cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metal Alloy ICF Capsules Created by Electrodeposition

AbstractElectrochemical deposition is an attractive alternative to physical vapor deposition and micromachining to produce metal capsules for inertial confinement fusion (ICF). Electrochemical deposition (also referred to as electrodeposition or plating) is expected to produce full-density metal capsules without seams or inclusions of unwanted atomic constituents, the current shortcomings of micromachine and physical vapor deposition, respectively.Here, we discuss new cathode designs that allow for the rapid electrodeposition of gold and copper alloys on spherical mandrels by making transient contact with the constantly moving spheres. Electrodeposition of pure gold, copper, platinum, and alloys of gold-copper and gold-silver are demonstrated, with nonporous coatings of >40 µm achieved in only a few hours of plating. The surface roughness of the spheres after electrodeposition is comparable to the starting mandrel, and the coatings appear to be fully dense with no inclusions.A detailed understanding of th...
Pendeo-Epitaxy of Gallium Nitride and Aluminum Nitride Films and Heterostructures on Silicon Carbide Substrate

Pendeo-epitaxy of individual GaN and AlxGa12−xN films and single- and multi-layer heterostructures of these materials have been achieved on a columnar GaN seed layer using metallorganic vapor phase epitaxy. These structures have been characterized using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The RMS roughness value of the grown side wall plane (11 $$\overline 2 $$ 0) of these structures was 0.099 nm.
Swelling dependence of neutron-irradiated vanadium alloys on temperature, neutron fluence, and thermomechanical treatment

Swelling of vanadium alloys was determined after irradiation at 420 and 600{degree}C to neutron fluences ranging from 0.3 {times} 10{sup 27} neutrons/m{sup 2} (17 dpa) to 1.9 {times} 10{sup 27} neutrons/m{sup 2} (114 dpa). Binary and ternary vanadium alloys with Cr, Ti, Mo, W, Ni, Fe, Zr, and Si additions were irradiated in either the fully annealed, partially annealed, or 10% cold-worked condition. The addition of Cr to vanadium greatly exacerbated swelling of vanadium upon irradiation at 600{degree}C, whereas the presence of Ti, Mo, W, and Ni (3--20%) did not significantly affect swelling of vanadium. The swelling of V-Cr alloys upon irradiation at 600{degree}C was substantially reduced (<0.1%/dpa) by the addition of Ti (1--15%). The swelling of the vanadium alloys was <0.2%/dpa upon irradiation at 420{degree}C. Partial annealing or 10% cold-working had an insignificant effect on swelling of the alloys. 5 refs., 5 figs., 1 tab.
A Spot Capacity Market to Increase Power Infrastructure Utilization in Multi-tenant Data Centers

Despite the common practice of oversubscription, power capacity is largely under-utilized in data centers. A significant factor driving this under-utilization is fluctuation of the aggregate power demand, resulting in unused “spot (power) capacity”. In this paper, we tap into spot capacity for improving power infrastructure utilization in multi-tenant data centers, an important but under-explored type of data center where multiple tenants house their own physical servers. We propose a novel market, called SpotDC, to allocate spot capacity to tenants on demand. Specifically, SpotDC extracts tenants’ racklevel spot capacity demand through an elastic demand function, based on which the operator sets the market price for spot capacity allocation. We evaluate SpotDC using both testbed experiments and simulations, demonstrating that SpotDC improves power infrastructure utilization and creates a “win-win” situation: the data center operator increases its profit (by nearly 10%), while tenants improve their performance (by 1.2–1.8x on average compared to the no spot capacity case, yet at a marginal cost).
Ionic vs. van der Waals layered materials: identification and comparison of elastic anisotropy

In this work, we expand the set of known layered compounds to include ionic layered materials, which are well known for superconducting, thermoelectric, and battery applications. Focusing on known ternary compounds from the ICSD, we screen for ionic layered structures by expanding upon our previously developed algorithm for identification of van der Waals (vdW) layered structures, thus identifying over 1500 ionic layered compounds. Since vdW layered structures can be chemically mutated to form ionic layered structures, we have developed a methodology to structurally link binary vdW to ternary ionic layered materials. We perform an in-depth analysis of similarities and differences between these two classes of layered systems and assess the interplay between layer geometry and bond strength with a study of the elastic anisotropy. We observe a rich variety of anisotropic behavior in which the layering direction alone is not a simple predictor of elastic anisotropy. Our results enable discovery of new layered materials through intercalation or de-intercalation of vdW or ionic layered systems, respectively, as well as lay the groundwork for studies of anisotropic transport phenomena such as sound propagation or lattice thermal conductivity.
Transport Connectivity, Medical Supplies, and People's Health Care Access : Evidence from Madagascar

Health care access is a challenge in rural areas in Africa. On the demand side, rural people are often poor, and transport connectivity is typically bad in rural and remote areas. Because of limited transport connectivity, the quality of health care services provided is also often compromised. In Madagascar, the poor condition of the road network has long hampered the sustainability of the medical supply chain in rural areas. The paper shows that people's demand for health care services is affected not only by local transport connectivity, but also availability of medical supplies at the health facility level, which is also determined by primary and secondary road network connectivity. This in turn further suppresses people's demand in rural areas. The results also indicate that it is important to ensure financial affordability among the poor, which is found to be one of the most crucial constraints.
Who is Killed by Police: Introducing Supervised Attention for Hierarchical LSTMs

