cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Combination therapy in the management of pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Summary Background Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive disease without a cure, which can lead to right heart failure and death. Over the past decades, several therapeutic advances have been developed for the management of PAH. Although these agents have demonstrated clinical safety and efficacy, some patients may require additional drug therapy due to a lack of response or disease progression. Aims The purpose of this review was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of various combination PAH therapies. Materials & Methods A systematic search was conducted using the MEDLINE database (1966 and June 2012) for relevant clinical studies. Searches were limited to English, human and clinical trial using the terms sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil, phosphodiesterase inhibitor, prostacyclin, prostaglandin, epoprostenol, treprostinil, iloprost, beraprost, endothelin receptor antagonist, bosentan, ambrisentan, sitaxsentan and pulmonary hypertension. Results Overall, 22 studies met inclusion criteria. Overall, the majority of trials demonstrated clinical efficacy in improving functional class, reducing pulmonary pressure, or increasing exercise capacity. Most trials were uncontrolled with small sample sizes investigating the acute effects of combination therapy and lacking long-term clinical outcomes. Adjunctive therapy was well tolerated by most patients. Discussion Overall, combination therapy is relatively safe and well tolerated. Published guidelines provide evidence-based recommendations for monotherapy. However, suggestions for combination therapy in refractory PAH patients are lacking. Several studies evaluating several combination therapies have been published. The preferred combination treatment among several PAH drug therapies remain controversial. Therefore, clinicians should consider ease of administration, cost, and tolerability when choosing specific combination therapies. Conclusion Combination therapy appears promising for patients who are refractory to treatment or whose disease progression is not well controlled with monotherapy. An optimal combination drug therapy regimen remains debatable and should be customized for individual PAH patients. Further studies are needed to determine the optimal combination therapy in PAH based upon efficacy, safety and cost.
The Relationship between Activation Parameters and Dislocation Glide in 4H-SiC Single Crystals

4H-SiC single crystals were deformed by compression in the temperature range 550 to 1300 °C and a strain rate range of 3.1 × 10–5 to 6.5 × 10–4 s–1 to determine the critical resolved shear stress for slip on the 〈 2-1-10〉(0001) primary slip system. Two different methods to determine the activation parameters for dislocation glide were examined. In the first method, where the activation enthalpy for dislocation glide ΔHg is assumed to be a function of the applied stress τ, ΔHg drops from ∼7.4 eV at τ ≈ 8 MPa to ∼2.8 eV at τ ≈ 235 MPa. In the second method, where the activation enthalpy for dislocation glide, Q, is assumed to be stress-independent, the values determined at strain rates of less than 6.3 × 10–5 s–1 were Q ≈ (2.1 ± 0.7) eV at low temperatures (T 1100 °C). Transmission electron microscopy investigations of the deformed samples show that very different configurations of dislocations are activated under the action of the applied stress. At 1300 °C, the dislocations were all perfect, albeit dissociated into leading/trailing partials separated by a ribbon of stacking fault, while at 700 °C only single leading partials, each dragging a stacking fault and without their corresponding trailing partials, were observed.
Nature of EM waves as observed and reported by detectors for radio, visible, and gamma frequencies

Characteristic transformations measured by detectors indicate what conclusions we can draw about the signal we study. This paper will review the models behind the interaction processes experienced by detectors sensing radio, visible and gamma-ray signals and analyze why the conclusions about the nature of EM-waves should necessarily appear to be different and contradictory. The physical interaction processes between the EM-waves and the material in the different detectors - the LCR circuit, photo and gamma detectors - differ considerably. So drawing a definitive conclusion regarding the nature of EM-waves is fraught with pitfalls. We discuss how to bring conceptual continuity among these different interpretations of the interaction processes by imposing some logical congruence upon them.
MEKing Retinoids Work Better

Retinoids can induce terminal differentiation in a subset of neuronal cancer cells, but what determines response has been unclear. In a recent issue of Cell , Holzel and colleagues show that hyperactive RAS signaling imparts retinoid resistance to neuroblastoma cells, which can be reversed by inhibiting MAPK, suggesting new therapeutic opportunities.
NONLINEAR AND POSTBUCKLING ANALYSES OF CURVED COMPOSITE PANELS SUBJECTED TO COMBINED TEMPERATURE CHANGE AND EDGE SHEAR

Abstract The results of a detailed study of the nonlinear and postbuckling responses of curved unstiffened composite panels with central circular cutouts are presented. The panels are subjected to uniform temperature change and an applied in-plane edge shear loading. The analysis is based on a first-order shear-deformation Sanders-Budiansky type theory with the effects of large displacements, moderate rotations, transverse shear deformation and laminated anisotropic material behavior included. A mixed formulation is used with the fundamental unknowns consisting of the generalized displacements and the stress resultants of the panel. The nonlinear displacements, strain energy, transverse shear stresses, transverse shear strain energy density, and their hierarchical sensitivity coefficients are evaluated. Numerical results are presented for cylindrical panels with central circular cutouts and are subjected to uniform temperature change and an applied in-plane edge shear loading. The results show the effects of variations in the panel curvature, hole diameter, laminate stacking sequence and fiber orientation, on the nonlinear and postbuckling panel responses, and their sensitivity to changes in the various panel, layer and micromechanical parameters.
Leed theory for incommensurate overlayers: Application to graphite on Pt(111)

