cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
K-Theory and D-Branes on Non-Commutative Tori

We expect charges of BPS D-branes to be stable under continuous change of parameters such as background values of anti-symmetric tensor gauge field B. In this short note we demonstrate this in a specific case corresponding to the compactification of Type lIB string theory on n-dimensional tori with a B-field flux. The relevant K-theory that classifies D-brane charges is K-theory of operator (ℂ*-algebras. Using Pimsner-Voiculescu exact sequence we show that (real) K groups of non-commutative tori are isomorphic to the corresponding K groups of ordinary tori.
Relationship Between TBA Numbers and Inexperienced Panelists’Assessments of Oxidized Flavor in Cooked Beef

Fifty-two inexperienced sensory panelists rated a series of ground beef samples four or six times for intensity of oxidized flavor. Correlation coefficients for sensory scores versus TBA numbers were significant but low. Variability in panelist scoring appeared to account partly for the lower values. Of the 52 panelists tested, 28 were determined statistically to be consistent in their scoring of the treatment variables. Correlation coefficients were higher for this group of panelists. The initial range of oxidized flavor detection for this panel group was within a range of TBA numbers that closely resembled the previously determined threshold level for trained panelists.
Effect of Response Effort on Secondary Reward Value

This study tested whether a distinctive secondary rewarding stimulus (a black or a white goal box) of a Y-maze associated with a difficult response (running “uphill”) would be preferred to the box associated with an easy response (running on a horizontal plane). If so, it would indicate that secondary reward value was positively related to response difficulty in organisms having little in the way of cultural conditioning, namely, laboratory rats. The data, however, showed no such preference.
Emerging problems in the coastal zone for the twenty-first century

Abstract The continued availability of some marine resources is threatened by the increased fluxes to the oceans of identifiable and measurable collections of pollutants, which include plant nutrients, plastics, environmental oestrogens, and organisms contained in ship-ballast waters. Characteristic of these societal discards that will guide research progress are long residence times; slow accumulation rates; increasing fluxes with time; and dissemination over large areas. The resolution of these problems will require data collections over decadal time-scales. Finally, some classical and some perceived marine pollution problems, such as those involving specific metals, can now be discontinued in the face of the absence of unacceptable impacts on living organisms.
Effect of the Veterans Affairs Medical System on plastic surgery residency training.

BACKGROUND Teaching hospitals within the Veterans Affairs Health System perform the majority of complex and high-risk surgical procedures in the veteran patient population. Residency positions in the Veterans Affairs Medical System are usually part of a rotational educational system within a university-based residency, and plastic surgeons in training are a major work force and health care provider. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the current effect of the Veterans Affairs Medical System on plastic surgery residency training. METHODS A 6-year (January of 1998 to December of 2003) review was performed of procedures completed at the Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Section of Plastic Surgery. Procedures were divided into the following categories: extremities and trunk; breast and cosmetic; head and neck, including excision of skin lesions; hand surgery; craniomaxillofacial surgery; and other. Only procedures performed in the main operating room were reviewed and analyzed. In addition, a detailed review was performed of major head and neck reconstructions with free tissue transfer. RESULTS A total of 1655 operative procedures were performed in 1290 patients. The ratio of men to women was 6:1 (1112 men and 178 women). Patients ranged in age from 26 to 97 years (average age, 62.7 years). Procedures in the extremities and trunk (n = 193, 11.7 percent), breast and cosmetic (n = 228, 13.8 percent), hand surgery (n = 155, 9.4 percent), and other (n = 275, 16.6 percent) categories were comparably distributed. Although the head and neck category accounted for the highest number of procedures (n = 766, 46.3 percent), the majority of these procedures were simple excisions of skin tumors (n = 612). There were significantly fewer major craniomaxillofacial cases (n = 38, 2.3 percent). CONCLUSIONS Data from the retrospective analysis reveal that a broad spectrum of plastic surgical procedures is performed within the Veterans Affairs Health System, serving as a tremendous resource for resident training. The fact that approximately 260 procedures per year are performed demonstrates an active service. Craniomaxillofacial surgery is currently underrepresented compared with other categories at the authors' particular institution. By their definition, nonspecific plastic surgical procedures ("other") account for 275 (16.6 percent) of all 1655 procedures performed. This demonstrates that plastic surgery "overlaps" with other specialties, such as dermatology. The Veterans Affairs Health System will continue to play a significant role in the future training of plastic surgeons. Now, more than ever, a strong Veterans Affairs surgical service, including plastic surgery and its modern techniques, will be needed.
Gene rescue in plants: A model system for “shotgun” cloning by retransformation

