cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pathological complete response in pancreatic adenocarcinoma with FOLFIRINOX

The report describes a patient who presented to our centre with abdominal pain and significant weight loss due to adenocarcinoma of the tail of the pancreas. The cancer was deemed as ‘resectable disease associated with morbid surgical outcomes’ due to the local involvement of the vessels and adjacent organs. Given the patient’s excellent performance status, the patient underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy with folinic acid, fluorouracil, irinotecan and oxaliplatin to downstage the tumour for less morbid surgical resection. The patient underwent 12 cycles of chemotherapy with serial imaging which demonstrated positive response to treatment and surgical resection was performed. Surgical pathology revealed no residual tumour and imaging was negative for any extrapancreatic tumour metastasis. This is an unusual case as pancreatic malignancy is usually lethal with poor survival outcomes.
Preparing K-12 Teachers to Inspire Future Coders: It Doesn’t Have to be Complex

This full paper from the innovative practice category presents the experience of the authors with a unique, week-long professional development workshop aimed at preparing K-12 teachers to introduce Computer Science concepts to their students that proved to be feasible, effective, and sustainable. Research confirms that many students have a harder time embracing new skills and concepts once they reach their teen years. Consequently, for Computer Science to be a consideration for study in later years, introduction to the subject as early as elementary school is beneficial. School teachers are good candidates to make this introduction because of the mentoring relationships that they have already built with their students. In-class lessons require no recruiting efforts to bring students to an outside computing program, and in most cases, no extra cost is incurred. However, the majority of K-12 teachers have no training in Computer Science and may lack confidence in presenting computing concepts to their students. Furthermore, Computer Science professionals who could help train the teachers may be intimidated by the work and expense required to implement a professional development opportunity to help build the confidence of these educators. This workshop was an easy-to-implement, low-cost, and accessible alternative to other methods.
Examining the Relationships Among Categorization, Stereotype Activation, and Stereotype Application:

Increased category salience is associated with increased stereotyping. Prior research has not examined the processes that may account for this relationship. That is, it is unclear whether category salience leads to increased stereotyping by increasing stereotype activation (i.e., increased accessibility of stereotypic information), application (i.e., increasing the tendency to apply activated stereotypes), or both processes simultaneously. We examined this question across three studies by manipulating category salience in an implicit stereotyping measure and by applying a process model that provides independent estimates of stereotype activation and application. Our results replicated past findings that category salience increases stereotyping. Modeling results showed that category salience consistently increased the extent of stereotype application but increased stereotype activation in more limited contexts. Implications for models of social categorization and stereotyping are discussed.
Natural gas prices, electric generation investment, and greenhouse gas emissions

Abstract Between 2007 and 2013 the natural gas price dramatically declined, in large part due to hydraulic fracturing. These lower natural gas prices induced switching from coal generation to natural gas generation. I find that switching caused 2013 carbon emissions to fall by 14,700 tons/h. Lower gas prices also incentivized new investment in natural gas capacity. This less carbon-intensive capital stock led to an additional decrease of 2,100 tons/h in 2013. Using three approaches, I estimate that 65–85% of new capacity was constructed because of lower gas prices. A social cost of carbon of $35/ton values the estimated total decrease in 2013 emissions at roughly $5.1 billion.
Organizational Climate and Support Among Peer Specialists Working in Peer-Run, Hybrid and Conventional Mental Health Settings

As the peer specialist workforce continues to expand, it is critical to better understand peer providers' working conditions and workplace experiences. The current study utilized a targeted non-probability sample of 801 peer specialists to explore whether key organizational climate and support variables would yield distinct multivariate groups, and to investigate the correlates of these groups. Analyses yielded a seven-group solution, with peer run organizations comprising a substantially greater proportion of the groups with high organizational climate and support scores. In direct comparisons, peer-run programs outranked all other groups in the areas of perceived organizational climate, supports for career development and perceived service quality.
An insulin-stimulated proteolytic mechanism links energy expenditure with glucose uptake

Summary Mechanisms to coordinately regulate energy expenditure and glucose uptake into muscle and fat cells are not well described. Insulin stimulates glucose uptake by causing site-specific endoproteolytic cleavage of TUG, which mobilizes GLUT4 glucose transporters to the cell surface. Here, we show that the TUG C-terminal cleavage product enters the nucleus, binds the transcriptional regulators PGC-1α and PPARγ, and increases oxidative metabolism and thermogenic protein expression. Muscle-specific genetic manipulation of this pathway impacts whole-body energy expenditure, independent of glucose uptake. The PPARγ2 Pro12Gly polymorphism, which confers reduced diabetes risk, enhances TUG binding. The TUG cleavage product stabilizes PGC-1α and is itself susceptible to an Ate1 arginyltransferase - dependent degradation mechanism; binding of the TUG product confers Ate1-dependent stability upon PGC-1α. We conclude that TUG cleavage coordinates energy expenditure with glucose uptake, that this pathway may contribute to the thermic effect of food, and that its attenuation may be important in obesity.
Epilepsy: Mesial Temporal

Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) is one of the most common focal epilepsy syndromes. Roughly one third of patients with MTLE continue to have disabling seizures despite multiple trials of antiepileptic medications. Surgical resection of the mesial temporal lobe in patients with drug-resistant mesial temporal epilepsy can lead to freedom from disabling seizures in 60–90% of patients. However proper patient selection is essential in order to achieve high rates of seizure freedom. In this chapter, we first discuss the pathophysiology and semiology of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. After reviewing the diagnosis, we detail the preoperative workup necessary to determining if a patient is appropriate for surgery. Surgical intervention for mesial temporal epilepsy has evolved significantly over the past two decades. We discuss in detail the classical surgical approaches including anterior temporal lobectomy and selective amygdalohippocampectomy in addition to outcomes and complications of surgery. We then discuss newer surgical approaches to MTLE, including stereotactic laser amygdalohippocampotomy, stereotactic radiosurgery, and neuromodulation, emphasizing how these new techniques supplement traditional approaches in order to provide surgical options to a greater population of patients with MTLE.
Efficacy of single-agent epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition in the second-line setting for metastatic colorectal cancer with a goal towards retreatment strategies.

e16035Background: Advances in the understanding of colorectal cancer (CRC) biology, including clonal evolution are leading to novel treatment strategies. Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition...
Syntheses and crystal structures of the quaternary thio-germanates Cu4FeGe2S7 and Cu4CoGe2S7.

The quaternary thio­germanates Cu4FeGe2S7 (tetra­copper iron digermanium hepta­sulfide) and Cu4CoGe2S7 (tetra­copper cobalt digermanium hepta­sulfide) were prepared in evacuated fused-silica ampoules via high-temperature, solid-state synthesis using stoichiometric amounts of the elements at 1273 K. These isostructural compounds crystallize in the Cu4NiSi2S7 structure type, which can be considered as a superstructure of cubic diamond or sphalerite. The monovalent (Cu+), divalent (Fe2+ or Co2+) and tetra­valent (Ge4+) cations adopt tetra­hedral geometries, each being surrounded by four S2− anions. The divalent cation and one of the sulfide ions lie on crystallographic twofold axes. These tetra­hedra share corners to create a three-dimensional framework structure. All of the tetra­hedra align along the same crystallographic direction, rendering the structure non-centrosymmetric and polar (space group C2). Analysis of X-ray powder diffraction data revealed that the structures are the major phase of the reaction products. Thermal analysis indicated relatively high melting temperatures, near 1273 K.
Laparoscopic management of a small bowel obstruction: paraduodenal hernia

Paraduodenal hernia are very rare but the commonest internal hernia. Left paraduodenal hernia is due to herniation of the small bowel into the fossa of Landzert. The fossa results from a combination of failure of fusion of the small bowel mesentery with the retro peritoneum and malrotation of the midgut. Here we present a 27 years lady who saw multiple consultants with varied presentations and underwent extensive investigations over a one-year period, with one consultant referring her to a psychiatrist for malingering. CT scan revealed a foramen of Winslow hernia. The radiologist has to be aware of the CT findings of this unusual hernia. At laparoscopy, it was a left paraduodenal containing small bowel. We reduced the contents and plicated the sac with closure of the mouth. Patient did well and was discharged on 3 rd post-operative day. On follow up she is doing well.
Kinetic Isotope Effects in Electrophilic Aromatic Halogenation of Dimethenamid in Chlor(am)inated Water Demonstrate Unique Aspects of Iodination

Electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions can initiate halogenated disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation. The rate-controlling step (RCS) of electrophilic aromatic halogenation is commonly ass...
The Application of Neuroimaging to the Evaluation of Cognitive Rehabilitation in TBI

Cognitive deficits are common following moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), with multiple impacted cognitive domains. Cognitive deficits are often disabling, interfering with employment, school, social activities, participation in the community, and family functioning, following medical precautions and overall quality of life. Their effective treatment is thus a priority.
Islam and Roman Catholicism on Prenatal Homo sapiens: How Our Histories Can Inform Contemporary Conversations:

There has been much controversy, to say the least, about how to think about the moral status of the very early human embryo. Two major players in this debate, Islam and Catholicism, have robust histories of moral reflection about this topic which lend themselves to a dialogue involving mutually-critical correlation. This article artles that the insights from this dialogue can help us move forward in the debate in substantive ways.
We Come in Peace? A Rational Approach to METI

