cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
eJournal interface can influence usage statistics: Implications for libraries, publishers, and Project COUNTER

The design of a publisher's electronic interface can have a measurable effect on electronic journal usage statistics. A study of journal usage from six COUNTER-compliant publishers at 32 research institutions in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Sweden indicates that the ratio of PDF to HTML views is not consistent across publisher interfaces, even after controlling for differences in publisher content. The number of full-text downloads may be artificially inflated when publishers require users to view HTML versions before accessing PDF versions or when linking mechanisms, such as CrossRef, direct users to the full text rather than the abstract of each article. These results suggest that usage reports from COUNTER-compliant publishers are not directly comparable in their current form. One solution may be to modify publisher numbers with “adjustment factors” deemed to be representative of the benefit or disadvantage due to its interface. Standardization of some interface and linking protocols may obviate these differences and allow for more accurate cross-publisher comparisons.
Nickel-catalyzed coupling of terminal allenes, aldehydes, and silanes

Abstract The development of a nickel-catalyzed coupling of terminal allenes, aldehydes, and silanes is described. This transformation selectively provides 1,1-disubstituted allylic alcohols, protected as a silyl ether. The choice of the reducing agent is essential for achieving selectivity in this coupling process. A trialkylphosphine (Cyp 3 P) and an N -heterocyclic carbene (IPr) are complementary in this reaction.
Angular Momentum Transport by Gravity Waves in the Solar Interior

We present self-consistent numerical simulations of the Sun's convection zone and radiative interior using a two-dimensional model of the solar equatorial plane. The background reference state is a one-dimensional solar structure model. Turbulent convection in the outer convection zone continually excites gravity waves that propagate throughout the stable radiative interior and deposit their angular momentum. We find that angular velocity variations in the tachocline are driven by angular momentum transported by overshooting convective plumes rather than nonlinear interaction of waves. The mean flow in the tachocline is time dependent but not oscillatory in direction and not like a quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO). Since the forcing in this shallow region cannot be described by simple linear waves, it is unlikely that the interaction of such waves is responsible for the solar cycle or the 1.3 yr oscillation. However, in the deep radiative interior, the interaction of low-amplitude gravity waves, continually excited by the overshooting plumes, is responsible for the angular velocity deviations observed there, which do resemble a very low amplitude QBO. Near the center of the model Sun the angular velocity deviation is about 2 orders of magnitude greater than that in the bulk of the radiative region and reverses its direction (prograde to retrograde or vice versa) in the opposite sense of the angular velocity deviations that occur in the tachocline. Our simulations thus demonstrate how angular velocity variations in the solar core are linked to those in the tachocline, which themselves are driven by convective overshooting.
Does Electoral System Reform Work? Electoral System Lessons from Reforms of the 1990s

In the early 1990s, popular discontent with politics in Italy, New Zealand, and Japan led to the enactment of new electoral systems in all three countries. The results of the reforms have been mixed, as they have dramatically altered politics in some cases but in others have been a great disappointment to many observers. This essay examines the reforms and the conditions under which they successfully addressed the problems of their party systems. The cases highlight the limitations of using electoral systems to explain political outcomes that are not direct effects of electoral rules.
Lewis base catalyzed, enantioselective aldol addition of methyl trichlorosilyl ketene acetal to ketones.

The catalytic enantioselective addition of an acetate enolate equivalent to ketones is described. Methyl trichlorosilyl ketene acetal reacts with a wide range of ketones in the presence of pyridine N-oxide to afford the aldol addition products in excellent yields. Chiral 2,2‘-pyridyl bis-N-oxides bearing various substituents at the 3,3‘- and 6,6‘-positions also provide excellent yields of the aldol products with variable enantioselectivities ranging from 94/6 er for aromatic ketones to nearly racemic for aliphatic ketones. An X-ray crystal structure of the complex between a catalyst and silicon tetrachloride (((P)-(R,R)-19·SiCl4)) has been obtained. Extensive computational analysis provides a stereochemical rationale for the observed trends in enantioselectivities.
A new bunching scheme for increasing the LANSCE WNR peak beam current

The LANSCE linac simultaneously provides both H- and H+ beams to several user facilities. The Weapons Neutron Research (WNR) user facility is configured to accept the H- beam with a typical pulse pattern of one linac micro-pulse every 1.8 microseconds. This pattern is produced through a combination of chopping and bunching in the 750 keV beam transport. One downside of the chopping process is that the majority of the beam produced by the ion source during each WNR macro- pulse is discarded. By applying a longitudinal bunching action immediately following the ion source, simulations have shown that some of this discarded beam can be used to increase the charge in these micro-pulses. Recently, we began an effort to develop this buncher by superimposing 16.77 MHz RF voltage on one of the HVDC electrodes in the 80 kV column adjacent to the source. This paper describes the beam dynamics simulations, design and implementation of the RF hardware and the results of tests performed with the system.
ESTABLISHMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF GCP IN JAPAN: THE JAPANESE INDUSTRY PERSPECTIVE

