cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Power System Equipment Cyber-Physical Risk Assessment Based on Architecture and Critical Clearing Time

With the trend of constructing Internet protocol (IP)-based systems, modern power grids are involving into integrated networks made up of cyber and physical infrastructure with the goal of improving stability, reliability, and efficiency. Cyber technology is the backbone of modern power grid operation, yet vulnerabilities in the cyber network can introduce cyber-enabled disruption of physical components, which may lead catastrophic outcomes. Thus, cyber-physical equipment assessment is needed for modern power grids to better prepare against unexpected contingencies. In this paper, the digital relay is representative of cyber-physical equipment in power grids since it is a connector between the cyber network and the physical infrastructure. This paper presents two methods to evaluate cyber-physical risk of all digital relays in a power system. These methods are based on cyber-physical architecture and critical clearing time respectively. The analysis is conducted on an 8-substation model with its cyber network and cyber-physical architecture. The ranks of each digital relay provide useful information for situational awareness in modern power grids. An online framework that evaluates cyber-physical assets in power systems from these two perspectives is presented.
Abstract TP91: Perfusion-weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging is a Poor Indicator of Hemodynamic Compromise in Vertebrobasilar Disease

Introduction: Perfusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRP) has been used to assess changes in cerebral perfusion attributable to vascular stenosis or occlusion that may predict stroke risk. ...
MP61-02 INTRACORPOREAL STUDER ROBOTIC ORTHOTOPIC NEOBLADDER: 1-YEAR FUNCTIONAL RESULTS

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES:Robot-assisted cystectomy with complete intracorporeal reconstruction (iRARC) is an emerging procedure with encouraging long-term oncologic results. However urodynamic a...
Intermittent Catheterization (IC)

Catheter drainage of the lower urinary tract in patients with neurogenic bladder seeks to maintain low bladder pressures that protect the kidneys, minimize urinary tract infections (UTIs), and achieve dryness to prevent decubitus ulcers and for social reasons. In mild cases of neurogenic voiding impairment, timed voiding and assistive maneuvers can achieve these goals and should always be attempted prior to instituting catheterization. External devices, in the form of condom catheters, may be preferable for men, when low pressure incontinence due to poor outlet resistance is the dominant issue.
RAPID: Real-time Anomaly-based Preventive Intrusion Detection

Intrusion detection systems (IDSs) today face key limitations with respect to detection and prevention of challenging IoT-empowered attacks. We address these limitations by proposing a novel IDS called RAPID, which is based on an online scalable anomaly detection and localization approach. We show that the anomaly detection algorithm is asymptotically optimal under certain conditions, and comprehensively analyze its computational complexity. Considering a real dataset and an IoT testbed we demonstrate the use of RAPID in two different IoT-empowered cyber-attack scenarios, namely high-rate DDoS attacks and low-rate DDoS attacks. The experiment results show the quick and accurate detection and prevention performance of the proposed IDS.
Network Information Management and Distribution in a Heterogeneous and Decentralized Enterprise Environment

To promote enterprise-wide information and resource sharing, we have implemented a network information management and distribution system that gives subscribing systems real-time access to relevant information changes. Participating systems need little more than a small, single application to receive the updates. User interaction and data administration require only a web browser. The resulting system is timely, reliable, secure, easy to support and maintain, and extensible.
Abstract 748: Circulating Extracellular Vesicles as Novel Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Risk in Older Women With Different Sitting Time Patterns

Background and Hypothesis: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound particles shed from a variety of cell types. They contain molecular cargo from the parent cell including metabolites, prot...
Infections due to multidrug‐resistant organisms following heart transplantation: Epidemiology, microbiology, and outcomes

BACKGROUND Infections secondary to multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO) have emerged as a growing problem in solid organ transplantation (SOT). Most of the published data on MDRO infections in SOT pertains to abdominal organ transplantation and data specific to heart transplantation (HT) are limited. METHODS This is a retrospective review of HT recipients at our institution from 2011 to 2016; with the aim to investigate the epidemiology, microbiologic spectrum, and outcomes in patients with post-HT MDRO infections, classified as multidrug-resistant (MDR), extensively drug-resistant (XDR), and pandrug-resistant (PDR) using standardized definitions. RESULTS Of the 149 HT recipients, 82 episodes of bacterial infection were seen in 46 patients (31%) in the year following HT. Thirty (37%) were due to MDR pathogens and 13 (16%) were XDR. The most common gram-negative MDR pathogens were extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae; while XDR pathogens were most commonly Pseudomonas aeruginosa followed by carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Majority of infection episodes were bloodstream (54, 66%) followed by pulmonary infection (20, 24%). Within a year after transplant, HT recipients with any bacterial infection had significantly higher mortality versus those without infection; and XDR infections were associated with a 26-fold greater hazard of death on average compared to those without infection (adjusted HR, 26.1; 95% CI, 6.4-107.0; P < .001). There were no PDR infections. CONCLUSION Bacterial infections were a significant predictor of 1-year post-HT mortality, which was highest among those with XDR infections. This study highlights the burden of MDRO infections in HT recipients and identifies an area of future research.
Effect of substituents on surface equilibria of thiophenols and isoquinolines on gold substrates studied using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

