cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
P3 College-Aged Students Compared Preferences of Prepared Sorghum to Rice in a Ready-Made Dish

Background Sorghum is a versatile, gluten-free, whole grain, yet overall human consumption of sorghum is minimal. Whole grains, such as sorghum, substituted for refined grains can enhance the nutrition content of a dish. Objective This research study was to determine the sensory perception and overall food preference of college-aged students when comparing sorghum to rice in a ready-made dish. Study Design, Settings, Participants A quasi-experimental study was conducted in a campus foodservice setting at the University of North Florida. The participants (n = 596) were randomly recruited, using convenience sampling, to blindly taste test two food samples then complete an associated sensory and perception survey. The food samples consisted of recipes identically prepared, with the substitution of sorghum for rice. Measurable Outcome/Analysis Paper and electronic sensory analysis (using hybrid hedonic scales) and food preference surveys were available after sampling. Results A majority of the participants (71.9%) were ages 18-20 years old, with 42.3% selecting their educational classification as a freshman. Participants rated their overall feeling about each dish as to how often they would consume it, the response yielded a significant difference in overall mean (3.66 vs. 3.42, P = .000), with preference given to rice over sorghum. In comparing the two grain based dishes, participants indicated they would eat this every now and then to every opportunity they had with rice (55.2%) to sorghum (48.4%). Yet in response to overall acceptance of sorghum to rice, there was no significant difference. Conclusion This study provides feedback on the perception of college students on substituting a refined grain for whole grains in ready-made dishes. This preliminary study implies that acceptability for alternative grains is feasible in college-age populations and more research needs to be conducted on overall perception of alternative grains in ready-made dishes.
Redox, transmetalation, and stacking properties of tetrathiafulvalene-2,3,6,7-tetrathiolate bridged tin, nickel, and palladium compounds.

Here we report that capping the molecule TTFtt (TTFtt = tetrathiafulvalene-2,3,6,7-tetrathiolate) with dialkyl tin groups enables the isolation of a stable series of redox congeners and facile transmetalation to Ni and Pd. TTFtt has been proposed as an attractive building block for molecular materials for two decades as it combines the redox chemistry of TTF and dithiolene units. TTFttH4, however, is inherently unstable and the incorporation of TTFtt units into complexes or materials typically proceeds through the in situ generation of the tetraanion TTFtt4−. Capping of TTFtt4− with Bu2Sn2+ units dramatically improves the stability of the TTFtt moiety and furthermore enables the isolation of a redox series where the TTF core carries the formal charges of 0, +1, and +2. All of these redox congeners show efficient and clean transmetalation to Ni and Pd resulting in an analogous series of bimetallic complexes capped by 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (dppe) ligands. Furthermore, by using the same transmetalation method, we synthesized analogous palladium complexes capped by 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (dppf) which had been previously reported. All of these species have been thoroughly characterized through a systematic survey of chemical and electronic properties by techniques including cyclic voltammetry (CV), ultraviolet-visible-near infrared spectroscopy (UV-vis-NIR), electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). These detailed synthetic and spectroscopic studies highlight important differences between the transmetalation strategy presented here and previously reported synthetic methods for the installation of TTFtt. In addition, the utility of this stabilization strategy can be illustrated by the observation of unusual TTF radical–radical packing in the solid state and dimerization in the solution state. Theoretical calculations based on variational 2-electron reduced density matrix methods have been used to investigate these unusual interactions and illustrate fundamentally different levels of covalency and overlap depending on the orientations of the TTF cores. Taken together, this work demonstrates that tin-capped TTFtt units are ideal reagents for the installation of redox-tunable TTFtt ligands enabling the generation of entirely new geometric and electronic structures.
Detection of Inflicted Bruises by Alternate Light: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Bruises are often difficult to detect on victims of violence, potentially impacting investigation and prosecution. The purpose of our randomized controlled trial was to measure the effectiveness of an alternate light source (ALS) within visible and long ultraviolet spectrums at improving bruise detection compared to white light over time. We also examined the effects of skin color, age, gender, localized fat, and injury mechanism on bruise detection. Participants included 157 healthy adults with balanced sampling across six skin color categories. Bruises were created under the controlled application of a paintball pellet and dropped weight to one upper and lower arm, respectively. Using a crossover design, both bruises were examined 21 times over 4 weeks. Ten different wavelength (350-535 nm) and filter (yellow, orange, red) combinations were used. Multilevel models were used to analyze 2903 examinations on both upper and lower arms. Results in multivariable models showed after controlling for other covariates 415 and 450 nm using a yellow filter had greater odds of detecting evidence of bruising than white light (Upper Arm: 415 nm: OR = 5.34, 95% CI: 4.35-6.56; 450 nm: OR = 4.08, 95% CI: 3.36-4.96). Under either light source, being female and having more localized fat had increased odds of detecting bruises created by the dropped weight (female: OR = 2.96, 95% CI: 2.37-3.70; fat: OR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.09-1.34). Our results support ALS as an appropriate tool to enhance concurrent physical assessment of bruises in the presence of known history of injury. Future development and evaluation of clinical practice guidelines for ALS application are needed.
Modeling the Supporting Ecosystem Services of Depressional Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes

