cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On methodology and appropriate inference regarding possible genetic factors in typical, late-onset AD

Abstract Diagnosis of AD in both probands and relatives, and its typically late onset, pose difficulties for the interpretation of its apparent familial aggregation—a possible indicator of genetic causes. Recent methodologic improvements have ameliorated these difficulties somewhat, and new studies incorporating these improvements suggest much greater familial risk in AD than has been previously reported. Actual risk to aged relatives remains a topic of controversy, and the true role of genetic factors in the etiology of AD will probably require the application of the classical genetic methods of twin and linkage studies.
Mothers' Perceptions of Infants Labelled ‘Depressed’

Forty-four depressed and non-depressed mothers participated in a videotaped interaction with their own infant and then rated the videotape using the Infant Stereotyping Scale and the Interaction Rating Scale. In addition, one half of the mothers rated a videotape of an unfamiliar infant who was labelled psychologically ‘depressed’ and the other half rated a videotape of the same infant with no label given. Both the depressed and non-depressed mothers rated the ‘depressed’ labelled infant more negatively than the non-labelled infant on the attributes of physical potency, cognitive competence, sociability and difficult behaviour. Physical appearance was the only rating that was not biased by the ‘depressed’ label. Mothers' ratings of their own infants were more positive than their ratings of the non-labelled stimulus infant. Depressed mothers did not see their infants more negatively except on one rating. They rated the physical appearance of their own infant more negatively than non-depressed mothers.
Immunohistochemical Studies of Metastatic Germ-Cell Tumors in Retroperitoneal Dissection Specimens: A Sensitive and Specific Panel

Germ-cell tumors (GCTs) are the most common malignancies in adolescent and young men. These tumors are highly treatable, even at an advanced stage; therefore, accurate diagnosis is imperative. In this study, we evaluated immunohistochemical stains for SALL4, NANOG, glypican-3 (GPC3), D2-40, and CD30 with adequate control in retroperitoneal dissection specimens under the same laboratory conditions. The study groups included 31 cases of metastatic testicular GCTs with the following components: 11 seminomas, 14 embryonal carcinoma (ECs), 12 yolk sac tumor (YSTs), 8 teratomas, 10 cases of metastatic melanomas, 14 cases of malignant lymphomas, and 11 cases of metastatic, poorly differentiated carcinoma. SALL4 showed diffuse nuclear labeling for all seminomas, ECs, and YSTs. NANOG showed diffuse nuclear positivity in all seminomas and ECs. Metastatic carcinomas, melanomas, and malignant lymphomas were negative for these 2 markers. Gypican-3, D2-40, and CD30 showed sensitive staining for YSTs, seminomas, and ECs, respectively. In conclusion, SALL4 and NANOG are sensitive and specific markers for GCTs. GPC3, D2-40, and CD30 are sensitive but not specific for individual components of GCTs and may be useful in aiding in the differential diagnosis for the individual component of GCTs when the identity of GCT is established.
Evaporation of uniform antireflection coatings on hemispherical lenses to enhance infrared antenna gain

Infrared dipole-coupled bolometers receive radiation more efficiently when illuminated through a high permittivity, antireflection (AR) coated, hemispherical immersion lens. To maintain the enhanced responsivity for all illumination angles, the AR coating must be uniform over the hemispherical surface. An evaporation method for depositing a uniform AR coating on the hemispherical surface is presented. The lens is tilted relative to the source, which can be either electron-beam or thermal, and rotated throughout the deposition. Evaporation at an angle of 70° yields a uniform film with less than 10% thickness variation over a 120° full angle of the hemispherical surface. A theoretical model is developed and compared to profilometer measurements. In all cases, there is general agreement between theory and measurement. A single dipole is fabricated onto the flat surface of an AR-coated germanium immersion lens and the responsivity is measured for both substrate-side and air-side illumination. With a zinc sulfide (ZnS) single-layer AR coating, substrate-side illumination yields a broadside antenna response 49 ± 2.7 times greater than air-side illumination.
Pea (Pisum sativum) cells arrested in G2 have nascent DNA with breaks between replicons and replication clusters

Abstract DNA fiber autoradiography and alkaline sucrose sedimentation of DNA of cultured pea-root cells ( Pisum sativum ) arrested in G2 by carbohydrate starvation demonstrated that nascent DNA molecules of replicon (16–27 × 10 6 D) and apparent cluster (~330 × 10 6 D) size were not joined. That the arrested cells were in G2 was confirmed by single-cell autoradiography and cytophotometry. In pea there are about 18 replicons per average cluster, 4.2 × 10 3 clusters, and 7.7 × 10 4 replicons per genome.
Histological evidence for cellular adaptation to non-freezing cold injury.