Abstract Even if our messages are unlikely to be heard, the threat to our species that contact with extrasolar entities poses means that determining what content to include in Messaging Extraterrestrial Intelligence (METI) messages presents serious ethical questions. I tackle one of those questions: Should our opening move in interstellar diplomacy be a peaceful overture or a belligerent warning? Those in favor of broadcasting peaceful overtures sometimes argue that the ability to interpret a METI message requires advanced technology and communicative skills, which in turn depends on a suite of social capacities and prosocial attitudes. We can thus assume that any species which receives our message will at least be open to peaceful coexistence. I show that this argument does not hold up under scrutiny because it seriously underestimates just how different an advanced alien intelligence could be from Earth life. An extraterrestrial entity might be similar to us: a society composed of cooperating autonomous individuals. But it could also be an instance of eusocial hive cooperation, or an evolving superindividual, which develops not through natural selection but through learning. These possibilities blow some of the premises of the argument for peaceful overture out of the water. I conclude by making a case that, if we send any message at all, defensive belligerence is the more prudent diplomatic tactic, even in case of serious technological asymmetry.
Interactions among thyroid hormones and serum lipid levels in association with PCB exposure in the Mohawk Akwesasne population

Alterations in thyroid function and serum lipid levels were assessed in relation to exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and three chlorinated pesticides (DDE, hexachorobenzene and mirex) in a sample of Akwesasne Mohawk adults. This population is highly exposed to PCBs because of living in close proximity to three aluminum foundries that used PCBs as hydraulic fluids, which then contaminated local fish, wildlife, water, air and soils. The goal was to assess interactions between thyroid function (TSH, T3, T4 and fT4) and serum lipids (cholesterol, triglycerides and total serum lipids) in relation to concentrations of 101 PCB congeners and three chlorinated pesticides. Previous studies in this population have shown that elevated concentrations of PCBs resulted in suppression of thyroid function in adolescents, and increased risk of clinical hypothyroidism in adults, as well as an elevation in serum lipids. However in adjusted analyses of PCB concentrations of 703 adults we find only small and inconsistent associations between serum PCB levels and thyroid function. The most striking observations were strong significant positive associations between TSH and T3 with serum lipids and a negative association with fT4 in women. Because elevated serum lipids increase risks of other diseases the respective roles of thyroid hormones and PCBs in regulation of serum lipids requires additional study.
Trichosporon Infection

Yeast exist throughout nature in association with soil, plants, mammals, and fish. As a result of this continued exposure, all humans are exposed to many different types of yeast through a variety of different routes. Recently, because of the increased population of immunocompromised patients and the extensive use of different antifungals, the incidence of infections due to non-Candida yeast has increased. Of these classic “nonpathogenic” yeast, Trichosporon species have been increasingly described producing deep-seated and disseminated infections that are difficult to predict and diagnose. In addition, the different species of Trichosporon have been found to be less susceptible or resistant to commonly used antifungals. Because of this intrinsic variation in antifungal susceptibility and the fact that these infections are generally seen in severely immunocompromised hosts, they are associated with significant morbidity and mortality, despite their known “nonpathogenic” characteristics described in superficial infections.
Orthotic Research Initiative for Outcomes aNalysis (ORION I): predictors of PROMIS PF for stroke survivors seeking orthotic intervention.

Ankle-foot orthoses (AFOs) are used to improve physical performance measures of physical function (PF) post-stroke; however, the perception of improved PF of this population has not been described....
Diagnosing Wicked Problems

Horst Rittel defined his wicked problems theory to differentiate wicked problems, which are open-ended and controversial, from tame problems, which have a single correct solution. Rittel identified ten properties of wicked problems but did not indicate if all of these properties needed to hold before something could be deemed wicked. Failure to correctly classify a problem as wicked is likely to result in either design failure (if wickedness is not identified and problems are tamed prematurely) or design paralysis (if incorrectly perceived wickedness is used as an excuse for not buckling down to do the work of identifying and implementing solutions). Here we augment Rittel’s theory by identifying ten causes of wickedness and describe how those can be used along with his ten properties to identify wicked problems in cases where not all of his properties apply.
Incidence and Salience of Alcohol Taxes Do Consumers Overreact

We use a unique, geocoded micro data set of retail prices to estimate the incidence of alcohol taxation. We estimate the pass-through of alcohol taxation employing both standard ordinary least squa...
A Proposal for a Defensive Patent License

This is a draft op-ed for Wired, for purposes of discussion at Santa Clara University's November 16, 2012 conference,“Solutions to the Software Patent Problem.”It is a very brief discussion of the argument presented in my paper with Jason Schultz, “Protecting Open Innovation: A New Approach to Patent Threats, Transaction Costs, and Tactical Disarmament,” forthcoming 26 Harvard Journal of Law and Technology __ (2012), available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2040945.Please do not cite or quote this draft. I look forward to talking with everyone at the conference about this idea!
Lessons from Financial Crises: The Role of Clearinghouses

This article investigates the historical development of clearinghouses and their ability to deal with financial crises. The article first reviews the role of bank clearinghouses in the Panic of 1907, the final crisis of the National Banking Era that led to the founding of the Federal Reserve, and examines how the clearinghouses responded by issuing transactions media, despite legal obstacles, and providing coinsurance among the members. The article then traces the late nineteenth and twentieth century evolution of clearinghouses at futures exchanges to understand how they promote stability and withstand crises by mutualizing risks among members. The key feature of both bank and futures clearinghouses is the effective integration of the members during times of distress, illustrating how the private markets develop institutions and contracts to manage risk and respond to financial crises.
Bonding properties of Li 2 Ca and Mg 2 Ca

