cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Meeting the Challenges of Perinatal Bereavement Support Through Collaboration and Innovation

Poster Presentation Purpose for the Program To better meet the needs of the patient and families who experience perinatal loss and those of the staff providing care. Proposed Change To improve and expand the perinatal bereavement program in response to staff, patients, and community feedback. Implementation, Outcomes, and Evaluation The perinatal bereavement committee was expanded to include staff from labor and delivery, neonatal intensive care unit, mother–baby unit, genetic counseling, pastoral care, and nursing leadership. The committee identified opportunities for improvement in staff education, and the need to increase and improve processes for the respectful and individualized care of patients and infants. The existing process for burial was cost prohibitive for many families and confusing to implement. In response to these concerns, contact was made with the hospital's Foundation to identify financial resources to make this service accessible to all families who experience perinatal loss. We partnered with community resources, such as The Alexis Foundation, Linnemann Funeral Home, the HEARTS peer led support group and volunteers, to provide improved quality of care and tools. Tools include handmade blankets and hats, memory boxes individualized for gestational age, PresHand carriers for the respectful transport and handling of these infants, and brochures to assist patients and families in their journey through the grief process. Nursing management provided encouragement and financial support for the development and implementation of education for all nursing staff. Implications for Nursing Practice Collaboration within the healthcare system and the community affects the care we give our patients. Education and quality tools empower nurses to give individualized and respectful care to patients and infants. As a Magnet hospital, St. Elizabeth Healthcare continually focuses on the importance of collaboration and innovation to improve patient care and the enhancement of professional growth and development of nurses.
Raynaud's Disease Among Women and Girls

The diagnosis of Raynaud's disease was suspected in 756 female patients at the Mayo Clinic from 1920 through 1945. The diagnosis was substantiated from the records of the initial examination or from the follow-up data or examination in 474. The clinical characteristics, including diagnostic criteria, clinical course, complications, and sequelae are discussed.
Treatment of cutaneous lesions of xanthoma disseminatum with a CO2 laser.

We describe a case of a 15-year-old African American girl with widespread papulonodular lesions of xanthoma disseminatum especially in the periorbital area and on the flexural surfaces of the neck, axillae, arms, and legs. There were no mucosal lesions. An initial trial in the distant past of liquid nitrogen cryotherapy resulted in partial shrinking of cutaneous lesions but was too painful for the patient. She then underwent surgical excision of bilateral eyelid lesions with improvement, but additional procedures were deemed impractical when considering the great number and size of the lesions. Consequently we treated the patient with a carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) laser with excellent results. The relatively great speed at which the CO 2 laser procedure can be performed has made the removal of multiple lesions in each session possible. Additional advantages included precise vaporization of lesions, hemostasis during the operative procedure, and minimal postoperative pain and edema.
WW physics at future colliders

Abstract We examine ways to obtain experimental information on WW scattering ( W = W ± , Z 0 ) at future hadron or e+e− colliders. Perturbative standard model predictions for the production of W pairs, including pairs arising from WW → WW (which have not previously been studied) are presented. Methods of obtaining information from W polarizations as well as cross sections are considered. We find that with appropriate detectors it should be feasible to measure W polarizations. By determining the fraction of W's which are longitudinally polarized it is possible to extend the range of Higgs' masses which can be studied perhaps even to 2 TeV at future colliders, even when no signal can be seen in the cross section. The correlation of W decay planes turns out to be very small at any energy above threshold due to a previously unnoticed consequence of the standard model. Any non-zero correlation would be a signal of new physics. Some discussion is given of the requirements on detectors in order to have a reasonable chance to detect WW interactions. We also comment briefly on backgrounds which could mimic W pair production.
Achromatic phase elements based on a combination of surface and volume diffractive gratings

Phase masks are important optical elements that have been utilized for several decades in a large variety of applications. Recently, we demonstrated a new type of phase masks fabricated by encoding phase profiles into volume Bragg gratings, allowing these holographic elements to be used as phase masks at any wavelength capable of satisfying the Bragg condition of the hologram. Here, we present a new method of true achromatization of this type of phase masks that removes the need for angle tuning and is implemented by combining this holographic phase masks approach with a pair of surface diffraction gratings.
Remember the Future II: Meta-analyses and Functional Overlap of Working Memory and Delay Discounting

Previously we showed that working memory training decreased the discounting of future rewards in stimulant addicts without affecting a go/no-go task. While a relationship between delay discounting and working memory is consistent with other studies, the unique brain regions of plausible causality between these two abilities have yet to be determined. Activation likelihood estimation meta-analyses were performed on foci from studies of delay discounting (DD = 449), working memory (WM = 452), finger tapping (finger tapping = 450), and response inhibition (RI = 450). Activity maps from relatively less (finger tapping) and more (RI) demanding executive tasks were contrasted with maps of DD and WM. Overlap analysis identified unique functional coincidence between DD and WM. The anterior cingulate cortex was engaged by all tasks. Finger tapping largely engaged motor-related brain areas. In addition to motor-related areas, RI engaged frontal brain regions. The right lateral prefrontal cortex was engaged by RI, DD, and WM and was contrasted out of overlap maps. A functional cluster in the posterior portion of the left lateral prefrontal cortex emerged as the largest location of unique overlap between DD and WM. A portion of the left lateral prefrontal cortex is a unique location where delay discounting and working memory processes overlap in the brain. This area, therefore, represents a therapeutic target for improving behaviors that rely on the integration of the recent past with the foreseeable future.
Resiliency Determinants and Resiliency Processes Among Female Adult Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse

This phenomenological, qualitative study examined resiliency determinants and resiliency formation among 10 women who had been sexually abused as children. An examination of the determinants and processes that facilitated resiliency in participants' adult lives revealed 5 determinant clusters (interpersonally skilled, competent, high self-regard, spiritual, and helpful life circumstances) and 4 process clusters (coping strategies, refocusing and moving on, active healing, and achieving closure).
Domain structure of a disoriented chiral condensate from a wavelet perspective.

We present a novel method for studying the formation of a disoriented chiral condensate (DCC) in high energy heavy-ion collisions utilizing a discrete wavelet transformation. Because of its salient feature of space-scale locality, the discrete wavelet proves to be very effective in probing physics simultaneously at different locations in phase space and at different scales. We show that the probability distributions of the neutral pion fraction for various rapidity-bin sizes have distinctive shapes in the case of a DCC and exhibit a delay in approaching the Gaussian distribution required by the central limit theorem. We find the wavelet power spectrum for a DCC to exhibit a strong dependence on the scale while an equilibrium system and the standard dynamical models such as hijing have a flat spectrum.
Electron spin resonance evidence for isomorphous substitution of titanium into titanosilicate TiMCM-48 mesoporous materials

Hydrothermal synthesis of TiMCM-48 with varying Si/Ti ratios has been achieved. Comparative electron spin resonance (ESR) studies between synthesized TiMCM-48 and ion-exchanged Ti–AlMCM-48 show significant differences with respect to location and adsorbate interactions. Gamma-irradiation at 77 K of TiMCM-48 after a thermal activation treatment produces a strong ESR signal due to V centers and an axial signal with g∥ = 1.976 and g⊥ = 1.903 for isolated trivalent titanium in framework tetrahedral sites. An axial ESR signal with reversed g values of g∥ = 1.900 < g⊥ = 1.977 typical of Ti(III) with distorted octahedral symmetry is observed after γ-irradiation at 77 K of ion-exchanged Ti–AlMCM-48. Both TiMCM-48 and Ti–AlMCM-48 also differ in their behavior towards various adsorbates. The Ti(III) species observed in TiMCM-48 and Ti–AlMCM-48 after adsorption of D2O, CO, NH3 and CH3OD change their ESR characteristics indicating significant interaction with adsorbates. The ESR characteristics of the Ti(III) species in TiMCM-48 after adsorption of these adsorbates are different from those of Ti(III) in Ti–AlMCM-48. The contrasting characteristics of Ti(III) in TiMCM-48 and Ti–AlMCM-48 suggest that the titanium ion is in a framework site in TiMCM-48.
Pediatricians’ Attitudes About Screening Newborns for Infectious Diseases

In 2002, the U.S. Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) commissioned the American College of Medical Genetics (ACMG) to recommend a uniform newborn screening (NBS) panel. The ACMG sent out a survey to stakeholders to evaluate 80 metabolic and genetic conditions and 3 infectious diseases (Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Toxoplasmosis (Toxo), and Cytomegalovirus (CMV)). In March 2005, the ACMG/HRSA report recommended a panel including 29 metabolic and genetic conditions and 25 secondary targets. This panel was endorsed by the newly-formed U.S. Advisory Committee on Heritable Disorders and Genetic Diseases in Newborns and Children (Advisory Committee). Decisions about infectious diseases were deferred by the ACMG/HRSA committee due to limited survey responses and lack of expertise of surveyed stakeholders and committee members. The Advisory Committee has not pursued these conditions further. In this manuscript, we examine the attitudes of U.S. pediatricians toward targeted and universal screening of newborns for these three infectious diseases. Members of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) sections of infectious disease (n = 150) and community pediatrics (n = 150) plus 13 contributors to the AAP Red Book were surveyed by email or fax. Of eligible pediatricians, 113 of 297 (38%) returned surveys. Seventy-four percent supported either targeted or universal NBS for HIV, 57% for Toxo, but only 42% for CMV. The majority of respondents support screening newborns for HIV and Toxo. The Advisory Committee ought to solicit a systematic evaluation of these conditions to determine whether they should be included in the uniform panel.
The Use of a Green Fluorescent Protein Porcine Model to Evaluate Host Tissue Integration into Extracellular Matrix Derived Bionanocomposite Scaffolds

