cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The student expenditure impact of a university on the local economy

This article focuses on the problem of estimating student expenditures in university economic impact studies. Student spending patterns are characterized by a large variance and thus statistical estimation of population expenditures are often imprecise. Most of the literature on the economic impact of a university has not treated the estimation of student spending properly. Conceptually the error introduced at this point in an impact study could lead to either over or under-estimation of student spending. Existing evidence suggests that the former is most likely.
Technical Paper An Improved Fixed Order‐Interval Model

Optimal decision rules are presented for determining both the best stock‐up level and the best time to receive an order in a fixed order‐interval inventory system under certainty. In developing such rules, an important, but heretofore neglected, factor is taken explicitly into account, namely, the portion of the period during which no sales can occur. It is shown that unless the system is restocked at just the right time, the firm's actual cost per period may be many times higher than the minimum possible.
Frictional Flow Properties of Coal-Oil Slurries at Low Reynolds Number

The pipe friction factor (f) and the pressure loss coefficient for a 90-deg EL (K/sub 90/) were measured for coal-oil slurries at Reynolds numbers less than 100. A range of mass fractions (0 to 0.4) was examined for a single particle distribution. The pipe friction factor correlated well with the established relationship for laminar flow (f = 64/Re/sub D/) where Reynolds number is based on slurry properties. The loss coefficient for the elbow has a similar correlation.
A comparison of labelled antibody methods for the detection of virus antigens in cell monolayers.

Abstract A number of labelled antibody methods have been applied to the detection of Semliki Forest virus antigens after replication of the virus in monolayers of host cells in multi-well polystyrene plates. The importance of several reaction variables has been investigated and the sensitivity of the methods compared for different periods of virus replication. Direct assays with radio-labelled antibody (RLA) and indirect assays using peroxidase-anti-peroxidase complexes (PAP) were equally sensitive. Direct and indirect assays using enzyme-linked antibodies (ELA) were slightly less sensitive than the direct RLA and PAP methods but were more sensitive than the indirect RLA or fluorescent antibody (FLA) methods. Direct assays using ELA were more rapid and easier to perform than the other assay methods.
Optimal production with learning by doing

Abstract This paper characterizes optimal production over time when production cost is a decreasing function of past accumulated output (when production exhibits learning by doing). Monopolistic, competitive, and socially optimal solutions are considered.
Signaling pathways involved in the development of cannabinoid tolerance

Considerable plasticity exists in the endogenous cannabinoid system, as evidenced by the high degree of tolerance that develops following repetitive exposure to exogenously administered cannabinoid receptor agonists. This tolerance development is accompanied by cannabinoid CB(1) receptor downregulation and attenuation of G-protein activation. The biological processes responsible for CB(1) receptor downregulation remain to be fully understood. However, recent evidence suggests that several protein kinases participate in the development of cannabinoid tolerance. These observations implicate a role for protein kinases in cannabinoid signaling pathways. It remains to be established whether these protein kinases are directly involved in CB(1) receptor regulation or whether they contribute to tolerance by modulating additional signaling pathways.
Anisotropic Third-Order Susceptibility of a Nematic Solution of a Rodlike Polymer (PBT)

Abstract The anisotropic third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility χ(3) of monodomain samples of nematic solutions of poly[1,4-phenylene-2,6-benzobisthiazole], PBT, a rodlike polymer, have been studied by third harmonic generation. The principal component of χ(3)(−3ω;ω,ω,ω) is not along the nematic director, as opposed to the linear dielectric, which has the maximum refractive index along the director.
Young's Modulus of Canine Vocal Fold Cover Layers

Summary Objectives The objective of this study was to measure the elastic modulus (Young's modulus) of canine vocal fold cover layers. Study Design Basic science study. Methods Cover layers from vocal folds of eight canine larynges were dissected. Cover layer samples from the mid-membranous, medial vocal fold surface area were used to measure material stiffness using a previously validated indentation method. Cover layers from two human larynges were also measured as control references. Superior and inferior medial cover layers were measured separately. A total of 15 superior medial surface and 17 inferior medial surface specimens from the canine and two and four specimens, respectively, from the human were tested. Results In the canine larynges, the mean Young's modulus of the superior medial surface was 4.2 kPa (range, 3.0–5.4 kPa; standard deviation [SD], 0.6 kPa) and of the inferior medial surface was 6.8 kPa (range, 5.4–8.5 kPa; SD, 0.8 kPa). Measurements on human cover samples were 5.0 kPa (range, 4.7–5.4 kPa; SD, 0.5 kPa) and 7.0 kPa (range, 6.7–7.3 kPa; SD, 0.3 kPa) for the superior medial and inferior medial surface, respectively. Human measurements were similar to the previously validated measurements. There was no difference between the stiffness measurements in the human and canine cover layer samples ( P > 0.05). Conclusions The elastic stiffness (Young's modulus) of the canine and human vocal fold cover layers is similar. Findings support the use of canine larynx as an externally valid model to study voice production.
Community policing, loose coupling, and sensemaking in American police agencies

