cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantifying the Dynamics of Field Cancerization in Tobacco-Related Head and Neck Cancer: A Multiscale Modeling Approach.

High rates of local recurrence in tobacco-related head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are commonly attributed to unresected fields of precancerous tissue. Because they are not easily detectable at the time of surgery without additional biopsies, there is a need for noninvasive methods to predict the extent and dynamics of these fields. Here, we developed a spatial stochastic model of tobacco-related HNSCC at the tissue level and calibrated the model using a Bayesian framework and population-level incidence data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry. Probabilistic model analyses were performed to predict the field geometry at time of diagnosis, and model predictions of age-specific recurrence risks were tested against outcome data from SEER. The calibrated models predicted a strong dependence of the local field size on age at diagnosis, with a doubling of the expected field diameter between ages at diagnosis of 50 and 90 years, respectively. Similarly, the probability of harboring multiple, clonally unrelated fields at the time of diagnosis was found to increase substantially with patient age. On the basis of these findings, we hypothesized a higher recurrence risk in older than in younger patients when treated by surgery alone; we successfully tested this hypothesis using age-stratified outcome data. Further clinical studies are needed to validate the model predictions in a patient-specific setting. This work highlights the importance of spatial structure in models of epithelial carcinogenesis and suggests that patient age at diagnosis may be a critical predictor of the size and multiplicity of precancerous lesions. Cancer Res; 76(24); 7078–88. ©2016 AACR.
Design of experiment for nonlinear dynamic gene regulatory network identification

ABSTRACTThe gene regulatory network (GRN) is critical for understanding the regulatory interaction between genes. Time-course microarray experiments provide ample information for constructing GRN. The designs for microarray experiments serve different purposes. However, the experiment design specifically for GRN identification is still sparse. In this article, we use a simulation-based approach to deal with design problems in the framework of nonparametric differential equations. We investigate a number of feasible designs. In particular, we evaluate whether earlier samplings can result in more useful information for GRN identification. We also evaluate the effectiveness of two strategies: more frequent samplings per replicate with fewer replicates versus fewer samplings per replicate with more replicates while keeping the total number of samplings constant. The results of our investigation provide quantitative guidance for designing and selecting microarray experiments for the purpose of GRN identification.
Molecular Recognition of Ice by Fully Flexible Molecules

Cold acclimatized organisms produce antifreeze proteins that prevent ice growth and recrystallization at subfreezing conditions. Flatness and rigidity of the ice-binding sites of antifreeze proteins are considered key for their recognition of ice. However, the most potent synthetic ice recrystallization inhibitor (IRI) found to date is poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), a fully flexible molecule. The ability to tune the architecture and functionalization of PVA makes it a promising candidate to replace antifreeze proteins in industrial applications ranging from cryopreservation of organs to deicing of turbine blades. However, an understanding of how does PVA recognize ice remains elusive, hampering the design of more effective IRIs. Here we use large-scale molecular simulations to elucidate the mechanism by which PVA recognizes ice. We find that the polymer selectively binds to the prismatic faces of ice through a cooperative zipper mechanism. The binding is driven by hydrogen bonding, facilitated by distance mat...
Drug Effects on Foot-Shock­ Induced Agitation in Mice

Foot-shock-induced fighting was first described for rats by O’Kelly and Steckle (1939) and later used for drug studies with mice by Tedeschi, Tedeschi, Mucha, Cook, Mattis, and Fellows (1959). Our interest in this procedure arose from the observation by Valzelli (1967) that foot-shock-induced fighting was more sensitive to drug effects and easier to carry out than other procedures used for this purpose (e.g., isolation or drug-induced fighting). Also, the procedure offered means for measuring drug effects on other distress components of behavior exhibited by animals in response to foot-shock stimulation (such as vocalization, running, and leaping).
Exploring the Costs of Adopting Open Source Software

This is an examination of different costs, in terms of knowledge and risk, associated with adopting open source software at different organizational levels.
Language: The Problem Beyond Conditioning

It is now widely accepted that disturbance of language is a central feature of childhood autism, despite continuing dispute concerning the nature of the language disturbance and how relevant it is to the panoply of symptoms displayed (Rutter, 1965,1968; Hermelin, 1968; Wing, 1969; Rutter et al., 1971; Halpern, 1971; Hermelin & Frith, 1971; Cobrinik, 1974; Bartak et al., 1975). A severe language disorder has been found in all autistic children studied by the author with an experimental nine-word language (9WL) and other procedures (Churchill, 1972, 1973). This language disorder, considered common to all autistic children, is proposed as a central explanatory concept to account for those behavioral features which autistic children have in common: the profound impairment of speech and gestures for communication, nonfunctional use of objects, and severe impairment of interpersonal relations. Other demonstrable deficits (of perception, memory, and motor integration) as well as, of course, special features of social history may better account for the ways in which autistic children differ among themselves. Be that as it may, this chapter is limited to a consideration of some special features of language disability which have become apparent in autistic children through detailed, systematic, hierarchical testing of language and those conditionable functions which subserve it. It will focus not on conditioning problems but on a higher level (syntactical?) language disorder with illustrations from just two autistic children in whom we could discern no evidence of difficulty in their basic conditionability using the 9WL.
Gaps in the computer science curriculum: an exploratory study of industry professionals

