cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tort Law and Social Morality: Social Cohesion and Strict Liability

Although tort law centers on the negligence concept, it is accepted that “pockets” of strict liability provide an alternative to the negligence regime. This belief is fueled by cases in which responsibility for the well-being of others appears to be based on causing harm rather than on committing a wrong that causes harm, and by the proliferation of definitions of “strict liability” to cover situations in which “fault” is thought to be absent. Accordingly, tort theory not only assesses the relative merits of strict liability and negligence liability, it seeks to justify their simultaneous implementation within tort law. In this chapter, I question the success of this venture as it applies to abnormally dangerous activities, and I offer a new interpretation. Strict liability of the kind addressed in this chapter puts the focus on an actor's activity. It makes the defendant responsible for causing harm and thereby induces an actor either to set aside money for victims or, if it is cheaper, to make better choices when engaging in the activity that is subject to strict liability. Undoubtedly, a system of strict liability applied to all accidental harms, although not without its problems, could be made coherent. Causing harm could be seen as a basis for compelling an actor to correct the harm she caused, whatever the context, with appropriate adjustments for victim error and an appropriate definition of “cause.
Domain Decomposition Methods for Elliptic Partial Differential Equations

These lecture notes concerns the iterative solution, by domain decomposition methods, of the often huge linear system of algebraic equations which arise when elliptic problems are discretized by finite elements. These algorithms are preconditioned conjugate gradient methods, or more generally, preconditioned Krylov space methods, where the preconditioner is constructed from smaller instances of a given discrete elliptic problem, typically defined by restricting the domain of definition to many small subregions of the given region on which the elliptic problem is defined. These algorithms are designed with parallel computing in mind.
Finding Flow with Games: Does Immediate Progress Feedback Cause Flow?

Nakamura & Csikszentmihalyi (2002) proposed that three flow conditions lead to flow: clear proximal goals, immediate progress feedback, and challenges that stretch skills. So far, only the link between optimal challenges and flow has been validated by controlled experiments (Keller & Bless, 2008). This paper presents a between-subjects controlled experiment to investigate if one of these flow conditions, immediate progress feedback, leads to flow using a computer game. The treatment version of the game is designed to give more immediate progress feedback than the control version. This feedback shows both how well they are playing and how they can improve their performance. Flow conditions and flow indicators will be measured with questionnaires adapted primarily from Fang et al. (2013). The Flow Indicator Questionnaire will measure how much participants experience flow and the Flow Condition Questionnaire will serve as a manipulation check.
Longitudinal brain activity changes in asymptomatic Alzheimer disease

Asymptomatic Alzheimer disease (ASYMAD) is characterized by normal cognition despite substantial AD pathology. To identify factors contributing to cognitive resilience, we compared early changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in individuals subsequently diagnosed as ASYMAD with changes in cognitively impaired (CI) and normal older participants from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Participants underwent annual positron emission tomography (PET) rCBF measurements beginning 10.0 (SD 3.6) years before death and while cognitively intact. Based on clinical and autopsy information, subjects were grouped as cognitively normal (CN = 7), ASYMAD (n= 6), and CI (=6). Autopsy material was analyzed using CERAD and Braak scores and quantitative stereologic measures of tau and amyloid. ASYMAD and CI groups had similar CERAD and Braak scores, similar amounts of β-amyloid and tau in middle frontal (MFG), middle temporal (MTG), and inferior parietal (IP) regions, and more β-amyloid than CN in precuneus, MFG, and IP areas. Voxel-based PET analysis identified similarities and differences in longitudinal rCBF change among groups across a 7.2-year interval. Both ASYMAD and CI groups showed similar longitudinal rCBF declines in precuneus, lingual, and MTG regions relative to CN. The CI also showed greater rCBF decreases in anterior and posterior cingulate, cuneus, and brainstem regions relative to ASYMAD and CN, whereas ASYMAD showed greater relative rCBF increases over time in medial temporal and thalamic regions relative to CI and CN. Our findings provide evidence of early functional alterations that may contribute to cognitive resilience in those who accumulate AD pathology but maintain normal cognition.
Multicollinearity in applied economics research and the Bayesian linear regression

This article revises the popular issue of collinearity amongst explanatory variables in the context of a multiple linear regression analysis, particularly in empirical studies within social science related fields. Some important interpretations and explanations are highlighted from the econometrics literature with respect to the effects of multicollinearity on statistical inference, as well as the general shortcomings of the once fervent search for methods intended to detect and mitigate these effects. Consequently, it is argued and demonstrated through simulation how these views may be resolved against an alternative methodology by integrating a researcher’s subjective information in a formal and systematic way through a Bayesian approach.
Teaching Professional Identity

In Educating Lawyers: Preparation for the Profession of Law, the Carnegie Foundation identified three apprenticeships necessary in professional legal education: thinking (legal analysis), performance (practical skills) and professional conduct, or professional identity. Students can develop these components of the legal profession during law school to excel in the practice of law. Legal educators can contribute to the development of Professional Identity without overhauling the curriculum via short additional assignments or by tweaking existing assignments. This article will review the history of professional identity, the recommendations of The Carnegie Report, and identify the three methods I use to encourage the development of professional identity in the writing and research classroom.
Coupon Collector Problem for Non-Uniform Coupons and Random Quotas

We extend the classical coupon collector problem to find the expected number of selections needed to collect $m_i$ (possible random) copies of coupon $i$, when the distribution of the coupons is not necessarily equally likely. Upper and lower bounds which provide limiting asymptotics are also obtained for the expected number of selections needed to fulfill a random quota for each coupon.
Cutting edge: hemokinin has substance P-like function and expression in inflammation.

