cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Safety Related Misconceptions and Self-Reported BehavioralAdaptations Associated With Advanced In-Vehicle Systems: Lessons Learned From Early Technology Adopters

Early adopters of advanced in-vehicle technologies (Adaptive Cruise Control, night vision, park aid, and navigation systems) were interviewed in an effort to assess the extent to which drivers come to understand the performance capabilities and limitations of these types of advanced systems, and to understand how systems are influencing driver behavior (modifying behavior in potentially positive or negative ways). Despite access to a wide array of information about their in-vehicle system, responses to knowledge-based questions about the systems themselves suggest that key information was not necessarily acquired nor understood by a large number of drivers. Many drivers held misconceptions about the performance capabilities of their advanced systems, suggesting that drivers’ mental models of how these systems function and perform do not always match reality. For example, 99% of ACC system owners did not know that the system ignores stopped vehicles. Similarly, 41% of park aid system owners did not know that the system warning is tied solely on the distance to objects and does not take into account their closing speed. Self-reported data also provided evidence of behavioral adaptations. Results suggest that additional efforts are needed to increase driver understanding of how these systems operate, particularly for safety-related aspects.
A Mechanism for Wave Deformation and Breaking Intermediated by Resonant Side-Bands

Breaking waves at sea are approximately twice as energetic as the waves of spectral mean height, and their steepness lies mainly in the range.05 < a0k <.20, Holthuijsen & Herbers (1986). It has been repeatedly observed at sea that the energetic breaking waves tend to occur within wave groups and, typically, near and just forward of the group center: Donelan, Longuet-Higgins & Turner (1972); Thorpe & Humphries (1980); Su (1986); Holthuijsen & Herbers (1986). It has also been observed, both at sea and in the laboratory, that breaking is immediately preceded by a deformation of the waveform in which the trough is reduced and the crest moves forward, casing a steepening of the forward face: Bonmarin (1989), Figure 1 and Kjeldsen & Myrhaug (1980). The latter have defined a waveform deformation parameter corresponding to breaking, see Figure 2. It is important that this deformation has a strong asymmetric component.
Delivering User-Centered Content on an Inclusive Mobile Platform: How to Produce It and Use It!

The adoption of mobile learning in higher education is facilitating new avenues for inclusive and accessible learning. The bedrock for these learning environments is the accessible software/hardware included in newer smart devices. Non-traditional learners such as those from diverse racial, cultural, and linguistic backgrounds as well as learners with disabilities are gaining access to higher education using these technologies.
Chapter 9 Satellites, society, and the peruvian fisheries during the 1997-1998 el niño

Abstract The evolution of oceanographic conditions off Peru during 1996-1998, including the 1997-1998 El Nino, is studied with in-situ data from coastal tide gauges and with satellite data from the Advanced Very-High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), European Remote-sensing Satellite (ERS), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Scatterometer (NSCAT), Ocean Color and Temperature Scanner (OCTS), and Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS). Maximum anomalies of in-situ sea level (>22 cm) and sea surface temperature (SST) (>4°C) occurred near Callao at 12°S in June-July 1997 and December 1997-January 1998. Scalar wind speed at the coast increased between May 1997 and June 1998, indicating the anomalous oceanographie conditions do not result from cessation of coastal upwelling. Monthly unrestricted catch of small pelagic fish surpassed 1 million tons between December 1996 and June 1997, as catchability increased during the onset of warm conditions. Satellite data contributed to a recognition that the anomalous conditions in April-June 1997, which facilitated unseasonably high catches, were part of a large-scale perturbation. This spurred the implementation of regulatory mechanisms to protect the stock, despite strong opposition from the fishing industry. However, later in the event, misinterpretation of satellite data led to premature claims that El Nino was ending and subsequent poor decision-making and confusion by different actors in society. The prediction of return to normal conditions was premature, as the second peak of the El Nino arrived in December 1997-January 1998. Observations and numerical model simulations from a planktonic ecosystem model are compared with variations of the Peruvian catch of small pelagic fish to quantify the impact of El Nino on pelagic fish catch. The two highest correlation coefficients, r, computed between monthly fish catch and several biological and physical variables were associated with cross-shelf SST difference (r = -0.55) and modeled food available for fish (r = 0.50).
Water balance of extratropical cyclones

REVIEW PAPER PRESENTED OCTOBER 5, 1967 AT THE XIVTH IUGG GENERAL ASSEMBLY LUCERNE, SWITZERLAND
Hyperbolic Plane Geometry

The properties in Chapter II belong to both absolute geometry and to Euclidean geometry, but the axioms there are sufficient to imply only a part of Euclidean geometry. For example, they do not imply that the angle sum of a triangle is 180°. To establish this, and many other facts of Euclidean geometry, some assumption equivalent to Euclid’s “parallell postulate” is necessary. In traditional beginning geometry courses, the extra axiom most commonly adopted it the Playfair axiom: “If P not on line t, then there exists exactly one line through P that does not intersect t.”
Relationships among the contact patch length and width, the tire deflection and the rolling resistance of a free-running wheel in a soil bin facility

