cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Patients Walking Faster After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Have More Gait Asymmetry.

# Background Gait asymmetries after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) may lead to radiographic knee osteoarthritis. Slower walking speeds have been associated with biomarkers suggesting cartilage breakdown. The relationship between walking speed and gait symmetry after ACLR is unknown. # Hypothesis/Purpose To determine the relationship between self-selected walking speeds and gait symmetry in athletes after primary, unilateral ACLR. # Study Design Secondary analysis of a clinical trial. # Methods Athletes 24±8 weeks after primary ACLR walked at self-selected speeds as kinematics, kinetics, and electromyography data were collected. An EMG-driven musculoskeletal model was used to calculate peak medial compartment contact force (pMCCF). Variables of interest were peak knee flexion moment (pKFM) and angle (pKFA), knee flexion and extension (KEE) excursions, peak knee adduction moment (pKAM), and pMCCF. Univariate correlations were run for walking speed and each variable in the ACLR knee, contralateral knee, and interlimb difference (ILD). # Results Weak to moderate positive correlations were observed for walking speed and all variables of interest in the contralateral knee (Pearson’s r=.301-.505, p≤0.01). In the ACLR knee, weak positive correlations were observed for only pKFM (r=.280, p=0.02) and pKFA (r=.263, p=0.03). Weak negative correlations were found for ILDs in pKFM (r=-0.248, p=0.04), KEE (r=-.260, p=0.03), pKAM (r=-.323, p<0.01), and pMCCF (r=-.286, p=0.02). # Conclusion Those who walk faster after ACLR have more asymmetries, which are associated with the development of early OA. This data suggests that interventions that solely increase walking speed may accentuate gait symmetry in athletes early after ACLR. Gait-specific, unilateral, neuromuscular interventions for the ACLR knee may be needed to target gait asymmetries after ACLR. # Level of Evidence III
Novel Steroidal Saponins in Oat Identified by Molecular Networking Analysis and Their Levels in Commercial Oat Products

Through the use of the Global Natural Product Social (GNPS) feature-based networking system, a series of newly identified steroidal saponins were discovered in oat. The structures of the three new major steroidal saponins, sativacosides A-C (1-3), were characterized by analyzing their high-resolution MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectra, and an additional eight new steroidal saponins were also tentatively identified (4-11) based on their tandem mass spectra and typical fragments. Using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry techniques, a complete profile of the new sativacoside series was established, and the contents of sativacosides A-C were quantified in 18 different commercial oat products. The total levels of sativacosides A-C varied from 62.2 to 192.9 μg/g in these 18 products, in which oat bran (11 samples) and oatmeal (3 samples) had higher levels than cold oat cereal (4 samples).
Shannon Entropy Loss in Mixed-Radix Conversions.

This paper models a translation for base-2 pseudorandom number generators (PRNGs) to mixed-radix uses such as card shuffling. In particular, we explore a shuffler algorithm that relies on a sequence of uniformly distributed random inputs from a mixed-radix domain to implement a Fisher–Yates shuffle that calls for inputs from a base-2 PRNG. Entropy is lost through this mixed-radix conversion, which is assumed to be surjective mapping from a relatively large domain of size 2J to a set of arbitrary size n. Previous research evaluated the Shannon entropy loss of a similar mapping process, but this previous bound ignored the mixed-radix component of the original formulation, focusing only on a fixed n value. In this paper, we calculate a more precise formula that takes into account a variable target domain radix, n, and further derives a tighter bound on the Shannon entropy loss of the surjective map, while demonstrating monotonicity in a decrease in entropy loss based on increased size J of the source domain 2J. Lastly, this formulation is used to specify the optimal parameters to simulate a card-shuffling algorithm with different test PRNGs, validating a concrete use case with quantifiable deviations from maximal entropy, making it suitable to low-power implementation in a casino.
Practice patterns of vasal reconstruction in a large United States cohort

We aimed to characterise diverse practice patterns for vasal reconstruction and to determine whether surgeon volume is associated with vasoepididymostomy performance at the time of reconstruction. We identified adult men who underwent vasal reconstruction from 2000 to 2020 in Premier Healthcare Database and determined patient, surgeon, cost and hospital characteristics for each procedure. We identified 3,494 men who underwent either vasovasostomy-alone (N = 2,595, 74.3%) or any-vasoepididymostomy (N = 899, 25.7%). The majority of providers (N = 487, 88.1%) performed only-vasovasostomy, 10 (1.8%) providers performed only-vasoepididymostomy and 56 (10.1%) providers performed both. Median total hospital charge of vasoepididymostomy was significantly higher than vasovasostomy ($39,163, interquartile range [IQR]$11,854-53,614 and $17,201, IQR$10,904-29,986, respectively). On multivariable regression, men who underwent procedures at nonacademic centres (OR 2.71, 95% CI 2.12-3.49) with higher volume surgeons (OR 11.60, 95% CI 8.65-16.00) were more likely to undergo vasoepididymostomy. Furthermore, men who underwent vasoepididymostomy were more likely to self-pay (OR 2.35, 95% CI 1.83-3.04, p < .001) and more likely had procedures in the Midwest or West region (OR 2.22, 95% CI 1.66-2.96 and OR 2.11, 95% CI 1.61-2.76, respectively; p < .001). High-volume providers have increased odds of performing vasoepididymostomy at the time of reconstruction but at a significantly higher cost. These data suggest possibly centralising reconstructive procedures among high-volume providers.
TEMPORALLY AND AREALLY DISTRIBUTED RAINFALL

