cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of impurities and microstructure on residual stress in nanoscale Mo films

Abstract The residual stress varied substantially as a function of thickness in a series of 2.5 to 500 nm thick Mo films. Films were sputter deposited onto Si wafers with native oxide, and the residual stress was measured using double crystal diffraction topography (DCDT). The thinnest films had a high compressive stress on the order of 2 to 3 GPa and the stress relaxed with increasing film thickness. The coatings were examined using advanced characterization techniques such as Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), grazing incidence X-ray scattering (GIXS), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). AES showed the presence of O and C contamination at the interface between the substrate and the film. GIXS analysis of the Mo films showed that the lattice of the thinnest layers was considerably expanded compared to the interplanar spacing of bulk Mo, suggesting that impurities were incorporated into these films. HRTEM data suggested that the films interacted with only the adsorbed impurities and the top one or two layers of the native SiO2 layer. Molybdenum films deposited onto clean W layers were tensile, which supported the hypothesis that impurities caused the high compressive stresses in the films deposited onto SiO2.
Enhancing Therapeutic Gains: Examination of Fidelity to the Model for the Intensive Mental Health Program

Given that the development of treatment fidelity assessment protocol is an integral but too frequently ignored aspect of clinical trials for psychological treatments, the Intensive Mental Health Program (IMHP) sought to build fidelity activities into training, program evaluation, and clinical recordkeeping from the outset of a 3 year study period. We describe (a) operational definitions and measurement of the IMHP treatment model, (b) planned fidelity-promoting activities, (c) evaluation methods, and (d) fair to appreciable accomplishment of IMHP fidelity targets. Discussion of the circumstances and processes possibly hindering better fidelity for several IMHP treatment features accompanies presentation of fidelity data. We summarize pitfalls and compensatory strategies identified during IMHP program evaluation and offer practical suggestions to enhance accountability and evaluative activity in future clinical research.
Magnetomechanical Instabilities in Elastic-Plastic Cylinders, Part I: Elastic Response

The effects of electromagnetic fields on instabilities in metal cylinders are considered in this analysis. The cylinder is assumed to be infinitely long and perfectly conducting. An axial electric current is introduced in the cylinder, giving rise to an azimuthal magnetic field in the surrounding vacuum, causing mechanical distortion in the cylinder. The current is assumed to be small so that the deformation remains elastic; in an accompanying paper (Littlefield, 1996) larger currents are considered where plastic flow becomes important. After solutions to the idealized motion of the cylinder under uniaxial strain conditions are developed, small perturbations to the motion are considered. The equations governing the motion of these disturbances are derived using linear perturbation theory. Solutions to the equations indicate that electromagnetic fields can have a substantial effect on the stability spectrum in the cylinder. In general, the frequency of oscillating perturbations is suppressed by the azimuthal magnetic field, and distending instabilities are possible if the magnetic field is above a threshold value. The underlying physical mechanisms contributing to these deviations are proposed.
A model for creep based on the climb of dislocations at grain boundaries

A model for creep based on the climb of dislocations at grain boundaries is presented. It is shown that when a sliding interface or slip band intersects a grain boundary, a traction distribution is established on the boundary. The diffusional flow induced by these tractions results in a steady state creep process. This slip band model predicts an activation energy corresponding to grain boundary self diffusion, with a stress exponent and a grain size dependence which increase and decrease, respectively, as the applied stress increases. The theoretically determined creep rates are in good agreement with the data for metals and alloys which deform by grain boundary sliding and exhibit superplastic flow properties. Other models for creep controlled by grain boundary diffusion are briefly reviewed and compared with the present model. It is concluded that superplastic deformation involves both purely diffusional flow and dislocation motion.
1∶1 and 2∶1 phase entrainment in a system of two coupled limit cycle oscillators

A model of a pair of coupled limit cycle oscillators is presented in order to investigate the extent of, and the transition between, 1∶1 and 2∶1 phase entrainment, a phenomenon exhibited by numerous diverse biological systems. The mathematical form of the model involves a flow on a phase torus given by two coupled first order nonlinear ordinary differential equations which govern the oscillators' phase angles (i.e. their respective positions around their limit cycles). The regions corresponding to 1∶1 and 2∶1 phase entrainment in an appropriate parameter space are determined analytically and numerically. The bifurcations occurring during the transition from 1∶1 to 2∶1 phase entrainment are discussed.
A repeating modular organization of the microcirculation of cat mesentery.

