cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radiological Dissociation of Alveolar and Vascular Phases of Rejection in Allografted Lungs

Abstract Twelve dogs with allografted lungs were treated with azathioprine and rabbit antidog thymocyte serum. Chest roentgenography, pulmonary angiography, and lung biopsy revealed a dissociation of the alveolar and vascular components of rejection in 7 of the animals. The vascular phase of rejection was more effectively suppressed than the alveolar phase. This dissociation may produce a functional disturbance with a decreased ventilation to perfusion ratio within the allograft such as has been observed in human lung transplant recipients. The results of this investigation suggest that rejection plays a more important role than previously recognized in the ventilation-perfusion imbalance that occurs with pulmonary allografts.
BEHAVIOURAL RESPONSE TO SONG PLAYBACK BY MALE AND FEMALE WHITE-CROWNED SPARROWS OF TWO SUBSPECIES

ABSTRACT Nuttall's white-crowned sparrow Zonotrichia leucophrys nuttalli and the Puget Sound white-crowned sparrow Z. i. pugetensis intergrade through a zone of hybridization in northern California. The songs of the two differ in the sequence of syllable types and in the phonology of the complex syllables. We did a playback experiment to males of both subspecies in the field and to females of both subspecies in the laboratory to determine their response to the two subspecies songs. By making alterations of features of the songs, we also attempted to identify characteristics that account for subspecific recognition. Males of both subspecies were more responsive to their own subspecies song than to that of the other subspecies. Substitution of Puget Sound complex syllables into the Nuttall's song caused a reduction in response by male Nuttall's, but alteration of a Nuttall's song to a Puget Sound sequence of syllables had no effect. Females of both subspecies gave more sexual displays when played a song of ...
Supervised and Unsupervised Speaker Adaptation in the NIST 2005 Speaker Recognition Evaluation

Starting in 2004, the annual NIST Speaker Recognition Evaluation (SRE) has added an optional unsupervised speaker adaptation track where test files are processed sequentially and one may update the target model. In this paper, various model adaptation factors are investigated for MAP adaptation using a supervised (ideal) adaptation scheme. Once the best performing model adaptation factor is found, unsupervised adaptation experiments are run using a threshold to determine when to update the target model. Three NIST training conditions, 10sec4w, 1conv4w, and 8conv4w, all with the 1conv4w test condition are used for experiments with the NIST 2005 SRE. MinDCF values for the three training conditions are reduced by 60.9% for 10sec4w, 48.3% for 1conv4w, and 33.3% for 8conv4w using the supervised adaptation compared to the baseline. For the unsupervised adaptation, minDCF values were reduced by 16.7%, 21.6%, and 20.5% for the respective training conditions.
The genesis of vitality theory: historical patterns and discoursal dimensions

Les As. retracent l'origine et le developpement du concept de vitalite ethnolinguistique, ainsi que des instruments qui permettent de le mesurer. Ils presentent ensuite un essai de modele transactif, utile comme cadre conceptuel pour synthetiser l'etendue des recherches, mais egalement pour orienter de futures recherches. Cette approche propose que l'analyse des croyances sur la vitalite, telles qu'elles se manifestent au cours de conversations interpersonnelles et dans les medias peut constituer un complement aux recherches quantitatives actuelles
Growth of Listeria monocytogenes in egg salad and pasta salad formulated with mayonnaise of various pH and stored at refrigerated and abuse temperatures.

Abstract This study investigated and modeled the behavior of Listeria monocytogenes in egg salad and pasta salad as affected by mayonnaise pH (3.8, 4.2, 4.6, and 5.0) and storage temperature (4, 8, and 12 °C). At each storage temperature, L. monocytogenes was able to grow in both salads regardless of the mayonnaise pH. The lag-phase durations (LPD) of L. monocytogenes in egg salad ranged from 33 to 85, 15 to 50, and 0 to 19 h, and the growth rates (GR) ranged from 0.0187 to 0.0318, 0.0387 to 0.0512, and 0.0694 to 0.1003 log 10 cfu/h at 4, 8, and 12 °C, respectively. The LPD of L. monocytogenes in pasta salad ranged from 210 to 430, 49 to 131, and 21 to 103 h, and GR ranged from 0.0118 to 0.0350, 0.0153 to 0.0418, and 0.0453 to 0.0718 log 10 cfu/h at 4, 8, and 12 °C, respectively. The growth of L. monocytogenes was more rapid in egg salad than in pasta salad, indicating that a better growth environment for L. monocytogenes existed in egg salad. In both salads, the LPD decreased and the GR increased as the storage temperature increased. Mathematical models and response surface plots describing the LPD and GR of L. monocytogenes in both salads as affected by the mayonnaise pH and storage temperature were developed. The models confirmed that the growth of L. monocytogenes in egg salad and pasta salad was primarily promoted by higher storage temperatures and, secondarily, by higher mayonnaise pH. The conditions under which the models may be applied to estimate the growth of L. monocytogenes in both salads were identified.
A More Accurate Method to Estimate Aminoglycoside Clearance From Serum Creatinine in Patients With Spinal Cord Injury

