cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Volatilization Associated with the Sintering of Polyphase Si3N4 Materials

Weight loss which occurs while sintering composited Si3N4 powders requires the loss of one or more of the end-member constituents through a volatilization reaction. By plotting the direction of the compositional change on the appropriate equivalence phase diagram, the principal volatilization reaction can be determined. For a particular composition in the system Si-Y-N-O sintered at 1750°C, the principal volatilization reaction was Si3N4(s) +3SiO2(s)→6SiO(g) +2N2(g).
Effect of transplant education on nurses' attitudes toward organ donation and plans to work with transplant patients.

ContextDespite the increase in rates of solid organ transplantation in the past 2 decades, nurses are inconsistently educated regarding issues of organ donation and posttransplant care.ObjectiveTo ...
Abstract 2042: The RAX/PACT-PKR stress-signaling pathway promotes p53 sumoylation and stability to induce G1 arrest

Cellular stresses including IL-3 withdrawal from factor-dependent hematopoietic cells, inflammatory cytokine treatment or viral infection promote RAX/PACT-dependent activation of the interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA activated protein kinase PKR. Previously, we and others demonstrated that activated PKR phosphorylates the alpha subunit of eIF2 to inhibit protein synthesis and initiate apoptosis. In addition, recent reports indicate that PKR may regulate the transcription factors p53, STAT1 and NF-κB. Now we find that RAX/PACT interacts with the SUMO E2 ligase Ubc9 to stimulate p53-Ubc9 association and reversible p53 sumoylation on lysine 386. In addition, stable or transient expression of RAX/PACT in a variety of cell lines promotes p53 stability and activity to increase p53 target gene expression. Significantly, while expression of RAX/PACT, PKR or p53 alone has little effect on the cell cycle of p53-null H1299 cells, co-expression of p53 with either RAX/PACT or PKR promotes a 25 - 35% increase of cells in G1. In contrast, co-expression of RAX/PACT with the sumoylation-deficient p53 (K386R) mutant or with p53 and the desumoylase SENP1 fails to induce such a G1 arrest. Furthermore, RAX/PACT-induced, p53-dependent G1 growth arrest is inhibited by expressing the dominant-negative PKR (K296R) mutant, and expression of RAX/PACT in pkr+/+ but not pkr-/- MEF cells promotes p53 and p21 expression following gamma irradiation. Significantly, expression of exogenous RAX/PACT promotes phosphorylation of wild-type but not p53 (K386R) on serine 392, and p53 stability is decreased in cells with reduced RAX/PACT or PKR following doxorubicin treatment. Collectively, results indicate that in response to stress the RAX/PACT-PKR signaling pathway may promote p53 translational activation leading to G1 cell cycle arrest by a mechanism dependent on p53 sumoylation and phosphorylation that regulates protein turnover. Importantly, these novel findings may indicate a wider role for the RAX/PACT-PKR signaling pathway to direct sumoylation-dependent subcellular localization, protein stability or protein-protein interactions of downstream targets in response to cellular stress. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2042. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2042
Versatile padding schemes for joint signature and encryption

We propose several highly-practical and optimized constructions for joint signature and encryption primitives often referred to as signcryption. All our signcryption schemes, built directly from trapdoor permutations such as RSA, share features such as simplicity, efficiency, generality, near-optimal exact security, flexible and ad-hoc key management, key reuse for sending/receiving data, optimally-low message expansion, "backward" use for plain signature/encryption, long message and associated data support, the strongest-known qualitative security and, finally, complete compatibility with the PKCS#1 infrastructure.Similar to the design of plain RSA-based signature and encryption schemes, such as RSA-FDH and RSA-OAEP, our signcryption schemes are constructed by designing appropriate padding schemes suitable for use with trapdoor permutations. We build a general and flexible framework for the design and analysis of secure Feistel-based padding schemes, as well as three composition paradigms for using such paddings to build optimized signcryption schemes. To unify many secure padding options offered as special cases of our framework, we construct a single versatile padding scheme PSEP which, by simply adjusting the parameters, can work optimally with any of the three composition paradigms for either signature, encryption, or signcryption.We illustrate the utility of our signcryption schemes by applying them to build a secure key-exchange protocol, with performance results showing 3x-5x speed-up compared to standard protocols.
The process, location, and history of Hohokam Buff ware production: some experimental and analytical results

A distinctive red-on-buff pottery, found throughout central and southern Arizona, is a hallmark of prehistoric Hohokam culture. To manufacture it, Hohokam potters used a complicated recipe and controls for firing to chemically manipulate their clay and produce a light-colored fabric on which to paint their red designs. In this study, firing experiments and ceramic analysis are used in conjunction with excavation evidence to evaluate competing ideas about the buff ware manufacturing process, investigate where the pots were made, and model the developmental history of red-on-buff production.
Impact of declines in nutritional status on outcomes in adult patients hospitalized for more than 7 days

