cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vasodilator actions of interleukin-1 in the canine coronary circulation.

The effects of intracoronary ultrapure human Interleukin-1 on the regional distribution of coronary blood flow (radioactive microspheres), contractile function (subendocardial ultrasonic length gauges) and systemic hemodynamics were studied in open-chest, anesthetized dogs (n=7). Bolus doses of Interleukin-1 (10, 20, and 30 u) administered directly into the left anterior descending coronary artery increased coronary blood flow from 43 to 71, 80 and 87 ml/min, respectively. The increase in blood flow produced by Interleukin-1 was distributed uniformly to the subendocardium, midmyocardium, and subepicardium of the left ventricular free wall without effect on regional function or systemic hemodynamics. Indomethacin (1 mg/kg i.v.) attenuated the increase in blood flow, especially to the subepicardium. Due to the selective diminution of the Interleukin-1-mediated increase in subepicardial blood flow by indomethacin, the subendocardial to subepicardial perfusion ratio was increased by Interleukin-1 in the presence of indomethacin. The present results demonstrate that Interleukin-1 has direct coronary vasodilator actions, a portion of which is mediated by a product of cyclooxygenase metabolism.
Effect of neonatal sympathectomy on the postnatal differentiation of the submandibular gland of the rat.

Right superior cervical sympathectomy was performed in one-day old rats. This operation had a small but definite effect on the postnatal development of the submandibular gland. The gland on the sympathectomized side weighed less and contained smaller amounts of DNA, RNA and protein than the contralateral intact gland. The postnatal development of acinar cells and granular convoluted ductal cells was retarded in the sympathectomized gland. The acinar cells which differentiated after the ganglionectomy were smaller than those in the contralateral intact gland and were filled with secretory granules but devoid of basal basophilia. The rate of cellular proliferation in the sympathectomized gland was, however, similar to that in the intact gland at various ages studied.
Germicidal Teat Dip in a Herd with Low Prevalence of Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus Mastitis

Effectiveness of an iodophor teat dip in reducing new intramammary infection and clinical mastitis was tested in a herd free of Streptococcus agalactiae and with a low prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus infections. In this 6-mo study with an average of 152 lactating cows on trial on sampling dates, right rear and left front teats were dipped after each milking while right front and left rear teats were undipped controls. Teat dipping significantly reduced new infections by Staphylococcus aureus, streptococci (other than Streptococcus agalactiae), coagulase-negative staphylococci, and Corynebacterium bovis and reduced clinical cases caused by infections established during the trial. However, the dip did not reduce new infections or clinical mastitis caused by coliform bacteria. Therefore, use of a germicidal dip is recommended for herds with a low prevalence of Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus, but the practice should not be expected to control coliform mastitis.
The Orientation of the Magnetic Axes of Quinoxaline and 2,3-Dichloroquinoxaline Triplets in a Durene Host Crystal from PMDR Methods.

Abstract The polarizations of the zero-field (zf) transitions of quinoxaline and 2,3-dichloroquinoxaline in durene have been measured at 1.6 K by phosphorescence — microwave double resonance methods. From the results, the orientation of the magnetic axes of the triplet state of these molecules relative to the host lattice has been determined. Quinoxaline is found to dissolve substitutionally in durene, as has been concluded from ESR, while the magnetic axes of 2,3-dichloroquinoxaline are found to be rotated by 12° ± 4° around the short molecular axis.
Signal Detection in an Impulsive Noise Environment Using Locally Optimum Detection

Locally optimum detection is a technique for reliable signal estimation in the presence of strong non-Gaussian interference. It is particularly suited to direct-spread spectrum systems due to the diversity gain achieved because of spreading. However, even more gains can possibly be derived by performing this operation in an iterative fashion, thereby allowing signal detection at even lower signal-to-interference ratios. In this paper the locally optimum detector used in an iterative scheme to suppress strong non-Gaussian interference is studied. The interference is modeled as Middleton class-A and the data stream is convolutionally encoded. Simulation results demonstrating performance improvement over a simple linear combiner are presented.
EFFECTIVE PARAMETRIZATION FOR RELIABLE RESERVOIR PERFORMANCE PREDICTIONS

The purpose of reservoir modeling and simulation is to predict reservoir performance for development and depletion planning. Despite decades of research, efficient and reliable reservoir performance predictions are still a challenge in practice. In this paper, we present an overview of reservoir modeling as it is commonly practiced today and the challenges it faces. More specifically, we focus on the challenges posed by the large amount of uncertainty inherent in the characterization of reservoirs that are heterogeneous at multiple scales. We discuss the practical implications of these challenges and recent developments toward addressing them. In particular, we examine the need for effective parametrization of geologic concepts and related recent advances in parametrization and parameter reduction techniques, including their advantages and limitations. Using numerical examples from two different depositional environments, we show that effective parametrization can be achieved by taking advantage of the geologic hierarchy underlying most geologic concepts and a general understanding of the impact of geologic features on fluid flow. Finally, we propose an approach to systematically derive fit-for-purpose parametrization for practical reservoir modeling problems.
Accumulation of Excess Ground Ice in an Age Sequence of Drained Thermokarst Lake Basins, Arctic Alaska

