cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pairwise rank-based likelihood for estimation and inference on the mixture proportion.

Summary. We consider the problem of estimation and inference on the mixture parameter in the two-sample problem when sample data from the two distributions as well as from a third population consisting of a mixture of the two are used. Under a general nonparametric model, where the relationship between the two populations is unspecified, we develop a pairwise rank-based likelihood. Simultaneous inference on the mixture proportion and a parameter representing the probability an observation from one population is greater than an observation from the other population is based on this likelihood. Under some regularity conditions, it is shown that the maximum pairwise rank likelihood estimator is consistent and has an asymptotic normal distribution. Simulation results indicate that the performance of this statistic is satisfactory. The methodology is demonstrated on a data set in prostate cancer.
Lung transplantation in the older adult

The first long-term, successful, human-isolated lung transplant was performed in 1983 by the Toronto Lung Transplant Group. Two and a half decades have passed since this landmark procedure and almost 19,000 lung transplants have been performed. At present, lung transplantation is the preferred treatment option for a variety of end-stage pulmonary diseases. Remarkable progress has occurred through refinement in technique and improved understanding of transplant immunology and microbiology. Elderly lung transplant recipients usually undergo transplantation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and face unique challenges. It is increasingly evident that ‘biologic age’ is more important than actual recipient age. Postoperative immunosuppression regimens and education require greater individualization in elderly adults owing to the increased risk for infection and greater risk involved with complications. A multidiscipliniary approach to lung transplantation, especially in ...
Pretreatment with the NMDA antagonist dextrorphan reduces cerebral injury following transient focal ischemia in rabbits.

Abstract We studied the efficacy of systemic pre-treatment with dextrorphan (DX), a clinically tested N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, in a rabbit model of transient focal cerebral ischemia. Rabbits were treated with either a 24 mg/kg i.v. loading dose followed by 12 mg/kg/h i.v. infusion of 0.48% DX in normal saline (NS), or with an equivalent volume of NS alone. One and 1/2 h after starting the drug or NS, the rabbits underwent a 1 h occlusion of the left internal carotid and anterior cerebral arteries, followed by 4 h of reperfusion. The DX-treated rabbits had significantly less neorcortical ischemic neuronal damage (7.4%) than the normal saline group (31.6%) and demonstrated a significant decrease in ischemic cortical edema. DX may prove useful in the treatment of clinical cerebrovascular disease.
Successful Treatment of a Mycotic Multifocal Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysm as a Late Sequelae of Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Therapy: Case Report and Literature Review

Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is a live, attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis commonly used for the treatment of superficial bladder carcinoma. Intravesical BCG is well tolerated despite side effects that range from hematuria to sepsis syndrome. A very rare complication is vascular infection developing a mycotic BCG aneurysm, especially in the thoracoabdominal aorta (TAAA). These are challenging to diagnose because of their scarcity, nontraditional culture media, slow growth, and are often lethal. We report the first successful repair of a symptomatic, multifocal TAAA secondary to M bovis manifesting 17 months after intravesical BCG therapy and review the literature.
SAR-based vibration retrieval using the fractional Fourier transform in slow time

Recent reports on the effects of vibrating targets on synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) imagery and the potential of SAR to extract non-stationary signatures have drawn significant interest from the remote-sensing community. SAR returned signals are the superposition of the transmitted pulses modulated by both static and non-static targets in both amplitude and phase. More precisely, the vibration of a target causes a small sinusoid-like frequency modulation along the synthetic aperture (slow time), whereby the phase deviation is proportional to the displacement of the vibrating object. By looking at successive small segments in slow time, each frequency modulated pulse can be tracked and further approximated as a piecewise-linear frequency-modulated signal. The discrete-time fractional Fourier transform (DFRFT) is an analysis tool geared toward such signals containing linear frequency modulated components. Within each segment, the DFRFT transforms each frequency-modulated component into a peak in the DFRFT plane, and the peak position corresponds to the frequency modulation rate. A series of such measurements provides the instantaneous-acceleration history and its spectrum bears the vibrating signature of the target. Additionally, when the chirp z-transform (CZT) is incorporated into the DFRFT, vibration-induced modulations can be identified with high resolution. In this work, the interplay amongst SAR system parameters, vibration parameters, the DFRFT's window size, and the CZT's zoom-in factor is characterized analytically for the proposed SAR-vibrometry approach. Simulations verify the analysis showing that the detection of vibration using the slow-time approach has significantly higher fidelity than that of the previously reported fast-time approach.
Structural and Administrative Decentralization in Education: A Clarification of Concepts

