cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
COMPLETION OR TERMINATION OF ALCOHOLISM TREATMENT: TOWARD THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PREDICTIVE INDEX

Four factors, self-concept, social support system, socioeconomic status, and physical well-being of 184 clients with alcohol problems, were examined as possible indicators for predicting whether these clients would or would not complete their treatment programs. The last two factors had significant bearing upon clients' behaviors.
What is the pitch of the α‐helical coiled coil?

The alpha-helical, coiled-coil protein motif is increasingly recognized in a variety of functional classes of proteins. The pitch of a coiled coil, or rate of winding of the alpha-helices around each other, is a key determinant of both intra- and intermolecular interactions. Experimental measurements of the pitch of parallel two-stranded coiled coils of muscle proteins, and examination of the recently determined structure of another two-stranded coiled coil, the GCN4 transcription factor protein, suggest that the pitch has an average value of about 140 A. This value is consistent with the observed number of residues per turn in alpha-helices of globular proteins, the determinant of the interhelical packing within the coiled-coil motif. An understanding of the structural determinants of this value for the pitch and possible variations will be important in defining the interactions of coiled-coil proteins with other macromolecules.
Production Characteristics of Litopenaeus vannamei in Low‐salinity Water Augmented with Mixed Salts

Strict environmental regulations and the high cost of land limit the growth of coastal aquaculture in developed countries. Finding ways to successfully culture marine species in inland systems may prove to be more economically viable. An important step in developing inland culture of marine species is to identify minimal environmental ion concentrations and ratios required for economical growth. Recent research has examined the potential for Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, to be cultured in low-salinity environments (Laramore et al. 2001; McGraw et al. 2002; Atwood et al. 2003; Saoud et al. 2003). However, little research (Atwood et al. 2003; McNevin et al. 2004) has been conducted to assess shrimp survival in environments that are not dilute seawater. This experiment is based on previous work performed in our laboratory that has shown that L. vannamei exhibits no differences in growth or survival when grown in 2 and 20 g/L sea salt and that a 2 g/L mixed-salt environment (the term mixed salts is used here to refer to the chlorides of sodium, calcium, potassium, and magnesium) does not support growth and survival as well as an equal concentration of sea salt (Sowers et al. 2005). Our objective in this experiment was to determine if L. vannamei grow as well in 1 g/L dilute seawater plus 1 g/ L mixed salts as it would in 2 g/L dilute seawater. Equivalent growth would allow for the partial substitution of less expensive mixed salts for sea salt, reducing the need for sea salt in inland culture systems. Materials and Methods
Age and growth factors in porcine full‐thickness wound healing

It has been recognized that the rate of cutaneous wound healing declines with age, yet the molecular processes that affect this decline remain poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to compare reepithelialization and contraction rates, and growth factor profiles in full-thickness wounds in swine of various ages. Multiple full-thickness excisional wounds were created on the dorsum of 24-month-old (n=2), 4-month-old (n=2), and 2-month-old (n=2) Yucatan Minipigs. The extent of reepithelialization was shown to decrease with increasing age in a manner that was statistically significant among the 2-month-old (79%), 4-month-old (48%), and 24-month-old pigs (22%). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results showed that endogenous vascular endothelial growth factor concentrations in the 2- and 4-month-old animals peaked on day 4, reaching levels of 482 pg/ml and 420 pg/ml, respectively. In the 24-month-old pigs the vascular endothelial growth factor concentration peaked later (day 6), and was present at a lower level (229 pg/ml). On day 4 the vascular endothelial growth factor levels in the older pigs reached only 120 pg/ml, representing a four-fold decrease in concentration compared to the younger pigs. A comparison of platelet-derived growth factor-BB concentrations across the age groups showed similar patterns in the 2- and 4-month-old pigs (peaks of 77 and 91 pg/ml on days 2 and 3, respectively), and levels in the 24-month-old were below the sensitivity level (31.5 pg/ml) of the assay. Transforming growth factor-beta1 levels across the age groups did not differ in a manner that was statistically significant, and all age groups peaked on day 9. Wound contraction showed no statistical differences among the age groups from days 3 to 9. On day 11, however, wound contraction in 2-month-old pigs was about 10% faster than in 24-month-old pigs (p < 0.05). These data suggest a possible new algorithm for treating wounds in aged skin, by which exogenous growth factors can be added to the wound microenvironment in doses and at times that match the growth factor profiles observed in wounds made in younger skin.
Phosphatidylcholine transfer protein regulates size and hepatic uptake of high-density lipoproteins

Phosphatidylcholine transfer protein (PC-TP) is a steroidogenic acute regulatory-related transfer domain protein that is enriched in liver cytosol and binds phosphatidylcholines with high specifici...
Some structural and sequential factors in the processing of sentences

