cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modification and control of the radiation properties of electrically large conducting structures using dielectric loads

In this present work, control of currents on a more complicated planar structure, a model for a conducting window frame, will be introduced. The modification of the current distribution will be facilitated by the use of a type of dielectric loading, which can be adapted to other conducting structures. It will be shown that an electrically large window frame can be made to radiate similarly to a half-wavelength dipole by using dielectric loading
Autoxidation -product-initiated dioxygenases : Vanadium-based, record catalytic lifetime catechol dioxygenase catalysis

In recent work, it was shown that V-containing polyoxometalates such as (n-Bu4N)7SiW9V3O40 or (n-Bu4N)9P2W15V3O62, as well as eight other V-containing precatalysts tested, evolve to a high activity, long catalytic lifetime (> or = 30,000-100,000 total turnovers) 3,5-di-tert-butylcatechol dioxygenase, in which Pierpont's complex [VO(DBSQ)(DTBC)]2 (where DBSQ is 3,5-di-tert-butylsemiquinone and DTBC is the 3,5-di-tert-butylcatecholate dianion) was identified as a common catalyst or catalyst resting state (Yin, C.-X.; Finke, R. G. Vanadium-Based, Extended Catalytic Lifetime Catechol Dioxygenases: Evidence For a Common Catalyst. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127 (25), 9003-9013). Herein, those findings are followed up by studies aimed at answering the following questions about this record catalytic lifetime 3,5-di-tert-butylcatechol dioxygenase catalyst: (i) What is the key to how V leaches from, for example, seemingly robust V-containing polyoxometalate precatalysts? (ii) What is the key to the sigmoidal, apparently autocatalytic kinetics observed? (iii) What can be learned about the underlying reactions that form [VO(DBSQ)(DTBC)]2? (iv) Finally, do the answers to (i-iii) lead to any broader insights or concepts? Key findings from the present work include the fact that the reaction involves a novel, autoxidation-product-induced dioxygenase, that is, one in which the undesired autoxidation of the 3,5-di-tert-butylcatechol substrate to the corresponding benzoquinone and H2O2 turns on the desired dioxygenase catalysis via a V-leaching process which eventually yields Pierpont's complex, [VO(DBSQ)(DTBC)]2. Plausible reactions en route to [VO(DBSQ)(DTBC)]2 consistent with the kinetic data, the role of H2O2, and the relevant literature are provided. The results provide a prototype example of the little observed but likely more general concept of an autoxidation-product-initiated reaction. The results also provide considerable simplification of, and insight into, the previously disparate literature of V-based 3,5-di-tert-butylcatechol dioxygenase catalysis.
Sublimation inside an Elastoplastic Material

Thermodynamic and kinetic approaches for sublimation inside elastoplastic material under tensile stress are developed for large strains. Various conceptual problems related to irreversible plastic deformation are addressed for a spherical bubble. They include definitions of the thermodynamic driving forces and activation energies, nontraditional concepts of a critical nucleus, path dependence of its appearance, modes of its growth (sublimation or expansion due to loss of mechanical stability), and the possibility of reverse transformation. The kinetic relationships between sublimation pressure and temperature are obtained.
Influence of structure on exchange strength and relaxation barrier in a series of FeIIReIV(CN)2 single-chain magnets

Cyano-bridged single-chain magnets of the type L4FeReCl4(CN)2, where L = diethylformamide (DEF) (1), dibutylformamide (DBF) (2), dimethylformamide (DMF) (3), dimethylbutyramide (DMB) (4), dimethylpropionamide (DMP) (5), and diethylacetamide (DEA) (6), have been synthesized to enable a systematic study of the influence of structural perturbations on magnetic exchange and relaxation barrier. Across the series, varying the amide ligand leads to Fe–N–C bond angles ranging from 154.703(7)° in 1 to 180° in 6. Variable-temperature dc magnetic susceptibility data indicate ferromagnetic exchange coupling in all compounds, with the strength of exchange increasing linearly, from J = +4.2(2) cm−1 to +7.2(3) cm−1, with increasing Fe–N–C bond angle. Ac magnetic susceptibility data collected as a function of frequency reveal that the relaxation barrier of the chain compounds rises steeply with increasing exchange strength, from 45 cm−1 to 93 cm−1. This examination demonstrates that subtle tuning of orbital overlap, and thus exchange strength, can engender dramatic changes in the relaxation barrier. Indeed, the perfectly linear Fe–N–C bond angle in 6 leads to one of the highest barriers and coercive fields yet observed for a single-chain magnet.
Theory of laser-induced associative ionization of ultracold Na

