cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin Induces Hyperplasia in Confluent Cultures of Human Keratinocytes

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is the prototype for a group of halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons which can be potent modulators of growth and differentiation of epithelial tissues. TCDD causes chloracne and can act as a skin tumor promoter, but these actions have been demonstrated only in animals in which TCDD causes epidermal hyperplasia. Study of the hyperplastic response to TCDD has been hampered by lack of an in vitro model; all previous investigations indicated that TCDD had no in vitro effect on cell growth. We show here that nanomolar concentrations of TCDD cause hyperplasia in confluent cultures of human keratinocytes and suggest that this model system will be useful for analyzing mechanisms of TCDD-induced epithelial hyperplasia and genetic differences in responsiveness to TCDD.
Self organizing systems and infant motor development

Abstract A dynamical systems approach is used to characterize early motor development. Contemporary theories of motor performance emphasize the self-organizing and autonomous properties of muscle synergies as an example of the dynamical behavior of complex, nonlinear systems. The organization of leg movements in infants is consistent with the dynamical approach. Using this perspective, we view skill development as a multidimensional, emergent phenomenon. The developmental principles derived from motor behavior may apply to other domains.
A pilot study of physiological reactivity in children and maternal figures who lost relatives in a terrorist attack.

Trauma is thought to interfere with normal grief by superimposing symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. This exploratory pilot study examined the association between traumatic grief and objectively measured physiological reactivity to a trauma interview in 13 children who lost relatives in the Oklahoma City bombing as well as a potential link between children and their maternal figures in physiological reactivity. Although the authors found no association between posttraumatic stress and objectively measured physiological reactivity among children, they found significant differences in objectively measured reactivity associated with loss and grief. Children who lost “close” relatives evidenced greater objectively measured reactivity than those who lost “distant” relatives. For the most part, children with higher levels of grief evidenced greater objectively measured reactivity than those with lower levels of grief. The most interesting of the findings was the parallel pattern in objectively measured ...
Non-conservative optical forces on single particle in a single-mode waveguide

Optical forces have been traditionally decomposed into gradient force and scattering force. We show the limit of this decomposition and the non-conservative nature of optical forces, even for single particle confined in a single-mode waveguide.
Class and gender

Everyone is dependent on caring labor. Because women's labor is financially beneficial to global capitalism, gender is inseparable from class, regardless of the specific national or cultural contexts.
Ultra-sensitive immunoassays using multi-photon-detection in diagnostic proteomics of blood.

Multiphoton-detection methods that detect as little as 1000 atoms of 125I-streptavidin increase the sensitivity of immunoassays by 200- to 1000-fold (1 femtogram/mL). Improved background suppression allows 20- to 100-fold improvements in sensitivity for conventional immunoassays (10-50 femtogram/mL). Quantitation of low abundance biomarkers in blood (PSA, TNF, VEGF, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8), for the first time for complete patient cohorts, indicates that very high analytical sensitivity and new statistical methods are crucial for serum-based diagnostic proteomics.
A comparison of 3D finite element simulations for Berkovich and conical indentation of fused silica

Much of our understanding of elastic-plastic contact mechanics as it relates to the interpretation of nanoindentation data comes from two-dimensional, axisymmetric finite element simulations of conical indentation. In many instances, conical results adequately describe real experimental results; however, there are instances where conical simulations fail to capture important behaviour. Three-dimensional finite element simulations of Berkovich triangular pyramidal indentation of fused silica are compared to similar simulations with a 70.3° cone. It is shown that a potentially significant difference between the two indenters exists for the contact areas and contact stiffnesses. Implications for the interpretation of nanoindentation data are discussed.
Dose equations for shift-variant CT acquisition modes using variable pitch, tube current, and aperture, and the meaning of their associated CTDIvol

Purpose: With the increasing clinical use of shift-variant CT protocols involving tube current modulation (TCM), variable pitch or pitch modulation (PM), and variable aperture a(t), the interpretation of the scanner-reported CTDI vol is called into question. This was addressed for TCM in their previous paper published by Dixon and Boone [Med. Phys. 40, 111920 (14pp.) (2013)] and is extended to PM and concurrent TCM/PM as well as variable aperture in this work. Methods: Rigorous convolution equations are derived to describe the accumulated dose distributions for TCM, PM, and concurrent TCM/PM. A comparison with scanner-reported CTDI vol formulae clearly identifies the source of their differences with the traditional CTDI vol. Dose distribution simulations using the convolution are provided for a variety of TCM and PM scenarios including a helical shuttle used for perfusion studies (as well as constant mA)—all having the same scanner-reported CTDI vol. These new convolution simulations for TCM are validated by comparison with their previous discrete summations. Results: These equations show that PM is equivalent to TCM if the pitch variation p(z) is proportional to 1/i(z), where i(z) is the local tube current. The simulations show that the local dose at z depends only weakly on the local tube current i(z) or local pitch p(z) due to scatter from all other locations along z, and that the “local CTDI vol(z)” or “CTDIvol per slice” do not represent a local dose but rather only a relative i(z) or p(z). The CTDI-paradigm does not apply to shift-variant techniques and the scanner-reported CTDI vol for the same lacks physical significance and relevance. Conclusions: While the traditional CTDI vol at constant tube current and pitch conveys useful information (the peak dose at the center of the scan length), CTDI vol for shift-variant techniques (TCM or PM) conveys no useful information about the associated dose distribution it purportedly represents. On the other hand, the total energy absorbed E (“integral dose”) as well as its surrogate DLP remain robust (invariant) with respect to shift-variance, depending only on the total mAs = 〈i〉t 0 accumulated during the total beam-on time t 0 and aperture a, where 〈i〉 is the average current.
Use of Microarray Technologies in Toxicology Research

