increasing the dose from 10 to 50 mg/kg/injection. Identical testing procedures were then followed with these rats except that the test dose of morphine given on day 4 was in the range 8–128 mg/kg. It was found that Na pentobarbital, in the subanesthetic doses used, had neither antinociceptive nor hyperalgesic properties. Furthermore, the barbiturate had no effect on the antinociceptive action of morphine in either morphine-tolerant or non-tolerant rats.
Requirements and Incentives for Reducing Construction Vehicle Emissions and Comparison of Nonroad Diesel Engine Emissions Data Sources

Nonroad construction vehicles and equipment powered by diesel engines contribute to mobile source air pollution. The engines of this equipment emit significant amounts of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter. These pollutants pose serious problems for human health and the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to regulate and control the levels of these pollutants. Furthermore, there are emerging requirements and incentives for “greening” of construction vehicle fleets and operations. Currently, there are two types of standards that regulate air pollution for these types of vehicles: technological standards for engines and quality standards for air. It is also necessary to quantify the levels of emissions that nonroad construction vehicles and equipment produce. Quantification may be based on existing data sources (such as the EPA NONROAD model) or by collecting data directly from the vehicles as they work in the field. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the chall...
The role of institutional research in conducting comparative analysis of peers

In the age of Google, data appear to be plentiful. The secret is knowing where to obtain useful and relevant data, how to access them, and how to draw meaningful conclusions from them.
Wide-band guided-wave acoustooptic Bragg diffraction and devices using multiple tilted surface acoustic waves

Guided-wave acoustooptic Bragg diffraction from a single surface acoustic wave (SAW) and from two tilted SAW's has been analyzed to establish the design parameters of the related devices. Design and performance figures of the devices involving three and four tilted SAW's in single-mode Y-cut LiNbO 3 out-diffused waveguides are described in detail. Device bandwidth of up to 358 MHz, an optical throughput coupling efficiency of up to 25 percent, and very good optical beam quality have been realized. A bandwidth of 358 MHz enables the device to deflect a light beam of 1-cm aperture into 1000 resolvable spot diameters with a random-access switching time of 2.8 µs. A total electric drive power of 220 mW was required to diffract 50 percent of the incident light power for the unit with 245-MHz bandwidth. The development of this wide-band technique has paved the way for using such guided-wave acoustooptic devices in a number of applications in addition to those common to bulk-type acoustooptic devices.
A comparative study of lossless compression algorithms on MODIS data

This paper reports a comparative study of lossless compression algorithms for MODIS data. MODIS, The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, is a 36 band Visible and IR multispectral imager aboard the Terra and Aqua satellites, having spatial resolution ranging from 0.250 to 1 kilometer and spectral resolution ranging from 0.405 -0.420 to 4.482-4.549 microns. MODIS data rates are 10.6 Mbps (peak daytime); and 6.1 Mbps (orbital average). Faced with such an enormous volume of data on a current generation imager, this study provides a comparison of current compression algorithms as a baseline for future work. The Hierarchical Data Format (HDF) is standard format selected for data archiving and distribution within the Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS). Currently this system handles over one terabyte of data daily, and this volume continues to increase over time. With growing satellite Earth science multispectral imager volume data compression, it becomes increasingly important to evaluate which compression algorithms are most appropriate for data management in transmission and archiving. This comparative compression study uses a wide range standard implementations of the leading lossless compression algorithms. Examples include image compression algorithms such as PNG and JPEG2000, and widely-used file compression formats such as BZIP2 and 7z. This study includes a comparison with the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) most recent recommended compression standard. by a significant margin.
Galvanic skin reactions associated with nonpresentation of an accustomed valued object in humans

This study investigated Amsel’s theory of frustrative nonreward using a psychophysiological measure, the galvanic skin response (GSR), instead of an instrumental measure. Following a series of presentations of a valued object, it was found that nonpresentation produced an increase in the GSR, analogous to the frustration effect for instrumental measures. It was also found that presentation cues during nonpresentation were important for the elicitation of frustration.
Instrumental activities of daily living staging as a possible clinical tool for falls risk assessment in physical medicine and rehabilitation.

