cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Applying computer science and engineering to pre-college grades (elementary and secondary) education

Abstract This paper focuses on four areas of pre-college computer education. The first area deals with goals, foundations and requirements for pre-college computer curriculum that can be taught to pre-service computer teachers in a college or university program, including issues and policies. The second area deals with curriculum content that covers computer literacy and computer science. The third area deals with three levels of any pre-college computer curriculum: 1) policies, issues, requirements and instructional needs; 2) standards, models and instructional systems; 3) implementations, hardware, software, producers and users. And the fourth area deals with considerations of the various pre-college age groups, which can be divided in many ways: kindergarten, elementary grade levels, junior high, middle school, intermediate, senior high school and so forth.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE NORMAL FELINE BRAIN

The Purpose of this study was to produce an atlas of magnetic resonance images (MRI) of the feline brain and associated structures. The head of nine clinically normal cats was imaged in 2 or 3 anatomic planes and 3 sets of technical parameters resulting in T1, T2, and proton-weighted density images. Images were compared with anatomic texts, with preserved and sectioned feline cadaver heads, with preserved and sectioned feline brains, and with intact, sectioned, and disarticulated feline skulls for aid in identification of structures. Anatomic and neuroanatomic structures are identified on selected images in different planes as reference for MR morphology of the normal feline brain and related structures.
1776 – By David McCullough

Narrative popular history of the founding American era is thriving, as a visit to any chain bookstore demonstrates. Among its practitioners David McCullough already ranks very high, thanks to his b...
Alterations of fast axoplasmic transport in experimental methyl n-butyl ketone neuropathy

Abstract Methyl n-butyl ketone (MBK) is known to produce a giant axonal neuropathy in man and experimental animals characterized pathologically by a gradual increase in the number of neurofilaments which become associated with focal areas of axonal swelling and thinning of the myelin sheath. Fast axoplasmic transport was studied in rats exposed to MBK. In 10 severely paralyzed rats exposed to MBK there was a significant impediment of fast axoplasmic transport following dorsal root ganglion injections (x ± S.D.= 283.2 ± 20.34 mm/day) compared to normal controls (417.6 ± 23.78 mm/day). In rats undergoing injections into the ventral horn of the spinal cord there was a gradual impairment of the mean down flow rate for transport of [3H]leucine which correlated with the severity of the MBK induced neuropathy. Quantitative morphological determinations showed that the total number of neurotubules per unit cross-sectional myelin area and the number of neurotubules associated with mitochondria in swollen axons was unchanged from normal. The total number of mitochondria in randomly sampled swollen axons varied significantly from controls but the absolute number of mitochondria associated with neurotubules was unchanged from normal. The results of these studies suggest that the impediment of fast axoplasmic transport may be related to the increased neurofilaments producing focal areas of axonal blockage.
Decomposition of CH3NH2 on Pt(111)

The adsorption and decomposition of CH 3 NH 2 on Pt(111) have been studied using TPD and AES. The major species observed following adsorption at 300 K are C 2 N 2 , H 2 and HCN with N 2 and CH 4 being only a few percent of these species. No CH 3 NH 2 desorbs following 300 K adsorption. HCN desorbs as two major peaks at 480 and 520 K while C 2 N 2 desorbs as several peaks between 700 and 1200 K. Hydrogen desorbs as a peak at ≈420 K from H atom recombination and two peaks at 480 and 520 K from H x CN decomposition. Desorption from the saturated surface produces approximately 4 times more C 2 N 2 than HCN. No carbon residues are left on the surface after heating to 1300 K. Adsorption of CH 3 NH 2 at 100 K produces a monolayer CH 3 NH 2 desorption peak at 230 K and a multilayer, at 135 K. More HCN and less C 2 N 2 form with adsorption at 100 K than at 300 K. Annealing the 100 K adlayer increases the C 2 N 2 /HCN ratio. These results indicate that HCN is formed only from H x CN products rather than from H+CN bimolecular reaction as confirmed by hydrogen titration experiments At lower coverages C 2 N 2 desorbs with second-order kinetics, suggesting that this product is formed by combination of adsorbed CN species. These results indicate that CH 3 NH 2 dehydrogenates totally by 600 K and that no C-N bonds are broken on this surface. Onece H 2 desorbs to leave CN on the surface, the dimer C 2 N 2 is the only gaseous product which can form, and this occurs avove 1000 K.
Experimental investigation into the seismic behavior of nuclear power plant shear wall structures