This study examines the community policing movement in the United States using two concepts from organization theory—loose coupling and sensemaking—to frame the analysis and discussion. In particular, we focus on the degree of coupling between police agencies' general and specific community policing claims. Because community policing may be considered a fairly ambiguous (or broad) reform movement, police agencies must engage in interpretive processes to define, make sense of, and enact it at the local level. While we did not observe these interpretive processes, our analyses enable us to observe the products of these processes.
Linear-time disk-based implicit graph search

Many search algorithms are limited by the amount of memory available. Magnetic disk storage is over two orders of magnitude cheaper than semiconductor memory, and individual disks can hold up to a terabyte. We augment memory with magnetic disks to perform brute-force and heuristic searches that are orders of magnitude larger than any previous such searches. The main difficulty is detecting duplicate nodes, which is normally done with a hash table. Due to long disk latencies, however, randomly accessed hash tables are infeasible on disk, and are replaced by a mechanism we call delayed duplicate detection. In contrast to previous work, we perform delayed duplicate detection without sorting, which runs in time linear in the number of nodes in practice. Using this technique, we performed the first complete breadth-first searches of the 2 x 7, 3 x 5, 4 x 4, and 2 x 8 sliding-tile Puzzles, verifying the radius of the 4 x 4 puzzle and determining the radius of the others. We also performed the first complete breadth-first searches of the four-peg Towers of Hanoi problem with up to 22 discs, discovering a surprising anomaly regarding the radii of these problems. In addition, we performed the first heuristic searches of the four-peg Towers of Hanoi problem with up to 31 discs, verifying a conjectured optimal solution length to these problems. We also performed partial breadth-first searches of Rubik's Cube to depth ten in the face-turn metric, and depth eleven in the quarter-turn metric, confirming previous results.
X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy: A Cause of Primary Adrenal Insufficiency in Males

X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD), char' acterized by the presence of adrenal insufficiency and demyelination, has recently been recognized to be an important cause of primary adrenal insufficiency in males. This disease has a broad clinical expression with four major presentations. The most common phenotypic group is the severe cerebral form of ALD, which is seen most frequently in childhood. In this form, demyelination advances rapidly over several years and the disease is uniformly fatal. A second common phenotype is the adrenomyeloneuropathy form, which usually has its onset in adulthood and exhibits a slow neurological progression dominated by spastic paraparesis. The third phenotype is isolated Addison disease with no neurological involvement. Asymptomatic and presymptomatic patients comprise the fourth phenotypic group. ALD males can develop adrenal disease long before neurological symptoms arise. The diagnosis of ALD is readily made by measuring plasma levels of saturated very long chain fatty acids, which are elevated in affected patients due to an enzymatic defect in their oxidation. All males with isolated adrenal insufficiency should be tested for ALD because of the potential for therapy and the genetic implications for the family.
Biochemical characterization of basilase, a fibrinolytic enzyme from Crotalus basiliscus basiliscus.

Snake venoms, especially from the Crotalidae family, contain a variety of enzymes that prevent blood coagulation by virtue of their fibrinolytic enzymes. Nineteen snake venoms were screened for fibrinolytic activity and the highest activity was found in the venom of Crotalus basiliscus basiliscus venom. The active principle, basilase, was isolated, purified, and found to have fibrinolytic and fibrinogenolytic activity. It had a molecular weight of 22,000 and 1 mol of zinc per mole of protein associated with it. The proteolytic activity of the enzyme against dimethyl casein was inhibited by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and α2-macroglobulin. It did not inactivate α2-macroglobulin. Basilase did not have any of the following activities: thrombin-like, factor X-like, protein C activating, or urokinase-like. It caused neither hemorrhage nor platelet aggregation. In spite of its proteolytic activity, basilase did not hydrolyze the membranes of platelets. Basilase had 24% α-helix, 31% β-sheet, 25% turns, and 20% unordered structure, as determined by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy. Basilase is an enzyme that hydrolyzes fibrin directly without activation of plasminogen.
Spanning trees with many leaves in cubic graphs

For a connected graph G let L(G) denote the maximum number of leaves in any spanning tree of G. We give a simple construction and a complete proof of a result of Storer that if G is a connected cubic graph on n vertices, then L(G) ⩾ [(n/4) + 2], and this is best possible for all (even) n. The main idea is to count the number of “dead leaves” as the tree is being constructed. This method of amortized analysis is used to prove the new result that if G is also 3-connected, then L(G) ⩾ [(n/3) + (4/3)], which is best possible for many n. This bound holds more generally for any connected cubic graph that contains no subgraph K4 - e. The proof is rather elaborate since several reducible configurations need to be eliminated before proceeding with the many tricky cases in the construction.
Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infections

