cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Concentrations of airborne culturable bacteria in 100 large US office buildings from the BASE study.

This paper presents summary statistics of airborne culturable bacteria from the US Environmental Protection Agency Building Assessment Survey and Evaluation (BASE) study. Air samples were collected with single-stage, multiple-hole, agar impactors in 100 large office buildings in 1994-1998 to obtain normative data on indoor environmental quality. Bacterial concentra- tions were compared by incubation temperature, location, season, and climate zone. Forty-one percent of the samples were below the 2- or 5-min detection limits (18 or 7 CFU/m 3 , respectively) but less than 1% were overgrown. Mesophilic bacteria (30� C) accounted for >95% of culturable bacteria, both indoors and outdoors. Average concentrations were higher outdoors, except for Gram-positive cocci, which were the only group that were significantly higher indoors (39 vs. 24 CFU/m 3 ), and Gram-negative cocci, for which both con- centrations were low and the difference were not significant. Outdoor concen- trations of culturable bacteria were somewhat higher in winter (194 vs.165 CFU/m 3 ), and the two dominant outdoor groups were unknown bac- teria and Gram-positive rods. Conversely, indoor concentrations were signifi- cantly higher in summer (116 vs. 87 CFU/m 3 ), consisting primarily of unknown bacteria and Gram-positive cocci. Bacterial concentrations were within the ranges reported in previous studies of non-problem buildings, and the extreme aggregated indoor concentrations (e.g. the 90th percentile, 175 CFU/m 3 )o f these 100 representative buildings may serve as upper bounds to develop interpretation guidelines for office environments and similar non-manufacturing workplaces in various climate zones.
Screening Fungi Isolated from Woody Compost for Lignin-Degrading Potential

Thirty-four fungi isolated from woody compost were screened for lignin-degrading ability using a kraft pine lignin medium, and for the production of extracellular phenoloxidases associated with lignin degradation using gallic acid agar, tannic acid agar, and syringaldazine tests. Nine isolates tested gave positive results in all four assessments, with an additional five showing positive results on three tests. Twelve isolates modified kraft pine lignin, eleven of which also tested positive for laccase using syringaldazine as the substrate. From these results it is concluded fungi with lignin-degradative potential are common in and easily isolated from woody compost. The ten isolates positive on gallic and/or tannic acid agars, but negative on lignin agar and syringaldazine, may be involved in humus formation.
The word-graphic rating scale as a measure of children's and adolescents' pain intensity

A program of studies was designed to select and test a pain intensity scale for inclusion in a multidimensional pain assessment tool for children and adolescents. The focus was on determining each scale's validity, reliability, ease of use, preference, and the lack of age, gender, and ethnic biases. Five pain scales were evaluated in four separate studies: a word-graphic rating scale, a visual analogue scale, a graded-graphic rating scale, a magnitude estimation scale (0 to 10), and a color scale. Subjects (N = 1,223) were 8 to 17 years of age and, in three of the studies, were hospitalized and judged to be in pain. In Study 1, well children used the scales to assess pain in an analogue situation selecting the color scale easiest to use and best liked. Convergent validity for the five scales was supported. In Study 2, hospitalized children, who were experiencing pain, overwhelmingly selected the word-graphic rating scale as their choice. A pilot version of a multidimensional pain assessment tool incorporating the word-graphic rating scale was tested in Study 3 using a repeated measures design. The scale demonstrated sensitivity to changes in postoperative pain intensity over time. In Study 4, convergent validity of the five scales and test-retest reliability of the word-graphic rating scale were supported. The series of four studies provides strong evidence to support use of the word-graphic rating scale to measure pain intensity in pediatric populations.
Disease management--promises and pitfalls.

“Disease management” is the latest catch phrase in the ever-evolving American health care spectacle. What does it mean? Who is promoting it and why? What does it portend for the future of health ca...
Computation of Turbulent Recirculating Flow in Channels, and for Impingement Cooling

Fully elliptic forms of the transport equations have been solved numerically for two flow configurations. The first is turbulent flow in a channel with transverse rectangular ribs, and the second is impingement cooling of a plane surface. Both flows are relevant to proposed designs for active cooling of hypersonic vehicles using supercritical hydrogen as the coolant. Flow downstream of an abrupt pipe expansion and of a backward-facing step were also solved with various near-wall turbulence models as benchmark problems. A simple form of periodicity boundary condition was used for the channel flow with transverse rectangular ribs. The effects of various parameters on heat transfer in channel flow with transverse ribs and in impingement cooling were investigated using the Yap modified Jones and Launder low Reynolds number k-epsilon turbulence model. For the channel flow, predictions were in adequate agreement with experiment for constant property flow, with the results for friction superior to those for heat transfer. For impingement cooling, the agreement with experiment was generally good, but the results suggest that improved modelling of the dissipation rate of turbulence kinetic energy is required in order to obtain improved heat transfer prediction, especially near the stagnation point. The k-epsilon turbulence model was used to predict the mean flow and heat transfer for constant and variable property flows. The effect of variable properties for channel flow was investigated using the same turbulence model, but comparison with experiment yielded no clear conclusions. Also, the wall function method was modified for use in the variable properties flow with a non-adiabatic surface, and an empirical model is suggested to correctly account for the behavior of the viscous sublayer with heating.
Improved coordination of carefor elderly patients

