cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CO2 Capture Using Calcium Oxide Applicable to In-Situ Separation of CO2 From H2 Production Processes

A lab-scale CO2 capture system is designed, fabricated, and tested for performing CO2 capture via carbonation of very fine calcium oxide (CaO) with particle size in micrometers. This system includes a fixed-bed reactor made of stainless steel (12.7 mm in diameter and 76.2 mm long) packed with calcium oxide particles dispersed in sand particles; heated and maintained at a certain temperature (500–550°C) during each experiment. The pressure along the reactor can be kept constant using a back pressure regulator. The conditions of the tests are relevant to separation of CO2 from combustion/gasification flue gases and in-situ CO2 capture process. The inlet flow, 1% CO2 and 99% N2, goes through the reactor at the flow rate of 150 mL/min (at standard conditions). The CO2 percentage of the outlet gas is monitored and recorded by a portable CO2 analyzer. Using the outlet composition, the conversion of calcium oxide is figured and employed to develop the kinetics model. The results indicate that the rates of carbonation reactions considerably increase with raising the temperature from 500°C to 550°C. The conversion rates of CaO-carbonation are well fitted to a shrinking core model which combines chemical reaction controlled and diffusion controlled models.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Spreading depolarizations mediate excitotoxicity in the development of acute cortical lesions.

Abstract Spreading depolarizations (SD) are mass depolarizations of neurons and astrocytes that occur spontaneously in acute brain injury and mediate time-dependent lesion growth. Glutamate excitotoxicity has also been extensively studied as a mechanism of neuronal injury, although its relevance to in vivo pathology remains unclear. Here we hypothesized that excitotoxicity in acute lesion development occurs only as a consequence of SD. Using glutamate-sensitive microelectrodes, we found that SD induced by KCl in normal rat cortex elicits increases in extracellular glutamate (11.6 ± 1.3 μM) that are synchronous with the onset, sustainment, and resolution of the extracellular direct-current shift of SD. Inhibition of glutamate uptake with d , l -threo-β-benzyloxyaspartate (TBOA, 0.5 and 1 mM) significantly prolonged the duration of the direct-current shift (148% and 426%, respectively) and the glutamate increase (167% and 374%, respectively) in a dose-dependent manner (P
The Process of Caretaker Selection

The genealogy is widely recognized as a valuable tool in the study of nonindustrial societies. Its value in the study of industrial societies is often overlooked. This article demonstrates the utility of the genealogy in helping to understand the meaning of kinship resources to the elderly in two ethnic groups in greater Boston.
High throughput magnetic resonance imaging for evaluating targeted nanoparticle probes.

The ability to image specific molecular targets in vivo would have significant impact in allowing earlier disease detection and in tailoring molecular therapies. One of the rate-limiting steps in the development of novel compounds as reporter probes has been the lack of cell-based, biologically relevant, high throughput screening methods. Here we describe the development and validation of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a technique to rapidly screen compounds that are potential MR reporter agents for their interaction with specific cellular targets. We show that MR imaging can (1) evaluate thousands of samples simultaneously and rapidly, (2) provide exceedingly accurate measurements, and (3) provide receptor binding/internalization data as validated by radioactive assays. The technique allows the screening of libraries of peptide−nanoparticle conjugates against target cells and the identification of conjugates that may be subsequently used as reporter agents in vivo. The technology should greatly acce...
A Field Comparison of the Substrate Composition of California Golden Trout Redds Sampled with Two Devices

Abstract Stream substrates are frequently sampled with several different devices, and it is often assumed that the resulting samples have comparable compositions. We compared substrate samples taken with an excavated corer (15-cm-diameter plastic pipe) with those taken with a freeze corer from redds of California golden trout Oncorhynchus mykiss aguabonita in a stream dominated by small substrates (geometric mean diameter of redd substrates, approximately 6 mm). The proportions of individual particle size-fractions and the percent of fine sediment in the upper portion of excavated cores were similar to those in freeze cores. Geometric mean particle diameters of excavated-core and freeze-core samples were influenced by differences in the proportional weight of particles larger than 12.5 mm; as a result, geometric mean diameters were most similar when these larger size-fractions were omitted. Samplers did not differ in their probability of encountering egg pockets. A power analysis of the substrate size-fra...
Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of the type IIL restriction enzyme MmeI in complex with DNA.

Type IIL restriction enzymes have rejuvenated the search for user-specified DNA binding and cutting. By aligning and contrasting the highly comparable amino-acid sequences yet diverse recognition specificities across the family of enzymes, amino acids involved in DNA binding have been identified and mutated to produce alternative binding specificities. To date, the specificity of MmeI (a type IIL restriction enzyme) has successfully been altered at positions 3, 4 and 6 of the asymmetric TCCRAC (where R is a purine) DNA-recognition sequence. To further understand the structural basis of MmeI DNA-binding specificity, the enzyme has been crystallized in complex with its DNA substrate. The crystal belonged to space group P1, with unit-cell parameters a = 61.73, b = 94.96, c = 161.24 A, α = 72.79, β = 89.12, γ = 71.68°, and diffracted to 2.6 A resolution when exposed to synchrotron radiation. The structure promises to reveal the basis of MmeI DNA-binding specificity and will complement efforts to create enzymes with novel specificities.
Legal Literacy and the Undergraduate Curriculum

