cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Viscoelastic constitutive equations and rheology for high speed polymer processing

Many attempts to formulate viscoelastic constitutive equations (CEs) for polymeric liquids have resulted in a situation where as many as several tens of popular CEs are in competition nowadays. None of these can describe the available data for simple flows, consistently, and almost all of them display non-physical instabilities in high Deborah number flows. This paper discusses the most important classes of viscoelastic CEs, presents recent results on their stability, recommends some principles of choice of CEs for practical use, and highlights a certain class of CEs for the description of the available set of rheological data for the most well characterized polymers, while satisfying all the stability constraints
RECREATION LIFESTYLE VERSUS ACTIVITY-INVOLVEMENT PATTERN: BELIEFS AS CORRELATES OF BEHAVIOR

Canonical analysis was used to examine the relation of recreation lifestyle (wilderness-oriented vs urban, or convenience-oriented, belief system) and pattern of activity-involvement—across a set of 13 outdoor recreation activities. The respondents were 522 outdoor recreationists obtained in three separate samples: two samples of Montana State University students and one sample of dude-ranch guests. Strong, and intuitively meaningful, linear relations were found in both student samples, using a 36-item semantic differential measure of recreation lifestyle. Moderate, though still meaningful, relations were found in the field sample of dude-ranch guests, using only a 13-item subset of the semantic differential predictors. The results are regarded as supporting the notion that a multivariate approach to the attitude-behavior (or personality-behavior) relationship may reveal stronger relationships than typically found through univariate approaches.
Ultrafast optical control of electron spin coherence in charged GaAs quantum dots

Impulsive stimulated Raman excitation with coherent optical fields is used for controlling the electron spin coherence in a charged $\mathrm{GaAs}$ quantum dot ensemble through an intermediate charged exciton (trion) state. The interference between two stimulated Raman two-photon quantum mechanical pathways leading to the spin coherence allows us to control the electron spin coherence on the time scale of the Larmor precession frequency. We also demonstrate, both theoretically and experimentally, that ultrafast manipulation of the spin coherence is possible on the time scale of the optical laser frequency, and analyze the limitations due to the trion and spin decoherence times.
Epidemiology and Control of Greasy Spot, Melanose and Scab in Florida Citrus Groves

Abstract Three major fungal diseases in Florida citrus groves that require control by chemical sprays are greasy spot (Mycosphaerella citri), melanose (Diaporthe citri) and scab (Elsinoe fawcettii). The salient features of pathogen behaviour and epidemiology are reviewed for each of these diseases. Timing of chemical sprays for optimum disease control is discussed in relation to local climatic conditions, seasonal bloom and shoot growth patterns and the mode of action of each spray material.
Law Library Director—Scholar: Writing for Tenure

ABSTRACT Publish or perish? What are the pressures on modern law library directors to publish? Must they? Should they? These issues are discussed along with the competing interests of running a successful academic law library and the pressures of tenure and scholarly expectations.
The Adaptive Critic Learning Agent (ACLA) algorithm: Towards problem independent neural network based optimizers

This paper presents the development of a new neural network based optimizer called the Adaptive Critic Learning Agent (ACLA) algorithm. The ACLA algorithm is based on the traditional Adaptive Critic Design (ACD) algorithm and hence its name. Conventional neural network based optimizers use the principle of Hopfield/Tank Neural Networks (HTNN) to solve unimodal optimization problems. These neural networks require tailored structures for the specific optimization problem. The ACLA algorithm presented in this paper uses a general randomly initialized neural network to solve any unimodal optimization problem. This is achieved by extending the principles of the traditional ACD algorithm for the ACLA algorithm. Other attributes of the ACLA algorithm are related to the issues with swarm based optimizers such as Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Genetic Algorithms (GA). These issues are: 1) large memory requirements and 2) multiple parameters required to tune the algorithm's convergence performance. The ACLA algorithm resolves these issues by: 1) using only one neuron to reduce memory requirements and 2) using only a single learning coefficient parameter to tune the algorithm's convergence performance. The ACLA algorithm was tested and compared with three swarm based optimizers on two unimodal benchmark problems typically used for PSO and GA algorithms. Test results proved the ACLA algorithm to converge to solutions 7 orders greater than the swarm based algorithms. The ACLA algorithm was further tested on two multimodal benchmark problems to demonstrate its capability to converge to nearest local minima.
Anorexia and bulimia nervosa: Neurobiology and pharmacotherapy

This review provides an overview of some neurobiological factors that may contribute to the development and maintenance of eating disorders, and the psychopharmacological treatment of anorexia and bulimia nervosa. Various metabolic, physiologic, and neuroendocrine disturbances are associated with bulimia and anorexia nervosa, but it is often not clear whether they represent state or trait markers of the disorders. While most patients with bulimia nervosa who receive appropriate pharmacotherapy will experience significant short-term improvement, there is a substantial rate of relapse during long-term continuation treatment with medication. Strategies that appear to improve long-term outcome in bulimia nervosa include combination treatment with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and changing to an alternative antidepressant medication. The role for medication treatment in anorexia nervosa remains very limited, although the SSRI antidepressant fluoxetine may have a limited role in long-term treatment of anorexia.
Cardiovascular risk factors and myocardial infarction in patients with psoriasis

