cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solar Distillation-Puerto Penasco Experience: ABSTRACT

Since the late 1800s, there have been numerous attempts to develop economical systems for solar distillation. Initially these were simple single-effect, glass-covered stills. During the 1950s, as a result of support from the Office of Saline Water of the U.S. Department of the Interior, many efforts to develop a multiple-effect solar still were undertaken. The University of Arizona developed a multiple-effect, humidification-cycle, solar-powered distillation unit that was installed in Puerto Penasco, Sonora, Mexico, in 1962. This unit operated successfully until 1965, when it was converted from solar energy to waste-thermal energy from a diesel-electric set. At the time of the discontinuation of its operation, it was the premise of the University of Arizona that the major obstacle to the development of an economical solar distillation system was inadequate low-cost materials that would provide a reasonable service life in a solar-energy application. With the current renaissance of interest now in solar energy, it is hoped that the necessary long-term development programs will be established to improve the probability of successful solar-energy applications in the future. The paper presents some thoughts as to the direction in which future research should go. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1440------------
Wave propagation and energy exchange in a spatio-temporal material composite with rectangular microstructure☆

We consider propagation of waves through a spatio-temporal doubly periodic material structure with rectangular microgeometry in one spatial dimension and time. Both spatial and temporal periods in this dynamic material are assumed to be of the same order of magnitude. A “double Floquet” solution is obtained in the special case when the wave equation (ρut)t−(kuz)z=0 allows for the separation of variables. We also consider a checkerboard microgeometry where variables cannot be separated. The squares in a space–time checkerboard are assumed to be filled with materials having equal impedance but different phase speeds. Within certain parameter ranges, we observe numerically the formation of distinct and stable limiting characteristic paths (“limit cycles”) that attract neighbouring characteristics after a few time periods. The average speed of propagation along the limit cycles remains the same throughout certain ranges of parameters of the microgeometry (the “plateau effect”). We formulate, as a hypothesis, the statement saying that a checkerboard structure is on a plateau if and only if it yields stable limit cycles. A dynamic material is a thermodynamically open system, as it is involved in a permanent exchange of energy and momentum with the environment. Material assemblages that produce the limit cycles are special in this aspect. Specifically, to make a wave travel through such an assemblage, we find analytically that an external agent may need to supply infinite energy and this may be so regardless of the wave frequency. For spatio-temporal laminates, however, an accumulation of energy (parametric resonance) may emerge only for frequencies that are not too low relative to some characteristic frequency of the system.
18F-FDG PET/CT and Lung Cancer: Value of Fourth and Subsequent Posttherapy Follow-up Scans for Patient Management

The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services recently ruled that only 3 posttherapy follow-up 18F-FDG PET/CT scans are funded for a tumor type per patient and any additional follow-up PET/CT scans will be funded at the discretion of the local Medicare administrator. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the added value of 4 or more follow-up PET/CT scans to clinical assessment and impact on patient management. Methods: This was an institutional review board–approved, retrospective study. A total of 1,171 patients with biopsy-proven lung cancer who had undergone 18F-FDG PET/CT at a single tertiary center from 2001 to 2013 were identified. Among these, 85 patients (7.3%) had undergone 4 or more follow-up PET/CT scans, for a total of 285 fourth and subsequent follow-up PET/CT scans. Median follow-up from the fourth follow-up PET/CT scan was 31.4 mo (range, 0–155.2 mo). The follow-up PET/CT scan results were correlated with clinical assessment and treatment changes. Results: Of the 285 fourth and subsequent follow-up PET/CT scans, 149 (52.28%) were interpreted as positive and 136 (47.7%) as negative for recurrence or metastasis. A total of 47 patients (55.3%) died during the study period. PET/CT identified recurrence or metastasis in 44.3% of scans performed without prior clinical suspicion and ruled out recurrence or metastasis in 24.2% of scans performed with prior clinical suspicion. The PET/CT scan resulted in a treatment change in 28.1% (80/285) of the patients. New treatment was initiated for 20.4% (58/285) of the scans, treatment was changed in 5.6% (16/285), and ongoing treatment was stopped in 2.1% (6/285). Conclusion: The fourth and subsequent 18F-FDG PET/CT scans performed during follow-up after completion of primary treatment added value to clinical assessment and changed management 28.1% of the time.
Bivalent ligands with long nanometer-scale flexible linkers.