Japanese good clinical practice (GCP) regulation went into effect October 1, 1990. Although sponsors are required to sign written contracts with medical institutions, and establish departments of monitoring and auditing, the impact on medical institutions has been greater in practice. In order to examine the feasibility of GCP, a Ministry of Health and Welfare project team conducted three questionnaire surveys on practical operations, the first about one year after draft GCP publication, the second about eight months prior to enforcement of GCP, and the third about six months after initiation of enforcement. The results of the second survey indicated that significant improvement had been obtained since the time of the first survey. Consequently, higher quality clinical studies resulting in more reliable clinical data may be expected.Improvements, in some respects, must continue to be sought, but several major hurdles have been passed. It is believed that Japan has reached the latest international standard...
Electronic anisotropy, magnetic field-temperature phase diagram and their dependence on resistivity in c-axis oriented MgB2 thin films

An important predicted, but so far uncharacterized, property of the new superconductor MgB2 is electronic anisotropy arising from its layered crystal structure. Here we report on three c-axis oriented thin films, showing that the upper critical field anisotropy ratio Hc2?/Hc2? is 1.8 to 2.0, the ratio increasing with higher resistivity. Measurements of the magnetic field-temperature phase diagram show that flux pinning disappears at H*?0.8Hc2?(T) in untextured samples. Hc2?(0) is strongly enhanced by alloying to 39 T for the highest resistivity film, more than twice that seen in bulk samples.
On asymptotically efficient solutions for a class of supervisory control problems

We consider restricted sequences of forbidden-string and forbidden-state problems and show the limiting problem instance defined by a sequence has a solution if and only if each problem instance in the sequence has a solution. Furthermore, the supervisor that enforces the desired behavior in the limiting problem instance also enforces the desired behavior in each problem instance in the sequence. In essence, the storage requirement for supervisory control of each instance is bounded above by that of the limiting problem instance. In addition, if the limiting problem instance is available, a similar observation can be made regarding the complexity of supervisory control. This observation coupled with recent results on the solvability of the supervisory control problem involving certain classes of nonregular behaviors and finite-representations of infinite-state systems is suggested as an effective procedure to combat the computational and storage issues in supervisory control. We conclude with an incomplete list of future research directions.
Effects of Container Size on Overconsumption of Carbonated Soft Drinks

We take a structural approach to examine the effects of larger container size on consumption of carbonated soft drinks–using Nielsen Company’s Homescan data on household purchases for the years 2004 through 2006. Our results show that by removing the price discount implicit in packages with larger container size, the average unit price the two households pay for CSD products increase and hence both households (both the low income and the high income) reduce their annual consumption of soft drinks by about 75%. This reduction is due to a combination of reduced number of purchases and switching to products with less number of bottles/cans.
Fluctuating enzymes: lessons from single-molecule studies.

Recent single-molecule enzymology measurements with improved statistics have demonstrated that a single enzyme molecule exhibits large temporal fluctuations of the turnover rate constant at a broad range of time scales (from 1 ms to 100 s). The rate constant fluctuations, termed as dynamic disorder, are associated with fluctuations of the protein conformations observed on the same time scales. We discuss the unique information extractable from these experiments and the reconciliation of these observations with ensemble-averaged Michaelis−Menten equation. A theoretical model based on the generalized Langevin equation (GLE) treatment of Kramers' barrier crossing problem for chemical reactions accounts naturally for the observation of dynamic disorder and highly dispersed kinetics.
Ostracism, voice, and exit: The biology of social participation

Abstract A bewildering variety of social patterns can be described and analyzed as manifestations of ostracism and social rejection. Ostracism can be viewed as a coerced or involuntary rupture of social bonds, as distinguished from voluntary exit; both appear to be characteristic ways that animals use in relating to other members of the group. Based on Albert O. Hirschman's Exit, Voice and Loyalty , a general theoretical framework can be built on the realization that ostracism is far from a strange aberration—but that its excesses strike most moderns as uncivilized. This analysis presumes that active participation, flight, and bonding are general categories intrinsic to social behavior. It follows that, in different social contexts, the implications of ostracism vary greatly. Modern democratic systems, in which voluntary exit remains a possibility, resemble our hominid past more closely than authoritarian societies that place individuals in the unenviable position of being trapped in silence (with no legitimate right to exercise political voice, yet no possibility of escape). At the risk of Charges of valuative bias, the argument is made that democratic regimes may be—all things equal—closer to the center of our species-typical range of behavior than other kinds of centralized states or governmental systems.
Union Wage Effects in Nevada's Hotel and Casino Industry

I use the significant union presence in Las Vegas's Hotel, Gaming, and Recreation (HGR) industry juxtaposed to the near absence of unions in Reno's HGR sector to study union wage effects. I find wages of highly unionized occupations in Las Vegas's HGR industry to be significantly higher than wages of identical occupations in Reno. Furthermore, I detect little impact from Las Vegas's HGR unions on wages in the WRT industry, a much less unionized sector.
The basics of gravitational wave theory

