cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electroantennogram responses ofCampoletis sonorensis (hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) to chemicals in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.).

Combined gas chromatography-electroantennogram (GC-EAG) recording ofCampoletis sonorensis (Cameron) responses to cotton plant volatile chemicals was performed.C. sonorensis antennal olfactory receptors respond differentially to green leaf, mono-, and sesquiterpene chemicals that have been identified previously in cotton. EAG depolarizations to green leaf chemicals were greater than to terpenes.
Differential effects of adenosine antagonists in two models of parkinsonian tremor.

Abstract Adenosine A 1 and A 2A receptors are colocalized with dopamine D 1 and D 2 receptors on striatal projection neurons and adenosine antagonists have been proposed as adjunctive therapies to l -DOPA treatment in Parkinson patients. We present here two studies examining the effects of selective and non-selective adenosine antagonists in two rodent models of parkinsonian tremor. Tremulous jaw movements (TJMs) were induced by either the dopamine antagonist pimozide (1.0 mg/kg) or the acetylcholine agonist tacrine (5.0 mg/kg), and were quantified by a trained observer who was blind to the treatment conditions. Animals were treated concomitantly with either caffeine (10.0 mg/kg non-selective adenosine antagonist), 8-cyclopentyltheophylline (CPT; 10.0 mg/kg; selective A 1 antagonist) or SCH58261 (8.0 mg/kg; selective A 2A antagonist). Caffeine, CPT and SCH58261 all significantly reduced pimozide-induced TJM activity. Surprisingly administration of adenosine antagonists did not reduce tacrine-induced TJMs, and in the case of SCH58261 significantly increased TJMs compared to tacrine alone. These results indicate that antagonism at A 1 receptors may be more important for the reduction of tremor than previously supposed. Furthermore they indicate that dopamine antagonist-induced tremor models and acetylcholine agonist-induced tremor models are not entirely similar, and caution should be taken when using these models to evaluate novel therapeutics.
Degradation of spent casings with commercial cellulases

Abstract Spent casings (SC) are a coproduct of the frankfurter/sausage processing industries; traditional disposal methods (landfills and land application) are becoming costly or limited. Reusing SC as food for animals could provide a disposal alternative. The objective was to determine if ruminal bacteria or commercial cellulases could degrade SC. The cellulases of ruminal bacteria were unable to degrade SC. One cellulase (C3) was very effective in degrading cellulosic substrates; it degraded SC approximately 95% by 6 h and 98% by 12 h into glucose, but the glucose concentration was low (about 2.5 mM). Activity of C3 was greatest at a pH of 4.0 and a temperature of 56–60°C; particle size and pigmentation of SC did not affect degradation. Spent casings could be reused as animal feed, but a bioprocessing approach is needed to increase glucose concentration and remove water before this would be feasible.
Effect of aqueous phase properties on clay particle zeta potential and electro-osmotic permeability : Implications for electro-kinetic soil remediation processes

Abstract The influence of aqueous phase properties (pH, ionic strength and divalent metal ion concentration) on clay particle zeta potential and packed-bed electro-osmotic permeability was quantified. Although pH strongly altered the zeta potential of a Georgia kaolinite, it did not significantly change that of a Wyoming bentonite. The zeta potential for the kaolinite ranged from +0.7 mV at pH = 2 to −54 mV at pH = 10 (0.01 M KCl) while the bentonite zeta potential changed by only 5 mV (−31 to −36 mV) over the same pH range. For both clays, ionic strength was found to have a weak effect while divalent cations made the zeta potential markedly more positive. Charge reversal was observed for kaolinite at 100 ppm Pb2+ (pH = 5) with a background ionic strength of 0.01 M KCl and only 10 ppm Pb2+ with a background of 5 × 10−4 M KCl. A theoretical relationship between the electro-osmotic permeability coefficient for packed clay beds and particle zeta potential was developed and experimentally verified for kaolinite. For example, both the electro-osmotic permeability coefficient and particle zeta potential were found to be three times greater at pH = 5 than at pH = 3. As a result, rapid zeta potential analyses can be used to predict electro-osmotic performance for expected site conditions as well as to select electrolyte control strategies to optimize an electro-kinetic soil remediation process.
Calcium Crystal Deposition and Osteoarthritis

Calcium crystals are common and under-recognized participants in osteoarthritis. Excellent evidence supports two hypotheses explaining the relationship between calcium crystal deposition and osteoarthritis. There is ample support for the theory that calcium crystals cause or worsen osteoarthritis and equally compelling evidence to support the theory that osteoarthritis causes or worsens calcium crystal formation. Further research in this area will improve understanding of the pathogenesis of these conditions and should lead to the development of effective therapy for all types of degenerative arthritis.
Denial and depression in the terminal cancer patient. A clue for management.