Finding names of people killed by police has become increasingly important as police shootings get more and more public attention (police killing detection). Unfortunately, there has been not much work in the literature addressing this problem. The early work in this field (Keith etal., 2017) proposed a distant supervision framework based on Expectation Maximization (EM) to deal with the multiple appearances of the names in documents. However, such EM-based framework cannot take full advantages of deep learning models, necessitating the use of handdesigned features to improve the detection performance. In this work, we present a novel deep learning method to solve the problem of police killing recognition. The proposed method relies on hierarchical LSTMs to model the multiple sentences that contain the person names of interests, and introduce supervised attention mechanisms based on semantical word lists and dependency trees to upweight the important contextual words. Our experiments demonstrate the benefits of the proposed model and yield the state-of-the-art performance for police killing detection.
Strong Selection of a Few Dominant CD8 Clones in a TLR7-Dependent Autoimmune Mouse Model

Systemic lupus is characterized by the expansion of a self-reactive repertoire of B cells and CD4 cells that together promote IgG Ab production against common nuclear Ags. Although several studies have suggested roles for CD8+ T cells in lupus, the full contribution of these lymphocytes to disease remains undefined. In particular, few studies have examined TCR clonotypes of the CD8 pool in lupus. We previously described activated but nonpathogenic CD8+ T cells in a mouse model of systemic autoimmune disease triggered by increased copy number of the tlr7 gene (TLR7tg mice), in which some of these T cells accumulate in the brain. In this article, we report, through the analysis of TCRβ sequences, that CD8 cells from TLR7tg animals are strongly selected for a small number of clones, some of them reaching 30% of the repertoire, compared with less than 0.4% for the top clone in any wild type mice. High frequency clones are variable in sequence among individual TLR7tg mice and are distinct from top clones in the control animals, whereas CDR3 sequences of spleen and brain-resident T cells from the same TLR7tg animals have perfect concordance. These results suggest that top CD8 clones are selected in stochastic fashion in each animal but limit further diversification, and that brain-infiltrating CD8 cells in TLR7tg mice are not selected by a common tissue Ag. This kind of extreme clonal dominance and narrowing of the CD8+ repertoire might impair anti-viral responses and should be considered as an additional detrimental feature of chronic autoimmune disease.
NP-Hardness of Coloring 2-Colorable Hypergraph with Poly-Logarithmically Many Colors

We give very short and simple proofs of the following statements: Given a 2-colorable 4-uniform hypergraph on n vertices, 1) It is NP-hard to color it with log^delta n colors for some delta>0. 2) It is quasi-NP-hard to color it with O({log^{1-o(1)} n}) colors. In terms of NP-hardness, it improves the result of Guruswam, Hastad and Sudani [SIAM Journal on Computing, 2002], combined with Moshkovitz-Raz [Journal of the ACM, 2010], by an `exponential' factor. The second result improves the result of Saket [Conference on Computational Complexity (CCC), 2014] which shows quasi-NP-hardness of coloring a 2-colorable 4-uniform hypergraph with O(log^gamma n) colors for a sufficiently small constant 1 >> gamma>0. Our result is the first to show the NP-hardness of coloring a c-colorable k-uniform hypergraph with poly-logarithmically many colors, for any constants c >= 2 and k >= 3.
Representation stability of the cohomology of Springer varieties and some combinatorial consequences

A sequence of $$S_n$$ -representations $$\{V_n\}$$ is said to be uniformly representation stable if the decomposition of $$V_n = \bigoplus _{\mu } c_{\mu ,n} V(\mu )_n$$ into irreducible representations is independent of n for each $$\mu $$ —that is, the multiplicities $$c_{\mu ,n}$$ are eventually independent of n for each $$\mu $$ . Church–Ellenberg–Farb proved that the cohomology of flag varieties (the so-called diagonal coinvariant algebra) is uniformly representation stable. We generalize their result from flag varieties to all Springer fibers. More precisely, we show that for any increasing subsequence of Young diagrams, the corresponding sequence of Springer representations form a graded co-FI-module of finite type (in the sense of Church–Ellenberg–Farb). We also explore some combinatorial consequences of this stability.
Pure intervention effect or effect in routine health care - blinded or non-blinded randomized controlled trial

Randomized trials provide the most valid evidence of effectiveness of interventions. The study aims to determine the primary study question for randomized controlled trials; to evaluate the study questions in trials on effectiveness of arthroscopic meniscectomy for meniscal rupture of the knee; and to explore the clinical and research implications. Previous studies on benchmarking controlled trials were utilized. A literature search was undertaken to find the trials on arthroscopic surgery for meniscal rupture of the knee, data was extracted, and checked for accuracy twice. The first question in RCTs is whether to assess the pure intervention effect, or intervention effect in routine health care circumstances. The former necessitates a double blinded design and the latter a non-blind design. The trials on arthroscopic meniscectomy of the knee showed considerable differences in study characteristics. The study question in RCTs on pure intervention effect dictates use of blinded design, while question of intervention effect in routine health care dictates use of non-blinded design. Blinding should not be considered a validity criterion when study question is on effectiveness in routine health care. When informing patients, the potential for other effects besides the pure intervention effect should be considered.
DeepSOFA: A Continuous Acuity Score for Critically Ill Patients using Clinically Interpretable Deep Learning

