cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diverse proteins aggregate in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease brain

All cells accumulate insoluble protein aggregates throughout their lifespan. While many studies have characterized the canonical disease-associated protein aggregates, such as those associated with amyloid plaques, additional, undefined proteins aggregate in the brain and may be directly associated with disease and lifespan. A proteomics approach was used to identify a large subset of insoluble proteins in the mild cognitively impaired (MCI) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) human brain. Cortical samples from control, MCI, and AD patients were separated into detergent-soluble and detergent-insoluble fractions, and high-resolution LC/MS/MS technology was used to determine which proteins became more insoluble in the disease state. Bioinformatics analyses were used to determine if the alteration of protein aggregation between AD and control patients was associated with any specific biological process. Western blots were used to validate the proteomics data and to assess the levels of secondary protein modifications in MCI and AD. There was a stage-dependent increase in detergent-insoluble proteins, with more extreme changes occurring in the AD cohort. Glycolysis was the most significantly overrepresented gene ontology biological process associated with the alteration of protein aggregation between AD and control patients. It was further shown that many low molecular weight proteins that were enriched in the AD brain were also highly aggregated, migrating on SDS-PAGE far above their predicted molecular masses. Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase isoenzyme L1 (UCHL1/PARK5), and the DNA damage repair enzyme KU70 were among the top insoluble proteins identified by proteomics and validated by Western blot to be increased in the insoluble fractions of both MCI and AD brain samples. Diverse proteins became more detergent-insoluble in the brains of both MCI and AD patients compared to age-matched controls, suggesting that multiple proteins aggregate in these diseases, likely posing a direct toxic insult to neurons. Furthermore, detergent-insoluble proteins included those with important biological activities for critical cellular processes such as energetics, proteolysis, and DNA damage repair. Thus, reduced protein solubility likely promotes aggregation and limits functionality, reducing the efficiency of multiple aspects of cell physiology. Pharmaceutical interventions that increase autophagy may provide a useful therapeutic treatment to combat protein aggregation.
Clinical insights into Charcot foot

Charcot neuropathic arthropathy (CN) is a devastating condition resulting in non-reducible foot deformity that places patients with distal peripheral neuropathy at risk for the development of chronic neuropathic foot ulcers, major lower extremity amputation, and even death. The condition is often misdiagnosed early in its presentation because of a lack of knowledge among members of the medical community. Consequently, initial therapies for the condition are fewer and patients who present in more advanced stages of the condition are more difficult to manage. We now understand that CN is a multifactorial process resulting in unregulated osteoclastogenesis and bony destruction. Classically, the patient will present with an edematous, erythematous foot with increased temperature. These non-specific findings lead to a multitude of differential diagnoses. However, there are no diagnostic biomarkers or pathognomonic clinical signs to distinguish this condition from other common foot ailments seen in the context of peripheral neuropathy. Advancing our understanding of this condition, while educating the medical community about its devastating impact, is needed to advance and improve outcomes for patients affected by CN.
Causal inference in the face of competing events

Epidemiologists frequently must handle competing events, which prevent the event of interest from occurring. We review considerations for handling competing events when interpreting results causally. When interpreting statistical associations as causal effects, we recommend following a causal inference “roadmap” as one would in an analysis without competing events. There are, however, special considerations to be made for competing events when choosing the causal estimand that best answers the question of interest, selecting the statistical estimand (e.g., the cause-specific or subdistribution) that will target that causal estimand, and assessing whether causal identification conditions (e.g., conditional exchangeability, positivity, and consistency) have been sufficiently met. When doing causal inference in the competing events setting, it is critical to first ascertain the relevant question and the causal estimand that best answers it, with the choice often being between estimands that do and do not eliminate competing events.
The practice of citizenship: black politics and print culture in the early United States: by Derrick R. Spires, Philadelphia, U of Pennsylvania P, 2019, 344 pp., $49.95 (cloth), ISBN 978-0812250800

Derrick R. Spires’s thoroughly detailed, insightful account of the material practices through which ideas of African American citizenship developed and circulated, from the 1790s to the brink of th...
Semianalytical Solutions to the Lighthill-Whitham-Richards Equation With Time-Switched Triangular Diagrams: Application to Variable Speed Limit Traffic Control

This article proposes a new approach for computing a semiexplicit form of the solution to a class of traffic flow problems encoded by a Hamilton-Jacobi (HJ) partial differential equation (PDE), with time-switched Hamiltonian. Using a characterization of the problem derived from viability theory, we show that the solution associated with the problem can be formulated as a minimization problem involving the trajectory of an auxiliary dynamical system. A generalized Lax-Hopf formula for the switched Hamiltonian problem is derived, which enables us to compute the solution associated with affine initial or boundary conditions as a linear program involving the control function of the auxiliary dynamical system. This formulation allows us to compute the solution to the original problem exactly, unlike dynamic programming methods. In addition, this method allows one to very efficiently recompute the boundary conditions associated with an initial condition problem, allowing large-scale variable speed limit traffic control problems to be solved.
Modelling the relationship between relative load and match outcome in junior tennis players

