cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Organocuprate Conjugate Addition: The Square-Planar “CuIII” Intermediate

Rapid-injection NMR experiments with 2-cyclohexenone, TMSCl, and Me2CuLi•LiCN by the Bertz and Ogle team (Bertz, S. H.; Cope, S.; Murphy, M.; Ogle, C. A.; Taylor, B. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 7208−7209) have led to the observation of a new product-forming conjugate addition intermediate characterized by 1H and 13C NMR at −100 °C. By employing conformational analysis, density functional theory (DFT) optimization, and prediction of NMR observables (δ (TMS), 2J), the structure of the observed species is confirmed to be the elusive and long sought tetracoordinate square-planar “Cu(III) intermediate”. Additional calculations suggest that symmetrical or unsymmetrical tetraalkyl analogues ([R4Cu]-1) are inherently more stable than the CN analogues ([R3CuCN]-1) and may be isolable.
Use of fungicides to control blue-green algae on Bermuda grass putting-green surfaces

Abstract Cyanobacteria, commonly called blue-green algae, are a pest on Bermuda grass ( Cynodon spp.) golf course putting-greens in Florida when excessive water is present. Four fungicide active ingredients: mancozeb, maneb, chlorothalonil and quaternary ammonium salts, were evaluated for control of this pest as preventive and curative treatments. All formulations of mancozeb, maneb and chlorothalonil were effective as preventive applications, but not as curative treatments. The quaternary ammonium salts did not provide any control of blue-green algae. Fungicides would be useful as part of an integrated management program for surface blue-green algae when environmental conditions are conducive for their growth.
Alq3: ab initio calculations of its structural and electronic properties in neutral and charged states

Abstract A detailed density functional theory study is presented for the structural and electronic properties of Alq3, one of the electroluminescent material most successfully used in organic light-emitting diodes. Both geometrical isomers are considered, and interesting discrepancies are found in their electronic behavior. Calculations are compared with available experimental data and with the results of semiempirical models as well. The effects of hole and electron injection are clarified, and trap energies for the negative charge carriers are estimated.
Fine structure of nerve cells in a planarian.

The fine structure of the nerve cell types in the white planarian Procotyla fluviatilis were described. Ganglion cells comprise the major portion of the brain. These cells are irregular in shape with several cytoplasmic processes and contain ribosomes, a sparse endoplasmic reticulum, microtubules, lysosomes, and a Golgi apparatus with numerous small vesicles. Granule-containing cells are situated in the peripheral regions of the brain and along the nerve cords. These cells contain ribosomes, rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and a Golgi apparatus with associated dense granules. The granules occupy most of the cytoplasm and are ∼ 750A in diameter with moderately dense contents, ∼ 750A with opaque contents, and ∼ 1000A with contents of medium density. These granules are similar to those in the nervous systems of higher animals that contain epinephrine, norepinephrine, and neurosecretory substance, respectively. Each cell contains predominantly one type of granule although there is some intermixing of granules and intermediate types between the three most abundant granules. Small clear vesicles, resembling cholinergic synaptic vesicles, and all types of dense granules occur in the neuropil and within nerve endings.
Spectroscopic investigations of solvent-refined coal fractions

Abstract The chemical characteristics of Amax solvent-refined coal are investigated on a molecular size and component basis. Gel permeation chromatography (g.p.c.) is used to characterize the tetrahydrofuran-soluble portion of the SRC and to obtain the molecular size distributions, and is also used as a preanalysis step, in which fractions are obtained according to elution time. The THF-soluble portion of the SRC has elution times comparable to asphaltene plus oil. The resultant g.p.c. eluent is divided into six fractions, three of which have molecular sizes and elution times comparable to asphaltene alone, two to oil, and one to asphaltene plus oil. These observations are confirmed by chemical ionization and electron impact mass spectrometry. Various analytical techniques are used to establish further the composition of the fractions, including: infrared spectrometry, elemental analysis, flourescence excitation and emission spectrometry, high-pressure liquid chromatography and gas chromatography.
Correlation of Quinone Reductase Activity and Allyl Isothiocyanate Formation Among Different Genotypes and Grades of Horseradish Roots

Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) is a perennial crop and its ground root tissue is used in condiments because of the pungency of the glucosinolate (GS)-hydrolysis products allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) and phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) derived from sinigrin and gluconasturtiin, respectively. Horseradish roots are sold in three grades: U.S. Fancy, U.S. No. 1, and U.S. No. 2 according to the USDA standards. These grading standards are primarily based on root diameter and length. There is little information on whether root grades vary in their phytochemical content or potential health promoting properties. This study measured GS, GS-hydrolysis products, potential anticancer activity (as quinone reductase inducing activity), total phenolic content, and antioxidant activities from different grades of horseradish accessions. U.S. Fancy showed significantly higher sinigrin and AITC concentrations than U.S. No. 1 ,whereas U.S. No. 1 showed significantly higher concentrations of 1-cyano 2,3-epithiopropane, the e...
Immobilized gold nanoparticle sensor for label-free optical detection of biomolecular interactions

