cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
AUDIENCES' PERCEPTIONS OF SOURCES' CREDIBILITY IN A TELEVISION INTERVIEW SETTING

Szimtnary.-This experiment examined the ddferences between older and younger men and women's evaluations of differently dressed sources' credibility. 165 subjects viewed simulated interviews for television in which male and female sources dressed either conservatively or casually. Subjects then rated them according to semantic-differential scales which measured targets' competence, character, and dynamism. Subjects were categorized by age and sex. Over-all, younger women (those between the ages OF 18 and 34 years) gave high ratings of competence, character, and dynamism to all sources regardless of clothing style, while older women (those 35 years and older) gave the lowest ratings. Th~q w,is especially noted for their evaluations of female sources. Men, regardless of nyc r.ited all sources similarly.
Sexist Ideology and the Evaluation Criteria Used to Assess Women's Integration into the Army *

This article is a reaction to the 1978 Evaluation of Women in the Army report issued by the U.S. Army. It looks at the criteria used in women's evaluation in terms of the sexist ideology prevalent in the military system. Those issues which are identified by the Army as problematic and which affect policies regarding women's full integration into the Army are discussed at length.
Combined transoral and nasendoscopic resection of an eustachian tube hairy polyp causing neonatal respiratory distress

Hairy polyps are rare congenital malformations that can arise in the nasopharynx. It is rarer for them to originate from the eustachian tube. They present with intermittent airway obstruction and respiratory distress. A thorough ear, nose, and throat examination can be required to identify these lesions. We present a case of eustachian tube hairy polyp causing neonatal respiratory distress in a 1-month baby successfully removed by a combined transoral and nasendoscopic resection.
Effects of early education programs and practices on the development and learning of dual language learners: A review of the literature

Abstract This article describes the results of a comprehensive review of the research literature from 2000 to 2011 evaluating the effects of early care and education practices on the developmental outcomes of dual language learners (DLLs) from birth through 5 years of age. Across 25 studies that met inclusion criteria, study samples consisted primarily of Latino or Spanish-speaking children 3–5 years of age enrolled in center-based programs. The analysis focused on features of the early education programs and practices (intensity and language of instruction) and research methods (sampling, research designs) in relation to child outcomes for the various types of research interventions evaluated in these studies (center-based programs, professional development, curricula, and instructional strategies). On the basis of a few large-scale scientifically sound studies, the review found at least some evidence to suggest that DLLs benefitted from attending widely available, well regulated programs such as Head Start and public pre-k, particularly with respect to improving language and literacy skills. However, because the extant research has not systematically accounted for the separate effects of language of instruction versus type of intervention, very little can be concluded about how these factors contribute to the positive main effects of these interventions.
An Approach to Supervision of Students on Fieldwork

This paper describes a method for supervision of occupational therapy students on clinical affiliation. The approach is based on the assumption that students behave in ways that are consistent with Levels 3 through 4 of Jane Loevinger's stages of personality development. The most effective supervisory approach for students at each level of behavior is described. The model assumes that the level of student can be matched with a supervisory approach to result in a more satisfying experience for both student and supervisor.
An examination of the relationship between author-editor connections and subsequent citations of auditing research articles

Abstract Using citation analysis of 138 auditing papers published in seven leading accounting research journals, we find evidence that papers for which there is an author–editor connection (colleagues, former graduate students, and editorial board members) are more likely to be cited in subsequent research. Specifically, in comparing papers authored by scholars with two types of defined professional connection to the publishing journals editor to those for which no such connection is evident, we find that: 1. It is more likely that papers published by authors who have served on the editorial board of the publishing journal will be cited more often, and 2. It is less likely that papers written by authors with that type of connection will have no citations.In this paper, we use citation analysis to examine whether auditing research articles published by authors with professional connections to editors of the publishing journal are of lower quality than articles by authors without these editor connections. Citation analysis has been used previously to evaluate research contributions of accounting faculty and doctoral programs ( Brown and Gardner, 1985a ) and the impact of specific journals and articles therein on contemporary accounting research ( Brown and Gardner, 1985b ). It has also been used to examine individuals and publications influential in published auditing research ( Smith and Krogstad, 1984 , Smith and Krogstad, 1988 ). Our context is slightly different. Rather than using citations to rank individuals, institutions, or journals, we use citation analysis to examine whether, after controlling for other key factors, articles for which there seems to have been a connection between the editor(s) and the author(s) are cited more or less frequently than articles penned by unrelated authors.
Changes in Wood Product Proportions in the Douglas-Fir Region with Respect to Size, Age, and Time

Summary We examined both the variation and the changing proportions of different wood products obtained from trees and logs in the Douglas-fir region of the northwestern United States. Analyses are based on a large product recovery database covering over 40 years of recovery studies; 13 studies are available for Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco). Visual lumber grades were combined into four broad value classes. We used the multinomial logistic model to estimate the yield proportion of each value class as a function of age, diameter, and their interaction. We also examine changes in wood product proportions with respect to future projections of forest management, harvesting trends, and sustainability. We see a clear shift away from appearance grades in the 1960s to construction grades by the late 1980s. This corresponds to a concomitant shift from high quality old-growth trees to young-growth plantations (age 50 to 60) of much smaller diameter. The projected relative proportions among the ...
92 ETHANE AND PENTANE AS POTENTIAL INDICATORS OF NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS (NEC) IN VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANTS (VLBI)

