cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Application of Means-End Analysis in a Cross-Cultural Context

The role of values in creating effective mass communication in a cross-cultural context is briefly reviewed. In particular, the laddering process relating product attributes ta ultimate life goals is examined. Within this framework, a means-end analysis of automobiles is conducted for samples of Anglos and Hispanics. Results show that the primary and secondary means-end chains are different for the two groups. The impact on mass communications to the two groups is discussed.
RESPONSE OF YTTERBIUM FOILS ORIENTED PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR TO THE SHOCK FRONT

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the response of piezoresistance gauges subjected to well-characterized dynamic stresses during loading and unloading. It describes the empirical calibration curves—the peak resistance change as a function of the longitudinal component of matrix stress (or strain)—for two orientations. Above 2 kb, those curves show a parabolic increase in resistance change with respect to the longitudinal matrix stress. The curve for the longitudinal gauge is above that for the lateral gauge. Below 2 kbar, the resistance change for the lateral gauge is higher, although the lateral stress is smaller than the longitudinal stress. Upon unloading of the longitudinal stress in the matrix, the residual resistance change for both orientations increases with the peak loading stress. The residual resistance change, however, saturates at about 8.5 kbar for the longitudinal gauge and at about 11.6 kbar for the lateral gauge.
Stage-Specific Embryonic Antigen-1 (SSEA-1) Expression in Thyroid Tissues

Stage-specific embryonic antigen-1 (SSEA-1), also known as CD15, is a member of a cluster of differentiation antigens that have been identified in various normal tissues and in different types of cancers including papillary and medullary thyroid carcinoma. SSEA-1 may be expressed in normal stem cells and cancer stem-like cells. To evaluate the potential diagnostic and prognostic utility of SSEA-1 in thyroid tumors, we analyzed the expression of SSEA-1 in normal and neoplastic thyroid tissues by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using a tissue microarray with 158 different tissue cores. To evaluate the potential utility of SSEA-1 as a surface marker, we also assessed the expression of SSEA-1 in thyroid cell lines by flow cytometric analysis. SSEA-1 immunoreactivity was identified in malignant thyroid follicular epithelial cancers but not in the benign thyroid tissues. Anaplastic thyroid (ATC) (80 %) and conventional papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) (60.7 %) showed significantly higher percentage of cases that were SSEA-1 immunoreactive than follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (FVPTC) (20.6 %) and follicular carcinoma (FCA) (32.1 %). Flow cytometric analysis of cultured thyroid cell lines showed that a small subpopulation of ATC and PTC thyroid tumor cells had SSEA-1 immunoreactivity which may represent thyroid cancer stem-like cells. The ATC cells expressed more SSEA-1 immunoreactive cells than the PTC cell lines. Our findings suggest that expression of SSEA-1 immunoreactivity in thyroid neoplasms was associated with more aggressive thyroid carcinomas. SSEA-1 is a marker that detects malignant thyroid neoplasms in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded thyroid tissue sections and may be a useful marker for thyroid cancer stem-like cells.
How to Give Difficult Feedback

Giving feedback is a necessary and expected part of training students and residents. Yet, even for simple problems, educators may have difficulty giving effective feedback. Lack of time, concern for upsetting the teacher/student relationship, worry that their own evaluations will be affected, or the fear of distressing the student are common reasons that educators avoid giving feedback to learners. These barriers are intensified when the stakes are high: for example, when a trainee has done something that appears unethical (e.g., untruthful charting) or out of bounds (e.g., having a romantic relationship with a patient). Preparation and having an effective feedback approach is critical to success. This chapter will provide you the tools to give effective feedback even when the stakes are high.
Nuclear Electric Power for Manned Space Stations

Abstract The engineering aspects of nuclear power for relatively large space stations, requiring 5 to 40 KWe and to be launched in the early 1970′s are studied. Powerplant systems design and interactions between the powerplant and the space station are discussed. Interactions which influence the design of the station and the powerplant include normal and emergency power requirements, powerplant weight, station dynamics, launch constraints for initial and replacement plants, reliability, required operating characteristics, and crew capabilities. A rotating station composed of a central hub with three radial spokes and a powerplant which utilizes a SNAP-8 reactor with either multiple mercury Rankine cycle power conversion systems or thermoelectric generators is emphasized. Fully surrounding 4 Π reactor shields are examined and weight breakdowns as functions of design parameters allow the estimation of total shield weights. An arrangement which allows for “shirtsleeve” access to the power conversion system and retention of greater than 80% of the shield at plant replacement are major design features. The techniques for in-space replacement and for old powerplant disposal are examined. The 35 KWe SNAP-8 system under current development and its reliability goals and operational requirements are described and compared to the requirements of a manned space station. Variations in the system design, employing the same technology and similar components, are presented to indicate how the SNAP-8 reactor and components can be used to fulfill these requirements.
Consistency of Pathologist’s Diagnoses in the ED01 Experiment

A key step in the evaluation of rodent tumorigenicity experiments is the pathologist’s postmortem examination. Typically, one or more specimens from each of numerous tissues and organs are examined for abnormalities. An increased rate of tumor development in the exposed group, relative to the controls, is regarded as evidence for possible carcinogenicity.
The atomic structure of a eukaryotic oligosaccharyltransferase complex.

