cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alkyl) platinum(II) intermediates in CH activation by platinum complexes in aqueous solution

Abstract Generation of [PtMeCl 3 ] 2− , the putative first intermediate in activation of methane by Pt II /Pt IV , is achieved by reduction of Na 2 [PtMeCl 5 ] in THF with cobaltocene. The monomethyl dianion is obtained, not in pure form but combined with [PtMe 2 Cl 2 ] 2− and [PtCl 4 ] 2− as the mixed cobalticenium salt. [PtMeCl 3 ] 2− reacts with water to liberate CH 4 ; in an acidic aqueous solution of [PtCl 6 ] 2− , it undergoes competitive protonolysis and oxidation to [PtMeCl 5 ] 2− . The relevance of this chemistry to alkane activation by platinum in aqueous solution is discussed.
Lipolytic Function of Adipocyte/Endothelial Cocultures

The rising incidence of adipose-related disorders such as obesity has prompted increased interest in the in vitro development of functional human soft tissues to study the disease and treatment options. Further, soft tissues maintained in vitro with a capacity to resemble in vivo tissues in structure and metabolic function would help gain insight into mechanisms involved in adipose tissue development. In the current study, the metabolic potential of adipose/endothelial cocultures on three-dimensional silk fibroin scaffolds was studied. Endothelial contributions to adipose lipogenesis and lipolysis were the focus of the study. Triglyceride accumulation, adipogenic gene transcript expression, and basal lipolysis measurements demonstrated the ability of this coculture system to retain metabolic levels obtained in adipocyte monocultures. Additionally, basal lipolysis was stimulated in mono- and coculture systems to a similar extent at 1.6- and 1.9-fold over controls, respectively. The ability to maintain adipose functions in these cocultures represents a step forward in the development of a tissue-engineered adipose tissue system exhibiting both endothelial lumens and metabolic functions.
Ovarian follicular development in prepubertal heifers is influenced by level of dietary energy intake.

Objectives were twofold: 1) to determine the chronology of development of dominant ovarian follicles during the peripubertal period in heifers and 2) to determine whether feeding a diet with low energy content that delays onset of puberty alters chronology of dominant ovarian follicular development in peripubertal heifers. Ten heifers of composite breeding (1/4 Angus, 1/4 Hereford, 1/4 Red Poll, 1/4 Pinzgauer) were randomly assigned, at 8 mo of age, to receive a diet designed to produce 0.9 (n = 5) or 0.3 (n = 5) kg body weight gain per day for the duration of the experiment. To characterize changes in size of ovarian follicles, real-time linear ultrasonography of ovaries was conducted in all heifers every other day until puberty occurred. Blood samples were collected weekly to determine concentrations of progesterone and 17 beta-estradiol. Determination of time of puberty was based on increased concentrations of progesterone, ultrasound depiction of ovulation, and subsequent presence of a corpus luteum. Size of the dominant ovarian follicles differed prior to puberty (p < 0.03); diameter of the dominant ovarian follicle was greater in all heifers as the first ovulation approached as compared to earlier in prepuberty. Heifers fed the greater amount of energy exhibited larger dominant ovarian follicles at a younger age in comparison to heifers fed the lower amount of energy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Temporal and spatial activities of a rice glutelin promoter in transgenic sorghum

Temporal and spatial patterns of expression of a uidA reporter gene, encoding the β-glucuronidase (GUS), driven by a rice glutelinA-2 (GluA-2) promoter, were evaluated in transgenic lines of sorghum. Quantitative GUS analysis conducted on seeds, harvested from T2 homozygous plants from three independent transgenic lines, showed detectable levels of expression of the transgene at 14 days post anthesis (dpa). From this point, GUS expression increased for about 1 week, but then declined during seed maturity. Furthermore, histochemical GUS analysis on seeds from the same transgenic lines revealed that the GluA-2 promoter directed GUS expression in the inner starchy endosperm portion of the seed. The absence of detectable GUS expression in the embryo, leaf, stem, root, pollen and inflorescence tissues suggests that this promoter is active specifically in the endosperm portion of the sorghum seed. Transcript analyses detected uidA mRNA in the seeds at 14 and 17 dpa, but not at other time points. Overall, these results suggest that the rice GluA-2 promoter is an endosperm-specific promoter in sorghum and that it can serve as a valuable tool in improving the seed quality of this cereal.
The ONR-602 experiment and investigation of particle precipitation near the equator

The global precipitation of radiation belt particles at low altitude was investigated, using the ONR-602 experiment on board U.S. Air Force mission S81-1. A combination of a main telescope, beginning analysis at a few MeV/nucleon, and a monitor system, giving results below 1 MeV/nucleon, was designed for measuring particle phenomena characterized by almost any energy spectrum. The monitor provides an indication of the presence of the particles at low energy, while the main telescope gives detailed flux and composition data for the higher energy events. Results of the instrument performance analysis indicate that, at the equator, the monitor telescope has the peak efficiency for particles of about 90 deg pitch angles. The large opening angle of 75 deg makes it possible to detect omnidirectional flux of quasi-trapped particles. The high-energy cosmic-ray background count is found to be very insignificant. It is demonstrated that the particle counting rates for the low-energy threshold have been almost entirely due to protons.
Analysis of K−K+ and π−π+ final states in 13 GeV K−p interactions