Objective To determine whether instrumental activity of daily living (IADL) limitation stages can distinguish among elderly, community-dwelling persons with high likelihoods to have fallen once and more than once. Design A cross-sectional survey. Setting A nationally representative sample from the Second Longitudinal Study of Aging (LSOA II). Participants Included were 7401 community-dwelling persons 70 years of age and older. Methods The association of falling once and more than once within the past 12 months and 5 stages of increasing IADL limitation were explored by using a multinomial logistic regression model that controlled for demographics, education, perceived lack of home accessibility features, and health conditions. Sample proportions were weighted to reflect the prevalence in the U.S. population of 1994. Main Outcome Measurements Subject recall of fall history. There were 3 categories for this variable: no fall, falling once, and falling more than once in the past 12 months. Results Compared with IADL stage 0, the adjusted relative risk ratio of falling once peaked in individuals at IADL stage II at 2.0 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5-2.6), and those at IADL stage III had a relative risk ratio of 1.8 (95% CI, 1.3-2.6). The relative risk ratio of falling more than once was 2.1 (95% CI, 1.7-2.6), 4.0 (95% CI, 3.0-5.3), 3.7 (95% CI, 2.8-5.0), and 2.7 (95% CI, 1.5-4.9) for IADL stages I, II, III, and IV, respectively, when treating IADL stage 0 as reference. Conclusions IADL limitation stages could represent a powerful and practical tool for screening patients in the U.S. elderly population according to fall risk. Clinical implementation and prospective testing for validation as a screening tool would be necessary.
Average fill rate and horizon length

Given a sequence of independent and identically distributed demands and an order up to replenishment policy with negligible lead time, we prove that average fill rate is monotonically decreasing in the number of periods in the planning horizon. This was conjectured to be true in a recent issue of this journal.
Preliminary performance assessment for deep borehole disposal of high-level radioactive waste.

Deep boreholes have been proposed for many decades as an option for permanent disposal of high-level radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel. Disposal concepts are straightforward, and generally call for drilling boreholes to a depth of four to five kilometers (or more) into crystalline basement rocks. Waste is placed in the lower portion of the hole, and the upper several kilometers of the hole are sealed to provide effective isolation from the biosphere. The potential for excellent long-term performance has been recognized in many previous studies. This paper reports updated results of what is believed to be the first quantitative analysis of releases from a hypothetical disposal borehole repository using the same performance assessment methodology applied to mined geologic repositories for high-level radioactive waste. Analyses begin with a preliminary consideration of a comprehensive list of potentially relevant features, events, and processes (FEPs) and the identification of those FEPs that appear to be most likely to affect long-term performance in deep boreholes. The release pathway selected for preliminary performance assessment modeling is thermally-driven flow and radionuclide transport upwards from the emplacement zone through the borehole seals or the surrounding annulus of disturbed rock. Estimated radionuclide releases from deep borehole disposal of spent nuclear fuel, and the annual radiation doses to hypothetical future humans associated with those releases, are extremely small, indicating that deep boreholes may be a viable alternative to mined repositories for disposal of both high-level radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel.
A Case Study Investigating the Influence of Deliberative Discussion on Environmental Preferences

Three small discussion groups (30 participants) were convened in the Capital District of New York the summer of 2005 to discuss the proposal to open the coastal plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge in Alaska to oil development. Q methodology was used to test the hypotheses that deliberative discussion encourages prosocial and pro-environmental preferences and influences participants to be more willing to forego the economic and energy security benefits of development in favor of wilderness protection. The findings supported the study hypotheses; however the participants’ strong preexisting environmental bias made it difficult to separate the social influence of deliberation from majority influence. The findings also revealed that deliberation created new questions and uncertainties for many of the participants, resulting in postdiscussion preferences that may not be stable. The results complement the theoretical arguments for deliberative decision making and help bridge the gap between theory and ...
Cross-platform validation and analysis environment for particle physics

Abstract A multi-platform validation and analysis framework for public Monte Carlo simulation for high-energy particle collisions is discussed. The front-end of this framework uses the Python programming language, while the back-end is written in Java, which provides a multi-platform environment that can be run from a web browser and can easily be deployed at the grid sites. The analysis package includes all major software tools used in high-energy physics, such as Lorentz vectors, jet algorithms, histogram packages, graphic canvases, and tools for providing data access. This multi-platform software suite, designed to minimize OS-specific maintenance and deployment time, is used for online validation of Monte Carlo event samples through a web interface.
Anaesthetic considerations with the metabolic syndrome

