cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An experimental application of cryptography to a remotely accessed data system

An experimental system has been developed which illustrates ways cryptography can be applied to certain data-security problems concerning remotely accessible data files. These problems are in two main classes: security of data while in transit over communications lines and security of data while in storage. The system makes use of a combination of software and special hardware to provide enciphering and deciphering of messages between a terminal and a data processor. Not only is the content of messages secured from eaves-droppers but also special means are employed to ensure the validity and integrity of messages, of particular significance for file-updating commands. It is also shown how a more restricted kind of protection is afforded data stored in files.
Types of capabilities and learning hierarchies in instructional design

The external needs assessment is suggested as a rational and logical starting place for organizational effort (including learning design) in that it studies and identifies the skills, knowledges and attitudes which are important outside of the school (or organization) and uses that information as the basis for educational design and effort. The internal needs assessment goes from that point forward to identify internally useful and worthy goals, objectives, methods and means to meet those required and desired outcomes. Most current effort in needs as-
New amine-based tripodal copper catalysts for atom transfer radical polymerization

Three new amine-based tripodal copper complexestris(2-(diethylamino)ethyl)amine/CuBr (Et6TREN/CuBr), 2,4-dimethyl-6-bis(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)aminomethylphenoxy (N-tetramethyltriaminephenoxy) (Me4TAPH/CuII), and N,N-bis[(2-pyridyl)methyl]-2-aminomethylpyrrolide (BPPY/CuI)were prepared and investigated as ATRP catalysts in order to understand the effect of steric hindrance and the presence of a charged anionic group on the performance of catalysts based on branched tetradentate amine ligands in ATRP. Catalysts based on these ligands were evaluated for n-butyl acrylate (BA) polymerization, and their performance was compared with those of known analogues: Me6TREN and N-tetraethyltriaminephenoxy (Et4TAPH) copper complexes. When compared to Me6TREN/CuBr-mediated polymerization, the more sterically hindered Et6TREN/CuBr catalyst complex promoted a much slower and less controlled BA polymerization. This indicates that bulkiness around the metal center had a strong effect on the ATRP equilibrium. The Me4TAPH co...
The Association between Self-Reported Lifetime History of Forced Sexual Intercourse and Recent Health-Risk Behaviors: Findings from the 2003 National Youth Risk Behavior Survey

Abstract Purpose To expand the understanding of the association between recent health-risk behaviors and a history of forced sexual intercourse, using a nationally representative sample of female and male high school students. Methods Data were from the 2003 National Youth Risk Behavior Survey, a nationally representative biennial survey of U.S. high school students. Lifetime history of forced sex, recent physical dating violence, and health-risk behaviors (substance use, diet-related behaviors, violence-related behaviors, and health promoting behaviors) were assessed. Analyses were stratified by gender and controlled for grade and race/ethnicity. Results Of students surveyed, 8.9% reported ever being forced to have sex. One in eight females and one in 16 males experienced forced sex in their lifetime. For females and males, a history of forced sex was associated with experiencing physical dating violence and suicidal ideation in the 12 months preceding the survey and with substance use in the previous 30 days. Female victims were not as likely as female nonvictims to have participated in team sports during the previous 12 months. Male victims were more likely than male nonvictims to have fasted for more than 24 hours to lose weight during the previous 30 days. Conclusions A lifetime history of forced sex is associated with recent dating violence and participation in unhealthy behaviors. Services and intervention programs for victimized youth should address health concerns that have been linked to sexual assault. Such programs would provide opportunities for early intervention with lasting implications for improved health.
Timecourse of Preshaping for Functional Responses to Objects

The present study explores the unfolding of hand shaping the context of functional responding to common objects. The principal issue addressed by this study is whether distinct, identifiable preshapes are evidenced in preparation for four distinct types of hand contact, including nonprehensile as well as prehensile hand shapes, and for small and large surfaces of contact. All four shapes considered here (poke, pinch, palm and clench) showed evidence of distinct preshaping, with similar timecourses in relation to the onset of reaching. The initial separation of the fingers, formation of first identifiable preshape feature, and completion of the preshape appeared at essentially the same time relative tot he onset of reaching for all four hand shapes. The hand shapes did differ, however, in the time between the completion of a stable preshape and contact with the object. The time for preshape-to-contact was greater for hand shapes with small surfaces of contact than for those with large surfaces and for prehensile shapes than for nonprehensile. These differences are attributed to the precision required for the ultimate object-contact response.
The 6.7‐keV Kα complex of He‐like iron in transient plasmas★

