cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Processing Effects of Common-Word and Number Questions Inserted in Reading Materials

AbstractWhile reading an 800-word passage, college students (N=55) received before or after every two paragraphs of text a common- word question, a number question, or no adjunct question of any kind. With respect to intentional learning, both types of inserted questions yielded equivalent recall regardless of their relative position in text. However, while number pre- and postquestions both produced greater recall than that of the control group, only common-word postquestions were significantly (p > .05) effective in this regard. Neither common-word nor number postquestions generated a significant (p <.05) degree of incidental learning. In fact, number postquestions produced a slight negative mathemagenic effect. The results are discussed in terms of the processes generated by these different types of adjunct questions.
4H-SiC PN diode for extreme environment temperature sensing applications

Temperature sensing under harsh environments is important to various industrial applications. Among different types of temperature sensors, semiconductor diode sensor has the advantages of high sensitivity and compatibility with integrated circuits. In this work, a temperature sensor based on 4H-SiC pn diode has been designed, fabricated and characterized. The device is capable of stable operation in a temperature range from 20 °C up to 600 °C. In forward biased region, the forward voltage of the 4H-SiC pn diode shows linear dependence on temperature at a constant current. This dependence is utilized to sense temperature variations and the proposed device achieves a sensitivity of 3.5 mV/°C. These results indicate that an integrated circuit compatible temperature sensor based on 4H-SiC pn diode is a promising technology for harsh environment sensing applications.
Restoring the Disfigured Human Image: A Gogolian Slap in the Face and Moral Responsibility

One of Nikolai Gogol's associates, Prince Petr Viazemskii, observed in relation to The Inspector General and Dead Souls that "everything is dark and melancholy. He haunts us, he touches to the quick not only our external and grafted-on sores; no, he penetrates deep inside, he turns inside out our whole nature, our whole soul, and he does not find a single healthy place. A cruel doctor, he rubs salt in the wounds, but does not impart to the patient either cheerfulness or hope."1 The depiction of numerous characters in these two works could understandably have led Viazemskii to such an assessment. Chichikov's department chief in Dead Souls is but one representative figure. He presents an image of "stony insensibility," and his "callously marble face" is so pocked and pitted that it seems as if "the devil comes at night to thresh peas." This memorable but petrified exterior masks a void. "There was precisely nothing in him, neither villainy nor goodness, and something frightful showed itself in this absence of everything."2 Although Gogol creates positive characters who display moral growth and development in works such as "The Portrait," "Rome," and the surviving fragments of volume 2 of Dead Souls, the motif of deformation is clearly dominant in his poetics as he repeatedly depicts distorted countenances and the spiritual emptiness that stems from vain pettiness. In contrast to Gogol's artistic disfigurement of the human image, though, are numerous statements in his epistolary and nonfictional writings that reveal a positive conception of human nature. For example, in Selected Passages from Correspondence with Friends, Gogol declares in his essay on Zhukovskii's translation of The Odyssey that an individual is "a representative of the image of God," and in a draft response to Belinskii's caustic attack on Selected Passages, he asserts that "it is necessary to remind a person that he is not at all
Expression of the thymus leukemia antigen in mouse intestinal epithelium.

Abstract The Qa and Tla regions of the mouse major histocompatibility complex contain a series of genes encoding proteins with structural similarity to the class I transplantation antigens of the same complex. In contrast to the genes encoding the transplantation antigens, the Qa and Tla genes show very little polymorphism. Function(s) of the proteins encoded by the Qa and Tla loci remain an enigma. Recently, the protein products of the Qa and Tla loci, often referred to as class Ib major histocompatibility complex molecules, have been proposed to present antigen to gamma delta T cells. In mice, gamma delta T cells have been found concentrated in several epithelial barriers and in the skin; yet, expression of serologically detectable Tla antigens is believed restricted to thymocytes, activated T lymphocytes, and some T-cell leukemias. Here we report that luminal epithelial cells of the mouse small intestine express the thymus leukemia antigen (TLA). We also find that, unlike T cells in Peyer's patches, a significant fraction of intestinal epithelial lymphocytes also express TLA. RNA prepared from intestinal cells contains transcripts of the T18d gene, which encodes TLA. These data extend the known expression profile of TLA molecules to mature lymphocytes and to nonhematopoietic cells. These data also demonstrate the specific expression of TLA on antigen-presenting cells in a site enriched for T cells that express gamma delta T-cell antigen receptor.
PERCEPTION OF BODY WEIGHT AND BODY MASS AT TWICE EARTH-GRAVITY ACCELERATION LEVELS

