cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calcium channel antagonists enhance retention of passive avoidance and maze learning in mice.

Although a number of studies have shown that treatment with calcium channel antagonists (CCAs) can ameliorate impairments in learning and memory in aged animals, evidence for a general nootropic effect of CCAs in neurologically normal young adult animals is ambiguous. This study attempts to resolve some of this ambiguity by comparing the effects of several CCAs on retention of passive avoidance learning and acquisition and retention of appetitively motivated spatial discrimination learning in young adult mice. Animals were trained in a step through passive avoidance apparatus and, immediately after training, injected subcutaneously with different doses of nimodipine, nifedipine, amlodipine, flunarazine, diltiazem, or verapamil. Retention was tested 24 h after training. In the maze-learning task mice were treated with the same doses of the aforementioned CCAs immediately after a brief training session in a linear maze and retention was tested 24 h after training. The most effective dose of each agent in the maze-retention experiment was administered to additional groups of animals 1 h prior to training to determine the effects of CCAs on acquisition processes. The effects of central administration of CCAs were examined by intracerebroventricular injection of different doses of amlodipine immediately after passive avoidance training. Results showed (1) all peripherally administered drugs except verapamil facilitated retention of passive avoidance training in a dose-dependent manner, (2) all drugs dose dependently facilitated retention of linear maze learning, (3) all doses of the drugs (except verapamil) which facilitated maze retention also facilitated maze learning, and (4) central administration of the dihydropyridine amlodipine produced a dose-dependent facilitation of the retention of passive avoidance learning. These data indicate that drugs which block calcium channels can enhance retention of two different types of learning in mice.
A wave dynamics criterion for optimization of mammalian cardiovascular system

The cardiovascular system in mammals follows various optimization criteria covering the heart, the vascular network, and the coupling of the two. Through a simple dimensional analysis we arrived at a non-dimensional number (wave condition number) that can predict the optimum wave state in which the left ventricular (LV) pulsatile power (LV workload) is minimized in a mammalian cardiovascular system. This number is also universal among all mammals independent of animal size maintaining a value of around 0.1. By utilizing a unique in vitro model of human aorta, we tested our hypothesis against a wide range of aortic compliance (pulse wave velocity). We concluded that the optimum value of the wave condition number remains to be around 0.1 for a wide range of aorta compliance that we could simulate in our in-vitro system.
Dopamine agonist-mediated rotation in rats with unilateral nigrostriatal lesions is not dependent on net inhibitions of rate in basal ganglia output nuclei.

Abstract Current models of basal ganglia function predict that dopamine agonist-induced motor activation is mediated by decreases in basal ganglia output. This study examines the relationship between dopamine agonist effects on firing rate in basal ganglia output nuclei and rotational behavior in rats with nigrostriatal lesions. Extracellular single-unit activity ipsilateral to the lesion was recorded in awake, locally-anesthetized rats. Separate rats were used for behavioral experiments. Low i.v. doses of D 1 agonists (SKF 38393, SKF 81297, SKF 82958) were effective in producing rotation, yet did not change average firing rate in the substantia nigra pars reticulata or entopeduncular nucleus. At these doses, firing rate effects differed from neuron to neuron, and included increases, decreases, and no change. Higher i.v. doses of D 1 agonists were effective in causing both rotation and a net decrease in rate of substantia nigra pars reticulata neurons. A low s.c. dose of the D 1 /D 2 agonist apomorphine (0.05 mg/kg) produced both rotation and a robust average decrease in firing rate in the substantia nigra pars reticulata, yet the onset of the net firing rate decrease (at 13–16 min) was greatly delayed compared to the onset of rotation (at 3 min). Immunostaining for the immediate-early gene Fos indicated that a low i.v. dose of SKF 38393 (that produced rotation but not a net decrease in firing rate in basal ganglia output nuclei) induced Fos-like immunoreactivity in the striatum and subthalamic nucleus, suggesting an activation of both inhibitory and excitatory afferents to the substantia nigra and entopeduncular nucleus. In addition, D 1 agonist-induced Fos expression in the striatum and subthalamic nucleus was equivalent in freely-moving and awake, locally-anesthetized rats. The results show that decreases in firing rate in basal ganglia output nuclei are not necessary for dopamine agonist-induced motor activation. Motor-activating actions of dopamine agonists may be mediated by firing rate decreases in a small subpopulation of output nucleus neurons, or may be mediated by other features of firing activity besides rate in these nuclei such as oscillatory firing pattern or interneuronal firing synchrony. Also, the results suggest that dopamine receptors in both the striatum and at extrastriatal sites (especially the subthalamic nucleus) are likely to be involved in dopamine agonist influences on firing rates in the substantia nigra pars reticulata and entopeduncular nucleus.
Light quark mass reweighting