We explored how a geographic information system modeling approach could be used to quantify supporting ecosystem services related to the type, abundance, and distribution of landscape components. Specifically, we use the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs model to quantify habitats that support amphibians and birds, floral resources that support pollinators, native-plant communities that support regional biodiversity, and above- and below-ground carbon stores in the Des Moines Lobe ecoregion of the U.S. We quantified services under two scenarios, one that represented the 2012 Des Moines Lobe landscape, and one that simulated the conversion to crop production of wetlands and surrounding uplands conserved under the USDA Agricultural Conservation Easement Program (ACEP). While ACEP easements only covered 0.35% of the ecoregion, preserved wetlands and grasslands provided for 19,020 ha of amphibian habitat, 21,462 ha of grassland-bird habitat, 18,798 ha of high-quality native wetland plants, and 27,882 ha of floral resources for pollinators. Additionally, ACEP protected lands stored 257,722 t of carbon that, if released, would result in costs in excess of 45-million USD. An integrated approach using results from a GIS-based model in combination with process-based model quantifications will facilitate more informed decisions related to ecosystem service tradeoffs.
Utilizing Relationships as Resources: Social and Emotional Learning and Self-Efficacy

There is pressure on teachers to increase student academic achievement, yet there is not a similar pressure for teachers to support students’ social and emotional development and mental health. These factors are important if teachers are to positively affect student outcomes, including those who are disengaged or disadvantaged. The author purports that English language arts instruction lends itself naturally to a classroom culture that has opportunities to communicate, show care, connect, and collaborate in a community. Language and literacy learning entail behaviors, attitudes, unique tools, skills, the ability to interact in different settings and to rely on multiple identities. Fisher cites the literature on collective teacher efficacy and the shared belief that educators have in their students’ abilities to achieve and grow in their identities. By acknowledging existing identities, students can be stretched in their learning of language, which then becomes a tool for developing new identities and enhancing their self-efficacy.
Conjuring Abolition Phonography in A Record Album Interpretation

The Wooster Group’s 2017 The B-Side: “Negro Folklore from Texas State Prisons,” A Record Album Interpretation has three actors reanimate a 1965 vinyl LP of prison work songs. This formally simple p...
An Asynchronous FPGA THx2 Programmable Cell for Mitigating Side-Channel Attacks

One approach to mitigate side-channel attacks (SCAs) is to use clockless, asynchronous digital logic. To simplify this process, we propose a unique asynchronous FPGA based on a new THx2 programmable threshold cell. At a minimum, FPGAs require a programmable logic cell that can implement a complete set of logic so that it can be connected through the programmable interconnect network to form any digital system. To meet that criteria, we take advantage of CMOS transistors to implement a programmable THx2 threshold cell capable of performing both TH12 and TH22 asynchronous operations. Our complete sixteen transistor FPGA cell includes eight transistors to implement the base THx2 threshold operation, three transistors to switch between the TH12 and TH22 modes, and five memory cell transistors for mode storage. Our unique minimal transistor, programmable THx2 implementation enables formation of a complete set of asynchronous threshold gates and a complete set of standard combinational logic functions. The symmetric nature of the FPGA cell, in regard to the number of transistors (eight NMOS and eight PMOS), makes it ideal for a four row by four column transistor grid with a nearly square, easily array-able layout. It should be noted our THx2 cell is highly compact and suitable for implementing a clockless, asynchronous FPGA.
Abstract 295: Deep Learning and Electrical Impedance Tomography in the Prediction of Interventions Needed to Resuscitate From Hypoxic Pseudo-Pulseless Electrical Activity

Introduction: Pseudo-Pulseless Electrical Activity (p-PEA) is a form of profound cardiac shock defined as measurable cardiac activity without clinically detectable pulses. p-PEA has a distinct phys...
Granulicatella Adiacens as an Unusual Cause of Microbial Keratitis and Endophthalmitis: A Case Series and Literature Review

Purpose: To report two cases of microbial keratitis and/or endophthalmitis involving Granulicatella adiacens. Methods: Case series. Results: 24-year-old female with a history of Herpes simplex viru...
Detecting invasive breast carcinoma on dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI

Deep learning models have the potential to improve prediction of the presence of invasive breast cancer on MR images. Here we present a transfer learning framework for classifying dynamic contrast-enhanced MR images in two classes: those that have invasive breast carcinoma and those that are noninvasive (including benign findings and indolent cancers). We build and train several models based on a pre-trained VGG16 network and found that fine-tuning the last convolutional block is the best strategy for our small data scenario. Our model was trained and evaluated using 81 female patients who had a pre-operative MRI followed by surgery. All lesions have ground truth labels from the surgical pathology reports. We used a bounding box to generate cropped images centered on the lesion and extract multiple slices per lesion. Our network achieved an AUC of 0.83±0.05, sensitivity 0.83±0.16 and specificity 0.71±0.11 in predicting the presence of invasive cancer in the breast. We compared our results with state-of-the-art methods and found that our model is more accurate in distinguishing invasive from noninvasive lesions. Finally, the visual inspection of the class activation maps allowed us to better understand the decision process of our deep learning classifiers.
Embolization of uterine arteriovenous malformation causing postpartum hemorrhage using n-butyl cyanoacrylate: A case report

Uterine artery arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are rare anomalies that may result in uterine hemorrhage. A 40-year-old G8P5126 woman presented with severe vaginal bleeding and an estimated 2000 mL of blood loss at home. Three weeks prior, she had a vaginal delivery of a term infant resulting in post-partum hemorrhage, with 2700 mL of blood loss. The patient had a history of ectopic pregnancy, placenta previa, and dilatation and curettage. Interventional radiology was consulted, and the patient underwent angiography of the internal iliac and uterine arteries revealing the presence of a uterine AVM, which was successfully embolized using a thick mixture of n-butyl cyanoacrylate and lipiodol. The patient experienced no further episodes of bleeding and was discharged within 24 hours. Recognition of typical symptoms and risk factors for uterine arteriovenous malformations can facilitate early diagnosis and appropriate treatment.
Global tissue stiffness on breast MR elastography: High-risk dense breast patients have higher stiffness compared to average-risk dense breast patients.

10541Background: Biomechanical tissue properties may vary in the breasts of patients at elevated risk for breast cancer. We aim to quantify in vivo biomechanical tissue properties in various breast...
O42 Examining the Geospatial Characteristics of COVID-19 Pandemic Summer Meal Distribution Sites in North Carolina

Background School meals are an important social safety net. During the COVID-19 pandemic, schools and community organizations were able to serve meals through federal summer meals programs (SMP) to reach kids in need who were not in school. It is important to understand how access to these programs may have been impacted across sociodemographic characteristics to prevent exacerbation of health disparities in future public health emergencies. Objective To examine the geospatial characteristics of COVID-19 pandemic SMP distribution sites in North Carolina. Study Design, Setting, Participants Cross-sectional study of COVID-19 SMP distribution sites (n = 2,567) in North Carolina during the 2019-2020 school year. Measurable Outcome/Analysis GIS was used to conduct a geospatial analysis. Pandemic SMP sites were mapped and spatially joined to US Census sociodemographic data and USDA Food Desert Atlas data, including designated census tracts. SMP site service areas were created for rural (10-mile) and urban sites (3-mile), and sociodemographic data aggregated within these areas to understand reach. Summary sociodemographic and food environment characteristics of meal sites were generated, and bivariate analysis used to assess group differences. Results There was a school meal site in 71% (267/368) of Food Desert Census Tracts. Census Tracts with meal sites had significantly higher levels of percent poverty (18.8% vs 13.2%) (P Conclusion In North Carolina, meal sites were generally well placed to serve those in the most need. Future work should try to understand factors determining SMP location. The use of geospatial analysis of sociodemographic characteristics and use of spatial location-allocation modeling to inform meal distribution sites should be further explored to prevent future exacerbation of health disparities.
Theory of dichroic X-ray tomography and laminography.

Dichroic tomography is a 3D imaging technique in which the polarization of the incident beam is used to induce contrast due to the magnetization or orientation of a sample. The aim is to reconstruct not only the optical density but the dichroism of the sample. The theory of dichroic tomographic and laminographic imaging in the parallel-beam case is discussed as well as the problem of reconstruction of the sample's optical properties. The set of projections resulting from a tomographic/laminographic measurement is not sufficient to reconstruct the magnetic moment for magnetic circular dichroism unless additional constraints are applied or data are taken at two or more tilt angles. For linear dichroism, three polarizations or three tilt angles are required to provide enough information to reconstruct without constraints. Possible means of applying constraints are discussed. Furthermore, it is shown that for linear dichroism, the basic assumption that the absorption through a ray path is the integral of the absorption coefficient, defined on the volume of the sample, along the ray path, is not correct when dichroism or birefringence is strong. This assumption is fundamental to tomographic methods.
Online Court: Online Dispute Resolution & the Future of Small Claims

