cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Band-gap renormalization of optically excited semiconductor quantum wells

The band-gap renormalization of optically excited semiconductor quantum wells due to exchange-correlation effects in the electron-hole system is studied here. The first-order self-energies for this two-component electron-hole plasma are calculated exactly within the random-phase approximation. All intersubband interactions are included fully, and they are found to make significant contributions to the self-energies and to their subband dependences. Particular attention is paid to the subband dependence of the band-gap renormalization. These calculations are made for realistic systems with finite well widths, finite barrier heights, and finite temperatures. The results are compared with recent experimental data for ${\mathrm{In}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$As/InP and GaAs/${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathit{x}}$As quantum wells.
Skin friction and heat transfer correlations for high-speed low-density flow past a flat plate

The independent and dependent variables associated with drag and heat transfer to a flat plate at zero incidence in high-speed, rarefied flow are analyzed anew to reflect the importance of kinetic effects occurring near the plate surface on energy and momentum transfer, rather than following arguments normally used to describe continuum, higher density flowfields. A new parameter, the wall Knudsen number Knx,w, based on an estimate of the mean free path length of molecules having just interacted with the surface of the plate, is introduced and used to correlate published drag and heat transfer data. The new parameter is shown to provide better correlation than either the viscous interaction parameter X or the widely-used slip parameter Voo for drag and heat transfer data over a wide range of Mach numbers, Reynolds numbers, and plate-to-freestream stagnation temperature ratios.
Factors affecting which phase will disperse when immiscible liquids are stirred together

Factors that affect control over which of two immiscible liquids would be continuous in stirred tanks were studied. Variables that were investigated were viscosities, densities, speed of mixing, manner of initiating the dispersion, and the materials and construction of the mixing apparatus. It was found that for a given liquid pair there is a wide range of relative volumes in which either liquid could be stably continuous. Within this range the phase that becomes continuous is prescribed by the manner of initiating the dispersion. This range was found to be a function principally of the viscosity ratio. Nous etudions les facteurs qui influencent le contrǒle de la phase continue lorsque deux liquides immiscibles sont places dans un reservoir avec agitation. Nous avons etudie l'effet de la viscosite, de la densite, de la vitesse d'agitation, de la facon d'initier la dispersion, ainsi que des materiaux et de la construction du reservoir avec agitateur. II a ete trouve qu'il existe une gamme etendue de volumes relatifs, pour une paire donnee de liquides, dans laquelle un ou l'autre des liquides peut devenir la phase continue stable. A l'interieur de cette region l'initiation de la dispersion prescrit quel liquide se presente sous la phase continue. La region est une fonction surtout du rapport des viscosites.
Ultraviolet spectra of alkali halides in inert matrices

Ultraviolet absorption spectra have been observed for some of the alkali halides in several inert matrices at wavelengths between 2000 and 4500 A. The matrix‐isolated molecules exhibit simpler spectra than those in the gas phase, permitting vibrational analysis. The LiI spectrum contains a strong absorption showing at least nine peaks with a mean spacing of 363 cm−1 in argon and 367 cm−1 in krypton, at wavelengths below 2900 A. In addition, LiI exhibits one broad structureless peak near 3500 A in both matrices. The NaI spectrum shows a weak absorption with as many as five peaks just below 4000 A. The mean spacings are 166 cm−1 in argon, 129 cm−1 in kyrpton, and 141 cm−1 in nitrogen. NaBr exhibits a strong absorption at wavelengths below 3100 A showing as many as 16 peaks with mean spacings of 453 cm−1 in argon, 529 cm−1 in krypton, and 472 cm−1 in nitrogen. LiBr, KI, NaCl, and RbBr show no absorption in this region at similar concentrations. The observed absorption peaks are interpreted as arising from tr...
Photocurrent effects on noise in silicon impatt oscillators

Experimental results are reported on the effect of electron-dominated and hole-dominated photocurrent on silicon flat-profile X-band impatt oscillators. Electron-dominated photocurrent noise is shown to degrade oscillator characteristics more than hole-dominated photocurrent noise, and this is attributed to the higher electron ionisation coefficient in silicon. The nominal photocurrent level is shown to reduce FM noise at large signal levels, as previously predicted. This noise reduction is only observed with hole-dominated photocurrent, owing to the longer intrinsic response time. The experimental results indicate that fluctuations in effective leakage current levels of 0.1% can significantly increase the oscillator noise level
Thermal emission of nonspherical particles

The thermal emission of nonspherical particles is studied by applying the fluctuation dissipation theorem to calculate the Stokes' vector source terms in radiative transfer theory. Generally, all the four Stokes' parameters in the source term are nonzero and are proportional to the absorption coefficient in the backward direction. The measurements of active and passive remote sensing are related by showing that within the framework of radiative transfer theory, the emissivity of vertically and horizontally polarized waves can be expressed in terms of the bistatic scattering coefficients in the usual manner. In addition, the emissions of the third and fourth Stokes' parameters are also expressed in terms of bistatic scattering coefficients.
THE ULTIMATE RESULT OF A DOUBLE NEPHRECTOMY AND THE REPLANTATION OF ONE KIDNEY