Infections caused by herpes simplex viruses have been recognized since ancient Roman times, when Herodotus associated mouth ulcers and lip vesicles with fever. However, neonatal herpes simplex infection was not identified as a distinct disease until centuries later. Only 50 years ago, the first written descriptions of neonatal herpes were attributed nearly simultaneously to Hass, who described the histopathologic findings in a fatal case, and to Batingani who described a newborn child with herpes simplex virus (HSV) keratitis. For several decades our understanding of neonatal infections with herpes simplex virus was predicated upon histopathologic descriptions of the disease. These indicated a broad spectrum of involvement in infants. In the mid-1960s, Nahmias and Dowdle demonstrated two antigenic types of herpes simplex virus, HSV-1 and HSV-2. Recognition of these types prompted a rapid series of developments leading to a better characterization of the biochemical and molecular characteristics of the virus. One consequence of these advances has been the development of methods of typing of viruses which have been utilized to define the epidemiology of HSV infections. Herpes simplex viral infections "above-the-belt," primarily of the lip and oropharynx, have been found in most cases to be associated with HSV-1, whereas infections "below-the-belt" are usually caused by HSV-2.
Investigating solute interactions in V-4Cr-4Ti based on tensile deformation behavior of vanadium

Abstract Tensile tests were carried out on annealed, unalloyed vanadium from 200 to 500 °C at strain rates ranging from 10−1 to 10−5 s−1 to investigate the interaction between Ti and interstitial O, C, and N solutes in the V–4Cr–4Ti alloy. Dynamic strain aging (DSA) is manifested in unalloyed vanadium at 300 and 400 °C as serrations (continuous) and discontinuous yielding in the Luders strain and work hardening regimes of stress–strain curves with a concomitant negative value in strain rate sensitivity (SRS) for flow stresses. Diffusion data indicate that the DSA phenomenon at temperatures below 400 °C is related to the migration of carbon and oxygen while at higher temperatures nitrogen becomes increasingly important. DSA occurs in V–4Cr–4Ti within the temperature range from 300 to 750 °C (J. Nucl. Mater 283–287 (2000) 508). The data shows that alloying with Ti and Cr solutes shifts the maximum negative SRS from 300 °C in vanadium to ∼600 °C in the alloy.
The emerging role of multi-detector computed tomography in heart failure.

Abstract Background Recent advances in cardiac multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) technology now permits entire coronary tree evaluation in a single breath hold with submillimeter slice collimation and improved temporal resolution. Methods and Results Besides excellent correlation with invasive angiogram for the detection of significant coronary occlusion, MDCT also provides reliable and reproducible data regarding various other cardiac anatomic and functional parameters that are pertinent to heart failure patients. These include left ventricular measurement (eg, ejection fraction, regional wall motion, dimensions, volumes), pulmonary vein anatomy and drainage, right ventricular function, and cardiac venous system, among many others. However, there are radiogenic and nonradiogenic risks associated with MDCT that should be considered before scanning the patients. Conclusions This review summarizes the existing literature of the various cardiac MDCT applications pertinent to heart failure patients.
Binding and uptake of native and glycosylated albumin-gold complexes in perfused rat lungs.

Abstract We have examined, by electron microscopy, the effect of glycosylation on binding, uptake, and transport of albumin-gold complexes in capillaries of isolated perfused rat lungs. Lungs were perfused for 2 min at 4° with native and glycosylated albumin-coated gold particles. After the excess probe was washed out for 5 min the lungs were fixed immediately or perfused for 30 and 60 min at 37° with a isoosmotic buffer before fixation. The localization and density of the probes over different microvascular endothelial compartments were determined by electron microscopy. We found that both native and glycosylated albumin were bound to the surface of the pulmonary microvascular endothelium, preferentially over the stomatal diaphragms of luminal smooth-walled vesicles. In both BSA and glycosylated BSA perfusions at 37°, most of the probe was internalized and accumulated in lysosomes and only a few gold particles were observed in the extravascular compartment even after 60 min perfusion. However, binding, internalization, and transport of the protein-gold complexes was enhanced by nonenzymatic glycosylation of albumin.
Superresolving image restoration using linear programming

Superresolving image restoration (SIR) in the presence of noise is considered. Few SIR algorithms have demonstrated the ability to resolve two point sources spaced one-half of the Rayleigh distance apart. In this paper, it is shown that the SIR of a two-point noncoherent source spaced one-tenth of a Rayleigh distance apart is possible. The method presented uses optimal data fitting techniques based on the methods of linear programming. For noisy images, a combination of linear eigenvalue prefiltering and optimal data fitting is used. It is also shown that for a diffraction-limited image of two-point sources spaced one-half of the Rayleigh distance apart, where the input is contaminated with significant noise, SIR is achievable. These results have important implications in atmospheric physics, geophysics, radio astronomy, medical diagnostics, and digital bandwidth-compression applications where the deconvolution of noisy bandwidth-compressed images is one of the fundamental limitations. The techniques described are specifically designed for impulsive-type images.
The A‐1 antigen: A novel marker in experimental peripheral nerve injury

