cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Twelve cases of exertional rhabdomyolysis in college football players from the same institution over a 23-year span: a descriptive study.

Background: Rhabdomyolysis is a syndrome characterized by muscle necrosis that leads to release of the intracellular contents of muscle cells into the systemic circulation. Rhabdomyolysis due to ov...
Prospecting Asteroid Resources

Mining the asteroids has long been the stuff of science fiction, but is rapidly becoming an engineering reality [http://www.planetaryresources.com, http:// deepspaceindustries.com].The idea that asteroid mining could be a profitable industry in the near future gives the prospecting phase of mining a new urgency. Finding suitable asteroids to mine could well be the bottleneck to developing asteroid resources. Though the population of near-Earth objects (NEOs) is huge, with some 20,000 NEOs larger than 100m diameter (Mainzer et al. 2011b), and vastly smaller ones, there may be only a small number of NEOs that are initially profitable. Thorough prospecting could be needed to find these precious objects. This review identifies the state of the art for each stage of NEO prospecting, with an emphasis on remote telescopic techniques, and sets out options for upgrading our capabilities to the requisite industrial scale.
CNVs in Hyperactive Children: Effects of Chemotherapy

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an experiment to compare Contingent Negative Variation (CNV) in hyperactive children with learning disabilities while on and off medication. The chapter also presents a comparison of the CNVs of the hyperactive children with age-matched normal children. The experimental Ss were seven consecutive male admissions to the child Psychiatry Inpatient Service at the University of Iowa, ranging in age from 8 years, 5 months to 12 years, 4 months. They were diagnosed as hyperkinetic on the basis of having all the following symptoms since early childhood: decreased attentiveness, restlessness, distractibility, excitability, emotional liability, and poor impulse control. Initial CNVs were obtained on the experimental Ss while on cerebral stimulants and after they had been discontinued for two days. These drugs were rapidly metabolized and cleared, and ordinarily clinical symptoms markedly increased within 12 hours after the last dose. Seven normal males from the neighborhood of one of the investigators served as age-matched controls.
Proteomics of Vibrio cholerae

Combining high-throughput mass spectrometry with isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) allows for the identification and relative quantification of proteins from multiple samples. Furthermore, low-abundance proteins that are usually not detected can be enriched by using only the relevant fraction of the proteome, e.g., cytoplasmic, membrane proteins, or secreted proteins. Described here is a workflow for isolation and enrichment of secreted and membrane proteins that is compatible with mass spectrometry. Isolated proteins are reduced, alkylated, and digested with trypsin, and obtained peptides are labeled with iTRAQ reagent and separated by strong cation exchange to reduce the complexity. Finally, the peptides are separated by reverse-phase chromatography, spotted on a MALDI target plate, and analyzed by MALDI TOF-TOF.
Generalized biplots for stress-based multidimensionally scaled projections

Abstract Dimension reduction and visualization are staples of data analytics. Methods such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) provide low dimensional (LD) projections of high dimensional (HD) data while preserving an HD relationship between observations. Traditional biplots assign meaning to the LD space of a PCA projection by displaying LD axes for the attributes. These axes, however, are specific to the linear projection used in PCA. Stress-based MDS (s-MDS) projections, which allow for arbitrary stress and dissimilarity functions, require special care when labeling the LD space. An iterative scheme is developed to plot an LD axis for each attribute based on the user-specified stress and dissimilarity metrics. The resulting plot, which contains both the LD projection of observations and attributes, is referred to as the Generalized s-MDS Biplot. The details of the Generalized s-MDS Biplot methodology, its relationship with PCA-derived biplots, and an application to a real dataset are provided.
Renal Tubular Acidosis: H+/Base and Ammonia Transport Abnormalities and Clinical Syndromes

Renal tubular acidosis (RTA) represents a group of diseases characterized by (1) a normal anion gap metabolic acidosis; (2) abnormalities in renal HCO3− absorption or new renal HCO3− generation; (3) changes in renal NH4+, Ca2+, K+, and H2O homeostasis; and (4) extrarenal manifestations that provide etiologic diagnostic clues. The focus of this review is to give a general overview of the pathogenesis of the various clinical syndromes causing RTA with a particular emphasis on type I (hypokalemic distal RTA) and type II (proximal) RTA while reviewing their pathogenesis from a physiological "bottom-up" approach. In addition, the factors involved in the generation of metabolic acidosis in both type I and II RTA are reviewed highlighting the importance of altered renal ammonia production/partitioning and new HCO3− generation. Our understanding of the underlying tubular transport and extrarenal abnormalities has significantly improved since the first recognition of RTA as a clinical entity because of significant advances in clinical acid-base chemistry, whole tubule and single-cell H+/base transport, and the molecular characterization of the various transporters and channels that are functionally affected in patients with RTA. Despite these advances, additional studies are needed to address the underlying mechanisms involved in hypokalemia, altered ammonia production/partitioning, hypercalciuria, nephrocalcinosis, cystic abnormalities, and CKD progression in these patients.
Catalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of Guvacine Derivatives through [4 + 2] Annulations of Imines with α-Methylallenoates