We previously determined that the monovalent intermetallic compound ${\mathrm{Na}}_{2}$K has a negative formation enthalpy only because of relatively large energy band contributions which result in large multiation covalent bonds. Here we calculate the bonding properties of the divalent ${\mathrm{Mg}}_{2}$Ca and mixed valence ${\mathrm{Li}}_{2}$Ca compounds crystallizing in the same Mg${\mathrm{Zn}}_{2}$ structure as ${\mathrm{Na}}_{2}$K.
Image reconstruction in reduced circular sinusoidal cone-beam CT

Non-circular scanning geometries such as helix or circular sinusoid have been used or proposed for cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), because they provide sufficient data for numerically stable and exact image reconstruction within the scanned volume. Analytic algorithms have been developed for image reconstruction from cone-beam data acquired with a full-scan circular sinusoidal trajectory. In this work, we propose an innovative imaging approach in which a reduced-scan circular sinusoidal trajectory is used for acquiring data sufficient for exact 3D image reconstruction. A filtered backprojection (FBP) algorithm based on Pack-Noo's reconstruction formula is applied for image reconstruction in reduced-scan circular sinusoidal scans. We have conducted numerical studies to demonstrate the reduced-scan approach and to validate the FBP reconstruction algorithm in the proposed approach. The proposed scanning method can contribute to increasing the throughput of a scanner, while improving the image quality compared to a conventional circular scan.
Scheduling Adaptive Transactions in Real-Time Databases

A new transaction model, called the Adaptive Transaction Model, is proposed for Real-Time Database Management Systems (RTDBMSs) applications. The Adaptive Transaction Model is an extended transaction model with a nested structure containing optional and required subtransactions. Adaptive Transactions (ATs) have time constraints to support real-time database applications. Optional substransactions can be omitted during the execution if time does not permit. Scheduling issues for a special case of adaptive transactions, called chain-structured adaptive transactions, are discussed. Several priority-based scheduling policies are proposed and experimental results are reported under lock-based and timestamp-ordering concurrency control protocols. A priority assignment policy (MSF-MES) is found to provide superior (low) miss ratios compared to other policies.
Universal remote alarm system by using virtual instrumentation and Labview graphical programming

The universal remote alarm system (URAS) is a unique device that is composed of a laptop computer, which receives audible alarm signal from a microphone, digitizes it by using a built-in sound card, compares the input to a library of known audible alarms characteristics, and if a match is detected, can then trigger an output device, such as a strobe light. The system is designed by using virtual instrumentation and object oriented Labview graphical programming. The expert system is used in determining the criticality of alarms and also for the comparison of alarm sound with competing or background noises.
Sublingually administered Bacillus subtilis cells expressing tetanus toxin C fragment induce protective systemic and mucosal antibodies against tetanus toxin in mice

Sublingual (SL) immunization against infectious agents or bacterial toxins is not a common route for antigen delivery. However, in our continued search for a needle-free platform for vaccine administration, we evaluated the efficacy of SL immunization with Bacillus subtilis engineered to express tetanus toxin fragment C (TTFC). We compared the results obtained with those for intranasal (IN) immunization with the same vaccine, which we recently reported to induce complete protection in mice against a 2×LD100 challenge of tetanus toxin (Lee et al., Vaccine 28:6658-65). Groups of animals received 3-4 immunizations of 10(9)B. subtilis vegetative cells expressing TTFC given IN or SL. Other SL immunized groups received either purified recombinant TTFC (rTTFC) or B. subtilis placebo. A non-toxic mutant of Escherichia coli heat labile enterotoxin (mLT) was included as adjuvant in some of the studies. Mice inoculated by either IN or SL administration developed protective IgG antibodies against tetanus toxin challenge. Similar of higher IgA levels in saliva, vaginal wash and feces were detected in animals immunized SL with B. subtilis cells expressing TTFC compared with IN-immunized mice or mice immunized SL with rTTFC. SL immunization promoted a mixed Th1/Th2 response, based on cytokine analysis (IL-2, IL-4, IL-10 and INFγ). Antigen-stimulated tissues (lung, intestine, spleen and lymph nodes) revealed a dramatic increase in the density of MHC class II+ expressing cells compared to all other groups. The antibody response to TTFC was superior when the adjuvant mLT was excluded from IN and SL immunizations. However, SL administration of mLT induced strong systemic and mucosal antibody responses, indicating that successful use of this route of immunization is not specific to tetanus toxin. We conclude that SL immunization is a promising, effective, safe, non-invasive and convenient method for mucosal delivery of B. subtilis cells expressing tetanus vaccine and, potentially, other immunogens. SL immunization appears to induce both systemic and mucosal immune responses.
Selective protein transport: Characterization and solubilization of the phosvitin receptor from chicken oocytes

