cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
3-D prestack Kirchhoff beam migration for depth imaging

A beam implementation is presented for efficient full‐volume 3-D prestack Kirchhoff depth migration of seismic data. Unlike conventional Kirchhoff migration in which the input seismic traces in time are migrated one trace at a time into the 3-D image volume for the earth’s subsurface, the beam migration processes a group of input traces (a supergather) together. The requirement for a supergather is that the source and receiver coordinates of the traces fall into two small surface patches. The patches are small enough that a single set of time maps pertaining to the centers of the patches can be used to migrate all the traces within the supergather by Taylor expansion or interpolation. The migration of a supergather consists of two major steps: stacking the traces into a τ-P beam volume, and mapping the beams into the image volume. Since the beam volume is much smaller than the image volume, the beam migration cost is roughly proportional to the number of input supergathers. The computational speedup of be...
Comparison of surgical and interventional therapy of native and recurrent aortic coarctation regarding different age groups during childhood

Objective: The aim of the study was to analyze immediate results, rate of complications and re-interventions during medium-term outcome in pediatric patients with native or recurrent aortic coarctation. We focused on an age-related therapeutic approach comparing surgical and transcatheter treatment. Methods: This is a retrospective, single-centre, clinical observational trial including 91 consecutive patients (age: 1 day—18 years)treatedfornativecoarctationin67andrecurrentaorticcoarctationin24 patients.Surgicaltreatmentwasperformedin56,trans-catheter treatment with balloon dilatation in 17, and by stent implantation in 18 patients. According to the age groups, we treated 48 children in group A ( 6 years). A total of 41 patients in groupAwere operated(85%), patients in group B received either surgical or trans-catheter treatment (50% vs 50%), and 16 patients in group C were treated by stent implantation (62%). Results: Immediate results were excellent with a significant release of pressure gradient in all three age groups (64.7% in group A, 69.1% in group B, and 63.3% in group C). Complication rate and re-intervention rate (surgical and interventional) were both comparable between the three age groups(complications:groupA 8.3%,groupB6.3%,andgroupC3.7%;re-interventions:groupA16.6%,groupB18.8%,andgroupC18.5%).Midterm outcome after a median follow-up period of 17.5 months was satisfactory with a re-intervention-free survival after 17.5 months of 83.4%, 81.2%, and 81.5% in group A, group B, and group C, respectively. Conclusions: The current strategy of an age-related therapy for native and recurrent aortic coarctation in our institution is surgery in infants 6 years of age (group C) the trans-catheter treatment with stent implantation is an excellent alternative to surgery. Balloon dilatations showed limited results with an overall re-intervention rate of 53% and, therefore, should mainly be performed as a rescue procedure or in recurrent aortic coarctation in neonates. # 2010 European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Nerve monitoring changes related to iliac artery compression during anterior lumbar spine surgery

Abstract BACKGROUND CONTEXT: There are no studies in the literature that correlate compression of the iliac vessels resulting in obstruction of blood flow with changes in nerve monitoring parameters during anterior lumbar surgery. PURPOSE: To determine whether there is significant compression of the iliac vessels that can cause temporary nerve root ischemia or limb ischemia that could be responsible for loss of somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP) while retractors are in place for exposure during anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF). SETTING: Patients coming to the operating room for ALIF from levels L2–L3 to L5–S1 would be studied for nerve monitoring changes during the procedure with particular attention to the intervals just before placement of a retractor, while the retractor was in place and immediately after removal of the retractor. PATIENT SAMPLE: Forty-five consecutive patients were studied for changes in SSEP and oxygen saturation (SaO 2 ) while undergoing ALIF. OUTCOME MEASURES: Patients were considered to have lost saturation if the SaO 2 decreased to below 90%. Patients were considered to have abnormal SSEP with any increase in latency and decrease in amplitude. METHODS: SSEP and SaO 2 were monitored continuously and simultaneously before exposure of the disc spaces, during exposure with retractors in place and after removal of the retractors. RESULTS: Thirteen of 23 patients with exposure at L4–L5 had both loss of SSEP signals and loss of SaO 2 with exposure. All 13 patients had return to normal saturation and recovery of the SSEP signals within 15 minutes of removal of the retractors. Both of these are significant correlations (p CONCLUSION: This study showed that the majority (57%) of patients undergoing ALIF at the L4–L5 level are subject to compression of the left iliac vessels enough to cause desaturation distally as measured by pulse oxymetry. This vascular compromise, as well as the return to normal saturation, correlates with changes noted in SSEP soon after both deployment and removal of the retractors used for exposure. The mechanism appears to be a transient ischemic response. Failure of the SSEP signals to recover may be diagnostic of left iliac artery thrombosis.
The Effect of Dialect Instruction on Student Knowledge of and Attitudes Toward African American English