Advances in web technology are slowly starting to impact the resolution of disputes that had previously been handled in person. Online Dispute Resolution can broadly be defined as the use of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) techniques over the internet. Typical ODR cases involve small dollar amounts, distant parties, and often relatively obscure issues. ODR will be limited to such small dollar “online disputes” until the government drives the process by moving it’s court activities online. If technology is the “4th party” in such disputes, the court can act as a “5 party” and aid in bringing ODR to the mainstream of conflict resolution by providing much needed legitimacy. Small claims courts, with smaller dollar amounts and less complex issues, are ideally situated to transition their operations online. This paper discusses the implications of technology, online courts, and ODR in general on lawyers, ADR practitioners, and legal educators.
Politics of education for Japanese returnee children

Business expansion in the 1960s and its associated international strategies have meant that many Japanese company employees and their families were sent abroad on long‐term assignments. The children who accompanied their parents on such assignments and then returned to Japan were first described as ‘educational refugees’ and were regarded as culturally ambiguous, socially marginalized and academically disadvantaged. The Japanese government considered that special measures were needed for these children, as they had missed out on the standard education that they would otherwise have received. Consequently, it introduced various educational options so that they could reintegrate smoothly into Japanese society and its educational system. Later, in the 1980s, when ‘globalization’ became vital to Japan, the attributes associated with such children were recast and they began to be regarded as ‘valuable national assets’ for their supposed rich cross‐cultural awareness and bilingual abilities, the very qualities ...
Characterization of Spontaneously Formed Cerium-Based Conversion Coatings on Aluminum

Cerium oxide-based conversion coatings for aluminum alloys have been prepared by a spontaneous reaction between aluminum alloy test panels and a solution containing CeCl 3 . The effects of panel pre-treatment prior to coating, panel orientation in the coating solution, and coating time on coating morphology and performance were examined. Coating performance was evaluated by using ASTM B117 salt fog testing, and the optimal coating time was found to be between five and ten minutes. Coating morphology was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Coatings that were deposited on the downward facing side of test panels pre-treated by desmutting, degreasing, and acid activation performed well in salt fog testing. Coatings that performed well in salt fog testing consisted of cerium-rich spherical nodules approximately 250 nm in diameter embedded in a featureless cerium-containing matrix.
An Open Design for Computer-Aided Algorithmic Music Composition: athenaCL

This dissertation introduces a new design for a computer-aided algorithmic music composition system. Rather than exploring specific algorithms, this study focuses on system and component design. The design introduced here is demonstrated through its implementation in athenaCL, a modular, polyphonic, poly-paradigm algorithmic music composition system in a cross-platform interactive command-line environment. The athenaCL system offers an open-source, object-oriented composition tool written in Python. The system can be scripted and embedded, and includes integrated instrument libraries, post-tonal and microtonal pitch modeling tools, multiple-format graphical outputs, and musical output in Csound, MIDI, audio file, XML, and text formats. Software design analysis is framed within a broad historical and intertextual study of the themes, approaches, and systems of computer-aided algorithmic composition (CAAC). A detailed history of the earliest experiments, as well as analysis of the foundational CAAC systems, is provided. Common problems and interpretations of CAAC are then presented in a historical and intertextual context, drawn from the writings and systems of numerous composers and developers. Toward the goal of developing techniques of comparative software analysis, a survey of system design archetypes, based on seven descriptors of CAAC systems, is presented. With this foundation, athenaCL system components are analyzed in detail. System components are divided into abstractions of musical materials, abstractions of musical procedures, and system architecture. For each component, object models, Python examples, and diagrams are provided. Further, each component is given context in terms of its compositional implications and relation to alternative and related models from the history of CAAC.* *This dissertation is a compound document (contains both a paper copy and a CD as part of the dissertation). The CD requires the following system requirements: Windows MediaPlayer or RealPlayer.
Teaching and Doing Gender in African American Families

In this article, based on in-depth interviews with a nonrandom sample of 35 African American parents (25 mothers and 10 fathers), I explore the gender socialization of children in their families. Using the conceptual framework advanced by multiracial feminism, I explore how both race and class shape the gender ideologies and behaviors of parents. The findings reveal significant support for teaching children gender role equality; however, that support is mediated by social class status (defined by education) and patterns of social mobility. In this study, 21 respondents were classified as middle-class and 14 as lower-income parents. Social class status predicts religiosity, homophobia, and structural factors that may militate against full support for gender equality or foster contradictions between ideology and behavior. The results show the role of Black parents as active agents in the lives of their children and expand our knowledge about child socialization processes in Black families. The study also contributes to multiracial feminist theory and the emerging literature on the growing social class diversity among African Americans.
Constructing Models of Hidden Structure

