cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Die Chemie des Vitamins A und des Sehvorgangs

Der Sehvorgang wird in der Netzhaut (Retina) durch eine photochemische Isomerisierung initiiert: Im photosensitiven Protein Rhodopsin wandelt sich die Schiff-Base von 11-cis-Retinal in ihr all-trans-Gegenstuck um. Dieses all-trans-Retinal wird anschliesend freigesetzt und zu all-trans-Retinol (Vitamin A) reduziert, das schlieslich verestert wird. Zur Aufrechterhaltung des Sehprozesses mus daher im Auge das 11-cis-Retinoid wiederhergestellt werden. Schon in den siebziger Jahren des vorigen Jahrhunderts fand Kuhne, das zur Regeneration von Rhodopsin das Pigmentepithel erforderlich ist, das sich hinter der Netzhaut befindet. In der Tat wurde im Pigmentepithel in jungster Zeit ein Isomerasesystem entdeckt, das zugegebenes Vitamin A in 11-cis-Retinol umwandeln kann. — Pauling sagte in den dreisiger Jahren dieses Jahrhunderts voraus, das bestimmte cis-Doppelbindungen in Carotinoiden und Retinoiden, einschlieslich der 11-cis-Retinoide, bedeutend weniger stabil als die entsprechenden trans-Doppelbindungen sein sollten. Diese Vorhersage war zwar experimentell gestutzt, lies aber die entscheidende Frage offen, woher die Energie fur den Isomerisierungsprozes im Auge stammt. Diese Frage wurde durch den uberraschenden Nachweis beantwortet, das die Energie in den Phospholipiden der Membran gespeichert ist. Das Membranen als Energiequelle wirken konnen, ist eine unerwartete biologische Funktion. Der vorliegende Beitrag befast sich mit den chemischen Grundlagen dieses neuen, energieabhangigen Isomerisierungsprozesses.
The Synthesis and Some Reactions of N‐Alkyl‐4‐Quinolone‐3‐Carboxylic Acids

A modification of the Gould-Jacobs reaction, particularly useful for the preparation of N-alkyl-4-quinolone-3-carboxylic acids, is described. Decarboxylation of these acids leads to N-alkyl-4-quinolones or, in the case of N-ethyl-benzo[h]-4-quinolone-3-carboxylic acid, to 4-ethoxy-benzo[h]quinoline. Evidence for the structure of the products is presented and the synthesis of relevant compounds is described.
Interleukin‐1β costimulates interferon‐γ production by human natural killer cells

Natural killer (NK) cells are an early source of immunoregulatory cytokines during the innate immune response to viruses, bacteria, and parasites. NK cells provide requisite IFN-gamma to monocytes for the elimination of obligate intracellular pathogens. IL-1beta is a pro-inflammatory cytokine produced by monocytes (i.e. a monokine) during the early immune response to infection, but its role in promoting human NK cell IFN-gamma production is unknown. The current study examines the ability of the monokine IL-1beta, plus IL-12, to costimulate IFN-gamma production by resting CD56(bright) and CD56(dim) human NK cell subsets. CD56(bright) NK cells stimulated with IL-1beta plus IL-12 produced abundant IFN-gamma protein, while little IFN-gamma was produced in identical cultures of CD56(dim) cells. In addition, upon activation with IL-1beta, CD56(bright) NK cells exhibited considerably greater phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases p42/44 as compared to CD56(dim) NK cells. Quantitative PCR analysis showed brisk induction of IFN-gamma gene expression following costimulation with IL-1beta plus IL-12 in CD56(bright) NK cells, but intracellular flow cytometry revealed that only a fraction (42+/-2.3%) of CD56(bright) NK cells account for this high IFN-gamma production. These data suggest that the monokine IL-1beta is a potent costimulus of IFN-gamma production by a subset of NK cells following infectious insult.
Computer tomography-based precision inspection and shape extraction using facet model

We apply the facet model to extract edge and surface information from computed tomography (CT) images for precision inspection and shape extraction. First we explore the application of the facet model in a three-dimensional (3-D) filter design. A 3-D directional-derivative- based surface detector is developed to extract surface points from the CT images. Subpixel accuracy is achieved by locating the zeros of the 3-D second directional derivative along the estimated gradient direction. Then we develop a precision inspection system to take turbine blade wall width measurements from CT images and compare them to the corresponding optical measurements. Least mean squares (LMS) methods are used to enhance prediction accuracy with the adaptive property of increasing accuracy when additional verifiable data are available. The system accuracy is within 3 mil. Unverified measurements are adjusted based on the verified measurements, and experiments show increasing accuracy of the adjusted measurements as additional verified measurements are available. Also, quantitative analysis of a trapezoid-shaped workpiece is performed. The results indicate that the CT system performance is affected by the structure and size of a workpiece. We also present an algorithm to extract 3-D shapes from detected surface points interactively and use them for visual inspection.
Prognostic indicators in male breast carcinoma.

