cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Estrogen 2-Hydroxylase Activity of the Gonadotropin-Stimulated Hypophysectomized Immature Rat Ovary:

Using high-performance liquid chromatography and a combination of electrochemical and radiometric flow detection for 2-[14C]hydroxyestradiol, changes in estrogen 2-hydroxylase activity in the microsomal fraction of rat ovarian homogenates were followed. Injection of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) at 12-hr intervals to hypophysectomized immature rats stimulated hypertrophy of the theca-interstitial tissue and produced a profound increase in enzyme activity. With the last injection of hCG at 96 hr the peak serum concentration of hCG was reached 12 hr later and then decreased exponentially with a half-time of 13 hr. However, enzyme activity remained elevated for at least 60 hr before beginning to fall. Pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMSG) also produced an increase in activity, which was apparently limited to the thecal-interstitial tissue because freshly removed granulosa cells from the mature follicles had undetectable activity levels. Administration of anti-PMSG antiserum after enzyme activity had been increased resulted in a prompt fall in activity, as did injection of hCG to mimic an ovulatory surge of LH. The results indicate that the thecal-interstitial tissue of the rat ovary has estrogen 2-hydroxylase activity that is dependent upon gonadotropic stimulation for expression.
Chromatin remodeling in the noncoding repeat expansion diseases.

Friedreich ataxia, myotonic dystrophy type 1 and 3 forms of intellectual disability, fragile X syndrome, FRAXE mental retardation, and FRA12A mental retardation are repeat expansion diseases caused by expansion of CTG·CAG, GAA·TTC, or CGG·CCG repeat tracts. These repeats are transcribed but not translated. They are located in different parts of different genes and cause symptoms that range from ataxia and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy to muscle wasting, male infertility, and mental retardation, yet recent reports suggest that, despite these differences, the repeats may share a common property, namely the ability to initiate repeat-mediated epigenetic changes that result in heterochromatin formation.
Magnitude Estimation of Food Acceptance

A printed list of 50 various food items was evaluated to determine foods most favored by 236 enlisted Army personnel. Three groups, based on intergroup comparability, were formed to test several measurement procedures to determine which technique best evaluated overall food acceptance. Two variations of magnitude estimation procedures were compared to the standard nine-point category ratings. The category ratings and variations of magnitude estimation results were highly related. Benefits concerning the choice of method depend on the extent or magnitude of sensory information required.
Transient adsorption studies of automotive hydrocarbon traps

A chromatographic adsorption unit was designed and built to study the adsorption of alkanes in zeolites for the hydrocarbon trap systems in three-way catalysts, to assist in the selection of optimal materials for this application. The experimental apparatus used a zeolite bed in place of the column in an ordinary gas chromatograph and could be accurately modeled to determine the adsorption equilibrium constants for simple alkanes in MFI zeolites. The adsorption of iso-pentane was studied in BEA zeolites with varying Si/Al2 ratios, before and after ex situ zeolite aging simulating engine exhaust, and in the presence of water vapor. The elution times were shown to depend directly on the zeolite adsorption capacity. The primary effect of water was to decrease the iso-pentane adsorption capacity by partial filling of the zeolite pores through adsorption of water at acid sites. Some implications of this work for choosing the best materials for hydrocarbon trapping are discussed. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 2875–2881, 2014
Comparison of CO 2 laser welding with suture technique for repair of tendons

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy, histology, and strength of laser welding in repair of sharply transected rat Achilles tendons. In 26 adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats, the severed tendons were repaired with a 7-0 nylon, modified Kessler core suture followed by either a running 9-0 nylon epitendinous suture or a circumferential CO 2 laser epidendinous weld using 25% human albumin as a solder. All repairs were timed and post- operative tensile strength was analyzed with material testing equipment. In addition, histologic testing was performed on both types of repairs. The mean time to complete the epitendinous repair in the laser group was 3.5 minutes and in the suture group, 8 minutes. The mean ultimate tensile strength in 6 normal tendons was 40.9 Newtons (N) with group standard deviation of 5.2 N. When compared with normal controls, post-operatively both types of tendon repairs resulted in tensile failure at lower forces. The ultimate tensile strength for the epitendinous suture repair and the laser welds were 13% and 6% of normal controls, respectively. Twenty tendons with epidendinous suture repair had mean ultimate tensile strength of 5.4 (+/- 1.2) N, while the 17 tendons with laser wends failed at 2.6 (+/- 0.9) N. Histologic evaluation of tendons repaired with CO 2 laser revealed areas of coagulation and edema on the surface of tendon edges. Post-operatively, greater tissue changes were noted in laser treated tendons than those repaired with sutures. Laser welding of epitenon is possible and can be completed faster than the suture repair. The repaired tendon surface appears smoother and less bulky after laser treatment. However, significantly decreased immediate post-operative strength was demonstrated by the use of Kruskal-Wallis one way analysis of variance and Turkey's pairwise comparison.
The State of Nature: Ecology, Community, and American Social Thought, 1900-1950

