cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neuronal death induced by misfolded prion protein is due to NAD+ depletion and can be relieved in vitro and in vivo by NAD+ replenishment

The mechanisms of neuronal death in protein misfolding neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and prion diseases are poorly understood. We used a highly toxic misfolded prion protein (TPrP) model to understand neurotoxicity induced by prion protein misfolding. We show that abnormal autophagy activation and neuronal demise is due to severe, neuron-specific, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) depletion. Toxic prion protein-exposed neuronal cells exhibit dramatic reductions of intracellular NAD+ followed by decreased ATP production, and are completely rescued by treatment with NAD+ or its precursor nicotinamide because of restoration of physiological NAD+ levels. Toxic prion protein-induced NAD+ depletion results from PARP1-independent excessive protein ADP-ribosylations. In vivo, toxic prion protein-induced degeneration of hippocampal neurons is prevented dose-dependently by intracerebral injection of NAD+. Intranasal NAD+ treatment of prion-infected sick mice significantly improves activity and delays motor impairment. Our study reveals NAD+ starvation as a novel mechanism of autophagy activation and neurodegeneration induced by a misfolded amyloidogenic protein. We propose the development of NAD+ replenishment strategies for neuroprotection in prion diseases and possibly other protein misfolding neurodegenerative diseases.
Managing Sports Injuries in the Pediatric Office

1. Jordan D. Metzl, MD* 1. *Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Special Surgery, Cornell Medical College, New York, NY After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Describe the current management of concussion. 2. Delineate the prescription for treatment of acute ankle injuries and prevention of subsequent injuries. 3. Describe appropriate handling of neck injuries to avoid additional damage. 4. Discuss the likelihood of sustaining an ankle injury if the patient has had a previous ankle injury. 5. Recognize which sports are more closely associated with head injury than others. With increasing numbers of young athletes participating in sports activities across the United States, the issues of sports participation, sports safety, and specific return-to-play decisions have become more common in the pediatric office. Athletic patients and their families are turning increasingly toward the pediatrician for guidance and safe decision-making regarding sports participation and injury prevention. This article examines specific issues that pediatricians and pediatric residents in training should encounter during the practice of general pediatric medicine. These issues include concussion, cervical spine injury, and ankle injury. Case-based teaching examples are used to illustrate teaching points. ### Case #1: Head Injury A 15-year-old soccer player comes to her pediatrician for follow-up 1 day after suffering a head injury during a soccer game. She sustained a head-to-head collision with another player and quickly developed a headache. She tried to continue playing but was having difficulty remembering her position and on-field responsibilities. She did not lose consciousness. She came off the field voluntarily, was evaluated by the athletic trainer on the sideline, and was removed from the soccer game. Her parents were worried and took her to the emergency department, where she was evaluated. A computed tomography scan was negative for subdural or epidural hematoma . Closed-head injury is a common medical problem in young athletes who play in high- and medium-contact sports (Table 1). Unfortunately, the majority of concussive episodes in young athletes are not reported, but the known …
C-terminal threonine phosphorylation activates ERM proteins to link the cell's cortical lipid bilayer to the cytoskeleton.

Abstract The plasma membrane consists of a lipid bilayer with integral membrane proteins stabilized by regulated linkages to the cortical actin cytoskeleton. The regulation is necessary for cells to change shape ormigrate. The ERM (ezrin–radixin–moesin) proteins are believed to provide such links, with the N-terminal halves associating with integral membrane proteins, either directly or indirectly through adapter molecules like EBP50 (ERM binding phosphoprotein, 50 kDa), and their C-terminal halves associating with F-actin. However, isolated ERM proteins largely exist in a dormant state by virtue of an intramolecular interaction between amino- and carboxyl-terminal domains, thereby masking membrane and cytoskeletal association sites. C-terminal threonine phosphorylation of a fragment of radixin has been found to destroy its ability to bind the amino-terminal domain without affecting the C-terminal F-actin binding site. Here we show that C-terminal phosphorylation of full-length, dormant ezrin and moesin by protein kinase C-theta simultaneously unmasks both the F-actin and EBP50 binding sites. Increased phosphorylation of moesin in cells correlated with increased association of moesin with the cortical actin cytoskeleton. These results show that activation of ERM proteins can be accomplished by phosphorylation of a single C-terminal threonine residue.
Synthetic Benevolence and Malevolence as Strategies of Relational Compliance-Gaining

A questionnaire study was conducted in which subjects described, and rated on several scales, incidents they recalled in which they had been either `synthetically benevolent' or `malevolent' when trying to influence others. `Synthetic benevolence' is a positive or prosocial act that is not what it appears to be, whilst `synthetic malevolence' is a negative or antisocial act that is not what it appears to be. As hypothesized, synthetic benevolence tended to be targeted to higher status, more powerful others while synthetic malevolence tended to be directed against lower status, less powerful others. Synthetic benevolence generally involved flattery, modelling and pretending, whereas synthetic malevolence involved threat, refusal and denial to a greater extent. The use of these two forms of concealment, synthetic benevolence and malevolence, as strategies of compliance-gaining influence and the implications for interpersonal relationships are discussed.
Rapid Estimation of the Probability of SRAM Failure due to MOS Threshold Variations