Areally distributed rainfall can be readily computed by superimposing a square grid on the area of interest. Weights for each grid element for each raingage affecting the area are made functions of reciprocal distance to some power. In this study optimization confirmed the value of the exponent that is in general use. The method can be used to calculate the areal average of storm, day, or longer, total precipitation in climate determinations or water resource planning. It can also be used to calculate moving fields of rainfall by short-time increments during the progress of a storm over an area.
A note on the accuracy of a computable approximation for the period of a pendulum

We discuss the accuracy of a previously proposed computable approximation for the period of the simple pendulum. In particular, we apply known inequalities for the Gaussian hypergeometric function to prove that the associated error is a monotonic function of the maximum angular displacement, α. For any given range of α, this provides an analytical verification of a precise bound for the associated error.
The Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Gas Dissolution and Evolution from Iron Alloys

Evolution of hydrogen and nitrogen during the solidification of cast iron may be a cause of pinholes or porosity in the casting. The fundamental thermodynamics and kinetics of the absorption and desorption of the gases are reviewed. Recent experimental results on the effect of S, P, Bi, Sn, Pb and Te on the rate of the nitrogen reaction with carbon saturated iron are presented. Several of these elements are apparently surface active on the melts and retard the rate of the chemical reaction significantly. The nitrogen in the liquid metal may come out of solution during solidification causing porosity. Even though the solubility of nitrogen is higher in austenite than in the Fe-C melts containing more than 2% C, nitrogen may evolve during solidification because the carbon enriched liquid has a lower solubility for nitrogen. Hydrogen can contribute to the total gas pressure and the thermodynamic pressure for the combined effect of hydrogen and nitrogen is given. The possibility of removing nitrogen by argon bubbling was explored using a mixed control model and the rate of removal is estimated to be slow. However, it may be possible to remove hydrogen by this method.
McGee on Horwich

Vann McGee has argued against solutions to the liar paradox that simply restrict the scope of the T sentences as little as possible. This argument is often taken to disprove Paul Horwich’s preferred solution to the liar paradox for his Minimal Theory of truth (MT). I argue that Horwich’s theory is different enough from the theory McGee criticized that these criticisms do not apply to Horwich’s theory. On the basis of this, I argue that propositional theories, like MT, cannot be evaluated using the same methods as sentential theories.
HMG-D is an architecture-specific protein that preferentially binds to DNA containing the dinucleotide TG.

Abstract The high mobility group (HMG) protein HMG-D from Drosophila melanogaster is a highly abundant chromosomal protein that is closely related to the vertebrate HMG domain proteins HMG1 and HMG2. In general, chromosomal HMG domain proteins lack sequence specificity. However, using both NMR spectroscopy and standard biochemical techniques we show that binding of HMG-D to a single DNA site is sequence selective. The preferred duplex DNA binding site comprises at least 5 bp and contains the deformable dinucleotide TG embedded in A/T-rich sequences. The TG motif constitutes a common core element in the binding sites of the well-characterized sequence-specific HMG domain proteins. We show that a conserved aromatic residue in helix 1 of the HMG domain may be involved in recognition of this core sequence. In common with other HMG domain proteins HMG-D binds preferentially to DNA sites that are stably bent and underwound, therefore HMG-D can be considered an architecture-specific protein. Finally, we show that HMG-D bends DNA and may confer a superhelical DNA conformation at a natural DNA binding site in the Drosophila fushi tarazu scaffold-associated region.
Ageing, repetitive genomes and DNA damage

The mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species is inversely proportional to longevity in animals. A key question now is, which molecules, among those that are oxidized, affect the lifespan of the organism most significantly?
Empirical study of the dynamic behavior of JavaScript objects

Despite the popularity of JavaScript for client-side web applications, there is a lack of effective software tools supporting JavaScript development and testing. The dynamic characteristics of JavaScript pose software engineering challenges such as program understanding and security. One important feature of JavaScript is that its objects support flexible mechanisms such as property changes at runtime and prototype-based inheritance, making it difficult to reason about object behavior. We have performed an empirical study on real JavaScript applications to understand the dynamic behavior of JavaScript objects. We present metrics to measure behavior of JavaScript objects during execution e.g., operations associated with an object, object size, and property type changes. We also investigated the behavioral patterns of observed objects to understand the coding or user interaction practices in JavaScript software. Copyright © 2015John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regulation of rat liver glucose 6- phosphate dehydrogenase levels by adenosine 3', 5' -monophosphate.