This study assessed whether instruction in African American English (AAE) phonological and grammatical rules improved speech-language pathology students’ knowledge of AAE features. Students were also instructed in the American Speech-Language and Hearing Association’s (ASHA’s) position on nonstandard American English (non-SAE) dialects, which states that non-SAE dialects should be viewed as valid variations of SAE and should not be viewed as disordered speech. Students were given surveys before and after the instruction to assess their knowledge of AAE features and their attitudes toward AAE use. After instruction in the rules of AAE, students significantly improved their knowledge of the phonological and grammatical features of AAE. In addition, students changed their attitudes toward clinical practice with clients who speak AAE in the schools. At posttest, knowledge of AAE rules was significantly correlated with several attitudes toward clinical practice. This suggests that dialect instruction can impro...
Navigating a Darwinian Process of Entrepreneurial Creativity: How Optimal Group Mood Differs for Generating and Selecting Creative Business Ideas

Superior entrepreneurial ideas can arise when teams have positive team dynamics that allow them to draw upon members’ diverse mental models. At the same time, creativity can be viewed as a two stage Darwinian process where alternatives are generated and then ideas are culled to select those with the greatest potential. We integrate these two observations to identify how optimal team dynamics may differ in order to excel at each stage of the creative process. Specifically, we develop theory about how the optimal group mood varies at each stage. Using data from performance on an entrepreneurial creativity task, we find that these two stages require very different collective moods, and our results suggest that some teams may fail to transition to the appropriate mood. We discuss the implications for entrepreneurial creativity.
Molecular phylogeny and taxonomy of the Epictia goudotii Species complex (Serpentes: Leptotyphlopidae: Epictinae) in Middle America and northern South America

Here we review the systematics of the threadsnakes of the Epictia goudotii Species complex in Middle and northern South America using external morphology and molecular data. Two species, Epictia goudotii and E. magnamaculata, are currently recognized from that region, but we provide evidence for recognizing, as species, three other nominal forms usually treated as subspecies of E. goudotii: E. ater, E. bakewelli, and E. phenops. Thus, together with E. columbi (Bahamas), we recognize six species in the Epictia goudotii Species complex. Because E. albifrons from northern South America has been confused with E. goudotii in the past, we also briefly discuss the taxonomic status of that species and its apparent close relative E. tenella, which are not members of the E. goudotii complex.
Numerical Analysis of Terahertz Emissions From an Ungated HEMT Using Full-Wave Hydrodynamic Model

In this paper, we show how plasma-wave instability in an asymmetrically biased ungated InGaAs high-electron mobility transistor (HEMT) leads to terahertz emissions. Numerical calculations are provided using a new Maxwell-hydrodynamic solver. Using this solver, an accurate plasma-wave model is presented, accounting for nonuniform surroundings and finite dimensions of the 2D electron gas (2DEG) layer within the HEMT. We estimate that hundreds of nanowatts of power can be expected from such devices under ideal boundary conditions and sufficient channel mobility. Effects due to variations of carrier velocity, carrier concentration, and 2DEG confinement on the emitted power levels are also considered to provide design guidelines.
Temperature Dependent Schottky Contacts to InP and GaAs

The barrier height of a Pd/n-InP diode was found to be increased from 0.48 to 0.96eV with the substrate temperature decreased from 300 to 77K during metal deposition. The leakage current density was reduced by more than six order of magnitude. It is obvious that the interface Fermi-level position lies well outside the variance associated with Fermi-level pinning. The barrier height for the Au/n-GaAs diode was found to be increased by about 0.25 eV with low temperature deposition and the leakage current reduced by more than five orders of magnitude. The mechanism responsible for the ultrahigh barrier height obtained at low substrate temperature was investigated by Raman spectroscopy, current voltage temperature measurement, deep level transient spectroscopy, and electroreflectance technique. The metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS)-like structure formed at low substrate temperature and the reduction of interface state density may be the main reason for the dramatic enhancement of Schottky barrier height.
RORing T cells target CLL and MCL

Genetically targeted T lymphocytes are emerging as powerful antitumor agents. Their rapid generation, made possible by robust and clinically applicable gene transfer technologies, provides a novel means to circumvent immune tolerance and generate tumor-reactive T cells on demand. Thus, patient peripheral blood T cells can be readily redirected toward any chosen antigen, including tumor antigens which are for the most part “self” antigens, and infused to promptly raise the number of tumor-reactive T cells without requiring active immunization and without the risk of deleterious alloreactivity (as may be the case after donor leukocyte infusion or non-T cell–depleted bone marrow transplantation).
Parametrization of Chain Molecules in Dissipative Particle Dynamics

This paper presents a consistent strategy for parametrization of coarse-grained models of chain molecules in dissipative particle dynamics (DPD), where the soft-core DPD interaction parameters are fitted to the activities in solutions of reference compounds that represent different fragments of target molecules. The intercomponent parameters are matched either to the infinite dilution activity coefficients in binary solutions or to the solvent activity in polymer solutions. The respective calibration relationships between activity and intercomponent interaction parameter are constructed from the results of Monte Carlo simulation of the coarse-grained solutions of reference compounds. The chain conformation is controlled by the near neighbor and second neighbor bond potentials, which are parametrized by fitting the intramolecular radial distribution functions of the coarse-grained chains to the respective atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. The consistency, accuracy, and transferability of the propos...
Obesity,Diabetes and Other Chronic Disease Intervention Evaluation of Appropriate Technology Intervention Effects in Different Populations

