cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence of support for dual language learners in a study of bilingual staffing patterns using the Classroom Assessment of Supports for Emergent Bilingual Acquisition (CASEBA)

Abstract The mounting numbers of young Hispanic children in the United States (now about 25% of those under five) require unique considerations in efforts to meet their particular needs for preschool education. Among the most agreed upon practices to address these needs are the provision of strategic and intentional interactions in English with use of children’s home languages (HLs) for instruction. However, challenges include the capacity among the workforce to deliver instruction in two languages and whether assistant teachers may be relied on to provide HL instruction. Further, to assess the quality of interactions deemed best for dual language learners (DLLs) use of an observation tool explicitly designed to understand these contexts for DLLs is warranted. The purpose of this study was to examine the relative effectiveness of different teacher and assistant teacher bilingualism combinations on teaching practices as assessed using the Classroom Assessment of Supports for Emergent Bilingual Acquisition (CASEBA; Freedson, Figueras, & Frede, 2009 ), a tool specifically designed for measuring language supports for preschool DLLs. Results indicate that classroom quality scores relative to staff language configurations differed with Spanish-speaking lead teacher pairs, earning significantly higher scores than the other staff language configuration groups. Associations between the CASEBA and children’s English and Spanish receptive vocabulary scores were also examined, revealing a relationship between assistant teacher’s home language use and English receptive vocabulary scores. These findings present a springboard for policy conversations regarding the supply and demand of bilingual teachers and teacher assistants, pre-service training and professional development, and the ways in which a specific classroom observation tool can inform all of these areas.
Implementation Strategy and Spatiotemporal Extensibility of Multipredictor Ensemble Model for Water Quality Parameter Retrieval With Multispectral Remote Sensing Data

In previous studies, empirical models have been widely used to map water quality parameters for inland waters using remotely sensed imagery. Due to the complex optical properties of inland waters, empirical models often have limited performances and they cannot be extended or reused across space and time. To overcome the limitations of traditional empirical models, this article further explores the ensemble method for water quality parameter retrieval. Based on the Sentinel-2 multispectral images and extensive coincident in situ water quality data, we examined different implementation strategies and evaluated the extensibility of a multipredictor ensemble model for retrieving chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) across space and time. Our analysis shows that the multipredictor ensemble model can improve the Chl-a prediction accuracy by 46% compared with the best traditional empirical model. Our experiments suggest that the selection of heterogeneous component models improves the performance of the ensemble model and the new iterative K-fold calibration approach results in a considerably better ensemble model than the global calibration approach. To evaluate the spatial extensibility, our ensemble model calibrated for Harsha Lake was applied to Caesar Creek Lake and Brookville Lake. This ensemble model calibrated with the data sets acquired on October 7, 2016 was also applied to Sentinel-2 images of Harsha Lake acquired on October 2, 2017 and August 23, 2018, to evaluate its extensibility for different years. Our evaluation results show that the ensemble model can be transferred and reused across space and time to provide reliable and accurate Chl-a estimates.
Physical constraints on growth dynamics guide C. elegans developmental trajectories and animal shape

Abstract Growth control is essential to establish organism size, so organisms must have mechanisms to both sense and adjust growth. Studies of single cells have revealed that size homeostasis can be achieved using distinct control methods: Sizer, Timer, and Adder. In multicellular organisms, mechanisms that regulate body size must not only control single cell growth but also integrate it across organs and tissues during development to generate adult size and shape. To investigate body size and growth control in metazoans, we can leverage the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans as a scalable and tractable model. We collected precise growth measurements of thousands of individuals throughout larval development, measured feeding behavior to pinpoint larval transitions, and quantified highly accurate changes in animal size and shape during development. We find differences in the growth of animal length and width during larval transitions. Using a combination of quantitative measurements and mathematical modeling, we present two physical mechanisms by which C. elegans can control growth. First, constraints on cuticle stretch generate mechanical signals through which animals sense body size and initiate larval-stage transitions. Second, mechanical control of food intake drives growth rate within larval stages, but between stages, regulatory mechanisms influence growth. These results suggest how physical constraints control developmental timing and growth rate in C. elegans. Author summary Precise growth control is essential to the development of proper adult body size and shape. Although a larger body size can increase an organism’s competitive advantage, an increased body size also requires added time and nutrients to develop. As such, organisms must have mechanisms to both sense and adjust growth during development. Studies of single cells have revealed that proper body size can be achieved using size or time control mechanisms. In multicellular organisms, additional levels of control are required as growth must be differentially regulated across cells, tissues, and organs. We leveraged the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans as a scalable model to investigate growth control in metazoans. As animals transitioned from one developmental stage to the next, we observed changes in body shape while body size remained constant, suggesting that animals might sense shape to set developmental timing. Two mechanisms likely control growth rate, physical control of feeding rate and metabolic regulation, and we are able to identify developmental periods where each govern growth. Our results demonstrate how physical constraints in tandem with other regulation can be used to broadly control developmental timing and growth rate across diverse organisms.
Perceived stress and sleep quality among master’s students in social work