Abstract Objective To assess the association between changes in nutritional status in hospitalized patients and the occurrence of infections, complications, length of stay in hospital, and hospital charges. Design A prospective observational study with a retrospective component was conducted over a 7-month interval at a university hospital. Subjects A total of 404 adults (≥18 years old) admitted to the inpatient service for more than 7 days who were not pregnant or lactating and not a psychiatric patient were included. Main outcome measures Major outcome variables included changes in nutritional status as assessed by subjective global assessment (SGA) at hospital admission and discharge, length of stay, hospital charges, complications, and infections. Statistical analysis performed Analysis of variance with a Tukey adjustment for multiple comparisons was used to examine the impact of changes in nutritional status between nutrition change categories for continuous variables (charges and length of stay). Discrete variables were assessed using χ 2 analysis. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals for the development of complications and infections when compared with the reference group. Results Compared with the reference group (normally nourished at admission and discharge), patients who declined nutritionally, regardless of nutritional status at admission, had significantly higher hospital charges ($28,631±1,835 vs $45,762±4,021). Odds of complications were significantly greater for patients who declined nutritionally, regardless of nutritional status at admission, compared with the reference group. Applications/conclusions Declines in patients' nutritional status while they are hospitalized, regardless of their nutritional status at admission, were associated with significantly higher hospital charges and a higher likelihood of complications. Practicing clinicians should make reducing declines in patients' nutritional status a priority regardless of patients' nutritional status at admission. J Am Diet Assoc. 2000:100:1316–1322 .
Multiline hydroxyl tagging velocimetry measurements in reacting and nonreacting experimental flows

A compact micro-lens optical system is developed that produces a 7×7 multi-line optical grid for Hydroxyl Tagging Velocimetry (HTV) and generates at least 49 resolvable velocity vectors. Single-photon photodissociation of ground-state H2O by a ~193-nm ArF excimer laser “writes” a 7×7 beam molecular grid with very long gridlines of superequilibrium OH and H photoproducts in either room air flowfields or in H2-air flames due to the presence of H2O vapor. The displaced OH tag line positions are revealed through fluorescence by A 2 Σ + (v′=0)←X 2 Π i (v″=0) OH excitation using a ~308-nm pulsed frequency-doubled dye laser. Time-of-flight analysis software determines the instantaneous velocity field in either an air nozzle or in a hydrogen/air flame. The OH tag lifetime is measured and compared to theoretical predictions using detailed chemistry. The lifetime of the OH tag is significantly enhanced by the presence of O atoms from 193-nm photodissociation of O2.
Further investigations of the upper critical field and the high field critical current density in Nb-Ti and its alloys

The work described in this report was undertaken, within the context of the 12 Tesla program, to investigate the possibility of increasing the upper critical field, Hc 2 , of Nb-Ti through alloying additions. A preliminary report has previously been given by us. In the first part of this paper we report further measurements of Hc 2 in the Nb-Ti-Ta and Nb-Ti-Hf systems. Whilst we find only small enhacements of ∼0.3 Tesla in μ o Hc 2 (4.2K) compared to binary Nb-Ti, at 2K there is a wide composition range in the Nb-Ti-Ta system where μ o Hc 2 (2K) exceeds 15 Tesla, reaching a maximum of 15.5 Tesla. This represents an enhancements of 1.3 Tesla over unalloyed Nb-Ti. By comparison alloys in the Nb-Ti-Hf system show a maximum enhancement in μ o Hc 2 (2K) of only 0.3 Tesla. The reasons both for the enhancements in Hc 2 and for the differences in behavior systems shown by alloys containing Ta and Hf are briefly discussed. In part II we discuss common features in the behavior of the high field critical current density, J c , of four commercial Nb-Ti composites and upon the basis of this behavior predict the enhancements in the high field J c to be expected from using Nb-Ti-Ta and its alloys.
MANUFACTURING STRATEGY AND ITS IMPORTANCE TO ORGANIZATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS

Manufacturing strategy is an often overlooked aspect of strategic planning in organizations. However, as this article illustrates, firms must move from departmental optimization toward overall organization optimization using a system's approach to best utilize the manufacturing benefits for global competitive success. While the ideas are not new, management continually needs a reminder of the potential of manufacturing to strengthen an organization's competitive ability. Specific examples of integrating manufacturing and the possible positive results are presented. Avenues for future research are also discussed.
Bringing Dinosaur Science to the Junior Girl Scouts Through a College Service-Learning Project

Undergraduate students in an introductory-level geoscience course successfully designed and conducted a science badge day for the Junior Girl Scouts. With national concerns that girls turn away from science at a young age, a service-learning project was incorporated into a college course with the end result providing a group of girls a positive and fun science-learning experience. A number of science and technology badges exist for the Girl Scouts, yet not many of these badges have been completed because of a lack of confidence the troop leaders have in teaching science and a paucity of scheduled science events for the leaders to take their girls. Junior Girl Scout troops were invited to the Pennsylvania State University Delaware County campus to complete a series of hands-on dinosaur science activities that allowed them to earn the Science in Everyday Life badge. At the conclusion of the badge event, the girls reported a greater interest in science, a desire to learn more science, and a desire to complete additional science-related Girl Scout badges.
Theoretical analysis of velocity-selective Raman transitions.

