cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The total cost of father desertion.

Objectives: The benefits of paternal investment have long been explored by assessing the impact of father's presence on child wellbeing. Previous studies, however, have only examined the average effect of father's presence on child survivorship. Here we assess the total fitness cost to men of deserting (or the benefit of staying), by considering effects on the entire progeny. We estimate the total number of children that a deserting father can expect to lose due to reduced survivorship over the life course in five populations, and compare this loss to the benefit gains from remarrying a younger wife. Methods: We compiled the observed impacts of father's absence, as well as mortality and fertility schedules, for five foraging or foraging/horticultural populations. We calculate how many additional children a man can expect to lose due to father's absence throughout a marriage. We then calculate the minimum age difference between a first and second spouse that would be necessary to overcome this cost. Results: Because child mortality rates drop so rapidly, the costs that men experience from desertion due to augmented child mortality are modest throughout marriage. Even hypothetically inflated father effects can be overcome with modest age differences between first and second spouses. Conclusions: Returns to paternal investment in terms of increased child survival are not substantial compared to those received by successfully practicing a serial mating strategy. This suggests that factors other than the ability to enhance child survival, such as female choice, are important to the evolutionary history and continued adaptive functioning of men's unique reproductive strategies. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Whole‐body continuously moving table fat–water MRI with dynamic B0 shimming at 3 Tesla

Purpose The purpose of this work was to develop a rapid and robust whole-body fat–water MRI (FWMRI) method using a continuously moving table (CMT) with dynamic field corrections at 3 Tesla. Methods CMT FWMRI was developed at 3 Tesla with a multiecho golden angle (GA) radial trajectory and dynamic B0 field shimming. Whole-body imaging was performed with 4 echoes and superior–inferior coverage of 1.8 meters without shims in 90 s. 716 axial images were reconstructed with GA profile binning followed by B0 field map generation using fast three-point seeded region growing fat–water separation and slice-specific 0th and 1st order shim calculation. Slice-specific shims were applied dynamically in a repeated CMT FWMRI scan in the same session. The resulting images were evaluated for field homogeneity improvements and quality of fat–water separation with a whole-image energy optimized algorithm. Results GA sampling allowed high quality whole-body FWMRI from multiecho CMT data. Dynamic B0 shimming greatly improved field homogeneity in the body and produced high quality water and fat only images as well as fat signal fraction and R2* relaxivity maps. Conclusion A rapid and robust technique for whole-body fat–water quantification has been developed with CMT MRI with dynamic B0 field correction. Magn Reson Med, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Jazz Improvisation and Organizing: Once More from the Top

This is a response to the special issue ofOrganization Science on Jazz Improvisation and Organizing (Vol. 9, No. 5, 1998). It is a call to unpack the jazz metaphor by extending the notion of jazz, and thereby the value of the metaphor, beyond the limited definition described in the issue. In that issue, jazz was described as a process of improvising within a highly constrained structure and set of rules. Other genres of jazz, however, have gone beyond those constraints. Jazz improvisation has occurred within forms, with forms, and beyond forms. Perhaps organizational improvisation may as well.
Percutaneous Image-guided Biopsy in an Elderly Population

Purpose To evaluate the safety, accuracy, and clinical use of image-guided biopsy results in an elderly (age ≥80 years) patient population. Materials and Methods Image-guided biopsy results of 722 elderly patients were obtained from our image-guided biopsy database over a 5-year period. This retrospective study of the data yielded 616 cases. The accuracy and complication rates for the elderly population were compared with the remaining patients in the database who were younger than 80 years of age ( n = 13,012). In addition, use of biopsy results for treatment was also evaluated against a group of randomly selected younger patients who were matched for type and location of biopsy. Results Image-guided biopsy in both patient groups was characterized by a high accuracy rate (95% for the elderly patients vs 96.5% for others), but the accuracy rate was significantly higher in the nonelderly group ( P = .0247). Image-guided biopsy in elderly patients did not carry a greater complication rate compared with younger patients for any major complication. Use of malignant biopsy results (ie, initiating any therapy) was significantly less common in elderly patients (58% underwent therapy) than in younger age groups. In patients aged 60–70 y, 100% initiated therapy; in patients aged 70–80 y, 95% underwent therapy. Conclusions Image-guided biopsy in elderly patients is a safe and accurate procedure. There is no greater risk of complication in elderly patients. Malignant diagnoses achieved by image-guided biopsy in elderly patients resulted less frequently in the initiation of therapy for malignancy.
Applying expert systems for designing high frequency power transformers

In industry, it is becoming increasingly important to reduce concept-to-product time. The design of high frequency transformers presents a challenge due to its dependence on application and its need to be very low cost. To meet these challenges, an expert system-based design is presented which is able to capture the design process used by experts. >
Hypoxia-Induced Epigenetic Regulation and Silencing of the BRCA1 Promoter

