cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Moral Movements and Foreign Policy

Why do advocacy campaigns succeed in some cases but fail in others? What conditions motivate states to accept commitments championed by principled advocacy movements? Joshua W. Busby sheds light on these core questions through an investigation of four cases - developing-country debt relief, climate change, AIDS, and the International Criminal Court - in the G-7 advanced industrialized countries (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States). Drawing on hundreds of interviews with policy practitioners, he employs qualitative, comparative case study methods, including process-tracing and typologies, and develops a framing/gatekeepers argument, emphasizing the ways in which advocacy campaigns use rhetoric to tap into the main cultural currents in the countries where they operate. Busby argues that when values and costs potentially pull in opposing directions, values will win if domestic gatekeepers who are able to block policy change believe that the values at stake are sufficiently important.
Weighted Stable Hyperplane Arrangements

We give a brief introduction to Geometric Invariant Theory (GIT, for short) and to variations of GIT quotients (VGIT, for short). In general, GIT is a big and nontrivial theory, for arbitrary reductive groups G. However, the main point of this introduction is that, when G is a torus, the GIT quotients are very simple, and computing them is an easy combinatorial exercise.
Neutron-diffraction study of polycrystalline H/sub 2/SO/sub 4/ and H/sub 2/SeO/sub 4/

Polycrystalline ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$S${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ and ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$Se${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ were studied by powder neutron-diffraction techniques at temperatures near the melting points and at 10 K. This work was undertaken to determine hydrogen positions and to search for order-disorder transitions in the hydrogen-bond networks. Rietveld refinement located the hydrogen positions and established that the hydrogen atoms are ordered at the temperatures studied (i.e., no ordering transitions). The other atom positions were found to be consistent with those determined in earlier x-ray single-crystal analyses of the ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$S${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ and ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$Se${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ crystal structures.
From ENIAC to the Stored-Program Computer: Two Revolutions in Computers

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses two main revolutions in the computer field. The first was the employment of vacuum tubes to make a fast, reliable, powerful, general-purpose computer. This development began with John Atanasoff's slow, special-purpose electronic computer called ENIAC. The second revolution was the stored-program computer. The ENIAC necessarily used electromechanical equipment for input and output, and thereby tested the relative merits of the two technologies for computing. It is claimed that the arithmetic design of ENIAC was influenced mainly by two kinds of calculators: mechanical desk calculators, electrically powered and hand operated; and electromechanical card operated IBM machines. During 1946, the final design and construction stage of the development of the stored-program computer was beginning. It is suggested that von Neumann was the first to see and exploit the fact that when orders or instructions are stored in a high-speed read–write electronic memory, they can be manipulated arithmetically and modified by the machine. His variable address EDVAC code was the basis of the modern computer software revolution.
Theoretical electron scattering amplitudes and spin polarizations. Electron energies 100 to 1500 eV Part III. Li, Na, Mg, P, K, Ca, Sc, Mn, Ga, Br, Sr, Mo, Rh, Cd, Ba, W, and Os targets*

The Dirac equation was solved numerically in order to obtain elastic low-energy electron scattering factors for selected elements at five energies. From the complex scattering amplitudes, the differential cross sections and spin polarization factors were calculated. The three papers in this series can be used as a basis for interpolation to obtain the differential cross sections for additional elements and intermediate energies. Since exchange of the incoming electron with the atomic electrons and charge-cloud polarization are not taken into account in the calculations, the scattering factors at angles of less than 10° should be used with caution.
The ADA Complex Is a Distinct Histone Acetyltransferase Complex in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

We have identified two Gcn5-dependent histone acetyltransferase (HAT) complexes from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the 0.8-MDa ADA complex and the 1.8-MDa SAGA complex. The SAGA (Spt-Ada-Gcn5-acetyltransferase) complex contains several subunits which also function as part of other protein complexes, including a subset of TATA box binding protein-associated factors (TAFIIs) and Tra1. These observations raise the question of whether the 0.8-MDa ADA complex is a subcomplex of SAGA or whether it is a distinct HAT complex that also shares subunits with SAGA. To address this issue, we sought to determine if the ADA complex contained subunits that are not present in the SAGA complex. In this study, we report the purification of the ADA complex over 10 chromatographic steps. By a combination of mass spectrometry analysis and immunoblotting, we demonstrate that the adapter proteins Ada2, Ada3, and Gcn5 are indeed integral components of ADA. Furthermore, we identify the product of the S. cerevisiae gene YOR023C as a novel subunit of the ADA complex and name it Ahc1 for ADA HAT complex component 1. Biochemical functions of YOR023C have not been reported. However, AHC1 in high copy numbers suppresses the cold sensitivity caused by particular mutations in HTA1 (I. Pinto and F. Winston, personal communication), which encodes histone H2A (J. N. Hirschhorn et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:1999-2009, 1995). Deletion of AHC1 disrupted the integrity of the ADA complex but did not affect SAGA or give rise to classic Ada(-) phenotypes. These results indicate that Gcn5, Ada2, and Ada3 function as part of a unique HAT complex (ADA) and represent shared subunits between this complex and SAGA.
Kinetic selectivity of cholinephosphotransferase in mouse liver: the Km for CDP-choline depends on diacylglycerol structure

