cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spectral analysis of demodulated ultrasound returns : Detection of scatterer periodicity and application to tissue classification

Ultrasound returns from tissue display variations in amplitude on several spatial scales. Although large-scale variations result from factors such as attenuation, variations on smaller scales are caused by tissue characteristics such as variations in scatterer spacing and reflectance. These small scale variations cause a corresponding variation in the amplitude of the ultrasound return. A simple and direct method for detecting and quantifying periodicity in these variations in the presence of attenuation is described. The radiofrequency ultrasound return is first demodulated by full-wave rectification. The normalized power spectrum of the demodulated return then yields an index that we call the relative Fourier energy.Both computer simulations and in vitro experiments were performed in order to study how relative Fourier energy performed in discriminating between periodic and random scatterer distributions. Computer simulations demonstrated significant differences between the returns from periodic and ran...
Lingual incisor traits in modern hominoids and an assessment of their utility for fossil hominoid taxonomy.

The morphology of the anterior dentition has received scant attention for purposes of taxonomic discrimination. Recently, however, lingual incisor morphology was used in differentiating several Miocene ape species and genera. This paper assesses the utility of this morphology for taxonomic discrimination by examining the nature and patterns of variation in lingual incisor morphology in extensive samples of modern chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans, and gibbons. This paper documents discrete morphological traits on the lingual side of incisors. Trait frequencies are used in univariate and multivariate analyses to examine the apportionment of variation in species, subspecies, and populations. A correlation between lingual incisor traits, tooth dimensions, and sex attempts to determine if such factors affect the manifestation of traits. Finally, the findings are applied to understanding patterns of variation in the Miocene hominids. The study demonstrates that: 1) lingual incisor morphology differs substantially between the hylobatids and great apes; 2) variation in incisor traits is high within species, and most of it is found within local populations; and 3) incisor traits do not correlate significantly with incisor dimensions or sex. Species and to some extent subspecies of extant hominoids can be differentiated statistically using lingual incisor traits, but the frequency of traits such as continuous or discontinuous cingulum, or the presence or absence of pillars, differentiates them. Given this pattern of variation, I argue that it is necessary to assume and document similar patterns of variation in Miocene apes before incisor morphology is used for differentiating taxa. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Crack deflection in ceramic composites and fiber coating design criteria

It is widely understood that the remarkable toughnesses demonstrated by some ceramic composites are dependent upon deflection of matrix cracks into fiber/matrix interfacial cracks. Carbon and BN fiber coatings are ideally suited for promotion of such crack deflection, but have the unfortunate weakness of limited oxidation resistance. The rational design of oxidation-resistant alternative fiber coatings is facilitated by consideration of the details of crack deflection, growth of interfacial cracks, and subsequent sliding along the interfacial crack surface. This work discusses some of these details and the implications regarding the design and testing of alternative fiber coating systems.
Induced recovery of memory in rats following electroconvulsive shock.

Abstract Memory of a footshock delivered during a single passive avoidance training trial was found to recover in large part from electroconvulsive shock-induced amnesia when a reminder footshock was administered to rats outside the learning apparatus. Systemic control groups proved the behavior of the reminded animals to be specific to the training situation. The recovered memory was found to be stable over repeated test trials and a retention interval of at least five days. The reminder effect was also found to be independent of the interval between training and reminder shock through a minimal range of two hr to two weeks. These findings are interpreted to favor a retrieval failure view of experimental amnesia.
Enzyme-assisted photolithography for spatial functionalization of hydrogels.

The ability to form functional polymeric patterning structures has important implications for the studies of cell biology, tissue engineering, and medical diagnostics. We have developed a novel enzyme-assisted photolithography (EAPL) method for spatial functionalization of hydrogels via a high throughput fashion. A bisacrylated peptide crosslinker, containing a protease cleavable amino acid sequence and caged by a photolabile moiety, is used during hydrogel polymerization. A facile two-step process is employed, including UV exposure to decage the peptide crosslinker at a desired area and protease development to specifically digest gels at UV treated regions only. Importantly, proteolysis of the peptide bonds generates free nucleophilic amine groups at the patterned area that can be further functionalized. Using this strategy and caspase-3 as the enzyme developer, we demonstrate the simultaneous generation of topographical and functional patterns into poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels. We show that 20 μm-wide line arrays functionalized with arginine–glycine–aspartic acid (RGD)-containing peptides can be used to generate cell patterns with individual cell resolution. We also fabricated arrays 20 μm diameter cavities decorated with B lymphocyte specific anti-CD19, which was used to achieve a 600-fold enrichment of B-cells from a 0.1% starting B-cell mixture. The simple fabrication process, straightforward chemistry and an all-aqueous based biocompatible and environmentally friendly approach render EAPL a versatile platform to construct biologically responsive 2D patterns or 3D scaffolds for lab-on-a-chip systems and tissue engineering.
An ethnography of nonadherence: culture, poverty, and tuberculosis in urban Bolivia