The effect of substituents on the surface adsorption equilibria of thiophenols and isoquinolines on gold substrates was studied using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) in order to determine the effects of the localized dipole moments and charge donating/withdrawing properties on the binding affinity. Two common classes of molecules used in SERS studies were examined, which included substituted aromatic thiols and nitrogen heterocyclic aromatic molecules (azaarenes), due to their strong affinity for gold surfaces. Unsubstituted thiophenol in aqueous solution binds strongly to gold surfaces. Therefore, it is difficult to measure an equilibrium constant, since even at concentrations of 10−8 M nearly a complete self-assembled monolayer (SAM) forms. In contrast, substituted thiophenols with electron-withdrawing groups, such as halogenated thiophenols, bind much less strongly, allowing equilibrium constants to be obtained. It is believed that the substituent withdrawing charge away from the sulfur atom affects the adsorption/binding between the analyte and surface. Thiophenols substituted with electron donating groups behaved similar to unsubstituted thiophenol, where a SAM was observed at concentrations as low as 10−8 M. These functional groups did not hinder the ability of the sulfur groups to bind with gold. In addition, a series of bromine-substituted isoquinolines, a group of azaarene compounds, were measured to determine the effects that the bromine substituent has when it is bound to the two different rings and if position on the rings has an effect. The azaarene class of molecules, including isoquinoline, adsorbs less strongly than thiophenols, and a dual Langmuir isotherm phenomenon is observed where protonated and neutral bromoisoquinoline molecules occupy two different types of sites on Klarite substrates, which consist of inverted micro-pyramids on Si wafers with rough/nanostructured Au coatings. Protonated isoquinolines bind to nucleophilic sites on the substrates which tend to occur on flatter regions of the substrate. By contrast, neutral isoquinolines bind to electrophilic sites which are predominant near microscopic edges on the substrate. The presence of the bromine substituent and its position in the fused ring structure changes the Gibbs free energies of adsorption, depending on which ring the substituent is in. These results can help to guide the development of SERS for analytical applications by demonstrating how changes in functional groups can affect the equilibrium constants, which are critical for determining the effectiveness of SERS as a tool for trace detection of analytes.
Longitudinal associations of maternal stress and child stress with child body mass index trajectory.

Background Although exposure to stress is common among children and their parents, longitudinal research on the effects of perceived stress on child obesity risk is lacking. This study examined the 3-year longitudinal associations of children and mothers' perceived stress with children's body mass index (BMI). Methods A sample of 199 mothers and their children (8-12 years at baseline, 56% Hispanic) completed six semi-annual assessments across 3 years with questionnaire-based self-report measures of perceived stress and measured height/weight. Parallel process latent growth curve modelling specified regressions of latent intercept and slope of children's BMI on latent intercepts and slopes for mothers' and children's perceived stress. Results Greater child self-reported perceived stress at baseline predicted greater increase in children's BMI across the six assessments whereas mother self-reported perceived stress at baseline was unrelated to change in child BMI. Baseline child BMI was unrelated to change in children or mothers' perceived stress across the six assessment waves. Conclusion Children's own perceptions of stress may play a larger contributing role in BMI progression during middle childhood than their mother's perceived stress levels. These findings underscore the importance of focusing on children's stress-coping strategies for promoting a healthy weight.
Two models of community-centered development in Myanmar

Abstract Community-centered development (CCD) has gained renewed interest as a means of providing aid to fragile states. This paper aims to explore how CCD aid projects in a fragile state are shaped by distinctive ideologies. Using document reviews, stakeholder interviews, and spatial analysis, this paper analyzes two aid projects in Myanmar: the Korean government-supported Saemaul Undong (SMU, New Village Movement) and the World Bank-supported National Community-Driven Development Project (NCDDP). Each project reflects the perspectives of the developmental state and revised neoliberalism, respectively. This study finds that the intervention strategies of SMU and NCDDP differ in terms of their main agency of change, handling of power, and prioritized dimensions of development. SMU engages with government extension workers as change agents, and ties accountability to performance. By contrast, the NCDDP works with private facilitators and emphasizes the processes of inclusion. This paper suggests that one useful tool for CCD intervention is the deconstruction and integration of East Asian/Southern and Western/Northern approaches.
Testing SARS-CoV-2 vaccine efficacy through deliberate natural viral exposure.