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of contact patch length-rolling resistance, contact patch width-rolling resistance and tire deflection-rolling resistance at different wheel load and inflation pressure levels is presented. The experiments were planned in a randomized block design and were conducted in the controlled conditions provided by a soil bin environment utilizing a well-equipped single wheel-tester of Urmia University, Iran. The image processing technique was used for determination of the contact patch length and contact patch width. Analysis of covariance was used to evaluate the correlations. The highest values of contact length and width and tire deflection occurred at the highest wheel load and lowest tire inflation pressure. Contact patch width is a polynomial (order 2) function of wheel load while there is a linear relationship between tire contact length and wheel load as well as between tire deflection and wheel load. Correlations were developed for the evaluation of contact patch length-rolling resistance, contact patch width-rolling resistance and tire deflection-rolling resistance. It is concluded that the variables studied have a significant effect on rolling resistance.
A new spontaneous model of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva.

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a genetic disorder characterized by relentlessly progressive and seemingly uncontrollable progressive ossification of tendons, ligaments, fascia, and striated muscle with heterotopic bone formation resulting in immobilization and wheel chair confinement by age 30. Progress in its management has been compromised by lack of a natural animal model. Defleshed mammal skeletons were examined for evidence of heterotopic bone formation. The Southeast Asian mouse deer of the genus Tragulus was found to have an osseous sheath covering the lower back and upper thigh region consistent with the clinical definition of FOP. This heterotophic bone deposition is present in all adults males, including both wild obtained and zoo bred animals. We report the first known example of spontaneous, naturally occurring fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) in a non-human mammal.
See-Hear-Do Versus Read-Do-Research: An Examination Of An Alternative Method Of Instructional Delivery

One of the primary course delivery techniques has been the See-Hear-Do model. Under this system, the professor goes through the material and prepares a lecture for the class. The material is then presented to the students, typically using PowerPoint or some other visual graphics. The students are then asked to engage in some exercises, either in or outside of class, and replicate what the professor has performed. In an effort to improve student learning, this paper describes an alternate approach to instruction – the Read-Do-Research Model. The Read-Do-Research model does not involve extensive lectures or require slides. Instead, the students are required to “dig out” what they need to solve the problems. While this method may seem foreign to many educators, it is the position of this paper that this may be a far superior method of student learning when compared to the conventional approach.
Locus coeruleus neurons in monkey are selectively activated by attended cues in a vigilance task

Impulse activity was recorded extracellularly from noradrenergic neurons in the nucleus locus coeruleus (LC; 47 single-cell and 126 multicell recordings) of four cynomolgus monkeys performing an oddball visual discrimination task. For juice reward, the subjects were required to release a lever rapidly in response to an infrequent (10-20% of trials) target cue (CS+) that was randomly intermixed with nontarget (CS-) stimuli presented on a video display. All LC neurons examined were phasically and selectively activated by target cues in this task. Other task events elicited no consistent response from these neurons (juice reward, lever release, fix-spot stimuli, nontarget stimuli). In one animal, nontarget cues phasically inhibited LC neurons. Phasic LC excitatory responses to target cues in this task occurred at a relatively short latency (mean = 90.7 msec), approximately 200 msec prior to the behavioral response (lever release). In addition, LC response magnitudes varied with behavioral performance, being substantially attenuated during epochs of poor performance (high false alarm rate). There was a positive correlation (r = 0.30, p 90 min), in parallel with a behavioral performance decrement. These results show that LC neurons are activated selectively by attended stimuli that demand a rapid response in this task, and that such LC responses may contribute to conditioned behavioral responses.
The information percolator: ambient information display in a decorative object

Most current interface designs require that the user focus their attention on them in order to be of value. However, as the price of computation falls, and computational capabilities make their way into many everyday objects, the demand for attention from many different directions may begin to seriously reduce the usefulness of these computational objects. Ambient information displays are intended to fit in a part of the interface design space that does not have this property. They are designed to convey background or context information that the user may or may not wish to attend to at any given time. Ambient Displays are designed to work primarily in the periphery of a user's awareness, moving to the center of attention only when appropriate and desirable. This paper describes a new ambient information display that is designed to give a rich medium of expression placed within an aesthetically pleasing decorative object. This display — the Information Percolator — is formed by air bubbles rising up tubes of water. By properly controlling the release of air, a set of pixels which scroll up the display is created. This allows a rendition of any (small, black and white) image to be displayed. The detailed design and construction of this display device will be considered, along with several applications.
Arachidonic and other long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in spermatophores and spermathecae of Teleogryllus commodus: Significance in prostaglandin-mediated reproductive behaviour

