cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Behavior of a Compressible Magnetorheological Fluid Damper at High Temperatures

This study focuses on the effect of temperature on the performance of compressible magnetorheological fluid dampers (CMRDs). In addition to change of properties in the presence of a magnetic field, magnetorheological fluids (MRFs) are temperature-dependent materials that their compressibility and rheological properties change with temperature, as well. A theoretical model that incorporates the temperature-dependent properties of MRF is developed to predict the behavior of a CMRD. An experimental study is also conducted using an annular flow CMRD with varying temperatures, motion frequencies, and magnetic fields. The experimental results are used to verify the theoretical model. The effect of temperature on the MRF properties, such as, the bulk modulus, yield stress and viscosity, are explored. It is found that the shear yield stress of the MRF remains unchanged within the testing range while both the plastic viscosity, using the Bingham plastic model, and the bulk modulus of the MRF decrease as temperature increases. In addition, it is observed that both the stiffness and the energy dissipation decrease with an increase in temperature.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Improved speckle method for measuring in-plane displacement and strain fields

An improved method to compute the displacement field and strain field from the speckle recorded from a CCD camera is proposed. Previous studies have shown that the displacement field can be determined from two neighboring speckle images using the fast Fourier transform. Moreover, the accuracy of determining the displacement field in this manner relies on the ability to determine the peak position of the Fourier spectrum precisely. We present an improved method that can measure the displacements to an accuracy of 2 μm, provided that the distance between two pixels corresponds to 0.1 mm. The algorithm developed to obtain the displacement field uses the usual assumption that the displacements within each subelement of the image are constant and evaluated at the center of the subelement. However, instead of moving the entire subelement in each loop of the algorithm, a fraction of the subelement size is adopted to generate a family of overlapping subelements, resulting in an enhanced resolution of the resulting displacement field.
Maturation and migration of cutaneous dendritic cells.

Dendritic cells have been isolated from the epidermis, dermis, and lymphatics of skin. Cells from each cutaneous compartment can exhibit the distinct morphology, surface phenotype, and strong T-cell–stimulating activity of dendritic cells that are isolated from other organs. Of importance are the mechanisms by which the maturation and movement of dendritic cells are regulated within intact tissues. Epidermal dendritic cells turn over slowly in the steady state. Stimuli, including contact allergens and transplantation, perhaps by inducing a release of cytokines such as granulocyte macrophage–colony-stimulating factor, mobilize these dendritic cells into the dermis and lymph. This migration is accompanied by the maturation of dendritic cell functions; e.g., antigen-presenting major histocompatibility complex molecules and B7 costimulators increase markedly. On the other hand, there is a sizable, steady-state flux of dendritic cells in afferent lymph draining the skin, which suggests a constant traffic through the dermis that is independent of sessile epidermal dendritic cells. When expiants of skin are placed in organ culture, dendritic cells emigrate into the medium for 1–3 d. The dendritic cells are mature and can bind tightly to small memory ? cells that also migrate in these cultures. The emigrated mixtures of dendritic cells and ? cells should be useful in the study of many clinical states. This is illustrated by recent experiments showing that migratory skin cells are readily infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1. A strong productive infection takes place in the absence of exogenous cytokines, foreign sera, or mitogens or antigens. The dendritic cell–T-cell conjugates are the essential site for infection. This cellular milieu may model events during the sexual transmission of HIV-1, where relevant muco-sal surfaces are covered by skin-like epithelia. The capture of CD4 + memory ? cells by dendritic cells may explain the chronic drain of immune memory in HIV infection. J Invest Dermatol 105:2S-7S, 1995
IL-2-mediated upregulation of uPA and uPAR in natural killer cells.

Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor uPAR play a major role in immune cell-mediated, including natural killer (NK) cell-mediated, degradation of extracellular matrices. Herein, we investigate the effects of IL-2 on NK cell uPA and uPAR. RNA and protein analyses showed upregulation of uPA and uPAR following IL-2 stimulation. Gel-shift assays and Western blots detected uPA and uPAR mRNA binding proteins (mRNABPs), previously shown to destabilize uPA and uPAR mRNA. Following IL-2 stimulation, a downregulation of uPAR mRNABP and a reciprocal induction of uPAR mRNA were noted. The increase in uPA following IL-2 stimulation appeared to be more transcriptionally regulated. These data suggest that IL-2 upregulates both uPA and uPAR in NK cells through posttranscriptional as well as transcriptional mechanisms, partially explaining increases in NK cell invasiveness following IL-2 stimulation.
Wave-Island Interactions About Circular Artificial Islands