This paper analyzes the use of Raman transitions to select a narrow velocity distribution of atoms. We determine the evolution of the atomic wave function comprised of both the internal state and the external momentum of the atom in the presence of two counterpropagating laser beams. The effects of a single \ensuremath{\pi} pulse, two separated Ramsey \ensuremath{\pi}/2 pulses, and a sequence of four \ensuremath{\pi}/2 pulses are analyzed.
Racial and ethnic differences in unmet need for vision care among children with special health care needs.

Objective To examine racial and ethnic differences in unmet need for vision care among children with special health care needs. Methods Cross-sectional data from the National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs were analyzed. The analytic sample was 14 070 children with special health care needs who needed eyeglasses or vision care in the previous year. Children who did not receive all the eyeglasses or vision care they needed were considered to have unmet need for vision care. Results Of the sample, 5.8%, representing approximately 198 600 children with special health care needs in the United States, had unmet need for vision care. Rates of unmet need ranged from 2.5% to 14.3% across the 7 racial and ethnic groups studied. Relative to whites, children of African American, Latino, and multiracial backgrounds had approximately twice the adjusted risk of unmet need, whereas American Indian or Alaskan Native children had a lower adjusted risk. Health care providers, school personnel, insurance coverage, and other factors also contributed to differences in the risk of unmet need, independently of child race/ethnicity. Conclusion Further research is needed to explain and address the causes of racial and ethnic differences in unmet need for vision care among children with special health care needs.
Update on the High-Current Injector for the Stanford Linear Collider

The high current injector has become operational. There are two crucial areas where improvements must be made to meet collider specifications: 1. While the injector can produce up to 1011 e-in a single S-band bucket, initially much of this charge was captured in a low energy tail and was thus not suitable for transport through the accelerator and injection into the damping ring. 2. Pulse to pulse position jitter has been observed, resulting in transverse wake fields which increase beam emittance. The problems described above contribute to substantial current loss during transport from the injector (40 MeV) to the SLC damping ring (1.2 GeV). Experimental studies are continuing with the aim of understanding and improving beam characteristics including bunch length, pulse to pulse stability and emittance. The present status of these studies is reported.
THEORETICAL STUDY OF THE CH3SCH2OO AND CH3SCH2O RADICALS

Abstract Ab initio calculations at the [QCISD(T)/6-31 + G(2df, p)]//MP2/6-31G(d) level have been applied to CH3SCH2OO, a radical which is thought to be important in the atmospheric oxidation of dimethylsulfide. The geometries of CH3SCH2OO and the related CH3SCH2O radical are similar to other organic radicals of formula RCH2OO and RCH2O (i.e. the SCH3 group does not strongly affect the O2 binding energy or geometry). Isodesmic reactions have been used to calculate heats of formation at 298 K of 5.9 and 7.4 kcal mol for CH3SCH2OO and CH3SCH2O, respectively. In both radicals, the unpaired spin density resides on the terminal oxygen.
Electrophysiologic and mechanical effects of metabolic inhibition of high-energy phosphate production in cultured chick embryo ventricular cells.

The early electrophysiological and mechanical effects of metabolic inhibition of high energy phosphate production were studied in cultured chick embryo heart cells. Selective inhibition of either glycolysis by 2-deoxyglucose in the presence of acetate or of oxidative phosphorylation by cyanide showed different effects. 2-deoxyglucose induced pronounced reduction in maximal diastolic potential and prolongation of excitation-contraction delay, with only a moderate decrease of contractility and with only minimal changes in action potential duration. Cyanide, on the other hand, induced a profound negative inotropic effect and caused slowing of relaxation, shortening of action potential duration, a decrease in the upstroke of the action potential, and only a moderate decrease in the diastolic membrane potential. Exposure to 2-deoxyglucose and cyanide combined produced effects consistent with inhibition of both metabolic pathways. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that these two metabolic pathways may have specific roles in fueling several energy-demanding functions of the myocardial cell.
Angiosarcoma of the scalp treated with mohs micrographic surgery

The idiopathic type of angiosarcoma most commonly occurs on the face and scalp of elderly persons. This rare tumor can be highly aggressive; however, if the diagnosis is made at an early stage, while the tumor is still localized and has a size that is less than 10 cm, surgical excision is the treatment of choice. We report a case whereby Mohs micrographic surgery was used to treat angiosarcoma of scalp.
A finite difference method of solving anisotropic scattering problems.