When using heterogeneous extracellular matrix (ECM) derived scaffolds for soft tissue repair, current methods of in vivo evaluation can fail to provide a clear distinction between host collagen and implanted scaffolds making it difficult to assess host tissue integration and remodeling. The purpose of this study is both to evaluate novel scaffolds conjugated with nanoparticles for host tissue integration and biocompatibility and to assess green fluorescent protein (GFP) expressing swine as a new animal model to evaluate soft tissue repair materials. Human-derived graft materials conjugated with nanoparticles were subcutaneously implanted into GFP expressing swine to be evaluated for biocompatibility and tissue integration through histological scoring and confocal imaging. Histological scoring indicates biocompatibility and remodeling of the scaffolds with and without nanoparticles at 1, 3, and 6 months. Confocal microscope images display host tissue integration into scaffolds although nonspecificity of GFP does not allow for quantification of integration. However, the confocal images do allow for spatial observation of host tissue migration into the scaffolds at different depths of penetration. The study concludes that the nanoparticle scaffolds are biocompatible and promote integration and that the use of GFP expressing swine can aid in visualizing the scaffold/host interface and host cell/tissue migration.
Problems of two-pyroxene geothermometry

Abstract It is possible to formulate a two-pyroxene (Mg Fe Ca) geothermometer using non-ideal but disordered site models for the pyroxenes. Experimental data on any two of the following three sets are needed: (a) the site occupancy data in orthopyroxene, (b) the site occupancy data in clinopyroxene (both sets of data with varying composition and temperature), and (c) synthetic phase equilibrium data on coexisting pyroxenes. A geothermometer based on site occupancy data is very sensitive to small variations of composition and may be useless for common petrological purposes but immensely useful for studying disequilibrium and kinetic history of the rocks.
Acute Heart Failure Risk Stratification: Can We Define Low Risk?

The emergency department evaluation and management of patients who have potential acute heart failure syndromes (AHFS) has remained a significant challenge for decades. The emergency physician's diagnostic tools for heart failure have remained limited, and the complexity of the syndrome itself has led to risk-averse practice styles with extremely high admission rates. Recently, new diagnostic markers and technology have become promising and even commonplace to assist emergency physicians in risk prediction for patients who have AHFS. Familiarity with these approaches is essential for improved care for patients who have heart failure and for resource use. This article reviews the available literature and describes patient features that need to be accounted for in disposition decision-making.
Abstract 5052: MicroRNA alterations following radiation in melanoma

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Purpose: Melanoma only accounts for 4% of skin cancer while causing 75% of cancer related deaths. Also, the incidence is increasing with the annual percent change in the United States reported as 2.4% for the period 1986-2006 and currently increasing faster than any other cancer worldwide. Moreover, patients who develop locally advanced or metastatic melanoma have limited treatment options with 5-year survival rates of 65% and 16%, for regional disease and metastatic disease, respectively. Historically, melanoma was regarded as resistant to radiation therapy (RT), however, recently the utility of RT has been re-explored in the adjuvant setting with fractionated radiotherapy (FRT) and also in the oligometastatic setting with stereotactic radiotherapy (SBRT), and does show increase in local control in appropriately selected patients. The importance of microRNA (miRNA) in cancer continues to be elucidated and in melanoma they are extensively reported as having significant roles in melanoma transformation, progression, invasiveness, metastasis, and outcome/prognosis. However, there are no reports of melanoma miRNA profiling and RT. miRNA expression profiles change as a consequence of RT in several tumor types. Experiments show delivery of miRNA in vivo appears both feasible and tolerable in murine models. Additionally, correcting miRNA deregulation has been shown to mitigate the tumorigenic phenotype and also induce radiosensitivity in vitro and in vivo. Materials/Methods: We cultured more than a dozen melanoma cell lines and sequenced for mutations in key genes such as B-RAF, N-RAS, etc. to group them. Next we isolated their miRNA of untreated and treated with 6 Gray dose of radiation isolated at 5 days. The miRNA expression was quantified using RT-qPCR of TaqMan Low Density Arrays (TLDA) cards. The data is reported using hierarchical clustering and those miRNAs significantly deregulated have been delineated. Results/Discussion: We have characterized the miRNA expression profiles of melanoma cell lines when comparing untreated and those treated with radiation. Our data indicate that miRNA profiles done pre and post RT are significantly different. To this end we have identified clusters of miRNA associated with RT sensitivity/resistance. Thus, these miRNAs could be important factors in response to RT and their differential expression may be linked to resistance to RT. Consequently, it is conceivable that these miRNA and/or their mRNA targets could be used in the future as targets for drug development to radiosensitize melanoma and thus further improve outcomes. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5052. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5052
Kinetic studies on the loss of water from α-D-glucose monohydrate.