Abstract A dynamical LEED analysis is applied to study the structure of incommensurate overlayers. The previously described BSN method is extended to the incommensurate case, providing an efficient theoretical scheme for calculating the required LEED beam intensities. This method is used to investigate the structure of an incommensurate graphite overlayer on the Pt(111) surface by analyzing the specular diffraction beam intensities at various angles. The measured LEED intensities are well represented by a surface model consisting of a graphite layer 3.70 ± 0.05 A above the Pt(111) surface, supported by at least a partial layer of “intercalated” carbidic carbon atoms chemisorbed in three-fold hollow sites 1.25 ± 0.10 A above the Pt(111) surface. A “data subdivision method” is applied in the R -factor analysis to distinguish between the different R -factor minima.
The Steric Course of SE2 Reactions of Unstabilized α-Aminoorganolithiums: Distinguishing between SET and Polar Mechanisms

The competing mechanisms that determine the steric course of electrophilic aliphatic substitution reactions (SE2) of configurationally stable, unstabilized α-aminoorganolithiums are compared. The steric course of the reaction of lithiated pyrrolidines and piperidines with electrophiles is variable, such as when comparisons are made between two electrophiles and a single organolithium, or between two organolithiums and a single electrophile. The possible pathways considered are single electron transfer (SET) and competing polar substitutions (SE2ret vs SE2inv). Catalysis of organolithium racemization by the electrophile was eliminated as a possible source of racemic products. When the products are completely racemic, our evidence suggests that SET is the most likely mechanism; when polar pathways are operative, stereoselectivities vary from 75 to 100%, and may be invertive or retentive at the carbanionic carbon, depending on the electrophile.
A Compounded Multiple Runs Distribution

Abstract The standard approach to the distribution of the number of runs appearing in a sequence is to make the result conditional on the number of each class of object which occurs. Illustrations are presented from the fields of psychology and zoology where invalid conclusions will be drawn under this assumption. By allowing the composition to fall at random, a multiple runs distribution is obtained which is conditional only on the total number of objects appearing in the sequence. Moments of the distribution are indicated along with an analysis of the normal approximation. Exact critical values for the number of runs in the case of two classes of objects are given so that a nonparametric test may be performed corresponding to the traditional runs test for randomness in an observed sequence.
Three Challenges toward the Assignment of Absolute Configuration of Gymnocin-B

The absolute configuration of gymnocin-B has been determined to be (S)-10 and (S)-37. Three challenges toward the configurational assignment of this largest of the polyether marine toxin include (i) introduction of p-(meso-triphenylporphyrin)-cinnamate group (TPPcinnamate) on sterically hindered 10-, 37-hydroxyls under mild conditions, (ii) conformational analysis in the presence of TPPcinnamates at C-10 and C-37 positions on the flexible seven-membered rings embodied in a large polyether ladder-like scaffold structure, and (iii) determination of the chirality at C-10 and C-37 on the basis of porphyrin/porphyrin circular dichroism exciton-coupled interaction over a large distance. The experimentally obtained positive exciton couplet by CD and FDCD of the bis-TPPcin derivative of gymnocin-B is in good agreement with that of theoretically calculated CD of the MMFF optimized structures, by employing DeVoe's coupled oscillator approach, thus establishing the full absolute configuration of gymnocin-B.
Model-based design of hypermedia presentations

Users' mental representations and cognitive strategies have a profound influence on how well they comprehend multimodal information that hypermedia systems present. This implies that cognitive models of comprehension ought to drive the design of effective Hypermedia Information Presentation Systems (HIPS). We report on a current research project that applies this principle to the design of hypermedia manuals of complex machines. This paper describes the comprehension model derived from prior empirical and theoretical research, discusses intermediate results, and presents a roadmap of the research project.
Mechanical and thermal properties of environment-friendly green composites made from pineapple leaf fibers and poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate) resin

This paper presents the mechanical and thermal properties of unidirectional, degradable, environment-friendly “green” composites made from pineapple fibers and poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate) (PHBV) resin. Tensile and flexural properties of the “green” composites with different fiber contents were measured in both longitudinal and transverse directions. Compared to those of virgin resin, the tensile and flexural strengths of “green” composites are significantly higher in the longitudinal direction while they are lower in the transverse direction. However, the mechanical properties are lower than those predicted by simple models. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) photomicrographs of the tensile fracture surfaces demonstrate fibers being pulled out from the matrix, the interfacial failure, fiber fibrillation, and the nonunidirectional nature of the “green” composites. The thermal behavior of the “green” composites, studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), showed that the presence of pineapple fibers does not affect the nonisothermal crystallization kinetics, crystallinity, and thermal decomposition of PHBV resin.
The physics of lightning

