cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recognition of childhood depression: Personal reminiscences

Prior to 1970, childhood depression was not considered a valid clinical entity by American psychiatrists. One of the early clues was provided in the 1950s by the author's observation of depressive symptoms in children and young adolescents with undescended testicles. This finding was extended to children with several chronic diseases, many of whom exhibited depressive symptoms as well. Eventually, depressive symptomatology was found in children without any physical disorders. This was followed by the introduction of a diagnostic instrument, called the Children's Affective Rating Scale (CARS), later converted into a more formal system called the Child Assessment Schedule (CAS). A provisional classification of childhood depression was published in 1972. Our examination of children with depressive disorders has revealed several modes of family interaction, of which the most important were: separation from important love objects; depreciation and rejection; and affective disorders in parents. Several children with bipolar disorder stimulated our interest in this disorder and led to a pilot study of children of bipolar, lithium-responding parents. Some of these children with bipolar illness had a clear-cut response to lithium and were strong augmenters of the average evoked potentials (EPs). Next, our group investigated the urinary excretion of norepinephrine and its metabolites in chronically depressed children who differed from a normal control group. The foregoing studies, along with major contributions by other child psychiatrists, eventually led to the acceptance of childhood depression as a clinical entity in US psychiatry. The acceptance of juvenile bipolar disorder had to await further research by a new generation of child and adult psychiatrists.
The Graying of America: Implications for Achievement Motivation Theory and Research

Anyone involved with education or other social services in the United States is unavoidably, and perhaps very personally, aware of shifting proportions of children, youth, adults and the aged in the general population. Abrupt changes in the size of the youth population are an interesting and unique feature of the social landscape of the U.S. in the twentieth century. The rapid rise in birth and fertility rates, referred to as the “baby boom,” produced an extremely rapid increase in the number of children and youth during the years 1956–1976. Just as surely, the recent and very rapid decline in birth and fertility rates will produce an equally steep decline in the relative size of the youth population in the period between 1976–1990 (cf., Figures 1 and 2). Complementary to this, the average life span has continued to increase, eventuating in what has sometimes been called the “Graying of America.”
Induced Positive Mood and Cognitive Flexibility: Evidence from Task Switching and Reversal Learning

Positive mood often facilitates cognitive functions. Facilitation is hypothesized to be due to an increase in dopamine occurring in positive mood states. However, facilitation has not been consistently found in studies of cognitive flexibility. This inconsistent relationship may reflect the numerous ways cognitive flexibility is measured. Moreover, there is evidence that the role of dopamine in cognitive flexibility performance depends on the type of measure used. In the current study, we employed a probabilistic two-card reversal learning task (n = 129) and a Stroop-like task switching procedure (n = 188) in a college student population. We used a standardized set of mood videos to induce a positive, negative, or neutral mood state. Negative mood states were included to account for possible effects of arousal on performance, which is seen in both positive and negative mood inductions. Based on current theories of positive mood and cognition, we hypothesized that there would be differences in the effects of a positive mood induction on cognitive flexibility as assessed by task switching and reversal learning tasks. The mood induction successfully induced high levels of amusement and increased valence in the positive mood group and high levels of repulsion and decreased valence in the negative mood group. However, there were no differences in cognitive flexibility across any of the mood groups, as assessed by switch costs in task switching and correct choices after the reversal in reversal learning. Overall, these findings do not support the hypothesis that positive mood improves cognitive flexibility.
ParLearning 2018 Invited Talk 2

The past few years have witnessed a growth in size and computational requirements for training and inference with neural networks. Currently, a common approach to address these requirements is to use a heterogeneous distributed environment with a mixture of hardware devices such as CPUs and GPUs. Importantly, the decision of placing parts of the neural models on devices is often made by human experts based on simple heuristics and intuitions. In this talk, I will present some of our recent efforts on learning to optimize model parallelism for TensorFlow computational graphs. Key to our method is the use of deep reinforcement learning to predict which subsets of operations in a TensorFlow graph should run on which of the available devices. The execution time of the predicted placements is then used as the reward signal to optimize the parameters of the deep model. Our main result is that on important computer vision, language modeling and neural machine translation tasks, our model finds non-trivial ways to parallelise the model that outperform hand-crafted heuristics and traditional algorithmic methods.
Socially Shaping the Field's Identity through "RHM"

In the introduction to the inaugural double issue, we presented our vision for RHM ’s ethos as a dwelling place (Hyde, 2004) for those doing rhetorically oriented work in health and medicine, and as an ambassadorial site for demonstrating how rhetorical study in all of its forms can inform the work of health and medicine’s wider stakeholders and practices. In this introduction, we aim to extend this call by imagining the journal as a site for building a community of practice, which, according to Etienne Wenger and Beverly Wenger-Trayner (2015), can be defined as “a group of people who share a concern or a passion for something they do, and learn how to do it better as they interact regularly” (para 1). This theory of social learning includes the three “modes of identification”1 (Wenger, 2010)—namely engagement, alignment, and imagination—through which the journal helps shape the identity of the now-emerged community of RHM scholars.
Improving Financial Performance: Summary and Research Agenda