Teachers of professional writing should try to integrate legal literacy into undergraduate writing courses in order to provide students with the kinds of literacies that many instructors and researchers want to promote in classes today. On one level, the almost complete exclusion of legal writing from most undergraduate professional writing classes should be reconsidered. This practice fails to meet the needs of a significant number of students who are considering careers in the legal profession. This neglect allows the legal system to remain a mystery to our students. This article analyzes how current literacy theory supports the integration of legal writing into the undergraduate curriculum and examines some of the relationships between rhetoric and legal writing pedagogy.
Renal preservation with inosine

Isosine improved post-transplantation function of canine kidneys subjected to thirty minutes of normothermic ischemia followed by flushing and twenty-four-hour cold storage. Inosine was not able to improve renal preservation when cold storage was extended to forty-eight hours after thirty minutes of normothermic ischemia.
The impact of vaccination against lyme borreliosis on laboratory serodiagnosis

Summary Approval of a Lyme borreliosis vaccine is an important first step. However, some individuals may still become infected with Bb despite vaccination. Therefore, vaccination will further confound accurate serodiagnosis of early Lyme borreliosis by increasing the number of false-positive results in screening tests commonly used in the two-tiered approach. In addition, the increased need for confirmatory testing will significantly increase costs and WB also may be affected adversely by seroreactivity against OspA. The borreliacidal antibody test, which is not affected by vaccination, is a viable alternative to the two-tiered approach. The sensitivities of the two-tiered approach and the borreliacidal test are similar, however, the borreliacidal antibody test offers greater specificity and is a single step test.
Polycystin-1 Protein Level Determines Activity of the Gα12/JNK Apoptosis Pathway

Mutations in PKD1 are the most common cause of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). The protein product of PKD1 (polycystin-1 (PC1)) is a large transmembrane protein with a short intracellular C terminus that interacts with numerous signaling molecules, including Gα12. Cyst formation in ADPKD results from numerous cellular defects, including abnormal cilia, changes in polarity, and dysregulated apoptosis and proliferation. Recently, we reported increased apoptosis in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells through Gα12 stimulation of JNK and degradation of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 (Yanamadala, V., Negoro, H., Gunaratnam, L., Kong, T., and Denker, B. M. (2007) J. Biol. Chem. 282, 24352–24363). Herein, we confirm this pathway in Gα12-silenced MDCK cells and utilize MDCK cell lines harboring either overexpressed or silenced PC1 to demonstrate that PC1 expression levels determine activity of the JNK/Bcl-2 apoptosis pathway. PC1-overexpressing MDCK cells were resistant to thrombin/Gα12-stimulated apoptosis, JNK activation, and Bcl-2 degradation. In contrast, PC1-silenced MDCK cells displayed enhanced thrombin-induced apoptosis, JNK activity, and Bcl-2 degradation. In pulldown experiments, PC1 bound to Gα12, but not the related Gα13 subunit, and thrombin-stimulated MDCK cells led to increased interaction of Gα12 with the PC1 C terminus. In transient transfection assays, a PC1 C-terminal mutant lacking the G protein-binding domain was uncoupled from PC1-inhibited apoptosis. PC1 expression levels may be increased or decreased in ADPKD, and these findings suggest a mechanism in which levels of PC1 expression modulate Gα12/JNK-stimulated apoptosis. Taken together, these findings are consistent with a set point model in which PC1 expression levels regulate specific G protein signaling pathways important to cyst development.
Interactions between diverse froteinoids and microspheres in simulation of primordial evolution

Abstract Experiments demonstrating an incorporation of different enzymelike activities into a single preparation of proteinoid microspherss provide a conceptual basis for the primitive lengthening of protometabolic pathways. An enhancement of one enzymelike activity by another proteinoid in the same microsphere has been found. This effect, plus the pathway-lengthening propensity of combinations of microspheres, indicates selective advantages contributing to adaptive protoselection. Data reported in this paper also bring into purview the concept of internally controlled variation. Inferences are derived for the origin of protosexuality in protocells. When allowance is made for a closer relationship to the environment than that needed in contemporary selection, the fundamental mechanistic requirements of protoevolution are regarded as met by the proteinoid microsphere.
Effects of membrane depolarization on intracellular calcium in single nerve terminals.

