cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Opportunism in Multiuser Relay Channels: Scheduling, Routing and Spectrum Reuse

In order to understand the key merits of multiuser diversity techniques in relay-assisted cellular multihop networks, this paper analyzes the spectral efficiency of opportunistic (i.e., channel-aware) scheduling algorithms over a fading multiuser relay channel with K users in the asymptotic regime of large (but finite) number of users. Using tools from extreme-value theory, we characterize the limiting distribution of spectral efficiency focusing on Type I convergence and utilize it in investigating the large system behavior of the multiuser relay channel as a function of the number of users and physical channel signal- to-noise ratios (SNRs). Our analysis results in very accurate formulas in the large (but finite) K regime, provides insights on the potential performance enhancements from multihop routing and spectrum reuse policies in the presence of multiuser diversity gains from opportunistic scheduling and helps to identify the regimes and conditions in which relay-assisted multiuser communication provides a clear advantage over direct multiuser communication.
On ASEP with Step Bernoulli Initial Condition

This paper extends earlier work on ASEP to the case of step Bernoulli initial condition. The main results are a representation in terms of a Fredholm determinant for the probability distribution of a fixed particle, and asymptotic results which in particular establish KPZ universality for this probability in one regime. (And, as a corollary, for the current fluctuations.)
Radio supernova sn 1998bw and its relation to grb 980425

SN 1998bw is an unusual Type Ic supernova that may be associated with the γ-ray burst GRB 980425. We use a synchrotron self-absorption model for its radio emission to deduce that the synchrotron-emitting gas is expanding into a circumstellar medium of approximately r-2 density profile at a speed comparable to the speed of light. We assume that the efficiencies of production of relativistic electrons and magnetic field are constant through the evolution. The circumstellar density is consistent with that expected around the massive star core thought to be the progenitor of SN 1998bw. The explosion energy in material moving with velocity greater than 0.5c is ~1049 - (3 × 1050) ergs, with some preference for the high values. The rise in the radio light curves observed at days 20-40 is inferred to be the result of a rise in the energy of the blast wave by a factor of ~2.5. Interaction with a jump in the ambient density is not consistent with the observed evolution. We infer that the boost in energy is from a shell of matter from the explosion that catches up with the decelerating shock front. Both the high explosion energy and the nature of the energy input to the blast wave are difficult to reconcile with energy input from the shock-accelerated high-velocity ejecta from a supernova. The implication is that there is irregular energy input from a central engine, which is the type of model invoked for normal γ-ray bursts. The link between SN 1998bw and GRB 980425 is thus strengthened.
The experience of mental health service use for african american mothers and youth

Little is known about African American families' experiences with mental health services. A purposive sample of 40 dyads of African American youth (aged 13 to 19) and their mothers participated in a cross-sectional qualitative research design using semi-structured interviews that elicited information about their past experiences and satisfaction with mental health services. Though rarely received, group and family therapy were perceived favorably. However, both mothers and youth reported dissatisfaction centered on medication and lack of professionalism, confidentiality, and concern by providers. The failure of mental health services providers to meet basic standards of quality and professionalism may explain the low rate of service use by African Americans.
Schur–Weyl duality for higher levels

We extend Schur–Weyl duality to an arbitrary level l ≥ 1, level one recovering the classical duality between the symmetric and general linear groups. In general, the symmetric group is replaced by the degenerate cyclotomic Hecke algebra over \({\mathbb{C}}\) parametrized by a dominant weight of level l for the root system of type A∞. As an application, we prove that the degenerate analogue of the quasi-hereditary cover of the cyclotomic Hecke algebra constructed by Dipper, James and Mathas is Morita equivalent to certain blocks of parabolic category \({\mathcal{O}}\) for the general linear Lie algebra.
A Coupling of Benzamides and Donor/Acceptor Diazo Compounds To Form γ-Lactams via Rh(III)-Catalyzed C–H Activation

The coupling of O-pivaloyl benzhydroxamic acids with donor/acceptor diazo compounds provides isoindolones in high yield. The reaction tolerates a broad range of benzhydroxamic acids and diazo compounds, including substituted 2,2,2-trifluorodiazoethanes. Mechanistic experiments suggested that C–H activation is turnover-limiting and irreversible and that insertion of the diazo compound favors electron-deficient substrates.
Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling of Benzylic Bromides Under Microwave Conditions

A procedure for benzylic Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling under microwave conditions has been developed. These conditions allowed for heterocyclic compounds to be coupled. Optimum conditions found were Pd(OAc)(2), JohnPhos as the catalyst and ligand, potassium carbonate as base, and DMF as the solvent. Using these conditions, a library of structurally diverse compounds was synthesized.
Brane creation in M(atrix) theory