Abstract Although the dehydration of α- d -glucose monohydrate is an important aspect of several industrial processes, there is uncertainty with regard to the applicable rate law and other factors that affect dehydration. Therefore, the dehydration of three glucose monohydrate samples has been studied using isothermal gravimetric analysis. Dehydration follows a one-dimensional contraction (R1) rate law for the majority of kinetic runs, and an activation energy of 65.0 ± 3.9 kJ mol −1 results when the rate constants are fitted to the Arrhenius equation. Fitting the rate constants to the Eyring equation results in values of 62.1 ± 3.7 kJ mol −1 and −77.8 ± 4.7 J mol −1 K −1 for Δ H ‡ and Δ S ‡ , respectively. The impedance effect on the loss of water vapor has also been investigated to determine the values for activation energy, enthalpy, and entropy for diffusion of water. The results obtained for the activation parameters are interpreted in terms of the absolute entropies of anhydrous glucose and the monohydrate.
Creating Web-Accessible Databases: Case Studies for Libraries, Museums, and Other Nonprofits

Libraries have traditionally collected all kinds of information in printed index or database form, and library patrons had access to the index or database only in libraries. Web-accessible database...
Reflectance confocal microscopy may differentiate acute allergic and irritant contact dermatitis in vivo

Abstract Background Acute irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) and allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) may be difficult to distinguish by clinical or histologic assessment. Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) enables real-time, high-resolution skin imaging in vivo. Objective We sought to image, characterize, and distinguish acute ACD and ICD in vivo. Methods Volunteers with ACD were patch tested with an allergen and the irritant, sodium lauryl sulfate. RCM imaging and transepidermal water loss measurements were performed at 24 and 72 hours. Biopsy specimens were correlated with RCM images. Results Spongiosis, epidermal inflammatory cell infiltrate, and vesicle formation were observed in ACD and ICD. Compared with ACD, ICD showed greater disruption of the stratum corneum, and more parakeratosis. There was a significantly greater increase in transepidermal water loss for ICD compared with ACD. Conclusion RCM is a promising tool for dynamic, noninvasive assessment and may help to differentiate acute ACD and sodium lauryl sulfate–induced ICD.
Gender Roles and Inequalities in Political Participation: Results from an Eight-Nation Study:

r -WO RECENT cross-national studies found that equality in political participation between men and women was far from being an accomplished fact in many countries (Barnes, Kaase et al. 1979; Verba, Nie, and Kim 1978). Nor was the disparity simply a consequence of making comparisons between fully developed versus less developed countries. Moreover, the range in participation equality was rather staggering even within the Western countries. Both normative and empirical theory demand an explanation for these results. From the normative perspective the question is why and whether inequalities in what is presumably a key function in representative democracies should be vitally affected by sheer accident of birth. Subsequent questions have to do with the consequences of and the solutions to the phenomenon. Empirically, the question is how do these inequalities come about, how are they maintained, and what are the sources of cross-national variation? Attempts to account for less political activity among women have employed three major hypotheses or sets of explanatory factors (Dowse and Hughes 1971; Orum et al. 1974; Welch 1980). The situational explanation looks to the contemporary characteristics of a woman's life space. Such roles as wife, mother, divorcee, widow, and homemaker are said in one way or another to inhibit political participation. These are held to be confining and isolating roles, roles that do not permit easy access to such political resources as time, money, contacts, organizational life, channels of communication, and the general skill levels that typically accompany high rates of political action. Even when women break out of such traditional roles, it is argued that they must continue to carry the traditional roles along with the new ones, thus imposing a dampening effect. The structural explanation tends to stretch further back in the life history of the individual and to include societal institutions. It is argued that key institutions in such domains as education, the economy, and the law are configured to deny women the same opportunities, benefits, and protection that are accorded men (e.g., Krauss 1974). The result is that women occupy structural niches that are less conducive to robust political activity. For example, women typically have less advanced education than do men and certainly they often acquire a qualitatively different education even when the years of schooling are equivalent. The female occupa-
Cell adhesion molecules and actin cytoskeleton at immune synapses and kinapses

The immunological synapse is a stable adhesive junction between a polarized immune effector cell and an antigen-bearing cell. Immunological synapses are often observed to have a striking radial symmetry in the plane of contact with a prominent central cluster of antigen receptors surrounded by concentric rings of adhesion molecules and actin-rich projections. There is a striking similarity between the radial zones of the immunological synapse and the dynamic actinomyosin modules employed by migrating cells. Breaking the symmetry of an immunological synapse generates a moving adhesive junction that can be defined as a kinapse, which facilitates signal integration by immune cells while moving over the surface of antigen-presenting cells.
Formation and Optical Characteristics of Type-II Strain-Relieved GaSb/GaAs Quantum Dots by Using an Interfacial Misfit Growth Mode