The Ss were presented a number of pairs of simple sentences in which the Subject and Object were substituted one for the other. Test sentences, derived from the original normal sentences by inversion of a pair of proximal words or a word and a proximal phrase, were shown singly, and the latency for the identification of the source of each test sentence by S was measured. The results showed that, regardless of the syntactic type of sentence investigated, strings with inversions that interrupted major phrase boundaries had longer source-identification times than had strings with inversions that left phrase boundaries intact, and, for structurally equivalent types of inversion, the earlier in the string the inversion occured the longer was the identification time. These results were taken as support for the hypotheses that linguistic rules (phrases) have some psychological reality and that left-to-right predictiveness is important in the processing of sentences. One technique for assessing the importance of various linguistic rules in the processing of verbal materials is to attempt to isolate each rule independently, violate it, and measure the amount of deviation from normal response that occurs. In this experiment disjunctive reaction times were measured for the identification of sentences when some word-order inversion occurred within the strings. That is, what was measured was the time to identify the normal, undistorted sentence from which each test sentence was derived. The word-order inversions that were
Freedom and Empowerment: A Transformative Pedagogy of Educational Reform

Based on Foucault's discourse on freedom and empowerment, this article addresses his understanding of power and knowledge. By critically examining the negative impact of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 on education, the author discusses the transformative power of Foucault's pedagogy for educational reform in which students, teachers, parents, and scholars are agents of change.
Mechanical evaluation of conductors and joints for the Compact Ignition Tokamak (CIT) central solenoid

The central solenoid for the CIT will be the largest bore diameter, 20/sup +/-Tesla, coil system ever constructed. The stringent design requirements necessitate an integrated conductor and structure. Toward this end, an explosively bonded laminate of Alloy 718/copper/Alloy 718 has been developed, and samples of advanced materials such as aluminum oxide dispersion-strengthened (ODS) copper and CuNb laminated with copper have been tested. Full-scale, explosively bonded Alloy 718/copper/Alloy 718 plates have been obtained from two vendors and tested. The plates consist of 4.76-mm-thick Alloy 718 sheets on each side of 9.53-mm-thick copper. The plate size is about 1778-mm/sup 2/. Results on fatigue lifetime under simulated operating stresses and temperatures have been obtained and are compared with similar data on ODS copper and laminated CuNb and copper. Ultrasonic testing methods and results for the laminate are given. Several joint options have been considered and evaluated for the different conductors. The types of mechanical joints, the initial selection process, the test results for components using 718/copper/718 laminates and results for bolted and pinned components using the same material are outlined. >
The Development of the Classic-Period Mixtequilla in South-Central Veracruz, Mexico

We examine ceramic and settlement-pattern changes in the Mixtequilla, Veracruz, during the Preclassic and Classic periods with special attention to the periods corresponding to the rise and decline of Teotihuacan. Data for the study derive from full-coverage survey of 40 square kilometers accompanied by systematic surface collections. Collections are analyzed using a suite of multivariate techniques to study changes in pottery that, in turn, provide a basis for the study of shifts in settlement patterns. Local developments and extralocal relationships are discussed with regard to political and economic spheres. Strong continuity through time is indicated for the region, without major disruptions. Teotihuacan influence is manifest more in stylistic domains than in imported items. Although an episode of indirect administration cannot be ruled out, social emulative relationships are more likely than administrative ones. Alternatives to commercial relations are noted.
Data alignment for sub-word parallelism in DSP

Data alignment and code size expansion are two problems of sub-word parallel (SWP) computation. In this paper we propose a new solution to data alignment in a recently introduced SWP-extended digital signal processor, and present details of an application example. This data alignment technique offers a reduction in overhead compared to other solutions in the literature, in that it does not require aggressive loop unrolling and can be tightly scheduled in software.
Mechanisms of guided bone regeneration: a review

Post-extraction crestal bone resorption is common and unavoidable which can lead to significant ridge dimensional changes. To regenerate enough bone for successful implant placement, Guided Bone Regeneration (GBR) is often required. GBR is a surgical procedure that uses barrier membranes with or without particulate bone grafts or/and bone substitutes. There are two approaches of GBR in implant therapy: GBR at implant placement (simultaneous approach) and GBR before implant placement to increase the alveolar ridge or improve ridge morphology (staged approach). Angiogenesis and ample blood supply play a critical role in promoting bone regeneration.
Electrical transient stability and underfrequency load shedding analysis for a large pump station

Electrical transients from power system faults, loss of generation and load swings can disrupt petroleum pumping station operations. Isolated stations with no utility tie, and those with weak utility ties, are especially at risk. Relative to this problem, the following four main issues are addressed: (1) analysis of the methods that use high-speed underfrequency load shedding to maintain power system stability and preserve pumping station operations; (2) analysis of combustion gas turbine generator and diesel generator transient responses, as they pertain to the electrical engineer; (3) discussion of power system component modeling and the use of low voltage circuit switching devices to shed loads; (4) and comparison of two computer analysis program outputs for underfrequency load shedding responses.
Exploiting Symmetry in Solving Linear Equations

