cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of carrier heating on laser dynamics-a Monte Carlo study

The static and dynamic properties of semiconductor quantum-well (QW) lasers have traditionally been analyzed by using rate equations that couple cold carriers to photons in the lasing cavity. This assumption of cold carriers, however, has often been disputed because it does not account for heating due to carrier relaxation, hot phonon effects, and spectral hole burning. All these processes affect laser performance significantly by modifying the gain because gain depends on carrier temperature as well as spectral broadening. In this paper, we study the carrier dynamics of QW lasers using a Monte Carlo method and conclude that hot carrier effects in semiconductor lasers are important and need to be considered for the analysis and design of semiconductor lasers.
Economic Consequences of the Obese

The private and social costs of obesity have many causes, and their consequences can be grimly predicted with only rough accuracy. Among the most devastating is the increased incidence of diabetes, of which 60% can be directly attributed to weight gain. There are now about one billion people worldwide who are overweight or obese, compared with 850 million who are chronically underweight. It is estimated that the number of people worldwide with diabetes will increase from 175 million in 2000 to 353 million in 2030, with India and China together accounting for 24% of the total in 2050. Obesity and its economic costs are borne on three levels. At an individual level, obesity imposes costs by limiting personal opportunity in many ways, only some of which can be quantified. In the workplace (assuming the obese are employed, which they may not be, due in part to their condition), costs are borne by employers due to lost productivity, absences, underperformance, and higher insurance premia, which in the aggregate are quite large. Finally, obesity affects expenditures by local, state, and national governments, where programs compensate for or cover some of the private and workforce costs of illness and unemployment.
Nativity/Immigrant Status, Race/Ethnicity, and Socioeconomic Determinants of Breastfeeding Initiation and Duration in the United States, 2003

OBJECTIVES. Previous research has shown substantial racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in US breastfeeding initiation and duration rates. However, the role of immigrant status in understanding such disparities has not been well studied. In this study we examined the extent to which breastfeeding initiation and duration varied by immigrant status overall and in conjunction with race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status after controlling for other relevant social and behavioral covariates. METHODS. The cross-sectional data for 33121 children aged 0 to 5 years from the 2003 National Survey of Children9s Health were used to calculate ever-breastfeeding rates and duration rates at 3, 6, and 12 months by social factors. Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate relative odds of never breastfeeding and not breastfeeding at 6 and 12 months. RESULTS. More than 72% of mothers reported ever breastfeeding their infants, with the duration rate declining to 52%, 38%, and 16% at 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively. Ever-breastfeeding rates varied greatly among the 12 ethnic-immigrant groups included in this analysis, from a low of 48% for native black children with native parents to a high of 88% among immigrant black and white children. Compared with immigrant Hispanic children with foreign-born parents (the least acculturated group), the odds of never breastfeeding were respectively 2.4, 2.9, 6.5, and 2.4 times higher for native children with native parents (the most acculturated group) of Hispanic, white, black, and other ethnicities. Socioeconomic patterns also varied by immigrant status, and differentials were greater in breastfeeding at 6 months. CONCLUSIONS. Immigrant women in each racial/ethnic group had higher breastfeeding initiation and longer duration rates than native women. Acculturation was associated with lower breastfeeding rates among both Hispanic and non-Hispanic women. Ethnic-immigrant and social groups with lower breastfeeding rates identified herein could be targeted for breastfeeding promotion programs.
Black and White Homicide Differentials: Alternatives to an Inadequate Theory

Rates of homicide among blacks in the United States have been consistently higher than those of white Americans and of other American nonwhites. Subculture of violence theory has been the most wide...
Unveiling Neutrophil—T Cell Interactions in HIV Infection

HIV-infected patients with high viral titers tend to get opportunistic infections—a result of progressive loss of immune T cell function. Exactly how HIV infection disables T cell responses and innate immune cells is poorly understood. A key event associated with decrease of T cell effector function is the contact between the cell surface protein program death 1 (PD-1) on T cells and its ligand PD-L1 on phagocytes. PD-1 and its ligands have been shown to negatively regulate immune responses during viral and bacterial infection and in mouse models of lupus and arthritis. Their contributions to HIV infection are not clear, however. Bowers et al . sought to elucidate the role of neutrophils in immune suppression to help explain HIV-1 pathogenesis. By using a variety of approaches, the authors zeroed in on molecular interactions responsible for the patients’ decreasing immune competence. They found that PD-L1 was more abundant on neutrophils from viremic patients, but that it decreased after the initiation of antiretroviral therapy. Also, neutrophil PD-L1 levels correlated with those of PD-1 on CD8+ and CD4+ T cells and of CD57 on CD4+ T cells, all of which also decrease with therapy. One cause of the high levels of PD-L1 seemed to be that inactivated HIV-1 virions and a TLR-7/8 ligand directly up-regulated neutrophil PD-L1. A particular population of CD15+ neutrophils was found to be instrumental in the immune suppression and a cause of decreased cytokine production by T cells; their removal reversed the suppression and increased cytokines. The mechanism of immune suppression mediated by neutrophils and the PD-L1/PD-1 pathway presented in this study greatly enhances our understanding of T cell exhaustion in HIV-1 infection. These results highlight the possibility of targeting immunosuppressive pathways such as PD-L1/PD-1 in future therapeutic approaches to HIV-1–infected patients to improve immune competence. N. L. Bowers et al ., Immune suppression by neutrophils in HIV-1 infection: Role of PD-L1/PD-1 pathway. PLOS Pathog. 10 , e1003993 (2014). [[Full Text]][1] [1]: http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1003993
Lattice degeneration of the retina

