cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Patients' Age, Gender, and Depression on Medical Students' Beliefs, Attitudes, Intentions, and Behavior1

This study examines the effects of patient age, gender, and depression on 88 advanced medical students' beliefs, attitudes, intentions, and behavior. Each subject heard an audiotaped patient portrayal. Patient age (32 or 67 years), gender, and depressive symptoms varied in a 2 × 2 × 2 between-subjects factorial design. All of the patients reported the same symptoms except that half of them also presented symptoms of depression. Questionnaires assessed beliefs about the patient's condition, attitudes toward the patient, treatment intentions, and recall of patient information. Expectations of an age bias were not substantiated. Females were rated less seriously ill, less likely to require laboratory tests, and more likely to receive medication than males. Among depressed patients, counseling and reassurance were more likely for females, and a nonpsychiatric consult was more likely for males. Recall of the symptoms presented was better for depressed patients. The implications for medical practice are discussed.
Conformance test design methodology and assertion driven test case generator for the conformance testing of interface standards

The authors present a conformance testing resource which provides verification that a candidate software system conforms to the standard, i.e., interface specification, for which it has been designed. It includes the development of a conformance testing methodology which formalizes the conformance test design effort into an assertion-based representation which is used to drive a test generator system. The authors describe the conformance test design methodology used to design test cases, the representation of those test cases in the form of assertions (with examples), and a conformance testing system which generates and executes test sets from the assertions to verify conformance. >
Analysis, simulation, and experimental verification of split-ring resonator

Split-ring resonator (SRR) finds its utility in various applications where moderate quality factor is required. Application areas for this type of microwave resonator include communication, biomedical, chemical, material testing, and food grading. Design is usually based for a particular band of frequency, dictated by its intended utility/application. A metallic cylindrical shield or cavity is used to enclose resonator for controlling environmental effects. Quality factor determines resonator's figure of merit. Resonant frequency, quality factor, and other output parameters are dependent mainly on critical dimensions and materials used to fabricate resonator and shield. Numerous models have been formulated to predict output parameters. In this study, variations in quality factor and resonant frequency have been analyzed for nonplanar form of SRR structure model based on parametric changes. Simulated and calculated results were analyzed for model validity. Sensitivity analysis was performed to determine sensitivity of output parameters over SRR dimensions. Output parameters of SRR structure fabricated to operate at 3 GHz, was measured for experimental verification of simulated and calculated results. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:2358–2363, 2015
Conceptual, computational and inferential benefits of the missing data perspective in applied and theoretical statistical problems

This article advocates the following perspective: When confronting a scientific problem, the field of statistics enters by viewing the problem as one where the scientific answer could be calculated if some missing data, hypothetical or real, were available. Thus, statistical effort should be devoted to three steps:
HIV-1 reservoirs.

In most infected individuals, HIV-1 replicates high levels throughout the duration of infection, including the clinically quiescent phase of disease. The level of this active viral replication correlates directly with disease progression and survival. The advent of combination therapeutics for HIV-1 (i.e., highly active antiretroviral therapy [HAART]) has led to dramatic reductions in viral replication in vivo and morbidity and mortality, at least in the developed world.
Adaptations to diving hypoxia in the heart, kidneys and splanchnic organs of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina).

Pinnipeds (seals and sea lions) have an elevated mitochondrial volume density [VV(mt)] and elevated citrate synthase (CS) and β-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HOAD) activities in their swimming muscles to maintain an aerobic, fat-based metabolism during diving. The goal of this study was to determine whether the heart, kidneys and splanchnic organs have an elevated VV(mt) and CS and HOAD activities as parallel adaptations for sustaining aerobic metabolism and normal function during hypoxia in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina). Samples of heart, liver, kidney, stomach and small intestine were taken from 10 freshly killed harbor seals and fixed in glutaraldehyde for transmission electron microscopy or frozen in liquid nitrogen for enzymatic analysis. Samples from dogs and rats were used for comparison. Within the harbor seal, the liver and stomach had the highest VV(mt). The liver also had the highest CS activity. The kidneys and heart had the highest HOAD activities, and the liver and heart had the highest lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities. Mitochondrial volume densities scaled to tissue-specific resting metabolic rate [VV(mt)/RMR] in the heart, liver, kidneys, stomach and small intestine of harbor seals were elevated (range 1.2‐6.6〈) when compared with those in the dog and/or rat. In addition, HOAD activity scaled to tissue-specific RMR in the heart and liver of harbor seals was elevated compared with that in the dog and rat (3.2〈 and 6.2〈 in the heart and 8.5〈 and 5.5〈 in the liver, respectively). These data suggest that organs such as the liver, kidneys and stomach possess a heightened ability for aerobic, fatbased metabolism during hypoxia associated with routine diving. However, a heightened LDH activity in the heart and liver indicates an adaptation for the anaerobic production of ATP on dives that exceed the animal’s aerobic dive limit. Hence, the heart, liver, kidneys and gastrointestinal organs of harbor seals exhibit adaptations that promote an aerobic, fat-based metabolism under hypoxic conditions but can provide ATP anaerobically if required. Summary
Multi-scale interest regions from unorganized point clouds

