cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigation of Smart Meter Data Reporting Strategies for Optimized Performance in Smart Grid AMI Networks

Designing efficient and reliable wireless mesh-based advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) networks is challenging. In AMI networks, fine-grained regular data collections from smart meters (SMs) create a lot of traffic and interference. The location of the gateway that collects data from SMs may also add to this interference by impacting the length of routes. Furthermore, TCP-like protocols that are employed for reliability may bring additional overhead. Therefore, it is critical to pick the suitable data collection strategy and gateway location to meet some smart grid performance requirements. In this paper, we proposed three novel data collection mechanisms to set the periodic reporting time of each SM to improve TCP performance in IEEE 802.11s-based wireless mesh AMI networks. The first idea was based on the nature of IEEE 802.11s routing protocol. Each SM is assigned a reporting time based on its location in the spanning tree network. The second idea was inspired by the time division multiple access methods where each meter is given a separate slot. The third idea was based on both previous ideas and clustering to increase the number of meters that can send at the same slot. For the gateway location, we also proposed a novel mechanism based on ${p}$ -center facility problem to minimize data delivery delay. The simulation results indicate that the packet delay can be improved significantly without any negative impact on the other performance metrics.
Infinity modulus and the essential metric

Abstract We study ∞-modulus on general metric spaces and establish its relation to lengths of paths. This connection was already known for modulus on graphs, but the formulation in metric measure spaces requires more attention to exceptional families. We use this to define a metric that we call the essential metric, and show how this recovers a metric that had already been advanced in the literature by De Cecco and Palmieri.
Divergent effects of AKI to CKD models on inflammation and fibrosis

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a condition with significant morbidity and mortality that affects 15% of adults in the United States. One cause of CKD is acute kidney injury (AKI), which commonly o...
Earthquake Induced Forces on Retaining Walls

SUMMARY In this paper, the authors examine the dynamic earth pressure behind gravity retaining walls. The finite element method was used in modeling a gravity wall retaining a dry-cohesionless backfill. The recorded earth pressure behind full-scale walls during earthquakes, as well as the results of several laboratory tests conducted on small-scale wall models, were used to verify the results of the finite element analysis. The study showed that the magnitude of the earth pressure depends on the frequency and maximum peak acceleration of the earthquake. The study indicated also that the dynamic earth pressure distribution is nonlinear and depends on the mode of displacement in the wall
Current use of myocardial protection during coronary artery bypass surgery: results of a survey.

Abstract The literature suggests that certain methods of myocardial protection employed during coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery may significantly affect postoperative recovery. A retrospective study comparing the use of different cardioplegia solutions during CABG surgery at our institution failed to show significant differences in perioperative ischemic events or in patient survival. A subsequent survey was conducted among 140 surgeons worldwide to determine the influence of myocardial protection on perioperative ischemic events and patient survival.
Effects of Specific Language Impairment on a Contrastive Dialect Structure: The Case of Infinitival TO across Various Nonmainstream Dialects of English.

Purpose Using data from children who spoke various nonmainstream dialects of English and who were classified as either children with specific language impairment (SLI) or typically developing (TD) ...
MITRAL VALVE REPLACEMENT IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS USING EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX CYLINDER VALVE: A CASE SERIES

Mechanical mitral valve replacement in the pediatric population is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Decullularized porcine intestinal submucosa is a commercially available formulation of an extracellular matrix (ECM) that has an indication for cardiac tissue repair. Cylinder
Aromatic congeners of bilirubin: synthesis, stereochemistry, glucuronidation and hepatic transport

Abstract A new synthetic analog ( 1 ) of the bile pigment bilirubin-IXα (bilirubin, Fig. 1 ) with phenyl groups replacing vinyl was prepared by a constitutional scrambling reaction of a mixture of two new, symmetric phenylrubin analogs ( 2 and 3 ) of bilirubin-XIIIα and IIIα. The former ( 2 ) with two endo -phenyls, and the latter ( 3 ) with two exo -phenyls were synthesized by condensation of a dipyrrylmethane dialdehyde with appropriate methylphenylpyrrolinones, which were prepared in several steps from 4-methyl-3-phenyl-2-( p -toluenesulfonyl)pyrrole, obtained by the Barton–Zard pyrrole synthesis. Nuclear Overhauser effect 1 H NMR studies of 1 – 3 confirm that, like their bilirubin equivalents, these yellow-orange pigments adopt an intramolecularly hydrogen-bonded ridge–tile conformation. Reverse phase HPLC and TLC suggest that 3 is less polar than 2 , and that 1 has intermediate polarity. Large differences in the induced circular dichroism spectra of 1 – 3 were found in pH 7.4 aqueous buffered solutions of human serum albumin. Despite the presence of bulky, lipophilic phenyl groups, 1 – 3 are metabolized like natural bilirubin in rats and require glucuronidation by the same enzyme for canalicular secretion from the liver into bile. However, there are striking qualitative differences between the three pigments in the ratio of mono- to diglucuronides formed. Phenyl substituents at the exo positions of the lactam rings diminish the proportion of diglucuronide more than phenyl substituents at the endo positions.
P169 Food Access Information and Nutrition Education Needs Assessed by College Student Key-Informants

