cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antibiotics may predispose to lactobacillemia in liver transplant patients

Lactobacilli are ubiquitous inhabitants of the human oral cavity, vagina, and gastrointestinal tract, that are generally considered non-pathogenic. We retrospectively reviewed all positive blood cultures for Lactobacillus species (sp.) from liver transplant recipients at our institution. Eight cases of lactobacillus bacteremia were identified. Selective bowel decontamination with non-absorbable oral antibiotics was administered to all patients. Additionally, all patients received intravenous vancomycin; most isolates exhibited either in vitro or in vivo vancomycin resistance. The biliary anastomosis in each patient was a Roux-Y choledochojejunostomy. The underlying clinical conditions included perihepatic abscesses in two patients, biliary strictures with either hepatic abscesses or infected bile in four, and heaptic infarctions with necrosis and infection of the liver in two. The use of selective bowel deontamination, intravenous vancomycin and Roux-Y choledochojejunostomy in liver transplantation patients may predispose to lactobacillemia.
A grounded theory approach to effects of virtual facilitation on team communication and the development of professional skills

This article reports on a grounded theory study into the effects of virtual facilitation on team communication, a critical professional skill for engineering students. Facilitation may assist in that process because it encourages information sharing in order to promote effective teamwork. To aid in online team communications, a virtual facilitator has been developed. This research involves a quasi-experimental study of 40 community college students working on group projects. The students were sorted into treatment and control groups, and asked to work in an online forum designed for team collaboration. In the control group, the virtual facilitator was programmed to remain inactive. For teams in the treatment group, the virtual facilitator intervened with prompts when it was triggered by certain keywords and phrases. Using the grounded theory approach, researchers reviewed and analyzed transcripts to find themes and patterns, which were then coded. In addition, researchers explored communication differences between control and treatment groups.
Consistency, setting, and strength gain characteristics of a “low porosity” Portland cement paste

Abstract The mixing characteristics, consistency, setting time, and strength gain characteristics of a family of “low porosity” Portland cement pastes are investigated. These pastes are prepared at w:c ratios of 0.22 to 0.24 from a moderately finely ground ASTM Type I clinker not interground with gypsum but regulated with an admixture consisting of a sodium form of sulfonated lignin and sodium bicarbonate. Freely-flowing pastes of complex rheological character are produced which are self-compacting, which set after a reasonable period but more suddenly than conventional Portland cement pastes, and which rapidly develop high strengths (9,500 psi by 1 day, 17,000 psi by 7 days).
Stability and physical realizability considerations in the synthesis of multipole control systems

With the use of the canonical form for a multipole control system as the starting point, the characteristic equation of the system is derived and its roots related to the poles and zeros of the given plant. Conditions are established which must be imposed on the plant to permit the design of a stable system having an arbitrary response. This is followed by the development of a technique which, by imposing constraints on the over-all response, enables the system designer to achieve a stable design even when certain of the plant's poles and zeros lie in an unstable region of the complex frequency plane. The method permits the direct stability design of multipole control systems in a manner similar to that presently possible for the conventional 2-pole systems. It is applicable to continuous-data systems as well as to sampled-data systems.
PAGAS: Portable and accurate gait analysis system

Gait analysis systems are powerful tools in the monitoring and rehabilitation of many health conditions which result in an altered gait (such as Parkinson's disease and rheumatoid arthritis), along with the injury of lower limbs. However, current systems that provide accurate gait monitoring and analysis are large and expensive, and therefore are available only in professional settings. The goal of this research is to develop and test a Portable and Accurate Gait Analysis System, denoted PAGAS, which enables patients to monitor their own gait and track their progress and improvement over time. Moreover, PAGAS will enable therapists to follow the progress of their patients over time without the need for multiple visits required at a rehabilitation facility, thus saving significant healthcare costs. PAGAS includes footswitches and a micro-controller, which connects to an Android Smart-phone using Bluetooth communication. An application on the Smartphone analyzes the raw data to produce temporal gait parameters that are displayed to the user on a graphical user interface.
The repeatability of gait speed and physiological cost index measurements in working adults.

Objectives: To determine the performance characteristics of gait speed measurements and the physiological cost index (PCI; heart rate change/gait speed) in working adults. Methods: Gait speeds, heart rate changes, andnon–steady state PCIs were calculated in 61 volunteers who worked in our health sciences center. These subjects completed 9 separate 100-foot walk tests in 3 separate sessions. Results: The mean heart rate change after a 100-foot walk was 16.6 ± 8.1 beats per minute. The mean gait speed was 76.1 ± 9.6 meters per minute, and the mean PCI was 0.22 ± 0.11 beats per meter. There were highly significant correlations among all measurements on the 9 separate tests (correlation coefficients 0.41-0.95); gait speed measurements had the highest correlations (0.91-0.95). In a multivariable model hypertension and arthritis were associated with reduced gait speeds. Conclusion: Gait speed, heart rate changes, and non–steady state PCIs have good repeatability when measured over short walks. This information ...
A change in α-crystallin subunit composition in relation to cellular differentiation in adult bovine lens