We present a systematic study of the effectiveness of light quark mass reweighting. This method allows a single, lattice QCD ensemble, generated with a specific value of the dynamical light quark mass, to be used to determine results for other, nearby light dynamical quark masses. We study two gauge field ensembles generated with $2+1$ flavors of dynamical domain wall fermions with light quark masses ${m}_{l}=0.02$ (${m}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}=620\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}$) and ${m}_{l}=0.01$ (${m}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}=420\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}$). We reweight each ensemble to determine results that could be computed directly from the other and check the consistency of the reweighted results with the direct results. The large difference between the 0.02 and 0.01 light quark masses suggests that this is an aggressive application of reweighting as can be seen from fluctuations in the magnitude of the reweighting factor by 4 orders of magnitude. Nevertheless, a comparison of the reweighed topological charge, average plaquette, residual mass, pion mass, pion decay constant, and scalar correlator between these two ensembles shows an agreement well described by the statistical errors. The issues of the effective number of configurations and finite sample bias are discussed. An examination of the topological charge distribution implies that it is more favorable to reweight from heavier mass to lighter quark mass.
Do preschoolers remember what to do? Incentive and external cues in prospective memory

Abstract Prospective memory, which involves remembering to perform an action at a future time, is used frequently in daily life. Few researchers, however, have studied this type of memory with children. The present study examined and compared 3- and 5-year-olds' performance on naturalistic and computer-based prospective memory tasks. The effects of incentive and external cues on memory performance were examined along with the relationship between prospective and retrospective memory. The results indicated that 5-year-olds demonstrated greater prospective memory performance than did 3-year-olds and neither incentive nor external cues consistently improved performance. Relationships between performance on the naturalistic and computer tasks varied with age. In contrast to the adult literature, younger children's prospective and retrospective memory performances were related. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Some Characteristics of the Good Judge of Personality

Summary Although ratings of subjects and judgments of personality from photographs may, on the average, be highly inaccurate, yet there exist considerable individual differences in the “intuitive” abilities of different judges or raters. Twenty measures of ability to judge personality were obtained for 48 judges, together with a number of measures of intellectual, social-asocial, and artistic tendencies. An extreme absence of consistency was found between the judging tests; the accuracy depends not only on the subject who is judged, but also on the content of the judgment and on the conditions under which the judgment is given. However, the personalities of the good and bad judges manifested fairly uniform characteristics. Good judges of self are more intelligent and possess more sense of humor than the average. Good judges of friends and associates are less socially inclined and less intelligent, but more artistic than good self-judges. Good judges of strangers are distinctly more artistic and intelligen...
Unperturbed dimensions of isotactic poly(tert‐butylethylene oxide)

The root-mean-square end-to-end distances of isotactic poly(tert-butylethylene oxide) fractions were determined in xylene at 80°C from intrinsic viscosity measurements and in o-dichlorobenzene at 80 and 100°C by light scattering. The characteristic dimension (〈L2〉0/M)1/2 was 1.04 × 10−8 cm in xylene and 0.9 and 0.7 × 10−8 cm in o-dichlorobenzene at 80 and 100°C, respectively. The value in xylene corresponds to a C∞ of 15.9. This observation and the large negative temperature coefficient of (〈L2〉0/M)1/2 suggest that poly(tert-butylethylene oxide) exists in a helical block conformation under these experimental conditions. This conclusion is in agreement with earlier reported NMR measurements.
The Bull Index Problem in the Light of Modern Genetics

Summary The genetic principles affecting the validity of bull indexes are reviewed. All the indexes accurate enough to deserve further consideration start with the average production of the daughters as a basis. They differ only in the use and emphasis which they make of the difference between daughters and dams. Differences in herd environment affect all indexes since they enter into the daughter average which is the base of all indexes. They are less important in the equal parent index than in the daughter average if the correlation between herd environment of daughter and of dam is as high as .25. Differences in the average genetic merit of the cows to which the bull was mated are neglected in the daughter average but are discounted in the equal parent index. Errors due to random environment and to the part played by chance in inheritance are reduced by increasing the number of daughters tested. Errors due to dominance and to “nicking” are also thus reduced but not so effectively. Errors due to herd environment and to differences in the average merit of the dams are biased and do not trend toward zero as the number of daughters tested is increased. No index will give infallible results. The sources of error cannot be absolutely eliminated. All that can be done is to minimize them as much as possible. The more one knows about the conditions under which the records were made, the more he can reduce these errors. Even if all other possibilities of error were overcome, there would still remain the sampling error intrinsic in the Mendelian nature of inheritance. The writer recommends the equal parent index (the daughter average plus the increase of daughters over dams) as soundest in principle, simple enough for field use, freest from systematic error, and having a range not very different from that of the actual records of cows.
Some Must Die

The transplantation and procurement of human organs has become almost routine in American society. Yet, organ transplantation raises difficult ethical and psychosocial issues in the context of controlled death, including the blurring of boundaries between life and death, self and other, healing and harming, and killing and letting die. These issues are explored in the context of the actual experiences of organ donors and recipients, brain death, the introduction of non-heartbeating donor protocols, and the increasing reliance on living donors. The author draws on a thematic analysis of the way that organ transplantation is presented in the media, films, and science fiction and on his clinical experience as a psychiatrist working with transplant patients, their families, and the nurses and physicians who care for them.
Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor expression in mammalian olfactory tissue.

