cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Creating Sociological Awareness: Public and Applied Sociology:

Introduction The following review essay focuses on three books that demonstrate how the complexity of socio-cultural issues can be broken down into specific patterns of behavior and symbols that define and give meaning to human activ ity, attitudes, social structures, and gender identity. Each employs variations of applied sociological research methods combined with an approach that has recently been labeled public sociology. Sociologists for many years have successfully balanced the application of scientific rigor with sociological theory as the foundation for exploratory investigations into a range of social problems in order to create a more informed populous and to facilitate social change; public sociologists seek to reach out to multiple publics in a manner that both facilitates an understanding of sociolog ical subject matter and instills a sense of empowerment and awareness among mem bers of disenfranchised groups (Klayman 2007). Despite critics' somewhat obtuse descriptions of this hybrid sociological prac tice, public sociology incorporates the theo retical and methodological tools of the disci pline. It is not, as some would have it, a partisan unscientific enterprise (Deflem 2005). Several well-known books by public soci ologists, including Steven Fraser's (1995) The Bell Curve Wars: Race, Intelligence and the Future of America, Massey and Denton's (1993) American Apartheid and Ehrenreich's (2001) Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America, influenced the popular socio political discourse at the time of their publi cation. These, as well as many other works of public sociology, have tempered the neolib eral rhetoric championing cuts in welfare and other social programs, the devastating impact of urban isolation and poverty, and stereo types of the working poor. As exemplary works of Public Sociology, these books "spoke" to people at both ends of the eco nomic spectrum and elucidated complex social problems.
A Small Computer for the Direct Processing of FORTRAN Statements

(ii) The computer must be readily available. The nature of scientific work makes accurate forecasting of computer time difficult. For this reason, renting time on a large installation is not entirely satisfactory because of the tight jobscheduling involved. A small computer locally installed seems preferable if provided with a compiler. Compilation, however, is a timeconsuming process and may take longer than running the final compiled program. It should be reduced to a minimum.
Studies of CrNAu as an improved die attach metallization system

Abstract The increased incidence of premature integrated circuit die attach failure in ceramic packages has recently become a problem of major concern. It appears that the conventional “back-side gold” process has become marginal from the standpoint of bond strenght and reliability when used in conjunction with the conventional “eutectic die attach” process. This study shows that this trend may be due, in part, to the basic metallurgical instability of the “back-side gold” process, i.e. heat treatment of this metallization in the eutectic bonding temperature range (375–425°C) is shown to result in rapid and extensive growth (about 10 nm min −1 ) of silicon oxide over the gold metallization. The resultant oxide film is known to degrade profoundly the bondability of the gold metallization. The movement of the silicon through the gold layer is thought to proceed via grain boundary interdiffusion. Thus, dice which were initially easily bondable can become non-bondable by extended storage at room temperature prior to the die attach step in processing. In this study we describe a metallization scheme (CrNAu) which can easily withstand eutectic bonding temperatures for short periods with minimal oxide growth. Additionally, data comparing shear force strength and thermal shock testing between the two metallization will be presented. It is shown that use of the CrNAu system results in considerable die attach yield improvement and greater strength and reliability over the conventional “back-side gold” process. The use of Auger electron spectroscopy for such an investigation is shown to be a very definitive tool.
Head-to-head polymers: 19. Chlorination of cis-1,4-polybutadiene☆

Abstract Chlorination of cis-1,4-polybutadiene (PB) has been studied in detail. It was found that chlorination must be carried out in an oxygen free atmosphere at polymer concentrations below 0.5%, and at temperatures below room temperature in mixed solvents with dichloromethane as the major component. In the initial stage of chlorine addition to the double bonds of cis-1,4-polybutadiene, block structures of chlorinated segments are formed. The chlorine addition to the cis-butadiene units was not stereospecific and the final chlorination product had nearly a 1:1 ratio of the threo- and erythro structure of the CHCICHCI-units. Microphase separation in partially chlorinated PB was observed by d.s.c., dynamic-mechanical measurement, and transmission electron microscopy. It was concluded that partially chlorinated PB, whose degree of chlorination was lower than 65 mole %, was composed of almost pure cis-1,4-PB domains and a separate phase which consists ofCH2CHCICHCICH2units with perhaps as much as 10% of cis-1,4-PB units incorporated in this phase. If the degree of chlorination is more than 90 mole % one phase exists.
Angiography by Synchrotron Radiation