P-Chiral [2.2.1] bicyclic phosphines (HypPhos catalysts) have been applied to reactions between α-alkylallenoates and imines, producing guvacine derivatives. These HypPhos catalysts were assembled from trans-4-hydroxyproline, with the modular nature of the synthesis allowing variations of the exocyclic P and N substituents. Among them, exo-(p-anisyl)-HypPhos was most efficacious for [4 + 2] annulations between ethyl α-methylallenoate and imines. Through this method, (R)-aplexone was identified as being responsible for the decrease in the cellular levels of cholesterol.
Movement-evoked Pain, Physical Function, and Perceived Stress: An Observational Study of ethnic/racial Differences in Aging non-Hispanic Blacks and non-Hispanic Whites With Knee Osteoarthritis

Abstract Background Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a pervasive musculoskeletal condition, often exacerbated by movement-evoked pain (MEP). Despite established research demonstrating significant racial differences in OA pain, few studies have investigated ethnic/racial group differences in MEP and lower extremity function and their association with psychosocial factors, such as perceived stress. Therefore, the primary aims were: (1) to identify ethnic/racial group differences in persons with or at risk for knee OA pain based on MEP, physical performance, and perceived stress measures, and (2) to determine if perceived stress explains the relationship between MEP and function in non-Hispanic Blacks (NHBs) and non-Hispanic Whites (NHWs). Methods A total of 162 NHB and NHW community-dwelling older adults (50–78 years of age) were included in this analysis from the Understanding Pain and Limitations in Osteoarthritic Disease (UPLOAD) cross-sectional cohort study. Demographic, anthropometric, pain and functional parameters were assessed using a battery of validated instruments. Descriptive statistics, parametric, and multivariate analyses were conducted to determine ethnic/racial differences in perceived stress, MEP, and function. Results Our results support the hypothesis that among persons with knee OA pain, NHBs have significantly greater MEP and lower functional level, despite similar levels of perceived stress. However, perceived stress was more strongly related to MEP in NHB compared to NHWs. Differences in function were limited to walking speed, where NHWs demonstrated faster gait speed. Conclusions Our cross-sectional study demonstrated important ethnic/racial differences in MEP and function. Also, perceived stress had a stronger effect on MEP in NHBs, suggesting that perceived stress may more strongly influence pain with physical movement among NHB adults. MEP may be a clinically important pain outcome to measure in persons with OA, and these data warrant future research on the impact of stress on pain and functional outcomes in older adults, particularly in NHBs.
Integrability of open spin chains with quantum algebra symmetry

In this paper, the authors prove that certain quantum spin chains with quantum-algebra symmetry are integrable. Specifically these are the quantum-algebra-invariant open chains associated with the affine Lie algebras A[sub 1][sup (1)], A[sub 2n][sup (2)], A[sub 2n [minus] 1][sup (2)], B[sub n][sup (1)], C[sub n][sup (1)], and D[sub n][sup (1)] in the fundamental representation. Conspicuously absent from this list is A[sub n][sup (1)] for n [gt] 1. This is because in order to demonstrate integrability, the authors assume that the corresponding R matrix has crossing symmetry, which is not true in the case A[sub n][sup (1)] for n [gt] 1.
Surface science approach to the preparation and characterization of model Ziegler–Natta heterogeneous polymerization catalysts

Ziegler–Natta heterogeneous catalytic systems are extensively used to polymerize ethylene and propylene. Some industrial catalysts consist of TiCl4 chemisorbed on activated MgCl2 and subsequently reduced and alkylated by reaction with an aluminum alkyl (generally AlEt3). Lewis bases are added to the catalytic systems to control the enantio-selectivity for the production of isotactic polypropylene. Our aim is to clarify the chemical composition of the active centers by modern surface science methods. Model catalysts are prepared in the form of ultra-thin films by gas-phase deposition on a gold foil in ultrahigh vacuum. Under these conditions, MgCl2 films grow to controlled thickness via a layer-by-layer mechanism, as revealed by AES and XPS. TiCl4 can be deposited on these films near room temperature by both electron irradiation-induced and metallic magnesium-induced chemical vapor deposition. Angle-resolved XPS studies indicate that these films consist of a few layers of TiCl2 with one monolayer of TiCl4 chemisorbed on its surface. The exposure of these titanium chloride films to the co-catalyst AlEt3 produces an active model Ziegler–Natta catalyst. XPS analysis reveals the presence of TiCl2Et on the catalyst surface: this is believed to be the active site. Prolonged reaction with the co-catalyst reduces the titanium sites to TiClEtn (n = 1 and/or 2). High molecular weight polyethylene and polypropylene are synthesized on these catalysts, as shown by Raman spectroscopy. Highly isotactic polypropylene is produced without need for stereo-regulating Lewis bases.
Dietary Habits of Rio Grande Cooters (Pseudemys gorzugi) from Two Sites within the Black River, Eddy County, New Mexico, USA