Abstract Two cDNAs encoding inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP 3 ) receptors were amplified from rat olfactory tissue, and both exhibited 100% sequence identity to the short (Segment II−) variant of type I IP 3 receptor. Type III IP 3 receptor was also expressed in olfactory tissue. The distribution of IP 3 receptors included the olfactory epithelium, lamina propria, and glandular tissue. These results demonstrate the co-expression of multiple IP 3 receptor subtypes in olfactory cells, and suggest multiple functions for IP 3 receptors in this tissue.
Electron-Rich Nitrido-Bridged Complexes. Structure and Bonding in Triosmium Dinitrido Compounds

Triosmium dinitrido-bridged compounds Os3(N)2Cl8L6 (L = 3-picoline, 4-ethylpyridine, 4-tert-butylpyridine) have been prepared via the thermolysis of the terminal nitrido complexes Os(N)Cl3L2. X-ray structural studies of Os3(N)2Cl8(4-Etpy)6 and Os3(N)2Cl8(4-t-Bupy)6 reveal a linear Os3(N)2 unit with multiple bonding significantly localized in the outer osmium−nitrogen bonds in OsV⋮NOsIVN⋮OsV. A simple model of bonding and electronic structure consistent with the solid-state structures is discussed.
Dimensional preferences with object and pattern stimuli in monkeys with inf erotemporal lesions

Preference tests with multidimensional stimuli indicated that different dimensions are salient depending upon whether the discriminanda are raised forms (objects) or printed forms (patterns). Animals with inferotemporal lesions were able to learn to attend to all dimensions with the objects but not with the patterns. The results suggest that inferotemporal Ss may have difficulty in learning to attend to a dimension when another extremely salient dimension is presen t and irrelevant.
Cadmium ions inhibit proollagen C-proteinase and cupric ions inhibit procollagen N-proteinase

Procollagen C- and N-proteinases specifically cleave the C- and N-terminal extension propeptides of type I, II and III procollagen molecules. The collagen molecules generated by the enzymes self-assemble into collagen fibrils. We previously observed the inhibition of these enzymes purified from chick tendons by several divalent metals. Here the inhibitory effects of CdCl2, CuCl2, ZnCl2, NiCl2, CoCl2 and Hg(C2H3O2)2 have been studied in detail using crude or purified C- and N-proteinases from chick tendons and sterna. CdCl2 was a strong inhibitor of C-proteinases from both sources, and the inhibition was independent of enzyme purity (I50 = 10-16 microM). In contrast, CuCl2 and ZnCl2 were inhibitory only of purified C-proteinase. With the N-proteinase, CuCl2 was a strong inhibitor, and the inhibition was independent of the purity of the enzyme preparation used (I50 = 14-40 microM). On the other hand, CdCl2 was a moderate inhibitor, and ZnCl2 was a strong inhibitor only of the purified N-proteinase (I50 = 8-17 microM). NiCl2 inhibited crude and purified N-proteinase from sternum (I50 = 23-29 microM) but not from tendon. These results suggest, therefore, that the accumulation of some of these metals in the body may cause suppression of collagen fibril formation in tissues.
Class-Effect With Antihypertensive Medications: Pharmacologic Considerations

Class effect is easy to conceptualize when the change in blood pressure (BP) as a primary end point has been determined and dose equivalence has been established. Class effect is an indistinct term if non-BP end points are being assessed and unconventional dosing, either dose amount or dose frequency, occurs. With different classes of drugs, such as diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, or angiotensin receptor blockers, determining dose equivalence from outcomes trials is confused by varying differences in dosing frequencies and titration requirements. If 3 or more drugs in a class show clinical effects as a result of large outcome studies, the Food and Drug Administration may consider this as being evidence for a class effect; however, labeling issues would have to be resolved. Therefore, if a compound is being proposed for therapeutic substitution within a class, clinicians should have familiarity with the compound before administering/prescribing it.
Lipoprotein[a]: A Predictor of Atherosclerotic Disease

A unique construct of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), lipoprotein[a] has been shown to be a valuable independent risk factor for coronary artery disease. While not subject to dietary modulation, lipoprotein[a] nonetheless has provided one of the more promising leads to understanding genetic predisposition to arterial disease.
Reaction kinetics of polymeric reagents

Kinetic studies of reactions in systems containing polymers have led to the following observations: (1) In dilute solution the thermal and the photochemical isomerization of azobenzene residues is not impeded by their incorporation into a polymer backbone. In the glassy state, the kinetics of the isomerization of azobenzene residues in polymer side chains or backbones reflect the distribution of free volume and volume relaxation. (2) Reactions of polymers with low molecular weight reagents may be affected by neighboring group effects and by the contribution of the polymer backbone to the polarity of its microenvironment. (3) Attack of an enzyme on a polymer side chain depends sharply on the spacing of the susceptible bond from the chain backbone. (4) The expected “kinetic excluded volume effect” in reactions between two flexible chain molecules was not observed. (5) Reactions involving groups attached to a swollen crosslinked gel may reflect spatial variations of the local polarity. (6) Attack of water-soluble reagents on latex particles may be restricted to the surface of the particle. (7) The presence of a polyion exerts various effects on reactions involving two small ionic species.
Limitations of using maximum vertical pocket and other sonographic evaluations of amniotic fluid volume to predict fetal growth: technical or physiologic?