The excess ice content of near-surface permafrost near Barrow, Alaska, was estimated using cores collected from 57 drained thermokarst-lake basins and additional cores from a nearby landform unaffected by thaw-lake processes. The excess ice content, estimated using soil cryostructures, increased with surface age: from 20 per cent in young basins < 50 years in age to 40 per cent in ancient basins that drained 2000–5500 years ago. The frequency of ice wedges encountered during coring increased from 0 per cent in young basins to 50 per cent in ancient basins. These results indicate that the volume of ground ice increases rapidly immediately following lake drainage, as permafrost aggrades into unfrozen basin sediments. Ice enrichment continues over time by incorporating meteoric water as ice veins and lenses, and expanding networks of ice wedges. To test the efficacy of visually estimating excess ice content, the ice content was measured on a subsample of cores; measured volumetric values were strongly correlated (r2 = 0.72; p < 0.001) to the estimated excess ice content. The results of this study have important implications for estimating soil organic carbon content of soils with abundant excess ice, and for evaluating the susceptibility of these soils to thermokarst. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CONSENSUS AND INVISIBILITY: THE REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN IN HUMAN GEOGRAPHY TEXTBOOKS∗

Neither the accomplishments of feminist scholarship, nor recent geographic research on women, seems to have had much effect on the representation of women in human geography textbooks. Relying on a set of traditional models, these texts reproduce the gender blind fictions of consensus, neutrality, and objectivity that the models and the textbooks themselves construct. Because the texts that initiate students into the discipline lag so seriously behind current consciousness and scholarship, women's invisibility not only continues in the human geography curriculum and classroom but is actually intensified by our own pedagogy.
Immune Complexes in ovarian carcinoma

Immunodiagnostic screening may improve the survival of ovarian carcinoma by earlier detection and follow-up during treatment. Presently, several ovarian cancer-associated antigens are being utilized to monitor treatment response; a specific and precise test for screening is not currently available. The present study was designed to investigate the presence and clinical significance of circulating immune complexes (IC) in patients with ovarian carcinoma using a polyethylene glycol (PEG) assay. If this assay were to prove clinically useful in patients with ovarian carcinoma, its potential as a screening test would then be evaluated. Serum was obtained from 38 patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma preoperatively, postoperatively, and prior to the administration of a combination chemotherapy regimen containing cisplatin. Five patients had values greater than or equal to 0.10. This test identified only 12.5% of the patients with active disease. Serial sampling failed to reveal any correlation with disease status. Our experience does not support the usefulness of IC levels in studying or treating patients with ovarian carcinoma.
Differentiation with High-Gain Observers the Presence of Measurement Noise

The error in estimating the derivative(s) of a noisy signal by using a high-gain observer is studied and quantified. The error is bounded in terms of the infinity norms of the noise and a derivative of the signal. The error bound is independent of the frequency or derivatives of the noise. Guidelines are presented for the observer gain design when it is used for on-line differentiation. Analytical and simulation results are presented.
Holographic pulse shaping in organic media

The broad bandwidth of a mode-locked laser pulse can be used to create optical signals of unprecedented time and space complexity. The number of degrees of freedom which can be controlled in a 1-D temporal signal is equal to the ratio of the maximum differential delay encountered by fields transiting the pulse shaper to the size of the minimum temporal feature controlled. This ratio is optimal in reflection holographic pulse shapers. >
The Metal Chelators, Trientine and Citrate, Inhibit the Development of Cardiac Pathology in the Zucker Diabetic Rat

Purpose. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of dietary supplementation with the metal chelators, trientine or citric acid, in preventing the development of cardiomyopathy in the Zucker diabetic rat. Hypothesis. We hypothesized that dietary chelators would attenuate metal-catalyzed oxidative stress and damage in tissues and protect against pathological changes in ventricular structure and function in type II diabetes. Methods. Animals (10 weeks old) included lean control (LC, fa/
Synthesis and evaluation of human phosphodiesterases (PDE) 5 inhibitor analogs as trypanosomal PDE inhibitors. Part 1. Sildenafil analogs.