Abstract Despite being one of the most familiar and widely recognized natural phenomena, lightning remains relatively poorly understood. Even the most basic questions of how lightning is initiated inside thunderclouds and how it then propagates for many tens of kilometers have only begun to be addressed. In the past, progress was hampered by the unpredictable and transient nature of lightning and the difficulties in making direct measurements inside thunderstorms, but advances in instrumentation, remote sensing methods, and rocket-triggered lightning experiments are now providing new insights into the physics of lightning. Furthermore, the recent discoveries of intense bursts of X-rays and gamma-rays associated with thunderstorms and lightning illustrate that new and interesting physics is still being discovered in our atmosphere. The study of lightning and related phenomena involves the synthesis of many branches of physics, from atmospheric physics to plasma physics to quantum electrodynamics, and provides a plethora of challenging unsolved problems. In this review, we provide an introduction to the physics of lightning with the goal of providing interested researchers a useful resource for starting work in this fascinating field.
FLAIR distal hyperintense vessels as a marker of perfusion-diffusion mismatch in acute stroke.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Distal hyperintense vessels (DHV) on MRI FLAIR sequences in acute brain ischemia are thought to represent leptomeningeal collateral flow. We hypothesized that DHV are more common in acute stroke patients with perfusion-diffusion weighted mismatch (PDM) than in those without. METHODS We performed a retrospective study of consecutive anterior circulation stroke patients who underwent multimodal MRI within 8 hours of onset. We correlated DHV occurrence with the presence or absence of PDM, and analyzed DHV correlates when angiography was available. RESULTS Twenty-one patients with PDM and 28 without were included. On univariate analysis, there was no significant difference regarding demographic variables between the two groups, with the exception of a higher frequency of atrial fibrillation (33% vs. 7%; P= .02) and intravenous tissue plasminogen activator use (57% vs 25%; P= .03) in the PDM patients. The PDM group more commonly had DHV (85% vs 25%; P < .001). On multivariate analysis, DHV presence (odds ratio, 6.01; 95% confidence-interval, 1.08-33.29; P= .04) and vessel occlusion site (odds ratio, 3.17; 95% confidence-interval, 1.21-8.31; P= .01) were the only variables independently associated with PDM. Conventional angiography was useful correlating DHV presence and collateral flow in a subset of patients. CONCLUSIONS DHV may be a surrogate marker for PDM in patients with hyperacute ischemic stroke.
Theoretical analysis of the behavior of a centrally injected band in a homogeneous chromatographic column

Abstract A new implementation of the equilibrium–dispersive model permits the study of problems requiring two-space dimensions for their modeling, such as a nonhomogeneous column with a cylindrical symmetry, a nonplanar injection with a cylindrical symmetry, or a cylindrical central injection. The migration and broadening of a cylindrical band coaxial with the column but narrower, moving along a homogeneous column is studied. The axial and radial profiles of the band inside the column and the elution profiles are calculated. These profiles depend on both the radial and the axial dispersion coefficients. The radial dispersion coefficient decreases with increasing mobile phase velocity and is usually low, much lower than the axial dispersion coefficient. Thus, the material in a relatively wide central injection made on a wide bore column may never have a chance to get close to the column wall. The clearance required at injection is estimated.
Expression of myelin basic protein mRNA and polypeptides in mouse oligodendrocytes in culture: differential regulation by genetic and epigenetic factors.

We have analyzed the effects of genetic and epigenetic factors on the steady-state levels of myelin basic protein mRNA and polypeptides during development of mouse oligodendrocytes in culture. Oligodendrocytes were characterized by immunofluorescent staining with antibodies for the following markers: galactocerebroside, myelin basic protein, proteolipid protein, myelin-associated glycoprotein and 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide phosphohydrolase. Oligodendrocytes expressing one or more of these markers first appeared at 3 days in culture and increased to a maximum of 1.5 × 105 per brain around 6 days, after which the number remained constant up to 31 days. In medium containing fetal calf serum, accumulation of myelin basic protein polypeptides was delayed relative to in vivo in cultures derived from C57BL/6J, BALB/cJ and DBA/2J inbred mice, but not in cultures derived from C3H/HeJ and AKR/J inbred mice. In medium containing serum from other species or in serum substitute, the temporal expression of myelin basic protein polypeptides in cultures from all the inbred strains was contemporaneous with that in brain. Northern hybridization analysis indicated that the steady-state level of myelin basic protein-specific mRNA in all cultures was regulated similarly to in vivo suggesting that the delayed expression of myelin basic protein polypeptides in some cultures was due to translational and/or post-translational regulation. Analysis of myelin basic protein expression in cultures from informative hybrid and recombinant inbred strains indicated that translational or post-translational expression of myelin basic protein requires trans-acting factors, the inducibility of which is controlled by multiple genetic determinants which segregate independently and are expressed additively. Thus, the temporal expression of myelin basic protein in mouse oligodendrocytes in primary culture depends upon epigenetic factors in the medium and on the genetic haplotype of the mouse.
Low-temperature physics of the two-impurity, two-channel Kondo model