In this paper the sometimes confusing concepts of structural centralization and decentralization and administrative centralization and decentralization are classified. Brief contrast Is made between the Latin American and North American models. It is hypothesized that there is a positive relationship between administrative decentralization and (I) leadership development at lower hierarchical levels, (II) greater participation in the decision‐making process by people at lower hierarchical levels, (III) an increased sense of responsibility, for the final output, by those at lower hierarchical levels, (IV) implementation of innovative changes which are proposed by individuals at lower hierarchical levels, (V) the development of different approaches to solving problems in the various subsystems at lower hier‐archical levels, (VI) the rapidity at which decisions can be made concerning local issues.
Electrochemical studies of macrocyclic complexes as synthetic porphyrin analogs

Abstract The electrochemical generation of π anion and π cation radicals for several metalloporphyrin analogs was studied at a Pt electrode in nonaqueous media using cyclic voltammetry. The π-radical formation potentials were measured for the macrocyclic ligands TMTAA, TAA, TPP and OEP containing M(III) [Mn, Fe], M(II) [Pd, Ni, Co], and M(I) [Rh, Re] metal centers. M(I)TMTAA and M(I)TAA oxidation potentials were found to be inversely related to M(I) electronegativities, a trend opposite that previously observed for metalloporphyrin complexes. Reduction potentials indicate that the LUMO is most affected by changes in central metal oxidation state and ligand planarity.
Lens Implantation and Diabetes Mellitus

In a series of 1,160 implant cases, 82 patients were diabetic. In this subgroup, lenses were implanted in 87 eyes, and a visual acuity of 6/12 (20/40) or better was obtained in 77 (88.6%) of the patients, which compared well with the nondiabetic control group of 1,078 cases. Only patients with normal fundi or minimal background retinopathy were operated on, and the visual results obtained were independent of the diabetic medical management.
JUST WAR AND CYBERWAR

My aim in this paper is to reflect on a very narrow question: under what conditions might a cyber-attack provide a just cause for war? I begin by articulating what makes for a just cause, briefly address the problem of attribution, and then discuss three broad categories of cyber-attack: those that clearly do not satisfy the just cause requirement, those that clearly do satisfy the just cause requirement, and three ambiguous cases – the destruction of property, the emplacement of logic bombs, and the failure to prevent cyber-attacks. My conclusions are exploratory and suggestive rather than definitive, partly by virtue of the extreme paucity of literature on the moral assessment of cyberwar.
On Testing the Trial-by-Subject Interaction for the Shine Combined Analysis of Variance

An alternate procedure is presented for testing the trial-by-subject interaction in the Shine Combined ANOVA. This new procedure is designed to get around the independence and distributional problems of the original F test.
Alzheimer's disease caregiving information and skills, part III: Group process issues and concerns

In this descriptive study we examined content and processes in a group-based component of an ongoing clinical trial with family caregivers of persons with dementia. The purpose was to identify issues arising from the group processes that could be used to inform future skill-building caregiver groups. Summaries from two types of intervention groups, a caregiver skill-building (CSB) treatment intervention and an information and support only (ISO) control intervention were examined, along with data collected during a group leader debriefing session. Three major categories of process information were identified: (a) group member behaviors that support group processes necessary for skill development, (b) group leader behaviors that support group processes necessary for skill development, and (c) the phases of learning in caregiver (CG) skill development. Subcategories and specific content in each of these areas are identified in this article, and a list of member and leader behaviors that might support future skill development in groups is presented. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 27:110–120, 2004
On becoming a physician: Perspectives of students in combined baccalaureate‐MD degree programs

Students entering the first year of nine combined baccalaureate‐MD degree (CD) programs were administered the Matriculating Student Questionnaire (MSQ) of the Association of American Medical Colleges. A profile of the CD students’ perspectives on becoming a physician was compared with the profile of traditional medical students who responded to the MSQ. CD students chose medicine as a career goal earlier in life than their traditional counterparts. They also had more positive perceptions of medicine. Their decisions regarding future career interests in medicine differed in some respects from those of traditional students. Larger percentages of CD students were female, had Asian backgrounds, and had physician fathers. The views of CD students were partly related to the type of CD program they attended and to demographic/background characteristics, including age, which was suggested by preliminary comparisons between premedical students and CD students.
Electron spin resonance (ESR) studies of skeletal protein interactions in human erythrocyte membranes exposed to polyanions and in membranes prepared from inositol hexaphosphate (IHP)-incorporated low-affinity erythrocytes.

Summary Previous biophysical investigations, including those from our laboratories, have reported that polyphosphates weaken RBC membrane skeletal protein-protein interactions and decrease hemoglobin affinity for oxygen. We have additionally demonstrated that low-affinity intact RBC's may be produced by inositol hexaphosphate (IHP) incorporation via an osmotic pulse method. In the present electron spin resonance (ESR) study, IHP was shown to cause a concentration-dependent increase in the segmental motion of ghost membrane skeletal proteins, but no alterations in spin-labeled terminal sialic acid. Pyrophosphate and inositol hexasulfate were significantly less effective in altering the physical state of skeletal proteins than was IHP. Additional ESR studies of both the interaction of IHP with membrane skeletal proteins in the presence of hemoglobin and of membranes obtained from osmotic pulse-treated intact cells were performed. The results of all these studies are discussed in terms of previous biophysical investigations of the effects of polyphosphates on membranes and of possible molecular events that occur during the osmotic pulse procedure.
Decision support aids with anthropomorphic characteristics influence trust and performance in younger and older adults.

