cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Partial Safety Factors and Characteristic Values for Combined Extreme Wind and Wave Load Effects

Background: The present paper regards the concerted action of wind and wave loads on offshore wind turbines in the extreme storm event. The load combination problem involves the definition of the characteristic loads and safety factors. In wind engineering and offshore engineering well established practices for the definition of characteristic values and safety factors for wind and wave loads separately exist. The aim is to investigate the possibility of making a simple merger of these existing practices into a possibly conservative design rule. Method of Approach: The paper applies a simplified probabilistic approach giving an understanding of how the merging can possibly be established and finally gives first guidance on the choice of characteristic values and safety factors. Results and conclusions: Under the assumptions made herein, it is made probable that a simple combination rule can be established.
Noise filtering in binary pictures by combinatorial techniques

Abstract Filtering of noise in binary pictures includes both the filling of spurious gaps and the elimination of spurious connections. This paper describes a method which performs these operations by examining pairs of boundary points of the various objects in the picture. The current implementation uses only distance criteria, but it can be extended by taking into account local shape information.
Algebraic cycles and completions of equivariant $K$-theory

Let G be a complex, linear algebraic group acting on an algebraic space X. The purpose of this article is to prove a Riemann-Roch theorem (Theorem 6.5) that gives a description of the completion of the equivariant Grothendieck group G0(G,X)⊗C at any maximal ideal of the representation ring R(G)⊗C in terms of equivariant cycles. The main new technique for proving this theorem is our nonabelian completion theorem (Theorem 5.3) for equivariant K-theory. Theorem 5.3 generalizes the classical localization theorems for diagonalizable group actions to arbitrary groups
Time-resolved spectral measurements for the Boeing free-electron laser experiments

Abstract A time-resolved optical spectrometer based on the integration of a Jarrell-Ash monochromator and a Hamamatsu streak camera has been used to evaluate the Boeing burst-mode oscillator experiment. The system provides information about spectral evolution on both the micropulse (10 ps) and macropulse (50–100 μs) time scales. Besides measuring the micropulse duration, a wavelength shift within a micropulse and the development of a discrete second wavelength during a macropulse are reported and discussed.
Generic nondegeneracy in convex optimization

We show that minimizers of convex functions subject to almost all linear perturbations are nondegenerate. An analogous result holds more generally, for lower-C 2 functions.
Synthesis of a boron analogue of glucose-conjugated nucleoside diphosphate: nucleoside α-P-boranodiphosphoglucose

Abstract Analogues of nucleoside diphosphohexoses are useful for investigating the role of nucleotidyl sugars in oligosaccharide metabolism. Here, adenosine α- P -boranodiphosphoglucose 4 , a boron analogue of ADP-glucose in which borane (BH 3 ) replaces the non-bridging oxygen of the phosphate, was prepared in good yield. The two diastereomers ( 4a and 4b ) were successfully separated by reverse phase HPLC, and the chemical structures of isomers 4a and 4b were established via spectroscopic methods. The analogue may be useful for investigations of the stereochemistry and mechanism of enzymes such as glycogen and starch synthetases, glycosidyl and nucleosidyl transferases, kinases, etc. The described method may be used to prepare other boronated nucleotidyl sugar analogues for potential therapeutic applications and delivery of boron into cells for boron neutron capture therapy.
Beyond innovation: dealing with the risks and complexity of processor design in 22nm

This talk will describe the challenges of high-performance microprocessor designs in 22nm and beyond. The focus of the talk will be on addressing the risks and complexity of this very demanding design domain and what lies beyond the innovation that has been the driving engine of technology so far.
TYPE Ia SUPERNOVAE AND HIGH-VELOCITY WHITE DWARFS