Recent efforts have shown the efficacy of applying group theoretical methods to the numerical treatment of certain partial differential equations via finite differences and finite elements, see [2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 12]. The articles, e.g., [4, 7], have demonstrated that the use of discretizations of partial differential equations which are suitably adapted to respect symmetry properties yield highly useful decompositions which can reduce computational effort, improve the numerical conditioning of problems, and significantly facilitate the study of bifurcation behavior at singularities. The results in the present paper extend those in [1, 4] via a systematic introduction of group representation theory.
The combination of scheduling, allocation, and mapping in a single algorithm

A single high-level synthesis algorithm is presented that schedules the operations of a data dependence graph, allocates the necessary hardware and maps the operations to specific functional units. This is achieved by extending the global analysis approach developed for force-directed scheduling to include individual module instances. This new algorithm should be applicable to any behavioral synthesis system that schedules operations from a data dependence graph. >
A simplified approach for estimating soil carbon and nitrogen stocks in semi-arid complex terrain

Abstract We investigated soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) distribution and developed a model, using readily available geospatial data, to predict that distribution across a mountainous, semi-arid, watershed in southwestern Idaho (USA). Soil core samples were collected and analyzed from 133 locations at 6 depths ( n = 798), revealing that aspect dramatically influences the distribution of C and N, with north-facing slopes exhibiting up to 5 times more C and N than adjacent south-facing aspects. These differences are superimposed upon an elevation (precipitation) gradient, with soil C and N contents increasing by nearly a factor of 10 from the bottom (1100 m elevation) to the top (1900 m elevation) of the watershed. Among the variables evaluated, vegetation cover, as represented by a Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), is the strongest, positively correlated, predictor of C; potential insolation (incoming solar radiation) is a strong, negatively correlated, secondary predictor. Approximately 62% (as R 2 ) of the variance in the C data is explained using NDVI and potential insolation, compared with an R 2 of 0.54 for a model using NDVI alone. Soil N is similarly correlated to NDVI and insolation. We hypothesize that the correlations between soil C and N and slope, aspect and elevation reflect, in part, the inhibiting influence of insolation on semi-arid ecosystem productivity via water limitation. Based on these identified relationships, two modeling techniques (multiple linear regression and cokriging) were applied to predict the spatial distribution of soil C and N across the watershed. Both methods produce similar distributions, successfully capturing observed trends with aspect and elevation. This easily applied approach may be applicable to other semi-arid systems at larger scales.
Reasons That Life is Difficult

1. Not enough time to wade through undergraduate medical education with care. 2. Lab partner talks loudly and wants our group to do everything very quickly. 3. I don’t like the guy who likes me. 4. Nose gets red in the cold, in the hot, or if I am really tired and/or have to pee. 5. Eyes require glasses. 6. Bayes’ Theorem is confusing. 7. Terrible tooth pain upon consumption of sugar. 8. Near constant consumption of sugar. 9. Locked myself out of the house twice in the span of 7 days. 10. When called on in small group, could not remember boundaries of eye’s anterior chamber. 11. Family relationships. 12. Cat bit my face. 13. Rapidly declining reproductive fitness. Also—bone mass tapped out. 14. Charles Bukowski is dead. J Med Humanit (2011) 32:369 DOI 10.1007/s10912-011-9146-4
Generalized twistor spaces for hyperkähler manifolds

Let M be a hyperkahler manifold. The S 2 -family of complex structures compatible with the hyperkahler metric can be assembled into a single complex structure on Z = M × S 2 ; the resulting complex manifold is known as the twistor space of M. We describe the analogous construction for generalized complex structures in the sense of Hitchin. Specifically, we exhibit a natural S 2 × S 2 -family of generalized complex structures compatible with the hyperkahler metric, and assemble them into a single generalized complex structure on X = M × S 2 × S 2 . We call the resulting generalized complex manifold the generalized twistor space of M.
Toward an understanding of students’ allocation of study time: Why do they decide to mass or space their practice?

Two recent studies have led to discrepant findings regarding students’ decisions to mass or space practice of to-be-learned items: Son (2004) reported that participants chose to mass practice of difficult items more than that of easy items, whereas Benjamin and Bird (2006) reported the opposite. To resolve this apparent discrepancy, we had participants study items during an initial trial and then decide whether the next study trial would be massed or spaced. Across three experiments, we systematically varied factors that differed across these studies. In general, the participants more often chose to space than to mass practice, but they did favor massed practice when items were very difficult to learn. Moreover, although previous hypotheses implicated metamemory causes for these effects, the present results indicate that nonmetamemory causes are also responsible, such as using spaced practice as a default and deciding to mass practice for items that had not been fully perceived during an initial study trial.
Beyond ‘best practice’ and ‘basics first’ in adopting performance budgeting reform

Performance-based reforms pose a challenge for governments, especially in developing countries. In the 1990s a ‘best practice’ approach characterises such reform, as likely to fail and to introduce risk and instability into governance processes. An intuitive ‘basics first’ approach was suggested instead, whereby governments foster performance-based reforms through first developing ‘budget basics’. The current article analyses experience in seven cases of performance-based reform to examine whether evidence exists to validate this approach. It advises that reformers move beyond ‘best practice’ and ‘basics first’ and design models and reforms around ‘other factors’ influencing progress. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regulation of ATP-sensitive K+ channels by caveolin-enriched microdomains in cardiac myocytes.

