cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hyperfine Structure of Cu 63 and Cu 65

The hyperfine splittings of the electronic ground states of the stable copper isotopes ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{63}$ and ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{65}$ have been measured by the atomic beam magnetic resonance method. The magnitudes of these splittings are $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}({\mathrm{Cu}}^{63})=11733.83\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01$ Mc/sec, $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}({\mathrm{Cu}}^{65})=12568.81\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01$ Mc/sec, and their ratio is $\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{63}}{\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{65}}=0.933567\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.000002$. If this ratio is compared with the ratio of the magnetic moments as measured by nuclear magnetic resonance, viz. $\frac{{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{63}}{{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{65}}=0.933424\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.000019$, one finds a "hyperfine structure anomaly" of $\ensuremath{\Delta}=[\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{63}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{65}}{\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{65}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{63}}]\ensuremath{-}1=(0.015\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.002)%.$Measurements of the "low-frequency" lines of the two isotopes yield the following values for the Land\'e $g$ factors of the ground states: ${g}_{J}({\mathrm{Cu}}^{63})={g}_{J}({\mathrm{Cu}}^{65})=(1.0000\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0005){g}_{J}({\mathrm{Cs}}^{133})$.
The ethical demands made on leaders of creative efforts

How should leaders make ethical decisions about the production and dissemination of creative products, when creative work adds to the normal leadership workload the complications of ill-defined tasks, uncertain solution paths, professionals who tend toward autonomy and exploration, and diversities of expertise that must collaborate? Ethics addresses the outcomes of decisions—typically the outcomes of decisions vis-a-vis others (Trevino, Brown, & Hartman, 2003). Creativity, the production of new ideas, and innovation, the translation of these ideas into viable new products and services (Mumford & Gustafson, 1988), are complex performances (Mumford, 2012) that can affect not only those involved in their production, but the organization and society more broadly.
Gestational surrogates in rural India: a lot to offer and even more to lose.

In the target article entitled “Transnational Gestational Surrogacy: Does It Have to Be Exploitative?,” Kirby (2014) argues that this type of surrogacy arrangement in the setting of a low income co...
Markedly Prolonged Theophylline Half-Life in Liver Failure

Theophylline toxicity developed within 48 hours of admission in a 63-year-old alcoholic male who presented with shortness of breath, edema, and lethargy. Using liquid chromatography, a serum theophylline half-life of 134 hours was observed following discontinuation of the drug. This report emphasizes the effect of hepatic disease on theophylline clearance and the need for frequent monitoring of plasma theophylline concentrations in cirrhotic patients.
Seasonal changes in shoot water relations of Picea rubens at two high elevation sites in the Smoky Mountains

Seasonal changes in water relations of current-year shoots of red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) were examined in relation to climatic conditions in trees growing at elevations of 1720 and 1935 m on Clingman's Dome, Tennessee, USA, where increment core data have shown that red spruce decline increases with elevation. Relative height growth of trees at 1720 m was 68% greater than in trees at 1935 m. Following two weeks in July with only traces of precipitation, trees at both sites showed decreased saturated osmotic potentials. The magnitude of the reduction was greater in trees at the high elevation site than in trees at the low elevation site. However, during August and September, shoot water relations of trees at both sites were similar. Precipitation patterns and water relations measurements suggested that, at both sites, trees experienced water stress only briefly during the growing season and to a degree that could not account for the lower growth rates of trees at the high elevation site. During the period of cold hardening in October and November, trees at the low elevation site exhibited saturated osmotic potentials that were lower by 0.2 MPa and solute accumulation (osmol kg(dw) (-1)) that was 48% greater than in trees at the high elevation site.
The global economic burden of dengue: a systematic analysis

Summary Background Dengue is a serious global burden. Unreported and unrecognised apparent dengue virus infections make it difficult to estimate the true extent of dengue and current estimates of the incidence and costs of dengue have substantial uncertainty. Objective, systematic, comparable measures of dengue burden are needed to track health progress, assess the application and financing of emerging preventive and control strategies, and inform health policy. We estimated the global economic burden of dengue by country and super-region (groups of epidemiologically similar countries). Methods We used the latest dengue incidence estimates from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation's Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 and several other data sources to assess the economic burden of symptomatic dengue cases in the 141 countries and territories with active dengue transmission. From the scientific literature and regressions, we estimated cases and costs by setting, including the non-medical setting, for all countries and territories. Findings Our global estimates suggest that in 2013 there were a total of 58·40 million symptomatic dengue virus infections (95% uncertainty interval [95% UI] 24 million–122 million), including 13 586 fatal cases (95% UI 4200–34 700), and that the total annual global cost of dengue illness was US$8·9 billion (95% UI 3·7 billion–19·7 billion). The global distribution of dengue cases is 18% admitted to hospital, 48% ambulatory, and 34% non-medical. Interpretation The global cost of dengue is substantial and, if control strategies could reduce dengue appreciably, billions of dollars could be saved globally. In estimating dengue costs by country and setting, this study contributes to the needs of policy makers, donors, developers, and researchers for economic assessments of dengue interventions, particularly with the licensure of the first dengue vaccine and promising developments in other technologies. Funding Sanofi Pasteur.
Heparin-bonded expanded polytetrafluoroethylene femoropopliteal bypass grafts outperform expanded polytetrafluoroethylene grafts without heparin in a long-term comparison