Abstract Background A vaccine trial with a conventional challenge design can be very fast once it starts, but it requires a long prior process, in part to grow and standardize challenge virus in the laboratory. This detracts somewhat from its overall promise for accelerated efficacy testing of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine candidates, and from the ability of developing countries and small companies to conduct it. Aims We set out to identify a challenge design that avoids this part of the long prior process. Sources Literature in trial design (including a proof of concept flu challenge trial by B. Killingley et al.), vaccinology, medical ethics, and various aspects of COVID response. Content A challenge design with deliberate natural viral exposure avoids the need to grow culture. This new design is described and compared both to a conventional challenge design and to a conventional phase III field trial. In comparison, the proposed design has ethical, scientific, and feasibility strengths. Implications The proposed new design should be considered for future vaccine trials.
Seek Common While Shelving Differences: Orchestrating Deep Neural Networks for Edge Service Provisioning

Edge computing (EC) platforms, which enable Application Service Providers (ASPs) to deploy applications in close proximity to users, are providing ultra-low latency and location-awareness to a rich portfolio of services. As monetary costs are incurred for renting computing resources on edge servers to enable service provisioning, ASP has to cautiously decide where to deploy the application and how much resources would be needed to deliver satisfactory performance. However, the service provisioning problem exhibits complex correlations with multifarious factors in EC systems, ranging from user behavior to computation offloading, which are difficult to be fully captured by mathematical modeling and also put off traditional machine learning techniques due to the induction of high-dimension state space. The recent success of deep learning (DL) underpins new tools for addressing our problem. While previous works provide valuable insights on applying DL techniques, e.g., distributed DL, deep reinforcement learning (DRL), and multi-agent DL, in EC systems, these techniques cannot solely handle the distributed and heterogeneous nature of EC systems. To address these limitations, we propose a novel framework based on multi-agent DRL, distributed neural network orchestration (N2O), and knowledge distilling. The multi-agent DRL enables edge servers to learn deep neural networks that shelve distinct features learned from local edge sites and hence caters to the heterogeneity of EC systems. N2O coordinates edge servers in a fully distributed manner toward a common goal of maximizing ASP’s reward. It requires only local communications during execution and provides provable performance guarantees. The knowledge distilling is further utilized to distill the N2O policy for reducing the communication overhead and stabilizing the decision-making. We also carry out systematic experiments to show the advantages of our method over state-of-the-art alternatives.
Marijuana use–induced spontaneous pneumomediastinum

The presence of air in the mediastinum is a rare finding called pneumomediastinum. Spontaneous pneumomediastinum is typically benign. Marijuana use has been rarely reported to cause pneumomediastinum. Our case series presents two young men with no significant past medical history who had a history of marijuana use and developed pneumomediastinum after multiple episodes of intractable vomiting. The pathophysiology of spontaneous pneumomediastinum in marijuana users includes cyclic vomiting or microperforation of the esophagus or barotrauma during breathing maneuvers. Most cases can be managed conservatively.
Do pills poison operating performance

Abstract Contrary to arguments that poison pills degrade firm performance, we find that operating performance modestly improves during the 5-year period after pill adoption. Performance improvements are present in a wide range of firms, and are independent of adoption year and whether the firm is R&D intensive. Although recent arguments suggest that the protection offered by pills is strongest when combined with a staggered board, the performance changes also are unrelated to board structure. This evidence undermines the widely held view that poison pills have systematically negative effects on firm performance.
Extranodal NK/T-Cell Lymphoma, Nasal-Type

Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma (eNK/TCL) is an aggressive Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)–associated lymphoma with a very poor prognosis. It commonly presents in the midline face or skin with large ulcerative nodules, may disseminate rapidly to the viscera and lymph nodes, and is complicated by hemophagocytic syndrome and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Alternative terms in the literature include angiocentric T-cell lymphoma, malignant midline reticulosis, lethal midline granuloma, polymorphic reticulosis, and angiocentric immunoproliferative lesion [1, 2]. One extremely important point to note is that this is not a lymphoma of natural killer T cells (NKT cells), but rather a neoplasm of NK cells or cells with a cytotoxic T-cell phenotype. Hence they are termed NK/T-cell lymphomas [1]. Some differentiate eNK/TCLs that occur in the aerodigestive tract (nasal eNK/TCL) from those that occur elsewhere (nasal-type), but regardless of the primary site, the histology is identical [1]. This chapter discusses the clinical presentation, prognosis, treatment, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, molecular characteristics, and differential diagnosis of eNK/TCL. The chapter closes with a clinical case featuring a patient with eNK/TCL arising in the nose with cutaneous metastases.
Descriptive comparison between pre-COVID ARDS and COVID-19 related ARDS