Substance P (SP) belongs to the tachykinin family of molecules. SP, cleaved from preprotachykinin A, is a neuropeptide and a proinflammatory leukocyte product. SP engages neurokinin 1 receptor (NK-1R) to stimulate cells. Hemokinin (HK) is another tachykinin that binds NK-1R. HK comes from preprotachykinin C, which is distinct from preprotachykinin A. We determined whether HK functions like SP at inflammatory sites. Preprotachykinin C mRNA was in murine schistosome granulomas and intestinal lamina propria mononuclear cells. Granuloma T cells and macrophages expressed preprotachykinin C mRNA. HK bound granuloma T cell NK-1R with high affinity. SP and HK stimulated IFN-γ production with equal potency. NK-1R antagonist blocked the effect of SP and HK on IFN-γ secretion. Thus, both HK and SP are expressed at sites of chronic inflammation and share cell origin, receptor, and immunoregulatory function. Two distinct but functionally overlapping tachykinins govern inflammation through NK-1R at sites of chronic inflammation.
Location-Aware Information Delivery with ComMotion

comMotion is a location-aware computing environment which links personal information to locations in its user's life; for example, comMotion reminds one of her shopping list when she nears a grocery store. Using satellite-based GPS position sensing, comMotion gradually learns about the locations in its user's daily life based on travel patterns. The full set of comMotion functionality, including map display, requires a graphical user interface. However, because it is intended primarily for mobile use, including driving, the core set of reminder creation and retrieval can be managed completely by speech.
Stable fiber-forming and nonfiber-forming chaperone-subunit complexes in pilus biogenesis

Abstract The P pilus is a composite fiber consisting of a thin adhesive tip fibrillum joined to the pilus rod that mediates specific adherence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli to human uroepithelial cells via the PapG tip adhesin. P pilus assembly depends upon the periplasmic chaperone PapD. The interaction of PapD with different pilus subunits was investigated to gain further insight into pilus assembly. PapA, the major subunit of the pilus rod, formed two periplasmic complexes (DA2 and DA) with PapD. PapK, an adaptor protein that joins the tip fibrillum to the pilus rod, formed only one complex with PapD (DK). Only "fiber forming" or homopolymeric subunits, PapA in the rod and PapE in the tip fibrillum, were able to form subunit-subunit interactions in the periplasm. Subunits that are present in single or low copy in the pilus (PapK and PapG) did not form periplasmic intersubunit interactions. A pulse-chase analysis revealed that a chaperone-PapA complex is a true periplasmic intermediate in pilus assembly.
Hydrogen Incorporation in Natural Mantle Olivines

Constraints on water storage capacity and actual content in the mantle must be derived not only from experimental studies, but also from investigation of natural samples. Olivine is one of the best-studied, OH-bearing "nominally anhydrous" minerals, yet there remain multiple hypotheses for the incorporation mechanism of hydrogen in this phase. Moreover, there is still debate as to whether the mechanism is the same in natural samples vs. experimental studies, where concentrations can reach very high values (up to ~0.6 wt% H_2O) at high pressures and temperatures. We present new observations and review IR and TEM data from the literature that bear on this question. Hydrogen incorporation in natural olivine clearly occurs by multiple mechanisms, but in contrast to some previous assertions we find that there are strong similarities between the IR signatures of experimentally annealed olivines and most natural samples. At low pressures (lower than ~2 GPa) in both experiments and natural olivines, hydrogen incorporation might be dominated by a humite-type defect, but the nature of the defect may vary even within a single sample; possibilities include point defects, planar defects and optically detectable inclusions. IR bands between 3300 and 3400 cm^(-1), ascribed previously to the influence of silica activity, are apparently related instead to increased oxygen fugacity. At higher pressures in experiments, the IR band structure changes and hydrogen is probably associated with disordered point defects. Similar IR spectra are seen in olivines from xenoliths derived from deeper parts of the mantle (below South Africa and the Colorado Plateau) as well as in olivines from the ultra-high pressure metamorphic province of the Western Gneiss Region in Norway.
OVX1 radioimmunoassay complements CA-125 for predicting the presence of residual ovarian carcinoma at second-look surgical surveillance procedures.

