cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
BET Bromodomain Inhibition as a Therapeutic Strategy to Target c-Myc

MYC contributes to the pathogenesis of a majority of human cancers, yet strategies to modulate the function of the c-Myc oncoprotein do not exist. Toward this objective, we have targeted MYC transcription by interfering with chromatin-dependent signal transduction to RNA polymerase, specifically by inhibiting the acetyl-lysine recognition domains (bromodomains) of putative coactivator proteins implicated in transcriptional initiation and elongation. Using a selective small-molecule bromodomain inhibitor, JQ1, we identify BET bromodomain proteins as regulatory factors for c-Myc. BET inhibition by JQ1 downregulates MYC transcription, followed by genome-wide downregulation of Myc-dependent target genes. In experimental models of multiple myeloma, a Myc-dependent hematologic malignancy, JQ1 produces a potent antiproliferative effect associated with cell-cycle arrest and cellular senescence. Efficacy of JQ1 in three murine models of multiple myeloma establishes the therapeutic rationale for BET bromodomain inhibition in this disease and other malignancies characterized by pathologic activation of c-Myc.
Dense 3D motion capture from synchronized video streams

This paper proposes a novel approach to non-rigid, markerless motion capture from synchronized video streams acquired by calibrated cameras. The instantaneous geometry of the observed scene is represented by a polyhedral mesh with fixed topology. The initial mesh is constructed in the first frame using the publicly available PMVS software for multi-view stereo [7]. Its deformation is captured by tracking its vertices over time, using two optimization processes at each frame: a local one using a rigid motion model in the neighborhood of each vertex, and a global one using a regularized nonrigid model for the whole mesh. Qualitative and quantitative experiments using seven real datasets show that our algorithm effectively handles complex nonrigid motions and severe occlusions.
New synthesis of 3-fluoropyridine derivatives

Abstract The reaction of 2,2-bis(dimethylamino)-3,3-difluoro-1-methylcyclobutane-carbonitrile with alkyl lithiums leads to the formation of 6-alkyl-2-(dimethylamino)-3-fluoro-5-methylpyridines in moderate to good yields.
Message authentication with one-way hash functions

The authors introduce encryption-free message authentication based entirely on the use of one-way hash functions. It is shown that fast one-way hash functions such as MD4 can be used as a foundation for some relatively novel implementations of security services. In particular, simple and inexpensive secret prefix and secret suffix methods provide protection against message substitution attacks when used in conjunction with a strong one-way hash function (which itself protects against message modification). >
Transition metal polyhydride complexes: a theoretical view

Abstract The factors governing the stabilities of classical and non-classical isomers in transition metal polyhydride complexes are summarized in this review. Diagonal lines in the Periodic Table, which divide the classical (left-hand side of the line) and non-classical (right-hand side of the line) isomers, were defined for neutral (through Ru and Ir) and cationic (between Tc/Ru and Os/Ir) complexes with only phosphine ligands. The carbonyl ligand was found to stabilize significantly the non-classical isomers due to its strong π-accepting ability. The strong “α”- and “π”-donating ability of the Cp ligand makes most of its polyhydride complexes adopt classical structures. In this review, we also discuss some unique structural features in several types of polyhydride complex, such as the orientation of η 2 -H 2 ; ligands in non-classical structures and the distortions in the “four-legged piano-stool” complexes (MH n L 4-n C p ) and the pseudo-pentagonal-bipyramidal complexes (MH n L 6− n Cp).
Robust Reaction-Transport Models of Movpe Reactors

A simple gas-phase and surface kinetic model describing the Metalorganic Vapor Phase Epitaxy (MOVPE) of GaAs from trimethyl-gallium (TMG) and arsine has been extracted from reported reaction mechanisms through sensitivity analysis. This model was coupled with fundamental descriptions of the flow, heat and mass transfer in MOVPE reactors. All the uncertainties of the model were lumped into the two rate constants of the surface growth reaction. Finite element simulations of GaAs growth in a rotating-disk MOVPE reactor reported in the literature were used to fit the two unknown rate constants. Without any adjustment, the model could predict observed growth rates at higher susceptor rotational rates. A more serious robustness test was the fully coupled 2-D simulation of GaAs growth in a horizontal MOVPE reactor by using a state-of-the-art code (MPSalsa) developed at Sandia National Laboratories. The model predicted observed growth rates reasonably well in 2-D fully coupled simulations of flow, heat and mass transfer. Further development of the kinetic model by testing different kinetic scenaria in 2- and 3-d simulations and by using data obtained at kinetically-limited growth conditions is planned in order to develop a reactor-independent simulator of the MOVPE of GaAs. Such a model will be essential for the development of a conceptual virtual MOVPE reactor, which can be used for reactor design, optimization and model-based control.
Effects of consonant aspiration on Mandarin tones