The rate coefficient for the laser-induced associative-ionization reaction of ultracold Na in an optical trap is calculated as a function of the trap laser detuning from the Na${(}^{2}$${\mathit{S}}_{1/2}$,F=2)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}Na${(}^{2}$${\mathit{P}}_{3/2}$,F=3) resonance. Aided by a knowledge of the excited-state potential-energy curves and of the nature of the free-atom optical-pumping process, we propose the following mechanism, which we call photoassociative ionization (PAI): 2Na${(}^{3}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}}_{\mathit{u}}^{+}$)${\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Elzxh}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}$${\mathrm{Na}}_{2}^{\mathrm{*}}$(${0}_{\mathit{g}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ and ${1}_{\mathit{g}}$)${\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Elzxh}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}$${\mathrm{Na}}_{2}^{\mathrm{*}\mathrm{*}}$(${1}_{\mathit{u}}$)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\mathrm{Na}}_{2}^{+}$+${\mathit{e}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$. Maxima in the calculated PAI rate coefficient occur at detunings that are simultaneously one-photon resonant with bound levels of the long-range ${0}_{\mathit{g}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ state and two-photon resonant with the lower rotational levels of a vibrational level lying 9 GHz below the dissociation threshold of the autoionizing ${1}_{\mathit{u}}$ state. The calculated PAI spectrum (PAI rate coefficient versus trap-laser detuning) displays a series of broad peaks between -0.5 and -4 GHz detuning and a cutoff at -5 GHz detuning, as does the experimentally measured spectrum of Lett et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 2139 (1991)].The broad widths of the peaks in the PAI spectrum is due in part to the orientation averaging of the collision vector with respect to the electric-field vector and to the optical pumping of the ${\mathrm{Na}}_{2}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\mathrm{Na}}_{2}^{\mathrm{*}}$ rovibronic transition. The calculated PAI rate coefficient at -0.6 GHz detuning is a factor of 4 higher than the experimental value. Fine-structure-changing transitions play a role in the doubly excited states, because of the ${1}_{\mathit{u}}$ avoided crossing, but not in the intermediate states, because they have gerade symmetry and the only states that have been shown to undergo fine-structure-changing transitions with large probability have ungerade symmetry. Several predictions based on the proposed model and suggestions for future experiments are discussed.
This Isn't Your Father's Stray Voltage Anymore (Suggested Terminology to Better Define Today's Problems)

The formerly undefined term "stray voltage" was generally accepted as referring to the low neutral-to-earth voltages found on customer equipment, especially on isolated farms and in residential kitchens, bathrooms and on outside faucets. Today, "stray voltage" is being used to refer to any situation where the public is receiving shocks, no matter the cause or voltage level. This usage of the term by the uninformed popular press, which has been reinforced by the lack of clarification by industry spokespeople, has led to an escalation of unfounded fear by the public. This paper suggests that different, more descriptive terms be used to clarify the various manifestations of elevated voltages appearing in unexpected places
Distribution of Oxygen and Carbon Isotopes in Fossils of Late Cretaceous Age, Western Interior Region of North America

The oxygen isotope composition of both calcite and aragonite of the pelecypod Inoceramus is lighter than the composition of the aragonite of associated baculites and other cephalopods from the western interior region, the Gulf and Atlantic Coastal Plains, parts of Canada, and West Greenland. This difference cannot be explained by biotic and oceanographic factors or by postdepositional alteration of original isotopic compositions. Metabolic fractionation of oxygen isotopes by Inoceramus is strongly implied by the data and is not contradicted by what is known of the processes involved in the biologic deposition of shell carbonate. In addition, the oxygen isotope compositions of the inocerams and of some baculites are so light as to indicate temperatures greater than 30° C, which is too high for mollusks to tolerate. The unreasonable range of the indicated temperatures seems to be partly the result of metabolic fractionation of oxygen and partly the result of the Late Cretaceous sea in the western interior region having had a light oxygen isotope composition because of dilution with fresh water. The carbon isotope composition of the aragonite from Inoceramus is consistently heavier than that of the calcite in the same specimen by amounts ranging from 1 to 3 per mil. Metabolic fractionation of carbon isotopes within Inoceramus thus is indicated. The carbon isotope composition of the aragonite from baculites and other cephalopods is consistently lighter than that in either the aragonite or calcite in Inoceramus, indicating either that the cephalopods fractionated carbon isotopes from the dissolved carbonate in sea water differently than did inocerams or that the cephalopods utilized carbon of a different isotopic composition, probably from their food source, for their metabolic processes. While oxygen isotope data from the inocerams are not useful for paleotemperature interpretations, the oxygen isotope data from the baculites, if taken at face value, suggest either warmer temperatures for the western interior sea than around the periphery of Cretaceous North America, or water of oxygen isotope composition lighter than world oceans, or both. Data from British Columbia, southeastern Alaska, and West Greenland to the Gulf Coastal Plain do not indicate a well-developed latitudinal distribution of temperature in Late Cretaceous time. A general decline in temperatures during late Campanian and early Maestrichtian time is not evident.
Spectrophotometric characterization of creatinine and its deamination products