Abstract Rio Grande Cooters (Pseudemys gorzugi) are one of the least studied species of freshwater turtles in North America. Rio Grande Cooters are listed as a state threatened species in New Mexic...
Athletic Trainers' Concussion-Assessment and Concussion-Management Practices: An Update

Context Athletic trainers (ATs) are often the first health care providers to conduct concussion assessments and carry out postinjury management. Best practices for concussion evaluation and managem...
Invited Review: Design and management of group maternity areas for dairy cows

ABSTRACT Purpose The purpose of this review is to describe the research to date on the housing and management of dairy cows in group maternity areas. Sources We used a review of the peer-reviewed literature to identify articles that included an experimental study using dairy cows kept in groups at calving. Our review also includes studies from the broader literature using cows kept in individual maternity pens, dry cows, lactating cows, and beef cattle. Synthesis Housing cows in group maternity areas creates unique challenges compared with housing cows in individual pens. Advantages to calving in group pens include limited pen moves, reduced risk that cows calve in freestalls, and potentially improved labor efficiency. Disadvantages of group maternity areas include the limited ability of cows to express natural behaviors before calving such as seclusion from pen mates, the risk of the calf being nursed by the wrong dam, a lack of space for cows as they prepare to give birth, social instability caused by regrouping, and challenges with pen cleanliness. Conclusions and Applications Research to date has focused on creating opportunities for isolation-seeking behavior for dairy cows in group maternity areas. Cows in group pens are motivated to seek isolation at calving, but the ability to do so can be limited by competition. Research is still needed to determine potential negative effects of high stocking density and frequent regrouping in group maternity areas on cow behavior and health.
Sequential Detection of Forced Oscillations in Power Systems using the CUSUM Procedure

The widespread deployment of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) makes it possible to monitor the power system operating conditions on-line in near real time. Among all operating conditions, forced oscillations (FOs) have came into people's attention and been studied only recently. Mostly, FOs are rogue inputs to the system originating from malfunctioning equipment. The FOs have a negative impact on the estimation of system modes and mode shapes when not properly accounted for. In this paper, the change-point detection decision statistics based upon the output-only covariance subspace method proposed in our previous work [1] is used in a sequential detection method, the cumulative sum (CUSUM) procedure, to achieve better detection performance. We tested the procedure to detect the low-amplitude forced oscillations in power systems buried in system nature responses and find that the algorithm is able to achieve lower false alarm and missed detection rate at the same detection delay as compared with our previous work.
Phasor field diffraction based reconstruction for fast non-line-of-sight imaging systems

Non-line-of-sight (NLOS) imaging recovers objects using diffusely reflected indirect light using transient illumination devices in combination with a computational inverse method. While capture systems capable of collecting light from the entire NLOS relay surface can be much more light efficient than single pixel point scanning detection, current reconstruction algorithms for such systems have computational and memory requirements that prevent real-time NLOS imaging. Existing real-time demonstrations also use retroreflective targets and reconstruct at resolutions far below the hardware limits. Our method presented here enables the reconstruction of room-sized scenes from non-confocal, parallel multi-pixel measurements in seconds with less memory usage. We anticipate that our method will enable real-time NLOS imaging when used with emerging single-photon avalanche diode array detectors with resolution only limited by the temporal resolution of the sensor. Current implementations of non-line-of-sight imaging use reconstruction algorithms that are difficult to implement fast enough for real-time application using light efficient equipment. The authors present an algorithm for non-line-of-sight imaging that is low complexity and allows fast and efficient reconstruction on a standard computer.
Structural and spectroscopic characterization of photoactive yellow protein and photoswitchable fluorescent protein constructs containing heavy atoms

Abstract Photo-induced structural rearrangements of chromophore-containing proteins are essential for various light-dependent signaling pathways and optogenetic applications. Ultrafast structural and spectroscopic methods have offered insights into these structural rearrangements across many timescales. However, questions still remain about exact mechanistic details, especially regarding photoisomerization of the chromophore within these proteins femtoseconds to picoseconds after photoexcitation. Instrumentation advancements for time-resolved crystallography and ultrafast electron diffraction provide a promising opportunity to study these reactions, but achieving enough signal-to-noise is a constant challenge. Here we present four new photoactive yellow protein constructs and one new fluorescent protein construct that contain heavy atoms either within or around the chromophore and can be expressed with high yields. Structural characterization of these constructs, most at atomic resolution, show minimal perturbation caused by the heavy atoms compared to wild-type structures. Spectroscopic studies report the effects of the heavy atom identity and location on the chromophore’s photophysical properties. None of the substitutions prevent photoisomerization, although certain rates within the photocycle may be affected. Overall, these new proteins containing heavy atoms are ideal samples for state-of-the-art time-resolved crystallography and electron diffraction experiments to elucidate crucial mechanistic information of photoisomerization.
The Microbiota-Gut-Liver Axis: Implications for the Pathophysiology of Liver Disease