We present a new label free optical technique to study biomolecular interactions in real time on a surface. This method monitors changes in the absorbance spectrum of a monolayer of gold on glass as a function of biomolecular binding. Gold nanoparticles with a diameter of 13 nm were chemisorbed onto an amine-terminated glass surface. The absorbance spectrum of the monolayer exhibited both a red shift as well as an increase in the absorbance at peak wavelength as a function of bulk solution refractive index. The increase in absorbance at peak wavelength as a function of bulk solution refractive index. The increase in absorbance at 550 nm was employed to study the kinetics of fibrinogen adsorption on the immobilized monolayer. The result obtained with the absorbance sensor were compared with those obtained using conventional SPR. This sensor is attractive because of its simplicity: gold nanoparticles are easily prepared with high reproducibility, they can be easily immobilized on glass, and their absorbance spectrum can be easily measured using widely available UV-vis spectrophotometers. Furthermore, this technique should be easily amenable to the design of chips in an array format for application in hgih-throughput immunoassays and proteomics.
Analytical sensitivity of interpolatory quadrature in force-based frame elements

Recent literature shows the choice of an integration method in the state determination of force-based frame finite elements has a significant influence on the computed element response. To assess the modeling uncertainty associated with integration methods in force-based elements, analytical sensitivity of one-dimensional interpolatory quadrature is developed via direct differentiation of the governing Vandermonde equations. Comparisons with finite difference calculations show that the combination of the Vandermonde equation sensitivity with equations that govern force-based element response sensitivity leads to an accurate approach to stand-alone response sensitivity analysis. Consistent with previous findings for material, load, and geometric parameters in finite element response sensitivity analysis, sensitivity with respect to parameters associated with the integration method in force-based elements improves the efficiency of gradient-based algorithms where the locations and/or weights of the integration method are treated as uncertain random variables. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Harnessing Light: the study and an update

The completion of the report 'Harnessing Light: Optical Science and Engineering for the 21st Century' by COSE (Committee on Optical Science and Engineering) by the National Academy in 1998 has had a profound effect on optics related activities and the recognition of optics as a most pervasive and enabling field of technology. After a brief summary of the report - an update on its principal recommendations and other significant U.S. and global activities will be highlighted. © (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Tuberous sclerosis complex: from Drosophila to human disease

Abstract Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a human syndrome characterized by a widespread development of benign tumors. This disease is caused by mutations in the TSC1 or TSC2 tumor suppressor genes; the molecular mechanisms underlying the activity of these have long been elusive. Recent studies of Drosophila and mammalian cells demonstrate that the TSC1–TSC2 complex functions as GTPase activating protein against Rheb – a Ras-like small GTPase, which in turn regulates TOR signaling in nutrient-stimulated cell growth. These findings provide a new paradigm for how proteins involved in nutrient sensing could function as tumor suppressors and suggest novel therapeutic targets against TSC. Here, we review these exciting developments with an emphasis on Drosophila studies and discuss how Drosophila can be a powerful model system for an understanding of the molecular mechanisms of the activity of human disease genes.
Milk-Based Nutraceutical for Treating Autoimmune Arthritis via the Stimulation of IL-10- and TGF-β-producing CD39 + Regulatory T Cells

Autoimmune diseases arise from the loss of tolerance to self, and because the etiologies of such diseases are largely unknown, symptomatic treatments rely on anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents. Tolerogenic treatments that can reverse disease are preferred, but again, often thwarted by not knowing the responsible auto-antigens (auto-Ags). Hence, a viable alternative to stimulating regulatory T cells (Tregs) is to induce bystander tolerance. Colonization factor antigen I (CFA/I) has been shown to evoke bystander immunity and to hasten Ag-specific Treg development independent of auto-Ag. To translate in treating human autoimmune diseases, the food-based Lactococcus was engineered to express CFA/I fimbriae, and Lactococcus-CFA/I fermented milk fed to arthritic mice proved highly efficacious. Protection occurred via CD39+ Tregs producing TGF-β and IL-10 to potently suppress TNF-α production and neutrophil influx into the joints. Thus, these data demonstrate the feasibility of oral nutraceuticals for treating arthritis, and potency of protection against arthritis was improved relative to that obtained with Salmonella-CFA/I.
Exploring gender and job embeddedness in information technology professionals

