cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Taking the (emotional) stress out of HALT

The HALT process used at Rockwell Automation takes a product, printed circuit board, or component through five test sequences: low-temperature step-stress, high temperature step-stress, random vibration step-stress, combined temperature cycling/random vibration, and rapid temperature cycling. The temperature or vibration amplitude where any anomaly occurs, as well as the time, relative to the start of the test sequence, is noted. For each anomaly that occurs, a temperature and vibration robustness factor is calculated. The robustness factor is then translated to a probability of occurrence. Additionally, the severity of each anomaly is independently evaluated by engineering and quality functions in terms of severity of the effect on warranty, operation, and safety. The independent severity assessments are then combined into a composite severity. Recommended actions for remediation of each anomaly are made based on the occurrence and severity assessments using a HALT Action Matrix. This anomaly assessment process has eliminated the emotional arguments between various functions about remediating HALT anomalies and has ultimately benefitted the customer as more anomalies are being fixed than before the HALT Action Assessment process and tool were introduced.
Should Millions of Students Take a Gap Year? Large Numbers of Students Start the School Year Above Grade Level:

Few topics have garnered more attention in preservice teacher training and educational reform than student diversity and its influence on learning. However, the actual degree of cognitive diversity has yet to be considered regarding instructional implications for advanced learners. We used four data sets (three state-level and one national) from diverse contexts to evaluate how many students perform above grade level in English Language Arts and mathematics. Results revealed that among American elementary and middle school students, 20% to 49% in English Language Arts and 14% to 37% in mathematics scored 1 year or more above grade level. We address what these findings imply for K-12 schools, grouping decisions, and educational policies that strive to foster advanced abilities.
Thematic role predictability and planning affect word duration

It is known that acoustic variation is influenced by the predictability of words and the information that they represent. What is unknown is whether acoustic reduction is also influenced by the referential predictability of thematic roles. We tested this question in two production experiments, where speakers heard a sentence with goal/source arguments, e.g., “Lady Mannerly [source] gave a painting to Sir Barnes [goal],” and described a picture of a subsequent action, e.g., “Sir Barnes threw it in the closet.” We analyzed the duration of full NP descriptions used to refer to the pictured character. We found that duration was shorter for references to the goal than the source, but only in Experiment 2, where the timing of the stimuli encouraged the participant to plan their response incrementally, and not Experiment 1, where participants could pre-plan their responses. The strongest finding across both experiments was that response latency predicted duration, and latency was influenced by the predictability of thematic roles: Goal continuations had significantly shorter latencies. Together, these findings suggest that thematic role predictability does affect acoustic duration, and may be related to the time needed for utterance planning.
Hidden physics models: Machine learning of nonlinear partial differential equations

Abstract While there is currently a lot of enthusiasm about “big data”, useful data is usually “small” and expensive to acquire. In this paper, we present a new paradigm of learning partial differential equations from small data. In particular, we introduce hidden physics models, which are essentially data-efficient learning machines capable of leveraging the underlying laws of physics, expressed by time dependent and nonlinear partial differential equations, to extract patterns from high-dimensional data generated from experiments. The proposed methodology may be applied to the problem of learning, system identification, or data-driven discovery of partial differential equations. Our framework relies on Gaussian processes, a powerful tool for probabilistic inference over functions, that enables us to strike a balance between model complexity and data fitting. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated through a variety of canonical problems, spanning a number of scientific domains, including the Navier–Stokes, Schrodinger, Kuramoto–Sivashinsky, and time dependent linear fractional equations. The methodology provides a promising new direction for harnessing the long-standing developments of classical methods in applied mathematics and mathematical physics to design learning machines with the ability to operate in complex domains without requiring large quantities of data.
Human Papillomavirus-Related Cancer Surveillance, Prevention, and Screening Among Transgender Men and Women: Neglected Populations at High Risk

Abstract Researchers and healthcare surveillance systems must clearly disaggregate data for transgender men and women from data for cisgender men and women to identify population-level health disparities and give every person an opportunity for cancer prevention. The limited human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine recommendations for transgender men and women may be due to the scant literature on cancer prevalence coupled with poor understanding of HPV risks for these populations. Comprehensive cancer screening and prevention initiatives centered on relevant anatomy and sexual risk behaviors that are inclusive of transgender men and women are needed. Moreover, we need specific research to understand the impact of HPV and associated cancers on both transgender men's and women's lives.
School nurse asthma program reduces healthcare utilization in children with persistent asthma

Objective: We examined the impact of a novel, school nurse-supervised asthma therapy program on healthcare utilization. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed charts of 84 children enrolled in this p...
A Powerful Influence: An Online Book Club for Educators.