The influence of consonant aspiration on the F 0 contours of tones in Mandarin Chinese was tested in continuous speech by reference to a minimal pair of syllables, /ta/ and /t h a/, which differ only in terms of aspiration. It was found that, consonant aspiration affects the fundamental frequency (F 0 ) of the following vowel. The onset F 0 of a tone is higher following unaspirated consonants than following aspirated consonants, and the magnitude of the differences are related to the tone itself as well as the preceding tone. The underlying mechanisms of this effect, as well as its interaction with other effects on F 0 contours, are discussed.
Machine Learning in Ecosystem Informatics

The emerging field of Ecosystem Informatics applies methods from computer science and mathematics to address fundamental and applied problems in the ecosystem sciences. The ecosystem sciences are in the midst of a revolution driven by a combination of emerging technologies for improved sensing and the critical need for better science to help manage global climate change. This paper describes several initiatives at Oregon State University in ecosystem informatics.
Coherent Optical DFT-Spread OFDM

We consider application of the discrete Fourier transform-spread orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (DFT-spread OFDM) technique to high-speed fiber optic communications. The DFT-spread OFDM is a form of single-carrier technique that possesses almost all advantages of the multicarrier OFDM technique (such as high spectral efficiency, flexible bandwidth allocation, low sampling rate, and low-complexity equalization). In particular, we consider the optical DFT-spread OFDM system with polarization division multiplexing (PDM) that employs a tone-by-tone linear minimum mean square error (MMSE) equalizer. We show that such a system offers a much lower peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) performance as well as better bit error rate (BER) performance compared with the optical OFDM system that employs amplitude clipping.
Maintenance of brucellosis in Yellowstone bison: linking seasonal food resources, host–pathogen interaction, and life-history trade-offs

The seasonal availability of food resources is an important factor shaping the life-history strategies of organisms. During times of nutritional restriction, physiological trade-offs can induce periods of immune suppression, thereby increasing susceptibility to infectious disease. Our goal was to provide a conceptual framework describing how the endemic level bovine brucellosis (Brucella abortus) may be maintained in Yellowstone bison based on the seasonality of food resources and the life-history strategies of the host and pathogen. Our analysis was based on active B. abortus infection (measured via bacterial culture), nutritional indicators (measured as metabolites and hormones in plasma), and carcass measurements of 402 slaughtered bison. Data from Yellowstone bison were used to investigate (1) whether seasonal changes in diet quality affect nutritional condition and coincide with the reproductive needs of female bison; (2) whether active B. abortus infection and infection intensities vary with host nutrition and nutritional condition; and (3) the evidence for seasonal changes in immune responses, which may offer protection against B. abortus, in relation to nutritional condition. Female bison experienced a decline in nutritional condition during winter as reproductive demands of late gestation increased while forage quality and availability declined. Active B. abortus infection was negatively associated with bison age and nutritional condition, with the intensity of infection negatively associated with indicators of nutrition (e.g., dietary protein and energy) and body weight. Data suggest that protective cell-mediated immune responses may be reduced during the B. abortus transmission period, which coincides with nutritional insufficiencies and elevated reproductive demands during spring. Our results illustrate how seasonal food restriction can drive physiological trade-offs that suppress immune function and create infection and transmission opportunities for pathogens.
The synthesis of S-(+)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid: a precursor for cilastatin

Abstract S -(+)-2,2-Dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid, a precursor for cilastatin, was prepared from 2-methylpropene and chiral iron carbene in three steps. Asymmetric cyclopropanation reaction of 2-methylpropene with iron carbene complex having chirality at the carbene ligand, followed by exhaustive ozonolysis, produced S -(+)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid of up to 92% ee. The absolute configuration of complexed chiral cyclopropane (−)- 8 was determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis.
Measurement and optimization of electrical process window

A process window is a collection of values of process parameters that allow a circuit to be printed and to operate under desired specifications. A conventional process window, which is determined through geometrical fidelity, geometric process window (GPW), does not account for lithography effects on electrical metrics such as delay, static noise margin (SNM), and power. In contrast to GPW, this paper introduces an electrical process window (EPW) which accounts for electrical specifications. Process parameters are considered within EPW if the performance (delay, SNM, and leakage power) of printed circuit is within desired specifications. Our experiment results show that the area of EPW is 1.5 to 8× larger than that of GPW. This implies that even if a layout falls outside geometric tolerance, the electrical performance of the circuit may satisfy desired specifications. In addition to process window evaluation, we show that EPW can be enlarged by 10% on average using gate length biasing and Vth push. We also propose approximate methods to evaluate EPW, which can be used with little or no design information. Our results show that the proposed approximation method can estimate more than 70% of the area of reference EPW. We also propose a method to extract representative layouts for large designs which can then be used to evaluate a process window, thereby improving the runtime by 49%.
Big Macs and Eigenfactor scores: Don't let correlation coefficients fool you