H3K9 acetylation in the BRCA1 promoters, consistent with the acute effects of hypoxic stress. Hypoxia-induced BRCA1 promoter silencing persisted in subsequent normoxic conditions but could be reversed by treatment with a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor but not with a DNA methylation inhibitor. Interestingly, treatment of cells with inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) can cause short-term repression of BRCA1 expression, but such treatment does not produce H3K4 or H3K9 histone modification or BRCA1 promoter silencing. These results suggest that hypoxia is a driving force for long-term silencing of BRCA1, thereby promoting genome instability and tumor progression.
Walter Kohn as a Scientist and a Citizen

For over half a century I have enjoyed speaking and corresponding with Walter Kohn, and studying some of his work, and over this time I have felt a growing respect for the depth of his insights and for his conscientiousness as a member of the scientific community.
Machine protection strategies for high power accelerators

The Machine Protection System Requirements for a number of accelerators have been reviewed. The specific requirements vary depending on the type of machine, beam power, pulse length, etc. Some system concepts are common to a number of accelerators and these systems will be discussed. The Machine Protection System (MPS) must protect beam apertures and insertable devices from damage, minimize radiation produced by the beam (ALARA) for hands on maintenance, and shut down the beam when beam-on-target parameters drift outside specifications. MPS systems should be used as an Accelerator diagnostic. MPS can trigger data acquisition when a fault occurs, and start post mortem applications automatically. Tight integration with timing and other systems allows automatic recovery from beam faults.
Hyperpolarizing effects of dopamine on chemoreceptor nerve endings from cat and rabbit carotid bodies in vitro.

1. The effects of dopamine on DC potential changes recorded from the carotid sinus nerve were studied in vitro using carotid bodies and associated sinus nerves removed from anaesthetized cats and rabbits. 2. The carotid body was placed in one compartment of a superfusion chamber and was superfused with buffered salt solution. The carotid sinus nerve was led into an adjoining compartment, containing lightweight mineral oil, for recording DC potential changes with chlorided silver electrodes. 3. Dopamine injected into the superfusing solution in amounts of 50-250 μg caused hyperpolarization of the DC potential. This effect occurred repeatedly in each preparation, the maximum number of tests in any one preparation being twenty-seven. 4. In the same preparations, acetylcholine (50-100 μg) and NaCN (10-20 μg) caused depolarizations of the DC potential, effects that have been described by others. 5. The hyperpolarizing effects of dopamine were reduced or abolished by the α-adrenergic antagonists, dihydroergotamine (10-100 μg/ml.) and phenoxybenzamine (5 μg/ml.) and the dopamine antagonist droperidol (10-25 μg/ml.). 6. The results indicate that the inhibitory effects of dopamine on the frequency of carotid body chemosensory discharges in cats and rabbits are due to hyperpolarization of chemoreceptor afferent nerve endings and not necessarily to local vascular effects in the carotid body.
“I don't know how to use words in Spanish”: Rosetta Stone and Learner Proficiency Outcomes

The article looks at the effectiveness of online foreign language learning systems, focusing on the language learning program Rosetta Stone. The author outlines her research, which compared the language proficiency outcomes for three groups of college students: a group taking a first-level Spanish course, a group completing Rosetta Stone, and a group doing both. Topics include communicative competence and the assessments within Rosetta Stone.
Prevalence of Diagnosed Sleep Disorders in Pediatric Primary Care Practices

OBJECTIVES: The primary aim was to determine the prevalence of International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9), sleep disorders diagnosed by pediatric providers in a large, primary care network. Secondary aims were to examine demographic variables related to these diagnoses and to examine the frequency of prescriptions for medications potentially used to treat sleep disorders. METHODS: Electronic medical records were reviewed for 154957 patients (0–18 years) seen for a well-child visit in 2007. Information collected included ICD-9 sleep diagnoses, demographic variables, comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorders, provider type, and medications. RESULTS: Across all ages, 3.7% of youths had an ICD-9 diagnosis for a sleep disorder. The most-common diagnoses were sleep disorder not otherwise specified, enuresis, and sleep-disordered breathing. Predictors of sleep disorders varied according to developmental age group and included growth parameters, comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or autism spectrum disorder, and provider type. Potential sleep-related medications were prescribed for 6.1% of the sample subjects. CONCLUSIONS: This study is one of the first to examine comprehensively ICD-9 sleep diagnoses given by primary care providers in a large representative sample of children 0 to 18 years of age. The 3.7% of patients with ICD-9 sleep diagnoses is significantly lower than prevalence rates reported in epidemiological studies, which suggests that primary care providers may be underdiagnosing sleep disorders in children and adolescents. Because sleep disorders are treatable when recognized, the results from this study suggest a significant need for additional education and support for primary care providers in the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric sleep disorders.
Juno microwave radiometer all-metal patch array antennas