An interesting and important disorder, lattice degeneration of the retina in its typical form is a sharply demarcated, circumferentially oriented disease process located at or anterior to the equator and characterized by retinal thinning and abnormalities of the adjacent vitreous. This condition was recognized initially by Gonin in the early years of this century [1], clearly illustrated in the subsequent publications of Vogt [2] and Arruga [3], and further described in more recent reports by Schepens [4], Michaelson [5], Meyer-Schwickerath [6], Heinzen [7], Okun [8], Straatsma [9, 10], Byer [11], and others.
Situational and Dispositional Predictors of Performance: A Test of the Hypothesized Machiavellianism Structure Interaction Among Sales Persons1

The hypothesized interaction found in laboratory studies between situational structure and Machiavellianism was tested on working samples of sales representatives. The results suggested that success or failure of Machiavellian tactics used in sales organizations appears to depend on the organization's structure: In loosely structured sales organizations high Machiavellians significantly outperformed low Machiavellians, but in tightly structured sales organizations, high Machiavellians failed to outperform low Machiavellians. These results and implications for future research are discussed.
Association of chronic kidney disease with abnormal cardiac mechanics and adverse outcomes in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction

Aims Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with worse outcomes in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Whether this association is due the effect of CKD on intrinsic abnormalities in cardiac function is unknown. We hypothesized that CKD is independently associated with worse cardiac mechanics in HFpEF. Methods and Results We prospectively studied 299 patients enrolled in the Northwestern University HFpEF Program. Using the creatinine-based CKD-Epi equation to calculate estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), study participants were analysed by CKD status (using eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 to denote CKD). Indices of cardiac mechanics (longitudinal strain parameters) were measured using speckle-tracking echocardiography. Using multivariable-adjusted linear and Cox regression analyses, we determined the association between CKD and echocardiographic parameters and clinical outcomes (cardiovascular hospitalization or death). Of 299 study participants, 48% had CKD. CKD (dichotomous variable) and reduced eGFR (continuous variable) were both associated with worse cardiac mechanics indices including left atrial (LA) reservoir strain, LV longitudinal strain, and right ventricular free wall strain even after adjusting for potential confounders, including co-morbidities, EF, and volume status. For example, for each 1–SD decrease in eGFR, LA reservoir strain was 3.52% units lower (P < 0.0001) after multivariable adjustment. Reduced eGFR was also associated with worse outcomes [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 1.28, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01–1.61 per 1–SD decrease in eGFR; P = 0.039]. The association was attenuated after adjustment for indices of cardiac mechanics (P = 0.064). Conclusion In HFpEF, CKD is independently associated with worse cardiac mechanics, which may explain why HFpEF patients with CKD have worse outcomes. Trial registration: NCT01030991
Weinstein's Vital Agony: A Socio-political Theory of Multiple Realities

Michael Weinstein's oeuvre illuminates a complicated system of realities that reflects the lived experience of his vitalist ontology. By connecting the sketches of our being to referential virtue and agonic contradiction he shows that man lives in an ever-changing unique presentation of reality narratives in perpetual tension. Weinstein's reality reflects the infinite nature of the many worlds interpretation, but in the vein of Pratchett's L-space. For Weinstein, being is not merely a division between three planes of existence (material, social, and ontological), but also between past, present, future and their myriad interpretations and revisions. Complex reality is compelling and can not only be traced back to Stirner, Simmel, and Sartre but also can be shown to influence current thinkers such as Zizek and Prozorov.
A complexity framework for combination of classifiers in verification and identification systems

In this thesis we have developed a classifier combination framework based on the Bayesian decision theory. We study the factors that lead to successful classifier combination and identify the scenarios that can benefit from specific combination strategies. The classifier combination problem is viewed as a second-level classification task where the scores produced by classifiers can be taken as features. Thus any generic pattern classification algorithm (neural networks, decision trees and support vector machines) can be used for combination. However, for certain classifier combination problems such algorithms are not applicable, or lead to performance which is worse than specialized combination algorithms. By identifying such problems we provide an insight into the general theory of classifier combination. We introduce a complexity categorization of classifier combinations, which is used to characterize existing combination approaches, as well as to propose new combination algorithms. We have applied our proposed theory to identification systems with large number of classes as is often the case in biometric applications. Existing approaches to combination for such systems use only the matching scores of one class to derive a combined score for that class. We show both theoretically and experimentally that these approaches are inferior to methods which consider the output scores corresponding to all the classes. We introduce the identification model which accounts for the relationships between scores output by one classifier during a single identification trial. This allows the construction of combination methods which consider a whole set of scores output by classifiers in order to derive a combined score for any one class. We also explore the benefits of utilizing the knowledge of classifier independence in combination methods.
Characterization of Ka-band mesh surfaces for CubeSat reflector antennas: From simple wire grid model to complex knits