Aims ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels in the heart are critical regulators of cellular excitability and action potentials during ischaemia. However, little is known about subcellular localization of these channels and their regulation. The present study was designed to explore the potential role of caveolae in the regulation of KATP channels in cardiac ventricular myocytes. Methods and results Both adult and neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were used. Subcellular fractionation by density gradient centrifugation, western blotting, co-immunoprecipitation, and immunofluorescence confocal microscopy were employed in combination with whole-cell voltage clamp recordings and siRNA gene silencing. We detected that the majority of KATP channels on the plasma membrane of cardiac myocytes were localized in caveolin-3-enriched microdomains by cell fractionation and ultracentrifugation followed by western blotting. Immunofluorescence confocal microscopy revealed extensive colocalization of KATP channel pore-forming subunit Kir6.2 and caveolin-3 along the plasma membrane. Co-immunoprecipitation of cardiac myocytes showed significant association of Kir6.2, adenosine A1 receptors, and caveolin-3. Furthermore, whole-cell voltage clamp studies suggested that adenosine A1 receptor-mediated activation of KATP channels was largely eliminated by disrupting caveolae with methyl-β-cyclodextrin or by small interfering RNA, whereas pinacidil-induced KATP activation was not altered. Conclusion We demonstrate that KATP channels are localized to caveolin-enriched microdomains. This microdomain association is essential for adenosine receptor-mediated regulation of KATP channels in cardiac myocytes.
Catechisms of Health: The Body in the Prebellum Classroom

Le XIX e siecle fut une periode ou l'enseignement de la physiologie et de l'hygiene du corps se developpa. A partir du livre de Faust (B.), l'A. analyse la relation entre le corps et les notions de sante et de maladies, ses fonctions, sa structure, et la relation entre le corps et l'esprit
Axonal growth-associated proteins.

Elongation ofaxons and active remodeling of their terminal arbors under­ lies the assembly of neural circuits during development, determines the success or fai lure of nerve regeneration, and may contribute to some forms of synaptic plast icity in adult brains. For most neurons, elongation of a principal axon is confined to a few days or weeks during development. Remodeling of axon terminal arbors also is most pronounced during transient "critical periods" late in development, although some forms of synaptic remodeling continue throughout lif e (Lichtman et aI19 87). Once past these epochs of axon elongation and dynamic sorting of synaptic terminals, it might be possible to stabilize principal axon branches or their terminal arbors by inactivating some of the molecular processes required for growth and synaptogenesis. Selective inactivation or retention of some growth-related processes in maturing neurons might then define some limits on the mechanisms available for synaptic remodeling in the adult nervous system. Studies of axon regeneration in vivo and in tissue culture indicate that some aspects of axon growth are indeed repressed in many adult neurons but can be re-induced under some conditio ns. Although such studies have considered primarily the elongation of primary axons, they also raise the possibility that neuronal processes underlying more subtle aspects of axon growth and synaptogenesis may be down-regulated chronically in mature neurons. At the molecular level, periods of axon outgrowth during devel­ opment and re-induction of axon growth for regeneration are correlated with large and specific changes in synthesis of a few proteins transported into the growing axons. This suggests the hypothesis that
Power Lines: On the Subject of Feminist Alliances, by Aimee Carrillo Rowe

Perhaps one of the most under-theorized areas of social movement studies has been coalition and alliance building of feminists across lines of difference. Although feminists within and outside our ...
A Case for Epidemic Fault Detection and Group Membership in HPC Storage Systems

Fault response strategies are crucial to maintaining performance and availability in HPC storage systems, and the first responsibility of a successful fault response strategy is to detect failures and maintain an accurate view of group membership. This is a nontrivial problem given the unreliable nature of communication networks and other system components. As with many engineering problems, trade-offs must be made to account for the competing goals of fault detection efficiency and accuracy.
Carbon content and degassing history of the lunar volcanic glasses

The volatile-rich eruptions required to produce the lunar volcanic glasses are at odds with a volatile-poor Moon. Analyses of the glasses suggest that there was enough of the volatile element carbon in the parent magmas to drive the eruptions.
Goodley Polyaxial Cervical Traction

A cervical traction system is discussed that offers advantages over traditional methods of applying cervical traction. The major advantage of this system is that it allows precise application of traction to only the restricted spinal segments. Because of this specificity, traction may be applied at reduced force, decreasing the risk of injury. The traction apparatus is adjusted easily to the individual and may be used in the clinic or at home. My experience with the apparatus has shown greater patient compliance, resulting in increased treatment effectiveness, when compared with traditional traction methods. Four representative case studies demonstrate the effectiveness of this traction system. Closely controlled studies are needed to substantiate the effectiveness and safety of this traction system.
Electroexcitation of 22 Ne below E x =8.6 MeV