This study examined the use of deliberately anthropomorphic automation on younger and older adults' trust, dependence and performance on a diabetes decision-making task. Research with anthropomorphic interface agents has shown mixed effects in judgments of preferences but has rarely examined effects on performance. Meanwhile, research in automation has shown some forms of anthropomorphism (e.g. etiquette) have effects on trust and dependence on automation. Participants answered diabetes questions with no-aid, a non-anthropomorphic aid or an anthropomorphised aid. Trust and dependence in the aid was measured. A minimally anthropomorphic aide primarily affected younger adults' trust in the aid. Dependence, however, for both age groups was influenced by the anthropomorphic aid. Automation that deliberately embodies person-like characteristics can influence trust and dependence on reasonably reliable automation. However, further research is necessary to better understand the specific aspects of the aid that a...
POPULATION DYNAMICS AND LIFE HISTORY TRADE-OFFS OF MOOSE (ALCES ALCES) IN SOUTH-CENTRAL ALASKA

A common framework toward understanding the ecological forces affecting herbivore population dynamics is to partition those forces according to their origin higher (“top-down”) or lower (“bottom-up”) on the trophic chain. I employed that framework to describe phenotypic life history trade-offs in a large herbivore, moose (Alces alces). The relative importance of top-down and bottom-up ecological constraints to female moose in south-central Alaska was appraised at the population level by analyzing population size, growth, and winter habitat of moose, and the size and impact of their principal predator populations (wolves [Canis lupus] and brown bears [Ursus arctos]). At the individual level, longitudinal mortality and reproductive patterns of radio-collared individuals were studied to estimate vital rates and life history trade-offs that could be attributed to nutrition and predation, respectively. The population was essentially stable through the 1980s and early 1990s, and began declining in the period of...
Positive direct antiglobulin test associated with hyperglobulinemia in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

This study determined the prevalence and clinical significance of a positive direct antiglobulin test (DAT) observed in pretransfusion tests on red cells from patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Transfusion service records showed that prevalence of a positive DAT on red cells was 18% (10/55) in AIDS patients compared to 0.6% in general hospital patients during a 2-year period (1981-1983). A similar rate of 18% (8/45) was observed in other hyperglobulinemic patients. Of the 10 AIDS patients whose red cells were DAT positive, four had IgG and complement, four had IgG, and two had complement alone on their red cells. The eluates were not reactive with normal red cells nor with penicillin or cephalothin-coated red cells. Clinically, no hemolysis was observed. In this series a positive DAT in AIDS patients appeared not to be associated with autoimmune hemolytic anemia. The positive DAT in AIDS patients may be due to the hyperglobulinemic state.
Representations of finite length of semidirect product Lie groups

Abstract We treat a part of the program of studying the correspondence between orbits and representations of finite length. In Section 1 we prove that it is possible to divide a regular distribution by a function so that the quotient is a regular distribution, under suitable conditions on the function. In Section 2 the results of Section 1 are used to prove that all representations of finite flag length of a vector group, realized in a vector bundle over a submanifold of the dual, act by endomorphisms of the bundle. In Section 3 the results of Section 2 are used to give an extension of the Mackey functor to representations of semidirect product Lie groups with a fixed composition series.
Marital property discrimination: Reform for legally excluded women

Abstract In American legal history, there are numerous examples of law-sanctioned discrimination against women (i.e., the right to vote, to enter all occupations, to serve on juries, to hold public office, to contract, and to conduct business). Exclusions were typically based upon a rationale of special "protections" needed for women, particularly because of their homemaking and child-bearing functions, and references to the "law of nature." Although many of these legal barriers have been removed, the common law property system for determining the rights of married couples has only recently been identified as the last, major legal area of discrimination based upon gender. In 1984, Wisconsin became the first common law state to enact comprehensive marital property reform. It adopted legislation based upon the key community property principle of automatic property sharing by husband and wife. Similar legislation based upon the Uniform Marital Property Act is now being considered by a number of other common law property states. Some reasons for the success of Wisconsin's marital property reform movement in reversing prior rules of discrimination and exclusion are noted, particularly the existence of politically organized women voters and bipartisan legislative leadership by respected male and female legislators. This case study illustrates how prior substantive legal reforms eliminating discrimination based upon gender have in turn resulted in additional, comprehensive legal reforms designed to bring women into the mainstream of economic power and legal rights.
Why do governors issue vetoes? the impact of individual and institutional influences

