cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
[1,3-Bis(1-methylethyl)benzenaminato](2-methyl-2-phenylpropylidene)bis(2-methyl-2-propanolato) Molybdenum

[126949-65-3] C30H47MoNO2 (MW 549.64) InChI = 1S/C12H17N.C10H12.2C4H9O.Mo/c1-8(2)10-6-5-7-11(9(3)4)12(10)13;1-10(2,3)9-7-5-4-6-8-9;2*1-4(2,3)5;/h5-9H,1-4H3;1,4-8H,2-3H3;2*1-3H3;/q;;2*-1;+2 InChIKey = ZAIODWTYOLJVJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (ring-closing metathesis,5 olefin metathesis,6 ring-opening metathesis polymerization7, 8) Physical Data: sublimes at high vacuum at 60 °C. Solubility: soluble in common organic solvents. Form Supplied in: orange-yellow solid. Analysis of Reagent Purity: 1H NMR spectroscopy and by combustion analysis. Preparative Methods: prepared in two steps from Mo(NAr)2(CHCMe2Ph)2.9 Purification: recrystallize from pentane at −40 °C or by sublimation under high vacuum at 60 °C, both under an inert atmosphere. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: store below −30 °C under an inert atmosphere. Decomposes at elevated temperatures. Should be used under Schlenk line conditions or in a glove box.
Functional search in economics using genetic programming

This paper discusses economic applications of a recently developed artificial intelligence technique-Koza's genetic programming (GP). GP is an evolutionary search method related to genetic algorithms. In GP, populations of potential solutions consist of executable computer algorithms, rather than coded strings. The paper provides an overview of how GP works, and illustrates with two applications: solving for the policy function in a simple optimal growth model, and estimating an unusual regression function. Results suggest that the GP search method can be an interesting and effective tool for economists.
Effects of Valve Design and Orientation on Flow Induced Platelet Activation in Mechanical Heart Valves

A study was conducted to estimate the thromboembolic potential of different Mechanical Heart Valve (MHV) designs and the effect of valve orientation (valve axial misalignment during implantation) on it. CFD simulations of turbulent, transient, non-Newtonian blood flow patterns generated by two types of MHVs (monoleaflet and bileaflet) and the effect of valve orientation were conducted using the Wilcox k-ω turbulence model. Platelet shear stress histories (cumulative effect of shear stress and time) were calculated and averaged over a large number of platelet trajectories within the flow field, and compared with in vitro Platelet Activity State (PAS) measurements conducted in a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) model. Platelets were circulated in the LVAD with Carbomedics bileaflet and Bjork-Shiley monoleaflet MHVs correspondingly. The PAS measurement indicated that PAS induced by the tilted St. Jude bileaflet MHV and the untilted valve was very similar (P>0.1). The bileaflet MHV activated platelets at a rate of more than 2-fold than that observed with the monoleaflet MHV (P<0.05). This confirmed the CFD platelet shear stress histories, which clearly indicated a higher level of stimulation of platelets for the bileaflet MHV.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Survey instrument for the universal design of consumer products

Universal design is a process intended to include all user groups in product or environmental design. The objective of this study was to develop a usability testing survey instrument to inform how well consumer products complied with established principles of universal design. Thirty-six adults, aging adults and adult wheelchair users performed standardized tasks with pens, food storage containers, pliers and calculators, and for each task responded to a preliminary set of survey items and rated task difficulty. Factor analysis of the survey responses produced an eleven-factor solution that accounted for 67% of the variance in scores and corresponded fairly closely to the principles of universal design. Analysis of scale scores developed from each factor showed that some of the scales were sensitive to product feature and user group differences, and were negatively associated with perceived task difficulty. Such a tool may aid designers who intend their products for user groups of diverse abilities and preferences.
cDNA clones encoding Arabidopsis thaliana and Zea mays mitochondrial chaperonin HSP60 and gene expression during seed germination and heat shock

Mitochondria contain a nuclear-encoded heat shock protein, HSP60, which functions as a chaperonin in the post-translational assembly of multimeric proteins encoded by both nuclear and mitochondrial genes. We have isolated and sequenced full-length complementary DNAs coding for this mitochondrial chaperonin in Arabidopsis thaliana and Zea mays. Southern-blot analysis indicates the presence of a single hsp60 gene in the genome of A. thaliana. There is a high degree of homology at the predicted amino acid levels (43 to 60%) between plant HSP60s and their homologues in prokaryotes and other eukaryotes which indicates that these proteins must have similar evolutionarily conserved functions in all organisms. Northern- and western-blot analyses indicate that the expression of the hsp60 gene is developmentally regulated during seed germination. It is also heat-inducible. Developmental regulation of the (beta-subunit of F1-ATPase, an enzyme complex that is involved in the cyanide-sensitive mitochondrial electron transport system, indicates that imbibed embryos undergo rapid mitochondrial biogenesis through the early stages of germination. Based on the functional role of HSP60 in macromolecular assembly, these data collectively suggest that the presence of higher levels of HSP60 is necessary during active mitochondrial biogenesis, when the need for this protein is greatest in assisting the rapid assembly of the oligomeric protein structures.
Continuous Infusion of Prostacyclin Normalizes Plasma Markers of Endothelial Cell Injury and Platelet Aggregation in Primary Pulmonary Hypertension