Abstract The [Ca2+]i of individual neurosecretory nerve terminals loaded with the fluorescent probe fura-2 was monitored during depolarizing stimuli and in the presence of substances known to induce or block neurohormone release. Induction of membrane depolarization with elevated [K+] or veratridine led to a rapid increase in [Ca2+]i that was sensitive to block by substances which block voltage-sensitive L-type Ca2+ channels such as the dihydropyridine nicardipine and by D-888. Relaxin, cholecystokinin and enkephalin which have been reported to regulate vasopressin and oxytocin secretion at the nerve endings were without effect on basal [Ca2+]i or K+-stimulated increases in [Ca2+]i.
Public support for smoke-free air strategies among smokers and nonsmokers, New York City, 2010-2012

INTRODUCTION From 2010 through 2012, the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene engaged in multiple smoke-free-air activities in collaboration with community, institution, and government partners. These included implementing a law prohibiting smoking in all parks and beaches as well as working to increase compliance with existing Smoke-free Air Act provisions. METHODS We investigated trends in awareness of existing smoke-free rules publicized with new signage and public support for new smoke-free air strategies by using 3 waves of survey data from population-based samples of smoking and nonsmoking adults in New York City (2010-2012). Analyses adjusted for the influence of sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS Among both smokers and nonsmokers, we observed increased awareness of smoke-free regulations in outdoor areas around hospital entrances and grounds and in lines in outdoor waiting areas for buses and taxis. Regardless of smoking status, women, racial/ethnic minorities, and adults aged 25 to 44 years were more likely than men, non-Hispanic whites, and adults aged 65 years or older to support smoke-free air strategies. CONCLUSION New signage was successful in increasing population-wide awareness of rules. Our analysis of the association between demographic characteristics and support for tobacco control over time provide important contextual information for community education efforts on secondhand smoke and smoke-free air strategies.
A test of optimality: egg recognition in the eastern phoebe

Abstract Six types of experiments were done at 149 eastern phoebe ( Sayornis phoebe ) nests to investigate responses to parasitic cowbird ( Molothrus ater ) eggs and to partial clutch reduction, or PCR, which is the loss of some, but not all, of a bird's clutch. Controlled experiments demonstrated that phoebes are as tolerant of cowbird eggs as of their own, regardless of context. The phoebe's lack of responsiveness to parasitic eggs is not in accord with the expectation of adaptive behaviour, because cowbird parasitism is very costly and phoebe and cowbird eggs are easily distinguished. In contrast, phoebes respond to PCR. They often desert a reduced clutch and invest in a new, full-sized clutch, a choice that theory predicts can be adaptive. The proximate means of assessing PCR is not by counting eggs, but by assessing the total volume or surface area of the clutch. Because cowbird eggs have more volume and surface area than phoebe eggs, phoebes are less likely to abandon if PCR involves a reduction to two cowbird eggs than to two of their own eggs. PCR has been a selective pressure for a longer time than cowbird parasitism, although the latter is currently a much stronger pressure. Thus the contrast between the absence of responses to brood parasitism and the presence of responses to PCR suggests that the time available for the evolution of an adaptation may be at least as critical to the realization of the trait as the potential value of the adaptation.
Response to Comment on "Decagonal and Quasi-Crystalline Tilings in Medieval Islamic Architecture"

Our study showed that both Gunbad-i Kabud and Darb-i Imam tessellations belong to a sequence of Islamic tilings that resolve into a common set of girih tiles, so local similarities are expected. However, historically accurate reconstructions show that Darb-i Imam is unique, the only known example that does not repeat periodically and that displays a self-similar transformation enabling its continuation ad infinitum to a perfect quasi-crystalline pattern.
Comparison of intraocular lens fixation techniques performed during penetrating keratoplasty

We reviewed the charts of 41 patients who had undergone penetrating keratoplasty, anterior vitrectomy, and placement or exchange of an intraocular lens during a two-year period with a median follow-up time of 15 months (range, five to 26 months). The median preoperative visual acuity was 20/400 (range, 20/40 to hand motions). The median postoperative visual acuity was 20/70 (range, 20/25 to hand motions). Of 41 corneal grafts, 38 (93%) remained clear. New intraocular lenses were inserted by anterior chamber, iris, or transscleral fixation. The median visual acuity was 20/70 for the anterior chamber lens group, 20/100 for the iris fixation group, and 20/70 for the transscleral fixation group. Analysis of variance demonstrated no significant difference by type of fixation in postoperative visual acuity, central corneal thickness, and intraocular pressure.
Imaging Intracellular pH in Live Cells with a Genetically-Encoded Red Fluorescent Protein Sensor

Intracellular pH affects protein structure and function, and proton gradients underlie the function of organelles such as lysosomes and mitochondria. We engineered a genetically encoded pH sensor by mutagenesis of the red fluorescent protein mKeima, providing a new tool to image intracellular pH in live cells. This sensor, named pHRed, is the first ratiometric, single-protein red fluorescent sensor of pH. Fluorescence emission of pHRed peaks at 610 nm while exhibiting dual excitation peaks at 440 and 585 nm that can be used for ratiometric imaging. The intensity ratio responds with an apparent pKa of 6.6 and a >10-fold dynamic range. Furthermore, pHRed has a pH-responsive fluorescence lifetime that changes by ∼0.4 ns over physiological pH values and can be monitored with single-wavelength two-photon excitation. After characterizing the sensor, we tested pHRed’s ability to monitor intracellular pH by imaging energy-dependent changes in cytosolic and mitochondrial pH.
SOME PARAMETERS OF HEART RATE CHANGE: PERCEPTUAL VERSUS MOTOR TASK REQUIREMENTS, NOXIOUSNESS, AND UNCERTAINTY