Despite the current difficulties in the economy, the demand for information technology (IT) workers is expected to grow substantially in the next several years. The need for talented IT workers is exacerbated by the looming retirement of many IT professionals. Thus, it is becoming increasingly important for organizations to find ways to retain their valuable and skilled IT employees. One construct that has been introduced to assess reasons employees choose to stay in their current position is job embeddedness. This paper explores the effect of gender on the three dimensions of job embeddedness: an employee's fit with the organization, the potential sacrifice they would make if they left their job, and links or connections they have to others in their organization. This research-in-progress paper hypothesizes that there are differences between males and females in in each of the embeddedness dimensions.
Gyromagnetic Ratios for Iron, Cobalt and Certain Binary Alloys of Iron, Cobalt and Nickel

Gyromagnetic ratios for iron, cobalt and many binary alloys of iron, cobalt and nickel were determined by measurements on the Einsten-de Haas effect such as made in this laboratory previously. Improvements were made in the methods of eliminating large quadrature torques. For each series of binary alloys the gyromagnetic ratio was found to vary linearly or nearly linearly with concentra­tion. For those materials studied here previously there is good agreement between the new results and the older.
Size control and quantum confinement in Cu2ZnSnS4 nanocrystals

Starting with metal dithiocarbamate complexes, we synthesize colloidal Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) nanocrystals with diameters ranging from 2 to 7 nm. Structural and Raman scattering data confirm that CZTS is obtained rather than other possible material phases. The optical absorption spectra of nanocrystals with diameters less than 3 nm show a shift to higher energy due to quantum confinement.
The Reception of American Popular Culture by Hungarians

L'importation de la culture americaine en Hongrie est forte mais cela ne signifie pas que les produits americains sont apprecies et qu'ils ne menacent pas la culture locale. Si les Hongrois aiment les fast-foods, ils critiquent la standardisation, la superficialite des valeurs americaines, la violence des films, l'exposition des richesses, etc. La culture populaire americaine est consideree comme une menace surtout pour les jeunes qui s'en abreuvent. Les adultes nient toute influence sur leur comportement et ne s'inquietent pas d'une eventuelle menace sur la culture locale (les gens choisissent et n'ont pas les moyens de s'offrir des produits importes). La synthese culturelle peut s'averer un processus enrichissant si l'on conserve sa culture et son identite
Caspase Activation Increases β-Amyloid Generation Independently of Caspase Cleavage of the β-Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP)

Abstract The amyloid precursor protein (APP) undergoes “alternative” proteolysis mediated by caspases. Three major caspase recognition sites have been identified in the APP, i.e. one at the C terminus (Asp720) and two at the N terminus (Asp197 and Asp219). Caspase cleavage at Asp720 has been suggested as leading to increased production of Aβ. Thus, we set out to determine which putative caspase sites in APP, if any, are cleaved in Chinese hamster ovary cell lines concurrently with the increased Aβ production that occurs during apoptosis. We found that cleavage at Asp720 occurred concurrently with caspase 3 activation and the increased production of total secreted Aβ and Aβ1-42 in association with staurosporine- and etoposide-induced apoptosis. To investigate the contribution of caspase cleavage of APP to Aβ generation, we expressed an APP mutant truncated at Asp720 that mimics APP caspase cleavage at the C-terminal site. This did not increase Aβ generation but, in contrast, dramatically decreased Aβ production in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Furthermore, the ablation of caspase-dependent cleavage at Asp720, Asp197, and Asp219 (by site-directed mutagenesis) did not prevent enhanced Aβ production following etoposide-induced apoptosis. These findings indicate that the enhanced Aβ generation associated with apoptosis does not require cleavage of APP at its C-terminal (Asp720) and/or N-terminal caspase sites.
Racial differences in accuracy of self-assessment of sexual maturation among young black and white girls.

Abstract Purpose: To examine the validity of maturation self-assessments and to investigate the association between race and validity of self-assessments among young black and white girls. Methods: Self-assessments and examiner-assessments of areolar and pubic hair development using line drawings were compared at three visits among a cohort of 11- to 14-year-old girls enrolled in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Growth and Health Study. Accuracy rates and κ coefficients were calculated to measure the agreement between girls and examiners. Logistic regression models were used to assess the racial differences in the accuracy of self-assessments while adjusting for possible confounders. Results: Fair to moderate agreement was found between self- and examiner-assessments (areolar self-assessments: adjusted accuracy rates: 60.7–69.9%, κ: 0.32–0.51; pubic hair self-assessments: adjusted accuracy rates: 57.9–70.7%, κ: 0.36–0.55). While there were indications of racial differences in the ability to perform self-assessment with black girls tending to self-assess less accurately, most of the differences disappeared after adjusting for nurse-assessed stage. Conclusions: These findings suggest that self-assessment can substitute for examiner evaluations only when crude estimates of maturation are needed. However, when accurate maturation stage data are required, examiner-assessments are necessary. Because black girls are usually more pubertally advanced and tend to underestimate their development, the value of self-assessment is questionable for assessing populations with young black and white girls. Use of self-assessment might present biased estimates of maturation and confound research findings.
Vascular leiomyoma of the superior turbinate: First reported case