Several computer vision algorithms rely on detecting a compact but representative set of interest regions and their associated descriptors from input data. When the input is in the form of an unorganized 3D point cloud, current practice is to compute shape descriptors either exhaustively or at randomly chosen locations using one or more preset neighborhood sizes. Such a strategy ignores the relative variation in the spatial extent of geometric structures and also risks introducing redundancy in the representation. This paper pursues multi-scale operators on point clouds that allow detection of interest regions whose locations as well as spatial extent are completely data-driven. The approach distinguishes itself from related work by operating directly in the input 3D space without assuming an available polygon mesh or resorting to an intermediate global 2D parameterization. Results are shown to demonstrate the utility and robustness of the proposed method.
A note on a paper by Erik Volz: SIR dynamics in random networks

Recent work by Volz (J Math Biol 56:293–310, 2008) has shown how to calculate the growth and eventual decay of an SIR epidemic on a static random network, assuming infection and recovery each happen at constant rates. This calculation allows us to account for effects due to heterogeneity and finiteness of degree that are neglected in the standard mass-action SIR equations. In this note we offer an alternate derivation which arrives at a simpler—though equivalent—system of governing equations to that of Volz. This new derivation is more closely connected to the underlying physical processes, and the resulting equations are of comparable complexity to the mass-action SIR equations. We further show that earlier derivations of the final size of epidemics on networks can be reproduced using the same approach, thereby providing a common framework for calculating both the dynamics and the final size of an epidemic spreading on a random network. Under appropriate assumptions these equations reduce to the standard SIR equations, and we are able to estimate the magnitude of the error introduced by assuming the SIR equations.
A cDNA macroarray approach to parasite‐induced gene expression changes in a songbird host: genetic response of house finches to experimental infection by Mycoplasma gallisepticum

In 1994, the bacterial parasite Mycoplasma gallisepticum expanded its host range and swept through populations of a novel host — eastern US populations of the house finch ( Carpodacus mexicanus ). This epizootic caused a dramatic decline in finch population numbers, has been shown to have caused strong selection on house finch morphology, and presumably caused evolutionary change at the molecular level as finches evolved enhanced resistance. As a first step toward identifying finch genes that respond to infection by Mycoplasma and which may have experienced natural selection by this parasite, we used suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) and cDNA macroarray approaches to identify differentially expressed genes regulated by the Mycoplasma parasite. Two subtractive cDNA libraries consisting of 16 512 clones were developed from spleen using an experimentally uninfected bird as the ‘tester’ and an infected bird as ‘driver’, and vice versa. Two hundred and twenty cDNA clones corresponding 34 genes with known vertebrate homologues and a large number of novel transcripts were found to be qualitatively up- or down-regulated genes by high-density filter hybridization. These gene expression changes were further confirmed by a high throughout reverse Northern blot approach and in specific cases by targeted Northern analysis. BLAST searches show that heat shock protein (HSP) 90, MHC II-associated invariant chain (CD74), T-cell immunoglobulin mucin 1 (TIM1), as well as numerous novel expressed genes not found in the databases were up- or down-regulated by the host in response to this parasite. Our results and macroarray resources provide a foundation for molecular co-evolutionary studies of the Mycoplasma parasite and its recently colonized avian host.
Survival of larval summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus on formulated diets and failure of thyroid hormone treatment to improve performance.

Summer flounder is a new aquaculture species, the culture of which could be made simpler by the replacement, to the greatest extent possible, of live feed with formulated diets. Previous work has shown that development of the summer flounder stomach can be accelerated by treatment of the larvae with thyroid hormone. Two series of experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, 2-week feeding trials were conducted beginning with fish (which were not treated with thyroid hormone) 14, 21, 28, 35, or 42 days after hatch (DAH) to determine when they could begin to utilize commercially available formulated diets. In the second experiment, two groups of sibling larvae, one treated with thyroid hormone, the other not, were placed in similar 2-week feeding trials at 25, 30 or 35 DAH to test whether survival of thyroid hormone-treated larvae would surpass those of untreated larvae. The first series of experiments demonstrated that the larvae could not effectively utilize the formulated diets until 35 DAH. The second series of experiments indicated that thyroid hormone-treated larvae do not exhibit significantly greater survival than untreated larvae.
A Stochastic Broadcast Feedback Approach to Regulating Cell Population Morphology for Microfluidic Angiogenesis Platforms

This paper presents a framework for controlling the development of a vascular system in an in vitro angiogenesis process. Based on online measurement of cell growth and a stochastic cell population model, a closed-loop control system is developed for regulating the process of cell migration and vascular system development. Angiogenesis is considered in a microfluidic environment, where chemical and mechanical stimuli can be applied to the cell population. A systems-level description of the angiogenesis process is formulated, and a control scheme that chooses an optimal sequence of control inputs to drive collective cell patterns toward a desired goal is presented in this paper. In response to control inputs, the k-step ahead prediction of morphologic pattern measures is evaluated, and the input that minimizes expected squared error between the future measure and its desired value is selected for the current control. Initial simulation experiments demonstrate that vascular development can be guided toward a desired morphologic pattern using this technique.
Racial disparities in risk factors for thrombosis.

