cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A compactification of Igusa varieties

We investigate the notion of Igusa level structure for a one-dimensional Barsotti–Tate group over a scheme X of positive characteristic and compare it to Drinfeld’s notion of level structure. In particular, we show how the geometry of the Igusa covers of X is useful for studying the geometry of its Drinfeld covers (e.g. connected and smooth components, singularities). Our results apply in particular to the study of the Shimura varieties considered in Harris and Taylor (On the geometry and cohomology of some simple Shimura varieties. Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2001). In this context, they are higher dimensional analogues of the classical work of Igusa for modular curves and of the work of Carayol for Shimura curves. In the case when the Barsotti–Tate group has constant p-rank, this approach was carried-out by Harris and Taylor (On the geometry and cohomology of some simple Shimura varieties. Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2001).
Magnetic Susceptibility Meter for In Vivo Estimation of Hepatic Iron Stores

An instrument is described for recording linear body scans of magnetic susceptibility in living rats. The sensor is a transformer which employs a toroid core with a large air gap. The magnetic properties of substances within the gap affect the reluctance of the core-gap magnetic circuit, thereby affecting the transformer characteristics. To minimize instability caused by temperature induced changes in core dimensions, the cores were made of the low expansion steel, Invar. The secondary voltage of the measuring transformer is compared with that of a similar reference transformer with differences in this comparison voltage processed by tuned amplification and phase-sensitive detection. The sensitivity of the instrument is limited by zero instability equivalent to ±0.06×10-6 EMU/cm3 over 30 seconds, with a precision of measurement of ±0.03×10-6 EMU/cm3 achieved by output filtering. Studies using live rats demonstrate that with this technique iron-loaded animals can be distinguished from control animals, because the high hepatic concentration of storage iron in the liver of the experimental group exhibits positive magnetic susceptibility. Consideration of the transformer characteristics suggests that similar, safe, and rapid measurements of magnetic susceptibility can be made in humans, although many other factors remain as variables which must be evaluated before such measurements can be used to quantitate iron stores in patients.
Deep levels associated with (vacancy, impurity) pairs in covalent semiconductors

A simple theory of deep levels due to vacancies paired with nearest-neighbor $s{p}^{3}$-bonded substitutional impurities in zinc-blende hosts is presented, and the major chemical trends in such levels in 12 different semiconductors are predicted. The results of these calculations show that when an impurity is complexed with a vacancy, its deep levels in the band gap may be significantly altered in comparison with those of an isolated impurity. Complexing with a vacancy can drive a shallow, isolated impurity level deeper into the band gap, or cause the deep level of an isolated impurity to move across the band gap and become resonant with either the valence or the conduction band. Included in the presented results are predictions for the deep levels produced by the (${\mathrm{As}}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{a},}$ ${V}_{\mathrm{As}}$) vacancy-antisite defect pair in GaAs, which might be associated with the EL2 level in that material.
PROPAGATION OF ACTIVATED LYMPHOCYTES UNDER DIFFERING CULTURE CONDITIONS FROM ENDOMYOCARDIAL BIOPSY SAMPLES OF HEART TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS. • 222

PROPAGATION OF ACTIVATED LYMPHOCYTES UNDER DIFFERING CULTURE CONDITIONS FROM ENDOMYOCARDIAL BIOPSY SAMPLES OF HEART TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS. • 222
Lever holding and avoidance in the rat, with constant current and constant voltage UCS

Rats were given lever-press avoidance trials with constant current (CC) or constant voltage (CV) UCS. A wide range of intensities of CC and CV shock were used to train groups of 10 Ss each. A lever-holding response appeared as an increasing function of intensity of CC but not of CV shock.
Transient-mode liquid phase epitaxial growth of GaAs on GaAs-coated Si substrates prepared by migration-enhanced molecular beam epitaxy

Planar oxide-maskless growth of GaAs was demonstrated by transient-mode liquid phase epitaxy (TMLPE) on GaAs-coated Si substrates that were prepared by migration-enhanced molecular beam epitaxy (MEMBE). In TMLPE, the cool substrate was brought into contact with hot melts for a short time. A GaAs layer as thick as 30 microns was grown in 10 sec. The etch pits observed in TMLPE-grown layers became longer in one direction and decreased in density with increasing the TMLPE epilayer thickness. The density of etch pits in a 20 micron-thick layer was approximately 5 x 10 the 6th/sq cm. Strong bandgap emission elliptically polarized with a major axis perpendicular to the surface was observed at about 910 nm, while deep-level emission from the TMLPE/MEMBE GaAs interface was detected at 980 nm. The photoluminescence intensity divided by the carrier concentration of the TMLPE-grown layer was about 270 times larger than that of the MEMBE-grown layer used as a substrate.
Flat space as a gravitational instanton

Abstract Gravitational instantons may influence elementary particle phenomena, even when space-time is flat. To illustrate this point, we employ instanton techniques to rederive a result first obtained by totally different methods; an observer accelerating uniformly in flat Minkowski space experiences a heat bath whose temperature is proportional to his acceleration.
On high heels: A praxiography of doing Argentine tango