This work analyzes mesh surfaces at Ka-band for its potential use in CubeSat reflector antennas. The simple wire grid model is used as the starting point, since it has already been analyzed in closed form by Astrakhan. However, this analytical solution, by itself, cannot accurately characterize complex mesh surfaces or the nature of joint between the wires. Thus, full wave simulations must be used to study mesh surfaces in depth. A full wave simulation of the wire grid model is first carried out and the results are validated with the Astrakhan formulation. The excellent agreement between the two encouraged us to characterize and parametrically evaluate realistic mesh structures with complex knit patterns.
Clarifying the Roles of Homeostasis and Allostasis in Physiological Regulation

Homeostasis, the dominant explanatory framework for physiological regulation, has undergone significant revision in recent years, with contemporary models differing significantly from the original formulation. Allostasis, an alternative view of physiological regulation, goes beyond its homeostatic roots, offering novel insights relevant to our understanding and treatment of several chronic health conditions. Despite growing enthusiasm for allostasis, the concept remains diffuse, due in part to ambiguity as to how the term is understood and used, impeding meaningful translational and clinical research on allostasis. Here we provide a more focused understanding of homeostasis and allostasis by explaining how both play a role in physiological regulation, and a critical analysis of regulation suggests how homeostasis and allostasis can be distinguished. Rather than focusing on changes in the value of a regulated variable (e.g., body temperature, body adiposity, or reward), research investigating the activity and relationship among the multiple regulatory loops that influence the value of these regulated variables may be the key to distinguishing homeostasis and allostasis. The mechanisms underlying physiological regulation and dysregulation are likely to have important implications for health and disease.
Effect of 11-desoxycorticosterone acetate upon carbohydrate utilization by the depancreatized rat.

SummarySeverely diabetic depancreatized male rats reacted as usual to protamine zinc insulin administration by reducing their food intake but gaining weight through a reduction in the glycosuria. Desoxycorticosterone acetate in large doses was without measurable influence on the body weight gain or glycosuria. The glycosuria of the severely diabetic rat without insulin therapy and receiving food ad libitum was unaffected by similar doses of desoxycorticosterone acetate.
Molecular Characterization of Bone Tumors and Implications for Treatment and Prognosis

Neoplastic transformation is a consequence of maladaptive alterations in the cellular processes normally involved in cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Despite the relative infrequent nature of skeletal neoplasms, current understanding of the pathobiology underlying these conditions is becoming increasingly characterized. This article highlights some of the established molecular abnormalities identified in various benign and malignant skeletal neoplasms and how they pertain to tumor biology, diagnosis, and prognosis. Most of the commonly accepted cellular aberrancies in skeletal neoplasms pertain to mutations, copy number changes, and/or chromosomal rearrangements. However, it is becoming increasingly understood that the complexity of tumorigenic pathways necessary for neoplastic growth are manipulated by numerous overlapping alterations in the genetic code and are further influenced by higher-order molecular programs, such as pretranscriptional and posttranscriptional regulation and chromatin reorganization. Over time, identification and quantification of these increasingly recognized neoplastic processes will gradually translate into valuable clinical applications, enhancing the current diagnostic and prognostic capabilities.
Correlation between local structure and ionic conductivity in GeS2-based oxy-sulfide glasses

Homogeneous germanium oxy-sulfide (l-x)GeS2 xGeO? glasses were prepared from 0 0.8). The change of the Tg with the germanium oxide concentration indicates a structural evolution of the glass matrix. Vibrational stretching modes of bridging Ge-S-Ge and Ge-O-Ge were observed in both the Raman and Infrared spectra. The bending modes of the S-Ge-0 linkage were also observed in the Raman spectra. From these measurements, it is suggested that the addition of GeO? to GeS? glass causes the transformation of GeS^ units to the mixed oxy-sulfide GeS3/20i/2, GeS^Oz#, and GeSi/203/2 structural units at progressively higher Ge02 contents. No evidence of phase separation was observed in these glasses all across the compositional range. Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 * Author to whom correspondence should be directed
Optimizing Perioperative Management: Perioperative Care and Protocols to Prevent and Detect Early Complications

Bariatric surgery is the most effective weight loss strategy available to treat the emerging pandemic of morbid obesity. Though considered safe in the hands of an experienced surgeon, these procedures are not without potential complications. It is imperative that surgeons are aware of common complications that might present in the early postoperative period and treat those adequately to prevent adverse outcomes. Preventive strategies, initiated in the preoperative and intraoperative periods, along with prompt diagnosis and treatment of postoperative complications are instrumental in reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with these procedures.
PR-Interval Components and Atrial Fibrillation Risk (from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study)

