cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electronic and Optical Properties of Self -Assembled Quantum Wires

We have studied the band and optical properties of self-assembled quantum wires. In particular, the band structures and optical matrix elements of strained multiple quantum-wires (QWR's) are investigated theoretically via the effective bond-orbital model(EBOM), which takes into account the effects of valence-band anisotropy and the band mixing. It is found that the strain leads to further confinement of carriers and enhancement of the anisotropy. By using the EBOM and valence-force field model, we systematically studied the microstrain effects on the electronic and optical properties of Ga$_{1-x}$In$_x$As self-assembled quantum-wires (QWR's) made of short-period superlattices with strain-induced lateral ordering. Valence-band anisotropy, band mixing, and effects due to local strain distribution at the atomistic level are all taken into account.A comprehensive collection of different structures in our model are presented. Finally, the excitonic absorption spectrum for the SILO quantum wires are investigated by using our envelope function model.
The Future of Law and Economics: A Discussion

There are a several forces pushing on the law and economics (L&E) movement from different directions. The authors exchanged perspectives on trends in economics, and in particular the increasing mathematical formalization of economics, and their implications for the future of L&E in legal scholarship. The authors discuss strengths and weaknesses of the modern L&E movement, speculate as to where L&E might be headed in the future, and how potential pitfalls might be avoided. The exchange between the authors took place at Truthonthemarket.com and the blog posts have been compiled into this essay.
Role of Unique Consecutive Glutamine Repeats in Active Murine Interleukin-2 Molecule

Murine interleukin-2 (MIL-2) cDNA deleted of 11 repeats of a CAG sequence, and that encoded from 33Met to 149Gln were inserted into an expression vector carrying an Escherichia coli tryptophan promoter and were expressed in E. coli, respectively. Recombinant MIL-2 deleted of 11 glutamine repeats (MIL-2(-Gln] supported the growth of murine CTLL-2 cells but recombinant MIL-2 initiated from 34Asp (34Asp-MIL-2) did not. The growth of human T-cell blasts was not supported by MIL-2(-Gln) or 34Asp-MIL-2. MIL-2(-Gln) had identical biological and immunological activities with intact MIL-2, but 34Asp-MIL-2 did not. These results suggest that the consecutive glutamine repeats do not play a role in the biological and immunological activities of MIL-2, but that the peptide sequence around them does, and the species hierarchy that MIL-2 does not act on human lymphocyte is not due to the presence of glutamine repeats in MIL-2.
Платонов и Решетников

Considering wide socio-cultural and literary contexts and referring to biographical data, the article studies the literary life of Fyodor Reshetnikov (1841–1874). The author maintains that the interpretation of Reshetnikov’s prose is to a considerable extent stereotypical, especially in relation to his work as a narodnik (a populist) and naturalist of the 1860s–1980s, demonstrating that he was a sharp social critic but a second-rate writer. Referencing Reshetnikov’s artistic world, his way of thinking, and the speech patterns in his texts, the author draws a connection between his prose and the prose of Andrey Platonov, concluding that a similarity exists between the two writers’ literary styles. Additionally, the author argues that it is possible to analyze the creative work of the two writers through the prism of modernist aesthetics.
Influence of unilateral castration and increased plane of nutrition on sexual development of Holstein bulls. III. Endocrine responses.

Pituitary gonadotropic hormones were assayed in 65 Holstein bulls from 7 days to 16 months. Pituitary LH concentration and content at 2, 4, 8 and 16 months increased (P<.01) with age, while FSH content increased with age (P<.01) but was lower in UC bulls at 2, 4 and 8 months and higher at 16 months (A × UC, P<.01) as compared to intact bulls. In five samples of plasma collected at 90-minute intervals, one day each month from 1 to 15 months in 10 of the bulls killed at 16 months, LH concentration and variance changed (P<.01) with age reaching maxima at 4 and 3 months respectively. Plasma testosterone concentration and variance changed (P<.01) with age, reaching maxima at 10 and 9 months respectively. In the other 10 bulls killed at 16 months, assays of plasma collected before and after exposure to a teaser showed that stimulation increased LH by 20 minutes after exposure but LH declined by 60 minutes while testosterone was increased 20 (P<.05) and 60 (P<.01) minutes after exposure.
Gneiss and migmatite of Archean age in the Precambrian basement of central Wisconsin

Many of the southernmost exposures of the Precambrian shield in central Wisconsin consist of gneiss, migmatite, and (or) amphibolite with associated younger intrusive tonalite and granite. Whole-rock Rb-Sr analyses and zircon U-Pb analyses show that the migmatite and gneiss formed about 2.8 b.y. ago. Ages on minerals and younger plutonic rocks indicate that the older gneiss and migmatite were intruded and locally metamorphosed during major events 1.5 to 1.9 b.y. ago. Rb-Sr data for the migmatite and gneiss indicate elevated initial 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios, suggesting that the migmatite and gneiss formed from crustal rocks of intermediate to granitic composition (which were themselves formed more than 3.0 b.y. ago). If this is true, then the gneissic and migmatitic rocks in central Wisconsin may represent an eastward extension of the ancient (≥3.5 b.y. old) Minnesota River Valley terrane.
The Effects of Downsizing on Organizational Buying Behavior: An Empirical Investigation:

To survive in today’s highly competitive markets, many firms are initiating fundamental changes in organizational form and practice. These restructuring efforts are having significant effects on the organization and management of work within customer firms. However, these important changes have been largely ignored in the extant marketing literature. The research presented in this article first describes a general theory of the effects of organizational downsizing. Then, it examines the potential effects of downsizing on buying center structure and purchase participant characteristics. Findings support several of the hypotheses related to the proposed effects of organizational downsizing on the outcome variables of interest.
Premalignant DNA synthesis in hamster pouch

Abstract The hamster pouch epithelium treated with 9,10 dimethyl 1,2 benzanthracene shows increased labeling with tritiated thymidine, as seen in autoradiograms. The counts of labeled cells in the untreated pouch showed a mean of 106 1,000 cells, whereas the treated pouch showed 329 1,000 cells after 9 weeks.
Stagnation-Point Boundary Layer with Large Wall-to-Freestream Enthalpy Ratio

Abstract : The effect of large surface-to-freestream enthalpy ratios on stagnation point shear and heat transfer is investigated for two-dimensional and axisymmetric bodies. Numerical solutions are obtained for a wide range of enthalpy ratios and wall transpiration rates. Absorption of externally imposed thermal radiation by the transpired gas is included for cases where the absorption is small compared to thermal conduction. It is found that the pressure gradient causes large velocity overshoot in the boundary layer. In the limit of infinite enthalpy ratio. the peak velocity in the boundary layer is approximately 4/9 or 1/3 that value that would occur at the wall for an inviscid two-dimensional or axisymmetric flow, respectively, with the same temperature ratio. The application of the numerical results to 'cold flow plus radiation' nose-tip test facilities is also noted. (Author)
Hospital information systems tutorial: a guide for computer scientists and practitioners

With the United States spending in excess of two hundred billion dollars per year on health care, it is clear that only the small percentage of that likely to be dedicated to computer-based hospital information systems offers both a tremendous opportunity and a responsibility for those in computing. This is particularly true because both software and hardware technologies have evolved to the point where comprehensive online systems are now functionally and financially a practical reality. This tutorial provides an overview of the software and hardware approaches that have been successfully applied, the delineation of success factors in the realm of human engineering, a cost per incident of service distribution methodology, and a review of cost/benefit considerations. The session is directed to those in the computing arena as opposed to those in health care, but the items covered will be of direct application to those on the medical side as well.
A Novel Polar Separation Medium for the Size Exclusion Chromatography of Small Molecules: Uniformly Sized, Porous Poly(vinylphenol-co-divinylbenzene) Beads

Abstract A novel separation medium based on uniform size beads of 4-hydroxystyrene-divinylbenzene can be used for both the size exclusion chromatography of small molecules and their separation by reversed-phase chromatography. The new 5 μm material is prepared by the controlled swelling of monodispersed polystyrene particles, that serve both as porogen and shape template, with a polymerization mixture consisting of the monomers and dibutylphthalate, followed by a suspension polymerization. Removal of the acetoxy groups by hydrolysis with aqueous base leads to the final poly(4-vinylphenol-co-divinylbenzene) monodispersed beads. Polymerization conditions that favor the formation of very small pores were developed to optimize the beads for the SEC separation of small molecules. The SEC calibration curve confirms that the optimized beads contain a large volume of pores suitable for the separation of solutes with a molecular weight of up to about 1000. The ability to separate alkylbenzenes according to their h...
Thermoelectric Behavior of Segregated-Network Polymer Nanocomposites

Segregated-network carbon nanotube (CNT)-polymer composites were prepared, and their thermoelectric properties were measured as a function of CNT concentration at room temperature. This study shows that electrical conductivity can be dramatically increased by creating a network of CNTs in the composite, while the thermal conductivity and thermopower remain relatively insensitive to the filler concentration. This behavior results from thermally disconnected, but electrically connected, junctions in the nanotube network, which makes it feasible to tune the properties in favor of a higher thermoelectric figure of merit. With a CNT concentration of 20 wt %, these composites exhibit an electrical conductivity of 4800 S/m, thermal conductivity of 0.34 W/m x K and a thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT) greater than 0.006 at room temperature. This study suggests that polymeric thermoelectrics are possible and provides the basis for further development of lightweight, low-cost, and nontoxic polymer composites for thermoelectric applications in the future.
Improved formulation of global QCD analysis with zero-mass hard cross sections