PURPOSEAt second-look surgical surveillance procedures, normal CA-125 levels can be associated with persistent disease in 50% to 60% of patients. A novel radioimmunoassay (RIA) has been evaluated for the ability to identify patients with persistent disease who have normal levels of CA-125.MATERIALS AND METHODSThe OVX1 double-determinant assay used a murine monoclonal antibody to detect an epitope on a high-molecular weight mucin-like glycoprotein.RESULTSApparently healthy individuals had serum OVX1 levels of 2.23 +/- 2.48 U/mL (mean +/- SD). Elevated serum OVX1 levels (> 7.2 U/mL) were found in 5% of 184 normal individuals and in 70% of 93 epithelial ovarian cancer patients with clinically evident disease. Among sera from these ovarian cancer patients, OVX1 was elevated in 68% of 76 samples with CA-125 levels more than 35 U/mL and in 76% of 17 samples with CA-125 levels less than 35 U/mL. In serum samples obtained at the time of positive second-look laparotomy, 59% of 41 patients with CA-125 levels less t...
An eye-tracking investigation of developmental changes in infants' exploration of upright and inverted human faces.

We used eye tracking to examine 4.5- to 12.5-month-old infants’ (N = 92) eye movements during 3-s presentations of upright and inverted faces. Scanning of inverted faces was statistically indistinguishable at 4.5, 6.5, 8, and 12.5 months of age; at each of these ages, infants disproportionately scanned the region containing the eyes. Scanning of upright faces changed over this age range. When viewing upright faces, 4.5-month-old and 6.5-month-old infants focused disproportionately on the region containing the eyes, whereas 12.5-month-old and 8-month-old infants distributed looking more broadly, scanning more of the internal area of the faces. These results are consistent with other observed developmental differences in face processing and provide insight into how moment-to-moment face processing changes during infancy.
Regulation of glycogen metabolism in canine myocardium: effects of insulin and epinephrine in vivo

Myocardial glycogen synthesis and glucose, lactate, and oxygen extraction were measured in the hearts of anesthetized dogs during infusions of insulin and epinephrine. Glycogen was monitored in vivo using 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance during an infusion of [1-13C]glucose into the left anterior descending artery. Glycogen synthesis was observed during a venous infusion of insulin (1.8 microU.min-1.kg-1), and this newly synthesized glycogen was neither broken down nor was more glycogen synthesized during a subsequent epinephrine infusion (0.5 micrograms.min-1.kg-1). During recovery from epinephrine, glycogen synthesis occurred at 2.1 times the rate seen in the control period. Glycogen synthesis was not stimulated in the absence of epinephrine by control infusions of saline. Glucose uptake was increased by insulin during the control period (from 0.09 to 0.39 mumol.min-1.g-1), so that the combined extraction of glucose and lactate exceeded the requirement for oxidizable substrate calculated from oxygen consumption. The "excess" glucose (0.15 mumol.min-1.g wet wt-1) is presumably available for glycogen synthesis. During recovery from epinephrine, lactate uptake was increased over threefold. Because this additional lactate supplies most of the fuel required for oxidation, the excess glucose available for glycogen synthesis during this period was two times that seen before epinephrine (an average of 0.32 mumol.min-1.g wet wt-1 between 20 and 40 min postepinephrine). These data are consistent with the notion that glycogen synthesis can be activated in the heart without an accompanying increase in glucose uptake by providing an alternative substrate (i.e., lactate) for oxidation.
New Far-Infrared Laser Emissions from Optically Pumped $^{13}{\rm CHD}_{2}{\rm OH}$

The 13CHD2OH isotopic form of methanol has been investigated as a far-infrared laser medium for wavelengths above 100 μm using a recently constructed optically pumped molecular laser system. This system, which utilizes a transverse pumping geometry of the far-infrared laser medium, has generated 43 new far-infrared laser emissions ranging in wavelength from 106.4 to 700.3 μm. Along with the wavelength, each laser emission is reported with its optimal operating pressure, polarization with respect to the CO2 pump laser, and relative intensity.
Genetic Algorithm-Based Method for Selecting Wavelengths and Model Size for Use with Partial Least-Squares Regression: Application to Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Genetic algorithms (GAs) are used to implement an automated wavelength selection procedure for use in building multivariate calibration models based on partial least-squares regression. The method also allows the number of latent variables used in constructing the calibration models to be optimized along with the selection of the wavelengths. The data used to test this methodology are derived from the determination of aqueous organic species by near-infrared spectroscopy. The three data sets employed focus on the determination of (1) methyl isobutyl ketone in water over the range of 1-160 ppm, (2) physiological levels of glucose in a phosphate buffer matrix containing bovine serum albumin and triacetin, and (3) glucose in a human serum matrix. These data sets feature analyte signals near the limit of detection and the presence of significant spectral interferences. Studies are performed to characterize the signal and noise characteristics of the spectral data, and optimal configurations for the GA are found for each data set through experimental design techniques. Despite the complexity of the spectral data, the GA procedure is found to perform well, leading to calibration models that significantly outperform those based on full spectrum analyses. In addition, a significant reduction in the number of spectral points required to build the models is realized.
The pattern of functional coupling of brain regions in the awake rat.