We discuss, in the context of M(atrix) theory, the creation of a membrane suspendend between two longitudinal five-branes when they cross each other. It is shown that the membrane creation is closely related to the degrees of freedom in the off-diagonal blocks which are related via dualities to the chiral fermionic zero mode on a 0-8 string. In the dual system of a D0-brane and a D8-brane in type IIA theory the half-integral charges associated with the “half”-strings are found to be connected to the well-known fermion-number fractionalization in the presence of a fermionic zero mode. At sufficiently short distances, the effective potential between the two five-branes is dominated by the zero mode contribution to the vacuum energy.
Interacting theory of collective and topological fields in 2 dimensions

Abstract We propose a generalization of the collective field theory hamiltonian, including interactions between the original bosonic collective field w0(z) and supplementary fields w j (z) realizing classically a w∞ algebra. The latter are then shown to represent a 3-dimensional topological field theory. This generalization follows from a conjectured representation of the W1+∞ algebra of bilinear fermion operators underlying the original matrix model. It provides an improved bosonization scheme for (1+1)-dimensional fermion theories.
Wavelet-based scalar-on-function finite mixture regression models

Classical finite mixture regression is useful for modeling the relationship between scalar predictors and scalar responses arising from subpopulations defined by the differing associations between those predictors and responses. The classical finite mixture regression model is extended to incorporate functional predictors by taking a wavelet-based approach in which both the functional predictors and the component-specific coefficient functions are represented in terms of an appropriate wavelet basis. By using the wavelet representation of the model, the coefficients corresponding to the functional covariates become the predictors. In this setting, there are typically many more predictors than observations. Hence a lasso-type penalization is employed to simultaneously perform feature selection and estimation. Specification of the model is discussed and a fitting algorithm is provided. The wavelet-based approach is evaluated on synthetic data as well as applied to a real data set from a study of the relationship between cognitive ability and diffusion tensor imaging measures in subjects with multiple sclerosis.
Hamilton, Ritz, and Elastodynamics

The theory of Ritz is applied to the equation that Hamilton called the 'Law of Varying Action.' Direct analytical solutions are obtained for the transient motion of beams, both conservative and nonconservative. The results achieved are compared to exact solutions obtained by the use of rigorously exact free-vibration modes in the differential equations of Lagrange and to an approximate solution obtained through the application of Gurtin's principles for linear elastodynamics. A brief discussion of Hamilton's law and Hamilton's principle is followed by examples of results for both free-free and cantilever beams with various loadings.
Diffusion-limited one-species reactions in the Bethe lattice

We study the kinetics of diffusion-limited coalescence, , and annihilation, , in the Bethe lattice of coordination number z. Correlations build up over time so that the probability of finding a particle next to another varies from ρ2 (ρ is the particle density), initially, when the particles are uncorrelated, to [(z−2)/z]ρ2, in the long-time asymptotic limit. As a result, the particle density decays inversely proportionally to time, ρ~1/kt, but at a rate k that slowly decreases to an asymptotic constant value.
X-ray bursters and the X-ray sources of the galactic bulge

An attempt is made to distill from observational and theoretical information on the galactic bulge X-ray sources in general, and on the X-ray burst sources in particular, those aspects which seem to have the greatest relevance to the understanding of these sources. Galactic bulge sources appear to be collapsed objects of roughly solar mass, in most cases neutron stars, which are accreting matter from low-mass stellar companions. Type I bursts seem to result from thermonuclear flashes in the surface layers of some of these neutron stars, while the type II bursts from the Rapid Burster are almost certainly due to an instability in the accretion flow onto a neutron star. It is concluded that the studies cited offer a new and powerful observational handle on the fundamental properties of neutron stars and of the interacting binary systems in which they are often contained.
A systematic review of eHealth interventions to improve health literacy

Implementation of eHealth is now considered an effective way to address concerns about the health status of health care consumers. The purpose of this study was to review empirically based eHealth intervention strategies designed to improve health literacy among consumers in a variety of settings. A computerized search of 16 databases of abstracts (e.g. Biomedical Reference Collection, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Computers & Applied Sciences Complete, Health Technology Assessments, MEDLINE) were explored in a systematic fashion to assess the presence of eHealth applications targeting health literacy. Compared to control interventions, the interventions using technology reported significant outcomes or showed promise for future positive outcomes regarding health literacy in a variety of settings, for different diseases, and with diverse samples. This review has indicated that it is feasible to deliver eHealth interventions specifically designed to improve health literacy skills for people with different health conditions, risk factors, and socioeconomic backgrounds.
1,4‐Conjugate Additions of Methoxyamine and 1,1‐Dimethylhydrazine to Hex‐3‐yne‐2‐one: A Facile Synthesis of Functionalized Isoxazole and Pyrazole Precursors

Abstract When hex‐3‐yne‐2,5‐dione (2) was reacted with either methoxyamine or 1,1‐dimethylhydrazine, the 1,4‐addition products 4 and 7 were isolated in yields of 89% and 48% respectively.
Interocular rivalry revealed in the human cortical blind-spot representation

