cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gerbich blood group system

This chapter discusses the Gerbich blood group system. The terminology, expression, database accession numbers, and the carrier molecule related to the Gerbich blood group system are also reviewed. The Gerbich blood group became a system in 1990. The function and disease association of this blood group system is also discussed. This blood group aids in the maintenance of the red blood cell (RBC) membrane integrity via interaction with protein 4.1. It also contributes to the negatively charged glycocalyx. Glycophorin C (GPC) and glycophorin D (GPD) are markedly reduced in protein 4.1-deficient RBCs and can be associated with hereditary elliptocytosis. The majority of RBC samples with Leach or Gerbich phenotypes have a weak expression of the Kell blood group system antigens. The chapter also discusses the terminology, occurrence, and expression of Ge2-, Ge3-, and Ge4-antigens.
Cholera Toxin-Induced Glycoprotein Secretion in Rabbit Small Intestine

Few studies are available defining the mechanisms involved in the control of intestinal glycoprotein secretion, including the role of cyclic nucleotides. As suggested by the routine appearance of rice-water stools in Asiatic cholera, cholera toxin appears to have a stimulatory effect on intestinal glycoprotein secretion. In this study we report the effect of crude cholera toxin on in vivo rabbit intestinal glycoprotein secretion for up to 12 hr. Intraluminal toxin exposure markedly increased ileal mucosal cAMP content and net fluid secretion. Glycoprotein secretion as measured by hexosamine output in acid-precipitable, lipid-free material increased markedly in both ileal and jejunal loops when compared with control (heat-inactivated toxin). Peak output was observed at 4-5 hr, followed by a rapid decline to a new, but increased, steady-state rate of secretion. An identical glycoprotein secretion' pattern was observed when purified cholera enterotoxin was used. To investigate the relationship of ion transport to glycoprotein secretion, hypertonic mannitol (450 mOsm/kg) was used as an osmotic stimulus of fluid secretion. Fluid output was as rapid as noted after cholera toxin, but glycoprotein secretion was not significantly different from control, suggesting that intestinal glycoprotein secretion after cholera toxin is not simply a result of fluid movement. Intraarterial theophylline was infused at 10 μmol/min for 4 hr in order to further implicate increased mucosal cAMP content in the control of glycoprotein secretion. Both fluid and glycoprotein secretion were increased by theophylline, supporting the hypothesis that cholera toxin-stimulated glycoprotein output is mediated by cAMP. Lastly, the mucosal glycoprotein content of ileal mucosa was measured after cholera toxin exposure and noted to decrease by 40% after 8 hr. We conclude that cholera toxin is a potent stimulus for intestinal glycoprotein secretion. This increased output of glycoproteins appears to be controlled by increased levels of mucosal cAMP, rather than simply being a consequence of net fluid secretion. Based on the pattern of glycoprotein output, cholera toxin may stimulate intestinal glycoprotein biosynthesis in addition to stimulating intestinal secretion of glycoproteins.
IRMA: An Image Registration Meta-algorithm

IRMA is a meta-algorithmfor image registration (image alignment), evaluating results under multiple metrics using the LONI Pipeline workflow infrastructure, on the LONI/CCB grid computing facility. IRMA manages these results in a model base implemented with PostgreSQL. It permits scientists to catalog the results such as provenance information, and permits subsequent mining -- exploring the space of alternatives in an organized fashion and building understanding about individual algorithms, and learn about strengths and weaknesses of algorithms over time.
cDNA cloning and deduced amino acid sequence of microvitellogenin, a female specific hemolymph and egg protein from the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta

Microvitellogenin is a female-specific yolk protein from the tobacco hornworm moth Manduca sexta. A cDNA library was constructed from poly(A)+ RNA isolated from adult female fat body. cDNA clones of mRNA for microvitellogenin were isolated by using antiserum against microvitellogenin. Northern blot analysis of poly(A)+ RNA isolated from different life stages and sexes reveals that mRNA coding for microvitellogenin is only present in adult female fat body. Immunoprecipitation of the protein product translated from hybrid selected mRNA indicates that the cDNA clone is specific for microvitellogenin. The complete nucleotide sequence of the 834-base pair cDNA insert has been determined by the dideoxy chain termination method. The cDNA sequence predicts that microvitellogenin is a protein of 232 residues with a calculated molecular weight of 26,201. The cDNA also predicts an amino-terminal extension of 17 residues which are not present in the mature form. This sequence appears to be a signal peptide. A comparison of the translated amino acid sequence with the sequences in the National Biomedical Foundation protein library did not establish any sequence homology with other known proteins.
The human genome project and international health

THE HUMAN genome project is a "public good" in the best sense. The purpose of the project is to construct common resources for the study of human genetics. The first fruits will be the development of several kinds of maps of the human genome, and those of other organisms, to permit rapid isolation of genes for further study about DNA structure and function. The major impact of the genome project on medicine will be a slow but steady conceptual evolution—a change in the way that we think about disease and normal physiology. A century ago, a revolution in medicine was in full stride following the discovery of infectious organisms and the dawn of bacteriology. Over the course of the century, the conceptual base of medicine has broadened from gross anatomy of organs to cellular biology to dissection of biochemical pathways. The next step is to study the most fundamental elements
Fertility and population regulation