The acute:chronic workload ratio (ACWR) is a metric that can be used to monitor training loads during sport. Over the last decade researchers have investigated how this metric relates to injury, yet little consideration has been given to how this metric interacts with performance. Two prospective longitudinal studies were implemented investigating internal and external ACWRs and match outcome in junior tennis players. Forty-two and 24 players were recruited to participate in the internal and external load studies, respectively. Internal load was measured using session rate of perceive exertion, while external load was defined as total swing counts. The main dependent variable was tennis match performance which was extracted from the universal tennis rating website. The ACWR for internal and external load were the primary independent variables. Acute load was defined as the total load for one week, while a 4-week rolling average represented chronic load. There were no significant associations between internal ( p -value = .23) or external ( p -value = .81) ACWR and tennis match performance as assessed by multivariate regressions. The ACWRs in these datasets were close to 1.00, thus a balanced training load was undertaken by these athletes upon entering match play but was not related to match success.
What Exogenous Factors Generate Municipal Inefficiency? An Empirical Investigation of the Determinants of Input Excess in Local Government

A substantial empirical literature has investigated the performance of local authorities in a host of countries across the world. While this body of knowledge has made a significant contribution to...
Numerical Study of Center of Reaction Front for Reaction-Diffusion System nA + mB → C with Arbitrary Diffusivities

We study the movement of the center of reaction front in the reaction diffusion system nA + mB → C for arbitrary diffusivities (Da ≠ Db). We present numerical evidence that xf (t) ∝ √t for all t ∈ (0, ∞). Numerical experiments are carried out for (n, m) = (1,1), (1,2), (2,1) and (2,2) and for various \( \frac{{D_{a} }}{{D_{b} }} \). Finite difference method is used. Empahsis is not on asymptotic behaviour or scaling, rather on verifying the stated claim for all t.
Financial benefits of reimagined, sustainable, agrifood supply networks

Multinational enterprises face challenges to integrate the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals into their supply chains because it requires cooperation outside of their direct control. In global agrifood value networks, companies struggle to engage their suppliers in sustainability. One reason is that key intermediaries, the offtakers, have not been engaged in sustainability strategies in a way that is economically feasible, and thus fail to act as a cooperating link. We developed and applied a return on sustainability investment (ROSI) model of a more strategic supply-chain approach for food commodities (one that values partnerships over transactional relationships). We modeled the coconut supply network in the Philippines, and compared these findings to another agrifood system, Brazilian beef. Categories of benefits included: a stable and sustainable supply chain, long-term contracts, sustainable products, brand value and innovation, and reduction of corporate risk. In addition to the benefit of working with MNEs as a strategic partner, incremental benefits prioritized by stakeholders included intangibles that could generate value from cost savings, avoided costs, as well as new revenue opportunities to establish a more stable sustainable supply chain. Monetizing benefits to offtakers can help incentivize a new type of global value chain governance to a closed, more stable supply-chain configuration that can better address complex social–environmental dynamics, and foster strategic partnerships.
Noninvasive genetic surveys before and after a megafire detect displacement of migratory mule deer

Due to climate change and past logging and fire suppression, the western US are experiencing increasingly large and frequent wildfires. Understanding how wildlife respond to these mega-fires is becoming increasingly relevant to protect and manage these populations. However, the lack of predictability inherent in such events makes studies difficult to plan. We took advantage of a large high-severity wildfire that burned adjacent to an ongoing study of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) on their summer range upslope of the fire to investigate their displacement onto our study area both immediately and upon their return to summer range the following year. We used spatial capture-recapture models in conjunction with noninvasive fecal DNA sampling to estimate density and non-spatial Pradel robust-design models to estimate apparent survival and recruitment rates. Compared to density before the fire, we observed an increase in deer density and an increase in per-capita recruitment rates one month after the fire. These findings suggest that the immediate response of at least some deer was to flee the fire upslope onto the study area rather than to downslope toward their winter range. These changes did not carry over into the following year, however, suggesting that deer formerly using the burned area as summer range may have returned there despite the high severity of the fire, or may have chosen new areas for their summer range. This suggests that, at least in the short term, the fire did not negatively affect the deer population.
Onboarding and Training New Electronic Resources Personnel in Libraries: An Overview of Literature and Resources

Onboarding is the process in which new employees are introduced to an organization and its vision, mission, and values. Library literature reflects the importance of onboarding in welcoming new emp...
Neuroimaging of Attention

