cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predoctoral implant education in U.S. dental schools.

Purpose: In 2002, a survey of American dental schools was conducted to determine the curricular structure, teaching philosophies, and materials used in predoctoral implant dentistry courses. Materials and Methods: The questionnaire was mailed to the predoctoral implant dentistry director/chairperson of 54 U.S. dental schools. Of these, 38 schools returned the completed survey resulting in a response rate of 70%. Results: Eighty-four percent of the respondents indicated that an implant dentistry course is part of their school's requirements. Seventy percent indicated that this course is offered by either the Restorative or Prosthodontics Department in the third year of the predoctoral dental curriculum. For 75% of the schools, the duration of the course ranged from 3 to 6 months (mean of 5.5 months), 57% reported offering between 11 and 20 lecture hours (mean of 20.4 hours), and less than half of the schools (41%) have prosthodontists teaching the predoctoral implant dentistry course. In 78% of the schools, a laboratory course is offered in conjunction with the implant course. The majority of the schools (88%) allow predoctoral students to restore implant cases clinically. Seventy-three percent require some of the implant-related laboratory work to be completed by the students and the single-tooth implant restoration is the most popular type of implant restoration for 78% of the schools. Conclusions: Predoctoral implant dentistry educational programs vary from school to school, yet a large percentage of schools agree on certain topics.
Developing and testing competency levels for laparoscopic skills training

Hypothesis: Expert levels can be developed for use as training end points for a basic video-trainer skills curriculum, and the levels developed will be suitable for training. Design: Fifty subjects with minimal prior simulator exposure were enrolled using an institutional review board– approved protocol. As a measure of baseline performance, medical students (n=11) and surgery residents (n=39) completed 3 trials on each of 5 validated videotrainer tasks. Four board-certified surgeons established as laparoscopic experts (with more than 250 basic and more than50advancedcases)performed11trialsoneachofthe 5 tasks. The mean score was determined and outliers (2 SDs)weretrimmed;thetrimmedmeanwasusedasthecompetency level. Baseline performance of each subject was compared with the competency level for each task. Setting: All research was performed in a laparoscopic skills training and simulation laboratory. Participants:Medical students, surgical residents, and board-certified surgeons. Main Outcome Measures: Expert scores based on completion time and the number of subjects achieving these scores at baseline testing. Results: For all tasks combined, the competency level was reached by 6% of subjects by the third trial; 73% of these subjects were chief residents, and none were medical students. Conclusions: These data suggest that the competency level is suitably challenging for novices but is achievable for subjects with more experience. Implementation of this performance criterion may allow trainees to reliably achieve maximal benefit while minimizing unnecessary training. Arch Surg. 2005;140:80-84
PRESTIGE DETERMINANTS OF FIRST ACADEMIC JOB FOR NEW SOCIOLOGY PH.D.s 1985–1992

Previous studies of stratification in science have found a consistent positive correlation between the prestige of the departments where scientists received their degrees and the prestige of the de...
"What I Feel in My Heart": Literacy Practices of and for the Self among Adults with Limited or No Schooling.

Through this international cross-case analysis of ethnographic literacy practices data, we investigated two questions: (1) In what literacy practices do adults with limited or no schooling engage f...
SOME NEW TRENDS IN CHILDREN'S LITERATURE FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE CHILD PSYCHIATRIST

A survey of current children's literature reveals several new trends, some of which are startling when assayed from the perspective of the child psychiatrist. This study is based upon a necessarily limited sampling of children's books published mainly in 1966. It was prompted hy several considerations. First, the majority of books which find their way into children's hands are placed there by adults, be they relatives, librarians, or teachers. Second, the increasingly vigorous enterprise of writing and publishing for children now results in a prodigious output of literary matter (nearly ~,OOO titles each year). Third, when an adult writes or selects a book for a child, he is enunciating something of his view of the child, of the state of childhood, or, at times, of the general human condition: what it is, what it could be, or what it ought to he. Thus the literature written for children and stories told to children at any given period might he considered one of the important cultural and psychological interfaces he tween the world of the adult and that of the child, and hence a useful datum to students of human behavior. The primary aim of this paper will be to use the perspective afforded hy our current knowledge of child development and child psychiatry in examining several new trends in recent children's hooks: "scholarism," moralism, social consciousness, modern locale,
Implementation and performance evaluation of DSP-based control for constant-frequency discontinuous-conduction-mode boost PFC front end

A digital signal processor (DSP) implementation of digital control for constant-frequency, discontinuous-conduction-mode boost power-factor-correction converter for universal line-voltage (90-264 V/sub rms/) applications is presented. A step-by-step design procedure based on digital redesign technique is also provided. The performance evaluation of the proposed DSP control is performed on a 400-W prototype. It was shown that the implemented DSP-based control can achieve a power factor higher than 0.99 in the entire line range.
ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIATION OF NUCLEIC ACIDS COMPLEXED WITH HEAVY ATOMS—III. INFLUENCE OF Ag + AND Hg 2+ ON THE SENSITIVITY OF PHAGE AND OF TRANSFORMING DNA TO ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION

— We have studied the influence of the heavy metal ions Ag+ and Hg2+ on the photoinactivation and photodimerization of transforming DNA and of bacteriophage. The rate of inactivation of Haemophilus influenzae transforming DNA by ultraviolet (UV) radiation was enhanced by a factor of 30 when it was complexed with Ag+. This enhancement was correlated with a comparable increase in the rate of thymine dimerization. In contrast, mercuric ions led to a reduction in the rates of both inactivation and dimerization. When we examined the effects of these metal ions on the photobiology of bacteriophage, we again found that Ag+ enhanced and Hg2+ reduced the rate of ultraviolet inactivation. These results demonstrate that heavy metals may be useful tools for studying the photochemistry and photobiology of nucleic acids.
An efficient AI based algorithm for validating pulsatile arterial pressure waveforms

A description is given of a rule-based algorithm which postprocesses the raw sensor output and delivers heart rate, the mean value of the waveform over each period, and a Boolean flag indicating whether the waveform was valid or not. Such provision for heart rate is very important for online estimators and controllers. The algorithm is well within the range of computability for real-time signal processing of the arterial waveform. >
Tratamiento endovascular de aneurismas aórticos abdominales mediante abordaje percutáneo: ¿pueden ampliarse los criterios de selección?

Informes anteriores sugieren que el abordaje percutaneo para el tratamiento endovascular de los aneurismas de aorta abdominal (TEVA-P) es tan seguro como el abordaje abierto (TEVA-A) en pacientes con una anatomia femoral favorable. La calcificacion severa de la arteria femoral y la obesidad han sido consideradas contraindicaciones relativas del TEVA-P, pero estos criterios no se han evaluado. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los cambios anatomicos postoperatorios asociados con el TEVA-P frente al TEVA-A utilizando la reconstruccion mediante tomografia computarizada (TC) tridimensional (3D) y evaluar los resultados globales de ambas intervenciones en un grupo de pacientes con una anatomia femoral suboptima. Durante un periodo reciente de 26 meses, 173 pacientes fueron sometidos a TEVA en nuestros centros, incluidas 35 TEVA-P. Se obtuvieron imagenes de las arterias femorales mediante TC completas pre y postoperatorias en 22 de ellos (63%). Estos individuos se compararon con 22 controles emparejados que fueron sometidos a una TEVA-A durante el mismo periodo. Se utilizaron reconstrucciones 3D automatizadas para determinar los siguientes parametros anatomicos de la arteria femoral antes y despues del TEVA: profundidad arterial, puntuacion de la calcificacion, diametro y area minimos, diametro y area maximos. De las 88 arterias estudiadas, 50 fueron sometidas a abordaje abierto y 38 a abordaje percutaneo (Proglide, n = 11; Prostar XL, n = 27). Ambos grupos fueron similares con respecto al tamano del introductor, numero de componentes, tiempo de intervencion, perdida de sangre y duracion de la hospitalizacion. Un numero significativamente mayor de individuos sometidos a TEVA-A sufrieron complicaciones inguinales (p = 0,02), entre las que destacaron 5 hematomas, 2 infecciones de la herida, 2 trombosis femorales, y un vaso que requirio una correccion con parche. En el grupo TEVA-P solamente se produjo un hematoma, que se trato de forma conservadora. No se observaron diferencias entre los grupos TEVA-P y TEVA-A con respecto a la calcificacion de la arteria femoral (puntuacion de la escala de Agatston 667 ± 719 frente a 945 ± 1.248, p = 0,37). Seis pacientes tanto del grupo TEVA-P como del TEVA-A (27%) presentaron obesidad (indice de masa corporal > 30) (p = no significativa). Los datos anatomicos obtenidos de las TC pre y postoperatoria mostraron una reduccion significativa del area vascular minima con el TEVA-A en comparacion con el TEVA-P (p = 0,02). Este estudio demuestra que los pacientes con obesidad o calcificacion severa de las arterias femorales pueden ser tratados satisfactoriamente de forma percutanea presentando solamente complicaciones inguinales leves.
State realization of nonlinear MIMO discrete-time systems described by input-output equations

In this paper, we consider a general class of nonlinear MIMO discrete-time systems described by their input-output relationship. We first present the necessary and sufficient conditions for existence of a local observable state-space realization of the system and an explicit algorithm for computing it. In cases where the input-output map and its resulting realization are nonminimal, we formulate an algorithm for extracting its minimal realization whenever possible. The developed theory and algorithms are illustrated by means of several examples.
Rituximab: applications in dermatology

Rituximab is a chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody which has been used extensively for B-lymphocytic malignancies. In addition, applications for autoimmune diseases have emerged in recent years. Case reports support the use of rituximab in certain dermatologic conditions, including paraneoplastic pemphigus, pemphigus vulgaris, graft versus host disease, and cutaneous B-cell malignancies. Clinical trials are lacking and would be an appropriate next step.
Sequential binary image estimation