Because coronary disease represents the principal health problem in the Western, industrialized world, and because of the risks and costs associated with conventional methods of visualizing the coronary arteries, an effort has been underway at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory to develop a less invasive coronary imaging procedure based on iodine K-edge dichromography. A pair of line images, recorded within a few milliseconds of each other, is taken with two monochromatic X-ray beams whose energy closely brackets the K-edge of iodine, 33.17 keV. The logarithmic subtraction of the images produced by these beams results in an image which greatly enhances signals arising from attenuation by iodine and almost totally suppresses signals arising from attenuation by soft tissue and bone. The high sensitivity to iodine allows the visualization of arterial structures after an intravenous injection of contrast agent and its subsequent 20-30 fold dilution. The experiments began in 1979, with initial studies done on phantoms and excised pig hearts. The first images of anesthetized dogs were taken in 1982. The results of experiments on dogs will be reviewed, showing the stepwise evolution of the imaging system, leading to the use of the system on human subjects in 1986. The images recorded on human subjects will be described and the remaining problems discussed.
Abstract 2811: Vitamin K intake and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL)

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Background. Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) is a fat soluble vitamin found mainly in green leafy vegetables, with smaller amounts found in other vegetables, vegetable oils, and some fruits. Vitamin K-dependent gamma-carboxylation of specific glumatic acid residues is critical to the functioning of several key proteins in the coagulation cascade. Vitamin K compounds also inhibit IL-6 and other inflammatory cytokines and serve as transcription factors that foster cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis, pathways relevant to lymphomagenesis. We tested the hypothesis that dietary and supplemental intake of Vitamin K was inversely associated with risk of NHL and the common subtypes of diffuse large B cell, follicular, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphomas. Methods. We evaluated dietary and supplemental intake of vitamin K and NHL risk in a clinic-based study of 603 newly diagnosed NHL cases and 1007 frequency-matched controls enrolled at the Mayo Clinic from 2002-2008. Usual diet two years before case diagnosis or control enrollment was assessed using a self-administered, 128-item food frequency questionnaire. Dietary intake of vitamin K was estimated using the Food Processor SQL system. Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), adjusted for age, sex, residence, and total energy. NHL subtypes were centrally reviewed, and subtype-specific risks were estimated using polychotomous logistic regression. Results. The mean age at diagnosis was 60.8 years for cases and 57% were male; for controls, the mean age at enrollment was 60.1 years and 53% were male. Median intake of vitamin K from diet among controls was 63.5 ug/day; 16% used a multivitamin supplement that included vitamin K. NHL risk was inversely associated with intake of dietary vitamin K (p-trend=0.001); compared to intake 107.7 (OR=0.56; 95% CI 0.40-0.77). There was an U-shaped association for supplemental intake of Vitamin K and NHL risk; compared to no use, supplemental intake of 17.6 ug/d (OR=1.13; 95% CI 0.73-1.74) showed no association. There was no evidence of heterogeneity by NHL subtype (p=0.4). Further adjustment for education, family history of NHL, pack-years of smoking, body mass index, and alcohol consumption did not alter these results, nor did adjustment for a food-frequency questionnaire-based estimate of total antioxidant intake. Conclusion: Higher intake of vitamin K from the diet was inversely associated with risk of NHL overall and for the major subtypes. These first results, which require replication, suggest that the coagulation pathway or other biologic effects of vitamin K may play a role in lymphomagenesis. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2811.
The Generation of Public Intellectuals Corporate Universities, Graduate Employees and the Academic Labor Movement

Observers from a variety of quarters have remarked in recent years that contemporary civic life lacks the great public minds that helped to shape the public discourse of earlier generations. The mo...
Ethnic entanglements: The BBC Tamil and Sinhala services amidst the civil war in Sri Lanka:

The BBC has a major presence within the Sri Lankan media landscape and is a critical commentator on its long-standing ethnic conflict. In this article, the BBC’s two regional language services in Sri Lanka, BBC Tamil and BBC Sinhala, are examined. Based on ethnographic fieldwork in BBC Tamil and Sinhala Services at Bush House in London, and archival research at the BBC’s Written Archives Centre (WAC) in Caversham, UK, the article suggests that the BBC, far from being a global dispassionate observer, is imbricated in Sri Lanka’s fractured ethnic landscape. It argues that the two services became both ethnicized and also ethnicizing ‘love objects’. The two audiences, and the exchange of confidences between diasporic journalists and audiences, are analysed as constituting separate ‘knowable communities’, in Raymond Williams’ terms. Through an analysis of a mutual mirroring — or the ways in which BBC journalists imagine Sri Lanka, and how Sri Lanka’s ethnically segmented audiences imagine the BBC — I explore h...
Cage effects in organotransition metal chemistry: their importance in the kinetic estimation of bond dissociation energies in solution

