cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heat transfer optimization within open-ended annular cavities

References Patankar, S. V., and Sparrow, E. M., ‘‘Condensation on an Extended Surface,’’ Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol. 101, 1979, pp. 434– 440. Wilkins, J. E., ‘‘Condensation on an Extended Surface,’’ Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol. 102, 1980, pp. 186, 187. Sarma, P. K., Chary, S. P., and Dharma Rao, V., ‘‘Condensation on a Vertical Plate Fin of Variable Thickness,’’ International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 31, 1988, pp. 1941– 1944. Brouwers, H. J. H., ‘‘Film Condensation on Non-Isothermal Vertical Plates,’’ International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 32, 1989, pp. 655– 663. Trevino, C., and Mendez, F., ‘‘Transient Conjugate Condensation Process on a Vertical Plate with Finite Thermal Inertia,’’ International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 39, 1996, pp. 2221– 2230. Mendez, F., and Trevino, C., ‘‘Film Condensation Generated by a Forced Cooling Fluid,’’ Journal of European Mechanics, B/Fluids, Vol. 15, 1996, pp. 217– 240. Nusselt, W., ‘‘Die Ober achenkondensation des Wasserdampfes,’’ Zeitschrift der Verein Deutscher Ingenieure, Vol. 60, 1916, pp. 541– 546, 569– 575. Sparrow, E. M., and Gregg, J. L., ‘‘A Boundary Layer Treatment of Laminar-Film Condensation,’’ Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Vol. 81, 1959, pp. 13– 17. Koh, J. C. Y., Sparrow, E. M., and Hartnett, J. P., ‘‘The Two-Phase Boundary Layer in Laminar Film Condensation,’’ International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 2, 1961, pp. 69– 82. Incropera, F. P., and DeWitt, D. P., Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, 3rd ed., Wiley, New York, 1990, p. 589. Wetzler, H., Kennzahlen der Verfahrentechnik, Huthig Verlag, Heidelberg, 1985.
Diastolic shape of the right ventricle of the heart.

BACKGROUND Knowledge of right ventricular (RV) shape is important to the understanding of RV mechanical function and for the improvement of clinically important RV volume estimation techniques. Refinements to the simplest conceptions of RV shape are presented statistically here, based on a quantitative analysis of three-dimensional magnetic resonance (MR) images of excised lamb hearts. METHODS The passive shape of the heart in six freshly excised lamb hearts was studied with MR imaging with independent passive pressurization of both ventricles. Global features of shape were assessed, including measurement of short-axis, cross-sectional shape parameters associated with the pinched-arc model. RESULTS The slice-area x apex-base length was found to be highly correlated with the volume of the RV, with little sensitivity to the degree of filling of the ventricle or to the exact slice chosen (r = 0.987; n = 22 from five hearts). The RV was shown to follow a clockwise helical path around the left ventricle of 47 +/- 17 degrees, below the outflow tract, as seen from the apical view, progressing from the apex to the base. Based on the pinched-arc model, the anterior arc is shallower than the posterior arc, with a larger radius of curvature and a smaller angle between the arc and the septal axis. As the RV is passively filled, opposite changes in shape occur between the anterior and posterior regions tending to equalize their shapes. CONCLUSIONS A high degree of regularity of shape does exist in the RV and, thus, can be characterized effectively in terms of a representative cross-sectional shape and in terms of the changes in that shape proceeding from the base to the apex.
Application of intelligent systems to wind tunnel test facilities

An approach to the application of intelligent-systems technology to the wind tunnel facilities at NASA Ames Research Center is outlined. To help fulfill the long-range goals of improving data quality and increasing personnel efficiency and management effectiveness, three major areas of intelligent systems application are recommended. The available state-of-the-art technology for developing the proposed systems is reviewed including the application of commercial software packages. The initial tasks and effort to develop these systems are recommended. A prototype expert system for selection of internal strain-gage balances has been built and is presented herein as an example model for the future systems.
Late Miocene—Early Pliocene Paleomagnetic Stratigraphy, Paleoclimatology, and Biostratigraphy in New Zealand

The paleomagnetic stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and paleoclimatology have been studied in two marine sections of late Miocene to early Pliocene age in New Zealand. A total of over 850 separately oriented cores were collected from 270 sites. The Blind River section (41°43′ S.) is now adjacent to the southernmost subtropical (temperate) water mass, but planktonic foraminifera indicate that the area was covered by subantarctic water during much of late Miocene and early Pliocene time. The Mangapoike River section (38°55′ S.) records temperature oscillations mainly within the subtropical water mass during late Miocene–early Pliocene age, with perhaps one subantarctic interval during latest Miocene time. The Miocene-Pliocene boundary in New Zealand has consistently been placed at the first evolutionary appearance of Globorotalia puncticulata at the boundary between the late Miocene Kapitean Stage and the early Pliocene Opoitian Stage. This boundary lies within sediments deposited during the Gilbert Reversed Epoch between the Nunivak Event (base at 4.14 m.y. B.P.) and the Gilbert C Event (top at 4.33 m.y. B.P.) in both sections. Thus, the Miocene-Pliocene boundary, as recognized in New Zealand, is dated as 4.3 ± 0.1 m.y., which appears to be slightly younger than the type (International) Miocene-Pliocene boundary in Italy (4.9 to 5.1 m.y.). Biostratigraphic ranges of planktonic foraminifera between New Zealand and the Mediterranean differ in detail, perhaps due to different paleo-oceanographic histories. A major cooling episode during the early Gilbert Reversed Epoch is recorded at Blind River and Mangapoike River. This cooling is more pronounced in the southern section examined, where it is represented by the occurrence of a central subantarctic planktonic foraminiferal assemblage. In the northern section, cooling was also pronounced, although of shorter duration, represented by a probably northern subantarctic assemblage. The Miocene-Pliocene boundary in Europe has still only been dated indirectly by means of non-Mediterranean sections. Interpretation of late Cenozoic paleomagnetic data from Mediterranean deep-sea cores collected from Glomar Challenger is rejected.
Outsourcing in academic libraries: a selective bibliography