The key question addressed in this book is: what drives superior financial performance? Important component questions include: why do some firms consistently perform better than others? why do poorly performing firms improve profitability? why do once successful firms suffer profit declines, and what can be done about it? what keeps consistently under performing firms from improving profitability, and what can be done about it? Answers to these questions should lead directly to advice for managers on how corporations might improve financial performance.
Connecting Mentoring to the Classroom: Lessons for Teachers of Female Undergraduates:

This article provides pedagogical activities to help develop students into “model mentees.” Being a competent mentee is especially significant for young women who aspire to executive-level manageme...
Low-dose megavoltage cone-beam computed tomography using a novel multi-layer imager (MLI).

Purpose The feasibility of low-dose megavoltage cone-beam acquisition (MVCBCT) using a novel, high detective quantum efficiency (DQE) multi-layer imager (MLI) was investigated. The aim of this work was to reconstruct MVCBCT images using the MLI at different total dose levels, and assess Hounsfield Unit (HU) accuracy, noise and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) for low-dose megavoltage cone-beam acquisition. Methods The MLI has four stacked layers; each layer contains a combination of copper filter/converter, gadolinium oxysulfide (GOS) scintillator and a-Si detector array. In total, 720 projections of a CATPHAN® phantom were acquired over 360° at 2.5, 6, and 6 MV flattening filter free (FFF) beam energies on a Varian TrueBeam LINAC. The dose per projection was 0.01, 0.0167, and 0.05 MU for 2.5, 6, and 6 MV FFF, respectively. MVCBCT images were reconstructed with varying numbers of projections to provide a range of doses for evaluation. Hounsfield Unit uniformity, accuracy, noise and CNR were estimated. Improvements were quantified relative to the standard AS1200 single-layer imager. Results Average HU uniformity for the MLI reconstructions was within a range of 95%-99% for all of the energies studied. Relative electron density estimation from HU values was within 0.4% ± 1.8% from nominal values. The CNR for MVCBCT based on MLI projections was 2-4× greater than from AS1200 projections. The 2.5 MV beam acquisition with the MLI exhibited the lowest noise and the best balance between CNR and dose for low-dose reconstructions. Conclusions Megavoltage cone-beam acquisition imaging with a novel MLI prototype mounted on a clinical linear accelerator demonstrated substantial improvement over the standard AS1200 EPID. Further optimization of MVCBCT reconstruction, particularly for 2.5 MV acquisitions, will improve image metrics. Overall, the MLI improves CNR at substantially lower doses than currently required by conventional detectors. This new high DQE detector could provide high-quality MVCBCT at clinically acceptable doses.
A Review of Computational Models for the Flow of Milled Biomass Part I: Discrete-Particle Models

Biomass is a renewable and sustainable energy resource. Current design of biomass handling and feeding equipment leverage both experiments and numerical modeling. This paper reviews the state-of-th...
128-OR: The Ipswich Neurodiab Study: A 5-Year Longitudinal Study Examining Natural History of Diabetes Polyneuropathy (DPN)

This longitudinal, case-control study compares the progression of Small and Large Fibre Neuropathy (SFN and LFN respectively) in T1DM and T2DM and examines determinants of progression. T1DM, T2DM and healthy controls (HC) groups each with 50 subjects were evaluated annually (2014-19). Functional SFN was assessed using the LDIFLARE test in the foot and structural SFN in the cornea [corneal nerve fibre density using confocal microscopy (CCMCNFD)]. LFN was assessed using vibration perception threshold (VPT) and sural nerve conduction velocity (SNCV) and amplitude (SNAP). At year 5 DPN was diagnosed if the Neurology Disability score (NDS) was ≥3 (DPN+). Mean (±SD) age and sex distribution at baseline for T1DM was (41.4±15.0 yr; 27 males), T2DM (54.38±9.1; 25m) and HC (40.7±15.1; 24m). T1DM with DPN+ had a significantly greater decline of LDIFLARE size compared to DPN- [0.15 v 0.08 cm2/yr; p=0.001] and of CCMCNFD (0.16v 0.10 fibres/mm2/yr; p=0.005). In contrast in T2DM there was no difference between DPN+ and DPN- groups in LDIFLARE size (0.22v 0.15cm2/yr; p=0.09) and CCMCNFD (0.23v 0.16 fibres/mm2/yr; p=0.06). Decline in small fibre function and structure in T1DM DPN- was no different from HCs. (LDIFLARE - 0.07cm2/yr; CCMCNFD - 0.05 fibres/mm2/yr) in contrast to all other groups. In T1DM, the decline of LDIFLARE size and CCMCNFD correlated only with HbA1c change (p= There was no significant change of LFN indices (VPT, SNCV and SNAP; p=>0.05) over the 5yrs. This - the first longitudinal comparative study of changes in small fibre nerve structure and function in T1DM and T2DM - demonstrates changes in SFN in both groups that are not paralleled by changes in LFN, supporting the concept that SFN precedes LFN in DPN, It further demonstrates important differences in determinants of progression between T1DM and T2DM; the former being related to glycaemic control and the latter to multiple metabolic factors. Disclosure S. Sharma: None. J. Cross: None. P.R. Vas: None. G. Rayman: None.
Trends in Catastrophic Occupational Incidents among Electrical Contractors, 2007-2013

