cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Compiler-directed high-level energy estimation and optimization

The demand for high-performance architectures and powerful battery-operated mobile devices has accentuated the need for power optimization. While many power-oriented hardware optimization techniques have been proposed and incorporated in current systems, the increasingly critical power constraints have made it essential to look for software-level optimizations as well. The compiler can play a pivotal role in addressing the power constraints of a system as it wields a significant influence on the application's runtime behavior. This paper presents a novel Energy-Aware Compilation (EAC) framework that estimates and optimizes energy consumption of a given code, taking as input the architectural and technological parameters, energy models, and energy/performance/code size constraints. The framework has been validated using a cycle-accurate architectural-level energy simulator and found to be within 6p error margin while providing significant estimation speedup. The estimation speed of EAC is the key to the number of optimization alternatives that can be explored within a reasonable compilation time. As shown in this paper, EAC allows compiler writers and system designers to investigate power-performance tradeoffs of traditional compiler optimizations and to develop energy-conscious high-level code transformations.
Abnormal Feathering of Chicks Caused by Scirpenol Mycotoxins Differing in Degree of Acetylation

Abstract Graded levels of the Fusarium mycotoxins, scirpentriol (STO), 15-monoacetoxyscirpenol (15-MAS), 4,15-diacetoxyscirpenol (4,15-DAS), and 3,4,15-triacetoxyscirpenol (TAS), were fed to chicks until 3 wk of age. The primary wing feathers, which were scored visually on a scale of 1 to 5 using a newly created scoring scheme, were altered in a dose-related fashion by 15-MAS [minimum effective dose (MED) = .5 μg/g diet], 4,15-DAS (MED = 2 μg/g), and STO (MED = 4 μg/g) but not by TAS (MED > 8 μg/g). The minimum growth inhibitory doses were 2 μg/g for STO, 15-MAS, and 4,15-DAS and 8 μg/g for TAS. The main alteration of the feathers was a frayed and missing web on the medial side of the distal half of the feather. The shafts of the feathers tended to have an accentuated medial curve. These results imply that the feather alterations associated with corn and feed infested with Fusarium spp. might be caused by trichothecene mycotoxins such as the scirpenols.
Spreadsheets, PC's and the finite-difference solutions for ecological distribution

Abstract High-speed computation with parallel processing is within the grasp of mathematical ecologists and environmental managers. One can imagine the numerical solution of the large set of simultaneous partial differential equations of population dynamics. This would allow for ecosystem model verification and, eventually, for ecosystem management. It is important to differentiate between numerical analysis and programming. Programming is the final stage during which the most efficient possible management tool is produced. Programming will always be best left professional programmers who specialize in an understanding of the idiosyncracies of particular hardware and particular compilers. A necessary preliminary study, a numerical analysis, will always be required to study the numerical difficulties of, say, the finite difference method. Numerical analysis cannot be conducted without a firm understanding of the phenomena and, therefore, will fall within the purview of the numerical ecologist. Numerical analysis is best conducted on simplified versions of the model in order to discern and control the myriad of error types: numerical instability, numerical dispersal, aliasing, etc. In this paper we demonstrate the use of spreadsheets on PC's as an ideal environment for these preliminary studies.
Changes in amphipod densities among macroalgal habitats in day versus night collections along the Western Antarctic Peninsula

Amphipods along the western Antarctic Peninsula appear to gain refuge from predators by associating with chemically defended macroalgae rather than palatable macroalgae. However, nothing is known about amphipod activity at night. If foraging on non-chemically defended macroalgae regularly occurs, then nocturnal foraging seems beneficial since visual predators are disadvantaged. To test this hypothesis, we collected three common macroalgal species and affiliated mesograzers, approximately 3 h before and after sunset. All associated mesofauna were counted and densities recorded. Amphipod densities were significantly decreased during the night on the chemically defended Desmarestia menziesii, while significantly increased on the palatable Iridaea cordata. Additionally, the amphipod Gondogeneia antarctica was found in significantly higher densities at night on Palmaria decipiens, a species shown to be readily eaten by G. antarctica and omnivorous fish. We believe that chemically defended macroalgae act as a refuge for mesograzers during the day, while more widespread foraging occurs at night.
OPTIMAL MIDCOURSE GUIDANCE LAW WITH NEURAL NETWORKS

Abstract A neural-network-based synthesis of an optimal midcourse guidance law is presented in this study. We use a set of two neural networks; the first network called a “critic” outputs the Lagrange's multipliers arising in an optimal control formulation and second network, called an “action” network, outputs the optimal guidance/control. The system equations, the optimality conditions, the costate equations are used in conjunction with the network outputs to provide the targets for the neural networks. When the critic and action network are mutually consistent, the output of the action network yields optimal guidance/control. Numerical results for a number of scenarios show that the network performance is excellent. Corroboration for optimality is provided by comparisons of the numerical solutions using a shooting method for a number of scenarios.
ShadowLight: an immersive environment for rapid prototyping and design