Sensory-motor integration and physiological patterns were investigated in a modified reaction time task. Following a READY signal, one of 2 DISCRIMINATIVE signals indicated that a right or left reaction was to be made to a GO signal. For one group, the DISCRIMINATIVE and GO signals occurred simultaneously; for another group, the GO signal was delayed 10 sec. In different sessions, shock occurred with the DISCRIMINATIVE signal on 0%, 33%, or 100% of the trials. The basic pattern of heart rate response was the same in all conditions, namely, acceleration followed by deceleration immediately prior to the DISCRIMINATIVE and GO signals. All experimental manipulations appeared to contribute to cardiac deceleration; for example, the greatest decrease occurred prior to the simultaneous DISCRIMINATIVE-GO signal with 33% shock probability. The least deceleration (and fastest reaction times) occurred to the delayed GO signal. Anticipation of a motor response and or shock also accentuated the accelerative limb of the heart rate curve, as well as producing increased skin conductance. Muscle action potentials from the chin showed an equivocal relationship to cardiac acceleration (or less deceleration) and to faster reaction times. Results are discussed in terms of an attentional hypothesis, and their relevance to speculations by Lacey and Obrist is examined.
The Psychophysiological Consequences of State Self-Objectification and Predictors of Clothing-Related Distress

Using a within-participants experimental design, the psychophysiological impact of objectified versus non-objectified clothing conditions in a sample of college women (n = 28) was examined. Participants showed significantly lower mean heart rate (HR) in the objectified compared to the non-objectified condition within the first 6 seconds of stimulus onset, indicative of an orienting response (OR). The effect persisted at 5 minutes and did not vary as a function of trait self-objectification. Results further inform objectification theory, suggesting a psychophysiological mechanism that may explain reduced cognitive processing in objectified states. A secondary aim was to examine prospective predictors of clothing-related distress. Weight, thin-ideal internalization, social comparison, and trait self-objectification predicted negative affect, state anxiety, and body preferences following clothing conditions but not HR changes from objectified to non-objectified conditions. Partial regression coefficients sug...
Hematopoietic specification from human pluripotent stem cells: current advances and challenges toward de novo generation of hematopoietic stem cells

Significant advances in cellular reprogramming technologies and hematopoietic differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have already enabled the routine production of multiple lineages of blood cells in vitro and opened novel opportunities to study hematopoietic development, model genetic blood diseases, and manufacture immunologically matched cells for transfusion and cancer immunotherapy. However, the generation of hematopoietic cells with robust and sustained multilineage engraftment has not been achieved. Here, we highlight the recent advances in understanding the molecular and cellular pathways leading to blood development from hPSCs and discuss potential approaches that can be taken to facilitate the development of technologies for de novo production of hematopoietic stem cells.
Maxwell's Thermal Creep in Two Space Dimensions

“Thermal Creep” is a steady streaming motion, induced by a temperature gradient parallel to a fluid boundary, in the absence of gravity. Thermal creep has been studied by Maxwell, analyzed by Kennard, and simulated by Ibsen, Soto, and Cordero. Here we report several two-dimensional simulations. We find that the creep velocity is sensitive to the imposed macroscopic boundary conditions and that the agreement with existing theoretical predictions is only semiquantitative.
Genetically engineered mouse models of Parkinson’s disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder, affecting more than 1% of the population over age 60. The most common feature of PD is a resting tremor, though there are many systemic neurological effects, such as incontinence and sleep disorders. PD is histopathologically identified by the presence of Lewy bodies (LB), proteinaceous inclusions constituted primarily by α-synuclein. To date, there is no effective treatment to slow or stop disease progression. To help understand disease pathogenesis and identify potential therapeutic targets, many genetic mouse models have been developed. By far the most common of these models are the wildtype and mutant α-synuclein transgenic mice, because α-synuclein was the first protein shown to have a direct effect on PD pathogenesis and progression. There are many other gene-disrupted or -mutated models currently available, which are based on genetic anomalies identified in the human disease. In addition, there are also models which examine genes that may contribute to disease onset or progression but currently have no identified causative PD mutations. These genes are part of signaling pathways important for maintaining neuronal function in the nigrostriatal pathway. This review will summarize the most commonly used of the genetic mouse models currently available for PD research. We will examine how these models have expanded our understanding of PD pathogenesis and progression, as well as aided in identification of potential therapeutic targets in this disorder.
Notes on Medicinal and Other Uses of Plants in Egypt

The Bedouins of the deserts, the dwellers of the oases, and the Fellahin along the Nile are most knowledgeable on the subjects of native remedies and other uses of plants. They talk as freely about methods of relieving a stomach ache as about warding off the "evil eye." During the past three years I have traveled over most of Egypt collecting animals and plants. In my travels I hired Bedouin guides and contacted villagers, farmers, herders and camel drivers. From these people and from personal observations I obtained the original notes in this paper. Tregenza's (14, 15) books contain considerable botanical lore from the Red Sea Hills, which I have included herein. The papers of Drar (5) and Boulos (3) should be consulted for further information on the plants of the Gebel Elba and Nubian regions, respectively. I am indebted to Mr. Ibrahim Helmy Mohamed, Technician, United States Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, for recording and translating conversations. Dr. M. Kassas, Professor of Botany, University of Khartoum, encouraged my interest in the subject matter, criticized the manuscript, and contributed to the text. Dr. Vivi Tack-
Mapping molecular dynamics computations on to hypercubes