Abstract The vertebrate lens is composed of two distinct cell types, the epithelial cell and the fiber cell. α-Crystallin, a structural protein found in both cell types, is composed of four subunits (αA 1 , αA 2 , αB 1 , and αB 2 ). In the epithelial cells the α-crystallin consists mainly of αA 2 and αB 2 with trace amounts of αA 1 and αB 1 . In the fiber cell there is a large increase in the amount of αA 1 and αB 1 subunits. This quantitative increase in two specific subunits is related to the process of cellular growth and differentiation in the vertebrate lens.
Qualitative Research: Methodologies and Use in Pediatric Nursing

With the increasing number of qualitative research studies being published in nursing journals, pediatric nurses need to understand the different qualitative research methodologies in order to adequately critique these studies and utilize the findings in their clinical practice. Three of the most prominent methodologies in qualitative research are discussed: phenomenology, ethnography, and grounded theory. Examples of published qualitative research in pediatric nursing are described to illustrate each of the three methodologies.
Karyotype Analysis of Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br. (Eragrostoideae: Gramineae) by Image Analysis System.

The objective of this paper is to record the results of the study to make the karyotyping characterization of five S. indicus populations from Argentina by using Image Analysis System (IAS).The objective of this study was to make the karyotyping characterization of 5 S. indicus populations from Argentina by using the Image Analysis System (IAS). This native grass species has 2n = 36 according to previous records, the karyotype is composed of 13 metacentric pairs and 5 submetacentric pairs; pair N° 2 has terminal satellites at the short arms. The mean chromosome length in 1.16 μm ranging from 0.76 to 1.61 μm. To determine the chromosome parameters the measurements were analyzed using the image analysis system. No cytotype differences were found throughout the populations analyzed.
Behavioral Activation Treatment for Depression: A Commentary

Over the last two decades, cognitive therapy has largely eclipsed more purely behavioral interventions in the treatment of depression. Although cognitive behavior therapy has fared well in controlled clinical trials, behavior therapy has tended to languish, despite doing well in earlier trials. Jacobson and colleagues describe an approach to behavioral activation that is likely to reinvigorate interest in more purely behavioral interventions. This approach is based on a contextual analysis of the external events that trigger distress and the consequences that follow what are often ineffectual efforts to cope. Recent studies suggest that the approach may both be effective and easy to disseminate to applied clinical settings.
In vivo imaging of the neurovascular unit in CNS disease

The neurovascular unit—comprised of glia, pericytes, neurons and cerebrovasculature— is a dynamic interface that ensures physiological central nervous system (CNS) functioning. In disease dynamic remodeling of the neurovascular interface triggers a cascade of responses that determine the extent of CNS degeneration and repair. The dynamics of these processes can be adequately captured by imaging in vivo, which allows the study of cellular responses to environmental stimuli and cell-cell interactions in the living brain in real time. This perspective focuses on intravital imaging studies of the neurovascular unit in stroke, multiple sclerosis (MS) and Alzheimer disease (AD) models and discusses their potential for identifying novel therapeutic targets.
Kinetics of 14C distribution after tracer dose of 14C-lutein in an adult woman

Lutein is an oxygenated carotenoid (xanthophyll) found in dark green leafy vegetables. High intakes of lutein may lower the risk of age-related macular degeneration. Current understanding of human lutein metabolism as it might occur in vivo is incomplete. Therefore, we conducted a feasibility study where we dosed a normal adult woman with 14C-lutein (125 nmol, 36 nCi 14C), dissolved in olive oil (0.5 g/kg body weight) and mixed in a banana shake. Blood, urine, and feces collected before the dose was administered served to establish baseline values. There-after, blood was collected for 63 d following the dose, while feces and urine were collected for 2 wk post-dose. The 14C contents in plasma, urine, and feces were measured by accelerator MS. The 14C first appeared in plasma 1 h after dosing and reached its highest level,≈2.08% of dose/L plasma, at 14 h post-dose. The plasma pattern of 14C did not include a chylomicrons/VLDL (intestinal) peak like that when the same subject received 14C-β-carotene (a previous test), suggesting that lutein was handled differently from β-carotene by plasma lipoproteins. Lutein had an elimination half-life (t1/2) of≈10 d. Forty-five percent of the dose of 14C was eliminated in feces and 10% in urine in the first 2 d after dosing. Quantifying human lutein metabolism is a fertile area for future research.
The Intensities of the Hard and Soft Components of Cosmic Rays as Functions of Altitude and Zenith Angle

