cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Product Differentiation and Asymmetric Information in Agricultural and Food Market: Defining the Role for Government: Discussion

This timely session addresses the very important issue of the role of governments in establishing standards and labeling requirements in the changing environment of the agricultural sector. With product differentiation becoming a central feature of the domestic and global food system, quality and quality assurances are important to both producers and consumers. However, if quality characteristics cannot be observed by consumers, there is potential for market failure. To avoid or minimize such failures, standards and regulations are administered by the government. However, the effects of government policies addressing the potential for market failures are often difficult to assess. The four papers in this session all address some aspects of food quality regulations and the role of government. From the role of the USDA, Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS) in setting standards and inspections, to the role of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) in regulating information passed on to consumers through advertising, these papers suggest that the government does a pretty good job of regulating quality standards. However, there are several issues that have been largely ignored and can have significant impacts on the cost/benefit evaluations of standards and regulations. One important area that was mentioned only briefly in the paper by Gardner is the potential for standards and regulations of creating market power. Market power can have significant effects on product innovation, price variability, and other factors
Kac-Moody symmetries of critical ground states

Abstract The symmetries of critical ground states of two-dimensional lattice models are investigated. We show how mapping a critical ground state to a model of a rough interface can be used to identify the chiral symmetry algebra of the conformal field theory that describes its scaling limit. This is demonstrated in the case of the six-vertex model, the three-coloring model on the honeycomb lattice, and the four-coloring model on the square lattice. These models are critical and they are described in the continuum by conformal field theories whose symmetry algebras are the su(2)k=1, su(3)k=1, and the su(4)k=1 Kac-Moody algebra, respectively. Our approach is based on the Frenkel-Kac-Segal vertex operator construction of level-one Kac-Moody algebras.
COMPARISON OF INFORMATION SCALES AND LIKE-INDIFFERENT-DISLIKE SCALES AS MEASURES OF INTEREST.

The potential of information tests for the non-fakable measurement of interests was tested by observing the overlap of interest scales with information scales after partialling out verbal and numerical ability. Significant partial correlations between scales of the two types of measures for secondary school Ss led to a comparison of the respective capacities of the two instruments in predicting academic performance and self-initiated, extracurricular accomplishments in the arts and sciences. While interest scales predicted academic performance independently of measured aptitude for males, the information scales were not related to grades for either sex after partialling out verbal and numerical abilities. In correlations with self-initiated, extracurricular Science, Esthetic and Literary activities, interest scales did show larger and more consistent relationships than information scales, but the presence of interest components in information scales seems to have been established.
Structural factors in the economic reforms of China, Eastern Europe, and the Former Soviet Union

Reform in China and Russia Jeffrey Sachs and Wing Thye Woo China's experience does not show that gradual reform is superior to the shock therapy undertaken in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union (EEFSU). Differing performance primarily reflects different economic structures prior to reform: China was a peasant agricultural society, EEFSU was urban and overindustrialized. In both, jobs in state enterprises were so heavily subsidized that workers refused to move to new industries elsewhere, even when productivity in the latter was much higher. In EEFSU the large state sector impeded structural adjustment. Curtailing subsidies would have produced many losers who used their power to resist this outcome; failure to curtail subsidies then cut off the potential supply of labour and other factors to new emerging firms. China's state enterprises have not performed as well as the rest of the Chinese economy and do not explain its success; rapid growth was possible because the large agricultural sector contained vast surplus labour, and did not enjoy subsidies and soft budget constraints. Once constraints on migration across regions and jobs were removed, this labour was available to fuel expansion in new industries. Unlike the distributional conflict in EEFSU, in China reallocation of labour allowed all groups to gain. In both, partial liberalization also unleashed macroeconomic pressures, manageable in China because of rapid growth and adequate monetary policy, but explosive in much of EEFSU because of deeper structural problems and gross monetary mismanagement.
Elusive physical electron propagator in QED-like effective theories

We study the previously conjectured form of the physical electron propagator and its allegedly Luttinger type of behavior in the theory of the pseudogap phase of high-temperature copper-oxide superconductors and other effective QED-like models. We demonstrate that, among a whole family of seemingly gauge-invariant functions, the conjectured “stringy ansatz” for the electron propagator is the only one that is truly invariant. However, contrary to the results of the earlier works, it appears to have a negative anomalous dimension, which makes it a rather poor candidate to the role of the physical electron propagator. Instead, we argue that the latter may, in fact, feature a “super-Luttinger” behavior characterized by a faster than any power-law decay Gphys(x)∝exp(−const·ln2|x|).
Nonlinear optical properties of p-nitroaniline: An ab initio time-dependent coupled perturbed Hartree-Fock study