The author conducted a focused descriptive ethnographic study of nonadherence with tuberculosis (TB) therapy among Aymara-speaking residents of the city of La Paz, Bolivia. A cohort of patient-informants was identified from the District III TB Control Registry of La Paz as having been nonadherent with their TB medication protocol. From June to August 1998, ethnographic material was collected through participant-observation and repeated interviews and visits in homes, workplaces, clinics, and the community. Ethnographic analysis revealed structural barriers to be more important than cultural differences in the production of nonadherence. Though informants maintained a variety of beliefs and practices related to Aymara medicine, the majority of patients were comfortable with a biomedical model of tuberculosis and maintained belief in the efficacy of antituberculosis chemotherapy and desire to finish treatment. Patients overwhelmingly cited hidden costs of treatments, poor access to care, ethnic discrimination, and prior maltreatment by the health system as reasons for abandoning treatment. These data suggest that overemphasis of cultural difference without exploration of other social dimensions of health care delivery can obscure a more practical understanding of nonadherence in marginalized populations.
Long-term power minimization of dual-V/sub T/ CMOS circuits

In this paper, we define long-term power dissipation in which the effect of the system-level power management on the total power dissipation of a given circuit is considered. Then, we present a novel design methodology to minimize the long-term power dissipation of a circuit used along with dual-threshold voltage selection and voltage scaling. In simulation on 16-bit carry lookahead adders (CLAs), the proposed approach can reduce up to 80% and 25% of the total power dissipation along with clock- and power-gating, respectively.
Release of endogenous dopamine from the superfused rabbit retina in vitro: effect of light stimulation

Abstract Light exposure activates dopamine (DA)-releasing neurons in the retina. Previous studies have employed indirect means (i.e. accumulation of DA metabolites in vivo 4,11 , or [ 3 H]DA release from preloaded retina in vitro 2 ) to estimate light-stimulated retinal DA release. We describe a new technique, based on superfusion of retinal pieces in vitro, which allows direct measurement of endogenous DA release. Dark-adapted pieces of retina from male albino rabbits were individually superfused in vitro with a physiologic buffer containing nomifensine (30 μM) (a DA reuptake blocker), and exposed to steady white light (300 μW/cm 2 ) for 15 min. Retinal DA release into the superfusate was significantly greater (60%) during photic stimulation than during dark-exposure.
Delineating the Eddy–Zonal Flow Interaction in the Atmospheric Circulation Response to Climate Forcing: Uniform SST Warming in an Idealized Aquaplanet Model

The mechanisms of the atmospheric response to climate forcing are analyzed using an example of uniform SSTwarminginanidealizedaquaplanet model.A 200-memberensembleofexperiments isconductedwithan instantaneousuniformSSTwarming.Thezonal meancirculationchangesdisplaya rapidpolewardshift in the midlatitude eddy-driven westerlies and the edge of the Hadley cell circulation and a slow equatorward contraction of the circulation in the deep tropics. The shift of the poleward edge of the Hadley cell is predominantlycontrolledbytheeddymomentumflux.Italsoshiftstheeddy-drivenwesterliesagainstthesurface friction, at a rate much faster than the expectation from the natural variability of the eddy-driven jet (i.e., the e-folding time scale of the annular mode), with much less feedback between the eddies and zonal flow. The transient eddy‐zonal flow interactions are delineated using a newly developed finite-amplitude wave activity diagnostic of Nakamura. Applying it to the transient ensemble response to uniform SST warming reveals that the eddy-driven westerlies are shifted poleward by permitting more upward wave propagation in the middle and upper troposphere rather than reducing the lower-tropospheric baroclinicity. The increased upward wave propagation is attributed to a reduction in eddy dissipation of wave activity as a result of a weaker meridional potential vorticity (PV) gradient. The reduction allows more waves to propagate away from the latitudes of baroclinic generation, which, in turn, leads to more poleward momentum flux and a poleward shift of eddy-driven winds and Hadley cell edge.
Identification of Novel Mutation Patterns in the parC Gene of Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Of 65 ciprofloxacin-resistant, clinical isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 5 isolates exhibited ParC mutations previously undescribed in the gonococcus. For isolates containing two ParC mutations (the Ser-87→Ile and Glu-91→Gly mutations and the Gly-85→Cys and Arg116→Leu mutations) the MICs of ciprofloxacin (8.0 to 64.0 μg/ml) were higher than those for the isolate containing the single ParC mutation (Arg-116→Leu; MIC, 1.0 μg/ml).
Aggregating governance indicators