: Twenty-nine male breast cancers (MBC) were studied to determine the relationship between expression of several prognostic factors and clinical outcome. Immunohistochemistry employing a labeled streptavidin-biotin method was used to detect the presence of estrogen (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR), cathepsin D (CD), c-erbB-2 oncoprotein, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and p53; results were visually semiquantitated. DNA ploidy was evaluated by image analysis (CAS 200) of 5 μm fixed embedded Feulgenstained tissue sections. For proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), nuclear immunostain was quantitated as percentage positive nuclear area (PPNA) by image cytometry (CAS 200). The frequency of expression was ER, 26/29 (89.7%); PR, 19/29 (65.5%); CD, 25/29 (86.2%); c-erbB-2, 5/29 (17.2%); EGFR, 4/29 (13.8%); and p53, 9/29 (31%). Twenty-one (72.4%) were aneuploid; the mean PPNA for PCNA was 37.87% (control 13%). Of 20 patients, 10 (50%) MBC had lymph node metastases; 6 (21%) had distant metastases to lung (1) and bone (5). Five of the patients died of MBC. Excluding the patients with only ductal carcinoma in situ, the 1-and 5-year survival rates were 90.5% and 56.3%, respectively. In this comprehensive study of a large number of available prognostic markers, their frequency (with the exception of higher ER and CD) and prognostic significance were similar to that in female breast carcinoma. Among clinical and standard pathologic unfavorable prognostic indicators, age ≥ 62 years was significant (p = .004). Trends toward reduced survival were associated with axillary lymph node metastases (p = .145), ER negativity (p = .058), PR negativity (p = .116), and aneuploid DNA content (p = .201).
Stimulation of nitric oxide synthase in cerebral cortex due to elevated partial pressures of oxygen: An oxidative stress response

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the impact of elevated partial pressures of O(2) on the steady state concentration of nitric oxide ((*)NO) in the cerebral cortex. Rodents with implanted O(2)- and (*)NO-specific microelectrodes were exposed to O(2) at partial pressures from 0.2 to 2.8 atmospheres absolute (ATA) for up to 45 min. Elevations in (*)NO concentration occurred with all partial pressures above that of ambient air. In rats exposed to 2.8 ATA O(2) the increase was 692 +/- 73 nM (S.E., n = 5) over control. Changes were not associated with alterations in concentrations of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes. Based on studies with knock-out mice lacking genes for neuronal NOS (nNOS) or endothelial NOS (eNOS), nNOS activity contributed over 90% to total (*)NO elevation due to hyperoxia. Immunoprecipitation studies indicated that hyperoxia doubles the amount of nNOS associated with the molecular chaperone, heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90). Both (*)NO elevations and the association between nNOS and Hsp90 were inhibited in rats infused with superoxide dismutase. Elevations of (*)NO were also inhibited by treatment with the relatively specific nNOS inhibitor, 7 nitroindazole, by the ansamycin antibiotics herbimycin and geldanamycin, by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine, by the calcium channel blocker nimodipine, and by the N-methyl-D-aspartate inhibitor, MK 801. Hyperoxia did not alter eNOS association with Hsp90, nor did it modify nNOS or eNOS associations with calmodulin, the magnitude of eNOS tyrosine phosphorylation, or nNOS phosphorylation via calmodulin kinase. Cerebral cortex blood flow, measured by laser Doppler flow probe, increased during hyperoxia and may be causally related to elevations of steady state (*)NO concentration. We conclude that hyperoxia causes an increase in (*)NO synthesis as part of a response to oxidative stress. Mechanisms for nNOS activation include augmentation in the association with Hsp90 and intracellular entry of calcium.
Impact of Climate Change on Physical and Biogeochemical Processes in the Hydrologic Cycle: Challenges and Perspectives

This special issueImpact of climate change on physical and biogeochemical processes in the hydrologic cyclepresents a collection of articles on interactions of climatic drivers and hydro-biogeochemical responses as well as the role of biogeochemical processes in controls and feedbacks with regard to climate change impact. While the in -depth disciplinary studies are critically needed as presented in this issue, we also strongly believe that systems approachtranscending disciplinary boundaries is needed to address the climate change in integrated natural and human systems.
Reduction of Poisson algebras at nonzero momentum values

Abstract A reduction of a Poisson manifold using the ideal I ( J ) generated by the momentum map was introduced by Śniatycki and Weinstein (1983). This reduction has been extended to nonzero momentum values μ by two methods: by shifting to zero momentum on a larger space, the product with the coadjoint orbit; and by the method of Wilbour and Kimura (1991, 1993) using the modified ideal I ( J − μ ). It is shown that these two methods produce isomorphic reduced algebras under the assumptions that the symmetry group is connected and that the stabilizer group of μ also is connected. If the latter assumption fails, the shifted reduced algebra is isomorphic to a (possibly proper) subalgebra of the Wilbour-Kimura algebra.
Job satisfaction, salaries and unions: The determination of university faculty compensation