Abstract Microvasculature in cat mesentery is organized into repeating modules forming a complete mosaic over most of the free membrane. Characteristics of the module are: (1) an area of membrane circumscribed by a small artery (av. 28 μ) and small vein (av. 40 μ) with complete arterial and venous continuity, (2) all subordinate orders of branching comprise interior vessels of the unit. Area enclosed by the unit varies over a range from 0.9–10.5 mm 2 . Density of exchange vessels in the unit is directly related to the quantity of fat in the membrane. The density per unit area of lean membrane appears relatively constant regardless of total unit area. Since all components of the microbed are enclosed by the boundary vessels the module represents a repeating structure of a nutritional microcirculation which may assist development of structural-functional correlations.
Long range dynamic effects of point-mutations trap a response regulator in an active conformation.

When a point-mutation in a protein elicits a functional change, it is most common to assign this change to local structural perturbations. Here we show that point-mutations, distant from an essential highly dynamic kinase recognition loop in the response regulator Spo0F, lock this loop in an active conformation. This ‘conformational trapping’ results in functionally hyperactive Spo0F. Consequently, point-mutations are seen to affect functionally critical motions both close to and far from the mutational site.
Design of a new type of enclosed cell for rapid exhaustive electrodeposition of metal ions

Abstract A new type of an enclosed electrolysis cell has been developed for rapid exhaustive electrolysis of trace level metal ions. The cell was machined from plexiglass and houses a rotating tantalum auxiliary electrode, a silver‐silver chloride reference, in addition to a wax impregnated graphite working electrode. Rapid exhaustive depositions were obtained for copper in the parts‐per‐billion range with NaCl‐MgSO4 electrolyte. The tantalum auxiliary electrode circumvented the interference of soluble chlorine normally generated at auxiliary electrodes that attacks metal deposition films.
Effects of septal lesions on food and water intake and operant responding for food

Abstract Rats lesioned in the septal area showed significant increases in bar pressing for food on both continuous and FI schedules of reinforcement. Although the septal-lesioned rats showed significant increases in water consumption, their food intake was not significantly different from sham-operated animals, except during the first 5 postoperative days and during the initial 3 days of post-operative deprivation. The data were interpreted as indicating that septal-lesioned rats are hypersensitive to unconditioned and drive stimuli and that this is expressed in their operant and conditioned performances.
Vapor heat capacities and enthalpies of vaporization of five alkane hydrocarbons

Abstract Experimental values of vapor heat capacity for the real gas and enthalpy of vaporization, determined by vapor-flow calorimetry, are reported for n -pentane, 2,2-dimethylpropane, 3,3-dimethylpentane, n -octane, and 2,3,4-trimethylpentane. The results were used to derive values of C p o , the heat capacity in the ideal-gas state, and to obtain information about the state properties of the gas in the region of low relative temperature and pressure.
Radial basis functional link nets and fuzzy reasoning

Abstract We modify the architecture of radial basis function neural networks so as to also model linear as well as the usual nonlinear input–output relationships. The resulting network learns with fewer iterations and is more accurate than radial basis function neural networks or multiple layered perceptrons. Two training algorithms are presented for the new network: quick training and full training. The full training algorithm adjusts more parameters and requires more computation, but quick training is simpler and faster while also being very accurate. These networks, like radial basis function networks, are at least as powerful as the Takagi–Sugeno type of fuzzy rule-based systems. We compare their training results with those of multiple layered perceptrons and radial basis function neural networks on three data sets to show the advantage of our architecture and algorithm.
THE RENAL CLEARANCE OF CITRATE IN MAN.

Because of the paucity of data in man concerning the renal clearance of citrate, citrate and creatinine chromogen clearances were simultaneously determined in 10 normal subjects and in 8 patients with proved hyperparathyroidism prior to and after surgical correction. The hyperparathyroid patients were hypercalciuric and had recurrent renal stones but were free of infection at the time of this study. Similar determinations were performed repeatedly in 9 patients with idiopathic renal stones without urinary tract infection and in 10 hypoparathyroid patients before specific therapy, to further evaluate the relationship between renal stones, parathyroid hormone and the clearance of citrate in man. No differences in plasma citrate levels were found between these 4 groups of patients. Citrate clearances expressed per 100 ml. of GFR were similar in the normal and idiopathic stone forming group. The mean citrate clearance was slightly lower in the hyperparathyroid patient group preoperatively. Citrate clearances were low in the hypoparathyroid patients and fell to similar significantly low levels postoperatively in the cured hyperparathyroid group. In 5 normal patients parathyroid extract administration did not alter plasma levels or citrate clearances, despite exhibition of its other typical biochemical effects. These data indicate that citrate clearance can vary independently of the plasma levels of citrate in man and suggest that endogenous parathyroid hormone exerts an effect on citrate excretion at the renal level. In addition the data suggest that stone fromation in the hypercalciuric state of hyperparathyroidism and in the idiopathic stone forming group is not due to any absolute decrease in citrate excretion.
Privatization: Moving Beyond Laissez Faire