The current library outsourcing debate began in 1993 when Wright State University completely outsourced its cataloging operation. It reached a new high in 1995 when the Hawaii State Public Library System decided to outsource its selection, cataloging, and processing functions to Baker & Taylor, its online journals to Information Access Company, and its automation to Ameritech. A steady stream of articles and a handful of books, covering theoretical and ethical issues, as well as the practical aspects of outsourcing, have appeared in the last decade. This bibliography addresses the broad issues of outsourcing, especially in academic libraries. Outsourcing of public, special, and federal libraries is covered only tangentially. The list is divided into four sections: books on outsourcing in libraries; general articles on the history, theory, and impact of outsourcing on libraries and librarianship; opinion pieces; and articles that relate to individual libraries’ experiences with outsourcing.
Electrostatic effects on the partitioning of spherical colloids between dilute bulk solution and cylindrical pores

Abstract Theoretical results are presented for the electrostatic double-layer interaction between a colloid particle and a long cylindrical pore, where the colloid is allowed to assume any radial position within the pore. The colloid particle is represented as a solid sphere with a given surface charge density or surface potential, or as a porous sphere with a given volumetric charge density, and the linear form of the Poisson-Boltzmann equation is employed. Analytical expressions for the potential energy of interaction are obtained and used to calculate equilibrium partitioning coefficients.
The Phosphorus, Sulfur, Argon, and Calcium Isotopic Composition of the Galactic Cosmic Ray Source

Galactic cosmic ray (GCR) measurements of the phosphorus, sulfur, argon, and calcium isotopes made by the Cosmic Ray Isotope Spectrometer aboard the Advanced Composition Explorer are reported over the energy range from ~100 to ~400 MeV nucleon^(–1). The propagation of cosmic rays through the Galaxy and heliosphere is modeled with constraints imposed by measurements. Isotopic source abundance ratios ^(31)P/^(32)S, ^(34)S/^(32)S, ^(38)Ar/^(36)Ar, and ^(44)Ca/^(40)Ca are deduced. The derived ^(31)P/^(32)S ratio is 2.34 ± 0.34 times larger than the solar system value, lending further credence to the suggestion that refractory elements are enriched in the GCRs due to the sputtering of ions off grains in the cores of superbubbles. By determining the GCR source abundances of argon (a noble gas) and calcium (a refractory), it is determined that material in grains is accelerated to GCR energies a factor of 6.4 ± 0.3 more efficiently than gas-phase material in this charge range. With this information, the dust fraction of phosphorus and sulfur in the interstellar material that is mixed with stellar ejecta to form the GCR seed material is found to be consistent with astronomical observations.
Rescuing valuable genomes by animal cloning: A case for natural disease resistance in cattle

Tissue banking and animal cloning represent a powerful tool for conserving and regenerating valuable animal genomes. Here we report an example involving cattle and the rescue of a genome affording natural disease resistance. During the course of a 2-decade study involving the phenotypic and genotypic analysis for the functional and genetic basis of natural disease resistance against bovine brucellosis, a foundation sire was identified and confirmed to be genetically resistant to Brucella abortus. This unique animal was utilized extensively in numerous animal breeding studies to further characterize the genetic basis for natural disease resistance. The bull died in 1996 of natural causes, and no semen was available for AI, resulting in the loss of this valuable genome. Fibroblast cell lines had been established in 1985, cryopreserved, and stored in liquid nitrogen for future genetic analysis. Therefore, we decided to utilize these cells for somatic cell nuclear transfer to attempt the production of a cloned bull and salvage this valuable genotype. Embryos were produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer and transferred to 20 recipient cows, 10 of which became pregnant as determined by ultrasound at d 40 of gestation. One calf survived to term. At present, the cloned bull is 4.5 yr old and appears completely normal as determined by physical examination and blood chemistry. Furthermore, in vitro assays performed to date indicate this bull is naturally resistant to B. abortus, Mycobacterium bovis, and Salmonella typhimurium, as was the original genetic donor.
Familial clustering of end-stage renal disease in blacks with lupus nephritis