While conceding that no one can provide a pat or general formula for easing this dilemma, the author draws on wide experience to defend the patient's right to choose the degree of privacy or communication during his final months of life. Interventive services in this area, she feels, should be considered only when the patient displays behavior that he, not the caregiver, cannot tolerate.
Optimizer-assisted load balancing techniques for multicomputer database management systems

Abstract Although load balancing incurs processing costs, and therefore can have a profound influence on the optimized execution plan of a query, none of the existing parallelizing query optimizers consider this factor. In this paper, we address this issue by introducing the cost of load balancing as a new factor for query optimization. Specifically, we implemented three new optimizers for multiway join queries that take the load balancing issue into consideration. To evaluate the efficiency of these schemes, we also implemented a simulator for the parallel execution of multiway joins. To provide more faith, our simulation model was validated by comparing the simulation results to those produced by the actual implementation of the same algorithms running on a multicomputer system. This simulator was used in our study to compare the new techniques to a more conventional system in which load balancing is performed at runtime, but it is not a factor for query optimization. Our extensive simulation results confirm that the new methods, indeed, provide very significant savings. Most interestingly, the best scheme displays a performance which is essentially immune from the skew effect. Furthermore, we observed that these new optimizers can consistently achieve the same level of performance gain regardless of the CPU power, I/O, and communication capabilities of the computing system. This indicates that our approaches are generally useful for all hardware platforms.
Near-bottom Observations of an Active Transform Fault (Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 37° N)

THE role of transform faults and fracture zones in plate tectonics has been well established1–3. Although these purely geometrical concepts are successful in explaining the role of transform faults in the context of large-scale plate motions, they fail to describe adequately the tectonics of these complex features4. The geology and structural evolution of transform faults are not well known but are of fundamental importance in understanding ridge crest tectonic processes.
A concise, phosphate-mediated approach to the total synthesis of (-)-tetrahydrolipstatin.

An efficient synthesis of (−)-tetrahydrolipstatin (THL) is reported. This method takes advantage of a phosphate tether-mediated, one-pot, sequential RCM/CM/hydrogenation protocol to deliver THL in 8 total steps from a readily prepared (S,S)-triene. The strategy incorporates selective cross metathesis, regio-selective hydrogenation, regio- and diastereoselective cuprate addition and Mitsunobu inversion for installation of the C5 formamide ester subunit.
New College of the University of South Florida

On July 1, 1975 the private New College of Sarasota, Florida became New College of the University of South Florida, a state institution. Since this merger New College has maintained its innovative approach, its high academic quality, and its main means of instruction, thecontract. Its off-campus study program has, however, declined in the number of students who utilize it. The main decline in numbers has occurred in group studies/travel groups and extensive cross-cultural studies. Reasons for the decline are varied and not all may be attributable to the merger of the previously private institution with a state university.
Postpartum Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections that are diagnosed during the postpartum period (defined as the 3 months after delivery). Study Design: This was a retrospective cohort study of women delivered of infants at ≥28 weeks of gestation at an urban hospital from 1992 through 1998, including each woman's first delivery during this period. Postpartum C trachomatis and N gonorrhoeae testing were routine. Data were extracted from an electronic medical record system. Results: Of 13,086 women with eligible deliveries, 7258 women (55.5%) underwent postpartum C trachomatis tests; 191 of those women (2.6%) had positive test results. Similarly, 7148 women (54.6%) underwent postpartum N gonorrhoeae tests; 95 of those women (1.3%) had positive test results. Most women with positive postpartum tests had prenatal testing (182/191 with C trachomatis ; 94/95 with N gonorrhoeae ), and the last prenatal test results were usually negative (153/182 women with negative prenatal C trachomatis testing; 91/94 women with negative prenatal N gonorrhoeae testing). Conclusion: Substantial rates of C trachomatis and N gonorrhoeae were found in postpartum women, most of whom had negative results on the last prenatal test. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;186:1320-5.)
Hydrothermal Solubility and Crystal Growth of KBe2BO3F2 (KBBF)

KBBF was found to have a positive solubility dependence on temperature under hydrothermal conditions explored. The hydrothermal growth of KBBF single crystals up to 15 x 10 x 4 mm3in size is demonstrated.
Raman spectroscopy for assessment of bone quality in MMP-2 knockout mice

Knocking out a gene in mice provide the means to investigate potential regulators of the compositional, structural, and biomechanical properties of bone. Suppressing genes related to matrix turnover (bone remodeling) can have a significant effect on properties related to overall bone quality, which are normally measured using tests such as micro-computed tomography (m-CT) and three point-bending to determine the structural and mechanical properties, respectively. Although Raman spectroscopy is known to non-destructively characterize biochemical properties of bone such as degree of mineralization and crystallinity, the correlation between these measurements and those of overall bone quality has not yet been systematically investigated. In this study we present a comparison of structural and mechanical properties of bone from mice deficient in matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) to compositional properties measured with RS. Femora were collected from MMP2+/+ and MMP2-/- mice at 16 weeks of age. Multiple Raman spectra were collected from the mid-diaphysis of intact femora in order to measure the bone's average compositional properties. In addition, m-CT was used to characterize the structure and bone mineral density (BMD) at the mid-diaphysis, and three-point bending assessed the biomechanical properties of the same bones. Raman derived measurements of mineralization (ratio of Phosphate ν1 to CH2 bending), mineral crystallinity, collagen and mineral contents were significantly lower in the MMP null mice and demonstrated correlation with volumetric BMD, bending strength and modulus. In addition, all these measurements were shown to inversely correlate with post-yield-deflection (p<0.01). These results indicate the potential for RS to qualitatively assess bone quality.
Colonization for the Prevention of Clostridium difficile Disease