Abstract The differential cross sections and density matrix elements for the φ and ϱ0 mesons have been measured in the reactions K−p → K−K+ (Λ, Σ0) and K−p → π−π+ (Λ, Σ0) at 13 GeV using a wire chamber spectrometer. The analysis shows that while the vector meson production is dominated by the natural parity exchange amplitude, some unnatural parity exchange is also required. Furthermore the φ and ϱ natural exchange cross sections are identical in shape and have the 2:1 relative strength expected in the quark model with K∗ and K∗∗ exchange degeneracy. The analysis of the clear peak-dip ϱ0−ω interference pattern observed in the π−π+ data indicates that the ω production is in phase with the ϱ and of similar magnitude. Both the S∗ and f′ meson are clearly observed in this experiment. The S∗ data are found to be consistent with S∗ parameters deduced from ππ scattering analyses. The f′ density matrix elements and a new limit of the f′ → π−π+ branching ratio are presented.
Comparison of dexmedetomidine versus propofol for sedation in mechanically ventilated patients after cardiovascular surgery

Many cardiovascular surgeries are fast-tracked to extubation and require short-term sedation. Dexmedetomidine and propofol have very different mechanisms of action and pharmacokinetic profiles that make them attractive sedative agents in this patient population. Recently, there has been increased use of dexmedetomidine in the intensive care unit (ICU), but few studies exist or have been published directly comparing both agents in this setting. We conducted a retrospective cohort study with patients admitted to the ICU after cardiovascular surgery from January through June 2011. Adult patients who underwent coronary artery bypass and/or cardiac valve surgery received either dexmedetomidine or propofol continuous infusion for short-term sedation after cardiovascular surgery. The primary end point was time (hours) on mechanical ventilation after surgery. Secondary end points included ICU length of stay (LOS), hospital LOS, incidence of delirium, and requirement of a second sedative agent. A total of 352 patients met study inclusion criteria, with 33 enrolled in the dexmedetomidine group and 319 in the propofol group. Time on mechanical ventilation was shorter in the dexmedetomidine group (7.4 hours vs. 12.9 hours, P = .042). No difference was seen in ICU or hospital LOS. The need for a second sedative agent to achieve optimal sedation (24% vs. 27%, P = .737) and incidence of delirium (9% vs. 7.5%, P = .747) were similar between both groups. Sedation with dexmedetomidine resulted in a significant reduction in time on mechanical ventilation. However, no difference was seen in ICU or hospital LOS, incidence of delirium, or mortality.
Early development of the actinopterygian head. I. External development and staging of the paddlefish Polyodon spathula.

A large sample of embryological material of the North American paddlefish Polyodon spathula (Acipenseriformes: Polyodontidae) confirms that early development in Polyodon is very similar to that reported for the sister group of Polyodontidae, the sturgeons (Acipenseridae). Polyodon illustrates many basic aspects of acipenseriform (and actinopterygian) head development that have not been adequately described. In this paper, we provide an overview of external features of cranial development using scanning electron microscopy. The observations are correlated with staging schemes previously proposed for paddlefishes and other acipenseriforms. Events that occur after the start of neurulation (stage 19) to the start of feeding (stage 46) are emphasized. New information on the structure and folding of the mandibular and hyoid segments permits an understanding of the early development of the pharyngeal region. In addition, we offer new descriptions of the hatching gland, the olfactory organ, the sensory barbel, and the initiation of paddle outgrowth. We also comment on the mode of origin of the hypophysis, and refute the notion that it is derived from the lips of the anterior neuropore as suggested in older literature. This information sets the stage for future comparative and experimental studies of the embryology of basal actinopterygians. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Toward a differentiation of descriptive and psycholinguistic language models: perceptual and orthographic/phonological analysis of spelling strategies.

Linguistic concepts of the principles and rule systems composing language are instantiated in the models known as grammars. These grammars, typically generative in format, are descriptions of those representatives of universal rule processes found in the particular language being described. Many psycholinguists are now becoming concerned with how to determine to what extent such formal descriptive language models also embody psychologically valid descriptions of speaker processes. It is this issue to which the current article is addressed. The psycholinguistic validity of a language model may be studied by experimental investigation of the degree to which speaker behaviors follow the patterns dictated by linguistic theory. In this article, English phonology, specifically the nature of phonological units in internalized phonological representations, was chosen as the area for study. The choice was made because English phonology is particularly well described by the standard theory, and because this theory contains explicit predictions about how English speakers' phonological knowledge will be realized in their control of English orthography, e.g., in spelling. The present article discusses a series of studies designed to determine whether speakers' spelling behavior follows the supposed patterns of phonological competence, wherein any divergences may lie, and to what processes they may be attributed. The results of the studies suggest the necessity for differentiating a formal description of English phonology from a psycholinguistic model.
Simulation of granular packing of particles with different size distributions

