cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design of minimal mass load-bearing tensegrity lattices

Abstract Lattice metamaterials have demonstrated promising characteristics such as having tunable/unconventional properties and being lightweight. This work centers on the design of tensegrity-based lattices, known as “T-bar” structures, capable of supporting compressive loads with minimum mass. Analytical formulas for the calculation of the mass of these structures under externally applied forces and pre-stress are derived. These formulas account for local failure of the T-bar structures (material yielding and buckling of its individual members). A numerical approach is introduced to assess the global stability of the structures under external forces and pre-stress and to account for global buckling in the design process. The mass of the structure is minimized by adjusting its shape and topology while global buckling is simultaneously prevented using two different design methods: i) optimizing the pre-stress distribution in the structure, and ii) optimizing the cross-section areas of the tensegrity members. Using either method, the results show that 2D and 3D T-bars possess a global minimum mass design for a given externally applied force and length. The computed results also show that designs obtained by optimizing the cross-section areas of the members have lower mass than those obtained by optimizing the pre-stress distribution.
Coronavirus concerns: What do women with gynecologic cancer need to know during the COVID-19 crisis?

• COVID-19 is likely uniquely unsettling to gynecologic oncology patients. • Resources addressing the questions of patients with cancer during the COVID-19 crises remain scarce. • Women with gynecologic cancer were invited to participate in a webinar on COVID-19 and cancer concerns. • We share participant questions to understand concerns and utilize this knowledge to improve patient education and support.
The cytotoxicity of gallium maltolate in glioblastoma cells is enhanced by metformin through combined action on mitochondrial complex 1.

// Hisham S. Alhajala 1 , John L. Markley 2 , Jin Hae Kim 2 , Mona M. Al-Gizawiy 3 , Kathleen M. Schmainda 3 , John S. Kuo 4 and Christopher R. Chitambar 1 , 3 1 Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA 2 Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA 3 Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA 4 Department of Neurosurgery and Mulva Clinic for the Neurosciences, Dell Medical School, Austin, Texas, USA Correspondence to: Christopher R. Chitambar, email: chitambr@mcw.edu Keywords: glioblastoma; iron; gallium; metformin; mitochondrial complex I Received: February 01, 2020 Accepted: April 03, 2020 Published: April 28, 2020 ABSTRACT New drugs are needed for glioblastoma, an aggressive brain tumor with a dismal prognosis. We recently reported that gallium maltolate (GaM) retards the growth of glioblastoma in a rat orthotopic brain tumor model by inhibiting mitochondrial function and iron-dependent ribonucleotide reductase (RR). However, GaM’s mechanism of action at the mitochondrial level is not known. Given the interaction between gallium and iron metabolism, we hypothesized that gallium might target iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster-containing mitochondrial proteins. Using Extracellular Flux Analyzer technology, we confirmed that after a 24-h incubation, GaM 50 μmol/L inhibited glioblastoma cell growth by <10% but inhibited cellular oxygen consumption rate by 44% and abrogated mitochondrial reserve capacity. GaM blocked mitochondrial complex I activity and produced a 2.9-fold increase in cellular ROS. NMR spectroscopy revealed that gallium binds to IscU, the bacterial scaffold protein for Fe-S cluster assembly and stabilizes its folded state. Gallium inhibited the rate of in vitro cluster assembly catalyzed by bacterial cysteine desulfurase in a reaction mixture containing IscU, Fe (II), DTT, and L-cysteine. Metformin, a complex I inhibitor, enhanced GaM’s inhibition of complex I, further increased cellular ROS levels, and synergistically enhanced GaM’s cytotoxicity in glioblastoma cells in 2-D and 3-D cultures. Metformin did not affect GaM action on cellular iron uptake or transferrin receptor1 expression nor did it enhance the cytotoxicity of the RR inhibitor Didox. Our results show that GaM inhibits complex I by disrupting iron-sulfur cluster assembly and that its cytotoxicity can be synergistically enhanced by metformin through combined action on complex I.
A chat with Daniel Polsky

Dr. Daniel Polsky gave the opening Keynote Address at the 2020 ICHPS conference in San Diego, CA. In this interview, we highlight his career achievements in health economics and health policy that made him uniquely qualified to give this address. We also focus on his thoughts on bridging the gap between methodological health policy research and policy implementation. We end with his specific advice and recommendations for both junior investigators and leaders in statistics on ways to ensure that their research remains relevant, translatable, and impactful to policy makers.
The Effect of Health Insurance on Young Adult HIV Testing: Evidence from the Affordable Care Act Dependent Coverage Mandate

I examine the effect of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act dependent coverage mandate on young adult human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing using a birth cohort analysis. I find that targeted young adults are 3.6 percentage points more likely to report ever having an HIV test. I find larger, but not significantly different, effects for males and for individuals in states without mandatory pre-test counseling.
Beijing Consensus, Anyone? In Symposium: The Future of Law and Development, Part V