Summary 1. Methods for isolation and purification of creatinine and its derivatives with application of column and paper chromatography are presented. The ultraviolet light-absorbing properties of creatinine were investigated and an extinction coefficient determined. A pronounced bathochromic shift was observed for the amino-form of creatinine as well as the deaminated derivative. Effects of ultraviolet irradiation on creatinine were studied and products of photolysis discussed. Physico-chemical characterization of the amino-form for creatinine and deaminated derivative are scrutinized primarily on the basis of ultraviolet spectrophotometry. A mechanism for deamination of creatinine with nitrous acid is proposed on the basis of isolated products. The implication and benefits with respect to modern analytical methods are considered as they can be related to clinical problems with particular reference to mental retardation.
Evolution of kink bands and tilt boundaries in block copolymers at large shear strains

The evolution of kink bands and kink band boundaries in a prealigned poly(styrene-b-ethylene propylene) lamellar diblock copolymer was investigated by applying steady shear at strains in the range of 1−10 strain units. Boundary morphologies were characterized using transmission electron microscopy. As the shear strain increases, both the kink bands and the lamellae within the kink bands rotate continuously toward the shearing direction, leading to a decrease in the tilt boundary angle and the kink band boundary angle. Simultaneously, the nature of the kink band boundary transforms. The chevron boundaries present at low strains, and thus large tilt angles, become omega boundaries as the strain increases to ∼3 strain units. At higher strains (∼5 strain units), the tilt angle further decreases, and the omega boundaries start to break, preferentially in the PS microdomains. Delamination of the PS microdomains was also observed at the highest strain amplitude (10 strain units), which was associated with the li...
REGULATION OF MRNA TRANSCRIPTS AND DNA SYNTHESIS IN THE RAT HEART FOLLOWING INTRAVENOUS INJECTION OF TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA1

Transforming Growth Factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) is expressed in the heart by muscle and non-muscle cardiac cells.In vitro, cardiac myocytes and non-muscle cells including cardiac fibroblasts and endothelial cells respond to regulatory effects of TGF-β1. Expression of TGF-β1 in the heart is subject to regulation by hemodynamic stimuli. Increased expression of mRNA transcripts for TGF-β1 has been reported in several models of cardiac hypertrophy. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of TGF-β1 in the myocardium. TGF-β1 was injected intravenously. Expression of mRNA transcripts for functional and structural proteins was determined by Northern hybridization analysis. DNA synthesis was determined by measurement of3H-thymidine incorporation into ventricular DNA. The results showed differential regulation of mRNAs for myocyte- and non-myocyte-specific proteins in the heart of TGF-β1 treated rats. Moderate but statistically significant decrease in DNA synthesis was observed in the heart of TGF-β1 treated rats (37.5%, P<0.025). Together, these data point to a physiological role for TGF-β1 in the heart. They further suggest that similar to its diversein vitro cell-specific regulatory effects, TGF-β1 may have multicellular targets in the heart. Effect of TGF-β1 alone or combined with those of other cytokines/hormones that come into play, as the result of its administration, may be responsible for altered gene expression and DNA synthesis in the myocardium. We propose that in experimental models of myocardial hypertrophy which are associated with increased expression of TGF-β1 in the heart, the contribution of regulatory effects of this growth factor to the manifestations of ventricular hypertrophy could be significant.
Aging: Phenomena and Theories

Aging is the accumulation of diverse adverse changes that increase the risk of death. These changes can be attributed to development, genetic defects, the environment, disease, and the inborn aging process. The chance of death at a given age serves as a measure of the number of accumulated aging changes, that is, of physiologic age, and the rate of change of this measure, as the rate of aging. As living conditions in a population approach optimum, the curve of the logarithm of the chance of death versus age shifts towards a limit determined by the sum of (1) the irreducible contributions to the chance of death by aging changes that can be prevented to varying degrees, and (2) those due to the intrinsic aging process. In the developed countries living conditions are now near optimum, and the ALE-Bs are about 6-9 years less than the potential maximum of around 85 years. The inborn aging process is now the major risk factor for disease and death after about age 28. By age 28 only 1 to 2% of a cohort is dead, the remaining 98 to 99% die at an exponentially increasing rate determined by the aging process. This process ensures that few reach 100 years and none exceed about 122 years. Many theories have been advanced to account for the aging process. No single theory is generally accepted. Theories that can contribute to the important practical goal of increasing the healthy, useful span of humans will endure.
The spatial coherence factor in light scattering from a system of independent particles

Abstract We derive the spatial coherence factor associated with the intensity correlation function of light scattered from N independent particles. The expression agrees with that derived by assuming a gaussian light field. We show also that the so-called cross-spectral purity condition is valid in this case. The applicability of this expression to the case of clipped intensity correlation function and to the case of strongly interacting particles are also discussed.
Chandra Detects a Rapid Flare in the Gravitationally Lensed Mini-Broad Absorption Line QSO RX J0911.4+0551