Background Vascular leiomyoma is an uncommon smooth muscle tumor rarely found in the head and neck area. We report the first case arising from the superior turbinate of the nasal cavity. Methods A case presentation, treatment, and review of the literature are discussed. Results Twenty-one months after embolization and surgical resection, the patient is doing well, without evidence of recurrence. Conclusions Vascular leiomyoma is a rare benign tumor of the nasal cavity, and surgical excision yields high cure rates. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 19: 63–67, 1997.
A radiochemical procedure for ultratrace determination of chromium in biological materials

Chromium is one of the most difficult elements to accurately determine at the naturally occuring, ultratrace levels normally found in uncontaminated biological samples. In view of the importance of Cr, both as an essential and as a toxic element, efforts have focused on developing a simple, yet reliable, radiochemical procedure for Cr determination using neutron activation analysis. A number of problem areas have been identified in earlier methods, and an improved radiochemical separation procedure, based upon the liquid/liquid extraction of Cr(VI) into a solution of tribenzylamine/chloroform, has been developed. The fast neutron interference from Fe has been evaluated for the highly thermal RT-4 facility of the NBS Research Reactor, and Cr concentrations have been determined in samples of whole human blood collected under clean conditions and in two certified reference materials.
Three phase analog-to-digital conversion for high-rate short-range communications

We propose a novel approach for analog to digital conversion in communication systems whereby the signal is quantized using three different ADCs with three different phases. We compare the performance of the proposed and the conventional schemes in terms of the mean square error resulting from the quantization versus the overall power consumption for the ADCs. Our results show that by providing additional design points the proposed approach allows us to avoid over designing the ADCs to achieve the required level of signal fidelity and consequently results in significant savings in power consumption.
Circulating biomarkers for metabolic disorders as a predictor of cardiovascular disease risk: what's new?

The ongoing global rise in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among all ages and ethnic groups has resulted in a real epidemic phenomenon. Subsequently, it is ‘epidemically’ accompanied by a higher incidence of serious health risks, such as the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is potentially present at an earlier age. Epidemiological studies and autopsy data have shown that the atherosclerotic process begins early in childhood [1,2], ‘switching on’ the engine towards CVD at a younger age in susceptible individuals. Traditional risk factors for CVD have been identified in both children and adults and are certainly a tool to identify and stratify individuals with a high risk of future CVD. However, there is increased investigation into novel pathophysiological processes contributing to CVD and several studies suggest that markers of these new aspects of CVD have the potential to improve our capacity of clinical risk stratification, by aiding in the prediction, identification and assessment of atherosclerotic disease [3]. It is believed that with the improvement of our understanding of the role of nontraditional biomarkers and risk factors for CVD in children and adolescents, a lot can be achieved in the prevention of morbidity and mortality due to cardiovascular accidents. As clarified by the American Heart Association in its most recent statement, disease risk factors are measurable biological characteristics of an individual that precede and predict a specific outcome of that disease and are directly involved in the biological causal pathway [4]. Risk factors are of particular importance because they help to identify asymptomatic individuals who have a greater chance of developing the disease in the future.
Effects of aromatase inhibition versus gonadectomy on hippocampal complex amyloid pathology in triple transgenic mice

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia among the elderly with women exhibiting a higher risk than men for the disease. Due to these gender differences, there is great interest in the role that estrogens play in cognitive impairment and the onset of the classic amyloid and tau lesions in AD. Human and rodent studies indicate a strong association between low brain aromatase, sex hormone levels, and beta amyloid deposition. Therefore, the effects of depleting both circulating and brain estrogen levels, through gonadectomy and/or treatment with the aromatase inhibitor, anastrozole, upon hippocampal AD-like pathology in male and female 3xTgAD mice were evaluated. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed anastrozole serum levels of 10.19 ng/mL and for the first time brain levels were detected at 4.7 pg/mL. Densitometric analysis of the hippocampus revealed that anastrozole significantly increased Aβ- but not APP/Aβ-immunoreactivity in intact 3xTgAD females compared to controls (p<0.001). Moreover, anastrozole significantly increased the number of Aβ- compared to APP/Aβ-positive hippocampal CA1 neurons in intact and gonadectomized female mice. Concurrently, anastrozole significantly reduced the APP/Aβ plaque load in 9 month old female 3xTgAD mice. These data suggest that anastrozole treatment differentially affects select amyloid species which in turn may play a role in the extraneuronal to intraneuronal deposition of this peptide.
Renal effects of atrial natriuretic factor.