The behavior of waves interacting with islands has gained renewed interest with the construction of exploratory drilling islands in the Arctic. This paper focuses upon the behavior of waves incident upon axisymmetric islands characterized by circular contours which vary with water depth. The island profiles of Arthur and Pocinki, which have closed form solutions, and a single tier conical island are examined. A new dimensionless formulation of Arthur’s ray theory and an extremely accurate numerical procedure to evaluate the ray integrals are presented. It is shown that each island profile leads to a distinct wave pattern about the island. These wave patterns are presented in figures which portray the wave capture and wave breaking about circular islands. It is intended that the methodology presented be used to initially assess trends and to evaluate the need for more refined analyses.
Use of Surgical Procedures in the Treatment of Epilepsy

Medically intractable epilepsy (MIE) is a chronic disabling condition that primarily affects the young. Inadequately treated, it can produce life-long disability associated with high rates of social isolation, unemployment, depression, suicide and premature mortality. Recent advances in technology and in our understanding of underlying MIE syndromes have significantly expanded the availability of a variety of surgical approaches worldwide for the treatment of this condition, but surgery may still be underutilised. Surgery can safely and completely control seizures or significantly reduce their frequency in 50 to 90% of cases, depending on the type of syndrome. Without surgery, such patients have a <15% chance of being seizure-free with further trials of medication.
Controlling comonomer distribution in random copolymers by chemical coloring of surface-tethered homopolymers: an insight from discontinuous molecular dynamics simulation.

Postpolymerization chemical modification (“coloring”) of homopolymer brushes made of A units using B chemical moieties produces surface-anchored random copolymers (RCPs) A1−xBx, where x is the degree of “coloring”. We employ discontinuous molecular dynamics to study the “coloring” process in macromolecular tethers made of various lengths grafted at low and high densities on flat impenetrable surfaces. We demonstrate that the comonomer distribution in the A1−xBx RCPs depends on the interplay among (1) the length and the grafting density of the A-based homopolymer anchors, (2) the solubility of the parent homopolymer, and (3) the solubility of the B coloring units. Chemical modification of sparsely spaced chains on the surface leads to nearly random comonomer distribution in the A1−xBx RCPs regardless of the solubility of A and B. In contrast, the distribution of A and B units in A1−xBx RCPs prepared from homopolymers tethered at high grafting densities depends on the solubility of the parent homopolymer. C...
Belief accessibility and context effects in attitude measurement

Abstract Answers to attitude questions can vary sharply as a function of earlier items in the questionnaire. Some of these context effects involve the retrieval of beliefs relevant to the question. These beliefs are often numerous and complex, but the retrieval process is not usually very thorough or reliable. Many respondents retrieve only a sample of their beliefs about an issue, a sample that overrepresents whatever beliefs happen to be most accessible at the time the question is asked. Which beliefs are most accessible is affected by prior questions on related topics. We explored the effects of item context in an experiment. Respondents in a telephone survey were interviewed twice about legalized abortion, welfare spending, aid to the Contras, and the proposed “Star Wars” defense system; in the second interview, the items that preceded the target item on each issue were varied systematically. For example, some respondents were asked several questions about the U.S. role in the Vietnam War before they were asked about policies toward Nicaragua; others were questioned about Cuba before being asked about Nicaragua. The preceding items affected responses to the target items on three of the four issues. Two other findings support an explanation of these context effects in terms of belief accessibility: The effects of context were especially marked when the context items were presented in a block immediately prior to the target item and when the context and target items were closely related.
Hyperthermia of pet animal tumours with self-regulating ferromagnetic thermoseeds

Investigations with thermally self-regulating ferromagnetic implants (thermoseeds) were done on healthy rats and pet animals with spontaneous and transmissible venereal tumours (TVT). The thermoseeds were produced from a nickel-copper alloy and electroplated with a gold-silver layer. Manufacturing conditions were varied to produce thermoseeds with various operating temperatures, the critical temperature above which heating power production sharply declines. To test for toxicity, thermoseeds were implanted into the liver of rats and left in place for up to 14 months. While atomic absorption spectroscopy showed increased nickel and copper levels in tissues near the implants, no clinical evidence of ill-effects was noted. For hyperthermia treatment, diermoseeds were implanted into tumours of pet animals, and these were placed into an induction coil which produced an 89 kHz frequency, 4000 A/m amplitude field. The highest recorded tumour temperature correlated with the nominal operating point of the thermosee...
Interpretation of XUV spectroheliograms.

Some parameters of chromospheric structure are drawn from recently published XUV spectroheliograms. The HeII emission above the limb arises from the small amount of He+ still existing at 106°. The larger amounts of He+ in the cooler corona at the poles explain the polar cap absorption in λ 304. The flat distribution of emission in Oiv and Ov, with a sharp spike at the limb, is caused by the rough structure of the chromosphere and the variable excitation in the emitting spicules. The intensity of the Nevii lines shows that the transition zone between chromosphere and corona is very sharp.
The relationships of annulate lamellae, fibrogranular bodies, nucleolus, and polyribosomes during spermatogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