Objective Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) grafts have become an acceptable prosthetic alternative to autologous vein for infrainguinal arterial reconstructions. Recently, heparin bonding to the graft's luminal surface has been used as an adjunctive method of improving graft patency. We retrospectively evaluated a prospective experience with heparin-bonded ePTFE (HePTFE) vs the results of a prior experience with standard ePTFE (SePTFE) to compare patency rates in above-knee (AK) and below-knee (BK) femoropopliteal bypass through the 5-year follow-up. Methods Prosthetic femoropopliteal bypasses performed by our four-surgeon group were constructed using 6-mm SePTFE grafts before August 2007. Subsequently, all such bypasses were constructed using 6-mm HePTFE (Propaten graft; W. L. Gore & Associates, Flagstaff, Ariz). The surgical technique used in all cases throughout the study was similar irrespective of surgeon or graft material. Loss of primary patency was defined by graft thrombosis; duplex scan confirmed graft failure. Descriptive estimation of patency rates was carried out using standard Kaplan–Meier methods. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to analyze relationships between predictors and time to loss of patency. Results There were 192 AK (87 Propaten, 105 SePTFE) and 60 BK (42 Propaten, 18 SePTFE) grafts. Overall primary patency for Propaten was statistically better than SePTFE at years 1 (93.6% vs 84.2%), 2 (79.7% vs 73.8%), 3 (79.7% vs 69.5%), 4 (74.5% vs 59.9%) and 5 (74.5% vs 56.2%; log-rank test, P = .036). Five-year primary patency was superior for Propaten AK grafts (85.2% vs 59.3%; log-rank test, P = .028) and for Propaten BK grafts (59.6% vs 0.0/undeterminable; log-rank test, P = .016). Variables significantly associated with loss of patency for Propaten and SePTFE were claudication (hazard ratio [HR], 0.41), age (HR, 0.95), isolated popliteal artery (HR, 3.1-4.4), and ankle-brachial index after the procedure (HR, 0.10). Controlling for conduit effect, clopidogrel use did not significantly affect patency ( P = .076). No grafts were associated with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Conclusions These data show that the Propaten HePTFE graft offered significantly better long-term patency over the SePTFE graft, suggesting Propaten as the prosthetic graft of choice for bypasses to the femoropopliteal artery when autologous vein is unavailable or inappropriate.
Injuries at home among primary and middle school students in Beijing from 2011-2012

Objective To investigate the prevalence of injuries at home among primary and middle school students in Beijing to provide scientific basis for guiding parents to prevent injuries at home. Methods The cross-sectional retrospective survey was implemented in 104 primary and middle schools,17 086 students from 16 districts were administered with the questionnaire during September,2012 in Beijing. The investigation collected major types,degree of severity,and treatment of injuries at home during 2011-2012 school year. Results The prevalence rate of injuries at home among primary and middle school students in Beijing was 3. 05%,accounting for 23. 72% of the total cases damage; the prevalence rate had no differences in region and gender. Among 509 persontime injuries,falling was most common type( 36. 94%). Injury was most likely to occur at leisure entertainment( 27. 90%). The wrists,hands,and feet were most commonly affected( 43. 03%). Nearly 61. 69% of injuries need medical treatment and 5. 30% resulted in hospitalization. Each injury caused 3. 94 days' rest and 1. 08 days' absent from school averagely. Conclusion Home is the most common place where injuries happen among primary and middle school students,the occurrence of child household injuries have unique epidemiological characteristics. Fall and injury prevention continues to be a major challenge.
Sustained and transient potassium currents of cultured horizontal cells isolated from white bass retina

1. Horizontal cells (HCs) are second-order neurons in the retina that receive direct photoreceptor input. They rest at around -20 mV in the dark, because of the continuous release of neurotransmitter from photoreceptors. HCs respond to light with graded hyperpolarizations, which can reach -70 to -80 mV in the presence of very bright stimuli. 2. HCs from the retinas of white bass were isolated and maintained in culture. Potassium currents in three morphological types of HCs--H1, H2, and H4--were studied in culture with whole-cell, patch-clamp techniques, when sodium and calcium currents were blocked. 3. A transient outward potassium current (IA), with many characteristics of the A-current, was found in all H2s and H4s but only occasionally in H1s. The threshold for activation of this current was around -40 mV, a value more depolarized than usual for the A-current. The peak IA was typically smaller than 300 pA when the membrane was stepped from a holding potential of -70 mV to a command potential of -10 mV, the upper limit of the in vivo range of HC membrane potentials. Steady-state inactivation is expected to reduce the magnitude of IA in vivo. 4. A sustained outward potassium current (IK) was found in all types of HCs. This sustained potassium current did not activate until the membrane was stepped to potentials above -10 mV, a value much more depolarized than those reported for the delayed rectifier current in other neurons. As a result, IK is absent over the in vivo operating range of these cells. 5. No calcium-dependent potassium current was found in any cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Engaging Cervical Spinal Cord Networks to Reenable Volitional Control of Hand Function in Tetraplegic Patients

