cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiple cis-acting targeting sequences are required for orb mRNA localization during Drosophila oogenesis.

Abstract The targeting of positional information to specific regions of the oocyte or early embryo is one of the key processes in establishing anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral polarity. In many developmental systems, this is accomplished by localization of mRNAs. The germ line-specific Drosophila orb gene plays a critical role in defining both axes of the developing oocyte, and its mRNA is localized in a complex pattern during oogenesis. We have identified a 280-bp sequence from the orb 3' untranslated region capable of reproducing this complex localization pattern. Furthermore, we have found that multiple cis-acting elements appear to be required for proper targeting of orb mRNA.
Monte Carlo Simulation of Rarefied Flow Along a Flat Plate

The direct simulation Monte Carlo technique is applied to a diverging flowfield along a flat plate. The model accounts for a plate of finite thickness with a nonzero leading edge bevel angle, and permits the specification of surface accommodation coefficients ranging from diffuse to specular reflection. The computed density, velocity, and temperature profiles at several axial stations along the plate are compared with experimental data. These comparisons indicate good agreement when the leading edge bevel is included in the calculation, and when the surface accommodation coefficients are each assigned a value of 0.8. Results are also presented that indicate the sensitivity of the computed skin friction to the ratio of the computational cell size to molecular mean free path. The results indicate that the skin friction is insensitive to the cell size if the local Knudsen number based on the cell size is maintained larger than unity everywhere in the flowfield. The results also indicate that the skin friction is underpredicted toward the plate leading edge and overpredicted at downstream axial positions when the cell size exceeds the molecular mean free path.
Oral self-administration of ethanol, phencyclidine, methadone, pentobarbital and quinine in rhesus monkeys.

Rationale: Simultaneous and sequential drug use among clinical populations is the norm, whereas the pattern of self-administration of multiple drugs among non-human primate populations has not been thoroughly explored. Objectives: To determine the relationship between the preferences and intakes of a large group of rhesus monkeys exposed to various orally available solutions. Methods: Thirteen male and eleven female young adult rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were exposed to orally available drug solutions using a concurrent choice (drug and water) procedure, where fluid delivery was made contingent upon single spout contacts (fixed ratio one). Results: Ethanol (0.25–16% w:v) produced biphasic effects on the number of fluid deliveries obtained, with peak ethanol preferences over water demonstrated at the 1–2% w:v concentrations. No preferences for the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist phencyclidine or water were demonstrated at lower concentrations (0.0078125–0.125 mg/ml) and, at higher concentrations (0.25, 0.5 mg/ml), a preference for water was demonstrated. The µ opioid receptor agonist methadone (0.001–0.3 mg/ml) and the prototypic bitter substance quinine (0.001–0.3 mg/ml) failed to produce preferences for drug or water. A large preference for water over the barbiturate pentobarbital (0.01–3 mg/ml) was also demonstrated. After rank-ordering the subjects based on their drug preferences or intakes, modest to no correlations across drugs were demonstrated. Conclusions: These results reveal that a robust ethanol preference is not predictive of a preference for drugs of abuse from other classes and suggests that fluid intakes were correlated, irrespective of the presence or absence of drug in the solution.
RNAi Phenotypes and the Localization of a Protein::GUS Fusion Imply a Role for Medicago truncatula PIN Genes in Nodulation

The symbiosis between legumes and rhizobia results in the development of a new plant organ, the nodule. A role for polar auxin transport in nodule development in Medicago truncatula has been demonstrated using molecular genetic tools. The expression of a DR5::GUS auxin-responsive promoter in uninoculated M. truncatula roots mirrored that reported in Arabidopsis, and expression of the construct in nodulating roots confirmed results reported in white clover. The localization of a root-specific PIN protein (MtPIN2) in normal roots, developing lateral roots and nodules provided the first evidence that a PIN protein is expressed in nodules. Reduced levels of MtPIN2, MtPIN3, and MtPIN4 mRNAs via RNA interference demonstrated that plants with reduced expression of various MtPINs display a reduced number of nodules. The reported results show that in M. truncatula, PIN proteins play an important role in nodule development, and that nodules and lateral roots share some early auxin responses in common, but they rapidly differentiate with respect to auxin and MtPIN2 protein distribution.
Scattering by simple and nonsimple shapes by the combined method of ray tracing and diffraction: application to circular cylinders

The combined method of ray tracing and diffraction (CMRD) is an efficient and accurate technique for computing the scattered field in focal regions of optical systems. Here we extend the CMRD concept so it can be used to compute fields scattered by objects of simple as well as nonsimple shapes. To that end we replace the scattering object by an equivalent, planar phase object; use ray tracing to determine its location, aperture area, amplitude distribution, and phase distribution; and use standard Kirchhoff diffraction theory to compute the field scattered by the equivalent phase object. To illustrate the practical use of the CMRD we apply it to a two-dimensional problem in which a plane or cylindrical wave is normally incident upon a circular cylinder. For this application we determine the range of validity of the CMRD by comparing its results for the scattered field with those obtained by use of an exact eigenfunction expansion.
Impact of improvement efforts on glycemic control and hypoglycemia at a University Medical Center