Objective To understand obesity,diabetes and other chronic disease intervention evaluation of appropriate technology intervention effects in different populations. Methods 2001 adult subjects aged 35 to 60 were recruited by cluster random sampling,and face to face questionnaire interview was conducted. According to the questionnaire,physical examination and laboratory test results,the target population was divided into the general population,obesity,diabetes,high-risk groups and patients. Certain appropriate technology was used to intervene,by category of different people in the intervention group. The control group did not interfere with,the two sets of information was collected and analyzed again after 8 months. Results Before and after intervention,the high-risk groups and patients with grasping obesity,diabetes health knowledge,into a positive attitude,adopting healthy behaviors was statistically significant,but the general population was not. Conclusion Obesity,diabetes and other chronic diseases interfere with the appropriate technology to guide the development of community obesity,diabetes comprehensive intervention practice had an extremely important significance.
소아의 열에 대한 부모의 반응과 이해 및 처치

목 적 : 열은 소아에서 매우 흔한 증상 중 하나이지만 부모들은 열 자체를 위험한 질환으로 인식하는 경우가 많다. 열에 대해 올바로 아는 것은 부모의 불필요한 염려를 덜고 환아의 질환과 진단 및 치료 과정을 이해하는데 도움을 줄 것이다. 이에 저자들은 소아의 열에 대한 부모들의 인식을 조사하고 과거와 비교하여 변화가 있는지 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법 : 2006년 5월부터 7월까지 3개월 동안 가톨릭대학교 성바오로병원 소아과 외래를 방문한 소아의 보호자들에게 열에 대한 지식, 태도, 대처 방법을 묻는 19문항의 설문조사를 실시하였다. 결 과 : 136명이 답하였으며 10년 전에 비하여 열에 대한 정보, 태도, 대처 방법 등에서 크게 개선된 점이 없었다. 열에 대한 기본 지식인 열의 기준과 측정 방법에 대해서 잘못 알고 있는 보호자가 많았고, 열성경련과 뇌손상의 가능성에 대한 염려는 여전히 지속되고 있었다. 열은 항상 해롭고 위험한 것이라고 생각하고 있었으며, 따라서 치료가 필요하지 않은 체온에서도 실제보다 심각한 결과를 걱정하며 해열제를 투여하고 병원에 방문하고 있음을 보여주었다. 결 론 : 보호자들은 열이 이로운 점을 가진 생리 반응중의 하나라는 사실을 인식하지 못하고 실제보다 심각한 결과를 예상하며 따라서 불필요한 우려와 치료를 택하게 된다. 이런 잘못된 인식은 시간의 경과에도 불구하고 큰 변화가 없었으며 따라서 소아과 의사들의 역할이 중요하다고 할 수 있다. 부모들에게 해열제를 사용하도록 할 때는 열이 해롭지 않으며 해열제의 목적은 열로 인한 아이의 불편감을 덜어주는 것임을 반복하여 알려주고, 더 나아가서는 소아과 의사들이 좀 더 체계적인 정보 및 교육 프로그램을 제공한다면 열에 대한 올바른 인식 형성에 도움이 되리라고 생각된다. 【Purpose : Fever, the most common presenting symptom in pediatric clinics, has been believed to be a dangerous symptom by many parents. Proper recognition about fever will relieve unnecessary anxiety of parents and help them understand the course of the disease. Our objectives of this study were to investigate current parental recognition about fever and to compare these results with those described in 1992. Methods : Between May and July 2006, we questioned caregivers who visited the pediatric outpatient clinic in St.Paul hospital. The questionnaire consisted of 19 items asking about recognition, attitude and management of fever. Results : A total of 136 caregivers were interviewed. Compared with 10 years ago, there were no significant improvements in misconception about fever. Many caregivers (61%) had wrong information about a definition and the way to measure body temperature. There were still high concerns about febrile convulsion and brain damage from fever. Caregivers started treatment at the body temperature which actually needed no therapy. Conclusion : Parents were not aware that fever is just one of physiologic responses and has benefits, which led to unnecessary anxiety and treatment. This misconception has not been changed over the years. Pediatrician should inform parents that fever itself is not harmful and only rational reason for use of antipyretics is to relieve a discomfort of a febrile child. An educational interventions offered by pediatricians will be helpful for parents to have right attitude and understandings toward fever.】
Progression of Stage T1 Bladder Tumors After Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin

AbstractOf 221 patients with superficial bladder tumors (stages Ta, Tis and T1) treated by transurethral resection and an initial 6-week course of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) 195 were evaluated after 3 months for local response. Of these patients 17 (8.7%;) had a stage T1 tumor, of whom 14 (82%) subsequently had muscle invasion (7), uncontrolled local disease (6) or metastasis (1). The median interval to progression was 8.4 months, which was significantly (p = 0.0001) less than among the other 178 patients with a nonstage T1 lesion or no tumor found at 3 months, of whom 44 (25%) had progression (median more than 5 years). These data suggest that patients with stage T1 tumor 3 months after BCG therapy require additional therapy other than simple tumor resection and meticulous followup.
Gender and Nationalism in Bosnia

Elissa Helms. (2013). Innocence and Victimhood: Gender, Nation and Women's Activism in Postwar Bosnia-Herzegovina . University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 325 pp., $26.95 paperback (ISBN-13: 978-0-299-29554-7). The war in Bosnia produced many horrifying images, none more powerful than Bosniac (Bosnian Muslim) women as victims of systematic wartime rape. These images in turn had profound effects on international interventions meant to rebuild that society. As Elissa Helms points out, however, this was an image of Bosnia without the voices of women themselves. Her book is a corrective, “offer[ing] an alternative to images of the passive, Muslim female victim, focusing on women’s active roles” (27). And indeed, this book is a wonderful corrective, one that gives an in-depth look at the complexities of Bosnian society through the lens of women activists. Based on fifteen years of ethnographic field work spent mostly with women's NGOs—ranging from antinationalist feminists to religious and nationalist groups—the book shows the ways in which gender is deployed by nationalism and nationalists, as well as by outside donors and the entire range of women activists. The result highlights the unintended consequences not only of the use of gender, but also of outside donor efforts to improve gender and national relations in … vgagnon{at}ithaca.edu
Optimal allocation of vehicles to bus routes using automatically collected data and simulation modelling

Abstract Monitoring the service quality of high-frequency bus transit is important both to agencies running their own operations and those contracting out, where performance measures can be used to assess contract penalties or bonuses. The availability of automatically collected vehicle movement and demand data enables detecting changes in running times and demand, which may present opportunities to improve service quality and fleet utilization. This research develops a framework to maximize service performance in a set of high-frequency bus routes, given their planned headways and a total fleet size constraint. Using automatically collected data and simulation modelling to evaluate the performance of each route with varying fleet sizes, a greedy algorithm adjusts allocation toward optimality. A simplified case study involving morning peak service on nine bus routes in Boston demonstrates the feasibility and potential benefits of the approach. A potential application is automated detection of routes operating with insufficient or excessive resources.
Other Community Respiratory Viruses

Polymerase chain reaction-based diagnosis has become the standard for viral pneumonia and other respiratory tract infections. Expansion of respiratory viral panels (RVPs) outside of influenza and, possibly, respiratory syncytial virus has led to the ability to diagnose viral infections for which no approved specific antiviral treatment exists. Careful clinical evaluation of the patient with a positive RVP is, therefore, critical given the limited repertoire of treatments. Generic treatments with intravenous immunoglobulin, ribavirin, and interferons may benefit select severe viral pneumonia patients, whereas cidofovir has activity for severe adenoviral pneumonia.
The Role of Nutrition-related Initiatives in Addressing Community Health Needs Assessments

ABSTRACTAcademic Health Centers and nonprofit hospitals are exploring strategies to meet Affordable Care Act mandates requiring tax-exempt institutions to address community health needs, which commonly include major chronic illnesses. We explore the implications of this regulatory landscape, describing methods that nonprofit health care institutions are using to undertake community health needs assessments and showing how value has been found in addressing needs through the implementation of nutrition-related Health Education initiatives that aim to prevent or delay the onset of major chronic diseases. We then share and evaluate approaches we have undertaken at Penn State Hershey Medical Center involving 2 nutrition-focused initiatives—a hospital-affiliated farmers’ market and a community garden—and argue for why such investments may be valuable assets to other nonprofit institutions that must demonstrate community benefit by addressing major chronic diseases.
Emergency Department Wounds Managed by Combat Medics: A Case Series.

ABSTRACTBackground: Combat medics are an integral part of their unit helping to conserve the fighting strength. Minor wounds are a common problem in the deployed settings that affect a soldier's ability to partake in operations. While the medics often manage wound care, there is very little data on the outcomes. Methods: Cases were acquired as part of a quality assurance project providing training feedback to medics on wound management. Laceration management is delegated to the medic at the direction of the provider. Follow-up included a series of short questions regarding wound outcomes: infection, revision, and cosmetic outcome (extremely satisfied = 1, unsatisfied = 5). Chart review was used when direct follow-up with the patient was not available for the remainder of the wounds. Results: The project period was from May 2014 to June 2015. During this time there were 30 wound repairs documented. Direct contact follow-up was available for 57% of the encounters, the remainder was via chart review. The loc...
Structural testing and analysis of a braided, inflatable fabric torus structure