Background Primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH) is characterized by vascular injury of pulmonary arterioles, in which endothelial dysfunction may play a major role. Although continuous infusion of prostacyclin (prostaglandin I2, a potent vasodilator released by vascular endothelial cells) improves the clinical status and survival in PPH, its mechanism or mechanisms of action remain unclear. Methods and Results We measured endothelium-derived clotting factors and assayed platelet aggregation in 64 patients (26 adults and 38 children) with PPH before long-term PGI2 therapy. Repeat studies were performed in 42 patients (18 adults, 24 children) after one year of PGI2 therapy. At baseline, 87% of adults and 79% of children had abnormal platelet aggregation. In addition, factor VIII, von Willebrand (vW) antigen, and ristocetin cofactor levels were abnormally high in 92%, 72%, and 52%, respectively, of the adults versus 29%, 16%, and 16%, respectively, of the children (P<.005 adults versus children). With long-t...
Fluorometric determination of oxytetracycline in biological material.

Abstract A specific sensitive fluorometric method for the analysis of oxytetracycline in biological samples is described. The method depends upon extraction of oxytetracycline from aqueous acid into amyl alcohol. The OTC in the amyl alcohol is then re-extracted with aqueous base. The concentration of oxytetracycline is proportional to the change in fluorescence caused by the addition of excess ethylene diaminetetraacetate to the Mg complex of oxytetracycline. The effect of time, pH, light, and metallic ions on fluorescence is described. Comparison of the results obtained with oxytetracycline (Terramycin) to those obtained with tetracycline (Achromycin) and 7-chloro-6-demethyltetracycline (Declomycin) show the method to be 3–4 times more sensitive toward the latter two. It appears to be about one-half as sensitive for the determination of chlortetracycline (Aureomycin).
Universal scaling functions for continuous stiffness nanoindentation with sharp indenters

Abstract This paper presents numerical and scaling analysis for continuous stiffness measurement (CSM) in nanoindentation tests. It shows numerically and experimentally that in CSM with sharp indenters the indentation displacement is proportional to stiffness and load is proportional to stiffness squared. The slopes of the two linear functions have been represented by two universal scaling functions obtained using self-similarity analysis. The scaled functions depend only on two governing parameters for materials with power law strain hardening behavior. One is the strain hardening exponent and the other is the nondimensional parameter e ˜ Y ∗ = σ Y tan θ / E ∗ where E∗ = E/(1 − ν2), E is Young’s modulus, σY is yield stress, ν is Poisson’s ratio and θ is the equivalent half angle of the sharp indenter. The large deformation finite element method (FEM) has been used to simulate CSM nanoindentation and validate the universality of the functions over scaling parameters. To simulate small displacement oscillations applied on the indenter during CSM nanoindentation linear perturbation in the FEM computation has been used. Explicit equations for the universal scaling functions with and without friction have been obtained by fitting numerical results. The scaling functions asymptotically approach the elastic solution at low plasticity ( e ˜ Y ∗ → ∞ ) and the full plastic solution at high plasticity ( e ˜ Y ∗ → 0 ) and are valid in the elasto-plastic regime. Applicability of the scaling functions for nonpower-law stress–strain relations has been demonstrated with use of two representative strains.
31 Oral Feeding Disorders at Hospital Discharge: A Unique Marker of Disability?

The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of oral feeding problems at hospital discharge for preterm infants and to assess if these could be markers of later disability. This was a retrospective review of patients enrolled in a follow-up clinic database. Infants included were ≤ 32 wk GA, seen for the initial clinic visit between January 1, 2002 to December 31, 2004. 71/328 (22%) infants had oral feeding disorders (OFD) as defined by having one or more of the following at hospital dismissal: use of tubes and/or feeding pump, feeding more frequently than every 3 hours secondary to poor volume tolerance, and/or less than 100% of feeding orally. A comparison group of infants was determined by matching each study infant with the next infant in the database without a feeding problem but with the same GA (± 1 wk) and BW (± 100g). Medical complications and limited outcome data were obtained by database review. Group differences were determined by chi-square and univariate analysis of variance with significance indicated by P<.05. There were no group differences in BW (1023 ± 370 and 1026 ± 345 g, OFD and control, respectively), GA (27.6 ± 2.5 wk, both), or gender. OFD infants were, on average, discharged from the hospital 5 weeks later and 880 g heavier than comparisons (P=.000). There were no group differences in rates of severe IVH or ROP. OFD infants were more likely to have CLD (52% and 35%, P=.04) and be discharged on a home apnea monitor (47% and 25%, P=.009). 39% of OFD infants had neither CLD or IVH. A subset of infants had 24-month developmental screening using the Bayley Infant Neurodevelopmental Screener (BINS). Controlling for CLD and maternal race, OFD infants (n=14) tended to have a lower mean BINS scores than comparisons (n=30), 6.9 ± 3.6 and 4.3 ± 3.2, P=.08. Preterm infants appear to frequently have oral feeding problems at hospital discharge. Additional study of this population is needed to determine possible etiologies and long-term implications of delayed oral feeding, which could be a unique marker of disability.
A comparative evaluation of CASE tools

