cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ecological Determinants of White and Black Inmigration To Small Areas in Central Cities, 1965 To 1970

White and Negro inmigration rates into central city census tracts of five Virginia metropolitan areas were analyzed in terms of ecological characteristics-socioeconomic, demographic, and housing quality characteristics and the heterogeneity of these characteristics. As hypothesized, white inmigration rates exceeded Negro rates. Both white and Negro rates were higher in tracts with higher socioeconomic levels and better housing quality, and with smaller shares of Negro population but larger shares of families in child-rearing stages. Diversity of ecological characteristics proved to be less important than the tract characteristics, themselves, in the analysis of net relationships. Although the explained variance in Negro inmigration rates was much lower than that for whites, comparisons of the pattern of ecological determinants for the two races showed more similarities than differences. The loss of population, particularly white population, in the central cities of larger metropolitan areas has challenged policy-makers at all levels of government to retain current residents and to attract inmigrants to revitalize the central city. A second concern with the current patterns of population deconcentration stems from the resulting racial composition. Declining proportions of white residents yield racially segregated neighborhoods and public schools. Rejection of busing policies has turned attention to other means to integrate schools, such as strategies to integrate neighborhoods. While a wealth of migration literature specifies the nature of demographic, economic, and industrial characteristics of larger areal unitscities, metropolitan areas, states, and regions-which differentially attract migrants, little attention has been given to the ecological characteristics of small areas within the city which serve to attract inmigrants. I Yet, it is empirical generalizations at the level of the small area which are needed to provide guidelines for policy designed to upgrade the quality of specific neighborhood environments to attract white migrants and migrants of higher SES to central city rather than ring destinations. This study then is directed to discern the demographic, socioeconomic, and housing characteristics of small areas within the central cities of Virginia metropolitan areas which differentially attracted inmigrants from 1965 to 1970. We compare the ecological determinants of white and Negro inmigration rates in order to derive racial differentials in the patterns of determinants important to each type of inmigration. *The authors are grateful to the Population Division of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, who supported this research (grant no. 5RO1 HD0627 1).
Science, Religion, and the Quest for Truth

Robert Cohen’s contribution to the philosophy and history of science is well documented in his own writings, and in the prodigious publications of his Boston Colloquium. Less well known are his collegial connections with those in other fields. For some years he and I have been colleagues and friends, and have often made common cause at Boston University between his Center for the Philosophy and History of Science, and my Institute for Philosophy and Religion. Our office complexes are at opposite ends of the Philosophy Department at Boston University, and the symbolism of that spatial balance is significant for a Department which has historically made substantive contributions in both fields. Philosophers of religion, alas, have seldom known much about the history and philosophy of science, whereas philosophers of science have occasionally been quite knowledgeable about religious matters. Cohen is in this tradition. In a university community which boasts a number of “Rennaissance” men and women, Cohen is nevertheless distinctive in the broad range of his interests and sympathies, and his specific knowledge in a wide variety of fields. He and I have often discussed issues in the philosophy of religion, and on one occasion did a joint paper on scientific and religious ways of knowing.
Relationship of Exo-β-d-Galactofuranosidase Kinetic Parameters to the Number of Phosphodiesters in Penicillium fellutanum Peptidophosphogalactomannan: Enzyme Purification and Kinetics of Glycopeptide and Galactofuran Chain Hydrolysis

Extracellular Penicillium fellutanum exo-β-d-galactofuranosidase, with a mass of 70 kDa, was purified to apparent homogeneity. The enzyme was used to investigate the influence of phosphodiesters of the peptidophosphogalactomannans pP2GMii and pP25GMii (containing 2 and 25 phosphodiester residues, respectively, per mol of polymer) on the kinetic parameters of galactofuranosyl hydrolysis of these two polymers, of 1-O-methyl-β-d-galactofuranoside, and of two galactofuranooligosaccharides. The enzyme did not hydrolyze phosphorylated galactose residues of pP2GMii or pP25GMii. The kcat/Km value for pP25GMii is 1.7 × 103 M−1 s−1, that for 1-O-methyl-β-d-galactofuranoside is 1.1 × 104 M−1 s−1, that for pP2GMii is 1.7 × 10 4 M−1 s−1, and those for 5-O-β-d-galactofuranooligosaccharides with degrees of polymerization of 3.4 and 5.5 are 1.7 × 105 and 4.1 × 105 M−1 s−1, respectively. Variability in the kcat/Km values is due primarily to differences in Km values; the k−1/k1 ratio likely provides the most influence on Km. kcat increases as the degree of polymerization of galactofuranosyl residues increases. Most of the galactofuranosyl and phosphocholine residues were removed by day 8 in vivo from pPxGMii added to day 3 cultures initiated in medium containing 2 mM phosphate but not from those initially containing 20 mM phosphate. The filtrates from day 9 cultures initiated in 2 mM inorganic phosphate in modified Raulin-Thom medium contained 0.2 mM inorganic phosphate and 2.2 U of galactofuranosidase ml−1h−1. No galactofuranosidase activity but 15 mM inorganic phosphate was found in filtrates from day 9 cultures initiated in 20 mM phosphate. In vivo the rate of galactofuranosyl hydrolysis of pPxGMii and of related polymers is proportional to the kcat/Km value of each polymer. The kinetic data show that the kcat/Km value increases as the number of phosphodiesters of pPxGMii decreases, also resulting in an increase in the activity of exo-β-d-galactofuranosidase.
The Fallacy of Star Wars