We propose an approach for partitioning an irregular application problem in computational biology called Molecular Dynamics (MD) of Macromolecules. We model the application as a task graph which we call a compact MD graph. Such a modeling allows existing mapping heuristics to be applied to this problem. We then provide a parallel algorithm for this application, by using an efficient mapping heuristic called Allocation By Recursive Mincut (ARM) to map the compact MD graph to a hypercube connected parallel computer, the nCUBE 2S. A canonical model for executing parallel computations modeled as graphs is described. Thus, we attempt to provide the missing link between the mapping research and application implementation research, and demonstrate that the execution time can be sufficiently reduced by considering formal mapping techniques, while designing parallel programs for important applications.
Stability of thin stagnant film on a solid surface with a viscoelastic air–liquid interface

Abstract Linear stability analysis for a film on a solid surface with a viscoelastic air–liquid interface is presented. The interfacial dilatational and shear viscoelastic properties were described by Maxwell models. Dilatational and shear interfacial elasticity and viscosity were shown to improve film stability. When the interfacial rheological properties are extremely large or small, the maximum perturbation growth coefficient is shown to reduce to those for immobile and mobile interfaces respectively. Calculated values of maximum growth coefficient for thin film stabilized by 0.5% β-lactoglobulin approached those of mobile films for thick ( > 2000 nm ) and those for immobile films for thin ( 100 nm ) films respectively with the values lying between the two limits for intermediate film thicknesses.
Topotecan in Small Cell Lung Cancer: First or Second Line?

Commentary to:A Phase II Study of Topotecan and Cyclophosphamide with G-CSF in Patients with Small Cell Lung Cancer with Poor Prognostic FactorsErole M. Hobdy, Eric Kraut, Gregory Masters, Kathleen Blum, Anne McKeon,Boyd Byrd and John R. MurrenCorrespondence to: University of Pennsylvania, and the Philadelphia VA Medical Center; University and Woodland Avenues, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Email: camplinb@mail.med.upenn.edu
Nucleate Boiling Characteristics of R-113 in a Small Tube Bundle

Heat transfer measurements were made during nucleate boiling of R-113 from a bundle of 15 electrically heated, smooth copper tubes arranged in an equilateral triangular pitch. The bundle was designed to simulate a portion of a refrigeration system flooded-tube evaporator. The majority of the data were obtained with increasing heat flux to study the onset of nucleate boiling and the influence of surface history upon boiling heat transfer
Fluoroscopic and CT enteroclysis in children: initial experience, technical feasibility, and utility

Background Partial small-bowel obstruction can be difficult to diagnose on clinical examination. These obstructions might not be detected on routine abdominal/pelvic CT.
Multivariate space - time analysis of PRE-STORM precipitation

This paper presents the methodologies and results of the multivariate modeling and two-dimensional spectral and correlation analysis of PRE-STORM rainfall gauge data. Estimated parameters of the models for the specific spatial averages clearly indicate the eastward and southeastward wave propagation of rainfall fluctuations. A relationship between the coefficients of the diffusion equation and the parameters of the stochastic model of rainfall fluctuations is derived that leads directly to the exclusive use of rainfall data to estimate advection speed (about 12 m/s) as well as other coefficients of the diffusion equation of the corresponding fields. The statistical methodology developed here can be used for confirmation of physical models by comparison of the corresponding second-moment statistics of the observed and simulated data, for generating multiple samples of any size, for solving the inverse problem of the hydrodynamic equations, and for application in some other areas of meteorological and climatological data analysis and modeling.
Raman spectra of solute species in molten florides O2−, CrO42− and CO32−

Abstract Raman spectra were observed in molten LiFNaFKF (46.5-11.5-42.0 mole %) at 500°C. The following bands were observed; O2−, 1107 cm−1, polarized; CO32−, 1053 cm−1, polarized; CrO42−, 840 cm−1, polarized, 348, 880, 378 cm−1. The frequencies were compared with observations made of these ions in other environments.
Targeting of the Antivascular Drug Combretastatin to Irradiated Tumors Results in Tumor Growth Delay

The aim of the study is to evaluate the effects of targeting the antivascular drug combretastatin to irradiated mouse melanomas. Combretastatin was incorporated into liposomes with surfaces modified by the addition of cyclo(Arg-Gly-Asp-d-Phe-Cys) (RGD) to create an immunoliposome (IL). This addition of RGD allows the liposome to be preferentially targeted to αvβ3, an integrin up-regulated in the vasculature of irradiated tumors. C57BL mice bearing a transplanted B16-F10 melanoma were randomly assigned to one of the following treatment groups: untreated, a single dose of 5-Gy radiation (IR), IL (14.5 mg/kg of combretastatin), 5-Gy radiation plus IL, and a systemic administration of free drug (81.0 mg/kg of combretastatin). In this transplanted tumor model, there was no significant increase in the volume of the IL + IR (5 Gy) treated tumors during the initial 6 days posttreatment; all other treatment groups exhibited exponential growth curves after day 3. The IL + IR (5 Gy) treatment resulted in a 5.1-day tumor growth delay compared to untreated controls. These findings indicate that preferential targeting of antivascular drugs to irradiated tumors results in significant tumor growth delay.
A non-affine network model for polymer melts

