cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is Screening for Microalbuminuria Warranted in Children with Sickle Cell Hemoglobinopathies

Abstract Renal impairment occurs in adults and children with sickle cell disease. Microalbuminuria (MA) defined as albumin excretion >2.9 mg/dl in random urine sample or 30–300 mg in 24 hour urine collection is an early, sensitive indicator for glomerulopathy in both diabetes mellitus and sickle cell disease. Therefore, we conducted a universal screening in our patients (pts) with sickle cell hemoglobinopathies in order to identify the prevalence of MA and other indicators of early renal impairment. Children and young adults with hemoglobin SS, SC, Sβ+thalassemia and Sβ0thalassemia, ages 4–21 years (yrs), had urinalyses and random urine measurements for protein, microalbumin, and creatinine. All were in good state of health, free of pain, and without prior diagnosis of renal dysfunction when the samples were obtained. Serum electrolytes, creatinine, osmolality, and 24-hour urine collection for protein, microalbumin, β2-microglobulin, creatinine, and electrolytes were done in pts with abnormal urine samples. There were 101screened pts (53 males; 76 SS, 20 SC, 3Sβ0, and 2 Sβ +). Nineteen pts had MA detected by random urine. MA was confirmed in 24-hour samples in 46% of studied pts. In addition to MA, tubular proteinuria (increased β2-microglobulin) was detected in 1 pt, isolated hematuria in 3 and increased urine protein/creatinine (>0.2) in 4. From the MA+ pts, 15 had SS (19.7% of SS group) and 4 had SC (20% SC group). 25% of children 10 yrs of age or older had MA (mean± standard deviation MA 2.83±3.94), as compared to 6% of younger children (mean 1.21±0.80), (p=0.02). African Americans had lower incidence of MA (11.4%), compared to other children of Haitian (21.3%), Hispanic Caribbean (25%), and other Caribbean (28.5%) descent (p=not significant [NS]). There was no correlation between MA and history of stroke, acute chest syndrome/asthma, brief use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications, hemoglobin or white cell values. From the subgroup of 16 pts on hydroxyurea, 11 were 10 yrs of age or older; of these, 5 (45.5%) had MA, compared to 21% of the same age non-treated group (p=NS). We analyzed the effect of age at onset of chronic transfusions and presence of MA. Six transfused pts had MA (age at start of transfusion 8.6–13.5 yrs, mean 11 yrs; mean MA 5.3±3.4), while there were 15 MA free pts (age 0.8–12.4 yrs, mean 7 yrs; mean MA 1.4±0.6), suggesting that early age at start of chronic transfusions may be protective for MA (p=0.0004). We conclude that: (1) urine screening of children with sickle cell hemoglobinopathies 10 yrs or older is recommended, (2) chronic transfusions starting at an early age may protect against MA, and (3) validity of random versus 24-hour urine collections in determining MA should be further investigated. Studies to further define the risk factors, prognosis, and intervention in children with sickle cell hemoglobinopathies are warranted.
"Same Institutional Complexity, Yet Different Organizational Responses: A Study of U.S. Art Museums"

Despite the recent academic attention to institutional complexity and organizational responses, little is known about why organizations within the same institutional field perceive their complexity differently, and whether their organizational characteristics lead to different response options. I develop a theoretical framework to explain that organizations have different level of necessity to accommodate external constituencies, which then shapes different organizational responses. The framework suggests that organizations with middle- status, low resource autonomy, and a strong presence of a dominant stakeholder find higher level of necessity to conform to external constituencies. The empirical analysis utilizes a field of U.S. art museums where market and profession logics collide. Using data of over 780 exhibitions of 22 art museums from 2005 to 2012, I find that both the middle-status organizations and the organizations with low resource autonomy balance competing logics by focusing one logic in each...
Large left circumflex artery aneurysm and left ventricular-coronary sinus fistula.

We present a case of incidental large left circumflex artery (LCx) aneurysm and left ventricular-coronary sinus fistula in a previously healthy asymptomatic 53-year-old adult who had a routine CT o...
Disappearing the Workers: How Labor in the Oil Complex Has Been Made Invisible

The role of labor and class relations in oil has been erased from analysis, commentary, and scholarship since the late 20th century. This chapter examines the reasons f﻿or this conspicuous absence in the scholarship, and points out how prevailing analyses construct oil as a commodity without social relations. Taking Iranian oil workers as a case study, the chapter further demonstrates that the social and political impact of oil cannot be analyzed without taking into consideration labor and class relations as integral to oil’s significance as the foundation of contemporary capitalist consumer society.
A Safety Net: How Older Adults Build and Maintain Interpersonal Relationships

Engaging in an active life is important for older adults to maintain and promote well-being. In this study, we discuss how older adults who are aging in place actively promote their well-being through the lens of interacting and socializing with others. We conducted an interview study with 10 participants to understand how they develop and maintain interpersonal relationships with others. We found that older adults took charge in creating, building, developing, and maintaining a safety net, which is reflected in the following four representations: pre-determined network, chosen network, interest-based network, and shared-identity network. We also identified three important characteristics of the safety net: co-producing, reciprocating, and strengthening identity, which influence older adults' personal and social experiences.
Factors influencing long-term urinary symptoms after prostate brachytherapy.

