cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Examination of individual nanoparticles with cluster SIMS

We report on nanoprojectile-nanoparticle (NP) interaction when the two collision partners are in the same size range. The experiments involved C 60 + accelerated to 26 keV impacting isolated NPs of Ag and Au, both ~5 nm in diameter, deposited as single layers on an organic substrate. A direct 'bulls-eye' impact of one C 60 + onto one NP can result in two processes: fragmentation of the NP and emission of metallic ions, or fragmentation of the NP with fragmentation of substrate molecule followed by recombination and emission of ions. The NPs were covered with self assembled monolayers (SAMs), grazing impacts were readily observed via emission of fragments of SAMs. A mix of Ag and Au NPs showed that emission can be affected by surrounding NPs. Mass spectrometric data from vanishingly small objects reflect size-dependant processes and effects.
Organic semiconductors and their application in energy harvesting

Over the past several decades, research in organic semiconductors has progressed steadily to the point that commercial applications have been realized in areas such as organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) for solid state lighting and displays, as well as organic field effect transistors (OFETs) for RFIDs, e-paper and flexible electronics. The use of organic semiconductors for photo-voltaics (PV) has also seen tremendous progress over the past decade with power conversion efficiencies that have risen from 1% to above 10% as reported recently. The urgency for developing low-cost, high-efficiency renewable energy sources is very pressing since worldwide demand for energy is expected to triple by the end of the century. Organic PV provides advantages in its very low-cost manufacturing processes that utilize room temperature techniques, unlike crystalline Si and other inorganic PV technologies that are not cost-effective. Other advantages of OPV includes the use of environmentally friendly materials, and compatibility with roll-toroll processing for the realization of solar cells in a flexible and conformable platform.
In Vivo Biotin Supplementation at a Pharmacologic Dose Decreases Proliferation Rates of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and Cytokine Release

Theoretically, vitamin supplements may either enhance or reduce protein synthesis and proliferation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). In the present study, we determined whether administration of a pharmacologic dose of biotin affects proliferation rates of PBMC and cytokine release. Healthy adults (n = 5) ingested 3.1 micromol biotin/d for 14 d; blood and urine were collected pre- and postsupplementation. PBMC were isolated by density gradient and incubated with the mitogen concanavalin A for up to 3 d. At timed intervals during mitogen stimulation, we measured the following: 1) cellular uptake of [(3)H]thymidine to determine proliferation rates; 2) concentrations of various cytokines released into the medium; and 3) the percentages of PBMC subsets as judged by CD surface markers. Biotin supplementation caused a significant decrease of PBMC proliferation. At 2 d after mitogen stimulation, [(3)H]thymidine uptake by postsupplementation PBMC was 66 +/- 21% of the uptake by presupplementation PBMC (P < 0.05). Similarly, concentrations of interleukin-1beta (2 d after mitogen) and interleukin-2 (1 d after mitogen) in media from postsupplementation PBMC were 65 +/- 28% and 44 +/- 23%, respectively, of those for presupplementation PBMC (P < 0.01). Percentages of PBMC subsets were not affected by 14 d of biotin supplementation. Overall, this study provides evidence that administration of pharmacologic doses of biotin for 14 d decreases PBMC proliferation and synthesis of interleukin-1beta and interleukin-2.
Parameters determining the relative efficacy of hydroxy-naphthoquinone inhibitors of the cytochrome bc1 complex.

Abstract Hydroxy-naphthoquinones are competitive inhibitors of the cytochrome bc 1 complex that bind to the ubiquinol oxidation site between cytochrome b and the iron–sulfur protein and presumably mimic a transition state in the ubiquinol oxidation reaction catalyzed by the enzyme. The parameters that affect efficacy of binding of these inhibitors to the bc 1 complex are not well understood. Atovaquone®, a hydroxy-naphthoquinone, has been used therapeutically to treat Pneumocystis carinii and Plasmodium infections. As the pathogens have developed resistance to this drug, it is important to understand the molecular basis of the drug resistance and to develop new drugs that can circumvent the drug resistance. We previously developed the yeast and bovine bc 1 complexes as surrogates to model the interaction of atovaquone with the bc 1 complexes of the target pathogens and human host. As a first step to identify new cytochrome bc 1 complex inhibitors with therapeutic potential and to better understand the determinants of inhibitor binding, we have screened a library of 2-hydroxy-naphthoquinones with aromatic, cyclic, and non-cyclic alkyl side-chain substitutions at carbon-3 on the hydroxy-quinone ring. We found a group of compounds with alkyl side-chains that effectively inhibit the yeast bc 1 complex. Molecular modeling of these into the crystal structure of the yeast cytochrome bc 1 complex provides structural and quantitative explanations for their binding efficacy to the target enzyme. In addition we also identified a 2-hydroxy-naphthoquinone with a branched side-chain that has potential for development as an anti-fungal and anti-parasitic therapeutic.
Repression of hydrogen uptake using conjugated oligoelectrolytes in microbial electrolysis cells