Interactions between the gut and the liver in relation to immunological responses and metabolic functions have been recognized as central to homeostasis for decades. The roles of gut bacteria in the pathogenesis of certain complications of cirrhosis such as hepatic encephalopathy, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, and systemic sepsis were also delineated decades ago – what is new is the idea that interactions between luminal bacteria in the gut (microbiota), the gut itself, and the liver may play a more fundamental role in the pathogenesis of a number of metabolic and immunological diseases. From basic animal research, as well as observations in human disease, a general hypothesis has emerged to explain how interplay between these factors might initiate or perpetuate alcoholic liver disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and even immunologically mediated liver diseases. In this framework, disrupted microbiota and their products gain access to the gut-associated immune system via a permeable gut barrier and generate inflammatory responses. Disruption of the gut vascular barrier then permits access for bacterial components as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines to the portal circulation and onto the liver where inflammatory and metabolic responses drive the genesis of various liver diseases. Cross-reactivity between bacterial antigens and biliary epitopes has also been invoked in relation to primary sclerosing cholangitis and primary biliary cholangitis. As we learn more of the details of these interactions and of the primacy, or otherwise, of the microbiota in this microbiota-gut-liver axis, new preventive strategies and therapeutic avenues may open up.
Primary Arthrodesis Versus Open Reduction and Internal Fixation Outcomes for Lisfranc Injuries: An Analysis of Conflicting Meta-analyses Results.

IntroductionThe superiority of primary arthrodesis (PA) versus open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) in Lisfranc injuries has been debated. Meta-analyses comparing these surgical options have...
Fastening ergonomics study based on state-space modelling of hand-arm system

The aim of this study is to model the hand-arm as a rotational single-degree-of-freedom system during fastening operations with shear-type fasteners using state-space representation. The values of the model parameters are estimated by determining the characteristic state-space matrices from the measured tool rotation and torque data collected during the fastening operation and then using a parameter extraction algorithm to derive the model parameters in the state-space matrices. The identified parameter values are used to determine the response and the dynamic reaction force, which are used to assess the dynamic effects of tool operation on the hand-arm. The effect of posture, grip-force and tool-type variation is analysed using the dynamic reaction force. Strong agreements are observed between the predicted and measured responses. The model parameter values increase with an increase in grip force and vary significantly for the two tools and four postures studied. The pistol-grip tool generates larger reaction force than the right-angled tool.
Patients with Native Cardiovascular Disease and Implantable Cardiac Devices

Cardiovascular disease is common in the adult population and has been well associated with gastrointestinal bleeding. Cardiac valvular disease, in particular, is often associated with gastrointestinal bleeding and poses its own set of diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. One of the most common cardiovascular conditions associated with gastrointestinal bleeding is aortic stenosis, although bleeding has been described in all forms of stenotic and regurgitant valvular disease. The evolution of cardiac assist devices in the management of cardiovascular disease has also introduced new considerations for the practicing gastroenterologist, as gastrointestinal bleeding is one of the most common complications in patients with implantable cardiac assist devices. The gastrointestinal bleeding seen with cardiovascular disease can be chronic, difficult to diagnose, and resistant to conventional management. Consequently, it is important to understand both the mechanism of bleeding and the available treatments in order to best manage this unique form of gastrointestinal bleeding.
Identifying Spatial and Temporal Variations in Concrete Bridges with Ground Penetrating Radar Attributes

Estimating variations in material properties over space and time is essential for the purposes of structural health monitoring (SHM), mandated inspection, and insurance of civil infrastructure. Properties such as compressive strength evolve over time and are reflective of the overall condition of the aging infrastructure. Concrete structures pose an additional challenge due to the inherent spatial variability of material properties over large length scales. In recent years, nondestructive approaches such as rebound hammer and ultrasonic velocity have been used to determine the in situ material properties of concrete with a focus on the compressive strength. However, these methods require personnel expertise, careful data collection, and high investment. This paper presents a novel approach using ground penetrating radar (GPR) to estimate the variability of in situ material properties over time and space for assessment of concrete bridges. The results show that attributes (or features) of the GPR data such as raw average amplitudes can be used to identify differences in compressive strength across the deck of a concrete bridge. Attributes such as instantaneous amplitudes and intensity of reflected waves are useful in predicting the material properties such as compressive strength, porosity, and density. For compressive strength, one alternative approach of the Maturity Index (MI) was used to estimate the present values and compare with GPR estimated values. The results show that GPR attributes could be successfully used for identifying spatial and temporal variation of concrete properties. Finally, discussions are presented regarding their suitability and limitations for field applications.
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) — Is it Controllable?