Objectives To determine which patient and treatment-related factors are associated with increased American Urological Association symptom score (AUASS) in men who presented with minimal symptoms before treatment for prostate cancer by permanent seed implantation. Patients and methods Of 1842 men with a minimum follow-up of 5 years (mean 9.4), 1110 (60.3%) had an initial AUASS of 0-7 and were treated with brachytherapy (BT) alone (n = 491) or BT with neoadjuvant hormone therapy (NHT) and/or external beam radiation therapy (EBRT, n = 619). The median prostate volume was 37 mL. Data were prospectively collected on comorbidities. Initial AUASS was compared to last using a Student's t-test (two-tailed). Freedom from increasing from minimal to moderate or severe symptoms was determined by the Kaplan-Meier method with comparisons by log-rank and Cox hazard rates (HRs). Results The change from pre-treatment score for the minimal, moderate and severe symptom groups was: 3.6-7.3 (P 200 Gy2 (HR 1.25, P = 0.024), hypertension (HR 1.37, P = 0.006), and alcohol use (HR 1.46, P = 0.001). Conclusion A substantial number of men with initial low AUASS treated by BT experience worsening urinary symptoms with long-term follow-up. Use of EBRT, RT dose, hypertension and alcohol use are risk factors for an increase in urinary symptom score.
Political Tweets and Mainstream News Impact in India: A Mixed Methods Investigation into Political Outreach

Citizens' perception of politicians and political issues is increasingly influenced by social media. However, little is known about the potential of second order effects of social media in parts of the world where the majority of voting citizens are not online. In this paper, we examine whether a politician can move to communicating through social media as their primary means of outreach, and still present their message to the mainstream population through traditional media. By studying of the use of Twitter by Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi between 2009 and 2015, the second-most followed elected official in the world, we present evidence of the impact of social media on print news. We use computational text mining techniques to automatically identify print news reports that use Modi's tweets as a source, alongside manual qualitative coding of tweets to analyze the role of tweet themes in print news coverage. We conclude that while Modi's social media messaging does get coverage in the print news, it is his more "newsworthy" tweets, such as references to celebrities, other politicians, or major events such as holidays that have a greater likelihood of coverage.
Solitary Brain Mass in a Patient with Seizures: An Unexpected Infectious Etiology

Neurocysticercosis is a parasitosis caused by the larval stage of the pork tapeworm Taenia solium. The diagnosis is challenging as morphology on neuroimaging can be inconclusive and serology is frequently negative. We describe the case of a 24-year old Hispanic man who presented with seizures and loss of consciousness. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a cystic mass in right frontal lobe. Work-up that included body computed tomography (CT) scan and Western blot serology for Echinococcus and cysticercosis was unrevealing. He underwent craniotomy with resection of the mass. Histopathology showed fragments of Taenia solium. He was treated with albendazole for 14 days. No further seizures were noted at 6-month follow-up.
Magnetic resonance line shape in the spin-glass Eu 0.44 Sr 0.56 S

Paramagnetic resonance experiments in the spin-glass system ${\mathrm{Eu}}_{0.44}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{0.56}$S are reported for various microwave frequencies in the paramagnetic region. The results are discussed in terms of a moment analysis of the line shapes in random magnetic systems.
Development of an assessment form: attitude toward weight gain during pregnancy.

A Likert-format questionnaire with 18 statements expressing attitudes of pregnant women toward their own pregnancy weight gain was developed and tested. Attitudinal data and actual weight gain were obtained from 29 women to determine whether attitudes toward slimness affect weight gain during pregnancy. Forty-one percent of the respondents had a negative attitude toward pregnancy weight gain. Attitude scores related significantly with actual weight gains (p
World view change in adult children of Alcoholics/Al-Anon self-help groups: reconstructing the alcoholic family.

Although 12-step self-help groups have become extremely popular in U.S. society, clinicians and researchers have devoted little attention to how these groups affect members. This project used natur...
The Links between Innovative Behavior and Strategic Thinking

This research presents a frontier analysis, linking two previously separate constructs that cut across many organizational functions: innovative behavior and strategic thinking. Strategic thinking is often viewed prima facie, as a dynamic capability and is used as a competitive apparatus; the factors that influence this mode of thinking have rarely been questioned. This study advances theory by quantitatively testing the effect of innovative behavior’s on strategic thinking from the organizational perspective. Data was gathered from 100 respondents and subjected to hierarchical regression analysis while controlling for age, gender, and years on the job. The final analysis suggests that innovative behavior has a positive and significant impact on the strategic thinking of individuals and groups. Keywords: Innovative Behavior, Strategic Thinking, Management, Organizational Theory To cite this document: Raushan Gross, "The Links between Innovative Behavior and Strategic Thinking", Contemporary Management Research, Vol.13, No.4, pp. 239-254, 2017. Permanent link to this document: http://dx.doi.org/10.7903/cmr.18056
The Climate Response to Multiple Volcanic Eruptions Mediated by Ocean Heat Uptake: Damping Processes and Accumulation Potential

