cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Incentives upon the Role of “Social” Cues and Reinforcers in Probability Learning

In a modified probability learning task in which each trial, i.e., occasion for prediction of one of two evencs: El or E2, is signalled by a discriminative cue, sl or 52, giving the cue a social connotation serves to retard both discrimination and probabiliry learning (Neimark & Rosenberg, 1959). The present study attempted to determine if comparable effects result from giving the Ei a social connotation. Results of rwo studies employing formally similar tasks (Atkinson & Suppes, 1958; Sidowski, 1957) suggest that "social" El will have much less effect. Earlier studies employing NYU student Ss on chis task yielded discrepant results from those obtained by Neimark and Rosenberg (1959) with AF Ss. Analysis of the differences suggested that Ss motivation may be a determinant of the effect of "social" cues. Although there are many possible ways of manipulating motivation, we chose the incentive of a $10 reward for accurate performance as an effective and innocuous technique. The presence or absence of this incentive was an additional independent variable of the present study. METHOD Apparatz~s.-Ss were run three at a rime. Each S was seated at an individual console adjacent to his fellows but separated from them by a fulllength partition. Each S console contained four I-in. panel lamps mounted in two rows of rwo each with a spring-loaded toggle switch centered between the two lower lamps. The upper lamps, s1 and 52, were white; the two lower ones, El and E2 were green. Each trial began with a 2fi-sec. presentation of one of the si which was followed immediately by the 1%-sec. presentacion of one of the Ei. The next trial began after an intertrial interval whose duration was varied within a range of 4 to 6 sec. by means of a 40-position stepping-switch programmer. All three Ss run at a session received the same sequence of si and El, which was presented by E according to a predetermined random schedule. Responses were recorded by means of an Esterline-Angus operations recorder. Subjects.-Sixry-four student volunteers were run during the summer session and an additional 48 were run during the fall semester. There were minor procedural differences among the several replications with respect to
A file-centric model for peer-to-peer file sharing systems

Peer-to-peer systems have quickly become a popular way for file sharing and distribution. In this paper, we focus on the subsystem consisting of peers and their actions relative to a specific file and develop a simple theoretical file-centric model for the subsystem. We begin with a detailed model that tracks the complete system state. To deal with the large system state space, we investigate a decomposed model, which not only greatly reduces the complexity of solving the system, hut also provides a flexible framework for modeling multiple classes of peers and new system features. Using the model, we can study performance measures of a system, such as throughput, success probability of a file search, and number of file replicas in the system. Our model can also be used to understand the impact of user behavior and new system features. As examples, we investigate the effect of freeloaders, holding-enabled downloading and decoys in the paper.
Spatial Ecology of a Cottonmouth (Agkistrodon piscivorus) Population in East Texas

Radio-telemetry was used to study spatial ecology of a Cottonmouth (Agkistrodon piscivorus) population in eastern Texas. I examined effects of sex, reproductive state, and body size on spatial use within a riparian habitat. Snakes inhabited a relatively linear environment, restricting movements to the vicinity of the stream. Males occupied larger home ranges than both gravid and nongravid females. Gravid females exhibited marginally larger home ranges than nongravid females, but any effects attributable to reproductive state were relatively small when compared to sex differences in spatial use. Body size was positively correlated with home-range size but did not account for observed home-range differences among population subunits.
Phenotypic antimicrobial resistance patterns in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter: results of a Multicenter Intensive Care Unit Surveillance Study, 1995-2000.

Abstract Susceptibility data from the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) Surveillance Study for 10,361 isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 2,573 isolates of Acinetobacter tested at centers in the United States during 1995 to 2000 were analyzed. In all years, amikacin was the most active antimicrobial agent against P. aeruginosa , and imipenem was the most active agent against Acinetobacter . Resistance of both organisms to common therapeutic agents tested throughout the analysis period increased from 1995 to 2000, although the increase was not consistent for all drugs from year to year. The increases were higher among Acinetobacter, and for both organisms, the increase in resistance was greatest for ciprofloxacin. Among all P. aeruginosa tested in 1999 and 2000, resistance to ciprofloxacin was 9-11% higher for isolates from patients on general hospital wards than those from ICUs. Of the 3424 ICU isolates of P. aeruginosa tested in 1999 and 2000, 77 (2.2%) were multidrug-resistant (i.e., resistant to piperacillin, ceftazidime, imipenem, and gentamicin). Twenty (3.9%) isolates of Acinetobacter in 1999 and seven (1.9%) in 2000 were resistant to imipenem, ceftazidime, piperacillin-tazobactam, ciprofloxacin, and amikacin. Although resistance in both P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter increased, multidrug-resistant (to ≥4 agents) strains were uncommon.
Growth Rates and Digestive Abilities of Bullfrog Tadpoles (Rana catesbeiana) Fed Algal Diets