A little over 20 years ago, the first studies of blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) were conducted by several pioneers in burgeoning field of neuroimaging conducted demonstrating that functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) of the brain was possible [1–4]. Soon after this, BOLD was shown to correspond with brain activation during simple sensory, motor, and cognitive operations, with regional patterns of cortical response that corresponded with established functional neuroanatomy [5–16]. These findings complemented parallel research that had been emerging a few years before using radiological methods like positron emission tomography (PET) [17]. Interest in functional neuroimaging surged as the significance of these findings became evident to neuroscientists. Neuroimaging has become a primary method for cognitive neuroscience research over the past 2 decades, providing a powerful tool for studying brain structure and function. Neuroimaging has evolved to the point that many universities now have research-dedicated MR scanners, in many cases located in psychology or neuroscience departments. This reflects the perception that neuroimaging is likely to continue to have a significant influence on the cognitive and behavioral neurosciences in the future.
Optimal Investment under Financial Constraints: The Roles of Internal Funds and Asymmetric Information

We study how a firm's optimal investment varies with two different measures of financial constraints: the firm's internal funds and the extent of asymmetric information between the firm and outside investors. We derive the financial contract between firm and investor endogenously; in our model, a debt contract is optimal. Decreases in internal funds and more asymmetric information both worsen the financial situation of the firm. However, they differ in their effects on the firm's investment because they change the marginal cost of debt finance in different ways. More asymmetric information generally leads to lower investment, and investment becomes more sensitive to changes in internal funds. The relationship between internal funds and investment, in contrast, is U-shaped: depending on the level of a firm's internal funds, a decrease in internal funds may lead to decreased, unchanged, or even increased investment. Our results explain seemingly contradictory findings in the recent empirical literature.
Sorting out the practical concerns in World Wide Web advertising

Although the World Wide Web has become an innovative way to reach an ever-fragmenting mass market, the effort to advertise on the Web has been frustrated by some technical and practical problems. This paper examines the current state of affairs and reflects on the equipment, software and measurement-related problems. By way of providing some practical strategies to advertisers, it appraises the software, hardware and measurement solutions.
The pontine respiratory group is involved in opioid-induced respiratory depression in adult rabbits (712.6)

Recent studies in adult dogs suggest that the parabrachial nucleus plays an important role in the respiratory depression by clinical concentrations of intravenous (IV) opioids (Prkic et al, 2012). This study investigated whether a similar area could be identified in adult rabbits. Each rabbit (2.2 - 4.0 kg) was anesthetized with 1-1.5 MAC sevoflurane, tracheotomized, ventilated and decerebrated. α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA, 50 µM, 70 nl) was injected in a grid-wise fashion from 1-3 mm caudal of the inferior colliculi and 1-4 mm lateral of midline into the dorso-ventral center of neuronal activity. The area of maximal tachypnea as determined from the phrenic neurogram was on average 1.4 mm caudal to the inferior collicle, 2.4 mm lateral and 6.3 mm from the dorsal surface (n=5). Microinjection of the mu-opioid agonist [D-Ala2, N-MePhe4, Gly-ol]-enkephalin (DAMGO, 100 µM, 700 nl) into this region led to significant respiratory slowing without decrease in amplitude. Local inject...
Synthesis of SystemC models from SDF Ptolemy descriptions

Ptolemy is a high-level modeling tool that supports heterogeneous modeling, simulation, and design of concurrent systems. SystemC is a system-level modeling tool that models systems at and above the RTL level of abstraction. A technical bridge in terms of a sound methodology to translate Ptolemy models to SystemC models would have a profound effect in the CAD/EDA industry. Perl is a text manipulation language used to translate Ptolemy models (high-level of abstraction) to synthesizable SystemC code (low-level of abstraction).
State Calls for an Article Five Convention: Mobilization and Interpretation

This Essay argues that those seeking constitutional change ought to take a closer look at using the Article Five procedure by which state legislatures can petition Congress for a new constitutional convention. While the chances that such a conclave will occur are slim and none, the process for calling together such a body is a useful tool for getting voters to the polls and influencing the Supreme Court. After looking at some historical examples, the Essay points out that both parties are using state ballot initiatives to increase turnout at election time and that doing the same with Article Five petitions would increase the quality and quantity of citizen participation. Furthermore, a series of such petitions would constitute persuasive authority of contemporary constitutional values no different from the state legislation that the Justices look to in cases under the Eighth Amendment and the Due Process Clause.
The Igκ3′ Enhancer Is Activated by Gradients of Chromatin Accessibility and Protein Association