One of the early steps in the development and implementation of a care coordination program designed to improve the hospital's response to the elderly population of a small, rural hospital was the identification of those elders at “high risk” of institutionalization or who used costly services. This process involved data collection over a 2-year period from multiple entry points into the hospital care delivery system. The subsequent emergency data-base is used to disseminate patient-centered information to staff, rather than episode-centered. The hospital's efforts are described, giving both methods and results.
Using Trees: Myrmecocystus Phylogeny and Character Evolution and New Methods for Investigating Trait Evolution and Species Delimitation (PhD Dissertation)

1) Rates of phenotypic evolution have changed throughout the history of life, producing variation in levels of morphological, functional, and ecological diversity among groups. Testing for the presence of these rate shifts is a key component of evaluating hypotheses about what causes them. General predictions regarding changes in phenotypic diversity as a function of evolutionary history and rates are developed, and tests are derived to evaluate rate changes. Simulations show that these tests are more powerful than existing tests using standardized contrasts. 2) Species delimitation and species tree inference are difficult problems in the case of recent divergences, especially when different loci have different histories. I quantify the difficulty of the problem and introduce a non-parametric method for simultaneously dividing anonymous samples into different species and inferring a species tree, using individual gene trees as input. This heuristic method seeks to both minimize gene tree – species tree discordance and excess population structure within a species. Analyses suggest that the method may provide useful insights for systematists working at the species level with molecular data.3) The phylogeny of Myrmecocystus ants is estimated using nine loci, finding that none of the three subgenera are monophyletic, implying repeated evolution of foraging times and particular morphologies. A new partitioned likelihood program, MrFisher, is created from MrBayes to aid analysis of multilocus datasets without assuming priors. Simulations show that using a partitioned likelihood approach in the presence of rate heterogeneity and missing data, as is common in supermatrix analyses, can recover correct branch lengths where non-partitioned likelihood gives predictably biased estimates of branch lengths but the correct topology.4) Evolution of foraging time and coevolution of behavior and morphology in Myrmecocystus ants is examined. New models for reconstructing discrete states along branches of a tree and for examining continuous trait evolution and coevolution with discrete traits are developed and implemented. Foraging transitions between diurnal and nocturnal foraging evidently go through crepuscular intermediates. There is some evidence for increased rates of morphological character evolution associated with changes in foraging regime, but little evidence for particular optimum values for morphological traits associated with foraging.
Longitudinal change in CSF Tau and Aβ biomarkers for up to 48 months in ADNI

The dynamics of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tau and Aβ biomarkers over time in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients from prodromal pre-symptomatic to severe stages of dementia have not been clearly defined and recent studies, most of which are cross-sectional, present conflicting findings. To clarify this issue, we analyzed the longitudinal CSF tau and Aβ biomarker data from 142 of the AD Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) study subjects [18 AD, 74 mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 50 cognitively normal subjects (CN)]. Yearly follow-up CSF collections and studies were conducted for up to 48 months (median = 36 months) for CSF Aβ1–42, phosphorylated tau (p-tau181), and total tau (t-tau). An unsupervised analysis of longitudinal measurements revealed that for Aβ1–42 and p-tau181 biomarkers there was a group of subjects with stable longitudinal CSF biomarkers measures and a group of subjects who showed a decrease (Aβ1–42, mean = −9.2 pg/ml/year) or increase (p-tau181, mean = 5.1 pg/ml/year) of these biomarker values. Low baseline Aβ1–42 values were associated with longitudinal increases in p-tau181. Conversely, high baseline p-tau181 values were not associated with changes in Aβ1–42 levels. When the subjects with normal baseline biomarkers and stable concentrations during follow-up were excluded, the expected time to reach abnormal CSF levels and the mean AD values was significantly shortened. Thus, our data demonstrate for the first time that there are distinct populations of ADNI subjects with abnormal longitudinal changes in CSF p-tau181 and Aβ1–42 levels, and our longitudinal results favor the hypothesis that Aβ1–42 changes precede p-tau181 changes.
Low temperature optical constants of some hydrated sulfates relevant to planetary surfaces

[1] We derive optical constants (n(λ) and k(λ)) from laboratory reflectance spectra acquired at visible to near-infrared wavelengths for epsomite (MgSO4⋅7H2O), bloedite (Na2Mg(SO4)2⋅4H2O), and hexahydrite (MgSO4⋅6H2O) at both room temperature and 120 K. These hydrated sulfates are candidate surface compounds for outer solar system icy satellites such as Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto, as well as Mars. Our results permit quantitative abundance modeling of Galileo, Cassini-Huygens, New Horizons, Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, Mars Express, and future mission spacecraft observations leading to better interpretation of these objects' surface and interior geological processes and histories.
Effects of Ouabain on Potassium Gontractures in Rabbit Atria.