For p‐nitroaniline the ab initio method with a double‐zeta basis set which includes semidiffuse polarization functions has been used to calculate the dipole moment μ, frequency‐dependent linear polarizability α, and nonlinear hyperpolarizabilities β and γ using the time‐dependent coupled perturbed Hartree–Fock approach. The computation procedure used here yields information on the dispersion behavior of all the tensor components of polarizability and various hyperpolarizability terms. The largest dispersion effect is observed for the diagonal components of the polarizability and hyperpolarizability tensors along the long in‐plane axis. The magnitudes of the various hyperpolarizability terms which describe the various second‐order nonlinear processes show the following trend: β(−2ω;ω,ω) ≳β(0;ω,−ω)=β(−ω;0,ω) ≳β(0;0,0), with β(−2ω;ω,ω) exhibiting the largest frequency dispersion. The various second hyperpolarizability terms which describe the various third‐order nonlinear optical processes show the following trend: γ(−3ω;ω,ω,ω) ≳γ(−2ω;0,ω,ω) ≳γ(−ω;ω,−ω,ω) ≳γ(−ω;0,0,ω) ≊ γ(0;0,ω,−ω) ≳γ(0;0,0,0). Again γ(−3ω;ω,ω,ω) shows the largest dispersion effect. The results of existing semiempirical calculations on p‐nitroaniline are compared with that of the present ab initio calculation, and the problem due to the arbitrary parametrization procedure adopted in the past for semiempirical calculation is discussed. The computed values of the first resonance energy, the dipole moment, and the polarizability are in good agreement with the respective values experimentally observed, within the spread of the existing experimental data. In contrast, the computed β and γ values are considerably smaller than the respective experimentally determined values. We attribute this discrepancy to two sources. First, in the theoretical calculation electron correlation has been neglected, and the basis set used, although large, may not still be adequate. Second, there is a considerable spread in the reported experimental values for a given nonlinear coefficient making any comparison between the theory and the experiment difficult.
Experiments on a Turbulent Jet in a Cross Flow

Experiments on turbulent circular jets issuing into cross flow from both heated and unheated jets
Stereocontrolled Conversion of 3,5-Dioxopyrrolizidine Into (Z)- and (E)- 5-Acetonylpyrrolizidin-3-ones

Abstract Stereocontrolled synthesis of (Z)-5-acetonyl-pyrrolizidin-3-one (4) and (E)-isomer 5 from 3,5-dioxopyrrolizidine 1 is described.
Fractal analysis of gravity wave spectra in the middle atmosphere

Abstract Wind fluctuations in the middle atmosphere behave like colored noise processes. They have a continuum of scales without dominant features and a power spectrum density (PSD) that often decays with frequency ƒ as ƒ −β . Spectral index β is generally obtained through least-square fit to PSD estimated by Fourier methods. Graphs of colored noise have fractal plane-filling properties depending on β. An efficient method for finding β using the fractal dimension ( D ), based on analysis of 1/ƒ noise in galactic X-ray luminosities by McHardy I . and Czerny B. , (1987, Nature 325 , 696), is described. An empirical relation is found between D and β and its validity is confirmed in limiting cases. Then D is obtained from power-law dependence of a length metric L (μ) on scale μ. The method is applied to middle-atmospheric velocity data from the Poker Flat radar in Alaska. Variations of D follow those in β, from an earlier analysis by Bemra et al. , (1986, Handbook for MAP 20 , 216), but show an offset of 0.1–0.2 even after corrections for outliers, gaps, and additive noise. Usefulness of this method for screening data as an aid to spectral analysis is examined.
On the indefinite metric in the lee model

A consistent set of rules was previously developed for handling the Lee model when the coupling constant is imaginary. It is pointed out that the metric operator needed in such a formalism is not unique and that it may result in giving complex norms to states that may or may not contain the ghost state. This freedom is shown not to affect the interpretation of scattering experiments.
The effect of prior alcohol consumption on the ataxic response to alcohol in high-alcohol preferring mice.

We have previously shown that ethanol-naive high-alcohol preferring (HAP) mice, genetically predisposed to consume large quantities of alcohol, exhibited heightened sensitivity and more rapid acute functional tolerance (AFT) to alcohol-induced ataxia compared to low-alcohol preferring mice. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the effect of prior alcohol self-administration on these responses in HAP mice. Naive male and female adult HAP mice from the second replicate of selection (HAP2) underwent 18 days of 24-h, 2-bottle choice drinking for 10% ethanol vs. water, or water only. After 18 days of fluid access, mice were tested for ataxic sensitivity and rapid AFT following a 1.75 g/kg injection of ethanol on a static dowel apparatus in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, a separate group of mice was tested for more protracted AFT development using a dual-injection approach where a second, larger (2.0 g/kg) injection of ethanol was given following the initial recovery of performance on the task. HAP2 mice that had prior access to alcohol exhibited a blunted ataxic response to the acute alcohol challenge, but this pre-exposure did not alter rapid within-session AFT capacity in Experiment 1 or more protracted AFT capacity in Experiment 2. These findings suggest that the typically observed increase in alcohol consumption in these mice may be influenced by ataxic functional tolerance development, but is not mediated by a greater capacity for ethanol exposure to positively influence within-session ataxic tolerance.
Stereospecific deoxygenation of 1,2-diols to olefins