Abstract The most successful methods to control Clostridium difficile -associated disease (CDAD) have been the institution of barrier precautions (isolation, gowns, gloves) and the restriction of antimicrobial agent use, particularly clindamycin. Experiments with hamsters published in the 1980s suggested that colonization of the gastrointestinal tract with non-toxigenic C. difficile prevented disease from orally administered toxigenic C. difficile strains, although the prevention was only partial and limited in duration. More recently, observational studies of hospitalized humans have shown that patients who have primary asymptomatic stool colonization with C. difficile are at significantly lower risk of CDAD when compared to patients in the same hospital environment at the same time who are not colonized with C. difficile (P=0.021). When analysis was confined to only patients who had received antibiotics within the previous 2–3 weeks, the CDAD rate was also significantly lower in the C. difficile colonized patients (P=0.024). The most frequently isolated non-toxigenic C. difficile strains found in colonized humans have been used in the hamster model to prevent fatal CDAD. These strains were found to successfully colonize 90–100% of hamsters for 35 to 90 days when given as a single oral dose two days after clindamycin. Challenge orally with 100 cfu of spores of toxigenic C. difficile at 5 days post clindamycin is 100% fatal at 48 h unprotected hamsters, but prevention of CDAD occurred in 100% of hamsters previously colonized with non-toxigenic C. difficile. Successful, safe, and durable colonization of human volunteers will be required before clinical trials of non-toxigenic C. difficile can begin in patients, but this approach shows promise in both animal studies and observations in humans.
Large files, small writes, and pNFS

Workload characterization studies highlight the prevalence of small and sequential data requests in scientific applications. Parallel file systems excel at large data transfers but sometimes at the expense of small I/O performance. pNFS is an NFSv4.1 high-performance enhancement that provides direct storage access to parallel file systems while preserving NFSv4 operating system and hardware platform independence. This paper demonstrates that distributed file systems can increase write throughput to parallel data stores---regardless of file size---by overcoming parallel file system inefficiencies. We also show how pNFS can improve the overall write performance of parallel file systems by using direct, parallel I/O for large write requests and a distributed file system for small write requests. We describe our pNFS prototype and present experiments demonstrating the performance improvements.
Effects of defect trapping and solute segregation on defect recombination rates and void swelling in irradiated alloys

A model describing the synergistic effects of defect trapping and solute segregation on defect recombination rates and void-growth rates in irradiated alloys is discussed. The model predicts that solute depletion by radiation-induced segregation reduces trapped defect recombination. Further, for a given defect-production rate, segregation will cause the temperature for minimum defect recombination and, hence, maximum swelling to shift to lower temperatures. This shift increases as the binding energies and/or initial solute concentrations increase. The model also predicts that, for the same initial solute concentration and binding energy, segregation will be more severe and swelling resistance less at fast-reactor irradiation rates than at charged-particle irradiation rates.
Neurologic complications associated with intrathecal liposomal cytarabine given prophylactically in combination with high-dose methotrexate and cytarabine to patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia

Central nervous system (CNS) prophylaxis has led to a significant improvement in the outcome of patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). Liposomal cytarabine (Enzon Pharmaceuticals, Piscataway, NJ; Skye Pharma, San Diego, CA), an intrathecal (IT) preparation of cytarabine with a prolonged half-life, has been shown to be safe and effective in the treatment of neoplastic meningitis. Liposomal cytarabine was given for CNS prophylaxis to 31 patients with newly diagnosed ALL. All patients were treated concurrently with hyper-CVAD chemotherapy (fractionated cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone) including high-dose methotrexate (MTX) and cytarabine on alternating courses. Liposomal cytarabine 50 mg was given intrathecally on days 2 and 15 of hyper-CVAD and day 10 of high-dose MTX and cytarabine courses until completion of either 3, 6, or 10 IT treatments, depending on risk for CNS disease. Five patients (16%) experienced serious unexpected neurotoxicity, including seizures, papilledema, cauda equina syndrome (n = 2), and encephalitis after a median of 4 IT administrations of liposomal cytarabine. Toxicities usually manifested after the MTX and cytarabine courses. One patient died with progressive encephalitis. After a median follow-up of 7 months, no isolated CNS relapses have been observed. Liposomal cytarabine given via intrathecal route concomitantly with systemic chemotherapy that crosses the blood-brain barrier such as high-dose MTX and cytarabine can result in significant neurotoxicity.
Conservation of oxygen supply using a reservoir nasal cannula in hypoxemic patients at rest and during exercise.