Although science may claim to be "objective," scientists cannot avoid the influence of their own values on their research. In "The State of Nature," Gregg Mitman examines the relationship between issues in early twentieth-century American society and the sciences of evolution and ecology to reveal how explicit social and political concerns influenced the scientific agenda of biologists at the University of Chicago and throughout the United States during the first half of this century. Reacting against the view of nature "red in tooth and claw," ecologists and behavioral biologists such as Warder Clyde Allee, Alfred Emerson, and their colleagues developed research programs they hoped would validate and promote an image of human society as essentially cooperative rather than competitive. Mitman argues that Allee's religious training and pacifist convictions shaped his pioneering studies of animal communities in a way that could be generalized to denounce the view that war is in our genes.
Temporal features in SQL:2011

SQL:2011 was published in December of 2011, replacing SQL:2008 as the most recent revision of the SQL standard. This paper covers the most important new functionality that is part of SQL:2011: the ability to create and manipulate temporal tables.
Oral Proficiency Testing in the Real World: Answers to Frequently Asked Questions

: The ACTFL Oral Proficiency Interview (OPI) is used to assess the ability of individuals to use language for real-world purposes. Today, OPIs are used by academic institutions, government agencies, and private corporations for many purposes: academic placement, student assessment, program evaluation, professional certification, hiring, and promotional qualification. Through Language Testing International (LTI), the exclusive ACTFL testing office, ACTFL conducts, rates, and archives 8,000 to 10,000 oral proficiency interviews each year. This article addresses questions that are frequently asked by educators, test takers, employers, certification boards, and others who require information about an individual's level of oral proficiency. The frequently asked questions (FAQs) addressed in this article are (1) Does taking an OPI over the phone produce a different rating than a face-to-face interview? (2) Are there differences in testing performance from one testing occasion to another when there is no significant opportunity for learning or forgetting between the two tests? (3) How proficient are today's foreign language undergraduate majors? (4) What minimum levels of proficiency are required in the workplace? The answers to questions 1 and 2 are based on the results of an ACTFL-sponsored testing project that compared face-to-face with telephonic interviews. The findings indicated that there is no significant difference in the ratings assigned using face-to-face versus telephone test administration. The data from the same study indicated that comparable results are obtained in test/retest situations. Questions 3 and 4 are answered using data from the ACTFL Test Archives. The majority of undergraduate language majors have achieved proficiency levels that cluster around the Intermediate-High/Advanced-Low border. Different jobs require different levels of proficiency. Charts are provided to summarize the findings.
Some novel models of distributions over the unit square

Abstract Motivated by the work of Borkowf et al. (Biometrics 53 (1997) 1054), properties of (dependent) bivariate distributions obtained by piecewise modifications of uniform distributions over the unit square ([0,1]2) are studied, with special reference to cases of uncorrelatedness between dependent variables. Moments of the distributions are derived and values of several classical dependence indices are obtained and discussed.
Leeftijdsfasebewust personeelsbeleid op de SEH

Door de vergrijzing en de verhoging van de pensioengerechtigde leeftijd worden werkgevers de komende jaren in toenemende mate geconfronteerd met een ouder personeelsbestand. Leeftijdsfasebewust personeelsbeleid op de SEH is dan van belang. Daarbij is het uitgangspunt: ‘Veilig, gezond en met plezier vitaal blijven werken’.
Optical constants of the noble metals determined by reflection electron energy loss spectroscopy

Abstract The optical constants for Cu, Ag, and Au determined by reflection electron energy loss spectroscopy (REELS) using a data treatment method described in the previous paper in this Journal are reported. The purpose of this study is to further test the data treatment method on less free-electron-like metals. The method involves removal of surface effects by deconvolution of data taken with low-energy electrons (200 eV) from data taken with higher energy electrons (1500 eV). The low- and high-energy electron experimental spectra are discussed along with the resulting optical constants. It is found that, although the surface loss contribution to the high-energy electron data is not readily apparent, its contribution does affect the results of the Kramers-Kronig analysis used to determine the complex dielectric function. Thus, some account must taken of the surface loss contribution in order to obtain quantitative information about the optical constants. Along with surface effects, plural-scattering contributions to the spectral response are also removed using deconvolution procedures. Comparison of these results to literature values demonstrates that the data treatment method is successful in closely approximating the optical constants for Cu, Ag, and Au.
Microcrack and transformation toughening of zirconia-containing alumina

Abstract Experimental studies on the microcrack and transformation toughening of zirconia (ZrO 2 )-containing alumina are presented. The investigated ceramics contain about the same volume fractions of tetragonal and monoclinic ZrO 2 particles respectively. The microcrack parameters (microcrack length, microcrack density and microcrack opening) and the transformation behavior are determined by transmission electron microscopy studies. The microstructural results are used to explain the mechanical properties of the toughened material.
Graphical Search for Two-Stage Designs for Phase II Clinical Trials