Cloning of genes by transformation with genomic banks and rescue of a phenotype has been extensively used in bacterial systems. This approach has not been possible in plant systems because of the large genome sizes and poor transformation frequencies of most plant species. Recent advances in plant transformation permit the generation of large numbers of transformants in petunia. We have used this system to rescue a model gene encoding resistance to kanamycin by “shotgun” cloning. The gene encoding neomycin phosphotransferase (NPTII) was introduced into the genome of Arabidopsis thaliana by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. A genomic bank of DNA from this tissue was constructed in a cosmid vector containing features which would allow its use in plant transformation. The unselected genomic bank was mobilized from Escherichia coli to A. tumefaciens and used to retransform petunia leaf discs. The rescued gene was identified by its ability to confer a kanamycin-resistant phenotype in petunia tissue. The presence of the NPTII gene was confirmed by nopaline assay and Southern blot analysis. This experiment demonstrates the feasibility of gene rescue, in certain circumstances, in plants.
Seminumerical solution to bending of sector plates and curved slabs of variable stiffness

Abstract This study extends the application of the semianalytical or seminumerical method of solution to bending annular sectors with varying rigidities. Basic functions in the angular direction are assumed to take the form of eigenfunctions for vibrating beams. The classical method of separation of variables is employed, and a single trigonometric series representation is assumed for the deflection and loading functions. An ordinary differential equation is derived and solved numerically by a one-dimensional finite difference technique. The method is applied to sector plates with linearly and nonlinearly varying thickness, and for a different edge and loading conditions.
Efficacy of higher education for persons with work disabilities

Abstract The paper examines the efficacy of higher education as a remedial strategy for persons with work disabilities. Efficacy is measured by comparing individual treatment costs to net earnings impacts. The treatment costs data reflect the services provided by the Virginia vocational rehabilitation program. Earnings impacts are estimated using longitudinal earnings profiles within a quasi-experimental research design. A key consideration in this research design is identification of an acceptable comparison group. The empirical results indicate that higher education is a cost effective strategy for persons with work disabilities. We suggest that perhaps higher education should be given an expanded role within the state-federal vocational rehabilitation program.
Effect of Bilayer Composition on the Phase Behavior of Liposomal Suspensions Containing Poly(ethylene glycol)-Lipids

Liposomes containing phospholipids with covalently attached poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-lipids) are being developed for use as carriers in in vivo drug delivery. A critical design parameter for these liposomes is the maximum amount of PEG-lipids that can be incorporated into the phospholipid bilayer before it is converted into a micelle. In this paper, X-ray diffraction is used to determine this saturation limit of PEG-lipids for a variety of phospholipid bilayers with different tensile strengths and polymorphic properties. It is found that 15-20 mol % PEG-lipid can be incorporated into gel phase bilayers, liquid-crystalline bilayers, and bilayers containing equimolar cholesterol. However, the saturation limit of PEG-lipid in the bilayer is decreased to about 8 mol % when lysolipids are added to liquid-crystalline phase bilayers or when the gel phase bilayers are made with shorter hydrocarbon chains. These data indicate that the phase transition from lamellar to micellar phase for lipid suspensions containing PEG-lipids does not depend strongly on the tensile strength of the bilayer, but rather is determined primarily by the polymorphic properties of the lipid molecules. This study also measures the range and magnitude of the steric barrier provided by the incorporation of PEG-lipid into bilayers of different compositions. The steric barrier depends on the concentration of PEG-lipid in the bilayer, with the incorporation of 10 mol % PEG-2000 into gel, liquid-crystalline, and cholesterol-containing bilayers providing a barrier that extends about 65 A from each bilayer surface.
Terminal repetition in the DNA of bacteriophage T5.

Abstract The DNA of bacteriophage T5 can be shown to be terminally repetitious by annealing after partial digestion with λ exonuclease. Under these conditions circular molecules are formed both before and after repair of the natural singlechain interruptions with polynucleotide ligase. Repaired molecules, however, require less digestion with λ exonuclease and yield a higher frequency of circles than unrepaired DNA. These differences, which are not due to digestion at the internal sites in unrepaired DNA, suggest that a single-chain interruption is located within the terminal repetition. This hypothesis was confirmed by an electron microscopic examination of circular molecules prepared after extensive digestion with λ exonuclease. These molecules contain short, internal duplex segments which represent the complementary chains which annealed during circle formation. In repaired DNA the duplex segments are of uniform length and give an estimate of 10,000 base pairs (9% of the genome) for the size of the terminal repetition. The duplex segments in unrepaired circular molecules, however, are heterogeneous in length and, in most cases, shorter than the terminal repetition. A single-chain interruption can thus be located at variable positions within the repetition at one end of T5 DNA. The repetition at the other end of the molecule does not appear to contain an interruption.
Effects of two cooperative conditions on peer-group discussions, reading comprehension, and metacognition