Poor sleep quality is prevalent in professional graduate school students due to academic- and work-related stress. In addition, it has been found that high levels of perceived stress, including lif...
Developmental outcomes in small-for-gestational age twins using a singleton vs twin birthweight reference

BACKGROUND Limited data exist about the potential developmental delays in appropriately grown twins; furthermore, twins may be at higher risk of developmental delay than singletons. Small-for-gestational age is a risk factor for developmental delay and is based on singleton birthweight references, which may misclassify small-for-gestational age in a subset of appropriately grown twins. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the risk of developmental delay in twins classified as small-for-gestational age according to the twin and singleton birthweight references ( STUDY DESIGN In a birth cohort (2008–2010) of twins (n=1790) and singletons (n=3829) where parents completed Ages & Stages Questionnaires for child development between 4 and 36 months, we used a US population-based birthweight reference to categorize singletons and twins as small-for-gestational age. Uncertain small-for-gestational age twins were defined as small-for-gestational age by a singleton reference ( RESULTS Compared with non–small-for-gestational age twins (>10th percentile), uncertain small-for-gestational age twins did not have higher odds of Ages & Stages Questionnaires failure (adjusted odds ratio, 1.28; 95% confidence interval, 0.91–1.80). Compared with non–small-for-gestational age singletons, both twin-reference and uncertain small-for-gestational age twins had higher odds of Ages & Stages Questionnaires failure, with the highest risk conferred to twin-reference small-for-gestational age twins (twin-reference adjusted odds ratio, 3.14 [95% confidence interval, 1.94–5.10]; uncertain adjusted odds ratio, 2.35 [95% confidence interval, 1.69–3.26]; P CONCLUSION Although a singleton reference may overestimate small-for-gestational age in twins, the findings indicated that a singleton birthweight reference may be appropriate for twins because it identifies more twins at risk of developmental delay than a twin reference.
On the Stability of Standing Solitons in Faraday Resonance

This paper investigates the basic stability properties of the standing soliton occurring in Faraday resonance. We start by constructing a complete picture of the linearized stability of the soliton solutions of the forced, damped, nonlinear Schrodinger (NLS) equation. The linear-stability analysis shows that a small region of the parameter space is stable. The stable region is bordered by regions in which the soliton is unstable to the continuous spectrum of the linear operator, unstable to discrete spectrum of the linear operator or unstable to both. We perform numerical simulations of the forced, damped, NLS equation to determine the evolution of the solution after the onset of instability. The simulations fully confirm the predictions of the linear theory in each of the various regimes. Lastly, broad experimental observations are carried out to investigate the evolution of the solitons in the laboratory. The observations qualitatively confirm all the predicted behavior for the evolution of the soliton in the stable and unstable parameter regimes when the amplitude of the forcing and the frequency detuning are small.
Animal Models of Corneal Injury

The cornea is an excellent model system to use for the analysis of wound repair because of its accessibility, lack of vascularization, and simple anatomy. Corneal injuries may involve only the superficial epithelial layer or may penetrate deeper to involve both the epithelial and stromal layers. Here we describe two well-established in vivo corneal wound models: a mechanical wound model that allows for the study of re-epithelialization and a chemical wound model that may be used to study stromal activation in response to injury (Stepp et al., 2014; Carlson et al., 2003).
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in HIV-Associated Dementia

Neuroimaging studies can aid in the diagnosis of HIV-related brain diseases, as well as improve our understanding of the pathophysiology of HIV dementia. The ultimate goal of "functional" neuroimaging studies is to improve the understanding of common cognitive deficits in HIV patients, such as decreased sustained attention, mental flexibility, general motor speed, and short-term and working memory. To date, only three studies have used perfusion magnetic resonance imagery (pMRI) to evaluate cerebral perfusion in patients with HIV dementia. This chapter reviews some of the technical aspects of pMRI and blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) functional MRI (fMRI), as well as the results of published studies of patients with HIV. Few fMRI or pMRI studies in patients with HIV brain injury have been published. The major findings from pMRI include frontal hypoperfusion, as well as subcortical gray-matter and parietal white-matter hyperperfusion. These regional perfusion abnormalities may reflect neuronal dysfunction or inflammatory changes. Finally, due to the highly reproducible intrasubject patterns of brain activation, fMRI holds great promise, not only for evaluating the extent of brain injury, but also for longitudinal clinical trials to monitor treatment effects in HIV-associated brain injury.
MiR-17~92 promotes hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension by regulating proliferation and contraction of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (LB779)