We report the formation and optical characteristics of GaSb/GaAs type-II quantum dots (QDs) by using an interfacial misfit (IMF) growth mode. A V/III ratio during the growth of GaSb QDs determines the selectivity of IMF and conventional Stranski-Krastanov (SK) growth modes. This transition between SK and optimized IMF QDs is rather abrupt and occurs within a factor-of-2 variations in V/III ratio. The IMF QDs emit at longer wavelength (cong1.1 mum) compared to the SK QD peak emission at cong1.02 mum at low temperature (LT) (4 K) because of their strain-free nature of the IMF growth mode. A blueshift of the photoluminescence (PL) peak is observed with increased excitation densities due to the Coulomb interaction between physically separated electrons and holes characteristics of the type-II band alignment. LT time-resolved PL measurements show a long decay time of cong20-40 ns from the transition between GaSb IMF QDs and GaAs 2-D electron gas, which is characteristic of the type-II band alignment.
Three-dimensional linear system analysis for breast tomosynthesis

The optimization of digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) geometry and reconstruction is crucial for the clinical translation of this exciting new imaging technique. In the present work, the authors developed a three-dimensional (3D) cascaded linear system model for DBT to investigate the effects of detector performance, imaging geometry, and image reconstruction algorithm on the reconstructed image quality. The characteristics of a prototype DBT system equipped with an amorphous selenium flat-panel detector and filtered backprojection reconstruction were used as an example in the implementation of the linear system model. The propagation of signal and noise in the frequency domain was divided into six cascaded stages incorporating the detector performance, imaging geometry, and reconstruction filters. The reconstructed tomosynthesis imaging quality was characterized by spatial frequency dependent presampling modulation transfer function (MTF), noise power spectrum (NPS), and detective quantum efficiency (DQE) in 3D. The results showed that both MTF and NPS were affected by the angular range of the tomosynthesis scan and the reconstruction filters. For image planes parallel to the detector (in-plane), MTF at low frequencies was improved with increase in angular range. The shape of the NPS was affected by the reconstruction filters. Noise aliasing in 3D could be introduced by insufficient voxel sampling, especially in the z (slice-thickness) direction where the sampling distance (slice thickness) could be more than ten times that for in-plane images. Aliasing increases the noise at high frequencies, which causes degradation in DQE. Application of a reconstruction filter that limits the frequency components beyond the Nyquist frequency in the z direction, referred to as the slice thickness filter, eliminates noise aliasing and improves 3D DQE. The focal spot blur, which arises from continuous tube travel during tomosynthesis acquisition, could degrade DQE significantly because it introduces correlation in signal only, not NPS.
Note---A Note on Single Machine Sequencing with Random Processing Times

It is shown that Lawler's efficient order n2 algorithm for the n-job, one-machine scheduling problem where the objective is to minimize the maximum deferral cost subject to arbitrary precedence relationships also applies when the processing times are random variables and the objective is to minimize the maximum expected deferral cost. Several special cases are explored.
Embryonic development in Erythrocebus patas

The developmental stages of 12 Erythrocebus patas embryos, ranging in gestational age from 30 to 50 days, is described. The pattern of embryogenesis in E. patas closely parallels the anatomic characteristics of human and other nonhuman primate embryos between stages 12 and 23. However, there is a delay in development in E. patas similar to that observed in human embryos which differs from the macaques and baboons. This temporal difference in the embryonic period is an important factor in the design and analysis of early pregnancy studies in this species.
Long-term frequency instability of atomic frequency references based on coherent population trapping and microfabricated vapor cells

We present an evaluation of the long-term frequency instability and environmental sensitivity of a chip-scale atomic clock based on coherent population trapping, particularly as affected by the light-source subassembly. The long-term frequency stability of this type of device can be dramatically improved by judicious choice of operating parameters of the light-source subassembly. We find that the clock frequency is influenced by the laser-injection current, the laser temperature, and the rf modulation index. The sensitivity of the clock frequency to changes in the laser-injection current or the substrate temperature can be significantly reduced through adjustment of the rf modulation index. This makes the requirements imposed on the laser-temperature stabilization, in order to achieve a given frequency stability, less severe. The clock-frequency instability due to variations in local oscillator power is shown to be reduced through the choice of an appropriate light intensity inside the cell. The importance of these parameters with regard to the long-term stability of such systems is discussed.
An Economic Model for Pricing Digital Products

An economic model is created that emphasizes the characteristics of digital products. By focusing on price instead of quantity, the model examines the impact of low marginal costs and advertising revenue. The conditions for producing negative prices are explored along with the limitations of assuming linear demand curves in an e-commerce setting. The model explains observed phenomenon in Web examples including digital music, search engine competition, and social networks.
Explicaciones intencionales y explicaciones teleológicas de la conducta animal