Microarray technology provides a unique tool for the determination of gene expression at the level of messenger RNA (mRNA). The simultaneous measurement of the entire human genome (thousands of genes) will facilitate the uncovering of specific gene expression patterns that are associated with disease. One important application of microarray technology, within the context of neurotoxicological studies, is its use as a screening tool for the identification of molecular mechanisms of toxicity. Such approaches enable researchers to identify those genes and their products (either single or whole pathways) that are involved in conferring resistance or sensitivity to toxic substances. This review addresses: (1) the potential uses of array data; (2) the various array platforms, highlighting both their advantages and disadvantages; (3) insights into data analysis and presentation strategies; and (4) concrete examples of DNA array studies in neurotoxicological research.
Biosynthesis of Sucrose by Preparations from Potatoes stored in the Cold and at Room Temperature

PERHAPS the most pronounced and consistent metabolic response of potato tubers to stress situations, such as low and high temperatures, loss of water, and ionizing radiation, is the accumulation of sugars, especially sucrose. Although the relationship of sugar content to the so-called non-enzymatic browning of processed potato products has been amply documented1, the biochemical events which create a milieu favourable to accumulation of sucrose are unknown. Conceivably, this increase in sucrose could arise as the result of changes in amounts of enzymes involved in sugar formation from starch, as compared with those involved in removal of sucrose.
Effects of various classes of herbicides on four species of algae

Abstract Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Chlorococcum sp., Lyngbya sp., and Anabaena variabilis were cultured in Bold's basal medium. They were treated with 0.1, 1.0, and 10 μ M concentrations of 2-chloro-2′, 6′-diethyl- N -(methoxymethyl)acetanilide (alachlor), 2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-( tert -butyl-amino)- s -triazine (terbuthylazine), 2- sec -butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol (dinoseb), 1,1-dimethyl-3-(α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro- N -propyl- p -toluidine) (profluralin), 2, 4-bis(isopropylamino)-6-(methylthio)- s -triazine (prometryne), and (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D). Growth of all algal species tested was markedly reduced by the triazines. Alachlor, dinoseb, and fluometuron inhibited growth of some algae at higher concentrations while 2,4-D and profluralin did not inhibit growth at the concentrations tested. Photosynthesis was greatly inhibited by the triazines, even at the 0.1 μ M concentration. Fluometuron was very toxic to the blue-green algae but had less effect on the green algae tested. Lyngbya was most susceptible to photosynthesis reduction by the herbicides. The concentrations of herbicides tested had little effect on respiration of the algae species. It appears that effects on algal growth were due primarily to inhibition of photosynthesis rather than to other metabolic processes.
Immediate Mobilization Following Fixation of Mandible Fractures: A Prospective, Randomized Study

Objectives: To compare outcomes of open reduction and internal fixation of displaced mandible fractures followed by either immediate mobilization or 2 weeks of mandibular-maxillary fixation. Study Design: A prospective, randomized, single-blinded study was performed. Methods: The study was performed between January 1, 1997, and March 30, 2000. Inclusion criteria were displaced fractures between the mandibular angles, age greater than 16 years, and no involvement of the alveolus, ramus, condyles, or maxilla. All fractures were repaired by means of open reduction and internal fixation using 2.0-mm titanium plates secured either in transoral fashion or percutaneously. Data were collected at 6-week and 3-and 6-month postoperative examinations. Variables were assessed by a surgeon blinded to the history of immobilization and included pain, malunion or nonunion, occlusion, trismus, wound status, infection rates, dental hygiene, and weight loss. Twenty-nine consecutive patients were enrolled, 16 patients to immediate function and 13 patients to 2 weeks of mandibular-maxillary fixation. Results: No statistically significant differences were found between groups for any of the variables. Immediate release and temporary immobilization showed mean weight loss of 10 and 8 pounds and trismus of 4.2 and 4.6 cm, respectively. One wound separation and one infection were seen in the immobilization population, and no wound separation or infection was seen in the immediate-release group. Dental hygiene was similar between the groups. No malunion or nonunion was noted in either group. Conclusions: In this prospective and randomized study, no significant differences were noted between the groups receiving either immediate release or 2 weeks of mandibular-maxillary fixation. The findings support the treatment of selective mandible fractures with 2.0-mm miniplates and immediate mobilization.
Improved method of neutron activation analysis for microleakage studies.