Phosvitin (PV), a subunit of a female-specific protein, vitellogenin, binds to oocyte membranes with a KD of 10−6 M. Binding reaches equilibrium within 30 min after incubation at 25°C. Bound 125I-PV dissociates from the membrane with a t1/2 of 13 h when incubated in buffer. However, when 125I-PV-labeled membranes are incubated in buffer containing 10−5 M unlabeled PV, 50% of the initially bound 125I-PV dissociates from the membrane within 10 min. These results support the conclusion that PV binds to a membrane-associated receptor. Solubilization studies show that Triton X-100 solubilizes up to 45% of the total membrane-bound 125I-PV. Gel-exculsion chromatography of the solubilized material yields a 500,000 dalton 125I-PV-containing complex separated from free 125I-PV. The 500,000 dalton complex completely dissociates to yield free 125I-PV when incubated with excess unlabeled PV. However, when incubated with (1) no addition, (2) IgG, or (3) serum albumin, the extent of dissociation is significantly reduced and is consistent with that which would be predicted on the basis of the observed dissociation rate in the absence of unlabeled PV. These results suggest that bound 125I-PV can only be displaced by unlabeled PV. These results also indicate that the 500,000 dalton species is a solubilized PV-receptor complex and that it is possible to solubilize the PV-receptor in an active form.
Brillouin fibre laser enhanced by Raman amplification

A multiple-wavelength Brillouin fibre laser is demonstrated, with channel spacings of ∼10.5 GHz, using Raman amplification in dispersion-shifted optical fibre. More than 20 frequency lines with ∼2 kHz linewidths are obtained using a 14.5 km length of fibre and a 1.3 MHz linewidth Brillouin pump. Gain depletion due to amplified spontaneous emission limits the total number of cascaded Brillouin lines. At high Raman pump powers, the laser produces a pulse train at the repetition rate corresponding to the cavity round-trip time.
Restrictions on MMM Industrial Data to Build PCA Models

Abstract Mining, mineral and metal (MMM) processes present by its nature (multiphase, with solid particle properties distribution, high temperature) difficult scenarios to obtain high quality measurements of key variables. Furthermore, the characteristics of the feed are almost always changing over time, upsetting the process and giving a hard time to the stabilizing controllers. Then steady state operation condition is seldom met. Even more, some key measurements as metal grades and particle size are usually sparsely obtained with complex procedures involving sampling handling and correlations methods. All this characteristics put a lot of pressure on maintenance procedures of installed instrumentation. In summary, there are plenty of opportunities that sets of observations collected from a data base may contain all kind of pitfalls. Multivariate statistics can provide us with very powerful tools to analyze large set of data, and to efficiently extract the relevant information. However, the set of data must contain this information with the less degree of confusion as possible, for example as the result of a designed experiment. In this work, the application of these methods to smelters and flotation plants data are discussed. Special emphasis is put on how the previous work to assure the quality of the data, used in building such models, plays an important role on the success or failure of a powerful methodology.
Production of an acetone-butanol-ethanol mixture from Clostridium acetobutylicum and its conversion to high-value biofuels

Clostridium acetobutylicum is a bacterial species that ferments sugar to a mixture of organic solvents (acetone, butanol and ethanol). This protocol delineates a methodology to combine solventogenic clostridial fermentation and chemical catalysis via extractive fermentation for the production of biofuel blendstocks. Extractive fermentation of C. acetobutylicum is operated in fed-batch mode with a concentrated feed solution (500 grams per liter glucose and 50 grams per liter yeast extract) for 60 h, producing in excess of 40 g of solvents (acetone, butanol and ethanol) between the completely immiscible extractant and aqueous phases of the bioreactor. After distillation of the extractant phase, the acetone, butanol and ethanol mixture is upgraded to long-chain ketones over a palladium-hydrotalcite (Pd-HT) catalyst. This reaction is generally carried out in batch with a high-pressure Q-tube for 20 h at 250 °C. Following this protocol enables the production of ∼0.5 g of high-value biofuel precursors from a 1.7-g portion of fermentation solvents.
Biogeochemical cycling in an organic-rich coastal marine basin. 7. Sulfur mass balance, oxygen uptake and sulfide retention

Sulfur and oxygen fluxes were quantified in the seasonally varying anoxic marine sedimentary system of Cape Lookout Bight, N.C., U.S.A. Over the three year study period, 1981–1983, the mean annual sulfate reduction rate was determined to be 18.2 ± 1.6 moles · m−2 · y−1. This value, added to the estimate of the detrital sulfur input of 1.2 ± 4.4 gave a total sulfur input of 19.4 ± 4.7 moles · m−2 · y−1. The sulfide flux to the sediment-water interface, measured in anaerobic benthic chambers was 4.6 ± 0.5 moles · m−2 · y−1, and represented 37% of the annual oxygen uptake rate of 25.2 ± 2.8 moles · m−2 · y−1. The sulfide burial rate, determined to be 15.5 ± 3.1 moles · m−2 · y−1, was within 5% of the value predicted by summing the fluxes at the sediment-water interface. The CS weight ratio of sediment below the depth of diagenetic reaction was determined to be 2.75. The sulfide retention rate in these rapidly accumulating sediments (10 cm/yr) was 77 ± 19%. Comparison of this result with previous studies shows that rapid sediment accumulation and the lack of bioturbation control this unusually high degree of sulfide retention.
The role of local interactions in behavioral contrast