Evaluation of: Gelfand JM, Neimann AL, Shin DB, Wang X, Margolis DJ, Troxel AB. Risk of myocardial infarction in patients with psoriasis. JAMA 296(14), 1735–1741 (2006). Neimann AL, Shin DB, Wang X, Margolis DJ, Troxel AB, Gelfand JM. Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in patients with psoriasis. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 55(5), 829–835 (2006).Psoriasis is a chronic disease characterized by systemic inflammation and inappropriate self-reactivity of the T helper cell (Th)1-mediated immune system. It is well known that, for patients, psoriasis has a significant impact on the quality of life, but recent data also suggest that psoriasis produces significant morbidity and possibly even mortality related to associated cardiovascular effects. We review two recent papers, which provide analysis of cardiovascular risk factors and myocardial infarction rates in patients with mild and severe psoriasis in a large-scale population-based study in the UK. These investigators use multivariate analysis to determine th...
The TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESPONSE2 Gene Is Required for Auxin Synthesis and Diverse Aspects of Plant Development

The plant hormone auxin plays an essential role in plant development. However, only a few auxin biosynthetic genes have been isolated and characterized. Here, we show that the TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESPONSE2 (TIR2) gene is required for many growth processes. Our studies indicate that the tir2 mutant is hypersensitive to 5-methyl-tryptophan, an inhibitor of tryptophan synthesis. Further, treatment with the proposed auxin biosynthetic intermediate indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPA) and indole-3-acetic acid rescues the tir2 short hypocotyl phenotype, suggesting that tir2 may be affected in the IPA auxin biosynthetic pathway. Molecular characterization revealed that TIR2 is identical to the TAA1 gene encoding a tryptophan aminotransferase. We show that TIR2 is regulated by temperature and is required for temperature-dependent hypocotyl elongation. Further, we find that expression of TIR2 is induced on the lower side of a gravitropically responding root. We propose that TIR2 contributes to a positive regulatory loop required for root gravitropism.
Central respiratory chemoreception

By definition central respiratory chemoreceptors (CRCs) are cells that are sensitive to changes in brain PCO(2) or pH and contribute to the stimulation of breathing elicited by hypercapnia or metabolic acidosis. CO(2) most likely works by lowering pH. The pertinent proton receptors have not been identified and may be ion channels. CRCs are probably neurons but may also include acid-sensitive glia and vascular cells that communicate with neurons via paracrine mechanisms. Retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) neurons are the most completely characterized CRCs. Their high sensitivity to CO(2) in vivo presumably relies on their intrinsic acid sensitivity, excitatory inputs from the carotid bodies and brain regions such as raphe and hypothalamus, and facilitating influences from neighboring astrocytes. RTN neurons are necessary for the respiratory network to respond to CO(2) during the perinatal period and under anesthesia. In conscious adults, RTN neurons contribute to an unknown degree to the pH-dependent regulation of breathing rate, inspiratory, and expiratory activity. The abnormal prenatal development of RTN neurons probably contributes to the congenital central hypoventilation syndrome. Other CRCs presumably exist, but the supportive evidence is less complete. The proposed locations of these CRCs are the medullary raphe, the nucleus tractus solitarius, the ventrolateral medulla, the fastigial nucleus, and the hypothalamus. Several wake-promoting systems (serotonergic and catecholaminergic neurons, orexinergic neurons) are also putative CRCs. Their contribution to central respiratory chemoreception may be behavior dependent or vary according to the state of vigilance.
An Improved Synthesis of 3,6-anhydro-d-glucal and a Study of its Unusual Chemical Reactivity

6-O-Tosyl-d-glucal 1 upon treatment with excess LiAlH4 unexpectedly gave 3,6-anhydro-d-glucal 2 as a major product in good yield. A crystal structure was obtained. Reaction of the anhydride 2 with N-iodosuccinimide (NIS) in excess methanol resulted in the formation of diastereomeric 2-deoxy-2-iodoglycosides. Addition of ceric (IV) ammonium nitrate and thiophenol to a solution of 2 in acetonitrile gave a mixture of 2-deoxy and 2,3-unsaturated thioglycosides. Reaction of 1,2:3,4-di-O-isopropylidine-α-d-galactopyranose with the anhydro sugar 2 in the presence of N-iodosuccinimide did not give the expected iodoglycoside mixture, but instead gave an unusual 1,4:3,6-dianhydride 7 as the major product.
Batteries: Unwanted memory spooks nickel-cadmium cells: New understanding of an undesirable phenomenon is the first step in avoiding it

