cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New North American Agarics

The species described herein were collected in various parts of the United States, but the majority were found while the writer was collecting in the Olympic National Park during the fall of 1941. This expedition was part of a larger project involving the agarics of the western United States and was made possible by a grant from the Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studies of the University of Michigan. As a part of this expedition, the writer spent several weeks during the summer of 1941 in the vicinity of Payette Lakes, Idaho, and during the season of 1943 Mr. Wm. B. Gruber spent the summer and fall collecting and photographing agarics in the same region. As a result of our combined efforts a number of very unusual species were discovered in this region and are included here. Both my own and Mr. Gruber's collections have been deposited in the Herbarium of the University of Michigan. The color terms within quotation marks are taken from "Color Standards and Color Nomenclature" by R. Ridgway, Washington, D. C., 1912. The color terms not in quotation marks are based on Ridgway's system of nomenclature but do not represent actual comparisons. This is true in particular for such common terms as fuscous, tawny, ochraceous, ferruginous, vinaceous, drab etc.
Kinetics of an Air- and Water-Stable Ruthenium(IV) Catalyst for the Deprotection of Allyl Alcohol in Water

Kynurenic allyl ester reacts readily with [CpRu(NCCH3)3]PF6 in dry acetone to yield the RuIV allyl. The complex is an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of methyl allyl carbonate in aqueous solution in air yet decomposes rapidly in aerobic solutions of methanol. Kinetic studies are consistent with rate-limiting attack of water (or methanol) on the RuIV allyl as a key step. A polystyrene-supported version of the catalyst was active for the catalytic hydrolysis of methylallyl carbonate, but kinetic studies indicate that the Ru leaches from polystyrene upon repeated catalytic cycles.
Competition and Coordination in the U.S. Airline Hub-to-Hub Markets: An Industry Pre-Merger Case Study

Purpose: This paper investigates the nature of conduct that existed in the U.S. airline hub-to-hub markets prior to the recent merger wave of the legacy carriers. We explore the strategic importance of network carrier hubs in form of “spheres of influence” on airline market conduct. We also simultaneously recognize the overgrowing role played by Low Cost Carriers (LCC) over the years by estimating two conduct parameters - one in markets where LCCs directly compete head-to-head with legacy carriers and the other for markets which LCCs do not serve but has presence in the hub airports or adjacent airports comprising the market endpoints. Thus our supply side framework also sheds some light on the issue of perfect contestability in airline industry. Design/methodology/approach: We estimate a structural oligopoly model for differentiated products with competitive interactions using DB1B data for first quarter of 2004. Findings: Our results imply that the nature of competition is more aggressive relative to Bertrand behavior in hub-to-hub markets and that these markets are less than perfectly contestable. Originality/value: This paper adds to the empirical literature of airline competition by enabling estimation of the actual conduct parameter assuming firm price setting behavior in presence of product differentiation. Contrary to existing literature on airline competition, a structural model enables us to systematically separate out effects of demand, cost and strategic factors on observed airline prices.
Gene Transfer Into Human Bone Marrow Hematopoietic Cells Mediated by Adenovirus Vectors

Human bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMNCs) and enriched CD34 positive (CD34+) cells were transduced with adenovirus vectors encoding Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase gene. Tranductions were carried out by 24-hour coincubation with adenovirus vectors at different multiplicities of infections (moi). Efficacy of gene transfer into BM cells and expression of the gene product (ie, beta-galactosidase) were studied using X-Gal histochemical staining and flow cytometric analysis. X-Gal staining demonstrated that the percentage of positive cells at mois of 5 to 500 was 3.4% to 34.5% for BMMNCs and 6.0% to 20.0% for enriched CD34+ cells. Similar results (1.5% to 35.7% for BMMNCs and 5.4% to 24.2% for enriched CD34+ cells) were obtained with flow cytometric analysis using fluorescein di-beta-D-galactopyranoside (FDG). Multicolor flow cytometry analysis, which included FDG, demonstrated that BM progenitors (CD34+ or CD34+CD38-), T cells (CD2+), B cells (CD19+), natural killer cells (CD56+), granulocytes, and monocytes all expressed the adenovirus transgene. To ascertain the effects of adenovirus vectors on normal BM progenitors, the numbers of colony forming unit-granulocyte/macrophage (CFU-GM), burst-forming unit-erythrocyte (BFU-E), and high-proliferative potential-colony-forming cells (HPP-CFC) after 24-hour coincubation with adenovirus vectors were determined. When BMMNCs or enriched CD34+ cells were incubated with adenovirus vectors at mois of 5 and 50, no significant differences in the numbers of CFU-GM, BFU-E, and HPP-CFC were observed compared with the uninfected control cells. However, the numbers of CFU-GM were significantly (P < .01) decreased when BMMNCs or enriched CD34+ cells were incubated with adenovirus vectors at a moi of 500, compared with the uninfected control cells. The adenovirus infected cells, purified by cell sorting for FDG expression, were capable of growing in culture and gave rise to various colonies (ie, CFU-GM, BFU-E, and HPP-CFC). These data indicate that recombinant adenovirus vectors can be used to transfer genes to human BM hematopoietic cells with expression of the exogenous gene at a high transduction efficiency.
Energy analysis of reclaimed water application for irrigation in arid and semi-arid regions