Our study explores current industry needs in suggesting how to better prepare computer science graduates with the appropriate background that will enable a successful career. With the increase in outsource development, computer scientists find themselves in some project management related capacity. Unfortunately, computer science graduates lack the interpersonal skills needed to successfully fulfill duties associated with outsourcing. We report findings from qualitative interviews from IT professionals in Fortune 500 businesses, small-to-medium businesses, and non-profit organizations. Our analysis concludes that modifying computer science curriculum to provide more emphasis on negotiation skills, time management, cultural differences, outsource management, and information assurance would make the most difference, in addition to a strong technical background.
Catarrhine Dental Variability and Species Recognition in the Fossil Record

Debate about species recognition in the primate fossil record is pervasive. Numerous studies have come to different conclusions regarding the sexual and taxonomic composition of, for example, Proconsul samples from East Africa (Kelley, 1987; Pickford, 1986), Sivapithecus from Asia (Kay, 1982a,b; Wu and Oxnard, 1983), hominoids from Rain Ravine (Kay, 1982a, Martin and Andrews, 1984), Australopithecus afarensis (Cole and Smith, 1987; Johanson et al, 1982; Kimbel et ai, 1985; Kimbel and White, 1988; Olson, 1981, 1985; Senut and Tardieu, 1985), A. africanus (Zwell and Pilbeam, 1972), and Homo habilis (Wood, 1985, this volume), to name a few. Since the majority of fossil specimens consist of teeth, a good deal of this debate centers on the interpretation of dental variation.
Using Technological Innovations to Support Parents of Young Children with Autism

In this chapter, we will explore the current research on the use of technology in parent education and support and will reflect on our clinical experiences implementing a family-focused telehealth program. We will begin broadly, providing a brief synopsis of what has been studied in various clinical populations, highlighting what we believe can be applied to families of young children with ASD. We will then emphasize the translational aspects of telehealth practice, drawing from our group’s experiences launching a videoconferencing version of a family-focused, evidence-based intervention. After outlining the implementation steps of telehealth program development, we will conclude with specific modifications to therapist/educator communication when interacting with families through a videoconferencing platform.
Practising taxonomy: Joel Asaph Allen and species-making (W. T. Stearn Prize 2017)

This article uses Joel Asaph Allen (1838–1921), naturalist and curator at New York's American Museum of Natural History (1885–1921), and the naturalists, collectors and other actors in his orbit to...
Authentic inquiry through modeling in biology (AIM-BIO): An introductory laboratory curriculum that increases undergraduates’ scientific agency and skills

Providing opportunities for science, technology, engineering, and mathematics undergraduates to engage in authentic scientific practices is likely to influence their view of science and may impact their decision to persist through graduation. Laboratory courses provide a natural place to introduce students to scientific practices, but existing curricula often miss this opportunity by focusing on confirming science content rather than exploring authentic questions. Integrating authentic science within laboratory courses is particularly challenging at high-enrollment institutions and community colleges, where access to research-active faculty may be limiting. The Authentic Inquiry through Modeling in Biology (AIM-Bio) curriculum presented here engages students in authentic scientific practices through iterative cycles of model generation, testing, and revision. AIM-Bio university and community college students demonstrated their ability to propose diverse models for biological phenomena, formulate and address hypotheses by designing and conducting experiments, and collaborate with classmates to revise models based on experimental data. Assessments demonstrated that AIM-Bio students had an enhanced sense of project ownership and greater identification as scientists compared with students in existing laboratory courses. AIM-Bio students also experienced measurable gains in their nature of science understanding and skills for doing science. Our results suggest AIM-Bio as a potential alternative to more resource-intensive curricula with similar outcomes.
Symmetric Positive Semi-Definite FDTD Subgridding Algorithm in Both Space and Time

A symmetric positive semi-definite FDTD subgrid-ding algorithm in both space and time is developed for fast FDTD simulations. The resultant explicit time marching is not only accurate, but also guaranteed to be stable. Moreover, it permits the use of a time step local to the base grid and subgrids. Numerical experiments have demonstrated its performance.
Discriminant Analysis Deep Neural Networks