Abstract The 2-dimethylamino-1,3-dioxolane derivatives of 1,2-diols when treated with trifluoromethane sulfonic anhydride and diisopropylethylamine in toluene give the corresponding olefins stereospecifically under mild experimental conditions.
Dynamical lattice QCD thermodynamics with domain wall fermions

We present results from simulations of two flavor QCD thermodynamics at N_t=4 with domain wall fermions. In contrast to other lattice fermion formulations, domain wall fermions preserve the full chiral symmetry of the continuum at finite lattice spacing (up to terms exponentially small in an extra parameter). Just above the phase transition, we find that the axial U(1) symmetry is broken only by a small amount. We discuss an ongoing calculation to determine the order and properties of the phase transition using domain wall fermions, since the global symmetries of the theory are expected to be important here.
Annular converging wave cavity.

A new type of resonator that generates an annular geometric mode by use of spherical mirrors has been developed. The four-element cavity consists of an external confocal unstable resonator with a double-sided 45° coupling mirror and a flat feedback mirror. The Flat feedback mirror is placed on the plane wave side of the confocal cavity to form an annular mode between the feedback mirror and the coupling mirror. A plane annular wave (matched to an annular gain medium) is fed back into the unstable resonator that alternately converges and diverges to produce a diverging annular output beam Experiments were performed on a cw HF laser. Observations of mode. patterns on the flat feedback mirror and the convex mirror and of. Far-field beam quality were made Far-field measurements indicated near-diffraction-limited beam quality far a peak on-axis intensity mode on the convex mirror A nearly uniform annular mode was observed on the flat feedback mirror.
Double Field Theory Formulation of Heterotic Strings

We extend the recently constructed double field theory formulation of the low-energy theory of the closed bosonic string to the heterotic string. The action can be written in terms of a generalized metric that is a covariant tensor under O(D, D + n), where n denotes the number of gauge vectors, and n additional coordinates are introduced together with a covariant constraint that locally removes these new coordinates. For the abelian subsector, the action takes the same structural form as for the bosonic string, but based on the enlarged generalized metric, thereby featuring a global O(D, D + n) symmetry. After turning on non-abelian gauge couplings, this global symmetry is broken, but the action can still be written in a fully O(D, D + n) covariant fashion, in analogy to similar constructions in gauged supergravities.
Automatic Substrate Switching Circuit for On-Chip Adaptive Power-Supply System

In energy-aggressive dynamic voltage scaling techniques, adaptive on-chip power supply, which can provide variable voltage in a wide range, is highly demanded. However, potential leakage and latch-up problems arise, when the substrate biasing voltages of the transistors vary with the supply voltage. An automatic substrate switching circuit (ASSC) is thus presented in this paper, with accurate voltage comparison, fast transient response and small silicon area. Experimental results show that the circuit automatically and accurately switches 1.3-nF pMOS substrate at a switching speed of 1.1 V/mus, with a switching voltage range of 1.1 to 3.3 V. The tracking error in steady state is below 18 mV. Fabricated in a standard 0.35-mum n-well digital CMOS process, the ASSC circuit only requires 0.017 mm 2 silicon areas, with a maximum static power of 116 muW.
Nuclear Pair-Correlation Function via Electron Scattering

A theoretical analysis is made of the differential cross section for the process of inelastic scattering of electrons by a nucleus accompanied by the emission of two nucleons. The analysis is twofold. First, assuming a purely electromagnetic interaction (of the semiclassical M\"oller type), and invoking closure and impulse approximations, the above cross section is shown to be simply proportional to the Fourier transform of the nucleon-nucleon correlation function in the nucleus (at a momentum determined experimentally). Secondly, following a physical idea due to Gottfried and employed in a similar context, the nuclear cross section is compared to that of the electrodisintegration of a deuteron. This has the advantage in that it eliminates the need to introduce an explicit Hamiltonian (as in the first case), and also it allows us to include some very important mesonic effects due to the virtual pion exchange between the two outgoing nucleons. This approach, therefore, shifts the problem to a theoretical understanding of the connection between the deuteron wave function and the pair-correlation function in a nucleus. A computation of the cross section is made, which is rather low, yet is seen to be within the reach of the present experimental techniques. Detailed kinematical questions are explored and the optimal experimental setup indicated. The corrections due to (1) the final-state interactions and (2) real-meson-production channels are also discussed. In conclusion, we surmise that there is a definite need for detailed experimental study of two or more nucleon emission phenomena for the determination of the correlation function at high momentum (or small distances). Beyond fixing some qualitative guidelines, the no-nucleon and one-nucleon emission cross sections seem to be less than adequate.
Small solutions to the large telescope problem: a massively replicated MEMS spectrograph