Although there are many accounts of the diversity of algae consumed by anuran larvae, growth and digestive responses of tadpoles fed algae have been poorly studied. In this study, growth rates and digestive abilities of larval bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) fed monospecific algal diets were investigated. The four algal species used in feeding trials were Selenastrum capricornutum, Microcystis incerta, Anabaena flos-aquae, and Ulothrix coniferricola. The filamentous blue-green alga Anabaena flos-aquae was the only alga that promoted growth in tadpoles and was digested more thoroughly than the other algae. Ability of tadpoles to digest nuisance, bloom-forming algae such as Anabaena has important implications in freshwater resource management. Such results also contribute to a better understanding of the roles tadpoles play in nutrient cycling, their potential to combat eutrophication, and their influence on primary productivity in freshwater ecosystems.
Inactivation of Avian Influenza Virus Using Common Detergents and Chemicals

Six disinfectant chemicals were tested individually for effectiveness against low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) A/H7N2/Chick/MinhMa/04. The tested agents included acetic acid (C2H4O2), citric acid (C6H8O7), calcium hypochlorite (Ca(ClO)2), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), a powdered laundry detergent with peroxygen (bleach), and a commercially available iodine/acid disinfectant. Four of the six chemicals, including acetic acid (5%), citric acid (1% and 3%), calcium hypochlorite (750 ppm), and sodium hypochlorite (750 ppm) effectively inactivated LPAIV on hard and nonporous surfaces. The conventional laundry detergent was tested at multiple concentrations and found to be suitable for inactivating LPAIV on hard and nonporous surfaces at 6 g/L. Only citric acid and commercially available iodine/acid disinfectant were found to be effective at inactivating LPAIV on both porous and nonporous surfaces.
Intravenous Contrast Medium Administration and Scan Timing at CT: Considerations and Approaches

The continuing advances in computed tomographic (CT) technology in the past decades have provided ongoing opportunities to improve CT image quality and clinical practice and discover new clinical CT imaging applications. New CT technology, however, has introduced new challenges in clinical radiology practice. One of the challenges is with intravenous contrast medium administration and scan timing. In this article, contrast medium pharmacokinetics and patient, contrast medium, and CT scanning factors associated with contrast enhancement and scan timing are presented and discussed. Published data from clinical studies of contrast medium and physiology are reviewed and interpreted. Computer simulation data are analyzed to provide an in-depth analysis of various factors associated with contrast enhancement and scan timing. On the basis of basic principles and analysis of the factors, clinical considerations and modifications to protocol design that are necessary to optimize contrast enhancement for common clinical CT applications are proposed.
Repopulation of Denuded Tracheas by Clara Cells Isolated from the Lungs of Rabbits

An experimental approach was examined to study the growth and differentiation potential of different epithelial cell types isolated from the airways of adult rabbits. Clara cells isolated from the lungs of rabbits and a mixed cell population obtained from rabbit tracheas were injected (separately) into denuded rat tracheas which were then grafted into nude mice. Epithelial cells were obtained from rabbit tracheas by digestion of tracheal epithelium with proteases. The resulting cell suspension contained mucous cells, Claralike cells, ciliated cells, basal cells and a small number of inflammatory and unidentified cells. This mixed cell suspension was inoculated into rat tracheas denuded of their own epithelium which were then grafted subcutaneously onto the backs of nude mice. The tracheas were recovered two weeks later and were prepared for light and electron microscopy. These grafts were found to be lined by a tall columnar pseudostratified mucociliary epithelium, indicating that the rat tracheal grafts ...
Spectral method for 3-dimensional Poisson's equation in cylindrical coordinates with regular boundaries

A method of calculation of the space charge field of the beam using an expansion of space charge potential and space charge distribution as Fourier-Bessel series is discussed. Coefficients of series are connected by an algebraic equation, which substantially simplifies solution of the problem. The efficiency and accuracy of the method are discussed. The suggested method is effective in multidimensional problems of study of intense charged particle beams.
Extracting guarantees from chaos

The P2P revolution promises freedom from boundaries, censorship, and centralized control. P2P proponents claim the vast untapped resource of personal computers owned by ordinary people can be combined together to build something greater and more reliable than the sum of its parts.
GeM-REM: Generative Model-Driven Resource Efficient ECG Monitoring in Body Sensor Networks

With recent advances in smart phones and wearable sensors, Body Sensor Networks (BSNs) have been proposed for use in continuous, remote electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring. In such systems, sampling the ECG at clinically recommended rates (250 Hz) and wireless transmission of the collected data incurs high energy consumption at the energy-constrained body sensor. The large volume of collected data also makes data storage at the sensor infeasible. Thus, there is a need for reducing the energy consumption and data size at the sensor, while maintaining the ECG quality required for diagnosis. In this paper, we propose GeM-REM, a resource-efficient ECG monitoring method for BSNs. GeM-REM uses a generative ECG model at the base station and its lightweight version at the sensor. The sensor transmits data only when the sensed ECG deviates from model-based values, thus saving transmission energy. Further, the model parameters are continually updated based on the sensed ECG. The proposed approach enables storage of ECG data in terms of model parameters rather than data samples, which reduces the required storage space. Implementation on a sensor platform and evaluation using real ECG data from MIT-BIH dataset shows transmission energy and data storage reduction ratios of 42.1:1 and 37.3:1 respectively, which are better than state of the art ECG data compression schemes.
A stochastic ground motion model with separable temporal and spectral nonstationarities