Expression of the Schwann cell phenotype is regulated by signals from the adjoining axon. After axotomy, the Schwann cell ceases the production and maintenance of the myelin sheath and assumes phagocytic properties necessary to digest its own myelin. The molecular mechanisms responsible for this behavior remain unclear. A monoclonal antibody termed BIKS was produced after the immunization of mice with guinea pig lymphoid tissue. This antibody recognizes a cytoplasmic vesicle-associated molecule (A-1 antigen) which is abundant in all tissue macrophages but is also expressed in small amounts in normal Schwann cells. Following axotomy, the A-1 antigen appears to be translocated from a perinuclear site to accumulate in large quantities around myelin ovoids in Schwann cells, as well at the nodes of Ranvier-sites where Wallerian degeneration is known to commence. The level of the antigen remains high when axons are prevented from regeneration. During repair of crush injury, however, the level of antigen drops concomitant with the ingrowth of regenerating axons, suggesting axonal control of A-1 antigen expression. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Telomeres: Prognostic markers for solid tumors

Solid tumors continue to affect millions of people worldwide. Increasingly sophisticated diagnostic tools contribute to the high incidence rates for some tumor types, and treatment options continue to expand. However, the progression of solid tumors represents a challenge for the appropriate treatment of individual patients because of the relative inaccuracy of current prognostic markers, including the widely used Tumor-Nodes-Metastasis (TNM) staging system, to predict the course of disease. As a result, both over- and undertreatment are clinical realities in the management of patients diagnosed with solid tumors. Therefore, population-based screening programs that increase the overall cancer incidence rates are controversial, as they may do little to improve the patient's quality of life. Consequently, there is a strong need to develop novel and independent markers of prognosis. In this context, we review the use of telomeres as prognostic markers for solid tumors, including cancers from lung, breast, prostate, colon, brain and head and neck. Telomeric sequences, the repetitive DNA at the end of human chromosomes, are mediators of genomic stability and can undergo length alterations during tumor initiation and progression. In a number of studies reviewed here, these alterations, measured as telomere attrition and elongation, have been shown either to be associated with clinical markers of disease progression or to be independent markers of cancer prognosis. We conclude from these studies that careful assessment of telomere length or its proxies, such as telomere DNA content, will be part of novel risk assessment and prognostic modalities for patients with solid tumors.
Comparative In Vitro Activity of Three Aminoglycosidic Antibiotics: BB-K8, Kanamycin, and Gentamicin

Abstract Kanamycin, BB-K8, and gentamicin were tested in parallel against 1,037 bacterial strains isolated from clinical material. The activity of BB-K8 at 20 μg/ml was comparable to that of gentamicin at 8 μg/ml against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and against Enterobacteriaceae, with the exception of gentamicin-resistant strains of Proteus rettgeri and Providencia stuartii, in which case the activities of BB-K8 and kanamycin were the same. BB-K8 exhibited little or no activity against streptococci. The activity of BB-K8 was affected by pH and inoculum size. A regression graph for inhibition data with a 10-μg disk of BB-K8 was developed, and synergistic activity of penicillin and BB-K8 against Streptococcus faecalis was tested.
Expression profile of protein tyrosine kinase genes in human osteoarthritis chondrocytes

Abstract Objective To determine the expression profile of protein kinase (PK) and protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) genes in human primary osteoarthritis (OA) chondrocytes and to compare it with that of immortalized human chondrocytes T/C 28a4 with a view to learning whether T/C 28a4 cells can be used for elucidating signal transduction pathways in human chondrocytes. Design We used the Atlas Human cDNA Array and a method based on PCR with degenerate primers to analyse the expression profile of protein kinase genes in primary human OA chondrocytes and compared it with that of immortalized human chondrocyte cell line T/C 28a4 using RT-PCR and Western blotting. Results A total of 21 PTK genes were identified and several of these have never been shown to be expressed in human OA chondrocytes. Comparative expression analysis of some selected kinase genes showed that the mRNA expression pattern of many protein kinase genes in OA chondrocytes was identical to that of T/C 28a4 cells. However, there were differences in the level of protein expression of selected protein kinases in these cells. For example, mRNA expression of the novel kinase HCK was detected in OA chondrocytes and in the cell lines analysed but by Western blotting HCK protein was not detected in OA chondrocytes. In these studies, we also identified a novel mutant form of the discoidin domain receptor 2 (DDR2) transcript from chondrocyte-like cell line HTB-94. Conclusions Our results provide novel information about protein kinase gene expression in OA chondrocytes and indicate that the transformed chondrocyte cell line T/C 28a4 may be suitable for elucidating signal transduction pathways in chondrocytes and to investigate how they regulate chondrocyte function in inflammatory and degenerative joint diseases.
The multi-zone calculation of turbomachinery flows. II - The multi-zone calculation of the turbulent, two-specie flow through the SSME HPFTP first and second stage cavities