Abstract The study of granular matter composed of spherical particles is of interest in manufacturing, material, and metallurgy. The viscoelastic and frictional contacts between the particles are the cause of forming the agglomeration. We present a numerical simulation for particles packing with three different kinds of size distributions: monosize, bimodal, and Gaussian, using distinct element method (DEM). The particles are initially put randomly but without any overlap, and then fall down due to the gravity force and collide with neighbor particles. Because of the dissipative factors of viscoelastic collision and frictional force, all the particles finally come together to form an agglomeration. Coordination number, porosity, radial distribution function, and force distribution are calculated for different size distributions. It is demonstrated that particle size distribution does affect the granular packing structure.
Effects of ibogaine on sensory-motor function, activity, and spatial learning in rats.

Abstract Ibogaine, a naturally occurring alkaloid, has been show to reduce naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms from morphine. Given the clinical possibilities, it is important to determine ibogaine's effects on sensory-motor function, activity, learning, and memory. Long-Evans rats injected with doses of 20–60 mg/kg of ibogaine displayed slower response times on sensory and sensory-motor tests and were impaired in performing specific motor reflexes at doses of 40–60 mg/kg. Furthermore, these rats showed a marked reduction in locomotor and nonlocomotor activity, as well as emotionality at doses ranging from 10–40 mg/kg. At the higher doses the rats appeared to be virtually inactive. There were also deficits in learning a spatial location task (a dry-land version of the Morris water-maze). The deficits, however, were probably due to a reduction in locomotor activity and reduction in detection of sensory information. In a final experiment, a single injection of 40 mg/kg of ibogaine had marked deleterious effects on the acquisition of the spatial location task 1 but not 7 days after the injection, even though in this case there were no effects on sensory motor function 1 or 7 days after the injection. Thus, there are severe sensory-motor activity and learning problems while the animal is under the influence of ibogaine (acute effect) as well as long-term consequences on learning without concomitant changes in sensory-motor function.
Metabolism of Myo-Inositol and Growth in Various Sugars of Suspension cultured Tobacco Cells

Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) cells were cultured in a liquid medium which contained sucrose as a source of carbon and energy. Various cell-wall constituents and wall precursors (L-arabinose, D-xylose, D-galactose, D-mannose, D-glucuronate, myo-inositol) were added to cells growing in this medium to by-pass possible rate-limiting steps in the relevant metabolic pathways. None of these compounds stimulated growth as measured by increase in fresh weight; myo-inositol did cause a slight increase and L-arabinose a decrease in dry weight accumulation compared to controls grown on sucrose only. Although myo-inositol was not needed for rapid growth, tracer level amounts of [2-3H]myo-inositol were rapidly absorbed and metabolized. Label was incorporated into the uronide and pentose residues of cell walls and exocellular polysaccharide.
Monolithic fabrication of nanochannels using core–sheath nanofibers as sacrificial mold

A simple and reliable approach for fabricating circular nanofluidic channels in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic systems is described, which uses core–sheath nanofibers as sacrificial molds. The core–sheath structures consist of an electrospun polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) core and a sputtered aluminum sheath. The rupture of the sheath during master template releasing allows easy removal of the nanofibers to form the nanochannels. Straight nanochannels with the diameter as small as 390 nm are demonstrated. This technology is advantageous over existing nanochannel fabrication approaches in reduced risks of fluidic leakage and channel blocking, simpler fabrication process, lower cost and easier dimension control. This work provides a solid technical basis that enables development of various on-chip analytical devices for investigation of the unique transport phenomena at nanoscale.
Acadesine during fluid resuscitation from shock and abdominal sepsis.

ObjectiveTo determine properties of acadesine, the prototype adenosine regulating agent, in an experimental model in which abdominal sepsis is superimposed onto hemorrhagic shock.DesignRandomized, blinded animal study.SettingUniversity-based animal research facility.SubjectsTwenty-eight anesthetized
Perspectives in fluid-bed arts: looking back and ahead

Abstract In the still vibrant story of fluid-bed arts, (1) a review of historic successes, failures, surprises, debates, and (2) some suggestions of “where next?”
High-energy electron testing of CCDs for a Jovian science mission

We present results of CCD radiation testing for a proposed Jovian mission. Samples of two candidate star tracker CCDs were irradiated with 10-MeV and 50-MeV electrons at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute's Gaerttner LINAC. Differences in displacement damage effects on CCD parameters and star tracker performance are discussed for these two energies. Dark current, charge transfer efficiency (CTE), hot pixels, and flat-band voltage shifts are examined. Our electron data is compared to proton irradiation data taken by other experimenters. 10-MeV electron-induced transient data are also discussed.
Synthesis of metabolism-resistant substrates for the transport system for cationic amino acids; their stimulation of the release of insulin and glucagon, and of the urinary loss of amino acids related to cystinuria.