Abstract CASE tools are complex software products offering many different features. Systems professionals evaluated various CASE products from a feature and attribute basis. Each product has a different mix of strengths and weaknesses as perceived by the end user. Specific CASE tools support different steps of the applications development process as well as varying methodologies. The complexity of software development, diversity of tools and features leads to several questions. What CASE features are being used by systems developers? What areas of CASE tolls need improvement? Are some CASE tools or product attributes considered to be better than others?
Improving Cyber Security and Mission Assurance Via Cyber Preparedness (Cyber Prep) Levels

Increasing dependence on cyberspace makes preparedness against cyber threats integral to mission assurance. The nature of cyber threats in general – and advanced persistent threats in particular – requires a longer-term commitment from senior leadership, including vision, strategy, and investment prioritization as well as the organizational agility to respond to ever-changing tactics and techniques. The cyber preparedness (Cyber Prep) methodology enables an organization to (1) characterize the cyber threats that an organization or mission faces; (2) determine the level of preparedness necessary to ensure mission success; (3) facilitate strategic planning for cyber security by setting preparedness objectives; and (4) establish priorities for cyber security investment planning and management decisions. This paper presents the framework underlying the Cyber Prep methodology.
Health literacy and obesity among native Hawaiian and Pacific Islanders in the United States.

Objectives Our purpose was to describe relationships between demographic characteristics, body mass index (BMI), and health literacy among Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders (NHPIs). Design and Sample In this cross-sectional survey, we interviewed 364 NHPI adults. Measures We used Newest Vital Sign (NVS), a health literacy tool; measured heights and weights; and demographic questions. Results According to participants' NVS scores, 45.3% had at least a possibility of low health literacy. Lower NVS scores were associated with increased BMI (r = −0.12, p = .027) and increased age (r = −0.26, p < .001). Higher NVS scores were associated with higher incomes (r = 0.21, p = .001) and higher education (r = 0.27, p < .001). Women scored significantly better than men (t = −2.0, p = .05). Participants' NVS scores in Hawaii versus Utah were not significantly different (t = .26, p = .80). Conclusions Pathways to health literacy are complex; however, age, income, education, and BMI explained a modest 19.95% of the combined variance in NVS scores. Public health nurses working to improve health literacy could include review of critical information on nutrition facts labels, frequently used calculations, and application of this information when making food choices.
A chemical probe for the estrogen receptor: Synthesis of the 3H‐isotopomer of raloxifene

Radiolabelled raloxifene (LY156758) has been prepared by tritium gas hydrogenolysis of a 3-aroyl-bis-brominated precursor. The requisite halogenated intermediate was accessed by regioselective aroylation of benzothiophene 6 with the acid chloride of 3,5-dibromo-4-[2-(1-piperdinyl)ethoxy]benzoic acid (5). Selective deprotection of the aryl methyl ethers in the presence of the ethoxy side-chain followed by palladium catalyzed halogen-tritium exchange provided the target compound with a specific activity of 30.1 Ci/mmol.
Pseudolinear vibroimpact systems: Non-white random excitation

Response analyses of vibroimpact systems to random excitation are greatly facilitated by using certain piecewise-linear transformations of state variables, which reduce the impact-type nonlinearities (with velocity jumps) to nonlinearities of the “common” type — without velocity jumps. This reduction permitted to obtain certain exact and approximate asymptotic solutions for stationary probability densities of the response for random vibration problems with white-noise excitation. Moreover, if a linear system with a single barrier has its static equilibrium position exactly at the barrier, then the transformed equation of free vibration is found to be perfectly linear in case of the elastic impact. The transformed excitation term contains a signature-type nonlinearity, which is found to be of no importance in case of a white-noise random excitation. Thus, an exact solution for the response spectral density had been obtained previously for such a vibroimpact system, which may be called “pseudolinear”, for the case of a white-noise excitation. This paper presents analysis of a lightly damped pseudolinear SDOF vibroimpact system under a non-white random excitation. Solution is based on Fourier series expansion of a signum function for narrow-band response. Formulae for mean square response are obtained for resonant case, where the (narrow-band) response is predominantly with frequencies, close to the system's natural frequency; and for non-resonant case, where frequencies of the narrow-band excitation dominate the response. The results obtained may be applied directly for studying response of moored bodies to ocean wave loading, and may also be used for establishing and verifying procedures for approximate analysis of general vibroimpact systems.
Safety Evaluation for Campus Parking Garage Performance Using Fuzzy Logic