Abstract Numerical renormalization group calculations have shown that any nonzero RKKY coupling between a pair of spin- 1 2 impurities destroys the zero-temperature critical point responsible for the marginal-Fermi-liquid behavior of the single-impurity, two-channel Kondo model. Here we report recent progress on calculating the low-temperature properties of the two-impurity model.
Generation of Oxozirconocene Complexes from the Reaction of Cp2(THF)ZrN-t-Bu with Organic and Metal Carbonyl Functionalities: Apparently Divergent Behavior of Transient [Cp2ZrO]

The reactivity of Cp2(THF)ZrN-t-Bu (1a) toward a series of organic and metal carbonyl complexes has been examined. The ZrN linkage of 1a undergoes imido/oxo exchange reactions with the carbonyl com...
ASSAY OF ELECTRON-CAPTURE NUCLIDES WITH A PROPORTIONAL COUNTER SPECTROMETER

Abstract An end-window-type proportional counter has been employed, which is suitable for assay of the disintegration rate of electron-capture nuclides. The use of this counter with a differential and integral pulse-height selector for absolute measurement of disintegration rate is described. Methods of determining the absolute efficiency of the system at different X-ray energies, by coincidence techniques and measurements in a high-pressure ionization chamber, are outlined. A comparison of the results obtained with those of other workers is given.
Infinite electrical networks: a reprise

A tutorial on resistive infinite electrical networks at an undergraduate level is presented. Rather than presenting a comprehensive survey on the wide variety of results existing in this subject, the author introduces the basic ideas with several examples and puzzles, examines how the theory branches into two separate avenues of investigation, points out how infinite networks differ in their behavior from finite networks, and ends with a brief survey of the literature. >
Understanding the appearance of specular reflection in offset fed reflectarray antennas

This paper provides an understanding of the mechanisms which give rise to specular reflections in offset fed reflectarray antennas. Offset fed reflectarray antennas incorporating variable length dipole type radiating elements have been designed. Each reflectarray is designed with a different dipole width in order to expose more or less of the underlying ground plane which gives rise to the specular reflections. The effect the amount of ground plane exposure has on the pattern performance is clearly illustrated and a plot which can aid in the efficient design of offset fed reflectarray antennas is given.
A study of the transfer of serum proteins into tissue injured by tourniquet.

SummaryElectrophoretic, ultracentrifugal and immunochemical analyses of a protein extracted in buffered saline from tissues injured by the application of a tight tourniquet to one hind leg of the dogs indicate that large quantities of serum albumin enter the injured tissue. However, little or none of the α- and β-globulins enters the tissue. The dye, T-1824, injected intravenously before release of the tourniquet appears in the tissue of the injured leg only.
Power-supply-network design in 3D integrated systems

Three-dimensional integration (3D IC) technology has been gaining significant interest from the VLSI community for several years. However, layout-level explorations of the impact of 3D technology have only recently been introduced. This work examines both static and dynamic power-supply noise in a layout-level 3D design prototype, and the impact of possible 3D-specific changes to the power-supply network design and topology. Our results show that distributing power-supply TSVs throughout the design with finer pitch than the C4 supply bumps lowers both IR-drop and dynamic noise in our 3D system. In fact, using a distributed TSV topology lowers dynamic noise by 13.3% compared to a 2D system with less total power dissipation. We also show several other 3D-specific supply network changes and their impact on both IR-drop and dynamic noise.
Religious Versus Secular Human Service Organizations: Implications for Public Policy

Objective. Tied to the notion that faith-related organizations provide a fresh alternative to secular social service nonprofits, the Bush Administration has proposed several controversial initiatives to increase the involvement of faith-based groups in addressing poverty in the United States. However, there is little empirical evidence on how these religious organizations raise or expend their resources or on how they differ from secular providers. Methods. Using descriptive and multivariate statistics, this article aims to add clarity to the debate over faith-based involvement in social service provision by examining the organizational and financial characteristics of more than 2,000 large, religious and secular human service providers. Results. The chief finding is that while faith-related and secular human services group have nearly identical expenditure patterns, they rely on different types of revenue to fund their services. Faith-based groups are significantly more likely than secular non-profits to depend on donor contributions, while secular groups are substantially more inclined to rely on government grants and contracts. Conclusions. Despite the strong fiscal health of faith-related providers, their heavy dependence on donor contributions raises important questions regarding the utility of faith-based policy initiatives.
Predictive Factors and Outcomes in Endoscopic Sinus Surgery for Chronic Rhinosinusitis