Methicillin was first used in 1959. Within 2 years, the first Staphylococcus aureus isolate resistant to methicillin was reported by Jevons (M.P. Jevons, letter to the Editor, Br. Med. J. 1:124–125, 1961). During the 1960s, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) became a major problem in Europe only to recede in the early 1970s (30). Although outbreaks were reported from the United States in 1968 by Barrett et al. (7) and in 1970 by O’Toole et al. (42), MRSA did not become a problem in this country until the mid 1970s (25). The MRSA epidemic has continued to expand through the 1980s (28,45,66). In spite of intense efforts, attempts to control MRSA outbreaks in hospitals and to eradicate MRSA from hospital patient populations have either failed or met with very modest success. Even though MRSA has been difficult to control, much has been learned about the epidemiology of MRSA in the hospital over the last decade. Available data indicate that MRSA can be controlled but that it is difficult to eliminate MRSA from hospital patient populations. Design of control programs for MRSA require an understanding of the mechanisms of methicillin resistance in S. aureus, how to identify MRSA, the origin of MRSA in the hospital, the reservoirs, mode of transmission, risk factors for acquiring MRSA and the application of control measures that have proven effective in studies of outbreaks and their control.
An interprofessional approach to a distance learning dilemma

Teaching is not an activity that is done in isolation. It takes colleagues with diverse talents and skills to create and build effective learning tools that improve student learning outcomes. Content, pedagogy, and technical expertise are required when new learning technologies are developed. Learning in a practice discipline, such as advanced practice nursing, can be particularly challenging. Students must assess, diagnose, and provide care for diverse populations. Their ability to be proficient at these skills could make a difference in whether a patient lives or dies. This is a high stakes profession and the education preparing practitioners is high stakes education. Teaching nurses to become nurse practitioners is difficult under any circumstances, but when the student is part of a distance learning program the opportunity to role model professional behaviors can be elusive. The American Association of Colleges of Nursing reports that there are currently 65 distance learning nurse practitioner programs with 31 offering their programs entirely online. Almost 22% of all post-masters Nurse Practitioner programs offer distance education (AACN, 2014). A differential diagnosis course that was previously taught in an on-campus setting needed to be restructured for students at a distance. The class, which teaches the art and science of differential diagnosis, is foundational in the nurse practitioner program. Learning the method of differential diagnosis assists experienced registered (baccalaureate) nurses in upgrading their critical thinking, information gathering, and decision-making skills to those of an advanced practitioner. On-campus students have the opportunity to conduct a patient interview with a standardized patient (SP), an actor trained to portray a patient with a uniform set of symptoms and history. Students gather a history, perform a physical assessment, review diagnostic data, and reach a conclusion about what is going on with the patient. They determine a differential diagnosis list with a rationale based on the information gathered. While the use of standardized patients for practice of clinical examinations is common in medical schools, this experience is provided less often to nurse practitioner students. It was highly valued by our on-campus students, as reported in course evaluations.
Building Data Warehouses Using Automation

Software development is a complex endeavor. While significant benefits can be achieved, the process is often laborious, time consuming and error prone requiring multiple iterations in order to achieve the desired result. Issues arise for numerous reasons-coding defects, unclear requirements, migration challenges, lack of convention, and inadequate testing to name a few. When convention and automation are introduced into the software development lifecycle there are significantly fewer opportunities for failure. Automation also allows for shorter development windows. Generally there are fewer errors throughout testing, with the bulk of those being found in unit and functional testing, far before the users get involved in systems acceptance testing. A data warehouse consists of multiple subject areas in which many tasks are common and should be automated for the sake of efficiency and enforcing convention. This article discusses a set of tools that can be used to automate writing data warehouse objects. The article also provides statistics of time saved using automation.
Biogeographical Analysis of Chemical Co-Occurrence Data to Identify Priorities for Mixtures Research

A challenge with multiple chemical risk assessment is the need to consider the joint behavior of chemicals in mixtures. To address this need, pharmacologists and toxicologists have developed methods over the years to evaluate and test chemical interaction. In practice, however, testing of chemical interaction more often comprises ad hoc binary combinations and rarely examines higher order combinations. One explanation for this practice is the belief that there are simply too many possible combinations of chemicals to consider. Indeed, under stochastic conditions the possible number of chemical combinations scales geometrically as the pool of chemicals increases. However, the occurrence of chemicals in the environment is determined by factors, economic in part, which favor some chemicals over others. We investigate methods from the field of biogeography, originally developed to study avian species co-occurrence patterns, and adapt these approaches to examine chemical co-occurrence. These methods were applied to a national survey of pesticide residues in 168 child care centers from across the country. Our findings show that pesticide co-occurrence in the child care center was not random but highly structured, leading to the co-occurrence of specific pesticide combinations. Thus, ecological studies of species co-occurrence parallel the issue of chemical co-occurrence at specific locations. Both are driven by processes that introduce structure in the pattern of co-occurrence. We conclude that the biogeographical tools used to determine when this structure occurs in ecological studies are relevant to evaluations of pesticide mixtures for exposure and risk assessment.
Imaging of total intracellular calcium and calcium influx and efflux in individual resting and stimulated tumor mast cells using ion microscopy