The mini-broad absorption line (BAL) quasar RX J0911.4+0551 was observed with the Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer of the Chandra X-Ray Observatory for ~29 ks as part of a gravitational lens (GL) survey aimed at measuring time delays. Timing analysis of the light curve of the lensed image A2 shows a rapid flux variation with a duration of about 2000 s. A Kolmogorov-Smirnov test shows that the probability that a constant intensity source would produce the observed variability is less than ~0.2%. We discuss possible origins for the observed short-term X-ray variability. Our gravitational lens models for the RX J0911.4+0551 GL system predict a time delay of less than a day between images A1 and A2. The rapid variability combined with the predicted short time delay make RX J0911.4+0551 an ideal system to apply the GL method for estimating the Hubble constant. We describe the prospects of measuring H0 within single X-ray observations of GL systems with relatively short time delays. Modeling of the spectrum of the mini-BAL quasar RX J0911.4+0551 suggests the presence of an intrinsic absorber. Partial covering models are slightly preferred over models that contain absorption due to intrinsic ionized or neutral gas.
Correlation of the eluting strengths of solvents in adsorption chromatography with solvatochromic parameters

Abstract The Snyder measure of solvent eluting strength (ϵ0) in adsorption chromatography correlates well with the molecular dipolarity polarizability (π*), hydrogen bond acidity (α), and hydrogen bond basicity (β) solvatochromic parameters. In addition, the δ correction term to π* is a minor influence but statistically significant. There is also a good correlation with a combination of the donor number and acceptor number parameters. These correlations indicate that both acidic and basic sites on the alumina interact with the eluting solvent.
Scattering of particles with spin in 2+1 dimensional gravity

Abstract We obtain an exact expression for the scattering amplitude of two particles of any spin in 2+1 dimensional gravity. We make use of recent results leading to the reduction of the dynamics of the two body system to an equivalent one body problem for sources of arbitrary spin. In various limits and approximations, our scattering amplitude reduces to the results given in the literature.
Experimental study of finite amplitude pulsatile pressure waves in elastic tubes.

Abstract An experimental study of the propagation of pulsatile pressure waves in an elastic tube was made and results were compared to a theoretical analysis by Lou. The pressure waves were sinusoidally varying acting in a horizontal, longitudinally constrained tube containing water. The independent experimental parameters varied were the pressure wave frequency, pressure wave volume per cycle, static tube pressure and steady flow rate. The wave propagation speeds, measured by non-intrusive techniques, were found to be functions of the wave frequency and the phase angles of the wave elements as theoretically predicted by Lou.
30 YEARS OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA

In 1961 at the University of Arizona Wayne Wymore founded the first academic department of systems engineering in the world. This department and the field has evolved in those years. This paper presents some current philosophies of the department.
Prednisolone Disposition and Protein Binding in Oral Contraceptive Users

Combined estrogen-progestogen oral contraceptives (OC) have been shown to alter the metabolism of certain drugs, including corticosteroids, as well as affect circulating protein concentrations. To assess these effects with regard to prednisolone, the pharmacokinetics and protein binding of this steroid were evaluated in eight female OC users and compared with results from eight male and five female non-OC users. All volunteers received 40 mg prednisolone, iv, and steroid concentrations were measured by high pressure liquid chromatography. Plasma clearance of total prednisolone in females on OC was 96 +/- 9 (SD) ml/min X 1.73 m2, significantly (P less than 0.001) lower than those in both male and female controls (205 +/- 46 and 187 +/- 22 ml/min X 1.73 m2). The prednisolone half-life and mean residence time were longer, while the steady state volume of distribution was smaller for OC users. Unbound prednisolone was measured by equilibrium dialysis, and pharmacokinetic and protein binding parameters were calculated from free prednisolone concentrations. A significantly higher (2-fold) concentration of transcortin was found in OC users. Evaluation of free prednisolone parameters showed a significantly lower clearance and decreased volume of distribution, without alteration of the mean residence time for the OC users. Dual OC effects on binding and elimination of prednisolone occur with the net result of a 2-fold increase in the area under the free concentration-time curve, indicative of a marked reduction in the biotransformation rate of the steroid.
Sterilization of selected colorants by cobalt-60.

A series of selected colorants composed of eight FD&C dyes, seven FD&C lakes, and four D&C dyes were subjected to 2.5 Mrads of γ-irradiation from a cobalt-60 source over approximately 10 hr. The soluble colorants so irradiated exhibited no changes when examined by visible, UV, and IR spectrophotometry, nor did they show any measurable radioactivity above that shown before irradiation. Color lakes were examined by IR spectroscopy, and the spectra of the dyes separated from the lakes in the visible and UV regions were obtained. These showed no changes. All colorants were examined by TLC using four different solvent systems, with no additional spots being obtained from the irradiated colorants. All colorants before irradiation were shown to contain microorganisms, and all were shown to be sterile after irradiation by a membrane filter technique or a direct plating method.
Risk-benefit analysis for drotrecogin alfa (activated)

An analysis of risks and benefits is an important component of patient care. Drotrecogin alfa (activated), the first approved cogin (a class of recombinant human coagulation inhibitors), provides a clear example of a treatment that requires a careful risk-benefit analysis. Treatment with this novel compound has been shown to reduce significantly the risk of death in patients with sepsis and acute organ dysfunction (severe sepsis). However, the drug is a natural antithrombotic that can increase the risk of bleeding in recipients. We will discuss bleeding and other potential risks associated with drotrecogin alfa (activated) treatment, as well as the survival benefits seen with the use of this therapy in patients with severe sepsis.
Learning verbs without arguments: the problem of raising verbs.