High-affinity ligands recognizing biomolecules with high specificity are crucial for drug discovery and biomolecule detection. We describe here a simple approach to preparing aptamer-based ligands ...
An evidence-based approach to hormonal contraception and headaches

Some controversy exists regarding contraceptive management in women with migraines, particularly migraines with aura. The available scientific literature indicates that combined hormonal contraception is safe with most headache subtypes. However, it should be avoided in women with migraine with aura and women with simple migraines who have other risk factors for stroke. Progestin only contraceptives as well as the copper intrauterine device can be safely used in women with migraines. Accurate classification of a patient's headache type can avoid unnecessary restriction of effective contraceptive methods, particularly those containing estrogen.
Endogenous Inhibitor of Bone Cell Proliferation

AbstractA substance recovered from the medium of embryonic chick bones growing in organ culture inhibits the proliferation of chick calvarial bone cells in vitro. This inhibition of proliferation occurs within 3 hr after exposure of the cells to the inhibitory substance (IS) in a manner which does not appear to affect the protein synthesis or the gross morphology of the cells. The medium from which IS is obtained can be diluted 500-fold and still retain significant inhibitory activity. Cells in culture spontaneously escape the inhibition of a single dose of IS within 24 hr of exposure, however, upon further addition of IS to these cells inhibition of proliferation is again observed. Cells derived from chick bone as well as rat and human bone are more sensitive to the inhibition than are chick dermal fibroblasts and chick liver and muscle cells. IS is not destroyed after treatment of the conditioned medium with trypsin, phospholipase A2, RNase, neuraminidase, or heat. IS is also not a commonly produced pro...
Isolation of a stem cell for neurons and glia from the mammalian neural crest

We have isolated mammalian neural crest cells using a monoclonal antibody to the low affinity NGF receptor, and established conditions for the serial propagation of these cells in clonal culture to assess their developmental potential. This analysis indicates that, first, single mammalian neural crest cells are multipotent, able to generate at least neurons and Schwann cells like their avian counterparts. Second, multipotent neural crest cells generate multipotent progeny, indicating that they are capable of self-renewal and therefore are stem cells. Third, multipotent neural crest cells also generate some clonal progeny that form only neurons or glia, suggesting the production of committed neuroblasts and glioblasts. Manipulation of the substrate alters the fate of the multipotent cells. These findings have implications for models of neural crest development in vivo, and establish a system for studying the generation of cellular diversity by a multipotent stem cell in vitro.
Previous cesarean delivery and the risk of ectopic pregnancy

Objective To determine whether previous cesarean delivery is an independent risk factor for ectopic pregnancy. Methods We analyzed data collected between October 1988 and August 1990 from a case-control study of ectopic pregnancy among parous, black, non-Hispanic women, 18–44 years old, at a major metropolitan hospital in Georgia. Cases were 138 women with confirmed ectopic pregnancy; controls were 842 women either seeking abortion or delivering an infant. Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate the relative risk while controlling for the effects of potential confounders selected a priori. Results Adjusted for age, parity, marital status, history of pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, douching, and smoking, the odds ratio was 0.6 (95% confidence interval 0.4–1.1), indicating no significant association. Conclusion: We found no evidence of an increased risk of ectopic pregnancy related to previous cesarean delivery.
Cultural bias in the WISC

Abstract It is often argued that IQ differences between groups of American Blacks and Whites are the result of IQ tests being culturally biased instruments. The present study attempts to determine the existence of cultural bias in the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) by comparing Black and White children on: (1) loadings of the first principal component on the WISC subtests; (2) the rank order of item difficulty; (3) measuring the contribution to the total variance of the Race by Item interaction obtained by ANOVA; (4) and by attempting to stimulate race differences by within-race age differences. The results indicate that: (1) there is no evidence of specific factors peculiar to either racial group (the groups differ on what is common to all subtests); (2) the rank order of item difficulties is similar in both racial groups; (3) ANOVA reveals a significant Race by Item interaction, but one which accounts for less than five percent of the total variance, less than one percent in the case of age offset analysis; (4) the items which best discriminate between Blacks and Whites at any age level are also the items which best discriminate between age groups within-race. The data support the view that race differences are differences in mental maturity rather than in artifact of biased testing instruments.
SUBCORTICAL LESIONS AND MAZE RETENTION IN THE RAT.

With intracranial electric shock in the posterior hypothalamus as the source of positive reinforcement, eleven rats were trained to run and “count” in an operant version of the Lashley III maze. In seven animals, bilateral lesions were made in anterior medial forebrain bundle regions; in four animals bilateral lesions were made in anterior thalamic and caudate regions. In earlier experiments anterior medial forebrain bundle lesions had failed to abolish a simple Skinner box behavior rewarded by electric stimulation in the posterior hypothalamus. The possibility was raised that if the response were more complex, lesions in anterior medial forebrain bundle, severing connections between paleocortex and hypothalamus, might cause deficits. The data confirmed this supposition. Four weeks after lesions in anterior medial forebrain bundle, there was almost total deficit in maze and counting behavior. Thirteen weeks after lesions some recovery had occurred, but counting still showed large deficits. Independent Skinner box tests showed that most of these rats were still reinforced by the hypothalamic stimulation. Lesions in thalamic and caudate areas caused minor and temporary deficits. The conclusion was drawn that paleocortical-hypothalamic connections are important when hypothalamic stimulation is used to reinforce behaviors which are complex in character in the sense of drawing upon memory or integrative factors.
Estrous behavior and ovarian activity in peripuberal heifers.