One consensus in the machine learning community is that obtaining good representations of the data is crucial for the classification tasks. But establishing a clear objective for representation learning is an open question and difficult. In this paper, we propose the Discriminant Analysis Loss Function (DALF) for the representation learning in Deep Neural Networks (DNNs). The gradients of DALF explicitly minimize the within-class variances (scatter) and maximize the between-class variances. We use DALF to drive the training of DNNs and call them Discriminant Analysis Deep Neural Networks (DisAnDNNs). Compared to other Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA)-based cost functions, the computational cost of DALF is drastically reduced by avoiding eigen-decomposition and matrix inversion. We used simple datasets to illustrate the geometric meaning of DALF and compared it with LDA, then experimented with DALF-driven Residual Learning Nets (ResNets) on the pediatric pneumonia (chest X-ray image) dataset. The experimental results show that the DisAnDNNs achieve state-of the-art accuracy in the binary classification task. Particularly, in the pediatric pneumonia dataset, we achieved the accuracy of 96.63%, with a sensitivity of 99.23% and a specificity of 92.30%, all of which are better than the results in the literature that published the dataset.
How Can We Reach World Health Assembly 2025 Nutrition Targets? Using the Lives Saved Tool to Support Strategic Planning by the Nutrition Sector in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

In 2012, World Health Assembly (WHA) Member States committed to ambitious global targets for improved nutrition outcomes among women and children by the year 2025. Many countries lack systematic ap...
Uromodulin in mineral metabolism.

Purpose of reviewUromodulin (UMOD), also known as Tamm–Horsfall protein, is the most abundant protein in human urine. UMOD has multiple functions such as protection against urinary tract infections and nephrolithiasis. This review outlines recent progress made in UMOD's role in renal physiology, tub
PerfProbe: a systematic, cross-layer performance diagnosis framework for mobile platforms

User-perceived performance slowdown in mobile apps can occur in unpredictable and sophisticated ways, with root cause spanning at different layers (app or system layer). There is a lack of effective approaches to provide cross-layer, holistic insights to diagnose unpredictable performance slowdown on mobile platforms, motivating us to develop PerfProbe as a performance diagnosis framework for mobile platforms. PerfProbe monitors app performance and records app and system-layer runtime information in a lightweight manner on mobile devices, and performs systematic, novel statistical analysis on collected runtime traces at different layers to localize code-level performance variance in the form of critical functions and zoom into them to pinpoint system-level root causes in the form of relevant resource factors to explain the performance slowdown. PerfProbe effectively diagnoses performance slowdown due to various root causes in 22 popular Android apps from real-world usage monitoring and in-lab testing, by providing holistic, cross-layer insights to help the root cause diagnosis. Diagnosis findings from PerfProbe provide actionable insights for root cause finding and guiding real-world app developers' code fixing or adjustment of platform-level policies to reduce user-perceived latency of 6 real Android apps by 32--86%. PerfProbe incurs small system overhead and impact to app performance at runtime and is suitable for real-world deployment.
Suicidal Ideation Severity in Transgender and Cisgender Elevated-Risk Military Service Members at Baseline and Three-Month Follow-Up

There is a dearth of research on mental health in transgender military service members, despite 21.4% of eligible transgender United States citizens having served in the military. The aim of this s...
Chapter 85 – Parathyroid Hormone Treatment for Osteoporosis

As a result of its unique mechanism of action, parathyroid hormone (PTH), the only approved anabolic therapy for bone, produces larger increments in bone mass (particularly in the spine) than those seen with antiresorptive therapies. PTH treatment first stimulates bone formation and subsequently stimulates both bone resorption and formation; the balance remains positive for formation, even in this latter phase of PTH activity. The growth of new bone with PTH permits restoration of bone microarchitecture, including improved trabecular connectivity and enhanced cortical thickness. Bone formation may also be induced on the outer periosteal surface [6–8], possibly affecting bone size and geometry, with additional beneficial effects on bone strength, though this has not been conclusively confirmed.
Dot1L interacts with Zc3h10 to activate UCP1 transcription and promote thermogenesis

Brown adipose tissue is a metabolically beneficial organ capable of dissipating chemical energy into heat, thereby increasing energy expenditure. Here, we identify Dot1L, the only known H3K79 methyltransferase, as an interacting partner of Zc3h10 that transcriptionally activates the UCP1 promoter and other BAT genes. Through a direct interaction, Dot1L is recruited by Zc3h10 to the promoter regions of thermogenic genes to function as a coactivator by methylating H3K79. We also show that Dot1L is induced during brown fat cell differentiation and by cold exposure and that Dot1L and its H3K79 methyltransferase activity is required for thermogenic gene program. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Dot1L ablation in mice using UCP1-Cre prevents activation of UCP1 and other target genes to reduce thermogenic capacity and energy expenditure, promoting adiposity. Hence, Dot1L plays a critical role in the thermogenic program and may present as a future target for obesity therapeutics.
The Reducing Ambience Analysis under the Low Nitrogen Mode Operation of a Boiler