Background. Paralysis of the upper limbs from spinal cord injury results in an enormous loss of independence in an individual’s daily life. Meaningful improvement in hand function is rare after 1 y...
Radiobiology of Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy/Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy

Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) or stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) is rapidly being adopted as a treatment modality, particularly for liver and lung tumors, and because of the dramatic improvements in tumor control, the use of SBRT is being directed toward other anatomical sites. The success of SBRT has been primarily technology-driven; however, application of fully potent SBRT regimes is now impeded by biological limitations. While the use of SBRT will continue to increase, there are aspects of both normal tissue and tumor response to high dose per fraction radiation exposures that require a further understanding in order to augment the technology gains as well as to minimize the potential harm done by inappropriate application of fully potent SBRT regimes. From a radiobiological perspective, there is a shift in thinking about the models used to extrapolate biological effects at high dose per fraction although the underlying mechanisms are not understood. There are also potential scheduling benefits for SBRT that can be exploited. As such, it may be appropriate to re-examine radioprotective or hypoxic cell cytotoxic agents that were either abandoned or not actively used given their considerable side effects. This may be especially true for hypoxia as the argument can be made on a mechanistic basis that SBRT is inappropriate for use with hypoxic tumors. However, we would challenge that notion. We will discuss these topics from a radiobiological perspective.
An artificial metalloenzyme with the kinetics of native enzymes

Artificial metalloenzymes ideally combine the favorable properties of natural enzymes with the high efficiency of synthetic catalysts. Inserting new metal groups into existing native proteins, however, often leads to poorer overall catalytic efficiency. To break through this limitation, Dydio et al. replaced the iron in the heme group of cytochrome P450 with iridium and subjected it to directed evolution. The enzyme catalyzed a range of reactions with kinetics similar to those of the native enzyme. It was also able to functionalize fully unactivated C-H bonds, a reaction that previously has only been mediated by synthetic catalysts. Moreover, the artificial enzyme was stable across temperatures and scales that are used industrially. Science , this issue p. [102][1] [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aah4427
Understanding Response Time in the Redundancy-d System

An increasingly prevalent technique for improving response time in queueing systems is the use of redundancy. In a system with redundant requests, each job that arrives to the system is copied and dispatched to multiple servers. As soon as the first copy completes service, the job is considered complete, and all remaining copies are deleted. A great deal of empirical work has demonstrated that redundancy can significantly reduce response time in systems ranging from Google's BigTable service to kidney transplant waitlists.We propose a theoretical model of redundancy, the Redundancy- d system, in which each job sends redundant copies to d servers chosen uniformly at random. We derive the first exact expressions for mean response time in Redundancy-d systems with any finite number of servers. We also find asymptotically exact expressions for the distribution of response time as the number of servers approaches infinity.
Constraints to pickup basketball participation among Chinese American women.

ABSTRACTThis study examined Chinese American women's leisure experience within the context of male- and African/White American-dominated pickup basketball. Participants, who were serious basketball players, encountered numerous constraints unique to their identities as Asian females, and these were inexorably linked to how pickup basketball is organized in the United States. While some informants stopped playing basketball because of constraints, others developed ingenious negotiation strategies to combat constraints and to maintain participation.
Use of Structural Family Therapy With an Individual Client Diagnosed With Intermittent Explosive Disorder: A Case Study

ABSTRACTWhile significant contributions have been made in analyzing the efficacy of the systemic approach with individual clients, debate on the subject continues to cast a shadow of doubt on the practice. In this article, the author presents the use of Structural Family Therapy with an individual adult client, diagnosed with intermittent explosive disorder. The use of the systemic approach as the foundation for the treatment plan was shown to be effective, as demonstrated by the client’s reduction in hostility and improved overall well-being. The outcomes revealed this approach to be effective in improving the individual client’s functioning, without working directly with the entire relational system.
Faculty Use of Computers, Group Work, Writing Assignments and Presentations in the Undergraduate Introductory Finance Course

This paper examines faculty use of computers, group work, writing assignments and presentations in the undergraduate introductory finance course. The data was collected from a national survey sent out in the spring of 2000 and is an extension of the findings reported in Saunders [2001]. Most finance faculty use computers as an in-class teaching method and for out-of-class assignments. Approximately half of finance faculty use group work and writing assignments. Fewer than half of finance faculty use student presentations in their in their courses.
Waxy Wheat Flour as a Freeze-Thaw Stable Ingredient Through Rheological Studies

