cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Osteoarthritis: pathophysiology, clinical features, management.

A wide variety of pharmacologic and surgical approaches may be successfully used to control the pain of osteoarthritis and maintain optimal joint function. Understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of the disease and their correlation with clinical and radiographic findings is essential in selecting an appropriate strategy. Clinical guidelines are discussed.
Platelets promote pulmonary pull of polys.

In this issue of Blood, Guo and colleagues1 report the intriguing discovery of a unique proinflammatory role for platelet-derived Dickkopf-1 (Dkk1), a secreted antagonist of pulmonary epithelial repair programs that use the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway, in mouse models of acute lung injury.
Transient versioning for concurrency and recovery

High-performance database systems have to support ad-hoc queries while providing high transaction throughput. The first part of this thesis proposes an efficient transient versioning method to support long-running queries. The transient versions are also used to increase concurrency among transactions. Simulation experiments show that this method provides high transaction concurrency and supports queries almost as efficiently as prior transient-versioning methods, while incurring only a fraction of the storage overhead. A fast log-based transaction recovery method is also presented. The transient versions are used to avoid undo log records, thereby reducing the log storage. By combining the data I/O for crash recovery with normal transaction processing, crash recovery times are reduced by an order of magnitude. The second part of the thesis deals with client-server systems. Existing solutions consider copies of data in different client caches to be copies of a single version of data, which makes cache coherence and synchronization costly. To reduce these costs, a new consistency method based on the notion of slices is developed, where a slice is a part of a transaction-consistent version of the database. Slices reduce synchronization overheads, simplify cache coherence, increase concurrency and support long-running queries.
A Century of Concern

Many of the concerns about the family described in Chapter 1 have mounted during the past century. In 1889, Commissioner of Labor Carroll D. Wright shocked the nation with his report that the number of divorces had increased from 10,000 in 1867 to 25,000 in 1886, a rise of 157% compared to the population increase of 100% from 1870 to 1890 (Ellwood, 1910). Ellwood stated: “Already in 1885, this country had more divorces than all the rest of the Christian civilized world put together” (p. 114). By the 1880s, desertion and divorce in the cities were major social problems. The first family organization, the National Divorce Reform League (later called the National League for the Protection of the Family) was the forerunner of some current family organizations.
SU-G-206-11: The Effect of Table Height On CTDIvol and SSDE in CT Scanning: A Phantom Study

Purpose: Localizer projection radiographs acquired prior to CT scans are used to estimate patient size, affecting the function of Automatic Tube Current Modulation (ATCM) and calculation of the Size Specific Dose Estimate (SSDE). Due to geometric effects, the projected patient size varies with scanner table height and with the orientation of the localizer (AP versus PA). Consequently, variations in scanner table height may affect both CTDIvol and the calculated size-corrected dose index (SSDE). This study sought to characterize these effects. Methods: An anthropomorphic phantom was imaged using an AP localizer, followed by a diagnostic scan using ATCM and our institution's routine abdomen protocol. This was repeated at various scanner table heights, recording the scanner-reported CTDIvol for each diagnostic scan. The width of the phantom was measured from the localizer and diagnostic images using in-house software. The measured phantom width and scanner-reported CTDIvol were used to calculate SSDE. This was repeated using PA localizers followed by diagnostic scans. Results: 1) The localizer-based phantom width varied by up to 54% of the nominal phantom width between minimum and maximum table heights. 2) Changing the table height caused a variation in scanner-reported CTDIvol of a factor greater than 4.6 when using a PA localizer and almost 2 when using an AP localizer. 3) SSDE, calculated from measured phantom size and scanner-reported CTDIvol, varied by a factor of more than 2.8 when using a PA localizer and almost 1.5 when using an AP localizer. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates that off-center patient positioning affects the efficacy of ATCM, more severely when localizers are acquired in the PA rather than AP projection. Further, patient positioning errors can cause a large variation in the calculated SSDE. This hinders interpretation of SSDE for individual patients and aggregate SSDE data when evaluating CT protocols and clinical practices.
Midodrine and Other Sympathomimetics

Publisher Summary Midodrine, a direct α1 agonist, produces vasoconstriction of the arteriolar and venous vasculature and decreases venous pooling. Midodrine does not cause cardiac stimulation, and it is a prodrug that is hydrolyzed in the liver to its active form, desglymidodrine. Studies have demonstrated its efficacy for improving both standing blood pressure and symptoms. This drug has no known effects on the pulmonary, renal, or blood coagulation function or changes in blood glucose and lipids. Studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of midodrine in treating patients with familial dysautonomia, neurocardiogenic syncope, and intradialytic orthostatic hypotension (OH). Side effects are generally mild, dose-related, and include piloerection, urinary retention, and supine hypertension. Other sympathomimetics—such as ephedrine (EPI), pseudoephedrine, phenylpropanolamine, and methylphenidate—have both direct and indirect actions and cross the blood–brain barrier. These pharmacologic agents have a short duration of action and are associated with marked central nervous system (CNS) and cardiac toxic effects. Frequent side effects resulting from this are nervousness, anxiety, headaches, weakness, dizziness, tremulousness, and supine hypertension. Comparative studies with these mixed sympathomimetics show less efficacy in terms of blood pressure and symptomatic improvement.
Mission Guevavi: Excavations in the Convento