Purpose of review Until recently, the paucity of characterization of the epidemiology of venous thromboembolism among non-Caucasians has contributed to the misconception that race or ethnicity does not modify disease presentation. This review will describe the previously poorly documented magnitude of venous thromboembolism disease burden among four racial cohorts, by defining disease incidence and associated morbidity/mortality from available literature data. Recent findings Emerging data suggest that African-Americans possess the highest burden of venous thromboembolism, and Asians the lowest, compared with the Caucasian population. In both racial groups, however, the inheritable thrombophilic risk factors prevalent in Caucasians (factor V Leiden, Prothrombin G20210A) are distinctly rare. The presence of yet undetermined modifiers of disease, conferring susceptibility or resistance to venous thromboembolism among these racial groups, is suspected and requires further investigation. Summary Racial disparity in thrombotic disorders exists in the divergent patterns of disease incidence among different racial/ethnic cohorts, yet the genetic determinants of disease and modifiers of risk remain obscure. Further research focused on delineating the underlying etiologies of venous thromboembolism across different racial/ethnic groups promises to be a productive and much needed area of exploration.
Suburban Housing Resale Prices and Housing Market Restructuring

This study shows that in the suburban rings surrounding Cleveland, Ohio average resale prices are sustained through capitalization of quality–price preferences for housing and school quality. Average housing resale prices are highest where local fiscal capacity is built upon a strong residential–nonresidential property tax base and where the total valuation resulting is capitalized into housing stock prices. High total valuation per pupil enables school districts to maintain satisfactory per pupil expenditures that contribute to the sustainability of resale prices. Nonetheless, regional restructuring, population growth, access to superior housing, open space and other amenities in the peripheral, inner– and outer–edge suburban rings are redirecting investment away from the contiguous ring suburbs where the levying of high effective millages is causing total valuations per pupil to fall. Diminishing school district quality and shrinking tax bases in the contiguous suburbs are harbingers of suburban distress and housing disinvestment.
Developmental expression of Y-box protein 1 mRNA and alternatively spliced Y-box protein 3 mRNAs in spermatogenic cells in mice.

Y-box proteins bind DNA and RNA and are characterized by a cold shock domain and a carboxyl-terminus containing clusters of aromatic and basic residues that alternate with clusters of acidic residues. Y-box proteins 1 and 3 in mouse testis were cloned here by 3 rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) using a degenerate primer. Northern blots and reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) established that the levels of Y-box protein 1 and 3 mRNAs are regulated individually: (i) Y-box protein 1 mRNA is strongly expressed in kidney, whereas Y-box protein 3 mRNA is strongly expressed in heart and muscle; (ii) Y-box protein 1 and 3 mRNAs are weakly expressed in early prepubertal testis and strongly expressed in pachytene spermatocytes, round spermatids, and elongated spermatids; and (iii) prepubertal testes and meiotic and haploid spermatogenic cells express two alternatively spliced Y-box protein 3 mRNAs encoding isoforms with different carboxyl termini, whereas somatic tissues primarily express one form. Sucrose gradients reveal that ~27% of both Y-box protein 3 mRNAs are translationally active in adult testis. In conclusion, spermatogenic cells in mice express five isoforms of Y-box proteins including Y-box protein 1, and two isoforms each of Y-box proteins 2 and 3. This multiplicity is intriguing because Y-box proteins are thought to activate transcription and repress translation in spermatogenic cells.
Technical note: IMS celebrates thirty years as an IBM product

This technical note recognizes the thirtieth anniversary of the IBM Information Management System (IMSTM) and describes the initial requirements that led to the development of IMS. It also describes how IMS has evolved over the past thirty years to implement new technology while preserving customers' application programming investments.
How to “digitize” metamaterials

