cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
WHAT WERE COMMONWEALTH PRINCIPLES

The historiography of English republicanism is dominated by the concept of classical republicanism. Its greatest shortcoming has been neglect of that subject's religious dimension. The consequent need is not simply to recover the radical protestant republican religious agenda. It is to explain why, when classical republicanism came to England, it did so in the moral service of a religious revolution. One context for the answer lay in Christian humanism. Another was the reformation, both magisterial and radical. Both informed the practical identity of the republican experiment as an attempted reformation of manners. So did the rational Greek moral philosophy, as indebted to Plato as to Aristotle, common to certain humanist and Christian political languages. In addition many of the themes of republican writing reflect the struggle by a traditional society to respond to unsettling forces, not only of political and religious, but also social and economic, change. Drawing upon all of these contexts, republican writers attempted to oppose not only private interest politics, embodied by monarchy or tyranny, on behalf of the public interested virtues of a self-governing civic community. This was part of a more general critique of private interest society; a republican attempt, from pride, greed, poverty, and inequality, to go beyond the word ‘commonwealth’ and reconstitute what Milton called ‘the solid thing’.
A Pilot Study of Acupuncture in Treating Bortezomib-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients With Multiple Myeloma

Background. Peripheral neuropathy is the dose limiting toxicity of bortezomib in patients with multiple myeloma (MM). Objectives. To examine the safety, feasibility and efficacy of acupuncture in reducing bortezomib-induced peripheral neuropathy (BIPN) symptoms. Methods. Patients with MM experiencing persistent BIPN ≥grade 2 despite adequate medical intervention and discontinuation of bortezomib received 10 acupuncture treatments for 10 weeks (2×/week for 2 weeks, 1×/week for 4 weeks, and then biweekly for 4 weeks). Responses were assessed by the Clinical Total Neuropathy Score (TNSc), Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy/Gynecologic Oncology Group–Neurotoxicity (FACT/GOG-Ntx) questionnaire, and the Neuropathy Pain Scale (NPS). Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to test for monotonic decline in scores on each of the measures. Serial serum levels of proinflammatory and neurotrophic cytokines were obtained at baseline and weeks 1, 2, 4, 8, and 14. Results. Twenty-seven patients with MM were ...
Sinonasal neuroendocrine carcinoma in association with SIADH

Background. Neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) is a rare malignancy of the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses. The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secre- tion (SIADH) has not been previously reported in association with this cancer. Methods. We report a 30-year-old woman with histologically confirmed neuroendocrine carcinoma who also demonstrated SI- ADH. After successful chemotherapy and radiotherapy treatment for the neoplasm, her SIADH resolved. A literature search found eight cases of olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB) associated with SIADH, four of which resolved after treatment of the malignancy. Results. Treatment of the underlying malignancy resulted in the immediate resolution of the SIADH. Conclusions. We report the first case of SIADH associated with NEC, which resolved after treatment of the cancer. A direct cause and effect between ONB/nasal NEC and SIADH has been established in previous reports. B 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 26: 89-93, 2004
Notch Tensile Measurements and Fracture Toughness Correlations for Austenitic Stainless Steels

Thirty-two alloys were included in a study of notch tensile testing as a method of fracture toughness characterization for austenitic stainless steels at H K. For the same austenitic stainless steels, tensile and J-integral fracture toughness [KIc(J)] measurements have been conducted. The notch tensile strength (σNTS) generally increases with yield strength (σy), and the σNTS/σy ratios are typically much greater than 1.0. Correlations between σNTS, KIc(J), and σy were assessed. The best data fit was found between the ratio σNTS, KIc(J) and the toughness, KIc(J). Unfortunately, from this relation there is not uniqueness of KIc from omtq. There are three regions in plots of J-integral fracture toughness vs. cylindrical bar notch-tensile measurements: (1) linear elastic [σNTS increases as KIc(J) increases]; (2) elastic-plastic L(Wq is essentially independent of KIc(J)]; (3) plastic [σNTS decreases as KIc(J) increases]. The elastic-plastic region is associated with a plastic zone that extends completely through the notched cross-sectional area.
On the Use of Composition Scoring Techniques, Objective Measures, and Objective Tests to Evaluate ESL Writing Ability

The evaluation of writing ability among both L1 and L2 students has become increasingly important in recent years because the results of such evaluation are used for a variety of administrative, instructional, and research purposes. Classroom teachers, in particular, because they want to use these results to help improve, influence, refine, and shape their students' attained writing ability, have specific concerns regarding the various methods of writing assessment available. Additional concerns, especially of teachers, include the issue of whether the results of any one evaluation procedure are helpful to students and how they affect students' writing performance and attitudes. This article does not address the question of how best to use the results of a writing evaluation to improve student writing, but it does present a discussion of the efficacy of various direct and indirect methods of assessing writing ability. The purpose of this article is to outline the assumptions, procedures, and consequences for use of the principal direct scoring schemes and objective measures presently available for evaluating compositions, and of the objective tests currently utilized to determine (indirectly) students' ability to write. It is hoped that ESL professionals (whether they are teachers, administrators, or researchers) can make use of this discussion as they try to decide how best to handle questions related to writing ability. Although some readers may question the appropriateness of using indirect measures, such as standardized tests, since those only measure recognition of surface-level syntactic phenomena, the more widely used standardized tests have been included in this survey because they are used by a number of institutions as criterion measures as well as for placement and prediction.
Before the B5000: Burroughs computers, 1951-1963