In this Letter we describe our ongoing target repurposing efforts focused on discovery of inhibitors of the essential trypanosomal phosphodiesterase TbrPDEB1. This enzyme has been implicated in virulence of Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT). We outline the synthesis and biological evaluation of analogs of tadalafil, a human PDE5 inhibitor currently utilized for treatment of erectile dysfunction, and report that these analogs are weak inhibitors of TbrPDEB1.
Public Bodies: Virginity Testing, Redemption Songs, and Racial Respect in Jamaica

En este ensayo, Thomas explora los debates dentro de la esfera publica en relacion a dos controversias suscitadas en Jamaica durante el verano del 2003, respecto al conflicto entre los terminos de ciudadania cultural y representaciones publicas del ser jamaiquino, conflictos cuyas dinamicas raciales y de genero se constituyen transnacionalmente. Especificamente, ella demuestra que una nocion de genero, ya basada en terminos de raza y clase, se despliega para la concrecion del estadonacion y de las ideas acerca de la ciudadania legitima, especialmente durante periodos de intensa incertidumbre ("crisis") para los jamaiquinos dentro y fuera de Jamaica. Ella argumenta que los debates acerca de la prueba de la virginidad y la estatua de la "Cancion de Redencion"—que fue creada para conmemorar la emancipacion y demostrar un deseo de parte de los jamaiquinos dentro y fuera de su pais por el "respeto racial"—es un reconocimiento que debido a las viejas jerarquias internacionales de trabajo, poder y raza, las nuevas movilizaciones motivadas por la globalizacion, no redundan en una clasificacion racial. Despues de examinar las cartas al editor en los diarios mas importantes, la autora encuentra que estos medios proveen de un espacio de accion para una conversacion nacional que permite a los jamaiquinos, donde quiera que esten, jugar un rol activo en la coconstruccion de la nacion. Thomas muestra que ellos reproducen, y a veces marcan, las fronteras de la nacion, aunque su propia dispersion espacial sostenga el potencial de deconstruccion de esas mismas fronteras. PALABRAS CLAVES: Jamaica, estatua de la "Cancion de Redencion," desnudez publica, genero, trabajo. KEY WORDS: Jamaica, "Redemption Song" monument, public nudity, gender, labor.
A comparison of beverage intakes in US children based on WIC participation and eligibility.

Objective To compare beverage intakes for 2- to 4-year-olds based on Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) participation. Methods Data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2005–2010 were analyzed to assess beverage intakes for 2- to 4-year-olds. Children were classified as WIC participants, low-income nonparticipants, and higher-income nonparticipants. All beverages were manually coded into 6 categories: water, milk, 100% juice, fruit drinks, soda, and low-calorie/diet drinks. Grams, calories, and percent consumers of each beverage were compared across groups. Results Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children participants had the highest 100% juice consumption ( P = .001) and their milk consumption was similar to higher-income children. Higher-income nonparticipants drank significantly less fruit drink ( P P = .001) than both the WIC participants and low-income nonparticipants. Conclusions and Implications Participation in WIC was related to higher intakes of the beverages provided in food packages for 2- to 4-year-olds. Intakes of fruit juice and sugar-sweetened beverages should be addressed during the WIC nutrition education counseling sessions.
Tracing surface intersections with validated ODE system solver

This paper presents a robust method for tracing intersection curve segments between continuous rational parametric surfaces, typically rational polynomial parametric surface patches. The tracing procedure is based on a validated ordinary differential equation (ODE) system solver which can be applied, without substantial overhead, for transversal as well as tangential intersections. Application of the validated ODE solver in the context of eliminating the phenomenon of straying and looping is discussed. In addition, we develop a method to fulfill the condition of a continuous gap-free boundary with a definite numerically verified upper bound for the intersection curve error in parameter space and is further mapped to an upper bound for the intersection curve error in 3D model space, which assists in defining well-formed boundary representation models of complex 3D solids.
Design for X?: distribution choices and ethical design

This paper investigates an especially value-laden product category: sex-oriented technologies. Reviewing four systems encountered through qualitative fieldwork at an adult entertainment trade show, we examine how designers make claims for distribution of agency in their systems, and the consequent technical choices. In the face of diverse configurations of systems, users, and designers, we suggest that designers treat their practice less as an expression of enduring or user-specific 'values,' and more as a series of decisions about the ethical distribution of control and responsibility within systems.
CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS OF [DES(TETRAPEPTIDE B27–30), TYR(NH2)26‐B] AND [DES(PENTAPEPTIDE B26–30), PHE(NH2)25‐B] BOVINE INSULINS*

Two analogs of bovine insulin, [des(tetrapeptide B27--30), Tyr(NH2)26-B] and [des(pentapeptide B26--30), Phe(NH2)25-B] insulin, which differ from the parent molecule in that the C-terminal tetrapeptide and pentapeptide sequences, respectively, from the B chain have been eliminated and the newly exposed residues are amidated, have been synthesized. The [des(tetrapeptide B27--30), Tyr(NH2)26-B] insulin shows potencies of 16.8 IU/mg by the mouse convulsion assay method and 10.8 IU/mg by the radioimmunoassay method. The [des(pentapeptide B26--30), Phe(NH2)25-B] insulin possesses a potency of 10.5 IU/mg when assayed by the mouse convulsion method and 14 IU/mg by the radioimmunoassay technique. The potencies of these analogs are higher than the potencies of the respective non-amidated derivatives (Katsoyannis et al., 1973, 1974). It is speculated that the gradual decline of biological activity observed as amino acid residues are eliminated from the C-terminal region of the B chain of insulin is due to the proximity of a hydrophilic carboxyl group to the hydrophobic core of the protein molecule.
Recurrent alterations of the short arm of chromosome 3 define a tumor suppressor region in rat mammary tumor cells