Purpose: To assess objective and quality of life (QOL) outcomes before and after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and to determine preoperative factors that predict surgical outcome in these patients. Methods: One hundred nineteen adult patients with CRS and a mean follow-up of 1.4 ± 0.35 years were evaluated prospectively including the following patient factors: prior sinus surgery, polyps, asthma, acetylsalicylic acid intolerance (ASA), smoking, allergy, depression, and sex. Computed tomography (CT), endoscopy, and QOL assessment was performed. Predictive value of patient factors was determined based on change in endoscopy and QOL scores after ESS. Results: Objective outcomes: preoperative CT scores were significantly worse in patients with polyps, asthma, and ASA, whereas CT score was unaffected by prior sinus surgery, smoking, allergy, depression, and sex. Patients with CRS demonstrated significant improvement on nasal endoscopy after ESS, but preoperative, postoperative, and change in scores were affected by certain patient factors. Endoscopy scores were significantly worse in patients with prior sinus surgery, polyps, asthma, and ASA, but these patients also experienced the greatest improvement in endoscopy scores. Smokers and patients with depression had the least change in endoscopy scores. QOL outcomes: patients with CRS experienced improvement in QOL after ESS. Pre- and postoperative QOL was positively affected by polyps and adversely affected by ASA, depression, and female sex, but these groups still experienced significant improvement in QOL scores. Pre- and postoperative QOL was unaffected by prior sinus surgery, asthma, smoking, and allergies, and all of these groups experienced significant improvement in QOL scores. Factors predictive of outcome: ASA and depression were predictive of worse outcome. Preoperative CT scores approached significance as being predictive of outcome. Conclusion: Surgical management of CRS was associated with significant improvement on objective and QOL measures; however, specific patient factors, in particular ASA and depression, predict poorer outcome. Preoperative CT may be a predictor of endoscopic and QOL outcome and deserves further study.
Bone Marrow–Derived Kruppel-Like Factor 10 Controls Reendothelialization in Response to Arterial Injury

Objective— The objective of this study was to investigate the role of Kruppel-like factor (KLF) 10, a zinc-finger transcription factor, in bone marrow (BM)–derived cell responses to arterial endothelial injury. Accumulating evidence indicates that BM-derived progenitors are recruited to sites of vascular injury and contribute to endothelial repair. Approach and Results— In response to carotid artery endothelial denudation, KLF10 mRNA expression was markedly increased in both BM and circulating lin − progenitor cells. To examine the specific role of KLF10 in arterial reendothelialization, we used 2 models of endothelial denudation (wire- and thermal-induced injury) of the carotid artery in wild-type (WT) and KLF10 −/− mice. WT mice displayed higher areas of reendothelialization compared with KLF10 −/− mice after endothelial injury using either method. BM transplant studies revealed that reconstitution of KLF10 −/− mice with WT BM fully rescued the defect in reendothelialization and increased lin − CD34 + kinase insert domain receptor + progenitors in the blood and injured carotid arteries. Conversely, reconstitution of WT mice with KLF10 −/− BM recapitulated the defects in reendothelialization and peripheral cell progenitors. The media from cultured KLF10 – / – BM progenitors was markedly inefficient in promoting endothelial cell growth and migration compared with the media from WT progenitors, indicative of defective paracrine trophic effects from KLF10 – / – BM progenitors. Finally, BM-derived KLF10 −/− lin − progenitors from reconstituted mice had reduced CXC-chemokine receptor 4 expression and impaired migratory responses. Conclusions— Collectively, these observations demonstrate a protective role for BM-derived KLF10 in paracrine and homing responses important for arterial endothelial injury and highlight KLF10 as a possible therapeutic target to promote endothelial repair in vascular disease states.
Pump-leak sodium fluxes in low salt corn roots

The influx and efflux of sodium from 4-hr washed, low salt corn roots (Zea mays L.) has been studied for characterization of passive and active components. Initial Na+ content of the roots is very low, 2.25±0.4 μmol/g fresh weight. Na+ influx in the presence of 0.2mm Ca2+ and 0.002 to 20mm K+ is passive (a “leak”) based upon Goldman-type models, being determined by Na+ and cell potential (ψ). Na+ was not transported by the K+ carrier and influx was unaffected by 50 μm dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD). Permeability of the cells to Na+ was of the same order asPk.
Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 by cdk inhibitors

Current therapy for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection relies primarily on the administration of anti-retroviral nucleoside analogues, either alone or in combination with HIV-protease inhibitors. Although these drugs have a clinical benefit, continuous therapy with the drugs leads to drug-resistant strains of the virus. Recently, significant progress has been made towards the development of natural and synthetic agents that can directly inhibit HIV-1 replication or its essential enzymes. We previously reported on the pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (PCI) r-roscovitine as a potential inhibitor of HIV-1 replication. PCIs are among the most promising novel antiviral agents to emerge over the past few years. Potent activity on viral replication combined with proliferation inhibition without the emergence of resistant viruses, which are normally observed in HAART patients; make PCIs ideal candidates for HIV-1 inhibition. To this end we evaluated twenty four cdk inhibitors for their effect on HIV-1 replication in vitro. Screening of these compounds identified alsterpaullone as the most potent inhibitor of HIV-1 with activity at 150 nM. We found that alsterpaullone effectively inhibits cdk2 activity in HIV-1 infected cells with a low IC50 compared to control uninfected cells. The effects of alsterpaullone were associated with suppression of cdk2 and cyclin expression. Combining both alsterpaullone and r-roscovitine (cyc202) in treatment exhibited even stronger inhibitory activities in HIV-1 infected PBMCs.
A Stress and Coping Perspective on Confronting Sexism