In a typical two-stage design employed in a phase II cancer clinical trial for efficacy screening, a fixed number of patients are initially enrolled. The trial may be terminated for lack of clinical efficacy of treatment if the observed number of treatment successes after the first stage is too small. Otherwise, an additional fixed number of patients are enrolled to accumulate additional information on efficacy. Simon's optimal design and minimax design have often been applied to designing phase II clinical trials. Other designs have largely been ignored. In this paper, we introduce a graphical method to search for a good design that is a compromise between the optimal and the minimax designs.
Representationalism and the perspectival character of perceptual experience

Perceptual experiences inform us about objective properties of things in our environment. But they also have perspectival character in the sense that they differ phenomenally when objects are viewed from different points of view. Contemporary representationalists hold, at a minimum, that phenomenal character supervenes on representational content. Thus, in order to account for perspectival character, they need to indentify a type of representational content that changes in appropriate ways with the perceiver’s point of view. Many representationlists, including Shoemaker and Lycan, argue that such contents are best construed in terms of mind-dependent properties. Other representationalists, including Tye and Dretske, hold that these contents involve only mind-independent properties. Susanna Schellenberg has recently developed an account of perceptual experience that would serve these latter representationalists extremely well. She suggests that we can do justice to the perspectival character of perceptual experience by appeal to representations of a certain type of relational properties, so-called ‘situation-dependent properties.’ In this paper, I critically engage with Schellenberg’s proposal in order to show how mind-independent representationalists can explain perspectival character. I argue that appeal to situation-dependent properties is problematic. I then show that mind-independent representationalists can account for perspectical character by means of scenario contents in Christopher Peacocke’s sense.
Automatic Encoding of Ambiguous Child Behavior in High and Low Risk for Child Physical Abuse Parents

Recent theory and research suggest that physically abusive parenting behavior might be understood as originating from: 1) greater accessibility of hostile/negative schema, and/or 2) lower accessibility of benign/positive schema. This study examined whether parents at high and low risk for child physical abuse (CPA) differed in the extent to which they spontaneously encoded ambiguous caregiving contexts in negative versus positive terms. Twenty-five high and forty-one low risk for CPA parents were asked to memorize a set of sentences that described ambiguous caregiving situations. After a brief delay, participants were asked to recall the sentences. During recall, cues were given (e.g., negative and positive words) to facilitate recall. According to the cued-recall paradigm, to the extent that recall was facilitated by negative/positive cues, it was inferred that negative/positive meaning was activated when the ambiguous sentences were encoded. Although all parents tended to recall more information in response to negative relative to positive cues, the influence of cue type on recall was greater for high CPA risk parents. That is, high, compared to low, CPA risk parents obtained significantly higher recall difference scores (M = 4.6 versus M = 2.3); with higher recall difference scores indicating greater recall in response to negative relative to positive cues. Present findings are consistent with the proposition that high and low CPA risk parents differ in how they spontaneously encode information in ambiguous caregiving contexts.
Pre-attentive information processing and impulsivity in bipolar disorder

Early responses to stimuli can be measured by sensory evoked potentials (EP) using repeated identical stimuli, S1 and S2. Response to S1 may represent efficient stimulus detection, while suppression of response to S2 may represent inhibition. Early responses to stimuli may be related to impulsivity. We compared EP reflecting stimulus detection and inhibition in bipolar disorder and healthy controls, and investigated relationships to impulsivity. Subjects were 48 healthy controls without family histories of mood disorder and 48 with bipolar disorder. EP were measured as latencies and amplitudes for auditory P50 (pre-attentional), N100 (initial direction of attention) and P200 (initial conscious awareness), using a paired-click paradigm, with identical stimuli 0.5 s apart. Impulsivity was measured by questionnaire and by laboratory tests for inability to suppress responses to stimuli or to delay response for a reward. Analyses used general linear models. S1 amplitudes for P50, N100, and P200, and gating of N100 and P200, were lower in bipolar disorder than in controls. P50 S1 amplitude correlated with accurate laboratory-task responding, and S2 amplitude correlated with impulsive task performance and fast reaction times, in bipolar disorder. N100 and P200 EP did not correlate with impulsivity. These findings were independent of symptoms, treatment, or substance-use history. EPs were not related to questionnaire-measured or reward-based impulsivity. Bipolar I disorder is characterized by reduced pre-attentional and early attentional stimulus registration relative to controls. Within bipolar disorder, rapid-response impulsivity correlates with impaired pre-attentional response suppression. These results imply specific relationships between ERP-measured response inhibition and rapid-response impulsivity.
Induction and Inheritance of Morphological Mutations in COSMARIUM TURPINII BREB.