Abstract Maximum vertical pocket measurement and subjective sonographic impression of amniotic fluid volume were studied in 487 selected pregnancies. Opiate abuse, suspected fetal growth retardation, and suspected postterm gestation were negatively correlated with maximum vertical pocket; suspected fetal growth acceleration and increasing birth weight were positively correlated. Maximum vertical pocket appeared to peak at 31 to 33 weeks (p
Participants' Roles in the Context of a Video Club

This study examines the nature of teacher participation in the context of a video club. Video clubs are professional development meetings in which teachers watch and discuss excerpts of video from their classrooms. In this study, I adopt a situative perspective to examine how teachers develop in their participation to accomplish the goals of the video club. In particular, I examine the roles participants play and explore teachers' participation in four roles that correspond with key goals of the video club. Analysis revealed that teachers' participation shifted in qualitatively different ways over time, with the teachers coming to prompt the group to discuss student mathematical thinking, to propose a variety of interpretations of student ideas, to build on one another's ideas, and to challenge one another's thinking in order to advance the group's conversations. This analysis suggests that the group learned how to participate in roles central to accomplishing the goals of the video club. Studying teacher...
Effectiveness of a professional formula disinfectant for irreversible hydrocolloid

In this study, the effectiveness of Professional Lysol (PL) disinfectant in both its spray and solution forms was evaluated as a surface disinfectant for irreversible hydrocolloid (IH) impressions. Sixteen impressions of a typodont were made with IH, immersed in a microbial broth, and then rinsed in running tap water. The impressions were then treated as follows: four were immersed in PL for 2.5 minutes; four were sprayed by PL and stored for 10 minutes; four were immersed in 2% glutaraldehyde for 10 minutes; four were untreated. Pretest plates showed an average of 421 colonies per plate (c/p). The glutaraldehyde group showed 0.00 c/p. The PL spray group showed 1.75 c/p. The PL immersion group showed 19.00 c/p and showed evidence of surface deterioration in the IH. The untreated group showed 426.25 c/p.
Dislocation structures in nickel during high temperature low cycle fatigue at large cumulative strains

The development of the dislocation arrangement during high temperature low cycle fatigue in nickel polycrystals was investigated. Special attention was paid to dislocation structures in the vicinity of grain boundaries. It was found that a defined cell structure develops during progressing cyclic deformation. The motion of grain boundaries associated with high temperature cyclic deformation leads to a dislocation structure gradient in the wake of the boundaries. These structure gradients are suspected to be prone to setting off nucleation of dynamic recrystallization. Upon strain path changes the fatigued structure was observed to become gradually superimposed by a new cell structure without prior decomposition.
Effect of heparin on platelet aggregation inhibited by PGI2, trifluoperazine and verapamil.

Abstract The enhancement of platelet aggregation by heparin in the presence of certain inhibitors of aggregation was investigated in an attempt to discern the mechanism through which heparin alters platelet function in plasma. These studies were performed by adding prosta-glandin I 2 (PGI 2 ), verapamil, or trifluoperazine to platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in the presence or absence of heparin. Adenosine diphosphate (ADP), collagen, or arachidonic acid were used for induction of platelet aggregation. The inhibitory agents reduced platelet aggregation to 5 to 20% of control in the absence of heparin. When present in the reaction mixture along with the inhibitor, heparin restored aggregation to approximately 57 to 92% of control depending on the inhibitor and aggregating agent. This proaggregatory action of heparin was observed when heparin and PGI 2 were preincubated together or separately for 20 min prior to the addition of PRP and ADP. Results were similar regardless of the sequence in which PGI 2 and heparin were added to PRP, and irrespective of the time of incubation of platelets with PGI 2 . No suppression of platelet cyclic AMP concentration was observed with heparin alone. Heparin also failed to reduce the magnitude of platelet cyclic AMP accumulation promoted by PGI 2 , forskolin, or a mixture of PGI 2 and forskolin. These observations suggest that heparin promoted platelet aggregation and partially overcame the effect of certain inhibitory agents by mechanism(s) that did not involve a reduction of platelet cyclic AMP.
A dressing technique that facilitatesoutpatient hypospadias surgery

Abstract A dressing technique for hypospadias repair is presented in detail which permitsimmediate release of the patient from the hospital and increased mobility for him at home.
Detection of low temperature carbon gasification using DSC and TGA

Abstract The interaction of O2 with Saran char was followed in the temperature range 77–222°C using differential scanning calorimetry and thermal gravimetric analysis. At 77°C oxygen chemisorption was accompanied by O2 physical adsorption. At 100°C only oxygen chemisorption was detected, making possible the calculation of enthalpy of chemisorption. At 125°C and above oxygen chemisorption was accompanied by char gasification. It was possible, using some reasonable assumptions, to separate these two processes and obtain rates for each. Rates of char gasification were orders of magnitude higher than predicted by extrapolation of high temperature (450–550°C) Zone I gasification data. It suggests that super active sites exist at low temperatures which are rapidly annealed out at higher temperatures and thus do not take part in char gasification.
Effect of Implant Diameter and Ridge Dimension on Stress Distribution in Mandibular First Molar Sites-A Photoelastic Study.

