cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Are Head Coaches in Intercollegiate Athletics Perceived as Masculine? An Evaluation of Gender Stereotypes and the Effect of Sexism on Intercollegiate Coaches

This study focused on determining if gender stereotypes existed in intercollegiate athletics in relation to coaches, and if the discourse was enveloped within sexist beliefs. Specifically, we tested the relationship modern sexism had with traits ascribed to successful head coaches. Results indicated no gender differences in the traits ascribed to head coaches. Further, modern sexism did not moderate the relationship between gender and masculinity scores for the head coach. This research study bolsters previous research in that we found no gender differences in ascribed leadership traits, and expands the literature about sexism in sport.
Neural network forecasting of solar power for NASA Ames sustainability base

Solar power prediction remains an important challenge for renewable energy integration primarily due to its inherent variability and intermittency. In this work, a neural network based solar power forecasting framework is developed for the NASA Ames Sustainability Base (SB) solar array using the publicly available National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) weather data forecasts. The prediction inputs include temperature, irradiance and wind speed obtained through the NOAA NOMADS server in real-time. The neural network (ANN) is trained and tested on input-output data from on-site sensors. The NOAA archived forecast data is then input to the trained ANN model to predict power output spanning over nine months (June 2013–March 2014). The efficacy of the model is determined by comparing predicted power output against on-site sensor data.
Pulse coherence of actively mode-locked inhomogeneously broadened lasers

The pulse coherence property of actively mode-locked, inhomogeneously broadened lasers is studied using the space-time analogy in optics. A dispersion-limited, basic lockable pulse bandwidth is given, and the analytical formulation determines the pulse coherence quality based on the degree of excitation of Hermite-Gaussian pulses. Theoretical calculations are in good agreement with experimental observations.
ASD and Middle School Challenges: A Case Example

Children on the autism spectrum experience increased challenges, both academically and socially, when they move from elementary school to middle school and beyond. In fact, it is not unusual for a ...
Charged Rotating Black Holes in Four-Dimensional Gauged and Ungauged Supergravities

Abstract We study four-dimensional non-extremal charged rotating black holes in ungauged and gauged supergravity. In the ungauged case, we obtain rotating black holes with four independent charges, as solutions of N = 2 supergravity coupled to three Abelian vector multiplets. This is done by reducing the theory along the time direction to three dimensions, where it has an O ( 4 , 4 ) global symmetry. Applied to the reduction of the uncharged Kerr metric, O ( 1 , 1 ) 4 ⊂ O ( 4 , 4 ) transformations generate new solutions that correspond, after lifting back to four dimensions, to the introduction of four independent electromagnetic charges. In the case where these charges are set pairwise equal, we then generalise the four-dimensional rotating black holes to solutions of gauged N = 4 supergravity, with mass, angular momentum and two independent electromagnetic charges. The dilaton and axion fields are non-constant. We also find generalisations of the gauged and ungauged solutions to include the NUT parameter, and for the ungauged solutions, the acceleration parameter too. The solutions in gauged supergravity provide new gravitational backgrounds for a further study of the AdS4/CFT3 correspondence at non-zero temperature.
Machine dedication under product and process diversity

Increased product and process diversity in semiconductor manufacturing lines has confronted operations managers with the challenge of managing setups that usually accompany changes of processes or products at a machine. Under a flexible manufacturing regime, a setup is employed prior to processing in order to prepare the machine with the specific recipe required by the job at hand. Such a setup is performed only if the job last processed by the machine utilized a different recipe. One way to curtail setups is to divide like machines into groups and dedicate each group of machines to a small number of recipes. These machine-to-recipe dedications are aimed to eliminate (or reduce) the setups and hence improve productivity. However, these dedications also result in reduced flexibility at operation time, and hence serve as a detractor to productivity. To investigate this tradeoff and to evaluate the net effect on productivity, an analytical tool was developed. We first confined ourselves to those cases where the number of recipes was equal to the number of machines at the workstation under study. We found that the aforementioned tradeoff depends largely on two factors: the ratio of the setup duration to the processing duration, and the scheduling policy. This elucidated that the dedication decisions should be independent of the absolute values of the setup duration or process duration. Our experiments also indicated that the corresponding break-even points were fairly insensitive to the number of recipes (or machines). In this paper, we relax our assumption regarding recipe-to-machine equality.
Direct numerical solution of diffusion problems with intrinsic randomness

Abstract A hybrid numerical-symbolic manipulation scheme is developed for the analysis of diffusion problems with intrinsic randomness. The scheme is applied in the study of one-dimensional heat conduction in fully-saturated packed beds in order to study the effects of packing disorder on the medium effective conductivity. Conduction is modeled by a parabolic partial differential equation with random local conductivity. Randomness originates from the spatial fluctuation of porosity near solid walls and in the bulk region. Assuming a certain porosity statistical distribution, the steady and unsteady heat conduction problems are solved. The steady-state solution is used to obtain both the mean value and the standard deviation of the effective conductivity for a range of fluid to solid conductivity ratios. The mean and standard deviation are used to interpret the scatter of experimental results found in the literature. The unsteady heat conduction equation is discretized on a finite spatial grid and an explicit integration in time is carried out symbolically for each time step.
VERSATILE LIQUID HELIUM SCINTILLATION COUNTER OF LARGE VOLUME DESIGN.