Background Recent reports indicate widespread food insecurity among college students. More than 50% of students attending a university campus, located in the California's Central Valley, reported having experienced food insecurity. Underrepresented minority students and their intersections are disproportionally affected. Resources to increase access to nutritious food have been made available by the University, yet some resources are consistently underutilized. Objective Explore information and educational needs on food resources available to students in a food insecure university campus from the perspective of student key-informants. Study Design, Settings, Participants Focus groups with representatives of student organizations serving demographic categories at most risk of food security are being conducted. Measurable Outcome/Analysis Information being collected through qualitative inquiry include: awareness of available food resources; barriers and facilitators to accessing resources; and group-specific information and educational needs to improve food access and nutrition literacy. Results Four focus groups with a total of nine key-informant students have been conducted to date. Preliminary results indicate information sharing through social networks appears paramount to utilizing available resources, as it is the convenience of using such resources (eg, food pantry, educational workshops), especially in light competing academic demands. Nutrition education is consistently mentioned as wanted, yet not stated as a priority that students would actively pursue. Conclusion Solutions to improve food availability and accessibility should be student-driven, targeting those most vulnerable to food insecurity. Food environment changes coupled with relevant information and educational campaigns can aid in effectively alleviating food insecurity among college students. Funding University of California Office of the President; Blum Center for Developing Economies, University of California, Merced.
Abstract 4495: Role of base excision repair (BER) pathway in regulation of KRAS expression in pancreatic cancer

Activating mutations in KRAS proto-oncogene, a signature event driving the development, progression and therapeutic resistance of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), remains undruggable. The occurrence of guanine oxidation (8-oxoguanine) in the KRAS promoter and up-regulation of KRAS gene transcription under oxidative stress has been shown to be associated with KRAS expression and cancer development and progression. However, the molecular mechanism by which 8-oxoguanine damage regulates KRAS expression is largely unknown. Here, we show that the base excision repair (BER) pathway, a fundamental DNA damage repair pathway that processes most of the endogenous damages including oxidative base damage is involved in regulation of KRAS expression and survival of PDAC. We show that Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease (APE1), a key enzyme of the BER pathway, is highly elevated in pancreatic cancer tissue samples. To elucidate the role of active BER pathway in the regulation of KRAS expression, we used real-time PCR (RT-PCR) analysis. Inflicting cells with oxidative damage using glucose oxidase increased KRAS gene expression in control cells but not in APE1 downregulated cells. ChIP assay showed enhanced occupancy of APE1 in KRAS promoter upon oxidative stress. Consistent with this, using synthetic oligonucleotide containing the KRAS promoter region, we showed that APE1 could bind and cleave AP site in KRAS promoter. Further, ChIP-qPCR analysis showed decreased occupancy of MAZ, a transcription factor, to the KRAS promoter in APE1 downregulated cells. Down-regulation of APE1 also resulted in decreased KRAS expression and increased sensitivity of pancreatic cancer cells to routinely used chemotherapeutic agents such as Gemcitabine, 5-Fluorouracil, Oxaliplatin, etc., suggesting that targeting APE1 and in turn, BER can sensitize pancreatic cancer cells. Our study suggests that BER pathway or APE1 plays a significant role in the tumor-selective regulation of gene expression and sensitization of cancer cells to chemotherapy, and supports the further investigation of novel treatments that target this pathway for cancer therapy. Citation Format: Suravi Pramanik, Shrabasti Roychoudhury, Hannah Harris, Heyu Song, Kishor K. Bhakat. Role of base excision repair (BER) pathway in regulation of KRAS expression in pancreatic cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4495.
Severe Infectious Complications of Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin: A Case Series of 10 Patients.

Abstract Objective To investigate severe infectious complications after intravesical treatment with bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). We examine a retrospective case series of 10 patients between 2006 and 2018 with severe cystitis or systemic infection after BCG. Methods Patients with BCG cystitis or disseminated infection were retrospectively identified between 2006 and 2018 at our institution. Cases were reviewed for bladder cancer treatments, demographics, treatment of infection, and outcomes. Results There was a 0.8% rate of severe BCG cystitis or disseminated infection. Seven patients experienced delayed-onset infections >3 months after last BCG instillation. Four had isolated bladder symptoms, and 5 had diverse systemic manifestations. One patient was asymptomatic and diagnosed on cystoscopic findings. All were treated with varied antibiotic regimens; 9 included antituberculous therapy, and 1 was treated with levofloxacin alone. Two underwent cystectomy for end-stage bladder. The remaining patients are asymptomatic with no residual effects. All are in remission for bladder cancer. Conclusion Severe infectious complications after BCG are rare and thus difficult to study. Treatment regimens can vary widely. Thorough reporting of patient outcomes is essential to expand the limited body of knowledge.
Beam angle optimization using angular dependency of range variation assessed via water equivalent path length (WEPL) calculation for head and neck proton therapy.