The intensities of the hard and of the soft component of cosmic rays have been recorded by a coincidence method as a function of zenith angle, at the four elevations 259, 1616, 3240, and 4300 meters, and the errors which may occur in the measurements have been studied. The absolute directional intensities have been calculated, as well as the integrated intensities at the various elevations. A comparison has been made between the variation of the hard component and the variation of the soft component with depth. The nature of the variation of the hard component with zenith angle and altitude suggests that there may be appreciable production of mesotrons at low altitude.
The early evolution of the foundations for behavioral organization theory and strategy

Summary While the field(s) of management theory and the history of modern ideas in management, business education and organizations have many different intellectual roots, the Carnegie Mellon Behavioral trio (James March, Herbert Simon and Richard Cyert) who founded the behavioral perspective on organizations stand out not just for their collective contribution to founding the field of organizational behavior as we know it today, but also for their subsequent individual contributions to the field. Organizations and Behavioral Theory of the Firm set the stage for several subsequent developments in organization and management theory including research on learning, strategic management, organizational economics and organizational routines ( Gibbons, 2003 , Pierce et al., 2002 , Williamson, 2002 , 2004 ; Augier and Teece, 2005 , Augier and Teece, 2009 ). In addition to providing some background on the Carnegie work, this paper traces the genealogy and development of some of the work of the founding fathers, and making the points that (1) while the work of Herbert Simon crossed disciplinary boundaries, he saw himself as doing only one thing, working in understanding limited rationality in decision making and (2) the work of James March shaped the field in a co-evolutionary way since he has been influenced too by the developments in organization studies.
On the relationship of amino acid composition to silver staining of proteins in electrphoresis gels

Development of techniques for silver staining of proteins separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has increased experimental detection limits. However, the precise basis for the reaction between silver and polypeptides is still unclear and, depending upon the choice of silver reagent, may even differ. We compared protein stain intensity with silver diamine (ammoniacal silver) and silver nitrate reagents based on amino acid composition by determining the protein amount required to generate an arbitrary staining intensity and then calculating moles of each amino acid present in some representative proteins. We compared these values for each amino acid, taken singly, as well as for combinations of two and more. In no case could staining be attributed entirely to specific or classes of amino acids, thus supporting the argument that an inherent difference exists between primary reactive centers for the two staining reagents.
Frequency Self-tuning Scheme for Broadband Vibration Energy Harvesting

The recent proliferation of microscale devices has raised the issue of energy harvesting for replacing batteries that present maintenance and recycling problems. Particularly, piezoelectric seismic microgenerators offer the advantages of easy maintenance and high power output, but are very sensitive to frequency drifts that can dramatically decrease their performance. The purpose of the present article is to expose a technique to ensure that the harvester resonance frequency matches the base motion frequency, without any external intervention. The principles of the proposed method rely on ultralow-cost frequency sensing combined with an energy-efficient stiffness tuning, through the use of an additional actuator. Experimental results carried out to validate the model show that such an approach permits increasing the effective bandwidth of the structure by a factor of 4 in terms of mechanical vibrations and having a 100% frequency band gain in terms of total power output of the device (i.e., taking into ac...
Harnessing the environmental data flood: a comparative analysis of hydrologic, oceanographic, and meteorological informatics platforms.

Abstract Researchers studying large-scale questions in hydrology, oceanography, and meteorology can work with existing data through myriad platforms that provide access to remote datasets and render said information in various graphical outputs for interpretation and analysis. A survey of 30 publicly available hydrometeorological data platforms reviews the current state of the art in water-data discovery and visualization. Such platforms best meet the needs of a diverse user community by providing valuable data content, facilitating data exchange, and supporting visual analysis. To provide datasets of value to wider audiences, data providers can emphasize building datasets that are not only voluminous but also proportionally content rich in geographic, temporal, and measurement breadth, through integration of complementary datasets and coordinated data collection programs. In support of efficient data interchange, including software-driven integration of complementary content, data providers should increa...
Methodological variables in choral reading.

This preliminary study explored changes in prosodic variability during choral reading and investigated whether these changes are affected by the method of eliciting choral reading. Ten typical adult talkers recorded three reading materials (poetry, fiction, and textbook) in three reading conditions: solo (reading aloud alone), track (reading aloud with a recording), and choral (reading aloud with another live talker). Measurements of fundamental frequency, amplitude, and vowel duration variability were performed. Compared to solo reading, choral reading featured decreased variability of fundamental frequency, amplitude, and vowel duration. In track reading, only decreased fundamental frequency variability was observed, while vowel duration variability increased. Track reading also contained significantly more errors than choral or solo reading. The reading material used did not significantly affect the prosodic features of talkers' speech, but did affect talkers' error rate. These results suggest that, in...
Abnormalities of T cell activation in the rheumatoid synovium detected with monoclonal antibodies to CD3.