DSBN+, a conjugated oligoelectrolyte (COE), was added to microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) to improve hydrogen recovery. The volume of hydrogen gas recovered in a fed-batch cycle of mixed culture MECs increased by 126× compared to controls (no COE addition), mainly by preventing the loss of hydrogen to methane production. Performance in pure culture MECs fed with Geobacter sulfurreducens increased by factors of 10.5 in terms of energy yield, 2.1 in COD removal, and 11.8 in hydrogen yield. Hydrogen gas recycling was reduced, and the volume of hydrogen gas recovered increased by 6.5× compared to controls. Minimal methane production and a lack of hydrogen gas uptake by G. sulfurreducens suggested that the COEs increased hydrogen recoveries by interfering with hydrogen uptake by hydrogenotrophic methanogens but also by exoelectrogenic bacteria. COEs may therefore be useful for inhibiting the activities of certain hydrogenases, although the mechanism of inhibition needs further investigation.
Patterns and correlates of genetic variation in South Amerindians.

SummaryGene frequency data from six polymorphic blood group systems in 70 South American Indian populations are used to derive synthetic gene frequency maps that document the geographical pattern of genetic variation. Additional analyses are directed toward the elucidation of mechanisms that give rise to or maintain the observed distributions. Variables of local ecology do not appear to explain gene frequency distributions in South America. Instead, local isolation and the action of stochastic forces appears to be the most parsimonious explanation of the observed geographical patterns. This is distinctly different from the geographical patterns of genetic variation seen in other continents.
Empirically Derived Eating Patterns Using Factor or Cluster Analysis: A Review

This paper reviews studies performed to date that have employed cluster or factor analysis to empirically derive eating patterns. Since 1980, at least 93 studies were published that used cluster or factor analysis to define dietary exposures, of which 65 were used to test hypotheses or examine associations between patterns and disease outcomes or biomarkers. Studies were conducted in diverse populations across many countries and continents and suggest that patterns are associated with many different biomarkers and disease outcomes, whether measured by cluster or factor analysis. Despite clear differences in approaches and interpretations, there is some evidence that underlying eating patterns are revealed by either method. Although the research considered herein has created a meaningful body of literature, refining both the factor and cluster analysis methods will help to further establish eating patterns as a sound dietary assessment method.
Child Control in Education Decisions: An Evaluation of Targeted Incentives to Learn in India

I report the results of a field experiment in Gurgaon, India that offered cash and noncash incentives to learn either to children or to their parents. While I find no evidence that the identity of the recipient or form of the reward mattered in the aggregate, noncash incentives targeted to children were more effective for initially low-performing children while cash incentives were more effective for high-performing children. To explore the mechanisms behind this result, I present a model of household education production and find additional empirical results consistent with the model.
Estimator-Based LQR Control Model for Glass Fiber Furnace

Drawing of glass fibers is an important industrial process used for manufacture of a variety of materials. A variety of furnaces and machines exist for manufacture of glass fibers, but all share similar problems with control of the fiber diameter and breakage of the fibers during the extrusion process. In many cases, control systems are not configured to monitor the most critical process variable — temperature of molten glass in the furnace, but instead use only furnace crown temperature. This work seeks to develop an estimator-based LQR control model to monitor molten glass temperature and winder speed for good production quality. When a disturbance in ambient temperature and/or molten glass depth happens, the control system still performs as expected.
The Female Leader and the “High-High” Effective Leader Stereotype

Summary Previous research conducted on male leaders developed a stereotype of the effective leader as “high-high” in behavior, i.e., high in both initiating structure for subordinates and consideration demonstrated towards them. This view has been branded a myth in recent studies. The present study (N = 537) investigated the applicability of the high-high effective leader stereotype to female leaders, following the attribution theory approach of Powell and Butterfield. High group performance was associated with perceptions of a high-high leadership style and high evaluations of the leader, no matter whether the leader actually exhibited a high-high or low-low leadership style. The results suggest that attributional effects of group performance apply to female leaders across a wide range of leadership styles.
Understanding Constraints in Superspace Formulations of Supergravity

Abstract We explain the motivations and methods for choosing and solving constraints on torsions and curvatures in superspace. We show how all existing superspace formulations of supergravity fit within the general formalism previously expounded by the authors. We also propose constraints and field equations (distinguished from the constraints) for six-dimensional supergravity.
Selective Left Endobronchial Suctioning in the Intubated Patient

Suctioning of secretions from the left endobronchial tree is frequently necessary but often difficult in intubated patients. We examined the effectiveness of a catheter designed expressly for this purpose. Special curved tip (Bronchitrac-L) suction catheters were fitted with thin, radiopaque tubing to facilitate x-ray visualization. Eighty-one attempts at left endobronchial placement were made on 74 stable adult intensive care unit patients. The suction catheter was inserted into the oral endotracheal tube or tracheostomy tube just prior to an x-ray filming of the chest. In 15 of 66 patients, the tip of the oral endotracheal tube was too distal (
Compositions Based on the Extracts of Oak Bark and Chips as Corrosion Inhibitors for Medium-Carbon Steels in Water