The growing fiscal crisis confronting governments in the United States and elsewhere has generated increasing interest in the “privatization” of government functions by contracting out to private businesses. In essence, arguments contend that privatization saves money because the private sector is more efficient in minimizing costs than is the public sector due to the discipline of the market, or laissez-faire economics. Ironically, this privatization movement is occurring at the same time that the laissez-faire model is being challenged as overly simplistic by studies of international economic competitiveness. Here, we argue that the theory of privatization should extend beyond minimizing costs to include recent changes in corporate strategy that emphasize qualify, change from mass production to flexible production techniques, empower employees, and form long-term strategic alliances in what has been termed “network production.” Such an approach, we believe, should be valuable in restructuring government and in creating public-private partnerships that allow the comparative advantage of both government and business to emerge.
Dynamic formation of single-atom catalytic active sites on ceria-supported gold nanoparticles

Computational investigation of heterogeneous catalytic systems is fundamentally important. Here, the authors show that, under reaction conditions, reactant-induced structural changes in ceria-supported gold nanoparticle catalysts lead to the dynamic formation of single-atom catalytic sites at the interface.
SUBCOOLED FILM-BOILING HEAT TRANSFER FROM SPHERES

Abstract The quenching of 19 and 25.4 mm spheres of steel, copper, and silver by water in natural and forced flow has been studied experimentally and theoretically. The heat transfer coefficient and minimum temperature to sustain film boiling were obtained for water subcooled from 0 to 50 K at velocities from 0 to 45 cm/sec. The heat transfer coefficient is strongly dependent on subcooling and velocity, but minimum temperature to sustain a stable film depends only on subcooling. Properties of the sphere do not affect the minimum film boiling temperature or the heat transfer coefficient provided a stable film exists. In subcooled film boiling the physico-chemical nature of the surface, external disturbances, and sphere size play a major role in causing premature partial contact which makes the heat transfer coefficient increase and may result in a pulsating film.
The Seasonal Decline in the Litter Size of Meadow Voles

Variation in litter size was examined in meadow voles ( Microtus pennsylvanicus ) during a 14-month period in 1979–1980 near Ann Arbor, Michigan. Mean litter size declined sharply each autumn, at the end of the breeding season. This pattern of autumnal decline in litter size is widespread in the genus Microtus . We examined four hypotheses that might might explain the seasonal decline in litter size: the decline reflects possibly adaptive changes in the birth mass of offspring; the decline reflects differential investment in offspring of one sex; the decline reflects a decrease in the mass of mothers; and the decline reflects a change in the average age or parity of mothers. To evaluate these hypotheses, we examined changes in litter size, masses of young and mothers, the sex ratio of litters, and associations among these reproductive variables by bringing live-caught pregnant females into the laboratory and observing their litters. Mean neonatal mass, total mass of litters, and mother's mass varied significantly during the breeding season, but preliminary estimates of age and parity of mothers did not. The number of young in a litter was correlated strongly and positively with the postpartum mass of the mother and correlated weakly and negatively with the mass of neonates. No single hypothesis adequately accounted for seasonal changes in litter size. At best, the first and third hypotheses together could account for about half of the seasonal variation in litter size.
Renal potassium channels: An overview

The introduction of the patch-clamp technique by Neher and Sackmann [1, 2] has led to the successful exploration of potassium (K) channels in the kidney, allowing the definition of their properties, localization along the nephron and their regulation [3–6]. Such information has been useful in understanding not only important aspects of K transport in the kidney, but also has provided new insights into the mechanisms by which ion and fluid homeostasis of tubule cells is achieved [5]. In this brief overview, the principles of the patch-clamp technique are described, attention drawn to the role of K channels in various tubule functions, and the sites and properties of specific K channels along the nephron defined to highlight key aspects of their physiological regulation.
Precision requirements for quotient digit selection in high-radix division

Digit-recurrence binary dividers are sped up via two complementary methods: keeping the partial remainder in carry-save form and selecting quotient digits in a radix higher than 2, usually in redundant form. The redundancy provides some tolerance to imprecision, so that the quotient digits can be selected based on examining truncated versions of the partial remainder and divisor. No closed form formula for the required precision in the partial remainder and divisor, as a function of the quotient digit set and the partial remainder range, is known. We establish upper bounds on the required precision for the partial remainder and divisor. The bounds are tight in the sense that each is only one bit over a well-known lower bound.
Optical detectors: Three contenders: Depending on the application, the photoeonductor, p-i-n diode, or avalanche photodiode may prove the best choice

Although there are many types of photodetectors, only three are commonly considered for the direct detection of digital signals in optical communications: the photoconductor, the p-i-n diode, and the avalanche photodiode. The advantages and disadvantages of each type are discussed. The problems of speed, security, and noise are stressed.
Skim milk progesterone in pregnant cows from insemination throughout lactation