The Igκ locus is recombined following initiation of a signaling cascade during the early pre-B stage of B cell development. The Ig κ3′ enhancer plays an important role in normal B cell development by regulating κ locus activation. Quantitative analyses of κ3′ enhancer chromatin structure by restriction endonuclease accessibility and protein association by chromatin immunoprecipitation in a developmental series of primary murine B cells and murine B cell lines demonstrate that the enhancer is activated progressively through multiple steps as cells mature. Moderate κ3′ chromatin accessibility and low levels of protein association in pro-B cells are increased substantially as the cells progress from pro- to pre-B, then eventually mature B cell stages. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays suggest transcriptional regulators of the κ3′ enhancer, specifically PU.1 and IFN regulatory factor-4, exploit enhanced accessibility by increasing association as cells mature. Characterization of histone acetylation patterns at the κ3′ enhancer and experimental inhibition of histone deacetylation suggest changes therein may determine changes in enzyme and transcription factor accessibility. This analysis demonstrates κ activation is a multistep process initiated in early B cell precursors before Igμ recombination and finalized only after the pre-B cell stage.
Expression of human adenosine deaminase in murine hematopoietic cells.

Abstract Multiple replication-defective retrovirus vectors were tested for their ability to transfer and express human adenosine deaminase in vitro and in vivo in a mouse bone marrow transplantation model. High-titer virus production was obtained from vectors by using both a retrovirus long terminal repeat promoter and internal transcriptional units with human c-fos and herpes virus thymidine kinase promoters. After infection of primary murine bone marrow with one of these vectors, human adenosine deaminase was detected in 60 to 85% of spleen colony-forming units and in the blood of 14 of 14 syngeneic marrow transplant recipients. This system offers the opportunity to assess methods for increasing efficiency of gene transfer, for regulation of expression of foreign genes in hematopoietic progenitors, and for long-term measurement of the stability of expression in these cells.
A Computational Thinking Approach to Learning Middle School Science

Computational Thinking (CT) defines a domain-general, analytic approach to problem solving, combining computer science concepts with practices central to modeling and reasoning in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) domains. In our research, we exploit this synergy to develop CTSiM (Computational Thinking in Simulation and Modeling) - a cross-domain, visual programming and agent based, scaffolded environment for learning CT and science concepts simultaneously. CTSiM allows students to conceptualize and build computational models of scientific phenomena, execute the models as simulations, conduct experiments to verify the simulation behaviors against ‘expert behavior’, and use the models to solve real world problems.
Dislocation damping of explosively shocked polycrystalline copper

Abstract The dislocation damping of explosively shocked polycrystalline copper has been measured as a function of shock pressure. Samples were shocked at pressures of 45 kbars, 85 kbars and 120 kbars. Shocking at all pressures was found to decrease the damping and increase the strain amplitude for amplitude dependence from that observed for unshocked copper. Very little difference in the damping was observed for samples shocked at the different pressures.
On the computational complexity of integral equations

Abstract Ko, K., On the computational complexity of integral equations, Annals of Pure and Applied Logic 58 (1992) 201–228. The computational complexity of Volterra integral equations of the second kind and of the first kind is investigated. It is proved that if the kernel functions satisfy the Lipschitz condition, then the solutions of Volterra equations of the second kind are polynomial-space computable. If, one the other hand, the kernel functions only satisfy the local Lipschitz condition with the Lipschitz constants growing in an exponential rate, then the solutions could be exponential-time hard. We identify a class of Volterra equations of the first kind that can be converted to Volterra equations of the second kind satisfying the local Lipschitz condition. The complexity of the solutions of these equations is also proved to be exponential-time hard.
Viral and cellular microRNAs as determinants of viral pathogenesis and immunity

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have recently emerged as key posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression in multicellular eukaryotes. It is increasingly clear that miRNAs of both viral and cellular origin can positively or negatively influence viral replication. Viral miRNAs can directly alter host physiology, including components of the immune system, and host miRNAs can directly alter the virus life cycle. Here, we discuss what is known about how viral and cellular miRNAs influence viral replication and pathogenic potential through their regulation of viral mRNAs or by reshaping cellular gene expression.
Life expectancy and the older population. Demographic implications of recent and prospective trends in old age mortality.

In this article recent trends in old-age mortality [in the United States] are first reviewed. Then the effect that these developments have had on mortality projections for both the short-range and long-range future [is] analyzed. Next the assumptions underlying the most recent official mortality projections are detailed and evaluated. Following this the implications of the varying mortality projections for the future size and composition of the older population are examined. Finally the proposition is addressed that projected mortality is approaching or exceeding maximum average human life span. (EXCERPT)
Identity as Socially Constructed: An Objection to Individual Change

Without social forces to condition their desires, affiliations, and expressions, individuals do not simply create and control their identities. Identity itself relies on various inputs of social co...
Nutrient concentration of selected soybean cultivars