In recent years, the growing interest of academics and policymakers in governance has been reflected in the proliferation cross-country indices measuring various aspects of governance. In this paper we explain how a simple variant of an unobserved components model can be used to combine the information from these different sources into aggregate governance indicators. The main advantage of this method is that it allows us to quantify the precision of the both individual sources of governance data as well as the aggregate governance indicators. We will illustrate the methodology by constructing aggregate indicators of bureaucratic quality, rule of law, and graft, for a large sample of 160 countries. Although these aggregate governance indicators are more informative about the level of governance than any individual indicator, the standard errors associated with estimates of governance are still large relative to the units in which governance is measured.
Are Stress Eaters at Risk for the Metabolic Syndrome

Stress eating is a health behavior that has been overlooked in much of health psychology research. It is largely unknown why some tend to eat during or after stressful periods, whereas others tend to lose their appetite and lose weight. Furthermore, it is unknown if such transient changes in food intake or macronutrient composition during stress have clinically significant consequences in terms of weight and metabolic health. The Brown University Medical Student Study examined students during a baseline control period as well as during two examination periods. This design enabled an examination of weight changes in self-proclaimed stress eaters vs stress-less eaters over time. Stress eaters tended to gain more weight and demonstrated increases in nocturnal levels of insulin, cortisol, and blood levels of total/HDL cholesterol ratio, during exam periods, controlling for the baseline control period. These data show prospectively that stress eating may indeed have short-term consequences on metabolic health. Future research will need to determine whether this confers a greater risk of disease over time.
An ultra-low power MEMS-based two-channel transceiver for wireless sensor networks

This paper explores the design and implementation of a low-power two-channel transceiver using micromachined resonators. Wireless sensor networks require transceivers that are small, cheap, and power efficient. RF-MEMS resonators are utilized to accommodate these constraints. The prototype 1.9GHz transceiver, designed in 0.13 /spl mu/m CMOS, operates at 1.2V and consumes 3mA in receive mode and transmits 1.6dBm with 17% efficiency. The two 40kb/s channels achieve a sensitivity of -78dBm with a 10 /spl mu/s receiver start-up time.
DNA specificity determinants of Escherichia coli tryptophan repressor binding.

We have analyzed the sequence-specific interaction between the Escherichia coli tryptophan (Trp) repressor and its operator using challenge phage vectors. These phages, derivatives of Salmonella phage P22 that have substitutions of synthetic, symmetric trp operators for the P22 rant operator, provide a genetic assay for DNA binding in vivo. Phages carrying operators that retain the determinants of Trp repressor binding efficiently lysogenize cells producing repressor; in contrast, phages with operators missing critical determinants kill such hosts. The binding determinants revealed by this assay corroborate a simple docking model for the Trp repressor-operator interaction postulated from the repressor crystal structure, and account for both the specificity of repressor binding and the ability of Trp repressor to recognize multiple, tandem DNA sites.
Quality control and protein microarrays.

The scale of testing required in clinical analysis has of necessity driven analytical methods to a variety of multiplexed formats. A single assay in a test tube has evolved to automated multiple testing in cuvettes in multicuvette carousels, or wells of a microplate with up to 9600 wells (1). Other formats for multiplex testing include 2-dimensional microarrays of spots of reagents on a planar surface and microbeads either in suspension [so-called liquid or 3-dimensional (3D)1 arrays] or held in wells on the end of a fiber optic bundle (2)(3). The microarray testing format has grown in popularity for both protein and nucleic acid analysis, and is now the dominant method for applications such as gene expression and single nucleotide polymorphism analysis. Multiplex testing presents specific analytical and quality control challenges. One factor that complicated early array-based tests in a microplate format was the regional differences in results due to different thermal properties of the outer vs the inner wells of the plate—the so-called edge effect. It was observed that the thermal properties of a well in the interior of a microplate differed significantly from wells at the edge of the array. The consequent temperature differences affected the results of immunoassays performed in microplates, a problem resolved by better control of incubations (4). In most modern-day microarray-based tests, a variety of performance controls are included to monitor analytical performance and safeguard the quality of the analytical data. Such controls include blank areas, positive controls, negative controls, normalization controls, controls for nonspecific binding and to confirm sample addition, cross-reactivity controls, and controls to assess the activity of assay reagents such as the detection conjugate (5). The report in this issue by Klee and colleagues (6) highlights an underlying concern in microarray-based testing that relates to the quality of …
The Religious Manager

Managers' choice of goals, their rating of subordinates, and various organizational and biographical data were related to the managers' Religion Value score as measured by judging religious terms a...
Atheist Jew or Atheist Jew : Freud's Jewish Question and Ours