ABSTRACTInvestigations at an 18th century Jesuit mission near Nogales, Arizona were undertaken in 1964–65 and 1965–66 by the Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. Nine rooms in the living quarters were fully or partially excavated as well as some outlying structures. Material culture was sparse as the mission had evidently been intentionally stripped upon abandonment about 1773. Architectural remains were not sufficiently diagnostic to determine functions for individual rooms. After abandonment, the mission was re-occupied for local mining activities. Little information was obtained on the location or nature of the Indian village for which the mission was presumably built.
Design of an oscillator circuit for Langasite (LGS) based resonant pressure — Temperature sensor

A closed loop frequency tracking electronics circuit has been proposed for the measurement of pressure and temperature using a newly developed Langasite (LGS) piezo crystals. The ambient force and heat applied on the LGS crystal produces the shift in its resonant frequency. The proposed closed loop electronics tracks the shift in resonant frequency and measures the pressure and temperature by relating to the difference in frequency shift. The steady state oscillation condition of the resonator circuit is analytically derived and experimentally verified. The experimental setup consists of an operational amplifier based resonator circuit connected to the langasite piezo crystal placed between a double side diametric forces loading device with temperature controller bath. The diametric force applied on the LGS crystal produces the frequency shift in its fundamental mechanical vibration mode (C-mode). Similarly, the change in temperature produces the frequency shift in its second mechanical vibrational mode (B-mode). The frequency shifts are measured using two separate closed loop resonator electronics for two different measurand. Whenever the force on the LGS crystal is changed by the external unknown pressure, an additional intrinsic material property change is added to the piezo and changes the fundamental oscillating resonant frequency. The closed loop resonant circuit tracks the change in resonance frequency and vibrates the LGS with the new resonance frequency depends on the external pressure strength. Similar procedure is followed for temperature induce frequency tracking measurement also. The proposed frequency tracking electronics concept is simple and it is found that it has high sensitivity and linearity.
Commentary on Intensive Interventions: What Are the Limits of Highly Structured Curriculum for At-Risk Students?

When judged collectively, the pre-K to Grade 4 research in this special section not only exemplifies the effects of the Institute of Education Sciences' emphasis on large-scale empirical studies ov...
Mechanisms of protein turnover in cultured fibroblasts: Differential inhibition of two lysosomal mechanisms with insulin and NH4Cl

Abstract Rat embryo fibroblasts, prelabeled with [ 14 C]leucine showed a 2-fold increase in degradation of cell protein when placed in a serum-free medium. Insulin at a concentration of 100 mIU/ml completely blocked the induced proteolysis, but had no effect upon basal proteolysis of approx. 0.9%/h. Both the induced and basal proteolysis rates were reduced to a sub-basal level of 0.7%/h with 10 mM NH 4 Cl. When these cultures were placed in an NH 4 + -free recovery medium, an enhanced rate of catch-up proteolysis was observed during the next 2 h. No catch-up proteolysis was seen when cultures in step-down medium with insulin were transferred to fresh growth medium. Cultures in step-down medium with insulin and NH 4 Cl showed a small catch-up proteolysis when placed in recovery medium comparable to that seen in control culture in growth medium with NH 4 + . Morphologic studies revealed an extensive accumulation of vacuoles in the NH 4 + -treated cells in step-down medium; no accumulation of vacuoles in the insulin-treated cells; and an intermediate vacuolization in cells treated with insulin and NH 4 + . From the biochemical and morphologic observations we propose that cellular proteolysis involves at least three mechanisms: induced autophagy; basal proteolysis occurring in lysosomes; and a neutral proteolytic mechanism. We suggest that insulin inhibits the first at the initial presequestration stage, and NH 4 + inhibits the first two at a final intravacuolar proteolysis step.
Meeting the Yeti: Learning about design ethnography and teaching anthropological habitus in a student-led project on “disconnection”

Our discipline fetishizes ethnography yet tends to keep the prize out of undergraduate students’ reach, citing practical constraints for letting students do real fieldwork. This leaves students already struggling with the question of what to do with a cultural anthropology degree in a difficult place. Anthropology's main promise—to understand other cultures through a deep engagement with ordinary people—is one they have never experienced personally. Yet they will have to justify their choice of university degree in years to come. This article discusses an experimental course at Colorado State University in the growing field of design anthropology in which a student team of researchers collaborated with a team of product managers, innovation strategists, and designers at Otterbox, a locally headquartered company that makes protective smartphone covers. Students practiced a condensed form of ethnographic research with smartphone users in Northern Colorado and investigated the theme of “disconnection” from technology. [design anthropology, technology, business anthropology]
Abstract 459: Attenuation of Experimental Atherosclerosis by Systemic Administration of Interleukin-19