Abstract Plant samples from 10 cultivars grown on 2 fertility levels were collected. The soybean cultivars were from maturity groups V, VI and VII. The plant samples were analyzed for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn and Fe. The N, K and Ca concentrations varied more among cultivars. There was no apparent difference in nutrient concentration among the various maturity groups, even though they were sampled at one date.
Temporal InsTabIlITy of agrIculTural HabITaT reduces reproducTIve success of barn owls (TyTo AlbA)

ABSTRACT. Birds are generally unable to predict future changes in habitat condition when selecting nesting locations, and few studies have investigated the effect on birds of shifting habitat quality within nesting seasons. Anthropogenically influenced habitats such as agricultural landscapes are often associated with large shifts in quality that turn initially good habitat into poor habitat. We examined whether daily survival rates of Barn Owl (Tyto alba) nests in an agricultural landscape were influenced negatively by temporal instability in habitat conditions resulting from crop harvest. Although most nesting attempts by Barn Owls in our study area were initiated before the onset of harvest, fields adjacent to the majority of active nest boxes were harvested at some point during nesting attempts. Overall nest survivorship, as well as survivorship of individual nestlings within broods, was lower following harvest, likely because of associated declines in the abundance of rodents, the primary food source...
Intercultural Synthesis, Radical Humanism and Rabindranritya Re-evaluation of Tagore’s Dance Legacy

Rabindranath Tagore imbued Indian dance and music with a new modern sensibility. He created novel and eclectic dance-and-music genres, Rabindranritya and Rabindrasangeet, when the national trend was toward classical revivalism. He inspired Indian women to dance on the national stage at a time when dance was associated with immorality and cultural degeneration. This article explores Tagore’s song and dance creations, connecting them to his radical political and philosophical thought on universal humanism. Focusing on his views on creativity and freedom, nationalism and cosmopolitanism, and women and essentialism, it is argued that this eclectic intercultural synthesis of ideas served to promote individual consciousness, empowerment and cosmopolitanism without rejecting their Indic cultural roots.
Time-Variant Reliability Analysis and Flexural Design of GFRP-Reinforced Bridge Decks

AbstractGlass-fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) reinforcement is being used in bridge decks as a replacement for steel reinforcement. It is thought that since the GFRP reinforcement does not corrode, it could be a more sustainable material for reinforced concrete structures. However, it is widely reported that GFRP bars do deteriorate when embedded in concrete or when immersed in concrete pore solutions. The American Concrete Institute (ACI) and AASHTO use environmental exposure factors to reduce the design strength due to this loss of capacity. However, these exposure factors have not been calibrated. In addition, limited research has been performed to quantify the time-variant flexural moment capacity of GFRP-reinforced flexural members. Recently, a Bayesian approach was used to develop a time-variant probabilistic capacity model based on capacity data of GFRP reinforcement embedded in concrete for a period of up to seven years. This model is used herein to assess the time-variant flexural moment capacity...
From watchful waiting to antibiotics.

ABSTRACT FOR ONE who has been a physician for 65 years, an invitation to tap his recollections about public health looses memories of once common communicable diseases now often unknown to younger physicians, as well as diseases then new on the horizon. In the early decades of this century, infectious disease was almost synonymous with public health. Although some pathogens had been identified before my birth (1898), the etiology of other common contagious diseases had to await the identification of viruses.To the physician in those days, who had recourse only to symptomatic treatment, the death rate for some diseases was appalling. In 1900, deaths from influenza and pneumonia ranked first and tuberculosis second, accounting, respectively, for 11.8% and 11.3% of all mortality. Diphtheria, measles, scarlet fever, and whooping cough took the lives of one fourth of the children between ages 1 and 14 years. The highest mortality rate beyond infancy
The Modulus of Ground Corn in a Corn-Soybean Oilmeal Chick Starting Ration

Abstract In an earlier report by Davis et al. (1951) the data showed that if “chick size” cracked corn replaced part of the ground corn in a corn-soybean oilmeal chick starting ration, poorer growth, increased variation in chick size, and poorer feed utilization resulted. This was attributed to the selection of the corn particles in preference to the rest of the diet. The purpose of this report is to extend this work and show the effect on the chicks of various particle sizes of ground corn as produced by the use of different size hammermill screens. EXPERIMENTAL Day-old White Leghorn female chicks from the Poultry Division flock were used in groups of 10. They were reared in electrically heated metal batteries with raised wire screen floors. Feed was supplied ad libitum and the water changed daily. Six different moduli of cornmeal were prepared from the same sample of #2 yellow dent . . .
Why and How to read Why