The factors that determine a patient's susceptibility to specific target organ involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) remain unknown. Lupus nephritis can be a particularly devastating complication, with an increased mortality and the risk of progressive renal damage resulting in end-stage renal disease (ESRD). This analysis was performed to determine whether renal disease aggregated in select families or was a sporadic complication in patients with SLE. We compared the family history of ESRD in 50 patients with SLE complicated by lupus nephritis with 37 controls who had SLE but lacked nephritis after a mean follow-up duration of more than 11 years. The frequency of relatives with ESRD in the lupus nephritis cases was compared with that in controls using Fisher's exact test (significance at P ≤ 0.05). Fifty percent (25) of the 50 lupus nephritis patients were black and 50% (25) white, in contrast to 35% (13) and 65% (24) of the 37 lupus nonnephropathy controls, respectively. A first-, second-, or third-degree relative with ESRD was present in 16% (eight) of the 50 lupus nephritis cases and in 0% of the 37 SLE nonnephropathy controls (P = 0.019, Fisher's exact test, two-tail). Twenty-eight percent (seven) of the 25 black patients with lupus nephritis had relatives with ESRD compared with 0% of the 13 black lupus nonnephritis controls (P = 0.07). Only one of the eight relatives with ESRD had SLE or a collagen vascular disease. Lupus nephritis patients and the nonnephritis controls had similar ages (mean ± SD: 38.5 ± 10.0 years v 46.6 ± 11.8 years; P = 0.28), family sizes (6.27 ± 2.61 first-degree relatives v 6.35 ± 3.25 first-degree relatives; P = 0.16), and duration of SLE (9.26 ± 5.94 years v 11.35 ± 6.43 years; P = 0.60). Familial clustering of ESRD was observed in black patients with SLE who had nephritis. This was unlikely to be related to differences in patient age, family size, or duration of SLE. This data, coupled with the known familial aggregation of ESRD in blacks with hypertensive and diabetic ESRD, supports the contention that genetic factors contribute to the familial clustering. The presence of relatives with etiologies of ESRD other than SLE suggests that there is an inherited susceptibility to progressive renal failure, independent of the etiology of ESRD.
Phenomenological loss equivalence method for planar quasi-TEM transmission lines with a thin normal conductor or superconductor

The incremental inductance rule for conductor loss calculations is not valid if conductor thickness decreases and becomes comparable to the penetration depth. A simple approach, referred to as the phenomenological loss equivalence method is proposed for characterizing a planar quasi-TEM transmission line with a thin normal conductor or superconductor over a wide range of field penetrations. For microstrip lines with a thin copper or high-T/sub c/ superconductor, the conductor losses calculated by this method agree very well with the published data calculated by the finite-element method and the Monte Carlo method, respectively. Because of the simplicity of the calculation, the method should be very useful for the computer-aided design of monolithic microwave circuits. >
Solubilization of poorly soluble compounds using 2-pyrrolidone

The solubilization of nine poorly soluble compounds in aqueous solution by 2-pyrrolidone has been studied. Solubility enhancement as high as 500-fold is achieved using 20% 2-pyrrolidone. A comparison shows that 2-pyrrolidone is a better solubilizer than glycerin, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol 400 or ethanol. The observed solubilization curves are deconvoluted into components representing complexation and cosolvency. A clear linear relationship exists between the cosolvency solubilization power (sigma) of 2-pyrrolidone and the partition coefficient (log K(ow)) of the drug (R(2)=0.96) extending over three orders of magnitude. The stability constants for the formation of 1:1 complex (K(1:1)) involving 2-pyrrolidone and the drugs have been calculated. A weaker correlation (R(2)=0.74) is observed between the complexation constants and the partition coefficients of respective drugs. This study indicates that 2-pyrrolidone, like NMP, can act as a complexant at low concentrations and as a cosolvent at high concentrations and that both these properties are affected by the partition coefficient of the solute.
Assessment of family coping with illness.

Abstract Coping with the stress of a critical illness, a severe physical handicap, or a marked developmental delay is not only an individual response, but also represents a continuing interaction among family members and those closely associated with them, as well as with the outside environment. This article examines the characteristics of family coping, provides recommendations for facilitating improved coping, and presents criteria for assessing how well a family is responding to the problem.
lleocolostomy A Technique for Surgical Management of Equine Cecal Impaction

Several surgical alternatives have been described for the management of cecal impaction in the horse, but none has met with consistently successful results. This study was done to evaluate a surgical bypass of the cecum by anastomosis of the ileum to the right ventral colon (ileocolostomy). A ventral midline celiotomy was performed on nine adult ponies (155-350 kg) and a mechanically stapled 10 cm side-to-side ileocolostomy was created. In five ponies a complete cecal bypass (CCB) was created by transecting the ileum distal to the anastomosis. In the other four, an incomplete cecal bypass (ICB) was created with no interruption of the ileum. Six horses with clinical cecal impaction also underwent cecal bypass procedures. Five had a CCB and one had an ICB. All the ponies maintained body weight, had no change in consistency of the feces and had no abdominal pain during the 6 month observation period. At necropsy, the lengths of the lateral cecal band, lateral free band of the colon, and the diameter of the anastomotic stoma were compared to measurements made at surgery. The lateral cecal band length decreased significantly more in the CCB ponies than in the ICB ponies (p = 0.008). The anastomotic stoma diameter was significantly larger in the ICB group than in the CCB group (p = 0.032). Five of the six clinical cases recovered and returned to their previous activity. CCB by an ileocolostomy resulted in removal of the cecum from the functional flow of ingesta without complication in the ponies, and was successful in five clinical cases of cecal impaction.
Further investigation of an integrated picture of photon diffraction described by virtual particle momentum exchange