Traditional methods for assessing illness severity and predicting in-hospital mortality among critically ill patients require time-consuming, error-prone calculations using static variable thresholds. These methods do not capitalize on the emerging availability of streaming electronic health record data or capture time-sensitive individual physiological patterns, a critical task in the intensive care unit. We propose a novel acuity score framework (DeepSOFA) that leverages temporal measurements and interpretable deep learning models to assess illness severity at any point during an ICU stay. We compare DeepSOFA with SOFA (Sequential Organ Failure Assessment) baseline models using the same model inputs and find that at any point during an ICU admission, DeepSOFA yields significantly more accurate predictions of in-hospital mortality. A DeepSOFA model developed in a public database and validated in a single institutional cohort had a mean AUC for the entire ICU stay of 0.90 (95% CI 0.90–0.91) compared with baseline SOFA models with mean AUC 0.79 (95% CI 0.79–0.80) and 0.85 (95% CI 0.85–0.86). Deep models are well-suited to identify ICU patients in need of life-saving interventions prior to the occurrence of an unexpected adverse event and inform shared decision-making processes among patients, providers, and families regarding goals of care and optimal resource utilization.
A Bayesian approach to multivariate adaptive localization in ensemble-based data assimilation with time-dependent extensions

Abstract. Ever since its inception, the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) has elicited many heuristic approaches that sought to improve it. One such method is covariance localization, which alleviates spurious correlations due to finite ensemble sizes by using relevant spatial correlation information. Adaptive localization techniques account for how correlations change in time and space, in order to obtain improved covariance estimates. This work develops a Bayesian approach to adaptive Schur-product localization for the deterministic ensemble Kalman filter (DEnKF) and extends it to support multiple radii of influence. We test the proposed adaptive localization using the toy Lorenz'96 problem and a more realistic 1.5-layer quasi-geostrophic model. Results with the toy problem show that the multivariate approach informs us that strongly observed variables can tolerate larger localization radii. The univariate approach leads to markedly improved filter performance for the realistic geophysical model, with a reduction in error by as much as 33 %.
Gate-Recessed E-mode p-Channel HFET With High On-Current Based on GaN/AlN 2D Hole Gas

High-performance p-channel transistors are crucial to implementing efficient complementary circuits in wide-bandgap electronics, but progress on such devices has lagged far behind their powerful electron-based counterparts due to the inherent challenges of manipulating holes in wide-gap semiconductors. Building on recent advances in materials growth, this work sets simultaneous records in both on-current (10 mA/mm) and on-off modulation (four orders) for the GaN/AlN wide-bandgap p-FET structure. A compact analytical pFET model is derived, and the results are benchmarked against the various alternatives in the literature, clarifying the heterostructure trade-offs to enable integrated wide-bandgap CMOS for next-generation compact high-power devices.
Cancer-type dependent expression of CK2 transcripts.

e24333Background: A multitude of proteins are aberrantly expressed in cancer cells, including the oncogenic serine-threonine kinase CK2. It is composed of two genes (CK2α and CK2α’). CK2 can functi...
Vertically aligned carbon nanotubes: production and applications for environmental sustainability

Carbon nanomaterials play an essential role in resolving the increasingly urgent energy and environmental crises. A unique type of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), vertically aligned CNTs (VACNTs) possess the intrinsic, extraordinary nanoscale properties (mechanical, electrical, and thermal) of individual CNTs, but present them in a hierarchical and anisotropic morphology, which holds promise to transform a diverse set of practical environmental application processes from water filtration to energy storage. Nevertheless, the potential environmental impacts beholden to their synthetic methodology might reduce the net sustainability benefits of this advanced material, where environmental impacts of the synthesis may be reduced or offset by the lifetime benefits of the proposed technologies. Aiming to provide a holistic view of the robust development of VACNT-enabled environmental technologies, this critical review assesses recent advances in their production routes and applications, both with a focus on environmental objective optimization. In particular, sustainable production of VACNTs, VACNT-based functional composite materials, and their environmental engineering applications based on different functional mechanisms (i.e., sorption, catalysis, and separation) are thoroughly featured. Finally, we illustrate VACNTs as an example to explore strategies to co-optimize their environmental benefits and costs, which could potentially impact the way all other emerging materials are designed for environmental sustainability purposes.
Asset poverty among children: A cross-national study of poverty risk

We introduce the concept of child asset poverty as the condition of a child living in a family that owns a level of financial assets that falls below a systematic threshold. Using harmonized and comparable household wealth survey data from the United States and five other countries this paper finds that child asset poverty is consistently higher than income poverty and that children are at greater risk of asset poverty than other age groups. After adjusting for labor market and demographic factors, U.S. children are at higher risk of asset poverty than children in other countries (ranging from 1.07 times higher than Australia to 1.69 higher than Norway). Counterfactual decomposition methods revealed that reducing the prevalence of single-parent female families in the U.S. would only hypothetically reduce the poverty rate by 2.8 percentage points, suggesting that the high U.S. child asset poverty rates in comparison to other countries are driven by factors unrelated to family structure.
Avoiding patterns and making the best choice