RATIONALE: Preliminary studies have shown varied outcomes when comparing Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) caused by Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) versus “Classic” ARDS. The aim of this study was to compare patient characteristics and outcome of ARDS before and during COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: We conducted a single center retrospective cohort study at 3 hospitals sites of Montefiore Medical Center comparing a pre-COVID respiratory failure cohort from 2017 to 2018 and a COVID respiratory failure cohort from March 2020 to May 2020. ARDS was identified by having PaO2/FiO2 ratio <= 300 and independent x-ray review consistent of bilateral infiltrates according to 2012 Berlin definition. We used Mann-Whitney-U test for non-parametric comparison of continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables. P < 0.05 is considered statistically significant. RESULTS: We included 1328 ARDS pre-COVID patients from 2017-2018 and 536 COVID-19 patients. The age or race was not different between the 2 ARDS cohorts (Table 1). There were more males in the COVID-19 ARDS (56.2% pre-COVID vs 61.4% COVID-19;p = 0.039). The median PaO2/FiO2 ratio for pre-COVID ARDS was higher than COVID (184 (IQR 117, 242) vs 116 (IQR 80.3, 178), p < 0.0005) with less severe ARDS in pre-COVID (18.3% vs 38.2%;p < 0.0005). In-hospital mortality almost doubled in COVID-19 ARDS (68.8%) compare with pre-COVID ARDS (37.2%, p <0.0005). The hospital length of stay was significantly longer in pre-COVID ARDS;ICU length of stay and duration of mechanical ventilation did not differ between the two ARDS groups (Table 1). CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 ARDS presented more severely than pre-COVID ARDS based on PaO2/FiO2 ratio. The increase in in-hospital mortality in COVID-19 ARDS is likely related to the severity of respiratory failure. We need to adjust for the confounders between ARDS types and patient outcomes.
Avian Cholera Causes Marine Bird Mortality in the Bering Sea of Alaska

The first known avian cholera outbreak among wild birds in Alaska occurred during November 2013. Liver, intestinal, and splenic necrosis consistent with avian cholera was noted, and Pasteurella multocida serotype 1 was isolated from liver and lung or spleen in Crested Auklets (Aethia cristatella), Thick-billed Murres (Uria lomvia), Common Eider (Somateria mollissima), Northern Fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis), and gulls (Larus spp.).
Theory of incoherent solitons: self-trapped spatially incoherent light beams

We present the first semianalytic modal theory describing self-trapping of spatially incoherent light beams. We find the conditions that allow self-trapping in the form of an "existence range" and derive the statistical properties of the self-trapped incoherent beams.
Neural Networks and Applications to Communications

Neural Networks are highly interconnected distributed information processing architectures that are built by connecting together many simple processing elements. They come in many different flavors but all share the ability to learn i.e. to adapt their structure to capture the process that generates information in their environment, and utilize the internally formed representation of that process to predict, or generalize, when presented with unseen novel patterns. In this article we first introduce the basics of neural networks by describing the structure of commonly used neuron processors, some popular network architectures and learning rules. Then we explain why neural network methods have been utilized so extensively in the field of communications by presenting typical snapshots of their use in a representative subset of communication applications. Our intention is to introduce the interested non-expert reader to the subject matter and not to present a comprehensive survey of the very large related literature. Keywords: neural networks; learning methods; communications
Non-exposed bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: a critical assessment of current definition, staging, and treatment guidelines.

Oral Diseases (2012) 18, 625–632 Non-exposed bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) is a newly reported complication arising from bisphosphonate therapy that presents with atypical symptoms and no apparent mucosal fenestration or exposure of necrotic bone. The clinical observation of the presence of necrotic bone underneath normal epithelial coverage was not conclusive for the diagnosis of BRONJ based on current guidelines established by the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (AAOMS) and the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR), which specify the presence of clinically exposed necrotic bone for more than 8 weeks. Hence, the purpose of this review is to critically assess the current guidelines for diagnosis and management of BRONJ and propose a modified staging system and treatment guidelines to properly address the non-exposed variant of BRONJ lesions.
Menstrual Cycle Effects on Psychological Symptoms in Women With PTSD

The menstrual cycle has been implicated as a sex-specific biological process influencing psychological symptoms across a variety of disorders. Limited research exists regarding the role of the menstrual cycle in psychological symptoms among women with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The current study examined the severity of a broad range of psychological symptoms in both the early follicular (Days 2-6) and midluteal (6-10 days postlutenizing hormone surge) phases of the menstrual cycle in a sample of trauma-exposed women with and without PTSD (N = 49). In the sample overall, total psychological symptoms (d = 0.63), as well as depression (d = 0.81) and phobic anxiety (d = 0.81) symptoms, specifically, were increased in the early follicular compared to midluteal phase. The impact of menstrual cycle phase on phobic anxiety was modified by a significant PTSD × Menstrual Phase interaction (d = 0.63). Women with PTSD reported more severe phobic anxiety during the early follicular versus midluteal phase, whereas phobic anxiety did not differ across the menstrual cycle in women without PTSD. Thus, the menstrual cycle appears to impact fear-related symptoms in women with PTSD. The clinical implications of the findings and future research directions are discussed.
Intracellular pH Regulation