Time-dependent numerical simulations of the Ka complex of Fe xxv are carried out as a function of temperature-density-radiation field variations in high-temperature astrophysical and laboratory plasmas. In addition to several well-known features, the transient and steady-state spectra reveal the effects due to (a) time-dependent thermal and non-thermal radiation fields, (b) photo- and collisional excitation and ionization, and (c) high densities, on the 'quartet' of principal w, x, y, z lines, and dielectronic satellites. The highly detailed models show precisely how, assuming a temporal-temperature correlation, the X-ray intensity varies between 6.6 and 6.7 keV and undergoes a 'spectral inversion' in the w and z line intensities, characterizing an ionization- or a recombination-dominated plasma. The dielectronic satellite intensities are the most temperature-dependent features, but insensitive to density variations, and significantly contribute to the Ka complex for T < 6.7 keV leading to asymmetric profiles. The 6.7-keV Ka complex should be a potential diagnostic of X-ray flares in active galactic nuclei, afterglows in gamma-ray bursts, and other non-equilibrium sources with the high-resolution measurements possible from the upcoming mission Astro-E2. It is also shown that high electron densities attenuate the line intensities in simulations relevant to laboratory plasmas, such as in inertial confinement fusion, laser, or magnetic Z-pinch devices.
Regeneration of endoderm by ectoderm isolated from mouse blastocysts.

CELL determination can be described as the progressive restriction in developmental options during embryogenesis1. Mouse embryo cells, in particular, remain undetermined for a relatively long period, and the fate of cells seems to be labile throughout the period of cleavage2–4. Microsurgical analysis of mouse blastocysts, however, has shown that the developmental potential of inner cell mass and trophoblast cells becomes restricted during blastocyst formation, so that neither of these early cell types retains the option of differentiating into the other5–7. We have now investigated whether the primary ectoderm, which forms in the inner cell mass on day 5 of gestation8,9, retains the option of differentiating into endoderm. We found that when ectoderm was isolated from mouse blastocysts by immunosurgery10 it could regenerate an outer layer of endoderm during further culture. The capacity of isolated ectoderm to differentiate into endoderm depended both on the initial mass of the embryo and on the time that the ectoderm was isolated from the inner cell mass.
Data Bridging: Statistical Methods for Integrating Results across Studies

A procedure is described for integrating data sets from several studies based on a sequential research strategy. A data bridging technique is used so that the results of three previous studies can be combined to build integrated second-order empirical models. The previous studies investigated 10 independent variables, but 16 uninvestigated interactions from the complete set of items in a second-order model were not investigated in these studies. To select the best data points for examining these uninvestigated interactions, the maximization of |X'X| criterion was used. A computer program was developed to calculate the determinant value of X'X matrix for each candidate data point. Each selected data point was then analyzed to determine multicollinearity of the uninvestigated interactions. From these analyses, six additional data points were selected to examine the 16 uninvestigated interactions. Results from six additional data points along with the previous data sets were combined to build second-order em...
The Enchantress and Problems of Pacing in the Operas of Tchaikovsky: An Informal Interview with David Lloyd-Jones

In June and July of 2004, Grange Park Opera gave the first professional stage performances in the United Kingdom of Tchaikovsky's The Enchantress ( Charodeyka ). David Lloyd-Jones conducted and was responsible for the performing version. The following article is based on an interview with him taped between the sixth and seventh performances. A retired Syracuse University music librarian, is the author of two published Tchaikovky studies: ‘The Tchaikovsky Fifth: a symphony without a programme’ (1991) and, in collaboration with Mark Elder, ‘The Dramaturgy of Tchaikovsky's Mazeppa’ (1988). He was for many years a contributor of record reviews and interviews to Fanfare magazine.
Symbiosis vs. crowding-out: the interaction of formal and informal credit markets in developing countries

Abstract It is a common observation in many developing countries that enterprises are active borrowers in both formal and informal credit markets. We propose a model in which the formal sector's superior ability in deposit mobilization is traded off against the informational advantage that lenders in the informal sector enjoy. The formal sector can screen borrowers by providing only partial financing for projects, thereby forcing borrowers to resort to the informal sector for the remainder of the loan. We use the model to predict how the market structure responds to changes in the environment, and we consider the policy implications of various forms of government intervention.
Separated at birth: the shared lineage of research on conceptual change and persuasion

Abstract Among the aims of education is the endeavor to bring students closer to an understanding of the world-at-large. Although pedagogical methods vary, educators would certainly agree that changing students’ knowledge and beliefs is among the end-goals of successful education (Murphy, 1998, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation. University of Maryland, College of Education, College Park, MD). In the educational research literature, this “coming to know” has been referred to as conceptual change, and more recently there has been a resurgence of interest in “coming to believe” most often referred to as persuasion. Given that many researchers have defined belief as a form of knowledge, the delineating features of these two constructs are somewhat opaque. This present work closely examines these two constructs by identifying theoretical forbears of conceptual change and persuasion theory in the domains of philosophy and psychology with the intent of tracing their influence on educational research and practice.
Validity of the Borg perceived exertion scale for use in semirecumbent ergometry during immersion in water