The search for structure hidden inside of visible objects has been a universal research task in Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Philosophy, and other disciplines. Discovering hidden structure is an especially challenging type of constructive induction. Not only must all the elements of hidden structure be postulated by the discoverer, but they can only be verified by indirect evidence, available at the level of observable objects. In this paper we describe a framework for the automation of hidden structure discovery. We define what is meant by hidden structure and we present a number of operators that can build models of hidden structure step by step. Our models of hidden structure consist of hidden objects of several types, admissible combinations of hidden objects, the attributes of hidden objects and their combinations, a mapping between the hidden and the observed structure, and reactions described in terms of hidden objects. We analyze the discovery of atoms, genes, and quarks to demonstrate the generality of our operators. We demonstrate how domain knowledge on the visible level is useful in operator instantiation. We discuss efficient control structures, and we define the criteria for model evaluation. Because hidden structure cannot be verified by direct observations, a successful model must pass two stages of evaluation. First, the observational consequences must be confirmed, and second, the model must be unique in its simplicity class.
DIFFERENTIAL GEOMETRY OF ARFIMAPROCESSES

Autoregressive fractionally integrated moving average (ARFIMA) processes are widely used for modeling time series exhibiting both long-memory and short-memory behavior. Properties of Toeplitz matrices associated with the spectral density functions of Gaussian ARFIMAprocesses are used to compute differential geometric quantities.
The Interconnected Self: The Social Individual is More Than Just Social + Individual

Although decades of research provide consistent evidence supporting the perspective that the self is divided into social and personal components each with unique and predictable motivational associations, the current paper argues that something important has been overlooked. Specifically, what has been lost is the acknowledgment that although different components of self can be activated, and can have important implications, the two aspects of self are highly interconnected. Specifically in this paper, it is argued that (i) the independent self is affected by social motivations and (ii) the social self is affected by independent motivations. Two studies are presented in support of these hypotheses. We conclude by comparing our perspective with existing theories of the self and by discussing implications for the study of the self.
Effects of physical and mental demands on shoulder muscle fatigue

Mental demands have been associated with increased risk of injuries; however, its influence on muscle fatigability remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction of mental workload and physical workload on muscle fatigability during repetitive shoulder work. Twelve young participants, balanced by gender, performed shoulder abduction exercises until exhaustions at three levels of physical workload (low (5% maximum voluntary contraction (MVC)), moderate (35% MVC), and high (55% MVC)) in the absence and presence of a mental arithmetic test. Endurance time and rate of strength decline were employed as indicators of muscle fatigue. Concurrent physical and mental processing was found to adversely decrease muscle endurance by ~25% at the moderate intensity level. Furthermore, concurrent demands were associated with faster rate of strength decline compared to the control, irrespective of the physical intensity level. Findings from the current study provide evidence of the adverse effects of mental workload on muscle capacity (i.e., endurance and fatigue). It is therefore important to consider potential changes in worker capacity with concurrent physical and cognitive demands before designing work tasks/products.
Statistical Analysis for Nuclear Forensics Experiments

As with any type of forensics, nuclear forensics seeks to infer historical information using models and data. This article connects nuclear forensics and calibration. We present statistical analyses of a calibration experiment that connect several responses to the associated set of input values and then ‘make a measurement’ using the calibration model. Previous and upcoming real experiments involving production of PuO2 powder motivate this article. Both frequentist and Bayesian approaches are considered, and we report findings from a simulation study that compares different analysis methods for different underlying responses between inputs and responses, different numbers of responses, different amounts of natural variability, and replicated or non-replicated calibration experiments and new measurements. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining: The ASA Data Science Journal, 2015
SilicononInsulator Based Technologies

This chapter contains sections titled: SOI CMOS for Low Power Systems Back Gated CMOS on SOIAS for Dynamic Threshold Voltage Control Design of Low Power CMOS/SOI Devices and Circuits for Memory and Signal Processing Applications A Dynamic Threshold Voltage MOSFET (DTMOS) for Very Low Voltage Operation A 0.5V SIMOX-MTCMOS Circuit with 200ps Logic Gate
Challenging research issues in data mining, databases and information retrieval

Data mining research along with related fields such as databases and information retrieval poses challenging problems, especially for doctoral students. The research spreads over a variety of topics such as text mining, semantic web, multilingual information analysis, heterogeneous data management, database learning, digital libraries and more. Much of this research cuts across multiple fields and presents interesting issues for discussion at conferences with a confluence of several tracks. The ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management provides an excellent environment for presenting such research problems spanning the three tracks of database systems, information retrieval and knowledge management. This article provides an overview of the dissertation problems presented at a Ph.D. workshop in the ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management. The goal of such workshops is to allow students to showcase their creative ideas at an early stage. This enables experts to critique their work and also gives the students an opportunity to exchange their thoughts with each other, besides providing excellent networking opportunities with industry and academia. This article provides an overview of the papers presented at the Ph.D workshop. It serves as a motivation for researchers to delve deeper into the innovative dissertation problems summarized here and the related work in these areas.
STUDIES OF NEOTROPICAL CADDISFLIES, LXI: NEW SPECIES OF LEPTONEMA GUERIN (TRICHOPTERA: HYDROPSYCHIDAE)