The invention of nuclear weapons was the most dramatic technological breakthrough in military history. The destruction of Hiroshima, just six years after the discovery of nuclear fission, inaugurated the nuclear era. In 1945 only the United States could make atomic weapons, and the military muscle built to defeat fascism appeared ready to enforce a Pax Americana: the U.S. armed forces controlled the seas and airways that any potential attacker would have to cross. America was totally secure.
Characterization of emb, a Gene Encoding the Major Adhesin of Streptococcus defectivus

Streptococcus defectivus is one of the nutritionally variant streptococci, a class of viridans group streptococci first isolated from patients with endocarditis and otitis media. In previous studies, NVS-47, a clinical isolate of S. defectivus, was shown to bind to the extracellular matrix. A high-molecular-weight surface protein was identified and proposed to be responsible for mediating this binding. In the present study, the gene encoding this protein was identified by transposon mutagenesis and characterized. The gene (emb) was found to be larger than 14 kb and was partially sequenced. It encodes a protein containing at least 50 repeats of 77 amino acids predicted to assume an alternating coiled-coil conformation. The domain responsible for extracellular matrix binding was mapped to the N terminus of the protein. From sequence analysis, Emb is proposed to be the prototype of a new family of streptococcal fibrillar proteins.
An Economical Approach to Usability Testing

Many software engineers consider usability testing as one of the more expensive, tedious and least rewarding tests to implement. Making usability testing less expensive and more rewarding requires having results that pinpoint issues in the software and do not require expensive consultants and facilities. To accomplish these goals this paper presents a novel way of measuring software usability and an approach to designing usability tests that does not require external consultants or expensive laboratory facilities. The usability testing approach discussed in this paper also permits testing earlier in the development process. One of the key elements to this technique is the use of traditional testing concepts and techniques such as scenario based testing to measure productivity and learnability of the subject. By constructing test cases or tasks to measure the learnability of the application, the developer has a way to measure the quality of both the test and the software.
Environmental equity and sustainability: rejecting the Kaldor-Hicks criteria

Abstract An implementable translation of environmental equity and sustainability is provided for use in benefit-cost analysis. As such, the approach builds on the underlying economic structure of benefit-cost analysis while trying to cause it to evolve in ways that take into account issues of greater concern to ecological economists. Environmental equity and sustainability are interpreted as imposing new decision criteria that require additional benefit-cost tests based on actual compensation to identified sub-groups of the population. This rejects the pre World War II compromise of economists regarding potential compensation embodied in the Kaldor-Hicks criteria. For environmental equity, a project is proposed to pass a benefit-cost test if the identified group either receives net benefits or is more than compensated for its losses. For sustainability, a project is proposed to pass a benefit-cost test if the compensation is larger than the net value of the resource, and the net value of the resource is reinvested.
The distortion of vector quantizers trained on n vectors decreases to the optimum as O/sub p/(1/n)

Recently it has been experimentally observed that the expected squared error of a fixed-rate vector quantizer trained on n vectors decreases to the expected squared error of the optimal fixed-rate vector quantizer as roughly O(1/n). We confirm this observation theoretically, using Pollard's (1982) result that the codewords of a fixed-rate vector quantizer trained on n independent vectors converge to the codewords of the unique optimal vector quantizer according to a central limit theorem. >
Decreased NKX3.1 Protein Expression in Focal Prostatic Atrophy, Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia, and Adenocarcinoma: Association with Gleason Score and Chromosome 8p Deletion

NKX3.1 is a homeobox gene located at chromosome 8p21.2, and one copy is frequently deleted in prostate carcinoma. Prior studies of NKX3.1 mRNA and protein in human prostate cancer and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) have been conflicting, and expression in focal prostate atrophy lesions has not been investigated. Immunohistochemical staining for NKX3.1 on human tissue microarrays was decreased in most focal atrophy and PIN lesions. In carcinoma, staining was inversely correlated with Gleason grade. Fluorescence in situ hybridization showed that no cases of atrophy had loss or gain of 8p, 8 centromere, or 8q24 (C-MYC) and only 12% of high-grade PIN lesions harbored loss of 8p. By contrast, NKX3.1 staining in carcinoma was correlated with 8p loss and allelic loss was inversely related to Gleason pattern. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR for NKX3.1 mRNA using microdissected atrophy revealed a concordance with protein in five of seven cases. In carcinoma, mRNA levels were decreased in 6 of 12 cases but mRNA levels correlated with protein levels in only 4 of 12 cases, indicating translational or post-translational control. In summary, NKX3.1 protein is reduced in focal atrophy and PIN but is not related to 8p allelic loss in these lesions. Therefore, whereas genetic disruption of NKX3.1 in mice leads to PIN, nongenetic mechanisms reduce NKX3.1 protein levels early in human prostate carcinogenesis, which may facilitate both proliferation and DNA damage in atrophic and PIN cells. Monoallelic deletions on chromosome 8p are associated with more advanced invasive and aggressive disease.
Insertional inactivation of genes to isolate mutants of Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7942: isolation of filamentous strains.