Abstract Using data from two sample survey studies of fertility in the United States, the authors report that the mean coital frequency of women taking the pill exceeds the average for women using all other contraceptive methods. However, in time to conception, the data indicate that when all factors are taken into account there is no difference in the time required to conceive between women who had previously used the pill and those who had used other methods of contraception.
Ice-age climate and continental ice sheets: some experiments with a general circulation model

The climatic influence of the land ice which existed 18 ka BP is investigated using a climate model developed at the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The model consists of an atmospheric general circulation model coupled with a static mixed layer ocean model. Simulated climates are obtained from each of two versions of the model: one with the land-ice distribution of the present and the other with that of 18 ka BP. In the northern hemisphere, the difference in the distribution of sea surface temperature (SST) between the two experiments resembles the difference between the SST at 18 ka BP and at present as estimated by CLIMAP Project Members (1981). In the northern hemisphere a substantial lowering of air temperature also occurs in winter, with a less pronounced cooling during summer. The mid-tropospheric flow field is influenced by the Laurentide ice sheet and features a split jet stream straddling the ice sheet and a long wave trough along the east coast of North America. In the southern hemisphere of 18 ka BP, the ice sheet has little influence on temperature. An examination of hemispheric heat balances indicates that this is because only a small change in interhemispheric heat transport exists, as the In situ radiative compensation in the northern hemisphere counterbalances the effective reflection of solar radiation by continental ice sheets. Hydrologic changes in the model climate are also found, with statistically significant decreases in soil moisture occurring in a zone located to the south of the ice sheets in North America and Eurasia. These findings are consistent with some geological evidence of regionally drier climates from the last glacial maximum.
A Tutorial of Survival Modeling to Capture Covariate Effect

Mixture modeling in general and expectation–maximization in particular are too cumbersome and confusing for applied health researchers. Consequently, the full potential of mixture modeling is not realized. To remedy the deficiency, this tutorial article is prepared. This article addresses important applied problems in survival analysis and handles them in deeper generality than the existing work, especially from the point of view of taking covariates into account. In specific, the article demonstrates the concepts, tools, and inferencial procedure of mixture modeling using head-and-neck cancer data and survival time after heart transplant surgery data.
Dynamic Fracture of Beam under Transverse Load

The dynamic fracture response of a long beam of brittle elastic material subjected to a transverse time-dependent concentrated load is investigated. If the magnitude of this load is increased to a critical value, a crack will propagate from the tensile side of that cross section. An analysis is presented which relates the transverse force, the bending moment, the axial force, and the crack length at the fracturing section. Consequently, the crack length and other parameters of interest can be determined for any given force. The analysis is applied to several specific examples and typical results are presented. If the value of the elastic modulus is appropriately modified, the results also apply for plane strain fracture of a plate subjected to a line load.
Preeclampsia is associated with low concentrations of protein Z

Objective. Protein Z, a vitamin K-dependent plasma protein, has an important role in the regulation of the coagulation cascade. Protein Z deficiency has been associated with unexplained pregnancy loss and adverse pregnancy outcome in patients with thrombophilia. This study was conducted to determine if preeclampsia (PE), small for gestational age (SGA), and fetal demise are associated with changes in maternal plasma concentrations of protein Z.Study design. This cross-sectional study included normal pregnant women (N = 71), patients with PE (N = 130), patients who delivered an SGA neonate (N = 58), and patients with fetal demise (N = 58). Maternal plasma protein Z concentrations were measured by a sensitive and specific immunoassay. Protein Z deficiency was defined as maternal plasma concentrations ≤5th percentile of the normal pregnancy group (≤1.59 µg/mL). Non-parametric statistics were used for analysis.Results. (1) Patients with PE had a lower median plasma concentration of protein Z than normal pregn...
The realism that duhem rejected in Copernicus

Pierre Duhem rejected unambiguously the strong version of realism that he believed was held by Copernicus. In fact, although Copernicus believed that his theory was clearly superior to Ptolemy's, he seems to have recognized that his theory was at best only approximately true. Accordingly, he recognized that his arguments were not demonstrative in the traditional sense but probable and persuasive. Duhem regarded even the belief in probably true explanations as misguided. Nevertheless, Duhem recognized that, even if metaphysical intuition does not enter into the content of physical theories, the rejection of hypotheses could be explained only by appeal to common sense. Hence, Duhem held a qualified instrumentalism according to which physical theories are not realist, but the terms of ordinary experience and empirical laws are realist. Accordingly, Duhem rejected the complete subordination of science to philosophy as well as the complete separation of science from philosophy. Duhem's history of cosmological doctrines reflects his belief in the origin of the subordination of science to philosophy and of the struggle to achieve the proper balance without being driven to the opposite extreme of their complete separation.
A technique for the management of the open abdomen in the presence of a fistula