The development and the healing of non-freezing cold injury in ears of rats maintained at 6 °C for 118 days and followed at different times of exposure revealed histological changes of a different ...
PHYLOGENY OF SUBFAMILY EPIDENDROIDEAE (ORCHIDACEAE) INFERRED FROM NDHF CHLOROPLAST GENE SEQUENCES

This project undertakes the first molecular-based phylogenetic study of subfamily Epidendroideae (Orchidaceae). Approximately 1200 nucleotides (from the 3' half of the chloroplast gene ndhF for 34 orchid taxa and a lilioid monocot, Clivia miniata (Amaryllidaceae), were subjected to phylogenetic analysis using parsimony and maximum likelihood methods. Oryza sativa (Poaceae), a nonlilioid monocot, was designated as outgroup. Trees from both parsimony and maximum likelihood methods suggest that subfamily Epidendroideae is monophyletic, with Listera (Neottieae) as sister. Although subtribal relationships are typically well resolved and have strong branch support, intertribal relationships are generally poorly resolved. Perhaps this general lack of resolution among tribes reflects a rapid species radiation that coincided with anatomical, physiological, and anatomical adaptations that initiated large-scale epiphytism in the ancestral Epidendroideae. Six taxa in this study exhibit deletions that are not evenly divisible by three and result in extensive sequence frameshifts. For example, one deletion is 227 bp in length and is flanked by the short direct repeat sequence: TCAATAGGAATTTCTTTT. Multiple deletions and frameshifts suggest that ndhF may be a pseudogene, in at least some orchid taxa.
Strain accumulation on the San Jacinto fault near Riverside, California

Geodimeter measurements from 1969 to 1975 of a geodetic network (aperture 12 km) across the San Jacinto fault near Riverside, California, indicate simple right-lateral shear accumulation at the rate 0.4 +- 0.1 ..mu..strain/y (engineering shear) parallel to the fault. A 12-km level line extending across the fault shows no consistent pattern of elevation change. The measured shear accumulation is interpreted in terms of a conventional dislocation model for strike slip, i.e., continuous slip on the vertical fault beneath a surficial locked zone. The observation of strain accumulation constrains the model to cases in which the ratio of the slip rate to the depth of the locked zone is about 1.2 x 10/sup -6//y (e.g., 25 mm/y slip below 20 km).
Modeling recollision and escape probabilities using the stochastic radiative transfer equation

The spectral invariants of vegetation canopy convey a lot of information on the canopy structure at hierarchical levels. Recent findings of the wavelength independent and scale independent variable — the ratio between the directional escape and the total escape probability — show that it does dependent on the selection of reference leaf albedo in getting correct reflectance values and can be treated as the identifier of macro scale canopy structure (foliage density, aspect ratio, ground cover, tree shape). In order to better utilize this variable in the retrieval algorithm for 3D canopy structure. Model simulation based on the stochastic radiative transfer equation is used to test the sensitivity of this variable to the structural parameters. Hyperspectral and multi-angle data are simulated and analyzed.
Polyphosphoric Acid in The Bischler-Napieralski Reaction*

The use of polyphosphoric acid in syntheses of 1-substituted 3,4-dihydroisoquino-lines from N-acyl phenethylamines has been investigated, and a method of synthesis resulting in greatly improved yields has been developed. Two new heterocyclic bases have been prepared, and several previously unreported derivatives have been listed. A heterocyclic base not previously prepared from an N-acyl phenethylamine has been synthesized.
More Time with Tremor: The Experience of Essential Tremor Versus Parkinson's Disease Patients

BACKGROUND A broad range of tremors occur in patients with essential tremor and Parkinson's disease; despite this, there are virtually no published data that focus on the patient perspective. The aims were to (1) assess the subjective experience of tremor, comparing essential tremor and Parkinson's disease patients, and (2) assess the clinical correlates of that experience (i.e., what specific clinical characteristics were associated with more experienced tremor)? METHODS 121 essential tremor and 100 Parkinson's disease cases enrolled in a cross-sectional, clinical-epidemiological study underwent a detailed clinical assessment, which included a series of standardized questionnaires and neurological examination. The question, "On a typical day, how many waking hours do you have tremor in any body part?", was also administered. RESULTS Essential tremor cases reported more than three times the median number of waking hours experiencing tremor than Parkinson's disease cases: 10.1 ± 7.8 (median 10.0) vs. 5.5 ± 6.3 (median 3.0) hours (p<0.001). A small number of cases (esp., essential tremor) reported spending ≥16 hours/day shaking. Greater number of hours experiencing tremor was associated with female gender, higher Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale scores, greater perceived disability and, in essential tremor, higher Essential Tremor Embarrassment Assessment scores. CONCLUSIONS Essential tremor patients reported more than three times the median number of waking hours experiencing tremor than Parkinson's disease patients. Certain clinical characteristics tracked with more reported tremor, and the number of such hours had clear clinical ramifications - greater number of hours was associated with both psycho-social and functional consequences.
Dental Caries: Racial and Ethnic Disparities Among North Carolina Kindergarten Students.