Inspired by the Boolean algebra, the notion of digital electronics and the binary number theory, we have developed the methodologies to “digitize” metamaterials. We explore how an arbitrary value of the permittivity function can, in principle, be synthesized by judicious combinations of only two constituent materials with two different permittivity parameters. We have analyzed the conditions upon which one can achieve such synthesis, and have investigated theoretically issues such as the role of loss, shape and dimensions of the constituent elements. Two different digital systems have been considered: (1) the “rectangular bytes” and (2) the “core-shell bytes”. We have investigated the various features of these two systems, and their advantages and constraints. We present some of our theoretical results on this concept as utilized in several case studies.
SIMULTANEOUS DETECTION OF VAIRIMORPHA INVICTAE (MICROSPORIDIA: BURENELLIDAE) AND THELOHANIA SOLENOPSAE (MICROSPORIDIA: THELOHANIIDAE) IN FIRE ANTS BY PCR

A PCR-based method capable of detecting Thelohania solenopsae and/or Vairimorpha invictae infection in the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, was developed. Multiplex PCR allows simultaneous detection of both species of microsporidia in a single reaction.
Recover to Live: Kick Any Habit, Manage Any Addiction (Conversations with 100 of the World’s Top Treatment Experts)

Recover to Live by Christopher Kennedy Lawford is the author's most recent book on addiction and recovery. It is an encyclopedic review of addictions and their treatment(s) written by a man who him...
Entrepreneurship education in Poland: Findings from the field: Research Article

Poland has a rich entrepreneurial potential—a potential it is realizing on a large scale. At the same time, educational opportunities are opening up for enterprising business leaders seeking to start their own firms. Polish academics and business people understand that some aspects of entrepreneurship can be taught, and have taken steps to provide programs and short courses emphasizing start-ups. A series of interviews were undertaken in 1998 and 1999 with business people, academics, consultants, and government officials on the subject of entrepreneurship in Poland to determine what specific business tools and concepts were most important to aspiring and practicing Polish entrepreneurs, and how these subjects should be taught. The findings are summarized in this article. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Hum Factors Man 15: 93–98, 2005.
Imaging Measurable (Minimal) Residual Disease in Multiple Myeloma

The availability of effective anti-myeloma therapies has led to the concept of new response categories that define responses deeper than conventionally defined complete response (CR). In cases of CR, deepest response, defined as minimal residual disease (MRD)-negative status, has been independently associated with prolonged progression-free survival and overall survival. In spite of an unmeasurable MRD, most patients eventually relapse. Because current methodology using flow cytometry or gene sequencing focuses on sampling MRD primarily from bone marrow, the low-level disease that may be present at other places in the skeleton and/or at extra-skeletal sites could be ultimately responsible for clinical relapse. Relevantly, sensitive imaging has the potential to complement MRD assessment by providing a complete picture of the entire bone/bone marrow compartment and extramedullary sites. The International Myeloma Working Group (IMWG) has come up with new response categories of MRD negativity with or without the absence of disease on imaging. Multiple studies support the notion that FDG-PET has higher specificity over MRI as MRD assessment adjunct because the detection of FDG-PET-positive lesions has prognostic value in patients with multiple myeloma at diagnosis and at time of relapse. MR techniques, including functional variations, and new PET tracers add additional information for MRD evaluation. We provide an overview discussing the shortcomings and advantages of various imaging strategies that can complement the current MRD methodology. We need more trials investigating the new PET tracers and functional MRI as MRD assessment tools. In order for sensitive imaging to be validated for MRD evaluation and response-adapted treatment algorithms, we recommend that prospective clinical trials incorporate the imaging-based definitions of newly defined IMWG response and MRD criteria.
Modeling of Sheet Metal Forming Based on Implicit Embedding of the Elasto-Plastic Self-Consistent Formulation in Shell Elements: Application to Cup Drawing of AA6022-T4

This article is concerned with multilevel simulations in sheet metal forming using a physically based polycrystalline homogenization model that takes into account microstructure and the directionality of deformation mechanisms acting at single-crystal level. The polycrystalline-level model is based on the elasto-plastic self-consistent (EPSC) homogenization of single-crystal behavior providing a constitutive response at each material point, within a boundary value problem solved using shell elements at the macro-level. A recently derived consistent tangent stiffness is adapted here to facilitate the coupling between EPSC and the implicit shell elements. The underlining EPSC model integrates a hardening law based on dislocation density, which is calibrated to predict anisotropic hardening, linear and nonlinear unloading, and the Bauschinger effect on the load reversal for AA6022-T4. To illustrate the potential of the coupled multilevel finite element elasto-plastic self-consistent (FE-EPSC) model, a simulation of cup drawing from an AA6022-T4 sheet is performed. Results and details of the approach are described in this article.
Psychosis-Risk Syndromes: Implications for Ethically Informed Policies and Practices

Identifying individuals at risk for psychotic disorders is now a major focus of research. The key objectives of this work are to identify mechanisms underlying the emergence of psychosis and predic...
Explaining Differing Democratic Norm Commitment: Rethinking the Religion-Psychological Security-Democratic Norm Support Connection