Abstract The reproductive tracts of 37 Holstein heifers were examined per rectum twice weekly beginning at least 30 days before the first ovulation and continuing until 10 days after the seventh ovulation to determine estrous and ovarian activity in peripuberal heifers. The signs of first estrus occurred at an average of 279 days of age while the first corpus luteum was not detected until 30 days later (P 0.05). The differences in interestrual intervals for cycles accompanied by silent, nonstanding and standing estrous behavior and by different ovarian conditions (P>0.05) were not significant. Silent, nonstanding and standing estrous occurred during 7%, 25%, and 68% of 245 estrous cycles respectively. The occurrence of standing estrus increased from the first to seventh cycle (P Normal corpora lutea occurred during 61% of 245 cycles, cystic corpora lutea during 14%, anovulation during 14% and cystic follicles during 11% of the cycles. The occurrence of anovulation decreased from first to seventh estrus while the occurrence of corpora lutea increased during the same period (P
Assay of 2′,5′-oligoadenylate phosphodiesterase activity in mouse L-cell extracts

Abstract A rapid and convenient assay for adenylyl(2′ → 5′)adenosine(A2′p5′A) or adenylyl(3′ → 5′)adenosine(A3′p5′A) phosphodiesterase activities is described. The dinucleotides A3′p5′A and A2′p5′A were labeled to a high specific activity by means of a catalytic-exchange procedure. Degradation studies of each of these labeled dinucleotides showed an asymmetrical distribution of label between the two adenine bases. Enzymatic degradation of [ 3 H]A3′p5′A or [ 3 H]A2′p5′A could be quantitated by first digesting the reaction products with bacterial alkaline phosphatase and then adding a slurry of DEAE-Sephadex. Under conditions described, adenosine did not adsorb to the resin, whereas dinucleotides as well as AMP did adsorb. As a consequence, when liquid scintillation fluid was added to the DEAE-Sephadex reaction mixture slurry, the radioactivity of the dinucleotides and AMP was severely quenched. This permitted a direct estimation of the amount of adenosine liberated during the phosphodiesterase degradation and subsequent alkaline phosphatase digestion. This method was applied to the measurement of A2′p5′A degrading activities in extracts of mouse L cells. Extracts from control mouse L cells were as active in degrading A2′p5′A as extracts from interferon pretreated cells.
Does Person-Organization Fit Mediate the Relationship Between Public Service Motivation and the Job Performance of Public Employees?:

Public service motivation (PSM) is argued to be a meaningful predictor of the performance of employees in public organizations. Many scholars predict that as the level of PSM increases, the performance of public employees will also increase. Unfortunately, existing research has yet to fully support this hypothesis. Two published studies that tested this hypothesis have come to different conclusions. This study investigated whether Person—Organization Fit (P—O Fit) mediates the relationship between PSM and the self-reported performance of public employees, using structural equation modeling. Using a sample of 205 public employees randomly drawn from three public organizations, this study found that PSM had no significant direct impact on the performance of public employees, when P—O Fit was taken into account. The implications of this study and areas of future research are discussed.
Reciprocity and Fairness in Medium Access Control Games

In wireless communication systems users compete for communication opportunities through a medium access control protocol. Previous research has shown that selfish behavior in medium access games could lead to inefficient and unfair resource allocation. We introduce a new notion of reciprocity in a medium access game and derive the corresponding Fairness Nash equilibrium. Further, using mechanism design we show that this type of reciprocity can remove unfair/inefficient equilibrium solutions.
Volatilization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from coal-tar-sealed pavement.

Coal-tar-based pavement sealants, a major source of PAHs to urban water bodies, are a potential source of volatile PAHs to the atmosphere. An initial assessment of volatilization of PAHs from coal-tar-sealed pavement is presented here in which we measured summertime gas-phase PAH concentrations 0.03 m and 1.28 m above the pavement surface of seven sealed (six with coal-tar-based sealant and one with asphalt-based sealant) and three unsealed (two asphalt and one concrete) parking lots in central Texas. PAHs also were measured in parking lot dust. The geometric mean concentration of the sum of eight frequently detected PAHs (RPAH8) in the 0.03-m samples above sealed lots (1320 ng m � 3 ) during the hottest part of the day was 20 times greater than that above unsealed lots (66.5 ng m � 3 ). The geometric mean concentration in the 1.28-m samples above sealed lots (138 ng m � 3 ) was five times greater than
Nonlinear optimization and approximation

Abstract This paper is concerned with nonlinear optimization problems in normed linear spaces. Necessary and sufficient conditions for optimal points are given and the range of applicability of these conditions is studied. The results are applied to nonlinear approximation problems.
Effects of Ketamine in Normal and Schizophrenic Volunteers