To understand conscious vision, scientists must elucidate how the brain selects specific visual signals for awareness. When different monocular patterns are presented to the two eyes, they rival for conscious expression such that only one monocular image is perceived at a time1,2. Controversy surrounds whether this binocular rivalry reflects neural competition among pattern representations or monocular channels3,4. Here we show that rivalry arises from interocular competition, using functional magnetic resonance imaging of activity in a monocular region of primary visual cortex corresponding to the blind spot. This cortical region greatly prefers stimulation of the ipsilateral eye to that of the blind-spot eye. Subjects reported their dominant percept while viewing rivalrous orthogonal gratings in the visual location corresponding to the blind spot and its surround. As predicted by interocular rivalry, the monocular blind-spot representation was activated when the ipsilateral grating became perceptually dominant and suppressed when the blind-spot grating became dominant. These responses were as large as those observed during actual alternations between the gratings, indicating that rivalry may be fully resolved in monocular visual cortex. Our findings provide the first physiological evidence, to our knowledge, that interocular competition mediates binocular rivalry, and indicate that V1 may be important in the selection and expression of conscious visual information.
Switching behavior of carbon chains bridging graphene nanoribbons: effects of uniaxial strain.

Recently, several experiments demonstrated the stability of chain-like carbon nanowires bridged between graphene nanoribbons, paving the way for potential applications in nanodevices. On the basis of density functional tight-binding calculations, we demonstrated switching for chains terminated with a five-membered ring under an applied strain, serving as a model for morphological changes in realistic materials. Electron transport calculations showed an increase of up to 100% in the output current, achieved at a reverse bias voltage of −2 V and an applied strain of just 1.5%. Structural analysis suggested that the switching is driven by conformational changes, where in our case is triggered by the formation and annihilation of a five-membered ring at the interface of the chain−graphene edge. In addition, we showed that a five-membered ring can easily be formed at the interface under a source−drain bias or through a gate voltage. This mechanism can serve as an explanation of experimentally observed conducta...
A method of concurrent thermographic–photographic visualization of flow boiling in a minichannel

Abstract A method is developed to capture the distribution of surface temperature while simultaneously imaging the bubble motions in diabatic flow boiling in a horizontal minichannel. Liquid crystal thermography is used to obtain highly resolved surface temperature measurements on the uniformly heated upper surface of the channel. High-speed images of the flow field are acquired simultaneously and are overlaid with the thermal images. The local surface temperature and heat transfer coefficient can be analyzed with the knowledge of the nucleation site density and location, and bubble motion and size evolution. The horizontal channel is 1.2 mm high × 23 mm wide × 357 mm long, and the working fluids are Novec 649 and R-11. Optical access is through a machined glass plate which forms the bottom of the channel. The top surface is an electrically heated 76 μm-thick Hastelloy foil held in place by a water-cooled aluminum and glass frame. The heat loss resulting from this construction is computed using a conduction model in Fluent. The model is driven by temperature measurements on the foil, glass plate and aluminum frame. This model produces a corrected value for the local surface heat flux and enables the computation of the bulk fluid temperature and heat transfer coefficient along the channel. The streamwise evolution of the heat transfer coefficient for single-phase laminar flow is compared to theoretical values for a uniform-flux boundary condition. Examples of the use of the facility for visualizing subcooled two-phase flows are presented. These examples include measurements of the surface temperature distribution around active nucleation sites and the construction of boiling curves for locations along the test surface. Points on the curve can be associated with specific image sequences so that the role of mechanisms such as nucleation and the sliding of confined bubbles may be discerned.
Reductive dehydroxy coupling of 2-(hydroxymethyl)indenes to prepare ethano-bridged bis(2-indenyl) ansa-titanocenes

Abstract New examples of ansa -titanocenes derived from 1,2-bis(2-indenyl)ethane have been prepared. The titanium-mediated reductivecoupling of 2-(hydroxymethyl)indenes provided a convenient method for substrate dimerization. Alkyl substitution of the indenering at C(3) improved the regioselectivity of the reductive coupling to provide the ethylene bis(2-indenyl) ansa -ligands in 29–62%yield. © 1999 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved. Keywords : ansa -Titanocenes; Chiral; Indenyl; Metallocene; Titanium; Reductive coupling 1. Introduction Chiral ansa -titanocenes have shown promise as ho-mogeneous catalysts for various organic transforma-tions including alkene epoxidation and hydrogenation[1]. The ﬁeld has primarily featured ansa -titanocenesbased on 1,2-bis(1-indenyl)ethane ( 1 , Scheme 1, [2]). Wehave examined the reactivity of ansa -titanocenesderived from structurally isomeric 1,2-bis(2-in-denyl)ethane ( 2 ) and observed that these systems alsoare capable of catalytic reactivity [3]. However, thesynthesis of chiral bis(2-indenyl)
Thin film processing and device fabrication in the Tl-Ca-Ba-Cu-O system