A large variety of foods including soups, sauces, and other items that may experience freezing use specialty ingredients to prevent negative effects of freezing. While multiple modified starches derived from maize are available to do this, unmodified flours that may be able to carry a “natural” label are not used widely. To begin to analyze whether other alternative solutions are possible in unutilized flours, waxy wheat flour was subjected to freeze-thaw characterization through rheology to provide insight to textural changes that may occur. In order to determine freeze-thaw-induced changes, gelatinized solutions of waxy and regular wheat flours were subjected to shear rate sweeps, oscillatory rheological tests, and large amplitude oscillatory shear testing before and after freeze-thaw cycles. Minimal changes in rheological behaviors were observed in waxy wheat samples compared to regular wheat samples. Waxy wheat flour was also analyzed through differential scanning calorimetry both before and after being subjected to ten freeze-thaw cycles. Syneresis effects were also determined after each freeze-thaw cycle. Waxy wheat exhibited <5% water loss while regular wheat showed 25–40% water loss. Differential scanning calorimetry after freeze-thaw cycles were found to exhibit negligible retrogradation enthalpy values in waxy wheat samples as compared to 1.3–1.8 J/g in regular wheat samples. Results suggested that waxy wheat can serve as a novel and natural food ingredient for freeze-thaw stabilization in foods such as soups, dressings, and frozen meals.
Improved Detection of Correlated Signals in Low-Rank-Plus-Noise Type Data Sets Using Informative Canonical Correlation Analysis (ICCA)

We consider two matrix-valued data sets that are modeled as low-rank-correlated-signal-plus-Gaussian noise. When empirical canonical correlation analysis (CCA) is used to infer these latent correlations, there is a broad regime, where this inference will fail, which was classified by Bao and collaborators in the limit of high dimensionality and sample size. This regime includes the setting, previously considered by Pezeshki and collaborators, where the sample size is less than the combined dimensionality of the data sets. We revisit this detection problem by first observing that the empirically estimated canonical correlation coefficients are the singular values of the inner products between the right singular vectors of the two data sets. Motivated by random matrix theory insights, we propose an algorithm, which we label informative CCA (ICCA), that infers the presence of latent correlations by considering the singular values of only the informative right singular vectors of each data set. We establish fundamental detection limits for ICCA and show that it dramatically outperforms empirical CCA in broad regimes, where empirical CCA provably fails. We extend our theoretical analysis to the setting, where the data sets have randomly missing data and for more general noise models. Finally, we validate our theoretical results with numerical simulations and a real-world experiment.
MITRE at SemEval-2017 Task 1: Simple Semantic Similarity.

This paper describes MITRE’s participation in the Semantic Textual Similarity task (SemEval-2017 Task 1), which evaluated machine learning approaches to the identification of similar meaning among text snippets in English, Arabic, Spanish, and Turkish. We detail the techniques we explored ranging from simple bag-of-ngrams classifiers to neural architectures with varied attention and alignment mechanisms. Linear regression is used to tie the systems together into an ensemble submitted for evaluation. The resulting system is capable of matching human similarity ratings of image captions with correlations of 0.73 to 0.83 in monolingual settings and 0.68 to 0.78 in cross-lingual conditions, demonstrating the power of relatively simple approaches.
Universal design for learning in the framework of neuroscience-based education and Neuroimaging-based assessment

Universal Design for Learning (UDL) has been proposed to facilitate the training processes and improve the learning outcome. The article reviews the theories in neuroscience-based learning and evidences of brain imaging studies that relates to the principles and design of UDL. Neuroimaging based assessment strategy is also reviewed as it may provide an objective means of evaluating learning outcomes in the application of UDL. Then, the challenges and opportunities in using brain imaging in UDL are identified and discussed. Finally, we discussed the need of UDL principles, its implementation, and evaluation via neuroimaging technologies in the framework of neuroscience-based education for professional training in air traffic controllers at the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Academy.
"Can You Repeat That?" Teaching Active Listening in Management Education.