The rising incidence of obesity has led to increased prevalence of a distinct, obesity-related metabolic syndrome. This syndrome is characterized by truncal obesity, insulin resistance, altered lipid levels, and hypertension. Definition of the metabolic syndrome rests on a set of clinical criteria instead of a single diagnostic test. It carries a different risk profile than obesity alone, and poses special challenges for the anaesthesiologist. These include preoperative risk stratification for common comorbidities, identifying reasonable thresholds for implementing preoperative risk reduction, overcoming obesity-related issues in intraoperative management, and delivering safe postoperative care. The metabolic syndrome predisposes to coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, obstructive sleep apnoea, pulmonary dysfunction, and deep venous thrombosis. Because its different presentations can have different risk profiles, anaesthesiologists should assess the cumulative risk of each component of the metabolic syndrome separately, which significantly complicates preoperative management. Since obesity itself is difficult to treat, preoperative risk reduction can be difficult. Few data exist to inform best practice as to the anaesthetic care of patients with metabolic syndrome. This review evaluates and synthesizes current evidence regarding perioperative care for patients with the metabolic syndrome, including indications for preoperative testing; use of aspirin, β-blockers, statins, heparin, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; anaesthetic strategies including regional anaesthesia; and postoperative management including continuous positive pressure ventilation by mask, prevention of pulmonary embolism, and indications for advanced respiratory monitoring.
Sequential changes in factor VIII and platelets preceding deep vein thrombosis in patients with spinal cord injury.

Summary. The relationships between factor VIII associated activities, platelet function, and venous thrombosis were studied in 18 patients with lower limb paralysis following acute spinal cord injury (SCI). Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) was detected in 13 patients (72%). Eight of the 13 thromboses were documented between 6 and 8 d following injury while the other five episodes were noted on days 11 (two), 13,18 and 22. The detection of thrombosis was preceded by marked increases in VIIIR:Ag and VIII:RCoF whereas VIII:C was only marginally increased. The platelet aggregation response to collagen was hyperactive by the sixth day while the platelet aggregate ratio (PAR) did not become abnormal until after DVT was detected. These studies suggest a chronology in the series of events leading to DVT in patients with lower limb paralysis following SCI. Initial elevations in VIIIR:Ag and VIII:R-CoF are followed in sequence by increased platelet responsiveness to collagen, the occurrence of DVT, and the appearance of circulating platelet aggregates. Conceivably, VIIIR:Ag elaborated by endothelial cells alters platelet reactivity and provides an important determinant for venous thrombosis.
Blind adaptive algorithms for minimum variance CDMA receivers

Constrained optimization methods have received considerable attention as a means to derive blind multiuser receivers with low complexity. The receiver's output variance is minimized subject to appropriate constraints which depend on the multipath structure of the signal of interest. When multipath is present, the constraint equations can be written in parametric form, and the constraint parameters jointly optimized with the linear receiver's parameters. We develop adaptive solutions for this joint, constrained optimization problem. Both stochastic gradient and recursive least-square-type algorithms are developed. The performance of the proposed methods is compared with other blind and trained methods and turns out to be close to the trained minimum mean-square-error receiver.
Sociodemographic and health -related risks for loneliness and outcome differences by loneliness status in a sample of older U.S. adults

This study assesses sociodemographic and health-related factors associated with loneliness and outcome differences between loneliness groups using a sample of 13,812 older adults from the U.S Health and Retirement Study. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were followed by logistic regression to evaluate risks and analysis of covariance testing to determine outcome differences. Overall, prevalence of loneliness was 16.9%. Nonmarried status, poorer self-report of health, lower educational level, functional impairment, increasing number of chronic illnesses, younger age, lower income, and less people living in the household were all associated with loneliness. The chronically lonely group reported less exercise, more tobacco use, less alcohol use, a greater number of chronic illnesses, higher depression scores, and greater average number of nursing home stays. Future research evaluating the effectiveness of both prevention and treatment interventions for loneliness in older adults would provide empirical data to further guide gerontological nursing practice.
Quasidiagonality and the hyperinvariant subspace problem

In a sequence of recent papers, [11], [13], [9] and [5], the authors (together with H. Bercovici and C. Foias) reduced the hyperinvariant subspace problem for operators on Hilbert space to the question whether every C00-(BCP)-contraction that is quasidiagonal and has spectrum the unit disc has a nontrivial hyperinvariant subspace (n.h.s.). An essential ingredient in this reduction was the introduction of two new equivalence relations, ampliation quasisimilarity and hyperquasisimilarity, defined below. This note discusses the question whether, by use of these relations, a further reduction of the hyperinvariant subspace problem to the much-studied class (N + K) (defined below) might be possible.
Robot-enhanced fetoscopic surgery