Abstract Glucagon and cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) have been shown to prevent the induction of rat liver glucose-6-P dehydrogenase which normally occurs when fasted rats are fed a high carbohydrate, non-fat diet. This is a specific effect which can occur without any change in the amount of diet consumed. It is concluded that increases in the level of cyclic AMP may repress the synthesis of lipogenic enzymes as well as induce the synthesis of several gluconeogenic enzymes. Thus, the regulation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism mediated by cyclic AMP may be exerted at the level of enzyme synthesis as well as by more rapid processes involving the activation and inactivation of enzymes.
Increasing participation of women in the engineering curriculum

Undergraduate and graduate programs in engineering should strive to attract the best talent and resources to the discipline. These programs should provide students with a firm foundation in the relevant fundamentals and prepare students for effective positions in industry and academia. It is important that the fundamental theories be correlated with practical examples from industry, e.g. automotive, aerospace, and software industries, to demonstrate the applications of the theories and to excite the students to investigate other practical possibilities on their own. There are many challenging and fulfilling career options available in the engineering discipline after graduation. What are some of the barriers that are preventing women from participating fully in the engineering discipline and how can we overcome them? There are 3 phases where the situation of women participation in the engineering curriculum needs to be assessed: (1) pre-engineering education phase-recruitment; (2) engineering education phase-retention; and (3) post-engineering education phase-placement and advancement.
Effects of Variations in Orthographic Information on Asian and American Readers' English Text Reading.

Orthographies vary in the support they provide for word identification based on grapheme-phoneme correspondences. If skills developed in acquisition of first-language (L1) reading transfer to reading English as a foreign language (EFL), the extent to which EFL readers' word identification shows reliance on information other than grapheme-phoneme correspondences could be expected to vary with whether their L1 orthography is a non-Roman alphabet such as Korean hangul or a nonalphabetic (morpho-syllabic) system such as Chinese characters. Another influence could be whether EFL readers have learned to read a morpho-syllabic L1 by means of an alphabetic transliteration. English text reading speeds and oral reading quality ratings of three groups of adult Asian EFL readers attending an American university were compared with those of two groups of American L1 readers: Graduate student peers and eighth-grade students. All EFL groups read more slowly than both groups of L1 readers, and their reading was more impaired when orthographic cues were disrupted by mixed case print or pseudohomophone spellings. Some of these effects were reduced in EFL readers from Hong Kong, who had earlier exposure to English. Contrary to previous findings, no effects could be attributed to type of first orthography or early exposure to alphabetic transliteration of Chinese characters, which differentiated the Taiwanese and Hong Kong groups. As a whole, the results suggest that, at least across the L1 groups studied, differences in EFL word reading are associated less with type of L1 orthography than with history of exposure to English.
Currently recognized clinically relevant and known genes for human reproduction and related infertility with representation on high-resolution chromosome ideograms.

Abstract Objective To provide an update of currently recognized clinically relevant candidate and known genes for human reproduction and related infertility plotted on high resolution chromosome ideograms (850 band level) and represented alphabetically in tabular form. Method Descriptive authoritative computer-based website and peer-reviewed medical literature searches used pertinent keywords representing human reproduction and related infertility along with genetics and gene mutations. A master list of genes associated with human reproduction and related infertility was generated with a visual representation of gene locations on high resolution chromosome ideograms. GeneAnalytics pathway analysis was carried out on the resulting list of genes to assess underlying genetic architecture for infertility. Results Advances in genetic technology have led to the discovery of genes responsible for reproduction and related infertility. Genes identified (N = 371) in our search primarily impact ovarian steroidogenesis through sex hormone biology, germ cell production, genito-urinary or gonadal development and function, and related peptide production, receptors and regulatory factors. Conclusions The location of gene symbols plotted on high resolution chromosome ideograms forms a conceptualized image of the distribution of human reproduction genes. The updated master list can be used to promote better awareness of genetics of reproduction and related infertility and advance discoveries on genetic causes and disease mechanisms.
Porous-Material Analysis Toolbox Based on OpenFOAM and Applications

The Porous-material Analysis Toolbox based on OpenFOAM is a fully portable OpenFOAM library. It is implemented to test innovative multiscale physics-based models for reacting porous materials that undergo recession. Current developments are focused on ablative materials. The ablative material response module implemented in the Porous-material Analysis Toolbox relies on an original high-fidelity ablation model. The governing equations are volume-averaged forms of the conservation equations for gas mass, gas species, solid mass, gas momentum, and total energy. It may also simply be used as a state-of-the-art ablation model when the right model options are chosen. As applications, three physical analyses are presented: 1) volume-averaged study of the oxidation of a carbon-fiber preform under dry air, 2) three-dimensional analysis of the pyrolysis gas flow in a porous ablative material sample facing an arcjet, and 3) comparison of a state-of-the-art and a high-fidelity model for the thermal and chemical respo...
Excited state, charge transfer absorption spectrum of HgBr in the blue (λ∼447 nm)