This study used methodologies of descriptive and quantitative statistics to identify the contributing factors most affecting occupational accident outcomes among electrical contracting enterprises, given an accident occurred. Accident reports were collected from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's fatality and catastrophe database. To ensure the reliability of the data, the team manually codified more than 600 incidents through a comprehensive content analysis using injury-classification standards. Inclusive of both fatal and non-fatal injuries, the results showed that most accidents happened in nonresidential buildings, new construction, and small projects (i.e., $50,000 or less). The main source of injuries manifested in parts and materials (46%), followed by tools, instruments, and equipment (19%), and structure and surfaces (16%). The most frequent types of injuries were fractures (31%), electrocutions (27%), and electrical burns (14%); the main injured body parts were upper extremities (25%), head (23%), and body system (18%). Among non-fatal cases, falls (37%), exposure to electricity (36%), and contact with objects (19%) caused most injuries; among fatal cases, exposure to electricity was the leading cause of death (50%), followed by falls (28%) and contact with objects (19%). The analysis also investigated the impact of several accident factors on the degree of injuries and found significant effects from such factors such as project type, source of injury, cause of injury, injured part of body, nature of injury, and eventtype. In other words, the statistical probability of a fatal accident-given an accident occurrence-changes significantly based on the degree of these factors. The results of this study, as depicted in the proposed decision tree model, revealed that the most important factor for predicting the nature of injury (electrical or non-electrical) is: whether the source of injury is parts and materials; followed by whether the source of injury is tools, instruments, and equipment. In other words, in predicting (with a 94.31% accuracy) the nature of injury as electrical or non-electrical, whether the source of injury is parts and materials and whether the source of injury is tools, instruments, and equipment are very important. Seven decision rules were derived from the proposed decision tree model. Beyond these outcomes, the described methodology contributes to the accident-analysis body of knowledge by providing a framework for codifying data from accident reports to facilitate future analysis and modeling attempts to subsequently mitigate more injuries in other fields.
‘The Mirage of Action’: Exploring the Social Work Professions’ Perpetuation of White Supremacy Through ‘Well-Intentioned’ Actions

This autoethnographic study highlights complex strategies for maintaining white supremacy used by “well-intentioned” heterocentric white female social workers that are enacted under the guise of practicing anti-racism in social work practice settings, classroom environments, policy initiatives, and advocacy work. Using autoethnography was both unplanned and deliberate. Unplanned, we needed a research method that allows us to explore the untouchable subject of heterocentric white female social workers and deliberate in that we could use our experiences to break ground and establish white supremacy among heterocentric white female social workers that espouse anti-racist values as an area of study. We draw on education, anthropology, sociology, and other disciplines to name some of the ongoing challenges to dismantling racism, colonialist, and reformer narratives in social work, and identify strategies used by all white folx, but particularly heterocentric white female social workers to neutralize the suggestion or accusation of their acts as racism. We name three challenges to dismantling racism among heterocentric white female social workers: hiding behind the data, anti-racist book clubs, and crying and comfort. We conclude with further questions for those who hold power in the field and a reflection upon our own continued intersecting struggles with these concepts.
Parallelization of Phase-field Model for Phase Transformation Problem

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on parallelization of a 2D phase-field model for freezing into supercooled melt of a pure substance using OpenMP. The computational results presented here provide dendrite structures during their formation and evolution. The speedup factor displays a monotone increase with number of processors through 32. However, since the speedup increases only sub-linearly as the number of processors increase, it is clear that the parallel efficiency becomes quite low if more than 16 processors are employed. It introduces the equations of the phase-field model along with the scalings employed to render them dimensionless. Boundary and initial conditions required to formulate a well-posed mathematical problem are also prescribed. Parallelization of the numerical solution procedure is based on the shared-memory programming paradigm using the HP FORTRAN 90 HP-UX compiler. The program is parallelized using OpenMP running on the HP SuperDome at the University of Kentucky Computing Center. The chapter also introduces the phase-field model and briefly discusses numerical procedures and specific problem parameters. It then discusses the approach employed for parallelization, present computed results, and the speedups obtained.
Groups and Graphs