Abstract Inflatable structural members have military, disaster relief, aerospace and other important applications as they possess low mass, can be stored in a relatively small volume and have significant load-carrying capacity once pressurized. Of particular interest to the present research is the Hypersonic Inflatable Aerodynamic Decelerator (HIAD) structure under development by NASA. In order to make predictions about the structural response of the HIAD system, it is necessary to understand the response of individual inflatable tori composing the HIAD structure. These inflatable members present unique challenges to structural testing and modeling due to their internal inflation pressure and relative compliance. Structural testing was performed on a braided, inflatable, toroidal structural member with axial reinforcing cords. The internal inflation pressure, magnitude of enforced displacement and loading methodology were varied. In-plane and out-of-plane experimental results were compared to model predictions using a three dimensional, corotational, flexibility-based fiber-beam finite element model including geometric and material nonlinearities, as well as the effects of inflation pressure. It was found that in order to approximate the load-deformation response observed in experimentation it is necessary to carefully control the test and model boundary conditions and loading scheme.
Older Adults in Rural Appalachia: Preference and Expectations for Future Care

Little is known about how rural-dwelling older adults anticipate and plan for future care needs. Using a mixed-method explanatory design, structural equation modeling ( n = 535) revealed significant associations between concerns about using services on preference for type of help; preference was associated with likelihood of using future services. Content analysis of interview data from 19 older adults who needed but were not receiving help revealed how they conceptualize their need for assistance and anticipated future care arrangements. Nine older adults were not thinking about future care needs. While most older adults articulated preferences for informal help, they indicated some openness to formal assistance. Preferences did not always align with expectations for the future. Rather, concerns about burdening family and friends outweighed concerns about community services and influenced expectations of using formal services. Understanding rural older adults' expectations for future care arrangements is necessary for advancing policy and implementing successful services options.
Can Emotional Disclosure Promote Sport Injury-Related Growth?

This study makes an original and rigorous contribution to the psychology of sport injury literature by examining the efficacy of emotional disclosure to promote sport-injury-related growth (SIRG). Participants (N = 45) were assigned to one of three groups (i.e., written disclosure [WD], verbal disclosure [VD], or control), 30 of whom took part in social validation interviews (>45 hr) and member reflections to evidence methodological rigor. The VD group experienced SIRG. There was no significant difference between the WD and control groups. Practical implications are considered at intrapersonal, interpersonal, institutional, and cultural levels. Future research on emotional disclosure should proceed with caution and diversify.
Application of Iodine Water Purification Tablets: Iodine’s Efficacy against Cryptosporidium parvum

The use of iodine as a disinfection agent has been widespread; it has been proliferated for uses in austere environments by military soldiers, travelers, victims of emergency conditions, and adventure enthusiasts who do not have access to readily potable water supplies. Like all other chemicals used as water disinfectants, the addition of iodine will not physically remove any contaminant of concern. The use of iodine, like all disinfectants, has its advantages and disadvantages. These must be evaluated for populations that may have sensitivity to iodine, such as a thyroid condition. The use of iodine to enhance protection from microbial pathogens should be combined with other purification processes such as filtration. Iodine is a relevant disinfectant for those operating under austere or emergency conditions, such as military, adventure hikers and emergency responders. However, the current prescribed concentration and operating contact times may not be adequate to provide protection against C. parvum. C. parvum is a virulent microbial pathogen that demonstrates resistance to chemical disinfectants at doses previously believed to be adequate against similar species. A mice infectivity study outlined above indicates an increased dose requirement to achieve desired regulatory inactivation goals. A dose of 29 mg/l of iodine with a contact time of 35 min is required to achieve a 2-log (99%) inactivation of C. parvum in demand-free water. Increased dose requirements to achieve the same inactivation can be expected in challenge waters with increased concentrations of precursor materials.
Jung and Assagioli in Religious Perspective

As representatives respectively of humanistic and transpersonal psychologies, Jung and Assagioli reflect orientations that are concerned with self-transcendence. This article examines whether they ...
Feminism and bourdieusian social theory in a sexual health empowerment project with incarcerated and recently released women

Theory is often downplayed or omitted in the research and scholarly literature around public health interventions in carceral settings. Our Sexual Health Empowerment (SHE) project was an education intervention and ethnographic study that aimed to reduce cervical cancer risk among women with histories of incarceration. In this article, we describe our application of concepts from feminist theory and bourdieusian social theory to the design, planning, and delivery of SHE. We outline how theory-driven practice both underscored and helped us meet challenges in implementation in three urban jails over a two-year period, 2014-2016. Our approach provides a model for others who wish to bring critical theory and research practice together in health interventions with populations that are marginalized in multiple ways.
Maternal Morbidity and Mortality in the Rural Trifinio Region of Southwestern Guatemala: Analysis of the Problems, Strategic Successes, and Challenges