The title for this article takes its lead from Freud's famous self-description in his October 1918 letter to the Swiss Analyst-Pastor Oskar Pfister: "Quite by the way, why did none of the devout create psychoanalysis? Why did one have to wait for a completely godless Jew--einen ganz gottlosen Juden?"' Numerous analysts, scholars, theologians, and commentators have endeavored to parse the meanings of and relationships between Godless and Jew in Freud's pithy phrase and no-less pithy life. Their efforts have led to a plethora of sequels to Freud's own selfdescription: non-Jewish Jew, secular Jew, modern Jew, psychological Jew, self-hating Jew, renegade Jew, ambivalent Jew. After detailing some of Freud's own explicit assertions of Jewish identity, this essay will examine some of the ways and whys Freud's Jewishness has become a major focus of contemporary reflections on the man, his writings, and his legacy. The diverse reactions to the phrase "Godless Jew" suggest an uncanny discomfort. There are actually at least two sources of discomfort. The first source is generated by the question: What is a Jew? Is "Jew" a religious designation? If so, then the notion of Godless Jew is either an oxymoron or an indirect representation, such as Freud analyzed in the dream work or noted in Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious, and it recalls Heine's witticism, cited by Freud in Jokes, "my fellow unbeliever Spinoza."2 Or, conversely, is the notion of Jew related to the German term Judentum, which condenses three fields
A Program Disturb Model and Channel Leakage Current Study for Sub-20 nm nand Flash Cells

We have developed a program-disturb model to characterize the channel potential of the program-inhibited string during NAND flash cell programming. This model includes cell-to-cell capacitances from 3-D technology computer-aided design simulation and leakage currents associated with the boosted channel. We studied the program-disturb characteristics of sub-30-nm NAND cells using a delayed programming pulse method. The simulation results agree with the experimental data very well and show quantitative impacts of junction leakage current, band-to-band tunneling (BTBT) current, Fowler-Nordheim tunneling current, and channel capacitance on the program disturb. We further discuss the cell-scaling trend and identify that the BTBT current can be a dominant mechanism for the program disturb of sub-20-nm NAND cells.
Laser pyrolysis of hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene

A method was developed for measuring the dynamic regression rate and plume transmission loss during laser pyrolysis of polymeric binder materials. This method was applied to an investigation of the thermal decomposition of hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene. Measurements of steady regression rate and surface temperature during constant flux laser pyrolysis were correlated using a zeroth-order, single-step model to obtain global decomposition kinetic constants and the heat of decomposition. At these heating rates (102-104 K/s) the activation energy was Ec = 11 kcal/mole (E, = 5.5 kcal/mole). This is substantially lower than the values that have been obtained by lower heating rate (0.1-1 K/s) methods such as thermogravimetric analysis, differential thermal analysis, and differential scanning calorimeter, indicating that the rate-controlling decomposition step is a strong function of heating rate. It was also found that the addition of carbon black as an opacifier lowers the regression rate significantly, probably due to carbon accumulation on the surface. Pulsed laser pyrolysis tests gave a two-peaked, nonlinear response with one peak near 1 Hz corresponding to condensed phase processes and another peak near 300 Hz corresponding to gas phase processes.
Revisiting the Conformation and Dynamics of DNA in Slitlike Confinement

We experimentally investigated the equilibrium conformation and dynamics of single DNA molecules in slitlike nanochannels. We measured the in-plane radius of gyration (R ) diffusivity (D), and longest relaxation time (τ)ofλ-DNA (48.5 kbp) as functions of the slit height using fluorescence microscopy. Our results show that the in-plane radius of gyration increases monotonically with decreasing slit height, in contrast to results from Bonthuis et al. 15 but in agreement with our simulations and those of other groups. In strongconfinement (slit height <100nm), thescaling ofD, τ, andR )with slitheight does notshow anevident change, suggesting that the transition from the de Gennes regime to the Odijk regime is gradual and broad.
Effects of metabolic syndrome on language functions in aging.

This study explored effects of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) on language in aging. MetS is a constellation of five vascular and metabolic risk factors associated with the development of chronic diseases and increased risk of mortality, as well as brain and cognitive impairments. We tested 281 English-speaking older adults aged 55–84, free of stroke and dementia. Presence of MetS was based on the harmonized criteria (Alberti et al., 2009). Language performance was assessed by measures of accuracy and reaction time on two tasks of lexical retrieval and two tasks of sentence processing. Regression analyses, adjusted for age, education, gender, diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease, demonstrated that participants with MetS had significantly lower accuracy on measures of lexical retrieval (action naming) and sentence processing (embedded sentences, both subject and object relative clauses). Reaction time was slightly faster on the test of embedded sentences among those with MetS. MetS adversely affects the language performance of older adults, impairing accuracy of both lexical retrieval and sentence processing. This finding reinforces and extends results of earlier research documenting the negative influence of potentially treatable medical conditions (diabetes, hypertension) on language performance in aging. The unanticipated finding that persons with MetS were faster in processing embedded sentences may represent an impairment of timing functions among older individuals with MetS. (JINS, 2015, 21, 116–125)
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Modulates Vomeronasal Neuron Response to Male Salamander Pheromone