Experiment.--A medium-sized young bitch, in normal health. February 6, 19o8, lO:12 A. M. Under ether anesthesia, transverse laparotomy and dissection of the left kidney. The surface of the organ is lobulated. At IO :58 A. M., two serres fines are applied on the renal vessels at some distance from the kidney; then the vessels are cut. The ureter is also cut at about six centimeters from the pelvis, and the kidney with its peritoneal covering is extirpated and washed with a small quantity of Locke's solution (at the temperature of the laboratory), which is injected~ through the renal artery. The organ is deposited~ in a jar of Locke's solution. Then the central ends of the renal vessels are prepared for an.astomosis. The kidney is replaced in the abdominal cavity and circular suture of the artery and of the vein is performed. At II :28 A. M., reestablishment of the circulation and suture of the ureter. The organ is then fixed in its normal position by a suture of the peritoneum. The abdomen is closed by four planes of sutures. 4:oo P.M. Animal in excellent condition; walks and. drinks. February 7, 19o8. Animal appears to be in normal condition. February 19, IO:OO A.M. The right kidney is extirpated. Its surface is lobulated. Histological examination subsequently showed that its structure was entirely normal. February 2o. Animal has urinated abundantly. No albumen. February 25. Animal appears normal. No albumen in urine. March, 19o9. In excellent health. Eleven pups born.
Voltage Tunability of Quantum Cascade Lasers

The voltage tunability of three types of quantum cascade laser designs is investigated. The tuning coefficients and tuning ranges of electroluminescence and laser emission from all designs are measured and compared with the calculated results. A reduced tunability was observed in all lasers above threshold. This is attributed to the decrease of resistance across the laser active region (AR) as the photon density increases. A resumed tunability high above threshold occurs in all lasers with anticrossed injector ground and upper laser states. Lasers based on the anticrossed diagonal transition are tunable above threshold, with a tuning range of about 30 cm-1 (~3% of the laser emission wavenumber), i.e., a tuning rate of 750 cm-1 V-1middotperiod-1 of the AR and the injector.
Study of nutritional anemia in male residents of a chronic care facility

Abstract Fifty male residents of a chronic care facility were evaluated for evidence of anemia and/or nutritional deficiencies of folate, B 12 , or iron. Anemia was present in 16%, of which 88% were≥80 years of age. Hemoglobin (=14.2 g/dl), serum iron (=64 ug/dl), and total iron binding capacity (=210 ug/dl) in all residents were significantly lower than age and sex-matched controls, while serum ferritin in the non-anemic residents (=89 ng/dl) was comparable to age-matched controls. Serum ferritin was significantly lower in the anemic compared to the non-anemic in whom a clinical or laboratory diagnosis was unclear. There was no evidence of folate or B 12 deficiency.
How Parent Liaisons Can Help Bridge the Home-School Gap

In this qualitative case study, the author describes (a) how parent liaisons in a diverse suburban district have supported school, family, and community partnerships and (b) the role played by the district family and community involvement specialist. On the basis of analyses of interview, observation, survey, and document data, the author identifies 4 roles played by liaisons that enhanced home-school partnerships. The liaisons provided (a) direct services to families at risk, (b) support for teacher outreach, (c) support for school-based partnership teams, and (d) data for partnership program improvement. On the basis of these findings, the author offers practical recommendations for districts seeking to establish or improve liaison programs to build stronger ties between schools and the families of all students.
Modern Philippine Literature in English: Current Trends and the Tradition

(1976). Modern Philippine literature in English: Current trends and the tradition. World Literature Written in English: Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 392-397.
Damage Resistant Optics for a Mega-Joule Solid-State Laser

Research on Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) has progressed rapidly in the past several years. As a consequence LLNL is developing plans to upgrade the current 120 kJ solid state (Nd3-phosphate glass) Nova laser to a 1 . 5 to 2 megajoule system with the goal of achieving fusion ignition. The design of the planned Nova Upgrade is briefly discussed. Because of recent improvements in the damage resistance of optical materials it is now technically and economically feasible to build a megajoule-class solid state laser. Specifically the damage threshold of Nd3- doped phosphate laser glass muliilayer dielectric coatings and non-linear optical crystals (e. g. KDP) have been dramatically improved. These materials now meet the fluence requirements for a 1. 5-2 MJ Nd3-glass laser operating at 1054 and 351 nm and at a pulse length of 3 ns. The recent improvements in damage thresholds are reviewed threshold data at both 1064 and 355 nm and the measured pulse length scaling are presented. 1.
Joint Factor Structure of the WISC-R and K-ABC for Referred School Children:

The K-ABC has been the focus of considerable research and controversy, much of which has focused on understanding the constructs measured by this new test. Factor analyses of the K-ABC have found support for the test as a measure of simultaneous and sequential mental processing and achievement, but also have supported alternative interpretations, such as nonverbal reasoning, verbal memory, and verbal reasoning. The present study examined further the factorial validity of the K-ABC through joint factor analysis with the WISC-R. Of particular interest were several of the WISC-R subtests that should load differently if the K-ABC simultaneous/sequential model were valid than if an alternative interpretation were valid. Results were somewhat more supportive of a nonverbal reasoning/verbal memory interpretation of the K-ABC, but either interpretation could be supported by this research. The present study was less supportive of the K-ABC Achievement scale as a measure of school achievement. The K-ABC Achievement...
Effect of Geometry, Loading and Elastic Moduli on Critical Parameters in a Nanoindentation Test in Polymeric Matrix Composites with a Nonhomogeneous Interphase

Fiber nanoindentation models are developed for polymeric matrix composites with nonhomogeneous interphases. Using design of experiments, the effects of geometry, loading and material parameters on the critical parameters of the indentation test such as the load–displacement curve, the maximum interfacial shear and normal stresses are studied. The sensitivity analysis shows that the initial load–displacement curve is dependent only on the indenter type, and not on parameters such as fiber volume fraction, interphase type, thickness of interphase, and boundary conditions. The interfacial tensile radial stresses are not sensitive to indenter type, or to type and thickness of interphase, while the interfacial compressive radial stresses are sensitive mainly to boundary conditions and thickness of interphase; however, the influence of these factors on the interfacial radial stresses can be large. In contrast, the interfacial shear stress is sensitive to all factors, but the influence of the factors is relative...
Amino acids in rinse effluents as a predictor of graft function after transplantation of fatty livers in rats

There are too few reliable markers by which one can predict future function of a liver before implantation. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that amino acids in rinse–effluents could predict transplant outcome in marginal fatty livers from rats. Amino acids were measured in the rinse effluent from the livers immediately after harvest and graft preparation or cold storage. Amino acids in the effluent were twice as high in ethanol-treated animals compared to those in nonfatty controls. Ethanol-treated fatty livers survived for no longer than 7 days after transplantation while 83 % of nonfatty controls survived (P < 0.05). In subsequent studies, the cold-storage time was decreased to 6 h to determine whether failing fatty livers released more amino acid than grafts that would function normally. There was a significant increase in amino acids in the effluent of fatty grafts compared to controls. Moreover, the sum of the four selected amino acids (alanine, valine, histidine, leucine) was lower than 23 nmol/g liver in functional livers, whereas failing grafts had totals significantly higher than 25 nmol/g liver. The sum of the four amino acids correlated well with 24 h post-transplant serum AST levels (r = 0.78, P < 0.0001). So we can conclude that amino acid release can serve as a useful marker of graft viability and reliably predicts survival.
Analytic solutions for interface flow in combined confined and semi-confined, coastal aquifers

Analytic solutions are presented for steady interface flow in aquifers consisting of a confined and a semi-confined section. The total discharge is constant in the confined section and is directed towards the semi-confined section, which is bounded on top by a leaky layer that separates the aquifer from the sea. All solutions are based on the Dupuit approximation. The interface position is fully determined by two dimensionless parameters. The first parameter is the product of the uniform gradient towards the sea and the dimensionless leakage factor divided by the dimensionless density difference. The second dimensionless parameter is the length of the semi-confined section divided by the leakage factor. Four types of flow are distinguished. For cases I and II the interface does not reach the end of the semi-confined section, while it does for cases III and IV. For cases I and III the interface extends into the confined section, while for cases II and IV it remains entirely in the semi-confined section. Analytic solutions are presented for the position of the interface for all four cases. Diagrams are presented to determine the type of flow and the position of the interface toe based on the two dimensionless parameters. The pre-development position of the interface along the Georgia coast is computed as an illustration of the practical application of the presented formulas. Another practical application is the estimation of how far a numerical model of seawater intrusion should be extended into the sea for accurate simulations.
Black/white differences in women's reproductive-related health status: evidence from vital statistics.

Maternal-age-specific neonatal mortality risk differs by race, with the mid-20s risk low for whites but not blacks. This may be partially due to worsening health for black relative to white women. We analyzed deaths to young women in the aggregate and classified by causes that are also pregnancy risk factors. Over the predominant childbearing ages, mortality increases for blacks exceeded those for whites, usually by at least 25%. These indicators that black/white health differences widen as women progress through young adulthood suggest that such discrepancies may play a role in the black/white infant mortality differential, which merits further research.
Limitations to algorithm solvability: Galois methods and models of computation