ShadowLight is a virtual reality application that provides an immersive environment for multipurpose design and evaluation. Unlike traditional design tools that provide a built-in set of manipulators keyed to a particular set of design tasks, or evaluative systems that provide limited manipulation capabilities, ShadowLight offers a loosely defined environment that is capable of supporting the unique needs of both audiences. ShadowLight provides an atmosphere that is flexible enough to support rapid prototyping and design tasks, while at the same time permitting a richness of extensibility that allows scientific and industrial tasks to be performed using the same environment. ShadowLight defines only a basic interface that is extended through the development of plugins. The collection of plugins that is loaded at any given moment defines the capabilities available, and hence what the application “becomes” to its user. ShadowLight specifically seeks to address the current state-of-the-art in which several different environments must be employed for design, evaluation, and exploration tasks. In their place, ShadowLight attempts to provide a single environment that can be selectively extended to address the unique needs of a particular application field.
Sex trafficking: inside the business of modern slavery

Siddharth Kara, New York, Columbia University Press, 2009, 320 pp., £11.95/US$ 16.95 (paperback), ISBN 978-0-231-13961-8, £16.95/US$ 24.95(clothback) ISBN 978-0-231-13960-1 Over a decade ago, the U...
Probes for narcotic receptor mediated phenomena. Part 28: new opioid antagonists from enantiomeric analogues of 5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-N-phenylethylmorphan.

Abstract Enantiomeric analogues of 5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)morphan ligands were synthesized and evaluated because of our unexpected finding that opioid antagonists can be obtained in the 5-phenylmorphan series of opioids without sterically hindering the rotation of the phenolic ring. We determined the opioid receptor binding affinity of these new analogues, as well as the efficacy of the more interesting ligands. One of the new compounds [(1 R ,5 S )-(−)-3-[2-(3′-phenylpropyl)-2-azabicyclo[3.3.1]non-5-yl]-phenol, 15 ] was found to have half of the efficacy of naloxone, a potent opioid antagonist, in the [ 35 S]GTPγS assay, and two others (1 R ,5 S )-(−)-3-[2-(4′-phenylbutyl)-2-azabicyclo[3.3.1]non-5-yl]-phenol, 17 , and (1 R ,5 S ,1′ S )-(+)-3-[2-(1′-methyl-2′-phenylethyl)-2-azabicyclo[3.3.1]non-5-yl]-phenol, 26 , acted as moderately potent opioid antagonists. X-ray crystallographic structure data were obtained on three compounds. Two of them had three chiral centers; 25 [(1 R ,5 S ,1′ R )-(−)-3-[2-(1′-methyl-2′-phenylethyl)-2-azabicyclo[3.3.1]non-5-yl]-phenol] was determined to have the 1 R ,5 S ,1′ R configuration, and 26 the 1 R ,5 S ,1′ S configuration. Since (1 S ,5 R )-(+)-2-bromo-5-[2-(2′-phenylethyl)-2-azabicyclo[3.3.1]non-5-yl]-phenol ( 32 ) was a position isomer of (1 S ,5 R )-(+)-4-bromo-3-[2-(2′-phenylethyl)-2-azabicyclo[3.3.1]non-5-yl]-phenol ( 30 ), and both showed the same 1 H NMR spectrum, the structure of 32 was unequivocally determined by X-ray structure analysis.
Reagentless detection of microorganisms by intrinsic fluorescence.

Abstract Quick and accurate detection of microbial contamination is accomplished by a unique combination of leading-edge technologies described in this and the accompanying paper. In this contribution, a hand-held prototype instrument is described which is capable of statistically sampling the environment for microbial contamination and determining cell viability. The technology is sensitive enough to detect very low levels (∼20 cells/cm 2 or cm 3 ) of microbes in seconds.
Training and generalization of commendatory assertiveness: A controlled single subject experiment

Assertiveness involves the use of both effective oppositional and commendatory skills. The latter have received little research attention. In the current multiple baseline case study, a clinically social skills-deficient patient was first trained in commendatory and, later, refusal skills using a role-playing paradigm. Throughout training, both commendatory and refusal skills were continously evaluated to determine whether training one class of skills (commendatory) would generalize to another class of skills (refusal). Largely, the trained commendatory skills did not enhance refusal capabilities, which later had to be specifically trained themselves. Follow-up data is presented, and clinical implications of specificity in social skills training is discussed.
Religiosity, alcohol expectancies, drinking motives and their interaction in the prediction of drinking among college students.