Abstract The functional interactions among many regions of the rat brain were characterized simultaneously by using a new method for analyzing regional cerebral metabolic rates for glucose (rCMRglc). Regional CMRglc, a measure of regional functional activity, was determined n 68 brain regions of 24 awake, male 3-month-old Fischer rats by the quantitative autoradiographic [ 14 C]deoxyglucose technique. Because rCMRglc for each region varies among subjects, the functional coupling of two regions can be assessed by determining whether their metabolic rates change in a coordinated manner from rat to rat. Positive coupling airses if, for each rat, higher rCMRglc in one region is accompanied by a higher metabolic rate in another area; likewise, regions whose metabolic rates vary inversely are negatively coupled. A pairwise coupling can be quantified by calculating the linear correlation coeffecient for points whose coordinates represent rCMRglc values for the two regions in each of the 24 rats. Correlation coefficients were calculated for each possible region pair among the 68 areas studied. The technique of partial correlation was used to weight equally the contribution of each rat to the correlation coefficient, regardless of its overall mean CMRglc. In general, highly positive couplings ( R ) were found found between adjacent or nearby regions, whereas distant region pairs often were coupled negatively ( R ). A large number of positive couplings were found between left-right homologous regions and between neocortical areas. Similar findings in humans, obtained by positron emission tomography, have been reported. This technique uses inter-animal variation in rCMRglc to demonstrate functional interactions among brain areas, thus providing a method to explore anatomical-functional linkages in a ven experimental state.
Evaluation of decline in serum venom-specific IgE as a criterion for stopping venom immunotherapy

During a 7-year period, venom immunotherapy has been stopped in 57 patients because of a fall in IgE antibody titers to insignificant levels (RAST less than 10% STD). All patients had a history of venom anaphylaxis and elevated venom-specific IgE before therapy. Maintenance doses of 50 micrograms were administered every 4 to 6 weeks; 30 patients received yellow jacket venom, and 16 patients received honeybee venom only. Therapy was stopped after treatment from 1 to 8 years (mean 2.8 years). Repeat skin tests demonstrated an average two-log decrease in sensitivity; 35 of 55 tests remained positive at venom concentrations of less than or equal to 0.1 micrograms/ml. There were 55 re-stings in 24 patients, occurring from 3 months to 5 years after cessation of therapy, resulting in three systemic reactions. One patient, previously treated with bee venom, reacted to a yellow jacket sting. These re-sting reactors also had tolerated several other stings after therapy was stopped. Thus, the two actual reactions represent a "failure" rate of 8% per patient and 4% per sting, compared to reaction rates of 27% and 17% in patients who stopped therapy without physician advice. These data suggest that this criterion may be reliable for stopping therapy. However, subsequent tolerated re-stings may require continued patient evaluation.
Rhodium Supported on Faujasites: Effects of Cluster Size and CO Ligands on Catalytic Activity for Toluene Hydrogenation

NaY zeolite-supported rhodium carbonyls, with the predominant species being [Rh6(CO)16], were prepared by carbonylation of adsorbed [Rh(CO)2(acac)] at 125°C. The zeolite-supported rhodium carbonyl clusters were treated in He or in H2at 200, 250, or 300°C to remove the carbonyl ligands. When the decarbonylation took place in He, the resultant clusters had Rh–Rh coordination numbers (determined by extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy) between 3.5 and 3.9, with hardly any evidence of Rh–C contributions, indicating that the rhodium cluster frames were nearly intact and that decarbonylation was nearly complete. In contrast, when the treatment took place in H2, partially decarbonylated rhodium clusters and aggregates formed, having Rh–Rh coordination numbers between 3.8 and 6.7; the rhodium aggregation increased with increasing temperature. The clusters formed by treatment in He at 200, 250, or 300°C all had similar catalytic activities for toluene hydrogenation. In contrast, the catalytic activities of the clusters and aggregates (partially decarbonylated at temperatures <300°C) formed in the presence of H2showed a strong dependence on treatment temperature, which is explained by inhibition by the remaining CO ligands and by cluster and aggregate size effects, with the aggregates being more active than the smaller clusters. Comparison of the data with those reported separately for rhodium clusters in NaX zeolite shows that NaY and NaX zeolites were nearly equivalent as supports. Comparison of the data with separately reported data indicates that the rhodium clusters are approximately the same in activity as iridium clusters of nearly the same size in NaY zeolite.
Effects of Moderate Intensity Exercise on Serum Lipids in African-American Men With Severe Systemic Hypertension

Abstract The prevalence of systemic hypertension and its cardiovascular consequences is higher in African-Americans than in whites. Low to moderate intensity aerobic exercise lowers blood pressure (BP) in African-American patients with severe hypertension. It is not known whether such exercise can improve lipid metabolism in these patients. Thirty-six African-American men with established essential hypertension, aged 35 to 76 years, were randomly assigned to an exercise (n = 17) or no exercise (n = 19) group. The exercise group exercised for 16 weeks, 3 times/week, at 60% to 80% of maximum heart rate. After 16 weeks, peak oxygen uptake in the exercise group improved (21 ± 4 vs 23 ± 3 ml/kg/min; p
Scrapie: a prototype slow infection.