In Guatemala the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) is between 88 and 109 for every 100,000 live births, one of the highest in the Latin American region. Rural and indigenous populations in Guatemala experience disproportionately high maternal mortality as compared to urban, nonindigenous populations. Causes of maternal mortality and morbidity are most often viewed through the Three Delay framework. The first delay, deciding to seek care, is often due to a poor understanding of complications and risk factors presented during labor and often takes place at the household level. The second delay, reaching an adequate health care facility, is often caused by long distances to hospitals and health care centers, availability and cost of transport, poor roads and infrastructure, or fees required for medical care. The third delay, receiving adequate care, is most often due to poorly equipped medical facilities, a lack of medical supplies, inadequately trained medical staff, and/or inadequate referral systems. Solutions targeting these delays from the household to referral facility levels have been described in the global health literature. In rural Southwest Guatemala, the University of Colorado Center for Global Health partnered with a private Guatemalan agro-business to conduct a community maternal, neonatal, and child health needs assessment and then implement a maternal health program that targets the three delays with evidence-based solutions. Solutions implemented have focused on improving education of patients and health workers, increasing access and quality of care provided at each health system level, and improving health system infrastructure with thoughtful and efficient use of minimal resources. The problems identified, program successes, and difficulties encountered will be discussed.
Training Networks With Structured Noise

In the last chapter, I presented a technique for achieving greater training set diversity by geometrically transforming the original training patterns. This technique provides sufficient variety to allow a network to drive reliably as long as the important image features, such as lane markers and road boundaries, remain consistent in appearance between training and testing. However there are situations which give networks trained using the on-the-fly technique trouble. If the appearance of the road changes drastically during testing, say by growing from one lane to two, then no network trained on images of the original road will be capable of driving on the new road. To cope with changing road types, I have developed the multi-network arbitration techniques described in Chapters 7, 8 and 9. These techniques allow the system to switch from a network trained for one situation to a network trained for another, as appropriate.
Long-Term Follow-Up

The number of devices implanted each year has increased exponentially, since the approval of the first implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) in 1985. ICD implantation has been shown to be a highly effective treatment in reducing sudden cardiac death in the highest risk patients who present with sustained ventricular arrhythmias. The one year incidence of sudden death after device implantation has been reported to be < 1-3% in most studies (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18).
NATURAL COOLING TECHNIQUES IN HOT ARID REGIONS OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

ABSTRACT Middle Eastern architecture represents a significant wealth of traditional technologies based on natural resources to make buildings respond to the climate. Indigenous people in this desert type climate have learned to cope and build in relationship with the harsh environment and not to compete against it. Summer heat in this part of the world is unbearable and it is natural that the early architects of the Middle East and North Africa had looked for hundred of years for solutions that allowed local people to live in conditions as acceptable as possible during the hottest days of the year. The purpose of this paper is to analyze and classify these natural cooling techniques.
City Life and Well-Being

Abstract As we move into the age of the Anthropocene and urbanization continues at an unprecedented rate, questions about city life and its impact on our well-being are posed with renewed vigor. What happens to people who live in cities? This chapter will address several prominent areas of urban research on the experience of living in cities as related to well-being. It begins with a brief consideration of the nature of cities and urban life more broadly, and then goes on to examine specific aspects of urban design, such as density, housing form, and the public realm, as well as the psychosocial phenomena that unfold within that physical frame, particularly, social ties and social capital. While there is no universal conclusion that can be drawn about city life, the chapter will highlight trends from the research and consider current and future directions for studying 21st century cities.
An Experiential Report on Using a Software Factory in a Rural State to Promote Entrepreneurship

Teaching software engineering and developing a sense of entrepreneurship in rural communities is challenging, particularly when students need to develop hands-on experience in the context of a realistic work environment. A Software Factory was established at Montana State University in 2014 as an innovative approach to teach entrepreneurship and software engineering. The physical space of the Software Factory emulates a real-world environment that facilitates an intimate experience for undergraduate students to interact with professional organizations such as commercial companies, startups, non-profit organizations and schools. Many computer science students located in rural states face challenges when trying to obtain professional experiences. The Software Factory provides a self-sustaining and meaningful way of bridging this gap by pairing teams of undergraduate students with viable established or startup high-tech companies. In this experiential report, we present a compilation of results from 16 collaborations over four years, the challenges faced, the lessons learned to date, and our plans for future improvements.
Immunoglobulin G4-Related Coronary Periarteritis With Multiple Intracoronary Images.

A 58-year-old man who had been diagnosed with bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy and high serum immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) level was treated as having possible IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD). Computed tomography revealed abdominal aortic aneurysm. He was given 40 mg/day of oral prednisolone (PSL) for 2
A novel series of cysteine-dependent, allosteric inverse agonists of the nuclear receptor RORγt.