Abstract We have developed a simple procedure for generating mutants of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7942 in which the site of the lesion can be readily identified. This procedure involves transforming Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7942 with a library of its own DNA that was fully digested with Sau3A and ligated into the plasmid vector pUC8. The homologous integration of the recombinant plasmid into the genome will often result in the disruption of a gene and the loss of gene function. We have used this method to generate many mutants of Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7942 which grow as multicellular filaments rather than as unicells. Since the gene harboring the lesion was tagged with pUC8, it was easily isolated. In this paper, we discuss the usefulness of this procedure for the generation of mutants, and we characterize one mutant in which the lesion may be in an operon involved in the assembly of lipopolysaccharides.
A national case-crossover analysis of the short-term effect of PM2.5 on hospitalizations and mortality in subjects with diabetes and neurological disorders

Background: Diabetes and neurological disorders are a growing burden among the elderly, and may also make them more susceptible to particulate air matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μg (PM2.5). The same biological responses thought to effect cardiovascular disease through air pollution-mediated systemic oxidative stress, inflammation and cerebrovascular dysfunction could also be relevant for diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases. Methods: We conducted multi-site case-crossover analyses of all-cause deaths and of hospitalizations for diabetes or neurological disorders among Medicare enrollees (>65 years) during the period 1999 to 2010 in 121 US communities. We examined whether 1) short-term exposure to PM2.5 increases the risk of hospitalization for diabetes or neurological disorders, and 2) the association between short-term exposure to PM2.5 and all-cause mortality is modified by having a previous hospitalization of diabetes or neurological disorders. Results: We found that short term exposure to PM2.5 is significantly associated with an increase in hospitalization risks for diabetes (1.14% increase, 95% CI: 0.56, 1.73 for a 10 μg/m 3 increase in the 2 days average), and for Parkinson’s disease (3.23%, 1.08, 5.43); we also found an increase in all-cause mortality risks (0.64%, 95% CI: 0.42, 0.85), but we didn’t find that hospitalization for diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases modifies the association between short term exposure to PM2.5 and all-cause mortality. Conclusion: We found that short-term exposure to fine particles increased the risk of hospitalizations for Parkinson’s disease and diabetes, and of all-cause mortality. While the association between short term exposure to PM2.5 and mortality was higher among Medicare enrollees that had a previous admission for diabetes and neurological disorders than among Medicare enrollees that did not had a prior admission for these diseases, the effect modification was not statistically significant. We believe that these results provide useful insights regarding the mechanisms by which particles may affect the brain. A better understanding of the mechanisms will enable the development of new strategies to protect individuals at risk and to reduce detrimental effects of air pollution on the nervous system.
Comments on the Bilderberg Continuum Atmosphere

The Bilderberg Continuum Atmosphere fails to reproduce the observed limb-darkening throughout the range of wavelengths 4500 A<λ< 25 000 A. The temperature-pressure diagram for the deep layers of this model is a curve which is flatter than the relation predicted from the mixing length theory. A modification of the Bilderberg Continuum Atmosphere that improves representation of the observations and theoretical results is proposed.
Maintaining vigorous activity attenuates 7-yr weight gain in 8340 runners.

Introduction/Purpose: Body weight generally increases with aging in Western societies. Although training studies show that exercise produces acute weight loss, it is unclear whether the long-term maintenance of vigorous exercise attenuates the trajectory of age-related weight gain. Specifically, prior studies have not tested whether the maintenance of physical activity, in the absence of any change in activity, prevents weight gain. Methods: Prospective study of 6119 male and 2221 female runners whose running distances changed < 5 km·wk-1 between baseline and follow-up surveys 7 yr later. Results: On average, men who maintained modest (0-23 km·wk-1), intermediate (24-47 km·wk-1), or prolonged running distances (= 48 km·wk-1) all gained weight through age 64; however, those who maintained = 48 km·wk-1 had one half the average annual weight gain of those who maintained 48 km·wk-1. Age-related weight gain, and its attenuation by maintained exercise, were both greater in younger than in older men. Men's gains in waist circumference with age, and its attenuation by maintaining running, were the same in older and younger men. Regardless of age, women increased their body weight, waist circumference, and hip circumference over time, and these measurements were attenuated in proportion to their maintained running distance. In both sexes, running disproportionately prevented more extreme increases in weight. Conclusion: As they aged, men and women gained less weight in proportion to their levels of sustained vigorous activity. This long-term beneficial effect is in addition to the acute weight loss that occurs with increased activity.
AUTHIGENIC ILLITE AND ORGANIC MATTER: THE PRINCIPAL HOSTS OF VANADIUM IN THE MECCA QUARRY SHALE AT VELPEN, INDIANA