A reservoir nasal cannula which stores oxygen during exhalation and delivers it as a bolus during inhalation has been reported to conserve oxygen delivery in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) at rest. We compared the effects upon arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) of the reservoir cannula and a standard nasal cannula in hypoxemic obstructed and restricted patients at rest and during exercise. The SaO2 was monitored by ear oximeter. While at rest, 13 obstructed and four restricted patients breathed oxygen from the reservoir cannula at 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 L/min and from a standard cannula at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 L/min. Mean SaO2 was significantly higher with the reservoir cannula compared to the standard cannula at 1.0 and 2.0 L/min (p
Breeding for Egg Quality 2. Sampling Hens for Interior Quality

Abstract POULTRY breeders interested in the improvement of egg quality would like to know how many eggs are needed to adequately evaluate the real but unknown inherent breeding worth of a hen. Some breeders feel that observations on two or three eggs per hen are sufficient, while others think that a larger number of eggs should be examined. The key to a problem of this type is based on a knowledge of the repeatability of the quality trait under consideration. Repeatability may be defined for our purposes as the correlation between observations on successive eggs laid by the same hen. The limits of repeatability (R) are between zero and one. If R is large only a few eggs per hen would be required, whereas if R is small several eggs may be required to accurately evaluate the egg quality characteristics of a hen. In a previous paper (Scheinberg et al., 1953) …
Ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin resistance among methicillin-sensitive staphylococcus aureus isolates from keratitis and conjunctivitis

Abstract Purpose The majority of Staphylococcusaureus isolated from ocular infections are methicillin sensitive (MSSA). Fluoroquinolone resistance among methicillin- resistant Staphylococcusaureus is well known but not among MSSA. In this study we investigate the emergence of fluoroquinolone (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin) resistance among methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcusaureus isolates from keratitis and conjunctivitis. Design Cross-sectional study. Methods Minimal inhibitory concentration susceptibility profiles for 1230 S. aureus isolates from keratitis and conjunctivitis were analyzed. Historical and current rates of emerging fluoroquinolone resistance for methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and methicillin-sensitive isolates (MSSA) were evaluated. Sensitivity patterns for vancomycin and gentamicin were also documented. Results Ciprofloxacin resistance among corneal and conjunctival S. aureus isolates during the first 6 years after its introduction (baseline) (1990–1995) was 8% and ranged from 3% to 11%. The rate for the most recent 6 years (current) (1996–2001) was 20.7%. Baseline ciprofloxacin resistance for MSSA isolates was 2% vs 55.8% for MRSA. The current resistance rate for MSSA is 5% vs 83.7% for MRSA. The general resistance rate from January 2000 to December 2001 for levofloxacin was 25.5% vs 33.2% for ciprofloxacin ( P = .13). The levofloxacin-resistance rate for MSSA was 4.7% vs 11.9% for ciprofloxacin ( P = .05). In MRSA isolates, a higher resistance rate was found for ciprofloxacin (95.7%) vs levofloxacin (82.1%) ( P = .04). No resistance for vancomycin was documented for any of the S. aureus isolates. Gentamicin susceptibility for MSSA was 99% and MRSA was 86%. Conclusions Ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin resistance among methicillin-sensitive S. aureus corneal and conjunctival isolates is increasing. This is of concern because it narrows treatment choices for the management of these common ocular infections.
CO Emission and Combustion Dynamics Near Lean-Blowout in Gas Turbine Engines

Lean-Blowout (LBO) is a phenomenon that occurs in both land-based premixed and propulsion liquid-fuelled gas turbine engines when the effective equivalence ratio is reduced close to the lean flammability limit. Small perturbations in the flame or flow can result in local quenching that can subsequently lead to total extinction (LBO). Prediction of pollutant emission (e.g., CO) and combustion dynamics near LBO is very complicated since physics at many interacting scales have to be resolved. Here, LES studies of both premixed and liquid-fuelled gas turbine engines are reported using a subgrid linear-eddy mixing (LEM) model. In the premixed study, comparison is made with a thin-flame model and it is shown that the flame length can be changed by adjusting the parameters in this model, whereas the flame length is actually predicted in the LEMLES approach. Results of spray combustion in a full-scale liquid-fuelled gas turbine are also discussed for startup and full power operations. It is shown that the LEMLES is able to anchor the flame at the proper location without requiring any model adjustment.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Checking in: A phenomenological study of active users of geolocational tagging services