Crime has been plaguing parking garages in the United States. At The Ohio State University, (OSU) crime on campus, in general, has decreased in recent years; however, crime in OSU parking garages has remained stable in spite of campus-wide efforts to reduce crime. When assessing and evaluating parking garages, occupants employ experience-based judgment that is subjective and imprecise, yet extremely useful. When designers employ the principles of crime prevention through environmental design, they also use subjective variables. An approach that captures the imprecise information in noncrisp expressions reflecting subjective and experience-based variables is the fuzzy logic concept. This concept allows the use of mathematical operations to manipulate and operate on imprecise information or knowledge. Variables such as garage illumination and wall height were collected, fuzzified, and treated as the knowledge base of a model presented in this paper. In addition, numerous experience-based implication rules were developed and employed to evaluate subjective variables. A computer program was developed to illustrate implementation of the model.
Introduction to Bayesian methods III: use and interpretation of Bayesian tools in design and analysis.

The Bayesian approach and several of its advantages in drug and medical device development are described. One advantage from the perspective of analysis is that it provides a methodology for synthesizing information. However, taking a Bayesian approach to designing clinical trials is potentially more valuable than using this approach in analyzing trial results. Bayesian methodology provides a mechanism for updating what is known as results accumulate during a trial. Such updating can be incorporated completely explicitly and prospectively. An important way in which the Bayesian approach can be used is in calculating the predictive probability distribution of future results on the basis of current results. I show how to exploit predictive distributions in adapting to results that accumulate during the course of a trial. Possible adaptations including decreasing or increasing sample size, dropping treatment arms, and modifying the randomization proportions to the various arms depending on the interim result...
VARIATIONS IN CITIZEN FAMILIARITY WITH GROWTH MANAGEMENT PROCESSES Evidence from Florida

Although citizen support for growth controls has received ample attention from researchers, little attention has been paid to citizen familiarity with growth management systems. This article investigates citizen familiarity with Florida’s growth management system, testing many of the same hypotheses that have previously shaped research into citizen support for growth controls. Using results from a survey of state residents, six hypotheses concerning familiarity are tested, and a regression model is developed to predict familiarity with the state system. Results reflect previous research into attitudes toward growth controls, and educated individuals, those living in urbanized areas, and those that perceive growth and environmental issues as requiring government attention are found to have greater familiarity with the state’s system. Results indicate that citizen familiarity is perhaps best explained by heightened interest in local, state, and national politics.
Resolution of trigeminal neuralgia after palliative embolization of a cerebellopontine angle arteriovenous malformation.

BACKGROUND: Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a syndrome with debilitating paroxysmal facial pain, one cause of which is thought to be vascular compression of the nerve root entry zone causing ephaptic transmission. Arteriovenous malformations (AVM) have been reported to cause TN, including AVMs in the cerebellopontine (CP) angle. These lesions have been successfully treated with endovascular coiling, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (Onyx) and surgery for decompression. CASE DESCRIPTION: We present a case of TN caused by AVM in the CP angle in a patient who was not a candidate for microsurgery and who did not want radiofrequency treatment or other destructive procedures because he would not tolerate facial numbness. The patient's symptoms were successfully treated by embolization using an ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer. After 17 months he had a recurrence of pain which was again treated with palliative embolization and again experienced resolution of his symptoms. CONCLUSION: This case demonstrates that palliative embolization is a safe and effective option for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia pain in patients for whom surgery of the AVM is not an option.
Reverse logistic process control measures for the pharmaceutical industry supply chain

Purpose – The aim of this paper is to analyze the pharmaceutical supply chain using the DMAIC process for improvement of the reverse logistics in a recall to avert the possibility of harm to a consumer.Design/methodology/approach – A framework is used for guiding one towards the responsibilities of the different organizations concerning reverse logistics. This is further developed into a Cause and Effect analysis, performed on the supply chain and the hypothesized problem areas. Improvement concepts were then considered in the use of RFID, consistent information systems and transportation carriers to streamline the supply chain and reducing the risk of counterfeit drugs entering the forward supply chain. FMEA is used to understand the failure modes and the severity of the respective failures in the reverse logistics supply chain.Findings – The study yielded interesting and innovative solutions being tested and conceived at the present time, but specific information on the pharmaceutical supply chain was l...
Integrated photonic structures for light trapping in thin-film Si solar cells

We explore the mechanisms for an efficient light trapping structure for thin-film silicon solar cells. The design combines a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) and periodic gratings. Using photonic band theories and numerical simulations, we discover that light can be scattered into the DBR by gratings, with an unusual way of light trapping different from metal reflectors and photonic crystals. We further investigate the influence of DBR on generated photocurrent in different device configurations. These results would provide new design rules for photonic structures in thin-film solar cells.
Periodic leg movements are associated with reduced sleep quality in older men: the MrOS Sleep Study.