Typical behavioral contrast effects were obtained using a multiple variable-interval extinction schedule of reinforcement. Response rate was higher, however, during VI components preceded by a VI component than during a VI component preceded by extinction. This effect, contrary to previous findings concerning sequential effects, challenges recent interpretations of behavioral contrast derived from the literature on autoshaping.
A data-driven personnel detection scheme for indoor surveillance using seismic sensors

This paper describes experiments and analysis of seismic signals in addressing the problem of personnel detection for indoor surveillance. Data was collected using geophones to detect footsteps from walking and running in indoor environments such as hallways. Our analysis of the data shows the significant presence of nonlinearity, when tested using the surrogate data method. This necessitates the need for novel detector designs that are not based on linearity assumptions. We present one such method based on empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and functional data analysis (FDA) and evaluate its applicability on our collected dataset.
Predictive value of low maximum flow rate in benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Abstract Among 84 patients with prostatism selected for transurethral resection of the prostate, 18 had a maximum flow at spontaneous uroflowmetry ⪯ 7 ml/sec. Preoperatively there was no significant difference between patients with maximum flow ⪯ 7 ml/sec (Group 1) and patients with maximum flow > 7 ml/sec (Group 2) in age, duration of symptoms, symptom scores, bladder volume, residual urine, and detrusor pressure at maximum flow. Patients in Group 1, however, had significantly lower urethral resistance and bladder volume independent maximum flow than patients in Group 2. Postoperatively, patients with preoperative maximum flow 7 ml/sec.
Smartphone technology can be transformative to the deployment of lab-on-chip diagnostics

The rapid expansion of mobile technology is transforming the biomedical landscape. By 2016 there will be 260 M active smartphones in the US and millions of health accessories and software “apps” running off them. In parallel with this have come major technical achievements in lab-on-a-chip technology leading to incredible new biochemical sensors and molecular diagnostic devices. Despite these advancements, the uptake of lab-on-a-chip technologies at the consumer level has been somewhat limited. We believe that the widespread availability of smartphone technology and the capabilities they offer in terms of computation, communication, social networking, and imaging will be transformative to the deployment of lab-on-a-chip type technology both in the developed and developing world. In this paper we outline why we believe this is the case, the new business models that may emerge, and detail some specific application areas in which this synergy will have long term impact, namely: nutrition monitoring and disease diagnostics in limited resource settings.
Nanoscale Friction Dynamic Modeling

Friction and system models are fundamentally coupled. In fact, the success of models in predicting experimental results depends highly on the modeling of friction. This is true at the atomic scale where the nanoscale friction depends on a large set of parameters. This paper presents a novel nanoscale friction model based on the bristle interpretation of single asperity contact. This interpretation is adopted after a review of dynamic friction models representing stick-slip motion in macrotribology literature. The proposed model uses state variables and introduces a generalized bristle deflection. Jumping mechanisms are implemented in order to take into account the instantaneous jumps observed during 2D stick-slip phenomena. The model is dynamic and Lipchitz, which makes it suitable for future control implementation. Friction force microscope scans of a muscovite mica sample were conducted in order to determine numerical values of the different model parameters. The simulated and experimental results are then compared in order to show the efficacy of the proposed model.
Thermodynamically consistent perturbation theory for molecular fluids

New conditions for the reference system in a generalized Andersen-Weeks-Chandler approximation y(12) = g(12) exp [βφ(12)] ≈ y 0(12) are derived which minimize an approximate free energy functional and lead to improved internal thermodynamic consistency for molecular fluids.
The Consumer Response to the Mexican Peso Crisis

Abstract Household expenditure surveys are used to examine the effects of the Mexican peso crisis on household consumption. The main smoothing mechanism was a change in the composition of consumption, with households reducing semidurable spending to maintain basic food levels. This article provides a method for disentangling income, price, demographic, and crisis adjustment effects and finds that households increased their expenditure share on certain basic food items even more than Engel’s law and relative price changes would predict. I hypothesize that this reflects the use of semidurables as an adjustment mechanism and show that this leads to changes in the shape and position of the Engel curves. However, the article cannot fully rule out the alternative explanation that the reduction in semidurables reflects households reducing semidurable stocks due to a perceived fall in permanent income from the crisis.
A time-locked photon isolated calibrator

Abstract The calibration of differential amplifiers by injection of a microvolt signal into the input leads during recording of bio-potentials can be accomplished simply and inexpensively by means of recently developed photodiode pairs. An instrument for simultaneous calibration of 14 channels of evoked potential data is described.
Nativity status and access to care in Canada and the U.S.: factoring in the roles of race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status.