Opportunities for self-directed and connected professional learning are made possible by applications and tools available on the Internet and are part of an educator's professional learning network...
Amide-forming chemical ligation via O-acyl hydroxamic acids

The facile rearrangement of “ S -acyl isopeptides” to native peptide bonds via S , N -acyl shift is central to the success of native chemical ligation, the widely used approach for protein total synthesis. Proximity-driven amide bond formation via acyl transfer reactions in other contexts has proven generally less effective. Here, we show that under neutral aqueous conditions, “ O -acyl isopeptides” derived from hydroxy-asparagine [aspartic acid-β-hydroxamic acid; Asp(β-HA)] rearrange to form native peptide bonds via an O , N -acyl shift. This process constitutes a rare example of an O , N -acyl shift that proceeds rapidly across a medium-size ring (t 1/2 ∼ 15 min), and takes place in water with minimal interference from hydrolysis. In contrast to serine/threonine or tyrosine, which form O -acyl isopeptides only by the use of highly activated acyl donors and appropriate protecting groups in organic solvent, Asp(β-HA) is sufficiently reactive to form O -acyl isopeptides by treatment with an unprotected peptide- α thioester, at low mM concentration, in water. These findings were applied to an acyl transfer-based chemical ligation strategy, in which an unprotected N -terminal Asp(β-HA)-peptide and peptide- α thioester react under aqueous conditions to give a ligation product ultimately linked by a native peptide bond.
Constructing Surrogate Models of Complex Systems with Enhanced Sparsity

Biomolecules exhibit conformational fluctuations near equilibrium states, inducing uncertainty in various biological properties in a dynamic way. We have developed a general method to quantify the uncertainty of target properties induced by conformational fluctuations. Using a generalized polynomial chaos (gPC) expansion, we construct a surrogate model of the target property with respect to varying conformational states. To alleviate the high dimensionality of the corresponding stochastic space, we propose a method to increase the sparsity of the gPC expansion by defining a set of conformational “active space” random variables. With the increased sparsity, we employ the compressive sensing method to accurately construct the surrogate model. We demonstrate the performance of the surrogate model by evaluating fluctuation-induced uncertainty in solvent-accessible surface area for the bovine trypsin inhibitor protein system and show that the new approach offers more accurate statistical information than standard Monte Carlo approaches. Furthermore, the constructed surrogate model also enables us to directly evaluate the target property under various conformational states, yielding a more accurate response surface than standard sparse grid collocation methods. In particular, the new method provides higher accuracy in high-dimensional systems, such as biomolecules, where sparse grid performance is limited by the accuracy of the computed quantity of interest. Our new framework is generalizable and can be used to investigate the uncertainty of a wide variety of target properties in biomolecular systems.
Turning from Time to Space: Conceptualizing Faculty Work

This chapter traces the overreliance on temporal frames in the scholarship on faculty work and offers a theory of space as an alternative frame. In order to counter temporal determinisms, Kuntz points to the unacknowledged spatial metaphors that abound in research on faculty and the new meanings that such spatializations make possible. He proposes a shift from time to space for research in higher education, involving first a critical awareness of our metaphors and, second, an inquiry into the social spaces and material places from which these metaphors emerge. In order to link social conceptualizations with embodied experience, Kuntz calls upon embodied metaphor as a theoretical heuristic and suggests possible avenues for understanding faculty work at the level of patterned daily practices within institutional spaces that produce professional identities. Finally, he ends the chapter with a series of methodological considerations for the practical application of the theoretical concepts that currently dominate research on space and place.
Horner, Johann Friedrich

Swiss ophthalmologist Johann Friedrich Horner (1831–86) is best known for his description in 1869 of oculosympathetic paresis (subsequently designated eponymously as Horner's syndrome or Bernard–Horner syndrome), although he was not the first to describe it. Horner is also associated somewhat obscurely with ‘Horner's Law,’ which was an empirically determined rule Horner established in 1876 for the hereditary transmission of Daltonism (red–green color-blindness). In 1911, American geneticist Edmund Beecher Wilson interpreted Horner's Law as indicating that the pathological gene associated with Daltonism is located on the X chromosome.
Characteristics of patients with substance use disorder before and after the Affordable Care Act

Abstract Background The Affordable Care Act (ACA) offered an unprecedented opportunity to expand insurance coverage to patients with substance use disorders (SUDs). We explored the expectations of key stakeholders for the ACA’s impact on SUD care, and examined how clinical characteristics of newly enrolled patients with SUD in a large healthcare delivery system differed pre- and post- ACA implementation. Methods In this mixed-methods study, qualitative interviews were conducted with health system leaders to identify themes regarding how the health system prepared for the ACA. Electronic health record data were used to examine demographics, as well as specific SUD, psychiatric, and medical diagnoses in cohorts of pre-ACA (2012, n = 6066) vs. post-ACA (2014, n = 7099) newly enrolled patients with SUD. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression models were employed to compare pre-ACA and post-ACA measures. Results Interviewees felt much uncertainty, but anticipated having to care for more SUD patients, who might have greater severity. Quantitative findings affirmed these expectations, with post-ACA SUD patients having higher rates of cannabis and amphetamine use disorders, and more psychiatric and medical conditions, compared to their pre-ACA counterparts. The post-ACA SUD cohort also had more Medicaid patients and greater enrollment in high-deductible plans. Conclusions Post-ACA, SUD patients had more comorbidities as well as and more financial barriers to care. As federal healthcare policy continues to evolve, with potentially more restrictive coverage criteria, it is essential to continue examining how health systems adapt to changing health policy and its impact on SUD care.
Evaluation of plasma concentration after intravenous and intramuscular penicillin administration over 24 hr in healthy adult horses.