Electrophysiological studies have shown that gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) modifies chemosensory neurons responses to odors. We have previously demonstrated that male Plethodon shermani pheromone stimulates vomeronasal neurons in the female conspecific. In the present study we used agmatine uptake as a relative measure of the effects of GnRH on this pheromone-induced neural activation of vomeronasal neurons. Whole male pheromone extract containing 3 millimolar agmatine with or without 10 micromolar GnRH was applied to the nasolabial groove of female salamanders for 45 minutes. Immunocytochemical procedures were conducted to visualize and quantify relative agmatine uptake as measured by labeling density of activated vomeronasal neurons. The relative number of labeled neurons did not differ between the two groups: pheromone alone or pheromone-GnRH. However, vomeronasal neurons exposed to pheromone-GnRH collectively demonstrated higher labeling intensity, as a percentage above background (75%) as compared with neurons exposed to pheromone alone (63%, P < 0.018). Since the labeling intensity of agmatine within neurons signifies the relative activity levels of the neurons, these results suggest that GnRH increases the response of female vomeronasal neurons to male pheromone.
Anticariogenic and Antibacterial Properties of a Copper Varnish Using an In Vitro Microbial Caries Model

The antimicrobial and anticariogenic properties of a copper varnish (experimental mixture of Doc's Best Red Copper cement and Copalite varnish, Cooley and Cooley, Ltd, Houston, TX, USA: designated in this study as "Copper Seal") on the root surface were evaluated in an in vitro microbial caries model. Fifty-six human root specimens were prepared from anterior teeth and randomly divided into four groups: Groups 1 and 3-Copper Seal; Group 2-chlorhexidine varnish, the positive control (Cervitec, Ivolcar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) and Group 4-a negative control that received no treatment. The varnishes were painted in Groups 1, 2 and 3, then visually removed after 24 hours in Group 1. The specimens were demineralized in a microbial caries model for five days. Plaque was collected from the specimens to obtain bacterial colonization numbers, then the specimens were sectioned and analyzed for lesion extent using Confocal Laser Scanning microscopy. There were no significant differences (p>0.05) among the four groups in terms of bacterial count. Regarding caries lesion development, the group with copper varnish visually removed (Group 1) and the non-treated group (Group 4) had significantly greater total area caries lesions and total lesion fluorescence than the copper varnish without removal group (Group 3) and the chlorhexidine group (Group 2). Therefore, it was concluded that copper and chlorhexidine varnishes have anticariogenic effects on root surfaces, as tested in this model.
Error in projection of planewaves using various basis functions

In this paper, the projection error of RMS in 1D and 2D case is analyzed. The analytical projection error on the infinite meshes are given in closed form for the pulse basis, triangular basis, the second-order basis in 1D case, the divergence-conforming basis on rectangular element and the one-directional triangular element in 2D case. In addition, the projection error is numerically calculated for various basis functions with a finite computational domain. There are good agreements between the analytical and numerical results. It is found the projection error of p-th order 1D basis function is asymptotically proportional to (p+1) power of the size of the element. More results and discussions about the projection errors will be presented at the conference.
Nonvanishing univalent functions

The class S of functions g(z) = z + c 2 z 2 + c 3 z 3 + ... analytic and univalent in the unit disk Izr < 1 has been thoroughly studied, and its properties are well known. Our purpose is to investigate another class of functions which, by contrast, seems to have been rather neglected. This is the class S o of functions f ( z ) = 1 + a 1 z + a 2 z Z + . . , analytic, univalent, and nonvanishing in the unit disk, normalized by the condition f(0) = 1. It will become apparent that S O is closely related to the more familiar class S and is in some ways easier to handle. After making a few preliminary observations, we adapt the elementary method of Brickman [23 to obtain information about the extreme points and support points of S o. We then use Schiffer's method of boundary variation to consider a wide class of extremal problems and to study the support points of S o in greater depth. Whereas the geometry of the arcs omitted by extreme points and support points of S is related to the families of linear rays and circles centered at the origin, it turns out that the corresponding geometry for S o is related to the families of ellipses and hyperbolas with loci at 0 and 1. The paper concludes with a detailed study of the specific linear extremal problem rain Re{f(~)}, which provides an interesting family of support points in S 0.
Does making meaning make it better? Narrative meaning making and well-being in at-risk African-American adolescent females

It has been argued that, for certain people, attempts at making meaning about past life events, especially challenging events, might be detrimental to well-being. In this study we explored the association between narrative indicators of meaning making and psychological well-being, while also considering the role of individual level factors such as life history, personality characteristics, and locus of control, among an at-risk sample of low socioeconomic status inner-city African-American adolescent females with challenging lives. We found that having a more external locus of control and including more cognitive processing language in narratives about a highly negative past experience were associated with increased depressive symptoms. Our findings suggest that certain types of narrative meaning-making language may reflect ongoing and unsuccessful efforts after meaning, and may be more similar to rumination than to resolution. Additionally they support claims that for certain individuals from challenging...
Automatic software upgrades for distributed systems