We use simple arguments from Galois theory to prove the impossibility of exact algorithms for problems under various models of computation. In particular we show that there exist applied computational problems for which there are no closed from solutions over models such as Q(+, -, *, /, √), Q(+, -, *, /, k√), and Q(+, -, *, /, k√, q(x)), where Q is the field of rationals and q(x)e Q[x] are polynomials with non-solvable Galois groups.
Complex I Function Is Defective in Complex IV-deficient Caenorhabditis elegans

Cytochrome c oxidase (COX) is hypothesized to be an important regulator of oxidative phosphorylation. However, no animal phenotypes have been described due to genetic defects in nuclear-encoded subunits of COX. We knocked down predicted homologues of COX IV and COX Va in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Animals treated with W09C5.8 (COX IV) or Y37D8A.14 (COX Va) RNA interference had shortened lifespans and severe defects in mitochondrial respiratory chain function. Amount and activity of complex IV, as well as supercomplexes that included complex IV, were decreased in COX-deficient worms. The formation of supercomplex I:III was not dependent on COX. We found that COX deficiencies decreased intrinsic complex I enzymatic activity, as well as complex I-III enzymatic activity. However, overall amounts of complex I were not decreased in these animals. Surprisingly, intrinsic complex I enzymatic activity is dependent on the presence of complex IV, despite no overall decrease in the amount of complex I. Presumably the association of complex I with complex IV within the supercomplex I:III:IV enhances electron flow through complex I. Our results indicate that reduction of a single subunit within the electron transport chain can affect multiple enzymatic steps of electron transfer, including movement within a different protein complex. Patients presenting with multiple defects of electron transport may, in fact, harbor a single genetic defect.
Long transient phenomenon in nonlinear structural vibration

Abstract The long transient phenomenon in nonlinear structural vibrations is examined in detail by using a signal decomposition and processing method based on the empirical mode decomposition, Hilbert–Huang transform (HHT), and nonlinear dynamic characteristics derived from perturbation analysis. A sliding-window fitting (SWF) technique is derived to show the physical implication of Hilbert–Huang transform and other time–frequency decomposition methods. The SWF uses windowed regular harmonics and function orthogonality to simultaneously extract time-localized regular and/or distorted harmonics. Because of the use of pre-determined basis functions, function orthogonality, and windowed curve fitting for component extraction, it cannot extract accurate time-varying frequencies and amplitudes of harmonics distorted by nonlinearities. On the other hand, the HHT uses the apparent time scales revealed by the signal's local maxima and minima to sequentially sift distorted harmonics of different time scales, starting from high-frequency to low-frequency ones. Because Hilbert–Huang transform does not use predetermined basis functions and function orthogonality for component extraction, it provides more accurate signal decomposition and instant amplitudes and frequencies of extracted distorted harmonics. Numerical results show that the proposed HHT-based signal decomposition and processing method can accurately decompose nonlinear nonstationary signals and extract accurate intrawave amplitude and phase modulations, distorted harmonic response under a single-frequency harmonic excitation, and different types and orders of nonlinearities. Using this signal processing method, the long transient phenomenon in nonlinear vibrations is found to be caused by nonlinearities, coupling of transient and forced vibrations, and/or modal coupling of multiple modes.
The mechanism of voltage-sensitive dye responses on sarcoplasmic reticulum.

The mechanism of voltage-sensitive dye responses was analyzed on sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles to assess the changes in membrane potential related to Ca2+ transport. The absorbance and fluorescence responses of 3,3′-diethyl-2,2′-thiadicarbocyanine, 3,3′-dimethyl-2,2′-indodicarbocyanine and oxonol VI during ATP-dependent Ca2+ transport are influenced by the effect of accumulated Ca2+ upon the surface potential of the vesicle membrane. These observations place definite limitations on the use of these probes as indicators of ion-diffusion potential in processes which involve large fluctuations in free Ca2+ concentrations. Nile Blue A appeared to produce the cleanest optical signal to negative transmembrane potential, with least direct interference from Ca2+, encouraging the use of Nile Blue A for measurement of the membrane potential of sarcoplasmic reticulumin vivo andin vitro. 1,3-dibutylbarbituric acid (5)-1-(p-sulfophenyl)-3 methyl, 5-pyrazolone pentamethinoxonol (WW 781) gave no optical response during ATP-induced Ca2+ transport and responded primarily to changes in surface potential on the same side of the membrane where the dye was applied. Binding of these probes to the membrane plays a major role in the optical response to potential, and changes in surface potential influence the optical response by regulating the amount of membrane-bound dye. The observations are consistent with the electrogenic nature of ATP-dependent Ca2+ transport and indicate the generation of about 10 mV inside-positive membrane potential during the initial phase of Ca2+ translocation. The potential generated during Ca2+ transport is rapidly dissipated by passive ion fluxes across the membrane.
Regulation of NAD metabolism in Salmonella typhimurium: genetic analysis and cloning of the nadR repressor locus.