Abstract Inhibition of the nuclear receptor Retinoic Acid Receptor-Related Orphan Receptor γt (RORγt) is a promising strategy for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. In this paper, we describe a series of allosteric, cysteine-dependent, inverse agonists of RORγt. Site-directed mutagenesis and molecular dynamics simulations are supportive of a mechanism of action through specific binding to Cys476 on alpha helix 11 of the ligand binding domain (LBD). Representative compounds in the series selectively inhibit RORγt, potently suppress interleukin-17A (IL-17A) production by human CD4+ T cells, and inhibit T helper 17 (Th17) differentiation from human naive CD4+ T cells. The advanced compound 13 is orally bioavailable and active at a dose of 3 mg/kg in a murine collagen-induced model of rheumatoid arthritis. Collectively, these data are supportive of the development of compound 13 in autoimmune diseases.
Video Game Journalism and the Ideology of Anxiety: Implications for Effective Reporting in Niche Industries and Oligopolies

Video games are a $20-billion-a-year industry, but it is still treated as a niche market. The video game corporations hold considerable power over the articles that journalists write. Through in-de...
Amaryllis Lesion Nematode, Pratylenchus hippeastri Inserra et al., 2006 (Nematoda: Tylenchida: Pratylenchidae)

Amaryllis lesion nematode is an important nematode pest of amaryllis in Florida. It reduces plant vigor, flower yield, and bulb size. As the nematodes tunnel through the root, the damaged cells die and collapse, forming lesions on the exterior and the interior of the root tissue. This 4-page fact sheet was written by William T. Crow and published by the UF Department of Entomology and Nematology, January 2013. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in975
Multi-user signal detection using sequential decoding

The authors consider the application of sequential decoding to the detection of data transmitted on an additive white Gaussian noise channel by K asynchronous transmitters using direct-sequence spread-spectrum multiple-access (DS/SSMA). They described a modification of R.M. Fano's (1963) sequential decoding metric, and evaluate by computer simulation the performance of a sequential decoder that uses this modified metric in conjunction with the stack algorithm. It is concluded that, in many circumstances, the sequential decoder achieves results comparable to those obtained using the much more complicated optimal receiver. It is concluded that the decoder considered would appear to offer an attractive tradeoff between complexity and performance in many cases of interest. >
Effect of an Alternative Newborn Naming Strategy on Wrong-Patient Errors: A Quasi-Experimental Study.

Objectives Newborns are often assigned temporary names at birth. Temporary newborn names—often a combination of the mother's last name and the newborn's gender—are vulnerable to patient misidentification due to similarities with other newborns or between a mother and her newborn. We developed and implemented an alternative distinct naming strategy, and then compared its effectiveness on reducing the number of wrong-patient orders with the standard distinct naming strategy. Methods This study was conducted over a 14-month period in the newborn nursery and neonatal intensive care units of three hospitals that were part of the same health care system. We used a quasi-experimental study design using interrupted time series analysis to compare the differences in wrong-patient orders (an indicator of patient misidentification) before and after the implementation of the alternative distinct naming strategy. Results Overall, there were 25 wrong-patient errors per 10,000 orders during entire study period (36.8 per 10,000 before and 19.6 per 10,000 after). However, there was no statistically significant change in the rate of wrong-patient ordering errors after the transition from the distinct to the alternative distinct naming strategy (β = 0.832, 95% confidence interval [CI] = −0.83 to 2.49, p = 0.326). We also found that, overall, 1.7% of the clinicians contributed to 62% of the wrong-patient errors. Conclusion Although we did not find statistically significant differences in wrong-patient errors, the alternative distinct naming approach provides pragmatic advantages over its predecessors. In addition, the localization of wrong-patient errors within a small set of clinicians highlights the potential for developing strategies for delivering training to clinicians.
Prions: Roles in Development and Adaptive Evolution

Prions are often considered as anomalous proteins associated primarily with disease rather than as a fundamental source of diversity within biological proteomes. Whereas this longstanding viewpoint has its genesis in the discovery of the original namesake prions as causative agents of several complex diseases, the underlying assumption of a strict disease basis for prions could not be further from the truth. Prions and the spectrum of functions they comprise, likely represent one of the largest paradigm shifts concerning molecular-encoded phenotypic diversity since identification of DNA as the principle molecule of heredity. The ability of prions to recruit similar proteins to alternate conformations may engender a reservoir of diversity supplementing the genetic diversity resulting from stochastic mutations of DNA and subsequent natural selection. Here we present several currently known prions and how many of their functions as well as modes of transmission are intricately linked to adaptation from an evolutionary perspective. Further, the stability of some prion conformations across generations indicates that heritable prion-based adaptation is a reality.
Outcomes after hepatic encephalopathy in population-based cohorts of patients with cirrhosis.

