cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the role of cellular calcium in the response of the parotid to dibutyryl and monobutyryl cyclic AMP.

Abstract The role of intracellular Ca in the exocytosis of α-amylase stimulated by derivatives of cyclic AMP was investigated. Partial depletion of cellular Ca stores was accomplished by prolonged (100–120 min) incubation in media containing no added Ca and 5.0 mM ethyleneglycolbis (aminoethylether)-N,N′-tetraacetic acid (EGTA). Release of α-amylase in response to the N 6 , O 2 ′-dibutyryl or N 6 -monobutyryl derivatives of cyclic adenosine-3′,5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) was significantly inhibited by this procedure. When [K + ]∘ was increased from 5.0 mM to 25.0 mM, Ca-depletion was accelerated, as was the inhibition of the response to the monobutyryl derivative. The Ca-depletion regimen did not affect the cellular content of other cations, suggesting that the effects were specific for Ca. The effects of the cyclic AMP derivatives on release of Ca was also investigated. Both monobutyryl and dibutyryl cyclic AMP significantly enhanced the rate of release of 45 Ca from pre-loaded parotid slices. These observations lend support to the hypothesis previously set forth suggesting that in the parotid, cyclic AMP acts to release Ca from intracellular stores. It is this rise in cytosolic Ca which may catalyze the events ultimately leading to exocytosis.
Regulation of the promoter activity of interferon regulatory factor-7 gene. Activation by interferon snd silencing by hypermethylation.

The molecular mechanism by which virus induces expression of the early inflammatory genes has not yet been completely elucidated. Previous studies indicated that the virus-mediated transcription of type I interferon (IFN) genes required activation of two members of IFN regulatory factor (IRF) family, IRF-3 and IRF-7, where the expression of IRF-7 was found to be indispensable for the induction of IFNA genes. To determine the factors that regulate expression of IRF-7 gene, as well as its inducibility by type I IFNs, we have isolated and characterized the promoter and first intron of the human IRF-7 gene. This region shows a presence of two potential interferon-sensitive response elements (ISRE/IRF-E). However, only the ISRE present in the first intron was functional and conferred interferon inducibility in a transient transfection assay. Using a pull-down assay with an oligodeoxynucleotide corresponding to this ISRE immobilized to magnetic beads, we have demonstrated that this ISRE binds ISGF3 complex and IRF-1 from the extract of IFN-treated cells but not from the untreated cells. We have further shown that the previously observed lack of expression of IRF-7 in 2fTGH fibrosarcoma cell line, correlated with hypermethylation of the CpG island in the human IRF-7 promoter. The repression of the promoter activity was relieved by treatment with DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-aza-deoxycytidine. In vitro methylation ofIRF-7 promoter silenced IRF-7 directed expression of luciferase gene in HeLa cells that express endogenous IRF-7 gene. Whether silencing of IRF-7 by methylation is instrumental for the process of tumorigenesis remains to be determined.
Contemporary pediatric splenectomy: continuing controversies

Purpose We undertook the current study to update the literature on pediatric splenectomy in the age of minimally invasive proficiency among pediatric surgeons. The study is designed to address specific concerns among surgeons about the suitability of the laparoscopic approach in specific situations and among hematologists about the relative benefits and risks of splenectomy in children.
Toward a psychology of responses to dance performance

This paper applies contemporary principles in cognitive and social psychology to understand how Western ballet and modern dance is imbued with emotional and narrative meaning by an audience. These include nine Gestalt concepts of visual form perception as well as cognitive heuristics of representativeness and availability in concept formation and memory. Ekman’s concepts of universal emotional states are applied to dance and culturally imbued meanings of “number” found in solos, duets, and trios are illustrated in well-known modern dances and ballets. It is argued that these principles help represent and reinforce the audiences’ ascription of relationships and emotional states in narrative dances as well as construct them in abstract and plotless dances. The paper briefly describes burgeoning empirical research in the area and integrates comments from student choreographers on their use of these principles with psychology students’ proposals for research.
Graphical Operations In A Hierarchical Parallel Computer

Parallel processing is commonly applied in image analysis but is relatively uncommon in graphics. An approach to graphical operations employing a pyramid machine architecture is presented which permits certain kinds of geometric figures to be rendered very rapidly. In addition to conventional lines and circles in a discrete space, methods for plotting pyramidal lines and spheres are presented. The graphical complexity of images and the stylization of images are also discussed.
Are New Myocardial Tracking Systems of Three-Dimensional Strain a Reality in Daily Clinical Practice?