An alternative picture for photon diffraction had been proposed describing diffraction by a distribution of photon paths determined through a Fourier analysis of a scattering lattice. The momentum exchange probabilities are defined at the location of scattering, not the point of detection. This contrasts with the picture from classical optical wave theory that describes diffraction in terms of the Huygens-Fresnel principle and sums the phased contributions of electromagnetic waves to determine probabilities at detection. This revised picture, termed “Momentum Exchange Theory,” can be derived through a momentum representation of the diffraction formulas of optical wave theory, replacing the concept of Huygens wavelets with photon scattering through momentum exchange with the lattice. Starting with the Rayleigh-Sommerfeld and Fresnel-Kirchoff formulas, this paper demonstrates that diffraction results from positive and negative photon dispersions through virtual particle exchange probabilities that depend on the lattice geometry and are constrained by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. The positive and negative increments of momentum exchange exhibit harmonic probability distributions characteristic of a “random walk,” dependent on the distance of momentum exchange. The analysis produces a simplified prediction for the observed intensity profile for a collimated laser beam diffracted by a long, straight edge that lends conceptual support for this alternative picture.
Fulfilling the promise of insulin pump therapy in childhood diabetes.

: Although insulin pump or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) treatment was first introduced more than 25 yr ago, very few children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) utilized this therapy until recently. In this paper, we review many of the early triumphs, as well as a number of unexpected obstacles that were encountered in applying CSII in the treatment of T1DM. Nevertheless, the greater urgency to obtain optimal control of diabetes following the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT), the introduction of rapid-acting insulin analogs and improvements in pump technology have led to a sharp increase in the use of this therapy in youth with T1DM and, generally, favorable outcomes. Moreover, the recent introduction of continuous glucose monitoring systems (CGMSs) offers the prospect of finally realizing the full potential of insulin pump therapy to normalize hemoglobin A1c (HbAlc) levels with minimal risk of hypoglycemia.
Combined Structural and Compositional Evolution of Planetary Rings Due to Micrometeoroid Impacts and Ballistic Transport

We introduce improved numerical techniques for simulating the structural and compositional evolution of planetary rings due to micrometeoroid bombardment and subsequent ballistic transport of impact ejecta. Our current, robust code is capable of modeling structural changes and pollution transport simultaneously over long times on both local and global scales. In this paper, we describe the methodology based on the original structural code of Durisen et al. (1989, Icarus 80, 136-166) and on the pollution transport code of Cuzzi and Estrada (1998, Icarus 132, 1-35). We provide demonstrative simulations to compare with, and extend upon previous work, as well as examples of how ballistic transport can maintain the observed structure in Saturn's rings using available Cassini occultation optical depth data. In particular, we explicitly verify the claim that the inner B (and presumably A) ring edge can be maintained over long periods of time due to an ejecta distribution that is heavily biased in the prograde direction through a balance between the sharpening effects of ballistic transport and the broadening effects of viscosity. We also see that a "ramp"-like feature forms over time just inside that edge. However, it does not remain linear for the duration of the runs presented here unless a less steep ejecta velocity distribution is adopted. We also model the C ring plateaus and find that their outer edges can be maintained at their observed sharpness for long periods due to ballistic transport. We hypothesize that the addition of a significant component of a retrograde-biased ejecta distribution may help explain the linearity of the ramp and is probably essential for maintaining the sharpness of C ring plateau inner edges. This component would arise for the subset of micrometeoroid impacts which are destructive rather than merely cratering. Such a distribution will be introduced in future work.
The cellular mechanism of active chloride secretion in vertebrate epithelia: studies in intestine and trachea

The cellular mechanism of active chloride secretion, as it is manifested in the intestine and trachea, appears to possess the following elements: (1) NaCl co-transport across the basolateral membrane; (2) Cl - accumulation in the cell above electrochemical equilibrium due to the Na + gradient; (3) a basolateral Na + -K + pump that maintains the Na + gradient; (4) a hormone-regulated Cl - permeability in the apical membrane; (5) passive Na + secretion through a paracellular route, driven by the transepithelial potential difference; and (6) an increase in basolateral membrane K + permeability occurring in conjunction with an increase in Na + -K + pump rate. Electrophysiological studies in canine trachea support this model. Adrenalin, a potent secretory stimulus in that tissue, increases apical membrane conductance through a selective increase in Cl - permeability. Adrenalin also appears to increase basolateral membrane K + permeability. Whether or not adrenalin also increases paracellular Na + permeability is unclear. Some of the testable implications of the above secretion model are discussed.
Nipecotic acid: preferential accumulation in the cochlea by GABA uptake systems and selective retrograde transport to brainstem.