Listening is a critical communication skill and therefore an essential element of management education. Active listening surpasses passive listening or simple hearing to establish a deeper connecti...
MRD negativity as a surrogate for PFS in CLL

In this issue of Blood, Dimier et al, for the first time, quantitate the relationship between minimal residual disease (MRD) negativity and progression-free survival (PFS) in patients receiving chemoimmunotherapy as first-line treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), establishing its validity as a surrogate marker for PFS.1
Investigations of the Magnetic Perpendicular Exchange Bias in L10 FePt/NiO Bilayer Thin Films

We report on the exploration of perpendicular exchange bias in iron platinum/nickel oxide (FePt/NiO) bilayer thin films grown using pulsed laser deposition (PLD) on MgO (100) substrates. Exchange bias is an important property for giant magnetoresistance, and, as such has promise for applications in spin valves, magnetic sensors and magnetic random access memory. The magnetic L10 phase of FePt is known for having high perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, tunable coercivity/grain size and large magnetic storage density. The FePt layer was first deposited directly on MgO, followed by the deposition of the NiO layer on top of the FePt layer. The coercivity of the L10 FePt layer was tuned during growth to form a hard or soft magnetic layer. The FePt/NiO thin films grown for this study exhibit perpendicular exchange bias at 5K, as quantified using our SQUID measurements. XRD confirms parallel plane ordering between the MgO (200), FePt (002) and NiO (111) atomic planes while cross sectional TEM confirms the epitaxial growth of L10-FePt(001) //MgO(100) and the preferential growth of NiO on top of the FePt. Films of only FePt were grown to examine the surface architecture of the ferromagnetic layer and thus the interface of the FePt/NiO bilayer. The results from our XRD, TEM and magnetometry characterization of the FePt films and FePt/NiO bilayer thin films will be discussed.
Idealization in applied first-order logic

Applying first-order logic to derive the consequences of laws that are only approximately true of empirical phenomena involves idealization of a kind that is akin to applying arithmetic to calculate the area of a rectangular surface from approximate measures of the lengths of its sides. Errors in the data, in the exactness of the lengths in one case and in the exactness of the laws in the other, are in some measure transmitted to the consequences deduced from them, and the aim of a theory of idealization is to describe this process. The present paper makes a start on this in the case of applied first-order logic, and relates it to Plato's picture of a world or model of 'appearances' in which laws are only approximately true, but which to some extent resembles an ideal world or model in which they are exactly true.
On the foundations of the theory of elastic shells

The foundation problem of the theory of thin elastic shells is the formulation of a two-dimensional system of differential equations and boundary conditions for a rational approximate determination of stresses and deformations in three-dimensional elastic bodies of the form of a (thin) elastic layer surrounding a surface in space, the middle surface of the shell.
Model Cu/ZnO Catalysts for Water-Gas Shift and Methanol Synthesis Based on Single Crystals

Abstract We have prepared model catalysts based on Cu(111) and Cu/ZnO(0001) single crystal surfaces. These have been structurally and kinetically characterized using a combination of ultrahigh vacuum surface analyses (XPS, AES, ISS, LEED, TDS) before and after medium-pressure ( x -dosed Cu(111) indicate that the dissociative adsorption of H 2 O is the rate-determining step under our reaction conditions, and that metallic Cu is the active site. The interaction of H 2 S with Cu(111) and the consequent poisoning of WGS catalysis has also been studied. Cesium addition to Cu(111) causes a 15-fold increase in the WGS rate at a coverage of one Cs atom per ~8 Cu surface atoms. This is attributed to direct participation of a surface CsOH species in H 2 O dissociation. Vapor-deposited Cu overlayers on the oxygen-terminated ZnO(0001) surface show no uniquely high activity for methanol synthesis. The interaction of CO 2 with Cu(111) indicates that CO 2 is unlikely to produce any significant coverage of adsorbed oxygen or Cu oxides on the metallic Cu surface under methanol synthesis conditions. In addition, the electronic structure of Cu in and on ZnO clusters and the bonding mechanisms of small molecules on Cu and ZnO clusters have been studied using quantum chemical (INDO) methods.
Global Gravitational Models

This chapter discusses the development and use of Global Gravitational Models (GGMs), specifically those GGMs that are represented in the form of spherical (and/or ellipsoidal) harmonic coefficients. With the mathematical details having been presented in Chap. 3 of Part I of this book, the focus here is on the main concepts and considerations involved in the design and in the choice of alternative techniques and strategies that can be used to develop GGMs.
Cortistatin- A Novel Member of the Somatostatin Gene Family

Cortistatin (CST) is a recently discovered neuropeptide from the somatostatin (SST) gene family named after its predominantly cortical expression and ability to depress cortical activity [1]. CST shows many remarkable structural and functional similarities to its related neuropeptide SST. However, the many physiological differences between CST and SST are just as remarkable as the similarities. CST-14 shares 11 of its 14 amino acids with SST-14, including the FWKT tetramer thought to be responsible for SST's receptor interactions and the pair of cysteine residues that likely render the peptides cyclic [2]. Yet the nucleotide sequences and chromosomal localizations of these genes clearly indicate they are products of separate genes and CST's activity in the brain is widely distinct from that of SST [3].
Intracellular Delivery Considerations for RNAi Therapeutics