AbstractA hierarchy of models is used to explore the role of the ocean in mediating the response of the climate to a single volcanic eruption and to a series of eruptions by drawing cold temperatur...
Animalist Thinking from Lucretius to Temple Grandin

Chapter 4 is long because each of twelve major thinkers receives his or her own expose, and each of the essays is preceded by pages that survey one work or many works, combing through to find how each animalist thinker shows the four attributes of Creativity, Embodied Mind, Dialogism, and Amplification of Affect. In the first instance, those attributes taken as a set are what identify the thinkers Donald Wesling puts forward as animalists. This is to invent a tradition where, apparently, no tradition existed. Wesling shows that Lucretius (ancient world), Michel de Montaigne (renaissance), Samuel Taylor Coleridge (romanticism), John Muir (the 19th century), Alphonso Lingis (with the next three, contemporary), Laurie Shannon, Brian Massumi, and Temple Grandin were always there with the attributes of membership.
A Testbed for Detecting False Data Injection Attacks in Systems with Distributed Energy Resources

Previous theoretical studies have identified possible conditions for an undetectable false data injection attack (FDIA) vector that bypasses bad data detectors in power system state estimators (SE). The formulation of the FDIA vector has attracted many researchers to propose detection algorithms. However, neither the attack formulation nor the proposed detection algorithms have been experimentally proven or validated. In this paper, a framework for developing cybersecurity testbeds that evaluate FDIA vectors for utility-scale distributed energy resources (DERs) and SE in real-time is proposed and implemented. The testbed is a combination of: 1) simulation models of a utility-scale DER and distribution systems using OPAL-RT; 2) intelligent electronic devices (SEL-351S, SEL-311C and SEL-3355); 3) network devices; and 4) graphical user interface (LabVIEW). The combination of actual devices, modeled systems, and cyber-physical interfaces adds realistic constraints such as sampling error, network jitter, and data time alignment that exist during actual power system operations. Using the testbed framework, results show that the onset of the FDIA against a SE is experimentally detectable. Next, the testbed is used to expose an unknown vulnerability of existing phase locked loop (PLL) techniques by presenting a new class of attack that causes PLL reporting of false phase angle and frequency values to the DER controllers. This type of attack would then induce the DERs to perform an adverse control action. In this research, a new detection algorithm based on a Kalman filter is evaluated to detect this type of PLL attack. A detailed evaluation of various attack scenarios is presented. The results indicate the benefits of employing this type of testbed framework to improve the development of cybersecurity defenses for realistic inverter based DER environments.
Cascade active disturbance rejection control for quadrotor UAV

This paper considers the active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) problem of a quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). First, the mathematic model of an X-type quadrotor UAV is established based on the dynamic knowledge and Newton’s law of motion. Then, a cascade PID control and an ADRC strategies are designed for quadrotor UAV, respectively. Finally, through numerical simulation, it is verified that the proposed ADRC strategy has better disturbance rejection ability than the traditional cascade PID control.
Identity, Architecture, and Spirituality: The Ursulines of Bordeaux Decorate a Chapel

This article examines the Ursuline community in Bordeaux, France between 1606 and 1625. It integrates the community’s social and institutional history with an analysis of their convent’s architecture and devotional practices, an approach that has not until now been taken for women’s teaching orders in France. In 1608 the Ursulines shifted from a secular congregation to a formal religious order. They changed in reaction to community criticism as well as in response to the need for a quiet space in which to practise their religious devotions. After receiving official papal approval in 1618, they decorated their chapel and wrote devotional guides. An examination of their chapel as a public representation of the community’s identity, and of their guides, illustrates the adjustments the Ursulines underwent and the institutionalization of their devotional practices. These transformations enabled the Ursulines to flourish and to play a central role in Catholic reform in Bordeaux and its surrounding regions.
Development of Corneal Sensation With Remodeling of the Epithelium and the Palisades of Vogt After Corneal Neurotization.

Purpose Neurotrophic keratopathy (NK) produces persistent epithelial erosion which is hard to treat effectively. Recently, corneal neurotization surgery has produced reinnervation of the cornea with resolving neurotrophic keratopathy. We hypothesized that the generation of corneal epithelial nerves after neurotization surgery would not only restore the integrity of corneal epithelium but also produce a change in the configuration of the palisades of Vogt (POV), which houses the corneal epithelial stem cells. Methods We assessed a patient with unilateral congenital corneal anesthesia with optical coherence tomography pre-neurotization and post-neurotization. Results Over the course of 2 years, the patient gained corneal epithelial sensation and corneal and limbal epithelium was restored to normal thickness with corresponding changes in the POV. Conclusions The intimate relationship between epithelium and sensory nerves of the cornea has been well documented; however, changes in the corneal epithelial stem cell niche in conjunction with development of innervation have not previously been reported. Considering the architecture of the corneal nerves in conjunction with the architecture of the POV may assist in developing treatments that can support the regeneration and maintenance of epithelium during nerve regeneration.
Variability Between Direct and Indirect Targeting of the Anterior Nucleus of the Thalamus.