In 2014, the electricity industry boilers are required to meet the ultra-low emissions standard. Specifically, the dust, SO2, NOx are required to reach 5, 35, 50 mg/m3, respectively. Hence, the boiler operated under lean oxygen will be widely and long-term existed. In this paper, the distributions of velocity, temperature and flue gas composition were simulated under different air distribution modes. The numerical simulations demonstrated that both the CO and H2S contents in the major burner zone increased with the SOFA rate increasing. However, there is almost no CO and H2S in the burnout zone due to the increase of SOFA. Besides, as the SOFA rate increasing, NO in the burnout zone slightly increased, but the NO in the main combustion zone significantly reduced.
Optimal Transport With Relaxed Marginal Constraints

Optimal transport (OT) is a principled approach for matching, having achieved success in diverse applications such as tracking and cluster alignment. It is also the core computation problem for solving the Wasserstein metric between probabilistic distributions, which has been increasingly used in machine learning. Despite its popularity, the marginal constraints of OT impose fundamental limitations. For some matching or pattern extraction problems, the framework of OT is not suitable, and post-processing of the OT solution is often unsatisfactory. In this paper, we extend OT by a new optimization formulation called Optimal Transport with Relaxed Marginal Constraints (OT-RMC). Specifically, we relax the marginal constraints by introducing a penalty on the deviation from the constraints. Connections with the standard OT are revealed both theoretically and experimentally. We demonstrate how OT-RMC can easily adapt to various tasks by three highly different applications in image analysis and single-cell data analysis. Quantitative comparisons have been made with OT and another commonly used matching scheme to show the remarkable advantages of OT-RMC.
Integrated Volt/Var Control and Conservation Voltage Reduction in Unbalanced Distribution Networks Considering Smart PV Inverter Control Using Equilibrium Optimizer Algorithm

This paper introduces a new method for integrated Volt/Var control and Conservation Voltage Reduction (CVR) in unbalanced power distribution networks considering high penetration of PV generation. The mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) based Volt/Var-CVR problem is solved using Equilibrium Optimizer (EO) algorithm. The method coordinates the use of smart PV inverters along with voltage regulating equipment including voltage regulators (VRs) and on-load tap changers (OLTCs). The objective of the study is to improve energy conservation and minimize busses voltage deviations and reduce the legacy device operations through implementing the Volt/Var control mode of smart PV inverters in the IEEE 34-bus case study system. The proposed model uses COM interface to make an interaction between OpenDSS and MATLAB programs to find the optimum solution of the Volt/Var-CVR problem. Simulation results authenticate the efficacy of the proposed method and demonstrate a considerable increase in the energy saving and power loss reduction.
Spatially and optically tailored 3D printing for highly miniaturized and integrated microfluidics.

Traditional 3D printing based on Digital Light Processing Stereolithography (DLP-SL) is unnecessarily limiting as applied to microfluidic device fabrication, especially for high-resolution features. This limitation is due primarily to inherent tradeoffs between layer thickness, exposure time, material strength, and optical penetration that can be impossible to satisfy for microfluidic features. We introduce a generalized 3D printing process that significantly expands the accessible spatially distributed optical dose parameter space to enable the fabrication of much higher resolution 3D components without increasing the resolution of the 3D printer. Here we demonstrate component miniaturization in conjunction with a high degree of integration, including 15 μm × 15 μm valves and a 2.2 mm × 1.1 mm 10-stage 2-fold serial diluter. These results illustrate our approach’s promise to enable highly functional and compact microfluidic devices for a wide variety of biomolecular applications. The ever-growing need for highly functional, compact, and integrated microfluidic devices often incurs lengthy and expensive manufacturing processes. Here, authors introduce a generalized 3D printing process that enables fast parallel fabrication of miniaturized, high resolution 3D components.
A parametric analysis for maximizing beam quality of muon-based storage ring experiments

Abstract The Muon g-2 experiment seeks to measure the anomalous magnetic moment (g-2) of muons to a 0.14 ppm uncertainty. In order to accomplish this, the experiment’s storage ring must be supplied with the largest number of muons with energies within 0.2% of 3.094 GeV/c possible. In this work we perform a parametric analysis for enhancing the experiment’s stored beam intensity. From the accelerator technology side, we discuss the impact in muon flux of both, a passive absorber for tailoring the momentum distribution of the injected beam, and a magnetic inflector for shielding it from the storage ring fringe fields. From the beam parameter side, we examine the interplay between beam energy and momentum spread in maximizing muon storage. We show that with a proper choice of injection beam parameters in conjunction with a wedge-shaped absorber and an open-ended inflector design, the yield of the experiment could increase by over 50% as compared to the current performance. We also find that although the wedge can enhance the stored muon yield, most of the improvement originates from the open-ended inflector design.
Cellular Aspects of Human Brain Tumors (Gliomas)