TlCaBaCuO films using e-beam evaporation with subsequent sintering and annealing that have critical current densities of at least several hundred kA/sq cm, critical temperatures over 100 K, and surface resistance better than that of gold at 77 K and 8 GHz. Processing techniques have been developed for making microwave passive elements and a four-terminal active device called the superconducting flux flow transistor (SFFT) for microwave applications. The techniques include contacting, dielectric, normal layer deposition, and controlled HTS film etching. The SFFT shows promise as a microwave amplifier, oscillator, and active impedance converter and may also have many other applications. The advantages of the device include high speed, potentially low noise, and, for some applications, useful impedance levels.
Fixed-point-free elements of iterated monodromy groups

The iterated monodromy group of a post-critically finite complex polynomial of degree d \geq 2 acts naturally on the complete d-ary rooted tree T of preimages of a generic point. This group, as well as its pro-finite completion, act on the boundary of T, which is given by extending the branches to their "ends" at infinity. We show that for nearly all polynomials, elements that have fixed points on the boundary are rare, in that they belong to a set of Haar measure zero. The exceptions are those polynomials linearly conjugate to multiples of Chebyshev polynomials and a case that remains unresolved, where the polynomial has a non-critical fixed point with many critical pre-images. The proof involves a study of the finite automaton giving the action of generators of the iterated monodromy group, and an application of a martingale convergence theorem. Our result is motivated in part by applications to arithmetic dynamics, where iterated monodromy groups furnish the "geometric part" of certain Galois extensions encoding information about densities of dynamically interesting sets of prime ideals.
Four billion little brothers?: privacy, mobile phones, and ubiquitous data collection

Participatory sensing technologies could improve our lives and our communities, but at what cost to our privacy?
Pregnancy and Epilepsy

The management of women with epilepsy who are planning a pregnancy or who are currently pregnant remains one of the most perplexing and engaging clinical issues for neurologists. A refinement of surveillance methods, along with a greater understanding of teratogenesis, has provided us with better information regarding specific antiepileptic drug (AED)-associated teratogenic risk than in the past. A recent finding from multiple worldwide AED pregnancy registries is an increased teratogenic risk with valproate compared with the other AEDs, supporting previous retrospective reports. Valproate use and independently having more than five convulsive seizures during pregnancy are associated with a risk of decreased verbal intelligence quotient (IQ) in the offspring. The European pregnancy register confirms that most women who are seizure-free early in pregnancy have an excellent chance of maintaining seizure freedom throughout pregnancy. The management of AEDs during pregnancy continues to be explored, and considerations for dosing and therapeutic monitoring are discussed herein. The metabolism of both lamotrigine and oxcarbazepine is induced during pregnancy, and careful clinical monitoring and frequent level assessment are emerging as important for these AEDs.
Shephard–Todd–Chevalley Theorem for Skew Polynomial Rings

We prove the following generalization of the classical Shephard–Todd–Chevalley Theorem. Let G be a finite group of graded algebra automorphisms of a skew polynomial ring \(A:=k_{p_{ij}}[x_1,\cdots,x_n]\). Then the fixed subring AG has finite global dimension if and only if G is generated by quasi-reflections. In this case the fixed subring AG is isomorphic to a skew polynomial ring with possibly different pij’s. A version of the theorem is proved also for abelian groups acting on general quantum polynomial rings.
Is the correlation in welfare participation across generations spurious

Abstract This paper asks whether the observed correlation in welfare participation across generations reflects causal links or unobservables that are correlated across generations. If the correlation is spurious then reducing one generations' welfare participations. will have no effect on the next generation. The Panel Study of Income Dynamics is used to estimate two types of models that explicitly take account of correlated unobservables. These models indicate that correlated unobservables are important in explaining the intergenerational correlation in welfare participation among blacks but not non-blacks. However, the correlation across generations continues to be significant for blacks even after taking account of the correlated unobservables.
An asymptotically optimal algorithm for pickup and delivery problems

Pickup and delivery problems (PDPs), in which objects or people have to be transported between specific locations, are among the most common combinatorial problems in real-world operations. One particular PDP is the Stacker Crane problem (SCP), where each commodity/customer is associated with a pickup location and a delivery location, and the objective is to find a minimum-length tour visiting all locations with the constraint that each pickup location and its associated delivery location are visited in consecutive order. The SCP is a route optimization problem behind several transportation systems, e.g., Transportation-On-Demand (TOD) systems. The SCP is NP-Hard and the best know approximation algorithm only provides a 9/5 approximation ratio. We present an algorithm for the stochastic SCP which: (i) is asymptotically optimal, i.e., it produces a solution approaching the optimal one as the number of pickups/deliveries goes to infinity; and (ii) has computational complexity O(n2+e), where n is the number of pickup/delivery pairs and e is an arbitrarily small positive constant. Our results leverage a novel connection between the Euclidean Bipartite Matching Problem and the theory of random permutations.
De-synchronized clocks in preemption games with risky prospects