Introduction: Recent studies suggest that microRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in development and pathogenesis of human diseases. We sought to identify novel miRNAs that may be involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and to investigate underlying mechanisms. Methods and Results: We performed miRNA qPCR array using pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMC) isolated from lungs of normal donor and PAH patients. We found that all of the six members of the miR-17~92 cluster were down-regulated in PAH PASMCs. In hypoxia-induced PAH mouse model and cultured human PASMCs, we found that short term hypoxia induced miR-17~92 whereas prolonged hypoxia suppressed miR-17~92. We generated a strain of SMC-specific miR-17~92 knockout (sm-17~92-/-) mouse by crossbreeding miR-17~92 fl/fl mice with sm22α-Cre mice and subsequent backcrossing. We exposed 8-10 week old sm-17~92-/- mice along with their wild type littermates to hypoxia (10% O2) or normoxia for five weeks. We showed that knoc...
Tissue interaction in chick liver development: a reevaluation. II. Parenchymal differentiation: mesenchymal influence and morphogenetic independence.

Abstract Previous investigators of liver differentiation have described its dependence upon an epithelial-mesenchymal interaction of partial specificity, based upon the embryonic origin of the mesodermal component. Derivatives of the ventral mesoderm encourage epithelial differentiation (PAS-detectable glycogen synthesis), whereas those of the dorsal mesoderm do not. The possibility of a causal relationship between normal histogenesis and functional differentiation was not explored, but a suggestive correlation was established. The present study reinvestigates the development of hepatic function, reexamining the nature of the mesenchymal role and the apparent interdependence of differentiation and morphogenesis. Differentiation was assessed by the criterion of UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity. The glucuronide product was measured by a highly sensitive spectrofluorometric technique following its isolation by thin layer chromatography. It is demonstrated, in agreement with previous studies, that differentiated levels of specialized function are achieved only in the presence of mesenchyme, but that this need not be the homologous mesenchyme. Not all ventrally-derived mesenchymes are permissive in this regard, however. Neither is there any reason to believe that favorable mesenchymes play an instructional, as opposed to a nutritional role. Augmentation, rather than acquisition, of function is the product of this interaction. Functional differentiation of hepatic endoderm appears to require its cytological maturation, but its histological architecture is probably irrelevant.
Challenges and Guidance for Lawyering in a Global Legal Community

This foreword provides an overview of some key aspects of law practice that have changed over the last thirty years. Advancements in technology that allow communication and interaction across borders have facilitated lawyers in globalizing their practice locality. Consequently, new issues regarding comparative ethics have arisen. This foreword suggests that ethics rules have not kept pace with the changing landscape of law practice and uses current standards for advanced waivers, rules relating to contracts with represented and unrepresented persons, and the proper use of ethics rules in civil litigation to illustrate this point. This foreword raises concern over the erosion of the attorney-client privilege and lawyer independence. This foreword acknowledges that legal malpractice law continues to be a developing body of law. Finally, this foreword warns of the potential ethical traps for lawyers representing family members and the need for more guidance in this area.
Aluminum alloy performance in industrial air-cooled applications

Air-cooled equipment has an impressive record of performance in industrial cooling applications, particularly in rural-dry environments. At temperatures below the dew point, however, combinations of moisture and contaminants (particularly chlorides and some sulfur compounds) promote severe corrosion on aluminum. Washing the cooling surfaces with some commercial detergents provides a corrosive environment, particularly on areas where drainage collects. Coal dust deposits have caused corrosion of aluminum fins. Marine-humid-industrial locations have caused severe corrosion problems on aluminum air-cooled equipment, particularly when the coolers are at ambient temperatures for extended periods. The results of the domestic survey and available specimens have directed this study principally to aluminum. However, the foreign survey, which is summarized here, provided some insights into the behavior of galvanized steel cooling towers.
Box 1: Stopping of Ions in Nanomaterials

The stopping of ions in solids is due to the energy loss as a result of the resistance to ion passage by the electrons and atomic nuclei in the material. When an ion penetrates a solid, it experiences a number of collisions. Energetic charged particles interact with both electrons and atoms in materials. Kinetic energy transfers to atoms can result in displacement of atoms from their original sites, thereby forming atomic-scale defects in the structure. Energy transfers to the target electrons (either bound or free) produce electron-hole pairs that can result in charging of pre-existing defects, localized electronic excitations, rupture of covalent and ionic bonds, enhanced defect and atomic diffusion, increased free energy, changes in phase transformation dynamics, as well as formation of atomic-scale defects.
Seismic shear wave structure of the uppermost mantle beneath the Mohns Ridge

