cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of ethanol and inhibitors on the binding and metabolism of acetaminophen and N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine by hepatic microsomes from control and ethanol-treated rats

Acetaminophen is metabolized by cytochrome P450 to N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NABQI). This metabolite reacts with critical cellular macromolecules to give toxicity. The administration of 10% ethanol in the drinking water to 100 g male rats for 6 weeks markedly increases the toxicity of acetaminophen. This increase was associated with a 71% increase in microsomal protein binding of acetaminophen [4.8 pmol/min/mg protein in control microsomes versus 8.2 pmol/min/mg protein in ethanol microsomes (P less than 0.01)] and a 131% increase in aniline hydroxylase [0.52 nmol/min/mg protein in control microsomes versus 1.20 nmol/min/mg protein in ethanol microsomes (P less than 0.001)]. On the other hand, cysteine conjugation of acetaminophen showed an increase of only 12% [2.8 nmol/min/mg protein in control microsomes versus 3.1 nmol/min/mg protein in ethanol microsomes (P less than 0.05)]. Ethylmorphine- and benzphetamine N-demethylases did not increase. In microsomes from both control and ethanol animals, imidazole (1 mM) inhibited the two N-demethylases, aniline hydroxylation and acetaminophen binding by 85-95% but inhibited the cysteine conjugation by only 50%. For control and ethanol animals, both 80% CO/20% O2 and SKF-525A (1 mM) totally inhibited cysteine conjugation but only inhibited the other activities by about 36-60%. KCN (1 mM) had no effect on any of the activities except protein binding (60-67% inhibition). Scavengers of reactive oxygen [mannitol (1 mM), dimethyl sulfoxide (1 mM), superoxide dismutase (15 micrograms/mL) and catalase (65 micrograms/mL)] had no effect on any of the reactions. Of all these treatments only CO/O2 decreased the protein binding and cysteine conjugation of NABQI in the presence of either NADP+ or NADPH. The data from the inhibitor studies and the effect of ethanol on acetaminophen and NABQI metabolism would suggest that protein binding and cysteine conjugation are catalyzed by different isozymes of cytochrome P450. Finally, the current results indicate that the increased toxicity of acetaminophen observed with ethanol more closely parallels the increase in protein binding activity rather than cysteine conjugation.
Actomyosin-based Retrograde Flow of Microtubules in the Lamella of Migrating Epithelial Cells Influences Microtubule Dynamic Instability and Turnover and Is Associated with Microtubule Breakage and Treadmilling

We have discovered several novel features exhibited by microtubules (MTs) in migrating newt lung epithelial cells by time-lapse imaging of fluorescently labeled, microinjected tubulin. These cells exhibit leading edge ruffling and retrograde flow in the lamella and lamellipodia. The plus ends of lamella MTs persist in growth perpendicular to the leading edge until they reach the base of the lamellipodium, where they oscillate between short phases of growth and shortening. Occasionally “pioneering” MTs grow into the lamellipodium, where microtubule bending and reorientation parallel to the leading edge is associated with retrograde flow. MTs parallel to the leading edge exhibit significantly different dynamics from MTs perpendicular to the cell edge. Both parallel MTs and photoactivated fluorescent marks on perpendicular MTs move rearward at the 0.4 μm/min rate of retrograde flow in the lamella. MT rearward transport persists when MT dynamic instability is inhibited by 100-nM nocodazole but is blocked by inhibition of actomyosin by cytochalasin D or 2,3-butanedione–2-monoxime. Rearward flow appears to cause MT buckling and breaking in the lamella. 80% of free minus ends produced by breakage are stable; the others shorten and pause, leading to MT treadmilling. Free minus ends of unknown origin also depolymerize into the field of view at the lamella. Analysis of MT dynamics at the centrosome shows that these minus ends do not arise by centrosomal ejection and that ∼80% of the MTs in the lamella are not centrosome bound. We propose that actomyosin-based retrograde flow of MTs causes MT breakage, forming quasi-stable noncentrosomal MTs whose turnover is regulated primarily at their minus ends.
DEXAMETHASONE VERSUS HYDROCORTISONE FOR HYPOTENSION REFRACTORY TO HIGH DOSE INOTROPIC AGENTS AND INCIDENCE OF CANDIDA INFECTION IN EXTREMELY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANTS. † 1425

DEXAMETHASONE VERSUS HYDROCORTISONE FOR HYPOTENSION REFRACTORY TO HIGH DOSE INOTROPIC AGENTS AND INCIDENCE OF CANDIDA INFECTION IN EXTREMELY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANTS. † 1425
Investigation, evaluation, and priority ranking of natural areas

Abstract Texas experience suggests that amateur naturalists will be heavily involved in preliminary ecological surveys of natural areas, hence a simple key for identification of community-types is presented. Line intercept transects are suggested for amateur use in providing standardised quantitative data on the physiognomy of natural areas. A scheme for the evaluation of each area utilises the weighted values of climax condition, educational suitability, species significance, community representation, and human impact through multiplicative scoring to give a natural area score. With the weighted values-multiplicative scoring scheme, natural areas are clearly distinguished in priority for acquisition.
The metabolism of O-(4-bromo-2, 5-dichlorophenyl) O-methyl phenylphosphonothioate (leptophos) in white mice and on cotton plants.