The zero-mass (ZM) parton formalism is widely used in high-energy physics because of its simplicity and historical importance, even while massive quarks (c, b, t) are playing an increasingly prominent role in particle phenomenology, including global QCD analyses of parton distributions based on the more precise general-mass (GM) QCD formalism. In view of this dichotomy, we show how the obvious inconsistencies of the conventional implementation of the ZM formalism can be corrected, while preserving the simplicity of its hard matrix elements. The resulting intermediate-mass (IM) scheme for perturbative QCD calculation can be considered either as improved ZM formulation with realistic treatment of heavy-flavor kinematics; or as a simplified GM formulation with approximate ZM hard cross sections. Phenomenologically, global analyses based on IM calculations can effectively reproduce, within the present estimated uncertainty bands, the more correct GM results on parton distributions, as well as their predictions for a wide range of collider processes of current interest.
Interparticle surface affinity and the bulk properties of conditioned powders

Abstract Powdered sodium chloride, soy protein and cornstarch were mixed with four commercial conditioners (calcium stearate, sodium silico-aluminate, silicon oxide and tricalcium phosphate) at four concentration levels between 0.1 and 2%. The bulk density and compressibility as well as the appearance of the particles in scanning electron micrographs of the untreated and conditioned powders were compared. It was revealed that considerable changes in both bulk density and compressibility were always associated with the formation of ordered mixtures between the host powder and the conditiner particles. In these cases, the adherence pattern was influenced by the type of powder and conditioner and it varied between complete coverage of the host particle's surface (salt and all four agents) to scattered coverage (e.g. soy protein and TCP). It was also found that certain conditioned powders (e.g. soy protein and calcium stearate) did not form ordered mixtures. In these systems, the conditioner particles tended to aggregate with their own kind, and their effect on the bulk properties was merely through being a component in a random mixture.
Convenient synthesis of the hexanuclear molybdenum(II) halides Mo6Cl12 and Mo6Br12·2H2O

Abstract Hexanuclear molybdenum(II) halides Mo6Cl12 and Mo6Br12·2H20 have been synthesized in high yields via Na2[Mo6X8)X6], obtained by high-temperature conproportionation of molybdenum with its pentachloride or tetrabromide, respectively, in the presence of sodium halide.
OPTIMIZING RADIATION TREATMENT FOR CERVICAL CANCER

Since the 1920s, radiation has been used to effectively treat and cure cervical cancer. Major developments in radiation oncology technology have led to more accurate simulation of treatment fields with CT-based treatment planning and improved dose distribution of external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) to the target by linear-accelerator produced high-energy photons, three-dimensional treatment-planning systems, and conformal blocking techniques. The need for dose intensity with brachytherapy and reduction of overall treatment time has been established. This article reviews the technical factors of radiation for cervical cancer and explores ways to optimize dose delivery. Results of recently reported phase 3 trials of cisplatin containing chemoradiation regimens are discussed because their use has optimized pelvic control and survival for cervical cancer.
Revisiting Respect for Persons in Genomic Research

The risks and benefits of research using large databases of personal information are evolving in an era of ubiquitous, internet-based data exchange. In addition, information technology has facilitated a shift in the relationship between individuals and their personal data, enabling increased individual control over how (and how much) personal data are used in research, and by whom. This shift in control has created new opportunities to engage members of the public as partners in the research enterprise on more equal and transparent terms. Here, we consider how some of the technological advances driving and paralleling developments in genomics can also be used to supplement the practice of informed consent with other strategies to ensure that the research process as a whole honors the notion of respect for persons upon which human research subjects protections are premised. Further, we suggest that technological advances can help the research enterprise achieve a more thoroughgoing respect for persons than was possible when current policies governing human subject research were developed. Questions remain about the best way to revise policy to accommodate these changes.
Concordance and Gini's measure of association

We study the relationship between concordance and the population version γ of Gini's rank correlation coefficient. For a pair {X, Y) of continuous random variables, we show that γ is a function of probabilities of concordance and discordance between (X, Y) and pairs with the same margins but whose joint distributions are the Frechet upper and lower bounds. We also show that γ depends only on the diagonal and secondary diagonal sections of the copula of (X, Y) and present corresponding results for the sample statistic.
Design and development of coherent data logging system for offline SAR processor

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is an imaging system which can produce very high-resolution images from data collected by a relatively small antenna mounted onto a moving, airborne or spaceborne platform[1]. SAR images are formed from the reflection of coherent signals. Therefore, a SAR system requires a high end data collection system which preserves coherent Doppler phase information in order to reconstruct image properly. In this paper a coherent data logging system is presented that acquires and stores the radar echoes as it moves along its path, preserving the signal characteristics and phase changes. Both the In-phase (I) and Quadrature (Q) signals are acquired through distinct channels. The speed of the platform is also recorded at known interval as speed information is significant for SAR signal processing.
Update in HIV lymphoma.