Abstract We study a variation of the game of best choice (also known as the secretary problem or game of googol) under an additional assumption that the ranks of interview candidates are restricted using permutation pattern-avoidance. We develop some general machinery for investigating interview orderings with a non-uniform rank distribution, and give a complete description of the optimal strategies for the pattern-avoiding games under each of the size three permutations. The optimal strategy for the “disappointment-free” (i.e. 321-avoiding) interviews has a form that seems to be new, involving thresholds based on value-saturated left-to-right maxima in the permutation.
Recommender System Rethink: Implications for an Electronic Marketplace with Competing Manufacturers

Recommender systems that inform consumers about their likely ideal products have become the cornerstone of e-commerce platforms that sell products from competing manufacturers. Using a model of an ...
Use of Cernox thermometers in AC specific heat measurements under pressure

We report on the resistance behavior of bare-chip Cernox thermometers under pressures up to 2 GPa, generated in a piston-cylinder pressure cell. Our results clearly show that Cernox thermometers, frequently used in low-temperature experiments due to their high sensitivity, remain highly sensitive even under applied pressure. We show that these thermometers are therefore ideally suited for measurements of heat capacity under pressure utilizing an ac oscillation technique up to at least 150 K. Our Cernox-based system is very accurate in determining changes in the specific heat as a function of pressure as demonstrated by measurements of the heat capacity on three different test cases: (i) the superconducting transition in elemental Pb (Tc = 7.2 K), (ii) the antiferromagnetic transition in the rare-earth compound GdNiGe3 (TN = 26 K), and (iii) the structural/magnetic transition in the iron-pnictide BaFe2As2 (Ts,N = 130 K). The chosen examples demonstrate the versatility of our technique for measuring the specific heat under the pressure of various condensed-matter systems with very different transition temperatures as well as amounts of removed entropy.
Mobilizing Resources for Education and Improving Spending Effectiveness : Establishing Realistic Benchmarks Based on Past Trends

This paper looks at how countries have mobilized additional resources for education and assesses their impact on access and learning outcomes, using the World Bank's new Learning-Adjusted Years of Schooling measure. The paper shows that global spending on education has risen significantly over the past two decades, although spending as a share of gross domestic product has remained relatively unchanged, at about 4.5 percent. However, global trends mask large differences across regions and country income groups. For example, low-income countries recorded the largest increases in terms of the share of GDP spent on education, but the absolute amount they devoted to education remained low compared to other countries. Economic growth has been the main driver of increases in public education spending. Yet, countries that achieved the largest and most rapid spending increases did this through a combination of increases in overall government revenues, a greater prioritization of education in the government budget as well as healthy economic growth. Increases in public education spending did not generally result in major improvements in average education outcomes. Using the available data, the paper shows that a doubling of government spending per child led to an increase in learning-adjusted years of schooling of only half a year. Preliminary findings also show that countries with lower efficiency and spending are expected to get the most from increases in spending in improved education outcomes. The paper concludes by outlining an approach that allows countries to assess their potential for increasing education funding and the expected effects on their education outcomes, based on benchmarks drawing from the data of comparable countries. It also underscores the urgent need to improve data on public education spending and education outcomes, to extend this analysis to cover a wider set of countries and increase the robustness of country-level benchmarks.
External Validity in a Stochastic World: Evidence from Low-Income Countries

We examine empirically the generalizability of internally valid micro-estimates of causal effects in a fixed population over time when that population is subject to aggregate shocks. Using panel data, we show that the returns to investments in agriculture in India and Ghana, small and medium non-farm enterprises in Sri Lanka, and schooling in Indonesia fluctuate significantly across time periods. We show how the returns to these investments interact with specific, measurable, and economically relevant aggregate shocks, focusing on rainfall and price fluctuations. We also obtain lower-bound estimates of confidence intervals of the returns based on estimates of the parameters of the distributions of rainfall shocks in our two agricultural samples. We find that even these lower-bound confidence intervals are substantially wider than those based solely on sampling error that are commonly provided in studies, most of which are based on single-year samples. We also find that cross-sectional variation in rainfall cannot be confidently used to replicate within-population rainfall variability. Based on our findings, we discuss methods for incorporating information on external shocks into evaluations of the returns to policy.
High-frequency factor models and regressions

Abstract We consider a nonparametric time series regression model. Our framework allows precise estimation of betas without the usual assumption of betas being piecewise constant. This property makes our framework particularly suitable to study individual stocks. We provide an inference framework for all components of the model, including idiosyncratic volatility and idiosyncratic jumps. Our empirical analysis investigates the largest dataset in the high-frequency literature. First, we use all traded stocks from NYSE, AMEX, and NASDAQ stock markets for 1996–2017 to construct the five Fama–French factors and the momentum factor at the 5-minute frequency. Second, we document the key empirical properties across all the stocks and the new factors, and apply the nonparametric time series regression model with the new high-frequency Fama–French factors. We find that this factor model is effective in explaining the systematic component of the risk of individual stocks. In addition, we provide evidence that idiosyncratic jumps are related to idiosyncratic events such as earnings disappointments.
Student Debt and Labor Market Outcomes