Background Preoperative thalamic targeting methods have historically relied on indirect targeting techniques that do not fully account for variances in anatomy or for thalamic atrophy in epilepsy. We aimed to address variability noted between traditional indirect targeting and direct targeting methods for the anterior nucleus of the thalamus (ANT). Methods Fifteen consecutive patients undergoing ANT deep brain stimulator placement were evaluated (30 thalamic nuclei). Direct ANT targeting was performed using a fast gray matter acquisition T1 inversion recovery sequence and compared with standard stereotactic coordinates. Thalamic volumes were calculated for each patient, and degree of thalamic volume loss was assessed compared with matched control subjects. Vertex analysis was performed to assess shape changes in the thalamus compared with age- and sex-matched subjects. Results There was significant variation between direct and indirect targets in the y-axis and z-axis on both sides. On the left, the direct target was located at y = 2 ± 1.3 mm and z = 9.3 ± 1.8 mm (both P = 0.02). On the right, the direct target was located at y = 2.9 ± 1.8 mm and z = 9.2 ± 2 mm (both P ≤ 0.0003). There was no significant difference in the x-coordinate on either side (P > 0.5). Additionally, there was a correlation between thalamic volume and difference between direct and indirect targets in the y-axis and the z-axis. Conclusions We showed a significant difference in direct and indirect targeting in the y-axis and z-axis when targeting the ANT for deep brain stimulation for epilepsy. This difference is correlated to thalamic volume, with a larger difference noted in patients with thalamic atrophy.
Massive Thrombus Migration in ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: The Case for Embolic Protection Devices.

A 41-year-old man who had antiphospholipid syndrome, dyslipidemia, and was a current smoker presented with inferior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. He was not compliant with warfarin that had been previously prescribed. Coronary angiography revealed a massive thrombus (TIMI [
The Overlapping of Fools? Drawing the Line between Anti-Semitism and Anti-Zionism in the Wake of the 2014 Gaza Protests

The goal of this paper is to provide a framework for analyzing the relationship between anti-Semitism and anti-Zionism. Is anti-Zionism always anti-Semitic? Are the two ideas always distinct categories? Or does the extent of the overlap between the two concepts depend on the circumstances in which the speech or action takes place? To examine this issue, I look at the protests in Europe against Israel’s attack on Gaza and (to a lesser extent) the January 2015 attack in the Hyper Cacher supermarket in Paris. In the paper I reject the absolutist positions that anti-Zionism is either intrinsically anti-Semitic, or simply a canard used to undermine the Palestine solidarity movement. Instead, one should focus three factors to determine whether an anti-Zionist speech or action is also anti-Semitic: i) location - an attack on a synagogue is more likely to be anti-Semitic than an attack on an Israeli embassy; ii) the presence of classic anti-Semitic tropes - a statement about a world Zionist conspiracy, or Zionist greed, is likely anti-Semitic; and iii) the target of boycotts and discrimination - boycotting Israeli products is not necessarily anti-Semitic; boycotting kosher products likely is. My goal is not to deny the presence of anti-Semitism in the Palestine solidarity movement, or the wave of anti-Semitism that has engulfed Europe over the past year. These things exist. But their existence makes it all the more important to carefully distinguish between anti-Zionist feelings (just or not) directed at Israel, and anti-Semitism. This is all the more important given the convergence of interests European Muslims and Jews have on a variety of issues including circumcision and ritual slaughter bans.
Pilot Study of Audiovisual Speech-In-Noise (SIN) Performance of Young Adults with ADHD

Adolescents with Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have difficulty processing speech with background noise due to reduced inhibitory control and working memory capacity (WMC). This paper presents a pilot study of an audiovisual Speech-In-Noise (SIN) task for young adults with ADHD compared to age-matched controls using eye-tracking measures. The audiovisual SIN task consists of varying six levels of background babble, accompanied by visual cues. A significant difference between ADHD and neurotypical (NT) groups was observed at 15 dB signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). These results contribute to the literature of young adults with ADHD.
Basic mechanisms and kinetics of pause-interspersed transcript elongation.

RNA polymerase pausing during elongation is an important mechanism in the regulation of gene expression. Pausing along DNA templates is thought to be induced by distinct signals encoded in the nucleic acid sequence and halt elongation complexes to allow time for necessary co-transcriptional events. Pausing signals have been classified as those producing short-lived elemental, long-lived backtracked, or hairpin-stabilized pauses. In recent years, structural microbiology and single-molecule studies have significantly advanced our understanding of the paused states, but the dynamics of these states are still uncertain, although several models have been proposed to explain the experimentally observed pausing behaviors. This review summarizes present knowledge about the paused states, discusses key discrepancies among the kinetic models and their basic assumptions, and highlights the importance and challenges in constructing theoretical models that may further our biochemical understanding of transcriptional pausing.
Direct compression tablet formulation of celecoxib enabled with a pharmaceutical solvate.