Study Objectives:Periodic limb movements in sleep (PLMS) are common in the elderly. A previous large polysomnographic (PSG) study examining the relationship of PLMS to sleep architecture and arousa...
Results of high-resolution echo-sounding of Lake Victoria

Abstract About 1800 km of reconnaissance echo-sounder data have been collected from Lake Victoria. The profiles show a maximum open-basin thickness of 8 m oatest Pleistocene and Holocene fine-grained muds. Their distribution mimics bathymetry, except for locally thicker patches around bathymetric highs, which serve as current and seiche breaks. The transparent sediment blanket overlies an acoustic basement that ranges from crystalline basement to a late-Tertiary, boulder-studded peneplain to coarser-grained lacustrine sediments and dewatered fine-grained mudstones, depending upon position in the lake. Correlation to discontinuities in core data suggest that the boundary between the fine-grained, acoustically transparent muds and acoustic basement represents a 14,000 year old desiccation surface of essentially lake-wide extent. Many curious signatures are noted in the Lake Victoria echograms, including spiky diffractions that may represent buried boulders or gas escape structures; megaripples and sediment wave bedforms associated with current activity in the SW corner of the lake; and a tilted-block terrain in the Speke Gulf that is probably caused by recent submergence of subaerially eroded Archean crystalline rocks along uniformly-spaced joints and fractures.
Analysis of a “cluster” strategy for introducing hydrogen vehicles in Southern California

Abstract The cost and logistics of building early hydrogen refueling infrastructure are key barriers to the commercialization of fuel cell vehicles. In this paper, we explore a “cluster strategy” for introducing hydrogen vehicles and refueling infrastructure in Southern California over the next decade, to satisfy California's Zero Emission Vehicle regulation. Clustering refers to coordinated introduction of hydrogen vehicles and refueling infrastructure in a few focused geographic areas such as smaller cities (e.g. Santa Monica, Irvine) within a larger region (e.g. Los Angeles Basin). We analyze several transition scenarios for introducing hundreds to tens of thousands of vehicles and 8–42 stations, considering: • Station placement • Convenience of the refueling network • Type of hydrogen supply • Economics (capital and operating costs of stations, hydrogen cost). A cluster strategy provides good convenience and reliability with a small number of strategically placed stations, reducing infrastructure costs. A cash flow analysis estimates infrastructure investments of $120–170 million might be needed to build a network of 42 stations serving the first 25,000 vehicles. As more vehicles are introduced, the network expands, larger stations are built and the cost of hydrogen becomes competitive on a cents per mile basis with gasoline.
The usefulness of contrastive rhetoric theory in training TESOL teachers and English‐as‐a‐second language students

Abstract Second language learning and teaching is more than simply learning the (grammatical) rules of the target language. At the discourse level, the issue of contrastive rhetoric, whereby a cultures notions of and relationship to time and space affect the use of language, comes into play. This paper first describes the development of contrastive rhetoric theory following the failure of contrastive analysis theory to provide a framework for TESOL methodology. Second, specific examples of problem areas are discussed, followed by examples of contrastive rhetoric between English and Chinese, Turkish, and Spanish. Finally, classroom activities are outlined to help students understand contrastive rhetoric, thereby becoming better users of the target language.
Modeling Effects of pH and Counterions on Surfactant Adsorption at the Oxide/Water Interface

A model is presented that describes the effect of pH on the adsorption of an isomerically pure anionic surfactant species at a mineral oxide/water interface. A site-binding model, to account for effects of pH, surface heterogeneities, and counterions, is incorporated into a patchwise, phase-separation modeling approach, making it possible to predict both the surface charge and the counterion association beneath an adsorbed surfactant aggregate. Parameters for the site binding model on α-alumina are obtained from experimental surface charge measurements. The formation of both local monolayers (hemimicelles) and bilayers (admicelles) is allowed, although the isotherms studied in this paper are fit by parameter values that predict admicelle formation only. The model is able to predict experimental measurements of the adsorption of an isomerically pure, anionic surfactant species on α-alumina as a function of pH. It reproduces several previously unexplained experimental observations; in particular, it offers ...
Quantum nonlinear Schrödinger equation II. Explicit solution

Abstract This is the second in a series of papers on the quantum nonlinear Schrodinger equation. We write down the solution of the equation explicitly in terms of the free fields. The solution has the form of a collision expansion.
Environmental limitations of radomes.

A study was performed to define the environmental limitations of three commonly used high-temperature radome materials: alumina, fused silica, and Pyroceram 9606. The performance boundary encompassed velocities from 0 to 12,000 fps and altitudes from 0 to 100,000 ft. Both mechanical and electrical failure were considered for von Karman-shaped radomes designed to operate at S-, C-, X-, and K-bands. Limits for mechanical failure included those imposed by pressure and inertia loads, tensile thermal stress, and initiation of surface melting. For electrical limitations, radome angular error slopes were considered. A computer program has been developed which predicts transient temperatures due to aerodynamic heating, multidimensional heat conduction, and radiation heat transfer while simultaneously computing the thermal tensile stress on the internal surface of the radome. A separate program was used to define the maximum permissible velocity history based on allowable tensile thermal stress for a given material, a given linear initial velocity history, and a linear altitude-range definition. An approximate technique was devised for predicting the electrical degradation of radomes due to temperature gradients through the wall. The foregoing procedures are considered to be adequate for preliminary design. Some typical results for combined limitations for X-band radomes show that fused silica has the highest velocity limit of the three materials considered, and Pyroceram 9606 is next; in general, alumina is limited to velocities below 4000 fps.
Survival and outcome of infants weighing <800 grams at birth