Studies of presidential veto use advance two competing theoretical perspectives: the “president-centered” approach and the “presidency-centered” approach. We assess the applicability of these approaches to gubernatorial veto activity. Our analysis of forty-eight states between 1971 and 2002 provides strong support for the institutional perspective and less support for the individual perspective. The governor's formal powers, the partisan alignment of the legislature, and the electoral cycle all contribute to veto activity. The results suggest that conflict between the legislature and the governor is a product of systematic forces and that governors who face similar institutional constraints will behave in similar ways.
Temporal multiresolution detection of epileptic spikes based on wavelet transformation

Interictal `spikes' are abnormal transient features appearing in the electroencephalogram (EEG) and electrocortiocogram (ECoG) of epileptic patients. Although tentative characterizations of these transients have been offered in terms of their temporal sharpness (second derivative with respect to time), duration, and amplitude, the implementations of detectors for these transients have only achieved limited success because of the amounts of false positive detection's that occur. It has been suggested that the measurement of temporal sharpness at varied temporal resolution scales can provide a comprehensive measurement of the typical temporal pattern observed by these phenomena. In this study we apply a wavelet transformation to the digitized ECoG of epileptic patients towards that goal. A mother wavelet provides the basic measure of sharpness, so that its replicas at D progressively increasing dilations will capture the components of sharpness at progressively decreasing temporal resolutions. Then, patterns are sought in the D-dimensional space that indicate a simultaneous increase in many levels of sharpness. When such patterns occur the detection of target feature is suspected. Typically, true interictal spikes display temporal sharpness in a wide range of temporal resolution scales, while other transients (which may be erroneously detected by other detection approaches) display sharpness at the high temporal resolution level only.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The role of outcomes data in health care reform.

Abstract The major driver currently behind the health care reform movement is cost containment. An important mechanism of cost containment will be the transferal of financial risk from third-party payers to care providers. This places the risk for managing the care and the dollars at the site where the care is being delivered. However, by the turn of the century, cost will no longer be the major driver. The value or the performance of the health care plan will be the key issue. Measures of performance and value include both quality of care and patient satisfaction. The Veterans Health Administration defines quality health care as "care that is needed; care that is delivered in a manner that is competent, caring, cost-effective, timely, and at minimal risk to the patient and to the providers; and care which achieves achievable benefits." Patient satisfaction comes from the patient recognizing the customer orientation in us as service renders—as caring for our patients. Health care providers must take charge of setting the measures, defining quality, and seeing to it that we as a profession—as a service profession—conform to that definition.
HYDRODYNAMIC FORCE ON CIRCULAR CYLINDERS

The determination of the hydrodynamic force per unit length of a circular cylinder moving in a plane perpendicular to its axis in a nonuniform unsteady flow of an ideal fluid of infinite extent is formulated as a series expansion in the small parameter ka, where a is the cylinder radius and k−1 the length scale of the nonuniformity of the flow. Neglecting terms of order (ka)2 and higher the force per unit length is found to be in agreement with Taylor's (1928) result for a strictly two-dimensional flow in which the cylinder axis is perpendicular to the plane of flow. For the general three-dimensional case the present result is, however, at variance with the customary Morison formulation of the inertia force associated with nonuniformity of the flow. The nature of these differences and their significance are discussed in the context of the prediction of inertia forces on piles in non-linear waves.
Thyroid hormone can restore the audiogenic seizure susceptibility of hypothyroid DBA/2J mice.

Abstract The audiogenic seizure (AS) susceptibility of DBA 2 J (D2) mice could be suppressed by administration of the antithyroid drug 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil from 3 days before birth until the time of AS testing (19 days after birth). This treatment effectively induced hypothyroidism. The AS susceptibility of these mice, however, could be almost completely restored by thyroxine replacement from postnatal day 1 through postnatal day 17. The restoration of AS susceptibility by thyroxine replacement was not accompanied by a corresponding restoration of normal serum thyroxine and estimated free thyroxine levels. These observations suggest that thyroid hormone may influence AS susceptibility at some early critical stage of brain development and may be an important requirement for the development of AS susceptibility in D2 mice.
Challenges in analysis and interpretation of microsatellite data for population genetic studies

Advancing technologies have facilitated the ever-widening application of genetic markers such as microsatellites into new systems and research questions in biology. In light of the data and experience accumulated from several years of using microsatellites, we present here a literature review that synthesizes the limitations of microsatellites in population genetic studies. With a focus on population structure, we review the widely used fixation (FST) statistics and Bayesian clustering algorithms and find that the former can be confusing and problematic for microsatellites and that the latter may be confounded by complex population models and lack power in certain cases. Clustering, multivariate analyses, and diversity-based statistics are increasingly being applied to infer population structure, but in some instances these methods lack formalization with microsatellites. Migration-specific methods perform well only under narrow constraints. We also examine the use of microsatellites for inferring effective population size, changes in population size, and deeper demographic history, and find that these methods are untested and/or highly context-dependent. Overall, each method possesses important weaknesses for use with microsatellites, and there are significant constraints on inferences commonly made using microsatellite markers in the areas of population structure, admixture, and effective population size. To ameliorate and better understand these constraints, researchers are encouraged to analyze simulated datasets both prior to and following data collection and analysis, the latter of which is formalized within the approximate Bayesian computation framework. We also examine trends in the literature and show that microsatellites continue to be widely used, especially in non-human subject areas. This review assists with study design and molecular marker selection, facilitates sound interpretation of microsatellite data while fostering respect for their practical limitations, and identifies lessons that could be applied toward emerging markers and high-throughput technologies in population genetics.
Poster abstract: mantis - system supports for multimodAl NeTworks on In-Situ sensors