Intracellular delivery of the wide range of RNAi therapeutics is a complex process that remains to be fully understood and mastered. This chapter discusses the current understanding of the process of intracellular delivery of RNAi triggers from multiple perspectives. The delivery requirements are primarily determined by the properties and intracellular site of action of the RNAi molecule. Main intracellular barriers to nonviral delivery of siRNA, shRNA, and miRNA are discussed, together with the latest methods to overcome them. The barriers covered include cellular uptake, endosomal escape, cytoplasmic trafficking, nuclear entry, and therapeutic cargo release from delivery vectors.
Unique fan morphology in an entrenched thalweg channel on the Rhône Fan

The elongate Rhone Fan is the largest turbidite system in the western Mediterranean and contains an elevated channel-levee system which constitutes the fan valley (Droz and Bellaiche 1985). Unique to modern submarine systems, both the Rhone fan-valley and an inner thalweg channel have arcuate, scallop- or cuspate-shaped morphology (Fig. 13.1), a morphology which is best developed in the modern thalweg channel (O’Connell et al. 1991). Between 1650 and 2200 m below sea level (mbs1) this channel and the surrounding fan-valley were investigated with a deep-towed, high-resolution side-looking sonar and a 4.5 kHz sub-bottom profiler (SeaMARC I; Fig. 13.2). Some of these images (Fig. 13.3), which provide information on the scale of a few tens of metres, are presented, and their implications for fan processes are discussed. Details of the acquisition of the data presented here are given in O’Connell et al. (1991).
Androgen receptors in normal and abnormal male sexual differentiation.

Androgens act in target tissues via specific intracellular receptors. Indeed, all the functions controlled by androgen effects are mediated by androgen receptors, including sexual differentiation during fetal life, maturation at puberty and maintenance of sexual function and fertility in adult life. In this review, we will describe: A) the physiology of male sexual differentiation; B) abnormalities of male sexual differentiation; and C) studies of androgen receptors in man and their relationship to the pathophysiology of abnormal androgen action.
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) acts in the nucleus accumbens to reduce hedonic drive

Obesity develops, in part, due to frequent overconsumption. Therefore, it is important to identify the regulatory mechanisms that promote eating beyond satiety. Previously, we have demonstrated that an acute microinjection of the neuropeptide PACAP into the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) attenuates palatable food consumption in satiated rats. To better understand the mechanism by which intra-NAcc PACAP selectively blocks palatable food intake, the current work employed a rodent taste reactivity paradigm to assess the impact of PACAP on the hedonic processing of a 1% sucrose solution. Our results revealed that bilateral intra-NAcc PACAP infusions significantly reduced appetitive orofacial responses to sucrose. Interestingly, the effect of PACAP on the expression of aversive responses to sucrose was dependent on the rostral-caudal placement of the microinjection. In a separate group of rats, PACAP was microinjected into the hypothalamus (a region of the brain in which PACAP does not attenuate palatable feeding). Here we found that PACAP had no effect on the hedonic perception of the sucrose solution. Taken together, this dataset indicates that PACAP acts in specific subregions of the NAcc to attenuate palatability-induced feeding by reducing the perceived hedonic value of palatable food.
Patient Satisfaction, Nursing, and Radiology: A Review

Abstract This article presents a broad overview of the literature available since 2004 describing the study of patient satisfaction in radiology. The primary aim for this literature review was to analyze and update the literature related to patient satisfaction from a prior systematic review. The secondary aim was to examine how nursing has been studied within radiology with regard to patient satisfaction research. Combinations of search terms related to radiology and patient satisfaction were used to search three electronic databases. Of the studies reviewed, 14 references met inclusion criteria. This review concludes that there are challenges with the present study of patient satisfaction within radiology. Lack of consistent definitions, no conceptual frameworks, and limited studies involving nursing highlight the significant opportunity to continue research in this area.
Looking on the Bright Side: Aging and the Impact of Emotional Future Simulation on Subsequent Memory.

Objectives When younger adults simulated positive future events, subsequent memory is positively biased. In the current studies, we explore age-related changes in the impact of emotional future simulation on subsequent memory. Methods In Experiment 1, younger and older adults simulated emotional future events before learning the hypothetical outcome of each event via narratives. Memory was assessed for emotional details contained in those narratives. In Experiment 2, a shorter temporal delay between simulation and narrative encoding was used to reduce decay of simulation memory over time. Results Future simulation did not bias subsequent memory for older adults in Experiment 1. However, older adults performed similar to younger adults in Experiment 2, with more liberal responses to positive information after positive simulation. Discussion The impact of an optimistic outlook on subsequent memory is reduced with age, which may be at least partly attributable to declining memory for future simulations over time. This work broadens our understanding of the functional consequences of age-related declines in episodic future simulation and adds to previous work showing reduced benefits of simulation with age on tasks tapping adaptive functions.
Pharmacotherapy of Adult ADHD

This chapter explains pharmacotherapy of adult Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The aggregate literature supports the notion that pharmacotherapy provides an effective treatment for adults with ADHD. Effective pharmacological treatments for ADHD adults include the use of the psychostimulants and antidepressants, with unclear efficacy of cognitive enhancers. Structured psychotherapy may be effective when used adjunctly with medications. Groups focused on coping skills, support, and interpersonal psychotherapy may also be very useful for these adults. For adults considering advanced schooling, educational planning, and alterations in the school environment may be necessary. Further controlled investigations assessing the efficacy of single and combination agents for adults with ADHD are necessary, with careful attention to diagnostics, symptom ,and neuropsychological outcome, long-term tolerability and efficacy, and use in specific ADHD subgroups. The chapter concludes that further studies applying stringent diagnostic criteria and outcome methodology are necessary to enhance the range of pharmacotherapeutic options for adults with ADHD.
ClustR: A Space-Time Cluster Analysis R Package for Individual-level Data.