Crust produced at mid-ocean ridges with full spreading rates less than ∼20 mm/yr is observed to be only 0–4 km thick, well below the global average of 6–7 km for oceanic crust produced at faster spreading rates. The origin of this difference is unknown, but is speculated to result from a thicker thermal boundary layer at the axis of the slowest spreading ridges that either inhibits shallow melting or melt extraction. We present an analysis of regional broadband data, predominately Love and Rayleigh waves, collected along the very slow spreading Mohns Ridge (where crustal thickness is ∼4 km) in the Norwegian-Greenland Sea. The seismic data constrain lithospheric and asthenospheric velocities for lithospheric ages from 0 to 25 Ma. We find lithospheric thickness to closely match the prediction of a simple ridge half-space thermal model (via the temperature and pressure effects on the seismic properties of mantle materials). Asthenospheric shear wave velocities are consistent with this thermal model plus ≤2% melt at the youngest ages. Just at the top of the mantle, a thin zone with velocities intermediate between those of mantle and gabbroic rocks suggests that some melt is frozen into the mantle as might occur if a thin axial lithospheric lid inhibits melt extraction from the mantle and the melt is subsequently frozen into the mantle. If this process occurs to some degree at all slow to very slow spreading ridges, then there may be spatially large reservoirs of unaccounted for gabbroic melt frozen into the mantle throughout many ocean basins.
A variational treatment of the effects of vibrational anharmonicity on gas-phase electron diffraction intensities: Part I. Molecular scattering function

Abstract A treatment of the effects of vibrational anharmonicity on the molecular scattering intensity function is presented. Thermal average moments of the normal coordinate distribution functions are calculated for linear and bent triatomics using vibrational wavefunctions determined by the variational method. An exact expression for computing the thermal average of the molecular scattering function is presented, and the validity of the approximate conventional expression for the molecular scattering function is tested by numerical comparison with the exact expression.
Good Governance Means Performance and Results

If the object of developing and developed world leaders is to uplift their peoples continually, then it is essential to measure approximations of actual service deliveries (what we ought to mean by “governance”), not to rate nations impressionistically according to the perceived quality of their operations, their perceived impartiality (as per Rothstein), the extent of their bureaucratic autonomy (as per Fukuyama and others), or their capacity to coax or coerce citizens. Only in that positive manner can we distinguish the governments that are producing abundant political goods (i.e., good governance) from those that no longer are, or never did.
Application-driven analysis of two generations of capability computing: the transition to multicore processors

Multicore processors form the basis of most traditional high performance parallel processing architectures. Early experiences with these computers showed significant performance problems, both with regard to computation and inter-process communication. The transition from Purple, an IBM POWER5-based machine, to Cielo, a Cray XE6, as the main capability computing platform for the United States Department of Energy's Advanced Simulation and Computing campaign provides an opportunity to reexamine these issues after experiences with a few generations of multicore-based machines. Experiences with Purple identified some important characteristics that led to strong performance of complex scientific application programs at very large scales. Herein, we compare the performance of some Advanced Simulation and Computing mission critical applications at capability scale across this transition to multicore processors. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes To The Intermediate Accounting Course Sequence

There is an ever-growing amount of information that must be covered in Intermediate Accounting courses. Due to recent accounting standards and the implementation of IFRS this trend is likely to continue. This report incorporates the results of a recent survey to examine the trend of spending more course time to cover this additional material. Two-hundred universities throughout the United States were surveyed during the last two months of 2008 and the first two months of 2009 in order to gather the data used in this report . Eight questions were asked of the respondents ranging from accreditation of the program to the faculty attitudes and perceptions. The results indicate that forty percent of the universities surveyed required more than the standard two (3 credit hour) courses in Intermediate Accounting. Some of the universities that have made changes in their program now offer a three course Intermediate Accounting sequence while others are requiring two courses of four credit hours rather than the traditional three hours. There does not seem to be a direct correlation between AACSB accredited programs verses nonaccredited. Both types of institutions did not statically differ in their course delivery methods. Several universities indicated that even though a change had not been made, it was being considered.
Computer access for persons who are blind or visually impaired: human factors issues

Suitably adapted computers hold considerable potential for integrating people who are blind or visually impaired into the mainstream. The principal problems that preclude the achievement of this potential are human factors issues. These issues are discussed, and the problems presented by icon-based interfaces are reviewed. An argument is offered that these issues, which ostensibly pertain to the blind or visually impaired user, are fundamental issues confronting all users. There is reason to hope that the benefits of research into the human factors issues of people with vision impairments will also extend to the sighted user.
High bandwidth InAlAs/InGaAs PIN-HBT monolithically integrated photoreceiver