We separated the extracts of oak bark and chips and prepared synergetic compositions based on these extracts and protecting medium-carbon steels against corrosion in water by 80–95%. The TIS-4 composition containing both the inorganic and organic synergists proves to be the most efficient inhibitor. The results of electrochemical investigations demonstrate that, under the influence of these inhibitors, a chemisorption film is formed on the metal surface, which increases the polarization resistance, the resistance to charge transfer, and the activation energy of corrosion. At the same time, both electrode reactions are inhibited. The developed compositions are inhibitors of mixed action and prove to be efficient in medium-hardness waters.
Investigation on the side effects of municipal solid waste incineration ashes when used as mineral addition in cement-based material

The main focus of this study is the characterisation of the municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) ashes and their influence on engineering properties of cement paste when part of Portland cement is replaced with ground MSWI ashes. Petrographic examinations were performed in order to identify chemical composition of ashes and to determine their contents. To evaluate the main side effect of ashes when used in cement, the creation of network of bubbles due to the presence of aluminium, ashes, and aluminium powder were submerged in high pH solution and the evolution of hydrogen gas was measured. Cement paste cylinders were cast with various amounts of mineral additions and their strength and durability were investigated. Analysis on the measured data demonstrated that the use of ashes as cement replacement has both beneficial and detrimental effects on the strength and durability caused by the filler effect and hydrogen gas development, respectively.
Perceptual Bias in Threat Distance: The Critical Roles of In-Group Support and Target Evaluations in Defensive Threat Regulation

Across two studies, we investigate how perceptions of distances to out-group threats may be critically regulated by the presence or absence of one’s in-group and by beliefs regarding the potential for danger from the out-group. Threat regulation includes biases in the distance one perceives a threat, such that threats are perceived as relatively more distant by more formidable compared to less formidable individuals. We demonstrate that whether participants are alone or surrounded by their in-group modulates perceptual biases regarding an out-group male’s proximity, depending on the degree to which participants evaluate out-group males negatively. Our findings illustrate how investigations of the psychology of motivated biases may benefit from a consideration of such perceptual biases within the functional workings of defensive threat regulation systems (McNaughton & Corr, 2004) and the strategic logic of animal conflict (Parker, 1974).
A statistical post-processor for accounting of hydrologic uncertainty in short-range ensemble streamflow prediction

Abstract. In addition to the uncertainty in future boundary conditions of precipitation and temperature (i.e. the meteorological uncertainty), parametric and structural uncertainties in the hydrologic models and uncertainty in the model initial conditions (i.e. the hydrologic uncertainties) constitute a major source of error in hydrologic prediction. As such, accurate accounting of both meteorological and hydrologic uncertainties is critical to producing reliable probabilistic hydrologic prediction. In this paper, we describe and evaluate a statistical procedure that accounts for hydrologic uncertainty in short-range (1 to 5 days ahead) ensemble streamflow prediction (ESP). Referred to as the ESP post-processor, the procedure operates on ensemble traces of model-predicted streamflow that reflect only the meteorological uncertainty and produces post-processed ensemble traces that reflect both the meteorological and hydrologic uncertainties. A combination of probability matching and regression, the procedure is simple, parsimonious and robust. For a critical evaluation of the procedure, independent validation is carried out for five basins of the Juniata River in Pennsylvania, USA, under a very stringent setting. The results indicate that the post-processor is fully capable of producing ensemble traces that are unbiased in the mean and in the probabilistic sense. Due primarily to the uncertainties in the cumulative probability distributions (CDF) of observed and simulated flows, however, the unbiasedness may be compromised to a varying degree in real world situations. It is also shown, however, that the uncertainties in the CDF's do not significantly diminish the value of post-processed ensemble traces for decision making, and that probabilistic prediction based on post-processed ensemble traces significantly improves the value of single-value prediction at all ranges of flow.
Images Of Online Versus Store Shopping: Have The Attitudes Of Men And Women, Young And Old Really Changed?

This study examines the effect of the consumers' sex and age on their perceptions of the problems and the benefits of shopping and buying online, compared to doing so in a traditional retail store. Overall image profiles can be viewed, but the principal focus is on the similarities and differences between gender and age groups. Along with perceptions of problems and benefits of online buying, a direct comparison between store versus online buying sharply reveals the contrasts among men and women of different ages.
Improvement of C-11 radiopharmaceutical production using only ethanol as the organic solvent