The MANTISMultimodAl system for NeTworks of In-situ wireless Sensors provides a new multithreaded embedded operating system integrated with a general-purpose single-board hardware platform to enable flexible and rapid prototyping of wireless sensor networks.
Africa’s Evolving Career Civil Service Systems: Three challenges—State Continuity, Efficient Service Delivery and Accountability

This article examines the crisis of the career civil service systems in Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries in the 1990s against the background of the progressive abandonment of the key features of the Weberian bureaucratic models inherited by the countries at independence in the 1960s. After analysing the major explanatory factors for the crisis (adoption of one-party systems, advent of military governments and the triumph of patronage over the merit system) and the consequent decay of the institutions in many countries, the efforts made to rehabilitate the institutions in the 1990s are assessed. The assessment pays particular attention to the two strong developmental trends of the decade: simultaneous establishment of functioning market-friendly economies and functioning democratic governments. The article concludes by proposing the redesign of Africa’s career civil service systems with a view to addressing three key challenges that are critical to achieving and sustaining functioning market economies a...
Physiological comparison of α-ethyl-α-methyl-γ-thiobutyrolactone with benzodiazepine and barbiturate modulators of GABAA receptors

Abstract The GABAA receptor/chloride ionophore (GABAR) is allosterically modulated by several classes of anticonvulsant agents, including benzodiazepines and barbiturates, and some alkyl-substituted butyro-lactones. To test the hypothesis that the anticonvulsant butyrolactones act at a distinct positive-modulatory site on the GABAR, we examined the physiological effects of a butyrolactone, a benzodiazepine and a barbiturate on GABA-mediated currents in voltage-clamped neurons and cells transfected with various subunit combinations. The butyrolactone, α-ethyl-α-methyl-γ-thiobutyrolactone (αEMTBL), altered the EC50 for GABA and changed the apparent cooperativity of GABA responses. In contrast, the benzodiazepine chlordiazepoxide altered the EC50 for GABA with no effect on apparent cooperativity. The barbiturate phenobarbital altered both the EC50 and the amplitude of the maximal GABA response without altering apparent cooperativity. The GABA-mediated effect of the barbiturate, but not the benzodiazepine, added to the maximal effect of the butyrolactone, supporting the hypothesis that butyrolactones do not exert their effects at the barbiturate effector site. Both αEMTBL and phenobarbital potentiated GABA currents in transfected cells containing the α1β2 and α1γ2 subunit combinations, as well as α1 subunits alone. Chlordiazepoxide had the minimum requirement of an a subunit and α γ subunit. Specific GABARs lacking benzodiazepine or barbiturate modulation were tested for modulation by αEMTBL. The α6β2γ2 combination was modulated by the butyrolactone but not chlordiazepoxide. However, GABARs comprising ϱ1 subunits were insensitive to both phenobarbital and αEMTBL. Although the molecular determinants for αEMTBL action appear similar to the barbiturates, our data support the conclusion that αEMTBL interacts with GABARs in a distinct manner from barbiturates and benzodiazepines.
Limb preference after lesions of the cerebral hemisphere in adult and neonatal rats

Abstract This experiment was designed to compare the effects of unilateral cortical ablation on limb preference in adult versus newborn rats. Postoperatively, all adult animals preferred the limb on the side ipsilateral to the lesion inspite of pre- and postoperative testing bias toward the contralateral limb. However, neonatal cortical lesions followed by similar testing at maturity resulted in a contralateral or ambilateral limb preference in half of the animals tested. These differences are discussed in terms of central nervous system plasticity.
Metallurgical processing in space

Research in metallurgical processing to study the effects of reduced gravity started with Apollo 14 and advanced with Skylab. Experiments provided specimens for analysis which solidified while constrained and while freely floating, which contained a mixture of normally immiscible materials, demonstrated enhanced capillary flow, solubility and ordered growth of a directionally solidified eutectic. The smaller, equiaxed grain structure obtained in reduced gravity compared to the larger, elongated grains obtained in one gravity indicate a difference in convection due to gravity in constrained solidification. Freely floating nickel alloy specimens showing metallic gas evolution at low pressure and reduced gravity suggest reduced pressure reactions which cannot occur on earth even in high vacuum chambers due to the hydrostatic head in the molten metal. Directionally solidified eutectics showed fewer termination defects when grown in reduced gravity. These are a few of the differences observed due to reduced gravity which could have important consequences on the future of metallurgy. In this paper we attempt to correlate the results of several Skylab solidification experiments.
Evidence of intracerebellar collateralization of nucleocortical cell processes in a prosimian primate (Galago): a fluorescence retrograde study.