Abstract A 3 liter liquid helium counter has been assembled and used in two experimental configurations. The operation of the scintillation chamber is described in terms of these experiments, and the pulse height and resolution characteristics of the counter are given for the case where two 5 in diam. phototubes view the liquid helium with good geometry.
Evaluation of the pulmonary effects of wood smoke in guinea pigs by repeated CO2 challenges.

Male, English smooth haired guinea pigs were exposed to thermal decomposition products, i.e., smoke, generated by heating Douglas fir in an open system. Various amounts of Douglas fir were placed in a furnace, at room temperature, and heated at a rate of 11 degrees C/min until completely decomposed. Major decomposition occurred between 160 and 490 degrees C, and the animals were exposed during this time for a period of 30 min. Immediately before exposure and at various times after exposure, each animal was evaluated by whole-body plethysmography to measure tidal volume and respiratory frequency during air breathing as well as during challenge with 10% CO2. Exposure to smoke from Douglas fir resulted in a diminished ventilatory response to 10% CO2. Comparing the effect of wood smoke to the effect of smoke from polyvinylchloride from previous experiments wood smoke was found to be 10 times less potent than smoke from polyvinylchloride and animals recovered much more rapidly than with smoke from polyvinylchloride.
Stimulation of ovarian cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate levels by the subunits of human chorionic gonadotropin.

Abstract Injection of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) into the tail vein of superovulated rats resulted in a significant (P
Optimization Models for the Control of Saltwater Intrusion

A general optimal control model saltwater intrusion in coastal aquife density-dependent hydraulic and water quality response equations are presented. Different solution algorithms are described for the control problem imbedding method, Box's algorithms methodology (LSO). Se veral field applications are presented. The optimiz ation approach, despite requiring significant computation resources, is superior to co nventional simulation methods. optimal planning, design, and operational policie with environmental and hydraulic objectives. A general optimal control model was developed for the control of saltwater intrusion in coastal aquife r systems. The underlying sharp-interface and dependent hydraulic and water quality response equations are presented. Different solution algorithms are described for the control problem , including the Box's algorithms , and the linked simulation-optimization veral field applications are presented. The optimiz ation approach, despite requiring significant computation resources, is superior to nventional simulation methods. Optimization produces not only locally optimal planning, design, and operational policie s, but also tradeoffs associated with environmental and hydraulic objectives. coastal aquifer ; optimal control; salt water intrusion; simulation and
On the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease

Abstract Recent findings have revealed that Alzheimer's disease is associated with degenerative changes in many neurotransmitter systems. The multitude of degenerating systems and the fact that these changes do not explain the existence of neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles make it unlikely that degeneration of a few specific transmitter systems represents the primary event in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Nevertheless, deficits in cholinergic and catecholaminergic systems might be responsible for some of the typical behavioral deficits associated with the disease. Malfunction of the blood brain barrier represents one of the hypothetical mechanisms postulated to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. To support this hypothesis, it has to be shown that blood brain barrier changes precede the behavioral manifestations of the disease.
Compression facing wrinkling of composite sandwich structures

Abstract A thorough investigation was conducted of face wrinkling failures of sandwich columns under compression and beams in three- and four-point bending and cantilever beams under end loading. The beams were made of unidirectional carbon/epoxy facings and aluminum honeycomb and closed-cell PVC foam cores. The constituent materials were fully characterized. Face wrinkling failures were observed in sandwich columns and beams with foam cores, but not in those with honeycomb cores. Several wrinkling failure loads were measured and compared favorably with an early expression of Hoff and Mautner for the case of columns and long beams where the core is in the linear elastic range. However, for short span beams, core failure precedes face wrinkling. Core yielding and stiffness loss reduce core support of the facing and precipitate facing wrinkling at a lower stress. For this case a modified Hoff and Mautner expression, where the values of the reduced core Young’s and shear moduli in the through-the-thickness direction are introduced, appears more appropriate. It was concluded that failure by wrinkling is prevalent in the case of low through-the-thickness stiffness and long beam spans. In other cases, other failure modes including shear core failure, compressive facing failure, face sheet debonding or indentation failure may occur.
Calculated photoemission spectra of Na