This study evaluates the effects of ketamine on healthy and schizophrenic volunteers (SVs) in an effort to define the detailed behavioral effects of the drug in a psychosis model. We compared the effects of ketamine on normal and SVs to establish the comparability of their responses and the extent to which normal subjects might be used experimentally as a model. Eighteen normal volunteers (NVs) and 17 SVs participated in ketamine interviews. Some (n = 7 NVs; = 9 SVs) had four sessions with a 0.1–0.5 mg/kg of ketamine and a placebo; others ( = 11 NVs; = 8 SVs) had two sessions with one dose of ketamine (0.3 mg/kg) and a placebo. Experienced research clinicians used the BPRS to assess any change in mental status over time and documented the specifics in a timely way. In both volunteer groups, ketamine induced a dose-related, short (<30 min) increase in psychotic symptoms. The scores of NVs increased on both the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) psychosis subscale (p = .0001) and the BPRS withdrawal subscale (p = .0001), whereas SVs experienced an increase only in positive symptoms (p = .0001). Seventy percent of the patients reported an increase (i.e., exacerbation) of previously experienced positive symptoms. Normal and schizophrenic groups differed only on the BPRS withdrawal score. The magnitude of ketamine-induced changes in positive symptoms was similar, although the psychosis baseline differed, and the dose-response profiles over time were superimposable across the two populations. The similarity between ketamine-induced symptoms in SVs and their own positive symptoms suggests that ketamine provides a unique model of psychosis in human volunteers. The data suggest that the phencyclidine (PCP) model of schizophrenia maybe a more valid human psychosis/schizophrenia drug model than the amphetamine model, with a broader range of psychotic symptoms. This study indicates that NVs could be used for many informative experimental psychosis studies involving ketamine interviews.
Characterization of a Novel Epidermal‐Growth‐Factor‐Receptor‐Related 200‐kDa Tyrosine Kinase in Tumor Cells

We have detected a tyrosine-phosphorylated 200-kDa protein in two human tumor cell lines, A1235 glioma and A172 glioblastoma. The protein is an integral plasma membrane sialoglycoprotein with tyrosine kinase activity. The interesting characteristic of this protein (gp200) is that it is recognized by a number of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies to the 170-kDa epidermal-growth-factor (EGF) receptor; however, it lacks detectable EGF-binding activity. gp200 differs from three other EGF-receptor-related proteins, erb-B-2, erb-B-3 and erb-B-4 gene products, and hence appears to be yet another member of the EGF-receptor family of proteins. This is further strengthened by the fact that both gp200 and the EGF receptor contain a common epitope which is recognized by an anti-peptide IgG to the β-type platelet-derived-growth-factor (PDGF) receptor. Our previous studies [Bishayee, S., Majumdar, S., Scher, C. D. & Khan, S. (1988) Mol. Cell. Biol. 8, 3696–3702] have demonstrated that this epitope in the PDGF receptor is highly susceptible to the phosphorylation state of the receptor and that such a conformational change appears to be important in biological message transmission. The expression of gp200, which appears to have tyrosine kinase activity and is immununologically related to the EGF receptor in tumor cells, suggests its possible involvement in cell growth.
Implications of Yang–Lee theory for densities in the critical region

Abstract By fitting the density of zeros of the grand partition function, in the neighborhood of transition and critical points, to functional forms consistent with the qualitative behavior expected from the Yang–Lee Theory of phase transitions, we show that the Yang–Lee theory implies (or is at least consistent with) scaling. We show that in scaling experimental data the reference density and chemical potentials should not be, in general, the critical values, but rather values associated with coexistence or with maxima in the isothermal compressibility. As an example we display data for water.
Restraint stress fails to render C57BL/6 mice susceptible to Theiler's virus-induced demyelination.

Objectives: Multiple sclerosis is a degenerative disease of the CNS with a pathology consistent with immunological mediation. Although its cause is unknown, multiple factors are thought to influence both the onset and exacerbation of the disease, including both genetic background as well as environmental factors. Methods: We are interested in the effect of psychological stress on the onset and exacerbation of Theiler’s virus-induced demyelinating disease (TVID), a murine model of MS in which viral persistence facilitates demyelination. In the current study, we determined whether chronic restraint stress (RS)-induced immunosuppression could result in the establishment of a persistent CNS infection in the normally TVID-resistant C57BL/6 mouse strain, resulting in demyelination. Results: Our data indicated that RS repeated over the course of 7 days was not sufficient to cause decreases in virus-specific adaptive immunity, and did not significantly alter CNS viral levels. Furthermore, chronic repeated RS lasting until 4 weeks after infection altered neither the development of virus-specific IgG nor motor function determined by Rotarod analysis. In addition, histological analysis of the CNS of stressed mice indicated no inflammation or demyelination on day 193 after infection. Conclusion: These results suggest that stress alone is not sufficient to overcome genetic resistance to TVID in the C57BL/6 mouse strain.
Stoichiometry and physical chemistry of promiscuous aggregate-based inhibitors.