1740 Objectives To simplify residual solvent analysis and speed up [11C]production, we demonstrate the fully automated loop syntheses of 11C-Raclopride, 11C-DASB, and 11C-PBR28 using ethanol as the only organic solvent for machine cleaning, 11C-methylation, HPLC purification and reformulation. Methods A GE Tracerlab FX C Pro has been modified as previously reported for loop chemistry. The corresponding precursor is dissolved into 100 uL of absolute ethanol and loaded onto a 2 mL HPLC loop. [11C]methyl triflate is passed through the loop at 40 mL/min for 11C-Raclopride and 11C-DASB, and 12 mL/min for 11C-PBR28. The reaction mixtures are purified using various specified preparative HPLC columns (Luna NH2 column for RAC and PBR, Luna CN for DASB) and aqueous ethanol eluents (20 mM NH4OAc in 15%, 20% and 80% ethanol for RAC, PBR and DASB, respectively). For 11C-Raclopride and 11C-PBR28, the products collected from HPLC are formulated with USP saline to 5% ethanol for injection. For 11C-DASB, the product collected from HPLC is diluted with water and loaded onto a C18 Sep-Pak. After washing with sterile water, the final product is eluted by 0.5 mL USP ethanol and 9.5 mL USP saline for injection. Results All three compounds have radiochemical yields of 25-45% with radiochemical purities greater than 95% and specific activities over 5 Ci/mmol. The preparative HPLC systems used here enable elution of the labeled compounds while retaining their precursors, thus avoiding contamination of products with precursors. The chemical purities of all products are significantly improved. Conclusions We have developed fully automated productions of three radiopharmaceuticals using ethanol as the organic solvent for cleaning, synthesis, purification and reformulation. By using ethanol as the only organic solvent, residual solvent analysis can be avoided and the overall production time can be reduced, while better yields and specific activities are obtained. In addition, the reversal of retention order of product and precursor from preparative HPLC improves chemical purity of the final product
A Comparative Analysis of the Treatment of Sophisms in MSS Digby 2 and Royal 12 of the Magister Abstractionum

Of the six known manuscripts of the Abstractiones of Magister Ricardus Sophista (Oxford, Bodleian Library, Digby 24; Bruges, Bibliotheque de la Ville, 497; Paris, Bibliotheque Nationale, 14069; Oxford, Corpus Christi 293B; Oxford, Bodleian Library, Digby 2; and British Museum, Royal Fxix 12), only Digby 24 and Bruges 497 appear to be complete, each containing an “explicit” identifying the author as a certain Ricardus Sophista. Of the four fragmentary manuscripts, Corpus Christi 293 is the longest with some eight folios (207ra-215vb); Paris with only seven (26ra-33-ra). By contrast, Digby 24 runs to almost thirty folios (61ra-90rb) and Bruges to some twenty-one (74ra-95va). MSS Royal 12 and Digby 2 are even more fragmentary; the former comprising only four folios (112va-115rb), the latter less than six (123r-140v). Not only are these latter two manuscripts very brief, but also the language used in treating sophisms appears to be quite different, not only when compared to the more lengthy manuscripts, but also when compared to each other. In this paper I want to compare the treatment of sophisms in these two fragmentary manuscripts with a view toward comparing them to the other four manuscripts, which are presently in a preliminary edition. (I shall refer to the four edited manuscripts as the Text.) The editors of the Abstractiones decided not to incorporate Royal 12 and Digby 2 into the edition primarily because of the apparent serious differences in these two MSS. They have decided to simply transcribe these two fragmentary MSS in an appendix to the edition. Part of the purpose of this study is to ascertain whether Royal 12 and Digby 2 ought to be incorporated into the edition of all the MSS of the Abstractiones.
Exploration of Why Alaskans Use Complementary Medicine: A Focus Group Study.

Purpose: To explore why Alaskans choose to pursue complementary medicine as a health care option. Design: Qualitative descriptive. Method: A purposive convenient recruitment methodology was used to...
Police Hostage (Crisis) Negotiators in the US: A National Survey

The purpose of this research was to gather information about the callout experience, personality, cognitive emotion regulation, and decision-make styles of active police hostage negotiators. It also sought to learn if hostage negotiators were different than the general population and a police officer not trained as a negotiator in each of these domains. The current study examined the above variables by surveying 514 active negotiators from 119 city, county, state, and other law enforcement agencies from 38 states using the Big 5 personality inventory, the Cognitive-Emotional Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ), and General Decision-Making Style (GDMS) questionnaire and found a distinct Big 5 police personality profile and ways of cognitive-emotional regulation different from the general population. Other descriptive and correlational findings and implications for the training and selection of future police hostage negotiators are also discussed.
The Health Justice Project: Interdisciplinary Advocacy to Overcome Social Determinants of Health

Founded and teaching the Health Justice Project, a live-client interdisciplinary law school clinic designed to overcome the social, legal and systemic barriers that prevent long-term health and stability for low-income individuals and families in Chicago. The clinic provides law students with an intensive, challenging education in the fundamentals of legal practice, systemic advocacy, interdisciplinary collaboration, community service and exploration of professional values. Through direct interaction with and representation of clients and involvement in an interdisciplinary medical-legal partnership, students practice lawyering skills, exercise professional responsibility, engage in creative problem-solving and systemic advocacy. Students collaborate with social workers, medical professionals, lawyers, public health experts and other community partners.
Fluorine for Hydrogen Exchange in the Hydrofluorobenzene Derivatives C6HxF(6-x), where x = 2, 3, 4 and 5 by Monomeric [1,2,4-(Me3C)3C5H2]2CeH; The Solid State Isomerization of [1,2,4-(Me3C)3C5H2]2Ce(2,3,4,5-C6HF4) to [1,2,4-(Me3C)3C5H2]2Ce(2,3,4,6-C6HF4)