In this study we tested a stress and coping model of confronting sexism. One hundred fourteen university women completed measures of optimism, cognitive appraisals about the prospects of confronting discrimination (expectations of the costs and benefits of confrontation as well as confrontation-related anxiety), and reported on the extent to which they behaved confrontationally in two recent encounters with sexism. Structural equation modeling analyses revealed that an optimistic outlook on life was associated with more benign appraisals of the consequences of confronting discrimination, which in turn was associated with greater reports of confrontational responses to prejudice. This study suggests that silence in the face of prejudice does not necessarily or generally represent contentment with the status quo and emphasizes the importance of understanding how appraisals of the costs and benefits of confronting discrimination relate to this process. Women are exposed to prejudiced attitudes and sexist treatment across a wide variety of situations and contexts (Swim, Cohen, & Hyers, 1998; Swim, Hyers, Cohen, & Ferguson, 2001). The question of how women react when they face discrimination has been addressed in a number of recent studies. Most of this research focuses on relatively nonconfrontational cognitive coping strategies aimed at regulating one’s emotions after sexism has occurred (see Major, Quinton, & McCoy, 2002, for a review). In this study, we examined a considerably less studied response to sexism, confronting or directly challenging perpetrators of sexism. We define confronting discrimination as a volitional process aimed at expressing one’s dissatisfaction with discriminatory treatment to a person or group of people who are responsible for engaging in a discriminatory event. For instance, a woman has confronted discrimination if after being targeted by a sexist remark, she expresses to the person who made the remark that the comment was discriminatory and
Loading characteristics and chemical stability of headgroup-functionalized poly(ethylene glycol)-lipid ligand tethers on polypropylene capillary-channeled polymer fibers

Polypropylene capillary-channeled polymer fibers have been modified by adsorption of headgroup-functionalized poly(ethylene glycol)-lipids to generate a species-specific stationary phase. In order to study ligand binding characteristics, a fluorescein-labeled poly(ethylene glycol)-lipid was used as a model system. Breakthrough curves and frontal analysis were employed to characterize the surface loading characteristics across a range of lipid concentrations and mobile phase flow rates. Efficient mass transfer and fluid transport yield a linear adsorption isotherm up to the maximum loading concentration of 3 mg/mL, at a linear velocity of 57.1 mm/s. Under these conditions, the dynamic binding capacity was found to be 1.52 mg/g of fiber support. Variation of the linear velocity from 8.6 to 57.1 mm/s showed only small changes in breakthrough volume. The maximum capacity of 1.8 mg/g is found under conditions of a load velocity of 34.2 mm/s and a concentration of 3 mg/mL lipid. Exposure of the lipid modified fibers to several challenge solvents reveals a chemically robust system, with only 50% acetonitrile and hexanes able to disrupt the lipid adsorption. The straightforward capillary-channeled polymer fiber surface modification with headgroup-functionalized lipids provides both a diverse yet practically robust ligand tethering system.
A Modified Delphi Approach for the Development of Student Evaluations of Faculty Teaching

Using a modified delphi technique in which students served as the delphi panel, the authors isolated eight factors considered by the students to be important to effective teaching. These factors were availability, communication skills, grading, interaction with students during class, knowledge of the subject, rapport with students, teaching skills, and testing. Students and faculty differed in the importance they attached to these factors; for example, faculty rated knowledge of subject as most important, whereas students rated that factor third in importance.
EDUCATING STUDENTS ABOUT PEER RESPONSE

Peer response, a prevalent activity in writing classes, can benefit students involved provided they understand the purpose of responding. Through personal experience and research, I became interested in peer response in the classroom. As a student, I experienced peer response conferences that were both beneficial and unproductive. My first encounter was negative because the response group limited the discussion to grammar, and their main comment was that I did not have any grammatical problems. Then, one semester I took a paper to the Writing Center. The consultant asked me about the main concerns of my paper. Of course, being inexperienced, I said my concerns were proofreading and maybe organization. The consultant said that grammar was really important but that we should consider the main idea, organization, and supporting details before the grammar. At that moment, I knew she was going to provide valuable feedback. In a subtle way, she taught me about responding and revising. My experiences triggered general and specific questions about the effectiveness of peer response in composition classes. Is peer response more effective if students learn the purpose before they respond? Do students need to learn the language of responding in order to provide useful suggestions? Should peer response be modeled in the classroom before students begin responding? Through information I obtained from closely observing students in one composition class and surveying 122 students in eight freshman composition classes, I will answer the questions above. My research shows that successful response groups require active teachers who explain the purpose and benefits of peer response, model various responding techniques, and actively involve the students in the learning process.
Targeting Homing to Enhance Engraftment Following Umbilical Cord Blood Stem Cell Transplantation