Einstein's special theory of relativity revolutionized physics by teaching us that space and time are not separate entities, but join as 'spacetime'. His general theory of relativity further taught us that spacetime is not just a stage on which dynamics takes place, but is a participant: the field equation of general relativity connects matter dynamics to the curvature of spacetime. Curvature is responsible for gravity, carrying us beyond the Newtonian conception of gravity that had been in place for the previous two and a half centuries. Much research in gravitation since then has explored and clarified the consequences of this revolution; the notion of dynamical spacetime is now firmly established in the toolkit of modern physics. Indeed, this notion is so well established that we may now contemplate using spacetime as a tool for other sciences. One aspect of dynamical spacetime—its radiative character, 'gravitational radiation'—will inaugurate entirely new techniques for observing violent astrophysical processes. Over the next 100 years, much of this subject's excitement will come from learning how to exploit spacetime as a tool for astronomy. This paper is intended as a tutorial in the basics of gravitational radiation physics.
A Feature Compensation Approach Using High-Order Vector Taylor Series Approximation of an Explicit Distortion Model for Noisy Speech Recognition

This paper presents a new feature compensation approach to noisy speech recognition by using high-order vector Taylor series (HOVTS) approximation of an explicit model of environmental distortions. Formulations for maximum-likelihood (ML) estimation of both additive noises and convolutional distortions, and minimum mean squared error (MMSE) estimation of clean speech are derived. Experimental results on Aurora2 and Aurora4 benchmark databases, where the modeling assumption of the distortion model is more accurate, demonstrate that the standard HOVTS-based feature compensation approaches achieve consistently significant improvement in recognition accuracy compared to traditional standard first-order VTS-based approach. For a real-world in-vehicle connected digits recognition task on Aurora3 benchmark database where the modeling assumption of the distortion model is less accurate, modifications are necessary to make VTS-based feature compensation approaches work. In this case, the second-order VTS-based approach performs only slightly better than the first-order VTS-based approach.
Transit Detection in the MEarth Survey of Nearby M Dwarfs: Bridging the Clean-first, Search-later Divide

In the effort to characterize the masses, radii, and atmospheres of potentially habitable exoplanets, there is an urgent need to find examples of such planets transiting nearby M dwarfs. The MEarth Project is an ongoing effort to do so, as a ground-based photometric survey designed to detect exoplanets as small as 2 R ⊕ transiting mid-to-late M dwarfs within 33 pc of the Sun. Unfortunately, identifying transits of such planets in photometric monitoring is complicated both by the intrinsic stellar variability that is common among these stars and by the nocturnal cadence, atmospheric variations, and instrumental systematics that often plague Earth-bound observatories. Here, we summarize the properties of MEarth data gathered so far, emphasizing the challenges they present for transit detection. We address these challenges with a new framework to detect shallow exoplanet transits in wiggly and irregularly spaced light curves. In contrast to previous methods that clean trends from light curves before searching for transits, this framework assesses the significance of individual transits simultaneously while modeling variability, systematics, and the photometric quality of individual nights. Our Method for Including Starspots and Systematics in the Marginalized Probability of a Lone Eclipse (MISS MarPLE) uses a computationally efficient semi-Bayesian approach to explore the vast probability space spanned by the many parameters of this model, naturally incorporating the uncertainties in these parameters into its evaluation of candidate events. We show how to combine individual transits processed by MISS MarPLE into periodic transiting planet candidates and compare our results to the popular box-fitting least-squares method with simulations. By applying MISS MarPLE to observations from the MEarth Project, we demonstrate the utility of this framework for robustly assessing the false alarm probability of transit signals in real data.
Serial ligand catalysis: a highly selective allylic C-H oxidation.

We are reporting a mild, chemo-, and highly regioselective Pd(II)-catalyzed allylic oxidation of α-olefins to furnish branched allylic esters that proceeds via a novel serial ligand catalysis mechanism in which two different ligands (i.e., vinyl sulfoxide 2 and BQ) interact sequentially with the metal to promote distinct steps of the catalytic cycle (i.e., C−H cleavage and π-allyl functionalization, respectively).
Synthesis of Novel Bisphosphine‐Containing Polymers and Their Applications as Bidentate Ligands for Nickel(0)‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions

The efficient synthesis of two examples of a new type of ferrocene-based bisphosphine-containing polymers and their application as bidentate ligands for Ni(0)-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of aryl chlorides with arylboronic acids, and aryl fluorides with Grignard reagents are described. Our study may provide a new family of bisphosphine-containing polymers that are readily accessible and potentially useful in transition metal catalysis.
Organization of Knowledge and Innovation: The Case of Finnish Business Services