NEC was diagnosed in 4 VLBI (GA 28.5±1.7 wk; BW 777±134 g) at 2-6 d of age on the basis of clinical symptoms, laboratory and x-ray examinations, and was confirmed in laparotomy. 0-1 d before clinical diagnosis (dg) ethane (E) of the expired air was 388 (N=4; range 110-900), compared with 15.6 (N=6; range 2-21) pml/kg/min 2-3 d prior to dg (p=0.01). Corresponding values for penlane (P) were 59.8 (N=4; range 20.8-96.7) and 28.8 (N=6; range 8.3-49.1) pmol/kg/min, respectively. One patient (GA 29.6 wk; BW 708 g) developed clinical symptoms indicative of NEC at 7 d of age. In laparotomy microcolon but no NEC was found. 0-1 d before dg E was 27.9 (N=2) compared with 73.9 (N=2) 2-3 d prior to dg. P was 28.1 (N=2), and 32.3 (N=2) pmol/kg/min, respectively. Increased expired E and P are potential indicators of NEC observed before clinical dg. E and P are volatile products of free-radical-induced lipid peroxidation. NEC may be associated with enhanced lipid peroxidation caused by reperfusion or recruitment of phagocytizing cells.
HIV-Protease Inhibitors Block the Enzymatic Activity of Purified Ste24p

We reported that several HIV protease inhibitors (HIV-PIs) interfere with the endoproteolytic processing of two farnesylated proteins, yeast a-factor and mammalian prelamin A. We proposed that these drugs interfere with prelamin A processing by blocking ZMPSTE24, an integral membrane zinc metalloproteinase known to play a critical role in its processing. However, because all of the drug inhibition studies were performed with cultured fibroblasts or crude membrane fractions rather than on purified enzyme preparations, no definitive conclusions could be drawn. Here, we purified Ste24p, the yeast ortholog of ZMPSTE24, and showed that its enzymatic activity was blocked by three HIV-PIs (lopinavir, ritonavir, and tipranavir). A newer HIV-PI, darunavir, had little effect on Ste24p activity. None of the HIV-PIs had dramatic effects on the enzymatic activity of purified Ste14p, the prenylprotein methyltransferase. These studies strongly support our hypothesis that HIV-PIs block prelamin A processing by directly affecting the enzymatic activity of ZMPSTE24, and in this way they may contribute to lipodystrophy in individuals undergoing HIV-PI treatment.
Effects of the 1988 Education Reform Act on Racial Equality of Opportunity in Further Education Colleges

Abstract This article describes the effects of the 1988 Education Reform Act on racial equality of opportunity in further education focusing, in particular, on management changes, including strategic planning, financial delegation, control over staff appointments, the composition and role of governing bodies, and relations with schools, higher education and adult continuing education. It concludes that the successful implementation of equal opportunity policy in further education requires the recognition and adoption of a management model, involving precise goal‐setting, resource allocation and evaluation.
A faunal analysis of the Lias (Lower Jurassic) of South Wales (Great Britain)

Abstract Detailed analysis of faunal and petrological variations in the Lias, South Wales, proved useful for interpretation of regional paleoecology. The most significant factor that influenced most Lias genera was the texture of the substratum which became increasingly stabilized with increasing quantities of intermixed bioclastic debris. Bottom turbidity was of secondary importance to faunal distribution and was indirectly related to the substratal stability; bottom stability was in turn influenced by the abundance of burrowing organisms and the rate at which bottom sediment was loosened by biological reworking. Abundant collophane and pyrite resulted in a decline of fossil populations and indicate that the Lias sea floor had a low oxygen content; a dearth of collophane suggests aerating and winnowing currents so strong that phosphates were not preserved. Current-transported lithoclasts in the Lias offshore facies reflect currents sufficiently strong to transport fossil debris and to intermix level-bottom marine communities. The widespread distribution of fossil species throughout rocks of varying lithology in both the Lias nearshore and offshore facies reveal a high degree of faunal tolerance to environmental change.
Pollen and Spores Date Origin of Rift Basins from Texas to Nova Scotia as Early Late Triassic

