cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Procedural Learning of a Visual Sequence in Individuals With Autism

Implicit sequence learning, as measured using the sequential reaction time (SRT) task paradigm originally introduced by Nissen & Bullemer (1987), has been reported to be impaired in high-functioning individuals with autism (Mostofsky, Goldberg, Landa, & Denckla, 2000). We reasoned that increased exposure to the sequence may particularly benefit individuals with autism, especially those who are lower functioning. Seven individuals with autism participated in six training and test sessions of an eight-length SRT task (Experiment 1), and 5 performed a four-length SRT task (Experiment 2). Sequence learned was demonstrated at a group level on the eight-length sequence, and on an individual basis with the four-length sequence. These data demonstrate that individuals with autism, even those who are lower functioning, are capable of learning an implicit sequence with increased behavioral training. Implications for these findings are discussed.
Social Skills for Youths with Visual Impairments: A Meta-Analysis:

Structured abstract: Introduction: This meta-analysis reviewed correlational research on youths (ages 13–21) with visual impairments (that is, blindness or low vision) conducted using the National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 (NLTS2). Methods: After a systematic literature review, six studies (four peer-reviewed articles, one dissertation, and one conference presentation) met inclusionary criteria and provided sufficient findings for meta-analysis. Three studies were selected to represent NLTS2 Waves 1, 3, and 4 without violating assumptions of independence. The fixed-effect meta-analysis tested the summary effect of social skills variables. Results: Social skills had a moderate summary effect (r 2 .373), with high precision for an aggregated sample of 1,229 youths. The test for heterogeneity (I 2 94.25) indicated that social skills explained 6% of the between-study findings. Cumulative analysis suggested a small amount of publication bias. Discussion: Although differences other than social skills accounted for most between-study variances, trends in the research imply relationships between social skills and the Expanded Core Curriculum (ECC). Implications for practitioners: Given the limited time available for specialized instruction, identifying ECC areas with measurable positive impacts empowers teachers to design effective programs. The moderate positive overall effect for social skills variables reported in this study supports the continued emphasis on social competence in the educational programs for youths with visual impairments. Given the challenges with conducting research using small samples in the field of visual impairment, meta-analysis offers opportunities to test the overall effect of interventions by combining the findings of multiple smaller studies. This study demonstrated that meta-analytic research is applicable to the field of visual impairment. Future meta-analytic studies of any ECC variables would benefit from the inclusion of additional sources of quantitative research (that is, intervention studies and different large-scale datasets). New research from a variety of data sources would allow the field to more clearly describe trends and relationships among ECC variables and transition outcomes for this population.
Sensor-Aided Overlay Deployment and Relocation for Vast-Scale Sensor Networks

The overlay-based network architecture has been recognized as an effective way to deal with the funneling effect in sensor networks, where sensors closer to the sink are usually responsible for relaying more network traffic. Such funneling effect is particularly harmful when the number of sensors in the network is vast. In an overlay-based sensor network, a special type of resource-rich multi-radio mobile wireless devices (we call them syphons) are deployed along with sensors. Syphons form an overlay network and help nearby sensors relay their data to the sink via the overlay network, thus mitigating the funneling effect. In this paper, we study one of the fundamental challenges in overlay-based sensor networks: syphon deployment problem, i.e., how to deploy a limited number of syphons to cover a vast sensing field while maintaining the connectivity and balanced loads among them. We propose a novel sensor-aided overlay deployment and relocation (SODaR) protocolas a possible solution. The key idea is to take advantage of sensors' assistance and to relocate syphons by circling them around the sink in an orderly manner until all syphons are connected. Simulation results show that, with SODaR, syphons are able to self-form and self-maintain a connected tree structure which provides excellent load balancing among syphons with modest message and movement overhead.
Efficient Stack Simulation for Shared Memory Set-Associative Multiprocessor Caches

We propose efficient stack simulation algorithms for shared memory multiprocessor (MP) caches. A stack simulation algorithm for write-updated MP caches is first presented. It produces the number of write-updates as well as misses for all cache configurations in a single run. We then devise a new stack simulation algorithm for writeinvalidate MP caches. Our algorithm takes into account cross-invalidation among processors, and generates the number of invalidations as well as misses for all cache configurations in a single run. A cache simulator based on our algorithms for MP caches is developed and the results on sample traces are reported. Our results show that effi cient stack simulation is a powerful technique for multi processor cache analysis.
Plasma Concentrations of the Urate-Binding Alpha1–2-Globulin in Patients with Different Types of Primary Gout as Compared to Healthy Control Subjects