The metabolism of14C-labeled leptophos (O-methylO-4-bromo-2, 5-dichlorophenyl phenylphosphonothioate), a new phosphonothioate insecticide chemical, was examined in the white mouse and the cotton plant. Leptophos, administered orally to the mouse, is rapidly metabolized and excreted as degradation products, principally in the urine. The major degradation products are 4-bromo-2, 5-dichlorophenol (in the form of conjugates),O-methyl phenylphosphonothioic acid, methyl phenylphosphonic acid, and phenylphosphonic acid. Small amounts of unchanged leptophos and leptophos oxon occur in the mouse feces. In general, the same alteration products are also obtained when leptophos is applied to the leaf surface of cotton plants. However, leptophos is quite stable on the cotton plant and the major portion of the radioactive material recovered from the plant is unchanged leptophos. The results indicate that leptophos is useful as a long-term residual insecticide without the problem of biomagnification in the food chain.
A comprehensive model of magnetic particle motion during magnetic drug targeting

Abstract Magnetic drug targeting (MDT) is a noninvasive medical technique that has been proposed for treating localized diseases. An ideal treatment would involve chemically binding the drug to magnetic particles, injecting the particles into the bloodstream, magnetically steering them through the arterial network, and trapping them near the diseased area. With the goal of understanding and optimizing magnetic particle control, a model was developed to describe the motion of a cluster of small magnetic particles in blood. All forces expected to significantly affect the particles were incorporated, including interparticle magnetic force, dispersion due to collisions between particles and blood cells, and complex viscous force accounting for the shear thinning nature of blood. The model was used to simulate the motion of a cluster of particles in two artery-inspired geometries: a straight tube and an asymmetric bifurcation. The results showed that it is possible to slow down a particle cluster in a straight tube but not stop it completely. Particle diffusion plays a key role in limiting the magnetic control effectiveness. Steering the cluster down a selected branch of a bifurcation is more successful. Practical magnetic field gradients can produce large increases in the probability that particles will enter the desired branch.
Metrics and an Infrastructure Model to Evaluate Data Center Efficiency

This work describes two data center efficiency metrics: Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) and Compute Power Efficiency (CPE). PUE characterizes the fraction of the total data center power used for IT work. CPE characterizes the overall data center efficiency, considering IT equipment utilization as well as how power is used in the data center. The PUE results from three data center studies are presented here. The data suggests that a carefully designed and managed data center has a PUE of 2.0. More studies are required to determine the range of values for the typical data center. A data center infrastructure and energy cost model is presented to compare hardware costs to infrastructure and energy costs. The impact of PUE on these costs is examined to illustrate the impact of data center efficiency on the total cost of operating a data center.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
A Quantitative Analysis of Dress Dimensions: Comparison of Models for Taiwan and the United States from 1966 to 1986

This research compared variations in the six dress dimensions measured by Richardson and Kroeber (1940) occurring over a 21-year period in Taiwan and the United States. The sample was drawn from il...
Disasters, climate change, and economic development in Sub-Saharan Africa : lessons and future directions

This paper explores the links among natural disasters, climate change, and economic development. It attempts to outline a framework for thinking about these links. The paper summarizes the limited knowledge of the long-term economic impact of natural disasters. It is necessary to draw links among disasters, conflicts, resource management, and other transmission channels to develop an appropriate response to natural disasters. The paper argues that African governments, along with their development partners, need to develop a more robust adaptation and response capability to disasters as part of their overall development planning. The paper makes the case for more market-based financing mechanisms than have been used hitherto and for an emphasis on forecasting research. It also argues for more work on the links between climate change and disasters and a new way of looking at disaster resilience as a continuum to development strategies.
Gadolinium triflate: an efficient and convenient catalyst for acetylation of alcohols and amines

Abstract Gadolinium triflate (Gd(OTf)3) was found to be a simple and efficient catalyst for the acetylation of alcohols and amines. Acetylation reactions using acetic anhydride as the reagent proceed in excellent yields, in the presence of catalytic amounts (0.01–0.1 mol%) of Gd(OTf)3, at ambient temperature. Aliphatic alcohols as well as phenols and amines undergo acetylations under mild conditions. The intermediate formation of the mixed anhydride, acetic trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride was demonstrated by 13C NMR spectroscopy experiments.
Differentiation of cancellation policies in the U.S. hotel industry