Abstract Nuclear power plant structures are designed to resist large earthquakes. However, as new data are obtained on earthquake activity throughout the United States, plant design earthquake levels have increased. The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission is sponsoring an analytical-experimental research program to obtain information on the structural response of nuclear power plant shear wall structures subjected to earthquake motions within and beyond their design basis. Using different size scale models constructed with microconcrete and prototypical concrete this research has demonstrated consistent results for measured values of stiffness at load levels within the design basis. Furthermore, the values are well below the theoretical stiffnesses calculated from an uncracked cross-section strength-of-materials approach. Current program emphasis is to assess the credibility of previous experimental work by beginning to resolve the ‘stiffness difference’ issue.
Eocene Stratigraphy in Western Santa Ynez Mountains, Santa Barbara County, California

This paper describes the critical Eocene section at Canada de Santa Anita, Santa Barbara County, California. The "Tejon" formation of early workers is subdivided into the Anita shale (new name), "Matilija" sandstone, "Cozy Dell" shale, Sacate formation (new name), and Gaviota formation in ascending stratigraphic order. Detailed study was confined to the Eocene strata below the type Gaviota formation. The general east-west trending anticlinal structure is complicated by strike faulting. Foraminifers in the Anita shale, which is disconformable on Cretaceous beds, suggest a middle Eocene age for the formation. The molluscan faunule in the "Matilija" is believed to belong in Clark and Vokes' (1936) "Transition stage" below the Tejon and above the Domengine. Of particular sign ficance are faunules from the "Cozy Dell"; these belong in Laiming's (1940) Zones A-1 and A-2. The upper member of the Sacate formation contains a Turritella related to T. variata, the abundant Gaviota species.
Variation in health service use among hiv-infected patients

The effects of sociodemographic factors on health service use among people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are assessed. Data are from a survey of 939 clients of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's AIDS Health Services Program in nine communities across the country. Dependent variables are the number of outpatient visits, use of the emergency room, and whether the respondent had been admitted as an inpatient. In the 3 months before the interview, the sample averaged 7.46 outpatient physician/clinic visits: 35.9% reported an emergency room visit, and 29.9% had been hospitalized. The data suggested differential patterns of health service use, such that those who are white, male, and non-intravenous drug users have higher rates of outpatient clinic/physician use, whereas those who are nonwhite, female, and intravenous drug users have higher rates of emergency room use. Whether these observed differences are attributable to the system's response to different socioeconomic groups, or to differences in individual orientations toward use of medical care is discussed.
Ten-year prospective follow-up study of the naturalistic course of dysthymic disorder and double depression.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to describe the 10-year course and outcome of dysthymic disorder. Method: The authors conducted a naturalistic, prospective, longitudinal follow-up of 97 adults with early-onset dysthymic disorder and 45 adults with nonchronic major depressive disorder selected from consecutive admissions to several outpatient facilities. Follow-up data were obtained for 90% of the cohort. Assessments were conducted at baseline, 30, 60, 90, and 120 months. Measures included the Longitudinal Interval Follow-Up Evaluation and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Results: The Kaplan-Meier estimated recovery rate from dysthymic disorder was 73.9%, with a median time to recovery of 52 months. Among patients who recovered, the estimated risk of relapse into another period of chronic depression was 71.4%. Chronic depressive relapses took a variety of forms and were not limited to dysthymia. Nonetheless, the distinction between chronic and nonchronic forms of depression was relatively sta...
Effects of Ca2+, theophylline and promethazine on protein phosphorylation in intact cells of rabbit ileum Correlation with active Na and Cl absorption

The effects of Ca2+, theophylline and promethazine on the phosphorylation of microvillus membrane proteins have been studied in rabbit ileal epithelial cells, using intact cell phosphorylation techniques followed by purification of microvillus membranes, separation of peptides by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and quantitation of phosphorylation by computerized densitometry of autoradiograms. The Ca2+ ionophore A23187 caused increased phosphorylation of four and possibly five polypeptides; theophylline increased phosphorylation of three peptides, two of which had the same Mr and pI values as the peptides altered by the Ca2+ ionophore; promethazine decreased the phosphorylation of one of the peptides increased by Ca2+ ionophore. The phosphorylated peptides, which respond similarly to more than one agent which affect ileal Na and Cl absorption, could be involved in the regulation of NaCl absorption either as transport proteins or regulators of transport proteins.
Statistical Methods in Scientific Inference

IT is regrettable that Edwards's interesting article1, supporting the likelihood and prior likelihood concepts, did not point out the specific criticisms of likelihood (and Bayesian) concepts that seem to dissuade most theoretical and applied statisticians from adopting them. As one whom Edwards particularly credits with having “analysed in depth … some attractive properties” of the likelihood concept, I must point out that I am not now among the “modern exponents” of the likelihood concept. Further, after suggesting that the notion of prior likelihood was plausible as an extension or analogue of the usual likelihood concept (ref. 2, p. 200), I have pursued the matter through further consideration and rejection of both the likelihood concept and various proposed formalizations of prior information and opinion (including prior likelihood). I regret not having expressed my developing views in any formal publication between 1962 and late 1969 (just after ref. 1 appeared). My present views have now, however, been published in an expository but critical article (ref. 3, see also ref. 4), and so my comments here will be restricted to several specific points that Edwards raised.
Bayesian estimation of isotopic age differences