Este trabajo tiene por objetivo examinar criticamente dos propuestas filosoficas con respecto a los requisitos que deben satisfacer los animales no humanos para que podamos dar explicaciones intencionales legitimas de sus conductas. Se partira de la nocion de enfoque intencional, desarrollada por Dennett, y se senalara una conocida critica en su contra: el riesgo de sobre-atribucion intencional que comporta. Luego, se presentaran los desarrollos de Mark Okrent, quien propone distinguir entre un enfoque intencional y un enfoque teleologico para explicar las conductas de distintos organismos biologicos. Segun se argumentara, aunque esta distincion permite enfrentar el problema de la sobre-atribucion de estados mentales, tropieza con sus propias dificultades. Mas especificamente, no logra abarcar ciertas conductas animales que exceden el marco de explicacion puramente teleologico pero no alcanzan a satisfacer los requerimientos de aplicacion del enfoque intencional. Finalmente, se propone un modo de resolver esta dificultad, consistente en morigerar los requerimientos de Okrent para la aplicacion legitima del enfoque intencional a animales no humanos. Intentional Explanations and Teleological Explanations of Animal Behaviour. This paper examines two philosophical proposals about the requirements which must be satisfied in order to legitimately apply intentional explanations to non-human animals. Firstly, I evaluate Daniel Dennett’s intentional stance approach, and I present a well-known critique against it: the risk of over-attribution of intentional states that it comports. Secondly, I turn to Mark Okrent’s attempt to refine Dennett’s original position, by distinguishing between an intentional stance and a teleological one. Even when this strategy seems useful to deal with the problem of overattribution of intentionality, it faces its own problems. As I will try to show, there are behaviors of non-human animals that can be explained neither by the teleological stance, nor by the intentional stance. Finally, I will suggest that, in order to overcome this problem, Okrent’s requirements for the legitimate application of the intentional stance should be revised and mitigated.
Metabolism and Urinary Excretion of Several Flavonoid Compounds.

SummaryA study has been made of the metabolism and urinary excretion of rutin, hesperidin. hesperidin methyl chalcone, maringin and phloroacetophenone. Whereas the latter compound is to a large extent excreted either free or combined, the flavonoids, with the exception of rutin, are probably destroyed in the body or converted into other compounds which were not detected by the methods used. Rutin is partially destroyed in the body and partially handled by the usual phenol excretion pathways of sulfate and glucuronide.
Dissolution of Quartz, Albite, and Orthoclase in H2O-Saturated Haplogranitic Melt at 800 C and 200 MPa: Diffusive Transport Properties of Granitic Melts at Crustal Anatectic Conditions

We have conducted experiments on dissolution of quartz, albite, orthoclase, and corundum into H2O-saturated haplogranite melt at 800 � C and 200MPa over a duration of 120–1488h with the aim of ascertaining the diffusive transport properties of granitic melts at crustal anatectic temperatures. Cylinders of anhydrous starting glass and a single mineral phase (quartz or feldspar) were juxtaposed along flat and polished surfaces inside gold or platinum capsules with � 10 wt % added H2O. Concentration profiles in glass (quenched melt) perpendicular to the mineral–glass interfaces and comparison with relevant phase diagrams suggest that melts at the interface are saturated in the dissolving phases after 384h, and with longer durations the concentration profiles are controlled only by diffusion of components in the melt. The evolution of the concentration profiles with time indicates that uncoupled diffusion in the melt takes place along the following four linearly independent directions in oxide composition space: SiO2 ,N a2O, and K2O axes (Si-, Na-, and K-eigenvectors, respectively), and a direction between the Al2O3, Na2O, and K2O axes (Al-eigenvector), such that the Al/Na molar ratio is equal to that of the bulk melt and the Al/(Na þ K) molar ratio is equal to the equilibrium ASI (¼ mol. Al2O3/[Na2O þ K2O]) of the melt. Experiments in which a glass cylinder was sandwiched between two mineral cylinders—quartz and albite, quartz and K-feldspar, or albite and corundum—tested the validity of the inferred directions of uncoupled diffusion and explored longrange chemical communication in the melt via chemical potential gradients. The application of available solutions to the diffusion equations for the experimental quartz and feldspar dissolution data provides diffusivities along the directions of the Si-eigenvector and Al-eigenvector of � (2� 0–2� 8) · 10 � 15 m 2 /s and � (0� 6–2� 4) · 10 � 14 m 2 /s, respectively. Minimum diffusivities of alkalis [� (3–9) · 10 � 11 m 2 /s] are orders of magnitude greater than the tetrahedral components of the melt. The information provided here determines the rate at which crustal anatexis can occur when sufficient heat is supplied and diffusion is the only mass transport (mixing) process in the melt. The calculated diffusivities imply that a quartzo-feldspathic source rock with initial grain size of 2–3mm undergoing hydrostatic, H2O-saturated melting at 800 � C (infinite heat supply) could produce 20–30 vol. % of homogeneous melt in less than 1–10 years. Slower diffusion in H2O-undersaturated melts will increase this time frame.
A review of residential radon case-control epidemiologic studies performed in the United States.