Argentine tango has been investigated by scholars of various disciplinary backgrounds. A broad range of empirical methods has been used in this research. But little attention has been paid to the a...
An NMR study of the backbone dynamics of staphylococcal nuclease in the crystalline state

Abstract We report cross polarization magic angle spinning spectra of crystals of staphylococcal nuclease complexed with pdTp and Ca2+, and labeled with either [15N] His or [15N] Val. With the exceptions of His46 and Va151, residues which are in the Ω-loop at the active site of the enzyme, signals of all His and Val amide nitrogen spins are observed at the chemical shift positions found in the solution spectra of the ternary complex. The absence of signals from His46 and Val51 in the solid state spectra is evidence that these residues are mobile and disordered. The coincidence of the solution and crystalline chemical shifts for the remaining residues is evidence that these residues have the same backbone conformations in solution and in the crystalline states, and allows us to extend the sequential assignments obtained in solution to the solid state. The spin lattice relaxation rates of the assigned His and Val amide nitrogen spins exhibit a wide range of values that correlate reasonably well with B values derived from X-ray data. Correlation times derived from the measurements of spin lattice relaxation rates at 5.9 T and 11.8 T are in the range 10–103 ps, suggesting that the relaxation data could provide useful tests of calculated SNase molecular dynamics trajectories.
Neutrophil chemoattractant genes KC and MIP‐2 are expressed in different cell populations at sites of surgical injury

KC and macrophage-inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) are CXC chemokines that exhibit distinct temporal patterns of expression in the skin following surgical injury. In situ hybridization analysis demonstrates that these two chemokines are expressed by distinct cell types at different times following injury. Dermal fibroblasts and endothelial cells are primarily responsible for KC expression in the skin 6 h following surgery. In contrast, MIP-2 production appears to be restricted to infiltrating inflammatory leukocytes including neutrophils and monocytes, which appear later in the response. This cell type-specific pattern of chemokine expression is recapitulated in vitro using isolated primary- and long-term-cultured cell types. Primary dermal fibroblasts stimulated with interleukin-1alpha express predominantly KC and very little MIP-2, and peritoneal exudate neutrophils produce as much or more MIP-2 as KC following stimulation in vitro. Although a collection of exogenous stimuli can induce expression of KC and MIP-2, the quantitative ratio for expression reflects the cell type and not the stimulus. The selective expression of KC over MIP-2 in endothelial cells results from markedly greater KC gene transcription and not from alterations in the rate of mRNA decay. These results demonstrate that distinct CXC chemokines show restricted expression in myeloid versus nonmyeloid cell types and that patterns of chemokine expression at sites of inflammation in vivo reflect the temporally ordered contribution of these distinct cell types.
Robust Numerical Simulation of Porosity Evolution in Chemical Vapor Infiltration

A mathematical model is developed to study formation and evolution of pores during the chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) process. In this model the evolving fiber?gas interface is described by a level-set function with growth rate determined by the vapor precursor concentration and the local geometry. The vapor precursor, solely driven by diffusion, is described by a boundary value problem of the Laplace equation. We then numerically solve this model using the immersed interface method and a fast searching method developed by the authors for pore detection. This model is able to numerically advance the fiber?gas interface and automatically handle fiber merging and pore formation. Numerical experiments are conducted to validate this model and the corresponding numerical algorithm.
Wall Boundary Layer Development Near the Tip Region of an IGV of an Axial Flow Compressor

The annulus wall boundary layer inside the blade passage of the inlet guide vane (IGV) passage of a low-speed axial compressor stage was measured with a miniature five-hole probe. The three-dimensional velocity and pressure fields were measured at various axial and tangential locations. Limiting streamline angles and static pressures were also measured on the casing of the IGV passage. Strong secondary vorticity was developed. The data were analyzed and correlated with the existing velocity profile correlations. The end wall losses were also derived from these data.
BioCAD in tissue science and engineering

Tissue Engineering, the science and engineering of creating functional tissues and organs for transplantation, integrates a variety of scientific and engineering disciplines to produce physiologic “replacement parts” for the development of viable substitutes which restore, maintain or improve the function of human tissues. In recent Multi-Agency Tissue Engineering Science (MATES) Interagency Working Group [1], the field of tissue engineering has been broaden and redefined as “the use of physical, chemical, biological, and engineering processes to control and direct the aggregate behavior of cells”. In the success of tissue engineering, three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds play important roles as extra-cellular matrices onto which cells can attach, grow, and form new tissues. Modeling, design and fabrication of tissue scaffolds to meet multiple biological and biophysical requirements is always a challenge in regenerative tissue engineering. This is particularly true when designing load bearing scaffolds for bone and cartilage tissue application. In general, this type of scaffolds usually have intricate architecture, porosity, pore size and shape, and interconnectivity in order to provide the needed structural integrity, strength, transport, and ideal micro-environment for cell and tissue ingrowth. In addition, thus designed scaffolds often can only be fabricated through advanced manufacturing techniques, such as solid freeform fabrication (SFF) to manufacture complex structural architectures.
Structural basis of regional dysfunction in acutely ischemic myocardium