There are enough questions on the table to get us going, so I’ll focus on responding to some of them. First, to an issue raised by Salil Mehra and Tom Ginsburg, I generally follow the approach taken by Trubek and Santos in The New Law and Economic Development.3 Their approach defines the field (―doctrine) of Law and Development to encompass the activities of legal assistance providers, as well as the ideas about law, and about development economics, that animate their work. There are different strategies for studying the providers’ activities, and Terence Halliday and Bruce Carruthers’s research for their book, Bankrupt, provides an outstanding example of the detailed sociological work some Law and Development scholars undertake. But the academic enterprise doesn’t really seem separable from the activities of the providers. We could discuss the pros and cons of that dependence, but I do not think we can avoid it. The institutional players in the field rise and fall in importance over time, the ideologies concerning law and economics that animate their work change over time, the external environment affecting the institutions changes over time, and this complex, dynamic stew provides the academic core of Law and Development. The academic field is not merely the sum of the projects, as Tamanaha appears set to argue, but is instead the study of those projects in their political, historical, and ideological contexts.
Assault on Democracy: Communism, Fascism, and Authoritarianism During the Interwar Years

The interwar years saw the greatest reversal of political liberalization and democratization in modern history. Why and how did dictatorship proliferate throughout Europe and Latin America in the 1920s and 1930s? Blending perspectives from history, comparative politics, and cognitive psychology, Kurt Weyland argues that the Russian Revolution sparked powerful elite groupings that, fearing communism, aimed to suppress imitation attempts inspired by Lenin's success. Fears of Communism fueled doubts about the defensive capacity of liberal democracy, strengthened the ideological right, and prompted the rise of fascism in many countries. Yet, as fascist movements spread, their extremity and violence also sparked conservative backlash that often blocked their seizure of power. Weyland teases out the differences across countries, tracing how the resulting conflicts led to the imposition of fascist totalitarianism in Italy and Germany and the installation of conservative authoritarianism in Eastern and Southern Europe and Latin America.
Trace element variations generated by magmatic and post-crystallization processes in eucrite meteorites

Abstract Eucrite meteorites are early-formed (>4.5 Ga) basaltic rocks that are likely to derive from the asteroid 4 Vesta, or a similarly differentiated planetesimal. To understand trace element and moderately volatile element (MVE) behavior more fully within and between eucrites, a laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) study is reported for plagioclase and pyroxene, as well as fusion crust and vitrophyric materials for ten eucrites. These eucrites span from a cumulate eucrite (Northwest Africa [NWA] 1923) to samples corresponding to Main Group (Queen Alexandra Range 97053, Pecora Escarpment 91245, Cumulus Hills 04049, Bates Nunatak 00300, Lewis Cliff 85305, Graves Nunataks 98098) and Stannern Group (Allan Hills 81001, NWA 1000) compositions, in addition to Elephant Moraine 90020. Along with a range of refractory trace elements, focus was given to abundances of five MVE (K, Zn, Rb, Cs, Pb) to interrogate the volatile abundance distributions in eucrite mineral phases. Modal recombination analyses of the eucrites reveals the important role of accessory phases (zircon, apatite) in some of the incompatible trace element (ITE) distributions, but not for the MVE which, for the phases that were analyzed, are mostly sited within plagioclase (Cs, Rb, K) and pyroxene (Zn, Pb), and are in equilibrium with a parental melt composition for Main Group eucrites. The new data reveal a possible relationship with total refractory ITE enrichment and texture, with the most ITE enriched Stannern Group eucrites examined (NWA 1000, ALHA 81001) having acicular textures and, in the case of ALHA 81001 a young degassing age (∼3.7 Ga). Collectively the results suggest that Stannern Group eucrites may be related to anatexis of the eucritic crust by thermal metamorphism, with the heat source possibly coming from impacts. Impact processes do not have a pronounced effect on the abundances of the MVE, where plagioclase, pyroxene, fusion crust, and whole rock compositions of eucrites are all significantly depleted in the MVE, with Zn/Fe, Rb/Ba and K/U similar to lunar rocks. Assessment of eucrite compositions, however, suggests that Vesta has a more heterogeneous distribution of volatile elements and is similarly to slightly less volatile-depleted than the Moon. Phase dependence of the MVE (e.g., Cl in apatite, Zn primarily into spinel and early formed phases, including pyroxene) is likely to influence comparison diagrams where MVE stable isotopes are shown. In the case of δ37Cl versus δ66Zn, metamorphism and impact processes may lead to a decrease in the δ37Cl value for a given δ66Zn value in eucrites, raising the possibility that late-stage impact and metamorphism had a profound effect on volatile distributions in early planetesimal crusts.
Empirical attribution of a drying Himalayan river through remote sensing and secondary data

