cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and pain education for people with chronic pain: Tests of treatment mechanisms.

Objectives The goals of the study were to determine to what degree changes in pain-related cognition during cognitive behavioral treatment (CBT) and pain education (EDU) represented treatment mechanisms and whether these cognitive changes worked to a larger extent to produce favorable outcomes in CBT than in EDU. Method Reported here are secondary analyses of a randomized control trial (N = 290) comparing CBT, EDU, and treatment as usual for low-literacy, low-socioeconomic-status people with chronic pain. We excluded the treatment as usual condition from these analyses and included measures collected at a midtreatment epoch. Treatment was 10 weekly group sessions. Results Linear mixed models revealed nonsignificant differences in pre- to mid- to posttreatment changes in pain catastrophizing and pain self-efficacy between CBT and EDU. The same was true for outcome measures. Cross-lagged analyses revealed significant relationships between pre- to midtreatment changes in catastrophizing and self-efficacy and mid- to posttreatment changes in outcomes. However, relationships between pre- to midtreatment changes in outcomes and mid- to posttreatment changes in catastrophizing and self-efficacy were also significant. Conclusions Results suggest a complex set of mechanistic relationships. Instead of a unidirectional path from designated mechanism to designated outcome, our results suggest reciprocal influences whereby cognitive changes may beget outcome improvements and vice versa. Results also suggest that cognitive changes do not occur solely in a treatment that uses cognitive restructuring to foster such changes but may occur as a function of providing people with detailed information regarding the biopsychosocial nature of chronic pain. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Caspase-8 loss radiosensitizes head and neck squamous cell carcinoma to SMAC mimetic–induced necroptosis

Caspase-8 (CASP8) is one of the most frequently mutated genes in head and neck squamous carcinomas (HNSCCs), and CASP8 mutations are associated with poor survival. The distribution of these mutations in HNSCCs suggests that they are likely to be inactivating. Inhibition of CASP8 has been reported to sensitize cancer cells to necroptosis, a regulated cell death mechanism. Here, we show that knockdown of CASP8 renders HNSCCs susceptible to necroptosis by a second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase (SMAC) mimetic, birinapant, in combination with pan-caspase inhibitors Z-VAD-FMK or emricasan and radiation. In a syngeneic mouse model of oral cancer, birinapant, particularly when combined with radiation, delayed tumor growth and enhanced survival under CASP8 loss. Exploration of molecular underpinnings of necroptosis sensitivity confirmed that the level of functional receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 3 (RIP3) determines susceptibility to this mode of death. Although an in vitro screen revealed that low RIP3 levels rendered many HNSCC cell lines resistant to necroptosis, patient tumors maintained RIP3 expression and should therefore remain sensitive. Collectively, these results suggest that targeting the necroptosis pathway with SMAC mimetics, especially in combination with radiation, may be relevant therapeutically in HNSCC with compromised CASP8 status, provided that RIP3 function is maintained.
Impact of age mismatch between donor and recipient on heart transplant mortality

The effect of donor-to-recipient (D-R) age mismatch in adult heart transplant population is not clearly described, and we undertook this study to determine the impact of age mismatch on mortality. Heart transplant recipients from 2000 to 2017 were identified using the United Network of Organ Sharing database. The cohort was divided into three groups: donor age within 5 years of recipient age (Group 1), donors >5 years younger than recipient (group 2), and donors >5 years older than recipients (Group 3). We also evaluated if this finding changed by recipient age. Twenty eight thousand, four hundred and eleven patients met the inclusion criteria. Compared to group 1, the adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) for mortality for group 2 was 0.91 (0.83-0.99, p value <.039) and for group 3 was 1.36 (1.21-1.52, p value <.001); however, when looking at recipient age as continuous variable, receiving a younger heart was protective only for recipients younger than 45 years of age, and receiving a heart transplant from an older donor was detrimental only in recipients aged 25-35.
Variable Effects of PD-Risk Associated SNPs and Variants in Parkinsonism-Associated Genes on Disease Phenotype in a Community-Based Cohort