Improvements in the neutron activation technique for studying microleakage were achieved by selecting more suitable tracers and by using a more accurate method for evaluation of the activation data. Dysprosium was the most suitable tracer; it provided the least variation in the results and allowed the fastest activation and counting procedure.
A framework for comparing different image segmentation methods and its use in studying equivalences between level set and fuzzy connectedness frameworks

In the current vast image segmentation literature, there seems to be considerable redundancy among algorithms, while there is a serious lack of methods that would allow their theoretical comparison to establish their similarity, equivalence, or distinctness. In this paper, we make an attempt to fill this gap. To accomplish this goal, we argue that: (1) every digital segmentation algorithm A should have a well defined continuous counterpart M"A, referred to as its model, which constitutes an asymptotic of A when image resolution goes to infinity; (2) the equality of two such models M"A and M"A"^"' establishes a theoretical (asymptotic) equivalence of their digital counterparts A and A^'. Such a comparison is of full theoretical value only when, for each involved algorithm A, its model M"A is proved to be an asymptotic of A. So far, such proofs do not appear anywhere in the literature, even in the case of algorithms introduced as digitizations of continuous models, like level set segmentation algorithms. The main goal of this article is to explore a line of investigation for formally pairing the digital segmentation algorithms with their asymptotic models, justifying such relations with mathematical proofs, and using the results to compare the segmentation algorithms in this general theoretical framework. As a first step towards this general goal, we prove here that the gradient based thresholding model M"@? is the asymptotic for the fuzzy connectedness Udupa and Samarasekera segmentation algorithm used with gradient based affinity A"@?. We also argue that, in a sense, M"@? is the asymptotic for the original front propagation level set algorithm of Malladi, Sethian, and Vemuri, thus establishing a theoretical equivalence between these two specific algorithms. Experimental evidence of this last equivalence is also provided.
Adaptive on-the-fly compression

We present a system called the adaptive compression environment (ACE) that automatically and transparently applies compression (on-the-fly) to a communication stream to improve network transfer performance. ACE uses a series of estimation techniques to make short-term forecasts of compressed and uncompressed transfer time at the 32 Kb block level. ACE considers underlying networking technology, available resource performance, and data characteristics as part of its estimations to determine which compression algorithm to apply (if any). Our empirical evaluation shows that, on average, ACE improves transfer performance given changing network types and performance characteristics by 8 to 93 percent over using the popular compression techniques that we studied (Bzip, Zlib, LZO, and no compression) alone.
Modeling terminal-year fishing mortality rates in western Atlantic bluefin tuna virtual population analyses

Virtual population analysis requires information on the fishing mortality rate (or abundance) for one age group from each cohort. In many cases available data are insufficient to estimate these rates for every age group and structural assumptions must be imposed to reduce the number of effective parameters. Past assessments of western Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus ) have reduced the number of parameters by assuming pre-specified values for the ratios of the fishing mortality rates on adjacent age groups. More recent bluefin tuna assessments have estimated terminal fishing mortality rates (F ) on each age with a constraint that restricts change from one year to the next. We explore the implications of these methods of estimating terminal-year F through retrospective analyses of the 2006 bluefin tuna assessment and through stochastic simulations. The use of pre-specified ratios for F created strong retrospective biases and may have led to overly optimistic projections. Constraining annual changes in the terminal-year F appeared to mute retrospective patterns and resulted in abundance projections less prone to spurious initial leaps. Simulation results indicate that the constraint improves estimation, particularly with moderate to low interannual changes in selectivity.
Irreducibility of the Lawrence–Krammer representation of the BMW algebra of type An−1

We show that the Lawrence-Krammer representation of the BMW algebra of type An-1 over the field Q(l,r) is generically irreducible, but that for some values of the parameters l and r, when these are specialized in the field of complex numbers, it becomes reducible. When the representation is reducible, we describe the invariant subspaces by giving their dimension and some spanning vectors.
Outcome of surgical treatment of 200 children with Cushing's disease.