The Mecca Quarry Shale Member from Velpen, Indiana contains abundant vanadium which occurs in solid solution within illite-rich illite-smectite (I-S) having an average content of 1.65 wt. % V, and an overall composition of K0.8(A12.aMg0.sFe0.4V0.3)(SiT.2Alo.8)O20(OH)4, analogous to the V-rich dioc- tahedral mica, roscoelite. The illite contains more than twice as much V as the associated kerogen. Detrital mica has a composition typical of 2M l muscovite and contains no vanadium. The V-rich illite has a structure and composition typical of formation during normal prograde diagenesis and probably is wide- spread in the Mecca Quarry Shale because the bed is enriched in V throughout the Midwest. The smectite- to-illite reaction can not be a result of passive burial metamorphism because the host strata were buried no deeper than -0.5 km at Velpen. The formation of illite occurred in unlithified sediments at shallow depths under the influence of pervasive 80-110~ basinal brines, possibly the same fluids that were responsible for the Mississippi Valley-type lead-zinc mineralization common in the Midwest. The presence of two types of K-rich phyllosilicates may be part of the reason for the lack of correlation between bulk V concentrations and the intensities of X-ray diffraction peaks of illite reported by others.
Trace and major elemental analysis applications in the U.S. cooperative soil survey program

Abstract In response to national and international concerns about soil and water quality, personnel at the United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service (USDA‐NRCS), Soil Survey Laboratory are developing standard procedures to determine trace metals in soils. This paper illustrates how trace metal studies, complemented by total analysis, increase the use and value of the modern National Cooperative Soil Survey. Examples include anthropogenic metal contamination (Pb, As, Hg, Cd, Cu, Zn) from a copper smelter in Deer Lodge Valley, Montana; nutrient deficiencies (Ca, N, P, K) and metal enrichment (Co, Cr, Fe, Ni) in serpentinitic soils in Klamath Mountains, Oregon; naturally‐elevated metal concentration (As, Pb, Hg) in hydrothermally active soils in Yellowstone National Park; total P and Fe as measures of weathering, chelation, and translocation of parent material in chronosequence study on Mendenhall Glacier in southeast Alaska; and metal determinations (Ni, Cr, Pb, Cd, Zn,...
'Judicial Politics': Restoring the Michigan Supreme Court

The Michigan Supreme Court has developed an unfortunate reputation nationally for reversing its own precedents based on political majorities on the court. That reputation undermines public confidence in the judiciary. The court should avoid statements in its opinions that highlight the shifting political majorities and should take other specific steps to rebuild public confidence in the integrity and stability of its decisions.
Taxing Middle Class Trust(s)

Middle class taxpayers bear a disproportionately high tax burden, in part, because of a systemic failure to understand factual circumstances of these individuals and the impact of particular Code provisions on them. A prime example is the applicability of IRC Section 67's limitation on miscellaneous itemized deductions (known as "the two percent floor") to trusts. The Code expressly states the legislative intent to treat trust beneficiaries and outright owners equally by subjecting trust expenses to the two percent floor except to the extent that the expenses "would not have been incurred had the property not been held in trust." This statutory text does not, however, expressly acknowledge the use of trusts by middle class taxpayers. Judicial interpretations disregard middle class trusts as well, because all of the litigated cases involve large trusts. The Federal Circuit Courts have divided on the question of how to achieve equity in the applicability of the two percent floor to trusts, yet they uniformly disregard the inequity that their interpretations produce for modest trusts of middle class taxpayers. This article offers an interpretation of Section 67's exemption for trust expenses that accounts for the use of trusts by middle class taxpayers as well as wealthy individuals, which achieves the equity that Congress envisioned and the Code requires.
Tests for "new physics" from tau spin correlation functions for Z0--> tau + tau --->A+B-X.