Isotopic dating is subject to uncertainties arising from counting statistics and experimental errors. These uncertainties are additive when an isotopic age difference is calculated. If large, they can lead to no significant age difference by "'classical" statistics. In many cases, relative ages are known because of stratigraphic order or other clues. Such information can be used to establish a Bayes estimate of age difference which will include prior knowledge of age order. Age measurement errors are assumed to be log-normal and a noninformative but constrained bivariate prior for two true ages in known order is adopted. True-age ratio is distributed as a truncated tog-normal variate. Its expected value gives an age-ratio estimate, and its variance provides credible intervals. Bayesian estimates of ages are different and in correct order even if measured ages are identical or reversed in order. For example, age measurements on two samples might both yield 100 ka with coefficients of variation of 0.2. Bayesian estimates are 22. 7 ka for age difference with a 75% credible interval of[4.4, 43.7] ka.
Pink gives girls permission: Exploring the roles of explicit gender labels and gender-typed colors on preschool children's toy preferences

Abstract Children engage in gender-typed toy play to a greater extent than in non-gender-typed toy play leading to different developmental trajectories for boys and girls. The present studies examine the characteristics of toys and how they differentially affect boys' and girls' interests, stereotypes, and judgments of the toys. In Study 1, children ( N = 73, M age = 4.01) were presented with masculine and feminine toys that were decorated with masculine and feminine colors. Results indicated that boys were more interested in masculine toys than in feminine toys. Girls were significantly less interested in masculine toys with masculine colors than in all other combinations. Children's perceptions of others' interests also followed a similar pattern. In Study 2, children ( N = 42, M age = 3.84) were presented with novel items labeled as “for boys” and “for girls” and decorated in masculine and feminine colors. Among girls, both explicit labels and color of novel toys impacted interests. Children's predictions of others' interests also reflected this pattern.
Survey report: concept of penis size.

(1996). Survey report: Concept of penis size. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy: Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 131-135.
Competitive Modulation of Ca2+ Release-activated Ca2+ Channel Gating by STIM1 and 2-Aminoethyldiphenyl Borate

Activation of Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ channels by depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores involves physical interactions between the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ sensor, STIM1, and the channels composed of Orai subunits. Recent studies indicate that the Orai3 subtype, in addition to being store-operated, is also activated in a store-independent manner by 2-aminoethyldiphenyl borate (2-APB), a small molecule with complex pharmacology. However, it is unknown whether the store-dependent and -independent activation modes of Orai3 channels operate independently or whether there is cross-talk between these activation states. Here we report that in addition to causing direct activation, 2-APB also regulates store-operated gating of Orai3 channels, causing potentiation at low doses and inhibition at high doses. Inhibition of store-operated gating by 2-APB was accompanied by the suppression of several modes of Orai3 channel regulation that depend on STIM1, suggesting that high doses of 2-APB interrupt STIM1-Orai3 coupling. Conversely, STIM1-bound Orai3 (and Orai1) channels resisted direct gating by high doses of 2-APB. The rate of direct 2-APB activation of Orai3 channels increased linearly with the degree of STIM1-Orai3 uncoupling, suggesting that 2-APB has to first disengage STIM1 before it can directly gate Orai3 channels. Collectively, our results indicate that the store-dependent and -independent modes of Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ channel activation are mutually exclusive: channels bound to STIM1 resist 2-APB gating, whereas 2-APB antagonizes STIM1 gating.
Are There Barriers to the Release of Paraffin Blocks for Clinical Research Trials? A College of American Pathologists Survey of 609 Laboratories

Abstract Context.—The number of paraffin blocks submitted for patients enrolled in clinical research trials appears to be declining. Objective.—To obtain information on laboratory policies and procedures in complying with requests to submit paraffin blocks for research. Design.—A questionnaire was sent to members of a voluntary market research panel composed of pathologists representing a broad spectrum of experience and practice settings. The questions addressed departmental policies and the likely responses to requests to submit pathology materials for patients enrolled in clinical trials. Results.—The survey was completed by 609 of 762 pathologists (80%) who responded to the invitation. More than 90% of respondents stated that they comply with these requests. Although 14% have a policy precluding the release of blocks for research, 84% of those will send limited tissue samples in lieu of blocks. When tumor is confined to a single block, most laboratories will not release the block but will send unstain...
Observational data collection methods for services marketing: An overview