Genetic risk factors for Parkinson's disease (PD) risk and progression have been identified from genome-wide association studies (GWAS), as well as studies of familial forms of PD, implicating common variants at more than 90 loci and pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants at 16 loci. With the goal of understanding whether genetic variants at these PD-risk loci/genes differentially contribute to individual clinical phenotypic characteristics of PD, we used structured clinical documentation tools within the electronic medical record in an effort to provide a standardized and detailed clinical phenotypic characterization at the point of care in a cohort of 856 PD patients. We analyzed common SNPs identified in previous GWAS studies, as well as low-frequency and rare variants at parkinsonism-associated genes in the MDSgene database for their association with individual clinical characteristics and test scores at baseline assessment in our community-based PD patient cohort: age at onset, disease duration, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale I-VI, cognitive status, initial and baseline motor and non-motor symptoms, complications of levodopa therapy, comorbidities and family history of neurological disease with one or more than one affected family members. We find that in most cases an individual common PD-risk SNP identified in GWAS is associated with only a single clinical feature or test score, while gene-level tests assessing low-frequency and rare variants reveal genes associated in either a unique or partially overlapping manner with the different clinical features and test scores. Protein-protein interaction network analysis of the identified genes reveals that while some of these genes are members of already identified protein networks others are not. These findings indicate that genetic risk factors for PD differentially affect the phenotypic presentation and that genes associated with PD risk are also differentially associated with individual disease phenotypic characteristics at baseline. These findings raise the intriguing possibility that different SNPs/gene effects impact discrete phenotypic characteristics. Furthermore, they support the hypothesis that different gene and protein-protein interaction networks that underlie PD risk, the PD phenotype, and the neurodegenerative process leading to the disease phenotype, and point to the significance of the genetic background on disease phenotype.
Moral judgment and the content-attitude distinction

Let cognitivism be the view that moral judgments are cognitive mental states and noncognitivism the view that they are noncognitive mental states. Here I argue for moral judgment pluralism: some moral judgments are cognitive states and some are noncognitive states. More specifically, according to my pluralism some judgments are moral because they carry a moral content (e.g., that genocide is wrong) and some are moral because they employ a moral attitude (e.g., indignation, or guilt); the former are the cognitive moral judgments and the latter the noncognitive ones. After explaining and motivating the view, I argue that this kind of pluralism handles quite elegantly several of the core issues that have structured the debate on cognitivism versus noncognitivism.
New Antipsychotic Medications in the Last Decade.

Purpose of review Over the last ten years, the treatment of psychosis has seen a near explosion of creative development in both novel agents and new delivery modalities. The current review summarizes these developments over the past decade (2011-2020). We performed a systematic review utilizing PubMed and PsychInfo with the aim of identifying all the RCT and related analyses in adults with psychosis (schizophrenia and mania). Recent findings We identified 11 significant developments: the introduction of new antipsychotics cariprazine, brexpiprazole, lumateperone, and pimavanserin; introduction of new delivery methods: subcutaneous long-acting risperidone, aripiprazole lauroxil, transdermal asenapine, and inhaled loxapine; and the introduction of new approaches such as olanzapine/samidorphan for olanzapine-associated weight gain, examination of the TAAR1 agonist SEP 363,856 as a test of concept, and the combination of Xanomeline/Trospium, an M1 and M4 muscarinic receptor agonist in conjunction with a peripheral anticholinergic. Last decade has seen a tremendous development in second-generation antipsychotics which provides unprecedented treatment options for clinicians in treating psychosis.
Flexibillity in logic

It is possible to synthesize more efficient implementations if we remove the requirement of preserving local functionality. This can be done to some degree by taking into account the environment of the logic targeted by synthesis. The environment provides flexibility in the choice of functionality. This chapter describes how a designer can specify the environment information, how the environment information can be derived, and how synthesis can take advantage of it.
Prostatic acid phosphatase levels: Significance in serum and bone marrow

Abstract In benign prostates, prostatic acid phosphatase levels were higher in peripheral blood than in bone marrow in simultaneously collected specimens. In metastatic disease these levels were reversed. The increase in prostatic acid phosphatase levels after surgery was much greater in benign than in malignant cases. Clinical implications are discussed.
Ga/sub x/In/sub 1-x/As thermophotovoltaic converters

Preliminary research into the development of single-junction Ga/sub x/In/sub 1-x/As thermophotovoltaic (TPV) power converters is reviewed. The devices structures are grown epitaxially on single-crystal InP substrates. Converter band gaps of 0.50 -0.74 eV have been considered in accordance with modeling calculations. A 1-sun, AMO efficiency of 12.8% is reported for a lattice-matched, 0.74-eV converter. Converters with lower band gaps are fabricated using lattice-mismatched, compositionally graded structures. Functional TPV converters with good performance characteristics have been demonstrated for band gaps as low as 0.5 eV.
Trimming and Planing Rough-Cut Wood For Efficient Dendrochronological Sample Preparation and Storage

ABSTRACT Wood samples larger than increment cores collected for tree-ring studies are often obtained using chainsaws and, less frequently, 2-person crosscut saws. Saw marks on cross-sectional wood samples can be quite deep and uneven, and sanding rough-cut wood cross-sections is inefficient in terms of processing time and wear on sanding belts. Trimming rough-cut wood samples with a band saw or treating with a surface planer creates a smoother initial surface for sample sanding and polishing. Sample trimming with a band saw or surface planer is also useful for post-analysis archiving and wood storage, when excess wood can be removed and smaller samples entered into storage. Band saw and surface planer safety techniques are also discussed.
The 13C amide I band is still sensitive to conformation change when the regular amide I band cannot be distinguished at the typical position in H2O