Geosocial check-in services are a relatively new feature of social media, used by a small but growing percentage of social networking enthusiasts. The purpose of this exploratory phenomenological study is to develop an initial qualitative understanding of the practices, interests, needs, and motivations of active users of mobile geosocial check-in services, and the meaning that they ascribe to the use of geotagging services in their daily life. Through interview analysis and rich description, five key themes emerge. Geosocial check-in services are found to be more than just a novel feature present in social media applications – users employ them to bind together the internal, social, and virtual dimensions of their modern lives, and to situate these dimensions in relation to the physical world around them.
An investigation of magnetic-field-assisted material removal in micro-EDM for nonmagnetic materials

Previous magnetic-field-assisted microelectrical discharge machining (μ-EDM) techniques have been limited to use with magnetic materials. Therefore, a novel process has been developed and tested to improve material removal rate in magnetic-field-assisted μ-EDM for nonmagnetic materials. The workpiece electrodes were oriented to promote directionality in the current flowing through the workpiece, while an external magnetic field was applied in such a way as to produce a Lorentz force in the melt pool. Single-discharge events were carried out on nonmagnetic Grade 5 titanium workpieces to investigate the mechanical effects of the Lorentz force on material removal. Erosion efficiency, melt pool volume analysis, plasma temperature, electron density, and debris field characterization were used as the response metrics to quantify and explain the change in material removal with the applied Lorentz force. By orienting the Lorentz force to act in a direction pointing into the workpiece surface, volume of material removed was shown to in-crease by up to nearly 50%. Furthermore, erosion efficiency is observed to increase by over 54%. Plasma temperature is unaffected and electron density shows a slight decrease with the addition of the Lorentz force. The distribution of debris around the crater is shifted to greater distances from the discharge center with the Lorentz force. Taken together, these facts strongly suggest that the Lorentz force process developed produces a mechanical effect on the melt pool to aid in increasing material removal. The application of the Lorentz force is not found to negatively impact tool wear.
Interleukin 8 is induced by cholesterol loading of macrophages and expressed by macrophage foam cells in human atheroma.

In order to identify novel genes expressed in macrophage-derived foam cells, we used a multigene assay to examine the expression of genes in control versus cholesterol-loaded macrophages. We compared THP-1 macrophages incubated with or without acetylated LDL (acLDL) ± acyl-CoA:cholesterol O-acyltransferase (ACAT) inhibitor (compound 58035) for 20 h and assessed changes in mRNA of chemokines, growth factors, interleukins, and adhesion molecules. Among 49 genes examined, an increase in mRNA was observed only for interleukin 8 (IL-8) in THP-1 macrophages. Northern analysis confirmed a 3- to 4-fold increase of IL-8 mRNA and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) revealed a corresponding increase in IL-8 in conditioned medium. Oxidized LDL (oxLDL) also induced IL-8 mRNA, but native LDL had no effect. 58035 had a moderate effect on IL-8 induction by acLDL. AcLDL-induced IL-8 expression was concentration- and time-dependent. The time course of IL-8 induction paralleled that of cholesterol loading. MCP-1, a chemokine implicated in recruiting monocytes in atherogenesis, was also induced by acLDL. The induction of MCP-1, however, peaked at 1 h after addition of acLDL and returned to basal level by 20 h while IL-8 induction peaked at 8 h and was still 2-fold higher than basal level at 20 h. IL-8 induction was also observed in fresh human monocyte-derived macrophage cells treated with acLDL. Finally, immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization studies using specimens of human coronary atheromas showed expression of IL-8 mRNA in a macrophage-rich area. We conclude that IL-8 is induced in macrophage foam cells as a response to cholesterol loading. The chemoattractant and/or mitogenic effects of IL-8 on neutrophils, T cells, smooth muscle, or vascular endothelial cells may contribute to the progression and complications of atherosclerosis.
Differential management of cardiovascular disease in ESRD by nephrologists and cardiologists.

Abstract Background: Mortality and morbidity from cardiovascular disease are high in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The cardiovascular profile of patients with ESRD may differ from that of the general population. We examined how nephrologists and cardiologists differ in managing hypertension and cardiovascular disease in patients with ESRD. Methods: Seven cases incorporating relevant clinical and echocardiographic findings common to this population were developed based on a chart review of an ESRD population. Each ESRD case incorporated a clinical presentation designed to test for a specific dichotomous response to a common and important clinical problem. Nine nephrology and 7 cardiology faculty members, each paired with a senior clinical fellow from the discipline, were surveyed. Results: Nephrologists were less likely than cardiologists to initiate β-blockade in patients with echocardiographic evidence of regional wall motion abnormalities if there was no history of coronary artery disease (CAD; P P
Isolation of MFO inducers from tissues of white suckers caged in bleached kraft mill effluent.