Abstract This study examined the task-related talk, reading comprehension, and metacognition of third-grade students over a 4-week period. A total of 219 students from eight classrooms participated. Classrooms were randomly assigned to the “reward” or the “strategy” condition. The reward condition encouraged cooperation through the use of team recognition based on individual performance on weekly quizzes. The strategy condition was designed to direct discussions toward substantive task content. Two groups from each classroom were observed prior to intervention and at the end of each week. The comprehension measure was comprised of four subtests: prediction, inference, main idea, and summarization. The metacognition measure assessed awareness of evaluation, planning, regulation, and conditional knowledge. Results indicated that the general structure of task-talk changed very little during the treatment phase of the study but that discussions in the strategy condition were focused more toward the facts, concepts, and strategies associated with their cooperative tasks. Students in this condition also performed significantly better on all comprehension subtests and one metacognition subtest. Discussion examines the (a) stability of the structure of peer-group talk, (b) efficacy of intentionally focusing peer-group discussions toward important lesson content, and (c) role such talk plays in learning.
Single-molecule analysis reveals human UV-damaged DNA-binding protein (UV-DDB) dimerizes on DNA via multiple kinetic intermediates.

How human DNA repair proteins survey the genome for UV-induced photoproducts remains a poorly understood aspect of the initial damage recognition step in nucleotide excision repair (NER). To understand this process, we performed single-molecule experiments, which revealed that the human UV-damaged DNA-binding protein (UV-DDB) performs a 3D search mechanism and displays a remarkable heterogeneity in the kinetics of damage recognition. Our results indicate that UV-DDB examines sites on DNA in discrete steps before forming long-lived, nonmotile UV-DDB dimers (DDB1-DDB2)2 at sites of damage. Analysis of the rates of dissociation for the transient binding molecules on both undamaged and damaged DNA show multiple dwell times over three orders of magnitude: 0.3–0.8, 8.1, and 113–126 s. These intermediate states are believed to represent discrete UV-DDB conformers on the trajectory to stable damage detection. DNA damage promoted the formation of highly stable dimers lasting for at least 15 min. The xeroderma pigmentosum group E (XP-E) causing K244E mutant of DDB2 found in patient XP82TO, supported UV-DDB dimerization but was found to slide on DNA and failed to stably engage lesions. These findings provide molecular insight into the loss of damage discrimination observed in this XP-E patient. This study proposes that UV-DDB recognizes lesions via multiple kinetic intermediates, through a conformational proofreading mechanism.
Superconductivity, oxygen content, and hole state density in Bi2Sr1.75Ca1.25Cu2O8.18+y (−0.09 < y ≤ ) and Bi1.6Pb0.4Sr1.9Ca2Cu3Oz

Abstract Oxygen K near-edge spectra, as measured by fluorescence yield, were recorded for Bi1.6Pb0.4Sr1.9Ca2Cu3Oz ((Bi,Pb)-2223, nominal composition, prepared by powder-in-tube method) and for polycrystalline Bi2Sr1.75Ca1.25Cu2O8.18+y (Bi-2212, nominal composition, polycrystalline pellets). For Bi-2212, oxygen contents were varied by post anneals in argon at temperatures up to 730°C. Oxygen content changes were estimated from thermogravimetric analysis. For Bi-2212 superconducting transition temperature Tc goes through a maximum, and lattice parameters change with quench temperature. Dependence of the pre-edge structure on oxygen content in this system is reported. In Bi-2212, the prepeak associated with hole density varies with oxygen content. The oxygen K near-edge structure in Bi-2212 is similar, whether samples are polycrystalline pellets, tapes with preferred orientation, single crystals, or oriented films. Also, there is a strong similarity in shape and energy of the hole peaks in Bi-2212 and (Bi,Pb)-2223.
Complementary and Alternative Medicine for Glaucoma

Given the recent interest in complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), some patients may seek such treatments to supplement their traditional glaucoma management. The prevalence of CAM use for glaucoma is approximately 5%. We reviewed the literature to determine the potential benefit of various alternative treatments. Aside from a temporary osmotic effect from high dose intravenous ascorbic acid, there is no evidence that megavitamin supplementation has a beneficial effect on glaucoma. During exercise, autoregulation in healthy eyes seems to maintain a consistent blood flow rate to the optic nerve despite fluctuations in intraocular pressure (IOP). In a glaucomatous eye, the very modest IOP-lowering that follows exercise may be offset by the initial elevation in IOP that occurs when one first initiates exercise. At this time, there is no evidence to encourage or discourage the use of special diets, acupuncture, relaxation techniques, or therapeutic touch specifically for the treatment of glaucoma. Very little research has been done on the majority of herbal remedies with regard to their treatment of glaucoma. Marijuana can cause a profound lowering of IOP, but the high nonresponse rate, short half life, and significant toxicity are strong indicators that it is not an appropriate therapeutic agent. Ginkgo biloba and some other Chinese herbal remedies do not affect IOP, but may improve blood flow to the optic nerve and, as such, may have a beneficial effect on glaucoma. These agents have recognized toxicities. Although there are some well-designed studies of alternative treatments, many of the recommendations for using alternative treatments are currently unsupported by the data provided.
On resolvability of topological spaces

Abstract Resolvability of spaces whose extent (spread) is less than the dispersion character is investigated. A space X with a π -network of regular closed subsets such that Δ(X)> pext (X) is ℵ 0 -resolvable, and a space Y such that Δ(Y)> ps (Y) is maximally resolvable. In particular, assuming the negation of the continuum hypothesis, a (hereditarily) Lindelof connected space is (maximally) ℵ 0 -resolvable. An example of a Hausdorff countably compact irresolvable space is constructed. In [V=L] every dense in itself Baire space is ℵ 0 -resolvable.
Syringometaplasia: mucinous and squamous variants.