Context: Factors influencing the outcome of surgical treatment of pediatric Cushing's disease (CD) have not been fully established. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine features influencing the outcome of surgery for pediatric CD. Design: In this prospective observational study, the clinical, imaging, endocrinological, and operative outcomes were analyzed in consecutive patients treated at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) from 1982 through 2010. Setting: The study was conducted in a tertiary referral center. Results: Two hundred CD patients (106 females, 94 males) were included. Mean age at symptom development was 10.6 ± 3.6 years (range, 4.0 to 19.0 y). Mean age at NIH operation was 13.7 ± 3.7 years. Twenty-seven patients (13%) had prior surgery at another institution. Magnetic resonance imaging identified adenomas in 97 patients (50%). When positive, magnetic resonance imaging accurately defined a discrete adenoma in 96 of the 97 patients (99%), which was more accurate than the use of ...
Theory of the proximity effect in zero field

Abstract The Proximity Effect in zero field can be explained by solving the first Landau-Ginsburg equation, including the cubic term. The solution of the equation naturally produces a simple and explicit expression of the transition temperature for a SN lamina. The general result obtained is: T CSN T CS =t=1− ξ 2 s B 0 ( 1 d 2 s − 3k d n d S ) For a SS lamina, T CSS is determined by the following equation: 3d S 1−B 0 d 2 s ( 1−T CSS T S ) ξ 2 s = d n -k T CSS T n which can be converted into an equation of 2nd order in T css . The agreement between the theory and experimental results is quite good and a novel general treatment of the Proximity Effect can be developed.
Hyperphosphatemic familial tumoral calcinosis (FGF23, GALNT3 and αKlotho)

Familial tumoral calcinosis (TC) is a rare disorder distinguished by the development of ectopic and vascular calcified masses that occur in settings of hyperphosphatemia (hFTC) and normophosphatemia (nFTC). Serum phosphorus concentrations are relatively tightly controlled by interconnected endocrine activity at the level of the intestine, kidney, and skeleton. Discovering the molecular causes for heritable forms of hFTC has shed new light on the regulation of serum phosphate balance. This review will focus upon the genetic basis and clinical approaches for hFTC, due to genes that are related to the phosphaturic hormone fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23). These include FGF23 itself, an FGF23-glycosylating enzyme (GALNT3), and the FGF23 co-receptor α-Klotho (αKL). Our understanding of the molecular basis of hFTC will, in the short term, aid in understanding normal phosphate balance, and in the future, provide potential insight into the design of novel therapeutic strategies for both rare and common disorders of phosphate metabolism.
On the Performance of Indirect Encoding Across the Continuum of Regularity

This paper investigates how an evolutionary algorithm with an indirect encoding exploits the property of phenotypic regularity, an important design principle found in natural organisms and engineered designs. We present the first comprehensive study showing that such phenotypic regularity enables an indirect encoding to outperform direct encoding controls as problem regularity increases. Such an ability to produce regular solutions that can exploit the regularity of problems is an important prerequisite if evolutionary algorithms are to scale to high-dimensional real-world problems, which typically contain many regularities, both known and unrecognized. The indirect encoding in this case study is HyperNEAT, which evolves artificial neural networks (ANNs) in a manner inspired by concepts from biological development. We demonstrate that, in contrast to two direct encoding controls, HyperNEAT produces both regular behaviors and regular ANNs, which enables HyperNEAT to significantly outperform the direct encodings as regularity increases in three problem domains. We also show that the types of regularities HyperNEAT produces can be biased, allowing domain knowledge and preferences to be injected into the search. Finally, we examine the downside of a bias toward regularity. Even when a solution is mainly regular, some irregularity may be needed to perfect its functionality. This insight is illustrated by a new algorithm called HybrID that hybridizes indirect and direct encodings, which matched HyperNEAT's performance on regular problems yet outperformed it on problems with some irregularity. HybrID's ability to improve upon the performance of HyperNEAT raises the question of whether indirect encodings may ultimately excel not as stand-alone algorithms, but by being hybridized with a further process of refinement, wherein the indirect encoding produces patterns that exploit problem regularity and the refining process modifies that pattern to capture irregularities. This paper thus paints a more complete picture of indirect encodings than prior studies because it analyzes the impact of the continuum between irregularity and regularity on the performance of such encodings, and ultimately suggests a path forward that combines indirect encodings with a separate process of refinement.
Frequency-resolved optical gating with the use of second-harmonic generation

We discuss the use of second-harmonic generation (SHG) as the nonlinearity in the technique of frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG) for measuring the full intensity and phase evolution of an arbitrary ultrashort pulse. FROG that uses a third-order nonlinearity in the polarization-gate geometry has proved extremely successful, and the algorithm required for extraction of the intensity and the phase from the experimental data is quite robust. However, for pulse intensities less than ~1 MW, third-order nonlinearities generate insufficient signal strength, and therefore SHG FROG appears necessary. We discuss the theoretical, algorithmic, and experimental considerations of SHG FROG in detail. SHG FROG has an ambiguity in the direction of time, and its traces are somewhat unintuitive. Also, previously published algorithms are generally ineffective at extracting the intensity and the phase of an arbitrary laser pulse from the SHG FROG trace. We present an improved pulse-retrieval algorithm, based on the method of generalized projections, that is far superior to the previously published algorithms, although it is still not so robust as the polarization-gate algorithm. We discuss experimental sources of error such as pump depletion and group-velocity mismatch. We also present several experimental examples of pulses measured with SHG FROG and show that the derived intensities and phases are in agreement with more conventional diagnostic techniques, and we demonstrate the high-dynamic-range capability of SHG FROG. We conclude that, despite the above drawbacks, SHG FROG should be useful in measuring low-energy pulses.
Advanced Argumentation: Introductions, Facts, Arguments, and Conclusions

