cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ring chromosome in parosteal osteosarcoma. Clinical and diagnostic significance.

Abstract In this study, two specimens of a parosteal osteosarcoma, a rare primary bone neoplasm comprising only 3–6% of all osteosarcomas, were cytogenetically analyzed utilizing standard techniques. In contrast to the complex karyotypes previously reported in osteosarcoma, this particular histologic subtype was characterized by a single chromosomal aberration, a ring chromosome. Ring chromosomes have been described as characteristic for two other low-grade malignant mesenchymal neoplasms, well-differentiated liposarcoma and dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. We propose that the observation of a ring chromosome in osteosarcoma also correlates with a low-grade malignant potential.
Couples Counseling in Alzheimer's Disease: First Observations of a Novel Intervention Study

The purpose of this paper is to describe a new study designed to investigate the value of couples counseling in marriages of older individuals in which one member has a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the early stage. The intervention includes six counseling sessions for each couple during a two-month period. Intake and follow-up assessments, two and four months after intake, consist of structured instruments implemented with the assistance of an independent rater. Couples are randomly assigned to immediate treatment or to a wait-list control group that will receive counseling after the four-month follow-up. To date, ten couples have completed the protocol. Early findings suggest that in the counseling process difficulties related to AD that disturbed the functioning of the marital system were addressed in such a way as to preserve the integrity of the relationship and the sense of self of each partner.
Yesterday's News: Media Framing of Hitler's Early Years, 1923-1924

This research used media framing theory to assess newspaper coverage of Hitler published in The New York Times, The Christian Science Monitor, and The Washington Post between 1923 and 1924. An analysis of about 200 articles revealed “credible” and “non-credible” frames relating to his political influence. Prior to Hitler’s trial for treason in 1924, the credible frame was slightly more prevalent. Following his subsequent conviction, the non-credible frame dominated coverage, with reports often presenting Hitler’s failure to overthrow the Bavarian government as evidence of his lack of political skill. This research provides insight into the way American media cover foreign leaders before and after a tipping point—one or more events that call into question their political efficacy.
Maximizing the Effectiveness of Structured Classroom Management Programs: Implementing Rule-Review Procedures with Disruptive and Distractible Students.

Structured classroom management systems such as token economies have been commonly employed in special education, remedial, and regular classrooms for the reduction of disruptive and socially inapp...
Filopodia are conduits for melanosome transfer to keratinocytes

Melanosomes are specialized melanin-synthesizing organelles critical for photoprotection in the skin. Melanosome transfer to keratinocytes, which involves whole organelle donation to another cell, is a unique biological process and is poorly understood. Time-lapse digital movies and electron microscopy show that filopodia from melanocyte dendrites serve as conduits for melanosome transfer to keratinocytes. Cdc42, a small GTP-binding protein, is known to mediate filopodia formation. Melanosome-enriched fractions isolated from human melanocytes expressed the Cdc42 effector proteins PAK1 and N-WASP by western blotting. Expression of constitutively active Cdc42 (Cdc42V12) in melanocytes co-cultured with keratinocytes induced a highly dendritic phenotype with extensive contacts between melanocytes and keratinocytes through filopodia, many of which contained melanosomes. These results suggest a unique role for filopodia in organelle transport and, in combination with our previous work showing the presence of SNARE proteins and rab3a on melanosomes, suggest a novel model system for melanosome transfer to keratinocytes.
Functional Interaction with Filamin a Enhances Atrial-Specific Small Conductance Ca2 Activated K+ Channel (SK2) Surface Membrane Expression

For ion channels to function properly, a precise number of channel proteins need to be trafficked to exact locations on the cell surface membrane. Small-conductance, Ca2+-activated K+ channels (SK) are predominantly expressed in the atria and their role has been implicated in atrial fibrillation (AF).Using yeast two-hybrid screen against human heart library, we identify filamin A (FLNA) as a putative interacting protein with SK2 channel. Patch-clamp recordings and immunofuorescence studies in neonatal and adult cardiac myocytes as well as HEK293 cells suggest the interaction leads to an increase in SK2 membrane localization. SiRNA knockdown of FLNA in neonatal myocytes results in a decrease in the membrane localization of SK2 channels. Additionally, the calcium dependency of SK2 channel membrane expression was examined using Total Internal Reflection Microscopy (TIRF-M) and immunofluorescence microscopy. Importantly, intracellular Ca2+ (Ca2+i) plays a critical role in the membrane localization of SK2 channel when the channel is co-expressed with α-actinin2, another cytoskeletal protein which we have previously shown to interact with SK2 channel. In conclusion, FLNA is a regulator of SK2 channel expression. Moreover, SK2 membrane expression is critically dependent on Ca2+i. An increase in Ca2+i, for example, during AF, is predicted to result in an increase in SK2 channel expression leading to shortening of the action potentials.
Irritable bowel syndrome: a behavioral model.