The eccrine sweat ducts are normally lined by cuboidal epithelial cells which may rarely undergo metaplasia, i.e. syringometaplasia. Two lesions were observed in which eccrine sweat ducts displayed the mucinous and squamous variants of syringometaplasia. The first lesion clinically and histologically appeared to be a plantar wart. Microscopically, it consisted of a central invagination surrounded by marked epidermal acanthosis and hyperkeratosis. The invagination was lined by keratinocytes admixed with mucin-filled goblet cells. The mucin was positive by the Alcian blue (pH 2.5) and mucicarmine stains. Numerous eccrine sweat ducts led into the invagination and were focally lined by the mucin-laden cells. Recognition of mucinous syringometaplasia is important since it may be confused with primary or metastatic adenocarcinoma of the skin. The second lesion occurred on the outer ear and was clinically believed to be chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis. Microscopically, there were many islands of atypical squamous cells within the papillary and reticular dermis. These epithelial islands represented squamous syringometaplasia since many contained central lumina with eosinophilic cuticles and blended with normal ductal structures. It is important not to confuse this metaplastic change with invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Squamous syringometaplasia may be analogous to necrotizing sialometaplasia, a recently described phenomenon which occurs in minor salivary glands.
Control of Infection with Leishmania major in Susceptible BALB/c Mice Lacking the Common γ-Chain for FcR Is Associated with Reduced Production of IL-10 and TGF-β by Parasitized Cells

Previous studies have shown that the in vitro ligation of FcgammaRs with IgG-opsonized Leishmania amastigotes promotes IL-10 production by macrophages. In addition, infection of either BALB/c mice lacking the common gamma-chain of Fc receptors (FcgammaR(-/-)) or mice genetically altered to lack circulating Ab (J(H)D) with Leishmania pifanoi results in reduced and delayed lesion development and a deficit in the recruitment of inflammatory cells into infected lesions. We show in this study that FcgammaR(-/-) mice can control infection with Leishmania major and totally resolve cutaneous lesions. The ability to eventually control infection is not associated with a reduction in lesion inflammation or a reduction in the ability of Leishmania to parasitize cells through week 6 of infection. The immune response in healing FcgammaR(-/-) mice is associated with a reduction in numbers of cells producing Th2-type cytokines, including IL-4 and IL-10, but not an increase in numbers of IFN-gamma-producing cells characteristic of a dominant Th1-type response. Instead, we observe a reduction in levels of IL-10 and TGF-beta within infected lesions, including reduced levels of these cytokines within parasitized macrophages. Together, these results suggest that uptake of opsonized parasites via FcgammaRs may be a strong in vivo stimulus for the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines that play a role in susceptibility to infection.
Within-wingbeat damping: dynamics of continuous free-flight yaw turns in Manduca sexta.

Free-flight body dynamics and wing kinematics were collected from recordings of continuous, low-speed, multi-wingbeat yaw turns in hawkmoths (Manduca sexta) using stereo videography. These data were used to examine the effects of rotational damping arising from interactions between the body rotation and flapping motion (flapping counter-torque, FCT) on continuous turning. The moths were found to accelerate during downstroke, then decelerate during upstroke by an amount consistent with FCT damping. Wing kinematics related to turning were then analysed in a simulation of hawkmoth flight; results were consistent with the observed acceleration–deceleration pattern. However, an alternative wing kinematic which produced more continuous and less damped accelerations was found in the simulation. These findings demonstrate that (i) FCT damping is detectable in the dynamics of continuously turning animals and (ii) FCT-reducing kinematics do exist but were not employed by turning moths, possibly because within-wingbeat damping simplifies control of turning by allowing control systems to target angular velocity rather than acceleration.
Sex differences in regional cerebral glucose metabolism during a resting state

Positron emission tomography was used to evaluate the regional distribution of cerebral glucose metabolism in 61 healthy adults at rest. Although the profile of metabolic activity was similar for men and women, some sex differences and hemispheric asymmetries were detectable. Men had relatively higher metabolism than women in temporal-limbic regions and cerebellum and relatively lower metabolism in cingulate regions. In both sexes, metabolism was relatively higher in left association cortices and the cingulate region and in right ventro-temporal limbic regions and their projections. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that differences in cognitive and emotional processing have biological substrates.
Electrical detection of TATA binding protein at DNA-modified microelectrodes.