Because of the vast number of cellular processes sensitive to changes in pH, the control of intracellular pH (pHi) is of vital importance both for the individual cell and for the organism as a whole. The fundamental problem that pHiregulating mechanisms must address is the chronic tendency toward intracellular acidification. Depending on the conditions of incubation, a chronic intracellular acid load can be imposed by cellular metabolism. However, a nearly universal source of chronic acid loading are the fluxes across the cell membrane of H+ and of ionized weak acids and bases. Consider a cell having a transmembrane voltage (Vm) of -60 mV (cell negative) and an extracellular pH (pHo) of 7.4. The Nernst equation predicts that pHi would be ∼ 6.4 if H+ were in electrochemical equilibrium across the cell membrane. Because the actual pHi is nearly a full pH unit higher, there is a substantial gradient favoring the influx of H+, and one of equal magnitude favoring the efflux of OH−. It can be shown (see Section 4.1) that the anionic, conjugate weak base (e.g., HCO3 − ) of any neutral weak acid (e.g., CO2) is influenced by the same electrochemical gradient as that for OH−, provided the neutral weak acid is equilibrated across the cell membrane. Similarly, the electrochemical gradient for any cationic conjugate weak acid (e.g., NH4 + ) of a neutral weak base (e.g., NH3) is the same as that for H+, provided the neutral weak base is in equilibrium across the cell membrane. Thus, the passive fluxes of H+, and of ionized weak acids or bases will all produce a chronic intracellular acid load. The gradual fall of pHi toward its equilibrium value (i.e., ∼ 6.4 in this example) can be forestalled only by an active-transport process that extrudes acid from the cell at a rate equal to the total rate of acid accumulation.
Aging well: the use of assistive technology to enhance the lives of elders

Eighty percent of seniors have some type of functional impairment that impacts one or more activities of daily living. This paper focuses on the use of assistive technology devices to support elders with successful aging. A variety of assistive technology devices and their utilization by elders are explored.
Putting women at the center: Sustaining a woman-centered literacy program

For nineteen years, Mercy Learning Center, a community-based literacy organization, has provided basic literacy instruction to low-income women in Bridgeport, Connecticut. During that time it has grown from three students and two tutors to 450 students, 155 tutors, and five full-time teachers. This growth has been affected by changes in welfare regulations and increased immigration. Using what it describes as a “holistic approach within a compassionate, supportive community,” the Center provides instruction that goes beyond what is usually considered basic literacy. The Center’s expansive view of basic literacy has helped it respond to the changing needs and demographics of its community.
Pattern sensitivity: a property to guide test generation for combinational circuits

We propose a property of input patterns called sensitivity to guide test generation for combinational circuits. Under a sensitive pattern, a change in a single input value causes a change in an output value. Such a pattern is likely to be sensitive to the presence of a fault, and is likely to result in fault detection. We describe a test generation procedure that generates sensitive patterns based on logic simulation of the fault free circuit. The procedure achieves complete fault coverage for the circuits considered.
An investigation of propagation phase changes at v.l.f.

The phase of a received very-low-frequency signal, recorded as a function of time, has been utilized to investigate (a) the frequency off-set between two remotely located atomic frequency standards and (6) the variations of the diurnal phase shift Â? which is a characteristic of the phase comparison records. A comparison of the precision obtained in the measurement of the frequency off-set by using 20 and 60 kHz transmissions over a path length of 1800 km, reveals that the measurement is more precise on 20 kHz transmissions. The diurnal phase shift, studied from the standpoint of the two-mode model, shows that the second mode interference increases with increasing frequency in the range 16-20 kHz as can be seen from the curves theoretically computed for diurnal phase shift as a function of path distance. Experimental results are presented for comparison.Variations of the general phase pattern and the monthly variation of the diurnal phase shift are also presented. The diurnal phase shift is found to be a minimum during the period of solstice and a maximum during equinox. The general consistency of the phase shift is shown to depend both on path length and its orientation. The value of the change in effective height of ionospheric reflection calculated from the yearly mean diurnal phase shift for a long propagation path is found to be in good agreement with the value used in theoretical calculations.
Retention Characteristics of (Bi, La)4Ti3O12-Based FeRAMs

We have investigated the retention characteristics of ferroelectric random access memories (FeRAMs) using a bismuth layered perovskite, (Bi, La)4Ti3O12 (BLT). Due to the charge retention loss in ferroelectric storage capacitors, the sensing signal margin in FeRAM devices decreases from 920 mV at the retention time of 0.01 s to 770 mV at 100 s. From the logarithmic time dependence of the loss of obtained cell signals, the average margin of 520 mV is expected to remain after 10 y at 90°C. In addition, the slower retention loss rate in ferroelectric capacitors in long time retention region, suggests the high device reliability against retention degradation.
Demo: enabling mobile time-dependent pricing

ISPs around the world have begun to offer new pricing plans for wireless data, such as usage-based pricing in the U.S., to mitigate recent growth in bandwidth demand. Time Dependent Pricing (TDP) represents a next step in this direction [1, 2]. With TDP, ISPs can shift traffic to off-peak periods, thus reducing their cost, while consumers save money by choosing the time of usage. TDP uses a feedback control loop between an ISP and its users to account for users' responses to offered prices in optimizing the future prices. We have implemented such a TDP system and are presently conducting a user trial at Princeton while planning larger trials with commercial ISPs. This demo will introduce the audience to our system's ISP- and user-side features. On the ISP side, we show the current network congestion, while on the user side, we show device UIs displaying the offered prices, the device usage history, and automated scheduling of applications to keep users within a specified budget.
Effect of lipolytic agents on adenosine and AMP formation by fat cells.