. The relationship between the plasma concentrations of the urate-binding alpha1–2, globulin in patients with different types of primary gout and in healthy control subjects has been studied by an immuno-assay method based on diffusion in antibody-agar plates. Plasma from 33 different individuals was investigated including healthy control subjects, asymptomatic, normouraemic subjects from a gouty kindred previously shown to have reduced plasma urate-binding capacities, patients with and without an incomplete hypoxanthine-guanine-phosphoribosyl-transferase (PRT) deficiency associated with gout, as well as one case of LeschNyhan syndrome and one case of xanthinuria. In gouty subjects previously demonstrated to have a reduced urate-binding capacity and in their asymptomatic relatives with this defect the plasma concentrations of the urate-binding alpha1–2 globulin were reduced to 25% of the values found in healthy control subjects. This protein deficiency could hardly result from hyperuricaemia as protein concentrations within normal limits were found in three subjects with gout associated with an incomplete PRT-deficiency as well as in the case of LeschNyhan syndrome. The finding of a normal protein concentration in these last cases further indicates that the urate-binding alpha1–2 globulin deficiency may represent an additional modality in which the pathogenetic heterogeneity in primary gout can be expressed.
In vivo degradation of secreted fusion proteins by the Escherichia coli outer membrane protease OmpT.

The Escherichia coli outer membrane protease OmpT (protease VII) has been shown to degrade several proteins in vitro, but its function in vivo is uncertain. We demonstrate that OmpT participates in the degradation of a fusion protein secreted into the periplasmic space. A strain with mutations in degP (K.L. Strauch and J. Beckwith, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:1576-1580, 1988) and ompT exhibits a cumulative decrease in protein degradation and should be useful for the expression of proteolytically sensitive secreted proteins. Images
Unique functional properties of the APB sensitive and insensitive rod pathways signaling light decrements in mouse retinal ganglion cells

Light decrements are mediated by two distinct groups of rod pathways in the dark-adapted retina that can be differentiated on the basis of their sensitivity to the glutamate agonist DL-2-amino-phosphonobutyric (APB). By means of the APB sensitive pathway, rods transmit light decrements via rod bipolar cells to AII amacrine cells, then to Off cone bipolar cells, which in turn innervate the dendrites of Off ganglion cells. APB hyperpolarizes rod bipolar cells, thus blocking this rod pathway. With APB insensitive pathways, rods either directly synapse onto Off cone bipolar cells, or rods pass light decrement signal to cones by gap junctions. In the present study, whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were made from ganglion cells in the dark-adapted mouse retina to investigate the functional properties of APB sensitive and insensitive rod pathways. The results revealed several clear-cut differences between the APB sensitive and APB insensitive rod pathways. The latency of Off responses to a flashing spot of light was significantly shorter for the APB insensitive pathways than those for the APB sensitive pathway. Moreover, Off responses of the APB insensitive pathways were found to be capable of following substantially higher stimulus frequencies. Nitric oxide was found to selectively block Off responses in the APB sensitive rod pathway. Collectively, these results provide evidence that the APB sensitive and insensitive rod pathways can convey different types of information signaling light decrements in the dark-adapted retina.
An update on silicon deposition performed by hot wire CVD

Abstract An update and present status of hot wire CVD (HWCVD) in the area of silicon (Si) related materials deposition is given. By comparing research presentation topics for the last two HWCVD Conferences, trends are pointed out as to the present research directions in Si related research. Such trends include increasing research efforts in microcrystalline-Si (μc-Si), both from materials and a solar cell device standpoint, and also in silicon nitride. At the same time, the number of presentations in devices aside from solar cells has declined, particularly in the area of thin film transistors. The latter is traced to the maturity of this research area using HWCVD. Additional observations are the number of significant research results obtained using lower filament temperatures, the increased use of ’exotic’ sources to deposit Si based alloys, and the large number of new research groups joining the HWCVD community, as an active or collaborative participant. Finally, research areas resulting in materials deposition and/or device fabrication where results are unique to HWCVD are highlighted.
The Imagined Reign of the Iron Lecturer: Village Broadcasting in Colonial India

In the decade preceding the consolidation of All India Radio (circa 1936), there was an alternative model for broadcasting in India.' It rejected the premise that there was a national audience, a national culture, or a national politics, or that radio's key function was to create them. In these negations of broadcasting's nation-statist implications, this model for Indian radio departed from the standard of the 1930os for the mass medium in the Western democracies and authoritarian states alike. Decreeing that discrete local services were the natural correspondent to the subcontinent's fractured social landscape, the model affronted the legitimacy of Indian nationalism. In this it mirrored the conservative face of colonial rule.
A comparison of the reinforcing efficacy of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “ecstasy”) with cocaine in rhesus monkeys

The purpose of the present study was to compare the reinforcing efficacy of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'ecstasy') to cocaine. Rhesus monkeys (n=4) responded under a within-session, exponentially increasing, progressive-ratio (PR) schedule of cocaine reinforcement. Breaking point (BP) for the PR schedule was defined as the final response requirement completed before 2 h had elapsed without an injection delivered. Saline and doses of cocaine (0.003-0.3 mg/kg/injection) and MDMA (0.01-0.56 mg/kg/injection) were substituted for the training dose of cocaine for at least five consecutive sessions. Both cocaine and MDMA functioned as reinforcers, but self-administration of MDMA occurred at fewer doses and a significantly lower peak BP was obtained for MDMA. These data demonstrate that MDMA functions as a reinforcer, although its reinforcing efficacy appears to be less than that of cocaine.
Media and tip trajectory optimization for high-density MFM-based perpendicular recording