Reports on the association between the PR-interval and atrial fibrillation (AF) are conflicting. We hypothesized that inconsistencies stem from that fact that the PR-interval represents a composite of several distinct components. We examined the associations of the PR-interval and its components (P-wave onset to P-wave peak duration, P-wave peak to P-wave end duration, and PR-segment) with incident AF in 14,924 participants (mean age 54 ± 5.8 years; 26% black; 55% women) from the Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities study. The PR-interval and its components were automatically measured at baseline (1987 to 1989) from standard 12-lead electrocardiograms. PR-interval >200 ms was considered prolonged and values above the ninety-fifth percentile defined abnormal PR-interval components. AF was ascertained during follow-up through December 31, 2010. Over a median follow-up of 21.2 years, 1,985 participants (13%) developed AF. Prolonged PR-interval was associated with an increased risk of AF (hazard ratio [HR] 1.19, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02 to 1.40). However, PR-interval components showed varying levels of association with AF (P-wave onset to P-wave peak duration: HR 1.57, 95% CI 1.31 to 1.88; P-wave peak to P-wave end duration: HR 1.20, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.46; and PR-segment: HR 1.05, 95% CI 0.85 to 1.29). In addition, the components of the PR-interval had weak-to-moderate correlation with each other (correlation r ranged from −0.44 to 0.06). In conclusion, our findings suggest the PR-interval represents a composite of distinct components that are not uniformly associated with AF. Without considering the contribution of each component, inconsistent associations between the PR-interval and AF are inevitable.
Determinants of PF4/Heparin Immunogenicity in a Murine Model of HIT.

Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a life-threatening immune-mediated reaction caused by platelet factor 4 (PF4)/heparin complexes. In recent in vitro studies, we have shown that human and monoclonal HIT antibodies recognize and optimally bind to ultra-large complexes (ULC; MW>670kDa) formed at equimolar ratios of PF4 and heparin. We undertook the following studies to determine if the in vivo immunogenicity of PF4/heparin complexes showed similar requirements for stoichiometric molar ratios of PF4:heparin (PHR). Using a previously described murine immunization model, mice were immunized with antigen by retro-orbital injection daily for 5 days without adjuvant. Blood was collected at baseline and at weekly intervals for 4–6 weeks. Plasma was tested for antibody development by a murine PF4/heparin (mP+H) ELISA. To determine the effects of PHR on mP+H antibody production in vivo , PF4 was mixed with unfractionated heparin (UFH) at molar ratios of 2:1, 1:1 or 1:2 and injected into mice (n=5/cohort). Antibody levels (mean A 450nm ± SD) of mice injected with PHR 2:1 (0.79 ± 0.77) were higher than mice injected with PHR 1:1 (0.23± 0. 2), or PHR 1:2 (0.09 ± 0.02, p in vitro studies showed that UFH was far more capable of generating ULCs when mixed with PF4 than low-molecular weight heparin (LMWH) or fondaparinux, mice (n=5/cohort) were injected with buffer, or mPF4 mixed with UFH, or enoxaparin (a LMWH) or the pentasaccharide, fondaparinux at doses that are therapeutically equivalent to doses given to humans. Antibody levels (mean A 450nm ± SD) were significantly higher in mice injected with UFH (3.340 + 0.15) than in mice injected with buffer (0.0451 ± 0.013, p v UFH), LMWH (0.8526 ± 0.44, p v UFH) or the pentasaccharide (0.80 ± 0.0.7, p v UFH). Because PF4/heparin ULCs are composed of repeating structural antigenic units, we next investigated the role of toll-like receptors (TLRs), a family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize repeating structural determinants on microbes and foreign antigens. To determine if mP+H complexes engage TLRs, we injected mP+H into wild-type (WT, n=5) or mice deficient in MyD88 (n=7), an adaptor molecule critical for intracellular signaling by most TLRs. Antibody levels (mean A 450nm ± SD) did not significantly differ between WT (1.5 ± 0.6) and MyD88 null mice (0.9 ± 0.5). In summary, these studies indicate that in vivo antibody responses to mP+H complexes are critically dependent on stoichiometric ratios favoring ULC formation and that immune activation by PF4/heparin is independent of MyD88 signaling pathways.
Breast MR for Treatment Planning

Despite the success in screening applications, the use of breast MR for local staging has been increasingly criticized. This chapter reviews the current data and the controversies concerning the use of breast MR in patients with recently diagnosed breast cancer for pretreatment staging.
Achilles tendon injuries

Purpose of review The purpose of this study is to review the current literature of Achilles tendon injuries, specifically chronic tendinopathy and acute ruptures in regard to etiology, diagnosis, treatment options, and outcomes.
Comparative secretome of ovarian serous carcinoma: Gelsolin in the spotlight