The third stage ofdamage control (DC III) is a critical phase of thepatient’s care. Following unpacking and restorationof gastrointestinal continuity, the ﬁnal step of DC IIIis closure of the abdominal wall. Frequently, this isnotpossibleasaresultofcontinuedboweledemaorretroperitoneal hematoma. In these patients theabdomen has to be managed open, eventually fol-lowedbyeitherdelayedclosureortheplacementofan absorbable mesh and subsequent delayed skingrafting. Even with meticulous care and dailyabdominal washouts, the incidence of ﬁstula forma-tion during this process is signiﬁcant.
Quantum mobility, configurational entropy, and mössbauer spectroscopy of impurity atoms in crystals

Abstract J.G. Dash has attributed the third law loss of configurational entropy in impure crystals to the quantum mobility of the impurity atoms which persists down to absolute zero temperature. Thermal evidence of quantum mobility in crystals has not yet been observed, presumably due to the extremely small mobility band widths. It is shown that Mossbauer spectroscopy can be used to measure mobility band widths with a minimum of cryogenic difficulty.
Prediction of breakthrough curves of oxygen—nitrogen coadsorption system on molecular sieves

Abstract The coadsorption breakthrough curves of oxygen—nitrogen on 5A zeolite molecular sieve (MSZ-5A) and carbon molecular sieve (MSC) are predicted theoretically and compared with experimental data. According to the binary equilibrium isotherms, the theoretical isothermal model for coadsorption fixed bed has been established under consideration of the effect of the solid phase mass transfer resistance. The breakthrough curves are obtained by solving the above model numerically for oxygen—nitrogen system in fixed beds of MSZ-5A and MSC at 293.15 K and 392 kPa. The data of pure component isotherms are used to obtain the numerical solution. The predicted curves are in good agreement with the experimental data.
Differentiating between body fat and lean mass—how should we measure obesity?

Patients defined as overweight or obese on the basis of BMI have reduced mortality and cardiovascular risk when compared with their normal-weight counterparts. The authors of this Viewpoint propose that these paradoxical results might reflect how obesity is currently measured and highlight the importance of differentiating between body fat and lean mass.
The deactivation of impregnated type cathodes due to metal vapors

Introduction Thermionic cathodes used in microwave tubes are frequently affected by their environment. The use of metallic brazes and base metals in the construction of a microwave tube device, warrants a study of the poisoning effect of metal vapors on the emission properties of thermionic cathodes. An investigation was therefore undertaken to determine the influence of various metal vapors on the impregnatedtype cathode. Results are presented that indicate the influence of various metal vapors on the emission properties of thermionic cathodes as a function of metal vapor temperatures.
Adsorption of a Cationic Dye Molecule on Polystyrene Microspheres in Colloids: Effect of Surface Charge and Composition Probed by Second Harmonic Generation

Nonlinear optical probe, second harmonic generation (SHG), of the adsorption of the dye molecule malachite green (MG), in cationic form at pH ≤ 5, on polystyrene microspheres in aqueous solution is used to study the effect of surface charge and composition on molecular adsorption. Three types of polystyrene microspheres with different surface composition are investigated: (1) a sulfate terminated, anionic surface, (2) a neutral surface without any functional group termination, and (3) an amine terminated, cationic surface. The cationic dye was found to adsorb at all three surfaces, regardless of surface charge. The adsorption free energies, ΔG's, measured for the three surfaces are −12.67, −12.39, and −10.46 kcal/mol, respectively, with the trend as expected from the charge interactions. The adsorption density on the anionic surface, where attractive charge−charge interaction dominates, is determined by the surface negative charge density. The adsorption densities on the neutral and cationic surfaces are...
Methodology for Evaluating and Optimizing Infrared Interpretations

With the use of spectral information, a means is reported for evaluating and optimizing infrared (IR) interpretations. A procedure is described for numerically estimating the spectral difference between the interpreted IR spectrum and a synthetic spectrum composed of the characteristic subspectra of the functional groups in the interpretation. The expectation value assigned to each functional group by an interpreter can then be modified to minimize the estimated numerical differences and improve the quality of the interpretation.
The appeal to efficiency as narrative closure: Lyndon Johnson and the Dominican crisis, 1965

This essay examines the possibility that public approval for a foreign policy action can be based, in part, upon the perception that the action has been effective. Lyndon Johnson's rhetorical justification for the Dominican intervention of 1965 is used here as a case study. Specifically, this essay argues that Johnson was able to secure public support for the intervention by means of a detailed rhetorical narrative. This narrative was able to stress the efficacy of the President's actions by providing the public with a sense of closure, an element noticeably absent from Cold War rhetoric in general.
From Diaspora to Nomadic Identity in the Work of Lispector and Felinto