This paper focuses on the design and RF performance of metal patch antenna arrays for the Juno microwave radiometer (MWR) instrument [1]. Juno is a NASA New Frontiers mission to Jupiter scheduled to launch in 2011. Metal patch antenna elements contain no dielectric. This is attractive for the Juno application because the elimination of dielectric prevents electrostatic discharge due to high-energy electrons in the Jovian orbital environment. Dielectric materials can be engineered to bleed static charge by doping them with carbon powder, but it can be difficult to obtain the desired balance of DC, RF, structural, and thermal performance. All-metal patches side-step these materials issues and provide a design that is amenable to predictable performance, both from an electrical and mechanical point of view. The metal patch design has good pattern performance and other advantages, including wide bandwidth, precise tuning, low mass, and good thermal and emissivity properties.
Active learning based robust monocular vehicle detection for on-road safety systems

In this paper, the framework is presented for using active learning to train a robust monocular on-road vehicle detector for active safety, based on Adaboost classification and Haar-like rectangular image features. An initial vehicle detector was trained using Adaboost and Haar-like rectangular image features and was very susceptible to false positives. This detector was run on an independent highway dataset, storing true detections and false positives to obtain a selectively sampled training set for the active learning training iteration. Various configurations of the newly trained classifier were tested, experimenting with the trade-off between detection rate and false detection rate. Experimental results show that this method yields a vehicle classifier with a high detection rate and low false detection rate on real data, yielding a valuable addition to environmental awareness for intelligent active safety systems in vehicles.
Does Flower Color Change in Aster vimineus Cue Pollinators

Abstract Flower color change, floral rewards, and the size of a floral display in relation to pollinator attraction were studied in Aster vimineus. The center disk florets of A. vimineus are either all yellow or all red in a given flower. We determined that this variation in disk color was due to localized color change from yellow to red. Yellow florets contained more pollen and a greater percentage of viable pollen than red florets. All pollinator types consistently preferred flowers with yellow disks over those with red disks. The addition of nectar did not influence pollinator visitation rates, unless the pollinators were choosing only among flowers with red disks. Retention of the flowers with red disks allowed for greater floral display which increased pollinator visitation rates.
Analysis of Laminated Shells of Revolution

A finite-element method is presented for the static stress analysis of laminated orthotropic shells of revolution under arbitrary loads. The shell is approximated by a system of short conical frusta, and the stiffness for each element is derived by means of variational principles. Various problems were solved and comparison of these results with known analytical solutions shows extremely good correlation.
Temperature Dependence of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of Fe 57 in Magnetite

A report is made of an attempt to fit the temperature dependence of the observed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) frequencies for the two sublattices in magnetite to the measured temperature dependence of the magnetization. It is shown that when the microwave ${g}_{\mathrm{eff}}$ values as reported in the literature are used in this calculation, no fit between the NMR experiment and the moment measurement is obtained. If a ${g}_{\mathrm{eff}}=2$ is assumed, however, the data may be brought into good agreement.
Tell Me More: Designing HRI to Encourage More Trust, Disclosure, and Companionship

Previous HRI research has established that trust, disclosure, and a sense of companionship lead to positive outcomes. We explored improving these aspects of HRI through robot behavior. Specifically, we increased the expressivity and vulnerability of a robot and measured the effects on trust, disclosure, and companionship during human-robot interaction. We engaged (N = 61) high school aged students in a 2 (vulnerability of robot: high vs. low) × 2 (expressivity of robot: high vs. low) between-subjects study where participants engaged in a short electronics learning activity with a robotic tutor. Our results show that students had more trust and feelings of companionship with a vulnerable robot, and reported disclosing more with an expressive robot. This video highlights some of the qualitative interactions students had with the robot as well as a discussion of their experiences around trust, disclosure, and companionship with the robot. The video clips of student interactions show how vulnerability and expressivity can be used to engender trust, disclosure, and companionship between a person and robot.
Shock Wave Induced Collapse of Arrays of Nanobubbles Located Next to a Lipid Membrane: Coarse-Grained Computer Simulations.

We used molecular dynamics simulations to study creation of pores in lipid bilayer membranes by inducing shock waves in systems containing arrays of nanobubbles next to these membranes. Shock waves impinged on the bubbles imploding them and produced nanojets that subsequently hit the bilayers making pores in them. Our simulations were performed using the MARTINI coarse-grained force field. The emphasis in our study was on the interaction of shock waves with two-bubble arrays when the bubbles were placed in different alignments. We observed that the largest damage to the bilayer was produced when two bubbles were positioned in a serial alignment and the bubbles touched each other. When two touching each other bubbles were located parallel to the membrane surface and at the same distance from the surface, the membrane damage was reduced, compared to the damage done by explosion of two independent nanobubbles. When two nanobubbles were placed in slanted configurations, the damage was intermediate between dam...
Study on epidemic status and influencing factors of depression among high school students in a county