The long-term clinical success of a dental implant is dependent upon maintaining sufficient osseointegration to resist forces of occlusion. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect o...
TU-F-BRF-08: Intensity Modulation Expanded to Spatio-Temporal Space; IMRT Combined with Optimal Fractionation Schedule.

Purpose: Past efforts to improve the therapeutic ratio have focused on a spatial approach where highly conformal radiation dose is given to tumors while minimizing dose to normal tissues, e.g., IMRT, VMAT, and IGRT. However, the fractionation schedule, i.e., a temporal approach to radiotherapy, has been largely overlooked so far in maximizing the therapeutic ratio. We establish a rigorous mathematical spatio-temporal approach to systematically investigate the feasibility and potential benefits of simultaneously optimizing radiation dose distribution in space and time. Methods: Stochastic control formalism is constructed to maximize the average tumor BED by choosing an optimal radiation dose distribution for an optimal number of fractions subject to normal tissue BED constraints. Three separate simulations are run on two groups of phantom cases; 5 cases with prostate cancer and 5 cases with head-and-neck cancer. (1) Conventional IMRT with 70Gy/35fx for head-and-neck, and 81Gy/45fx for prostate, (2) IMRT is done independently from the fractionation schedule optimization (S-model), (3) integrated spatio-temporal approach (I-model) where radiation intensities are simultaneously optimized for the first time ever in space and time. Final tumor BEDs from the three trials are compared in prostate and head-and-neck cases. Results: Numerical simulations show that final tumor BED from I-model is 20–90% larger than conventional IMRT, and 20-50% larger than S-model for head-and-neck cancer with α/β=10 and Tdouble=2–50 days. Final tumor BED from I-model is also 90–140% larger than conventional IMRT, and 20–30% larger than S-model for prostate cancer with α/β=2 and Tdouble=5–80 days. Conclusion: Our spatio-temporal optimization of radiotherapy allows an expansion of search space for the optimal treatment plans to include the temporal distribution of radiation dose in addition to the spatial distribution. Such spatio-temporal approach shows great potential to improve the therapeutic ratio, particularly with fast growing, aggressive tumors with short doubling time and/or low α/β.
Volume overload induces differential spatiotemporal regulation of myocardial soluble guanylyl cyclase in eccentric hypertrophy and heart failure

Nitric oxide activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) blunts the cardiac stress response, including cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. In the concentric hypertrophied heart, oxidation and re-localization of myocardial sGC diminish cyclase activity, thus aggravating depressed nitric oxide–cyclic guanosine monophosphate (NO–cGMP) signaling in the pressure-overloaded failing heart. Here, we hypothesized that volume-overload differentially disrupts myocardial sGC activity during early compensated and late decompensated stages of eccentric hypertrophy. To this end, we studied the expression, redox state, subcellular localization, and activity of sGC in the left ventricle of dogs subjected to chordal rupture-induced mitral regurgitation (MR). Unoperated dogs were used as Controls. Animals were studied at 4 weeks and 12 months post chordal rupture, corresponding with early (4wkMR) and late stages (12moMR) of eccentric hypertrophy. We found that the sGC heterodimer subunits relocalized away from caveolae-enriched lipid raft microdomains at different stages; sGCβ1 at 4wkMR, followed by sGCα1 at 12moMR. Moreover, expression of both sGC subunits fell at 12moMR. Using the heme-dependent NO donor DEA/NO and NO-/heme-independent sGC activator BAY 60-2770, we determined the redox state and inducible activity of sGC in the myocardium, within caveolae and non-lipid raft microdomains. sGC was oxidized in non-lipid raft microdomains at 4wkMR and 12moMR. While overall DEA/NO-responsiveness remained intact in MR hearts, DEA/NO responsiveness of sGC in non-lipid raft microdomains was depressed at 12moMR. Caveolae-localization protected sGC against oxidation. Further studies revealed that these modifications of sGC were also reflected in caveolae-localized cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) and MAPK signaling. In MR hearts, PKG-mediated phosphorylation of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) disappeared from caveolae whereas caveolae-localization of phosphorylated ERK5 increased. These findings show that differential oxidation, re-localization, and expression of sGC subunits distinguish eccentric from concentric hypertrophy as well as compensated from decompensated heart failure.
The P-A-I-N MMPI classification system: a critical review.