Abstract Estimates of weights of fatty acids, especially arachidonic acid, in spermathecae from virgin and mated T. commodus indicate substantial elevation in all fatty acids and particularly arachidonic acid following mating. Analysis of spermatophore lipids suggests that this can be in part accounted for by the contents of one or several spermatophores. Fractionation of total lipids from spermatophores showed that arachidonic acid comprised 24% of phosphotidylcholine and 4% of phosphotidylethanolamine, but was not detected in neutral lipids whereas it was approximately equally distributed over phosphotidylcholine and phosphotidylethanolamine in lipids from spermathecae. These data indicate that in addition to prostaglandin synthetase, the spermatophore contains a physiologically significant quantity of prostaglandin precursor, arachidonic acid, esterified to phospholipid and presumably unavailable for enzymatic action during mating transfer. We also note that proportions of arachidonic acid in the phosphotidylcholine of spermatophores are the highest recorded for this fatty acid in the insect literature, which in conjunction with recent work emphasizes the likely physiological significance of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in insects generally.
The Lebanese Hizballah and Israeli Counterterrorism

This article examines Israel's attempts to weaken and defeat the Lebanese Hizballah. It reviews Hizballah's rise after the 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon, Hizballah's successful effort to force Israeli forces to withdraw from Lebanon in 2000, the 2006 war, and Israeli attempts to deter Hizballah. The article argues that Israel has largely failed to defeat Hizballah militarily and politically. Israel's experience offers lessons for how terrorist groups learn, the effectiveness of terrorist attrition strategies against casualty-sensitivity states, the difficulties in coercing terrorist groups, and the importance of an information strategy. Finally, Israel's clash with Hizballah indicates the importance of thinking of groups that are large and multi-faceted from a counterinsurgency paradigm.
Achieving Optimal Lipid Goals in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease

Guidelines for lipid-lowering therapy recommend intensive low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol lowering for patients with coronary artery disease. Previous studies have found that many high-risk patients are not achieving their LDL cholesterol goals, and many patients, despite being treated with lipid-lowering therapy, also have elevated triglycerides or low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. To evaluate lipid goals in a "real world" clinical setting, the electronic medical records of 10,040 patients with coronary artery disease from a large cardiology subspecialty practice from September 2008 to September 2009 were reviewed. Overall, 79% of patients achieved an LDL cholesterol goal of <100 mg/dl, while only 35% achieved the more aggressive goal of <70 mg/dl. Non-HDL cholesterol goals of <130 and <100 mg/dl were achieved in 79% and 44% of patients, respectively. Only 69% achieved normal triglyceride levels, and only 63% of men and 56% of women achieved normal levels of HDL cholesterol. Women and younger men were less likely to achieve their lipid goals. In conclusion, most patients with coronary artery disease achieve the minimal LDL cholesterol goal of 100 mg/dl, but few achieve the more aggressive goals of <70 mg/dl. Many high-risk patients have elevated levels of triglycerides or low levels of HDL cholesterol despite treatment. Combination lipid-lowering therapy is used infrequently in practice. There exists a significant opportunity for physicians to more aggressively treat lipids to achieve the levels recommended by clinical guidelines.
Nightly enteral nutrition support of elderly hip fracture patients: a pilot study.

Objectives: Assess whether postoperative nightly enteral nutrition support improves outcomes of elderly patients with an acute hip fractureDesign: Randomized controlled trialSetting: A University and a Department of Veteran’s Affairs HospitalSubjects: Adults >64 years of age who underwent surgical repair of an acute hip fractureInterventions: Subjects randomized to the control (Ctrl) group received standard care while the treatment (Tx) group received standard care plus up to 1,375 Kcal [5,755 kJ/d] of nasoenteral tube feedings each night. When tube feedings had to be discontinued, Tx subjects were asked to drink an equivalent amount of the nutritional supplement each night.Measures of Outcome: Rate of postoperative complications and 6-month postoperative survivalResults: Fifty-seven patients were randomized to the Tx (n = 27, mean age 75.9 ± 7.4 yrs) or Ctrl groups (age 81.7 ± 7.7 yrs). All subjects had reduced volitional nutrient intakes after surgery. During the first week subsequent to surgery, there ...
Evidence of extraesophageal reflux in idiopathic subglottic stenosis.

Objectives/Hypothesis: Idiopathic subglottic stenosis (iSGS) is a disease predominantly of females that, by definition, has no known etiology. Collagen–vascular disease, localized trauma, extraesophageal reflux (EER), and hormonal alterations have all been postulated as potential etiologies of iSGS. It is hypothesized that iSGS is a reflux mediated disease and that evidence of EER exists in affected patients. Study Design: Case–control study. Methods: Patients with iSGS were identified prospectively over a 2.5-year period (2007–2010). During their endoscopic management, biopsies of the subglottic scar and postcricoid area were evaluated for the presence of pepsin, an indicator of exposure to gastric refluxate. Control patients had similar biopsies while undergoing operative management for disease unrelated to reflux. Charts of both patients and controls were reviewed for clinical history of reflux, pH-metry, and laboratory testing for collagen–vascular disease. Results: Twenty-two patients with iSGS were treated. All patients were female. No patient had serology positive for collagen–vascular disease. Thirteen (59%) patients with iSGS had pepsin present in their larynx or trachea. Control patients did not have detectable pepsin in their tissue (P = .041). Dual probe 24-hour pH studies were performed in 10 (45%) patients. These studies were positive for EER in seven patients but this did not statistically correlate to the presence of pepsin in their tissue (P = 1.0). Conclusions: iSGS is a disease almost exclusively of women. EER is implicated in the development of iSGS. Pepsin is detectable in the subglottic scar and larynges of patients with iSGS. Standard pH-metry may be inadequate in predicting degree of EER in patients with iSGS.
Spin-dependent effects in the quark-cluster model of the deuteron and 3He.