I examine the hypothesis that many of the high-velocity white dwarfs observed by Oppenheimer et al. are the remnants of donor stars from binaries that produced Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) via the "single degenerate" channel. If this channel is a significant contributor to the Galactic SN Ia rate, then the local density of such remnants with V⊥ > 100 km s-1 could be as high as 2 × 10-4 pc-3, comparable to the densities found by Oppenheimer et al. This white dwarf population differs from others in that it is composed exclusively of single stars. It is also drawn from the thin disk and consequently contains more young stars than the older kinematically hot white dwarf populations. Thus, the determination of the binary fraction among high-velocity white dwarfs can distinguish this population from kinematically similar populations, such as the thick-disk white dwarfs.
Singular structure of Toda lattices and cohomology of certain compact Lie groups

Abstract We study the singularities (blow-ups) of the Toda lattice associated with a real split semisimple Lie algebra g . It turns out that the total number of blow-up points along trajectories of the Toda lattice is given by the number of points of a Chevalley group K ( F q ) related to the maximal compact subgroup K of the group G ˇ with g ˇ = Lie ( G ˇ ) over the finite field F q . Here g ˇ is the Langlands dual of g . The blow-ups of the Toda lattice are given by the zero set of the τ -functions. For example, the blow-ups of the Toda lattice of A -type are determined by the zeros of the Schur polynomials associated with rectangular Young diagrams. Those Schur polynomials are the τ -functions for the nilpotent Toda lattices. Then we conjecture that the number of blow-ups is also given by the number of real roots of those Schur polynomials for a specific variable. We also discuss the case of periodic Toda lattice in connection with the real cohomology of the flag manifold associated to an affine Kac–Moody algebra.
Generalized exponential penalty function for nonlinear programming

Abstract Generalized exponential penalty functions are constructed for the multiplier methods in solving nonlinear programming problems. The nonsmooth extreme constraint g ext is replaced by a single smooth constraint g s by using the generalized exponential function (base a > 1). The approximation of g s to g ext can be refined by increasing the base a . The KS ( x ) function is found to be a special case of the proposed g s function (i.e. set a = e ). A simple algorithm, using the proposed generalized exponential function g s , is suggested for solving nonlinear programming problems. Both small and large-scale nonlinear programming problems (up to 2000 variables and 2000 nonlinear constraints) are solved to test the present algorithm.
Multicast capacity scaling of wireless networks with multicast outage

Multicast transmission has several distinctive traits as opposed to more commonly studied unicast networks. Specially, these include (i) identical packets must be delivered successfully to several nodes, (ii) outage could simultaneously happen at different receivers, and (iii) the multicast rate is dominated by the receiver with the weakest link in order to minimize outage and retransmission. To capture these key traits, we utilize a Poisson cluster process consisting of a distinct Poisson point process (PPP) for the transmitters and receivers, and then define the multicast transmission capacity (MTC) as the maximum achievable multicast rate times the number of multicast clusters per unit volume, accounting for outages and retransmissions. Our main result shows that if τ transmission attempts are allowed in a multicast cluster, the MTC is Θ(ρkx log(k)) where ρ and x are functions of τ depending on the network size and density, and k is the average number of the intended receivers in a cluster. We also show that an appropriate number of retransmissions can significantly enhance the MTC.
Laser damage thresholds at short wavelengths

A survey of single-pulse laser damage thresholds for a wide variety of commercially available film coatings and prepared surfaces is reported. Tests were conducted at 532, 355, and 248 nm. Pulses for the longer wavelengths, generated by harmonic conversion of 1064-nm light from a Nd:glass laser, had a duration of 0.7 nsec. The 248-nm pulses had a 20-nsec duration and were produced by a KrF laser.
Regioselective hydrocarboxylations of olefinic amines: Characterization of a key intermediate

Abstract Homoallylic and bishomoallylic amine bidentate rhodium (I) complexes undergo regioselective hydrocarboxylations and give rise to amino esters or lactams.
A compact coincident-current memory

In developing higher speed computing equipment it is generally necessary also to develop faster memory systems which are reliable and efficient, and yet do not have prohibitive costs. This need has prompted many investigations of new materials and new fabrication methods.
An Exact Analysis of Stable Allocation