The fundamental parameters /xi//sub /ital A//, /xi//sub /ital B//, and /alpha//sub /ital H// can be independently determined by measurement of the energy correlation function /ital I/(/ital E//sub /ital A//,/ital E//sub /ital B//) where /xi/ is the Michel polarization parameter for /tau//sup /minus///r arrow/scrl/sup /minus///nu//bar /nu//,/xi//sub /ital A//=(/vert bar/g/sub L//vert bar//sup 2//minus//vert bar/g/sub R//vert bar//sup 2/)(/vert bar//ital g//sub /ital L///vert bar//sup 2/+/vert bar/g/sub R//vert bar//sup 2/) is the chiral polarization parameter for /tau//sup /minus///r arrow/A/sup /minus///nu/, and /alpha//sub /ital H///congruent//minus/2a/sub /tau//v/sub /tau///(a/sub /tau///sup 2/+v/sub /tau///sup 2/) where /ital a//sub /tau//, /ital v//sub /tau// describe /ital Z//sup 0//r arrow//tau//sup +//tau//sup /minus// at the tree level. In contrast, measurement of /ital I/(/ital E//sub /ital A//) by the /tau/-polarization technique only determines /xi//sub /ital A///alpha//sub H/. For 10/sup 7/ Z/sup 0/ events and for sin/sup 2//theta//sub W/=0.23, the ideal statistical percentage errors in the determination of the Michel parameters are for /xi/, 2.6%; for /delta/, 3.5%; and for /rho/, 1.0%; and of the chiral parameters are for /xi//sub /pi//, 1.4%; for /xi//sub /rho//, 3.0%; and for /xi//sub /ital K//sup *//, 18%. For /alpha//sub /ital H//, the ideal statistical error is /sigma/(/alpha//sub /ital H//)=0.005 (3.3%). Equivalently, for sin/sup 2//theta//sub W/ it is 0.3%. Explicit formulasmore » for the full sequential decay correlation function /ital I/(/ital E//sub /bar /mu///, /ital E//sub /ital e//, cos/psi//sub /bar /mu///ital e//) are given for arbitrary /ital Z/ mass and for /ital I/(/ital E//sub /bar /mu///, /ital E//sub /ital B//) for arbitrary Michel parameters. These results can be used for analyzing the decay of a /ital Z//prime/ boson and for /ital q/bar q// modes.« less
Ultra-scalable and efficient methods for hybrid observational and experimental local causal pathway discovery

Discovery of causal relations from data is a fundamental objective of several scientific disciplines. Most causal discovery algorithms that use observational data can infer causality only up to a statistical equivalency class, thus leaving many causal relations undetermined. In general, complete identification of causal relations requires experimentation to augment discoveries from observational data. This has led to the recent development of several methods for active learning of causal networks that utilize both observational and experimental data in order to discover causal networks. In this work, we focus on the problem of discovering local causal pathways that contain only direct causes and direct effects of the target variable of interest and propose new discovery methods that aim to minimize the number of required experiments, relax common sufficient discovery assumptions in order to increase discovery accuracy, and scale to high-dimensional data with thousands of variables. We conduct a comprehensive evaluation of new and existing methods with data of dimensionality up to 1,000,000 variables. We use both artificially simulated networks and in-silico gene transcriptional networks that model the characteristics of real gene expression data.
Raman Scattering and Other Multi-photon Processes

This chapter considers various types of light scattering, including Rayleigh scattering, Stokes and anti-Stokes Raman scattering, resonance Raman scattering, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, coherent (stimulated) Raman scattering, and dynamic light scattering (photon correlation spectroscopy). We also consider the closely related phenomenon of multi-photon absorption. We derive and discuss the Kramers-Heisenberg-Dirac expression, and relate light scattering to the quantum theory of electronic polarizability. We also show how Raman scattering by complex systems can be described using the wavepacket picture developed in Chap. 11.
Administration of low dose estrogen attenuates persistent inflammation, promotes angiogenesis, and improves locomotor function following chronic spinal cord injury in rats.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes loss of neurological function and, depending upon the severity of injury, may lead to paralysis. Currently, no FDA-approved pharmacotherapy is available for SCI. High-dose methylprednisolone is widely used, but this treatment is controversial. We have previously shown that low doses of estrogen reduces inflammation, attenuates cell death, and protects axon and myelin in SCI rats, but its effectiveness in recovery of function is not known. Therefore, the goal of this study was to investigate whether low doses of estrogen in post-SCI would reduce inflammation, protect cells and axons, and improve locomotor function during the chronic phase of injury. Injury (40 g.cm force) was induced at thoracic 10 in young adult male rats. Rats were treated with 10 or 100 μg 17β-estradiol (estrogen) for 7 days following SCI and compared with vehicle-treated injury and laminectomy (sham) controls. Histology (H&E staining), immunohistofluorescence, Doppler laser technique, and Western blotting were used to monitor tissue integrity, gliosis, blood flow, angiogenesis, the expression of angiogenic factors, axonal degeneration, and locomotor function (Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan rating) following injury. To assess the progression of recovery, rats were sacrificed at 7, 14, or 42 days post injury. A reduction in glial reactivity, attenuation of axonal and myelin damage, protection of cells, increased expression of angiogenic factors and microvessel growth, and improved locomotor function were found following estrogen treatment compared with vehicle-treated SCI rats. These results suggest that treatment with a very low dose of estrogen has significant therapeutic implications for the improvement of locomotor function in chronic SCI. Experimental studies with low dose estrogen therapy in chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) demonstrated the potential for multi-active beneficial outcomes that could ameliorate the degenerative pathways in chronic SCI as shown in (a). Furthermore, the alterations in local spinal blood flow could be significantly alleviated with low dose estrogen therapy. This therapy led to the preservation of the structural integrity of the spinal cord (b), which in turn led to the improved functional recovery as shown (c).
Influence of Habitat on Colonization of Collard Plants by Pieris rapae

The imported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae (L.) fails to colonize host plants set out in woods and woodland edge habitats, while successfully occupying plots set out in adjacent meadows.
Computational Fluid Dynamics of Flatback Airfoils for Wind Turbine Applications