Irregularly shaped masses of electron-dense material that are located in the perinuclear cytoplasm of Drosophila spermatocytes contain small granular and fibrillar subunits. These fibrogranular bodies can be observed to extend toward and into the nuclear pores where the material is also continuous with nucleolar material. These observations further substantiate a nucleolar origin for the fibrogranular bodies. As pores of annulate lamellae differentiate within the fibrogranular bodies, structural configurations resembling polyribosomes are noted. Microtubules can also be observed in the fibrogranular material and in some cases they are close to differentiated pores of annulate lamellae. These morphological observations tend to confirm and extend previous suggestions that the fibrogranular bodies may represent stored gene products, and that the differentiation of pores is associated with the dispersal, processing, and assembly of the material perhaps in the form of special functioning polyribosomes. The studies also raise the question of whether or not tubulin may be one of the proteins synthesized by these newly formed polyribosomes.
Flexion-relaxation response to static lumbar flexion in males and females

Objective. To determine if creep developed in the lumbar viscoelastic tissues during a period of static flexion elicited changes in the muscular responses of the flexion–relaxation phenomenon. Background. Static lumbar flexion is a risk factor in workers, yet the physiological biomechanical and histological processes active in the evolution of the consequent low back disorder were not demonstrated experimentally. Controlled animal studies show that static lumbar flexion develops creep in the associated viscoelastic tissues and elicits spasms and modification of muscle function. Such neuromuscular changes are to be investigated in this study while assessing normal human subjects via the flexion–relaxation phenomenon. Methods. Male and female subject groups performed three bouts of lumbar flexion–extension before and after a 10 min period of static lumbar flexion. The surface electromyographic from the erector spinae muscles as well as flexion angle were recorded. The angle in which electromyographic diminished during flexion and initiated during extension was determined and subjected to anova with repeated measures to determine any significant changes in the flexion–relaxation response. Results. The erector spinae were active through a significantly larger angle during flexion and initiated activity significantly earlier during extension after static flexion. Females demonstrated more pronounced changes than males. EMG amplitude did not change significantly. Spasms were recorded in more than half of the subjects during the static flexion period. Conclusions. Creep developed during a short static lumbar flexion elicited significant changes in the muscular activity pattern of the flexion–relaxation phenomenon. The muscles seem to compensate for the loss of tension in the lumbar viscoelastic tissues, while spasms suggest that some micro-damage was incurred to the viscoelastic tissues. Relevance Static lumbar flexion is shown experimentally as an activity that constitutes an occupational risk factor for the development of low back disorder.
Theoretical investigations of charge exchange with ion excitation in atomic collisions at thermal energies

The process of charge exchange with ion excitation is investigated theoretically. The multielectron and multichannel model for the process under consideration is proposed. The formulas for two-electron exchange coupling are obtained and discussed. The model is applied to the investigation of charge exchange with ion excitation in collisions of helium ions with mercury atoms at thermal energies. The matrix elements of exchange coupling, the adiabatic potential energies, the partial cross section, and the partial rate constant for the process under consideration are calculated. The matrix elements of exchange coupling in this case are mainly determined by electron-core interactions. The effective potentials are used for these interactions. The calculated partial rate constant for excitation of ${\mathrm{Hg}}^{+}$(7p $^{2}$${\mathit{P}}_{3/2}$) agrees with experimental data.
Two-wave panel analysis: Comparing statistical methods for studying the effects of transitions.

Study of the effect of transitions on individual and family outcomes is central to understanding families over the life course. There is little consensus, however, on the appropriate statistical methods needed to study transitions in panel data. This article compares lagged dependent variable (LDV) and change score (CS) methods for analyzing the effect of events in two-wave panel data. The methods are described, and their performances are compared both with a simulation and a substantive example using the National Survey of Families and Households two-wave panel. The results suggest that CS methods have advantages over LDV techniques in estimating the effect of events on outcomes in two-wave panel data.
Clonal regeneration of an arrow bamboo, Fargesia qinlingensis, following giant panda herbivory

Characteristics of giant panda herbivory sites and clonal regeneration of an arrow bamboo Fargesia qinlingensis following giant panda grazing were studied in the Qinling Mountains of China. Three types of plots were located in a pandas’ summer habitat in 2002: herbivory (naturally grazed by giant pandas), clipped (simulated panda herbivory), and control. Average area of herbivory sites was 2.92 m2 and average distance from herbivory sites to the closest tree (dbh > 10 cm) was 1.0 m. Pandas avoided thin bamboo culms with basal diameters <5 mm. Average height of stumps of culms grazed by panda was 0.67 m and average density of grazed culms was 9.0 culms m−2. Annual culm mortality rate was significantly greater in herbivory and clipped plots than in control plots while annual recruitment rate was not significantly different among the three plot types in 2003. Neither recruitment rate nor mortality rate were significantly different among the three plot types in 2004. Annual recruitment rate was significantly greater than annual mortality rate only in control plots in both 2003 and 2004, suggesting static ramet dynamics in disturbed plots (herbivory and clipped). Density of new shoots was not significantly different, but basal diameter of new shoots was significantly less in herbivory plots compared to control plots in 2002. Differences of annual mortality rate and growth of new shoots found between control plots and herbivory plots suggest that clonal regeneration of F. qinlingensis culms was negatively affected by giant panda grazing. Therefore, no evidence of a clonal integration compensatory response to panda herbivory was found in F. qinlingensis.
Overview of the fourth DARPA speech and natural language workshop