Introduction: IL-19 is a newly described Th2 interleukin which had previously been ascribed to be inflammatory cell-specific. Ours is the only laboratory to investigate a role for this interleukin ...
Intracellular calcium release channels: an update

Ryanodine receptors (RyRs) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3 Rs) are calcium (Ca2+ ) release channels on the endo/sarcoplasmic reticulum (ER/SR). Here we summarize the latest advances in the field, describing the recently discovered mechanistic roles of intracellular Ca2+ release channels in the regulation of mitochondrial fitness and endothelial function, providing novel therapeutic options for the treatment of heart failure, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus.
Conflicts between Family Strategies and State Policy in a Global Society

The mismatch in scale between the coping strategies and resources of family units and their kinship connections and the scope of state policy, international economic and political institutions and ...
Armed politics and the study of intrastate conflict

Though the two are often conflated, violence is not identical to conflict. This article makes the case for studying state-armed group interactions across space, time, and levels of violence as part...
School Disciplinary Style and Adolescent Health

Abstract Purpose Parenting style is strongly associated with adolescent health. However, little is known about how school disciplinary style relates to health. We categorized adolescents' perceptions of their schools as authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, or neglectful, and test whether perceived school disciplinary style is associated with health. Methods We analyze data from the RISE Up study (Reducing Health Inequities Through Social and Educational Change Follow-up), comprised of baseline (eighth grade) and 2-year follow-up surveys (10th grade) from 1,159 low-income minority adolescents in Los Angeles attending 157 schools. At 10th grade, students' ratings of school support and structure were used to categorize perceived school disciplinary style as authoritative (highest tertile for support and structure), authoritarian (low support, high structure), permissive (high support, low structure), neglectful (low on both dimensions), and average (middle tertile on either dimension). Mixed effects logistic regressions controlling for sociodemographic factors, parenting style, grades, and baseline health tested whether school disciplinary style was associated with substance use, violence, bullying, and depression symptoms. Results Risky behaviors varied by school disciplinary style. After adjusting for covariates, compared with an average school disciplinary style, a neglectful school was associated with higher odds of substance use (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 2.3, p p = .02), a permissive school was associated with higher odds of depression symptoms (AOR 2.1, p = .04), and an authoritative school was associated with lower odds of substance use (AOR .6, p = .049), violence (AOR .6, p = .03), and bullying (AOR .5, p = .001). Conclusions Structured and supportive school environments may impact the health of vulnerable adolescents.
Mayenowa, Maria Renata (1910–1988)

The main focus of the work of Maria Renata Mayenowa (1910–1988) was a linguistically informed stylistics and poetics. Through her publications, editorial and organizational work, and formal and informal didactic activity she trained and inspired a whole pleiad of younger Polish scholars.
Ethnocultural Content in Social Work Education

Abstract Ethnocultural content is essential to the education of social workers. However, there are few guidelines for determining what content should be provided and how to provide it. This paper explores various sources in order to determine what content should be provided and then offers a framework of issues to consider when building ethnocultural content into the curriculum. Sources and issues for building ethnocultural content into the curriculum are discussed.
Biochemical Adaptations to Endurance Exercise in Skeletal Muscle

The adaptations that occur in response to a vigorous program of prolonged exercise, such as long distance running or swimming, manifest themselves in functional terms as an increase in endurance. In the present context, an increase in endurance can be defined simply as an increase in the period of time for which an individual can maintain a given submaximal level of exercise. A logical first question in an investigation of the physiological basis for this increase in endurance is - What are the factors that force an individual to stop exercising, and how do the adaptations to physical training modify these factors?
Multimodality Therapy of Local-Regional Gastric Carcinoma

Gastric carcinoma is more frequent in the Orient, South America, eastern Europe, and countries of the former Soviet Union than it is in North America and western Europe. Its incidence has been declining throughout the world for the past 50 years. Screening for gastric carcinoma is performed only in Japan and then on a limited basis. Therefore, in rest of the world patients are frequently diagnosed with advanced gastric carcinoma at the outset. It had been estimated that, more than 22600 new cases of gastric cancer would be diagursed in 1998 in the United States, and 13700 deaths were expected [1]. In Western patients the curative resection rate (R0 type surgery) can be achieved in fewer than 50% of patients [2,3]. Clearly, this low R0 resection rate in the West is due to suboptimal clinical staging and the higher stage at diagnosis. In Western countries the incidence of proximal gastric carcinoma has risen during the past 15 years, and proximal gastric carcinomas carry a worse prognosis than do distal carcinomas [4,5].
The history of energetic efficiency research: Where have we been and where are we going?