Abstract Purpose To investigate angular sensitivity of proton range variation due to anatomic change in patients and patient setup error via water equivalent path length (WEPL) calculations. Methods Proton range was estimated by calculating WEPL to the distal edge of target volume using planning CT (pCT) and weekly scatter-corrected cone-beam CT (CBCT) images of 11 head and neck patients. Range variation was estimated as the difference between the distal WEPLs calculated on pCT and scatter-corrected CBCT (cCBCT). This WEPL analysis was performed every five degrees ipsilaterally to the target. Statistics of the distal WEPL difference were calculated over the distal area to compare between different beam angles. Physician-defined contours were used for the WEPL calculation on both pCT and cCBCT, not considering local deformation of target volume. It was also tested if a couch kick (10°) can mitigate the range variation due to anatomic change and patient setup error. Results For most of the patients considered, median, 75% quantile, and 95% quantile of the distal WEPL difference were largest for posterior oblique angles, indicating a higher chance of overdosing normal tissues at distal edge with these angles. Using a couch kick resulted in decrease in the WEPL difference for some posterior oblique angles. Conclusions It was demonstrated that the WEPL change has angular dependency for the cohort of head and neck cancer patients. Selecting beam configuration robust to anatomic change in patient and patient setup error may improve the treatment outcome of head and neck proton therapy.
Refractive index confidence explorer (RICE): A tool for propagating uncertainties through complex refractive index retrievals from aerosol particles

Accurate and precise retrievals of aerosol complex refractive indices (m) are essential to constraining the direct radiative effect of atmospheric aerosols. Despite this, there is no generally acce...
Radiotherapy: An immune response modifier for immuno-oncology

The ability of radiotherapy to enhance antigenicity and adjuvanticity of an irradiated tumor has stimulated the interest for its combination with immuno-oncology agents. However, radiotherapy often generates multiple layers of host responses which likely depends on the tumor biology, the immune cell infiltration and the induction of immunosuppressive signals post radiotherapy. Consequently, translation of preclinical findings to the clinic is more convoluted than anticipated which underscore the need to decipher molecular and cellular mechanisms elicited by radiotherapy. Here we review pro-inflammatory and immunosuppressive mechanisms triggered by radiotherapy that impact the outcome of antigen specific T cell killing and discuss how radiation-induced immunostimulatory mechanisms can be exploited to reactivate the host's immune system, especially in the context of immunotherapy.
Managing pain associated with dermatologic procedures

Dermatologists are faced with an aging population, accompanied by an increase in the incidence of skin cancer, especially nonmelanoma skin cancer. With this increase in cutaneous malignancy comes an increase in the number of dermatologic procedures being performed. A common concern of dermatologists and dermatology patients is the attenuation and management of pain associated with dermatologic procedures. Fortunately, there are several techniques that may be used in the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative periods to manage patient anxiety, minimize injection pain, and safely and effectively treat postoperative pain.
Using the pandemic to decolonize nature: Interrogating pragmatic education.

This article seeks to use Dewey’s interpretation of pragmatism and education as a model for how dominant notions of school exemplify a colonizing theory of nature. The article argues that Dewey sought to commodify nature as a tool for human progress. This aspect of Dewey’s beliefs is further demonstrated in the kind of schooling that is being implemented through globalization. The article draws on Indigenous concepts of the nature and the Earth, for decolonizing science instruction in an elementary classroom.
Homeland Maternity: US Security Culture and the New Reproductive Regime

Review of the book Homeland Maternity: US Security Culture and the New Reproductive Regime, by Natalie Fixmer-Oraiz.
Plugging Problems: How States in the Ohio River Basin Can Address Orphan Oil and Gas Wells

Due to its early prominence as a world-leader of oil and gas production before modern regulatory oversight, the Ohio River Basin now faces a proliferation of abandoned oil and gas wells, which present environmental, economic, and public health risks to nearly 25 million residents in the Ohio River Basin. Despite producing just one percent of the nation’s crude oil, the region accounts for almost half of registered abandoned wells in the United States. As regulations continue to change and U.S oil and gas development leads to the drilling of new wells, Ohio River Basin states must examine and implement policy measures to address the hundreds of thousands of wells already existing in the region. Coordinated reporting methods, reformation of the bond system, and other substantive policy changes can correct the issue before the consequences are irreparable.
The Effects of Surface Roughness on Subsurface Defect Detection using Acoustic Microscopy