Abstract. Streamflow regimes are rapidly changing in many regions of the world. The ability to attribute these changes to specific hydrological processes and their underlying climatic and anthropogenic drivers is essential to formulate effective water policy. Traditional approaches to hydrologic attribution rely on the ability to infer hydrological processes through the development of catchment-scale hydrological models. However, such approaches are challenging to implement in practice. In particular, models have difficulty capturing hydrological regime shifts, where changes in the dominant hydrological processes alters the relationship among hydrological fluxes. Additionally, observational uncertainties might preclude closure of the catchment-scale water balance, which is a pre-requisite for most catchment-scale hydrological models. Here we present an alternative approach to hydrological attribution that leverages the method of multiple hypotheses. We generate and empirically evaluate a series of alternative and complementary hypotheses that pertain to hydrological change. These hypotheses concern distinct components of the water balance and are evaluated independently. This process allows a holistic understanding of watershed-scale processes to be developed, even if the catchment-scale water balance remains open. We apply the approach to understand changes in the Upper Jhelum river, an important tributary headwaters of the Indus basin, where streamflow has declined dramatically since 2000 and has yet to be adequately attributed to its corresponding drivers. Using remote sensing and secondary data collected from the watershed, we explore changes in climate, surface water, and groundwater. The evidence reveals that climate, rather than land use, had a considerably stronger influence on reductions in streamflow, both through reduced precipitation and increased evapotranspiration.
Building walkable and safe neighborhoods: Assessing the built environment characteristics for pedestrian safety in Buffalo, NY

Abstract Introduction It is important to understand the relationship between the built environment and pedestrian safety to promote walking. Nevertheless, current literature insufficiently studied the impact of the built environment on pedestrian safety. There is few research considering spatial autocorrelation effects. This study aims to expand the investigation of conventional built environment correlates of pedestrian safety using the D variables from the walkability literature to further the discussions of the association of the built environment with both safety and walkability. Methods Data on pedestrian involved injuries were collected from the New York State Department of Transportation from 2012-2016. The results from the global Poisson regression (PR) models and the geographically weighted Poisson regression (GWPR) models were compared to show the spatially varying effects of built environment characteristics on pedestrian involved injuries. Data were analyzed in 2019. Results The results from the GWPR models were more pronounced than the global PR models. The findings confirmed the association of pedestrian safety with the D variables. The number of intersections, Walk Score, and population density showed conflicting impacts on safety and walkability. The statistically significant association of Walk Score with pedestrian safety in the study enriches current research on the relationship between built environment and pedestrian safety. Conclusions This study expanded the traditional built environment variables used in pedestrian safety research with the D variables in walkability research to help understand the role of built environment characteristics for building walkable and safe neighborhoods. The findings also shed light on the significance of distance in environmental modification for safe and walkable communities.
Adjusting Measured Weight Loss of Aged Graphite Fabric/PMR-15 Composites

The purposes of this study were to evaluate the growth of the surface damage layer in polymer matrix composites (PMC's) fabricated with graphite fabric reinforcement and to determine the effects of the cut-surface degradation on the overall thermo-oxidative (TOS) stability of these materials. Four important conclusions were made about the TOS behavior of T650-35/PNIR- 15 fabric-reinforced composites: (1) Three stages of composite weight loss were seen on the plot of weight loss versus aging time; (2) the depth of the cut-edge damage is related to the composite thickness; (3) the actual weight loss realized by a mechanical test specimen that has had all the aging-induced cut-edge damage removed during the preparation process is significantly less than the weight loss measured using specimens with a high percentage of cut edges exposed to the damaging environment; and (4) an extrapolation of a section of the weight loss curve can be used to obtain a more correct estimate of the actual weight loss after extended periods of aging at elevated temperatures.
Asymptotic behavior of the T3 x R Gowdy space-times.

We present new evidence in support of Penrose's strong cosmic censorship conjecture in the class of Gowdy space-times with T 3 spatial topology. Solving Einstein's equations perturbatively to all orders we show that asymptotically close to the boundary of the maximal Cauchy development the dominant term in the expansion gives rise to a curvature singularity for almost all initial data. The dominant term, which we call the «geodesic loop solution,» is a solution of Einstein's equations with all space derivatives dropped. We also describe the extent to which our perturbative results can be rigorously justified
Nick Hagiliassis and Hrepsime Gulbenkoglu: Enhancing Self-Esteem: A Self-Esteem Training Package for Individuals with Disabilities