SummaryThe K-contracture in isolated rabbit atria is transient in nature, resembling qualitatively that seen in single skeletal muscle fibers, but differing from that found in frog ventricle. Tension development is accompanied by an increase Ca45 entry with no detectable change in tissue Ca content. The rate of rise of tension, the level of peak tension and the rate of decline of tension is increased by ouabain. It was concluded that K releases an activator (probably Ca) from a precursor stored at a cellular site, and then is rapidly inactivated; the contraction lasting until the precursor is exhausted. Ouabain is believed to act by promoting the release of activator and possibly by reducing the rate at which the precursor is reformed at its storage site.
Cloud Mobile Media: Opportunities, challenges, and directions

Three recent developments — increasing adoption of smart phones and tablets as desired platforms for infotainment, increased access to mobile broadband networks globally, and availability of public Clouds — are aligning to possibly enable a new generation of truly ubiquitous multimedia services on mobile devices: Cloud Mobile Media (CMM) services. Such services will be able to avail of the elasticity of cloud computing and ubiquity of cloud storage, and thereby not constrained either by mobile device capabilities, or availability of content. In this paper, we look at early trends in CMM services, and opportunities and benefits for new CMM services in the near future. We analyze the possible impact of such services, and issues that need to be addressed to make CMM services viable, including response time, user experience, energy, privacy, cost and scalability. We provide several directions for possible solutions, which include developing response time management techniques, scalable cloud media application, and cloud user experience measurement techniques. We also propose extending the Cloud beyond the traditional Internet to the edge of the wireless networks.
Genetic Diversity of Potato virus Y Complex

Potato virus Y (PVY) has emerged as a significant problem in all potato-producing areas, including North America. PVY exists as a complex of strains producing a range of disease symptoms in various potato cultivars leading to yield reduction, and some of these strains are known to affect tuber quality. In the past 30 years, significant changes in PVY strains circulating in potato crops have been observed in Europe, and more recently in North America, with an increased incidence of PVY strains associated with potato tuber damage. Different models have been proposed to explain these changes, including spread of new recombinants, enhanced vector transmission of certain strains, or introduction of new potato varieties. Here, we analyze the current knowledge of PVY genetic diversity with an emphasis on PVY strains common in North America. Multiple types of PVY genome recombinants with links to specific symptoms in potato varieties are described and discussed. Different approaches to distinguish PVY strains are reviewed and compared, including biological and laboratory methods.
Effect of co-anion on DC18C6-mediated Tl+ transport through an emulsion liquid membrane

Abstract Emulsion membrane systems consisting of an aqueous thallous salt source phase, a toluene membrane containing the macrocyclic ligand dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 (DC 18C6)(0.02M), the surfactant Span 80 (sorbitan monooleate) (3% v/v), and an aqueous 0.01M Li4P2O7 receiving phase were studied with respect to the disappearance of Tl+ from the source phase as a function of time. The salts TlOH, Tl2 CO3, TlAu(CN)2, TlSCN, TlClO4, TlAg(CN)2, Tl4 Fe(CN)6, TlF, Tl2SO4, TlBr, CH2 (COOTl)2, HCOOTl, TlCl, and TlNO3 were investigated singly (salts listed in order of decreasing total percentage of Tl+ transport observed). In competitive transport experiments using equimolar TlAg(CN)2 and TlAu(CN)2, TlAu(CN)2 was found to transport by a factor of six over TlAg(CN)2. Attempts are made to explain the co-anion effect on Tl+ transport by relating transport inversely to the negative free energy of hydration of the co-anion, directly to the amount of ion pairing of the co-anion with a cationic species present, and directly to the amount of deprotonation of the surfactant.
The contribution of the anterior cruciate ligament to knee joint kinematics: Evaluation of its in situ forces using a robot/universal force-moment sensor test system