Penicillin is administered intravenously (IV) or intramuscularly (IM) to horses for the prevention and treatment of infections, and both routes have disadvantages. To minimize these shortcomings, a 24-hr hybrid administration protocol (HPP) was developed. Our objective was to determine penicillin plasma concentrations in horses administered via HPP. Venous blood was collected from seven healthy horses administered IV potassium penicillin G at 0 and 6 hr and IM procaine penicillin G at 12 hr. Blood was collected at 2-hr intervals from 0 to 20 hr and at 24 hr. Plasma penicillin concentrations were measured using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Penicillin susceptibility from equine isolates was examined to determine pharmacodynamic targets. The MIC90 of penicillin for 264 isolates of Streptococcus sp. was ≤0.06 μg/ml. For the 24-hr dosing interval, the mean plasma penicillin concentration was >0.07 μg/ml. Five horses (72%) exceeded 0.06 μg/ml for 98% of the dosing interval, and two horses exceeded this value for 52%-65% of the dosing interval. The HPP achieved mean plasma penicillin concentrations in healthy adult horses above 0.07 μg/ml for a 24-hr dosing interval. However, individual variations in plasma concentrations were apparent and deserve future clinical study.
Disentangling the Complexities of Queer Theory and Intersectionality Theory: Research Paradigms and Insights for Social Justice

Queer theory and intersectionality theory have emerged as prominent paradigms guiding decisions for research design and methodology in educational research. Despite their increasing prominence and implementation in educational research, applying these paradigms can result in confusion and conflation without understanding their unique distinctions. Additionally, queer theory and intersectionality theory each carry their own legacies, predecessors, and philosophical underpinnings. Queer theory primarily focuses on disrupting the restrictions associated with binaries and identity categories, whereas intersectionality theory involves an examination of social identities (e.g., race, sexuality, gender identity) and intersections to understand power relations and inequities. With an overarching introduction to queer theory and intersectionality theory as two distinct paradigms, this chapter involves the following goals: (a) explain key aspects of queer theory and intersectionality theory as distinct paradigms; (b) identify differences between queer theory and intersectionality theory; and (c) provide recommendations for understanding paradigmatic differences in research.
Experimentally enhanced performance decreases survival in nature.

Superior locomotor performance confers advantages in terms of male combat success, survival and fitness in a variety of organisms. In humans, investment in increased performance via the exercise re...
China's next big thing

Work has just begun on China's first fourth-generation synchrotron-radiation source. Robert P Crease gets a sneak preview of what's in store
Use of the Nascent Isocyclic Ring to Anchor Assembly of the Full Skeleton of Model Chlorophylls.

The chlorophyll skeleton contains a chlorin macrocycle and an annulated fifth (or isocyclic) ring bearing 131-oxo and 132-carbomethoxy substituents. The isocyclic ring has traditionally been constr...
Caregiver-Child Discrepancies in Reports of Child Emotional Symptoms in Pediatric Chronic Pain.

OBJECTIVE Pediatric chronic pain evaluation includes self-reports and/or caregiver proxy-reports across biopsychosocial domains. Limited data exist on the effects of caregiver-child discrepancies in pediatric pain assessment. In children with chronic pain, we examined associations among discrepancies in caregiver-child reports of child anxiety and depressive symptoms and child functional impairment. METHODS Participants were 202 children (Mage=14.49 ± 2.38 years; 68.8% female) with chronic pain and their caregivers (95.5% female). Children and caregivers completed the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS) and RCADS-Parent, respectively. Children also completed the Functional Disability Inventory. Mean difference tests examined caregiver-child discrepancies. Moderation analyses examined whether associations between child self-reported anxiety and depressive symptoms and functional impairment varied as a function of caregiver proxy-report. RESULTS Children reported more anxiety and depressive symptoms compared with their caregivers' proxy-reports (Z = -4.83, p < .001). Both informants' reports of child anxiety and depressive symptoms were associated with child functional impairment (rs = .44, rs = .30, p < .001). Caregiver proxy-report moderated associations between child-reported anxiety and depressive symptoms and functional impairment (B = -0.007, p = .003). When caregiver proxy-report was low, child self-reported anxiety and depressive symptoms were positively related to functional impairment (B = 0.28, SE = 0.07, 95% CI [0.15, 0.41], p < .001). CONCLUSIONS Discrepant caregiver-child perceptions of child anxiety and depressive symptoms may be associated with functioning in children with chronic pain, especially when caregivers report less child internalizing symptoms. These findings highlight the need for further examination of the effects of caregiver-child discrepancies on pediatric chronic pain outcomes and may indicate targets for intervention.
An improved tactile sensing device for material characterization via friction-induced vibrations