Abstract Several amino acids have been synthesized as model transport substrates building on the piperidine and cyclohexane rings. Only when the distal N atom is part of an unambiguously cationic structure are these compounds transported predominantly by the cationic amino acid system. These amino acids in labeled form are excreted rather slowly in unmodified state, very little 14CO2 being released. Those which are unambiguously cationic (including also homoarginine) led to a greatly increased excretion of arginine, lysine, ornithine and citrulline. Those which might be expected to act as lysine analogs had little effect on the excretion of the basic amino acids, although the excretion of citrulline and the sum of glutamine plus asparagine was accelerated. Certain of the analogs intensified the excretion of citrulline in dissociation from effects on resorption of the basic amino acids, also in dissociation from effects on cystine resorption. These results indicate citrulline resorption does not occur principally by the same agency serving for the basic amino acids, nor by the agency serving for cystine, despite the observed interactions for resorption. The injection of either of three transport analogs for arginine into the rat leads to early increases in the circulating levels of immunologically reactive insulin and glucagon.
Increasing curvature of the normal fetal ductus arteriosus with advancing gestational age.

In order to determine whether the configuration of the normal fetal ductus arteriosus changes with increasing gestational age, we prospectively collected oblique transverse sonographic images of the fetal thorax through the ductus arteriosus. Scans from 240 consecutive normal fetuses with gestational age 20 weeks or more were included in the study. The images were reviewed independently by two sonologists and the ductus arteriosus was graded as: (1) straight; (2) mildly curved (C-shaped, bending 90 degrees, or S-shaped). In cases where the two sonologists' gradings did not concur, the images were re-reviewed jointly by both sonologists and a grading was assigned by consensus. Forty-two cases were rejected, due to inadequate images. The ductus arteriosus was graded in 42 fetuses aged 20-25.9 weeks, 48 at 26-31.9 weeks, 74 at 32-37.9 weeks, and 34 at 38 weeks or more for a total of 198 cases. There was a significant trend to greater curvature with increasing gestational age (p < 0.0001). The frequency of a straight ductus arteriosus decreased steadily from 55% of fetuses aged 20-25.9 weeks to 3% of fetuses at 38 weeks or older, while the frequency of marked curvature increased from 2% in the youngest age group to 56% in the oldest. The proportion with mild curvature showed little variation throughout gestation. In summary, the configuration of the ductus arteriosus is variable but tends to become more curved as pregnancy proceeds. Marked curvature or tortuosity of the ductus arteriosus should not be misinterpreted as a great vessel anomaly.
Solute segregation and precipitation under heavy-ion bombardment☆

Abstract Solute segregation and precipitation in dilute Ni-base binary alloys during heavy-ion bombardment were studied using a kinetic model. Spatially-dependent defect—production rates corresponding to 75-keV and 3-MeV Ni+ ion bombardment and various defect—solute interactions were considered in the calculations. For strong interstitial—solute binding, solutes in the peak-damage region are transported to the sample surface and into the bulk beyond the damage range, resulting in a solute depletion at the damage peak. However, for a vacancy—solute binding energy of ~0.05 eV, the solute-segregation trends are reversed from the strong interstitial—solute interaction case. With larger vacancy—solute binding energies, solute enrichment occurs at the surface. The present theoretical predictions are qualitatively compared with recent experimental measurements of the temperature and spatial dependence of radiation-induced segregation of undersize and oversize solutes in Ni-base alloys.
Mixed State Entanglement and Quantum Error Correction

Entanglement purification protocols (EPPs) and quantum error-correcting codes (QECCs) provide two ways of protecting quantum states from interaction with the environment. In an EPP, perfectly entangled pure states are extracted, with some yield D, from a mixed state M shared by two parties; with a QECC, an arbitrary quantum state |\ensuremath{\xi}〉 can be transmitted at some rate Q through a noisy channel \ensuremath{\chi} without degradation. We prove that an EPP involving one-way classical communication and acting on mixed state M^(\ensuremath{\chi}) (obtained by sharing halves of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen pairs through a channel \ensuremath{\chi}) yields a QECC on \ensuremath{\chi} with rate Q=D, and vice versa. We compare the amount of entanglement E(M) required to prepare a mixed state M by local actions with the amounts ${\mathit{D}}_{1}$(M) and ${\mathit{D}}_{2}$(M) that can be locally distilled from it by EPPs using one- and two-way classical communication, respectively, and give an exact expression for E(M) when M is Bell diagonal. While EPPs require classical communication, QECCs do not, and we prove Q is not increased by adding one-way classical communication. However, both D and Q can be increased by adding two-way communication. We show that certain noisy quantum channels, for example a 50% depolarizing channel, can be used for reliable transmission of quantum states if two-way communication is available, but cannot be used if only one-way communication is available. We exhibit a family of codes based on universal hashing able to achieve an asymptotic Q (or D) of 1-S for simple noise models, where S is the error entropy. We also obtain a specific, simple 5-bit single-error-correcting quantum block code. We prove that iff a QECC results in high fidelity for the case of no error then the QECC can be recast into a form where the encoder is the matrix inverse of the decoder. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Control of Sensory Fields by Stimulation of Hypothalamus