The Eigenfactor™ Metrics provide an alternative way of evaluating scholarly journals based on an iterative ranking procedure analogous to Google's PageRank algorithm. These metrics have recently been adopted by Thomson Reuters and are listed alongside the Impact Factor in the Journal Citation Reports. But do these metrics differ sufficiently so as to be a useful addition to the bibliometric toolbox? Davis ([2008]) has argued that they do not, based on his finding of a 0.95 correlation coefficient between Eigenfactor score and Total Citations for a sample of journals in the field of medicine. This conclusion is mistaken; in this article, we illustrate the basic statistical fallacy to which Davis succumbed. We provide a complete analysis of the 2006 Journal Citation Reports and demonstrate that there are statistically and economically significant differences between the information provided by the Eigenfactor Metrics and that provided by Impact Factor and Total Citations. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Continuous-Time Programmable Digital FIR Filter

In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of a continuous-time finite-impulse-response processor chain, which includes a 6-bit asynchronous ADC, an asynchronous digital core, and an 8-bit asynchronous DAC designed in TSMC 0.25-mum technology. The continuous-time, discrete-amplitude systems combine benefits associated with analog and digital systems. Discrete-amplitude representations leverage the noise immunity and robustness of digital implementations. Continuous-time, nonsampled operation prevents aliasing and reduces the in-band quantization noise associated with the aliasing of subharmonic components. We present measurement results demonstrating an audio low-pass filter with a bandwidth of 6.0 kHz
Large spin relaxation rates in trapped submerged-shell atoms

Spin relaxation due to atom--atom collisions is measured for magnetically trapped erbium and thulium atoms at a temperature near 500 mK. The rate constants for Er--Er and Tm--Tm collisions are $3.0\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}$ and $1.1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}$ cm${}^{3}$ ${\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, respectively, $2--3$ orders of magnitude larger than those observed for highly magnetic $S$-state atoms. This is strong evidence for an additional, dominant, spin relaxation mechanism, electronic interaction anisotropy, in collisions between these ``submerged-shell,'' $L\ensuremath{\ne}0$ atoms. These large spin relaxation rates imply that evaporative cooling of these atoms in a magnetic trap will be highly inefficient.
Seismic reflection data interpolation with differential offset and shot continuation

I propose a finite-difference offset-continuation filter for interpolating seismic reflection data. The filter is constructed from the offset-continuation differential equation and is applied on frequency slices in the log-stretch frequency domain. Synthetic and real data tests demonstrate that the proposed method succeeds in structurally complex situations where more simplistic approaches fail.
A semidefinite programming approach to optimal unambiguous discrimination of quantum states

We consider the problem of unambiguous discrimination between a set of linearly independent pure quantum states. We show that the design of the optimal measurement that minimizes the probability of an inconclusive result can be formulated as a semidefinite programming problem. Based on this formulation, we develop a set of necessary and sufficient conditions for an optimal quantum measurement. We show that the optimal measurement can be computed very efficiently in polynomial time by exploiting the many well-known algorithms for solving semidefinite programs, which are guaranteed to converge to the global optimum. Using the general conditions for optimality, we derive necessary and sufficient conditions so that the measurement that results in an equal probability of an inconclusive result for each one of the quantum states is optimal. We refer to this measurement as the equal-probability measurement (EPM). We then show that for any state set, the prior probabilities of the states can be chosen such that the EPM is optimal. Finally, we consider state sets with strong symmetry properties and equal prior probabilities for which the EPM is optimal. We first consider geometrically uniform (GU) state sets that are defined over a group of unitary matrices and are generated by a single generating vector. We then consider compound GU state sets which are generated by a group of unitary matrices using multiple generating vectors, where the generating vectors satisfy a certain (weighted) norm constraint.
Can the West Save Africa

In the new millennium, the Western aid effort toward Africa has surged due to writ- ings by well-known economists, a celebrity mass advocacy campaign, and decisions by Western leaders to make Africa a major foreign policy priority. This survey contrasts the predominant "transformational" approach (West comprehensively saves Africa) to occasional swings to a "marginal" approach (West takes one small step at a time to help individual Africans). Evaluation of "one step at a time" initiatives is generally easier than that of transformational ones either through controlled experiments (although these have been oversold) or simple case studies where it is easier to attribute outcomes to actions. We see two themes emerge from the literature survey: (1) escalation—as each successive Western transformational effort has yielded disappointing results (as judged at least by stylized facts, since again the econometrics are shaky), the response has been to try an even more ambitious effort and (2) the cycle of ideas—rather than a progressive testing and discarding of failed ideas, we see a cycle in aid ideas in many areas in Africa, with ideas going out of fashion only to come back again later after some lapse long enough to forget the previous disappointing experience. Both escalation and cyclicality of ideas are symptomatic of the lack of learning that seems to be characteristic of the "transfor- mational" approach. In contrast, the "marginal" approach has had some successes in improving the well-being of individual Africans, such as the dramatic fall in mortality.
Firm entry, trade, and welfare in Zipf's world