Freshwater availability is the major constraint to agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions. The groundwater and energy conservation of applying reclaimed water for irrigation was analysed, using Southern California as the spatial domain for model testing. An extensive compilation of the most recent publicly available datasets was used to calculate the energy intensity for each water supply source, the associated carbon footprint reduction and the monetary savings associated with using reclaimed water over groundwater. Our results indicate that for 1998–2010 in California the fractional water use for agriculture is 0.81 and for urban use is 0.19. During this same period, an average of 4.2 × 10 10 m 3 of water were used for crop irrigation, of which 1%, 46.8% and 52.2% came from reclaimed water, groundwater, and surface water, respectively. Each of these three main water sources is associated with a range of energy intensity (in kWh m −3 ), depending on the process and environmental characteristics of the end-use location. Our analysis of multiple process and environmental configurations produced a detailed energy intensity database, with the associated carbon footprint. These databases are used to quantify the energy and carbon footprint difference between applying the current groundwater source and reclaimed water for irrigation.
Calmodulin, Ca2+-antagonists and Ca2+-transporters in nerve and muscle.

Calcium is of fundamental importance in the regulation of both muscle contraction and neurosecretion. Its control of these processes is achieved by its binding and activation of various Ca2+-binding proteins (CBP), including those in the Ca2+ channel, the Na+-Ca2+ antiporter, and intracellular calmodulin (CDR). Generally, Ca2+-binding to regulatory CBP exposes hydrophobic sites on their surface at which the CBP interfaces with its receptor or binds inhibitory hydrophobic ligands. We find that some Ca2+-antagonist drugs (Ca-ANT) bind to and inhibit calmodulin and that some calmodulin antagonists (CDR-ANT) block Ca2+ channels. This suggests that CDR and the CBP that regulate the Ca2+ channel may be quite homologous proteins. Ca-ANT and CDR-ANT are not effective inhibitors of the Na+-Ca2+ antiporters of heart sarcolemma and brain synaptosomes, suggesting that these antiporters are fundamentally different from the antiporter of heart mitochondria. These results are discussed in terms of Ca2+-binding proteins being potential targets for pharmacological interventions designed to block specific aspects of the action of calcium.
Single-Molecule Chemistry: Enzyme Action and the Transition State

Life is control. The trick to staying alive is to control your environment. Living cells need to take the resources available around them and change them into the molecules that need. To do this, cells build thousands of types of specialized proteins called enzymes. Each one performs a specific chemical reaction needed for living. Some break molecules into pieces; others connect molecules together. Some change the shape of molecules, and others change the chemical properties of molecules. Some capture energy in their reactions; others require energy to perform a particularly difficult reaction. All of these different enzymes work together to perform the many chemical tasks needed in the cell.
Modeling Membrane Protein–Ligand Binding Interactions: The Human Purinergic Platelet Receptor

Membrane proteins, due to their roles as cell receptors and signaling mediators, make prime candidates for drug targets. The computational analysis of protein–ligand binding affinities has been widely employed as a tool in rational drug design efforts. Although efficient implicit solvent-based methods for modeling globular protein–ligand binding have been around for many years, the extension of such methods to membrane protein–ligand binding is still in its infancy. In this study, we extended the widely used Amber/MMPBSA method to model membrane protein–ligand systems, and we used it to analyze protein–ligand binding for the human purinergic platelet receptor (P2Y12R), a prominent drug target in the inhibition of platelet aggregation for the prevention of myocardial infarction and stroke. The binding affinities, computed by the Amber/MMPBSA method using standard parameters, correlate well with experiment. A detailed investigation of these parameters was conducted to assess their impact on the accuracy of ...
Auditory-motor mapping training: comparing the effects of a novel speech treatment to a control treatment for minimally verbal children with autism

This study compared Auditory-Motor Mapping Training (AMMT), an intonation-based treatment for facilitating spoken language in minimally verbal children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), to a matched control treatment, Speech Repetition Therapy (SRT). 23 minimally verbal children with ASD (20 male, mean age 6;5) received at least 25 sessions of AMMT. Seven (all male) were matched on age and verbal ability to seven participants (five male) who received SRT. Outcome measures were Percent Syllables Approximated, Percent Consonants Correct (of 86), and Percent Vowels Correct (of 61) produced on two sets of 15 bisyllabic stimuli. All subjects were assessed on these measures several times at baseline and after 10, 15, 20, and 25 sessions. The post-25 session assessment timepoint, common to all participants, was compared to Best Baseline performance. Overall, after 25 sessions, AMMT participants increased by 19.4% Syllables Approximated, 13.8% Consonants Correct, and19.1% Vowels Correct, compared to Best Baseline. In the matched AMMT-SRT group, after 25 sessions, AMMT participants produced 29.0% more Syllables Approximated (SRT 3.6%);17.9% more Consonants Correct (SRT 0.5); and 17.6% more Vowels Correct (SRT 0.8%). Chi-square tests showed that significantly more AMMT than SRT participants in both the overall and matched groups improved significantly in number of Syllables Approximated per stimulus and number of Consonants Correct per stimulus. Pre-treatment ability to imitate phonemes, but not chronological age or baseline performance on outcome measures, was significantly correlated with amount of improvement after 25 sessions. Intonation-based therapy may offer a promising new interventional approach for teaching spoken language to minimally verbal children with ASD.
From Benito Mussolini to Hugo Chavez: Intellectuals and a Century of Political Hero Worship