This paper presents results from a computational study of the aerodynamic performance of various atbac k airfoils designed for wind turbines. Multiple turbulence modelings methods are used for the aerodynamic modeling: Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) equations, Detached-Eddy Simulations (DES) and a Hybrid RANS/Large-Eddy Simulations (HRLES) method based on the k{! RANS model and k{equation sub-grid LES model. All simulations make use of overset structured grids. Turbulence modeling and grid resolution studies show that both DES and HRLES methods capture the expected qualitative turbulent behavior such as cross o w in the separated wake regions of the o w. Quantitative results include the predicted lift and drag over a range of angles-of-attack using URANS. It is shown that the atbac k airfoil design results in a substantially increased lift compared to traditional thin trailing edge airfoils. Flow-eld results from the two advanced modeling methods, DES and HRLES, are qualitatively compared and analyzed. It is observed that the DES method does not predict the transition and separation along the airfoil while the HRLES method does. This limitation is explained and the eects on the aerodynamic forces is also given.
Meperidine and normeperidine levels following meperidine administration during labor: II. Fetus and neonate

The time interval between the administration of meperidine to laboring patients and delivery may affect neonatal status, but sophisticated analytic techniques have not been used to determine the exposure of the fetus to meperidine at various drug-delivery intervals. By means of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, the concentrations of meperidine and normeperidine (the principle metabolite of meperidine) were quantitated in the umbilical cord venous and arterial plasma at delivery and in the urine of the neonate for three days postpartum. Following 50 mg. of meperidine administered intravenously during labor, fetal exposure to meperidine was highest two to three hours after maternal medication while fetal exposure to normeperidine was highest four hours or more after medication. We conclude from this study that there is a definite but nonlinear relationship between the drug-delivery interval and the amount of meperidine and normeperidine an infant receives; and that the drug-delivery intervals resulting in maximum fetal exposure reported here correspond with those resulting in maximum neonatal depression reported by others.
The Norm System’s Structures of the Fuzzy Set and Expression Theorems (II)

In the paper, the dual norm system’s structures of the fuzzy set and the set's nest are discussed systementically besed on the paper “The T norm intersetion and the S norm union of fuzzy sets and of set’s nests”(J Sichuan Normal University (Natural Science),1998,21(1):27～33). The concepts of level belong relations, level quasi coincidence relations, the fuzzy belong relation, the fuzzy quasi coincidence relation, and the fuzzy non quasi coincidence relation are introduced. Further expression theorems of the fuzzy set are obtained under the more extensive frame with the dual norm system’s structure.
Investigation on transmission factors of malaria in Anopheles sinensis areas in Anhui Province

Objective To understand the prevalent factors and features of malaria in Anopheles sinensis areas along Huaihe River and in north of Huaihe River,and provide basis for making relative control measures.Methods Based on geographic distribution and the condition of malaria infections,five townships where malaria infection rate was higher recently,Chuji Township of Huaiyuan County,Xinmaqiao Township of Guzhen County,Dadian Township of Yongqiao County,Licang Township of Mengcheng County,Longshan Township of Guoyang County,were selected as longitudinal surveillance sites of malaria epidemic factors.To survey malaria infections,symptom of malaria,and adopting anti-mosquito measure,mosquito density and man-biting rate etc.relative factors.Results 15 villages,5 987 families,24 433 residents were investigated,of which 690 families have door screen or window screen,and the number of mosquito nets was 6 727,with the possessing rate of mosquito nets was 27.53%;the number of people using mosquito nets was 10 260,with the using rate of mosquito nets was 41.99%;the using rate of mosquito-repellent incense and insecticide was(68.33)% and 27.98%.1 308 individuals were infected(all were Plasmodium vivax),the average positive rate was(9.17)%.In 2005,1 277 malaria cases were reported in the surveillance sites,increased by 48.48% than that in the same period in 2004.The average density of An.sinensis collected in mosquito nets overnight was 0.42 mosquito per net per time,and the average bite rate was 0.22 mosquito per individual per night;the density of half-night collecting on baits of human in mosquito nets was 3.78 mosquitoes per hour and the man-biting rate was 5.66 mosquitoes per individual.3.97% of the malaria patients received treatment in time and 11.53% received tertian treatment.Conclusion The re-emerging of malaria in the An.sinensis areas along Huaihe River and in north of Huaihe River is affected by many factors,malaria cases can't be diagnosed and treated timely is the main factor.
Indications for parathyroidectomy and extent of treatment for patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism.

Secondary hyperparathyroidism is seen in most cases of chronic renal failure, yet rarely requires operative treatment. The pathophysiology is complex, involving the kidney, liver, intestine, and bone in addition to the parathyroid gland. Although medical management suffices for most cases, the remainder require parathyroidectomy.The indications for operation and extent of treatment are discussed.
Screening for skin cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement.