Abstract We report an improvement of an instrument used to correlate perceived material surface characteristics to vibrations induced in a transducer via surface profile tracing by addition of stick-slip vibration and stochastic measurements. Our instrument utilizes an inductive transducer and turntable stage to measure and characterize induced vibrations, and additionally incorporates an elastic bead of poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA) on the stylus tip to simulate the slight tackiness and elasticity of skin, when in contact with certain types of materials. It is thus able to tease vibrational frequencies out of the measurement through stick-slip friction from the polymer’s elasticity and tackiness. The result is a larger range of measurable frequencies of vibration from both normal and tangential forces, for use in classification of selected materials, that vary uniquely with roughness, speed of measurement, contact forces, and material compositions. Additionally, to simulate varying pressure during stroking of a material surface with a finger-tip, the turntable was warped to induce a periodic wobble. This wobble produces variations in contact friction over each period of the measurement by varying contact area and contact force, and thus increases consistency of measurements via statistical distributions of contact force and area. The distributions that manifest are high frequencies over a single period of measurement that can be parsed for classification purposes. The results of this work show that the improved instrument has significantly more data characteristics to utilize and can identify subtle differences between similar materials in identical environments.
Effects of combining Renlon with Renbarb1 and Renbarb2 on resistance of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) to reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford and Oliveria)

The upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) germplasm lines BARBREN-713, having the Renbarb1 and Renbarb2 quantitative trait loci (QTL), and LONREN, carrying the Renlon QTL, have introgressed resistance to reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford and Oliveria). Stunting has been observed in the LONREN source of resistance when subjected to heavy nematode pressure but not for BARBREN-713. To investigate the potential to reduce stunting in the LONREN source of resistance, cotton lines were developed with different combinations of reniform nematode resistance QTL from LONREN and BARBREN-713. Marker assisted selection was conducted to identify the following QTL combinations: (1) Renbarb1 + Renbarb2, (2) Renbarb1 + Renbarb2 + Renlon, (3) Renbarb2 + Renlon, (4) Renbarb1 + Renlon, (5) Renbarb1 alone, (6) Renbarb2 alone, (7) Renlon alone, and (8) a Null susceptible genotype. QTL combinations were inoculated with 0, 2300, or 5000 reniform nematodes per 120 cm3 soil in growth chamber tests. Plants were harvested at 60 days after inoculation, plant growth measurements made, and the nematode reproduction factor calculated. In this study, the Renbarb1 genotype was scored as susceptible to reniform nematode. Combining Renlon with Renbarb2 did not improve resistance to reniform nematode; however, the Renbarb2/Renlon combination showed improved growth compared to LONREN-1, BARBREN-713, and the susceptible null check.
Genomic and transcriptomic profiles of gynecologic neuroendocrine carcinoma are distinct from pulmonary neuroendocrine small cell carcinoma.

6093Background: High-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) of the cervix and other gynecologic origins are rare and aggressive cancers that unfortunately affect young women with high mortality. Trea...
Bioorthogonal Chemistry Enables Single-Molecule FRET Measurements of Catalytically Active Protein Disulfide Isomerase

Folding of newly synthesized proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum is assisted by several families of enzymes. One such family is the protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs). PDIs are oxidoreductases, capable of forming new disulfide bonds or breaking existing ones. Structural information on PDIs unbound and bound to substrates is highly desirable for developing targeted therapeutics, yet it has been difficult to obtain by using traditional approaches because of their relatively large size and remarkable flexibility. Single-molecule FRET (smFRET) could be a powerful tool to study PDIs' structure and dynamics under conditions relevant to physiology, but its implementation has been hindered by technical challenges of position-specific fluorophore labeling. We have overcome this limitation by site-specifically engineering fluorescent dyes into human PDI, the founding member of the family. Proof-of-concept smFRET measurements of catalytically active PDI demonstrate, for the first time, the feasibility of this approach, expanding the toolkit for structural studies of PDIs.
Top core elements of the insider trading and market manipulation offences in Nigeria and South Africa

This article discusses top core elements of offenses of insiders trading and market manipulation in terms of the different legislation in those areas. The article finds out that, despite attempting...
Nursing documentation of symptoms is associated with higher risk of emergency department visits and hospitalizations in homecare patients.