The chronic inflammation of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with hypofunction of synovial fluid (SF) T cells. We studied the mechanisms leading to this abnormality using a mitogenic monoclonal antibody specific for the T cell receptor-associated CD3 complex. We found that SF cells are defective in their response to anti-CD3 antibodies as measured by proliferation, generation of natural cytotoxicity, and induction of the Tac (p55) component of the IL2 receptor. Nevertheless, these cells do bear functional IL2 receptors and are more responsive to IL2 than are resting peripheral blood T cells. In searching for a mechanism to explain the reduced IL2 production, we found that polyamines (whose oxidation products can down-regulate proliferation and IL2 production) are elevated in RA cells from both blood and SE We postulate that the chronic activation of RA T cells triggers this feedback loop which constitutes a defensive mechanism aimed at reducing the T cell driven autoimmune and inflammatory process.
The burden of infection for elective pancreatic resections

Background Infection control is potentially a critical quality indicator but remains incompletely understood, especially in high-acuity gastrointestinal surgery. Our objective was to evaluate the incidence and impact of infections after elective pancreatectomy at the practice level. Methods All pancreatectomies performed by three pancreatic surgical specialists over an 8-year period (2001–2009) followed standardized perioperative care, including timely antibiotic administration. Infections were defined according to National Surgery Quality Improvement Program criteria, while complication severity was based on Clavien grade. Clinical and economic outcomes were evaluated and predictors of infection identified by regression analysis. Results Of 550 major pancreatic resections, 288 (53%) had some complication, of which 167 (31%) were infectious. Rates of infection differed by type of resection (proximal pancreatectomy > others; P = .029) but not by presence of malignancy. Major infections (Clavien 3–5; n = 62), occurred in 11% of cases. Infection was not the primary cause of death in any patient. Infection was associated with increases in hospital stay, operative times, transfusions, blood loss, intensive care unit use, and readmission (34% vs 12%). Types of infection were as follows: wound infection (14%), infected pancreatic fistula (9%), urinary tract infection (7%), pneumonia (6%), and sepsis (2%). The use of total parenteral nutrition (odds ratio [OR], 7.3), coronary artery disease (OR, 2.1), and perioperative hypotension (OR, 1.6) predicted any infection. Total costs for cases with infection increased grade-for-grade across the Clavien scale, with infection accounting for 38% of the overall cost differential. Conclusion Infectious complications occurred frequently, compromising numerous outcomes and increasing costs markedly. These data provide a foundation for understanding the baseline consequences of infection in high-acuity gastrointestinal surgery and offer opportunities for process evaluation and initiatives in infection control at the practice level.
Exploring the role of repetition and sensory elaboration in the imagination inflation effect

Two experiments were conducted to examine whether a misattribution of specific characteristics or a misattribution of global familiarity underlies false memories as assessed through imagination inflation. Using the paradigm developed by Goff and Roediger (1998), we found that the proportion of false memories increased with repeated imagination, replicating the imagination inflation effect. False memories developed through imagination were greatest in conditions that forced participants to include sensory detail in their imaginings. Finally, conscious recollection more often accompanied false memories in perceptually detailed imagination conditions, whereas feelings of familiarity more often accompanied false memories in conditions that lacked sensory cues. These results suggest that imagination that contains more perceptual information leads to more elaborate memory representations containing specific characteristics that can be confused with actually performed actions. Confusion based on these representations, as opposed to confusion based on processing fluency, is more likely to lead to false memories.
Identification of Borrelia burgdorferi Outer Surface Proteins

Several Borrelia burgdorferi outer surface proteins have been identified over the past decade that are up-regulated by temperature- and/or mammalian host-specific signals as this spirochete is transmitted from ticks to mammals. Given the potential role(s) that these differentially up-regulated proteins may play in B. burgdorferi transmission and Lyme disease pathogenesis, much attention has recently been placed on identifying additional borrelial outer surface proteins. To identify uncharacterized B. burgdorferi outer surface proteins, we previously performed a comprehensive gene expression profiling analysis of temperature-shifted and mammalian host-adapted B. burgdorferi. The combined microarray analyses revealed that many genes encoding known and putative outer surface proteins are down-regulated in mammalian host-adapted B. burgdorferi. At the same time, however, several different genes encoding putative outer surface proteins were found to be up-regulated during the transmission and infection process. Among the putative outer surface proteins identified, biochemical and surface localization analyses confirmed that seven (Bb0405, Bb0689, BbA36, BbA64, BbA66, BbA69, and BbI42) are localized to the surface of B. burgdorferi. Furthermore, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis using serum from tick-infested baboons indicated that all seven outer surface proteins identified are immunogenic and that antibodies are generated against all seven during a natural infection. Specific antibodies generated against all seven of these surface proteins were found to be bactericidal against B. burgdorferi, indicating that these newly identified outer surface proteins are prime candidates for analysis as second-generation Lyme disease vaccinogens.
Primary care use of FRAX: absolute fracture risk assessment in postmenopausal women and older men