The goals of the DARPA programs in Spoken Language and Written Language are advanced, and progress assessed by holding regular workshops. These workshops provide a mechanism for demonstrating innovative designs and strategies, and for documenting advances in the state of the art. More important, however, than providing a snapshot of the program, the workshops also provide a forum for the participants to share and develop ideas, to discuss technical issues, to outline long-term goals, to develop strategies for shared resources, and to develop standards for evaluation. The workshop is attended by a mixture of DARPA contractors, government representatives, and non-DARPA researchers in the US and abroad, representing universities and industry.
Intra- and inter-serogroup genetic relatedness of orbiviruses. II. Blot hybridization and reassortment in vitro of epizootic haemorrhagic disease serogroup, bluetongue type 10 and Pata viruses

Viruses which belong to the epizootic haemorrhagic disease (EHD), bluetongue and Eubenangee serogroups of orbiviruses exhibit low level cross-reactions in some serological tests. Although Pata virus cross-reacts at low levels with members of the EHD and bluetongue serogroups, it was assigned originally to the Eubenangee serogroup. RNA-RNA blot hybridization data, however, suggest that Pata virus is not a member of the Eubenangee serogroup. In this study, the genetic relatedness of the EHD serogroup viruses, bluetongue virus type 10 (BTV-10) and Pata virus was assessed by RNA-RNA blot hybridization and by gene reassortment experiments in vitro. The five members of the EHD serogroup examined were highly related by reciprocal RNA RNA blot hybridization. Genes 1, 3, 4 and 6 to 9 were highly conserved with three unique types of gene 2, four variant types of gene 5 and two variant types of gene 10. Geographical boundaries could not be correlated with sequence relatedness because viruses isolated from the same locality were distant relatives when compared with another virus isolated on a different continent. The significance of the unique and variant genes is discussed. The EHD isolates, BTV-10 and Pata virus exhibited distinct profiles on agarose and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and they are related distantly as shown by weak hybridization signals in blot hybridization. Gene 2 was a unique gene among the EHD isolates, BTV-10 and Pata virus. One BTV-10 gene hybridized more strongly to gene 9 of the EHD viruses than the other BTV-10 genes, and its role in encoding the cross-reactive antigen is discussed. Intra-serogroup gene reassortment in vitro was demonstrated in the six crosses among EHD serogroup members. In contrast, gene reassortment was not observed in inter-serogroup crosses between EHD 1 and BTV-10, BTV-10 and Pata virus, and between EHD 1 and Pata virus. Correlation of blot hybridization and gene reassortment indicated that viruses must share high sequence conservation in the majority of their genes before genetic interaction is likely. The usefulness of blot hybridization as an indicator of the likelihood of gene reassortment is discussed. These hybridization and gene reassortment data indicated that Pata virus is not a member of the bluetongue or EHD serogroups and that it should be assigned to the ungrouped set of orbiviruses. The hybridization and gene reassortment data suggest that members of the EHD serogroup, BTV-10 and Pata virus represent three distinct gene pools, and the role of reassortment in the generation of genetic diversity is discussed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Depth-resolved optical imaging of hemodynamic response in mouse brain with microcirculatory beds

Optical hemodynamic imaging employed in pre-clinical studies with high spatial and temporal resolution is significant to unveil the functional activities of brain and the mechanism of internal or external stimulus effects in diverse pathological conditions and treatments. Most current optical systems only resolve hemodynamic changes within superficial macrocirculatory beds, such as laser speckle contrast imaging; or only provide vascular structural information within microcirculatory beds, such as multi-photon microscopy. In this study, we introduce a hemodynamic imaging system based on Optical Micro-angiography (OMAG) which is capable of resolving and quantifying 3D dynamic blood perfusion down to microcirculatory level. This system can measure the optical phase shifts caused by moving blood cells in microcirculation. Here, the utility of OMAG was demonstrated by monitoring the hemodynamic response to alcohol administration in mouse prefrontal cortex. Our preliminary results suggest that the spatiotemporal tracking of cerebral micro-hemodynamic using OMAG can be successfully applied to the mouse brain and reliably distinguish between vehicle and alcohol stimulation experiment.
Monotropic Programming: A Generalization of Linear Programming and Network Programming

Duality schemes have been developed for almost all types of optimization problems, but the classical scheme in linear programming has remained the most popular and indeed the only one that is widely familiar. No doubt this is due its simplicity and ease of application as much as its close connection with computation, which is a property shared with other dualities.
Vitamin D Status Affects Strength Gains in Older Adults Supplemented With a Combination of β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate, Arginine, and Lysine A Cohort Study