DESCRIPTION Update of the 2001 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommendation statement on screening for skin cancer. METHODS To update its recommendation, the USPSTF reviewed evidence published since 2001 on studies on screening effectiveness, the stage of detection by screening, and the accuracy of whole-body examination by primary care clinicians and self-examination by patients. RECOMMENDATION The USPSTF concludes that the current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening for skin cancer by primary care clinicians or by patient skin self-examination. (I statement).
The Question of Fate

Aristotle says nothing about fate as a literary device in any of the surviving plays, but it is fate that governs Oedipus Rex from the beginning of the play to its end. At first, upon hearing that he is destined to kill his father and marry his mother, Oedipus tries honorably to avoid this fate by leaving Corinth, where he is heir to the throne. But the irony that governs the play is that in trying to flee his fate he is only running headlong into it. He consults the oracle at Delphi, only to be troubled by its prophecy. The king, his reputed father, dies, and Corinth expects him to take his place. Jocasta sees this as proof that he did not kill his father, but he wonders, “And yet—must I not fear my mother’s bed?” to which she replies, Have no more fear of sleeping with your mother: How many men, in dreams, have lain with their mothers? No reasonable man is troubled by such things.
Associations and the role of affiliative, agonistic, and socio-sexual behaviors among common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus).

Abstract Little is known about the specific behavioral exchanges that occur on a day-to-day basis between dyads of common bottlenose dolphins ( Tursiops truncatus ). This study assesses the proportion of time dyads spend in proximity (within ∼2 m) and the proportion of time spent in affiliative, agonistic, or socio-sexual contexts within and between age/sex dolphin pairings to better understand their social relationships. Observations of bottlenose dolphins housed at the Roatan Institute of Marine Sciences provided 10.5 h of underwater footage from which to examine association coefficients and inter-individual interactions. These data suggest similar patterns to previous studies on bottlenose dolphins: mother-calf dyads shared the highest coefficients of association, followed by male-male, female-female, and male-female dyads. Four classes of association coefficients were defined for the population including low, medium, medium-high and high. This study is the first to quantitatively assess association patterns concurrently with affiliative, agonistic, and socio-sexual behaviors for bottlenose dolphins. The predominant relationships were affiliative.
Chapter e15 – Spice Use Among United States Military Personnel

Psychoactive drugs are often used as a means of “escaping” from dreadful moments and stressful life events. Active-duty military personnel experience great deals of stress as a result of their commitment to the armed forces. For many, a less healthy approach at dealing with stress may be selected—one that involves coping through drug and alcohol use. Alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug use are all prominent among the United States military. After implementing drug screening that detects illegal substances through urinalysis, means of coping with stress and rigors of active duty may have shifted to “legal highs.” Synthetic cannabinoids and synthetic cathinones, also known as “designer drugs,” contain modified molecular structures resembling those of illegal or controlled substances. These designer drugs are chemically structured in a way which allows users to experience a high similar to that of the analogous street drug (eg, marijuana for synthetic cannabinoids, methamphetamine or cocaine for synthetic cathinones), but that does result in failed drug tests. The current chapter focuses on drug abuse trends among US military personnel, more specifically designer drug use among US active-duty soldiers, and the policies that have been developed.
Perioperative Management of Cardiac Transplant Recipients Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery: Unique Challenges Created by Advancements in Care

Advancements in postcardiac transplant care have resulted in significant reductions in morbidity and increased life expectancy for cardiac transplant recipients. Consequently, many cardiac transplant recipients are living long enough to require subsequent noncardiac surgery. The perioperative care of heart transplant recipients presents a unique challenge as many of the common preoperative risk assessments do not apply to a transplanted heart, immunosuppressive medications have side effects and potential for drug-drug interactions, and the denervated heart results in an altered autonomic physiology and response to medications. Further adding to the challenge is that many of these noncardiac surgeries need to be performed urgently at nontransplant centers that may not be familiar with the care of these patients. This review aims to summarize the current data regarding preoperative assessment, perioperative immunosuppression management, intraoperative and anesthetic considerations, and outcomes of cardiac transplant recipients undergoing noncardiac surgery.
Evaluation of Four Bait Traps for Sampling Wireworm (Coleoptera: Elateridae) Infesting Cereal Crops in Montana

The basic principles of a reliable integrated pest management program include pest identification, monitoring, and distribution. Selecting the appropriate sampling protocol to monitor wireworm for research or applied entomology depends on the objective, including simply detecting the presence or absence of wireworm, surveying the composition of wireworm assemblages, or estimating spatial and temporal population densities. In this study, the efficacy of pitfall, stocking, pot, and canister traps baited with wheat and barley mixtures was evaluated for monitoring wireworm populations in four commercial cereal fields in Montana. Pitfall and stocking traps collected greater numbers of wireworm (1625 and 1575, respectively) followed by pot-type and canister-type traps (1173 and 725, respectively). The 5098 wireworm collected from four sites included seven species: Aeolus mellillus , Agriotes sp, Dalopius sp, Hypnoidus bicolor , Limonius californicus , Limonius infuscatus , and S. aeripennis .
Adenotonsillectomy outcomes in children with sleep apnea and narcolepsy