On Earth, when standing on two feet, we experience particular patterns of force and pressure on the soles of our feet. As we lift one foot and balance on the other, little or no increase in force or pressure is perceived on the sole of the stance foot even though the contact forces of support on that foot have doubled. The failure to perceive this increase is actually an illusion resulting from the operation of spatial constancy mechanisms serving to preserve feelings of near constant force and pressure on the support surface(s) of the body. On Earth, body weight and body mass are perceived as remaining constant regardless as to whether we are standing on two feet or one and whether we are carrying large objects. In the high force phase(2 g acceleration) of parabolic flight, body weight is perceived as doubling, and a great increase in force is perceived on the soles of our feet if we are standing. When shifting balance from two feet to one, an increase in force of approximately 0.5 mg is felt on the sole of the stance foot. The actual increase in force is 1.0 mg but perceptual compensation is only being made for a 0.5 mg increase such as would be characteristic of shifting balance on Earth; accordingly an additional 0.5 mg (1.0-0.5 mg) residue is perceived. These findings indicate that body weight is dependent on the magnitude of the gravitoinertial forces acting on the body. Variations in the contact forces supporting the body due to passive or active locomotion of the body or to objects that are being carried are monitored and disregarded in computing apparent body weight. When stepping up and down from a low platform during the high force phases of parabolic flight, aberrant motion of the body and the aircraft is experienced. These illusory motions result because the doubling of body weight in a 2 g force background alters the normal relationship between patterns of alpha and gamma activation of antigravity muscles, muscle spindle activity, and the movements of the body. Accordingly, sensory-motor control and perceptual and postural stability on Earth are dependent on an active calibration to a 1 g background force level.
Effect of sperm number and frequency of insemination on fertility of mares inseminated with cooled semen.

In this study, we tested the hypothesis that insemination of mares with twice the recommended dose of cooled semen (2 x 10(9) spermatozoa) would result in higher pregnancy rates than insemination with a single dose (1 x 10(9) spermatozoa) or with 1 x 10(9) spermatozoa on each of 2 consecutive days. A total of 83 cycles from 61 mares was used. Mares were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups when a 40-mm follicle was detected by palpation and ultrasonography. Mares in Group 1 were inseminated with 1 x 10(9) progressively motile spermatozoa that had been cooled in a passive cooling unit to 5 degrees C and stored for 24 h. A second aliquot of semen from the same collection was stored for an additional 24 h and inseminated at 48 h after collection. Mares in Group 2 were inseminated once with 1 x 10(9) progressively motile spermatozoa that had been cooled to 5 degrees C and stored for 24 h. Group 3 mares were inseminated once with 2 x 10(9) progressively motile spermatozoa that had been cooled to 5 degrees C and stored for 24 h. All mares were given 2500 IU i.v. hCG at the first insemination. Pregnancy was determined by ultrasonography 12, 14 and 16 d after ovulation. On Day 16, mares were administered i.m. 10 mg of PGF2 alpha and, upon returning to estrus, were randomly reassigned to a group for repeated treatment. Semen was collected from one of 3 stallions every 3 d; mares with a 40-mm ovarian follicle were inseminated with semen from the stallion collected on the preceding day. Semen was allocated into doses containing 1 x 10(9) progressively motile spermatozoa, diluted with dried skim milk-glucose extender to a concentration of 25 x 10(6) motile spermatozoa/ml (total volume 40 ml), placed in a passive cooling unit and cooled to 5 degrees C for 24 or 48 h. Response was measured by number of mares showing pregnancy. Data were analyzed by Chi square. Mares inseminated twice with 1 x 10(9) progressively motile spermatozoa on each of two consecutive days had a higher pregnancy rate (16/25, 64%; P 0.10) among stallions (69, 34 and 32%). Interval from last insemination to ovulation was 0.9, 2.0 and 2.0 d for mares in Groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Based on these results, the optimal insemination regimen is a dose of 1 x 10(9) progressively motile spermatozoa given on two consecutive days. However, a shorter interval ( 0.9 d) between insemination and ovulation may affect pregnancy rates, and needs to be investigated.
Pressure broadening of the millimeter and submillimeter wave spectra of nitric acid by oxygen and nitrogen

Abstract The pressure broadening coefficients for nitric acid (HNO 3 ) interacting with oxygen (O 2 ) and nitrogen (N 2 ) have been measured for 16 transitions in the millimeter and submillimeter region. These transitions represent a good selection of the strong lines in the rotational spectrum of this species and make possible a systematic comparison with earlier theoretical calculations. For broadening by both oxygen and nitrogen we find larger coeffients than predicted by theory. In addition, the state to state variation is higher than calculated, especially for oxygen broadening for which the calculation shows essentially no state to state variation.
Avian longevities and their interpretation under evolutionary theories of senescence