Abstract Hotel cancellation policies not only generate revenues but also affect consumers’ reservation behaviors. The objective of this study is to develop the typology of hotel cancellation policies with regard to cancellation fees and deadlines. A nationwide survey of cancellation policies was conducted in order to understand the cancellation policies that are practiced in the U.S. hotel industry. Multiple correspondence analysis was used to spatially map cancellation policies with fees and deadlines, followed by a two-step cluster analysis identifying hotel segments. The results indicate that U.S. hotels could be grouped into two mutually exclusive segments. Each of the hotel segments possesses unique characteristics. This study shows that hotel differentiation is important in setting cancellation policies.
Reasons for and against maternal HIV disclosure to children and perceived child reaction

This study explores the decision making of 66 HIV-positive women regarding disclosing their serostatus to their children and the child's perceived immediate and long-term reactions. Data came from a larger investigation of the disclosure process of HIV-infected women. Children included 27 boys and 39 girls between the ages 5 and 18 years. Forty-one children knew of their mother's diagnosis and 32 were disclosed to by their mother. Results suggest that women are interested in taking a leading role in disclosing to their children and make the decision based on the child's ability to handle the information and not be psychologically harmed.
A case for intelligent disks (IDISKs)

Decision support systems (DSS) and data warehousing workloads comprise an increasing fraction of the database market today. I/O capacity and associated processing requirements for DSS workloads are increasing at a rapid rate, doubling roughly every nine to twelve months [38]. In response to this increasing storage and computational demand, we present a computer architecture for decision support database servers that utilizes “intelligent” disks (IDISKs). IDISKs utilize low-cost embedded general-purpose processing, main memory, and high-speed serial communication links on each disk. IDISKs are connected to each other via these serial links and high-speed crossbar switches, overcoming the I/O bus bottleneck of conventional systems. By off-loading computation from expensive desktop processors, IDISK systems may improve cost-performance. More importantly, the IDISK architecture allows the processing of the system to scale with increasing storage demand.
Synthesis of DNA fragments in yeast by one-step assembly of overlapping oligonucleotides

Here it is demonstrated that the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae can take up and assemble at least 38 overlapping single-stranded oligonucleotides and a linear double-stranded vector in one transformation event. These oligonucleotides can overlap by as few as 20 bp, and can be as long as 200 nucleotides in length. This straightforward scheme for assembling chemically-synthesized oligonucleotides could be a useful tool for building synthetic DNA molecules.
Evidence against plant “apparency” as a constraint on evolution of insect search efficiency (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

Two conspecific butterfly populations (Euphydryas editha, “Edith's checkerspot”) have each undergone evolutionary diet expansion. Within each population, butterflies oviposited on two morphologically distinct host species. Using a traditional definition of apparency, insects searched efficiently for an unapparent host that was longstanding but inefficiently for an unapparent host that was novel. This is interpreted as indicating that search efficiency evolves after colonization of a novel host regardless of the plant's visual “apparency.” Discussion of the result indicates that apparency should be defined nonanthropomorphically in the context of a specified insect's perceptual abilities.
Opacity Transfer Function Optimization for Volume-rendered Computed Tomography Images of the Prostate1

Rationale and Objectives The selection of an opacity transfer function is essential for volume visualization. Computed tomography (CT) scans of the pelvis were used to determine an optimal opacity transfer function for use in radiotherapy. Materials and Methods On sample datasets (a mathematical phantom and a patient pelvis CT scan), standard viewing orientations were selected to render the prostate. Opacity functions were selected via (1) trapezoidal manual selection, (2) trapezoidal semiautomatic selection, and (3) histogram volume-based selection. Using an established metric, the errors using each of these methods were computed. Results Trapezoidal manual opacity function optimization resulted in visually acceptable images, but the errors were considerable (6.3–9.1 voxel units). These errors could be reduced with the use of trapezoidal semiautomatic selection (4.9–6.2 voxel units) or with histogram volume-based selection (4.8–7.9 voxel units). As each visualization algorithm focused on enhancing the boundary of the prostate using a different approach, the scene information was considerably different using the three techniques. Conclusion Improved volume visualization of soft tissue interfaces was achieved using automated optimal opacity function determination, compared with manual selection.
Asymptotic performance of distributed-decision fusion systems with binary and multilevel memoryless nonlinearities

The asymptotic performance of binary- and multilevel-logic distributed decision fusion systems is studied. We define as perfect detectability the condition at which the detection probability at the fusion approaches one as the number of available decisions at the fusion approaches infinity, while the false alarm probability approaches zero. We investigate the performance of the fusion when the sensors transmit to the fusion the output of binary or multi-level memoryless nonlinearities. When the binary or multi-level decisions that the sensors transmit are independent conditioned on either hypothesis, it is shown that, under a Neyman-Pearson fusion rule, perfect detectability is achievable at an exponential rate for similar and dissimilar sensors, provided that the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) of each sensor lies above a lower bound ROC. The lower bound ROC has been calculated numerically for the case of similar sensors. The resulting lower bound ROC is very 'liberal,' in the sense that the ROC of any reasonable detector lies above it.
Maize leaf proteases and their effect on endogenous inorganic pyrophosphatase