Abstract Following a brief review of the literature of radical cage effects in solution, the available evidence for the operation of solvent cage effects in organotransition metal chemistry is summarized. Kinetic determination of ML bond dissociation energies (BDEs) in solution are examined within this context, emphasizing a comparison of the current gas phase reaction coordinate model vs a model more appropriate for solution work that includes solvent cage effects. The temperature dependence of the cage effect is presented in its proper mathematical form which shows that solution kinetics cannot be connected to BDEs without knowledge of the cage efficiency factor (Fc), except in special cases. It is pointed out that the observed activation enthalpy in solution, ΔHobs‡(soln), is a composite containing variable amounts of the difference between the activation enthalpy for the cage combination (ΔHc‡) and that for diffusive separation of the cage pair (ΔHd‡), depending on the cage efficiency factor (Fc). No constant correction to ΔHobs‡(soln) can be expected; a better first approximation would be to use the activation enthalpy for viscous flow of the solvent, ΔHη‡, although this includes the implicit assumption that Fc = 1. The text also attempts to analyse critically the available, relevant literature and to note areas requiring further attention. A short section in which the equations are applied to Ni(CO)4 and PhCH(CH3)Co(DMG)2(Base) (and thus NiCO and CoC BDEs, respectively) is included. A brief list of major points is also provided in the Summary.
Mother and Son

The biblical record concerning Mary, the mother of Jesus, is extremely sparse. And yet from antiquity to modern times, Mary of Nazareth has been of great significance in the Christian (and Muslim) tradition. The purpose of this presentation is to consider Mary of Nazareth through ancient Mediterranean eyes so as to account for the status and roles ascribed to her. This investigation seeks to uncover the cultural bases for the development of the vast amount of traditional discourse about Mary in face of the extreme paucity of historical information. Regardless of the extent of our ignorance of the actual figure of Mary of Nazareth, the fact that Jesus had a mother would alone have sufficed to account for the Mediterranean generated attitude toward that relative unknown personage. For it is as ideal Mediterranean maid and mother that Mary is symbolized, and it is that role that she continues to play in Mediterranean Christianity.
Therapeutic Riding: Assessing Human Versus Horse Effects

(1992). Therapeutic Riding: Assessing Human Versus Horse Effects. Anthrozoos: Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 138-139.
Histological, histochemical, and cytological observations on the adrenal gland of the wild white-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus.

Several cytological features of the adrenal gland of the wild whitefooted mouse, Peromyscus leucopus, are described. Nuclei of cortical cells vary widely in size. Medullary cells may be divided into two populations: one with cytoplasm staining intensely with basic dyes and the other with faintly-staining cytoplasm. Photometric measurements of the DNA content of Feulgen-stained cortical nuclei show many nuclei containing 4C and 8C amounts of DNA. The distribution of the polyploid nuclei varies in different adrenal zones. Nuclei in the zona glomerulosa are almost all 2C. A majority of those in the zona fasciculata are 4C and 8C. Those in the zona reticularis fall predominantly into a 2C class, with some 4C and 8C nuclei. Groups of formalin-fixed medullary cells staining intensely with hematoxylin, toluidine blue O, and azure B correspond in location, arrangement, and morphology to those indicating the presence of epinephrine by several histochemical techniques. The substances responsible for the basophilia may be acidic proteins rich in carboxyl groups, since (1) RNase treatment does not appreciably diminish the basophilia; (2) all medullary cells are only faintly PAS-positive; and (3) the staining behavior of the more basophilic cells, when exposed to azure B solutions buffered to acid pH's, follows that to be expected when this dye is bound by tissue carboxyl groups.
Adaptation and The Origin of Species

As reflected in the title of his masterwork On the Origin of Species, Darwin proposed that adaptation is the primary mechanism of speciation. On this, Darwin was criticized for his neglect of reproductive isolation, his lack of appreciation for the role of geographic barriers, his failure to distinguish varieties from species, and his typological species concept. Two developments since Darwin, the biological species concept of Ernst Mayr and the methods of Coyne and Orr for estimating the contribution of different barriers to the total reproductive isolation, provide a framework for reconciling Darwin's view on the primacy of adaptation in speciation with later proposals that emphasize reproductive isolation. A review of the few studies that have estimated the contributions of multiple isolating barriers suggests that habitat isolation and other barriers that operate before hybrid formation are much stronger than intrinsic postzygotic isolation. In light of these data, I suggest that Darwin's focus on adaptation in the origin of species was essentially correct, a conclusion that calls for future studies that explore the links between adaptation and speciation, in particular, ecogeographic isolating barriers that result from adaptive divergence in habitat use. The recent revival in thinking about ecological factors and adaptive divergence in the origin of species echoes Darwin's much-criticized "principle of divergence" and suggests that the emerging views from today's naturalists are not so different from those espoused by Darwin some 150 years ago.
Heat transfer from boundary layers undergoing an acceleration induced reverse transition