A simple method for the electrochemical detection of TATA-binding protein is demonstrated at DNA-modified microelectrodes. The assay is general and based on the interruption of DNA-mediated charge transport to Nile Blue, a redox-active probe covalently attached to the DNA base pair stack. Nanomolar quantities of TATA binding protein can be detected on the microelectrodes even in the presence of micromolar amounts of bovine serum albumin, EndonucleaseIII, or Bam HI methyltransferase. The scheme outlined provides a basis for the sensitive electrical detection of numerous proteins on a single DNA chip.
Syntactical organization of the gargle vocalization of the black-capped Chickadee, Parus atricapillus

The gargle is a complex call of the black-capped chickadee Parus atricapillus associated with agonistic interactions. A large sample of calls was recorded from five sites in southeastern Wisconsin. Three sites were near one another and the other two with a different dialect pattern were more distant (all sites were within 15 km of each other). A typical call consists of about 6 notes selected from an array of about 15 different note-types that are shared among individuals in the same population. Note-types are given in many combinations, and any individual may deliver many different variations. Analysis of two- and three-note sequences shows a syntactical organization with certain note-types much more likely to precede or follow than others. In some cases linkage between note-types was nearly complete. Some differences occurred among individuals and sites, but general organizational rules were similar. One effect on ordering was acoustical structure of the notes. Higher pitched, shorter duration notes were more likely at the beginning than the end of the call which often consisted of trills. Organization of the gargle was compared to that of the chick-a-dee call of the same species. Similarities include recombinant properties, general acoustic rules and syntax. A major difference may be that in chick-a-dee calls various note combinations constituting a call have different meanings, while the various note combinations comprising an individual's repertoire of gargles may be functionally equivalent.
Cultural citizenship in France and le Bled among teens of pan-southern immigrant heritage

Abstract This article addresses discourse among French teenagers of pan-immigrant, peripheral, and specifically southern descent that evokes the widely circulating spatial concept called le bled, a French word of Arabic origin. Drawing upon theories of cultural citizenship, this paper explores the connections that teens broker through le bled in two, divergent discourses that link French citizenship with modernity and race. The first discourse is one that conceptualizes le bled as less modern than France, which is ultimately a racially exclusive model of French citizenship because it typically treats le bled as a racialized and inferior place. The second discourse involves the conceptualization of France as a modern and racially inclusive place, seeking to assimilate people from various places (even though in reality, many of these policies that claim inclusiveness are exclusive).
Comprehensive multiplatform collaboration

We describe the architecture and implementation of our comprehensive multi-platform collaboration framework known as Columbia InterNet Extensible Multimedia Architecture (CINEMA). It provides a distributed architecture for collaboration using synchronous communications like multimedia conferencing, instant messaging, shared web-browsing, and asynchronous communications like discussion forums, shared files, voice and video mails. It allows seamless integration with various communication means like telephones, IP phones, web and electronic mail. In addition, it provides value-added services such as call handling based on location information and presence status. The paper discusses the media services needed for collaborative environment, the components provided by CINEMA and the interaction among those components.
Body composition in fishes: body size matters

Fish proximate body composition is of great interest in aquaculture because it affects fish appetite, growth and the efficiency of food utilization. Proximate body composition also affects other aspects of fish biology and ecology, including reproduction, survival, and energy value to predators. Two very strong relationships among body components are revealed by taking into account fish body size in terms of water mass. There is a very strong relationship between water mass and protein mass, with the amount of water per unit protein decreasing in larger fish. The strength of this relationship and its presence in a variety of fish species suggest a physiological or biochemical cause. Similarly, there is a very strong relationship between water mass and ash mass, with the amount of water per unit ash decreasing in larger fish. These two strong relationships enable fish body composition to be predicted from wet weight and percent water. Calculated water mass is used to predict mass of protein and ash, then lipid mass is found by subtraction of water, protein, and ash from body mass. Results from this approach suggest that there is virtually no functional relationship between body lipid and body water. Fish energy density can be calculated from proximate composition. These relationships should be useful in studying fish bioenergetics and other aspects of fish growth.
Significant category clustering in free recall

Frender and Doubilet suggest that Bousfield's ratio of repetitions (RR) is the best measure of clustering in free recall presently available. Conditioning only on the number of words recalled, they determine the mean ofRR in the absence of clustering. In this note the null variance ofRR is presented. This permits development of conservative significance tests based on the Cramer inequality.
Kinetic Involvement of Acetaldehyde Substrate Inhibition on the Rate Equation of Yeast Aldehyde Dehydrogenase