The nadR locus (99 min) controls the transcription of several genes involved with either the biosynthesis (nadAB) or recycling (pncB) of NAD in Salmonella typhimurium. Point mutations in this locus were found to cause defects either in the transport of nicotinamide mononucleotide (PnuA-), the regulation of nadAB (NadR-) or both transport and regulation (PnuA-NadR-). Deletions or insertions into nadR always resulted in the PnuA- NadR- phenotypes. Merodiploids constructed with various combinations of PnuA-, NadR- or PnuA- NadR- strains indicate a single complementation group. The results suggest the NadR product is a bifunctional regulatory protein. Operon fusions to lacZ (nadR :: Mud1-8) were used to show that nadR is not autoregulated and is transcribed in a clockwise direction. The gene was also cloned and located within a 2 kb EcoR1-Bg/II fragment.
The SPRT chart for monitoring a proportion

A control chart based on applying a sequential probability ratio test (SPRT) at each sampling point is considered for the problem of monitoring a process proportion p. This SPRT chart can be applied in situations in which items are inspected one by one, and the results of each inspection can be conveniently recorded before the next item is inspected. Some corrected diffusion theory approximations are given for the statistical properties of the SPRT and the SPRT chart. These approximations are very accurate and provide a simple method for designing an SPRT chart for practical applications. The sample size for the SPRT chart at a particular sampling time depends on the observations at that time, but the chart can be designed to have a specified average sampling rate when the process is in control. When there is a small shift in p, the average sampling rate per unit time will increase, but for a large shift in p the average sampling rate will decrease. For a given in-control average sampling rate and a given false alarm rate, the SPRT chart will detect changes in p much faster than the standard p-chart, which has traditionally been used for monitoring p. The SPRT chart will also detect changes in p much faster than the CUSUM chart for p. Thus, the SPRT chart can be used in place of traditional control charts to provide faster detection of changes in p or to reduce the sampling effort required to provide a given detection capability.
In Vitro Alterations of Epidermal Cell Adhesion Induced by Temperature, Substrate, and Cations

Epidermal cell-to-cell or basal cell-to-substrate adhesion in vitro , involves as yet, unknown mechanisms. The rate of attachment of newly dissociated neonatal mouse epidermal cells and the rate of keratinocyte detachment from preformed epidermal monolayers was investigated under a variety of experimental conditions. In the present investigation, we obtained the following results: (1) variables such as temperature, nature of substrate, and presence of cations in the growth medium were important in the initial cell-to-substrate attachment; (2) removal of Ca ++ and Mg ++ from the growth medium was associated with a very low attachment rate ( ++ or Ca ++ indicating that both cations are important in the cell-to-substrate attachment; (4) keratinocyte-detachment from preformed monolayers increased in medium deficient in Ca ++ , Mg ++ as well as in medium only deficient in Ca ++ . However, detachment in cultures maintained in Mg ++ deficient medium was similar to controls. In conclusion, Ca ++ is one factor that may regulate epidermal cell-to-cell and cell-to-substrate interactions in vitro . Mg ++ appears to influence also in the initial attachment process of epidermal basal cells.
Tracking rapidly changing dynamical systems using a non‐parametric statistical method based on wavelets

A non-parametric statistical method of tracking rapidly changing dynamical systems is introduced. The method implements the non-linear wavelet thresholding estimator to estimate the evolutionary transfer function of the system. The consistency and optimality of the resulting estimate of our method on rapidly changing systems are stated, while no linear estimator can achieve the same optimality. Two examples of real data are studied using this non-parametric method, including two vertical seismic array case studies and a series of seismic slope experiments. The analysis results are consistent with previous research for the vertical seismic array data. Moreover, our estimate is superior to those from previous research in the sense that our estimate is neither over-smoothed nor under-smoothed. The ana- lysis results are also consistent with the experimental observations for the seismic slope experimental data. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quest for highly porous metal-metalloporphyrin framework based upon a custom-designed octatopic porphyrin ligand.

A porous metal–metalloporphyrin framework, MMPF-2, has been constructed from a custom-designed octatopic porphyrin ligand, tetrakis(3,5-dicarboxyphenyl)porphine, that links a distorted cobalt trigonal prism secondary building unit. MMPF-2 possesses permanent microporosity with the highest surface area of 2037 m2 g−1 among reported porphyrin-based MOFs, and demonstrates a high uptake capacity of 170 cm3 g−1 CO2 at 273 K and 1 bar.
Comment on “Initial-recall grouping in free-recall learning,” by John A. Robinson

Robinson (1970) inferred that the maintenance of organization of initially recalled words retards free-recall learning (FRL). It is argued here that his data do not permit this inference.
Preparation and properties of a barium-graphite compound