During the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, political dictators were not only popular in their own countries, but were also admired by numerous highly educated and idealistic Western intellectuals. The objects of this political hero-worship included Benito Mussolini, Adolph Hitler, Joseph Stalin, Mao Zedong, Fidel Castro and more recently Hugo Chavez, among others. This book seeks to understand the sources of these misjudgements and misperceptions, the specific appeals of particular dictators, and the part played by their charisma, or pseudo-charisma. It sheds new light not only on the political disposition of numerous Western intellectuals - such as Martin Heidegger, Eric Hobsbawm, Norman Mailer, Ezra Pound, Susan Sontag and George Bernard Shaw - but also on the personality of those political leaders who encouraged, and in some instances helped to design, the cult surrounding their rise to dictatorship.
The Field Experiences for Science Teachers (FEST) Program: Involving Connecticut High School Science Teachers in Field Seismology

The Field Experiences for Science Teachers (FEST) Program, based in the Department of Geology and Geophysics at Yale University, provides field seismology experiences to secondary school science teachers in Connecticut. Research experiences for K‐12 science teachers have been shown in the past to improve students’ test scores and encourage inquiry‐based teaching in the science classroom. FEST provides one‐week sessions for teachers that include one day of orientation and four days of field work experience on the 15‐station broadband Seismic Experiment for Imaging Structure beneath Connecticut. Here, I describe the FEST program, including strategies for teacher recruitment, the structure of the program, and lessons learned from the first three program sessions. FEST has demonstrated that field seismology experiments can provide high school teachers with a fun, engaging, and highly immersive field experience that provides a benefit that is out of proportion to a relatively modest time commitment. Participation in FEST has exposed teacher participants to concepts in seismology, introduced them to resources for teaching about seismology in their classroom, and provided them with a meaningful summer research experience.
Learning Business Research: Graduate Students Performance

This article describes the graduate students' academic performances in a course of business research methods, where the students have been participating solivng assignments and exams; which helped these students to build their own learing through basic activities: reviewing research designs, desigining and analyzing surveys, examining cases of study and writing a final research report.Â Cross-tables were built for two categorical cariables: course-type (at 2 levels of classification: "online" and "classroom"), and the 2 levels of gender, where the dependent cariable was the proportion of successful students, whose final grades were A or B.Â The statistical analysis was performed via the Chi-Square test, for which we found that the variable "course type" was not significant (p-value=0.235), similarly the variable "gender" was not significant (p=0.212); furthermore, a significant correlation (p-value=0.01) was found for the variables: Final grades and basic statistical knowledge.Â an anology among the Deming's cycle for the continous improvement of quality, and the learning process derived in the development of learning circles.
Foreign Carmakers in Czechia

This chapter reviews Czechia’s four current car plants. This discussion begins with Skoda’s early-twentieth century formation, including the now Vrchlabi components plant, and follows these plants through their takeover by VW in the early Post-Socialist Period. It also examines Toyota of Japan and PSA Peugeot-Citroen of France’s joint venture TPCA Kolin factory and Hyundai of Korea’s Nosovice plant near Ostrava. Similar to all other country-specific chapters in the book, the discussion concludes with a data summary of foreign-led auto production in Czechia in the Post-Socialist Period.
Impact of Site Selection and Study Conduct on Outcomes in Global Clinical Trials.

There are over 25 million patients living with heart failure globally. Overall, and especially post-discharge, clinical outcomes have remained poor in heart failure despite multiple trials, with both successes and failures over the last two decades. Matching therapies to the right patient population, identifying high-quality sites, and ensuring optimal trial design and execution represent important considerations in the development of novel therapeutics in this space. While clinical trials have undergone rapid globalization, this has come with regional variation in comorbidities, clinical parameters, and even clinical outcomes and treatment effects across international sites. These issues have now highlighted knowledge gaps about the conduct of trials, selection of study sites, and an unmet need to develop and identify “ideal” sites. There is a need for all stakeholders, including academia, investigators, healthcare organizations, patient advocacy groups, industry sponsors, research organizations, and regulatory authorities, to work as a multidisciplinary group to address these problems and develop practical solutions to improve trial conduct, efficiency, and execution. We review these trial-level issues using examples from contemporary studies to inform and optimize the design of future global clinical trials in heart failure.
NP3 Farm Fresh Foods for Healthy Kids: Innovative Cost-Offset Community-Supported Agriculture Intervention to Prevent Childhood Obesity and Strengthen Local Agricultural Economies