The effect of undesirable phenomenon is defined as `an apparent reduction in capacity to a predetermined discharge voltage cut-off point (usually one volt) resulting from repetitive use patterns'. The suspected cause, and the reasons for its rarity, are explained after a brief discussion identifying the main components within a sintered-plate cell.
Riverine based eco-tourism: Trinity River non-market benefits estimates

SUMMARY California's Central Valley Project (CVP) was approved by voters in a statewide referendum in 1933. CVP referendum approval initiated funding for construction of important water development projects that had far reaching effects on regional water supplies. The construction of Trinity Dam in 1963 and the subsequent transbasin diversion of Trinity River flow was one of several CVP projects that had noteworthy adverse environmental and regional economic impacts. The Trinity River is the largest tributary of the Klamath River, and has its headwaters in the Trinity Alps of north-central California. After the construction of Trinity Dam in 1963, 90% of the Trinity River flow at Lewiston was moved to the Sacramento River via the Clear Creek Tunnel. Before 1963, the Trinity River was a major recreation resource of Northern California. The loss of stream flow has had a marked adverse impact on Trinity River-related recreation activities and the size and robustness of Trinity River salmon, steelhead, shad, ...
Tableaux for constructive concurrent dynamic logic

Abstract This is the first paper on constructive concurrent dynamic logic (CCDL). For the first time, either for concurrent or sequential dynamic logic, we give a satisfactory treatment of what statements are forced to be true by partial information about the underlying computer. Dynamic logic was developed by Pratt [V. Pratt, Semantical considerations on Floyd–Hoare logic, in: 17th Annual IEEE Symp. on Found. Comp. Sci., New York, 1976, pp. 109–121, V. Pratt, Applications of modal logic to programming, Studia Logica 39 (1980) 257–274] for nondeterministic sequential programs, and by Peleg [D. Peleg, Concurrent dynamic logic, Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery 34 (2) (1987), D. Peleg, Communication in concurrent dynamic logic, Journal of Computer and System Sciences 35 (1987)] for concurrent programs, for the purpose of proving properties of programs such as correctness. Here we define what it means for a dynamic logic formula to be forced to be true knowing only partial information about the results of assignments and tests. This informal CCDL semantics is formalized by intuitionistic Kripke frames modeling this partial information, and each such frame is interpreted as an idealized concurrent machine (a concurrent transition system). In CCDL, proofs and deductions are ω -height, ω -branching, well-founded labeled subtrees of ω ω . These are a generalization of the signed tableaux of Nerode [A. Nerode, Some lectures in modal logic, Technical Report, M.S.I. Cornell University, 1989, CIME Logic and Computer Science Montecatini Volume, Springer-Verlag Lecture Notes, 1990, A. Nerode, Some lectures in intuitionistic logic, Technical Report, M.S.I. Cornell University, 1988, Marktoberdorf Logic and Computation NATO Summer School Volume, NATO Science Series, 1990 (in press)] stemming from the prefix tableaux of Fitting [M.C. Fitting, Proof Methods for Modal and Intuitionistic Logic, Reidel, 1983]. We demonstrate the correctness of our tableau proofs, define consistency properties, prove that consistency properties yield models, construct systematic tableaux, prove that systematic tableaux yield a consistency property, and conclude that CCDL is complete. This infinitary semantics and proof procedure will be the primary guide for defining, in a sequel, the correct finitary CCDL (FCCDL) based on induction principles. FCCDL is suitable for implementation in constructive logic software systems such as Constable’s NUPRL or Huet-Coquand’s CONSTRUCTIONS. Our goal is to develop a constructive logic programming tool for specification and modular verification of programs in any imperative concurrent language, and for the extraction of concurrent programs from constructive proofs. Subsequent papers will introduce analogous logics for declarative and functional concurrent languages.
A Critical View of the Urban Crisis

From the farmhouse in Vermont where this is written, it is several miles to the nearest city, the population of which is about ten thousand, but one can find here most of the “big problems” that together are usually thought of as constituting “the urban crisis.” There are multiproblem families; welfare mothers—some of them visited, it is alleged, by mates; substandard housing; functional illiteracy—some of it on the part of high school graduates; hard-core unemployment—meaning able-bodied men who will not work; sexual promiscuity; drug abuse—a helicopter hovers overhead as this is written, searching for plantings of marijuana; pornography—this eventing, a local movie advertises, one may take an “unforgettable journey into a new erotic world” of “way-out German sex practices”; venereal disease—Operation Venus has recently been locally organized; and crime—mostly vandalism and stealing by juveniles, but occasionally violence by adults.
Photoperiod and light intensity effects on growth and utilization of nutrients by the aquaculture feed microalga, Tetraselmis chui (PLY429)