Shapley and Scarf (J. Math. Econ.1(1974), 23?38) introduced a notion of stable allocation between traders and indivisible goods, when each trader has rank-ordered each of the goods. The purpose of this note is to prove that the distribution of ranks after allocation is the same as the distribution of search distances in uniform hashing, when the rank-orderings are independent and uniformly random. Therefore, the average sum of final ranks is just (n+1)Hn?n, and the standard deviation isO(n). The proof involves a family of interesting one-to-one correspondences between permutations of a special kind.
Synthesis of polycyclic lactams via intramolecular dipolar cycloadditions of stabilized azomethine ylides

Abstract A stereoselective two step sequence for the construction of fused pyrrolidone ring systems has been developed which features the intramolecular [3+2] dipolar cycloaddition of unsaturated azomethine ylides. The ylides are produced upon reaction of aminomethylphosphonates with α,ω-olefinic aldehydes, followed by oxidative removal of the phosphonate ester group using a newly developed method.
Assessing the Competitiveness of International Financial Services in Particular Locations: A Survey of Methods and Perspectives

The International Financial Services (IFS) industry is restructuring internally and by location. This paper outlines the economic forces and analytical methods that may be applied to examine the economic drivers of these processes as ever more cities, particularly in East Asia, are vying to attract IFS providers and their clients. The ICT revolution has made those IFS that can be commoditized footloose in search of cost efficiency. High value-added financial services, however, will continue to be developed and coordinated in a few major IFS centers that have invested in, or capitalized on, regional or global advantages for themselves and their clients. The resulting pattern of functional fragmentation and geographic dispersal may facilitate analyses of the competitiveness of different lines of the financial services business in a particular location by methods such as Data Envelopment and Stochastic Frontier Analysis. These forms of comparative efficiency analysis have recently been questioned and their results reinterpreted.
Chiral, non-racemic diols, and α-amino acid-derived β-amino alcohols as templates for chiral catalysts in the Tsuji–Trost reaction

Abstract A commercially available collection of β-amino alcohols have been converted to their corresponding β-( o -diphenylphosphino) benzoyloxy( o -diphenylphosphino) benzamides and have been employed in the Tsuji–Trost asymmetric alkylation reaction with 1,3-diphenylpropenyl acetate. The best ligand was derived from l - tert -leucinol and when applied to the asymmetric allylic alkylation reaction, yielded the product in an enantiomeric ratio of 99.5:0.5 favoring the ( S )-enantiomer.
Analysis of a vertical crack in a multilayered medium

A matrix for a single layer is formed in the Hankel transformed domain. Then a global matrix is formed by assembling together each layer matrix
Monetary Policy Rules Work and Discretion Doesn’t: A Tale of Two Eras

This lecture examines monetary policy during the past three decades. It documents two contrasting eras: first a Rules‐Based Era from 1985 to 2003 and second an Ad Hoc Era from 2003 to the present. During the Rules‐Based Era, monetary policy, in broad terms, followed a predictable systemic approach, and economic performance was generally good. During the Ad Hoc Era, monetary policy is best described as a “discretion of authorities” approach, and economic performance was decidedly poor. By considering alternative explanations of this policy–performance correlation and examining corroborating evidence, the lecture concludes that rules‐based policies have clear advantages over discretion.
Nonsupersymmetric string solitons

Abstract We begin a search for nonsupersymmetric/supersymmetric dual string pairs by constructing candidate critical nonsupersymmetric strings as solitons in supersymmetric string theories. Using orbifold techniques, one can construct cosmic string solutions which lie in supersymmetric vacua but which do not fall in supermultiplets. We discuss two three-dimensional examples in detail. The effective worldsheet actions for the soliton strings have (0,2) and (1,1) supersymmetry and the correct numbers of massless bosons and fermions to be critical heterotic and type II strings, respectively.
Conservation-Native American style