A fully nonstationary stochastic model for strong earthquake ground motion is developed. The model employs filtering of a discretized white-noise process. Nonstationarity is achieved by modulating the intensity and varying the filter properties in time. The formulation has the important advantage of separating the temporal and spectral nonstationary characteristics of the process, thereby allowing flexibility and ease in modeling and parameter estimation. The model is fitted to target ground motions by matching a set of statistical characteristics, including the mean-square intensity, the cumulative mean number of zero-level up-crossings and a measure of the bandwidth, all expressed as functions of time. Post-processing by a second filter assures zero residual velocity and displacement, and improves the match to response spectral ordinates for long periods. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How Culture Matters: Enriching Our Understanding of Poverty

The term culture figures prominently in the literature on poverty, race, and ethnicity, though rarely with much theoretical or empirical sophistication.
Optimal 2-cyclic MSOR for “bowtie” spectra and the “continuous” manteuffel algorithm

Abstract For the numerical solution of a linear system whose matrix coefficient is block 2-cyclic consistently ordered, with the eigenvalues of the associated block Jacobi matrix lying in a ‘bowtie” region, several efficient stationary iterative methods have been proposed—among others, by Chin and Manteuffel (1988) , Elman and Golub (1990) , de Pillis (1991) and Eiermann, Niethammer, and Varga (1992) . We propose as an alternative the stationary modified successive overrelaxation (MSOR) method or an “equivalent” two-step method applied to the cyclically reduced linear system. It is shown both theoretically and experimentally that the application of a “continuous” version of Manteuffel's algorithm to derive the optimal parameters of the two-step method produces an iterative method that is asymptotically faster than all the aforementioned methods.
Modeling of supercritical fluid flow through a yarn package

Abstract Steady-state supercritical fluid flow through both isotropic and anisotropic cylindrical yarn packages is modeled as 2-D, axisymmetric flow through porous media. A numerical flow model using a finite-difference method predicts pressure and velocity profiles based on user-defined package geometry, permeability profile, and fluid properties. The use of variable permeability in the model allows simulation of typical package heterogeneities that result from radial variations and relatively denser edges usually associated with package winding. The numerical model is compared with results obtained from analytical expressions for radial flow, axial flow, and 2-D flow in an annulus of isotropic, porous material. The model is then verified using experimental pressure drop measurements for a range of supercritical CO 2 flows through polyester yarn packages. Model predictions show very good agreement with experimental data.
Implicit attention bias for disgust

Abstract Two studies are presented here. The first is a masked presentation Stroop task. Participants were primed with vignettes that were disgust, threat, or neutral themed, and then completed a Stroop task with words in each of those categories. While there was no overall bias for disgust words, it was found that participants primed with a fear story showed enhanced bias for disgust words. It was also found that, overall, more disgust words entered participants’ awareness than other words. It is suggested that cognitive avoidance explains the bias, as participants responded faster to disgust words than to other words in the masked presentation. Study 2 examined the role of sex role on disgust sensitivity, and it was found that femininity in women significantly predicted disgust sensitivity, but femininity in men did not. Recommendations for future research are made.
Effects of an Organizer on Memory for Prose

One hundred twelve undergraduates read a literature text preceded by either a comparative advance organizer or a placebo introduction. Three hypotheses regarding the interactive effects of the organizer treatment and reasoning skills were tested as follows: the assimilation, the schema + correction, and the assimilation + correction hypotheses. Findings favored the assimilation + correction view, which holds that schema-implied text units are assimilated and obscured in the final text encoding, whereas ideas representing unexpected, schema-modifying information are enhanced. The dominant treatment effect was assimilatory loss of detail associated with implied information. Positive effects on schema-modifying information were observed for subjects with good reasoning skills.
Characteristics of a Literature as Predictors of Relatedness Between Cited and Citing Works

A preliminary investigation was conducted to explore which characteristics of citing and cited works may aid in determining relatedness between documents. Thirteen variables were tested on 31 library/information science articles containing nearly 500 citations. Analysis indicates that source of cited work, source of citing work, number of times a work is cited in text, and type of citing article show promise of predicting relatedness between citing and cited works.
Some Features of Java Language Illustrated through Examples from Chemistry