A multi-zone Navier-Stokes methodology to calculate the two-specie flow through the first and second stage cooling cavities of the Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME) high pressure fuel turbopump (HPFTP) is developed. A simplified two-component fluid formulation is used to model the interaction of coolant and hot gas. Johnston's secant approximation is used to define an appropriate near wall velocity for use in a three-dimensional law of the wall. The basic Navier-Stokes algorithm used is a finite-volume, predictor-corrector algorithm which uses a pressure correction technique. A multi-zone method is used to partition each cavity into easily handled subdomains. The results show that coolant flow is pumped up the turbine wheel for both cavities, creating a region of large temperature gradients on the turbine shank.
A static model of chip formation in microscale milling

This paper discusses the development of an enhanced, static model of chip formation in micromilling processes that is able to describe the intermittency of the chip formation observed at low feeds per tooth due to the dominance of the minimum chip thickness effect. Experimental analyses demonstrate the validity of the proposed model by verifying the level of periodicity in the cutting forces present at various feeds per tooth. A key finding of this study is the identification of a local maximum in the radial thrust forces in the micromilling process during the noncutting regime, at feeds per tooth that are of the order of the minimum chip thickness. To overcome the challenges in the direct measurement of the minimum chip thickness, this paper presents a method for estimating the minimum chip thickness of various combinations of tools and workpiece materials based on easily attainable cutting-force data. A discussion on the selection of process parameters to avoid intermittent chip formation is also presented.
Frequency and type of epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in African Americans with non-small cell lung cancer.

Background: Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) predict response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Mutations occur more commonly in never smokers and East Asians, but there are conflicting reports on the frequency of EGFR mutations in tumors from African Americans. Methods: Tumors from 67 African American and 77 white participants in previous case-control studies of lung cancer were selected to determine EGFR mutational status. Mutation analysis was performed using the Sequenom mass array analyzer (Sequenom, San Diego, CA). Results: Overall, 13.9% of the study population carried an EGFR mutation. EGFR mutations occurred in 11.9% of tumors from African Americans compared with 15.6% in whites ( p = 0.53). All mutations found in African Americans were deletions in exon 19. The majority of mutations were found in nonsmokers among both African Americans (7/8) and whites (8/12). Conclusion: These results indicate that African Americans with NSCLC harbor somatic EGFR mutations at a frequency similar to whites with NSCLC. Thus, clinicians should not use race as a clinical decision parameter for the use of EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
Sideline Coverage: When to Get Radiographs? A Review of Clinical Decision Tools

Context:Sidelines coverage presents unique challenges in the evaluation of injured athletes. Health care providers may be confronted with the question of when to obtain radiographs following an inj...
Ehrlichiosis—A Disease of Animals and Humans

Ehrlichiae are one of several kinds of obligate intracellular bacteria. Taxonomically, they are grouped with rickettsiae, but they can be distinguished by their unique tropism for circulating leukocytes. Ehrlichia canis causes a pancytopenia in dogs that becomes chronic if untreated. Certain breeds develop severe infections, characterized by fever, anorexia, dramatic weight loss, marked pancytopenia, anemia, peripheral edema, and hemorrhage. Ehrlichia risticii, a recently discovered species, is the cause of a serious diarrheal disease of horses. Other species of ehrlichiae have been documented as being veterinary pathogens. Recent data indicate that E. canis or a closely related species causes an acute febrile illness in humans. Clinically, the disease is similar to Rocky Mountain spotted fever, except that most patients do not have a rash. Human ehrlichiosis appears to be tickborne and is prevalent primarily in the southern Atlantic and south-central states. A mild from of ehrlichiosis has also been documented.
Liquid chromatographic procedures for the analysis of compounds in the serotonergic and octoptamine pathways of lobster hemolymph

High-performance liquid chromatography, with serial electrochemical and ultraviolet detectors, was used with a reduced activity catecholamine C18 column to separate and quantify compounds important in the serotonergic and octopamine pathways in lobster hemolymph. The chromatographic mobile phase was composed of potassium dihydrogenphosphate buffer, trichloroacetic acid, sodium dodecyl sulfate, the sodium salt of ethylenedinitrilotetraacetic acid and the organic solvents, acetonitrile and methanol. The compounds serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptopha, tryptamine, melatonin, octopamine and tyrosine were well resovled within 13 min. Good electrode maintenance, the use of a silica gel precolumn and careful sample preparation were necessary to give a stable baseline, high resolution of these compounds and reproducibility of retention times and peak heights. The electrochemical detector extended the range of detection to the picogram level. Because of the instability of the solutes and of the chromatographic baseline, sample preparation procedures were investigated. Deproteinization with ammonium sulfate gave the best recovery of the compounds of interest and the most stable baseline with the electrochemical detector. Peaks in the hemolymph were characterized by addition fo standards, dual detection (electrochemical and ultraviolet) and the enzyme peak shift technique. With this methodology, important endogenous neurohormones in the hemolymph of lobsters can be quantitatively determined with respect to the molt cycle.
Syngamus trachea: Infections produced by patenteral inoculations

Abstract Syngamus trachea larvae injected into the veins, skin, peritoneum, musculature, and trachea of turkeys successfully infected the host.
Steady-state pharmacokinetics of bupropion SR in juvenile patients.