In industrialized nations people infected with HIV remain at increased risk for malignancies despite highly active antiretroviral therapy. In these countries, lymphoma is the most common HIV-associated malignancy. This review summarizes progress from January 2005 to February 2007. The majority of investigation has been in diffuse large B cell lymphoma, with infusional therapy remaining promising but cumbersome. Rituximab likely improves complete response rates, and, possibly overall survival, but is likely associated with increased infections in a subset of patients with very low CD4 counts. Biologic insights have been attained in the spectrum of HIV-associated non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, and virologic coinfections. Overall, the outcome for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and Hodgkin’s lymphoma in the setting of HIV continues to improve as insights into the pathophysiology and treatment advance.
Delay of Kirk effect due to collector current spreading in heterojunction bipolar transistors

In this work, we present experimental evidence and develop a simple theory for the delay of base push out (Kirk effect) due to collector current spreading in heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs). This effect is very pronounced in small area devices even with short collectors. A correction factor relating the observed emitter current density at which peak cut-off is observed to the classical Kirk effect current limit is derived. This theory has very good agreement with measured data for several different epitaxial structures and has important, implications for the design of both digital and microwave transistors and circuits.
The impact of anisotropy and interaction range on the self-assembly of Janus ellipsoids

We assess the roles of anisotropy and interaction range on the self-assembly of Janus colloidal particles. In particular, Monte Carlo simulation is employed to investigate the propensity for the formation of aggregates in a spheroidal model of a colloid having a relatively short-ranged interaction that is consistent with experimentally realizable systems. By monitoring the equilibrium distribution of aggregates as a function of temperature and density, we identify a “micelle” transition temperature and discuss its dependence on particle shape. We find that, unlike systems with longer ranged interactions, this system does not form micelles below a transition temperature at low density. Rather, larger clusters comprising 20–40 particles characterize the transition. We then examine the dependence of the second virial coefficient on particle shape and well width to determine how these important system parameters affect aggregation. Finally, we discuss possible strategies suggested by this work to promote self-assembly for the encapsulation of particles.
A PHOTOMETRIC AND SPECTROGRAPHIC STUDY OF XX CYG.

Photometric and spectrographic observations of the RRs variable star XX Cygni are presented. Photometry was obtained in the ubvy beta system by a sky-compensating photometer attached to a 61-cm reflecting telescope. The star is found to have a large light amplitude (0.77 magnitude in V), a reddening of 0.025 magnitude and a small m1 value, indicating low metal content, with a mean effective surface gravity of 3.34 and temperature of 7250 K. Single-trail spectrograms obtained by a 5-m telescope and a coude spectrograph in the wavelength range 3900-4800 A reveal a radial velocity range of 34 km/sec and a mean radial velocity of -110 km/sec, and are consistent with a low metallicity.
First-principles study of defect migration in RE-doped ceria (RE = Pr, Gd)

Oxygen vacancy formation and migration in ceria is central to its performance as an ionic conductor. Ceria doped with suitable aliovalent dopants has enhanced oxygen ion conductivity – higher than that of yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ), the most widely used electrolyte material in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). To gain insight into atomic defect migration in this class of promising electrolyte materials, we have performed total energy calculations within the framework of density functional theory (DFT+U) to study oxygen vacancy migration in ceria, Pr-doped ceria (PDC) and Gd-doped ceria (GDC). We report activation energies for various oxygen vacancy migration pathways in PDC and GDC. Results pertaining to the preferred oxygen vacancy formation sites and migration pathways in these materials will be discussed in detail. Overall, the presence of Pr and Gd ions significantly affects oxygen vacancy formation and migration, in a complex manner requiring the investigation of many different migration events. We propose a relationship that explains the role of additional dopants in lowering the activation energy for vacancy migration in PDC and GDC.
Sport Tourism: Concepts and Theories. An Introduction

The rationale for this collection is based on a perceived need in sport tourism research and practice that the future developement of the area needs to be grounded in relevant theoretical frameworks. A theory is an explanation that is subject to revision as subsequent research supports or refutes various tenets associated with it. This collection of essays provides a compendium of theories that have been, or have the potential to be, applied to the study and practice of sport tourism. Part one is comprised of theories from a socio-cultural perspective and includes discussions on constraints, serious leisure and social identity and nostalgia sport tourism. Part two draws upon paradigms used in sport and tourism studies, those of tourist roles, destination branding, seasonality, host–guest relations and urban regeneration. Part three outlines concepts and paradigms from business studies including marketing, service quality, economics, policy and management issues.
A Reconstructive Analysis of the Concept “Instinct”

(1952). A Reconstructive Analysis of the Concept “Instinct”. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 235-277.
Determination of nuclear parameters by inelastic electron scattering at low- momentum transfer

Abstract The second-order Born-approximation treatment of Cutler and Schucan was applied to inelastic electron scattering data on 6 Li, 60 Ni, and 114 Cd acquired at low momentum transfers. The form factors as a function of momentum transfer q in the range of 0.25–0.57 fm −1 were obtained by angular distribution measurements performed at incident energies of 30 to 60 MeV. The correlation between two parameters deduced from the measurements, the reduced transition probability B (E2↑) and the transition radius R (2) tr , is discussed. It is suggested that inelastic electron scattering data at low- q is best used either in conjunction with an accurate value of B (E L ↑) (available from the model-independent analysis of “photon” experiments at zero momentum transfer) to allow accurate determination of R (2) tr , or in conjunction with high- q inelastic electron scattering data to allow accurate determination of B (E L ↑) as well as R (2) tr .
Desilylation of Substituted Polyacetylenes by Nanoparticles

Magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles were dispersed via solution processing in trimethylsilyl-substituted polyacetylenes to form polymer nanocomposites. In the presence of these particles, the polymers, poly(1-trimethylsilyl-1-propyne) (PTMSP) and poly[1-phenyl-2-[p-(trimethylsilyl)phenyl]acetylene] (PTMSDPA), were partially desilylated. Some PTMSDPA/MgO nanocomposites were insoluble in common solvents (e.g., toluene or chloroform), and the solubility characteristics depended on particle loading and preparation conditions. When possible, the reaction products were characterized using XPS, FTIR, and NMR. Small molecule model compounds were also used to study the reaction of trimethylsilyl groups with MgO nanoparticles. The CO2 permeability in these nanoparticle-filled films was over 6 times higher than in the analogous unfilled polymers. This phenomenon may provide a route for preparing highly permeable, chemically stable membranes for gas separations.
Relative Proximity Theory: Measuring the Gap Between Actual and Ideal Online Course Delivery

Based on the Theory of Transactional Distance and Needs Assessment, this article reports a procedure for quantitatively measuring how close the actual delivery of a course was to ideal, as perceived by students. It extends Zhang’s instrument and prescribes the computational steps to calculate relative proximity at the element and construct level. Radar graphs are shown to provide a useful visualization of relative proximity. Stepwise multiple regression is used to determine the impact of changes in construct relative proximity on student satisfaction. This allows for the implementation of a systematic, data-based, continuous course improvement process.
Green fluorescent protein-expressing Escherichia coli as a selective probe for HOCl generation within neutrophils.

Escherichia coli were transformed by electroporation to introduce a plasmid harboring a GFP gene-containing vector. The fluorescence of the purified GFP isolated from the transformant was quenched by myeloperoxidase (MPO)-generated HOCl, by peroxynitrous acid (ONOOH) and by enzymatically or radiolytically generated NO2· but not by other putative neutrophil-generated oxidants. Fluorescence from the bacterium was effectively quenched by HOCl but not peroxynitrite, oxidizing radicals derived from its O−O bond homolysis, or the other oxidants under study. Exposure of serum-opsonized bacteria to human neutrophils resulted in extensive loss of GFP fluorescence; fluorescence microscopy revealed that phagocytosed bacteria were completely quenched but that bacteria remaining in the external media were unquenched. Addition of sodium azide to the medium to inhibit MPO prevented neutrophil-mediated fluorescence quenching. Because the amount of HOCl required to inhibit bacterial fluorescence was an order of magnitude ...
Morphologic and biochemical observations on the development of the rat parotid gland

Litters of rats were sacrificed at 2–5-day intervals from 18 days in utero to 40 days postnatally, and their parotid glands were subjected to biochemical and light and electron microscopic analyses. Biochemical assays were employed in homogenates of the glands for DNA, RNA, protein, and the secretory digestive enzymes α-amylase, alkaline RNase, and DNase I. The results revealed that acinar differentiation in the rat parotid gland is primarily postnatal. Prior to and at birth, the parenchyma of the gland is rudimentary in regard to the enzymes and structures which are characteristic of the acini of the mature gland. One day after birth, the secretory digestive enzymes begin to increase above the levels found in adjacent, nonparenchymal tissues. At the same time, secretory granules appear in the clusters of cells at the terminal ends of the tubular apparatus. The appearance of PAS-positive material in the ductal lumens suggests that functional (secretory) activity begins at this time. There are two periods of rapid growth and differentiation, from about birth to 12 and 15–25 days. The proportional increases of the enzymes in the gland are much higher in the first period, but the absolute amounts gained are higher in the second. Cell size, as indicated by the concentration of DNA per unit of tissue, appears to decrease slightly during the first period, and increase markedly in the second, while the number of cells (DNA per gland) increases rapidly in both periods. At 25 days, the gland has nearly achieved the adult (100-day) levels of all parameters measured except weight. Increases in the amounts of secretory granules and rough endoplasmic reticulum and the development of active Golgi complexes appear to be well correlated with increases in the secretory enzymes and in RNA. The secretory digestive enzymes assayed increase in a noncoordinate manner, suggesting that the control of their synthesis may be asynchronous during the course of acinar differentiation. The onsets of the first and second periods of rapid differentiation coincide respectively with the onsets of suckling and weaning. This suggests that substrates in the food and secretory stimulation may have inductive significance in the differentiation of the gland.
The Organism in Development

Developmental biology has resurfaced in recent years, often without a clearly central role for the organism. The organism is pulled in divergent directions: on the one hand, there is an important body of work that emphasizes the role of the gene in development, as executing and controlling embryological change; on the other hand, there are more theoretical approaches under which the organism disappears as little more than an instance for testing biological generalizations. I press here for the ineliminability of the organism in developmental biology on explanatory grounds. I examine classical work concerned with growth and development, particularly in Drosophila and C. elegans. Some of this work is suggestive of modular development, and accordingly suggests a level below that of the organism as being explanatory. These are not the only type of case. There are other equally well-established results, which indicate greater integration in the developing organism. Though with a modular organization the organi...
Gauge theory of gravitation