The main distinguishing characteristics of the subacute spongiform encephalopathies are outlined; it is suggested that the group of diseases covered by the term "subacute spongiform encephalopathies" should be considered as distinct in their properties from other slow infections. The early experimental work in scrapie is briefly reviewed. Biochemical changes in brain that are characteristic of scrapie are summarized. Recent physicochemical studies of the properties of the scrapie agent are considered in relation to the biological nature of the scrapie agent. The replication of the scrapie agent is discussed in terms of viral and membrane hypotheses of scrapie and in the light of recent genetic studies of mouse scapie.
Low-energy electron current image diffraction (CID) of the basal plane of titanium

Abstract The basal plane of titanium has been studied by low-energy electron current image diffraction. Using a simple model, the average inner potential and surface interlayer distance were deduced from Bragg scattering features in the diffraction patterns which were obtained from a series of photographs of crystal surface images obtained at various primary beam energies. Computed geometric changes of Bragg scattering as a function of angle of incidence are presented for the energy range 0–200 eV. It is suggested that an energy monochromator incorporated in the electron gun would improve the pattern resolution and bring out energy sensitive lines which are not observed under the present conditions. Image enhancement methods would also increase the precision of the measurements.
Aortic atresia. A case report and a review.

Abstract A case of congenital aortic atresia is presented in which the physical examination, electrocardiogram, thoracic roentgenogram, phonocardiogram, vectorcardiogram, retrograde aortogram, and cardiac catheterization were obtained prior to death of the patient at 21 days. The clinical findings are correlated with the pathologic specimen and compared with the data previously reported in the literature. An unusual anatomic feature was the coexistence of a persistent common atrioventricular canal malformation.
Reactions of the oxirane group

Epoxidized oils and esters have been used commercially for about two decades; their consumption is now of the order of 100 million lb./year, mainly as stabilizer-plasticizers for vinyl chloride polymers. Yet in spite of their low price and ready availability, chemical derivatives of these substances have not achieved similar commercialization. It has long been known that the oxirane group is highly reactive and undergoes a wide variety of ring-opening reactions with a broad range of electrophiles and nucleophiles. During the past ten years, in particular, new and interesting reactions of the oxirane group have been described that provide new routes to other heterocyclic ring systems and functional groups. After a brief background survey, recently published and unpublished reactions from the author’s laboratory, as well as reactions published by other groups, are described.
Pharmacologic Activities of the 8-Citrulline Analogues of Oxytocin and Vasopressin

The activities of the 8-citrulline analogues of oxytocin and vasopressin were compared with 3 natural hormones: oxytocin, arginine vasotocin and arginine vasopressin. The substitution of citrulline for the 8-leucine in oxytocin reduces oxytocic and milk-ejecting activities with some increase in vasopressor and antidiuretic activities, which, however, are far lower than those of arginine vasotocin. If citrulline replaces the 8-arginine of arginine vasopressin, vasopressor and antidiuretic activities are not more than one tenth of that of arginine vasopressin. The oxytocic response to both analogues is enhanced in the presence of magnesium ions. Only arginine vasotocin has a very high potency in increasing the permeability of the isolated frog bladder. The citrulline analogues, in comparison with arginine vasopressin, have a short half-life of activity in antidiuretic assays in the rat.
Novel insights into the pleiotropic effects of human serum albumin in health and disease.

Abstract Background Human serum albumin is the principal protein in human serum. It participates in regulation of plasma oncotic pressure and transports endogenous and exogenous ligands such as thyroxine, free fatty acids, bilirubin, and various drugs. Therefore, studying its ligand binding mechanism is important in understanding many functions of the protein. Scope of review This review discusses the pleiotropic biochemical effects and their relevance to physiologic functions of albumin. Major conclusions Although HSA is traditionally recognized for its ligand transport and oncotic effects in human circulation, our studies have revealed its participation in several other important physiological functions. In some instances, it may function as a catalyst. Pleiotropic properties of HSA have been exploited by development of recombinant HSA and its mutants, and the use of these recombinant proteins in studies with various biochemical and biophysical techniques. These studies allowed us to obtain new insights on the diverse roles of HSA in human physiology. The following aspects of HSA were discussed in this review: 1) HSA and its mutants' role in thyroxine transport, 2) structural details of the ligand binding functions of HSA to ligands such as warfarin, digoxin, halothane anesthetics, nitric oxide, bilirubin, free fatty acids, etc, and 3) the formation of modified albumin during myocardial ischemia, its diagnostic significance, and HSA's role in cardiovascular disease. General significance The appreciation and understanding of structural details and new physiological roles has provided a renewed interest in HSA research. Specific structural information gained on various mechanisms of HSA–ligand interaction can be used to develop a model to better understand protein–drug interactions, aid in the development of new drugs with improved pharmacokinetic effects, and ultimately be used to improve the quality of healthcare. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Serum Albumin.
Identification and virulence of Chryseobacterium indologenes isolated from diseased yellow perch (Perca flavescens).