Many false positives in early drug discovery owe to nonspecific inhibition by colloid-like aggregates of organic molecules. Despite their prevalence, little is known about aggregate concentration, structure, or dynamic equilibrium; the binding mechanism, stoichiometry with, and affinity for enzymes remain uncertain. To investigate the elementary question of concentration, we counted aggregate particles using flow cytometry. For seven aggregate-forming molecules, aggregates were not observed until the concentration of monomer crossed a threshold, indicating a “critical aggregation concentration” (CAC). Above the CAC, aggregate count increased linearly with added organic material, while the particles dispersed when diluted below the CAC. The concentration of monomeric organic molecule is constant above the CAC, as is the size of the aggregate particles. For two compounds that form large aggregates, nicardipine and miconazole, we measured particle numbers directly by flow cytometry, determining that the aggr...
Born To Be Good, by Dacher Keltner

Born To Be Good, by Dacher Keltner, New York, W.W. Norton Publishers, 2009, 336 pp., US$16.95, ISBN 9780393337136 I am a senior psychology major at the University of Missouri, exploring options for...
Weak infinitesimal generator for a stochastic partialdifferential equation with time delay

In this paper, we consider the Markov solution process for a stochastic parabolic differential equation with time delay. Under the Lipschitz condition and boundedness on the drift and diffusion coefficient, properties of the weak infinitesimal generator of the associated Markov operators are established. Actions of the weak infinitesimal generator on the space of quasi-tame functions are also investigated.
Animal models of maple syrup urine disease

Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is an inherited aminoacidopathy resulting from dysfunction of the branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase (BCKDH) complex. This disease is currently treated primarily by dietary restriction of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs). However, dietary compliance is often challenging. Conversely, liver transplantation significantly improves outcomes, but donor organs are scarce and there are high costs and potential risks associated with this invasive procedure. Therefore, improved treatment options for MSUD are needed. Development of novel treatments could be facilitated by animal models that accurately mimic the human disease. Animal models provide a useful system in which to explore disease mechanisms and new preclinical therapies. Here we review MSUD and currently available animal models and their corresponding relevance to the human disorder. Using animal models to gain a more complete understanding of the pathophysiology behind the human disease may lead to new or improved therapies to treat or potentially cure the disorder.
Achievement and avoidance motivational orientations in the domain of mentoring

Abstract To extend research on fundamental motivational orientations into a new domain, we explored the achievement (positive) and avoidance (negative) orientations of formal organization-based mentors and proteges as joint predictors of personal learning experienced by both parties. We also examined the extent of mentoring functions provided by mentors as a hypothesized partial mediator. Regression analyses of 8-month data from 61 dyads revealed that mentors’ personal learning was predicted by proteges’ achievement (positive) and avoidance (negative) orientations, whereas proteges’ personal learning was predicted by their own achievement orientation (positive). Although the extent of mentoring functions facilitated personal learning equally among mentors and proteges, it did not function as a mediator. Finally, mentor–protege congruence on achievement orientation had implications for the personal learning of proteges.
Experimental Study of Formation Alignment of Multiple Autonomous Air-levitated Vehicles with Rule-based Controls

An experimental study is made on the alignment of three autonomous air-levitated vehicles with air-jet controls to achieve an equilateral-triangle formation.
Semiclassical stochastic trajectory treatment of the scattering of molecules from (non-rigid, structured) solid surfaces

In this paper, we use a semiclassical stochastic trajectory (SST) dynamical formulation to investigate the scattering of a molecule from a non-rigid and structured solid surface. State-to-state rotational and vibrational transition probabilities have been calculated for H2 colliding with a solid whose phonon structure is modeled by that of Pt(111). Several different surface temperatures and four interaction potentials with various corrugations were considered. We found that the degeneracy summed and averaged transition probabilities were insensitive to both temperature and corrugation and were dominated by the Δ m = 0 transition. The amount of energy transfer from H2 to a solid surface was negligible compared with the initial kinetic energy of 0.1 eV while the fraction of kinetic-to-rotational energy transfer could be as large as 0.22. We have tested the validity of a decoupling approximation in which a molecular internal state is not coupled to other states with different magnetic quantum numbers m. The decoupling approximation was found to yield accurate results in this system.
Measurements of high-pressure CO2 absorption near 2.0 μm and implications on tunable diode laser sensor design

A tunable diode laser (TDL) is used to measure the absorption spectra of the R46 through R54 transitions of the 20012←00001 band of CO2 near 2.0 μm (5000 cm−1) at room temperature and pressures to 10 atm (densities to 9.2 amagat). Spectra are recorded using direct absorption spectroscopy and wavelength modulation spectroscopy with second-harmonic detection (WMS-2f) in a mixture containing 11% CO2 in air. The direct absorption spectra are influenced by non-Lorentzian effects including finite-duration collisions which perturb far-wing absorption, and an empirical χ-function correction to the Voigt line shape is shown to greatly reduce error in the spectral model. WMS-2f spectra are shown to be at least a factor of four less-influenced by non-Lorentzian effects in this region, making this approach more resistant to errors in the far-wing line shape model and allowing a comparison between the spectral parameters of HITRAN and a new database which includes pressure-induced shift coefficients. The implications of these measurements on practical, high-pressure CO2 sensor design are discussed.
Large Eddy Simulation of FDA’s Idealized Medical Device