We comprehensively reviewed information on maximum life spans of wild birds (based on banding recoveries) and nine ecological, physiological and behavioral variables that have been hypothesized to affect the evolution of avian life spans. Data on maximum longevities and body masses were available for 936 species, and data on all variables were available for 470 species in 40 families from 15 orders. The Phoenicopteriformes (flamingos), Psittaciformes (parrots) and Procellariiformes (petrels and shearwaters) had the longest mean maximum life spans (>30 years), and the Passeriformes (perching birds), Podicipediformes (grebes) and Piciformes (woodpeckers) had the shortest mean maximum life spans ( 17 years), and the Tyrannidae (flycatchers) and Parulidae (wood warblers) had the shortest mean maximum life spans (6 years). Multivariate regression analyses revealed that the independent variables together explained 80.3% of the variation in maximum longevities among 40 avian families, and 69.6% of the variation among 17 families of Passeriformes. In the comprehensive analysis four variables significantly affected maximum longevities, namely body mass, diet, sociality and breeding insularity (mainland vs. island), whereas breeding latitude, breeding habitat, nest-site location and migratory behavior did not have significant effects. These results are consistent with evolutionary theories of senescence, which predict that morphological and behavioral attributes that reduce extrinsic mortality should select for mechanisms that postpone physical deterioration, resulting in longer life spans and extended breeding opportunities.
The Functional Neural Architecture of Self-Reports of Affective Experience

Background The ability to self-report on affective experience is essential to both our everyday communication about emotion and our scientific understanding of it. However, the underlying cognitive and neural mechanisms for how people construct statements even as simple as “I feel bad!” remain unclear. We examined whether the neural architecture underlying the ability to make statements about affective experience is composed of distinct functional systems. Methods In a novel functional magnetic neuroimaging paradigm, 20 participants were shown images varying in affective intensity; they were required either to attend to and judge the affective response versus to nonaffective aspects of the stimulus and either to categorize their response into a verbal label or report on a scale that did not require verbal labeling. Results We found that the ability to report on affective states involves (at least) three separable systems, one for directing attention to the affective response and making attributions about it that involves the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, one for categorizing the response into a verbal label or word that involves the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, and one sensitive to the intensity of the affective response including the ventral anterior insula and amygdala. Conclusions These results suggest that unified statements about affective experience rely on integrating information from several distinct neural systems. Results are discussed in the context of how disruptions to one or another of these systems may produce unique deficits in the ability to describe affective states and the implications this may hold for clinical populations.
Precision measurement of the K-shell spectrum from highly charged xenon with an array of X-ray calorimeters.

We present a measurement of the $K$-shell spectrum from highly charged xenon ions recorded with a high-energy x-ray calorimeter spectrometer array that can distinguish between various theories for the atomic structure of the two electron system. The array was designed to provide high resolution with high quantum efficiency in the 10--60 keV x-ray range which allows us to resolve blends that afflicted previous measurements. A precision of better than 2 eV was achieved in the measurement of the ${\mathrm{Xe}}^{52+}$ and ${\mathrm{Xe}}^{53+}$ $K$-shell transitions located near 31 keV, which is an order of magnitude better than previously reported.
Wavelength selection for true-color holography

We discuss wavelength selection for true-color holography by investigating the sampling nature of the holographic process. During holographic recording the chosen wavelengths point sample the surfacereflectance functions of the objects in a scene. To understand the effect of this sampling on color perception, we study the tristimulus values of points in the reconstructed hologram. The sampling results in the holographic process being mathematically equivalent to integral approximations for the tristimulus integrals. By selecting efficient approximations, we infer wavelengths to use in color holography. Our analysis not only suggests wavelengths for the usual three-color holography but also suggests the use of four or more wavelengths to improve color reproduction in holography.
Growth of Single Crystals of Cuprous Oxide in Silica Gels at Near Ambient Temperatures

CRYSTAL growth in gels is becoming increasingly recognized as a promising technique for the preparation of single crystals of substances which are slightly soluble in water and which cannot be conveniently grown from the melt or from the vapour1. The growth of single crystals of many metal oxides is of considerable interest, particularly for basic studies of their electronic properties and other pertinent characteristics. Single crystal growth in gels at near ambient temperatures offers a possibility of obtaining specimens free from thermal strains and the impurities frequently associated with high temperature preparative methods. The preparation of single crystals of metal oxides in gels at low temperatures has not previously been successfully achieved, probably because of a strong tendency of metal oxides to form hydrated polycrystalline or amorphous precipitates in such media. We report the growth of single crystals of cuprous oxide in silica gels at near ambient temperatures by the controlled reduction of cupric sulphate with selected mild reducing agents such as hydroxylamine hydrochloride and hypophosphorous acid.
Dielectric ribbon waveguide: an optimum configuration for ultra-low-loss millimeter/submillimeter dielectric waveguide

Dielectric ribbon waveguide supporting the /sub e/HE/sub 11/ dominant model can be made to yield an attenuation constant for this mode of less than 20 dB/km in the millimeter/submillimeter-wavelength range. The waveguide is made with a high-dielectric-constant, low-loss material such as alumina or sapphire. It takes the form of thin dielectric ribbon surrounded by lossless dry air. A detailed theoretical analysis of the attenuation and field extent characteristics for the low-loss dominant /sub e/HE/sub 11/ mode along a ribbon dielectric waveguide was performed using the exact finite-element technique as well as two approximate techniques. Analytical predictions were then verified by measurements on ribbon guides made with rexolite using the highly sensitive cavity resonator method. Excellent agreement was found. >
Gastrin-secreting tumor of the duodenum (G-cell apudoma) associated with secondary biliary cirrhosis.