ESMIDS are composed of two half cells or semicells which have a particular symmetry pattern, shape and in some cases, localized spiny outgrowths (SMITH 1950). The ornate morphology of these unicellular algae has attracted several workers to investigate the morphogenetic basis of cellular patterns in these organisms. WARIS ( 1950) produced several symmetry alterations of Micrasterias with cold shock, and from the patterns of origin and reversion, postulated a cytofibril mechanism for symmetry determination. KALLIO (1951,1953,1960, 1963) extended the investigations of Micrasterias and supported WARIS’ hypothesis for symmetry determination, but postulated that the nucleus controls the shape of the cell. BRANDHAM and GODWARD (1964) found triradiate forms (trilateral symmetry patterns of semicells) arising from zygotes of a cross between two biradiate parents of Cosmarium botrytis. Crosses between triradiate cells reared from the initial products of the zygote (gones) produced the same frequency of triradiate gones as had the zygotes from the biradiate parents, indicating that the triradiate state is not inherited. A study was initiated to produce morphological mutant cells by ultraviolet radiation in Cosmarium turpinii Brkb. and to determine the pattern of inheritance of morphologically deviant traits. This eucaryotic alga appears to be an ideal organism in which to study several aspects of mutation phenomena, especially mutation segregation patterns and the parameters of genetic influence on cell shape. C. turpinii is unicellular, haploid (STARR 1954b) and uninucleate. All cells of a population are capable of undergoing vegetative reproduction, and so the system is not complicated by differentiation of various cell types. The size of the cell (50 EL) permits individual manipulation. Cells can be manually lined up on agar plates to insure absolute clonal growth, and hence, allow the determination of the exact generation when a mutation is expressed (Figure 1). A highly characteristic and stable shape of the cellulose cell wall enables the detection of morphological deviations due to the mutagenic treatment. Cosmarium has the additional feature of semicell formation (Figures 2-5) in which each half of the cell forms a totally new wall after mitosis. Any genotypic change involving cell wall formation (cell shape) is expressed without the influence of old cell wall material (from past genotypic states). 1 This investigation was in partlal fulfillment of the Doctor of Philosophy degree, Indiana Univeisity
Challenging the Inevitability of Difference: Young Women and Discourses about Gender Equity in the Classroom

Debates about achieving gender equity in education have largely been conducted along a single axis, swinging between two questions: Are girls and boys fundamentally the same or different? Consequently, should girls and boys be treated similarly or differently? This article grounds these theoretical debates about approaches to gender equity in the experiences of one group of female high school students’ struggle to achieve gender equity in their mathematics education. An analysis of students’ talk yields that the young women and their male peers understood the relationship between gender and educational equity through competing discourses. Thus, this case study provides a grounded critique of the dominant paradigms for understanding gender equity and helps reframe the kinds of questions and conversations that practitioners, students, families, researchers, and policymakers might pursue as they search for remedies to educational inequities. At the same time, although this particular case study focuses on competing discourses about gender, these discourses mirror other debates in feminist, multicultural, and critical race literature about the relationship between race, class, and disability, and approaches to equity. Thus, this article holds implications for how we understand the relationship between differences (race, gender, class, and disability) and educational equity.
A fundamental inequality between the probabilities of binary subgroups and cosets

The probability of a set of binary n -tuples is defined to be the sum of the probabilities of the individual n -tuples when each digit is chosen independently with the same probability p of being a "one." It is shown that, under such a definition, the ratio between the probability of a subgroup of order 2^{k} and any of its proper cosets is always greater than or equal to a function F_{k}(p) , where F_{k}(p) \geq 1 for p \leq \frac{1}{2} with equality when and only when p = \frac{1}{2} . It is further shown that F_{k}(p) is the greatest lower bound on this ratio, since a subgroup and proper coset of order 2^{k} can always be found such that the ratio between their probabilities is exactly F_{k}(p) . It is then demonstrated that for a linear code on a binary symmetric channel the "tall-zero" syndrome is more probable than any other syndrome. This result is applied to the problem of error propagation in convolutional codes.
Optical State Changes in the X-Ray-quiescent Black Hole A0620–00

We present optical and infrared photometry of the soft X-ray transient A0620–00, obtained by the SMARTS and YALO consortia, spanning the period 1999-2007. Although A0620–00 was X-ray quiescent throughout this period, our data show three distinct optical states, characterized by magnitude, color, and aperiodic variability. In particular, we find that in what we call the "passive" state, A0620–00 exhibits no observable aperiodic variability on any timescale longer than our exposure length. The existence of these states may explain the differences between phased light curves observed by previous authors. We suggest that in order to obtain the purest ellipsoidal light curves, passive-state data should be used in future studies of ellipsoidal variability.
Measurement of the entrainment window of islets of Langerhans by microfluidic delivery of a chirped glucose waveform