Abstract White sucker (Catostomus commersoni) caged for 3 days in a bleached kraft mill effluent (BKME) stream had elevated mixed function oxygenase (MFO) activities 15–90 fold those of fish caged in a reference stream. Liver composites of male and female fish were ground and extracted with dichloromethane (DCM), methanol or 50% DCM/methanol, and tested for MFO activity in rat hepatoma cells (H4IIE). There was no difference in the potency of H4IIE EROD induction among the three solvents, so DCM extracts were split into 31 fractions using reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). H4IIE MFO activity was elevated in several fractions, with three early peaks and several later peaks of induction, indicating several classes or compounds causing MFO induction were present in the fish livers. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and chlorinated diphenylethers (CDPEs) were detected in several late-eluting fractions, but concentrations were not high enough for these compounds to be solely responsible for the observed induction. Induction by liver extracts decreased as cell exposure times increased (24, 48 or 72 h), suggesting that some inducers were more easily metabolized and eliminated from the H4IIE cells. In contrast, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2378-TCDD) had similar potency over 24, 48 and 72 h, as it was relatively resistant to metabolism.
IMAGE EUV observation of radially bifurcated plasmaspheric features: First observations of a possible standing ULF waveform in the inner magnetosphere

We present EUV observations of the plasmasphere-plasmapause from 19:38-22:11 UT on 28 June 2000 characterized by the presence of bifurcated radial enhancements of the He(+) plasma distribution in the nighside sector. These features remain stable throughout the period of observation and are found to co-rotate at 67% of the expected rate. Two-dimensional simulation of the plasmasphere assuming the presence of field lines resonances at L = 1.8 and 2.5 suggest that the organization of the outer plasmasphere and plasmapause is the result convective motion driven by a standing ULF-wave. Preliminary analysis of ground-based magnetometer data provided by the IMAGE magnetometer network during the period of EUV observation indicates the presence of a discrete spectrum of field line resonances extending down to 0.68-mHz.
Surface (sea floor) and near-surface (box cores) sediment mineralogy in Baffin Bay as a key to sediment provenance and ice sheet variations

To better understand the glacial history of the ice sheets surrounding Baffin Bay and to provide information on sediment pathways, samples from 82 seafloor grabs and core tops, and from seven box cores were subjected to quantitative X-ray diffraction weight percent (wt.%) analysis of the 2000 m) all show an abrupt drop in calcite wt.% (post-5 cal ka BP?) following a major peak in detrital carbonate (mainly dolomite). This dolomite-rich detrital carbonate (DC) event in JR175BC06 is possibly coeval with the Younger Dryas cold event. Four possible glacial-sourced end mem- bers were employed in a compositional unmixing algorithm to gain insight into down core changes in sediment provenance at the deep central basin. Estimates of the rates of sediment accumulation in the central basin are only in the range of 2 to 4 cm/cal ka, surprisingly low given the glaciated nature of the surrounding land.
Survey of formula manipulation

The field of formula manipulation is surveyed, with particular attention to the specific capabilities of differentiation, integration and the supporting capabilities of simplification, displays and input/output editing, and precision arithmetic. General systems—both batch and online—are described. Finally, some programs to solve specific applications are discussed.
Assessing College Readiness Should We Be Satisfied With ACT or Other Threshold Scores

This article examines the logic underlying different models for assessing the college readiness of high school students. It focuses on benchmark scores that purportedly identify students who are college ready and presents the challenges of using threshold scores from a single assessment instrument to represent readiness. As well as providing logical and methodological reasons to be wary of threshold scores, analyses of Minnesota and national data illustrate their shortcomings. The article argues that assessments of college readiness should (a) use benchmarks with meaning and consequences for students, (b) employ multiple measures to provide readiness information more precise than from a threshold score derived from any single assessment, and (c) present readiness in terms of probabilities or likelihoods rather than as ready or not.
Closed-Form Relations for Resonance Detection Error Using Statistical Analysis of Amplitude Noise

The optimization of resonance-tracking sensors relies critically on proper estimation of resonance detection error. We study this error in two common resonance detection algorithms: the absolute minimum method and the linear regression method. Closed-form relations for the error originating from additive noise are presented. The formulation accommodates the majority of lineshapes of practical interest and a wide variety of noise statistics. Lorentzian and Fano line shapes are studied here with further detail for their practical importance. It is discussed that while the performance of the absolute minimum method depends on the tail of the noise probability distribution function, for the linear regression method the total noise power is the determining characteristic of the noise. This fact is explained for the specific case of quantization noise. The results of this study enable a quantitative comparison of the performance of resonance-based sensors, which is a center piece in the optimization of their limit of detection.
Differential distribution of neuropeptide Y Y1 and Y2 receptors in rat and guinea-pig brains