In this paper, a network model of polymer melts is proposed in which network junction points move non-affinely. In this non-affine motion, junction points follow particle paths as seen by an observer rotating at the fluid element's net rigid-rotation rate. The speed at which junction points move is reduced as the network segments near their maximum extensions. In order to maintain a frame invariant model, it is necessary that the vorticity be decomposed into two portions, such that, ω = ωR + ωD. The deformational vorticity, ωD, arises from shear deformation and is frame invariant while the rigid vorticity, ωR, is frame dependent. A constitutive equation based on this finitely extensible network strand (FENS) motion is developed. The model illustrates how rotations that cause changes in the relative orientation of a fluid element with its surroundings can be incorporated into a constitutive equation using the deformational vorticity. The FENS model predicts a shear-thinning viscosity, and the Trouton viscosity predicted by the model is finite for all elongation rates. Finally, stochastic simulation results are presented to justify a mathematical approximation used in deriving the constitutive equation.
Hypervalent chromium mimics reactive oxygen species as measured by the oxidant-sensitive dyes 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin and dihydrorhodamine.

Intracellular metabolism of the carcinogen chromate [Cr(VI)] produces the oxidative stress and oxidative DNA damage associated with its genotoxicity. Such oxidative stress has previously been measured by fluorescence using oxidant-sensitive dyes and attributed to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, metabolism of Cr(VI) also produces Cr(IV) and Cr(V) which can directly damage biological macromolecules without forming ROS. We used the high-valence chromium species, bis(2-ethyl-2-hydroxybutyrato)oxochromate(V) [Cr(V)-EHBA], to test whether high-valence chromium would also react with the oxidant-sensitive dyes 2‘,7‘-dichlorofluorescin (DCFH) and dihydrorhodamine (DHR). Cr(V)-EHBA caused both dyes to fluoresce over a wide dynamic range and under conditions which indicated that Cr(V) had reacted directly with both dyes without first forming a diffusible radical species. Dimethylthiourea (DMTU) and ethanol did not affect Cr(V)-induced fluorescence in vitro or Cr(VI)-induced fluorescence in A...
Inelastic neutron scattering studies of the paramagnetic phase in iron

The paramegnetic phase of Fe(4%-Si) has been investigated by using polarized neutron scattering for temperatures ranging from the Curie temperature to $\ensuremath{\sim}1.2{T}_{c}$ and for $q$'s ranging from 0.12 to 0.5 ${\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ at the 011 reciprocal lattice point. All measurements were put on an absolute intensity scale via simultaneously measured phonon cross sections. Our energy resolved measurements $S(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{Q},\ensuremath{\omega})$ consisted of a broad energy distribution centered at zero energy transfer. However, no spin-wave-like peak was present in any of these constant-$Q$ scans which contradicts the large "spin-wave" peak reported at $q=0.47$ ${\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ by Lynn. All recent theoretical models based upon this constant-$Q$ peak should be reexamined.
ArrayStore: a storage manager for complex parallel array processing

We present the design, implementation, and evaluation of ArrayStore, a new storage manager for complex, parallel array processing. ArrayStore builds on prior work in the area of multidimensional data storage, but considers the new problem of supporting a parallel and more varied workload comprising not only range-queries, but also binary operations such as joins and complex user-defined functions.This paper makes two key contributions. First, it examines several existing single-site storage management strategies and array partitioning strategies to identify which combination is best suited for the array-processing workload above. Second, it develops a new and efficient storage-management mechanism that enables parallel processing of operations that must access data from adjacent partitions.We evaluate ArrayStore on over 80GB of real data from two scientific domains and real operators used in these domains. We show that ArrayStore outperforms previously proposed storage management strategies in the context of its diverse target workload.
Applications of single-molecule microscopy to problems in dyed composite materials

Recent progress in single-molecule spectroscopy of dyed composite materials is reviewed. In particular, single-molecule studies of dyed polymer films and dye inclusion crystals are described that seek to understand local guest–host interactions and environmental heterogeneity. Single-molecule orientational studies of chromophores in polymer films and mixed crystals are discussed with particular relevance to materials and device applications. Studies of single-molecular reorientational dynamics in polymers in the presence of an electric field designed to establish alignment are described. Static orientational measurements in mixed crystals, wherein alignment is a consequence of crystal growth, reveal a surprisingly wide distribution of molecular orientations. Moreover, the complex photophysics of single molecule in anisomorphous mixed crystals are explored and described in the context of environmental heterogeneity and distributed kinetics. The emerging literature regarding dispersed kinetics observed for ...
Effect of Different Currents and Extracellular Potassium Ion Concentration on Anodal Excitation of Cardiac Tissue