This empirical study examines knowledge creation activities in business service firms. Using survey data of 167 Finnish knowledge‐intensive business service firms, I explore hypotheses about the organization of learning and innovation. Results from an exploratory factor analysis combined with regression analyses suggest that, first, collective application of knowledge is more likely to lead to significant improvements in services than individual application of knowledge. Second, external sourcing of knowledge, particularly from customers and competitors, is more conducive to new service introductions than local and incremental learning on the job. Broad information sourcing and internal cooperation to mobilize knowledge thus support the renewal of knowledge‐intensive business services. More significant service innovations are also supported by highly educated employees, but the role of R&D investments is not significant.
Varieties for Modules of Quantum Elementary Abelian Groups

We define a rank variety for a module of a noncocommutative Hopf algebra $A = \Lambda \rtimes G$ where $\Lambda = k[X_1, \dots, X_m]/(X_1^{\ell}, \dots, X_m^{\ell}), G = (\mathbb{Z}/\ell\mathbb{Z})^m$ and char k does not divide l, in terms of certain subalgebras of A playing the role of “cyclic shifted subgroups”. We show that the rank variety of a finitely generated module M is homeomorphic to the support variety of M defined in terms of the action of the cohomology algebra of A. As an application we derive a theory of rank varieties for the algebra Λ. When l=2, rank varieties for Λ-modules were constructed by Erdmann and Holloway using the representation theory of the Clifford algebra. We show that the rank varieties we obtain for Λ-modules coincide with those of Erdmann and Holloway.
Phase formation in the system CaO-SeO2-H2O

The chemistry of the system CaO-SeO2-H2O has been investigated at 23° and 80°C. The existence of four major phases in this system—CaSeO3H2O, Ca(HSeO3)2H2O, Ca2(SeO3)(Se2O5), and Ca2(HSeO3)2(Se2O5)—has been confirmed, and the equilibria among them determined. At 23°C, CaSeO3H2O and Ca(HSeO3)2H2O are the stable calcium selenites. CaSeO3H2O exists over the pH range 12.5-3.7, making it the most important phase for natural systems as well as most technological applications. Ca(HSeO3)2H2O is the more acidic phase; it exists over the pH range 3.7-0.4. Incongruent dissolution of Ca(HSeO3)2H2O forms CaSeO3H2O. These results indicate Ca2(HSeO3)2(Se2O5) is not a stable phase at 23°C. At 80°C, CaSeO3H2O, Ca2(SeO3)(Se2O5), and Ca2(HSeO3)2(Se2O5) are the stable calcium selenite phases. Ca(HSeO3) 2H2O has not been observed. Again, CaSeO 3H2O exists over the broadest pH range, 11.0-3.9. Ca2(SeO3)(Se2O5) and Ca2(HSeO3)2(Se2O5) dissolve incongruently. The formation of Ca2(SeO3)(Se2O5) and Ca2(HSeO3)2(Se2O5) at 80°C demonstrates the increasing stability of the Se2O2- 5 ion and the decreasing stability of the HSeO-3 ion with increasing temperature.
NLTE Modeling of SNe Ia Near Maximum Light

Modeling the atmospheres of SNe Ia requires the solution of the NLTE radiative transfer equation. We discuss the formulation of the radiative transfer equation in the co-moving frame. For characteristic velocities larger than ~2000 km s-1, the effects of advection on the synthetic spectra are non-negligible, and hence should be included in model calculations. We show that the time-independent or quasi-static approximation is adequate for SNe fa near maximum light, as well as for most other astrophysical problems; e.g., hot stars, novae, and other types of supernovae. We examine the use of the Sobolev approximation in modeling moving atmospheres and find that the number of overlapping lines in the co-moving frame make the approximation suspect in models that predict both lines and continua. We briefly discuss the form of the Rosseland mean opacity in the co-moving frame, and present a formula that is easy to implement in radiation hydrodynamics calculations.
Prices or knowledge? What drives demand for financial services in emerging markets?

This brief summarizes the results of a gender impact evaluation study, entitled Prices or knowledge? What drives demand for financial services in emerging markets? Conducted in 2008 in Indonesia. The study observed that financial development is critical for growth, but its micro determinants are not well understood. Financial literacy training has no impact on the probability of opening a bank account, although it does have an impact among those with low levels of education and financial literacy. A change from $3 to $14 led to a 7.6 percent increase in the probability of owning a bank account. The results hold two years after a study. Funding for the study derived from World Bank, HBS Division of Research and Faculty Development.
Linking Frascati-based R&D Spending to the System of National Accounts

This paper provides a framework for translating research and development expenditure data organized based on the Frascati Manual to a measure of gross output consistent with The System of National Accounts 1993. This translation sets up the output measures and sectoral framework for the capitalization of R&D expenditures in a Satellite Account.
Wide bandwidth, low loss 1 by 4 wavelength division multiplexer on silicon for optical interconnects

We demonstrate an add/drop filter based on coupled vertical gratings on silicon. The concept is extended to implement a 1 by 4 wavelength division multiplexer with 3nm bandwidth, 1dB insertion loss and 16dB crosstalk suppression.
Light field moment imaging