In this paper, we investigate the feasibility of using a magnetic force microscopy scheme for recording and retrieving magnetic marks for ultrahigh-density, ultralow power applications. We will address the main design considerations while designing such a system. Then, using the impulse-response and inverse-convolution technique, we deduce a novel tip trajectory for the optimum recording process. We will also apply extensive optimization for a Co/sub x/Cr/sub y/Pt/sub 1-x-y/ perpendicular media structure to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). An areal density of up to 0.3 Tb/in/sup 2/ is shown to be achievable with thermally stable magnetic marks and a SNR of 20-25 dB in the existence of additional electronic noise.
How and where do criminals operate? Using Google to track Mexican drug trafficking organizations

We develop a tool that uses Web content to obtain quantitative information about the mobility and modus operandi of criminal groups, information that would otherwise require the operation of large scale, expensive intelligence exercises to be obtained. Exploiting indexed reliable sources such as online newspapers and blogs, we use unambiguous query terms and Google’s search engine to identify the areas of operation of criminal organizations, and to extract information about the particularities of their mobility patters. We apply our tool to Mexican criminal organizations to identify their market strategies, their preferred areas of operation, and the way in which these have evolved over the last two decades. By extracting this knowledge, we provide crucial information for academics and policy makers increasingly interested in organized crime. Our ndings provide evidence that criminal organizations are more strategic and operate in more dierentiated ways than current academic literature had suggested.
Anxiety, normative uncertainty, and social regulation

Emotion plays an important role in securing social stability. But while emotions like fear, anger, and guilt have received much attention in this context, little work has been done to understand the role that anxiety plays. That’s unfortunate. I argue that a particular form of anxiety—what I call ‘practical anxiety’—plays an important, but as of yet unrecognized, role in norm-based social regulation. More specifically, it provides a valuable form of metacognition, one that contributes to social stability by helping individuals negotiate the challenges that come from having to act in the face of unclear norms.
Multi-objective traction optimization of vehicles in loose dry sand using the generalized reduced gradient method

Abstract A work optimization strategy is combined with algorithms within the vehicle-terrain interface (VTI) model to maximize the traction of a four-wheel vehicle operating on loose dry sand. The optimization model distributes traction among the steered and non-steered wheels with the work optimum coefficient (WOC) of each wheel treated as an independent design objective. Drawbar pull (DBP), motion resistance (MR), longitudinal traction coefficient (LTC), lateral force coefficient (LFC), tire deflection, and wheel slip are key parameters that appear in the VTI model for traction performance analysis. The analysis includes wheels of different diameters, widths, heights, and inflation pressures, under variable wheel slips. A multi-objective optimization problem is formulated over a thirteen-dimensional search space bounded by eight design constraints. The generalized reduced gradient method is used to predict optimal values of the design variables as well as ground and traction parameters such as DBP, MR, LTC, and LFC for maximum slope climbing efficiency. The WOCs are maximized for lateral slip angles between 0° and 24° to find a set of Pareto optimal solutions over a wide range of weight factors. A method to apply the optimization results for predicting vehicle performance and traction control on dry sand is presented and discussed.
Diversity's Roots and Routes: The Rugged Road for African AmericansSupplement to Does Race Matter in Educational Diversity? A Legal and Empirical Analysis

In the article, Does Race Matter in Educational Diversity? A Legal and Empirical Analysis, Rutgers Race and the Law Review, Vol. 13, No. 2, 2012, we pointed out that: “A long and difficult history preceded the judicial use of educational diversity to examine the limits of admissions criteria. The history reaches from ending slavery and extends in successive stages, first, to prohibitory affirmative action designed to stop racial discrimination, second, to compensatory affirmative action as a means of correcting for prior discrimination, and third, to “modern” affirmative action to pursue diversity in university undergraduate, graduate, and professional education. As important as discussion of the broader developmental issues would be in providing additional context and meaning for the questions analyzed in this report, that discussion is not presented in the Does Race Matter article because it would have unduly extended the length of the article.
A Symposium-Based Self-Directed Learning Approach to Teaching Medical Cell Biology to Medical Students