Objective: Several different mechanisms have been proposed to account for the consistent but moderate inverse relationship between religiosity and drinking, ranging from the direct proscriptions against alcohol in various faiths to social learning based on parental upbringing. Alcohol expectancies and drinking motives may be more proximal cognitive mechanisms that influence this relationship. Method: The present study, using 265 college undergraduates, gathered self-report data using the Comprehensive Effects of Alcohol questionnaire, the Drinking Motives Questionnaire-Revised and the Religious Orientation Scale-Revised. Results: Of religiosity measures, intrinsic religiosity most closely related to quantity of alcohol consumption. Participants in conservative religious denominations had higher negative expectancies and lower drinking motives. Several positive and negative expectancies as well as drinking motives partially mediated the relationship between intrinsic religiosity and alcohol consumption. Co...
REMOVAL OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS BY EUCALYPTUS AND POPULUS AT A TERTIARY TREATED MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER SPRAYFIELD

Various progenies of Eucalyptus grandis and E. amplifolia, and clones of Populus deltoides, were evaluated for plant removal of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) for 26 months at a municipal waste spray field in north Florida. Tertiary treated wastewater containing 2.73 mg L(-1) nitrate N and 0.30 mg L(-1) total P was applied using sprinkler irrigation (93.8 m3 ha(-1) d(-1)) to fast growing trees utilized for bioenergy. Eucalyptus amplifolia and E. grandis survived and grew very poorly as the result of severe winter injury in two successive years and were not evaluated for nutrient removal. Survival and growth of P. deltoides demonstrated suitability for phytoremediation, and selected clones were evaluated for biomass and nutrient content. Removals of total N (TN) and total P (TP) were greatest for main stem (36% and 44%, respectively) and foliage (44% and 36%, respectively). Low biomass producing clones generally had higher nutrient concentrations, but high biomass producing clones removed more TN and TP. Approximately 789 kg ha(-1) TN and 103 kg ha(-1) TP were removed by the highest biomass producing P. deltoides clone, representing 215% of N and 615% of P inputs.
Homologous polymorphism and niche equivalence in the butterfly genus Chlosyne

The inheritance of a colour polymorphism exhibited by the larvae of Chlosyne gorgone is reported to involve two loci with dominance at each locus in addition to the presence of a dominant epistatic relationship. The identity of the polymorphs and their inheritance mechanism with the polymorphs and inheritance mechanism of the congener C. lacinia indicates a high probability of the involvement of homologous genetic loci. These two butterfly species appear to have equivalent ecological niches. The simultaneous retention of the polymorphism and the ecological niche during speciation and post-speciation by these two species is briefly discussed.
Role of antisense RNA in coordinating cardiac myosin heavy chain gene switching.

A novel mechanism of regulation of cardiac α and β myosin heavy chain gene by naturally occurring antisense transcription was elucidated via pre-mRNA analysis. Herein, we report the expression of an antisense β myosin heavy chain RNA in the normal rodent myocardium. The pattern of expression of the antisense βMHC RNA (β RNA) under altered thyroid state and in diabetes directly correlates with that of the α pre-mRNA/mRNA, whereas it negatively correlates with the β mRNA expression. Rapid amplification of the 5′ end shows that this antisense transcript originates 2 kb downstream of the β gene, and it is transcribed across the entire β gene from the opposite strand. Our results demonstrate that the β-α myosin heavy chain intergenic DNA possesses a bidirectional transcriptional activity, one direction transcribing the α gene, and the opposite direction transcribing the antisense β RNA. This process turns on the α expression, and it simultaneously turns off that of the β and thus coordinates α and β expression in an opposite fashion. Comparative analyses of the intergenic DNA sequence across five mammalian species revealed a conserved region that is proposed to be a common regulatory region for the α and antisense β promoter. This finding unravels the mechanism of cardiac α-β gene switching and implicates the role of cardiac myosin gene organization with their function.
An Improved Process for Isolation of Corn Fiber Gum

ABSTRACT Sequential alkaline extraction and alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) bleaching have been used to prepare corn fiber gum in yields ranging from 21 to 40%, depending on the pH of the extraction medium. The pH was adjusted by using different ratios of NaOH and Ca(OH)2 The whitest product was obtained after AHP bleaching of the extract obtained using the lowest pH value. In order for the product gum to give its characteristic clear and low viscosity solutions, it was necessary to remove starch from the corn fiber substrate using α-amylase. The water-insoluble hemicellulose A fraction, a minor component, was removed by neutralizing AHP-treated extracts before ethanol precipitation of the useful hemicellulose B (corn fiber gum) fraction. At ambient temperature, AHP bleaching was near optimal after ≈2 hr under the processing conditions used. High ratios of arabinose (39%) to xylose (50%) were present in the corn fiber gum extracted under various alkaline conditions, and the H2O2 processing step did not s...
The Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery-Children's Revision: comparison of learning disabled and normal children matched on full scale IQ.