Ion microscopy was employed to investigate intracellular total calcium concentrations and calcium influx, and efflux in resting and antigen-stimulated tumor mast cells (RBL-2H3 cells). The nucleus, a perinuclear region which included the Golgi apparatus (Golgi region), and the remaining cytoplasm were spatially resolved with the Cameca IMS-3f ion microscope in cryogenically prepared cells. In resting cells the nucleus contained about 0.60 mM, the Golgi region about 1.2 mM, and the remaining cytoplasm about 1.0 mM total calcium. Antigen stimulation of rat basophilic leukemia cells resulted in a significant loading of calcium in all three cellular compartments. Antigen stimulation in the absence of extracellular calcium resulted in a significant loss of total calcium from all three intracellular compartments. Influx and efflux of calcium were measured simultaneously in resting and stimulated cells by using stable 44Ca in the extracellular solution, and by imaging mass 40 to determine the native intracellular calcium (40Ca) and mass 44 to localize the 44Ca that entered the cell from extracellular solution. After a 10-min incubation, 0.240 fmol of the total calcium per cell had been replaced with 44Ca, which amounts to about 33% of the total cell calcium. If antigen was present during this incubation there was an additional loss of 0.229 fmol of 40Ca and an added gain of 0.476 fmol of 44Ca per cell, which corresponds to a net increase in total intracellular calcium of 0.247 fmol.
Human Security and Sovereignty: Polar Opposites or Simply Nodes in a Network?

What are the implications from the emergence of the concept of human security to states’ sovereignty? Does the universal protection of human rights necessarily imply violation or weakening of states’ sovereign power in international relations? This paper aims at investigating the main claims about the interplay between an expanding concept of human security and the traditional principle of state sovereignty. Methodologically, it incorporates a historic analysis about the evolution of the notion of human security vis-a-vis the principle of state international sovereignty through the lens of path dependence, and the use of cognitive modeling as a way to model the parallel evolution of and mutual interplay between these two crucial concepts. Contrary to commonly held perspectives ultimately arguing that the strengthening of one of these two concepts necessarily implies the weakening of the other, the emerging picture is one of complexity. Rather than representing polar opposites within a simple network structure, more complex modes of interactions between sovereignty and human rights have led to the emergence of a new network structure, characterized by dynamic equilibrium.
Monoclonal antibodies that inhibit ADP-ribosyltransferase but not NAD-glycohydrolase activity of pertussis toxin.

Kenimer et al. (J. G. Kenimer, J. Kim, P. G. Probst, C. R. Manclark, D. G. Burstyn, and J. L. Lowell, Hybridoma 8:37-51, 1989) identified three classes of monoclonal antibodies, termed A, B, and C, that recognize the S1 subunit of pertussis toxin. This report presents data demonstrating that class A monoclonal antibodies (3CX4, 6D11C, and 3C4D), which block the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity and recognize the predominant neutralizing epitope on the S1 subunit of the toxin, do not inhibit the NAD-glycohydrolase activity of the toxin. In addition, alkylation of cysteine 41 of the S1 subunit, which may interact with NAD, inactivates the toxin but does not prevent binding by class A antibodies. Taken together, these results support the conclusion that proper alterations of amino acids that interact with NAD should allow for inactivation of the toxin without destruction of the predominant neutralizing epitope. The class A antibodies recognized control but not heat-treated pertussis toxin spotted onto nitrocellulose, indicating that class A antibodies do not recognize denatured S1 subunit. In contrast, a nonneutralizing class C antibody (X2X5) failed to bind to control toxin or S1 subunit in solution and recognized heat-treated pertussis toxin better than control toxin when spotted onto nitrocellulose. Thus, this type of analysis presents a heterogeneous mixture of fully or partially denatured and native S1 proteins and fails to distinguish between neutralizing and nonneutralizing antibodies. Images
Photoprotonation of Cycloalkenes: Limonene to p‐Menth‐8‐en‐1‐yl Methyl Ether

Photoprotonation of cycloalkenes: limonene to p-menth-8-en-1-yl methyl ether product: cis- and trans-p-menth-8-en-1-yl methyl ether product: cyclohexyl methyl ether in 70% yield Keywords: addition, to CC; photochemical reactions; photochemical apparatus
Raman and NIR Spectroscopic Methods for Determination of Total Dietary Fiber in Cereal Foods: Utilizing Model Differences