Abstract The distribution of neuropeptide Y Y1 and Y2 receptors has been extensively studied in the rat using selective masking of [ 125 I]peptide YY binding by Y1- and Y2-selective peptides. In the present study, we characterized the binding of the subtype-selective radioligands [ 125 I](Leu 31 -Pro 34 )-peptide YY and [ 125 I]peptide YY3-36 to rat and guinea-pig brains and identified differences in Y1 and Y2 distribution. [ 125 I](Leu 31 Pro 34 )-peptide YY and [ 125 I]peptide YY3-36 bound to single sites in rat and guinea-pig brains with pharmacologies consistent with the Y1 and Y2 receptors, respectively. Autoradiographic studies were conducted using adjacent sections from rat and guinea-pig brains. Compared to the rat, the distribution of both Y1 and Y2 receptors was markedly different in the guinea-pig. For example, a high level of Y1 binding was detected within the thalamus of the rat while, in the guinea-pig, very little Y1 binding was observed in this region. Y1 binding was very low in the rat hippocampus, while the guinea-pig hippocampus contained high levels of Y1 binding. High levels of both Y1 and Y2 binding were observed in the guinea-pig cerebellum while, in the rat, only low levels of Y2 binding were visible. Therefore, the guinea-pig brain exhibits dramatic differences in the pattern of Y1 and Y2 receptors when compared to the rat. It is likely that Y1 and Y2 receptors perform different roles in the central nervous system of guinea-pigs and rats.
Analysis of human spatial perception during lunar landing

Crewed lunar landings require astronauts to interact with automated systems to identify a location that is level and free of hazards and to guide the vehicle to the lunar surface through a controlled descent. However, vestibular limitations resulting from exposure to lunar gravity after short-term adaptation to weightlessness, combined with acceleration profiles unique to lunar landing trajectories may result in astronaut spatial disorientation. A quantitative mathematical model of human spatial orientation previously developed was adopted to analyze disorientation concerns during lunar landing conditions that cannot be reproduced experimentally. Vehicle acceleration and rotation rate profiles of lunar landing descent trajectories were compiled and entered as inputs to the orientation model to predict astronaut perceived orientations. Both fully automated trajectories and trajectories with pilot interaction were studied. The latter included both simulated landing point redesignation and direct manual control. The lunar descent trajectories contain acceleration and rotation rate profiles producing attitude perceptions that differ substantially from the actual vehicle state. In particular, a somatogravic illusion is predicted that causes the perceived orientation to be nearly upright compared to the actual vehicle state which is pitched back. Furthermore, astronaut head location within the vehicle is considered for different vehicle designs to determine the effect on perceived orientation. The effect was found to be small, but measureable (0.3-4.1 degrees), and larger for the new Altair vehicle design compared to the Apollo Lunar Module.
ATP formation onset lag and post-illumination phosphorylation initiated with single-turnover flashes. I. An assay using luciferin-luciferase luminescence.

The great sensitivity of the luciferin-luciferase ATP detection system allows direct observation of ATP formation derived from single-turnover flashes in a thylakoid reaction mixture. The method can measure the energization threshold—the number of flashes required for the initiation of ATP formation—as well as detect post-illumination ATP formation after the last flash of a flash sequence. We describe the characteristics of this post-illumination phosphorylation which can be observed after a series of phosphorylating flashes (PIP+) or when the assay for ATP formation was performed in a “traditional” manner where the ADP and Pi were added after the flash-energization period (PIP−).
Unifying measures of gene function and evolution.

Recent genome analyses revealed intriguing correlations between variables characterizing the functioning of a gene, such as expression level (EL), connectivity of genetic and protein–protein interaction networks, and knockout effect, and variables describing gene evolution, such as sequence evolution rate (ER) and propensity for gene loss. Typically, variables within each of these classes are positively correlated, e.g. products of highly expressed genes also have a propensity to be involved in many protein–protein interactions, whereas variables between classes are negatively correlated, e.g. highly expressed genes, on average, evolve slower than weakly expressed genes. Here, we describe principal component (PC) analysis of seven genome-related variables and propose biological interpretations for the first three PCs. The first PC reflects a gene's ‘importance’, or the ‘status’ of a gene in the genomic community, with positive contributions from knockout lethality, EL, number of protein–protein interaction partners and the number of paralogues, and negative contributions from sequence ER and gene loss propensity. The next two PCs define a plane that seems to reflect the functional and evolutionary plasticity of a gene. Specifically, PC2 can be interpreted as a gene's ‘adaptability’ whereby genes with high adaptability readily duplicate, have many genetic interaction partners and tend to be non-essential. PC3 also might reflect the role of a gene in organismal adaptation albeit with a negative rather than a positive contribution of genetic interactions; we provisionally designate this PC ‘reactivity’. The interpretation of PC2 and PC3 as measures of a gene's plasticity is compatible with the observation that genes with high values of these PCs tend to be expressed in a condition- or tissue-specific manner. Functional classes of genes substantially vary in status, adaptability and reactivity, with the highest status characteristic of the translation system and cytoskeletal proteins, highest adaptability seen in cellular processes and signalling genes, and top reactivity characteristic of metabolic enzymes.
A review of social identity theory with implications for training and development

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to review social identity theory and its implications for learning in organizations.Design/methodology/approach – This article is a conceptual paper based on a multidisciplinary review of the literature on social identity theory. This article explains the theoretical concepts, constructs, and findings of an identity‐based view of learning in organizations. The article describes the theoretical foundations of social identity theory and its elaboration as self‐categorization theory, along with some of the limitations of the theory. Important implications for workplace learning are presented.Findings – Although multiple factors influence how people work, social identity theory portends to be a unifying theory of organizational behavior because what and how people think as members of social groups influences subsequent behavior and attitudes in social systems. This influence has important implications for workplace learning..Practical implications – The social identities...
Routine Screening for Chronic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: Why Don't the Guidelines Agree?