Objective: Impaired systolic function in the normally perfused myocardium adjacent to an ischemic region — the functional border zone — is thought to result from mechanical interactions across the perfusion boundary. We investigated how segment orientation and vessel involved affect regional strains in the functional border zone and whether altered stresses associated with a step transition in contractility can explain the functional border zone. Methods and results: Regional epicardial strain distributions were obtained from measured displacements of radiopaque markers in open-chest anesthetized canines, and related to local myofiber angles and blood flows. The functional border zone for fiber strain was significantly narrower than that for cross-fiber strain and significantly wider for left anterior descending (LAD) than left circumflex (LCx) coronary occlusion (1.23 vs. 0.45 cm). A detailed three-dimensional computational model with a one-to-one relation between perfusion and myofilament activation and no transitional zone of intermediate contractility showed close agreement with these observations and significantly elevated stresses in the border zone. Differences between LAD and LCx occlusions in the model were due to differences in left ventricular systolic pressure and not to differences in perfusion boundary or muscle fiber orientation. The border zone was narrower for fiber strain than cross-fiber strain because systolic stiffness is greatest along the muscle fiber direction. Conclusion: Abnormal regional mechanics in the acute ischemic border arise from increased wall stresses without a transitional zone of intermediate contractility. Perfusion is more tightly coupled to fiber than cross-fiber strain, and a wider functional border zone of fiber strain during LAD than LCx occlusion is primarily due to higher regional wall stresses rather than anatomic variations.
Complex Burgers' equation in 2D SU (N) YM

Abstract An integro-differential equation satisfied by an eigenvalue density defined as the logarithmic derivative of the average inverse characteristic polynomial of a Wilson loop in two-dimensional pure Yang–Mills theory with gauge group SU ( N ) is derived from two associated complex Burgers' equations, with viscosity given by 1 2 N . The Wilson loop does not intersect itself and Euclidean space–time is assumed flat and infinite. This result provides an extension of the infinite N solution of Durhuus and Olesen to finite N , but this extension is not unique.
PathSelClus: Integrating Meta-Path Selection with User-Guided Object Clustering in Heterogeneous Information Networks

Real-world, multiple-typed objects are often interconnected, forming heterogeneous information networks. A major challenge for link-based clustering in such networks is their potential to generate many different results, carrying rather diverse semantic meanings. In order to generate desired clustering, we propose to use meta-path, a path that connects object types via a sequence of relations, to control clustering with distinct semantics. Nevertheless, it is easier for a user to provide a few examples (seeds) than a weighted combination of sophisticated meta-paths to specify her clustering preference. Thus, we propose to integrate meta-path selection with user-guided clustering to cluster objects in networks, where a user first provides a small set of object seeds for each cluster as guidance. Then the system learns the weight for each meta-path that is consistent with the clustering result implied by the guidance, and generates clusters under the learned weights of meta-paths. A probabilistic approach is proposed to solve the problem, and an effective and efficient iterative algorithm, PathSelClus, is proposed to learn the model, where the clustering quality and the meta-path weights mutually enhance each other. Our experiments with several clustering tasks in two real networks and one synthetic network demonstrate the power of the algorithm in comparison with the baselines.
Subspecialization in neurosurgery.

here isanatural tendency for amedical discipline tobecome more specialized over time, and this has certainly been the T case for neurosurgery over its relatively short history. The entirefieldof neurosurgeryevolved fromthefieldofgeneral surgery through the efforts of pioneering surgeons who focused their surgical practice on disorders of the nervous system. For the most part, neurosurgery in North America is very subspecialized. With advances in scientific knowledge and surgical techniques in thefield of neurosurgery, few individuals are capable of maintaining expertise in all subspecialty areas. Most of us would send a loved one to a recognized expert for a challenging neurosurgical problem. Our major national organizations, the American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS) and Congress of Neurological Surgeons (CNS), have subspecialty sections, and many host annual subspecialty conferences. Numerous subspecialty neurosurgical journals are published and consumed. Most academic departments training thenextgenerationofneurosurgeonshavesubspecialized faculties. The past 2 decades has witnessed an increasing number of neurosurgical trainees pursuing subspecialty fellowships after a 6or 7-year residency.However,Americanneurosurgeryhasbeen cautious about embracing and recognizing the notion of subspecialization. Of the 24 member boards of the American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS), the American Board of Neurological Surgery (ABNS) is 1 of 5 without subspecialty certificates. In addition to neurosurgery, the others include allergy and immunology, colon and rectal surgery, ophthalmology, and nuclear medicine.
A simple method for estimating serum thyroxine concentration in thyroid disease and iodine-treated patients.