Firm size follows Zipf’s Law, a very fat-tailed distribution that implies a few large rms account for a disproportionate share of overall economic activity. This distribution of rm size is crucial for evaluating the welfare impact of macroeconomic policies such as barriers to entry or trade liberalization. Using a multi-country model of production and trade in which the parameters are calibrated to match the observed distribution of rm size, we show that the welfare impact of high entry costs is small. In the sample of the largest 50 economies in the world, a reduction in entry costs all the way to the U.S. level leads to an average increase in welfare of only 3.25%. In addition, when the rm size distribution follows Zipf’s Law, the welfare impact of the extensive margin of trade { newly imported goods { vanishes. The extensive margin of imports accounts for only about 3.5% of the total gains from a 10% reduction in trade barriers in our model. This is because under Zipf’s Law, the large, inframarginal rms have a far greater welfare impact than the much smaller rms that comprise the extensive margin in these policy experiments. The distribution of rm size matters for these results: in a counterfactual model economy that does not exhibit Zipf’s Law the gains from a reduction in entry barriers are an order of magnitude larger, while the gains from trade liberalization are an order of magnitude smaller.
Properties of generalized derangement graphs

A permutation sigma in Sn is a k-derangement if for any subset X = {a1, . . ., ak} \subseteq [n], {sigma(a1), . . ., sigma(ak)} is not equal to X. One can form the k-derangement graph on the set of permutations of Sn by connecting two permutations sigma and tau if sigma(tau)^-1 is a k-derangement. We characterize when such a graph is connected or Eulerian. For n an odd prime power, we determine the independence, clique and chromatic number of the 2-derangement graph.
Repeated diazepam dosing in cirrhotic patients: Cumulation and sedation

Five medically stable male patients with cirrhosis and four healthy age- and sex-matched controls received single 5-mg oral doses of diazepam (DZ) daily for 22 consecutive days. Plasma concentrations of DZ and its major metabolite desmethyldiazepam (DMDZ) were measured daily during the period of dosing and in the 7-day washout period that followed. Clinical self-ratings of sedation, fatigue, mood state, and sleep patterns were obtained daily during the period of dosage with the use of visual analogue scales. Steady-state plasma DZ concentrations were higher (165 and 98 ng/ml), and DMDZ concentrations tended to be higher (399 and 206 ng/ml), in cirrhotics than in controls. Increases in self-rated daytime sedation also were greater in cirrhotics than in controls and correlated strongly with total DZ and DMDZ plasma concentration during the first 2 wk of diazepam dosing. Thus, reduced clearance of DZ in cirrhotics leads to increased cumulation during long-term dosing. This in turn is associated with increased clinical sedation. Sedative effects are partly offset as treatment proceeds because of adaptation or tolerance. Based on kinetic findings, diazepam can be given safely to cirrhotic patients provided daily dosage is reduced by approximately 50%. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1983) 33, 471–476; doi:10.1038/clpt.1983.64
Minor Withanolides from Physalis philadelphica: Structures, Quinone Reductase Induction Activities, and Liquid Chromatography (LC)-MS-MS Investigation as Artifacts

As a result of a bioactivity-guided search for novel, plant-derived cancer chemopreventive agents, ixocarpalactone A (5) was isolated previously as a potent quinone reductase inducer from the leaves and stems of Physalis philadelphica. In the present study, this promising lead compound was reisolated in gram quantities for in vivo biological testing. During the course of this work, four additional minor new withanolides were also obtained and characterized, namely, 2,3-dihydro-3β-methoxyixocarpalactone A (1), 2,3-dihydro-3β-methoxyixocarpalactone B (2), 2,3-dihydroixocarpalactone B (3), and 4β,7β,20R-trihydroxy-1-oxowitha-2,5-dien-22,26-olide (4). However, compounds 1 and 2 were determined using liquid chromatography (LC)-MS-MS to be artifacts generated during the extraction and isolation procedure. Ixocarpalactone A was detected in the fresh fruits (tomatillos) of P. philadelphica by LC-MS-MS analysis at a concentration of 143±4.53 ppb.
Structure and stability of two dimensional phosphorene with O or NH functionalization

We investigate the stability and electronic properties of oxy-(O) or imine-(NH) functionalized monolayer phosphorene with either single-side or double-side functionalization based on density-functional theory calculations. Our thermodynamic analysis shows that oxy-functionalized phosphorene can be formed under the conditions ranging from ultrahigh vacuum to high concentrations of molecular O2, while the imide-functionalized phosphorene can be formed at relatively high concentrations of molecular N2H2. In addition, our Born–Oppenheimer molecular dynamics (BOMD) simulation shows that under ambient conditions both O2 and N2H2 can etch phosphorene away.
Effects of heterogeneous hydration in the incoming plate, slab rehydration, and mantle wedge hydration on slab-derived H 2 O flux in subduction zones