N-glycosylation is a ubiquitous modification of eukaryotic secretory and membrane-bound proteins; about 90% of glycoproteins are N-glycosylated. The reaction is catalysed by an eight-protein oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex that is embedded in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Our understanding of eukaryotic protein N-glycosylation has been limited owing to the lack of high-resolution structures. Here we report a 3.5 A resolution cryo-electron microscopy structure of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae OST complex, revealing the structures of subunits Ost1–Ost5, Stt3, Wbp1 and Swp1. We found that seven phospholipids mediate many of the inter-subunit interactions, and an Stt3 N-glycan mediates interactions with Wbp1 and Swp1 in the lumen. Ost3 was found to mediate the OST–Sec61 translocon interface, funnelling the acceptor peptide towards the OST catalytic site as the nascent peptide emerges from the translocon. The structure provides insights into co-translational protein N-glycosylation, and may facilitate the development of small-molecule inhibitors that target this process. The high-resolution structure of the entire eukaryotic oligosaccharyltransferase complex is determined, revealing the role of membrane lipids in mediating inter-subunit interactions, and the mechanism by which the complex enables protein N-glycosylation. In eukaryotic cells, some 90% of secretory and membrane-bound proteins are modified by gaining a sugar molecule in a process known as N-glycosylation. The enzyme that catalyses this reaction is the oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex. Obtaining high-resolution structures of the OST complex would improve understanding of protein N-glycosylation, but this has not been an easy feat as the complex consists of eight protein subunits embedded in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. Huilin Li and colleagues report the cryo-electron microscropy structure of the entire eukaryotic OST complex at a resolution of 3.5 A. The findings provide insights into the role of membrane lipids in mediating inter-subunit interactions within OST, and the mechanism by which this complex ensures co-translational and co-translocational protein N-glycosylation.
A Mixed-Method Study of Undergraduate and First Year Librarian Positions in Academic Libraries in the United States

Abstract The aim of this study is to better understand the prevalence, scope, and unique challenges of undergraduate and first year librarians over the last decade, through the use of quantitative and qualitative data from job listings, online surveys, and phone interviews. The findings indicate that there is very little consensus about what the undergraduate librarian does, how the work is structured on a daily basis, and how its goals are negotiated and assessed. Further, undergraduate librarians face a number of issues, including navigating vaguely defined responsibilities, establishing their professional credibility, and communicating their role within the library and to the university. Survey participants reported experiencing tension between the traditional (reference, instruction, collection development) and undergraduate-specific aspects of their duties, indicating that it is difficult for them to prioritize engagement and outreach. While the literature on blended librarianship anticipates some of these issues, undergraduate librarians are unique because they provide an intersection between broader higher education priorities and the academic library. The author stipulates that the lack of definition, strain, and the perception of undergraduate librarianship as an entry-level position is incongruent with the importance colleges and universities place on undergraduate student success.
Hospital Administration as a Profession

Many benefits accrue to an occupation that is described as a “profession,” including the ability to influence public debate, such as the current one over health policy in the United States. The label of profession frequently enhances the status, prestige, power, and legitimacy of an occupation, which usually translates into additional resources and power. This article examines the current status of the occupation—hospital administration—with respect to the literature pertaining to the concept of a profession. Hospital administration is assessed in terms of its relation to three common attributes associated with professions: collegial traits, knowledge base, and service orientation. The analysis indicates that there are important obstacles to be overcome before hospital administration can be considered a profession based on these three attributes.
Fertility Control: Prevalence and Consequences of Breastfeeding

This article reviews the recent transition in thinking regarding the fertility-inhibiting consequences of breastfeeding. Early demographic research, while not generally measuring lactational amenorrhea directly, nonetheless helped focus attention on the importance of breastfeeding in reducing the risk of pregnancy worldwide. Since the 1960s, a large number of scientific studies from many parts of the world have consistently demonstrated that breastfeeding is closely associated with prolonged periods of postpartum amenorrhea, long birth intervals, low completed fertility, and optimal health and wellbeing for the mother and her infant. Clinical research has also played an important role in elucidating the underlying neuroendocrine mechanisms of postpartum lactational infertility. More recently, innovative demographic studies utilizing hazard model regression techniques have allowed researchers to quantify the fertility reducing effects of breastfeeding unambiguously by incorporating into their models knowledge of the biology of postpartum infertility along with measures of breastfeeding behavior. Breastfeeding behavior is also currently being promoted as a family planning method. Finally, due to the fact that the HIV virus causing AIDS can be transmitted by breastfeeding, ethical issues have arisen surrounding the promotion of breastfeeding for health reasons and family planning.
Which is the Easiest and Safest Technique for Central venous Access? A Retrospective Survey of more than 5,400 Cases:

There is an ongoing debate on the technique for central venous catheterization associated with the lowest complication rate and the highest success rate. In an attempt to better define the easiest and safest venous approach, we have reviewed our 7-year experience with 5479 central venous percutaneous punctures (by Seldinger's technique) for the insertion of short-term (n=2109), medium/long-term (n=2627) catheters, as well as double-lumen, large-bore catheters for hemodialysis and/or hemapheresis (n=743). We have analyzed the incidence of the most frequent in-sertion-related complications by comparing seven different venous approaches: jugular vein, low lateral approach; jugular vein, high lateral approach; jugular vein, low axial approach; subclavian vein, infraclavicular approach; subclavian vein, supraclavicular approach; external jugular vein; femoral vein. The results of our retrospective study suggest that the 'low lateral' approach to the internal jugular vein, as described by Jernigan and modified according to our protocol, appears to be the easiest and safest technique for percutaneous insertion of central venous access, being characterized by the lowest incidence of accidental arte-rial puncture (1.2%) and malposition (0.8%), no pneumothorax, and an extremely low rate of repeated attempts (i.e. more than two punctures before successful cannulation) (3.3%). We advocate the 'low lateral' approach to the internal jugular vein as first-choice technique for venipuncture in both adults and children, for both short-term and long-term central venous percutaneous cannulation.
Structural Chemistry of the Lanthanides

The structural chemistry of the lanthanides, yttrium, and scandium is reviewed, using the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre file. In addition, relevant complexes with only inorganic ligands have been included. Organolanthanides are divided into the cyclopentadienides, σ-bonded compounds, and the cyclooctatetraene complexes. A brief discussion of the covalent contribution to the bonding in organolanthanides is included. The coordination complexes are organized in terms of their coordination numbers. Lower coordination numbers 3 to 7 appear to be rare and directly related to steric effects. The coordination numbers of 8 and 9 are the “favored” ones for these elements. A number of examples for the coordination numbers 10, 11 and 12 are discussed. Relatively long lanthanide-nitrogen bond distances are a recurring feature in the structural chemistry of these elements. A more general effect may be long bond lengths to “soft” donor atoms.
Efficient Bayesian Regularization for Graphical Model Selection

There has been an intense development in the Bayesian graphical model literature over the past decade; however, most of the existing methods are restricted to moderate dimensions. We propose a novel graphical model selection approach for large dimensional settings where the dimension increases with the sample size, by decoupling model fitting and covariance selection. First, a full model based on a complete graph is fit under a novel class of mixtures of inverse-Wishart priors, which induce shrinkage on the precision matrix under an equivalence with Cholesky-based regularization, while enabling conjugate updates. Subsequently, a post-fitting model selection step uses penalized joint credible regions to perform model selection. This allows our methods to be computationally feasible for large dimensional settings using a combination of straightforward Gibbs samplers and efficient post-fitting inferences. Theoretical guarantees in terms of selection consistency are also established. Simulations show that the proposed approach compares favorably with competing methods, both in terms of accuracy metrics and computation times. We apply this approach to a cancer genomics data example.
Residual cyclooxygenase activity of aspirin-acetylated COX-2 forms 15 R-prostaglandins that inhibit platelet aggregation.

Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) inhibits prostaglandin (PG) synthesis by transfer of its acetyl group to a serine residue in the cyclooxygenase (COX) active site. Acetylation of Ser530 inhibits catalysis by preventing access of arachidonic acid substrate in the COX-1 isoenzyme. Acetylated COX-2, in contrast, gains a new catalytic activity and forms 15 R hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid (15 R-HETE) as alternate product. Here we show that acetylated COX-2 also retains COX activity, forming predominantly 15 R-configuration PGs (70 or 62% 15 R, respectively, determined using radiolabeled substrate or LC-MS analysis). Although the Km of arachidonic acid for acetylated COX-2 was ∼3-fold lower than for uninhibited COX-2, the catalytic efficiency for PG formation by the acetylated enzyme was reduced 10-fold due to a concomitant decrease in Vmax. Aspirin increased 15 R-PGD2 but not 15 R-PGE2 in isolated human leukocytes activated with LPS to induce COX-2. 15 R-PGD2 inhibited human platelet aggregation induced by the thromboxane receptor agonist U46,619, and this effect was abrogated by an antagonist of the DP1 prostanoid receptor. We conclude that acetylation of Ser530 in COX-2 not only triggers formation of 15 R-HETE but also allows oxygenation and cyclization of arachidonic acid to a 15 R-PG endoperoxide. 15 R-PGs are novel products of aspirin therapy via acetylation of COX-2 and may contribute to its antiplatelet and other pharmacologic effects.-Gimenez-Bastida, J. A., Boeglin, W. E., Boutaud, O., Malkowski, M. G., Schneider, C. Residual cyclooxygenase activity of aspirin-acetylated COX-2 forms 15 R-prostaglandins that inhibit platelet aggregation.
Attitudes of Potential Participants Towards Molecular Therapy Trials in Huntington's Disease.