The reaction between monomeric bis(1,2,4-tri-tert-butylcyclopentadienyl)cerium hydride, Cp′2CeH, and several hydrofluorobenzene derivatives is described. The aryl derivatives that are the primary products, Cp′2Ce(C6H5-xFx) where x = 1,2,3,4, are thermally stable enough to be isolated in only two cases, since all of them decompose at different rates to Cp′2CeF and a fluorobenzyne; the latter is trapped by either solvent when C6D6 is used or by a Cp′H ring when C6D12 is the solvent. The trapped products are identified by GC/MS analysis after hydrolysis. The aryl derivatives are generated cleanly by reaction of the metallacycle, Cp′((Me3C)2C5H2C(Me2)CH2)Ce, with a hydrofluorobenzene, and the resulting arylcerium products, in each case, are identified by their 1H and 19F NMR spectra at 20 °C. The stereochemical principle that evolves from these studies is that the thermodynamic isomer is the one in which the CeC bond is flanked by two ortho-CF bonds. This orientation is suggested to arise from the negative ch...
A Modeling System for Coastal Oil Spill Risk Analysis

At present, the Prodhoe Bay oil field in Alaska contributes a substantial amount of the domestic oil production of the United States. Oil is also expected to be present on the continental shelf of Alaska, and it is estimated that approximatedly 28 percent of the total U. S. reserve is located beneath the shallow ice covered seas of the Alaskan continental shelf. To expolre and to exploit these oil rich resources, engineers are confronted with hostile oceanographic conditions such as high tides, waves, strong currents and sea ice. The same area is also rich in fishery resources. Being one of the most productive fishing grounds in the nothern Pacific, the potential ecological impact due to an oil spill is of a major concern. This paper describes the methologies used for the development of a modeling system for the oil risk analysis. The system is designed with generality in mind so it can be used for other coastal areas. The development of three dimensional models used in the modeling system described here have been published in the earlier International Coastal Engineering Conferences (Liu and Leendertse, 1982, 1984, 1986) and a report published recently by RAND (Liu and Leendertse, 1987). In the oil-spill risk analysis, these three dimensional hydrodynamic models are coupled to a two-dimensional stochastic weather model and an oil weathering model.
An Introduction to Global Product Line Requirements Engineering

Empirical studies have shown that the use of a product line approach to software development can result in shorter time to market and improved productivity. Outsourcing and distributed development has added a new dimension to product management, exacerbating problems associated with transitioning from marketing studies to product definition to analysis and design. Communication problems can arise when requirements for products are captured on a regional or international basis. This half day tutorial provides an introduction to global product line requirements engineering from the perspective of project and product management. Topics covered include geographically distributed product lines including organizational and technical issues of globalization, distributed requirements elicitation, feature modeling, the role of the product line manager, and the use of meta-models to define global/distributed processes.
A Simulation Study of a Radiofrequency Localization System for Tracking Patient Motion in Radiotherapy

One of the most widely used tools in cancer treatment is external beam radiotherapy. However, the major risk involved in radiotherapy is excess radiation dose to healthy tissue, exacerbated by patient motion. Here, we present a simulation study of a potential radiofrequency (RF) localization system designed to track intrafraction motion (target motion during the radiation treatment). This system includes skin-wearable RF beacons and an external tracking system. We develop an analytical model for direction of arrival measurement with radio frequencies (GHz range) for use in a localization estimate. We use a Monte Carlo simulation to investigate the relationship between a localization estimate and angular resolution of sensors (signal receivers) in a simulated room. The results indicate that the external sensor needs an angular resolution of about 0.03 degrees to achieve millimeter-level localization accuracy in a treatment room. This fundamental study of a novel RF localization system offers the groundwork to design a radiotherapy-compatible patient positioning system for active motion compensation.
133 A QUALITATIVE STUDY ON PARENTS' PERSPECTIVES OF THE CLINICAL EXPERIENCE BEFORE, DURING, AND AFTER THE DEATH OF A CHILD.