Abstract We quantify the effects of heterogeneous hydration in the incoming oceanic plate, rehydration in the subducting slab, and hydration in the lowermost mantle wedge on the pattern of H2O release from the slab in the forearc and arc regions of subduction zones. The release and uptake of H2O by dehydration and hydration reactions, respectively, are calculated using a subduction zone thermal model and thermodynamic calculations for the distribution of mineralogically bound H2O for idealized lithologies. We consider two end-member models for the initial hydration state of the incoming plate: (1) uniform hydration, in which H2O is stored homogeneously within each lithologic unit, and (2) localized hydration, in which H2O is stored at its saturation level in discrete zones. The former is commonly assumed in thermo-petrologic models, while the latter approximates the effect of localized hydration along faults in the oceanic plate inferred from geophysical observations. Our modeling results show that for the same bulk H2O content, localized hydration results in shallower H2O release compared to uniform hydration, and that the H2O flux off the subducting slab beneath the forearc and arc regions can be almost twice as large from a locally hydrated slab as from a uniformly hydrated slab. Rehydration can occur in the subducting slab and delays the liberation of H2O. The effect of pervasive rehydration in the slab on the pattern of fluid release in the forearc and arc regions is relatively small if the slab is uniformly hydrated, but it is large if the slab is locally hydrated. Hydration of the overlying mantle also delays the liberation of H2O, but the volume of H2O absorbed in the mantle is small compared to that released from the subducting slab, thereby implying that mantle wedge hydration has only a modest effect on the pattern of fluid release.
MINING CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS FOR CORPORATE TECHNOLOGY KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT

An organization's knowledge gained through technical conference attendance is generally isolated to the individual(s) attending the event. The aggregate corporate knowledge is extremely limited, unless the organization institutes a process to document and transfer that knowledge to the organization. Even if such a process exists, the knowledge gains are limited to the experiences and communication skills of the individuals attending the conference. Many conference proceedings are now published and provided to attendees in electronic format, such as on CD-ROM and/or published on the internet, such as IEEE conference proceedings listed at . These proceedings provide a rich repository that can be mined. Paper abstract compilations reflect "hot topics," as defined by the researchers in the field, and delineate the technical approaches being applied. R&D profiling can more fully exploit recorded conference proceedings' research to enhance corporate knowledge. This paper illustrates the potential in profiling conference proceedings through use of WebQL information retrieval and TechOasis (VantagePoint) text mining software. It shows how tracking research patterns and changes over a sequence of conferences can illuminate R&D trends, map dominant issues, and spotlight key research organizations.
Sales Responses to Recalls for Listeria monocytogenes: Evidence from Branded Ready-to-Eat Meats

The extent to which brand names insulate firms from the spillover effects of food safety events is a potentially important difference between branded products and the undifferentiated commodity products examined in earlier studies. This paper uses empirical models to measure sales losses experienced by frankfurter brands following a recall for a foodborne pathogen. Results indicate sales of recalled brands declined roughly 22% after a recall. Brand recovery, on average, began two to three months after a recall and sales approached prerecall levels within four to five months. There is no evidence that nonrecalled brands experienced sales losses.
Revolution and Resistance: Rethinking Power in Computing History

If one theme dominates memory and imagination about computing, it is "revolution." But the term describes the relationship between transformations in computing and political power in diverse and even contradictory ways. Concepts from the study of social movements can help explain changes in and around computing, clarifying contradictions.
Intrusion of warm surface water beneath the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica

[1] A 6 month temperature record collected below McMurdo Ice Shelf in 2011–2012 shows the temporal and spatial structure of the summertime warm water signal that penetrates beneath the ice shelf. The strength and duration of the warm water intrusion suggest an annual melt rate at Windless Bight of 0.71 m/yr. A Ross Sea numerical model demonstrates a seasonal warm water pathway leading from the west side of the Ross Sea Polynya (RSP) toward McMurdo Sound. The warm water enters McMurdo Sound, subducts beneath the ice shelf and causes accelerated summer melting. Temperature data were recorded using Distributed Temperature Sensing fiber optics, which gives a vertical temperature profile at a 1 m vertical resolution. This study constitutes one of the first successful implementations of this technology in Polar Regions.
CHAOS IN CUSPY TRIAXIAL GALAXIES WITH A SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE: A SIMPLE TOY MODEL

This paper summarises an investigation of chaos in a toy potential which mimics much of the behaviour observed for the more realistic triaxial generalisations of the Dehnen potentials, which have been used to model cuspy triaxial galaxies both with and without a supermassive black hole. The potential is the sum of an anisotropic harmonic oscillator potential, \({\text{V}}_{\text{0}} = \frac{1}{2}\left( {a^2 x^2 + b^2 y^2 + c^2 z^2 } \right)\), and aspherical Plummer potential, \({\text{V}}_{\text{P}} = M_{BH} /\sqrt {r^2 + \varepsilon ^2 } \), with \(r^2 = x^2 + y^2 + z^2\). Attention focuses on three issues related tothe properties of ensembles of chaotic orbits which impact on chaotic mixing and the possibility of constructing self-consistent equilibria:(1) What fraction of the orbits are chaotic? (2) How sensitive are the chaotic orbits, that is, how large are their largest (short time) Lyapunov exponents? (3) To what extent is the motion of chaotic orbits impeded by Arnold webs, that is, how 'sticky' are the chaotic orbits? These questions are explored as functions of the axis ratio a: b: c, black hole mass MBH, softening length e, and energy E with the aims of understanding how the manifestations of chaos depend onthe shape of the system and why the black hole generates chaos. The simplicity of the model makes it amenable to a perturbative analysis. That it mimics the behaviour of more complicated potentials suggests that much of this behaviour should be generic.
Segmented resonantly coupled radio-frequency quadrupole (RFQ)