Accurate estimation of the effects of threshold variations, in particular yield loss, is crucial during the design of robust SRAM cells and memory arrays in deep submicron technologies. We present an efficient technique to calculate yield loss due to access-time, static noise margin, etc., related failures. Our method does not rely on Monte-Carlo techniques; instead, it finds the boundary in Vt (threshold voltage) parameter space between success and failure regions and uses quick geometrical calculations to find the yield. The Vt boundary curve is found efficiently via an Euler-Newton curve tracing technique, adapted from mixed-signal/RF simulation, that guides detailed SPICE-level simulation with accurate MOS device models. We compare and validate the new method against Monte-Carlo style yield estimation, obtaining superior accuracies and speedups of more than 10times.
The influence of drawing, twisting, heat setting, and untwisting on the structure and mechanical properties of melt‐spun high‐density polyethylene fiber

The variation of crystalline morphology and mechanical properties of polyethylene fibers was studied as they were sequentially melt spun, drawn, twisted, heat set, and untwisted. Twisting of as-melt spun fibers was also investigated. The morphology was characterized using wideangle x-ray diffraction, small-angle x-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy techniques. Drawing results in high crystalline orientation, fibrillation, and large increases in modulus and tensile strength. Effects due to variation of spinning conditions were noted. Twisting either as-spun or drawn fibers decreased the axial orientation, modulus, tensile strength, and usually also the elongation to break. The changes in these properties increased with twist angle. Twisting also caused transformation of a small fraction of the sample to the monoclinic form of polyethylene. Heat setting caused healing of voids generated during drawing and increased the perfection and periodicity of the stacking of lamellar crystals along the fiber axis. Heat setting also caused the monoclinic polyethylene to transform back to the orthorhombic form, and it increased the modulus and tensile strength. Untwisting returned the orientation in the fiber to essentially that which it would have if it had not been twisted, but untwisting also resulted in the formation of kink bands.
Low cloud precipitation climatology in the southeastern Pacific marine stratocumulus region using CloudSat

A climatology of low cloud surface precipitation occurrence and intensity from the new CloudSat 2C-RAIN-PROFILE algorithm is presented from June 2006 through December 2010 for the southeastern Pacific region of marine stratocumulus. Results show that over 70% of low cloud precipitation falls as drizzle. Application of an empirical evaporation model suggests that 50‐80% of the precipitation evaporates before it reaches the surface. Segregation of the CloudSat ascending and descending overpasses shows that the majority of precipitation occurs at night. Examination of the seasonal cycle shows that the precipitation is most frequent during the austral winter and spring; however there is considerable regional variability. Conditional rain rates increase from east to west with a maximum occurring in the region influenced by the South Pacific Convergence Zone. Area average rain rates are highest in the region where precipitation rates are moderate, but most frequent. The area average surface rain rate for low cloud precipitation for this region is 0.22 mm d 1 , in good agreement with in situ estimates, and is greatly improved over earlier CloudSat precipitation products. These results provide a much-needed quantification of surface precipitation in a region that is currently underestimated in existing satellite-based precipitation climatologies.
Drug eluting coronary stent: in vitro evaluation of magnet resonance safety at 3 Tesla

Purpose. To evaluate MR safety at 3 Tesla for a drug eluting coronary stent. Methods. A drug eluting coronary stent (Endeavor, cobalt alloy, Medtronic Vascular, Santa Rosa, CA) was evaluated for magnetic field interactions, heating, and artifacts at 3 Tesla. MRI-related heating was assessed with the stent in a gelled saline-filled phantom using a transmit/received RF body coil with a whole body averaged SAR of 2.0 W/kg. Artifacts were characterized using T1-weighted, spin echo, and gradient echo pulse sequences. Results. The stent exhibited minor magnetic field interactions that will not cause migration. Heating was not substantial (+0.5C). Artifacts may create a problem if the area of interest is in the same area or close to the stent (e.g., for a T1-weighted, spin echo pulse sequence, within approximately 16 mm; for a gradient echo pulse sequence, within approximately 23 mm). Conclusion. The findings indicated that it would be safe for a patient with this cobalt alloy-based, drug-eluting coronary stent to undergo MRI at 3 Tesla or less. Importantly, because of the relative lack of magnetic field interactions, MRI may be performed immediately after implantation.
Diagnosis of Influenza from Respiratory Autopsy Tissues: Detection of Virus by Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR in 222 Cases