We conducted cross-country comparisons of Canada and the U.S., and assessed the extent to which access to care varies by nativity status overall, as well as in conjunction with race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status. Data came from the Joint Canada-U.S. Survey of Health (n.6,620 non-elderly adults). Access measures included having a regular medical doctor, consultation with a health professional in the past year, dentist visit in the past year, Pap test in the past three years, and any unmet health care needs in the past year. Logistic regression was employed to estimate the relative odds of access to care, adjusting for potential confounders. Disparities in access to care based on nativity status overall, as well as nativity-by-race joint effects, were found in both countries. There was also a dose-response effect of education on access to care among the native-born but not among the foreign-born; there were few nativity-by-income joint effects.
A SECM Study of Heterogeneous Redox Activity at AA2024 Surfaces

Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) was used to spatially resolve the heterogeneous cathodic activity at AA2U24 surfaces. Experiments used a 10 μm diameter Pt microelectrode in a solution containing the protonated form of (dimethylamino) methylferrocene [DMAFc + , i.e., the Fe(II) state]. The tip was brought near the alloy surface while held at a potential of 0.65 V vs. SCE, where DMAFc + is oxidized to DMAFc 2+ [i.e., the Fe(III) state]. The AA2024 substrate was held at -0.75 V, where the DMAFc 2+ produced near the probe tip is reduced back to DMAFc + at regions on the surface that were cathodically active. Lateral variation in the DMAFc + oxidation current at the tip arises either from a decrease of the diffusive delivery of DMAFc + to the tip due to proximity to the surface or from a positive feedback mechanism in which the DMAFc 2+ that had been oxidized at the probe tip was reduced at the substrate. The images show locally high redox reactivity which is attributed to second phase, intermetallic inclusions. Comparison of the SECM images with scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy images shows that the regions of high redox reactivity correlate with the locations of the intermetallic particles.
BIM2MAR: An Efficient BIM Translation to Mobile Augmented Reality Applications

AbstractMobile augmented reality (MAR) provides an easy-to-learn and easy-to-use method of accessing information in an intuitive way by visually parsing the environment and relating information in the form of augmentations to specific objects in specific places through handheld mobile devices. With the architecture, engineering, construction, and operation (AECO) industry widely adopting building information modeling (BIM) technologies, this research contributes an efficient and cost-effective solution to integrate BIM into MAR by developing a method and workflow that practitioners can use to consolidate, optimize, and visualize their data and models in an MAR environment. Moreover, a real-world application of this method, called BIM2MAR, within facility management practices is described in this paper. In the future, this research will investigate the integration of the BIM2MAR method into cloud computing, as well as conducting user-centered evaluation.
The lipid composition of the cerebral hemisphere of the miniature pig (Sus scrofa) during development

Abstract 1. 1. The lipid content of the cerebral hemisphere of the miniature pig ( Sus scrofa ) has been examined from the eighty-seventh day of gestation through the fourth year of life. 2. 2. The rate of lipid accumulation began to fall rapidly after the forty-seventh day of life, but approximately 30 per cent of the lipid found in the hemisphere of the adult animal is deposited after the sixth month of life. 3. 3. Nearly one-half of the cerebrosides and proteolipid proteins, lipid classes closely associated with myelin, are deposited after 6 months of life.
Oxygen Isotope and Sulfur Labeling of Phosphoryl Groups and 2-Dimensional NMR Methodology for Assignment of 31P and 1H Signals of Oligonucleotides

Abstract Because of spectral overlap, even with 2-D NMR methods, 1H and 31P signal assignments in oligonucleotides much longer than tetramers is difficult. However, by chemically introducing site-specific 17O, 13O, and S labeling in the phosphoryl groups of oligonucleotides, it is possible to unambiguously assign the 31P peaks. Thus, it is possible to assign all three phosphate 31P signals of the oligonucleotide tetramer d(ApGpCpT) by site-specific introduction of the three different oxygen isotopes into the three different phosphate diesters. Using two-dimensional 31P/1H correlated spectral methods we can also unambiguously identify the 1H NMR signals coupled to the assigned 31P signals. In the latter, only those protons which are scalar coupled to the IXP nucleus are observed in the 2-D heteronuclear spectrum. Finally by 1H/1H COSY and NOESY we can identify the other protons of the oligonucleotides. This methodology is not dependent upon any assumed B-DNA structure as is required in other recent 2-D oli...
WIND TUNNEL STUDIES OF THE AIR FLOW AND GASEOUS PLUME DIFFUSION IN THE LEADING EDGE AND DOWNSTREAM REGIONS OF A MODEL FOREST

Abstract A model forest canopy is designed to simulate meteorological characteristics of a typical live forest. Velocity and gaseous plume behavior are measured. Flow properties are compared with recent field measurements. Ground penetration in the initial fetch region resulted in strikingly different streamline motion when compared to wind motions within the equilibrium regions. Measured values of the vertical eddy diffusion coefficient are shown to predict plume behavior in the equilibrium region if a correction is included for the ratio K y K z > 1.0 . Ventilation of an elevated line source into the canopy region is compared with a simple one-dimensional model.
Nonselective motor innervation of nuclear bag1 intrafusal muscle fibers in the cat.