We report a detailed calculation of the photoemission spectra of Na for electrons emitted normal to the (110) surface. The experimental results of Jensen and Plummer have been taken as an indication that the conduction band of Na is severely distorted and hence that a charge-density wave exists in the system. Our calculation confirms just the opposite, i.e., that the band is not strongly distorted from a free-electron band. The calculation is able to reproduce the experimental data closely; it also predicts an angle dependence of the spectra---a feature which needs to be examined experimentally.
Networked knowledges: student collaborative digital composing as communicative action

As Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) utilized in workplaces, classrooms, and community organizations continue to proliferate, it follows that the kinds of knowledge necessary to assemble those technologies in order to engage in effective professional communication are becoming increasingly complex. This article details a study conducted of two student teams engaged in a service-learning class in which they were tasked with producing high-quality digital products---a mini-documentary and a simple, but interactive website---for client organizations---an art classroom in a local public school and a mentoring initiative within a local non-profit. The main findings of this study are that students mobilized a variety of resources and created a flexible network of technologies, knowledges, people, and modes of communication in order to address issues pertinent to their clients. In addition, I argue that the most important resource students mobilized was knowledge itself, indicating that one of the most important aspects of digital composing may be in-depth, practical knowledge of technologies, modes, and the genres they involve. Ultimately, the implications of this limited, classroom-based case study are that a situated understanding of how to assemble knowledges for the effective design of communication within a given communication infrastructure may be more important than access to the most cutting-edge modes and technologies, especially when working with resource-poor organizational clients.
Post-harvest applications of zoxamide and phosphite for control of potato tuber rots caused by oomycetes at harvest

Potato storage tuber rots caused by the late blight and pink rot pathogens at harvest can cause severe economic losses, warranting the need for effective post-harvest fungicide applications. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of select post-harvest fungicides in reducing tuber infections by the late blight and pink rot pathogens when applied at various post-inoculation time intervals. ‘Russet Burbank’ potatoes were inoculated by submersion in an aqueous suspension ofPhytophthora infestans orPhytophthora erythroseptica zoospores at 0, 1, 2, 4, and 6 h prior to receiving a post-harvest treatment. Products evaluated were zoxamide (various rates and formulation), phosphite (335 g a.i./MT), and a hydrogen peroxide/peroxyacetic acid mixture (HPPA, 9 g a.i./MT), all applied at 2.08 L/MT of tubers as a low pressure spray prior to storage. Zoxamide and phosphite significantly reduced late blight and pink rot incidence and severity when applied immediately after inoculation. HPPA was less effective at controlling disease development. Phosphite was effective at reducing late blight development at all time intervals up to 6 h post-inoculation (7% vs 80% in untreated). Zoxamide appeared to have good post-harvest disease control if applied soon after inoculation. The maximum time intervals between inoculation and treatment where significant reductions in pink rot incidence were observed was 0 h for HPPA (28%), 2 h for zoxamide (55%; 64 g a.i./MT) and 6 h for phosphite (13%) compared to the untreated (73%). Phosphite provided consistent disease control even when applied several h after inoculation and has potential to be a reliable post-harvest fungicide for the potato industry.
Continuous-time multiobjective fractional programming

Both parametric and semiparametric necessary and sufficient proper efficiency principles are established for a class of continuous-time multiobjective fractional programming problems. Based on the forms and contents of these proper efficiency results, two parametric and four semiparametric duality models are constructed and, in each case, weak and strong duality theorems are proved. These proper efficiency and duality results contain, as special cases, similar results for continuous-time programming problems with multiple nonfractional, single fractional, and conventional objective functions. These results improve and generalize a number of existing results in the area of continuous-time programming and, moreover, provide continuous-time analogues of various kindred results previously obtained for certain classes of finitedimensional nonlinear programming problems.
Centrally acting drugs act as conditioned stimuli in a conditioned suppression of drinking task.

An experiment was conducted to test whether centrally acting drugs could act as conditioned stimuli (CS) in a classical conditioning paradigm in which electric shock acted as the unconditioned stimulus (US) and suppression of drinking was used as an indicator of a conditioned response (CR). Thirsty rats were allowed to drink water during daily classical conditioning sessions which took place in their home cages. The CS was either a drug injected before the session or a “cocktail” of sensory stimuli (light+tone+vibration) turned on at the beginning of the session. Part way through some sessions the animals received electric foot shock as the US. Two different drugs and the sensory cocktail were used as CSs in a discriminated classical conditioning paradigm in which one drug or stimulus (the CS+) predicted the subsequent occurrence of shock, and the other two conditions acted as CS− stimuli and predicted absence of shock. After an average of 5.7 pairings of the CS+ with shock, conditioned suppression of drinking was observed; the CR occurred only during tests preceded by the CS+ drug or stimulus. At one time or another during the experiment, pentobarbital, phencyclidine, morphine, and pentylenetetrazol were employed as the CS+. Each acquired the ability to elicit a CR, although pentobarbital was noticeably less effective than the other three drugs. All conditioning trials took place in hanging metal cages, but the CR generalized into plastic cages with sawdust floors. Each rat received three successive phases of conditioning with a different CS+ condition employed in each phase; each phase of conditioning was followed by extinction of the CR. Speed of acquisition and speed of extinction of the CR remained relatively uniform across successive phases. The results suggest that centrally acting drugs can act as conditioned stimuli in a classical conditioning paradigm when suppression of drinking is used as the CR.
Quantitative relations between causative virus and cell in the Rous No. 1 chicken sarcoma