Abstract Light intensity, day length, and nutrient concentrations are important factors regulating the growth of phytoplankton. To reduce culturing costs, natural sunlight and greenhouses can be used to minimize the amount of artificial light needed for algal growth. However, with natural sunlight there is much more variation in the light intensity and the day length than what would be found in a controlled laboratory environment. This study investigated how different light intensities and day lengths affect the growth and nutrient uptake of Tetraselmis chui (strain PLY429)—an algal strain used widely as an aquaculture feed. PLY429 was grown aseptically for 28 days under three different light intensities (220, 110, and 73 μEinst. m −2 s −1 ) and four different light:dark cycles (24:0, 16:8; 12:12; 8:16). Growth and net nutrient-uptake rates for PLY429 were calculated for each treatment. Longer day length and higher light intensities resulted in higher biomass production and complete utilization of nitrate and phosphate in less time, as compared with shorter days and lower intensities. PLY429 cultures that were exposed to only 8 h of light had the slowest growth and utilization of nutrients. These findings suggest that day length is important in determining growth and nutrient uptake in PLY429; at a latitude of 41°N, artificial light will need to be added to algal cultures in a greenhouse to increase both day length and total daily light input.
Community Innovation and Disasters

In this chapter, we examine community innovation. We begin first by conceptualizing community and innovation as they relate to hazard and disaster. We identify the difficulties inherent in the terms community, innovation, and community innovation, presenting some working concepts that seem to align best with overall disaster research experience. We examine the characteristics of communities that make innovation both necessary and difficult, using examples of innovations drawn from the United States and internationally. This discussion will point toward some directions for future research, including an understanding of community that might be suitable for newer, complex, and diffuse hazards – such as bioterrorism, cyberterrorism, and slow onset hazards related to climate change. The discussion will also point to some needed reorientations in policy that might proceed from either subsequent or existing research.
Enhanced expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in human SaOS-2 osteoblast-like cells and murine osteoblasts induced by insulin-like growth factor I.

Formation of new capillaries, a critical component of tissue growth and repair, is a recognized process in the development, formation, and remodeling of bone. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a potent angiogenic factor with specific mitogenic actions on endothelial cells, is produced in a regulated manner by many cell types, including osteoblasts. The aim of the present investigation was to test the hypothesis that insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), a known osteogenic factor, modulates VEGF expression in osteoblasts. In human SaOS-2 osteoblast-like cells, 10 nM IGF-I increased the abundance of VEGF messenger RNA (mRNA) by 4-fold above the control value at 2h, and the elevated levels of mRNA returned to near basal by 8 h. IGF-I stimulated VEGF mRNA levels at IGF-I concentrations as low as 1-2 nM. The stability of VEGF mRNA was not increased after IGF-I treatment, and actinomycin D abrogated the enhanced expression of VEGF mRNA by IGF-I, indicating that the action of IGF-I was probably mediated...
Biodegradation of Xanthan Gum by Bacillus sp.

Strains tentatively identified as Bacillus sp. were isolated from sewage sludge and soil and shown to elaborate extracellular enzymes that degrade the extracellular polysaccharide (xanthan gum, polysaccharide B-1459) of Xanthomonas campestris NRRL B-1459. Enzyme production by one strain was greatly enhanced when the strain was incubated in a mixed culture. Products of degradation were identified as d-glucuronic acid, d-mannose, pyruvylated mannose, 6-O-acetyl d-mannose, and a (1→4)-linked glucan. These products correlate with the known structure of the gum. The complexity of the product mixture indicated that the xanthanase was a mixture of carbohydrases. The xanthanase complexes were similar to one another in temperature stability, pH and temperature optima, degree of substrate degradation, and enzymolysis products. Differences in pH stability, salt tolerance, recoverability, and yields of enzyme were observed.
Effect of variable CO2 on eclogite‐derived andesite and lherzolite reaction at 3 GPa—Implications for mantle source characteristics of alkalic ocean island basalts

We have performed reaction experiments between 1, 4, and 5 wt % CO2-bearing MORB-eclogite (recycled oceanic crust)-derived low-degree andesitic partial melt and fertile peridotite at 1375°C, 3 GPa for infiltrating melt fractions of 25% and 33% by weight. We observe that the reacted melts are alkalic with degree of alkalinity or Si undersaturation increasing with increasing CO2 content in reacting melt. Consequently, an andesite evolves through basanite to nephelinite owing to greater drawdown of SiO2 from melt and enhanced precipitation of orthopyroxene in residue. We have developed an empirical model to predict reacted melt composition as a function of reacting andesite fraction and source CO2 concentration. Using our model, we have quantified the mutual proportions of equilibrated melt from andesite-peridotite (+ CO2) hybridization and subsequent peridotite (± CO2)-derived melt required to produce the major element composition of various ocean island basalts. Our model can thus be applied to characterize the source of ocean islands from primary alkalic lava composition. Accordingly, we determined that average HIMU source requires 24 wt % of MORB-eclogite-derived melt relative to peridotite containing 2 wt % CO2 and subsequent contribution of 45% of volatile-free peridotite partial melt. We demonstrate that mantle hybridization by eclogite melt-peridotite (± CO2) reaction in the system can produce high MgO (>15 wt %) basaltic melts at mantle potential temperature (TP) of 1350°C. Therefore, currently used thermometers to estimate TP using MgO content of primary alkalic melts need to be revised, with corrections for melt-rock reaction in a heterogeneous mantle as well as presence of CO2.
A Two-Locus Global DNA Barcode for Land Plants: The Coding rbcL Gene Complements the Non-Coding trnH- psbA Spacer Region