We examine the implications of the quark-cluster model for the proposed measurements of the spin-dependent structure functions of the deuteron and {sup 3}He. We find that the presence of six-quark clusters in the deuteron wave function can result in a value for {ital g}{sub 1}{sup 2}H, the first moment of the spin-dependent structure function of the deuteron, that is observably different from predictions obtained using the Bjorken sum rule and the measured value for {ital g}{sub 1}{sup {ital p}}. Therefore, it may not be possible to obtain an unambiguous determination of the integral of the neutron's spin-dependent structure function, {ital g}{sub 1}{sup {ital n}}, in these experiments. For {sup 3}He, the dominant clusters are constrained by the Pauli principle at the nucleon level to be either {ital S}=1,{ital I}=0 or {ital S}=0,{ital I}=1. We find that the presence of {ital S}=0,{ital I}=1 clusters leads to a violation of the Bjorken sum rule for mass three nuclei. Arguing that clusters with these quantum numbers are suppressed at the quark level, we obtain a relation between {ital g}{sub 1}{sup He} and {ital g}{sub 1}{sup 2}He that depends on the probability of finding six-quark clusters in the nuclear wave function, but is essentiallymore » independent of their detailed structure.« less
A whipple's transformation for hypergeometric series in U(n) and multivariable hypergeometric orthogonal polynomials

A generalization of the terminating form of Whipple’s transformation is given for hypergeometric series in $U(n)$. This is proved by explicit evaluation of a generalized Biedenharn–Elliott identity for multiplicity-free $U(n)$ Racah coefficients. As a corollary, a Dougall’s theorem is obtained for hypergeometric series in $U(n)$. A family of summation theorems for classical ordinary and basic hypergeometric series is also proved. Finally, a family of orthogonal polynomials on the discrete set $x_1 + \cdots + x_n = N$, where the $x_i $ and N are nonnegative integers, is defined which generalizes the (discrete) Racah polynomials of Wilson. We prove a recurrence relation, duality theorem and an identity similar to an addition theorem for these generalized Racah polynomials.
When is it rational for firms to acquire silent interests in rivals

Abstract The cartelizing effects of firms' shareholding in rivals have been well established theoretically, yet empirical instances of such are rate to nonexistent. It is argued here that if the stock market is efficient in the sense that share prices reflect post-share trading product market equilibria, then acquiring shares in rivals is not subgame perfect for Cournot oligopolies but is subgame perfect for some Bertrand oligopolies. Acquiring a silent interest in a rival is an example of the “fat cat ploy”. That the stock market is not a cartel maker is consistent with Cournot having wide empirical application, but not with Bertrand.
Formation and dissociation of copper (II) nitrosyl complexes in non-aqueous solvents

Abstract Solid copper nitrosyls have been isolated from alcoholic solutions, and it is found that the more stable form of these is identical with that prepared from the corresponding copper (I) and nitrosyl halides. Nitrosyls containing iodide, cyanide or thiocyanate groups have been obtained in solution. A new method for the evaluation of the dissociation constant of the chloride nitrosyl in alcohols has been developed: the results support values obtained previously.
A row reduction of λ-matrices

Abstract Let M(λ) be a n × m matrix whose elements are polynomials in λ over the complex numbers which are at most of degree ν and let rank M(λ) be ρ. A row reduction of M(λ) effected by non-singular λ-matrices with elements of degree at most one is developed whereby at each multiplicative stage no terms of degree greater than v arise and the final stage has the last n − ρ rows being zero and the matrix coefficient of λν has rank ρ. This may be applied systematically in particular cases to determine necessary and sufficient conditions for consistency of a system of differential equations of the form M(D)×(t) = f(t) in which D denotes the differentiation operator. It may also be applied in finding a special factored form for (A + λB)−1 when this exists in a deleted neighborhood of λ = 0.
The Production of Specific and Generic Associates of Living and Nonliving, High- and Low-Familiarity Stimuli in Alzheimer's Disease