Abstract The quantitative relations between the Rous sarcoma cell and causative virus were studied in tissue culture, with the chorioallantoic membrane of the developing chick embryo for assay purposes. It was shown that 1 virus particle is adequate to initiatie tumor development. Virus from the same clone can initiate either ectodermal or mesodermal tumors, depending on the type of cell infected. Sarcoma cell suspensions under constant conditions released virus at a rate of about 1 particle per 100 cells per hour. Because of rapid thermal inactivation of the virus, the virus concentration tended to an average constant level, reached in 6 hours, of about 1 particle for every 25 cells. This relationship was maintained through thirty-nine serial passages of the tumor, six passages in a second series, and through the second passage of a third series. Washed sarcoma cells contained an average of only 1 virus particle per 230 cells when broken open by freezing and thawing. When intact sarcoma cells were placed on the chorioallantoic membrane, 1 tumor was produced for every 1.9 to 17 cells. It was shown that this represented the fraction of cells releasing virus in little more than a day and was not due to invasive multiplication by the cells themselves. Experiments with single virus-producing cells in suspension showed that 1 cell in 35 to 60 produced virus in a 6-hour period. Each cell produced only small amounts of virus, intermittently, in a manner not significantly different from random. These findings, when taken together, suggest that all the Rous sarcoma cells produce virus during one generation time. Virus is produced at a very slow rate, and the cells survive. It is also suggested that the virus plays a direct and continuing role in perpetuating the cell in its malignant state.
MHC-I-restricted HIV epitope processing, immune control and immunogen design

More than 25 years after the discovery of HIV and despite several vaccine trials, the correlates of immune protection are still not identified. Successful vaccine strategies will likely involve induction of both humoral and cellular immunity in order to prevent or limit HIV infection and to stimulate protective immune responses in HIV-infected individuals. The major difficulties in this quest include the various mechanisms of immune escape developed by HIV and the fact that not all immune responses against HIV have strong antiviral functions. This article will focus on an underestimated aspect of any T-cell-based arm of vaccine strategies: the mechanisms of epitope processing and its contribution to the pattern of HIV-specific CD8+ T-cell responses. This article will also present current complementary research approaches towards the identification of CD8+ T-cell protective immune responses and the design of immunogens aimed at selectively inducing CD8+ T-cell protective immune responses against HIV, one o...
High current beam scanner

It has been shown that a commerciallyavailable scanner can be modified by the addition of an axial marker generator and water-cooled tubes in place of wires so that it can routinely scan high-current accelerator beams up to beam power densities of at least 35 kW/cm2. The versatility of the scanner has been demonstrated by its use with several different accelerators. In all cases, the installation of the scanner involved only simple adaptation to an existing beam pipe and the device was usually in place and functioning properly in less than an hour's time.
Characterization of the volatile compounds that constitute fresh sweet cream butter aroma

The objective of this study was to determine which volatile compounds are primarily responsible for the aroma of fresh sweet cream butter. Static headspace analysis with gas chromatography–olfactometry (GC–O) was used to select key odourants and purge and trap–GC–mass spectrometry (MS) for their quantiﬁcation. Twenty odour-active compounds were detected in the headspace (static) of fresh butter (hydrogen sulphide, acetaldehyde, dimethyl sulphide, 2,3-butanedione, hexanal, 2-methylbutanal, 3-methylbutanal, 1-hexen-3-one, butanoic acid, dimethyl trisulphide, 1-octen-3-one, hexanoic acid, δ-hexanolactone, nonanal, (Z)-2-nonenal, (E)-2-nonenal, δ-octanolactone, skatole, δ-decanolactone and γ-dodecanolactone). Aroma recombination studies followed by sensory analysis indicated that our fresh aroma model was signiﬁcantly different from the reference (direct from manufacturing plant) but ranked the same (similarity) as the aroma of a commercial margarine or an unsalted fresh butter. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
VLC-based indoor positioning system with tracking capability using Kalman and particle filters