The general problem that we are trying to solve is sequential image-signal interpretation with the applicability of our work to the improvement of hearing aids. As part of this bigger problem, we would like to find a good way to sequentially estimate binary images from noisy gray images. We consider three estimation methods, which combined with the metropolis algorithm with Gibbs priors, give us three sequential binary image estimation algorithms. We describe the preliminary results attained so far and some future work.
Paleogene of the Eastern Alps

Werner E. Piller and Michael W. Rasser (Eds.), 2001, Osterrreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Band 14, Verlag der Osterreichischen Akademie der Wissenshaften, (Austrian Academy of Sciences Press), Vienna, Austria, 795 p. (Order online from the Austrian Academy of Sciences (http://verlag.oeaw.ac.at/eindex.html) 84 ![Graphic][1] , ∼$82 US) ISBN: 3-7001-3011-2. The Eastern Alps are the result of the (still) active convergence/subduction between Africa and Europe. Beginning with the consolidation of the Austroalpine nappe complex during the Late Cretaceous, the subsequent history/evolution of this area was denoted by the latest Cretaceous and Paleogene subduction of the Penninic oceanic region, followed by collision between the Penninic and Austroalpine units. Paleogene orogeny was controlled by a combination of subduction, collisional tectonics (uplift of the Alpine orogen during the late Eocene), and eventual closure of the Penninic oceanic areas. This formed an archipelago separating the shallow, inland sea, the Paratethys, in the north and Tethys/Mediterranean Sea in the south. By the mid-Miocene there was the eventual closure of the Tethyan Ocean followed by its evolution/metamorphosis into eastern and western segments, and, finally (latest Miocene-early Pliocene) into the last remnant of the once extensive Tethyan Ocean, the modern Mediterranean Sea. The late Paleogene (latest Eocene) closure of the Penninic Oceanic realm was characterized by the cessation of the long-standing, deep-water flysch sedimentation (and its characteristic sedimentologic features and faunas in the form of agglutinated benthic foraminiferal assemblages) and the initiation of Molasse (silicilastic) sedimentation in the foreland basins north of the Alpine orogen. Anyone who has struggled to understand the complex geologic history of the Alpine system of Europe based upon the available literature has sympathized with those who have conducted the primary investigations in this region. Life has just been made a little easier for many of us, however, at least with regards to a … [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
Validity of initial, exit, and dynamic juvenile risk assessment: An examination across gender and race/ethnicity

ABSTRACTRisk assessments have been used in the juvenile justice system to predict future crime, identify youth needs, and inform case planning. Currently, the literature shows that juveniles are most often assessed when they enter court jurisdiction and this entry or initial risk assessment score is typically used to predict recidivism. The current study used the Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory to examine the predictive validity of initial, exit, and change in risk scores on a diverse sample (N = 360) of young probationers. This study is one of few attempts to determine the predictive accuracy of change in risk, and the first to investigate the comparative validity of initial and exit risk scores with a sample of young offenders. Exit and change in risk scores significantly predicted recidivism 1-year post probation, yet initial scores did not. Differential predictive validity across race and gender was not identified for the initial or exit risk scores. The importance of examining change...
Use of evidence-based treatments in substance abuse treatment programs serving American Indian and Alaska Native communities

Abstract Background Research and health surveillance activities continue to document the substantial disparities in the impacts of substance abuse on the health of American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) people. While Evidence-Based Treatments (EBTs) hold substantial promise for improving treatment for AI/ANs with substance use problems (as they do for non-AI/ANs), anecdotal reports suggest that their use is limited. In this study, we examine the awareness of, attitudes toward, and use of EBTs in substance abuse treatment programs serving AI/AN communities. Methods Data are drawn from the first national survey of tribal substance abuse treatment programs. Clinicians or clinical administrators from 192 programs completed the survey. Participants were queried about their awareness of, attitudes toward, and use of 9 psychosocial and 3 medication EBTs. Results Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (82.2%), Motivational Interviewing (68.6%), and Relapse Prevention Therapy (66.8%) were the most commonly implemented psychosocial EBTs; medications for psychiatric comorbidity was the most commonly implemented medication treatment (43.2%). Greater EBT knowledge and use were associated with both program (e.g., funding) and staff (e.g., educational attainment) characteristics. Only two of the commonly implemented psychosocial EBTs (Motivational Interviewing and Relapse Prevention Therapy) were endorsed as culturally appropriate by a majority of programs that had implemented them (55.9% and 58.1%, respectively). Conclusions EBT knowledge and use is higher in substance abuse treatment programs serving AI/AN communities than has been previously estimated. However, many users of these EBTs continue to have concerns about their cultural appropriateness, which likely limits their further dissemination.
Method for assessing food intakes in terms of servings based on food guidance.