Background: Current literature reports that the traditional methods overestimate renal function in spinal cord injury (SCI); however, there is no accepted standard method. Objective: This study eva...
Health Reform Impasse: The Politics of American Ambivalence toward Government

This paper presents two interrelated arguments: it rethinks conventional understanding of the policy-making process and analyzes an important substantive issue regarding public opinion. The substantive issue involves the public's deep ambivalence toward government reforms: Americans are simultaneously supportive of significant reform and uneasy about expanding government involvement. The critical question is what, if any, impact this public ambivalence will have on policy deliberations. Answering this question requires an analysis of the role of public opinion in policy-making. Investigation of historic as well as contemporary health reform suggests that the impact of public opinion varies, depending on the character of both public opinion and the policy issue. The public's preferences are not especially influential when they are characterized by uncertainty or when an issue is not salient, but strong and sustained sentiment can affect agenda setting, interest group leverage over government officials, and policymakers' formulation of detailed administrative arrangements.
Selecting media for instruction: An exploratory study

The purpose of this study was to compare the media selection decisions novice instructional developers make when they use an intuitive approach versus the decisions they make when they use a formal media selection procedure. The subjects, who were beginning graduate students enrolled in a media design course, were first asked to identify, on an intuitive basis, the appropriate medium to employ in a given instructional situation. After studying the media selection procedures described by Reiser and Gagne (1983), the subjects were asked to use those procedures to select the appropriate medium to use in another situation. Results indicated that more than twice as many subjects made the "correct" media selection decision when they used the formal selection procedures. The number of factors the subjects considered when they made their decisions also increased when they used the formal procedures. The implications of these findings and suggestions for further research are discussed.
Time to wear a third hat

You have so many demands on your time, so many unit and organizational goals to meet. Learn the skills that can make you a top-notch work group facilitator and you'll reach your goals by focusing others' talents.
New Scale of Nuclidic Masses and Atomic Weights

A discussion is presented of the situation which led to the existence of the chemicai scale (atomic weight of element O = l6) and the physical scale (atomic weight of principal O isotope = 16) and of the considerations that led to their replacement by a new scale. ln 1959, the lnternatlonal Commission of Atomlc Weights recommended the adoption of C12 as the reference species wlth assigned relative mass of 12, since this isotope was acceptable to both chemists and physicists. The lnternational Union of Pure and Applied Physlcs and the International Unlon of Pure and Applled Chemlstry adopted this recommended scale. A table of atomic weights developed from a complete review of experimental data on the basis of the new scale ls presented together wlth a separate table for radloactive elements. (D.L.C.)
Reaction of Cellulose with Hot Aqueous Strontium Hydroxide

Alkaline depolymerization of cellulose occurs by successive endwise elimination of monomer units (peeling reaction)2–4 and random cleavage of internal glycosidic linkages.[4] [5] The cellulose mole...
Regulation of IL-27 p28 gene expression in macrophages through MyD88- and interferon-γ–mediated pathways

Interleukin (IL)-27 is the newest member of the IL-12 family of heterodimeric cytokines composed of the Epstein-Barr virus–induced gene 3 and p28 chains. IL-27 not only plays an important role in the regulation of differentiation of naive T helper cells but also possesses antiinflammatory properties. IL-27 is an early product of activated monocytes/macrophages and dendritic cells. However, the mechanisms whereby inflammatory signals stimulate IL-27 production have not been explored. In this study, we investigated the transcriptional regulation of the mouse IL-27 p28 gene in macrophages in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon (IFN)-γ. We found that LPS-stimulated p28 production was completely dependent on the Toll-like receptor 4/myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)–mediated pathway but only partially dependent on nuclear factor κB c-Rel. IFN-γ–induced p28 production/secretion was also partially dependent on MyD88 but independent of c-Rel. We then cloned the mouse p28 gene promoter and mapped its multiple transcription initiation sites. Furthermore, we identified critical promoter elements that mediate the inductive effects of LPS and IFN-γ, separately and synergistically, on p28 gene transcription in a c-Rel– and interferon regulatory factor 1–dependent manner, respectively.
Exploring Adolescent–Organization Relationships: A Study of Effective Relationship Strategies with Adolescent Volunteers

This article reports on a study of the adolescent volunteer–nonprofit organization relationship. The study identified three key relationship maintenance strategies that influence an adolescent public: guidance, assurances, and shared tasks. In addition, it identified the relationship quality outcome of control mutuality as playing a key role in the adolescent volunteer–nonprofit relationship. Control mutuality was more influenced by maintenance strategies than any other outcome, and it asserted the most influence on other relationship quality outcomes (trust, commitment, and satisfaction). The study also found that the level of quality that teens experienced in their volunteer–organization relationship predicted their intention to volunteer in the future. Implications are discussed.
Subsequent Criminal Activity Among Violent Misdemeanants Who Seek to Purchase Handguns: Risk Factors and Effectiveness of Denying Handgun Purchase