In order to evaluate the effectiveness of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a catalyst for the conversion of acetaldehyde into its physiologically and biologically less toxic acetate, the kinetics over broad concentrations were studied to develop a suitable kinetic rate expression. Even with literature accounts of the binding complexations, the yeast ALDH currently lacks a quantitative kinetic rate expression accounting for simultaneous inhibition parameters under higher acetaldehyde concentrations. Both substrate acetaldehyde and product NADH were observed as individual sources of inhibition with the combined effect of a ternary complex of acetaldehyde and the coenzyme leading to experimental rates as little as an eighth of the expected activity. Furthermore, the onset and strength of inhibition from each component were directly affected by the concentration of the co-substrate NAD. While acetaldehyde inhibition of ALDH is initiated below concentrations of 0.05 mM in the presence of 0.5 mM NAD or less, the acetaldehyde inhibition onset shifts to 0.2 mM with as much as 1.6 mM NAD. The convenience of the statistical software package JMP allowed for effective determination of experimental kinetic constants and simplification to a suitable rate expression: $$ v = \frac{{Vmax\left( {{\text A}{\text B}} \right)}}{{KiaKb + KbA + KaB + AB + \frac{{{B^2}}}{{KI-Ald}} + \frac{{{B^2}Q}}{{KI-Ald-NADH}} + \frac{{BQ}}{{KI-NADH}}}} $$ where the last three terms represent the inhibition complex terms for acetaldehyde, acetaldehyde–NADH, and NADH, respectively. The corresponding values of K I–Ald, K I–Ald–NADH, and K I–NADH for yeast ALDH are 2.55, 0.0269, and 0.162 mM at 22 °C and pH 7.8.
Positronium: Precision determination of the ground-state fine-structure interval Δv, and measurement of density shifts in the noble gases

Abstract The positronium n = 1 fine-structure interval, Δ v , has been measured in nitrogen yielding Δv = 203.3849(12) GHz. Comparison with theory shows the need to calculate higher-order theoretical terms. The positronium density shifts in the noble gases were also measured.
“A ROSE, by any other name”…: relationship typology and performance measurement in supply chains

Purpose – The aim of this paper is to develop a comprehensive framework of supply chain performance that includes relationship, operational, strategic and economic performance measures. Design/methodology/approach – The literature regarding inter-organizational performance including: supply chain management, logistics and marketing performance measures is reviewed. A synthesis of the review provides the foundation for developing a comprehensive model of supply chain management performance. Findings – The review and synthesis finds that supply chain performance focuses primarily on operational and economic performance measures while paying less attention to relational and strategic performance measures. The comprehensive framework identifies four major categories of supply chain performance measures: relational; operational; strategic; and economic – hence the name ROSE. Originality/value – This comprehensive framework identifies four types of supply chain measures that can be used as a guiding framework b...
Model Integration and Modeling Languages: A Process Perspective

Development of large-scale models often involves-or, certainly could benefit from-linking existing models. This process is termed model integration and involves two related aspects: 1 the coupling of model representations, and 2 the coupling of the processes for evaluating, or executing, instances of these representations. Given this distinction, we overview model integration capabilities in existing executable modeling languages, discuss current theoretical approaches to model integration, and identify the limiting assumptions implicitly made in both cases. In particular, current approaches assume away issues of dynamic variable correspondence and synchronization in composite model execution. We then propose a process-oriented conceptualization and associated constructs that overcome these limiting assumptions. The constructs allow model components to be used as building blocks for more elaborate composite models in ways unforeseen when the components were originally developed. While we do not prove the sufficiency of the constructs over the set of all model types and integration configurations, we present several examples of model integration from various domains to demonstrate the utility of the approach.
HIV-Associated Opportunistic Infections—Going, Going, But Not Gone: The Continued Need for Prevention and Treatment Guidelines

In the United States, the incidence of HIVassociated opportunistic infections (OIs) has decreased dramatically. The trend observed in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)-sponsored HIV Outpatient Study—a prospective, observational cohort study involving 18500 HIV-infected persons in 9 US cities who have received routine outpatient care (figure 1)—is typical of trends seen in many other clinical and research cohorts and medical practices. These reductions have resulted, in part, from improvements in and the diffusion of effective OI prophylaxis, but most importantly, they have resulted from the advent of combination antiretroviral therapy. It is not uncommon now for some medical residents and infectious diseases fellows to have never seen a case of cytomegalovirus retinitis or cryptosporidial diarrhea in an HIV-infected patient. As antiretroviral therapy becomes simpler, more potent, and less toxic, and
Tibial stress reaction presenting as bilateral shin pain in a man taking denosumab for giant cell tumor of the bone