This paper addresses the problem of learning the class of raising verbs (e.g. seem). These verbs are potentially problematic for learners in that unlike typical main verbs, these verbs do not stand in a semantic relation with any Noun Phrase (NP) arguments. Moreover, a second class of verbs, known as control verbs, shares certain distributional properties with raising verbs, but the two verb classes differ in important structural properties. The central problem addressed here is that of how a learner would distinguish raising verbs from control verbs, given their partial overlap in distribution. A series of experiments with English-speaking adults using a fill-in-the-blank questionnaire revealed two main types of cues that led participants to distinguish the two verb classes: inanimate NPs and semantically empty subjects (“it’s raining”) yielded the highest proportion of raising verb responses from adults, while animate NPs paired with eventive predicates yielded a high rate of control verb responses. On the basis of these results, suggestions are made as to how one should study the learning of these verbs in children.
Micro- and Nano-Structured Catalytic Reactor for Biofuel Reforming in a Solar Collector

In this study, a novel flow-based method is presented to place catalytic nanoparticles into a reactor by solgelation of a porous ceramic consisting of copper-based nanoparticles, silica sand, ceramic binder, and a gelation agent. This method allows for the placement of a liquid precursor containing the catalyst into the final reactor geometry without the need of impregnating or coating of a substrate with the catalytic material. The so generated foam-like porous ceramic shows properties highly appropriate for use as catalytic reactor material, e.g., reasonable pressure drop due to its porosity, high thermal and catalytic stability, and excellent catalytic behavior.The catalytic activity of micro-reactors containing this foam-like ceramic is tested in terms of their ability to convert alcoholic biofuel (e.g. methanol) to a hydrogen-rich gas mixture with low concentrations of carbon monoxide (up to 75% hydrogen content and less than 0.2% CO, for the case of methanol). This gas mixture is subsequently used in a low-temperature fuel cell, converting the hydrogen directly to electricity. A low concentration of CO is crucial to avoid poisoning of the fuel cell catalyst. Since conventional Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) fuel cells require CO concentrations far below 100 ppm and since most methods to reduce the mole fraction of CO (such as Preferential Oxidation or PROX) have CO conversions of up to 99%, the alcohol fuel reformer has to achieve initial CO mole fractions significantly below 1%. The catalyst and the porous ceramic reactor of the present study can successfully fulfill this requirement.The results of the present study confirm that product gas mixtures with up to 75% hydrogen content and less than 0.2% CO content can be achieved, which is an excellent result. The reactor temperature can be kept as low as 220°C while obtaining a methanol conversion of up to 70%. The used PROX catalyst showed selective CO conversion rates above 99.5% for temperatures between 80 and 100°C in presence of large molar fractions of H2O and CO2.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Stereo Verification In Aerial Image Analysis

This paper describes a flexible stereo verification system, STEREOSYS, and its application to the analysis of high resolution aerial photography. Stereo verification refers to the verification of hypotheses about a scene by stereo analysis of the scene. Unlike stereo interpretation, stereo verification requires only coarse indications of three-dimensional structure. In the case of aerial photography, this means coarse indications of the heights of objects above their surroundings. This requirement, together with requirements for robustness and for dense height measurements, shapes the decision about the stereo system to use. This paper discusses these design issues and describes an implementation.
SU‐E‐T‐426: Dynamic Conformal Sub‐Arc Vs VMAT Planning for SBRT Lung Treatment

Purpose: To introduce and compare dynamic conformal sub‐arc (DCSA) planning to static 3D planning for SBRT lung treatments. Methods: Discussions about standard dynamic conformal arcs revealed little control to adjust the dose cloud. This was especially relevant in areas such as a tumor in between the chest wall and lung. DCSA was devised to overcome this lack of adjustability. DCSA reduces an arc field into multiple conformal sub‐arcs, which can then be adjusted using field weights to alter dose contribution and shift the dose cloud. In this initial study, we investigated two DCSAs, where each sub‐arc covered 45°: 8‐field 360° DCSA and 6‐field 270° DCSA. The 360° plans used the fit and shield tool in Eclipse for any field that entered through the spine. The 270° partial arc plans were positioned to have no entry dose into the spine or contralateral lung. These DCSA plans were compared to static 3D SBRT plans for isodose and RTOG dosimetric measurements. Results: Results show minimal differences with the largest differences being a slight increase in volume of the 50% isodose coverage. 360° DCSA plans showed similar MU versus 3D, while 270° DCSA plans showed reduced MU. All organs‐of‐interest doses were significantly below RTOG criterion. The 3D plans incorporated 3 couch kicks, while the DCSA plans had none. Treatment time for the 3D plans was approximately 20–30 minutes because of the couch kicks and repeat imaging, while the DCSA plans can be treated in under 4 minutes at 600 MU/min and beam automation on a Varian Truebeam linac. Isodose comparisons are presented, as well. Conclusion: Full arc DCSA and partial arc DCSA offer comparable treatment plans to 3D planning but can be delivered much more efficiently. This reduces patient treatment time, alleviates the need for any second CBCT localization, removes couch kicks, and may reduce overall MU.
Catholics in the REA, 1903-1953.