An experimental and analytical investigation of heat transfer in an acceleration induced transitional flow regime is presented. A previously developed criterion for the onset of reverse transition of turbulent boundary layers is combined with a theory of forward transition to derive the effect of free-stream turbulence intensity on the critical value of an acceleration parameter for two initial velocity profiles within the turbulent boundary layer. The results are consistent with experimental observations. Local heat transfer measurements were obtained along converging walls of rectangular flow channels having convergence angles of 45, 60, and 70 deg. Free-stream turbulence (1.6 to 11%) was induced by grids upstream of the start of convergence, and the local Reynolds number were varied by variation in channel size and stagnation pressures (200 to 500 lb./sq.in. abs.) at a gas stagnation temperature of 1,500°R. The results indicate a two-stage reverse transition process along the converging wall with a forward transition between the two stages of reverse transition. The local Nusselt numbers obtained over a wide range of an acceleration parameter are correlated with the local Reynolds number, the acceleration parameter at the start of convergence, and the local flow area contraction ratio. The corrlation is in the form of laminarization paths having negative slopes for (NNu)r/(NPr)0.4 vs. (NRe)r at common area ratios. Local values of free-stream turbulence intensity are required for proper application of the reverse transition criterion in conjunction with the heat transfer correlation presented.
Refrigeration for rotating superconducting windings of large ac electric machines

Abstract The rotating superconducting windings of large ac machines must be supplied with enough refrigeration at an adequate temperature. The problems associated with bringing liquid helium to the rotating winding structure are analysed. Existing designs as well as newly proposed systems are used to draw the general guidelines for the design concepts of cooling systems for rotating superconducting windings.
Nonverbal expressions of liking and disliking in initial interaction: Encoding and decoding perspectives

This experiment investigated nonverbal behaviors associated with the encoding and decoding of liking and disliking in initial interaction. Forty-eight adults interacted with participant confederates in an 8-minute problem-solving activity. Beginning at the midpoint of the activity, confederates were instructed to communicate, through nonverbal channels, that they either really liked or really disliked their partners. Kinesic and vocalic behaviors were measured to allow for examination of the encoding patterns chosen to communicate these messages. Participants and third-party observers provided their perceptions of confederates and their behaviors, to allow for examination of the behaviors that were decoded as expressions of liking and disliking. Results of this study allowed the examination of the simultaneous encoding and decoding of nonverbal behaviors, the precise measurement of vocalic behaviors, and a clarification of nonverbal behaviors most influential in reaching judgments of liking and disliking.
TLR3/4 signaling is mediated via the NFκB-CXCR4/7 pathway in human alcoholic hepatitis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis which formed Mallory–Denk bodies

Activation of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling which stimulates inflammatory and proliferative pathways is the key element in the pathogenesis of Mallory-Denk bodies (MDBs) in mice fed DDC. However, little is known as to how TLR signaling is regulated in MDB formation during chronic liver disease development. The first systematic study of TLR signaling pathway transcript regulation in human archived formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) liver biopsies with MDB formation is presented here. When compared to the activation of Toll-like signaling in alcoholic hepatitis (AH) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) patients, striking similarities and obvious differences were observed. Similar TLRs (TLR3 and TLR4, etc.), TLR downstream adaptors (MyD88 and TRIF, etc.) and transcript factors (NFκB and IRF7, etc.) were all upregulated in the patients' livers. MyD88, TLR3 and TLR4 were significantly induced in the livers of AH and NASH compared to normal subjects, while TRIF and IRF7 mRNA were only slightly upregulated in AH patients. This is a different pathway from the induction of the TLR4-MyD88-independent pathway in the AH and NASH patients with MDBs present. Importantly, chemokine receptor 4 and 7 (CXCR4/7) mRNAs were found to be induced in the patients livers in FAT10 positive hepatocytes. The CXCR7 pathway was significantly upregulated in patients with AH and the CXCR4 was markedly upregulated in patients with NASH, indicating that CXCR4/7 is crucial in liver MDB formation. This data constitutes the first demonstration of the upregulation of the MyD88-dependent TLR4/NFκB pathway in AH and NASH where MDBs formed, via the NFκB-CXCR4/7 pathway, and provides further insight into the mechanism of MDB formation in human liver diseases.
Simulating the quark-gluon plasma

We present results for the equation of state of quark-gluon plasma in 2+1 flavor QCD with physical strange quark mass and close to the physical light quark masses. We also study the chiral condensate and susceptibility which are quantities sensitive to the chiral symmetry restoration aspects of the transition between ordinary matter and the quark-gluon plasma.
In vivo feasibility of image-guided transvaginal focused ultrasound therapy for the treatment of intracavitary fibroids.

Objective To determine the feasibility of uterine tissue ablation in vivo using a transvaginal focused ultrasound applicator guided by ultrasound imaging. Design Randomized in vivo animal study. Setting Academic research environment. Animal(s) Healthy anesthetized sheep. Intervention(s) Uterine treatment location was determined using a computerized targeting system. Five sonications 10 seconds in duration and averaging 2,000 W/cm 2 of focal ultrasound intensity were applied in each animal's uterus. Animals were euthanized either immediately or 2, 7, or 30 days post-treatment. Main outcome measure(s) Gross and microscopic analysis of the dissected uterus was used to quantitatively and qualitatively determine the ablated region and treatment side effects. Result(s) Treatments resulted in coagulative necrosis. Histopathological analysis showed that over 7 days, inflammatory cells appeared and smooth muscle bundles regenerated. By day 30, treated tissues healed and scar tissue formed. None of the animals showed abnormal behavior or medical problems. Complications in three animals were damage to the vaginal wall and colon, possibly due to inadequate applicator cooling and an empty bladder during treatment. Conclusion(s) Transvaginal image-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound has potential for treating uterine fibroids. Further safety testing of this treatment will prepare it for human use.
Logic and marketplace argumentation