Abstract Objective To identify improvements in daytime sleepiness following adenotonsillectomy in children with non-severe obstructive sleep apnea and narcolepsy. Study design Case series with chart review over 15 years. Setting Tertiary Children's Hospital. Subjects and methods Children between 6 and 17 years of age with narcolepsy that underwent adenotonsillectomy for non-severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) were included. Narcolepsy was diagnosed based on clinical assessment and the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT) results. A standardized instrument, the pediatric Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), was used to assess daytime sleepiness before and after adenotonsillectomy. Results Nine children with a mean age of 12.1 years were included. The majority of the subjects (78%, n = 7) were African American and six children (66.7%) were obese. Four children (44%) were treated with wake promoting agents during the study. The mean preoperative apnea hypopnea index on polysomnography was 4.89 (SD 1.86), while the mean sleep latency on MSLT was 6.32 min (SD 3.14). The mean preoperative ESS was 16.10 and the postoperative ESS was 10.80 (SD 3.96). There was significant improvement (p = 0.02) in the ESS following adenotonsillectomy with seven children (78%) reporting diminished daytime sleepiness. Conclusions Children with non-severe OSA and narcolepsy experience significant improvement in daytime sleepiness following adenotonsillectomy. Future studies are needed to determine the incidence and clinical significance of non-severe OSA in children with narcolepsy.
Philosophy of Communication and Umberto Eco’s Infinity of Lists: The Interplay of the Poetic and Pragmatic

ABSTRACTThis article conceptualizes the importance of Umberto Eco’s understanding of lists for philosophy of communication. Philosophy of communication is understood as the necessary and insightful interplay of the poetic and pragmatic through which meaning emerges. In The Infinity of Lists, Eco offers an essay-length interpretation of lists presented alongside a collection of art and literature that represent his theoretical work in action. Eco articulates lists as a means for cultural order and form in the attempt to convey what is otherwise beyond articulation. Although philosophers of communication have recognized the importance of Eco’s philosophical and semiotic project for human communication, his work on lists has received little attention within and outside of the field of communication. This article assumes that lists are significant to Eco’s project and to philosophy of communication, situated in the interplay of the poetic and the pragmatic.
Progressive Transmission of Remotely Sensed Images

There is a rapidly-growing need for people to quickly access and view remote-sensing images such as satellite photos. Users stationed at some distance from the ground-state need images sent over possibly slow transmission links. With the usual image transmission methods, scanning them out line-by-line, top-to-bottom, it can take many minutes for a user to even see if the image is of real interest, and his productivity is significantly impaired by such waits. With the Progressive Transmission Method the images are reencoded before transmission so that during reception the screen shows rough patterns (‘fat pixels’), with more detail filling in as additional data is received. We have extended prior work using this method to the rich color imagery found in remote-sensing applications. One important advance presented here is the replacement of impossibly large look-up tables with extremely simple algorithms for performing the requisite encoding and decoding. We also place the method in a ‘transmission cone’ context which lends insight into the process, and suggests approaches for further enhancement to the method, such as Adaptive Encoding.
The long(er) road from brain to meninges

Medulloblastoma spreads from the cerebellum to the leptomeninges via blood in addition to cerebrospinal fluid.
Noninvasive Intracranial Pressure Monitoring for Severe Traumatic Brain Injury in Children: A Concise Update on Current Methods.

Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of pediatric morbidity and mortality worldwide and intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring plays a crucial role in its management. Based on existing literature, we review the current practicing noninvasive ICP monitoring devices and their accuracy in predicting increased ICP in pediatric TBI. Methods A thorough literature search was conducted on PubMed, Medline, and the Cochrane database, articles were selected systematically and reviewed completely, and relevant data were summarized and discussed. Results A total of 27 articles pertaining to pediatric TBI were included and reviewed. We found various modalities of noninvasive ICP monitoring devices used over the last few years. The noninvasive modalities so far attempted in pediatric TBI and so reviewed here are transcranial Doppler, optic nerve sheath diameter, otoacoustic emission, near-infrared spectroscopy, contrast-enhanced ultrasonography, and quantitative pupillometry. Conclusions Invasive monitoring methods are the current gold standard for monitoring ICP; however, complications caused by their invasive nature are of concern. Of all the noninvasive methods based on the literature, we found transcranial Doppler and optic nerve sheath diameter assessment to be the best tools to monitor ICP in pediatric TBI. The promising results and developments of noninvasive ICP monitoring modalities with its ideal features of high sensitivity, diagnostic accuracy, and simple acquisition technique may make it the future of neurointensive monitoring in pediatric TBI.
Compression neuropathy of the median nerve during tissue expansion of the forearm

Acute median nerve compression usually occurs from increased pressure within the compartments. During tissue expansion of the forearm, the interstitial pressure increases, which usually decreases following the relaxation of tissue. Clinical diagnosis of acute neuropathy is usually made from the history and clinical signs and symptoms. The cases of two patients who developed acute symptoms of neuropathy during tissue expansion of the forearm are presented.