Abstract Current models for explaining irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), the most common gastrointestinal disorder, are critically reviewed and found wanting. Although inadequate to explain the complex clinical features of IBS. these models now determine treatment and research strategy. A behavioral model is offered as an alternative in the hope that it will lead to effective treatment and a progressive research program. The central features of this model are: (a) that verbal, motoric and physiological behavior characteristitic of IBS are capable of independence or desynchrony; (b) that these aspects of behavior are quantitative variations of normal; and (c) that there is a genetic predisposition to neuroticism which, in turn, predisposes to IBS. Some of the model's implications are discussed.
Classical limit theorems for measure-valued Markov processes

Abstract Laws of large numbers, central limit theorems, and laws of the iterated logarithm are obtained for discrete and continuous time Markov processes whose state space is a set of measures. These results apply to each measure-valued stochastic process itself and not simply to its real-valued functionals.
Spectra and structure of organophosphorus compounds. LIV. Microwave spectrum, ab initio calculations and structure of methylphosphonothioic difluoride

Abstract The microwave spectrum of CH3P(34S)F2 has been measured in the region 28.0 to 36.0 GHz and the rotational constants determined: A = 4366.0, B = 2522.8 and C = 2428.6 MHz. By utilizing six rotational constants, three of which were previously determined for CH3P(32S)F2, structural parameters have been obtained for methyl-phosphonothioic difluoride. These structural parameters are significantly different from those which were previously proposed. A comparison is given between the microwave-determined structural parameters and those obtained from ab initio calculations with the RHF 6–31 G ∗ basis set for molecules of the type (CH3)nP(S)F3−n where n = 0, 1, 2 and 3.
XVI. Corona-Initiation Measurements on Polyethylene and Rubber Cables

IN THE MAIN, cable corona is considered as being due to the presence of minute air voids within the body of the dielectric or adjacent to the inner or outer conductor. That this hypothesis is justified is well established by examination of cables in which corona is known to occur and by the experimental behavior of cables under test; their performance is identical with that of a capacitance-shunted gap in series with another capacitance, the whole being shunted by a large capacitor whose capacitance is equal to that of the cable under test. The gaps and their associated capacitances are basically mi-croscopic circuits whose effects are to be measured by detection circuits capable of responding to macroscopic phenomena.
Mask-roughness-induced line-edge roughness: rule of thumb

Much work has already been done on how both the resist and line-edge roughness (LER) on a mask affect the final printed LER. What is poorly understood, however, is the extent to which system-level effects such as mask surface roughness, illumination conditions, and de- focus couple to speckle at the image plane and factor into current LER limits. We propose a "rule-of-thumb" simplified solution that provides a fast and powerful method to determine mask-roughness-induced LER. Using a one-time aerial image modeling of the mask surface roughness to obtain clear-field speckle statistics, the LER for any feature can quickly be calculated from a simple analytic extension using feature-specific im- age log slope. We investigate how the clear-field speckle is scaled by the intensity at the line edge, and mathematically couples to LER in the simplified case of a knife edge. We apply this relation to nested lines and spaces and compare this analytic LER to fully simulated values. We present modeling data on an older generation mask with a roughness of 230 pm as well as the ultimate target roughness of 50 pm. Moreover, we consider feature sizes of 50 and 22 nm and show that as a function of correlation length, the LER peaks at the condition that the correlation length is approximately equal to the resolution of the imaging optic. C 2010
The immunocytochemical localization of GFA protein in experimental murine CNS tumors.

Immunocytochemical localization of GFA protein in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method of Sternberger was used to study experimental murine CNS tumors. Transplacental tumor induction in rats by ethylnitrosourea produced oligodendrogliomas and mixed gliomas in the cerebrum and spinal cord, and malignant Schwannomas of the trigeminal nerve. A methylcholanthrene-induced mouse “ependymoblastoma” inoculated intracerebrally in normal and in toxoplasma-infected mice was also studied. A positive reaction of GFA protein antibody was seen in the astrocytic portion of the mixed gliomas; the oligodendrogliomas, the malignant Schwannomas and the mouse “ependymoblastoma” were negative. Staining for GFA protein delineated the astrocytic reaction of neural tissue adjacent to the tumors. The reaction was markedly intensified in the brains of mice infected with toxoplasma. Additionally, ependymal cells near the tumors stained postitively for GFA protein; normal ependyma at a distance from tumor remained negative. The technique, which combines a high degree of specificity with great sensitivity and is readily adaptable to routinely processed tissue, should prove a valuable tool in experimental oncology of the central nervous system.
Self-attention as a mediator of cultural influences on depression.