The effects of different 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerols on the kinetic properties of CDP-choline:1,2-diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase (EC 2.7.8.2) from mouse liver microsomes have been studied. Initial-velocity experiments were carried out with various concentrations of several species of diacylglycerol at different fixed concentrations of CDP-choline. Kinetic analysis of these data showed a family of intersecting lines consistent with a sequential kinetic mechanism of catalysis. The Km and Vmax. values derived from rate data revealed a pronounced effect of diacylglycerol species utilization on the Km value for CDP-choline. There was a biphasic relationship between diacylglycerol chain length and the Km for CDP-choline. Substitution of an unsaturated fatty acid in the sn-2 position of distearin also dramatically increased the CDP-choline Km value as well as the Vmax. 1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycerol was the preferred substrate over other disaturated species, but 1,2-dihexanoyl-sn-glycerol could not be utilized. These results demonstrate the kinetic mechanism of in vitro catalysis and suggest a regulatory role for CDP-choline concentration in the diacylglycerol species selectivity of cholinephosphotransferase resulting in the de novo biosynthesis of different molecular species of phosphatidylcholine.
Selective Forces Affecting the Predator Alarm Calls of Vervet Monkeys

Vervet monkeys in Amboseli National Park, Kenya are preyed upon by four types of predator: mammalian carnivores, eagles, baboons, and snakes. Over a 14 month period, adult males and females gave first alarm calls at comparable rates. Both observation on the frequency of alarm-calling and experiments on the duration of alarm-calling indicated that high-ranking adult males and females gave alarm calls more often than low-ranking adult males and females. Individuals who alarm-called most often did not vocalize most often during social interactions, nor did they spend more time than others surveying the habitat around them. There was some tendency, however, for females who alarm-called most often to precede other females in group progressions. Limited evidence suggests that adult males who gave most alarm calls were more likely than other males to have fathered the group's juveniles and infants. Among adult females, however, there was no correlation between number of offspring and frequency of first alarm calls. Females who gave alarm calls most often were not more likely than other females to spend large proportions of observation time more than 2 m from their offspring. Data on a small sample of confirmed predatory attacks suggest that the offspring of high-ranking females may have been more vulnerable than other immatures to predation. Such differential vulnerability may have resulted in part from the tendency of the offspring of high-ranking females to precede other juveniles in group progressions. Vervets of all age/sex classes alarm-called most at those species of predators to which they themselves seemed to be most vulnerable. Adult vervets gave relatively few alarm calls to predators to which their offspring, but not themselves, were vulnerable, even though such alarm calls would have been of low cost to themselves and of great potential benefit to their offspring. While some aspects of the alarm-calling behavior of vervet monkeys are consistent with the hypothesis that their alarms have evolved to benefit kin, in other respects their alarms appear to have the consequence of benefitting only the alarmists themselves. It is likely that both kin and individual selection, acting on an individual's inclusive fitness, have played a role in the evolution of vervet monkeys' alarm calls.
An Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the Free Edge Problem in Composite Laminates

A quasi-three-dimensional finite element analysis of a symmetric angle-ply [+45 4 /-45 4 ] s laminate subjected to a uniform axial extension was conducted and the results compared with experimental data generated for this purpose. Singular finite elements were embedded around the interface/free edge and eight-noded quadrilateral elements were used elsewhere. The order of the singularity was obtained from a closed form elasticity solution. The order to the singularity compared well will those in previous published numerical analyses. The analyses predicted the presence of high interlaminar normal and shear strain concentrations along the free edge. The results were compared to experimental data obtained using the moire interferometric technique. The experimental data consist of displacement patterns and an interlaminar normal strain concentration along the free edge. Favorable agreement between analysis and experiment is obtained only if the singular element is embedded in a small region around the singular point. Supported by a detailed literature review, the agreement between the analysis and the experimental data shows that a quasi-three-dimensional analysis is sufficiently accurate.
Role of Adaptor TrfA and ClpPC in Controlling Levels of SsrA-Tagged Proteins and Antitoxins in Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus responds to changing extracellular environments in part by adjusting its proteome through alterations of transcriptional priorities and selective degradation of the preexisting pool of proteins. In Bacillus subtilis, the proteolytic adaptor protein MecA has been shown to play a role in assisting with the proteolytic degradation of proteins involved in competence and the oxidative stress response. However, the targets of TrfA, the MecA homolog in S. aureus, have not been well characterized. In this work, we investigated how TrfA assists chaperones and proteases to regulate the proteolysis of several classes of proteins in S. aureus. By fusing the last 3 amino acids of the SsrA degradation tag to Venus, a rapidly folding yellow fluorescent protein, we obtained both fluorescence-based and Western blot assay-based evidence that TrfA and ClpCP are the adaptor and protease, respectively, responsible for the degradation of the SsrA-tagged protein in S. aureus. Notably, the impact of TrfA on degradation was most prominent during late log phase and early stationary phase, due in part to a combination of transcriptional regulation and proteolytic degradation of TrfA by ClpCP. We also characterized the temporal transcriptional regulation governing TrfA activity, wherein Spx, a redox-sensitive transcriptional regulator degraded by ClpXP, activates trfA transcription while repressing its own promoter. Finally, the scope of TrfA-mediated proteolysis was expanded by identifying TrfA as the adaptor that works with ClpCP to degrade antitoxins in S. aureus. Together, these results indicate that the adaptor TrfA adds temporal nuance to protein degradation by ClpCP in S. aureus.
Information content of mandatory quarterly foreign sales data of U.S. multinational companies under SFAS 131