An indoor navigation system based on visible light communication (VLC) technology is proposed in this paper. Indoor positioning is realized by a received-signal-strength(RSS)-based method using modulated light-emitting-diodes (LEDs). In addition to the simple positioning, we use Kalman and particle filters to give the system tracking capability. Simulation results show that particle filtering converges to the true track faster than Kalman filtering, at the price of higher computational complexity.
Interactions Between System Evaluation And Theory Testing: A Demonstration of the Power of a Mulitfaceted Approach to Systems Research

Historically, information systems (IS) researchers have questioned which research paradigms, activities, and methods IS research should follow. In this paper, we argue that different research methods and activities may interact with each other, different research paradigms may complement each other due to such interactions, and therefore, a multimethodological, cross-paradigm research approach may result in better IS research than a singular approach. Three existing multimethodological IS research frameworks are reviewed and summarized into an integrated approach. Two types of interactions between different research methods across system evaluation and theory testing research activities are identified. A three-year research study about a computer-based training system for deception detection (Agent99 Trainer) provides a concrete example to demonstrate the existence and research benefits of these two types of interactions, as well as the benefits of a multimethodological, cross-paradigm IS research approach.
Surface street traffic volume and single-family house price

This study investigates the relationship between surface street traffic volume and single-family house prices in a relatively small city in the US. Hedonic price models are estimated using data from 9670 transactions that occurred between January 1998 and March 2011. It is discovered that parcels fronting or adjacent to a high-traffic street sell, on average, at an 8.1% discount compared to similar parcels that are not so situated. Restricting the analysis to parcels on or adjacent to a high-traffic street, house price and traffic volume are found to be negatively related; a doubling of volume from any particular traffic count, ceteris paribus, reduces selling price by an average of 2.1%.
The changing spectrum of rheumatic disease in human immunodeficiency virus infection.

Abstract Context: Although it has been known for over 15 years that a number of rheumatic diseases occur in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, increasing knowledge about these disorders and advances in HIV treatment need to be considered in approaching patients with HIV-associated rheumatic disease. Objective: To examine the clinical, pathologic, and therapeutic features of HIV-associated rheumatic diseases in the context of what is known about the immunology of HIV infection. Data Sources: The author's own extensive collection of references, supplemented by PubMed Medline searches for articles in English-language journals published between 1985 and 2000. The indexing term HIV and the following coindexing terms were used for searching: arthritis, Reiter's syndrome, psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteonecrosis, vasculitis, pulmonary hypertension, myositis, myopathy, fibromyalgia, septic arthritis, parotid enlargement, diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, septic arthritis, mycobacterial arthritis, fungal arthritis, autoantibodies, anti-cardiolipin antibodies, and anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic antibodies. Study Selection: All papers identified in the literature search were reviewed. Studies presenting data that merely confirmed previous studies were not included in the analysis. Data Extraction: All identified papers were abstracted by the author. Letters to the editor were included only if a new observation had been made. Data Synthesis: This was a qualitative review of papers published, with new knowledge about these disorders summarized and presented. Results: Despite new treatments for HIV, reports of rheumatic diseases presenting in AIDS patients persist, especially in HIV-associated arthritis, diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome, HIV-associated vasculitis, and polymyositis. However, new HIV treatments may ameliorate these diseases. Conclusions: The spectrum of HIV-associated rheumatic disease remains a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for the clinician. The impact of changes in HIV treatment on these disorders requires further assessment. Semin Arthritis Rheum 30:147-166. Copyright © 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company
On the prejudices of philosophers: French philosophical discourse on Nietzsche, 1898–1908

Scholars have typically found it necessary to examine the reception of Nietzsche by writers involved in self-consciously creative projects on the intellectual field, those agents who by inclination or by necessity operated within that sphere of cultural production identified with the free inquiry and expression of the artist. Hence the proliferation of excellent scholarship devoted to the appropriation of Nietzsche by Georges Bataille, Andr6 Gide, Andre Malraux, and other notable French writers. However, to restrict one's analysis to this literary sector of intellectual life ignores the important role played by academics in cultural production, for the "freedom" of the artist can only exist in relation to its opposite that is, against the background of rules, conventions, and institutions that define the sphere of the university. In France, this tension between the literary world and the university sphere became exacerbated during the 1890s as representatives of both experienced crises of identity and purpose, leading to significant transformations that would inevitably structure the manner in which each would perceive the other. Just as avant-garde writers shifted from the detached and "decadent" position of lart pour l'art during the 1880s to the more committed stance of l'art social by the early 1890s, the academic community came to redefine the meaning of the profession, as well as the requirements for its own reproduction, according to
Immunologic Basis for the Pathogenesis of Pterygium