Abstract We study an optimal timing decision problem where an agent endowed with a risky investment opportunity trades the benefits of waiting for additional information against a potential loss in first-mover advantage. The players’ clocks are de-synchronized in that they learn of the investment opportunity at different times. Thus, the model captures situations where players are heterogeneous with respect to the amount of information that they possess at any instant. In this framework, previous literature has uncovered an inverted-U shaped relationship between a player’s equilibrium expected expenditures and the measure of his competitors. This result no longer holds when the increase in the measure of players leads to a decrease in the degree of clock synchronization in the game. We show that the result reemerges if information arrives only at discrete times, and thus, a player’s strategic beliefs are updated between decision times in a measurably meaningful way.
A dynamic Bayesian nonlinear mixed-effects model of HIV response incorporating medication adherence, drug resistance and covariates

HIV dynamic studies have contributed significantly to the understanding of HIV pathogenesis and antiviral treatment strategies for AIDS patients. Establishing the relationship of virologic responses with clinical factors and covariates during long-term antiretroviral (ARV) therapy is important to the development of effective treatments. Medication adherence is an important predictor of the effectiveness of ARV treatment, but an appropriate determinant of adherence rate based on medication event monitoring system (MEMS) data is critical to predict virologic outcomes. The primary objective of this paper is to investigate the effects of a number of summary determinants of MEMS adherence rates on virologic response measured repeatedly over time in HIV-infected patients. We developed a mechanism-based differential equation model with consideration of drug adherence, interacted by virus susceptibility to drug and baseline characteristics, to characterize the long-term virologic responses after initiation of therapy. This model fully integrates viral load, MEMS adherence, drug resistance and baseline covariates into the data analysis. In this study we employed the proposed model and associated Bayesian nonlinear mixed-effects modeling approach to assess how to efficiently use the MEMS adherence data for prediction of virologic response, and to evaluate the predicting power of each summary metric of the MEMS adherence rates. In particular, we intend to address the questions: (i) how to summarize the MEMS adherence data for efficient prediction of virologic response after accounting for potential confounding factors such as drug resistance and covariates, and (ii) how to evaluate treatment effect of baseline characteristics interacted with adherence and other clinical factors. The approach is applied to an AIDS clinical trial involving 31 patients who had available data as required for the proposed model. Results demonstrate that the appropriate determinants of MEMS adherence rates are important in order to more efficiently predict virologic response, and investigations of adherence to ARV treatment would benefit from measuring not only adherence rate but also its summary metric assessment. Our study also shows that the mechanism-based dynamic model is powerful and effective to establish a relationship of virologic responses with medication adherence, virus resistance to drug and baseline covariates.
An algorithm for reasoning about equality

A simple technique for reasoning about equalities that is fast and complete for ground formulas with function symbols and equality is presented. A proof of correctness is given as well.
Measuring Infant Memory

Abstract Existing memory measures L / I , L / B , L /( L + I ) and L /( L + B ) are defined in terms of baseline response rate, B , response rate immediately after acquisition, I , and response rate at a long-term retention test, L . These measures are compared to a new measure S = ( L − B )/( I − B ). S , the fraction of acquired kicking rate remaining at the end of the retention interval, is preferred to the existing measures. S graphically portrays the forgetting function. Point estimates and confidence intervals can be used to describe the proportion retained and to test hypotheses about the memory level. This is an improvement over the ordinal tests performed with the existing measures. ANOVAs can be performed on S values to compare retention over days and between treatment groups. S estimates provide the basic data for fitting candidate forgetting laws to the obtained data. S appears to be a virtually unbiased estimator of the true proportion retained and has sensitivity comparable to that of the best of the existing measures.
3-Silyloxytetrahydrofurans via sulfoxonium ylide reactions with α-silyloxyepoxides

Abstract α-Silyloxyepoxides were found to undergo sulfoxonium ylide induced ring-opening, followed by silyl-migration and intramolecular S N 2 reaction, resulting in 3-silyloxytetrahydrofurans. Studies on the scope and utility of this transformation are described.
Monstrous moonshine of higher weight

We determine the space of 1-point correlation functions associated with the Moonshine module: they are precisely those modular forms of non-negative integral weight which are holomorphic in the upper half plane, have a pole of order at most 1 at infinity, and whose Fourier expansion has constant 0. There are Monster-equivariant analogues in which one naturally associates to each element in the Monster a modular form of fixed weight k, the case k=0 corresponding to the original ``Moonshine'' of Conway and Norton.
Exact Results on Potts Model Partition Functions in a Generalized External Field and Weighted-Set Graph Colorings