Stimulation of the cat's hypothalamus, which elicits attack, also establishes sensory fields for two reflexes related to biting. Touching a perioral region leads to head movement, bringing the stimulus to the mouth. Touching the lip-line leads to jaw opening. The size of the fields depends on the intensity of stimulation.
Point-of-care (POC) versus central laboratory instrumentation for monitoring oral anticoagulation

Point-of-care (POC) instruments employing fingerstick whole blood to monitor patients treated with warfarin are a popular alternative to complex, central laboratory coagulation analyzers utilizing citrated plasma derived from venipuncture. We investigated the accuracy of two widely utilized POC instruments for oral anticoagulation monitoring compared with a central laboratory instrument. Instrument-to-instrument variation differed for the two POC instruments, which correlated with the central laboratory instrument, but exhibited positive bias of 0.24-0.35 INR units. Positive bias increased as the INR values increased. We conclude that clinicians should exercise caution when interpreting results generated by POC monitors, particularly at high INR values. A high POC measurement of INR does not necessarily warrant decreasing the warfarin dose. Instead, a predefined cut-off range for high INR values generated by POC instruments should mandate confirmatory testing with central laboratory instrumentation.
Externally-modulated 3 GHz fibre optic link utilising high current and balanced detection

The performance of a DC to 3 GHz externally modulated link utilising balanced high-power photodetectors is presented. High power photodiodes with 1 dB compression currents in excess of 56 mA are used with a 240 mW NdYAG laser, a dual-output 4 V V/sub x/ modulator, and balanced 100 mA total photocurrent yielding a link gain of 3 to 6 dB and a noise figure of 15.5-17.5 dB.
Impact of tripropyl borate on life and impedance of lithium-ion cells☆

Tripropyl borate was investigated as a low cost anion receptor to improve the performance of lithium-ion cells. The impact of tripropyl borate was examined using lithium-ion cells comprising a negative electrode of mesocarbon microbeads, a positive electrode of Li{sub 1.1}[Mn{sub 1/3}Ni{sub 1/3}Co{sub 1/3}]{sub 0.9}O{sub 2} and an LiPF{sub 6}-based electrolyte. It was found that the performance of the cells was improved by adding a proper amount of tripropyl borate ({le} 0.1 wt%) to the LiPF{sub 6}-based electrolyte. However, a small amount of gas was observed from cells with high contents of tripropyl borate when cycled at 55 C, and as a result, the performance of the cells deteriorated.
Hardware-Related Software Errors: Measurement and Analysis

This paper describes an analysis of hardware-related software (HW/SW) errors on an MVS/SP operating system at Stanford University. The analysis procedure demonstrates a methodology for evaluating the interaction between hardware and software as it relates to system reliability. The paper examines the operating system's handling of HW/SW errors and also the effectiveness of recovery management. Nearly 35 percent of all observed software failures were found to be hareware-related. The analysis shows that the operating system is seldom able to diagnose that a software error may be hardware-related. The impact of HW/SW errors on the system is evaluated by measuring the effectiveness of system recovery in containing the propagation of HW/SW errors. The system failure probability for HW/SW errors is close to three times that for software errors in general. The observed HW/SW errors are seen to have a specific pattern, suggesting the possibility of the use of such error patterns for intelligent error prediction and recovery.
Molecular Hydration Investigated using Extended Membrane Surfaces

In biological cells and in solutions, biomolecules are in constant competition for water. The availability of water is critical to a wide array of processes such as protein folding, molecular recognition, and cell signaling. To understand these mechanisms, we distinguish between the water molecules residing in the vicinity of biological macromolecules and the most distant water molecules in the bath. What happens on the surface of macromolecules? How to investigate the role and the properties of interfacial water? The problem is that the spatial extent of hydration layers is very small, on the order of nanometers or less. How to produce an experimentally measurable signal? Our approach to investigate the many remaining mysteries of molecular hydration is by using the naturally extended water surfaces within multilamellar lipid structures. We show how addition of salts, sugars, and most buffers make the interlamellar (D) spacing of synthetic phospholipids membranes to increase. In contrast to this behavior, low concentrations of highly hygroscopic molecules such as PEG (polyethylene glycol) and DMSO (dimethyl sulfide) are found to decrease the D-spacing. A very interesting case is that of the small molecular weight PEG 400 with unusual effects on the interfacial hydration, in such a way that at some concentration threshold the PEG molecules overcome a mixing barrier and become included in the forbidding interlamellar water space. This behavior is due to competitions between the strong exclusions forces from extended hydration surfaces and entropy. We are currently investigating how biological relevant molecules such as “Factor V” (BSA Bovine Serum Albumin) are modifying cellular osmoregulation and its effects on membranes stress. Knowing how molecules interact at the lipid-water interface could prove beneficial in the drug design of anesthetics, cryoprotectants of mammalian cells, and in general, of molecular stressor affecting biological cells.
Osteoporosis prevention among young women: psychosocial models of calcium consumption and weight-bearing exercise.