A prominent effect of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), indeed that for which it is named, is the ability to effect a solute and water diuresis. The renal mechanisms responsible for this natriuresis and diuresis have been subjects of intensive inquiry since the hormone's discovery in 1981. The following sections summarize direct and indirect means by which ANF alters renal electrolyte handling. For the direct effects, three primary criteria have been used to define nephron sites that respond to ANF: a nephron segment should (a) have biological ANF receptors; (b) generate ANF's second messenger 3' ,5' -cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) in re­ sponse to ANF; and (c) respond functionally when exposed to ANF. For physiologic responses, only studies that have examined tubular transport directly and specifically through use of micropuncture or microperfusion will be reviewed. Indirect techniques (e.g., free water clearance or lithium clear­ ance) will not be considered, since they are insufficiently rigorous with respect to site-specificity definition.
Monitoring moisture storage in trees using time domain reflectometry

Abstract Laboratory and field tests were performed to examine the feasibility of using time domain reflectometry (TDR) to monitor changes in the moisture storage of the woody parts of trees. To serve as wave guides for the TDR signal, pairs of stainless steel rods (13 cm long, 0.32 cm in diameter, and 2.5 cm separation) were driven into parallel pilot holes drilled into the woody parts of trees, and a cable testing oscilloscope was used to determine the apparent dielectric constant. A laboratory calibration test was performed on two sapwood samples, so that the relation between the volumetric water content and the apparent dielectric constant of the sapwood could be determined over a range of water contents. The resulting calibration curve for these sapwood samples was significantly different than the general calibration curve used for soils, showing a smaller change in the apparent dielectric constant for a given change in the volumetric water content than is typical for soils. The calibration curve was used to estimate the average volumetric water content to a depth of 13 cm in living trees. One field experiment was conducted on an English walnut tree ( Juglans regia ) with a diameter of 40 cm, growing in a flood-irrigated orchard on a Hanford sandy loam near Modesto, California (U.S.A.). Rods were driven into the tree at about 50 cm above the soil surface and monitored hourly for the month of August, 1988. The moisture content determined by TDR showed a gradual decrease from 0.44 to 0.42 cm 3 cm −3 over a two week period prior to flood irrigation, followed by a rapid rise to 0.47 cm 3 cm −3 over a four day period after irrigation, then again a gradual decline approaching the next irrigation. A second field experiment was made on ten evergreen and deciduous trees with diameters ranging from 30 to 120 cm, growing in the foothills of the Coast Range of central California. Rods were driven into each tree at 50 to 100 cm above the soil surface and monitored on a biweekly to monthly basis for over a year. Most trees showed an early spring maximum in moisture content determined by TDR associated with leaf growth, and a late summer minimum in moisture content associated with the end of the dry season. Moisture contents ranged from 0.20 to 0.70 cm 3 cm −3 , with an annual percentage change in moisture of 15% to 70% depending on species and environmental conditions. A final field test was performed in northern New Mexico (U.S.A.) to examine the effect of trunk freezing on TDR measurements. This test confirmed that freezing conditions were recorded as a total loss of liquid water by the TDR method. These results suggest that further TDR calibration for wood, plus some understanding of the relation between tree moisture and physiological stress could be useful to several disciplines, ranging from irrigation scheduling to watershed management to forest ecology.
The effects of aging on material-independent and material-dependent neural correlates of contextual binding

Previous behavioral research suggests that older adults exhibit impairments in source memory across a multitude of stimuli and associated details, possibly due to a deficit in contextual binding. However, it is unclear whether this binding deficit results from alterations in processes that are material-independent, processes that are specific to particular materials, or some combination of the two. We used event-related fMRI to investigate the effect of aging on contextual binding and associated neural activity for words and objects. Behavioral data showed similar age-related deficits in source memory accuracy for both words and objects. Imaging results revealed that young and older adults recruited similar networks of regions in support of contextual binding, independent of material, including the lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus. Material-dependent binding effects were also present for both groups in ventrolateral prefrontal and parahippocampal cortices for words and objects, respectively. Older adults showed smaller material-independent contextual binding effects in frontal regions, namely the left dorsolateral PFC, and larger binding effects in the hippocampus. Further, age-related declines in object processing effects in extrastriate regions correlated with poorer source accuracy for objects. Collectively, these results suggest that age-related source memory deficits may be primarily due to changes in material-independent contextual binding processes. However, these impairments may be further impacted by impoverished item representations in material-specific processing regions.
Developmental Education in North Carolina Community Colleges

This article contributes to the empirical literature on remediation in community colleges by using policy variation across North Carolina’s community colleges to examine how remediation affects various outcomes for traditional-age college students. We find that being required to take a remedial course (as we define it in this article) either in math or in English significantly reduces a student’s probability of success in college and also the probability that a student ever passes a college-level math or English course. Among students who are required to take a remedial course in their first semester, however, we find no adverse effects on the probability of returning for another semester. We also find differential effects by a student’s prior achievement level, family income, and gender. Despite methodological differences, our main findings are generally consistent with, albeit somewhat more negative, than those from prior studies based on regression discontinuity designs.
K12 and the World Wide Web