Computer programming has been used effectively by theoretical chemists and organic chemists to solve various types of problem in chemistry. Initially the languages used for computations in chemistry were FORTRAN and BASIC. Later the Pascal language was used for solving problems in chemistry and physics. Recently the languages C and C++ and Java have been used to solve problems in chemistry. In this paper I will illustrate features of C, C++ choosing examples from chemistry. Computer programming has been used effectively by theoretical chemists and organic chemists to solve various types of problem in chemistry. Initially the languages used for computations in chemistry were FORTRAN and BASIC. Later the Pascal language was used for solving problems in chemistry and physics. Recently the languages C and C++ and Java have been used to solve problems in chemistry. In this paper I will illustrate features of C, C++ choosing examples from chemistry. Some examples presented in this these languages are Program to calculate reduced mass of homo diatomic or hetero diatomic Program to calculate the molecular weight of a tetra atomic system ABCD Program to calculate NMR frequencies of spin 1/2 nuclei only Program to calculate NMR and ESR frequencies The examples presented in Java 2 are Program to calculate unit cell dimension of a crystal Program to generate the chair form and boat form of cyclohexane. The examples presented in this monograph will help researchers in theoretical chemistry and organic chemistry to develop their own software.
The Effect of Peer Review on Information Literacy Outcomes in a Chemical Literature Course

This article describes the use of peer review in a writing project involving upper-level chemistry students in a chemical literature course, with the goal of improving student performance in meeting information literacy outcomes. Students were asked to find articles on a topic of their choice over the course of a semester and assemble the results into a brief paper, which was anonymously peer-reviewed by their classmates and then revised. The papers and the reviews were evaluated using a rubric based on ACRL information literacy competency standards for science, engineering, and technology students. Significant improvements relating to seven standards-based outcomes were observed (p < 0.02), corresponding to specific reviewer criticisms in up to 43% of student papers.
The West as Anglo-America: Plural and Pluralist

This paper develops three arguments. First, with specific reference to Samuel Huntington’s, Louis Hartz’s and James Bennett’s insistence on the discursive unity of Western civilization, America, and Anglo-America I develop a number counterarguments, backed by an inquiry into the character of anti-American sentiments in Anglo-America , that stress their plural and pluralist character. Second, I sketch different constructions of Anglo-America as one example of the West that invoke different conceptions of collective identity and reveal different political practices or policies. Intense discussions of empire and race around the turn of the 20th century have been replaced a century later by other constructs such as complex interdependence, complex sovereignty, security communities and special relations. Third, I offer a discussion of America and Europe as distinctly different, though related, conceptualizations of the West and of Americanization and Europeanization as civilizational processes that embody distinctive practices.
Latent trajectory models for space‐time analysis: An application in deciphering spatial panel data

This article introduces latent trajectory models (LTMs), an approach often employed in social sciences to handle longitudinal data, to the arena of GIScience, particularly space-time analysis. Using the space-time data collected at county level for the whole United States through webpage search on the keyword “climate change,” we show that LTMs, when combined with eigenvector filtering of spatial dependence in data, are very useful in unveiling temporal trends hidden in such data: the webpage-data derived popularity measure for climate change has been increasing from December 2011 to March 2013, but the increase rate has been slowing down. In addition, LTMs help reveal potential mechanisms behind observed space-time trajectories through linking the webpage-data derived popularity measure about climate change to a set of socio-demographic covariates. Our analysis shows that controlling for population density, greater drought exposure, higher percent of people who are 16 years old or above, and higher household income are positively predictive of the trajectory slopes. Higher percentages of Republicans and number of hot days in summer are negatively related to the trajectory slopes. Implications of these results are examined, concluding with consideration of the potential utility of LTMs in space-time analysis and more generally in GIScience.
Tiffany, Inc. v. eBay, Inc.: Justice White's Outdated Guide to Trademark Infringement Will Likely Result in Appeals

Hidden identities, counterfeit jewelry, and trademark infringement — you can find almost anything, including a lawsuit, on eBay, the Internet auction house giant. Tiffany Inc. and Tiffany and Company (Tiffany) filed suit against eBay in 2004, alleging that the defendant eBay, inter alia, was liable for contributory infringement of Tiffany’s trademark. EBay had advertised Tiffany goods on its Web site before 2003, and had advised its sellers “to take advantage of the demand for Tiffany merchandise” as “Tiffany” was a highly used search term. Tiffany sent letters to eBay complaining that eBay’s dealers were infringing Tiffany’s trademark and notifying eBay that there were no authorized third-party sellers of Tiffany goods. After Tiffany’s efforts to sue individual infringers on eBay failed, Tiffany sued eBay for facilitating the direct infringers’ activities as eBay earned $4.1 million off of items listed as Tiffany between April 2000 and June 2004. EBay objected to Tiffany’s allegations despite conceding that 30% or more of the jewelry listed as Tiffany was counterfeit. EBay relied on its attempts to prevent fraud through its Fraud Engine and the Verified Rights Owner (VeRO) program where trademark owners would submit a Notice of Claimed Infringement (NOCI) form. EBay argued that it did not have specific knowledge of infringement, and once Tiffany notified eBay of specific infringement through the VeRO program, eBay promptly removed the infringing product. This comment reviews the court's handling of Tiffany's federal and state claims of contributory trademark infringement and evaluates the significance and repercussions of the court's holding.
Effects of Temperature on the Development and Survival of Nabis americoferus and N. roseipennis (Hemiptera: Nabidae)