Objective To better understand the potential of cost-offset community supported agriculture (CO-CSA) to improve dietary quality in low-income families by conducting research, extension, and education activities. Description The Farm Fresh Foods for Healthy Kids (F3HK) intervention included a cost-offset (50% subsidy) summer CSA share, weekly payments (including SNAP-EBT), two to four pieces of kitchen equipment, and nine CSA-tailored education classes. F3HK participants were recruited from 12 rural and micropolitan communities in four states in spring 2016 and 2017, and individually randomized to intervention (n = 148) or control (n = 157). All had income Evaluation CO-CSA pickup sites averaged six miles (m) from participants’ homes, which was closer than the farm (18m) but further than the supermarket (3m). F3HK farms reported efforts to reach low-income customers and strategized to modify the F3HK model to suit the local context; however, CO-CSA participants expressed mixed levels of accessibility. Relative to controls, F3HK intervention caregivers had improvement in some measures of attitudes, self-efficacy, skills, and dietary quality after one-season of participation, but not other measures. Lessons from the implementation and evaluation of F3HK informed the development of four undergraduate course modules: development of an intervention in a setting where “local food” is a foreign concept; assessment of dietary quality; economic impact analysis; and how to adapt CSA to open new markets for farmers. Conclusion CO-CSA plus education and kitchen tools is a promising mechanism to improve attitudes, self-efficacy, and skills among caregivers, with mixed results concerning dietary quality among caregivers and children. Longer-term outcome data will be examined for behavioral maintenance. An Extension toolkit for CO-CSA implementation is under development. Education modules are being piloted, and will be evaluated and refined before dissemination in 2020-21.
Gene duplication and the evolution of phenotypic diversity in insect societies

Gene duplication is an important evolutionary process thought to facilitate the evolution of phenotypic diversity. We investigated if gene duplication was associated with the evolution of phenotypic differences in a highly social insect, the honeybee Apis mellifera. We hypothesized that the genetic redundancy provided by gene duplication could promote the evolution of social and sexual phenotypes associated with advanced societies. We found a positive correlation between sociality and rate of gene duplications across the Apoidea, indicating that gene duplication may be associated with sociality. We also discovered that genes showing biased expression between A. mellifera alternative phenotypes tended to be found more frequently than expected among duplicated genes than singletons. Moreover, duplicated genes had higher levels of caste-, sex-, behavior-, and tissue-biased expression compared to singletons, as expected if gene duplication facilitated phenotypic differentiation. We also found that duplicated genes were maintained in the A. mellifera genome through the processes of conservation, neofunctionalization, and specialization, but not subfunctionalization. Overall, we conclude that gene duplication may have facilitated the evolution of social and sexual phenotypes, as well as tissue differentiation. Thus this study further supports the idea that gene duplication allows species to evolve an increased range of phenotypic diversity.
Cannabis Use in Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury or Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury in Colorado

Abstract Objectives To describe the prevalence of cannabis use in an adult sample with spinal cord injury (SCI) or traumatic brain injury (TBI) in Colorado, and to describe the self-reported reasons and side effects of cannabis use in this sample. Design Mixed-methods observational study, using focus group data and telephone survey. Setting Community. Participants Colorado adults who sustained SCI or moderate to severe TBI and received services through Craig Hospital. Interventions None. Main Outcome Measures Survey. Results Focus group participants identified issues that were then included in the survey development. Seventy percent of the 116 participants surveyed reported cannabis use before their injury (67% SCI, 74% TBI) and 48% reported use after their injury (53% SCI, 45% TBI). Overall, the most common reason for use was recreational (67%), followed by reducing stress/anxiety (62.5%) and improving sleep (59%). Among the respondents with SCI, the most common reasons for use were to reduce spasticity (70%), recreation (63%), and to improve sleep (63%). Among those with TBI, reasons endorsed were recreational (72%), reducing stress/anxiety (62%), and improving sleep (55%). Smoking was the most common method of use. Conclusions A majority of this sample reported using cannabis before injury, and approximately half reported using cannabis after injury. Both groups reported recreational use, whereas the group with SCI also highly endorsed using cannabis to address chronic medical conditions. Clinicians should be aware of the high prevalence of cannabis use in these populations and the impact such use may have on the individual's medical management. Further research in this area is needed.
Case 30: Blood Pressure Difference Between a Noninvasive and an Invasive Blood Pressure Measurement

A 54-year-old male (ASA3) is scheduled to undergo an automated implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (AICD) change under general anesthesia. His past history is remarkable for coronary artery disease, hypertension, and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. He is 230 lbs. and 5′5″. You meet him in the catheterization laboratory. As usual the place is in partial darkness and you are asked not to put on the light. So in the darkness you place noninvasive monitors. A right radial arterial line is secured prior to induction of anesthesia (Transpac IV monitoring kit. 84″ disposable transducers with a 3 ml squeeze flush. Abbott Critical Care System, Abbott Laboratory, North Chicago, IL.60064). A seemingly normal-appearing arterial waveform is present with a blood pressure of 149/116 mmHg and a mean of 129 mmHg. A simultaneous noninvasive blood pressure of 105/70 with a mean of 82 mmHg is obtained in the left arm. You change the noninvasive cuff to the right arm and get the same reading as in the left arm. The transducer is located in the midaxillary line and has been zeroed by you just before the arterial line was placed. Since you have just zeroed the transducer, you dismiss that as a cause for this difference in blood pressure reading. Furthermore, you did not see any offset when the stopcock was opened to atmosphere.
Presentation of a Rare Lobulated Tongue Anomaly.