In traditional seeing-limited observations the spectrograph aperture scales with telescope aperture, driving sizes and costs to enormous proportions. We propose a new solution to the seeing-limited spectrograph problem. A massively fiber-sliced congfiguration feeds a set of small diffraction-limited spectrographs. We present a prototype, tunable, J-band, diffraction grating, designed specifically for Astronomical applications: The grating sits at the heart of a spectrograph, no bigger than a few inches on a side. Throughput requirements dictate using tens-of-thousands of spectrographs on a single 10 to 30 meter telescope. A full system would cost significantly less than typical instruments on 10m or 30m telescopes.
Magnetic Properties of an Amorphous Antiferromagnet

The magnetic and physical properties of the amorphous antiferromagnetic MnO-P2O5 glass system were investigated. The glasses were found to be microstructurally homogeneous and amorphous within the detection limit of vacuum Guinier-De Wolff X-ray tenchiques. The magnetic properties of the glasses are interpreted in terms of antiferromagnetically coupled Mn2+ ions, which experience negative exchange interactions with 1,2, or 3 near neighbors, and structurally isolated Mn2+ ions, which experience weak exchange interactions. The ions which experience weak exchange interactions produce a downward curvature of the inverse-susceptibility-vs-temperature plot at low temperatures. The magnetization-vs-field data exhibit curvature toward the field axis, and the magnetization increases as the temperature is decreased to 1.73°K. Below this temperature, the magnetization becomes weakly temperature-dependent, and the M-vs-H curves almost superimpose. These results are interpreted in terms of a 2-spin Heisenberg model of antiferromagnetism.
A framework for flutter clearance of aeroengine blades

A framework for flutter operability assessment, based upon a new set of similarity parameters, has been developed. This set consists of four parameters which embrace both the performance characteristics in terms of corrected mass flow and corrected speed, and the flight condition in terms of inlet temperature and density (or, equivalently, inlet pressure). It is shown that a combined mass-damping parameter, g/ρ*, novel in the field of turbomachinery aeroelasticity, can summarize the individual effects of mechanical damping, g, and blade mass ratio, μ. A particular selection of four nondimensional parameters, including g/ρ* and a compressible reduced frequency parameter, K*, allows for a decoupling of corrected performance effects from purely aeroelastic effects, for a given machine and a specific modeshape. This view of flutter operability is applied to the analysis of full-scale engine data. The data exhibits the trend that increasing K* and increasing g/ρ* have stabilizing effects, which is consistent with previous work in flutter stability. We propose that these trends hold generally, and apply the trends towards constructing a flutter clearance methodology, a test procedure which satisfies the requirements for comprehensive flutter stability testing.
Identification and reduction of wake-field effects in the Wiggler region of the Los Alamos free-electron laser☆

Abstract Improving the performance of the Los Alamos free-electron laser (FEL) in 1988 involved the identification and reduction of wake-field effects generated in the wiggler region. The wake-field effect was dramatically reduced by inserting a smooth metal tube into the wiggler gap, and the FEL performance was concomitantly improved.
The problem of matter stability in the Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model

Abstract We reinvestigate the conditions for stable matter solutions in the Nambu-Jona-Lasinio (NJL) model. In mean field approximation the NJL model can be regarded as an extension of the Walecka mean field model to include negative energy fermion states. While this extension is necessary to allow for a chiral phase transition, it was found some time ago that at the same time it destroys the wanted saturation properties of the Walecka model. We reformulate this problem in terms of the thermodynamic potential and find that there is indeed a connection between these two features. We show that the minimum of the thermodynamic potential which corresponds to stable nuclear matter in the Walecka model is shifted from a finite to zero effective fermion mass in the chiral NJL model. This shift is closely related to the chiral phase transition. Under certain conditions the shifted minima may still lead to stable matter solutions but only in the chirally restored phase. We discuss a possible interpretation of these solutions as a schematic bag model description.
Linking carbohydrates to proteins using N-(2,2-dimethoxyethyl)-6-hydroxy hexanamide

Abstract The title dimethyl acetal 4 and related compounds can be efficiently synthesized by treatment of 6-caprolactone with commercially available dialkyl acetals. Conventional glucosylation using 4 as a glycosyl acceptor gave mainly β-glycosides which were deprotected to give 13 . The latter was converted to the corresponding aldehyde 16 , which was used as a hapten in conjugation, by reductive amination, to chicken serum albumin (CSA). Effect of reaction time, concentration and molar ratio of hapten 16 to the number of L-lysine residue in CSA upon incorporation of the hapten was studied using MALDI-TOF spectrometry. High loading of CSA with hapten, up to 22 moles of 16 /CSA, could be achieved with 32% efficiency of utilization of the hapten. A glycoconjugate from a derivative, analogous to 16 , of the monosaccharide determinant of the O-PS of Vibrio cholerae O:1, serotype Ogawa and CSA was also prepared. The achieved incorporation of the Vibrio cholerae hapten was in remarkable agreement with the value expected, based on the study with the D-glucose derivative.
A 3D AGGLOMERATION MULTIGRID SOLVER FOR THE REYNOLDS-AVERAGED NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS ON UNSTRUCTURED MESHES