We examined surgically excised pterygial tissues from 26 patients for the various immunoglobulin classes by direct immunofluorescence. Of the 26 patients, 19 (73.1%) showed positive staining with goat anti-human IgG fluorescein-labeled antibody. Direct immunofluorescence with goat anti-human IgE fluorescein-labeled antibody was found in all 26 samples, varying in fluorescent intensity from 1+ to 4+. Routine histologic staining disclosed an infiltration of small lymphocytes and plasma cells into the pterygium. These results suggest that an immunologic mechanism, possibly Type 1 hypersensitivity, may contribute to the pathogenesis of pterygium.
Personality traits, pain duration and severity, functional impairment, and psychological distress in patients with persistent low back pain

The relationships between psychological distress, pain duration, neuroticism, extraversion, pain severity, and functional impairment were examined in a large group of patients with persistent complaints of low back pain. We evaluated patients on a host of relevant variables before treatment and at 1 year and 2 years after treatment which permitted assessment of the stability of the relationships over time. We found that the levels of psychological distress reported by patients were not related to the duration of their complaint. Rather, levels of psychological distress are related to both aspects of the patients' personalities, and characteristics of their illness. Patients who scored high on neuroticism reported higher levels of psychological distress than patients who scored low on this trait. Similarly, patients who had more severe pain and were more functionally impaired also reported higher levels of psychological distress due to pain. The relative strengths of these relationships varied with treatment status. Before treatment, psychological distress and neuroticism were strongly related, but after treatment, the relationship was moderate. In contrast, the relationship of psychological distress to pain severity and functional impairment was significantly strengthened after treatment. We attributed this shift in the relative strengths of the relationships to change in the patient perception of their illness.
A kit for the production and fast isolation of medically useful fluorine-18

Abstract A simple kit-method for the reactor production of medically useful 18 F is described. The 18 F is collected from acid solution on hydrous zirconium oxide, eluted with dilute base, and prepared for injection. The chemical yield of the 30-min procedure is 80 per cent. About 4 mCi of 18 F per gram of 95 per cent enriched 6 Li 2 CO 3 can be delivered 3 hr (transportation and separation time) after the end of a 4-hr irradiation in a neutron flux of 1·5 × 10 13 cm −2 sec −1 . The tritium content of the final product is 2–3 per cent corrected to the end of the irradiation. Other radioactive impurities such as 24 Na and 42 K are less than 0·001 per cent. Repeated tests have shown the 18 F product to be sterile and non-pyrogenic.
Long-Term Morphological and Electrophysiological Effects of Small Mechanical Lesions in the Guinea Pig Cochlea

This paper reports the results on chronic morphological and electrophysiological effects of small lesions in 6 guinea pigs. The lesions were made on the external wall on one of the three scalae of the basal cochlear turn. Following a 6-week recovery period the round window was exposed using a postauricular approach and a platinum iridium ball electrode was placed on the round window. Measurements of the CM were made at ten frequencies. Following completion of the electrophysiological measurements, the animals were perfused with Prussian blue solution and their temporal bones removed, fixed and stained, decalcified and prepared for microscopy. In general, electrophysiological responses of the cochlea were depressed following discrete mechanical lesioning. Morphologically there was little influence segmentally limited on the vasculature at the site of the lesion. Little histopathological effect was seen on the organ of Corti. Although no consistent relationship was found between individual mechanical lesion...
Stark structure of the Rydberg states of alkali-metal atoms

The authors describe practical methods for calculating the Stark structure of Rydberg states of the alkali metals based on diagnolization of the energy matrix. A survey of Stark structures is presented for all of the alkali metals in the vicinity of $n=15$. Topics discussed include general methods for evaluating radial matrix elements, the treatment of fine structure, oscillator-strength distribution, scaling laws, the structure of a level anticrossing, and sources of error. Experimental Stark maps are compared with calculated results for lithium and cesium. Experimental studies of the oscillator-strength distribution within a Stark manifold and the structure of a level anticrossing are also presented.
Quantification of Insulin Release from Implantable Polymer-Based Delivery Systems and Augmentation of Therapeutic Effect with Simultaneous Release of Somatostatin