(1967). Logic and marketplace argumentation. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 53, No. 2, pp. 143-151.
Educating for development

The pathology of the relationship between education and development is sometimes easier to see than the health. The term ‘educated unemployed’ implies some kind of causal connection between education and unemployment. And yet the educated unemployed often coexist with shortages of manpower critically needed in development, such as public health workers, entrepreneurs, construction workers, agricultural extension agents, surveyors, diesel engine mechanics, family planning advisers, refrigeration technicians, science teachers and others. When these symptoms of maladjustment are combined with the universally mounting costs of education there is a risk that public officials and their constituents will become disenchanted with education as one of the key components of development strategy.
Diverse functions of kindlin/fermitin proteins during embryonic development in Xenopus laevis

Abstract The kindlin/fermitin family includes three proteins involved in regulating integrin ligand-binding activity and adhesion. Loss-of-function mutations in kindlins1 and 3 have been implicated in Kindler Syndrome and Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency III (LAD-III) respectively, whereas kindlin2 null mice are embryonic lethal. Post translational regulation of cell–cell and cell-ECM adhesion has long been presumed to be important for morphogenesis, however, few specific examples of activation-dependent changes in adhesion molecule function in normal development have been reported. In this study, antisense morpholinos were used to reduce expression of individual kindlins in Xenopus laevis embryos in order to investigate their roles in early development. Kindlin1 knockdown resulted in developmental delays, gross malformations of the gut and eventual lethality by tadpole stages. Kindlin2 morphant embryos displayed late stage defects in vascular maintenance and angiogenic branching consistent with kindlin2 loss of function in the mouse. Antisense morpholinos were also used to deplete maternal kindlin2 protein in oocytes and eggs. Embryos lacking maternal kindlin2 arrested at early cleavage stages due to failures in cytokinesis. Kindlin3 morphant phenotypes included defects in epidermal ciliary beating and partial paralysis at tailbud stages but these embryos recovered eventually as morpholino levels decayed. These results indicate a remarkably diverse range of kindlin functions in vertebrate development.
THE COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF AIR BAGS BY SEATING POSITION

Context. —Motor vehicle crashes continue to cause significant mortality and morbidity in the United States. Installation of air bags in new passenger vehicles is a major initiative in the field of injury prevention. Objective. —To assess the net health consequences and cost-effectiveness of driver's side and front passenger air bags from a societal perspective, taking into account the increased risk to children who occupy the front passenger seat and the diminished effectiveness for older adults. Design. —A deterministic state transition model tracked a hypothetical cohort of new vehicles over a 20-year period for 3 strategies: (1) installation of safety belts, (2) installation of driver's side air bags in addition to safety belts, and (3) installation of front passenger air bags in addition to safety belts and driver's side air bags. Changes in health outcomes, valued in terms of quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and costs (in 1993 dollars), were projected following the recommendations of the Panel on Cost-effectiveness in Health and Medicine. Participants. —US population-based and convenience sample data were used. Main Outcome Measure. —Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. Results. —Safety belts are cost saving, even at 50% use. The addition of driver's side air bags to safety belts results in net health benefits at an incremental cost of $24 000 per QALY saved. The further addition of front passenger air bags results in an incremental net benefit at a higher incremental cost of $61 000 per QALY saved. Results were sensitive to the unit cost of air bag systems, their effectiveness, baseline fatality rates, the ratio of injuries to fatalities, and the real discount rate. Conclusions. —Borh air bag systems save life-years at costs that are comparable to many medical and public health practices. Immediate steps can be taken to enhance the cost-effectiveness of front passenger air bags, such as moving children to the rear seat.
Yeast RNA polymerase III: a zinc metalloenzyme.

Abstract Atomic absorption spectroscopy has been used to demonstrate that zinc is associated with yeast RNA polymerase III. The enzyme purified by DNA-Sepharose chromatography gives a single predominant protein band in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and contains 0.7 gram-atoms of zinc per 100,000 grams of protein. The zinc is tightly associated with the enzyme and cannot be removed by passing the protein through a column of Chelex-100 resin under conditions where free zinc is quantitatively removed. Inhibition by the chelating agent 1,10-phenanthroline demonstrates that the zinc is essential to the catalytic process. The enzyme is inhibited 50% at 0.1 mM and 100% at 1 mM 1,10-phenanthroline.
The Problem of Alarm Fatigue

Up to 99 percent of alarms sounding on hospital units are false alarms signaling no real danger to patients. These false alarms can lead to alarm fatigue and alarm burden, and may divert health care providers’ attention away from significant alarms heralding actual or impending harm. As the health care environment continues to become more dependent upon technological monitoring devices used for patient care, nurses must become aware of the possibility and consequences of alarm fatigue and ways to prevent it from negatively affecting their practice, as well as the possible consequences for patient care.
Measurement of activities of toluene and trichloroethylene in polyisobutylene

Activities of trichloroethylene in polyisobutylene and toluene in polyisobutylene were measured at 23.6 °C. The corresponding polymer−solvent interaction parameters were also calculated.
Intestinal alkaline phosphatase administration in newborns is protective of gut barrier function in a neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis rat model.