Echocardiography is the most commonly used diagnostic method for assessing left ventricular (LV) function in clinical cardiology. However, echocardiographic measurements are subjective, semiquantitative, and relatively insensitive when detecting subtle abnormalities in contractility. Furthermore, early detection of either global or regional LV dysfunction may be crucial to patient care by influencing therapy and establishing prognosis. Accordingly, a great deal of effort has been concentrated in developing echocardiographic technology to objectively and reliably quantify LV function. The most widely used and validated technique for quantitative assessment of regional LV function has been tissue Doppler imaging. However, tissue Doppler is limited by Doppler angle of incidence. An exciting recent advance has been 3-dimensional (3D) myocardial tracking technology, using 3D speckle tracking strain. This article will review the emerging work on 3D myocardial tracking, its strength, technical limitation, and potential for clinical applications now and for the future.
Comprehensive modeling of turbine systems from wind to electric grid

A detailed model of a full conversion wind turbine is presented in this paper. Most of the systems found in a modern wind turbine are included in the model and an optimal level of model complexity is achieved to allow the design, analysis and simulation of controls and subsystem interactions within a turbine under various conditions. Mechanical, electrical and control subsystems were modeled to achieve flexibility for future expansion and properties that can be analyzed. Beside describing the overall wind turbine (WT), simulation system integration, which couples a variety of freeware and commercial software, the paper introduces a variable speed control for wind turbine with stall power regulation. It also describes the analysis of the interactions between components which cannot be observed with a simple WT model.
Children's Affective Responses, Cognitive Appraisals, and Coping Strategies in Response to the Negative Affect of Parents and Peers

Although research has linked difficulties in parent mood functioning to developmental problems in children, little work has examined why such a link occurs. Following current social-cognitive perspectives on children's cognitive appraisals to negative parent affect, it was hypothesized that children would show more intense affective responses, less confidence, and less active coping strategies in response to parent, as opposed to peer, negative affect. In the current study, young children (N = 39) were read experimental vignettes portraying peers and parents in either happy, sad, or angry emotional states. Children were then interviewed about their affective responses, cognitive appraisals, and coping strategies to each vignette. Beyond experiencing more negative affective responses to parent, compared to peer negative affect, children felt they could do little to help themselves when faced with paternal distress and frequently indicated they would engage in avoidant coping strategies (e.g., hiding) to make themselves feel better when confronted with parent sadness. This study has implications for more industrious future research, as well as intervention projects that involve assisting children who live in households marked by high levels of negative adult affect.
Energy Efficiency of Space and Polarization MIMO Communications With Packet Erasures Over Wireless Fading Channels

The transmit energy efficiency (EE) of space- polarization multiple-input multiple-output (SpPol-MIMO) architectures, dual-polarized MIMO architectures (DP-MIMO), and conventional co-polarized MIMO (CP-MIMO) schemes are compared for packet-based communication systems using full multiplexing without channel state information at the transmitter. We develop a closed-form approximation for assessing the EE of single-input single-output (SISO) and MIMO systems and show tradeoffs that exist between EE, spectral efficiency, modulation schemes, and packet designs. Using a hardware/software testbed, we also compare the EE among SISO, 2 × 2 CP-MIMO, 2 × 2 DP-MIMO, and 4 × 4 SpPol-MIMO architectures in frequency-selective MIMO channels. Emulation results from the testbed indicate that in the high SNR-regime, SpPol-MIMO provides the best EE performance in spatially uncorrelated channels, with EEs approximately four and two times better than SISO and 2 × 2 MIMO architectures, respectively. In Rician channels exhibiting either partial or high sAbstract-The transmit energy efficiency (EE) of space- polarization multiple-input multiple-output (SpPol-MIMO) architectures, dual-polarized MIMO architectures (DP-MIMO), and conventional co-polarized MIMO (CP-MIMO) schemes are compared for packet-based communication systems using full multiplexing without channel state information at the transmitter. We develop a closed-form approximation for assessing the EE of single-input single-output (SISO) and MIMO systems and show tradeoffs that exist between EE, spectral efficiency, modulation schemes, and packet designs. Using a hardware/software testbed, we also compare the EE among SISO, 2 × 2 CP-MIMO, 2 × 2 DP-MIMO, and 4 × 4 SpPol-MIMO architectures in frequency-selective MIMO channels. Emulation results from the testbed indicate that in the high SNR-regime, SpPol-MIMO provides the best EE performance in spatially uncorrelated channels, with EEs approximately four and two times better than SISO and 2 × 2 MIMO architectures, respectively. In Rician channels exhibiting either partial or high spatial correlation, DP-MIMO offers more than a 2× performance improvement relative to the other architectures at high SNR. At low SNR, SISO systems offer the best energy efficiency but also exhibit the lowest data rates. For all of the architectures, operating points are identified that provide near achievable data rates while operating at a local minimum in energy consumption.patial correlation, DP-MIMO offers more than a 2× performance improvement relative to the other architectures at high SNR. At low SNR, SISO systems offer the best energy efficiency but also exhibit the lowest data rates. For all of the architectures, operating points are identified that provide near achievable data rates while operating at a local minimum in energy consumption.
Strip-and-Zone Micro-Channel Liquid Cooling of Integrated Circuits Chips With Non-Uniform Power Distributions