Abstract Background Nurses often document patient symptoms in narrative notes. Purpose This study used a technique called natural language processing (NLP) to: (1) Automatically identify documentation of seven common symptoms (anxiety, cognitive disturbance, depressed mood, fatigue, sleep disturbance, pain, and well-being) in homecare narrative nursing notes, and (2) examine the association between symptoms and emergency department visits or hospital admissions from homecare. Method NLP was applied on a large subset of narrative notes (2.5 million notes) documented for 89,825 patients admitted to one large homecare agency in the Northeast United States. Findings NLP accurately identified symptoms in narrative notes. Patients with more documented symptom categories had higher risk of emergency department visit or hospital admission. Discussion Further research is needed to explore additional symptoms and implement NLP systems in the homecare setting to enable early identification of concerning patient trends leading to emergency department visit or hospital admission.
Trapped Ion Mobility Spectrometry of Native Macromolecular Assemblies.

The structural elucidation of native macromolecular assemblies has been a subject of considerable interest in native mass spectrometry (MS), and more recently in tandem with ion mobility spectrometry (IMS-MS), for a better understanding of their biochemical and biophysical functions. In the present work, we describe a new generation trapped ion mobility spectrometer (TIMS), with extended mobility range (K0 = 0.185-1.84 cm2·V-1·s-1), capable of trapping high-molecular-weight (MW) macromolecular assemblies. This compact 4 cm long TIMS analyzer utilizes a convex electrode, quadrupolar geometry with increased pseudopotential penetration in the radial dimension, extending the mobility trapping to high-MW species under native state (i.e., lower charge states). The TIMS capabilities to perform variable scan rate (Sr) mobility measurements over short time (100-500 ms), high-mobility resolution, and ion-neutral collision cross-section (CCSN2) measurements are presented. The trapping capabilities of the convex electrode TIMS geometry and ease of operation over a wide gas flow, rf range, and electric field trapping range are illustrated for the first time using a comprehensive list of standards varying from CsI clusters (n = 6-73), Tuning Mix oligomers (n = 1-5), common proteins (e.g., ubiquitin, cytochrome C, lysozyme, concanavalin (n = 1-4), carbonic anhydrase, β clamp (n = 1-4), topoisomerase IB, bovine serum albumin (n = 1-3), topoisomerase IA, alcohol dehydrogenase), IgG antibody (e.g., avastin), protein-DNA complexes, and macromolecular assemblies (e.g., GroEL and RNA polymerase (n = 1-2)) covering a wide mass (up to m/z 19 000) and CCS range (up to 22 000 A2 with <0.6% relative standard deviation (RSD)).
A Decade Later, Understanding 2008 Financial Crisis

Ten years and a great deal of study by economists and others leave us still lacking a consensus on (a) what caused the financial crisis of 2008, (b) whether the reforms it generated will be enough to prevent another systemic collapse of the financial system, and (c) whether the reforms are worth their cost in enforcement and compliance expense and lost economic growth due to constraints on lending. This paper contains some of my observations and conclusions.
Recurrent pancreatitis due to intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm in a young adult.

A young adult male presented with recurrent pancreatitis and a 2.2 cm mixed duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) located in the pancreatic body. Our patient presented at age 21 with his second hospitalization for acute pancreatitis within a year. A mixed duct IPMN with main ductal dilation was identified, which prompted additional workup. Based upon the findings the patient was counseled regarding the risks and benefits of surveillance versus surgery. The patient elected to undergo a robotic-assisted laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy. Final pathology revealed an IPMN involving branch and main pancreatic ducts with low and focally high-grade dysplasia. IPMNs are increasingly being identified. Consensus guidelines generally propose surveillance, but management in young adults can be complex. Herein we present the second youngest reported case and highlight the continued need for consensus management guidelines.
Critic-entropy based fuzzy decision making models: a systematic analysis

This research article presents a comprehensive analysis of weighting methods used in fuzzy multi attribute decision making (MADM) methods. These methods involve various criteria in order to evaluate alternatives and determining the weights of criteria is a significant problem that arises very often in many MADM problems. In this research paper, CRTITIC and Entropy weighting methods have been used for finding criteria’s weights like in many research works. Using these unsupervised methods of assigning criteria weights, seven fuzzy MADM methods are examined in the context of ranking the best company to invest in. From the results of these methods, ranking order of alternatives is obtained and are analysed for reliability.
25-year perspective on prostate cancer: Conquering frontiers and understanding tumor biology

Major changes in the field of prostate cancer over the last 25 years include the implementation of prostate specific antigen screening and the recognition that BRCA confers hereditary risk of prostate cancer. Quality of life and survivorship have driven risk stratification for localized prostate cancer, facilitated by molecular signatures and leading to increased acceptance of active surveillance as a mainstream treatment option. Advances in technology have improved efficacy and reduced toxicity in both radical prostatectomy and radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer. Improved understanding of the androgen receptor has yielded substantially more effective therapies. Future growth areas include personalized treatment based on genomic and genetic information, theranostics radiopharmaceuticals, and more aggressive treatment of metastatic disease to include focal therapy. Multidisciplinary management between specialized urologists, radiation oncologists, and medical oncologists remains central to maximizing patient outcomes.
Dynamic 3D On-Chip BBB Model Design, Development, and Applications in Neurological Diseases.