BACKGROUND: Great emphasis is placed on optimizing treatment of hospitalized patients with diabetes and hyperglycemia. OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to determine if the application of hospital-wide insulin order sets improved inpatient safety by reducing the number of actual hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic events and increasing at-target blood glucose. DESIGN: A retrospective chart review was conducted of hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic events and at-target blood glucose occurring before and after institution of the insulin order sets and blood glucose protocols. SETTING: The Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC) Medical Center is a 709-bed hospital and tertiary referral center for partnering hospitals in the southeastern United States. PATIENTS: All patients were evaluated who had a documented history of diabetes or who had at least 1 finger-stick blood glucose above 180 mg/dL who were admitted for care to the MUSC adult main hospital (minimum of 18 years-of-age; maximum 100 years-of-age) during June 2004, June 2005, June 2006, and June 2007. INTERVENTION: The intervention involved institution of hospital-wide hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, subcutaneous insulin, and intravenous insulin treatment protocols. MEASUREMENTS: Retrospective data on hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, and at-target blood glucose incidence and frequency were collected via a computerized repository for all inpatients. RESULTS: The percent time in range improved by 10% with no increase in the amount of severe hypoglycemic episodes for the blood glucose results. CONCLUSIONS: Implementing standardized insulin order sets including hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia treatment protocols at MUSC produced expected benefits for patient safety for this patient population. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2009;4:331–339. © 2009 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Crossing Hoffa: a teamster's story, by Steven J. Harper, St. Paul

Crossing Hoffa: a teamster's story, by Steven J. Harper, St. Paul, MN, Borealis Books, 2007, xi + 240 pp., US$24.95 (cloth), ISBN 0873515803 Steven J. Harper has written an account of one dissident...
Identification and Approach to Treatment of Mental Health Disorders in Asian American Populations

This chapter will describe an approach to mental health assessment and treatment in Asian Americans, a diverse and rapidly growing group within the US population. The chapter places an emphasis on understanding concepts related to how Asian Americans may understand mental health conditions and how mental health professionals can approach this population in a culturally sensitive and curious manner. I hope this chapter will help mental health clinicians, educators, and researchers develop a thoughtful and flexible approach to evaluating and working with Asian American patients. To develop a complete understanding of the patient, the mental health professional will have to weave together the patient’s unique health beliefs, culture, language, family, religion, narrative, genetics, pharmacological history, and relevant life experience. Asian Americans cannot be treated as a monolithic group and in the following pages, topics and themes will be raised that lead the professional away from viewing the patient’s difficulties through only one lens. After reading this chapter, the reader will hopefully gain more knowledge about Asian American health beliefs and culture and integrate this into his or her unique style in mental health practice, education, and research to effectively help Asian American patients. This chapter concludes with three blended cases based upon my work and cases of colleagues shared with me from years of experience in working with Asian Americans. These cases will help the reader to synthesize the different topics and themes discussed in the chapter in realistic clinical scenarios. These cases will clearly demonstrate the complexity and diversity of Asian American patients and help to model an integrated approach to working with Asian Americans in a culturally sensitive manner in clinical, research, and educational settings.
Asymptotic behavior of BV solutions to hyperbolic systems of balance laws with relaxation

For hyperbolic systems of balance laws governing relaxation processes, in one space dimension, with source incurring nonnegative entropy production and satisfying a Kawashima-type condition, it is shown that when the initial data have small total variation on (-∞, ∞) and decay rapidly to zero, as |x| → ∞, then the Cauchy problem possesses a unique admissible BV solution, in the large, with total variation decaying to zero, as t → ∞.
Words, Meanings, and Readings: Reconstructing the Use of Gildas's De excidio Britanniae at the Canterbury School

This article investigates the manner in which Gildas’s De excidio Britanniae was being read at the Canterbury school of Theodore and Hadrian in the seventh century. Beginning with a discussion of the historical milieu of the Canterbury school, the textual history of the De excidio, and the evidence of the text’s presence at this center, this article examines the glossae collectae preserved in the Leiden Glossary that have been identified as Gildasian in an effort to gain insight into the intellectual and cultural concerns of the Anglo-Saxon scholars working there. This study argues that Gildas’s text was likely used within a pedagogical context in support of the reform agenda undertaken by Theodore and that the glossae collectae in Leiden appear to be the result of multiple independent systematic readings of the text.
ANGIOTENSINASE ACTIVITY OF FRACTIONATED HUMAN PLASMA.