Objective To understand the epidemic characteristics and influencing factors of depression among rural high school students in a rural county,so as to provide a scientific basis for the government to develop early prevention and health promotion strategies.Methods With stratified,cluster and random sampling method,872 students in a high school were selected in this survey.Adolescent health and behavior questionnaires were given to them,including the behaviour and attitudes,temper and mood,daily activities,health behavior,and so on.Results Depression scores in high school students were between 27 and 111,the mean score was(52.22±12.66).Depression score was significantly higher in those who had low height than higher ones.Students with higher depression score were much easier to have a higher incidence of suicide ideation than those with low depression score.Multivariate linear regression analysis indicated that height,drink and sleep quality were related to depression.Conclusions Depression is common among high school students and should be seriously concerned.Comprehensive interventions should be carried out to improve their mental health.
QTL Mapping of Sink-Source Related Traits Using Two Sets of Reciprocal Introgression Lines in Rice

QTL for source-related traits including flag leaf length(FLL),flag leaf width(FLW),flag leaf area(FLA),leaf dry weight(LDW) and specific leaf weight(SLW) and sink-related traits including spikelet number per panicle(SNP),thousand grain weight(TGW) and filled grain weight per panicle(FGWP) were detected using two sets of reciprocal introgression lines(ILs) derived from a cross between Chinese indica cultivar Teqing and American japonica cultivar Lemont and 384 single nucleotide polymorphism markers.Teqing had significant larger FLL,SNP and FGWP but smaller FLW than Lemont.Total of 62 QTL for sink-source(SS) related traits were identified,each averagely explaining 9.0% of phenotypic variation in the population with a range of 3.0%~27.9%.In the ILs in Lemont background(LT-ILs),17 QTL affecting SS-related traits were simultaneously detected in the six regions on chromosomes 2,3,4,6,9 and 11,accounting for 50% of number of QTL identified in LT-ILs.Similarly,13 QTL affecting SS-related traits were simultaneously detected in the five regions on chromosomes 1,3,4,8 and 12,accounting for 28.3% of number of QTL identified in the ILs in Teqing background(TQ-ILs).Introgression of Teqing alleles at most QTL increased trait values in LT-ILs while the opposite is true in TQ-ILs.Only 18(29.0%) QTL for SS-related traits were commonly detected in the reciprocal backgrounds,indicating there is obvious genetic background effect on QTL detection.Two regions,one of 35576704–36341768 on chromosome 3 harboring the QTL affecting FFLL,FLA,LFW,SNP and FGWP,and the other of 4560663–13503095 on chromosome 4 harboring the QTL affecting SLW,SNP and FGWP,were previously detected in different populations and could be considered as most important regions affecting SS-related traits in rice.The two regions are greatly useful for developing high yield potential rice cultivar with good harmony between sink and source by marker-assisted selection.
When Empathy Withers

This brief essay uses several works of fiction and nonfiction to illustrate the profound character of evil that obtains when individuals lose their capacity to empathize with the circumstances and situation of others. W.H. Auden explored the contours of human evil throughout much of his career and argued that it inhered, even at its most vicious, in all of humankind. The persistent challenge for nations particularly and civilization more generally is to acknowledge that fact and to ensure that this omnipresent and often apparently “unspectacular” force is not unleashed. The paper provides several examples aimed at illustrating that observers should consider current trends in American policy and politics carefully as they signal a sharp decline in empathy for major groups within the polity, an inauspicious sign for United States democratic politics.
Research in Small-Firm Entrepreneurial Finance: A Note on Developing a Paradigm

There is an increased interest in small companies and entrepreneurship among academicians and policy makers. The melting of the cold war and the collapse of the socialist economies of the Soviet bloc, in combination with the interest of the affected countries in imitating some form of capitalistic economy, will make this area one of the key research items of the 1990s.
Explaining city applications of smart growth policies: insights from Maryland, USA

Little research examined how technical capacity contributes to smart growth applications. Therefore, this research paper applies case study analysis to investigate the effects of the technical capacity of city/town planning agencies on applications of smart growth policies to reduce urban sprawl. The case studies include 10 cities/towns located in different counties within the State of Maryland, USA. They represent four pairs/groups with comparable population size but different smart growth profiles.First, the researcher conducted content analysis of city/town comprehensive plans to assess how they have embraced smart growth policies. Then, she interviewed city/town planners to explore factors contributing to policy applications. The analysis indicates that city/town technical planning capacity (PC) is the most important factor contributing to smart growth applications. It shows that county applications of anti-sprawl policies lead cities/towns to adopt smart growth policies to manage future growth. In ad...
A Theoretical Framework for On-chip Stochastic Communication Analysis

One of the greatest challenges of the emerging VLSI technology is the shift from design determinism to design uncertainty. Indeed, at nanoscale, the chip manufacturability entails failure increase and unpredictable behavior and thus, in order to ensure system-level fault-tolerance, we need to consider alternative paradigms for on-chip communication. This paper investigates the theoretical foundations and the design implications of a biologically-inspired communication approach which can be used for on-chip multiprocessor communication.
On theAbraham equation for salt activities in concentrated solutions

It is shown that the equations derived byVoigt andAbraham for the calculation of salt activities in concentrated solutions are equivalent and that they satisfy theGibbs-Duhem equation.
Elucidating the role of adipose tissue secreted factors in malignant transformation

Although there is a growing number of incidences of obesity and obesity-linked cancers, how excess adiposity actually causes cancer has not been fully explained. Our previous study showed that remo...
The relationship between students’ counseling center contact and long-term educational outcomes.