We introduce a novel imaging technique called light field moment imaging (LMI) that uses the continuity equation to extract the first angular moments of a light field. We use these moments to construct perspective views of a scene. Examples of LMI in photography and microscopy are presented.
Use of continuous positive airway pressure reduces airway reactivity in adults with asthma

Asthma is characterised by airway hyperreactivity, which is primarily treated with β-adrenergic bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory agents. However, mechanical strain during breathing is an important modulator of airway responsiveness and we have previously demonstrated in animal models that continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) resulted in lower in vivo airway reactivity. We now evaluated whether using nocturnal CPAP decreased airway reactivity in clinically-stable adults with asthma. Adults with stable asthma and normal spirometry used nocturnal CPAP (8-10 cmH(2)O) or sham treatment (0-2 cmH(2)O) for 7 days. Spirometry and bronchial challenges were obtained before and after treatment. The primary outcome was the provocative concentration of methacholine causing a 20% fall in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (PC(20)). The CPAP group (n=16) had a significant decrease in airway reactivity (change in (Δ)logPC(20) 0.406, p<0.0017) while the sham group (n=9) had no significant change in airway reactivity (ΔlogPC(20) 0.003, p=0.9850). There was a significant difference in the change in airway reactivity for the CPAP versus the sham group (ΔlogPC(20) 0.41, p<0.043). Our findings indicate that chronic mechanical strain of the lungs produced using nocturnal CPAP for 7 days reduced airway reactivity in clinically stable asthmatics. Future studies of longer duration are required to determine whether CPAP can also decrease asthma symptoms and/or medication usage.
Applications Of Nonlinear Phase Conjugation In Compensated Active Imaging

Three approaches to active compensated imaging are proposed, in which one or more nonlinear phase conjugators effectively compensate for atmospheric turbulence-induced image degradations. In all cases the imaging system aperture and all auxiliary apparatus are located proximal to the active illumination aperture, in contrast to previously discussed system implementations, and the references which are employed are natural features of the image object.
Regional economy size and the growth instability frontier: Evidence from Europe

Predictions of the portfolio model of the economy are tested using regional growth data from Europe. It is shown that more aggregated regions of Europe tend to be more economically diverse than more disaggregated regions. Then, using different frontier estimation methods, evidence of a convex growth–instability frontier for aggregated regions is presented. At the most regionally disaggregated level for which there are data, there is weak if any evidence of the frontier. The results suggest that large economies are appropriately modeled as portfolios, whose growth processes are characterized by the convex growth–instability frontier, whereas small local economies do not display this characteristic.
Electron beam lithographic evaluation and chain scissioning yields of itaconate resists

Copolymers of itaconic acid with methyl methacrylate, P(ItA–MMA), have been synthesized as promising positive working electron beam resists.1,2 However, attempts to obtain greater electron beam sensitivity by increasing the itaconic acid content and initial molecular weight of these copolymers have been hindered by difficulties in synthesizing itaconic acid copolymers with an ItA content greater than 50 mol% or with a molecular weight above 250,000. The usefulness of the MMA–ItA copolymers is also limited by their susceptibility to anhydride formation which makes this resist very sensitive to prebake conditions and aging times. To overcome these limitations and to develop resist materials with improved sensitivity, alkyl ester derivatives of itaconic acid have been synthesized, both as homopolymers and as copolymers with methyl methacrylate. The electron-beam chain scissioning yields, G(s), of these derivatives have been determined, and the most promising of these copolymers and homopolymers have been evaluated for lithographic performance. The G(s) values of the alkyl itaconate copolymers depend greatly on the structure of the alkyl group. The mono-alkyl itaconate copolymers exhibit G(s) values 2–3 times greater than the corresponding dialkyl itaconate copolymers. In particular, copolymers of monomethyl itaconate (MeI) with methyl methacrylate are found to be promising resist materials with high sensitivities and compatability with processing conditions. A trend in sensitivity is observed for a series of MMA–MeI copolymers ranging from 20 to 85 mol % MeI, with a maximum sensitivity observed for the 57 and 73% MeI compositions. These copolymers exhibit improved sensitivity over that of the itaconic acid copolymers. Anhydride is formed less readily from the MeI copolymers than from the ItA copolymers, improving the stability of the resist for process conditions. Areas exposed in P(MMA–73 mol % MeI) at 4 μC/cm2 (20 kV) were developed with less than 10% thinning of unexposed resist and with a contrast (γ) of 2. Vertical walls were observed for 1 μm wide lines using P(MMA μ73% MeI) at a dose of about 6 μC/cm2.
Energy policies for passenger motor vehicles