The developmental rates of Nabis americoferus Carayon and N. roseipennis Reuter were determined at eight constant temperatures. N. americoferus developed more rapidly from egg to adult than N. roseipennis at 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, and 33°C, but there was no difference at 15°C. Development was not completed at 36°C. The developmental threshold temperature was calculated to be about 11°C for both species; degree-day calculations suggest that three generations per year are probable for each species in Kentucky.
Young startup firm exports and productive efficiency

ABSTRACTWe employ the United States Census Bureau’s 2007 Survey of Business Owners to examine the relationship between the productive efficiency of startup firms and their level of exports. We find, consistent with previous work in the literature, that a small firm’s exports are positively related to their level of productive efficiency. This result holds after controlling for various individual owner, as well as firm, characteristics. Our results are also robust to the inclusion of a two-stage estimation strategy to control for the effects of endogeneity in the efficiency–exports relationship.
Attitudes of Educators toward Handicapped and Non-Handicapped Children:

St~ntmary.-Previous research has shown that teachers generally perceive handicapped children more negatively than non-handicapped children. The present study once again demonstrated support for this notion. In addition, the results of the present study did not vary across different groups of educators or across whether they taught in institutional or public school settings. Parish and his associates have completed a series of studies regarding teachers' perceptions of handicapped and non-handicapped children (2, 3, 4). One consistent finding has been that normal children are evaluated most favorably, followed in descending order by physically handicapped, learning disabled, and emotionally disturted children. It did not seem to matter what the age, sex, or educational background of the teachers were since all of them generally viewed these groups of children in accordance with the above described "pecking order" (3). The present study sought to determine whether there were differences in attitude toward handicapped and non-handicapped children by different groups of educators, i.e., teachers, aides, and ancillary personnel, who were from various schools, i.e., institutional versus public school settings.
THYROID DYSFUNCTION IN PREGNANCY

Thyroid dysfunction is the second most common endocrine disorder among women of childbearing age. When thyroid dysfunction is well controlled, pregnancy outcomes are similar to those of women without thyroid disease. Perinatal nurses can support the woman affected by a thyroid dysfunction by being knowledgeable about the disorder and by providing support and education. The article provides an introduction to the physiology and pathophysiology of the thyroid, the effect of common thyroid disorders on pregnancy, and clinical management implications for perinatal nurses.
Clonal analysis of transplant-associated lymphoproliferations based on the structure of the genomic termini of the Epstein-Barr virus

The clonal composition of various transplant-associated lymphoproliferations was assessed by means of Southern blot hybridizations using a DNA probe specific for the fused termini of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genome. A single clonal band representing the joined EBV genomic termini was detected in most biopsies, demonstrating the presence of a monoclonal expansion of B lymphocytes carrying EBV DNA. Different configurations of immunoglobulin gene rearrangements and fused EBV genomic termini were frequently observed in tissues from different biopsy sites in individual patients, confirming the multiclonal origins for these lymphomas. In rare specimens, multiple forms of the joined termini were detected within individual lesions, which appeared polymorphous by histologic methods of analysis and polyclonal by immunologic and immunogenetic methods of analysis. These studies confirm that there is a spectrum of EBV-associated disorders of varying clonal composition that may arise in immunosuppressed organ-allograft recipients. The data are consistent with the proposal that the lymphoproliferations initiate as polyclonal expansions of EBV-carrying B cells, which progress to multiclonal lymphomas in most patients. Detection of homogeneous episomal EBV DNA in most lesions supports a primary role for the virus in the pathogenesis of these disorders.
Relative permeability to water or gas in the presence of hydrates in porous media from critical path analysis

Abstract Most existing models for predicting relative permeability in the presence of hydrate are either empirical or based on simplistic representations of the pore system and hydrate growth. Multiple models are often needed to explain relative permeability behavior observed in the laboratory over different ranges of hydrate saturation. Critical path analysis (CPA) offers a framework for predicting relative permeability based on pore system properties, including the percolation threshold and breadth of the pore size distribution. Using an existing method developed for partially saturated soils, I show that CPA can accurately predict relative permeability to either water or gas over the entire range of measured hydrate saturation for several suites of laboratory measurements. The method does not require any assumption of hydrate growth habit, and assumes that hydrate tends to grow in the largest pores first. This work represents an improvement in understanding the link between pore structure and transport properties of hydrate-bearing sediment.
Time-Resolved Infrared (TRIR) Studies of Oxycarbonylnitrenes