We study the impact of student debt on various labor market outcomes, namely, income, hourly wages, and hours worked. Using the NLSY97 and a difference-in-difference approach, we find statistically significant differences in labor market outcomes for individuals who received a student loan versus those who received no student loan. We find that the difference in post- versus pre-college income is 8-9 percent higher for individuals that received a student loan relative to individuals who received no student loan. Further, we find evidence that this higher income is due to higher work hours.
The geographic decentralization of audit firms and audit quality

Abstract Audit firms are organized as collections of geographically decentralized offices. Decentralization allows for increased proximity between offices and clients, improving the efficiency of auditors' interactions with client personnel. Yet decentralization also decreases the proximity between offices within each firm, potentially impeding auditors’ interactions with each other. We show that decreased proximity between offices reduces inter-office audit quality “spillovers” and that this effect is driven primarily by reduced monitoring and knowledge sharing. Our findings expand the “within office” view of audit production by demonstrating the importance of interactions between offices and the role of geographic proximity in facilitating them.
How Chlamydia trachomatis conquered gut microbiome-derived antimicrobial compounds and found a new home in the eye.

Different variants of the obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis cause the diseases trachoma and chlamydia. The trachoma strains cause chronic infections of the conjunctival epithelium and an intense inflammatory response that can lead to corneal damage, and trachoma is the most common cause of infectious blindness. The Chlamydia strains preferentially infect columnar epithelial cells of the cervix or urethra, and Chlamydia is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection. Chlamydia strains often elicit no symptoms but sometimes ascend the reproductive tract where they can elicit chronic inflammation and severe consequences, including pelvic inflammatory disease. Despite their distinct tissue tropisms, the genomes of the trachoma and Chlamydia strains are nearly identical (1). Chlamydia genital tropism has been linked to tryptophan synthase (TS), an enzyme that synthesizes tryptophan from indole (Fig. 1) (2, 3). Expression of the α-subunit (TrpA) and β-subunit (TrpB) of the TS holoenzyme is tightly regulated by an apo-repressor (TrpR) (4⇓⇓–7). In the presence of the corepressor tryptophan, TrpR binds an operator sequence ( trpO ) and blocks trpBA transcription. Low tryptophan levels promote TrpR release from trpO and allow TS expression. Chlamydia strains likely use TS to circumvent immune-regulated tryptophan catabolism, mediated by the host enzyme indoleamine 2,3′ dioxygenase (IDO1) (2). In contrast, most trachoma isolates do not express a functional TS (2). A study in PNAS by Sherchand and Aiyar (8 … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: nelsonde{at}indiana.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Critical review of analytical methods for determination of inorganic mercury and methylmercury compounds

This review describes determinations of mercury compounds under three categories: total mercury; separate determinations of inorganic mercury(II) and organomercury compounds by selective reduction; and speciation of inorganic mercury(II), monomethylmercury cation, and dimethylmercury. Topics described for each category include sample treatment, separation, detection, and limit of detection. Finally, we note that most methods would not detect dimethylmercury if it were present.
A Chemoproteomic Portrait of the Oncometabolite Fumarate

Hereditary cancer disorders often provide an important window into novel mechanisms supporting tumor growth. Understanding these mechanisms thus represents a vital goal. Toward this goal, here we report a chemoproteomic map of fumarate, a covalent oncometabolite whose accumulation marks the genetic cancer syndrome hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma (HLRCC). We applied a fumarate-competitive chemoproteomic probe in concert with LC-MS/MS to discover new cysteines sensitive to fumarate hydratase (FH) mutation in HLRCC cell models. Analysis of this dataset revealed an unexpected influence of local environment and pH on fumarate reactivity, and enabled the characterization of a novel FH-regulated cysteine residue that lies at a key protein-protein interface in the SWI-SNF tumor-suppressor complex. Our studies provide a powerful resource for understanding the covalent imprint of fumarate on the proteome and lay the foundation for future efforts to exploit this distinct aspect of oncometabolism for cancer diagnosis and therapy.
Phosphatidylethanolamine made in the inner mitochondrial membrane is essential for yeast cytochrome bc 1 complex function

Of the four separate PE biosynthetic pathways in eukaryotes, one occurs in the mitochondrial inner membrane (IM) and is executed by phosphatidylserine decarboxylase (Psd1). Deletion of Psd1 is lethal in mice and compromises mitochondrial function. We hypothesize that this reflects inefficient import of non-mitochondrial PE into the IM. Here, we test this by re-wiring PE metabolism in yeast by re-directing Psd1 to the outer mitochondrial membrane or the endomembrane system and show that PE can cross the IMS in both directions. Nonetheless, PE synthesis in the IM is critical for cytochrome bc1 complex (III) function and mutations predicted to disrupt a conserved PE-binding site in the complex III subunit, Qcr7, impair complex III activity similar to PSD1 deletion. Collectively, these data challenge the current dogma of PE trafficking and demonstrate that PE made in the IM by Psd1 support the intrinsic functionality of complex III. Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is synthesized by four separate pathways, although surprisingly, perturbing mitochondrial PE synthesis compromises mitochondrial function. Here, the authors show that mitochondrial PE synthesis is required for Complex III function and challenge PE trafficking dogma.
Intermolecular Friedel–Crafts reaction catalyzed by InCl3