We describe a method for comparing food intakes reported in surveys with recommendations given in the US Department of Agriculture's food guide pyramid. Such comparison was previously difficult because many foods are eaten as mixtures that cannot be categorized into pyramid food groups and because food intake data and food recommendations are expressed in different units of measurement. We developed a recipe file showing ingredients at multiple levels of breakdown and used it to disaggregate food mixtures into their ingredients so that they could be placed into pyramid food groups. Food-specific weights consistent with the pyramid definitions for serving sizes were derived from the food code book of the 1989-1991 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals and used to develop a serving-weight file. Data collected from 8181 adults aged≥20 y in the survey were used to estimate the mean number of servings from pyramid food groups and percentages of the population meeting pyramid recommendations. The mean numbers of servings were close to the minimum recommendations for the grain, vegetable, and meat groups and well below the minimum recommendations for the fruit and dairy groups. Large proportions of adults (43-72%) failed to meet the dietary recommendations. Our method has several nutrition monitoring and nutrition education applications.
Stroke and cardiac cell death: Two peas in a pod

A close pathological link between stroke brain and heart failure may exist. Here, we discuss relevant laboratory and clinical reports demonstrating neural and cardiac myocyte cell death following ischemic stroke. Although various overlapping risk factors exist between cerebrovascular incidents and cardiac incidents, stroke therapy has largely neglected the cardiac pathological consequences. Recent preclinical stroke studies have implicated an indirect cell death pathway, involving toxic molecules, that originates from the stroke brain and produces cardiac cell death. In concert, previous laboratory reports have revealed a reverse cell death cascade, in that cardiac arrest leads to ischemic cell death in the brain. A deeper understanding of the crosstalk of cell death pathways between stroke and cardiac failure will facilitate the development of novel treatments designed to arrest the global pathology of both diseases thereby improving the clinical outcomes of patients diagnosed with stroke and heart failure.
Safety of the Potential Mycoacaricide, Hirsutella thompsonii , to Vertebrates

No harmful effects were detected in gross and detailed diagnosis of rats, rabbits, and guinea pigs treated with different mycelial and conidial formulations of Hirsutella thompsonii Fisher in primary skin and eye irritation, acute inhalation, acute dermal, and acute oral toxicity tests.
Geographic Variation in Aedes triseriatus (Diptera: Culicidae): Temperature–Dependent Effects of a Predator on Survival of Larvae

Survival of larval Aedes triseriatus (Say) with and without the predator Toxorhynchites rutilus (Coquillett) was evaluated as a reaction norm for 4 populations that cooccur with T. rutilus (sympatric) and 4 that never, or very rarely encounter T. rutilus (allopatric). Survival after 7 and 14 d at 2 experimental temperatures was analyzed. There was no consistent difference in survival between sympatric versus allopatric populations at both 7 and 14 d. Multivariate analysis indicated a significant population-environment interaction involving population, temperature, and predation. This interaction was only significant in univariate analyses at 14 d, accounting for 29.9% of the random variation in survival. Populations surviving best or worst with the predator at 20°C did not also survive best or worst, respectively, with the predator at 24°C. Survival was also unrelated to long-term average temperatures from the collection sites. Net reduction in survival as a result of predation tended to occur earlier at 24°C than at 20°C. At 20°C, net reduction in survival because of T. rutilus predation was statistically undetectable after 7 d, but was significant after 14 d. Populations of A. triseriatus varied considerably in their ability to survive with this predator, and in their survival at the study temperatures, but population cooccurrence with the predator and long-term average temperatures from the collection sites appeared to be unrelated to this variation. Variation among populations is only apparent after a fairly long period of development, and the pattern of variation is highly dependent on the experimental temperature. Geographic differentiation in survival with this predator seems likely to be a by-product of geographic variation in growth, development, and feeding rates of A. triseriatus , and unlikely to be primarily a product of natural selection by T. rutilus predation in nature.
Modeling the Femtosecond Laser Pulse-Train Ablation of Dielectrics

Recently, a new laser micromachining technique using multiple femtosecond pulses with a picosecond-to-nanosecond separation as a train group has demonstrated the ability to increase the ablation quality of dielectrics and semiconductors. However, the mechanisms involved in the technique are not fully understood. This study employs the plasma model recently developed by the authors to analyze the femtosecond pulse-train ablation of dielectrics. It is found that the transient significantly varying optical properties are the important reasons that lead to the advantages of the pulse-train technique. It has demonstrated that there exits a constant ablation-depth zone with respect to fluence, which has also been observed experimentally. By using the pulse-train technology, it is possible to obtain repeatable nanostructures, even when the laser system is subject to some fluctuations in fluences.© 2005 ASME
Sam Thompson, Stewart Parker, and the lineage of northern Irish drama

Northern Irish dramatist Stewart Parker (1941-1988) wrote plays typically valued for their wit, intellectual content, and formal experimentation. Nonetheless, he was profoundly influenced as a young man by a very different sort of playwright. Sam Thompson (1916-1965), who began his working life in the Belfast shipyards, squarely confronted Northern Irish sectarianism in his plays. His sense of the political potential of drama left an enduring mark on Parker, who organized and edited Thompson's manuscripts several years after his untimely death. Although their dramatic writings bear little resemblance to each other, the two writers should be regarded as united in a common Northern Irish dramatic tradition by virtue of their shared socialist outlook, belief in the importance of individual stands against conformity, and sense of theatre's social mission.
Synthesis and Rheology of Branched Multiblock Polymers Based on Polylactide