In her article "From Diaspora to Nomadic Identity in the Work of Lispector and Felinto" Paula Jordao analyzes Clarice Lispector's A Hora da Estrela (1977; The Hour of the Star, Trans. Giovanni Pontiero, 1992) and Marilene Felinto's As Mulheres de Tijucopapo (1982; The Women of Tijucopapo, trans. Irene Matthews, 1994). Despite being stylistically different, Lispector's A Hora da Estrela and Felinto's As Mulheres de Tijucopapo depict protagonists who share the same social and ethnic background and diasporic identity as women from the Northeast of Brazil. A closer look at the narrative trajectory of these two main characters shows us that they complement each other in the questioning and reformulation of their female identity. Although in a completely different way, they both defy a stereotyped female identity built upon patriarchal standards and put forth a nomadic identity in which memory, trauma, and gender play a central role. As "conscious pariahs," they are maybe the promise of the "New Brazilian Woman." Paola Jordao, "From Diaspora to Nomadic Identity in the Work of Lispector and Felinto" page 2 of 9 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 11.3 (2009): Thematic Issue, Politics and Identity in Lusophone Literature and Film. Ed. Patricia I. Vieira
The vibration-rotation problem in triatomic molecules allowing for a large-amplitude bending vibration

Abstract In this paper we derive an expression for the vibration-rotation Hamiltonian of a triatomic molecule. In the derivation we use a curvilinear bending coordinate and two rectilinear stretching coordinates in such a way that the Hamiltonian obtained is applicable for any triatomic molecule, linear or bent, and allows for large displacements of the bending coordinate (sometimes said to result from the molecule being “quasi-linear” but, in fact, of general occurrence). We derive a zeroth-order Hamiltonian to describe the energy levels associated with the bending vibration, and are able to fit the experimental results on HCN and DCN better than if we had used the standard formalism of rectilinear (and small) displacements. We also use the formalism to describe the dependence of the rotational constant B on the bending vibrational quantum number and apply the results to the microwave data on CsOH and CsOD.
Report of a case of cor biloculare with persistent truncus arteriosus

Abstract A case of cor biloculare with persistent truncus arteriosus in a three-day-old infant, with the unusual feature that cyanosis occurred only shortly before death, is presented. The blood flow through the lesser circulation was markedly increased at the time of birth, so that the systemic blood was well aerated or oxygenated, at least to the subcyanotic level; death was caused by diversion of some of the blood from the lesser to the greater circulation, thereby lessening the total output of oxygenated blood.
The Psychology of Terrorism: An Agenda for the 21st Century

Research on political terrorism, which began in the early 1970s, faces some persistent problems. These involve defining the concept, collecting empirical data, building integrative theory, and avoiding the attribution of terrorism to personality disorders or “irrationality.” Furthermore, analysis risks being driven by events or the concerns of policymakers. Nevertheless, it is generally accepted that psychological explanations of terrorism must take multiple levels of analysis into account, linking the individual to the group and to society. Future research should critically examine the assumption that a “new terrorism” has appeared at the end of the 20th century. Analysts should also take advantage of 30 years of history to develop comparisons and developmental studies that look not only at the causes of terrorism but at changes in terrorist strategy, the termination of terrorist campaigns, government decision-making, and policy effectiveness.
Application of frequency-domain analysis to RHEED oscillation data: time dependence of AlGaAs growth rates

Abstract Frequency-domain techniques have been applied to the analysis of RHEED oscillation data taken during MBE growth of AlGaAs at substrate temperatures from 580 to 790°C and at various V/III ratios. In addition to permitting rapid and highly accurate measurements of RHEED oscillation frequencies under normal growth conditions, frequency-domain techniques allow these frequencies to be determined when the RHEED data are too noisy to be analyzed by conventional time-domain techniques. Frequency-domain techniques also have the capability of analyzing the time evolution of the RHEED frequencies obtained immediately after growth is restarted following interruption of the group III flux. For AlGaAs growth at substrate temperatures above 700°C, we have observed that the frequency decreases substantially during deposition of the first few monolayers. This variation leads to errors in growth rates evaluated by conventional RHEED analysis.
Evidence for pore-like opening of the blood-brain barrier following forebrain ischemia in rats