Charles Tilly has surprised us again. It was enough of a surprise when the veteran analyst of political conflict and change published a major book on inequality (Durable Inequality, 1998) and then started writing about identities (Stories, Identities, and Political Change, 2002). But now he has entirely shifted the scale and style of his analysis. Although an experienced Tilly reader will not be surprised to find engaging vignettes and vivid comparisons, even I did not expect him to present such a remarkable tour of small-scale social processes in a conversational mode. Who would have expected to find so many of the topics made famous by Erving Goffman, Kenneth Burke, and Jerome Bruner in a Tilly book? Why? uses a simple scheme to survey how and why people offer explanations, excuses, justifications, and accounts. It makes a compelling case for reason giving as a way of creating, maintaining, transforming, or terminating interpersonal relations. It lays out its arguments cheerfully, clearly, and without fanfare, illustrating from an extraordinary range of material including stories from Tilly’s own life. The brief account of his re-reading Anatole Broyard’s Intoxicated by My Illness while he (Tilly) was undergoing chemotherapy for cancer, for example, comes first as a shock and then as an illumination. Perhaps we should have seen it coming. Over the last ten years or so, Tilly has talked repeatedly about “tunneling under the post-modern challenge.” By that he means a twostep process. First, we must recognize that a great deal of social construction goes into the formation of entities—groups, institutions, markets, selves—that most people take for granted as real. But then, he insists, instead of stopping there social scientists must go on to explain how that construction actually works and produces its effects. Elsewhere he has written about this problem extensively in terms of epistemology, ontology, and social scientific method. Except for some intriguing discussions of Aristotle on poetics and rhetoric, however, Tilly almost entirely avoids formal encounters with theory and method in Why?. He makes his arguments lightly, illustrates them brightly, then moves on to the next point. Since I learned English as a third language, I am probably more sensitive than most native English speakers to the way people write English prose. American academics often dismay
U.S. television viewing in Trinidad: Cultural consequences on adolescents

This study examined the relationship between Trinidadian high school students' exposure to U.S. television programming and cultivation indicators. Television viewing was related to liberal social values concerning relationships, family, and authority. It was not related to cultural knowledge and estimations of Americans' material wealth. The findings raise questions about the assumed linear relationship between television viewing and cultivation. Long-standing questions pertaining to reliability in cultivation analysis were also addressed.
Troubleshooting and deconvoluting label-free cell phenotypic assays in drug discovery.

Introduction: Central to drug discovery and development is to comprehend the target(s), potency, efficacy and safety of drug molecules using pharmacological assays. Owing to their ability to provide a holistic view of drug actions in native cells, label-free biosensor-enabled cell phenotypic assays have been emerging as new generation phenotypic assays for drug discovery. Despite the benefits associated with wide pathway coverage, high sensitivity, high information content, non-invasiveness and real-time kinetics, label-free cell phenotypic assays are often viewed to be a blackbox in the era of target-centric drug discovery. Methods: This article first reviews the biochemical and biological complexity of drug-target interactions, and then discusses the key characteristics of label-free cell phenotypic assays and presents a five-step strategy to troubleshooting and deconvoluting the label-free cell phenotypic profiles of drugs. Results: Drug-target interactions are intrinsically complicated. Label-free cell phenotypic signatures of drugs mirror the innate complexity of drug-target interactions, and can be effectively deconvoluted using the five-step strategy. Discussion: The past decades have witnessed dramatic expansion of pharmacological assays ranging from molecular to phenotypic assays, which is coincident with the realization of the innate complexity of drug-target interactions. The clinical features of a drug are defined by how it operates at the system level and by its distinct polypharmacology, ontarget, phenotypic and network pharmacology. Approaches to examine the biochemical, cellular and molecular mechanisms of action of drugs are essential to increase the efficiency of drug discovery and development. Label-free cell phenotypic assays and the troubleshooting and deconvoluting approach presented here may hold great promise in drug discovery and development.
Two Valence Bond State Model for Molecular Nonlinear Optical Properties. Nonequilibrium Solvation Formulation

The two valence bond state model frequently used to describe the nonlinear optical properties of push−pull polyenes and the effect of the bond length alternation (BLA) coordinate is generalized to include the effects of nonequilibrium solvation. It is shown how a polar solvent modifies, via the diabatic gap between the valence bond free energy surfaces, the character of the electronically adiabatic ground state and consequently the BLA and the (hyper)polarizabilities. The parameters characterizing a molecule in the model can be readily extracted from experimental measurements. The model is applied to the calculation of (hyper)polarizabilities for several molecules as a function of solvent polarity, and comparison is made with both experimental and previous theoretical results. Some directions for an improved description are discussed.
Modulation of the cardiac transient outward current by catecholamines.