Objective To examine the putative determinants of two osteoporosis-preventive behaviors, calcium consumption and weight-bearing exercise, in 2 samples of young women (Sample 1, n = 202; Sample 2, n = 209). A common psychosocial model of both behaviors, comprising the health belief model and augmented with constructs drawn from social cognitive theory and the theory of planned behavior, was developed, tested, and replicated. Design A prospective 2-panel design was used. Baseline data were obtained in fall 1997 for Sample 1 and in spring 2002 for Sample 2. Behavioral follow-up data were obtained 6 months after initial data collection for both samples. Main outcome measures Baseline measures of behavioral intentions served as proximal outcomes. Behavioral measures obtained 6 months later served as distal outcomes. Results Perceived barriers and self-efficacy directly predicted intentions to consume calcium and to exercise. Descriptive norms predicted intentions, in part indirectly through barriers and self-efficacy. Constructs specific to osteoporosis (e.g., susceptibility, severity) did not contribute to prediction. With initial behavior controlled, intentions to consume calcium and to exercise predicted the corresponding behaviors measured 6 months later; intentions fully mediated the relationship of model constructs to behavior. Conclusion Health beliefs associated with a negative health outcome, here osteoporosis, distal to young women's lives did not contribute to prediction. In contrast, constructs related to the current behaviors of calcium consumption and weight-bearing exercise (barriers, self-efficacy, norms) were highly predictive. Implications for behavioral interventions are discussed.
New QoS approaches for delay-sensitive applications over DiffServ

In recent past we have witnessed the migration of the Internet from a classic computer communication infrastructure to a platform for multimedia applications. Several new approaches have appeared and many protocols have been presented in order to accomplish this transformation. However many challenges remain, especially in the provision of quality of service (QoS). We present and evaluate new techniques and combinations of other well-known QoS mechanism to achieve end-to-end QoS for real-time applications. We propose a priority disciplines for Differential Services architectures and evaluate it in detail for mixed traffic including streams that use conventional protocols such as UDP or TCP and others that are targeted for real-time applications such as RTP. Next we present new brokering concepts at the boundary of the DS-Domain. We present two new dynamic Service Level Agreement methods that will help us accomplish our end-to-end delay minimization goal. These new approaches reduce the connection and/or re-connection time expended by the server during the agreement process with the DS-entry nodes. Finally we include a QoS routing mechanism in our system and map its features to the DS-domain characteristics© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Selecting the right mesh

The development of mesh is described. Current popular prostheses such as polyester, polytetrafluroethylene (PTFE) and polypropylene are reviewed. Chemical, polymer, and textile engineers design prostheses with various characteristics and qualities. These properties are compared according to the American Standard and Testing Methods (ASTM). Absorbable mesh does not remain in the wound long enough for adequate collagen to be deposited. Multifilament mesh can harbor bacteria. Monofilament mesh is the most popular presently in use with the various types of polypropylene having different characteristic advantages.
Neuron types in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus that project to the medial geniculate body

Abstract At least four neuron types, distinguished on the basis of dendritic and cell body morphology, were labeled in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus after horseradish peroxidase injections into the medial geniculate body of the cat. Most labeled cells had disc-shaped dendritic fields whose orientation and arrangement into layers were important identifying features. Most labeled cells were small or medium-sized disc-shaped cells with dendritic fields and cell bodies of corresponding size. These cell types appeared to have dispersed Nissl substance and infrequent axosomatic endings. Large disc-shaped cells, identified by their large dendritic fields and somata, were also labeled. These may have had a different Nissl pattern, including both perinuclear cisterns and clumps of granular endoplasmic reticulum, and numerous axosomatic synaptic endings. Stellate cells, which constituted the fourth labeled cell type, were distinguished by their spherical dendritic fields composed of dendrites radiating in all directions, especially across the layers formed by the disc-shaped cells. Stellate cells probably corresponded to neurons with stacks or clumps of granular endoplasmic reticulum, an irregular nuclear envelope, and frequent axosomatic contacts. These results suggest that many of the cell types previously identified in studies using the Golgi method send their axons to the medical geniculate body. The results also raise the possibility that Nissl pattern and dendritic morphology of central nucleus cell types are related. The presence of several types of neurons in the central nucleus with axons ascending to the thalamus may provide a structural basis for some type of parallel information processing in this part of the central auditory system.
Adjusting trimethylgallium injection time to explore atomic layer epitaxy of GaAs between 425 and 500°C by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy

In experiments employing a conventional low-pressure, rotating-disk organome-tallic vapor phase epitaxy reactor, GaAs epilayers have been grown at substrate temperatures ranging from 425 to 500°C by exposing the substrate alternately to trimethylgallium (TMG) and AsH3.The GaAs growth rateR was approximately constant with TMG flow rate, but with increasing TMG injection timet, it increased to more than one monolayer per TMG/AsH3 cycle without saturating. Although growth was not self-limiting, for one specific combination of temperature andt, a value of R = 1 monolayer/cycle could be achieved by usingt values decreasing from 10.8 s at 425°C to 0.9 s at 500°C in accordance with an Arrhenius relationship between 1/t and absolute temperature.
The cockroach as an experimental vector of the virus of spontaneous mouse encephalomyelitis (Theiler).