17 academically normal and 17 reading disabled children were matched on Full Scale IQ and compared on the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery—Children's Revision. The academically normal grou...
Locus of control in chronic anxiety disorders

ABSTRACT– The relationship between psychopathology and the personality trait, locus of control, was examined in 116 adult outpatients diagnosed as having chronic anxiety disorder. Measures consisted of state and trait scales, a measure of social adjustment, and a measure of disturbance during childhood. Patients with an external locus of control were more depressed, had higher levels of state anxiety, and exhibited more indecisiveness, fatigue and agoraphobia than those with an internal locus of control. Externally oriented patients also scored higher on neuroticism and trait anxiety and scored lower on social adjustment. On the somatic scales, externally oriented patients rated themselves, in contrast to physician's rating, as being more symptomatic than internal patients, suggesting the presence of a help-seeking attitude. Locus of control may be of importance in the formulation of therapy and prognosis in patients with anxiety disorders.
Sportswriting and American cultural values: The 1984 Chicago cubs

This essay looks at the American cultural values reflected in the institution of sport as articulated in the medium of sportswriting. Specifically, we examine the values displayed in baseball as expressed in sportswriting about the 1984 Chicago Cubs. We identify six sets of cultural themes—each composed of oppositional value orientations—including winning and losing, tradition and change, teamwork and individualism, work and play, youth and experience, and logic and luck. We examine the ways in which sportswriters use these themes as interpretive schema for describing and explaining the 1984 Chicago Cubs and conclude that sportswriting not only displays these cultural values but provides a vehicle through which pervasive but conflicting cultural values can be integrated.
Role of CD4+ T cells in a protective immune response against Cryptococcus neoformans in the central nervous system.

Cryptococcosis is a life-threatening disease caused by the encapsulated yeast, Cryptococcus neoformans. Although infection with C. neoformans is initiated in the lungs, morbidity and mortality is mostly associated with infections of the central nervous system (CNS). Individuals with deficiencies in cell-mediated immunity, such as patients with AIDS, are more susceptible to disseminated cryptococcosis, highlighting the importance of cell-mediated immunity and CD4+ T cells in host resistance against C. neoformans. Using a mouse model of cryptococcal meningoencephalitis, we have shown that immunization of mice with a cryptococcal antigen induced a protective immune response that crossed the blood–brain barrier and initiated an immune response directly in the CNS if C. neoformans was present. The regional protective response was characteristic of a Type-1 (Th1) response in the types of cells present at the site of infection and in the cytokines and chemokines expressed. Here, we extend those findings and repo...
Autoantibodies from patients with primary biliary cirrhosis recognize a region within the nucleoplasmic domain of inner nuclear membrane protein LBR

Autoantibodies from rare patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) recognize LBR, or lamin B receptor, an integral membrane protein of the inner nuclear membrane. Human LBR has a nucleoplasmic, amino-terminal domain of 208 amino acids followed by a carboxyl-terminal domain with eight putative transmembrane segments. Autoantibodies against LBR from four patients with PBC recognized the nucleoplasmic, amino-terminal domain but not the carboxyl-terminal domain. Immunoblotting of smaller fusion proteins demonstrated that these autoantibodies recognized a conformational epitope(s) contained within the stretch of amino acids from 1 to 60. These results, combined with those of previous studies, show that autoepitopes of nuclear membrane proteins are located within their nucleocytoplasmic domains and that autoantibodies from patients with PBC predominantly react with one domain of a protein antigen. This work also provides further characterization of anti-LBR antibodies that have found utility as reagents in cell biology research.
Comparison of the Effects of Linear and Cyclic Phosphates on the Adsorption of Proteins by Human Enamel

Treatment of human enamel powder with cyclic trimetaphosphate or linear tripolyphosphate changes subsequent adsorption of amylase, lysozyme, and salivary protein from aqueous solutions. Treated enamel samples adsorb more lysozyme, less amylase, and more salivary protein (at concentrations exceeding 12 μg/ml) than controls treated with distilled water.
Three-dimensional human pattern visual evoked potentials. I. Normal subjects

Abstract Pattern visual evoked potentials (PVEPs) were obtained from 30 normal adultvolunteers, recording from both a conventional horizontal occipital array and three orthogonal bipolar antipodal channels approximating the three dimensions of space. Central and eccentric fixation of 60′ checks and central fixation of 30′ checks under binocular and monocular viewing conditions was employed. The three antipodal wave forms were displayed as a single 3-D Lissajous trajectory which contained four apices, corresponding to P40 (apex A), N70 (apex B), P100 (apex C) and N125 (apex D). The 3-D evoked potentials depicted the dynamic nature of the human PVEP in terms of changes in the 3-D voltage-voltage-voltage plots of the recordings. The orientation of the A-B, B-C and C-D curvilinear segments reflected the stimulating condition (central fixation vs. right vs. left hemi-field stimulation) for all subjects with more accuracy than did the wave forms from the conventional array. Spherical statistical methods are described for quantifying and evaluating 3-D evoked potential recordings.
Roughing the Passer: The Framing of Black and White Quarterbacks Prior to the NFL Draft

This study used social learning theory and a framing perspective to examine the ways in which Black and White college quarterbacks were described by a major sports publication prior to the National...
A systematic comparison of methods for combining p-values from independent tests