Damage to one of the major soft tissue structures of the knee joint, namely, the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), can lead to significant changes in joint kinematics, which the patient perceives as instability. In this manuscript, we illustrate the importance of the anatomical complexity and biomechanical function of the ACL in knee joint kinematics. Further, we introduce a new test system whereby the in situ forces of the ACL and multiple-degree of freedom (DOF) knee kinematics are determined. Using a robotic manipulator coupled with a universal force-moment sensor (UFS), these forces can be determined directly and without making mechanical contact with the tissue. We have found that the in situ force in the human ACL in response to 110N of anterior tibial load decreases significantly with knee flexion, changing from 110.6±14.8N at 15° of flexion to 71.1±29.5 N at 90° of flexion. Distribution of the in situ force within the human ACL was determined by consistently defining its distribution in anteromedial (AM) and posterolateral (PL) bundles of the ACL. In situ forces in the PL bundle in response to 110N of anterior tibial load showed a maximum of 75.2±18.3 N at 15°, and were significantly larger than those in the AM bundle. On the contrary, in situ forces in the AM bundle varied from a maximum of 47.4±34.2N at 60° to a minimum of 32.6±13.3N at 0°. In the porcine ACL, the magnitude of in situ force was not significantly affected as the constraints varied from 1-DOF to 5-DOF. However, the directions of the force were significantly different between 1-DOF and 5-DOF conditions. The ACL reconstruction study has shown that anatomical (proximal) ACL graft fixation in the tibial tunnel more closely reproduced the knee kinematics and in situ force of the native ACL than those in central and distal fixations. These findings have important implications in terms of the mechanisms of ACL injuries, complexity of the ACL function, and anatomy-and biomechanics-based approaches to ACL reconstruction.
High-Resolution Melting Curve Analysis of Genomic and Whole-Genome Amplified DNA

Background: High-resolution melting curve analysis is an accurate method for mutation detection in genomic DNA. Few studies have compared the performance of high-resolution DNA melting curve analysis (HRM) in genomic and whole-genome amplified (WGA) DNA. Methods: In 39 paired genomic and WGA samples, 23 amplicons from 9 genes were PCR amplified and analyzed by high-resolution melting curve analysis using the 96-well LightScanner (Idaho Technology). We used genotyping and bidirectional resequencing to verify melting curve results. Results: Melting patterns were concordant between the genomic and WGA samples in 823 of 863 (95%) analyzed sample pairs. Of the discordant patterns, there was an overrepresentation of alternate melting curve patterns in the WGA samples, suggesting the presence of a mutation (false positives). Targeted resequencing in 135 genomic and 136 WGA samples revealed 43 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). All SNPs detected in genomic samples were also detected in WGA. Additional genotyping and sequencing allowed the classification of 628 genomic and 614 WGA amplicon samples. Heterozygous variants were identified by non–wild-type melting pattern in 98% of genomic and 97% of WGA samples ( P = 0.11). Wild types were correctly classified in 99% of genomic and 91% of WGA samples ( P < 0.001). Conclusions: In WGA DNA, high-resolution DNA melting curve analysis is a sensitive tool for SNP discovery through detection of heterozygote variants; however, it may misclassify a greater number of wild-type samples.
Responses of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Groups in Nafion Differentiated By Least Squares Modeling of Infrared Spectra Recorded During Thin Film Hydration

Least squares modeling was applied to gain insights into changes that occur in the structure of Nafion polymer membrane during hydration. Transmission infrared spectra followed changes in the strong polymer bands in the range of 1400-950 cm(-1) during water uptake by initially dry membrane upon exposure to 100% relative humidity atmosphere. Spectra recorded during hydration were fit to a rate equation that modeled the loss of a dry state accompanied by the development of a hydrated state. The evolution of the two states was described by an equation for diffusion in a cylindrical pore in the long time limit. Comparison of the experimental spectra in a data set to spectra calculated from the pure components derived by least squares modeling gave an excellent match for bands of the -CF2 and C-O-C group modes, but agreement was not as close for bands arising from modes of the hydrophilic -SO3(-) group and (modeled separately) water. The differences are discussed in terms of the likelihood that the -SO3(-) groups have stronger interactions with bulk-like water condensed in the membrane and therefore undergo more complex changes than do more hydrophobic polymer regions during hydration. A different model is necessary to describe the evolution of spectral features for water and -SO3(-) end groups during water uptake into Nafion thin films.
A New Model For Resident Teaching in the NICU: A Non-Traditional Approach. 876

Background: Because of the increasing constraints on the amount of time within a training program which residents spend in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), concerns have been raised about the adequacy of their exposure to acute emergencies in the delivery room and their hands-on experience with sick neonates. More importantly, with less NICU time there are also concerns about the consistency of the quality of supervision of PL-1's by second and third year residents. This is particularly true for small training programs of <20 residents and for those residents planning to practice in rural areas where they may be required to provide resuscitation and stabilization of critically ill infants without strong support available.Methods: To address these concerns, we have instituted an educational plan in our NICU which differs from the traditional resident to resident supervisory model. Instead we have linked experienced Neonatal Nurse Practitioners (NNP) one on one with a PL-1. The NNP orients the PL-1 to the routines of the unit, assists the PL-1 in the delivery room for all acute situations, teaches techniques and procedures, reviews nutrition including hyperalimentation and feeding advance, evaluates/helps to implement patient care plans developed by the PL-1, and acts as a preceptor while the PL-1 gains experience. PL-2 or PL-3 and other NNP's form a second team, as partners, each with independent patient responsibilities as in a collaborative group practice. The PL-2 or PL-3 is directly responsible for medical student teaching and for teaching the PL-1 when appropriate. He/she attends all deliveries commonly encountered in a general pediatric practice, including Cesarean births, meconium stained fluid and at-risk situations for larger infants. Results: We have surveyed/phoned 27 small residency programs with 15-20 residents. Of these, 21 have NNP's working in their NICU and 6 do not. The number of NNP's varies from 1-10 in those units with NNP's. NNP's care for acute, intermediate and chronic patients in all but one NICU where they are responsible only for chronic patients. Of the 21 units with NNP's, only three have formal educational programs linking the NNP's and the residents. These programs include precepting new housestaff for high risk deliveries, supervising procedures and weekly lectures. In addition, we have surveyed all residents (8) who have participated in our new program. They are pleased with the new teaching arrangement. This model has brought a consistency of approach resulting in an increased level of self confidence among the residents. NICU nurses are enthusiastic about the new program.Conclusion: NNP's as first-line teachers in the NICU provide a new approach to a potential problem in resident training, an approach which merits further consideration for training programs.
Post-Soviet transition: Central Asia and Mongolia