Legal writing hasn't changed much in the last four years, but the legal world and the legal writing and advocacy book market certainly have. Law schools are responding to massive changes in the legal employment market that call for deeper, more intensive, client-centered, and practice-oriented training in legal writing and advocacy. Law students and legal employers are demanding practice-ready training in lawyering skills. In the new edition of Advanced Legal Writing and Advocacy: Trials, Appeals, and Moot Court, authors Michael D. Murray (Valparaiso) and Christy H. DeSanctis (George Washington) have taken the original text and redesigned it to provide a new focus on modern advocacy that blends rhetoric and storytelling with synthesis and advanced argumentation techniques to make the book a more powerful resource for training practice-ready lawyers. The new chapter - Advanced Argumentation: Introductions, Facts, Arguments, and Conclusions - provides instruction and examples for drafting each of the major sections of appellate briefs.
Effects of alkylphosphates and nitrous oxide on microbial degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

We conducted a series of liquid-culture experiments to begin to evaluate the abilities of gaseous sources of nitrogen and phosphorus to support biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Nutrients examined included nitrous oxide, as well as triethylphosphate (TEP) and tributylphosphate (TBP). Cultures were established using the indigenous microbial populations from one manufactured gas plant (MGP) site and one crude oil-contaminated drilling field site. Mineralization of phenanthrene was measured under alternative nutrient regimes and was compared to that seen with ammoniacal nitrogen and PO4. Parallel cultures were used to assess removal of a suite of three- to five-ring PAHs. In summary, the abilities of the different communities to degrade PAH when supplemented with N2O, TEP, and TBP were highly variable. For example, in the MGP soil, organic P sources, especially TBP, supported a considerably higher degree of removal of low-molecular-weight PAHs than did PO4; however, loss of high-molecular-weight compounds was impaired under these conditions. The disappearance of most PAHs was significantly less in the oil field soil when organophosphates were used. These results indicate that the utility of gaseous nutrients for PAH bioremediation in situ may be limited and will very likely have to be assessed on a case-by-case basis.
The Real Cost of a CPU Hour

IT organizations can now outsource computer hardware by leasing CPU time through cloud computing services. A proposed modeling tool can quantitatively compare the cost of leasing CPU time from these online services to that of purchasing and using a server cluster of equivalent capability.
Cholesterol of myelin is the determinant of gray-white contrast in MRI of brain.

The relative brightness of adult white matter in T1-weighted MRI arises from myelin, but the mechanisms responsible remain to be clarified. Koenig et al. [Magn. Reson. Med.14, 482 (1990)] conjectured that the cholesterol of myelin (∼ 30% of its lipid) was responsible. We present 1/T1 and magnetization transfer contrast imaging data [Wolff and Balaban, Magn. Reson. Med.10, 135 (1989)] on a model system— 50% lipid—50% water by weight, with the lipid one-half phosphatidyl cholinc (PC) and one-half cholesterol—and a control in which the lipid is all PC. The differences between the model and control samples mimic the myelin contribution to white matter in both experiments. © 1991 Academic Press, Inc.
Here's a Tip: Prosocial Gratuities Are Linked to Corruption

We investigated the link between tipping, an altruistic act, and bribery, an immoral act. We found a positive relationship between these two seemingly unrelated behaviors, using archival cross-nati...
The Effect of Fixed Exchange Rates on Monetary Policy

To investigate how a fixed exchange rate affects monetary policy, this paper classifies countries as pegged or nonpegged and examines whether a pegged country must follow the interest rate changes in the base country. Despite recent research which hints that all countries, not just pegged countries, lack monetary freedom, the evidence shows that pegs follow base country interest rates more than nonpegs. This study uses actual behavior, not declared status, for regime classification; expands the sample including base currencies other than the dollar; examines the impact of capital controls, as well as other control variables; considers the time series properties of the data carefully; and uses cointegration and other levels-relationship analysis to provide additional insights.
A Sensitivity Model for Multi-Pinhole SPECT

Multi-pinhole single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) has seen increasing use in small animal imaging, often with overlapping projections in order to improve the count sensitivity. Accurate image reconstruction requires knowledge of the pinhole sensitivity, which depends on source-to-pinhole distance, effective aperture diameter, keel length, and angle of incidence relative to the pinhole normal direction. A model is presented that accounts for these factors as a function of a set of pinhole-specific parameters (effective aperture diameter, normal direction vector, etc.). The model parameters are estimated by least squares analysis of point source data from a single tomographic acquisition. This method was applied to data acquired with a fourteen-pinhole small animal SPECT scanner with overlapping projections. The parameter estimation algorithm converged to a stable solution, and the count values predicted by the pinhole sensitivity model were generally within 10% of the measured count values. The estimated pinhole-specific parameters were of sufficient precision to detect subtle and otherwise unknown manufacturing differences between two batches of pinhole apertures. In reconstructed images, use of the measured parameters led to a noticeable reduction of artifacts and improvement of image quality. Overall, this method of characterizing pinhole sensitivity is robust and practical for multi-pinhole SPECT scanners.
Citizens Abroad and Social Cohesion at Home: Refocusing a Cross-Border Tax Policy Debate