Six methods are studied for combining p-values from independent tests into a new test of the combined hypothesis. The methods—minimum (The Method of Statistics, Williams and Norgate, London, 1931), chi-square (2)(Statistical Methods for Research Workers, 4th Edition, Oliver and Boyd, London, 1932), normal (Magyar Tudomanyos Akademia Matematikai Kutato Intezetenek Kozlemenyei 3 (1958) 1971), maximum (Wilkinson, Psycholog. Bull. 48 (1951) 156), uniform (J. Pyschol. 80 (1972) 351), and logistic (in: Rustagi (Ed.), Symposium on Optimizing Methods in Statistics, Academic Press, New York, 1979, pp. 345–366)—are compared heuristically and through simulation. Plots of the rejection regions for combining two tests reveal much about the tests’ relative strengths. The simulations compare methods using different numbers of tests, different patterns of evidence against the combined null hypothesis, and different total strengths of the evidence, allowing broader recommendations than have been made from past simulations. The results indicate that the most difficult kind of problem for a combined test is one in which the total evidence against the combined null is concentrated in one or very few of the tests being combined. For this case alone is the minimum combining function useful. The normal combining function does well in problems where evidence against the combined null is spread among more than a small fraction of the individual tests, or when the total evidence is weak. The chi-square (2) does best when the evidence is at least moderately strong and is concentrated in a relatively small fraction of the individual tests. The logistic combination provides a compromise between these two. The maximum and uniform combinations have generally very poor power and cannot be recommended for use.
Healing processes in group dance therapy

This paper reviews the literature on curative factors in verbal group therapy and then develops a rationale for eight healing processes in group dance therapy: Synchrony, Expression, Rhythm, Vitalization, Integration, Cohesion, Education, Symbolism. These factors are discussed in relation to individual and group development and in terms of the movement correlates of each process. Also addressed is the interrelationship of these healing processes and implications for dance therapy research.
Midbrain, diencephalic and cortical relationships of the basal nucleus of meynert and associated structures in primates

The structure and connectivity of the basal nucleus of Meynert, the substantia innominata in which it lies, and certain related areas have been examined in New World and Old World Monkeys, using retrograde and anterograde axonal transport methods. Experiments using the retrograde, horseradish peroxidase method confirm the observations of Kievet and Kuypers ('75) that the basal nucleus and substantia innominata project directly, heavily and with a somewhat crude topography upon the neocortex. Experiments involving the anterograde, autoradiographic method show that the basal nucleus and substantia innominata form part of a complex pathway that links them together with the lateral hypothalamus, certain parts of the amygdala and the peripeduncular nucleus of the midbrain. The peripeduncular nucleus is often regarded as a part of the central auditory pathway; it gives rise to a fiber bundle of considerable size that ascends on the dorsal surface of the ipsilateral optic tract and terminates ultimately in the lateral hypothalamic area of both sides. As well as distributing fibers to the basal nucleus, substantia innominata and lateral hypothalamus, this pathway provides a heavy projection to a cytoarchitectonically distinct posterior part of the lateral nucleus of the amygdala, the medial and intercalated nuclei of the amygdala and a less dense projection to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Certain parts of the hypothalamus and possibly the preoptic areas give rise to a complementary descending pathway that distributes fibers to the ipsilateral basal nucleus, substantia innominata and amygdala, and ends in the peripeduncular nuclei of both sides. Decussating fibers in both the ascending and descending pathways cross in the ventral supraoptic commissure. It is concluded that the basal nucleus should include most of the aggregated and unaggregated large cells that lie in the substantia innominata and which in places intrude upon the preoptic regions and the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca. Together, these may form a complex that receives inputs from a variety of brainstem sources, and projects widely and diffusely upon all cortical structures of the telencephalon.
Crystal structure of porcine mitochondrial NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase complexed with Mn2+ and isocitrate. Insights into the enzyme mechanism.

Abstract The crystal structure of porcine heart mitochondrial NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) complexed with Mn2+ and isocitrate was solved to a resolution of 1.85 A. The enzyme was expressed inEscherichia coli, purified as a fusion protein with maltose binding protein, and cleaved with thrombin to yield homogeneous enzyme. The structure was determined by multiwavelength anomalous diffraction phasing using selenium substitution in the form of selenomethionine as the anomalous scatterer. The porcine NADP+-IDH enzyme is structurally compared with the previously solved structures of IDH fromE. coli and Bacillus subtilis that share 16 and 17% identity, respectively, with the mammalian enzyme. The porcine enzyme has a protein fold similar to the bacterial IDH structures with each monomer folding into two domains. However, considerable differences exist between the bacterial and mammalian forms of IDH in regions connecting core secondary structure. Based on the alignment of sequence and structure among the porcine, E. coli, andB. subtilis IDH, a putative phosphorylation site has been identified for the mammalian enzyme. The active site, including the bound Mn2+-isocitrate complex, is highly ordered and, therefore, mechanistically informative. The consensus IDH mechanism predicts that the Mn2+-bound hydroxyl of isocitrate is deprotonated prior to its NADP+-dependent oxidation. The present crystal structure has an active site water that is well positioned to accept the proton and ultimately transfer the proton to solvent through an additional bound water.
Optimal investment decisions in transmission expansion