Background. A useful DNA barcode requires sufficient sequence variation to distinguish between species and ease of application across a broad range of taxa. Discovery of a DNA barcode for land plants has been limited by intrinsically lower rates of sequence evolution in plant genomes than that observed in animals. This low rate has complicated the trade-off in finding a locus that is universal and readily sequenced and has sufficiently high sequence divergence at the species-level. Methodology/Principal Findings. Here, a global plant DNA barcode system is evaluated by comparing universal application and degree of sequence divergence for nine putative barcode loci, including coding and non-coding regions, singly and in pairs across a phylogenetically diverse set of 48 genera (two species per genus). No single locus could discriminate among species in a pair in more than 79% of genera, whereas discrimination increased to nearly 88% when the non-coding trnH-psbA spacer was paired with one of three coding loci, including rbcL. In silico trials were conducted in which DNA sequences from GenBank were used to further evaluate the discriminatory power of a subset of these loci. These trials supported the earlier observation that trnH-psbA coupled with rbcL can correctly identify and discriminate among related species. Conclusions/ Significance. A combination of the non-coding trnH-psbA spacer region and a portion of the coding rbcL gene is recommended as a two-locus global land plant barcode that provides the necessary universality and species discrimination. Citation: Kress WJ, Erickson DL (2007) A Two-Locus Global DNA Barcode for Land Plants: The Coding rbcL Gene Complements the Non-Coding trnH
Scaling Scalp Diseases in Children

Scaling scalp diseases in 142 children were evaluated. Included were seborrheic dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, tinea capitis, and psoriasis. Clinical signs were noted, and various treatments were then undertaken. Patients with seborrheic dermatitis responded well to treatment with antiseborrheic shampoo and topical corticosteroids. Atopic disease was more resistant to treat ment, but did improve with less frequent shampooing and twice daily topical corticosteroid application. Selenium shampoo was a useful adjunct in the treatment of tinea capitis (cultures became negative at two weeks compared to persistent positivity in other treatment groups).
Exploiting Heterogeneity to Prolong the Lifetime of Large-Scale Wireless Sensor Networks

In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), sensor nodes are typically power-constrained with limited lifetime, and thus it is necessary to know how long the network sustains its networking operations. We consider the network lifetime as the time until that a majority of functional nodes remains connected of one another, forming a giant component, in the network. We then analytically examine such network lifetime of a large-scale WSN via the theory of site percolation on a random graph model with a given degree distribution. In particular, we develop an analytical framework to quantify the network lifetime if the node lifetime can be controlled based on its degree, and show in theory and simulation that, by properly exploiting the heterogeneity over the node degrees, we can always increase the network lifetime when compared with that under the comparable degree-independent node lifetime.
Equine-related treatments for mental disorders lack empirical support: a systematic review of empirical investigations.

Context Equine-related treatments (ERT) for mental disorders are becoming increasingly popular for a variety of diagnoses; however, they have been subjected only to limited systematic investigation. Objective To examine the quality of and results from peer-reviewed research on ERT for mental disorders and related outcomes. Method Peer-reviewed studies (k = 14) examining treatments for mental disorders or closely related outcomes were identified from databases and article reference sections. Results All studies were compromised by a substantial number of threats to validity, calling into question the meaning and clinical significance of their findings. Additionally, studies failed to provide consistent evidence that ERT is superior to the mere passage of time in the treatment of any mental disorder. Conclusion The current evidence base does not justify the marketing and utilization of ERT for mental disorders. Such services should not be offered to the public unless and until well-designed studies provide evidence that justify different conclusions.
Carpal contusions in an elite platform diver

Wrist and hand injuries are common in elite divers, as all correctly performed dives end with a head first entry into the water with the hands extended above the head. This case presentation was an Olympic level diver with 3 months of persistent dorsal wrist pain. MRI findings showed contiguous contusions to the lunate, capitate, hamate and distal radius and also a peripheral tear of the ulnar attachment of the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC). The repeated dorsiflexion stress of entry into the water likely caused these injuries. Although the authors had suspected a TFCC injury and did find an isolated ulnar-sided peripheral tear, the complicating carpal contusions led us to choose a conservative treatment plan, which was the only intervention the patient ultimately required.
The influence of racial embodiment on racial bias in immersive virtual environments

Increasingly, people interact with others via digital representations, or avatars, that feature indicators of race. Nonetheless, little is known about the effects of avatar race on attitudes and behaviors. We conducted a study to determine how people's implicit racial bias is affected by the race of their avatar in an immersive virtual environment (IVE). Our results indicate that the effects of avatar race extend beyond digital spaces. People embodied by Black avatars in an IVE demonstrated greater implicit racial bias outside the IVE than people embodied by White avatars. These findings have important implications for strategies to reduce racial prejudice and provide new insights into the flexibility of racial identity and racial attitudes afforded by virtual technologies.
The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure.