Within single islets of Langerhans, the endocrine portion of the pancreas, intracellular metabolites, as well as insulin secretion, oscillate with a period of ∼5 min. In vivo, pulsatile insulin oscillations are also observed with periods ranging from 5–15 minutes. In order for oscillations of insulin to be observed in vivo, the majority of islets in the pancreas must synchronize their output. It is known that populations of islets can be synchronized via entrainment of the individual islets to low amplitude glucose oscillations that have periods close to islets' natural period. However, the range of glucose periods and amplitudes that can entrain islets has not been rigorously examined. To find the range of glucose periods that can entrain islets, a microfluidic system was utilized to produce and deliver a chirped glucose waveform to populations of islets while their individual intracellular [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]i) oscillations were imaged. Waveforms with amplitudes of 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mM above a median value of 11 mM were applied while the period was swept from 20–2 min. Oscillations of [Ca2+]i resonated the strongest when the period of the glucose wave was within 2 min of the natural period of the islets, typically close to 5 min. Some examples of 1 : 2 and 2 : 1 entrainment were observed during exposure to long and short glucose periods, respectively. These results shed light on the dynamic nature of islet behavior and may help to understand dynamics observed in vivo.
Examination of Listeria monocytogenes Intracellular Gene Expression by Using the Green Fluorescent Protein of Aequorea victoria

The ActA protein of Listeria monocytogenes is an essential virulence factor and is required for intracellular bacterial motility and cell-to-cell spread. plcB, cotranscribed with actA, encodes a broad-specificity phospholipase C that contributes to lysis of host cell vacuoles and cell-to-cell spread. Construction of a transcriptional fusion between actA-plcB and the green fluorescent protein gene of Aequorea victoria has facilitated the detailed examination of patterns of actA/plcB expression within infected tissue culture cells. actA/plcB expression began approximately 30 min postinfection and was dependent upon entry of L. monocytogenes into the host cytosol. L. monocytogenes Deltahly mutants, which are unable to escape from host cell vacuoles, did not express actA/plcB at detectable levels within infected tissue culture cells; however, complementation of the hly defect allowed entry of the bacteria into the host cytoplasm and subsequent actA/plcB expression. These results emphasize the ability of L. monocytogenes to sense the different host cell compartment environments encountered during the course of infection and to regulate virulence gene expression in response.
Increased risk and increased reward in coronary intervention in older patients with acute coronary syndrome

In the USA, among patients 65 years or younger, 75% of those with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) receive percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) according to the National Registry for Myocardial Infarction (NRMI).1 These high figures contrast markedly with PCI rates among older patients. In the elderly population, only 40% of patients older than 75 years of age receive reperfusion therapy.1 Somewhat consistent with these low US figures, a recent study in England found an incremental reduction in the use of invasive and medical therapies with increasing age.2 The current American College of Cardiology/AHA guidelines and ESC guidelines do not suggest any age limitation in the use of PCI in management of ACS.3 ,4 The ESC guidelines suggest that the invasive strategy and PCI show increased benefit in older patients.4 The randomised clinical trials, however, provide limited data in relation to management of ACS in elderly patients. Most of the large PCI trials specifically excluded older patients, and when all clinical trials are considered, only about 9% of enrolled patients are older than 75 years, where in actual clinical practice about 35% of patients presenting with ACS are older than 75 years.1 In addition, the baseline characteristics of the older patients in clinical trials are different from the older population in the community.4 The patients in …
Effects of an attachment-based intervention on the cortisol production of infants and toddlers in foster care.

Studies with nonhuman primates and rodents, as well as with human children, have suggested that early separations from caregiversare oftenassociated with changesinthe functioning of the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis.On the basis of these findings, we designed a relational intervention that was intended to normalize HPA functioning among children in foster care. This paper presents findings from a randomized clinical trial that assessed the effectiveness of a relational intervention (Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-up [ABC]) with regard to HPA functioning. The ABC intervention was intended to enhance children’s ability to regulate physiology and behavior. The control intervention (Developmental Education for Families) was intended to enhance children’s cognitive skills. A comparison group of children who had never been in foster care was also included. Children’s cortisol production was assessed upon arrival at the lab, and 15 and 30 min followingthe StrangeSituation. Random effectsanalyses of variancewere performed to assess differencesin initial valuesandchangebetweenchildrenin thetwo interventiongroups.Childreninthe ABCintervention and comparison group children showed lower initial values of cortisol than children in the treatment control group, considering arrival at lab as initial values (p ,.05). Groups did not differ significantly in change over time. These results suggest that the ABC intervention is effective in helping children regulate biology in ways more characteristic of children who have not experienced early adversity.
Critiquing a research article.

It is often the assignment of the perianesthesia nurse to critique a researcharticle to evaluate a suggested procedure or instrument for implementation the patient care area. Although details of what should appear in each section of the research article have appeared in past reports in this series, this article will present an outline for critiquing the entire research manuscript.
The complex relationship between pregnancy and breast cancer.