A group is a set G equipped with a binary operation, ∙, and a special element, \(1 \in G,\) satisfying the following axioms: (i) For all \(g,h,k \in G,(g \cdot h) \cdot k = g \cdot (h \cdot k).\) (ii) For each \(g \in G,g \cdot 1 = g.\) (iii) For each \(g \in G\ {\rm there\ exists}\ g^{ - 1} \in G\ {\rm such\ that}\ g \cdot g^{ - 1} = 1.\)
The Challenge of Providing the Public with Actionable Information during a Pandemic

Analysis of media reporting on the H1N1 vaccine during the 2009 pandemic reveals a dissonance between the nature and content of the reporting, the government's messages, and the public's perceptions of vaccine safety and desirability. Despite careful attention to history and especially the lessons offered by Richard Neustadt and Harvey Fineberg in their study of the 1976 “Epidemic that Never Was,” government officials failed to escape criticism for decisions made and actions taken in the midst of the unfolding contagion threat. Moreover, public opinion polls show that substantial portions of the population failed to hear, believe, or heed the government's messages. Looking at the enduring narrative of the government's vaccine efforts through the lens of newspaper reports exposes six points of distortion. These points — the pervasive uncertainty inherent in a novel contagion; advances in information technology and electronic communications; the new news environment; the political polarization of American society; the infrastructure of the American public health system; and the oddities of public health emergency and vaccination injury compensation laws — interfered with the public's reception of the government's message and infected the public's perception of government veracity and leadership capability. They challenge us to consider whether current planning is sufficient to prepare Americans to respond effectively to a lives-threatening national crisis. If we are to ensure that the public receives and recognizes accurate and actionable information essential for the prevention or containment of a deadly contagion, we will need to understand and address the impact of these distorting forces.
Study of radiation induced deep-level defects and annealing effects in the proton irradiated AlGaAs-GaAs solar cells

The radiation induced deep-level defects and the recombination parameters in the proton irradiated AlGaAs-GaAs p-n junction solar cells were investigated over a wide range of proton energies (from 50 KeV to 10 MeV) and proton fluences (from 10 to the 10th to 10 to the 13th P/sq cm), using DLTS, I-V, C-V, and SEM-EMIC measurement techniques. The measurements were used to determine the defect and recombination parameters such as defect density and energy level, carrier lifetimes, and the hole diffusion lengths in the GaAs LPE layers. Results show that a good correlation was obtained between the measured defect parameters and the dark recombination current as well as the performance parameters of the solar cells. The most damages to the cell were produced by the 200 KeV protons. In addition, the effects of low temperatures (200 to 400 C) thermal annealing on the deep-level defects and the dark current of the 200 KeV proton irradiated samples were examined.
Operation of a double cavity, microwave pulse compression system with phase controlled output

Ultrashort microwave pulses of high peak power can be generated by switching the impedance of a high-Q S-band microwave cavity. For a given cavity, rapid closure of a gaseous plasma switch as a result of localized electron density growth enhances the coupling of the output port while greatly reducing that of the input port. A series of homodyne measurements using fast solid-state mixers has demonstrated the existence of a constant phase relationship between input pulses (typically 1 mu s FWHM) and output pulses (typically 4 ns FWHM). The authors have therefore constructed a double-cavity system designed for simultaneous parallel operation of both microwave cavities with input phase control on one. The combined short-pulse output of both cavities has been observed with different relative phasing between them. As a result of phase shifting over an interval exceeding pi radians, peak power output ranges from +67 dBm to +81 dBm for a fixed input level of +73 dBm (20 kW). These output levels correspond to the superposition of two short pulses summed out of phase (by pi radians) and in phase, respectively. The combined result for the out-of-phase case is not completely eliminated, since the output field amplitudes from each cavity are not identical. >
Degradation of Endrin, Aldrin, and DDT by Soil Microorganisms

Twenty microbial cultures which had been shown to degrade dieldrin were tested to determine their ability to degrade endrin, aldrin, DDT, gamma isomers of benzenehexachloride (gamma-BHC), and Baygon. All isolates were able to degrade DDT and endrin, whereas 13 degraded aldrin. However, none of them was able to degrade Baygon or gamma-BHC.
The Treaty of Amsterdam: The Next Step Towards Gender Equality?