Objectives. We examined racial/ethnic disparities in dental caries among kindergarten students in North Carolina and the cross-level effects between students’ race/ethnicity and school poverty status.Methods. We adjusted the analysis of oral health surveillance information (2009–2010) for individual-, school-, and county-level variables. We included a cross-level interaction of student’s race/ethnicity (White, Black, Hispanic) and school National School Lunch Program (NSLP) participation (< 75% vs ≥ 75% of students), which we used as a compositional school-level variable measuring poverty among families of enrolled students.Results. Among 70 089 students in 1067 schools in 95 counties, the prevalence of dental caries was 30.4% for White, 39.0% for Black, and 51.7% for Hispanic students. The adjusted difference in caries experience between Black and White students was significantly greater in schools with NSLP participation of less than 75%.Conclusions. Racial/ethnic oral health disparities exist among kin...
Electric field induced structure in X-ray yields from highly ionized oxygen atoms☆

Abstract Structured yield in delayed X-ray emission from hydrogenic oxygen is reported. Varying the electric potential between the exciter foil and a downstream accelerating grid results in a fluctuating behaviour in the yield of delayed X-ray emission.
l-Arginine Chlorination Products Inhibit Endothelial Nitric Oxide Production

The myeloperoxidase-derived oxidant hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is thought to contribute to endothelial dysfunction, but the mechanisms underlying this inhibitory effect are unknown. The present study tested the hypothesis that HOCl and L-arginine (L-Arg) react to form novel compounds that adversely affect endothelial function by inhibiting nitric oxide (NO) formation. Using spectrophotometric techniques, we found that HOCl and L-Arg react rapidly (k = 7.1 x 10(5) m(-1) s(-1)) to form two major products that were identified by mass spectrometry as monochlorinated and dichlorinated adducts of L-Arg. Pretreatment of bovine aortic endothelial cells with the chlorinated L-Arg metabolites (Cl-l-Arg) inhibited the -induced formation of the NO metabolites nitrate (NO(3)(-)) and nitrite (NO(2)(-)) in a concentration-dependent manner. Preincubation of rat aortic ring segments with Cl-L-Arg resulted in concentration-dependent inhibition of acetylcholine-induced relaxation. In contrast, blood vessels relaxed normally to the endothelium-independent vasodilator sodium nitroprusside. In vivo administration of Cl-L-Arg to anesthetized rats increased carotid artery vascular resistance. A greater than 10-fold excess of L-Arg was required to reverse the inhibitory effects of Cl-L-Arg in vivo and in vitro. Reaction of HOCl with D-arginine (D-Arg) did not result in the formation of inhibitory products. These results suggest that HOCl reacts with L-Arg to form chlorinated products that act as nitric-oxide synthase inhibitors.
Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1 Activation by Prolyl 4-Hydroxylase-2 Gene Silencing Attenuates Myocardial Ischemia Reperfusion Injury

Hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) regulates changes in transcription of key genes such as inducible NO synthase (iNOS) in hypoxic/ischemic environments. In normoxia, HIF-1 activation is controlled...
Laser induced spark ignition of methane-oxygen mixtures

Results from an experimental study of laser induced spark ignition of methane-oxygen mixtures are presented. The experiments were conducted at atmospheric pressure and 296 K under laminar pre-mixed and turbulent-incompletely mixed conditions. A pulsed, frequency doubled Nd:YAG laser was used as the ignition source. Laser sparks with energies of 10 mJ and 40 mJ were used, as well as a conventional electrode spark with an effective energy of 6 mJ. Measurements were made of the flame kernel radius as a function of time using pulsed laser shadowgraphy. The initial size of the spark ignited flame kernel was found to correlate reasonably well with breakdown energy as predicted by the Taylor spherical blast wave model. The subsequent growth rate of the flame kernel was found to increase with time from a value less than to a value greater than the adiabatic, unstretched laminar growth rate. This behavior was attributed to the combined effects of flame stretch and an apparent wrinkling of the flame surface due to the extremely rapid acceleration of the flame. The very large laminar flame speed of methane-oxygen mixtures appears to be the dominant factor affecting the growth rate of spark ignited flame kernels, with the mode of ignition having a small effect. The effect of incomplete fuel-oxidizer mixing was found to have a significant effect on the growth rate, one which was greater than could simply be accounted for by the effect of local variations in the equivalence ratio on the local flame speed.
Thermodynamic properties of adsorbed mixtures of benzene and cyclohexane on graphitized carbon and activated charcoal at 30°C

Experimental data at 30/degree/C are reported for the adsorption of mixtures of benzene and cyclohexane on two types of carbon surface: graphitized carbon and activated charcoal. The properties of the adsorbed solution approach those of bulk liquid at vapor saturation for graphitized carbon, but not for activated charcoal. The mixtures adsorbed on graphitized carbon are nonideal, and the deviations from ideality increase with surface coverage. For activated charcoal, the adsorbed mixtures are nearly ideal at all coverages. Mixture behavior for both adsorbents can be predicted without using experimental data for the adsorbed mixtures. 11 refs.
Determinants of proteasome recognition of ornithine decarboxylase, a ubiquitin-independent substrate

Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) is regulated by its metabolic products through a feedback loop that employs a second protein, antizyme 1 (AZ1). AZ1 accelerates the degradation of ODC by the proteasome. We used purified components to study the structural elements required for proteasomal recognition of this ubiquitin-independent substrate. Our results demonstrate that AZ1 acts on ODC to enhance the association of ODC with the proteasome, not the rate of its processing. Substrate-linked or free polyubiquitin chains compete for AZ1-stimulated degradation of ODC. ODC–AZ1 is therefore recognized by the same element(s) in the proteasome that mediate recognition of polyubiquitin chains. The 37 C-terminal amino acids of ODC harbor an AZ1-modulated recognition determinant. Within the ODC C terminus, three subsites are functionally distinguishable. The five terminal amino acids (ARINV, residues 457–461) collaborate with residue C441 to constitute one recognition element, and AZ1 collaborates with additional constituents of the ODC C terminus to generate a second recognition element.
Characteristics of Physical Activity Programs for Older Adults: Results of a Multisite Survey

Purpose: Although increased participation in physical activity by older adults is a major public health goal, little is known about the supply and use of physical activity programs in the United States. Design and Methods: Seven academic centers in diverse geographic areas surveyed physical activity programs for older adults. Five sites conducted surveys by mail with telephone follow-up, and two administered surveys primarily by telephone. Reported program attendance rates were compared with local census data to assess unmet needs. Results: Of the 2,110 targeted facilities, 77% responded. Aerobic programs were offered by 73%, flexibility by 47%, and strength training by 26%. Commercial gyms or YMCAs, senior centers, park or recreation centers, and senior-housing facilities offered 90% of available programs. The 2000 Census enumerated 1,123,401 total older adults across the seven sites. Facilities reported 69,634 individuals as current weekly program participants, equaling 6% of the sites' total older-adult population. This percentage varied from 3% in Pittsburgh to 28% in Colorado. Implications: Based on conservative estimates of demand, the number of physical activity programs would have to increase substantially (by 78%) to meet the needs of older adults. The data also indicate the need to develop more strength-training programs and to engage a higher percentage of older adults in these programs. There is a clear need to stimulate demand for programs through health promotion.
Simulation optimization methodologies

Simulation models can be used as the objective function and/or constraint functions in optimizing stochastic complex systems. This tutorial is not meant to be an exhaustive literature search on simulation optimization techniques. It does not concentrate on explaining well-known general optimization and mathematical programming techniques either. Its emphasis is mostly on issues that are specific to simulation optimization. Even though a lot of effort has been spent to provide a reasonable overview of the field, still there are methods and techniques that have not been covered and valuable works that may not have been mentioned.
Effect of fiber‐mat anisotropy on 1D mold filling in LCM: A numerical investigation

The 1D flow experiment is one of the most common methods to measure the saturated and unsaturated permeabilities as well as to study the unsaturated flow in liquid composite molding (LCM) processes used for manufacturing polymer composites. The effective permeability along a flow direction in an anisotropic fiber mat, which is a function of the principal components of the permeability tensor and the angle between the principal and flow directions, is based on the assumption of uniform 1D flow in the mat. In the present paper, the validity of such unidirectional flow assumption is shown to depend on three factors, i.e., the fiber-mat aspect ratio, the anisotropy ratio (the ratio of the major and minor principal in-plane permeabilities), and the angle of the principal permeability direction. A mold-filling simulation for hardmold LCM processes based on the control volume/finite element formulation is used to investigate how these three factors affect the 1D flow. A new algorithm for applying the uniform inlet-pressure condition prevalent in the 1D flow mold under the constant-flow-rate injection is developed to match the actual conditions in the mold. Our numerical results show that the three aforementioned factors have significant influence on the inletpressure history as well as on the mold-filling pattern. Maximum deviations from the unidirectional flow predictions in the inlet-pressure history as well as the flow-front progress is seen when the principal permeability direction is at an angle of 458 with respect to the flow direction; these deviations worsen with a decrease in the mat aspect ratio and with an increase in the anisotropy ratio. However, the inlet-pressure history remains linear and the progress of the average flow-front remains predictable by the 1D flow theory. POLYM. COMPOS., 29:869–882, 2008. a 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
Group decision-making in an apprenticeship program for youth.

A description of the use of group process and decision-making as a means of preparing disadvantaged youth for aide positions in the human services. Incidents in the group's life are described to demonstrate the kinds of issues that were used to help the youths develop their “coping skills.”
IMAGING AND ANALYSIS FOR DETERMINATION OF CARDIOVASCULAR MECHANICS

Overview of two projects related to determination of in-vivo physiology in the cardiovascular system from magnetic resonance is given. In one instance, we describe a recently developed technique for determining intravascular pressures from MR velocity data which offers advantages over previously proposed approaches. This technique performs harmonics-based orthogonal projection of noisy pressure gradients computed from pulsatile velocity data based on the Navier-Stokes equation onto an integrable subspace and results in a valid dynamic scalar pressure field. In a second instance, an improved framework for estimation of 3-D left-ventricular deformations from tagged MRI is described. Contiguous short- and long-axis tagged MR images are collected and are used within a 4-D B-spline based deformable model to determine 4-D displacements and strains. The framework entails use of both tagged images and 2-D dense displacements obtained from band-pass phase information
A photochemical system for generating free radicals: superoxide, phenoxyl, ferryl and methyl.