The attenuated total reflection technique was utilized to obtain FTIR spectra of 13C-labeled peptides with a sequence of (AAAAK)4AAAAY in H2O. The regular amide I band was not at the typical position as reported in globular proteins, whereas the 13C amide I band was still sensitive to conformation change.
Advice for New Law Professors

This is a newsletter article arising from remarks given at the 2013 Workshop for New Law School Teachers. The article shares a new law professor's advice on each of the three legs of the academia stool: teaching, research, and service.
Destruction rate analysis of transuranic targets in sodium-cooled fast reactor (SFR) assemblies using MCNPX and SCALE 6.0

Abstract The purpose of this research was to model destruction rates of potential transuranic (TRU) targets made of americium and other inert matrix materials in the core of a sodium-cooled fast reactor (SFR) using depletion analysis in MCNPX and SCALE 6.0. The research is concentrated on the destruction of long-lived transuranics in an effort to reduce the overall volume and activity of spent nuclear fuel as proposed by the Global Nuclear Energy Partnership (GNEP) Technology Development Plan ( GNEP/TIO, 2007 ). The model uses a once-through approach in a single assembly of a sodium-cooled fast reactor based off of the Clinch River reactor design. Analysis was performed on both unmoderated and moderated targets in the fast reactor assembly. Optimization of the transmutation scheme could result in a 24-percent reduction in mass of long-lived transuranic actinides. Further iterations and optimization of the target material and geometry could greatly increase the actinide destruction rate. The overall reduction of TRU in spent nuclear fuel wastes will increase the usable life of the geological repository for high-level waste.
The Effect of Lighting, Dietary Amino Acids, and Litter on the Incidence of Leg Abnormalities and Performance of Turkey Toms

Abstract Two trials were conducted to determine the effect of light duration on the incidence of leg abnormalities and related parameters in turkey toms. A step-up lighting program was compared with a step-down regimen in which intensity was maintained at 2.5 lx for both programs. In addition to lighting, Trial 1 evaluated the effect of reduced dietary lysine and methionine plus cystine levels during the starter and grower periods, and Trial 2 investigated the effects of type (pine shavings vs. whole rice hulls) and depth (5 cm vs. 10 cm) of litter. For both trials, toms reared in the low intensity step-up lighting program had reduced body weights, poorer feed to gain ratios, consumed less feed, and were more active when compared with toms raised in the low intensity step-down lighting program. The incidence of leg abnormalities was unaffected by lighting (Trials 1 and 2), diet (Trial 1), or type and depth of litter (Trial 2). For toms of the step-up lighting program, the absolute length of the left tarsometatarsal bone was shorter, but when expressed on a ratio to body weight, the relative length was longer. Testes weights were larger in Trial 2 for toms of the step-up lighting program as compared with toms of the step-down lighting regimen with no differences due to lighting in Trial 1. Toms fed the reduced amino acid rations in Trial 1 showed reduced body weight at 84 days of age when compared with controls; at all other ages there were no differences between dietary treatments. Type and depth of litter did not affect the performance of turkey toms.
Patterns of intracellular compartmentalization, trafficking and acidification of 5'-fluorescein labeled phosphodiester and phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides in HL60 cells.

Abstract We have examined the intracellular compartmentalization and trafficking of fluorescein labeled (F) phosphodiester (PO) and phosphorothioate (PS) oligodeoxynucleotides (oligos) in HL60 cells. A series of F-oligos (PO and PS) were incubated for 6 hrs. with HL60 cells and the mean intracellular fluorescence determined by flow cytometry. The F signal was normalized by the addition of the ionophore monensin. An increase in signal intensity following addition of monensin indicated that the oligo was resident in an acidic intracellular environment. F-PS, but not F-PO oligos were found to reside in an acidic environment. An exception was a PO homopolymer of 15 cytidine bases (FOdC15) which was acidified. Using two different methods, the average resident intracellular pH of F-PS oligos and F-OdC15 was shown to be approximately 1 pH unit lower than that of F-PO oligos. Acidification of F-PS oligos could be blocked by the antibiotic bafilomycin, indicating that acidification was occurring in endosomes or vacuoles. F-PO and F-PS oligos were effluxed from HL60 cells from two intracellular compartments. However, approximately 60% of internalized F-PO oligo resided in a 'shallow' compartment that was turned over rapidly (t1/2 = 5-10 min.) whereas only 20% of F-PS oligo resided in this compartment. Conversely, approximately 80% of the internalized F-PS oligo but only 40% of F-PO oligo resided in a 'deep' compartment that turned over with t1/2 = 2-5 hrs. This report is the first quantitative demonstration that PO and PS oligos, and PO oligos of different sequences are trafficked differently by HL60 cells.
Neuropsychological correlates of psychopathic traits in a non-incarcerated sample