Ovarian cancer is one of the most common types of reproductive cancer, and has the highest mortality rate amongst gynecological cancer subtypes. The majority of ovarian cancers are diagnosed at an advanced stage, resulting in a five-year survival rate of ~30%. Early diagnosis of ovarian cancer has improved the five-year survival rate to ≥90%, thus the current imperative requirement is to identify biomarkers that would allow the early detection, diagnosis and monitoring of the progression of the disease, or of novel targets for therapy. In the present study, secreted proteins from purified ovarian control, benign and cancer cells were investigated by mass spectrometry, in order to identify novel specific markers that are easy to quantify in patients sera. A total of nine proteins revealed significant differential secretion from control and benign cells, in comparison with ovarian cancer cells. The mRNA expression levels of three of these proteins (Dickkopf protein 3, heat shock protein 10 kDa and gelsolin) were subsequently evaluated by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Combined with the protein level in serum, the present study identified that gelsolin may be a useful marker of ovarian cancer.
Abstract 254: Defects in c-kit Receptor Function Affect Myocyte Turnover Resulting in Premature Myocardial Aging in the W/WV Mouse

The objective of this study was to determine whether attenuation of cardiac stem cell (CSC) growth in the adult heart interferes with physiologic cell turnover leading to premature accumulation of senescent myocytes and myocardial aging. For this purpose, W/W V mice, which carry a mutated non-functional c-kit receptor, were studied. The W/W V mouse is a compound heterozygous mutant mouse. The W mutation corresponds to a large amino acid deletion that includes the transmembrane domain of the c-kit receptor while the W V mutation is a point mutation in the kinase domain of this receptor. These genetic modifications reduce c-kit kinase activity by approximately 80-90% affecting hematopoiesis, gametogenesis and melanogenesis. Echocardiographically, at 2-3 months of age, LV diameters and ejection fraction were similar in controls and W/W V mice. However, at 5-6 months and 8-9 months, diastolic and systolic LVDs were larger in W/W V mice than in WT. Ejection fraction decreased with age in W/W V mice. These various aspects of negative ventricular remodeling typically occur with the development of the aging myopathy in mice 24 month-old and older. Moreover, ventricular dilation is commonly associated with wall thinning, both critical parameters of diastolic and systolic wall stress. Importantly, these anatomical and functional changes in W/W V mice were associated with a marked increase in the percentage of CSCs and myocytes expressing the senescence-associated marker p16 INK4a . At two months of age, wild-type mice and W/W V mice had the same number of LV myocytes which were essentially identical in volume. However, in comparison with wild-type mice, W/W V mice at 4 months of age had a decreased number of LV myocytes which were larger in volume. The magnitude of myocyte proliferation at the time of sacrifice was assessed by two markers of the cell cycle, Ki67 and MCM5. On average, cycling myocytes were 3-4-fold higher in wild type mice than in W/W V mice. In contrast, apoptotic myocytes, evaluated by the TdT assay and hairpin 1 in situ ligation, were significantly more frequent in W/W V mice than in WT mice. In conclusion, mutation of the c-kit receptor in CSCs impairs new myocyte formation and promotes accumulation of senescent myocytes.
Abstract 148: A dual and selective small molecule inhibitor of EGFR and PI3 kinase shows promising preclinical activity against KRAS and BRAF mutant colorectal tumors

Agents targeting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) have met with limited success in the clinical management of colorectal cancer (CRC). Mutations in KRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA are important drivers of resistance to EGFR-targeted therapy. Conversely, EGFR-mediated feedback mechanisms serve to mediate resistance to MEK inhibitor-based treatment of CRC by reactivating MAP kinase signaling. Our central hypothesis is that a dual small molecule inhibitor that potently and selectively targets only EGFR and PI3KA, when combined with a MEK inhibitor, will be highly efficacious against subpopulations of BRAF mutant or KRAS mutant colorectal cancers that are dependent upon these kinase molecules to drive tumor progression. Employing a computational modeling approach, we exploited the known binding modes of structurally related ATP binding site inhibitors of EGFR and PI3K to design small molecules that simultaneously inhibit both kinases in a selective manner. To the best of our knowledge, the lead compound MTX-211, whose binding mode is flipped in PI3K compared to EGFR, represents a first in class selective inhibitor of these two critical oncogenic kinases. MTX-211 exhibits a favorable pharmaceutical and selectivity profile, possessing sub- to low nanomolar potency against both targets, >70% oral bioavailability, strong pharmacodynamic modulation of both EGFR and PI3K signaling, and strong in vivo single agent efficacy against multiple BRAFmt and KRASmt colorectal cancer models, as evidenced by T/C values of 29 to 36% after 10-14 days of oral dosing of 50 mg/kg. A significantly higher degree of in vivo activity is seen when MTX-211 is co-administered with the MEK inhibitor trametinib (>400% increase in survival compared to single agent arms), lending support for this polypharmacology approach over triple drug combination strategies. Based on its promising therapeutic profile, MTX-211 is the focus of an ongoing mouse trial of a large panel of patient-derived xenograft BRAFmt and KRASmt CRC models to inform the design of future human clinical trials. Citation Format: Joel D. Maust, Elizabeth K. Ziemke, Christy L. Frankowski-McGregor, Jun Beom Ku, Rachel Mumby, Karin M. Hardiman, Christopher E. Whitehead, Judith S. Sebolt-Leopold. A dual and selective small molecule inhibitor of EGFR and PI3 kinase shows promising preclinical activity against KRAS and BRAF mutant colorectal tumors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 148. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-148
A Hybrid Building-Block and Gridless Method for Computing Shock Waves