SummaryElectrophoresis and column fractionation of plasma, SPPS, and the albumin peak of SPPS after electrophoresis, demonstrated that the described angiotensinase activity is normally present in a fraction distinct from albumin, alpha-2, beta and gamma globulins. Its physical characteristics generally tend to classify it as an alpha-1 globulin of a single species or of several species having very similar characteristics. That it is a protein is strongly supported by the fact that protein precipitation techniques were used in its purification, that it was nondialyzable, and that it was completely destroyed by heating to 100°C.
Work conjugate strain of virial stress

ABSTRACTCertain stress tensor and strain tensor form a conjugate pair if there exists a scalar valued strain energy function such that the stress tensor is equal to the derivative of strain energy function with respect to the strain tensor. Virial stress is widely accepted as the stress measurement in molecular dynamics (MD). However, its conjugate strain is not yet identified. An atomic logarithmic strain is proposed and numerically verified as the conjugate strain of virial stress at temperature. The strain energy is calculated by virial stress and the proposed atomic logarithmic strain equals to the interatomic potential energy density. This conclusion is numerically verified with (1) Coulomb-Buckingham potential, Lenard-Jones potential, or arbitrary nonlinear pair potential and (2) randomly generated atomic configurations and deformation gradients. Examples are given in determining the stress–strain relation for magnesium oxide with MD simulation. The result shows that the atomic logarithmic strain is...
Jaime Balmes, Spanish Traditionalist: His Influence in Spanish America

It is often assumed that the most creative aspect of Latin American thought, since independence, has been revolutionary. To a considerable degree this is true, as this author has himself pointed out in previous writings. But Latin America has also felt the impact of a different stream of creative thought, Spanish in origin to a considerable degree, though not completely so—the stream of Hispanic and Christian traditionalism. But this traditionalism is a mixed current. Thus, Pablo Gonzalez Casanova of Mexico has shown that while reactionary forces often opposed it, “modern” Christian thought in Spain and New Spain was absorbing the new philosophy and science of the eighteenth century. Alberto Caturelli and Enrique Zuleta Alvarez. of Argentina, in somewhat different ways, have pointed out a mixture of Christian traditionalism with liberal streams of thought in that country. Moises Gonzalez Navarro of Mexico found in the historian-statesman, Lucas Alaman, a mixture of Christian traditionalism and economic liberalism. Carlos Valderrama Andrade of Colombia has found that traditionalists such as Miguel Antonio Caro (1843-1909), and his father before him, mixed with the conservative elements of traditionalist thought progressive elements not unlike those of modern Christian democracy.
ATRP under Biologically Relevant Conditions: Grafting from a Protein

Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) methods were developed in water-based media, to grow polymers from proteins under biologically relevant conditions. These conditions gave good control over the resulting polymers, while still preserving the protein’s native structure. Several reaction parameters, such as ligand structure, halide species, and initiation mode were optimized in water and PBS buffer to yield well-defined polymers grown from bovine serum albumin (BSA), functionalized with cleavable ATRP initiators (I). The CuCl complex with ligand 2,2′-bipyridyne (bpy) provides the best conditions for the polymerization of oligo(ethylene oxide) methacrylate (OEOMA) in water at 30 °C under normal ATRP conditions (I/CuCl/CuCl2/bpy = 1/1/9/22), while the CuBr/bpy complex gave better performance in PBS. Activators generated by electron transfer (AGET) ATRP gave well-controlled polymerization of OEOMA at 30 °C with the ligand tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine (TPMA), (I/CuBr2/TPMA = 1/10/11). The AGET ATRP react...
Physics of Laser-Produced Interstreaming Plasmas

The interaction of two interstreaming plasmas is of interest from several points of view. As a basic plasma physics topic, there are a myriad of possible collisionless and hydrodynamic instabilities that may occur when two beams interpenetrate. Some aspects of these instabilities are well established and have been observed, but others are poorly understood. Interpenetrating plasmas related to our choice of experimental parameters appear in several natural and man-made situations. The sun, for instance, emits a solar wind plasma which forms a flowing interplanetary drifting plasma with drift velocities in the hundreds of kilometer per second range; interestingly, laser-produced plasmas have comparable ablation velocities; laser-produced-plasmas also stream from coronas having temperatures very close to the solar coronas (1–2keV). The solar wind interactions with the earth’s magnetosphere and cometary plasmas have been observed to be very complex. An even more dramatic natural example of interacting energetic plasmas is a supernova explosion. Man-made counter streaming plasma situations also abound, e.g., in some proposed inertial confinement fusion reactors, theta pinch devices, ion beam ICF schemes, and in some ionospheric modifications.
Intraoperative electrophysiologic monitoring of the recurrent laryngeal nerve during thyroid and parathyroid surgery: Experience with 1,381 nerves at risk.