ABSTRACT Objective To examine the steady-state pharmacokinetic properties of bupropion sustained release (SR) and their potential developmental differences in youths. Method Eleven boys and eight girls aged 11 to 17 years old were prescribed bupropion SR monotherapy for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( n = 16) and/or depressive disorders ( n = 16). Bupropion SR was given in morning doses of 100 mg/day ( n = 11) or 200 mg/day ( n = 8) for 14 days or less, with five subjects studied on both doses. All subjects had blood draws from an intravenous port every 1 to 3 hours for 24 hours after their usual morning doses. Pharmacokinetic variables were determined by noncompartmental and compartmental analyses for bupropion and metabolites, respectively. Results Bupropion and its metabolites exhibited linear pharmacokinetics. Areas under the concentration curves for the hydroxybupropion, threohydrobupropion, and erythrohydrobupropion were 20, 12, and 2.7 times higher, respectively, than for bupropion. Relative to adults, the mean half-lives of bupropion (12.1 hours) and threohydrobupropion (26.3 hours) were significantly shorter, and areas under the concentration curve ratios of metabolites to bupropion were 19% to 80% higher. Conclusions Youths metabolize bupropion SR faster to hydroxybupropion and other active metabolites than adults. Until the clinical importance of bupropion's metabolites is clarified, bupropion SR should be given in divided doses to youths, as the manufacturer recommends for adults taking higher doses.
Reduction in Spread of Mycoplasma-like Organism-Associated Lethal Decline of the Palm, Veitchia merrilli, by Use of Insecticides

An experiment was conducted in southern Florida in an area where Manila palms, Veitchia merrillii (Becc.) H. E. Moore, were infected with mycoplasmalike organism-associated lethal decline. Manila palms were given foliar applications of insecticides (diazinon AG 500 at 13 ml/10 liters and dimethoate 400 at 26.4 ml/10 liters) biweekly for 15 months. Myndus crudus (Van Duzee) (Homoptera: Cixiidae) was the most abundant auchenorrhynchous insect sampled from the leaves of Manila palms. There were fewer M. crudus in samples from palms treated with diazinon than in samples from untreated palms (P <0.05). The apparent rate of spread of the disease declined significantly in the diazinon and dimethoate-treated plots but not in the untreated plots (P <0.05). The results suggest that a leaf-feeding insect, possibly M. crudus , is the vector of the disease agents.
The Problem of Poverty and the Limits of Freedom in Hegel’s Theory of the Ethical State

This article reinterprets Hegel’s much discussed “failure” to theorize a remedy for the poverty that disrupts modern society. I argue that Hegel does not offer any solution to the problem of poverty because, in his view, the sovereign state depends upon the persistence of poverty. Whereas a state’s achievement of external sovereignty requires the presence of another state, its achievement of internal sovereignty requires the presence of a different, internal other. This role is played by the impoverished and rebellious “rabble,” which opposes the state’s unity and stability. Ethical life cannot eliminate poverty because poverty, and the insecurity that it engenders, are dialectical conditions of the state’s highest development. This interpretation reveals a critical dimension to Hegel’s political philosophy, insofar as the state’s promise of actualized freedom can only be sustained in relation to a mass of internal “outsiders” to whom that freedom does not extend.
Compiling Functional Parllelism on a Family of Distributed Memory Architectures

In an earlier work, a Threshold Scheduling Algorithm was proposed to schedule the functional parallelism in a program on distributed memory systems. In this work, we address the issue of regeneration of the schedule for a set of distributed memory architectures with different communication costs. A new concept of dominant edges of a schedule is introduced to denote those edges which dictate schedule regeneration due to the changes in their communication costs. It is shown that under certain conditions, schedule on the whole or at least part of the graph can be reused for a different architecture reducing the cost of program re-partitioning and re-scheduling. The usefulness of this method is demonstrated by incorporating it in the scheduler of the compiler backend for targeting Sisal (Streams and Iterations in a Single Assignment Language) on a family of Intel i860 architectures : Gamma, Delta and Paragon which vary in their communication costs. It is shown that almost SO to 65 % of the schedule can be reused, thereby, avoiding program re-partitioning to a large degree.
Saddle points of hamiltonian systems in convex problems of Lagrange