To improve the toughness and processability of poly(lactic acid) (PLA), a branched multiblock polymer was prepared from d,l-lactide and e-decalactone. A hydroxy telechelic four-arm star poly(e-decalactone)–poly(d,l-lactide) diblock was synthesized using sequential ring-opening transesterfication polymerization (ROTEP) and coupled using a substoichiometric amount of sebacoyl chloride to obtain a segmented multiblock with a comb-like architecture. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that this branched multiblock was microphase separated but lacked long-range order. Unlike a linear multiblock of similar mass, the branched material demonstrated significant extensional hardening in the disordered state, suggesting much improved processability in polymer processing methods that require fast elongational flows. Additionally, the branched multiblock material exhibited remarkable tensile toughness. This simple synthetic approach allows for simultaneous control of...
Accounting for the Developing Brain

Despite its crucial role in early atypical cognitive and behavioral development, the brain has been largely absent from studies of early intervention. In this chapter, I will address issues related to the integration of neuroscience and education and provide an overview of noninvasive methods for measuring brain structure and function in young children. Throughout, specific challenges, implications, and new opportunities for early childhood special education will be addressed.
Classification of vasculitis.

The vasculitides include a multiplicity of syndromes characterized by inflammation and necrosis of blood vessel walls. Our lack of unterstanding the pathogenetic mechanisms involved in the development of the inflammatory lesions added to the marked variability observed in different cases of the same form of vasculitis have prevented the development of a universally acceptable classification of vasculitis. Yet, it is apparent that there are a number of clinical vasculitic syndromes which appear to be distinct processes.
The next generation EKG - in vivo demonstration of noninvasive electrocardiographic imaging during normal sinus rhythm

Noninvasive, in vivo, reconstruction of epicardial electrical activity is needed to help better study, understand, and treat electrical rhythm abnormalities. Here, a new method for noninvasive electrocardiographic imaging is used to reconstruct epicardial potentials in vivo during normal sinus rhythm. This method used measured body surface potentials (BSPMs) and the relative geometry between the body surface and epicardial surface from computed tomography (CT) to reconstruct in vivo epicardial potentials during normal sinus rhythm. The reconstructed epicardial potentials correlated qualitatively with those expected for various aspects of normal sinus rhythm (NSR). This study shows that noninvasively reconstructed epicardial potentials could provide useful information on the electrical activity of the heart during normal activation and repolarization sequences not otherwise available.
Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging has limited additional yield in cryptogenic stroke evaluation after transesophageal echocardiography

Background The use of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging is increasing, but its role in the diagnostic work-up following ischemic stroke has received limited study. We aimed to explore the added yield of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging to identify cardio-aortic sources not detected by transesophageal echocardiography among patients with cryptogenic stroke. Methods A retrospective single-center cohort study was performed from 01 January 2009 to 01 March 2013. Consecutive patients who had both a stroke protocol cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and a transesophageal echocardiography preformed during a single hospitalization were included. All cardiac magnetic resonance imaging studies underwent independent, blinded review by two investigators. We applied the causative classification system for ischemic stroke to all patients, first blinded to cardiac magnetic resonance imaging results; we then reapplied the causative classification system using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Standard statistical tests to evaluate stroke subtype reclassification rates were used. Results Ninety-three patients were included in the final analysis; 68.8% were classified as cryptogenic stroke after initial diagnostic evaluation. Among patients with cryptogenic stroke, five (7.8%) were reclassified due to cardiac magnetic resonance imaging findings: one was reclassified as "cardio-aortic embolism evident" due to the presence of a patent foramen ovale and focal cardiac infarct and four were reclassified as "cardio-aortic embolism possible" due to mitral valve thickening (n = 1) or hypertensive cardiomyopathy (n = 3). Overall, findings on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging reduced the percentage of patients with cryptogenic stroke by slightly more than 1%. Conclusion Our stroke subtype reclassification rate after the addition of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging results to a diagnostic work-up which includes transesophageal echocardiography was very low. Prospective studies evaluating the role of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and transesophageal echocardiography among patients with cryptogenic stroke should be considered.
The effect of hormone manipulations on sex ratios varies with environmental conditions in a turtle with temperature‐dependent sex determination