We studied modulation of the transient outward current in single canine Purkinje cells that were voltage clamped under Ca2+-free conditions using the patch pipette. The current showed two exponential time constants of inactivation (48, 352 ms at +58 mV and 53, 325 ms at +78 mV). Norepinephrine or isoproterenol modified the inactivation kinetics of this current without affecting the activation kinetics. The half maximum dose for norepinephrine effect was 1.9 × 10−8 m and the effect was saturated at 10−6 m. Norepinephrine or isoproterenol reduced the amplitude of the fast time constant component of inactivation, while increasing the amplitude of the slow component, without changing their time constants. They also increased the amplitude of a time-independent current component. The β-antagonist, sotalol, blocked the norepinephrine effect on the transient outward current. On the other hand, both activation of adenyl cyclase by forskolin and increase of intracellular cAMP concentration produced the same effect as exposure to norepinephrine. Intracellular perfusion with the catalytic subunit of the cAMP-activated protein kinase reproduced the modulation of the current. These results suggest a role for neurotransmitter regulation of the transient outward current in cardiac cells, perhaps by channel phosphorylation.
Application of security tot he computing science classroom

The author of this paper was a practicing security professional for over ten years in government and industry before accepting a position in academia where he now teaches software engineering and computer security topics in graduate and undergraduate level programs. Lessons learned in the transition are presented along with some insights with respect to the depth and breath that today's computer science student is exposed to with respect to INFOSEC topics. A recommendation for incorporating computer security training into modern day computer science programs is provided
The Coupling of Gravity Waves and Turbulence at White Sands, New Mexico, from VHF Radar Observations

Abstract Doppler spectra taken with the VHF Doppler radar at White Sands Missile Range are used to describe the winds and turbulence for 10 days in MarchApril 1991. The large power aperture product of this radar provides excellent data coverage in 150-m layers over the entire height range used, about 520 km. The results show that gravity-wave activity and small-scale turbulence are significantly enhanced at all levels during times when wind speeds in the troposphere, near 5.6 km (about 500 hPa), are strong. Largest enhancements are found in the lower stratosphere, near 1618 km, where the mean log C2N is increased by over 10 dB during times of strong winds at low levels. Mean winds, wind shears, and static stability in the lower stratosphere were found to be nearly the same, regardless of wind speeds at low levels. The authors conclude that the enhanced turbulence is due to an effect not described by the local background wind and static stability, and suggest that this effect is upward-propagating gravi...
Ultrastructure of Traction Retinal Detachment in Rhesus Monkey Eyes After a Posterior Penetrating Ocular Injury

We studied the ultrastructural characteristics of an experimental model of traction retinal detachment secondary to a penetrating eye injury in the rhesus monkey. Cells with the characteristics of myofibroblasts were present in the intravitreal fibrous tissue and in epiretinal membranes. These cells were probably derived from many sources, and were capable of contraction through the mechanism of intracytoplasmic contractile proteins such as actin or myosin. The morphologic observations supported our hypothesis that traction retinal detachment is a cell-mediated event analogous to the processes of wound healing and wound contraction. The force of contraction is mediated by cell-to-cell and cell-to-vitreous connections and by glial bridges that connect epiretinal membranes to the retina. These ultrastructural studies, which provide insight into the pathogenesis of traction retinal detachment in the experimental animal model, may well have significant clinical relevance.
Child maltreatment and autonomic nervous system reactivity: identifying dysregulated stress reactivity patterns by using the biopsychosocial model of challenge and threat.

OBJECTIVE: Disruptions in stress response system development have been posited as mechanisms linking child maltreatment (CM) to psychopathology. Existing theories predict elevated sympathetic nervous system reactivity after CM, but evidence for this is inconsistent. We present a novel framework for conceptualizing stress reactivity after CM that uses the biopsychosocial model of challenge and threat. We predicted that in the context of a social-evaluative stressor, maltreated adolescents would exhibit a threat pattern of reactivity, involving sympathetic nervous system activation paired with elevated vascular resistance and blunted cardiac output (CO) reactivity. METHODS: A sample of 168 adolescents (mean age =14.9 years) participated. Recruitment targeted maltreated adolescents; 38.2% were maltreated. Electrocardiogram, impedance cardiography, and blood pressure were acquired at rest and during an evaluated social stressor (Trier Social Stress Test). Pre-ejection period (PEP), CO, and total peripheral resistance reactivity were computed during task preparation, speech delivery, and verbal mental arithmetic. Internalizing and externalizing symptoms were assessed. RESULTS: Maltreatment was unrelated to PEP reactivity during preparation or speech, but maltreated adolescents had reduced PEP reactivity during math. Maltreatment exposure (F(1,145) = 3.8-9.4, p =.053-CONCLUSIONS: CM is associated with a dysregulated pattern of physiological reactivity consistent with theoretical conceptualizations of threat but not previously examined in relation to maltreatment, suggesting a more nuanced pattern of stress reactivity than predicted by current theoretical models. Language: en
Paranoid personality and its disorder