K12 students who are the college students of tomorrow are growing in their sophistication with computers. As an example, K12 web pages show complex designs by the students that rival or surpass university web pages. The students are also very adept at searching the web for information. Since students are becoming more sophisticated with computers, higher education institutions will be able to take advantage of that sophistication and should track the progress of K12 web usage to understand how this increased sophistication will impact and improve college courses. They might also be able to exploit the web better to attract students to their institution or even particular subject areas. This paper can serve as a starting point to discover what is happening at the K12 level on the World Wide Web (WWW). It shows numerous resources for K12 including those for putting up school web pages, finding out about science experiments, going through museums, and communicating with students in other countries. It gives examples where K12 students along with their teachers are designing sophisticated web pages for others to learn about their school. In these examples, students put up original artwork, produce movies, or write about their school, and educators make their students' work a showcase or show their own creativity in projects they have their students do.
Bile-salt-activated lipase: effect on kitten growth rate.

Because of the presence of bile-salt-activated lipase in cat milk, the depen- dence of the kiuen on bile-salt-activated lipase is anticipated for milk fat absorption. To test this hypothesis, we initiated a feeding experiment comparing the growth rate of kittens fed with formula with those fed with formula and supplemented with purified human milk bile- salt-activated lipase. The results indicated that the kittens fed formula with supplemental en- zyme had a growth rate twice that ofkittens fed with formula alone. This study also indicated that the kitten can be utilized as an animal model in the investigation ofthe functional role of bile-salt-activated lipase. In this study we also performed the partial characterization of cat milk protein and fat. Am J Cliii Nutr 1989;49:457-63.
The treatment of angiosarcoma of the breast.

Angiosarcoma of the breast is an unusual but frequently fatal disease. The lethal nature of this tumor may warrant more aggressive surgery and adjuvant therapy. A rare long-term survivor is presented, including a technique of chest wall resection and reconstruction. The world literature is reviewed.
Dispersion-managed solitons in the net positive dispersion regime

We investigate some of the unique properties encountered by pulse solutions in a dispersion-managed optical fiber in the regime of net positive dispersion. Two pulse solutions of the same pulse width and different energies exist in this regime. Collisions of pulses of the same pulse width and different energies can lead to the destruction of the less-energetic pulse. Sideband generation can occur without a periodic phase-matching condition. The amplified spontaneous-emission-induced timing jitter follows a simple law that is expressible analytically.
Diabetes and Thrombosis

Complications of macrovascular disease are responsible for 50% of the deaths in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), 27% of the deaths in patients with type 1 diabetes for 35 years or less, and 67% of the deaths in patients with type 1 diabetes for 40 years or more (1,2). The rapid progression of macroangiopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes may reflect diverse phenomena; some intrinsic to the vessel wall; angiopathic factors such as elevated homocysteine and hyperlipidemia; deleterious effects of dysinsulinemia; and excessive or persistent microthrombi with consequent acceleration of vasculopathy secondary to clot-associated mitogens (3,4). As a result of these phenomena, cardiovascular mortality is as high as 15 % in the 10 years after the diagnosis of DM becomes established (5). Because more than 90% of patients with diabetes have type 2 diabetes and because macrovascular disease is the cause of death in most patients with type 2 as opposed to type 1 (insulinopenic) diabetes, type 2 diabetes will be the focus of this chapter. In addition to coronary artery disease (CAD), patients with type 2 diabetes have a high prevalence and rapid progression of peripheral arterial disease (PAD), cerebral vascular disease, and complications of percutaneous coronary intervention including restenosis (6).
An effective interaction potential model for the shape memory alloy AuCd

The unusual properties of shape memory alloys (SMAs) result from a lattice level martensitic transformation (MT) corresponding to an instability of the SMAs crystal structure. Currently, there exists a shortage of material models that can capture the details of lattice level MTs occurring in SMAs and that can be used for efficient computational investigations of the interaction between MTs and larger-scale features found in typical materials. These larger-scale features could include precipitates, dislocation networks, voids, and even cracks. In this article, one such model is developed for the SMA AuCd. The model is based on effective interaction potentials (EIPs). These are atomic interaction potentials that are explicit functions of temperature. In particular, the Morse pair potential is used and its adjustable coefficients are taken to be temperature dependent. An extensive exploration of the Morse pair potential is performed to identify an appropriate functional form for the temperature dependence of the potential parameters. A fitting procedure is developed for the EIPs that matches, at suitable temperatures, the stress-free equilibrium lattice parameters, instantaneous bulk moduli, cohesive energies, thermal expansion coefficients, and heat capacities of FCC Au, HCP Cd, and the B2 cubic austenite phase of the Au-47.5at%Cd alloy. The resulting model is explored using branch-following and bifurcation techniques. A hysteretic temperature-induced MT between the B2 cubic and B19 orthorhombic crystal structures is predicted. This is the behavior that is observed in the real material. In addition to reproducing the important properties mentioned above, the model predicts, to reasonable accuracy, the transformation strain tensor and captures the latent heat and thermal hysteresis to within an order of magnitude.
Dynamic Tensile Characterization of Vascomax® Maraging C250 and C300 Alloys