The recent influenza pandemic, caused by a novel H1N1 influenza A virus, as well as the seasonal influenza outbreaks caused by varieties of influenza A and B viruses, are responsible for hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide. Few studies have evaluated the utility of real-time reverse transcription-PCR to detect influenza virus RNA from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues obtained at autopsy. In this work, respiratory autopsy tissues from 442 suspect influenza cases were tested by real-time reverse transcription-PCR for seasonal influenza A and B and 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) viruses and the results were compared to those obtained by immunohistochemistry. In total, 222 cases were positive by real-time reverse transcription-PCR, and of 218 real-time, reverse transcription-PCR-positive cases also tested by immunohistochemistry, only 107 were positive. Although formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues can be used for diagnosis, frozen tissues offer the best chance to make a postmortem diagnosis of influenza because these tissues possess nucleic acids that are less degraded and, as a consequence, provide longer sequence information than that obtained from fixed tissues. We also determined that testing of all available respiratory tissues is critical for optimal detection of influenza virus in postmortem tissues.
A Model of Teacher Professional Development to Support Technology Integration

During the 1998-1999 school year faculty from Indiana University's School of Education (Bloomington) began in in-service teacher education program, Teacher Institute for Curriculum Knowledge about Integration of Technology (TICKIT). TICKIT was designed to foster the thoughtful infusion of educational technology into the K-12 curricula of teachers in rural school systems within southern Indiana. This paper describes this program, and then presents an experience-based model upon which it currently rests. TICKIT annually typically includes cohorts of four to six teachers from five school districts. Important factors include classroom-based curriculum projects, teacher choice, systematic reflection on practice, reports by teachers of their work to other professionals, and impact by teachers on others in their schools. The paper concludes with lessons learned from the program during its first four years of operation. A summary of TICKIT teacher projects is tabulated. The TICKIT Individual Project Action Plan (January 5, 2001) is appended. (Contains 35 references.) (Author/AEF) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document.
Transferable Rate Entitlements: the Overlooked Opportunity in Municipal Water Pricing:

Entitlements to marketable water rate options (coupons) have been shown capable of addressing the issue of equity in water pricing, thus allowing efficient marginal cost pricing. This article proposes a "behind the scenes" variation that eliminates learning or transaction costs on the part of the consumer. The article proceeds to explore possibilities to adjust water rates so as to enhance revenues along with efficiency while using the companion instrument of transferable rate entitlements to address equity concerns. This combination opens up possibilities for privatization or deregulation of municipal water utilities.
Flash X-Ray (FXR) Accelerator Optimization Beam-Induced Voltage Simulation and TDR Measurements

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) is evaluating design alternatives to improve the voltage regulation in our Flash X-Ray (FXR) accelerator cell and pulse-power system. The goal is to create a more mono-energetic electron beam. When an electron beam crosses the energized gap of an accelerator cell, the electron energy is increased. However, the beam with the associated electromagnetic wave also looses a small amount of energy because of the increased impedance seen across the gap. The beam-induced voltage at the gap is time varying. This creates beam energy variations that we need to understand and control. A high-fidelity computer simulation of the beam and cell interaction has been completed to quantify the time varying induced voltage at the gap. The cell and pulse-power system was characterized using a Time-domain Reflectometry (TDR) measurement technique with a coaxial air-line to drive the cell gap. The beam-induced cell voltage is computed by convoluting the cell impedance with measured beam current. The voltage was checked against other measurements to validate the accuracy.cell features. The injector voltage has added complexity because of the reflections in the cathode and anode stalks. The third term is defined as the beam-induced gap voltage that launches an electromagnetic (EM) wave into the cell and pulse-power system. A portion is reflected back from the different cell components and appears in the gap again. This is related to beam loading, but the impedance mismatches in the cell and pulse-power system creates a much more dynamic process than the name "loading" implies. This report focuses on the beam-induced energy variation.
Predictive monitoring for early detection of subacute potentially catastrophic illnesses in critical care

We wish to save lives of patients admitted to ICUs. Their mortality is high enough based simply on the severity of the original injury or illness, but is further raised by events during their stay. We target those events that are subacute but potentially catastrophic, such as infection. Sepsis, for example, is a bacterial infection of the bloodstream, that is common in ICU patients and has a >25% risk of death. Logically, early detection and treatment with antibiotics should improve outcomes. Our fundamental precepts are (1) some potentially catastrophic medical and surgical illnesses have subclinical phases during which early diagnosis and treatment might have life-saving effects, (2) these phases are characterized by changes in the normal highly complex but highly adaptive regulation and interaction of the nervous system and other organs such as the heart and lungs, (3) teams of clinicians and quantitative scientists can work together to identify clinically important abnormalities of monitoring data, to develop algorithms that match the clinicians' eye in detecting abnormalities, and to undertake the clinical trials to test their impact on outcomes.
Time-Dependent Changes in Matrix Metalloproteinase Activity and Expression During the Progression of Congestive Heart Failure: Relation to Ventricular and Myocyte Function