N-Ethyloxycarbonyl-S,S-dibenzothiphene sulfilimine and N-t-butyloxycarbonyl-S,S-dibenzothiphene sulfilimine have been utilized as precursors to ethoxycarbonylnitrene and t-butyloxycarbonylnitrene. B3LYP/6-31G(d) calculations predict triplet ground states for both oxycarbonylnitrenes, albeit by small margins. Triplet ethoxycarbonylnitrene and triplet t-butyloxycarbonylnitrene have been observed following photolysis of these sulfilimine precursors by time-resolved infrared (TRIR) spectroscopy. Kinetic studies show that ethoxycarbonylnitrene reacts with solvents such as acetonitrile and cyclohexane, while t-butyloxycarbonylnitrene undergoes an intramolecular insertion reaction to produce 5,5-dimethyl oxazolidinone. Product analysis following photolysis of N-t-butyloxycarbonyl-S,S-dibenzothiphene sulfilimine confirms that the oxazolidinone is the major product with an estimated yield of 90%. The products from these two nitrenes are derived from the corresponding singlet nitrene, either directly or via thermal...
Fresh subsets of ultrapowers

Shelah and Stanley (Proc Am Math Soc 104(3):887---897, 1988) constructed a $$\kappa ^+$$ź+-Aronszjan tree with an ascent path using $$\square _{\kappa }$$źź. We show that $$\square _{\kappa ,2}$$źź,2 does not imply the existence of Aronszajn trees with ascent paths. The proof goes through an intermediate combinatorial principle, which we investigate further.
The Road Leading from Soviet Rejection of the GATT to Russia’s WTO Accession Negotiations

As explained in the first chapter, the Soviet Union, after a short period of support, followed the preparatory work on the ITO and the GATT with increasing hostility. This approach was based mainly on political considerations: in these years the Soviet Union considered the world-wide socialist system as an alternative to capitalism. Hardliners, who professed the imminent collapse of the capitalist system and the victory of socialism rose to the ideological forefront. For this reason, the Soviet leaders, neglecting the country’s obvious economic interests, decided against any real co-operation with the non-communist world and intensified their support of global socialist revolution. It was of no surprise that the Soviet Union took all possible opportunities to criticise the GATT which it considered an ‘instrument of economic expansion into the world market for U.S. monopolies.’33 This openly hostile approach was maintained for about 15 years. Reportedly, the last open criticism of the GATT by a leading Soviet official was made in 1960.34
Gay and Catholic: Accepting My Sexuality, Finding Community, Living My Faith

Eve Tushnet, raised “somewhere between atheism and Reform Judaism” (216), converted to Catholicism at age 20 while an undergraduate at Yale. But she had already come out of the closet (when she was...
Behavior Problems Among Adolescents Exposed to Family and Community Violence in Chile

Research that simultaneously examines the relationship of multiple types of family and community violence with youth outcomes is limited in the previous research literature, particularly in Latin America. This study examined the relationship of youth exposure to family and community violence-parental use of corporal punishment, violence in the community, intimate partner physical aggression-with eight subscales of the Youth Self Report among a Chilean sample of 593 youth-mother pairs. Results from multilevel models indicated a positive association between youth exposure to violence in the family and community, and a wide range of behavior problem outcomes, in particular, aggression. With growing evidence concerning the detrimental effect of violence on youth's well-being, these findings highlight the need for a more comprehensive understanding of the various kinds of violence youth are exposed to within the family and community and the concomitant need to reduce multiple forms of violence.
Explaining the sex difference in dyslexia.

Background Males are diagnosed with dyslexia more frequently than females, even in epidemiological samples. This may be explained by greater variance in males’ reading performance. Methods We expand on previous research by rigorously testing the variance difference theory, and testing for mediation of the sex difference by cognitive correlates. We developed an analytic framework that can be applied to group differences in any psychiatric disorder. Results Males’ overrepresentation in the low performance tail of the reading distribution was accounted for by mean and variance differences across sex. There was no sex difference at the high performance tail. Processing speed (PS) and inhibitory control partially mediated the sex difference. Verbal reasoning emerged as a strength in males. Conclusions Our results complement a previous finding that PS partially mediates the sex difference in symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and helps explain the sex difference in both dyslexia and ADHD and their comorbidity.
Low-temperature crystal growth of Yb:Sr5F(PO4)3 without evident thermal runaway

Solid-state single crystal conversion of laser crystal Yb:Sr5F(PO4)3 was investigated to demonstrate the ability to partially convert polycrystals into single crystals without sintering additives, at a temperature below the normal sintering temperature of the material. A threefold increase in crystal growth was observed with the application of an electric field. The enhanced densification was associated with excessive mold radiation and the seed crystal growth was facilitated by reduced grain-boundary energy in the weak electric field.
Long-term non-contact tracking of caged rodents

Automatic tracking of rodents' behaviors over time in their home cages is of great interest in psycho-physiological studies. The commercially-available animal monitoring systems use RGB videos or bio-potential signals to monitor behaviors of animals when exploring their surroundings. The based models of these devices starts from several thousands of dollars and the cost would increase if extra analysis features were added. In this study, we present a low-cost, non-contact animal tracking system which records depth data from the caged rodent to detect the animal's location and pose over time. An adaptive Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) algorithm is employed to detect animal's center of mass and extract its movement trajectory over an extended period of time. The animal's pose is determined by applying Principle Component Analysis (PCA) on 3D depth data of the located animal. In conjunction with our previously-introduced respiratory detection algorithm, this system can be utilized as an automatic long-term and unobtrusive monitoring system for animal experiments. We validated the tracking accuracy of our system by monitoring two different caged voles. The voles' locations were correctly detected in 80% of times, while the poses were detected correctly in 100% of times confirmed by visually inspecting the color-coded depth videos.
Deducing Time Command Sequences for Remote Real-time Systems