Applications of observational data collection methods to services marketing research are explored. Three key dimensions that distinguish the various forms of observational methods are presented. General applications of observational research to services marketing phenomena are posited. Specific applications of observational research to services quality are suggested. Issues concerning the implementation of direct human observation are considered.
A guide to funding sources for computer systems

In the December 1995 Equipment Column, Ann Gunnett reviewed computer technology for pediatric nurses. Coincidentally, in the December 1995 issue of the Journal of School Nursing, Elizabeth Ann Murphy published a thorough analysis of potential sources for obtaining computers and/or funding for computer purchase. The following article is an adaptation of the article (Reprinted with permission). The list of resources is included for information purposes only and does not denote endorsement by the author or the Journal of Pediatric Nursing.
Efficient Adaptive Nonlinear ECHO Cancellation, Using Sub-band Implementation of the Adaptive Volterra Filter

The adaptive Volterra filter has been successfully applied in nonlinear acoustic echo cancellation (AEC) systems and nonlinear line echo cancellation systems, but its applications are limited by its required computational complexity and slow convergence rate, especially for systems with long memory length. In this paper, by leveraging a multi-channel configuration of the Volterra filter and the sampling theory for nonlinear systems, we extend linear sub-band delay-less adaptive filter techniques to develop an efficient sub-band implementation of the adaptive Volterra filter. The developed sub-band configuration of the adaptive Volterra filter can greatly improve the convergence rate and reduce the computational complexity of nonlinear echo cancellers, which is shown by analyses and simulations.
Wire-Tension Effects on Plasma Dynamics in a Two-Wire $Z$ -Pinch

Heavier wire weights reduce contact resistance, which increases the energy deposition in wire plasma. Images from a two-wire Z-pinch showing the effects of wire tension on expansion performance are presented.
l-Buthionine Sulfoximine Potentiates the Antitumor Effect of 4-Hydroperoxycyclophosphamide When Administered Locally in a Rat Glioma Model

OBJECTIVE: L-buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) inhibits glutathione synthesis and may modulate tumor resistance to some alkylating agents, but it has not been proven effective in the treatment of intracranial neoplasms. To evaluate this drug for the treatment of brain tumors, we studied the use of BSO for potentiating the antineoplastic effect of 4-hydroxyperoxycyclophosphamide (4-HC) in the rat 9L glioma model. METHODS: The survival of male Fischer 344 rats with intracranial 9L gliomas was measured after implantation of controlled-release polymers containing one of the following: no drug, BSO, 4-HC, or both BSO and 4-HC. The efficacy of intracranial 4-HC treatment was assessed with and without serial systemic intraperitoneal BSO injections. Tissue glutathione levels were measured in the brains, tumors, and livers of animals treated with intraperitoneal injections or local delivery of BSO. RESULTS: The median survival of animals treated with intracranial polymers containing 4-HC was 2.3 times greater than that of controls. This survival benefit was doubled by local delivery of BSO. In contrast, systemic BSO therapy did not improve survival time. In animals that were treated systemically, both liver and tumor glutathione levels were significantly lower than they were in control animals. In the locally treated animals, glutathione levels were reduced in the brain tumor but not in the liver. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that local but not systemic delivery of BSO enhances the antineoplastic effect of 4-HC in this rat 9L glioma model. In addition, because local delivery of BSO within the brain did not deplete glutathione levels systemically, this method of treatment may be safer than systemic administration of BSO.
Self-reported history of childhood smoking is associated with an increased risk for peripheral arterial disease independent of lifetime smoking burden

Atherosclerotic disorders are well known to be associated with obesity, lipid profile, smoking, hypertension and other medical comorbidities, and large cohort studies have explored the childhood correlates to these adult risk factors. However, there has been little investigation into the childhood risk factors for peripheral arterial disease (PAD). We endeavored to better understand the role of smoking in childhood in the risk for PAD in a well described cohort of 1,537 adults at high risk for cardiovascular disease. In a multivariate regression model, we observed an increased risk of PAD among those who reported a history of smoking during childhood (OR = 2.86; 95% CI, 1.99–4.11; P<0.001), which remained statistically significant after controlling for lifetime smoking burden (OR = 1.55; 95% CI, 1.00–2.41; P = 0.049). Our novel observation of disproportionate risk of PAD conferred by a history of childhood smoking may reflect an unrecognized biological mechanism such as a unique susceptibility to vascular injury or an unaccounted for covariate such as secondhand smoke exposure in childhood. This observation suggests further investigation is required into the pathophysiology of smoking in the developing vasculature and the need for detailed clinical data about patterns of childhood smoking and smoke exposure.
Statistical approach to establish equivalence of unabbreviated mass spectra.