Background:In order to understand defibrillation completely and thereby to design better defibrillators, we need to understand fibrillation and the effect of electrical stimulation on cardiac tissue. We address this issue by studying anodal excitation applied to the refractory tissue and by measuring the refractoriness of the cardiac tissue through the strength-Interval (SI) curve. The anodal SI curve contains a "dip" in which the S2 threshold increases as the interval increases. Our goal is to find the mechanism of the dip and to determine how calcium currents, sodium calcium exchange (NCX) current and elevated extracellular potassium ion concentration, [K]e, influences the dip in the anodal strength-interval curve.Methods and Results:Computer simulations of unipolar stimulation were performed using the bidomain model, with membrane kinetics governed by the Luo-Rudy model. The SI curve is determined by applying a threshold stimulus at different time intervals after a previous action potential. The dip disappears with no NCX current, but is present with 50% and 75% reduction of normal NCX current. The calcium induced calcium release (CICR) current and/or calcium uptake current are not responsible for the dip in the anodal SI curve. High [K]e results in the disappearance of the dip in the anodal SI curve because the tissue remained refractory after the transmembrane potential returned to its resting state.Conclusions:Neither NCX nor calcium current is responsible for the dip in the anodal SI curve. It is due to the electrotonic interaction between regions of depolarization and hyperpolarization following the S2 stimulus. The dominance of the electrotonic mechanism emphasizes the importance of the spatial distribution of virtual electrodes during excitation, which ultimately clarifies tissue-shock interactions and optimizes advanced defibrillation protocols.
Laser thresholds in pulp exposure: a rat animal model

Laser technology is now being clinically investigated for the removal of carious enamel and dentin. This study used an animal model to evaluate histological pulpal effects from laser exposure. The molars of 24 Sprague-Dawley rats (n equals 264) were exposed to either a pulsed 1.06 micrometers Nd:YAG laser (120 microseconds, 320 micrometer diameter fiber), air rotor drill preparation or left untreated as controls. The following treatment conditions were investigated: control group (n equals 54); high speed drill with carbide bur (n equals 39); laser exposure at 50 mJ/p at 10 Hz (n equals 27), 100 mJ/p at 10 Hz (n equals 66) and 100 mJ/p at 20 Hz (n equals 39). A sixth treatment condition was investigated: root surface hypersensitivity, which included incremental laser exposure from 30 to 100 mJ/p at 10 Hz (n equals 39). The animals were euthanized either immediately after treatment, at one week, or at one month. The jaws were fixed and bioprepared. Remaining dentin thickness was measured, and ranged from 0.17 +/- 0.04 mm to 0.35 +/- 0.09 mm. The pulp tissue was examined for histologic inflammatory response. No evidence of pulpal involvement or adverse pulpal effects were found at any time period in teeth receiving 50 mJ/p. When histologic samples were compared with controls, all observations were similar. Of the 210 exposed teeth, 2 teeth receiving 100 mJ/p demonstrated abscess formation and were exfoliated. Further, in the rat molar when remaining dentin thickness was less than 0.5 mm, exposed to 100 mJ/p, threshold pulpal effects occurred. The response of rat pulp to laser exposure indicated no histologically measurable response to pulsed laser energy at 50 mJ/p.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Automatic Processing through the Back Door

This study examined performance in a consistent mapping visual search task in which subjects were required to make discriminations within the disjoint, target, and distractor sets as well as between the sets. The within set discrimination was variably mapped across blocks of trials. The results show strong practice effects consistent with the development of automatic processes.
Single-photon laser ionization time-of-flight mass spectroscopy detection in molecular-beam epitaxy: application to As4, As2, and Ga

Single-photon laser ionization time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (TOF-MS) is used to monitor fluxes of As4, As2, and Ga, species that are important in molecular-beam epitaxy of GaAs. With this technique, fluxes of multiple chemical species above a substrate can be measured noninvasively and in real time during conventional molecular-beam epitaxy. Additionally, the geometry of the single-photon ionization TOF-MS permits simultaneous film-growth monitoring by using techniques such as reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED). Here gas-phase arsenic and gallium beams are ionized by a single 118-nm (10.5-eV) photon and detected with a TOF-MS. The 118-nm photons are produced by frequency tripling 355-nm light from a pulsed Nd:YAG laser in Xe. With single-photon ionization, less than 0.4% of the As4+ signal fragments to As2+. Neither As4+ nor As2+ fragments to As+ at 118 nm. The relative ionization probability of As4/As2 at 118 nm is approximately 4:1. This technique promises to be a powerful tool for analyzing most III-V and II-VI molecular-beam epitaxy growth species.
Can we live in the bulk without a brane

Abstract We suggest a braneless scenario that still hides large-volume extra dimensions. Ordinarily the strength of bulk gauge interactions would be diluted over the large internal volume, making all the four-dimensional forces weak. We use the fact that if the gauge fields result from the dimensional reduction of pure higher-dimensional gravity, then the strengths of the four-dimensional gauge interactions are related to the sizes of corresponding cycles averaged over the compact internal manifold. Therefore, if a gauge force is concentrated over a small cycle it will not be diluted over the entire manifold. Gravity, however, remains diluted over the large volume. Thus large-volume, large mass-gap extra dimensions with small cycles can remain hidden and result in a hierarchy between gravity and the other forces. However, problematically, the cycles are required to be smaller than the higher-dimensional Planck length and this raises concern over quantum gravity corrections. We speculate on possible cures.
Writing the ‘ill-managed nursery’: British POW memoirs of the First World War