The Commonwealth Medical College has used a variety of self-directed learning pedagogies to promote the student’s performance and knowledge retention since its inception in 2009. Based on this goal, a Cell Biology Symposium was designed to allow students to present medical cell biology concepts to their peers. It was believed that by utilizing a team-based learning strategy, this would enhance the students’ learning. This is a study that describes how well medical students mastered medical cell biology concepts in a classroom lecture-based format versus a peer-teaching format arranged as a Medical Cell Biology Symposium. We analyzed the list of cell biology concepts that medical students were required to understand according to guidelines published by the 2009 US Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step 1 Content Description and General Information (2008) and chose eight appropriate subjects and associated diseases that would cover these concepts. The 65 students in the 2009 class were assigned to teams and given faculty selected papers. Their goal was a PowerPoint presentation to their fellow students, designed on updating the class on the changes in medical knowledge since their assigned paper was published, including associated learning objectives and an annotated bibliography. We analyzed a student-derived, take-home test and a multiple-choice test given to the subsequent class of 2010, also composed of 65 students. As expected, scores for the open-book take-home test were much higher than the scores in a closed-book, multiple-choice examination given in the subsequent year. Our data indicate that satisfaction with an activity does not necessarily correlate with knowledge of this subject area in test performance and that this type of self-directed learning activity is an excellent way to deliver cell biology content to medical students. The real value of the Cell Biology Symposium may lie more in improving student skills in communication, problem solving, leadership, and working together as a team. These skills will be at least as important to the future success of our medical students as their mastery of the basic science, in this case cell biology, associated with the practice of medicine.
The Genus Rhagoletotrypeta, with a New Nearctic Species (Diptera: Tephritidae)

The Neotropical genus Rhagoletotrypeta Aczel is recorded for the first time from America north of Mexico. The Argentine genus Serpentinographa Aczel is a new synonym, and Rhagoletotrypeta argentinensis (Aczel) (= Serpentinographa Aczel) is a new combination. R. rohweri, new species, is described from New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Illinois; notes on R. annulata Aczel from Texas, and R. xanthogastra Aczel and R. pastranai Aczel from Argentina are presented.
Study of CIGS Solar Cells Back Contact

Molybdenum thin films were deposited by r.f. magnetron sputtering. The strain in the films was mostly tensile and varied, with the Argon pressure and the r.f. power, along a bell curve, reaching a maximum at 8 mTorr (80 W) and 6 mTorr (100 W). The grain size deduced from the X-Ray diffraction measurements (FWHM) decreased with increasing Argon pressure and, to a lower extent, with decreasing r.f power. The change in grain size, as well as in morphology, was confirmed by AFM imaging. Finally, the resistivity of the films was found to increase with increasing Argon pressure, while the films maintained good adhesion to the soda-lime glass substrates for all Argon pressures and r.f. power.
Systematic prediction of new ferroelectrics in space groups P31 and P32

Release 2002/2 of the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database (FIZ Karlsruhe, Germany, and Institute Laue–Langevin, Grenoble, France) contains 62 entries in space group P31 and ten entries in space group P32 for 49 different materials including eight families with two or more isostructural members. The structural criteria for ferroelectricity are satisfied for 16 new structure types at a confidence level that depends on the reliability of each determination. LaBGeO5, a mineral with stillwellite structure, was previously reported as ferroelectric and forms an additional family with seven other members or related structures that satisfy the criteria. Ten structures reported in space group P31 or P32 are dubious or incorrect, with atomic coordinates that satisfy supergroup symmetry. One material is probably pyroelectric but is unlikely to become ferroelectric, and three others are either incompletely solved or incom­pletely refined. Among the predicted new ferroelectrics are Cu2BaGeS4, Fe3(Fe,Si)O4(OH)5, Se4S5, K2HCr2AsO10, IV-RbNO3, Rb2Sc(NO3)5, Na3ReO5, Nd14(GeO4)2(BO3)6O8, CsHgCl3, Ba2Cu2AlF11, KYF4, SrS2O6·4H2O, Cu3PbTeO6(OH)2, ReH(CO)4, Ni2(NH3)9Mo(CN)8·2H2O and the 6T polytype of Ca1.89Ta1.80Sm0.16Ti0.10O7, in addition to β-LaBSiO5, PbBAsO5 and BaBAsO5 in the stillwellite family.
Comparison of laser versus surface-touch registration for image-guided sinus surgery.

BACKGROUND Use of image-guidance systems has become more popular in endoscopic sinus surgery. The laser registration technique has been used previously; however, a less expensive surface-touch registration technique recently has been developed. We compared the accuracy and speed of laser and surface-touch registration techniques. METHODS Localization accuracy after laser and surface-touch registration was examined after 15 endoscopic sinonasal procedures between July and September 2004. Compared anatomic locations included the nasofrontal angle, nasolabial angle, posterior maxillary wall, skull base, and posterior vomer. For each localization point, the degree of error (in millimeters) was measured in superior-inferior (SI), anterior-posterior (AP), and right-left (RL) dimensions. The length of time for each registration procedure was recorded for both techniques. RESULTS Laser registration was significantly faster (mean, 20 seconds) than surface-touch registration (mean, 20 seconds versus 63 seconds, respectively; p < 0.05). Laser registration was accurate within 0.3 mm in the SI direction, 0.4 mm in the AP direction, and 0.4 mm in the RL direction. Surface-touch registration was accurate within 0.3 mm in the SI direction, 0.4 mm in the AP direction, and 0.3 mm in the RL direction. There was no significant difference between techniques for any anatomic point. In 97.7% of all points, accuracy was within 2 mm or less for both the laser and surface-touch registration. CONCLUSION Surface-touch registration is significantly slower than laser registration but has virtually no difference in accuracy. Both techniques compare very favorably to the accuracy of other systems reported in the literature.
Absence of Smad3 induces neutrophil migration after cutaneous irradiation: possible contribution to subsequent radioprotection.