SummaryIn experiments in which cockroaches, Periplaneta americana, were fed a single meal containing the virus of mouse encephalomyelitis, GD VII strain, proof was obtained that the test cockroaches daily over a period of as many as 7 days excreted sufficient virus to kill test mice. Control experiments showed that the lethal effect was from infection by the virus of mouse encephalomyelitis, GD VII strain, and not from extraneous bacterial or viral infection.
An approach for evaluating the respiratory irritation of mixtures: application to metalworking fluids

Recently, the sensory and pulmonary irritating properties of ten metalworking fluids (MWF) were assessed using a mouse bioassay. Relative potency of the MWFs was estimated, but it was not possible to identify the component(s) responsible for the the respiratory irritation induced by each MWF. One of the ten fluids, MWF “E”, produced sensory and pulmonary irritation in mice, and it was of moderate potency in comparison to the other nine MWFs. MWF “E” had three major components: tall oil fatty acids (TOFA), sodium sulfonate (SA), and paraffinic oil (PO). In the present study, the sensory and pulmonary irritating properties of these individual components of MWF “E” were evaluated. Mixtures of the three components were also prepared and similarly evaluated. This analysis revealed that the sensory irritation from MWF “E” was largely due to TOFA, whereas SA produced the pulmonary irritation observed with MWF “E”. Both TOFA and SA were more potent irritants than was MWF “E”, and the potency of TOFA and/or SA was diminished through combination with PO. There was no evidence of synergism of the components when combined to form MWF “E”. This approach for identifying the biologically “active” component(s) in a mixture should be useful for other MWFs. Furthermore, the approach should be easily adapted for other applications involving concerns with mixtures.
Design of a Vernier Punch and Die Set for Single-Minute Bending Set-Ups

An opportunity is found to reduce set-up time in sheet metal panel bending tasks by deliberately leaving gaps between a segmented punch to allow passage of a bent Mange or to adjust the distance between articulated die sections for re-entrant bends. The effects of this practice on part appearance and dimension is addressed to assure part quality. Unconstrained bending in the gap area is modelled, and the gap/thickness ratio is found to be an indicator of part geometry and subjective quality. A zero set-up punch and die set is described for 4-bend parts.
Potential theoretic methods for the hyperbolic Maxwell system in rough cylinders

This paper is concerned with the solvability of the hyperbolic Maxwell system in Lipschitz cylinders via integral methods. By means of the Laplace transform, the original hyperbolic Maxwell system is reduced to a family of stationary Maxwell equations indexed by ω, the Laplace variable. The crux of the matter is establishing how all relevant constants in the main estimates for this family of Maxwell equations depend on ω. Among other things, appropriate norms and weighted Sobolev spaces are considered so that the integral equation method works. The solution is expressed in terms of retarded potentials. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On Caring and Uncaring

I utilize, in this chapter, the ontological virtue of caring to explicate specifically the notion of virtuous physician. Briefly, caring is a fundamental disposition in which one exhibits profound compassion or empathy for the suffering of another in order to relief that suffering. I next examine two ontic virtues derived from caring, care and competence, which are important in medical practice. The discussion then turns to the ontological vice of the unvirtuous physician—uncaring—and the two ontic vices derived from it—carelessness and incompetence.
Keratoconus: classification scheme based on videokeratography and clinical signs.

Purpose To determine in a longitudinal study whether there is correlation between videokeratography and clinical signs of keratoconus that might be useful to practicing clinicians. Setting Cornea-Genetic Eye Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA. Methods Eyes grouped as keratoconus, early keratoconus, keratoconus suspect, or normal based on clinical signs and videokeratography were examined at baseline and followed for 1 to 8 years. Differences in quantitative videokeratography indices and the progression rate were evaluated. The quantitative indices were central keratometry (K), the inferior–superior (I–S) value, and the keratoconus percentage index (KISA). Discriminant analysis was used to estimate the classification rate using the indices. Results There were significant differences at baseline between the normal, keratoconus-suspect, and early keratoconus groups in all indices; the respective means were central K: 44.17 D, 45.13 D, and 45.97 D; I–S: 0.57, 1.20, and 4.44; log(KISA): 2.49, 2.94, and 5.71 (all P Conclusions Cross-sectional and longitudinal data showed significant differences between groups in the 3 indices. Use of this classification scheme might form a basis for detecting subclinical keratoconus.
Genome engineering in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using CRISPR-Cas systems