RATIONALE: In many legal and regulatory applications, mass spectral comparison of an unknown or questioned sample to a reference standard or database is used for identification; however, no statistical confidence level or error rate is determined. Therefore, a simple and rapid method to establish the statistical equivalence of mass spectra is needed. METHODS: The standard deviation of the abundance at each m/z ratio was determined from replicate measurements or from a statistical model. These standard deviations were used in an unequal variance t-test to compare two spectra at every m/z ratio over the entire scan range. If determined to be statistically indistinguishable at every m/z ratio, the random-match probability (RMP) that the specific mass spectral fragmentation pattern occurred by chance was calculated. RESULTS: n-Alkane and alkylbenzene standards of varying concentrations were analyzed on the same instrument at different ionization voltages. Using the proposed method, replicate spectra were successfully associated at the 99.9% confidence level, with RMP values less than 10 –29 . Despite the similarity in fragmentation patterns, spectra were distinguished from others in the homologous series. Moreover, the n-alkane spectra were appropriately associated to and discriminated from those in a standard reference database at the 99.9% confidence level. CONCLUSIONS: A simple and rapid method to assign statistical significance to the comparison of mass spectra was developed and validated. This method may be useful for legal and regulatory applications, such as the identification of controlledsubstances,environmentalpollutants,andfoodanddrugcontaminants.Copyright©2013JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd.
Separation of a boundary jet in a rotating fluid

A semi-infinite jet flows along a vertical wall in a rotating fluid, with the nose of the intrusion approaching a corner where the wall turns through an obtuse angle θ + 180°. The jet separates at the corner and flows into the interior if θ exceeds a critical θc, otherwise part of the jet continues around the corner and flows along the downstream segment of the wall. The separation criterion is computed using an inviscid and piecewise-uniform-vorticity model, with s denoting the ratio of the maximum ‘offshore’ to ‘inshore’ vorticity. The separation effect is demonstrated by a laboratory experiment in which a two-dimensional jet flows along the wall from a source. Average velocities are used to estimate s, and to make semi-quantitative comparisons of experimental and theoretical θc. This suggests that the separation mechanism is independent of local viscous forces, although the cumulative effect of lateral eddy stresses in the jet is important in establishing the value of s immediately upstream from the corner. We suggest that our barotropic separation mechanism is relevant to mesoscale oceanic coastal currents.
Colibri: fast mining of large static and dynamic graphs

Low-rank approximations of the adjacency matrix of a graph are essential in finding patterns (such as communities) and detecting anomalies. Additionally, it is desirable to track the low-rank structure as the graph evolves over time, efficiently and within limited storage. Real graphs typically have thousands or millions of nodes, but are usually very sparse. However, standard decompositions such as SVD do not preserve sparsity. This has led to the development of methods such as CUR and CMD, which seek a non-orthogonal basis by sampling the columns and/or rows of the sparse matrix.However, these approaches will typically produce overcomplete bases, which wastes both space and time. In this paper we propose the family of Colibri methods to deal with these challenges. Our version for static graphs, Colibri-S, iteratively finds a non-redundant basis and we prove that it has no loss of accuracy compared to the best competitors (CUR and CMD), while achieving significant savings in space and time: on real data, Colibri-S requires much less space and is orders of magnitude faster (in proportion to the square of the number of non-redundant columns). Additionally, we propose an efficient update algorithm for dynamic, time-evolving graphs, Colibri-D. Our evaluation on a large, real network traffic dataset shows that Colibri-D is over 100 times faster than the best published competitor (CMD).
Immunosuppressant PG490 (Triptolide) Inhibits T-cell Interleukin-2 Expression at the Level of Purine-box/Nuclear Factor of Activated T-cells and NF-κB Transcriptional Activation

PG490 (triptolide) is a diterpene triepoxide with potent immunosuppressive and antiinflammatory properties. PG490 inhibits interleukin(IL)-2 expression by normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and antibody to CD3 (IC50 of 10 ng/ml), and with PMA and ionomycin (Iono, IC50 of 40 ng/ml). In Jurkat T-cells, PG490 inhibits PMA/Iono-stimulated IL-2 transcription. PG490 inhibits the induction of DNA binding activity at the purine-box/antigen receptor response element (ARRE)/nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NF-AT) target sequence but not at the NF-kappaB site. PG490 can completely inhibit transcriptional activation at the purine-box/ARRE/NF-AT and NF-kappaB target DNA sequences triggered by all stimuli examined (PMA, PMA/Iono, tumor necrosis factor-alpha). PG490 also inhibits PMA-stimulated activation of a chimeric transcription factor in which the C-terminal TA1 transactivation domain of NF-kappaB p65 is fused to the DNA binding domain of GAL4. In 16HBE human bronchial epithelial cells, IL-8 expression is regulated predominantly by NF-kappaB, and PG490 but not cyclosporin A can completely inhibit expression of IL-8. The mechanism of PG490 inhibition of cytokine gene expression differs from cyclosporin A and involves nuclear inhibition of transcriptional activation of NF-kappaB and the purine-box regulator operating at the ARRE/NF-AT site at a step after specific DNA binding.
Health and social care: will they work together for children now?