Over the past three decades, the environmental movement has promoted a view of American Indians as the "original conservationists"-that is, "people so intimately bound to the land that they have left no mark upon it" (White and Cronon 1988, 417). References to this image abound: "The Indians were, in truth, the pioneer ecologists of this country," said Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall.(1) "I think most people in Indian country hold a set of ideals we should all learn from," said law professor Charles Wilkinson in a recent speech.(2) According to Wilkinson, these ideals teach human harmony with the natural environment. Calling for an environmental ethic patterned after that of Native Americans, Senator John H. Chafee recently quoted words allegedly spoken by Chief Seattle. "Man did not weave the web of life. He is merely a strand of it." "For many thousands of years, most of the indigenous nations on this continent practiced a philosophy of protection (first) and use (second) of the forest," says Herb Hammond in the Sierra Club book Clearcut. "In scientific terms, we recognize that their use of the forest was ecologically responsible-meaning that it kept all the parts."(3) Appealing as this image of a Native American environmental ethic is, it is not accurate. The spiritual connection attributed to Native Americans frequently does not mesh with the history of Indian resource use. By focusing on this myth instead of reality, environmentalists patronize American Indians, disparaging their rich institutional heritage which encouraged resource conservation. By missing this history of Indian institutions, the environmentalists' interpretation deprives Indians and non-Indians alike of a full understanding of how we can conserve our natural heritage. The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, it will put to rest the myth of a unique and romantic American Indian environmental ethic. Second, it will illustrate how American Indians used complex and evolving institutions to conserve scarce natural resources and to survive in a sometimes hostile environment. By institutions, I mean the traditions, rules, laws and habits that guided Indian societies. Though the actual laws and customs vary among societies, all societies have such institutions to guide them.
On the Information Content of Calls of Convertible Securities

Negative stock price reactions to conversion-forcing calls of convertible bonds and preferred stocks are reexamined and most of the sample firms are shown to exhibit full price recovery by the end of the conversion period. In addition, analysts' earnings forecasts, both short-term and long-term, are found to be revised upward following call announcements for convertible bonds and preferred stocks. The combined findings cast doubt on the established belief that such capital structure decisions signal negative information about firm value. Copyright 1996 by University of Chicago Press.
Periodic solutions of nonlinear equations obtained by linear superposition

We show that a type of linear superposition principle works for several nonlinear differential equations. Using this approach, we find periodic solutions of the Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation, the nonlinear Schrodinger equation, the λ4 model, the sine-Gordon equation and the Boussinesq equation by making appropriate linear superpositions of known periodic solutions. This unusual procedure for generating solutions of nonlinear differential equations is successful as a consequence of some powerful, recently discovered, cyclic identities satisfied by the Jacobi elliptic functions.
Weak-Lensing Detection of Cl 1604+4304 at z = 0.90

We present a weak-lensing analysis of the high-redshift cluster Cl 1604+4304. At z = 0.90, this is the highest redshift cluster yet detected with weak lensing. It is also one of a sample of high-redshift, optically selected clusters whose X-ray temperatures are lower than expected based on their velocity dispersions. Both the gas temperature and galaxy velocity dispersion are proxies for its mass, which can be determined more directly by a lensing analysis. Modeling the cluster as a singular isothermal sphere, we find that the mass contained within projected radius R is (3.69 ± 1.47)[R/(500 kpc)] × 1014 M⊙. This corresponds to an inferred velocity dispersion of 1004 ± 199 km s-1, which agrees well with the velocity dispersion of 989 km s-1 recently measured by Gal & Lubin. These numbers are higher than the 575 km s-1 inferred from Cl 1604+4304's X-ray temperature; however, all three velocity dispersion estimates are consistent within ~1.9 σ.
THE ROLE OF ACCEPTOR DENSITY ON THE HIGH CHANNEL CARRIER DENSITY I-V CHARACTERISTICS OF ALGAAS/GAAS MODFETS