Abstract The present study examined the association between neuropsychological behavioral performance and psychopathic personality traits, measured via the Psychopathic Personality Inventory (PPI), in a non-incarcerated sample. Specifically, performance involving general executive cognitive functioning (ECF) and response inhibition was investigated in regards to the two main psychopathy factors (affective-interpersonal and social deviance) of the PPI. A group of 95 student volunteers were administered the PPI and a variety of neuropsychological measures. Analyses revealed that total PPI scores were related to deficits in response inhibition but not general ECF. However, this relationship was qualified by the differential associations observed for the two PPI factors. The social deviance factor was associated with deficits in general ECF and response inhibition, whereas the affective-interpersonal facet was associated with enhanced general ECF performance but not response inhibition. The results suggest that cognitive functioning shows predicted associations with a self-report measure of psychopathy among non-incarcerated young adults, providing further evidence for psychopathy conceptualizations from a normal-range personality perspective.
Thermoelectric characterization of Si thin films in silicon-on-insulator wafers

Heat dissipation becomes an important issue for highly compacted integrated circuit chips because of device performance and reliability concerns. Thermoelectric cooling has been considered as one of the possible solutions for cooling high density, locally heated integrated circuits. It excels in scalability and reliability. In this study, the thermoelectric behavior of silicon thin films in silicon-on-insulator wafers has been investigated. We have designed a testing structure to measure Seebeck coefficient which is one of the most important thermoelectric parameters. In addition, a testing structure with platinum temperature sensors was built to measure Peltier cooling effects for the powered Si channels. We found that the implanted dopant concentration and postimplantation annealing play important roles on thermoelectric properties of the Si thin films. Also, an asymmetrical thermal behavior due to Peltier effect was observed for the implanted Si thin films, especially for samples annealed at lower temp...
Administration of enoxaparin by continuous infusion in a naturalistic setting: analysis of renal function and safety.

Summary Study objective: To describe the clinical use and safety of continuous infusion (CI) enoxaparin in a naturalistic setting and to evaluate the influence of renal function on enoxaparin elimination. Design: Retrospective medical record review. Setting: 1000-bed tertiary care teaching centre. Patients: Hospitalized patients that received enoxaparin by CI during a 2-year period. Interventions: None. Measurements: Specific details of dosage and monitoring were collected. Adverse drug reactions (ADR) were recorded. Creatinine clearance (CrCl) was calculated using Cockroft and Gault and Brater equations. A population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using the non-linear mixed effect model (NONMEM). For patients located in the intensive care unit (ICU) and ward, POSTHOC pharmacokinetic parameter estimates were evaluated using the Wilcoxon rank-sum. Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated to determine the association between renal function and anti-Xa clearance. Main results: Sixty-seven patients received enoxaparin by CI of which 61·2% were in the ward and 38·8% in the ICU. The average initial rate and duration of infusion were 5·2 mg/h and 5·6 days, respectively. The number of anti-Xa concentration measurements averaged five per patient. Nine patients experienced an ADR. The most frequent ADR was gastrointestinal bleeding (n = 4). Among the 67 patients, 48 had available anti-Xa concentrations and were included in the NONMEM model. The anti-Xa CL and volume of distribution for ICU and ward patients averaged 0·64 ± 0·34 L/h, 10·6 ± 1·55 L and 1·01 ± 0·39 L/h, 9·08 ± 1·17 L, respectively. CrCl was not a significant covariate when included in the NONMEM model, and the association between CrCl and anti-Xa clearance was not significant (R2 = 0·0005; P = 0·8916). Conclusions: This study is the first to report the use and safety of prolonged CI enoxaparin. Pharmacokinetic parameters of enoxaparin differ in ICU vs. ward patients. Overall, we found the safety of CI to be comparable to subcutaneous administration. Also, we found no effect of renal function on enoxaparin elimination.
Case report 462

Fig. 1 A, B. Anteroposterior (A) and lateral (B) views of the distal portion of the left femur show a large lytic area affecting the lowermost segment of the femoral shaft, being partially subchondral in location. Cortical perforation and suggestion of a soft-tissue mass are noted. Reactive new bone is also observed within the lesion Fig. 2. A computed tomographic scan shows the aggressive nature of the lesion, with cortical perforation anteriorly, posteriorly, and laterally. The neurovascular structures posteriorly are spared
Matching tomographic IMRT fields with static photon fields.