Absorption from the lowest‐lying ion pair state of HgBr (i.e., Hg+–Br−: B 2∑+1/2 ) has been observed by transient absorption spectroscopy in a pulsed, transverse discharge containing a mixture of Ne, N2, and HgBr2 vapor. A highly structured band peaking at ∼447 nm is shown to be associated with charge–transfer transitions from the B 2∑+1/2 state to a higher‐lying, covalently bonded (Hg*–Br) state. By pumping the 447 nm transition with a pulsed dye laser while simultaneously monitoring gain on the HgBr (B 2∑+1/2 →X 2∑+1/2 ) band at 502 nm, the absorption cross section for the blue band was measured to be (3.0±1.5)×10−17 cm2 and the saturation intensity for the transition at 447 nm was determined to be 710±50 kW cm−2.
Transforming Carbon Nanotube Devices into Nanoribbon Devices

Reported here is an extension of the nanotube longitudinal unzipping process to convert electrode-bound multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) devices into graphene nanoribbon devices. Microscopy and Raman spectroscopy were used to monitor the conversion process. The electrical properties of the devices were characterized. The efficacy of the unzipping protocol on device-bound MWCNTs is demonstrated.
Comparison of gene expression by co-cultured WC1+ γδ and CD4+ αβ T cells exhibiting a recall response to bacterial antigen

Immunization of cattle with a Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar hardjo-bovis vaccine results in the development of a recall response by WC1+ γδ T cells and CD4+ αβ T cells characterized by proliferation and interferon-γ production. It was hypothesized that these two T cell subpopulations had largely redundant effector functions, principally differing in their requirements for activation. To test this, gene expression in cells proliferating to antigen were compared utilizing RT-PCR and bovine microarrays. Both T cell populations had similar transcript profiles for effector molecules, including IFN-γ, FasL and granzyme B. In contrast, transcripts for costimulatory receptors and ligands were notably different following activation, as WC1+ T cells expressed no or lower levels of transcripts for CD28 and CD40L, while CD4+ T cells expressed substantial levels of both. However, both cell types had high levels of CTLA-4 transcript suggesting the cells may be regulated similarly following activation but differ in their need for and ability to provide costimulation. Microarray analyses to extend the number of genes examined revealed that while both subpopulations upregulated anti-apoptotic genes as well as those involved in cell activation and protein biosynthesis, overall there were limited differences between the two antigen-activated cell populations. Those genes that did differ were involved in cell signaling, protein production and intracellular protein trafficking. These results strengthen the hypothesis that these particular activated WC1+ and CD4+ T cells have overlapping effector functions and therefore may differ principally with regard to how they are recruited into immune responses.
Properties of low-pressure chemical vapor epitaxial GaN films grown using hydrazoic acid (HN3)

We have grown high-quality GaN films on sapphire using a new nitrogen precursor, hydrazoic acid (HN3). Films were grown at 600 °C on (0001) sapphire substrates in a low-pressure chemical-vapor-deposition system using triethylgallium and hydrazoic acid as precursors. Subsequently, we have conducted a complete study of the surface, structural, electrical, and optical properties of these GaN films, and our early results are very encouraging. All films were of wurtzite crystal structure, slightly polycrystalline, and n type at about 2×1017 cm−3. We find the films to be efficient light emitters in the near-band edge region of the spectrum. Analysis of the emission energies and kinetics suggests that the midgap emission results from a superimposed deep-donor-to-shallow-acceptor emission and a deep-donor-to-valence-band emission, where the deep donor consists of a distribution of energy levels, thereby yielding a broad emission band.
SOIL AND TOPOGRAPHIC AMPLIFICATION ON CANYON BANKS AND THE 1999 ATHENS EARTHQUAKE

A time-domain parametric study for the seismic response of a region located on the eastern bank of the Kifisos river canyon is performed to evaluate the significance of topography and soil effects on the seismic response of slopes. This region experienced unexpectedly heavy damage during the 7 September 1999 M_s 5.9 earthquake. Two-dimensional finite-element and spectral-element analyses are conducted using Ricker wavelets of various central frequencies as horizontal and vertical base excitation. The significance of a layered soil profile and the frequency content of the input motion, the emergence of "parasitic" acceleration components, and the effect of the angle of incidence on the amplification of the incoming waves are all discussed in detail. It is shown that the presence of a surface soil layer significantly affects the amplification pattern. The so-called Topographic Aggravation Factor (defined as the 2D/1D Fourier spectral ratio) achieves its maximum value very near the crest, in function of the frequency content of the excitation. For the particular soil conditions and geometry analysed, vertically propagating SV waves incite at about the critical angle, resulting in the highest topographic amplification.
Poultry Husbandry in the Agricultural College Curriculum, Elective or Required

Abstract THOUGH the poultry industry has grown rapidly in the past decade, many college poultry departments have, for one reason or another, been unable to broaden their work with students. Despite the facts that the poultry industry ranges from second to fourth in value of all agricultural products produced, and that any improvement in poultry methods benefits more farms than any other agricultural commodity, too many poultry departments have not kept pace with the rapidly expanding industry. To cite just one example in some colleges the number and variety of poultry courses have not kept up with the industry. Other institutions have found that too rapid multiplication of poultry courses has resulted in too few students in proportion to the number of advanced courses offered. In view of this situation, it is well to consider available information and to promote thought on this problem. A 1931 survey of 21 agricultural colleges . . .
Effect of CP101,606, a Novel NR2B Subunit Antagonist of the N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor, on the Volume of Ischemic Brain Damage and Cytotoxic Brain Edema After Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in the Feline Brain