OBJECTIVE: While considerable attention has focused on improving the detection of depression, assessment of severity is also important in guiding treatment decisions. Therefore, we examined the validity of a brief, new measure of depression severity.
The vanilloid receptor family of calcium-permeable channels: molecular integrators of microenvironmental stimuli.

The TRPV subfamily of calcium-permeable channels is widely distributed in sensory and nonsensory cells from nematodes to mammals. These channels can be variably activated by a diverse range of stimuli (osmotic/mechanical stress, noxious chemicals and heat, endogenous mediators) that often converge on the same channel. Evidence is presented that TRPV channels function as novel “molecular integrators” of diverse microenvironmental stimuli.
EVOLUTION OF CAROTENOID PIGMENTATION IN CACIQUES AND MEADOWLARKS (ICTERIDAE): REPEATED GAINS OF RED PLUMAGE COLORATION BY CAROTENOID C4-OXYGENATION

Many animals use carotenoid pigments to produce yellow, orange, and red coloration. In birds, at least 10 carotenoid compounds have been documented in red feathers; most of these are produced through metabolic modification of dietary precursor compounds. However, it is poorly understood how lineages have evolved the biochemical mechanisms for producing red coloration. We used high-performance liquid chromatography to identify the carotenoid compounds present in feathers from 15 species across two clades of blackbirds (the meadowlarks and allies, and the caciques and oropendolas; Icteridae), and mapped their presence or absence on a phylogeny. We found that the red plumage found in meadowlarks includes different carotenoid compounds than the red plumage found in caciques, indicating that these gains of red color are convergent. In contrast, we found that red coloration in two closely related lineages of caciques evolved twice by what appear to be similar biochemical mechanisms. The C4-oxygenation of dietary carotenoids was responsible for each observed transition from yellow to red plumage coloration, and has been commonly reported by other researchers. This suggests that the C4-oxygenation pathway may be a readily evolvable means to gain red coloration using carotenoids.
Fundamentals of parameterized Petri nets

A class of Petri nets (PNs) called parameterized Petri nets (PPNs) is proposed and applied to planning and coordination of intelligent systems. The PPN approach uses a hierarchical organization to deal with the complexity characteristic of net representations, through parameterization of transitions and the use of generalized or parameterized places in higher level nets. A unique and useful characteristic of PPNs is that they can be used to generate a high-level abstract plan, even in the absence of complete information, that can be mapped into a specific plan at a lower level of the hierarchy. The PPN system model structural properties are verified based on the corresponding PN model. It is shown that the error detection and recovery is accomplished with PPNs. >
Ni/MgO catalyst prepared via dielectric-barrier discharge plasma with improved catalytic performance for carbon dioxide reforming of methane

A Ni/MgO catalyst was prepared via novel dielectric-barrier discharge (DBD) plasma decomposition method. The combined characterization of Brunauer-Emmett-Teller measurement, X-ray diffraction, hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction and transmission electron microscopy shows that DBD plasma treatment enhances the support-metal interaction of Ni/MgO catalyst and facilitates the formation of smaller Ni particles. Sphere-like Ni particles form on plasma treated Ni/MgO catalysts. The plasma treated Ni/MgO catalyst shows a significantly improved low temperature activity and good stability for CO2 reforming of methane to syngas.
Absolute stability in linear delay-differential systems: ill-posedness and robustness

The author considers matrix delay-differential systems which are polynomial in several delay operators. Using a necessary and sufficient criterion for stability independent of delay, or absolute stability, the author shows that system stability for all values of the delay vector lying in a sector will imply absolute stability. We then show that absolute stability is ill-posed with respect to arbitrarily small perturbations of the delay ratios if a certain extended delay-differential system which is formed from the original is not also absolutely stable. >
Constraint-based user interfaces for simulations

Many simulation environments lack modern user interfaces. This paper describes an approach to user interfaces that is very well suited for object-oriented simulation environments. Our approach views user interfaces as constraints that are maintained between separate objects. The constraints and the participating objects are modeled with a type language that captures the important aspects of an interface. Some of these aspects are the relationships and their types between various presentation objects. The type language can be produced graphically with the help of an interactive interface generator that can define and manipulate user interfaces to typed objects. The implementation of this interface generator does not disturb a running simulation and is based on constraint-satisfaction. Keywords: simulation environment, user interfaces, object-oriented, constraints.
The ABELS system: designing an adaptable interface for linking simulations