The presence of a bilobed tongue is a rare congenital malformation. There are multiple reports of a bifid anterior lobe; however, a case with complete separation of isolated anterior and posterior ...
Social Media Driven Student-Centered Learning Through Social Commerce in Higher Education

The research discusses the usage of social media in advertising with CASMAR, our theoretical Framework for Social Commerce. In the research, we focus on how social media positively affects advertising and how it relates to social commerce, as well as, increase in organizational branding and exposure. We examine social media advertising through CASMAR social commerce framework, and how CASMAR affects consumers and businesses in branding and customer loyalty. In Higher Education (HE) sector, prior research has indicated that social media technologies and networks such as Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, and Google Docs has the potential to enhance primary and secondary learning. We review the importance of Word-of-Mouth (WOM), and the effects of personalized interactive advertising and its usage intensity on consumers and organizations, with a distinct focus on higher education. Furthermore, we investigate how social media sites are being used for e-commerce platforms and how they are integrated into educational (learning) needs of individual consumers and organizations. The research addresses questions of how social media advertising relate to CASMAR social commerce framework; how social media affect social commerce and WOM-related interactive advertising for higher learning needs; and how are social networking sites (SNSs) being used as e-commerce platforms that can be integrated into HE teaching practices to emphasize student centered pedagogy and learning. Finally, we offer recommendations to researchers, practitioners, and policymakers regarding the usage of social media and social commerce-driven CASMAR framework for organizational growth, learning, and innovation.
Blocking the alternative sigma factor RpoN reduces virulence ofPseudomonas aeruginosaisolated from cystic fibrosis patients and increases antibiotic sensitivity in a laboratory strain

Multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) are increasing in the health care setting, and there are few antimicrobial agents available to treat infections caused by these bacteria. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen in burn patients and individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF), and a leading cause of nosocomial infections. P. aeruginosa is inherently resistant to many antibiotics and can develop or acquire resistance to others, limiting options for treatment. P. aeruginosa has virulence factors that are regulated by sigma factors in response to the tissue microenvironment. The alternative sigma factor, RpoN (s54), regulates many virulence genes and is linked to antibiotic resistance. Recently, we described a cis-acting peptide, RpoN*, which acts as a 'molecular roadblock', binding RpoN consensus promoters at the -24 site and blocking transcription. RpoN* reduces virulence of P. aeruginosa laboratory strains both in vitro and in vivo, but its effects in clinical isolates was not known. We investigated the effects of RpoN* on phenotypically varied P. aeruginosa strains isolated from cystic fibrosis patients. RpoN* expression reduced motility, biofilm formation, and pathogenesis in a P. aeruginosa - C. elegans infection model. RpoN* expression increased susceptibility to several beta-lactam based antibiotics in the lab strain P. aeruginosa PA19660 Xen5. Here, we show that using a cis-acting peptide to block RpoN consensus promoters has potential clinical implications in reducing virulence and enhancing the activity of antibiotics.
PRIOR CONSENT AND VALUING LIFE

People value life many ways. “Absolutely”: Do I want to live? Do I think I ought to live? Relatively, viz-a-viz others: What are the relative values of your life and mine? Of an infant’s life, a child’s, a young adult’s, a forty-year-old’s, an octagenarian’s? Relatively, viz-a-viz other things in life: Should I risk my life to climb this mountain? Should I use these resources to increase my chances of staying alive, or should I use them for other things instead? Should they be used to save you? As compensation to others if I die: For how much should I insure my life for my beneficiaries? What damages should be paid to my family if you have wrongfully caused my death?
Did we enjoy the debate but forget the patient

The number of percutaneous coronary revascularization procedures performed has skyrocketed in recent years. The rationale for this acceleration has been the rapid and sustained relief of angina with percutaneous coronary revascularization and its ease of delivery relative to surgery. Although it is
SYNTHESIS, UPTAKE AND BINDING OF HISTAMINE AND 5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE IN MAST CELLS

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the synthesis, uptake, and binding of histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine in mast cells. In the formation of 5-hydroxytryptamine from the tryptophan by neoplastic mast cells of the mouse, negligible amounts of 5-hydroxytryptophan accumulate, the 5-hydroxytryptophan being decarboxylated as rapidly as it is formed and under usual circumstances the uptake and hydroxylation of tryptophan is the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of 5-hydroxytryptamine. In the formation of 5-hydroxytryptamine from administered 5-hydroxytryptophan, surprisingly large amounts of 5-hydroxytryptophan accumulate in these cells. This persistence of exogenously formed 5-hydroxytryptophan in the cell may rest in part on the fact that the cells can take up 5-hydroxytryptophan more rapidly than they can decarboxylate it and but this explanation is not sufficient, because the exogenous 5-hydroxytryptophan persists for several days whereas the endogenous 5-hydroxytryptophan that produced in the cell, is so rapidly decarboxylated that it can rarely be demonstrated.
Faith and Spirituality: Supporting Caregivers of Individuals with Dementia