ContextSome states prohibit the purchase of handguns by persons convicted of selected misdemeanor crimes, but most do not. California has denied handgun purchases by violent misdemeanants since 1991; the effectiveness of these policies is unknown.ObjectiveTo determine the risk factors for new criminal activity among violent misdemeanants who seek to purchase handguns and whether denial of handgun purchase by violent misdemeanants affects their risk of arrest for new crimes, particularly gun and/or violent crimes.DesignRetrospective, population-based cohort study.Setting and SubjectsPersons aged 21 to 34 years who sought to purchase a handgun through a licensed dealer in California during 1989-1991 and who had at least 1 violent misdemeanor conviction in the preceding 10 years. The study cohorts consisted of 986 persons whose purchase applications were made in 1991 and were denied (denied persons) and 787 persons whose purchase applications were made in 1989-1990 and were approved (purchasers).Main Outcome MeasuresIncidence and relative risk of first arrest in California for new gun and/or violent crimes and for nongun, nonviolent crimes during a 3-year follow-up after actual or attempted handgun purchase.ResultsDuring the 3-year follow-up, 546 (33.0%) of 1654 subjects with follow-up information were arrested for a new crime, including 296 (31.9%) of 927 denied persons and 250 (34.4%) of 727 purchasers. After adjusting for differences in age, sex, and prior criminal history, purchasers were more likely than denied persons to be arrested for new gun and/or violent crimes (relative hazard [RH], 1.29; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04-1.60), but not for nongun, nonviolent crimes (RH, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.78-1.19). In both groups, risk of arrest was strongly related to age and number of convictions accrued prior to actual or attempted handgun purchase.ConclusionOur results indicate that denial of handgun purchase to violent misdemeanants is associated with a specific decrease in risk of arrest for new gun and/or violent crimes.
Polymer bound EDC (P-EDC): A convenient reagent for formation of an amide bond

Abstract A facile preparation of polymer bound 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (P-EDC) from commercially available starting materials is described. The P-EDC was found to be a convenient and general reagent for coupling of a variety of amines with diverse carboxylic acids.
Correlation of electronegativity and transition temperature in high-Tc superconductors

Abstract If pairing in high-temperature superconductors is mediated by charge fluctuations, then critical temperature should scale with the difference in electronegativities between anions and cations (Δ χ ). We demonstrate that, in fact, T c scales linearly with Δ χ .
A RANDOM-EFFECTS MIXTURE MODEL FOR CLASSIFYING TREATMENT RESPONSE IN LONGITUDINAL CLINICAL TRIALS

A random-effects regression model that allows the random coefficients to have a multivariate normal mixture distribution is described for classifying treatment response in longitudinal clinical trials. The proposed model is capable of dealing with longitudinal data from unknown heterogeneous populations. As applied to longitudinal clinical trials, for example, the model can distinguish subgroups of treatment response. Use of the proposed model is illustrated by analyzing data from two psychiatric clinical trials. The first includes depressed patients assigned to drug treatment who are repeatedly measured in terms of their level of depression. The second trial examined schizophrenic patients longitudinally who were assigned to either a drug or placebo condition. For both, the random-effects mixture model allows an assessment of whether patients comprise distinct populations in terms of their treatment response. Based on parameter estimates of the mixture model, ample evidence for a mixture of response to treatment is observed for both datasets.
Making a Necessity of Virtue: Aristotle and Kant on Virtue

This book is the first to offer a detailed analysis of Aristotelian and Kantian ethics together, in a way that remains faithful to the texts and responsive to debates in contemporary ethics. Recent moral philosophy has seen a revival of interest in the concept of virtue, and with it a reassessment of the role of virtue in the work of Aristotle and Kant. This book brings that re-assessment to a new level of sophistication. Nancy Sherman argues that Kant preserves a notion of virtue in his moral theory that bears recognisable traces of the Aristotelian and Stoic traditions, and that his complex anthropology of morals brings him into surprising alliance with Aristotle. She develops her argument through close readings of major texts by both Aristotle and Kant, illustrating points of congruence and contrast.
Thymic peptide hormones: basic properties and clinical applications in cancer.

The manuscript will provide an in-depth and critical review of the nomenclature, biochemistry, biological properties, and a summary of published and on-going clinical trials with all reported thymic preparations, including both partially purified thymic factors (e.g., thymosin fraction 5, thymostimulin) as well as purified and synthesized thymic peptides (e.g., thymosin alpha 1, thymulin). Particular emphasis will be placed on which thymic peptides should be categorized as true hormones. In addition, the comparative biochemistry and biological activity in animals will be summarized and contrasted for all the currently available thymic factors. The effects, in vitro of thymic factors, on peripheral blood lymphocytes isolated from normal donors and patients with primary immunodeficiency disorders, autoimmune disorders, and neoplastic disorders will also be reviewed. Finally, a detailed critical summary of the clinical trials performed with each of the thymic preparations will be presented with an emphasis on treatment of patients with cancer.
Barriers to Rehiring of Displaced Workers: A Study of Aerospace Engineers in California:

This article examines the problem of labor market adjustment to industrial change through a case study of engineers displaced from California’s aerospace industry at the end of the Cold War. Displaced engineers experienced long unemployment spells and a decline in earnings after finding new employment. Displaced workers, according to human capital theory, generally have difficulty readjusting to the labor market because their firm-specific skills do not easily transfer to new industries. However, employers in the electronics industry in California, a sector in which displaced aerospace engineers could transfer their firm-specific skills, avoided hiring displaced aerospace engineers. Electronics employers reported that displaced aerospace engineers had difficulty adapting to the organizational culture and technological requirements of the electronics sector because of work habits acquired in aerospace. We argue for an extension of human capital theory that goes beyond firm-specific skills and includes work...
Mechanism of Prostaglandin E2 Transport across the Plasma Membrane of HeLa Cells and Xenopus Oocytes Expressing the Prostaglandin Transporter “PGT”

We recently identified a novel prostaglandin transporter called PGT (Kanai, N., Lu, R., Satriano, J. A., Bao, Y., Wolkoff, A. W., and Schuster, V. L. (1995) Science 268, 866-869). Based on initial functional studies, we have hypothesized that PGT might mediate the release of newly synthesized prostaglandins (PG), epithelial transport of PGs, or metabolic clearance of PGs. Here we examined the mechanism of PGT transport as expressed in HeLa cells and Xenopus oocytes, using isotopic PG influx and efflux studies. In both native HeLa cells and oocytes, cell membranes were poorly permeable to PGs. In contrast, in oocytes injected with PGT mRNA, the PG influx permeability coefficient was 90-157 times that of oocytes injected with water. The rank order substrate profile was PGF2alpha approximately PGE2 > TXB2 >> 6 keto-PGF1alpha. PG influx displayed an overshoot with rapid accumulation of tracer PGE2, followed by a gradual return to baseline. Based on estimated oocyte volumes, the PGT-mediated accumulation of PGE2 reached steady state at intra-oocyte concentrations 25-fold higher than the external media. The accumulation of PG was not due to intracellular binding or metabolism. PGT-mediated uptake was ATP- and temperature-dependent, but not sodium-dependent, and was inhibited by disulfonic stilbenes, niflumic acid, and the thiol reactive anion MTSES (Na(2-sulfonatoethyl)methanethiosulfonate). [3H]PGE2 efflux from PGT-transfected HeLa cells was stimulated by external (trans) PGE2 in a dose-dependent fashion and was inhibited by bromcresol green and 4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonate. Membrane depolarization inhibited uptake of [3H]PGE2, consistent with a model of net outward movement of negative charge during the translocation event. These findings suggest that PGT mediates [3H]PGE2 accumulation via obligatory, electrogenic anion exchange.
Thermal Properties of Petroleum and Gas-to-liquid Products

There are many locations in the world where natural gas is abundant, but isolated from the transportation infrastructure. Research is currently underway to develop methods to convert the gas to liquid (GTL) and transport it to the market. For safe and efficient transportation of this GTL, researchers and engineers must know its properties. This article presents several correlations for viscosity, specific heat, and thermal conductivity of this GTL. Researchers are also considering transportation of GTL commingled with crude oil. Therefore, the properties of this commingled mixture are presented here as well. Data on how these properties vary with temperature is also presented in graphs; this information would be very useful for designing a method of transportation in extremely cold regions.
Identification of human parvovirus B19 infection in idiopathic nonimmune hydrops fetalis

Abstract OBJECTIVE: This retrospective study was designed to determine the incidence of B19 associated with idiopathic nonimmune hydrops fetalis by use of a sensitive molecular tool, the polymerase chain reaction assay. STUDY DESIGN: Placental and fetal tissues from 57 cases of nonimmune hydrops fetalis were analyzed for B19 deoxyribonucleic acid. Thirty-four of these cases were classified as idiopathic. The remaining 23 cases had known, noninfectious-based causes. RESULTS: Eighteen percent of all cases (6/34) of idiopathic nonimmune hydrops fetalis contained B19 deoxyribonucleic acid. In contrast, none of the 23 cases of known, noninfectious-based nonimmune hydrops fetalis examined contained any B19 deoxyribonucleic acid. Presence of the virus was confirmed in each of the six cases by either B19-specific deoxyribonucleic acid in situ hybridization or immunocytochemistry. However, histologic examination was unsuccessful at detecting characteristic viral-like inclusions in one third of the cases. CONCLUSION: Eighteen percent of cases of idiopathic nonimmune hydrops fetalis contained B19 deoxyribonucleic acid. This significant finding demonstrates the usefulness of polymerase chain reaction to aid in the differential diagnosis of this disease. (AM J OBSTET GYNECOL 1996;174:37-42.)
Role of the Magnum and Uterus in the Determination of Albumen Quality of Laid Eggs

Abstract THERE are four distinct layers or divisions of albumen in the laid egg. These are: the chalazae which are attached at the poles of the yolk, the inner liquid layer surrounding the yolk, the dense or middle thick layer, and the outer thin or fluid layer. Approximately one fourth of the total albumen of a normal egg is found in the outer layer, 50–60 percent in the thick layer, and the remainder in the inner thin and chalaziferous areas. The principal difference in the thick and thin layers is the presence of large amounts of mucin in the thick layer, which accounts for its higher viscosity. Virtually all of the protein of the albumen of the egg is formed in the magnum or upper part of the oviduct. The egg then moves on to the isthmus where the shell membranes and some water are added, and then on to …
Children's Constructions of Knowledge for Fraction Division After Solving Realistic Problems