Abstract This article describes the involvement of Roman Catholics in the Religious Education Association during the first 50 years of its existence. It examines attitudes of Protestants toward Catholics expressed in journal articles, convention speeches, and archival material. It presents the contributions of Roman Catholics at conventions and in journal articles during this period. The article contends that Roman Catholics deepened involvement in the REA went a long way to making the association a multifaith organization. The history also documents changes in Roman Catholic viewpoints and emphases over the period of these 50 years from an exclusive concern with schooling to a broader view of the educational mission of the church and from education in an authoritarian and dogmatic spirit to one slightly more open to outside influences and cautiously willing to cooperate with other religious groups.
Symmetry Breaking, Quark Deconfinement, and Deep-Inelastic Electron Scattering

It has recently been shown that deep-inelastic electron scattering from nuclei at large momentum transfer can be explained if quarks move in a larger effective volume in nuclei than in free nucleons. We argue that this ''partial deconfinement'' may be understood as arising from the modification of symmetry-breaking dynamics as one passes from vacuum to nuclear matter.
Rape-supportive attitudes and sexual victimization experiences of sorority and nonsorority women

This study explored the link between sorority membership and rape-supportive attitudes and sexual victimization experiences. Data from a random sample of primarily white college women indicated that there were statistically significant differences between sorority women and nonsorority women on two of four rape-supportive attitudes (the acceptance of rape myths and the acceptance of interpersonal violence). Sorority women were also significantly more likely than nonsorority women to have been forced to have sexual intercourse because a partner either used physical force or threatened to use physical force. There was no significant difference between sorority women and nonsorority women in victimization through social, or nonviolent, coercion. However, sorority women had a significantly higher rate of nonconsensual intercourse while under the influence of alcohol or drugs.
Tensile creep and rupture of 2D-woven SiC/SiC composites for high temperature applications

The tensile creep and rupture behavior of 2D-woven SiC fiber-reinforced SiC matrix composites with potential for advanced high temperature structural applications was determined in air at 1315 °C. The results are compared to similar SiC/SiC data in the literature in order to understand the underlying creep and rupture mechanisms. Focus was placed on three different near-stoichiometric SiC fiber-types and three SiC-based matrix systems produced by different process routes. In general, the creep and rupture properties of the tested composites were primarily dictated by the creep resistance of the fiber-type, with the Sylramic-iBN fiber typically showing the best behavior. However, the type of matrix did have an effect on the composite creep and rupture lives due to load-sharing differences for the different matrix types and due to stoichiometry in the case of chemical vapor infiltration SiC matrices.
Math Lessons: A Contrast of Novice and Expert Competence.

Three important elements needed for constructing expert mathematics lessons are identified and described: rich agendas, consistent but flexible lesson structures, and explanations that meet the goals of clarifying concepts and procedures and having students learn and understand them. Each element is discussed in terms of its hypothetical characteristics and then tested by comparing two novice and four expert elementary mathematics teachers. Information about the teachers' agendas was gathered from preclass interviews; data on the structure of their lessons and on the characteristics of the explanations they gave came from lesson videotapes and related interviews. The novice-expert contrast highlighted the nature of the competencies expert teachers possessed and suggested some areas of instruction for future teachers.
Leasing policies for the extractive resources

Much of the available analysis of policies for the disposal of publicly held resources is based on comparatively straightforward extensions of the neoclassical pricing and allocation theory. As such, these analyses have to a large extent not fully incorporated the fact that firms normally acquire rights to these resources in sealed tender markets. In this paper, a simple bidding model is used to show that the choice of disposal policies can influence the firm's bid and also the public revenues obtained from the sale of the resource. It is additionally shown that the implications of such policy choices are conditioned by the firm's attitudes towards risk. Finally, it is argued that a modification of existing prescriptions may be necessary if a more realistic specification of the disposal problem taking account of the sealed tender market in which rights are obtained, is considered.
Sustained high-level production of murine chemokine C10 during chronic inflammation.