Abstract Background Previously, we have shown that supplementation of intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) decreased severity of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)–associated intestinal injury. We hypothesized that IAP administration is protective of intestinal epithelial barrier function in a dose-dependent manner. Methods Control rat pups were vaginally delivered and breast-fed. Premature rats were divided into 4 groups: formula fed with lipopolysaccharide and hypoxia (NEC) or additional daily bovine IAP 40, 4, or 0.4 U/kg (NEC + IAP 40 U, IAP 4U, or IAP 0.4 U). Results Necrotizing enterocolitis is associated with decreased IAP protein expression and activity. Supplemental IAP increases IAP activity in intestinal homogenates and decreased NEC injury score in a dose-dependent manner. Intestinal injury as measured by fluorescein isothiocyanate–dextran flux from ileal loops showed increased permeability vs control, but supplemental IAP reversed this. Tight junction proteins claudin-1, claudin-3, occludin, and zonula occludin 1 were elevated in the NEC and IAP-treated groups with differences in expression patterns. No differences in messenger RNA levels were observed on postinjury day 3. Intestinal alkaline phosphatase administration decreases intestinal NEC injury in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion Early enteral supplemental IAP may reduce NEC-related injury and may be useful for preserving the intestinal epithelial barrier function.
Informed consent in orthodontics

Informed consent is a process of communication between a health care provider and patient that educates the patient as to the patients needs and the potential solutions for those needs, and leads to the endorsement of a health care treatment plan. A claim of lack of informed consent may be brought by a patient when there is a perceived failure in the disclosure of adequate information to make a reasoned decision whether to consent to treatment. This article provides the foundation of the informed consent doctrine, delineates the essential elements of a lack of informed consent claim, and identifies the parties and their roles in the informed consent process.
Integrated Multidisciplinary Design and Optimization Methodologies in Electronics Packaging: State-of-the-Art Review

Electronic packaging design is a process that requires optimized solutions based on multidisciplinary design tradeoffs, which usually have complicated relations among multiple design variables. Required numerical analyses such as thermal and thermo-mechanical have hampered this multidisciplinary optimization process because of their time intensive modeling and computation time. This paper presents a state-of-the-art overview of recent multidisciplinary design and optimization methodologies in electronics packaging. The reported methodologies are divided into tow groups: (1) integrated multidisciplinary CAD environment, and (2) automated design and optimization techniques. A semi-automated design environment, which includes graphical user interface, modeling, and simulation, enhances the design procedure in the first group. Fully automated design optimization methodologies are used for various design applications in the second group. In recent years, methodologies using (1) detailed numerical analysis models directly connected to optimization algorithms, (2) design of experiments (DoE), and (3) artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been proposed as new trends in this field. Advantages as well as disadvantages of these methods are discussed.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Laimonas Briedis. Vilnius: City of Strangers.

(2010). Laimonas Briedis. Vilnius: City of Strangers.. Eurasian Geography and Economics: Vol. 51, No. 3, pp. 402-406.
Lessons from the Ottoman Harem on Culture, Religion, and Wars

AbstractThe Ottoman Empire had a profound impact in Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa at the apogee of its power, covering the era between 1453 and 1699. In this article, I exploit the empire’s unique culture and institutions to examine the roles of ethnicity and religion in conflict and war. Using comprehensive data on Ottoman wars and conflicts covering the reigns of 31 Ottoman sultans between 1400 and 1909, I document that the ethnic background of the Valide Sultan (queen mother) was an important and independent determinant of whether the empire engaged in military conquests in Europe, North Africa, or the Middle East. Depending on the empirical specification, the reign of a sultan with a European maternal genealogy was enough to offset more than 70% of the empire’s western orientation in imperial conquests. While these findings do not rule out a direct role of queen mothers and harem politics in Ottoman affairs, they are more in line with a longer-term channel of cultural transmission between ...
Rabbit models for continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis instruction