This study reports on two aspects of outcome in a sample of infants whose birth weights ranged from 500 to 799 gm. First, maternal and early neonatal variables were analyzed by means of stepwise logistic regression. Five-minute Apgar score and initial pH were the only variables that predicted mortality at p ≤ 0.05. Second, the surviving infants were examined at ages ranging from 17 months to 7 years. The majority (72%) had neurologic and/or developmental examinations in the suspect or abnormal range and required rehabilitation or early intervention services.
Circadian Variation in Stroke

To the Editor. —I was intrigued by the article by Marsh et al1published in the November 1990 issue of theArchives. If their findings of a circadian variation in stroke onset are verified, it might suggest new avenues of research to identify precipitating factors for stroke. However, I would like to raise some concerns about the data presented in their article. The correct establishment of exact times of onset of stroke symptoms can be exceedingly difficult. During the course of participating in several clinical stroke trials, my colleagues and I became acutely aware of the uncertainties associated with defining the time of symptom onset. We found that only after repeated questioning of the patient and family members were we able to establish a reasonably consistent time of onset. Several scenarios were seen frequently, such as patients who awoke but remained in bed for 1 or more hours before
Efficient Implementation of the MIMO Sphere Detector: Architecture and Complexity Analysis

An efficient implementation strategy for the multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) sphere detector (SD) is proposed and analyzed in this paper. The proposed method incorporates a dynamic information storage-and-retrieval mechanism to avoid repetitive computation of previously processed results. A memory-access architecture is devised to facilitate the implementation. The proposed method remarkably benefits the depth-first SD and its variants, as verified by a detailed complexity analysis and experimental results.
ISO environmental testing and reliability standards for optics

In this paper, we give a little background into the work of ISO/TC172/SC1/WG1, the ISO subcommittee that is writing standards for the environmental testing of optics and optical instruments. By environmental test standards, we mean standards that outline what sort of climatic variations and conditions of use optical instruments must survive and still operate within given performance specifications. The scope of the standards this subcommittee is writing is then described followed by a thorough description of the general content of the 2 standards that are nearing completion. Finally, we discuss the applicability of these standards and how they may affect optics and optical systems that are intended for sale in international markets. We also discuss briefly the relationship of these ISO standards to MIL-STD-810E, Environmental Test Methods and Engineering Guidelines, the U.S. Military standard.
An unusual phase diagram: The polystyrene/acetone system in its hypercritical region; near tricritical behavior in a pseudobinary solution

For the acetone/polystyrene (M w = 22000, M w /M n = 1.03) system near the hypercritical point, near-critical behavior was observed as evidenced by the formation of a one-phase loop just following the first fusion of the upper and lower branches to form the hourglass configuration
Modules in the photoreceptor RGS9-1•Gβ5L GTPase-accelerating protein complex control effector coupling, GTPase acceleration, protein folding, and stability

RGS (regulators of G protein signaling proteins regulate G protein signaling by accelerating GTP hydrolysis, but little is known about regulation of GTPase-accelerating protein (GAP) activities or roles of domains and subunits outside the catalytic cores. RGS9-1 is the GAP required for rapid recovery of light responses in vertebrate photoreceptors and the only mammalian RGS protein with a defined physiological function. It belongs to an RGS subfamily whose members have multiple domains, including G gamma -like domains that bind G(beta5) proteins. Members of this subfamily play important roles in neuronal signaling, Within the GAP complex organized around the RGS domain of RGS9-1, we have identified a functional role for the G gamma -like-G(beta 5L) complex in regulation of GAP activity by an effector subunit, cGMP phosphodiesterase gamma and in protein folding and stability of RGS9-1, The C-terminal domain of RGS9-1 also plays a major role in conferring effector stimulation. The sequence of the RGS domain determines whether the sign of the effector effect will be positive or negative. These roles were observed in, vitro using full-length proteins or fragments for RGS9-1, RGS7, G(beta 5S), and G(beta 5s), The dependence of RGS9-1 on Gp, co-expression for folding, stability, and function has been confirmed in vivo using transgenic Xenopus laevis, These results reveal how multiple domains and regulatory polypeptides work together to fine tune G(t alpha) inactivation.
Comparing characteristics and outcomes in infants with prenatal and postnatal diagnosis of esophageal atresia