Umbilical cord blood (UCB) offers an important alternative source of hematopoietic stem cells for a large population of patients who cannot locate an adult donor on a registry. However, a major weakness of transplant with UCB is delayed engraftment related to the relatively low stem cell dose found in UCB. This chapter explores the targeting of stem cell homing to the bone marrow as means to enhance engraftment. A number of approaches, including ex vivo fucosylation of UCB cells, ex vivo priming with prostaglandin E2, ex vivo priming with complement fragment 3a, and systemic inhibition of CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-IV. These promising approaches offer the potential of improving the outcome of UCB transplantation and extending the potentially curative modality of allogeneic stem cell transplantation to more adults with hematologic malignancies.
Postoperative Fever and Infection in Immunosuppressed Patients

Postoperative infections remain an important source of perioperative morbidity and mortality. These infections include surgical site infections but also intravenous catheter-associated bloodstream infections and Foley catheter–associated urinary tract infections.
Pollen Yield of Two CVS. of Olea Europaea L. (‘Manzanillo’ and ‘Swan Hill’)

Airborne pollen concentrations (grains/m) under and near trees of two cultivars of Olea europaea were studied during the 30 day pollination period in Tucson, Az, USA. Airborne pollen concentration from Manzanillo, the dominant horticultural cultivar, was compared with that of the fruitless cultivar, Swan Hill using Burkard samplers. We conclude that airborne pollen is not produced by the Swan Hill cultivar of Olea. The values reported from the Swan Hill site reflect background levels of Olea pollen for the Tucson area. Peak atmospheric Olea pollen concentrations occurred at both sites on April 14, 1985. Pollen concentrations around the Manzanillo site ranged from 7 to 6,196 grains/m3/day. At the Swan Hill site daily totals were an order of magnitude less. Diurnal Olea pollen concentrations for the Manzanillo site on the peak day varied from 1,000 to 18,133 grains/m3/hour. Both sites exhibited rapidly increasing pollen concentrations at sunrise with a sharp increase between 1100 to 1300 hours MST for the Manzanillo site. Seasonal pollen capture was also measured using Tauber traps placed at various distances from each tree and within the tree canopy. Both cultivars produced the same number of pollen grains/anther (85,000). An unknown anatomical or physiological factor in ‘Swan Hill’ inhibits stomial rupture and thus pollen-shedding. Generally 15% of the anthers partially dehisce in the Swan Hill cultivar. The Swan Hill cultivar can be useful in reducing pollen concentrations in urban environments caused by planting of ornamental olive trees.
ZBTB16: a novel sensitive and specific biomarker for yolk sac tumor

Although the function of zinc finger and BTB domain containing 16 (ZBTB16) in spermatogenesis is well documented, expression of ZBTB16 in germ cell tumors has not yet been studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the immunohistochemical expression and diagnostic utility of ZBTB16 in germ cell tumors. A total of 67 adult germ cell tumors were studied (62 testicular germ cell tumors, 2 ovarian yolk sac tumors, 1 mediastinal yolk sac tumor, and 2 retroperitoneal metastatic yolk sac tumors). The 62 testicular primary germ cell tumors are as follows: 34 pure germ cell tumors (20 seminomas, 8 embryonal carcinomas, 2 teratomas, 1 choriocarcinoma, 1 carcinoid, and 2 spermatocytic tumors) and 28 mixed germ cell tumors (composed of 13 embryonal carcinomas, 15 yolk sac tumors, 15 teratomas, 7 seminomas, and 3 choriocarcinomas in various combinations). Thirty-five cases contained germ cell neoplasia in situ. Yolk sac tumor was consistently reactive for ZBTB16. Among the 15 testicular yolk sac tumors in mixed germ cell tumors, all displayed moderate to diffuse ZBTB16 staining. ZBTB16 reactivity was present regardless of the histologic patterns of yolk sac tumor and ZBTB16 was able to pick up small foci of yolk sac tumor intermixed/embedded in other germ cell tumor subtype elements. Diffuse ZBTB16 immunoreactivity was also observed in 2/2 metastatic yolk sac tumors, 1/1 mediastinal yolk sac tumor, 2/2 ovarian yolk sac tumors, 2/2 spermatocytic tumors, 1/1 carcinoid, and the spermatogonial cells. All the other non-yolk sac germ cell tumors were nonreactive, including seminoma (n=27), embryonal carcinoma (n=21), teratoma (n=17), choriocarcinoma (n=4), and germ cell neoplasia in situ (n=35). The sensitivity and specificity of ZBTB16 in detecting yolk sac tumor among the germ cell tumors was 100% (20/20) and 96% (66/69), respectively. In conclusion, ZBTB16 is a highly sensitive and specific marker for yolk sac tumor.
Near-Rings Associated with Covered Groups

From the time of Descartes, early in the 17th century, mathematicians have been interested in associating algebraic structures with geometric structures and investigating the interplay. In this paper we continue this line of investigation by associating near-rings to generalized translation spaces and noting how the geometry influences the algebraic structure.
Temperature-Controlled Reversible Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Response of Polymer-Functionalized Gold Nanoprisms in the Solid State