Abstract Our recent discovery that In(III) salts were able to activate halides catalytically under mild conditions for the intermolecular Friedel–Crafts cyclization prompted us to explore this highly efficient activation in intermolecular Friedel–Crafts reactions. The alkylation of p -xylene with allylic and benzylic halides was demonstrated under catalytic and mild condition to afford in some cases quantitative yields of the monoalkylated products without the need to employ large excesses of reactants.
Synthesis and revised configuration of (+)-combretastatin D-1

Abstract (+)-Combretastatin D-1 was prepared with modest enantioselectivity by Jacobsen epoxidation of combretastatin D-2 acetate. The configuration of (+)-combretastatin was shown to be (3 R ,4 S ) based on precedent from the Jacobsen epoxidation, and an advanced Mosher ester analysis of a derivative. The stereochemistry of natural (−)-combretastatin should be corrected to (3 S ,4 R ).
Total synthesis of myxovirescin A1

Stereocontrolled synthesis of myxovirescin A1 (1a), a 28-membered macrolactam lactone, is accomplished via a highly convergent route. Ring closure of the macrocycle is realized by macrolactamization using the Mukaiyama procedure.
Transbromination of brominated pyrrole and imidazole derivatives: Synthesis of the C11N5 marine alkaloid stevensine

Abstract The marine sponge alkaloid stevensine ( 3 ) has been synthesized from the related C 11 N 5 alkaloid, hymenin ( 1 ). The key transformation involves a regioselective protodebromination/transbromination event of 4′-bromohymenin ( 2 ) to install the olefin in 3 . Such processes are seldom used for synthetic purposes but appear to be highly applicable to the C 11 N 5 family of marine alkaloids.
Non-Interactive MPC with Trusted Hardware Secure Against Residual Function Attacks

Secure multiparty computation (MPC) has been repeatedly optimized, and protocols with two communication rounds and strong security guarantees have been achieved. While progress has been made constructing non-interactive protocols with just one-round of online communication (i.e., non-interactive MPC or NI-MPC), since correct evaluation must be guaranteed with only one round, these protocols are by their nature vulnerable to the residual function attack in the standard model. This is because a party that receives a garbled circuit may repeatedly evaluate the circuit locally, while varying their own inputs and fixing the inputs of others to learn the values entered by other participants. We present the first MPC protocol with a one-round online phase that is secure against the residual function attack. We also present rigorous proofs of correctness and security in the covert adversary model, a reduction of the malicious model that is stronger than the semi-honest model and better suited for modeling the behaviour of parties in the real world, for our protocol. Furthermore, we rigorously analyze the communication and computational complexity of current state of the art protocols which require two rounds of communication or one round during the online-phase with a reduced security requirement, and demonstrate that our protocol is comparable to or outperforms their complexity.
Regulation of evidence accumulation by pupil-linked arousal processes

Effective decision-making requires integrating evidence over time. For simple perceptual decisions, previous work suggests that humans and animals can integrate evidence over time, but not optimally. This suboptimality could arise from sources including neuronal noise, weighting evidence unequally over time (that is, the 'integration kernel'), previous trial effects and an overall bias. Here, using an auditory evidence accumulation task in humans, we report that people exhibit all four suboptimalities, some of which covary across the population. Pupillometry shows that only noise and the integration kernel are related to the change in pupil response. Moreover, these two different suboptimalities were related to different aspects of the pupil signal, with the individual differences in pupil response associated with individual differences in the integration kernel, while trial-by-trial fluctuations in pupil response were associated with trial-by-trial fluctuations in noise. These results suggest that different suboptimalities relate to distinct pupil-linked processes, possibly related to tonic and phasic norepinephrine activity.
Antimicrobial prophylaxis regimens following transplantation.

Purpose of review Infection remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality following transplantation, and antimicrobial prophylaxis regimens continue to improve. This review summarizes the important studies on prophylaxis following solid organ transplant (SOT) and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) published in the last 18 months. Recent findings Many transplant centers use 100 days of antivirals to prevent cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease after SOT. Randomized trials comparing 100-day regimens to 200 days in high-risk kidney recipients and 12 months in lung transplant patients showed distinct advantages of longer duration CMV prophylaxis. Prevention of hepatitis B virus after transplant is changing as regimens with low dose or no hepatitis B immunoglobulin are being evaluated. International consensus guidelines on the prevention of infection after stem cell transplantation are summarized and newer studies on the prevention of invasive fungal infection in this population are reviewed. Summary In organ transplantation, routine antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal regimens need to be tailored to address donor-transmitted infections, serological risk status of recipients, and measurable antifungal drug levels. Recent studies indicate that longer duration prophylaxis for CMV may have advantages in high-risk SOT recipients. After HSCT, regimens require adjustment based on immunological risks associated with transplant type and presence of graft vs. host disease.
Synthesis and structure of BaSc3AgS6