Modern developments raise significant questions about the future importance (or non-importance) of formal citizenship status. For example, while many have interpreted the European Union project, with its emphasis on the free movement of individuals, as portending the decreasing relevance of nationality, recent developments, such as the “Brexit” vote, suggest that national identity remains an important factor for many individuals. While much of the public debate over citizenship focuses on areas, such as immigration, that are more obviously tied to formal citizenship status, this debate also impacts cross-border tax policy. Over the past decade, several scholars have addressed the use of citizenship status as a jurisdictional basis upon which to tax the foreign-source income of individuals who live outside of their country of citizenship. Some writers have defended the United States’ use of this citizenship-based taxation (“CBT”) to tax the foreign income of citizens living abroad, while a more significant number of scholars have rejected it and proposed that the United States tax the foreign income of U.S. citizens only if they reside in the United States (residence-based taxation, or “RBT”). This Article considers the competing normative arguments surrounding the use of citizenship as a jurisdictional basis to tax, and distills the strengths and weaknesses of each. In so doing, it highlights the most salient factors upon which the debate hinges, and illustrates the importance of difficult-to-measure predictions of how both individuals and society will react to different regimes. The Article ultimately concludes that the debate between CBT and RBT often overemphasizes the subjective circumstances of particular individuals, and underemphasizes the broader impact of the alternative regimes on social cohesion within the United States. When coupled with the significant residence neutrality concerns that may arise under an RBT regime and the resulting potential to create a permanent class of wealthy U.S. citizens living abroad who would not be subject to taxation, these social cohesion concerns suggest that the United States should continue to exercise citizenship-based taxing jurisdiction. However, the Article acknowledges that such a CBT regime can only be defended in practice if the IRS and Congress are willing to address the significant practical compliance concerns faced by many citizens living abroad.
Adolescent Decision Making: The Influence of Mood, Age, and Gender on the Consideration of Information.

This study examined the impact of mood, age, and gender on decision processes of adolescents and adults. A total of 161 7th through 12th graders and adults completed a computer-administered decision task (choosing a part-time job). Each job varied on eight categories of information. Positive, neutral, and negative moods were induced; participants then used the computer to review information about the jobs. The computer recorded the amount of time spent viewing each piece of information, categories that were discarded, and the sequence of these views. Type of information processing (careful vs. superficial) was affected by mood, but only for females, who discarded more information and took longer to decide in negative vs. positive or neutral moods. Age affected participants’ estimates of the probability of obtaining their desired job and predecision search strategy: Junior high females were more pessimistic about their chances, and adults used more sophisticated decision strategies.
Comparative Corticotype Analyses in Tetrahymena

SYNOPSIS. Strains of Tetrahymena pyriformis, including amicronucleate strain GL and representatives of 9 syngens, have been examined to determine the patterns whereby cortical features vary with numbers of ciliary meridians. The characteristics scored were the positions of the contractile vacuole pores (CVP's), the extent of the area within which CVP's develop, the incidence of supernumerary CVP's, and the number of postoral meridians. Intrasyngenic comparisons were possible in 6 syngens and permitted an assessment of intrasyngenic variation for these characteristics. Only the CVP positions appear to be reasonably constant within syngens in the strains examined. On the basis of this criterion the syngens can be arrayed in an approximate order of 1, 3, 7, 6, 8, 9, 2, 5, GL and 4; the angle formed between the central axis, the stomatogenic meridian and the CVP's is most acute in syngen 1.
An algorithm for identifying unstable operating points using SPICE

The standard SPICE dc operating point analysis does not distinguish between stable and unstable operating points. Circuit designers can be misled when an operating point "looks" correct on the basis of dc simulation but turns out to be unobservable once the circuit is breadboarded or fabricated. The algorithm presented herein can identify a large class of unstable operating points, and it has been incorporated into the SPICE dc operating point analysis without compromising analysis speed. >
Examination of Substance Use, Risk Factors, and Protective Factors on Student Academic Test Score Performance

BACKGROUND: School administrators and teachers face difficult decisions about how best to use school resources to meet academic achievement goals. Many are hesitant to adopt prevention curricula that are not focused directly on academic achievement. Yet, some have hypothesized that prevention curricula can remove barriers to learning and, thus, promote achievement. We examined relationships among school levels of student substance use and risk and protective factors that predict adolescent problem behaviors and achievement test performance. METHODS: Hierarchical generalized linear models were used to predict associations involving school-averaged levels of substance use and risk and protective factors and students' likelihood of meeting achievement test standards on the Washington Assessment of Student Learning, statistically controlling for demographic and economic factors known to be associated with achievement. RESULTS: Levels of substance use and risk/protective factors predicted the academic test score performance of students. Many of these effects remained significant even after controlling for model covariates. CONCLUSIONS: Implementing prevention programs that target empirically identified risk and protective factors has the potential to have a favorable effect on students' academic achievement. Language: en
Prenatal diagnosis of genodermatoses: current scope and future capabilities