The photosensitizer flavin mononucleotide (FMN), in conjunction with the reducing agents diethylenetria-minepentaacetic acid (DTPA), hydrazine and hydroxylamines derived from nitroxides, generates superoxide radicals in a strictly light-dependent reaction in aerobic solution. Addition of superoxide dismutase (SOD) converts this system to a hydrogen peroxide generator. In the presence of horseradish peroxidase the latter system becomes a phenoxyl radical generator with appropriate phenolic substrates. Under anaerobic conditions FMN, hydrogen peroxide and an iron chelate generate ferryl and when this system is combined with dimethylsulfoxide, methyl radicals are produced. All the radicals can be generated with little contamination from other radicals, in high yields and the reaction can be terminated immediately upon cessation of illumination. Useful applications of this photochemical system include ESR studies of transient free radical species.
Patient misidentification in nursing care.

GOAL The goal of the study was to assess the opinions of nurses regarding patient safety associated with patient misidentification. The investigation was focused on actual patient misidentification as well as loss of patient materials (e.g., blood samples, X-rays, etc.). These are problems often associated with patient identification methods and/or confusing patients with the same surname assigned to the same ward. The risks of misidentification incidents pose a considerable threat to patient health especially when the confusion extends to the operating room. Our objective was to identify the potential causes of patient misidentification and offers solutions to correct the issue. METHODS A survey as part of a sociological investigation was carried out through the use of questionnaires. The selected sample included, in accordance with the needs of the project and methodology of the Institute for Health Care Information and Statistics of the Czech Republic, registered nurses working shifts on inpatient wards. The study took place across the Czech Republic between Sept. 15 and 30, 2013. The sample consisted of 772 registered nurses. RESULTS The potential for patient misidentification (PM) was described as negligible by 73.8% of respondents. Only 9.1% of nurses admitted problems associated with patient misidentification. Respondents reported that the greatest potential for patient misidentification was associated with patients having the same surname staying on the same ward. An absolute majority of nurses responded that patient identification wristbands were the most frequently used method to prevent PM. Over 90% (90.6%) of nurses reported that patient ID wristbands were used for all patients. Almost 80% (77.4%) reported the use of positive verbal identification in addition to ID wrist bands. Respondents reported (76.2%) that the most frequently used method to avoid PM in the operating room involved a review of patient documentation. Almost the same number of repondents (74.1%) reported the use of verbal confirmation as a method to avoid PM. Another mechanism included verification of the surgical procedure. ID wristbands and completion of an 'identification protocol' rank among other options mentioned most frequently by respondents. CONCLUSION The study shows that registered nurses regard patient misidentification as a very rare and unlikely event. Nonetheless, statistics suggest otherwise and education, changes in protocols, and new technologies are needed to improve the precision of patient identification.
Inhibition of capacitation in the rabbit.

The effectiveness of antiestrogens and progestins in the inhibition of capacitation in the rabbit uterus and oviduct was studied. The agents tested were 8 mg/day nafoxidine HCL (NHCL) 4 mg/day fluoxymesterone (FM) 4 and 20 mg/day clomiphene citrate (CC) 8 mg/day testosterone (T) 8 mg/day dydrogesterone (D) 4 and 8 mg/day 20alpha-hyd roxyprogesterone (HP) 4 8 40 and 120 mg/day progesterone (P) 4 mg/day norethindrone (NE) and .5 2 5 and 20 mg/day chlormadinone acetate (CA). nhcl fm cc d hp (8 mg/day) NE and CA reduced fertilization though capacitation was still possible. The highest dose of P failed to inhibit capacitation in the oviduct. T and HP (4 mg/day) failed to reduce fertilization. However CC and NE sharply reduced ovulation in all animals (an average of less than 1 egg per rabbit) while 20 mg/day of CC completely inhibited ovulation. CA accelerated the passage of some eggs to the uterus. 8 mg/day of HP 1 mg/day of P and 2 mg/day of CA completely inhibited capacitation in the uterus. The capacitation ability of the oviduct was not impaired by P NE or CA. It was found that 2500 units of P were required to completely abolish the effect of 1 unit of estradiol. It is concluded that the contraceptive effect of the drugs tested are not due to inhibition of capacitation but rather to faulty transport of sperm and eggs inhibiti on of ovulation and production of an environment in the female reproductive tract that is hostile to sperm.
Hardware Annealing Theory

Engineering optimization is an important subject in signal and image processing. A conventional searching technique for finding the optimal solution is to use gradient descent, which finds a direction for the next iteration from the gradient of the objective function. For complicated problems, the gradient descent technique often gets stuck at a local minimum where the objective function has surrounding barriers. In addition, the complexity of most combinational optimization problems increases dramatically with the problem size and makes it very difficult to obtain the global minimum within a reasonable amount of computational time. Several methods have been reported to assist the network output to escape from the local minima [1,2]. For example, the simulated annealing method is a heuristic approach which can be widely applied to the combinational optimization problems [3,4]; the solutions by the simulated annealing technique are close to the global minimum within a polynomial upper bound for the computational time and are independent of initial conditions; and the simulated annealing technique has been successfully applied in VLSI layout generation [5] and noise filtering in image processing [6].
Urban base flow with low impact development