(2002). The complex relationship between pregnancy andbreast cancer. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy: Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 429-431.
Biology and Management of Histologic Transformation of Indolent Lymphoma

The evolution of indolent lymphomas to aggressive histologies, known as histologic transformation (HT), is a frequent occurrence for all subtypes of low grade B cell lymphoproliferative disorders. The risk of developing HT is approximately 3% per year for patients with indolent lymphoma. Clinically these present with a rapid change in the behavior of the disease, with evidence of a highly proliferative malignancy with a propensity to involve extranodal sites. The prognosis of patients following transformation is generally poor, with median survival of about 12 months. Recent studies suggest that the development of HT is very complex with the acquisition of multiple cytogenetic abnormalities in the low-grade lymphoma cells prior to HT. To date, there are no biologic or genetic parameters predictive of the development of HT. A myriad of genetic lesions have been identified in HT, and provide insight into its pathogenesis. These include genes regulating proliferation (C-MYC and C-MYC-regulated genes); control of the cell cycle (CDKN2a and CDKN2B); and programmed cell death (TP53, C-MYC, and BCL2). Gene expression profiling has been applied to the study of HT and has increased our understanding of the transformation process. There has been limited progress in the treatment of patients with HT. Conventional chemotherapy is generally of limited benefit, although a subset of patients are long-term survivors following high-dose therapy and autologous stem cell transplantation. The use of radioimmunotherapy and new agents targeting specific lesions or aberrant pathways may impact on the management of these aggressive diseases.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HABITAT CHARACTERISTICS AND DEMOGRAPHIC PERFORMANCE OF NORTHERN SPOTTED OWLS IN SOUTHERN OREGON

Abstract We used data from Northern Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis caurina) territories to model the effects of habitat (particularly intermediate-aged forest stand types), climate, and nonhabitat covariates (i.e., age, sex) on owl reproductive rate and apparent survival in southwestern Oregon. Our best model for reproductive rate included an interaction between a cyclic, annual time trend and male breeding experience, with higher reproductive rates in even years compared to odd, particularly for males with previous breeding experience. Reproductive rate was also negatively related to the amount of winter precipitation and positively related to the proportion of old-growth forest near the owl territory center. Apparent survival was not associated with age, sex, climate or any of the intermediate-aged forest types, but was positively associated with the proportion of older forest near the territory center in a pseudothreshold pattern. The quadratic structure of the proportion of nonhabitat farther from th...
De Novo Protein Structure Prediction

An unparalleled amount of sequence data is being made available from large-scale genome sequencing efforts. The data provide a shortcut to the determination of the function of a gene of interest, as long as there is an existing sequenced gene with similar sequence and of known function. This has spurred structural genomic initiatives with the goal of determining as many protein folds as possible (Brenner and Levitt, 2000; Burley, 2000; Brenner, 2001; Heinemann et al., 2001). The purpose of this is twofold: First, the structure of a gene product can often lead to direct inference of its function. Second, since the function of a protein is dependent on its structure, direct comparison of the structures of gene products can be more sensitive than the comparison of sequences of genes for detecting homology. Presently, structural determination by crystallography and NMR techniques is still slow and expensive in terms of manpower and resources, despite attempts to automate the processes. Computer structure prediction algorithms, while not providing the accuracy of the traditional techniques, are extremely quick and inexpensive and can provide useful low-resolution data for structure comparisons (Bonneau and Baker, 2001). Given the immense number of structures which the structural genomic projects are attempting to solve, there would be a considerable gain even if the computer structure prediction approach were applicable to a subset of proteins.
Upper body contributions to power generation during rapid, overhand throwing in humans

High-speed and accurate throwing is a distinctive human behavior. Achieving fast projectile speeds during throwing requires a combination of elastic energy storage at the shoulder, as well as the transfer of kinetic energy from proximal body segments to distal segments. However, the biomechanical bases of these mechanisms are not completely understood. We used inverse dynamics analyses of kinematic data from 20 baseball players fitted with four different braces that inhibit specific motions to test a model of power generation at key joints during the throwing motion. We found that most of the work produced during throwing is generated at the hips, and much of this work (combined with smaller contributions from the pectoralis major) is used to load elastic elements in the shoulder and power the rapid acceleration of the projectile. Despite rapid angular velocities at the elbow and wrist, the restrictions confirm that much of the power generated to produce these distal movements comes from larger proximal segments, such as the shoulder and torso. Wrist hyperextension enhances performance only modestly. Together, our data also suggest that heavy reliance on elastic energy storage may help explain some common throwing injuries and can provide further insight into the evolution of the upper body and when our ancestors first developed the ability to produce high-speed throws.
Evaluation of three herbicide resistance genes for use in genetic transformations and for potential crop protection in algae production.