Abstract The Costello et al. ( Pain , 30 (1987) 199–209) literature-based MMPI clustering algorithm was compared to a standard clustering procedure of chronic pain patients' MMPI profiles. Results indicated that the Costello algorithm was too restrictive, failing to classify 69% of the MMPI profiles of the local sample. It was suggested that it may be premature to adopt a literature based clustering method until the validity of empirically derived clusters has been more thoroughly determined. The utility of a given set of clusters may best be determined by using locally derived clusters to predict treatment response. Once the predictive validity of the local clusters has been demonstrated, the Costello approach may prove more useful.
THE INFLUENCE OF VARIABLES OTHER THAN KNOWLEDGE ON PROBABILISTIC TESTS

In probabilistic test and scoring systems the examinee is required to respond to each of the options of a multiple-choice test with a probability which represents the confidence he has in that option. It seems reasonable to assume that for such tests to yield valid information about the examinees, the knowledge they have should be the primary influence on the probabilities they assign. The purpose of this study was to seek the relationship between the degree to which examinees display certainty in their responses and certain personality variables. Proponents of probabilistic testing would expect such correlations to be low. In this stud), it was found that individuals do respond to multiple-choice questions with a characteristic certainty that cannot be accounted for on the basis of their knowledge. This certainty was related to scores of both the F Scale and the Kogan and Wallach risk taking measure.
Performance enhancement study of an electrostatic Faraday cup detector

Faraday cups (FCs) have long been used to measure charged particle beam currents in experiments that seek to determine cross-sections in energetic particle collisions. The reliable operation of a FC as a detector depends on the ability of the device to recapture the electrons ejected when energetic particles strike its interior metal surfaces. We have conducted comparative performance studies of a traditional cylindrically-symmetric, electrostatic-based FC versus an alternative design in which the cylindrical symmetry is broken. The purpose of the alternative design is to generate a transverse electric field to recapture the ejected (secondary and tertiary) electrons. The alternate FC design is shown to be superior in its ability to recapture these electrons, including those having kinetic energies greater than the potential energy barrier determined by the repeller voltage applied to the FC.
Internal promoter of the tryptophan operon of Escherichia coli is located in a structural gene

The constitutive low-efficiency promoter site (P2) near the middle of the tryptophan operon of Escherichia coli has been mapped by analysis of short deletions internal to the trp operon. Comparison of deletions which remove this internal promoter with those which retain it show that P2 is located within trpD, the region coding for phosphoribosyl anthranilate transferase. P2 maps near the operator-distal end of trpD, on the operator-proximal side of two trpD point mutants. Comparisons of strains with and without the P2 site indicate that initiations at this promoter are responsible for synthesis of 80% of the trpC, trpB and trp A polypeptides present in repressed cells.
The role of adsorbed hydrogen species in the dehydrogenation and hydrocracking of saturated hydrocarbons on supported metal catalysts

The role of certain hydrogen absorption complexes in the dehydrogenation and hydrocracking of hydrocarbons on low-percentage one-component, (Pt, Pd/Al2O3) and bimetallic (Pd-Co, Pd-Ce, Pt-Co, Pt-Sn/Al2O3) catalysts is discussed. It is shown that the combination of metals in reduced forms and forms oxidised to different extents on the catalyst surfaces is responsible for their high capacity for the chemisorption of hydrogen, the wide range of its energetic inhomogeneity, and the high activity of the catalysts in the conversion of saturated hydrocarbons. Catalysts containing on the surface mainly sites for the type Hδ- chemisorption are the most active in the dehydrogenation of hydrocarbons, whereas specimens chemisorbing hydrogen mainly in the Hδ+ form are the most active in the hydrockracking of hydrocarbons. It is concluded that the strongly bound atomic hydrogen Hδ+ plays a dual role, since it not only participates directly in the dehydrogenation reaction but also promotes the reduction of the electron-deficient surface centres, which optimises the number of centres for the activation of C-H bonds. The bibliography includes 75 references.
Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy Studies of Nanoscale Order in Thermally Annealed Films of Poly(9,9-diakylfluorene)

Near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) is used to characterize nanoscale topographic and fluorescence features in thermally annealed films of the conjugated polymer polyfluorene. Thin films of polyfluorenes with either two hexyl (1), octyl (2), or dodecyl (3) alkyl groups at the 9 position were studied. Annealed films were made by holding the films above their respective liquid crystalline phase transition temperature and then rapidly cooling the films. Upon annealing, the films show large spectroscopic and morphological changes. The emission spectra films of 1 show a large increase in emission at wavelengths greater than 500, while films of 2 and 3 show small or no change in the long wavelength emission. Polarized NSOM images of all three films show that the films organize into highly ordered nanoscale domains. The order in the films is found to be largest in the polymer with the shortest alkyl chains growing progressively less ordered with increasing chain length. Films of 3 have domains on the o...
Vulnerability to Draft and Attitudes toward Troop Withdrawal from Indochina: Replication and Refinement