The skim milk progesterone profile was assessed by radioimmunoassay, without extraction, from the day of insemination (day 0) until the cows were dried off on day 225 of gestation. A total of 418 samples were collected from 154 pregnant Holstein cows. The daily variation in skim milk progesterone was recorded from day 1 until day 45 of pregnancy to detect the commencement of progesterone secretion from the corpus luteum after insemination. Subsequent determinations were made every 2 weeks from day 46 until lactation ceased. On the day of artificial insemination and for the first 2 days after insemination, all the cows had a basal progesterone concentration <0.1 ng/ml. A rise in progesterone (0.2±0.1 ng/ml) was first detected on the third day after insemination. The progesterone values then increased significantly (p<0.001) until day 15.
Small-molecule screening of PC3 prostate cancer cells identifies tilorone dihydrochloride to selectively inhibit cell growth based on cyclin-dependent kinase 5 expression

Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) is a potential target for prostate cancer treatment, the enzyme being essential for prostate tumor growth and formation of metastases. In the present study, we identified agents that target prostate cancer cells based on CDK5 expression. CDK5 activity was suppressed by transfection of PC3 prostate cancer cells with a dominant-negative construct (PC3 CDK5dn). PC3 CDK5dn and PC3 control cells were screened for compounds that selectively target cells based on CDK5 expression, utilizing the Johns Hopkins Drug Library. MTS proliferation, clonogenic and 3D growth assays were performed to validate the selected hits. Screening of 3,360 compounds identified rutilantin, ethacridine lactate and cetalkonium chloride as compounds that selectively target PC3 control cells and a tilorone analog as a selective inhibitor of PC3 CDK5dn cells. A PubMed literature study indicated that tilorone may have clinical use in patients. Validation experiments confirmed that tilorone treatment resulted in decreased PC3 cell growth and invasion; PC3 cells with inactive CDK5 were inhibited more effectively. Future studies are needed to unravel the mechanism of action of tilorone in CDK5 deficient prostate cancer cells and to test combination therapies with tilorone and a CDK5 inhibitor for its potential use in clinical practice.
Glucose ingestion acutely lowers pulsatile LH and basal testosterone secretion in men

Chronic hyperglycemia inhibits the male gonadal axis. The present analyses test the hypothesis that acute glucose ingestion also suppresses LH and testosterone (T) secretion and blunts the LH-T dos...
AN EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF LINGUISTIC DEVELOPMENT: THE PRODUCTIVE USE OF THE PLURAL MORPHEME

Operant conditioning procedures were used to establish a generative use of the plural morpheme in the speech of a severely retarded girl. During training trials, reinforcement was presented contingent upon correct imitation of singular and plural verbalizations by the experimenter, in response to objects presented to the subject singly and in pairs. A generative productive plural usage resulted, the girl correctly labeling new objects in the singular or plural without further direct training relevant to those objects. After establishing the singular/plural usage, the contingencies were reversed (reinforcement of plural responses to single objects, and vice-versa). This produced a corresponding reversal of response by the child. The original usage was then recovered by returning to the previous contingencies. A second experiment analyzed certain error responses occurring during the first experiment, and further probed the generative nature of the subject's plural usage. It was found that errors were somewhat more likely to occur in the pluralization of words ending in vowels than of words ending in consonants. Furthermore, several words whose plurals had been learned according to the reversed plural rule, when examined later during reinforcement of normal plural usage, were found then to exemplify the normal rule being reinforced, yet without direct training.
Effects of the Anti-Androgen SK&F 7690 on the Fertility of Epididymal Spermatozoa in the Rabbit

17-alpha-methyl-beta-nortestosterone (SK&F 7690) and antiandrogen was used to study the androgen-dependence of 2 aspects of epididymal function in the rabbit. There was a wide range of response from complete aspermatogenesis to normal spermatogenesis (50% of the rabbits). Accessory sex glands showed varying degrees of involution paralleling testicular histology in severity. In the animals most severely affected testicular damage was associated with vacuolization of the epithelium of the caput epididymus. There appeared to be a general lowering in the fertility of epididymal sperm in animals with some testicular response to the antiandrogen. The degree of loss of fertility appeared broadly to parallel the degree of testicular response.
Fecal incontinence in US women: A population-based study

Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of fecal incontinence (FI) and associated risk factors in a broad age range of community-dwelling women. Study design This was a population-based, age-stratified postal survey of 6000 women aged 30 to 90 years enrolled in a large HMO in Washington State. Sample was linked to longitudinal automated medical data. FI was defined as loss of liquid or solid stool at least monthly. Results The response rate was 64%. The prevalence of FI was 7.2%; prevalence increased notably with age. Women with FI reported significant lifestyle alteration and functional disability. Older age (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 2.11-2.22), major depression (OR 2.73), urinary incontinence (OR 2.32), medical comorbidity (OR 1.76-2.58), and operative vaginal delivery (OR 1.52) were significantly associated with increased odds of FI. Conclusion In this large report of US community-dwelling women, FI was a prevalent condition. Age, major depression, urinary incontinence, medical illness, and operative vaginal delivery were strongly associated with likelihood of FI.
Time-resolved molecular changes in a chemically reacting shocked energetic liquid