Background Older adults supplemented for 1 year with β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate, arginine, and lysine (HMB/ARG/LYS) were previously shown to have significant gains in fat-free mass (FFM) but not muscular strength. Objective Recently, increasing levels of serum vitamin D have been associated with an increase in muscle function, particularly in the elderly. To determine if vitamin D status may have limited strength gain in participants supplemented with HMB/ARG/LYS, the authors performed post hoc analysis of strength based on the participants' vitamin D status. Methods Elderly (age 76.0 ± 1.6 years) adults were recruited for a double-blinded, controlled study and were randomly assigned to either an isonitrogenous control (n = 37) or HMB/ARG/LYS (n = 40) for the yearlong study. Participants were further segregated based on their vitamin D status of either Results Regardless of vitamin D status, HMB/ARG/LYS resulted in significantly increased FFM (P Conclusions The nutrient cocktail of HMB/ARG/LYS alone was effective in increasing muscle mass regardless of vitamin D status, but accompanying strength increases were observed only when participants also had adequate vitamin D status indicating a synergistic effect between the HMB/ARG/LYS and vitamin D.
Diverse no-till irrigated crop rotations instead of burning and plowing continuous wheat

Field burning of residue is a traditional management tool for irrigated wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production in the Inland Pacific Northwest of the United States (PNW) that can result in reduced air quality. A 6-year no-till field experiment to evaluate two complete cycles of a 3-year irrigated crop rotation of winter wheat–spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)–winter canola (Brassica napus L.) was sown (i) directly into standing residue of the previous crop, (ii) after mechanical removal of residue and, (iii) after burning of residue. The traditional practice of continuous annual winter wheat sown after burning residue and inverting the topsoil with a moldboard plow was included as a check treatment. Over-winter precipitation storage efficiency (PSE) was markedly improved when residue was not burned or burned and plowed after grain harvest. Grain yield of winter wheat trended higher in all no-till residue management treatments compared to the check treatment. Average grain yields of spring barley and canola were not significantly different among the no-till residue management treatments. Winter canola failed in 5 of 6 years due to a combination of a newly identified Rhizoctonia damping-off disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG-2-1 and cold temperatures that necessitated replanting to spring canola. Sixyear average net returns over total costs were statistically equal over all four systems. All systems lost from $358 to $396 ha 1 . Soil organic carbon (SOC) increased linearly each year with no-till at the 0–5 cm depth and accumulated at a slower rate at the 5–10 cm depth. Take-all of wheat caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici was most severe in continuous annual winter wheat. The incidence and severity of Rhizoctonia on roots of wheat and inoculum of R. solani AG-8, was highest in the no-till treatments, but there was no grain yield loss due to this disease in any treatment. Residue management method had no consistent effect on Rhizoctonia root rot on barley. The annual winter grass downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.) was problematic for winter wheat in the standing and mechanically removed residue treatments, but was controlled in the no-till residue burned and the burn and plow check. Another winter annual grass weed, rattail fescue (Vulpia myuros L.), infested all no-till treatments. This was the first comprehensive and multidisciplinary no-till irrigated crop rotation study conducted in the Pacific Northwest.
N-Bromosuccinimide-based bromination and subsequent functionalization of hydrogen-terminated silicon quantum dots

We report a mild, effective, room-temperature method for brominating and functionalizing colloidal hydrogen-terminated silicon quantum dots (H-SiQDs) using N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) as the bromination reagent. This post-synthesis bromination overcomes a long-standing challenge of producing emissive SiQDs through the functionalization of directly synthesized halogen-terminated colloidal SiQDs.
TQL: a tasking query language for concurrent program analysis

A tasking query language (TQL) for aiding very general analysis of Ada tasking in a Petri-net-based environment is discussed. An important principle of TQL's design is that of hiding the formalism upon which the analysis framework is built. Instead, TQL defines a language by which queries of Ada interactions themselves can be expressed. Examples of TQL's capabilities are presented, and a sample analysis session using the gas station program is described. >
Realizing stochastically assembled nanoarrays

Nanoarrays, crossbars composed of two orthogonal sets of coded parallel nanowires, are expected to play a central role in chips in the future. Given their small size, nanowires will be placed on a chip using chemical self-assembly, a stochastic process that cannot guarantee the identity or location of nanowires. A key challenge facing the use of crossbars will be controlling the uncertainty introduced by self-assembly. In this paper we explore architectural and manufacturing strategies to cope with this uncertainty. We also describe methods of analysis used to compare strategies.
Degradation of CT Low-Contrast Spatial Resolution Due to the Use of Iterative Reconstruction and Reduced Dose Levels