With the introduction of novel technologies in the electricity grid, the conventional decision making framework in the electric power industry needs to evolve to meet the changing need of the industry. This paper presents an optimal decision making framework for comparing investment decisions in new transmission lines and Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS). The optimality conditions of the model are derived and the model is implemented on a small 4-bus test system. The results show that under certain cost and operational conditions, investing in TCSC could be a cost-effective supplement to investments in new transmission lines. In addition, control and communication infrastructure could increase the cost-effectiveness of investments in FACTS devices. An analysis of the optimality conditions suggests that the effects of loop flows and parallel line flows have significant impacts on optimal investment decisions in the transmission grid. Therefore, these effects have to be explicitly accounted for in order to develop a new market framework for electricity transmission to provide better incentives for stakeholders to make optimal investment decisions in the electricity grid. This paper illustrates the competing and complementary nature of smart technologies and conventional technologies, and highlights areas for future work.
Construction Management Practices Are Slowly Changing

Many design and construction companies are looking to add long-term strategic planning concepts to their traditional arsenal of short-term project planning tools. A study developed by the author at the School of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Georgia Tech in conjunction with AECStrategies, LLC, a management consulting firm, showed that the industry is struggling with the need to move from a project-based business that emphasizes the success of projects as the key to long-term success to a strategic business that emphasizes the customer and the enterprise as the key. The trend is toward building a business that is selective in its customers, innovative in its marketing plans, hungry for new markets, eager for diversity in the talents in its workforce, and ready to formulate a plan for long-term success. Charts illustrate how small and large companies are approaching such topics as core competencies, knowledge resources, lifelong learning, financial management, and competitive advantage analyses.
Site of functional bronchopulmonary anastomoses in sheep.

The location of bronchopulmonary anastomoses has long been a topic of discussion, and pre-, post-, and capillary sites have all been demonstrated in postmortem examinations. However, there have been few studies that have provided insight into the patency and function of these anastomoses in the intact lung. To identify these functional sites where the bronchial circulation anastomoses with the pulmonary circulation, we studied sheep lungs in situ serial sectioned with high-resolution computed tomography (CT). Differences in radiodensities of blood, air, and nonionic contrast medium were used to differentiate and localize airways and vessels and to identify the effluent from the bronchial circulation. After an initial series of scans to identify the pulmonary arteries and veins adjacent to airways 2–12 mm in diameter, contrast material was infused into the bronchial artery. In three sheep, the major accumulation of contrast medium was found in pulmonary veins. In one of the sheep, a comparable number of pulmonary arteries and veins contained contrast medium. Serial histologic sections were able to identify small bronchial venules lying within subepithelial bronchial folds that drain directly into pulmonary veins. These results using serial CT and histologic images suggest that drainage from the intraparenchymal bronchial vasculature is predominantly into postcapillary pulmonary vessels. Anat Rec 254:360–366, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Towards Developing an Indirect Video Visibility System for Large Trucks

Large trucks were involved in approximately 14,800 crashes between April 2001 and December 2003 as a result of making lane changes and merges (Starnes, 2006). The elimination of blind spots may help drivers avoid such conflicts by improving their spatial awareness of surrounding vehicles. This study investigated the ability of two candidate Camera/Video Imaging Systems (C/VISs) to provide information on longitudinal clearance to an adjacent vehicle. Sixteen commercial vehicle drivers performed merge maneuvers in front of an adjacent confederate vehicle while driving a tractor-trailer on the Virginia Smart Road. Both C/VIS enhancements were found to significantly improve gap judgment and merge performance. Performance differences between the two C/VIS concepts are examined.
An Efficient Online Tool to Search Top-N Genes with Similar Biological Functions in Gene Ontology Database

Gene ontology (GO) is a large public database which not only provides a set of controlled biological and biochemical vocabularies (terms) to describe gene products based upon their functions in the cell, but also contains gene annotation data from heterogeneous data sources. In this paper, using a new method to measure the semantic similarity of GO terms, an efficient algorithm is proposed to find genes that have similar biological functions with a given gene. An online tool is then implemented to search the top N genes having similar biological functions with a particular gene within the same or cross different species. Furthermore, various performance enhancement techniques are utilized to reduce the user query response time of the online tool. This tool is available at: http://bioinformatics.cletnson.edu/G-SESAME/Programs/geneTopl.php.
Brain Phospholipid Metabolism During Ischemia