The National Health Service (NHS) is embarking on significant changes. The new Health and Social Care Act comes into force on 1 April 2013 alongside increasing demographic challenges and capacity pressures. While costs are set to soar, finances are increasingly constrained so that the effective delivery of integrated out-of-hospital care coordinated around the needs of the child and family is vital. The case report1 illustrates how families’ lives are turned upside down when sustaining complex care at home. Adverse medical outcomes may partly reflect the difficulties connecting secondary health and social care. Previous failings in safeguarding show the dangers of a disconnected system and it is critical that the new commissioning arrangements should encourage integration. There has been a fourfold increase in young patients on Home Parenteral Nutrition (PN) since 1993 with a mean of 13.7 children per million.2 Young mothers are over-represented since teenage pregnancy is a risk factor for low birth weight and preterm delivery. Short bowel syndrome due to necrotising enterocolitis as a cause for intestinal failure has increased. Maternal age less than 20 years is also associated with gastroschisis and a near tripling of gastroschisis cases has led to more children requiring Home PN.3 Home PN requires technical competencies and strict adherence to daily routines. Recurrent catheter related blood steam infection with late presentation is a risk factor for intestinal failure associated liver disease. Intestinal transplantation is offered when PN has reached its limits due to life-threatening complications such as recurrent infections. Care routines continue to be demanding after transplantation. If parents are unable to maintain strict …
On Forward-in-Time Differencing for Fluids: Stopping Criteria for Iterative Solutions of Anelastic Pressure Equations

In this note, the authors address the practical issue of selecting appropriate stopping criteria for iterative solutions to the elliptic pressure equation arising in nonoscillatory, forward-in-time Eulerian and semi-Lagrangian anelastic fluid models. Using the simple computational example of 2D thermal convection in a neutrally stratified Boussinesq fluid, it is shown that (a) converging to the machine precision is not necessary for the overall accuracy and stability of the model, and adversely affects the overall model efficiency; and (b) the semi-Lagrangian model algorithm admits fairly liberal stopping criteria compared to the Eulerian flux-form model, unless the latter is formulated in terms of field perturbations.
Constraint Deductive Databases

Datalog is a rule-based language that is related to Prolog, which is a popular language for implementing expert systems. Each rule is a statement saying that if some points belong to some relations, then other points must also belong to a defined relation. Each Datalog query contains a Datalog program and an input database.
Development of ORIGEN libraries for mixed oxide (MOX) fuel assembly designs

In this research, ORIGEN cross section libraries for reactor-grade mixed oxide (MOX) fuel assembly designs have been developed to provide fast and accurate depletion calculations to predict nuclide inventories, radiation sources and thermal decay heat information needed in safety evaluations and safeguards verification measurements of spent nuclear fuel. These ORIGEN libraries are generated using two-dimensional lattice physics assembly models that include enrichment zoning and cross section data based on ENDF/B-VII.0 evaluations. Using the SCALE depletion sequence, burnup-dependent cross sections are created for selected commercial reactor assembly designs and a representative range of reactor operating conditions, fuel enrichments, and fuel burnup. The burnup dependent cross sections are then interpolated to provide problem-dependent cross sections for ORIGEN, avoiding the need for time-consuming lattice physics calculations. The ORIGEN libraries for MOX assembly designs are validated against destructive radiochemical assay measurements of MOX fuel from the MALIBU international experimental program. This program included measurements of MOX fuel from a 15 × 15 pressurized water reactor assembly and a 9 × 9 boiling water reactor assembly. The ORIGEN MOX libraries are also compared against detailed assembly calculations from the Phase IV-B numerical MOX fuel burnup credit benchmark coordinated by the Nuclear Energy Agency within themore » Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Finally, the nuclide compositions calculated by ORIGEN using the MOX libraries are shown to be in good agreement with other physics codes and with experimental data.« less
Abstract 4803: A novel mitochondrial isoform of mammalian DNA methyltransferase 1