Osteoporosis-related fractures (low-trauma or fragility fractures) cause substantial disability, health care costs, and mortality among postmenopausal women and older men. Epidemiologic studies indicate that at least half the population burden of osteoporosis-related fractures affects persons with osteopenia (low bone density), who comprise a larger segment of the population than those with osteoporosis. The public health burden of fractures will fail to decrease unless the subset of patients with low bone density who are at increased risk for fracture are identified and treated. Risk stratification for medically appropriate and cost-effective treatment is facilitated by the World Health Organization (WHO) FRAX algorithm, which uses clinical risk factors, bone mineral density, and country-specific fracture and mortality data to quantify a patient's 10-year probability of a hip or major osteoporotic fracture. Included risk factors comprise femoral neck bone mineral density, prior fractures, parental hip fracture history, age, gender, body mass index, ethnicity, smoking, alcohol use, glucocorticoid use, rheumatoid arthritis, and secondary osteoporosis. FRAX was developed by the WHO to be applicable to both postmenopausal women and men aged 40 to 90 years; the National Osteoporosis Foundation Clinician's Guide focuses on its utility in postmenopausal women and men aged >50 years. It is validated to be used in untreated patients only. The current National Osteoporosis Foundation Guide recommends treating patients with FRAX 10-year risk scores of > or = 3% for hip fracture or > or = 20% for major osteoporotic fracture, to reduce their fracture risk. Additional risk factors such as frequent falls, not represented in FRAX, warrant individual clinical judgment. FRAX has the potential to demystify fracture risk assessment in primary care for patients with low bone density, directing clinical fracture prevention strategies to those who can benefit most.
Grasping reality through illusion—interactive graphics serving science

I treat three related subjects: virtual-worlds research—the construction of real-time 3-D illusions by computer graphics; some observations about interfaces to virtual worlds; and the coming application of virtual-worlds techniques to the enhancement of scientific computing.We need to design generalized interfaces for visualizing, exploring, and steering scientific computations. Our interfaces must be direct-manipulation, not command-string; interactive, not batch; 3-D, not 2-D; multisensory, not just visual.We need generalized research results for 3-D interactive interfaces. More is known than gets reported, because of a reluctance to share “unproven” results. I propose a shells-of-certainty model for such knowledge.
The effects of social support on the relationship of functional limitations and pain to depression

Objective. This study assessed the effects of social support on the relationship of functional impairments and pain to depression. Methods. Fifty-nine persons with end-stage joint disease (27 men and 32 women with an average age of 65 years) were interviewed. The Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales (AIMS) was used to assess functional impairment and depression. The modified Inventory of Socially Supportive Behaviors was used to assess 4 types of social support (emotional, informational, tangible, and integrative). Results. Contrary to the moderator model of social support, only low tangible support attenuated the adverse effects of functional impairments on depression, while other levels of this type and 3 other types of support either had no effect or enhanced the deleterious effects of functional impairments. Social support did not attenuate the relationship between pain and depression. Discussion. The findings suggest that certain types and levels of social support may reduce the effects of functional limitation and pain on depression, while other types and levels may increase their adverse effects.
Synergistic effects of high temperature and sulfide on tropical seagrass

Abstract To examine the synergism of high temperature and sulfide on two dominant tropical seagrass species, a large-scale mesocosm experiment was conducted in which sulfide accumulation rates (SAR) were increased by adding labile carbon (glucose) to intact seagrass sediment cores across a range of temperatures. During the initial 10 d of the 38 d experiment, porewater SAR in cores increased 2- to 3-fold from 44 and 136 μmol L − 1 d − 1 at 28–29 °C to 80 and 308 μmol L − 1 d − 1 at 34–35 °C in Halodule wrightii and Thalassia testudinum cores, respectively. Labile C additions to the sediment resulted in SAR of 443 and 601 μmol L − 1 d − 1 at 28–29 °C and 758 to 1,557 μmol L − 1 d − 1 at 34–35 °C in H. wrightii and T. testudinum cores, respectively. Both T. testudinum and H. wrightii were highly thermal tolerant, demonstrating their tropical affinities and potential to adapt to high temperatures. While plants survived the 38 d temperature treatments, there was a clear thermal threshold above 33 °C where T. testudinum growth declined and leaf quantum efficiencies (Fv/Fm) fell below 0.7. At this threshold temperature, H. wrightii maintained shoot densities and leaf quantum efficiencies. Although H. wrightii showed a greater tolerance to high temperature, T. testudinum had a greater capacity to sustain biomass and short shoots under thermal stress with labile C enrichment, regardless of the fact that sulfide levels in the T. testudinum cores were 2 times higher than in the H. wrightii cores. Tropical seagrass tolerance to elevated temperatures, predicted in the future with global warming, should be considered in the context of the sediment-plant complex which incorporates the synergism of plant physiological responses and shifts in sulfur biogeochemistry leading to increased plant exposure to sulfides, a known toxin.
Genetic Divergence across a Low-head Dam: A Preliminary Analysis using Logperch and Greenside Darters