Background Advances in molecular therapeutic approaches in the last decade are translating into the design of non-traditional clinical trials. In order to improve their feasibility, it is important to understand the attitudes of potential participants towards these trials, their motivations to get involved and acceptance of risks. Objective We aimed to better understand the willingness of potential participants to participate in different molecular therapy trials for Huntington's disease (HD) based on their clinical and genetic status, trial design and goals of the treatment. Methods An anonymous survey was distributed through the Huntington's Disease Society of America (HDSA) on-line portal/website. Various hypothetical scenarios were presented followed by a survey consistent of Likert scale responses ascertaining willingness to participate, collecting demographic, clinical and genetic information. Results There were a total of 87 responses, including patients diagnosed with HD, pre-manifesting mutation carriers and asymptomatic participants at risk. The majority of participants indicated they were very likely or likely to participate in clinical trials independent of study design or goals of the therapy, with a more favorable view in premanifesting mutation carriers. However, more invasive procedures and trials including placebo were less favorably viewed across all diagnostic groups. Conclusions In summary, most individuals in the HD community would consider participation in novel molecular therapy trials, but study design and goals could impact patient recruitment. This data can be used to inform the recruitment and consent process into clinical trials and to address common concerns by potential participants.
Plazas and power: Canary Islanders at Galveztown, an Eighteenth-Century spanish colonial outpost in Louisiana

During the late 18th century Spain sent several hundred Canary Islanders (Islenos) to serve as soldiers and settlers in its Louisiana colony. Galveztown, in the Isle d’Orleans, was a planned settlement consisting of a fort and adjacent village. Galveztown was beset by disease, hurricanes, floods, drought, and war. By the 1790s the villagers were described as living in “the most abject want and misery.” In an effort to explain why the Islenos remained at Galveztown as long as they did, the nature of social control in Spanish North America must be understood. In particular, this article examines how Spanish colonial town planning functioned as a form of social control. It is argued that town plazas were the materialization of Spanish efforts to use the cultural landscape as a means of controlling colonial populations. As such, the materiality of the plaza at Galveztown may be reflected in the archaeological record.
Ischemic axonal injury up-regulates MARK4 in cortical neurons and primes tau phosphorylation and aggregation

Ischemic injury to white matter tracts is increasingly recognized to play a key role in age-related cognitive decline, vascular dementia, and Alzheimer's disease. Knowledge of the effects of ischemic axonal injury on cortical neurons is limited yet critical to identifying molecular pathways that link neurodegeneration and ischemia. Using a mouse model of subcortical white matter ischemic injury coupled with retrograde neuronal tracing, we employed magnetic affinity cell sorting with fluorescence-activated cell sorting to capture layer-specific cortical neurons and performed RNA-sequencing. With this approach, we identified a role for microtubule reorganization within stroke-injured neurons acting through the regulation of tau. We find that subcortical stroke-injured Layer 5 cortical neurons up-regulate the microtubule affinity-regulating kinase, Mark4, in response to axonal injury. Stroke-induced up-regulation of Mark4 is associated with selective remodeling of the apical dendrite after stroke and the phosphorylation of tau in vivo. In a cell-based tau biosensor assay, Mark4 promotes the aggregation of human tau in vitro. Increased expression of Mark4 after ischemic axonal injury in deep layer cortical neurons provides new evidence for synergism between axonal and neurodegenerative pathologies by priming of tau phosphorylation and aggregation.
Artificial intelligence to diagnose ischemic stroke and identify large vessel occlusions: a systematic review