With current commercially available iterative reconstruction techniques, radiation dose reductions of 25%–50% can reduce the low-contrast spatial resolution relative to that achieved by using full dose and filtered back projection.
Salinization of urbanizing New Hampshire streams and groundwater: effects of road salt and hydrologic variability

AbstractSince the 1940s, use of road salt as a deicing agent has increased substantially in regions of the US with cold winters. Despite its ubiquitous application and known negative consequences for aquatic and human health, little research has documented the effects of road salt on the water quality of either streams or groundwater in regions, such as New Hampshire (NH), with harsh northern climates. We measured stream Na+ and Cl− concentrations in 44 basins spanning a gradient of urbanization in southeastern and central NH. Among all sampled basins, stream Na+ and Cl− concentrations were highly correlated with basin % road pavement (r2 = 0.75 for Na+, and 0.78 for Cl−). In southeastern NH, concentrations also were correlated strongly with % impervious surface (r2 = 0.86 for Na+, and 0.92 for Cl−). Groundwater salt concentrations in 143 private wells were significantly correlated with % impervious surface within a 500-m radius of each well, but the proportion of explained variance was small (r2 = ...
Identification as a Trust‐Generating Mechanism in Cooperatives

It is commonly held that trust is a crucial mechanism for coordination and control in cooperatives. The elusive nature of trust is also emphasised. What seems to be less discussed is where trust and distrust come from, as well as the shifting conditions under which trust is developed, maintained and sometimes disposed of. This article explores one trust-making mechanism which seems to be of particular interest in cooperatives and other membership-based organisations. The mechanism in question is members' identification to the cooperative organizations. The empirical test supports the proposition that strong identification is a significant trust-making mechanism in cooperative organizations.
Dynamic control of cell-cell adhesion and membrane-associated actin during food-induced mouth opening in Beroe

We used rhodamine-phalloidin and ultrastructural methods to follow dynamic changes in adhesive cell junctions and associated actin filaments during reversible epithelial adhesion in the mouth of the ctenophore Beroe. A cruising Beroe keeps its mouth closed by interdigitated actin-coated appositions between paired strips of cells lining the lips. The mouth opens rapidly (in 0.2-0.3 s) by muscular action to engulf prey (other ctenophores), then re-seals after ingestion. We found that the interlocking surface architecture of the adhesive cells, including the actin-coated junctions, rapidly disappears after food-induced opening of the mouth. In contrast, forcible separation of the lips in the absence of food rips the junctions, still intact, from the surfaces of the cells. The prey-stimulated loss of adhesive cell junctions and associated actin cytoskeleton is one of the most rapid changes in actin-based junctions yet observed. This system provides unique experimental advantages for investigating the dynamic control of reversible cell adhesions and membrane-associated actin filaments.
A Russian View of the Economic Geography of Asia

Whenever the writer has asked anyone within the Soviet Union as to the functions of geography, the answer has invariably been “to develop the productive resources of the state.” Geography has proceeded along the lines of Marxian theory with especial emphasis on economic problems. Thus dozens of geographers are employed in the planning commissions of the U.S.S.R. and the constituent republics. Not only should these plans be in harmony with the natural environment, they are also the geographer's instrument for periodically changing this environment. Elsewhere the emphasis is equally on the political-economic side, with especial interest in people and their welfare, working conditions, and past relations to economic feudalism and imperialism. Those aspects of geography which deal with mere description, or with fields such as geomorphology or human ecology, are regarded as intellectual luxuries which must be postponed until some future date.
Is irritable bowel syndrome an infectious disease

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is the most common of all gastroenterological diseases. While many mechanisms have been postulated to explain its etiology, no single mechanism entirely explains the heterogeneity of symptoms seen with the various phenotypes of the disease. Recent data from both basic and clinical sciences suggest that underlying infectious disease may provide a unifying hypothesis that better explains the overall symptomatology. The presence of small intestinal bowel overgrowth (SIBO) has been documented in patients with IBS and reductions in SIBO as determined by breath testing correlate with IBS symptom improvement in clinical trials. The incidence of new onset IBS symptoms following acute infectious gastroenteritis also suggests an infectious cause. Alterations in microbiota-host interactions may compromise epithelial barrier integrity, immune function, and the development and function of both central and enteric nervous systems explaining alterations in the brain-gut axis. Clinical evidence from treatment trials with both probiotics and antibiotics also support this etiology. Probiotics appear to restore the imbalance in the microflora and improve IBS-specific quality of life. Antibiotic trials with both neomycin and rifaximin show improvement in global IBS symptoms that correlates with breath test normalization in diarrhea-predominant patients. The treatment response to two weeks of rifaximin is sustained for up to ten weeks and comparable results are seen in symptom reduction with retreatment in patients who develop recurrent symptoms.
The role of parental warmth and hostility on adolescents' prosocial behavior toward multiple targets