The distribution of single and/or double-labeled neurons in the cerebellar nuclei was investigated in a prosimian primate (Galago) by means of fast blue (FB) and nuclear yellow (NY) as retrograde tracers. Injections were made into spatially separate regions of cerebellar cortex on one side (zones C1−C3 in lobules IV and V and in the paramedian lobule) and into the same zones of lobules IV and V on both sides. Following unilateral injections single- and double-labeled somata were seen in the anterior (NIA) and posterior (NIP) interposed cerebellar nuclei on the same side. Single-labeled cells were, in general, more concentrated in NIA from the lobule IV-V injection and in NIP from the PML placement; double-labeled somata were about evenly distributed between NIA and NIP. Cell labeling was sparse in the contralateral NIP. Large and small somata were filled with FB, NY, or FB+NY ipsilateral to the injection sites while the majority of labeled neurons on the contralateral side had small oval- or fusiform-shaped somata. Subsequent to bilateral injections cells labeled with each tracer were concentrated in the NIA, moderate in number in the NIP, both on the ipsilateral side, and sparse in the contralateral NIP. The double labeling of cells in the present study indicates that these neurons project to spatially separated, yet possibly functionally related, areas of ipsilateral cortex. Since larger and small somata were double labeled it is possible that those cells with cerebellofugal processes to extracerebellar targets may simultaneously relay information to divergent cortical sites. In contrast, the few labeled cells seen in the contralateral NIP have small oval and fusiform somata. These neurons may be specifically involved in cerebelloolivary and olivocerebellar feedback loops.
Obtaining correct orbital ground states in f -electron systems using a nonspherical self-interaction-corrected LDA + U method

The electronic structure of lanthanide and actinide compounds is often characterized by orbital ordering of localized $f$ electrons. Density-functional theory studies of such systems using the currently available local-density approximation $(\text{LDA})+U$ method are plagued by significant orbital-dependent self-interaction, leading to erroneous orbital ground states. An alternative scheme that modifies the exchange, not Hartree, energy is proposed as a remedy. We show that our $\text{LDA}+U$ approach reproduces the expected degeneracy of ${f}^{1}$ and certain ${f}^{2}$ states in free ions and the correct ground states in solid ${\text{PrO}}_{2}$. We expect our method to be useful in studying electronic excitations and entropies in $f$ and heavy-$d$ elements.
Classical density functional theory of orientational order at interfaces: application to water.

A classical density functional formalism has been developed to predict the position-orientation number density of structured fluids. It is applied to the liquid–vapor interface of pure water, where it consists of a classical term, a gradient correction, and an anisotropic term that yields order through density gradients. The model is calibrated to predict that water molecules have their dipole moments almost parallel to a planar interface, while the molecular plane is parallel to it on the liquid side and perpendicular to it on the vapor side. For a planar interface, the surface tension obtained is twice its experimental value, while the surface potential is in qualitative agreement with that calculated by others. The model is also used to predict the orientation of water molecules near the surface of droplets, as well as the dependence of equilibrium vapor pressure around them on their size.
Outcomes of pulmonary endarterectomy for treatment of extreme thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension.

Objective Pulmonary endarterectomy is the operation of choice for thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. As the largest referral center for thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension in the world, we are frequently asked whether patients with extreme pulmonary hypertension (pulmonary artery systolic pressure >100 mm Hg) can safely undergo this operation with therapeutic benefit. Methods To determine whether patients with pulmonary artery systolic pressures of greater than 100 mm Hg have favorable outcomes after pulmonary endarterectomy, we reviewed the outcomes of 743 patients who underwent this operation between 1999 and 2004. We compared hemodynamic and outcome parameters of 65 patients (group 1: 26 male and 39 female patients; mean age, 49.5 years) who had preoperative pulmonary artery systolic pressures of greater than 100 mm Hg with 678 patients (group 2: 314 male and 364 female patients; mean age, 50.3 years) with preoperative pulmonary artery systolic pressures of less than 100 mm Hg. Results Group 1 patients had a greater overall diminution in pulmonary vascular resistance (mean decrease: 926.7 ± 511.1 vs 546.4 ± 365.1 dynes·sec·cm −5 , P P Conclusions Pulmonary endarterectomy can be performed safely in patients with severe thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. The magnitude of preoperative pulmonary artery systolic pressure or pulmonary vascular resistance is not a contraindication for surgical intervention. Indeed, patients with extreme pulmonary hypertension might benefit the most from this operation.
Effect of kangaroo mother care on vital physiological parameters of the low birth weight newborn