Yang has laid the foundations for a "guage" type theory of gravitation, reintroducing the Lagrangian previously considered by Weyl and Stephenson. In this paper, I develop the full theory using a variational principle on this Lagrangian with sources. Analysis of the full set of Euler-Lagrange equations shows that Einstein spaces satisfying ${R}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\kappa}}=\ensuremath{\omega}{g}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\kappa}}$ with arbitrary cosmological constant $\ensuremath{\omega}$, are the only Riemannian vacuum solutions. This rules out the nonphysical, static, spherically symmetric solutions of Pavelle and Thompson; they only considered a subset of the Euler-Lagrange system of equations. The additional equations become important when sources to the gravitational field are considered. The full set of equations with sources have the following properties: The stress-energy tensor must be traceless. Other than a small exceptional class, all matter solutions must be non-Riemannian. The stress-energy tensor is not conserved if torsion is kept. The only Robertson-Walker cosmological solution which is Riemannian is static; all other homogeneous, isotropic cosmologies are non-Riemannian. The equations do not reduce to Poisson's equation for weak, static gravitational fields, thus violating the Newtonian limit. I finish by commenting on the "conceptually superior... integral formalism" proposed by Yang and used as a foundation for his gauge-type gravitational theory.
Influence of hydrogen on the friction and wear of metals (a survey)

We analyze the literature sources devoted to the investigation of the influence of hydrogen on the tribological behavior of metallic materials. The specific features of friction and wear in metals that do not form hydrides (iron, copper, and some alloys based on these metals) and in hydride-forming metals (niobium, zirconium, and titanium) in gaseous hydrogen-containing environments and under the conditions of electrolytic hydrogenation are discussed.
Use of a High-Temperature Integrating Sphere Reflectometer for Surface-Temperature Measurements

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has developed a new facility for the characterization of the infrared spectral emissivity of samples between 150 and 1,000°C. For accurate measurement of the sample surface temperatures above 150°C, the system employs a high-temperature reflectometer to obtain the surface temperature of the sample. This technique is especially useful for samples that have significant temperature gradients due to the thermal conductivity of the sample and the heating mechanism used. The sample temperature is obtained through two measurements: (a) an indirect sample emissivity measurement with an integrating sphere reflectometer and (b) a relative radiance measurement (at the same wavelengths as in (a)) of the sample as compared to a blackbody source. The results are combined with a knowledge of the blackbody temperature and Planck’s law to obtain the sample temperature. The reflectometer’s integrating sphere is a custom design that accommodates the sample and heater to allow reflectance measurements at temperature. The sphere measures the hemispherical-near- normal (8°) reflectance factor of the sample compared relative to a previously calibrated room-temperature reference sample. The reflectometer technique of sample temperature measurement is evaluated with several samples of varying reflectance. Temperature results are compared with values simultaneously obtained from embedded thermocouples and temperature-drop calculations using a knowledge of the sample’s thermal conductivity.
CONCURRENT RISK FACTORS FOR ADOLESCENT VIOLENCE

Purpose: To examine the risk and protective factors for different types of violent behavior in a sample of high school age adolescents drawn from the general population, illuminate the multiple and cumulative nature of the different risk factors, and characterize gender differences in explanatory variables that foster involvement in violent activities. Methods: Using data from a 6-year longitudinal self-report survey of over 4,500 high school seniors and high school dropouts from California and Oregon, we developed weighted estimates of the proportions of youth exhibiting different risk factors who are also involved in violent activities. We use risk scales to show the cumulative effects of multiple factors within substantive domains, and logistic regression techniques to pinpoint the effects of each risk factor relative to others included in the models. Results: Major risk factors for violence include gender and deviant behaviors, such as using and selling drugs, committing nonviolent felonies, and engaging in other forms of nonviolent delinquency. Low academic orientation, lack of parental affection and support, and perceptions of parents' substance use also show strong links with violent behavior. As the number of risk factors increases, so does the likelihood of engaging in violent behavior. Boys and girls show somewhat different paths to violence, with girls being comparatively more susceptible to the effects of family problems or disruption and impaired relationships with parents. For boys, engaging in other deviant behaviors provides the most information about their propensity to commit violent acts. Weak bonds with school and family also have an impact on serious violence for boys. Conclusions: Risk factors from multiple domains—demographic, environmental, and behavioral—contribute to involvement in various types of violent behavior. The strong links between violence, drug use, and delinquency argue for prevention/intervention programs that take into account the clustering of these behaviors, while the contribution of weak familial and school bonds point to the need for efforts to strengthen these institutions. Research is needed to identify effective ways of achieving these ends.
Ultraviolet photoemission study of LiF