The motor nerve supply to cat nuclear bag1 intrafusal muscle fibers was reconstructed from light and electron microscopy of serial transverse sections of spindles in the tenuissimus muscle. Twenty-six of thirty poles of bag1 fibers that were examined received motor innervation. Every innervated bag1 pole received at least one (range 1–3) selective motor axon that supplied this fiber type only. Four of the innervated bag1 poles (15%) received additional motor supply from a nonselective motor axon that also innervated one nuclear chain fiber in the same spindle pole. The chain fibers co-innervated with bag1 fibers were among the longest chain fibers although they were shorter than two long chain fibers also present in the spindle poles. In cross-sections stained with toluidine blue they displayed 1–3 equatorial nuclei side by side, and there were fewer inter-myofibrillar granules in their polar regions than in most of the other chain fibers. The endings of nonselective motor axons on the bag1 and chain fibers were morphologically and ultrastructurally dissimilar. It is suggested that instances of common innervation of the (dynamic) bag1 fiber and a (static?) chain fiber represent an integral and, presumably, functionally meaningful part of the motor pattern in some cat spindles.
The development of floristic provinciality during the Middle and Late Paleozoic

Abstract Phytogeographic reconstructions have been published for most Paleozoic series since the Přidoli, but there have been few attempts to synthesize this data into a comprehensive review of the characteristics and causes of the changing phytogeographic patterns for the whole Paleozoic history of the vascular flora. Existing floristic analyses have been compiled in this manuscript and the resulting data are used to reconstruct the evolution of floristic provinces since the Silurian. The earliest plant fossil records indicate that provinciality was characteristic of terrestrial vascular plant distributions right from the beginning of terrestrial colonization by vascular plants. This interpretation differs markedly from the views of many workers who still maintain that pre-Upper Carboniferous floras were uniform and cosmopolitan in distribution. Three of the four major phytogeographic units, i.e. Angara, Euramerica, and Gondwana, can be recognized in the earliest fossil floras. The fourth unit, Cathaysia, differentiated from Euramerica during the late Upper Carboniferous. Phytogeographic differentiation occurs in direct response to climatic gradients and physiographic barriers. As these gradients and barriers change, provincial boundaries expand and contract, fragment, reassemble and reassort. Phytogeographic units are dynamic through time.
Strategies for Enhancing Learning from Work Experience.

In the enthusiasm for the experience dimension of field experience education, the greatest potential for the learning dimension may not be served. The presentation suggests that perceiving the learning function as distinct from the experience itself, recognizing a wider range of learning possibilities in any assignment than a superficial look permits and developing learning expectations for both predictable and unpredictable learning are not basic steps in enhancing learning from work experience. A series of ideas for enhancing learning are described including work-learning progressions, learning descriptions, project development, linking work experience and courses and educational debriefing.
On Position-Space Renormalization Group Approach to Percolation

In a position-space renormalization group (PSRG) approach to percolation one calculates the probabilityR(p,b) that a finite lattice of linear sizeb percolates, wherep is the occupation probability of a site or bond. A sequence of percolation thresholdsp c (b) is then estimated fromR(p c ,b)=p c (b) and extrapolated to the limitb→∞ to obtainp c =p c (∞). Recently, it was shown that for a certain spanning rule and boundary condition,R(p c ,∞)=R c is universal, and sincep c is not universal, the validity of PSRG approaches was questioned. We suggest that the equationR(p c ,b)=α, where α isany number in (0,1), provides a sequence ofp c (b)'s thatalways converges top c asb→∞. Thus, there is anenvelope from any point inside of which one can converge top c . However, the convergence is optimal if α=R c . By calculating the fractal dimension of the sample-spanning cluster atp c , we show that the same is true aboutany critical exponent of percolation that is calculated by a PSRG method. Thus PSRG methods are still a useful tool for investigating percolation properties of disordered systems.
Anxiety in medically ill children/adolescents.

Anxiety disorders are thought to be one of the most common psychiatric diagnoses in children/adolescents. Chronic medical illness is a significant risk factor for the development of an anxiety disorder and the prevalence rate of anxiety disorders among youths with chronic medical illnesses is higher compared to their healthy counterparts. Anxiety disorders may develop secondary to predisposing biological mechanisms related to a child’s specific medical illness, as a response to being ill or in the hospital, a threatening environment, as a result of other genetic and psychological factors, or as a combination of all these factors. Additionally, exposure to physical pain early in one’s life and or frequent painful medical procedures are correlated with fear and anxiety during subsequent procedures and treatments and may lead to medical nonadherence and other comorbidities. Anxiety disorders can have serious consequences in children/adolescents with chronic and or life limiting medical illnesses. Therefore, proper identification and treatment of anxiety disorders is necessary and may improve not only psychiatric symptoms but also physical symptoms. Behavioral and cognitive methods as well as psychotropic medications are used to treat anxiety disorders in pediatric patients. We will review current treatments for anxiety in children/adolescents with medical illnesses and propose future research directions.