This Article explores the evolution of the European Union s effort to achieve gender equality in employment and the impact of the Amsterdam Treaty on this effort. It examines the developments of the European Union, the legislation promulgated to promote equality between men and women in employment, and the decisions of the European Court of Justice in relation to such legislation. The Article then contrasts those efforts with United States law and focuses on positive action in the European Union, analyzes the relevant decisions in this area-Kalanke v. Freie Hansestadt Bremen and Marschall v. Land Nordrhein-Westfalen. It then contrasts them with the United States experience with affirmative action. FinaUy, the Article discusses the Amsterdam Treaty and both its impact on equality between men and women in employment and beyond the workplace through positive action. The likelihood of success of the Amsterdam Treaty in eradicating gender discrimination and promoting equal treatment between men and women is assessed. * Professor of Law, Seton Hall University School of Law. Professor Defeis would like to thank her research assistants Kristen M. Jasket and Christina E. Giallourakis, Class of 2000.
The Pharmacokinetics of TNP-470, a New Angiogenesis Inhibitor

Study Objective. To characterize the pharmacokinetic profile of TNP-470, a synthetic analog of fumagillin that is a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis and inhibits neovascularization in several solid tumor models. Design. A dose-escalation phase I clinical trial. Setting. The National Institutes of Health. Patients. Patients with human immunodeficiency virus-associated Kaposi's sarcoma. Interventions. The TNP-470 dosage was increased in 13 sequential cohorts using a modified Fibonacci escalation scheme (4.6, 9.3, 15.4, 23.2, and 43.1 mg/m2). The drug was administered as a 1-hour intravenous infusion. Serial blood samples were collected and assayed by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and the pharmacokinetics were characterized. Measurements and Main Results. There was a linear relationship between the dose of TNP-470 and both area under the curve to infinity (AUC[inf]) and time to maximum concentration (Cmax). The Cmax ranged between 6.6 ng/ml at the lowest dosage (4.6 mg/m2) and 597.1 ng/ml at the highest dosage (43.1 mg/m2). The agent was rapidly cleared from the circulation with a short terminal half-life (0.88 ± 2.5 hr), which is consistent with preclinical data. Peak plasma concentrations of AGM-1883, an active metabolite, ranged between 0.4 and 158.1 ng/ml. Conclusion. Concentrations of TNP-470 that have in vitro activity were achievable in vivo. The drug was rapidly cleared from the circulation after a single 1-hour infusion. There was considerable interpatient variability in the clearance, but no evidence of saturable elimination. If more prolonged exposure is necessary for activity, administration of TNP-470 by continuous infusion may be suitable.
Prostaglandin H synthase. Kinetics of tyrosyl radical formation and of cyclooxygenase catalysis.

Hydroperoxides are known to induce the formation of tyrosyl free radicals in prostaglandin (PG) H synthase. To evaluate the role of these radicals in cyclooxygenase catalysis we have analyzed the temporal correlation between radical formation and substrate conversion during reaction of the synthase with arachidonic acid. PGH synthase reacted with equimolar levels of arachidonic acid generated sequentially the wide doublet (34 G peak-to-trough) and wide singlet (32 G peak-to-trough) tyrosyl radical signals previously reported for reaction with hydroperoxide. The kinetics of formation and decay of the doublet signal corresponded reasonably well with those of cyclooxygenase activity. However, the wide singlet free radical signal accumulated only after prostaglandin formation had ceased, indicating that the wide singlet is not likely to be an intermediate in cyclooxygenase catalysis. When PGH synthase was reacted with 25 equivalents of arachidonic acid, the wide doublet and wide singlet radical signals were not observed. Instead, a narrower singlet (24 G peak-to-trough) tyrosyl radical was generated, similar to that found upon reaction of indomethacin-treated synthase with hydroperoxide. Only about 11 mol of prostaglandin were formed per mol of synthase before complete self-inactivation of the cyclooxygenase, far less than the 170 mol/mol synthase produced under standard assay conditions. Phenol (0.5 mM) increased the extent of cyclooxygenase reaction by only about 50%, in contrast to the 460% stimulation seen under standard assay conditions. These results indicate that the narrow singlet tyrosyl radical observed in the reaction with high levels of arachidonate in this study and by Lassmann et al. (Lassmann, G., Odenwaller, R., Curtis, J.F., DeGray, J.A., Mason, R.P., Marnett, L.J., and Eling, T.E. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 20045-20055) is associated with abnormal cyclooxygenase activity and is probably nonphysiological. In titrations of the synthase with arachidonate or with hydroperoxide, the loss of enzyme activity and destruction of heme were linear functions of the amount of titrant added. Complete inactivation of cyclooxygenase activity was found at about 10 mol of arachidonate, ethyl hydrogen peroxide, or hydrogen peroxide per mol of synthase heme; maximal bleaching of the heme Soret absorbance peak was found with 10 mol of ethyl hydroperoxide or 20 mol of either arachidonate or hydrogen peroxide per mol of synthase heme. The peak concentration of the wide doublet tyrosyl radical did not change appreciably with increased levels of ethyl hydroperoxide. In contrast, higher levels of hydroperoxide gave higher levels of the wide singlet radical species, in parallel with enzyme inactivation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
The Social Determinants of HIV Serostatus in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Inverse Relationship between Poverty and HIV?:

Contrary to theories that poverty acts as an underlying driver of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), an increasing body of evidence at the national and individual levels indicates that wealthier countries, and wealthier individuals within countries, are at heightened risk for HIV. This article reviews the literature on what has increasingly become known as the positive-wealth gradient in HIV infection in SSA, or the counterintuitive finding that the poor do not have higher rates of HIV. This article also discusses the programmatic and theoretical implications of the positive HIV-wealth gradient for traditional behavioral interventions and the social determinants of health literature, and concludes by proposing that economic and social policies be leveraged as structural interventions to prevent HIV in SSA.
Connectionist contributions to population coding in the motor cortex.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses population coding in the motor cortex. Single unit activity, accounted for input-output transforms in distributed neural networks. Serial recording during a stereotyped task has no demerits in understanding population coding, assuming a reasonable neuronal sample, and a hypothesis related to relatively stereotyped input-output mappings. Complex, emergent features of neuronal ensembles is not needed for an understanding of input-output mappings, but may play a role in more fundamental information-processing functions, such as learning, coordination among parallel networks, and attention to action. The population vector is computed from the activity of hidden units, but its accuracy does not depend on direct influences of hidden units on output elements. Cosine-like tuning and population vector coding emerged from a minimal-assumption network. The population vector rotated when the input output function is changed from the standard mapping to a nonstandard one. Population-vector rotation is accounted by a transition between two inputs, one representing the visual signal and reflecting standard visuomotor mapping, and the target signal into which it is transformed, and reflecting nonstandard mapping. The changes of hidden-unit tuning properties that occurred while the network learned a nonstandard transform corresponded to those observed in the motor cortex of a monkey that learned analogous transforms. The tuning properties of individual cells changed during the learning of both transformational and arbitrary mappings. During learning, the population vector became more accurate in both model and biological networks, for both standard and nonstandard mappings, and for both transformational and arbitrary nonstandard mappings.
CRISPR EATING on a Low Budget

In this issue of Developmental Cell, Lane et al. (2015) describe a simplified, inexpensive technique named "CRISPR EATING" for generating complex guide RNA libraries suitable for CRISPR/Cas9-based applications ranging from genome visualization and manipulation to genetic screens.
Recent additions on the application programming interface of the TMO support middleware

Developing distributed real-time systems with high degrees of assurance on the system reliability is becoming increasingly important, yet remains difficult and error-prone. The Time-triggered Message-triggered Object (TMO) scheme is a high-level distributed object-oriented programming approach that has proved to be effective in developing such systems. The TMO programming scheme allows real-time application developers to explicitly specify temporal constraints in terms of global time in simple and natural forms. TMOSM is a middleware model that provides the execution support mechanisms for TMOs and TMOSL is a C++ class library that provides a convenient application programming interface (API) for developing TMO applications. The TMO scheme, TMOSM, and TMOSL have evolved during these years in order to support complex distributed real-time applications more effectively. This paper presents some recent additions on the TMOSM API that resulted from this evolution.
Readability Assessment of Internet-Based Consumer Health Information

BACKGROUND: A substantial amount of consumer health-related information is available on the Internet. Studies suggest that consumer comprehension may be compromised if content exceeds a 7th-grade reading level, which is the average American reading level identified by the United States Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS). OBJECTIVE: To determine the readability of Internet-based consumer health information offered by organizations that represent the top 5 medical-related causes of death in America. We hypothesized that the average readability (reading grade level) of Internet-based consumer health information on heart disease, cancer, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and diabetes would exceed the USDHHS recommended reading level. METHODS: From the Web sites of the American Heart Association, American Cancer Society, American Lung Association, American Diabetes Association, and American Stroke Association we randomly gathered 100 consumer-health-information articles. We assessed each article with 3 readability-assessment tools: SMOG (Simple Measure of Gobbledygook), Gunning FOG (Frequency of Gobbledygook), and Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level. We also categorized the articles per the USDHHS readability categories: easy to read (below 6th-grade level), average difficulty (7th to 9th grade level), and difficult (above 9th-grade level). RESULTS: Most of the articles exceeded the 7th-grade reading level and were in the USDHHS “difficult” category. The mean SD readability score ranges were: SMOG 11.80 ± 2.44 to 14.40 ± 1.47, Flesch-Kincaid 9.85 ± 2.25 to 11.55 ± 0.76, and Gunning FOG 13.10 ± 3.42 to 16.05 ± 2.31. The articles from the American Lung Association had the lowest reading-level scores with each of the readability-assessment tools. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support that Web-based medical information intended for consumer use is written above USDHHS recommended reading levels. Compliance with these recommendations may increase the likelihood of consumer comprehension.
Travels and science with Ron Estabrook.