A schematic diagram of the acoustic microscope’s operation is shown in Fig. 1. An efficient, focused transducer was excited with a tone burst in order to interrogate the sample of interest. It was also used as the receiving transducer in order to detect the echo from the surface. The transducer receives the reflected signal which is rectified and filtered to give a signal proportional to the amplitude of the returned signal. The transducer is mechanically scanned in a raster style in order to create a two-dimensional acoustic image. This image is then displayed on a high resolution color monitor using various pseudo-color and grey-level color schemes.
An asymptotic derivation of Neyman's C(α) test

Abstract An idea of Chibisov (1969) for obtaining asymptotically optimal tests by solving a corresponding testing problem associated with the limiting Gaussian process is explored in the case of nuisance Eucledian parameters. It is shown that Neyman's C ( α ) test corresponds to the conditional test for the exponential family of the limiting Gaussian process. This sheds new insight into the nature of Neyman's projected scores. In addition the methodology helps suggest a one-step estimation procedure with nuisance Eucledian parameters.
Autism in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex

The frequency and clinical presentation of autism in 28 probands with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) are reported and risk factors that may influence the development of autism in TSC are examined. Eight probands meet ICD-10 and DSM-IV criteria for autism, an additional 4 meet criteria for pervasive developmental disorder (PDD). Twelve TSC probands with autism/PDD are compared to 16 TSC probands without these conditions for factors which may underlie the association of autism and TSC. A specific seizure type, infantile spasms, as well as mental retardation, are increased in the TSC, autistic/PDD group. Furthermore, rates of social phobia and substance abuse are elevated among first-degree relatives of TSC probands with autism compared to first-degree relatives of TSC probands without autism. Implications of these findings in understanding the association of autism and TSC are discussed.
A comparative evaluation of rotation thromboelastometry and standard coagulation tests in hemodilution-induced coagulation changes after cardiac surgery.

BACKGROUND: Coagulopathy after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is caused by multiple perturbations in cellular and humoral elements of coagulation. A timely and comprehensive method to evaluate hemostasis would be helpful in the management of bleeding patients after CPB. The assessment of whole blood coagulation using rotation thromboelastometry (ROTEM) was compared to coagulation tests routinely performed during cardiac surgery. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Blood was obtained from 26 patients undergoing CPB surgery at baseline, at 60 minutes on CPB, at the end of CPB, and on admission to intensive care unit. ROTEM tests (extrinsically activated [EXTEM], intrinsically activated [INTEM], specific clot formation [FIBTEM]), prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, platelet (PLT) count, fibrinogen, prothrombin level, antithrombin level, and thrombin generation (TG) measurement were performed. RESULTS: We observed strong correlations between FIBTEM-amplitude at 10 minutes (A10) and fibrinogen level (r = 0.87; p < 0.001) and between EXTEM/ INTEM-A10 variables and PLT count (r = 0.72 and 0.67, respectively; p < 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic analysis demonstrated that EXTEM-A10 and INTEM-A10 are predictive of thrombocytopenia below 80 × 109/L (area under the curve [AUC], 0.83 and 0.82, respectively), and FIBTEM-A10 was highly predictive of fibrinogen level below 200 mg/dL (AUC, 0.96). There were only weak correlations found between TG peak and clot formation time of EXTEM or INTEM (r = 0.30 and 0.29, respectively; p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: ROTEM variables demonstrated clinically relevant correlations with PLT counts and fibrinogen levels. In particular, decreasing levels of fibrinogen can be quickly determined (<15-20 min) using FIBTEM.
The relative influence of temperature, moisture and their interaction on range limits of mammals over the past century

Aims I determine the relative importance of temperature and moisture acting alone and in tandem for range contractions and expansions of mammalian species over c. 70 years. Location The contiguous United States west of the eastern border of the Rocky Mountains (103.77° W). Methods Museum records of 67 mammalian species from two time periods (1900–39 and 1970–2009), mean annual temperature and mean annual precipitation are used to model historic and modern distributions. For each era the region outside each species’ range in the opposing era is assigned to zones of range limitation: temperature alone is prohibitive, moisture alone is prohibitive, both preclude the species, or both have values that alone are within the species’ tolerance range but in combination are outside its climatic niche (‘interaction’ limitation). The relative importance of each type of limitation is estimated by their intersection with regions of range contraction and expansion. Results Averaged across species, 82 ± 3% (± SE) of the areas of contraction are now occupied by interaction limitation, and 74 ± 5% of areas expanded into were historically occupied by similar zones. In comparison, areas of range shift in which just temperature or moisture acting alone would have excluded the species comprise between only 9 and 17%, and areas in which both factors are limiting are negligible. Expansions into and contractions from regions of interaction limitation occurred more often than expected by chance given the distribution of this type of limitation in the wider study region. Main conclusions Particular combinations of temperature and moisture can interact directly or indirectly to limit species ranges even when these factors alone do not exceed species tolerances. Change in the correlation between of range-limiting factors can have as much effect on species ranges as absolute change in those factors by themselves.
Mating-induced inhibition of receptivity in the female golden hamster: I. Short-term and long-term effects