Introduction The death of a child is a life-altering event for parents. However, there are limited studies in the bereavement literature regarding parents9 perceptions of their experience with the medical community and their level of satisfaction with these clinical encounters. The purpose of this study was to explore the personal perspectives of parents about their clinical experiences before, during, and after the death of a child. Study Design and Methods A descriptive, qualitative study was conducted using a structured interview guide. Participants were volunteers drawn from a grief support group in the Seattle-Tacoma area. Six couples and one single mother were interviewed at length about their interaction with the medical community surrounding the care of their children. Qualitative content analysis was used to analyze the data. Results The following five themes emerged: (1) parental empowerment and awareness of the medical situation through communication and information; (2) components of the medical relationship that affect the development of parental trust and perception of care provided by health care professionals; (3) contributing factors in parents9 ability to connect physically and/or emotionally with their child; (4) support network outside of hospital personnel: family, friends, and community groups; (5) application of potential emotional responses to loss and the transformation of parental hope for their child. It was clear that the approach to death is not intuitive to parents; they rely on communication and information from health care professionals to guide their awareness of the dying process. In addition, it seems that a shared understanding and gradual transition through the child9s dying process facilitate the parent-child joining, whereas a lack of preparation for a child9s death can have traumatic effects similar to PTSD. We found that as part of the grief process, parents often have the need to review the events surrounding the death of their child. In this process, it was comforting for parents to believe that they were informed and included in his/her care, that health care professionals were sincere in their care, and that everything possible was done in an effort to save their child. In contrast, recollection of negative experiences perpetuated feelings of confusion, doubt, guilt, anger, and betrayal. Conclusion This study reinforces the importance of offering support to parents who have lost a child to death. In the clinical encounter, opportunities exist for health care professionals to influence parents and their subsequent feelings related to their grief response.
China's Saving/Investment Balance and Current Account Surplus

In this paper,we examine the balance between savings and investment(the flow of funds)for China at both a macroeconomic level and at disaggregated sectoral levels.Specifically,we look at the flow of funds at the national level and then at the sectoral level as divided into the Government sector,the Production sector and the Individual(small entrepneur)sector.We then subdivide the Production sector into three component sectors:the State-Owned Enterprise sector(SOE),the Collective sector(COE)and the Cor- porate sector.Finally,we attempt to measure the extent to which China's domestic savings are intermedia- ted through formal channels as opposed to informal channels.
Comparison of flunixin, prednisolone, dimethyl sulfoxide, and a lazaroid (U74389F) for treating endotoxemic neonatal calves.

Saline (0.9% NaCl) solution, flunixin meglumine (1.1 mg/kg), prednisolone sodium succinate (1.1 mg/kg), U74389F (1.5 mg/kg), and dimethyl sulfoxide (0.5 g/kg) were each administered i.v. to 5 neonatal calves 15 minutes after the start of a 3-hour infusion of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 2 micrograms/kg/hr). Four additional calves were given a 3-hour i.v. infusion of saline solution alone. Only flunixin significantly suppressed eicosanoid production and mitigated clinical signs associated with endotoxemia. Prednisolone provided partial protection against LPS-induced hypotension and lacticemia. Pronounced hypoglycemia and lacticemia were observed in U74389F-treated calves; LPS-induced hypotension and hypoglycemia were marked in dimethyl sulfoxide-treated calves.
The Subjectivity of Eyes in the Sky: Understanding Remote Sensing through the Cuban Missile Crisis and the 2003 Build-Up to War in Iraq

AbstractThis essay examines how meaning is subjectively derived from remotely sensed images of the earth obtained from airplanes or satellites. The Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 and the US build-up to war with Iraq in 2003 are used as case studies to demonstrate the dangers of ascribing a scientific objectivity to such imaging systems. The essay concludes by acknowledging the rhetorical nature of interpreting scientific images and calling for a more rhetorically informed perspective of such ostensibly logos-driven images.
Impact of Lead Free Solder Joint Orientation on Multi-terminal Passive Components During FCBGA Board Level Reliability

Multi-terminal passive components like interdigitated capacitors (IDCs) are a key enabler for power supply decoupling and controlling transient chip responses at high frequency for improved performance and functionality. To ensure higher performance is achieved, the integrity of the solder joint connecting the passive component to the organic build-up substrate in a flip chip ball grid array (FCBGA) application requires a methodical investigation. Based on the scarcity of SAC305 passive component solder joint fatigue characteristic life in the literature, this paper attempts to study this deficiency. As such a daisy-chain FCBGA substrate was designed to evaluate the characteristic solder joint fatigue life of ten-terminated (10-T) 0805 chip capacitors in-situ in a board level reliability (BLR) environment. The test vehicle featured multiple chip capacitors with varied locations and orientations to study the impact of layout design under temperature cycling conditions (125°C to -40°C). Finite element models show early potential for correlation to observed fatigue failures, and suggest a strategy for optimum placement of IDCs based on the cyclic strain mismatch between the substrate and capacitor body. Results can form a basis for a more upfront and robust chip capacitor layout design process where improved IDC solder joint reliability characteristic life can be enabled.
Morphological changes in multilayer polymeric films induced after microwave-assisted pasteurization