A middle-aged woman with evidence of chronic cholestasis of several years and no previous abdominal surgery was initially thought to have primary biliary cirrhosis. Clinical evaluation disclosed a well-developed secondary biliary cirrhosis apparently caused by extrahepatic obstruction due to a 1 × 2 cm neoplasm of the periampullary duodenum. Electron microscopy and immunofluorescent studies showed the neoplasm to be a G-cell adenoma. Wide local excision has resolved the biliary obstruction. Benign or slow-growing duodenal tumors, if they involve the ampulla of Vater, may produce prolonged partial extrahepatic obstruction and secondary biliary cirrhosis.
6MP adherence in a multiracial cohort of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a Children's Oncology Group study

Durable remissions in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) require a 2-year maintenance phase that includes daily oral 6-mercaptopurine (6MP). Adherence to oral 6MP among Asian-American and African-American children with ALL is unknown. We enrolled 298 children with ALL (71 Asian Americans, 68 African Americans, and 159 non-Hispanic whites) receiving oral 6MP for the maintenance phase. Adherence was measured electronically for 39 803 person-days. Adherence declined from 95.0% (month 1) to 91.8% (month 5, P < .0001). Adherence rates were significantly (P < .0001) lower in Asian Americans (90.0% ± 4.9%) and African Americans (87.1% ± 4.4%), as compared with non-Hispanic whites (95.2% ± 1.3%). Race-specific sociodemographic characteristics helped explain poor adherence (African Americans: low maternal education [less than a college degree: 78.9%, vs at least college degree: 94.6%; P < .0001]; Asian Americans: low-income households [<$50 000: 84.5%, vs ≥$50 000: 96.7%; P = .04]; households without mothers as full-time caregivers [85.6%] vs households with mothers as full-time caregivers [97.2%; P = .05]). Adherence rate below 90% was associated with increased relapse risk (hazard ratio, 3.9; P = .01). Using an adherence rate <90% to define nonadherence, 20.5% of the participants were nonadherers. We identify race-specific determinants of adherence, and define a clinically relevant level of adherence needed to minimize relapse risk in a multiracial cohort of children with ALL. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #{"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT00268528","term_id":"NCT00268528"}}NCT00268528.
A Business Analysis of the Partial Nationalization of Zambia's Copper Industry, 1969–1981

The Zambian government's 51% nationalization of the country's copper mines in 1969 was motivated partly for economic purposes—a kind of learning-by-doing was anticipated—and partly for political reasons. It appears that the Zambians did obtain a semblance of managerial control and “national ownership,” but at a very high financial price. The article estimates that the direct revenue loss was over $1 billion through 1981, not counting various disguised costs. The findings are based primarily on an in-depth analysis of the mining companies' annual reports from 1964 through 1981.
Creating a winning organization

Discusses those cultural and managerial elements of an organization which can assure vitality and adaption of an organization in difficult times. Managerial radialism, product development, risk, and the creation of a nurturing environment are among the elements discussed in support of an adaptive organization.
Blood ethanol level and physiologic measurements during ethanol-induced hypertension.

Abstract Plasma norepinephrine levels and alpha 2 -adrenoceptor binding in central nervous system areas involved in blood pressure regulation were determined during the development of ethanol-induced hypertension in rats. Blood pressure was increased after the 4th week of ethanol feeding. Plasma norepinephrine levels of the ethanol-fed group were lower than those of the control group at most time periods studied even though blood pressure was elevated. 3 H-Clonidine binding to alpha 2 -adrenoceptors was decreased in the anterior and posterior hypothalamus of ethanol-fed rats throughout most of the study. Blood pressure in the ethanol-fed group was elevated when blood ethanol concentration was high, whereas blood pressure in this group was similar to that of the control group when blood ethanol concentration was low. Brain and plasma samples were taken during low blood ethanol which may explain the lack of positive findings. These results suggest that ethanol is a pressor agent and must be present to exert its cardiovascular effects. These findings suggest the importance of blood ethanol concentration at the time of study and also suggest that the blood pressure elevating effects of ethanol may be central rather than peripheral in origin.
Urban growth monitoring and projection using remote sensing and geographic information systems: a case study in the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area, Minnesota