The nature of the delayed blood-brain barrier (BBB) opening that occurs in rats subjected to forebrain ischemia by the technique of two-vessel (carotid) occlusion plus hypovolemic hypotension (2VO ischemia) was probed by examining the simultaneous, trans-barrier movement of two hydrophilic, normally poorly permeative solutes of markedly different molecular size: sucrose (MW = 342) and inulin (MW approximately 5000). Pentobarbital-anesthetized, male, Sprague-Dawley rats (342-374 g) were subjected to 10 min of 2VO ischemia (tympanic temperature, 37.5-38.0 degrees C); 6 h later they were reanesthetized and, along with non-ischemic controls, injected i.v. with [14C]sucrose and [3H]inulin. Transfer constants (Kis) for blood-to-brain movement of the tracers and Vis (apparent initial volumes of tracer distribution) were determined for six brain regions by the multiple-time, graphical method (tracer circulation times from 3 to 30 min). Vis differed little or insignificantly between the two tracers, or between control and post-ischemic rats; the values did not suggest appreciable endothelial binding of either tracer that might lead to its uptake by adsorptive-phase endocytosis. In the controls, regional Kis +/- S.E.M. (nl g(-1) s(-1)) for inulin ranged from 0.18 +/- 0.04 to 0.31 +/- 0.09 and were significantly lower (P < 0.01) than Kis for sucrose (1.53 +/- 0.16-1.91 +/- 0.29). The Ki ratio (sucrose/inulin) across brain regions (mean, 6.6; S.E.M., 0.6) was much lower than would be expected according to the concept that movement of most organic non-electrolytes across the intact BBB occurs by dissolution in and diffusion through endothelial cell plasma membranes, at a rate proportional to the lipid solubility and diffusivity of the solute. This finding is interpreted as indicating that a portion of the transfer of sucrose and inulin occurred by a mechanism other than dissolution-diffusion (e.g., via pores or vesicles). In the post-ischemic rats, Kis for both tracers were elevated significantly (P < 0.01) in parietal cortex, striatum, hippocampus, and midbrain. The post-ischemic increases (delta Kis) in these regions were greater for sucrose (1.90-3.31 nl g(-1) s(-1)) than for inulin (0.80-1.33). Across brain regions the ratio between sucrose delta Ki and inulin delta Ki averaged 2.9 (S.E.M., 0.2), a value significantly greater than the ratio of 1 that would be expected were the BBB opening due to an enhancement of micropinocytosis and vesicular transport. The correspondence of the mean delta Ki ratio with the ratio of the free diffusion coefficients of the tracers (D(f, suc)/D(f, inu) = 2.9; water, 38 degrees C) suggests that the delayed opening of the BBB following 2VO ischemia involves the formation of trans- or paracellular, aqueous pores or channels.
Standard‐Weight Curves Derived from Texas Length and Weight Data

Abstract Standard-weight (Ws ) curves for 22 fish species in Texas were derived from statewide length and weight data by means of log-transformed regressions of 75th-percentile weights for 10-mm total length classes. When curves for 12 of the species were compared with standard-weight curves published or used elsewhere, they were significantly different in each case. These results indicate that regional standard-weight curves may be appropriate for managing some species.
Microstructures and Nanostructures for Environmental Carbon Nanotubes and Nanoparticulate Soots

This paper examines the microstructures and nanostructures for natural (mined) chrysotile asbestos nanotubes (Mg3 Si2O5 (OH)4) in comparison with commercial multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), utilizing scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM). Black carbon (BC) and a variety of specific soot particulate (aggregate) microstructures and nanostructures are also examined comparatively by SEM and TEM. A range of MWCNTs collected in the environment (both indoor and outdoor) are also examined and shown to be similar to some commercial MWCNTs but to exhibit a diversity of microstructures and nanostructures, including aggregation with other multiconcentric fullerenic nanoparticles. MWCNTs formed in the environment nucleate from special hemispherical graphene “caps” and there is evidence for preferential or energetically favorable chiralities, tube growth, and closing. The multiconcentric graphene tubes (~5 to 50 nm diameter) differentiate themselves from multiconcentric fullerenic nanoparticles and especially turbostratic BC and carbonaceous soot nanospherules (~8 to 80 nm diameter) because the latter are composed of curved graphene fragments intermixed or intercalated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) isomers of varying molecular weights and mass concentrations; depending upon combustion conditions and sources. The functionalizing of these nanostructures and photoxidation and related photothermal phenomena, as these may influence the cytotoxicities of these nanoparticulate aggregates, will also be discussed in the context of nanostructures and nanostructure phenomena, and implications for respiratory health.
A maximum likelihood hierarchical disaggregate model for predicting choices of individuals

Abstract The absence of operational disaggregate lexicographic decision models and Tversky's observation that choice behavior is often inconsistent, hierarchical, and context dependent motivate the development of a maximum likelihood hierarchical (MLH) choice model. This new disaggregate choice model requires few assumptions and accommodates the three aspects of choice behavior noted by A. Tversky (1972 , Journal of Mathematical Psychology , 9 , 341–367). The model has its foundation in a prototype model developed by the authors. Unlike the deterministic prototype, however, MLH is a probabilistic model which generates maximum likelihood estimators of the aggregate “cutoff values.” The model is formulated as a concave programming problem whose solutions are therefore globally optimal. Finally, the model is applied to data from three separate studies where it is demonstrated to have superior performance over the prototype model in its predictive performance.
Rapid water infusion: A technique in the ultrasonic discrimination of the gas-free stomach from a mass in the pancreatic tail

A technique of rapid water infusion into the stomach is described as an ultrasonic method to differentiate the gas-free stomach presenting as a solid mass from a mass in the tail of the pancreas. The infusion permits delineation of the tail of the pancreas as a discrete structure.
Role of Pyridine in Wyodak-Pyridine Adducts