Aim To identify pathogen of diseased yellow perch and determine their virulence. Methods and Results Fifteen Gram-negative bacterial isolates were recovered from the skin lesions of diseased yellow perch (Perca flavescens). Based on API 20NE test, ten isolates were found to share 67·2–99·9% homologies with Chryseobactertium indologenes. Based on fatty acid methyl ester analysis, 13 isolates were found to share similarities with C. indologenes and other species of Chryseobacterium. Based on sequencing results of partial 16S rRNA gene, 13 isolates shared 99% identities (e value = 2e−50) with the 16S rRNA sequence of C. indologenes (GenBank HQ259684). Based on the 16S–23S rRNA intergenic spacer region (ISR) sequence, the 13 isolates shared 88% identity (e value = 1e−165) with the 16S–23S ISR sequence of C. indologenes (GenBank EU014570). T-coffee multiple sequence alignment revealed that the partial 16S rRNA or the 16S–23S ISR sequence of the 13 isolates shared 100% identity with each other. When healthy yellow perch were exposed to the 15 isolates by bath immersion (c. 6 × 107 CFU ml−1 for 1 h), only C. indologenes isolates killed 10–20% of fish, whereas other isolates were avirulent. When yellow perch were exposed to C. indologenes by intraperitoneal injection, mortality was dose dependent, with LD50 and LD95 values of 1·5 × 108 and 3·2 × 108 CFU per fish, respectively. Conclusions Chryseobactertium indologenes could be pathogenic to yellow perch. Significance and Impact of the Study This is the first report on the isolation of C. indologenes from diseased yellow perch. Virulence studies suggested that C. indologenes could become pathogenic to yellow perch.
Slip in nanoscale shear flow: mechanisms of interfacial friction

The atomistic mechanism of fluid–solid interfacial friction as the basis of slip is still not fully understood. This study explores the interfacial friction mechanisms and their interplay with the nanoscale slip behavior using non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations. Our results show that there is an abrupt jump of slip length at a critical shear rate, corresponding to the transition from “defect slip” at low shear rates to “collective slip” at high shear rates. Here, we identified two mechanisms of interfacial friction: surface potential and collision mechanisms. Their impacts on slip are elaborated through a quantitative scaling estimation and our results show that both mechanisms contribute to the defect slip at low shear rates, while the collision mechanism dominates the collective slip at high shear rates. We also verify the importance of the bulk viscous heating via a comparison among different thermostat strategies.
Morphogenesis of prostatic carcinoma

On review of microscopic sections from 233 cancerous prostates and 60 benign glands, distinctive epithelial changes often were seen in the benign ducts associated with carcinoma. These changes were different in different morphologic types of carcinoma. In one type (68 cases) there was often persistence of a youthful-appearing epithelium at an age where atrophy is expected. This epithelium showed areas of characteristic premalignant change and carcinoma in situ. In another type (60 cases) the benign epithelium showed mild atrophy, a distinctive histologic appearance and apparent origin of carcinoma in nodular areas of acinar proliferation. There were 105 carcinomas, mostly large undifferentiated tumors in which no system of classification or premalignant change could be found. In contrast to previous reports, carcinoma seldom seemed to arise from markedly atrophic epithelium. A relationship between prolonged androgenic stimulation and the development of carcinoma in the prostate is suggested.
REPLANTATION OF GROWING MANDIBULAR CONDYLES IN RHESUS MONKEYS.

Abstract The effect of replantation on the growth of the mandibular condyle was studied in rhesus monkeys, and these monkeys were compared with normal animals as well as animals in which the condyles were removed or displaced. On the basis of cephalometric studies, the growth of the mandible following replantation of the excised condyle more nearly resembled that of normal animals than of animals in which the condyle was either removed or displaced. Histologic and autoradiographic evidence indicated that the replanted condyles were vital and that the cartilage was actively proliferating one year following surgical intervention.
Tracking Large Trucks in Real Time with License Plate Recognition and Text-Mining Techniques

Large-truck speeds on Interstate highways are not only a safety concern but have also become a problem with respect to air quality and energy consumption. Many cities have reduced truck speed limits to curb emissions. As potentially key building blocks of a proposed automated large-truck speed monitoring and enforcement system, license plate recognition (LPR) and plate-matching algorithms are the focus of this study. Present LPR systems are not perfect and can fail to read one-fifth to one-half of the characters on license plates, depending on various factors. Fortunately, even when LPR fails to read all characters on license plates, it is still able to read most of the characters with an appreciable degree of accuracy. By employing a text-mining technique called edit distance (with judicious use of travel time), this study demonstrates that it is possible to match 97% of license plates when only just more than 60% of the same plates were read correctly by LPR units at two different locations. This high matching rate does not entail a high false-positive matching rate either (about 2%). This paper presents the plate-matching algorithm in detail and provides statistics resulting from a field study conducted on I-40 in 2007. Several promising research directions for better matching efficiency and further reduction of the false-positive rate are identified.
Renormalization of exit probabilities and a theorem of poincaré