Palynological studies of the nonmarine Newark Supergroup of eastern North America and of rift basins in the northern Gulf of Mexico facilitate correlation with well-dated marine sections of Europe. New information emphasizes the chronological link between the Newark basins and a Gulf of Mexico basin and their common history in the rifting of North America from Pangea. Shales from the subsurface South Georgia Basin are shown to be of late Karnian age (early Late Triassic). The known time of earliest sedimentation in the Culpeper Basin is extended from Norian (late Late Triassic) to mid-Karnian, and the date of earliest sedimentation in the Richmond and Deep River basins is moved to at least earliest Karnian, perhaps Ladinian. The subsurface Eagle Mills Formation in Texas and Arkansas has been dated palynologically as mid- to late Karnian. The oldest parts of the Newark Supergroup, and the Eagle Mills Formation, mostly began deposition in precursor rift basins that formed in Ladinian to early Karnian time. In the southern Newark basins, sedimentation apparently ceased in late Karnian but continued in the northern basins well into the Jurassic, until genesis of the Atlantic ended basin sedimentation.
Benedetto Varchi As Etymologist

SUMMARYIn the Ercolano (1570) Benedetto Varchi (1503-1565), an important figure in the linguistic controversies of the Cinquecento, provides etymologies for a significant number of Italian terms, the majority of which are ascribed to three sources: Latin, Latin deriving ultimately from Greek, and ProvenCal. Study of 233 such word origins from the perspective of modern theory shows Varchi's general accuracy regarding Latin and Greek elements but an exaggeration of the lexical impact of ProvenCal. Furthermore, despite his own willingness to offer hypotheses, this philologist ridicules the search for derivations. Examination of certain facets of Varchi's outlook sheds light on these contradictions. We find him concerned primarily with the language of elite groups. In addition, he employs 'etymology' in two different senses, and minimizes the significance of the individual word. An adherent of the Aristotelian ad placitum doctrine, Varchi has an imperfect understanding of sound change. His correctness regarding Classical etyma proceeds from a solid Humanistic preparation, while overestimation of ProvenCal influence may be associated with his reverence for the tenets of Pietro Bembo (1470-1547) and his obsession with the independence of the Italian vernacular. The Ercolano fails to specify possible sources for Varchi's etymological views.RESUMEDans l'Ercolano (1570) Benedetto Varchi (1503-1565), participant important dans les debats linguistiques du Cinquecento, fournit l'etymologie d'un nombre considerable de mots italiens, les partageant surtout entre trois categories: termes d'origine latine, termes d'origine latine mais pri-mordialement derives du grec, et termes d'origine provenCale. L'etude de 233 de ses 'etyma' regardes dans la perspective d'une etymologie moderne montre la precision generate de Varchi quant aux elements latins et grecs, mais aussi l'influence exageree qu'il attribue au provenCal. D'ailleurs, tout en proposant lui-meme des hypotheses, ce philologue ridiculise la recherche des derivations. L'examen de certaines particularites de la pensee de Varchi eclaire ces contradictions. L'auteur s'interesse principalement au langage des classes superieures. En plus, il emploie 'etymologie' dans deux sens differents et minimise l'importance du mot pris d'une faCon isolee. Partisan de la doctrine aristotelicienne de l'ad placitum, Varchi a une comprehension imparfaite des changements phonetiques. Sa correction en ce qui concerne les etymons classiques procede d'une solide formation humaniste, tandis que la surestimation de l'influence provenCale ressortirait a son respect pour les principes de Pietro Bembo (1470-1547) et a son obsession de l'independance du vernaculaire italien. L'Ercolano ne laisse pas entrevoir les sources eventuelles des theories etymologiques de Varchi.
Integrated Sr isotope variations and sea-level history of Middle to Upper Cambrian platform carbonates: Implications for the evolution of Cambrian seawater 87Sr/86Sr

A high-resolution Sr isotope study of Middle to Upper Cambrian platform carbonates of the southern Great Basin significantly refines the structure of the existing seawater Sr isotope curve. Samples were selected using rigorous stratigraphic, petrographic, and geochemical criteria in order to minimize the effects of diagenetic alteration and contamination from noncarbonate components. Highest seawater 87 Sr/ 86 Sr values over the past 2 b.y. are constrained to 87 Sr/ 86 Sr values, these new data record the culmination of an increasing trend in seawater 87 Sr/ 86 Sr beginning in Early Cambrian time. This trend is interpreted to reflect increasing flux and/or isotopic ratio of riverine Sr delivered to Cambrian oceans in response to Pan-African orogenesis and attendant enhanced chemical weathering. High-resolution changes in seawater 87 Sr/ 86 Sr values are superimposed on the longer-term trend. Correlation between 87 Sr/ 86 Sr values and sea level leads us to propose a model that links changes in weathering rates and riverine Sr flux with variations in exposed continental surface area related to short-term (1–5 m.y.) sea-level events during greenhouse times.
Reconstruction of a bimetallic price level

This paper attempts to reconstruct history by showing plausible trends of wholesale commodity prices if silver had not been demonetized and the resumption of specie payments, effective in 1879, had not been limited to gold by the Coinage Act of 1873. Efforts to recast history under different assumptions are at best subject to considerable error. Nonetheless, such speculative inquiry may sometimes influence present decisions when past public decisionmaking is reviewed.’ In the period 1873 to 1920 the level of commodity prices would probably have been more stable, if silver had not been demonetized, than it turned out to be under the gold standard. Also, the total rise in commodity prices over that period would probably have been less under a bimetallic system than under gold. Casual observation of price indexes spanning the 19th and 20th centuries shows that fluctuations of prices generally were less in the bimetallic era, before the Civil War, than they were under gold after that war (Hawtrey, 1931, pp. 74-76, 91, 92; Warren and Pearson, 1935, pp. 19, 20). The evidence suggests that the same stability would probably have prevailed after 1873 if it had not been for the
Does Io have an ammonia atmosphere