The development of energetic efficiency concepts followed a recognized pattern of knowledge evolution that began with novel insights leading to cre- ative new concepts. The second phase integrated con- cepts from other fields to create new applicable princi- ples. The third phase was the adoptive or dissemination phase, yielding solutions to industry or societal prob- lems. It is our contention that animal energetics has been in the adoptive phase for approximately 100 yr. Concepts developed during the early phase of nutri- tional energetics included the concept that life is a com- bustion process, the laws of thermodynamics, and the Law of Hess. Subsequent efforts established relation- ships between gas exchange and heat production and established the concept that food not only functions as fuel, but also as a body-building material. Much of the research effort for the last 100 yr has been to 1) devise bases for evaluation of foods that could be related to energy requirements and energy expenditures and 2) establish causes of energy expenditures. Much of the effort has focused on general and broadly applicable
Physical Basis of Monitoring Uterine Contractions

The uterus is formed essentially by smooth muscle. Collagen and elastic fibers, in nonhomogeneous distribution, give support to shape this hollow viscus. As a smooth-muscle organ, the uterus functions in a different manner from other organs formed by nonstriated muscle: it does not have intrinsic ganglia known to influence its contractility. However, in recent years nerve endings have been identified very close to muscle cell membranes. Thus, its action does not seem obviously influenced by nerve stimuli; nevertheless it possesses a unique quality of automaticity that allows it to function satisfactorily even when completely denervated. The gross anatomy of the human uterus, either nonpregnant or pregnant, looks simple because it appears as a primitive structure without identifiable layers. It seems to be constituted by a mesh or net involving the uterus in a spiral from the insertion of the fallopian tubes downward.
METHYLCHOLANTHRENE AND TCDD-INDUCED ALTERATIONS IN MICROSOMAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT IN INBRED MICE

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the importance of methylcholanthrene (MC) and 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-induced alterations in microsomal electron transport in inbred mice. The differential effects of MC and TCDD on the NADPH concentration dependence of the microsomal P-450 reductase and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activities of B6 and D2 mice, suggesting that changes in the efficiency of microsomal electron transport may be a part of the pleiotypic response to inducers of AHH activity, and MC and TCDD do not appear to be equivalent inducers. An architectural gene might be a functional part of the Ah cluster and control the integration of the electron transport systems into the endoplasmic reticulum membrane; it would respond to inducing agents so as to optimize the mutual orientations of the components and accomplish increases in activity with minimal perturbation of the intracellular redox state. MC treatment of B6 mice resulted in alterations that are entirely consistent with this model. It is found that without any change in the content of the reductase enzyme, there was an increase in the efficiency of NADPH-mediated P-450 reduction and a concomitant increase in the efficiency of utilization of NADPH for AHH activity.
Does moral judgment development reduce to political attitudes or verbal ability? Evidence using the Defining Issues Test.

Recent critics of the Defining Issues Test (DIT) suggest that moral judgment development as currently measured is neither developmental nor moral. Instead, scores on the DIT are claimed to be the result of political attitudes or verbal ability. In making such claims, these critics raise the possibility that the validity of the DIT is suspect as well as the construct it purports to measure. We begin our response with an overview of the various claims that DIT scores reduce to political attitudes or verbal ability. Then, a relevant sample of the DIT literature is summarized in order to assess the degree to which relationships between DIT scores and criterion variables typically used to support the validity of the DIT can be explained by political attitudes or verbal ability. This summary suggests that moral judgment development as measured by the DIT provides a unique source of information that cannot be explained by general/verbal ability or political attitudes.
Curating Connections: Unpacking Identities

BOTH CURATORS AND EDUCATORS craft ways for others to enter into relationships with objects and ideas, finding personal meaning therein. As university art educators of a teacher training program, we...
Assessment of contrafreeloading preferences in giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis)

Contrafreeloading is an intriguing phenomenon in which animals will work to obtain resources, such as food, when the same resource is simultaneously freely available. Multiple hypotheses exist for why animals might choose to contrafreeload. In this study, we assessed preferences for contrafreeloading in giraffe at the Bronx Zoo to determine whether they actually preferred to contrafreeload or were simply demonstrating a willingness to contrafreeload. Food was presented in a range of distributions between an easily accessed feeding device and a more challenging one and the giraffes' feeding behavior at these two types of feeding devices was recorded. As the experiments progressed, more giraffe used these more challenging feeders. There was significant individual variation in the expression of preference for contrafreeloading and willingness to contrafreeload. Individual, phase of the experiment, and an interaction between these factors were significant predictors of challenge feeder use. Three foraging strategies emerged among the giraffe that we termed "freeloaders," "contrafreeloaders," and "opportunists." The results of this study demonstrate that multiple indices of preference are necessary when assessing contrafreeloading behavior, and that giraffe are affected to different degrees by the factors that stimulate contrafreeloading. These results may shed light on why different individuals use complex feeding enrichment devices to varying extents.
Investigation of Deep Learning for Real-Time Melt Pool Classification in Additive Manufacturing