An agglomeration multigrid strategy is developed and implemented for the solution of three-dimensional steady viscous flows. The method enables convergence acceleration with minimal additional memory overheads, and is completely automated, in that it can deal with grids of arbitrary construction. The multigrid technique is validated by comparing the delivered convergence rates with those obtained by a previously developed overset-mesh multigrid approach, and by demonstrating grid independent convergence rates for aerodynamic problems on very large grids. Prospects for further increases in multigrid efficiency for high-Reynolds number viscous flows on highly stretched meshes are discussed.
Developing a natural language interface to complex data

Aspects of an intelligent interface that provides natural language access to a large body of data distributed over a computer network are described. The overall system architecture is presented, showing how a user is buffered from the actual database management systems (DBMSs) by three layers of insulating components. These layers operate in series to convert natural language queries into calls to DBMSs at remote sites. Attention is then focused on the first of the insulating components, the natural language system. A pragmatic approach to language access that has proved useful for building interfaces to databases is described and illustrated by examples. Special language features that increase system usability, such as spelling correction, processing of incomplete inputs, and run-time system personalization, are also discussed. The language system is contrasted with other work in applied natural language processing, and the system's limitations are analyzed.
Tension-type headache in the elderly

Tension-type headache is the most common primary headache disorder seen in adults. Although the prevalence peaks in the fourth and fifth decades of life, significant fractions of the elderly continue to experience either episodic or chronic tension-type headaches. Many secondary headache disorders may present with headaches symptomatically compatible with the diagnosis of tension-type headache. Because numerous secondary headache disorders are more likely to be seen in older adults, the diagnosis of tension-type headache requires vigilance for and exclusion of organic disease. Once the diagnosis of tension-type headache is made, numerous nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic management options are available to reduce the frequency and severity of episodes. Special dosing considerations must be considered in the elderly. Advancing age is a positive prognostic factor in the remission of episodic and chronic tension-type headaches.
Automorphisms of tiled orders

Abstract Let Λ be a tiled R-order. We give a description of AutR(Λ) as the semidirect product of Inn(Λ) and a certain subgroup of Aut(Q(Λ)), where Q(Λ) is the link graph of Λ. Additionally, we give criteria for determining when an element of Aut(Q(Λ)) belongs to this subgroup in terms of the exponent matrix for Λ.
Stress distribution at the edge of an equilibrium crack

Abstract U sing the assumptions of G.I. Barenblatt the problem of determining the stresses over the entire surface of an equilibrium crack is formulated as a mixed-mixed boundary value problem in the classical theory of elasticity. Solutions are obtained for a penny-shaped crack in an infinite, elastic medium under conditions of uniform tension parallel to the axis of the crack and uniform shear parallel to the plane of the crack. The analogous two dimensional problem for simple tension is also investigated. The results show that the stress distribution at the edge of the crack depends only slightly upon the applied stresses when compared with the stresses associated with cohesive forces. The distance over which the cohesive forces act is computed in terms of Barenblatt's modulus of cohesion.
A new approach to impulsive rendezvous near circular orbit

A new approach is presented for the problem of planar optimal impulsive rendezvous of a spacecraft in an inertial frame near a circular orbit in a Newtonian gravitational field. The total characteristic velocity to be minimized is replaced by a related characteristic-value function and this related optimization problem can be solved in closed form. The solution of this problem is shown to approach the solution of the original problem in the limit as the boundary conditions approach those of a circular orbit. Using a form of primer-vector theory the problem is formulated in a way that leads to relatively easy calculation of the optimal velocity increments. A certain vector that can easily be calculated from the boundary conditions determines the number of impulses required for solution of the optimization problem and also is useful in the computation of these velocity increments. Necessary and sufficient conditions for boundary conditions to require exactly three nonsingular non-degenerate impulses for solution of the related optimal rendezvous problem, and a means of calculating these velocity increments are presented. A simple example of a three-impulse rendezvous problem is solved and the resulting trajectory is depicted. Optimal non-degenerate nonsingular two-impulse rendezvous for the related problem is found to consist of four categories of solutions depending on the four ways the primer vector locus intersects the unit circle. Necessary and sufficient conditions for each category of solutions are presented. The region of the boundary values that admit each category of solutions of the related problem are found, and in each case a closed-form solution of the optimal velocity increments is presented. Similar results are presented for the simpler optimal rendezvous that require only one-impulse. For brevity degenerate and singular solutions are not discussed in detail, but should be presented in a following study. Although this approach is thought to provide simpler computations than existing methods, its main contribution may be in establishing a new approach to the more general problem.
How push-to-talk makes talk less pushy