Abstract The authors examined the thinking of children who had the opportunity to construct personal knowledge about division of fractions. The authors based this study on a teaching experiment design and used relevant contexts/situations to foster students' development of knowledge. Participants were a group of mixed-ability, 5th-grade mathematics students. They used pictures, symbols, and words to resolve situations and communicate their solutions. The authors analyzed the solutions to describe the students' constructions of division-of-fractions concepts and procedures. All strategies that the students used represented some manifestation of conceptual knowledge about addition and subtraction of fractions and a definition of division. Some students developed formal symbolic procedures, and others developed pictorial procedures; none invented an invert-and-multiply procedure. Through the window of constructivism, this study allowed the authors to glimpse children's constructions of knowledge and provided...
Analysis of the Dithiocarbamate Fungicides Ziram, Maneb, and Zineb and the Flotation Agent Ethylxanthogenate by Ion-Pair Reversed-Phase HPLC

Although large quantities of dithiocarbamate fungicides and ethylxanthogenate mineral flotation agents are released routinely to the environment, little is known about their fate and effects because sensitive analytical techniques are not available. A simple and selective HPLC method for trace level analysis of dithiocarbamate fungicides and xanthogenates (dithiocarbonates) in natural waters has been developed. The method is based on the in situ formation of a 1:1 Cu(II)−dithioligand complex and its separation as an ion pair with hexanesulfonate on a C-18 reversed-phase column. The compounds are detected at the wavelength of maximum absorption of the Cu(II)−ligand complex (260−287 nm). Method detection limits are 20 nM dimethyldithiocarbamate (i.e., 3 μg/L Ziram), 33 nM ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) (i.e., 9 μg/L Maneb), and 23 nM ethylxanthogenate (i.e., 4 μg/L). An on-line preconcentration step can be used to lower the detection limits by a factor of 5−10.
Ascorbic acid, oxygen, and the disappearance of adrenochrome and noradrenochrome.

ADRENOCHROME undergoes change in the presence of ascorbic acid1,2. Despite the fact that derivatives of this process have been demonstrated by chromatography2, the reaction mechanism remains obscure. For example, the necessity for a great excess of ascorbic acid is not characteristic of its reducing action elsewhere3. The role of ascorbic acid in the destruction of adrenochrome may well have physiological significance, especially as an explanation for the presence of 400–500 mgm. of ascorbic acid in 100 gm. of fresh adrenal tissue4. The present investigation probes the mechanism of the interrelationship of ascorbic acid and adrenochrome or noradrenochrome in vitro.
Autoimmune Valvular Carditis

Autoimmune carditis is associated with many human rheumatic conditions, including rheumatic fever, systemic lupus erythematosus, and rheumatoid arthritis. The immune mechanisms that mediate the cardiovascular pathology connected to these diseases are poorly defined. Several animal models are used to recapitulate human pathophysiology in order to better characterize the immunopathogenic mechanisms driving autoimmune endocardial inflammation. These animal models point toward common mechanisms mediating autoimmune endocarditis; in particular, CD4+ T cells and pro-inflammatory macrophages play critical roles in directing the disease process. The goals of this review are to discuss the prevailing animal models of autoimmune endocarditis and their underlying immunologic mechanisms and to provide insight regarding potential therapeutic targets in humans.
Development of the Tempe Sorting Task: A Principled Approach to Assessment of Children's Executive Functioning

This study examined psychometric properties of the Tempe Sorting Task (TST), a new measure of executive function (EF) for children. To increase the meaningfulness of test score interpretations, an age-appropriate construct was employed to incorporate Denckla's description of EF. Multiple measures of EF, including the TST, were collected for children (N = 81). Interrater reliability estimates of the TST scores across trials were high. Split-half reliability estimates were slightly lower and varied across trials. Multiple significant correlations were observed between the TST, Expressive Attention task, and teacher Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) rating scales. Furthermore, statistically significant differences in TST scores between children with elevated versus normal-range ADHD ratings (dTrial1 = 1:49, dTrial2 = 0:86) provided some evidence of the discriminatory power of the TST. Overall, results provided some evidence supporting the interpretation of TST measures as indicators of children...
Numerical Study of Strong Slot Injection into a Supersonic Laminar Boundary Layer