Consistent melt pool geometry is an indicator of a stable laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) additive manufacturing process. Melt pool size and shape reflect the impact of process parameters and scanning path on the interaction between the laser and the powder material, the phase change and the flow dynamics of the material during the process. Current L-PBF processes are operated based on predetermined toolpaths and processing parameters and consequently lack the ability to make reactions to unexpected melt pool changes. This paper investigated how melt pool can be characterized in real-time for feedback control. A deep learning-based melt pool classification method is developed to analyze melt pool size both fast and accurately. The classifier, based on a convolutional neural network, was trained with 2763 melt pool images captured from a laser melting powder fusion build using a serpentine scan strategy. The model is validated through 2926 new images collected from a different part in the same build using ‘island’ serpentine strategy with predictive accuracy of 91%. Compared to a traditional image analysis method, the processing time of the validation images is reduced by 90 %, from 9.72 s to 0.99 s, which gives the feedback control a reaction time window of 0.34 ms/image. Results show the feasibility of the proposed method for a real-time closed loop control of L-PBF process.
N-acetylcysteine mitigates acute opioid withdrawal behaviors and CNS oxidative stress in neonatal rats.

Neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) is a significant problem. Opioid withdrawal induces oxidative stress and disrupts glutamate and glutathione homeostasis. We hypothesized that N-acetylcysteine (NAC) administered during acute opioid withdrawal in neonatal rats would decrease withdrawal behaviors and normalize CNS glutathione and glutamate. Osmotic minipumps with methadone (opioid dependent, OD) and saline (Sham) were implanted into Sprague Dawley dams 7 days prior to delivery. Pups were randomized to receive either naloxone plus saline or NAC (50–100 mg/kg), administered on postnatal day (PND) 7. We performed MR spectroscopy on PND6–7 before, 30 min, and 120 min after withdrawal. On PND7, we assessed withdrawal behaviors for 90 min after naloxone administration and summed scores during peak withdrawal period. Mean summed behavioral scores were significantly different between groups (χ2 (2) = 10.49, p = 0.005) but not different between NAC/NAL/OD and Sham (p = 0.14): SAL/NAL/OD = 17.2 ± 4.2 (n = 10); NAC/NAL/OD = 11.3 ± 5.6 (n = 9); Sham = 6.5 ± 0.6 (n = 4). SAL/NAL/OD pups had decreased glutathione at 120 min (p = 0.01), while NAC/NAL/OD pups maintained pre-withdrawal glutathione (p = 0.26). In antenatal OD, NAC maintains CNS glutathione and mitigates acute opioid withdrawal in neonatal rats. This is the first study to demonstrate acute opioid withdrawal neurochemical changes in vivo in neonatal OD. NAC is a potential novel treatment for NAS.
The Planned Conversion of Airports to Spaceports in the United States

Abstract Owing to the growing markets for both suborbital and orbital launches, a market which made up 40% of the global spending of $323 billion on space activities in 2015 and still continues to show signs of increased revenue [2], there is a need for additional landing sites within the United States. This article explores the viability of conversion of current Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)–licensed airports into dual use airport/spaceports to meet this need. Although many varying types of launching and landing systems can be used by a FAA-approved launch operator to complete their mission objective, for the scope of this article, the authors decided to focus only on vertical takeoff-horizontal landing spacecraft (VT-HLS) systems and horizontal takeoff-horizontal landing spacecraft (HT-HLS) systems. After making this distinction, the authors describe and layout the FAA's specific guidelines and review sessions for spaceport approval. These sessions are currently under study by the newly formed Streamlined Launch and Reentry Licensing Requirements Aviation Rulemaking Committee which was formed in response to Space Policy Directives 2. These sessions which are under current review include the Launch Site PreApplication Consultation, Launch Site Policy Review, Launch Site Safety Review and Approval, Environmental Program Review, and Launch Site Compliance Monitoring Review. The authors, upon listing an outline of these reviews and after applying their own three requirements which focus on candidates' currently existing infrastructure, location apart from major population centers, and relative distance to popular orbit launch points, deliver a list of candidates populated from the Airport Master Records and Reports database published by Airport IQ 5010. It should be noted as well that the potential economic development for the community in which the spaceport is to be located is another major aspect to be taken into consideration; however, for the purpose of this article, the author's assumed that all considered communities would welcome the economic benefits of a spaceport with open arms. After applying all of these filters to the populated list, the authors identify five candidates that met all of the desired criteria. The selected airports are Ellison Onizuka Kona International at Keahole, Kinston Regional Jetport at Stallings Field, Wilmington Air Park, Crater Lake/Klamath Regional, and Grant Co International.
Prevalence, Types, and Sources of Bullying Reported by US General Surgery Residents in 2019.