Objectives The electrophysiologic responses of 1,381 recurrent laryngeal nerves (RLN) during monitored neck surgery were recorded and reviewed. Study Design Retrospective case series. Methods With institutional review board approval, we reviewed thyroid and other neck surgeries performed with intraoperative nerve monitoring (IONM) between the years 1995 and 2006. This list yielded consecutively monitored 1,381 RLNs, with over 3,000 hours of monitoring experience. All patients underwent preoperative and postoperative laryngoscopy. In an initial subset of patients, both hook-wire and endotracheal tube (ETT) surface electrodes were utilized. Normative stimulation parameters; postoperative vocal cord function prognostication using monitoring data; and false-positive, false-negative, and passive electrophysiologic responses were evaluated Results Hook-wire electrodes and ETT surface electrodes were found to have good correlation in terms of amplitude (correlation coefficient, R = 0.89). Nerve stimulation of 1 to 2 mA resulted in an ipsilateral biphasic response, with 3.3 ms mean latency and 900 μV mean amplitude. Permanent and temporary RLN paralysis rates were 0% and 0.7%, respectively. Specificity of electromyography (EMG) loss of signal (LOS) postoperative vocal cord paralysis (VCP) detection was 99.9%, and sensitivity was 33%. Negative predictive value of EMG LOS at the end of surgery in the prediction of postoperative VCP was 99.6%, whereas its positive predictive value for VCP was 75%. Conclusion Intraoperative nerve monitoring of the RLN during thyroid and other neck surgeries can aid in the nerve mapping, nerve identification, and prognostication of postoperative vocal cord function, which in turn can influence the surgeon's decision to proceed to bilateral surgery. Level of Evidence 4. Laryngoscope, 127:280–286, 2017
Christmas Tree Stromatolite

What causes the unique shape of the Christmas tree stromatolite Jacutophyton? Branching in Jacutophyton appears to be controlled by both shade avoidance and by metazoan perturbation of the microbial mat at the edge of the stromatolite. Evidence suggests that heliotrophism in Proterozoic stromatolites is a real phenomenon.
The Envelope Theorem and Payoff Equivalence

Mechanisms are defined very generally and can take a wide variety of forms. The sheer size and variety of the set of mechanisms would seem to make it hard to use in an economic analysis. Yet such uses are now routine, largely following the pattern set in the early analyses by Myerson (1981) and Holmstrom (1979). Myerson had posed the following question: which mechanism should a seller use to sell a single indivisible good to maximize his expected revenue, if he can choose among all possible augmented mechanisms? To answer this question, known as the optimal auction problem , Myerson derived a lemma establishing that a certain payoff formula holds for all feasible augmented mechanisms at Bayes-Nash equilibrium and bounds the expected revenues associated with any mechanism. He demonstrated that standard auction designs with a well chosen reserve price sometimes achieve the bound. Holmstrom asked whether any mechanisms besides the Vickrey–Clarke–Groves mechanisms could implement efficient decisions in dominant strategies. He, too, derived a lemma establishing that a certain payoff formula holds for all feasible mechanisms at a dominant strategy solution. He then demonstrated that only the VCG payment scheme prescribes payments consistent with that formula. The two payoff formulas, which we will sometimes call Myerson's lemma and Holmstrom's lemma , are closely analogous to Hotelling's lemma and Shepard's lemma from demand theory. All four lemmas are derived from the envelope theorem. Each can be stated as either a restriction on a derivative or as a restriction on an integral.
Conclusion: Mediterranean Noir — Sunlight Gleaming Off a Battered .45

Classic Film Noir, as this study argues, was, at least in its post-war phase, a global phenomenon in which a set of strikingly similar social, political, economic, and aesthetic conditions gave rise to an aesthetic representation of a hoped-for change not only in the United States, but across the world. When that change did not occur, the form became a lament for a lost opportunity and a critique of the return of the old order. Much has happened in-between, including a more dominant role for what has been termed neo-noir as a recognized genre, particularly in the United States but also in the world as a whole. This acceptance of the form has sometimes, because of the dominance of Hollywood, acted as simply a means not of critiquing global power, but of promoting and maintaining US cultural hegemony.
Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma: Recent Advances Including MicroRNA Expression

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is an uncommon neuroendocrine tumor arising from the C cells in the thyroid and accounts for about 5 % of all thyroid cancers. MTC exhibits more aggressive behavior than follicular tumors, with the majority of cases presenting with lymph node metastasis. It is particularly common among patients carrying germline RET mutations with almost 100 % penetrance. Because activating RET mutations occur in over 90 % of hereditary and 40 % of sporadic MTC, clinical trials of several RET-targeting multikinase inhibitors (MKIs) have resulted in FDA approval of vandetanib and cabozantinib for the treatment of MTC. Nevertheless, in light of significant individual differences in tumor behavior and treatment responses, there has been a persistent need for research efforts to decipher the molecular events within RET-driven or non-RET-driven tumors. Recently, the gene regulatory roles of microRNAs (miRNAs) in MTC have been studied extensively. Multiple miRNA deregulations have been discovered in MTC with potential prognostic and therapeutic implications. This review provides an overview of the basic pathology of MTC and an update on recent investigational progress.
Visual Event Related Potentials, EEG, and ADHD

The effects of methylphenidate (MPH) and sodium valproate (VPA) on the visual event related potentials (VERP) and EEG of children with ADHD were evaluated at the Department of Psychology, Tel Aviv University, Israel, and North Shore University Hospital, Cornell Univ Med College, New York.
Relative judgment theory and the mediation of facial recognition: Implications for theories of eyewitness identification.