The development of congestive heart failure (CHF) is associated with left ventricular (LV) dilation and myocardial remodeling. However, fundamental mechanisms that contribute to this remodeling process with the progression of CHF remain unclear. The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been demonstrated to play a significant role in tissue remodeling in a number of pathological processes. The present project tested the hypothesis that the LV dilation and remodeling during the progression of CHF is associated with early changes in MMP expression and zymographic activity. LV and myocyte function, collagen content, and MMP expression and zymographic activity were serially measured during the progression of CHF caused by pacing-induced supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) in pigs. After 7 days of SVT, LV end-diastolic dimension and myocyte length both increased by 15% from control values, and LV fractional shortening fell by 20%. At the level of the myocyte, percent shortening fell by 16% after 7 days of SVT, with no change in the steady-state velocity of shortening. Longer durations of SVT caused progressive LV dilation, LV pump failure, and myocyte contractile dysfunction. Specifically, 21 days of SVT resulted in a >50% increase in LV dimension, a 56% fall in LV fractional shortening, and a 33% decline in myocyte velocity of shortening. The decline in LV and myocyte function with 21 days of SVT was accompanied by signs and symptoms of CHF. Thus, SVT causes time-dependent changes in LV geometry and function and the subsequent development of CHF. LV myocardial collagen content and confluence fell by >25% after 7 days of SVT and were accompanied by an 80% increase in LV myocardial MMP zymographic activity against the substrate gelatin. After 14 days of SVT, total LV myocardial collagen content was reduced by 24%, and LV myocardial MMP zymographic activity increased by >100% from control values. Interstitial collagenase (MMP-1), stromelysin (MMP-3), and 72-kD gelatinase (MMP-2) were increased by approximately 2-fold after 7 days of SVT. LV MMP zymographic activity and abundance remained elevated with longer durations of SVT. The results of the present study demonstrated that in this model of CHF, early changes in LV myocardial MMP zymographic activity and protein levels occurred with the initiation and progression of LV dilation and dysfunction. These findings suggest that an early contributory mechanism for the initiation of LV remodeling that occurred in this model of developing CHF is enhanced expression and potentially increased activity of LV myocardial MMPs.
Who Needs Security? Entrepreneurial Minorities, Security Values, and Firm Performance

In this study, the authors seek to enhance their understanding of why minority and majority entrepreneurs succeed at different rates, by going beyond surface-level demographic variables and investi...
Recycling C.R.A.P.: Reframing a Popular Research Mnemonic for Library Instruction

In 2015 the American Association of College & Research Libraries jettisoned its long-standing set of Information Literacy Standards for Higher Education and adopted the richer, more flexible Framework for Information Literacy for Higher Education. Composed of core concepts rather than prescriptive objectives, the Framework more closely mirrors the complexity of the rapidly evolving academic environment and encourages engagement on the part of students. However, many instruction librarians find that the Frame’s flexibility also poses pedagogical challenges. The authors describe how instruction librarians at one university library have adapted and used a popular mnemonic device when presenting the Frames, thus promoting greater student reflection and interaction.
Emulated CP jamming and nulling attacks on SC-FDMA and two novel countermeasures

Single-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) uses Cyclic Prefix (CP) to mitigate inter-symbol interference (ISI) and inter-channel interference (ICI). CP ensures that the convolution of the channel impulse response with the modulated symbols has the form of a circular convolution. This results in simple one-tap equalization in the receiver by removing ICI. These crucial roles played by the CP make SC-FDMA particularly vulnerable to jamming or nulling attacks through CP. These attacks are effective if the CP is disrupted before the symbol interacts with the channel. The attacks that happen to jam the CP after the symbol is already convolved with the channel, reduce to no-jamming scenarios in their effectiveness. But CP disruption ensuring the symbol is not already distorted by channel is practically infeasible. Consequently, we have designed the jammers so that they emulate the effects of CP jamming and nulling in frequency-selective static channel. We have also proposed two novel countermeasures. Simulations are performed to validate the analytical predictions. The results reflect the fact that CP attacks are particularly suitable for power-constrained jammers in high SNR regime. The newly proposed anti-jamming techniques prove to be very effective in restoring the system.
Laughter in Interaction: Towards a social interactional approach to laughter