A barium-graphite intercalated compound was prepared by vapour diffusion anneal of barium into well oriented pyrolytic graphite. The resulting specimens maintained their integrity and were well oriented along thec-axis. The compound reacts with air, but is not as reactive as the corresponding alkali metal intercalates. Chemical analysis indicated that the compound formed had a stoichiometry of about C8Ba. This, along with the results of X-ray analysis, suggest that the compound has a structure similar to C8Ma, where Ma is an alkali metal. The compound was shiny gold in colour, brittle, and had a hardness about five times that of pyrolytic graphite. Resistivity and thermoelectric power measurements indicate that the compound is metallic in nature.
Molecular dynamics simulation of F-actin reveals the role of cross-linkers in semi-flexible filament assembly

Hierarchically ordered protein networks are formed in solution by the self-assembly of F-actin, a semi-flexible biopolymer, in the presence of cross-linkers. We model the assembly of a 3D branching network of filament bundles using a coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulation, finding excellent agreement with experimental observations. We examine the role of cross-linker density on network morphology and filament curvature and observe a clear evolution from a loose single filament network to a network of bundles generated by cross-linker-induced branch points.
Electromagnetic holographic imaging of bioimpedance

The electromagnetic bioimpedance method has successfully measured the very subtle conductivity changes associated with brain edema and prostate tumor. This method provides noninvasive measurements using non-ionizing magnetic fields applied with a small coil that avoids the use of contact electrodes. This paper introduces results from combining a holographic signal processing algorithm and a low power coil system that helps provide the 3D image of impedance contrast that should make the noninvasive electromagnetic bioimpedance method useful in health care.
Medications for acute and chronic low back pain: a review of the evidence for an American Pain Society/American College of Physicians clinical practice guideline.

This evidence review assesses benefits and harms of pharmacologic therapies for acute or chronic low back pain with or without leg pain. Medications with good evidence of short-term effectiveness f...
Training design for information rate maximization over amplify and forward relay channels

For a three node relay channel with amplify- and-forward (AF) transmission mode we study the effect of channel estimation error at the destination on the mutual information between the transmitted block by the source and the corresponding received block at the destination. Given that the destination forms the linear MMSE (LMMSE) estimate of the cascaded source-relay-destination channel, we derive a lower bound on the mutual information. Under the total transmit power constraint, we find the optimal power allocation between source and relay, as well as the optimal power allocation between training and data symbols at the source such that this lower bound is maximized. The two optimal power allocations are mutually related and depend on the channel and noise statistics.
COST: a component-oriented discrete event simulator

COST (Component-Oriented Simulation Toolkit) is a general-purpose discrete event simulator. The main design purpose of COST is to maximize the reusability of simulation models without losing efficiency. To achieve this goal, COST adopts a component-based simulation worldview based on a component-port model. A simulation is built by configuring and connecting a number of components, either off-the-shelf or fully customized. Components interact with each other only via input and output ports, thus the development of a component becomes completely independent of others. The component-port model of COST makes it easy to construct simulation components from scratch. Implemented in C++, COST also features a wide use of templates to facilitate language-level reuse.
Predictability of phenotypic differentiation across flow regimes in fishes

Fish inhabit environments greatly varying in intensity of water velocity, and these flow regimes are generally believed to be of major evolutionary significance. To what extent does water flow drive repeatable and predictable phenotypic differentiation? Although many investigators have examined phenotypic variation across flow gradients in fishes, no clear consensus regarding the nature of water velocity's effects on phenotypic diversity has yet emerged. Here, I describe a generalized model that produces testable hypotheses of morphological and locomotor differentiation between flow regimes in fishes. The model combines biomechanical information (describing how fish morphology determines locomotor abilities) with ecological information (describing how locomotor performance influences fitness) to yield predictions of divergent natural selection and phenotypic differentiation between low-flow and high-flow environments. To test the model's predictions of phenotypic differentiation, I synthesized the existing literature and conducted a meta-analysis. Based on results gathered from 80 studies, providing 115 tests of predictions, the model produced some accurate results across both intraspecific and interspecific scales, as differences in body shape, caudal fin shape, and steady-swimming performance strongly matched predictions. These results suggest that water flow drives predictable phenotypic variation in disparate groups of fish based on a common, generalized model, and that microevolutionary processes might often scale up to generate broader, interspecific patterns. However, too few studies have examined differentiation in body stiffness, muscle architecture, or unsteady-swimming performance to draw clear conclusions for those traits. The analysis revealed that, at the intraspecific scale, both genetic divergence and phenotypic plasticity play important roles in phenotypic differentiation across flow regimes, but we do not yet know the relative importance of these two sources of phenotypic variation. Moreover, while major patterns within and between species were predictable, we have little direct evidence regarding the role of water flow in driving speciation or generating broad, macroevolutionary patterns, as too few studies have addressed these topics or conducted analyses within a phylogenetic framework. Thus, flow regime does indeed drive some predictable phenotypic outcomes, but many questions remain unanswered. This study establishes a general model for predicting phenotypic differentiation across flow regimes in fishes, and should help guide future studies in fruitful directions, thereby enhancing our understanding of the predictability of phenotypic variation in nature.
Broadcast Search in Problem Solving: Attracting Solutions From the Periphery