Solid-state temperature responsive localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR)-based nanosensors were constructed by functionalizing the glass substrate-attached gold nanoprisms with the thermoresponsive polymer poly(allylamine hydrochloride)-co-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide). The robustness of the sensor was enhanced by chemically attaching polymer to the nanoprism surface through an amide coupling reaction versus simple physisorption of polymer onto nanoprism. The highest sensitivity of this kind of solid sensing platform was obtained by employing chemically synthesized gold nanoprisms for fabrication. The surface ligand chemistry significantly influenced the swelling and shrinking transition of the polymer during the temperature variation, which resulted in the alteration of the local dielectric environment of the nanoprisms, modulation of their LSPR properties, and enhancement of sensing efficiency of the nanosensors. Importantly, we have shown for the first time that the dimension of the nanostructure pl...
Distribution of C14-labeled aminoacetonitrile in tissues of rat, metabolism and mode of elimination.

SummaryAminoacetonitrile, with C14 in its cyanide group, was synthesized. When this compound was administered to weanling rats, the major portion of the radioactivity was eliminated in the urine, while a minor part appeared in respiratory CO2. High initial C14 concentrations were observed in various body tissues. The proportion of this C14 due to unchanged nitrile decreased fairly rapidly with time. Labeling was found in tissue proteins, and to a lesser extent in liver lipids and glycogen. Also, in rats fed a diet containing isotopic aminoacetonitrile, radioactivity was detected in the sulfated polysaccharides of the enlarged epiphyseal plates of the bones. The presence of C14 in glycine and serine of liver protein and in urinary creatinine, allantoin, and hippuric acid, indicated an appreciable conversion of the cyanide radical into a carboxyl group. However, the major portion of the C14-containing metabolites was not identified.
Enabling adaptable verification by monitoring evolvable dependable system architectures

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Virus, cell surface, and self: lymphocytic choriomeningitis of mice.

The work of the author and others on the pathogenesis of lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus infection is reviewed in order to explain a general concept of the way in which many viruses cause disease. This concept states briefly that many otherwise harmless viruses are suppressed, not by simple antibody response, but by rejection of the virus-infected tissue by the host. This reaction is essentially the same process as rejection of a graft or transplanted organ. Therefore, when the viral infection involves key organs or tissues, the host may kill itself in its attempt to reject the infected tissue. When the rejection (cellular immunity) is prevented by drugs or antilymphocyte serum, LCM disease is also prevented, since the virus itself is almost entirely harmless. This virus-infected tissue rejection mechanism depends upon the fact that the virus induces the formation of a new antigen in the surface of infected cells. Because of this, the host recognizes the infected cell as foreign and attacks it. When the infection (LCM) occurs in the newborn, or before birth, the host mistakes the virus-induced antigen as “self” and fails to react to it. In this case lifelong persistent infection results, but since the virus is basically harmless, the mouse appears normal. This mechanism of tolerance induction by the virus is believed to hold for several other virus infections, possibly including serum hepatitis of man and to a lesser extent, rubella. Long-term study of persistently infected animals reveals that disease does sometimes occur. This is very slow, however, with incubation periods lasting as long as several years. The slow disease in the case of LCM appears to be due to an autoimmune mechanism; with other diseases it may be due to damage by the virus itself. Virus-induced change of the cell membrane, therefore, is seen as a fundamental disease process. Recent work in the author’s laboratory indicates that it may cause many types of chronic disease and many of the effects of senility. Conceivably, some components of old age (at least as an experimental hypothesis) can be regarded as the result of persistent viral infection of the whole population.
Comparative ultrastructure of primate fatty streaks

Extensive investigation of primates as models of human atherosclerosis has called attention to their varied susceptibility to this disease process associated with differences in lipid metabolism (Atherosclerosis 20: 405, 1974). This report describes basic differences in the ultrastructure of aortic fatty streaks in five primate species.
Epidemiological Characteristics of Viral Hepatitis A in Gaoxian County,1990-2012

Objective To analyze the epidemic trend of viral hepatitis A in Gaoxian county,and to provide scientific evidence for formulating prevention and control strategies. Methods The reported epidemic data of viral hepatitis A in Gaoxian from 1990 to 2012 were statistically analyzed. Results During the period,totally1238 cases were reported,with 4 deaths. The annual average incidence and death rate were respectively11. 06 /105and 0. 04 /105. The highest incidence rate appeared in 1991( 31. 02 /105) and the lowest in2010( 1. 26 /105). According to the trend χ2test on the average incidence through 1990- 2010,the incidence showed an downward trend( χ2= 126. 99,P0. 01). Cases were reported in each month from 1990to 2012. A proportion of 65. 19% of the total cases were teenagers and young farmers,and the sex ratio of male to female was 1. 57: 1. Conclusion From 1990 to 2012,the incidence of viral hepatitis A in Gaoxian county is characterized by a downward trend,and dominated by teenagers and young famers.