A monolithically integrated photoreceiver using an InAlAs/InGaAs HBT-based transimpedance amplifier has been fabricated and characterized. The p-i-n photodiode is implemented using the base-collector junction of the HBT. The 5 /spl mu/m/spl times/5 /spl mu/m emitter area transistors have self-aligned base metal and nonalloyed Ti/Pt/Au contacts. Discrete transistors demonstrated f/sub T/ and f/sub max/ of 54 GHz and 51 GHz, respectively. The amplifier demonstrated an effective transimpedance bandwidth of 10 GHz and a gain of 40 dB/spl Omega/. The integrated photoreceiver with a 10 /spl mu/m/spl times/10 /spl mu/m p-i-n photodiode showed a -3 dB bandwidth of 7.1 GHz. >
Particle Radiotherapy: Historical Developments and Current Status

The current status of particle radiotherapy from a historical perspective is presented. This is done with a personal view and contains personal references and memories during the development of particle radiotherapy. The particles covered are fast neutrons, neutron capture therapy, protons, helium ions, pions and heavy ions. International cooperation in the development of the field of particle therapy, its impact on radiobiology and conventional radiotherapy, and some personal reflections and conclusions are also presented briefly.
The effects of ionophore A23187 on erythrocytes relationship of ATP and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate to calcium-binding capacity

The divalent cation ionophore, A23187, was employed as a means to load fresh human erythrocytes with calcium, and the capacity for accumulation was characterized. Erythrocytes exposed to A23187 in calcium-containing media rapidly accumulated calcium in millimolar quantities. The final cellular concentration was dependent upon medium calcium concentration and the size of the cellular organophosphate pool. When ATP and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate contents were depleted or repleted, the cellular calcium content changed proportionally. Calcium loading of fresh erythrocytes produced no discernible change in the cellular concentrations of ATP or 2,3-diphosphoglycerate. Calcium accumulation was also accompanied by loss of cellular potassium and H2O, deterioration of cell filterability, and spheroechinocytic transformation.
Testing relativistic theories of gravity with spacecraft-Doppler gravity-wave detection

The response of a spacecraft Doppler-tracking system to the passage of a weak plane gravity wave of the most general polarization is calculated. Results show that the simultaneous tracking of several spacecraft could provide an unambiguous determination of the gravity-wave polarization, a much needed result in the continuing experimental testing of relativistic theories of gravity.
Cross-border feminism: Shifting the terms of debate for us and european feminists

Recent decades of women's rights advocacy have produced numerous regional and international agreements for protecting women's security, including a UN convention that affirms the state's responsibility to protect key gender-specific rights, with no exceptions on the basis of culture or religion. At the same time, however, the focus on universal women's rights has enabled influential feminists in the United States to view women's rights in opposition to culture, and most often in opposition to other people's cultures. Not surprisingly, then, feminists across the global South have criticized the universal-women's-rights agenda. This article reviews representative critical responses to universal-women's-rights advocacy. The author argues that, taken collectively, these critical responses do not reject the possibility of cross-cultural feminist advocacy but they do suggest the need for feminists in the United States and Europe to focus less on transferring rights across the obstacles of culture and more on ho...
Synthesis and Characterization of Poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene/2,5-Dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole (PEDOT-DMcT) Hybrids

Abstract Organosulfur Compounds (OSCs) represent an attractive alternative as organic cathode materials for electrochemical energy storage (EES) applications. They intrinsically have high gravimetric capacity (although low volumetric) and are typically inexpensive, since they are composed of abundant elements (i.e. C, N, O, and S). However, OSCs, specifically thiolate-containing OSCs generally suffer from slow charge transfer kinetics. To mitigate the charge transfer limitations, conducting polymers (CPs) such as poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT) have been employed as electrocatalysts. In this manuscript, we have covalently modified a PEDOT film with an OSC (i.e. 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole di-lithium salt (Li2DMcT)). We have developed a synthetic strategy that employs, for the first time, a post-polymerization modification reaction as a tractable and viable technique to modify organic materials for EES electrodes. Electrochemical characterization, via cyclic voltammetry showed the expected pseudocapacitive response of PEDOT with the superimposed faradaic processes of the covalently bound DMcT. Moreover, spectroscopic characterization using Raman spectroscopy provided mechanistic insights into the electrochemical reactions. Furthermore, we electropolymerized films onto coin-cell electrodes and tested them in half-cell configurations and found that the capacity retention of the films was significantly enhanced, when compared with the PEDOT/DMcT composites (mixed but not covalently bound).
EFFECT OF DRY HEAT ON THE BLOOD COUNT IN ANIMALS III. STUDIES ON LYMPHOID ACTIVITY.