Background: Despite the widespread recognition of cultural differences in depressive symptoms, it is unclear through what processes culture affects depressive symptoms.Aim: This research aims at examining whether self-attention mediates the influence of acculturation on changes in depressive symptoms in an immigrant group.Method: Adults of Asian cultural backgrounds were surveyed. Depressive symptoms were assessed and divided into three categories: affective, somatic and interpersonal items of depression. Acculturation experiences were measured. Self-attention to three aspects (i.e. affective, somatic and interpersonal) of the self was also assessed.Results: As acculturation proceeds, Asian immigrants tend to pay increasingly more attention to the affective aspect of the self and less to the somatic aspect of the self. The changes in the focus of self-attention seem to explain the changes in the experience of depression that include more affective and less somatic symptoms of depression as the degree of a...
Activation of sexual reflexes in male rats by spinal implantation of testosterone

Abstract It has been previously reported that the systemic administration and withdrawal of exogenous testosterone has a quantitative influence on sexual reflexes of castrated spinal male rats. In the present study an attempt was made to determine whether this effect occurred in the peripheral or central elements of the sexual reflexes. Castrated spinal male rats that had a low level of sexual reflex activity received spinal implants of either testosterone propionate or cholesterol. The accessory sex glands were examined to control for absorption of the implanted androgen into the systemic circulation, and subjects which showed such evidence of absorption of the androgen were excluded from further consideration. Testosterone implanted subjects exhibited an increase in sexual reflex activity, whereas cholesterol implanted subjects showed a decline in sexual reflex activity. The results suggest that testosterone has a facilitory influence on sexual reflexes by means of a direct action on spinal neural tissue mediating sexual reflexes.
Quantization of the localized solutions in two-dimensional field theories of massive fermions

Using the semiclassical functional method developed by Dashen, Hasslacher, and Neveu, the classical localized solutions for the bound states of massive fermions in two-dimensional field theories are quantized. The mass spectra of the bound states are then obtained. For the massive Gross-Neveu model, the mass spectrum agrees with what has been found by Dashen et al. for the massless Gross-Neveu model where fermions acquire mass through dynamical symmetry breaking. For a theory of massive fermions with scalar as well as pseudoscalar Fermi interactions, the mass spectrum is found to be very similar to that for the doublet in the sine-Gordon equation. In fact, under certain conditions they become identical.
Article use in the spontaneous samples of children with specific language impairment: The importance of considering syntactic contexts

Using spontaneous language samples from eight children with specific language impairment (SLI) and eight normally developing (ND) children matched to the SLI group on the basis of mean length of utterance, I calculated percentage use of articles in subject phrase contexts only, predicate phrase contexts only, and overall combined contexts. The SLI and ND groups showed highly similar profiles in article use. For both groups there were significant differences between use of articles in subject phrases and predicate phrases, which were obscured by determination of use in the combined contexts, though this is the more typically used procedure. Specifically, the children were less able to use articles in subject phrases. Furthermore, attempts at article use in subject phrases were less frequent, resulting in few obligatory contexts for subject articles in many samples. Some pairs of children showed equivalent mastery of articles in predicate contexts but diverged in their attempts to use articles in subject co...
Hydrographic Observations of the Red Sea Brines

THE hot brines at the bottom of the Red Sea have been previously studied from research vessels Atlantis II1,4, Discovery2,3 and Meteor5. During October and November 1966, R/V Chain of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution was available for intensive exploration of the Red Sea, and the temperature–salinity–oxygen structure of the water is reported on here.
Modeling tissue-specific signaling and organ function in three dimensions

In order to translate the findings from basic cellular research into clinical applications, cell-based models need to recapitulate both the 3D organization and multicellular complexity of an organ but at the same time accommodate systematic experimental intervention. Here we describe a hierarchy of tractable 3D models that range in complexity from organotypic 3D cultures (both monotypic and multicellular) to animal-based recombinations in vivo. Implementation of these physiologically relevant models, illustrated here in the context of human epithelial tissues, has enabled the study of intrinsic cell regulation pathways and also has provided compelling evidence for the role of the stromal compartment in directing epithelial cell function and dysfunction. Furthermore the experimental accessibility afforded by these tissue-specific 3D models has implications for the design and development of cancer therapies.
Needle-type environmental microelectrode sensors for biofilm study in aqueous systems

The development of needle-type environmental microsensor techniques is a revolutionary advancement in the temporal and spatial measurement of both absolute levels and changes in chemical and biological species in engineered and natural aquatic systems. This advancement has utilized microscopic monitoring to contribute a greater understanding of biological mechanisms for decades. Biofilm plays a major role in many water reclamation and reuse technologies as well as bioremediation of contaminated soil. On the other hand, control of biofilm formation and growth in drinking water has been a great challenge. It is important to understand the dynamics of biofilm structure and function, reaction mechanisms, and related kinetics for better use or control of the biofilm for its appropriate purpose. A needle-type electrochemical microsensor represents one of the most prominent, novel methods for studying biofilms. Various kinetic parameters including net specific consumption and production rates can be estimated from the measured concentration profiles. This paper will demonstrate needle-type electrochemical microsensors, which are capable of probing the full depth of a biofilm, determining the profile of the relevant water quality parameters (e.g., monochloramine, free chlorine, phosphate, ammonia, dissolved oxygen, nitrate, nitrite, and pH) with high spatial and temporal resolution, and enabling calculations of the relative contribution of biofilm activity. Their applications to various biofilm systems from wastewater treatment processes to drinking water distribution systems will be addressed.
Analysis of Functions of the Slosson Intelligence Test