Developing and maintaining a healthy sense of self-esteem can be challenging for individuals with disabilities. This is because people with disabilities may be faced with a unique range of challenges associated with having a disability, such as negative messages, low expectations, reduced opportunities and outright discrimination [1]. In an attempt to bridge the knowledge gap and offer an applicable intervention, Drs. Hagiliassis and Gulbenkoglu, have created a group training package to improve self-esteem for adults with disabilities. The Self-esteem training package consists of a ten session program. Each session contains facilitator instructions, handouts and activities pertaining to different components of self-esteem. The session topics include ‘‘What is Self-Esteem?’’, ‘‘Accepting Who We Are’’ and ‘‘Speaking Up For Ourselves.’’ As intended, this training package differs from other self-esteem materials available by targeting people with disabilities. The disability specific features of this program include wheelchairs and communication devices in the ‘‘What Makes Us Special?’’ session and a coping with limitations handout in the ‘‘Accepting Who We Are’’ session. Although the sessions are designed to be conducted as a program, it is feasible to use handouts on a specific session without completing the entire program. With the exception of a few activities designed specifically for groups, it is also possible to use the program one on one with an individual with a disability or to use as a workbook. A common challenge faced when developing materials for this population, such as this training program, is to appeal to a wide range of people with varying disabilities. Although it is designed to appeal to adults with disabilities, including those with mild intellectual disability and severe communication impairment, it is most appropriate for those with mild cognitive deficits and communication impairment. Given the program’s constant review
A Simple Active Controller to Supress Helicopter Air Resonance in Hover and Forward Flight

A coupled rotor/fuselage helicopter analysis with the important effects of blade torsional flexibility, unsteady aerodynamics, and forward flight is presented. This model is used to illustrate the effect of unsteady aerodynamics, forward flight, and torsional flexibility on air resonance. Next a nominal configuration, which experiences air resonance in forward flight, is selected. A simple multivariable compensator using conventional swashplate inputs and a single body roll rate measurement is then designed. The controller design is based on a linear estimator in conjunction with optimal feedback gains, and the design is done in the frequency domain using the Loop Transfer Recovery method. The controller is shown to suppress the air resonance instability throughout wide range helicopter loading conditions and forward flight speeds.
A nonlinear optimization approach to the load matching of stand-alone PV power systems

The problem of the optimum matching of PV array characteristics and electrical loads is investigated with a mathematical approach using nonlinear optimization techniques. The loads are categorized and mathematically defined as ohmic loads, general linear loads, and nonlinear loads. The objective is to optimize the ratio of the load input energy to the PV generator maximum allowable energy over a one-day period and determine the optimum load parameters using nonlinear optimization techniques. The optimum battery parameters are also determined. Optimum parameters for a number of case studies are presented. A maximum power point tracker may not be needed if optimum load matching is achieved. >
Facebook Users’ Engagement and Perceived Life Satisfaction

This study extends existing research on Facebook’s impact on users’ life satisfaction. The results from two surveys of college students demonstrate a tension between Facebook use and users’ perceived contentment with their lives. Existing literature indicates students use Facebook to enhance self-esteem, yet the results from this study connect increased Facebook use to lower self-reported levels of happiness. In particular, respondents’ interactions with photos and videos increase users’ dissatisfaction. This phenomenon may be due to the impact photos have on the ways users engage in social comparisons with Facebook “friends” and the self-construals they create based on these comparisons.
Interobserver Repeatability of Measurements on Computed Tomography Images of Lax Canine Hip Joints from Youth to Maturity

Objectives— To determine interobserver repeatability of measurements on computed tomography (CT) images of lax canine hip joints at different ages and in the presence of degenerative joint disease at maturity. Study Design— Longitudinal observational investigation. Animals— Sibling crossbreed hounds. Methods— Pelvic CT was performed at 20, 24, 32, 48, 68, and 104 weeks of age. Measures were performed on 3 contiguous two-dimensional (2D) transverse CT images of both hips at each time point by 3 investigators. Center-edge angle (CEA), horizontal toit externe angle (HTEA), ventral (VASA), dorsal (DASA), and horizontal (HASA) acetabular sector angles, acetabular index (AI), and percent femoral head coverage (CPC) were measured. Interobserver repeatability was quantified with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Satisfactory repeatability was considered when ICC≥0.75. Results— DASA, CEA, and CPC were repeatable in all age groups. HASA and HTEA were repeatable for all but 1 time point. At 20 weeks of age, all measures but AI were repeatable, and at 104 weeks of age, DASA, CEA, CPC, and HASA were repeatable. Measures were repeatable in hips with and without degenerative changes with the exceptions of AI and HASA in normal hips and VASA and HTEA in osteoarthritic hips. Conclusions— Most 2D CT measurements examined were repeatable regardless of age or joint disease. Clinical Relevance— Two-dimensional CT measures may augment current techniques for assessing joint changes in lax canine hips.
Serum-Proteolytic-Enzyme Inhibitors in Bone Diseases