The psychological security index is an important predictor of democratic norm support. However, insufficient attention has been paid to the separate but independent contributions of dogmatism, self-esteem, and trust, the three components typically combined to create that index. Thus, we do not know the unique influence of these components on democratic norm commitment. We also do not know the exact nature of the influence of the multiple dimensions of religion (belief, belonging, behavior) on the separate psychological security components. Using structural equation modeling and two national surveys, we examine the religion-psychological security-democratic norm support relationship. Our findings do not fully support a negative association between religion and democratic values. In fact, no matter the influence of religious belief, belonging, or behavior on psychological security, the mediating link of psychological security to democratic norm support is what is most important. Indeed, any differences that manifest as a consequence of the various dimensions of religion disappear in the religion-psychological security-democratic norm support linkage. As such, anti-democratic values are a product of one's psychological attributes and are almost entirely unrelated to one's religion. Further, our findings challenge the theoretical underpinnings of the psychological security index, as we find little evidence that the separate components used to construct the composite measure, particularly trust, are an appropriate proxy for authoritarianism.
Punishment of Amphetamine and Morphine Self-Administration Behavior

The effects of punishment on self-administration of morphine and amphetamine were examined. The data indicate that response-contingent shock is effective in suppressing lever-pressing for both abuse agents. The results are discussed in terms of a possible method for suppressing drug-seeking behavior in nondependent organisms.
Radar emission spectrum engineering

The spectral containment of active radar emissions is of growing concern due to continued erosion of allocated radar spectrum and the increasing congestion driven by consumer demand for bandwidth-gluttonous wireless video applications. Strict new emission requirements are forcing the careful consideration of how to achieve radar spectral containment within the context of the ever-present pressure for enhanced sensing performance. It is thus imperative that a holistic perspective be taken that addresses the characteristics of the physical signal launched from the radar, inclusive of electromagnetics, systems engineering and signal processing attributes. This chapter introduces recent developments on the design and implementation of physical radar waveforms for spectral containment, including experimental results for various new emission schemes.
Life course influences on food provisioning among low-income, Mexican-born mothers with young children at risk of food insecurity.

Abstract Background World migration shifts emphasize the necessity of framing health behavior in the context of life course. Mexican-born households in the U.S. disproportionally experience food insecurity, a condition associated with poor health. Food assistance programs may not be accessible to immigrants, suggesting food provisioning strategies may play a critical protective role. Objective To explore life course and ecological system influences on food provisioning among low-income, Mexican-born mothers in the U.S. to identify target influences and behaviors for interventions. Methods Life Course Perspective and Ecological Systems Theory guided this qualitative study. Inclusion criteria: 1) woman born in Mexico, 2) ≤10 years in U.S., 3) residing in one of two New York State counties, 4) at least one child ≤5 years old, and 5) Results Five themes emerged that were related to three key life course concepts: social context in Mexico (food insecurity experiences, agrarian experiences, and traditional foods and flavors), transitions (motherhood), and turning points (health events). All themes related to mothers’ overall priority of providing home-cooked meals, and demonstrated life course influences shaping food provisioning values and strategies. Conclusion Considering life course experiences is important to creating effective, multi-level approaches to reduce food insecurity among Mexican-born families in the northeastern U.S. Programs should have a particular emphasis on new or soon-to-be mothers and should include improved access to affordable in-season produce or gardening opportunities, peer-led food provisioning programs, and food and nutrition assistance programs.
Whole mount histopathological correlation with prostate MRI in Grade I and II prostatectomy patients.

Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) is increasingly used in detection and surveillance of prostate cancer. However, the co-localization of lower grade lesions between mpMRI and histopathologic specimen has not been well established. We aim to determine the factors on final histopathological exam that correlate to tumor visibility for Grade I and II disease on mpMRI. Fifty-five patients who underwent radical prostatectomy from July 2014 to June 2016 were analyzed for the study. Of the sample of 55 patients, 18 were found to have Gleason score (GS) of 3 + 3 or 3 + 4 disease, and then were re-reviewed and annotated by a pathologist. Lesion diameter, area, and distance from the prostate capsule were measured. The annotated lesions were co-localized to the MRI report. Of the 184 lesions identified on the whole mount histopathologic slides, 106 (57.6%), 62 (33.7%), 14 (7.6%), and 2 (1.1%) of the lesions had a GS of 3 + 3, 3 + 4, 4 + 3, and 4 + 4, respectively. On analysis, 27.3% (24/88) of GS 6 ( 1.5 cm in size) were identified (p 0.05 cm) from the capsule were visualized. Lesion diameter, area, and capsule proximity correlated with MRI visibility. Further studies are encouraged to validate the findings of our study.
Solid-State Divalent Ion Conduction in ZnPS 3

Next-generation batteries based on divalent working ions have the potential to both reduce the cost of energy storage devices and increase performance. Examples of promising divalent systems includ...
Clinicopathologic Correlations of Retrocorneal Membranes Associated With Endothelial Corneal Graft Failure.