For a high-power integrated circuit (IC), it is desirable to cool with the liquid micro-channels. However, the non-uniform power distribution of the IC is a great challenge. In this paper, the strip-and-zone strategy is presented. First, the optimal channel-width assuming a uniform power distribution of the total chip power is considered as a nominal situation. Then, according to the distribution of the power density of the power blocks on chip, the micro-channels are divided into several parallel strips with various zones in these strips. A further optimization of the channel-width of each zone in the strips shall be made that a higher heat transfer coefficient will occur in the zones of higher heat flux, while the strips of higher total power will have same or less flow resistances. As a result, under the same pressure drop among all the strips, same or more flow will occur at the strips of higher total power and the maximum temperature on the chip is reduced. Illustration of this strip-and-zone micro-channel liquid cooling design is provided through a design case of an IC chip with realistic power distribution. Comparing with the same chip at the air cooling and at the micro-channel cooling with the nominal channel-width, the chip at strip-and-zone micro-channel liquid cooling yields the lowest surface temperature as expected.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Video Microscope Observations of Human Premolar Eruption

It is now possible to observe with an accuracy of 1-2 μm the pattern of eruptive movements of a human premolar as it moves from gingival emergence to the occlusal plane. This was accomplished by use of a video microscope to track the position of an optical ruling on the erupting tooth relative to a reference ruling mounted on adjacent teeth that were in occlusion. Net eruptive movements averaging 25-75 μm occurred from one day to the next until the tooth was almost in occlusion; then the eruptive rate slowed. Eruption occurred almost entirely at night. During the day, there was a marked slowing or cessation of eruption and often intrusion, which appeared to be related to masticatory activity.
Relationships between clay mineralogy, hydrothermal metamorphism, and topography in a Western Cascades watershed, Oregon, USA

This study investigates variation in clay mineralogy and its relation to hydrothermal metamorphism, hillslope processes, and topography in the western Cascade Mountains. The study area is the drainage basin of Dorena Lake, a medium-sized (686 km2) watershed located near Cottage Grove, OR. The Bohemia Mining District is on the southeastern rim of the watershed in a hydrothermally metamorphosed region associated with a set of granodiorite plutons. To characterize large-scale patterns of clay mineral distribution within the watershed, suspended sediments were collected from 43 stream locations. Samples of several metamorphosed and unaffected volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks were collected to help clarify metamorphic reaction processes. One active earthflow was also sampled. X-ray diffraction methods were used to determine the mineralogy of the clay-sized (<2 μm) fraction of the samples. Clay mineralogy varies systematically across the watershed, and the three major stream tributaries carry sediment with distinct mineralogical signatures. Discrete minerals include kaolinite, smectite, chlorite, and illite. Interstratified kaolinite–smectite and chlorite-vermiculite (CV) are also present. The active earthflow and unmetamorphosed rock samples primarily contain smectite. In contrast, metamorphosed rock samples are composed of some combination of illite, interstratified illite–smectite, CV, and chlorite. Examination of clay mineral distribution reveals the effects of hydrothermal metamorphism in the mining district on clay mineralogy, hillslope processes, and landscape development. Compared with most of the watershed, the mining district has steeper slopes and higher elevations and lacks smectite almost entirely. Analyses of metamorphosed bedrock units indicate that smectite originally present in the rocks was converted to nonexpandable clay minerals during metamorphism. Induration of bedrock and loss of expandable clays resulted in thin soils and steep topography. Debris slides and flows are the dominant mass movement processes in this area; earthflows are noticeably absent, probably because thick, smectitic soils are lacking. Elsewhere in the watershed where smectite is abundant, slopes are more gentle; and both shallow and deep-seated mass movements are common. The clay mineralogy of bedrock and soils is thus integrally tied to the hillslope processes operating within the watershed and therefore affects the geomorphology of the landscape. High-relief, hydrothermally metamorphosed volcanic centers surrounded by weaker rocks in adjacent lowlands are common features in the western Cascade Mountains. These massifs were likely formed by differential erosion processes similar to those operating in the Dorena Lake watershed.
COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY OF DEVELOPING ASCARIS EGGS. IV. ENZYMIC HYDROLYSIS OF ATP BY UNEMBRYONATED EGGS.

Abstract Undialyzed and dialyzed homogenates of unembryonated eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides var. suum hydrolyzed ATP (adenosinetriphosphate). A major portion of the total activity was associated with an isolated particulate fraction (10,000g). Homogenization of the particle preparation increased the activity. ATP hydrolysis was inhibited by heat, fluoride, ethylenediaminetetraacetate, and calcium and was stimulated by magnesium. The pH optimum was 8.4. With optimal conditions, neither adenosinediphosphate nor phosphocreatine was hydrolyzed. The Ascaris egg ATPase is similar to that of mammalian mitochondria.
Developing a selective breeding program for penaeid shrimp mariculture

Abstract Five species of penaeid shrimp are being considered for mariculture production in the southern United States. Four of these, Penaeus aztecus, P. setiferus, P. stylirostris , and P. vannamei , are the subject of an investigation of genetic differentiation among wild stocks using the electrophoretic technique. Preliminary results indicate a low level of genetic variation and little geographic differentiation within species. The implication of these findings for the creation of a foundation population for the selective breeding program is discussed. Many questions have resulted from the initial efforts to employ a quantitative criterion in the selection of future broodstock from pond-reared adults. One response has been morphometric studies to evaluate other possible selection criteria. Several morphological measures are identified as potential selection criteria and discussed with regard to the handling necessary to make each measurement and the correlation between these measurements and tail weight. An overview of the penaeid mariculture methodology used in Texas is presented as a justification for a program using mass selection rather than other methods to improve tail weight grow-out.
Enhancer–promoter interference and its prevention in transgenic plants