A novel form of urbanization, low impact development (LID), aims to engineer systems that replicate natural hydrologic functioning, in part by infiltrating stormwater close to the impervious surfaces that generate it. We sought to statistically evaluate changes in a base flow regime because of urbanization with LID, specifically changes in base flow magnitude, seasonality, and rate of change. We used a case study watershed in Clarksburg, Maryland, in which streamflow was monitored during whole-watershed urbanization from forest and agricultural to suburban residential development using LID. The 1.11-km2 watershed contains 73 infiltration-focused stormwater facilities, including bioretention facilities, dry wells, and dry swales. We examined annual and monthly flow during and after urbanization (2004–2014) and compared alterations to nearby forested and urban control watersheds. We show that total streamflow and base flow increased in the LID watershed during urbanization as compared with control watersheds. The LID watershed had more gradual storm recessions after urbanization and attenuated seasonality in base flow. These flow regime changes may be because of a reduction in evapotranspiration because of the overall decrease in vegetative cover with urbanization and the increase in point sources of recharge. Precipitation that may once have infiltrated soil, been stored in soil moisture to be eventually transpired in a forested landscape, may now be recharged and become base flow. The transfer of evapotranspiration to base flow is an unintended consequence to the water balance of LID. © 2016 The Authors Hydrological Processes Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Random KNN

We present Random KNN, a novel generalization of traditional nearest-neighbor modeling. Random KNN consists of an ensemble of base k-nearest neighbor classifiers, each constructed from a random subset of the input variables. We study the properties of the proposed Random KNN. Using various datasets, we perform an empirical analysis of Random KNN performance and compare it with recently proposed methods for high-dimensional datasets. It is shown that Random KNN provides significant advantages in both the computational requirement and classification performance.
TLR3 Signaling Is Required For Human Rhinovirus (HRV)-Induced Airways Neutrophilic Inflammation And Hyperresponsiveness But Not Viral Clearance In Experimentally-Infected Mice

Results: One day after infection with HRV1B, TLR3 -/mice showed significantly decreased expression of the neutrophil chemoattractants KC/CXCL1 and MIP-2/CXCL2, and decreased whole lung neutrophil counts compared to HRV-infected wt mice. TLR3-/mice also displayed significantly decreased airway cholinergic responsiveness after HRV infection. However, compared to wt mice, TLR3 -/mice showed no significant differences in viral titer, viral RNA or type I IFN expression. TLR3 -/mice showed partial reductions in type II and III IFN expression.
Surveillance and analysis of human enterovirus in environmental water in Guizhou Province

Objective Research Guizhou Provincial Environmental water enteroviruses(EV),Especially poliovirus(PV) infection and distribution,Provide a scientific basis for the final eradication of polio.program.Methods Environmental water samples were adopted the methods of virus isolation、virus identification and nucleotide sequencing after go by concentration.Results 14 samples(63.6%) found positive in samples of water,with 3 poliovirus strains and 58 non-polio enterovirus(NPEV) strains.Conclusions Enteroviruses was widespread in environmental water,isolated 3 poliovirus were vaccine-associated poliovirus strains with no variation and no cycle in environmental and population.Polio-free states were maintained in Guizhou province.
Design and Optimization of a 380–12 V High-Frequency, High-Current LLC Converter With GaN Devices and Planar Matrix Transformers

Data centers demand high-current, high-efficiency, and low-cost power solutions. The high-voltage dc distribution power architecture has been drawing attention due to its lower conduction loss on cables and harnesses. In this structure, the 380–12 V high output current isolated converter is the key stage. This paper presents a 1-MHz 1-kW LLC resonant converter using GaN devices and planar matrix transformers that are designed and optimized for this application. The transformer design and the optimization of the output capacitor termination are performed and verified. Finally, this cost-effective converter achieves above 97% peak efficiency and 700-W/in $^{{{3}}}$ power density.
Reimbursement for oral anticancer drugs.

Ifosfamide has shown promising single-agent activity in non-small cell lung cancer. We combined ifosfamide (1,800 mg/m2, plus 1,100 mg/m2 of mesna by intravenous continuous infusion daily for 3 days) with cisplatin (20 mg/m2 intravenously for 3 days) and etoposide (80 mg/m2 intravenously for 3 days) and treated 41 patients with recurrent or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer who had received no prior systemic chemotherapy. Fifteen (40.5%) of the 37 evaluable patients had objective responses (one complete and 14 partial). Patients with a good Zubrod performance status (ie, 0 or 1) had a higher response rate than those with poor performance status (ie, 2) (11 of 21 [52.4%] v 4 of 16 [25.0%]), but the difference was not statistically significant (P = .09). Median survival was 28 weeks for all patients and 59+ weeks for responders, with 11 patients still alive after a median follow-up of 59 weeks (range, 51 to 77 weeks). Overall, treatment was well tolerated, with granulocytopenia being the most frequent toxicity. Considering the pooled response rate of 32% with a cisplatin/etoposide regimen and the previous experience from our institution, the results with this three-drug regimen are encouraging, and its further investigation is warranted, particularly for patients who have good performance status and in a neoadjuvant setting.
$$ \left\{ {114} \right\} \langle 4\overline{8} 1\rangle $$ Annealing texture in twin-roll casting non-oriented 6.5 wt% Si electrical steel