The current study examined the influence that parental warmth/support and verbal hostility had on adolescents' prosocial behavior toward multiple targets (stranger, friend, family) using multiple reporters (self, parent, observations). Data were taken from Times 2 and 3 of a longitudinal project and included 500 adolescents and their parents (M age of child at Time 2 = 12.34). Structural equation models suggested that mother warmth was associated with prosocial behavior toward family, while father warmth was associated with prosocial behavior toward friends. Findings also suggested that adolescents' prosocial behavior was more consistently influenced by father hostility than it was by father warmth. Finally, observational reports of father hostility were associated with adolescent prosocial behavior more consistently than self- or child-reported parenting. The discussion focuses on the importance of considering target of prosocial behavior, the differences between mothers and fathers, and the role of self-reports compared to observations.
Psychophysics of arm movements and human aging.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate possible age-related differences in the physical stimulus–psychological response relationship. Young and older adult subjects moved their arm to three standard locations or extents (25 cm, 50 cm, and 75 cm) on a linear positioning device. Seven standard comparison combinations were presented 20 times each. Subjects were asked to determine whether the comparison was different from the standard. Just noticeable difference, constant error, absolute constant error, and Weber ratios were calculated. In contrast to previous studies, the results clearly indicate that the physical stimulus–psychological response magnitude relationship for location and extent movements is best described by a metathetic continuum. We offer an explanation to account for the differences between location and extent movements for the just noticeable difference and Weber ratio. The failure to find differences between the age groups suggests that age-related declines cannot be general...
Effect of atropine dose level on the suppression of water-reinforced VI responding

Rats trained to barpress on a VI 1-min schedule for water reinforcement received four dose levels (1.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0mg/kg) of atropine sulfate or atropine methyl nitrate. Compared with saline-injected controls, increasing doses of atropine sulfate resulted in increasing degrees of response suppression. The same result was obtained with atropine methyl nitrate, although to a lesser degree. It was suggested that the failure to obtain extensive response facilitation at the lower dose levels of atropine methyl nitrate may have been due to the existence of a limit to the operating capacity of the central thirst system.
Parallel Computing Efficiency of Digital/Analog Hybrid Simulation System for Large-Scale AC/DC Power Grid

Based on SGI Altix 4700 shared memory server and full digital real-time simulator Hypersim of National Grid Simulation Center,a digital/analog hybrid real-time simulation system for large-scale AC/DC power grid is built.To solve nodal voltage equations,LDU decomposition algorithm is applied to Hypersim simulator to divide the network and carry out parallel computation.The factors impacting parallel computing efficiency of the built simulation system are analyzed.Simulation results of UHV AC/DC power grid from the Three Gorges to East China show in the year 2015 show that the built digital/analog hybrid real-time simulation system can meet the demand of real-time simulation of large-scale power grid and possesses high parallel computing efficiency.
Choosing The “Best” Multiple Criterlv Decision-Making Method

AbstractThis paper is concerned with formalizing knowledge about discrete alternative multiple criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods and the usage of these methods. The paper describes a formal procedure to assist the decision maker or analyst in systematically selecting the most appropriate method in a particular application. By integrating this procedure with a signiificant amount of MCDM knowledge and the powerful reasoning and explanation capabilities of a microcomputer based advisory expert system, a decision-aiding tool providing new input into the decision-making process is developed.
The Last r Locus Unveiled: T4 RIII Is a Cytoplasmic Antiholin

ABSTRACT The latent period of phage T4, normally ∼25 min, can be extended indefinitely if the infected cell is superinfected after 5 min. This phenomenon, designated lysis inhibition (LIN), was first described in the 1940s and is genetically defined by mutations in diverse T4 r genes. RI, the main effector of LIN, has been shown to be secreted to the periplasm, where, upon activation by superinfection with a T-even virion, it binds to the C-terminal periplasmic domain of the T4 holin T and blocks its lethal permeabilization of the cytoplasmic membrane. Another r locus, rIII, has been the subject of conflicting reports. In this study, we show that RIII, an 82-amino-acid protein, is also required for LIN in both Escherichia coli B strains and E. coli K-12 strains. In T4ΔrIII infections, LIN was briefly established but was unstable. The overexpression of a cloned rIII gene alone impeded T-mediated lysis temporarily. However, coexpression of rIII and rI resulted in a stable LIN state. Bacterial two-hybrid assays and pulldown assays showed that RIII interacts with the cytoplasmic N terminus of T, which is a critical domain for holin function. We conclude that RIII is a T4 antiholin that blocks membrane hole formation by interacting directly with the holin. Accordingly, we propose an augmented model for T4 LIN that involves the stabilization of a complex of three proteins in two compartments of the cell: RI interacting with the C terminus of T in the periplasm and RIII interacting with the N terminus of T in the cytoplasm. IMPORTANCE Lysis inhibition is a unique feature of phage T4 in response to environmental conditions, effected by the antiholin RI, which binds to the periplasmic domain of the T holin and blocks its hole-forming function. Here we report that the T4 gene rIII encodes a cytoplasmic antiholin that, together with the main antiholin, RI, inhibits holin T by forming a complex of three proteins spanning two cell compartments.
Conclusion: Between Persecution and Freedom