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a vital structure for maintaining homeostasis between the blood and the brain in the central nervous system (CNS). Biomolecule exchange, ion balance, nutrition delivery, and toxic molecule prevention rely on the normal function of the BBB. The dysfunction and the dysregulation of the BBB leads to the progression of neurological disorders and neurodegeneration. Therefore, in vitro BBB models can facilitate the investigation for proper therapies. As the demand increases, it is urgent to develop a more efficient and more physiologically relevant BBB model. In this review, the development of the microfluidics platform for the applications in neuroscience is summarized. This article focuses on the characterizations of in vitro BBB models derived from human stem cells and discusses the development of various types of in vitro models. The microfluidics-based system and BBB-on-chip models should provide a better platform for high-throughput drug-screening and targeted delivery.
US Defence Strategy from Vietnam to Operation Iraqi Freedom: Military Innovation and the New American War of War, 1973-2003

1. Military Innovation and Defense Transformation 2. On Military Innovation 3. Toward the Narrative of U.S. Nuclear Strategy 4. The Formative Period: Evolving Strategic Realities 5. The Maturation Period: New Measures of Strategic Effectiveness 6. Back to the Future? From RMA Thesis to Transformation Planning 7. Conclusion
One Blake : the principles and method of visionary awakening in The marriage of heaven and hell, Milton, and Jerusalem

Essential to an understanding of William Blake is the knowledge of his intense identification with the messianic "perfect prophet," described by the Old Testament prophets, St. John, and Milton, and of the thematic unity which this identification produces in his work. The principles which lead to the attainment of this prophetic role--visionary awakening--and the moment of vision itself are the raw materials for his canon and provide the framework for his three key engraved works. The principles of visionary awakening and the epiphanic moment are outlined in The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, elaborated in Milton, and extended to all humanity in Jerusalem. Far from representing a divided man outside tradition, one kind of thinker in his youth and another in his later years, these works represent a single individual, identifying himself with "All the Lords people" as "One ~1an."
Physico-Chemical Properties of Soils: Role of Soil Technology

This paper defines and describes the applied science called "soil technology." The powerful contributions that soil technology makes to soil engineering are next presented and illustrated. Some of the future developments in soil knowledge which can be expected are then discussed.
A Counterexample to Fitch’s Method for Maximum Parsimony Trees

A major goal in numerical taxonomy over the past decade has been to discover a rapid method for finding the ancestral tree, or dendrogram, requiring the minimum number of evolutionary steps or changes, given an initial set of contemporary Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) for which the character states are known. Short of searching all possible dendrograms and all possible ancestral configurations for each dendrogram, the problem has never been solved in the general case. FARRIS (1970) has suggested a variety of intriguing approaches but has not proved them mathematically. ESTABROOK (1968) has solved the problem mathematically for the special case in which the CAMIN-SOKAL (1965) hypothesis is satisfied, but this special case has rather limited applications (MOORE, GOODMAN, and BARNABAS, 1973). FITCH (1971) has focused his attention on the less spectacular but more attainable goal of finding maximum parsimony ancestral character states when both the contemporary character states and the dendrogram are known. Although his method may, in many cases, find a maximum parsimony solution, it is relatively easy to demonstrate that it will not always do so.
Jealousy in Adulthood

There is no doubt that jealousy is a source of great personal misery and an emotion with far-reaching social consequences. For example, jealousy is frequently implicated as a factor in relationship dissolution, spousal abuse and even murder (Daly & Wilson, 1988; Harris, 2003a). Despite its destructive side, jealousy also may have some positive effects for individuals and relationships. For example, it alerts one to relationship threats and can motivate behaviors that protect the relationship. This chapter will focus on jealousy in adulthood, particularly as it occurs in romantic relationships, given that this is the area that has received the most empirical attention. We begin with a discussion of theoretical approaches and conceptual debates on the nature and function of jealousy. The next sections cover factors that impact the elicitation, experience, and expression of jealousy including adult attachment styles, relationship variables, attributional processes, rival characteristics, and gender. We also examine jealousy at its most dire, including jealousy-inspired homicide and pathological jealousy. We then discuss empirical challenges faced by the field and present some new studies that actively elicit jealousy in the laboratory.
The use of estrogens in the treatment of leucoplakia, kraurosis, and senile vaginitis