The numerical methods for the solution of the compressible Euler and Navier-Stokes equations can be classified by the mesh they use as structured grid methods, unstructured grid methods, Cartesian grid methods, and gridless methods. Each of these methods, advocated, promoted, developed, and used by their respective supporters, has its own advantages and disadvantages. The structured grid methods have a disadvantage in mesh generation for complex geometries. The main advantage of the unstructured grid methods is the ease of grid generation for complex configurations. However, the computational costs and memory requirements are generally higher than their structured grid counterparts. The advantages of the Cartesian grid methods include ease of grid generation, lower computational storage requirements, and significantly less operational count per cell.
Coordination of Larger Phrases

In the preceding chapters I have argued that conjunction joins predicational functional projections. In this chapter, I will return to the analysis of asymmetric coordination. Since I will argue that some of the asymmetric constructions involve gapping, I will also sketch an analysis of gapping. However, I will not propose a detailed analysis of gapping.
Telling the children: Disclosure of maternal HIV infection and its effects on child psychosocial adjustment

We present descriptive information pertaining to mothers' decision to disclose their HIV infection status to their children, examine correlates of disclosure, and compare mother and child reports of psychosocial adjustment difficulties as a function of disclosure. In contrast to prior studies, a longitudinal (pre-disclosure to post-disclosure) design was used. Participants were 99 inner-city African American mothers and one of their non-infected children. At the last assessment, a majority (68%) of children were not aware of their mother's HIV status; however, most mothers planned to disclose eventually. Of the children who knew their mother's HIV status, almost all had been told by their mothers. Mothers reported a significant increase in child behavior problems and a decrease in mother-child relationship quality from pre- to post-disclosure. Children reported a significant increase in their understanding of HIV/AIDS, but no significant behavioral changes. Clinical implications of the findings and directions for future research are discussed.
A Systematic Review of Obesity Interventions Targeting Anthropometric Changes in Youth With Intellectual Disabilities

Due to the increased prevalence of obesity and disparity experienced by youth with intellectual disabilities, efforts to synthesize existing knowledge of interventions to attenuate obesity within this marginalized population is imperative. The purpose of this investigation is to systematically analyze interventions targeting anthropometric changes in youth with intellectual disabilities. A search of Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Educational Resources Information Center, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, and Psychological Information Database was conducted for the time frame of January 2006 to October 2016. Data extraction resulted in a total of 10 interventions that met inclusion criteria. Included studies mainly comprised participants having mild-to-moderate intellectual disability with diverse comorbidities. Five studies indicated significant positive outcomes in at least one anthropometric measure. The majority of programs utilized physical activity targeting individual-level change as the primary intervention modality. Weaknesses of the reviewed studies and inconclusive evidence indicate the need for additional research to gauge the effectiveness of interventions to treat obesity among youth with intellectual disabilities.
A PC-SAFT model for hydrocarbons III: Phantom dipole representation of dipole induced dipole interactions in unsaturated hydrocarbons

Abstract Inclusion of polar contributions into the statistical associating fluid theory class of equations of state has been demonstrated to allow for the accurate prediction of solution non-idealities of mixtures composed of paraffins and polar molecules. However, as we demonstrate in this paper, these theories necessarily overpredict the non-idealities in mixtures composed of polar molecules with unsaturated hydrocarbons. The reason for this is that the dipole moment of the polar molecule polarizes the unsaturated bond resulting in a significant dipole-induced dipole attraction. We develop a simple, general and predictive methodology to incorporate this missing physics into the dipolar contribution to the theory. The new approach is shown to accurately predict the phase behavior of unsaturated hydrocarbons with polar molecules.
Virtual Job Interviewing Practice for High-Anxiety Populations

We present a versatile system for training job interviewing skills that focuses specifically on segments of the population facing increased challenges during the job application process. In particular, we target those with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ADS), veterans transitioning to civilian life, and former convicts integrating back into society. The system itself follows the SAIBA framework and contains several interviewer characters, who each represent a different type of vocational field, (e.g. service industry, retail, office, etc.) Each interviewer can be set to one of three conversational modes, which not only affects what they say and how they say it, but also their supporting body language. This approach offers varying difficulties, allowing users to start practicing with interviewers who are more encouraging and accommodating before moving on to personalities that are more direct and indifferent. Finally, the user can place the interviewers in different environmental settings (e.g. conference room, restaurant, executive office, etc.), allowing for many different combinations in which to practice.
Biochemical heterogeneity of ovarian cancer cells affects their sensitivity to docetaxel