A number of anomalous or discordant observations of Io can be explained if this Jovian satellite has an atmosphere containing ammonia. Such an atmosphere will be frozen at the unilluminated pole during the solstices, but will evaporate at the equinoctial seasons. The ammonia atmosphere will explain (1) the posteclipse brightenings and their observed times of occurrence and nonoccurrence; (2) the observed departure from a two-layer model heating curve upon emergency from the eclipse; (3) the discordant temperatures obtained at 10 and 20 micrometers; and (4) discordant temperatures obtained at 10 and 20 micrometers during the total phase of an eclipse by Jupiter.
Stabilization of the bis(diphenylphosphino) methanide ion by bridging dirhenium octacarbonyl: [Li(THF)4 ]IRe2(CO)8(Ph2PCHPPh2)]

Abstract The anion of [Li(THF)4][Re2(CO)8(Ph2PCHPPh2)] (1) is formed cleanly by treatment of Re2(CO)8(Ph2PCH2PPh2) with LiAlH4 in tetrahydrofuran (54% yield). Anion 1 is remarkably stable toward all organic electrophiles examined. Whereas protons are added and removed reversibly, 1 is stable to treatment with MeI, Me3SiCl, Me3SiCH2Cl or Ph2PCl, even under forcing conditions. This behavior sharply contrasts the high reactivity of other mononuclear (Ph2PCHPPh2)MLx complexes.
Spurious Hyperchloremia and Hyperbicarbonatemia in a Patient Receiving Pyridostigmine Bromide Therapy for Myasthenia Gravis

A NEGATIVE ANION GAP (AG) may be an important clue to halide intoxication.) Our patient had a negative anion gap while receiving therapeutic doses of Mestinon (pyridostigmine bromide) for the treatment of myasthenia gravis. The bromide content in Mestinon (ICN Pharmaceuticals, Costa Mesa, CA) resulted in serum levels of bromide that interfered with the automated analyzer (Kodak Ektachem 700, Eastman Kodak Co, Rochester, NY) methods for CI and CO2 content.
A Machine Learning Approach to Link Adaptation for SC-FDE System

Single carrier frequency domain equalization (SC-FDE) uses cyclically prefixed quadrature amplitude modulation to permit simple frequency domain equalization at the receiver. Link adaptation for SC-FDE systems, where the modulation and coding rate are adapted based on the current channel state, is straightforward with perfect channel state information due to the simple analytical form of the post-processing signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Imperfect channel state information, however, introduces adaptation errors. This paper proposes a machine learning-based approach for link adaptation in bit interleaved convolutionally encoded SC-FDE systems. To improve performance in the presence of channel uncertainty, principal component analysis is used to reduce the feature space dimensionality consisting of the channel coefficients, noise variance, and post-processing SNR. The reduced dimension feature set improves performance of the link adaptation classifier and leads to higher performance versus just the post-processing SNR estimate. Simulation results indicate that the proposed algorithm increases the goodput while maintaining the target packet error rate, achieving optimal adaptation in 95% of the tested cases.
Dermo-1: a novel twist-related bHLH protein expressed in the developing dermis.

Transcription factors belonging to the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family have been shown to control differentiation of a variety of cell types. Tissue-specific bHLH proteins dimerize preferentially with ubiquitous bHLH proteins to form heterodimers that bind the E-box consensus sequence (CANNTG) in the control regions of target genes. Using the yeast two-hybrid system to screen for tissue-specific bHLH proteins, which dimerize with the ubiquitous bHLH protein E12, we cloned a novel bHLH protein, named Dermo-1. Within its bHLH region, Dermo-1 shares extensive homology with members of the twist family of bHLH proteins, which are expressed in embryonic mesoderm. During mouse embryogenesis, Dermo-1 showed an expression pattern similar to, but distinct from, that of mouse twist. Dermo-1 was expressed at a low level in the sclerotome and dermatome of the somites, and in the limb buds at Day 10.5 post coitum (p.c.), and accumulated predominantly in the dermatome, prevertebrae, and the derivatives of the branchial arches by Day 13.5 p.c. As differentiation of prechondrial cells proceeded, Dermo-1 expression became restricted to the perichondrium. Expression of Dermo-1 increased continuously in the dermis through Day 17.5 p.c. and was also detected in the dermis of neonates, but became downregulated in adult tissues. The Dermo-1 protein bound the E-box consensus sequence in the presence of E12, but transcriptional activity was not detectable. Instead, Dermo-1 repressed transcriptional activity of myogenic bHLH proteins. The expression pattern of Dermo-1 suggests that it functions as a regulator of gene expression in a subset of mesenchymal cell lineages including developing dermis.
Effects of land use management on biotic integrity: An investigation of bird communities