A functional analysis of the Slosson Intelligence Test (SIT) was performed using the schema designed by Sattler for analyzing the Stanford-Binet (S-B). The two instruments were then compared. Analysis indicated that, despite the high correlations reported between the two instruments, they evaluate the various mental functions in different proportions, except at the adult level. There were significant correlations among the rank order of the categories evaluated at various age levels of the SIT.
Postcontraction changes in sensitivity of muscle afferents to static and dynamic stretch.

Abstract The effects on dynamic and static components of the afferent stretch response from a muscle were examined in the period after a brief tetanus, which previous study has shown is marked by a persisting elevation in sensory discharge. Afferent activity of the cat's triceps surae or medial gastrocnemius muscle was monitored as integrated multiunit discharge in a whole dorsal root, and the ventral roots were stimulated to produced a tetanus. The levels of activity at a static muscle length were found to be elevated in decreasing degree over several millimeters of lengthening beyond that at which the muscle was held during tetanus. During a ramp stretch, the velocity-related overshoot in dorsal root activity was also increased. Such changes were still detected after the elevated discharge had been made to disappear by momentary limited extension of the muscle. They are consistent with the hypothesis of residual effect on the intrafusal fibers, perhaps in the form of persisting actin-myosin crossbridges. Under sinusoidal stretch, the multiunit responses were generally decreased in the first few cycles following tetanus. Observations on single units indicated that the decrease was due chiefly to diminished responses of Ib afferents, which had incompletely recovered from adaptation brought on by excitation during the tetanus.
Gender as a divine attribute

It is standard within the Christian tradition to characterize God in predominantly masculine terms. Let ‘traditionalism’ refer to the view that this pattern of characterization is theologically mandatory. In this article, I seek to undercut the main motivations for traditionalism by showing that it is not more accurate to characterize God as masculine rather than feminine (or vice versa). The novelty of my argument lies in the fact that it presupposes neither theological anti-realism nor a robust doctrine of divine transcendence, but instead rests heavy theoretical weight on the imago Dei doctrine and the method of perfect-being theology. The article closes by examining the implications of the article's main argument for the moral and liturgical propriety of characterizing God in predominantly masculine terms.
Effects of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in severe pancreatitis.

Background. The effect of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) on the rate of secondary infections in acute pancreatitis was evaluated in a canine model. Infectious complications are the major determinant of morbidity and mortality in severe pancreatitis. Bacterial translocation has been shown to be a cause of these secondary infections. The relative immunosuppression found with pancreatitis may promote translocation and the spread of bacteria to the pancreas. Methods. Thirty-four mongrel dogs were studied. Pancreatitis was induced in 18 dogs; 9 were treated with 100 μg G-CSF/day and 9 were given only saline solution. Laparotomy alone was done in 16 dogs of which one half were given 100 μg G-CSF/day and one half were given saline solution. Daily blood counts and cultures were obtained. All dogs were killed on day 7, and the mesenteric lymph nodes, pancreas, liver, spleen, and peritoneal fluid were cultured and studied histologically. Results. G-CSF caused a significant and sustained increase in mature granulocytes in dogs given pancreatitis. No difference was found in the rate of translocation to mesenteric lymph nodes in dogs given G-CSF (n=4) versus dogs given saline solution (n=6). However, a significant decrease occurred in the spread of bacteria to distant sites in dogs given G-CSF (1 versus 15, p Conclusions. Although G-CSF does not decrease the rate of translocation, it does decrease the rate of distant infection in severe acute pancreatitis.
Saner ranch pilot test of fracture-assisted steamflood technology

Recovery of superheavy oils and tars from thin reservoirs poses formidable technical challenges. The steam injectivity achievable with conventional steamflood processes is low and will generally result in low recovery and poor thermal efficiency. In a second pilot test of the fracture-assisted steamflood technology (FAST) process, Conoco Inc. demonstrated that the process can be used to recover efficiently -2 to 3/sup 0/API (1.093- to 1.052-g/cm/sup 3/) tar in south Texas. This paper describes the pilot design and operation. Results of a variety of project monitoring and evaluation techniques, such as temperature surveys, reservoir tracer tests, seismic reflection mapping, and postpilot coring, are reviewed. In addition, the results of a numerical simulation model used for a history match of the pilot performance are described. On the basis of these data, conclusions regarding the dominant flow mechanisms are made.
Ethnic politics and tourism a British Case Study