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the intracranial tumors derived from brain parenchyma, namely, neuroectodermal tumors (gliomas). Gliomas, which constitute about half of all intracranial tumors, are primary tumors of the brain substance. They arise in various areas of the brain and may be composed of adult or embryonic cells, or a mixture of both. There is such structural variability in gliomas that they are most logically classified according to their histogenesis, which often provides a clue to their growth history and, thus, serves to provide an indication of the rapidity of their growth. As cell types descend from the primitive to the adult stages of cells, the corresponding tumor types exhibit less rapid growth patterns—from such rapidly growing gliomas as glioblastomamultiforme and medulloblastoma to the relatively slow-growing fibrillary astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, and ependymoma. In humans, tumor growth is caused by clonogenic cells, the study of which allows for an understanding of its characteristics.The characterization of tumor cells and clones and their differentiation from nonmalignant host cells either present at the tumor site, for example, normal astrocytes, endothelial cells, or fibroblasts) or infiltrating the tumor, for example, macrophages or lymphocytes—either of which may grow ascolonies in an in vitro system. Also, a large colony-forming efficiency (CFE) of a tumor cell type does not necessarily indicate a high degree of malignancy in a particular tumor type.
A solvable group whose character degree graph has diameter 3

We show that there is a solvable group G so that the character degree graph of G has diameter 3.
On the Nonlinear Block Relative Gain

The concept of Block Relative Gain (BRG) has been introduced as a measure of interaction for decentralized control structures. During its development however the implicit assumption has been made that both the plant and controller dynamics are linear. In this paper, we introduce the concept of Nonlinear Block Relative Gain (NBRG) as a measure of interaction for decentralized control systems in which the process and controller dynamics may be nonlinear. The scope of applicability for NBRG is discussed, its properties are presented and an example is given that illustrates its use for interaction assessment.
Trans-urethral Ultrasound: A New Tool for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Imaging in Prostate Cancer

We have developed a new imaging method for use in diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer. Our laboratory is the first to publish1,2 this method that involves inserting into the urethra a special small diameter catheter with a phased array ultrasound imaging module on the tip which images the surrounding prostate gland in real time and three dimensions, capturing both anatomy and physiology. It is well tolerated by patients, as the imaging catheters are only 2 to 3 mm in diamter. Since there are nearly 200,000 new cases of prostate cancer diagnosed each year, improved methods for real-time, high-resolution 3D visualizations of the prostate are ever more important for accurate differential diagnosis and for staging optimal therapy.
Exocytosis of toxic primary granules by human neutrophils is associated with high surface TRPM2 expression and pinocytosis (INC6P.401)

Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) play a key role in host defense against microbial infection. PMN responses culminate in the mobilization of highly toxic intracellular primary granules toward either the phagosome (during phagocytosis), nucleus (during NETosis), or plasma membrane (exocytosis). Mechanisms regulating the fate of PMN primary granules remain unclear. Here, we studied the dynamics of PMN primary granule exocytosis in two relevant sets of conditions: 1- in vivo migration of blood PMNs into chronically infected airways of patients with cystic fibrosis; 2- in vitro treatment of blood PMNs with latrunculin B and fMLF. Using flow and image cytometry, we show a striking resemblance between these two sets of conditions, with a close association between primary granule exocytosis (based on surface CD63 expression) and increased surface expression of the inflammatory calcium channel TRPM2. In addition, high primary granule exocytosis associates with major membrane rearrangements, as evidenced by the loss of surface phagocytic receptors (e.g., CD16 and CD35) and high pinocytosis (based on Lucifer Yellow uptake), a process previously linked to TRPM2 activation. All the while, exocytosing PMNs maintain their nuclear integrity. Thus, high primary granule exocytosis, surface TRPM2 upregulation and high pinocytosis are a concerted set of events indicative of a functional program in activated PMNs that is distinct from phagocytosis and NETosis.
Activity-dependent enhancement of synaptic transmission in hippocampal slices treated with the phosphatase inhibitor calyculin A

The role of protein phosphatases in regulating synaptic transmission in the CA1 region of the hippocampus was examined using slices pretreated with calyculin A, a specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A. Stimulation of afferents at 1 Hz (but not 0.1 Hz) for periods of 5– 10 min caused a long-lasting enhancement of synaptic transmission. The increase in synaptic responses was not due to a change in fiber excitability, as there was a shift to the left in the input-output curve following the synaptic enhancement. The enhancement was observed only in the input that received the 1 Hz stimulation and not in an independent control pathway, indicating that the increase in synaptic strength is input specific and limited to repetitively activated synapses. Applying 1 Hz stimulation when synaptic transmission was blocked by replacing extracellular Ca2+ with Mg2+ prevented or significantly reduced any change in synaptic efficacy after reperfusion with normal Ca(2+)-containing medium. In contrast, 1 Hz stimulation given when synaptic transmission was blocked by non-NMDA and NMDA glutamate receptor antagonists still caused a synaptic enhancement following washout of the antagonists. The enhancement of synaptic transmission also was not blocked by loading CA1 cells with the calcium chelator BAPTA. Thus, influx of Ca2+ into presynaptic elements is required for the synaptic enhancement elicited by 1 Hz stimulation in calyculin A-treated hippocampal slices. Consistent with the activation of processes that cause an increase in transmitter release, the magnitude of paired-pulse facilitation decreased following the synaptic enhancement, and the NMDA receptor-mediated component of the synaptic response was increased by 1 Hz stimulation. These results suggest that when protein phosphatases are inhibited by calyculin A, prolonged periods of 1 Hz stimulation lead to activation of presynaptic Ca(2+)- dependent protein kinases, resulting in a persistent increase in evoked transmitter release. They also indicate that the activity of presynaptic protein phosphatases is critically important for limiting increases in synaptic strength following repetitive afferent activity.
Melding Private and Public Interests in Water Rights Markets