Animals subjected to dry heat for a short period show a sharp fall in the total white blood count, both the polymorphonuclear leucocytes and the lymphocytes taking part in the fall. Following this there is a slow recovery on the part of the polymorphonuclear leucocytes, which generally require several weeks to regain their normal number. The lymphocytes rise rapidly after the initial fall and continue to rise for 2 or 3 weeks. This increase often amounts to a gain of over 200 to 300 per cent above the normal count for the animal. The observations were made on mice, rats, and guinea pigs. The circulating lymphocytes during the more active stage of stimulation after heating show numerous examples of amitotic division.
Drugs and the Medicalization of Human Problems

The focus in the mass media on illegal drug abuse among the young has obscured an epidemic increase in the misuse of legal psychoactive drugs in America. The threat to society from the widespread u...
The effects of a strongly temperature-dependent viscosity on slow flow past a hot sphere

This work determines analytically the drag on, and heat flux out of, a hot sphere that translates steadily in a fluid of strongly temperature-dependent viscosity. There is no dissipative heating. The essentials are illustrated by an exact solution for the flow induced by slowly squeezing two parallel planes together. The lower plane is hot and stationary; the upper is cold and advances in a direction normal to itself at uniform speed U. The gap is completely filled by a fluid of strongly temperature-dependent viscosity. We find the temperature and velocity profiles, and determine the Nusselt number N and Peklet number P as functions of the normal force D on the lower plane. The large viscosity variation tries to concentrate the flow into a relatively thin softened layer in which the viscosity is of order its value μ0 at the hot plane. In the limit of infinite viscosity ratio (fixed P), it succeeds (lubrication limit): if P [Lt ] 1, the width of the softened layer is determined by conduction and D ∝ μ0U; but D ∝ μ0U4 when forced convection is important. If P → ∞ (fixed viscosity ratio), the softened layer is so thin that it chokes, and all the deformation occurs outside the thermal layer in the fluid of uniform viscosity μ∞ (Stokes limit); then D ∝ μ∞U. These mechanisms appear as three distinct legs in our plot of log P against log D. There are similar transitions in the plot of log N against log D. The solution gives an estimate of the drag on a sphere. We test this estimate against an analytical solution for the sphere in the lubrication limit. Then we extend the solution to cover power-law fluids, and apply it to a model (by Marsh) of magma transport beneath island-arc volcanoes. The results suggest that the magma covers the first 50 km of its ascent by an isoviscous mechanism, with the lubrication mechanism operating in the remaining 50 km. To open a fresh pathway from the source to the surface takes about 106 years and uses about 1027 erg.
Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain.

Aims: Microglia are involved in neurodegeneration, are prime targets for anti-inflammatory therapy and are potential biomarkers of disease progression. For example, positron emission tomography imaging employing radioligands for the mitochondrial translocator protein of 18 kDa (TSPO, formerly known as the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor) is being scrutinized to detect neuroinflammation in various diseases. TSPO is presumably present in activated microglia, but may be present in other neural cells. Methods: We sought to elucidate the protein expression in normal human central nervous system, several neurological diseases (HIV encephalitis, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis and stroke) and simian immunodeficiency virus encephalitis by performing immunohistochemistry with two anti-TSPO antibodies. Results: Although the overall parenchymal staining was minimal in normal brain, endothelial and smooth muscle cells, subpial glia, intravascular monocytes and ependymal cells were TSPO-positive. In disease states, elevated TSPO was present in parenchymal microglia, macrophages and some hypertrophic astrocytes, but the distribution of TSPO varied depending on the disease, disease stage and proximity to the lesion or relation to infection. Staining with the two antibodies correlated well in white matter, but one antibody also stained cortical neurones. Quantitative analysis demonstrated a significant increase in TSPO in the white matter of HIV encephalitis compared with brains without encephalitis. TSPO expression was also increased in simian immunodeficiency virus encephalitis. Conclusions: This report provides the first comprehensive immunohistochemical analysis of the expression of TSPO. The results are useful for informing the usage of positron emission tomography as an imaging modality and have an impact on the potential use of TSPO as an anti-inflammatory pharmacological target.
Fluoro-containing polyimide blends: Prediction and experiments

Blends of the polyimides based on the dianhydrides O(CO) 2 Ph(CO) 2 O, O(CO) 2 Ph-R-Ph(CO) 2 O (R=−, CO, O, C(CF 3 ) 2 ) and on the para- and meta-substituted diamines H 2 NPh-CMe 2 PhNH 2 are studied. The results show that these polyimides are missible with each other if: (1) the dianhydride composition is the same in each pair, and (2) the diamine is changed from the meta-diamine to the para-diamine. These results are consistent with calculations based on the Flory-Huggins theory
Periodic and Almost Periodic Functions on Infinite Sierpinski Gaskets

We define periodic functions on infinite blow-ups of the Sierpinski gasket as lifts of func- tions defined on certain compact fractafolds via covering maps. This is analogous to defining periodic functions on the line as lifts of functions on the circle via covering maps. In our setting there is only a countable set of covering maps. We give two different characterizations of periodic functions in terms of repeating patterns. However, there is no discrete group action that can be used to characterize pe- riodic functions. We also give a Fourier series type description in terms of periodic eigenfunctions of the Laplacian. We define almost periodic functions as uniform limits of periodic functions.
JOINT VENTURES AND OFFSHORE OIL LEASE SALES