A new method of solving radiative transfer problems is described including a comparison of its speed with that of the doubling method, and a discussion of its accuracy and suitability for computations involving variable optical properties. The method uses a discretization in angle to produce a coupled set of first-order differential equations which are integrated between discrete depth points to produce a set of recursion relations for symmetric and anti-symmetric angular sums of the radiation field at alternate depth points. The formulation given here includes depth-dependent anisotropic scattering, absorption, and internal sources, and allows arbitrary combinations of specular and non-Lambertian diffuse reflection at either or both boundaries. Numerical tests of the method show that it can return accurate emergent intensities even for large optical depths. The method is also shown to conserve flux to machine accuracy in conservative atmospheres
Market Power in a Securities Market with Endogenous Information

A rational expectations model of a securities market is developed in which one agent, the monopolist, behaves like a Stackelberg leader and other agents behave competitively. Two information structures, one in which each agent has identical information and the other in which each agent has independent information are examined. Equilibrium is shown to exist and is characterized in both cases, but monopoly has a significant effect on the equilibrium only in the latter. The optimal strategy of the Stackelberg leader is also studied, and it is shown that he will not randomize his strategy by adding white noise to his demand function, even though this obfuscates the information content of the market price.
Regulatory effects of estrogen on acute lung inflammation in mice

The role of estrogen in the regulation of the inflammatory response is not well defined. In this study, we investigated the effects of ovarian hormones on the acute inflammatory response in mouse l...
Chinese Family Law in a Common Law Setting

The development of Chinese family law in Malaysia and Singapore provides an interesting case study of an attempt to fuse elements of two disparate legal systems in a foreign social climate. The present court system of Malaysia and Singapore and the adjective law are based in large part upon principles of English common law, while the substantive family law applied to the Chinese people is in part a reflection of “traditional”1 Chinese law. These diverse legal orders function in a social setting which, although substantially influenced by Chinese tradition, is nevertheless a distinct environment, and which on the other hand certainly bears little resemblance to the native habitat of the common law.
STRUCTURAL INEQUALITY AND HOMICIDE: AN ASSESSMENT OF THE BLACK‐WHITE GAP IN KILLINGS

This paper examines the relationship between race and violent crime by directly modeling the racial gap in homicide offending for large central cities for 1990. We evaluate the role of black-white differences in aspects of both disadvantage and resources in explaining which places have wider racial disparities in lethal violence. The results show that where residential segregation is higher, and where whites' levels of homeownership, median income, college graduation, and professional workers exceed those for blacks to a greater degree, African Americans have much higher levels of homicide offending than whites. Based on these results, we conclude that the racial homicide gap is better explained by the greater resources that exist among whites than by the higher levels of disadvantage among blacks.
Improving tool efficiency through automated process window qualification

It is widely understood that a close attention to systematic defect issue is required to succeed in a device development and production of 45 nm and beyond. For 45 nm, use of OPC created tremendous challenges in both optimization and validation of proper amount of optical correction needed1. OPC treatment and variation across wafer have to be controlled and monitored with utmost care where there can be issues near the edge of wafer or under process variations. Generally for 32 nm and beyond, Semiconductor industry's adoption of Immersion and Double Patterning Lithography (DPL) are bringing new challenges in controlling process for best yield. DPL sites can introduce patterning and overlay issues. To introduce a new process or device, Lithography process window must be well understood for faster process development and to prevent catastrophic yield loss. CD and overlay variations must be measured at the most appropriate sites across die and wafer to fully characterize a process. Today Lithography engineers are utilizing various approaches in understanding the process window including CD metrology and Defect inspection using wafers where Focus and Exposure conditions are modulated. Layout and ranges of conditions may vary based on devices and technology. Generally CD metrology provides good sensitivity to the process variation but it is often limited by ability to sample across wafer. Defect inspection provides much wider coverage but requires engineering resources for separating real pattern failure from particles or other pattern noise. In the past Litho process window qualification has been performed requiring much of manual intervention by users. In this paper, we introduce a new technique that enables automatic process window qualification that reduces user intervention while making the procedure repeatable among different users.
Abiotic edaphic factors affecting the growth of a threatened North American Sunflower, Helianthus paradoxus (Asteraceae)

This study evaluated the relationships among soil moisture, soil salinity, and soil oxygen on the growth of Helianthus paradoxus (Asteraceae), a threatened inland salt marsh species of western North America. The study was conducted in large growth boxes (1×2×0.3 m) tilted at an angle to achieve a saturated to dry water gradient similar to that found in the marsh. This experimental design allowed the evaluation of major abiotic factors (soil moisture and soil salinity) which have been shown to be potentially important for this species, while removing major biotic factors, such as competition from other community dominants. Maximum aboveground biomass occurred in the middle rows of the boxes, where surface soil water was reduced and subsurface soil water was intermediate in the gradient. Regression analyses indicated that H. paradoxus would grow best where surface soil water is approximately 5%, subsurface soil water ranges from 20 to 30%, and where surface soil salinity is less than 0.5 g kg−1. Edaphic variables, particularly soil moisture and soil salinity, affect the growth of H. paradoxus. Data presented here suggest that the survival of this species depends on maintenance of the hydrologic regime.
Mutations of the Potassium Channel KCNJ5 Causing Aldosterone-Producing Adenomas: One or Two Hits?