No abstract available. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v0i10.121 The Mongolian Journal of International Affairs; Number 10, 2003, Pages 86-101
Opening of Ca2+-activated K+ channels triggers early and delayed preconditioning against I/R injury independent of NOS in mice

Opening of Ca2+-activated K+ (KCa) channels has been shown to confer early cardioprotection. It is unknown whether the opening of these channels also induces delayed cardioprotection. In addition, ...
Transformation kinetics for randomly oriented anisotropic particles

Abstract The transformation kinetics for a system undergoing classical nucleation and growth are described. Growth velocity anisotropy is allowed which causes non-spherical particle morphologies. The present derivation solves for the transformation rate if these anisotropic particles are randomly distributed and randomly oriented in space, in contrast to earlier derivations. Three specific derivations are examined which cover both 2D and 3D spaces and both instantaneous and continuous nucleation. Although the expressions that are developed for randomly oriented anisotropic particles are the same as the traditional Johnson—Mehl—Avrami—Kolmogorov (JMAK) expressions, the restriction that the orientation of particles are cooperatively aligned is lifted. The results are discussed within the framework of practical limitations imposed by the basic JMAK derivation conditions.
Investigating the "steric gate" of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase by targeted insertion of unnatural amino acids.

To investigate how structural changes in the amino acid side chain affect nucleotide substrate selection in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT), a variety of non-...
Trends in centralized control of the executive branch.

Abstract One purpose of this essay is to review the major federal regulatory accomplishments and shortfalls in the area of health and safety and to assess where we are headed in order to suggest desirable directions for regulatory reform. The thesis of this paper is that the most persistent, conspicuous, and pervasive effect on regulation today has been centralization, which broadly denotes the expansion of federal executive responsibilities, primarily at the presidential level, and extensive governmental rules. The author posits that this trend has moved through three notable stages. First, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt created a paradigm for centralization within the executive branch of the federal government to enlarge the position of the national government in regulating American life as he confronted broadened domestic and foreign responsibilities. Second, there was a long span from Truman's stewardship to that of Carter, characterized by ensconcement of, and accretions to, FDR's model and by an acceptance of the vastly augmented role of the federal government in American society. Third, President Reagan carried centralization to its furthest point yet, structurally and managerially, but for a different ultimate purpose: a reversal of a nearly half-century tradition—a deregulation of the federal government's position in America's economic life while increasing it in the areas of national defense, internal security, and personal morality. In the conclusion the writer contends that the precedent of Mr. Reagan's centralizing efforts will weigh heavily on his successors as they seek either to perpetuate his priorities or to magnify the national government in a fourth stage.
Acanthosis nigricans following single lung transplantation: a case report

Acanthosis nigricans was observed 3 months after single lung transplantation in a 51-year-old African American woman with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. The patient had no endocrinological abnormalities and was not taking any medications known to cause acanthosis nigricans; extensive investigation did not reveal an underlying malignant process. Because acanthosis nigricans may occur as a para-neoplastic phenomenon, it is important to rule out an underlying malignancy. This is especially important in solid-organ transplant recipients receiving chronic immunosuppressive therapy.
Downscaling functional bioassays by single-molecule techniques

In this short review we examine the potential of single-molecule assays in drug development and in basic research to provide new types of information at the smallest assay scales. A key advantage of many single-molecule assays is the requirement for conservative amounts of precious sample compared to conventional assays. In addition, they measure processes that are not observed directly in molecular ensembles. These advantages are balanced currently by difficulties in assay setup, preparation and equipment expense. However, future developments will ameliorate these drawbacks with the production of simpler, less expensive experimental systems for single-molecule assays.
Near Infrared Reflection Spectra of Artificial Cumulus Clouds