A simple method for estimating serum thyroxine (T4) levels has been developed. In this method T4 is extracted from serum and purified by solvent distribution for quantitative measurement by the classic ceric reduction method. Chromatography and combustion are not required. The method is very reliable in the evaluation of thyroid function. In 124 euthyroid control patients the average serum thyroxine iodine (T4I) level was 4.7 μg/100 ml (95 % confidence limit: 3.1–7.3 μg/100 ml). In 27 hypothyroid patients all T4I values were less than 3.1 μg/100 ml, while they were greater than 7.3 μg/100 ml in 29 hyperthyroid patients. This method has a considerable advantage over PBI and BEI methods in that commonly used iodinated materials rarely interfere with the determination of T4I. In a total of 119 euthyroid patients who had elevated PBI values after receiving iodide (n = 30), Hypaque (n = 30), Pantopaque (n=30), Telepaque (n = 26), or Dionosil (n = 3), all but 3 patients had normal serum T4I levels.
Fracture of Polycrystalline MgAl2O4

The fracture toughness of stoichiometric polycrystalline MgAl2O4 was measured as a function of grain size and temperature to 1400°C. The room temperature fracture toughnesses are comparable to reported single-crystal values. No effect of grain size was detected. Two regions of KIc=f(T) were observed, both showing a decreasing KIc with an increasing T. In the low-temperature region, fracture is of a mixed mode, transgranular and intergranular character. The ∼10−4 MN/m3/2°C (dK10dT) decrease is governed primarily by dE/dT. The high-temperature region, T >900°C, has a much larger dK10dT decrease, ∼ 10−3 MN/m3/2°C, and a fracture character that is totally intergranular, suggesting dominance by grain-boundary processes.
Colour Doppler ultrasonography replacing surgical exploration for acute scrotum: myth or reality?

Background: Traditionally, every patient with an acute scrotum needed surgical exploration for definitive exclusion of testicular torsion. Objective: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the improved accuracy in clinical diagnosis with colour Doppler Ultrasonography (US) added to normal clinical assessment. Materials and methods: We retrospectively reviewed 626 patients, who presented with acute scrotal pain between January 1998 and June 2004. Following history and physical examination, the patients either proceeded directly to surgery or underwent US examination. If clinical suspicion of testicular torsion persisted after US, the patients would still undergo scrotal exploration. Results: Of the 294 patients who had routine scrotal exploration without preliminary US, only 23 (7.8%) were found to have testicular torsion. Amongst the 332 cases that had initial US, 9 (2.7%) patients revealed testicular torsion that was confirmed at subsequent surgery. The remaining 323 patients had initial negative US, but 29 were explored eventually on clinical indications. Of these, 4 (1.2% of 323) cases were diagnosed intra-operatively as testicular torsion. None of the remaining 294 patients who were managed conservatively proved to have testicular torsion after a minimum follow-up of 2 weeks. For testicular torsion, US yielded a sensitivity of 69.2% (95% confidence interval =38.9–89.5), specificity of 100% (95% CI=98.5–100), positive predictive value of 100% and negative predictive value of 97.5%. Conclusions: US has proven to decrease the number of emergency scrotal explorations, length of hospital stay and hence reduce the cost of management of acute scrotum.
Kept back to get ahead? Kindergarten retention and academic performance

Abstract While most existing research concludes that grade retention generates no benefits for the retainees’ academic performance, holding low-achieving children back has been a popular practice for decades. Drawing on a recently collected nationally representative dataset in the US, this paper estimates the causal effect of repeating kindergarten on the retained children's academic performance. Since we observe children being held back only when they enroll in schools that permit kindergarten retention, this paper jointly models the choice of enrolling in a school that allows kindergarten retention, the decision of repeating kindergarten, and children's academic performance in higher grades. A control function approach is developed to estimate the resulting double-hurdle treatment model, which accounts for unobserved heterogeneity in the retention effect. A nearest-neighbor matching estimator is also implemented. Holding children back in kindergarten is found to have positive but diminishing effects on their academic performance up to third grade.
Effects of Nondeterminism in Hardware and Software Simulation with Thread Mapping

In this paper, we explore the simulation performance trade-off under the lens of Monte Carlo design space exploration for multi-threaded programs and thread mapping. The vehicle used for this exploration will be a recent study, whose novel Google Page Rank-based thread mapping approach is compared to hundreds of random mappings, as well as a Round-Robin-based thread mapping approach proposed in this paper used in similar comparisons. The modern simulator landscape presents a choice between cycle-accurate but slow, and fast but inaccurate program simulation. We find that the use of a fast, inaccurate multi-threaded simulator, such as Sniper 5.3, suffers from large nondeterminism in the reported performance of the program. We perform cycle-accurate simulation which demonstrates that the static thread mapping approach does provide benefits in reaching near-optimal design points. Furthermore, the runtime of static thread mapping is significantly reduced using a cycle-accurate simulator compared to the full Monte Carlo exploration of mapping design points.
Development of a directional scintillating fiber detector for 14MeV neutrons

Abstract We have developed a directional detector for 14 MeV neutrons. The detector consists of an 8×8 array of plastic scintillating fibers coupled to a multi-anode photomultiplier tube. Protons in the fibers are scattered by incident neutrons and are detected as they pass through multiple fibers. The direction of the flux of incident neutrons is determined using the energy and direction of the recoil proton. The advantages of the detector are its small size and ability to detect fast neutrons. We used GEANT4 to simulate the detector performance, and report the results of experimental studies with neutrons from a 14 MeV pulsed D-T neutron generator.
Tetrahydropyridones via intramolecular ureidomercuration