Our previous work showed that 6 weeks after cutaneous irradiation, mice null (knockout, KO) for Smad3, a cytoplasmic downstream mediator of transforming growth factor-β, demonstrate less epidermal acanthosis and dermal inflammation than wild-type (WT) Smad3 mice. Analysis of the kinetics of inflammation showed that 6 to 8 hours after skin irradiation, there was a transient sevenfold increase in neutrophil influx in Smad3 KO mice compared with WT. Herein we describe bone marrow transplantation and skin grafting between WT and KO mice to assess the contribution of the neutrophil genotype compared with that of irradiated skin to the induction of neutrophil migration after irradiation. Results from bone marrow transplantation showed that WT marrow transplanted into KO mice enhanced neutrophil migration 6 to 8 hours after irradiation by 3.2-fold compared with KO marrow in WT mice. KO skin grafted onto either WT or KO animals showed a sixfold elevation of neutrophils after irradiation compared with grafted WT skin. These results suggest that the genotype of the irradiated skin, rather than the inflammatory cell, controls neutrophil influx. Circulating neutrophils, increased in WT mice after injection of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, resulted in increased neutrophil migration to the skin 6 to 8 hours after irradiation and less skin damage 6 weeks after irradiation compared with untreated WT mice. Thus, early responses, including enhanced neutrophil influx, appear to contribute to subsequent cutaneous radioprotection.
Measurement of Circular Dichroism in the Vacuum Ultraviolet. A New Challenge for Theoreticians

Measurements of vacuum ultraviolet circular dichroism (VUCD) 1have been made only in recent years. Several prototype instruments have been described2–20 and reviews have begun to appear in the literature. 20–22 The new results reported here are described from the point of view of illustrating how these and similar data may influence the development of the theories of optical activity and conformational analysis.
Fault-Tolerant Reversible Circuits

Reversible hardware computation, that is, performing logic signal transforimations in a way that allows the original input signals to be recovered from the produced outputs, is helpful in diverse areas such as quantum computing, low-power design, nanotechnology, optical information processing, and bioinformatics. We propose a paradigm for performing such reversible computations in a manner that renders a wide class of circuit faults readily detectable at the circuit's outputs. More specifically, we introduce a class of reversible logic gates (consisting of the well-known Fredkin gate and a newly defined Feynman double-gate) for which the parity of the outputs matches that of the inputs. Such parity-preserving reversible gates, when used with an arbitrary synthesis strategy for reversible logic circuits, allow any fault that affects no more than a single logic signal to be detectable at the circuit's primary outputs. We show the applicability of our design strategy by demonstrating how the well-known, and very useful, Toffoli gate can be synthesized from parity-preserving gates and apply the results to the design of a binary full-adder circuit, which is a versatile and widely used element in digital arithmetic processing.
4.02 – Disorders of Sex Development in Males: Molecular Genetics, Epigenetics, Gender Identity, and Cognition

Male sex development is a complex process of events involving genetic, epigenetic, and hormonal factors with androgens playing a major role. The formation of testes in 46,XY individuals establishes the male gonadal sex. Hormones produced by the testes, especially testosterone and anti-Mullerian hormone, play essential roles in male sex differentiation; conversely, defects in the production and action of these hormones result in disorders of sex development (DSD). In this chapter, the genetic, epigenetic, and hormonal factors controlling male sex determination and differentiation are reviewed. By discussing subjects with defects in androgen production and action, particularly those with 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-3 deficiency, 5alpha-reductase-2 deficiency, and androgen insensitivity syndrome, the roles of androgens in male sex differentiation, gender identity, and cognitive function are emphasized. The issue of the complex interaction of nature versus nurture is addressed.
Assessing quantile prediction with censored quantile regression models.