In this experiment a 4-m-long radio-frequency quadruple (RFQ) resonating at 348 MHz was split into two 2-m-long RFQs. The two RFQs were then rejoined with resonant coupling to form a segmented 4-m-long RFQ. This coupling improved both the longitudinal and transverse stability of the 4-m-long RFQ. The frequencies of all the-modes near the RFQ mode and the sensitivity of the RFQ mode to perturbations were measured. This paper presents the results of these measurements and the compares them with measurements of the original 4-m-long RFQ. Both the original RFQ and the resonant-coupled RFQ use four rods (dipole stabilizers) on the end plates to adjust the frequencies of the dipole modes. Slug tuners distributed along its outer walls tune the RFQ. Modifications to the program RFQTUNE allow its use for tuning the segmented RFQs. This paper also describes the tuning procedure. >
STAR FORMATION IN GALAXIES ALONG THE HUBBLE SEQUENCE

Observations of star formation rates (SFRs) in galaxies provide vital clues to the physical nature of the Hubble sequence and are key probes of the evolutionary histories of galaxies. The focus of this review is on the broad patterns in the star formation properties of galaxies along the Hubble sequence and their implications for understanding galaxy evolution and the physical processes that drive the evolution. Star formation in the disks and nuclear regions of galaxies are reviewed separately, then discussed within a common interpretive framework. The diagnostic methods used to measure SFRs are also reviewed, and a self-consistent set of SFR calibrations is presented as an aid to workers in the field. One of the most recognizable features of galaxies along the Hubble sequence is the wide range in young stellar content and star formation activity. This variation in stellar content is part of the basis of the Hubble classification itself (Hubble 1926), and understanding its physical nature and origins is fundamental to understanding galaxy evolution in its broader context. This review deals with the global star formation properties of galaxies, the systematics of those properties along the Hubble sequence, and their implications for galactic evolution. I interpret “Hubble sequence” in this context very loosely, to encompass not only morphological type but other properties such as gas content, mass, bar structure, and dynamical environment, which can strongly influence the largescale star formation rate (SFR).
Do Crises Catalyze Creative Destruction? Firm-level Evidence from Indonesia

Using Indonesian manufacturing census data (1991-2001), this paper rejects the hypothesis that the East Asian crisis unequivocally improved the reallocative process. The correlation between productivity and employment growth did not strengthen and the crisis induced the exit of relatively productive firms. The attenuation of the relationship between productivity and survival was stronger in provinces with comparatively lower reductions in minimum wages, but not due to reduced entry, changing loan conditions, or firms connected to the Suharto regime suffering disproportionately. On the bright side, firms that entered during the crisis were relatively more productive, which helped mitigate the reduction in aggregate productivity.
Wind Turbines and Coastal Recreation Demand

We examine the impact of coastal wind turbines on local coastal tourism and recreation for residents of the northeastern coastal counties in North Carolina. A combination of telephone and web survey data are used to assess the impact of coastal wind farms on trip behavior and site choice. Most of the respondents to our telephone survey claim to support offshore wind energy development, and independent survey data suggest that the observed levels of support may be indicative of the broader population in this region. Overall, we find very little impact of coastal wind turbines on aggregate recreational visitation; loss in annual consumer surplus associated with wide spread wind development in the coastal zone is insignificant at $17 (or about 1.5% of annual consumer surplus). Results suggest that NC local coastal tourists are averse to wind farms in the near-shore zone; average compensating variation for wind farms one mile from the shore is estimated at $55 per household. On average, we find no evidence of aversion to wind farms 4 miles out in the ocean, or for wind farms located in coastal estuaries. For all wind farm scenarios, we find evidence of preference heterogeneity—some respondents find this appealing while others find it aversive.
Modular Invariants for Lattice Polarized K3 Surfaces

We study the class of complex algebraic K3 surfaces admitting an embedding of HE8 � E8 inside the Neron-Severi lattice. These special K3 surfaces are classified by a pair of modular invariants, in the same manner that ellipticcurves over C are classifiedby the J-invariant. Via the canonical Shioda-Inose structure we construct a geometric correspondence relating K3 surfaces of the above type with abelian surfaces realized as cartesian products of two elliptic curves. We then use this correspondence to determine explicit formulas for the modular invariants.
Isoquinoline-based diimine ligands for Cu(II)-catalyzed enantioselective nitroaldol (Henry) reactions