Abstract Celecoxib, an anti-inflammatory drug for pain and arthritis, is currently only available in capsule form. To reduce the onset time for a faster action and to lower the manufacturing cost, the tablet dosage form is more preferred. However, the commercial celecoxib (Form III) is not suitable for direct compression (DC) tablet manufacture due to poor flow, low bulk density, and tablet lamination. In this work, we overcome these challenges using a pharmaceutically acceptable dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solvate of celecoxib. Aided with the DMSO solvate, an acceptable DC tablet formulation was successfully developed to manufacture tablets containing 200 mg celecoxib, with satisfactory manufacturability, disintegration, and in vitro dissolution performance.
Canonical and Non-Canonical Roles of GRK2 in Lymphocytes.

G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) is emerging as a key integrative signaling node in a variety of biological processes ranging from cell growth and proliferation to migration and chemotaxis. As such, GRK2 is now implicated as playing a role in the molecular pathogenesis of a broad group of diseases including heart failure, cancer, depression, neurodegenerative disease, and others. In addition to its long-known canonical role in the phosphorylation and desensitization of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), recent studies have shown that GRK2 also modulates a diverse array of other molecular processes via newly identified GRK2 kinase substrates and via a growing number of protein-protein interaction binding partners. GRK2 belongs to the 7-member GRK family. It is a multidomain protein containing a specific N-terminal region (referred to as αN), followed by a regulator of G protein signaling homology (RH) domain, an AGC (Protein kinase A, G, C serine/threonine kinase family) kinase domain, and a C-terminal pleckstrin homology (PH) domain. GPCRs mediate the activity of many regulators of the immune system such as chemokines and leukotrienes, and thus GRK proteins may play key roles in modulating the lymphocyte response to these factors. As one of the predominant GRK family members expressed in immune cells, GRK2′s canonical and noncanonical actions play an especially significant role in normal immune cell function as well as in the development and progression of disorders of the immune system. This review summarizes our current state of knowledge of the roles of GRK2 in lymphocytes. We highlight the diverse functions of GRK2 and discuss how ongoing investigation of GRK2 in lymphocytes may inform the development of new therapies for diseases associated with lymphocyte dysregulation.
Performance of Partially Deployed Spaceborne Ultra-Wideband Miura-Ori Apertures

Reconfigurable and deployable antenna arrays are required communications and remote sensing onboard small satellites/CubeSats. There is also a need for packing before launch due to the limited payload space for exo-atmospheric deployments. In this context, origami-based aperture packing and unpacking is relevant and attractive for low-volume storage. However, after several physical morphing cycles, origami apertures may not maintain the performance exhibited by fixed apertures. That is, origami-based antenna arrays are likely to suffer from reduced gain and polarization purity. Therefore, physical effects caused by origami folding should be analytically incorporated into the design. This paper proposes a statistical analysis to study the gain performance of deployable ultra-wideband Miura-ori apertures by including geometrical errors inherent to a partially deployed state. A closed-form expression of the gain degradation is derived and verified using full-wave simulations.
Selective glycinergic input from vGluT3 amacrine cells confers a suppressed-by-contrast trigger feature in a subtype of M1 ipRGCs in the mouse retina.

Key points M1 intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) are known to encode absolute light intensity (irradiance) for non-image-forming visual functions (subconscious vision), such as circadian photoentrainment and the pupillary light reflex. It remains unclear how M1 cells respond to relative light intensity (contrast) and patterned visual signals. The present study identified a special form of contrast sensitivity (suppressed-by-contrast) in M1 cells, suggesting a role of patterned visual signals in regulating non-image-forming vision and a potential role of M1 ipRGCs in encoding image-forming visual cues. The study also uncovered a synaptic mechanism and a retinal circuit mediated by vesicular glutamate transporter 3 (vGluT3) amacrine cells that underlie the suppressed-by-contrast response of M1 cells. M1 ipRGC subtypes (M1a and M1b) were revealed that are distinguishable based on synaptic connectivity with vGluT3 amacrine cells, receptive field properties, intrinsic photo sensitivity and membrane excitability, and morphological features, suggesting a division of visual tasks among discrete M1 subpopulations. Abstract The M1 type ipRGC (intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell) is known to encode ambient light signals for non-image-forming visual functions such as circadian photo-entrainment and the pupillary light reflex. Here, we report that a subpopulation of M1 cells (M1a) in the mouse retina possess the suppressed-by-contrast (sbc) trigger feature that is a receptive field property previously found only in ganglion cells mediating image-forming vision. Using optogenetics and the dual patch clamp technique, we found that vesicular glutamate transporter 3 (vGluT3) (vGluT3) amacrine cells make glycinergic, but not glutamatergic, synapses specifically onto M1a cells. The spatiotemporal and pharmacological properties of visually evoked responses of M1a cells closely matched the receptive field characteristics of vGluT3 cells, suggesting a major role of the vGluT3 amacrine cell input in shaping the sbc trigger feature of M1a cells. We found that the other subpopulation of M1 cells (M1b), which did not receive a direct vGluT3 cell input, lacked the sbc trigger feature, being distinctively different from M1a cells in intrinsic photo responses, membrane excitability, receptive-field characteristics and morphological features. Together, the results reveal a retinal circuit that uses the sbc trigger feature to regulate irradiance coding and potentially send image-forming cues to non-image-forming visual centres in the brain.
Function after closed reduction from early unstable reverse shoulder arthroplasty