Abstract Kraurosis vulvae and leucoplakia are causes of pruritus vulvae. The differences in their distribution and pathology are discussed. Since kraurosis is more closely akin to senile vaginitis and therefore may be due to estrogen depletion, it was thought that kraurosis might be more susceptible to estrogen therapy than leucoplakia. Twenty-one patients complaining of pruritus vulvae are reviewed. Sixteen of these, diagnosed as senile vaginitis, kraurosis, or leucoplakia, were treated with estrogen salve locally. Although the series is too small for definite conclusions, there is a suggestion that estrogen therapy is more successful in the treatment of kraurosis than of leucoplakia.
Compilation of predicate abstractions in higher-order logic programming

We explore higher-order logic programming and its relationship to computation in predicate calculus. The framework is based upon a logic of untyped λ-calculus which has a general model-theoretic semantics and whose equality theory corresponds to α-equivalence. The focus of the paper is on computing with predicate abstractions that are formalized by equivalence axioms with respect to a notion called top reduction. It is shown that, under certain conditions, computation with predicate abstractions can be compiled into predicate calculus and all most general answers are still preserved.
Solitary actinomycotic abscesses of liver: report of two cases

Hepatic actinomycotic abscesses are rare and secondary to other intra-abdominal infections. History of intra-abdominal surgery is a principal contributing factor for the abscess formation. Patients with hepatic actinomycotic abscess may suffer from fever, malaise, abdominal pain and bodyweight loss. The clinical progress of actinomycotic abscess is more indolent than the usual course of other pyogenic abscess. It is sometimes diagnosed as malignancy. This report consists of two cases of hepatic actinomycotic abscess mimicking tumours. Laboratory data revealed elevated alkaline phosphatase and leucocytosis. The abdominal computed tomography scan showed multiloculated lesions with peripheral contrast enhancement appearance. Diagnosis confirmation was based on the typical histologic feature of sulfur granules with inflammatory process by echo-guided fine needle biopsy or surgical specimen. These two cases were resolved with extended courses of intravenous and oral penicillin treatment.
General angular conditions in light‐front dynamics for few‐body systems

The light‐front dynamics(LFD) plays an important role in the analyses of few‐body systems as evidenced from the recent phenomenology covering both inclusive and exclusive processes. We thus discuss a few fundamental issues of LFD that should be taken into account for the phenomenological applications. In particular, we derive general angular conditions which should be satisfied by the light‐front helicity amplitudes for any spin system and obtain the light‐front parity and time‐reversal relations for the light‐front helicity amplitudes. As an application of these relations, we make some comments on the consequences of the general angular condition for the transition between spin‐1/2 and spin‐3/2 systems and find a relation useful for the analysis of the N‐Δ transition form factors. Also, for the analysis of the deuteron and ρ meson form factors, we note that the general angular condition for the spin‐1 systems is satisfied only if the zero‐mode contribution in the helicity zero‐to‐zero amplitude is proper...
World of Warcraft Widows: Spousal Perspectives of Online Gaming and Relationship Outcomes

A content and thematic analysis was conducted using forum messages from websites developed for wives of online gamers who play World of Warcraft. Blog posts from 50 women describing conflict in their marital relationship involving their husband's online game play were analyzed. Four overarching themes were identified and discussed in terms of the impact of online gaming on family functioning and relationships, emotional outcomes, and coping mechanisms. Results of ensuing issues arising from excessive gaming as perceived by the non-gaming spouse and ways in which they cope with these issues are shared.
Differential Binding of Tropane-Based Photoaffinity Ligands on the Dopamine Transporter

Benztropine and its analogs are tropane ring-containing dopamine uptake inhibitors that produce behavioral effects markedly different from cocaine and other dopamine transporter blockers. We investigated the benztropine binding site on dopamine transporters by covalently attaching a benztropine-based photoaffinity ligand, [125I]N-[n-butyl-4-(4"'-azido-3"'-iodophenyl)]-4', 4"-difluoro-3alpha-(diphenylmethoxy)tropane ([125I]GA II 34), to the protein, followed by proteolytic and immunological peptide mapping. The maps were compared with those obtained for dopamine transporters photoaffinity labeled with a GBR 12935 analog, [125I]1-[2-(diphenylmethoxy)ethyl]-4-[2-(4-azido-3-iodophenyl)ethy l]p iperazine ([125I]DEEP), and a cocaine analog, [125I]3beta-(p-chlorophenyl)tropane-2beta-carboxylic acid, 4'-azido-3'-iodophenylethyl ester ([125I]RTI 82), which have been shown previously to interact with different regions of the primary sequence of the protein. [125I]GA II 34 became incorporated in a membrane-bound, 14 kDa fragment predicted to contain transmembrane domains 1 and 2. This is the same region of the protein that binds [125I]DEEP, whereas the binding site for [125I]RTI 82 occurs closer to the C terminal in a domain containing transmembrane helices 4-7. Thus, although benztropine and cocaine both contain tropane rings, their binding sites are distinct, suggesting that dopamine transport inhibition may occur by different mechanisms. These results support previously derived structure-activity relationships suggesting that benztropine and cocaine analogs bind to different domains on the dopamine transporter. These differing molecular interactions may lead to the distinctive behavioral profiles of these compounds in animal models of drug abuse and indicate promise for the development of benztropine-based molecules for cocaine substitution therapies.
Pilot Candidate Selection Method