Summary Genes conferring resistance to the herbicides glyphosate, oxyfluorfen and norflurazon were developed and tested for use as dominant selectable markers in genetic transformation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and as potential tools for the protection of commercial-scale algal production facilities against contamination by organisms sensitive to these broad-spectrum herbicides. A synthetic glyphosate acetyltransferase (GAT) gene, when fitted with a strong Chlamydomonas promoter, conferred a 2.7×-fold increase in tolerance to the EPSPS inhibitor, glyphosate, in transgenic cells compared with progenitor WT cells. A mutant Chlamydomonas protoporphyrinogen oxidase (protox, PPO) gene previously shown to produce an enzyme insensitive to PPO-inhibiting herbicides, when genetically engineered, generated transgenic cells able to tolerate up to 136× higher levels of the PPO inhibitor, oxyfluorfen, than nontransformed cells. Genetic modification of the Chlamydomonas phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene-based gene sequences found in various norflurazon-resistant organisms allowed production of transgenic cells tolerant to 40× higher levels of norflurazon than nontransgenic cells. The high efficiency of all three herbicide resistance genes in producing transgenic cells demonstrated their suitability as dominant selectable markers for genetic transformation of Chlamydomonas and, potentially, other eukaryotic algae. However, the requirement for high concentrations of glyphosate and its associated negative effects on cell growth rates preclude its consideration for use in large-scale production facilities. In contrast, only low doses of norflurazon and oxyfluorfen (~1.5 μm and ~0.1 μm, respectively) are required for inhibition of cell growth, suggesting that these two herbicides may prove effective in large-scale algal production facilities in suppressing growth of organisms sensitive to these herbicides.
Necessary conditions of optimality for a differential game with bounded state variables

First-order necessary conditions of optimality are examined for a two-person zero-sum deterministic differential game (an extension of Isaacs' "War of Attrition and Attack" [4]) with bounded state variables. Both players use closed-loop strategies. Multiplier conditions associated with the state constraints are shown to play a key role in the determination of optimal strategies.
Unilateral osseous bridging of the lumbar transverse processes following trauma. Case report.

Initial attempts to replicate the success of open anterior shoulder instability procedures using arthroscopic procedures were associated with unacceptably high failure rates. The resultant focus on identifying clear surgical indications and improving both arthroscopic technique and instrumentation has culminated in arthroscopic success rates approaching those of established open procedures. Current experience shows that with careful patient selection, strict adherence to proper surgical technique, and the avoidance of common surgical errors, excellent clinical results can be achieved with arthroscopic instability repair.
Continuum Electric Probes

The effects of collisions in the sheath formed around an electrostatic probe were discussed in some detail in Chapter II. In this chapter, we will study continuum electrostatic probes, which represent the limit of “many collisions” within the sheath. As outlined in Chapter I, one can identify two regimes of continuum probe operation and one hybrid case, depending on the relative magnitude of the smallest mean free path λ and the Debye length λD. They are (a) L ≫ λD ≫ λ: collisional thin sheath (b) λD ≫ L ≫ λ: collisional thick sheath (c) L ≫ λ ≫ λD: collisionless thin sheath (hybrid dense case)
Chemical identity and ecological implications of a waterborne, larval settlement cue

Planktonic oyster larvae (Crassostreu virginica) respond behaviorally to waterborne chemical cues and rapidly settle on substratum. “Settlement” is defined here as attachment of the larval foot to the substrate. Although a topic of considerable research for the past 50 yr, the identity of these cues remains unresolved. We provide four lines of experimental evidence all pointing to the singular identity of these substances. First, molecular-weight fractionations of seawater used to bathe adult oysters (with intact biofilms) were bioassayed, indicating the presence of waterborne settlement inducers between 500 and 1,000 Da. The inducers were degraded by proteases but not by carbohydrases or by lipase. Of several proteases we applied, only those cleaving basic amino acids (lysine and arginine) from the C-terminal and arginase (an enzyme condensing arginine at the C-terminal to ornithine) eliminated settlement-inducing activity. Second, trypsin hydrolysates of casein were significantly more effective in causing larval settlement than products of either acid or pronase hydrolysis of this protein. Third, a tri-peptide having arginine at the C-terminal, glycyl-glycyl+arginine (hereafter referred to as GGR), evoked settlement at a concentration as low as lo-lo M. Dose-response curves for GGR and for the active fraction (500-1,000 Da) of oyster bath water were essentially identical. Fourth, tests of 21 free amino acids identified only lysine and arginine as settlement cues. Larval settlers were far more sensitive to arginine than lysine but significantly less sensitive to arginine than to peptides with arginine at the C-terminal. Our combined results are all consistent in identifying low-molecular-weight peptides with arginine at the C-terminal as the natural, water-soluble cues inducing oyster settlement.
Palestine to Ferguson, historicized: decolonizing US–Israeli settler dynamics: A shadow over Palestine: the imperial life of race in America

Keith Feldman's new book is an ambitious volume. It examines the ways Israel and Palestine were taken up as sites of relational comparison to understand shifting racial dynamics in the US.Feldman's...
Developmental trends in alcohol use initiation and escalation from early to middle adolescence: Prediction by urgency and trait affect.