Background and purpose Acute stroke caused by large vessel occlusions (LVOs) requires emergent detection and treatment by endovascular thrombectomy. However, radiologic LVO detection and treatment is subject to variable delays and human expertise, resulting in morbidity. Imaging software using artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML), a branch of AI, may improve rapid frontline detection of LVO strokes. This report is a systematic review of AI in acute LVO stroke identification and triage, and characterizes LVO detection software. Methods A systematic review of acute stroke diagnostic-focused AI studies from January 2014 to February 2019 in PubMed, Medline, and Embase using terms: ‘artificial intelligence’ or ‘machine learning or deep learning’ and ‘ischemic stroke’ or ‘large vessel occlusion’ was performed. Results Variations of AI, including ML methods of random forest learning (RFL) and convolutional neural networks (CNNs), are used to detect LVO strokes. Twenty studies were identified that use ML. Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) commonly used RFL, while LVO detection typically used CNNs. Image feature detection had greater sensitivity with CNN than with RFL, 85% versus 68%. However, AI algorithm performance metrics use different standards, precluding ideal objective comparison. Four current software platforms incorporate ML: Brainomix (greatest validation of AI for ASPECTS, uses CNNs to automatically detect LVOs), General Electric, iSchemaView (largest number of perfusion study validations for thrombectomy), and Viz.ai (uses CNNs to automatically detect LVOs, then automatically activates emergency stroke treatment systems). Conclusions AI may improve LVO stroke detection and rapid triage necessary for expedited treatment. Standardization of performance assessment is needed in future studies.
The Course of Immune Stimulation by Photodynamic Therapy: Bridging Fundamentals of Photochemically Induced Immunogenic Cell Death to the Enrichment of T-Cell Repertoire.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a potentially immunogenic and FDA-approved antitumor treatment modality that utilizes the spatiotemporal combination of a photosensitizer, light and oftentimes oxygen, to generate therapeutic cytotoxic molecules. Certain photosensitizers under specific conditions, including ones in clinical practice, have been shown to elicit an immune response following photoillumination. When localized within tumor tissue, photogenerated cytotoxic molecules can lead to immunogenic cell death (ICD) of tumor cells, which release damage-associated molecular patterns and tumor-specific antigens. Subsequently, the T-lymphocyte (T cell)-mediated adaptive immune system can become activated. Activated T cells then disseminate into systemic circulation and can eliminate primary and metastatic tumors. In this review, we will detail the multistage cascade of events following PDT of solid tumors that ultimately lead to the activation of an antitumor immune response. More specifically, we connect the fundamentals of photochemically induced ICD with a proposition on potential mechanisms for PDT enhancement of the adaptive antitumor response. We postulate a hypothesis that during the course of the immune stimulation process, PDT also enriches the T-cell repertoire with tumor-reactive activated T cells, diversifying their tumor-specific targets and eliciting a more expansive and rigorous antitumor response. The implications of such a process are likely to impact the outcomes of rational combinations with immune checkpoint blockade, warranting investigations into T-cell diversity as a previously understudied and potentially transformative paradigm in antitumor photodynamic immunotherapy.
Outcomes of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) among patients with connective tissue disease: Propensity match analysis

Abstract Background Inflammation is the hallmark of coronary artery disease (CAD) and CTD. There are reports of increased prevalence of CAD among patients with CTD such as Rheumatoid Arthritis. However, there is a paucity of data regarding the outcomes of PCI among patients with CTD. Methods Using the National Inpatient Database, patients that underwent PCI between 2007 and 2015 were identified using ICD-9-CM codes. Propensity match analysis with 1: 3 matching of patients with and without CTD was performed. Outcomes were acute kidney injury (AKI), access site complication (ASC), ventricular fibrillation (VF), cardiogenic shock (CS), Stroke, In-hospital mortality and hospital length of stay (LOS) compared between both groups. Result We identified 17,422 patients with CTD and matched with 52, 266 patients without CTD. Patients were predominantly female (63.1%) and white (77.2%), with a mean age of 63 ± 12.1 years. AKI (8.3% vs. 6.6%, p Conclusions Patients with CTD undergoing PCI have a higher rate of AKI, Access site complications, and prolonged hospital stay.
Photodiodes for Si photonics (Conference Presentation)

High-speed high-power photodiodes are key components in microwave photonic applications including antenna remoting, generation of microwave signals, and analog optical links. With the rapid emergence of Si photonics, it is becoming increasing important to develop approaches to incorporate these photodiodes into a Si platform. For integration of III-V photodiodes on silicon, various integration approaches have been reported, including adhesive wafer bonding, direct molecular wafer bonding, and direct III-V material growth on Si. This paper will report the integration of InGaAs/InGaAsP/InP modified uni-traveling carrier photodiodes using each of these techniques. In addition, high-power Ge on Si photodiodes will be discussed.
Deep Convolutional Neural Network Accelerator Featuring Conditional Computing and Low External Memory Access

This paper presents an ASIC accelerator for deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) featuring a novel conditional computing scheme that synergistically combines precision-cascading with zero-skipping. To reduce many redundant convolution operations that are followed by max-pooling operations, we propose precision-cascading, where the input features are divided into a number of low-precision groups and approximate convolutions with only the most significant bits (MSBs) are performed first. Based on this approximate computation, the full-precision convolution is performed only on the maximum pooling output that is found. This way, the total number of bit-wise convolutions can be reduced by ~2× without affecting the output feature values and with <0.8% degradation in final ImageNet classification accuracy. Precision-cascading provides the added benefit of increased sparsity per low-precision group, which we exploit with zero-skipping to eliminate clock cycles as well as external memory access that involve zero inputs. By jointly optimizing the conditional computing scheme and hardware architecture, the 40nm prototype chip demonstrates a peak energy-efficiency of 8.85 TOPS/W at 0.9V supply and low external memory access of 55.31 MB (or 0.0018 access/MAC) for ImageNet classification with VGG-16 CNN.
Simulations for Ion Traps Buffer Gas Cooling