See related article, pp 235–240 Primary aldosteronism is the most common cause of secondary hypertension and is associated with a significant increase in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular morbidity.1 The most common forms of primary aldosteronism are aldosterone-producing adenomas (APAs) and idiopathic hyperaldosteronism with APA responsible for 30% to 50% of cases.1 Recently discovered somatic mutations of the potassium (K+) channel KCNJ5 gene coding for Kir3.4, a potassium inwardly rectifying channel, subfamily 1, member 5, were postulated to cause aldosterone-producing adenomas in 8 of 22 patients.2 Although crucial, the KCNJ5 mutations may not completely explain the histological and molecular findings in APAs; other events, or a “second hit,” may be involved. Three familial hyperaldosteronism (FH) syndromes have been described. FH-I is defined as (glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism) a gene duplication from the crossover recombination of the promoter region of CYP11B1 and most of the coding region of CYP11B2 producing a chimeric gene expressed in the zona fasciculata.3 FH-II is defined as the presence of ≥2 close relatives having hyperaldosteronism (either having APA or idiopathic hyperaldosteronism), in whom genetic testing for the hybrid gene is negative. The etiology of FH-II is unknown, although there is a linkage with chromosomal region 7p22 in some patients.3 FH-III was described in a single affected family in which all 3 of the members had severe hypertension and very high levels of aldosterone and the hybrid steroids 18-hydroxycortisol and 18-oxocortisol that were not glucocorticoid-suppressible4 and required bilateral adrenalectomy to control the hypertension and hyperaldosteronism. The adrenals were very large with massive hyperplasia and hypertrophy of cells with histological features of adrenal fasciculata or transitional zone cells.4 This family was found to have a germinal mutation in the K+-selectivity …
A Maximum Entropy Word Aligner for Arabic-English Machine Translation

This paper presents a maximum entropy word alignment algorithm for Arabic-English based on supervised training data. We demonstrate that it is feasible to create training material for problems in machine translation and that a mixture of supervised and unsupervised methods yields superior performance. The probabilistic model used in the alignment directly models the link decisions. Significant improvement over traditional word alignment techniques is shown as well as improvement on several machine translation tests. Performance of the algorithm is contrasted with human annotation performance.
On Motivated Role Selection: Gender Beliefs, Distant Goals, and Career Interest:

Despite widespread changes in occupational opportunities, men and women continue to show divergent preferences for careers. This research invoked a motivational framework to explain sex-differentiated career interest. From a role congruity perspective (Diekman & Eagly, 2008), the internalization of gender roles leads people to endorse gender-stereotypic goals, which then lead to interest in occupations that afford the pursuit of those goals. Three studies provided evidence for the hypotheses. Study 1 found that male-and female-stereotypic careers were perceived to afford different goals. Studies 2 and 3 found that men and women endorsed different goals and that this gender-normative goal endorsement predicted gender-stereotypic career interest. In addition, structural equation modeling (Study 3) indicated that internalization of gender roles fully accounted for sex-differentiated goal endorsement. These findings thus extend the social role theory framework to consider processes related to self-selection i...
Vaccine-elicited CD8+ T cells protect against respiratory syncytial virus strain A2-line19F-induced pathogenesis in BALB/c mice

CD8+ T cells may contribute to vaccines for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Compared to CD8+ T cells responding to RSV infection, vaccine-elicited anti-RSV CD8+ T cells are less well defined. We used a peptide vaccine to test the hypothesis that vaccine-elicited RSV-specific CD8+ T cells are protective against RSV pathogenesis. BALB/c mice were treated with a mixture (previously termed TriVax) of an M282-90 peptide representing an immunodominant CD8 epitope, the Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist poly(I·C), and a costimulatory anti-CD40 antibody. TriVax vaccination induced potent effector anti-RSV CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Mice were challenged with RSV strain A2-line19F, a model of RSV pathogenesis leading to airway mucin expression. Mice were protected against RSV infection and against RSV-induced airway mucin expression and cellular lung inflammation when challenged 6 days after vaccination. Compared to A2-line19F infection alone, TriVax vaccination followed by challenge resulted in effector CD8+ T cells with greater cytokine expression and the more rapid appearance of RSV-specific CD8+ T cells in the lung. When challenged 42 days after TriVax vaccination, memory CD8+ T cells were elicited with RSV-specific tetramer responses equivalent to TriVax-induced effector CD8+ T cells. These memory CD8+ T cells had lower cytokine expression than effector CD8+ T cells, and protection against A2-line19F was partial during the memory phase. We found that vaccine-elicited effector anti-RSV CD8+ T cells protected mice against RSV infection and pathogenesis, and waning protection correlated with reduced CD8+ T cell cytokine expression.
Trends affecting social media: implications for practitioners and researchers