Reflection spectra are presented for artificial cumulus clouds with a progression of droplet sizes, including sizes common in natural clouds, over the wavelength range from 1.0 μ to 2.4 μ. A correction is made for gaseous absorption. The spectra show reflectivity minima at 1.16 μ, 1.41 μ, and 1.92 μ which deepen as the droplets become larger and are in good agreement with reflection spectra of terrestrial clouds.
Olfactory sensilla on antennae and maxillary palps of Fannia hirticeps (Stein, 1892) (Diptera: Fanniidae)

The Fanniidae is one of four families in the superfamily Muscoidea (Diptera), including some important medical and hygienic flies. There is a paucity of reports on the ultrastructure of olfactory sensilla for the fanniid species. To provide more informa- tion on the morphology of the antennal and palpal sensilla of fanniid fly, Fannia hirticeps (Stein, 1892) has been studied using scanning electron microscopy. The first two antennal segments, scape and pedicel, are covered by microtrichiae and several chaetic sensilla. Six distinct morphological types of sensilla are recorded on the antennal funiculus, including one trichoid, two basiconic, two coeloconic sensilla, and one clavate sensilla. The measure- ment and density of each sensilla type are also provided. The trichoid sensilla tend to be longer and denser toward the apex of antennal funiculus. Basiconic sensilla spread all over the funicular surface. F. hirticeps bears two types of coeloconic sensilla, type 2 coeloconic sensilla distributed on the distal part of the anterior surface, whereas type 1 distributed on the rest of the funiculus. Clavate sensilla are found on the base of antennal funiculus. Only one large sensory pit is located on the posterior surface. Maxillary palps bear one type of basiconic sensilla. These results are compared with eight other muscid flies. Our findings provide a morphological basis for future investigations on olfactory-mediated behavior of this group. Microsc. Res. Tech. 75:1313-1320, 2012. V C 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A generalized differentiation method for interpreting rheological data of time‐independent fluids

A generalized differentiation method for analyzing rheological data of time-independent fluids is presented. The method is demonstrated to be valid and useful in analyzing rheological data and comparing such data obtained on the same time-independent fluid in rheometers of the capillary, annular, coaxial cylinder rotational, and falling cylinder types.
“Bringing the real world into the laboratory: Personal smoking and nonsmoking environments”

Pictorial representations of specific environments related to smoking can evoke robust craving to smoke, even in the absence of any proximal cues to smoke (e.g., cigarettes, lighters). To evaluate the salience of smoking environment cues, we developed a novel procedure for bringing smokers' real world smoking and nonsmoking environments into the laboratory to compare them with standard (i.e., not personalized) environments within a cue-reactivity paradigm. Seventy-two smokers used digital cameras to take pictures of the environments in which they do and do not smoke. They then completed a cue-reactivity session during which they viewed and rated pictures of smoking and nonsmoking environments, half personal and half standard, all devoid of proximal smoking cues. As hypothesized, personal environments led to a significantly larger smoking-nonsmoking difference in craving, compared with the standard environments. Personalization also enhanced stimuli vividness, relevance, positive affect, and excitement, as well as heart rate changes from baseline. Implications of these findings for exposure-based research and treatment for addiction, as well as other psychological disorders, are discussed.
A Study of Circulation Statistics of Books on Demand: A Decade of Patron-Driven Collection Development, Part 3

The Purdue University Libraries was an early implementer of purchasing books requested through interlibrary loan rather than borrowing the requested books. The service, called Books on Demand, began in January 2000. An analysis of the requests at the end of the first two years of service indicated that these patron-selected books were more likely to have repeat circulations than the books acquired through normal collection development processes. When the program reached its tenth year, the authors analyzed and compared the books purchased through Books on Demand with all other purchased books during the same period. Findings indicate that books acquired through this user-initiated program have higher circulation rates than books acquired through the normal selection channels. The difference is quite large, a mean of 4.1 compared to a mean of 2.4, when the first interlibrary loan use is included as a circulation. Therefore, the authors recommend that libraries investigate a service of purchasing books requ...
Thermal equilibration and expansion in nucleus-nucleus collisions at the AGS

Abstract The rather complete data set of hadron yields from central Si + A collisions at the Brookhaven AGS is used to test whether the system at freeze-out is in thermal and hadro-chemical equilibrium. Rapidity and transverse momentum distributions are discussed with regards to the information they provide on hydrodynamic flow.
1832 THE EFFECTS OF INHALATIONAL ANESTHETICS AND QUINACRINE ON ARACHIDONIC ACID-INDUCED PULMONARY VASOCONSTRICTION