Abstract We examined the response of bird communities to a gradient of human impact in the Adirondack Park of northern New York State by testing the relationship of land use management types to an Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) across the Adirondack landscape. We created the IBI by placing birds into 12 different guild categories and scoring study blocks according to relative representation of specialist versus generalist guild types. We investigated three questions relating to the effects of land use management on biotic integrity in the Adirondacks: (1) are there differences in biological integrity among the major land use types; (2) if so, what characteristics of these land use types are associated with high integrity bird communities; and, (3) to what degree is land management regulation effective in maintaining biological integrity in the Adirondack Park? We found significant differences in total, functional, compositional, and structural integrity on five land use types ranging from hamlet to wilderness. In all cases, integrity was lowest in hamlet areas and increased along the gradient to its highest level in wilderness areas. Biotic integrity showed strong groupings of the five land use classes. We found that bird community integrity was strongly related to roadlessness and that birds primarily responded to the distinction between developed and undeveloped land types. In contrast to roads and human development, forest management impacts in the Adirondacks do not appear to be of a high enough intensity to have significant negative impacts on breeding bird community integrity. Clustering of development is a means by which integrity may be safeguarded for the long term in the Adirondack Park.
Topographic study of arrestin using differential chemical modifications and hydrogen/deuterium exchange

Arrestin is involved in the quenching of phototransduction by binding to photoactivated and phosphorylated rhodopsin (P-Rho*). To study its conformational changes and regions interacting with P-Rho*, arrestin was subjected to (1) differential acetylation at lysine residues in the presence and absence of P-Rho*, and (2) amide hydrogen/deuterium exchange. Labeled protein was proteolysed and analyzed by mass spectrometry. Three Lys residues, 28, 176, and 211, were protected from acetylation in native arrestin, although they were not located in regions exhibiting slow amide hydrogen exchange rates. The presence of P-Rho* protected lysine 201 from acetylation and partially protected 14 other lysyl residues, including (2, 5), (163, 166, 167), (232, 235, 236, 238), (267, 276), (298, 300), and 367, where parentheses indicate lysine residues found within the same peptide. In contrast, in the C-terminal region of arrestin, lysyl residues (386, 392, 395) were more exposed upon binding to P-Rho*. These data allowed us to identify functional regions in the arrestin molecule.
Reproductive diapause in Hippodamia convergens (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and its life history consequences

Adult Hippodamia convergens (Guerin) in reproductive diapause were collected from a spring cohort in western Kansas and held in pairs for the duration of their lives to assess female reproductive schedules under conditions of limited food availability. Environmental conditions were set to mimic natural seasonal day lengths and diurnal temperature cycles for the region. To approximate conditions of limited food availability typical of summer conditions in western Kansas, beetles were provided continuous access to sunflower petioles and periodic access to protein sources, both animal (Ephestia kuehniella Zeller eggs) and vegetable (bee pollen). A total of 113 out of 171 females (66.1%) became reproductive over the next five months within a mean of 55.0 ± 3.0 day. These females lived an average of 134.5 ± 4.6 day and produced a mean of 106.9 ± 11.6 eggs in a mean of 6.6 ± 0.6 day of oviposition. Thus, reproductive diapause gradually decayed over time even when females did not encounter a high quality food supply. Egg production peaked every fourth day following provision of animal protein. A subset of 20 females, randomly selected from among those still non-reproductive on August 14 and switched to an aphid diet (ad libitum provision of Schizaphis graminum (Rondani)) produced a mean of 654.6 ± 109.7 eggs each, almost 10 times as many as females on the maintenance diet with similar reproductive schedules. However, the longevity of greenbug-fed females was reduced by more than 30% compared to the latter group, suggesting a tradeoff between reproductive effort and survival. The costs of reproductive diapause were evident as an increased risk of mortality prior to oviposition and declining fecundity and fertility with age. Our results suggest a variable number of overlapping generations can occur annually in western Kansas, potentially as many as five.
A Web-based environmental decision support system (WEDSS) for environmental planning and watershed management

Many of the largest problems faced by local governments such as cities and counties involve issues associated with urbanization. The increased rate of urbanization has led to haphazard growth, increased infrastructure costs, deterioration of living conditions and worsening of the environment. This phenomenon places a heavy burden on local planners and managers, who struggle to balance competing demands for residential, commercial, and industrial development with imperatives to minimize environmental degradation. In order to effectively manage this development process on a sustainable basis, local government planners increasingly rely on the use of information technologies, spatial modeling techniques (Dragicevic et al. 2000) and Spatial Decision Support Systems (SDSS) (Fedra 1995; Sugumaran et al. 2000; Sugumaran and Sugumaran, 2007; Sugumaran, and Bakker, 2007; Zhang et al. 2008). These technologies and techniques include combinations of remote sensing, GIS, spatial modeling, Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE), computational neural networks, and Internet technology.
Record 2011 Spring Flood of the Mississippi River: How Much Nitrate Was Exported from Its Largest Distributary, the Atchafalaya River, into the Gulf of Mexico?