This study investigates urban growth dynamics from regional to local scales in the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area and demonstrates how metropolitan growth can be driven by policies. Urban change from 1975 to 2006 was detected using Landsat imagery. Future growth in 2030 was modelled based on two scenarios with or without regional development policies incorporated. City- or township-level growth was examined by a zonal analysis. Results show urban grew 126,700 ha from 1975 to 2006. The Markov-Cellular Automata model projected at least another 67,000 ha of urban growth from 2006 to 2030. When regional development policies were incorporated, homogeneous and compact growth patterns were predicted along the urban periphery; however, actual land supplies within the cities along the urban edge are facing challenges to accommodate the projected growth as large portions of suitable lands are located outside of the 2030 Municipal Urban Service Area boundary.
An ultrastructural study of the blood/air barrier in the guinea-pig

Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was intravenously injected into guinea-pigs to ultrastructurally examine the permeability of the blood/air barrier. Adults were given 300 mg/kg of the tracer in a small volume of saline, anesthetized and sacrificed at intervals by either intratracheal filling or right ventricular perfusion with 3% glutaraldehyde. The reaction product had passed through endothelial clefts and accumulated in the interstitium as early as 1.5 min after injection. This same degree of penetration occurred with either fixation method used. Tight junctions between pneumocytes prevented passage of the reaction product into alveoli. Pinocytotic vesicles were numerous in both endothelial and epithelial cells, but did not significantly contribute to tracer transport. Ten minutes post-injection was selected as optimal for this model since the highest concentration of tracer was found in the tissues at this time.
On the Identification of Intervalence-Band Coherences in Semiconductor Quantum Wells

A theoretical analysis of intervalence-band coherences is presented. These optically created non-radiative coherences are generalizations of non-radiative coherences in atomic and molecular three-level systems. Whereas in three-level systems these coherences are the basis of important and well-established nonlinear effects, the interpretation of experimental evidence for such coherences in semiconductors needs to be supported by many-body theory. Based on the dynamics-controlled truncation formalism, the respective contributions of intervalence-band coherences and coherent biexcitonic correlations in time-integrated differential transmission spectroscopy is investigated. It is found that the contribution of the biexcitonic correlations to the observable heavy-hole–light-hole beats can be eliminated, either by reducing the light pulse duration or by choosing the central frequency of the light pulses at the heavy-hole exciton.
Extraction from Human Skin of Soluble Collagen Molecules containing only Beta Components

SOLUBLE collagens have been extracted from connective tissue with various media1,2. One type of molecular species consisting of α components has been obtained by extracting with neutral salt solutions, and another type consisting of varying proportions of α and β components has been obtained by extraction with buffered acid solutions. This communication describes the extraction of a different molecular species of collagen which is composed of β components only.
Them and Us: Questions of Citizenship in a Globalizing World

At the dawn of the twenty-first century, all of us consider ourselves to be citizens of something--but of what? Nation-states? Regions? Ethnic groups? Corporations? An accomplished set of meditations by one of Europe's leading Americanists, Them and Us is a rich comparative study of European and American cultural traditions and their influence on conceptions of community. In contrast with the ethnic and nationalist allegiances that historically have splintered Europe, Rob Kroes identifies a complex of cultural practices that have mitigated against ethnically rooted divisions in the United States. He argues that the American approach--articulated by a national rhetoric emphasizing openness rather than closure, diversity rather than uniformity--has much to offer a Europe where the nationalist and ethnic conflicts that spawned two world wars continue to sow terror and destruction. Kroes discusses European and American attitudes toward the welfare state, the human rights tradition in the United States, and the role of regionalism in shaping conceptions of national identity. He also considers new, transnational forms of cultural membership that are emerging to take the place of nation-based citizenship. He contends that the frame of reference Europeans now use to make sense of their collective situation draws on ingredients provided by the worldwide dissemination of American mass culture. He investigates the way this emerging world culture, under American auspices, affects the way people in their local and national settings structure their sense of the past and conceive of their citizenship. Imagining a new set of cultural relationships that could serve as the basis for global citizenship, Them and Us is an insightful consideration of the types of solidarity that might weave humankind together into a meaningful community.
The Nash sheaf of a complete resolution

Every three-dimensional complex algebraic variety with isolated singular point has a resolution factoring through the Nash blowup and the blowup of the maximal ideal over which the second Fitting ideal sheaf is locally principal. In such resolutions one can construct Hsiang–Pati coordinates and thus obtain generators for the Nash sheaf that are the differentials of monomial functions.
Hypervalency and recoupled pair bonding in the p-block elements

Abstract The nature of the bonding in hypervalent molecules has long been a topic of discussion with a number of explanations being offered to rationalize the apparent violation of the octet rule. By examining the formation of the second row fluorides, XF n −1 + F → XF n (X = P, S, Cl), we found that a new type of bond is present in these compounds, the recoupled pair bond , which is distinct from other types of chemical bonds. A recoupled pair bond occurs when it is energetically favorable to uncouple an existing pair of electrons to form bonds, which is favorable for most of the valence s 2 and p 2 pairs in P, S, and Cl. The interplay between the formation of normal covalent bonds and recoupled pair bonds in the XF n species readily explains the structures of these species as well as the large variations observed in the XF n −1 –F bond energies. In addition, the formation of recoupled pair bonds leads to the presence of unexpected low-lying excited states in the XF n molecules. We also consider the significant parallels that exist between the XF n families and the YH n families, where Y = Be, B and C. The latter species also involve recoupled pair bonding, which accounts for the divalence of Be, the trivalence of B and the tetravalence of C without invoking the concept of hybridization.
Testing the snake river explorer