Like many companies entering the computer industry, Burroughs began by working on US government contracts. Once sufficient expertise had been gained, the company entered the general-purpose computer market. The Datatron computer, obtained through the ElectroData Corporation acquisition, was a modest success in the late 1950s; however, pioneering work on transistor computers for military contracts was not immediately transferred to the commercial marketplace.
Morphological Investigations of Organic/Inorganic Nanocomposites Fabricated to Achieve Controlled Dispersion at High Loadings

Realization of property enhancements inherent to the presence of nanoparticles continues to be a challenge for the production of bulk nanocomposite materials with commercially available techniques. This study combines twin-screw compounding with surface modification of SiO2 nanoparticles to enable targeted dispersion in a SEBS block copolymer. Production of these composites with high levels of well-dispersed particulates aims to leverage aggregation for production of hierarchical structure. The aggregation state of the particles as well as the level of order in the block copolymer morphology was determined through USAXS and TEM. Particles coated with ligands miscible with the end-blocks of the BCP (minority component) increased dispersion at all loading levels observed up to 10 vol%. Ligands employed to increase miscibility of the nanoparticle with the mid-block (majority component) resulted in large aggregates for all loadings without disturbance of the BCP morphology.
Neoaortic Reconstruction for Aortic Graft Infection: Need for Endovascular Adjunctive Therapies?

Neoaortic reconstruction using an autogenous conduit is an increasingly accepted option for the management of aortic graft infections. However, this approach is not without technical challenges and potential graft-related problems, some of which can be solved with endovascular techniques. All patients who underwent neoaortic reconstruction with femoral-popliteal vein for aortic graft infection over a 6-year period were identified from the operative registry. Those patients requiring endovascular adjunctive therapies form the basis of this report. Of 17 cases of neoaortic reconstruction for aortic graft infection, five (29%) required endovascular adjunctive procedures. These included stent placement for graft stenosis (n = 3), stent graft placement for proximal anastomotic stenosis (n = 1), and stent graft placement for anastomotic disruption (n = 1). While two of these procedures occurred within 30 days of the original neoaortic reconstruction, three were required during late follow-up. Although there were no direct complications related to the endovascular procedures, the patient with anastomotic disruption died within 30 days of causes unrelated to the endovascular procedure. Primary patency of neoaortic reconstruction was 87% at 30 days and 61% at 3 years, with assisted primary patency increasing to 100% at 3 years after endovascular adjunctive intervention. While neoaortic reconstruction using an autogenous conduit for aortic graft infection has proven durability, it is not without potential early and late graft complications. When graft problems occur, endovascular options are an attractive alternative to reoperative open aortic procedures, especially in the setting of a vastly altered surgical field.
Three new ophidian lung mites of the subfamily Entonyssinae Ewing, 1922

1. Three new species of dermanyssid mites of the subfamily Entonyssinae are described. These are: Entonyssus heterodontos n.sp. from Heterodon contortrix contortrix, Ophiopneumicola elaphes n.sp. from Elaphe obsolete, obsoleta, Ophiopneumicola natricis n.sp. from Natrix sipedon pictiventris . 2. Keys for the identification of male and female mites of the Entonyssinae are given. 3. 141 snakes, representing thirty-five species, were examined for lung mites. Thirteen individuals, representing eight species, were found to be infested. 4. Two species incertae sedis, one from Pituophis sayi , the other from Coluber constrictor flaviventris , are discussed. 5. Problems of classification and distribution of this group of parasites are discussed.
Typing candidate answers using type coercion

Many questions explicitly indicate the type of answer required. One popular approach to answering those questions is to develop recognizers to identify instances of common answer types (e.g., countries, animals, and food) and consider only answers on those lists. Such a strategy is poorly suited to answering questions from the Jeopardy!™ television quiz show. Jeopardy! questions have an extremely broad range of types of answers, and the most frequently occurring types cover only a small fraction of all answers. We present an alternative approach to dealing with answer types. We generate candidate answers without regard to type, and for each candidate, we employ a variety of sources and strategies to judge whether the candidate has the desired type. These sources and strategies provide a set of type coercion scores for each candidate answer. We use these scores to give preference to answers with more evidence of having the right type. Our question-answering system is significantly more accurate with type coercion than it is without type coercion; these components have a combined impact of nearly 5% on the accuracy of the IBM Watson™ question-answering system.
Distributed opportunistic transmission for wireless sensor networks