Abstract The release and metabolism of adenosine was examined using rat fat cells in which the nucleotide pool had been labeled by incubation with radioactive adenine. The accumulation of adenosine in the medium was near maximal at the start of the incubation and increased only slightly thereafter. Adenosine was rapidly deaminated to inosine and subsequently oxidized to uric acid. In the presence of allopurinol, an inhibitor of xanthine dehydrogenase, hypoxanthine accumulated in the medium as the end-product of adenosine catabolism. Adenosine accumulated in the medium only if fat cells were incubated in the presence of erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine, an inhibitor of adenosine deaminase. Even in the presence of this inhibitor there was no acceleration of adenosine release by norepinephrine in the presence of theophylline. However, there was an increase in labeled intracellular AMP accumulation by norepinephrine plus theophylline. The increase in labeled AMP correlated with the final free fatty acid to albumin ratio suggesting that the rise in AMP was related to an accumulation of intracellular free fatty acids. The addition of sodium oleate to the medium mimicked the effect of norepinephrine plus theophylline on the accumulation of labeled AMP. These results indicate that AMP rather than adenosine accumulates in isolated fat cells during incubation with lipolytic agents.
TUNABILITY OF THE DIELECTRIC CONSTANT OF BA0.1SR0.9TIO3 CERAMICS IN THE PARAELECTRIC STATE

Ba1−xSrxTiO3x = 0.9) ferroelectric ceramics were prepared successfully using a new wet technique and their structure and dielectric properties compared with those synthesized by the solid-state reaction method. The voltage dependence of the dielectric constant in the paraelectric phase was examined. It was found that the dielectric constants of these materials, prepared by both methods, exhibit large changes with applied voltage in the paraelectric phase. Tunability (the percentage change of the dielectric constant from its zero-bias value in the presence of a de-biasing electric field) was observed to exceed 30% at only 1.7 kV/cm at 77 K in the samples prepared by the solid-state reaction method. The tunability was found to decrease dramatically as the operating temperatures increased above the Curie point. These observations are interpreted in light of an existing phenomenological theory. The dependence of the dielectric constant in the paraelectric state upon a de-biasing electric field is also demonstrated as a potential method for the characterization of dielectric nonuniformities in ferroelectric ceramics.
Stratospheric Fallout of Strontium-89 and Barium-140

A series of nuclear test explosions which occurred in the fall of 1958 caused a very large increase of Sr89 and Ba140 in the stratosphere. The Ba140/Sr89 ratio in the stratosphere, and hence in the troposphere, has decreased steadily since then with a half-life of approximately 17 days.
Comparative evaluation of the impact of WRF/NMM and WRF/ARW meteorology on CMAQ simulations for PM 2.5 and its related precursors during the 2006 TexAQS/GoMACCS study

Abstract. This study presents a comparative evaluation of the impact of WRF-NMM and WRF-ARW meteorology on CMAQ simulations of PM2.5, its composition and related precursors over the eastern United States with the intensive observations obtained by aircraft (NOAA WP-3), ship and surface monitoring networks (AIRNow, IMPROVE, CASTNet and STN) during the 2006 TexAQS/GoMACCS study. The results at the AIRNow surface sites show that both ARW-CMAQ and NMM-CMAQ reproduced day-to-day variations of observed PM2.5 and captured the majority of observed PM2.5 within a factor of 2 with a NMB value of −0.4% for ARW-CMAQ and −18% for NMM-CMAQ. Both models performed much better at the urban sites than at the rural sites, with greater underpredictions at the rural sites. Both models consistently underestimated the observed PM2.5 at the rural IMPROVE sites by −1% for the ARW-CMAQ and −19% for the NMM-CMAQ. The greater underestimations of SO42−, OC and EC by the NMM-CMAQ contributed to increased underestimation of PM2.5 at the IMPROVE sites. The NMB values for PM2.5 at the STN urban sites are 15% and −16% for the ARW-CMAQ and NMM-CMAQ, respectively. The underestimation of PM2.5 at the STN sites by the NMM-CMAQ mainly results from the underestimations of the SO42−, NH4+ and TCM components, whereas the overestimation of PM2.5 at the STN sites by the ARW-CMAQ results from the overestimations of SO42−, NO3−, and NH4+. The Comparison with WP-3 aircraft measurements reveals that both ARW-CMAQ and NMM-CMAQ have very similar model performance for vertical profiles for PM2.5 chemical components (SO42−, NH4+) and related gaseous species (HNO3, SO2, NH3, isoprene, toluene, terpenes) as both models used the same chemical mechanisms and emissions. The results of ship along the coast of southeastern Texas over the Gulf of Mexico show that both models captured the temporal variations and broad synoptic change seen in the observed HCHO and acetaldehyde with the means NMB
Bacteria can exploit a flagellar buckling instability to change direction

Buckling is often regarding as a form of mechanical failure to be avoided. High-speed video microscopy and mechanical stability theory now show, however, that bacteria use such processes to their advantage. Cells propelled with a single flagellum change direction with a flick-like motion that exploits a buckling instability.
Cognitive self-mediation training with hyperkinetic children