Abstract A four-step synthesis of δ-coniceine utilizes sequential ureidomercuration and reductive coupling of the mercurial.
Chemotaxonomy of some Paleozoic vascular plants. Part II: Chemical characterization of major plant groups

Chemical data are given forCooksonia, Rhynia, Zosterophyllum, Pseudosporochnus, Gosslingia,Crenaticaulis, Leclercqia, Tetraxylopteris, Oocampsa, andArchaeopteris, thus extending principal component analysis of multi-state and discrete characters to 27 Paleozoic plant taxa. Ordination patterns of these data suggest that while overlapping of major plant groups occurs, rhyniophytes, zosterophyllophytes, trimerophytes and other supra-generic taxa may be chemically characterized. The effects of heat (thermolysis) on organic constituents is shown to severely alter chemical profiles of plant taxa and is discussed as a thermometric tool. Taxonomic distancemeasures between plant groupings are suggested to be the result of both preand post-fossilization phenomena.
PROGRESS AND CHALLENGES IN THERAPIES FOR AIDS IN NONHUMAN PRIMATE MODELS

: Efforts to develop animal models for human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) vaccine testing have focused on lentivirus infection of nonhuman primates. A long-term goal of this primate research is to utilize the models to understand the mechanisms of pathogenesis leading to AIDS. Because the time to disease is compressed relative to HIV infection in humans, therapeutic strategies and compounds can be tested in nonhuman primate models in a shorter time frame and under more controlled conditions than are possible in many clinical studies. Recent interventive studies in primates using antiviral drugs or passive immune globulin (IgG) have demonstrated that multiple log reductions in plasma virus can be achieved and sustained, with accompanying health benefits. Information gained about timing and dosage may be of utility in designing clinical studies. The development of reliable and predictable animal models for effective therapies and vaccines against AIDS remains a critical priority for primate research.
Evidence for the existence of additional small satellites of Saturn

Voyager-1 and 2 long exposure images were studied in a search for previously undiscovered satellites in the Saturn system. The technique used was to overlap the images with common view areas, thereby including increasingly higher-resolution images of nearby exposures with those taken at greater distances during approach. No definite identifications were made of new satellites. However, five objects were apparently detected by the survey and the orbits associated with each of the recorded photographic 'streaks' were calculated. Techniques are discussed for applying the Space Telescope to confirm or disprove the satellite status of the observed objects.
Extensive coronary collateral formation in a patient with untreated acromegaly.

A case of acromegaly with extensive coronary collateralization is reported. Growth hormone may have played a role in this neovascularization.
A new species of Tritrichomonas (Sarcomastigophora: Trichomonida) from the domestic cat ( Felis catus )

Feline trichomoniasis is an intestinal disease in cats resulting in chronic diarrhea, flatulence, tenesmus, and fecal incontinence. Bovine trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted disease of cattle infecting the reproductive tract of cows causing pyometra and possible mid- to late-term abortions. The causative agent for both diseases has been reported to be the flagellated protozoan, Tritrichomonas foetus. However, several published reports support significant biological differences between T. foetus isolated from bovines and felines. In the present study, we describe Tritrichomonas blagburni n.sp. from the domestic cat (Felis catus) as the causative agent of feline intestinal trichomoniasis. We support our proposal based on results of experimental cross-infection studies between cats and cattle using both feline and bovine isolates of the parasite, differences in pathogenicity between the two parasites for the respective host species, and molecular gene sequencing differences between parasites obtained from domestic cats and parasites obtained from cattle.
Endogenous rhythms of locomotion in the American horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus

Abstract American horseshoe crabs ( Limulus polyphemus ) exhibit clear circadian rhythms of visual sensitivity in the laboratory and in the field they exhibit seasonal patterns of mating behavior that are closely associated with the tides. Recent reports suggest that Limulus locomotor activity may be controlled by endogenous circadian and/or circatidal clocks and that light:dark (LD) cycles may affect the rhythmic output of both of these clocks. In this study, we examined locomotor behavior in the laboratory to determine the extent of this endogenous activity and to examine the influence of LD cycles on these rhythms. Thirty-three L. polyphemus were captured during the breeding season and their activity was monitored with activity boxes and “running wheels” in seawater kept at constant temperature and salinity. Activity patterns were analyzed using visual inspection of actograms and Chi-square and Lomb–Scargle periodograms. Overall, 36% of the animals was significantly more active during L, while only 12% was more active during D (52% showed no preference). Circatidal rhythms were observed in LD in 67% of the horseshoe crabs. Surprisingly, LD cycles appeared to synchronize these rhythms at times. In DD, the majority of animals tested (63%) exhibited circatidal rhythms that persisted for at least seven days. Overall, the results demonstrate that an endogenously controlled tidal rhythm of locomotion operates during, and significantly after, the breeding season in this species. In addition, the present results are consistent with the presence of circalunidian oscillators controlling these rhythms.
Progress in Controlled Breeding of Summer Flounder, Paralichthys dentatus, and Southern Flounder, P. lethostigma