Upgrading the software of long-lived, highly-available distributed systems is difficult. It is not possible to upgrade all the nodes in a system at once, since some nodes may be unavailable and halting the system for an upgrade is unacceptable. Instead, upgrades may happen gradually, and there may be long periods of time when different nodes are running different software versions and need to communicate using incompatible protocols. We present a methodology and infrastructure that address these challenges and make it possible to upgrade distributed systems automatically while limiting service disruption. Our methodology defines how to enable nodes to interoperate across versions, how to preserve the state of a system across upgrades, and how to schedule an upgrade so as to limit service disruption. The approach is modular: defining an upgrade requires understanding only the new software and the version it replaces. The upgrade infrastructure is a generic platform for distributing and installing software while enabling nodes to interoperate across versions. The infrastructure requires no access to the system source code and is transparent: node software is unaware that different versions even exist. We have implemented a prototype of the infrastructure called Upstart that intercepts socket communication using a dynamically-linked C++ library. Experiments show that Upstart has low overhead and works well for both local-area and Internet systems. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
An Easy and Inexpensive System for Measuring Individual Feed Consumption

Abstract Quigley and Juhn (1960) designed an individual feeding trough for laying cages; however, the hopper they designed is not suited for frequent measurements nor for measurements of multiple ingredients fed separately and simultaneously to the same bird. An individual feeding system (Fig. 1) was designed to accomplish these objectives and has proven very satisfactory. A trough 10.2 cm. wide was constructed of 2.5 cm. × 10.2 cm. boards and placed along the front of the laying cages. Partitions were inserted in the trough to provide compartments 28.5 cm. long in front of each alternate 20.3 cm. wide cage. The compartments were of such dimensions that either one, two or three one-quart plastic freezer containers (13.7 cm. high) could be placed in front of each bird. The containers were filled approximately ⅔ full (400 gm. feed) and a 7.6 cm. × 7.6 cm. wire screen with 2.5 cm. squares and 14…
Home-range Size and Habitat Selection of Female Wild Turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) in Arkansas

Abstract Eastern wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris) in the Ouachita Highland Province of westcentral Arkansas have some of the largest reported home ranges for this subspecies. Previous research on wild turkeys has generally attributed large home-range size to forage abundance or quality. However, limitations in reproduction by wild turkeys in the Ouachitas may influence home-range size and habitat selection. To discern factors governing home-range size, I examined habitat use by 54 female wild turkeys from 1993 to 1996. Shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) and mixed pine–hardwood sawtimber were selected over other overstory cover types, whereas blackgum (Nyssa sylvatica), red maple (Acer rubrum) and white oak (Quercus alba) were favored in the understory. Mean fixed kernel home-range size during the breeding season was 18.9 km2, the largest reproductive period home range reported for the eastern subspecies. Home-range size varied as a function of age, body mass, reproductive status and the structur...
Mechanical stimulation induces pp125FAK and pp60src activity in an in vivo model of trabecular bone formation

Utilizing an in vivo model of trabecular bone formation, we demonstrated the temporal and spatial activation of pp125 FAK in response to specific mechanical load stimuli. Bone chambers equipped with hydraulic actuators were aseptically inserted into each proximal tibial metaphysis of adult, male dogs under general anesthesia. The load stimulus consisted of a trapezoidal waveform, with a maximum compressive load of 17.8 N, loading rate of 89 N/s, at 1 Hz frequency. One chamber was loaded for 2 (120 cycles), 15 (900 cycles), or 30 min (1,800 cycles), whereas the contralateral chamber served as unloaded control. Bone chambers were biopsied at postload time points of 0, 15, and 45 min. Load-induced activation of FAK was rapid, and the duration of activation was dependent on the number of applied load cycles. Mechanical stimulation increased the association of FAK with Src and the time course of complex formation paralleled the temporal activation of FAK. Evaluation of cryosections revealed prominent FAK immunoreactivity among marrow fibroblasts and stromal cells.
Distribution of impurity states and charge transport in Zr0.25Hf0.75Ni1+xSn1−ySby nanocomposites

Abstract Energy filtering of charge carriers in a semiconducting matrix using atomically coherent nanostructures can lead to a significant improvement of the thermoelectric figure of merit of the resulting composite. In this work, several half-Heusler/full-Heusler (HH/FH) nanocomposites with general compositions Zr 0.25 Hf 0.75 Ni 1+ x Sn 1− y Sb y (0≤ x ≤0.15 and y =0.005, 0.01 and 0.025) were synthesized in order to investigate the behavior of extrinsic carriers at the HH/FH interfaces. Electronic transport data showed that energy filtering of carriers at the HH/FH interfaces in Zr 0.25 Hf 0.75 Ni 1+ x Sn 1− y Sb y samples strongly depends on the doping level ( y value) as well as the energy levels occupied by impurity states in the samples. For example, it was found that carrier filtering at HH/FH interfaces is negligible in Zr 0.25 Hf 0.75 Ni 1+ x Sn 1− y Sb y ( y =0.01 and 0.025) composites where donor states originating from Sb dopant dominate electronic conduction. However, we observed a drastic decrease in the effective carrier density upon introduction of HH/FH interfaces for the mechanically alloyed Zr 0.25 Hf 0.75 Ni 1+ x Sn 0.995 Sb 0.005 samples where donor states from unintentional Fe impurities contribute the largest fraction of conduction electrons. This work demonstrates the ability to synergistically integrate the concepts of doping and energy filtering through nanostructuring for the optimization of electronic transport in semiconductors.
Particle Production, Hadron Deconfinement and Thermodynamics in \overline p - p Interaction