Abstract In-package pasteurization of ready-to-eat (RTE) meals using microwave-assisted pasteurization system (MAPS) has shown promise for improving the safety and quality of foods, since dielectric heating is more efficient than thermal conduction. However, MAPS can affect the oxygen transmission rate (OTR) and water vapor transmission rates (WVTR) of packaging, imparting a certain degree of quality deterioration to the pasteurized food. This study evaluates morphological changes in newly-developed 3 multilayer polymeric films used for lid-stock on trays subjected to MAPS. We measured changes in OTR and WVTR after MAPS treatment, and further correlated these measurements with melting enthalpy (ΔH), overall crystallinity, crystal structure, water absorption, and dielectric properties of films. The composition of tested films was: (Film A): polyethylene terephthalate (PET)/barrier PET/polyethylene (PE); (Film B): PET/Nylon-Polypropylene (PP) and (Film C): PET/low density polyethylene (LDPE)/Nylon/LDPE. Results show that the OTR and WVTR of the films significantly increased (P Industrial relevance Commercialization of novel microwave-assisted thermal pasteurization technology will require development of multilayer films which can sustain microwave and thermal stresses. Food processes influence oxygen and water vapor barrier properties of films which may affect the shelf-life of food sensitive to oxygen and water vapor. A better understanding of the influence of microwave-assisted thermal pasteurization process on film properties will help polymer industry in the design and development of improved film structures.
Epidemiology of Melanonychias

Melanonychia may occur in all age groups. Melanonychia is more common in adults than in children. The peak age of incidence of nail unit melanoma is 50–70 years. Nail unit melanocytic nevus with longitudinal melanonychia is more frequent in children than in adults. African–Americans present a higher incidence of longitudinal melanonychia. Nail unit melanoma is more common in dark-skinned subjects. Nail melanoma in children is rare.
A Look to the Future: Epigenetics in Psychiatric Disorders and Treatment

The genetic basis of psychiatric illness is relatively undisputed, but inconsistencies such as reduced penetrance in families and the rates of discordance in identical twins indicate that the role of environmental factors requires investigation. Recent discoveries show that environmental stressors during critical periods of brain development alter epigenetic processing, leading to lifelong changes in gene expression, which are associated with adult psychiatric illness. The chemistry of epigenetics involves the modification of chromatin, often through DNA methylation and histone deacetylation. These processes can be altered by drugs, some of which are being tested as potential treatments for psychiatric illness. If these drugs are found to be efficacious due to the modulation of epigenetic processes, then pharmacoepigenetic predictors of treatment response could be developed. Epigenetic alterations of genes regulating the pharmacokinetics of drugs, such as the genes encoding the cytochrome P450 enzymes and drug transporters, are strong candidates for investigation. Further studies are required in this field, but pharmacoepigenetics has the potential to provide clinically useful biomarkers for psychotropic treatment response. The challenges in the development of pharmacoepigenetic biomarkers are discussed.
The effects of dry needling and neurodynamic exercise on idiopathic peripheral neuropathy: A case report

Abstract A single patient (male, 67) with a medical diagnosis of idiopathic peripheral neuropathy (G60.9) was referred to physical therapy. The patient presented with signs and symptoms consistent with peripheral neuropathy, including bilateral single leg balance deficits, sensation impairments, and antalgic gait. Treatment consisted of dry needling (DN) with electrical stimulation and a home exercise program involving a neurodynamic exercise to be performed daily. Dry needling included the use of thin filiform needles to stimulate the underlying structures directed at eliciting a change within the tissues. The needles were left in situ and connected to an electrical stimulation unit. The neurodynamic exercise used in this case study was designed to target the distal branches of the sciatic nerve. The patient was directed to complete 3 sets of 10 repetitions in the slumped position and moving between ankle plantar flexion and dorsiflexion. The patient was treated for a total of 4 visits over a 5-week period. The Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM), Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), Romberg Test, and sensation testing were collected at baseline and then again after the 4th treatment. A Global Rating of Change (GROC) score was obtained at the end of treatment. After the 4th visit, functional self-report scores were not improved (93.75%–86.9% at completion), while NPRS decreased to 2 from a baseline rating of 4. The eyes closed portion of the Rhomberg balance test improved from 5 s on the right limb to 15 s and from 8 s to 20 s on the left limb. Sharp/dull sensation testing of the L4 dermatome also improved from 2 out of 5 correctly selected on the left lower limb to 5 out of 5. At the S1 level, sensation improved on the left lower limb from 2 out of 5 to 4 out of 5 and from 2 out of 5 on the right lower limb to 5 out of 5. The patient's GROC score was rated as quite a bit better (+5). The outcomes of this case study suggest that clinicians may consider the addition of DN with electrical stimulation and neurodynamic exercises to the treatment of this patient population given the sizeable and rapid improvements in pain, balance, and sensation testing following only 4 treatments.
Economic transition and the rise of alternative institutions

The economic transition from socialism in Russia has not resulted in the emergence of impersonal, rule‐based institutions. Instead, the natural demand for institutions that protect property rights has led to the emergence of alternative, inefficient institutions such as that of cronyism – the practice of appointing personal acquaintances of the political leader to key positions. A political leader not constrained by institutions appoints cronies, as competent subordinates are more prone to switching allegiance to a potential challenger. As competence makes a bigger difference in a rule‐based environment, such a leader has no interest in any institutional development. In a simple empirical exercise, using a dataset that covers the richest Russians, we find a positive and significant effect of direct connections to the personal circle of President Putin on the wealth of businessmen. The magnitude of the effect varies at different levels of rents available for redistribution and ‘network centrality of a businessman’: it is higher during the years of high oil prices, but is attenuated by the prominence of the businessman in the network.
Counting Successes: A General Simulation Model