Exogenous application of steroids and related substances to eggs affects offspring sex ratios in species with temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD). Laboratory studies demonstrate that this effect is most pronounced near the constant temperature that produces 1:1 sex ratios (i.e., pivotal temperature). However, the impact of such chemicals on sex determination under natural nest temperatures (which fluctuate daily) is unknown, but could provide insight into the relative contributions of these two factors under natural conditions. We applied estradiol (E2) and an aromatase inhibitor (fadrozole) to eggs of the painted turtle (Chrysemys picta), a species with TSD, and allowed eggs to incubate under natural conditions during two field seasons (in 2012 and 2013). Exogenous E2, fadrozole, and nest temperature contributed to variation in offspring sex ratio, but the relative contributions of these factors differed between years. In 2012, a much hotter than average season, sex ratios were heavily female biased regardless of nest temperature and chemical treatment. However, in 2013, a milder season, both nest temperature and chemical treatment were important. Moreover, a significant interaction between nest temperature and treatment demonstrated that exogenous estradiol induces female development regardless of nest temperature, but aromatase inhibition widens the range of temperatures that produces both sexes.
Longitudinal multiparameter single-cell analysis of macaques immunized with pneumococcal protein-conjugated or unconjugated polysaccharide vaccines reveals distinct antigen specific memory B cell repertoires.

Background The efficacy of protein-conjugated pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines has been well characterized for children. The level of protection conferred by unconjugated polysaccharide vaccines remains less clear, particularly for elderly individuals who have had prior antigenic experience through immunization with unconjugated polysaccharide vaccines or natural exposure to Streptococcus pneumoniae. Methods We compared the magnitude, diversity and genetic biases of antigen-specific memory B cells in two groups of adult cynomolgus macaques that were immunized with a 7-valent conjugated vaccine and boosted after five years with either a 13-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine (13vPnC) or a 23-valent unconjugated pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (23vPS) using microengraving (a single-cell analysis method) and single-cell RT-PCR. Results Seven days after boosting, the mean frequency of antigen-specific memory B cells was significantly increased in macaques vaccinated with 13vPnC compared to those receiving 23vPS. The 13vPnC-vaccinated macaques also exhibited a more even distribution of antibody specificities to four polysaccharides in the vaccine (PS4, 6B, 14, 23F) that were examined. However, single-cell analysis of the antibody variable region sequences from antigen-specific B cells elicited by unconjugated and conjugated vaccines indicated that both the germline gene segments forming the heavy chains and the average lengths of the Complementary Determining Region 3 (CDR3) were similar. Conclusions Our results confirm that distinctive differences can manifest between antigen-specific memory B cell repertoires in nonhuman primates immunized with conjugated and unconjugated pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines. The study also supports the notion that the conjugated vaccines have a favorable profile in terms of both the frequency and breadth of the anamnestic response among antigen-specific memory B cells.
The Case for Surveillance

This contribution to The Cambridge Handbook of Surveillance Law considers the case for official surveillance. History and reason suggest that some measure of official surveillance is essential to maintain order in a complex society. The lack of officials charged with detecting lawbreaking largely explains the failure of the framing-era regime of law enforcement in the United States, as well as the subsequent failure of the largely reactive model of policing that became dominant in the mid-twentieth century. In a society that permits regulation of activities conducted out of public view, moreover, some measure of surveillance is essential. Regulation is likely to become ineffective whenever violators acquire the means to engage in unlawful activity away from the view of others, free from a meaningful risk of detection. When official surveillance is circumscribed by law, the risks of engaging in unlawful behavior decline, and we can expect the incidence of crime to increase. Beyond that, when official surveillance is freely permitted only with respect to activities not regarded as private, such as activities occurring in public places, then those who have the resources and sophistication to commit crimes in a covert fashion will run the least risk of detection. This final point suggests that not only the balance between liberty and order implicated by decisions about the extent to which official surveillance is permitted, but equality is implicated as well. A criminal justice system that is able to detect lawbreaking by the rich and poor alike must afford leeway to engage in official surveillance.
Detection of HIV-1-specific gastrointestinal tissue resident CD8 + T-cells in chronic infection

Tissue-resident memory (TRM) CD8+ T-cells are non-recirculating, long-lived cells housed in tissues that can confer protection against mucosal pathogens. Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) is a mucosal pathogen and the gastrointestinal tract is an important site of viral pathogenesis and transmission. Thus, CD8+ TRM cells may be an important effector subset for controlling HIV-1 in mucosal tissues. This study sought to determine the abundance, phenotype, and functionality of CD8+ TRM cells in the context of chronic HIV-1 infection. We found that the majority of rectosigmoid CD8+ T-cells were CD69+CD103+S1PR1- and T-betLowEomesoderminNeg, indicative of a tissue-residency phenotype similar to that described in murine models. HIV-1-specific CD8+ TRM responses appeared strongest in individuals naturally controlling HIV-1 infection. Two CD8+ TRM subsets, distinguished by CD103 expression intensity, were identified. CD103Low CD8+ TRM primarily displayed a transitional memory phenotype and contained HIV-1-specific cells and cells expressing high levels of Eomesodermin, whereas CD103High CD8+ TRM primarily displayed an effector memory phenotype and were EomesoderminNeg. These findings suggest a large fraction of CD8+ T-cells housed in the human rectosigmoid mucosa are tissue-resident and that TRM contribute to the anti-HIV-1 immune response. Further exploration of CD8+ TRM will inform development of anti-HIV-1 immune-based therapies and vaccines targeted to the mucosa.
Airway microbiota across age and disease spectrum in cystic fibrosis