Abstract Background Optimizing deltoid tension during reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) remains a challenge for the shoulder surgeon. Ideal tension likely differs based on patient age, anatomy, size, preoperative diagnosis, and deltoid strength. Excess tension might overstuff the joint and limit range of motion. The aim of this study was to compare the function of patients with early postoperative instability (as a proxy for deltoid tension) and those without instability. Methods A retrospective cohort study comparing two groups of patients with primary RSA operated on over a 5-year period by a single fellowship-trained shoulder and elbow surgeon using a combination of lateralized and medialized glenoid prosthesis with a 135-degree neck-shaft angle on the humeral side was conducted. The main exposure was shoulder dislocation that did not require revision arthroplasty compared with all other patients in the study period who underwent uneventful primary RSA. Chart review was performed for patient demographics, preoperative diagnosis, operative details, preoperative and postoperative range of motion and pain, reoperation, and instability events. The primary outcome was final clinic visit forward elevation. Outcomes included preoperative, postoperative, and difference in forward elevation and external rotation, as well as pain level. Results A total of 79 shoulders treated with primary RSA from 2015 to 2019 were identified. The average follow-up was 9 months (range, 3-47 months). Sixty-seven patients (72 shoulders) underwent uneventful primary RSA. Seven patients (7 shoulders) in the treatment cohort presented to a postoperative visit with complaint of shoulder dislocation that was able to be self-reduced and/or presented with a dislocated shoulder requiring closed reduction without sedation. At the final follow-up, average postoperative forward elevation was 121 ± 27 degrees in stable shoulders versus 145 ± 15 degrees in the unstable group (P = .003). No significant difference in external rotation was shown between stable and unstable RSA (39 ± 12 degrees and 36 ± 14 degrees, respectively). Overall average forward elevation and external rotation improved from 71 to 123 degrees and 19 to 39 degrees, respectively. More than 95% of patients (69/72 uneventful RSA and 6/7 unstable RSA) reported improvement in shoulder pain postoperatively. Conclusion In the absence of other reasons for instability, early dislocation after RSA is a potential marker of relatively loose deltoid tension. In this study, patients with instability demonstrated higher forward elevation. Patients without instability are likely a mix of those with optimal and suboptimal deltoid tension. Level of evidence Level III; Treatment Study
Disparities in the surgical treatment of cerebrovascular pathologies: a contemporary systematic review.

INTRODUCTION This systematic review analyzes contemporary literature on racial/ethnic, insurance, and socioeconomic disparities within cerebrovascular surgery in the United States to determine areas for improvement. METHODS We conducted an electronic database search of literature published between January 1990 and July 2020 using PRISMA guidelines for studies analyzing a racial/ethnic, insurance, or socioeconomic disparity within adult cerebrovascular surgery. RESULTS Out of 2,873 articles screened for eligibility by title and abstract, 970 underwent full-text independent review by 3 authors. Twenty-seven additional articles were identified through references to generate a final list of 47 included studies for analysis. Forty-six were retrospective reviews and 1 was a prospective observational cohort study, thereby comprising Levels III and IV of evidence. Studies investigated carotid artery stenting (11/47, 23%), carotid endarterectomy (22/47, 46.8%), mechanical thrombectomy (8/47, 17%), and endovascular aneurysm coiling or surgical aneurysm clipping (20/47, 42.6%). Minority and underinsured patients were less likely to receive surgical treatment. Nonwhite patients were more likely to experience a postoperative complication, though this significance was lost in some studies using multivariate analyses to account for complication risk factors. White and privately insured patients generally experienced shorter length of hospital stay, had lower rates of in-hospital mortality, and underwent routine discharge. Twenty-five papers (53%) reported no disparities within at least one examined metric. CONCLUSION This comprehensive contemporary systematic review demonstrates the existence of disparity gaps within the field of adult cerebrovascular surgery. It highlights the importance of continued investigation into sources of disparity and efforts to promote equity within the field.
A preliminary 6 DOF attitude and translation control system design for Starprobe

The extreme thermal environment near perihelion and the high-accuracy gravitational science experiments impose unique design requirements on various subsystems of Starprobe. This paper examines some of these requirements and their impact on the preliminary design of a six-degree-of-freedom attitude and translational control system. Attention is given to design considerations, the baseline attitude/translational control system, system modeling, and simulation studies.
The Histogenesis of Nuclei and Cortices