Biotechnology has several advantages over conventional breeding for the precise engineering of gene function and provides a powerful tool for the genetic improvement of agronomically important traits in crops. In particular, it has been exploited for the improvement of multiple traits through the simultaneous introduction or stacking of several genes driven by distinct tissue-specific promoters. Since transcriptional enhancer elements have been shown to override the specificity of nearby promoters in a position- and orientation-independent manner, the co-existence of multiple enhancers/promoters within a single transgenic construct could be problematic as it has the potential to cause the mis-expression of transgene product(s). In order to develop strategies with, which to prevent such interference, a clear understanding of the mechanisms underlying enhancer-mediated activation of target promoters, as well as the identification of DNA sequences that function to block these interactions in plants, will be necessary. To date, little is known concerning enhancer function in plants and only a very limited number of enhancer-blocking insulators that operate in plant species have been identified. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge surrounding enhancer–promoter interactions, as well as possible means of minimizing such interference during plant transformation experiments.
Role of Cdk5 in Drug Abuse and Plasticity

Neuronal plasticity serves as the basis for learning and memory in the adult brain. Contextual, motor, and reward-based learning are important in reinforcing survival behavior in animals. Most psychostimulant drugs of abuse target the dopaminergic reward system of the brain. Drugs of abuse cause long-standing cellular and molecular neuroadaptations in the brain. The neuronal protein kinase Cdk5 is emerging as an important player in the cellular and physiological responses to drugs of abuse. Substantial evidence indicates that Cdk5 controls dopamine neurotransmission through regulation of the protein phosphatase-1 inhibitor, DARPP-32. Furthermore, the morphological changes associated with chronic cocaine exposure are dependent on Cdk5. Thus, Cdk5 mediates cellular responses to psychostimulant drug-induced changes in dopamine signal transduction and cytoskeletal reorganization. In this regard, Cdk5, through its targeting of various substrates, integrates a number of intracellular pathways that are targeted by psychostimulant drugs. These studies and the emerging role of Cdk5 in various forms of neuronal plasticity are reviewed.
Developmental patterns of non-verbal children and some therapeutic implications.

Abstract We have presented portraits of two groups of non-verbal children and of a third group of children with acquired aphasia and marked autistic behavior. These children were compared with those identified as having primary ( Kanner type) autism. Emphasis was placed on the significance of early clinical histories and of differential factors during the first two years of life. A definition was offered for childhood aphasia that included differential criteria between this syndrome of linguistic and behavioral impairments and other types of non-verbal children. Data of observations on ongoing investigation at the Institute of Childhood Aphasia were included in the discussions of the children. Although we believe that a syndrome of childhood aphasia has now been clearly established, we emphasized our observation that the preponderant majority of non-verbal children are primarily severely mentally retarded. We also emphasized that the autistic manifestations of aphasic children constitute defensive responses to rather than expressions of their linguistic impairments.
Subsolidus phase relations and crystal structures of the mixed-oxide phases in the In2O3–WO3 system

Abstract Subsolidus phase relationships in the In2O3–WO3 system at 800–1400°C were investigated using X-ray diffraction. Two binary-oxide phases—In6WO12 and In2(WO4)3—were found to be stable over the range 800–1200°C. Heating the binary-oxide phases above 1200°C resulted in the preferential volatilization of WO3. Rietveld refinement was performed on three structures using X-ray diffraction data from nominally phase-pure In6WO12 at room temperature and from nominally phase-pure In2(WO4)3 at 225°C and 310°C. The indium-rich phase, In6WO12, is rhombohedral, space group R 3 (rhombohedral), with Z=1, a=6.22390(4) A, α=99.0338(2)° [hexagonal axes: aH=9.48298(6) A, c=8.94276(6) A, aH/c=0.9430(9)]. In6WO12 can be viewed as an anion-deficient fluorite structure in which 1/7 of the fluorite anion sites are vacant. Indium tungstate, In2(WO4)3, undergoes a monoclinic–orthorhombic transition around 250°C. The high-temperature polymorph is orthorhombic, space group Pnca, with a=9.7126(5) A, b=13.3824(7) A, c=9.6141(5) A, and Z=4. The low-temperature polymorph is monoclinic, space group P21/a, with a=16.406(2) A, b=9.9663(1) A, c=19.099(2) A, β=125.411(2)°, and Z=8. The structures of the two In2(WO4)3 polymorphs are similar, consisting of a network of corner sharing InO6 octahedra and WO4 tetrahedra.
Release of inflammatory mediators by human adipose tissue is enhanced in obesity and primarily by the nonfat cells: a review.