A hybrid large eddy simulation and immersed boundary method (IBM) computational approach is used to make quantitative predictions of flow field statistics within the Food and Drug Administration’s idealized medical device. An in-house code is used, hereafter (WenoHemo™), that combines high-order finite-difference schemes on structured staggered Cartesian grids with an IBM to facilitate flow over or through complex stationary or rotating geometries and employs a subgrid-scale turbulence model that more naturally handles transitional flows (Delorme et al., J Biomech 46:207–436, 2013). Predictions of velocity and wall shear stress statistics are compared with previously published experimental measurements from Hariharan et al. (J Biomech Eng 133:041002, 2011) for the four Reynolds numbers considered.
Design and Fabrication of a Temperature Sensor Based on Thermopile in CMOS Technology

This paper describes a new geometry for integrated micromachined thermopile structures. Different arrangements for the thermocouples in proximity to the heating element are examined, to optimize the accuracy of the temperature measurement. Several design parameters including thermopile lengths, and the number of thermocouples, are examined. The test chip was designed and fabricated in CMOS technology, including the appropriate opening for post-processing micromachining. The thermopile used was fabricated with polysilicon/aluminum contacts on a silicon oxide/nitride layer provided by the CMOS process. Different microbeam and bridge membrane support structures were designed for the thermopile, in order to investigate the optimal geometry for mechanical stability and to avoid structure buckling.© 2003 ASME
One World, Real World, Memory and Dream: Shadows of the Past and Images of the Future in Contemporary Asian Sports Internationalisms

As we all take stock of the real impact of Olympism and the Olympics in China, it is worth remembering how much, as yet, it has been Olympics and Olympism, and not professional team sports, that have heretofore oriented China to global sports and established its place there. The Beijing games notwithstanding, it is the prospect of a place in team sports that is the new horizon for China. Japan, meanwhile, more established than China in both, has a strong position especially in international baseball but also has everything to lose there. Looking at Olympic baseball in particular, the fault lines led on-field incidents to become touchstones of national triumph, tragedy and destiny, character, capacity and prospects. And different incidents mattered for different reasons for different audiences, in China, Korea, Japan, and the US. We will consider player and public reactions to Olympic results and controversies, and player and public engagement with the 2009 World Baseball Classic. What matters most to whom...
Trade regimes and wages

Abstract We examine the impact of restrictive trade regimes on wages in the manufacturing sector. A simple three-sector economic model predicts that wages will fall in response to trade regime restrictiveness. Empirical tests are based on data for 37 countries over time. Our measure of trade regime restrictiveness is the black market premium on U.S. dollars. The results strongly suggest that restrictive trade regimes reduce wages, consistent with our theoretical analysis.
The impact of affect and frequency on lexical decision: the role of the amygdala and inferior frontal cortex.

Abstract The current study used event-related fMRI to examine BOLD responses associated with two factors that behaviorally determine speed of lexical decision: frequency and emotion. Thirteen healthy adults performed a visual lexical decision task, discriminating between words and orthographically and phonologically legal nonwords. The study involved a 2 (Frequency: high and low) × 3 (Emotional arousal: highly negative, mildly negative, and neutral words) design with word categories matched for number of letters and concreteness. There were significant main effects for both frequency and emotion in lexical decision reaction times but no significant interaction. Negative word lexical decisions were associated with increased activation in bilateral amygdala and middle temporal cortex as well as rostral anterior and posterior cingulate cortex. Low-frequency word lexical decisions, relative to high-frequency word lexical decisions, were associated with increased bilateral activity in inferior frontal cortex. Inferior frontal cortex activation was particularly low during lexical decision for high-frequency emotional words but significant for high-frequency neutral emotional words. We suggest that this is because the semantic representation of high-frequency emotional words may receive sufficient additional augmentation via the reciprocal activation from the amygdala such that selective augmentation by inferior frontal cortex to achieve lexical decision is unnecessary.
Physical mechanisms by which low-frequency magnetic fields can affect the distribution of counterions on cylindrical biological cell surfaces

Effects of dc and low-frequency ac magnetic fields on the motion and distribution of counterions on surfaces of cylindrical biological cells are examined. Magnetic fields along the cell axis as well as perpendicular to it are considered. When a dc magnetic field of any physically realizable magnitude is parallel to the cell axis it has no effect on ion motion, since the resulting Lorentz force is much smaller than the counterion-to-ion attractive force. However a dc magnetic field perpendicular to the cell surface will distort any preexisting ion motion and the resulting current (i⊥) perpendicular to the original motion will be much larger than any current induced by a low-frequency ac magnetic field of the same magnitude as the dc field and parallel to it. Nevertheless i⊥ will still be much smaller than the current io constituting the original ion motion since (i⊥/io)=Ω/ν, where Ω is the ion cyclotron frequency and ν the effective counterion collision frequency. With no preexisting coherent ion motion (io=0) the circulating current induced by a sinusoidally time-varying magnetic field parallel to the cell axis will be well below thermal fluctuation noise as long as only a single cell is considered; however when even an infinitesimal exchange of ions between adjacent cells is assumed the magnetic field will cause a redistribution of counterions on the cell surface. The resulting steady-state distribution becomes independent of the frequency of the applied magnetic field (ω) when ω≫α, where α is 1/2 of the relaxation frequency for counterion diffusion. On the basis of these results it is suggested that whenever modification of cell behavior in response to application of a low-frequency magnetic field is established, measurements of dielectric permittivity versus frequency of the cell preparation be performed. Redistribution of counterions on the cell surface would be a likely cause if the noted effect becomes independent of the frequency of the applied magnetic field above the counterion dielectric relaxation frequency. It is also suggested that in magnetic field exposure of cell preparations the size of the sample (e.g. diameter of Petri dish) and direction of the magnetic field relative to average cell orientation can critically affect experimental results.
Deadly strains of Kenyan Aspergillus are distinct from other aflatoxin producers