5610 Tumor cell heterogeneity among ovarian cancers may be a significant factor in their response to chemotherapy. Many ovarian cancers lack functional PTEN, a tumor suppressor that antagonizes signaling through the PI3 kinase and Akt pathway. We have compared ovarian cancer cell lines and find that SKOV3 has abundant phosphorylated Akt while CaOV3 has very low levels of phosphorylated Akt. Both cell lines have comparable levels of total Akt. Conversely, CaOV3 cells have high levels of PTEN and phosphorylated PTEN compared to SKOV3 cells. For comparison we evaluated a cervical cancer cell line and found that CaSki cells, like SKOV3, had high levels of phosphorylated Akt but low levels of PTEN. Therefore, these cells represent the marked biochemical heterogeneity possible among gynecological tumors. The CaOV3 cells which have active PTEN were more sensitive to docetaxel (IC50 = 3.7 nM) than were SKOV3 (IC50 = 12.2 nM) or CaSki (IC50 = 9.2 nM). To determine if inhibiting the Akt pathway would increase the sensitivity of the cells to docetaxel we used the PI3-kinase inhibitor LY294002 in combination. LY294002 inhibited the growth of all three cell lines (IC50 = 10 μM). In combination, LY294002 increased the effectiveness of docetaxel in the cell lines which had an intact Akt signaling pathway (SKOV3 and CaSki). However, in CaOV3 the combination of docetaxel with LY294002 was significantly less effective than LY294002 alone. These data indicate the potential effects of the heterogeneity of cancer cells on their response to docetaxel and indicate the need for individualized selection of combination chemotherapy based upon the phenotype of the tumor.
De-Novo Human Leukocyte Antigen Allosensitization on HeartMate 3 versus HeartMate II Left Ventricular Assist Device Recipients

Purpose MOMENTUM 3 trial demonstrated superiority of Heartmate 3 (HM 3) compared to Heartmate II (HM 2) with regards to hemocompatibility, however, their differential effects on de-novo HLA allosensitization, which may create a challenge for future transplantation, remains unknown. Methods Patients who underwent HM2 or HM3 implantation and had no prior HLA antibodies by solid-phase assay (Luminex) testing at a major academic center were included for the study. Complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) panel reactive antibody (PRA) levels as well as Luminex antibody profiles were followed until cardiac transplantation, device explantation, or death. Results 34 HM3 and 34 HM2 patients with no HLA antibodies by Luminex testing prior to LVAD implant were identified with a mean follow-up duration of 1.71 ± 1.1 years on device support. HM3 and HM2 groups had similar age at implant (56.1±8.6 vs 54.7±12.0, p=0.575), female gender (11.8% vs. 14.7%, p=0.720), ischemic HF etiology (38.2% vs 35.3%, p=0.801), and bridge strategy at implant (44.1% vs 58.8%, p=0.225). Over the follow-up period, 41.2% of HM3 and 47.1% of HM2 patients had detectable HLA antibodies by Luminex testing (p=0.625). Development of high level (MFI>10, 000) Class I HLA antibodies were significantly lower in HM3 patients (2.9% vs 17.9%, p=0.046) compared to high-level Class II HLA antibodies which were similar in two device groups (2.9% vs 5.9%, p=0.555). CDC PRA testing showed lower proportion of HM3 patients with a positive result (PRA >0%) for T cell (32.4% vs. 55.9%, p=0.050) compared to positive B cell panel which was comparable in two groups (32.4% vs 47.1%, p=0.215). Peak PRA levels in patients who turned positive was comparable for T cell (5.8% vs 6.5%, p=0.775) and B cell (10.2% vs. 12.4%, p=0.568) in HM3 vs. HM2 patients. Conclusion Our findings suggest that HM3 is associated with a lower likelihood of de-novo HLA sensitization than HM2 specifically against Class I antigens.
Quantifying Growth Kinetics of Single Nanoparticles in Sub-Femtoliter Reactors

The progression of nanoscience necessitates quantitative tools to understand reactivity at the nanoscale. Here, we report a quantitative model that describes both the electrokinetic and diffusion-l...
Adults Show Initial Advantages Over Children in Learning Difficult Nonnative Speech Sounds

Purpose Children and early adolescents seem to have an advantage over adults in acquiring nonnative speech sounds, supported by evidence showing that earlier age of acquisition strongly predicts se...
Laying the Foundations of Deep Long-Term Crowd Flow Prediction

Predicting the crowd behavior in complex environments is a key requirement for crowd and disaster management, architectural design, and urban planning. Given a crowd’s immediate state, current approaches must be successively repeated over multiple time-steps for long-term predictions, leading to compute expensive and error-prone results. However, most applications require the ability to accurately predict hundreds of possible simulation outcomes (e.g., under different environment and crowd situations) at real-time rates, for which these approaches are prohibitively expensive. We propose the first deep framework to instantly predict the long-term flow of crowds in arbitrarily large, realistic environments. Central to our approach are a novel representation CAGE, which efficiently encodes crowd scenarios into compact, fixed-size representations that losslessly represent the environment, and a modified SegNet architecture for instant long-term crowd flow prediction. We conduct comprehensive experiments on novel synthetic and real datasets. Our results indicate that our approach is able to capture the essence of real crowd movement over very long time periods, while generalizing to never-before-seen environments and crowd contexts. The associated Supplementary Material, models, and datasets are available at github.com/SSSohn/LTCF.
Diffuse X-Ray Emission from the Carina Nebula Observed with Suzaku