This paper considers the role of putative adipokines that might be involved in the enhanced inflammatory response of human adipose tissue seen in obesity. Inflammatory adipokines [IL-6, IL-10, ACE, TGFβ1, TNFα, IL-1β, PAI-1, and IL-8] plus one anti-inflammatory [IL-10] adipokine were identified whose circulating levels as well as in vitro release by fat are enhanced in obesity and are primarily released by the nonfat cells of human adipose tissue. In contrast, the circulating levels of leptin and FABP-4 are also enhanced in obesity and they are primarily released by fat cells of human adipose tissue. The relative expression of adipokines and other proteins in human omental as compared to subcutaneous adipose tissue as well as their expression in the nonfat as compared to the fat cells of human omental adipose tissue is also reviewed. The conclusion is that the release of many inflammatory adipokines by adipose tissue is enhanced in obese humans.
Engineering the Substrate Specificity of Staphylococcus aureus Sortase A THE β6/β7 LOOP FROM SrtB CONFERS NPQTN RECOGNITION TO SrtA

The Staphylococcus aureus transpeptidase Sortase A (SrtA) anchors virulence and colonization-associated surface proteins to the cell wall. SrtA selectively recognizes a C-terminal LPXTG motif, whereas the related transpeptidase Sortase B (SrtB) recognizes a C-terminal NPQTN motif. In both enzymes, cleavage occurs after the conserved threonine, followed by amide bond formation between threonine and the pentaglycine cross-bridge of cell wall peptidoglycan. Genetic and biochemical studies strongly suggest that SrtA and SrtB exhibit exquisite specificity for their recognition motifs. To better understand the origins of substrate specificity within these two isoforms, we used sequence and structural analysis to predict residues and domains likely to be involved in conferring substrate specificity. Mutational analyses and domain swapping experiments were conducted to test their function in substrate recognition and specificity. Marked changes in the specificity profile of SrtA were obtained by replacing the beta6/beta7 loop in SrtA with the corresponding domain from SrtB. The chimeric beta6/beta7 loop swap enzyme (SrtLS) conferred the ability to acylate NPQTN-containing substrates, with a k(cat)/K(m)(app) of 0.0062 +/- 0.003 m(-1) s(-1). This enzyme was unable to perform the transpeptidation stage of the reaction, suggesting that additional domains are required for transpeptidation to occur. The overall catalytic specificity profile (k(cat)/K(m)(app)(NPQTN)/k(cat)/K(m)(app)(LPETG)) of SrtLS was altered 700,000-fold from SrtA. These results indicate that the beta6/beta7 loop is an important site for substrate recognition in sortases.
Effects of Organic Molybdenum Compounds on the Friction and Wear Observed with ZDP-Containing Lubricant Blends

Combining an organic molybdenum compound with a zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDP) antiwear additive can significantly reduce kinetic friction at loads in the antiwear regime as determined in laboratory, 4-ball wear tests. Both molybdenum dithiophosphates and dithiocarbamates are effective. The friction and wear benefits are independent of the ZDP present. Adding a high total base number (TBN) metallic detergent can greatly enhance the high load antiwear behavior of the three component blend whereas lower TBN detergents do not. Unfortunately, ashless dispersants can destroy the observed benefits. The performance improvements obtained with organic additives could not be duplicated by adding specific inorganic solids, either singly or in combination. Presented at the 35th STLE/ASME Tribology Conference in Fort Lauderdale, Florida October 16–19, 1989
Piagetian Stage and Preferred Level of Complexity

Summary.-The complexity preferences of 60 fifth-grade children were assessed using embedded-figure designs. Children were classified into different Piagetian stages of intellectual development according to their performance on four tasks: (a) conservation of quantity, (b) conservation of number, (c) composition of classes, and (d) egocentricity in the representation of objects. With transitional subjects deleted, the predicted Piagetian Group X Complexity Level interaction was significant (p < .05). Concrete operational subjects preferred more complex designs than preoperational subjects. In addition, the results in. dicated that female subjects preferred more complex designs than did male sub jects (fi < .005). Theories of cognitive complexity postulate that all organisms have a basic motivation to seek out and explore the environment. Given a choice, the organism prefers to explore che variable environment rather than exist in a homogeneous milieu (e.g., Berlyne, 19.58; Fantz, 1958; Thomas, 1966). There are, of course, restrictions. A situation may be too complex such that it elicits withdrawal and avoidance responses. Berlyne (1960) has suggested that an individual's interaction with the environment and subsequent preference for different degrees of complexicy are a function of conflict wichin che individual. Stimuli wich properties such as complexity, novelty, surprisingness, and incongruity arouse incompatible response tendencies. The presence of such tendencies results in a mild conflict which motivates the individual to maincain contact with the stimulus until the conflict is resolved. Similar to Berlyne's notion, Piagetian theory states that the individual's behavior or preference is directed by resolving the inconsistency in his "schemata." Conflict or discrepancy beyond the limits of an individual's capacity co incorporate an event evokes avoidance responses whereas discrepancy within the limits of an individual's capacity is pleasurable (Hunt, 1961 ) . Congruent wich Berlyne and Piaget, Dember and Earl (1957) have postulated thac each individual has an optimal level of complexity. This optimal level or "pacer" is that degree of stimulus complexity that is just above the complexiry value to which the individual has become acclimated. The pacer receives more attention and incerest than stimuli which are more or less complex. This level of preferred stimulation is determined by the individual's prior experience and interaction with the environment. If the individual is exposed to a higher level of complexity than his pacer, he will initially noc prefer that stimulus but upon repeated exposures will prefer it more and more. Likewise, when an individual is exposed to either the opcimal level of complexicy or a stimulus lower than the optimal level, preference will decrease with repeated exposures.
Chronic methionine sulfoximine administration reduces synaptosomal aspartate and glutamate in rat striatum.