The matching of abutting radiation fields presents a challenging problem in radiation therapy. Due to sharp penumbra of linear accelerator beams, small (1–2 mm) errors in field positioning can lead to large (>30%) hot or cold spots in the abutment region. With head and neck immobilization devices (thermoplastic mask/aquaplast) an average setup error of 3 mm has been reported. Therefore hot or cold spots approaching 50% of the prescription dose may occur along the matchline. Although abutting radiation fields have been investigated for static fields, there is no reported study regarding matching of tomographic IMRT and static fields. Compared to static fields, the matching of tomographic IMRT fields with static fields is more complicated. Since IMRT and static fields are planned on separate treatment planning computers, the dose in the abutment region is not specified. In addition, commonly used techniques for matching fields, such as feathering of junctions, are not practical. We have developed a method that substantially reduces dose inhomogeneity in the abutment region. In this method, a “buffer zone” around the matchline was created and was included as part of the target for both IMRT and static field plans. In both fields, a small dose gradient (⩽3%/mm) in the buffer zone was created. In the IMRT plan, the buffer zone was divided into three sections with dose varying from 83% to 25% of prescription dose. The static field dose profile was modified using either a specially designed physical (hard) or a dynamic (soft) wedge. When these modified fields were matched, the combined dose in the abutment region varied by ⩽10% in the presence of setup errors spanning 4 mm (±2 mm) when the hard wedge was used and 10 mm (±5 mm) with the soft wedge.
Smile intensity in photographs predicts divorce later in life

Based on social–functional accounts of emotion, we conducted two studies examining whether the degree to which people smiled in photographs predicts the likelihood of divorce. Along with other theorists, we posited that smiling behavior in photographs is potentially indicative of underlying emotional dispositions that have direct and indirect life consequences. In the first study, we examined participants’ positive expressive behavior in college yearbook photos and in Study 2 we examined a variety of participants’ photos from childhood through early adulthood. In both studies, divorce was predicted by the degree to which subjects smiled in their photos.
Flame Stabilization Enhancement and NOx Production using Ultra Short Repetitively Pulsed Plasma Discharges

*† ‡ § This paper examines the use of plasma discharges in flame stabilization. Three different types of plasma discharges are applied to a lifted jet diffusion flame in a coflow configuration, and evaluated for their abilities to enhance flame stabilization. A single electrode corona discharge (SECD) between a platinum electrode and the flame base is found to maintain the flame at a 20% higher coflow speed than that without the discharge. An asymmetric dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) results in flame stabilization at up to 50% higher coflow speed. The nonequilibrium properties of the DBD are characterized by a spectral line analysis and simulation of the nitrogen 2 nd positive system. Finally, an ultra short repetitively-pulsed discharge (USRD, pulse width of ~10ns) is used in an opposed platinum electrode configuration and found to increase in the stability limit by nearly tenfold. The degree of nonequilibrium of this pulsed discharge is found to be higher than that of the DBD. The stabilization process is sensitive to the positioning of the discharge in the flame flow field, and the optimal position of the discharge is mapped into mixture fraction space by comparing the emission spectra from the plasma-stabilized flame to that in a fully premixed reference flame. The result shows that the local mixture fraction at the optimal position is much leaner than that of a conventional lifted jet flame. In a second part of this study, the USRD is used to stabilize lean premixed methane flames. Nitric Oxide (NO) production is measured using probe sampling and chemiluminescence analysis. While the discharge is a potential source of NO, it is found that the flame partially consumes NO in a reburn mode. The NO production is modeled by use of PLASMAREACTOR followed by the standard PREMIX code. The modeling results show some promise in its ability to predict NO concentration. The flame structure of plasma assisted premixed combustion is also discussed. Under certain conditions, we observe a cold inner flame that has an abundance of OH radicals which have an unusually high vibrational temperature with low rotational temperature when compared to the OH found in a conventional lean premixed flame. While the role of the OH in this inner flame is not fully understood, we believe it may be important in igniting the surrounding combustible mixture.
Qualitative studies of pneumococcal polysaccharides by infrared spectrophotometry

Abstract The infrared spectra of pneumococcal polysaccharides are presented. The spectra of samples of the same type prepared by different methods are very similar. The preparations examined are divided into four groups depending on whether the spectra exhibit amide bands, carboxylate bands, both, or neither. A clear distinction can be made spectrally between O -acetyl and N -acetyl. All of 57 types and subtypes could be distinguished by their spectra except one pair. The spectral comparison of serologically related types is discussed.
Age-dependent enzyme changes in Drosophila melanogaster.

Abstract 1. 1. Marked age-dependent changes in four enzymes were found by assaying crude extracts of Drosophila melanogaster . 1.1. A. Hexose-P-isomerase from very old females lacked two of the five bands characteristic of young female extracts run on starch gels; the staining intensity increased for the older females and for older males. 1.2. B. Esterase from old males showed several additional electrophoretic bands which did not appear in assays of young males; in addition there was a large increase in staining intensity for male esterase and a lesser such increase for females. 1.3. C. G6PD activity—quantitatively determined—showed a significant increase and then a decrease as a function of age; peak activity of the male enzyme was for flies 25 days old, while this peak appeared at 49 days for females. 1.4. D. Alkaline phosphatase activity showed similar significant increases and decreases with age, with a plateau of activity occuring at 25 and 49 days for females, and a peak appearing with respect to males 49 days old. 2. 2. Survival curves for flies kept in shell vials were determined. They show later mortality for virgin females than for females who mate. Mated females had a slightly longer lifespan than mated or unmated males. 3. 3. These symptoms of aging Drosophila were established to form a basis looking for, then recognizing, genetic variants whose phenotype is an altered pattern of senescent change. Characterization of such “aging mutants” could provide ways of understanding the process of senescence.
Analysis of a new homoeotic mutation (iab-2) within the bithorax complex in Drosophila melanogaster