Abstract A simultaneous model of faculty salaries, job satisfaction and union status is developed. Data for 1729 faculty members at 4-year colleges and universities are employed to test the model and the results are discussed in this paper. The results provide evidence that: (1) unions have a significant positive effect on full and associate professors' salaries (13.3 and 6.4%, respectively). (2) Unions increase the rewards to seniority, while they reduce the returns to being at a research university. (3) Although union members are consistently more satisfied with salaries, benefits and job security, their self-reported dissatisfaction with all other areas of their jobs is so much higher that their reported global satisfaction is lower than for non-union faculties. (4) Higher union faculty salaries may be partially offset by more support services for research and teaching or preferable work loads at non-union universities. In short, the results suggest that market forces tend to establish equilibrium through some combination of salary and job satisfaction.
Working Time and the Impact of Policy Institutions: Reforming the Overtime Hours Law and Regulation

This paper analyzes implications for worker well-being if legislation in the U.S. Congress is passed permitting employers and non-supervisory employees who agree to substitute future compensatory time off in lieu of premium pay for overtime work, calculated over an 80-hour two-week standard. The impact on worker welfare is predicted applying augmented worker utility and employer demand for hours functions. Plausible inter-temporal scenarios suggest that unless workers gain more control over the timing of their overtime and comp time hours, they are likely to experience a net loss in welfare. This will occur to the extent employers use the new overtime regulation to vary work hours and schedules more closely with fluctuations in output demand as opposed to better customizing work hours to fit workers' needs to balance work with competing demands on their time, that is, adopting a short rather than longer-run time horizon regarding the restraint of labor costs. Alternative policies are more likely to raise ...
Both P-glycoprotein Nucleotide-binding Sites Are Catalytically Active

Abstract The technique of vanadate trapping of nucleotide was used to study catalytic sites of P-glycoprotein (Pgp) in plasma membranes from multidrug-resistant Chinese hamster ovary cells. Vanadate trapping of Mg- or Co-8-azido-nucleotide (1 mol/mol of Pgp) caused complete inhibition of Pgp ATPase activity, with reactivation rates at 37°C of 1.4 × 10-3 s−1 (t1/2 = 8 min) or 3.3 × 10−4 s−1 (t1/2 = 35 min), respectively. UV irradiation of the inhibited Pgp yielded permanent inactivation of ATPase activity and specific photolabeling of Pgp. Mild trypsin digestion showed that the two nucleotide sites were labeled in equal proportion. The results show that both nucleotide sites in Pgp are capable of nucleotide hydrolysis, that vanadate trapping of nucleotide at either site completely prevents hydrolysis at both sites, and that vanadate trapping of nucleotide in the N- or C-terminal nucleotide sites occurs non-selectively. A minimal scheme is presented to explain inhibition by vanadate trapping of nucleotide and to describe the normal catalytic pathway. The inhibited Pgp·Mg-nucleotide·vanadate complex is probably an analog of the catalytic transition state, implying that when one nucleotide site assumes the catalytic transition state conformation the other site cannot do so and suggesting that the two sites may alternate in catalysis.
Motor programs for abdominal positioning in crayfish

Using chronically implanted suction electrodes (Fig. 2), records were obtained from the tonic abdominal flexor motor neurons of crayfish while they were undergoing various self-generated movements (Fig. 3). The main behavior examined in this study was one of abdominal extension (Fig. 1), a response which could be evoked repeatedly. Other stereotyped movements were also observed. Each class of behavior we examined has been evoked previously in dissected preparations by stimulating command interneurons, allowing comparison of selfgenerated and electrically evoked motor patterns.
Evaluation of a new western blot strip for human immunodeficiency virus.

With the isolation of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), numerous assays have been developed to detect antibodies to the retrovirus. The manufacturers' recommend that all sera exhibiting a positive enzyme immunoassay be confirmed by the more specific Western blot test (WBT). Recently, a new WBT strip was released for detection of antibodies to HIV. Four hundred patients' sera and 22 CDC proficiency samples were each tested with these strips and with a WBT strip prepared within the laboratory using the CDC techniques. The strips were then evaluated for banding pattern with the reactions recorded on a scale of 0 to 4 + for each band consistent with HIV response. Criteria for positive results were based on the ASTPHLD, CDC criteria. Primary emphasis was on antibody banding to gp41 (envelope protein) and p24 (core protein). The new strips showed appropriate changes in level of antibody, especially for declining antibody to p24. When the banding pattern for antibody to gp41 was compared to the standard strips, the new strips showed a sensitivity of 99.6% and specificity of 99.4%. The presence or absence of antibody to p24 on the new strips versus the standard strips showed a sensitivity of 93.7% and specificity of 99.5%.
Plain Radiographs Underestimate the Asymmetry of the Posterior Condylar Offset of the Knee Compared With MRI

Background Restoration of posterior condylar offset (PCO) during total knee arthroplasty is essential to maximize range of motion, prevent impingement, and minimize flexion instability. Previously, PCO was determined with lateral radiographs, which could not distinguish the asymmetries between the femoral condyles. MRI can independently measure both medial and lateral PCO.
The absorption spectrum of CO2 around 7740 cm-1