Abstract Methionine sulfoxime (MS) is an inhibitor of glutamine synthease, an astroglial enzyme believed to be involved in the maintenance of glutamine, a major precursor for neurotransmitter pools of the excitatory amino acids aspartate and glutamate in striatal afferent axon terminals. MS was infused for 7 days (24 μg/day) into the lateral cerebral ventricle of rats. On the side of MS infusion, there was a decrease of striatal synaptosomal aspartate (61%), glutamine (63%), and glutamate (48%), while taurine and γ-aminobutyrate were unaltered when compared to vehicle-treated rats. The results indicate that chronic MS infusion is an effective means by which neurotransmitter aspartate and glutamate levels can be selectively reduced in the striatum.
A computerized cardiovascular data base system: application in arrhythmia research.

Abstract A minicomputer-based data management system for the storage, retrieval, and analysis of cardiovascular clinical and basic research data is described and examples given of its potential utility in clinical arrhythmia research. The system links multiple data bases so that subsetting, statistical analyses and a variety of other data manipulations can be accomplished across data bases. Data additions or refinements can be made without restructuring an entire data base and new questions asked without the need for specific program revisions. The system is user-oriented. All aspects from data formulation through analysis can be accomplished by clinical investigators without computer or mathematical backgrounds.
Energy penalty of CO2 capture for the Carbonation–Calcination Reaction (CCR) Process: Parametric effects and comparisons with alternative processes

Abstract Process simulations of carbon capture technologies typically examine a limited number of cases and process variables. In many instances, processes are modeled under the most favorable conditions to improve process performance. With no universal standards defined for important parameters such as energy requirements for carbon dioxide compression and air separation, carbon dioxide purity, and base plant efficiency, great variability can exist during process analysis. This publication is presented in sequel to an earlier study on the Carbonation–Calcination Reaction (CCR) Process, which uses a cyclic calcium carbonate–calcium oxide–calcium hydroxide reaction scheme. While the first paper focused on the effect of internal parameters, this follow-up publication focuses on the external parameters of coal rank, base plant efficiency, heat transfer efficiency, compression energy, and air separation energy to determine the contribution of each to the overall energy penalty. In addition, novel integration options are introduced, effect of the CCR Process on boiler performance is analyzed, and a sensitivity analysis is performed. Specifically, the ASPEN Plus simulations focus on the difference between ideal and realistic conditions. The comprehensive simulations allow for a direct comparison of the CCR Process with other processes developed for post-combustion carbon dioxide removal from coal combustion under normalized conditions to remove the effect of external variables. The comparison indicates that the CCR Process always provides a lower energy penalty under similar operating conditions.
Low lying states of 96Tc

Abstract The 96Mo(p, n) and 96Mo(p, nγ) reactions have been studied for proton energies between 3.8 and 5.5 MeV. Energy levels in 96Tc up to 632 keV excitation energy have been determined. Possible spin and parity assignments are given for several levels based on the neutron enhancement and angular distributions observed on and off resonance of the 5 2 >+ isobaric analog state in 97Tc, as well as the observed γ-yields. The first excited state reported at 34 keV was found to be a close doublet only 0.8 keV apart. The observation of this doublet in the (p, n) reaction was used to determine the ground state Q-value Q = − 3.760±0.010 MeV.
Classroom implications of pronoun (Mis)use in spanish.

of second language textbook curricula (24; 38) have indicated that some discrepancy exists between 'real' and classroom L2. Spanish pedagogy is no exception. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate: 1) that textbooks provide varying or misleading intuitions about dialects of Spanish (see 12); and 2) that certain morpho-lexical elements of dialectal Spanish, specifically subject and object pronouns, are not included in many current textbooks. These elements could provide options for students when communicating in the L2 (see 7; 9; 26; 38; 41). Their inclusion would facilitate a broader con-
Note: Lattice path encodings in a combinatorial proof of a differential identity

We specify procedures by which Lukasiewicz paths can encode combinatorial objects, such as involutions, partitions, and permutations. As application, we use these encoding procedures to give a combinatorial proof of the differential operator identity exp(y(ddx+f(x)))=exp(@!"0^yf(t+x)dt)exp(yddx), due to Stanley. Taylor's theorem is a special case of this differential identity where f(x)=0.
Natural deduction with few restrictions on variables

Abstract In this paper, systems of natural deduction are described in which the usually cumbersome quantifier rules (∀-introduction and ∃-elimination) are replaced by somewhat more convenient ones. These systems have deducibility from a set of assumption formulas as a primitive notion which is shown to have the compactness property. They are equivalent to the system obtained from a logistic system of Kleene by excluding variation of variables, admit the usual subsystems, have some separation properties for logical operators and, together with Kleene's system under exclusion of variation of variables, are complete with respect to logical consequence.
Interventions for Children's Anxiety Disorders