Abstract Background Fetoscopic surgery carries with it less maternal morbidity than open fetal surgery. Robotic surgery facilitates endoscopic surgery through tremor filtration, motion scaling, indexed movement, articulation, and improved ergonomics. The goal of the authors was to explore using a robotic surgery platform in a fetal animal model. Methods Using the Zeus Robotic Surgery System (Computer Motion, Santa Barbara, CA), fetoscopic surgery in pregnant sheep was performed using a variety of techniques: uterus exteriorized or totally percutaneous and with liquid or gas insufflation. Using the percutaneous technique and gas insufflation, the authors created and sutured fetal skin and fascial defects. The ewes were recovered and killed 2 weeks postoperatively, and autopsies were performed on them and their fetuses. Results In the exteriorized uterus model, instrument movement was unpredictable and fluid leaked. In the fluid environment, clouding of the visual field and difficulty in immobilizing the fetus were major difficulties. In the survival model, 4 of the 6 fetuses survived to autopsy at 2 weeks and showed good healing grossly and histologically. Conclusions The Zeus Robotic Surgery System can be used for fetoscopic surgery in a sheep model. The percutaneous approach with a nitrous oxide environment is the most effective. Advantages of robotic surgery may be applicable in fetoscopic surgery, but further work in a primate model is required.
Detection of Serum Antibodies to a Kaposi's Sarcoma—Associated Herpesvirus-Specific Peptide

Kaposi's sarcoma (KS)-associated herpesvirus/human herpesvirus type 8 (KSHV/HHV-8) may play an etiologic role in the pathogenesis of KS. In an attempt to assess KSHV/HHV-8 infection, an ELISA was developed using an 18-amino acid peptide from a putative minor capsid protein of KSHV/HHV-8 conjugated to bovine serum albumin. Overall, sera from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-positive patients with KS had a higher reactivity in the assay than did sera from HIV-1-positive patients without KS (P = .018). Of 35 HIV-1-positive patients with KS, 60% were antibody positive, compared with 27% of 33 HIV-1-positive patients without KS. Of 30 healthy blood donors, 20% were antibody positive. The ELISA responses did not correlate with antibody titers to Epstein-Barr virus. Given the homology and antigenic relatedness between KSHV/HHV-8 and Epstein-Barr virus, serologic assays involving unique KSHV/HHV-8 peptides may prove to be valuable in defining the epidemiology and clinical expression of this virus.
Molecular cloning and expression of a Streptococcus mutans major surface protein antigen, P1 (I/II), in Escherichia coli.

Antigen P1, also called I/II, is one of the most abundant cell wall proteins of the mutans streptococci. It has been suggested that P1 may be involved in cell adherence to tooth surfaces and in sucrose-induced cell aggregation. As a first step toward fully understanding its biological functions, the P1 gene, which has been designated spaP1, from Streptococcus mutans NG5 (serotype c) has been cloned into Escherichia coli JM109 by a shotgun procedure with pUC18 as the vector. The recombinant strain expressing P1 carries a 5.2-kilobase DNA insert whose restriction map has been determined. This map is completely different from that of spaA of Streptococcus sobrinus (serotype g), even though P1 and SpaA are antigenically related. Southern hybridization revealed that DNA sequences closely homologous to spaP1 were present in serotypes c, e, and f, and similar sequences also existed in strains of serotypes a and d. The expression of the cloned spaP1 was found to be independent of the lac inducer and the orientation of the DNA insert, suggesting that it carries its own promoter. Western blotting (immunoblotting) revealed at least 20 bands reacting with a mixture of three anti-P1 monoclonal antibodies. The highest-molecular-weight reactive band was comparable in size to the parent P1 (185 kilodaltons [kDa]); however, the major reactive bands were smaller (approximately 160 kDa). Expression of cloned P1 in E. coli LC137 (htpR lonR9) resulted in the increased prominence of the 185-kDa protein reactive band. Ouchterlony immunodiffusion showed partial identity between the parent and cloned P1. In E. coli, P1 was detected primarily in the periplasm and extracellular fluid. Images
A real-time experiment using a 50-neuron CMOS analog silicon chip with on-chip digital learning

The authors present initial results of a pattern/character recognition and association experiment using a newly fabricated 50-neuron CMOS analog silicon chip with digital on-chip learning. Attention is given to the circuit architecture, the VLSI chips, and the interface circuitry. >
Rivaroxaban-induced serum sickness after total knee arthroplasty