Buffer gas cooling of ions in traps and radiofrequency ion guides has become the method of choice to improve the quality of continuous ion beams and to provide cooled ion bunches with low emittance and small energy spread. The method is chemically unselective and has consequently been applied to manipulate ion beams ranging from He to the heaviest elements. Depending on the buffer gas type and pressure, cooling times can be as low as a few milliseconds. The transmission efficiency of today’s buffer gas coolers is approaching unity. These features make buffer gas coolers particularly useful at rare-isotope facilities, where speed, applicability, efficiency and good beam properties are essential to perform precision experiments with nuclei far from the valley of beta stability. Two types of gas-filled coolers/bunchers are currently in use at rare-isotope facilities. They are based on linear Paul traps and on Penning traps: First the externally produced ions are electrostatically slowed down to a few electron-volt energy and injected into the gas-filled ion trap. For deceleration, the central trap electrodes are typically operated at a pedestal voltage close to beam potential. Inside the trap the ions are slowed down by collisions with buffer gas molecules and accumulate in the effective potential well provided by the ion trap. Finally, the cooled ion cloud is ejected out of the trap by a strong electric field and the ion pulse is then reaccelerated to a desired beam energy. A radiofrequency (RF) multipole ion guide uses RF electric fields for the transverse confinement of ions and employs DC electric fields in the axial direction to
Copper-Oxo Active Sites in the 8MR of Zeolite Mordenite: DFT Investigation of the Impact of Acid Sites on Methanol Yield and Selectivity

There is significant interest in improving methanol yields from methane in copper-exchanged zeolites. Interestingly, zeolites with proton, H+, precursors provide greater methanol yields and selecti...
Obese adipose tissue modulates proinflammatory responses of mouse airway epithelial cells

Although recognized as an important endocrine organ, little is known about the mechanisms through which adipose tissue can regulate inflammatory responses in distant tissues, such as lung that are affected by obesity. To explore potential mechanisms, male C57BL/6J mice were provided either high-fat diet, low-fat diet, or were provided a high-fat diet then switched to the low-fat diet to promote weight loss. Visceral adipocytes were then cultured in vitro to generate conditioned media (CM) that was used to treat both primary (mouse tracheal epithelial cells; MTECs) and immortalized (mouse-transformed club cells; MTCCs) airway epithelial cells. Adiponectin levels were greatly depressed in the CM from both obese and diet-switched adipocytes relative to mice continually fed the low-fat diet. MTECs from mice with obesity secreted higher baseline levels of inflammatory cytokines than MTECs from lean or diet-switched mice. MTECs treated with obese adipocyte CM increased their secretion of these cytokines compared with MTECs treated with lean CM. Diet-switched CM modestly decreased the production of cytokines compared with obese CM, and these effects were recapitulated when the CM was used to treat MTCCs. Adipose stromal vascular cells from mice with obesity expressed genes consistent with an M1 macrophage phenotype and decreased eosinophil abundance compared with lean stromal vascular fraction, a profile that persisted in the lean diet-switched mice despite substantial weight loss. Soluble factors secreted from obese adipocytes exert a proinflammatory effect on airway epithelial cells, and these alterations are attenuated by diet-induced weight loss, which could have implications for the airway dysfunction related to obese asthma and its mitigation by weight loss.
Hardware-Algorithm Co-Design Enabling Efficient Event-based Object Detection

Event-based cameras are a promising alternative to traditional optical cameras for real time computer vision systems. They offer low power, high temporal resolution, and high dynamic range, making them an ideal candidate for resource-constrained edge computing. In this work, we evaluate system level designs using event-based cameras for computer vision on the edge. We present a new technique to improve the object detection performance of event-based cameras, and demonstrate a $1.88 \times$ to $2.17 \times$ improvement in energy efficiency.
A high-performance low-power barrett modular multiplier for cryptosystems

This paper presents a fast architecture for Barrett modular multiplication. By replacing the integer multiplications in each iteration with carry-save compressions and using Booth coding plus operation rescheduling to increase parallelism, we eliminate costly multiplications while concurrently avoiding large-bitwidth additions. Our detailed error analysis proves that intermediate results are always less than twice the modulus. Experimental results show that the removal of multiplication eliminates the need for any DSPs. Even not accounting for this key benefit, compared to the best of prior art results, the proposed design results in 46.8% latency reduction with a similar area.
Investigation of Asleep versus Awake Motor Mapping in Resective Brain Surgery.