AbstractThe Mississippi River Flood of 2011 was a record-breaking flood that required the opening of the Morganza Spillway for only the second time since its completion in 1954. The opening brought a large quantity of nitrogen-rich Mississippi River water into the Atchafalaya River, causing widespread inundation in the river corridor wetlands and flood plains. A rapid sampling study was conducted from May 14 through July 20 at the Atchafalaya River’s inflow and outflow locations to determine nitrate transport and retention of the basin during a historic flood event. The goal was to test the hypothesis that riverine wetlands and floodplains in the Lower Mississippi River Basin (LMRB) function as a significant sink for nitrate during an extreme flood event. Based on intensive sampling data, a total nitrate mass of 97,100 Mg entering and 93,500 Mg leaving the Atchafalaya for the 10-week high flood period was estimated. This large quantity of nitrate export represents approximately 54% of the reported long-te...
A novel insulin from the bullfrog: its structure and function in protein secretion by hepatocytes

Insulin was extracted and purified from the pancreas of the adult bullfrog, Rana gatesbelana, using Sephadex gel filtration and reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography <HPLC). A porcine insulin radioimmunoassay <RIA) was used to detect insulin immunoreactivity during purification. Twenty-five grams of pancreas tissue yielded 674 ug of pure insulin. Analysis of acid hydrolysates of the pure peptide showed that bullfrog insulin contained 52 amino acids. A and B chains were separated and their amino acid sequences determined. The amino acid sequence of bullfrog insulin is unique when compared to other known insulins. The amino terminus of the A chain has a two amino acid extension, not found in any other known insulin sequence. In addition, a methionine is substituted at B17 for the leucine seen in most mammal insulins. Most of the structurally important amino acids have been conserved, thus preserving the integrity of the three-dimensional molecule. The most notable are the six cysteines, the zinc binding site (BIO, histidine), and nonpolar surface sequences involved in dimerization (B12-B16, B24-B25) and hexamerization CB14, B18, A13, A14).
The Active Site of O-Acetylserine Sulfhydrylase Is the Anchor Point for Bienzyme Complex Formation with Serine Acetyltransferase

The biosynthesis of cysteine in bacteria and plants is carried out by a two-step pathway, catalyzed by serine acetyltransferase (SAT) and O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase (OASS; O-acetylserine [thiol] lyase). The aerobic form of OASS forms a tight bienzyme complex with SAT in vivo, termed cysteine synthase. We have determined the crystal structure of OASS in complex with a C-terminal peptide of SAT required for bienzyme complex formation. The binding site of the peptide is at the active site of OASS, and its C-terminal carboxyl group occupies the same anion binding pocket as the alpha-carboxylate of the O-acetylserine substrate of OASS. These results explain the partial inhibition of OASS by SAT on complex formation as well as the competitive dissociation of the complex by O-acetylserine.
Effects of urbanization on butterfly species richness, guild structure, and rarity

We evaluated the effects of landscape characteristics associated with urbanization, as well as local features, on butterfly species richness at four spatial scales (50, 150, 500, and 1,000 m from survey plots). We also evaluated these effects separately by butterfly guilds based on their region-wide rarity and on degree of specialization. The distribution of abundances of the 44 species observed showed an excess of uncommon species compared to a log-normal distribution, and the two most abundant species were exotic (Thymelicus lineola and Pieris rapae). We used an information theoretic approach to model selection to determine the most important correlates of butterfly species richness. Models of mean butterfly richness per visit explained greater variance than did models of cumulative richness across the season. Cumulative butterfly species richness was affected more at larger spatial scales, while richness per visit was affected similarly at all spatial scales. The most consistent local factor affecting butterfly diversity was the number of nectar producing plants that were flowering. The most consistent landscape-level correlates of species richness were number of people (at small spatial scales) and green space. Measures of increased urbanization were associated with decreased butterfly species richness, and rare and specialized species were most affected. Species that were regionally rare, and those that specialized both in host plants and had few broods, disappeared with declining richness across sites 2.9–4.5 times faster than did generalists and less restricted specialists.
Long-term Cosmetic Outcomes and Toxicities of Proton Beam Therapy Compared With Photon-Based 3-Dimensional Conformal Accelerated Partial-Breast Irradiation: A Phase 1 Trial