Abstract The new quaternary compound BaSc3AgS6 has been synthesized at 1000 °C. The compound crystallizes in the space group D2b16-Pnma of the orthorhombic system with eight formula units in a cell of dimensions a = 16.154(3) A , b = 11.108(2) A , c = 10.914(3) A (T = 115 K ), V = 1958.4(7) A 3 . The structure of the compound was determined from single-crystal X-ray methods. Agreement indices are Rw(F2) = 0.123 for 2022 unique data and 54 variables, R(F) = 0.056 for 1201 observations having Fo2>2σ(Fo2). BaSc3AgS6 has a three-dimensional framework structure with single channels that accommodate Ba2+ cations. Sc3+ cations are octahedrally coordinated whereas Ag+ cations exhibit both square-pyramidal and trigonal-pyramidal coordination.
Chemical Insights from EPR Spectra of Organometallic Radicals and Radical Ions

A review of applications of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) to organometallics is given, covering about 35 years of the authors' work. The review includes applications where the conclusions are mainly a picture of electronic structure, though often knowledge of the singly occupied molecular orbital (SOMO) has implications for molecular structure. Included in the review are discussions of addition of a second phosphite ligand to [Co{S 2 C 2 (CF 3 ) 2 }-P(OMe) 3 ] and a unique example of electronic isomerism (summarized on the cover).
Fluorination of Nonactivated Haloarenes via Arynes under Mild Conditions, Resulting from Further Studies toward Ar−F Reductive Elimination from Palladium(II)

Attempted preparation of N,N- and S,S-chelate-stabilized arylpalladium fluorides has led to the finding of aryne-mediated fluorination of nonactivated haloarenes with Me4NF in DMSO under mild conditions.
Synthesis of fused and bridged bicyclic diazenium salts by intramolecular cycloaddition.

Bicyclic diazenium salts were efficiently prepared by a Lewis acid mediated intramolecular cycloaddition. Terminal olefins provided mixtures of fused and bridged bicyclic diazenium salts. The α-chloroazo cycloaddition precursors were conveniently prepared from the corresponding phenyl hydrazones by treatment with chlorodimethylsulfonium chloride.
Assembly of Metal−Anion Arrays within a Perovskite Host. Low-Temperature Synthesis of New Layered Copper−Oxyhalides, (CuX)LaNb2O7, X = Cl, Br

A low-temperature topotactic route is used to assemble metal−anion arrays within a perovskite host. Ion exchange between RbLaNb2O7 and CuX2 (X = Cl, Br) results in a new set of layered copper−oxyhalide perovskites, (CuX)LaNb2O7. Rietveld structural analysis of X-ray powder diffraction data confirms the formation of a two-dimensional copper−halide network in the double-layered perovskite interlayer. This new structure type contains unusual CuO2X4 octahedra that corner-share with NbO6 octahedra from the perovskite slab and edge-share with each other along all four equatorial edges. Magnetic susceptibility measurements show that both products exhibit antiferromagnetic transitions below 40 K. Additionally, these materials are found to be low-temperature phases, decomposing completely by 700 °C. The synthetic approach described in this work is significant in that it demonstrates how host structures can be used as templates in the directed low-temperature assembly of extended metal−anion arrays.
Synthesis of spin‐labelled di‐ and tri‐2‐deoxyadenylates

Two spin-labelled dinucleotide derivatives and two spin-labelled trinucleotide derivatives have been prepared and their constitution established using HPLC and enzymatical degradation. 1H NMR spectroscopy was performed prior to and after reduction of the spin label with ascorbic acid. 2-(tert-Butylsulphonyl)ethyl N6-(diphenylacetyl)-5′-O-(4,4′-dimethoxytrityl)-2′-deoxyadenosyl phosphoromorpholidite (4) was prepared and used for the phosphitylation of N6-(diphenylacetyl)-3′-O-levulinoyl-2′-deoxyadenosine (7) to give the dinucleotide derivative 8 and the trinucleotide derivative 10. The spin label was introduced in the 5′-position of these compounds, using (5), to give compounds 9 and 11 in the fully protected form. Unexpectedly, the stability of the spin label was found to be so high that the function could be used as the definite blocking for the 3′-hydroxyl group in the 2′-deoxyadenosine moiety. Thus, starting from 3 and using compound 5, 2-(tert-butylsulphonyl)ethyl N6-(diphenylacetyl)-2′-deoxy-3′-adenosyl 1-oxyl-2,2;6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl phosphate (6) was obtained. This compound afforded the protected di- and tri-nucleotide derivatives 12 and 13, following one or two phosphitylations with 4 and subsequent oxidation. Deprotection of the derivatives 9,11,12 and 13 to the spin labelled end-products was achieved in one step using concentrated aqueous ammonia.
Ruthenium-catalyzed carboxylative cyclization of 1,6-diynes.