A new mutation designated infra-abdominal-2 (iab-2) arose spontaneously with a new bithorax mutant (bx9) in chromosome 3B from a tumorous-head (tuh-1; tuh-3) strain. This study provides a description of iab-2 and localizes the gene within the bithorax complex. In iab-2 flies the 2nd abdominal segment resembles the 1st abdominal segment. The 2nd sternite shows a reduction in number of bristles, completely lacking the longest class, and when present, the Wheeler's organ is modified. The longest 2nd tergite bristles always show reductions in length. Deletion studies indicate that iab-2 lies to the right of bithoraxoid and the left of infra-abdominal-8 at 89E3-5 on the salivary gland chromosome map. Addition of iab-2 to the existing repository of homoeotic mutations within the bithorax complex provides further evidence of a proximal-distal orientation in the chromosome for these genes and should provide an important new tool for ordering the genes in the right side of the bithorax complex.
Ligand Exchange Reactions of [Et4N]3[W2(CO)6(OMe)3]. A Reactive Binuclear Tungsten(0) Carbonyl Center

The complex [Et4N]3[W2(CO)6(OMe)3] (1) has been shown to undergo ligand substitution of the methoxide in the presence of alcohols. This reaction proceeds provided the incoming alcohol is more acidic than the afforded methanol. The reaction is facile at room temperature, with completion of reaction being attained in less than an hour. The exchange for the substituted aryl alcohols 4-aminophenol (2), 4-hydroxypyridine (3), 3-hydroxypyridine (4), 4-cyanophenol (5), and 3-cyanophenol (6) was studied. Complexes 2, 4, 5, and 6 were structurally characterized by X-ray crystal analysis.
Health disparities paradoxes: depression and chronic back pain in college alumnae and U.S. women, 39-49.

AIMS: In the US, higher SES (socio-economic status) groups and white Americans tend to be "healthier" than less advantaged groups. Elimination of disparities is a major public health goal. This study examines disparities for two highly prevalent medical conditions - depression and chronic back pain - and selected medical conditions and behavioral practices. The aim is to provide evidence that may have public health implications for prevention as well as for treatment. METHODS: Data from two groups of women: 1) 1704 college-educated women who responded to a self-report questionnaire; and 2) women whose data are reported in the U.S. Health Interview survey and in epidemiologic studies of depression and chronic back pain were compared for depression, chronic back pain and selected behavioral practices and medical conditions reported by the two groups of women. RESULTS: The percentages reporting depression were 17.6 and 16.6; for chronic back pain 9.6 and 10.2 - non statistically-significant differences. For other conditions, the higher SES women had significantly more favorable outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The paradox of no SES disparities for depression and low back pain raises a number of questions regarding the underlying mechanisms; and also has implications for prevention and treatment strategies of the two highly prevalent conditions. Language: en
The relationship between the phonological complexity of a bilingual child's words and those of the target languages

The study of an English-Hungarian two-year-old child was conducted to explore two research issues: (1) the relationship between the complexity of the child's productions and their respective target words in each language, and (2) the similarities of the child's word shapes and consonant inventories in the two languages to address the issue of one versus two phonological systems. The results of the analysis of the complexity of child word forms (as measured by Phonological Mean Length of Utterance, Ingram, 2002) and their targets revealed that the child's English and Hungarian words and their target words were significantly longer for Hungarian than for English. The proximity to the target words in each language, however, was approximately the same (i.e., 68% and 67%, respectively). These results suggest that keeping close to the adult target forms may be as important in phonological acquisition as improving overall complexity in all words. The results of the phonological analyses revealed surface differences, suggestive of separate phonological systems. However, the actual syllable shapes and phonological features found were the same for both languages. These results are interpreted as supporting a model in which the child was building the phonological systems from the same phonological units, but was using them in differentiated ways that produced different-looking surface forms.
More on the monetary transmission mechanism: mortgage rates and the federal funds rate

This study extends the research of Atesoglu (2003-4; 2004) with respect to the horizontalist and structuralist money supply endogeneity hypotheses to the case of fixed mortgage rates. The momentum threshold autoregressive model of Enders and Siklos (2001) reveals that the fixed mortgage rate and federal funds rate are cointegrated with incomplete interest rate pass-through and asymmetric adjustment. Specifically, the results of the asymmetric error correction model indicate unidirectional causality from the federal funds rate to the fixed mortgage rate, lending support for the horizontalist endogeneity hypothesis.
Good semiconductor band gaps with a modified local-density approximation