Using the isolated perfused rabbit lung, we have shown that anesthetic agents augment pulmonary vasoconstriction (dPpa) in response to t-butyl-hydroperoxide by generating thromboxane A2 (TxA2). Quinacrine (Q) has been described as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Arachidonic acid (AA) also causes dPpa and bypasses the PLA2-mediated step in eicosanoid metabolism. AA-stimulated pressor response should not be augmented in the presence of anesthetic agents and should not be inhibited by Q. We tested these hypotheses in 5 isolated rabbit lungs perfused in a non-recirculating manner with Krebs-Henseleit (KH) solution. AA, 10-20 ug, was delivered into the inflow tubing over 1 min. The lungs were then ventilated with 2 MAC cyclopropane (C3H6) for 10 min and rechallenged with AA. Perfusion was begun with Q at 0.1mM (pH adjusted to 7.35-7.45) and a third AA challenge was delivered. C3H6 was discontinued, the lungs ventilated with air, and then given a fourth dose of AA. For air+AA, dPpa=20.8±10.9 (mean±SD); for C3H6+AA, dPpa= 30.5±17.8; for air+Q+AA, dPpa=2.3±2.4; for C3H6+Q+AA, dPpa=30.5±5.2 torr. By 1-way ANOVA the effects of C3H6 and Q were significant (P<0.001). By the Newmann-Keuls test, C3H6 did not have a significant effect on dPpa after AA, but Q inhibited the response to AA with and without C3H6 (P<0.05). Thus Q is not a specific PLA2 inhibitor in our model.
Relationship of internal-external control and United States suicide rates, 1966-1973

The annual variations in scores obtained on the Rotter Internal-External (I-E) control scale by United States college students between the years 1966 and 1973 were related to the concomitant annual variations in suicide rates for the total United States population and for eight separate age groups. The I-E scores increased substantially during this time period and were correlated positively with the concomitantly increasing suicide rates among relatively young persons (in and below the 35-44 year age group). However, the suicide rates among older persons generally decreased during this time period and thus were correlated negatively with the I-E scores. These results suggest that perception of internal-external control did not change among older persons as they did among younger persons, perhaps because older persons might be less susceptible to the cultural influences that affect the perceived control of younger persons. Results of this and earlier research suggest that cultural characteristics that foster high perceptions of external control also foster suicidal behavior and suggest the value of attempts to convey perceptions of internal control to psychotherapy clients.
Hannah Arendt and the etiology of the desk killer: The holocaust as portent

The wilful, planned, systematic extermination-not subjugation-of whole populations is a Novum of the twentieth century. Late modernity has been characterised by frequent outbreaks of mass murder organised by the modern state. While the administrative murder of masses of people planned and executed by the apparatus of the modern state is certainly indicative of a proclivity to genocide, it is not yet genocide itself. The term genocide must be restricted to those situations in which the object of state policy is the extermination, the complete annihilation, of a determinate group of the population. It is the Holocaust that constitutes the primary example of genocide in our epoch, in that the destruction of the Jews as a people became endemic to the evolving socioeconomic, political and cultural matrix. With the Holocaust, mankind stepped into an incipient genocidal universe in which the systematic, bureaucratically administered destruction of millions of citizens or subject people was becoming an integral and normal part of the operation of the state apparatus. A genocidal universe is a social constellation in which genocide becomes constitutive of a culture, a central feature of a civilisation, which integrates, propels and shapes the socio-political network in which the administrative murder of whole peoples and strata of the population occurs. In such a genocidal universe, the potential for the extermination of whole groups of the population is integrally linked to the very social structure itself. In this sense, the Holocaust was the clearest portent of such a genocidal universe that humankind has experienced thus far. Given the epoch-making character of the Holocaust, given the significance of the eruption of the genocidal universe as a potential inherent in modernity, it is surprising that, with very few exceptions, philosophy and social theory have not really probed the importance of these transformational events. As a result, the Holocaust, with its train of horrors, remains to this day an ‘unmastered past’, in the compelling view of Hannah Arendt (Arendt, 1977, p. 283). This is all the more disturbing in that one of the classic functions of philosophy and social theory is to grasp the meaning of historic events and transformations, and to define their impact for the present and future of society. Philosophy and social theory need to develop a conceptual framework that will integrate and synthesise the various and seemingly disparate aspects of the genocidal events of World War Two and incorporate them within the ambit of a theory of modernity. These events, horrible and unprecedented though they were, are not inexplicable aberrations, surds. As one of us has argued elsewhere:
Trialog: How Peer Collaboration Helps Remediate Errors in an ITS

Many intelligent tutoring systems (ITSs) offer feedback and guidance through structured dialogs with their students, which often take the form of a sequence of hints. However, it is often difficult to replicate the complexity and responsiveness of human conversation with current natural language understanding and production technologies. Although ITSs reveal enough information to continue solving a problem, the conversations are not very engaging. To enhance engagement, the current study manipulated tutorial dialog by transforming them into a trialog by adding another student. Our intention was to advance the help offered by the system by putting students in a position to help each other, as well as make sense of the help offered by the ITS. The present paper attempts to show that conversations, either with the system or with a peer, are important design considerations when building an effective ITS.
Replication of Herpes Simplex Virus: Egress of Progeny Virus at Specialized Cell Membrane Sites