Objective To develop an asleep motor mapping paradigm for accurate detection of the corticospinal tract during glioma surgery and compare outcomes with awake patients undergoing glioma resection. Methods A consecutive cohort of adult patients undergoing craniotomy for suspected diffuse glioma with tumor in a perirolandic location who had awake or asleep cortical and subcortical motor mapping with positive areas of motor stimulation were assessed for postoperative extent of resection (EOR), permanent neurological deficit, and proximity of stimulation to diffusion tensor imaging–based corticospinal tract depiction on preoperative magnetic resonance imaging. Outcome data were compared between asleep and awake groups. Results In the asleep group, all 16 patients had improved or no change in motor function at last follow-up (minimum 3 months of follow-up). In the awake group, all 23 patients had improved function or no change at last follow-up. EOR was greater in the asleep group (mean [SD] EOR 88.71% [17.56%]) versus the awake group (mean [SD] EOR 80.62% [24.44%]), although this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.3802). Linear regression comparing distance from stimulation to corticospinal tract in asleep (n = 14) and awake (n = 4) patients was r = −0.3759, R2 = 0.1413, P = 0.1853, and 95% confidence interval = −0.4453 to 0.09611 and r = 0.7326, R2 = 0.5367, P = 0.2674, and 95% confidence interval = −7.042 to 14.75, respectively. Conclusion In this small patient series, asleep motor mapping using commonly available motor evoked potential hardware appears to be safe and efficacious in regard to EOR and functional outcomes.
Model Requirements and Process Identification

Sheet and film processes are inherently difficult to identify. The extensive interactions across the machine result in the process transfer function having a large condition number, and it is well-known that identifying the gain directionality for such processes is challenging (as discussed in Section 2.5). The input signals used for process identification are constrained, which limit the signal-to-noise ratios obtained during experimental input-output testing. Sheet and film processes have a high input-output dimensionality, implying that a significant number of model parameters must be identified. At the same time, the quantity of experimental data that can be collected is usually low, in that traversing sensors are typically used, which measure a limited portion of the profile at any given time. Also, the time period during which input-output experiments can be carried out is also limited. For example, a film extruder may change polymer grades after only eight hours, in which case the entire time period for conducting experiments must be substantially less than eight hours for the identified model to be available long enough to be used for closed-loop control purposes for the current polymer grade. Typically, the input-output experimental runs are constrained by various staff (e.g., process operators, plant managers) to run no longer than 20 minutes.
Effects of poroelasticity on fluid-structure interaction in arteries: A computational sensitivity study

We model blood flow in arteries as an incompressible Newtonian fluid confined by a poroelastic wall. The blood and the artery are coupled at multiple levels. Fluid forces affect the deformation of the artery. In turn, the mechanical deformation of the wall influences both blood flow and transmural plasma filtration. We analyze these phenomena using a two layer model for the artery, where the inner layers (the endothelium and the intima) behave as a thin membrane modeled as a linearly elastic Koiter shell, while the outer part of the artery (accounting for the media and the adventitia) is described by the Biot model. We assume that the membrane can transduce displacements and stresses to the artery and it is permeable to flow.
Mobilizing Legal Talent for a Cause: the National Woman's Party and the Campaign to Make Jury Service for Women a Federal Right

This Essay explores how the National Woman’s Party mobilized legal talent during its campaign in the 1930s to make jury service for women a Federal right. First, I will begin with a brief overview of the National Woman’s Party, its nature, its programs, and its key legal personnel. Second, I will describe the state of the law concerning jury service for women after the Nineteenth Amendment, and will explore the strategy that the party followed in trying to gain women the equal right to serve on juries. Third, I will describe the three cases in which the party involved itself during the 1930s, relating them to the legal and other goals of the organization and showing how the organization was forced to rely on its own legal resources in pressing its jury service cases. Fourth and finally, I will conclude by exploring the importance of internal counsel to this litigation campaign.
AUTOMOTIVE FIELD OF VIEW ANALYSIS USING POLAR PLOTS

This paper describes how polar plots are constructed and used to evaluate fields of view from vehicles. A polar plot presents a driver's three dimensional view of the vehicle structure, such as window openings or mirrors, and the subjects outside of the vehicle, such as other vehicles in adjacent lanes, in a two dimensional (or polar) field. The paper includes examples of polar plots and illustrates how they can be used by an automotive designer to evaluate many specific problems. Example problems illustrated include (1) angular locations of pillars; (2) monocular and binocular obscurations caused by pillars; (3) hood visibility; (4) visibility of adjacent vehicles; and (5) fields of view available from planar and convex mirrors. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 875189.
The Dynamic Vertex Minimum Problem and Its Application to Clustering-Type Approximation Algorithms

The dynamic vertexminim um problem (DVMP) is to maintain the minimum cost edge in a graph that is subject to vertexadditions and deletions. DVMP abstracts the clustering operation that is used in the primal-dual approximation scheme of Goemans and Williamson (GW). We present an algorithm for DVMP that immediately leads to the best-known time bounds for the GW approximation algorithm for problems that require a metric space. These bounds include time O(n2) for the prize-collecting TSP and other direct applications of the GW algorithm (for n the number of vertices) as well as the best-known time bounds for approximating the k-MST and minimum latency problems, where the GW algorithm is used repeatedly as a subroutine. Although the improvement over previous time bounds is by only a sublogarithmic factor, our bound is asymptotically optimal in the dense case, and the data structures used are relatively simple.
Does Privatization Enhance or Deter Privatization