Abstract This paper investigates the information content of mandatorily disclosed quarterly foreign sales data of U.S. multinational companies under SFAS No. 131. We examine two types of companies. Predisclosing companies had voluntarily disclosed quarterly foreign sales data prior to implementation of SFAS No. 131. Non-predisclosing companies had not voluntarily disclosed quarterly foreign sales data prior to implementation of SFAS No. 131. We analyze the behavior of stock prices surrounding the filing date of the 10Q using short-window event study methodology and the market model for the initial years after enacting SFAS No. 131. We discover that the quarterly foreign sales data has information content to investors for both predisclosing firms and non-predisclosing firms except for 1 year. The data has no information content for non-predisclosing companies during the first year of implementation of SFAS No. 131. Except for the first year of implementation of SFAS No. 131, we find no difference in the information content of this data between predisclosing and non-predisclosing companies.
Effect of Speech Processor Program Modifications on Cochlear Implant Recipients’ Threshold and Maximum Acceptable Loudness Levels

This study’s purpose was to determine whether or not modifications in speech processor electrical stimulation levels were associated with changes in five Nucleus 22 cochlear implant recipients’ thr...
Immunocytochemical localization of soluble protein in the adrenal medulla.

An indirect immunocytochemical technique (Nakane, 1970) was employed to localize the soluble proteins purified from lysates of catecholamine (CA)-containing vesicles of the bovine adrenal medulla. Antiserum to the proteins, produced in rabbits, was used for incubation of sections of bovine adrenal tissue prepared by fixation in glutaraldehyde and embedding in serum albumin (McLean & Singer, 1970). The site of the antigen-antibody complex was visualized by incubating the sections with anti-rabbit γ-globulin (goat) conjugated to peroxidase, followed by the deposition of electronopaque reaction product generated by the enzyme. The reaction product, also visible at the level of the light microscope, appeared to have a distribution similar to that of the CA-storage vesicles. Electron microscopic examination revealed that nearly all the reaction product was deposited over the electron-opaque core of the vesicles. The intravesicular localization is consistent with the proposal that these proteins exist primarily in the CA-containing granular vesicle and may function to stabilize the CA-storage complex.
Smoker intake from cigarettes in the 1-mg federal trade commission tar class

Cigarette yields measured by the standard analytical procedures of the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) may not be sufficiently informative to smokers of low-yield brands because actual intake is likely to depend mainly on the aggressiveness of personal behavior. This study determined intake in smokers of 1-mg FTC tar class cigarettes, as they switched brands. Plasma cotinine levels, used as a marker of intake, spanned over a similar range of values from nondetectable to about 800 ng/ml in all brands tested. Pharmacokinetic considerations suggest that smokers of these brands--as a group--intake nicotine in excess of posted FTC values. However, mean values across smokers for each brand, as well as the brand differences in individual smokers, were closely proportional to the analytical differences of FTC nicotine yields for each brand smoked. Thus, standard analytical values may not predict absolute intake of smoke, but they appear to inform about the relative intake smokers can expect from different brands in the 1-mg FTC tar class.
Depressive Symptoms and Mortality in Older Mexican Americans

Abstract PURPOSE: We examined the prevalence of comorbid depressive symptomatology and leading chronic medical conditions, and their influence on death rates in older Mexican Americans. METHODS: Data from the Hispanic Established Population for the Epidemiologic Study of the Elderly (EPESE) were used. Differences in death rates across sociodemographics, self-ratings of health, and health conditions were examined with analysis of variance statistics. Logistic regression models were used to examine main effects and interaction effects of each medical condition separately and in conjunction with depressive symptomatology. RESULTS: Bivariate analyses indicated that death rates were substantially higher when a high level of depressive symptoms was comorbid with diabetes (OR = 3.84, 95% CI = 2.55–5.78), cardiovascular disease (OR = 4.04, 95% CI = 2.36–6.91), hypertension (OR = 2.27, 95% CI = 1.57–3.27), stroke (OR = 3.00, 95% CI = 1.44–6.15), and cancer (OR = 4.46, 95% CI = 2.48–8.01). Multivariate analyses indicated a synergistic effect for comorbid diabetes and depressive symptoms such that the odds of having died among diabetics with high levels of depressive symptoms (OR = 4.03, 95% CI = 2.67–6.11) were three times that of diabetics without high levels of depressive symptoms (OR = 1.36, 95% CI = 0.89–2.06). CONCLUSIONS: High levels of depressive symptoms concomitant with major chronic medical conditions elevate the risk for death among older Mexican Americans. Given the fact that depression is often unrecognized and undertreated in the elderly, awareness of the potential for loss of life as well as the potential for treatment may help to improve this situation not only for older Mexican Americans, but for older adults in general.
Conic Approximations and Collinear Scalings for Optimizers