Abstract This paper argues that one can better understand the phenomenon of ethnicity in the West through an analysis of tourism representations of a regions history and culture and of the many motives behind them. It examines the rise of a particular version of Shetland (United Kingdom) identity by linking the differing goals of the local bourgeoisie, as well as the bulk of the islands inhabitants, with the projects of the Shetland Tourist Organisation and related groups. While this version of Shetlandness is understood as providing a Durkheimian sense of unity for many inhabitants, its origins and increasing articulations with the economic and political goals of the islands bourgeoisie are the main concerns of the paper.
Mouse inbred strain differences in ethanol drinking to intoxication

Recently, we described a simple procedure, Drinking in the Dark (DID), in which C57BL/6J mice self-administer ethanol to a blood ethanol concentration (BEC) above 1 mg/ml. The test consists of replacing the water with 20% ethanol in the home cage for 4 h early during the dark phase of the light/dark cycle. Three experiments were conducted to explore this high ethanol drinking model further. In experiment 1, a microanalysis of C57BL/6J behavior showed that the pattern of ethanol drinking was different from routine water intake. In experiment 2, drinking impaired performance of C57BL/6J on the accelerating rotarod and balance beam. In experiment 3, 12 inbred strains were screened to estimate genetic influences on DID and correlations with other traits. Large, reliable differences in intake and BEC were detected among the strains, with C57BL/6J showing the highest values. Strain means were positively correlated with intake and BEC in the standard (24 h) and a limited (4 h) two-bottle ethanol vs. water test, but BECs reached higher levels for DID. Strain mean correlations with other traits in the Mouse Phenome Project database supported previously reported genetic relationships of high ethanol drinking with low chronic ethanol withdrawal severity and low ethanol-conditioned taste aversion. We extend these findings by showing that the correlation estimates remain relatively unchanged even after correcting for phylogenetic relatedness among the strains, thus relaxing the assumption that the strain means are statistically independent. We discuss applications of the model for finding genes that predispose pharmacologically significant drinking in mice.
Enzymatic synthesis of polymethylated flavonols in Chrysosplenium americanum. I. Partial purification and some properties of S-adenosyl-L-methionine:flavonol 3-, 6-, 7-, and 4'-O-methyltransferases.

Abstract Four novel flavonol O-methyltransferases (OMTs) were partially purified from Chrysosplenium americanum by precipitation with ammonium sulfate, successive chromatography on Sephacryl S-200 and hydroxylapatite, and chromatofocusing on Polybuffer ion exchanger. They exhibited strict position specificity for positions 3 of quercetin, 7 of 3-methylquercetin, 4′ of 3,7-dimethylquercetin, and 6 of 3,7,3′-trimethylquercetagetin. None of these enzymes reacted with phenylpropanoids, flavones, dihydroflavonols, or any of their glucosides. Except for the 7-OMT whose activity was lost during chromatofocusing, the other enzymes had apparent pI values of 4.8, 5.4, and 5.7 for the 3-, 4′-, and 6-OMTs, respectively. They had similar molecular weights (Mr 57,000) and their pH optima varied between 7.8 and 9.0, with a shift in optimal activity from lower to higher pH with increasing level of substrate methylation. Unlike the 3 and 4′ enzymes, the 6-OMT showed an absolute requirement for Mg2+ whose activation was saturable and was inhibited by EDTA. The in vitro stepwise O-methylation of quercetin → 3-methylquercetin → 3,7-dimethylquercetin → 3,7,4′-trimethylquercetin tends to suggest a coordinated sequence of methyl transfers in this tissue.
Subnanosecond, high-voltage photoconductive switching in GaAs

We are conducting research on the switching properties of photoconductive materials to explore their potential for generating highpower microwaves (HPM) and for high reprate switching. We have investigated the performance of Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) in linear mode (the conductivity of the device follows the optical pulse) as well as an avalanchelike mode (the optical pulse only controls switch closing) . Operating in the unear mode we have observed switch closing times of less than 200 Ps with a 100 ps duration laser pulse and opening times of less than 400 ps at several kV/cm fields using neutron irradiated GaAs. In avalanche and lockon modes high fields are switched with lower laser pulse energies resulting in higher efficiencies but with measurable switching delay and jitter. We are currently investigating both large area (1 cm2) and small area 1 mm2) switches illuminated by AlGaAs laser diodes at 900 nm and Nd:YAG lasers at 1. 06 tim.
Associability of a previously conditioned stimulus as a function of qualitative changes in the US.