Summary An important goal of censored quantile regression is to provide reliable predictions of survival quantiles, which are often reported in practice to offer robust and comprehensive biomedical summaries. However, formal methods for evaluating and comparing working quantile regression models in terms of their performance in predicting survival quantiles have been lacking, especially when the working models are subject to model mis-specification. In this article, we proposes a sensible and rigorous framework to fill in this gap. We introduce and justify a predictive performance measure defined based on the check loss function. We derive estimators of the proposed predictive performance measure and study their distributional properties and the corresponding inference procedures. More importantly, we develop model comparison procedures that enable thorough evaluations of model predictive performance among nested or non-nested models. Our proposals properly accommodate random censoring to the survival outcome and the realistic complication of model mis-specification, and thus are generally applicable. Extensive simulations and a real data example demonstrate satisfactory performances of the proposed methods in real life settings.
The Implementation of Instructional Strategies for Training in a Virtual Environment: An Exploratory Investigation of Workload and Performance

This study expanded upon the use of Simulation-Based Training (SBT) to enhance kinesic cue detection in military operations. The research investigated three SBT instructional strategies: Massed Exposure (ME), Highlighting, and Kim’s Game. An additional Control condition was included as a validity measure for the tested instructional strategies. Each strategy provided a separate perceptual experience for learning how to detect the target kinesic cues specified: aggressiveness and nervousness. The subjects’ workload scores from the NASA-Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) subscales of performance, effort, and frustration provided greater understanding of each strategy’s impact on perceptual skill improvement. For each instructional strategy, this research increased understanding of workload efficiencies and highlighted potential applications. Examination of descriptive statistics revealed that Kim’s Game scored the lowest in detection accuracy, and exceeded both Highlighting and ME in terms of effort, performance, and frustration on the NASA-TLX. Highlighting scored highest in detection accuracy, but lowest in effort, performance, and frustration. The Control and ME scored neither highest nor lowest for all NASA-TLX subscales and detection accuracy. Given the results, the instructional strategies may be implemented individually or used in combinations for a desired training effect. Kim’s Game may be suited for training experts, whereas Highlighting and ME may be suited for novice trainees. Additional fields, such as baggage screening, healthcare, and education may benefit from implementation of workload-appropriate perceptual training strategies within a virtual environment.
A web browser application for modeling dynamic data structures

The web browser based Dynamic Data Structure (DDS) modeling program is being developed to aid in the teaching of dynamic data structures such as linked lists and trees. The goal of this modeling tool is to assist in the teaching of dynamic data structures and to provide a platform for hands-on student manipulation of data structure models. DDS allows the user build and manipulate graphical models of dynamic data structures, instead of drawing models on white boards and paper or in slide presentation programs. Because it is a web browser based application, it can be widely distributed without the need for installing software.
Algorithmic-pipelined ADC with a modified residue curve for better linearity

In this paper, the minimum total required transconductance for the different architectures of the pipelined ADC are computed. This helps the pipelined ADC designers to find the most power-efficient architecture between different topologies based on the same input-referred thermal noise. It is shown that the Algorithmic-Pipelined ADC requires a simpler Sub-ADC and shows lower sensitivity to the Multiplying DAC (MDAC) errors and smaller area and power dissipation in comparison to the conventional multi-bit per stage pipelined ADC. Also, it is shown that the Algorithmic-Pipelined architecture is more-tolerant to capacitive mismatch for the same input-referred thermal noise than the conventional multi-bit per stage architecture. To take full advantage of these properties, a modified residue curve for the pipelined ADC is proposed. This concept introduces better linearity compared with the conventional residue curve of the pipelined ADC; this approach is particularly attractive for the digitization of signals with large peak to average ratio such as OFDM coded signals.
Statistical data reduction for streaming data

Bulk of the streaming data from scientific simulations and experiments consists of numerical values, and these values often change in unpredictable ways over a short time horizon. Such data values are known to be hard to compress, however, much of the random fluctuation is not essential to the scientific application and could therefore be removed without adverse impact. We have developed a compression technique based on statistical similarity that could reduce the storage requirement by over 100-fold while preserve prominent features in the data stream. We achieve these impressive compression ratios because most data blocks have similar probability distribution and could be reproduced from a small block. The core concept behind this work is the exchangeability in statistics. To create a practical compression algorithm, we choose to work with fixed size blocks and use Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to measure similarity. The resulting technique could be regarded as a dictionary-based compression scheme. In this paper, we describe the method and explore its effectiveness on two sets of application data. We pay particular attention to the Fourier components of the reconstructed data and show that in addition to preserving unique features in data it is also faithfully preserving the Fourier components whose periods extend more than a few blocks.
Endometrial Polyps and Tamoxifen-Associated Changes

Tamoxifen has pro-estrogenic effects on the endometrium, causing increased prevalence of endometrial changes including hyperplasia, polyps, and carcinoma. FDG PET/MR imaging can be useful to avoid a false-positive interpretation of endometrial malignancy, as it offers precise anatomic localization with simultaneous functional information. It is also important to note that FDG uptake varies throughout the menstrual cycle.
Discovering foodborne illness in online restaurant reviews.