Molecular mechanisms accounting for the vulnerability of brain to ischemic damage are incompletely understood. To assess the role of membrane integrity, phospholipid metabolism is investigated in subcellular organelles of brain following varying degrees of ischemia. Global brain ischemia is produced in rabbits by combining hypotension and hypoxia (4% oxygen). Restoration of blood pressure and oxygen after a three-minute isoelectric EEG results in full recovery, while a five-minute isoelectric EEG results in either a lack of recovery or neurological deficits. Quantitative analysis of seven phospholipids in subcellular organelles shows no consistent pattern of phospholipid changes following ischemia. Incorporation of radioactive phosphate, on the other hand, discloses moderate alterations following five-minute ischemia. These findings indicate that brain ischemia provokes phospholipid changes, but their role in impairing membrane integrity and in initiating irreversible ischemic brain damage is uncertain.
Identification of integrin α3β1 as a neuronal thrombospondin receptor mediating neurite outgrowth

Summary Thrombospondins are a family of extracellular matrix proteins expressed throughout the developing nervous system that promote neurite outgrowth in vitro and help mediate the migration of granule cells across the molecular layer in explants of neonatal cerebellum. The receptors mediating these Interactions have not previously been Identified. In this study, monoclonal antibodies raised to the integHn (][31~1 heterodlmer are shown to inhibit neurite outgrowth by rat sympathetic neurons on thrombospondln-1.0~1~1 is found to be expressed on the cell body, neurltes, and growth cones of sympathetic neurons in vitro and on sympathetic axons passing through the thrombospondin-rich outer sheath of the superior cervical ganglion in vivo, consistent with its role in mediating axon outgrowth. A receptor-Iigand binding assay is used to demonstrate the direct binding of Immunopurified 0~1 to thrombospondin-1. These results demonstrate a direct Interection between the integrin (131~1 and thrombospondln-1, which mediates neurite outgrowth in vitro and is likely to mediate the same Interactions in vivo.
Constraints placed by silicon cycling on vertical exchange in general circulation models

The flux of biogenic silica out of the oceanic mixed layer (the export flux) must balance the import of high-silicate deep waters associated with mass exchange be- tween the surface and deep ocean. Recent regional estimates of the export flux limit it to 50-80 Tmol yr 1 .I n order to reproduce such low export fluxes, coarse-resolution gen- eral circulation models must have low pycnocline diusivity and a lateral exchange scheme which involves advection of tracers by unresolved mesoscale eddies. Failure to capture low rates of vertical exchange will result in climate mod- els which overpredict the uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide and fail to capture the proper locations and rates of density transformation.
Pulse Energy Dependence of Defect Generation in Bragg Grating Optical Fiber Materials

Ge-associated defect centers induced by 5 eV (~ 245 nm) photons of various intensities in Ge-doped silica were studied using electron spin resonance (ESR). We found that Ge E’ centers observed in Bragg grating Ge-doped silica core fibers are induced and bleached by one- and two-photon absorption processes, respectively. The observation that Ge E’s are the only paramagnetic centers induced by low intensity 5 eV photons supports the proposal that the Ge E’ center is responsible for the photoinduced structures observed in both Bragg grating and second-harmonic-generation (SHG) fibers.
Improved iteration strategy for nonlinear structures

A solution strategy for the analysis of nonlinear structures is described. The strategy is a simple extension of existing Newton-type procedures, and can easily be incorporated into existing computer programs. Earlier work which contributed to the development of the strategy is reviewed and the theory of the procedure is presented. Six examples, covering several different types of structural behaviour are described. These examples suggest that the strategy is remarkably stable and efficient.
Clinical implications of gene discovery in Parkinson's disease and parkinsonism

Over the past decade, major progress has been achieved in the identification of genes associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) and parkinsonism. Five genes have now been shown conclusively to play a role in PD susceptibility. Mutations in three of these genes, PRKN, PINK1, and DJ1, are important in early onset, recessively inherited PD, while mutations in LRRK2 and SNCA result in autosomal-dominant PD. LRRK2 has emerged as the most prevalent genetic cause of PD and has been implicated in both familial and sporadic forms of disease. In addition, autosomal-dominant dementia and Parkinsonism has been shown to be caused by mutations in the MAPT and PGRN genes. Molecular tests are now commercially available for several of these genes; however, in some of them, positive results need to be interpreted with caution until penetrance is better understood. In addition, clinical treatment of PD remains largely unaltered by the results of genetic testing.
Nanoparticle Assemblies on Nanoinjection-Molded Polymer Templates

A mass-producible method for fabricating nanoparticle assemblies using nanoinjection-molded polymer templates with deposition and selective removal has been developed and characterized in this work. Results are demonstrated for assembly of multiple nanoparticle sizes and types in 1-D and 2-D formats over large areas. Template dimensions such as width and depth are used to control the assembled structures, including the quantity and type of nanoparticles in the assembly. This method offers a high-throughput, low-cost approach to nanoscale assembly for applications in optical, electronic, and biomedical devices.
CYP3A5 gene variation influences cyclosporine A metabolite formation and renal cyclosporine disposition.