Abstract A triangular-well, one-subband, depletion layer model has been developed for the high density region of a MODFET. The high density operation is defined as when the channel carrier density, in the entire channel, is equal to or greater than m1kT/πh2. This high density model has been used to describe the effects of the depletion layer charge on the I–V characteristics. An approximation for the experimentally determined threshold voltage is derived. It is shown that for small acceptor densities, ∼1013 cm−3, the experimentally determined threshold voltage may differ from the strong inversion threshold voltage by ∼0.25 V. We show that this discrepancy is due to the effect of the depletion layer in the device capacitance and the AlGaAs layer capacitance. The effective layer thickness, Δd, is shown to decrease from ∼90 A at an acceptor density of 1013 cm−3 to 75 A at 1017 cm−3.
Model validation for robust control: an experimental process control application

Abstract The practical application of robust control design methodologies depends on the ability to develop suitable models of physical systems. Model validation provides a means of assessing the applicability of a given robust control model (nominal model with linear fractional norm bounded perturbations and norm bounded unknown inputs) with respect to an input-output experiment. This paper describes the practical application of the model validation theory (for H ∞ μ framework models) to a laboratory process control problem. A discrete-time frequency domain approach is used. Two candidate robust control models are postulated for the system. An experiment is performed and the theory is used to quantitatively assess the applicability of each of the candidate models.
Compression-aware demosaicing methods

In many digital color-image systems, most notably digital cameras, raw data from the sensor is processed to produce a pleasing image. One of the main steps in this process is demosaicing, which is the process of interpolating the raw data into a full color image. The resulting image is in turn compressed to enable compact storage. Each of these two steps, namely the demosaicing and compression, creates its own artifacts on the final image. In this work we consider the two stages together, and design a demosaicing algorithm which takes into account the fact that the final image is to be compressed. Examples are given to demonstrate the above ideas.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Degree-bounded minimum spanning trees

Given n points in the Euclidean plane, the degree-@d minimum spanning tree (MST) problem asks for a spanning tree of minimum weight in which the degree of each vertex is at most @d. The problem is NP-hard for 2@?@d@?3, while the NP-hardness of the problem is open for @d=4. The problem is polynomial-time solvable when @d=5. By presenting an improved approximation analysis for Chan's degree-4 MST algorithm [T. Chan, Euclidean bounded-degree spanning tree ratios, Discrete & Computational Geometry 32 (2004) 177-194], we show that, for any arbitrary collection of points in the Euclidean plane, there always exists a degree-4 spanning tree of weight at most (2+2)/3<1.1381 times the weight of an MST.
On decentralized estimation and control with application to freeway ramp metering

This paper presents an approach to the suboptimal design of time invariant, infinite time horizon, L-Q-G regulator in which decision making and state estimation are decentralized into "local" subsystems. For a prespecified information pattern (set of admissible intercommunications) the problem of finding a best linear control law and state estimator is converted to a parameter optimization which can be solved off line. A modified Davidon-Fletcher-Powell algorithm is used to obtain numerical solutions to the static optimization. A design is illustrated by means of a 12 state freeway corridor ramp metering problem; behavior of centralized and decentralized designs in a nonlinear macroscopic simulation of the freeway are provided.
Laser interaction with the end atoms of a linear chain

Abstract The effects of laser radiation on a one-dimensional linear system are examined using classical mechanics. Laser-induced desorption of oxygen from silicon and hydrogen from lead are studied in detail.
A Hydrogen Sulfide Solid‐Oxide Fuel Cell Using Ceria‐Based Electrolytes

The utilization of H 2 S as the fuel in a solid-oxide fuel cell was demonstrated with the achievement of 42 mA/cm 2 , the highest current density achieved with H 2 S to date. Two different ionic conductor electrolyte systems have been studied, oxide ion conductors and protonic conductors; the electrolyte membranes had the common component of ceria, CeO 2 . The cells studied had the configurations H 2 S, Pt/Ce 0.81 M 0.19 O 2-α /Pt, air (where M=Y or Sm) or H 2 S, Pt/SrCe 0.95 Yb 0.05 O 3-α /Pt, air
Improved performance and stability in quantum dot solar cells through band alignment engineering