Many optimization algorithms update quadratic approximations to their objective functions. This paper suggests a generalization from quadratic to conic approximations, defined as ratios of quadratics whose denominators are squares, $(\alpha + \alpha ^T x)^2 $, These can better match the values and gradients of typical objective functions, and hence give better estimates for their minimizers. Equivalently, affine scalings, $S(w) = x_0 + Jw$, of the domain of objective functions f are generalized to collinear scalings, $S(w) = x_0 + Jw/(1 + h^T w)$, to make the Hessian of the composition $fS$ more nearly constant as well as better conditioned. Certain general features of optimization algorithms using conic approximations and collinear scalings are presented. These are not only invariant under affine scalings, along with Newton–Raphson and variable metric algorithms, but they are also invariant under the larger group. of invertible collinear scalings.
Foams Prepared from Whey Protein Isolate and Egg White Protein: 2. Changes Associated with Angel Food Cake Functionality

The effects of sucrose on the physical properties and thermal stability of foams prepared from 10% (w/v) protein solutions of whey protein isolate (WPI), egg white protein (EWP), and their combinations (WPI/EWP) were investigated in wet foams and angel food cakes. Incorporation of 12.8 (w/v) sucrose increased EWP foam stability (drainage 1/2 life) but had little effect on the stability of WPI and WPI/EWP foams. Increased stability was not due to viscosity alone. Sucrose increased interfacial elasticity (E ') of EWP and decreased E' of WPI and WPI/EWP combinations, suggesting that altered interfacial properties increased stability in EWP foams. Although 25% WPI/75% EWP cakes had similar volumes as EWP cakes, cakes containing WPI had larger air cells. Changes during heating showed that EWP foams had network formation starting at 45 degrees C, which was not observed in WPI and WPI/EWP foams. Moreover, in batters, which are foams with additional sugar and flour, a stable foam network was observed from 25 to 85 degrees C for batters made from EWP foams. Batters containing WPI or WPI/EWP mixtures showed signs of destabilization starting at 25 degrees C. These results show that sucrose greatly improved the stability of wet EWP foams and that EWP foams form network structures that remain stable during heating. In contrast, sucrose had minimal effects on stability of WPI and WPI/EWP wet foams, and batters containing these foams showed destabilization prior to heating. Therefore, destabilization processes occurring in the wet foams and during baking account for differences in angel food cake quality.
Successful mating of Microsporum distortum with Nannizzia otae

Because of the close similarity between Microsporum distortum and M. canis , ten isolates of M. distortum were crossed with a pair of sexually reactive tester strains of Nannizzia otae , the teleomorph of M. canis . Six of the 10 isolates mated with the + tester strain of N. otae , producing viable ascospores. The close similarities between the anamorphic species and the successful mating between M. distortum and N. otae show that M. distortum is best recognized as a variety of M. canis rather than as a separate species.
Therapeutic Protein Aggregation: Mechanisms, Design, and Control

Although it is well known that proteins are only marginally stable in their folded states, it is often less well appreciated that most proteins are inherently aggregation-prone in their unfolded or partially unfolded states, and the resulting aggregates can be extremely stable and long-lived. For therapeutic proteins, aggregates are a significant risk factor for deleterious immune responses in patients, and can form via a variety of mechanisms. Controlling aggregation using a mechanistic approach may allow improved design of therapeutic protein stability, as a complement to existing design strategies that target desired protein structures and function. Recent results highlight the importance of balancing protein environment with the inherent aggregation propensities of polypeptide chains.
Layer Stability and Material Properties of Friction-Stir Welded Cu–Nb Nanolamellar Composite Plates

Initial efforts to friction-stir weld (FSW) Cu–Nb nanolamellar composite plates fabricated via accumulative roll bonding are reported in this study. Parent material layers within the composite were nominally 300 nm and exhibited a hardness of 2.5 GPa. After FSW, two types of microstructures were present: a refined layered structure, and an equiaxed nanocrystalline microstructure with grain diameters on the order of 7 nm. The type of microstructure was dependent on location within the FSW nugget and related to varying amounts of strain. Material hardness increased with refinement, with the equiaxed microstructure reaching a maximum hardness of 6.0 GPa.
Addendum to “criteria for quasi-projectivity”

Lemma A. Let L, O, R, and ds z be as above. Assume the Hermitian form associated to 0 + R is positive semi-definite on Y and positive definite at at least one point. I f f 6A°'q(L) and ~ f = 0 , then there exists q 6 L 2_ I(L)~A °'q-1 such that ~q=f . Proof. This comes down to checking that the harmonic representative 2 of f is 0. Using the Kodaira inequality (2 lines above Lemma I-A in [3]), one sees that the harmonic representative 2 of f is zero in a neighborhood of the point where 6~ + R is positive definite. Now follow [2, p. 282] and use the lemma of Aronszajn to conclude that 2 is identically zero. Q.E.D. Lemma I-B now becomes:
How complex can a land suitability map be