The period between 1945 and 1969 brought a revival of the urban gay scenes that had been destroyed by the Nazis, witnessed the emergence of a more masculine understanding of homosexuality, and ushered in a widespread debate about homosexuality that yielded the reform of Paragraph 175. Although homosexuals found it difficult to organize in this period amidst widespread prejudices, ultimately these years were much more than a pause in the history of the homosexual movement that separated the gay liberation movement of the 1970s from the early-twentieth-century pioneers. It was also not simply an era in which the Nazi persecution of homosexuality persisted under the cover of democratic ideals, as argued by homophile leaders during the 1950s. Instead, this era made a positive contribution to the history of German homosexuality, without which it is impossible to imagine gay life in the country today.
Lung and Bronchus Carcinoma, Total (All Types)

This chapter focuses on lung and bronchus carcinoma. The most important cause of lung cancer by far is cigarette smoking. Other causes include pipe and cigar smoking, passive exposure to the smoke coming from the cigarettes of others, and less common causes of lung cancer that one encounters in the workplace. These include arsenic, certain nickel compounds, hexavalent chromium, chloromethyl ethers (BCME or CMME), mustard gas, asbestos, and polycyclic hydrocarbons. Radon, a radioactive gas, is emitted from certain geological formations and appears in some mines and even in homes in some parts of the country. Lung cancer has resulted from exposure to other forms of ionizing radiation, such as that from outmoded high-dose radiation treatments or the atomic bomb. Other workplace exposures strongly suspected of causing lung cancer are silica, beryllium fumes, acrylonitrile, ferric oxide, sulfuric acid mist, epichlorohydrin, and lead and cadmium dusts. Consumption of fruits and vegetables has been reported to decrease the frequency of lung cancer. There are clear genetic factors that increase and decrease susceptibility, sometimes in interaction with dietary items. Cancer of the lung and bronchus is twice as frequent among men as women, and appears in Los Angeles County as frequently as in other parts of North America and Europe, although Utah enjoys lower rates. The patterns conform to the distribution that is expected on the basis of the known variations in smoking experience, with the highest risk seen in areas that are predominately African-American or of lower social class.
The Service Encounter and Customer Satisfaction

The service encounter in the cable television industry is examined as a contributor to consumer satisfaction. Cable television is a low‐involvement, low‐contact, continuously‐ produced service that requires few encounters with customers. When a service encounter does occur, it is likely to take place by telephone. A mail survey of cable subscribers indicates that satisfaction with phone contact as well as recency and frequency of contact are related to consumer satisfaction with the company’s service offering. Encounters are also directly related to perception of cable programming. Results suggest that even for impersonal services such as cable television, some regular personal contact with customers may be necessary for maintenance of a high level of customer satisfaction.
COMPETING OPTIMA IN THE GULF WAR

[At this point in this book, it is profitable and most interesting to pursue a tangent to the main theme. Thus far, the papers have discussed topics having in mind the recent upheavals in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. However, there has been a recent event, the Gulf War, which allows an analyst to look at another area of peace economics, namely the costs of war itself as perceived by key political decision makers prior to the outbreak of war, and as can be objectively estimated after the event. The costs considered in this chapter go beyond the costs of maintaining a stock of weaponry for the damaging threatening and damaging limiting objectives discussed by McGuire. Wolfson, Gutierrez, Traynor and Smith come forth with a unique contribution. First they attempt to formulate appropriate cost functions for the Gulf War, a task interesting in itself. Next, they utilize the best available published data to estimate relevant magnitudes of total, fixed, variable and marginal costs as well as the value of a life based on experts' estimates. With such estimates they then analyze the efficacy of the goals (desired policies) of the several different parties and decision makers involved in the Gulf War. Whether or not the reader is in agreement with their method of analysis, clearly they have significantly advanced the state of art on the costing and valuing of different policies (scenarios) associated with the question of “economic sanctions or war”, and if war, ways of engaging to minimize costs inclusive of the value of lives lost. (eds.)]
Structure of the essential Haemophilus influenzae UDP-diacylglucosamine pyrophosphohydrolase LpxH in lipid A biosynthesis.

In most Gram-negative pathogens, the hydrolysis of UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine to generate lipid X in lipid A biosynthesis is catalysed by the membrane-associated enzyme LpxH. We report the crystal structure of LpxH in complex with its product, lipid X, unveiling a unique insertion lid above the conserved architecture of calcineurin-like phosphoesterases. This structure reveals elaborate interactions surrounding lipid X and provides molecular insights into the substrate selectivity, catalysis and inhibition of LpxH. The structure of the LipidA diacylglucosamine pyrophosphohydrolase LpxH bound to its lipid X substrate is presented.