Hall and Pearce (1979) reported retarded manifestation of conditioned responding to repeated CS–strong shock pairings as a result of prior CS–weak shock pairings. These authors suggested that a latent inhibition (LI)-like process reduced the associability of the CS during weak shock conditioning despite excitatory associations between CS and weak shock being formed. The present experiments examined the possibility that the negative transfer from CS–weak shock conditioning in Stage 1 to CS–strong shock conditioning in Stage 2 observed by Hall and Pearce was due at least in part to the similarity between weak and strong shock rather than, or in addition to, a general loss of CS associability. Specifically, the transfer of decreased associability to conditioning with a dissimilar US was investigated. Consistent with Hall and Pearce, who gave multiple training trials in Stage 2, Experiment 1 found the development of conditioned responding owing to a single CS–strong shock pairing in Stage 2 to be retarded by ...
The economics of spiritual luxury: The glittering lobby and the parliament of religions

Richard H. Roberts's article on the theoretical setting of the 1993 World's Parliament of Religions is an example of the contradictions that result when scholars of religion presume that religion i...
Ionization techniques for nonvolatile molecules

Presentation des differentes techniques d'ionisation pour la spectrometrie de masse. Mecanismes
To Err Is Human, to Correct Divine: The Emergence of Technology-Based Communication Systems

An increasing emphasis has been placed on the importance of timely communication of imaging results, especially to the extent that clinical management decisions are modified by the information. Various methods of transmitting results have been proposed and developing technology can now be applied to helping to ensure the timely receipt of such results in a busy clinical environment. Stratifying levels of urgency, ensuring redundancy of potential recipients of such information, and the ability to assess desired benchmarks are objectives that involve many stakeholders, including radiologists, treating physicians, and institutions. An enterprise approach to this challenge, including commercially available systems, offers a potentially cost-effective solution that addresses both risk management and quality improvement goals.
Target-specific expression of pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms

Target-specific expression of pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms of synaptic transmission has been shown in a variety of central neurons by a number of laboratories. These data have demonstrated that synaptic transmission between single axons diverging onto distinct target neurons can behave independently, differentially influencing activity in the target neuron. Similarly, single neurons are capable of manufacturing molecularly distinct ligand-gated receptors and targeting them to synapses innervated by distinct converging afferent projections. A picture is emerging consistent with a role for both pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms in influencing the target-specific nature of transmission at numerous diverse synapses throughout the mammalian CNS. This target specificity adds another level of complexity in unravelling the roles played by individual neurons within a computational network. To begin to understand the coordinated activity of large ensembles of neurons it is becoming clear that the nature of transmission between individual pre- and postsynaptic elements within a circuit must first be understood for each and every neural element involved.
Discontinuities of Kinematic Factors at Zero Masses and Related Problems

We expalin why some kinematical factors are discontinuous when one of the masses vanishes. We derive the kinematic factors for general reactions involving one massless particle. The method can be easily extended to more than one massless particle. We use the crossing relations to rederive and generalize in a simple way the kinematical constraints at $s=0$ recently obtained by Stack. We give a general expression for the determinant of the regularized crossing matrix and discuss its applications.
Perception of the form of stimulus increment as a method in assessment of the psychophysical relationship.

Summary.-Among numerous procedures for determination of the psychophysical relation, one approach has seldom been applied. Essential in this method is to present a set of stimuli whose intensity increases in fixed time following dfierent forms. The objective stimulus increment, which the subjects perceive as linear growth directly, represents the inverse psychophysjcal relation. In this paper the method was tested in the fields of click frequency and sound pressure. This procedure was named "Perception of the Form of Stimulus Increment in T~me-. Tn comparison to other psychophysical approaches, this one has several advantage, The principal ones are the following: (1) In assessing the psychophysical relat~on Ir is not necessary to try to measure the perceptual magnitude; and (2) the psychophysical relation is directly determined by its dynamic pattern. In this paper modifications to the method are reported which facilitate the subject's task and avoid some differences in subjects' individual approaches to the task. The modified procedure leads to results satisfactorily independent of the influence of the factors irrelevant to the psychophysical relationship. The determination of the relationship between the intensity of physical processes acting on our sensory organs and the intensity of sensations evoked by these stimuli presumes the possibility of independent measurement of both variables. While there is some uncertainty in the determination of what kind of physical intensity should be compared with the sensory effect, psychologists have been primarily concerned with the evaluation of sensory intensity. And, in their attempts to measure sensory magnitudes two main approaches have been used, indirect and direct. Among the indirect approaches the best known are Fechner's expression of sensory intensity with the cumulation of just noticeable differences (Fechner, 1860), Thurstone's method of paired comparison (Thurstone, 19271, and approaches based on signal detection theory. Direct approaches are based on the assumption that the subject is able
Corrosion behavior of carbon fiber composites in the marine environment

Abstract Studies were conducted to simulate the effect of galvanic interaction on damage to composites while in the marine environment. Two types of carbon fiber/polymer composites were compared; carbon fiber/vinyl ester composite and carbon fiber/epoxy composite. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was employed in these studies to investigate non-destructively long term behavior under applied conditions. Samples were held at open circuit potential or different cathodic potentials up to 30 days of exposure. Under a non-biased condition impedance behavior was very capacitive over a wide frequency range with little changes with time due to the inert nature of polymer matrix. Significant changes in behavior were found at applied potentials to simulate galvanic coupling. Scanning electron micrographs show evidence of damaged polymer matrix and take different forms due to difference in microstructure. Equivalent electrical circuit analogs are proposed to describe the behavior of the two composites. Calculated pore resistance provides quantitative assessments of damaged polymer matrix due to applied field and exposure to electrolyte.
Estimating thyroid dose in pediatric CT exams from surface dose measurement

