cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of hexane treatment on the permeation of silicone‐coated polyethersulfone membranes

The polyethersulfone membranes were cast from casting solutions including poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) additive. The membranes were further dried, silicone-coated, and used for the permeation study with hydrogen and nitrogen gases. It has been found that solvent hexane which was included in the silicone rubber solution for surface coating increased the pore size on the membrane surface when poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) was present in the membrane. The above effect counteracted the pore size decrease by silicone coating, and, as a result, an H 2 /N 2 permeability ratio of only 8.9 was achieved as compared with 28, which was obtained when the base polyethersulfone membrane was prepared from a casting solution without poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) additive
Indoleacetic Acid Biosynthesis in Avena Coleoptile Tips and Excised Bean Shoots

Avena coleoptiles did not elongate when incubated with tryptophan under sterile conditions. Indole, anthranilic acid, and tryptamine promoted elongation. Under the same conditions, the tissue converted tryptophan-(14)C to IAA-(14)C. More IAA-(14)C was produced from indole-(14)C than from tryptophan-(14)C; however, the free tryptophan content of the tissue was also greatly increased by the indole treatment. Tryptophan-(14)C was readily taken up by the tissue but was mainly incorporated into protein and did not increase the free tryptophan level. When bean shoots were labeled with tryptophan-(14)C or indole-(14)C, the label incorporation into IAA-(14)C was very nearly the same. In this tissue the free tryptophan level in the tryptophan-(14)C and indole-(14)C treatments was also about equal. These results suggest that failure of exogenously supplied tryptophan to promote the elongation of Avena coleoptiles is a result of its predominant incorporation into protein and consequent unavailability for conversion to IAA.
Diversification, vertical integration, and industry analysis: New perspectives and measurement

Vertical integration, diversification, and industry analysis are fundamental topics in strategic management content research. We develop the conceptualization of these issues by exploring their nature as well as their correct measurement. Toward these ends, we conduct an extensive analysis of the COMPUSTAT II data base and the TRINET data base in all three research contexts. In addition to these two data bases, we also evaluate the Census of Manufacturers, S&P's Financial Dynamics, S&P's Industry Surveys and Dun and Bradstreet's Industry Norms and Key Business Ratios, for purposes of industry analysis. Important contributions include our identification of the potential of COMPUSTAT 11 data to distinguish within-stage forward and backward vertical integration, and between-stage forward and backward vertical integration, as well as our recommendations for the protection of the integrity of studies based on the COMPUSTA T II and TRINET data bases.
An Examination of the Structure of Roe's Eight Interest Fields.

Abstract We examined the relative fit of Roe′s (1956), Meir′s (1973), and Knapp and Knapp′s (1974) circular order models; Gati′s (1979) hierarchical model; and Lunneborg and Lunneborg′s (1975) four-factor model to Roe′s eight interest fields. A series of analyses using the randomization test of hypothesized order relations and confirmatory factor analysis were applied to 24 correlation matrices of Roe′s fields. Results showed that Meir′s (1973) circular and Gati′s (1979) hierarchical models were the best representations of Roe′s fields of vocational interests. We discuss criteria to select between Meir′s and Gati′s models.
Irrelevant incentive learning revisited: Associating flavors and exteroceptive cues with positive incentives

Abstract In “irrelevant incentive learning” information stored about an incentive when it is not desired is used later when the incentive is desired. In “habit learning” responses learned under one motive state continue to be made under a new motive state even though they produce goal events that are not appropriate to that motive state. Experiment 1 showed that both types of learning occur simultaneously whether flavor or texture cues are used and whether or not position is also a relevant cue. Thus, contrary to previous suggestions, irrelevant incentive learning is not limited to interoceptive cues, nor is habit learning limited to exteroceptive cues. In both Experiments 1 and 2 it was also shown that motivation affects what is learned as well as affecting current performance. This contrasts with views of motivation as solely a determinant of performance.
Postoperative resolution of urinary retention in patients with advanced pelvic organ prolapse

Abstract Objective: This study was undertaken to determine whether surgery for advanced pelvic organ prolapse corrects the voiding dysfunction commonly associated with this condition and if so to evaluate the ability of preoperative voiding studies to predict such correction. Study Design: We reviewed the records of all women who underwent surgery at our center between January 1996 and June 1999 for stage 3 or 4 pelvic organ prolapse. Patients were included in this review if they had a postvoid residual volume of >100 mL documented by catheterization on at least 2 occasions, had no normal postvoid residual volumes documented, and had undergone preoperative multichannel urodynamic testing that included an instrumented voiding study. Demographic and urodynamic data were analyzed for the ability to predict whether the elevated postvoid residual volume would be resolved after surgery. Results: Thirty-five patients satisfied the criteria for inclusion in the review. Twenty-six had stage 3 pelvic organ prolapse and 9 had stage 4 pelvic organ prolapse. The mean preoperative postvoid residual volume was 226 mL (range, 105-600 mL). Thirty-one patients (89%) had normal postvoid residual volumes after surgery. As a predictor of elevated postoperative postvoid residual volumes, the preoperative voiding study (performed with the prolapse reduced) had a sensitivity of 66%, a specificity of 46%, a positive predictive value of 12%, and a negative predictive value of 93%. Conclusion: In our center a preoperative voiding study performed with the pelvic organ prolapse reduced most accurately predicted postoperative voiding function when results of the voiding study were normal. Most patients with advanced pelvic organ prolapse and elevated postvoid residual volume had normalization of the postvoid residual volume after surgical correction of the pelvic organ prolapse. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;183:1361-4.)
Risk factors associated with a cluster of urinary tract infections in a geriatric unit caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae resistant to multiple antibiotics.

Bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents has been shown to be more prevalent in strains causing nosocomial infections than in strains acquired in the community.’ The emergence of antibiotic-resistant hospital isolates has been ascribed to multiple factors, including changes in the population at risk that now includes more patients with coexistent diseases, the use of invasive procedures such as long-term urinary drainage, and the widespread use of antibiotics.** 3 In addition to endemic antibiotic resistance, outbreaks of nosocomial infections have been reported involving strains with resistance to multiple commonly used antibiotics?-’ It has been suggested that the existence of transferable R factors (plasmids) in the presence of antibiotic pressure is the condition that allows outbreaks of multiple drug-resistant gramnegative bacteria to occur.3’ 6 In June 198 1 the first case of urinary infection caused by a strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae resistant to multiple antibiotics (sensitive only to amikacin and colistimethate) occurred in a patient residing in a geriatric unit at the Houston
Teaching of human rights in US medical schools

Objective. —To determine the extent to which human rights issues are included in required bioethics curricula in US medical schools and to identify medical school characteristics associated with the extent of human rights issues covered. Design. —Cross-sectional survey. Participants. —Bioethics course directors and bioethics section directors of 125 US medical schools. Main Outcome Measure. —The extent of human rights teaching at each school was measured as the percentage of 16 human rights issues. Results. —Course directors at 113 (90%) of the 125 US medical schools responded to the survey. Medical schools included about half (45%; 95% confidence interval, 41%-49%) of 16 human rights issues in their required bioethics curricula. Domestic human rights issues, such as discrimination in the provision of health care to minorities (82% of medical schools), were covered much more frequently than international human rights issues, such as physician participation in torture (17% of schools). Public medical schools included substantially fewer human rights issues than private medical schools (F [1,112] =7.7; P Conclusions. —Required courses in medical education do not adequately address the medical aspects of human rights issues, especially international issues.
Mechanical twinning in lead single crystals

Abstract Mechanical twinning can be surmised from high stress-low temperature compression of zone-refined lead single crystals. The implications of this observation are examined.
Visualizing Humanitarian Colonialism : Photographs From the Thomas Indian School

Photographs are powerful vehicles of ideology. Rather than simply documenting and reflecting a lived, material reality, photos express and retain traces of the belief systems that structure a time and a place. Photographs from American Indian boarding schools document a time and a place, but they also express the shifting ideological landscape of what Gerald McMaster calls “colonial alchemy”—the conversion of children from different sovereign indigenous nations into (U.S.) citizens. This article analyzes photographs from the Thomas Indian School located on the Cattaraugus Reservation in western New York taken between the 1890s and 1950s to illustrate the changing terrain of U.S. racial ideology. The photographs show how the goal of colonial alchemy remained consistent, but the knowledge systems that defined Indianness, citizenship, and the humanitarian mission of American Indian boarding schools changed over time.
On the importance of public choice in migration models.

Abstract Recent general equilibrium Tiebout models that use single-crossing indifference curves to establish a migration equilibrium incorporate both voting and migration decisions. These models have concentrated on the important question of the existence of an equilibrium, but the incorporation of both voting and migration has important efficiency consequences as well. This paper demonstrates the important effect of the interaction of voting and migration on efficiency conditions by showing that head taxes (which are generally considered to provide efficient migration incentives with constant marginal congestion costs) do not provide incentives for efficient migration decisions unless the public choice mechanism results in optimal public service provision within jurisdictions.
Functional Maturation of Somatotropes in Fetal Rat Pituitaries: Analysis by Reverse Hemolytic Plaque Assay

Immunocytochemistry (ICC) and a reverse hemolytic plaque assay for GH were used to investigate the temporal relationships between the initiation of hormone storage and release by developing somatotropes and the onset of responsiveness of these cells to stimulatory and inhibitory secretagogues. Anterior pituitaries obtained from rats on days 18–21 of fetal development (pups were generally delivered on fetal day 22, which is equivalent to day 0 of neonatal life) were monodispersed with trypsin, cultured for 24 h, and then subjected to reverse hemolytic plaque assay and/or ICC for GH. GH-containing cells (determined by ICC) were extremely rare (<1%) in cultures derived from day 18 fetuses, but accounted for 22.4%, 25.2%, and 24.5% of all cells in cultures from day 19–21 fetuses, respectively. The proportion of GH-releasing cells, as determined in a long term (120-min incubation with antibody) plaque assay, was less than 1%, 22.4%, and 22.9% for days 18, 20, and 21, respectively, but only 13.6% for day 19 cel...
A logistic analysis of bankruptcy within the US local telecommunications industry