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated (Cas) systems in bacteria and archaea use RNA-guided nuclease activity to provide adaptive immunity against invading foreign nucleic acids. Here, we report the use of type II bacterial CRISPR-Cas system in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for genome engineering. The CRISPR-Cas components, Cas9 gene and a designer genome targeting CRISPR guide RNA (gRNA), show robust and specific RNA-guided endonuclease activity at targeted endogenous genomic loci in yeast. Using constitutive Cas9 expression and a transient gRNA cassette, we show that targeted double-strand breaks can increase homologous recombination rates of single- and doublestranded oligonucleotide donors by 5-fold and 130-fold, respectively. In addition, co-transformation of a gRNA plasmid and a donor DNA in cells constitutively expressing Cas9 resulted in near 100% donor DNA recombination frequency. Our approach provides foundations for a simple and powerful genome engineering tool for site-specific mutagenesis and allelic replacement in yeast.
ALIP: the Automatic Linguistic Indexing of Pictures system

We present the Automatic Linguistic Indexing of Pictures (ALIP) system. The system annotates images with linguistic terms, chosen among hundreds of such terms. The system uses a wavelet-based approach for feature extraction, a statistical modeling process for training, and a statistical significance processor to annotate images. We implemented and tested our ALIP system on a photographic image database of 600 different concepts, each with about 40 training images. The ALIP system has been used to annotate about 60,000 photographic images. In this demonstration, we illustrate the algorithms in the system and show the annotation results. With distributed computation, the annotation of an image can be provided in real-time.
Contrasting whole-tree water use, hydraulics, and growth in a co-dominant diffuse-porous vs. ring-porous species pair

Greater transport capacity of diffuse- vs. ring-porous stem networks translated into greater water use by the diffuse-porous co-dominant, but similar growth indicated higher water use efficiency of the ring-porous species. Coexistence of diffuse- vs. ring-porous trees in north-temperate deciduous forests implies a complementary ecology. The contrasting stem anatomies may result in divergent patterns of water use, and consequences for growth rate are unknown. We investigated tree hydraulics and growth rates in two co-dominants: diffuse-porous Acer grandidentatum (“maple”) and ring-porous Quercus gambelii (“oak”). Our goals were (1) document any differences in seasonal water use and its basis in divergent stem anatomy and (2) compare annual growth rates and hence growth-based water use efficiencies. At maximum transpiration, maple trees used more than double the water than oak trees. Maple also had more leaf area per basal area, resulting in similar water use per leaf area between species. Maple had ca. double the tree hydraulic conductance than oak owing to greater conductance of its diffuse-porous stem network (leaf- and root system conductances were less different between species). Water use in maple increased with vapor pressure deficit (VPD), whereas in oak it decreased very slightly indicating a more sensitive stomatal response. Seasonably stable water use and xylem pressure in oak suggested a deeper water source. Although maple used more water, both species exhibited similar annual biomass growth of the above-ground shoot network, indicating greater growth-based water use efficiency of oak shoots. In sum, water use in maple exceeded that in oak and was more influenced by soil and atmospheric water status. The low and stable water use of oak was associated with a greater efficiency in exchanging water for shoot growth.
Flourescence detection of surface exafs

Abstract The possibilities for flourescence detection of surface EXAFS are studied using thin films of gold on various substrates. For glancing incidence angles it is found that excellent signal to noise ratios can be obtained even for submonolayer films, demonstrating that the technique should have wide applicability to surface and near surface systems. In many cases the signal to noise is superior to electron detection techniques, and its sensitivity suggests the method may also be useful for detection of trace elements on surfaces.
An approach to using snow areal depletion curves inferred from MODIS and its application to land surface modelling in Alaska

Snowcover areal depletion curves inferred from the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) are validated and then applied in NASA’s catchment-based land surface model (CLSM) for numerical simulations of hydrometeorological processes in the Kuparuk River basin (KRB) of Alaska. The results demonstrate that the MODIS snowcover fraction f derived from a simple relationship in terms of the normalized difference snow index compares well with Landsat values over the range 20 � f � 100%. For f< 20%, however, MODIS 500 m subpixel data underestimate the amount of snow by up to 13% compared with Landsat at spatial resolutions of 30 m binned to equivalent 500 m pixels. After a bias correction, MODIS snow areal depletion curves during the spring transition period of 2002 for the KRB exhibit similar features to those derived from surface-based observations. These results are applied in the CLSM subgrid-scale snow parameterization that includes a deep and a shallow snowcover fraction. Simulations of the evolution of the snowpack and of freshwater discharge rates for the KRB over a period of 11 years are then analysed with the inclusion of this feature. It is shown that persistent snowdrifts on the arctic landscape, associated with a secondary plateau in the snow areal depletion curves, are hydrologically important. An automated method is developed to generate the shallow and deep snowcover fractions from MODIS snow areal depletion curves. This provides the means to apply the CLSM subgrid-scale snow parameterization in all watersheds subject to seasonal snowcovers. Improved simulations and predictions of the global surface energy and water budgets are expected with the incorporation of the MODIS snow data into the CLSM. Copyright  2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.