The number of Americans currently afflicted with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) will reach crisis proportions in the future. The current number of approximately 5.4 million Americans is predicted to quadruple by the year 2047. One in eight people over age 65 have the disease, and nearly half have it by age 85. Someone new is diagnosed with the disease every 69 s (Alzheimer’s Association, 2011). Caregivers face stressful challenges in providing care for relatives with dementia, as average length of caregiving exceeds 8–10 years.
Eptesicus fuscus (Big brown bat)

Three pairs of the autosomes are distinctly smaller than the rest which forms a smooth size gradation. The X chromosomes are the only biarmed elements of the complement, and the Y is the smallest element. Identification of the sex chromosomes is therefore relatively easy.
Legal Assignments and fast EADAM with consent via classical theory of stable matchings.

Gale and Shapley's stable assignment problem has been extensively studied, applied, and extended. In the context of school choice, mechanisms often aim at finding an assignment that is more favorable to students. We investigate two extensions introduced in this framework -- legal assignments and the EADAM algorithm -- through the lens of classical theory of stable matchings. In any instance, the set ${\cal L}$ of legal assignments is known to contain all stable assignments. We prove that ${\cal L}$ is exactly the set of stable assignments in another instance. Moreover, we show that essentially all optimization problems over ${\cal L}$ can be solved within the same time bound needed for solving it over the set of stable assignments. A key tool for this latter result is an algorithm that finds the student-optimal legal assignment. We then generalize our algorithm to obtain the assignment output of EADAM with any given set of consenting students without sacrificing the running time, hence largely improving in both theory and practice over known algorithms. Lastly, we show that the set ${\cal L}$ can be much larger than the set of stable matchings, connecting legal matchings with certain concepts and open problems in the literature.
Design of periodic elastoplastic energy dissipating microstructures

The design of periodic elastoplastic microstructures for maximum energy dissipation is carried out using topology optimization. While the topology optimization of elastic microstructures has been performed in numerous studies, microstructural design considering inelastic behavior is relatively untouched due to a number of reasons which are addressed in this study. An RVE-based multiscale model is employed for computational homogenization with periodic boundary constraints, satisfying the Hill-Mandel principle. The plastic anisotropy which may be prevalent in materials fabricated through additive manufacturing processes is considered by modeling the constitutive behavior at the microscale with Hoffman plasticity. Discretization is done using enhanced assumed strain elements to avoid locking from incompressible plastic flow under plane strain conditions and a Lagrange multiplier approach is used to enforce periodic boundary constraints in the discrete system. The design problem is formulated using a density-based parameterization in conjunction with a SIMP-like material interpolation scheme. Attention is devoted to issues such as dependence on initial design and enforcement of microstructural connectivity, and a number of optimized microstructural designs are obtained under different prescribed deformation modes.
Imbibition and evaporation of droplets of colloidal suspensions on permeable substrates

Colloidal particles inside an evaporated droplet on a solid substrate are often preferentially deposited at the droplet contact line, a phenomenon known as the coffee-ring effect. A study shows how this phenomenon is affected by the permeability of the substrate.
Cellular Plasticity in Cancer

During cancer progression, tumor cells undergo molecular and phenotypic changes collectively referred to as cellular plasticity. Such changes result from microenvironmental cues, stochastic genetic and epigenetic alterations, and/or treatment-imposed selective pressures, thereby contributing to tumor heterogeneity and therapy resistance. Epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity is the best-known case of tumor cell plasticity, but recent work has uncovered other examples, often with functional consequences. In this review, we explore the nature and role(s) of these diverse cellular plasticity programs in premalignant progression, tumor evolution, and adaptation to therapy and consider ways in which targeting plasticity could lead to novel anticancer treatments. SIGNIFICANCE: Changes in cell identity, or cellular plasticity, are common at different stages of tumor progression, and it has become clear that cellular plasticity can be a potent mediator of tumor progression and chemoresistance. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the various forms of cell plasticity may deliver new strategies for targeting the most lethal aspects of cancer: metastasis and resistance to therapy.
Bridging the Differences Between IT and LIS in Management Education

AbstractWith the reduced number of free-standing library schools, one common model places IT students and LIS students within the same unit. Doing so raises questions about how to teach management....
Changes in southeastern USA summer precipitation event types using instrumental (1940–2018) and tree-ring (1790–2018) data