This paper assesses the costs and effectiveness of several energy policies for light-duty motor vehicles, using the National Energy Modeling System (NEMS). The policies addressed are higher fuel taxes, tighter vehicle efficiency standards, and financial subsidies and penalties for the purchase of high- and low-efficiency vehicles (feebates). I find that tightening fuel-efficiency standards beyond those currently mandated through 2016, or imposing feebates designed to accomplish similar changes, can achieve by 2030 reductions in energy use by all light-duty passenger vehicles of 7.1 to 8.4 percent. A stronger feebate policy has somewhat greater effects, but at a significantly higher unit cost. High fuel taxes, on the order of $2.00 per gallon (2007$), have somewhat greater effects, arguably more favorable cost-effectiveness ratios, and produce their effects much more quickly because they affect the usage rate of both new and used vehicles. Policy costs vary greatly with assumptions about the reason for the apparent myopia commonly observed in consumer demand for fuel efficiency, and with the inclusion or exclusion of ancillary costs of congestion, local air pollution, and accidents.
Mir-214-Dependent Regulation of the Polycomb Protein Ezh2 in Skeletal Muscle and Embryonic Stem Cells

Polycomb group (PcG) proteins exert essential functions in the most disparate biological processes. The contribution of PcG proteins to cell commitment and differentiation relates to their ability to repress transcription of developmental regulators in embryonic stem (ES) cells and in committed cell lineages, including skeletal muscle cells (SMC). PcG proteins are preferentially removed from transcribed regions, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, PcG proteins are found to occupy and repress transcription from an intronic region containing the microRNA miR-214 in undifferentiated SMC. Differentiation coincides with PcG disengagement, recruitment of the developmental regulators MyoD and myogenin, and activation of miR-214 transcription. Once transcribed, miR-214 negatively feeds back on PcG by targeting the Ezh2 3'UTR, the catalytic subunit of the PRC2 complex. miR-214-mediated Ezh2 protein reduction accelerates SMC differentiation and promotes unscheduled transcription of developmental regulators in ES cells. Thus, miR-214 and Ezh2 establish a regulatory loop controlling PcG-dependent gene expression during differentiation.
Wide Bandgap Extrinsic Photoconductive Switches

Semi-insulating silicon carbide and gallium nitride are attractive materials for compact high-voltage photoconductive semiconductor switches (PCSSs) due to their large bandgap, high critical electric field strength, and high electron saturation velocity. Carriers must be optically generated throughout the volume of the photoswitch to realize the benefits of the high bulk electric field strength of the 6H-SiC (3 MV/cm) and GaN (3.5 MV/cm) materials. This is accomplished by optically exciting deep extrinsic levels in vanadium-compensated semi-insulating 6H-SiC and iron-compensated semi-insulating GaN. Photoconducting switches with opposing electrodes were fabricated on a-plane 6H-SiC and c-plane GaN substrates. This paper reports what we believe to be the first results of high power photoconductive switching in bulk semi-insulating GaN and reviews the first phase of switch tests of a-plane 6H-SiC PCSS devices.
Analyzing the Effects of Human-Aware Motion Planning on Close-Proximity Human–Robot Collaboration

Objective:The objective of this work was to examine human response to motion-level robot adaptation to determine its effect on team fluency, human satisfaction, and perceived safety and comfort.Background:The evaluation of human response to adaptive robotic assistants has been limited, particularly in the realm of motion-level adaptation. The lack of true human-in-the-loop evaluation has made it impossible to determine whether such adaptation would lead to efficient and satisfying human–robot interaction.Method:We conducted an experiment in which participants worked with a robot to perform a collaborative task. Participants worked with an adaptive robot incorporating human-aware motion planning and with a baseline robot using shortest-path motions. Team fluency was evaluated through a set of quantitative metrics, and human satisfaction and perceived safety and comfort were evaluated through questionnaires.Results:When working with the adaptive robot, participants completed the task 5.57% faster, with 19.9...
The local circular law III: general case

In the first part (Bourgade et al., Local circular law for random matrices, preprint, arXiv:1206.1449, 2012) of this article series, Bourgade, Yau and the author of this paper proved a local version of the circular law up to the finest scale $$N^{-1/2+ {\varepsilon }}$$ for non-Hermitian random matrices at any point $$z \in \mathbb {C}$$ with $$||z| - 1| > c $$ for any constant $$c>0$$ independent of the size of the matrix. In the second part (Bourgade et al., The local circular law II: the edge case, preprint, arXiv:1206.3187, 2012), they extended this result to include the edge case $$ |z|-1={{\mathrm{o}}}(1)$$ , under the main assumption that the third moments of the matrix elements vanish. (Without the vanishing third moment assumption, they proved that the circular law is valid near the spectral edge $$ |z|-1={{\mathrm{o}}}(1)$$ up to scale $$N^{-1/4+ {\varepsilon }}$$ .) In this paper, we will remove this assumption, i.e. we prove a local version of the circular law up to the finest scale $$N^{-1/2+ {\varepsilon }}$$ for non-Hermitian random matrices at any point $$z \in \mathbb {C}$$ .
The organocatalytic three-step total synthesis of (+)-frondosin B