Background and Purpose The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that the neuroprotective compound CP101,606 will ameliorate the increase in lactate, retard the development of cytotoxic edema, and decrease the infarct volume after ischemic stroke. Methods Seventeen adult cats were allocated to control (n=7) and CP101,606-treated groups (n=10). Transorbital middle cerebral artery occlusion was performed under anesthesia. Extracellular fluid lactate by microdialysis as well as infarct volume measurement by triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC)–stained section, with and without neuroprotective agents, was used to determine the value of these potential “surrogate markers” of ischemic damage. Results The control group showed an increased dialysate lactate (15.5% increase) at 30 minutes and a peak (332.0% increase) in dialysate lactate at 1 hour after middle cerebral artery occlusion compared with the drug-treated group. Significant differences between control and drug-treated groups were seen in the r...
A review of the state-process and punctual-nonpunctual distinctions in children's acquisitions of verbs:

A secondary analysis of empirical studies of children's acquisition of verbs was undertaken to examine evidence for the state-process and punctual-nonpunctual distinctions in children's early use and under standing of verbs as postulated by Bickerton's language bioprogram hypothesis. Approximately 60 empirical studies were initially reviewed with 13 reporting findings relevant to the state-process and/or punctual- nonpunctual distinctions involving the languages of English, French, Greek, Hebrew, Italian, Japanese, Polish, Serbo-Croatian, and Turkish. It was found that these studies in general provide considerable empirical support for the hypotheses that children universally distinguish stative from process verbs and punctual from nonpunctual verbs in the early stages of language acquisition.
On a theorem of V. N. Sudakov on typical distributions

The rate of approximation with respect to the Kantorovich–Rubinstein distance is considered in a theorem of V. N. Sudakov on typical distributions. Bibliography: 18 titles.
GABAA, D1, and D5, but not progestin receptor, antagonist and anti-sense oligonucleotide infusions to the ventral tegmental area of cycling rats and hamsters attenuate lordosis

Abstract In hamsters, progesterone (P) in the hypothalamus and ventral tegmental area (VTA) is necessary for receptivity; in rats, hypothalamic P induces receptivity and midbrain P further enhances it. How P exerts its effects in the VTA on lordosis is of interest because few estrogen-induced P receptors (PRs) have been identified there. Sexual receptivity of rats and hamsters is enhanced when P’s actions in the VTA are restricted to the membrane and when the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A agonist, muscimol, is infused into the VTA, but attenuated with infusions of the GABA A antagonist, bicuculline. The dopamine (DA) agonist, SKF38393, rapidly enhances receptivity when infused intravenously; this effect can be blocked by both DA receptor (DR) and PR antagonists. This study investigated the importance of PRs, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme responsible for GABA production, GABA A receptors (GBRs), and DRs in the VTA of cycling rats and hamsters for the expression of lordosis. Proestrous and diestrous animals implanted with bilateral VTA cannulae were pre-tested for receptivity, infused with either an antagonist (RU38486 (20 μg), bicuculline (100 ng), SCH23390 (100 ng)), anti-sense oligonucleotide (against PR (250 ng), GAD (500 ng), D 1 (500 ng), D 5 (250 ng)), or control infusions to each cannulae and re-tested. Vehicle and scrambled oligonucleotides were infused as controls and elicited similar effects. Antagonists of GBRs and DRs significantly reduced lordosis on post-tests compared to the PR antagonist and control conditions in rats and hamsters. Lordosis was significantly reduced, compared to controls, only by anti-sense oligonucleotides for GAD and D 1 - and D 5 -DR subtypes. These data suggest that in the VTA GABAergic and dopaminergic neurons may be more important in the mediation of sexual receptivity than neurons containing intracellular PRs.
Crohn enteritis-associated small bowel adenocarcinomas exhibit gastric differentiation.