The states of $^{22}\mathrm{Ne}$ below 8.6 MeV excitation energy have been studied using the technique of inelastic electron scattering. Ratios of inelastic to elastic scattering cross sections were measured with incident electron energies between 60 and 110 MeV and scattering angles of 110\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 128\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. Form factors for 14 inelastic transitions were measured for the momentum transfer range 0.4 to 1.0 ${\mathrm{fm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. Reduced transition probabilities for these states have been deduced and assignments of spin and parity have been made.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{22}\mathrm{Ne}$($e$,${e}^{\ensuremath{'}}$), $E=60 \mathrm{to} 110$ MeV; measured $\ensuremath{\sigma}(E)$ at 110\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 128\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} up to 8.6 MeV in excitation energy; deduced $J$, $\ensuremath{\pi}$, $B(\mathrm{CL})$. Enriched $^{22}\mathrm{Ne}$ target.
P-60EXCESSIVE ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION DURING ADOLESCENCE IN MICE LEADS TO PERSISTENT ALTERATIONS IN PREFRONTAL CORTEX EXCITABILITY AND FUNCTION

Excessive alcohol use during adolescence is a major factor in the development of alcohol use disorders (AUDs). The prefrontal cortex (PFC) may be particularly vulnerable to alcohol during adolescence and evidence suggests PFC dysfunction drives aspects of compulsive behavior observed in AUDs. To better understand how excessive alcohol affects the …
Analysis of Laboratory Examination on Plague Epizootic in Shaanxi

Objective To analyze the laboratory examination of epidemic of Meriones unguiculatus plague in shaanxi. Methods According to the standards GB 16883-1997 and CB 16882-1997,bacterium test was carried out by using self- made medium and the serum samples were detected with IHA.Results Fifteen Yersinia pestis strains were isolated and three serum samples were plague positive with IHA.Conclusions Plague epizootic could be tested and controlled by monitoring ser- um of Y.pestis-resistant animal and bacterium examination of self-dead animal immediately and effectively.
Bacteriology of Humans: An Ecological Perspective

As noted in the Preface, there is a global shift occurring in bacteriology from a predominant focus on infectious diseases towards a study of indigenous microbes in healthy humans. The enormous diversity of human microbiota at specific sites in the body is epitomized by “Microbiota Row,” a song penned by the author.
[Follow-up and outcome as well as the related biological factors on the cases with indeterminate HIV antibody level].

Objective To explore the follow-up visit, outcome and auxiliary diagnosis method on the cases with indeterminate antibody level measured by Western blotting as well as the related biological factors. Methods The cases with indeterminate result were followed up according to the National Guideline for Detection of HIV/AIDS(2009) and samples were collected for HIV antibody detection, p24 antigen and nucleic acid were detected as a supplementary diagnosis at the same time. The samples were also be detected for HBV,HCV,TP,HTLV- Ⅰ / Ⅱ ,ANA,and AFP,and the results were compared to that of screened positive and confirmed negative cases. Results A total of 73 were followed up successfully and taken a second HIV test ,25 cases were tested positive and 48 were tested negative for HIV during the follow-up period. For the 25 HIV positive cases,the HIV seroconversion rate was 100. 00％ at any time point when the interval between the first and returning detection was longer than 1 week. The major Western blotting bands for the cases with indeterminate result were p24 and gp160 and it was different between HIV positive and negative cases in Western blotting band profiles. The consistency and sensitivity of nucleic acid detection were higher than 90. 00％, and were higher than that of p24 antigen (69. 09％ ( 38/55 ) and 27. 27％ (6/22))(x2consistency= 6. 875, x2sensitivity = 18. 893, P ＜ 0. 05 ). The positive rates of A NA and AFP of indeterminate cases excluded from HIV infection were 20. 83％ (10/28) and 6. 25％ (3/48) and higher than that of screened positive and confirmed negative cases (0. 00％ ), the difference had statistic significance ( x2ANA = 19. 430, x2AFP = 5. 520,P ＜ 0. 05). Conclusion It is critical to get timely diagnosis for the indeterminate cases according to the new national guideline for detection of HIV/AIDS. Nucleic acid detection has higher application value as auxiliary diagnosis for HIV infection than p24 antigen. The increased levels of ANA and AFP may be the factors resulting in the nonspecific indeterminate results. Key words: HIV antibodies; Follow-up studies; Auxiliary diagnosis; Biological factor
The mechanism of hemolysis in paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria. III. Erythrophagocytosis and leukopenia.