In the final stages of the herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) life cycle, a viral nucleocapsid buds into a vesicle of trans-Golgi network (TGN)/endosome origin, acquiring an envelope and an outer vesicular membrane. The virus-containing vesicle then traffics to the plasma membrane where it fuses, exposing a mature virion. Although the process of directed egress has been studied in polarized epithelial cell lines, less work has been done in nonpolarized cell types. In this report, we describe a study of HSV-1 egress as it occurs in nonpolarized cells. The examination of infected Vero cells by electron, confocal, and total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy revealed that HSV-1 was released at specific pocket-like areas of the plasma membrane that were found along the substrate-adherent surface and cell-cell-adherent contacts. Both the membrane composition and cytoskeletal structure of egress sites were found to be modified by infection. The plasma membrane at virion release sites was heavily enriched in viral glycoproteins. Small glycoprotein patches formed early in infection, and virus became associated with these areas as they expanded. Glycoprotein-rich areas formed independently from virion trafficking as confirmed by the use of a UL25 mutant with a defect in capsid nuclear egress. The depolymerization of the cytoskeleton indicated that microtubules were important for the trafficking of virions and glycoproteins to release sites. In addition, the actin cytoskeleton was found to be necessary for maintaining the integrity of egress sites. When actin was depolymerized, the glycoprotein concentrations dispersed across the membrane, as did the surface-associated virus. Lastly, viral glycoprotein E appeared to function in a different manner in nonpolarized cells compared to previous studies of egress in polarized epithelial cells; the total amount of virus released at egress sites was slightly increased in infected Vero cells when gE was absent. However, gE was important for egress site formation, as Vero cells infected with gE deletion mutants formed glycoprotein patches that were significantly reduced in size. The results of this study are interpreted to indicate that the egress of HSV-1 in Vero cells is directed to virally induced, specialized egress sites that form along specific areas of the cell membrane.
Scalable and reconfigurable configurations and locomotion gaits for chain-type modular reconfigurable robots

Modular reconfigurable robots have shown the promises of great versatility and robustness; however they also impose design challenges on mechanical, electronic and software scalability. In this paper, we present a class of configurations that are scalable mechanically and electronically. Moreover, there exists a predefined reconfiguration sequence between any of the three configurations, namely, snakes, centipedes, and multi-loops. Locomotion gaits for the three configurations are defined and created using Phase Automata, a generalization of gait tables. The system has been tested both in simulation of 100+ modules and in hardware of 50+ modules.
An interactive multimedia system on "computer architecture, organization, and design"

The multimedia system described in this paper demonstrates the successful integration of multimedia into education and provides a clear example of how multimedia can be used to deliver computer engineering and computer science concepts to the often diverse student base. The paper describes an interactive, knowledge-based multimedia system that has been used to teach users about the basic aspects of computer architecture, organization, and design. The system is well suited for self-paced, student directed study, student review, and classroom presentation and discussion. The system allows learners to choose how information will be displayed, changing for example, among text, graphics, animation, and simulation. The hypermedia capabilities built into the system enables it to respond based on the dynamic evaluation of both the contexts of the human-computer collaboration and the knowledge base underlying the visible screen presentation. The system serves as a very useful aid to introduce and demonstrate some of the fundamental ideas of computer architecture and organization.
Classification of local- and landscape-scale ecological types in the southern Appalachian Mountains

Five local ecological types based on vegetative communities and two landscape types based on groups of communities, were identified by integrating landform, soil, and vegetation components using multivariate techniques. Elevation and several topographic and soil variables were highly correlated with types of both scales. Landscape ecological types based only on landform and soil variables without vegetation did not correspond with types developed using vegetation. Models developed from these relationships could allow classification and mapping of extensive areas using geographic information systems.
Construction of an intra-specific sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) genetic linkage map and synteny analysis with the Prunus reference map

Linkage maps of the sweet cherry cultivar ‘Emperor Francis’ (EF) and the wild forest cherry ‘New York 54’ (NY) were constructed using primarily simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and gene-derived markers with known positions on the Prunus reference map. The success rate for identifying SSR markers that could be placed on either the EF or NY maps was only 26% due to two factors: a reduced transferability of other Prunus-species-derived markers and a low level of polymorphism in the mapping parents. To increase marker density, we developed four cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence markers (CAPS), 19 derived CAPS markers, and four insertion–deletion markers for cherry based on 101 Prunus expressed sequence tags. In addition, four gene-derived markers representing orthologs of a tomato vacuolar invertase and fruit size gene and two sour cherry sorbitol transporters were developed. To complete the linkage analysis, 61 amplified fragment length polymorphism and seven sequence-related amplified polymorphism markers were also used for map construction. This analysis resulted in the expected eight linkage groups for both parents. The EF and NY maps were 711.1 cM and 565.8 cM, respectively, with the average distance between markers of 4.94 cM and 6.22 cM. A total of 82 shared markers between the EF and NY maps and the Prunus reference map showed that the majority of the marker orders were the same with the Prunus reference map suggesting that the cherry genome is colinear with that of the other diploid Prunus species.