This paper addresses the problem of strong slot injection into a supersonic laminar boundary layer within the framework of triple-deck theory. A previous numerical technique for the same problem presented a "pressure sensitivity" or instability due to the ineffective imposition of the downstream boundary condition and could not account for separation ahead of the slot. The present study removes these two limitations. Solutions to the triple- deck equations are presented for a wide range of wall injection velocities, and the onset of separation is indeed found to occur ahead of the slot. HE general problem of predicting the influence on the flowfield of injecting a secondary fluid into a well- developed boundary layer is of great practical significance. For example, fluid injection is widely used in the aircraft engine industry for reducing heat transfer across turbine blades and is an effective means of controlling transition or separation (blowoff) of boundary layers over airplane control surfaces. This paper addresses the particular case of strong slot injection into a high Reynolds number supersonic laminar boundary layer over a flat plate, within the framework of the triple-deck theory of Stewartson et al. M The injection velocity and the slot length are therefore assumed to be respectively of order Re-3/8Uw and Re~3/8x0. 0^ is the freestream velocity, x0 the length of the plate preceding the slot, and Re the asymptotically large Reynolds number, RC^U^XQ/V, v being the kinematic viscosity and the superscript ~ indicating physical quantities. For these conditions three regions or decks are identified around the slot: the lower, middle, and outer decks, characterized by viscous, inviscid rotational, and inviscid irrotational flow conditions and having characteristic heights of order Re-5/8x0, Re~1/2x0, and Re~3/8x0 respectively. For a detailed review of the triple-deck theory and its most im- portant applications, see Ref. 2. Smith and Stewartson3'4 consider the problem of slot as well as plate injection into a supersonic laminar boundary layer. They provide a comprehensive review of the literature, formulate a rigorous asymptotic analysis for the strong in- jection problem, and analyze the connections of their theory with the problem of weak and massive blowing. For the case of strong blowing by slot injection, of interst here, Ref. 3 provides analytical solutions for the linearized equations, valid when the injection velocity is small in the triple-deck scaling, as well as a numerical technique for the full nonlinear problem. However, such a numerical technique presents a "pressure sensitivity," or instability, due to, as the authors
Enhancing the Motivation and Skills Needed to Overcome Interpersonal Problems

Lack of systematic emphasis on motivational considerations is discussed as a major reason for limited generalization and maintenance of skills learned in social-skills training programs. In this connection, motivation is explored as a primary focus of interventions designed to help individuals overcome interpersonal problems. Specifically, it is suggested that strategies to improve skills for interpersonal functioning are best accomplished in interaction with systematic strategies to enhance motivation for avoiding and overcoming interpersonal problems.
l-Arginine Reduces Right Heart Hypertrophy in Hypoxia-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension

Abstract Endothelin (Et) and nitric oxide (NO) may serve as chemical mediators of hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. Plasma levels of Et1 were elevated 2-fold while levels of nitrate, a NO metabolite, decreased in rats exposed to 10 days of hypoxia (10% O2). Administration of l -arginine, the precursor for NO, decreased Et, increased nitrate, and decreased right ventricular hypertrophy in hypoxic animals. By increasing plasma NO levels, the right ventricular hypertrophy and right heart failure seen in hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension in human patients may be prevented.
The influence of carbon and nitrogen nutrition on growth and sterol-induced sexuality of Pythium sp. PRL 2142.

Abstract : The influence of the major constituents of a chemically defined nutritional medium on growth and sexuality of Pythium sp. PRL 2142 has been determined. Addition of cholesterol to the culture medium stimulated vegetative growth and the response to sterol was quantitative up to a maximum concentration of 60 mg of sterol per liter. The number of oospores produced was proportional to the concentration of sterol within limits determined by the carbon and nitrogen source. Glucose, fructose, maltose and cellobiose were suitable carbon sources for both growth and oospore production whilst alanine, arginine and asparagine proved suitable nitrogen sources. A carbon/nitrogen ratio in the range 15 to 30:1 was optimal for both growth and the production of oospores. Oospore production with asparagine as nitrogen source was at least three times greater than when alanine or arginine was supplied. (Author)
Weighing the risks of consumer-driven health plans for families.

Once a year most employed families must choose which health insurance benefit plan best meets their health and financial needs. Most often these decisions are made on the basis of premium price, anticipated health care requirements, past experience, and network physicians and hospitals. In the last couple of years, in response to persistent double-digit premium inflation, new insurance products and spending accounts have been added to the mix of choices that are offered to families. The most popular of the new “consumer-driven” health options are high-deductible health plans (HDHPs) coupled with health savings accounts (HSAs). To many families, consumer-driven health plans (CDHPs) are attractive because premiums in HDHPs are typically lower than in preferred provider organization (PPO) or health maintenance organization (HMO) plans and money in tax-free HSAs can be accumulated over time. To many employers, they are attractive because more financial decision-making and risk can be shared with employees. Here we weigh the coverage, cost, quality, and practice management trade-offs that may result when families select CDHPs. Using a case study of a real Midwest company's health insurance offering and a hypothetical family with 2 children, it is possible to understand both the lure and trap of these products, especially for low-income families and previously uninsured families, as well as for healthy families. Becoming informed about HDHPs and HSAs (and other CDHP options) is essential for families and pediatricians. Although in 2004 only 10% of employers offered an HDHP, a much higher proportion of employers (27%) are considering offering such coverage by 2006.1 At this point, most employers are offering HDHPs as one of several choices, not as the only option. Unfortunately, there are no reliable national estimates of the number of adults and children enrolled in HDHPs with HSAs. According to the Internal Revenue Code, an HDHP … Address correspondence to Margaret McManus, MHS, Maternal and Child Health Policy Research Center, 750 17th St NW, Suite 1100, Washington, DC 20006. E-mail: mmcmanus{at}mchpolicy.org
FURTHER STUDIES OF THE MECHANISM OF THE PLASMA CHOLESTEROL ESTERIFICATION REACTION.