Studies on adolescent drinking have not always been able to distinguish between initiation and escalation of drinking, because many studies include samples in which initiation has already occurred; hence, initiation and escalation are often confounded. The present study draws from a dual-process theoretical framework to investigate: if changes in the likelihood of drinking initiation and escalation are predicted by a tendency toward rash action when experiencing positive and negative emotions (positive and negative urgency) and whether trait positive and negative affect moderate such effects. Alcohol naive adolescents (n = 944; age M = 12.16, SD = .96; 52% female) completed 6 semiannual assessments of trait urgency and affect (Wave 1) and alcohol use (Waves 2-6). A 2-part random-effects model was used to estimate changes in the likelihood of any alcohol use versus escalation in the volume of use among initiators. Main effects suggest a significant association between positive affect and change in level of alcohol use among initiators, such that lower positive affect predicted increased alcohol involvement. This main effect was qualified by a significant interaction between positive urgency and positive affect predicting changes in the escalation of drinking, such that the effect of positive urgency was augmented for those high on trait positive affect, though only at extremely high levels of positive affect. Results suggest risk factors in the development of drinking depend on whether initiation or escalation is investigated. A more nuanced understanding of the early developmental phases of alcohol involvement can inform prevention and intervention efforts. (PsycINFO Database Record
Catalytic Oxidation of Methanol to Formaldehyde by Mass-Selected Vanadium Oxide Clusters Supported on a TiO2(110) Surface

We report the results of a systematic study of the catalytic activity of mass-selected vanadium oxide clusters deposited on rutile TiO2 surfaces under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions. Our results show that supported V, VO, and VO2 clusters are not catalytically active for the oxidative dehydrogenation of methanol to formaldehyde but can be made catalytically active by postoxidation. In addition, we found that the postoxidized VO/TiO2 produces the most formaldehyde. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) imaging of the postoxidized VO/TiO2 reveals isolated clusters with height and width indicative of VO3 bound to the TiO2 surface. Our results are consistent with previous density functional theory (DFT) calculations that predict that VO3 will be produced by postoxidation of VO and that VO3/TiO2 is an active catalyst.
Tracking an Escherichia coli O157:H7-contaminated batch of leafy greens through a pilot-scale fresh-cut processing line.

Cross-contamination of fresh-cut leafy greens with residual Escherichia coli O157:H7–contaminated product during commercial processing was likely a contributing factor in several recent multistate outbreaks. Consequently, radicchio was used as a visual marker to track the spread of the contaminated product to iceberg lettuce in a pilot-scale processing line that included a commercial shredder, step conveyor, flume tank, shaker table, and centrifugal dryer. Uninoculated iceberg lettuce (45 kg) was processed, followed by 9.1 kg of radicchio (dip inoculated to contain a four-strain, green fluorescent protein–labeled nontoxigenic E. coli O157:H7 cocktail at 106 CFU/g) and 907 kg (2,000 lb) of uninoculated iceberg lettuce. After collecting the lettuce and radicchio in about 40 bags (~22.7 kg per bag) along with water and equipment surface samples, all visible shreds of radicchio were retrieved from the bags of shredded product, the equipment, and the floor. E. coli O157:H7 populations were quantified in the le...
PREOPERATIVE ANEMIA AND INTRAOPERATIVE TRANSFUSION TOGETHER PREDICT WORSENED SHORT AND LONG-TERM MORTALITY AFTER ISOLATED SURGICAL AORTIC VALVE REPLACEMENT

The combined interaction of anemia with packed red blood cell (PRBC) transfusion has not been studied in surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR). We sought to determine whether anemia and transfusion independently predict outcomes after SAVR. All patients undergoing isolated SAVR (n=2169) from
Toxicity of some herbicidal sprays to honey bees.

Various formulations and combinations of herbicides and carriers were sprayed on small cages containing Apis mellifera L. Daily counts of dead bees were made for 14 days after treatment to determine toxicity. Monosodium methanearsonate (MSMA), paraquat (1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride salt), and cacodylic acid (hydroxydimethylarsine oxide) were highly toxic. Diesel oil and Mobilsol 100® (phytobland oil) caused high mortality the 1st 24 hr after treatment and very little the following days. Combinations of diesel oil-water and diesel oil-water-dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) were less toxic than diesel oil alone but more toxic than water. Several formulations and combinations of 2,4-D ((2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid); 2,4,5-T ((2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy) acetic acid); silvex (2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy) propionic acid); and picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) were nontoxic when applied in a water carrier as were endothall (amine salt of 7-oxabicyclo (2.2.1) heptane-2,3-dicarboxylic acid), and a 1:1 mixture of the triethylamine salts of 2,4,5-T and picloram.
Student Engagement, Accountability, and Empowerment A Case Study of Collaborative Course Design

This article describes an experiment in collaborative course design in a midlevel sociology course. Unlike most of the literature on collaborative teaching and learning, which often deals with coll...