The debate over pnvatizing and water markets has moved back and forth for decades between the “I” and the “We” perspectives. Rather than either/or, a balanced “I&We” view of water institutions is needed. West is meeting east in water law. Public interest needs must be satisfied in appropriate decision forums, but marketing may prove a social improvement when used as a supplement. Balancing an “I&We” institution involves establishing an acceptable or tolerable level of interference through judicious mixing of state, common and private property regimes. Third party effects are eliminated as mutual gain arises in a variety of decision forums.
Design and Architecture of GIS Servers for Web Based Information Systems --- The ArcGIS Server System

This talk provides an overview of the design and architecture of GIS Servers for web based information systems, using ESRI's ArcGIS Server system as a concrete example. A GIS Server allows customers to compile, manage and disseminate geographic information. Information is compiled into and stored within object relational spatial databases using a geodatabase information model that supports the key types needed by applications including features, relationships, networks, imagery, terrains, maps and layers. Information is managed using both short and long transaction models that include support for versioning, archiving and replication. The GIS Server allows administrators to selectively publish this information to clients using stateless web services based on REST and SOAP as well as via OGC interfaces. These geospatial web services support visualization, analysis, data access and replication. Key GIS services include Mapping, Query, Location, Network Analysis, Editing, Geoprocessing and Imaging. These services run on clusters, can access data from local caches, and can be scaled out by growing the cluster. These web services allow information to be exchanged using optimized representations based on JSON and XML as well as client specific optimized protocols. The GIS Server supports a role based authorization model that allows access to services to be controlled, leverages standard web based authentication mechanisms, and allows information to be securely exchanged by leveraging standard transport level security. The GIS Server supports a variety of client architectures including Rich Internet clients based on Flex, Silverlight and Javacript, occasionally connected Mobile Devices that are used for field work, as well as Desktop clients built using .Net and Java. The key to success is simple and elegant Web APIs and online SDKs that allow customers to easily exploit the value of the information managed by their servers. This talk will highlight specific areas of interest to researchers working on spatial and temporal databases as it spans the above aspects of GIS server technology.
Training Social Work Students for Practice with Substance Abusers: An Ecological Approach

Substantive information is provided to help students recognize and treat clients suffering from chemical dependency. This concern cannot be limited to addictions specialists but must be shared with generalist social work practitioners. The ecological perspective is a relevant approach in the treatment of a disease that has strong physical and psychological ramifications. The following questions are addressed: Why should general BSW/MSW students need to know about alcoholism/addiction? What should the general or specializing social work student know of chemical dependency? What skills are required for assessment of chemical dependency intervention with individuals and families? How can the social work curriculum be shaped to provide adequate training for work with substance abusing clients?
Provider and Consumer Engagement in Care Coordination Models: Evidence from the U.S.

Overview: Current health care reform efforts in the United States, supported by the Affordable Care Act, generally focus on a series of reform models -including Accountable Care Organizations, Medical Homes and Health Care Homes -that rely on care coordination to provide more efficient, higher quality care. Many of these concepts were originally developed and tested as Medicare program pilot projects and demonstrations. This presentation will examine how these initial pilots and demonstrations. as well as early ACA funded models, have performed -some successfully, others less so. The presentation will specifically focus on the factors that may influence the degree of success in using care coordination to drive efficiency and quality. Methods: This research is based on review of demonstration and pilot program as well as current ACA mandated pay-for-performance, value-based purchasing, gainhsaring and other care coordination-related reform projects. Methods used to evaluate "success" of projects include findings from focus groups and site visits, trend performance (relying on difference-in-difference techniques) on expenditures, utilization and quality of care monitoring. Specific focus will be placed on the degree of physician, other health care provider and consumer engagement in care coordination. Results: Success in using care coordination-based models to simultaneously lower health care costs while maintaining/improving quality of care is mixed so far. Some of the most promising reform models have faced some difficulties in translation beyond a select group of initial health care providers who pioneered the models. Many models have struggled to achieve the level of physician engagement necessary to use care coordination to impact costs and utilization. Consumers in the U.S. tend to be reluctant to accept care coordination by their providers. Some models have suffered from costly and complex data reporting that is difficult to understand and burdensome to providers. Rewards to participating providers are, in some cases, very small. In other cases, the ability of many practices to accept and managed potentially significant financial risk is a growing concern. Conclusion: Initial evidence of large impacts by care coordination driven reform models on quality of care and cost reductions have been limited. While there is no evidence to date that these types of models negatively impact quality of care, there is also limited evidence that they are able to consistently achieve reductions in costs, utilization and health care expenditures. International Journal of Integrated Care – Volume 15, 27 May – URN:NBN:NL:UI:10-1-117006 – http://www.ijic.org/ 15th International Conference on Integrated Care, Edinburgh, UK, March 25-27, 2015 2
The State of Nonverbal Communication as a Field of Inquiry