Objectives: Low birth weight (LBW; Materials and Methods: Study cohort comprised in-born LBW babies and their mothers - 300 mother-baby pairs were selected through purposive sampling. Initially, KMC was started for 1 hour duration (at a stretch) on first day and then increased by 1 hour each day for next 2 days. Axillary temperature, respiration rate (RR/ min), heart rate (HR/ min), and oxygen saturation (SpO 2 ) were assessed for 3 consecutive days, immediately before and after KMC. Results: Data from 265 mother-baby pairs were analyzed. Improvements occurred in all 4 recorded physiological parameters during the KMC sessions. Mean temperature rose by about 0.4°C, RR by 3 per minute, HR by 5 bpm, and SpO 2 by 5% following KMC sessions. Although modest, these changes were statistically significant on all 3 days. Individual abnormalities (e.g. hypothermia, bradycardia, tachycardia, low SpO 2 ) were often corrected during the KMC sessions. Conclusions: Babies receiving KMC showed modest but statistically significant improvement in vital physiological parameters on all 3 days. Thus, without using special equipment, the KMC strategy can offer improved care to LBW babies. These findings support wider implementation of this strategy.
Identification of a C-reactive protein binding site in two hepatic carboxylesterases capable of retaining C-reactive protein within the endoplasmic reticulum

C-reactive protein (CRP) is normally synthesized by hepatocytes at relatively low rates and is retained within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) via interaction with two carboxylesterases (termed gp60a and gp60b), which themselves are restricted to the ER by their COOH-terminal retention signals (HIEL and HTEL). During the acute phase response, an increase in CRP synthesis is accompanied by a decrease in its ER retention as a result of a decrease in the CRP binding affinity of gp60b. Our previous data indicated that the esterase active site, the CRP binding site, and the ER retention signal are functionally distinct. In the present studies, we have identified CRP-binding peptides produced by proteolytic cleavage of gp60a. The sequence shared by two CRP-binding peptides indicated that the CRP binding site of gp60a is contained within residues 477-499. These results were confirmed by expression of cDNAs coding for gp60a and b as bacterial fusion proteins. Fusion proteins containing the complete esterase COOH terminus bound CRP, whereas those truncated at residue 477 (or the homologous site in gp60b) did not. Based on the known crystal structures of three homologous hydrolases, the putative CRP-binding site of the gp60s is located on the surface and is physically distant from the esterase active site and the COOH-terminal ER retention signal.
Logarithmic asymptotic flatness

We present a general family of asymptotic solutions to Einstein's equation which are asymptotically flat but do not satisfy the peeling theorem. Near scri, the Weyl tensor obeys a logarithmic asymptotic flatness condition and has a partial peeling property. The physical significance of this asymptotic behavior arises from a quasi-Newtonian treatment of the radiation from a collapsing dust cloud. Practically all the scri formalism carries over intact to this new version of asymptotic flatness.
Regulation of Kv4.2 channels by glutamate in cultured hippocampal neurons.

Somatodendritic voltage-dependent K+ currents (Kv4.2) channels mediate transient A-type K+ currents and play critical roles in controlling neuronal excitability. Accumulating evidence has indicated that Kv4.2 channels are key regulatory components of the signaling pathways that lead to synaptic plasticity. In contrast to the extensive studies of glutamate-induced AMPA [(±) α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid hydrate] receptors redistribution, less is known about the regulation of Kv4.2 by glutamate. In this study, we report that brief treatment with glutamate rapidly reduced total Kv4.2 levels in cultured hippocampal neurons. The glutamate effect was mimicked by NMDA, but not by AMPA. The effect of glutamate on Kv4.2 was dramatically attenuated by pre-treatment of NMDA receptors antagonist MK-801 [(5S,10R)-(+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine hydrogen maleate] or removal of extracellular Ca2+. Immunocytochemical analysis showed a loss of Kv4.2 clusters on the neuronal soma and dendrites following glutamate treatment, which was also dependent on the activation of NMDA receptors and the influx of Ca2+. Furthermore, whole-cell patch-clamp recordings revealed that glutamate caused a hyperpolarized shift in the inactivation curve of A-type K+ currents, while the activation curve remained unchanged. These results demonstrate a glutamate-induced alteration of Kv4.2 channels in cultured hippocampal neurons, which might be involved in activity-dependent changes of neuronal excitability and synaptic plasticity.
Skin Cancer Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors in Collegiate Athletes