Abstract [ 3 H]Nipecotic acid was shown to be preferentially accumulated by the same cochlear structures which selectively accumulate [ 3 H]γ- aminobutyric acid ([ 3 H]-GABA), including the terminals of a subset of olivocochlear neurons. With both amino acids, olivocochlear fibers selectively transported label in a retrograde direction, from cochlea to brainstem. However, only [ 3 H]nipecotic acid produced dense labeling, and labeling of cell bodies in the superior olive, presumably because it is metabolized very slowly. Nipecotic acid appears to provide a selective retrograde tracer, specific to neurons whose terminals exhibit preferential GABA uptake.
Northern Snakeheads in the Tidal Potomac River System

Abstract A population of northern snakeheads Channa argus was documented within a 23-km reach of the main-stem tidal freshwater Potomac River and associated tributaries in 2004. Twenty northern snakeheads were collected with a variety of gears, including hook and line and electrofishing. The dominant habitats were shallow waters with floating or emergent vegetation. Natural reproduction had probably occurred, based on identification of five year-classes and the collection of an age-0 fish. The length frequency and age distributions suggested an established population. Many of the fish collected were gravid females. Adult total length (TL) and weight (W) ranges were 305–634 mm (mean = 423 mm; SD = 76 mm) and 348–2,635 g (mean = 831 g; SD = 532 g). The length–weight relationship was log eW = −4.85 + 2.93·log e TL (r 2 = 0.99; n = 20). The collection pattern suggested that the northern snakeheads in the Potomac River originated from Dogue Creek, as 50% of those collected came from this watershed.
Why is Europe Peaceful Today

This talk attempts to explain Europe's peacefulness since the Berlin Wall fell. The core argument is that this tranquility is mainly because of Europe's relationship with the United States, which has changed little since the Cold War ended. America continues to act as Europe's pacifier by keeping substantial military forces in the region. Moreover, many European countries have been helping the United States police the globe, which focuses their attention outward, not on each other.
Unintended Births: Patterns by Race and Ethnicity And Relationship Type

CONTEXT: Childbearing intentions vary by race and ethnicity and by relationship type. However, few studies have examined whether they differ by race and ethnicity within relationship type. METHODS: Data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study were used to examine the childbearing intentions of 9,100 mothers of a cohort of children born in 2001. Multivariate and multinomial regression analyses were conducted to examine whether relationship type (married, cohabiting or neither) helps explain racial and ethnic differences in childbearing intentions and whether associations between race and ethnicity and childbearing intentions vary by relationship type. RESULTS: Blacks were more likely than whites to have had an unintended birth (odds ratio, 2.5); the relationship held among married (2.6), but not unmarried, mothers. For most relationship types, black mothers had higher relative risks than whites of having had an unwanted birth, rather than an intended or a mistimed one. Asian married mothers were more likely than their white counterparts to have had an unwanted, rather than intended, birth (1.9). The odds of an unintended birth were lower among foreign-born Hispanic cohabiting women than among white cohabiting women (0.6), a finding driven by the lower risk of unwanted than of other births among foreign-born Hispanics (0.3–0.5). Few differences were apparent between native-born Hispanics and white mothers. CONCLUSIONS: Racial and ethnic differences in childbearing intentions are frequently contingent on relationship context. Differences between whites and blacks are largely attributable to married women. Assessment of childbearing intendedness among Hispanics should take nativity into account.
Improved survival in hodgkin's disease.

All patients below the age of 66 whose Hodgkin's disease was treated at the Massachusetts General Hospital between July 1, 1965 and June 30, 1973 were analyzed. The patients were divided into an early group seen before November 1, 1968 and a later group seen after that date. Survival and survival without recurrence were calculated by the actuarial method of Berkson and Gage, and compared with figures obtained from a historical series seen at this institution between 1948 and 1964. In the most recent period (1969–1973), 87% of patients with all stages of Hodgkin's disease were alive five years after diagnosis, a remarkable improvement over the 65% survival of the 1965–1968 group and the 34% survival of the historical series. The excellent survival of the recent group was a result of improved management of patients with advanced disease (Stages III and IV), most plausibly attributed to better appreciation of the extent of disease by surgical staging and to the shift from total nodal irradiation to combination chemotherapy for initial treatment of these patients. Recurrence after irradiation was extremely uncommon in patients in Stages IA and IIA (lymphangiogram-negative, asymptomatic) subjected to staging laparotomy, while similarly staged and irradiated patients in Stages IB and IIB (lymphangiogram-negative, symptomatic) did much less well. Except for the surgically staged patients in Stages IA and IIA, the continuing high relapse rate indicates that five-year survival, even when relapse-free, is not synonymous with cure, and emphasizes the need for caution in predicting the ultimate cure rate with current therapy.
Cellulose nanofibrils improve dispersibility and stability of silver nanoparticles and induce production of bacterial extracellular polysaccharides