This paper presents an exploratory study of college-age students using two-way, push-to-talk cellular radios. We describe the observed and reported use of cellular radio by the participants. We discuss how the half-duplex, lightweight cellular radio communication was associated with reduced interactional commitment, which meant the cellular radios could be used for a wide range of conversation styles. One such style, intermittent conversation, is characterized by response delays. Intermittent conversation is surprising in an audio medium, since it is typically associated with textual media such as instant messaging. We present design implications of our findings.
Inertial motions of a rigid body with a cavity filled with a viscous liquid

Abstract In this note we announce a number of analytical and numerical results related to the motion of a system S constituted by a rigid body with a cavity that is completely filled with a Navier–Stokes liquid, and that moves in absence of external forces (inertial motions). Our investigation shows, in particular, that the ultimate motion of S about its center of mass is a permanent rotation, thus proving a longstanding conjecture of N.Ye. Zhukovskii. We also present other interesting features of inertial motions that are emphasized by our numerical tests, but that still lack a rigorous mathematical proof.
Déjà vu all over again: climate change and the prospects for a nuclear power renaissance

Drawing upon data from congressional statutes, federal agencies, the nuclear industry, and a range of secondary sources, the prospects for a nuclear resurgence in the United States in the aftermath of the Fukushima disaster are evaluated. Before the accident, several factors seemed to favor a nuclear revival: the rise of climate change as an issue; dramatic swings in the price of oil and natural gas; streamlined licensing procedures established in the Energy Policy Act of 1992; a variety of new economic incentives in the Energy Policy Act of 2005; and the shift to new, standardized reactor designs. Despite these changes, the chances of a nuclear revival in the United Stated were slim even before Fukushima; lingering public concerns over nuclear waste disposal, reactor safety and, most importantly, economic viability were serious obstacles.
The Effect of Thermoplastic Composite Processing on the Performance of Embedded Nitinol Actuators

Intelligent materials are a class of material systems currently being devel oped for numerous applications. They usually consist of a composite or hybrid material system with fibrous or distributed actuators, various sensors and control modules The nitinol or shape memory alloy wire actuator is currently being developed for use in intelli gent material systems. In order for the nitinol actuator to be a reliable part of the adaptive hybrid system, the effect of the composite manufacturing on the nitinol performance must be determined. The results of a study investigating the effects of a "high temperature" ther moplastic composite processing cycle on the nitinol actuator are presented. The actuators were exposed to a number of thermoplastic processing cycle simulations at 400°C. Criti cal parameters, such as processing time, training of the actuators, and type of nitinol actu ators, were varied to determine their effect on the performance of the nitinol actuator. With processing times from 5 to 20 minutes,...
An Assessment of the Current WAAS Ionospheric Correction Algorithm in the South American Region

: The Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA) Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) for civil aircraft navigation is focused primarily on the conterminous United States (CONUS). In this paper, based on a limited dataset, we assess WAAS's planar fit algorithm in the equatorial region, where the spatial gradients and the absolute slant total electron content (TEC) are known to be the highest in the world. We found that in Brazil, the dominant error source for the WAAS planar fit algorithm is the inherent spatial variability of the equatorial ionosphere, with ionospheric slant range delay residuals as high as 15 m and root-mean-square (RMS) residuals for the quiet day of 1.9 m. This compares with a maximum residual of 2 m in CONUS and 0.5 m RMS. We discovered that ionospheric gradients in Brazil are at the 2 m over 100 km level. In contrast with results obtained for CONUS, we found that a major ionospheric storm had a small impact on the planar fit residuals in Brazil.
Development of Biisoquinoline-Based Chiral Diaminocarbene Ligands : Enantioselective SN2' Allylic Alkylation Catalyzed by Copper-Carbene Complexes

Chiral biisoquinoline-based diaminocarbene ligands (BIQ) were designed to create a chiral environment extended toward the metal center, which was confirmed by an X-ray structure. The concise ligand synthesis is highlighted by a modified Bischler−Napieralski cyclization of bisamides prepared from readily available chiral phenethylamines, and allows easy variation of the stereodifferentiating groups. The cyclohexyl-BIQ−copper complex is an efficient catalyst for enantioselective SN2‘ allylic alkylation with Grignard reagents showing SN2‘ regioselectivity higher than 5:1 and enantioselectivity in the range of 68−77% ee.
Gender change in certain species: an agent-based modeling study

Biologists have found that certain creatures like frogs, orchids, and shrimp change their gender. Some research is proposing that species somehow know there is a gender imbalance and adjust the gender ratio accordingly. The mechanism in which the species change gender is unknown. Some scientists are suggesting that hormones are released which causes one type of reproductive organs to disappear and another type to appear. For organisms which display this phenomenon, apparently there are chemical triggers that respond to the number of members in a population. This will activate the gene(s) that will allow for the disintegration of one set of reproductive organs and the development of the other. The purpose of this paper is not to study how species technically change gender, but to explore how each individual in the population know the gender ratio and who decides who will change gender and who will not. This paper will build an agent-based model, using Netlogo©, to test the following hypothesis, "each individual in the collective does not have to know the gender ratio of the entire population in order to make decisions that will positively impact the collective." Results show that individuals change their gender in accordance with their own needs. Regardless of the initial gender ratio and despite the fact that the individuals do not possess knowledge about the whole population, there will always be almost-equal number of males and females after a certain time.
On sparse evaluation representations