Small enterprises, whether start-ups or spin-offs from former state owned enterprises, are a growth engine in post-socialist economies. This paper argues that privatization can either enhance or deter small enterprise formation because of its impact of the local business environment. Using the case of Russia, we show that small-scale privatization deterred small enterprise formation, while large-scale privatization enhanced it.
Epilepsy and Consciousness

Conscious information processing depends on widespread network activity in the brain. The same networks which evolved for the generation of normal consciousness can be exploited by abnormally intense and synchronous discharges in epileptic seizures. Diverse seizure types share in common the involvement of specific anatomical structures in the consciousness system leading to impaired consciousness. Thus, absence seizures, generalized tonic–clonic seizures, and temporal lobe seizures differ dramatically in their cause, behavior, and electrophysiology. However, all three seizure types cause impaired consciousness. Recent advances in neuroimaging, electrophysiology, and behavioral testing demonstrate that these seizures share a common pattern of disrupted activity in the consciousness system involving the: (i) upper brainstem and medial thalamus, (ii) anterior and posterior interhemispheric regions (cingulate, medial frontal cortex, and precuneus), and (iii) lateral frontal and parietal association cortex. The physiology differs between seizure types exhibiting either abnormal increases or decreases in neuronal activity and neuroimaging signals, but the anatomical regions involved when consciousness is impaired remain the same. Understanding the mechanisms of impaired consciousness in epilepsy has important practical applications for preventing patient injuries and social stigma, and may also shed light on normal consciousness.
A Common-Space Measure of State Supreme Court Ideology

We introduce a new method to measure the ideology of state supreme court justices using campaign finance records. In addition to recovering ideal point estimates for both incumbent and challenger candidates in judicial elections, the method’s unified estimation framework recovers judicial ideal points in a common ideological space with a diverse set of candidates for state and federal oce, thus facilitating comparisons across states and institutions. After discussing the methodology and establishing measure validity, we present results for state supreme courts from the early-1990s onward. We find that the ideological preferences of justices play an important role in explaining state supreme court decision-making. We then demonstrate the greatly improved empirical tractability for testing separation-of-powers models of state judicial, legislative, and executive ocials with an illustrative example from a recent political battle in Wisconsin that ensnared all three branches.
Extension of the MSIS Thermosphere Model into the middle and lower atmosphere

The MSIS-86 empirical model has been revised in the lower thermosphere and extended into the mesosphere and lower atmosphere to provide a single analytic model for calculating temperature and density profiles representative of the climatological average for various geophysical conditions. Tabulations from the Handbook for MAP 16 are the primary guide for the lower atmosphere and are supplemented by historical rocket and incoherent scatter data in the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere. Low-order spherical harmonics and Fourier series are used to describe the major variations throughout the atmosphere including latitude, annual, semiannual, and simplified local time and longitude variations. While month to month details cannot be completely represented, lower atmosphere temperature data are fit to an overall standard deviation of 3 K and pressure to 2%. Comparison with rocket and other data indicates that the model represents current knowledge of the climatological average reasonably well, although there is some conflict as to details near the mesopause.
Environmental influences on the productivity of three desert succulents in the south-western United States

Abstract Net CO2 uptake over 24 h periods for shoots of Agave deserti, Ferocactus acanthodes, and Opuntia ficus-indica was measured under the ranges of water status, air temperature, and photo-synthetically active radiation (PAR) that occur in the south-western U.S.A. An environmental productivity index (EPI) was constructed indicating the overall influence of these three factors on net CO2 uptake. Using growth chambers whose conditions were changed monthly to simulate the environmental conditions at a field site, the observed shoot dry weight increases per unit surface area changed in concert with monthly changes in EPI. The observed dry weight gain of the shoot was 17–19% lower than the predicted shoot net CO2 uptake, which could be accounted for by carbon diversion to the roots. Mean monthly EPI was also predicted for 21 sites in the south-western U.S.A. All three species had low EPIs in the Colorado River basin, which has low annual rainfall and high summer temperatures, and in the north-central part of the region, which has low temperatures and low PAR during winter when water is available. The two native species, A. deserti and F. acanthodes, had high EPIs beyond their range in coastal southern California, where competition by other vegetation for PAR may limit net CO2 uptake. Such regions as well as south-central California and south-central Arizona had high EPIs for all three species, indicating that these areas would be appropriate for the cultivation of O. ficus-indica.
Size Specific Trapping at a Convergent Stagnation Point

DNA has been observed to be trapped at a convergent stagnation point created by opposite rotating vortices in simulations based on the lattice-Boltzmann method using a bead-spring model for the DNA. Previous work has successfully separated polymers whose length differs by a factor of 2. However more precise separation based on length could potentially be achieved. Preliminary simulations have trapped 60% of the smaller strands in polymers length ratio 1.5:1. Mastering this technique could allow advancements in developing microfluidic techniques for DNA amplification based on PCR and purification of the PCR product. Additionally these simulations mimic conditions found in pores of hydrothermal vents, giving hypothesis on the development of life.