This investigation examined the validity of the Borg 15-category Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale during semirecumbent exercise in 32 degrees C water. 9 men undertook 12 8-min. trials at 3 power outputs and 4 pedal-crank rates. The power output was distributed between the arms (20%) and legs (80%). RPEs were measured for the arms, legs, chest, and over-all body. Correlation coefficients for RPE expressed as a function of power output and gross metabolic efficiency (MEG) ranged from .56 to .83 and .54 to .70, respectively, for each pedal-crank rate. Validity coefficients were greatest at those pedal-crank rates having the highest MEG. The Borg 15-category RPE scale is valid for use during semirecumbent exercise in water.
Incorporating Prediction in Models for Two-Dimensional Smooth Pursuit

A predictive component can contribute to the command signal for smooth pursuit. This is readily demonstrated by the fact that low frequency sinusoidal target motion can be tracked with zero time delay or even with a small lead. The objective of this study was to characterize the predictive contributions to pursuit tracking more precisely by developing analytical models for predictive smooth pursuit. Subjects tracked a small target moving in two dimensions. In the simplest case, the periodic target motion was composed of the sums of two sinusoidal motions (SS), along both the horizontal and the vertical axes. Motions following the same or similar paths, but having a richer spectral composition, were produced by having the target follow the same path but at a constant speed (CS), and by combining the horizontal SS velocity with the vertical CS velocity and vice versa. Several different quantitative models were evaluated. The predictive contribution to the eye tracking command signal could be modeled as a low-pass filtered target acceleration signal with a time delay. This predictive signal, when combined with retinal image velocity at the same time delay, as in classical models for the initiation of pursuit, gave a good fit to the data. The weighting of the predictive acceleration component was different in different experimental conditions, being largest when target motion was simplest, following the SS velocity profiles.
Domestic economies and regional transition: Household multicrafting and lake exploitation in pre-Aztec Central Mexico

Abstract This article takes a micro-archaeology approach to investigating household production strategies using data derived from Early to Middle Postclassic (A.D. 900–1350) houses from Xaltocan, Mexico, an island capital in the northern Basin of Mexico. I examine household production strategies by integrating multiple lines of evidence including microartifacts, soil chemistry, and macroartifact remains to document a diversity of household production activities, including the manufacture of goods that are typically invisible archaeologically such as foods and perishable goods. Next, I consider changes in subsistence practices through time in order to understand household scheduling and labor allocation strategies. The results indicate that households in pre-Aztec Xaltocan not only pursued diverse economic strategies, but also engaged in multiple types of production activities, including the manufacture of food products and other utilitarian goods derived from lake resources. I conclude that households were fundamental to economic development in ancient political economies and were enmeshed in broader systems of power and networks of exchange.
A Data-Driven Preschool PD Model for Literacy and Oral Language Instruction

The purpose of this article is to describe the professional development (PD) model for preschool literacy and language instruction that took place in a 3-year, 2-tiered Early Reading First project in 9 Head Start and community-based school classrooms. In our tiered model, the Tier 1 level was classroom instruction and Tier 2 was intervention instruction. Through our data-driven PD model, we sought to systematically provide workshops for all classroom teaching staff based on the evidence-based literacy/language skills and learning strategies. Teachers received approximately 55 hr a year in training. Classroom coaches each worked in 3 classrooms and spent approximately 4 hr a week per classroom working to plan with teachers and supporting instruction. Children were regularly assessed in areas of literacy/oral language and teachers were assessed on the quality of the classroom environment and teacher fidelity of implementation of strategies learned during coaching and workshop training. Teachers also provide...
Optical Imaging of Apoptosis

Summary Apoptosis is a crucial mechanism in living organisms with many implications in medical research and practice. Therefore in vivo imaging of apoptosis has received significant attention lately as it can allow the visualization of molecular pathways and of therapeutic action in intact biological systems, animals and potentially humans. Here we describe recent improvements in visualizing apoptosis and focus on optical imaging. The recent development of near infrared fluorescent probes homing to apoptotic cells, coupled with novel imaging technologies that allow highly sensitive photon detection from whole bodies, are reviewed. Finally the potential transition of optical apoptosis imaging into clinics is discussed.
ATM: HIV-1's Achilles heel?