SUMMARY Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States for both men and women. Although most lung cancer deaths are attributable to tobacco usage, even secondary causes of lung cancer are important because of the magnitude of lung cancer incidence and its poor survival rate. This review summarizes the basic features and major findings from the published U.S. large-scale residential radon casecontrol studies performed in New Jersey, Iowa,
Structure of recombinant human rheumatoid arthritic synovial fluid phospholipase A2 at 2.2 Å resolution

Phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) may be grouped into distinct families of proteins that catalyse the hydrolysis of the 2-acyl bond of phospholipids and perform a variety of biological functions. The best characterized are the small (relative molecular mass approximately 14,000) calcium-dependent, secretory enzymes of diverse origin, such as pancreatic and venom PLA2s. The structures and functions of several PLA2s are known. Recently, high-resolution crystal structures of complexes of secretory PLA2s with phosphonate phospholipid analogues have provided information about the detailed stereochemistry of transition-state binding, confirming the proposed catalytic mechanism of esterolysis. By contrast, studies on mammalian nonpancreatic secretory PLA2s (s-PLA2s) have only recently begun; s-PLA2s are scarce in normal cells and tissues but large amounts are found in association with local and systemic inflammatory processes and tissue injury in animals and man. Such s-PLAs have been purified from rabbit and rat inflammatory exudate, from synovial fluid from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and from human platelets. Cloning and sequencing shows that the primary structure of the human s-PLA2 has about 37% homology with that of bovine pancreatic PLA2 and 44% homology with that of Crotalus atrox PLA2. The human s-PLA2 is an unusually basic protein, yet contains most of the highly conserved amino-acid residues and sequences characteristic of the PLA2s sequenced so far. Here we report the refined, three-dimensional crystal structure at 2.2 A resolution of recombinant human rheumatoid arthritic synovial fluid PLA2. This may aid the development of potent and specific inhibitors of this enzyme using structure-based design.
Dynamic neural-based buffer management for queuing systems with self-similar characteristics

Buffer management in queuing systems plays an important role in addressing the tradeoff between efficiency measured in terms of overall packet loss and fairness measured in terms of individual source packet loss. Complete partitioning (CP) of a buffer with the best fairness characteristic and complete sharing (CS) of a buffer with the best efficiency characteristic are at the opposite ends of the spectrum of buffer management techniques. Dynamic partitioning buffer management techniques aim at addressing the tradeoff between efficiency and fairness. Ease of implementation is the key issue when determining the practicality of a dynamic buffer management technique. In this paper, two novel dynamic buffer management techniques for queuing systems accommodating self-similar traffic patterns are introduced. The techniques take advantage of the adaptive learning power of perceptron neural networks when applied to arriving traffic patterns of queuing systems. Relying on the water-filling approach, our proposed techniques are capable of coping with the tradeoff between packet loss and fairness issues. Computer simulations reveal that both of the proposed techniques enjoy great efficiency and fairness characteristics as well as ease of implementation.
Modelling to generate alternatives with an energy system optimization model

Energy system optimization models (ESOMs) should be used in an interactive way to uncover knife-edge solutions, explore alternative system configurations, and suggest different ways to achieve policy objectives under conditions of deep uncertainty. In this paper, we do so by employing an existing optimization technique called modeling to generate alternatives (MGA), which involves a change in the model structure in order to systematically explore the near-optimal decision space. The MGA capability is incorporated into Tools for Energy Model Optimization and Analysis (Temoa), an open source framework that also includes a technology rich, bottom up ESOM. In this analysis, Temoa is used to explore alternative energy futures in a simplified single region energy system that represents the U.S. electric sector and a portion of the light duty transport sector. Given the dataset limitations, we place greater emphasis on the methodological approach rather than specific results. Modeling to generate alternatives (MGA) is applied to an energy system model.Temoa, an open source energy model, and a two sector U.S. dataset are utilized.MGA is used to explore different cost- and CO2-constrained futures.Results highlight the value of iterative analysis to probe the model decision space.
Abstract W P19: Propensity Scores Facilitate Unbiased Comparison of Endovascular Devices in IMS III

Introduction: The IMS III Trial randomized acute ischemic stroke patients to endovascular (IV tPA + intra-arterial) or IV tPA -only therapy to compare efficacy. However, endovascular subjects were not randomized to a particular approach; interventionalists chose the method. Hence, any statistical comparison of devices must account for potential selection bias. Methods: To compare the efficacy and safety of various endovascular treatment modalities, the multiple propensity score (PS) method was implemented to account for potential bias and achieve balance between groups. The analysis is restricted to subjects with an ICA or M1 vessel treated using a standard microcatheter, the Merci retriever, or the Penumbra system. Propensity scores were estimated via a multinomial regression model that included demographic and clinical variables for which 1) an imbalance between devices was demonstrated (α=0.10) or 2) an association with outcome was established (α=0.10). PS tertiles were included as covariates in a logistic regression model relating outcome to device. Results: The analysis included 167 subjects treated with a standard microcatheter (n=51), the Merci retriever (n=77) or the Penumbra system (n=39). Unadjusted comparison indicated imbalance between devices in the presence of atrial fibrillation, age, systolic blood pressure, onset to IV tPA start time, and IV tPA start to groin puncture time. Additional covariates included in the PS model varied by outcome. After adjustment for PS tertiles, the initial difference in baseline variables between devices was no longer statistically significant and there was insufficient evidence to conclude that the devices differed for any of the outcomes considered. Conclusions: Selection bias was a concern in comparing endovascular approaches in IMS III. The PS method successfully balanced baseline characteristics and facilitated a valid conclusion: major efficacy and safety outcomes did not significantly differ between subjects treated with a standard microcatheter, the Merci retriever, and the Penumbra system. Limitations include small sample size and the possibility of differences in unmeasured baseline characteristics.
Human symbionts inject and neutralize antibacterial toxins to persist in the gut