Serial determinations of proteolytic-enzyme-inhibitor patterns have been most valuable as a therapeutic guide in cases of osteomyelitis of the spine (especially tuberculous osteomyelitis) and in cases of tuberculous bone and joint disease in general. They have frequently been helpful in the differentiation of benign from malignant primary bone tumors, and they have often been used in the follow-up of patients with tumors as a means of confirming the presence of metastases. As a means of estimating the patient's "resistance" to the catabolism present, these methods offer additional information for the surgeon to use in reaching a presurgical judgment.
Submicron Patterning of Iron Nanoparticle Monolayers for Carbon Nanotube Growth

We describe a method to reliably pattern monolayers of iron nanoparticle (FeNP) colloids into submicron features for growth of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) by chemical vapor deposition. Our process results in very clean patterns that are readily imaged by atomic force microscopy, which has allowed the observation of nanoparticle size evolution before and after high-temperature nanotube growth. For our growth conditions, SWNTs grew only from nanoparticles smaller than ∼5 nm high. At the high growth temperature of 850 °C, nanoparticle sintering was clearly evident and had important effects on nanotube yield from the FeNP catalyst. The nanoparticle sintering and growth are drastically accelerated by brief reduction in H2, resulting in nanoparticles that were too large to catalyze SWNT growth. The results suggest that if ultimate control over SWNT diameters is to be achieved from patterned nanoparticle catalysts, it will be critical to control nanoparticle aggregation and sintering during SNWT growth.
Influence of Fiber Structure on Properties of Thermally Point Bonded Polypropylene Nonwovens

Carded webs with a basis weight of 30 g/m2 are prepared from Hercules T-196 and Hercules T-101 polypropylene fibers, then thermally point bonded with "Novonette" rolls at various temperatures and pressures. A subset of samples is studied in relative detail using various methods. In particular, the distribution of bridging fiber strengths after bonding is measured directly. Bonding at higher temperatures reduces single fiber strength and increases its variability while increasing the effectiveness (strength) of the bonds. These competing effects appear to explain the maximum fabric-strength-versus-bonding temperature relationship. Bonding performance differences between these two fibers appear to depend on the fact that nonfailing bonds can be produced at lower temperatures in the T-196, where fiber strength degradation is less, and possibly to a lesser extent on the higher elongation and concave-down curvature of the stress-strain relationship.
The Impact of Gender and Estrogen on Striatal Dopaminergic Neurotoxicity.

The reproductive properties of estrogen are well established, but it is now evident that this steroid hormone has substantial modulatory capabilities in nonreproductive systems. For example, estrogen may be neuroprotective as Alzheimer's disease progresses more slowly in women receiving hormone replacement therapy, and Parkinson's disease affects more men than women. Gender affects both the functional and biochemical responses of the nigral-striatal pathway to dopaminergically active compounds. To begin to evaluate the possible neuroprotective effects of estrogen in this pathway, we first determined if gender affected the dopaminergic striatal neurotoxicity induced by two different neurotoxicants, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and methamphetamine (METH). Both agents induced greater neurotoxicity in males than females as evidenced by greater striatal dopamine (DA) depletions. An examination of striatal levels of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridium ion (MPP+) following MPTP treatment established that the observed gender differences were not due to metabolic/pharmacokinetic variables. The neurotoxicity of MPTP was then examined in ovariectomized (OVX) mice. Estrogen replacement reduced the DA, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) depletions as well as the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) elevation induced by MPTP, which indicates that estrogen has neuroprotective properties in this model of striatal dopaminergic neurotoxicity. Surprisingly, estrogen supplementation did not protect against the neurotoxic effects of MPTP in intact 2-yr-old intact female mice, suggesting that low endogenous levels of estrogen may provide neuroprotection.
Heavy ion backscattering spectroscopy (HIBS) analysis of gallium arsenide diffusion into barium fluoride layers grown by molecular beam epitaxy

Abstract Heavy Ion Backscattering Spectroscopy (HIBS) using 12 MeV 12C ions was used to examine GaAs (1 0 0) and GaAs (1 1 1) layers grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) on BaF2 (1 0 0) and BaF2 (1 1 1) layers, respectively. HIBS was the only available technique able to verify the Ga As ratio in these samples because X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) is too surface sensitive for this task and the lighter ions used in Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy (RBS) cannot resolve the Ga and As signals. A modified RBS analysis program was used to analyze the HIBS spectra. Using the stopping power data of Ziegler et al., the HIBS analysis overestimated the thickness of a BaF2 layer by about 14% when compared to RBS analysis of the same layer. HIBS was able to resolve the Ga and As peaks, as well as the two isotopes of Ga. This enhanced mass resolution made the determination of the GaAs layer stoichiometry possible, and introduced spectral features that aided in fitting HIBS simulation spectra to the data points. HIBS analysis of GaAs/BaF2/Si heteroepitaxies also showed diffusion of Ga and As into BaF2. This diffusion is temperature dependent and therefore subject to control. The information gathered from the HIBS analysis was used to confirm information obtained by in situ MBE diagnostic techniques, and in the case of the diffusion studies, provided information that was not available by those surface sensitive techniques.
Grammaticalization of Arabic Prepositions and Subordinators

In this book, the author presents a diachronic study of a few Arabic prepositions and subordinators. It is based on a corpus including the Qur'ān, the pre-modern text of One Thousand and One Nights...
Electron microscopic observations on the development of herpes simplex virus.