Attacks of hemoglobinemia were induced in 2 patients with paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria (PCH). The occurrence of slight neutropenia and erythrophagocytosis in the first patient occasioned more detailed observations of these phenomena in the second. The in vivo changes observed in Case 2 following three episodes of chilling were similar to those described by earlier investigators. Marked hemoglobinemia and hemoglobinuria occurred twice; mild hemoglobinemia once. The maximum number of phagocytes was observed at the time of maximum hemolysis. Leukopenia developed promptly during each attack, but the degree of leukopenia was not correlated with either the intensity of erythrocyte destruction or with the extent of phagocytosis. Neutrophils and monocytes—the phagocytic cells—and eosinophiles were equal1y depressed, all decreasing by from 75 per cent to 80 per cent. Lymphocytes decreased by 33 per cent to 48 per cent. The neutrophils recovered within 2 hours, but the eosinophiles and lymphocytes remained depressed for 5 hours. When PCH serum was chilled and warmed with complement and homologous or heterologous erythrocytes and leukocytes, erythrophagocytosis occurred, reaching its maximum at a time consistent with the development of leukopenia in vivo. Although PCH antibody was fixed to erythrocytes in the cold phase of the Donath-Landsteiner reaction, phagocytosis did not occur if complement, with the attending hemolysis, was absent in the warm phase. Erythrophagocytosis was also produced in vitro when human isoantibodies acted as either agglutinins or hemolysins. Phagocytosis was most marked when the sensitized cells were lyzed, the degree of phagocytosis corresponding to the degree of hemolysis. The in vivo and in vitro observations suggest that leukopenia occurs in persons with cold hemoglobinuria as part of the paroxysm of hemolysis, and that erythrophagocytosis operates to remove damaged erythrocytes and probably promotes the trapping of leukocytes in organ capillaries.
Timing of reproductive life stages.

OBJECTIVE: To identify typical ages at which women pass through reproductive transitions and to ascertain whether they differ by poverty status, race, and ethnicity, and from men's transition ages. METHODS: Using the 1982 and 1988 National Surveys of Family Growth, the 1988 National Survey of Young Men, and the March 1988 Current Population Survey, the timing of transitions between stages was measured by the ages at which respondents had passed specific milestones. RESULTS: By age 17.4, half of the young women surveyed and by age 16.6, half of the young men had had intercourse. The length of time the typical woman spent being sexually active before marriage increased by more than 1.5 years, to nearly 7 years, between 1982 and 1988. Half of all women surveyed had become mothers by age 26 and by age 30 half intended to have no more children; half were sterile for contraceptive or noncontraceptive reasons by age 35.7. Non-Hispanic white and higher-income women typically married before their first birth, whereas half of black women became mothers almost 6 years before a similar proportion had married. Lower-income and Hispanic women demonstrated smaller but similar gaps. CONCLUSIONS: Differences among subgroups and the broad age ranges at which women move between stages highlight the importance of focusing service delivery and education according to the stage of a woman's reproductive life, not just her age. Current patterns of timing are not prescriptive, but provide a framework for directing efforts to provide women and men with needed information and services and to assess the possible effects.
Chromatically equivalent graphs

Let G,H be graphs, and P(G,λ), P(H,λ) be the chromatic polynomials of G,H respectively. Then G is chromatically equivalent to H, (written P Open image in new window H), if P(G,λ) = P(H,λ).
TPO-RAs multitask in ITP.

In this issue of Blood, Liu et al show that response to thrombopoietin receptor agonist (TPO-RA) therapy in immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is associated with restoration of monocyte Fcγ receptor (FcγR) balance toward inhibitory FcγRIIb and with correction of the enhanced phagocytic capacity of macrophages. These data suggest that TPO-RA can increase platelet counts not only by increasing platelet production but also by lowering platelet destruction.1
Interrupting biosynthesis of O-antigen or the lipopolysaccharide core produces morphological defects in Escherichia coli by sequestering undecaprenyl phosphate

ABSTRACT Undecaprenyl phosphate (Und-P) is a member of the family of essential polyprenyl phosphate lipid carriers and in the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli is required for synthesizing the peptidoglycan (PG) cell wall, enterobacterial common antigen (ECA), O antigen, and colanic acid. Previously, we found that interruption of ECA biosynthesis indirectly alters PG synthesis by sequestering Und-P via dead-end intermediates, causing morphological defects. To determine if competition for Und-P was a more general phenomenon, we determined if O-antigen intermediates caused similar effects. Indeed, disrupting the synthesis of O antigen or the lipopolysaccharide core oligosaccharide induced cell shape deformities, which were suppressed by preventing the initiation of O-antigen biosynthesis or by manipulating Und-P metabolism. We conclude that accumulation of O-antigen intermediates alters PG synthesis by sequestering Und-P. Importantly, many previous experiments addressed the physiological functions of various oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates, but these studies employed mutants that accumulate deleterious intermediates. Thus, conclusions based on these experiments must be reevaluated to account for possible indirect effects of Und-P sequestration. IMPORTANCE Bacteria use long-chain isoprenoids like undecaprenyl phosphate (Und-P) as lipid carriers to assemble numerous glycan polymers that comprise the cell envelope. In any one bacterium, multiple oligosaccharide biosynthetic pathways compete for a common pool of Und-P, which means that disruptions in one pathway may produce secondary consequences that affect the others. Using the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli as a model, we demonstrate that interruption of the biogenesis of O antigen, a major outer membrane component, indirectly impairs peptidoglycan synthesis by sequestering Und-P into dead-end intermediates. These results strongly argue that the functions of many Und-P-utilizing pathways must be reevaluated, because much of our current understanding is based on experiments that did not control for these unintended secondary effects.
Stem cell therapy for the treatment of Leydig cell dysfunction in primary hypogonadism