Female golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) which have actively terminated mating with one male will respond in succession to two or more novel males. However, mating with the first male results in a reduction in receptivity shown toward a second male, with the size of the decrease being proportional to the amount of copulatory stimuli provided by the first male. Furthermore, the decreased receptivity shown toward the second male results in his achieving fewer ejaculations. These effects are more pronounced when the second mating occurs 5 min or 8 h after the first mating than when it occurs 1 or 4 h later, suggesting both short-term and long-term inhibitory effects. Copulation with a single male also effects a 40% shortening of behavioral receptivity. In a promiscuous species such as the hamster, prolonged copulation by the male may enhance the short-term inhibition of female receptivity, thereby reducing the risk of subsequent sperm displacement. The long-term effect occurs too late to affect sperm competition and may, instead, function to reduce the risk of predation as a result of unnecessary further mating.
Deployment Paths of ATIS: Impact on Commercial Vehicle Operations, Private Sector Providers and the Public Sector

In this study, multivariate demand models were estimated based on large-scale surveys of commercial vehicle operators in California to determine the current use and perceptions of advanced traveler information systems (ATIS) among these firms. Data were used for identifying organizational and operational characteristics making these technologies attractive and for predicting potential adoption of the technologies by carrier type. A secondary goal of the study was to explore the extent to which new logistics intermediaries, such as "infomediaries", are likely to develop advanced information technologies for the freight industry.
Pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder: a review for nursing professionals

Topic Pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). Purpose OCD is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by the presence of obsessions and/or compulsions. Given that most children with OCD will initially be seen by nursing professionals in environments such as pediatrician offices, hospitals, and schools, increasing awareness of this disorder among nurses will likely facilitate early detection, accurate diagnosis, and appropriate treatment. Sources Psyc-INFO, PubMed, Google Scholar. Conclusion This article provides an overview of pediatric OCD, including information about clinical presentation, suspected etiology, epidemiology, assessment, and evidence-based treatment options.
Electron stripping processes of H⁻ ion beam in the 80 kV high voltage extraction column and low energy beam transport line at LANSCE.

Basic vacuum calculations were performed for various operating conditions of the Los Alamos National Neutron Science H− Cockcroft-Walton (CW) injector and the Ion Source Test Stand (ISTS). The vacuum pressure was estimated for both the CW and ISTS at five different points: (1) inside the H− ion source, (2) in front of the Pierce electrode, (3) at the extraction electrode, (4) at the column electrode, and (5) at the ground electrode. A static vacuum analysis of residual gases and the working hydrogen gas was completed for the normal ion source working regime. Gas density and partial pressure were estimated for the injected hydrogen gas. The attenuation of H− beam current and generation of electron current in the high voltage acceleration columns and low energy beam transport lines were calculated. The interaction of H− ions on molecular hydrogen (H2) is discussed as a dominant collision process in describing electron stripping rates. These results are used to estimate the observed increase in the ratio of electrons to H− ion beam in the ISTS beam transport line.
Recombinant immunocytokines targeting the mouse transferrin receptor: construction and biological activities.

Localized cytokine therapies with recombinant monoclonal antibody-cytokine fusion proteins, designated immunocytokines, have become of increasing interest for tumor immunotherapy, since they direct...
Predictive medicine. X. Physical activity.

Physical activity is a factor in preventing disease. Examples are given of the relationships to age, clinical and biochemical states, electrocardiographic signs, and the consumption of coffee/tea, alcohol, tobacco, and vitamin supplements. Physical activity is a cardinal feature of any predictive medicine program.
Buckling and Postbuckling of Delaminated Composites Under Compressive Loads Including Transverse Shear Effects

The deformation of delaminated composites under axial compression is analyzed by a one-dimensional beam-plate model. In this model, a formulation that accounts for the transverse shear effects is also presented. With the perturbation technique, analytical solutions for the critical instability load and the postbuckling deflections are obtained. All possible instability modes, namely, local delamination buckling, global plate buckling, and coupled global and local (mixed) buckling, are considered. Specific emphasis is placed on studying the transverse shear effects on both the critical load and the postcritical characteristics, as well as the influence of the geometry such as that of the location of the delamination across the thickness. The postbuckling solution is used in conjunction with a /-integral formulation to study the postcritical characteristics with respect to possible quasistatic extension of the delamination and the energy absorption capacity of a beam.
Evaluating the Loudness of Phantom Auditory Perception (Tinnitus) in Rats

Using our behavioral paradigm for evaluating tinnitus, the loudness of salicylate-induced tinnitus was evaluated in 144 rats by comparing their behavioral responses induced by different doses of salicylate to those induced by different intensities of a continuous reference tone mimicking tinnitus. Group differences in resistance to extinction were linearly related to salicylate dose and, at moderate intensities, to the reference tone as well. Comparison of regression equations for salicylate versus tone effects permitted estimation of the loudness of salicylate-induced tinnitus. These results extend the animal model of tinnitus and provide evidence that the loudness of phantom auditory perception is expressed through observable behavior, can be evaluated, and its changes detected.
The effect of the second-phase volume fraction on the grain size stability and flow stress during superplastic flow of binary alloys