Purpose – This paper aims to review relevant literature to identify trends affecting social media to help managers and researchers better understand social media; this paper also provides the implications of these trends for mangers and researchers. Social media is viewed as a credible source of information from consumers who have experienced travel products. The user-generated content these consumers post on social media Web sites influences those who read their posts or view aggregate ratings of multiple reviews about a product. It can move the reader to either purchase or not purchase the products. Social media is an important source of consumer information and can create new customers. Design/methodology/approach – The paper reviewed both academic and trade literature to provide an overview of social trends that are relevant to practitioners. Findings – The author identified four trends: millennials replacing baby boomers as the major business travel segment, increased use of mobile devices, dynamic p...
Data and phenomena: a restatement and defense

This paper provides a restatement and defense of the data/ phenomena distinction introduced by Jim Bogen and me several decades ago (e.g., Bogen and Woodward, The Philosophical Review, 303–352, 1988). Additional motivation for the distinction is introduced, ideas surrounding the distinction are clarified, and an attempt is made to respond to several criticisms.
Interactions between query optimization and concurrency control

The author argues the importance of and need for taking into consideration concurrency control related issues in making query optimization and query processing decisions. Such considerations are very important not only for attaining good performance, but also for assuring the correctness of the results returned to the users under certain circumstances. Some of the topics that they deal with include degrees of consistency or isolation levels (repeatable read, cursor stability, . . .), lock escalation, blocking of results and use of multiple indexes for a single table access (i.e. index AND/ORing). They identify some of the pieces of information relating to locking that must be available to the optimizer for it to make intelligent decisions. They also identify some situations in which locking can be avoided by taking advantage of the isolation level of the query being executed. >
Theory-driven development of a comprehensive turnover-attachment motive survey

Recent studies propose a theoretical framework of “eight forces” that purportedly captures all the distinct motives causing voluntary turnover decisions. Based on this framework, we develop the Turnover-Attachment Motive Survey (TAMS) consisting of 18 scales, the most comprehensive model-based turnover antecedent survey to date, facilitating more fully specified research models and more systematic diagnoses of turnover causes. Moreover, findings support behavioral inertia against quitting, psychological dissonance costs of quitting, supervisor continuance attachment, and coworker continuance attachment as significant predictors of turnover behavior for the first time in the literature. Overall, findings do suggest that our 18-scale survey demonstrated adequate psychometric properties to justify its further use and development. We finally discuss the many uses of the TAMS for both turnover researchers and practitioners. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mal de débarquement syndrome: Review and proposed diagnostic criteria.

Mal de debarquement syndrome (MdDS) is a rare cause of imbalance encountered in a neurology practice. However, it consists of classic features that the practicing neurologist should be able to recognize when evaluating a patient with dizziness. It is characterized by a feeling of rocking and swaying, and typically follows prolonged exposure to motion, such as being on a boat or plane. In this review article, we provide the clinical neurologist with the history of this disorder followed by illustrative cases of patients diagnosed with MdDS. Next we present proposed criteria for aiding in diagnosis. Finally, we will discuss a differential diagnosis for the syndrome, insights into the possible pathophysiology, current treatments, and future directions in management.
Radiology and Political Lobbying: The Psychology Holding Us Back

In 2011, fewer than 5% of all radiologists gave to the Radiology Advocacy Alliance Political Action Committee, the political lobbying arm of the ACR. Although the ACR and its political action committee, and those who have contributed their time and energies to them, deserve tremendous credit and have enjoyed many successes, thisdoesnot change the fact that both our specialty and physicians as a whole have been remarkably uninvolved in thepoliticalprocess relative to many other groups. For example, the American Association for Justice, a political action committee for trial lawyers, spent 6 times as much on direct lobbying efforts. Whatare thepsychologicalobstacles holdingusback fromanactivity socritical to our livelihood and the future viability of our specialty? I believe there are 5 main psychological barriers we must acknowledge and hopefully overcome.
Discovering novel cancer therapies: A computational modeling and search approach