This article describes the design and use of a computer simulation model of the Snake River. The model simulates the annual flows in the Snake at key points of interest to agricultural groups, environmental groups and the electric power industry. Simulations begin in the year 1895. The historical simulation shows the large increase in agricultural production and electric power production. The model also shows problems associated with junior water rights, declining water tables and declines in flows at points in the river where high flows are important for wildlife. The model may be used to experiment with policies to deal with these problems in the future. The unique feature of the model is its ease of use by a diverse group of individuals who are familiar with the Snake but may not be experts in computer simulation. The article describes the reaction of a group of 30 individuals who met in Boise, Idaho to test the usefulness of the model.
Economy for the Earth: The labour theory of value without the subject/object distinction

Abstract This is a theoretical paper which applies feminist and ecological feminist critiques of the subject/object distinction in philosophy to Marx's labour theory of value. It argues that much of the use of Marx's political economy has been undermined by the centrality of the subject/object distinction in his theory. His deployment of this distinction led him to an exclusive emphasis on subjective human labour-power as the key factor in profit. The main part of the paper reworks Marx's value-theory without the subject/object distinction. Used this way, the paper argues, Marx's value theory becomes a theory of time and speed, in which nature overall is the source of value, and the time of natural reproduction is disregarded in the interests of profit. The paper contends that this reworking of the labour theory of value extends its explanatory force.
Concomitant methylation and synthesis in vitro of Semliki Forest virus (SFV) ss RNAs by a fraction from infected cells.

Abstract The 42 S and 26 S ss SFV RNAs synthesized in vitro by the SFV RNA polymerase were also methylated in vitro by an enzyme in the mitochondrial pellet fraction, P-15, which had the activity of a guanine-7-methyltransferase. The 22 S ds RF RNA was not methylated in vitro . The methyl - 3 H radioactivity incorporated in vitro from labeled S -adenosyl- l -methionine was at the 5′-terminus of each of the ss RNAs, and none was detectable at an internal site. The 3 H-labeled cap containing oligonucleotide from the RNase T1 digest of 42 S RNA had a charge of about −6 consistent with its known m 7 GpppApUpGp sequence and that from the 26 S RNA had a charge of about −7 consistent with its known terminus of m 7 GpppApUpUpGp. The in vitro -labeled cap of both ss RNAs was m 7 GpppA. The rates of SFV RNA synthesis and methylation in vitro were linear for at least 40 min. In vitro methylation of the SFV ss RNAs absolutely depended on assay conditions which supported synthesis of ss RNAs. In contrast, transcription of 42 S and 26 S SFV RNAs in vitro was not dependent on methylation. The methylating enzyme in the P-15 fractions distributed during equilibrium centrifugation with membranous fractions of different densities in a manner similar to the distribution of the SFV RNA polymerase. It has not yet been established if this methylating activity was catalyzed by a virus-specific protein or a host protein.
Evaluation of the patient for cosmetic Botox injections.

The benefits of Botox (Allergan, Irvine, CA) have been well known to the otolaryngologist and facial plastic surgeon for many years. Recently, because of a great deal of media attention, Botox has taken the cosmetic industry by storm. Botox is an attractive option for physicians and patients because of the quick andnatural improvement withrelatively little risk. The safety and convenience of chemical denervation combined with the fee-for-service income generated has caused many physicians to incorporate Botox into their practice; however, caution needs to be advised to the inexperienced physician. Botox injections are not technically difficult to master, but there are essential prerequisites which need to be learned before expecting consistently acceptable results. Important issues include a complete understanding of the effects of Botox, evaluation of a patient’s underlying anatomy, and developing a proper diagnosis.
Compact solid-state waveguide lasers

Glass waveguide lasers will fill an important niche as optical sources in communication, RF photonics, and optical metrology. This is primarily because waveguide lasers benefit from compact size, low noise, relatively high output powers, long upper-state lifetimes, and simple integration with optical-fiber-based systems. Although we do not expect waveguide lasers and amplifiers to ever supplant fiber and semiconductor lasers and amplifiers in every possible communications application, waveguide lasers have a number of advantages over traditional lasers for these uses. Single-frequency waveguide lasers provide narrow linewidth and high output power in a compact, monolithic package. The narrow linewidth is an important advantage over standard semiconductor lasers, and the compact size makes single-frequency waveguide lasers better suited than fiber lasers or extended-cavity semiconductor lasers for many applications.
"Let Me Tell You How It Really Was": Authority, Legitimacy and Fictive Structures of Reality in Contemporary Black Women's Autobiography.