In Chapters 7 through 9, we examined the differential expansions and foldings that produce the gross shape of the adult CNS. While this morphogenesis proceeds, the interior of the CNS is busy establishing its various cell groups and fiber tracts. Since all neurons are postsynaptic targets, they must arrive in the right place at the right time in order to receive the axons growing to meet them. Once in their proper positions, neurons elaborate their characteristic shapes and express the proper complement of neurotransmitters and receptors. In this chapter, we will consider some examples of how neurons migrate and assemble themselves into cortices and nuclei. We’ll examine the molecular determinants of neuronal and glial shape and other phenotypic traits. Finally, we’ll examine the factors that regulate the ultimate number of neurons that survive to CNS maturity. We’ll learn that the histogenesis of the cortices and nuclei of the CNS depends on interactions between its cells, interactions that are mediated by specific cell surface molecules. Any failure to express such molecules in the proper time and place will lead to malformed and dysfunctional central structures. The question of how axons bundle into tracts, find their way to their appropriate targets, and form synapses on the newly generated cortices and nuclei will be discussed in Chapter 31.
American Indian Law: Cases and Commentary (Table of Contents)

This is the table of contents and chapter one for Anderson, Berger, Frickey and Krakoff, American Indian Law: Cases and Commentary (2008). For the most recent table of contents, see American Indian Law: Cases and Commentary, Second Edition (Table of Contents).
Chapter 13 Rational billiards and flat structures

Publisher Summary The theory of mathematical billiards can be partitioned into three areas: convex billiards with smooth boundaries, billiards in polygons (and polyhedra), and dispersing and semi-dispersing billiards (similarly to differential geometry in which the cases of positive, zero, and negative curvature are significantly different). These areas differ by the types of results and the methods of study. This chapter illustrates the unfolding procedure in the simplest example of a rational polygon, the square. The chapter examines certain examples of Teichmtiller discs that arise in the so-called Veech billiards and their generalizations. Some results on ergodicity of vertical foliations of quadratic differentials are described in the chapter. The chapter presents the constructive proofs of other results on polygonal billiards and flat surfaces. In particular, it gives a new proof of the quadratic upper bound on the number of saddle connections.
Dietary Protein Processing: Intraluminal and Enterocyte Surface Events

The sections in this article are: 1 Sources of Protein for Digestion and Transport 2 Preliminary Attack on Protein by Pepsin in the Stomach 3 Intraintestinal Cleavage of Protein 3.1 Pancreatic Endopeptidases 3.2 Pancreatic Exopeptidases 4 Sequential and Simultaneous Action of Intraluminal Endopeptidases and Exopeptidases 5 Role of Enterocyte Brush Border Surface Membrane in Digestion and Transport 5.1 Interfacial Digestion of Oligopeptides 5.2 Transport of Intact Di- and Tripeptides 5.3 Relative Roles of Surface Hydrolysis and Intact Peptide Transport in Assimilation 5.4 Regulation of Protein Assimilation by Nutrients
Evaluation of CMIP5 20th century climate simulations for the Pacific Northwest USA

[1] Monthly temperature and precipitation data from 41 global climate models (GCMs) of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) were compared to observations for the 20th century, with a focus on the United States Pacific Northwest (PNW) and surrounding region. A suite of statistics, or metrics, was calculated, that included correlation and variance of mean seasonal spatial patterns, amplitude of seasonal cycle, diurnal temperature range, annual- to decadal-scale variance, long-term persistence, and regional teleconnections to El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Performance, or credibility, was assessed based on the GCMs' abilities to reproduce the observed metrics. GCMs were ranked in their credibility using two methods. The first simply treated all metrics equally. The second method considered two properties of the metrics: (1) redundancy of information (dependence) among metrics, and (2) confidence in the reliability of an individual metric for accurately ranking models. Confidence was related to how robust the estimate of the metric was to ensemble size, given that for most of the models only a small number of ensemble members (i.e., realizations of the 20th century) were available. A cursory comparison with 24 CMIP3 models revealed few differences between the two generations of models with respect to the statistics analyzed.
Carcinoid heart disease with tricuspid stenosis and pulmonic insufficiency: A hemodynamic and intracardiac phonocardiographic study

Abstract A patient is presented with the carcinoid syndrome with tricuspid stenosis and pulmonic insufficiency, as well as the more common tricuspid insufficiency and pulmonic stenosis. Hemodynamic data and intracardiac phonocardiographic evidence for these diagnoses are presented.
Photon Interference Experiments Utilizing Photoelectronic Devices

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the photon interference experiments utilizing photoelectronic devices. The quantum theory affords no criterion for low or high intensity, as the interference pattern should be independent of the intensity. If the intensity is below that for which the successive wave packets do not overlap in space then the intensity can be considered low. Another criterion for the upper limit of low intensity can be developed from the requirement that only one photon is in the apparatus at a time. Low intensity beams can be obtained by inserting filters between the source and the interference apparatus, without regard for the intensity of excitation within the source; or alternatively, provision may be made to run the source at a low level of excitation. The effects of the various neutral density filters on the nearly monochromatic light beam used were measured by means of a photomultiplier with the same nominal cathode spectral response as that of the image intensifier. Beam intensities were determined at various positions in the apparatus by means of a calibrated photomultiplier and confirmed at low beam intensities by direct spot counting on the film, making use of the image tube parameters.
Effects of filtering on estimating spectral moments of meteorological Doppler spectra