On a land suitability assessment map that is derived from an overlay of n parent maps, each bearing k land capability categories, how many permutations of land suitability ratings can there be when the rating scores are calculated by the commonly used rating and weighting method (RAW method)? In the present paper, we estimate that this number is between [image omitted] .
Southern ocean nitrogen and silicon dynamics during the last deglaciation

Abstract The reinvigoration of overturning in the Southern Ocean is hypothesized to have returned CO2 from the deep ocean to the atmosphere at the end of the last ice age. Large peaks in opal accumulation have been put forward as evidence for an increase in wind driven upwelling between 10 and 15 ka. Here, we use coupled nitrogen and silicon isotope records alongside opal accumulation rates to provide quasi-quantitative estimates of Southern Ocean nutrient supply, by upwelling, and nutrient utilization across this interval. Significant changes in the consumption of N and Si across the two opal accumulation peaks indicate major changes in both upwelling and nutrient demand. We find N and Si consumption to be relatively incomplete during peak opal accumulation at the onset of the deglaciation. This indicates that nutrient supply was significantly enhanced. The second deglacial peak in opal accumulation is associated with more complete Si consumption and variable N consumption. We suggest that this peak represents strong upwelling and more complete utilization of the available silicic acid pool. Differences between the Si and N responses during opal peaks may stem from decreasing iron availability across the glacial termination. The nutrient isotope evidence for excess nutrients during the deglaciation indicates that the high export productivity was insufficient to overcome the evasion of CO2 to the atmosphere as a result of physical circulation changes. Previous work has demonstrated that the reinvigoration of overturning circulation during the deglaciation causes a transient peak in nutrient supply to the low latitudes. This is supported by our data, which indicate that relatively high macronutrient concentrations were maintained in the Southern Ocean surface waters that are incorporated into mode waters despite high demand.
HEALTH CARE COST CONTAINMENT STRATEGIES: A DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD?

This paper presents a review of health care cost containment strategies adopted by organizations and explores the hidden costs associated with several of these alternatives. The role of mental health is discussed within this context.
Renal response to phosphaturic agents in acutely and chronically parathyroidectomized rats.

SummaryAcutely PTX rats responded with phosphaturia to both iv calcitonin and acetazolamide but failed to respond to iv chlorothiazide or saline loading. Chronically PTX rats, and iv phosphate-loaded acutely PTX rats responded with phosphaturia to iv chlorothiazide and saline loading. These findings suggests that different agents may exert their phosphaturic effects by acting at different reabsorptive systems for phosphorus in the kidney.
On arithmetic class invariants

Let F be a number field with ring of integers OF , and let S be a finite set of places of F . Assume that S contains the set S∞ of archimedean places of F , and write Sf for the set of finite places contained in S. Let OS (or O, when there is no danger of confusion) denote the ring of Sf -integers of F . Write F for an algebraic closure of F . Let Y be any scheme over Spec(O). Suppose thatG is a finite, flat commutative group scheme over Y of exponent N , and let G denote the Cartier dual of G. Let π : X → Y be aG-torsor, and write π0 : G → Y for the trivialG-torsor. ThenOX is anOG-comodule, and so it is also anOGD -module (see [12]). As an OGD -module,OX is locally free of rank one, and it therefore gives a line bundle Mπ over G. Set Lπ := Mπ ⊗M−1 π0 . Then the map ψ : H (Y,G) → Pic(G) ; [π ] → [Lπ ]
Spectral Diagnostics of Chromospheres—A Signature of Emergent Magnetic Flux

The chromospheres of the Sun and solar-like stars respond to the underlying magnetic activity. The spectral lines of singly ionized calcium (e.g., Ca II K at 3933 A) exhibit single or double reversals and serve as diagnostic tools for the magnetic activity. We present observations showing that the Ca II K spectral line may exhibit reversals in addition to the well-known K1, K2, and K3 components, when observed with high angular and spectral resolution. These Ca II K spectral line anomalies occur when small-scale, subarcsecond magnetic fields emerge through the chromosphere. The anomalous profiles originate at locations that are cospatial with Hα brightening at footpoints of dark active region fibrils, or active region filaments. The photospheric magnetic field is bipolar (small opposite polarity magnetic nodules) or has neutral lines at cospatial locations where the spectral lines are anomalous. Small-scale reconnective processes can cause these anomalous profiles. From a simultaneous time series of magnetic field data, we find that the emerging magnetic flux is associated with these profiles. The additional reversals primarily occur redward of the familiar K3 absorption trough, implying chromospheric downflow velocities that lead to the formation of shocks. The magnitude of the Doppler shift is of the order 40-50 km s-1. We present evidence to suggest that a combination of subresolution elements, each of which has regular profiles with large relative Doppler shifts could explain the formation of some of these profiles. A heuristic model that combines buoyant magnetic fields, convective collapse, gas evacuation, shock formation, heating, and a multicomponent model atmosphere can reproduce these profiles.
Fenbendazole as a therapy for naturally acquired Stephanurus dentatus and gastrointestinal nematodes in feral swine.