A group of hyperkinetic children from an area residential and educational facility was trained to verbally mediate behavior on problem-solving tasks by undergraduate volunteers. Such training involved the initial modeling of appropriate task behavior by the trainer and, by selective cuing and reinforcement, the child’s eventual imitation of the trainer-modeled behavior on the same tasks. Relative to time and treatment controls, the hyperkinetic children demonstrated significant changes on a number of measures of cognitive abilities. Both the value and limitation of generalizing such findings are briefly discussed.
Microstructure-alone induced transition from hydrophilic to hydrophobic wetting state on silicon

Abstract Surface hydrophobicity is primarily attained through the use of low surface energy materials. Experimental attempts to turn hydrophilic surfaces to hydrophobic have consisted of coating and thin film deposition. However, in many applications low surface energy materials and coatings are not practical, though hydrophobicity is still desired. In this paper, we demonstrate the transition from hydrophilic to hydrophobic wetting states on an intrinsically hydrophilic surface (contact angle less than 45°) using only surface microstructuring. The surface microstructures consist of re-entrant microcavities which interfere with the complete wetting of the surface, causing a liquid droplet to sit on the surface in a Cassie wetting state. The microstructures were fabricated on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer through steps of photolithography, etching, and bonding. Contact angle measurements demonstrated the ability of the microfabricated surfaces to sustain large contact angles above 100°, compared to a bare silicon surface which has a contact angle of 40°. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy showed silicon to be the only chemical element on the surface, while optical observations with an inverted microscope hinted to the existence of a Cassie wetting state.
Flavonoids and phenolic acids from cranberry juice are bioavailable and bioactive in healthy older adults.

Abstract Cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon) are a rich source of phenolic phytochemicals, which likely contribute to their putative health benefits. A single-dose pharmacokinetic trial was conducted in 10 healthy adults ⩾50 y to evaluate the acute (24-h) absorption and excretion of flavonoids, phenolic acids and proanthocyanidins (PACs) from a low-calorie cranberry juice cocktail (54% juice). Inter-individual variability was observed in the Cmax and Tmax of many of these compounds in both plasma and urine. The sum total concentration of phenolics detected in plasma reached a peak of 34.2 μg/ml between 8 and 10 h, while in urine this peak was 269.8 μg/mg creatinine, and appeared 2–4 h earlier. The presence of PAC-A2 dimers in human urine has not previously been reported. After cranberry juice consumption, plasma total antioxidant capacity assessed using ORAC and TAP assays correlated with individual metabolites. Our results show phenolic compounds in cranberry juice are bioavailable and exert antioxidant actions in healthy older adults.
Functional outcomes after inpatient rehabilitation of patients with end-stage renal disease

There is a paucity of information on functional benefits of inpatient rehabilitation of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). This study examined admission and discharge Functional Independence Measure (FIM) scores of 45 ESRD patients admitted over a 33-month span to determine if these patients made functional gains similar to 2,324 concurrently admitted general rehabilitation patients without ESRD. FIM scores were transformed and reported as scaled (0 to 100) motor and cognitive subscores by the Rasch method. FIM scores were compared using multiple linear regression to control for differences in rehabilitation diagnosis and other confounding factors between the ESRD and other patients. ESRD subgroups were compared using one-way analysis of variance. The mean discharge motor FIM score unadjusted for confounders was lower in ESRD than general rehabilitation patients (45.18 vs 50.63), and the difference after regression analysis (7.63 points lower in the ESRD group) was significant (p < .01). The mean motor FIM score gain after regression analysis for the two groups showed only a near significant (p = .06) difference, with the gain among ESRD patients being 3.15 points lower. Discharge settings were similar, with 89% of ESRD patients and 87% of patients without ESRD being discharged home. ESRD patients on hemodialysis had similar FIM scores to patients with renal transplantation. ESRD patients with stroke had significantly lower (p < .05) discharge motor and cognitive scores than ESRD patients with generalized weakness or amputation. In addition, stroke patients with ESRD showed significantly lower motor FIM score gains than stroke patients without ESRD (5.09 vs 11.08; p = .002).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Operation principles of micro-plasma field effect transistor

We present design and theory of 3-dimensional micro-plasma field effect transistors (MOPFETs) that operate with atmospheric plasma. Both rf and dc plasmas were generated internally inside the MOPFET or using a separate device that generates the plasma for the MOPFET. The voltage applied to the MOPFET gate modifies the ionization rates of the gases in the channel between the drain and source. When the drain-source distance is larger than a few micrometers, the standard Paschen curve dictates the breakdown voltage while for smaller gaps a modified Paschen behavior based on the ion-enhanced field emission predicts a breakdown field that scales linearly with the gap distance becoming smaller for smaller gaps. MOPFETs terminal characteristics along with its hybrid pi model parameters are described.
Candidacidal Activity of Salivary Histatins IDENTIFICATION OF A HISTATIN 5-BINDING PROTEIN ON Candida albicans