Abstract A considerable debate rages over what precipitated the recent wave of bankruptcies in the competitive US local telecommunications industry. Based on data from the optimistic period of 1999, this research demonstrates that traditional financial ratios concerning relative profitability, capital structure, and the power to finance growth internally almost completely explain which firms would fail within 2 years. Flawed business plans and poor execution are root causes. Measures of working capital correlate significantly and opposite to the direction typically found in the literature. Additionally, firms that rely heavily on uncertain legal and regulatory outcomes are significantly more likely to go bankrupt.
Noncovalent Catch and Release of Carboxylates in Water

Association constants of a bis-(acetylguanidinium)ferrocene dication to various (di)carboxylates were determined through UV–vis titrations. Association constant values greater than 104 M–1 were determined for both phthalate and maleate carboxylates to the bis-(acetylguanidinium)ferrocene salt in pure water. Density functional theory computations of the binding enthalpy of the rigid carboxylates for these complexes agree well with the experimentally determined association constants. Catch and release competitive binding experiments were done by NMR for the cation–carboxylate ion-pair complexes with cucurbit[7]uril, and they show dissociation of the ion-pair complex upon addition of cucurbit[7]uril and release of the free (di)carboxylate.
Renal Calculi in Dogs and Cats: Prevalence, Mineral Type, Breed, Age, and Gender Interrelationships (1981–1993)

Three hundred seventeen specimens of urinary calculi of renal origin from 214 female dogs and 103 male dogs, and 71 specimens of urinary calculi of renal origin from 38 female cats and 33 male cats were submitted for mineral analysis between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 1993. Among dogs, 45 breeds were affected with renal calculi. Thirty-three breeds and a crossbred group were represented among females, but 8 breeds and the crossbred group accounted for 81% of the total. Among male dogs, 30 breeds and a crossbred group were represented, but 7 breeds and the crossbred group accounted for 69% of the total. Among cats, 10 breeds and a crossbred group were represented. Dogs and cats with renal calculi were older than those of 2 comparison population groups. More than one-half of the renal calculi in both dogs and cats were from the 1st known episode of urolithiasis. The risk of formation of renal calculi was found to be higher for cats than for dogs, when compared to other stone-forming cats and dogs (approximately 4.95 per 100 stone-forming cats and 2.88 per 100 stone-forming dogs). Among dogs, breeds at highest risk of developing renal calculi were Miniature Schnauzers, Shih Tzus, Lhasa Aposos, Yorkshire Terriers, and female Pugs. Also at high risk were male Dalmatians and male Basset Hounds. Among small dogs, females generally were at higher risk of developing renal calculi than were males. Regardless of size, terrier breed males generally were at higher risk of developing renal calculi. Breeds of dogs at low risk for development of renal calculi included crossbreds. German Shepherd Dogs, Labrador Retrievers, Golden Retrievers, and female Dachshunds. When only 1 kidney was involved, the risk of left renal calculus was greatest for both dogs and cats, but bilateral renal involvement was relatively common in both species (19% and 9%, respectively). Among dogs, specimens composed of 1 mineral substance (e.g., struvite) occurred more often in males (58.3%) than in females (37.9%). Female dogs formed renal calculi containing struvite or oxalate more often than did males; males formed calculi containing urate more often than did females. Calculi containing oxalate, apatite, or some combination of these minerals predominated among cats; only 1 specimen from 38 female cats and only 4 specimens from 33 male cats contained neither oxalate nor apatite. Crossbred cats were significantly less likely to have renal calculi than were other breeds. A single renal calculus specimen was identified in several uncommon breeds including Tonkinese and Birman cats, and Affenpinscher, Clumber Spaniel, English Shepherd, and Field Spaniel dogs. No significant differences were observed between male and female dogs or between male and female cats with regard to mineral type of the specimen and the presence of urinary tract infection.
Gangliosides interact directly with plasminogen and urokinase and may mediate binding of these fibrinolytic components to cells