Abstract The goal of this paper was to address three issues relevant to the semantic–lexical deficit of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients: (1) the nature of the deficit (contrasting the loss of information with the difficulty of intentional access hypothesis), (2) stimulus familiarity effects, (3) semantic category effects (contrasting living with nonliving categories). Sixteen patients affected by AD and 11 matched control subjects were given a naming task, a word–picture matching task and a generative associative naming task, constructed by using as stimuli the same 40 items. Stimuli were either living or nonliving items of high, medium, and low familiarity. Responses given on the generative associative naming task were classified as generic (poorly informative) or specific (more informative). As expected, AD patients were poorer than controls both in naming and in word-to-picture matching tasks. In the generative associative naming task, AD patients tended to produce fewer specific than generic associations with respect to controls. Category effects had a significant influence on performance only on the naming task, but not on the word-to-picture matching or on the generative associative naming task. Stimulus familiarity, on the other hand, strongly influenced performance both in AD patients and in controls: naming and comprehension were better for high familiarity items with respect to low familiarity items. For generative associative naming, the tendency of AD patients to produce fewer specific than generic associations was mainly significant for low familiarity items.
Conservation and variability of the evaporative fraction during the daytime

Several papers have recently used the tendency for the evaporative fraction (the ratio of latent heat flux to available energy, denoted EF) to be nearly constant during the daytime, in other words, the conservation of EF, to estimate daytime evaporation given only one or two estimates of EF during the middle of the day. However, the physical basis for this conservation, and the conditions under which it might be expected to occur, have not been systematically investigated. To do this, data from the First ISLSCP Field Experiment (FIFE) are used, along with other observations from the literature and some simple modeling. It is concluded that a complicated combination of weather conditions, soil moisture, topography, and biophysical conditions contribute to the variability or conservation of EF on individual days. However, two important factors in determining the amount of variability of EF on a given day are related to cloudiness and the advection of moisture and temperature.
Dimerization of Guanylyl Cyclase-activating Protein and a Mechanism of Photoreceptor Guanylyl Cyclase Activation

Abstract Ca2+-binding guanylyl cyclase-activating proteins (GCAPs) stimulate photoreceptor membrane guanylyl cyclase (retGC) in the light when the free Ca2+concentrations in photoreceptors decrease from 600 to 50 nm. RetGC activated by GCAPs exhibits tight dimerization revealed by chemical cross-linking (Yu, H., Olshevskaya, E., Duda, T., Seno, K., Hayashi, F., Sharma, R. K., Dizhoor, A. M., and Yamazaki, A. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274, 15547–15555). We have found that the Ca2+-loaded GCAP-2 monomer undergoes reversible dimerization upon dissociation of Ca2+. The ability of GCAP-2 and its several mutants to activate retGC in vitro correlates with their ability to dimerize at low free Ca2+ concentrations. A constitutively active GCAP-2 mutant E80Q/E116Q/D158N that stimulates retGC regardless of the free Ca2+ concentrations forms dimers both in the absence and in the presence of Ca2+. Several GCAP-2/neurocalcin chimera proteins that cannot efficiently activate retGC in low Ca2+concentrations are also unable to dimerize in the absence of Ca2+. Additional mutation that restores normal activity of the GCAP-2 chimera mutant also restores its ability to dimerize in the absence of Ca2+. These results suggest that dimerization of GCAP-2 can be a part of the mechanism by which GCAP-2 regulates the photoreceptor guanylyl cyclase. The Ca2+-free GCAP-1 is also capable of dimerization in the absence of Ca2+, but unlike GCAP-2, dimerization of GCAP-1 is resistant to the presence of Ca2+.
Characteristic infrared absorptions of monoperfluoroalkyl ketones

Abstract The infrared absorption spectra of sixteen monoperfluoroalkyl ketones have been determined from 650 to 5000 cm−1. Carbonyl stretching frequencies were observed at 1751–1764 cm−1 with little differentiation between CF2 homologs. Applying the relationship of Thompson and Jameson to the measured carbonyl frequency values, a σ* value of +2·81 was assigned to the trifluoromethyl group. A characteristic pattern of bands in the 1100-1350 cm−1 region associated with C—F vibrations was observed.
A computer-statistical procedure to determine agroclimatic analogues for tea production in Colombia

Abstract Coffee accounts for one half of the total exports and more than 70% of the total agricultural exports of Colombia. Agroclimatic analyses are being made as part of a program to develop the potential for other products so as to decrease the national economy's heavy dependence on a single crop. Tea is a crop of interest. A computer-statistical procedure of paired comparison and regression-correlation techniques were used to compare climatic data from 54 locations in Colombia with data from each of 11 tropical tea growing regions of the world. Five Colombian locations were found to be climatically analogous with the tea growing region in the Cameron Highlands of Malaysia.
Canine gastric dilatation-volvulus.

Gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV) is a dramatic and enigmatic disease of large and giant breed dogs characterised by the rapid accumulation of gas in the stomach. This causes gastric dilatation, twisting of the stomach about its long axis, compression of surrounding organs, hypovolaemic and cardiogenic shock, and if untreated, death. It has been estimated that the disease afflicts approximately 60,000 dogs in the USA each year with a mortality rate ranging from 7 to 60 per cent depending on accessibility to adequate veterinary care. The cause is unknown. While diet was at one time believed to be associated with the genesis of the disease, critical review of available data provides no evidence to support this hypothesis. A variety of predisposing or risk factors have been identified but none is suspected of being the cause, indeed, the disorder may have a multiple aetiology. Current thinking suggests that the final common pathway in the development of GDV may be an inhibition of gastric motility and emptying. This could come about through a primary disruption of normal gastric electrical patterns or through the effect of extraneous stressful events that disrupt gastric motility. After dilatation a series of potentially lethal events is unleashed which include compression of the caudal vena cava, pooling of blood in the microcirculation of the viscera and hindlimbs, metabolic acidosis, gastric necrosis, cardiac arrhythmias, disseminated intravascular coagulation, hypotensive and cardiogenic shock and death. Nevertheless, even advanced cases can survive if treated appropriately. If the cause could be identified logical prophylaxis might follow. Studies at the University of Florida have failed to demonstrate any effect of diet on gastric function in large breed dogs, suggesting that diet is probably not the cause of the disease. Researchers at Colorado State University also found no association with diet in clinical patients. Recent studies at the University of Florida have revealed distinct abnormalities in gastric electrical activity in GDV patients. In human patients these abnormalities, called dysrhythmias, have been associated with gastric distention, bloating, delayed emptying, nausea and retching. Unfortunately, dysrhythmias are also present, albeit to a lesser degree, in experimental GDV. These findings leave unanswered the question as to whether abnormalities in gastric motility play a role in the genesis of GDV.
Air–Sea Interaction on the Time Scale of 30 to 50 Days

Abstract In this Paper we have examined the fluxes of latent and sensible heat between the ocean and the atmosphere utilizing primarily the observations from the global experiment. The procedure for calculation is based on the Monin-Obukhov similarity theory. The transfer coefficients are stability dependent. Some calculations are also performed utilizing several different datasets. One of these covers the region of Asian monsoon oceans during the Global Experiment. This is a daily sea surface temperature (SST) dataset. A second dataset covers the global oceans for the entire FGGE year. This is a 10-day averaged dataset prepared by the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts. A third dataset obtained from the Japan Meteorological Agency, covers a 7-year period between 1979 and 1985. This dataset was also averaged over 10-day periods. Both the daily and the 10-day averaged SST data have been used for studies of low frequency oscillations. An equivalence, on the time scale of 30 to 50 days, for t...
Hydrogen Bonding in Monomers and Dimers of 2-Aminoethanol

Equilibrium structures of monomers and dimers of 2-aminoethanol (AE) exhibiting different intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonds between the OH and NH2 groups were optimized and analyzed in theoretical density functional B3LYP/6-311++G(2d,2p) calculations. Natural bond orbital (NBO) theory was applied to quantify the relative strength of these interactions and to account for their effect on stability, structural, and vibrational parameters of both monomers and dimers. It is shown that the charge transferred from the lone pair of the hydrogen bond acceptor to the antibonding orbital of the donor provides the substantial stabilizing component of the hydrogen bond. NBO energetic analysis demonstrates that the OH···N interaction is the strongest one for both monomers (intramolecular) and dimers (intermolecular). The intramolecular hydrogen bond in AE monomers is relatively weak, in part, because of its bent nature. The formation of a stronger and more linear intermolecular hydrogen bond between mole...
Using Genomic Sequencing for Classical Genetics in E. coli K12

We here develop computational methods to facilitate use of 454 whole genome shotgun sequencing to identify mutations in Escherichia coli K12. We had Roche sequence eight related strains derived as spontaneous mutants in a background without a whole genome sequence. They provided difference tables based on assembling each genome to reference strain E. coli MG1655 (NC_000913). Due to the evolutionary distance to MG1655, these contained a large number of both false negatives and positives. By manual analysis of the dataset, we detected all the known mutations (24 at nine locations) and identified and genetically confirmed new mutations necessary and sufficient for the phenotypes we had selected in four strains. We then had Roche assemble contigs de novo, which we further assembled to full-length pseudomolecules based on synteny with MG1655. This hybrid method facilitated detection of insertion mutations and allowed annotation from MG1655. After removing one genome with less than the optimal 20- to 30-fold sequence coverage, we identified 544 putative polymorphisms that included all of the known and selected mutations apart from insertions. Finally, we detected seven new mutations in a total of only 41 candidates by comparing single genomes to composite data for the remaining six and using a ranking system to penalize homopolymer sequencing and misassembly errors. An additional benefit of the analysis is a table of differences between MG1655 and a physiologically robust E. coli wild-type strain NCM3722. Both projects were greatly facilitated by use of comparative genomics tools in the CoGe software package (http://genomevolution.org/).
955 TREATMENT OF CHRONIC CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTION WITH INTERFERON