We present exact results on the partition function of the q-state Potts model on various families of graphs G in a generalized external magnetic field that favors or disfavors spin values in a subset I s ={1,…,s} of the total set of possible spin values, Z(G,q,s,v,w), where v and w are temperature- and field-dependent Boltzmann variables. We remark on differences in thermodynamic behavior between our model with a generalized external magnetic field and the Potts model with a conventional magnetic field that favors or disfavors a single spin value. Exact results are also given for the interesting special case of the zero-temperature Potts antiferromagnet, corresponding to a set-weighted chromatic polynomial Ph(G,q,s,w) that counts the number of colorings of the vertices of G subject to the condition that colors of adjacent vertices are different, with a weighting w that favors or disfavors colors in the interval I s . We derive powerful new upper and lower bounds on Z(G,q,s,v,w) for the ferromagnetic case in terms of zero-field Potts partition functions with certain transformed arguments. We also prove general inequalities for Z(G,q,s,v,w) on different families of tree graphs. As part of our analysis, we elucidate how the field-dependent Potts partition function and weighted-set chromatic polynomial distinguish, respectively, between Tutte-equivalent and chromatically equivalent pairs of graphs.
Asymmetric allylation. An effective strategy for the convergent synthesis of highly functionalized homoallylic alcohols

Abstract A survey of stereoselective syntheses of highly-functionalized homoallylic alcohols is described via asymmetric allylation. Initial transmetalation from an allylic stannane to a C-2 symmetric chiral borane controller is followed by low temperature addition to aldehydes efficiently effecting convergent strategies to complex targets.
Fair division under joint ownership: Recent results and open problems

Two microeconomic models of joint ownership are discussed: the division of unproduced commodities and the joint production of a single output by a single input. In both models the two principal interpretations of fairness are Equal Split Guarantee (ESG) and No Envy (NE). When combined with Pareto optimality these axioms are however not compatible with some appealing monotonicity properties. Resource monotonicity (more cake to share makes everyone happy) is incompatible with either ESG or NE, and Population Monotonicity (one more mouth to feed makes everyone unhappy) is incompatible with NE. This in turn suggests three disjoint classes of fair solutions. This paper contains very few new results, it is mostly a survey of recent literature.
The role of institutions in growth and development

In this paper authors argue that the main determinants of differences in prosperity across countries are differences in economic institutions. To solve the problem of development will entail reforming these institutions. Unfortunately, this is difficult because economic institutions are collective choices that are the outcome of a political process. The economic institutions of a society depend on the nature of political institutions and the distribution of political power in society. As yet, authors only have a highly preliminary understanding of the factors that lead a society into a political equilibrium which supports good economic institutions. However, it is clear that it is the political nature of an institutional equilibrium that makes it very difficult to reform economic institutions. The authors illustrate this with a series of pitfalls of institutional reforms. The author's analysis reveals challenges for those who would wish to solve the problem of development and poverty. That such challenges exist is hardly surprising and believe that the main reason for such challenges is the forces authors have outlined in this paper. Better development policy will only come when authors recognize this and understand these forces better. Nevertheless, some countries do undergo political transitions, reform their institutions, and move onto more successful paths of economic development.
On Povzner--Wienholtz-type Self-Adjointness Results for Matrix-Valued Sturm--Liouville Operators

We derive Povzner--Wienholtz-type self-adjointness results for $m\times m$ matrix-valued Sturm--Liouville operators $T=R^{-1}\big[-\f{d}{dx}P\f{d}{dx}+Q\big]$ in $L^2((a,b);Rdx)^m$, $m\in\bbN$, for $(a,b)$ a half-line or $\bbR$.
On the impact of a single edge on the network coding capacity

In this paper, we study the effect of a single link on the capacity of a network of error-free bit pipes. More precisely, we study the change in network capacity that results when we remove a single link of capacity δ. In a recent result, we proved that if all the sources are directly available to a single super-source node, then removing a link of capacity δ cannot change the capacity region of the network by more than δ in each dimension. In this paper, we extend this result to the case of multi-source, multi-sink networks for some special network topologies.
Temperature Variability over the Po Valley, Italy, according to Radiosounding Data

Temperature variations registered above the southeast part of the Po Valley, Italy, have been examined by applying the principal component analysis of radiosounding profiles recorded during the period from 1987 to 2010. Two datasets, considered to describe intra- and interannual oscillations, respectively, were extracted from the measurements data and the results show that both types of fluctuations can be projected onto four empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs), interpreted as vertical distributions of oscillation amplitudes and four uncorrelated time series that represent the evolution of corresponding EOFs. It was found that intra-annual oscillations composed of periods between 30 and 120 days, together with interannual variations of 1- to 7-year period contribute to the highest extent (about 70%) of the temperature oscillations up to 20 km, changing in both cases the phase in the tropopause region. The other three EOFs indicate prevailing weight of the oscillations in the upper troposphere-low stratosphere region and are characterised by longer periods in both types of fluctuations. The intra-annual variations can be accounted for an interaction between Madden-Julian and Arctic oscillations, while the spectral features of interannual fluctuations could be associated with those of Quasi Biennial, El Nino, and North Atlantic global oscillations.
Time dependence of surface enhanced Raman scattering during and after oxidation-reduction cycles