The frondosins are a family of marine sesquiterpenes isolated from the sponge Dysidea frondosa that exhibit biological activities ranging from anti-inflammatory properties to potential application in anticancer and HIV therapy. Herein, a concise enantioselective total synthesis of (+)-frondosin B is described which requires a total of three chemical steps. The enantioselective conjugate addition of a benzofuran-derived boronic acid to crotonaldehyde in the presence of an imidazolidinone organocatalyst builds the critical stereogenic center of frondosin B in the first operation, while the remaining two ring systems of this natural product are installed in the two subsequent steps. A combination of X-ray crystallographic data, deuterium labeling, and chemical correlation studies provides further evidence as to the correct absolute stereochemical assignment of (+)-frondosin B.
Household vulnerability and children's activities : information needed from household surveys to measure their relationship

Studies that have been done on the relationships between poverty, vulnerability, risks and children's activities have shown that child work may not always be a consequence of poverty, and that some aspects of vulnerability may be more important in determining whether children work or not vis a vis others. In order to analyze the relationships between vulnerability, risk, and children's activities, both quantitative and qualitative information is needed. Information on vulnerability cannot be measured directly. It is not possible to simply ask a household whether or not it is vulnerable. It must be measured through proxies such as tangible assets (land, labor capital, and savings), and intangible assets (social capital, proximity to markets, health and education facilities, and empowerment). Measurement of children's activities, and especially those that would encompass child labor, include many characteristics, other than just the activities that children perform. It is also necessary to collect information on characteristics of other members of the household, especially the parents, and characteristics of the community in which the child lives. This paper provides an overview of the information needed to measure both household vulnerability, and children's activities using household surveys. Explanations of key concepts are included, and examples of questions to include in household surveys are provided. It also provides information on how to adapt existing household questionnaires, problems that may be encountered if changes are implemented and basic information on the administration of household surveys.
The Supply of Storage under Heterogeneous Expectations

Expected prices for storable commodities often lie below spot prices plus interest and marginal storage charges. Recently this gap has been explained as the value of a call option held by a representative storer whenever a positive probability exists that stocks could dwindle to zero. However, the probability of an aggregate stock-out is effectively zero in most markets most of the time. This paper presents an alternative model that explains the gap as an equilibrium between fundamentals traders and noise traders. Applications of the model suggest that rational agents make up 84 percent of the U.S. copper market, and more than 95 percent of the corn and wheat markets.
Old Wine, New Ethnographic Lexicography

AbstractThe interests of anthropologists, focused on using the “meaning” of words and expressions as an entree into understanding cultures, and of linguists, focused on the grammatically relevant sense components of abstract lexical forms, can be differentiated. A multicomponential lexicography is outlined for investigating various oinoglossic (“wine-talk”) registers of language, adequate to exploring this sociologically complex field of discourse spanning wine production, marketing, consumption, and connoisseurship. This approach builds on developments of the past 30 years in linguistic anthropology and related areas that have clarified the relations of structural sense, stereotypy (cultural concepts), and indexicality in language, and how and where to investigate these very different semiotic partials of language use.
The debugging system AIDS

In comparison with the growth of procedural languages over the past decade, the advances in facilities for debugging compiled code have been small. The debugging services offered today on most conversational systems have not advanced fundamentally from the design of DDT for the PDP-1. Batch systems have added a potpourri of other aids---in particular, systems with a machine simulator have included a variety of traces---but, in general, selective tracing and program checks of even slight complexity have been quite messy to invoke, if they were available at all.
Employing Sink Mobility to Extend the Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) often employs miniaturized battery-operated nodes. Since in most setups it is infeasible or impractical to replace the onboard energy supply, the design and operation of WSNs are subject to a great deal of optimization. Among the most popular strategies is the pursuance of multi-hop routes for forwarding collected sensor data to a gateway. In that case, the gateway becomes a sink for all traffic and the close-by nodes relay lots of packets and deplete their battery rather quickly. In this paper, the mobility of the gateway is exploited to balance the load on the sensors and avoid the overload on the nodes in the proximity of the gateway. A novel approach for defining a travel path for the sink is presented. The proposed approach is validated in a simulated environment and is shown to significantly boost the network lifetime.
Psychosocial and biobehavioral factors and their interplay in coronary heart disease.

Recent epidemiological research has confirmed that psychosocial factors are associated with increased risk of developing coronary heart disease (CHD), a major cause of death and disability worldwide. This association is probably mediated by changes in health risk behaviors and neuroendocrine and autonomic functions that affect metabolic, hemostatic, inflammatory, and cardiovascular functions that are the proximal agents in CHD pathogenesis over time as well as the precipitation of acute disease events. Recent developments in genomics have now made it possible to begin the process of identifying specific genetic variants that act either independently or via moderation of the impact of exposures to stressful environmental situations to increase the expression of these health-damaging psychosocial factors and the accompanying behavioral and physiological changes that lead to disease. It will be possible ultimately to use the knowledge emerging from research on gene x environment interactions that affect expr...
Novel Iminium Ion Equivalents Prepared through C−H Oxidation for the Stereocontrolled Synthesis of Functionalized Propargylic Amine Derivatives