We consider protocol design for extracting information from sensors by a mobile access point. Energy efficiency, defined as the expected number of bits reliably received for each unit of energy consumed, is used as the performance measure. A distributed opportunistic information retrieval protocol which exploits channel state information (CSI) is proposed. Referred to as the CSI-based carrier sensing, this protocol encodes the channel state into the backoff strategy of carrier sensing. When the propagation delay is negligible, CSI-based carrier sensing achieves the highest energy efficiency of the opportunistic strategy. For significant propagation, we construct the backoff function which maps the channel state to backoff time to minimize the performance loss. The CSI-based carrier sensing with the constructed backoff strategy is shown to be robust to propagation delay.
Fast-neutron scattering at Z = 50: tin

Abstract Neutron-elastic- and -inelastic-scattering cross sections of elemental tin were measured from ≈ 1.5 to 10 MeV. Below 3 MeV, ten angular intervals were used distributed between ≈ 20° and 160°, and the incident-energy increments were ≈ 0.1 MeV. From 3 to 4 MeV, 20 angular intervals, distributed over the same angular range, were used, and the energy increments were ≈ 0.2 MeV. From 4.5 to 10 MeV the measurements were made at ⩾ 40 ngular intervals distributed between ≈ 10° and 160°, and at energy increments of ≈ 0.5 MeV. Inelastically scattered neutron groups corresponding to average excitations of ≈ 1.15 and ≈ 2.27 MeV were observed. The exprimental results were combined with elemental and isotopic values from the literature, to form a comprehensive data base extending to 24 MeV for physical interpretations using optical-statistical coupled-channels models, with attention to isospin and collective effects. These physical interpretations were compared with present and previously reported results and with physical concepts.
Tests on a real-time acoustic beamformer as a virtual instrument

An acoustic beamformer is implemented in LabVIEW on a PC. The two-microphone algorithm acts as a virtual instrument and is able to make real-time measurements and graphical displays which would be cumberson on a DSP processor. A robust voice-activity detector is used based on time-difference of arrival and the instrument is able to reduce non-stationary background noise from a radio by up to 20dB. This work is intended as a prototype for later implementation on DSP devices and to explore the limitations and applications of acoustic beamforming.
EM-ANN models for microstrip vias and interconnects in dataset circuits

A novel approach for accurate and efficient modeling of monolithic microwave/millimeter wave integrated circuit (MMIC) components by using electromagnetically trained artificial neural network (EM-ANN) software modules is presented. Full-wave EM analysis is employed to characterize MMIC components. Structures for simulation are chosen using design of experiments (DOE) methodology. EM-ANN models are then trained using physical parameters as inputs and S-parameters as outputs. Once trained, the EM-ANN models are inserted into a commercial microwave circuit simulator where they provide results approaching the accuracy of the EM simulation tool used for characterization of the MIMIC components without increasing the analysis time significantly. The proposed technique is capable of providing simulation models for MMIC components where models do not exist or are not accurate over the desired region of operation. The approach has been verified by developing models for microstrip vias and interconnects in dataset circuits. A new hybrid (/spl Delta/S) modeling approach which makes use of existing approximate models for components is introduced and shown to be a more efficient method for developing EM-ANN models. An example of using EM-ANN models to optimize the component geometry is included.
Dehydrocyclization of paraffins. Aromatic distribution from paraffins and naphthenes containing a quaternary carbon

Abstract The aromatic product distribution from the dehydrocyclization of several paraffins that contain a quaternary carbon and at least one six-carbon chain are compared to the aromatics obtained from the conversion of the naphthenes corresponding to direct six-carbon ring formation from the paraffins. The distributions obtained using Pt and chromia supported on “nonacidic” alumina are compared. The geminal -dimethyl naphthenes gave similar results over chromia and a low isomerization Pt catalyst with demethylation at the quaternary carbon the predominate reaction pathway. Comparing the conversion of the paraffin with the corresponding naphthene shows that over Pt dehydrocyclization occurs by direct six-carbon ring formation. For chromia this comparison shows a different distribution for the paraffin and naphthene; this difference probably is due to an isomerization of the paraffin prior to cyclization. The aromatic distribution is very sensitive to the Pt-Al 2 O 3 preparation; different preparations on the same alumina support gave very different aromatic distributions.
Infiltration and runoff generation processes in fire‐affected soils