This survey study describes surgical trainees’ self-reported experiences of bullying and symptoms of burnout and suicidality assessed at the time of their board certification examination.
Political Competition and Two Modes of Taxing Private Homeownership: A Bourdieusian Analysis of the Contemporary Chinese State

In 2011, two Chinese municipalities, Chongqing and Shanghai, enacted a property tax on rich homeowners. However, the two municipal governments sharply diverged in their designs of the tax and the justifying frames used. Whereas Chongqing explicitly framed the tax as a redistributive measure targeting the economic elite, Shanghai framed it as an ad hoc technical intervention in the housing market that would antagonize no one. This article explains how the only two Chinese cities that introduced this unconventional tax ended up enacting the tax in such different ways. In doing so, this article proposes a theoretical framework synthesizing two main pillars of Bourdieu’s state theory – a conceptualization of the state as a field of competition, and a careful consideration of the symbolic dimension of state power. The political competition in which the top leaders of the two municipalities were engaged drove them to enact the tax. The positions these leaders occupied in the field of competition shaped their specific strategies of accumulating competition-specific capital, getting their capital noted and recognized by other players in the field, and theatricalizing their capital-seeking acts as serving some universal interest. These dynamics gave rise to divergent styles of enacting the tax.
Considering the Safety and Quality of Artificial Intelligence in Health Care.

Abstract A rapid increase in the capabilities of machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) has focused attention on their potential applications in the health care setting. As health care providers begin to explore these opportunities, organizations must develop an understanding of how implementing AI tools will impact patient safety. This article reviews some of the challenges in development and implementation that may create barriers to the safe utilization of these technologies and prevent quality care for patients.
Are campaign contributions perceived as a civic duty

In this article, we examine the extent to which Americans view contributing money to political campaigns as a civic duty. Using data from an original survey (N = 1,269), we find that roughly 15% of...
COVID-19: Optimal Allocation of Ventilator Supply Under Uncertainty and Risk

This study presents a new risk-averse multi-stage stochastic epidemics-ventilator-logistics compartmental model to address the resource allocation challenges of mitigating COVID-19. This epidemiological logistics model involves the uncertainty of untested asymptomatic infections and incorporates short-term human migration. Disease transmission is also forecasted through a new formulation of transmission rates that evolve over space and time with respect to various non-pharmaceutical interventions, such as wearing masks, social distancing, and lockdown. The proposed multi-stage stochastic model overviews different scenarios on the number of asymptomatic individuals while optimizing the distribution of resources, such as ventilators, to minimize the total expected number of newly infected and deceased people. The Conditional Value at Risk (CVaR) is also incorporated into the multi-stage mean-risk model to allow for a trade-off between the weighted expected loss due to the outbreak and the expected risks associated with experiencing disastrous pandemic scenarios. We apply our multi-stage mean-risk epidemics-ventilator-logistics model to the case of controlling the COVID-19 in highly-impacted counties of New York and New Jersey. We calibrate, validate, and test our model using actual infection, population, and migration data. The results indicate that short-term migration influences the transmission of the disease significantly. The optimal number of ventilators allocated to each region depends on various factors, including the number of initial infections, disease transmission rates, initial ICU capacity, the population of a geographical location, and the availability of ventilator supply. Our data-driven modeling framework can be adapted to study the disease transmission dynamics and logistics of other similar epidemics and pandemics.
Understanding Flow Characteristics in Metal Additive Manufacturing

AbstractIn fluid flow, the frictional effects from interior surfaces of flow components create pressure loss across the surface. Understanding this inherent pressure loss due to friction and other ...
Changes in Body Mass Index Among Children and Adolescents During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

This study compares body mass index (BMI) of youths during the COVID-19 pandemic with BMI during the same period in 2019 to determine whether they experienced pandemic-related weight gain.
Search for 1 p Neutron Strength in S 31 by the Reaction S 32 ( He 3 , α ) S 31