The authors describe the effort to develop a means of evaluating a clutter-rejection filter based on how it effects the pulse-pair processor spectral estimates of weather data in the absence of clutter. Several clutter-rejection filters are evaluated and compared with a baseline ideal filter. The loss of sensitivity, a measure of the signal power lost as a result of filtering, is also considered in the analysis. The results presented have been obtained from simulated weather data at very high signal-to-noise ratios in the absence of ground clutter. Little of the analysis software's capabilities has been explored. >
Enhancing the Investment Performanceof Yield-Based Strategies

High-dividend-yield stocks do not reliably earn above-average risk-adjusted returns. More complete measures of shareholder yield, which account for net share repurchases, perform better. This article explores the use of net-debt paydown as a way to further enhance shareholder yield. The addition of net-debt paydown enhances risk-adjusted returns and creates a shareholder yield metric that is more robust across time and to the inclusion or exclusion of financials.
Photosynthesis and Chlorophyll Fluorescence in Blackleaf-Affected Concord Leaves

Blackleaf is a leaf disorder which is believed to be associated with low leaf and/or petiole potassium. Correlative evidence for potassium deficiency has been variable and increasing potassium fertilization has not eliminated the disorder. Additionally, blackleaf symptom development differs from classic potassium deficiency in several critical aspects, which include location within the canopy and individual leaves. We tested the hypothesis that blackleaf influences the photosynthetic process such that potential vine productivity is reduced. Coincident with veraison and appearance of visual symptoms in Concord grapevines, carbon exchange rate (CER) declined in blackleaf-affected source leaves (9.46 µmol CO2 · m -2 · s-l) compared to unaffected source leaves (12.46 µmol CO2 · m -2 · s-l). By September the decline in CER was > 50% in affected leaves (6.18 µmol CO2 · m -2 · s-1). These data suggest blackleaf results in a 22% to 55% reduction in carbon on a daily basis. The level of chlorophyll fluorescence (Chl-F) decreased in affected leaves, which is opposite of the expected increase in Chl-F with a reduction in CER. Loss in CER did not appear to be associated with photoinhibition because the maximum intrinsic efficiency of Photosystem II (PSII), as measured by F/Fm, was unaffected. When CER, Chl-F and chlorophyll a and b concentrations for green and black portions of affected leaves were compared, there was no significant difference in CER. CER was reduced in green and black portions of affected leaves by ca . 55% compared to unaffected leaves. Green portions of affected leaves had the highest Chl-F values, thus less light energy was utilized in photosynthesis, suggesting the potential efficiency of the photosynthetic apparatus had been reduced. Measurement of chlorophyll concentrations confirmed that there was a loss in chlorophyll green and black portions of affected leaves. Collectively, the data suggest a possible transition in photosynthetic system damage between unaffected leaves, green tissue of affected leaves, and black tissue of affected leaves.
INCREASED 3H-THYMIDINE INCORPORATION INTO DNA OF IRRADIATED SLIME MOULD.

SummarySynchronous cultures of the slime mould Physarum polycephalum were incubated in 3H-thymidine. Some cultures were exposed to 25 kr of x-rays. The specific activity of DNA from irradiated cultures was 40 per cent greater than that from non-irradiated preparations. Feulgen spectrophotometric measurements indicated the same amount of DNA per nucleus in both cases. After exposure of samples to ultra-violet light the proportion of thymine to thymine dimers was the same in irradiated and non-irradiated samples, indicating there had been no large addition of thymine to DNA. Heating and cooling in 1 per cent formaldehyde did not release any pieces of low molecular weight that were separable from DNA on Sephadex columns, a finding that argues against loose association of precursor and DNA. The possibility that specific activity of the precursor pool may be changed by irradiation, or that replacement of damaged sites on DNA may occur, are offered as possible explanations.
Preparation of methyl 8c, 11c-octadecadienoate-17,17,18,18-d4 and methyl 8c,11c,14c-octadecatrienoate-17,17,18,18-d4

Multi-gram quantities of methyl 8c,11c-octadecadienoate-17,17,18,18-d4 and methyl 8c,11c,14c-octadecatrienoate-17,17,18,18-d4 were synthesized for use in human metabolism studies. The deuterium atoms were incorporated using tris(triphenylphosphine)chlororhodium (I) catalyst and deuterium gas. The double bonds in the Δ11 and Δ14 positions were incorporated by acetylenic coupling. The double bond in the Δ8 position was introduced by the Wittig coupling of the mono- or di-unsaturated triphenyl phosphonium halide to 7-formylheptanoate. The 15-25% trans isomers formed by the Wittig coupling reaction were removed by silver resin chromatography. Overall yields were 15%, for the diene ester (an 8-step synthesis) and 12%, for the triene (a 12-step synthesis). Both compounds were shown to have an isotopic purity of > 97% d4.
Corrosion evaluation of wear tested nitinol wire

Measurement of current-potential relations under carefully controlled conditions was performed to yield information on corrosion rates, passivation abilities and pitting tendencies of Nitinol wire samples. Cyclic potentiodynamic curves were obtained to evaluate the corrosion resistance of several wire specimens after completing accelerated wear testing to 200 million cycles, which is equivalent to approximately 5 years. The effects of the wear testing on corrosion were evaluated and the specimens were microscopically analyzed.