Our objectives were to characterise the microbiota in cystic fibrosis (CF) bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and determine its relationship to inflammation and disease status. BALF from paediatric and adult CF patients and paediatric disease controls undergoing clinically indicated bronchoscopy was analysed for total bacterial load and for microbiota by 16S rDNA sequencing. We examined 191 BALF samples (146 CF and 45 disease controls) from 13 CF centres. In CF patients aged e.g . Streptococcus , Prevotella and Veillonella ) constituted ∼50% of the microbiota, whereas in CF patients aged ≥6 years, traditional CF taxa ( e.g . Pseudomonas , Staphylococcus and Stenotrophomonas ) predominated. Sequencing detected a dominant taxon not traditionally associated with CF ( e.g . Streptococcus or Prevotella ) in 20% of CF BALF and identified bacteria in 24% of culture-negative BALF. Microbial diversity and relative abundance of Streptococcus , Prevotella and Veillonella were inversely associated with airway inflammation. Microbiota communities were distinct in CF compared with disease controls, but did not differ based on pulmonary exacerbation status in CF. The CF microbiota detected in BALF differs with age. In CF patients aged Streptococcus predominates, whereas classic CF pathogens predominate in most older children and adults.
Reflections on wisdom at the end of life: qualitative study of hospice patients aged 58-97 years.

Objective:Wisdom is a complex trait, and previous research has identified several components of wisdom. This study explored the possible impact of a diagnosis of a terminal illness on the conceptualization and evolution of wisdom while facing the end of life.Design and Participants:Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with 21 hospice patients aged 58–97 years who were in the last six months of their life.Methods:Hospice patients were asked to describe the core characteristics of wisdom, as well as how their terminal illness might have impacted their understanding of this concept. The interviews were audiotaped, transcribed, and coded by the research team using a grounded theory analytic approach based on coding consensus, co-occurrence, and comparison.Results:Broad concepts of wisdom described by the hospice patients align with the extant literature, thereby supporting those general conceptualizations. In addition, hospice patients described how their life perspectives shifted after being diagnosed with a terminal illness. Post-illness wisdom can be characterized as a dynamic balance of actively accepting the situation while simultaneously striving for galvanized growth. This delicate tension motivated the patients to live each day fully, yet consciously plan for their final legacy.Conclusion:The end of life offers a unique perspective on wisdom by highlighting the modulation between actively accepting the current situation while continuing the desire to grow and change at this critical time. This paradox, when embraced, may lead to even greater wisdom while facing one's own mortality.
A study of interferences inside an RF switch array in 45nm SOI CMOS

This paper presents a study of interferences inside an RF switch array, aiming to understand the design influences on interference characteristics. The 2×2 single-pole double/triple-throw (SP2T/SP3T) Tx/Rx band switch array, featuring a series-shunt topology with gate resistance and feed-forward capacitance (FFC) and covering low (699–894MHz) and high (1710–2155MHz) bands, was designed and fabricated in a 45nm SOI CMOS. The inter-band and inner-band interferences were characterized, which reveals that existing noise isolation techniques, e.g., substrate isolation and layout floor planning, are insufficient for interference reduction. It therefore calls for novel in-die interference elimination techniques.
Peak Lower Extremity Landing Kinematics in Dancers and Nondancers

Context: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries often occur during jump landings and can have detrimental short-term and long-term functional effects on quality of life. Despite frequently perf...
Moments of Memory Access Time for Systems With Hierarchical Memories.

In this paper we model the hierarchal nature of memory in order to examine the variance, and in general, all moments of the distribution of time memory access. The existence of an unbounded variance for the memory access time can lead to extremely long wait queues and a particular class of distributions that has this property is the power tailed distribution. We present an analytical model to study the response time. We show that under reasonable assumptions for the values of the parameters involved in the memory levels the response-time for such a hierarchical memory system is power tailed. To validate the power-tail behavior of the memory access time we provide results from our simulations. We also provide a simple relation with the system parameters which helps system architects and designers to avoid power-tailed nature (intuitively, ill-behaved) of the response time.
Preliminary report: penile vein occlusion therapy: selection criteria and methods used for the transcatheter treatment of impotence caused by venous-sinusoidal incompetence.

AbstractPenile vein occlusion therapy is a fluoroscopic guided technique developed for treating venous-sinusoidal incompetence in patients with erectile dysfunction. We report our experience with 22 patients who have been followed for greater than 1 year. Catheterization of the veins draining the penis was technically possible in 20 of 22 patients (91%). Of these 20 patients 5 (25%) were cured and 9 (45%) had significantly improved erectile function. All 5 patients (100%) with venous-sinusoidal incompetence plus normal cavernous arterial flow, no glans or corpus spongiosal shunts, and bilateral complete coil occlusion of the crural and common crural veins were cured. No deterioration of function was noted at 1 and 2 years. Patient selection and bilateral occlusion of the penile veins are essential to achieve successful penile vein occlusion therapy.
Enrollment and assessment of a first-year college class social network for a controlled trial of the indirect effect of a brief motivational intervention.