Levels of $^{31}\mathrm{S}$ above ${E}_{x}=4.5$ MeV have been studied with 18-MeV $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ ions via the neutron-pickup reaction $^{32}\mathrm{S}(^{3}\mathrm{He},\ensuremath{\alpha})^{31}\mathrm{S}$. The $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles were detected by position-sensitive counters placed along the focal plane of the spectrograph. The experimental energy resolution was 13-18 keV full width at half maximum and permitted the resolution of some multiplets that previously had been interpreted as single states. Strongly structured angular distributions for nine well-resolved $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particle groups were obtained over the angular range $7.5\ensuremath{\le}\ensuremath{\theta}\ensuremath{\le}45\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$. The $l$ values and spectroscopic factors for the transferred neutrons were extracted by comparison with distorted-wave calculations. The apparent absence of the bulk of the $1p$ neutron-pickup strength is discussed.
Growth inhibitory effect of a combined treatment of 13-cis-retinoic acid, interferon-α2a and α-tocopherol on squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 46, 2005 2466 Our previous phase II clinical trails with the combination of 13-cis-retinoic acid (R), interferon-α2a (I), and α-tocopherol (T) as a biochemoprevention regimen in patients with advanced oral premalignant lesions and as a bioadjuvant treatment to patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer have shown promising outcomes. The purpose of this study is to elucidate the anti-cancer mechanism of these three agents in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) in vitro . Five head and neck cancer cell lines (886LN, SQCCY1, 38, Tu212, and Tu177) were used for this study. Cell growth inhibition assay showed that three drugs in single agent treatment for 72 hours inhibited growth of all five SCCHN cell lines in a dose dependent manner. The combination treatment of R (1μM), I (200 IU/ml) and T (15 μM) for 72 hours achieved cooperative effects of cell growth inhibition as compared with any two-drug combinations or single agents in the same dosage on all five cell lines. Tu212 and 886LN were then selected to further investigate the underlying mechanisms of the three-drug combination using the same dosages on SCCHN. Annexin-V binding assay by flow cytometry demonstrated that two-drug combined treatments of R-I, R-T, and I-T for 72 hours, in 886LN cell line, more effectively induced apoptosis (22.5 ± 6.3%, 27.5 ± 8.1%, and 18.4 ± 5.3 %, respectively) than the single agents of R (15.8 ± 5.4%), I (16 ± 3.4%), T (14.3 ± 5.3 %) or control group (8.2 ± 0.3%). However, the three-drug combination even further induced apoptosis (35.8 ± 8.2%). Similar result was also observed in Tu212 cell line. In addition, cell cycle analysis showed apparent S phase arrest after treatment of Tu212 cells with the three-drug combination for 24 hours (42.7%) and 48 hours (43.7%) as compared with that in control group (34.6%). Apoptosis related proteins were also examined by immunoblotting analysis. It was shown that even though two-drug combinations or single agent treatments for 72 hours induced cleavages of caspase-8, -9, -3, and PARP in both Tu212 and 886LN cell lines; the three-drug combination further increased the cleavages of these proteins. Caspase-3 activity assay was performed to confirm these observations using 886LN cell line. Each two-drug combination moderately induced caspase-3 activation as compared with either control or single agent treatments. More importantly, the three-drug combination showed much stronger caspase-3 activity than the two-drug combinations of R-I (p = 0.007), R-T (p = 0.08), I-T (p = 0.001). Taken together, our results suggest that the three-drug combination has a cooperative effect on tumor cell inhibition compared to single agents or any two-drug combinations. The anti-tumor activity may be exerted through both cell cycle arrest at S phase and apoptosis related pathways. (Supported by NCI 2 RO1 75603 to D.M.S)
Final state rescattering as a contribution to B->rho gamma

We provide a new estimate of the long-distance component to the radiative transition B{r_arrow}{rho}{gamma}. Our mechanism involves the soft scattering of on-shell hadronic products of nonleptonic B decay, as in the chain B{r_arrow}{rho}{rho}{r_arrow}{rho}{gamma}. We employ a phenomenological fit to scattering data to estimate the effect. The specific intermediate states considered here modify the B{r_arrow}{rho}{gamma} decay rate at roughly the 5{minus}8{percent} level, although the underlying effect has the potential to be larger. Contrary to other mechanisms of long distance physics which have been discussed in the literature, this yields a non-negligible modification of the B{sup 0}{r_arrow}{rho}{sup 0}{gamma} channel and hence will provide an uncertainty in the extraction of V{sub td}. This mechanism also affects the isospin relation between the rates for B{sup {minus}}{r_arrow}{rho}{sup {minus}}{gamma} and B{sup 0}{r_arrow}{rho}{sup 0}{gamma} and may generate CP asymmetries at experimentally observable levels. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
We Speak for the Data