Many in the eyewitness identification community believe that sequential lineups are superior to simultaneous lineups because simultaneous lineups encourage inappropriate choosing due to promoting comparisons among choices (a relative judgment strategy), but sequential lineups reduce this propensity by inducing comparisons of lineup members directly to memory rather than to each other (an absolute judgment strategy). Different versions of the relative judgment theory have implicated both discrete-state and continuous mediation of eyewitness decisions. The theory has never been formally specified, but (Yonelinas, J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 20:1341–1354, 1994) dual-process models provide one possible specification, thereby allowing us to evaluate how eyewitness decisions are mediated. We utilized a ranking task (Kellen and Klauer, J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 40:1795–1804, 2014) and found evidence for continuous mediation when facial stimuli match from study to test (Experiment 1) and when they mismatch (Experiment 2). This evidence, which is contrary to a version of relative judgment theory that has gained a lot of traction in the legal community, compels reassessment of the role that guessing plays in eyewitness identification. Future research should continue to test formal explanations in order to advance theory, expedite the development of new procedures that can enhance the reliability of eyewitness evidence, and to facilitate the exploration of task factors and emergent strategies that might influence when recognition is continuously or discretely mediated.
Perspectives: Using Results from HRSA's Health Workforce Simulation Model to Examine the Geography of Primary Care

Objective Inform health planning and policy discussions by describing Health Resources and Services Administration's (HRSA's) Health Workforce Simulation Model (HWSM) and examining the HWSM's 2025 supply and demand projections for primary care physicians, nurse practitioners (NPs), and physician assistants (PAs). Data sources HRSA's recently published projections for primary care providers derive from an integrated microsimulation model that estimates health workforce supply and demand at national, regional, and state levels. Principal findings Thirty-seven states are projected to have shortages of primary care physicians in 2025, and nine states are projected to have shortages of both primary care physicians and PAs. While no state is projected to have a 2025 shortage of primary care NPs, many states are expected to have only a small surplus. Conclusions Primary care physician shortages are projected for all parts of the United States, while primary care PA shortages are generally confined to Midwestern and Southern states. No state is projected to have shortages of all three provider types. Projected shortages must be considered in the context of baseline assumptions regarding current supply, demand, provider-service ratios, and other factors. Still, these findings suggest geographies with possible primary care workforce shortages in 2025 and offer opportunities for targeting efforts to enhance workforce flexibility.
Zinc mediated direct transformation of propargyl N-hydroxylamines to α,β-unsaturated ketones and mechanistic insight

A Lewis acid catalyzed direct transformation of propargyl N-hydroxylamines to α,β-unsaturated ketones in the presence of aqueous Zn(II)-salts has been described. This investigation also provides a novel observation for the stoichiometric role of Zn-halides over what is known to date for catalytic processes. A thorough mechanistic study has been established based on the experiment using 18O-labeled water in optimized reaction conditions; the incorporation of 18O in the desired product was also substantiated by HRMS. This methodology is also a mild, inexpensive, and an efficient approach for this unusual conversion.
Prolonged Exposure Therapy for Adolescents with PTSD: Emotional Processing of Traumatic Experiences

Prolonged exposure for adolescents (PE-A; Foa et al. 2008) is a manualized, symptom-focused treatment designed to target PTSD symptoms in the aftermath of all types of trauma. PE-A was developed and tested with adolescents ages 12–18 and includes four phases (pretreatment preparation, psychoeducation and treatment planning, exposures, and relapse prevention/treatment termination), each comprised of several modules that emphasize a specific therapeutic task or goal. It is delivered in an individual format and is intended to be flexible, providing for an optional pretreatment preparation phase, inclusion of parents/caregivers in portions of sessions, and varying lengths of sessions as well as the ability to complete a single module over one or several sessions, based on the developmental needs of the adolescent. The typical course of treatment occurs over 10–15 weekly sessions of 60–90 min length.
The Wide Angle Neutron Diffractometer squared (WAND2) - Possibilities and future