The HIV type 1 (HIV-1) life-cycle involves a number of cellular cofactors. Some are essential for HIV-1 replication and thus may serve as targets for therapeutic intervention. An emerging role for cellular DNA repair in HIV-1 infection suggests that inhibition of these repair functions may lead to suppression of viral replication.
Follow the Yellow Brick Road to a Successful Professional Career in Higher Education

Abstract Mentors and other colleagues can help guide faculty through various career stages as they develop and demonstrate their competence in teaching, research, and service; earn tenure and promotion; balance personal and professional responsibilities; meet post-tenure review expectations; and enjoy career-long productivity and satisfaction. Nurturing the ongoing development of faculty, including through faculty helping each other grow professionally, will prepare them to successfully meet the changes and challenges facing higher education.
Development of an immunomagnetic capture reverse transcription-PCR assay for the detection of Norwalk virus

Norwalk virus (NV) is the prototype human virus of the family Caliciviridae. A rapid immunomagnetic capture/reverse transcription-(IMC/RT-)PCR assay was developed for the detection of NV. Immunomagnetic capture (IMC) utilizes paramagnetic beads coupled to a virus-specific antibody and allows separation of virus from contaminating materials and virus concentration in a single step. The detection limit of the developed assay was approximately 250-750 genomic equivalents/ml of 10% stool suspension. The detection limit of the assay was not altered by the presence of excess hepatitis A virus (HAV), although non-specific binding of HAV to the paramagnetic beads was observed. A panel of 100 stools from experimental human infections was screened for NV using a previously described heat release method, an antigen ELISA, or IMC/RT-PCR. NV was detected in 65/100 of these samples by IMC/RT-PCR compared to only 38/99 by heat release and 31/95 by antigen detection ELISA. All samples that were negative by IMC were also negative by both heat release and antigen ELISA. The number of samples in which RT-PCR was inhibited was greatly reduced by the use of IMC/RT-PCR compared to the heat release method (1/100 and 16/95 samples inhibited, respectively). The ability of IMC to concentrate virus (> or =2000-fold greater than heat release) and effectively remove inhibitory substances gives this assay distinct advantages over both the heat release and antigen ELISAs.
High-performance liquid chromatography determination of residue levels on chicken carcasses treated with cetylpyridinium chloride

Abstract Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) has been found to be effective in reducing contamination of chicken carcasses from a variety of microorganisms, including Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium, Campylobacter jejuni, Aeromonas hydrophila, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus. A procedure has been developed to determine residue levels on chicken carcasses after CPC treatment. For the analysis, chicken carcasses were extracted with 95% ethanol. The CPC concentration in the extract was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet detection using dodecylpyridinium chloride (DPC) as an internal standard. The method was validated in the concentration range of 3–200 μg/ml CPC in ethanolic extract. This assay is rapid, precise, and accurate.
Antipsychotic Drug Side Effects for Persons with Intellectual Disability.

Antipsychotic drugs are the most frequently prescribed of the psychotropic drugs among the intellectually disabled (ID) population. Given their widespread use, efforts to systematically assess and report side effects are warranted. Specific scaling methods such as the Matson Evaluation of Side Effects (MEDS), the Abnormal Inventory Movement Scale (AIMS), and Dyskinesia Identification System Condensed User Scale (DISCUS) are reviewed. Symptom patterns and a focus on additional research are discussed. While progress has been made, more and more systematic methods to research these problems are necessary.
Asphalt colloidal types differentiated by Korcak distribution

Abstract Asphalt in a colloidal context can be considered as a sol, sol-gel or gel type where in all three cases the asphaltene particle plays an important role. Usually the three colloidal types can be differentiated by refinery processes or by rheological properties. The aggregation or clustering of the asphaltene particles (or micelles) from sol to sol-gel and finally to the gel state with a fixed lattice can follow the stochastic process of fractal Brownian motion which can fit a hyperbolic (or Korcak) distribution. A test was carried out using the same mass of various asphalts of different colloidal types for floc formation with a series of n-alkanes (dispersion media) of increasing characteristic lengths. Results from floc formation studies indicate that the value of the size distribution for the gel type is small, is higher for the sol-gel type, and is highest for the sol type. On the other hand, the surface irregularities for all three types of asphalt do not have any correlation. These observed facts are consistent with principles based on the fractal approach.
Endovascular Repair of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms Using the EGS Tube and Bifurcated Graft Systems

Left untreated, aneurysmal disease of the abdominal aorta is a highly lethal condition. Standard transabdominal repair of aortic aneurysm, although successful and durable, continues to be plagued by significant morbidity, mortality, and cost. Placement of an endovascular graft through a femoral arteriotomy is a new technique that could potentially reduced this morbidity and cost without sacrificing efficacy. This report details the development of a U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved endovascular grafting device. In addition, we describe our experience screening patients and summarize our clinical experience with the placement of both tube and bifurcated endovascular graft systems. To date, 16 patients have undergone endovascular repair with a tube graft at UCLA, and three bifurcated grafts have been placed. Two patients required conversion to conventional open aneurysm repair. All the remaining procedures were successful, and there were no perioperative deaths or major complications. We conclude that endovascular grafting of aortic aneurysms is both feasible and safe. Long-term patency and the ability of this technique to prevent the known complications of aortic aneurysmal disease remain unanswered questions at this time.
Band offsets and excitons in CdTe/(Cd,Mn)Te quantum wells.