We live in an era of Big Data. Hydrogeologists work at the confluence of ever-faster computers, sophisticated modeling packages, parameter estimation software, geographical information systems, remote sensing, and geophysical techniques. Does the existence of all this information and technology mean that we have the black box that accepts our information and *poof* produces accurate predictions—objectively honoring the data and obviating human intervention? In his new book, The Signal and the Noise: Why So Many Predictions Fail–But Some Don’t , political and sports prediction guru Nate Silver suggests that successful predictions include subjective judgment. His track record predicting national election outcomes for The New York Times is impressive. He models elections using a combination of state and national polls. The way the polls are combined is a matter of subjective judgment. Performance by polls in past elections is a relatively objective measure, but other information about relevance and quality is subject to interpretation. Scientists might squirm at the notion of releasing their grip on the grail of impartial objectivity. And yet, we know that modeling includes subjective decisions, informed by judgment. Should we ignore this veiled subjectivity and pretend that cold hard data provide all the information we need? Or is it time to recognize and embrace the value of subjectivity? Consider improvements in short-term weather forecasting—especially hurricanes. In weather, like groundwater, the physics is well understood so the models are process-based—not just correlations. Yet, as in groundwater, the true complexity is not fully represented and observations of outcomes are still uncertain. What are the secrets to their success in forecasting? First is running multiple models with different conceptualizations and initial conditions. Second is a post audit of predictions with actual outcomes. Finally, weather forecasters incorporate a certain amount of subjective
The invariant set theory of multiple valued iterative dynamical systems

Invariant set theory is an important tool in the control theory. It has rich history that goes back over a century, yet it is still an active research topic both in pure mathematics and theoretical engineering. It is easy to reduce a traditional discrete-time control dynamical system to an iterative dynamics of one endomorphism in the phase space. It is not easy to do the same in the presence of the disturbance. The purpose of this paper is to show that we can overcome this difficulty using the dynamics of multiple valued maps. As an application, we study the reachability problem of the maximal positively invariant set, using the multiple valued dynamics.
The Regulated Expression of a TATA‐Less, Platelet‐Specific Gene, αIIb

The megakaryocyte (MK)-specific integrin, alphaIIb, is the alpha-subunit of the alphaIIb/beta3 complex found on the surface of platelets. This complex is a receptor for fibrinogen and other ligands when platelets are activated. Because the alphaIIb gene is specifically expressed in MKs, this gene was studied as a potential model for MK-specific gene expression. Previous studies have defined some of the important regulatory elements in 912 bp of the immediate 5'-flanking region of this gene. These studies defined several important elements including two GATA-binding elements and an Ets-binding element. Using a primary rat marrow expression system, we demonstrated that one of the GATA-binding elements, -454 bp upstream of the transcriptional start site (GATA454), is critical for expression of the alphaIIb gene. A potential negative regulatory element was found between -100 and -200 bp upstream of both the rat and human alphaIIb genes. The biological basis by which this negative regulatory region effects expression is not well understood. Recent studies have focused on the issue of the molecular basis by which this TATA-less gene is properly transcribed. We found that a GA-rich region approximately 14 bp upstream from the transcriptional start site appears to be a nonconsensus Sp1-binding site that interacts with an Ets-consensus site approximately 20 bp further upstream. These studies provide further evidence of the role of interactions between Ets-like proteins and Sp1 in transcriptional activation when a TATA box is not present in the promoter region of a gene. Based on the presented studies and previous results, a model is proposed for the regulation of expression of the alphaIIb gene. In studies looking at more distal regulatory elements, we have found, using the primary rat marrow expression system, that 2.9 kb of 5'-flanking alphaIIb sequence has as high a level of expression as the 912 bp construct. Whether either of these lengths of 5'-flanking region can result in tissue-specific expression in transgenic models is presently being investigated. In addition, while a published report suggests that the two genes alphaIIb and beta3 are physically linked within a 250 kb region of genomic DNA, analysis of yeast artificial chromosome clones and genomic pulsed field gel electrophoresis analysis are consistent with these two genes not being tightly linked and being >1 mb apart, suggesting that these two genes do not form a single, tissue-specific locus.
“City Blood Is No Better than Country Blood”: The Populist Movement and Admissions Policies at Public Universities

The gubernatorial election of 1892 unnerved faculty members at Kansas State Agricultural College (KSAC). Voted into office by a “fusion” of Populists and Democrats, Governor Lorenzo Lewelling filled four vacant seats on the college's seven-member governing board, overturning a Republican Party majority for the first time in the college's history. These new regents included radicals such as Edward Secrest, a farmer who pledged to “change the order of things” at KSAC, and Christian Balzac Hoffman, a miller, banker, and politician who had founded an ill-fated socialist colony in Topolobampo, Mexico. Populist interest in KSAC intensified in 1897, when a different fusionist governing board promoted Professor Thomas E. Will to the college presidency. Born on an Illinois farm, Will attended a normal school before proceeding to Harvard University, where he chaffed within “the citadel of a murderous economic system.” When offered the chair of political economy at KSAC, Will had been lecturing, writing for reform periodicals, and serving as secretary of a Christian socialist organization called The Boston Union for Practical Progress. Although he never formally joined a Populist organization, Will shared the movement's commitment to erasing class distinctions in politics and education. Following Will's inauguration, a Populist regent exulted that the masses had finally “scaled the gilded halls of the universities.”