Abstract The Wide Angle Neutron Diffractometer (WAND) at the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) has been built and continues to be, a joint project between ORNL and the Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA). Equipped with a 1-dimensional position sensitive detector (PSD), the instrument is a multi-purpose instrument for both powder and single crystal diffraction. WAND is currently in the process of a 2-phase upgrade to become a world-class, general purpose instrument. In phase 1, finished in the beginning of 2016, the whole instrument was essentially re-built from scratch, keeping only the front-end and the 1-D PSD. Phase 2 will replace the 1-D PSD with the state-of-the-art BNL120 2-D PSD which comes from the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center. Currently, the detector is integrated off-line into the data acquisition architecture at HFIR and SNS. The new instrument, W A N D 2 , will have event mode capability, improved efficiency, and higher resolution and will be available for general users in the proposal call 2018A. This contribution presents results highlighting the improvements on WAND after phase 1. The upgraded instrument now accommodates the whole suite of available sample environment (50 mK–1500 K, magnetic fields (5 T), high pressures (4 GPa)). Also, the background could be reduced significantly by a factor of 2 through improved shielding, allowing the detection of weak signals. The phase 2 upgrade will require new electronics, data acquisition, and visualization and will result in an altogether new instrument: W A N D 2 .
Pathogenesis and Animal Models of Post-Primary (Bronchogenic) Tuberculosis, A Review

Primary and post-primary tuberculosis (TB) are different diseases caused by the same organism. Primary TB produces systemic immunity. Post-primary TB produces cavities to support massive proliferation of organisms for transmission of infection to new hosts from a person with sufficient immunity to prevent systemic infection. Post-primary, also known as bronchogenic, TB begins in humans as asymptomatic bronchial spread of obstructive lobular pneumonia, not as expanding granulomas. Most lesions regress spontaneously. However, some undergo caseation necrosis that is coughed out through the necrotic bronchi to form cavities. Caseous pneumonia that is not expelled through the bronchi is retained to become the focus of fibrocaseous disease. No animal reproduces this entire process. However, it appears that many mammals utilize similar mechanisms, but fail to coordinate them as do humans. Understanding this makes it possible to use human tuberculous lung sections to guide manipulation of animals to produce models of particular human lesions. For example, slowly progressive and reactivation TB in mice resemble developing human bronchogenic TB. Similarly, bronchogenic TB and cavities resembling those in humans can be induced by bronchial infection of sensitized rabbits. Granulomas in guinea pigs have characteristics of both primary and post primary TB. Mice can be induced to produce a spectrum of human like caseating granulomas. There is evidence that primates can develop bronchogenic TB. We are optimistic that such models developed by coordinated study of human and animal tissues can be used with modern technologies to finally address long-standing questions about host/parasite relationships in TB, and support development of targeted therapeutics and vaccines.
Chemistry and Pharmacology of Agents for BNCT

Although boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is currently in clinical trials in several countries around the world, the continued development of BNCT for the treatment of cancer patients is dependent on the production of new compounds which exhibit biological characteristics exceeding that of the currently utilized disodium mercaptoundecahydro-closo-dodecaborate (BSH) or para-boronophenylalanine (p-BPA). Specifically, the compounds being developed should have an enhanced tumor uptake and retention, as well as exhibit a higher degree of specificity, particularly in terms of the tumor to blood boron ratio and tumor to normal brain boron ratio. Additionally, the degree of enhancement must be sufficiently significant to invest the resources necessary to produce the quantities required for clinical trials. Thorough reviews of the development of boron-containing compounds for application in BNCT have been published in recent years.1,2 The focus of this review is the research which has been accomplished since the Seventh International Symposium on Neutron Capture Therapy for Cancer, held in Zurich, Switzerland in September, 1996.
Snow-stratification investigation on an Antarctic ice stream with an X-band radar system

An X-band FM-CW radar was used to determine the feasibility of observing annual snow-accumulation layers in Antarctica with a high-resolution inexpensive radar system. The formation of layering boundaries, their resultant electromagnetic discontinuity and their detection by reflected energy are presented. Large returns from depths corresponding to reasonable positions for annual layers were found. The average accumulation rates calculated from the radar returns agree with those measured in a previous pit study done in the same area. The detection of the annual accumulation layers with this system implies a simple, inexpensive mobile radar could be used to profile large areas allowing the distorting effects of local topography to be removed.This type of system with a concurrent pit study could provide insight into the effect of sub-surface strata on spaceborne or airborne microwave remote sensing.
Analyzing and modeling large biological networks: inferring signal transduction pathways