Vascomax® maraging C250 and C300 alloys were dynamically characterized in tension with Kolsky tension bar techniques. Compared with conventional Kolsky tension bar experiments, a pair of lock nuts was used to minimize the pseudo stress peak and a laser system was applied to directly measure the specimen displacement. Dynamic engineering stress–strain curves of the C250 and C300 alloys were obtained in tension at 1000 and 3000 s−1. The dynamic yield strengths for both alloys were similar, but significantly higher than those obtained from quasi-static indentation tests. Both alloys exhibited insignificant strain-rate effect on dynamic yield strength. The C300 alloy showed approximately 10 % higher in yield strength than the C250 alloy at the same strain rates. Necking was observed in both alloys right after yield. The Bridgman correction was applied to calculate the true stress and strain at failure for both alloys. The true failure stress showed a modest strain rate effect for both alloys but no significant difference between the two alloys at the same strain rate. The C250 alloy was more ductile than the C300 alloy under dynamic loading.
Isolation of α‐fetoprotein Messenger RNA

Messenger RNA for α-fetoprotein (AFP mRNA) was isolated from mouse yolk sac by a combination of indirect immunoprecipitation of AFP-synthesizing polysomes and poly(U)-Sepharose affinity chromatography of poly(A)-containing mRNA. Over 200-fold purification was achieved. Purified AFP mRNA migrated as a single band at about 21S on agarose gels in the presence of 6 M urea. Upon translation in wheat germ extracts, 98% of the protein synthesized reacted with specific antibodies to AFP. The total translation product was characterized by means of gel electrophoresis under two different conditions and by tryptic peptide analysis. It was concluded that the AFP preparation was essentially free of other yolk sac mRNA and was able to direct the synthesis of authentic AFP.
A 1999 Quality Improvement Initiative—Reassessment in 2004

We obtained a longitudinal overview of physician compliance with the American Academy of Pediatrics Policy RE9539 regarding early newborn discharge between 1999 and 2004. In previous studies we reported the results of a Quality Improvement/Feedback (QI/F) initiative at one community hospital (intervention) in 1999, during which time physician education occurred at a grand rounds and the hospital QI department reviewed all newborn charts for a 1-year period, notifying physicians of any deviations from the policy. We also assessed the very same physicians at another community hospital (control), which did not have this initiative and found significant changes in physician behavior only at the intervention hospital. In this study we reassessed the same physicians in the year 2004 and compared their performance with that in 2000, after the intervention was well established, once again at both the intervention and control hospitals. Physicians caring for newborns at the intervention hospital continued to demonstrate improvement in compliance with the Early Newborn Discharge Policy (p = 0.0036), whereas there was no significant change in physician performance over time at the control hospital (p = 0.6874). We conclude, similarly to the first study, that improvement in physician practice continued, but there was still no overall change in physician culture.
Hawaii state legislator views on e-cigarettes and likelihood of legislative action

Abstract Objective To examine perspectives on e-cigarette use and regulations in Hawaii through key informant interviews with state legislators. Background E-cigarette use is rapidly increasing, with sales in 2013 topping $1 billion in the United States, but e-cigarettes are still a largely unregulated industry. Although e-cigarettes are thought by most to be a healthier alternative to traditional cigarettes, long-term health effects are not yet known. Methods Semistructured key informant interviews were conducted with Hawaii state legislators (n = 15). Results We found a lack of consensus among legislators, which suggests that substantial legislative action is unlikely in the upcoming session. However, most legislators believe that some type of incremental legislation will pass, such as enactment of a small tax, limitations on advertising to protect adolescents, or regulations concerning where people can use e-cigarettes. Conclusion Legislators eagerly await further research to clarify the overall benefits and harms of e-cigarettes at both the individual and population levels.
Effects of cellular cholesterol loading on macrophage foam cell lysosome acidification