This paper considers to what extent the second-phase volume fraction in superplastic binary alloys affect the matrix grain size stability during deformation and, through it, the flow stress at constant temperature and strain rate. It is shown for five different superplastic binary alloy systems, that at constant temperature and strain rate the flow stress will increase with the deviation of the second-phase volume fraction in the alloys from that required for maximum matrix grain size stability. A new parameter (Z) which quantifies these deviations has been introduced in this paper. The possible errors in determining the pertinent parameters in the rate equation for superplastic flow by testing alloys withZ is discussed.
Financial Pricing of Software Development Risk Factors

The ability to price (monetize) software development risks can benefit various aspects of software development. Cost estimators predict project cost by adjusting a project's nominal cost on the basis of risk factors' (cost drivers') expected values, but the predicted cost is often inaccurate because risk factors' actual values normally deviate from expectations. Because variability is a widely used risk measure in finance, this risk-pricing method relates risk factor variability to project cost variability. The method estimates two parameters for each risk factor: extra cost incurred per unit exposure and project sensitivity. Several areas can benefit from the benchmark risk-pricing parameters obtained when applying this method with a cost estimator such as Cocomo.
Pullulan elaboration, an inducible system ofPullularia pullulans

The structure of pullulan, an extracellular ol-glucan elaborated by the yeast-like fungus Pullularia pullulans has been shown to be predominantly a poiymaltotriose linked through a-l J&bonds on the terminal glucose residues of the trisaccharide [l] . During an examination into the utilization of carbon sources by P. pullulans and the organism’s ability to elaborate extracellular polysaccharides therefrom, it was observed that pullulan did not appear concomitantly with increase of cell-mass, but began at some point in the middle phase of the organism’s growth [2]. Investigations were therefore initiated to delineate the circumstances in which puIlulan was elaborated [2] . It is the purpose of this letter to report that pullulan elaboration in P. pullulans is not constitutive, but inducible, and may be inhibited by cycloheximide.
Expert Enhancement and Replacement in Computerized Mental Labor

What happens to professional and technical work when it is computerized? Exploratory analysis of case studies indicates that when expert systems are used to enhance the work of professionals, some tasks of medium- and low-skilled support personnel are integrated into the work of highly skilled experts. Technical workers are thus at risk of having their jobs automated as part of the computer enhancement of professionals. When computerization replaces expertise, job opportunities for medium-skilled personnel shrink and barriers to upward mobility through on-the-job experience are reduced Entry-level professionals or even technicians with computers can perform tasks formerly done by experienced professionals. But working conditions do not promote the development of expertise and professional judgment among these workers. Thus it appears that routinization, deskilling, and automation are not only the problems of manual laborers in the information age; professional workers are also at risk, in complex ways.
IMMUNIZATION AGAINST THE ACTION OF SUBSTANCES INHIBITING TUMOR GROWTH.

1. Through a set of preliminary injections of colloidal copper or hirudin, given from the second to the sixth day after transplantation, we can weaken the effect of injections of the same substances given from the ninth to the thirteenth day after transplantation. 2. Injections of colloidal copper given before the transplantation of the tumor lead to a weakening of the effect of injections given from the ninth to the thirteenth day after transplantation. 3. The same result can be obtained if we inject colloidal copper or hirudin into mice from the second to the sixth and from the ninth to the thirteenth day after transplantation, and use these tumors at the end of the series of injections for further transplantation into another set of mice; the developing tumors are more resistant to the action of colloidal copper or hirudin than new control tumors. 4. We may therefore conclude that the immunity has two sources: (a) it is based on changes taking place somewhere in the host organism; and (b) it is localized in the tumor cells themselves which transfer this immunity to the following generations of tumor cells. 5. The immunity acquired against colloidal copper does not protect noticeably against the action of hirudin, and vice versa . The immunity is therefore specific. 6. We discuss certain general conclusions which may be drawn from these experiments. We expect to test the validity of these results in further experiments.
The TWEAK-Fn14 cytokine-receptor axis: discovery, biology and therapeutic targeting.