Abstract The role of the major plasma lipoprotein fractions in the plasma cholesterol esterification reaction has been studied. Human plasma was incubated at 37° for 24 h, and the lipoproteins were subsequently fractionated by ultracentrifugal flotation. Each fraction was compared to the corresponding non-incubated control with respect to content of total and unesterified cholesterol, lecithin, and lysolecithin. Although the total cholesterol content of the individual fractions did not change as a result of the incubation, the unesterified cholesterol of each decreased, the greatest decrement being associated with the low-density lipoproteins. In contrast, the greatest decrement in lecithin was in the high-density fraction, and the greatest increment in lysolecithin was in the “very high-density” fraction. When lipoprotein fractions obtained by precipitation with ethanol were incubated separately, it was found that the relative decrease in α-lipoprotein unesterified cholesterol was much greater than that in β-lipoprotein unesterified cholesterol, and comparable results were obtained with lipoproteins prepared by differential flotation. The results suggest that the high-density lipoprotein fraction is of particular importance in vitro as a lecithin donor, and that an important factor leading to the net formation of cholesterol esters at the expense of the plasma lecithin may be the dissociation of the resulting lysolecithin from the site of transesterification.
Differential effects of diclofenac and aspirin on serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase elevations in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis

OBJECTIVE To examine elevations in levels of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) taking placebo, aspirin, or diclofenac, and to seek possible explanations for the occurrence of these elevations. METHODS We conducted a meta-analysis of individual case reports from 3 RA protocols and 5 OA protocols, encompassing 814 diclofenac-treated patients, 443 aspirin-treated patients, and 359 placebo-treated patients. All of the RA protocols had nearly identical inclusion and exclusion criteria, as well as safety studies and followup; the same was true for the OA protocols. Analysis included correlation analysis and multiple linear and logistic regression, accounting for numerous potential confounding variables, with the SGOT as the dependent variable. F tests were used for hypothesis testing. RESULTS By several analytic approaches, the principal determinants of SGOT concentrations were found to be baseline SGOT value, the use of aspirin in RA patients, and the use of diclofenac in OA patients. Other significant factors contributing to an increase in SGOT concentrations were duration of therapy and, perhaps, daily dosage (mg/lb). Hypothesis testing supported these results. Given a statistically average patient, we predicted a 1-2% chance of a mildly elevated SGOT level occurring among placebo-treated patients, a 6-7% chance among diclofenac- or aspirin-treated patients with RA, a 12% chance among diclofenac-treated patients with OA, and a 2% chance among aspirin-treated patients with OA. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates a powerful method for performing meta-analysis, using available individual patient data to examine numerous factors that may affect an outcome of interest. In this case, mild elevations of SGOT were examined and found to be related to baseline SGOT levels, diclofenac use (in OA), and aspirin use (in RA). Of numerous other potential factors examined, including age, sex, alcohol use, concomitant medications, and concomitant diagnoses, only duration of therapy and, to a small extent, daily dosage, were also consistent determinants of SGOT elevation. The SGOT elevations were minimal and were not related to the occurrence of clinical hepatitis: No clinical hepatitis occurred.
Yan, an ETS-domain transcription factor, negatively modulates the Wingless pathway in the Drosophila eye.

We report the identification of yan, an ETS-domain transcription factor belonging to the Drosophila epidermal growth factor receptor (DER) pathway, as an antagonist of the Wingless signalling pathway. We demonstrate that cells lacking yan function in the Drosophila eye show increased Wingless pathway activity, and inhibition of Wingless signalling in yan−/− cells rescues the yan mutant phenotype. Biochemical analysis shows that Yan physically associates with Armadillo, a crucial effector of the Wingless pathway, thereby suggesting a direct regulatory mechanism. We conclude that yan represents a new and unsuspected molecular link between the Wingless and DER pathways.
Finite-element analysis of scattering from a BOR using spherical infinite elements

In this paper, expressions for spherical infinite elements are derived for the FE analysis of EM scattering from a body of revolution (BOR). The numerical results are compared with those obtained by using the conventional absorbing boundary conditions (ABCs) to show the feasibility and efficiency of these infinite elements
Gastric Angiomyolipoma, a Very Rare Cause of Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding: A Case Report and a Brief Review of Literature

Angiomyolipoma (AML) is a tumor composed of variable proportions of adipose tissue, spindle and epithelioid smooth muscle-like cells and abnormal thick-walled blood vessels which are usually benign. AML is relatively common in kidney and liver. Gastric angiomyolipoma (GAML) is extremely rare and only 2 cases were reported in the literature. Diagnosis of AML is difficult owing to its rarity and varied immunohistochemical patterns. Here, we report a case of GAML in a 65-year-old male who presented with an episode of hematemesis and intermittent melena for one week. Endoscopy showed a partially obstructing mass arising from gastric antrum with central ulceration. Mass was removed by wedge resection after laparoscopic anterior gastrectomy. Excised specimen showed a benign 6 × 3 × 3 cm homogenous fatty mass with adipose tissue, smooth muscles and prominent vascularity. Immunohistochemistry stains were positive for desmin, smooth muscle actin (SMA), CD34 and negative for human melanoma black (HMB)-45 antigen and CD117. This case reports the largest and HMB-45 negative GAML so far, which can be a very rare cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
Coronary-pulmonary steal caused by internal thoracic artery-pulmonary artery fistula after coronary artery bypass operations.