ABSTRACT Anxiety problems represent common types of childhood disorders that can range from simple to complex, and are characterized as comprising cognitive, behavioral, physiological, and affective components. Current diagnostic nomenclature describes three types of childhood anxiety disorders: separation anxiety disorder, overanxious disorder, and avoidant anxiety disorder. Also, test anxiety may be manifested in school-aged children, in which concerns about performance contribute to lowered achievement. This article describes the nature of childhood anxiety disorders and test anxiety, and discusses interventions that may be effective in remediation efforts.
Synthesis and Characterization of Pt−Sn−Pd/C Catalysts for Ethanol Electro-Oxidation Reaction

Carbon-supported Pt−Sn−Pd electrocatalysts have been synthesized by conventional borohydride reduction method and characterized for ethanol electro-oxidation reaction. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis reveal that the synthesized catalysts are composed of uniformly dispersed metal nanoparticles on Vulcan XC-72R with the intended compositions. However X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data reveal that the degree of alloying with Sn is very low and most of the Sn may exist as oxide phases. The electrochemical properties of the catalysts with 40 wt.% metal on carbon have been evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The catalytic activity for ethanol electro-oxidation reaction decreases in the order Pt−Sn−Pd (1:0.75:0.25) > Pt−Sn−Pd (1:0.5:0.5) > Pt−Sn (1:1). An analysis of the electrochemical data suggests that the tin oxi...
Real-Time Studies of The Electrocrystallization of Nanoscale Ceramic Superlattices

Electrodeposition is unique among thin film deposition techniques, since the current following a potential step from open circuit to a given overpotential (i.e., driving force) provides a real-time, in situ probe of the deposition process. We have used current-time transients to determine the kinetics and dimensionality of growth, and to calculatethe composition profiles of electrodeposited superlattices in the Pb-TI-O system. The transients are indicative of 2D growth, and the height of the 2D monolayer depends on the orientation of the film. A [100] oriented film has a step height of 0.13 nm and a [210] oriented film has a step height of 0.18 nm. These heights correspond to the (400) and (220) d-spacings, respectively. Using a Cottrell analysis, we were able to both calculate and tailor the composition profile in these superlattices. Superlattices grown by pulsing between 70 and 150 mV have square profiles, while those grown by pulsing between 70 and 230 mV have graded profiles.
Descriptive ethics and neuroleptic dose reduction.

topic. Descriptive ethics and related concepts of beneficence, justice, and autonomy purpose. To provide a framework to aid in decision making when neuroleptic drugs are decreased in a vulnerable elderly population source. A clinical situation is used to illustrate the ethical issues considered in neuroleptic drug reduction conclusion. While compassion permeates the ethical concerns of psychiatric mental health nurses, disciplined thought is also needed
Mohs micrographic surgery of a papillary eccrine adenoma.

background. Papillary eccrine adenoma (PEA) is a rare benign sweat gland neoplasm first described by Rulon and Helwig in 1977. Although these lesions typically behave in a benign fashion, PEA's on the volar surfaces may demonstrate more aggressive biologic behavior. Additionally, aggressive digital papillary adenomas (ADPA) may histologically simulate PEAs and behave in a more malignant fashion. objective. To present a case report of a patient with an incompletely excised PEA that was successfully extirpated using Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS). methods. A 51-year-old black woman was evaluated for the treatment of an incompletely excised PEA located on the dorsum of her left hand at the base of the thumb. Mohs micrographic surgery was felt to be the ideal treatment choice because of incomplete prior resections, ill-defined clinical borders, the need for conservative surgical excision to preserve sensory and motor function of the left hand, and the previously reported more aggressive nature of this tumor when located on volar surfaces. The patient underwent a two-stage, six section micrographically controlled excision using the fresh tissue technique. results. Complete resection of the PEA without significant damage to neurovascular structures. conclusion. This case demonstrates the increasingly important role MMS is playing in the surgical management of a wide variety of cutaneous tumors. To our knowledge, this is the first time MMS has been used in the resection of a PEA.
Saturation power in GaAs amplifiers

The results of an experimental investigation of the saturation power level of GaAs amplifiers are reported. It is found that there is an optimum range of applied voltages and electron density-length products to achieve the maximum saturation power. The largest saturation effciency observed was 4 percent.
Regulation of somatodendritic dopamine release in the ventral tegmental area by opioids and GABA: an in vivo microdialysis study