Summary Primary small bowel adenocarcinoma is rare. Although generally similar to colonic adenocarcinoma, some small bowel adenocarcinomas exhibit unique morphologic features, particularly those arising in association with Crohn disease. In this study, 15 sporadic small bowel adenocarcinomas and 11 Crohn enteritis–associated small bowel adenocarcinomas were examined for histology and immunohistochemical profile including cytokeratins (CK) 7 and 20, intestinal markers CDX2 and MUC2, and gastric epithelial markers MUC5AC and MUC6. We found that Crohn enteritis–associated small bowel adenocarcinomas frequently resemble gastric tubular adenocarcinoma histologically. In addition, when compared to sporadic small bowel adenocarcinoma, the former expressed MUC5AC and MUC6 with much higher frequency (82% vs. 7% and 73% vs. 0%, respectively). Ten of 11 Crohn enteritis–associated small bowel adenocarcinomas (91%) were positive for at least one gastric-type marker (MUC5AC or MUC6). Expression of CK7 was also more frequent in Crohn enteritis–associated small bowel adenocarcinoma (73% versus 27%) while expression of CK20 was less frequent (64% vs. 100%). There was no difference between sporadic and Crohn enteritis–associated small bowel adenocarcinoma in expression of CDX2 (100% vs. 91%) and MUC2 (93% vs. 73%). These observations suggest that there is a difference in the morphologic and immunohistochemical characteristics of sporadic versus Crohn enteritis–associated small bowel adenocarcinoma, particularly in their expression of gastric-type mucin. The findings also suggest that gastric differentiation in Crohn enteritis–associated small bowel adenocarcinoma is related to gastric metaplasia, a common phenomenon in Crohn disease.
Immune competence and switched memory B cells in common variable immunodeficiency.

Abstract Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is presumed to be a heterogenous group of disorders with potentially separate etiologies. Memory B cell subsets, characterized by CD27 expression, have been suggested as a means to subclassify CVID patients. 53 patients were subdivided based on percentages of switched memory B cells (CD27 + IgM − IgD − ): 33 were placed in Group I ( + IgM − IgD − cells/peripheral lymphocytes) and 20 in Group II (>0.4%). The median serum IgG for subjects in Group I was lower at 145 mg/dl vs. 329.5 mg/dl for Group II ( P = 0.038). Post-pneumococcal vaccine IgG response was tested; the median protective response was 0.5 serotypes for Group I and 3 serotypes for Group II ( P = 0.041). Autoimmune and granulomatous disease was found in higher rates in Group I. CVID patients with decreased percentages of switched memory B cells have lower levels of serum IgG, less effective pneumococcal vaccine antibody responses, and higher rates of autoimmune and granulomatous disease.
Analysis of chemical signals by nervous systems

Abstract Intraspecific and interspecific communication and recognition depend on olfaction in widely diverse species of animals. Olfaction, an ancient sensory modality, is based on principles of neural organization and function that appear to be remarkably similar throughout the zoosphere. Thus, the "primitives" of olfactory stimuli that determine the input information of olfaction, the kinds of "molecular images" formed at various levels in the olfactory pathway, and the cellular mechanisms that underlie olfactory information processing are comparable in invertebrates and vertebrates alike. A case in point is the male-specific olfactory subsystem in moths, which is specialized to detect and analyze the qualitative, quantitative, and temporal features of the con-specific females' sex-pheromonal chemical signal. This olfactory subsystem can be viewed, and is here presented, as a model in which common principles of organization and function of olfactory systems in general are exaggerated to serve the requirements of a chemical communication system that is crucial for reproductive success.
High performance ring oscillators from 10-nm wide silicon nanowire field-effect transistors

We explore 10-nm wide Si nanowire (SiNW) field-effect transistors (FETs) for logic applications, via the fabrication and testing of SiNW-based ring oscillators. We report on SiNW surface treatments and dielectric annealing, for producing SiNW FETs that exhibit high performance in terms of large on/off-state current ratio (~10^8), low drain-induced barrier lowering (~30 mV) and low subthreshold swing (~80 mV/decade). The performance of inverter and ring-oscillator circuits fabricated from these nanowire FETs are also explored. The inverter demonstrates the highest voltage gain (~148) reported for a SiNW-based NOT gate, and the ring oscillator exhibits near rail-to-rail oscillation centered at 13.4 MHz. The static and dynamic characteristics of these NW devices indicate that these SiNW-based FET circuits are excellent candidates for various high-performance nanoelectronic applications.
Highly luminescent transition metal complexes as sensors

Luminescent transition metal complexes show great promise as sensors and molecular probes. Recent advances as well as problems associated with their utilization are discussed. Particular emphasis is given to oxygen sensors based on luminescence quenching.
Market-driven procurement

Abstract The purpose of this article is to heighten the awareness level of purchasing professionals of the need to become more marketing-oriented in the next decade. Marketing skills can provide purchasers with the know-how to effectively compete in an increasingly complex buyer-supplier environment. The exchange relationship must be more carefully managed. Through marketing acumen, purchasers become proactive components of the exchange process as opposed to playing the traditional passive role that was better suited for a less competitive environment.
Jake Barton’s Performance Maps: An Essay

Jake Barton, a New York-based designer, creates public maps that generate social interaction, personal expression, and collaborative storytelling. Barton’s work is centered on performance, drawing attention to the performative capacity of maps, a seldom-explored facet of cartographic design and theory. Examples of Barton’s projects, realized and unrealized, are detailed, with a focus on the manner in which maps are designed to evoke performance.
A three-dimensional bimetallic oxide constructed from octamolybdate clusters and copper–ligand cation polymer subunits. A comment on the stability of the octamolybdate isomers