Abstract Photoemission from evaporated films of LiF were measured at photon energies of 10-27 eV. The photoelectron spectra exhibit features that can be identified as density-of-states structures in the valence and conduction bands of LiF. Regions of high density of states can be seen at ca. 3.3 and 7.8 eV above the vacuum level. The valence-band spectrum shows a doublet structure similar to the calculated density of states for the F − 2 p band of LiF. The base width of this structure is found to be 4.6 ± 0.3 eV. The photoelectron spectra for photon energies > 15 eV indicate that the highest occupied states of the F − 2 p band are located at 11.8 ± 0.3 eV below the vacuum level. The photoelectron spectra in the exciton region, however, show photo-emission from higher occupied states.
External-cavity actively mode-locked GCSEL (grating coupled surface emitting laser) and amplification characteristics of GCSOA (grating coupled surface emitting semiconductor optical amplifier)

We demonstrate an external cavity, active mode-locked GCSEL. The optical pulse duration from the actively mode-locked oscillator is 22.6ps and a 3 dB optical spectrum bandwidth is 0.07nm at 976nm. The average power from the oscillator is 0.72mW and its peak power is 108mW. The amplification characteristics of a GCSOA, optically injected with a continuously operated external cavity GCSEL, are also demonstrated. Despite the observation of lasing from the device, injection locking can be performed using an external source. At 4A peak current injection, 375mW output is achieved with 12mW injection.© (2004) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Elastic constants of antiferromagnetic chromium-vanadium alloys

Abstract Single crystals of chromium alloys containing 0.67 and 1.5% vanadium were prepared by the floating-zone technique. Elastic constants and attenuation were measured by the pulse-echo method between 77 and 300 K. The changes of the elastic properties in the paramagnetic and antiferromagnetic states and in particular at the magnetic transition are described and discussed.
Measurements of the kinetics of the OH-initiated oxidation of methyl vinyl ketone and methacrolein

The mechanisms of the OH-initiated oxidation of methyl vinyl ketone and methacrolein have been studied at 300 K and 100 Torr total pressure, using a turbulent flow technique coupled with laser-induced fluorescence detection of the OH radical. The rate constants for the OH + methyl vinyl ketone and OH + methacrolein reactions were measured to be (1.78 ± 0.08) × 10−11 and (3.22 ± 0.10) × 10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1, respectively, and were found to be in excellent agreement with previous studies. In the presence of O2 and NO, the OH radical propagation and the loss of OH through radical termination resulting from the production of methyl vinyl ketone- and methacrolein-based alkyl nitrates were measured at 100 Torr total pressure and compared to the simulations of the kinetics of these reaction systems. The results of these experiments are consistent with an overall rate constant of (2.0 ± 1.3) × 10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 for both the methyl vinyl ketone-based peroxy radical + NO and methacrolein-based peroxy radical + NO reactions, each with branching ratios of 0.90 ± 0.10 for the bimolecular channel (oxidation of NO to NO2) and 0.10 ± 0.10 for the termolecular channel (production of methyl vinyl ketone- and methacrolein-based alkyl nitrates). © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 36: 12–25, 2003
The Late Domain of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 p6 Promotes Virus Release in a Cell Type-Dependent Manner

The p6 domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is located at the C terminus of the Gag precursor protein Pr55(Gag). Previous studies indicated that p6 plays a critical role in HIV-1 particle budding from virus-expressing HeLa cells. In this study, we performed a detailed mutational analysis of the N terminus of p6 to map the sequences required for efficient virus release. We observed that the highly conserved P-T/S-A-P motif located near the N terminus of p6 is remarkably sensitive to change; even conservative mutations in this sequence imposed profound virus release defects in HeLa cells. In contrast, single and double amino acid substitutions outside the P-T/S-A-P motif had no significant effect on particle release. The introduction of stop codons one or two residues beyond the P-T/S-A-P motif markedly impaired virion release, whereas truncation four residues beyond P-T/S-A-P had no effect on particle production in HeLa cells. By examining the effects of p6 mutation in biological and biochemical analyses and by electron microscopy, we defined the role of p6 in particle release and virus replication in a panel of T-cell and adherent cell lines and in primary lymphocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages. We demonstrated that the effects of p6 mutation on virus replication are markedly cell type dependent. Intriguingly, even in T-cell lines and primary lymphocytes in which p6 mutations block virus replication, these changes had little or no effect on particle release. However, p6-mutant particles produced in T-cell lines and primary lymphocytes exhibited a defect in virion-virion detachment, resulting in the production of tethered chains of virions. Virus release in monocyte-derived macrophages was markedly inhibited by p6 mutation. To examine further the cell type-specific virus release defect in HeLa versus T cells, transient heterokaryons were produced between HeLa cells and the Jurkat T-cell line. These heterokaryons display a T-cell-like phenotype with respect to the requirement for p6 in particle release. The results described here define the role of p6 in virus replication in a wide range of cell types and reveal a strong cell type-dependent requirement for p6 in virus particle budding.
Deep Level Defects In Ion Implanted Laser Annealed Bulk GaAs