Abstract Absolute intensities of the vibration-rotation lines of the CO2 401II←000 band 7734 cm-1 are measured under high-resolution, low-pressure conditions by use of a White-type 25-m base-path, absorption cell together with a 5-m Czerny-Turner spectrometer. The total band intensity SB, the purely vibrational transition moment , and the vibration-rotation interaction constant ζ are calculated from the intensity measurements. The values obtained for these parameters are SB(401II) = (7.06±0.07) × 10-5 cm-2 atm-1293°K, = (3.08±0.03)×10-5 debye, and ζ = (2.5±0.5)×10-4. The intensity of the associated “hot band” 411II←010 is also determined and found to be SB(411II←010) = (0.53±0.02)×10-5 cm-2 atm-1293°K.
An assessment of interrater reliability of the ASA physical status classification in pediatric surgical patients

Summary Background: The American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification (ASA-PS) is used worldwide by anesthesia providers as an assessment of the preoperative physical status of patients. This assessment score has been inconsistently assigned by anesthesia providers among adult surgical patients. This study tested the reliability of assignment of ASA-PS classification among pediatric anesthesia providers. Methods: A postal questionnaire was sent to a randomly selected sample of full members of the Society of Pediatric Anesthesiologists. Participants were asked to assign ASA-PS for 10 clinical case scenarios chosen from regular pediatric surgical cases at the investigators’ institution. Results: The response rate to our mailing was 54%. There was a moderate overall agreement among pediatric anesthesia providers in assigning ASA-PS for pediatric surgical patients (exact agreement 40.5–78.6%; κ = 0.479). Exact agreement improved for combined ASA classifications of I and II (83%), and III and IV (95%). Conclusion: These findings suggest a moderate agreement among pediatric anesthesia providers in assigning ASA-PS classification to selected pediatric case scenarios. Most disagreement, however, represented a tendency of outside care providers to assign a higher ASA physical status for cases. Furthermore, agreement was excellent for low risk (i.e. ASA I and II) as well as high risk (ASA III and IV) cases.
Taste sensitivity of eating elicited by chemical stimulation of the rat hypothalamus

An optimum dose of norepinephrine elicits in satiated rats a greater consumption of saccharine-treated mash but less of quinine-treated mash than in 3-hr. food deprived rats. These and other possible differences between deprivation eating and chemically elicited eating are in contrast to the eating elicited by electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus.
A Multitier Study on Various Stacking Topologies of TSV-Based PDN Systems Using On-Chip Decoupling Capacitor Models

We studied the impedance characteristics of through-silicon via (TSV)-based power delivery networks (PDNs) for hierarchical on-die simulation and interconnect noise analysis. This paper compares the quality of power delivery in 3-D stacking scenarios for three distinct chip stacking topologies: 1) face-to-back (F2B); 2) face-to-face (F2F); and 3) back-to-back (B2B). Quantitatively, this paper compared the impedance noise level between the three stacking topologies and found the PDN impedance noise of F2F chip stacking to be relatively lower than F2B and B2B chip stacking topologies. A power delivery impedance below 1 $\Omega $ for F2F chip stacking topology was possible up to 2 GHz. However, for F2B and B2B chip stacking, the PDN impedance could not get beyond sub-1 $\Omega $ . The impedance was simulated between 0.1 and 20 GHz. Among power grid and power and ground TSV models presented in this paper, we also present and implemented a metal-insulator-metal capacitor model written as a complex impedance equation. With capacitor dimensions similar to the unit cell gird size ( $200~\mu \textrm {m} \times 200~\mu \text{m}$ ), the capacitance density (per unit area) ranged from 0.062 pF/ $\mu \text{m}^{2}$ to 5.325 fF/ $\mu \text{m}^{2}$ .
Natural Convection Effects on Thermal Ignition in a Porous Medium I. Semenov Model

A one-dimensional diffusion-convection-reaction model is formulated to account for natural convection effects on thermal ignition in an open system consisting of a porous medium. Various limiting cases of the model are considered. A detailed analysis of the Semenov (lumped) model is presented. Explicit relations are derived for the dependence of the critical Semenov number ( ψ c ) on the Rayleigh number ( R *). It is shown that for R * → 0, ψ c approaches the classical (conduction) limit e -1 , while for R * ≫ 1, the ignition locus is given by the convection asymptote ψ c / R * = 4 e -2 . Inclusion of reactant consumption shows that the conduction asymptote disappears at B = 4 while the convection asymptote ceases to exist for B Ls Ls is a modified Lewis number and B is the heat of reaction parameter. It is shown that the Semenov model has five different types of bifurcation diagrams of temperature against Rayleigh number (particle size), (single-valued, inverse S , isola, inverse S + isola and mushroom). This behaviour is found to be qualitatively identical to that of the forced convection problem investigated by Zeldovich & Zysin.
Folate content in commercial white and whole wheat sandwich breads.