Treatment with human leukocyte interferon (IF) was initiated in Dec.′78 in a child (age 20 mo) with dysganmaglobulinemia type I (hyper M) and postnatally acquired CMV infection. History included pneumonias (CMV & Pn. carinii) at 5 and 8 mo, and onset of recurrent episodes of high fevers, rash, lymphadenopathy, severe oral ulcerations, and neutropenia at 1 yr age. Urine and salivary cultures repeatedly grew CMV, and inclusion bodies were present in a salivary gland biopsy. Functions of phagocytic, T, B and natural killer (NK) cells were severely depressed;NK activity could be augmented in vitro with IF. Levels of serum thymic hormones were very low. Altogether, 4 courses of IF were given (dosages varied from 2 million u/day to 1 million u 3 times/week)for periods of 10d, 28d, 80d, and 55d until Sept.′79. Plasma with high titer CMV antibody was given every 3 weeks. During IF treatment, NK normalized; excretion of CMV ceased but recurred on occasions between IF cycles. Because of severe oral and oesophageal ulcers a trial of Levamisole was initiated in Sept.′79 and a feeding gastrostomy was inserted in Dec.′79. Plasma therapy was continued throughout. Recovery of clinical and immunologic abnormalities followed. At age 3½ yr the patient has an esophageal stricture but otherwise is completely well with no recurrence of CMV. IF appears to be a useful therapeutic modality for chronic viral infection in certain inmunodeficient children.
A method for resolution correction and shape factor analysis of beta spectra

Abstract A procedure for precision fitting of resolution distorted beta spectra, using shape factor parameterization, is described. A derivation of the fitting function is made, and a method for decoupling the fitting parameters is discussed. This decoupling allows the spectrum intensity, endpoint, and shape factor parameters to be determined with a high degree of precision. This method is applicable to multigroup spectra with components having an arbitrary degree of forbiddenness, unique or non-unique. Included is a description of a computer program which is designed to use this method in the analysis of spectra measured with a 4π semiconductor spectrometer. Numerous methods of least squares minimization have been tried, and two methods of error analysis are discussed. Some results from the analysis of 36Cl, 143Pr, 185W are given.
Aberrant Vasculature During Minimally Invasive Transhiatal Esophagogastrectomy

Fig 3. Aadenocarcinoma of the gastroesophageal junction. He underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy followed by a minimally invasive transhiatal esophagogastrectomy. Duringmobilization of the stomach, a suspected aberrant left hepatic artery (LHA) was identified within the gastrohepatic ligament (Fig 1). Given the extent of residual celiac nodal disease, a complete celiac dissection and lymphadenectomy was performed, including skeletonization of the left gastric artery (LGA) and aberrant LHA (Fig 2; IVC, inferior vena cava). Careful attention was then paid to ligating the LGA distal to the aberrant LHA takeoff to preserve hepatic arterial supply. Three-dimensional reconstructions of the preoperative imaging were able to elucidate the aberrant anatomy, revealing a replaced LHA. Further, the patient also had a replaced right hepatic artery (RHA) branching from the superior mesenteric artery (Fig 3). A critical pitfall of an esophagogastrectomy is recognizing and preserving aberrant hepatic vasculature to prevent subsequent hepatic ischemia. A replaced LHA originating from the LGA is an anomaly found in up to 10% of people [1]. It is important to work with radiology colleagues to perform time contrast studies to allow for clear delineation of aberrant anatomy, as well as to view in detail axial and coronal projections. Finally, awareness
Relationship between the successful infection by entomopathogenic nematodes and the host immune response.

Abstract Reproduction of entomopathogenic nematodes requires that they escape recognition by a host’s immune system or that they have mechanisms to escape encapsulation and melanization. We investigated the immune responses of larvae for the greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella), tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta), Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica), northern masked chafer (Cyclocephala borealis), oriental beetle (Exomala orientalis) and adult house crickets (Acheta domesticus), challenged with infective juveniles from different species and strains of entomopathogenic nematodes. The in vivo immune responses of hosts were correlated with nematode specificity and survival found by infection assays. In P. japonica, 45% of injected infective juveniles from Steinernema glaseri NC strain survived; whereas the hemocytes from the beetle strongly encapsulated and melanized the Heterorhabditis bacteriophora HP88 strain, S. glaseri FL strain, Steinernema scarabaei and Steinernema feltiae. Overall, H. bacteriophora was intensively melanized in resistant insect species (E. orientalis, P. japonica and C. borealis) and had the least ability to escape the host immune response. Steinernema glaseri NC strain suppressed the immune responses in susceptible hosts (M. sexta, E. orientalis and P. japonica), whereas S. glaseri FL strain was less successful. Using an in vitro assay, we found that hemocytes from G. mellonella, P. japonica, M. sexta and A. domestica recognized both nematode species quickly. However, many S. glaseri in M. sexta and H. bacteriophora in G. mellonella escaped from hemocyte encapsulation by 24 h. These data indicate that, while host recognition underlies some of the differences between resistant and susceptible host species, escape from encapsulation following recognition can also allow successful infection. Co-injected surface-coat proteins from S. glaseri did not protect H. bacteriophora in M. sexta but did protect H. bacteriophora in E. orientalis larva; therefore, surface coat proteins do not universally convey host susceptibility. Comparisons of surface coat proteins by native and SDS–PAGE demonstrated different protein compositions between H. bacteriophora and S. glaseri and between the two strains of S. glaseri.
The Bakerian Lecture, 1993 - Mechanism of supernovae