This book is about laughter as a part of everyday human communication. The central focus of subsequent chapters concerns sequential organization of laughter in interaction, what people do with and through laughter, and the ways laughter plays a part in constituting identities and relationships. These topics foreground laughter as communication and as fundamentally social. They represent a shift in emphasis from previous research that has given greater emphasis to its physical, biological, philosophical, and psychological dimensions. Specifically, this book addresses three general questions: How do people accomplish laugher in everyday interaction? That is, how is laughter organized, produced, and interpreted? How do people laugh together? How is shared laughter brought about, maintained, or closed? What do people accomplish through laughter in interaction? These questions represent something of a departure from much previous research on laughter. However, they reflect grounding in over twenty-five years of conversation analytic investigations into the sequential organization and interactional workings of everyday laughter, and those materials are reviewed in detail beginning in Chapter 2. In this chapter I provide an overview of some ways laughter has been regarded and studied, thereby positioning this book as building on, and to some extent contrasting with, what has gone before. The familiar but enigmatic phenomenon of laughter has long drawn the fascination and interest of scholars of nearly every academic discipline (for other related reviews, see Monro, 1963; Hertzler, 1970; Goldstein and McGhee, 1972; Holland, 1982; Morreall, 1983; Zijderveld, 1983; Norrick, 1993; Foot, 1997; and Provine, 2000).
Survival Outcomes of Dose-Escalated External Beam Radiotherapy versus Combined Brachytherapy for Intermediate and High Risk Prostate Cancer Using the National Cancer Data Base

Purpose: We evaluated survival outcomes between dose-escalated EBRT (external beam radiotherapy) vs EBRT plus brachytherapy for intermediate and high risk prostate cancer using NCDB (National Cancer Data Base).Materials and Methods: Patients with cN0M0 prostate cancer treated from 2004 to 2006 were divided into radiotherapy comparison groups, including EBRT alone (75.6 to 81 Gy) and EBRT (40 to 50.4 Gy) plus brachytherapy with EBRT delivered at 1.8 to 2.0 Gy per fraction. Brachytherapy data were limited to yes/no with no information on modality, dose or schedule. Eligible patients were known to have received androgen deprivation therapy. Overall survival was evaluated using multivariate Cox regression and propensity score matched analyses.Results: Of the 20,279 study patients with prostate cancer, including 12,617 at intermediate risk and 7,662 at high risk, 71.3% received EBRT alone and 28.7% received EBRT plus brachytherapy. Median followup was 82 months (range 3 to 120) and median age was 70 years (ran...
Attachment Theory and Research: Implications for Psychodynamic Psychotherapy

Though attachment research today is best conceptualized as integrationist and multidisciplinary, it is important to remember that attachment theory was born out of clinical process. Bowlby [1–3] was first and foremost a psychoanalyst, and he drew from clinical experiences with children and adults to conceptualize his theory. Many of his ideas developed in response to dissatisfaction with the prevailing perspectives of the time. Though Melanie Klein, his supervisor at the time, was quite influential in his thinking about object relations, her conceptualization of development focused almost exclusively on internal conflict rather than external events in the child’s family and environment [4, 5]. Contrary to Klein’s perspective, during the analysis of a 3-year-old boy, Bowlby observed direct links between disturbances in the mother and pathology in the child. Such experiences in analytic treatment formed the basis for his assertion that early attachment difficulties increase ­vulnerability to later psychopathology.
Slow waves actively propagate at submucosal surface of circular layer in canine colon

Colonic slow waves originate from pacemaker cells along the submucosal surface of the circular layer in the dog proximal colon. These events propagate in a nonregenerative manner into the bulk of the circular layer. Conduction velocities consistent with an active mechanism for slow-wave propagation in the longitudinal and circumferential axes of the colon have been reported. Experiments were performed using intracellular recording techniques on canine colonic muscles to determine the regenerative pathway for slow-wave propagation. In a thin band of muscle adjacent to the submucosal border of the circular layer, slow-wave amplitude was independent of distance from a pacing source, and events propagated at a rate of approximately 17 mm/s in the long axis of the circular fibers and 6 mm/s in the transverse axis of the circular fibers. These findings suggest that slow waves propagate in a regenerative manner in this region. Slow waves decayed as they conducted through regions from which the pacemaker cells had been removed with space constants of a few millimeters. Thus the integrity of the thin pacemaker region along submucosal surface is critical for propagation of slow waves and the organization of motility into segmental contractions.
Magnetic manifestations of carrier localization in quantum well

It is well established that quantum size effects play an important role in modifying the electrical and optical properties of microscopic systems. Recently it was shown that diluted magnetic semiconductors1 (DMSs) can be incorporated into superlattice structures,2,3 offering the possibility of changing the confining potential by the application of an external magnetic field.
Examining the Use of Talk and Writing for Students' Development of Scientific Conceptual Knowledge Through Constructing and Critiquing Arguments