Large scale two-hybrid screens have generated a wealth of information describing potential protein-protein intereactions (PPIs). When interacting proteins are associated with each other to generate networks, a map of the cell, picturing potential signaling pathways and interactive complexes is formed. PPI networks satisfy the small-world property and their degree distribution follow the power-law degree distribution. Recently, duplication based random graph models have been proposed to emulate the evolution of PPI networks and to satisfy these two graph theoretical properties. In this work, we show that the previously proposed model of Pastor-Satorras et al. (2003) does not generate a power-law degree distribution with exponential cutoff as claimed and the more restrictive model by Chung et al. (2003) cannot be interpreted unconditionally. It is possible to slightly modify these models to ensure that they generate a power-law degree distribution. However, even after this modification, the more general e-hop degree distribution achieved by these models, for e > 1, are very different from that of the yeast proteome network. We address this problem by introducing a new network growth model taking into account the sequence similarity between pairs of proteins as well as their interactions. The new model captures the e-hop degree distribution of the yeast PPI network for all e > 0, as well as the immediate degree distribution of the sequence similarity network. We further utilize the PPI networks to discover possible pathway segments. Discovering signal transduction pathways has been an arduous problem, even with the use of systematic genomic, proteomic and metabolomic technologies. The enormous amount of data and how to interpret and process this data becomes a challenging computational problem. In this work we present a new framework to identify signaling pathways in PPI networks. Our goal is to find biologically significant pathway segments in a given interaction network. First, we discover association rules based on known signal transduction pathways and their functional annotations. Given a pair of starting and ending proteins, our methodology returns candidate pathway segments between these two proteins. These candidate pathway segments are further filtered by their gene expression levels. In our study, we used the S. cerevisiae interaction network and microarray data, to successfully reconstruct signal transduction pathways in yeast.
libtropicon: A Scalable Library for Computing Intersection Points of Generic Tropical Hyper-surfaces

The computation of intersection points of generic tropical hyper-surfaces is a fundamental problem in computational algebraic geometry. An efficient algorithm for solving this problem will be a basic building block in many higher level algorithms for studying tropical varieties, computing mixed volume, enumerating mixed cells, constructing polyhedral homotopies, etc. libtropicon is a library for computing intersection points of generic tropical hyper-surfaces that provides a unified framework where the several conceptually opposite approaches coexist and complement one another. In particular, great efficiency is achieve by the data cross-feeding of the “pivoting” and the “elimination” step — data by-product generated by the pivoting step is selectively saved to bootstrap the elimination step, and vice versa. The core algorithm is designed to be naturally parallel and highly scalable, and the implementation directly supports multi-core architectures, computer clusters, and GPUs based on CUDA or ROCm/OpenCL technology. Many-core architectures such as Intel Xeon Phi are also partially supported. This library also includes interface layers that allows it to be tightly integrated into the existing ecosystem of software in computational algebraic geometry.
Predictably missing satellites: subhalo abundances in Milky Way-like haloes

On small scales there have been a number of claims of discrepancies between the standard Cold Dark Matter (CDM) model and observations. The 'missing satellites problem' infamously describes the overabundance of subhalos from CDM simulations compared to the number of satellites observed in the Milky Way. A variety of solutions to this discrepancy have been proposed; however, the impact of the specific properties of the Milky Way halo relative to the typical halo of its mass have yet to be explored. Motivated by recent studies that identified ways in which the Milky Way is atypical (e.g., Licquia et al. 2015), we investigate how the properties of dark matter halos with mass comparable to our Galaxy's --- including concentration, spin, shape, and scale factor of the last major merger --- correlate with the subhalo abundance. Using zoom-in simulations of Milky Way-like halos, we build two models of subhalo abundance as functions of host halo properties and conclude that the Milky Way should be expected to have 22%-44% fewer subhalos with low maximum rotation velocities ($V_{\rm max}^{\rm sat} \sim 10$kms$^{-1}$) at the 95% confidence level and up to 72% fewer than average subhalos with high rotation velocities ($V_{\rm max}^{\rm sat} \gtrsim 30$kms$^{-1}$, comparable to the Magellanic Clouds) than would be expected for a typical halo of the Milky Way's mass. Concentration is the most informative single parameter for predicting subhalo abundance. Our results imply that models tuned to explain the missing satellites problem assuming typical subhalo abundances for our Galaxy will be over-correcting.
Into the “Field”: An Exercise in Exploring Local and Not-So-Local Landscapes

Much of what makes geography exciting and relevant is the fact that the “field” surrounds us: Our homes, neighborhoods, cities, states, and world each provide spaces, places, and landscapes to read...
Promoting Condom Use Through a Youth-Focused Community-Wide Free Condom Distribution Initiative.

We describe the implementation of a youth-focused condom distribution initiative in Omaha, Nebraska, developed by the Women’s Fund of Omaha. During a 2.5-year period, initiative partners distribute...
An All-Digital True-Random-Number Generator with Integrated De-correlation and Bias Correction at 3.2-to-86 MB/S, 2.58 PJ/Bit in 65-NM CMOS

We present a robust, all-digital True Random Number Generator (TRNG) architecture that efficiently combines low-quality physical random number generators (PRNGs) with integrated de-correlation and de-biasing. A 65-nm CMOS TRNG test chip demonstrates NIST test-suite compliance across 0.5-1.0 V supply voltage $(V_{\text{dd}})$ and −20-100 °C, even with significant PRNG entropy $(H)$ degradation. The measured 2.58 pJ/bit is the lowest among all-digital NIST-compliant TRNGs. In terms of energy, area and performance metrics, this digital implementation is especially suited for advanced CMOS process nodes.
Identification of small molecule inhibitors targeting the Zika virus envelope protein.