The sparse evaluation graph has emerged over the past several years as an intermediate representation that captures the dataflow information in a program compactly and helps perform dataflow analysis efficiently. The contributions of this paper are three-fold: We present a linear time algorithm for constructing a variant of the sparse evaluation graph for any dataflow analysis problem. Our algorithm has two advantages over previous algorithms for constructing sparse evaluation graphs. First, it is simpler to understand and implement. Second, our algorithm generates a more compact representation than the one generated by previous algorithms. (Our algorithm is also as efficient as the most efficient known algorithm for the problem.) We present a formal definition of an equivalent flow graph, which attempts to capture the goals of sparse evaluation. We present a quadratic algorithm for constructing an equivalent flow graph consisting of the minimum number of vertices possible. We show that the problem of constructing an equivalent flow graph consisting of the minimum number of vertices and edges is NP-hard. We generalize the notion of an equivalent flow graph to that of a partially equivalent flow graph, an even more compact representation, utilizing the fact that the dataflow solution is not required at every node of the control-flow graph. We also present an efficient linear time algorithm for constructing a partially equivalent flow graph. Copyright 2002 Elsevier Science B.V.
A model for coexistent superconductivity and ferromagnetism

We explore the various temperature dependences and thermodynamic quantities of a mean-field model of a ferromagnetic–superconducting system. The starting point for this model is based on an s-wave pairing scheme in the singlet channel of the superconducting state and a spontaneously broken-symmetry phase in the ferromagnetic state. We show numerically and analytically that a state of coexistence reveals itself and is favoured energetically over other possible states, and a simple phase diagram is developed. Finally, a comparison of the specific heat with experiment is shown.
Curves of Every Genus with Many Points, I: Abelian and Toric Families

Abstract Let Nq(g) denote the maximal number of F q-rational points on any curve of genus g over F q. Ihara (for square q) and Serre (for general q) proved that lim supg → ∞Nq(g)/g > 0 for any fixed q. Here we prove limg → ∞Nq(g) = ∞. More precisely, we use abelian covers of P 1 to prove lim infg → ∞Nq(g)/(g/log g) > 0, and we use curves on toric surfaces to prove lim infg → ∞Nq(g)/g1/3 > 0; we also show that these results are the best possible that can be proved using these families of curves.
PREPARATION OF N-ACYL DERIVATIVES OF AMINO ACIDS FROM ACYL CHLORIDES AND AMINO ACIDS IN THE PRESENCE OF CATIONIC SURFACTANTS. A VARIATION OF THE SCHOTTEN-BAUMANN METHOD OF BENZOYLATION OF AMINO ACIDS

A very efficient method for the preparation of N-acylamino acids from the corresponding acyl chloride and amino acid is described. Amino acids, potassium carbonate, acyl chloride, and a catalytic amount of cationic surfactants were mixed in tetrahydrofuran and refluxed without ever obtaining a clear reaction mixture. After hot filtration, the product was isolated from the hot tetrahydrofuran solution in very high or almost quantitative yields.
Correlation properties of the kinematic sunyaev-zel'dovich effect and implications for dark energy

In the context of a cosmological study of bulk flows in the universe, we present a detailed study of the statistical properties of the kinematic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (kSZ) effect. We first compute analytically the correlation function and the power spectrum of the projected peculiar velocities of galaxy clusters. By taking into account the spatial clustering properties of these sources, we perform a line-of-sight computation of the all-sky kSZ power spectrum and find that at large angular scales (l < 10), the local bulk flow should leave a visible signature above the Poisson-like fluctuations dominant at smaller scales, while the coupling of density and velocity fluctuations should give a much smaller contribution. We conduct an analysis of the prospects of future high-resolution CMB experiments (such as ACT and SPT) for detecting the kSZ signal and extracting cosmological information and dark energy constraints from it. We present two complementary methods, one suitable for "deep and narrow" surveys such as ACT and one suitable for "wide and shallow" surveys such as SPT. Both methods can constraint the equation of state of dark energy (w) to about 5%-10% when applied to forthcoming and future surveys and can probe w in complementary redshift ranges, which could shed some light on its time evolution. This is mainly due to the high sensitivity of the peculiar velocity field to the onset of the late acceleration of the universe. We stress that this determination of w does not rely on the knowledge of cluster masses, although it relies on cluster redshifts and makes minimal assumptions about cluster physics.
Finite temperature quark confinement