The exchange operator is divided into two parts, a Thomas-Fermi screened exchange operator and the remainder. The remainder and correlation are treated in the local-density approximation, while the screened exchange matrix elements are exactly evaluated. Calculations for Si result in much improved band gaps as well as an improved exchange contribution to the binding energy.
Impregnation of Oligodendroglia in Nervous Tissue Kept in Formalin for Many Years

A method for impregnating oligodendroglia in nervous tissue (monkey) fixed and preserved in formalin for many years is described. This tissue is reconditioned by placing 12 to 30μ frozen sections of it in concentrated ammonia (sp. gr. 0.90) and by washing them slowly for 24 hours with a 1 mm. stream of water. The fluid is then poured off the sections; the jar is refilled with concentrated ammonia; and washing is repeated for another 24 hours. The sections are then plunged into concentrated ammonia for 7 minutes.After treatment in ammonia, the sections are incubated for one hour at 38oC. in Globus' 5% hydrobromic acid solution. They are washed again, in distilled water, and then impregnated in a “medium” strength ammoniacal silver carbonate solution (5 ml. of 10% AgNO3 added to 15 ml. of 5% Na2CO3. The precipitate is dissolved in concentrated ammonia and diluted to SO ml. with distilled water). Impregnation is followed by reduction in 1% formalin without agitation; fixation in 5% Na2S2O3; dehydration, and ...
Single arterial puncture vs arterial cannula for arterial gas analysis after exercise. Change in arterial oxygen tension over time.

In an attempt to find the least invasive, safest, easiest, and cheapest method of obtaining resting and exercise samples of arterial blood, a comparison was made between samples from an arterial needle puncture and an arterial cannula. This study demonstrated that samples of arterial blood may be obtained by radial arterial puncture both at rest and during exercise in practically all cases without morbidity. Samples from arterial needle puncture provide the same results as those from arterial cannulas. In the very rare patient in whom arterial puncture during maximal exercise is unsuccessful, the arterial oxygen pressure (PaO 2 ) measured at 10 seconds after exercise correlates very well with the PaO 2 at maximal exercise, and the 15-second value correlates nearly as well. Arterial cannulas are needed in the infrequent case when arterial puncture is not accomplished during maximal exercise and the 10-second or 15-second PaO 2 decreases from the resting value. In this instance, determination of the exact extent of the hypoxemia requires an exercise sample obtained by cannula; however, the decrease in PaO 2 obtained by arterial needle puncture at 10 or 15 seconds will be all that is needed many times to make a clinical decision. Values obtained at 20 seconds after maximal exercise reflect less of the exercise measurement and cannot be used; however, all episodes of significant hypoxemia (PaO 2
The effect of irradiation-induced gas-atom re-solution on grain-boundary bubble growth

The rim region of high-burnup fuels is characterized by an exponential growth of intergranular porosity. In particular, the understanding of the dynamics of irradiation-induced recrystallization and subsequent gas-bubble swelling requires a quantitative assessment of the nucleation and growth of grain-boundary bubbles. Calculations of bubble growth on the grain boundaries of irradiated nuclear fuels at relatively low temperatures have, in general, been performed under the assumption that these bubbles are not appreciably affected by irradiation-induced gas-atom re-solution. In contrast, matrix bubbles are strongly affected by this bubble shrinkage mechanism and as a consequence are generally two to three orders or more of magnitude smaller than the grain-boundary bubbles. A variational method is used to calculate diffusion from a spherical fuel grain. The junction position of two trial functions is set equal to the bubble gas-atom knock out distance. The effect of grain size, gas-atom re-solution rate and diffusivity, gas-atom knock out distance, and grain-boundary bubble density on the growth of intergranular bubbles is studied, and the conditions under which intergranular bubble growth occurs are elucidated.
Microsurgery for malignant gliomas.

Reflections directly involving the ongoing, intense research activities in biology, the neurosciences and in neurosurgery are discussed including the evolving diagnostic and treatment modalities of primary and secondary malignant gliomas of the central nervous system . The etiology of this enigmatic disease remains obscure, and a curative therapy is still not available. Nevertheless, as a result of changing paradigms in neuroanatomy, neuropathology, neurophysiology, neuroradiology and in neurosurgery, and taking into account the broader selection of adjuvant therapies available, well circumscribed malignant gliomas, which are in predilected compartments of the brain, can be efficiently resected . Good life quality and a respectable survival time are achieved in the majority of patients.
Special Issue on Computational Intelligence in Structural Engineering and Mechanics

Computational Intelligence (CI) has its origins in artificial intelligence and it has a broad algorithmic scope. CI algorithms are often based on mimicking natural systems or processes such as biological neural networks, evolution, swarming of social organisms, and human cognitive processes. They include algorithms in machine learning (e.g., artificial neural networks, Bayesian networks, and support vector machines), fuzzy modeling, stochastic modeling, evolutionary computation (e.g., genetic algorithms), and other optimization algorithms such as simulated annealing, ant colony, and particle swarm methods. CI methods have been applied in structural engineering and mechanics for computational modeling and surrogate models for response predictions, system identification, robust optimization and design, structural health monitoring, structural control, and other tasks.
The distribution function of a linear combination of chi-squares