Cytogenetic alterations associated with different stages in carcinogenesis can be distinguished in cultured human or rodent cells transformed by carcinogenic agents. Three tumorigenic rat mammary epithelial cell lines transformed in vitro with 7,12,-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene alone or in combination with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate were examined cytogenetically. Non-random alterations consisting of translocations involving the short arm of chromosome 3 and trisomy of chromosomes 14 and X were identified in all three lines. Deletion and inversion of chromosome 1 with the breakpoint at band 1q22 and a duplication 1q 32‐43 and trisomy of chromosome 2 were observed in two cell lines. The accumulation of structural alterations and chromosome imbalances during the process of cell immortalization and acquisition of tumorigenicity are required for normal rat mammary cells to become malignant. Unbalanced translocations of chromosome 3 resulting in loss of the short arm had the breakpoint at 3p11. This site is a hotspot of breakage and recombination in various rat tumors and may represent a region of tumor suppressor gene critical to the development of rat mammary tumors, as well as other types of tumors.
Climate Change, Agriculture, and Developing Countries: Does Adaptation Matter?

Most developing countries depend heavily on agriculture; the effects of global warming on productive croplands are likely to threaten both the welfare of the population and the economic development of the countries. Tropical regions in the developing world are particularly vulnerable to potential damage from environmental changes because the poor soils that cover large areas of these regions already have made much of the land unusable for agriculture. Although agronomic simulation models predict that higher temperatures will reduce grain yields as the cool wheat-growing areas get warmer, they have not examined the possibility that farmers will adapt by making production decisions that are in their own best interests. A recent set of models examines cross-sectional evidence from India and Brazil and finds that even though the agricultural sector is sensitive to climate, individual farmers do take local climates into account, and their ability to do so will help mitigate the impacts of global warming.
Age, growth, and maturity of the whitebrow skate, Bathyraja minispinosa, from the eastern Bering Sea

Ainsley, S. M., Ebert, D. A., and Cailliet, G. M. 2011. Age, growth, and maturity of the whitebrow skate, Bathyraja minispinosa, from the eastern Bering Sea. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 1426–1434.Skates are a common bycatch in groundfish fisheries in the Bering Sea; however, their life-history characteristics are not well known. The study is the first to investigate the age, growth, and age at maturity of Bathyraja minispinosa. Ages were estimated using sectioned vertebrae and several growth models were compared. The Gompertz model was the best fit and no significant differences were detected between sexes for any model. The maximum age estimated was 37 years, and parameter estimates generated from the three-parameter von Bertalanffy model were k = 0.02 year −1 and L ∞ = 146.9 cm total length (TL). Males reached their size at 50% maturity larger than females (70.1 and 67.4 cm, respectively), but no significant differences in the estimated size or age at maturity were found. Whereas B. minispinosa is smaller than many skate species in the eastern Bering Sea, it has a considerably longer estimated lifespan, indicating that size may not be a reliable method of estimating the vulnerability of a rajid species to population declines in the eastern North Pacific.
Diagnosis of Periprosthetic Joint Infection Using Synovial C-Reactive Protein

The diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a considerable challenge. This study examines the quantification of C-reactive protein (CRP) in synovial fluid for diagnosis of PJI. Synovial fluid samples were collected prospectively from 63 patients undergoing revision or primary joint arthroplasty. All patients were divided into septic vs aseptic groups. There were 43 patients in the aseptic group and 20 patients in the septic group. There was a statistically significant difference in the mean synovial CRP between the septic cohort at 40 mg/L vs a mean of 2 mg/L for aseptic failure (P < .0001). The sensitivity was 85% with 95% specificity at a threshold of 9.5 mg/L. The area under the curve was 0.92. We believe that synovial CRP assay holds great promise as a diagnostic marker for PJI.
SOME FACTS ABOUT CENTERS, INDEXICALS, AND DEMONSTRATIVES

Certain pronoun contexts are argued to establish a local center (LC), i.e., a conventionalized indexical similar to 1st/2nd pers. pronouns. Demonstrative pronouns, also indexicals, are shown to access entities that are not LCs because they lack discourse relevance or because they are not yet in the universe of discourse.
ARCS: an architectural level communication driven simulator

Simulators for digital systems operate at a variety of levels of abstraction varying from detailed analog and switch level modeling of the transistor to cycle based descriptions of entire systems. We propose an even higher level simulator, called ARCS, based on the abstraction of an asynchronous communication event rather than of a clock cycle. Modeling systems at this level allows architectural level exploration of the design space before cycle-level details are available, and also allows the same framework to be used to refine architectural level simulations into more detailed simulations with increasingly fine grained notions of timing. The ARCS simulation framework uses concurrently operating threads in Java with communicating sequential processes (CSP) semantics as a natural expression of communication between concurrent hardware. To avoid synchronization bottlenecks ARCS models time using a communication driven clockwork model which allows for both user configurable runtime viewing of the simulation and post processing of complete simulation timing data.
Healthy Behavior Change of Adults With Mental Retardation: Attendance in a Health Promotion Program