Purpose A case of serum sickness or serum sicknesslike reaction (SSLR) in a patient receiving rivaroxaban for venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis after undergoing elective right total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is reported. Summary A 61-year-old man arrived at the emergency department from a short-term rehabilitation facility 12 days after a right TKA with complaints of fever, chills, bilateral forearm pain, swelling in the extremities, and a diffuse erythematous rash with welts on his back. Rivaroxaban was initiated on postoperative day 1 for VTE prophylaxis and was discontinued on day 10 of therapy, when symptoms began to appear. His renal function was within normal limits; however, his alanine transaminase level was twice the upper limit of normal. The patient was admitted to the inpatient medical service and placed on intravenous fluids, subcutaneous heparin for VTE prophylaxis, supportive therapy for his symptoms, and his home medications. After 2 days of observation, the rheumatology and immunology services were consulted to assess the patient. Due to the patient’s fever, myalgias, mild transaminitis, diffuse erythematous rash, and depressed total serum complement, it was determined that the patient had serum sickness secondary to treatment with rivaroxaban. The patient did not require any acute interventions, and symptoms resolved after 4 days of hospitalization. Conclusion A 61-year-old man developed a possible case of serum sickness or SSLR 10 days after initiation of rivaroxaban for VTE prophylaxis after an elective TKA. Symptomatic improvement was observed after discontinuation of rivaroxaban, and no acute interventions were needed.
Effects Of Social Skills Training And Contingency Management On Reciprocal Interaction Of Preschool Children With Behavioral Handicaps

Four subjects participated in a study to evaluate the effects of various social interaction skill interventions on the social behavior of preschool children and the reciprocal nature of their interactions with peers. Intervention included social skills training conducted in a controlled instructional setting, as well as individual and group-oriented contingency management procedures implemented during free play. Subject performance was assessed with a behavioral role play test and via direct observation of subject and peer behavior in free play settings. Results indicated unique effects for social skills training and the two contingency management interventions. Social skills training alone produced significant improvement in the production of target social skills, as measured by role play, for 3 of 4 subjects. However, this intervention produced relatively modest effects on subject and peer behavior in free play. Prompts and praise for target behaviors delivered to individual subjects during free play (i...
A Recurrent Neural Network Model of Velocity Storage in the Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex

A three-layered neural network model was used to explore the organization of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR). The dynamic model was trained using recurrent back-propagation to produce compensatory, long duration eye muscle motoneuron outputs in response to short duration vestibular afferent head velocity inputs. The network learned to produce this response prolongation, known as velocity storage, by developing complex, lateral inhibitory interactions among the interneurons. These had the low baseline, long time constant, rectified and skewed responses that are characteristic of real VOR interneurons. The model suggests that all of these features are interrelated and result from lateral inhibition.
A computational investigation of the molecular geometry and rotational barriers in ethyl methyl ether

Article on a computational investigation of the molecular geometry and rotational barriers in ethyl methyl ether.
Analysis and Synthesis of RFID Equivalent Circuits through Backscatter and ARS

RFID tags are assumed to function when being read and not to function when the reader does not see the tag. In actuality, the antenna/front end combination is an analog circuit that represents the result of both design and manufacturing. This circuit is a determinant in the minimum power to operate the manufactured tag. Other wireless devices such as passive sensor platforms require similar designs. This paper presents a method of analysis and considerations for design of passive devices that share similar front end structures with a focus on passive RFID tags.
SLAM in large indoor environments with low-cost, noisy, and sparse sonars

Simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) is a well-studied problem in mobile robotics. However, the majority of the proposed techniques for SLAMrely on the use of accurate and dense measurements provided by laser rangefinders to correctly localize the robot and produce accurate and detailed maps of complex environments. Little work has been done on the use of low-cost but noisy and sparse sonar sensors for SLAM in large indoor environments involving large loops. In this paper, we present our approach to SLAM with sonar sensors by applying particle filtering and a line-segment-based map representation with an orthogonality assumption to map indoor environments much larger and more challenging than those previously considered with sonar sensors. Results from robotic experiments demonstrate that it is possible to produce good maps of large indoor environments with large loops despite the inherent limitations of sonar sensors.
Calculation of Reynolds stresses in turbulent supersonic flows

The baseline numerical procedure of interest in this study combines flux vector splitting, flux difference splitting and an explicit treatment of the diffusion terms of the flow equations. The viscous terms are treated explicitly to preserve the wave propagation properties of the Euler fluxes and permit splitting. The experience with this scheme has been limited to laminar or, at best, «eddy viscosity» flows. The applicability of the scheme is extended to include the calculation of turbulent Reynolds stresses in supersonic flows. The schemes and our implementation are discussed. Both laminar and turbulence subsets of the Reynolds/Favre-averaged equations are tested, with a discussion of relative performance. The test problem for turbulence consists of a zero-pressure-gradient supersonic boundary layer as well as a supersonic boundary layer experiencing the combined effects of adverse pressure gradient, bulk compression and a concave streamline curvature.
An efficient O(1) time 3D all nearest neighbor algorithm from image processing perspective