Abstract Confinement may be more easily demonstrated at finite temperature using the Polyakov loop than at zero temperature using the Wilson loop. A natural mechanism for confinement can arise via the coupling of the adjoint Polyakov loop to Fμν2. We demonstrate this mechanism with a one-loop calculation of the effective potential for SU(2) gluons in a background field consisting of a non-zero color magnetic field and a non-trivial Polyakov loop. The color magnetic field drives the Polyakov loop to non-trivial behavior, and the Polyakov loop can remove the well-known tachyonic mode associated with the Saviddy vacuum. Minimizing the real part of the effective potential leads to confinement, as determined by the Polyakov loop. Unfortunately, we cannot arrange for simultaneous stability and confinement for this simple class of field configurations. We show for a large class of abelian background fields that at one loop tachyonic modes are necessary for confinement.
Pricing of the option to delay the purchase of extended service contracts

Extended service contracts (ESCs) can be purchased at the same time as the product they cover or at some point afterward. We believe that the option to delay the purchase of an ESC until after the customer ‘gets to know’ the product should be reflected in the pricing of the ESC. However, through field interviews in the automotive industry, we found that the price charged for an ESC to someone buying a new car is typically identical to the price charged for the same ESC to someone purchasing it at the end of the base warranty period. This results in an implicit loss to the retail establishment that sells the ESC. The current method for pricing ESCs ignores the fact that the option to delay the purchase of an ESC to the end of the base warranty period carries an implicit cost that the retailer must bear. We feel that the price should reflect this cost. Using methodology that is similar to stock option pricing techniques, we develop a model to find the true value of the option to delay the purchase of an ESC. When implemented, our model will allow retail firms to gauge more accurately the true value of their ESCs.
Supersonic Flow Development in Slotted Wind Tunnels

The development of test section slot shapes for achieving smooth supersonic Mach number distribution without overexpansion or waviness has, in the past, been largely an experimentally iterative or 'cutand try' procedure for each wind tunnel. To overcome the obvious disadvantages of time and expense involved in such an experimental approach, a simple analytical method has been developed to predict the supersonic flow development in a two-dimensional slotted tunnel given only the variation of open area ratio with downstream distance and the Mach number corresponding to the plenum static pressure. The well known method of characteristics is used with the constraint that it be compatible with the quadratic cross-flow pressure drop boundary condition at the slotted wall. The predicted results from this method agree remarkably well with the experimental calibration data available for some of the existing facilities. The flow mechanism responsible for causing overexpansion in the centerline Mach number distribution with some slot shapes has been brought to light.
Direct synthesis of 1,5-disubstituted-4-magnesio-1,2,3-triazoles, revisited.

After revisiting earlier works reporting the regioselective synthesis of 1,5-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazoles via the addition of bromomagnesium acetylides to azides, much improved yields of the products were obtained for a wide array of azides and alkynes. The intermediates of that reaction can be trapped with different electrophiles to regioselectively form 1,4,5-trisubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles.
A testbed for implementing prognostic methodologies on cryogenic propellant loading systems

Prognostic technology determines the health state of a system and estimates its remaining useful life. With this information, operators can make decisions on how to operate the system such that it minimizes life cycle cost and maximizes safety. The individual decisions can range from changes to control settings to scheduling future operations or to determining the best repair and maintenance activities. Fault injection experiments on test beds that represent key subsystems are critical for the maturation of both the sub-systems themselves as well as the prognostic technology. It is necessary to precisely emulate actual fault conditions to maximize the utility for validation of hardware and software. Representative of such a test environment, we present here the development of a testbed for pneumatic valves, which are used in cryogenic propellant loading systems. The pneumatic valve testbed allows for the injection of magnitude-varying leaks that follow specified damage progression profiles in order to emulate the evolution (on a compressed time scale) of common valve faults. Besides the various leakage faults, the testbed also allows exploration of battery degradation on the operation of the valves. Experimental results and progress towards the maturation and validation of component-level prognostic methods are discussed in the context of cryogenic refueling operations.
Continuous Shading of Curved Surfaces

A procedure for computing shaded pictures of curved surfaces is presented. The surface is approximated by small polygons in order to solve easily the hidden-parts problem, but the shading of each polygon is computed so that discontinuities of shade are eliminated across the surface and a smooth appearance is obtained. In order to achieve speed efficiency, the technique developed by Watkins is used which makes possible a hardware implementation of this algorithm.
Neutrinos from the Propagation of a Relativistic Jet through a Star

We discuss the neutrino signature of a relativistic jet propagating through a stellar envelope, a scenario realized in the collapsar model for gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). It is shown that the dramatic slowing of the jet deep within the star is accompanied by inelastic neutron-nucleon collisions and the conversion of a substantial fraction of the jet kinetic energy to neutrinos. These neutrinos have observed energies in the range from 2 to tens of GeV and an estimated detection rate comparable to or larger than the detection rate of GeV neutrinos from other GRB-related processes. The time delay between the arrival of these neutrinos and the GRB photons is tens of seconds. An observation of this delay would provide an indication that the GRB jet originated in a massive star.