Dams have been built on waterways for centuries, acting as barriers to fish migration and possible impediments to gene flow. We tested whether the Munroe Falls low-head dam, constructed in 1817 on the middle Cuyahoga River in the northeast Ohio portion of the Lake Erie watershed, formed a barrier for fish migration. Subsequent to our sampling, the dam was removed in fall 2005. The present study characterized the population genetic composition of two species of darters (Family Percidae), Etheostoma blennioides (greenside darter) and Percina caprodes (logperch darter), upstream and downstream from the dam in comparison with an outlying population from the Grand River, Ohio using mitochondrial DNA control region and cytochrome b gene sequences. Results found a single genotype in the greenside darter samples that was shared upstream and downstream from the dam, and thus no evidence for effect of the dam could be discerned. In contrast, samples of logperch darter differed in genotypic frequencies above and below the dam, with unique alleles occurring below the dam. It thus is possible that the Munroe Falls low-head dam acted as a one-way barrier to gene flow for logperch. Further genetic studies should test for possible after-effects of the dam removal on these darter populations, and relate these data to variation along and among river systems, including other potential barriers to gene flow.
Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor agonists attenuate relapsing–remitting experimental autoimmune encephalitis in SJL mice

FTY720 is a prodrug for FTY-phosphate, an agonist at four of the five known receptors for sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). We show that administration of either FTY720 or FTY-P to SJL mice with established relapsing-remitting experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) results in a rapid and sustained improvement in their clinical status, and a reversal of changes in expression of mRNAs encoding some myelin proteins and inflammatory mediators. EAE produced by adoptively transferring lymph node cells from immunized mice to naive hosts is similarly ameliorated by FTY-P. Treatment with FTY-P is accompanied by a dose-responsive peripheral lymphopoenia.
Inheritance of RAPD markers in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), blue catfish (I. furcatus), and their F1, F2 and backcross hybrids

The channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) has become the most important aquaculture species in the USA. A genetic linkage map in catfish is needed to improve efficiency of breeding by marker-assisted selection (MAS) and for identification of economically important genes such as disease resistance genes. To identify DNA-based genetic polymorphism, the present authors tested 42 randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers for their utility in identifying genetic polymorphism in catfish. Out of these primers, 22 generated 171 highly reproducible RAPD markers, producing almost eight polymorphic bands per primer. The remaining 20 primers produced an additional 20 polymorphic bands. The RAPD markers were highly reproducible, transmitted to F1 hybrids, and segregated in F2 or backcross progeny in ratios that did not differ from Mendelian expectations. Because the interspecific hybrids of channel catfish and blue catfish are fertile, RAPD markers using the interspecific hybrid system will be useful for rapid construction of genetic linkage maps of catfish and for analysis of important quantitative trait loci.
FOETAL BRADYCARDIA DURING CAUDAL ANALGESIA

SUMMARY A 31–year-old female had caudal analgesia during labour, using 0.5% bupivacaine. Nine minutes after the block, the foetus developed severe bradycardia which lasted for 9 min but recovered spontaneously. Thereafter the foetal heart rate was within the normal range until the end of labour when variable decreases in rate occurred, suggesting cord compression. At the time of delivery there was a knot of the umbilical cord which was also forming a loop around the neck of the baby. There was no abnormality of the Apgar scores or blood-gases in the baby; the plasma bupivacaine concentrations in both mother and child were within the expected range. The possible causative factors for this bradycardia are explained.
Lateral masking in cycling displays: the relative importance of separation, flanker duration, and interstimulus interval for object-mediated updating.

A central bar repeatedly presented in alternation with two flanking bars can lead to the disappearance of the central bar. Recently it has been suggested that this masking effect could be explained by object-mediated updating: the information from the central bar is integrated into the representation of the flankers, leading not only to the disappearance of the central bar as a separate object, but also to the perception of the flankers in apparent motion between their real position and the position of the central bar. This account suggests that the visibility of the central bar should depend on the same factors as those that influence the construction and maintenance of object representations. Therefore separation between central bar and flankers should not influence visibility as long as the time interval between them is adequate to make an interpretation of the scene in terms of one object moving from one location to the other possible location. We found that if the time interval between the central ba...
DOES EVEN A RAT HAVE BUDDHA-NATURE? ANALYZING KEY-PHRASE (HUATOU) RHETORIC FOR THE WU GONGAN