Purpose To develop a rabbit model for continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis (CCC) instruction. Setting University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA. Design Experimental study. Methods Isolated rabbit lenses were immersed in 2% to 8% paraformaldehyde (PFA) fixative from 15 minutes to 6 hours. Rabbit eyes were treated by substituting aqueous with 2% to 4% PFA for 30 minutes to 6 hours, followed by washes with a balanced salt solution. Treated lenses and eyes were held in purpose-designed holders using vacuum. A panel of 6 cataract surgeons with 5 to 15 years of experience performed CCC on treated lenses and eyes and responded to a questionnaire regarding the utility of these models for resident teaching using a 5-item Likert scale. Results The expert panel found that rabbit lenses treated with increasing amounts of fixative simulated CCC on human lens capsules from the third to the seventh decade of life. The panel also found fixative-treated rabbit eyes to simulate some of the experience of CCC within the human anterior chamber but noted a shallower anterior chamber depth, variation in pupil size, and corneal clouding under some treatment conditions. Conclusions Experienced cataract surgeons who performed CCC on these rabbit models strongly agreed that isolated rabbit lenses treated with fixative provide a realistic simulation of CCC in human patients and that both models were useful tools for capsulorhexis instruction. Results indicate that rabbit lenses treated with 8% PFA for 15 minutes is a model with good fidelity for CCC training. Financial Disclosure No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Perspectives on thoracoscopy in general thoracic surgery.

ew advances have had such a rapid and widespread F influence on surgical practice as has the introduction of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery in recent years. The challenge to adapt to this patient-driven demand has been overwhelming, exciting, and, at times, unsettling. As surgeons, we are accustomed to initiate a change in our technique, or in our surgical approach to a problem, based on our own experience and on information derived from publications and presentations at scientific meetings. Once we are satisfied that a new procedure or approach is well founded and produces documented benefits, we then consider incorporating it into our practice. However, with regard to thoracoscopy, I believe many of us have felt stampeded by the demands of patients, the aggressive marketing by hospitals and individual surgeons, and the hype sometimes generated by equipment manufacturers. The result has been the rapid dissemination and widespread use of thoracoscopic techniques without the perspective, the critical analysis, and the long-term follow-up that are ordinarily essential factors in a surgeon’s decision-making process. It is with these thoughts in mind that I have attempted to analyze the impact of thoracoscopy on the practice of general thoracic surgery. There can be no doubt that the introduction of thoracoscopic procedures into thoracic surgery is on balance a very positive development. The very fact that it is new, different, and fun adds excitement to a specialty that has, with few exceptions, changed little over the past 25 years. This in itself is a benefit. Furthermore, the reduced morbidity often associated with thoracoscopic procedures has focused our attention, as never before, on cost, morbidity, and patient acceptance. Thus, matters of postoperative pain relief, length of hospital stay, time off work, and overall cost-effectiveness have become issues for all surgical procedures, not just those performed thoracoscopically. It is my impression that we are more attentive to these issues than we once were. It is in fact specifically these issues that surgeons favoring thoracoscopic procedures have focused on. Unfortunately, however, other equally or more important issues have been ignored or received scant attention. Furthermore, even in the area of morbidity and cost-effectiveness, few data have been accurately documented. There is a general
Computational modeling of a microchannel cold plate: Pressure, velocity, and temperature profiles

Abstract The development of devices to remove increased power density – that is, with enhanced cooling capability per unit area – is a very relevant problem in thermal management. It is highly desirable that these devices cool hot surfaces as uniformly as possible. A non-uniform temperature distribution may cause several problems, such as deterioration of the material being cooled or degradation or vaporization of the coolant which is being heated. In this paper the temperature distribution inside a Lytron CP20 microchannel cold plate under constant heat flux is analyzed. The cooling fluid is DI water. The pressure, velocity, and temperature at the inlet and outlet of the cold plate are experimentally measured in two coolant loops. In addition, the problem is modeled numerically using the Star CCM+ software. The Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations coupled with the realizable k-epsilon model as closure were used for this simulation. The objective of this study is to evaluate the uniformity of the temperature profile inside the cold plate. Pressure, velocity, and temperature profiles are presented and compared with experimental results. Regions of especially high or low temperature are highlighted and discussed. Suggestions on how to obtain a more uniform temperature distribution inside the cold plate are presented. Critical details on the modeling and on the limitations of the model are also discussed. The high-performance computing facility at Wright–Patterson Air Force Base was used for this research.
Writing American Science and Gender

As scholars have shown, modem science has been deeply intertwined from its inception with power structures and discursive habits that equate objectivity, disinterest, and self-management with maleness (as well as with whiteness and wealth). Not surprisingly, some scholars have found tantalizing cracks in the masculine identity of science. In The Mind Has No Sex? Women in the Origins of Modern Science, for example, Londa Schiebinger reminds us that in classical iconography the sciences were personified as women, that a voluptuous Scientia dominated the frontispieces of scientific texts up through the eighteenth century, and that her image lingers today on the backside of the Nobel medals for chemistry and physics. But most agree that in the nineteenth century women lost whatever toehold they might have had in science. Historians of medicine have documented the marginalization of female midwives at the end of the eighteenth century with the rise of professional medicine; Thomas Laqueur has described the somaticization of separate spheres ideology; and Schiebinger concludes that in the nineteenth century feminine became a term applied to "a style of scholarship, a set of values, and a way of knowing to be excluded from the new scientific order" (159). In short, whatever might have been the case in earlier eras, in the nineteenth century women were excluded from science.
Binding of insulin-like growth factor-I by glomerular endothelial and epithelial cells: further evidence for IGF-I action in the renal glomerulus.