After the U.S. mandate of folic acid fortification of enriched grain products, a report indicated higher than expected fortification. Limited information is available on folic acid in enriched products. We measured the folate content in 92 sandwich breads (46 white breads and 46 whole wheat breads) in Birmingham, Alabama, during 2001-2003. The mean folate content in white bread declined significantly from 2001 to 2002 or 2003, whereas the decline in folate content in whole wheat bread containing enriched flour was not significant. White bread contained significantly more folate than whole wheat bread containing enriched flour in 2001 and 2003. In 2002 and 2003, >40% of breads made of enriched flour contained 70% contained <160 microg/100 g. These percentages were markedly higher than those in 2001. Our data suggest that folic acid in breads containing enriched flour declined after 2001 and monitoring of fortification may be necessary.
Cartilage electromechanics—II. A continuum model of cartilage electrokinetics and correlation with experiments

We have formulated a continuum model for linear electrokinetic transduction in cartilage. Expressions are derived for the streaming potential and streaming current induced by oscillatory, uniaxial confined compression of the tissue, as well as the mechanical stress generated by a current density or potential difference applied to the tissue. The experimentally observed streaming potential and current-generated stress response, measured on the same specimens, are compared with the predictions of the theory over a wide frequency range. The theory compares well with the data for reasonable values of cartilage intrinsic mechanical parameters and electrokinetic coupling coefficients. Experiments also show a linear relationship between the stimulus amplitude and the transduction response amplitude, within the range of stimulus amplitudes of interest. This observation is shown to be consistent with the predictions of the linear theory.
Aerosol Beam Spectrometry

AN aerosol beam is generated when a gas-particle or gas-droplet mixture is injected through a nozzle into a vacuum chamber where the gaseous portion of the aerosol is removed by pumping while the relatively massive particles and droplets follow straight line trajectories forming the beam. Aerosol beams are thus composed of isolated particles and droplets, hereafter referred to simply as particles, moving on straight line trajectories through a vacuum chamber at velocities of the order of 300 m s–1. Because the particles are isolated from surrounding gas molecules and follow straight line trajectories, these beams are especially suited for various applications and measurements in aerosol systems. Here I summarize my recent developments in aerosol beam spectrometry.
Flexibility and Extensibilty in the Design of Spacecraft Communications Systems

Southwest Research Institute® (SwRI®) has developed a wireless transceiver that incorporates a flexible and extensible design and implementation strategy, enabling deployment of the radio to numerous roles for space missions. The transceiver was architected such that the software and the hardware could be quickly repurposed based on mission need. The software is written in ANSI standard and object oriented C++, facilitating modularity and functional reuse. The control and processing hardware is reprogrammable, allowing for the same hardware to be used in numerous applications. Although the radio frequency hardware is inherently narrow band in its conversion architecture, careful consideration to the implementation allows for quick, low cost rework to migrate between frequency bands and bandwidths. While the transceiver was originally intended for CubeSat telemetry, tracking, and command, it has now been extended in design for micro-satellite space-ground communication at S-band, micro-satellite inter-satellite crosslink communication at S-band, and small-satellite inter-satellite crosslink at Ka-band. An example of rapid repurposing of the transceiver from a Ka-band crosslink to an S-band crosslink shows the benefits of modularity and hardware/software that is architected for extensibility.
Prolongation structures of nonlinear evolution equations

The prolongation structure of a closed ideal of exterior differential forms is further discussed, and its use illustrated by application to an ideal (in six dimensions) representing the cubically nonlinear Schrodinger equation. The prolongation structure in this case is explicitly given, and recurrence relations derived which support the conjecture that the structure is open—i.e., does not terminate as a set of structure relations of a finite‐dimensional Lie group. We introduce the use of multiple pseudopotentials to generate multiple Backlund transformation, and derive the double Backlund transformation. This symmetric transformation concisely expresses the (usually conjectured) theorem of permutability, which must consequently apply to all solutions irrespective of asymptotic constraints.
Negations and Ambiguities in the Cultures of Organization

In this article I examine the difference between concepts of culture contained in organizational studies and those in anthropology. The twentieth-century emergence of rationalized organizations poses an unmet challenge to anthropological theory. The unique cultural consequences of the organizational form are found in the cultures of command and authority, adaptation and resistance, alienation and inclusion that are found in every organization. These separate cultures interrogate each other and draw on cultural resources outside the organization. In the final section I examine some of the mechanisms with which organizations manage the ambiguities of boundaries and differentiation. Drawing on theories of rites of passage, personhood, gift-exchange, and totemism, I describe the quotidian practices of staffing, sales, and accounting as symbolic processes for managing ambiguity, [organization, culture, theory]
Binding of the factor IX γ-carboxyglutamic acid domain to the vitamin K-dependent γ-glutamyl carboxylase active site induces an allosteric effect that may ensure processive carboxylation and regulate the release of carboxylated product