Many polymer-stabilized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with enhanced antibacterial properties have been synthesized, but very little is known about the fate of these materials and their interactions with microbes in physiological solutions. In this study, we evaluated the role of cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) in stabilizing AgNPs (CNF–AgNPs) in a bacterial growth medium, determined the antibacterial properties of CNF–AgNPs and assessed the CNF and CNF–AgNP interactions with bacteria. The attachment of AgNPs to CNFs significantly improved the stability and dispersibility of AgNPs in the bacterial growth medium compared to colloidal AgNPs. The CNF–AgNPs exerted a concentration-dependent growth-inhibitory effect on E. coli. An extracellular polysaccharide (EPS)-like structure was formed around the E. coli bacterium when incubated with a sub-lethal CNF–AgNP concentration, which led to the clustering of neighboring bacteria. No EPS-like structure was observed around the bacterium incubated with high concentration of CNF–AgNPs. Overall, this study demonstrated that CNFs significantly improved the stability and dispersibility of AgNPs in physiological medium, validated the antimicrobial potential of CNF–AgNPs, and provided an insight into the physio-chemical interactions between bacteria and CNF–AgNPs in a physiological growth medium.
Cyclic nucleotide levels in brains of control and hypertensive rats

Abstract Adenosine 3′, 5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) and guanosine 3′,5- monophosphate (cyclic GMP) levels were measured in seven brain areas of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and two groups of control rats. In cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, pons-medulla oblongata and cerebellum cyclic AMP levels were higher in SHR than in Wistar-Kyoto controls. Cyclic GMP levels were higher in SHR than in Wistar-Kyoto rats in all brain areas except for the striatum and hippocampus where the levels were lower. There were also some differences in cyclic nucleotide levels between Wistar-Kyoto and Wistar-Charles River controls.
Revised dominance hierarchy for S-alleles in Corylus avellana L.

Pollen-stigma compatibility was studied in cultivars and more than 1800 seedlings of the European hazelnut (Corylus avellana L). Four new S-alleles were identified, bringing the total to 25 unique alleles within C. avellana. The new alleles are the recessive alleles in ‘Tonda di Giffoni’ and ‘Segorbe’ (S23), in ‘Neue Riesennuss’ (S25), in ‘Gasaway’ (S26), and a dominant allele in a seedling of Turkish origin (S24). Dominance relationships in 233 of the possible 300 pairs of alleles were determined in both pistil and pollen. All alleles exhibited independent action in the pistil, whereas in the pollen either dominance or codominance was exhibited. The dominance hierarchy of alleles in the pollen was revised in light of the new information obtained. All 25 alleles have been assigned to a level in the hierarchy that is linear and now has eight levels. S6 and S9 were reassigned to lower levels in the hierarchy. Thirteen of the alleles are on the level of S1, while S4, S6, S11, and S23 occupy unique positions in the hierarchy. Improved pollen tester clones were identified for several S-alleles. The alleles in 55 cultivars were determined. The alleles identified in ‘DuChilly’ (S10 S14) did not agree with previous reports. Four cultivars have the same alleles as ‘Romische Nuss’ (S10 S18) and are morphologically indistinguishable from it: ‘Frutto-grosso’, ‘Istarski Okrogloplodna’, ‘Payrone’, and ‘Romai’. ‘Belle di Giubilino’ and ‘Tonda di Biglini’ are both S1 S10 and appear to be synonyms for the same cultivar.
Queuing Models for Multiple Chamber Locks

Several models for predicting mean waiting times of river traffic at a multiple chamber lock were developed and tested. Mean waiting times predicted by the M/G/1 model differed significantly from observed times. Analysis of possible causes of failure of this model suggested a limited queue length M/G/1 model for one chamber, from which more accurate predictions were derived. For the two chamber system, an M/G/1 model with random batch size was developed. This model yields a lower bound for mean waiting time. These last two models can be used to predict system performance under various operating conditions.
Distributed Planning and Problem Solving Systems (DPPSS)

In continuing the ideas presented in Chapter 2, it will helpful if we consider plans as representations of proposed courses of action and of the agents to carry out the actions. Human or machine decision makers have to reason about and evaluate plans before and during plan execution.
A review of electromyographic activation levels, timing differences, and increased anterior cruciate ligament injury incidence in female athletes

Deficits in dynamic neuromuscular control of the knee may contribute to the higher incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury in female athletes. There is evidence that neuromuscular training alters muscle firing patterns, as it decreases landing forces, improves balance, and reduces ACL injury incidence in female athletes. The purpose of this review is to summarise the evidence for altered muscular activation and timing relative to ACL injury risk in female athletes.
Measurement of laser quantum frequency fluctuations using a Pound-Drever stabilization system