In this paper, we solve the k-dimensional all nearest neighbor (kD_ANN) problem, where k=2 or 3, on a linear array with a reconfigurable pipelined bus system (LARPBS) from image processing perspective. First, for a two-dimensional (2D) binary image of size NxN, we devise an algorithm for solving the 2D_ANN problem using a LARPBS of size N2+, where 0< e << 1. Then, for a three-dimensional (3D) binary image of size NxNxN, we devise an algorithm for solving the 3D_ANN problem using a LARPBS of size N3+, where 0< e <1. To the best of our knowledge, all results derived above are the best O(1) time 2D_ANN and 3D_ANN algorithms on the LARPBS model known.
A Sinner among the Saints: Confessions of a Sociologist of Culture and Religion

As one who came early and has stayed late at the sociological party, I thought it would be appropriate to provide a brief inventory of my sins over more than 40 years as a sociologist of culture and religion. Where culture is concerned, my own changing perspectives parallel developments in the field itself, though I also confess to a few doubts and suspicions regarding culture's current revival. Turning to religion, I identify myself with both Durkheim and Weber if only as another scholar in the field who is “religiously unmusical.” I confess to wondering why so many of my colleagues have paid so little attention to religion. And having raised the question, I go on to suggest several answers and rebut all but the last with materials drawn from a recently completed study of “world religions and worldly politics” in some 14 countries around the globe.
X-Stacking - A Method for Reducing Control Data for Output Compaction

This paper proposes an X-stacking technique for efficiently reducing the number of unknown values (X's) in the output response, thereby, in turn reducing the amount of control data required for output compaction without losing fault coverage. Output response streams containing X's are fed into circular registers, which stack X's on top of one another. The contents of the circular registers are then passed on to conventional output compaction circuitry where each stack of X's can then be treated as a single X thus substantially reducing the overall number of X's present in the output data thereby requiring less control data to perform output compaction. Some loss of observability may occur due to non-X values getting stacked with X values, but this can be compensated by adding some additional top-up test vectors. Results indicate that the overall test compression even with factoring in the additional test vectors is significantly improved with the proposed method. Different ways for implementing the circular registers, including configuring them from the scan cells themselves, are investigated for keeping the overhead for the proposed method very small.
Social Status and Intersectional Identities: Consumer Behavior, Gender, and Immigration

In spite of the pervasive class hierarchy, Fayette residents maintained the power to enact change and shape their lifeways in meaningful ways. For example, the upper class displayed distinction in their consumption of fashionable medical and grooming paraphernalia, which required both economic and cultural capital. By contrast, although the middle-class housing resembled the upper-class neighborhood, middle-class consumption of beef, tablewares, and flatware more closely resembled those of the working class. The reasons for such a trend are unclear, but certainly involved households’ strategic decision-making regarding economic expenditure and socially meaningful consumerism. These findings run parallel with Weber’s differentiation between economic class and social status, and Bourdieu’s assertion that different forms of capital do not correspond proportionately to each other. There were also notable social differences between and within genders in terms of occupation, portrayal in local narratives, and photography, indicating that neither gender nor class was a single deciding factor in an individual’s life circumstances or status. With similar complexity, immigrants’ experiences at Fayette were widely variable as their nativity intersected with class, gender, household development cycle, and the built environment. For example, although many immigrants were quite poor, some foreign-born residents occupied high positions on the corporate ladder and lived in the upper- and middle-class neighborhoods. Even some of the lowest-paid immigrants eventually became landowners and accrued social capital within the community (see Chap. 8 for more on social capital). It has proven difficult to assign some households a fixed class position, because of their social and economic mobility.
The School-Community Collaboration Model for Preventing and Treating School Violence

(2005). The School-Community Collaboration Model for Preventing and Treating School Violence. Journal of School Violence: Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 1-3.
West African Crystalline Maculopathy in Sickle Cell Retinopathy

Purpose. To describe the first reported case of West African crystalline maculopathy (WACM) from a member of the Benin tribe and explore the association with sickle cell retinopathy. Methods. Full ophthalmic examination and high-resolution ocular coherence tomographic imaging. Patients. 61-year-old patient from an academic retina practice. Results. The patient demonstrated bilateral yellow-green birefringent crystals localized to the inner retina on optical coherence tomography, as well as sickle cell-related neovascularization in the right eye. She reported no consumption of kola nuts. Conclusions. Associated retinal vascular disease may be important in the pathogenesis of crystalline maculopathy.
Disintegration of I 126