Sumntary.493 men recorded their opinions about when troops should be withdrawn from Indochina both before and aker they were assigned a random drafr lottery number. Persons assigned higher draft numbers which exempted them from military service advocated speedier withdrawal than did persons assigned numbers in the middle of the distribution. This effect replicated a finding from earlier research and was interpreted within a dissonance/equity framework. The present study also showed that persons with lower draft numbers (and the highest chance of being called into military service) wanted speedier withdrawal than did persons with middle numbers. This second finding was not obtained in previous research and was interpreted in terms of self-interest. The present study refined earlier results since greater advocacy of wichdrawal by persons with both high and low numbers was restricted to those who initially advocated early troop withdrawal from Indochina. It is likely that information pertaining to one's vulnerability to the draft entailed greater consequences for those initially opposed to the Indochina War than for those relatively more sup portive of it. Two recent experiments by Notz, Staw, and Cook (1971) examined the relationship between draft numbers and attitude toward troop withdrawal from Indochina. Each study showed that young men with high draft numbers (and the lowest probability of serving in the armed forces) were the persons most likely to advocate total troop withdrawal from Indochina. This replicated finding, though small in magnitude, seems reliable. However, both studies took place soon after the 1970 student strike against the invasion of Cambodia. Political feelings ran strong at this time, and a further increase in troop commitments was feared. Moreover, attitudes toward troop withdrawal were obtained only from students who volunteered to sign a petition to President Nixon, and the studies took place at a time when many students had chosen to go home rather than remain on a strike-bound campus. Thus, it is not clear if the relationship between draft numbers and attitude can be replicated in calmer times and with a more heterogeneous sample. In particular, it would be advisable to see 'This research was made possible by a grant to the first two authors from the Spencer Foundation for Interdisciplinary Research in Education and by a grant from the Northwestern Research Council to the third author.
Benign trichogenic tumours: a report of two cases supporting a simplified nomenclature

We report two cases of a rare benign tumour of hair germ. Clinically, both were solitary, well-circumscribed, subcutaneous nodules located in the extremities. Histologically, the tumours were characterized by nests and thin cords of basaloid epithelial cells intimately associated with a cellular stroma. The basaloid cells exhibited peripheral palisading, keratinization in the form of keratotic cysts and squamoid transformation, and pilar differentiation. An unusual, but distinctive, cribriform pattern of growth was observed. There was no communication with the overlying epidermis. Abundant primitive hair germinal buds and rare more advanced abortive hair follicles were identified. These histological appearances encompass features of both trichoblastic fibroma and trichogenic trichoblastoma, thus distinguishing these neoplasms from other skin tumours and reinforcing the hypothesis that these tumours are closely related from a histogenetic point of view. The presence of overlapping histological features can be problematic for practising histopathologists who rarely encounter these conditions. With this in mind, the term benign trichogenic tumour may be more appropriate to encompass these two tumours and related neoplasms that appear to lie within the spectrum of hair follicle development.
Perspectives on the Seriousness of Crimes

This article seeks to distinguish perspectives on the seriousness of crimes. Earlier research has sought to determine whether a consensus model or a conflict model best explains data concerning public opinion on crime seriousness. After a critical review of substantive and methodological studies of the problem, it is proposed that the Q-technique may be most appropriate for discovering the degree of local consensus concerning the seriousness of specific types of crime. Analysis of data collected by the use of Q-sorts reveals that while there is a general consensus concerning crimes involving loss of life or extreme personal injury, there is some disagreement concerning other types of crimes. Four different perspectives are distinguished and discussed. It is concluded that the use of factorial designs and the Q-technique may be the most fruitful approach to discerning subtle differences in perspectives concerning crime seriousness.
Analytical representation for single vibronic level decay rates

Abstract Elementary algebraic operations are shown to produce the generating functions for the evaluation of single vibronic level nonradiative decay rates. The
Role of ammonia and calcium in lysis of zoospores of Phytophthora cactorum by Bacillus cereus strain UW85.

Cultures and cell-free culture filtrates of Bacillus cereus strain UW85 protect alfalfa and soybean seedlings from damping off caused by Phytophthora megasperma (Handelsman et al., 1988). Culture filtrate also lyses zoospores of Phytophthora spp. in vitro (Handelsman et al., 1988). This study was undertaken to determine the role of ionic changes in the growth medium of UW85 in zoospore lysis.
Intra-arterial verapamil–induced seizures: case report and review of the literature

Abstract Background Intra-arterial verapamil infusion with or without balloon angioplasty is a common therapy for patients with hypertensive, hypervolemic, and nimodipine-refractory vasospasm following aSAH. Seizures occurring from IA infusion of verapamil are rare. Case Description A 24-year-old Korean-American woman presented with aSAH from the rupture of a 5-mm ICA bifurcation aneurysm. The aneurysm was secured with clip ligation through a craniotomy, and the patient was treated with HHH therapy in the neurosurgical ICU. Routine postoperative cerebral angiography was performed to confirm occlusion of the treated aneurysm and assess for vasospasm. In the first angiogram, vasospasm was detected in the supraclinoid portion of the ICA. Intra-arterial verapamil was started; during this treatment, the patient developed right-sided focal motor seizures. The infusion was terminated and the seizures were halted with midazolam. The patient's course was unremarkable until postoperative day 7, when she developed expressive aphasia, for which she was taken for emergent cerebral angiography under anesthesia. Marked focal spasm was identified in the distal supraclinoid ICA and the left A1. The patient was treated with 25 mg of superselective verapamil infusion. Upon emerging from anesthesia, her aphasia had resolved; however, 90 minutes after angiography, she experienced generalized seizures while she was in the ICU. Conclusions Seizures are a rare complication during cerebral angiographic procedures. Intra-arterial verapamil–induced seizures are infrequently reported. Cognizance for the potential of seizures to occur is advised during verapamil infusion for the treatment of refractory vasospasm in certain individuals.
Sequential distributed detection for multisensor data