Abstract Several different proteolytic enzymes are present in leaf and root tissue of maize seedlings. The activity of these enzymes diminishes to a basal level by the time seedling height reaches 20–30 cm. We have partially characterized an endopeptidase with trypsin-like specificity and two aminopeptidases, all from leaf tissue, and compared them to previously reported proteases from maize. Both the endopeptidase and the aminopeptidases degrade the maize leaf enzyme, inorganic pyrophosphatase. Modification of the pyrophosphatase by the peptidases results in the formation of catalytically active, electrophoretically distinct products. The aminopeptidases have little effect on several other maize leaf enzymes, but also modify yeast inorganic pyrophosphatase.
Extension of Gurevich-Harrington's restricted memory determinacy theorem: a criterion for the winning player and an explicit class of winning strategies

Abstract We extend Gurevich-Harrington's Restricted Memory Determinacy Theorem(i.e.Theorem 5 from Gurevich and Harrington (1982)), which served in their paper as a tool to give their celebrated “short proof” of Robin's decision method for S2S. We generalize the determinacy problem by attaching to the game two opposing strategies called restraints, and by asking “which player has a strategy which is a refinement of the restraint for the player and such that it wins (starting from a given position) the game against the restraint of the opponent?” We give a solution for the Determinacy with Restraints Problem in the class of strategies with restricted memory for the GH games. The solution includes a criterion for the winning player and an explicit (i.e. without a reference to the opponent) class of winning strategies. A determinacy result which includes similar information was first discovered by Buchi and Landweber (1969) and extended by Buchi (1981, 1983). However, these pioneering works do not consider the determinacy with restraints. Also, the explicit presentation of winning strategies in these insightful papers does not emphasize their modular construction (i.e. construction from the strategies realizing subordinate goals) as do GH's and our proofs. In our view, this is a source of a difficulty in understanding these papers. Games with restraints and modular construction of winning strategies have applications to the semantics, development and verification of concurrent programs. A concurrent program can be viewed as a strategy in a certain game and a program specification can be regarded as a combination of a winning condition and restraints for the game (see Nerode, A. Yakhnis and V. Yakhnis (1989), A. Yakhnis (1989) and V. Yakhnis (1989)). The modularity of a winning strategyfor the game helps to generate a concurrent program from the strategy that satisfies the specification (Nerode, A. Yakhnis and V. Yakhnis (1989)). It turns out that such program specification requirements as mutual exclusion and an absence of a lockout or a deadlock are naturally represented as Buchi's or Gurevich-Harrington's winning conditions. The present paper can be read independently of the paper by Gurevich and Harrington (1982).
Synthesis and Sintering Behavior of Ultrafine (<10 nm) Magnesium Aluminate Spinel Nanoparticles

This article reports a comparative characterization of ultrafine MgAl2O4 spinel nanoparticles synthesized by polymeric precursor (Pechini) and coprecipitation methods. The nanoparticles were evaluated in terms of purity and surface cleanliness, size distribution, state of agglomeration, and sintering behavior. Powders synthesized by the Pechini technique were highly agglomerated and revealed a bimodal particle size distribution centered around 12 and 27 nm. Thermal analysis and infrared spectroscopy measurements indicated that carbon species remained on the surface of the powders only to be released when temperatures exceeded 1000°C. Isothermal sintering of such nanopowders at 1300°C showed a maximum relative density of only 54%. MgAl2O4 synthesized via coprecipitation created small nanoparticles, around 5–6 nm after calcination at 800°C, with significantly less agglomeration. Compared with the precursor-derived powders, excellent sinterability of the coprecipitated powders was obtained under the same sintering conditions. Relative densities above 90% were obtained after only 10 min, which further increased to greater than 95% after 20 min with no sintering aids or dopants. The results highlight the importance of purity and processing control to exploit the beneficial high sinterability of nanoparticles.
Guinea pig lung diphosphopyridine nucleotidase in realtion to weight (age).

IN the course of experiments on the possible participation of diphosphopyridine nucleotide (DPN) and diphosphopyridine nucleotidase (DPNase, hydrolysing DPN at the nicotinamide–ribose link) in anaphylactic reactions in sensitized guinea pig lung, it was incidentally discovered that DPNase activity in lung varies with the weight of the animal. In early experiments it was noted that heavy guinea pigs (approximately 500–800 gm.) sensitized with bovine serum albumin consistently had high levels of DPNase activity in their lungs, whereas smaller animals had lower levels. These coarse observations led us to investigate the relation of lung DPNase activity to weight of animal. Since the weight of a guinea pig is approximately linearly related to its age, at least during the first 12 weeks of life, the data can be considered also in relation to age.
Study of cooperative grain boundary sliding by using macroscopic marker lines