The human gut microbiome is a dynamic and densely populated microbial community that can provide important benefits to its host. Cooperation and competition for nutrients among its constituents only partially explain community composition and interpersonal variation. Notably, certain human-associated Bacteroidetes—one of two major phyla in the gut—also encode machinery for contact-dependent interbacterial antagonism, but its impact within gut microbial communities remains unknown. Here we report that prominent human gut symbionts persist in the gut through continuous attack on their immediate neighbors. Our analysis of just one of the hundreds of species in these communities reveals 12 candidate antibacterial effector loci that can exist in 32 combinations. Through the use of secretome studies, in vitro bacterial interaction assays and multiple mouse models, we uncover strain-specific effector/immunity repertoires that can predict interbacterial interactions in vitro and in vivo, and find that some of these strains avoid contact-dependent killing by accumulating immunity genes to effectors that they do not encode. Effector transmission rates in live animals can exceed 1 billion events per minute per gram of colonic contents, and multiphylum communities of human gut commensals can partially protect sensitive strains from these attacks. Together, these results suggest that gut microbes can determine their interactions through direct contact. An understanding of the strategies human gut symbionts have evolved to target other members of this community may provide new approaches for microbiome manipulation.
Labile Methyl Group Biosynthesis in the Turkey Poult 1. Dietary Methionine, Choline, Vitamin B12 and their Effects on Growth and Methyl Group Biosynthesis In Vitro

Abstract THE first evidence relating choline to methionine was the observation that methionine, as well as choline, was lipotropic for rats (Tucker and Eckstein, 1937). White and Beach (1937) demonstrated that homocystine could stimulate growth of rats fed a methionine deficient diet and postulated the conversion of homocystine to methionine, du Vigneaud et al. (1939) showed that choline was responsible for this conversion and Simmonds et al. (1943) showed that a methyl group from choline was transferred in the formation of methionine from homocystine. Bremer and Greenberg (1960) have established that all the methyl groups of choline were derived from methionine via transmethylation. It had been observed that some rats grew even though the diet was deficient in choline and methionine (du Vigneaud et al., 1939) Similar effects were shown to be due to a factor present in liver (Bennett and Toennies, 1946). The isolation of vitamin B12 (Rickes et al.,…
Tailored Near-Infrared Contrast Agents for Image Guided Surgery

The success of near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence to be employed for intraoperative imaging relies on the ability to develop a highly stable, NIR fluorescent, nontoxic, biocompatible, and highly excreted compound that retains a reactive functionality for conjugation to a cancer-recognizing peptide. Herein, systematic modifications to previously detailed fluorophore ZW800-1 are explored. Specific modifications, including the isosteric replacement of the O atom of ZW800-1, include nucleophilic amine and sulfur species attached to the heptamethine core. These novel compounds have shown similar satisfactory results in biodistribution and clearance while also expressing increased stability in serum. Most importantly, all of the synthesized and evaluated compounds display a reactive functionality (either a free amino group or carboxylic acid moiety) for further bioconjugation. The results obtained from the newly prepared derivatives demonstrate that the central substitution with the studied linking agents retains the ultralow background in vivo performance of the fluorophores regardless of the total net charge.
Berry phase and polarization aberration

As polarized light propagates through optical systems, the state folds at each refraction. Carrying the polarization state through the optical system leads to different Berry phase accumulation along different paths. Examples of this polarization aberration on the PSF and OTF are presented.
Delivery of Non-Native Cargo into Mammalian Cells Using Anthrax Lethal Toxin

The intracellular delivery of peptide and protein therapeutics is a major challenge due to the plasma membrane, which acts as a barrier between the extracellular environment and the intracellular milieu. Over the past two decades, a nontoxic PA/LFN delivery platform derived from anthrax lethal toxin has been developed for the transport of non-native cargo into the cytosol of cells in order to understand the translocation process through a protective antigen (PA) pore and to probe intracellular biological functions. Enzyme-mediated ligation using sortase A and native chemical ligation are two facile methods used to synthesize these non-native conjugates, inaccessible by recombinant technology. Cargo molecules that translocate efficiently include enzymes from protein toxins, antibody mimic proteins, and peptides of varying lengths and non-natural amino acid compositions. The PA pore has been found to effectively convey over 30 known cargos other than native lethal factor (LF; i.e., non-native) with diverse ...