Purpose To provide clinicopathologic correlations for retrocorneal membranes associated with Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) failure. Design Retrospective case series. Methods The specimens and medical records of the patients diagnosed with clinically significant retrocorneal membranes associated with DSAEK failure at the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute or the University of Miami Veterans Hospital between October 2015 and March 2020 were reviewed for demographics, clinical presentation, comorbidities, and surgeries performed. Histopathologic analysis was performed on hematoxylin-eosin and periodic acid–Schiff sections. Immunohistochemical studies were performed for smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), pancytokeratin, and CK7. Immunofluorescence was performed for vimentin, N-cadherin, ROCK1, RhoA, ZEB1, and Snail. Results A total of 7 patients (3 male and 4 female) were identified to have a clinically significant retrocorneal membranes at the time of graft failure. The average age at the time of first DSAEK was 70 years (range: 55-85 years). All patients were pseudophakic and had a glaucoma drainage device in place; 1 had a history of failed DSAEK. Ranging from 0 to 47 months after surgery, a variably thick retrocorneal fibrous membrane was observed, eventually leading to graft failure. Four patients underwent subsequent penetrating keratoplasty and 3 underwent repeat DSAEK. On histopathologic evaluation, a pigmented fibrocellular tissue was identified along the posterior margin of the corneas and DSAEK buttons in all cases. Further characterization with immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence demonstrated membranes to be negative for pancytokeratin and positive for α-SMA, vimentin, CK7, N-cadherin, ZEB1, Snail, ROCK1, and RhoA. Conclusions Fibrocellular retrocorneal membrane proliferation may be associated with DSAEK failure in patients with previous glaucoma drainage device surgery. Our results demonstrate myofibroblastic differentiation and a lack of epithelial differentiation. Positivity for markers of an endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition indicates possible endothelial origin and could be the hallmark for future targeted pharmacotherapy.
General circulation parameters in the troposphere and stratosphere as calculated from SIRS-derived thermal and mass structure

General circulation parameters in the northern hemisphere are calculated using atmospheric thermal structure obtained from Nimbus III SIRS multi-channel radiance information. The thermal structure up to 10 mb is obtained by using a regression technique with thickness between pressure levels as the dependent variable. General circulation parameters calculated on a daily basis include zonal and eddy available potential energy, and zonal and eddy kinetic energy. A second set of calculations is performed using National Meteorological Center (NMC) grid data. A comparison of the two sets of calculations indicates that, although the energies calculated from the SIRS-derived structure underestimate the actual energies, maxima, minima and trends are well identified. An example of mid-stratospheric energy changes during a breakdown of the polar-night vortex is also given.
A Synopsis of Online Testing Integrity in a General Education Math Course: A Correlational Study

Online education is expected to grow, bringing new challenges. One of the biggest challenges concerns the validity of online assessments. Questions arise about cheating, including whether or not the person taking the assessments is the student registered for the course. Studies have tried to determine the amount of cheating in online assessments using student self-reporting. Concern about the validity of these studies has led to quantitative studies attempting to determine the level of cheating in online classes by comparing unproctored online classes against proctored classes. This quantitative quasi-experimental study uses such an approach, comparing test scores and the amount of time online unproctored students spend on exams against test scores and the amount of time spent on exams by students proctored in a testing center and by students proctored online using software. The data for each of the three groups, online-unproctored, testing-center-proctored, and software-proctored, were collected for each of the three unit exams, with data samples over 1,000 for each group on each test. The means of the exam scores of the unproctored online students were similar to the means of the exam scores of the other two groups, but the means for the amount of time the unproctored online students spent on the exams were significantly greater than were the means of the time spent by students in the either of the other two groups. The increased amount of time spent by the unproctored students likely indicated students looked up answers during the tests.
Is financial reporting shaped by equity markets or by debt markets? An international study of timeliness and conservatism

We hypothesize debt markets—not equity markets—are the primary influence on “association” metrics studied since Ball and Brown (1968 J Account Res 6:159–178). Debt markets demand high scores on timeliness, conservatism and Lev’s (1989 J Account Res 27(supplement):153–192) R2, because debt covenants utilize reported numbers. Equity markets do not rate financial reporting consistently with these metrics, because (among other things) they control for the total information incorporated in prices. Single-country studies shed little light on debt versus equity influences, in part because within-country firms operate under a homogeneous reporting regime. International data are consistent with our hypothesis. This is a fundamental issue in accounting.
A syncretistic approach to grid reliability and resilience: Investigations from Minnesota