Numerous studies have demonstrated that counseling centers deliver a positive impact on the emotional and social development of college students who receive services. These healthy outcomes, in turn, can lead to increased academic success, such as improved performance, retention, and persistence. While these short-term academic outcomes have been widely investigated, very few studies have explored the relationship between counseling center services and longer-term educational outcomes, such as final grade point average (GPA), time spent at the university, and degree completion. In the current study, counseling center usage, including appointments that were attended, cancelled, and no showed, as well as distal educational variables were examined within 2 cohorts of first-time full-time students over a 6-year period. Findings revealed that both users and nonusers of counseling center services spent a similar amount of time to degree completion and achieved comparable final semester GPAs as well. However, students who utilized counseling services graduated at a significantly lower rate (79.8%) than those who did not use services (86.2%) across the 6-year time span. Post hoc analyses indicated that among students who used counseling services, those who did not graduate scheduled significantly more services than those who graduated, suggesting that students who use the counseling center, and have more chronic and severe mental health problems, may be graduating at a lower rate. Implications are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record
Structure-function analysis of manganese exporter proteins across bacteria

Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace nutrient for organisms because of its role in cofactoring enzymes and providing protection against reactive oxygen species (ROS). Many bacteria require manganese to form pathogenic or symbiotic interactions with eukaryotic host cells. However, excess manganese is toxic, requiring cells to have manganese export mechanisms. Bacteria are currently known to possess two widely distributed classes of manganese export proteins, MntP and MntE, but other types of transporters likely exist. Moreover, the structure and function of MntP is not well understood. Here, we characterized the role of three structurally related proteins known or predicted to be involved in manganese transport in bacteria from the MntP, UPF0016, and TerC families. These studies used computational analysis to analyze phylogeny and structure, physiological assays to test sensitivity to high levels of manganese and ROS, and inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to measure metal levels. We found that MntP alters cellular resistance to ROS. Moreover, we used extensive computational analyses and phenotypic assays to identify amino acids required for MntP activity. These negatively charged residues likely serve to directly bind manganese and transport it from the cytoplasm through the membrane. We further characterized two other potential manganese transporters associated with a Mn-sensing riboswitch and found that the UPF0016 family of proteins has manganese export activity. We provide here the first phenotypic and biochemical evidence for the role of Alx, a member of the TerC family, in manganese homeostasis. It does not appear to export manganese, but rather it intriguingly facilitates an increase in intracellular manganese concentration. These findings expand the available knowledge about the identity and mechanisms of manganese homeostasis proteins across bacteria and show that proximity to a Mn-responsive riboswitch can be used to identify new components of the manganese homeostasis machinery.
Design and Construction of Mowing Track for Turfgrass Experimentation in Greenhouses

Common hand-mowing methods require large amounts of time and may not provide a uniform height of cut in turfgrass greenhouse experiments. Greenhouse mowing apparatuses are not uncommon in turfgrass research; however, there is little literature on apparatus specifications. Therefore, a simplified mowing track for turfgrass greenhouse experimentation was designed, built, and tested. An experiment was conducted to examine the differences in mowing time required and mowing uniformity among four greenhouse mowing methods. The amount of time required to set up and mow ranged from 0.74 to 1.18 min m⁻² for the mowing track, 6.44 to 6.70 min m⁻² with hand shears, 6.82 to 7.49 min m⁻² with hedge shears, and 2.95 to 3.37 min m⁻² with sheep shears. The mowing track resulted in less variation in height of cut compared to the other tested methods. Overall, a mowing track can save time, labor, and provide a more uniform height of cut compared with other greenhouse mowing methods.
Michael Crichton and the Heritage of Invention

What happens when the rejection of a “planned society” extends into one’s relationship with the scientific community? This chapter places the fiction of Michael Crichton in direct conversation with the theories of Michael Polanyi (an early advocate of neoliberal policy). Like Polanyi, Crichton deconstructs social planning and champions uncertainty. This manufactured uncertainty can be utilized as a weapon to undercut political engagement with issues such as climate change. In addition, the metaphor of DNA in Crichton’s works helps to naturalize the expansion of neoliberal thought.
Antitumor Agents. 125. New 4β-Benzoylamino Derivatives of 4′-O-Demethyl-4-desoxypodophyllotoxin and 4β-Benzoyl Derivatives of 4′-O-Demethylpodophyllotoxin as Potent Inhibitors of Human DNA Topoisomerase II