The Agent-Based Environment for Linking Simulations (ABELS) provides a framework to facilitate the dynamic exchange of data between distributed simulations and other remote data resources. Specifically, the framework allows the formation of a dynamic "data and simulation cloud" that links a heterogeneous collection of networked resources. ABELS consists of three major components: user entities that serve as data producers and/or consumers, a brokering system for organizing and linking the various participants, and generic local agents that connect simulations and data resources to the cloud of participants. This paper describes the major redesign and implementation of the generic local agent, which serves as the adaptable interface between the user and the ABELS system.
Simulation of spatially varying ground motions including incoherence, wave‐passage and differential site‐response effects

A method is presented for simulating arrays of spatially varying ground motions, incorporating the effects of incoherence, wave passage, and differential site response. Non‐stationarity is accounted for by considering the motions as consisting of stationary segments. Two approaches are developed. In the first, simulated motions are consistent with the power spectral densities of a segmented recorded motion and are characterized by uniform variability at all locations. Uniform variability in the array of ground motions is essential when synthetic motions are used for statistical analysis of the response of multiply‐supported structures. In the second approach, simulated motions are conditioned on the segmented record itself and exhibit increasing variance with distance from the site of the observation. For both approaches, example simulated motions are presented for an existing bridge model employing two alternatives for modeling the local soil response: i) idealizing each soil‐column as a single‐degree‐of‐freedom oscillator, and ii) employing the theory of vertical wave propagation in a single soil layer over bedrock. The selection of parameters in the simulation procedure and their effects on the characteristics of the generated motions are discussed. The method is validated by comparing statistical characteristics of the synthetic motions with target theoretical models. Response spectra of the simulated motions at each support are also examined. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The VB‐1 catheter: An improved catheter for difficult‐to‐engage internal mammary artery grafts

As patients with prior coronary artery bypass grafting age, internal mammary artery grafts are more frequently encountered in the cardiac catheterization laboratory. Angiography and interventions involving these grafts are often difficult, particularly in patients with tortuous subclavian anatomy and/or proximal internal mammary artery origins. We describe a new catheter shape, the Cordis Behar Internal Mammary, VB-1, which allows selective intubations of both right and left internal mammary arteries that are not possible with conventional catheters.
Transfer learning-based co-run scheduling for heterogeneous datacenters

Today's data centers are designed with multi-core CPUs where multiple virtual machines (VMs) can be co-located into one physical machine or distribute multiple computing tasks onto one physical machine. The result is co-tenancy, resource sharing and competition. Modeling and predicting such co-run interference becomes crucial for job scheduling and Quality of Service assurance. Co-locating interference can be characterized into two components, sensitivity and pressure, where sensitivity characterizes how an application's own performance is affected by a co-run application, and pressure characterizes how much contentiousness an application exerts/brings onto the memory subsystem. Previous studies show that with simple models, sensitivity and pressure can be accurately characterized for a single machine. We extend the models to consider cross-architecture sensitivity (across different machines).
Speech sound distortions in aphasia and apraxia of speech: reliability and diagnostic significance

Background: The differential diagnosis between apraxia of speech (AOS) and aphasia with phonemic paraphasia is challenging because the disorders share similar speech characteristics. Quantification of the speech profile of AOS is needed.Aims: To characterise the relative frequency of sound distortion errors in speakers with aphasia with and without AOS and to evaluate inter-observer reliability for this metric among independent listeners.Methods & Procedures: Fourteen adults with left hemisphere lesions were recruited from a consecutive clinical sample. They were assigned to groups of probable apraxia of speech (P-AOS) or probable aphasia with phonemic paraphasia (P-APP), based on the multisyllabic word production rate and perceptually evident sound errors. Four listeners generated independent phonetic transcriptions from an audio-recorded motor speech evaluation. The percentage of distorted segments and inter-observer reliability were calculated.Outcomes & Results: Inter-observer reliability was satisfac...
Justice Between Sites of Justice

Michael Blake argues that states are the primary sites of justice for persons and that the function of international justice is to ensure that states interact with each other in ways that preserve the capacity of each to realize justice for their own members. This paper will argue that justice among states requires more of states than that they preserve and maintain each other's capacity as primary sites of justice. Justice among states will require some justification, as well, of the claims of states over resources and territory within their borders. Such a justification, I suggest, must presume a global institutional order, and this will introduce the problem of coercion in the international domain. International coercion will have implications for Blake's understanding of international economic justice since it is premised on the claim that the domestic context is coercive in a way that the international arena is not.
Influence of Resistant and Susceptible Corn Silks on Selected Developmental Parameters of Corn Earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larvae

Evidence is presented that both nonpreference and antibiosis resistance to feeding are manifested in the silks of ‘Zapalote Chico’ (ZC) corn to Heliothis zea (Boddie). Fewer larvae survived on ZC silks than on silks of 471-U6 × 81-1 or ‘Stowell’s Evergreen’ (SEG). Larvae reared on ZC silks weighed significantly less than those reared on silks from 471-U6 × 81-1 or SEG. In two choice tests, after 4 days, significantly more larvae which had been placed on silks of ZC were found on silks of SEG (19 vs. 8] % and 7.5 vs. 92.5%). When larvae were placed on SEG silks for 4 days, significantly more larvae were found on SEG silks than on ZC silks (89 vs. 11 % and 92.5 vs. 7.5%). When CEW larvae were not placed on silks but were given a choice of SEG and ZC silks, significantly more larvae chose SEG silks (94 vs. 6%).
Reply to “A Replication of ‘Political Influence Behind the Veil of Peer Review’ (Journal of Law and Economics 2009)”