Study of the J.M. strain of herpes simplex virus in human amnionic and HeLa cell tissue cultures revealed the presence of intranuclear crystals composed of viral particles with a single membrane enclosing a central body. Randomly dispersed virus with double coats was seen in the nuclear matrix and between multiple membranes at the nuclear periphery. The majority of intracytoplasmic viral particles were within walled vacuoles. It is suggested that this strain of virus differentiates and frequently crystallizes at template sites which are characterized by aggregates of granules near the nuclear margin; that particles, either singly or occasionally in small groups, become enclosed by a second peripheral membrane while still within the nucleus; that the virus can pass into the cytoplasm through reduplications of the nuclear membrane which are deposited behind the virus in such a manner as to prevent rupture of the nucleus; that most of the intracytoplasmic virus is contained within sacks formed by nuclear membranes; and that rupture of these sacks at the cell surface results in extrusion of virus without disruption of the cell. No evidence was obtained to support the hypothesis that virus develops in the cytoplasm. Examination of the H.R. and C.G. strains of herpes simplex virus in identical cell lines grown under similar conditions failed to show viral crystals, but reduplication of the nuclear membranes was evident. Study of the J.M. strain in cells of chicken embryo chorioallantoic membranes indicated that the basic mechanisms of viral development and release did not differ from those operating in HeLa and human amnionic cells.
The analysis of conformations and configurations of substituted cyclic ketones by multiphoton ionization

Abstract The n→3s spectra in the one photon wavelength range 210–190 nm of several di- and trime thylcyclohexanones and cyclopentanones as well as the bicyclic compounds of norcamphor, camphor and fenchone, have been obtained by resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization. Two photons were employed to reach the 3s state, while a third photon ionized the molecule. The molecules were cooled to a few kelvin by expanding them through a pulsed nozzle. The resulting spectra exhibit sharp transition origins. These transition origins varied by over 1500 cm −1 for the set of molecules investigated. Their value could be calculated by using previously derived additivity rules for methyl substitution at various positions and orientations on the ring. In particular, even the transition origin of the bicyclic compounds could be predicted. The n→3s spectra thus contain considerable information concerning molecular structure.
Abstract 261: Emerging roles for the CREB regulated transcription coactivators (CRTCs) in oncogenesis

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Oncogenesis is a complex, multi-factorial process of cellular transformation that leads to the development of many types of cancers. The factors that contribute to this process reprogram normal cellular functions, including metabolic pathways, and allow uncontrolled cell growth. The CRTC family of CREB coactivators, in conjunction with CBP/p300, cooperate in the regulation of cAMP-inducible genes involved in cell survival, proliferation, glucose metabolism, and adaptive mitochondrial biogenesis. A subset of tumors share a common t(11;19)(q21;p13.1) translocation that forms a chimeric oncogene by fusing CRTC1 to the NOTCH coactivator MAML2. Consequently, the CRTC1/MAML2 translocation induces the aberrant expression of genes regulated by CREB and NOTCH and the deregulation of these target genes is believed to cause tumorigenesis. We demonstrate that a gain-of-function activity by the CRTC1/MAML2 oncoprotein promotes interactions with the MYC:MAX network. This interaction is specific as neither CRTC1 or MAML2 parental proteins activate MYC:MAX complexes. Specifically, RNA-seq analysis revealed that a significant proporation of genes involved in key aspects of cell growth, survival, and metabolism within the MYC:MAX and CREB transcription networks are induced by CRTC1/MAML2. Analysis of cellular transformation by RK3E foci formation assays identified a synergistic effect of MYC expression on CRTC1/MAML2-induced transformation and this can be blocked by a dominant negative MYC molecule. Furthermore, in-frame deletions of CRTC1/MAML2 that lack transforming activity are unable to induce the expression of MYC-responsive reporters revealing a critical role for MYC target genes in CRTC1/MAML2-induced cell growth and transformation. Collectively, these studies indicate that CRTC1/MAML2 promotes cellular transformation through cooperative activation of MYC and CREB pathways thereby challenging current paradigms which suggest that translocations function through aberrant activation of parental pathways. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 261. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-261
Low reflectivity triangular groove surface relief gratings for lnP/ln(0.53)Ga(0.47)As/lnP photodetectors.