Post-wildfire runoff was investigated by combining field measurements and modelling of infiltration into fire-affected soils to predict time-to-start of runoff and peak runoff rate at the plot scale (1 m2). Time series of soil-water content, rainfall and runoff were measured on a hillslope burned by the 2010 Fourmile Canyon Fire west of Boulder, Colorado during cyclonic and convective rainstorms in the spring and summer of 2011. Some of the field measurements and measured soil physical properties were used to calibrate a one-dimensional post-wildfire numerical model, which was then used as a ‘virtual instrument’ to provide estimates of the saturated hydraulic conductivity and high-resolution (1 mm) estimates of the soil-water profile and water fluxes within the unsaturated zone. Field and model estimates of the wetting-front depth indicated that post-wildfire infiltration was on average confined to shallow depths less than 30 mm. Model estimates of the effective saturated hydraulic conductivity, Ks, near the soil surface ranged from 0.1 to 5.2 mm h−1. Because of the relatively small values of Ks, the time-to-start of runoff (measured from the start of rainfall), tp, was found to depend only on the initial soil-water saturation deficit (predicted by the model) and a measured characteristic of the rainfall profile (referred to as the average rainfall acceleration, equal to the initial rate of change in rainfall intensity). An analytical model was developed from the combined results and explained 92–97% of the variance of tp, and the numerical infiltration model explained 74–91% of the variance of the peak runoff rates. These results are from one burned site, but they strongly suggest that tp in fire-affected soils (which often have low values of Ks) is probably controlled more by the storm profile and the initial soil-water saturation deficit than by soil hydraulic properties. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Parallelism: considerations for the development, validation and implementation of PK and biomarker ligand-binding assays

The goal of this article is to discuss the fundamental key questions around parallelism assessments: why to do it, when to do it and how to do it, with consideration for different molecule types and the scientific rationale that drives different approaches. Current practices for both PK and biomarker assays regarding which samples to pick, whether to pool or not pool samples, as well as generally accepted acceptance criteria are discussed, while also highlighting the many outstanding questions that remain. In order to reach the long-term goal of understanding and developing best practices for implementation of parallelism testing for both PK and biomarker assays, industry and regulators will need to keep the conversations going, and commit to generating and reviewing data for the purposes of our own education. Means to easily share data in open forums to facilitate and build common understandings should continue and will be necessary to expedite resolution of many of these questions.
Optimization of transit bus fleet's life cycle assessment impacts with alternative fuel options

Public transportation is one of the most promising transportation modes to reduce the environmental emissions of the transportation sector in the U.S. In order to mitigate the environmental impacts brought by the transit bus system, new energy buses are introduced into the vehicle market. The goal of this study is to find an optimal bus fleet combination for different driving conditions to minimize life cycle cost, greenhouse gas emissions, and conventional air pollutant emission impacts. For this purpose, a Multi-Objective Linear Programming approach is used to select the optimum bus fleet combinations. Given different weight scenarios, this method could effectively provide solutions for decision makers with various budget constraints or emission reduction requirements. The results indicate that in heavily congested driving cycles such as the Manhattan area, the battery electric bus is the dominant vehicle type, while the hybrid bus has more balanced performances in most scenarios because of its lower initial investment comparing to battery electric buses. Petroleum powered buses have seldom been selected by the model. The trade-off analysis shows that the overall greenhouse gas impact performance is sensitive to the life cycle cost after certain points, which could provide valuable information for the bus fleet combination planning.
Why Regulation?: The Shift from Traditional Remedies to Regulatory Statutes in Environmental Law

Discusses the shortcomings of traditional common law causes of action and remedies to address environmental harms, which helped push the state and federal governments toward heavy use of modern regulatory statutes in the environmental arena. Written as a seminar paper for Professor Harold Hyman's legal history research seminar at Rice University in Fall 1992. Thus, this paper precedes various more recent legal scholarship professing to rediscover the power of the common law to right environmental wrongs. The basic points of this paper still hold, however, both in the history of the rise of environmental regulation in the 1960s and now. If the common law has any meaningful force in the environmental arena, it is because it can piggyback on the powerful regulatory statutes that were created, and which effectively created the whole field of environmental law. Without that, the common law would still be as gutless and problematic for environmental purposes as it was for seven hundred years before the 1960s.Lest anyone think, "That ain't much for a grad school seminar research paper," I should note: we had to turn in papers every two weeks, so there were six other papers, almost all of them longer than this one. Most of them involved archival research into the origins and evolution of the early environmental law section at the major Houston law firm of Vinson & Elkins (yes, the people who represented Enron, as well as much of the rest of the oil and gas industry) during the late 1960s and early 1970s. The remainder of my research remains confidential.
Rapid Dissipation of Carbofuran as a Limiting Factor in Corn Rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Control in Fields with Histories of Continous Carbofuran Use

The persistence of carbofuran (applied as Furadan 10G) at two rates was studied under field and laboratory conditions in five soils with different insecticide use and control histories of corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera Le Conte and D. longicornis (Say). Higher percentages of rootworm control in the field plots coincided with recoveries of larger amounts of carbofuran ca. 1 month after insecticide application. Carbofuran persistence was shortest during field and laboratory experiments in those soils characterized by both carbofuran use histories and rootworm control problems. Rapid dissipation of carbofuran under field conditions was attributed to inherent soil properties such as adapted microbial populations or differences in rainfall.
Formation and ordering of topological defect arrays produced by dilatational strain and shear flow in smectic-A liquid crystals.