Abstract Experimental measurements, using Raman spectroscopy, are presented that demonstrate the ability to continuously monitor molecular changes associated with the onset of a chemical reaction in a shocked condensed explosive. In shock reverberation experiments to a peak pressure of 14 GPa, liquid nitromethane with ethylenediamine additive (0.1 wt%) undergoes an irreversible chemical change; direct evidence for CN bond scission is presented. In contrast, pure nitromethane shows completely reversible behavior at comparable shock pressures. The present data support the hypothesis that the addition of an amine lowers the activation energy for CN bond scission.
PLZT ceramics prepared from conventional and microwave hydrothermal powders

Abstract Phase pure PLZT (3/52/48) powders were synthesized at a low temperature of 138°C by both conventional and microwave hydrothermal (MH) methods without using excess lead content. PLZT ceramics fabricated from the above powders resulted in 96% of theoretical density upon sintering. Properties such as crystallinity. morphology of the as prepared MH powders and densification and miciostructure of the sintered pellets were studied. These properties of MH samples were compared with the properties of those prepared by conventional hydro-thermal method (CH).
A multiunit ADI scheme for biharmonic equation with accelerated convergence

We consider the problem of acceleration of the Alternative Directions Implicit (ADI) scheme for Dirichlet problem for biharmonic equation. The second Douglas scheme is used as the main vehicle and two full time steps are organised in a single iteration unit in which the explicit operators are arranged differently for the second step. Using an a priori estimate for the spectral radius of the operator, we show that there exists an optimal value for the acceleration parameter. An algorithm is devised implementing the scheme and the optimal range of the parameter is verified through numerical experiments. One iteration unit speeds up the convergence from two to three times in comparison with the standard ADI scheme. To obtain more significant acceleration for the cases when the standard ADI scheme has extremely slow convergence, a generalised multiunit scheme is constructed by introducing another acceleration parameter and treating two consecutive iteration units as one basic element.
Instructional Control of Self-Control in Adults with Co-Morbid Developmental Disabilities and Mental Illness

The present study examined the use of a progressive delayed concurrent schedule to teach tolerance to reinforcer delays with three adults with a dual-diagnosis of mental illness and mental retardation. Participants were initially given a series of choices between a sooner smaller reinforcer available immediately or a larger delayed reinforcer available after various delays ranging up to 5 min. During one of two alternating training conditions, participants were asked to choose between a sooner smaller reinforcer and a larger reinforcer at progressively increasing delays. During the other training condition, identical choices were available but participants were also provided a rule by the experimenter informing them that it was better to select one of the options over the other. Results showed that during baseline all three participants made frequent impulsive choices and selected the sooner smaller reinforcer most often, even at short delay values. However, following training, all participants’ preferences reversed. Furthermore, the effects were enhanced via the delivery of the rule by the experimenter. A 6 month follow-up consisting of rule removal and rule reversal demonstrated the durability of the training procedures over time. Implications for the enhancement of self-control via rule governed behavior is discussed.
The genetic relatedness of united states prototype bluetongue viruses by RNA/RNA hybridization

Abstract The genetic relatedness of the prototype bluetongue viruses isolated in the United States was examined by RNA/RNA hybridization. Genomic dsRNAs of bluetongue viruses were separated by either SDS-PAGE or NuSieve agarose gel electrophoresis and were blotted by both standard Northern technique and the recently developed rapid alkali-blotting method of Li, Kowalik, and Parker (submitted for publication) to positively charged nylon membranes. The blotted RNA was then probed with 3′-end-labeled dsRNA of each serotype. Initially, single segments were individually hybridized to identify cognate genes. Total genomic dsRNAs were then probed to determine genetic relatedness. The genes coding for the nonstructural proteins NS1 and NS2 were the most conserved. Most of the RNA segments coding for the core proteins were also well conserved, with segment S1 showing some diversity among the five serotypes. The outer capsid protein-coding segments demonstrated a wide degree of sequence divergence with segment L2 having little or no cross-hybridization among the five serotypes.
Organizational commitment: a critique of the construct and measures