Grain boundary sliding (GBS) is an important mechanism of high-temperature deformation, in particular for superplastic flow (SP). EI,21 Important information on GBS development has been gained ~3.41 by using a technique of marker lines 151 inscribed at the prepolished surface before deformation. Usually, tiny marker lines are used in order to increase accuracy of measurements of marker line offsets at grain boundaries, caused by GBS during deformation. Recently, r6-91 cooperative manner of GBS during SP deformation has been reported. Here, the results of a cooperative GBS (CGBS) study by using macroscopic marker lines are presented. The idea of these experiments was based on the assumption that rough marker lines will be offset only at boundaries that had slid a significant amount; the absence of numerous small offsets, which take place when tiny marker lines are used, will not obscure the general trend in grain displacement. Experiments were performed on Pb-62 pct Sn eutectic alloy, which has a well-documented superplastic behavior I1~ and in which GBS has been studied thoroughly by using tiny marker lines. 131 Tensile specimens 12 x 3 x 2 mm 3 were cut by using an electrical discharge machine from rolled strips with grain size 3 /xm and were mechanically polished with final polishing on 0.5-/zm alumina. Macroscopical marker lines were inscribed on the prepolished surface with silicon carbide paper (number 600) perpendicular, parallel, and at +45 deg with respect to the tensile axis (in the last case, marker lines were inscribed on both sides of the prepolished specimen). A network of marker lines was drawn using a diamond needle, and transverse marker lines were inscribed by using diamond paste with 0.5-/~m size of particles at the prepolished surface of a specimen in order to compare offsets of marker lines of a different size. Specimens were deformed in a MTS machine with strain rate /~ = 10 -4 S I at T = 300 K, which is close to the optimal SP conditions. IwI The deformed surface was studied in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The experimental results revealed the following:
Comprehensive gene expression analysis as a tool for hunting cancer genes

Nearly three million messenger RNA transcripts have been catalogued by tissue origin to create one of the largest free databases for cancer gene expression analysis. Seventy different cell populations were studied by serial analysis of gene expression to provide precise gene expression levels in brain, breast, colon, ovarian and prostate cancers and corresponding normal tissues. Additionally, several model systems have been analyzed, providing insight into the genes transcriptionally regulated by fundamental oncogenic processes, such as angiogenesis, oncogene amplification and telomere maintenance. These data, digital northern displays and comparison tools for virtual experiments are made available by the Cancer Genome Anatomy Project at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/SAGE/. Despite the many challenges inherent in applying large-scale gene expression data, we focus on two examples in which application of project data has yielded progress. First, mining this data readily provides candidate tumor markers or tumor antigens for the major tumors represented in the database. Using fluorescent real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting we showed that the mined tumor markers are expressed in an independent set of tumors and not in other normal tissues. Large-scale gene expression analysis may therefore provide a means for identifying therapeutic or prognostic targets. Second, analysis of a cell culture model for telomere maintenance (an important function of transformed cells) has provided insight into genes not previously implicated in this process. This example helps demonstrate that functional genomics on the basis of comprehensive gene expression analysis is a useful tool for hunting cancer-related genes.
Irreducibles and the composed product for polynomials over a finite field

Abstract Let GF(q) denote the finite field of q elements and let GF[q,x] denote the integral domain of polynomials in an indeterminate x over GF(q). Further, let Γ = Γ(q) denote the algebraic closure of GF(q) so that every polynomial in GF[q,x] on which there is defined a binary considers certain sets of monic polynomials from GF[q,x] on which there is defined a binary operation called the composed product. Here, if f and g are monics in GF[q,x] with deg f = m and deg g=n, then the composed product, denoted by f♦g and defined in terms of the roots of f and g, is also in GF[q,x] and has degree mn. In the present paper, the two most important composed products, denoted by the special symbols Ō and ∗, are those induced by the field multiplication and the field addition on Γ and defined by: f∘g = Π Π αβ (x − αβ), f∗g = Π Π αβ (x − (α+β)) , where the products indicated by П are the usual products in Γ[x] and are taken over all the roots α of f and β of g, (including multiplicities). These two composed products are called composed multiplication and composed addition, respectively. After introducing and developing some theory concerning a more general notion of composed product, this paper moves to the special composed products above and asks whether the irreducibles over GF(q) can be factored uniquely into indecomposables with respect to each of these products. Here, the term “irreducible” is used in the usual sense of the word while the term “indecomposable” is used in reference to composed products. This question is shown to have an affirmative answer in both situations, and thus yield unique factorization theorems (multiplicative and additive) for Γ. These theorems are then used to prove corresponding unique factorization theorems for all subfields of Γ. Next, it is shown that there are no irreducibles f in GF[q,x] which can be decomposed as f=f 1 O g 1 =f 2 ∗g 2 (except for trivial decompositions). A special inversion formula is then derived and using this inversion formula, the authors determine the numbers of irreducibles of degree n which are indecomposable with respect to (i) composed multiplication Ō, (ii) composed addition ∗, and (iii) both the composed products Ō and ∗ simultaneously. These numbers are given in terms of the well-known number of irreducibles of degree n over GF(q). A final section contains some discussion and several observations about the more general composed product.
Tree nut allergy