A microscale shear cell is used to study the formation of parabolic focal conic defects in the thermotropic smectic-$A$ liquid crystal 8CB (4-octyl-4\ensuremath{'}-cyanobiphenyl). Defects are produced by four distinct methods: by the application of dilatational strain alone, by shear flow alone, by dilatational strain and subsequent shear flow, and by the simultaneous application of dilatational strain and shear flow. We confirm that defects originate within the bulk, consistent with the previously suggested undulation instability mechanism. In the presence of a shear flow, we observe that defect formation requires micrometer-level dilatations, whose magnitude depends on the sample thickness. The size and ordering of both disordered and ordered defect arrays is quantified using a pair distribution function. Deviations from the predictions of linear stability theory are observed that have not been reported previously. For example, defects form a square array with greater ordering in the principal flow direction. Ordering due to shear flow does not change the average defect size. It has been shown previously that the principal defect sizes of ordered defects scale differently with sample thickness than the wavelength of the small amplitude undulations. We find that disordered defects show a similar deviation from this predicted wavelength.
Role of Winter Cress, Barbarea vulgaris, as a Temporal Host in the Seasonal Development of the Crucifer Fauna

Because of its phenology and habitat distribution, Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. is the principal host for several members of the crucifer fauna at the beginning and close of the growing season in New York. The invertebrates found on B. vulgaris during the spring are listed. The density of herbivores was higher on winter cress plants growing in previously cultivated plots than it was on nearby plants growing in an old hayfield. Large populations of flea beetles (Chrysomelidae) overwintered near B. vulgaris plants at the immediate edge of cultivated fields. The relationships of the results to other studies on the crucifer fauna and to the control of flea beetles are considered briefly.
Nutrition evaluation of published weight-reducing diets.

The objective of this study was to determine the nutritional adequacy of some of the popular published diet plans. Diet analyses were made using the University of Massachusetts Nutrient Data Bank. Not one of the 11 diets evaluated provided 100% of the U.S. Recommended Daily Allowances for the 13 vitamins and minerals studied. The nutrients most often below recommended levels were thiamin, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12, calcium, iron, zinc, and magnesium. Vitamin and mineral supplementation may be warranted for individuals following some diet plans.
Discovery of Mental Metadata Used for Analogy Formation in Function-Based Design

Applying previous solutions to solve new problems is a core aspect of design. In this context, analogies provide a mechanism to reapply previous solutions in new ways, but analogy formation is limited by a designer’s knowledge. One approach toward improving a designer’s analogy-forming capabilities is to provide an easy-to-use computational means of retrieving a wide breadth of relevant analogies. This work aims to answer what types of similarity are commonly used to draw design analogies, and whether some types of similarity are used more frequently in compound analogy versus single analogy. In this study, an experiment was performed to observe and document the types of information that designers found useful when forming analogies during conceptual design. A categorization of this information is sought in order to inform (1) the types of similarity data to store in an intuitive design-by-analogy database and (2) the form that a search query should take. The experiment consists of a design task and a follow up interview. Ten mechanical engineering graduate students specializing in design participated. These participants were interviewed, and their internal knowledge queries were encoded to reflect their objectives, thought process detail, direction of reasoning, and subject behavior type. Each conceptual design is cataloged according to whether it represents a compound analogy, a single analogy, or no analogy. The results show little difference between the types of information used in compound versus single analogy. Function, flow, and form information were all observed during analogy formation, indicating that all three types of information should play a role in a design-by-analogy database, regardless of generative goal. Notably, flow behavior was a commonly observed type of abstract similarity across domains. This points to the value of capturing flow behavior abstraction in engineering analogy databases.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
16. – ROLE OF PHOSPHATIDYL SERINE IN THE OPIATE RECEPTOR*

The molecular nature and configuration of the opiate receptor is a problem under intensive investigation in a number of laboratories (1,2,3). Our interest in the problem developed as a result of a finding of others (4) that a proteolipid fraction from brain may be responsible for stereospecific opiate binding observed in various preparations of brain tissue. Upon examining various lipids, proteolipids, and proteins from membranes derived from brain, it was found that phosphatidyl serine (PS),t the major acidic lipid in brain, exhibited stereospecific opiate binding (5). Since the Kd's for the opiate-PS complex and the opiate-tissue complex differed by three orders of magnitude, it was recognized that the binding to PS was nonspecific and different from the high affinity binding to membrane preparations. What interested us was the possibility that PS, in the form of a complex with a membranous protein, may be an important component of the opiate receptor.
Metabolism of the Black Snake Embryo: I. Nitrogen Excretion