The genodermatoses encompass a range of inheritable skin diseases that may be associated with significant mortality and long-term morbidity. In the past, options for prenatal diagnosis of these diseases were limited to fetal skin biopsy. As a result of recent leaps made in genetics and molecular biology, DNA-based prenatal diagnosis is now available for an increasing number of genodermatoses, and newer non-invasive methods are being developed that have the potential for tremendous future impact in dermatology. Dermatologists caring for patients with genodermatoses should be aware of the options for screening and prenatal testing and partake in a multi-disciplinary approach to patient care.
Influence of Prescribed Fire on Carabid Beetle (Carabidae) and Spider (Araneae) Assemblages in Forest Litter in Southwestern Oregon

The objective of this study was to determine if prescribed fire affects spider (Araneae) and carabid beetle (Carabidae) abundance, and whether the magnitude of this effect varies with time since fire. Within mixed conifer stands, nine understory fuels-reduction burns, ranging from 120 species, and 14,793 carabid beetles from 17 species, were identified from the samples. Seven spider families and five species of carabid beetles were abundant enough to be analyzed statistically. Four spider families were more abundant in unburned sites (Antrodiaetidae, Cybaeidae, Thomisidae and Linyphiidae) while three families were more numerous in burned sites (Lycosidae, Gnaphosidae and Dictynidae). Four of five carabid beetle species were more abundant in unburned sites [Pterostichus herculaneus Mannerheim, P. setosus Hatch, Scaphinotus rugiceps rugiceps (Horn) and Zacotus matthewsii LeConte]. There was no difference found for Omus cazieri van den Berghe. No differences in species richness or diversity (Simpson, Shannon-Wiener and Berger-Parker indices) were found for spiders or carabid beetles. Overall, the relationship between abundance and time since burning was weak, with marginal significance found only for Dictynidae and Gnaphosidae. We suggest that changes in foraging substrate, prey availability or microclimatic conditions since fire may have interacted with life history characteristics to influence the abundance of these organisms. Differences in fire intensities among years may have masked patterns in arthropod abundance associated with time since burning.
Early Intervention for Children with Intellectual Disabilities: An Update.

This article provides an update on advances in both developmental and intervention science that have occurred in the field of early intervention for children with developmental delays in the past decade. From the perspective of developmental science, findings related to multiple and reciprocal pathways of influence on the development of children with delays that can inform early intervention practice are discussed. This is followed by a review of two prominent lines of early intervention research: promoting children's developm-ent by enhancing parent-sensitive responsiveness and improving children's cognitive and social outcomes in inclusive preschool settings. Merging policy initiati-ves with our knowledge of developmental processes is discussed as the key to accelerating progress in the development of comprehensive early intervention systems.
Ofelia Malagamba Uriarte, Lázaro Pavía, prosista modernista . México, Imprenta Aldina, 1963

Ofelia Malagamba Uriarte, Lazaro Pavia, prosista modernista. Mexico, Imprenta Aldina, 1963 Luis Leal
Environmentally-Derived Carbolinium Analogs of MPP+ are Toxic to Dopaminergic Neurons in Vitro and in Vivo

The possibility exists that certain environmentally prevalent heterocyclics may have important roles in the development and progression of idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. The s-carboline (sC) heterocyclic class derived from tryptophan has received our study, primarily because of the close structural likeness between their N-methylated forms (carbolinium derivatives) and the highly selective parkinsonian neurotoxin, N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium cation (MPP+; structure shown in Figure 1),1 and because S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)-dependent brain methylating enzymes can produce 2-mono-[N]-methyl and 2,9-di-[N,N’]-methyl carbolinium cations from the environmental/endogenous sCs, norharman and harman.2 Electron density considerations suggest that other environmental (alpha or gamma) carbolines resulting from tryptophan (often referred to as tryptophan pyrolysis products)---notably the mutagenic/carcinogenic tryp-P-2 and AαC compounds3---may be methylated on the heterocyclic nitrogens by the same enzymes that produce potentially neurotoxic s-carbolinium ions.
Signaling molecules of the CNS as targets of autoimmunity.