Insulin injections control diabetes mellitus but do not reproduce physiologic regulation. Polymer-based controlled-release technology has enabled us to demonstrate: that the controlled release of insulin from polymer matrices can indeed be used to control diabetes mellitus but does so at the expense of hyperinsulinemia and hypoglycemia; and that somatostatin can be delivered in similar fashion, so as to provide glucose homeostasis in a more physiologic range, at lower insulin levels and at somatostatin doses below those used in intermittent infusion studies; and, that microgram quantities of a drug can be delivered successfully in vivo with intact biological function and in a manner that can be monitored continuously. In the present study the simultaneous polymer-matrix-controlled release of insulin with somatostatin extended glycemic control in diabetic rats. Eleven rats received subcutaneous polymer matrix implants containing insulin alone and 11 rats received implants containing insulin and somatostatin. Plasma and urinary glucose control were improved in both groups. Glucose concentrations in the insulin alone group remained depressed for 5 days until insulin release from the matrices declined below 11.6 units/kg/day. When somatostatin was delivered at 0.75–1.1 µg/kg/day together with insulin, plasma glucose control persisted for 12 days until insulin release decreased below 3.6 units/kg/day. It is our hope that further experiments regarding the potential role of both controlled-release devices and somatostatin will be performed to provide continuing therapeutic alternatives to the insulin-dependent diabetic. This is also the first in vivo demonstration of the simultaneous release of two biologically active peptide hormones from polymer matrices. The use of the polymer matrix systems may not only have profound effects on the ambulatory care of diabetes but might also permit the investigation of the synergistic effects of other families of compounds.
Coupled Phase-Variable Expression and Epitope Masking of Selective Surface Lipoproteins Increase Surface Phenotypic Diversity in Mycoplasma hominis

A new mechanism expanding mycoplasmal surface diversity is described. Exposure of surface epitopes on a constitutively expressed membrane protein (P56) of Mycoplasma hominis was subject to high-frequency phase variation due to phase-variable expression of the P120 antigen and its selective masking of P56 epitopes. Phase-variable masking may confer previously unrealized adaptive capabilities on mycoplasmas.
Handbook of Zoonoses: Identification and Prevention

In “Handbook of Zoonoses: Identification and Prevention,” authors Joann Colville and David L. Berryhill laud their book as an ideal reference for veterinarians, veterinary technicians, and professional students, and as a general resource for healthcare professionals to help them understand and manage zoonotic diseases. Information on common, and currently topical, zoonoses are included; the book addresses diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi, and prions. For each disease, a common set of concepts are covered: the degree of illness and death associated with the disease; the etiology, hosts, and routes of transmission; a brief description of the disease manifestation in various animal species and in humans; general guidance for treatment in both animals and humans; and recommendations for prevention. Although the authors present some information on diseases that occur outside the United States, this handbook focuses more on diseases in the United States that readers may come into contact with or hear about on the news. The terminology used to cover zoonotic diseases may be useful to healthcare professionals because basic information is provided in easily understandable language for lay patients and clients. As an actual source of information for healthcare professionals, however, this handbook is not as useful as other available texts. The book covers aspects of many of these diseases somewhat superficially and makes generalizations that could be misleading when examined in greater depth. This weakness is exacerbated by the fact that no references are provided, either as source data for citation or as pointers for readers looking for more information on a particular disease. Given the lack of overall detail in the handbook, this is a significant shortcoming. And, while an overall goal of the book is to provide information to help healthcare professionals manage zoonotic diseases, the authors do not present specific treatment guidance or common differential diagnoses for the diseases covered. Instead, the authors provide the occasional piece of trivia about certain diseases covered in the handbook that a lay reader may find engaging—that Ted Nugent wrote a song called “Cat Scratch Fever” and that rumors exist of a “Hollywood Tapeworm Diet.” Overall, this handbook may be best suited for the lay person who has an interest in zoonotic diseases and some preexisting knowledge of disease transmission and pathogenesis.
Pipeline interleaving and parallelism in recursive digital filters. I. Pipelining using scattered look-ahead and decomposition

A look-ahead approach (referred to as scattered look-ahead) to pipeline recursive loops is introduced in a way that guarantees stability. A decomposition technique is proposed to implement the nonrecursive portion (generated due to the scattered look-ahead process) in a decomposed manner to obtain concurrent stable pipelined realizations of logarithmic implementation complexity with respect to the number of loop pipeline stages (as opposed to linear). The upper bound on the roundoff error in these pipelined filters is shown to improve with an increase in the number of loop pipeline stages. Efficient pipelined realizations are studied of both direct-form and state-space-form recursive digital filters. Based on the scattered look-ahead technique, fully pipelined and fully hardware efficient linear bidirectional systolic arrays for recursive digital filters are presented. The decomposition technique is extended to time-varying recursive systems. >
Failures in power-combining arrays

We derive a simple formula for the change in output when a device fails in a power-combining structure with identical matched devices. The loss is written in terms of the scattering coefficient of the failed device and reflection coefficient of an input port in the combining network. We apply this formula to several power combiners, including arrays in free space and enclosed waveguide structures. Our simulations indicate the output power degrades gracefully as devices fail, which is in agreement with previously published results.
Strain of the Pectoralis Major Muscle: Modeling Post-Operative Exercise Design for Patients After Mastectomy