1. Abstract Recent Very Large Scale Events (VLSEs) such as Superstorm Sandy in 2012 and Hurricane Maria in 2017, which plunged millions of people into darkness, have led to discussions and an awareness of the importance of grid resilience. Historically such conversations have been about the reliability of the grid. With the increases of VLSEs and advancement in power system technologies, grid resilience which is a more holistic approach is being considered by industry stakeholders and policy makers. In this paper, certain frameworks and concepts for grid resilience and reliability are considered in order to develop a syncretistic approach for addressing the issue of grid resilience for power systems planning and operations. Grid reliability and resilience issues in the State of Minnesota are analyzed. A framework for the application of this syncretistic approach is developed and recommended for grid operators and policy makers in Minnesota.
Teaching College Students with Intellectual Disability: Faculty Experiences with Inclusive Higher Education

New opportunities for postsecondary education have emerged for young adults with intellectual disability. As a growing number of institutions establish inclusive higher education programs, it is important to understand the experiences of faculty who welcome students with intellectual disability into their courses. This qualitative study explored the views of 23 university professors who had recent experience teaching students with intellectual disability. Focus group interviews addressed the roles of faculty within inclusive classrooms, the strategies they found helpful, and the issues they found challenging. We offer recommendations for supporting faculty in this new endeavor and suggest areas for future research.
Distinguishing Plasmonic Photoinduced Electron Transfer and Photothermal Enhancement Mechanisms for Photoelectrocatalytic Ethanol Oxidation on Au Nanoparticle-Decorated Photoelectrodes

Plasmonic Au nanoparticle photoelectrodes were fabricated and characterized with ultrafast transient absorption (TA) and photomodulated cyclic voltammetry (CV) to determine whether the plasmonic ph...
Analysis of Medical Images by Colonies of Prehending Entities

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii Chapter 1 Theory of Actual Entities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.
Transfer RNA: Discovery, Early Work, and Total Synthesis of a tRNA Gene

Biochemical studies of protein synthesis in vitro got under way in the early 1950s. The fundamental concept arose that the specificity in protein synthesis was primarily governed by the loading of every amino acid onto a "cognate" soluble RNA by an enzyme specific for that amino acid. The RNAs involved began to be known as transfer RNAs (tRNAs), and the activating enzymes came to be known as aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. With the elucidation of the genetic code in DNA, "the code in tRNA" emerged as a central problem in the molecular biology of protein biosynthesis, and structure and function in tRNA became the focus of attention in many laboratories. In the tRNA field, Abelson and Miller and their colleagues have carried out studies on aminoacylation specificity of tRNAs in vivo, using synthetic genes for suppressor tRNAs. This approach, together with RNA synthesis, for investigation of the sequence-dependent aminoacylation of RNA oligonucleotides in vitro has proved most useful for studying aminoacyl tRNA synthetases-tRNA recognitions in vivo. Totally synthetic genes lend themselves well to systematic mutagenesis by the principle of fragment (cassette) replacement. Structure-function studies on integral membrane proteins such as bacteriorhodopsin, sensory rhodopsin, and the vertebrate photoreceptor rhodopsin have used exclusively the synthetic gene approach. A large number of chimeric genes of visual color pigments were synthesized by Oprian and colleagues for precise studies of spectral tuning in vision.
Diurnal variation of estriol excretion in human pregnancy

Abstract Twenty-one normally pregnant patients had their urinary output fractionated into 4 hour aliquots for a total of 6 days. Each urinary specimen was analyzed for estriol. By using duplicate assays the statistical error was reduced to between 3 and 5 per cent. From these data it is not possible to predict the 24 hour urinary estriol excretion from a single 4 hour period specimen. Even the use of two 4 hour specimens in combination will not successfully predict the 24 hour excretion rate. While diurnal variation clearly exists, it is extremely complex and not simply predictable for a given patient. In these normally pregnant patients, bed rest had no significant influence on urinary estriol excretion rates.
Automated processing of digitized historical newspapers beyond the article level: sections and regular features

Millions of pages of historical newspapers have been digitized but in most cases access to these are supported by only basic search services. We are exploring interactive services for these collections which would be useful for supporting access, including automatic categorization of articles. Such categorization is difficult because of the uneven quality of the OCR text, but there are many clues which can be useful for improving the accuracy of the categorization. Here, we describe observations of several historical newspapers to determine the characteristics of sections. We then explore how to automatically identify those sections and how to detect serialized feature articles which are repeated across days and weeks. The goal is not the introduction of new algorithms but the development of practical and robust techniques. For both analyses we find substantial success for some categories and articles, but others prove very difficult.
Common mistakes made by beginning psychotherapists.