Abstract Eight new species of the genus Leptonema are described from South America, bringing the total described New World species to 106. The males are described and their genitalia figured for all: Leptonema anomalum (Peru), L. bifurcatodes (Brazil), L. coronatum (Venezuela), L. cressae (Venezuela), L. lineaticorne (Peru, Brazil), L. macacu (Brazil), L. nubestre (Colombia), and L. sociale (Ecuador, Peru).
Asymmetrical Force Production in the Maneuvering Flight of Pigeons

Downstroke force produced by Rock Doves (Columba livia) as they negotiated an obstacle course was measured using in vivo recordings of delto-pectoral crest strain. Dur- ing this slow (<6 m s-'), maneuvering flight, pigeons produced a series of four to six suc- cessive wingbeats in which the wing on the outside of the turn produced greater peak force than the wing on the inside of the turn, suggesting that the birds maneuvered in a saltatory manner during slow flight. This asymmetrical downstroke force may be used to increase or reestablish bank lost during upstroke, or it may be directed as thrust to compensate for ad- verse yaw or create excess yaw to alter the bird's direction of flight. Continuous production of asymmetrical downstroke force through a turn differs from the traditional model of ma- neuvering flight, in which asymmetrical force is used only to initiate a bank, the forces are briefly reversed to arrest the momentum of the roll and then equalized to maintain the es- tablished bank, and the redirected lift of the wings then effects a turn. Although this tra- ditional model probably describes most turns initiated during fast and gliding flight in birds, it underestimates the complexity of maneuvering during slow, flapping flight, where so- phisticated kinematics and neuromuscular control are needed to change direction effective-
A hierarchical artificial retina architecture

Connectivity in the human retina is complex. Over one hundred million photoreceptors transduce light into electrical signals. These electrical signals are sent to the ganglion cells through amacrine and bipolar cells. Lateral connections involving horizontal and amacrine cells span throughout the outer plexiform layer and inner plexiform layer respectively. Horizontal cells are important for photoreceptor regulation by depolarizing them after an illumination occurs. Horizontal cells themselves form an electrical network that communicates by gap junctions, and these cells exhibit plasticity (change in behavior and structure) with respect to glycine receptors. The bipolar and amacrine cells transfer electrical signals from photoreceptors to the ganglion cells. Furthermore, amacrine cells are responsible for further processing the retinal image. Finally, the ganglion cells receive electrical signals from the bipolar and amacrine cells and will spike at a faster rate if there is a change in the overall intensity for a group of photoreceptors, sending a signal to the brain. Dramatic progress is being made with respect to retinal prostheses, raising hope for an entire synthetic retina in the future. We propose a bio-inspired 3D hierarchical pyramidal architecture for a synthetic retina that mimics the overall structure of the human retina. We chose to use a 3D architecture to facilitate connectivity among retinal cells, maintaining a hierarchical structure similar to that of the biological retina. The first layer of the architecture contains electronic circuits that model photoreceptors and horizontal cells. The second layer contains amacrine and bipolar electronic cells, and the third layer contains ganglion cells. Layer I has the highest number of cells, and layer III has the lowest number of cells, resulting in a pyramidal architecture. In our proposed architecture we intend to use photodetectors to transduce light into electrical signals. We propose to employ wireless communication to mimic the gap junction behavior among horizontal cells. These cells could communicate laterally to neighboring horizontal cells through a network of spin wave transmitters and receivers that send magnetic waves over the surface of the first layer of the synthetic retina. We discuss the tradeoffs for having point-to-point connections versus a network on chip in the second layer. We examine the use of 3D CMOS technologies as well as nanotechnologies for the implementation of this retina, considering size, interconnectivity capabilities, and power consumption. Finally, we estimate the volume, delay and power dissipation of our architecture.
Diamond, Jagersfontein Mine, Free State Province, South Africa

(2000). Diamond, Jagersfontein Mine, Free State Province, South Africa. Rocks & Minerals: Vol. 75, No. 5, pp. 344-349.
Short-term memory processes in counting ☆

Abstract Four experiments examined the memory processes used to maintain location in a counting sequence. In Experiment 1, subjects who rapidly counted forward omitted many repeated-digit numbers (e.g., 77), as found previously with backward counting. Subjects in Experiment 2 counted backward with normal auditory feedback or with headphones through which white noise was channeled. In both cases, repeated-digit errors predominated, suggesting that the contents of short-term memory, rather than auditory sensory memory, are checked during counting. In Experiment 3, subjects silently wrote counting responses, and the omission errors resembled those in vocal counting. Repetition errors were also found and attributed to phonological recoding failures. Articulatory suppression in Experiment 4 greatly increased the number of repetition errors in the written counting task. A model of the counting process was proposed according to which subjects keep track of their location in the counting sequence by monitoring phonologically coded short-term memory representations of the numbers.
Feasibility of biomass domestic water heating: a case study

This paper describes a feasibility study of a biomass-powered hot water heater for domestic or small-scale use. A biomass reactor was designed and built to serve individuals at a golf course in Florida. The study found small-scale biomass reactor-powered heat exchangers to be useful as retrofitted preheaters to existing home water heating systems.
Severe astigmatic blur does not interfere with spectacle lens compensation.