The production of testosterone occurs within the Leydig cells of the testes. When production fails at this level from either congenital, acquired, or systemic disorders, the result is primary hypogonadism. While numerous testosterone formulations have been developed, none are yet fully capable of replicating the physiological patterns of testosterone secretion. Multiple stem cell therapies to restore androgenic function of the testes are under investigation. Leydig cells derived from bone marrow, adipose tissue, umbilical cord, and the testes have shown promise for future therapy for primary hypogonadism. In particular, the discovery and utilization of a group of progenitor stem cells within the testes, known as stem Leydig cells (SLCs), has led not only to a better understanding of testicular development, but of treatment as well. When combining this with an understanding of the mechanisms that lead to Leydig cell dysfunction, researchers and physicians will be able to develop stem cell therapies that target the specific step in the steroidogenic process that is deficient. The current preclinical studies highlight the complex nature of regenerating this steroidogenic process and the problems remain unresolved. In summary, there appears to be two current directions for stem cell therapy in male primary hypogonadism. The first method involves differentiating adult Leydig cells from stem cells of various origins from bone marrow, adipose, or embryonic sources. The second method involves isolating, identifying, and transplanting stem Leydig cells into testicular tissue. Theoretically, in-vivo re-activation of SLCs in men with primary hypogonadism due to age would be another alternative method to treat hypogonadism while eliminating the need for transplantation.
The Constitution of Agency Statutory Interpretation

Some legal scholars have argued that Chevron deference charts the boundary between law and policy. According to this view, when a statute can support multiple readings (Chevron step one) and each of those readings is objectively reasonable (Chevron step two), the choice between those reasonable readings is an exercise in policymaking, not legal interpretation. Chevron deference thus authorizes federal agencies to select whatever reading of the statute best accords with their own independent policy preferences.Not all scholars accept this understanding of Chevron deference. In an article published recently in the Vanderbilt Law Review, Professor Aaron Saiger contends that Chevron does not authorize agencies to base their statutory interpretations on extraneous policy considerations because agencies always bear an ethical obligation to seek the “best interpretation” of the statutes they administer.This invited Response Essay endorses Professor Saiger’s central thesis while proposing some friendly amendments that are designed to fortify his argument. I argue that the obligation to set aside extraneous policy considerations in agency statutory interpretation is a genuine legal obligation that rests on constitutional foundations. Because the Constitution prohibits Congress from empowering federal agencies to make law without supplying an intelligible principle to channel agency discretion, agencies bear a corresponding obligation to follow Congress’s statutory guidance and other relevant legal norms in good faith rather than pursue their own independent views of wise policy. Drawing on the important distinction between “statutory interpretation” and “statutory construction,” I argue further that agency statutory construction occupies a space between interpretation and policymaking. When agencies engage in statutory construction, they serve as collaborators with Congress in the construction of a statute’s legal meaning. Nonetheless, even when agency statutory constructions qualify for Chevron deference, agencies are legally obligated to use their best judgment to fulfill their discretionary statutory mandates, not to pursue their own independent policy agendas or the political objectives of the incumbent administration.
Abstract POSTER-CTRL-1209: Ovarian cancer disparities in a high volume academic medical center

Objective: To identify disparities in care and survival in ovarian cancer patients treated at a high volume academic center. Methods: A review of epithelial ovarian cancer cases treated between 01/01/97 and 12/31/07 was conducted. Demographic, clinico-pathologic, insurance carrier, and treatment data were collected. Insurance carrier was categorized into three groups: Commercial, Medicare, and Medicaid. ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis tests were utilized for continuous variables and chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests for categorical variables. Univariable Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate hazard ratios for demographic and pathologic variables identified in association with survival. Multivariable Cox regression models were fitted with insurance status as the main exposure. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were generated for race, income, and insurance and compared utilizing log-rank tests. Results: 279 epithelial ovarian cancer cases were identified out of 460 total ovarian cancer cases. 199 (71%) were White and 80 (29%) were non-White. 159 (57%) had commercial insurance followed by 71 (25%) and 49 (18%) with Medicaid and Medicare, respectively. 166 (60%) of the study group had less than $45,000 as an annual median income. 219 (78%) patients underwent primary debulking surgery. Of the three insurance categories, women with commercial insurance had a survival advantage (p= 0.002). Medicaid was associated with worse survival after adjusting for grade, stage, residual disease, and chemotherapy (p= 0.04). Survival rates in advanced stage disease were similar across the 3 insurance carriers. Conclusions: Ovarian cancer survival disparities persist at a high volume center but are largely eliminated in advanced stage. Citation Format: Hayley Hunt, MD, Noah Rodriguez, MD, Keiji Oda, MPH, Robert J. Wagner, MD, Ron E. Swensen, MD. Ovarian cancer disparities in a high volume academic medical center [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 10th Biennial Ovarian Cancer Research Symposium; Sep 8-9, 2014; Seattle, WA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2015;21(16 Suppl):Abstract nr POSTER-CTRL-1209.
Sinonasal imaging findings in granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener granulomatosis): A systematic review.

BackgroundGranulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) (Wegener granulomatosis) frequently presents in the head and neck, and the sinonasal cavity is among the most common areas affected. Although the cl...
A Heterogeneous Robotics Team for Large-Scale Seismic Sensing

Seismic surveying requires placing a large number of sensors (geophones) in a grid pattern, triggering a seismic event, and recording vibration readings. The goal of the surveying is often to locate subsurface resources. Traditional seismic surveying employs human laborers for sensor placement and retrieval. The major drawbacks of surveying with human deployment are the high costs and time, and risks to humans due to explosives, terrain, and climatic conditions. We propose an autonomous, heterogeneous sensor deployment system using unmanned aerial vehicles to deploy mobile and immobile sensors. The proposed system begins to overcome some of the problems associated with traditional systems. This paper provides detailed analysis and comparison with traditional survey techniques. Hardware experiments and simulations show promise for automation reducing cost and time. Autonomous aerial systems will have a substantial contribution to make in future seismic surveys.
Real-time electricity pricing for industrial customers: Survey and case studies in the United States

Abstract Electricity prices change substantially over time in the wholesale markets. The fluctuations are mainly caused by power grid states, fuel price fluctuations, and market conditions. Real-time pricing (RTP) is an effective way to reduce risks utility companies face from volatile electricity prices. RTP allows participating customers to reduce electric bills by changing use patterns. This paper analyzes the pricing components and characteristics of representative RTP programs for industrial customers based on publicly available information. Our main goal is to study the reasons behind their success and failure. Knowing the details about RTP programs increases customers' awareness of their advantages and assists them in deciding whether they should enroll. It also helps utility companies develop new programs or improve existing ones. Case studies in the manufacturing sector are presented and the savings of RTP are compared with another popular dynamic pricing program, time-of-use (TOU) pricing under different scenarios. The results show that the savings by switching from flat rates to TOU and RTP are highly program dependent. Eighteen out of the 35 base-case scenarios resulted in positive savings by switching to TOU, and 29 out of 35 base-case scenarios resulted in positive savings by switching to RTP.
Responses of Crop Pests and Natural Enemies to Wildflower Borders Depends on Functional Group

Increased homogeneity of agricultural landscapes in the last century has led to a loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services. However, management practices such as wildflower borders offer supplementary resources to many beneficial arthropods. There is evidence that these borders can increase beneficial arthropod abundance, including natural enemies of many pests. However, this increase in local habitat diversity can also have effects on pest populations, and these effects are not well-studied. In this study, we investigated how wildflower borders affect both natural enemies and pests within an adjacent strawberry crop. Significantly more predators were captured in strawberry plantings with wildflower borders versus plantings without wildflowers, but this effect depended on sampling method. Overall, herbivore populations were lower in plots with a wildflower border; however, responses to wildflower borders varied across specific pest groups. Densities of Lygus lineolaris (Tarnished Plant Bug), a generalist pest, increased significantly in plots that had a border, while Stelidota geminata (Strawberry Sap Beetle) decreased in strawberry fields with a wildflower border. These results suggest that wildflower borders may support the control of some pest insects; however, if the pest is a generalist and can utilize the resources of the wildflower patch, their populations may increase within the crop.
Investigation of the feasibility of using microphone arrays in monitoring machining conditions

Abstract Acoustic Signals (AS) have been investigated as a way to monitor machines. In this work, close attention was paid to the size as well as the accuracy of the data for using a 32-element spherical microphone array to monitor end milling operations. By completing experiments varying standard milling parameters, mathematical models showing the change in AS for end milling with a single carbide cutting edge were determined statistically. It was found that this method of shop floor monitoring is useful and could be the future of real-time monitoring when implemented based on the findings regarding accuracy and size of the collected data.
Spare No One? A Review Essay

This essay considers some central arguments given by Helen Frowe and Seth Lazar regarding the permissibility of killing civilians in war. It raises some objections to their views and defends some alternative bases for weighing harms to combatants against harms to civilians.
Maturing into Boyhood: James E. Dittes on Men and Meaning

In this essay, I review the progression of James E. Dittes' books on men and men's issues, including The Male Predicament, When Work Goes Sour, Men at Work, and Driven By Hope. Dittes moves from a palpable ambivalence toward men and their attendant griefs in earlier books to an increasingly unconditional affirmation of men in more recent ones. His own professional pilgrimage models his desire that men might “mature into boyhood” by coming to savor their inherent sense of expectancy as sons.