In 1970 we built the first electronic multiparticle detector (Multiparticle Argo Spectrometer). Our goal was to study multiparticle production and test the ideas of Fermi, Landau, Gottfried, Hagedorn and DeTar. They all agreed that in sufficiently high energy collisions a centrally produced hadronic matter (CPHM) is formed with unique and universal properties: (a) universal pt distribution, which can be related to temperature, the Hagedron temperature Th≅mπc2, (b) Hanbury-Brown and Twiss radius of the order of the pion size, (c) lifetime t ≅ h/mπc2.
The Roles of School Readiness and Poverty-Related Risk for 6th Grade Outcomes

Low-income students are at increased risk for grade retention and suspension, which dampens their chances of high school graduation, college attendance, and future success. Drawing from a sample of 357 children and their families who participated in the Chicago School Readiness Project, we examine whether greater exposure to cumulative poverty-related risk from preschool through 5th grade is associated with greater risk of student retention and suspension in 6th grade. Logistic regression results indicate that exposure to higher levels of cumulative risk across the elementary school years is associated with students’ increased risk of retention in 6th grade, even after controlling for child school readiness skills and other covariates. Importantly, findings of the association between average cumulative risk exposure and student suspension are more complex; the role of poverty-related risk is reduced to non-significance once early indicators of child school readiness and other covariates are included in regression models. While, children’s early externalizing behavior prior to kindergarten places children at greater risk of suspension 7 years later, children’s higher levels of internalizing behaviors and early math skills are associated with significantly decreased risk of suspension in the 6th grade. Together, findings from the study suggest the complex ways that both early school readiness and subsequent exposure to poverty-related risk may both serve as compelling predictors of children’s likelihood of “staying on track” academically in the 6th grade.
Systematic Evaluation of Sanger Validation of Next-Generation Sequencing Variants

BACKGROUND: Next-generation sequencing (NGS) data are used for both clinical care and clinical research. DNA sequence variants identified using NGS are often returned to patients/participants as part of clinical or research protocols. The current standard of care is to validate NGS variants using Sanger sequencing, which is costly and time-consuming. METHODS: We performed a large-scale, systematic evaluation of Sanger-based validation of NGS variants using data from the ClinSeq® project. We first used NGS data from 19 genes in 5 participants, comparing them to high-throughput Sanger sequencing results on the same samples, and found no discrepancies among 234 NGS variants. We then compared NGS variants in 5 genes from 684 participants against data from Sanger sequencing. RESULTS: Of over 5800 NGS-derived variants, 19 were not validated by Sanger data. Using newly designed sequencing primers, Sanger sequencing confirmed 17 of the NGS variants, and the remaining 2 variants had low quality scores from exome sequencing. Overall, we measured a validation rate of 99.965% for NGS variants using Sanger sequencing, which was higher than many existing medical tests that do not necessitate orthogonal validation. CONCLUSIONS: A single round of Sanger sequencing is more likely to incorrectly refute a true-positive variant from NGS than to correctly identify a false-positive variant from NGS. Validation of NGS-derived variants using Sanger sequencing has limited utility, and best practice standards should not include routine orthogonal Sanger validation of NGS variants.
Experimental Therapy of Rocky Mountain Spotted FeverThe Preventive and Curative Action of a Serum for Spotted Fever, and The Inefficiency of Sodium Cacodylate as a Curative Agent for this Disease in Guinea-Pigs

In a preliminary note on the " Production and Concentration of a Serum for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever"1 we reported the preparation of a serum for Rocky Mountain spotted fever and its potency, determined by tests on guinea-pigs. Additional experiments have confirmed our previous results and have shown that the serum has a limited curative effect on guinea-pigs inoculated with spotted fever virus, if given during early stages of the disease. A series of experiments upon the efficacy of sodium cacodylate as a curative agent has also been completed, the results of which are reported in this paper.
Disk-sphere transformations produced by lysins, and their reversal, in systems of different pH.