Abstract The murine CC chemokine C10, a macrophage chemoattractant, has been shown to have an unusually restricted expression pattern in cultured cells (LPS non-responsive, IL-4 inducible). Its occurrence in vivo has not been characterized. Here the authors employ immunocytochemistry to demonstrate that C10 is expressed in inflammatory macrophages during irritant peritonitis. In addition, C10 was found to be a constitutive component of eosinophils. Peritoneal inflammation led to the accumulation of sufficient C10 (> 10 nM) to permit detection in exudate fluid. This accumulation did not begin until 24h after challenge, and was sustained through at least day 10 of the inflammation. In contrast, MIP-1α gene expression was earlier and transient. These kinetic features are consistent with earlier in vitro findings, suggesting that C10 is not a “first-wave” chemokine and may play a role related to chronic stages of host defence reactions.
Comparisons between cancer survivors and family members on meaning of the illness and family quality of life.

Purpose/objectives To explore the meaning of the illness to the family and family quality of life (QOL) for survivors and family members and to describe similarities and differences between survivors' and family members' meaning of the illness and family QOL. Research approach Descriptive, qualitative. Setting Homes of survivors and family members in an urban metropolitan area in the midwestern United States. Participants A sample of 123 Caucasian and African American cancer survivors, one to six years after treatment had ended, and their family members (N = 246). Four cancer diagnoses (i.e., breast, colon, prostate, and uterine) were represented. Methodologic approach Two open-ended questions derived from a family model of survivorship. Content analysis was used to analyze the responses. Main research variables Meaning of the illness and family QOL. Findings The positive dimensions of survivorship in meaning of the illness and family QOL were seen for patients and family members, although long-term stressors also were reported. More similarities than differences in meaning and QOL were noted between survivors and family members. Conclusions Patients' and family members' perspectives of the meaning of the illness and family QOL are important to assess during survivorship to address both individual- and family-level perspectives in cancer care. Implications for nursing Nurses should offer opportunities for patients and family members to search for positive meaning in the cancer illness, develop strategies to handle stressors that are present during survivorship, and enhance family strengths and resources to promote family QOL.
Omalizumab as a Desensitizing Agent and Treatment in Mastocytosis: A Review of the Literature and Case Report

Patients with all forms of mastocytosis can experience urticaria, abdominal cramps, nausea, diarrhea, or hypotension due to release of mediators by mast cells. Patients with mastocytosis and Hymenoptera venom allergy can develop severe adverse reactions to Hymenoptera stings. In addition, patients with mastocytosis and on venom immunotherapy are at high risk for incomplete protection and fatal reactions. Recent literature has reported the use of omalizumab as an adjunctive treatment in patients with mastocytosis, used for both symptom improvement and to dampen adverse effects caused by venom immunotherapy. This article reviews the literature regarding omalizumab use in the treatment of mastocytosis and for protection against the adverse effects during venom immunotherapy. In addition, we report the case of a patient at high risk and with cutaneous mastocytosis, whose symptoms improved with concomitant administration of omalizumab and venom immunotherapy.
Formation-flying interferometry

There are many advantages to space-based interferometry, but monolithic, single-spacecraft platforms set limits on the collecting area and baseline length. These constraints can be overcome by distributing the optical elements of the interferometer over a system of multiple spacecraft flying in precise formation, opening up new realms of angular resolution and sensitivity. While the principles of interferometry are the same as for structurally-connected systems, formation-flying interferometers must integrate a wide range of technologies to provide an optically stable platform capable of finding, tracking and measuring fringes. This paper discusses some of the key differences between formation-flying and structurally-connected interferometers, including formation configurations, controlling beam shear, station-keeping, and the importance of delay and delay rate estimation in determining the instrument sensitivity. Proposed future formation-flying interferometer missions include the Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF), Darwin, the Submillimeter Probe of the Evolution of Cosmic Structure (SPECS), the Stellar Imager, the Micro-Arcsecond Xray Imaging Mission (MAXIM), and its precursor, MAXIM Pathfinder. In addition, Life Finder and Planet Imager have been identified as two formation-flying missions capable of detailed characterization of habitable exo-planets. The parameters for these missions are compared and described briefly.
Meeting Modern Demands of Collection Evaluation: A New Approach

According to an old saying, the best library in the world is one that is empty, for all its books have been borrowed. But modern libraries are bursting with books and other resources and their burgeoning collections defy conventional stock‐taking. The unprecedented growth of knowledge in contemporary times has created complex problems and new challenges, not the least important of which is collection evaluation. This essay describes one way to meet this increasingly important problem by taking a new approach and creating a new model.
Understanding information processing in the immune system; computer modeling and simulations

The immune system protects our organisms against pathogens and aberrant cells. It achieves this capability by processing and evaluating a wide variety of molecular signals many of which are generated by its own agents.
Imaging Stokes Parameters of Spinor BECs

We present two methods to image the spin density and relative phases of states in spinor BECs. In a psuedo-spin-1/2 system, these measurements are analogous to the Stokes parameters used to describe polarization in optics.
Effects of alfalfa hay of varying fiber fed at 35 or 50% of diet on lactation and nutrient utilization by dairy cows.