Infection with human immunodeficiency virus remains a major public health problem in the United States. Prominent guidelines from the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention differ in their recommendations on whether and how to screen adults and adolescents not known to be at higher risk. These discrepancies have led to controversy and debate as well as confusion among clinicians. This article reviews principles of screening, explains specific issues related to screening for human immunodeficiency virus, reviews the discrepancies between the US Preventive Services Task Force and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines and the methods used in each guideline, and describes potential reasons for the discrepancies. The case of screening for human immunodeficiency virus illustrates how discrepancies between guidelines may be related to different guideline development methods as well as the different perspectives of the guideline development groups. guidelines as topic; health planning guidelines; HIV; mass screening
Not as easy as pie: Disentangling the theoretical and applied components of children’s health knowledge

While there has been substantial research on children's dietary habits and physical activity level, there has been little work linking children's understanding of these concepts and how they apply them. This study aims to elucidate the association between two concepts that have not been distinguished in previous work; theoretical and applied health knowledge. Four-year-old children completed measures of theoretical and applied health knowledge regarding vegetables, fatty foods, physical, and sedentary activities. Results indicate that children's theoretical and applied health knowledge are distinct concepts that are positively associated. That is, children who accurately identify the relative health of foods and activities are more likely to be able to select foods and activities that promote their body's health.
Health literacy and cancer risk perception: implications for genomic risk communication.

Background. As new genomic technology expands the number of medical tests available to physicians and patients, identifying gaps in our understanding of how best to communicate risk is increasingly...
Peplau’s Theory of Interpersonal Relations Application in Emergency and Rural Nursing

The author in this column highlights aspects of Peplau's theory of interpersonal relations and its use both in emergency nursing and rural nursing. Long and Weinert identified the concepts of rural nursing. Some differences between Peplau's theory and rural nursing can be identified through definitions of theory and conceptual models. Despite these differences, there are some common themes between both theories that are described and compared.
Wireless Sensor-Based Traffic Light Control

Real-time traffic light controllers (TLCs) play a major role in optimizing traffic flow. We uses wireless sensor network (WSN) to decrease vehicles' average trip waiting time (ATWT) on the road. We studied the performance of using one sensor and two sensors and designed corresponding controllers. In the case of one sensor we developed two models; a non-occupancy detection (NOD) and an occupancy detection (OD). NOD detects passing vehicles only whereas, OD detects vehicles that pass the sensor or stop at it. In both methods, we changed the sensor location relative to the traffic light's location. We then used two sensors to calculate number of vehicles waiting or approaching a traffic light. We tested different distances between these two sensors. Two sensors-based controller outperform the one sensor controller and produced results comparable to the ideal control that knows exact number of waiting vehicles. In analyzing our simulation, we found that the distance between the two sensors does not affect the performance of our design. Hence, placing both the sensors close to each others produce the best performance in terms of quality of the data and reduce energy consumption which leads to extending the life time of the WSN.
Genetic continuity of brood-parasitic indigobird species

Speciation in brood-parasitic indigobirds (genus Vidua ) is a consequence of behavioural imprinting in both males and females. Mimicry of host song by males and host fidelity in female egg laying result in reproductive isolation of indigobirds associated with a given host species. Colonization of new hosts and subsequent speciation require that females occasionally lay eggs in the nests of novel hosts but the same behaviour may lead to hybridization when females parasitize hosts already associated with other indigobird species. Thus, retained ancestral polymorphism and ongoing hybridization are two alternative explanations for the limited genetic differentiation among indigobird species. We tested for genetic continuity of indigobird species using mitochondrial sequences and nuclear microsatellite data. Within West Africa and southern Africa, allopatric populations of the same species are generally more similar to each other than to sympatric populations of different species. Likewise, a larger proportion of genetic variation is explained by differences between species than by differences between locations in alternative hierarchical AMOVAS , suggesting that the rate of hybridization is not high enough to homogenize sympatric populations of different species or prevent genetic differentiation between species. Broad sharing of genetic polymorphisms among species, however, suggests that some indigobird species trace to multiple host colonization events in space and time, each contributing to the formation of a single interbreeding population bound together by songs acquired from the host species.
Tests for relative error in repeated multivariate samples

A reparametrization of the multivariate normal distribution is introduced in order to consider LR tests of significance for the hupothesis of homogeneity of relative errors, or generalized coefficients of variations (c. v.) θ This is in continuation of the author's results (Bennett, 1978) on tests of the equality of univariate c. v. 's from successive experiments based on a normal distribution.