Tree nuts are clinically associated with severe immunoglobulin E-mediated systemic allergic reactions independent of pollen allergy and with reactions that are usually confined to the oral mucosa in patients with immunoglobulin E directed toward cross-reacting pollen allergens. The latter reactions can progress to severe and life-threatening episodes in some patients. Many patients with severe tree nut allergy are co-sensitized to peanut. Clinical studies on cross-reactivity between the tree nuts are few in number, but based on reports to date, avoidance of the other tree nuts once sensitivity is diagnosed appears prudent unless specific challenges are performed to ensure clinical tolerance. Even then, great care must be taken to avoid cross-contamination. As with other severe food allergies, a recurrent problem in clinical management is the failure of physicians to prescribe self-injectable epinephrine to patients who are at risk of anaphylaxis.
Perpetual Imagining: Nationhood in a Global Era

At the turn of the millennium, nations and nationalism persist in spite of scholarship that has both anticipated and proclaimed their demise. This article assesses the empirical reality and the state of scholarly analysis on nationhood in the context of globalization beginning with an overview and update of the definitional dilemma that surrounds the concept of the nation. Subsequent sections review competing conceptualizations of nation as either premodern, modern, or postmodern and synthesize existing theoretical insights, leading to the conclusion that even though nations are, indeed, constructed, nothing suggests that their construction was, is, or will be restricted to the modern era.
An Unusual Migratory Insertion of CO into a Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl−Platinum Bond

Instead of undergoing the expected ligand substitution reaction when treated with PMe3, the pentamethylcyclopentadienyl−platinum complex Cp*Pt(CO)I (1c) adds 2 equiv of phosphine to give the first example of a CO insertion reaction into a transition-metal−Cp* bond. The acyl product, trans-Pt(COC5Me5)(I)(PMe3)2 (5), has been characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction study and appears to be the first reported example of this (cyclopentadienyl)acyl structural motif.
Suppressor of cytokine signaling expression with increasing severity of murine hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury

Background/Aims Preservation of function requires tight regulation of the cellular events initiated when hepatic ischemia is followed by reperfusion (IR). One important mechanism modulating the cytokine-directed response to injury is Suppressors of Cytokine Signaling. SOCS1 and SOCS3 ensure appropriate intensity and duration of cytokine signaling through negative feedback on JAK-STAT signaling. The contribution of SOCS1 and SOCS3-mediated regulation to the evolution of hepatic IR injury is unknown. Methods C57Blk6 mice were subjected to mild (20min) or severe (90min) hepatic ischemia. Liver was analyzed for cytokine and SOCS1/3 induction as well as JAK-STAT activation at intervals after reperfusion. Results Tnf , Il-1β , and Il-6 expression paralleled increasing injury severity. Despite early phosphorylation of both STAT1 and STAT3 after severe injury, only nuclear translocation of activated STAT3, suggesting that the induction of target genes through JAK-STAT after IR is predominantly via STAT3. Socs3 was expressed across the injury spectrum while Socs1 was induced only in the face of severe IR injury. Severe IR in Il-6 deficient mice confirmed that Il-6 , acting via STAT3, serves as a primary inducer of both regulatory mechanisms. Conclusions Under the influence of IL-6-mediated STAT3 signaling, Socs1 serves as a complimentary regulatory mechanism when Socs3 is insufficient to limit cytokine-mediated inflammation after hepatic IR.
Opioid-Induced Bowel Dysfunction

Opioid-induced bowel dysfunction (OIBD) is a potentially debilitating side effect of chronic opioid use. It refers to a collection of primarily gastrointestinal motility disorders induced by opioids, of which opioid-induced constipation (OIC) is the most common. Management of OIBD is difficult, and affected patients will often limit their opioid intake at the expense of experiencing more pain, to reduce the negative impact of OIBD on their quality of life. Effective pharmacologic therapy for OIC is considered an unmet need and several agents have recently been given priority review and approval for OIC. Furthermore, multiple agents currently in development show promise in treating OIC without significant impact on analgesia or precipitation of withdrawal symptoms. The approval and availability of such medications would represent a significant improvement in the management of OIC and OIBD in patients with chronic pain.
Pure strategy equilibria in Bertrand games with discontinuous demand and asymmetric tie-breaking rules

Abstract We prove the existence of a continuum of pure strategy equilibria with strictly positive profits in Bertrand games with strictly convex costs, discontinuous market demand, and a very general class of asymmetric tie-breaking rules.
Situs inversus with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in identical twins.

We describe identical twin sisters born to nonconsanguineous, healthy parents. Both twins had situs viscerum inversus and developed hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in adulthood. Am. J. Med. Genet. 91:327–330, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Slow potentials in the brain: still little understood but gradually getting analytical attention.