1. Post-deposition growth of the black snake embryo is characterized by k values as follows: days 1-11, 0.46; days 11-34, 0.057; days 34-67, 0.039. 2. Total excreted nitrogen is 12.55 mg. occurring successively in development as ammonia, urea and uric acid; k value of total nitrogen production is 0.062, days 11-67, which in comparison with those of growth during this period suggest that stored protein is an energy source during a large part of development. 3. Urea is excreted into the albumen which is the principal storage reservoir and into the yolk; that which is excreted into the yolk is reabsorbed after the 45th day and re-deposited in the albumen as urea, and is in part (22%) converted to uric acid. 4. Concentration of urea in the yolk and yolk-sac continues to increase at the same rate after the 11th day ( k = 0.024), although the actual amount declines after the 45th day; concentration in the embryonic tissues increases to the 58th day, then decreases sharply to hatching time; concentration in the albumen increases throughout development, reaching a concentration of approximately 500 mg.%. 5. Uric acid synthesis is believed to be preceded by urea formation, and the presence of urease in the foetal liver and kidney suggest that the urea is hydrolysed to ammonia which is then incorporated into uric acid. Site of the transformation is uncertain, though the early and persistent localization of uric acid in the chorio-allantoic membrane points to this as the organ of synthesis. Decrease in total urea content is quantitatively identical with increase in uric acid. 6. The significance of these findings in relation to development of the vertebrate cleidoic egg is discussed. The author is grateful to Prof. C. A. Kind for many valuable suggestions, and to Mr Robert E. Beyer for making the uric acid assays reported herein.
Tide-surge and wave interaction in the Gulf of Maine during an extratropical storm

The fully coupled spectral wave and circulation model SWAN + ADCIRC was applied to investigate tide-surge and wave interaction in the Gulf of Maine during the extratropical storm on Patriot’s Day of 2007. Significant tide-surge and wave interaction was found over Georges Bank and in the coastal areas. Over Georges Bank, the wave-induced current reached 0.2 m/s at the storm peak, accounting for 17 % of the total depth-averaged current. In Saco Bay, the current was dominated by wave-induced current with a magnitude up to 1.0 m/s during the storm. Two clockwise circulation gyres were found to form and sustain over a period of 26 hours during the storm in the bay. They were driven by spatial variations of wave height, direction and the resulting wave radiation stress gradient. Wave setup reached 0.2 m at the storm peak along the coast of Saco Bay. In Saco Bay, wave energy dissipation was reduced and wave height increased due to the increased water depth at high tide and surge. Therefore, wave height was modulated by tide and surge accordingly along the coast. As a result, wave setup and wave-induced current in the bay were also modulated by tide and surge. During the tidal cycle at the storm peak, wave setup increased with tidal level and the maximum wave setup coincided with high tide.
CYCLOPS reveals human transcriptional rhythms in health and disease

Circadian rhythms modulate many aspects of physiology. Knowledge of the molecular basis of these rhythms has exploded in the last 20 years. However, most of these data are from model organisms, and translation to clinical practice has been limited. Here, we present an approach to identify molecular rhythms in humans from thousands of unordered expression measurements. Our algorithm, cyclic ordering by periodic structure (CYCLOPS), uses evolutionary conservation and machine learning to identify elliptical structure in high-dimensional data. From this structure, CYCLOPS estimates the phase of each sample. We validated CYCLOPS using temporally ordered mouse and human data and demonstrated its consistency on human data from two independent research sites. We used this approach to identify rhythmic transcripts in human liver and lung, including hundreds of drug targets and disease genes. Importantly, for many genes, the circadian variation in expression exceeded variation from genetic and other environmental factors. We also analyzed hepatocellular carcinoma samples and show these solid tumors maintain circadian function but with aberrant output. Finally, to show how this method can catalyze medical translation, we show that dosage time can temporally segregate efficacy from dose-limiting toxicity of streptozocin, a chemotherapeutic drug. In sum, these data show the power of CYCLOPS and temporal reconstruction in bridging basic circadian research and clinical medicine.
Research as Process

I am assuming that my readers are contemplating seeking a degree in food science or are currently in graduate school in food science. Current graduate students may be at one of many different stages of development. This book should help in developing as a research scientist. Many students think of graduate school as an advanced form of undergraduate education. I contend that the two are fundamentally different. Most major professors assume that their students know the differences and don’t see any reason for any orientation. This book should help students understand those differences and what they need to do to prepare themselves. Here are some of those differences. Graduate education is primarily about
Book Review – Unspeakable: The Story of Junius Wilson by Susan Burch & Hannah Joyner

Although neither a criminal nor mentally ill, Junius Wilson spent seventy-six years of his life in a North Carolina state institution for the criminally insane. He was castrated and forced to do manual labor on behalf of the public institution. From the 1920s to the early 21st century, Wilson endured countless hardships, overt and subtle, in cultural isolation as an African-American who happened also to be deaf.
Evaluation of cygnss gnss-r signal sensitivity to ocean parameters and wind retrieval assesment

The cyclone global navigation satellite system (CYGNSS), launched on December 15, 2016, represents the first dedicated GNSS-R satellite mission specifically designed to retrieve ocean surface wind speeds in the Tropical Cyclone (TC) environment [3], [4]. CYGNSS will use a constellation of eight microsatellite observatories that can receive both the direct and reflected signals from GNSS. These observatories are capable of collecting four simultaneous reflections each, thus providing high temporal-resolution wind speed retrievals within TCs.
Publisher Correction: Science and research policy at the end of Moore’s law

In the version of this Perspective originally published, in the penultimate paragraph 'Office for Nuclear Regulation' should have read 'Office of Naval Research'. This has now been corrected.
The Tetramerium lineage (Acanthaceae, Justicieae) revisited: phylogenetic relationships reveal polyphyly of many New World genera accompanied by rampant evolution of floral morphology.