The radiations from ${\mathrm{I}}^{126}$ have been investigated with a scintillation coincidence spectrometer; $\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}$, $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}$, and $x\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ events were studied. In a fraction of the electron-capture disintegrations, a gamma ray of energy 0.74 Mev was found to occur in cascade with the previously known 0.65-Mev gamma ray. The crossover transition also was observed. In a fraction of the negative beta-decay processes, a gamma ray of energy 0.48 Mev occurs in cascade with the previously known 0.38-Mev gamma ray; in addition, the crossover transition was observed. The maximum energy of the positron spectrum and the relative intensities of all gamma transitions and of the annihilation radiation were measured. The intensity information, combined with the previously measured ratio of electron-capture probability to beta-decay probability and with the ratio of the intensities of the 0.85-Mev and 1.24-Mev beta rays, is sufficient to give the abundances of all observed transitions in the decay scheme. Both the $\mathrm{ft}$ values and the measured ratio of electron-capture probability to positron-emission probability for the ground-state transitions indicate that ${\mathrm{I}}^{126}$ has spin 2 and negative parity. The shell structure assignments, neutron ${h}_{\frac{11}{2}}$ and proton ${g}_{\frac{7}{2}}$, are the only ones which can couple to give the resultant spin 2 and negative parity.
Representing Children in Mental Disability Proceedings

This article explores the legal and ethical issues arising from the representation of children in mental disability proceedings. The article begins by identifying the different types of these judicial and administrative proceedings in California and then briefly discusses the child's due process rights under the California constitution and state laws in each context. However, the primary focus of the article is upon the special ethical issues facing the lawyer/advocate who represents the child in mental disability proceedings: What is the role of the lawyer/advocate for the child? How are professional obligations to advance the client's interests and preserve client confidences affected by the fact that the client is a child who may also have a mental illness or other mental disability? How should the lawyer/advocate determine the client's competency to instruct him or her? If the lawyer/advocate concludes that the child client's competency indeed is impaired, should he or she make decisions in the client's "best interests," as would a guardian ad litem (GAL)? In considering these questions, the article draws upon professional responsibility standards for representing clients with mental disabilities and clients who are children. Particular use is made of the extensive literature on the role of counsel for children. The article also discusses the attorney's obligation under California state law in dependency court to "advocate for the protection, safety and physical and emotional well-being" of a child client and its implications for the attorney providing representation in mental disability proceedings. The discussion next turns to the emerging field of therapeutic jurisprudence. In what ways can or should the lawyer/advocate act "therapeutically" to promote the child client's mental health? Legal representation of children in mental disability proceedings has been criticized as counter-therapeutic, reinforcing the child's denial of mental disability and increasing conflict with parents and therapists. The article explores the difficulty of determining the child client's "therapeutic" needs, as opposed to legal interests, and considers whether effective legal representation, by empowering child clients, can be therapeutic. The article concludes by discussing special concerns for representing children in mental disability proceedings, including addressing the client's and family's attitudes toward mental disability, and resisting the temptation to play therapist rather than lawyer. Finally, the article recommends and outlines special training to qualify lawyer/advocates for this important and challenging work.
Pocketbook Protests: Explaining the Worldwide Emergence of Pro-Democracy Protests.

Why do pro-democracy protests emerge in some countries at certain periods of time and not others? Pro-democracy protests, I argue, are more likely to arise when the economy is not performing well and people blame the autocratic nature of their regime for the economy, than when the economy is performing well, or when people do not blame the nature of their regime for the poor state of the economy. People are more likely to associate the economy with the nature of their regime, I further argue, in election periods, particularly when people are unable to remove the incumbent government from power through elections. My argument is supported by a statistical analysis of pro-democracy protests in 158 countries between 2006 and 2011, showing that not only is the economy an important factor explaining the emergence of pro-democracy protests, but that other factors commonly thought to affect these protests, including technologies like cell phones and the Internet, are not.
Estate of Noble: Postdeath Sale is Best Indicia of Stock's Value

In a practice article, Wendy C. Gerzog, a visiting professor at Seattle University School of Law, looks at a recent case dealing with the estate tax valuation of non-publicly-traded stock.
Some influences of remote topography on western boundary currents

Author Posting. © Sears Foundation for Marine Research, 2014. This article is posted here by permission of Sears Foundation for Marine Research for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Marine Research 72 (2014): 73-94.
Carbon Black Reinforcement in Pre-Swollen Rubbers