Abstract Adult feral swine, naturally infected with kidney worms ( Stephanurus dentatus ) and gastrointestinal nematodes, were divided into two groups of 10 pigs each. One group was treated with fenbendazole (Panacur, Hoechst AG, Frankfurt am. Main) mixed in feed at the rate of 3 mg kg −1 body weight for 3 days. The second group received feed only and was designated as non-treated controls. The animals in both groups were necropsied 3 weeks post-treatment and examined for the presence of live and dead adult kidney worms in the perirenal and ureteral area, ureteral penetration, the presence of kidney worm larvae in the liver, hepatic scars due to kidney worm larval migration, and for liver fibrosis. No live adult kidney worms were found in the perirenal and ureteral areas of treated pigs, and the non-treated pigs harbored an average of 42.8 live worms. No live kidney worm larvae were found in the livers of treated pigs, and the non-treated pigs averaged 6.7. live larvae. At necropsy, urine samples from 8 of the 10 treated pigs contained no kidney worm eggs, and only 2 eggs were found in samples from each of the remaining 2 pigs in this group. In contrast, urine samples from 8 of the non-treated pigs contained numerous kidney worm eggs. Reductions in ascarid ( Ascaris suum ) and nodular worm ( Oesophagostomum dentatum ) egg counts were also observed in treated pigs.
The cerebellum and olfaction in the aging brain: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study

The present study investigated activation of distinct cerebellar regions as a result of olfactory stimulation in healthy young and elderly adults using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Ten young and 10 elderly adults were imaged using a 1.5-TMR scanner. The odorant amyl acetate was delivered in 12-s on, 40-s off cycles. Throughout the scan participants responded with a button press at first detection of each stimulus interval followed by a second button press upon odorant extinction. Images were processed with AFNI software. Elderly participants showed significantly decreased cerebellar activation in both the superior semilunar lobule (Crus I) and the inferior semilunar lobule (Crus II), two of three previously identified regions of interest for odor processing, compared to young adults. Interestingly, both groups showed similar levels of activation in the third region of interest, the posterior quadrangular lobule (VI), although the elderly showed more variability than the young did. Previous research identifying this area to be involved in attention may reflect the possibility that elderly adults engaged in olfactory tasks may show more variability than young participants in the degree of attentional demands needed for these tasks as a result of decreased olfactory abilities.
Stem Borer Frequency and Composition in Healthy Spartina alterniflora (smooth cordgrass) and Dieback Zones in a Southern Atlantic Coast Salt Marsh

Unprecedented Spartina alterniflora (smooth cordgrass) dieback has recently plagued Atlantic and Gulf coast US salt marshes. The hypothesized drivers of dieback vary geographically but include drought and herbivory. Stem-boring insect larvae may also contribute to dieback, but have thus far been overlooked. Here we describe stem borer frequency and composition among healthy S. alterniflora morphs (tall and short) and dieback zones in Dean Creek Marsh on Sapelo Island, GA. Overall stem borer frequency was highest in tall morph S. alterniflora and dieback zones (present in 46.7% and 39.5%, respectively). Healthy habitat types were characterized by six stem borer families with only two of those families observed in dieback zones. Taxa from these two families, previously reported by others to cause stem death, were found at their highest frequency in dieback zones. Although we cannot infer causation, our results raise the possibility of stem borers contributing to the formation of dieback zones, meriting further research.
Getting a handle on MATLAB graphics

Among engineers and scientists, MATLAB is one of the most popular computational packages. Part of MATLAB's popularity stems from its simple, yet sophisticated, graphics capabilities. While basic plots are relatively easy to obtain, specialized plots require a little more effort to produce. This article introduces MATLAB's Handle Graphics, which provides a mechanism to fully control and customize graphics objects in MATLAB. With a basic understanding of Handle Graphics, users can produce plots that meet the unique needs and quality standards commonly required by the profession, several examples are presented to illustrate the concepts.
Borbonol from Persea spp.-chemical properties and antifungal activity against Phytophthora cinnamomi

Abstract Borbonol, a preformed antifungal substance, was isolated from roots and stems of Persea borbonia and was detected in tissues of several other Persea spp. showing varying degrees of resistance to Phytophthora cinnamomi . However, it was not found in the highly susceptible species, Persea indica . Borbonol was isolated as a mixture of four chemically related compounds, the major one of which (borbonol-2) was structurally identical to the previously described compound, isoobtusilactone A. Borbonol significantly inhibited vegetative growth of Phytophthora cinnamomi at a minimum concentration of 1 μg ml −1 and inhibited sporangium production at concentrations of 5 to 10 μg ml −1 . Despite its potent antifungal activity, the available evidence does not causally link it to expression of the resistance to Phytophthora cinnamomi that occurs in several wild Persea spp.
Effect of oral estrogen on substrate utilization in postmenopausal women.