Background Until recently, large individual-level longitudinal data were unavailable to investigate clusters of disease, driving a need for suitable statistical tools. We introduce a robust, efficient, intuitive R package, ClustR, for space-time cluster analysis of individual-level data. Methods We developed ClustR and evaluated the tool using a simulated dataset mirroring the population of California with constructed clusters. We assessed Cluster's performance under various conditions and compared it with another space-time clustering algorithm: SaTScan. Results ClustR mostly exhibited high sensitivity for urban clusters and low sensitivity for rural clusters. Specificity was generally high. Compared with SaTScan, ClustR ran faster and demonstrated similar sensitivity, but had lower specificity. Select cluster types were detected better by ClustR than SaTScan and vice versa. Conclusion ClustR is a user-friendly, publicly available tool designed to perform efficient cluster analysis on individual-level data, filling a gap among current tools. ClustR and SaTScan exhibited different strengths and may be useful in conjunction.
Intensive Home Hemodialysis Survival Comparable to Deceased Donor Kidney Transplantation.

Abstract Introduction Kidney transplant remains the treatment of choice for end stage kidney disease but access to transplant is limited by a disparity between supply and demand for suitable organs. This organ shortfall has resulted in the use of a wider range of donor kidneys and, in parallel, a re-examination of potential alternative renal replacement therapies. Previous studies comparing Canadian intensive home hemodialysis with deceased donor kidney transplant in the US, reported similar survival suggesting intensive home hemodialysis might be a plausible alternative. Methods Using data from the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients and an experienced US-based intensive home hemodialysis program in Lynchburg, VA, we retrospectively compared mortality outcomes of a cohort of intensive home hemodialysis patients to transplant recipients within the same geographic region between October 1997 and June 2014. Results We identified 3073 transplant recipients and 116 intensive home hemodialysis patients. Living donor kidney transplantation (n=1212) had the highest survival and 47% reduction in risk of death compared to intensive home hemodialysis (hazard ratio (HR) 0.53, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.34-0.83). Survival of intensive home hemodialysis patients did not statistically differ from that of deceased donor transplant recipients (n=1834) in adjusted analyses (HR=0.96, 95% CI: 0.62-1.48) or when exclusively compared to marginal (Kidney Donor Profile Index>85%) transplant recipients (HR=1.35, 95% CI: 0.84-2.16). Conclusion Our study showed comparable overall survival between intensive home hemodialysis and deceased donor kidney transplantation. For appropriate patients, intensive home hemodialysis could serve as bridging therapy to transplant and a tenable long-term renal replacement therapy.
A cross-institutional investigation of a flipped module on preservice teachers’ interest in teaching computational thinking

Informed by the person–object theory of interest, this study deployed a mixed-method concurrent triangulation design and investigated the impact of major/specialization, gender, and module design o...
A Physics-Driven Deep-Learning Inverse Solver for Subsurface Sensing

Solving inverse problems accurately and efficiently has always been an important issue in subsurface sensing. Pure data-driven machine learning methods have achieved great success in the past few years, but these methods still face questions about reliability. At the same time, extremely massive data without any physical guidance may lead to missing opportunities for breakthroughs. In this paper, we propose a physics-driven deep learning framework for providing a fast and accurate surrogate to solve non-linear inverse problems. Particularly, leveraged by the forward physical model and 1D Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), the proposed method provides more reliable solutions to the inverse problem with improved performance. Applications for magnetotelluric data inversion demonstrate the effectiveness of our method.
Choosing the Best Treatment Approach for Axial Vein Reflux: Thermal versus Nonthermal Approaches

Chronic venous insufficiency is a common and treatable medical condition which has a high morbidity if left untreated, progressing to lower extremity edema, skin changes of lipodermatosclerosis, and venous ulceration. Treatment options have significantly expanded over the last several decades, shifting away from the traditional surgical approach to more minimally invasive procedures such as endoluminal venous laser ablation or radiofrequency ablation. Even more recently, several techniques using nonthermal methods to ablate varicose veins have been developed, which offer the advantage of not requiring labor-intensive and painful tumescent anesthesia to protect the surrounding tissues. These techniques include mechanochemical ablation, cyanoacrylate closure, or polidocanol microfoam injection and can be offered to a wider range of patients without the need for sedation while offering similar closure rates and improved postprocedure symptom profile. Furthermore, certain patient characteristics which might preclude or complicate the use of thermal ablation methods might not pose a problem with nonthermal nontumescent methods.
Sports Injury Case Initially Found to Be Disability Discrimination