Abstract Propeptides of the vitamin K-dependent proteins bind to an exosite on γ-glutamyl carboxylase; while they are bound, multiple glutamic acids in the γ-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) domain are carboxylated. The role of the propeptides has been studied extensively; however, the role of the Gla domain in substrate binding is less well understood. We used kinetic and fluorescence techniques to investigate the interactions of the carboxylase with a substrate containing the propeptide and Gla domain of factor IX (FIXproGla41). In addition, we characterized the effect of the Gla domain and carboxylation on propeptide and substrate binding. For the propeptide of factor IX (proFIX18), FIXproGla41, and carboxylated FIXproGla41, the Kd values were 50, 2.5, and 19.7 nm and the koff values were 273 × 10-5,9 × 10-5, and 37 × 10-5 s-1, respectively. The koff of proFIX18 is reduced 3-fold by FLEEL and 9-fold by the Gla domain (residues 1-46) of FIX. The pre-steady state rate constants for carboxylation of FIXproGla41 was 0.02 s-1 in enzyme excess and 0.016 s-1 in substrate excess. The steady state rate in substrate excess is 4.5 × 10-4s-1. These results demonstrate the following. 1) The pre-steady state carboxylation rate constant of FIXproGla41 is significantly slower than that of FLEEL. 2) The Gla domain plays an allosteric role in substrate-enzyme interactions. 3) Carboxylation reduces the allosteric effect. 4) The similarity between the steady state carboxylation rate constant and product dissociation rate constant suggests that product release is rate-limiting. 5) The increased dissociation rate after carboxylation contributes to the release of product.
A Strain-Based Fatigue Reliability Analysis Method

A new fatigue reliability technique has been developed using a strain-based analysis. A probabilistic strain-life curve, where the variability in cycles to failure at constant strain range has been modeled with a three-parameter Weibull distribution, has been incorporated into the strain-based fatigue analysis. This formulation, which includes a notch strain analysis, rainflow cycle counting and damage accumulation according to Miner's rule, is used to estimate fatigue life to crack initiation for notched components using smooth specimen laboratory data. Unlike other probabilistic fatigue models, the technique developed here does not include a distribution model for stress peaks such as the commonly-used stationary narrow band Gaussian random process assumption but rather uses strain histories directly. Using this model, techniques have been developed to estimate the number of cycles to failure at a specified reliability and to predict the reliability and failure rate at a specified time in the analysis.
Quantitative analysis of acetyl groups in proteins and peptides by a gas chromatographic procedure.

Abstract A procedure affording greater simplicity in manipulation and increased sensitivity over earlier methods is described for the determination of acetyl groups in proteins and peptides. The procedure involves acid hydrolysis, extraction of the liberated acetic acid with tert-butyl ethyl ether, and analysis by gas chromatography. Analysis of simulated hydrolyzates gave an average recovery of 103%. Application of the method to ovalbumin, a glycoprotein which has a reported acetyl content of four residues per 45,000 molecular weight, is described. Analyses of luteinizing hormone indicated an acetyl content of 0.436, 0.419, and 0.470 μmole/mg for ovine, bovine, and porcine luteinizing hormones, respectively.
THE EFFECTS OF ECHOLALIA ON ACQUISITION AND GENERALIZATION OF RECEPTIVE LABELING IN AUTISTIC CHILDREN

This investigation, consisting of two experiments, was designed to assess the effects of autistic immediate echolalia on acquisition and generalization of receptive labeling tasks. Experiment 1 addressed whether autistic children could use their echolalia to facilitate acquisition. The results indicated that incorporating echolalia (echo of the requested object's label) into the task before manual response (handing the requested object to the experimenter) facilitated receptive labeling. Experiment 2 was designed to determine the effects of incorporating echolalia into task response on acquisition and subsequent generalization. These results indicated that echolalia facilitated generalization for echolalic autistic children but not for functionally mute autistic children. The results of the experiments are discussed in terms of stimulus control. Additionally, it is proposed that perhaps in certain cases, echolalia should not be eliminated, but used to advantage in receptive responding.
An architecture for a VLSI FFT processor

We propose a new VLSI architecture for an FFT processor. Our architecture uses few processing elements and can be laid out in a mesh-interconnected pattern. We show how to compute the discrete Fourier transform at n points with an optimal speed-up as long as the memory is large enough. The control is shown to be simple and easily implementable in VLSI.
Syntheses and unusual spectroscopic properties of novel ketobacteriopurpurins

Abstract Nuclear Overhauser enhancement experiments show that migratory aptitudes of alkyl groups in various vis-dihydroxybacteriopurpurins are different for individual stereoisomers. Long wavelength absorption maxima of ketobacteriopurpurins obtained from pinacol-pinacolone rearrangements of the corresponding diols are influenced by the position of the keto group in the macrocycle; differences in these maxima are diminished by introduction of electron-withdrawing substituents.
Being helpful and sometimes not

This discussion summarises and examines the utility of Schein's recently proposed theory of helping. In a small volume, Helping (2009), Schein seeks to develop a general theory of helping, employing concepts from several social science disciplines. It is a theory about the universality of helping, its occurrence in all cultures and in all human activities. It is not a theory about therapy or nursing or business consultation, or any other narrowly defined context. A prominent focus of Schein's theory is the differentiation of helpful from unhelpful help. With its initiation, helping sets in motion a social and psychological process with the provider of help in a ‘one-up’ or superior position and the receiver of help in a ‘one-down’ or inferior position. The ‘one-down’ experience involves one or a combination of several unpleasant affects – dependency, powerlessness, neediness, inferiority or uncertainty. Success depends on the establishment of a more equitable equilibrium. Helping relationships begin in am...
Bulk Negative Differential Conductivity in a Near Cathode Region in n‐Type Germanium