Access to stereochemically complex, polyfunctionalized amine derivatives is made possible using novel oxathiazinane N,O-acetal starting materials. These heterocycles are prepared through intramolecular sulfamate ester C−H insertion with a Rh2+-carboxylate catalyst and PhI(OAc)2 as the terminal oxidant. Such compounds function as unique iminium ion equivalents to which nucleophilic alkynylzinc reagents add smoothly in the presence of BF3·OEt2. The coupled products are isolated in high yield (63−92%) and with good levels of diastereoinduction (6 → 20:1). The alkyne-substituted oxathiazinanes serve as versatile building blocks and may be further manipulated through nucleophilic ring-opening reactions of the sulfamate core. The efficient construction of 1,7,8-trihydroxyindolizidine in six steps and in 34% overall yield highlights the power of these combined methods for synthesis.
Abuse of Children in West Africa: Implications for Social Work Education and Practice

This article discusses the pernicious problem of several abuses of children and the lack of professional social work programmes to address the problem in three West African countries of Ghana, Nigeria and Togo. Despite inaccurate statistical data, available public information reveals an alarming ascendancy of the problem in the region. Abuse and neglect of children in the sub-region has become a very serious issue of violation of human rights, social justice and violence against children, which demands a call for action on behalf of the children. The article outlined the various incidents of child sexual abuse, child trafficking, child marriage, Trokosi and neglect of disabled children in the sub-region. Poverty and traditional cultural practices have been discussed as the main causes of this phenomenon. The implications for social work education, policy, research and practice have been discussed in addition to a call for enforcement of legislations and mass education of citizens in the sub-region. Language: en
Development of Catalysts and Ligands for Enantioselective Gold Catalysis

During the past decade, the use of Au(I) complexes for the catalytic activation of C–C π-bonds has been investigated intensely. Over this time period, the development of homogeneous gold catalysis has been extraordinarily rapid and has yielded a host of mild and selective methods for the formation of carbon–carbon and carbon–heteroatom bonds. The facile formation of new bonds facilitated by gold naturally led to efforts toward rendering these transformations enantioselective.In this Account, we survey the development of catalysts and ligands for enantioselective gold catalysis by our research group as well as related work by others. We also discuss some of our strategies to address the challenges of enantioselective gold(I) catalysis. Early on, our work with enantioselective gold-catalyzed transformations focused on bis(phosphinegold) complexes derived from axially chiral scaffolds. Although these complexes were highly successful in some reactions like cyclopropanation, the careful choice of the weakly co...
Turbulence in the Ocean, Atmosphere, Galaxy, and Universe

Flows in natural bodies of fluid often become turbulent, with eddy-like motions dominated by inertial-vort ex forces. Buoyancy, Coriolis, viscous, self-gravitational, electromagnetic, and other force constraints produce a complex phase space of wave-like hydrodynamic states that interact with turbulence eddies, masquerade as turbulence, and preserve information about previous hydrodynamic states as fossil turbulence. Evidence from the ocean, atmosphere, galaxy and universe are compared with universal similarity hypotheses of Kolmogorov (1941, 1962) for turbulence velocity u, and extensions to scalar fields θ like temperature mixed by turbulence. Universal u and θ spectra of natural flows can be inferred from laboratory and computer simulations with satisfactory accuracy, but higher order spectra and the intermittency constant μ of the third Kolmogorov hypothesis (1962) require measurements at the much larger Reynolds numbers found only in nature. Information about previous hydrodynamic states is preserved by Schwarz viscous and turbulence lengths and masses of self-gravitat ing condensates (rarely by the classical Jeans length and mass), as it is by Ozmidov, Hopfinger and Fernando scales in hydrophysical fields of the ocean and atmosphere. Viscous-gravitational formation occurred 10 4 -10 5 y after the Big Bang for supercluster, cluster, and then galaxy masses of the plasma, producing the first turbulence. Condensation after plasma neutralization of the H- 4 He gas was to a primordial fog of sub-solar particles that persists today in galactic halos as "dark matter". These gradually formed all stars, star clusters, etc. (humans!) within.
Exponential error bounds for algebraic soft-decision decoding of Reed-Solomon codes

Algebraic soft-decision decoding of Reed-Solomon codes is a promising technique for exploiting reliability information in the decoding process. While the algorithmic aspects of the decoding algorithm are reasonably well understood and, in particular, complexity is polynomially bounded in the length of the code, the performance analysis has relied almost entirely on simulation results. Analytical exponential error bounds that can be used to tightly bound the performance of Reed-Solomon codes under algebraic soft-decision decoding are presented in this paper. The analysis is used in a number of examples and several extensions and consequences of the results are presented.
Palladium-catalyzed hydrodehalogenations by fluoride activated polymethylhydrosiloxane

A mild, selective, and efficient method for the Pd-catalyzed reduction of aryl bromides and iodides by hypercoordinate polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS) is reported. In contrast to related methods, the hydrodehalogenations described herein are amine free and can be carried out in THF with relatively low loads of catalyst. Furthermore, we have evidence to suggest that the reduction of bromostyrene proceeds differently than previously described.