We describe a method for measuring the frequency fluctuation spectrum of a laser oscillator, especially the weak noise contributions in the wings of the spectrum, and apply this method to confirm the existence of large excess quantum frequency fluctuations in a laser oscillator using an unstable optical resonator. Our measurement apparatus uses the Pound-Drever technique, which employs an RF phase modulator and a Fabry-Perot cavity to produce a sensitive high-speed frequency discrimination signal. We show that this signal can also be used to measure the quantum noise contributions to the frequency spectrum of a laser oscillator. Experimental measurements on a miniature diode-pumped Nd:YAG laser using a stable optical cavity closely match the predictions of the usual Schawlow-Townes theory, while the frequency fluctuations in a nearly identical laser employing an unstable optical resonator are approximately 1300 times larger. These much larger fluctuations arise in part from the larger output coupling and cavity bandwidth of the unstable cavity, but they also appear to confirm a predicted excess spontaneous emission factor (Petermann excess noise factor) of /spl ap/180 times arising from the nonorthogonal transverse mode properties of the unstable cavity. >
Removing discrete ambiguities in CP asymmetry measurements

We discuss methods to resolve the ambiguities in $\mathrm{CP}$-violating phase angles $\ensuremath{\varphi}$ that are left when a measurement of $\mathrm{sin}2\ensuremath{\varphi}$ is made. We show what knowledge of hadronic quantities will be needed to fully resolve all such ambiguities.
Achieving Environmental Objectives Under Reduced Domestic Agricultural Support and Trade Liberalization: An Empirical Application to Taiwan

We focus on rice policy reform required for Taiwan’s admission to the WTO, and examine the effects, theoretically and empirically, of the re-instrumentation of domestic policy needed to achieve environmental objectives when both positive and negative environmental externalities exist. Policies that treat non-commodity attributes in agriculture as secondary to existing aims, such as income support, are unlikely to result in the desired supplies of environmental goods. Those supplies can be achieved at lower government and social costs using policy instruments to achieve environmental goals directly. Results are relatively insensitive to the social values assigned to environmental goods.
The dimensions of reading attitude for children in the intermediate grades

This study represents the first phase of an ongoing research program aimed at identifying the dimensions of reading attitude and determining how these dimensions relate to a broader range of variables such as reading achievement, scholastic aptitude, classroom behavior, and cognitive styles. The 150 items which comprise the experimental edition of A Survey of Reading Altitudes (Wallbrown, Brown, & Engin, 1974) were factor analyzed along with measures of scholastic aptitude, reading vocabulary, and reading comprehension. The analysis was based on the responses of 853 intermediate grade students. The attitude items were presented orally to control for reading problems, but the students also had booklets so they could read the items to themselves. Seven independent dimensions of reading attitude and one reading achievement factor were identified, interpreted, and discussed. The findings are encouraging, since they suggest that investigating the expressed reading attitudes of intermediate grade children constitutes a promising line of educational research.
A randomized controlled trial of the impact of targeted and tailored interventions on colorectal cancer screening.

BACKGROUND. Colorectal cancer screening is underutilized. The objective of the current study was to determine whether targeted and tailored interventions can increase screening use. METHODS. A total of 1546 primary care practice patients completed a baseline telephone survey and were randomized to 4 study groups: control (387 patients), Standard Intervention (SI) (387 patients), Tailored Intervention (TI) (386 patients), or Tailored Intervention plus Phone (TIP) (386 patients). The control group received usual care throughout the study. The SI group received a targeted intervention by mail (ie, screening invitation letter, informational booklet, stool blood test, and reminder letter). The TI group received the targeted intervention with tailored ‘‘message pages.’’ The TIP group received the targeted intervention, tailored message pages, and a telephone reminder. Intervention group contacts were repeated 1 year later. Screening was assessed 24 months after randomization. RESULTS. Screening rates in study groups were 33% in the control group, 46% in the SI group, 44% in the TI group, and 48% in the TIP group. Screening was found to be significantly higher in all 3 intervention groups compared with the control group (odds ratio [OR] of 1.7 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.3–2.5], OR of 1.6 [95% CI, 1.2–2.1], and OR of 1.9 [95% CI, 1.4–2.6], respectively), but did not vary significantly across intervention groups. Multivariate analyses demonstrated that older age, education, past cancer screening, screening preference, response efficacy, social support and influence, and exposure to study interventions were positive predictors of screening. Having worries and concerns about screening was found to be a significant negative predictor. CONCLUSIONS. Targeted and tailored interventions were found to increase colorectal cancer screening use. However, additional research is needed to determine how to increase the effect of such interventions in primary care. Cancer 2007;110:2083–91. � 2007 American Cancer Society.
Cranial and related sensorimotor impairments in rodent models of Parkinson's disease

In Parkinson's disease both limb and cranial sensorimotor functions are impaired, leading to a profound diminished quality of life for many patients. Toxin and genetic animal models of Parkinson's disease are likely essential for understanding the pathology associated with these impairments as well as for the development and testing of potential therapeutics. Here we describe useful novel and established behavioral outcome measures for assessing limb and cranial sensorimotor functions in toxin and genetic models of parkinsonism in rats and mice.
Growth of Salmonella enterica in foliar pesticide solutions and its survival during field production and postharvest handling of fresh market tomato