Receptors for the fibrinolytic molecules plasminogen and urokinase are expressed at high capacity on a wide variety of peripheral blood cells and transformed cell lines. We have considered whether gangliosides, components of the outer leaflets of cell membranes, may modulate the interactions of these fibrinolytic ligands with cells. Radiolabeled plasminogen and urokinase bound directly to insolubilized gangliosides. The interactions were saturable and were 50% inhibited by 2.2 microM unlabeled plasminogen or 12 nM unlabeled urokinase, respectively. A panel of gangliosides inhibited binding of both ligands to U937 monocytoid cells, and the order of decreasing inhibitory effectiveness was GD1a greater than GM1 greater than GT1b greater than GM2, while GM3 was minimally effective. The individual components of gangliosides, hexoses, hexosamines, sialic acid, GM1 pentasaccharide, ceramides, and glucocerebrosides were ineffective in in inhibiting the binding of plasminogen and urokinase either to cells or to insolubilized gangliosides. Binding of both ligands to endothelial cells and granulocytes and binding of plasminogen to platelets were also inhibited by gangliosides. U937 cells were cultured with gangliosides to allow incorporation of these glycolipids into the cell membranes. After 3 days of culture, both urokinase binding and plasminogen binding to the cells became enhanced. These results suggest that gangliosides can directly bind to these fibrinolytic components and may mediate or modulate the interactions of plasminogen and urokinase with a variety of cell types.
Hypertrichosis lanuginosa as a sign of internal malignancy.

A case of universal hypertrichosis lanuginosa associated with small cell, anaplastic carcinoma of the bronchus is reported and compared with 5 previously reported cases of UHL associated with disseminated internal epithelial malignancies. It would appear justified to regard UHL of adult onset as a rare cutaneous manifestation of internal malignancy. Like acanthosis nigricans, it may antedate other signs and symptoms of malignancy.
Dual Specificity Phosphatases 18 and 21 Target to Opposing Sides of the Mitochondrial Inner Membrane

Although large-scale approaches have identified numerous mitochondrial phosphoproteins, little is known about the mitochondrial kinases and phosphatases that regulate these phosphoproteins. Here, we identify two members of the atypical dual specificity phosphatases (DSP), DSP18 and DSP21, that are localized in mitochondria. Although DSP18 is widely expressed in several mammalian tissues, DSP21 is selectively expressed in the testes. We demonstrate that DSP18 and DSP21 are targeted to mitochondria by cryptic internal localization signals. Subfractionation of mitochondria demonstrated that DSP18 is located in the intermembrane space as a peripheral membrane protein of the inner membrane. In contrast, subfractionation of rat testis mitochondria revealed DSP21 is localized to the matrix as a peripheral membrane protein of the inner membrane. Moreover, we demonstrate that a previously reported substrate for DSP18, the stress-activated protein kinase, does not localize to mitochondria in several different tissues, making it an unlikely substrate for DSP18. Finally, we show that induction of apoptosis by treatment with staurosporine causes translocation of DSP18 from the intermembrane space into the cytosol similar to other apoptogenic factors such as cytochrome c. This work rigorously demonstrates the unique location of two highly similar DSPs on opposing sides of the mitochondrial inner membrane.
DNA-sequence determination of exon 2 of a novel HLA-DPB1 allele, HLA-DPB1*0403.

Sequence determination using HLA-DPB1 allele-specific primers for a DNA sample donated by an African–American individual revealed the presence of a novel haplotype. This new allele was found as a heterozygote together with HLA-DPB1*0402. The new allele was similar to HLA-DPB1*1601, however, it varied in two single nucleotide polymorphisms resulting in alanine residues at positions 55 and 56 of the mature protein rather than aspartic acid and glutamic acid, respectively. Allele-specific DNA-sequence determination was verified by sequence determination in forward and reverse directions after cloning in pCR2.1. This cloning strategy resulted in DNA products representing 19 clones confirming the novel allele (GenBank accession number AY823995 and is now listed in the IMGT/HLA database as HLA-DPB1*0403) and 17 clones representing HLA-DPB1*0402.
HIV proteins in normal human placentae.

: Cryostat sections of human normal term placentae were studied for evidence of immunopathology by using antibodies to lymphocytes, macrophages, platelets, and coagulation factors. Areas of so-called chronic villitis of unestablished etiology were identified in all placentae. The same tissues were examined for HIV protein antigens gp120, p17, p24, and gp41. No evidence for gp41 was found. Antigens gp120 and p17 were identified in normal chorionic villi in vimentin-positive fibroblast-like cells and in endothelium, respectively. Antigen p24 was localized to HLA-DR positive cells that morphologically resembled macrophages in areas of villitis. The distribution of gp120 and p17 was similar to that observed for tissue factor. These findings prompted speculation that retroviral proto-oncogenes that are known to encode for certain placental receptors could be involved in the presentation of tissue factor, and that gp120 may be a hitherto unrecognized immunobiological mechanism for the blockade of CD4 on maternal lymphocytes if and when such cells gain entrance to chorionic villi.
COST SHARING AND IMPLEMENTATION OF NATIONAL WATER RESOURCES POLICY

ABSTRACT: In this article a managerial approach to developing and implementing National Water Resources policy is suggested. Proper consideration can be given to national economic development (NED), environmental quality (EQ) and conservation and still result in an implementable policy at the operational level if proper incentives are built into the process with proper attention to alternate non-Federal cost sharing rates. Not only can these multiple objectives be entertained but the Administration and Congress will have a management tool that should ensure a certain probability of success.
MOTIVATED SKEPTICISM IN THE EVALUATION OF POLITICAL BELIEFS (2006)