Fabricating low-temperature solution-processed solar cells with good power-conversion efficiency and stability in ambient conditions has proved challenging. The use of ligands that protect colloidal quantum dots from degradation in air and tune their energy levels is now shown to be a viable approach for the realization of spin-coated solar cells with very high efficiency. Solution processing is a promising route for the realization of low-cost, large-area, flexible and lightweight photovoltaic devices with short energy payback time and high specific power. However, solar cells based on solution-processed organic, inorganic and hybrid materials reported thus far generally suffer from poor air stability, require an inert-atmosphere processing environment or necessitate high-temperature processing1, all of which increase manufacturing complexities and costs. Simultaneously fulfilling the goals of high efficiency, low-temperature fabrication conditions and good atmospheric stability remains a major technical challenge, which may be addressed, as we demonstrate here, with the development of room-temperature solution-processed ZnO/PbS quantum dot solar cells. By engineering the band alignment of the quantum dot layers through the use of different ligand treatments, a certified efficiency of 8.55% has been reached. Furthermore, the performance of unencapsulated devices remains unchanged for over 150 days of storage in air. This material system introduces a new approach towards the goal of high-performance air-stable solar cells compatible with simple solution processes and deposition on flexible substrates.
Analysis of atmospheric mesoscale models for entry, descent, and landing

[1] Each Mars Exploration Rover (MER) is sensitive to the Martian winds encountered near the surface during the entry, descent, and landing (EDL) process. These winds are strongly influenced by local (mesoscale) conditions. In the absence of suitable wind observations, wind fields predicted by Martian mesoscale atmospheric models have been analyzed to guide landing site selection. In order to encompass the available models and render them useful to the EDL engineering team, a series of statistical techniques was applied to the model results. These analyses cover the high-priority landing sites during the expected landing times (1200–1500 LT). The number of sites studied is limited by the computational and analysis cost of the mesoscale models. The statistical measures concentrate on the effective mean wind (the wind as seen by the landing system) and on the vertical structure of the horizontal winds. Both aspects are potentially hazardous to the MER landing system. In addition, a number of individual wind profiles from the mesoscale model were processed into a form that can be used directly by the EDL Monte Carlo simulations. The statistical analysis indicates that the Meridiani Planum and Elysium landing sites are probably safe. The Gusev Crater and Isidis Basin sites may be safe, but further analysis by the EDL engineers will be necessary to quantify the actual risk. Finally, the winds at the Melas Chasma landing site (and presumably other Valles Marineris landing sites) are dangerous. While the statistical parameters selected for these studies were primarily of engineering and safety interest, the techniques are potentially useful for more general scientific analyses. One interesting result of the current analysis is that the depth of the convective boundary layer (and thus the resulting energy density) appears to be primarily driven by the existence of a well-organized mesoscale (or regional) circulation, primarily driven by large-scale topographic features at Mars.
Experimental and Numerical Studies of Two-Stage Ethane-Air Flames

This paper reports results of experimental and numerical investigations on ethane-air two-stage combustion in a counterflow burner where the fuel stream, which is partially premixed with air for equivalence ratios from 1.6 to 3.0, flows against a pure air stream. Similar to methane, the two-stage ethane combustion exhibits a green fuel-rich premixed flame and a blue diffusion flame. Flame structures, including concentration profiles of stable intermediate species such as C 2 H 4 , C 2 H 2 and CH 4 , are measured by a gas chromatography and are calculated by numerical integrations of the conservation equations employing an updated elementary chemical-kinetic data base. The implications of the results from these experimental measurements and numerical predictions are summarized, the flame chemistry of ethane two-stage combustion at different degrees of premixing (or equivalence ratio) is discussed, and the relationship between NOx formation and the degree of premixing is established. The present work helps to increase understanding of flame chemistry of hydrocarbon fuels, identify important reactions for pollutant formation and suggest means to reduce emissions.
Caring about framing effects