The question of band offsets and details of exciton binding are investigated in the CdTe/(Cd,Mn)Te heterostructure in the quantum-well limit. Photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy in external magnetic fields is used to vary the quantum-well potential depths in this moderately strained (0.6% lattice mismatch) diluted magnetic semiconductor heterostructure. Large Zeeman splittings are observed at all the principal quantum-well transitions and at the barrier band gap for a structure of CdTe well thicknesses of 50 A\r{} and a Mn-ion concentration in the barrier layer of x=0.24. A variational theory is developed for excitons, especially accounting for the possibility of a small valence-band offset. Good agreement between theory and experiment is obtained and a band offset of 25 meV is deduced for the heavy-hole valence band, corresponding to a conduction- to valence-band offset ratio of about 14:1. This implies that the valence-band offset in a hypothetical strain-free case is virtually zero. The accuracy of the offset determination is believed to be better than 10 meV. Exciton binding energies are found to vary appreciably in the magnetic field; the zero-field value is approximately twice that for bulk CdTe.
Influence of light sources on the growth and reproduction of large white turkeys.

Abstract The present study evaluated the effects of sodium vapor (SV), daylight fluorescent (FL), and incandescent (IN) light sources on the growth and reproduction of primary breeder turkeys. Large White turkeys (90 sire line and 324 dam line) were reared by sex under one of the three light sources from 8 to 22 wk of age. At 22 wk of age, all males and females were preconditioned under their assigned light source; but the photophase was restricted to 6 h per day at an intensity of 21.6 lx. At 33 wk of age, the males were exposed to 16 h of light per day under the same light sources in which they were reared. At 35 wk of age, the females were reassigned to the various light sources in order to achieve all possible combinations of adolescent and breeder light-source treatments. Sixteen hours of light per day were provided at an intensity of 53.8 lx during a 20-wk cycle of egg production. The body weights of males and the feed efficiencies of males and females were unaffected by the adolescent light-source treatment. The females were significantly heavier under SV than those under FL and IN lights. Hen-housed egg production was significantly higher for females exposed to SV and FL lights versus IN during the first 10-wk production period. Hen-day egg production was significantly higher for females given FL than for those provided SV and IN lights. However, total hen-housed and hen-day production was unaffected by either adolescent or breeder light-source treatments. Fertility, hatchability, days to first egg, egg weight, and egg specific gravity were also unaffected by either the adolescent or breeder light-source treatment. Economic evaluations showed that the costs for installing and operating FL, SV, and IN lights for the first year after installation were $1,180, $1,542, and $5,498, respectively. The results suggest that more-energy-efficient light sources should be used in programs for growing and breeding turkeys.
Biomineralization of a Self-assembled, Soft-Matrix Precursor: Enamel

Enamel is the bioceramic covering of teeth, a composite tissue composed of hierarchical organized hydroxyapatite crystallites fabricated by cells under physiologic pH and temperature. Enamel material properties resist wear and fracture to serve a lifetime of chewing. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms for enamel formation may allow a biology-inspired approach to material fabrication based on self-assembling proteins that control form and function. Genetic understanding of human diseases expose insight from Nature's errors by exposing critical fabrication events that can be validated experimentally and duplicated in mice using genetic engineering to phenocopy the human disease so that it can be explored in detail. This approach led to assessment of amelogenin protein self-assembly which, when altered, disrupts fabrication of the soft enamel protein matrix. A misassembled protein matrix precursor results in loss of cell to matrix contacts essential to fabrication and mineralization.
EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT OF FAILED ROTATOR CUFF REPAIRS

Revision rotator cuff reconstruction should be based on the clinical problem, not the mere presence of a cuff defect. A functional deltoid is critical to the success of such surgery. Reconstructive procedures on the cuff include direct repair, interpositional grafting, and tendon transfers associated with an appropriate decompression. Decompression without repair-merely de bridement of the cuff-carries a significant risk of creating a severe functional loss and a poor outcome.
THE BLIND ZONE PROBLEM IN ENGINEERING GEOPHYSICS

General discussions of the so-called “blind zone” in refraction seismograph studies have beenregarded by most practical geophysicists as an academic treatment of a subject having little, if any, field application. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate that the consideration of the blind zone in specific cases definitely improves the correlations between the interpretations of refraction work and the engineering data obtained by core drilling. In this discussion the definition of the blind zone has been narrowed to refer only to that portion of the underground which lies between the surface layer and a high speed marker in a three-layer problem and is not represented in the graph of the “first breaks.” This volume of material is not suggested by the first breaks because of the relative thicknesses of the layers and the effect of the extent to which the velocity of the third layer exceeds that of the second. This definition excludes any of those anomalous zones which may not be represented by the first breaks because of marked decreases of the seismic velocity. Portrayal of the blind zone on the graph of the first breaks cannot be obtained by merely rearranging recording distances from the shotpoint to the seismometers. The speed of the seismic wave in the blind zone is generally intermediate in value between that of the surface layer and the high speed marker zone. In ordinary practice it is often represented by the zone of the water table above a high speed bedrock surface.
Choosing Wisely: Prevalence and Correlates of Low-Value Health Care Services in the United States