Abstract We propose a model of motivated skepticism that helps explain when and why citizens are biased information processors. Two experimental studies explore how citizens evaluate arguments about affirmative action and gun control, finding strong evidence of a prior attitude effect such that attitudinally congruent arguments are evaluated as stronger than attitudinally incongruent arguments. When reading pro and con arguments, participants (Ps) counterargue the contrary arguments and uncritically accept supporting arguments, evidence of a disconfirmation bias. We also find a confirmation bias—the seeking out of confirmatory evidence—when Ps are free to self-select the source of the arguments they read. Both the confirmation and disconfirmation biases lead to attitude polarization—the strengthening of t2 over t1 attitudes—especially among those with the strongest priors and highest levels of political sophistication. We conclude with a discussion of the normative implications of these findings for ratio...
Behaviorally-Based Decision-Making Training for Children.

Abstract A seven-step, behaviorally based, decision-making process was taught to 17 children, age 9–10 years. Each child's decision-making ability was measured before and after training, using two audiotaped stories that described problem situations typically encountered in the school or home. The children were asked to identify the problem, generate alternative solutions, think of positive and negative consequences for each solution, and offer a personal value supporting their decision. As compared to a no-treatment control group, the children receiving the decision-making training obtained significantly greater scores on four of five dependent measures. Implications for teaching decision-making as a self-management skill are offered.
Meproadifen enhances activation and desensitization of the acetylcholine receptor-ionic channel complex (AChR): single channel studies

Abstract The effects of the quaternary agent meproadifen on ACh-activated channel currents were studied on myoballs cultured from hind limb muscles of neonatal rats. Meproadifen (0.02–0.1 μM) combined with ACh (0.1–0.3 μM) in the patch pipette caused an increase, followed by a decrease, in the frequency of channel openings. At concentrations greater than 0.2 μM the initial phase was not detected and a rapid and marked reduction in the opening frequency was observed. Meproadifen (up to 2.5 μM) produced no change in the duration or conductance of the open state of ACh-activated channels. In addition, this agent induced the appearance of events with a marked increase in the ‘noise’ during the opening phase. The lack of effect under inside-out patch conditions suggested that meproadifen binds to a site located at the external portion of the nicotinic macromolecule and has no access to it through the cell membrane. This study indicated that non-competitive antagonists such as meproadifen can facilitate receptor activation and desensitization. Meproadifen Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor Single channel current Endplate region Activation-desensitization
Impact of mutation on proton transfer reactions in ketosteroid isomerase: insights from molecular dynamics simulations

The two proton transfer reactions catalyzed by ketosteroid isomerase (KSI) involve a dienolate intermediate stabilized by hydrogen bonds with Tyr14 and Asp99. Molecular dynamics simulations based on an empirical valence bond model are used to examine the impact of mutating these residues on the hydrogen-bonding patterns, conformational changes, and van der Waals and electrostatic interactions during the proton transfer reactions. While the rate constants for the two proton transfer steps are similar for wild-type (WT) KSI, the simulations suggest that the rate constant for the first proton transfer step is smaller in the mutants due to the significantly higher free energy of the dienolate intermediate relative to the reactant. The calculated rate constants for the mutants D99L, Y14F, and Y14F/D99L relative to WT KSI are qualitatively consistent with the kinetic experiments indicating a significant reduction in the catalytic rates along the series of mutants. In the simulations, WT KSI retained two hydroge...
The Retinoblastoma Tumor Suppressor Promotes Efficient Human Cytomegalovirus Lytic Replication

ABSTRACT The retinoblastoma (Rb) tumor suppressor controls cell cycle, DNA damage, apoptotic, and metabolic pathways. DNA tumor virus oncoproteins reduce Rb function by either inducing Rb degradation or physically disrupting complexes between Rb and its myriad binding proteins. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), a betaherpesvirus being investigated for potential roles in human cancers, encodes multiple lytic-phase proteins that inactivate Rb in distinct ways, leading to the hypothesis that reduced Rb levels and/or activity would benefit HCMV lytic infection. Paradoxically, we found that Rb knockdown prior to infection, whether transient or constitutive, impaired HCMV lytic infection at multiple stages, notably viral DNA replication, late protein expression, and infectious virion production. The existence of differentially modified forms of Rb, the temporally and functionally distinct means by which HCMV proteins interact with Rb, and the necessity of Rb for efficient HCMV lytic replication combine to highlight the complex relationship between the virus and this critical tumor suppressor. IMPORTANCE Initial work examining viral protein modulation of cell cycle progression and oncogenic transformation revealed that these proteins inactivated the function of cellular tumor suppressor proteins. However, subsequent work, including experiments described here using human cytomegalovirus, demonstrate a more nuanced interaction that includes the necessity of cellular tumor suppressors for efficient viral replication. Understanding the positive impacts that cellular tumor suppressors have on viral infections may reveal new activities of these well-studied yet incompletely understood proteins. The basis for oncolytic viral therapy is the selective replication of viruses in transformed cells in which tumor suppressor function may be compromised. Understanding how tumor suppressors support viral infections may allow for the generation of modified oncolytic viruses with greater selective tumor cell replication and killing.
Introduction to the detection of target field structure with data fusion of density and chord information