Microdialysis of the ventral tegmental area in conscious rats was used to evaluate the influence of opioids and GABA agonists on extracellular levels of GABA and somatodendritically released dopamine. The administration of morphine through the dialysis probe elicited significant, dose-dependent increases in the levels of extracellular dopamine and significantly reduced the extracellular concentration of GABA. In contrast, a dose-dependent decrease in somatodendritic extracellular dopamine was produced following the administration of the GABAB agonist baclofen. The increase in dopamine levels elicited by morphine (100 microM) was completely blocked by either baclofen (100 microM) coadministration or peripheral injection of naloxone (2 mg/kg, i.p.). Application of the GABAA agonist muscimol produced a significant increase in both extracellular levels of dopamine and locomotor activity. The present results, together with other electrophysiological, neurochemical, and behavioral data, support a hypothesis that stimulation of mu-opioid or GABAA receptors inhibits the activity of GABAergic afferents to dopamine neurons, thereby removing tonic inhibitory regulation, whereas stimulation of GABAB receptors directly inhibits dopamine neurons.
Wear Performance of Trousers Manufactured from a 3/1 Cotton Twill Fabric Finished with One of Four Processes for Durable Press

All-cotton work trousers finished with two pad-vapor-set processes, a conventional pad-dry-cure, and a proprietary pad-dry-cure durable press treatment were exposed to wear and/or laundering and evaluated at intervals with regard to different performance characteristics. Thirty men em ployed in maintenance positions at Texas Woman's University served as the wear panel for 20 wear-laundering periods. The results of the study showed that, generally, the pad-vapor-set pro cesses were evaluated as being the most desirable finishes for work trousers. Trousers thus finished were acceptable to the men who wore them as far as appearance and durability were concerned. Although the conventional pad-dry-cure and the proprietary finishes excelled in appearance, the short wear-life of the trousers finished by these methods made them inappropriate for such end use.
Possible Reduction in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms with Oxcarbazepine in a Patient with Bipolar Disorder

OBJECTIVETo report the effect of oxcarbazepine in a patient with bipolar illness and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).CASE SUMMARYA 38-year-old white woman with PTSD and bipolar disorder who had partially responded to carbamazepine was treated with oxcarbazepine. Within a month of initiation of treatment with oxcarbazepine, she reported progressive improvement in her PTSD symptoms. As oxcarbazepine monotherapy with 750 mg twice daily continued, she reported significant reduction of her PTSD symptoms and stabilization of her mood. She tolerated oxcarbazepine without adverse effects.DISCUSSIONPTSD symptoms tend to wax and wane. Spontaneous remission also occurs in some patients with PTSD. There are a few reports indicating that carbamazepine alleviates PTSD symptoms. Since oxcarbazepine is an analog of carbamazepine, it is theorized that oxcarbazepine also has efficacy in significantly reducing PTSD symptoms.CONCLUSIONSThere are case reports and uncontrolled studies suggesting that antiepileptic drugs (...
A Reanalysis of the Self- Appraisal Questionnaire: Psychometric Properties and Predictive Validity

This research reassessed the psychometric properties and predictive validity of the Self-Appraisal Questionnaire (SAQ) in response to published criticism of the authors' earlier work. The current research used a much longer recidivism tracking-period, a different measure of recidivism, a larger sample, and more advanced analytic techniques than the original. Examination of the SAQ's psychometric properties continued to indicate that three of the six recidivism prediction subscales exhibited substandard levels of reliability and four of these subscales were not unidimensional. Yet, in contrast to the author's earlier results, the current analyses found that SAQ total score modestly predicted reconviction.
The circle group approach: A structured encounter group experience

Abstract The “circle” is a highly structured group approach used to explore a theme for problem solving, personal growth, and teaching a specific personal growth system.
Electrical and thermal properties of polyvinyl acetal based nanocomposites

A water chemistry procedure is used to synthesize titanium dioxide nanoparticles which can later be blended with a polymer to form a nanodielectric. The synthesized nanoparticles are dispersed in two grades of polyvinyl acetal (commercially available under the trade names BX-L and KS-10, manufactured by SEKISUI Chemicals). Nanocomposite materials were prepared with 15 and 33 wt% titanium dioxide. The variation of the glass transition temperature with increasing filler weight fraction is presented. The dielectric breakdown strengths of the nanodielectric samples are reported. The presented results can be employed to optimize the dielectric properties of the studied nanocomposites for potential use in cryogenic high voltage applications.
The Syrian Revolt of 1925

In the summer of 1925, a revolt erupted in the French mandated territories of Syria and Lebanon and rapidly spread throughout the area. The French army of the Levant seemed powerless to halt it. By autumn, no part of Syria or Lebanon was secure against sudden disruption of life and property. Stories of French incompetence, impotence, and arrogance were widely circulated in the Syrian and European press. The Permanent Mandates Commission of the League of Nations, in a rare exercise of its limited powers, refused to accept the French report for 1925, which covered only the comparatively calm period preceding the revolt, and demanded instead a full account of the disturbances, as well as the restoration of peace in the mandate. In October, when rebels infiltrated Damascus, the French military administration took a drastic step to end the revolt. Without warning, General Sarrail, the high commissioner, ordered the ancient city bombarded continuously for nearly twenty-four hours. When the smoke lifted, much of Damascus was in ruins; the reported loss of life and property appalled world opinion and galvanized Arab dissidents. A torrent of violent and emotional criticism was unleashed. In some quarters it was even hinted that the League of Nations would remove the mandate from French control. Yet less than a year later, the revolt had been quashed and France's hold on the mandate was so secured internationally that it survived into World War II.