We tested the hypothesis that a 2-month intervention with unopposed oral conjugated equine estrogens (0.625 mg/d) would decrease lipid oxidation, as assessed by 24-hour, whole-room, indirect calorimetry in 14 postmenopausal women. Estrogen (E) treatment was associated with declines in both 24-hour and postprandial lipid oxidation and an increase in fat mass (mean [±SD] 2-month difference 1.1 ± 1.0 kg; mean 6-month difference 1.8 ± 2.2 kg), suggesting that, on an acute basis, oral E may increase adiposity by limiting lipid oxidation.
Effect of nisoxetine on uptake of catecholamines in synaptosomes isolated from discrete regions of rat brain.

Abstract Nisoxetine inhibits the high affinity uptake of norepinephrine by synaptosomes hypothalamus, brain stem and cerebral cortex of rat brain with inhibitor constants, Ki values, of 1, 2 and 6 nM respectively. The drug also inhibits the high affinity uptake of dopamine by hypothalamic synaptosomes with a Ki value of 9 nM. In corpus striatum, however, the Ki values for nisoxetine to inhibit the uptake ofdopamine and norepinephrine are 360 and 220 nM respectively. Thus, nisoxetine has about 200-fold greater affinity for the uptake sites of norepinephrine than for those of dopamine. Nisoxetine administered at 10 mg/kg i.p. to rats reduces the high affinity uptake of catecholamines by synaptosomes of brain regions. A low affinity process for uptake of catecholamines also occurs in synaptosomes of hypothalamus, brain stem and cerebral cortex but is not blocked by 10−8M nisoxetine. The significance of the low affinity uptake processes is discussed.
Parental Involvement in Intensive Treatment for Adolescent Panic Disorder and Its Impact on Depression

The present study investigated whether an 8-day intensive treatment for panic disorder in adolescents conferred a corollary benefit of ameliorating symptoms of depression. Participants included 57 adolescents between the ages of 11 and 18 who were randomly assigned to an intensive panic treatment for adolescents with or without parental involvement. Paired samples t tests and hierarchical linear models (HLM) indicated that participants' total depression score and scores on depression subscales declined from baseline to the 3-month follow-up. Additional HLM analyses indicated that the interaction term between age and parent involvement was a significant moderator in the negative slope for adolescent depression, with younger participants benefitting more from treatment without parent involvement than older participants with regard to depression symptoms.
Effect of a targeted glycemic management program on provider response to inpatient hyperglycemia

Objective: To report the results of implementation of a Targeted Glycemic Management (TGM) Service pilot, with the goals of improving clinician awareness of available inpatient glycemic management protocols and improving responsiveness to and frequency of severe hyperglycemia.Methods: Patients with a blood glucose (BG) level ≥300 mg/dL who were hospitalized on a general medicine unit during three 12-week periods before, during, and after the TGM pilot were compared for responsiveness by the primary team, percentage of subsequent BG measurements between 80 and 180 mg/dL, and frequency of subsequent severe hyperglycemia (BG levels ≥300 mg/dL) and hypoglycemia (BG values <70 mg/dL).Results: In comparison with pre-TGM and post-TGM periods, more patients during the TGM pilot had a modification of their glycemic regimen in response to severe hyperglycemia (49% versus 73% versus 50%, before, during, and after TGM, respectively; P = .044), and the percentage of patients with ≥50% of subsequent BG measurements in ...
Molecular etiology of mature T-cell non-Hodgkins lymphomas

T-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) represent approximately 10-15% of all lymphomas diagnosed in Western countries. Significant progress has been made over the last 2 decades in defining non-random chromosomal abnormalities. Cytogenetic and molecular analyses have enhanced diagnostic capabilities as well as improved classification and prognostication for T-cell NHL. Gamma-delta T-cell receptor (TCR) clonality now represents the more common TCR rearrangement in subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma (SCPTCL), hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma (HSTCL), extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type and enteropathy-type intestinal T-cell lymphoma (EITCL). Non-random, recurrent chromosome abnormalities such as isochrome 7 with HSTCL, complex karyotypes with peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise characterized (PTCL-NOC), trisomies 3 and 5 with angioimmunoblastic lymphoma (AIL) and t(2;5) with systemic anaplastic T-cell lymphoma have been recognized. Furthermore, identification of relevant protooncogenes and tumor suppressor genes involved in the pathogenesis of T-cell NHL such as the NPM/ALK fusion protein, p53, cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors (p15, p16, p21) and EBV as well as their interplay with the various regulatory pathways of cell cycle progression and apoptosis represent potential candidates for molecular-based therapy. This review presents a detailed analysis of the molecular and genetic perturbations present in mature T-cell lymphomas including discussion of how tumor-specific alterations impact on clinical outcome. Future studies in T-cell NHL are likely to provide additional disease-specific chromosomal translocations and molecular alterations with important translational implications.
Comparison of the BD GeneOhm VanR Assay to Culture for Identification of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci in Rectal and Stool Specimens