This work evaluates the complementarity in the predictive ability of three Raman and three near-infrared reflectance (NIRR) partial least-squares regression (PLSR) models for total dietary fiber (TDF) determinations of a diverse set of ground cereal food products. For each spectral type (R or N), models had previously been developed from smoothed (D0), first-derivative (D1), or second-derivative (D2) spectral data. The NIRR and Raman models tend to have very different sets of outliers and uncorrelated errors in TDF determination. For a single spectral type, the prediction errors of various preprocessing methods are partially complementary. The samples are very diverse in terms of composition, but the main problem groups were narrowed to high-fat, high-bran, and high-germ samples, as well as and those containing synthetic fiber additives. Raman models perform better on the high-fat samples, while NIRR models perform better with high-bran and high-synthetic samples. Raman models were better able to accommodate a wheat germ sample, even though this sample type was poorly represented by the calibration set. Two methods are presented for utilizing the complementarity of the spectral and processing techniques: one involves simple averaging of predictions and the other involves avoidance of outliers by using statistics generated from the sample spectrum to choose the best model(s) for determination of the TDF value. The single best model (N-D1) has a root-mean-squared prediction error of 2.4% TDF. The best model of prediction averages yields an error of 1.9% (combining N-D0, N-D1, N-D2, R-D0, and R-D1). An error of 1.9% was also obtained by choosing a single prediction from the six models by using statistics to avoid outliers. With the selection of the best three models and averaging their predictions, an error of 1.5% was achieved.
Cautionary note on measurement of field independence.

A proliferation of measures currently are used in studies dealing with Witkin's field-independence construct; many of these bear little resemblance to Witkin's original operationalizations. To examine the relationships among several of the most frequently used measures (RFT, various EFTs, Kohs Blocks, Draw-a-Person), 122 rs were obtained from 40 studies in which two or more of the measures in question had been employed. It was observed that, while the measures do share some variance, the amount is generally quite low. What any one test measures is not reflected to a great extent by any other. Thus, the indiscriminate use of tests which “resemble” Witkin's original measures is unwarranted and conceptually dangerous. Future studies should preferably be based on a combined use of the RFT and either Witkin's original EFT or Jackson's shortened version thereof.
Status and potential for phosphorescent OLED technology

As organic light emitting device (OLED) technology is building up momentum in the commercial marketplace, phosphorescent OLEDs (PHOLEDsTM) are proving themselves to be an ideal display medium for a wide range of product applications: from small mobile displays to large area TVs. As part of this work we continue to advance PHOLED technology by new materials design and device architectures. For example a green PHOLED with 4.3 V, 70 cd/A, 50 lm/W and > 10,000 hours lifetime at 1,000 cd/m2 is reported. PHOLEDs enable very low power consumption displays with low display operating temperatures, and can be deposited by a range of different deposition techniques. Along with state-of-the-art device performance we report results on the ruggedness of PHOLED materials in high volume manufacturing environments.
CADMIUM-INDUCED APOPTOSIS IN THE UROGENITAL ORGANS OF THE MALE RAT AND ITS SUPPRESSION BY CHELATION

Abstract Cadmium-induced apoptosis is shown to occur, in vivo, in several organs of the male Wistar rat urogenital system, 48 h after cadmium administration ip at a dose of 0.03 mmol/kg. Characteristic DNA fragmentation (as measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA) and histopathologically observed changes characteristic of apoptosis are found in the kidney, prostate, seminal vesicles, testes, and epididymis. TUNEL assay also demonstrates the apoptosis. Such changes are absent from bladder and vas deferens tissue. Timely administration of an appropriate chelating agent capable of reaching intracellular cadmium binding sites can suppress the processes leading to apoptosis. Administration of monoisoamyl meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinate (M\-ADMS, 0.5 mmol/kg ip) to cadmium-treated rats is effective in greatly reducing typical histopathologic signs of apoptosis and the associated chromatin DNA fragmentation as revealed by ELISA when the antagonist is administered I h after cadmium. Administration of...
Where we're headed

Purpose – Aims to provide some answers to the question: “What does the future look like for libraries?”Design/methodology/approach – The paper's approach is a review of various initiatives undertaken in the USA.Findings – All the projects show that a positive use of technology is taken.Originality/value – Provides information of value to all those involved with information management.
River channel dynamics following extirpation of wolves in northwestern Yellowstone National Park, USA