Sinusoidal current oscillations up to 0.2 A (rms) are observed in n‐type germanium at 77°K. The oscillations occur at a frequency near 1 GHz and for an average threshold electric field of approximately 1 kV/cm. The germanium samples were cut from single crystal n‐type germanium with carrier concentration 6×1014/cm3, and were approximately 2.0×0.5×0.5 mm. Using a capacitive probe, the oscillation is found to occur in a region of bulk negative differential conductivity which causes traveling high electric field domains. The domain movement confines itself to a 0.3‐mm region starting 0.1 mm beyond the cathode contact. The electric field in this region, at the threshold applied voltage, is approximately 2800 V/cm, the same as that previously measured for bulk negative differential conductivity in germanium. A discussion of the effect of a cathode boundary electric field is included. It is shown that cathode boundary conditions can lead to a stable high electric field at the cathode, which in turn gives rise t...
Subject of the event, subject of the act: The difference between Badiou's and Žižek's systems of philosophy

The philosophical positions of Alain Badiou and Slavoj Žižek emerge in opposition to the deconstruction of the history of philosophy and to the corresponding rejection of the category of the subject. The subject becomes in their thought not a philosophical trap to be evaded but a political possibility to be realized. However, just as their embrace of the category of the subject distinguishes them from the theoretical landscape in which they exist, it is also an important point of divergence between their philosophical systems. Crucial to both such philosophical systems – and the distinct conceptions of the subject that emerges from them – is the significance of ruptures in the continuity of history. Badiou's ‘event’ and Žižek's ‘act’ name these ruptures. This article introduces and compares these respective approaches, drawing attention both to the important ways in which their thought diverges and to how Žižek's system implicitly responds to the contradictions in Badiou's.
Incorporation of Dinitrophenyl Protein L23 into Totally Reconstituted Escherichia coli 50 S Ribosomal Subunits and Its Localization at Two Sites by Immune Electron Microscopy

Abstract Escherichia coli ribosomal protein L23 was derivatized with [3H]2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene both at the N terminus and at internal lysines. Dinitrophenyl-L23 (DNP-L23) was taken up into 50 S subunits from a reconstitution mixture containing rRNA and total 50 S protein depleted in L23. Unmodified L23 competed with DNP-L23 for uptake, indicating that each protein form bound in an identical or similar position within the subunit. Modified L23, incorporated at a level of 0.7 or 0.4 DNP groups per 50 S, was localized by electron microscopy of subunits complexed with antibodies to dinitrophenol. Antibodies were seen at two major sites with almost equal frequency. One site is beside the central protuberance, in a region previously identified as the peptidyltransferase center. The second location is at the base of the subunit, in the area of the exit site from which the growing peptide leaves the ribosome. Models derived from image reconstruction show hollows or canyons in the subunit and a tunnel that links the transferase and exit sites. Our results indicate that L23 is at the subunit interior, with separate elements of the protein at the subunit surface at or near both ends of this tunnel.
Postflame behavior of nitrogenous species in the presence of fuel sulfur: II. Rich, CH4/He/O2 flames

Abstract Cyanogen and sulfur dioxide were added to fuel-rich, premixed, CH 4 /He/O 2 flames to investigate the effect of fuel sulfur on the distribution of nitrogenous species in the far postflame region. Probe sampling and gas analysis were used to determine profiles of HCN, N 2 , NO, and NH 3 , as well as CO, CO 2 , CH 4 , and C 2 H 2 . At all equivalence ratios examined (φ = 2.18, 1.71, and 1.44), addition of SO 2 caused a significant increase in HCN levels and a decrease in N 2 levels in the postflame region. At φ = 1.71, the data suggest the presence of N 2 O in the postflame. Experimental results are interpreted in the light of literature values of appropriate rate coefficients for mechanisms governing the fate of fuel nitrogen.
The design of a language-directed editor for block-structured languages

A language-directed editor combines the text manipulation functions of a general-purpose editor with the syntax-checking functions of a compiler. It allows a user to create and modify a program in terms of its syntactic structure. The design of a user interface and an implementation for one such editor is described in language-independent terms. The design rationale is given. The implementation is outlined in terms of its major data structures.
Hepatitis B vaccination is effective by subcutaneous route in children with bleeding disorders: a universal data collection database analysis.