ABSTRACTThis study developed an analytic framework consisting of four patterns of talk and writing that can support students' engagement in construction and critique: Talk only, writing only, use of talk and writing in sequence, and use of talk and writing simultaneously. This study aimed to examine how each pattern supports students' development of scientific knowledge through the construction and critique of arguments and what cognitive functions are associated with each pattern. To trace students' knowledge development over time using the four patterns, three students were selected as target subjects. Data were analyzed using two approaches: (1) in-depth analysis of a Knowledge Development Trajectory and (2) constant comparative method. This study highlights elementary students' capability of engaging in argumentation that promotes their scientific knowledge development when provided with proper opportunities, facilitation, and time to recognize that talk and writing can be used as epistemic tools for ...
NITROGEN ACCUMULATION IN KAOLIN MINING WASTES IN CORNWALL

Nitrogen accumulation was studied in mica and sand mining wastes of Cornwall after twelve forage legume varieties were established with the use of lime and fertilizers containing phosphorus and potassium. In the finetextured mica waste legume productivity and nitrogen accumulation were similar to those for upland pastures in Cornwall; but legume growth was limited by summer drought on the coarse-textured sand waste. Native perennial legumes well adapted to the British climate were the most productive and showed the highest potential for nitrogen fixation. More than 500 kg N/ha accumulated during the 2-year period whenTrifolium pratense andLotus corniculatus were established on mica waste, and more than 250 kg N/ha was accumulated by these legumes on sand waste.Trifolium pratense andLotus corniculatus were persistent on both the mica and sand waste, andMedicago lupulina showed an unusually high tolerance for competition from invading and sown grass on the sand waste.Trifolium repens andT. hybridum are recommended for waste sites where grazing is a part of management. Nitrogen accumulation on mica waste was consistent with N fixation rates expected from climatic conditions. Nitrogen fixation by free-living bacteria is limited by the low organic matter content of the wastes. The nitrogen fixation potential by legumes on sand wastes has been underestimated because leaching losses were not adequately evaluated. Since nitrogen accumulation rates by earlyTrifolium pratense andT. repens were 70 percent higher than the maximum rate estimated for natural legumesi.e. (Ulex europaeus) on sand waste, the use of forage legumes should reduce reclamation time considerably. re]19760512
A Computational Prediction of the Permeation Leak Rate Performance of a Candidate Space Seal

The preservation of air in manned spacecraft is the utmost priority in space seal research and development. Novel elastomeric space seals are currently being developed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration for future spacecraft. As a comprehensive prediction methodology is lacking in today’s seal research, the design process for these elastomeric space seals has relied heavily on previous experience and experimental studies. Toward this end, a compressible permeation model has been developed to predict leak rates for realistic, silicone elastomeric space seals. This was accomplished using a finite difference technique using a curvilinear, body fitted grid and pseudo-time stepping to reach steady state. The computational technique was then validated with experimental measurements of a subscale space seal constructed with elastomer compound S0383-70. Trials were performed at two operating temperatures: +23 ◦ C and +50 ◦ C; and two levels of closure: 40% and 100%. Computational analysis showed sound correlation with the experimental measurements at 40% closure, as the predicted leak rate values were within the bounds of the experimental uncertainty. At 100% closure, the predict leak rates were within 16% of the corresponding experimental observations. Differences were attributed to inaccuracies domain and the fidelity of the model.
A Functional Analysis of Schizophrenia

There has been a renaissance in research examining psychosocial risk factors for the development of schizophrenia, yet little work has been done to integrate these factors into a comprehensive psychological analysis of this disorder. This article highlights, from a Skinnerian functional analytic perspective, how the specific symptoms of schizophrenia may develop and be maintained. It is hypothesized that the early environment of an individual who later develops schizophrenia is socially isolating and defeating, which leads to excessive self-focused attention and deficient corrective social feedback for anomalous sensory experiences. Isolation and defeat also make it less likely that verbal behavior will come under the control of subtle interpersonal cues and more likely that such behavior will come under the control of internal stimuli. A history of social failure may also lead individuals to avoid goal pursuits and intense emotional expressiveness. The article also highlights the continuity between the effects of contingencies of survival in one’s ancestors, and contingencies of reinforcement in the individual in the development of schizophrenia, and how a functional analysis may aid in the psychosocial treatment of this disorder.
Genetic Variability in the Response to Injury

Traumatic and sports injuries are associated with the development of post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA). The variation in the healing response of these injuries present a great challenge for clinicians to envisage the healing outcomes. Several factors are known to influence the variation in the healing sequelae such as age, sex, extent and magnitude of injury, and genetics. In this chapter, we cite mouse and human studies that favor the participation of genetics as a major factor in the healing response of injured tissues as well as in the susceptibility to PTOA. First, we present evidence from mouse studies that show genetic variation in the healing of ear-wound and articular cartilage and from those that show the genetic variability in experimental PTOA. Second, we summarize the studies in human population that use genome-wide association scans to detect the gene variants, which are potentially thought to drive the susceptibility to OA. Third, we discuss variation in the healing of human anterior cruciate ligament injuries that may be genetically modulated. Finally, we provide a few examples of genetic variation in the response to injury in non-musculoskeletal system.
Epidemiological analysis of intestinal infectious diseases in Beibei district of Chongqing municipal from 2004 to 2009