Cancer cells, in contrast to normal cells and tissues, fulfill their energy requirements by increased glycolysis, with a distinct downregulation of oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria. Regulation of enzymes of the glycolytic pathway under the anoxic conditions prevalent in human solid tumors by stabilization of HIF1α have been intensely investigated; however, the mechanisms regulating transcription of the mitochondrial genome, and its coordinate regulation with the nuclear genome are less well understood. Eukaryotic mitochondrial DNA carries a low but significant level of cytosine methylation, but molecular mechanisms responsible for the generation of this modification and its role in mitochondrial function has not been studied. The mitochondrial genome encodes 13 polypeptides involved in oxidative phosphorylation, as well as the tRNAs and rRNAs required for mitochondrial translation. All other proteins required for mitochondrial function are encoded by the nuclear genome and translocated to the mitochondria using mitochondrial targeting sequences frequently located at the N-terminus. We have identified a novel isoform of mammalian DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) that translocates to the mitochondrion, using a conserved N-terminal mitochondrial targeting sequence; the mRNA encoding this isoform is expressed from an upstream transcription start site. De novo methyltransferases DNMT3a and DNMT3b are not found in mammalian mitochondria. Expression of the mitochondrial DNMT1 isoform (mtDNMT1) is regulated by nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1) and coactivator PGC1α, which together upregulate several nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes involved in the electron transport chain, following hypoxic stress. The mitochondrial isoform (mtDNMT1) is also preferentially upregulated following loss of p53 function, leading to specific effects on mitochondrial gene expression and potentially affecting mitochondrial function. We therefore suggest that mitochondrial DNA methylation, established and maintained by mtDNMT1, plays a role in coordination of mitochondrial gene expression and that the expression of the mtDNMT1 isoform is under the control of p53. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4803.
Improved exergetic life cycle assessment through matrix reduction technique

Purpose The concept of exergy can be used in LCA to quantify the value of natural resources consumed in production processes, as well as to assess the environmental impacts of waste streams. Prior studies noted the complexity of exergy accounting for wastes due to the diversity and complexity of waste streams. We develop an improved method to allow for rigorous exergy accounting of both resources and wastes.
Analysis of the Indication of 4112 Case of Cesarean Sections

Objective to analyze the cesarean section indication structure and the causes of high cesarean delivery rate,and to look for the strategies to decrease cesarean section rate.Method retrospective analysis of Cesarean Section cases.Data from 4,112 deliveries between January 2005 and April 2009 were reviewed.Results the cesarean section rate is 54%.The leading Indications for cesarean section are intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP),fetal distress,social factors Conclusion popularize the knowledge of prenatal care;correctly grasp the Cesarean Section Indications;encourage vaginal delivery,air vesicle delivery so as to decrease the rate of cesarean sections.
Pediatric HIV Disease: The Newest Chronic Illness of Childhood

HIV disease has emerged as a major chronic illness of childhood. Children with HIV infection and children with other chronic health impairments have much in common, including the need for comprehensive, multidisciplinary, coordinated care that includes special attention to the psychosocial effects on the child and family. However, because the mother and often the father and siblings share this lethal viral infection, the impact of HIV disease upon the family surpasses that of virtually all other chronic conditions. This is compounded by the association of the disease with drug use, its preponderance among the most disenfranchised populations in the United States, and the persistent public fear and discrimination surrounding AIDS. We have made substantial progress already in the medical management of this infection, and while we await the development of more effective therapies, we already have the tools and knowledge in hand to help these families.
Opposition to Immigration, Economic Insecurity and Individual Values: Evidence from Russia

AbstractSince 1991, Russia has become one of the leading immigration destinations in the industrialised world. The inflow has prompted substantial public opposition, as surveys show that half or more of the public want to limit new arrivals. The sources of public disapproval, however, are unclear: while public discourse includes complaints about perceived economic and cultural ills of immigration, research on public opinion finds that neither economic nor cultural concerns have a consistent impact on individual attitudes. This study provides a new analysis, showing that economic vulnerability and cultural orientations (such as social conservatism and low levels of interpersonal trust) play a significant role in shaping anti-immigrant sentiment.
The Andes: A Geographical Portrait

Alex Borsdorf and Christoph Stadel. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer, 2015. xii and 368 pp., maps, tables, photographs, glossary, references. $179.00 cloth (ISBN 978-3-319-03529-1); $139.00 e-book (IS...
Significance of Parameters Affecting the Performance of a Passive Down-Draft Evaporative Cooling (PDEC) Tower with a Spray System

Abstract PDEC towers with spray systems are known to achieve substantial energy savings. Various parameters such as the wet-bulb depression, the tower height, and the wind speed have been known to be key factors affecting the performance of the system. To date, the significance of these parameters and other important factors have not been adequately treated in the literature. There also has been a lack of models that can successfully investigate potential benefits of the system under various conditions where this particular system could be applicable. To address these critical issues, this study performed a parametric analysis by using a FLUENT model validated against experimental data. It demonstrated the significance of individual parameters including water droplet sizes. As a result, practical design guidelines for important system parameters were presented. A statistical analysis was then used to formulate analytic models that account for all of the relationships found in this study between the parameters and the supply air conditions of the system. Two regression equations were formulated for predicting supply air temperature and velocity.
The Mod III Continuous Hydrostatic Extruder