In this reply, I commented on Hannum’s (this issue) replication of Hegde and of Hegde and Mowery. I conclude that, in his eagerness to show us wrong, Hannum appears to have committed exactly the wr...
Characteristic analysis and experimental research on PD pulse propagation in HV XLPE cables

The attenuation and propagation characteristics of partial discharges in high voltage XLPE cable is a critical theoretical basis to achieve precise detection and positioning of partial discharges.In this paper,the propagation characteristics of partial discharges have been analyzed;simulating partial discharge test system of composed by 35 kV,110kV and 220 kV XLPE power cables is constructed to study the propagation characteristics in high voltage XLPE cables.Moreover,propagation and attenuation coefficient of partial discharge in different frequencies are compared through calculating and analyzing.The results show that the cables have significant high frequency filtering effect on partial discharge and steep rising edge pulses would severely attenuate with the growth of cable length.Meanwhile,semiconducting layer has significant effects on partial discharge attenuation;therefore,in precise detection and positioning of partial discharges in HV XLPE cable lines,attenuation compensation should be adopted,even in the distributed measurement system.
Is the secretory K channel in the rat CCT ROMK

The biophysical properties of low-conductance secretory K (SK) channels in the apical membrane of the rat cortical collecting tubule were examined to compare these properties with those of the cloned renal K channels of the ROMK family expressed in oocytes. At room temperature, with the tubule superfused with 140 mM K and 110 mM cation in the pipette, the inward single-channel conductance of the SK channels was 36 +/- 1 pS for K, 41 +/- 2 pS for NH4, and 22 +/- 3 pS for Tl. The reversal potential was nearly the same for K and Tl in the pipette but was shifted by -60 mV for NH4. The kinetics of the channel when K was the permeant ion could be described by a single open state (mean open time, 24 ms) and two closed states (mean closed times, 1.6 and 65 ms). The kinetics of SK changed when Tl was the permeant ion (mean open times of 6.6 ms and no long closed state) and when NH4 was the permeant ion (mean open time of 3.0 ms and a more prevalent long closed state). Thus the gating kinetics of the channel depend strongly on the nature of the conducted ion. The properties of SK channels were quite similar to those of ROMK2 expressed in Xenopus oocytes and measured under similar conditions, suggesting that these channels are identical.
The validity and reliability of ultrasound on identifying supraspinatus tears during passive external rotation from 0° to 30°: a pilot project.

Background Controversy exists regarding how much external rotation should be allowed following rotator cuff repair. Clinicians may use ultrasound imaging (USI) to visualize the supraspinatus (SSp) tendon during passive external rotation. However, the validity and reliability of USI used to assess supraspinatus tendon gap formation during external rotation needs to be established prior to using this technique in patient cohorts. Methods Ten subjects with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) confirmation of full-thickness SSp tears were matched to 10 control subjects. Images of the SSp were obtained at 0°, 10°, 20° and 30° of external rotation by a blinded tester on two occasions to establish both validity and reliability of the measure. Results Validity was established as 70% agreement between the USI and MRI confirmed SSp tear group; reliability was established at greater than 0.90 at all positions of external rotation measured. Conclusions USI may be used to detect SSp tears with 70% validity, and the technique is reliable in all positions of external rotation.
Case Study 7. Reinterpreting Ramapithecus: Reconciling Fossils and Molecules

In 1967, two important papers were published that had bearing on the start of the hominin lineage. One sorted and reclassified the fossil record, promoting Ramapithecus punjabicus as the earliest known hominin. The other used molecular comparisons of living primates to calculate the time the hominin lineage diverged from other hominoids. These two studies incompatibly disagreed over the timing of that split, but at the time both conclusions represented the best interpretations of different lines of evidence. The struggle to reconcile them stimulated new research and profoundly changed the way we understand ourselves.
“It Takes Two to Tango”: The Religious and the Secular in Argentina’s Political Dance, 1860–1960

When one thinks about church/state relationships in Latin America, one tends to concentrate on the efforts the Catholic Church makes to maintain its influence over public affairs, facing a state apparatus aimed at restricting it. In Argentina’s case, the competition for relevancy in the public arena, more than a struggle, can be likened to a dance. The Catholic point of view in the Argentine political scenario cannot be fully understood unless we consider its dancing partner—the state, or national government. Tango is a dance meant for two. These two protagonists wheel artistically over the stage in a complex and varying relationship that becomes imbued with tension and undergoes transformations, in step with the beat of the music.