Objective To investigate the epidemic trend and features of intestinal infectious diseases in Beibei district in recent years, and to provide the basis for formulating counter-measures strategy. Method Intestinal infectious cases between 2004 and 2009 in Beibei were analyzed using descriptive epidemiological methods. Results 7 908 cases of intestinal infectious were reported,and 9 different types of infectious diseases were noted.The average annual incidence rate was 219.13/10 million and there was no death case.Infectious diarrhea (61.43%) and shigellosis(27%) were the major infectious diseasse. Incidence rate in the male subject was higher than the female.Most of the cases were found in the age group of 0(51.06%) and 15 years old(24.92%). Scattered living children (46.91%) and farmers (13.21%)had a higher rate of infection. Morbidity time was mainly between June to December. Most of the reported cases were from Tianshena street,Chaoyang streets, Beiquan street and Xiema town. Conclusion Strengthening of the health education and the monitoring of food, drinking water are the key to control the intestinal infection.
The susceptibility of Rattus norvegicus to Brodifacoum in laboratory

Objective To provide basic data for brodifacoum resistance monitoring in Rattus norvegicus,the laboratory determined the susceptibility of R.norvegicus to brodifacoum.Methods Firstly hived off the males and females,then divided into groups at random.No-choice was fed the brodifacoum bait at concentration of 0.000 12% for 4 different feeding days.Using Bliss software,statistics their death rates relevant to different feeding days.Results By statistical analysis,the brodifacoum susceptibility was of no sex signicanty difference(Pb0.05,pLFP0.05).Obtained the quality:y=3.62+5.00 x.On combination of the sex data,LFP50,LFP99 and its 95% fiducially limits for R.norvegicus were 1.89(1.61～2.23),5.52(3.65～8.34)days respectively.Conclusion According to the WHO revising standard that the days of LFP99 is made the mark,the local R.norvegicus are fed the 0.000 12% bait making the standard of resistance in excess of 6 days.
Genotypic differences between Populus euphratica and P.popularis in antioxidative ability and salt tolerance under NaCl stress

In the present study, we investigated the effects of increasing soil NaCl on leaf Na+ and Cl-concentrations, O-·2 production rate, activity of antioxidant enzymes, e.g. superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR) and the relevance to salt tolerance in 1-year-old plants of Populus euphratica (salt-resistant) and P.popularis 35-44 (salt-sensitive). Na+ and Cl-concentrations in P.popularis leaves markedly increased upon increasing salinity and reached the highest level on day 18, which was 17.8-and 14.6-fold of that in controls, correspondingly, O-·2 production rate in P.popularis leaves increased to the maximum. However, there was no significant increase of SOD activity in stressed P.popularis plants and CAT activity remained lower than control levels during the period of salt stress. APX and GR activity began to increase after 13-18 days of salt treatment when stressed P.popularis plants exhibited leaf injury symptoms. This was the typical response of salt-induced oxidative stress in P.popularis. In contrast to P.popularis, Na+ and Cl-concentration in P. euphratica leaves did not increase after salt stress was initiated, but O-·2 production rate began to increase after 7 days of salinity. Activity of SOD, APX and CAT was elevated corresponding to the increased O-·2 production, suggesting that P. euphratica plants were able to sense salt stress and up-regulated the antioxidant enzymes to reduce salt-induced lipid peroxidation and membrane permeability, which contributing to membrane integrity maintenance and salt tolerance in P. euphratica.
Vegetation productivity responds to sub-annual climate conditions across semiarid biomes

NASA SMAP Science Definition Team [08-SMAPSDT08-0042]; NASA SMAP Science Team [NNH14AX72I]; U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Science
Asymmetric synthesis of chiral β-alkynyl carbonyl and sulfonyl derivatives via sequential palladium and copper catalysis

We present a full account detailing the development of a sequential catalysis strategy for the synthesis of chiral β-alkynyl carbonyl and sulfonyl derivatives. A palladium-catalyzed cross coupling of terminal alkyne donors with acetylenic ester, ketone, and sulfone acceptors generates stereodefined enynes in high yield. These compounds are engaged in an unprecedented, regio- and enantioselective copper-catalyzed conjugate reduction. The process exhibits a high functional group tolerance, and this enables the synthesis of a broad range of chiral products from simple, readily available alkyne precursors. The utility of the method is demonstrated through the elaboration of the chiral β-alkynyl products into a variety of different molecular scaffolds. Its value in complex molecule synthesis is further validated through a concise, enantioselective synthesis of AMG 837, a potent GPR40 receptor agonist.
DATA INTEGRITY-CONDUCT OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATIONS : UNIVERSITY INVESTIGATOR PERSPECTIVE