When pyridine (PYR) is added to powdered Wyodak subbituminous coal (WYO), the sample is converted to a paste, and the molecular-level adduct which is formed is stable for months. After the excess pyridine has evaporated from the WYO−PYR sample, the stoichiometry of the adduct is ca. two pyridine molecules per bilayer of WYO polycyclic units; this adduct exists even after mild vacuum treatment of the sample. The pyridine molecules in this adduct appear to be located between the bilayer lamellae and to be H-bonded to either H−O or H−N moieties attached to the poly-cyclic aromatic units of WYO. An H-bonded N- - -H−X distance of 2.6 A has been calculated from a structural model of the WYO−PYR adduct.
Determination of the sugar sequences and the glycosidic-bond arrangements of immunogenic heteroglycans.

Abstract The complete sugar sequences and glycosidic-bond arrangements have been determined by a combined analytical scheme for a diheteroglycan of D -glucose and D -galactose and a tetraheteroglycan of 6-deoxy- L -talose, L -rhamnose, D -galactose, and D -glucuronic acid. The analytical scheme included methylation analysis by g.l.c. and mass spectrometry, periodate oxidation followed by borohydride reduction and identification of the residual fragments, enzymic hydrolysis followed by characterization of the modified glycan, and chemical degradation followed by characterization of the resulting fragments. The diheteroglycan and the tetraheteroglycan are immunogenic substances on the cell surface of the organisms, and are the group-specific carbohydrates in the cell walls of Streptococcus faecalis , strain N, and Streptococcus bovis , strain C3. The combined analytical scheme should be of general applicability for the structural analysis of heteroglycans for which selective-degradation procedures can be devised.
Acceptability and Feasibility of Physical Activity Assessment Methods for an Appalachian Population

Nowhere is improving understanding and accurate assessment of physical activity more important for disease prevention and health promotion than among health disparities populations such as those residing in rural and Appalachian regions. To enhance accurate assessment of physical activity and potentially improve intervention capacity, we conducted a mixed-methods study examining the acceptability and feasibility of self-report physical activity questionnaires, pedometers, and accelerometers among rural Appalachian children, adolescents, and adults. Most participants reported positive experiences with all three physical activity assessment tools. Several acceptability ratings differed by age group and by sex within each age group. With very few exceptions, no significant differences in acceptability were found by race, education, employment status, health status, BMI categories, income levels, or insurance status within age groups or overall. Several factors may impact the choice of the physical activity assessment method, including target population age, equipment cost, researcher burden, and potential influence on physical activity levels. Children and adolescents appear to have more constraints on when they can wear pedometers and accelerometers. While pedometers are inexpensive and convenient, they may influence physical activity levels, rather than simply measure them. Accelerometers, while less influential on behavior, consume extensive resources, including high purchase costs and researcher burden.
Energetic electron precipitation induced by space based VLF transmitters

[1] Numerical raytracing with Landau damping is used to calculate electron precipitation that would be induced by in situ sources located at L = 2 and L = 2.5, at the geomagnetic equator and also at a geomagnetic latitude of 20° along each field line. In accordance with the Wang and Bell (1970) model of antenna radiation in a magnetoplasma, we consider frequencies immediately below, approximately equal to, and 1 kHz above the local lower hybrid resonance frequency at each location and injected rays within 3° of the resonance cone. The magnetospherically reflecting (MR) whistler-mode waves that are injected from such in situ sources propagate with a wave normal angle very close to the resonance cone. Compared to a single-pass interaction, such MR waves precipitate up to 16 times more 100 keV to 5 MeV electrons. Waves injected at initial wave normal angles closer to the magnetic field, e.g., 45°, in fact precipitate fewer >1 MeV electrons than waves injected close to the resonance cone.
Multiple-scattering theory for space-filling cell potentials.

The multiple-scattering theory (MST) method of Korringa, and of Kohn and Rostoker for determining the electronic structure of solids, originally developed in connection with potentials bounded by non- overlapping spheres (muffin-tin potentials), is generalized to the case of space-filling potential cells of arbitrary shape. Both variational and nonvariational formalisms are used in effecting this generalization. In contrast to the case of muffin-tin potentials, different forms of MST exhibit different convergence rates for the energy and the wave function. Numerical results are presented that illustrate the differing convergence rates of the variational and nonvariational forms of MST for space-filling potentials. The generalized MST described here should be useful quite generally for constructing global solutions to linear partial differential equations from sets of locally exact solutions.
Primary Immunization of Premature Infants with Gestational Age <35 Weeks: Cardiorespiratory Complications and C-Reactive Protein Responses Associated with Administration of Single and Multiple Separate Vaccines Simultaneously