Twin-roll casting was adopted to fabricate a 2.7-mm-thick material of the non-oriented 6.5 wt% Si electrical steel, which was then hot rolled, warm rolled, and annealed. A detailed study of the microstructural and textural evolutions in the whole processing route was conducted by optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and electron backscattered diffraction. Beneficial λ-fiber texture, strong $$ \left\{ {114} \right\} \langle 4\overline{8} 1\rangle, $$ and Goss textures dominated the annealing texture. Special attention was focused on the origin and evolution of the $$ \left\{ {114} \right\} \langle 4\overline{8} 1\rangle $$ texture during the annealing process. The results showed that the nucleation sites of the $$ \left\{ {114} \right\} \langle 4\overline{8} 1\rangle $$ nuclei were not only confined to deformation bands of the deformed $$ \left\{ {001} \right\} \langle 1\overline{1} 0\rangle $$ grain but also widely distributed in many other deformation heterogeneities of the warm-rolled sheet. The high similarities demonstrated by the nucleation and recrystallization textures, and the gradually intensified $$ \left\{ {114} \right\} \langle 4\overline{8} 1\rangle $$ recrystallization texture indicated the combined operations of the oriented nucleation and oriented growth mechanisms during the evolution of the $$ \left\{ {114} \right\} \langle 4\overline{8} 1\rangle $$ recrystallization texture. After recrystallization, some $$ \left\{ {114} \right\} \langle 4\overline{8} 1\rangle $$ grains which already acquired the advantage in grain size over those clustered $$ \left\{ {111} \right\} \langle 1\overline{2} 1\rangle $$ grains due to the orientation pinning effect tended to gain further growth during the grain growing stage, resulting in the prevalence of the $$ \left\{ {114} \right\} \langle 4\overline{8} 1\rangle $$ annealing texture.
Stable isotope variations (δ18O and δD) in modern waters across the Andean Plateau

Abstract Environmental parameters that influence the isotopic composition of meteoric water (δ18O and δD) are well characterized up the windward side of mountains, where orographic precipitation results in a predictable relationship between the isotopic composition of precipitation and elevation. The topographic and climatic evolution of the Andean Plateau and surrounding regions has been studied extensively by exploiting this relationship through the use of paleowater proxies. However, interpretation on the plateau itself is challenged by a poor understanding of processes that fractionate isotopes during vapor transport and rainout, and by the relative contribution of unique moisture sources. Here, we present an extensive dataset of modern surface water samples for the northern Andean Plateau and surrounding regions to elucidate patterns and causes of isotope fractionation in this continental environment. These data show a progressive increase in δ18O of stream water west of the Eastern Cordillera (∼1‰/70 km), almost identical to the rate observed across the Tibetan Plateau, attributed to a larger fraction of recycled water in precipitation and/or increased evaporative enrichment downwind. This may lead to underestimates of paleoelevation, particularly for sites deep into the rainshadow of the Eastern Cordilleran crest. That said, elevation is a primary control on the isotopic composition of surface waters across the entire Andean Plateau and its flanks when considering the most negative δ18O values, highlighting the need for sufficiently large datasets to distinguish minimally evaporated samples. There is a general increase in δ18O on the plateau from north to south, concomitant with an increase in aridity and decrease in convective moistening (amount effect). Lastly, stable isotope and seasonal precipitation patterns suggest easterlies provide the vast majority of moisture that falls as precipitation across the Andean Plateau and Western Cordillera, from Peru to northern Bolivia (−13° to −20° latitude), with Pacific-derived moisture contributing a minor amount at low elevations near the coast.
Dual-band Chireix combining network

This work presents a novel arbitrary dual-band Chireix power combining network, for which bandpass filter theory is extended to achieve dual-band performance. The two frequencies (4.4 GHz and 5.2 GHz) at which the Chireix outphasing combiner is tuned are designed by selecting the two cutoff frequencies of a bandpass filter. The filter is implemented using a modified stepped impedance structure. Synthesis, design methodology and implementation of the proposed network is presented in this paper. Measurement results of the microstrip power combining network show good agreement with the simulated results, verifying the theory and the proposed design methodology.
Dependence of grain size and defect density on the magnetic properties of mechanically alloyed Fe90W10 powder

Mechanical alloying was used to synthesize nanocrystalline Fe90W10 powders from high purity Fe and W powders. X-ray diffraction measurements showed that the formation of BCC Fe-W solid solution occurred after 32 h of milling. The Scherrer-Debye and Williamson–Hall equations revealed that grain size reduction and defect creation were achieved during the milling process. There is a decrease of grain size from about 53 nm to about 6 nm after 80 h of milling. Williamson and Smallman's equation was also used to calculate the dislocation density. The result shows an increase in the dislocation density with increasing milling time. The grain size and defect characteristics were correlated with magnetic measurements. Magnetization versus magnetic field curves recorded using a vibrating sample magnetometer were utilized to obtain coercivity and saturation magnetization at different temperatures. As W is continually dissolved in the Fe lattice, the change in coercivity seems to be minimal until the completion of so...
Repair of ascending aortic aneurysms following cardiac transplantation