The British war book took many forms in the inter-war period. Within the umbrella categorization of ‘war book,’ there were many experiences depicted of the global war effort. One of the more distinctive experiences published was of the Prisoner of War (POW). POW memoirs, representing soldier captivity in the hands of the enemy, were reasonably popular with British publishers both during and after the war. POW accounts defined an experience of war distinctive from other ‘war books’ as they described surrender, confinement, mistreatment and, in many cases, escape. It is the contention of this article that POW literature offers a distinct variation on the British war book, one that culturally demonstrated a different side of war memory in the 1920s and 1930s. Rather than POWs being disillusioned by their confinement and suffering, the POW book, especially the escapee narrative, represented a different take on martial literature during this period. The POW memoir represented often an adventurous experience, o...
Regulation of the ERBB-2 Promoter by RBPJκ and NOTCH

Abstract Within the human ERBB-2 gene promoter, a 100-base pair region 5′ to the TATA box enhances basal transcription 200-fold. Two palindromes present within this 100-base pair region are important for transcription. The palindrome binding protein was purified to homogeneity and found to be identical to RBPJκ, the mammalian homolog of Drosophila Suppressor of Hairless (Su(H)). Recombinant RBPJκ bound the ERBB-2 promoter with affinity comparable with that seen with well characterized RBPJκ binding sites. RBPJκ activated an ERBB-2palindrome-containing promoter in 293 cells. Because inDrosophila Su(H) acts downstream of NOTCH and because NOTCH·Su(H)/RBPJκ stimulates transcription from target promoters, NOTCH-IC, a constitutively active form of NOTCH, was tested for effects on the ERBB-2 palindrome. NOTCH-IC further increased RBPJκ-mediated transcription on wild type but not mutantERBB-2 palindrome. Thus, RBPJκ can activateERBB-2 transcription and serve as an anchor to mediate NOTCH function on the ERBB-2 gene.
Zeros of polynomials orthogonal over regular N -gons

We investigate the location of zeros of Bergman polynomials (orthogonal polynomials with respect to area measure) for regular N -gons in the plane. In particular, we prove two conjectures posed by Eiermann and Stahl. Furthermore, we give some consequences regarding the asymptotic behavior of such Bergman polynomials.
Transient analyses of dislocation emission in the three modes of fracture

Abstract Exact transient solutions for a micromechanical process of dislocation emission from stationary cracks in each of the three Modes of fracture are assembled. Each process involves a possible slip mechanism for the Mode, and the loading in each case is due to plane wave diffraction. The solutions are examined in view of an emissions criterion similar to one developed for quasi-static studies on the basis of standard dislocation force concepts. Among the results are formulas for three parameters: emission time, distance traveled by an emitted dislocation prior to arrest, and the time of arrest. The formulas involve material properties such as yield stress and surface energy, as well as a dimensionless variable parameter governing the size of a zone of dislocation attraction at the crack edge. The parameters themselves exhibit dislocation speed-dependent dynamic effects, but, on the other hand, the Mode I and Mode III cases achieve minimum emission times for the zero-speed limit. The effect of crack blunting serves to raise the emission time required. Order-of-magnitude estimates of the parameters indicate that they are definitely on a micromechanical scale, suggesting that emission may depend only on the region very near the crack edge.
A convenient micro combustion method for carbon and hydrogen determination

The apparatus and technique for a micro combustion analysis for carbon and hydrogen in organic compounds have been described.
ArnHF (n = 1–4) van der Waals clusters: a quantum Monte Carlo study of ground state energies, structures and HF vibrational frequency shifts

Abstract Rigid-body diffusion quantum Monte Carlo (DQMC) calculations of the intermolecular vibrational ground states of Ar n HF clusters with n = 1–4, for HF ν = 0 and ν = 1, are reported. The intermolecular degrees of freedom of the clusters are treated in full dimensionality, and the best available pairwise additive potential surfaces are used. The calculations yield intermolecular ground state energies, probability distributions of intermolecular coordinates and HF vibrational red-shifts. The vibrationally averaged cluster structures are consistent with experimental geometries. Small but systematic differences between the pairwise additive DQMC red-shifts and experimental values for the n = 2–4 clusters are indicative of the need for the inclusion of nonadditive interactions.
Dispersion engineering for surface waves on multilayer metal-insulator stacks

A multilayer metal-insulator (MMI) stack system is viewed as an anisotropic metamaterial to exhibit plasmonic behavior and a candidate of "metametal". The dispersion of the fundamental super mode propagating along the boundary between an MMI stack and a dielectric coating is theoretically studied and compared to that of surface waves on a single metalinsulator boundary. The conditions to obtain artificial surface plasmon frequency are thoroughly investigated, and the tuning of effective surface plasmon frequency is verified by electromagnetic modeling. The design rules would bring important insights into layer-by-layer metamaterial development related to superlenses, optical lithography, nanosensing and imaging.