Background Specialty societies in the United States identified low-value tests and procedures that contribute to waste and poor health care quality via implementation of the American Board of Internal Medicine Foundation’s Choosing Wisely initiative.
An accurate low order plate bending element with thickness change and enhanced strains

A three-dimensional variational formulation is used to obtain a plate bending element which includes the thickness change of the plate. The nodal degrees of freedom for the four-node element are the deflection w, the rotations θ x and θ y , and the thickness change H. Bilinear functions of the in-plane coordinates ξ and η are used for the approximation of the deflection, the rotations and the thickness change. Integration in thickness direction is performed analytically. One key feature of the element is that the three-dimensional constitutive equations for the six stresses have not to be modified. Using eight enhanced strain terms, a well performing plate bending element is obtained.
Perspective from the Other Side: A Message of Hope for Learning Disability Teachers and Students.

I am a learning disabled adult deeply concerned about the education of atypical children in general and the learning handicapped in particular. Now in my early thirties, I entered the school system before enactment of state and federal legislation mandating equal access to public education for the handicapped. Although great strides have been made since special education and learning disabilities were neophyte disciplines, glaring inequities remain. My purpose in writing this essay is to use my experience within and outside the educational system to reflect upon the distance we have traveled and the difficult path we still must traverse. Additionally, I will offer hope and encouragement to both teachers of the learning disabled and their students in the form of valid avenues of improvement.
Improving fault prediction using Bayesian networks for the development of embedded software applications

Bayesian network (BN) models can be used to predict the level of fault injection in the different phases of the software development process. This paper describes the techniques used by Motorola to develop BN fault prediction models using product, usage and process information. It also includes a procedure created to validate and calibrate the BN models. Statistical techniques are applied that provide a measurement of the quality of the predictions made by the models, and directions on how the models could be improved. The validation method described in this paper considers two alternative ways to produce an improved network. The first is based mainly on modifying the ranges of the existing nodes, adding interdependencies between them, and varying the weight values associated with each of the nodes that are used as inputs to the intermediate nodes of the BN model. The second possibility uses linear regression and principal component analysis to build the intermediate and output nodes of the network. The paper closes with some encouraging results, and outlines a number of unresolved questions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cytidines in tRNAs that are required intact by ATP/CTP:tRNA nucleotidyltransferases from Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Abstract Individual species of tRNA from Escherichia coli were treated with hydrazine/3 M NaCl to modify cytidine residues. The chemically modified tRNAs were used as substrate for ATP/CTP: tRNA nucleotidyltransferases from E. coli and yeast, with [alpha-32P]ATP as cosubstrate. tRNAs that were labeled were analyzed for their content of modified cytidines. Cytidines at positions 74 and 75 were found to be required chemically intact for interaction with both enzymes. C56 was also required intact by the E. coli enzyme in all tRNAs, and by the yeast enzyme in several instances. C61 was found to be important in seven of 14 tRNAs with the E. coli enzyme but only in four of 13 tRNAs with that from yeast. Our results support a model in which nucleotidyltransferase extends from the 3' end of its tRNA substrate across the top of the stacked array of bases in the accepter- and psi-stems to the corner of the molecule where the D- and psi-loops are juxtaposed.
Analysis of crystalline lens position.

Purpose To study normal crystalline lens position to provide a comparative baseline for future studies of crystalline lens or intraocular lens shift. Setting Taipei Municipal Yang-Ming Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. Methods A Scheimpflug anterior segment analyzer (EAS-1000, Nidek) was prospectively applied to measure the cycloplegic crystalline lens position in subjects who had not had previous ocular surgeries or who had been diagnosed previously with major ocular diseases such as glaucoma, retinal detachment, or cataract. Measurements included anterior chamber depth (ACD), magnitudes, direction of lens decentration, and lens tilt. Refractive error was measured with an autorefractometer, and multiple linear regression was used to verify revealed relationships. The aging effect was determined with the Pearson correlation test. Results Thirty-nine eyes of 30 subjects (15 men, median age 13 years, range 4 to 53 years) were included. The center of the anterior lens surface was decentered 0.25 mm superotemporally. The lens tilted 2.85 degrees with the anterior lens surface facing the inferotemporal quadrant. The mean ACD was 3.26 mm; it tended to increase before subjects reached 20 years of age and to decrease thereafter. With age, the lens tended to exhibit less tilt. Lens position did not affect the spherical equivalent or the magnitude of astigmatism. Conclusion The crystalline lens was not aligned perfectly along the visual axis, but its effect on refraction was limited.
Efficient lipid-mediated transfection of DNA into primary rat hepatocytes