Less than 0.035% reflected optical power from an InP/InGaAs/InP photodetector structure was achieved at wavelengths of 1300 nm and 1550 nm for a 24-microm diameter spot size of unpolarized light. A triangular groove surface relief grating and an antireflection overcoating were used to achieve this performance level. The grating was fabricated in the InP top layer by a novel process based on an ion mill technique. This approach may be used to improve the optical return loss of high speed optical receivers. The reflected power measurements were made using a system of N.A. = 0.05 with an objective lens whose optical axis was normal to the grating.
A comprehensive experimental study on material properties of human brain tissue

A comprehensive study on the biomechanical response of human brain tissue is necessary to investigate traumatic brain injury mechanisms. Published brain material property studies have been mostly performed under a specific type of loading, which is insufficient to develop accurate brain tissue constitutive equations. In addition, inconsistent or contradictory data in the literature made it impossible for computational model developers to create a single brain material model that can fit most, if not all, experimental results. In the current study, a total of 240 brain tissue specimens were tested under tension (n=72), compression (n=72), and shear (n=96) loading modes at varying strain rates. Gray-white matter difference, regional difference, and directional difference within white matter were also investigated. Stress-strain relationships of human brain tissue were obtained up to 50% of engineering strain. Strain rate dependency was observed under all three loading modes. White matter was stiffer than gray matter in compression and shear. Corona radiata was found to be stiffer than cortex, thalamus, and corpus callosum in tension and compression. Directional dependency of white matter was observed under shear loading.
Electrofractionation a technique for detecting and recovering biomolecules

Electrofractionation (EF) is a technique that allows electrophoretic materials to be detected and recovered following electrophoresis. The EF apparatus utilizes the resolving power of electrophoresis and the mobile phase of liquid chromatography to create a continuous elution system. Our data indicate that EF is able to detect and recover oligonucleotides, as DNA fragments, proteins, and presumably other material that can be analyzed by electrophoresis. EF shares functional similarities with high-performance electrophoresis chromatography (HPEC) but operates by a different strategy and at a fraction of the cost. Moreover, EF can be constructed largely from standard laboratory equipment. The simplicity, rapid analysis times, low cost, and high recovery yields of EF make this system a practical alternative to the conventional detection and purification methods used for biomolecules.
Psychophysiological responses to anger provocation among Asian Indian and white men

To examine cultural differences in response to anger provocation, affective, cognitive, behavioral, and cardiovascular responses to social confrontation, role plays were measured in 20 Indian male immigrants in the United States and 40 White men. Participants engaged in 2 interactions with a nonacquiescent male confederate and were instructed to suppress or express their anger in counterbalanced order. Following each role play, participants state anger, and resentful and reflective cognitions pertaining to anger were assessed. Participants’ videotaped behavioral responses were assessed for problem-solving skills and negative and positive verbal and nonverbal behaviors. Blood pressure and heart rate (HR) responses were recorded throughout the session. Results revealed that Indian participants used more introspective strategies comprising of repression and rational coping self-statements to anger provocation than their White counterparts. White participants experienced significantly higher HR responses and showed more awareness of physiological sensation compared to the Indian participants, but only when asked to exhibit their anger. Indian participants had a faster diastolic blood pressure (DBP) recovery when allowed to engage in anger inhibition (which is a culturally determined mode of functioning) compared to when they had to exhibit anger before inhibiting it. White men showed a heightened cardiac response to anger expression, something not seen among Indian men. Indian men, in contrast, exhibited delayed DBP recovery from anger expression and increased introspective cognitive strategies when asked to engage in anger exhibition, a behavior not congruent with their culture of origin.
Scale-sensitivity, fractal analysis and simulations

The scale-of-interaction is presented as a criterion for establishing functional correlations. It is also used in simulating interactions with rough surfaces. Fractal analysis by the patchwork method is discussed and is used as the basis for evaluating data acquisition systems. The patchwork method is also used as the basis for simulating interactions with the surface. The essence of the simulation is to understand macroscopic, apparently continuous, interactions as the sum of a large number of discrete interactions at some appropriately fine scale. The simulations shown here use topographic data acquired from engineering surfaces.
Adhesively bonded single lap joints with non-flat interfaces

Abstract A series of experiments and detailed finite element simulations were carried out to study the performance of single lap joints with non-flat interfaces loaded at a small angle to the mean bond plane. In the experimental part, fiber reinforced epoxy composite adherends with sinusoidal bonding surfaces (but no change to the exterior sample dimensions) were fabricated in a purpose-built mold. This construction method allowed the fibers to follow the sinusoidal profile for maximum strength. Then the sinusoidal surfaces were joined by a controlled-thickness layer of epoxy. Single lap joints with a flat interface were also fabricated using the same composite material and with the same overall shape. The experiments showed that the interface non-flatness has significant effect on the mechanical behavior and strength of the bonded joints. Finite element simulations of a simplified two-dimensional model with isotropic adherends were also carried out to estimate the distribution of shear and peeling stresses along the bonded joints, and the results were related to the experimental observations. Parametric variations were studied via FEA to highlight the role of interface shape, adhesive elastic modulus and a central void size on the distribution of stresses, and inherently the overall strength and behavior of the bonded joints.
Polymer-Solvent Phase Separation as a Route to Low Density, Microcellular Plastic Foams

Application de cette technique a divers polymeres en vue d'obtenir des cibles nucleaires a bulles de cellules <30 μm
Hamster sperm penetration of the zona pellucida: kinematic analysis and mechanical implications.