In Lagrange problems of the calculus of variations where the LagrangianL(x\(\dot x\)), not necessarily differentiable, is convex jointly inx and\(\dot x\), optimal arcs can be characterized in terms of a generalized Hamiltonian differential equation, where the HamiltonianH(x, p) is concave inx and convex inp. In this paper, the Hamiltonian system is studied in a neighborhood of a minimax saddle point ofH. It is shown under a strict concavity-convexity assumption onH that the point acts much like a saddle point in the sense of differential equations. At the same time, results are obtained for problems in which the Lagrange integral is minimized over an infinite interval. These results are motivated by questions in theoretical economics.
Disability and the transition to adulthood:Issues for the disabled child, the family, and the pediatrician

The pediatrician treating a child with a disability must focus not only on the physical needs of the child but also on the emotional and social issues associated with being disabled in our society. This dual focus becomes increasingly important as the child matures through adolescence and transitions into adulthood. In addition, the pediatrician must understand the complex interrelationships between the family and their maturing, disabled child during the vital process of separation from the family. This transition is particularly difficult for an adolescent who is dependent on others for physical care and other independent living skills. Many of the transitional problems faced by disabled adolescents and their parents have roots in early childhood. With an awareness of the specific stressors on the parent caregivers and an understanding of the influence of disability on the developmental processes, the pediatrician can play a major role in easing the transition of a disabled adolescent into adulthood. By guiding the parents of a young child through the important tasks of childhood and adolescence, the pediatrician can set the stage for both the parents and their disabled child to have independent, yet supportive lives--lives that are focused not on the disability but on mutual respect and life satisfaction. It is recommended that disabled teens and young adults be given more help in independence skills, personal counseling services should be made available, and physicians should give teens age-appropriate information about disabilities. There are needs for sex education, preparation for parenthood, and genetic counseling. Other issues that should be addressed are early vocational awareness, alternatives to work, and leisure time use. Just because an adolescent is disabled, we cannot assume that he or she will have self-esteem and self-concept difficulties. To adjust to being devalued by society, the disabled person must challenge societal beliefs that strength, independence, and appearance are the essential aspects of a quality life. The importance of being kind, intelligent, and productive to one's capacity must become more important. (See Table 3 for additional resource information.)
A scanning electron microscope study of the mandibular morphology of boreal copepods

Morphological details of the mandibular blades of 11 species of copepods were examined with scanning electron microscopy. The micrographs improved our understanding of the complex toothed edge of the mandibular blade, which in turn aids in identification of the copepod prey of chaetognaths by gut-content analysis. Beklemishev's discovery of siliceous tooth crowns in calanoid copepods was confirmed for most of the species examined. Long, sharp projections on the crowns of herbivorous species, and the deep grooves into which they fit on the teeth of the opposite mandible, suggest a cracking rather than a grinding function for these teeth.
Transhydrogenase and the anaerobic mitochondrial metabolism of adult Hymenolepis diminuta.

The adult cestode, Hymenolepis diminuta, is essentially anaerobic energetically. Carbohydrate dissimilation results in acetate, lactate and succinate accumulation with succinate being the major end product. Succinate accumulation results from the anaerobic, mitochondrial, ‘malic’ enzyme-dependent utilization of malate coupled to ATP generation via the electron transport-linked fumarate reductase. A lesser peroxide-forming oxidase is apparent, however, fumarate reduction to succinate predominates even in air. The H. diminuta matrix-localized ‘malic’ enzyme is NADP-specific whereas the inner membrane (IM)-associated electron transport system prefers NADH. This dilemma is circumvented by the mitochondrial, IM-associated NADPH→NAD+ transhydrogenase in catalyzing hydride ion transfer from NADPH to NAD+ on the IM matrix surface. Hydride transfer is reversible and phospholipid-dependent. NADP+ reduction occurs as a non energy-linked and energy-linked reaction with the latter requiring electron transport NADH utilization or ATP hydrolysis. With NAD+ reduction, the cestode transhydrogenase also engages in concomitant proton translocation from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space and supports net ATP generation. Thus, the cestode NADPH→NAD+ system can serve not only as a metabolic connector, but an additional anaerobic phosphorylation site. Although its function(s) is unknown, a separate IM-associated NADH→ NAD+ transhydrogenation, catalyzed by the lipoamide and NADH dehydrogenases, is noted.
Evaluation System of Tutorial System Based on Balanced Scorecard

In recent years, our colleges and universities have popularized the undergraduate tutorial system widely to improve the quality of undergraduate education. However, its effect is not ideal; one of the reasons is that the Tutorial System Implementation Effect evaluation system is not perfect. By using the Balanced Scorecard Model, the tutorial system for undergraduates will be established reasonably and comprehensive, which provides the basis for further improving the tutorial system for undergraduates.
Disposal of Spacecraft at End of Life in Geosynchronous Orbit