This paper focuses on three autobiographical narratives: Jacqueline Walker’s Pilgrim State, Sugar and Slate by Charlotte Williams and In Search of Mr. McKenzie by Isha McKenzie‐Mavinga and Thelma Perkins. It situates these texts by contemporary black British women in relation to a tradition of black autobiographical writing that begins with nineteenth‐century slave narratives and continues with the production of some early twentieth‐century autobiographical bildungsroman. These earlier narratives chart a progressive movement upwards, from an origin in slavery, poverty and/or colonial oppression to a qualified freedom, authenticated by the representation of a self achieved in and through literacy and the authority of a literary text. Self‐inscription becomes, in these texts, a means of opposing structures of historical, social and literary exclusion and forms the basis for the revision of excluding practices. While attesting to ‘the real’, these contemporary autobiographical narratives, like their literary...
Superconductivity in the indium-doped Tl-1223 phase: (Tl0.8In0.2)(Sr0.8Ba0.2)2Ca2Cu3O9−δ

Abstract We report the synthesis and characterization of a new Tl- and In-based ‘1223’ type cuprate oxide, (Tl 0.8 In 0.2 )(Sr 0.8 Ba 0.2 ) 2 Ca 2 Cu 3 O 9−δ (Tl,In-1223). The as-synthesized Tl,In-1223 compound becomes superconducting at about 80 K. The T c increased to 103 K when the sample was annealed under an argon atmosphere. Magnetization studies on polycrystalline samples of Tl,In-1223 reveal that persistent current densities ( J p ) of the indium-doped compound are about 10 times smaller than those of corresponding Tl,Bi-1223 with the same structure type. Small substitution of In for Tl in Tl-1223 results in a large reduction of T c and J p . A slight change in the electronic configurations of the rock-salt metal sites appears to affect the delicate balance of the metal and oxygen energy levels, which leads to the virtual changes in the superconductivity in Tl,In-1223.
Probabilistically detecting steganography within MP3 files

A powerful application named MP3Stegazaurus was recently created by Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT) student Mikhail Zaturenskiy which exploits a not-so-well-known feature present in MP3 files. [8] By overwriting areas that are either skipped or ignored by MP3 playing and decoding applications, MP3Stegazaurus can use any MP3 file to safely store covert information in a manner that is difficult, if not impossible, for the average user to detect. This is especially true since it leaves an MP3 file's audio information untouched. As a result of research and work which took place during the first half of a student project, the author developed MP3StegDetector; an application which examines the interesting, non-audio-information-containing portions of MP3 files in order to determine and report whether, and where, steganography may be present. In addition to detecting the potential presence of steganography, MP3StegDetector extracts and outputs the information contained within each of the interesting portions of a given MP3 file. If a complete file such as a JPEG image, PDF document, or AES-encrypted file is identified within this extracted information, MP3StegDetector will extract and recompose it. In order to determine exactly where in MP3 files these interesting portions exist, the author carried out extensive research on the MP3 file's post-encoding format. This research is included in this document along with details of how MP3StegDetector's various scanning functions and features have been implemented.
The Replication Pattern of Adenovirus DNA in vivo Reproduced in vitro

Temperature-sensitive mutants of adenovirus type 5 (H5ts125 and H5ts149), which are conditionally inhibited in the initiation of viral DNA synthesis, have been exploited to investigate the possibility of the initiation of replication in a cell-free system. Nuclei were isolated from human KB cells which had been infected with wild-type or mutant adenovirus. More than 90 % of the DNA synthesis taking place in such nuclei was virus-specific and the pattern of drug inhibition suggested that the synthesis required DNA polymerase γ. Nuclei prepared from cells infected with the H5ts125 temperature-sensitive mutant which have been shifted from 33 °C to 39.5 °C showed a pattern of synthesis in vitro which began at both ends of the viral genome and gradually spread through the rest of the molecule.
Cellular titration of apoptosis with steady state concentrations of H2O2: submicromolar levels of H2O2 induce apoptosis through fenton chemistry independent of the cellular thiol state