Based on supervisory experience with residents, the author identifies four common types of errors made by beginning therapists: pressing the past, pushing the transference, providing inappropriate support, and attempting premature overinterpretation. Each error class is illustrated, and the elements of timing and context that make the behavior erroneous are dissected. The therapist’s motivations that make these errors likely are also defined and found to be far from ominous. Recognizing the connection between wish and concrete behavior can help the beginning therapist achieve a more appropriate behavior. Codification of the behaviors into categories of error may also aid supervisors in their teaching task.
Analytic approximation to 5 dimensional black holes with one compact dimension

We study black hole solutions in ${R}^{4}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{S}^{1}$ space, using an expansion to second order in the square of the ratio of the radius of the horizon, $\ensuremath{\mu}$, and the circumference of the compact dimension, $L$. A study of geometric and thermodynamic properties indicates that the black hole fills the space in the compact dimension at $ϵ=(\ensuremath{\mu}/L{)}^{2}\ensuremath{\simeq}0.1$. At the same value of $ϵ$ the entropies of the uniform black string and of the black hole are approximately equal.
Muscle compliance and the longitudinal transmission of mechanical impulses.

The time required for a mechanical impulse to propagate from one end to the other was measured directly in frog sartorius muscles and in fiber bundles from the semitendinosus muscle. When the fibers were fully activated, the transmission velocity was 170 mm/ms. In resting fibers the transmission time was three to four times greater than in activated fibers. Control experiments indicated that the transmission time across the tendons was negligible. A muscle compliance of 55–80 A per half sarcomere was estimated from these data. The "measurement time" of the method was calculated to be about 15 µs. This relatively short measurement time makes the method potentially useful for detecting changes in cross-bridge compliance.
The Second Spark Spectrum of Zinc, Zn III

New accurate wave-lengths of the spectrum of the high-potential spark between zinc electrodes made it possible to identify the most important line groups of Zn III, after their position and separations had been predicted closely by means of the screening and relativistic doublet laws respectively. The ionization potential of the shell of ten equivalent ${3}_{3}$ electrons is found to be 40 volts.
Disturbing Images: Peta and the Feminist Ethics of Animal Advocacy

The author applies a feminist analysis to animal advocacy initiatives in which gendered and racialized representations of female sexuality are paramount. Feminists have criticized animal advocates for opposing the oppression of nonhuman animals through media images that perpetuate female objectification. These critiques are considered through a close examination of two prominent campaigns by PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals). The author argues that some representations of female sexuality may align with a posthumanist feminist ethic and need not be read as sexist. Examining PETA’s famous anti-fur ads and the more recent Milk Gone Wild campaign, the author identifies where PETA’s campaigns are objectionable under a feminist ethic and where they are subversive of an anthropocentric and male-dominated order alike. The article thus recuperates part of PETA’s work from feminist critiques, but also reveals the constructions posthumanist advocacy should exclude to avoid elevating the status of nonhuman animals at the expense of women.
Purification, Regulation, and Molecular and Biochemical Characterization of Pyruvate Carboxylase from Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum Strain ΔH

We discovered thatMethanobacterium thermoautotrophicum strain ΔH possessed pyruvate carboxylase (PYC), and this biotin prototroph required exogenously supplied biotin to exhibit detectable amounts of PYC activity. The enzyme was highly labile and was stabilized by 10% inositol in buffers to an extent that allowed purification to homogeneity and characterization. The purified enzyme was absolutely dependent on ATP, Mg2+ (or Mn2+ or Co2+), pyruvate, and bicarbonate for activity; phosphoenolpyruvate could not replace pyruvate, and acetyl-CoA was not required. The enzyme was inhibited by ADP and α-ketoglutarate but not by aspartate or glutamate. ATP was inhibitory at high concentrations. The enzyme, unlike other PYCs, exhibited nonlinear kinetics with respect to bicarbonate and was inhibited by excess Mg2+, Mn2+, or Co2+. The 540-kDa enzyme of A4B4 composition contained a non-biotinylated 52-kDa subunit (PYCA) and a 75-kDa biotinylated subunit (PYCB). the pycB gene was probably monocistronic and followed by a putative gene of a DNA-binding protein on the opposite strand. the pycA was about 727 kilobase pairs away frompycB on the chromosome and was probably co-transcribed with the biotin ligase gene (birA). PYCA and PYCB showed substantial sequence identities (33–62%) to, respectively, the biotin carboxylase and biotin carboxyl carrier + carboxyltransferase domains or subunits of known biotin-dependent carboxylases/decarboxylases. We discovered that PYCB and probably the equivalent domains or subunits of all biotin-dependent carboxylases harbored the serine/threonine dehydratase types of pyridoxal-phosphate attachment site. Our results and the existence of an alternative oxaloacetate synthesizing enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in M. thermoautotrophicum strain ΔH (Kenealy, W. R., and Zeikus, J. G. (1982) FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 14, 7–10) raise several questions for future investigations.
Ongoing changes in Stanford University Libraries Technical Services

AbstractStanford University Libraries Technical Services Division is in the midst of a major reorganization that will involve changes in the way departments are organized and in the way work flows through these new departments. Increased use of outsourcing to provide some basic technical services will also be explored. The following article discusses Stanford’s goals in making these changes and the process the library is going through to achieve these goals.