Aflatoxin contamination of crops is a world-wide problem. Lethal aflatoxicosis of humans has been associated with maize produced in Kenya for over three decades. The S strain morphotype of Aspergillus flavus was identified as the primary cause of aflatoxin contamination events occurring between 2004 and 2006 in Kenya. Because the S strain was first described in the U.S., it was suggested that the agent causing lethal levels of aflatoxins was introduced to Kenya with maize. DNA sequence comparisons among 68 S strain isolates from Kenya, the Americas, Asia, and Australia suggest the Kenyan isolates are distinct from those causing aflatoxin contaminations in the U.S. Analyses of 4.06 kb representing three loci from distinct chromosomes indicate that most S strain isolates from the U.S. resolved into a clade distinct from one containing the 30 Kenyan isolates. S strain isolates from Kenya were more closely related to the recently described species A. minisclerotigenes than to A. flavus. Furthermore, failure of the Kenyan isolates to produce G aflatoxins was attributed to a previously undescribed deletion in the cypA gene, suggesting that different deletion events led to loss of G aflatoxin production in S strain isolates from the U.S. and Kenya. Thus, although the Kenyan isolates have S strain morphology and produce large quantities of only B aflatoxins like A. flavus S strain isolates, these isolates are phylogenetically divergent from those described from other regions. The molecular characteristics of the Kenyan S strain isolates described herein are valuable tools to identify and track these highly aflatoxigenic fungi.
Shape discrimination of buried objects using an acoustic land mine detection system

An acoustics-based system has recently proved successful at detecting buried land mines. The present paper describes the use of this land mine detection system to discern shapes of buried objects. Steel plate targets of three shapes were used: circle, square, and equilateral triangle, each buried in sand with their major surface horizontal. In each case, for certain frequency bands, when a color-scaled spatial distribution of particle velocity amplitude is displayed in real time, the target shape is clearly visible. Calculations are made using a simplistic theoretical model in an effort to understand the frequency dependence of the experimental result. For each target, wave scattering is crudely mimicked by calculating the radiant pattern in an infinite fluid from a simple source distribution of the same shape as the target and visualizing its interference with plane incident wave. Limited qualitative understanding of experimental result is obtained with this crude mode, but the need for a more realistic scattering calculation is indicated.
Ultrasound-enhanced transcorneal drug delivery.

Purpose:Ultrasound has been shown to enhance, by up to 10 times, the corneal permeability to different compounds such as β-blockers and fluorescein. Here, we report on our investigation of the mechanisms of ultrasound-enhanced drug delivery through the cornea using light and electron microscopy.Meth
Gender, Widowhood, and Living Arrangement among Non-married Chinese Elders in the United States

This article examines the effects of gender and widowhood on the living arrangements of older Chinese American men and women. This study uses data from the 2006 American Community Survey (ACS). Combining the individual and household ASC files, 1,022 non-married Chinese American elders age 65 and older were included in the study. A multinomial logistic regression model was tested, stratified by gender. Widowhood was associated with differential living patterns for men and women. Spoken English ability, financial resources, health condition age resulted in divergent living arrangement patterns by gender. The findings suggest that older unmarried Chinese Americans are subject to a host of health and psychosocial risks that are compounded by their marital status, and point to the importance of identifying vulnerable elders who are in need of psychosocial services and to mediate physical and mental health risks among this population.
The 1997 Red River Valley Flood: Impact on marital relationships

Abstract This research note explores the deleterious social effects of the 1997 Red River Valley Flood on married couples from the Upper Great Plains cities of Grand Forks, North Dakota and East Grand Forks, Minnesota. Through in-depth interviews with husbands and wives (N = 10 couples), two major findings emerged: (1) the results indicate that the flood had a noticeable impact on marital relationships and the impact appeared to be mediated by the state of the couples' relationship prior to the flood. Strong pre-flood relationships emerged stronger in the aftermath while weak pre-flood relationships emerged weaker in the aftermath; and (2) at the time of the interview (five to eight months post-flood), the relationship of couples with little and total flood-related damage fared somewhat better than couples with moderate levels of flood-damage (e.g., flooded basements). The results are discussed relative to implications for disaster service providers.
A model for the formation of fatigue striations and its relationship with small fatigue crack growth in an aluminum alloy