A basketball player goes to the free-throw line 10 times in a game and makes all 10 shots. A student guesses all the answers on a 20-question true—false test and gets 18 of them wrong. Twelve persons are selected for a jury, and 10 of the 12 are female. Unusual? Some would say that the chances of these events happening are very small. But, as we have seen, calculating the probabilities to evaluate the chances of these events requires some careful thought about a model. The three scenarios outlined above all have certain common traits. They all involve the repetition of the same event over and over. They all have as a goal counting the number of “successes” in a fixed number of repetitions. This activity discusses how to construct a simulation model for events of this type so that we can approximate their probabilities and decide for ourselves whether or not the events are unusual.
Latency reduction in clinical and translational research

Better healthcare information technology may make better healthcare possible. However, there seems to be less penetration of information technology in healthcare than in any other major industry.
EFFECT OF PHYSICAL FACTORS, HOST RESISTANCE AND FUNGICIDES ON ROOT INFECTION AT THE SOIL-ROOT INTERFACE

Summary Root rots incited by species of Phytophthora provide unique systems for examining factors of the soil involved in pathogenesis. Sporangium production is influenced by the microbial population, by the osmotic and matric potentials, by soil temperature and other soil factors. Chemotaxis of zoospores, the major mechanism for attraction to roots, is followed by invasion by the large numbers of germinating zoospores, and then by root infection. Infection, but not necessarily Chemotaxis, can be influenced by host resistance, and by organic fungicides applied either to soil or as systemics to the foliage. In species of Persea resistant to P. cinnamomi , Chemotaxis may be active but root invasion is limited. A preformed toxicant, borbonol, is involved. Two new organic fungicides, the acyl alanines (CIBA-Geigy), and organic phosphites (aluminum ethyl phosphite, Rhone-Poulenc) greatly reduce root invasion and infection when applied to the soil, or when applied to the foliage, the latter indicating downward translocation. The acyl alanines drastically reduce growth and sporangium production of the pathogen in vitro , and probably similarly in soil. The phosphites have little influence on Phytophthora in vitro but are equally effective to the acyl alanines in vivo. Resistance apparently affects invasion more than the interactions at the soil-root interface. The systemic fungicides may affect both Chemotaxis and invasion. Moisture potential (matric and osmotic) affects the pathogen by favouring or reducing sporangium production by P. cinnamomi . This obviously affects zoospore production, Chemotaxis, and invasion; and variously influences other components of the microbial population. Thus there is a complex system of interactions in relation to root diseases that is variously influenced by biological, physical, and chemical factors. Identification of the precise relationships will provide valuable information on disease development and control.
ω-3 PUFAs: Interventional Trials for the Prevention and Treatment of Breast and Prostate Cancer

Due to global changes in dietary sources and habits, the human diet has shifted to include an unfavorable ratio of ω-6 to ω-3 PUFAs. This is believed to have drastic consequences on health, increasing the risk for cardiovascular and inflammation-related diseases as well as cancer. Epidemiology and experimental studies suggest that ω-3 PUFAs are protective against certain types of cancer, including colon, breast, and prostate cancer. The available data have motivated the recent implementation of interventional clinical trials where cancer patients or individuals at high risk of developing cancer receive dietary ω-3 PUFA supplementation. In this review, we summarize the objectives of ongoing and recently closed clinical trials of ω-3 PUFA supplements for breast and prostate cancer prevention and treatment that are listed in the ClinicalTrials.gov database, a registry of federally and privately supported clinical trials conducted in the United States and worldwide (http://clinicaltrials.gov/).
Failure to exploit learned spatial value information during visual search

In recent years there has been rapid proliferation of studies demonstrating how reward learning guides visual search. However, most of these studies have focused on feature-based reward, and there ...
Timing of Information-Seeking about Infant Vaccines

Objectives To assess among pregnant and recently delivered women the timing of thinking about and seeking information about childhood vaccines and the preferred modes of vaccine education. Study design An e-mail survey among women in 9 urban and rural obstetrics practices in Colorado was conducted from February to April 2014, timed so that approximately one-half had delivered and one-half were still pregnant, designed to assess the frequency of thinking about and seeking information about vaccines in relation to estimated or actual delivery date. A shortened version of the Parental Attitudes About Childhood Vaccines scale was used to assess vaccine hesitancy. Results The response rate was 54% (230 of 425); 56% were pregnant, 44% had delivered, and 18% were vaccine-hesitant. Compared with pregnant women, women who had delivered more often reported thinking about vaccines for their infant (pregnant: 19% often, 42% sometimes; delivered: 29% often, 51% sometimes; P Conclusions Within 6 weeks postdelivery appears to be when the most women seek vaccine information. A child's doctor remains the most acceptable source of vaccine education.