Two classes of electrical activity in the central nervous system have been known for a long time: spikes with synaptic potentials and "slow" fluctuations (components mainly below ca. 100 Hz). Their relations to each other are still little known and an unfortunate schism persists in mutual disparagement by investigators who chiefly study one class or the other. The news I wish to highlight is that this schism is waning and this essay will be outmoded as more workers study both. I focus here on the class of slow potentials which in certain respects is the more neglected. This class should extend down into the less-known "infraslow" domain (power mainly below 0.1 Hz) - omnipresent, higher in amplitude and clearly significant functionally.
Research in Mammalian Mastication

Ongoing research efforts in mammalian mastication have defined several broad areas of mutual interest to workers in the discipline. They are (1) interrelationships between masticatory movements, (2) actions of the masticatory muscles, (3) comparisons between masticatory structures and functions, (4) developmental aspects, (5) comparisons between limbs and jaws, and (6) neurophysiologic considerations. The roles (potential and actual) of masticatory central pattern generators, cerebral “mastication areas,” different neural mechanisms between mammalian taxa, neurophysiologic/morphologic interactions, and biochemical factors within the total milieu of mammalian mastication are discussed.
An assessment of the intended and unintended consequences of Arizona's Self-Defense, Home Protection Act

On 24 April 2006 the Governor of Arizona signed into law a series of amendments to Title 13 of the Arizona Revised Statutes (Senate Bill 1145 2006). A key feature of this legislation, the so-called ‘stand your ground’ provision, states that individuals have no duty to retreat before opting to use deadly physical force to thwart the commission of a variety of violent offenses (Senate Bill 1145, Section 13–411 2006). The purpose of the study is to determine whether or not the modification of the criteria for the justification for the use of deadly force by civilians achieved its manifest goal of making individuals more capable of resisting violent crime or had the unintended consequence of increasing the likelihood that individuals would experience a violent death. The interrupted time series analyses indicate that, contrary to legislative intent, the implementation of Arizona's Self-Defense, Home Protection Act made life more dangerous for those living within the state.
Lunasin and Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor (BBI) in US commercial soy foods

The inverse association between the intake of soybean foods and cancer incidence and mortality rates supported by published literature has led to studies on identifying bioactive components. The cancer preventive properties of the soybean peptides lunasin and Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor (BBI) have been demonstrated by in vitro and in vivo assays. Since there is no comprehensive information on the concentrations of these two peptides, US commercially available soy foods, including soy milk, soy-based infant formula, tofu, bean curd, soybean cake, tempeh, natto, miso and su-jae samples, were analyzed for lunasin and BBI. Both peptides were present in most of the products, in varying concentrations, depending mainly on the soybean variety and the manufacturing process. Lunasin and BBI were absent in the fermentation products natto and miso, suggesting that fermentation destroys both peptides. To study the bioavailability of lunasin and BBI, three soy milk samples with different concentrations of these peptides were subjected to an enzymatic hydrolysis process simulating physiological digestion. The results confirm the important role BBI plays in the protection of lunasin from digestion by pepsin and pancreatin.
The molecular structure of bis[bis(triphenylphosphine)silver] hexachloroosmium(IV)

The molecular structure of a new osmium-silver complex is reported. The compound crystallizes in space group P with a = 14.486(3) A, b = 14.711(3)A, c = 10.233(2) A, α = 95.55(2)°, β = 98.75(2)°, ν = 126.88(1)°, V = 1675(2)A3, and Z = 1. Full-matrix least-squares refinement with 3548 independent reflections led to final residual indices of R = 0.041 and Rw = 0.047. The compound, OsCl6Ag2[P(C6H5)3]4, is prepared by precipitation from an acetonitrile solution containing (n-Bu4N)2OsCl6, triphenylphosphine and silver nitrate. The synthesis of (n-Bu4N)2OsCl6 makes use of anhydrous conditions. The molecule is made up of two Ag(PPh3)2 units which are symmetrically bound to a central OsCl6 group.
Thermal Strain Response of Plated Holes

The failure of copper‐plated holes in dielectric laminates during thermal cycling is a serious problem for the electronics industry. The large difference in out‐of‐plane thermal expansion between the dielectric laminate and the copper plating can cause the copper plating to deform and fail as the board is thermally cycled. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of using electro‐optic holographic interferometry (EOHI) to measure deformation around plated holes and to evaluate methods for estimating the stress in the barrel plating. It was demonstrated that EOHI was more than adequate to resolve the out‐of‐plane thermally induced displacement field around an array of plated‐through holes. The displacement sensitivity was better than ±10 nm with high spatial resolution (92 ?m horizontally and 75 ?m vertically).The expansion was reasonably linear from 30°C to 120°C. The deformation around the individual holes was not axisymmetric. It is suggested that the method for estimating barrel stresses may be too sensitive to thickness and architecture variations in the pad for reliable stress estimates. An alternative scheme for estimation of barrel stresses based on thermal strain energy evaluation is described.
Design and operating characteristics of an experimental solar water heater