Aims: To evaluate in vitro the growth kinetics of Salmonella enterica in pesticide solutions labelled for fresh market tomato and the effect of ag-chemical application with contaminated water to tomatoes during field production. Methods and Results: The capacity of pesticide formulations in the survival of S. enterica was evaluated in vitro and on tomato surfaces during field production. Most pesticides had ability to maintain the growth of Salmonella, however, specific pesticides can also support its growth, which was also dependent on the water composition and temperature to which pesticide solutions were held. Salmonella applied to field grown tomatoes through pesticide application was able to survive up to 15 days in up to 80% of the collected samples, even more postharvest washing with sodium hypochlorite was insufficient to completely mitigate the presence of Salmonella on tomato surfaces. Conclusions: This study provides further evidence that pesticides may support the growth of Salmonella, if introduced with source water and may elevate risk during foliar contact application beyond that of the water source alone. Significance and Impact of Study: The study points out the importance of the microbiological quality of foliar contact water as a critical point to prevent contamination of fruits and vegetables from early stages of field production.
Improved Robustness through Population Variance in Ant Colony Optimization

Ant Colony Optimization algorithms are population-based Stochastic Local Search algorithms that mimic the behavior of ants, simulating pheromone trails to search for solutions to combinatorial optimization problems. This paper introduces Population Variance, a novel approach to ACO algorithms that allows parameters to vary across the population over time, leading to solution construction differences that are not strictly stochastic. The increased exploration appears to help the search escape from local optima, significantly improving the robustness of the algorithm with respect to suboptimal parameter settings.
Longitudinal Study of Adolescents' Attempts to Promote and Deter Friends' Smoking Behavior

Purpose: Little research has examined the extent to which adolescents directly attempt to influence friends’ smoking. This study examines adolescents’ reported actions to promote or deter friends’ smoking, and whether actions vary by adolescents’ smoking experience. Methods: Data were collected between 2001 and 2004 at four time points across the 9th and 10th grades from an ethnically diverse school-based sample (N ¼ 395; 53% female). Results: Deterrence of smoking was reported by a greater percentage of adolescents than was promotion of smoking, both among those who had ever smoked and never smoked. By the end of the study, over 45% of ever smokers and less than 5% of never smokers had promoted smoking among friends. In contrast, over 70% of ever smokers and roughly 40% of never smokers had deterred smoking. Among adolescents who had ever smoked, positive consequences of smoking by fall of 10th grade predicted attempts to promote smoking by the end of 10th grade (OR ¼ 4.37, p < .05). To a lesser extent, negative consequences of smoking predicted attempts to deter smoking (OR ¼ 2.60, p < .08). These effects were independent of the opposite type of smoking consequences, level of personal smoking experience, having close friends who smoked, prior attempts to influence friends’ behavior, and smoker’s gender. Conclusions: Models of peer influence should account for both positive and negative influence of adolescents on friends’ health behavior. Adolescents who have engaged in risk-taking and experienced negative consequences may be a resource in designing and delivering interventions; future research should evaluate their ability to change friends’ behavior.
Glucose activates H+-ATPase in kidney epithelial cells

The vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) acidifies compartments of the vacuolar system of eukaryotic cells. In renal epithelial cells, it resides on the plasma membrane and is essential for bicarbonate tr...
Flexible decoder architectures for irregular QC-LDPC codes

A flexible and power-efficient decoder architecture employing the layered-decoding message-passing algorithm and the low-complexity offset-based Min-Sum check algorithm for irregular QC-LDPC codes is presented in this paper. The architecture is verified by implementing a programmable decoder chip compliant with the QC-LDPC codes in Mobile WiMAX standard. Compared to other published decoder implementations, the prototype decoder is 53% smaller and has better energy efficiency.
Evaluation of hands-on clinical exam performance using marker-less video tracking

This study investigates the potential of using marker-less video tracking of the hands for evaluating hands-on clinical skills. Experienced family practitioners attending a national conference were recruited and asked to conduct a breast examination on a simulator that simulates different clinical presentations. Videos were made of the clinician's hands during the exam and video processing software for tracking hand motion to quantify hand motion kinematics was used. Practitioner motion patterns indicated consistent behavior of participants across multiple pathologies. Different pathologies exhibited characteristic motion patterns in the aggregate at specific parts of an exam, indicating consistent inter-participant behavior. Marker-less video kinematic tracking therefore shows promise in discriminating between different examination procedures, clinicians, and pathologies.
Validating ENSO Teleconnections on Southeastern U.S. Winter Hydrology

AbstractIn this study, the authors contrast four century-long meteorological datasets comprising of two sets of observations [Climate Research Unit (CRU) and Parameter–Elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM)] and two atmospheric reanalyses [Twentieth Century Reanalysis (20CR) and Florida Climate Institute–Florida State University Land–Atmosphere Regional Reanalysis version 1.0 (FLAReS1.0)] to diagnose the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) forced variations on the streamflow in 28 watersheds spread across the southeastern United States (SEUS). The datasets are used to force three different lumped (calibrated) hydrological models with precipitation from these four sources of century-long datasets separately to obtain the median prediction from 1800 (=3 models × 600 simulations per model per watershed per season) multimodel estimates of seasonal mean streamflow across the 28 watersheds in the SEUS for each winter season from 1906 to 2005. The authors then compare and contrast the mean str...