PURPOSE. Whether either natural emmetropization or compensation for imposed spectacle lenses requires the visual system to distinguish myopic from hyperopic blur is controversial. Some have argued that the visual system need only respond to the magnitude of the blur. This study was undertaken to test whether adding large amounts of astigmatic image blur would cause myopia and interfere with compensation for positive or negative spectacle lenses. METHODS. Chicks were fitted with mixed astigmatic (toric) lenses with + 5 D on one meridian and - 5 D on the orthogonal meridian (Jackson crossed cylinders), thus producing massive blur while having no spherical equivalent power. Chicks wore these lenses either alone or in combination with +6 D, +3 D, - 3 D, or -6 D spherical lenses. To produce a similar degree of image degradation in a different way, other chicks were fitted with weak diffusers, with or without spherical lenses. RESULTS. Eyes fitted with astigmatic lenses alone became mildly hyperopic, whereas those fitted with weak diffusers became mildly myopic. Eyes wearing both the astigmatic and spherical lenses compensated as completely for the spherical lenses as did the eyes wearing spherical lenses alone-the compensation being caused by changes in both choroidal thickness and ocular length. Eyes wearing weak diffusers and spherical lenses also compensated but did so without a change in choroidal thickness. CONCLUSIONS. Severe astigmatic blur does not interfere with spectacle lens compensation. From this it can be inferred that the average amount of blur is not an important error signal for spectacle lens compensation and therefore probably not for emmetropization either. These results strengthen the case that the sign of defocus is used to direct eye growth.
Coming to terms with the nonmedical use of prescription medications

In this commentary we highlight limitations with the way nonmedical use of prescription medications has been measured in U.S. national studies. We also offer an alternative way of conceptualizing the nonmedical use of prescription medications for future study.
Estimating Recharge Rates Through Unsaturated Glacial Till by Tritium Tracing

A tritium profile obtained from a core located on the Tipton Till Plain near West Lafayette, Indiana, showed a “tritium reversal” (corresponding to a low-high-low activity of tritium relative to depth) at 7 m, indicating the present position of recharge water derived from 1963/64 precipitation. The average recharge rate calculated using the tritium data is 3.5 cm/yr for the “mass-balance” method and 4.7 cm/yr for the “transit-time” method. The average of 4.1 cm/yr is in reasonable agreement with Arihood's (1982) estimate of 5.1 cm/yr for tills, based on numerical modeling of data from a water-budget study in the White River basin of Indiana. Two other cores, located on a nearby topographically lower slope, showed no definite reversal in tritium activity, probably because of lateral flow components at these locations. To be applied, the tritium technique should assess the contribution of summer and winter precipitation to recharge because tritium activities tend to peak in spring and summer precipitation. Contrary to the usual assumptions that recharge to aquifers in temperate zones of the northern hemisphere occurs between October and April, stable isotopic data of well water in the study area indicate that an appreciable amount of annual recharge (about 34%) actually occurs between April and October.
Late effects in cancer survivors: “the shared care model”.

Advances continue to be made in the field of pediatric oncology ever since treatment for childhood cancer began in 1948. Since then, there has been exponential progress in the care for children with cancer as reflected in the current survival rates, which approach 90%. With such incredible survival rates, the number of childhood cancer survivors has increased significantly, with present estimates being above 300,000 in the United States alone. This success has, however, not been without cost. Long-term studies of cancer survivors have brought to light specific adverse effects of therapy, which often present years after treatment is finished, termed “late effects.” Over the years, it has become apparent that monitoring for and treating these late effects of treatment is essential for the continuing health of young cancer survivors. It is now well recognized that childhood cancer survivors require long-term follow-up care given by an integrated team of qualified and invested specialty-care providers in collaboration with their primary caregivers. These teams deliver care using a risk-based approach, following a systematic plan for lifelong screening, surveillance, and prevention that incorporates risks based on the previous cancer, cancer therapy, genetic predispositions, lifestyle behaviors, and co-morbid health conditions.
Apparent Foveal Displacement in Normal Subjects and in Cyclotropia