Organizational commitment has been at the centre of studies into individual and organizational performance for several decades. During this time, much has happened to the ways in which organizations behave, including the evolution of new forms of employee relations and new psychological contracts. Against a transformational background for organizations, developments in the ways that commitment is measured have been incremental and arguably detached from the broader context of ‘new deals’ for employees. This paper examines classical approaches to defining and measuring organizational commitment and, in the context of strategic human resource management, argues for its continued importance. Classic approaches, however, are criticized on the basis of diminished utility in light of revised employee–organization linkages. Suggestions for improving the relevance of commitment research to contemporary management research and practice are given.
3He bubble evolution in ErT2: A survey of experimental results

Abstract For the past several years we have been carrying out a long term experimental study of 3He in ErT2 (erbium di-tritide). This study has attempted to answer questions regarding the evolution of helium bubbles in ErT 2 - x He x . ErT2 samples have been studied periodically over four years using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Nano-Indentation (NI). In ErT 2 - x He x , helium bubbles are plate-like and grow along {1 1 1} planes. The bubbles grow in three distinct phases. First, they nucleate and grow as “Griffith-cracks” until an age of ∼0.15 He:M. Second, around 0.15 He:M the diameter stops increasing and instead the bubbles grow in thickness by punching dislocation dipoles. Third, the bubbles grow in size until ∼0.3 He:M at which point the bubbles begin to link.
Children of open marriages: Parental disclosure and perspectives

This study concerns parents in open relationships and their disclosures of information to their children. In this sampling of seventy-one adults, 50 percent had children and each of them responded to questions concerning their open relationships and their children's awareness and involvement in these open relationships. Seventy-five percent wanted their children to be aware of their lifestyle. However, only 21 percent fully informed their children as to their involvements.
Intestinal lymphangiectasia with immunoglobulin a deficiency

A patient, who experienced a severe episode of reversible protein-losing enteropathy secondary to intestinal lymphangiectasia, was found to have no detectable level of IgA in his serum or saliva. The deficiency in IgA persisted long after the levels of all other proteins and immunoglobulins returned to normal. Other instances of the malabsorption syndrome in association with absent IgA, as well as other combinations of immunoglobulin deficiencies, are discussed.
Is it suitable to eliminate bone scan for prostate cancer patients with PSA ≤ 20 ng/mL?

Purpose We evaluated the relationship between bone metastasis (BM) and clinical or pathological variables, including the serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentration.
Dislocation arrangement in the plastic zone of propagating cracks in nickel

The structure of the plastic zone ahead of a crack has been studied in nickel using thein situ transmission electron microscopy technique. The cracks formed in the thin foils were shear cracks of mode III type. For tensile axis orientations near [1 1 1], the plastic zone was in the form of a thin ribbon consisting of an inverse pile-up of partial dislocations. This structure changed to a broad array of perfect dislocations for the orientations near [0 0 1]. The observation of partial dislocations in nickel may be considered anomalous because of its relatively high stacking fault energy. The orientation dependence of the splitting is discussed in terms of various mechanisms such as impurity, stress-induced separation of partials, and mutual interaction between the partials. It is concluded that the stress-induced nucleation and separation of the partials are responsible for the orientation dependence but other factors such as the mutual interaction of the partials must be considered to explain the observed width of the splitting.
Discursive Geographies in Science: Space, Identity, and Scientific Discourse among Indigenous Women in Higher Education.

Despite completing undergraduate degrees in the life sciences, few Indigenous women choose to pursue careers in scientific research. To help us understand how American Indian students engage with science, this ethnographic research describes (1) how four Navajo women identified with science, and (2) the narratives they offered when we discussed their experiences with scientific discourse. Using intensive case studies to describe the experiences of these women, my research focused on their final year of undergraduate study in the life sciences at a university in southwestern US. I point to the processes by which the participants align themselves with ideas, practices, groups, or people in science. As each participant recounted her experiences with scientific discourse, they recreated for me a discursive geography of their lives on the reservation, at home, at community colleges (in some cases), and on the university campus. In the construction and analysis of the narratives for this research, mapping this geography was critical to understanding each participant’s discursive relationship with science. In these discursive spaces, I observed productive “locations of possibility” in which students and their instructors: valued connected knowing; acknowledged each other’s history, culture, and knowledge; began to speak to each other subject-to-subject; and challenged normative views of schooling. I argue that this space, as a location of possibility, has the power to transform the crushing impersonalized schooling that often characterizes “rigorous” scientific programs in a research institution.
PS3-14: CREX: Utility of a Computerized Methodology to Identify Health Conditions Using the EMR for GWAS, in the Kaiser Permanente Research Program on Genes, Environment, and Health

Background/Aims The Genetic Epidemiology Research on Adult Health and Aging (GERA) Cohort has genotyped data on over 100,000 participants. In order to characterize many health conditions of interest found among respondents for sample-size estimation and GWAS, we sought to extend methodologies that utilized the Electronic Medical Record (EMR) in an automated way to characterize many diseases without the expense and limitation of numerous, complex algorithms specific to individual diseases and conditions.
The Treatment of International Crimes in Chilean Jurisprudence: A Janus Face