Breast cancer survivors may lose shoulder motion after life-saving treatments are completed. Exercises are applied countering these complications, but information about their biomechanical foundation is lacking. The PM muscle is often affected by cancer treatments, but strain occurring in the muscle during post surgical exercises is not known. The objectives of this study were to assess strain in the PM muscle during exercises prescribed following mastectomy. Methods: A 3-dimensional model of the shoulder and the PM muscle was used to interactively generate PM muscle strain during the simulated motions. Skeletal configurations were based on CT scans of two cadavers. Definitions of joint revolutes and muscle tendon paths were determined using literature reviews. Strains in the clavicular, mid-sternum and abdominal region of the PM muscle were calculated for applied shoulder exercises. Results: Averaged strain of the three regions ranged from 1% (flexion) to 21% (abduction) for single axis rotations and from 33% (abduction and external rotation) to 44% (overhead stretch) for combined motions. Regional strains ranged from -21% (shortening of the clavicular region during flexion) to 54% (mid-sternum region during the overhead stretch). Continuous data produced by the simulation allows the clinician to set strain limitations for each PM region for each motion. Discussion and Conclusions: From these simulation results it can be concluded that single motions fall within 30% strain, but combined motion may cause strain up to 54%. Differentials strains in the three regions occur during exercises, the least for shoulder abduction and extension. Future testing with patients needs to be performed to investigate the effectiveness and safety of the exercises designed using this simulation model.
Numerical modeling of cloud chemistry effects on isocyanic acid (HNCO)

[1] Isocyanic acid (HNCO), a product of some combustion processes, can potentially have negative human health effects. While gas phase HNCO loss processes are slow, HNCO loss in the aqueous phase is much faster. The fate of HNCO is studied for different cloud chemistry conditions using a zero-dimensional chemical box model. Exposure to clouds reduces HNCO concentrations substantially under typical cumulus cloud conditions, resulting in the chemical lifetime of HNCO dropping to ~2 h compared to clear-sky conditions of several years. The effect of clouds on HNCO is strongly dependent on the pH and temperature, with more HNCO hydrolyzed at lower pH (more acidic drops) and higher temperatures. Thus, HNCO is most efficiently removed by fog or low-level stratus clouds and least efficiently removed under middle to upper troposphere conditions where cumulonimbus and pyrocumulus clouds reside. Deliquesced aerosols may be highly efficient at reducing HNCO concentrations.
AMERICAN POVERTY CAUSE BELIEFS AND STRUCTURED INEQUALITY LEGITIMATION

Poverty cause attribution research has sporadically explored social stratification beliefs for over three decades with mixed results. Explanations given for why there are poor people in America may reveal much about underlying structured inequality legitimating mechanisms. Using multiple regression, one-way ANOVA, and frequency distribution analyses, I uncover a conservative-liberal continuum underlying American poverty cause attributions. Past explanations for the mostly mixed nature of American attributions toward poverty are questioned. I suggest a more simple and straightforward explanation: mixed attribution styles, situated on a conservative-liberal continuum, may arise from American's distinguishing between at least two groups of poor people—“deserving” and “undeserving”—suggesting policy and future research agendas.
Erosional and climatic effects on long-term chemical weathering rates in granitic landscapes spanning diverse climate regimes ☆

Abstract We used cosmogenic nuclide and geochemical mass balance methods to measure long-term rates of chemical weathering and total denudation in granitic landscapes in diverse climatic regimes. Our 42 study sites encompass widely varying climatic and erosional regimes, with mean annual temperatures ranging from 2 to 25 °C, average precipitation ranging from 22 to 420 cm·year −1 , and denudation rates ranging from 23 to 755 t·km −2 ·year −1 . Long-term chemical weathering rates range from 0 to 173 t·km −2 year −1 , in several cases exceeding the highest granitic weathering rates on record from previous work. Chemical weathering rates are highest at the sites with rapid denudation rates, consistent with strong coupling between rates of chemical weathering and mineral supply from breakdown of rock. A simple empirical relationship based on temperature, precipitation and long-term denudation rates explains 89–95% of the variation in long-term weathering rates across our network of sites. Our analysis shows that, for a given precipitation and temperature, chemical weathering rates increase proportionally with fresh-material supply rates. We refer to this as “supply-limited” weathering, in which fresh material is chemically depleted to roughly the same degree, regardless of its rate of supply from breakdown of rock. The temperature sensitivity of chemical weathering rates is two to four times smaller than what one would expect from laboratory measurements of activation energies for feldspar weathering and previous inter-comparisons of catchment mass-balance data from the field. Our results suggest that climate change feedbacks between temperature and silicate weathering rates may be weaker than previously thought, at least in actively eroding, unglaciated terrain similar to our study sites. To the extent that chemical weathering rates are supply-limited in mountainous landscapes, factors that regulate rates of mineral supply from erosion, such as tectonic uplift, may lead to significant fluctuations in global climate over the long term.