Cationic lipids are an effective means for transfecting nucleic acids into a variety of cell types. Very few of these lipids, however, have been reported to be effective with primary cells. We report on the efficacy of several commercially available cationic lipid reagents to transfect plasmid DNA into primary rat hepatocytes in culture. The reagents tested in this study include TransfectAce, LipofectAmine, Lipofectin, N-[1-(2,3-dioleyloxy)propyl]-n,n,n-trimethylammoniumchloride (DOTMA), (N-[1-(2,3-dioleoyloxy)propyl]-N,N,N-trimethyl-ammonium methylsulfate (DOTAP), and cetyltrimethyl-ammonium bromide/dioleoylphosphatidylethanol-amine (CTAB/DOPE). Electron micrographic (EM) studies indicate that similar size Lipofectin and DOTAP vesicles contain DNA-like material internally and that these vesicles attach to the cell membrane. DOTAP vesicles are multilamellar, appear as clusters, and have a high DNA-to-lipid ratio. Lipofectin vesicles appear to attach to the cell surface as individual vesicles. The EM observations are consistent with current theories on the mechanism of transfection by cationic lipids. While Lipofectin has proven to be effective in transfection studies of primary cells in culture, we have found DOTAP to be a viable alternative. DOTAP yields transfection rates in hepatocytes comparable to DOTMA and Lipofectin, however, at lower concentrations of reagent and at considerably less cost. Optimal conditions for transfecting 5 µg of plasmid DNA with DOTAP were achieved by utilizing multilamellar (vortexed) vesicles at a concentration of 15 µg DOTAP per 2 ml media in 60-mm plates for 2 h transfection time. In this study, DOTAP has proven to be economical, easy to prepare, and very effective in transfecting DNA into primary rat hepatocytes.
Computerization of data capture for mouse skin painting studies.

Abstract An interactive data input, storage, retrieval and treatment system for mouse skin painting studies is described. The system was implemented on a Hewlett-Packard (HP)1000-F computer under RTE IVB operating system using FORTRAN IV . The program's simple design means that it can be run easily by unskilled personnel.
Dual Prism Adaptation: Calibration or Alignment?

Dual adaptation to different amounts or directions of prismatic displacement, or both, can be acquired and maintained with little mutual interference. Associative recalibration of the regional task- or workspace, contingent on differentiation of distinguishing sensory information, can explain such adaptation. In contrast, nonassociative realignment restores dimensional mapping among spatial representations. Methods for measuring the separate contributions of those 2 kinds of prism adaptation are identified in the present article. On the basis of a critique of dual-adaptation studies, the authors suggest that recalibration can explain the data but that the method used in those experiments confounded realignment and might have obscured the effectiveness of dual-calibration training.
Use of alternative therapies among emergency department patients

Abstract Study objective: To assess emergency department patients' use of alternative therapies. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional observational survey of a convenience sample of ED patients. A trained research assistant administered a written questionnaire asking patients about alternative therapies. Results: Of the 139 patients surveyed, 78 (56%) had tried alternative therapies in the past, 68 (87%) of whom believed that they were effective. The most frequently tried alternative therapies were massage therapy (31%), chiropractic (30%), herbs (24%), meditation (19%), and acupuncture (15%). Most patients (70%) who tried alternative therapies did not inform their physicians of such practice. Conclusion: Most ED patients in our sample had tried alternative therapies and among these patients, most did not inform their physicians. Herbal therapy in particular had been tried by about 1 in 4 patients. Emergency physicians should routinely question their patients regarding the use of alternative therapies, particularly herbal preparations, which may cause adverse effects. [Gulla J, Singer AJ. Use of alternative therapies among emergency department patients. Ann Emerg Med. March 2000;35:226-228.]
Effect of puromycin on cartilage proteoglycan structure and capacity to bind hyaluronic acid.