Abstract Hydrothermal reactions of CuSO4·5H2O, MoO3 and tetra-2-pyridylpyrazine (tpyrpyz) yield the three-dimensional bimetallic oxide hybrid material [{Cu2(tpyrpyz)}2{ζ-Mo8O26}]·7H2O (1·7H2O). The framework structure is constructed from {Cu2(tpyrpyz)}n2n+ cationic polymer chains linked through octamolybdate clusters. The ζ-isomer of {Mo8O26}4−, consisting of four octahedral and four square pyramidal sites is present as the cluster building block. There are now seven isomeric forms of the {Mo8O26}4− cluster, and calculations of their relative energies and interconversions are presented. Crystal data: C48H46Cu4Mo8N12O33 (1·7H2O), monoclinic C2/c, a=26.678(1), b=10.8981(4), and c=25.4109(9) A, β=116.855(1)°, V=6591.2(4) A3, Z=4, Dcalc=2.359 g cm−3.
Inpatient treatment of anorexia nervosa

Abstract The authors describe an inpatient program for weight restoration in patients with anorexia nervosa, utilizing individualized behavioral management based on positive reinforcement, and accompanied by psychotherapy and family counseling or therapy. The roles of members of the treatment team are outlined. Positive treatment results were obtained in most of the 33 inpatients treated, with substantial weight gain at discharge and follow-up. Results in a smaller group of outpatients are also reported.
Basic fibroblast growth factor stimulates the growth and inhibits casein accumulation in mouse mammary epithelial cells in vitro

Abstract The effects of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on the growth and differentiation of mouse mammary epithelial cells in serum-free collagen gel culture were examined. Epithelial cells obtained from virgin or midpregnant mice grew when bFGF was added to medium containing either insulin at a concentration greater than or equal to 1 ftg/ml or somatomedin-C (Sm-C) at 150 ng/ml. This growth-promoting effect is of the same magnitude as, and additive with, the growth-promoting effect of epidermal growth factor (EGF) or mammogenic hormones. The sensitivity of the cells to EGF or mammogenic hormones was not altered by exposure to bFGF. The progeny cells resulting from growth stimulation by bFGF are capable of accumulating casein upon subsequent stimulation by prolactin (PRL), but accumulate less casein than cells grown in response to EGF. bFGF also appears to reduce casein accumulation if it is added to the cultures at the same time as PRL.
Acute leukemias in children with Down syndrome

Abstract Children with Down syndrome (DS) often present with hematopoietic abnormalities, and are at increased risk of developing leukemia. Specifically, 3–10% of newborns with DS are diagnosed with transient myeloproliferative disease, and children with DS are 500 times more likely to develop acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMKL) and 20 times more likely to develop acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) than typical children. This review examines the characteristics of these leukemias and their development in the unique genetic background of trisomy 21. A discussion is also provided for areas of future research and potential therapeutic development.
A Comparison of a Statistical and Subjective Procedure to Ascertain Item Validity: One Step in the Test Validation Process

In an attempt to make commercial tests valid for users of both sexes and all race groups, many test publishers employ review procedures to remove potentially invalid (or biased) items from their tests. Statistical procedures to identify biased test items are often sophisticated and costly to test developers. Alternative approaches have employers review test items and select those that appear biased. To verify this methodology, a statistical and a subjective procedure were used to identify biased items in an elementary achievement test. The results show little agreement on items selected as biased. An implication to test developers is to adopt statistical support for a reviewer's selection of biased items.
Charge-optimized many-body (COMB) potential for zirconium

Abstract An interatomic potential for zirconium is developed within the charge-optimized many-body (COMB) formalism. The potential correctly predicts the hexagonal close-packed (HCP) structure as the ground state with cohesive energy, lattice parameters, and elastic constants matching experiment well. The most stable interstitial position is the basal octahedral followed by basal split, in agreement with recent first principles calculations. Stacking fault energies within the prism and basal planes satisfactorily match first principles calculations. A tensile test using nanocrystalline zirconium exhibits both prismatic { 1 0 1 ¯ 0 } 〈 1 1 2 ¯ 0 〉 slip and pyramidal { 1 1 2 ¯ 2 } 〈 1 1 2 ¯ 3 ¯ 〉 slip, showing the model is capable of reproducing the mechanical deformation modes observed in experiments.
SNPEVG: a graphical tool for GWAS graphing with mouse clicks.

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers generate large quantities of tests results. Global and local graphical viewing of the test results is an effective approach to digest and interpret GWAS results. SNPEVG is a set of graphical tools for instant global and local viewing and graphing of GWAS results for all chromosomes and for each trait. The current version includes three programs, SNPEVG1, SNPEVG2 and SNPEVG3. SNPEVG1 is a graphical tool for SNP effect viewing of P-values allowing multiple traits. The total number of graphs that can be generated by one ‘Run’ is n(c + 2), where n is number of ‘traits’ with 0 < n ≤ 100, and c is the number of chromosomes. SNP effect viewing and graphing is accomplished through a user friendly graphical user interface (GUI) that provides a wide-range of options for the user to choose. The GUI can produce the Manhattan plot, the Q-Q plot of all SNP effects, and graphs for SNP effects by chromosome by clicking one command. Any or all the graphs can be saved with publication quality by clicking one command. SNPEVG2 is for the viewing and graphing of multiple traits on the same graph with options to graph any or all of the traits, customizable colors and user specified Y1 or Y2 axis for each traits. The SNPEVG3 program uses the output file of single-locus test results from the epiSNP computer package as the input file. Each chromosome figure can display three genetic effects (genotypic, additive and dominance effects), and the number of observations. The SNPEVG package is a versatile, flexible and efficient graphical tool for rapid digestion of large quantities of GWAS results with mouse clicks.
Trauma, high density lipoproteins, and serum amyloid protein A