Solid tumors must recruit new blood vessels for growth and maintenance. Discovering drugs that block this tumor-induced development of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) is an important approach in cancer treatment. However, the complexity of angiogenesis and the difficulty in implementing and evaluating rationally-designed treatments prevent the discovery of effective new therapies. This paper presents a massively parallel computational search-based approach for the discovery of novel potential cancer treatments using a high fidelity simulation of angiogenesis. Discovering new therapies is viewed as multi-objective combinatorial optimization over two competing objectives: minimizing the cost of developing the intervention while minimizing the oxygen provided to the cancer tumor by angiogenesis. Results show the effectiveness of the search process in finding interventions that are currently in use and more interestingly, discovering some new approaches that are counter intuitive yet effective.
SOCIAL IMPACTS OF HURRICANE KATRINA ON DISPLACED K–12 STUDENTS AND EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN COASTAL ALABAMA COUNTIES: SOME PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS

Hurricane Katrina devastated communities along the Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama Gulf coast. Over 300,000 students were displaced and evacuees relocated throughout the United States. K–12 schools in Mobile and Baldwin counties, situated along coastal Alabama, hosted 3,681 students from the devastated areas. From an analysis of quantitative data and qualitative information obtained from school personnel, we summarize problems and issues that characterized displaced students, families, and host schools. Suggestions for immediate and long-term support for host K–12 schools and displaced families are provided along with suggestions for future research.
The Great War and Modern Health Care

World War I is believed to have ushered in modern medicine and the modern hospital, but an equally important contribution was the establishment of rehabilitation medicine, a specialty that helped pave the way for the creation of the Veterans Administration.
Fiber Optic Biosensors: Potential Designs for Fermentation Sensing

Current analytical methods for the continuous in-situ monitoring of bioanalytes in fermentation or cell culture systems are dominated by electrode-based sensors. Fiber optic sensors, however, are increasingly being recognized as viable alternatives to electrochemical designs and, indeed, have many advantages over the use of electrode type sensors [1]. These advantages include electromagnetic immunity, physical separation of the sample and the instrument, and the ability to multiplex many sensors to a central instrument. Fiber optic sensors are relatively easy to miniaturize which can lead to the development of small, light and flexible instrumentation.
Anomalies and the Atiyah-Singer Theorem

Ideally, we would want a truly unified theory of all known interactions to satisfy at least two criteria: (1) It must be based on simple physical assumptions, expressed in terms of a new geometry, which will allow no more than one coupling constant. (2) It must yield a finite theory of gravity coupled to the minimal SU(3) ⊗ SU(2) ⊗ U(1) model of particle interactions.
Getting the Right Answers for the Right Reasons: Toward Predictive Molecular Simulations of Water with Many-Body Potential Energy Functions.

ConspectusThe central role played by water in fundamental processes relevant to different disciplines, including chemistry, physics, biology, materials science, geology, and climate research, cannot be overemphasized. It is thus not surprising that, since the pioneering work by Stillinger and Rahman, many theoretical and computational studies have attempted to develop a microscopic description of the unique properties of water under different thermodynamic conditions. Consequently, numerous molecular models based on either molecular mechanics or ab initio approaches have been proposed over the years. However, despite continued progress, the correct prediction of the properties of water from small gas-phase clusters to the liquid phase and ice through a single molecular model remains challenging. To large extent, this is due to the difficulties encountered in the accurate modeling of the underlying hydrogen-bond network in which both number and strength of the hydrogen bonds vary continuously as a result o...
Evidence of Successful Spawning and Other Life-History Aspects of Alosa sapidissima (American Shad) in the Penobscot River and Estuary

Abstract Diadromous fish populations in Maine are near historically low levels. In the Penobscot River, ME, annual runs of Alosa sapidissima (American Shad) numbered in the millions prior to a collapse in abundance in the late 19th century. Today, the vast majority of historical American Shad spawning habitat is inaccessible to the fish; thus, there is uncertainty in terms of origin of the few extant American Shad that remain in the Penobscot. We used several types of sampling gear in the lower Penobscot River and Penobscot estuary as part of a community survey that documented the presence of juvenile American Shad throughout the estuary from July through August 2012. Our surveys indicated the presence of premetamorphic American Shad upstream of a salinity barrier, and therefore we conclude that there is a population of American Shad successfully spawning in the Penobscot River. Such evidence of a local stock is vitally important as managers weigh restoration options, such as stocking with donor stocks, e...
Multi-echo fMRI replication sample of autobiographical memory, prospection and theory of mind reasoning tasks.