Abstract The distribution function of a linear combination of independent central chi-square random variables is obtained in a straightforward manner by inverting the moment generating function. The distribution is expressed as an infinite gamma series whose terms can be computed efficiently to a sufficient degree of accuracy.
Improved test generation for high-activity circuits

An implementation of a test-pattern generator based on the Podem (path-oriented decision-making) algorithm is proposed. Podem uses a depth-first search from the fault location to assign primary input values. The result of these assignments at internal nodes is then determined by logic simulation (implication). Podem must compute primary input combinations that both excite the fault and propagate it to primary outputs. The algorithm can be improved for high-activity circuits by packing more than one signal value into a word during implication. Packing introduces parallelism into the implication part of test generation and can be used to examine both the normal assignment and the alternative assignment to an input variable in parallel. With parallelism, the input space can be searched faster. To assess the benefits of such a scheme, compiled-code and event-driven version of the 'imply' function in Podem were implemented with and without the parallelism offered by value packing. Results show that conventional Podem with event-driven implication performs better for low-activity circuits, whereas Podem with compiled code and packed signal values performs better for high-activity circuits. >
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 4A2 Expression Predicts Overall and Disease-Free Survival of Human Breast Cancer and Is Associated with Estrogen and Progestin Receptor Status

Expression of protein tyrosine phosphatase PTP4A2 (also known as PRL2) has been examined in a variety of human carcinomas, although its role in breast cancer remains inconclusive. Since the majority of previous breast cancer studies utilized tissue biopsies composed of heterogeneous cell populations, we hypothesized that an examination of PTP4A2 expression in carcinoma cells isolated by laser capture microdissection (LCM) would provide a more accurate means of assessing its predictive value. From investigations of 247 human breast cancer biopsies collected under standardized, stringent conditions, total RNA was extracted from LCM-procured carcinoma cells to perform microarray analyses to identify gene signatures associated with breast cancer behavior. Expression of PTP4A2 was corroborated by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and referenced to estrogen and progesterone receptor levels. Patient outcomes for overall and disease-free survival were more favorable (p = 0.004 and p = 0.001, respectively) when the expression of PTP4A2 in breast carcinomas was increased compared to patients with biopsies with decreased PTP4A2 levels. PTP4A2 expression determined either by microarray or qPCR was elevated in either estrogen receptor (ER)-positive or progestin receptor (PR)-positive breast cancer biopsies compared to ER-negative or PR-negative biopsies. However, PTP4A2 expression was only correlated with overall survival in PR-positive breast carcinomas. These data suggest that PTP4A2 mRNA expression alone may serve as a biomarker for prediction of a breast cancer patient’s risk of recurrence and overall survival.
Electronic roles of active site residues in the catalysis and inhibition of carbonic anhydrase

Ab initio electronic structure calculations were carried out to achieve a qualitative description of the charge redistribution that takes place in the enzymatic conversion of CO2 to HCO3-. The electronic effect produced by each of the active site species which act on CO2 (a zinc ion ( + 2) bound into the enzyme by three His residues, two water molecules, His 64, Glu 106, and Thr 199) has been assigned. Zinc is found to be five-coordinate, and force optimization leads to a six-membered ring transition state, one side of which is a hydrogen bond to an oxygen of CO2. The proposed reaction mechanism is compatible with all contemporary experimental measurements. The well-known sulfonamide inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase are shown to partially mimic the geometry of the transition state. A schematic for a superior transition state analog is presented; the development of such inhibitors may be useful in the improved treatment of glaucoma. (His)3Zn is replaced by (H3N)3Zn, and zinc is represented by a d-orbital containing 12-electron pseudopotential. For calculations on the transition state, (H3N)3Zn is further replaced by an eight-electron model: two electrons for each ligand's donor pair plus the two outer zinc electrons. This model is calibrated by matching proton affinities and the zinc-water separation in the (H3N)3ZnOH22+ pseudopotential representation.
Studies on the Mechanism of Ventricular Activity

Controlled studies of ventricular excitation were performed in dogs exhibiting various Degreess of right and left bundle-branch block. Increases in the intraventricular conduction time during complete bundle-branch block are attributed to free wall as well as septal factors. Incomplete bundle-branch block may be either segmental or diffuse. In the segmental type, delayed excitation is present in only a portion of the involved ventricle. In the diffuse type, delayed excitation of the entire homolateral ventricle occurs, but some portions of the ventricle tend to be delayed to a greater extent than others. Certain segements of the ventricular myocardium appear to be supplied by fixed portions of the conducting system, without cross connections operating physiologically. The clinical implications of these observations are briefly discussed.