This article discusses how Chilean jurisprudence has reviewed the crimes perpetrated by the military regime that ruled Chile from 1973 to 1990. Because the Chilean legislation did not have a catalogue of international crimes until 2009, the jurisprudence had to prosecute the military regime's crimes as common offences—mainly as abductions and murders. After years of resistance to accept international principles, the attitude of higher courts, especially the Supreme Court, started to change in the nineties, consistent with the consolidation of the restored democracy. This change is especially reflected in the question of the validity of the prosecution of these crimes, which were hindered by an amnesty law issued in the period of the military regime and by the statute of limitations. As the Amnesty Law is no longer applicable, today the debate focuses on the non-applicability of the statute of limitations. All this has led to rulings with hybrid content: half domestic law, half international law, a Janus face — as the author mentions — that may be dangerous for the principle of legality.
RNA interference against retroviruses

Bang and Ellerman, and later Peyton Rous, reported the first identification of transmissible cancer-causing agents, which later turned out to be avian retroviruses. Today avian retroviruses are important models for study of retrovirus replication and pathogenesis, and also important pathogens of domestic fowl. Here we describe the use of RNA interference (RNAi) in live chick embryos to block replication of an avian retrovirus. We also describe inhibition of ASLV and HIV replication in cell culture with RNAi.
Estimating Outside Air Concentrations surrounding Fumigated Grain Mills

Fumigation is often performed in grain-milling facilities and warehouses to control unwanted insect pests. Fumigants are typically gases or liquids having a high vapour pressure such that the fumigant permeates throughout the facility. Multiple fumigant field studies using commercial mill structures were performed using sulphuryl fluoride (SF). Internal building concentrations, SF leakage rates, and external air concentrations at specific setback distances from the treated structure were quantified. However, field studies are limited to the parametric combinations of management practices, mill geometry, and meteorological conditions that occurred during the experiment. The use of two existing US Environmental Protection Agency air dispersion models [Building Profile Input Program (BPIP) and the Industrial Source Complex dispersion model (ISCST3)], with custom applications of Visual Basic and Monte Carlo algorithms were employed to calculate different exposure scenarios and to extrapolate external SF air concentrations for parameter ranges not used/observed in the field trials. Different inputs included application rate, application date, application timing, meteorological variability, and parameters quantifying building leakage and aeration processes. Results from the numerical system were validated against observations from three US mill field studies located in Kansas, Texas, and Indiana with excellent agreement (average difference from 32·9% to 42·7%), giving credence that the modelling can expand field observations to other diverse situations where mill fumigation may be used. Sensitive input parameters were allowed to vary by Monte Carlo techniques to quantify parametric uncertainty. It was found that the orientation of wind speed and direction surrounding a fumigated mill can influence external air concentrations due to the effect of neighbouring buildings and silos.
Nickel(II) α-benzildioximate: red or orange?

Abstract Preliminary investigations indicate that nickel(II) α-benzildioximate exists in two differently-coloured structural forms. Further work is in progress.
Delta methods in enveloping rings

Abstract Let L be a K -Lie algebra (possibly restricted) and define Then Δ ( L ) is a (restricted) Lie ideal of L which is clearly the Lie algebra analog of the finite conjugate center of a group. Indeed, in analogy with known results on group algebras and crossed products, we show that Δ ( L ) controls certain properties of enveloping rings determined by L . Specifically, we consider the annihilator ideals and primeness of various twisted smash products R # U ( L ) (or R # u ( L )). Furthermore, we study X -inner automorphisms, X -inner derivations, intersection theorems, and primitivity of the twisted enveloping algebras U ( L ) (or u ( L )).
Dilute solution properties of proteoglycan fractions from bovine nasal cartilage.