Abstract A series of isoquinoline-based chiral diimine ligands are conveniently prepared via Bischler–Napieralski cyclization. The C2-symmetric diimine ligand 1a is effective in Cu(II)-catalyzed enantioselective Henry reactions between nitromethane and various aldehydes (11 examples), showing 50–89% yield and 75–93% ee.
IPO Underpricing and After-Market Liquidity

The underpricing of the shares sold through Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) is generally explained with asymmetric information and risk. We complement these traditional explanations with a new theory. Investors who buy IPO shares are also concerned by expected liquidity and by the uncertainty about its level when shares start trading on the after-market. The less liquid shares are expected to be and the less predictable their liquidity, the larger will be the required underpricing. We present a model that integrates such liquidity concerns within a traditional framework with adverse selection and risk. The model’s predictions are supported by evidence from a sample of 337 British IPOs effected between 1998 and 2000. Using various proxies for liquidity, we find that expected after-market liquidity and liquidity risk are important determinants of IPO underpricing.
Impact of a high-fat meal on assessment of clopidogrel-induced platelet inhibition in healthy subjects.

Ideal conditions for platelet reactivity testing are critical for optimal selection of a P2Y12 inhibitor. Data are inconsistent regarding the impact of high-fat meals on test assessment. Participants included 12 healthy subjects not taking antiplatelet drugs after a 12-hour fast. After baseline assessment, subjects were given a 600 mg dose of clopidogrel. Four hours later, maximum platelet inhibition was tested in the fasting state by light transmission aggregometry (LTA), VerifyNow P2Y12, vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP), and whole blood aggregometry (WBA). Subjects were then provided a high-fat meal, and platelet function was evaluated two hours later. Change in measured platelet aggregation by LTA was the primary endpoint of the study. The Wilcoxon Rank Sum test was used to compare the change in platelet reactivity between fasting and non-fasting conditions. The Spearman rho (ρ) correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the association between fasting platelet reactivity and the change following a high-fat meal. No significant change occurred in maximal light transmission, as assessed by LTA with 5 μM ADP (p = 0.15) and with 20 μM ADP (p = 0.07). There was a significant change in the area under the curve with 5 μM ADP (p = 0.03) but not with 20 μM ADP (p = 0.18). Although there was no significant change with the VerifyNow P2Y12 assay (p = 0.16), the change was correlated with the initial fasting value (Spearman’s rho p = 0.008). The VASP assay and WBA varied minimally. The high-fat meal did not significantly alter platelet function assessment of commonly used platelet function tests. Greater intra-subject variability existed for the optically-dependent compared with non-optically dependent tests. NCT01307657 .
Connecting the Sources and Consequences of Social Capital for Rural Development

The objective of this paper is to investigate motives and outputs of social capital with a survey instrument to distinguish self, sympathy and norms as motivating behavior and to correlate that behavior with the consequences of social capital in terms of community and associational activity.
The preparation of synthetically useful carbonyl-protected δ- and ε-lithio ketones via reductive lithiation

Abstract The aromatic radical-anion induced reductive lithiation of the acetals or thioacetals of δ- and e-(phenylthio)ketones provides δ- and e-lithioketone equivalents. Primary and tertiary organolithiums have been generated and the ketone function may be part of a ring. The major synthetic use demonstrated in this report is the conversion to mixed heterocuprates which react with acyl chlorides to yield mono-protected 1,6- or 1,7-diketones. The cuprates also undergo conjugate addition to enones.
A Stochastic Optimal Control Approach for Power Management in Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles

This paper examines the problem of optimally splitting driver power demand among the different actuators (i.e., the engine and electric machines) in a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV). Existing studies focus mostly on optimizing PHEV power management for fuel economy, subject to charge sustenance constraints, over individual drive cycles. This paper adds three original contributions to this literature. First, it uses stochastic dynamic programming to optimize PHEV power management over a distribution of drive cycles, rather than a single cycle. Second, it explicitly trades off fuel and electricity usage in a PHEV, thereby systematically exploring the potential benefits of controlled charge depletion over aggressive charge depletion followed by charge sustenance. Finally, it examines the impact of variations in relative fuel-to-electricity pricing on optimal PHEV power management. The paper focuses on a single-mode power-split PHEV configuration for mid-size sedans, but its approach is extendible to other configurations and sizes as well.
Contractual Flexibility, Rent Seeking, and Renegotiation Design: An Empirical Analysis of Information Technology Outsourcing Contracts