The recent emergence of Zika virus, a mosquito-borne flavivirus, in the Americas has shed light on the severe neurological diseases associated with infection, notably congenital microcephaly in newborns and Guillain-Barre syndrome in adults. Despite the recent focus on Zika virus, there are currently no approved vaccines or antiviral therapies available to treat or prevent infection. In this study we established a competitive amplified luminescent proximity homogeneous assay (ALPHAscreen) to identify small molecule inhibitors targeting the envelope protein of Zika virus (Zika E). We utilized this assay to screen two libraries of nearly 27,000 compounds and identified seven novel inhibitors of Zika E. Characterization of these primary screening leads demonstrated that inhibition of Zika virus occurs at non-cytotoxic concentrations for all seven lead compounds. In addition, we found that all seven lead compounds have potent activity against the closely related dengue virus 2 but not vesicular stomatitis virus, an unrelated enveloped virus. Biochemical experiments indicate that these compounds act by preventing E-mediated membrane fusion. This work highlights a new method for the discovery and optimization of direct-acting antivirals targeting the E protein of Zika and other flaviviruses.
Nahuatl in Coatepec: Ideologies, practices and management for linguistic and cultural continuance

Although more than a million people still speak Nahuatl, this number is rapidly diminishing. Historically, Nahuatl was the dominant language of Coatepec de los Costales, a small village in Guerrero, Mexico. The last 50 years have seen a pronounced shift there from Nahuatl to Spanish. The ultimate cause of language shift is a disruption in intergenerational language transmission as a result of often violent colonial encounters. Using a conceptual framework that combines (1) the primacy of Indigenous knowledge systems, (2) a critical sociocultural approach to language acquisition, (3) Bernard Spolsky’s definition of language policy as language practices, ideologies and management, and (4) the ethnography of language policy, this article explores, from a critical Indigenous perspective, the local dynamics and global influences that contribute to the endangerment of Nahuatl. More specifically, it examines the mechanisms through which language ideologies, family–community language management strategies and everyday language practices operate among people of different generations, thereby revealing socialisation practices and Indigenous systems of community-based learning. This work may assist other Indigenous communities in better understanding the multiple mechanisms at play in language loss and reclamation – spanning educational to environmental contexts.
Xavier Electromyographic Wheelchair Control and Virtual Training

For a variety of individuals, limited hand dexterity yields complications to independently control a power wheelchair. Neurological conditions, including quadriplegia, and traumatic brain injuries can all reduce or eliminate fine motor skills necessary to operate a joystick. For patients with progressive disorders, this acute or chronic progression can affect the hands and limbs at an early stage of the disease. In an effort to extend independence and autonomous mobility, the Xavier system was developed to utilize electromyography signals measured on the temporalis muscles on the face to enable control of a power wheelchair. This study looks to document the human to machine interaction and control scheme as well as discuss the development of a clinical trial protocol to quantify the effectiveness and meaning of the technology on patients. Patient selection in this pilot study was focused on people living with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) in conjunction with Mayo Clinic Jacksonville. A review of the clinical protocol and assessment techniques is joined with a discussion about the role of virtual training via designed vehicle simulation to develop muscle isolation and driving mechanics.
Satisfaction among Participants Completing a Fellowship in Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery (FMIGS) Program

Study Objective Determine satisfaction among AAGL FMIGS participants. Design Cross-sectional survey. Statistical analyses included Fisher's exact tests for dichotomous variables and Wilcoxon rank sum tests for ordered categorical variables. Setting An anonymous survey was distributed in November 2018. Patients or Participants Current participants in an FMIGS program. Interventions N/a Measurements and Main Results A total of 57 of 83 (67.7%) FMIGS participants in AAGL-accredited programs completed a survey regarding fellowship characteristics and experiences. Of these, 29 (50.9%) were in their first year and 28 (49.1%) were in their second year. The majority of fellows work with residents (80.7%), work with 2 to 5 attending surgeons (67.3%), and work 40 to 60 hours per week (59.6%). Overall, 70.2% of respondents were satisfied with their experience. If given the opportunity, 68.4% would apply for fellowship again and would hope to match to the same program. Factors associated with satisfaction include fewer number of fellows (19 of 21 satisfied with 2 fellows versus 3 of 7 satisfied with 4 fellows, p=0.017); participation in more hysterectomies per week (1 of 5 satisfied with Conclusion FMIGS is gaining popularity as a post-graduate career option for trainees in obstetrics and gynecology residency programs. However, each program has a unique structure and organization. The results of this study identify characteristics associated with participant satisfaction in order to improve overall training experience.