BACKGROUND Hepatic encephalopathy is a devastating complication of cirrhosis. AIM To describe the outcomes after developing hepatic encephalopathy among contemporary, aging patients. METHODS We examined data for a 20% random sample of United States Medicare enrolees with cirrhosis and Part D prescription coverage from 2008 to 2014. Among 49 164 persons with hepatic encephalopathy, we evaluated the associations with transplant-free survival using Cox proportional hazard models with time-varying covariates (hazard ratios, HR) and incidence rate ratios (IRR) for healthcare utilisation measured in hospital-days and 30-day readmissions per person-year. We validated our findings in an external cohort of 2184 privately insured patients with complete laboratory values. RESULTS Hepatic encephalopathy was associated with median survivals of 0.95 and 2.5 years for those ≥65 or <65 years old and 1.1 versus 3.9 years for those with and without ascites. Non-alcoholic fatty-liver disease posed the highest adjusted risk of death among aetiologies, HR 1.07 95% CI (1.02, 1.12). Both gastroenterology consultation and rifaximin utilisation were associated with lower mortality, respective adjusted-HR 0.73 95% CI (0.67, 0.80) and 0.40 95% CI (0.39, 0.42). Thirty-day readmissions were fewer for patients seen by gastroenterologists (0.71 95% CI [0.57-0.88]) and taking rifaximin (0.18 95% CI [0.08-0.40]). Lactulose alone was associated with fewer hospital-days, IRR 0.31 95% CI (0.30-0.32), than rifaximin alone, 0.49 95% CI (0.45-0.53), but the optimal therapy combination was lactulose/rifaximin, IRR 0.28 95% CI (0.27-0.30). These findings were validated in the privately insured cohort adjusting for model for endstage liver disease-sodium score and serum albumin. CONCLUSIONS Hepatic encephalopathy remains morbid and associated with poor outcomes among contemporary patients. Gastroenterology consultation and combination lactulose-rifaximin are both associated with improved outcomes. These data inform the development of care coordination efforts for subjects with cirrhosis.
Development and evaluation of habitat suitability models for nesting white-headed woodpecker (Dryobates albolarvatus) in burned forest

Salvage logging in burned forests can negatively affect habitat for white-headed woodpeckers (Dryobates albolarvatus), a species of conservation concern, but also meets socioeconomic demands for timber and human safety. Habitat suitability index (HSI) models can inform forest management activities to help meet habitat conservation objectives. Informing post-fire forest management, however, involves model application at new locations as wildfires occur, requiring evaluation of predictive performance across locations. We developed HSI models for white-headed woodpeckers using nest sites from two burned-forest locations in Oregon, the Toolbox (2002) and Canyon Creek (2015) fires. We measured predictive performance by developing one model at each of the two locations and quantifying discrimination of nest from reference sites at two other wildfire locations where the model had not been developed (either Toolbox or Canyon Creek, and the Barry Point Fire [2011]). We developed and evaluated Maxent models based on remotely sensed environmental metrics to support habitat mapping, and weighted logistic regression (WLR) models that combined remotely sensed and field-collected metrics to inform management prescriptions. Both Maxent and WLR models developed either at Canyon Creek or Toolbox performed adequately to inform management when applied at the alternate Toolbox or Canyon Creek location, respectively (area under the receiver-operating-characteristic curve [AUC] range = 0.61–0.72) but poorly when applied at Barry Point (AUC = 0.53–0.57). The final HSI models fitted to Toolbox and Canyon Creek data quantified suitable nesting habitat as severely burned or open sites adjacent to lower severity and closed canopy sites, where foraging presumably occurs. We suggest these models are applicable at locations similar to development locations but not at locations resembling Barry Point, which were characterized by more (pre-fire) canopy openings, larger diameter trees, less ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), and more juniper (Juniperus occidentalis). Considering our results, we recommend caution when applying HSI models developed at individual wildfire locations to inform post-fire management at new locations without first evaluating predictive performance.
What Will It Take to Recruit and Train More Underrepresented Minority Physicians in Family Medicine? A CERA Survey Analysis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Both the Society of Teachers of Family Medicine (STFM) and the American Academy of Family Physicians have developed strategic plans to increase the training of underrepresented minority in medicine (URMM) family physicians to meet the needs of an increasingly diverse patient population in the United States. This study examines data from the 2017 Council of Academic Family Medicine (CAFM) Educational Research Alliance (CERA) Program Directors (PD12) Survey to assess whether recruitment strategies increase the diversity of underrepresented minority physicians in family medicine. METHODS Data were collected from an online electronic survey administered by the CERA of family medicine program directors in 2018. The data included specific questions about the diversity of URMM residents in family medicine programs and about initiatives that were used in their recruitment. We analyzed the data using the Pearson χ2 criteria for cause and effect of two variables. RESULTS Family medicine residency programs that have initiatives dedicated to increasing resident diversity have a higher percentage of URMM residents. Specifically, residency programs that have URMM recruitment strategies are 2.5 to 4 times more likely to have a diverse residency population than those programs without strategies (P<.001-.015). CONCLUSIONS Striving to improve diversity in family medicine residency training in accordance with the ideals of STFM will require programs to design and implement initiatives to increase recruitment of URM residents.
Notable Variants of SARS-CoV-2

The current coronavirus pandemic has brought many deaths and affected economies around the world. The causative agent of COVID-19 is identified as SARS-CoV-2, a close relative to SARS-CoV that caused an outbreak of severe acute respiratory distress in 2002-2003. During the course of the pandemic, there has been many reports of mutations that occurred to SARS-CoV-2 with several lineages that has been identified around the globe. In this paper, a summary of the notable variants of SARS-CoV-2 is discussed.