Macrophages incubated with mildly oxidized low density lipoprotein (OxLDL), aggregated low density lipoprotein (AggLDL), or cholesteryl ester-rich lipid dispersions (DISPs) accumulate cholesterol in lysosomes followed by an inhibition of lysosomal cholesteryl ester (CE) hydrolysis. The variety of cholesterol-containing particles producing inhibition of hydrolysis suggests that inhibition may relate to general changes in lysosomes. Lysosome pH is a key mediator of activity and thus is a potential mechanism for lipid-induced inhibition. We investigated the effects of cholesterol accumulation on THP-1 macrophage lysosome pH. Treatment with OxLDL, AggLDL, and DISPs resulted in inhibition of the lysosome's ability to maintain an active pH and concomitant decreases in CE hydrolysis. Consistent with an overall disruption of lysosome function, exposure to OxLDL or AggLDL reduced lysosomal apolipoprotein B degradation. The lysosomal cholesterol sequestration and inactivation are not observed in cholesterol-equivalent cells loaded using acetylated low density lipoprotein (AcLDL). However, AcLDL-derived cholesterol in the presence of progesterone (to block cholesterol egression from lysosomes) inhibited lysosome acidification. Lysosome inhibition was not attributable to a decrease in the overall levels of vacuolar ATPase. However, augmentation of membrane cholesterol in isolated lysosomes inhibited vacuolar ATPase-dependent pumping of H+ ions into lysosomes. These data indicate that lysosomal cholesterol accumulation alters lysosomes in ways that could exacerbate foam cell formation and influence atherosclerotic lesion development.
The effect of auxin type and cytokinin concentration on callus induction and plant regeneration frequency from immature inflorescence segments of seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Swartz)

Seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Swartz) is a salt tolerant, fine textured turfgrass used on golf courses in coastal, tropical, and subtropical regions. A callus induction and plant regeneration protocol for this commercially important turfgrass species has been developed. Induction of highly regenerable callus with approximately 400 shoots per cultured immature inflorescence (1 cm in length) was achieved by culturing 0.2 cm segments on media with 3 mg l−1 3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid (dicamba) and 0.1 or 1.0 mg l−1 benzylaminopurine (BA). A multifactorial experiment demonstrated the combination of 3 mg l−1 dicamba and 1.0 mg l−1 BA for induction of callus resulted in 12 times higher plant regeneration frequency compared to 3 mg l−1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) alone or ten times higher plant regeneration frequency than the combination of 3 mg l−1 2,4-D and 1.0 mg l−1 BA. These results are expected to support the development of a genetic transformation protocol for seashore paspalum.
Probing the Origins of Increased Activity of the E22Q “Dutch” Mutant Alzheimer's β-Amyloid Peptide

The amyloid peptide congener A beta(10--35)-NH(2) is simulated in an aqueous environment in both the wild type (WT) and E22Q "Dutch" mutant forms. The origin of the noted increase in deposition activity resulting from the Dutch mutation is investigated. Multiple nanosecond time scale molecular dynamics trajectories were performed and analyzed using a variety of measures of the peptide's average structure, hydration, conformational fluctuations, and dynamics. The results of the study support the conclusions that 1) the E22Q mutant and WT peptide are both stable in "collapsed coil" conformations consistent with the WT structure of, J. Struct. Biol. 130:130--141); 2) the E22Q peptide is more flexible in solution, supporting early claims that its equilibrium structural fluctuations are larger than those of the WT peptide; and 3) the local E22Q mutation leads to a change in the first solvation layer in the region of the peptide's "hydrophobic patch," resulting in a more hydrophobic solvation of the mutant peptide. The simulation results support the view that the noted increase in activity due to the Dutch mutation results from an enhancement of the desolvation process that is an essential step in the aggregation of the peptide.
Successive and Simultaneous Processing: A Note on Interpretation:

Interpretations of successive and simultaneous information processing styles are often obscured by confounding influences due to stimulus-response modality components of tasks. Associated implications are discussed in terms of clinical and research situations.
Racial/ethnic and socioeconomic variations in duration of smoking: results from 2003, 2006 and 2007 Tobacco Use Supplement of the Current Population Survey.

Background Little is known about racial/ethnic and socioeconomic variations in the duration of smoking. The goal of this research was to examine these variations. Methods Data came from the 2003, 2006 and 2007 Tobacco Use Supplement of the Current Population Survey. The analysis was limited to ever-smokers (n ¼ 117,168). The outcome was number of years of daily smoking. Survival analysis was employed to predict smoking duration. Results American Indians with 32 years had the highest median duration of smoking, followed by Blacks and ‘other’ races with 30 years, Whites with 28 years and Hispanics with 24 years. The difference in the duration of smoking between Blacks and Whites disappeared after adjusting for poverty. Individuals in poverty had a median duration of smoking of 40 years, while those with a family income of at least three times that of the poverty threshold had a median duration of 22 years. Median duration of smoking was 40 years among individuals without a high-school diploma and 18 years among those with a bachelors or higher degree.