The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of estimating pediatric thyroid doses from CT using surface neck doses. Optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters were used to measure the neck surface dose of 25 children ranging in ages between one and three years old. The neck circumference for each child was measured. The relationship between obtained surface doses and thyroid dose was studied using acrylic phantoms of various sizes and with holes of different depths. The ratios of hole-to-surface doses were used to convert patients' surface dose to thyroid dose. ImPACT software was utilized to calculate thyroid dose after applying the appropriate age correction factors. A paired t-test was performed to compare thyroid doses from our approach and ImPACT. The ratio of thyroid to surface dose was found to be 1.1. Thyroid doses ranged from 20 to 80 mGy. Comparison showed no statistical significance (p = 0.18). In addition, the average of surface dose variation along the z-axis in helical scans was studied and found to range between 5% (in 10 cm diameter phantom/24 mm collimation/pitch 1.0) and 8% (in 16 cm diameter phantom/12 mm collimation/pitch 0.7). We conclude that surface dose is an acceptable predictor for pediatric thyroid dose from CT. The uncertainty due to surface dose variability may be reduced if narrower collimation is used with a pitch factor close to 1.0. Also, the results did not show any effect of thyroid depth on the measured dose.
Characterization of Four Variant Forms of Human Propionyl-CoA Carboxylase Expressed in Escherichia coli

Propionyl-CoA carboxylase (PCC) is a biotin-dependent mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of propionyl-CoA to D-methylmalonyl-CoA. PCC consists of two heterologous subunits, alpha PCC and beta PCC, which are encoded by the nuclear PCCA and PCCB genes, respectively. Deficiency of PCC results in a metabolic disorder, propionic acidemia, which is sufficiently severe to cause neonatal death. We have purified three PCCs containing pathogenic mutations in the beta subunit (R165W, E168K, and R410W) and one PCCB polymorphism (A497V) to homogeneity to elucidate the potential structural and functional effects of these substitutions. We observed no significant difference in Km values for propionyl-CoA between wild-type and the variant enzymes, which indicated that these substitutions had no effect on the affinity of the enzyme for this substrate. Furthermore, the kinetic studies indicated that mutation R410W was not involved in propionyl-CoA binding in contrast to a previous report. The three mutant PCCs had half the catalytic efficiency of wild-type PCC as judged by the kcat/Km ratios. No significant differences have been observed in molecular mass or secondary structure among these enzymes. However, the variant PCCs were less thermostable than the wild-type. Following incubation at 47 degrees C, blue native-PAGE revealed a lower oligomeric form (alpha2beta2) in the three mutants not detectable in wild-type and the polymorphism. Interestingly, the lower oligomeric form was also observed in the corresponding crude Escherichia coli extracts. Our biochemical data and the structural analysis using a beta PCC homology model indicate that the pathogenic nature of these mutations is more likely to be due to a lack of assembly rather than disruption of catalysis. The strong favorable effect of the co-expressed chaperone proteins on PCC folding, assembly, and activity suggest that propionic acidemia may be amenable to chaperone therapy.
Spacing patterns within populations of a tropical forest rodent, Proechimys semispinosus, on five Panamanian islands

Spacing patterns of adult Proechimys semispinosus (Central American spiny rat) within five island populations in central Panama were determined by live-trapping over a one-year period. Home ranges were described by minimum convex polygons for each individual that had a sufficient number of captures to allow accurate description. Home-range size was calculated as the area of an individual's polygon. The total area of overlap of each individual's home range with every other consexual's home range was also calculated. Mean home-range size and overlap were compared among islands and between sexes with two-way analysis of variance and were related to mean density of adult males and females and island size with linear regression analysis. Home-range size and overlap were also compared while controlling for density using analysis of covariance. Home-range size varied between the sexes but not among islands, with males generally having larger home ranges than females. Home-range size showed a negative relationship to density, and the difference in home-range size between the sexes prevailed even after controlling for density. Home-range overlap varied among islands but not between the sexes. There was no linear relationship between overlap and density, although individuals within two low-density populations had nearly exclusive home ranges. The high degree of overlap among home ranges within some populations suggests that P. semispinosus do not maintain large exclusive territories. Such territories may be economically indefensible because of the spatial and temporal distribution of resources (i.e. primarily falling fruit). Although theory predicts that spatially patchy and poorly renewable resources promote territoriality, resources in tropical forests of the study area may be randomly or too patchily distributed or ephemeral to permit maintenance of territories that span a large portion of an animal's home range. More detailed study is necessary to reveal finer-scale patterns of territoriality (e.g. defence of burrows or concentrations of fallen fruit).
Are there carbonate deposits in the Valles Marineris, Mars?