We examined short- and long-term changes in precipitation event types using instrumental (1940–2018) and tree-ring (1790–2018) data from North Carolina, USA. We documented the amount and frequency of summer (July–September) precipitation events using daily weather station data. Stationary front precipitation (SFP) represented 71% of total summer rainfall and SFP and convective uplift combined (i.e., quasi-stationary precipitation, QSP) represented 87%. SFP (r = 0.52, p < 0.01) and QSP (r = 0.64, p < 0.01) precipitation reconstructions from a montane longleaf pine latewood chronology both recorded significant declines during 1940–2018, matching the instrumental record. Conversely, no significant change in either SFP or QSP occured during the full reconstruction indicating the instrumental decline was unmatched throughout 1790–1939. Our method demonstrates that variations in latewood growth can be attributed to specific precipitation event types and that the relative contribution of each event type can be quantified over a multi-century period.
Understanding Order in the Disorder

Which came first? The chicken or the egg? This paradox has been argued in multiple forms since time unknown. I have wondered about it myself before concluding in favor of the egg. One may argue that this is based on the neo-Darwinist approach that states DNA information contained in an egg is what is crucial in giving life to a chicken (or for that matter any life) and that chicken is a mere mortal carrier of the genetic code. This may well be proven wrong in the near future or debated by a theologian but the fact remains that the single cell zygote in the egg generates to form the chick. So robust is the building block of our existence that it has kept life going for 3.5 billion years and more.
KPT-9274, an Inhibitor of PAK4 and NAMPT, Leads to Downregulation of mTORC2 in Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cells

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is difficult to treat due to lack of druggable targets. We have found that treatment with the small molecule inhibitor KPT-9274 inhibits growth of TNBC cells and eventually leads to cell death. KPT-9274 is a dual specific inhibitor of PAK4 and Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT). The PAK4 protein kinase is often highly expressed in TNBC cells and has important roles in cell growth, survival, and migration. Previously we have found that inhibition of PAK4 leads to growth inhibition of TNBC cells both in vitro and in vivo. Likewise, NAMPT has been shown to be dysregulated in cancer due to its role in cell metabolism. In order to understand better how treating cells with KPT-9274 abrogates TNBC cell growth, we carried out an RNA sequencing of TNBC cells treated with KPT-9274. As a result, we identified Rictor as an important target that is inhibited in the KPT-9274 treated cells. Conversely, we found that Rictor is predicted to be activated when PAK4 is overexpressed in cells, which suggests a role for PAK4 in the regulation of Rictor. Rictor is a component of mTORC2, one of the complexes formed by the serine/threonine kinase mTOR. mTOR is important for the control of cell growth and metabolism. Our results suggest a new mechanism by which the KPT-9274 compound may block the growth of breast cancer cells, which is via inhibition of mTORC2 signaling. Consistent with this, sequencing analysis of PAK4 overexpressing cells indicates that PAK4 has a role in activation of the mTOR pathway.
Complications of splenectomy

During the last three decades it has become clear that removal of the spleen, for any reason, is not a benign procedure. In both adults and children splenectomy places the patient at significantly higher risk of overwhelming infection, compared to the normal population. The risk of the post-splenectomy septic syndrome is lifelong and is not eliminated by the administration of polyvalent pneumococcal vaccine. Thus far, the reported rate of overwhelming sepsis in asplenic individuals has ranged from 2.5-13.5%. As more long-term follow-up data become available, it is likely that the true incidence will be 5-10%. In addition to this late complication, splenectomy increases the frequency of adverse events, including death, in the immediate postoperative period. Infections, particularly pulmonary and abdominal sepsis, constitute the majority of the complications. The mortality rate from postoperative sepsis is substantial. Atelectasis, pancreatitis/fistula, pulmonary embolism and bleeding at the operative site are also relatively common occurrences following splenic removal. These alarming statistics have spurred surgeons to change their attitudes concerning splenectomy for trauma, both accidental and iatrogenic. Nonoperative management of hemodynamically stable patients with isolated splenic injury and splenorrhaphy in patients requiring laparotomy are now firmly entrenched in the surgical armamentarium. Patients in whom splenectomy is necessary are given polyvalent pneumococcal vaccine and are instructed to seek early medical attention for febrile illnesses. Splenic autotransplantation and lifelong prophylactic antibiotic therapy have been used in some centers, but their clinical value remains to be proven.
The political economy of “White Identity Politics”: economic self-interest and perceptions of immigration

This article challenges the prevailing contention that economic self-interest does not affect public attitudes toward immigration. Through an in-depth re-analysis of the data and findings of Ashley...
Pointwise stability of reaction diffusion fronts

Using pointwise semigroup techniques, we establish sharp rates of decay in space and time of a perturbed reaction diffusion front to its time-asymptotic limit. This recovers results of Sattinger, Henry and others of time-exponential convergence in weighted Lp and Sobolev norms, while capturing the new feature of spatial diffusion at Gaussian rate. Novel features of the argument are a pointwise Green function decomposition reconciling spectral decomposition and short-time Nash-Aronson estimates and an instantaneous tracking scheme similar to that used in the study of stability of viscous shock waves.
Optimal Standard Cell Library Composition for 7nm