A series of 4β-benzoylamino (5-17) derivatives of 4′-O-demethyl-4-desoxypodophyllotoxin and 4β-benzoyl (18-20) derivatives of 4′-O-demethyl podophyllotoxin have been synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory activity against the human DNA topoisomerase II as well as for their activity in causing cellular protein-linked DNA breakage. Compounds 5-13 and 15-17 are more potent than etoposide in causing DNA breakage, while compounds 9, 10, 13, 14, 16, and 20 are more active than etoposide in their inhibition of the human DNA topoisomerase II. The order for the enzyme inhibitory activity of the derivatives of 4′-O-demethyl-4-desoxypodophyllotoxin is 4β-arylamino > 4β-benzylamino > 4β-benzoylamino.
Numbers and Arithmetic

Processing, display, and communication of digital information, that is, information encoded as numbers, is accomplished by arithmetic with various kinds of numbers. Such computations are performed with algorithms, which are sequences of operations with numbers such as addition, multiplication, and reading and writing digits. Only finite algorithms can be used: these are procedures in which •Every operation can be performed in a finite time; •The algorithm is guaranteed to stop after a finite number of operations.
The Multivariate t Distribution

If Z is an N(0, 1) variable and independent of S, where vS2 has a chi-square distribution with v degrees of freedom, then the random variable t = Z/S is called a Student’s t variable with v degrees of freedom. The distribution of t can be found in elementary textbooks, and it plays a central role in statistical inference problems concerning the mean of a univariate normal distribution with unknown variance. The multivariate t distribution, defined below and studied in this chapter, is a multivariate generalization of Student’s t distribution.
Modulation of Activity of Human Chromatin-Associated Endonucleases on Damaged DNA by Nucleosome Structure

The excision repair pathway in mammalian cells is a complex process involving a number of enzymatic steps. My laboratory has focused on the initial endonuclease mediated step. Our approach has been to develop a method to isolate biologically active endonucleases from mammalian nuclei and examine them for specificity of action on DNA containing specific types of damage (e.g., apurinic/apyrimidinic sites, interstrand cross-links, pyrimidine dimers, monoadducts, intercalated adducts). Using this methodology, we have isolated a series of nine chromatin-associated DNA endonucleases from the nuclei of normal human cells. We have been able to detect individual selective activities of these endonucleases on a number of different types of damaged DNA, and have found that different ones of them recognize different types of DNA damage. We have also examined the endonucleases in cells from patients with a number of genetic diseases known to be deficient in DNA repair (i.e., xeroderma pigmentosum and Fanconi’s anemia). The results have indicated different defects associated with the endonuclease(s), depending upon the genetic disease.
A Gaxonomic Review of the Genus Pseudozonitis Dillon (Coleoptera: Meloidae)

The New World meloid genus Pseudozonitis is reviewed and its relationship to the widespread Zonitis is discussed. Twenty species are recognized. Included are descriptions, detailed geographical and seasonal records, and a key to species. Three species, P. dianae, P. florida and P. huetheri, are described as new. Two nominal species, P. castaneis Dillon and P. vogti Dillon, are synonymized under P. martini (Fall).
Fusicoccin Binding and Internalization by Soybean Protoplasts

Fusicoccin (FC) is a fungal toxin which binds to a receptor on the plasmalemma of higher plants causing hyperpolarization of the membrane potential and acidification of the apoplastic space (Feyerabend and Weiler 1989). In order to understand the fate of the toxin after its binding, we have developed an FC-containing probe which can be seen by light-or electron microscopy and can be quantified biochemically. The colloidal gold conjugate of bovine serum albumin covalently linked to FC (FC-BSA-Gold) binds to the plasmalemma of intact protoplasts and is partially internalized. Cells treated with FC-BSA-Gold are compared to control cells treated with the gold conjugate of BSA only (BSA-Gold), a marker for fluid-phase uptake. The amount and location of the gold label differ between FC-BSA-Gold and BSA-Gold treated protoplasts. When internalization of FC-BSA-Gold takes place, it may do so, in part, via receptor-mediated endocytosis. The technique described here will allow us to measure and visualize receptor-mediated endocytosis in plant cells.
Humanitarian exploits: Ordinary displacement and the political economy of the global refugee regime

Can the displacement of refugees continue to be understood as exceptional? The recent global increase in refugees has prompted calls to develop new solutions to displacement that focus on integrati...
Effect of Test Temperature and Displacement Rate on Semicircular Bend Test

AbstractAsphalt concrete behavior under load is heavily influenced by displacement rate and temperature. It was the objective of this study to quantify the effect of these two parameters on asphalt...
Torque Profile Optimization in Switched Reluctance Motor

This paper explores the relationship between the rotor and stator geometries with the static torque characteristics of a Switched Reluctance Machine (SRM). As case studies, symmetric quasi-rectangular grids, small circular drill holes and various rotor arcs are introduced to the rotor and stator to gauge their impact on torque profile. Optimal designs corresponding to each method are selected among all the permutations of possible combinations of design parameters which has the lowest torque ripple while maintaining the same or higher average torque compared to the original design. This has been accomplished by introducing a new objective function for torque. Analyses of torque profiles for both original and optimal designs are performed using finite element method (FEM).
Die Bestimmung der Masse im Weltall: Dunkelmaterie und fehlende Masse