Nonverbal Communication: Readings with Commentary. Shirley Weitz, ed. London: Oxford University Press, 1974. x + 351 pp. $10.00 (cloth), $4.95 (paper). A World of Strangers: Order and Action in Urban Public Space. Lyn H. Lofland. New York: Basic Books, 1973. xvi + 223 pp. $9.50 (cloth). Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. Erving Goffman. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974. lx + 586 pp. $12.50 (cloth).
Closed Loop Control of Lean NOx Traps

There is a continuing interest in the development and application of lean burn gasoline engine systems, such as port fuel injected (PFI) and gasoline direct injected (GDI) engines. These engines offer improved fuel economy and lower CO2 emissions through the installation of a second three-way catalyst, commonly referred to as a lean NOx trap (LNT). With this additional component high NOx conversion rates approaching 100% can be achieved. Since the LNT operates in a batch mode, the filling of the LNT with NOx and its purging must be dynamically controlled to achieve optimum performance. Since the LNT is subject to degradation in efficiency due to the presence of sulfur in the fuel, the LNT must be periodically regenerated by subjecting it to a high temperature (e.g., 650 °C) and maintaining the λ < 1, or rich. Also, since the level of engine NOx can vary with operating conditions (e.g., humidity), the filling rate of the LNT varies. This paper describes work on closed loop adaptive control of the purge and fill cycles of the LNT using a feedback signal provided by a heated exhaust gas oxygen (HEGO sensor located after the LNT. This control optimises NOx conversion efficiency, minimises loss in fuel consumption, minimises emissions, and can be used to diagnose the state of the LNT and to schedule desulfation events.
Thioredoxin genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: map positions of TRX1 and TRX2.

The two genes encoding thioredoxims in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, TRX1 and TRX2, map to chromosome XII and VII, respectively. From the DNA sequence of the intragenic region TRX1 is 500 bp downstream of PDC1. Tetrad analysis places TRX21·1 cM from ADE3, while a physical map of this region positions TRX2 4·5 kb downstreams of ADE3. The mapping of TRX1 adjacent to PDC1 clarifies previous results (Muller, E. G. D. J. Biol. Chem.266, 9194–9202, 1991) that suggested a third thioredoxims gene.
Meditation improves self‐regulation over the life span

The use of meditation to improve emotion and attention regulation has a long history in Asia and there are many practitioners in Western countries. Much of the evidence on the effectiveness of meditation is either anecdotal or a comparison of long-term meditators with controls matched in age and health. Recently, it has been possible to establish changes in self-regulation in undergraduate students after only 5 days of meditation practice, allowing randomized trials comparing effects of meditation with other self-control methods such as relaxation training. Early studies took place in Chinese universities; however, similar effects have been obtained with U.S. undergraduates, and with Chinese children aged 4.5 years and older Chinese participants aged 65 years. Studies using neuroimaging techniques have shown that meditation improves activation and connectivity in brain areas related to self-regulation, and these findings may provide an opportunity to examine remediation of mental disorders in a new light.
Autoantibodies to T-lineage cells in aged mice

Aging is accompanied by a marked decline in protective immune function. This loss of effective immunity is largely due to alterations in the T-cell compartment. There are major impairments in both the production of new T-cells within the thymus and in the functions of mature T-cells in peripheral lymphoid organs. The mechanism(s) underlying this age-related decline in T-lineage cells is not clear. Here, we demonstrate that aging is accompanied by the appearance of appreciable titers of anti-T-lineage autoantibodies. The autoantibodies, which are exclusively of the IgM class, begin to appear at 1 year of life and are universally found in the sera of 2-year-old mice. Among thymocytes, all CD4/CD8 subsets reacted with the autoantibodies, with the CD4+8+ subset showing the greatest reactivity. The autoantibodies also bound to resting peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ cells. Following activation with either anti-CD3 or with TCR-independent stimulators, reactivity to peripheral T-cells was diminished, suggesting that the determinants recognized by the autoantibodies are downregulated in response to activation signals. Lastly, thymocytes freshly isolated from old, but not young, mice have IgM antibodies bound to their surfaces. Thus, circulating autoantibodies in old mice have access to the thymus and bind to thymocytes in situ. These results lead to the proposal that the presence of anti-T-lineage autoantibodies in vivo interferes with normal T-cell development and/or function in aged animals.
Behavioral correlates of health and illness in youths with chronic illness