Abstract Five alfalfa hays (four from Arizona and one from California), varying in percentages of ADF (26, 28, 32, and 38%), were fed to 40 lactating Holstein cows averaging 90 DIM. Cows were in 10 groups of 4 cows each; groups were based on 14-d pretreatment milk yield. Each hay was included in TMR to provide 50 or 35% of DM. Diets were fed for ad libitum intake for 70 d. Feeding behavior of 2 cows per treatment was electronically monitored for 14 d. Total tract digestibilities of DM, ADF, and NDF were determined using Cr 2 O 3 , and ruminal in situ loss of DM, ADF, and NDF of hays was estimated using 4 cows fitted with ruminal fistulas. Dry matter intake, 3.5% FCM, changes in BW, rectal temperatures, and milk composition (except milk fat) were not affected by ADF in hays or concentrate percentage. However, milk yield decreased as ADF in hay increased, particularly at 50% concentrate. At 50% concentrate, milk yield of cows fed hays of 26 to 28% ADF averaged 30.7kg/d, and the mean for cows fed 32 and 38% ADF hays was 27.6kg/d. Milk fat percentages tended to be lower on higher concentrate. Eating time was longer as hay ADF increased and tended to decrease on high concentrate, but there were no significant effects of treatment on number or length of meals. In situ disappearance of DM, ADF, and NDF decreased as hay ADF increased, but total tract digestibilities of ADF and NDF were greater in hay of higher fiber content, particularly in cows fed 35% hay. Amount of concentrate influences response of lactating cows to hays of varying ADF. Inferences about forage nutritive value from total tract digestibilities of diets with hays of varying ADF may differ from those obtained from ruminal in situ estimates.
Zonal model of an adaptive mirror

An approximate model of an adaptive optic element is presented which works well for components having many actuators. This zonal model is used to gain insight into the general behavior of systems that correct for high spatial frequency errors. The model is derived from the method of least squares, and considers the nonshift invariant properties of adaptive mirrors. It may be implemented with Fourier transform techniques and is, therefore, easy to program. The relationship between the zonal model and the simpler bandpass filter model of Harvey and Callahan is discussed.
Evaluation of the modified asthma predictive index in high-risk preschool children.

Background Prediction of subsequent school-age asthma during the preschool years has proven challenging. Objective To confirm in a post hoc analysis the predictive ability of the modified Asthma Predictive Index (mAPI) in a high-risk cohort and a theoretical unselected population. We also tested a potential mAPI modification with a 2-wheezing episode requirement (m 2 API) in the same populations. Methods Subjects (n = 289) with a family history of allergy and/or asthma were used to predict asthma at age 6, 8, and 11 years with the use of characteristics collected during the first 3 years of life. The mAPI and the m 2 API were tested for predictive value. Results For the mAPI and m 2 API, school-age asthma prediction improved from 1 to 3 years of age. The mAPI had high predictive value after a positive test (positive likelihood ratio ranging from 4.9 to 55) for asthma development at years 6, 8, and 11. Lowering the number of wheezing episodes to 2 (m 2 API) lowered the predictive value after a positive test (positive likelihood ratio ranging from 1.91 to 13.1) without meaningfully improving the predictive value of a negative test. Posttest probabilities for a positive mAPI reached 72% and 90% in unselected and high-risk populations, respectively. Conclusions In a high-risk cohort, a positive mAPI greatly increased future asthma probability (eg, 30% pretest probability to 90% posttest probability) and is a preferred predictive test to the m 2 API. With its more favorable positive posttest probability, the mAPI can aid clinical decision making in assessing future asthma risk for preschool-age children.
Word Error Rates in Cryptographic Ensembles

The word error rate of an ensemble of cryptographic systems is determined. The word error rate is specified as a function of the corresponding plain-text bit error rate. Degradation is defined and computed for the case of phase-shift keying and white Gaussian noise. Finally, the effect of differential encoding on a cryptographic system is investigated.
The Rate and Extent of Deforestation in Brazilian Amazonia

Examination of the often contradictory estimates of the rate and extent of deforestation in Brazilian Amazonia leads to a ‘best estimate’ of the cumulative area of forest cleared through 1988 as 345 × 103 km2 (including old clearings), or 8.2% of the 4 × 106 km2 forested portion of Brasil's 5 × 106 km2 ‘Legal Amazon’ region.
Adapted Behavior Therapy for Persistently Depressed Primary Care Patients: An Open Trial.

Major depressive disorder is commonly treated in primary care settings. Psychotherapy occurring in primary care should take advantage of the unique aspects of the setting and must adapt to the problems and limitations of the setting. In this open trial, the authors used a treatment development model to adapt behavior therapy for primary care patients (n = 12) with persistent symptoms of depression, despite antidepressant medication treatment. Ten of 12 participants completed 10 sessions of therapy over the course of 4 months, and all endorsed high levels of treatment satisfaction. Participants' depression scores declined significantly over time, and 75% of participants experienced at least 50% change on a self-report measure of depression symptoms. There were trends for social functioning, pain, and general health perceptions to improve over time. These results highlight the acceptability and feasibility of adapting behavior therapy for primary care, and support the continuation of this research.