Abstract The time development of surface enhanced Raman scattering from silver electrodes immersed in chloride and thiocyanate electrolytes has been measured during and after oxidation-reduction cycles of the linear scan and double step type. Raman spectra were recorded in times as short as 0.1 s, using a spectrograph equipped with an optical multichannel detector and analyzer. Correlations were found between Raman spectra and the current-potential-time curves. In mixed electrolytes the displacement of one anion by a more strongly adsorbing anion was observed. In addition, unexpectedly large effects of laser irradiation and hydrogen evolution prior to the oxidation-reduction cycle have been observed in the intensity of SERS bands after the cycle. These last two effects are attributed to the formation of peculiar surface morphologies.
GROWTH, MORPHOLOGY, INTERFACIAL EFFECTS AND CATALYTIC PROPERTIES OF Au ON TiO2

We survey recent studies and present new data on the growth, interactions, structure and chemistry of gold deposited on TiO2(110) surfaces. The noble metal Au on TiO2(110) is a model system for weak interaction of a metal with an oxide substrate; it is also of interest because Au on TiO2 has unusually high activity as a catalyst for CO oxidation at room temperature. In this review, we present results on the growth of ultrathin films of Au on TiO2(110), as well as the morphology, interface formation, epitaxy, structure and electronic properties of Au on TiO2 single crystal and planar films. The results are compared to studies of Au on high-surface-area TiO2 catalysts in an attempt to bridge the gap between surface science experiments and the high pressure conditions of catalyst operation.
Numerical simulation of tropical cumulus clouds and their interaction with the subcloud layer

A two-dimensional numerical model, with an emphasis on turbulent processes in the boundary layer and in clouds, was developed for simulating an ensemble of cumulus clouds. The model was used to investigate the response of tropical cumulus clouds to imposed large-scale vertical advection by performing two simulations which were identical except that one was with upward large-scale vertical velocity (the 'disturbed' case) and the other was without any advection (the 'undisturbed' case). The results showed that deep cumulus clouds formed in the disturbed case, while only shallow clouds formed in the undisturbed case. The subcloud layer (SCL) in the disturbed case was strongly affected by cumulus circulations and rain evaporation, with both cumulus updrafts and downdrafts being important contributors to the SCL sensible and latent heat fluxes. Cumulus-scale circulation in the disturbed SCL determined where new clouds formed by creating convergence zones and moisture anomalies.
Resuscitation with Lipid Emulsion: Dose-dependent Recovery from Cardiac Pharmacotoxicity Requires a Cardiotonic Effect

Background Recent publications have questioned the validity of the "lipid sink" theory of lipid resuscitation while others have identified sink-independent effects and posed alternative mechanisms such as hemodilution. To address these issues, the authors tested the dose-dependent response to intravenous lipid emulsion during reversal of bupivacaine-induced cardiovascular toxicity in vivo. Subsequently, the authors modeled the relative contribution of volume resuscitation, drug sequestration, inotropy and combined drug sequestration, and inotropy to this response with the use of an in silico model. Methods Rats were surgically prepared to monitor cardiovascular metrics and deliver drugs. After catheterization and instrumentation, animals received a nonlethal dose of bupivacaine to produce transient cardiovascular toxicity, then were randomized to receive one of the four treatments: 30% intravenous lipid emulsion, 20% intravenous lipid emulsion, intravenous saline, or no treatment (n = 7 per condition; 28 total animals). Recovery responses were compared with the predictions of a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model parameterized using previously published laboratory data. Results Rats treated with lipid emulsions recovered faster than did rats treated with saline or no treatment. Intravenous lipid emulsion of 30% elicited the fastest hemodynamic recovery followed in order by 20% intravenous lipid emulsion, saline, and no treatment. An increase in arterial blood pressure underlay the recovery in both lipid emulsion-treated groups. Heart rates remained depressed in all four groups throughout the observation period. Model predictions mirrored the experimental recovery, and the model that combined volume, sequestration, and inotropy predicted in vivo results most accurately. Conclusion Intravenous lipid emulsion accelerates cardiovascular recovery from bupivacaine toxicity in a dose-dependent manner, which is driven by a cardiotonic response that complements the previously reported sequestration effect.
A NEW METHOD TO CORRECT FOR FIBER COLLISIONS IN GALAXY TWO-POINT STATISTICS