Abstract The mechanism of carbon black reinforcement was studied by examining stress-strain properties in SBR 1500 vulcanizates cured while swollen, then de-swollen. Carbon black-polymer attachments started contributing to the modulus of rubber at much higher elongations (ca. 300 per cent for a swelling ratio of 4.0) than in normally cured, unswollen specimens. The modulus in pre-swollen rubbers is considerably lower than in normal vulcanizates but it can be increased by heating the same specimens 30 minutes at 155° C in their de-swollen state. The observed increase in modulus of vulcanizates containing graphitized and regular carbon blacks after such a treatment was found to be related to carbon black “activity” and loading. Bound rubber does not seem to function as a distinct phase contributing to reinforcement, but it can be used as a measure of the number of attachments of carbon black and polymer. Additional information on the molecular mechanism of the phenomenon was obtained through radioactive tra...
Ultrasonic diagnosis of ovarian masses: can the playing field be leveled and raised at the same time?

Imaging plays a central role in identifying ovarian masses that could be malignant and require a gynecological oncologist for treatment. Ultrasound has always been the first and most universally accepted imaging modality used to evaluate adnexal masses, although deciding whether a mass is malignant or benign is difficult at times and may require an imaging expert. 1 Multiple studies in the late 1990s and early 2000s attempted to include a large number of sonographic variables into complex algorithms, hoping to find the most predictive combinations of ultrasound findings that could predict malignant masses. 2-5 Although the sensitivity for detecting ovarian cancer was fairly high, the specificity and positive predictive value remained low. 2-5 Most importantly, these attempts at scoring indices were cumbersome, proposed and studied by experts in the field, with small numbers of patients and often in a single center, often not undertaking independent validation. 2-4 Unfortu
Asymptomatic hepatic disease in blood donors with hepatitis B antigenemia.

In the routine screening of blood donors, 30 asymptomatic donors were found to be positive for hepatitis-B antigen (HB Ag). They had no history suggestive of hepatitis in the past. None had antibody to HB Ag (HB Ab). Three were heroin addicts. All 30 donors were found to have demonstrable biochemical and histologic abnormalities of the liver. However, they have remained asymptomatic throughout the periods of HB antigenemia, which have ranged from 13 to 72 weeks. The immunoglobulins were normal in all of the donors. The cell-mediated immune response (CMIR), as tested by leukocyte migration inhibition, was normal in 16 subjects and was only slightly depressed in four, indicating that depression of CMIR is not the cause of this clinical state. Long-term observation of these individuals will be continued, with regular biochemical and histologic assessment to determine the natural course of this condition.
Polybrene neutralization as a rapid means of monitoring blood heparin levels.

Polybrene neutralization is a rapid and accurate test for determining and following heparin anticoagulation. The method and five studies are described. In addition to its simplicity, this test offers the added advantage of following heparin therapy at high concentrations in the blood and in patients receiving Warfarin anticoagulants. It also permits quantification of dosage of protamine when neutralization with heparin is necessary.
Cockroach density and its seasonal dynamics in Lanzhou city

Objective To research the densities and its seasonal dynamics of cockroach in Lanzhou city. Methods Sticky traps method. Results Totally 9 840 cockroaches were caught in five different environments in Lanzhou city in 2006.They were all Blattella germanica.The average infestation rate reached 23.50%.The average index of density was 4.62 pieces.The infestation rate were hotels(60.67%)dweller houses(26.94%)catering trades(19.03%)farm products markets(13.60%)hospitals(1.67%).The index of density were hotels(11.63)dweller houses(5.07)farm products markets(4.07) catering trades(3.46) hospitals(0.05).The average index of density were 6.23 to 8.99 pieces from June to November. Conclusion Blattella germanica is the predominant species in various environments,and the peaking of the population density is in summer and autumn.There are high density of cockroaches in hotel,dweller houses and catering trades.Therefore cockroach monitor and control should be reinforced.
Common Cognitive Issues in Home-Based Medical Care

Dementia is commonly seen in the elderly population, as it affects up to 40 % of people over 85 years old. The progressive decline in cognitive and physical abilities, often accompanied by behavioral changes, can be devastating. Delirium is a condition affecting cognitive function also encountered with greater frequency among the elderly, but is usually reversible with proper treatment. This chapter aims to assist medical professionals working in the home-based setting in diagnosing both conditions and treating them with both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic means, while remembering that it is not only the patient but also the caregivers and family who require attention and interventions.