Objective To determine the incidence of cardiorespiratory events and abnormal C-reactive protein (CRP) level associated with administration of a single vaccine or multiple separate vaccines simultaneously. Study design Prospective observational study on 239 preterm infants at ≥2 months of age in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Each infant received either a single vaccine or multiple vaccines on one day. CRP levels and cardiorespiratory manifestations were monitored for 3 days following immunization. Results Abnormal elevation of CRP level occurred in 85% of infants administered multiple vaccines and up to 70% of those given a single vaccine. Overall, 16% of infants had vaccine-associated cardiorespiratory events within 48 hours postimmunization. In logistic regression analysis, abnormal CRP values were associated with multiple vaccines (OR, 15.77; 95% CI 5.10-48.77) and severe intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) (OR, 2.28; 95% CI 1.02-5.13). Cardiorespiratory events were associated marginally with receipt of multiple injections (OR, 3.62; 95% CI 0.99-13.25) and significantly with gastroesophageal reflux (GER) (OR, 4.76; 95% CI 1.22-18.52). Conclusion CRP level is expected to be elevated in the 48 hours following immunization. In a minority of infants immunized, cardiorespiratory events were associated with presumed need for intervention. Underlying medical conditions and possibly multiple injections are associated with cardiorespiratory events. Precautionary monitoring following immunizations is warranted.
Valvular obstruction of blood flow through saphenous veins

Abstract To measure effects of vein valves upon blood flow through venous bypass conduits, 15 human saphenous veins (mean length 40.6 cm, 5.3 valves/vein) were perfused with normal saline at constant pressure (100 mm Hg). Flow through vein was measured before and after valve bisection. Vein valves were bisected using Leather's techniques. After valve bisection, flow in antegrade and retrograde directions was measured in seven veins. These data were analyzed using paired t tests. Antegrade flow through seven veins with intact valves averaged 317.1 cc/min. With valve bisection this increased significantly (P
Minimal Change Disease: A dysregulation of the podocyte CD80-CTLA-4 Axis?

Minimal Change Disease (MCD) is associated with CD80 expression in podocytes and elevated urinary CD80 excretion during active renal disease. We have evaluated the urinary excretion of CTLA-4 and CD80 during different stages of the nephrotic syndrome in patients with MCD to test the hypothesis that persistent increased urinary CD80 excretion in patients with MCD in relapse is due to an ineffectual CTLA-4 response of the host to curtail the activation of CD80. Thirty-two children with biopsy-proven MCD were studied during relapse and/or remission. Eleven healthy subjects served as controls. Urinary CD80 excretion was significantly increased in MCD patients in relapse relative to that in MCD patients in remission (p < 0.001) and controls (p < 0.001). Although urinary CTLA-4 excretion was higher in MCD patients in relapse than in MCD patients in remission (p = 0.01) and controls (p = 0.03), no significant correlation was observed between urinary CD80 excretion and urinary CTLA-4 level in MCD patients at the time of relapse (p = 0.06). At the time of remission, CD80 had decreased significantly in all patients, but CTLA-4 levels either decreased or remained unchanged in all but five patients, and no correlation was observed between urinary CD80 excretion and CTLA-4 level (p = 0.7). Urinary CTLA-4 levels do not correlate with urinary CD80 excretion, suggesting the possibility that the CTLA4 response may be suboptimal in this disease during relapse.
Opportunities in the Hydrologic Sciences

Hydrologists can take heart that our profession has matured to the point of having its respectable reputation recognized by the National Academy of Sciences. Opportunities in Hydrology follows the publication of Opportunities in Biology and Opportunities in Chemistry, and was prepared by a committee composed of prestigious water-oriented scientists. I am writing this review because the book is extremely important, and its basic premise—that there is such a thing as a single “discipline” of hydrologic sciences—is contrary to the thinking of many hydrogeologists. The committee proposes that students can obtain adequate training and be prepared to develop a career in “hydrologic sciences.” Such an approach may be suitable for many aspects of hydrology, but it does not represent the interests, needs, goals, history, or future of “hydrogeology,” a clearly recognized subdiscipline of hydrology. The various aspects of hydrology are so wide ranging that, from my personal viewpoint and the viewpoints of many of my colleagues, it takes a person of extremely narrow focus to see hydrology as a single discipline.
The K -Absorption Edges of Metal Ions in Aqueous Solution

The x-ray $K$-absorption edges of ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{++}$, ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{\ensuremath{-}+}$, ${\mathrm{Zn}}^{++}$, Cu${(\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{H}}_{3})}_{4}^{++}$ and ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}$ ${(\mathrm{CN})}_{4}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{-}}$ in aqueous solution have been measured with a double crystal spectrometer. ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{++}$, ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{++}$, and ${\mathrm{Zn}}^{++}$ have similar edges. Each consists of two absorption maxima which arise from the excitation of $K$ electrons into the empty $4p$ and $5p$ levels of the ion. The final levels are broadened by the fields of the coordinated water molecules. Quite different edge structures were found in the complex ions. They probably arise from the scattering of the photoelectron by the other atoms of the ion, the same process which takes place in polyatomic gases.
Male body image: The role of muscle magazine exposure, body mass index, and social comparison in men’s body satisfaction