Abstract Participation in a health promotion program for 192 overweight and obese adults with mental retardation was associated with behavior change resulting in reduction of body mass index—BMI (w...
Feasibility and Error Analysis of Cloud Motion Wind Extraction from Near-Simultaneous Multiangle MISR Measurements

Satellite wind measurements represent an invaluable contribution to the description of the flow field over the oceans. Conventional cloud-tracking techniques suffer from the inability to simultaneously determine wind speed and height. Currently, the uncertainty in the independently calculated heights is the major factor limiting the accuracy of cloud motion winds. Near-simultaneous multiangle imagery from the multiangle imaging spectroradiometer (MISR) forms the basis of a unique method able to simultaneously retrieve cloud motion and height. The coupled motion and height parallaxes can be unscrambled from three properly selected multiangle views through a purely geometric, stereoscopic approach. Results based on simulated data indicate that for a mesoscale domain the average along-track and cross-track horizontal wind components may be obtained with an accuracy as good as 3‐4 m s21, and 1‐2 m s21, respectively, and with a corresponding height error of 300‐400 m. The technique also possesses a limited capability to distinguish between low and high features moving at different velocities in a multilayer cloud field.
A multi-user virtual environment to support students' self-efficacy and interest in science: A latent growth model analysis

Abstract Using latent growth models, we explored: (a) The effect of middle school students' (n = 189) pre-intervention science self-efficacy and science interest on their initial interest in an Ecosystems Multi-User Virtual Environment (EcoMUVE) and the rate of change in their interest in EcoMUVE; and (b) the mediating effect of students' initial interest in EcoMUVE and rate of change in interest on students' post-intervention science self-efficacy and interest in science. Results showed that: (1) students' pre-intervention self-efficacy for science had an effect both on students' triggered situational interest for EcoMUVE and on students' maintained situational interest for EcoMUVE; (2) both triggering and maintaining situational interest in EcoMUVE were important in developing students' science self-efficacy. In fact, maintained situational interest was the stronger predictor; and (3) maintained situational interest for EcoMUVE translated into individual interest for the science content. Results support and extend social cognitive theory as well as models of interest development.
Paradise shift: immigration, mobility and inequality in Southern California

In a context of widening economic inequality and governmental persecution of undocumented immigrants, central theoretical and policy questions concern the social mobility (intra- and inter-generational) of new ethnic groups being formed as a result of mass migration from Latin America and Asia - especially the rapidly growing generation of children of immigrants now making their transitions to adulthood (finishing their education, entering full-time work, forming families of their own). In this paper findings are presented from merged samples of two research studies in Southern California (IIMMLA and CILS-III). The focus is on the educational mobility of foreign-parentage (1.5- and 2nd-generation) young adults of Mexican, Salvadoran, Guatemalan, Filipino, Chinese, Korean, Vietnamese, Cambodian and Laotian origin - representing distinct and segmented modes of incorporation. The analysis examines factors which facilitate or derail their mobility prospects, including the relative role of parental human capital and legal/citizenship status, family and neighborhood contexts growing up, early school achievement, acculturation, incarceration, and teenage and non-marital child-bearing, compared to patterns observed for native-parentage (3rd-generation and beyond) white, black, and Mexican-American peers. The relationship of acculturation and mobility, the resultant formation of new patterns of urban ethnic inequality and their implications for social science and public policy, are also addressed.
Boronic prodrug of endoxifen as an effective hormone therapy for breast cancer

As a prodrug, tamoxifen is activated by the P450 enzyme CYP2D6 that is responsible for converting it to the active metabolites, 4-hydroxytamoxifen and endoxifen. Patients with genetic polymorphisms of CYP2D6 may not receive the full benefit of tamoxifen therapy. There is increasing evidence that poor metabolizer patients have lower plasma concentrations of endoxifen and suffer worse disease outcome, although some clinical studies reported no correlation between CYP2D6 polymorphism and tamoxifen therapy outcome. Endoxifen is currently undergoing clinical trials as a potentially improved and more potent SERM (Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator) for endocrine therapy that is independent of CYP2D6 status in patients. However, direct administration of endoxifen may present the problem of low bioavailability due to its rapid first-pass metabolism via O-glucuronidation. We have designed and synthesized ZB483, a boronic prodrug of endoxifen suitable for oral administration with greatly enhanced bioavailability by increasing the concentration of endoxifen in mouse blood. Our study demonstrated that ZB483 potently inhibited growth of ER+ breast cancer cells in vitro and was efficiently converted to endoxifen in cell culture media by oxidative deboronation. This metabolic conversion is equally efficient in vivo as indicated in the pharmacokinetic study in mice. Moreover, when administered at the same dose, oral ZB483 afforded a 30- to 40-fold higher plasma level of endoxifen in mice than oral administration of endoxifen. The significantly enhanced bioavailability of endoxifen conferred by the boronic prodrug was further validated in an in vivo efficacy study. ZB483 was demonstrated to be more efficacious than endoxifen in inhibiting xenograft tumor growth in mice at equal dosage but more so at lower dosage. Together, these preclinical studies demonstrate that ZB483 is a promising endocrine therapy agent with markedly enhanced bioavailability in systemic circulation and superior efficacy compared to endoxifen.
Abstract 108: Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Heart Failure Readmissions and Mortality in a Large Municipal Healthcare System