We set out to determine the optimal ASIC standard cell library composition for 7nm technology on the basis of power, chip area and delay considerations. We used the publicly available ASAP7, the 7nm FinFET technology from Arizona State University. We also used state-of-the-art commercial computer-aided design (CAD) tools to execute our study. In particular, we synthesized designs using Synopsys' Design Vision and then physical synthesis was performed using Cadence's Innovus. Cell characterization was performed using Synopsys' SiliconSmart. Our results show that standard cell libraries with many fewer cell types than currently used in industry yield the best results. Further, the results suggest that an optimal standard cell library comprises 18 functions along with a rather limited number of drive strengths.
AdS4 solutions of massive IIA from dyonic ISO(7) supergravity

Explicit formulae are given for the consistent truncation of massive type IIA supergravity on the six-sphere to the SU(3)-invariant sector of D = 4 $$ \mathcal{N}=8 $$ supergravity with dyonic ISO(7) gauging. These formulae are then used to construct AdS4 solutions of massive type IIA via uplift on S 6 of the critical points of the D = 4 supergravity with at least SU(3) symmetry. We find a new $$ \mathcal{N}=1 $$ solution with SU(3) symmetry, a new non-supersymmetric solution with SO(6) symmetry, and recover previously known solutions. We quantise the fluxes, calculate the gravitational free energies of the solutions and discuss the stability of the non-supersymmetric ones. Among these, a (previously known) G2-invariant solution is found to be stable.
Decisions on second pregnancy after uterus transplantation and timing for removal of the uterus—DUETS (Dallas UtErus Transplant Study)

Since the first live birth to a woman after uterus transplantation (UTx) was reported in 2014,1 the number of UTx procedures has increased and births have occurred in multiple centers worldwide.2 Despite the growth of UTx, it is a novel procedure, with most cases having been done under experimental protocols, and there remains much debate about the ethics of UTx. Centers have allowed recipients one or two pregnancies, limiting recipient-graft time (RGT), the time from UTx to hysterectomy, to 5 years. Few UTx recipients have delivered more than one baby to date.
Advanced training enhances readiness to return to sport after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

Patients with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) areoften psychologically and physically under-prepared for sport participation. This study compared readinessto return to sport based oncompletion ofadvanced training after ACLR. Patients with ACLR who self-selectedparticipation in a 6-week group-format advanced training program (TRAINING)were compared to age- and sex-matched patients who did not participate (NoTRAINING). Each group had 23 participants (14 females). Advanced training consisted of plyometric, strengthening and agility exercises. Baseline and follow-up testing includedpsychologicalmeasures (Anterior Cruciate Ligament Return to Sport after Injury, ACL-RSI; Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia, TSK-11; Knee Activity Self-Efficacy, KASE; and fear intensity for the primary fear-evoking task or situation) and a hop test battery.Return to sport criteria were ACL-RSI score ≥70 points and limb symmetry index ≥90% on all hop tests. At follow-up, KASE score was higher in TRAINING than NoTRAINING (92.7 vs 89.1 points; respectively), but ACL-RSI, TSK-11 and fear intensity scoreswere not significantly different between groups. Return to sport criteriapassing rate was not significantly differentbetween groups at baseline (TRAINING: 13%, NoTRAINING: 30%) or follow-up (TRAINING: 52%, NoTRAINING: 43%); however, thedistribution of criteria met at follow-up differed with more patients in TRAINING than NoTRAINING meeting hop test criteria (30% vs 4%; respectively) and more patients in NoTRAININGthan TRAINING failing to meet any criteria(25% vs 0%, respectively). Clinical significance:Advanced training after ACLR facilitated readiness for sport participation by improving confidence and hop performance, but may not have a preferential effect on fear. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Encapsulating microorganisms to enhance biological nitrogen removal in wastewater: Recent advancements and future opportunities

Encapsulating microorganisms is promising to enhance biological nitrogen removal (BNR) in wastewater, with benefits of increased efficiency, reduced inhibition, and improved stability. Encapsulation technology has advanced, with recent findings in new encapsulation materials, pure and enrichment culture studies with novel nitrogen-converting microorganisms, and improved mathematical models and molecular tools to enable more predictive applications of encapsulation. Nevertheless, interactions between encapsulated microorganisms and between microorganisms and their surrounding matrices remain unclear. This review aims to summarize recent insights regarding our understanding and application of encapsulation for BNR. The review addresses the need to reevaluate the stability, permeability, and sustainability of encapsulation materials under realistic wastewater treatment conditions. In addition, comparing the kinetic and stoichiometric parameters of key microorganisms in BNR processes suggests that recently discovered groups of microorganisms, such as ammonia oxidizing Archaea, comammox, heterotrophic nitrifiers, and anammox bacteria could be a favorable choice for encapsulation. With respect to future opportunities, microorganism–encapsulant interactions in BNR should be further studied and understood using a combination of microscopic and molecular biology tools with predictions from mathematical models, further enabling the predictive application of encapsulation for BNR. The mechanistic understanding gained from studying encapsulated systems can also be extended to other treatment processes involving microbial immobilization.