Summary The renal glomerulus is both a site of action and synthesis of IGF-I. We previously demonstrated the presence of IGF-I receptor and synthesis in glomerular mesangial cells. In this study we investigated the presence of specific IGF-I receptors on mouse glomerular endothelial and epithelial cells in culture. [125I]IGF-I specifically bound to the cell surface of both cell types. Maximum specific binding, 0.141B/F for endothelial cells and 0.301B/F for epithelial cells, was obtained at 22°C after 150 min incubation. The estimated Kd values were 2.25×10−9 for endothelial cells and 1.5×10−9 for epithelial cells. Cross-linking studies showed a single band of radioactivity with an estimated mol wt of 145K, consistent with theα-subunit of the IGF-I receptor. Radiolabelled IGF-I was not degraded by either cell types. These findings suggest a possible paracrine action of IGF-I in the renal glomerulus.
Reduced coffee consumption among individuals with primary sclerosing cholangitis but not primary biliary cirrhosis.

Background & Aims Coffee consumption has been associated with decreased risk of liver disease and related outcomes. However, coffee drinking has not been investigated among patients with cholestatic autoimmune liver diseases, primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), or primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). We investigated the relationship between coffee consumption and risk of PBC and PSC in a large North American cohort. Methods Lifetime coffee drinking habits were determined from responses to questionnaires from 606 patients with PBC, 480 with PSC, and 564 healthy volunteers (controls). Patients (those with PBC or PSC) were compared with controls by using the Wilcoxon rank sum test for continuous variables and c 2 method for discrete variables. Logistic regression was used to analyze the estimate of the effects of different coffee parameters (time, frequency, and type of coffee consumption) after adjusting for age, sex, smoking status, and education level. Results Patients with PBC and controls did not differ in coffee parameters. However, 24% of patients with PSC had never drunk coffee compared with 16% of controls ( P P P P P Conclusions Coffee consumption is lower among patients with PSC, but not PBC, compared with controls.
Moisture losses from perishable commodities: recent research and developments

Abstract Moisture loss from stored perishable commodities has been a subject considerable research interest in recent years, both from the standpoint of improved design of refrigerated storages and measurement of transpiration coefficients. This Paper presents a review of recent literature on the subject.
Ratios and benchmarks for measuring the financial well-being of families and individuals

Abstract Financial planners and educators comprised a panel of 156 experts in this Delphi study designed to identify and refine ratios and benchmarks for measuring financial wellbeing. Consensus between the two groups existed for benchmarks on 20 of 22 ratios in the areas of liquidity, savings, asset allocation, inflation protection, tax burden, housing expenses, and insolvency/credit. Consensus regarding the usefulness of specific ratios was observed for liquidity and tax burden but not for inflation protection and insolvency/credit. The preferred ratios were generally less complex and more easily measured than many of the ratios used in previous work. From the findings, a profile of financial well-being for the typical family/individual was proposed.
Cost of high school soccer injuries

This study examines the cost of high school soccer injuries. Data was collected from the files of the largest single insurer of secondary school students in six western states. Analysis was made through a specially programmed Qantel 1300 computer (Empire Com puter Systems, Seattle, Washington).The average claim cost was $127.29 for injuries in 1976 to 1977, ranging from the lowest in Washington to the highest in California. During this period 436 claims from 10,634 players were reported.Relatively minor injuries (sprains, strains, contu sions, and abrasions) accounted for 75.9% of all injuries but only 49.4% of all costs; lower extremity injuries accounted for more than one-half of all injuries and costs. Knee injuries alone represented 11.7% of all injuries—28.2% of all medical costs paid by the insurance companies.Injuries occur only one-fifth as frequently in soccer, compared with football. It is anticipated that medical expenses for soccer players will be less than 16% of expenses incurred by an equal...
On-orbit performance of YBa2Cu3O7-x thick films

Abstract Screen-printed thick films of the YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-x high-temperature superconductor were integrated into hybrid microelectronics circuits and characterized on orbit as part of the Materials In Devices As Superconductors (MIDAS) space-flight experiment. The experiment operated autonomously for 90 days on the Mir space station and acquired electrical data on the superconductive films at temperatures ranging from 75 to 250 K. This report describes the on-orbit critical transition temperature, T c , and critical current density, J c , performance of the YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-x thick films and compares the flight data with those obtained during pre- and post-flight testing. The results of this investigation show no significant difference between the space-flight and ground data, indicating that no degradation occurred in the superconductive films due to either vibrational loads experienced during launch or continuous operation in a microgravity environment.