Purpose To present long-term outcomes of a prospective feasibility trial using either protons or 3-dimensional conformal photon-based (accelerated partial-breast irradiation [APBI]) techniques. Methods and Materials From October 2003 to April 2006, 98 evaluable patients with stage I breast cancer were treated with APBI (32 Gy in 8 fractions given twice daily) on a prospective clinical trial: 19 with proton beam therapy (PBT) and 79 with photons or mixed photons/electrons. Median follow-up was 82.5 months (range, 2-104 months). Toxicity and patient satisfaction evaluations were performed at each visit. Results At 7 years, the physician rating of overall cosmesis was good or excellent for 62% of PBT patients, compared with 94% for photon patients ( P =.03). Skin toxicities were more common for the PBT group: telangiectasia, 69% and 16% ( P =.0013); pigmentation changes, 54% and 22% ( P =.02); and other late skin toxicities, 62% and 18% ( P =.029) for PBT and photons, respectively. There were no significant differences between the groups in the incidences of breast pain, edema, fibrosis, fat necrosis, skin desquamation, and rib pain or fracture. Patient-reported cosmetic outcomes at 7 years were good or excellent for 92% and 96% of PBT and photon patients, respectively ( P =.95). Overall patient satisfaction was 93% for the entire cohort. The 7-year local failure rate for all patients was 6%, with 3 local recurrences in the PBT group (7-year rate, 11%) and 2 in photon-treated patients (4%) ( P =.22). Conclusions Local failure rates of 3-dimensional APBI and PBT were similar in this study. However, PBT, as delivered in this study, led to higher rates of long-term telangiectasia, skin color changes, and skin toxicities. We recommend the use of multiple fields and treatment of all fields per treatment session or the use of scanning techniques to minimize skin toxicity.
Supramolecular photocatalysis by confinement—photodimerization of coumarins within cucurbit[8]urils

Cucurbit[8]uril (as low as 10 mol%) acts as a supramolecular catalytic nanoreaction vessel and facilitates the photodimerization of coumarins in water leading to syn dimers. Saturation kinetics shows a sigmoidal dependence with a turnover number of 3.4 min−1 and a Hill constant of 1.8 indicating a co-operative mechanism in the catalytic process.
Cch1 mediates calcium entry in Cryptococcus neoformans and is essential in low-calcium environments.

The ability of Cryptococcus neoformans to grow at the mammalian body temperature (37°C to 39°C) is a well-established virulence factor. Growth of C. neoformans at this physiological temperature requires calcineurin, a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase. When cytosolic calcium concentrations are low (∼50 to 100 nM), calcineurin is inactive and becomes active only when cytosolic calcium concentrations rise (∼1 to 10 μM) through the activation of calcium channels. In this study we analyzed the function of Cch1 in C. neoformans and found that Cch1 is a Ca2+-permeable channel that mediates calcium entry in C. neoformans. Analysis of the Cch1 protein sequence revealed differences in the voltage sensor (S4 regions), suggesting that Cch1 may have diminished voltage sensitivity or possibly an alternative gating mechanism. The inability of the cch1 mutant to grow under conditions of limited extracellular calcium concentrations ([Ca2+]extracellular, ∼100 nM) suggested that Cch1 was required for calcium uptake in low-calcium environments. These results are consistent with the role of ScCch1 in mediating high-affinity calcium uptake in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Although the growth defect of the cch1 mutant under conditions of limited [Ca2+]extracellular (∼100 nM) became more severe with increasing temperature (25°C to 38.5°), this temperature sensitivity was not observed when the cch1 mutant was grown on rich medium ([Ca2+]extracellular, ∼0.140 mM). Accordingly, the cch1 mutant strain displayed only attenuated virulence when tested in the mouse inhalation model of cryptococcosis, further suggesting that C. neoformans may have a limited requirement for Cch1 and that this requirement appears to include ion stress tolerance.
Are Members of Business for Social Responsibility More Socially Responsible

This study examines the association between corporate social performance (CSP) practices and membership in Business for Social Responsibility (BSR) between 1992 and 2006. BSR is a business association that seeks to help its members adopt enhanced CSP practices. While there is an emerging literature examining voluntary initiatives as alternative policy mechanisms to regulations, most research is focused on initiatives that emphasize environmental protection. Further, studies suggest that membership in strictly voluntary initiatives tends to be associated with lower environmental performance because of “free-riding” behavior by participants. BSR differs along two dimensions when compared with other voluntary initiatives examined in the literature. First, it is a comprehensive voluntary social initiative that helps firms from diverse industries address multiple CSP issues simultaneously. Second, it might limit opportunism by not offering blanket certification to its participants. Our results indicate that BSR members exhibit greater levels of positive social impacts without demonstrating significantly different levels of negative social impacts. This suggests that participation in voluntary initiatives that avoid granting blanket certifications may be associated with the adoption of new corporate social responsibility practices but not linked to the shedding of entrenched routines that produce negative externalities.
A step in the maturation of the field of lifestyle change interventions.