Abstract Candida albicans is the predominant species of yeast isolated from patients with oral candidiasis, which is frequently a symptom of human immunodeficiency virus infection and is a criterion for staging and progression of AIDS. Salivary histatins (Hsts) are potent in vitro antifungal agents and have great promise as therapeutic agents in humans with oral candidiasis. The molecular mechanisms by which Hsts kill yeast cells are not known. We report here, that unlike other antimicrobial proteins, Hsts do not display lytic activities to lipid membranes, measured by release and dequenching of the fluorescent dye calcein. Analysis of the magnitude and time course of Hst-induced calcein release from C. albicans cells further showed that loss of cell integrity was a secondary effect following cell death, rather than the result of primary disruption of the yeast cell membrane.125I-Hst 5 binding studies indicated that C. albicans expressed a class of saturable binding sites (K D = 1 μm), numbering 8.6 × 105 sites/cell. Both Hst 3 and Hst 4 competed for these binding sites with similar affinities, which is consistent with the micromolar concentration of Hsts required for candidacidal activity. Specific 125I-Hst 5 binding was not detected to C. albicans spheroplasts, which were 14-fold less susceptible to Hst 5 killing, compared with intact cells in candidacidal assays. In overlay experiments, 125I-Hst 5 bound to a 67-kDa protein detected in C. albicans whole cell lysates and crude membrane fractions, but not in the yeast cell wall fraction. Consistent with the overlay data, cross-linking of 125I-Hst 5 toC. albicans resulted in the appearance of a specific 73-kDa125I-Hst 5-containing complex that was not detected in the cell wall. 125I-Hst 5-binding protein of similar size was also observed in susceptible S. cerevisiae strain TI#20. This is the first description of Hst 5 binding sites on C. albicans which mediate cell killing and identification of a 67-kDa yeast Hst 5-binding protein. The binding characteristics of Hst 5 are in agreement with the observed potency of its biological effect and provide crucial information to the use of Hst 5 as a therapeutic agent. The presence of a specific C. albicans Hst 5-binding protein provides further insight into the potential mechanism of yeast killing and suggests a basis for differential activity between yeast killing and the nontoxic nature of Hsts to humans.
Sequence analysis of mitochondrial chloramphenicol resistance mutations in Chinese hamster cells.

A series of mitochondrially inherited chloramphenicol-resistant (CAP-R) mutants were isolated in Chinese hamster cells. To determine whether the Chinese hamster CAP-R mutations were homologous to those isolated in mouse and human cell culture systems, we determined the nucleotide sequence of the region of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene spanning the peptidyl transferase-encoding region for eight CAP-R mutant lines in addition to the parental wildtype line. Three main conclusions are drawn from these studies. (1) Although the region of the gene encoding the peptidyl transferase domain is highly conserved relative to that of mice and rats, the contiguous sequences show less conservation. This sequence divergence not only includes the accumulation of single base pair replacements, but also the presence of small insertions or deletions. (2) For six of the CAP-R mutants, heteroplasmic single base pair changes were detected. These mapped to the same sites within the peptidyl transferase domain as the mutations found previously in mouse and human CAP-R mutants. (3) Two Chinese hamster CAP-R mutants, both with an unusual drug resistance phenotype, did not carry any mutations within the CAP-R peptidyl transferase domain. However, both carried a heteroplasmic mutation at the position corresponding to nucleotide 2505 of the mouse 16S rRNA gene, a site predicted to map within a stem/loop structure attached to this key domain of the ribosome. This is the first evidence for mitochondrial CAP-R mutations that map outside the peptidyl transferase region.
Stabilization and Control of Quad-Rotor Helicopter Using A Smartphone Device

In recent years, autonomous, micro-unmanned aerial vehicles (micro-UAVs), or more specifically hovering micro- UAVs, have proven suitable for many promising applications such as unknown environment exploration and search and rescue operations. The early versions of UAVs had no on-board control capabilities, and were difficult for manual control from a ground station. Many UAVs now are equipped with on-board control systems that reduce the amount of control required from the ground-station operator. However, the limitations on payload, power consumption and control without human interference remain the biggest challenges. This paper proposes to use a smartphone as the sole computational device to stabilize and control a quad-rotor. The goal is to use the readily available sensors in a smartphone such as the GPS, the accelerometer, the rate-gyros, and the camera to support vision-related tasks such as flight stabilization, estimation of the height above ground, target tracking, obstacle detection, and surveillance. We use a quad-rotor platform that has been built in the Robotic Vision Lab at Brigham Young University for our development and experiments. An Android smartphone is connected through the USB port to an external hardware that has a microprocessor and circuitries to generate pulse-width modulation signals to control the brushless servomotors on the quad-rotor. The high-resolution camera on the smartphone is used to detect and track features to maintain a desired altitude level. The vision algorithms implemented include template matching, Harris feature detector, RANSAC similarity-constrained homography, and color segmentation. Other sensors are used to control yaw, pitch, and roll of the quad-rotor. This smartphone-based system is able to stabilize and control micro-UAVs and is ideal for micro-UAVs that have size, weight, and power limitations.