Objective We developed a system for the discovery of foodborne illness mentioned in online Yelp restaurant reviews using text classification. The system is used by the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) to monitor Yelp for foodborne illness complaints. Materials and methods We built classifiers for 2 tasks: (1) determining if a review indicated a person experiencing foodborne illness and (2) determining if a review indicated multiple people experiencing foodborne illness. We first developed a prototype classifier in 2012 for both tasks using a small labeled dataset. Over years of system deployment, DOHMH epidemiologists labeled 13 526 reviews selected by this classifier. We used these biased data and a sample of complementary reviews in a principled bias-adjusted training scheme to develop significantly improved classifiers. Finally, we performed an error analysis of the best resulting classifiers. Results We found that logistic regression trained with bias-adjusted augmented data performed best for both classification tasks, with F1-scores of 87% and 66% for tasks 1 and 2, respectively. Discussion Our error analysis revealed that the inability of our models to account for long phrases caused the most errors. Our bias-adjusted training scheme illustrates how to improve a classification system iteratively by exploiting available biased labeled data. Conclusions Our system has been instrumental in the identification of 10 outbreaks and 8523 complaints of foodborne illness associated with New York City restaurants since July 2012. Our evaluation has identified strong classifiers for both tasks, whose deployment will allow DOHMH epidemiologists to more effectively monitor Yelp for foodborne illness investigations.
Epitaxial phase diagrams of SrTiO 3 , CaTiO 3 , and SrHfO 3 : Computational investigation including the role of antiferrodistortive and A -site displacement modes

Ground-state epitaxial phase diagrams are calculated by density functional theory (DFT) for ${\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}, {\mathrm{CaTiO}}_{3}$, and ${\mathrm{SrHfO}}_{3}$ perovskite-based compounds, accounting for the effects of antiferrodistortive and $A$-site displacement modes. Biaxial strain states corresponding to epitaxial growth of (001)-oriented films are considered, with misfit strains ranging between $\ensuremath{-}4%$ and 4%. Ground-state structures are determined using a computational procedure in which input structures for DFT optimizations are identified as local minima in expansions of the total energy with respect to strain and soft-mode degrees of freedom. Comparison to results of previous DFT studies demonstrates the effectiveness of the computational approach in predicting ground-state phases. The calculated results show that antiferrodistortive octahedral rotations and associated $A$-site displacement modes act to suppress polarization and reduce the epitaxial strain energy. A projection of calculated atomic displacements in the ground-state epitaxial structures onto soft-mode eigenvectors shows that three ferroelectric and six antiferrodistortive displacement modes are dominant at all misfit strains considered, with the relative contributions from each varying systematically with the strain. Additional $A$-site displacement modes contribute to the atomic displacements in ${\mathrm{CaTiO}}_{3}$ and ${\mathrm{SrHfO}}_{3}$, which serve to optimize the coordination of the undersized $A$-site cation.
Introduction to The R evision of Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code Symposium

For many who have studied and practiced commercial law,Karl Llewellyn's vision of what a statute can accomplish hasdefined the limits of the Uniform Commercial Code's logic. Quitesimply, Article 2 of the U.C.C., "Sales," is, more than any otherarticle of the Code, Llewellyn's Llaw.' As originally promulgat-ed, Article 2 captures as much of Llewellyn's legal realism as hecould get past the New York Law Revision Commission and,until recently, the uniform sales law has remained essentiallyintact, notwithstanding the many slings and arrows thrown itsway. Maybe something special about Article 2, or Llewellyn'srelation to it, has insulated the sales law from the wholesalerevision process that Articles 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 9 have endured.
Leader-Follower Tracking Control for Multi-Agent Systems Based on Input Observer Design

This paper presents a novel study of input-observer-based leader-follower tracking for multi-agent systems (MASs). A widely held assumption in the present literature on MAS tracking is that the leader's input is available to all followers. The viability of this assumption, however, can be challenged by the reality that the communication topology only allows a leader to send its data to its neighbors. In an effort to overcome this barrier, this paper proposes to build an input-observer-based tracking control framework and algorithm. In this framework, an input observer is designed so that each follower can locally estimate the leader's input. The input reconstruction is then combined with a tracking controller, which will allow a follower to effectively achieve tracking. Convergence property of the proposed algorithm is rigorously analyzed. The simulation result demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed framework and algorithm.
Learning About "Known Unknowns" and "Unknown Unknowns" to Cure HIV.

How are latent HIV reservoirs so radically depleted by allo-HSCT? Salgado and colleagues report on the largest number of HIV-infected patients receiving allo-HSCT with CCR5 wild-type donor cells fo...
Radiographic union score for tibia fractures predicts success with operative treatment of tibial nonunion.