We explored the relationship between qualities of victims in hypo- thetical scenarios and the appearance of framing effects. In past studies, participants' feelings about the victims have been demonstrated to affect whe- ther framing effects appear, but this relationship has not been directly examined. In the present study, we examined the relationship between caring about the people at risk, the perceived interdependence of the people at risk, and frame. Scenarios were presented that differed in the degree to which participants could be expected to care about the group and the extent to which the group could be construed as interdependent. A framing effect was found only for the scenario describing the victims as the participants' friends who did not know each other (high caring/low interdependence), and this went in the opposite direction from typical framing effects. Finally, perceived interdependence and caring affected choice both within and across scenarios, with more risky choices made by participants with high interdependence ratings and high caring ratings.
The availability of prior ECGs improves paramedic accuracy in recognizing ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

Abstract Introduction Early and accurate identification of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) by prehospital providers has been shown to significantly improve door to balloon times and improve patient outcomes. Previous studies have shown that paramedic accuracy in reading 12 lead ECGs can range from 86% to 94%. However, recent studies have demonstrated that accuracy diminishes for the more uncommon STEMI presentations (e.g. lateral). Unlike hospital physicians, paramedics rarely have the ability to review previous ECGs for comparison. Whether or not a prior ECG can improve paramedic accuracy is not known. Study hypothesis The availability of prior ECGs improves paramedic accuracy in ECG interpretation. Methods 130 paramedics were given a single clinical scenario. Then they were randomly assigned 12 computerized prehospital ECGs, 6 with and 6 without an accompanying prior ECG. All ECGs were obtained from a local STEMI registry. For each ECG paramedics were asked to determine whether or not there was a STEMI and to rate their confidence in their interpretation. To determine if the old ECGs improved accuracy we used a mixed effects logistic regression model to calculate p-values between the control and intervention. Results The addition of a previous ECG improved the accuracy of identifying STEMIs from 75.5% to 80.5% (p = 0.015). A previous ECG also increased paramedic confidence in their interpretation (p = 0.011). Conclusions The availability of previous ECGs improves paramedic accuracy and enhances their confidence in interpreting STEMIs. Further studies are needed to evaluate this impact in a clinical setting.
Petri net control of an automated manufacturing cell

Abstract This paper discusses the Petri Net approach to real time production control. Petri nets were developed to model concurrent and asynchronous systems. Having modeled a machining cell or a production system as a Petri net, one can analyze the effects of controller behavior on the system before implementing the controller. Petri net principles are illustrated for a machining cell being implemented in the Manufacturing Automation Laboratory at Rutgers University. Observations are made concerning the difference between a Petri Net Controller and a Programmable Logic Controller for the same application.
Recent progress and applications for metallodendrimers

Progress in metallodendritic architectures is discussed as it relates to catalysis, luminescence, sensors, and molecular switches. It is intended that the reader will gain an appreciation for the different roles that metals can play in dendritic connectivity as well as their vast potential for application-oriented nanoscale device construction.
Construction of epidithiodioxopiperazines by directed oxidation of hydroxyproline-derived dioxopiperazines.

Functionalization of the angular methine carbon of hydroxyproline-derived dioxopiperazines by a radical-promoted C−H bond oxidation, which is directed by a proximal (bromomethyl)silyl group, is described. This regioselective oxidation is the key step in a new synthesis of epidithiodioxopiperazines.
Local Liquid Velocity in Vertical Air-Water Downward Flow

We present an experimental study of local liquid velocity measurement in downward air-water bubbly and slug flows in a 50.8 mm inner-diameter round pipe. The axial liquid velocity and its fluctuations were measured by a laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) system. The maximum liquid velocity in a downward two-phase flow could occur off the pipe centerline at relatively low liquid flow rates and this observation is consistent with other researchers' results
Vibration of a Group of Circular Cylinders in a Confined Fluid