The purpose of this study is to explore an alternative mechanism of problem solving that focuses on broadcasting problems to diverse and peripheral problem solvers, what I call broadcast search. Broadcasting problems is a radical departure from traditional problem solving as it involves problem holders engaging in as little problem-solving as possible - instead they attempt to interest a heterogeneous set of external actors in creating solutions to internal problems. Analysis of 166 previously unsolved science problems, originating from the R &D labs of 26 firms, revealed a 29.5% resolution rate via broadcast search. The probability of a problem being solved was significantly correlated with the heterogeneity in the scientific interests of the solvers submitting solutions and their relative specialization. Broadcast search also appears to be an economically efficient problem solving mechanism. It involves low costs for solution seekers relative to the costs of internal R&D. Most of the solvers based their submissions, partially or fully, on previously developed solutions from their own and/or someone else's work, implying an efficient re-use and transformation of existing knowledge and solutions.
Simulation of large-amplitude motion of floating wind turbines using conservation of momentum

Abstract A new method is presented to directly derive the nonlinear equations of motion (EOMs) of a floating wind turbine system using the theorem of conservation of angular momentum and Newton's second law. The methodology considers the system as two rigid bodies: the tower and the rotor-nacelle assembly (RNA). The large-amplitude rotation of the tower is described by the 1-2-3 sequence Euler angles, which offer accurate nonlinear coupling between motions in 6 degrees of freedom (DOFs). Two additional DOFs of the RNA relative to the tower, nacelle yaw and rotor spin, are prescribed by mechanical control and are also included in the EOMs of the entire system. Results from the EOMs are transformed among different coordinate systems at every time-step for use in the computation of hydrodynamics, aerodynamics and restoring forces, which preserves the nonlinearity between external excitation and structural dynamics. The new method is verified by critical comparison of simulation results with those of the popular wind turbine dynamics software FAST. The concept of highly compliant floating wind turbines is introduced. The large-amplitude motions and gyroscopic moments of one of these smaller, lighter structures is simulated in an example.
Lyapunov characterization of Zeno behavior in hybrid systems

Necessary and sufficient Lyapunov characterizations of a particular type of asymptotic stability in hybrid dynamical systems are given. This type involves uniform bounds on the amount of ordinary time, but not the number of jumps, it takes solutions to converge to the asymptotically stable set. Connections of this asymptotic stability concept to Zeno behavior are explored. Necessary and sufficient conditions for Zeno and uniform Zeno stability are shown.
Beta-1C-Globulin in Glomerular Nephritis

It was previously reported that hemolytic activity was restored to the serum of an individual with acute glomerulonephritis upon the addition of purified beta-1C-globulin (C3). At the time it was known that this preparation of beta-1C-globulin was contaminated with two other complement components, beta-1F-globulin (C5) and C62 though the latter complement component has not been immunochemically characterized. Recently a method has been described by Nilsson and Muller-Eberhard for the separation of these proteins, so that immunochemically pure beta-1C-globulin can be obtained which is free of beta-1F-globulin, C6 and beta-1H-globulin, another contaminant which is not a complement component.
‘This is citizen journalism at its finest’: YouTube and the public sphere in the Oscar Grant shooting incident

On 1 January 2009, Oscar Grant was shot and killed in a subway station by Bay Area Rail Transit officers. This event was recorded by several passengers on their cellphones and later uploaded to the video-sharing website YouTube. The videos generated significant protests among online and offline communities, and were eventually used as evidence in the ensuing trial. This study employed a critical thematic analysis to examine audience responses to this act of citizen journalism on YouTube. Results indicated that although some viewers critiqued the video quality and the cameraperson’s passivity, several supportive comments praised the cameraperson’s presence of mind and courage. Furthermore, some viewers called for resistance and retaliation, while others advocated a more prudent response. We argue that these findings necessitate a reconceptualization of traditional notions of the guard-dog media and the public sphere to accommodate new media technologies.
Gate Work Function Engineering for Nanotube-Based Circuits

The impact of different work function metal gates on the performance of individual nanotube transistors and ultimately an entire nano-circuit is presented. The use of an Al-gate, in the case of a carbon nanotube device, translates directly into a threshold-voltage shift relative to a Pd-gated FET, corresponding to the work function difference between the two metal gates. In this way, a CMOS-type 5-stage ring oscillator on an individual carbon nanotube, is realized without the use of dopants.
A Resource Allocation Problem in Replicated Peer-to-Peer Storage Systems

This paper focuses on peer-to-peer storage systems that achieve availability through replication. We study the problem of resource allocation when the system must replicate multiple files using a fixed amount of resource. We characterize the optimal allocation that maximizes the average availability of the files in the system, and also study two simple, decentralized allocation schemes, viz., uniform allocation, where each file is allocated equal shares of the resource, and proportional allocation, where each file is allocated a share of the resource proportional to its size. We show that while uniform allocation is fair in terms of allocating resources, it may be arbitrarily sub-optimal. On the other hand, proportional allocation, though unfair in resource allocation, is competitive with the optimal allocation.
The Alternative Sigma Factor RpoN Is Required for hrp Activity in Pseudomonas syringae pv. Maculicola and Acts at the Level of hrpL Transcription