In fiber-fed galaxy redshift surveys, the finite size of the fiber plugs prevents two fibers from being placed too close to one another, limiting the ability to study galaxy clustering on all scales. We present a new method for correcting such fiber collision effects in galaxy clustering statistics based on spectroscopic observations. The target galaxy sample is divided into two distinct populations according to the targeting algorithm of fiber placement, one free of fiber collisions and the other consisting of collided galaxies. The clustering statistics are a combination of the contributions from these two populations. Our method makes use of observations in tile overlap regions to measure the contributions from the collided population, and to therefore recover the full clustering statistics. The method is rooted in solid theoretical ground and is tested extensively on mock galaxy catalogs. We demonstrate that our method can well recover the projected and the full three-dimensional (3D) redshift-space two-point correlation functions (2PCFs) on scales both below and above the fiber collision scale, superior to the commonly used nearest neighbor and angular correction methods. We discuss potential systematic effects in our method. The statistical correction accuracy of our method is only limited by sample variance, which scales down with (the square root of) the volume probed. For a sample similar to the final SDSS-III BOSS galaxy sample, the statistical correction error is expected to be at the level of 1% on scales ~0.1-30 h –1 Mpc for the 2PCFs. The systematic error only occurs on small scales, caused by imperfect correction of collision multiplets, and its magnitude is expected to be smaller than 5%. Our correction method, which can be generalized to other clustering statistics as well, enables more accurate measurements of full 3D galaxy clustering on all scales with galaxy redshift surveys.
Scalable causal message logging for wide‐area environments

Wide-area systems are gaining in popularity as an infrastructure for running scientific applications. From a fault tolerance perspective, these environments are challenging because of their scale and their variability. Causal message logging protocols have attractive properties that make them suitable for these environments. They spread fault tolerance information around in the system providing high availability. This information can also be used to replicate objects that are otherwise inaccessible because of network partitions. However, current causal message logging protocols do not scale to thousands or millions of processes. We describe the Hierarchical Causal Message Logging Protocol (HCML) that uses a hierarchy of shared logging sites, or proxies, to significantly reduce the space requirements as compared with existing protocols. These proxies also act as caches for fault tolerance information and reduce the overall message overhead by as much as 50%. HCML also leverages differences in bandwidth between processes that reduces overall message latency by as much as 97%. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Legal Approaches to Restricting Distributions to Shareholders: The Role of Fraudulent Transfer Law

Fraudulent transfer law in the United States provides a safety net for corporate creditors. It prohibits insolvent debtors from making transfers or incurring obligations for less than reasonably equivalent value. Moreover, it reaches any transaction that lacks economic substance and that is designed merely to make it hard for creditors to monitor the debtor. The distinctive shape of fraudulent transfer law in the United States is not replicated in the other common law or in civil law jurisdictions. Nevertheless, the functions it performs are likely to be part of any legal regime that protects the rights of creditors and other investors.
A workflow for differentially-private graph synthesis

We present a new workflow for differentially-private publication of graph topologies. First, we produce differentially-private measurements of interesting graph statistics using our new version of the PINQ programming language, Weighted PINQ, which is based on a generalization of differential privacy to weighted sets. Next, we show how to generate graphs that fit any set of measured graph statistics, even if they are inconsistent (due to noise), or if they are only indirectly related to actual statistics that we want our synthetic graph to preserve. We combine the answers to Weighted PINQ queries with an incremental evaluator (Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC)) to synthesize graphs where the statistic of interest aligns with that of the protected graph. This paper presents our preliminary results; we show how to cast a few graph statistics (degree distribution, edge multiplicity, joint degree distribution) as queries in Weighted PINQ, and then present experimental results synthesizing graphs generated from answers to these queries.
Molecular dynamics methods to study structural phase transformations in solids

Abstract Over the years, molecular dynamics calculations have used periodic boundary conditions in which the repeating parallelepiped containing the molecules remained fixed in size and shape. New methods have been developed which allow the shape and size of the parallelepiped to vary with time in such a way that the applied thermodynamics tension and enthalpy or temperature remain constant. A discussion of the theory along with a study of a stress induced structural phase transformations in a low temperature crystal is presented.
A Satisfiability Algorithm for Sparse Depth Two Threshold Circuits

We give a nontrivial algorithm for the satisfiability problem for threshold circuits of depth two with a linear number of wires which improves over exhaustive search by an exponential factor. The independently interesting problem of the feasibility of sparse 0-1 integer linear programs is a special case. To our knowledge, our algorithm is the first to achieve constant savings even for the special case of Integer Linear Programming. The key idea is to reduce the satisfiability problem to the Vector Domination problem, the problem of checking whether there are two vectors in a given collection of vectors such that one dominates the other component-wise. Our result generalizes to formulas of arbitrary constant depth. We also provide a satisfiability algorithm with constant savings for depth two circuits with symmetric gates where the total weighted fan-in is at most linear in the number of variables. One of our motivations is proving strong lower bounds for TC0 circuits, exploiting the connection (established by Williams) between satisfiability algorithms and lower bounds. Our second motivation is to explore the connection between the expressive power of the circuits and the complexity of the corresponding circuit satisfiability problem.