J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Massad Sean Garrean, Cimenga Tshibaka, Ziad Hanhan, Alexander S. Geha and Malek G. fistula after coronary artery bypass operations Coronary-pulmonary steal caused by internal thoracic artery-pulmonary artery http://jtcs.ctsnetjournals.org/cgi/content/full/130/2/569 located on the World Wide Web at: The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is
Team learning for engineering students

One of the top concerns on any recruiter's list is the amount of experience, if any, the new graduates being hired have had in working as part of a team. Aside from those students who have been involved in athletics, the concept of working as part of a team for a common goal is completely foreign to nearly all of our students. As an attempt to better prepare students for entry into a very team-oriented workplace after graduation and with the belief that cooperative team learning, in itself, has the potential for an enhanced learning experience, the format of a second semester junior electronics course was modified to accommodate pedagogical concepts more in line with team learning. This paper reports on the concepts implemented in this course and the results experienced to date (after three semesters of implementation). >
Protein staining by Coomassie Brilliant Blue G‐250: Unique color rendering in iron‐toned prints

Black-and-white photographs of protein staining by Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 may be iron-toned by a modified procedure to obtain good reproduction of the original hue and range of intensities. A suitable paper and a film for transparencies are specified for printing from a given negative.
Reaction Wheel Low-Speed Compensation Using a Dither Signal

A method for improving low-speed reaction wheel performance on a three-axis controlled spacecraft is presented. The method combines a constant amplitude offset with an unbiased, oscillating dither to harmonically linearize rolling solid friction dynamics. The complete, nonlinear rolling solid friction dynamics using an analytic modification to the experimentally verified Dahl solid friction model were analyzed using the dual-input describing function method to assess the benefits of dither compensation. The modified analytic solid friction model was experimentally verified with a small dc servomotor actuated reaction wheel assembly. Using dither compensation abrupt static friction disturbances are eliminated and near linear behavior through zero rate can be achieved. Simulated vehicle response to a wheel rate reversal shows that when the dither and offset compensation is used, elastic modes are not significantly excited, and the uncompensated attitude error reduces by 34:1.
A Canonical Form for the formulation and solution of multivariable, optimal energy-harvesting problem

The nomenclature, generic features, and a protocol for developing an appropriate mathematical model, for a broad class of optimal energy-harvesting problems are presented. A Canonical Mathematical Model is developed for posing a broad class of optimal energy-harvesting problems, and is shown to lead-to an unusual-form of the classical Linear Quadratic Optimal Control Problem.
Central Neural Mechanisms of Taste

The sections in this article are: 1 Behavioral and Physiological Responses to Gustatory Stimuli 2 Anatomy and Physiology of Central Gustatory System 2.1 Central Terminations of Peripheral Gustatory Neurons in Medulla 2.2 Coding Gustatory Sensation in Brain 2.3 Thalamic Gustatory Area 2.4 Gustatory Neocortex 2.5 Dorsal Pontine Gustatory Area 3 Conclusion
Slow twists of solar magnetic flux tubes and the polar magnetic field of the Sun

The solar wind model of Weber and Davis (1967) is generalized to compute the heliospheric magnetic field resulting from solar rotation or a steady axisymmetric twist including a geometrical expansion which is more rapid than spherical. The calculated increase in the ratio of the toroidal to poloidal field components with heliocentric radial distance r clarifies an expression derived recently by Jokipii and Kota (1989). Magnetic-field components transverse to r do not in general grow to dominate the radial component at large r. The analysis also yields expressions for the Poynting flux associated with the steady twists.
Path Integration Deficits during Linear Locomotion after Human Medial Temporal Lobectomy

Animal navigation studies have implicated structures in and around the hippocampal formation as crucial in performing path integration (a method of determining one's position by monitoring internally generated self-motion signals). Less is known about the role of these structures for human path integration. We tested path integration in patients who had undergone left or right medial temporal lobectomy as therapy for epilepsy. This procedure removed approximately 50p of the anterior portion of the hippocampus, as well as the amygdala and lateral temporal lobe. Participants attempted to walk without vision to a previously viewed target 2–6 m distant. Patients with right, but not left, hemisphere lesions exhibited both a decrease in the consistency of path integration and a systematic underregistration of linear displacement (and/or velocity) during walking. Moreover, the deficits were observable even when there were virtually no angular acceleration vestibular signals. The results suggest that structures in the medial temporal lobe participate in human path integration when individuals walk along linear paths and that this is so to a greater extent in right hemisphere structures than left. This information is relevant for future research investigating the neural substrates of navigation, not only in humans (e.g., functional neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies), but also in rodents and other animals.