Abstract This paper reports on continuing research in deducing timed command sequences for remote real-time systems. Timed Linear Logic is used to reason about a Checker ∥ Prover combination in guiding the actions of a controller, and to specify Checker ∥ Prover behavior, abstract sensors, timing constraints, and contingency plans. The selection of an errorcorrecting schedule (called a contingency plan) whenever a faulty sensor signal is discovered, is the result of a deduction in a timed linear proof.
Combined Liver–Kidney Transplantation for Primary Hyperoxaluria Type 2: A Case Report

Combined liver/kidney transplant is the preferred transplant option for most patients with primary hyperoxaluria type 1 (PH1) since orthotopic liver transplantation replaces the deficient liver-specific AGT enzyme, thus restoring normal metabolic oxalate production. However, primary hyperoxaluria type 2 (PH2) is caused by deficient glyoxylate reductase/hydroxypyruvate reductase (GRHPR), and this enzyme is widely distributed throughout the body. Though the relative abundance and activity of GRHPR in various tissues is not clear, some evidence suggests that the majority of enzyme activity may indeed reside within the liver. Thus the effectiveness of liver transplantation in correcting this metabolic disorder has not been demonstrated. Here we report a case of 44-year-old man with PH2, frequent stone events, and end-stage renal disease; he received a combined liver/kidney transplant. Although requiring confirmation in additional cases, the normalization of plasma oxalate, urine oxalate, and urine glycerate levels observed in this patient within a month of the transplant that remain reduced at the most recent follow-up at 13 months suggests that correction of the GRHPR deficiency in PH2 can be achieved by liver transplantation.
Adolescent Nocturnal Fears: a psychometric evaluation of the fear of sleep inventory (FoSI).

Objective: Nocturnal fears are associated with trauma-related sleep disturbance in adults, yet research is limited addressing this relationship in adolescents. This study evaluated the validity of ...
Clinically Competent and Fiscally at Risk: Impact of Debt and Financial Parameters on the Surgical Resident.

Background While the costs of medical training continue to increase, surgeon income and personal financial decisions may be challenged to manage this expanding debt burden. We sought to characterize the financial liability, assets, income, and debt of surgical residents, and evaluate the necessity for additional financial training. Study Design All surgical trainees at a single academic center completed a detailed survey. Questions focused on issues related to debt, equity, cash flow, financial education, and fiscal parameters. Responses were used to calculate debt-to-asset and debt-to-income ratios. Predictors of moderate risk debt-to-asset ratio (0.5 to 0.9), high risk debt-to-asset ratio (≥0.9), and high risk debt-to-income ratio (>0.4) were evaluated. All analyses were performed in SPSS v.21. Results One hundred five trainees completed the survey (80% response rate), with 38% of respondents reporting greater than $200,000 in educational debt. Overall, 82% of respondents had a moderate or high risk debt-to-asset ratio. Residency program, year, sex, and perception of financial knowledge did not correlate with high risk debt-to-asset ratio. Residents with high debt-to-asset ratios were more likely to have a high level of concern about debt (52% vs 0%, p Conclusions In a climate of increasingly delayed financial gratification, surgical trainees are on critically unstable financial footing. There is a major gap in current surgical education that requires reassessment for the long-term financial health of residents.
High-level secretory expression of immunologically active intact antibody from the yeast Pichia pastoris

We have produced a functional murine antibody to dioxin in the culture medium of the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. Complementary DNA copies encoding the light (κ) and heavy (γ) chains of the dioxin monoclonal antibody, DD1, were each placed under the control of P.pastoris alcohol oxidase (AOX1) promoter and Saccharomyces cerevisiae α-mating factor secretion signal sequence. The resulting expression cassettes were assembled into a single plasmid (pPICZαDD1) to permit co-expression of both light and heavy chains of the antibody molecule. P.pastoris SMD1168 (pep4, his4) transformed with pPICZαDD1 was able to secrete intact antibody into the culture medium. As high as 36 mg l−1 of the antibody was produced in shake-flask cultures after 96-h induction with methanol. Functional analysis using immunoassay confirmed murine nature of the recombinant antibody and its ability to bind dioxin.
To cluster, or not to cluster: An analysis of clusterability methods

Abstract Clustering is an essential data mining tool that aims to discover inherent cluster structure in data. For most applications, applying clustering is only appropriate when cluster structure is present. As such, the study of clusterability, which evaluates whether data possesses such structure, is an integral part of cluster analysis. However, methods for evaluating clusterability vary radically, making it challenging to select a suitable measure. In this paper, we perform an extensive comparison of measures of clusterability and provide guidelines that clustering users can reference to select suitable measures for their applications.
Airway Vascular Malformations