This special issue of Drug Metabolism Reviews honors my longtime friend and distinguished colleague Ronald Estabrook, who has recently become Emeritus Professor of Biochemistry at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center. I am delighted to join in congratulating him on his many achievements. He has provided enthusiastic leadership in his pioneering research and in his service to numerous scientific organizations and academic institutions both nationally and worldwide. Although Ron and I both had an early interest in biological oxidations, we unfortunately did not become acquainted in 1955 when he was a postdoctoral fellow working on mitochondrial cytochromes in the Johnson Foundation and I was a faculty member working on amino acid oxidative metabolism several hundred yards away in the Department of Physiological Chemistry at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. Some years later, when we had both gravitated to cytochrome P450 from different directions, we were in almost daily communication if not traveling together to scientific meetings in various corners of the world. I recall his saying regretfully one year that by his estimate he had spent almost more time with me than with his wife. We are all familiar with the classic experiments carried out by Estabrook with his colleagues David Cooper and Otto Rosenthal in the early 1960s at the University of Pennsylvania in which the reversal of the carbon monoxide inhibition by monochromatic light was determined for the oxidative demethylation of codeine and for the hydroxylation of acetanilide by rat liver microsomes and for the hydroxylation of 17-hydroxyprogesterone at carbon-2 by bovine adrenocortical microsomes. Surely we all remember that maximal reversal occurred at 450 millimicrons, the absorption maximum of the CO complex. The agreement between the photochemical action spectrum and the spectrophotometric difference spectrum supported the conclusion that “P450 is the terminal oxidase of mixed function oxidase systems of mammals.” Ron’s laboratory has continued to solve important problems of cytochrome P450 function over many decades, including enzyme reaction mechanisms, the role of these cytochromes in the disposition of environmental contaminants and in chemical carcinogenesis, and the relationship of P450 structure to function. Some newer directions include the possible application of P450s as catalysts in large scale chemical synthesis by alternative methods of electron donation, and the generation of
Stereoretentive C−H Bond Activation in the Aqueous Phase Catalytic Hydrogenation of Amino Acids to Amino Alcohols

At 100 °C and 1000 psi of hydrogen, aqueous l-alanine undergoes facile hydrogenation to l-alaninol over a 5% Ru/C catalyst. In the presence of added acid to protonate the carboxylate moiety, the reaction is faster and more selective than analogous reductions of simple alkanoic acids. Stereochemistry at the α-carbon is retained despite complete exchange of hydrogen at this site, as shown by deuterium incorporation. Similar stereoretentive C−H bond activation at C2 is seen in l-alaninol itself, and when acid is omitted, in l-alanine. These processes reveal a class of mild, highly stereoretentive C−H bond activations occurring in water over a heterogeneous catalyst.
Now Serving Part Two Crimes: Testing the Relationship Between Welfare Spending and Property Crimes

Studies that examine the effects of welfare, specifically the program of Aid to Families of Dependent Children (AFDC), have primarily examined the relationship between public assistance spending and index, or part one, offenses. In general, the results of past studies have found a negative relationship between welfare and serious crime rates. To date, however, few studies have examined the effects of welfare on the more prevalent part two crimes. Given that previous examinations have found an inverse relationship between index crimes and welfare spending, changes in levels of spending could potentially affect both categories of crime in unwanted directions. As such, this study examined both part one and part two property crimes in relation to welfare spending from 1980 to 1990 in Kentucky counties. Significant positive findings were observed between AFDC spending and part two property crimes.
A comparison of the hemodynamic effects of tachycardia produced by atrial pacing and atropine

Abstract Cardiac outputs and arterial pressures were obtained in 9 normal subjects in whom various degrees of tachycardia were induced by atrial pacing before and after the intravenous administration of 2 mg. of atropine. At similar heart rates, atropine produced no change in cardiac index, stroke index, brachial arterial pressure, systolic ejection time, tension time index, total peripheral resistance, mean systolic ejection rate, or left ventricular work index. It is apparent that the effects of atropine on cardiovascular hemodynamics are limited to those related to its chronotropic effect.
Identification of precipitates in 7075 Al after high-temperature aging

The precipitates that form in 7075 aluminum during overaging at 400°C have the C14 crystal structure. These precipitates are a solid solution of the isomorphous phases MgZn2 and MgAlCu. The mole fraction of MgZn2 in the precipitate is approximately 0.70 and the mole fraction of MgAlCu is approximately 0.30. The precipitates can be described as Mg(Zn2,AlCu).
Demyelination induced by intraneural injection of human antimyelin-associated glycoprotein antibodies