The detection of spatial structure in fields of small targets is a challenging problem in high- level vision that hitherto has not been solved effectively. Although regular arrays of targets can be detected using local density and nearest-neighbor position estimators, such methods generally do not describe target field structure at multiple resolution levels. In this paper, we present several multiresolution techniques for detecting regular spatial structure in target field imagery. Our methods are tolerant of moderate deviations in target position, i.e., are amenable to irregular target placement, which is an important advantage when analyzing positions of targets deployed from slowly moving vehicles. We initially discuss local density computations based on pyramid-structured image representations, then progress to chord-based determination of target field structure. Methods for computing chord distribution parameters from histograms are presented that can be used in model-based detection of spatial structure in various target array configurations. Additionally, we discuss work-in-progress pertaining to data fusion methodologies for determining target field placement and structure in a variety of field scenarios. Analyses emphasize computational cost and error, as well as space requirements for parallel processing applications.
Diffraction Dissociation of Beam Particles

A phenomenon is predicted in which a high-energy particle beam undergoing diffraction scattering from a nucleus will acquire components corresponding to various products of the virtual dissociations of the incident particle, as $p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\Lambda}+{K}^{+}$ or ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\overline{p}+n$. These diffraction-produced systems would have a characteristic extremely narrow distribution in transverse momentum, and would have all the same quantum numbers as the initial particle; i.e., the same spin, isotopic spin, and parity. The process is related to that discussed in the preceding paper, and has the same effective energy threshold.
Edge plasma modeling of limiter surfaces in a Tokamak divertor configuration

We describe a 2-D model for edge plasmas with localized limiter surfaces penetrating the scrape-off layer. The model is used to simulate an idealized ITER startup configuration with variations in the limiter penetration depth and surface shape. The results show that the distribution of the total heat load between divertor plates and outer midplane limiter surfaces can be controlled by the penetration depth of the limiter. The limiter surface can be shaped to reduce the peak heat flux without significantly changing the total heat loads. The tentative conclusion is that ITER startup on an outer midplane limiter is reasonable because the total and peak heat loads can be controlled by the limiter positioning and shape.
Alfred Loisy's Developmental Approach to Scripture: Reading the ‘Firmin’ Articles in the Context of Nineteenth‐ and Twentieth‐Century Historical Biblical Criticism

Alfred Loisy's ‘Firmin’ articles applied John Henry Newman's concept of development of doctrine within church history to the Bible. In doing this, Loisy was attempting to convince his Catholic audience to appropriate the historical critical method within Catholic biblical interpretation. Loisy attempted to explain the notion of development within the Bible, which had become commonplace among the Protestant historical critical scholarship of the time, in light of Newman's concept of the development of doctrine within history.
The efficiency of the CO2-concentrating mechanism during single-cell C4 photosynthesis.

The photosynthetic efficiency of the CO(2)-concentrating mechanism in two forms of single-cell C(4) photosynthesis in the family Chenopodiaceae was characterized. The Bienertioid-type single-cell C(4) uses peripheral and central cytoplasmic compartments (Bienertia sinuspersici), while the Borszczowioid single-cell C(4) uses distal and proximal compartments of the cell (Suaeda aralocaspica). C(4) photosynthesis within a single-cell raises questions about the efficiency of this type of CO(2) -concentrating mechanism compared with the Kranz-type. We used measurements of leaf CO(2) isotope exchange (Δ(13) C) to compare the efficiency of the single-cell and Kranz-type forms of C(4) photosynthesis under various temperature and light conditions. Comparisons were made between the single-cell C(4) and a sister Kranz form, S. eltonica[NAD malic enzyme (NAD ME) type], and with Flaveria bidentis[NADP malic enzyme (NADP-ME) type with Kranz Atriplicoid anatomy]. There were similar levels of Δ(13) C discrimination and CO(2) leakiness (Φ) in the single-cell species compared with the Kranz-type. Increasing leaf temperature (25 to 30 °C) and light intensity caused a decrease in Δ(13) C and Φ across all C(4) types. Notably, B. sinuspersici had higher Δ(13) C and Φ than S. aralocaspica under lower light. These results demonstrate that rates of photosynthesis and efficiency of the CO(2) -concentrating mechanisms in single-cell C(4) plants are similar to those in Kranz-type.
Detectable Prostate Specific Antigen Between 60 and 120 Days Following Radical Prostatectomy for Prostate Cancer: Natural History and Prognostic Significance