Molecular data confirm monophyly of the Tetramerium lineage (Acanthaceae, Justicieae), a group of nearly 200 species, ca. 75% from the New World (NW) and the remainder from Asia or Africa. Compared to our earlier work, . 50% more in-group taxa were sampled (nearly 2/3 of known taxa now sampled) and added ∼20% more sequence data. We time-calibrate the phylogeny using primary fossil evidence and the larger context of a calibrated phylogeny for Acanthaceae. Many aspects of relationship are strongly supported but uncertainty remains about a number of phylogenetically isolated taxa (e.g. African Angkalanthus, Chorisochora; NWAncistranthus) and some aspects of relationships among clades remain weakly supported. The group originated in the Old World (OW) and began diversifying about 11.5 Ma. A single dispersal event to the NW occurred about 8.3 Ma, likely from Africa to southwestern North America. Anumber ofmajor clades, particularly in the NW, are less than 5Ma old and species in many clades are substantially younger. Several NW clades, even those with < 10 species, comprise species that are markedly heterogeneous in floral traits likely reflecting selection by pollinators. Many NW genera are not monophyletic, which is not surprising given that floral traits have been relied upon taxonomically. Diversification rate analysis revealed no significant shifts resulting in a gradual increase in number of lineages with time. The Tetramerium lineage is now phylogenetically well characterized but remains enigmatic from the perspective of morphological evidence for many aspects of relationships. The lineage is usefully thought of as a ‘clade complex’: as a species complex is of morphologically confusing species, a ‘clade complex’ is of clades that are not well characterized morphologically.
THE EFFECT OF PARENTAL MEDICAID EXPANSIONS ON CHILDREN'S HEALTH INSURANCE COVERAGE

Research on public health insurance expansions has typically focused on those targeted by the expansions; we estimate the spillover effects of parental Medicaid expansions on the insurance coverage of their children. Expanding parental Medicaid eligibility may increase participation by already‐eligible, uninsured children by increasing the value of Medicaid enrollment for the entire family. However, parental expansions may also generate crowd out from private coverage. Using the Survey of Income and Program Participation during a period of major parental Medicaid expansions, we find substantial effects of the expansions on the Medicaid participation of children, with evidence of crowd out among some subsamples. (JEL H51, I13, I38)
When Common Identities Decrease Trust: An Experimental Study of Partisan Women

How does sharing a common gender identity affect the relationship between Democratic and Republican women? Social psychological work suggests that common ingroup identities unite competing factions. After closely examining the conditions upon which the common ingroup identity model depends, I argue that opposing partisans who share the superordinate identity of being a woman will not reduce their intergroup biases. Instead, I predict that raising the salience of their gender will increase cross‐party biases. I support my hypotheses with a nationally representative survey of 3,000 adult women and two survey experiments, each with over 1,000 adult women. These findings have direct implications for how women evaluate one another in contentious political settings and, more broadly, for our understanding of when we can and cannot rely upon common identities to bridge the partisan divide.
Congenital and Iatrogenic Incontinence: Ectopic Ureter, Ureterocele, and Urogenital Sinus

Urinary incontinence in the pediatric population may be the presenting or sentinel symptom in unveiling an underlying congenital anomaly of the genitourinary tract. Development of the urinary system is multifactorial and complex, and even small variants in gene expression, growth, or timing can lead to malformation. In this chapter, we will focus on ectopic ureter, ureterocele, and urogenital sinus. In addition to discussion of embryology, diagnosis, and treatment for these conditions, we will examine the congenital vs. iatrogenic causes of urinary incontinence associated with these disorders.
Breast feeding and the development of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.

Objective. To determine if children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) are less likely to have been breast fed than controls. Methods. Case-control study of data obtained from a survey of mothers of 54 children with JRA and 79 playmates regarding breast feeding. Duration of breast feeding was tabulated and odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were determined. Results. OR for breast feeding in children with JRA was 0.40 (0.20-0.81, 95% CI) compared to playmates. For pauciarticular JRA (N = 28) OR was 0.31 (0.10-0.93) ; in polyarticular JRA (N = 24) OR was 0.60 (0.21-1.70). Lower OR for increased durations of breast feeding were noted in children with JRA. Conclusion. Children who have had JRA, especially pauciarticular JRA, are less likely to have been breast fed than controls, suggesting that breast feeding may have a protective effect on the development of JRA.
The History and Philosophy of Environmental Education