ABSTRACT The sum mer floun der, Paralichthys dentatus, and the south ern floun der, P. lethostigma, are high value flat fish spe cies and im -por tant can di dates for com mer cial aquaculture in the east ern U.S. Wild-caught adults of both spe cies have been spawned ei ther nat u rally or by hor mone-in duc tion dur ing their first year in cap tiv ity, but spawn ing suc -cess and fre quency of vo li tional spawnings im proves with size/age and ha bit u a tion (>1.5 year) to cap tiv ity. Con trolled-en vi ron ment tanks (2.5-10 m3) sup plied with re cir cu lat ing sea wa ter (32-36 ppt) are used for photo -thermal con di tion ing of broodstock to fa cil i tate en vi ron men tal con trol, ob ser va tion, han dling, and feed ing. Stocking den si ties of 1.7-4.11 kg/m3and sex ra tios of 1-2 males:1 fe male are rec om mended, but op tima have not been de ter mined. In the sum mer floun der, com mer cial hatch er ies use hor mone-in duced spawn ing of photothermally con di tioned fish to sup -ply fingerlings y...
A Global Perspective on Public Relations Professionalism Mapping the Structure of Public Relations Associations’ International Networks

Associations play a powerful role in socializing practitioners. The presence of public relations associations across the world is one more step toward professionalization for the entire profession....
The Politics of Institutional Renovation and Economic Upgrading: Recombining the Vines That Bind in Argentina

Through a comparative, longitudinal analysis of the wine industry in two Argentine provinces, this article finds that different political approaches to reform and not simply socioeconomic endowments determine the ability of societies to build new institutions for economic upgrading. A “depoliticization” approach emphasizes the imposition of arm’s-length incentives by a powerful, insulated government but exacerbates social fragmentation and impedes upgrading. A “participatory restructuring” approach promotes the creation and maintenance of new public-private institutions for upgrading via rules of inclusive membership and multiparty, deliberative governance. This latter approach can facilitate collaboration and knowledge creation among the government and previously isolated, even antagonistic, stakeholder groups.
Layered sensing — A collaboration technology challenge

This tutorial describes the basic principles of layered sensing and example technical innovations required in collaboration technologies for sensing and exploitation are presented. The presentation will focus on key areas that include, but are not necessarily restricted to, integration of sensing, processing, exploitation, and control with: distributed systems engineering and architectures; knowledge mining, modeling and simulation for a secure sensor web and global grid; advanced visualization; and human/computer interaction issues.
Does heredity determine the allergy manifestation or the sensitisation to a specific allergen

Abstract Background The role of genetics in allergy development is well accepted. However, studies could not delineate the mode of inheritance or what is specifically being inherited. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of genetics on the development of allergy manifestation, serum IgE level, and sensitization to specific allergens. Methods Fifty-eight twin sets (age 7 months to 11 years) were evaluated for allergy by medical history, family history, physical examination, serum total IgE level, and percutaneous testing to selected common allergens. Results In 25 monozygotic (MZ) sets, concordance of atopy was significantly higher than in 33 dizygotic (DZ) sets (84.6% vs 62.5%). The age at onset tended to be earlier when the mother was allergic than when the father was (23.5 months vs 30.5 months). When both twins were allergic, the intra-pair difference in age at onset was within Conclusion Our study indicates that the genetic influence was strongest on the inheritance of IgE phenotype, the development of the atopic tendency, the age of onset, and to some extent on the specific allergy manifestation. The effect seemed less on determining the specific offending allergen(s), suggesting possible roles of epigenetic and environmental factors.
Searching for Unique Endophenotypes for Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder Within Neural Circuits and Their Molecular Regulatory Mechanisms

The endophenotype is a construct that has utility for the study of postmortem brains from patients with psychotic disorders. By identifying networks of genes that show changes in expression within specific neuronal populations implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, it may be possible to move toward understanding these disorders at the cellular and molecular levels. The ultimate goal is to characterize their respective underlying genotypes.
Fins, fans, and form: volumetric limits to air-side heat sink performance

In design of high performance heat sinks, it is vital to understand how the primary constraints of volumetric footprint and hydraulic operating point limit maximum thermal performance. This paper provides a framework to establish a priori maximum attainable levels of air-side cooling performance for a given class of fin geometry over a basis of continuously varied footprint and hydraulic constraints. A model of packaging volume required for air moving devices to deliver flow and pressure is developed. It is shown how single fin thermal model results may be extrapolated to multiple fan-heat sink combinations within an open design space. A method to identify fin-fan combinations to achieve maximum system volumetric conductance levels is presented. The methodology is extendable to other volumetrically constrained heat exchanger problems.
Building life-cycle cost analysis due to mainshock and aftershock occurrences

The objective of this paper is to develop formal stochastic expected financial loss estimation models over the lifetime of the building due to mainshocks and their subsequent aftershock sequences. Mainshocks are typically modeled as a homogeneous Poisson process with constant mean rate of occurrence, while the resulting aftershocks are modeled as a nonhomogeneous Poisson process with random magnitudes which has parameters (mainshock magnitude, mm, and location) that are conditional on the random mainshock. The initial model to compute expected losses is the simplified homogeneous Poisson mainshock process and nonhomogeneous Poisson aftershock process with “immediate” repair of the building to the initial building state. We then develop a more general Markov and semi-Markov framework where we consider both Poisson and renewal processes for modeling mainshock occurrences with various building damage progression scenarios. Finally, we will incorporate the random aftershock losses into pre-mainshock financial loss estimation. The ability to compute the expected building life-cycle cost due to both mainshocks and aftershocks will be useful as an input to seismic decision making (both post- and pre-mainshock).
Femtosecond stimulated Raman study of excited-state evolution in bacteriorhodopsin.