This paper examines renegotiation design in contracts for outsourced information technology (IT) services. Whereas prior literature in information systems has highlighted the likelihood of ex post rent seeking engendered by renegotiation, we build upon literature on incomplete contracts to posit that renegotiation can be Pareto improving by incorporating contingencies revealed ex post. Research on contract renegotiation has been hampered by two sets of challenges: the lack of appropriate data and empirical challenges in identification. We circumvent this problem both by appropriate data collection and by employing an identification strategy to address alternate causal explanations. We propose a measure, Pareto improving amendments, to assess renegotiation outcomes that enhance the value from outsourcing by hazard equilibration and by incorporating learning. Using a unique sample of 141 IT outsourcing contracts, we examine the role of decision rights delineated ex ante in enabling Pareto improving amendments and in resolving the trade-off between adaptation and rent seeking. We find that flexibility provisions, termination for convenience rights, and contractual rights whereby vendors are granted rights to reuse know-how are associated with Pareto improving amendments. The results are robust to potential endogeneity of contractual provisions when parties have feasible foresight and to the possibility of adverse selection in the sample. We also examine alternate explanations from the literature on contractual breach. Implications for practitioners and researchers are discussed. This paper was accepted by Sandra Slaughter, information systems.
IMDAF Cycloaddition as a Method for the Preparation of Pyrrolophenanthridine Alkaloids

Acylation of 5-amino-2-furancarboxylic acid methyl ester with alkenoyl acid chlorides gives 2-amidofurans that undergo intramolecular Diels−Alder cycloadditions. The reactions occur at 165 °C in toluene or at 100 °C when 4 M ethereal LiClO4 was used as the solvent. The resultant dihydroindoles are formed by the nitrogen lone pair assisted ring opening of the initial oxa-bridged cycloadducts, followed by loss of water. Under certain conditions, alternative cationic cyclization routes become important pathways. Several members of the pyrrolophenanthridine class of alkaloids were obtained by a short, efficient method based on the intramolecular Diels−Alder furan cycloaddition of 2-amidofurans containing a tethered alkenyl group. The resulting dihydroindoles were elaborated in one step to the 1H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-de]phenanthridine ring system by a free radical induced cyclization using bis(tributyltin).
How Research Can Assist Policy : The Case of Economic Reforms in Uganda

Research has had a powerful impact on policy in Uganda, affecting the climate of opinion, improving the quality of the policy debate, and helping focus public policy and intervention on poverty reduction. Ugandas successful use of knowledge and research to help set public policy priorities demonstrates that even a poor post conflict country can, in a relatively short period of time, create an effective information base and feedback mechanisms for decision making.
The Significance of the Market Portfolio

The market portfolio is in one sense the least important portfolio to provide to investors. In an J-agent one-period stochastic endowment economy, where preferences are quadratic, a social-welfare-minded contract designer would never create a contract that would allow trading the market portfolio. Even the complete set of contracts, all J 1 of them, which achieve a first best solution, never span the market portfolio. These conclusions rely on the assumption that the contract designer has perfect information about agents' utilities. We also show that as the contract designer's information about agents' utilities becomes more imperfect, the optimal contracts approach contracts that weight individual endowments in proportion to elements of eigenvectors of the variance matrix of endowments. Then, if there is a strong enough market component to endowments, a portfolio approximating the market portfolio may be the most important portfolio.
Women and rural revolt in India

Women's major productive role (outside of the home) in agriculture and the crucial part which women play in peasant revolts have been more or less ignored by social scientists. In this paper an attempt is made to analyse the interconnections between class and sexual oppression, and between women's movements and class struggle, in rural India: with class structure, the nature of society, and the development of social movements looked at from the viewpoint of women themselves. With the use of two key concepts, work participation and mode of production, it is argued that in India, increasingly during the last decade, capitalism has developed in the countryside, and that, with the changing social relations of production, there has emerged a mass‐based and militant women's movement, whose objective basis has been the militancy of women of the rural poor. This is illustrated for a variety of Indian states, but especially for the state of Maharashtra.
Resonance in the mouse tibia as a predictor of frequencies and locations of loading-induced bone formation

To enhance new bone formation for the treating of patients with osteopenia and osteoporosis, various mechanical loading regimens have been developed. Although a wide spectrum of loading frequencies is proposed in those regimens, a potential linkage between loading frequencies and locations of loading-induced bone formation is not well understood. In this study, we addressed a question: Does mechanical resonance play a role in frequency-dependent bone formation? If so, can the locations of enhanced bone formation be predicted through the modes of vibration? Our hypothesis is that mechanical loads applied at a frequency near the resonant frequencies enhance bone formation, specifically in areas that experience high principal strains. To test the hypothesis, we conducted axial tibia loading using low, medium, or high frequency to the mouse tibia, as well as finite element analysis. The experimental data demonstrated dependence of the maximum bone formation on location and frequency of loading. Samples loaded with the low-frequency waveform exhibited peak enhancement of bone formation in the proximal tibia, while the high-frequency waveform offered the greatest enhancement in the midshaft and distal sections. Furthermore, the observed dependence on loading frequencies was correlated to the principal strains in the first five resonance modes at 8.0–42.9 Hz. Collectively, the results suggest that resonance is a contributor to the frequencies and locations of maximum bone formation. Further investigation of the observed effects of resonance may lead to the prescribing of personalized mechanical loading treatments.