In this paper, we report on the carrier activation and deep level crystal defects in pulsed excimer laser (A = 308 nm) anealed samples of GaAs implanted with Si and Se to a dose ranging from 2.2 x 1012 to 6.0 x 10" cm'. The residual defects in the pulsed-laser annealed GaAs have been investigated by means of photo-induced current transient spectroscopy (PITS). The electron concentration and carrier mobility were studied by Hall effect and Van der Pauw measurements. Although the implanted layer recrystallization was good and the sheet carrier concentration was high, the electron mobility was low. The correlation between deep traps, the carrier concentration, the electron mobility, and laser light intensity is presented.
Fundamental investigation of NOx formation during oxy-fuel combustion of pulverized coal

Abstract NO x formation was measured during combustion of pulverized coals and pulverized coal char in N 2 and CO 2 environments under isothermal and nearly constant oxygen conditions (i.e. using dilute coal loading). Three different oxygen concentrations (12% O 2 , 24% O 2 , and 36% O 2 ) and two representative US coals were investigated, at a gas temperature of 1050 °C. To investigate the importance of NO reburn reactions, experiments were also performed with an elevated concentration (550 ppm) of NO in the gases into which the coal was introduced. For low levels of background NO, the fractional fuel-nitrogen conversion to NO x increases dramatically with increasing bath gas oxygen content, for both N 2 and CO 2 environments, though the fuel conversion is generally lower in CO 2 environments. Char N conversion is lower than volatile N conversion, especially for elevated O 2 concentrations. These results highlight the importance of the volatile flame and char combustion temperatures on NO x formation. For the high background NO x condition, net NO x production is only observed in the 36% O 2 environment. Under these dilute loading conditions, NO reburn is found to be between 20% and 40%, depending on the type of coal, the use of N 2 or CO 2 diluent, the bulk O 2 concentration, and whether or not one considers reburn of volatile-NO x . This dataset provides a unique opportunity to understand and differentiate the different sources and sinks of NO x under oxy-fuel combustion conditions.
Identification of critical residues for the tight binding of both correct and incorrect nucleotides to human DNA polymerase λ.

Abstract DNA polymerase λ (Pol λ) is a novel X-family DNA polymerase that shares 34% sequence identity with DNA polymerase β. Pre-steady-state kinetic studies have shown that the Pol λ–DNA complex binds both correct and incorrect nucleotides 130-fold tighter, on average, than the DNA polymerase β–DNA complex, although the base substitution fidelity of both polymerases is 10 − 4 to 10 − 5 . To better understand Pol λ's tight nucleotide binding affinity, we created single-substitution and double-substitution mutants of Pol λ to disrupt the interactions between active-site residues and an incoming nucleotide or a template base. Single-turnover kinetic assays showed that Pol λ binds to an incoming nucleotide via cooperative interactions with active-site residues (R386, R420, K422, Y505, F506, A510, and R514). Disrupting protein interactions with an incoming correct or incorrect nucleotide impacted binding to each of the common structural moieties in the following order: triphosphate ≫ base > ribose. In addition, the loss of Watson–Crick hydrogen bonding between the nucleotide and the template base led to a moderate increase in K d . The fidelity of Pol λ was maintained predominantly by a single residue, R517, which has minor groove interactions with the DNA template.
Anomalous multilayer relaxation of Pd{001}

A low-energy electron-diffraction intensity analysis of a clean Pd{001} surface finds the first interlayer spacing expanded by about 3% and the second interlayer spacing slightly contracted by about 1% with respect to the bulk value (1.945 \AA{}). These results contradict the trend usually observed or theoretically predicted on fcc {001} surfaces, where the first relaxation is a compression and the second is an expansion. Possible origins of this behavior are suggested.
The Potassium Content of Benign Uterine Tumors

The series of analyses and deductions to be reported were made on one hundred myofibromata removed during operation. The objective of the work was (a) the determination of the variability of the potassium content in this easily procurable form of neoplasm and (b) the confirmation or refutation of the belief that the potassium content of tumors is greatly increased above that of normal tissue of essentially the same category. As the work progressed, a third objective developed: i.e., a possible correlation between the amount of potassium and the macroscopic appearance of the tumors. A classification according to microscopic diagnosis would have been far more accurate, but this was not possible. As will be seen, the first two objectives were fairly well attained, the third less completely so. Method With but little alteration the methods used for determining potassium, ash, and water in the tumors were the same as those already reported by the author in determining these constituents of heart muscle (1). The differences lay in using only 50 gm. of fresh tissue, not removing the phosphates by a special precipitation, and washing the reduced platinum with hot dilute hydrochloric acid. A number of comparative determinations had shown that the phosphates did not interfere with the final result and that about 25 c.c. of approximately 10 per cent hydrochloric acid was quite sufficient to remove all insoluble phosphates. Numerous checks were made in duplicate and triplicate, with and without precipitation of phosphates. These were satisfactory.