Clinical investigations are studies designed to evaluate the effectiveness of a new animal drug. Expectations for documentation of events occurring during clinical investigations have been greatly increased. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) through its Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM) division recently issued a guideline to address the responsibilities (under 21 CFR 511.1 and 512[j] of the Federal, Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act) of investigators who conduct clinical investigations of new animal drugs and of monitors of these investigations. The guideline is part of a continuing effort by FDA/CVM to propose data integrity initiatives that will continue to assure the reliability and accuracy of the data upon which decisions to approve new animal drugs are based. In addition to the increased documentation, FDA/CVM intends to make real-time inspection of clinical investigations a routine practice. In response to these changes; those involved with clinical investigations will need to make appropriate adjustments. The purpose of this review is to provide additional notification to clinical investigators of the changes in their responsibilities under the new guideline and to provide an investigator perspective of how these changes might impact research efforts.
Case 5: Death Disclosure

A 46-year-old African American woman presents to the emergency department in cardiac arrest. The patient is known to be on hospice care for metastatic cancer. The patient is pronounced dead in the emergency department 15 min after arrival in asystole. The emergency physician pronounces the patient dead and he informed the patient’s immediate and extended family of her death. The patient’s sisters tell the physician that the patient is not actually dead and state that Lazarus rose from the dead and they refuse to believe that she is dead. They report that Jesus told Martha, “Your brother will rise again.” The sisters assert that the patient will in fact rise again and that they insisted on waiting for 5 days before death is declared stating that Jesus came on the fourth day and they need to wait a minimum of 4 days. The physician is not of Christian faith and is unfamiliar with this idea and explains the hospital protocol and the state law to the family. The family refuses to select a funeral home and request the patient be allowed to stay at the hospital for the 4 days while they wait for Jesus to resurrect her.
The Arithmetical Hierarchy

In addition to the notions of computability and relative computability, the Kleene arithmetical hierarchy is one of the fundamental concepts of computability theory.
Our Kids: The American Dream in Crisis, by Robert D. Putnam

As a profession, social work has long touted the benefits of seeing a person within his/her environment, but the decline in home visiting and community-based work may have obscured the focus on les...
Undersized Mitral Annuloplasty Increases Strain in the Proximal Lateral Left Ventricular Wall.

Background Recurrence of mitral regurgitation (MR) after undersized mitral annuloplasty (MA) for ischemic MR is as high as 60%, with the recurrence rate likely due to continued dilation of the left ventricle (LV). To better understand the causes of recurrent MR, we studied the effect of undersized MA on strain in the LV wall. We hypothesize that the acute change in ventricular shape induced by MA will cause increased strain in regions nearest the mitral valve. Methods Finite element models were previously reported, based on cardiac magnetic resonance images of 5 sheep with mild to moderate ischemic MR. A 24-mm saddle-shaped rigid annuloplasty ring was modeled and used to simulate virtual MA. Longitudinal and myofiber strains were calculated at end-diastole and end-systole, with preoperative early diastolic geometry as the reference state. Results The undersized MA significantly increased longitudinal strain at end-diastole in the lateral LV wall. The effect was greatest in the proximal-lateral endocardial surface, where longitudinal strain after MA was approximately triple the preoperative strain (11.17% ± 2.15% vs 3.45% ± 0.92%, p = 0.0057). In contrast, postoperative end-diastolic fiber strain decreased in this same region (2.53% ± 2.14% vs 7.72% ± 1.79%, p = 0.0060). There were no significant changes in either strain type at end-systole. Conclusions Undersized MA increased longitudinal strain in the proximal lateral LV wall at end-diastole. This procedure-related strain at the proximal-lateral LV wall may foster continued LV enlargement and subsequent recurrence of mitral regurgitation.
Life cycle comparison of petroleum- and bio-based paper binder from distillers grains (DG)

Abstract This study presents a comparative cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA) of distillers grain (DG) gum, a bio-based paper coating binder, and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). Non-renewable energy use, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and eutrophication potential were assessed for each binder. Economic, mass, and energy allocation were used to allocate the impacts of DG gum production with co-products (ethanol and livestock feed). DG production non-renewable energy use (269 to 183 MJ) surpassed that associated with PVA production (168 MJ). GHG emissions from DG gum production under mass and energy allocations were 28% and 37% lower than PVA production emissions, respectively. Corn cultivation is responsible for 55% to 78% of the eutrophication impacts of DG gum production under energy and economic allocation, respectively. Changes to natural gas consumption and fertilizer runoff had the largest influence on total energy use, GHG emissions, and eutrophication potential of DG gum production.
Psychological profiling: Investigative implications from crime scene analysis.

Psychological profiling-often referred to as behavioral, criminal or investigative profiling-began informally in the late 1940s when members of law enforcement were unable to make an arrest involvi...