The default network is involved in self-generated thought, a class of cognition that includes autobiographical memory, prospection, and reasoning about the mental states of others. We collected a replication sample of Spreng and Grady (J Cogn. Neurosci. 22, 1112–1123, 2010), confirming that the default network differentially supports each of these forms of self-generated thought. Here we describe this dataset of multi-echo fMRI data in 31 young adults during autobiographical remembering, imagining, and mentalizing; we also provide an additional resting-state scan for each subject. In this new sample, the findings from the original report are successfully replicated using the same analysis. Physiological measures were additionally collected and allow for interrogation of the impact of multi-echo independent components preprocessing both in task and rest. Future work on this dataset may provide insight into evoked brain response for cued self-generated thought, International Affective Picture System viewing, resting state dynamics, preprocessing procedures, and more. The dataset is accompanied by experimental code for independent behavioral data collection. Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data (ISA-Tab format)
Demography of Invasive Black and Pale Swallow-Wort Populations in New York

Abstract Vincetoxicum nigrum (Black Swallow-wort) and Vincetoxicum rossicum (Pale Swallow-wort) are perennial, twining vines introduced from Europe. Both species have become invasive in northeastern North America in a variety of habitats. To develop parameters for a population model for evaluating the control of swallow-worts, including biological control, we collected data from 5 life stages on 20 different demographic rates involving fecundity, germination, survival, and growth. We monitored 2 field and 2 forest populations of Pale Swallow-wort, and 2 field populations of Black Swallow-wort in New York State using a combination of marked individuals and sowing plots. Both species showed moderate to high rates of seed germination and high survival of seedlings, with the primary exception of a heavily shaded forest population. Survival generally continued to remain high postestablishment, although transitions to different life stages varied by species, location, and habitat. Black Swallow-wort became repr...
Robotic Low Anterior Resection

Robotic low anterior resection is performed for patients with carcinoma of the rectum that does not involve the anal sphincters. This chapter describes indications, essential steps, variations, and complications of this procedure. It provides a detailed template operative note for the procedure.
The combined impact of social support and perceived stress on quality of life in adults with autism spectrum disorder and without intellectual disability

Identifying modifiable correlates of good quality of life in adults with autism spectrum disorder is of paramount importance for intervention development as the population of adults with autism spectrum disorder increases. This study sought to examine social support and perceived stress as potential modifiable correlates of quality of life in adults with autism spectrum disorder. We hypothesized that adults with autism spectrum disorder without co-occurring intellectual disabilities ( N = 40; aged 18-44 years) would report lower levels of social support and quality of life than typical community volunteers who were matched for age, sex, and race ( N = 25). We additionally hypothesized that social support would buffer the effect of perceived stress on quality of life in adults with autism spectrum disorder. Results indicated that adults with autism spectrum disorder reported significantly lower levels of social support and quality of life than matched typical community volunteers. In addition, findings showed significant direct effects of social support and perceived stress on quality of life in adults with autism spectrum disorder. Social support did not buffer the effect of perceived stress on quality of life. Interventions that teach adults with autism spectrum disorder skills to help them better manage stress and cultivate supportive social relationships have the potential to improve quality of life.
TMI: thread memory isolation for false sharing repair

Cache contention in the form of false sharing and true sharing arises when threads overshare cache lines at high frequency. Such oversharing can reduce or negate the performance benefits of parallel execution. Prior systems for detecting and repairing cache contention lack efficiency in detection or repair, contain subtle memory consistency flaws, or require invasive changes to the program environment. In this paper, we introduce a new way to combat cache line oversharing via the Thread Memory Isolation (TMI) system. TMI operates completely in userspace, leveraging performance counters and the Linux ptrace mechanism to tread lightly on monitored applications, intervening only when necessary. TMI’s compatible-by-default design allows it to scale to real-world workloads, unlike previous proposals. TMI introduces a novel code-centric consistency model to handle cross-language memory consistency issues. TMI exploits the flexibility of code-centric consistency to efficiently repair false sharing while preserving strong consistency model semantics when necessary. TMI has minimal impact on programs without oversharing, slowing their execution by just 2% on average. We also evaluate TMI on benchmarks with known false sharing, and manually inject a false sharing bug into the leveldb key-value store from Google. For these programs, TMI provides an average speedup of 5.2x and achieves 88% of the speedup possible with manual source code fixes. CCS CONCEPTS • Computer systems organization $\rightarrow$ Multicore architectures; • Software and its engineering $\rightarrow$ Runtime environments;
Thermal Disadvantage Factors in Very Undermoderated Water-Uranium Oxide Lattices*

(1965). Thermal Disadvantage Factors in Very Undermoderated Water-Uranium Oxide Lattices. Nuclear Science and Engineering: Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 393-395.
Unstable by design

Quasars - the most luminous type of active galactic nuclei in the Universe - may not be active all the time. There is a growing consensus that quasars may have unstable galactic disks and therefore radiate only 10% of the time. If all observed quasars represent the outburst state, then this would explain how they can be so luminous without running out of fuel.
RADIATION TRANSFER IN THE ATMOSPHERE | Radiation, Solar

Almost all known physical and biological cycles in the Earth's system are driven by the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the Sun, known as solar radiation. Solar radiation is also the major cause of climate change that is truly from outside the Earth's system.
The power of post-racial: an exploration of post-racial rhetoric’s influence on candidate evaluations

While there has been much discussion among scholars and pundits about whether American society has become post-racial since 2008, the conversation has yet to delve into how politicians who call for...