Outdoor athletes represent an important group at risk for skin cancer because they are routinely exposed to high levels of ultraviolet radiation. The purpose of this study was to assess current skin cancer knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors among collegiate athletes. A modified version of the Melanoma Risk Behavior Survey was completed by 343 athletes attending a Southern University in the USA, generating an 87% response rate. Survey results demonstrated that the majority of the athletes do not limit their sun exposure and reported low levels of sun protective behaviors. In addition, athletes lacked knowledge about skin cancer and sun protection. Eighty-three percent of the athletes stated that tanning beds improve one’s overall health. Race was significantly associated with skin cancer knowledge, whereas, gender was found to be significantly associated with knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors towards skin cancer. Additionally, there was a significant relationship between knowledge and behavior, but not between attitude and behavior. This study highlights the need to educate athletes about the hazards of tanning to minimize UV exposure and promote sun protection habits. Moreover, athletes should be educated on the dangers of indoor tanning facilities and encouraged to avoid these facilities.
Quantitation of non-einstein diffusion behavior of water in biological tissues by proton MR diffusion imaging: Synthetic image calculations☆

The non-Einstein diffusion behavior of water in a model biological tissue system, intact duck embryos, has been investigated by the use of an in vivo proton pulsed-gradient spin-echo (PGSE) MR imaging technique. Multiple-frame MR images of the intact duck embryos and control solution (0.5 mM CuSO4 doped water) were acquired systematically at different diffusion times and strengths of the diffusion-sensitizing magnetic field gradients of the PGSE sequence. These raw images were then used to generate various dynamic (self-diffusion coefficient) and structural (fractal, residual attenuation, and compartment fraction) diffusion parameter maps of water in the imaging objects on the basis of different Einstein and higher order (non-Brownian, Residual, and 2-compartment) diffusion models. The self-diffusion coefficients of the body tissues of the embryos obtained from all diffusion models were significantly lower than those of the surrounding embryonic fluid. The structural diffusion parameter maps obtained from the higher order diffusion models revealed that water molecules exhibited either non-Brownian, restricted, or compartmentalized diffusion behavior in the embryonic tissues, but Einstein or Brownian diffusion behavior in the embryonic fluid and control solution. The diffusion parameter maps, both dynamic and structural, were found to provide much better contrasts than the conventional relaxation time (T1, T2, and biexponential T2) maps in separating the tissues from the surrounding embryonic fluid in the duck embryos. The mathematical models and procedures for generating the dynamic and structural diffusion parameter maps are also presented in this paper.
The Sociology of the Professions and the Problem of Journalism Education

As part of this special issue on the occupations and the sociology of the professions, this article probes how the complexities of journalism's professional status play out in pedgagically in the classroom. The author argues that the current turmoil in journalism, and in journalism education, cannot be attributed to technology alone or economics alone but are a part of a deeper, older professional uncertainty amongst journalists. The author concludes wth an argument that the liberal arts should play a greater role in the education of 21st century journalists.
Chain dynamics and relaxation in amorphous poly(ethylene terephthalate): A molecular dynamics simulation study

Chain dynamics in amorphous poly(ethylene terephthalate) have been investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. A previously developed model was adopted with some improvements. Torsional potentials were modified to reflect the results of quantum chemistry calculations and also to accommodate more precise experimental knowledge of the gauche/trans ratio of the glycol ethylene bond. The simulation system size was significantly increased. Autocorrelation functions (ACFs) for the system dipole moment, individual dipole moments, and phenyl ring normals were collected. The temperature range studied corresponds largely to the high temperature merged α and β processes, but the lower end reached the high-temperature limit of experimental dielectric measurements of the β relaxation. ACF relaxation times are in agreement with the position and activation energy of the experimental β peak. Activation energies of conformational transition rates for the three dynamically flexible bond types are very similar to the...
Heterocercal tail function in leopard sharks: A three-dimensional kinematic analysis of two models

Two different models have been proposed to explain the function of the heterocercal tail in shark locomotion. The classical model proposes that, as a result of lift generated by the tail as it beats, the net force acting on the tail is directed dorsally and anteriorly. In contrast, Thomson's model suggests that the tail generates a net force directed through the shark's center of gravity, i.e. ventrally and anteriorly. In this study, we evaluate these two models by describing the three-dimensional kinematics of the heterocercal tail in the leopard shark Triakis semifasciata during swimming. Lateral and posterior views of the tail were examined from four individuals swimming in a flow tank at 1.2 L s-1 (where L is total length) using two high-speed video cameras filming simultaneously at 250 fields s-1. These two simultaneous views allowed eight landmarks on the tail to be followed in three dimensions through time. These landmarks allowed the tail to be divided into separate surfaces whose orientation over time was calculated. Points located anteriorly on the tail go through significantly smaller excursions and reach their maximum lateral excursion significantly earlier in the beat cycle than points on the trailing edge of the tail. Three-dimensional angle calculations show that the terminal lobe leads the ventral lobe through a beat, as predicted by the classical model. Dye-stream visualizations confirmed that this pattern of movement deflects water ventrally and posteriorly to the moving tail, providing strong support for the classical model. Additionally, our results show that a three-dimensional analysis is critical to understanding the function of the heterocercal tail.