Abstract Background Previous studies of infants with esophageal atresia (EA) suggest those diagnosed prenatally have worse outcomes because of a higher incidence of associated anomalies. The purpose of this study was to compare characteristics and outcomes of infants with EA diagnosed after fetal center evaluation to those diagnosed postnatally. Methods The records of all neonates treated for EA at our institution from 2002–2012 were reviewed. Infants with a prenatal diagnosis of EA were compared with those postnatally diagnosed using chi-square and Student t-test as appropriate. Results Of 91 patients treated with EA during the study period, 15 (16%) were diagnosed prenatally at our fetal center. Although those prenatally diagnosed had a higher incidence of pure EA and polyhydramnios, the gestational age and birth weight in that group were similar to those diagnosed postnatally. There were no differences in outcomes between groups with regard to the incidence of major cardiac anomalies, surgical complications, hospital length of stay, and survival. Conclusions Treatment at a tertiary care center provides excellent outcomes for all infants with EA, despite an 80% frequency of concurrent anomalies. Prenatal diagnosis of EA and attentive obstetric management of polyhydramnios decrease the risk for prematurity and prematurity-associated morbidity.
Adjoint sensitivity of an idealized extratropical cyclone with moist physical processes

An adjoint model (MAMS1) that includes parametrizations for convective (subgrid-scale), and non-convective (grid-scale) precipitation, and surface latent-heat flux is used to investigate an idealized extratropical cyclogenesis. The adjoint sensitivity information demonstrates the effects that perturbations of model variables and parameters at various times during the cyclone life cycle have on forecast cyclone intensity. For a nonlinear trajectory that includes precipitation processes and surface latent-heat flux, the accuracy of the tangent-linear and adjoint model is much higher when moist physical processes are included. Inclusion of moist processes in the adjoint model increases sensitivity magnitude compared with sensitivity obtained with a dry adjoint model, but does not alter the primary spatial pattern of sensitivity. The larger cyclone deepening rates that occur with the inclusion of moisture are related to latent-heat release from condensation of water vapour in areas of the middle and lower troposphere (the warm-front region) that are strongly sensitive to temperature perturbations in both dry and moist cyclone simulations. The effects of diabatic heating on cyclone development are interpreted as a reinforcement of dry baroclinic instability, and not a separate development mechanism (which would have a unique non-baroclinic sensitivity signature). The sensitivity patterns explain why favourably positioned latent-heat release is an ingredient that can lead to explosive baroclinic development. Cyclone intensity is very sensitive to the vertical distribution of temperature perturbations, so this feature of diabatic heating is critical to the cyclone forecast. An increase in the transfer coefficient, CE, for the surface latent-heat flux can intensify the cyclone by adding moisture to the lower troposphere in the cyclone warm sector before the release of latent heat by precipitation processes. Perturbations of CE have more effect on cyclone intensity than perturbations of the transfer coefficients involved in surface sensible-heat flux and surface stress during most of the cyclone life cycle.
Total fluoride content of human serum

Abstract The analysis of six human sera for its fluoride content by (a) fluoride ion-electrode determination in diffusates of unashed samples, (b) colorimetric determination in diffusates from unashed samples ( Singer and Armstrong , 1965), (c) colorimetric and electrode methods applied to diffusates of ashed samples and (d) colorimetric assay of steam distilled ashed samples ( Singer and Armstrong , 1959) are reported. Concordant results were obtained with ashed sera by all methods. Consistently higher results were obtained with ashed than with unashed samples when the fluoride ion-electrode was used. Evidence is presented that part of the fluoride evolved by diffusion from unashed samples is unavailable for measurement with the electrode. The determinations of total fluoride in serum requires ashing of the sample prior to diffusion or rigid adherence to 20–26 hr diffusion under prescribed conditions. Analyses of plasma of rats raised on different fluoride intakes are used to demonstrate the responsiveness of the direct diffusion method to variations of total serum fluoride contents.
Comparison of the effects of hydrogen peroxide and X-ray irradiation on toxicity, mutation, and DNA damage/repair in mammalian cells (V-79)

Hydrogen peroxide is not detectably mutagenic at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase locus (measured as 6-thioguanine resistance) in V-79 Chinese hamster lung cells, yet is cytotoxic with a Do dose of 240 μM. X-ray, by contrast, is both mutagenic and cytotoxic with a Do dose of 260 rad for cytotoxicity. The number of DNA single-strand breaks induced at equitoxic doses is much greater for hydrogen peroxide than it is for X-ray. Single-strand breaks are repaired with initial t12 values of 5.0 min for X-ray and 6.8 min for hydrogen peroxide; after 12.5 min X-ray repair becomes biphasic, whereas H2O2 repair remains linear. Hydrogen peroxide does not induce either DNA-protein or DNA-DNA crosslinks, although X-ray has been previously shown to induce DNA-protein crosslinks. Hydroxyl radical scavengers reduce the number of DNA single-strand breaks induced by hydrogen peroxide and X-ray, which implies that hydroxyl radicals may mediate the formation of these breaks. Because hydroxyl radicals are produced by both agents, yet only X-ray is mutagenic, we conclude that hydroxyl radicals are not necessarily mutagenic in V-79 cells. The implications of these findings for the detection of carcinogens and mutagens is discussed.
SU-DD-A2-04: Use of the Adjoint Analysis Based Greedy Heuristic Algorithms in Treatment Planning for LDR Brachytherapy of the Prostate and HDR Brachytherapy Using Multicatheter Breast Implant Technique