ABSTRACT β-Glucuronidase (uidA) reporter gene fusions were constructed for the hrpZ, hrpL, andhrpS genes from the phytopathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola strain ES4326. These reporters, as well as an avrRpt2-uidA fusion, were used to measure transcriptional activity in ES4326 and a ES4326 rpoNmutant. rpoN was required for the expression ofavrRpt2, hrpZ, and hrpL in vitro in minimal media and in vivo when infiltrated into Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. In contrast, the expression of hrpSwas essentially the same in wild-type and rpoN mutant strains. Constitutive expression of hrpL in anrpoN mutant restored hrpZ transcription to wild-type levels, restored the hypersensitive response when infiltrated into tobacco (Nicotiana tobacum), and partially restored the elicitation of virulence-related symptoms but not growth when infiltrated into Arabidopsis leaves. These data indicate that rpoN-mediated control of hrp gene expression acts at the level of hrpL and that in planta growth of P. syringae is not required for the elicitation of disease symptoms.
Understanding the Environment for Online Teaching.

This chapter provides guidelines for understanding the online environment and the use of online teaching strategies.
Los derechos de indios y esclavos realistas y la transformación política en Popayán, Nueva Granada (1808-1820)

This article focuses on the strategic interpretation and defense of royalist discourse by Indians and slaves in Popayan, New Granada, between 1808 and 1820. During the crisis of the Spanish Monarchy, both Indians and slaves attempted to gain benefits from the political context and particularly to give new shape to their rights by becoming allies of the royalists. Through a study of those alliances and highlighting the complex social articulation and political participation of Indians and slaves in the political transformation that was underway in this period, this work argues that popular royalism was dynamic and fluid.
Prospective Study of Calcium, Potassium, and Magnesium Intake and Risk of Stroke in Women

Background and purpose High intakes of calcium, potassium, and magnesium have been hypothesized to reduce risks of cardiovascular disease, but only a few prospective studies have examined intakes of these cations in relation to risk of stroke. Methods In 1980, 85 764 women in the Nurses' Health Study cohort, aged 34 to 59 years and free of diagnosed cardiovascular disease and cancer, completed dietary questionnaires from which we calculated intakes of calcium, potassium, and magnesium. By 1994, after 1.16 million person-years of follow-up, 690 incident strokes (129 subarachnoid hemorrhages, 74 intraparenchymal hemorrhages, 386 ischemic strokes, and 101 strokes of undetermined type) had been documented. Results Intakes of calcium, potassium, and magnesium were each inversely associated with age- and smoking-adjusted relative risks of ischemic stroke, excluding embolic infarction of nonatherogenic origin (n=347). Adjustment for other cardiovascular risk factors, including history of hypertension, attenuated these associations, particularly for magnesium intake. In a multivariate analysis, women in the highest quintile of calcium intake had an adjusted relative risk of ischemic stroke of 0.69 (95% CI, 0.50 to 0.95; P for trend=0.03) compared with those in the lowest quintile; for potassium intake the corresponding relative risk was 0.72 (95% CI, 0.51 to 1.01; P for trend=0.10). Further simultaneous adjustment for calcium and potassium intake suggested an independent association for calcium intake. The association of risk with calcium intake did not appear to be log linear; the increase in risk was limited to the lowest quintile of intake, and intakes > approximately 600 mg/d did not appear to reduce risk of stroke further. The inverse association with calcium intake was stronger for dairy than for nondairy calcium intake. Intakes of calcium, potassium, and magnesium were not related to risk of other stroke subtypes. Conclusions Low calcium intake, and perhaps low potassium intake, may contribute to increased risk of ischemic stroke in middle-aged American women. It remains possible that women in the lowest quintile of calcium intake had unknown characteristics that made them susceptible to ischemic stroke.
Some basic issues for clinicians concerning things statistical.

From the title, you may be wondering whether this is another one of those esoteric, unintelligible statistics articles. Or whether the author is another pedantic statistician telling you how much you don't know. I hope that you will find that neither of these fears applies. There are no formulas, derivations, or complex figures here. And I am no “statistician,” at least not in the formal sense, although I do teach statistics. Rather, the focus of this article is to identify and explain, for the clinician consumer of the literature, four basic but often overlooked issues in statistics (as practiced in today's medical and social science journals). Although it is true that most clinicians are misinformed about things statistical (Wulff et al., 1987), it is also true that most academic psychologists and physician researchers—and a surprising number of statisticians—are too (Cohen, 1994; Falk & Greenbaum, 1995; Goodman, 1999a; Oakes, 1986).