Subcutaneous (SQ) vs. intramuscular (IM) vaccination may cause fewer injection site complications in children with bleeding disorders, but little is known about comparative immunogenicity. To compare immunogenicity of hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination administered SQ or IM to individuals 12 IU/L), compared to 101/114 (88.6%) who received IM (P = 0.30). There was no statistically significant difference in distribution of titre values. The average age of the subjects at time of testing was 53 ± 20 months in the SQ group vs. 60 ± 20 months in the IM group (P = 0.02). The average time between the last dose of vaccine and anti-HBs testing was 47.6 ± 18.5 months among SQ vaccinated subjects vs. 51.6 ± 20.5 months in the IM group (P = 0.2). Immunogenicity to hepatitis B vaccination by the SQ and IM routes is similar.
Dopaminergic Modulation of Arousal in Drosophila

Summary Background: Arousal levels in the brain set thresholds for behavior, from simple to complex. The mechanistic underpinnings of the various phenomena comprising arousal, however, are still poorly understood. Drosophila behaviors have been studied that span different levels of arousal, from sleep to visual perception to psychostimulant responses. Results: We have investigated neurobiological mechanisms of arousal in the Drosophila brain by a combined behavioral, genetic, pharmacological, and electrophysiological approach. Administration of methamphetamine (METH) suppresses sleep and promotes active wakefulness, whereas an inhibitor of dopamine synthesis promotes sleep. METH affects courtship behavior by increasing sexual arousal while decreasing successful sexual performance. Electrophysiological recordings from the medial protocerebrum of wild-type flies showed that METH ingestion has rapid and detrimental effects on a brain response associated with perception of visual stimuli. Recordings in genetically manipulated animals show that dopaminergic transmission is required for these responses and that visual-processing deficits caused by attenuated dopaminergic transmission can be rescued by METH. Conclusions: We show that changes in dopamine levels differentially affect arousal for behaviors of varying complexity. Complex behaviors, such as visual perception, degenerate when dopamine levels are either too high or too low, in accordance with the inverted-U hypothesis of dopamine action in the mammalian brain. Simpler behaviors, such as sleep and locomotion, show graded responses that follow changes in dopamine level.
Fertilization triggers unmasking of maternal mRNAs in sea urchin eggs.

Abstract Fertilization of sea urchin eggs results in a large increase in the rate of protein synthesis which is mediated by the translation of stored maternal mRNA. The masked message hypothesis suggests that messenger ribonucleoprotein particles (mRNPs) from unfertilized eggs are translationally inactive and that fertilization results in alterations of the mRNPs such that they become translationally active. Previous workers have isolated egg mRNPs by sucrose gradient centrifugation and have assayed their translational activity in heterologous cell-free systems. The conflicting results they obtained are probably due to the sensitivity of mRNPs to artifactual activation and inactivation. Previously, we demonstrated that unfractionated mRNPs in a sea urchin cell-free translation system were translationally inactive. Now, using large-pore gel filtration chromatography, we partially purified egg mRNPs while retaining their translationally repressed state. Polysomal mRNPs from fertilized eggs isolated under the same conditions were translationally active. The changes in the pattern of proteins synthesized by fractionated unfertilized and fertilized mRNPs in vitro were similar to those changes observed in vivo. Treatment of egg mRNPs with buffers containing high salt and EDTA, followed by rechromatography, resulted in the activation of the mRNPs and the release of an inhibitor of translation from the mRNPs. Analysis of the inhibitory fraction on one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate gels indicated that this fraction contains a complex set of proteins, several of which were released from high-salt-EDTA-activated mRNPs and not from inactive low-salt control mRNPs. One of the released proteins may be responsible for the repression of egg mRNPs in vitro and be involved in the unmasking of mRNPs at fertilization.
Prosody recognition in male infant-directed speech

Robots designed to learn from and interact with humans require an intuitive method for humans to communicate with them. Normal human speech is very difficult to process, requiring many kinds of complex analysis for robots to interpret it. An intermediate method for communication is recognition of prosody, the affective content of speech. Using prosody recognition, a human interacting with a robot can reward or punish its actions by scolding or praising it. In this project, prosody recognition of male voices is performed by feature-based analysis of sound files containing short utterances, which were recorded from subjects who were directed to emulate infant-directed speech, which generally contains exaggerated prosody (Breazeal, C and Aryanada, L, 2000). The features used are extracted from the energy and pitch contours in the preprocessing stage. The classifier discriminates amongst four affective classes of speech and neutral utterances. The four classes are prohibition, attentional bids, approval, and soothing, while the neutral utterances are speech, which carries none of the above affective intents. Discrimination is performed using a multistage k-nearest neighbor classifier. The five-way single-stage classifier operates at 62.5 accuracy on the entire male speech data set, while the female single-stage classifier classifies 66.7 percent correctly. Chi-square analysis resulted in a p of less than or equal to 0.001 for each. The data seem to indicate that while female voice data may be somewhat easier to classify than male, fundamental differences that make male utterances unsuitable for classification do not exist.
Smooth Sums over Smooth k-Free Numbers and Statistical Mechanics

We provide an asymptotic estimate for certain sums over k-free integers with small prime factors. These sums depend upon a complex parameterand involve a smooth cut-off f. They are a variation of several classical number-theoretical sums. One term in the asymptotics is an integral operator whose kernel is the � -convolution of the Dickman-deBruijn distribution, and the other term is explicitly estimated. The trade-off between the value ofand the regularity of f is discussed. This work generalizes the results of (6, 7), where k = 2 and � = 1.