Over the years, students have made various legal challenges to high school and collegiate athletic associations in an attempt to preserve participation in a sport, from claims of third–party beneficiary status to defense of athletic reputation as a protectable interest. Recently, however, a new type of challenge has emerged: Injury as disability worthy of protection from discrimination. At least at the trial level, students can claim a victory.
B-scaling: A Novel Nonparametric Data Fusion Method

Very often for the same scientific question, there may exist different techniques or experiments that measure the same numerical quantity. Historically, various methods have been developed to exploit the information within each type of data independently. However, statistical data fusion methods that could effectively integrate multi-source data under a unified framework are lacking. In this paper, we propose a novel data fusion method, called B-scaling, for integrating multi-source data. Consider $K$ measurements that are generated from different sources but measure the same latent variable through some linear or nonlinear ways. We seek to find a representation of the latent variable, named B-mean, which captures the common information contained in the $K$ measurements while takes into account the nonlinear mappings between them and the latent variable. We also establish the asymptotic property of the B-mean and apply the proposed method to integrate multiple histone modifications and DNA methylation levels for characterizing epigenomic landscape. Both numerical and empirical studies show that B-scaling is a powerful data fusion method with broad applications.
Der Angiotensin-AT 1 -Rezeptorantagonist CV 11974 reguliert den zerebralen Fluß und die Angiotensin-AT 1 -Rezeptorexpression im Gehirn

Wir untersuchten die zerebrale Blutflusautoregulation mittels Laser-Doppler-Flusmessung und die Expression des Angiotensin-II-AT1-Rezeptors im Gehirn durch quantitative Autoradiographic, nach Verabreichung des Angiotensin-II-AT1-Rezeptorantagonisten CV 11974 (Candesartan 0,5 oder 1,0 mg/kg/Tag) 2 Wochen lang uber subkutan implantierte osmotische Pumpen an erwachsenen normotensiven Wistar (WKY) und spontan hypertensiven Ratten (SHR). Bei SHR ist die Autoregulationskurve im Vergleich zu normotensiven Wistar-Kyoto-Ratten in Richtung hoherer Blutdrucke verschoben.
Bioarchaeology and the Ethics of Research Using Human Skeletal Remains

In a recent article, Pobst refers to bioarchaeologists as “grave-robbing scientists,” a phrase that negatively and inaccurately describes such researchers. This paper provides an overview of the history of the collection of human skeletal remains by anthropologists and others, which has resulted in misconceptions about current practices in the field, and of the important changes that have been made in recent decades to ensure that bioarchaeological research is done ethically. Recent Black Death research is emphasized as an example of bioarchaeology that conforms to the ethical standards of numerous organizations and avoids the exploitative use of human remains against the wishes of descendant populations.
Automatically constructing a directory of molecular biology databases

There has been an explosion in the volume of biology-related information that is available in online databases. But finding the right information can be challenging. Not only is this information spread over multiple sources, but often, it is hidden behind form interfaces of online databases. There are several ongoing efforts that aim to simplify the process of finding, integrating and exploring these data. However, existing approaches are not scalable, and require substantial manual input. Notable examples include the NCBI databases and the NAR database compilation. As an important step towards a scalable solution to this problem, we describe a new infrastructure that automates, to a large extent, the process of locating and organizing online databases. We show how this infrastructure can be used to automate the construction and maintenance of a Molecular Biology database collection. We also provide an evaluation which shows that the infrastructure is scalable and effective--it is able to efficiently locate and accurately identify the relevant online databases.
Understanding the Defined Benefit versus Defined Contribution Choice

Defined benefit (DB) plans and defined contribution (DC) plans are the two main types of retirement pensions sponsored by US employers. This paper explores the choices made by employees in a non-profit firm when offered the option of switching from a DB to a DC plan. Overall, half of the employees switched into the DC plan and half stayed with the DB. We find that both demographic and economic factors affected an employee's plan switch decisions. We also find that the default option - by making no active election an employee remained in the old DB plan - had an important impact on some employees' retirement savings. Surprisingly, half of the employees under age of 40 who could potentially benefit more from the DC plan defaulted to the DB plan, and the DB defaulters were more similar to the DC switchers than DB choosers. According to the employer's calculation, altogether the defaulted employees with positive opportunity costs have forgone $7M, or 37 percent of their annual salary. Among those who switched to the DC plan, the contribution rates were affected by the DC plan match formula, the employee's age, salary, and other saving. Given the actual behavior of those who switched, there was virtually no change in employer pension expenses after the switch.