Abstract A solar water heater was built to supply the energy requirements of a water desalinization pilot plant. Various types of construction were used before the final design was established. Some of the problems encountered are discussed in this paper. It was found that the heater had to be insulated from the ground. Experience with plastic-film materials was generally unfavorable. Even the weather-resistant Tedlar had a comparatively short life. The design finally used consisted of a butyl-rubber tube seven feet wide and fifty feet long. The tube was protected with a layer of plastic glazing covered in turn by a layer of glass. Performance data for the heater are given and discussed. The results are compared with efficiencies computed from a correlation formula developed from an extensive test program using small solar test cells.
Self-Disclosure: An Elaboration of its Basic Dimensions:

This paper presents a brief review of the basic dimensions of self-disclosing behavior as presently conceived and proposes two new parameters: affective manner of presentation and flexibility of the disclosure pattern. The nature and importance of these parameters in self-disclosing behavior are discussed in terms of interpersonal functioning and mental health.
Ionic concentration profiles and charge distribution for the domain of a polarized spherical cell

Solutions of the Poisson-Boltzmann equation yield potential profiles and equilibrium distributions of ions on either side of a spherical shell membrane across which there exists a separation of ionic charges. For the special case in which the membrane is permeable to only one ion the total charge separation is analyzed in terms of the potential difference given by the Nernst equation. Potential profiles and ionic charge distributions are also given for situations involving a uniform distribution of fixed charges within the membrane.
Techniques for measuring phase closure at 11 microns

The U.C. Berkeley Infrared Spatial Interferometer (ISI), previously described by Hale et al. as a two-telescope stellar interferometer operating in the mid-infrared regime of 9-12 μm, is now testing a recently constructed third telescope and centralized laser local oscillator and beam combining facilities for operation of a three-telescope system with phase closure. This new system will allow the ISI Array to make measurements of stellar photospheric and dust asymmetries in the mid-IR, measurements which have previously been lacking. The new facilities and instrumentation required for three-way heterodyne beam combination and fringe detection, together with techniques for measuring the closure phase, are described. Both hardware and software methods of beam combination are used for producing three simultaneous fringe visibilities and a closure phase measurement. Additionally, the phase closure signal-to-noise of pairwise and of all-in-one beam combination are contrasted.
Frequency Domain Fluorescence Measurements of the Aggregation Properties of CnEm Surfactants in Agarose Gels

The micellar properties of C12E6, C12E8, and C12E10 surfactants in agarose gels were investigated. The aggregation number and the aggregate polarity were determined as a function of temperature, gel fiber volume fraction, and surfactant type by using steady-state fluorescence and frequency domain fluorescence quenching techniques. Application of the latter technique to the study of micellar properties in solution is described, including a method for accounting for the excitation light scattered by the gel fibers. The aggregation behavior in gels of surfactants which form spherical micelles in water is compared to those which form cylindrical micelles, and the results are interpreted by using a thermodynamic model for micelle formation in a gel matrix. For surfactants which form small spherical micelles in solution, there is little difference between the aggregation number and micelle polarity in an agarose gel and in pure solution. For surfactants which form large cylindrical micelles in solution, the agg...
Models of Turn Taking in Conversational Interaction

The routine exchange of turns is a fundamental structural feature of conversational interaction. This paper reviews current attempts to understand the mechanisms by which turns are exchanged and considers three major approaches: stochastic models, signalling models, and sequential-production models. Conceptual and empirical strengths and limitations of each approach are examined, and it is suggested that a synthesis combining some ideas from the signalling approach with the sequential-production approach offers the greatest promise. Attention is directed to three major concepts: conversational events as resources; the functions of social organisational, relational, and sequential contexts in the management of turn taking; and the interactional construction of turns.
Quantification of an estrogen-dependent cat uterine protein (CUPED) in uterine flushings of estrogen- and progesterone-treated ovariectomized cats by radioimmunoassay.

We previously reported the purification of an estrogen-dependent cat uterine protein (CUPED) and the preparation of a specific anti-CUPED serum in rabbits. Here, we describe a specific radioimmunoassay for CUPED using the purified CUPED and anti-C UPED serum that was utilized to quantify CUPED in daily uterine flushings obtained from steroid-treated ovariectomized cats. The radioimmunoassay was sufficiently sensitive to measure 0.1-100 ng C UPED. C UPED levels were low in un treated ovariecto mized cats, in creased within one day after the onset of treatment with estradiol, and remained elevated as long as estradiol was unopposed by progesterone. The levels of CUPED decreased when progesterone was added to the treatment regimen either 7, 14, or 28 days after the initiation of estradiol treatment. The data indicate 1) that the presence of CUPED in the uterine flushings is dependent on the presence of estradiol and the absence of progesterone, 2) that CUPED appears in the uterine lumen within one day after the onset of treatment with estradiol, and 3) that the levels of CUPED are sharply reduced within one day of administration of progesterone and become nondetectable after three days.
Numerical Methods for Oscillatory Solutions to Hyperbolic Problems

Difference approximations of hyperbolic partial differential equations with highly oscillatory coefficients and initial values are studied. Analysis of strong and weak convergence is carried out in the practically interesting case when the discretization step sizes are essentially independent of the oscillatory wave lengths. 01993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.