Background: Hispanic and black patients with heart failure have been shown to have higher risk of readmission but lower risk of post-discharge mortality than white patients. To determine whether disparities exist among patients with similar access to care, we examined outcomes after heart failure hospitalization within a large municipal healthcare system. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included adults hospitalized with a principal diagnosis of heart failure at the 11 hospitals in The New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation in 2007-2010. Clinical data from electronic health records were linked to New York State hospital registry and vital statistics data. The primary exposure was hospital-reported ethnicity/race, which was categorized as Hispanic, non-Hispanic black, and non-Hispanic white; patients of other and unknown races were excluded. Outcomes were 30 and 90-day readmission and 30-day and one-year mortality. Logistic regression models were used to test for association between ethnicity/race and outcomes with adjustment for demographics, comorbidities, lab results, and vital signs. Results: Among 9,059 hospitalizations for heart failure (mean age 67±15 years), 2,629 (29%) were for Hispanic patients, 4,785 (53%) were for black patients, and 1,645 (18%) were for white patients. Of these patients, 3,248 (36%) had Medicare, 2,512 (28%) had Medicaid, and 1,489 (16%) had no insurance. The one-year mortality rate was 24% (625 of 2,629) for Hispanics, 20% (964 of 4,785) for blacks, and 33% (541 of 1,645) for whites. Even after risk-adjustment, Hispanics and blacks had lower one-year mortality than whites, with adjusted odds ratios (aORs) of 0.78 (95% CI 0.67-0.91) and 0.78 (95% CI 0.68-0.90). Hispanics, but not blacks, had lower 30-day mortality compared to whites with aORs of 0.68 (95% CI 0.48-0.97) and 0.76 (95% CI 0.55-1.06). Hispanics had higher rates of 30-day readmission than whites (aOR 1.25; 95% CI 1.09-1.44), but there was no difference between blacks and whites, (aOR 0.99; 95% CI 0.87-1.13). At 90 days, both Hispanics and blacks were more likely to be readmitted than whites with aORs of 1.39 (95% CI 1.22-1.59) and 1.13 (95% CI 1.00-1.29), respectively. Conclusions: Racial and ethnic disparities in outcomes after heart failure hospitalization comparable to prior reports were present within a large municipal healthcare system. Although outcomes were similar for black and white patients for 30 days post-discharge, during longer-term follow-up, black patients had higher readmission rates and lower mortality rates than white patients. Hispanic patients had higher readmission rates and lower mortality rates compared to white patients during all intervals studied. Further research is needed to identify causes for these disparities.
Genetic Modifiers in Huntington Disease

Huntington disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that is caused by an elongation of a normally occurring polyglutamine stretch within the huntingtin (HTT) protein. Since the mutation was first identified, multiple HD-disease-modifying gene candidates that can hasten or delay age of onset (AO) have been discovered. For the past several decades, candidate disease-modifying genes have been chosen for investigation based on functionality or prior implication in the disease process. More recent approaches take advantage of newly available genomic-wide assays to identify changes as small as single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in other parts of the genome. New information regarding disease-modifying genes will continue to elucidate potential HD therapeutic candidates. Key Concepts Huntington disease is a neurodegenerative disease that results from excess CAG trinucleotide repeats in exon 1 of the HD gene, which is located in chromosome 4p16.3 and encodes the HTT protein. The number of CAG repeats in the HD gene inversely affects the age of onset (AO) in HD patients. Genetic modifiers are identified genes that have the ability to either hasten or delay AO of HD; however, the exact mechanism of many of these genes in association with the disease is unknown. HD genetic modifiers can significantly delay specific physiological HD symptoms, such as chorea. Some HD genetic modifiers can alter HD AO by up to 8 years. Genetic modifiers have been discovered by either the candidate approach, which involves exploring genes known to be associated with the HTT protein and genotyping any variants, or via a more unbiased genomic approach, which involves a broad search for genes that are not known to be associated with the HTT protein. Modifiers that affect HD do not necessarily need to be within close vicinity of the actual gene, but can be distributed elsewhere in the genome, even in noncoding regions. Keywords: genome wide association; gain of function; loss of function; polyglutamine repeat disease; age of onset; huntingtin (HTT); chorea; genetic disease modifiers; Huntington disease (HD); triplet repeat disorder
Continuity and Crisis: Inheritance and Family Structure on Corsica