Purpose: Following radical retropubic prostatectomy for prostate cancer, if the serum prostate specific antigen fails to become undetectable, occult micrometastatic disease is suspected. We assessed the natural history of disease progression, and predictors of recurrence and survival in this group of patients.Materials and Methods: We identified 303 men treated with radical retropubic prostatectomy for prostate cancer between 1990 and 1999, who had a detectable prostate specific antigen between 60 and 120 days postoperatively. Systemic recurrence-free and cancer specific survival were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and analyzed using Cox proportional hazards models.Results: Clinical and pathological features were more adverse among men whose postoperative prostate specific antigen was detectable. These men had poorer systemic recurrence-free survival and cancer specific survival compared to men with an undetectable postoperative prostate specific antigen, and even men whose prostate specific ant...
Teacher-Student Interaction during Oral Reading and Rereading

In this article I report six case studies of interactions between less proficient readers and their teachers during oral reading and rereading. The questions were: Does children's reading accuracy determine teacher-student interaction patterns? Are there additional factors that explain differential interaction patterns? I determined whether the focus of teacher-student interactions shifted from decoding to meaning as accuracy rates improved with successive readings. Results indicated that a clear shift to a meaning focus occurred for one of five cases for which there were data. In the remaining cases, teacher-student interaction did not shift from decoding to meaning as accuracy improved. In one case, accuracy remained below a threshold level for achieving a meaning focus. For the others, the decoding focus decreased as accuracy improved but the shift from decoding did not lead to a focus on meaning. Children's control of meaning and teachers' focus on fluency goals, were influenced by the teachers' pursu...
Effects of rpoA and cysB mutations on acid induction of biodegradative arginine decarboxylase in Escherichia coli.

Abstract For Escherichia coli, there have been more and more examples illustrating that the alpha subunit of RNA polymerase is directly involved in the activation of gene transcription by interaction with activator proteins. Because of the vital function of the alpha subunit in cell growth, only a limited number of mutations in its structural gene, rpoA, have been isolated. We obtained a number of these mutants and examined the effects of these mutations on the acid induction of adi and cad gene expression. Several mutations caused a small reduction in adi promoter activity at inducing pH. One mutation, rpoA341, essentially eliminated adi promoter activity, while it had little effect on the cad promoter. During the course of a separate study, we isolated a plasmid that enhanced adi expression. Further characterization of this plasmid showed that it contained cysB, the structural gene for the positive regulator for most cys operon genes. Introduction of a cysB mutation into an adi::lac fusion strain and beta-galactosidase assay studies of the resultant adi::lac cysB mutant established that a wild-type cysB gene was required for efficient acid induction of adi expression. These results suggest that a possible interaction between CysB and the alpha subunit of RNA polymerase is involved in activation of adi transcription.
Effects of intrapartum antimicrobial prophylaxis for prevention of group-B-streptococcal disease on the incidence and ecology of early-onset neonatal sepsis.

Sepsis occurring in the first week of life can be a devastating neonatal problem. Group B streptococci (GBS) and enterobacteriaceae are the main causes of early-onset sepsis in more developed countries. Intrapartum antimicrobial prophylaxis (IAP) has lowered the incidence of early-onset GBS sepsis by 50–80%. However, there are concerns that the use of IAP may select for infections caused by enterobacteriaceae, including some strains resistant to antimicrobials. We explored potential associations between IAP use and changes in the causes of early-onset sepsis. We concluded that there have been substantial declines in the incidence of early-onset infections due to GBS and, in some settings, other bacteria. Increases in the frequencies of non-GBS or antimicrobial-resistant early-onset sepsis have been limited to preterm, lowbirthweight, or very-low-birthweight neonates. We propose systematic monitoring of early-onset sepsis, coupled with targeted research, to inform periodic reassessment of prevention strategies.
RESPONSES OF CAPTIVE AND FREE-RANGING COYOTES TO SIMULATED ORAL RABIES VACCINE BAITS

The objective of this study was to develop a bait for delivering an oral rabies vaccine to free-ranging coyotes (Canis latrans) in southern Texas. Captive trials were conducted from January to April, 1994, to determine bait preferences and behavioral responses of coyotes (n = 42) to selected baits and attractants. Baits were hollow rectangular cubes made of polymer dog food or fish meal. Attractants had sweet (watermelon), fruity (raspberry), sulfurous (synthetic WU), and lard (beef lard) fragrances. Captive coyotes did not exhibit a preference for either bait bases or attractants; however, coyotes chewed dog food baits 1.6 times more than fish meal baits. Average proximity of coyotes eliciting a response to baits was 2.2 ± 1.3 m (x ± SE). Captive coyotes readily accepted dog food baits containing 2 ml of liquid rhodamine B, a biological marker. Rhodamine B staining of the oropharyngeal region was evident in each captive coyote. Results from the field evaluation of baits and attractants were consistent w...
A biomechanical analysis of the soft tissue and osseous constraints of the hip joint