TWEAK, a member of the tumour necrosis factor superfamily, is a multifunctional cytokine that acts on cells by binding to a small cell-surface receptor named Fn14. Here, Winkles summarizes the biology of the TWEAK–Fn14 axis and describes the recent evidence supporting the notion that this axis could be a therapeutic target for the treatment of cancer, chronic autoimmune diseases and acute ischaemic stroke. TWEAK is a multifunctional cytokine that controls many cellular activities including proliferation, migration, differentiation, apoptosis, angiogenesis and inflammation. TWEAK acts by binding to Fn14, a highly inducible cell-surface receptor that is linked to several intracellular signalling pathways, including the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway. The TWEAK–Fn14 axis normally regulates various physiological processes, in particular it seems to play an important, beneficial role in tissue repair following acute injury. Furthermore, recent studies have indicated that TWEAK–Fn14 axis signalling may contribute to cancer, chronic autoimmune diseases and acute ischaemic stroke. This Review provides an overview of TWEAK–Fn14 axis biology and summarizes the available data supporting the proposal that both TWEAK and Fn14 should be considered as potential targets for the development of novel therapeutics.
Conceptual issues for integrated economic and social resource exchange theories

The objectives of this paper are: (1) to contrast social and economic exchange assumptions, philosophies, reciprocities, valuation processes and problem-solving behaviours for purposes of clarification of social and economic decision situations and as a step toward theoretical integration; (2) to present the position that exchange theory would be more useful in family research if economic and social exchange theories were more successfully integrated; (3) to request the continued co-operation of family theorists in creating a theory which is useful in the interdependent social and economic domains of family life such as management; (4) to clarify the importance of this theoretical integration for more effective teaching and research in family resource management.
Isolation and identification of benzoquinolines in natural and synthetic crude oils

Abstract Using a sequential h.p.l.c. technique, the levels of each of the eight benzoquinoline isomers were estimated for two petroleum crude oils, several coal liquids shale oils and a coal gasifier tar. Significant concentrations (5–420 ppm) of phenanthridine, acridine, benzo( h )quinoline and benzo(f)quinoline were found in all coal-derived materials with the former two isomers being most abundant. In contrast, benzo( g )quinoline, benz( g )isoquinoline, benz( h )isoquinoline and benz(f)isoquinoline were seldom present at levels above 1 ppm. None or trace quantities of the eight isomers were detected in two petroleum crude oil samples. Major benzoquinoline isomers from one coal liquid were individually isolated and the presence of phenanthridine, benzo( h )quinoline and benzo(f)quinoline was unequivocally confirmed by matching infrared spectra.
K+ n charge exchange near 1 GeV/c☆

We present cross sections and angular distributions for the reaction K+d → Kopp at 865, 970, 1210, 1365 and 1585 MeV/c. Making corrections for deuterium effects, we observe the following features of the elastic charge exchange process K+n → K0p: a) the c.m. angular distribution becomes increasingly peripheral as the momentum increases from 800 to 1600 MeV/c; b) the forward amplitude is largely real. Attempts to describe the data either in terms of a Regge model or in terms of dominance by an elastic P12 isoscalar KN resonance are discussed.
The cholinesterase inhibitor soman increases inositol trisphosphate in rat brain.

Studies were conducted to determine the effect of the cholinesterase inhibitor soman on the amount of inositol trisphosphate in the neocortex, striatum, cerebellum, and medulla-pons regions of rat brain in vivo. The studies indicate that treatment with soman increases inositol tris-phosphate in the neocortex and striatum, but not in the cerebellum or medulla-pons region. In the neocortex the most pronounced increases were observed in animals with severe poisoning symptoms, however inositol trisphosphate was also found to be elevated in animals with only mild poisoning symptoms.
Studies on human and bovine platelet membrane glycoproteins.

Abstract 1. 1. We have re-evaluated the number of platelet membrane glycoproteins with use of sodium dodecyl sulfate—polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and two highly sensitive detection techniques. 2. 2. The first involves incorporation of the fluorophore dansyi hydrazine into the carbohydrate moiety after post-electrophoresis periodate oxidation. 3. 3. The second involves tritium labelling of galactosyl residues in the intact platelet, electrophoresis of membrane proteins, and autoradiography. 4. 4. In each case more glycoproteins were detected with these procedures than with periodate-Schiffs base stain. 5. 5. The human platelet membrane contains about 16 resolvable glycoprotein components in the 35,000–300,000 molecular weight range and the bovine platelet membrane contains about 17.
The relationship between pressure-based and density-based algorithms

The PISO, pressure-based algorithm, is compared with implicit time-marching systems to ascertain their similarities and differences. Both methods are expressed in vector form for comparison purposes. The vector form of the PISO method is triangular, allowing an uncoupled solution procedure, while the Euler implicit method requires the simultaneous solution of all equations. Upwind differencing is performed according to the direction of the eigenvalues in both systems, but this is the particle velocity in the PISO method and the acoustic velocity in the Euler method. Vector stability calculations show that the PISO method is conditionally stable depending on the time step, but that it provides adequate damping at small time steps to enable good convergence. Unconditional stability can be provided by retaining the energy coupling terms in the time derivative. Transforming the Euler implicit equations to the PISO variables along with a modification of the time derivatives gives the density-based method the same amplification factors at low speeds as the pressure-based method without affecting their behavior at high speeds.
Effect of insulin and adrenergic agonists on glucose transport of porcine adipocytes