Rat chondrosarcoma chondrocytes were cultured in the presence of puromycin to induce premature termination of core protein precursor. The structure and function of intracellular and extracellular proteoglycans were assessed by molecular sieve chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. [3H]Serine incorporation was maximally inhibited by 3 × 10−4m puromycin but unaffected by 10 −5m puromycin. Proteoglycans synthesized in the presence of puromycin exhibited increased monomer size due to increased chondroitin sulfate chain size, typical of proteoglycans synthesized in the presence of protein synthesis inhibitors, but no loss in ability to bind to hyaluronic acid; and no loss in core protein size was observed after treatment with chondroitinase. These data suggest that chondrocytes select only completed or nearly completed core protein molecules to process into proteoglycans.
The power of a good idea: Quantitative modeling of the spread of ideas from epidemiological models

The population dynamics underlying the diffusion of ideas hold many qualitative similarities to those involved in the spread of infections. In spite of much suggestive evidence this analogy is hardly ever quantified in useful ways. The standard benefit of modeling epidemics is the ability to estimate quantitatively population average parameters, such as interpersonal contact rates, incubation times, duration of infectious periods, etc. In most cases such quantities generalize naturally to the spread of ideas and provide a simple means of quantifying sociological and behavioral patterns. Here we apply several paradigmatic models of epidemics to empirical data on the advent and spread of Feynman diagrams through the theoretical physics communities of the USA, Japan, and the USSR in the period immediately after World War II. This test case has the advantage of having been studied historically in great detail, which allows validation of our results. We estimate the effectiveness of adoption of the idea in the three communities and find values for parameters reflecting both intentional social organization and long lifetimes for the idea. These features are probably general characteristics of the spread of ideas, but not of common epidemics.
High-precision intensity-selective observation of multiphoton ionization: a new method of photoelectron spectroscopy.

We have developed a novel method of time-of-flight (TOF) photoelectron spectroscopy that permits observation of multiphoton ionizations with extremely high precision, especially for low-probability events. By scanning the laser-produced ionization region across a pinhole we can select specific laser peak intensities. The volumes occupied by low intensities rise rapidly compared with traditional straight TOF spectroscopy, resulting in high signal gains. This technique presents a new way of observing fundamental laser–matter interactions.
Transformation of layered polyoxometallate cluster salts into mesoporous materials

A new approach to the formation of mesoporous materials has been developed, based on a two-step salt-gel synthesis, in which mesoporous alumino-phosphates, galloaluminophosphates, and aluminosilicates have been created. The first step involves pre-organizing charged inorganic clusters (MO 4 Al 12 (OH) 24 (H 2 O) 12 7+ , M = Al or Ga) into a layered mesoscopic material with oppositely charged organic surfactant molecules. In the second step, phosphate or silicate linker molecules are added, which diffuse through the cluster/surfactant salt, react with the clusters, and transform the layered precursor into a non-lamellar mesostructured material. Removal of the surfactant from the alumino- and galloaluminophosphates by anion-exchange and from the aluminosilicates by calcination results in mesoporous materials with BET surface areas up to 630, 455, and 431 m 2 /g, respectively. Direct condensation by calcination of polyoxoaluminate cluster salts without additional linkers produces nanometer-sized one-dimensional strings.
Molecular interferometric imaging study of molecular interactions

Molecular Interferometric Imaging (MI2) is a sensitive detection platform for direct optical detection of immobilized biomolecules. It is based on inline common-path interferometry combined with far-field optical imaging. The substrate is a simple thermal oxide on a silicon surface with a thickness at or near the quadrature condition that produces a π/2 phase shift between the normal-incident wave reflected from the top oxide surface and the bottom silicon surface. The presence of immobilized or bound biomolecules on the surface produces a relative phase shift that is converted to a far-field intensity shift and is imaged by a reflective microscope onto a CCD camera. Shearing interferometry is used to remove the spatial 1/f noise from the illumination to achieve shot-noise-limited detection of surface dipole density profiles. The lateral resolution of this technique is diffraction limited at 0.4 micron, and the best longitudinal resolution is 10 picometers. The minimum detectable mass at the metrology limit is 2 attogram, which is 8 antibody molecules of size 150 kDa. The corresponding scaling mass sensitivity is 5 fg/mm compared with 1 pg/mm for typical SPR sensitivity. We have applied MI2 to immunoassay applications, and real-time binding kinetics has been measured for antibody-antigen reactions. The simplicity of the substrate and optical read-out make MI2 a promising analytical assay tool for high-throughput screening and diagnostics.
Questionnaire survey of urologists and primary care physicians' diagnostic and treatment practices for prostatitis

Abstract Objectives To establish diagnostic and treatment practices for chronic prostatitis by survey of urologists in Wisconsin and primary care providers in Dane County, Wisconsin. Methods All Wisconsin urologists (n = 135) and primary care providers in Dane County, Wisconsin (n = 365) were surveyed by mail with a 10-item questionnaire used to establish diagnostic and treatment practices for prostatitis. Results Seventy-eight percent of primary caregivers consider prostatitis to be bacterial in nature, whereas 59% of urologists consider it to be noninfectious. Fewer than 50% of primary care providers consider pain to be other than perineal in the diagnosis. Fewer than 50% of urologists or primary caregivers evaluate expressed prostatic secretions and few primary care providers (11 %) use nonantibiotic therapy. Conclusions The diagnostic and treatment practices for prostatitis do not follow standard textbook algorithms.