The Wu Gongan is primarily known for its minimalist expression based on Zhaozhou’s “No” (Wu) response to a monk’s question of whether a dog has Buddha-nature. Crucial for the key-phrase (huatou) method of meditation of Dahui Zonggao, the term Wu is not to be analyzed through logic or poetry. However, an overemphasis on the nondiscursive quality overlooks sophisticated rhetoric through metaphors used for the anxiety of doubt caused by Wu undermining conventional assumptions that is compared to a cornered rat; and the experience of enlightenment generated by the power of Wu likened to a sword cutting through all delusions. I. The Function of Rhetoric in Wu Gongan Discourse
U.S. Labor Rebellions and the Rise of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)

The year 1934 was a turning point in the U.S. class struggle. That year, militant strikes by truckers in Minneapolis, auto parts workers in Toledo, and longshoremen in San Francisco spurred broad labor solidarity in these cities, transforming the strikes into massive working-class social upheavals. These three strikes, all led by revolutionary minded workers, proved to be strategic victories for industrial unionism and paved the way for the organization of basic industry in the United States by the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO). By 1934, the Great Depression that began in 1929 had thrown almost one-third of the workforce, more than 15 million workers, onto the streets. Union membership had fallen from a high of over four million in 1920 to a low of around two million in 1933. As one historian put it, these figures are history's sad commentary on the American Federation of Labor's policy of favoring craft unionism in a country dominated by a mass production economy. From the start of the 1929 economic collapse, U.S. President Herbert Hoover, backed by the bulk of the employing class, resisted every measure to provide federal assistance for the hungry and homeless. Nevertheless, fearing the political consequences of what was widely seen as a brutal, repressive government labor policy, Congress enacted important labor reforms.
Response of Western Corn Rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Adults to Several Semiochemicals in Cornfields

We conducted studies in corn fields to examine the response of western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, beetles to slices of a bitter Cucurbita sp. fruit and microtubes containing either western corn rootworm sex pheromone or crude extracts of a bitter Cucurbita sp. stems and leaves. Sticky traps were used to measure beetle populations. Plots treated with Cucurbita sp. fruit slices or pheromone lures had significantly (P <0.05) higher catches than control plots for ca. 15 days after treatment. Foliage extract lures did not successfully attract beetles to a treated plot. Both sex pheromone lures and bitter Cucurbita sp. fruit may be useful to manage western corn rootworm populations in corn fields.
Socio-Economic Aspects of Territorial Planning with Special Reference to the Mississippi Valley Plan

One concrete example, of particular pertinence to a discussion of social planning, would be the relation of one very large religious group to the problem of a planned population policy. In conclusion, may I say what I hope has been obvious to many of you: that I have been leaning over backward in the foregoing discussion. To me social planning is a truly great and grand conceptthe inevitable goal of the social sciences. If we cannot plan, social science is but a dilletante exercise; if we will not plan, social misery is the inevitable accompaniment of social change. What concerns me about social planning is not any question of its inherent soundness, but the possibility of its ill advised abuse. What I fear is that its passing fashion may mean its future ignominy; that its too ready acceptance and misguided application today may discredit it tomorrow. Personally, I had rather wager my store of social hope on the tortoise of slow and cautious planning rather than on the wild eyed hare of immediate social action. One further word. Whatever the extent to which a planned program and procedure will serve as the blue print of the society of the morrow, let it be hoped that the disciplines enforcing it will be selfimposed, representing the free choice of an enlightened and participating citizenry. Recourse to any other method is but to substitute for the tyranny of planlessness the greater one of detailed coercion. Conformity delighteth the autocrat and the centralized administrator, but if its price is the enshrinement of mediocrity, the inevitable outcome is social bankruptcy. Social planning may be the alternative to social chaos; but to plan wisely through intelligent cooperation is the alternative to ultimate social ruin. 9 E. A. Ross, Principles of Sociology, The Century Comoany. New York. iq2o. p. i6.
A quest for destination loyalty by profiling loyal travelers

Abstract Consumer loyalty is one of the most critical marketing constructs and has received ample academic attention. However, despite many studies on consumer loyalty in different fields, including tourism and hospitality, the results on drivers of consumer loyalty are not fully defined. As a complex tourism product, destinations, in particular, pose challenges for understanding what affects loyalty or disloyalty. The current study uses two large data sets to profile consumers of different loyalty levels in order to better understand destination loyalty. Results show that loyal consumers are different from others in sociodemographic, psychographic and behavioral characteristics. Results also show that attitudinal loyalty may be a better indication of loyalty than both future visit likelihood and the number of past visits.
328 NATURAL HISTORY OF PRENATALLY DIAGNOSED 46,X,ISODICENTRIC Y