Environmental education (EE) is a powerful educational tool with a complex and somewhat tumultuous history. Since its rise to relative prominence in the 1970s, it has often been misunderstood with regard to its exact definition, its origins, its objectives, its goals, and often its value to society and K-12 education. The primary contributing factors to this dilemma may be the broad set of disciplines from which EE sprang, from which it continues to draw, and its relationship to other disciplines and fields of study. The situation is further exacerbated by the lack of uniform terminology applied to EE and many related areas of study and practice. This chapter traces the historical and philosophical development of the field, relates environmental education as presently practiced to the mosaic of K-12 education with a focus on its relationship to science education, and lays the groundwork for further discussion of EE’s place in the education of teachers of science for the twenty-first century.
Germline and somatic DNA damage repair gene mutations and overall survival in metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients treated with FOLFIRINOX

Purpose: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a lethal cancer with lack of predictive biomarkers. We conducted a study to assess DNA damage repair (DDR) gene mutations as a predictive biomarker in PDAC patients treated with FOLFIRINOX. Experimental Design: Indiana University Simon Cancer Center pancreatic cancer database was used to identify patients with metastatic PDAC, treated with FOLFIRINOX and had tissue available for DNA sequencing. Baseline demographic, clinical and pathologic information was gathered. DNA isolation and targeted sequencing was performed using the Ion AmpliSeq protocol. Overall survival (OS) analyses was conducted using Kaplan-Meier, logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard methods. Multivariate models were adjusted for age, gender, margin status, CA 19-9, adjuvant chemotherapy, tumor and nodal stage. Results: Overall, 36 patients were sequenced. DDR gene mutations were found in 12 patients. Mutations were seen in BRCA1 (N=7), BRCA2 (N=5), PALB2 (N=3), MSH2 (N=1) and FANCF (N=1) of all the DDR genes sequenced. Median age was 65.5 years, 58% were male, 97.2% were Caucasian and 51.4% had any family history of cancer. The median OS was near significantly superior in those with DDR gene mutations present vs. absent (14 vs. 5 months; HR 0.58 [0.29-1.14], log-rank p=0.08). Multivariate logistic (OR 1.47 [1.04-2.06], p = 0.04) and Cox regression (HR 0.37 [0.15-0.94], p = 0.04) showed presence of DDR gene mutations was associated with improved OS. Conclusion: In a single institution, retrospective study, we found that the presence of DDR gene mutations are associated with improved OS in PDAC patients treated with FOLFIRINOX.
Conversion of Intrathecal Opioids to Fentanyl in Chronic Pain Patients With Implantable Pain Pumps: A Retrospective Study.

Objectives Conversion between routes such as intravenous (IV), epidural (EP), and intrathecal (IT) routes for morphine is well established. Conversion ratios for IV:EP:IT fentanyl and conversion from IT morphine/hydromorphone to IT fentanyl have been challenging given the lipophilic nature of fentanyl. Our study reviews the outcomes and conversion ratios reached after converting IT opioids from morphine/hydromorphone to fentanyl in patients with IT pumps. Methods After Institutional Review Board approval at Henry Ford Health System, a chart review was performed on all patients who had Synchromed II IT pumps implanted 2009-2016 and were converted from morphine/hydromorphone to fentanyl. The chart review included the initial fentanyl dose and fentanyl IV:IT conversion ratio, eventual IT fentanyl dose, and IV:IT conversion ratio reached to give superior VAS from previous IT opioid. Wilcoxon non-paired signed rank test was used to examine the change in fentanyl dosage and IV:IT conversion ratio. Results The mean IT morphine equivalent dose at initial conversion was 15.8 mg/day, and the mean fentanyl IT starting dose was 0.73 mg/day (SD = 1.37 mg). The mean fentanyl dose at the end of titration was 0.94 mg/day (SD = 2.05 mg) which represented a significant 25.1% mean dose increase (P = 0.004). The initial mean IV:IT fentanyl conversion ratio was 38.7:1 (SD = 33.01), but the mean IV:IT fentanyl conversion ratio at end of titration with better analgesia was significantly lower at 32.9:1 (SD = 27.1) (P = 0.016). Conclusions Given the pharmacokinetics of lipophilic fentanyl compared to hydrophilic morphine/hydromorphone, the current conversion ratio of IV fentanyl to IT fentanyl and IV morphine to IT fentanyl appears to be conservative.
PCAOB Monitoring and the Information Uncertainty Associated with Fair Value Estimates

This study examines the role of PCAOB inspection reports as a regulatory and monitoring mechanism. Specifically, I examine whether the issuance of PCAOB inspection reports with fair value deficiencies results in increased auditor scrutiny of fair value estimates and ultimately reduce the information uncertainty associated with level 2 and level 3 fair value estimates. Using models derived from Fields, Fraser and Wilkins (2004) and Riedl and Serafeim (2011), I predict and find evidence that corroborates a positive and significant audit effort (as proxied by audit fees) associated with level 3 fair value estimates after the issuance of a fair value inspection report. I also find a reduction in the information uncertainty associated with level 2 and level 3 fair value estimates (as proxied by implied asset-specific betas). Upon further subsample analysis, I find these results are driven by issuer clients that engage annually inspected audit firms versus those that engage triennially inspected audit firms.