Active screening for vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) in rectal and stool specimens has been recommended to limit the spread of antimicrobial resistance within certain high-risk populations. Directly from 502 rectal swabs and stool specimens, we evaluated the diagnostic performance of the BD GeneOhm VanR assay (BD GeneOhm, San Diego, CA), a rapid real-time PCR test that detects the presence of vanA and/or vanB genes. The VanR assay was compared to culture consisting of both bile-esculin-azide agar with 6 μg/ml vancomycin (BEAV agar) (BD Diagnostics, Sparks, MD) and BEAV broth with 8 μg/ml vancomycin (Hardy Diagnostics, Santa Maria, CA). Enterococci were identified to the species level using standard biochemical tests and a Phoenix automated microbiology system (BD Diagnostics, Sparks, MD). The susceptibility of the enterococci to vancomycin and teicoplanin was determined using an Etest (AB Biodisk, Solna, Sweden). VRE were initially isolated from 147 cultures, and the VanR assay detected 142 of the 147 positive cultures for a sensitivity of 96.6%. The specificity was 87.0% (309/355) largely due to false positives seen with the vanB portion of the assay. The sensitivity when testing rectal swabs was 98.3%, and the sensitivity for stool samples was 95.4% (P = 0.643). The specificity of rectal swabs was comparable to that of the stool specimens (87.5% and 86.5%, respectively). When used only to detect VanA resistance, the VanR assay was 94.4% (136/144) sensitive and 96.4% (345/358) specific, with positive and negative predictive values of 91.3% and 97.7%, respectively. In summary, the BD GeneOhm VanR assay is a good screening test for VRE in our population of predominantly vanA-colonized patients. However, patient samples testing only vanB positive should be confirmed by another method for the presence of VRE.
Does Increased Predicted Warm-Season Rainfall Indicate Enhanced Likelihood of Rain Occurrence?

Abstract The likelihood of simulated rainfall above a specified threshold being observed is evaluated as a function of the amounts predicted by two mesoscale models. Evaluations are performed for 20 warm-season mesoscale convective system events over the upper Midwest of the United States. Simulations were performed using 10-km versions of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction Eta Model and the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, with two different convective parameterizations tested in both models. It was found that, despite large differences in the biases of these different models and configurations, a robust relationship was present whereby a substantial increase in the likelihood of observed rainfall exceeding a specified threshold occurred in areas where the model runs forecast higher rainfall amounts. Rainfall was found to be less likely to occur in those areas where the models indicated no rainfall than it was elsewhere in the domain; it was more likely to occur in those regio...
Local inhibition of histamine flare in man: A method of bioassay of antihistamine drugs☆

Abstract 1.1. A method of bioassay using a technique of local inhibition of the histamine flare by antihistamine drugs is described. 2.2. The results of this bioassay are given in terms of the relative potency of such drugs compared to Pyribenzamine as a standard. 3.3. The results of the bioassay agree quite well with the therapeutic results in most instances, and this technique has been of value in the preliminary assay of antihistamine drugs. Only more extensive application of this method in comparison with larger clinical trials will determine whether this type of assay is of sufficient trustworthiness. Other techniques are being examined.
New compounds: Carbamate Derivatives of Mafenide (Homosulfanilamide)

Carbamate derivatives of the aminomethyl group in mafenide (homosulfanilamide) were synthesized as potential antibacterial agents. None of the new compounds was active in antimicrobial or antiviral screening.
A tabu search with vocabulary building approach for the vehicle routing problem with split demands

In the vehicle routing problem (VRP) a fleet of vehicles with limited capacity is utilised to supply the demand of a set of customers located around a unique depot while minimising the total travelled distance. All customer demands are supplied and customers are visited by exactly one vehicle. In the split delivery vehicle routing problem (SDVRP), customers can be visited by more than one vehicle meaning their demands can be split among multiple vehicles. This paper presents a learning procedure, called tabu search with vocabulary building approach (TSVBA) for solving the SDVRP. TSVBA is a population-based search approach that uses a set of solutions to find attractive solution attributes with which to construct new solutions. As the search progresses, the solution set evolves; better solutions move into the set while bad solutions are removed. The proposed learning procedure was tested on benchmark instances and performed well when its solutions are compared to those reported in the literature. New best solutions are obtained on some benchmark problems available.
The effects of repeated desiccation and rehydration on lipid and haemoglobin concentrations in fasting Ornithodorosconcanensis (Acarina: Argasidae)☆

Abstract 1. 1. Lipid and haemoglobin concentrations were periodically determined in separate groups of nymphal Ornithodoros concanensis maintained at 64, 85 and 96% r.h. 2. 2. Concurrently, a fourth group was repeatedly desiccated and rehydrated at 0 and 85% r.h. to determine the effects of water uptake on metabolite depletion rates. 3. 3. The lipid content of the fasting ticks did not decrease; however, the haemoglobin concentration declined significantly during the 3 1 2 -month experiment. 4. 4. The alternately desiccated and rehydrated specimens depleted haemoglobin at a significantly greater rate than ticks kept at 64, 85 or 96% r.h. 5. 5. These results suggest that ticks undergoing repeated water reabsorption in the natural environment may be at a disadvantage, in terms of metabolite conservation, to ticks secluded in microhabitats with humidities consistently above the equilibrium range.