Abstract Background The purpose of this study is to evaluate the ability of preoperative and postoperative radiographic union scores for tibia fractures (RUST) to predict treatment success of tibia fracture nonunion. Materials and methods Patients presenting for operative treatment of tibia fracture nonunion were enrolled in a prospective data registry. Enrolled patients were followed at regular intervals for 12 months. Preoperative and 12 week postoperative radiographs were reviewed and scored using the RUST criteria. Postoperative time to union was determined by clinical and radiographic measures. Multivariate regressions were conducted to predict time to union using preoperative and postoperative RUST while controlling for treatment method. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was conducted to determine the accuracy of preoperative RUST in predicting failure of treatment. Results Sixty-eight patients with aseptic tibia fracture nonunion treated operatively were identified. Sixty-one patients achieved union. Mean preoperative RUST was 7.5 (SD 1.4). Mean postoperative RUST was 9.2 (SD 1.4). Multivariate linear regressions demonstrated that preoperative (p = 0.043) and postoperative (p = 0.007) RUST are significant predictors of time to union after tibia fracture nonunion surgery. ROC curve demonstrated preoperative RUST below 7 was a good predictor of developing persistent tibia fracture nonunion (AUC = 0.83, Sensitivity = 1.000, Specificity = 0.745). Conclusions RUST preoperatively and postoperatively predicts outcome after nonunion surgery. RUST can be used as part of the complete clinical picture to shape patient expectations and guide treatment.
Review of Treatment Options for Smaller Benign Cranial Meningiomas: Observation, Stereotactic Radiosurgery, and Rarely, Open Surgery.

Background MR/CT documented smaller cranial meningiomas in asymptomatic patients are often followed for years without requiring any intervention. Only a subset of patients who become symptomatic attributed to significant tumor growth, edema and/or mass effect may require stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), and rarely, open surgery. Clearly, the decision for choosing any treatment modality must be made on a case by case basis and include an analysis of risks vs. benefits to the individual patient. Methods Patients with smaller benign asymptomatic meningiomas are followed with sequential MR studies that typically document lack of tumor progression, edema, or mass effect. Those who become symptomatic with the typical triad (i.e. headaches, seizures, or visual loss) and other focal neurological deficits may warrant SRS, and only occasionally, open surgery. Surgery may indeed be warranted in the presence of certain mitigating factors, (e.g. young age, lesions located adjacent to by not yet invading critical structures etc.). Results This review focused largely on smaller benign asymptomatic meningiomas. The non-operative/ conservative management vs. use of SRS vs. open surgery in select cases are discussed, along with a review of the morbidity/mortality of the respective interventions. Conclusion There are multiple treatment options for patients with smaller asymptomatic cranial meningiomas. SRS may be warranted for those who exhibit tumor growth, increasing edema, and/or mass effect. Only rarely is open operative intervention necessary; this must include consideration of other factors that may warrant early surgery. Notably, the 5-year survival rates for SRS ranged from 95.2% - 97%, while the 10-year survival rates varied from 88.6% - 94%.
Histopathologic Patterns of Colitis in Patients With Impaired Renal Function.

Objectives To characterize the histopathologic features of colitis in patients with impaired renal function. Methods We retrospectively identified 413 patients who underwent colonoscopic evaluation for colitis between 2011 and 2015. Patients were divided into four groups based on estimated glomerular filtrate rates. Patients with impaired renal function were compared to overall and age-matched patients with normal renal function. Results Compared to a preponderance of inflammatory bowel disease (33%) and lymphocytic colitis (9.6%) in patients with normal renal function, ischemic colitis (58%) was the predominant histopathologic pattern in the patients with impaired renal function. Infectious colitis was the second most common pattern (20.8%), with Clostridium difficile and cytomegalovirus infections being more frequent. Medication-induced injury was the third most common pattern, with crystal-associated injury being the exclusive pattern found in this study. Conclusions Colitis in patients with impaired renal function is etiologically distinct from that seen in patients with normal renal function.
operating room: Preoperative visits rated a success by O.R. staff, patients, physicians

(1973). operating room: Preoperative visits rated a success by O.R. staff, patients, physicians. Hospital Topics: Vol. 51, No. 9, pp. 59-60.
Investigating Seasonal Succession Patterns in Mesozooplankton Community Structure Following Hurricane Harvey

The northern Gulf of Mexico (nGOM) is a highly productive region and supports some of the world’s largest fisheries. Mesozooplankton represent a key linkage in coastal food webs for larval fish, both as food and as competition. While many studies have investigated seasonal patterns of mesozooplankton off the Louisiana coast and in the Mississippi Bight, there is little information about mesozooplankton communities off the Texas coast. In this study, we investigated environmental drivers of mesozooplankton community variability over space and time. Samples were collected on the Texas shelf near Galveston Bay at seasonal intervals following Hurricane Harvey. Total mesozooplankton abundance were found to be highest in September. Diversity exhibited a hump-shaped pattern over the six months sampled, with the highest diversity occurring in October 2017. Taxa richness did not vary over the sampling period. Significant differences in mesozooplankton community structure were found only between Sept 2017 and Mar 2018. Community abundance was greatest nearshore, and zooplankton diversity was greatest on the shelf. Abundance was found to be driven by temperature while community composition was found to be related to salinity. Spatial and temporal patterns of specific larval fish prey are presented.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and Worker Safety During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

This Viewpoint discusses the importance of preventive measures and supplies to reduce workplace COVID-19 transmission and calls for the US Occupational Safety a