Prolonged bisphosphonate use has been associated with increased risk of atypical femoral fractures. Very few cases of atypical femoral fractures have been reported with denosumab. We report a case of bilateral tibial stress reactions in a 60-year-old man with no history of osteoporosis who was on prolonged high-dose denosumab for the treatment of giant cell tumor of bone. He presented with a 3-month history of pain in his bilateral shins worsening with activity and improving with rest. Although initial radiographs were unremarkable, he was found to have changes consistent with a stress reaction on magnetic resonance imaging of the distal tibia. To our knowledge, bilateral tibial stress reactions have not been previously reported with anti-resorptive therapies (neither bisphosphonates nor denosumab). Our case is intriguing in terms of the development of stress reactions as a precursor to stress fractures which may also relate to atypical fractures. Our case suggests a possible association between denosumab use and stress reactions. Of note the indication for denosumab in our case was for the treatment of giant cell tumor of bone where the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved dose is substantially higher than the FDA approved dose for osteoporosis treatment. Although rare, clinicians should consider the possibility of stress fractures in patients on anti-resorptive medications such as denosumab, especially when a patient presents with new onset thigh pain, hip pain or pain over an area affecting the long bones. Evaluation by imaging of affected areas should be pursued to enable early detection and intervention, as well as prevention of morbidity and associated ongoing risk to the patient.
Transient Coherent Emission

Recently it was shown that molecules excited by cw laser radiation show coherent transient effects when their transition frequency is suddenly shifted. The use of Stark pulses, which act as a frequency switching mechanism, has led directly to the observation of optical nutation[1] and photon echoes[1]. In addition to reviewing these effects, two other processes which have just been observed are reported here.
Agricultural Productivity Change in Eighteenth-Century Pennsylvania

Our tentative estimates indicate that total factor productivity growth in the agricultural sector advanced at a rate between 0.2 and 0.3 percent per year during the colonial period and then remained constant for the remainder of the century, while labor productivity advanced at an average rate of about 0.4 percent over the colonial period. We point out the many difficulties encountered in making such estimates and hope that our contribution will serve as a guide for further research in early American agricultural history as well as help to increase our understanding of the rate and trend in growth of the early American economy.
Sixty Years of CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians

The first issue of CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians was published in November of 1950. On the 60th anniversary of that date, we briefly review several seminal contributions to oncology and cancer control published in our journal during its first decade.
Language learning in mindbodyworld: A sociocognitive approach to second language acquisition

Based on recent research in cognitive science, interaction, and second language acquisition (SLA), I describe a sociocognitive approach to SLA. This approach adopts a non-cognitivist view of cognition: Instead of an isolated computational process in which input is extracted from the environment and used to build elaborate internal knowledge representations, cognition is seen as adaptive intelligence, enabling our close and sensitive alignment to our ecosocial environment in order to survive in it. Mind, body, and world are thus functionally integrated from a sociocognitive perspective instead of radically separated.Learning plays a major part in this scenario: If environments are ever-changing, then adaptation to them is continuous. Learning is part of our natural ability to so adapt, while retaining traces of that adaptation in the integrated mind-body-world system. Viewed in this way, SLA is adaptation to/engagement with L2 environments.Interaction also plays a central role in sociocognitive SLA: We learn L2s through interacting with/in L2 environments. Founded on innate, universal skills which evolutionarily preceded language and make it possible, interaction supports SLA at every turn. Having presented this argument, I illustrate it by analyzing a video clip of an EFL tutoring session, indicating various ‘sociocognitive tools’ for interactive alignment which undergird L2 development.
O-030 age-related outcomes following intracranial aneurysm treatment with the pipeline embolization device: a subgroup analysis of the intreped registry

Background and purpose The association between age and outcomes following aneurysm treatment with flow diverters such as the Pipeline Embolization Device (PED) have not been well established. Using the International Retrospective Study of the Pipeline Embolization Device (IntrePED registry, we assessed the age-related clinical outcomes of patients undergoing aneurysm embolization with the PED. Materials and methods IntrePED registry unruptured aneurysm patients were divided into four age groups: ≤50, 51–60, 61–70 and. >70 years old. The rates of the following post-operative complications were compared between age groups using chi-squared tests: spontaneous rupture, intracranial hemorrhage, ischemic stroke, parent artery stenosis, cranial neuropathy, neurological morbidity, neurological mortality, combined neurological morbidity and mortality and all-cause mortality. The association between age and these complications was tested in a multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusting for sex, number of PEDs, aneurysm size, location and type. Results 711 patients with 820 unruptured aneurysms were included in this study. Univariate analysis demonstrated no significant difference in intracranial hemorrhage rates across age groups (lowest 1.0% for patients≤50 and highest 4.1% for patients >70, P = 0.21). There was no difference in ischemic stroke rates (lowest 3.6% for patients≤50 and highest 6.0% for patients 50–60, P = 0.72). Age >70 years old was associated with higher rates of neurological mortality as patients >70 years old had neurological mortality rates of 7.4% compared to 3.3% for patients 61–70, 2.7% for patients 51–60 and 0.5% for patients≤50 years old (P = 0.006). On multivariate logistic regression analysis, increasing age was associated with a higher odds of combined neurological morbidity and mortality (OR = 1.02, 95% CI = 1.00–1.05, P = 0.03). Conclusions Increasing age is associated with higher neurological morbidity and mortality after Pipeline embolization of intracranial aneurysms. However, the overall complication rates of PED treatment in select elderly patients (>70) were acceptably low suggesting that age alone should not be considered an exclusion criteria when considering treatment of intracranial aneurysms with PED. Disclosures W. Brinjikji: None. D. Kallmes: 1; C; Covidien. H. Cloft: None. G. Lanzino: 2; C; Covidien.
Experimental Study of the Impact of Input Signal Suppression on the Performance of a Cascaded SOA-MZI Wavelength Converter