The average location of the fovea in relation to the optic nerve head was determined on fixation photographs from both eyes of 50 non-strabismic subjects. It was found to be 0.3 disc diameters below a horizontal line extended through the geometric center of the optic disc. The range of interocular and inter-individual variations from this position has been described. With the availability of this information, ophthalmoscopy and fundus photography have become useful ancillary tools in the diagnosis of cyclodeviations.
Observable indicators of the sensitivity of PM2.5 nitrate to emission reductions—Part I: Derivation of the adjusted gas ratio and applicability at regulatory-relevant time scales

Chemical transport models have frequently been used to evaluate the impacts of emission reductions on inorganic PM2.5. However, such models are limited in their accuracy by uncertain estimates of the spatial and temporal characterization of emissions and meteorology. Site-specific observations can more accurately characterize the distribution of pollutants, but cannot predict the effectiveness of emission controls. In this research, we use equilibrium theory and a chemical transport model to find observable indicators that are robust predictors of the change in PM2.5 nitrate due to changes in NH3, SO2, and NOx emissions. Two conditions are necessary: (1) the indicator must be valid at both instantaneous equilibrium and regulatory (daily and monthly) time-scales and (2) the indicator must be able to explain the majority of the spatial and temporal variance in the PM2.5 nitrate sensitivity. We find that the ratio of free ammonia to total nitrate meets these conditions during the winter in the Eastern United States. This observable ratio can be used to predict the percent change in PM2.5 nitrate due to SO2 and NH3 emissions reductions with nearly zero bias when compared with an emission driven chemical transport model. This permits a novel method for estimating the effectiveness of emission control strategies. The chemical transport model can be used to derive the relationship between the observed concentrations and the change in nitrate due to emission changes. Then observations can be used to apply that relationship to specific locations of interest.
Use of expert-systems programming techniques for the design of lead-lag compensators

The authors discuss the application of expert systems programming techniques to the design of lead-lag compensators for a linear, single-input/single-output, continuous-time plant. A design method based on first adjusting the high-frequency response with lead and constant-gain compensators followed by adjusting the low-frequency response with lag compensators has been developed. This design heuristic is presented and its ability to achieve specifications for a range of different plants is discussed. The heuristic has been implemented using the production rule knowledge representation; examples of production rules are given and their use is discussed. Inference-engine capabilities and extensions to a conventional analysis and design package, required to implement this automatic control system design method, are also outlined.
Joint disease in mice thyroidectomized with radio-iodine I131.

SummaryIn DBA mice “thyroidecto-mized” with I131, articular lesions were observed which differ from the degenerative joint disease occurring spontaneously in aging mice. Males were more susceptible to the joint disease than females. In males, there was a strong positive correlation between the incidence of hypophyseal tumors induced by the isotope and the incidence of articular lesions, while in females this correlation was less obvious.
The Decision Problem for Formulas with a Small Number of Atomic Subformulas

In this paper we consider classes of quantificational formulas specified by restrictions on the number of atomic subformulas appearing in a formula. Little seems to be known about the decision problem for such classes, except that the class whose members contain at most two distinct atomic subformulas is decidable [2]. (We use “decidable” and “undecidable” throughout with respect to satisfiability rather than validity. All undecidable problems to which we refer are of maximal r.e. degree.) The principal result of this paper is the undecidability of the class of those formulas containing five atomic subformulas and with prefixes of the form ∀∃∀…∀. In fact, we show the undecidability of two sub-classes of this class: one (Theorem 1) consists of formulas whose matrices are in disjunctive normal form with two disjuncts; the other (Corollary 1) consists of formulas whose matrices are in conjunctive normal form with three conjuncts. (Theorem 1 sharpens Orevkov's result [8] that the class of formulas in disjunctive normal form with two disjuncts is undecidable.) A second corollary of Theorem 1 shows the undecidability of the class of formulas with prefixes of the form ∀…∀∃, containing six atomic subformulas, and in conjunctive normal form with three conjuncts. These restrictions to prefixes ∀∃∀…∀ and ∀…∀∃ are optimal. For by a result of the first author [5], any class of prenex formulas obtained by restricting both the number of atomic formulas and the number of universal quantifiers is reducible to a finite class of formulas, and so each such class is decidable; and the class of formulas with prefixes ∃…∃∀…∀ is, of course, decidable.
Are We Preparing Adolescents with Learning Disabilities to Cope with Social Issues

The staff of the Journal of Learning Disabilities receives a number of research reports that we and the consulting editors believe would be of interest to some of the readers. Because of space constraints it is not possible to publish all of these manuscripts. Consequently, we ask some authors to provide us with a brief discussion of their study and findings to publish as a “Research Brief.” Readers who wish a copy of the entire report should write directly to the author(s).—JLWPoor thinking skills, social skills deficits, and a weak information base may affect adolescents with learning disabilities in their ability to make appropriate decisions regarding social issues and may make them more vulnerable to resulting negative consequences. Research on instruction in social issues will be discussed.