Abstract Several apoproteins not readily detectable in normal serum lipoproteins were found in markedly increased amounts in the lipoprotein density interval 1.125–1.21 g/ml (HDL 3 ) of serum obtained from victims of severe trauma. Following electrophoretic separations, they were shown to be isotypes of the acute-phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) by immunoreaction with antiserum to the structurally related tissue amyloid protein A (AA). The two principal apoSAA isotypes in the HDL 3 of trauma patients appear to be identical to the two principal isotypes (apoSAA, and apoSAA 2 ) previously isolated from the HDL 3 of pooled serum representing an unselected patient population. Concentrations of apolipoproteins A-I and A-II in the HDL 3 of the trauma patients were significantly lower than in the HDL 3 of normal serum. Evidence is presented that several recently described ‘new’ families of HDL apoproteins, all of an acute-phase nature, are SAA apoproteins, which are emerging as sensitive indicators of tissue damage.
Maximally symmetric homogeneous metrics on manifolds

A metric d on a set has maximal symmetry provided its isometry group is not properly contained in the isometry group of any metric equivalent to d. This concept was introduced by Janos [7] and subsequently Williamson and Janos [17] proved that the standard euclidean metric on ℝn has maximal symmetry. In Bowers [2], an elementary proof that every convex, complete, two-point homogeneous metric for which small spheres are connected has maximal symmetry is presented. This result in turn implies that the standard metrics on the classical spaces of geometry – hyperbolic, euclidean, spherical and elliptic – are maximally symmetric. In this paper we study homogeneous metrics that possess maximal symmetry and, in particular, address the problem of the existence of such metrics and, to a lesser extent, their uniqueness.
Electron heating and airglow emission due to lightning effects on the ionosphere

[1] This study is the first attempt to consider lightning effects on the F2 region. Although pulsed electric fields parallel to the geomagnetic field have been observed by every rocket flight over active thunderstorms at thermospheric heights, their existence remains controversial. Predicting the disturbance of ionospheric parameters induced by these electric fields may lead to verifying them using ground-based ionospheric observations. This study is also important for understanding the kinetics of ionospheric plasma disturbed by pulsed parallel electric fields. These fields can accelerate electrons from pulse to pulse. If the pause between flashes is longer than τen, electrons are scattered by elastic collisions with neutrals and transformed into thermal electrons with a corresponding electron temperature enhancement. Inelastic collisions of electrons with neutrals will become more important with increased energy and, subsequently, the electron energy distribution (EED) can differ from a Maxwellian distribution. The vibrational excitation of N2 is extremely important as a source of inelastic collisions for energy ≥2 eV. This vibrational barrier can influence the EED. An electron kinetics model induced by pulsed parallel electric fields in ionospheric plasma is developed here. The accelerated and heated electrons can excite airglow in the F2 region. Excitation of red line emissions is most effective. Red line intensities during thunderstorms are predicted to be much higher than the background intensity. Our model also predicts a significant increase in electron temperature in the F2 region during a strong thunderstorm. Opportunities for observing the ionospheric effects of parallel electric fields induced by lightning are discussed.
Print vs. electronic readings in college courses: Cost-efficiency and perceived learning

Abstract We report surveys of 101 students in two undergraduate college courses about their use of required readings accessed via a university-administered electronic reserve system. About two-thirds of respondents printed at least some readings, although nearly half of the total pages were read online. Most students who printed incurred substantially lower total costs (in terms of both direct printing expense and time opportunity costs) than the projected price of a printed and bound coursepack with all of the readings—thus suggesting electronic provision to be cost-efficient for most students. Respondents reported an overall preference for electronically supplied readings. The advantage of electronic reserves was overwhelmingly perceived to be cost, but large majorities said they usually read more, and learned more, when printed readings are supplied. These findings suggest that university and student incentives to employ electronically supplied readings may be misaligned.
The effect of dichloroethane moderation on the adsorbed species present during the oxidation of ethylene over silver

Abstract Ethylene oxidation has been studied on a silver catalyst moderated by exposure to dichloroethane. Consistent with previous studies, it has been found that moderation causes a reduction in the oxidation rate and an increase in the selectivity towards ethylene oxide over that observed for an unmoderated catalyst. Infrared spectra have shown that moderation causes a reduction in the adsorption of ethylene and an enhancement in the adsorption of ethylene oxide and carbon dioxide. The effects of moderation have been interpreted in terms of a reaction mechanism proposed previously to explain ethylene oxidation over an unmoderated catalyst.