Paranoid personality disorder is a common form of paranoid pathology which has been neglected in the research literature. The present manuscript reports three studies on paranoid personality (PP). In Study One, reliable and valid questionnaires from the literature were matched to the DSM-III criteria for PP and administered to 170 college students. Subjects scoring high (1.5 SD above M, or low (1.5 SD below M) on the screening battery comprised the PP group and the comparison group (CG), respectively. These groups were subsequently assessed on paranoid thoughts and paranoid experiences. The results indicated that PPs reported having significantly more paranoid thoughts and paranoid experiences compared to CG subjects. Study Two was an exact replication of Study One using PP, CG, and clinically diagnosed PP (CD) subjects. The findings of Study One were reproduced. Additionally, PP and CD subjects differed significantly from CG subjects on paranoid thoughts and paranoid experiences but the PP and CD groups did not differ from each other. Study Three assessed the willingness of PP subjects to participate in psychological research. PPs were shown to have a lower rate of prior research participation and a higher rate of refusing to participate in future research compared to CG subjects. The results of these studies provide a useful basis for which research on PP can now proceed.
Model of attentional brain function

The authors model the brain stem as two layers of purely excitatory and inhibitory cells, with a time delay in transmission of information between the layers. The response to a localized afferent impulse is a strong function of this inhibitory delay, at first showing increased amplification as the delay increases, but at larger delays showing increased convection away from the impulse location. These features are consistent with the function of the brain stem in regulating attentional levels and have possible implications for the understanding of higher brain mechanisms. >
LOCAL ANALYSIS VIA THE REAL SPACE GREEN’S FUNCTION METHOD

A complete account of the development of the method of real space Green’s function is given in this review. The emphasis is placed on the calculation of the local Green’s function in a real space representation. The discussion is centered on a list of issues particularly relevant to the study of properties of complex systems with reduced symmetry.They include: (i) the convergence procedure for calculating the local Green’s function of infinite systems without any boundary effects associated with an arbitrary truncation of the system; (ii) a general recursive relation which streamlines the calculation of the local Green’s function; (iii) the calculation of the eigenvector of selected eigenvalues directly from the Green’s function. An example of the application of the method to carry out a local analysis of dynamics of the Au(511) surface is also presented.
RECENT STUDIES ON CHEMICAL MEDIATIONS OF NERVE IMPULSES

The chemical mediation of nerve impulses by the action of adrenin is well known. Any general stimulation of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system causes a secretion of adrenin, and this adrenin, widely distributed by the blood, has as a rule the same effects as the sympathetic impulses. Thus a viscus, even though deprived of its sympathetic nerves, may be brought into action with the other viscera because adrenin acts as an intermediary between the responsive organ and the nerve impulses which come to the adrenal medulla. Recent studies have shown that the action of adrenin, as an intermediary agent bringing about effects in the organism equivalent to those caused by nerve impulses, illustrates an extensive phenomenon of such mediation. These recent researches, however, have been concerned with a much more intimate relation between the impulses and the reacting tissues. Indeed, they show that chemical substances are set free by the impulses near or within the cells which make up the tissue.
Successful Preoperative Diagnosis and Treatment of a Saphenous Vein Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Aneurysm

A 71-year-old man who underwent a coronary artery bypass using a saphenous vein bypass graft (SVG) in 1977 presented with a new mediastinal mass on chest radiography. A variety of imaging techniques were applied and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provided excellent anatomic detail of an aneurysm of the previously placed SVG. This condition was successfully treated with repeat operation, aneurysm resection, and placement of new bypass grafts. We recommend that any patient with a history of previous coronary artery grafting who presents with a mediastinal mass be evaluated for the possibility of a graft aneurysm. The best mediastinal imaging technique for this purpose appears to be an MRI scan.
Trap and Dislocation Electrical Activity in a Reversely Biased P-N Junction in Silicon

In a reverse biased junction, trap activity is only due to carrier emission, stimulated by the local electric field function of the trap location and of the applied reverse voltage V r through Poole-Frenkel and Fowler-Nordheim mechanisms. This article investigates how the exponent and the activation energy of the current function of V r give a relation between the trap energy level E t and its location W 0 . If W 0 varies, E t can be directly determined (acceptor at E i + 0.04 eV in one example). Two examples of defect location, one dislocation and one interstitial cluster, are presented.
The “party of power” as a type

The post-Soviet “party of power” and the United Russia (UR) party have received increased attention in recent years, but it is not clear where they fit in comparison with other authoritarian parties. This article argues that by examining the relationship between the state and the party, and the degree of manipulation used to secure the party's dominance, we can move towards placing the party of power in a typological framework. Compared to other authoritarian parties, the party of power relies almost exclusively on the state for its political position, and is vulnerable to shifts in the state's priorities.