Abstract Consider a unit square with given forward, backward and sidewise transition probabilities. We determine the correct scaling of these quantities when the unit square is subdivided into “little squares”. We find the solution in terms of the Poincare intertwining map of the “doubling” operator and its linearization.
Nonperturbative solution of nonlinear field equations.

A new method of analysis of nonlinear field equations is presented. The method is nonperturbative. The coupling constant appears in the zeroth and all other approximations. The essential feature of the technique is that second-order equations are converted to generalized Riccati equations. Examples include the anharmonic oscillator, the Lane-Emden theory of stellar atmospheres and two cases of gauge fields.
Matrix relationships between far-zone patterns and current distributions over the prolate spheroid

A matrix relationship is found between the coefficients of the expansion of the far-zone radiation patterns and the coefficients of the expansion of the corresponding current distribution over the prolate spheroid. In particular cases, the matrix becomes diagonal, giving a one-to-one correspondence between the coefficients. The same formulation may be applied in the limiting case for the corresponding problems in a sphere.
Efficient Implementation of Image Warping on a Multimedia Processor

The spatial transformation of images, commonly known as image warping, is fundamental to many applications, e.g. remote sensing, medical imaging, computer vision, and computer graphics. Computational demands in image warping are high, requiring a geometric transformation, address and coefficient generation, and some form of interpolation. However, unlike most image processing algorithms, the data flow for image warping can be highly irregular, which makes any efficient implementation challenging.This paper describes an efficient algorithm which addresses these challenges by making use of the capabilities of a single-chip multiprocessing microprocessor, the Texas Instruments TMS320C80 MVP (multimedia video processor). the MVP's advanced digital signal processors (ADSPs) offer tremendous computational power through instruction-level parallelism and several key features designed for image processing. The MVP's intelligent input/output interface via the transfer controller (TC) permits efficient irregular memory accesses.Affine and perspective warps have been implemented for 8-bit, 16-bit and and RGB color data using bilinear interpolation.The affine warp can generate 512 × 512 warped output images faster than real-time video rates require. For 8-bit images, the performance is 14.1 ms. Although the amount of computation necessary is the same for 16-bit images, the execution time increases to 15.2 ms since twice as many bytes need to be transferred. For RGB color images, it takes 28.0 ms. The perspective warp requires 46.3 ms for 8-bit and 16-bit images, and 60.4 ms for RGB color images. This unprecedented performance for software-based image warping exceeds many hardware approaches reported in the literature.
Time-dependent Hartree-Fock dielectric function for the uniform electron gas

The time-dependent Hartree-Fock (TDHF) formula for the dielectric function, which was derived by the authors in a previous paper, is here adapted to the uniform electron gas. The TDHF formula is put into a form that enables one to apply the analytic tetrahedron method. Convergence studies show that a large number of tetrahedrons are required to accurately compute the first or random-phase approximation (RPA) term in the TDHF susceptibility, while a smaller number are required for the second or exchange term. Hartree-Fock (HF) energies and an ${r}_{s}$ value of 1.74 were used to compute both terms in the TDHF susceptibility as a function of wave vector $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{q}}$. The second or exchange term was found to be of the same order of magnitude as the first or RPA term. The full TDHF susceptibility was found to differ substantially from the RPA susceptibility computed with Hartree energies. Thus exchange, which is contained in both the HF energies and the exchange term itself, was found to have a major effect on the susceptibility. It was found that the TDHF susceptibility has an absolute maximum at a nonzero value of $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{q}}$, indicating that when exchange effects are included in the susceptibility, the ground state of the uniform electron gas contains a spin density wave.
Effect of optically modified polyethylene terephthalate fiber socks on chronic foot pain