Relationships between and among general health behavior, illness management behavior, indicators of health (functional, physical/mental, and perceived health status) and indicators of illness (duration, control, and perception of severity) were compared across five samples of youth with either insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or asthma. Descriptive data indicated that youths performed approximately 72% of the health and illness management behaviors recommended by health professionals. General health behavior and illness management behavior were significantly related ( r = .39 to .62; p r = .37 to .62; p r = .35, .48; p
A dislocation model for the minimum grain size obtainable by milling

Primary among the processing techniques that are now available for synthesizing bulk nanocrystalline materials is ball milling, which produces nanostructures by the structural decomposition of large-grained structures as the result of severe cyclic deformation. It is well-documented that during milling, the grain size decreases with milling time, reaching a minimum grain size, dmin, which is a characteristic of each metal. In this paper, a dislocation model that predicts the value of dmin as a function of material parameters, such as hardness, melting temperature, and stacking fault energy, has been developed. The model is based on the concept that dmin is governed by a balance between the hardening rate introduced by dislocation generation and the recovery rate arising from dislocation annihilation and recombination. It is demonstrated that the model provides possible explanations for several recent observations regarding the characteristics of dmin.
Prognostic significance of location and type of myocardial infarction: Independent adverse outcome associated with anterior location

To determine the relative prognostic significance of location (anterior or inferior) and type (Q wave or non-Q wave) of infarction, the hospital course and follow-up outcome (mean duration 30.8 months) of 471 patients with a first infarction were analyzed. Analyses were performed grouping the patients according to infarct location (anterior, n = 253; inferior, n = 218), infarct type (Q wave, n = 323; non-Q wave, n = 148), and both location and type (inferior non-Q wave, n = 85; inferior Q wave, n = 133; anterior non-Q wave, n = 63; and anterior Q wave, n = 190). Patients with anterior infarction had a substantially worse in-hospital and follow-up clinical course compared with those with inferior infarction, evidenced by a larger infarct size (21.2 versus 14.9 g Eq/m2 creatine kinase, MB fraction [MB CK], p less than 0.001), lower admission left ventricular ejection fraction (38.1 versus 55.3%, p less than 0.001) and higher incidence of heart failure (40.7 versus 14.7%, p less than 0.001), serious ventricular ectopic activity (70.2 versus 58.9%, p less than 0.05), in-hospital death (11.9 versus 2.8%, p less than 0.001) and total cumulative cardiac mortality (27 versus 11%, p less than 0.001). Patients with Q wave infarction similarly experienced a worse in-hospital course compared with patients with non-Q wave infarction, evidenced by a larger infarct size (20.7 versus 12.7 MB CK g Eq/m2, p less than 0.001), lower admission left ventricular ejection fraction (43.7 versus 50.6%, p less than 0.001), and a higher incidence of heart failure (31.9 versus 21.6%, p less than 0.05) and in-hospital death (9.3 versus 4.1% p less than 0.05). However, there was no increased rate of reinfarction or mortality in hospital survivors with non-Q wave infarction compared with those with Q wave infarction, and total cardiac mortality was similar (16 versus 21%, p = NS). To evaluate the role of infarct location and type independent of infarct size, patients were grouped according to quartile of infarct size, and outcome was reanalyzed within each group. Patients with anterior infarction demonstrated a lower left ventricular ejection fraction on admission and after 10 days than did patients with inferior infarction, even after adjustment for infarct size, as well as a higher incidence of congestive heart failure and cumulative cardiac mortality.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Willamette water 2100: river basins as complex social-ecological systems

This paper describes a project to model river basins as complex social-ecological systems. We propose hypotheses about system resilience to water scarcity and climate change that can be examined with an agent-based modeling approach, and outline a methodology integrating hydrology, ecology, economics, engineering and stakeholder inputs to test these hypotheses using the Willamette River Basin (Oregon, USA) as an example system. The response of society to change is often overlooked in studies that focus primarily on the biophysical sciences to develop alternative future scenarios and predict system responses. If the interactions between society and the ecological system are poorly represented or left out of modeling approaches, this will compromise our understanding of feedbacks to the system, and the potential consequences of policy or management actions. Through Stakeholder Learning Action Networks we are gathering project-relevant knowledge in a co-learning environment on water use, management, policies and issues that impact stakeholders, and the types of project outputs desired by stakeholders. This information is useful for understanding the social- ecological system feedbacks, anticipating water scarcity, and informing integrative water systems responses. Modeling tools that can generate and explore alternative outcomes based on different sets of social and ecological conditions and their interaction within the system could also lead to a better understanding of ecosystem resilience and help guide decision making in the face of climate change and potential water scarcity.