Femtosecond time-resolved stimulated Raman spectroscopy (FSRS) is used to examine the photoisomerization dynamics in the excited state of bacteriorhodopsin. Near-IR stimulated emission is observed in the FSRS probe window that decays with a 400−600-fs time constant. Additionally, dispersive vibrational lines appear at the locations of the ground-state vibrational frequencies and decay with a 260-fs time constant. The dispersive line shapes are caused by a nonlinear effect we term Raman initiated by nonlinear emission (RINE) that generates vibrational coherence on the ground-state surface. Theoretical expressions for the RINE line shapes are developed and used to fit the spectral and temporal evolution of the spectra. The rapid 260-fs decay of the RINE peak intensity, compared to the slower evolution of the stimulated emission, indicates that the excited-state population moves in ∼260 fs to a region on the potential energy surface where the RINE signal is attenuated. This loss of RINE signal is best explai...
Quantitative Microscopy Comparison of Peroxisome Proliferation by the Lipid-Regulating Agent Gemfibrozil in Several Species

Peroxisome proliferation, a well-documented subcellular reaction which follows the administration of hypolipidemic agents, has been well studied in rodents. However, quantitative studies of this phenomenon in other species of laboratory animals are not readily available even though these species are commonly used as predictors of tolerance or safety in humans. The quantitative stereologic studies reported here compared the effects of the new hypolipidemic agent gemfibrozil on hepatic peroxisomes of monkeys, dogs, hamsters and rats of both sexes under several treatment schedules. Gemfibrozil was administered to rats at 300 mg per kg per day for 1 year in the diet; to hamsters at 400 mg per kg per day for 2 weeks by diet admixture; to dogs at 300 mg per kg per day in gelatin capsules for 1 year; and to monkeys at 300 mg per kg day for 3 months by gavage. These dose levels were selected on the basis of tolerance from preliminary studies in each species. At the end of each experimental interval, liver samples were processed for quantitative microscopy. Peroxisomes from male rats were enlarged and the number of peroxisomes per cell were increased 7-fold over controls, resulting in a 20-fold increased peroxisome volume per cell. Statistically, significant increases also occurred in female rats and the difference between treated and controls was 3-fold for both number and volume of peroxisomes per cytoplasmic unit volume. In hamsters, peroxisomes were proliferated and were of significantly smaller size to the extent that the volume of cytoplasm occupied by peroxisomes was not significantly changed. In dogs, the number of peroxisomes per cell was increased and the volume fraction was significantly increased in females only. The number of peroxisomes in young monkeys did not change after treatment, and the peroxisome volume was decreased in males and increased in females. Aged monkeys had increased number of peroxisomes per hepatocyte with increased volume fraction. These results indicate significant differences in the magnitude and direction of peroxisome changes, reflecting species-dependent organelle response to hypolipidemic agents. The order of susceptibility of peroxisome proliferation in laboratory animals is dog < monkey < hamster < rat.
Impact of background traffic on performance of high-speed TCP variant protocols

This paper examines the effect of background traffic on the performance of existing high-speed TCP variant protocols, namely BIC-TCP, CUBIC, FAST, HSTCP, H-TCP and Scalable TCP. We demonstrate that the stability, link utilization, convergence speed and fairness of the protocols are clearly affected by the variability of flow sizes and round-trip times (RTTs), and the amount of background flows competing with high-speed flows in a bottleneck router. Our findings include: (1) the presence of background traffic with variable flow sizes and RTTs improves the fairness of most high-speed protocols, (2) all protocols except FAST and HSTCP show good intra-protocol fairness regardless of the types of background traffic, (3) HSTCP needs a larger amount of background traffic and more variable traffic than the other protocols to achieve convergence, (4) H-TCP trades stability for fairness; that is, while its fairness is good independent of background traffic types, larger variance in the flow sizes and RTTs of background flows causes the protocol to induce a higher degree of global loss synchronization among competing flows, lowering link utilization and stability, (5) FAST suffers unfairness and instability in small buffer or long delay networks regardless of background traffic types, and (6) the fairness of high-speed protocols depends more on the amount of competing background traffic rather than its rate variability. We also find that the presence of high-speed flows does not greatly reduce the bandwidth usage of background Web traffic.
Secular trends in Arctic Ocean net primary production