Abstract Heavy drinking and its consequences among college students represent a serious public health problem, and peer social networks are a robust predictor of drinking-related risk behaviors. In a recent trial, we administered a Brief Motivational Intervention (BMI) to a small number of first-year college students to assess the indirect effects of the intervention on peers not receiving the intervention. Objectives: To present the research design, describe the methods used to successfully enroll a high proportion of a first-year college class network, and document participant characteristics. Methods: Prior to study enrollment, we consulted with a student advisory group and campus stakeholders to aid in the development of study-related procedures. Enrollment and baseline procedures were completed in the first six weeks of the academic semester. Surveys assessed demographics, alcohol use, and social network ties. Individuals were assigned to a BMI or control group according to their dormitory location. Results: The majority of incoming first-year students (1342/1660; 81%) were enrolled (55% female, 52% nonwhite, mean age 18.6 [SD = 0.51]). Differences between the intervention and control group were noted in alcohol use, but were in large part a function of there being more substance-free dormitory floors in the control group. Conclusions: The current study was successful in enrolling a large proportion of a first-year college class and can serve as a template for social network investigations.
Global climatic changes since the last glacial maximum: evidence from paleolimnology and paleoclimate modeling

Recognition that Earth/Sun orbital changes are the basic cause for Quaternary climatic variations provides a context for explaining global environmental changes, many of which are preserved in the stratigraphic and geomorphic record of lakes. Paleoclimatic numerical models suggest the mechanisms. In subtropical latitudes such as North Africa the enhanced summer insolation culminating about 10 000 years ago resulted in the increased monsoonal rains that explain the widespread expansion of lakes in now-desert basins. But in the American Southwest lake expansion dates to 18 000–15 000 years ago, when storm tracks were displaced to the south by the ice sheets—themselves a product of earlier orbital changes. The dynamics in the resopnse of different components of the natural system to climatic change are recorded in the stratigraphy of lake sediments, not only by their pollen content as a manifestation of the regional vegetation but also by their microfossils and chemical composition as reflections of lake development.
Abstract 3430: TGFBR2 mediated phosphorylation of BUB1 at Ser-318 is required for transforming growth factor-β signaling

The Ser/Thr kinase BUB1 (budding uninhibited by benzimidazoles-1) is required for efficient signaling by the TGF-β receptor. Recruitment of BUB1 to the activated heteromeric TGF-β-receptor complex including SMAD2 and SMAD3, is required for ligand mediated canonical and non-canonical downstream cascades (Nyati et. al. 2015). In an effort to delineate the structure-function basis for this, we utilized in vitro kinase reactions followed by mass spectrometry to demonstrate that TGFBR2 phosphorylates BUB1 at Serine 318. To elucidate the functional significance of TGFBR2 mediated phosphorylation of BUB1, S318 was substituted with alanine (S318A) or aspartic acid (S318D). Co-immunoprecipitation studies of these phospho-deficient or phospho-mimicking BUB1 mutants with TGFBR1, and SMAD2 revealed that the S318A mutant interacted more efficiently to TGFBR1 and SMAD2 compared to the S318D BUB1. To investigate if the Ser318 residue was involved in mediating BUB1 interaction with TGF-β signaling components, we utilized deletion mutants of BUB1. Our findings reveal that the N-terminal (1-241) and C-terminal (482-723) domains of BUB1 independently interact with SMAD2, SMAD3, TGFBR1, or TGFBR2. The middle domain (241-482) having a S318A mutation interacted efficiently with TGFBR2 while the S318D mutant did not. Additionally, the 241-482 S318D mutant exhibited an increased interaction with SMAD2. Over-expression of 241-482 S318D resulted in a decrease in TGFBR1-TGFBR2 interaction as well as TGFBR1-SMAD2 interaction, suggesting that TGFBR2 mediated BUB1 phosphorylation at S318 maybe the trigger for the dissociation of the activated receptor complex, and therefore a key regulator of TGF-β signaling. Taken together, we show that TGFBR2 phosphorylates BUB1 at Ser318 and propose a model with the following steps: (i) BUB1 is recruited to TGFBR1-TGFBR2 complex in response to ligand, (ii) BUB1 participates in the recruitment of SMAD2/3 to the receptor, (iii) TGFBR2 phosphorylates BUB1 at S318, which triggers the disassembly of the activated complex. Citation Format: Shyam Nyati, Brandon Gregg, Jiaqi Xu, Grant Young, Lauren Kimmel, Nyati Mukesh, Dipankar Ray, Hongtao Yu, Alnawaz Rehemtulla. TGFBR2 mediated phosphorylation of BUB1 at Ser-318 is required for transforming growth factor-β signaling [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3430.