A ruthenium-catalyzed carboxylative cyclization of 1,6-diynes has been developed. In the presence of catalytic amounts of [Ru(p-cymeme)Cl2]2 (2.5 mol %), P(4-F-C6H4)3 (7.5 mol %) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (10 mol %), a variety of carboxylic acids condense with 1,6-terminal diynes to give rise to cyclohexylidene enol carboxylates as the products with exclusive (E)-selectivity. A set of control experiments suggests that the reaction proceeds through a mechanism involving an anti attack of the carboxylate nucleophile on the π-alkyne coordinated to a ruthenium vinylidene complex. Thus, the new reaction achieves C−C bond formation through a dual mode of alkyne activationvinylidene formation and π-complexationmediated by a single ruthenium(II) catalyst.
Efficient total synthesis of 5-oxo-6(E),8(Z),11(Z),14(Z)-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-oxo-ETE), a potent proinflammatory autacoid

Abstract The title eicosanoid was prepared in good overall yield via a convergent aldol strategy that obviates the need for HPLC separation of olefinic isomers.
Confinement on $R^{3}\times S^{1}$: continuum and lattice

There has been substantial progress in understanding confinement in a class of four-dimensional SU(N) gauge theories using semiclassical methods. These models have one or more compact directions, and much of the analysis is based on the physics of finite temperature gauge theories. The topology R3 × S1 has been most often studied using a small compactification circumference L such that the running coupling g2(L) is small. The gauge action is modified by a double-trace Polyakov loop deformation term, or by the addition of periodic adjoint fermions. The additional terms act to preserve Z(N) symmetry and thus confinement. An area law for Wilson loops is induced by a monopole condensate. In the continuum, the string tension can be computed analytically from topological effects. Lattice models display similar behavior, but the theoretical analysis of topological effects is based on Abelian lattice duality rather than on semiclassical arguments. In both cases, the key step is reducing the low-energy symmetry group from SU(N) to the maximal Abelian subgroup U(1)N-1 while maintaining Z(N) symmetry.
Synthesis, Structural, and Optical Characterization of a New Europium(II) Tin Selenide, Eu8(Sn4Se14)(Se3)2 with a (Sn4Se14)12– Building Block

A new phase in europium-tin-chalcogenide chemistry has been prepared using the reactive flux method: Eu8(Sn4Se14)(Se3)2. The compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P21212 with cell parameters a = 11.990(2) A, b = 16.425(4) A, c = 8.543(1) A, and Z = 2. Eu8(Sn4Se14)(Se3)2 is a three dimensional structure with EuII cations linked together with an unusual (Sn4Se14)12– anionic unit and (Se3)2– chains. UV-VIS-NIR band-gap analysis shows that these black metallic crystals are likely semiconductors with an optical band-gap of 1.07 eV. Synthese, Strukturen und optischen Eigenshaften einer neuen Europium(II)–Zinn–Selen-Phase – Eu8(Sn4Se12)(Se3)2 – mit einem ungewohnlichen (Sn4Se12)12–-Baustein Eine neue Phase in dem Europium/Zinn/Selen-System wurde mittels der Flusmittelmethode dargestellt. Eu8(Sn4Se12)(Se3)2 kistallisiert in der orthorhombische Raumgruppe P21212 mit 2 Formuleinheiten in der Elementarzelle. Die Ausgleichsrechnung ergab die Gitterkonstanten: a = 11.990(2) A, b = 16.425(4) A, c = 8.543(1) A. Eu8(Sn4Se12)(Se3)2 hat eine dreidimensional Struktur in der die EuII-Atome sowohl mit (Se3)2–-Ketten als auch mit dem ungewohnlichen Anion (Sn4Se12)12– verbunden sind. Bei polykristallinem Material ist die Messung der optische Bandlucke mittels der diffusen Reflexion eine geeignete Methode und lieferte 1.07 eV fur die hier beschriebene Phase.
A Discriminating Protecting Group Strategy for Alcohols and Amines

The protection of alcohols and amines as O- and N-benzyl derivatives has long played a central role in organic synthesis. For cases where the conventional method of benzylation under strongly basic conditions is not applicable, we now describe an alternate method using phenyldiazomethane that proceeds under near-neutral conditions with HBF4 as a catalyst. O-Benzylation occurs at −40 °C and works well on primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols. The technique is compatible with ester, acetal, and reactive halide functionalities. Under the same conditions PhCHN2 also N-benzylates primary and secondary amines, albeit more slowly. However S-benzylation is only marginally successful. As a consequence aminoalcohols like 2-hydroxymethylpiperidine can be O-benzylated cleanly and in good yield. Thus HBF4-mediated benzylations using PhCHN2 achieve a kinetic selectivity not customarily possible in the standard Williamson ether synthesis. Preliminary experiments with other, substituted phenyldiazomethanes indicate the method can be extended to the production of substituted benzyl ethers and amines.
Selective dihydroxylation of non-conjugated dienes in favor of the terminal olefin

Abstract Non-conjugated dienes were dihydroxylated using the commercially available osmium tetroxide AD-mix-α reagent resulting in highly regioselective dihydroxylation of the terminal olefin rather than the internal, more substituted olefin. These findings now allow for the use of allylmetal reagents on substrates where preexisting internal olefins are present. The resultant diol can be cleaved to the aldehyde allowing for subsequent transformations. This selectivity is controled by a steric effect imposed by the allylic silyl ether adjacent to the internal olefin.