One ofthe major lacunae in historical anthropological studies ofthe Mediterra? nean region, as Davis rightly points out, has been a disinclination to investigate the causes and consequences ofthe near-universal abolition of agrarian communalism during the nineteenth century.2 Although there exists some anthropologi? cal research concerning the demise of communal holdings and present-day variations in land tenure and demography,3 the 19th century transformations are probably the "...least studied of all pivotal events in the Mediterranean societies."4 Historians have skirted this question too, keeping the history of agriculture and the history of rural society surprisingly separate. And, all too often in macrooriented studies, individuals and their manipulative strategies have been lost in the search for large-scale historical processes. It is easier to seek out social change in written laws and court cases than to attempt to reconstruct a past social organization. Certainly, formal mechanisms do regulate certain aspects of family life; but, by themselves, codified rules of conduct constitute an imperfect portrait of any society's actual practices for "the law sets the outer limits for human behavior; it does not ordinarily identify the norm."5 A more comprehensive picture should emerge when a single case is examined from the perspective of what the people were actually doing; ideal (what people believe and/or say that they do) and real (what people actually do) behaviors rarely coincide completely. In an effort to provide a better understand? ing of the processes of family change, this study then seeks to clarify the mutual effects of population change and a variety of variables such as household structure, age of household heads, age at first parenthood, and celibacy rates in Calacuccia, a commune in a mountainous region called the Niolo located in the center ofthe island of Corsica. What is surprising about property ownership on Corsica today, given the island's recent agrarian past, is the frequency with which extreme fragmentation of the land and other kinds of property division occur. Penet and Lenclud, for example, note that recently one mountain commune, in order to construct a municipal building, had to locate and deal individually with each of twenty-two owners who had rights to the land in question: a former garden plot measuring less than one hundred square meters.6 My own observations in the Niolo (a region which traditionally supported a mixed subsistence pattern of pastoralism and agriculture) indicate that in some instances an individual may own one room in a house or a single branch of a tree with the bulk of the property divided among several other kinsmen and/or unrelated descendants of village inhabitants. A reverse form of this extreme land fragmentation, paradox ically enough, rests in the actual indivision of property. This kind of undifferentiated ownership involves property held in the name of a dead person or by a large group of individuals designated solely as the "heirs of X."
Morphological transformation of Candida albicans in tissues of mice.

SummaryA morphological alteration of yeast-like cells of C. albicans and C. stella-toidea has been shown to occur within 1 hour after injection into the subcutaneous tissues of mice. Yeast-like cells of other members of the genus Candida failed to exhibit these alterations under the same conditions. The yeast-like cells of C. albicans had formed elongated pseudomycelia within 1 hour after injection. At later times considerable growth of these filaments with the appearance of septa was observed. Other species of the genus Candida retained their typical yeast-like morphology. It has been postulated that filamentation of C. albicans in vivo serves as a hindrance to ingestion by mouse phagocytes. The results suggest a significant role for these morphologically altered organisms in the pathogenesis of experimental moniliasis in the mouse.
EVIDENCE FOR SELECTION AGAINST HYBRIDS IN THE FAMILY CYPRINIDAE (GENUS NOTROPIS).

Notropis cornutus and N. chrysocephalus are two cyprinid fishes which hybridize extensively in the midwest. In this paper, statistical analysis was used to determine if the deficiency of Notropis cornutus × N. chrysocephalus hybrids can be attributed partly to selection against hybrids. Principal component analysis was used to construct a folded hybrid index (FHI) using morphological and electrophoretic characters which distinguish N. cornutus, N. chrysocephalus, and their hybrids. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test comparing mean FHI between successive age classes within cohorts and regression analysis of FHI on age supported the conclusion that hybrids are less fit than parentals in nature; however, this analysis did not include a test of selection at zygotic and larval life history stages or partial infertility of hybrids. Selection eliminated hybrids at a rate of 9.2% per year. Considering the intensity of selection and the age of hybridization, it is surprising that premating reproductive isolating mechanisms have not been perfected by selection against gametic wastage as predicted by classical speciation theory. It appears that the reinforcement of premating isolating mechanisms is an extremely slow process, if it occurs at all, despite apparently intense selection against hybrids.
Caring for the "next billion" mobile handsets: opening proprietary closures through the work of repair

ICTD is profoundly interested in the "next billion" users, and how to leverage technology to improve their everyday lives. In this paper we ask how the concept of care might be generatively extended to the 'lives' of the "next billion" mobile handsets. Drawing on a growing literature on repair in ICTD and HCI, and theories of care from the social sciences, this paper makes two central contributions. First, our ethnographic study of mobile phone repair in downtown Kampala, Uganda provides new insights into how technologies are sustained in developing contexts, with a special focus on how independent technicians in informal repair shops circumvent the proprietary closures that limit their work. Second, we show how attending to care in ICTD contexts can help us locate immediate forms of technical work (here, repair) within wider moral and political orderings. Thinking about repair and care together opens up new possibilities for ICTD to engage with the materiality of technologies over longer temporal horizons, beyond privileged moments of design and adoption.
Advanced Concepts in Particle and Field Theory: Physics in spacetime