Gibt die Verteilung des Lichtes im Weltall auch die Verteilung der Materie wieder? Vor dem jetzigen Jahrzehnt haben die Astronomen diese Frage kaum gestellt, aber die meisten hatten sie wohl bejaht. Jungste Beobachtungen zwingen jedoch zu dem Schlus, das mindestens 90% der Materie im Weltall und moglicherweise sogar bis zu 99% bei keiner Wellenlange strahlen. Diese Dunkelmaterie, unsichtbar im optischen, ultravioletten, Rontgen-, Gamma-, Infrarot- und Radiobereich des Spektrums, macht sich nur durch ihre Gravitationswirkung bemerkbar, die sie auf Materie ausubt, die wir sehen konnen.
Subthalamic Nucleus Activity Influences Sensory and Motor Cortex during Force Transduction.

The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is proposed to participate in pausing, or alternately, in dynamic scaling of behavioral responses, roles that have conflicting implications for understanding STN function in the context of deep brain stimulation (DBS) therapy. To examine the nature of event-related STN activity and subthalamic-cortical dynamics, we performed primary motor and somatosensory electrocorticography while subjects (n = 10) performed a grip force task during DBS implantation surgery. Phase-locking analyses demonstrated periods of STN-cortical coherence that bracketed force transduction, in both beta and gamma ranges. Event-related causality measures demonstrated that both STN beta and gamma activity predicted motor cortical beta and gamma activity not only during force generation but also prior to movement onset. These findings are consistent with the idea that the STN participates in motor planning, in addition to the modulation of ongoing movement. We also demonstrated bidirectional information flow between the STN and somatosensory cortex in both beta and gamma range frequencies, suggesting robust STN participation in somatosensory integration. In fact, interactions in beta activity between the STN and somatosensory cortex, and not between STN and motor cortex, predicted PD symptom severity. Thus, the STN contributes to multiple aspects of sensorimotor behavior dynamically across time.
Enhanced relative stability of heterobimetallic Fe(II), Zn(II), and Mg(II) clusters supported by a µ-phenoxo bridge

Abstract Equilibrium populations of the dinucleating ligand H5(F-HXTA) (5-fluoro-2-hydroxy-1,3-xylene-α,α′-diamine-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid) in the presence of pairs of divalent metal ions were measured by 19F NMR to assess the relative stability of the heterobimetallic complex [MaMbL]− (L = F-HXTA5−). Homobimetallic Fe(II), Zn(II) and Mg(II) complexes of F-HXTA having the general formula [M(H2O)6][M2(F-HXTA)(H2O)x]2 yH2O have been characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction (x = 4, y = 14 for Fe(II) and Mg(II); x = 3, y = 10 for Zn(II)) and 1H and 19F NMR data show the complex ions retain their structures in aqueous solution. Equilibrium constants for metal exchange between [Ma2L]− and [Mb2L]− to produce [MaMbL]− were measured to be Kex = 4.4 ± 0.3 for Fe(II)/Zn(II), 4.15 ± 0.07 for Mg(II)/Fe(II) and 5.59 ± 0.09 for Mg(II)/Zn(II). This trend of enhanced relative stability of the heterobimetallic state (Kex > 1) agrees with a previous report on the stability of Fe(II)/Mn(II) F-HXTA complexes. Density functional theory (DFT) and natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis were used to simulate metal exchange in the Zn(II)/Mg(II) system (Kcalc = 13) and revealed increased charge transfer between the bridging phenoxo ligand and metal ions in the lower symmetry environment of the heterobimetallic complex.
Irrational thinking and psychological distress: A cross-racial/ethnic examination

Abstract We investigated irrational thinking patterns across a racially and ethnically diverse United States university sample and its relationship with psychological distress. 402 participants completed the Shortened General Attitude and Belief Scale, Behavior Assessment Scale for Children (Second Edition; College Age, Self-Report Inventory) and the NIS Skin Color Scale. We generated multivariable linear regression models to estimate the impact of irrational thinking on psychological distress. Irrational thinking was strongly associated with a variety of psychological conditions, and race/ethnicity affects the interaction between these two constructs. The impact of socio-demographic characteristics on psychological distress varies between whites and non-whites. Results highlight the strong effect of race and ethnicity on the relationship between thought patterns and components of mental health, as well as the correlation between other socio-demographics with psychological well-being.
High contrast power Doppler imaging in side-viewing intravascular ultrasound imaging via angular compounding.