Fresh proteogycans (adult bovine nasal cartilage) isolated from the densest portion of a dissociative density gradient had a weight-average molecular weight of ca. 106 in 4M guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCI) by light scattering. Fractions of such material obtained by elution with 4M GdnHCI from 2% agarose gel, both normal and cross-linkd, has proteoglycan subunit molecular weights ranging from 0.8 to 2.6 × 106 and root-mean-square radii ranging from 35 to 52 nm in the same solvent. The protein molecular weight per proteoglycan subunit was about 1.2 × 105 and that of keratan sulfate about 1.8 × 105, both independent of total molecular weight. A random-flight “graft copolymer” model having uniform side chains of chondroitin sulfate (40 disaccharides) and keratan sulfate (15 disaccharides) and a random-coil polypeptide back bone was used to estimate the unperturbed radius, whihc was about 19 nm for a mol wt of 1.5 × 106. Experimental light-scattering data for fractions were fitted very well by theoretical curves for the particale scattering factor for both linear and appropriate branched polymers. Examination of coil expansion on the basis of perturbation calculations for branched polymer models suggested that expansion did not account for the experimentally observed radii in terms of unperturbed radii calculated from the model. A possible explanation is that substantial local stiffening of the polypeptide chain due to substitution of side-chain clusters increases the unperturbed radii. The intrinsic viscosity [η] is 4M GdnHCI ranged from 120 to 180 ml/g, and could be interpreted in terms of th eequivalent sphere model; the Flory number has approximately its normal value for flexible linear polymers. The treatment of the sedimentation coefficient by this is less successful, since the Man delkern-Flory parameter β apparently increases with increasing molecular weight; average value are similar to those for flexible polymers, but the variation in β makes this method useful only for rough estimation of molecular weight of proteoglycans. Molecular weights of purified proteoglycans are the same in 0.2M NaCI as in 4M GdnHCI, while crude preparations gave higher molecular weights in 0.2M NaCI, probably because of association due to incomplete removel of “linking” proteins.
Disability and Poverty in Developing Countries: A Multidimensional Study

Summary. — About 15% of the world population lives with some form of disability. Yet little is known about the economic lives of persons with disabilities, especially in developing countries. This paper uses for the first time internationally comparable data to draw an economic profile of persons with disabilities in 15 developing countries. In most countries, disability is found to be significantly associated with higher multidimensional poverty as well as lower educational attainment, lower employment rates, and higher medical expenditures. Among persons with disabilities, persons aged 40 and above and persons with multiple disabilities were more likely to be multi-dimensionally poor. 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Dimensional fixation with introtacts in kindergarten children

The effects of introtact probes on the discrimination performance of kindergarten children were assessed in simultaneous discrimination tasks having size as the relevant dimension and both color and form as irrelevant dimensions varying within settings. With size as the relevant dimension, all of the children were trained against their initially preferred dimension (either color or form). Verbal hypotheses concerning the solution to the task (introtacts) were obtained prior to each choice response for half of the children. The children in the introtact condition performed more poorly than did those not required to give introtacts. The use of introtacts appeared to fixate the children’s attention on the dimension named in their first introtact. The implications of the results for studies of hypothesis testing in young children are discussed.
Fate of fossil fuel CO2 in geologic time

[1] A model of the ocean and seafloor carbon cycle is subjected to injection of new CO2 pulses of varying sizes to estimate the resident atmospheric fraction over the coming 100 kyr. The model is used to separate the processes of air-sea equilibrium, an ocean temperature feedback, CaCO3 compensation, and silicate weathering on the residual anthropogenic pCO2 in the atmosphere at 1, 10, and 100 kyr. The mean lifetime of anthropogenic CO2 is dominated by the long tail, resulting in a range of 30–35 kyr. The long lifetime of fossil fuel carbon release implies that the anthropogenic climate perturbation may have time to interact with ice sheets, methane clathrate deposits, and glacial/interglacial climate dynamics.
Service vessel activity in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico in support of the oil and gas industry using AIS data, 2009–2010

Abstract Offshore exploration and production in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico is supported by a large number of service vessels characterized by complex logistical patterns and demand points distributed across an expansive geographic area. No quantitative data on the spatial and temporal distributions of service vessel activity in the region is available due to the size, complexity and dynamics of the network. The purpose of this paper is to apply Automatic Identification System position data to quantify service vessel activity in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico from 2009 to 2010. A total of 1.1 million vessel arrivals and departures were recorded in 2009–2010, and in 2010, the number of vessel events increased by 40% due in part to the Macondo oil spill and cleanup response. Port-to-port movements comprise the majority of events and about 30% of activity relates to movements offshore. Port Fourchon, Venice, New Orleans, Sabine-Neches, and Lake Charles were the most active ports during the period. A detailed breakdown of vessel counts and the limitations of the analysis are outlined.
A Response to Andrew Moravcsik

The responses to Andrew Moravcsik's article discuss the main substantive and methodological points raised in it. Although most of the respondents agree that Moravcsik has properly highlighted the importance of commercial concerns for de Gaulle's policy on European integration, they question the validity of his sharp separation between de Gaulle's political and economic goals for France. Several commentators argue that political and commercial concerns (including agricultural concerns) were closely intertwined in de Gaulle'bs vision of French grandeur. John Keeler brings up another crucial question: Was French agriculture really an obstacle to France's position in Europe? He argues that de Gaulle successfully supported and modernized French agriculture because he was convinced that this would contribute to France's geopolitical position in Europe and the Western world. In two longer commentaries, Jeffrey Vanke and Marc Trachtenberg raise questions about Moravcsik's methodology and use of sources. Both agre...