Background Higher concentrations of AM19 and AM1c9, secondary metabolites of cyclosporine A (CsA), have been associated with nephrotoxicity in organ transplant patients. The risk of renal toxicity may depend on the accumulation of CsA and its metabolites in the renal tissue. We evaluated the hypothesis that CYP3A5 genotype, and inferred enzyme expression, affects systemic CsA metabolite exposure and intrarenal CsA accumulation. Methods An oral dose of CsA was administered to 24 healthy volunteers who were selected based on their CYP3A5 genotype. CsA and its six main metabolites in whole blood and urine were measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectometry. In vitro incubations of CsA, AM1, AM9, and AM1c with recombinant CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 were performed to evaluate the formation pathways of AM19 and AM1c9. Results The mean CsA oral clearance was similar between CYP3A5 expressors and nonexpressors. However, compared with CYP3A5 nonexpressors, the average blood area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) for AM19 and AM1c9 was 47.4% and 51.3% higher in CYP3A5 expressors (P=0.040 and 0.011, respectively), corresponding to 30% higher AUCmetabolite/AUCCsA ratios for AM19 and AM1c9 in CYP3A5 expressors. The mean apparent urinary CsA clearance based on a 48-hr collection was 20.4% lower in CYP3A5 expressors compared with CYP3A5 nonexpressors (4.2±1.0 and 5.3±1.3 mL/min, respectively; P=0.037), which is suggestive of CYP3A5-dependent intrarenal CsA metabolism. Conclusions At steady state, intrarenal accumulation of CsA and its secondary metabolites should depend on the CYP3A5 genotype of the liver and kidneys. This may contribute to interpatient variability in the risk of CsA-induced nephrotoxicity.
In Vitro Measurement of Protective Mycobacterial Immunity: Antigen-Specific Expansion of T Cells Capable of Inhibiting Intracellular Growth of Bacille Calmette-Guérin

We investigated the ability of T cells expanded with mycobacterial antigens from healthy purified protein derivative-reactive donors and bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG)-vaccinated volunteers to inhibit intracellular growth of BCG. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were incubated for 7 days with mycobacterial whole lysate, live BCG, tetanus toxoid as control antigen, or medium alone. Autologous monocytes were separated by plastic adherence, allowed to mature for 6 days, and infected with BCG before serving as target cells. Expanded effector cells were cocultured with target cells for 72 h. Cocultures were then treated with 0.2% saponin to lyse infected monocytes and release intracellular BCG. Quantities of viable BCG present in these lysates were studied by colony-forming unit counting and radiometric labeling. We reproducibly found that lymphocytes expanded with mycobacterial whole lysate or live BCG significantly inhibited the intracellular growth of BCG, compared with lymphocytes expanded with tetanus toxoid or rested in medium. In addition, BCG vaccination enhanced the ability of T cells to inhibit intracellular mycobacterial growth in 3 of 5 volunteers. This assay may be useful for estimates of protective immunity induced by tuberculosis vaccines in human trials.
Clinical Manifestastions of Pancreatitis

Summary One hundred and twenty-seven cases of pancreatitis seen at Detroit Receiving Hospital from 1945 to 1953 have been reviewed. Gallbladder disease was associated with 31 per cent of the cases. Alcoholism was present in 34 per cent, and the blood JVassermann test was positive in 18 per cent. No etiology was ascertainable in 30 per cent. Pain and vomiting were the two most common symptoms, while abdominal tenderness with muscle spasm, diminished or absent bowel sounds and rebound tenderness were the most common objective findings that led to the diagnosis of pancreatitis. The most useful laboratory data early in the disease were elevated serum amylase and hyperglycemia or glycosuria. Later on an increased peritoneal fluid amylase, depressed serum calcium and a diabetic type of glucose tolerance curve were diagnostically significant. X-rays were very helpful in diagnosis. Early signs such as sentinel ileus and basilar atelectasis strongly suggested the possibility of pancreatitis. Later in the disease, findings such as pancreatic calcification, wide "C" loop of the duodenum, displacement of the stomach and colon and non-functioning gallbladder with or without stones were of importance. The medical mortality in acute pancreatitis was 16 per cent in our series.
Automatic node resequencing with constraints

Abstract Presented here is an algorithm for Finite Element node resequencing to reduce the bandwidth and profile of the resulting matrices while taking into account node constraints. Particular attention is given to the fluid-solid interaction problem with added-mass, the analysis with linear constraint equations, and the static condensation by partial decomposition. In the aforementioned applications, additional relationships (constraints) between the degrees of freedom must be considered in the renumbering process since they usually lead to an increase in the matrix configuration. A description of the above mentioned applications is presented as well as the implementation of the proposed algorithm to these problems on a small rectangular mesh in order to clearly illustrate its functioning. Finally, the algorithm is applied to larger, more realistic examples; these results show that the algorithm performs remarkably well, chiefly in achieving an optimal configuration for both the mass (augmented) and the stiffness matrices in the context of the fluid-solid interaction analysis.