A number of national and international organizations have adopted a policy of removing spacecraft at the end of life from the geosynchronous ring. However, a resolution of several technical issues still remains before an international policy can be developed and implemented by all users of geosynchronous orbits. The present study reviews the cataloged population of objects in the geosynchronous ring. The probability of collision is computed as a function of range and orbital inclination of an object. Long-term stability of supersynchron ous disposal orbits and of the geopotential stable points is examined. Several disposal options are considered. The results of the study show that the use of the supersynchronous orbits for disposal purposes is economical and effective in significantly reducing the collision hazard. The use of the geopotential stable points for disposal of spacecraft at the end of life, on the other hand, was found to be impractical. I. Introduction B ECAUSE of the uniqueness and usefulness of the geosynchronous equatorial orbit (GEO), the population of objects in this orbit has increased continuously. Reference 1 shows, for example, that at the beginning of 1988, there were 286 cataloged satellites residing in this orbit, not including spent upper stages. Of these, 110 to 130 operating satellites were on station along with 150 that are nonfunctional or abandoned. ,. Reference 2, on the other hand, shows that of the approximately 453 cataloged objects traversing GEO altitudes, only about 150 are geostationary. The others are either geosynchronous or in highly elliptical ("Molniya") semisynchronous orbits. There are also a number of military spacecraft, the orbjts of which are not generally availably in published form. To reduce the collision hazard within GEO, approximately 30 to 35 satellites have been removed from GEO at the end of life. Several strategies are available for disposing of GEO satellites, suqh as moving them to stable longitudes or raising them to orbits above geostationary altitude. The benefits of removing old spacecraft from GEO are a) the freeing of desirable longitudinal positions for repl^cement spacecraft and b) the reduction of collision damage potential, which can become high for collocated satellites.3 The primary issues involved are a) the protection of GEO as a unique natural resource and b) operational considerations such as cost effectiveness of the maneuver, risks of explosion, structural breakup, or other malfurigtions in carrying out the maneuver and national and international policy considerations. Other issues include the potential impact on future traffic to GEO and the perturbative effects on disppsal orbits (e.g., solar radiation and the sun/moon gravitational perturbations). In other words, abandoned rocket stages or satellites should not be a hazard to future missions, and their orbits should not intersect GEO over long periods of time.
Automatic identification of the number of food items in a meal using clustering techniques based on the monitoring of swallowing and chewing

The number of distinct foods consumed in a meal is of significant clinical concern in the study of obesity and other eating disorders. This paper proposes the use of information contained in chewing and swallowing sequences for meal segmentation by food types. Data collected from experiments of 17 volunteers were analyzed using two different clustering techniques. First, an unsupervised clustering technique, Affinity Propagation (AP), was used to automatically identify the number of segments within a meal. Second, performance of the unsupervised AP method was compared to a supervised learning approach based on Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC). While the AP method was able to obtain 90% accuracy in predicting the number of food items, the AHC achieved an accuracy >95%. Experimental results suggest that the proposed models of automatic meal segmentation may be utilized as part of an integral application for objective Monitoring of Ingestive Behavior in free living conditions.
Computer analysis of data obtained from an instrumented prosthetic leg

Abstract In order to quantitatively study the effectiveness of prosthetic fit, an instrumentation system that permits realtime digital recording of knee flexion, foot contact with the floor, and pressure between the prosthesis and its wearer has been developed. A computer program has been developed that extracts forty-six key parameters from these recordings. This paper details this program. Preliminary results show that the parameters that are calculated by the program agree very closely with those manually measured from graphical records. Details of the instrumentation system are found in refs. [1] and [2].
A global 1-km consensus land-cover product for biodiversity and ecosystem modelling

Aim For many applications in biodiversity and ecology, existing remote sensing-derived land-cover products have limitations due to among-product inconsistency and their typically non-continuous nature. Here we aim to help address these shortcomings by generating a 1-km resolution global product that provides scale-integrated and accuracy-weighted consensus land-cover information on an approximately continuous scale. Location Global. Methods Using a generalized classification scheme and an accuracy-based integration approach, we integrated four global land-cover products. We evaluated the performance of this product compared with inputs for estimating subpixel 30-m resolution land cover. We also compared the accuracy of deductive and inductive species distribution models built with the different products for modelling the continental distributions of six avian habitat specialists. Results Our product offers accuracy-weighted consensus information on the prevalence of 12 land-cover classes within every nominal 1-km pixel across the globe (except for Antarctica). Compared with the four base products, it better captures the land-cover information contained in the fine-grain validation data for all classes combined and for most individual classes. It also has the highest sensitivity and overall accuracy for detecting the presence of every fine-grain land-cover class. Both deductive and inductive models built with the consensus dataset have the highest or second highest accuracy for modelling bird species distributions. Main conclusions Our consensus product integrates the four base products and successfully maximizes accuracy and reduces errors of omission. Specifically, the consensus product reduces limitations caused by misclassifications, false absence rates and the categorical format of existing land-cover products. Consequently, it surpasses single base products in the ability to capture subpixel land-cover information and the utility for modelling species distributions. Both the presented methodology and the consensus product have multiple applications in biodiversity research and for understanding and modelling of global terrestrial ecosystems.