Apoptosis was studied under conditions that mimic the steady state of H2O2 in vivo. This is at variance with previous studies involving a bolus addition of H2O2, a procedure that disrupts the cellular homeostasis. The results allowed us to define three phases for H2O2-induced apoptosis in Jurkat T-cells with reference to cytosolic steady state concentrations of H2O2 [(H2O2)ss]: (H2O2)ss values below 0.7 μM elicited no effects; (H2O2)ss ≈ 0.7–3 μM induced apoptosis; and (H2O2)ss > 3 μM yielded no additional apoptosis and a gradual shift towards necrosis as the mode of cell death were observed. H2O2-induced apoptosis was not affected by either BCNU, an inhibitor of glutathione reductase, or diamide, a compound that reacts both with low-molecular weight and protein thiols, or selenols. Glutathione depletion, accomplished by incubating cells either with buthionine sulfoximine or in cystine-free medium, rendered cells more sensitive to H2O2-induced apoptosis, but did not change the threshold and saturating concentrations of H2O2 that induced apoptosis. Two unrelated metal chelators, desferrioxamine and dipyridyl, strongly protected against H2O2-induced apoptosis. It may be concluded that, under conditions of H2O2 delivery that mimic in vivo situations, the oxidative event that triggers the induction of apoptosis by H2O2 is a Fenton-type reaction and is independent of the thiol or selenium states of the cell.
A Direct Domain-Decomposition-Based Time- Domain Finite-Element Method of Linear Complexity for Simulating Multiscaled Structures in Integrated Circuit Systems

A direct domain-decomposition-based time-domain finite-element method of linear complexity is developed to overcome the challenge of simulating a wide range of geometrical scales present in an integrated circuit (IC) system. Via a set of orthogonal prism vector basis functions, we decompose the entire 3-D system of an IC problem into 2-D subsystems and then into 1-D subsystems with negligible computational cost. We then further decompose each 1-D subsystem into two domains, one with conductors and the other one with dielectrics. A direct solution without any iteration is proposed to solve the resulting system in linear complexity. Furthermore, the method allows for the use of different meshes in different domains. Numerical simulations of ICs and package problems have demonstrated the accuracy, linear complexity, and meshing flexibility of the proposed method.
Prostaglandins are necessary and sufficient to induce contextual fear learning impairments after interleukin-1 beta injections into the dorsal hippocampus.

The intra-hippocampal administration of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) as well as the induction of elevated but physiological levels of IL-1β within the hippocampus interferes with the formation of long-term memory. There is evidence suggesting that the induction of prostaglandin (PG) formation by IL-1β is involved in impairments in working and spatial memory following IL-1β. The present experiments extend these findings by showing that PGs are responsible for memory deficits in contextual fear conditioning that occur following IL-1β injection into the dorsal hippocampus of Sprague-Dawley rats. Cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition blocked the disruption in contextual fear conditioning produced by IL-1β and COX inhibition alone also disrupted contextual memory, suggesting an inverted U-shaped relationship between PG levels and memory. In addition to demonstrating the necessity of PGs in IL-1β-mediated memory deficits, we also show that PGs injected directly into the dorsal hippocampus are sufficient to impair context memory and significantly reduce post-conditioning levels of BDNF within the hippocampus, suggesting a possible mechanism for the memory-impairing effects of PGs.
A Trapped Intermediate in the Copper(II)-Mediated Template Synthesis of an Amino Acid-Containing Ligand.

A transition metal ion-templating reaction that has been widely exploited for the synthesis of nitrogen macrocycles, sepulchrates, and linear tetradentate ligands is the template-directed Mannich c...
Spatiotemporal chaos in three wave interactions

It is shown that the saturated state of an unstable wave nonlinearly coupled to two lower frequency damped waves exhibits spatiotemporal chaos. The results can be understood by perturbation analysis on the conservative nonlinear three-wave interaction which is integrable.
A Rationale for Pursuing EIT and MREIT in 3-D Based on Weyl Asymptotics and Problem Conditioning

Weyl asymptotics are used to demonstrate that the conditioning of electrical impedance tomography improves with dimension. The analysis shows that the practical difficulties of collecting data in 3-d should not deter one from expecting good reconstructions
Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Induced Changes in T Cell Cytokine Responses in Cynomolgus Macaques with Latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection Are Associated with Timing of Reactivation

Understanding the early immunologic events accompanying reactivated tuberculosis (TB) in HIV-infected individuals may yield insight into causes of reactivation and improve treatment modalities. We used the cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis) model of HIV–Mycobacterium tuberculosis coinfection to investigate the dynamics of multifunctional T cell responses and granuloma T cell phenotypes in reactivated TB. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressing Th1 cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-2, TNF) and Th2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) were followed from latent M. tuberculosis infection to reactivation after coinfection with a pathogenic SIV. Coinfected animals experienced increased Th1 cytokine responses to M. tuberculosis Ags above the latent-response baseline 3–5 wk post-SIV infection that corresponded with peak plasma viremia. Th2 cytokine expression was not Ag specific, but strong, transient IL-4 expression was noted 4–7 wk post-SIV infection. Animals reactivating 26 wk post-SIV infection. Granuloma T cells included Th0-, Th1-, and Th2-polarized phenotypes but were particularly rich in cytolytic (CD107+) T cells. When combined with the changes in peripheral blood T cells, these factors indicate that events during acute HIV infection are likely to include distortions in proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory T cell responses within the granuloma that have significant effects on reactivation of latent TB. Moreover, it appears that mycobacteria-specific multifunctional T cells are better correlates of Ag load (i.e., disease status) than of protection.