Alternative explanations of joint bidding for offshore oil tract leases are examined. The models suggest that firms undertake joint bids: 1) to reduce risk by spreading ownership across tracts; 2) to share technical expertise including information; and 3) to ameliorate financial constraints. These hypotheses are examined empirically using the multiple logit technique and other tests with data constructed from the Baltimore-Canyon sale of 1976. The results suggest that firms' behaviors are consistent with the explanations of diversification and sharing of expertise; explanations based on financial constraints are shown to be consistent with the data in the risk-averse case but not in the risk-neutral case. Implications of these results for research and policy are discussed.
Effect of insulin injections repeated at brief intervals.

IN RECENT articles we presented experimental evidence to the effect that insulin action is self-inhibiting and even self-terminating, as soon as it produces hypoglycemia. This phenomenon was ascribed to the mobilization by hypoglycemia of factors (in the main: hormones of the pituitaryadrenal system) which counteract insulin (Somogyi, 1948a and b). We have demonstrated, furthermore, that this defensive mechanism goes promptly into action as soon as the blood sugar falls but a few milligrams below the normal fasting level (Somogyi, 1948a) i.e., long before the onset of subjective symptoms of hypoglycemia. From this fact it follows that when insulin is injected in the postabsorptive state, the ensuing changes in the blood sugar do not truly represent the action of the injected insulin supply. This is so, because the blood sugar declines below the fasting level immediately after injection, and this change, in turn, promptly mobilizes the insulin antagonistic factors;
Role of oxidised low density lipoprotein in atherogenesis

Overview of the concept ofoxidative modification ofLDL There can be no doubt now that there is a continuum of increasing risk for complications ofatherosclerosis when plasma cholesterol levels exceed 160-180 mg/dl. Many types of experimental and clinical evidence substantiate the "cholesterol hypothesis." Many primary and secondary prevention trials, including the recent angiographic trials(CLAS andFATS) document that reduction of plasma cholesterol is as powerful as has been predicted in slowing the progression and clinical expression ofcoronary atherosclerosis. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms linking hypercholesterolemia to atherogenesis and its sequelae remain unclear. Iflowering ofLDL is efficacious in ameliorating the atherogenic process, why then should one bother to understand the mechanisms? Simply because loweringLDL will not be a total solution. Although it may be true that ifcholesterol levels were reduced to < 150 mg/dl there would be little if any coronary artery disease (CAD),' it is not likely that this will occur any time soon. At any given level ofLDL there is great variability in the clinical expression of the disease. Patients with heterozy
An Inter-Cohort Comparison of Changes in Racial Attitudes:

This article tests two common but different assumptions about aging: that aging is accompanied by increasingly conservative sociopolitical attitudes and that aging results in attitudinal rigidity. ...
Large-Eddy Simulation of a Gas Turbine Combustor Flow

Large-eddy simulation (LES) of turbulent premixed reacting flows in a gas turbine combustor (General Electric's lean premixed dry low-NOx LM6000) has been carried out to evaluate the potential of LES for design studies of realistic hardware. A flamelet model for the premixed flame is combined with a dynamic model for the subgrid kinetic energy to simulate the propagation of the turbulent flame in this high swirl and high Reynolds number flow. Comparison of the computed results with experimental data indicate good agreement in spite of relatively coarse grid resolution employed in the LES. These results provide significant confidence that LES capability for design studies of practical interest is feasible in the near future.
Improving Mailed Questionnaires: Analysis of a 96 Percent Return Rate.

The procedures used in a successful mailed evaluation questionnaire effort are described in this chapter and guidance is given to those who are unfamiliar with the methodology.
THE CONNECTION BETWEEN HEAVY DRINKING AND JUVENILE DELINQUENCY DURING ADOLESCENCE

ABSTRACT The goal of this study was to examine the reciprocal relationship between alcohol use and delinquency. Beyond any direct effects, this study was also interested in possible indirect effects. In order to examine these indirect effects this study modeled social bonding as an intervening variable, connecting prior alcohol and delinquency to future alcohol and delinquency. With five waves of data from the National Youth Survey, this study used structural equation modeling to examine the research question. Findings indicate stability in both behaviors over time, as well as a reciprocal relationship between alcohol use and delinquency. This finding is, in part, due to the significant indirect connections via the social bond. Alcohol and delinquency weaken the social bond and promote continued involvement in both behaviors.
The Male Genital Tract Is Not a Pharmacological Sanctuary From Efavirenz