Ascending aortic aneurysms arising from the native aorta following cardiac transplantation are rare. We report two patients who developed aneurysms of the native ascending aorta requiring surgical repair post-transplantation. Both patients underwent ascending and hemi-arch replacement and recovered uneventfully. Heart transplant patients with pre-existing aortic dilation/ectasia may display more rapid aneurysmal growth compared to non-transplant patients. Therefore close observation is warranted in these patients.
Bounded Rationality: The Adaptive Toolbox

(2002). Bounded Rationality: The Adaptive Toolbox. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 232-234.
Processing and Reliability of Solder Interconnections in Stacked Packaging

Three-dimensional (3D) packaging, whether stacked die or stacked packages, has been a critical enabler in the further miniaturization and increased functionality of hand-held, consumer electronics. Similarly, reducing the size, weight, and power (SWaP) requirements of high-reliability electronics is an omnipresent goal of the military, space, and satellite communities. Yet, there remains to be an information gap with respect to the long-term performance of 3D packaging in high-reliability electronics that has not been sufficiently addressed by the original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) of consumer products. This chapter helps to fill this gap by highlighting the materials, processes, and growing reliability database of the stacked-package variant within 3D technology. Emphasis is placed on the solder interconnections used to assemble individual packages together as well as the second-level interconnections made between the stacked package and the printed circuit board (PCB). After a brief description of the seemingly divergent reliability requirements between consumer and high-reliability electronics, the discussion turns to the materials and soldering processes used in the assembly of the two common stacked packaging formats—package-on-package (PoP) and package-on-package-on-package (PoPoP). The next section examines solder joint reliability, including service conditions versus accelerated aging tests as well as the impacts of encapsulants and underfills on the long-term performance of PoP and PoPoP interconnections. Particular attention is given to computational modeling that will most certainly be a required toolset for predicting the solder joint reliability of these complex structures. Concluding remarks address the future trends of stacked packages and their potential to significantly enhance the functionality of high-reliability systems while also reducing SWaP.
Distributed adaptive beam nulling to mitigate jamming in 3D UAV mesh networks

With the advancement of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), 3D wireless mesh networks will play a crucial role in next generation mission critical wireless networks. Along with providing coverage over difficult terrain, it provides better spectral utilization through 3D spatial reuse. However, being a wireless network, 3D meshes are vulnerable to jamming/disruptive attacks. A jammer can disrupt the communication, as well as control of the network by intelligently causing interference to a set of nodes. This paper presents a distributed mechanism of avoiding jamming attacks by means of 3D spatial filtering where adaptive beam nulling is used to keep the jammer in null region in order to bypass jamming. Kalman filter based tracking mechanism is used to estimate the most likely trajectory of the jammer from noisy observation of the jammer's position. A beam null border is determined by calculating confidence region of jammer's current and next position estimates. An optimization goal is presented to calculate optimal beam null that minimizes the number of deactivated links while maximizing the higher value of confidence for keeping the jammer inside the null. The survivability of a 3D mesh network with a mobile jammer is studied through simulation that validates an 96.65% reduction in the number of jammed nodes.
Race Differences on a Reading Comprehension Test With and Without Passages

Previous research has found that test takers can score above chance level on reading comprehension tests even when the passages are omitted. The present research investigated whether the effect would vary as a function of race. In Study 1, 386 participants completed a reading test with the passages omitted. General mental ability and race were significantly correlated with test performance. In Study 2, 827 job applicants completed the test as part of an entry-level selection battery. Eliminating items for which large race differences existed in Study 1 had no real effect on the size of the Black-White mean difference.
Sparse group testing codes for low-energy massive random access

We present random access protocols for machinetype communication where a massive number of low-energy wireless devices want to occasionally transmit short information packets. We focus on the device discovery problem, with extensions to joint discovery and data transmission as well as data transmission without communicating the device identities. We formulate this problem as a combinatorial group testing problem, where the goal is to exactly identify the set of at most d defective items from a pool of n items. We translate the energy constraint at the wireless physical layer to a constraint on the number of tests each item can participate in, and study the resulting “sparse” combinatorial group testing problem. The celebrated result for the combinatorial group testing problem is that the number of tests t can be made logarithmic in n when d = O (log n). However, state-of-the-art group testing codes require the items to be tested w = Ω(d log n/ log d + log log n) times. In our sparse setting, we restrict the number of tests each item can participate in by w max . We show that t decreases suddenly from n to (d + 1)√n when w max is increased from d to d + 1. If w max = ld + 1 for any positive integer l such that ld + 1 ≤ l+1√n we can achieve t = (ld + 1)n1/(i+1). We also prove a nearly matching lower bound. These results reveal a favorable trade-off between energy and spectral efficiency for random access.