Abstract There have been few direct observations of penetration of the zona pellucida by spermatozoa, and no detailed description of the kinematics of this process. Such information is important in evaluating the contribution of mechanical thrust by the sperm flagellum to the mechanism of zona penetration by the sperm head. To make such observations, small numbers of hamster spermatozoa were inseminated to cumulus masses slightly compressed (150 μm) between a slide and coverglass. Observations were made with interference contrast optics and videorecorded at 60 fields/sec. A total of 63 penetrating spermatozoa were recorded, of which 21 were penetrating completely cumulus-intact zonae. Direct comparison of penetration angles for cumulus-intact and cumulus-dispersed zonae suggested that the cumulus may be important in reorientation of penetrating spermatozoa, which initially lie flat on the zona surface. The beat shape during zona penetration was more complex than the simple sinusoidal waves used previously in modeling the mechanics of sperm-zona interaction. Motility during zona penetration was bimodal, having high-amplitude, low-frequency lever strokes, alternating with low-amplitude, high-frequency propagated sinusoidal waves. The completely asymmetric lever mode and the oscillatory motions of the curved leading edge of the sperm head within the zona may afford significant mechanical advantages to spermatozoa in forcing their way through that matrix. Initial calculations of the maximum force exerted by the sperm head against the zona material during lever strokes predicted values as high as 2700 μdyn. This result is two orders of magnitude higher than that previously estimated assuming more simple flagellar motility. Although not conclusive, our observations and analysis support the concept that zona penetration is more efficient when the cumulus is present, and that this may be due, in part, to a mechanical advantage conferred upon the sperm by the cumulus material.
The enduring role of the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act

The Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA) is a seminal law that imposes screening, stabilization, and transfer duties on all Medicare-participating hospitals that have emergency...
Multiplex electrochemical immunoassay using gold nanoparticle probes and immunochromatographic strips

Abstract We describe a multiplex electrochemical immunoassay based on the use of gold nanoparticle (Au-NP) probes and immunochromatographic strips (ISs). The approach takes advantage of the speed and low cost of the conventional IS tests and the high sensitivities of the nanoparticle-based electrochemical immunoassays. Rabbit IgG (R-IgG) and human IgM (H-IgM) were used as model targets for the demonstration of the proof of concept. The Au-NPs based sandwich immunoreactions were performed on the IS, and the captured gold nanoparticle labels on the test zones were determined by highly sensitive stripping voltammetric measurement of the dissolved gold ions (III) with a carbon paste electrode. The detection limits are 1.0 and 1.5 ng ml −1 with the linear range of 2.5–250 ng ml −1 for quantitative detection of R-IgG and H-IgM, respectively. The total assay time is around 25 min. Such multiplex electrochemical immunoassay could be readily highly multiplexed to allow simultaneous parallel detection of numerous proteins and is expected to open new opportunities for protein diagnostics and biosecurity.
Dewey’s Conception of an Environment for Teaching and Learning

In this article, I examine the main contours of John Dewey’s conception of an environment for teaching and learning. I show how his conception derives from two components of his philosophical anthropology: (1) his understanding of the nature of a growing self, and (2) his view of how human beings influence one another. With this background in place, I examine why Dewey argues that an environment for teaching and learning should be what he calls “simplified, purified, balanced, and steadying.” I discuss how Dewey distinguishes an educative environment from what he calls “surroundings.” Finally, I address why he argues that teachers should not focus directly on learning, but rather on the environment that obtains in the classroom. Throughout the article, I try to show how timely and powerful Dewey’s conception of an environment remains—for teachers, teacher educators, and all who care about meaningful teaching and learning.
Food Cost Perceptions and Food Purchasing Practices of Uninsured, Low-Income, Rural Adults

Healthful diets are commonly perceived as more costly, but food cost perceptions and purchasing practices of uninsured, low-income, rural adults have not been reported. Over three quarters of respondents (n = 80) perceived that healthy foods cost more; however, 97% of those indicated that they would be willing to purchase healthy foods if they cost less. Common food purchasing practices: looking for grocery specials, buying foods on sale, buying generic brands, using a grocery list, and limiting trips to restaurants. Common money-saving strategies (factor analysis): using strategies when eating away from home, using food assistance programs, and using fruits and vegetables when making food at home.
Spin-statistics for lattice QCD

Abstract Some details of the recently suggested mechanism of the confinement-deconfinement transition and related questions about spin-statistics are discussed in the context of lattice gauge theory.