Purpose: To demonstrate use of the adjoint analysis based Greedy Heuristic (GH) algorithms in treatment planning for LDR brachytherapy of the prostate using directional sources and multicatheter‐HDR breast implant. Method and Materials: Two adjoint analysis based GH treatment planning tools are developed; The first, for a directional LDR brachytherapy application and the second, for a HDR‐multicatheter brachytherapy application. Both the problems have an extra degree of freedom compared with conventional, binary LDR treatment planning — the seed rotational orientation in directional LDR brachytherapy and the variable dwell‐time in HDR brachytherapy. The greedy heuristic treatment planning algorithm uses adjoint‐based ROI‐sensitivity‐fields to search for the best available source type and orientation, or dwell time increment at a source‐location in steps to build either a seed‐needle‐source‐orientation distribution or dwell‐location‐dwell‐time distribution solution non‐iteratively. The GH treatment planning for LDR technique is based on dose‐distributionoptimization and that for HDR technique is based on dose‐homogeneityoptimization.Results: The treatment plans generated by the greedy heuristic algorithm using the directional sources resulted in target coverage with V100 >98% and remarkably better OAR‐sparing owing to the directional dose properties of the sources, as seen from the DVH analysis and evaluation parameters comparison on 6 prostate cases when compared with conventional LDR‐brachytherapy. The multicatheter‐HDR brachytherapy dwell‐time optimization generated treatment plan with a target coverage V100 >96%, skin‐sparing (D85=4.5%), few hot‐spots and a dose homogeneity index of 0.82. Conclusion: Greedy Heuristic algorithms coupled with greedy criterions based on ROI‐sensitivity fields of dose response and dose‐homogeneity response are utilized as efficient tools for fast and reproducible treatment planning solutions in LDR and HDR brachytherapy.
Rich environments for active learning in action: problem-based learning

In today's complex world of rapid change, of increasing innovation and of proliferating knowledge, employers and employees must be able to apply tools and knowledge to new situations with increasing frequency to remain productive and competitive (see Nash, 1994). Because we face an environment in which knowledge and skills become rapidly obsolete, people need to know how to be involved in a continual process of 'retooling' their knowledge and skill base (see Swanson et al, 1993). Consequently, learning to think critically, to analyse and synthesize information to solve technical, social, economic, political, and scientific problems, and to engage in lifelong learning, are crucial for successful and fulfilling participation in our competitive society. Learning environments which prepare learners for the complexities of the professional world utilize instructional activities reflecting the problemsolving and challenge-meeting process professionals use on their jobs. Learners need to: • determine for themselves what issues need to be addressed when facing a new problem; • identify knowledge and skills they already possess that can be applied to the situation; • determine which skill and knowledge areas are deficient, arid create learning plans to address those deficiencies; • create timelines, manage resources, and monitor their progress; • apply what they know to problems that may change substantially from one moment to another; and • assess their performance and make changes in personal processes for use to meet subsequent challenges. DOI:10.1080/0968776970050202
Complications following reconstruction with the pectoralis major myocutaneous flap: the effect of prior radiation therapy.

Over the past 5 years, 40 patients with head and neck cancer underwent pectoralis major myocutaneous flap (PMMF) reconstruction following radical ablative surgery. Twenty-three patients received prior radiation therapy (55 to 70.2 Gy), while 17 patients had no radiation preoperatively. Thirty-five percent of the irradiated patients had flap-related complications, compared to 47% of the nonirradiated patients (P = .52, not statistically significant [NSS]). There were no reoperations and no operative deaths in either group. There was 1 fistula in each group, both of which closed with conservative management. The PMMF for head and neck reconstruction is well tolerated following radiation therapy and has shown comparable morbidity in patients who have not undergone prior radiation.
The willing cuckold: optimal paternity allocation, infanticide and male reproductive strategies in mammals

Infanticide is believed to be an adaptive strategy in many mammalian taxa. A number of authors have modelled aspects of infanticide and its potential impact on social systems, but limited attention has been paid to identifying the full range of conditions under which infanticide should be favoured or the variety of potential effects that infanticide may have on male mating strategies. While most authors focus on infanticide by new male immigrants, natural selection should favour infanticide under a wider range of conditions, including sometimes by potential fathers. Here we model male decisions about whether to commit infanticide and explore how infanticide risk may affect optimal male mating strategies. Infanticide risk coupled with imperfect infanticide protection in a population creates a fitness landscape with two adaptive peaks, one representing complete paternity certainty and the other representing a compromise between maximizing paternity and minimizing infanticide risk. Which of these adaptive peaks represents the fitness-maximizing global optimum depends on a population's socioecology and characteristics of the male. In many ecological contexts, males may adaptively reduce their paternity probability to reduce the risk of infanticide. Explicit consideration of this possibility may enhance our understanding of the dynamics of mammalian intrasexual and intersexual competition in a number of ways.