Since the history of hydrostatic extrusion from billet methods to more recent continuous techniques has been reviewed elsewhere, this paper will be directed principally to the Mod III continuous extruder, the highest pressure continuous extruder ever built.Mod III was constructed to extrude at a maximum bore pressure of 2 GPa (300 ksi) and at an input rod speed of 0.25 m/s (50 fpm).
Comprehensive Framework for Speed-Zone Guidelines

Abstract Speeding is often considered as one of the major reasons of traffic crashes. As a result, State Departments of Transportations (DOTs) receive requests from communities to decrease speed limits in towns along rural highways. Such requests, coupled with the lack of proper manuals, have forced state DOTs to reduce the speed limits. A proper speed-zone manual is required to establish consistent speed zones across a state. This paper reviewed the literature on speed, crashes, enforcement techniques, and speed-zone manuals. A nationwide survey was conducted to identify various factors affecting the decisions of speed zones establishing. This paper identified best practices based on the literature review and expert opinions, and proposed a comprehensive framework for a speed-zone manual. The Nevada DOT traffic engineers were also interviewed during this research to incorporate their opinions in the framework. The framework provided in this paper has six phases. They are; 1) speed-zone identification; 2) speed-limit determination; 3) transition-zone detailed design; 4) speed-zone approval; 5) speed-limit enforcement; and 6) follow-up study. Relevant studies, and manuals corresponding to each phases were presented in this paper. This framework is useful for NDOT, other state DOTs within the U.S., and transportation agencies worldwide that haven't had speed zone manuals currently to develop a proper speed-zone manual.
Women and Their Drugs

This sample of women in Narcotics Anonymous (NA) is drawn from a Mid-Atlantic metropolitan area and reflects the diversity that can be found in NA. Two-thirds of the sample is African-American and lives in the inner city and one-half of the sample is white and resides in surrounding working-class neighborhoods. In general, the women are economically disadvantaged, report addiction to both cocaine and heroin, and have not been in NA for very long.
Implementation of variable parameters in the Krylov-based finite state projection for solving the chemical master equation

Abstract The finite state projection (FSP) algorithm is a reduction method for solving the chemical master equation (CME). The Krylov-FSP improved on the original FSP by using an embedded scheme where the action of the matrix exponential is evaluated by the Krylov subspace method of Expokit for greater efficiency. There are parameters that impact the method, such as the stepsize that must be controlled to ensure the accuracy of the computed matrix exponentials, or to ensure the accuracy of the FSP. Other parameters include the dimension of the Krylov basis, or even the extent of reachability when expanding the FSP. In this work, we incorporate adaptive strategies to automatically vary these parameters. Numerical experiments comparing the resulting variants are reported, showing how certain choices perform better than others.
An Efficient Cache-oblivious Parallel Viterbi Algorithm

The Viterbi algorithm is used to find the most likely path through a hidden Markov model given an observed sequence, and has numerous applications. Due to its importance and high computational complexity, several algorithmic strategies have been developed to parallelize it on different parallel architectures. However, none of the existing Viterbi decoding algorithms designed for modern computers with cache hierarchies is simultaneously cache-efficient and cache-oblivious. Being oblivious of machine resources e.g., caches and processors while also being efficient promotes portability. In this paper, we present an efficient cache- and processor-oblivious Viterbi algorithm based on rank convergence. The algorithm builds upon the parallel Viterbi algorithm of Maleki et al. PPoPP 2014. We provide empirical analysis of our algorithm by comparing it with Maleki et al.'s algorithm.
Adductor canal block for knee surgical procedures: review article

Adductor canal block (ACB) has recently emerged as an alternative to femoral nerve block for pain control after various knee procedures especially knee arthroplasty. In this review article, we will review the anatomy of adductor canal, sonoanatomy, and ultrasound-guided approach for ACB as well as review current evidence regarding the indications of the ACB.
Performance guarantees for undersampled recursive sparse recovery in large but structured noise

We study the problem of recursively reconstructing a time sequence of sparse vectors St from measurements of the form Mt = ASt +BLt where A and B are known measurement matrices, and Lt lies in a slowly changing low dimensional subspace. We assume that the signal of interest (St) is sparse, and has support which is correlated over time. We introduce a solution which we call Recursive Projected Modified Compressed Sensing (ReProMoCS), which exploits the correlated support change of St. We show that, under weaker assumptions than previous work, with high probability, ReProMoCS will exactly recover the support set of St and the reconstruction error of St is upper bounded by a small time-invariant value. A motivating application where the above problem occurs is in functional MRI imaging of the brain to detect regions that are “activated” in response to stimuli. In this case both measurement matrices are the same (i.e. A = B). The active region image constitutes the sparse vector St and this region changes slowly over time. The background brain image changes are global but the amount of change is very little and hence it can be well modeled as lying in a slowly changing low dimensional subspace, i.e. this constitutes Lt.