Many antiretroviral (ARV) drugs have large blood plasma-to-seminal plasma (BP/SP) concentration ratios. Concern exists that these drugs do not adequately penetrate the male genital tract (MGT), resulting in the MGT becoming a “pharmacological sanctuary” from these agents, with ineffective MGT concentrations despite effective blood concentrations. Efavirenz (EFV) is the most highly protein-bound ARV drug, with >99% binding in blood plasma and the largest BP/SP total EFV concentration ratio, reportedly ranging from 11 to 33. To evaluate protein binding as an explanation for the differences between the drug concentrations in blood and semen, we developed a novel ultrafiltration method, corrected for the duration of centrifugation, to measure protein binding in the two matrices. In six subjects, protein-free EFV concentrations were the same in blood and semen; the median (interquartile range (IQR)) protein-free EFV SP/BP ratio was 1.21 (0.99–1.35); EFV protein binding was 99.82% (99.79–99.86) in BP and 95.26% (93.24–96.67) in SP. This shows that the MGT is not a sanctuary from EFV. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2011) 90 1, 151–156. doi:10.1038/clpt.2011.99
Contrasting Rates of Spread of Two Congeners, Dreissena polymorpha and Dreissena Rostriformis Bugensis, at Different Spatial Scales

ABSTRACT Examining congeners can help identify critical differences between species that affect invasion and spread. We examined Dreissenapolymorpha (zebra mussel) and Dreissena rostriformis bugensis (quagga mussel), which are important invaders in freshwater and share general ecological characteristics, to determine whether they had similar rates of invasion at different spatial scales (global, regional, local, and individual water bodies) from the time of first introduction to the present. We also contrasted differences in ecological and population characteristics that could influence speed of spread. Although D. polymorpha and D. r. bugensis are relatives and share a common native habitat, morphology, lifestyle, life history, and dispersal potential, D. polymorpha was found to be a better invader than D. r. bugensis at most spatial scales throughout their invasion history. Spread at the regional scale in North America was the same for both species, but the initial rate of invasion by zebra mussels far ...
Differential Thermal Analysis of Electrode Reactions

SUMMARY The current interest in the kinetics of electrode processes was historically preceded by a consideration of electrochemical thermodynamics. The thermodynamic experiments consisted of the equilibrium (zero current) measurement of cell potentials as a function of temperature. Measurements were also made of the temperature changes associated with the charging and discharging of cells.
DNA Polymerase α and β Activity in γ-irradiated HeLa S3 Cells

SummaryThe acute effects (less than 2 hours) of γ-irradiation on DNA polymerase α and β activity in HeLa S3 cells were studied. The enzyme activities were measured in sonicates of the irradiated cells, using an exogenous DNA as template. Both DNA α- and β-polymerase activities decreased following irradiation of the cells. Doses as low as 100 rad significantly reduced the activities of the enzymes. While the activities of both DNA polymerases decreased as the dose received by the cells increased, the major reduction in enzyme activity occurred with doses of 100–200 rad. The reduction in DNA α- and β-polymerase activities was maximal by 30 min post-irradiation and recovered to control values by 2 hours post-irradiation.
Do Anxiety Disorders Exist in Persons with Severe and Profound Mental Retardation

Abstract Sixty-nine individuals with severe and profound mental retardation were selected from 289 clients and studied for possible anxiety disorders. The validity of the DASH-II anxiety subscale was evaluated to determine its value in categorizing individuals with and without anxiety. Our findings were mixed. Only behavioral symptoms associated with anxiety could be reliably assessed in these individuals. Unfortunately, this ruled out many core symptoms of the disorder. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Development of a protocol for determination of domoic acid in the sand crab (Emerita analoga): a possible new indicator species ☆

The aim of this study was to begin evaluating the utility of sand crabs (Emerita analoga) as an indicator species for the algal neurotoxin, domoic acid (DA), in Monterey Bay, California, USA, a site of recurrent blooms of the DA-producing diatom, Pseudo-nitzschia. One of the current sentinel organisms, the sea mussel (Mytilus californianus), has shown minimal or undetectable toxicity during some local bloom events. As a critical step in assuring the accuracy of DA determinations in E. analoga, we have developed and validated a highly efficient extraction protocol that yields toxin recoveries of 97+/-2.9%. We also determined by HPLC-UV and receptor binding assay, with confirmation by LC-MS/MS, that sand crabs accumulated measurable amounts of DA during toxic Pseudo-nitzschia blooms, while the sea mussel showed no detectable toxin. In addition, a comparison of inter-animal variability in DA content revealed values ranging from ca. 0.5 to 5 microg DAg(-1) tissue and no consistent trend with size class, based on either animal weight or length. These data on the toxicity of individual animals will be useful in designing an appropriate sampling strategy for monitoring DA and, importantly, indicate that sand crabs do not appear to progressively bioaccumulate DA with age.