Abstract 1. Insulin increased basal 2-deoxyglucose uptake in isolated swine adipocytes by 75%. In the absence of insulin, isoproterenol did not inhibit basal 2-deoxyglucose transport. 2. Adenosine deaminase plus isoproterenol or theophylline alone reduced insulin effect by 10 and 40%, respectively. Isoproterenol alone or with 2-chloroadenosine did not inhibit insulin effect on glucose transport activity. 3. Insulin effect was inhibited by isoproterenol in the presence of theophylline but not in the presence of adenosine deaminase. 4. These results suggest that catecholamines do not counter-regulate basal and insulin-stimulated glucose transport in swine adipocytes.
Cerebral lateralization for speech production in congenitally blind adolescents

The effect of early visual deprivation on cerebral lateralization for speech production was investigated using the dual‐task paradigm (tapping with concurrent vocalization). Some 28 right‐handed subjects (14 congenitally blind and 14 normal‐sighted adolescents matched on the basis of sex and age) participated in this study. Results reveal significant suppressions from baseline tapping rates under concurrent vocalization with the right but not the left hand for both groups. These findings suggest that congenital blindness per se does not alter the normal pattern of left hemispheric dominance for speech. The role of adequate early linguistic environmental experience on language lateralization is discussed.
A new computational approach to nuclear aerosol problems

Abstract The nonlinear kinetic aerosol equation, describing the time evolution of an aerosol distribution within a well-stirred container, is formulated in a mathematically “conservative” form. A numerical method is then developed for which conservation of mass is automatically satisfied. This procedure simplifies the derivation of conservative numerical schemes by reducing the number of approximations that must be made. Comparisons between an exact solution of the kinetic aerosol equation and numerical approximations show the following: numerical solutions based on the conservative form of the kinetic equation are more accurate and are obtained more efficiently than numerical solutions based on the standard “nonconservative” form of the kinetic equation.
On Time and Form in Whitman's "Crossing Brooklyn Ferry"

Offers a reading of "Crossing Brooklyn Ferry" that emphasizes that, "although critics have sometimes claimed that Whitman's verse generally suffers from a looseness of form, it is precisely through a strategic and careful poetic form that he achieves in this poem a crossing that involves poet and reader alike in a timeless voyage of being."
Understanding identities across social spaces

In recent years there has been a renewed recognition that youth bring resources for learning from different places in their lives or different "social worlds." One resource available to youth when they are learning is their identity--how they act, talk, believe, and otherwise get recognized as certain kinds of people. From this viewpoint identities from different social worlds can be seen as potential resources for changing participation in a particular area - as explanations for how something new or innovative can be created. Yet we know very little about how people actually draw on an identity in one situation to impact an identity in another situation. In this study I examine how individuals draw on their identities in different spaces of their lives as resources for learning, observing two youth as they navigate across spaces in their lives over the course of a year.
The advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF)

Abstract AXAF is NASAs Great Observatory for X-ray astronomy, planned for launch in 1996 and operation through 2011. It contains a 1.2m diameter telescope assembly with 6 grazing incidence mirrors giving 0.5 arc second angular resolution and reasonable efficiency at energies up to 9 keV. The telescope can be aligned with any one of four complementary instruments at the focal plane: two imagers, the High Resolution Camera and the CCD Imaging Spectrometer, and two spectrometers, the X-ray Spectrometer/Calorimeter and the Bragg Crystal Spectrometer. Either of two transmission grating assemblies, one low energy and one high energy, can be used to disperse an X-ray spectrum across one of the imaging detectors. Compared to Einstein , AXAF and its instruments have ten times better angular resolution, 100 times better sensitivity for point source detection, and 1000 times better sensitivity for spectroscopy. This makes it a powerful observatory for performing detailed studies of the X-ray emission from every type of astrophysical object, from nearby stars to nearby galaxies to the most distant quasars.
Role of the gastrointestinal microflora in amygdalin (laetrile)-induced cyanide toxicity.

When conventional rats were given single oral doses of amygdalin (600 mg/kg), they sometimes experienced lethargy and convulsions, and usually died within 2 to 5 hr. Rats affected in this way had high concentrations of cyanide in their blood (2.6–4.5 μg/ml). Germfree rats receiving the same dose of amygdalin did not exhibit these symptoms and had blood cyanide concentrations (< 0.4 μg/ml) indistinguishable from those of conventional rats which did not receive amygdalin. After a non-toxic oral dose (50 mg), the recovery of amygdalin was higher in germfree than in conventional rats and only germfree rats had amygdalin in their feces. Furthermore, the intestinal contents of conventional rats, but not of germfree rats, catalyzed the release of benzaldehyde from amygdalin. It is concluded that the gastriointestinal flora are obligatory for the reactions which lead to the release of toxic amounts of cyanide from amygdalin (laetrile).