Historical records indicate that gray wolves (Canis lupus) were extirpated from the upper Gallatin River Basin in the early 1900s. Following the removal of these large carnivores, elk (Cervis elaphus) began to increasingly browse streamside vegetation in the winter range, causing widespread loss of formerly extensive willow (Salix spp.) communities. Historical aerial photographs and chronosequences of ground photographs were used to characterize general changes in vegetation and channel morphology over time. In August of 2004, riparian vegetation and channel cross-sections were surveyed along three reaches of the upper Gallatin River. Reach A was located upstream of the elk winter range (control reach) whereas reaches B and C (treatment reaches) were located within the elk winter range. Willow cover on floodplains averaged 85 per cent for reach A, but only 26 per cent and 5 per cent for reaches B and C, respectively. The average return period of calculated bankfull discharges was 3·1 yrs for reach A but increased to 32·4 yrs and 10·6 yrs for reaches B and C, respectively. The long-term loss of streamside vegetation allowed channels to generally increase in hydraulic capacity (via increases in width, incision or both) and decrease their hydrologic connectivity with adjacent floodplains. This study documents, perhaps for the first time, the resultant impacts to riparian vegetation functions and stream channel characteristics following the extirpation of a large mammalian carnivore. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Revisiting Concepts of Public Relations Audience Through Postmodern Concepts of Metanarrative, Decentered Subject, and Reality/Hyperreality

This article reviews several tenets of postmodern theory to point out how their applications to new, expanded definitions of audience can enhance campaign communication. Postmodernism's acknowledgement of the decentered subject, that an individual does not actually “live” a holistic, planned existence but rather “lives” several discourses/roles imposed on the individual from without, leads to some very interesting questions for public relations professionals who communicate to audiences. Postmodern applications to audience analysis and campaign message design suggest how concentration on the multiple, ever changing frames of references—or “realities”—of any audience member can lead to more effective public relations messages and campaign communication.
Abnormalities of muscle spindle afferent responses in congenital feline ataxia

The responses of single spindle primary afferents in medial gastrocnemius muscle to passive extension of the muscle were compared in adult cats between controls, acutely decerebellate (DB), chronically DB, and chronic, congenitally ataxic (CA) animals, to determine the degree of restitution (“compensation”) of responses in the chronic groups. It was found that chronically DB cats exhibit considerable compensation of spindle afferent responses when compared with those of acutely DB cats, and that responses of CA cats demonstrate compensation similar to those of the chronically DB animals. However, de-efferentation of spindle receptors by section of either lumbosacral cord or ventral roots innervating the spindles results in a significant depression of spindle responses in controls and in chronically and acutely DB animals, but does not alter the responses in CA animals. The degree of depression of responses resulting from de-efferentation is related directly to the degree of increased firing threshold to passive muscle stretch. It is concluded that the compensatory mechanisms in the DB animals depend upon fusimotor-gamma innervation from the central nervous system, but in the CA animals the compensatory processes must occur within, the intrafusal muscle or nerve fiber itself.
Simple and Sophisticated “Naive” Semantics

Je critique dans cet article la theorie « naive » des attributions de croyances, selon laquelle la signification d'un nom propre dans la clause qui figure comme complement d'une telle attribution est son referent. Je soutiens que l'usage que nous faisons de ces attributions dans l'explication du comportement oblige a rejeter la version simple de la semantique «naive» au profit de sa cousine plus sophistiquee. Et je soutiens que la theorie «naive» sophistiquee se compare defavorablement a des versions plausibles de la semantique non naive.
Correlates of Secondary Traumatic Stress in Child Protective Services Workers

SUMMARY The purpose of this study was to add to the limited research on secondary traumatic stress in child welfare by investigating correlates of secondary traumatic stress (STS) in child protective services workers. Specifically, we examined the relationship between levels of STS in CPS professionals and personal history of trauma, peer and administrative support, intent to remain employed in child welfare, professional experience, and size of caseload. This study documents the existence of secondary traumatic stress in the population and the relationship between levels of secondary traumatic stress in CPS professionals and the group of potential correlates: personal history of trauma in the past year and lifetime, peer support, administrative support, intent to remain employed in child welfare, professional experience, and size of caseload.
Polyketone Polymers Prepared Using a Palladium/Alumoxane Catalyst System

The palladium-catalyzed copolymerization of carbon monoxide and ethylene to give polyketone polymers, [−CH2CH2C(O)−]n, has been accomplished by the use of either (dppp)Pd(OAc)2 or (dppp)Pd[C(O)tBu]...
Site model for channel-facilitated membrane transport : invariance of the translocation time distribution with respect to direction of passage

A particle entering a membrane channel either returns to the initial reservoir from which it entered or goes through to escape on the opposite side. We prove that the probability density of the translocation time is invariant with respect to the direction of passage. This invariance holds at arbitrary asymmetry of the intra-channel potential, i.e., independently of how different the translocation probabilities are in the two directions. Assuming that the particle motion is described as a continuous-time random walk between neighbouring sites representing the channel, we give three proofs of the invariance. The present analysis complements a recent proof of the invariance where we assumed Langevin dynamics of the particle in the channel (Berezhkovskii et al 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 020601).