In 1993, the US Air Force implemented the Pilot Candidate Selection Method (PCSM) as an additional indicator of pilot training aptitude. PCSM scores have been shown to be related to several pilot training criteria including graduation/elimination, flying grades, class rank, and number of flight hours needed to complete training (Carretta & Ree, 2003). The PCSM composite is still in use today, but the scores that contribute to it have changed. The study reported here examined the predictive validity of the current composite versus several training performance measures for 883 students attending Specialized Undergraduate Pilot Training (SUPT). Results indicated that the PCSM composite remained predictive of flying training performance despite changes in test content and flying training. After correction for multivariate range restriction and dichotomization of the graduation/elimination criterion, the correlation between the PCSM composite and T-6 completion was .53. This is consistent with the value of .46...
Effects of the anticonvulsant, trimethadione, on bursting pacemaker activity and recruitment of inhibition in the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia californica.

Abstract 1. 1. The anticonvulsant, trimethadione, (0.1–20 mM) was tested for effects on the bursting pacemaker activity of neuron R15 in the abdominal ganglion of Apylsia californica . 2. 2. Two responses were observed: hyperpolarization of the trough of the bursting pacemaker potential and complete blockade of bursting. 3. 3. The responses could occur independently or in combination in any given preparation over the same range of TMO concentrations. 4. 4. Simultaneous recordings from two or more neurons disclosed that both responses could be accounted for by the activation of a known synaptic input with tonic inhibitory effects. 5. 5. The utility of the abdominal ganglion as a test system for convulsant and anticonvulsant drugs is discussed.
PROBABLE SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF AN AMERICAN POPULATION POLICY AIMED AT THE TWO-CHILD FAMILY

The dangers of a narrow quantitative technological population policy include escalating trends toward a material rather than a humane value system in society; resentment and ineffective use of family planning by the poor; increasing mechanization and commercialization of sex; and increasing alienation and apathy of people. In contrast a humane population policy with a social and psychological base would provide outlets for the human need to love through child care centers medical services recreational and educational programs and care of elderly in the community. Women would be given expanded child care and employment opportunities and men would have greater diversity of human outlets. Social service research is needed in order to expand narrow medical family planning into a broader human services concept. Such research would investigate social and psychological effects of contraceptive use for both men and women; the "innateness" of the maternal drive; and problems of sterility.
Risk ratings that do not measure probabilities

Survey questions regarding assessed survival chances are an often-used example of a risk rating scale for eliciting a probability assessment. The responses to such questions do exhibit several properties of probabilities, but differ in some key respects, resulting in relationships which are not only inconsistent with accurate beliefs, but also in which precision is sacrificed for ease of use. The Health and Retirement Study, for example, uses a 0 to 10 scale to measure self-assessed survival probabilities to a particular age. Transformation of these responses for use as a probability results in some patterns that are consistent with a model of imperfect information, or a monotonic transformation of imperfectly perceived risks, but more subtle analysis reveals inconsistencies with either of these theories, suggesting the scale is inappropriate for use as a probability measure. The age-related effects for female respondents are the most salient results that are inconsistent with use of the survey's response...
RETINOIC ACID: IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIFIC RECEPTORS THROUGH WHICH IT MAY MEDIATE TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF FIBRONECTIN GENE IN BOVINE LENS EPITHELIAL CELLS

Abstract To elucidate in detail the regulatory mechanisms by which the fibronectin mRNA and protein are altered by all-trans retinoic acid (RA) in bovine lens epithelial (LE) cells, we have investigated the transcription mechanism and the occurrence of nuclear receptors for RA in the nuclei of cultured LE cells. The rate of transcription of fibronectin (FN) mRNA increased by 130% in response to RA. The RA receptors in nuclear extracts prepared from LE cells show specific all-trans [3H]-RA binding sites. Saturation binding of all-trans RA to these receptors and the Scatchard plot analyses of the binding data yielded an apparent dissociation constant (Kd) of about 12 n m andBmaxof about 48 pmoles/mg protein. Bovine retinoic acid receptors (RARs) have not been reported previously. Our results demonstrate for the first time that RA regulates FN expression and that regulation is at the transcriptional level in LE cells. Thus, retinoids may have an important role in the functional adhesion of epithelium to the lens capsule.