1. Although sphering almost always occurs at some time before a mammalian red cell haemolyses, the shape change has to be placed in a variable position on the time scale to which the progress of the lytic reaction is referred. In the case of some lysins, e.g. saponin, the shape change is a late event, while in the case of others, e.g. sodium tetradecyl sulphate, it is an early event on the same time scale. 2. In the case of four lysins (sodium taurocholate, sodium tetradecyl sulphate, saponin and digitonin) the amount of lysin required for complete haemolysis increases with increasing p H, but the amount required to produce sphering decreases with decreasing p H. 3. Serum albumin produces a reversal of the disk-sphere transformation brought about by distearyl lecithin, sodium taurocholate, sodium tetradecyl sulphate, saponin and digitonin. Benzene has a weak reversing effect when the spheres are formed as the result of the action of the first three substances mentioned, and cholesterol produces reversal of the shape change only when it is brought about by sodium tetradecyl sulphate. The simple explanation that the reversing agents act by reacting with the lysins and reducing their concentration is not tenable, and the effect of the reversing agents must be regarded as something distinct from their inhibitory effect on the lysin in the system. 4. Some of the substances used can produce the disk-sphere transformation and can even bring about lysis when they are present in such small amounts that they cannot cover the red cell surface. Either the effects produced by each molecule of sphering agent or lysin extend to neighbouring regions on the cell surface and perhaps also into the interior, or sphering and lysis occur as the result of changes at spots on the surface.
Can Early Childhood Interventions Decrease Inequality of Economic Opportunity

This paper considers whether expanding access to center-based early childhood education (ECE) will reduce economic inequality later in life. A strong evidence base indicates that ECE is effective at improving young children's academic skills and human capital development. We review evidence that children from low-income families have lower rates of preschool enrollment than their more affluent peers. Our analysis indicates that increasing enrollments for preschoolers in the year before school entry is likely to be a worthy investment that will yield economic payoffs in the form of increased adult earnings. The benefits of even a moderately effective ECE program are likely to be sufficient to offset the costs of program expansion, and increased enrollment among low-income children may reduce later economic inequality.
Regionalization and categorization of critical care services

Regionalized systems of care match the medical needs of individual patients to available resources. Hospitals are categorized based on their personnel and technologic resources. Triage guidelines, based on severity of disease, are developed to link patient types to hospital categorization levels. Regionalization requires major planning, publicity, and educational efforts to implement an ongoing coordination and continuous quality improvement to function.
The Validity of the Diagnosis of Major Depression in Childhood and Adolescence

This chapter concerns the question of whether, in children and adolescents, major depression can be discriminated from other forms of misery. Beginning with a description of the historical evolution of the question, it sets out the criteria by which a categorical depressive disorder could be validated and analyzes the empirical evidence for and against the hypothesis that there is indeed a distinct depressive disorder in childhood and adolescence. The chapter ends with a consideration of “dysthymia,” a classificatory wasteland into which many problems have been dumped.
Overview and Outlook for Materials Processed by Severe Plastic Deformation

The status and prospectus for severely deformed materials are overviewed from the perspective of interrelated trends in materials characterization, modeling, and processing. Technological drivers for accelerating the development of these materials are summarized. Technological barriers to understanding and applying severely deformed materials are highlighted. Recommendations are made to direct future work, including facilitation of more rapid commercialization.
An Exploration of a Modified Bioarchaeology of Care Methodological Approach for Historic Institutionalized Populations

The bioarchaeology of care model was designed as a framework through which care for a prehistoric individual could be examined. However, it may be possible to use a modified version of this model to assess the efficacy of Institutions of Care from the historic period, such as mental health asylums, at the individual and, in certain circumstances, at the population level. This proposition is tested by using a modified bioarchaeology of care method, developed by the author, to examine the efficacy of care provided to patients at the Oneida State Custodial Asylum in the late nineteenth century. This chapter describes the results obtained from this process, considers some of the problems encountered in applying this new approach, and the refinements necessary for overcoming these, as well as identifies potential areas for future research application. It concludes that combining evidence from skeletal and documentary sources to focus on the effectiveness of institutional care provision leads to an expanded understanding of healthcare in the past.
Commentary to the U.S. Copyright Office Regarding the Section 512 Study: Higher Education and the DMCA Safe Harbors

The nearly twenty-year history of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act’s safe harbor provisions has been marked by criticism from content owners, online service providers, and end users. Content owners complain about the cost of monitoring online content and sending take-down notices. Online service providers complain about the cost of receiving and processing the notices. And end users complain about their legitimate use of copyrighted works being subject to DMCA take-down. Colleges and universities have been at the forefront of this controversy; as providers of online services to their students, they have been a focus of both Congress and copyright owners. To study the effect of the safe harbor provisions on such institutions, and particularly the nature, volume, and cost of the notice-and-takedown system, we surveyed colleges and universities about their copyright and DMCA practices. The results expose infirmities in the administration of the DMCA system, both within the world of higher education and within the U.S. Copyright Office, and suggest that colleges and universities need to (1) take better advantage of the safe harbors and (2) correct certain fundamental misunderstandings of important and essential aspects of the DMCA.