Increasing experimental and clinical evidence suggests that illumination of the skin with relatively low intensity light may lead to therapeutic results such as reduced pain or improved wound healing. The goal of this study was to evaluate prospectively whether socks made from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) incorporating optically active particles (Celliant™) ameliorates chronic foot pain resulting from diabetic neuropathy or other disorders. Such optically modified fiber is thought to modify the illumination of the skin in the visible and infrared portions of the spectrum, and consequently reduce pain. A double-blind, randomized trial with 55 subjects (38 men, 17 women) enrolled (average age 59.7 ± 11.9 years), 26 with diabetic neuropathy and 29 with other pain etiologies. Subjects twice completed the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ), and SF-36 a week apart (W1+2) before receiving either control or Celliant™ socks. The same questionnaires were answered again one and two weeks (W3+4) later. The questionnaires provided nine scores for analyzing pain reduction: one VAS score, two BPI scores, five MPQ scores, and the bodily pain score on the SF-36. Mean W1+2 and W3+4 scores were compared to measure pain reduction. More pain reduction was reported by Celliant™ subjects for 8 of the 9 pain questions employed, with a significant (p = 0.043) difference between controls and Celliant™ for McGill question III. In neuropathic subjects, Celliant™ caused more pain reduction in 6 of the 9 questions, but not significantly. In non-neuropathic subjects 8 of 9 questions showed more pain reduction with the Celliant™ socks. Socks with optically modified PET (Celliant™) appear to have a beneficial impact on chronic foot pain. The mechanism could be related to the effects seen with illumination of tissues with visible and infrared light. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00458497
Etiologic clues to lip cancer from epidemiologic studies on farmers.

Objectives This study examined the risk factors for lip cancer among farmers. Methods A series of meta-analyses of peer-reviewed studies of lip cancer and farming were performed using 21 studies published between 1981 and 1997. Prior to the meta-analyses, all the studies were reviewed and evaluated for heterogeneity and publication bias. Combined relative risks (RR) were calculated using the random effect model. Results The combined RR for lip cancer was 2.0 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.74-2.30] for all the studies and 1.28 (95% CI 0.79-2.08) for studies involving female farmers. Additional meta-analyses were undertaken on a subset of studies reporting on skin cancer among farmers. The combined RR for nonmelanotic skin cancer was 1.0 (95% CI 0.89-1.14), and for malignant melanoma it was 0.88 (95% CI 0.74-1.05). Conclusion The findings suggest that male farmers have a significantly elevated risk for lip cancer. Lip cancer and skin cancer do not share a common etiologic factor. Besides sunlight exposure, other factors such as viral infection or reduced immunity may play a role in the etiology of lip cancer.
Metropolitan regions—new geographies of inequality in education: the Chicago metroregion case

This paper examines the changing nature of metroregions and their schools. It discusses the influence of global neo‐liberalism and resistance on processes of social differentiation through case studies of Chicago metroregion communities and schools. Using spatial theory, the paper argues that while the restructuring of metroregions creates inequality and marginality, it also bears seeds of a more multicultural, transnational perspective and resistance.
A Mycenaean hegemony?: a reconsideration

There are two possible positions with regard to the Mycenaean hegemony: that it existed or that it did not. Modern scholars who accept its existence appear to be more vocal in arguing their position than are those who question the existence of Mycenaean unity. Desborough, for example, states forcibly: I am firmly convinced that there was one ruler over the whole Mycenaean territory, with his capital at Mycenae, although the tablets are of no assistance one way or the other in this matter, and although the overlordship of Agamemnon clearly envisaged by Homer can perhaps be explained simply as a military leadership for the purpose of waging war against Troy. The burden of proof must therefore depend on other evidence, the archaeological material taken in conjunction with the fairly frequent mention by the Hittites, in the fourteenth and much of the thirteenth centuries, of the king of a land called Ahhiyawa, which I believe to represent the entire Mycenaean orbit. The opposite position is represented largely through hints given in a larger context. Stubbings, for example, writes of ‘the Mycenaean Greeks of the mainland and the Mycenaean rulers of Cnossus’ and of ‘the mainland kingdoms’ (italics mine). Catling speaks of ‘metropolitan Greeks grown jealous of the wealth and power which their Knossian relatives had built up’. This emphasis on plurality, it seems to me, is the best way not only to view the events of the Mycenaean Greek world but also to understand the nature and degree of change in Greece during the Dark Age period.
Effect of Teacher's Motivational Cues on Achievement Level in Elementary Grades

From the evaluations of 158 fifth, sixth, and seventh grade children on the Pupil Observation Survey, six factors were extracted: I. Warm, Affable, Deferring; II. Fair, Considerate; III. Controlled, Orderly; IV. Knowledgeable, Open-minded; V. Stimulating, Surgent; VI. Self-assured, Poised, Egostrength. By means of deviations of achievement scores (CAT) from ability scores (CTMM), these students within each classroom were ranked and divided into 3 groups: underachievers, overachievers, and achievers. An analysis of the Pupil Observation Survey factor scores at the three levels of achievement revealed only Factor I differentiated among groups of achievers.
A novel multiple drop levitator for the study of drop arrays

Abstract A novel acousto-electric levitator has been developed for studying various phenomena associated with drop arrays. In order to stably levitate a group of drops, charged drops are generated in an acoustic field. The acoustic radiation force draws charged drops toward a certain location; the electrostatic repulsion among the drops prevents droplet coalescence and produces a nearly uniformly spaced drop array. Measurements with single droplets allow for tests of the influence of the acoustic field on the droplet evaporation rates. Interference effects among drops are observed by measuring their evaporation rates in a droplet array. Measured rates in these preliminary tests of the new apparatus are slightly lower than predicted theoretically.