IgM monoclonal antibodies present in the sera from some patients with peripheral neuropathy react with an antigenic carbohydrate determinant that is present on the myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) and other peripheral nerve glycoproteins and glycolipids. It is generally believed that the neuropathy in these patients may be caused by antibody- mediated nerve damage. Intraneural injection of serum from patients with this disease produced an extensive inflammatory, macrophage-mediated demyelination of feline peripheral nerve. This only occurred with very fresh sera which had been supplemented with additional complement. Injection of sera from normal subjects failed to produce any demyelination. These results are in accordance with a recent study by Hays et al. and contradict earlier negative reports of similar studies. It is important to note that the pathology observed in these experimental studies bears little resemblance to that seen in the human neuropathy, and caution must therefore be exercised when interpreting this data in relation to the pathogenic mechanisms that might operate in the human disease.
Polymorphism And orogeny

Two distinct causes are currently invoked to explain orogeny; thermal contraction of the Earth, and subcrustal convection currents. The purpose of this papar is to examine a third possibility: contraction as a result of a polymorphic change of the material within the Earth. In 1936 Bernal suggested a polymorphic change of (Mg, Fe)2SiO4 to explain the 20° discontinuity within the mantle; this suggestion is extended by proposing that the relative amounts of the polymorphic forms have varied during geological time. An increase in the amount of a denser polymorph would lead to a contraction of the Earth as a whole, resulting in crustal shortening and orogeny. Calculations show that the observed crustal shortening during geological time can be explained on this hypothesis.
An Aggregative Model for Municipal Economic Planning

The growth and increasing complexity of municipal governments have been phenomenal in recent years. Thus, economic planning of the municipality has become one of the most difficult administrative functions of local government officials. Yet economic systems analysis of cities has been generally neglected by economists and management scientists. This paper presents a methodology for the effective long-range economic planning of a municipal government. More specifically, it applies the goal programming model to design optimum aggregative model for municipal economic planning.
Misfit-guided self-organization of anticorrelated Ge quantum dot arrays on Si nanowires.

Misfit-strain guided growth of periodic quantum dot (QD) arrays in planar thin film epitaxy has been a popular nanostructure fabrication method. Engineering misfit-guided QD growth on a nanoscale substrate such as the small curvature surface of a nanowire represents a new approach to self-organized nanostructure preparation. Perhaps more profoundly, the periodic stress underlying each QD and the resulting modulation of electro-optical properties inside the nanowire backbone promise to provide a new platform for novel mechano-electronic, thermoelectronic, and optoelectronic devices. Herein, we report a first experimental demonstration of self-organized and self-limited growth of coherent, periodic Ge QDs on a one-dimensional Si nanowire substrate. Systematic characterizations reveal several distinctively different modes of Ge QD ordering on the Si nanowire substrate depending on the core diameter. In particular, Ge QD arrays on Si nanowires of around 20 nm diameter predominantly exhibit an anticorrelated p...
Characterological psychology and the German political economy in the Weimar period (1919-1933)

In the mid-1920s, applied (and theoretical) psychologists in many countries turned from studying elementary abilities to studying character or personality. This article examines this shift within the offices of the German labor administration, which aimed to place all German youths in appropriate jobs. Contrary to recent works on the history of psychology, which have emphasized the importance of cultural context, this article explains the turn to characterology in terms of German industry's evolving production strategies. As German companies developed a niche in flexible production, they came to value the highly skilled worker, who needed such character qualities as reliability, diligence, and conscientiousness. The article thus argues that historical analyses of applied, and perhaps even theoretical, psychology should also consider political economy as a potentially important context.
Calling and career adaptability among undergraduate students

Abstract The present study examined the relation of calling and career adaptability with a sample of 330 undergraduate students. The presence of a calling weakly to moderately correlated with the four components of adaptability — concern, control, curiosity, and confidence. A moderated, multiple mediation model was used to test the potential mediating effects of the four components of career adaptability on career decision self-efficacy (CDSE) and how these relations differed according to strengths use. Using bootstrapping techniques, concern and confidence were found to be significant mediators in the calling–CDSE relation. Additionally, strengths use was found to moderate the relation between curiosity and CDSE, with curiosity being a significant mediator at high levels of strengths use. After including the mediators in the model, the relation of calling to CDSE was weakened, but still significant, indicating partial mediation. These results suggest that calling relates to greater levels of CDSE in part because of increased concern, curiosity (when strengths use is high), and confidence. Directions for future research are discussed.
Addition of Deoxynucleosides Enhances Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Integration and 2LTR Formation in Resting CD4+ T Cells

Resting CD4+ T cells restrict human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection at a step prior to integration. Despite this restriction, we showed previously that HIV integration occurs in resting CD4+ T cells in vitro, albeit at lower levels than in activated CD4+ T cells. Here we show that addition of deoxynucleosides enhanced integration and 2LTR formation in resting CD4+ T cells but that the kinetics were still significantly delayed compared to those of activated T cells. Thus, deoxynucleoside addition partially overcomes the restriction to HIV infection in resting CD4+ T cells.