We study the impact of input signal suppression on the performance of a two-stage cascaded SOA-based wavelength converter. Error-free operation at 2.5 Gbps is shown for suppression as small as 6.5 dB.
Evaluating real-time Java features and performance for real-time embedded systems

This paper provides two contributions to the study of programming languages and middleware for real-time and embedded applications. First, we present the empirical results from applying the RTJPerf benchmarking suite to evaluate the efficiency and predictability of several implementations of the real-time specification for Java (RTSJ). Second, we describe some of the techniques used to develop jRate, which is an open-source ahead-of-time-compiled implementation of RTSJ we are developing. Our results indicate that RTSJ implementations are maturing to the point where they can be applied to a variety of real-time embedded applications.
Applying the triple bottom line: Telework and the environment

The “triple bottom line” approach emphasizes not only economic goals, but social and environmental objectives as well. The “telework” option—in which employees work from home or a satellite office rather than from a central location—would appear to advance all three of these aims. But a close look at the specifics of teleworking makes clear that more data are needed to determine its ultimate impact. Moreover, despite its apparent advantages, teleworking is gaining acceptance less quickly than might be expected. For these reasons, telework offers a fascinating case study in the difficulties of applying the triple bottom line concept.© 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase‐Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) Regulation of Sympathetic Neuron Neuropeptide Y and Catecholamine Expression

: Two forms of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), the 38- and 27-amino-acid forms (PACAP38 and PACAP27, respectively), which share amino acid sequence homology with vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), were evaluated for their abilities to regulate sympathetic neuron catecholamine and neuropeptide Y (NPY) expression. PACAP38 and PACAP27 potently and efficaciously stimulated NPY and catecholamine secretion in primary cultured superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neurons; 100- to 1,000-fold higher concentrations of VIP were required to modulate secretion, suggesting that SCG neurons express the PACAP-selective type I receptor. PACAP38 elicited a sustained seven- to ninefold increase in the rate of NPY secretion and three-fold stimulation in the rate of catecholamine release. PACAP38 and PACAP27 produced parallel neuronal NPY and catecholamine release, but cellular levels of NPY and catecholamines were differentially regulated. Sympathetic neuron NPY content was decreased, whereas cellular total catecholamine levels were elevated by the PACAP peptides; total NPY and catecholamine levels (secreted plus cellular content) were increased. In concert with the increased total peptide and transmitter production, pro-NPY and tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA levels were elevated. Furthermore, PACAP38 was more efficacious than PACAP27 in regulating pro-NPY and tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA. SCG neuronal expression of mRNA encoding the type I PACAP receptor further supported the studies demonstrating that sympathetic neuronal levels of NPY and catecholamine content and secretion and mRNA are differentially regulated by the PACAP peptides.
Urban hybrid space and the homeless

This study draws upon ethnographic data from a group of homeless persons residing in a 24-hour donut shop that doubles nightly as an ersatz shelter. This article examines the role of ‘urban hybrid spaces’ – spaces that serve dual roles as legitimate business establishment and homeless habitation or hangout – in facilitating the construction and enactment of more dignified identities for the unhoused. Ethnographic data depict the strategies by which unhoused individuals utilize an urban hybrid space to verbally, symbolically, and performatively assert and maintain a ‘patron identity’ – understood as someone who is housed, employed, autonomous, occupies the donut shop legitimately, and associates with other such people. I argue that this identity is uniquely facilitated by the social and physical context provided by the donut shop qua private business.
Differential Relationship of DNA Replication Timing to Different Forms of Human Mutation and Variation

Human genetic variation is distributed nonrandomly across the genome, though the principles governing its distribution are only partially known. DNA replication creates opportunities for mutation, and the timing of DNA replication correlates with the density of SNPs across the human genome. To enable deeper investigation of how DNA replication timing relates to human mutation and variation, we generated a high-resolution map of the human genome’s replication timing program and analyzed its relationship to point mutations, copy number variations, and the meiotic recombination hotspots utilized by males and females. DNA replication timing associated with point mutations far more strongly than predicted from earlier analyses and showed a stronger relationship to transversion than transition mutations. Structural mutations arising from recombination-based mechanisms and recombination hotspots used more extensively by females were enriched in early-replicating parts of the genome, though these relationships appeared to relate more strongly to the genomic distribution of causative sequence features. These results indicate differential and sex-specific relationship of DNA replication timing to different forms of mutation and recombination.