Unrealistic images of male beauty are on the rise (e.g., Baghurst, Hollander, Nardella, & Haff, 2006). However, research on male body image tends to assume that the same theoretical models used to account for body satisfaction in women are appropriate for men (e.g., McCabe & Ricciardelli, 2004). Few have tested the assumption that female-typical models can be applied to men. Three variables have proven instrumental in accounting for body satisfaction in women: (a) exposure to relevant content, (b) BMI, and (c) social comparison (e.g., Blond, 2008). We present an exploratory study, using path modeling, to simultaneously assess the relative impact of each of these on body satisfaction in young men.
Lipid Abnormalities in the Nephrotic Syndrome: Causes, Consequences, and Treatment

Hyperlipidemia so commonly complicates heavy proteinuria that it has come to be regarded as an integral feature of the nephrotic syndrome (NS). Characteristically, total plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels are elevated, as are very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. Although high-density lipoprotein (HDL) concentrations may be normal, HDL subtypes are abnormally distributed, with a reduction of HDL2 and an increase in HDL3. In addition, lipoprotein (a) [Lp (a)] levels may be elevated. The mechanisms underlying these abnormalities are multifactorial, involving both increased rates of lipoprotein synthesis and defective clearance and catabolism of circulating particles. Although recent dietary and therapeutic studies have demonstrated that nephrotic hyperlipidemia can be effectively treated, the need for such intervention has not been clearly established. This pattern of lipoprotein abnormality is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in the general population, and several studies have suggested that nephrotic individuals are more likely to develop atherosclerosis. However, no prospective trials have evaluated the relationship between deranged lipid metabolism and coronary or cerebral artery disease in patients with NS. In addition, although recent experimental studies suggest that lipid abnormalities may accelerate renal injury and that lipid-lowering agents may protect renal function, there is little current evidence to suggest that such intervention is of value in preserving residual renal function in humans. Further studies are clearly required to assess the potential long-term benefits of lipid-lowering intervention in individuals with NS. In the meantime, based on data generated from other population groups, a rational approach to the clinical management of hyperlipidemia in these patients is presented.
The importance of recognizing alternative perspectives: an analysis of a failed project

Abstract This article describes the birth, life and, ultimately, the death of an information system project. The purpose of this example is to illustrate the importance of recognizing that people viewing the same event from different perspectives can ascribe different meanings to the event. In this example, the failure on the part of the corporation's and project's managers to recognize these perceptions led to the system's demise. By recognizing the existence of such alternative perspectives, managers may be able to address people's concerns before they grow to a proportion capable of jeopardizing a project's success.
Maintaining social identity in a mixed-gender setting: Minority/majority status and cooperative/competitive feedback

This study tested the applicability of Tajfel and Turner's (1986) Social Identity Theory (SIT) to cooperative behavior in a mixed-gender setting. SIT suggests that as a “socially subordinate” group in a male-dominated society, women, when their gender is in the numerical minority, will engage in social competition in an attempt to enhance social identity. However, gender-based socialization may encourage men toward competition and women toward cooperation, regardless of group gender composition. In this study, male and female subjects were assigned to a six-person mixed-gender group in which their gender was either in the numerical minority or majority, and performed an interactive task under either cooperative or competitive feedback. An interaction of sex and feedback showed males in the cooperative feedback condition responded more competitively than did males in the competitive feedback condition, while females were equally cooperative in both feedback conditions. Feedback also interacted with the numerical ingroup/outgroup gender balance. While competitive feedback elicited little variation in subjects' responses across the ingroup/outgroup balance variable, the cooperative condition elicited greater competition from subjects in the numerical minority and greater cooperation from those in the numerical majority. Results were interpreted as partial support for SIT, while stressing the need for further investigation into gender as a unique influence on intergroup behavior.
Cardiac biomarkers – the old and the new: a review

Biomarkers are biological parameters that can be objectively measured and quantified as indicators of normal biologic processes, pathogenic processes, or responses to a therapeutic intervention. Typically thought of as disease process screening, diagnosing, or monitoring tools, biomarkers may also be used to determine disease susceptibility and eligibility for specific therapies. Cardiac biomarkers are protein components of cell structures that are released into circulation when myocardial injury occurs. They play a pivotal role in the diagnosis, risk stratification, and treatment of patients with chest pain and suspected acute coronary syndrome and those with acute exacerbations of heart failure. Cardiac markers are central to the new definition of acute myocardial infarction put forward by the American College of Cardiology and the European Society of Cardiology. Active investigation has brought forward an increasingly large number of novel candidate markers but few have withstood the test of time and become integrated into contemporary clinical care because of their readily apparent diagnostic, prognostic, or therapeutic utility.
Male gender, diabetes, COPD, anemia, and creatinine clearance < 30 mL/min predicted hospitalization after heart failure diagnosis.

Source Citation Dunlay SM, Redfield MM, Weston SA, et al. Hospitalizations after heart failure diagnosis. A community perspective. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54:1695-702. 19850209