Abstract Ion channels and receptors are the fundamental basis for neuronal communication in the nervous system and are important targets of autoimmunity. The different neuronal domains contain a unique repertoire of voltage-gated Na+ (Nav), Ca2 + (Cav), and K+ (Kv), as well as other K+ channels and hyperpolarization-gated cyclic nucleotide-regulated channels. The distinct ion channel distribution defines the electrophysiologic properties of different subtypes of neurons. The different neuronal compartments also express neurotransmitter-gated ion channels, or ionotropic receptors, as well as G protein-coupled receptors. Of particular relevance in the central nervous system are excitatory glutamate receptors and inhibitory γ-aminobutyric acid and glycine receptors. The interactions among different ion channels and receptors regulate neuronal excitability; frequency and pattern of firing of action potentials (AP); propagation of the AP along the axon; neurotransmitter release at synaptic terminals; AP backpropagation from the axon initial segment to the somatodendritic domain; dendritic integration of synaptic signals; and use-dependent plasticity.
Optimization of wind resistance for heavy truck

To optimize the drag coefficient of heavy truck,the effect of rear spoilers and linking seals between cab and packing case was tested,in which the relative motion between truck and road and the pressed deformations of tires in real running under windless conditions were considered.The numerical simulation using commercial computational fluid dynamics software FLUENT and low-speed wind tunnel experiments were carried out to investigate the airflow characteristics around the US standard Class 8truck and the drag coefficients of truck with different add-on devices.Analysis result indicates that by attaching the proper add-on devices, such as linking seals and rear spoilers,the rear vortices and front airflow sparation of packing case reduce,which results in the significant reduction of drag coefficient.At commercial speed of 90km·h-1,drag coefficient decreases by 16.2% and its minimum value is 0.485 4.6tabs, 16figs,13refs.
Clinical Characteristics of Kawasaki Disease Combined with Hyperbilirubinemia

Objective To explore the characteristics of Kawasaki disease(KD) combined with hyperbilirubinemia.Methods Clinical datas from children with KD combined with hyperbilirubinemia hospitalized from Apr.2003 to Apr.2008 were summarized retrospectively.Fourteen children were included as study subjects out of all 419 children diagnosed with KD.Epidemiologic features(sex,age),characteristics,laboratory examinations,complications and treatment of KD were compared.These data were analyzed by SPSS 18.0 software.Results The study included 14 patients.Direct bilirubin(DB) increased mainly in 10 cases of 14 pediatric hyperbilirubinemia patients with KD,while indirect bilirubin(IB) increased mainly in the other 4 cases.Logistic regression revealed that the levels of the total bilirubin and the DB were related with the age(r=0.589,0.636,Pa0.05),but uncorrelated with the level of the blood cell count,cardiac contractility.The levels of the DB were related with the age of the patients who manifested higher IB either.The incidence of complications were compared in the hyperbilirubinemia group and the non-hyperbilirubinemia group.The incidence of urinalysis abnormity in the hyperbilirubinemia group was significantly higher than that of the non-hyperbilirubinemia group(P0.05).And no difference of occurrence(such as coronary artery involvement,arrhythmia,pericardial effusion)was found between hyperbilirubinemia group and non-hyperbilirubinemia group.These patients were treated by IVIG with a dosage of 2 g·kg-1 totally,and 4 cases patients did not respond to the initial IVIG treatment.It was not statistically significant of the response to IVIG between hyperbilirubinemia group and non-hyperbilirubinemia group.Conclusions It was atypical that KD manifested with hyperbilirubinemia.The level of DB is higher in most of the children with hyperbilirubinemia of KD than that of IB.Significantly higher urinalysis abnormality(positive urine protein) was found in hyperbilirubinemia group than in non-hyperbilirubinemia group.The incidence of unresponsiveness to IVIG treatment was 28.57%.
Developmental Environment Configuration of Porting RTEMS to SAILING698

RTEMS is a real time embedded operation system whose open source and excellent quality provide conveniences to the porting to a new CPU. In order to port the RTEMS to SAILING698 based on SPARC standard, the developmental environment must be configured firstly. This paper gives the detailed steps of the developmental environment configuration.
Microbial defenses of the child and man.

Definition and integration of the various aspects of host defense as it is presently understood, and discussion of some of the recent clinical observations which have played an important role in the identification and understanding of some of these mechanisms. Specific polymorphonuclear leukocyte problems, opsonic deficiencies, and deficient host mechanisms of the newborn.
IFRS – 10 years later

A decade ago, the near-simultaneous adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in over 100 countries could fairly have been described as a brave new world in financial reporting...
An Overview of Murine High Fat Diet as a Model for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a worldwide epidemic, which by all predictions will only increase. To help in combating the devastating array of phenotypes associated with T2DM a highly reproducible and human disease-similar mouse model is required for researchers. The current options are genetic manipulations to cause T2DM symptoms or diet induced obesity and T2DM symptoms. These methods to model human T2DM have their benefits and their detractions. As far as modeling the majority of T2DM cases, HFD establishes the proper etiological, pathological, and treatment options. A limitation of HFD is that it requires months of feeding to achieve the full spectrum of T2DM symptoms and no standard protocol has been established. This paper will attempt to rectify the last limitation and argue for a standard group of HFD protocols and standard analysis procedures.