The report by Vallance et al in this issue represents another important step in the maturation of the field of lifestyle change interventions applied to cancer survivors. If oncologist attitudes are an indication, there is already a consensus that exercise is beneficial (62.0%), important (55.8%), and safe (63.1%) for patients with cancer during treatment. Despite these positive attitudes, only 28% of oncologists had recommended exercise to their patients in the last month. The field must continue to mature in terms of its scientific sophistication and credibility of its conclusions to justify to policy makers the expenditure of resources necessary to make exercise central to the rehabilitation of the cancer patient, as it is has been for two decades to the rehabilitation of the older coronary heart disease patient. The report by Vallance et al addresses some of the weaknesses noted in reviews of the literature evaluating the impact of physical activity interventions on breast cancer survivor outcomes. However, further maturation of the field will require more attention to causal mechanisms and mediational pathways, to issues involving adherence to the prescribed lifestyle changes, to identifying more cost-effective ways to expose patients to the physical activity prescription, and to tailoring type, frequency, duration, and intensity of physical activity prescription to the specific needs of patients.
Scattering from magnetic fluctuationst

Scattering of optical and radio frequency radiation from electron density fluctuations in a plasma has been extensively studied and bids fair to become a useful diagnostic tool (see, for example, Davies & Ramsden, 1964, 1966). The scattered spectrum, although difficult to observe, contains a great deal of information. The electron density, ion and electron temperatures, the shape of the tail of the electron distribution function, spectral fluctuations in unstable systems, the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field and the charge to mass ratio of the ions present all seem to be contained in it.
Healthful eating practices may lower caries prevalence in the primary dentition in children aged 2 to 5 years

Original Article Dye BA, Shenkin JD, Ogden CL, Marshall TA, Levy SM, Kanellis MJ. The relationship between healthful eating practices and dental caries in children aged 2-5 years in the United States, 1988-1994. J Am Dent Assoc 2004;135(1):55-66. Level of Evidence 2b Purpose To investigate the relationship between healthful eating practices (such as breast feeding, eating breakfast, and consuming 5 servings of fruits and vegetables a day) and dental caries in the primary dentition among children aged 2 to 5 years Source of Funding Information not available Type of Study/Design Cross-Sectional
The antivascular action of physiotherapy ultrasound on a murine tumor: role of a microbubble contrast agent.

This study investigated whether a microbubble-containing ultrasound contrast agent had a role in the antivascular action of physiotherapy ultrasound on tumor neovasculature. Ultrasound images (B-mode and contrast-enhanced power Doppler (0.02 mL Definity)) were made of 22 murine melanomas (K1735 22 ). The tumor was insonated (ISATA 1.7 Wc m -2 , 1 MHz, continuous output) for 3 min and the power Doppler observations of the pre- and postinsonation tumor vascularities were analyzed. Significant reductions (p 0.005 for analyses of color-weighted fractional area) in vascularity occurred when a contrast-enhanced power Doppler study occurred before insonation. Vascularity was unchanged in tumors without a pretherapy Doppler study. Histo- logic studies revealed tissue structural changes that correlated with the ultrasound findings. The underlying etiology of the interaction between the physiotherapy ultrasound beam, the microbubble-containing contrast agent and the tumor neovasculature is unknown. It was concluded that contrast agents play an important role in the antivascular effects induced by physiotherapy ultrasound. (E-mail: sehgalc@uphs.upenn.edu) © 2007 World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology.
Who Deserves Citizenship? An Experimental Study of Japanese Attitudes Toward Immigrant Workers

Citizenship eligibility has emerged as a salient issue in Japan as population diversity has increased and the political system has aligned around debates over regional security and tabunka kyōsei (‘multicultural co-existence’). A predominantly Western literature suggests that sentiments toward immigrants are driven by economic self-interest and/or cultural identity. Such approaches, we argue, privilege groups as units of analysis when it is the personal attributes of immigrants that have a bearing on critical outcomes, like naturalization. This is particularly the case in Japan, where officials maintain considerable discretionary powers in assessing the worthiness of candidates for naturalization. Drawing upon a nationally representative sample of Japanese adults, we use an experimental design to assess the average citizen’s willingness to grant citizenship to hypothetical applicants. The results indicate that individual applicants are viewed more favorably than their groups or nations of origin, indicating a person-positivity bias. Korean workers are, ceteris paribus, viewed more favorably than workers from China. We also find that socioeconomic status and willingness to assimilate contribute equally to the decision to award citizenship. Yet as there is general support for high-status applicants, affluent Japanese evaluate lower status applicants more negatively, undermining the expectation of labor market competition.
Apache Airavata: design and directions of a science gateway framework

Summary This paper provides an overview and roadmap of the Apache Airavata software system for science gateways. Gateways use Airavata to manage application and workflow executions on a range of backend resources (grids, computing clouds, and local clusters). Airavata's design goal is to provide component abstractions for major tasks required to provide gateway application management. Components are not directly accessed but are instead exposed through component programming interfaces. This design allows gateway developers to take full advantage of Airavata's capabilities and Airavata developers (including those interested in middleware research) to modify Airavata's implementations and behavior. This is particularly important as Airavata evolves to become a scalable, elastic ‘platform as a service’ for science gateways. We illustrate the capabilities of Airavata through the discussion of usage vignettes. As an Apache Software Foundation project, Airavata's open community governance model is as important as its software base. We discuss how this works within Airavata and how it may be applicable to other distributed computing infrastructure and cyberinfrastructure efforts. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.