A sequential detection algorithm is formulated for a distributed detection scheme. The data are obtained from m distant sensors. The jth sensor produces a finite-valued output u/sub j/, which is transmitted to the central detector. Data are obtained until one of two thresholds is crossed and then a decision is made. The authors analyze the performance of this distributed sequential detection scheme, and they consider the optimization of the local processors, at the front end of the sensors. >
A hierarchical planner that generates its own hierarchies

PABLO is a nonlinear planner that reasons hierarchically by generating abstract predicates. PABLO's abstract search spaces are generated automatically using predicate relaxation, a new technique for defining hierarchies of abstract predicates. For some domains, this mechanism generates hierarchies that are more useful than those created by previous techniques. Using abstractions can lead to substantial savings in computation time. Furthermore, PABLO can achieve a limited form of reactivity when reasoning with relaxed predicates. These abstractions can be viewed as small reactive plans, and our method as an approach to dynamically combining these into useful nonlinear plans.
Boundary integral method for bioluminescence tomography

Bioluminescence tomography (BLT) allows in vivo localization and quantification of bioluminescent sources inside a small animal to reveal various molecular and cellular activities. We develop a reconstruction method to identify such a bioluminescent source distribution using the boundary integral method. Based on the diffusion model of the photon propagation in the biological tissue, this method incorporates a priori knowledge to define the permissible source region, and establish a direct linear relationship between measured body surface data and an unknown bioluminescent source distribution to enhance numerical stability and efficiency. The feasibility of the proposed BLT algorithm is demonstrated in heterogeneous mouse chest phantom studies.
Extreme values of some continuous nowhere differentiable functions

We consider the functions $T_n(x)$ defined as the $n$ th partial derivative of Lebesgue's singular function $L_a(x)$ with respect to $a$ at $a=\frac{1}{2}$ . This sequence includes a multiple of the Takagi function as the case $n=1$ . We show that $T_n$ is continuous but nowhere differentiable for each $n$ , and determine the Holder order of $T_n$ . From this, we derive that the Hausdorff dimension of the graph of $T_n$ is one. Using a formula of Lomnicki and Ulam, we obtain an arithmetic expression for $T_n(x)$ using the binary expansion of $x$ , and use this to find the sets of points where $T_2$ and $T_3$ take on their absolute maximum and minimum values. We show that these sets are topological Cantor sets. In addition, we characterize the sets of local maximum and minimum points of $T_2$ and $T_3$ .
Quantitative immunofluorescence in single Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells

We have developed a staining procedure that allows the simultaneous determination of intracellular amounts of DNA and an antigen in Saccharomyces cerevisiae with a single laser flow cytometer. The antigen, beta-galactosidase from a cloned lacZ gene, is inducible and is detected with an indirect immunofluorescent stain. Cell preparation procedures, specifically cell fixation and cell wall removal, have significant effects on measured levels of immunofluorescence and have been optimized to prevent cell loss and maximize immunofluorescence. Average immunofluorescent levels of cell populations expressing different levels of beta-galactosidase show excellent correlation with measurements of average beta-galactosidase activity per cell based on cleavage of o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside. Experiments with yeast populations containing various numbers of copies of the cloned gene indicate that the relationship between immunofluorescence and antigen content also holds at the single-cell level. Correlated measurements of DNA and beta-galactosidase content on a single-cell level permit the investigation of cellular enzyme content as a function of cell cycle position under various conditions. The procedure can be easily modified to detect other antigens by changing the primary antibody used.
Effect of Nursing Faculty Presence on Students' Anxiety, Self-Confidence, and Clinical Performance during a Clinical Simulation Experience

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of nursing faculty presence on students' level of state anxiety, self-confidence, and clinical performance during a summative evaluation using clinical simulation. Method The quasi-experimental two group pre–post test research design used the Nursing Education Simulation Framework and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Student Satisfaction and Self-Confidence in Learning Instrument, and Clinical Performance Evaluation Tool to operationalize the concepts. Results Faculty presence in the simulation room did not have a significant effect on state anxiety, self-confidence and satisfaction, or clinical performance; yet, the change in state anxiety scores from pretest to posttest were found to be significantly different with an increase in state anxiety scores from pretest to posttest for the experimental group and a decrease in state anxiety scores from pretest to posttest for the control group. Conclusions Results provided partial support to recommend nursing faculty evaluate students from a control room or remote viewing location.