Supernovae of type II happen at the end of the evolution of massive stars, 10 times the mass of the Sun, M ⨀, or more. To begin with, the central core, of mass about 1.5M ⨀, collapses; the large gravitational energy remains for a while in the core. It is then released in the form of neutrinos. A small fraction, 1 or 2% , of the neutrino energy is absorbed in the mantle of the star, i.e. the region 100 or 500 km from the centre; this drives the shock. It is essential that vigorous convection occurs in the shocked material. With reasonable assumptions, one can estimate the energy in the shock to be of the order 10 51 erg, in agreement with observation. The argument is based on observation and analytical calculations, with a minimum of help from elaborate computations.
Emergency Department and Community Health Center Visits and Costs in an Uninsured Population

Purpose:To assess how a Community Health Center (CHC) influenced access to care for uninsured people and to describe the economic effect on the local hospital. Design:A framework on access to health care was used in this community-level, descriptive study. Methods:Data were collected on emergency department (ED) use before state funding of the CHC, 1988 and through 2001. Information included insurance status, charges, diagnosis, and complexity of services received. This study is a population study, and descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. Findings:Within 3 years after state funding of a CHC began, uninsured visits to the local hospital ED decreased by almost 40%. After 10 years, uninsured ED visits remained 25% lower than before state funding began, whereas insured visits had almost doubled (98%). The decrease in number of uninsured visits saved the hospital and uninsured patients almost $14 million. Conclusions:After establishment of the CHC, ED visits by uninsured patients declined. Although a causal link cannot be made between the CHC and ED, the descriptive data provide information about a linkage between the decline of uninsured ED visits and the CHC.
Simulation in financial engineering: simulation in financial engineering

This paper presents an overview of the use of simulation algorithms in the field of financial engineering, assuming on the part of the reader no familiarity with finance and a modest familiarity with simulation methodology, but not its specialist research literature. The focus is on the challenges specific to financial simulations and the approaches that researchers have developed to handle them, although the paper does not constitute a comprehensive survey of the research literature. It offers to simulation researchers, professionals, and students an introduction to an application of increasing significance both within the simulation research community and among financial engineering practitioners.
School-age follow-up of prophylactic versus rescue surfactant trial: pulmonary, neurodevelopmental, and educational outcomes.

Background. Exogenous surfactant replacement has improved survival and reduced pulmonary complications of prematurity. Improved early outcomes for infants of Methods. At 4.5 to 8 years of age, all survivors from one of the three centers were located, and 96% were evaluated. The original randomization included stratification by center and followed an intention-to-treat methodology in assessing the efficacy of prophylactic versus rescue treatment with surfactant. The follow-up test battery included a health-assessment questionnaire, spirometry, 88% saturation test, neurologic examination, and the McCarthy Scales of Children9s Abilities (MSCA) and the Conners9 Parent Rating Scale–48. Educational achievement was determined by school class placement and teachers9 reports of achievement. Results. Of the 192 children originally enrolled, 154 survived. Evaluations were performed on 148 of these infants. An abnormal pulmonary history was found in 45 (30%) of the children: 16 (22%) in the prophylactic group and 29 (39%) in the rescue group. Formal pulmonary function was evaluated in 81 children; 29 (78%) in the prophylactic group and 33 (75%) in the rescue group were considered abnormal. No significant differences were found between the two groups on either cognitive or motor subscales of the MSCA, the Conners9 Parent Rating Scale–48, the neurologic examination, the education services received in school, or the teacher ratings of below-average academic performance. Intelligence scores measured on the MSCA were low–normal for both groups. Some level of educational assistance was being provided to 72 (49%) of the cohort studied, and both groups had below average educational performance and increased needs for educational assistance. Conclusions. Prophylactic surfactant administration to infants of
Evaluation of Matrix Square Root Operations for UKF within a UAV GPS/INS Sensor Fusion Application

Using an Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) as the nonlinear estimator within a Global Positioning System/Inertial Navigation System (GPS/INS) sensor fusion algorithm for attitude estimation, various methods of calculating the matrix square root were discussed and compared. Specifically, the diagonalization method, Schur method, Cholesky method, and five different iterative methods were compared. Additionally, a different method of handling the matrix square root requirement, the square-root UKF (SR-UKF), was evaluated. The different matrix square root calculations were compared based on computational requirements and the sensor fusion attitude estimation performance, which was evaluated using flight data from an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). The roll and pitch angle estimates were compared with independently measured values from a high quality mechanical vertical gyroscope. This manuscript represents the first comprehensive analysis of the matrix square root calculations in the context of UKF. From this analysis, it was determined that the best overall matrix square root calculation for UKF applications in terms of performance and execution time is the Cholesky method.