A number of giant HII regions are associated with soft diffuse X-ray emission. Among these, the Carina Nebula possesses the brightest soft diffuse emission. The required plasma temperature and thermal energy can be produced by collisions or termination of fast winds from main-sequence or embedded young O stars, but the extended emission is often observed from regions apart from massive stellar clusters. The origin of the X-ray emission is unknown. The XIS CCD camera onboard Suzaku has the best spectral resolution for extended soft sources so far, and is therefore capable of measuring key emission lines in the soft band. Suzaku observed the core and the eastern side of the Carina Nebula (Car-D1) in 2005 Aug. and 2006 June, respectively. Spectra of the south part of the core and Car-D1 similarly showed strong L-shell lines of iron ions and K-shell lines of silicon ions, while in the north of the core these lines were much weaker. Fitting the spectra with an absorbed thin-thermal plasma model showed kT ∼ 0.2, 0.6 keV and NH ∼ 1 − 2 × 10 21 cm −2 with a factor of 2-3 abundance variation in oxygen, magnesium, silicon and iron. The plasma might originate from an old supernova, or a super shell of multiple supernovae.
The correspondence between Tracy-Widom (TW) and Adler-Shiota-van Moerbeke (ASvM) approaches in random matrix theory: the Gaussian case

Two approaches (TW and ASvM) to derivation of integrable differential equations for random matrix probabilities are compared. Both methods are rewritten in such a form that simple and explicit relations between all TW dependent variables and $\tau$-functions of ASvM are found, for the example of finite size Gaussian matrices. Orthogonal function systems and Toda lattice are seen as the core structure of both approaches and their relationship.
Antibiotic Management of Staphylococcal Osteomyelitis

Because of the high incidence of penicillin-resistant staphylococcal infections, acute hematogenous osteomyelitis can result in a large number of complications. On the basis of the study presented, it is our opinion that only bactericidal antibiotics should be used early in the treatment of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis and, conversely, that bacteriostatic drugs have no place in the early treatment of this condition. Penicillin is the best antibiotic for penicillin-sensitive staphylococci. To date, methicillin (Staphcillin) appears to be the best antibiotic for penicillin-resistant staphylococci.
Transparent Data Transformation: Can I have my Rows and eat my Columns too?

A big dichotomy in data system design is the columnvs. row-stores one. The first supports analytical, and the latter transactional workloads. There have been several efforts to bridge the two, especially in light of new hybrid transactional analytical processing workloads.
Can LARC Fulfill Its Potential to Reduce U.S. Women’s Unintended Pregnancy Risk? Examining Women’s Contraception and Childbearing in the Year Before Initiating LARC

Long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) have received increased attention in recent decades for their potential to reduce the high level of unintended pregnancy. We know little about women’s contraceptive use and (unintended) childbearing prior to LARC initiation, even though it provides vital context to considering the extent to which increased LARC use could be expected to reduce the U.S. unintended pregnancy rate. Data from 849 women who initiated LARC in the 2–3 years prior to the 2006–2015 cycles of the National Survey of Family Growth were analyzed to describe U.S. women’s contraceptive use and (unintended) childbearing in the year before initiating LARC. Results show that more than half of women (55.4%) who initiated LARC did so within a year of giving birth, with 47.3% of these births resulting from an unintended pregnancy. Among women without a recent birth, 5.0% had last relied on sterilization, 54.7% had last used a moderately-effective method, 34.7% had last used a less-effective method, and 5.6% had not used contraception in the year prior to initiating LARC. These findings advance understanding of the extent to which increased LARC use could be expected to reduce the unintended pregnancy rate. Women initiating LARC after a recent birth are selective of those at high risk of unintended pregnancy. In contrast, the majority of LARC initiators without a recent birth last relied on a moderately-effective method or sterilization—a pattern that could reduce LARC’s impact on the unintended pregnancy rate.
Acute Kidney Injury After Cardiac Surgery in Adults

Over the last decade, cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury (AKI) has been recognized as a frequent adverse event following cardiac surgery. In this clinical context and others, AKI has been strongly associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and length of hospitalization. These adverse events that accompany AKI have been shown to be directly proportional to the magnitude peak rise in serum creatinine and the duration of AKI making AKI a costly complication and a target for prevention in hospitalized patients around the world. In this chapter, we discuss the subsequent health-care costs, utilization, mortality, and morbidity that follow cardiac surgery-associated AKI, risk factors, prediction, and prevention in the perioperative setting of cardiac surgery.
The Syntax of Spanish

1. Overview of the grammar 2. The noun phrase 3. The verb phrase 4. VP-related functional categories 5. Subjects, topics and declarative constituent order 6. A'-movement and x movement through COMP.