The karyotype 46,X,isodicentric Y has rarely been reported in the context of prenatal diagnosis. The literature, however, is replete with descriptions of individuals who are 46,X isodicentric Y/45,X, presenting with a spectrum of phenotypes from Turner syndrome, to ambiguous genitalia, to hypospadias or cryptorchidism, to adult males with normal genitalia, infertility and azoospermia. There are also a few case reports of structurally normal male patients who were found to have idic(Y) as part of a workup for mental retardation. The postnatal phenotype of a given individual is believed to depend on the extent of mosaisim in the gonads, and possibly in any affected tissue. We recently identified prenatally 45,X/46,X,idicY in the structurally normal male fetus of a woman presenting for prenatal testing for advanced maternal age. Three other prenatally ascertained cases were found in our files as well as three in the literature. The purpose of this paper is to delineate the natural history of this chromosomal abnormality when identified in the context of prenatal diagnosis. Case 1 has completely normal physical findings on level 2 prenatal ultrasound. Case 2 is a boy now 5 years old with mild short stature. Case 3 is a phenotypically normal male infant who had no medical problems at last contact. Case 4, a phenotypic female on prenatal ultrasound, was lost to follow up. The 3 literature cases of idic(Y) found in prenatal diagnosis where karyotype was performed for reasons other than abnormalities on prenatal ultrasound were all reported to be normal males. Although this is a small series, the outcome for an individual diagnosed prenatally with idic(Y) may in many cases be a phenotypically normal male, similar to the outcome for prenatally diagnosed 45,X/46,XY. The period of follow up is not long enough, however, to make any statements about fertility.
Review of Psychometrics of Forensic Interview Protocols with Children

Children who may have been sexually abused are interviewed by various professionals using a variety of different interviewing methods in an effort to elicit the greatest number of correct details while minimizing suggestibility and other factors that may reduce the accuracy and/or adequacy of the children’s statements. The statements elicited by these interviews are often one of the most important pieces of information in both legal and clinical decision making. There are several protocols that purport to be sound methods for conducting these interviews, including the widely used NICHD Investigative Interview Protocol and the RATAC Forensic Protocol. The following is a review of the content of the most influential protocols as well as the very limited information about their psychometric adequacy based on a proposed set of criteria. The difficulty of conducting and researching the interviews is acknowledged, and suggestions for future research are given in order help advance the field toward a more evidence-based practice.
Delayed matching to sample with outcome-specific contingencies in mentally retarded humans

Four mentally retarded human subjects performed delayed identity matching-to-sample tasks under conditions of outcome-specific and nonspecific reinforcement contingencies. With outcome-specific contingencies, experimentally defined correct selections of different discriminative stimuli were perfectly correlated with one of two different consequences (e.g., different foods); with nonspecific contingencies, correct selections were equally likely to be followed by either consequence. Previous studies with pigeons have shown consistently higher accuracy on delayed-matching tasks with outcome-specific contingencies. Results of this study failed to replicate that finding. For three subjects, accuracy scores were similar in specific and nonspecific conditions at fixed delays ranging from 0 s to 5 s. For the other subject, delay duration varied within each session, and accuracy scores improved across sessions regardless of outcome condition.
Minor Attraction: A Queer Criminological Issue

Despite a cultural tendency to sexualize youth, individuals who are primarily attracted to minors are subject to suspicion and stigma across society, extending into criminology and criminal justice. The prevailing assumption is that minor-attracted persons (MAPs) are mentally ill and predatory. However, there exists evidence that minor attraction is a sexual orientation, and the parallels between the treatment of MAPs and LGBT populations are striking. Employing queer criminology’s use of deconstructionist techniques, we address the current state of criminology and criminal justice, which sees MAPs as a suspect population warranting formal control. We then argue for the use of queer criminology as a framework for future research with minor-attracted populations, which could have important implications for criminal justice practice and policy.
Tools to enrich user experience during visual analysis

Visual Analytics is the integration of interactive visualization with analysis techniques to help answer questions, and find interesting “patterns” in a given dataset. This approach is useful in cases where human knowledge and intuition is required. Further, with the increasing size of data, an interactive visual interface can give the user control over what she wants to see. Towards this end, we develop a Visual Analytics (VA) infrastructure, rooted on techniques in machine learning and logic-based deductive reasoning. This system assists people in making sense of large, complex data sets by facilitating the generation and validation of models representing relationships in the data. The above data is often communicated among people, and by systems as graphs and other visual forms. However, currently the degree of semantics encoded in these representations is quite limited. In order to design more expressive icons, we present a framework that uses natural language text processing and global image databases to help users identify metaphors suitable to visually encode abstract semantic concepts. While using images as forms of communication, people often like to add annotations in forms of text, arrows, etc. to make them more expressive. The process of selecting a color for the annotation can often be difficult if the background has a variation in color and texture. Our tool Magic marker helps users by suggesting appropriate colors for annotating an image. All colors in a modified CIE-Lab color-space are assigned a preference value, and users can navigate this space using an interactive interface. This interactivity also allows them to make the final choice based on personal preferences.