The fatigue crack growth process involves damage accumulation and crack extension. The two sub-processes that lead to fatigue crack extension were quantified separately in a recent model for small fatigue crack growth applicable to engineering alloys. Here, we report the results of an experimental investigation to assess the assumptions of that model. The fatigue striation formation in an aluminum alloy is modeled, and it is verified that the number of cycles required for striation formation is related to the cyclic crack-tip opening displacement. The striation spacing is related to the value of the monotonic crack-tip displacement. It is concluded that extensive crack-tip geometry changes due to plasticity in the aluminum alloy causes a reduction in the slope of the fatigue crack propagation curves. The implications of these results on the fatigue crack propagation lifetime calculations are identified.
On inequalities and linear relations for 7-core partitions

Recently, Ramanujan's modular equations have been applied by N.D. Baruah and B.C. Berndt to obtain a linear relation for 5-core partitions and by A. Berkovich and H. Yesilyurt to obtain inequalities for 7-core partitions. In this paper, we generalize their results by using the theory of modular forms. In particular, we prove conjectures of Berkovich and Yesilyurt.
Experiences with the Iron Curtain Press

Massing's article reports on a research project which the Rutgers Department of Sociology was conducting that called for a continuous analysis of Iron Curtain reactions to the broadcasts of the Voice of America. The source material studied is a specified sample of Soviet and Satellite newspapers, periodicals, and radio broadcasts.
Dynamical properties of the one-dimensional Holstein model

The spectral weight functions and the optical conductivity of the Holstein model are studied on a one-dimensional six-site lattice with periodic boundary conditions for three different electron concentrations: a single electron, two electrons of opposite spins, and half filling. A density matrix approach is used to obtain an optimal phonon basis and to truncate the phonon Hilbert space without significant loss of accuracy. This approach allows us to calculate spectral functions for electrons dressed locally by the optimal phonons as well as for bare electrons. We obtain evidence for a smooth crossover from quasifree electrons to a heavy itinerant small polaron (single-electron case) or bipolaron (two-electron case) as the electron-phonon coupling strength increases. At half filling, we observe a crossover from a quasifree-electron ground state to a quasidegenerate Peierls charge-density-wave ground state for a finite electron-phonon coupling. This crossover is marked by an abrupt drop of the Drude weight, which is vanishingly small in the Peierls phase.
Optimal Eye and Head Movement Control Using Q-Parametrization

Abstract Human eye and head movements can be looked at, as a rotational dynamics on the space SO(3) with constraints that have to do with the axis of rotation. Eye movements satisfy Listing's constraint, wherein the axis vector is restricted to a fixed plane called the Listing's plane. On the other hand, head movements satisfy Donders' constraint, wherein the axis vector, after a suitable scaling, is assumed to lie in a surface called Donders' surface. Various descriptions of the Donders' surface are in the literature and in this paper we assume that the surface originates from the Fick gimbal. Assuming boundary values on the states, optimal movement trajectories are constructed where the goal is to transfer the state between an initial to a final value while minimizing a quadratic cost function on the energy of the, externally applied, control torques. Using Newton-Euler formulation of the dynamical system, in this paper we introduce a new q-parametrization to synthesize the optimal control.
Meningeal Carcinomatosis From Cervical Cancer: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Meningeal carcinomatosis (MC) from cervical cancer is rare. Diagnosis of this disease is often delayed due to variable presentation. We report an interesting case of MC from the uterine cervix and review general diagnostic and treatment considerations. The patient received chemotherapy and radiotherapy for stage IIB cervical cancer with resolution of symptoms for 3 years. Metastatic lesions were found in the right lung and paraaotic nodes on follow-up positron emission tomography scan, which completely resolved with subsequent chemotherapy. Unfortunately, the patient developed neurological symptoms consistent with MC, which was confirmed by cerebrospinal fluid cytology. Because of her poor cognition, available options were discussed with her family. She died peacefully in palliative care.
Liquid chromatographic analysis of clonazepam in human serum with solid-phase (Bond-Elut®) extraction

A simple, sensitive, selective and precise liquid-column chromatographic assay for clonazepam is described, in which 1 ml of serum containing 50 micrograms/l methylclonazepam as an internal standard is extracted by elution from a Bond-Elut column with 400 microliter of methanol. An aliquot of the eluate is injected on to a reversed-phase column and eluted with a mobile phase of acetonitrile--phosphate buffer (30:70) at a flow-rate of 2 ml/min at a column temperature of 50 degrees C. Detection is at 254 nm. Chromatography is complete in 12 min. A sensitivity of 2 ng/ml is attained when 1 ml of serum is extracted. Analytical recovery of the clonazepam added to serum ranged from 91% to 99% with a coefficient of variation of 6.0%. This assay for clonazepam has good precision, with coefficients of variation of 11% at 15 ng/ml and 2.6% at 50 ng/ml. There was no interference from any of the commonly used antiepileptics.