The precipitation of 30 mbar of Martian atmosphere CO2 as carbonates in lakes is suggested to be the source of thick sequences of layered deposits found in the Valles Marineris. Support is adduced for this scenario from processes occurring in the perennially frozen dry valley lakes of Antarctica, where the lake water is supersaturated with atmospheric gases. Atmospheric CO2 would have accumulated in such Martian lakes as temperatures fell, and the presence of an insulating ice cover would have allowed liquid water to exist.
Simulated and Experimental In-Wall Temperatures for 12O-mm Ammunition,

Bore and chamber surface as well as subsurface temperature prediction are made for the US Army M256 120mm chromium-plated cannon firing M865 M829 and DM13 cartridges. The surface temperature predictions are validated by comparison with other numerical modelling results, while the subsurface temperature predictions are compared directly with experimental measurements made by in wall thermocouples. The surface temperature predictions fall in line with other numerical estimates, and, in general, the simulated probe temperatures at each axial location are within the circumferential and round-to-round variation in the experimental probe tempretaures.
Identifying genomic features by BLASTing through chromatin

Background The sequencing of the human genome has revealed that the vast bulk of DNA sequence is devoted to regulatory regions. This regulatory information is spread throughout the genome and is responsible for guiding the complex cellular processes producing every human cell, tissue, and organ. The key to understanding this multifaceted network of genomic interactions has been the identification of common genomic features, ie. promoters and enhancers. However, finding these locations within the genome can be a laborious and expensive undertaking requiring site specific assays. Even more difficult is identifying entirely new classes of genomic features. To facilitate identification and characterization of new classes of genomic features we have developed Architecture Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (ArchBLAST).
Erythropoietic Recovery Measured by Fe59 Uptake in Irradiated Mice Protected with Bone Marrow.

Twenty-four hour uptake of Fe/sup 59/ was used as quick measure of erythropoiesis in Swiss male mice. In normal nonirradiated mice, iron uptake is not affected by intravenous injection of isologous, homologous, and heterologous bone marrow cells except for inocula greater than 40 x 10/sup 6/ cells. Injection of these cell types after 900 r whole-body x radiation increases Fe/sup 59/ uptake rates in the order: heterologous, homologous, isologous. Protection against lethal radiation effect as measured by survival and Fe/sup 59/ uptake depended on genetic relationship between bone marrow, donor, and recipient. (auth)
Populist liberalism as dominant ideology: Competing ideas and democracy in post-authoritarian Argentina, 1989–1995

This article identifies a new dominant political ideology, populist liberalism, which emerged in Argentina after 1989. This elite-constructed discourse (combining some neo-liberal ideas with old populist emphases) emphasized leadership more than institutions; glorified grand transformation rather than incremental change; stressed economic efficacy more than political representation and participation; and elevated liberty over equality and solidarity. This ideology, a contributing cause and consequence of the Menemist transformation of the Argentine political economy, is assessed against democratic norms and contrasted with its main ideological competitors in Argentina, populist nationalism, democratic nationalism, and democratic liberalism. The article concludes with a comment on the relationship between populist liberal ideology and the uneven democratization of post-authoritarian Argentine politics.
Effects of a Demonstration Laboratory on Student Learning

Laboratory and demonstration have long been used to supplement lecture in chemistry education. Current research indicates that students are better served by laboratories which exercise the higher-order cognitive skills, such as inquiry-based laboratories. However, the time and the resources available to perform these recommended types of laboratories are continually shrinking. Due to these factors, a demonstration-laboratory was designed to allow students to make observations through demonstration rather then through hands-on laboratory. For this study, the hands-on procedures of an inquiry style laboratory were replaced by an instructor demonstration of these same procedures. A significant difference was found between student conceptual understanding before and after the experiment, indicating that students performing the laboratory experiment and students viewing the demonstration-laboratory had an increase in conceptual understanding. However, no significant difference was found between the conceptual understanding of the two groups after the experiment, indicating that students learn roughly the same from both methods and that the demonstration-laboratory at least does no harm to the students conceptually. Long-term effects on student understanding were not measured. Student opinions comparing the demonstration laboratory to a hands-on laboratory were also collected and analyzed.
Collagen in the autoclave-soluble proteins of scleractinian corals (Cnidaria).

Abstract 1. 1. Autoclave soluble protein extracts from several scleractinian corals were examined to determine the collagen concentration value (CC) in each extract. 2. 2. The CC values found range from 5 to 60 depending on species. 3. 3. The CC values may reflect taxonomic relationships or structural changes in the mesoglea. 4. 4. The CC values may provide a convenient assay useful for comparative studies of the Anthozoa.