The goal of this study was to determine the role of soft tissue and osseous constraints in hip biomechanics using a unique robotic testing apparatus. Four fresh-frozen human cadaveric hemi-pelvises without degenerative changes or dysplasia were stripped of all soft tissue except the ligamentous capsule and the intra-articular structures. All hips were tested using a robotic manipulator/universal force-moment sensor testing system to measure and compare end-range of motion (ROM) and kinematic translations in “capsule vented” (a small hole in the capsule) and “capsule separated” (capsular ligaments separated from each other) states. Then, the “capsule vented” state was compared to the condition in which the capsule and labrum were removed to calculate bone and soft tissue forces with 40 N of load applied in six different directions along three axes. There were no significant differences in end-ROM or kinematic translations between the “capsule vented” and “capsule separated” states. Bone forces significantly increased with loads applied in the anterior, posterior and superior directions. Soft tissue forces increased significantly with loads applied in the medial, lateral and inferior directions. The individual hip capsular ligaments act independently of each other to resist end-ROM. Both osseous and soft tissue constraints are important to hip biomechanics depending upon the direction of applied force. The clinical relevance is that surgical management for hip disorders should preserve the soft tissue constraints in the hip when possible to maintain normal hip biomechanics.
Combining FT-MPI with H2O: fault-tolerant MPI across administrative boundaries

We observe increasing interest in aggregating geographically distributed, heterogeneous resources to perform large scale computations. MPI remains the most popular programming paradigm for such applications; however, as the size of computing environments increases, fault tolerance aspects become critically important. We argue that the fault tolerance model proposed by FT-MPI fits well in geographically distributed environments, even though its current implementation is confined to a single administrative domain. We propose to overcome these limitations by combining FT-MPI with the H2O resource sharing framework. Our approach allows users to run fault tolerant MPI programs on heterogeneous, geographically distributed shared machines, without sacrificing performance and with minimal involvement of resource providers.
Predicting dating relationship fate with insiders’ and outsiders’ perspectives: Who and what is asked matters

Two recent studies (C. R. Agnew, T. J. Loving, & S. M. Drigotas, 2001; T. K. MacDonald & M. Ross, 1999) investigated the relative ability of outsiders’ (network members) and daters’ perceptions of the daters’ romance to predict relationship fate. Careful analysis of these studies suggests that the types of network members asked and what is asked significantly impact the prognostic ability of outsiders’ perceptions. The current research replicates and extends this literature and highlights the challenges posed when collecting outsiders’ perspectives of their friends’ relationships. Daters and 2 friends (1 female, 1 male) were asked to provide their perceptions of the dating relationship on 2 indexes: a direct prediction of the likelihood that the relationship would last 6 months and an overall qualitative assessment of the dater’s commitment. Results highlight the need for researchers to carefully attend to the instruments and samples employed when obtaining multiple perspectives of the same dating relationship.
Factors Influencing the Retention of Specially Educated Public Child Welfare Workers

Although public child welfare has historically been a major employer of professional social workers, within the last twenty years MSW graduates have shunned public social services for the private sector. Using Title IV-E funds, universities have responded to this shortage by providing financial and educational incentives for graduate social work students to work with the diverse and complex cases in public child welfare. As a result, the numbers of graduate social workers seeking employment in public child welfare have increased, but questions remain about the extent to which professional social workers remain employed in public child welfare agencies beyond their employment payback period. This paper reports the results of one research study on the factors that affect the retention of these master's level child welfare workers.
Tactical Considerations Leading to Surgical Treatment of the Partial Epilepsies

The goal of surgical treatment of the epilepsies is to achieve safety and efficacy, much as has been done with antiepileptic medical treatment since about 1969 (3). The partial epilepsies are of cerebral cortical origin and the safety of the operation depends on the cortical locale, the relationship to important vessels and the avoidance of damage to long subcortical fasciculi. The efficacy of the operations depends on the accuracy of the diagnosis. Of the two considerations the latter seems to be the more important, for surgical operations for epilepsy are largely a onetime opportunity. Second operations seldom can be expected to be successful. If it is the temporal lobe, the opposite cannot be removed. If another lobe is responsible, the cost in additional cognitive loss of a second operation is usually too great. In our opinion the electrophysiological verification of epileptogenesis in each patient prior to surgery is essential for successful surgery, especially in the cases which it is difficult to localize the epileptic focus.
Diving into Complexity: Developing Probabilistic Decentralized Thinking through Role-Playing Activities.

There is a growing interest in role-playing activities, both in school classrooms and in the culture at large. Despite this growing interest, role-playing activities are rare in mathematics and science classrooms. In social-studies activities, a major goal is to help students adopt the perspective of another person. But mathematics and science classes typically discourage this type of perspective-taking; science is usually taught as a process of detached observation and analysis of phenomena, not active participation within phenomena. In this paper, we argue that role-playing activities can play a powerful role in mathematics and science education—particularly in the study of the new “sciences of complexity.” We present detailed descriptions and analyses of two role-playing activities that we have organized. Each activity is designed to help students explore (in a very participatory way) the behaviors of complex systems, helping them develop better intuitions on how complex phenomena can arise from simple interactions and predictable patterns from random events.