Vascular anomalies, both tumors and malformations, can occur anywhere in the body, including the airway. Airway involvement can be seen in the oral cavity, oropharynx, larynx, glottis and subglottis, and trachea as well as having extension into the retropharyngeal and parapharyngeal regions. Vascular malformations of the airway are less common than vascular tumors (Parhizkar et al, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 137:352–357, 2011). Slow-flow vascular malformations of the airway include capillary malformations (CMs), venous malformations (VMs), and lymphatic malformations (LMs), while arteriovenous malformations (AVM) are considered fast-flow lesions. Mixed lesions such as lymphovenous malformations (LVMs) of the airway can also be seen.
A Time-Division Demultiplexer using Differential Microring Samplers

This paper presents a new electronic-photonic integrated circuit design of a time-division demultiplexers using microring couplers as samplers and employing a time-interleaved architecture. The differential circuit design overcomes limitation in microring extinction ratio, improves output signal amplitude, and reduces glitches due to sampling.
Fracture and Failure Characterization of Transparent Acrylic Based Graft Interpenetrating Polymer Networks (Graft-IPNs)

IPNs are made of two or more polymer networks, each polymerized in the presence of the other/s. They can be suitable alternatives to traditional polymers made from single monomer as desirable characteristics of the constituent polymers can be engineered into IPNs. In this study, an acrylic-based transparent graft Interpenetrating Polymer Networks or simply graft-IPNs were processed and their mechanical properties in general and fracture/failure behaviors in particular were characterized. Good optical transparency, high fracture toughness, and high stiffness were among the attributes targeted in the graft-IPNs for potential transparent armor applications. The graft-IPNs were synthesized by sequential polymerization of compliant elastomeric polyurethane (PU) phase and a stiff acrylate-based copolymer (CoP) phase to generate crosslinks (or, ‘grafts’) between the two networks. A series of such graft-IPNs were synthesized by varying the ratios of CoP:PU. Uniaxial tension tests were performed on the resulting IPNs to measure the elastic modulus and strength whereas mode-I fracture toughness was measured under both quasi-static and dynamic loading conditions. A Hopkinson pressure bar was used in conjunction with an optical technique called Digital Gradient Sensing (DGS) and ultrahigh-speed photography to measure the fracture behavior during stress wave loading. The results show significant enhancements in the crack initiation toughness for some of the graft-IPN compositions relative to the constituents as well as commercially procured PMMA and polycarbonate (PC) sheet stocks. Besides the optical transparency, the increase in fracture toughness is attributed to the grafts or crosslinks generated between the PU and CoP networks.
Egr2-dependent microRNA-138 is Dispensable for Peripheral Nerve Myelination (P2.029)

Objective: Recent studies have elucidated the crucial role of microRNAs in peripheral nerve myelination by ablating components of the microRNA synthesis machinery. Few studies have focused on the role of individual microRNAs. To fill this gap, we focused this study on miR-138. Background: MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that regulate global gene expression in various developmental, physiological and diseased scenarios. In general, these non-coding RNAs need to be processed by microprocessor complexes (formed by DROSHA and DGCR8) and cleaved by DICER into mature microRNAs to be able to target genes for translational repression and mRNA destabilization. miR-138 has been previously shown to be robustly upregulated in Schwann cells (SCs) during development, drastically reduced in sciatic nerves of Dicer1 and Dgcr8 knockout mice with hypomyelinating phenotypes, and potentially target the negative regulators of SC differentiation. Design/Methods: We hypothesized that miR-138 is a positive regulator of myelination; EGR2 induced upregulation of miR-138, and miR-138 could help EGR2 to downregulate the negative regulators, driving myelination forward. To test this, we evaluated the expression of miR-138, its dependence on Egr2, and the effects of conditional ablation in SCs. Results: We showed that of two mir-138 encoding loci, mir-138-1 is the predominant locus transcribed in SCs. mir-138-1 is upregulated during myelination and downregulated upon nerve injury. EGR2 is required for mir-138-1 transcription during development, and both SOX10 and EGR2 bind to an active enhancer near the mir-138-1 locus. However, in conditional mir-138-1 knockouts, we could not detect significant changes in myelination, SC proliferation, or cell cycle exit, though the number of cells in sciatic nerves was slightly increased. Conclusions: Our results suggest that miR-138 is an Egr2 dependent microRNA, but is largely dispensable for SC myelination. Our future directions will be to continue uncovering phenotypes and functions of the miR-138 mutants by subjecting them to stress paradigms. Study Supported by: National Institutes of Health Grants 1R01NS071081-01(R.A.). Part of this work was performed at the Center for Advanced Microscopy and the Mouse Histology and Phenotyping Laboratory of Northwestern University generously supported by NCI CCSG P30 CA060553 awarded to the Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center. Disclosure: Dr. Lin has nothing to disclose. Dr. Oksuz has nothing to disclose. Dr. Svaren has nothing to disclose. Dr. Awatramani has nothing to disclose.