Abstract The ability to assess likelihood of plaque rupture can determine the course of treatment in coronary artery disease. One indicator of plaque vulnerability is the development of blood vessels within the plaque, or intraplaque neovascularization. In order to visualize these vessels with increased sensitivity in the cardiac catheterization lab, a new approach for imaging blood flow in small vessels using side-viewing intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) is proposed. This approach based on compounding adjacent angular acquisitions was evaluated in tissue mimicking phantoms and ex vivo vessels. In phantom studies, the Doppler CNR increased from 3.3 ± 1.0 to 13 ± 2.6 (conventional clutter filtering) and from 1.9 ± 0.15 to 7.5 ± 1.1 (SVD filtering) as a result of applying angular compounding. When imaging flow at a rate of 5.6 mm/s in 200 µm tubes adjacent to the lumen of ex vivo porcine arteries, the Doppler CNR increased from 5.3 ± 0.95 to 7.2 ± 1.3 (conventional filtering) and from 23 ± 3.3 to 32 ± 6.7 (SVD filtering). Applying these strategies could allow increased sensitivity to slow flow in side-viewing intravascular ultrasound imaging.
Applications for Use of Chronically Instrumented Bovine Fetuses in Abortion Pathogenesis Studies

Our understanding of events leading to abortion in domestic animals is based on information from field cases or from experimental pathogenesis studies in which fetuses are collected by cesarean section or after euthanasia of dams. Because the fetus and placenta are relatively inaccessible, direct perturbation and/ or sequential evaluation of the course of in utero events are difficult and have not been extensively utilized. The purpose of this communication is to transmit our initial experience with chronically catheterized bovine fetuses in abortion pathophysiology studies.
Patients' perceptions of telehealth services for outpatient treatment of substance use disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background and objectives The rapid scale-up of telehealth services for substance use disorders (SUDs) during the COVID-19 pandemic presented a unique opportunity to investigate patient experiences with telehealth. This study examined patient perceptions of telehealth in an outpatient SUD treatment program offering individual therapy, group therapy, and medication management. Methods Two hundred and seventy adults receiving SUD outpatient treatment were eligible to complete a 23-item online survey distributed by clinicians; 58 patients completed/partially completed the survey. Data were summarized with descriptive statistics. Results Participants were predominately male, White, and well-educated. The majority (86.2%) were "very satisfied" or "satisfied" with the quality of telehealth care. "Very satisfied" ratings were highest for individual therapy (90%), followed by medication management (75%) and group therapy (58%). Top reasons for liking telehealth included the ability to do it from home (90%) and not needing to spend time commuting (83%). Top reasons for disliking telehealth were not connecting as well with other members in group therapy (28%) and the ability for telehealth to be interrupted at home or work (26%). Discussion and conclusions Telehealth visits were a satisfactory treatment modality for most respondents receiving outpatient SUD care, especially those engaging in individual therapy. Challenges remain for telehealth group therapy. Scientific significance This is the first study examining patients' perceptions of telehealth for outpatient SUD treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic by treatment service type. Importantly, while many participants found telehealth more accessible than in-person treatment, there was variability with respect to the preferred mode of treatment delivery.
A Primer on Merger and Acquisition Cash-Flow Valuation

This chapter provides an overview of the basics of valuing mergers and acquisitions (M&A) using discounted-cash-flow methods. Discounted-cash-flow methods such as the zero-, constant-, and variable-growth methods are widely used to estimate the value of the firm. The present value of enterprise cash flows often is referred to as the enterprise value of the firm. Valuation estimates based on equity cash flows are called the equity value. A common technique for estimating equity value is to deduct the market value of the target firm's debt and other nonequity claims from its enterprise value. This chapter begins with a brief review of rudimentary finance concepts, including measuring risk and return, the capital asset pricing model, and the effects of operating and financial leverage on risk and return. The cash-flow definitions, free cash flow to equity (equity value) or to the firm (enterprise value), discussed in this chapter are used in valuation problems in subsequent chapters. The enterprise or FCFF method and the equity or FCFE method are illustrated in the chapter using three cash-flow growth scenarios: zero-growth, constant-growth, and variable-growth rates. The chapter also outlines the valuation approach, which focuses on cash flow generated from net operating assets. The chapter concludes with an illustration of the commonly used enterprise method to value a firm's operating and nonoperating assets and liabilities to determine equity value.
The Finding and Significance of Spermidine and Spermine in Thymic Tissue and Extracts

Several years ago, I (K.F.) listened to a lecture by Allan Goldstein on the thymic hormones, and he inspired me to initiate research in this field. I am pleased to thank and acknowledge Allan for his inspiration and leadership in the complicated research on the thymus and the immune system. After my initiation of efforts to isolate thymic hormones, I was also significantly influenced by the research of Nathan Trainin and his group in this field.
Light Ion Beam Drivers for Inertial Confinement Fusion

Intense beams of light ions are being developed at Sandia National Laboratories as a promising driver option for Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) implosions. The Particle Beam Fusion Accelerator II (PBFA II) will provide the physics basis for light-ion-beam driven ICF targets. Recent progress made in ion beam generation focusing on PBFA II has led to a record 5.4 TW/cm2 peak focal intensity with >80 kJ proton energy delivered to a 6-mm diameter sphere. The driver-development program on PBFA II is reviewed. A design concept for a light ion beam driver for the Laboratory Microfusion Facility is also presented.