High-energy collisions, scatterings and most decays are, for the most part, relativistic quantum processes. It is therefore imperative to recall relativistic kinematics and the basic rules of tensor calculus; see Appendix B.2 for a more complete introduction. However, this chapter neither replaces nor competes with complete treatments of the special theory of relativity such as the illustrative but perfectly detailed text [512] or the first and original text [566]. Instead, the purpose of this chapter is to provide an introduction and the results that will be useful in following the subsequent material. 3.1 The Lorentz transformations and tensors When describing physical processes, one necessarily uses a mathematical apparatus such as a (reference) coordinate system – equipped with a specific and appropriate collection of coordinates. The choice of any one such coordinate system is arbitrary and should not affect the characteristics of the natural laws. The basic idea (oft cited as one of the two postulates) of Einstein's theory of relativity is that the change in the choice of the coordinate system and corresponding coordinates used to describe spacetime must not change the meaning of natural laws – and so must not have any measurable, i.e., observable consequences. Digression 3.1 Chapter 5 will show that the so-called gauge principle is simply the generalization of this relativity to the spaces of so-called internal degrees of freedom (also a type of coordinates), such as the phase of the complex wave-function of any charged particle. In the special theory of relativity , this idea of relativity is limited to so-called inertial (coordinate) systems, which are usually defined as coordinate systems that differ from each other only in moving one with respect to the other with a constant relative velocity. However, against all intentions, this “definition” does not exclude, for example, a pair of coordinate systems that co-rotate about the same axis with the same angular velocity, but move with a constant relative velocity along the co-rotating axis.
Observation of Raman-Gain Lasing and Four-Wave Mixing in Sodium Vapor

The Doppler-broadened Raman gain of sodium vapor with a strong cw pump lases within a ring cavity. This lasing four-wave mixes with the pump to produce a third, complementary beam. Observations agree with theory only if atomic motion is included.
Breaking Ranks: C. P. Snow and the Crisis of Mid-Century Liberalism, 1930–1980

C. P. Snow's identification of ‘two cultures’, as the literary critic F. R. Leavis pointed out in 1962, represents not an insight but a cliche, one that invites the repetition of further cliches ab...
Measuring the surface diffusivity of argon in nanoporous carbon

Gas diffusion in porous media consists of surface hopping and non-surface ballistic/bulk diffusion. Unfortunately, only the overall diffusivity is usually measured, without being separated into various diffusion modes. Here, we report a numerical method to differentiate contributions from surface diffusion and non-surface diffusion for argon diffusion in nanoporous carbon using molecular dynamics simulations. The key is to truncate the argon trajectories based on the adsorption/desorption state, and thus attribute mass fluxes according to specific mechanisms during diffusion. Both the surface diffusivity and non-surface diffusivity increase and then decrease as a function of gas loading. Yet, surface diffusivity and non-surface diffusivity behave very differently as a function of the temperature and gas-substrate affinity of the nanoporous network.
Romantic competence, healthy relationship functioning, and well-being in emerging adults

A skills-based model of healthy relationship functioning—romantic competence (RC)—is described. Its association with relationship and individual well-being was examined in three studies of emerging adults using the Romantic Competence Interview for Emerging Adults (RCI–EA), which measures competence as the interplay of three skill domains. Across studies (women [n = 102], women and men [n = 187], romantic couples [n = 89]), RC was associated with greater security, healthier decision making, greater satisfaction, and fewer internalizing symptoms. The RCI–EA skill domains formed a latent factor and were associated with self-reports reflective of RC, supporting the construct's validity. The RC construct may thus provide a theory-driven, overarching way to characterize healthy romantic functioning that can reduce negative outcomes.
National Culture and Governance on Bondholder Wealth: Evidence from Joint Ventures and Strategic Alliances around the World

This paper examines bondholder wealth effects in global business collaborations with the form of cross-border joint ventures (JVs) and strategic alliances (SAs). Based on a sample of 1,898 event-firms from 2009 to 2015, we find significant and positive abnormal returns for bondholders. On average, bondholder value increases 14.4 basis points in a 3-month observation window. We find that country-level governance and national culture are dominant drivers of bondholder wealth effects. More specifically, bondholders benefit more from JVs and SAs if they are from countries with poorer institutional governance or greater regulatory governance in creditor protection (higher creditor rights and lower shareholder rights). In addition, bondholders gain more when they are from countries characterized with greater individualism, less power distance, a higher level of trust, or larger culture distance. Robustness tests and subsample analyses confirm the main findings. We find a positive impact of JVs and SAs on stockh...