[1] A satellite-based study was conducted to document daily changes in net primary production (NPP) by phytoplankton in the Arctic Ocean from 1998 to 2009 using fields of sea ice extent, sea surface temperature, and chlorophyll a concentrations. Total annual NPP over the Arctic Ocean exhibited a statistically significant 20% increase between 1998 and 2009 (range = 441–585 Tg C yr−1), due mainly to secular increases in both the extent of open water (+27%) and the duration of the open water season (+45 days). Increases in NPP over the 12 year study period were largest in the eastern Arctic Ocean, most notably in the Kara (+70%) and Siberian (+135%) sectors. NPP per unit area for the Arctic Ocean averaged 101 g C m−2 yr−1 with no significant change over the study period. In the western sectors, NPP ranged from 71.3 ± 11.0 g C m−2 yr−1 in the Beaufort to 96.9 ± 7.4 g C m−2 yr−1 in the Chukchi, while in the more productive eastern Arctic, annual NPP between 1998 and 2009 ranged from 101 ± 15.8 in the Siberian sector to 121 ± 20.2 in the Laptev. Results of a statistical analysis suggest that between 1979 and 1998 (prior to the launch of SeaWiFS and MODIS), total Arctic NPP likely averaged 438 ± 21.5 Tg C yr−1. Moreover, when summer minimum ice cover drops to zero sometime during the first half of this century, annual NPP in the Arctic Ocean could reach ∼730 Tg C yr−1. Nutrient fluxes into Arctic surface waters need to be better understood to determine if these projected increases are sustainable.
Regulation and the natural progress of opulence

Adam Smith taught us how government regulation can counteract the market forces that produce economic growth. Here I explore a more complex interplay between regulation and economic growth. Regulation creates behavioural incentives that weaken or offset entirely the goal of the regulation. Growth produces many of the benefits ascribed to regulation while also hiding the costs and failures of regulation.
Dissolution of particle‐reactive radionuclides in deposit‐feeder digestive fluids

Naturally occurring radionuclides such as 234 Th, 7 Be, and 210 Pb are important tracers for quantifying sediment-mixing and sediment-accumulation rates. Profiles of these radionuclides in marine sediments are strongly influenced by particle displacement due to deposit feeding. Observations of rapid dissolution and high concentrations of dissolved metals in deposit-feeder digestive fluids suggest that particle-bound radionuclides could also undergo dissolution during deposit-feeder gut passage. We investigated this possibility in laboratory experiments examining radionuclide dissolution into the digestive fluids of the lugworm, Arenicola marina. Experiments with artificially labeled particles indicated that significant fractions of 234 Th, 7 Be, and 210 Pb dissolved from labeled algal detritus and clay particles at low particle concentrations. 137 Cs was also dissolved from clays. However, if unlabeled sediment particles were added to reach sediment: fluid ratios similar to those in A. marina midguts, little net dissolution occurred, which implies resorption of dissolved radionuclides by the added solid phases. Partition coefficients of these radionuclides in mixtures of digestive fluid and the various solid phases imply that relatively more 234 Th resorbs to the residual organic phase following digestion, compared to 210 Pb and 7 Be, which partition more strongly to the inorganic sediment phases. Despite little net dissolution, the phase change from algal detritus to either mineral surfaces (for 210 Pb) or undigested organic matter (for 234 Th) implies that 234 Th would serve as a better tracer for organic-matter mixing in sediments compared to 210 Pb, which would better trace bulk sediment mixing.
Inoculation onto Solid Surfaces Protects Salmonella spp. during Acid Challenge: a Model Study Using Polyethersulfone Membranes

Salmonellae are the most frequently reported cause of outbreaks of food-borne gastroenteritis in the United States. In clinical trials, the oral infective dose (ID) for healthy volunteers was estimated to be approximately 1 million cells. However, in reports from various outbreaks, the ID of Salmonella species associated with solid foods was estimated to be as few as 100 cells. We found that fresh-cut produce surfaces not only provided suitable solid support for pathogen attachment but also played a critical role in increasing the acid tolerance of the pathogen. However the acidic nature of certain produce played no role in making salmonellae resistant to stomach acidity. Inoculation onto fresh-cut produce surfaces, as well as onto inert surfaces, such as polyethersulfone membranes and tissue paper, increased the survival of salmonellae during acid challenge (50 mM Na-citrate, pH 3.0; 37°C; 2 h) by 4 to 5 log units. Acid challenge experiments using cells inoculated onto polyethersulfone membranes provided a model system suitable for studying the underlying fundamentals of the protection that occurs when Salmonella strains are associated with solid foods. The surface-associated acid protection, which was observed in several Salmonella strains, required de novo protein synthesis and was independent of stationary-phase sigma transcription factor.
Host Habitat and Age as Factors in the Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites of the Muskrat

Muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus) collected from three different habitats: river, marshes and streams were examined for helminth parasites. Muskrats were aged by a lens-weight technique. Using the age specific prevalence, transmission rats for Wardius zibethicus, Quinque-serialis quinqueserialis, Echinostomum revolutum and the strobilo-cercus stage of Hydatigera taeniaeformis were constructed for stream muskrats. Parasite burdens and the occurrence of multiple infections increased with host age. Differences in prevalence between habitats were observed.