Understanding and modeling fluid/structure interaction in cylinder bundles is a basic requirement in the development of analytical methods and guidelines for designing LMFBR heat exchanger and reactor fuel assemblies that are free from component vibration problems. As a step toward satisfying this requirement, a method of analysis based on the potential flow theory is developed for analyzing free vibration of a group of cylinders immersed in a fluid contained in a cylinder. The method of analysis presented can determine the added mass coefficients and natural frequencies of coupled cylinder-fluid systems. To demonstrate the method the coupled natural frequencies for two eccentrically located cylinders with a fluid-filled gap are calculated and discussed. A few other examples are also given to show the added mass coefficients.
Recent Advances in Gas Scintillation Proportional Counters

Various geometrical configurations for gas scintillation proportional counters have been investigated in order to determine which is best for use in a large volume, high efficiency counter for measuring low energy gamma and x-rays. A xenon filled counter having a rod anode inside a cylindrical cathode appears to provide the best configuration for providing a uniform field and the best resolution over the total volume of the counter. The details of construction and operating characteristics of various shaped counters are described.
Biomolecular resource utilization in elementary cell-free gene circuits

We present a detailed dynamical model of the behavior of transcription-translation circuits in vitro that makes explicit the roles played by essential molecular resources. A set of simple two-gene test circuits operating in a cell-free biochemical `breadboard' validate this model and highlight the consequences of limited resource availability. In particular, we are able to confirm the existence of biomolecular `crosstalk' and isolate its individual sources. The implications of crosstalk for biomolecular circuit design and function are discussed.
Constraining the Type Ia Supernova Progenitor: The Search for Hydrogen in Nebular Spectra*

Despite intense scrutiny, the progenitor system(s) that gives rise to Type Ia supernovae remains unknown. The favored theory invokes a carbon-oxygen white dwarf accreting hydrogen-rich material from a close companion until a thermonuclear runaway ensues that incinerates the white dwarf. However, simulations resulting from this single-degenerate, binary channel demand the presence of low-velocity Hα emission in spectra taken during the late nebular phase, since a portion of the companion's envelope becomes entrained in the ejecta. This hydrogen has never been detected, but has only rarely been sought. Here we present results from a campaign to obtain deep, nebular-phase spectroscopy of nearby Type Ia supernovae, and include multiepoch observations of two events: SN 2005am (slightly subluminous) and SN 2005cf (normally bright). No Hα emission is detected in the spectra of either object. An upper limit of 0.01 M☉ of solar abundance material in the ejecta is established from the models of Mattila et al., which, when coupled with the mass-stripping simulations of Marietta et al. and Meng et al., effectively rules out progenitor systems for these supernovae with secondaries close enough to the white dwarf to be experiencing Roche lobe overflow at the time of explosion. Alternative explanations for the absence of Hα emission, along with suggestions for future investigations necessary to confidently exclude them as possibilities, are critically evaluated.
How does awareness evolve when advertising stops? The role of memory

Extant models posit that awareness declines immediately and gradually after the cessation of advertising, whereas anecdotal evidence from managers suggests awareness stays constant for a while and then decays rapidly. This pattern arises because consumers remember advertisements for a finite time before they forget. Hence, we extend advertising models by incorporating the memory for ads. We conceptualize the role of memory as “delayed forgetting of ads” and capture it using delay differential equations, which exhibit richer dynamics and expand the class of dynamic models used in marketing. Analytically, we derive the 90% duration of advertising effects under various scenarios. Empirically, we analyze awareness evolution in the absence of advertising for the Peugeot car brand. We not only find strong support for the proposed model, but also estimate the memorability of Peugeot ads to be about 3 weeks. Moreover, if we ignore consumer memory as in the extant models, we would overstate the forgetting rate by 39%. Finally, we discuss managerial implications and identify new avenues for further research.
New Dimensions for Randall-Sundrum Phenomenology

We consider a 6D extension of the Randall-Sundrum (RS) model, RS6, where the Standard Model (SM) gauge fields are allowed to propagate in an additional dimension, compactified on S1 or S1/Z2. In a minimal scenario, fermions propagate in the 5D RS subspace and their localization provides a model of flavor. New Kaluza-Klein (KK) states, corresponding to excitations of the gauge fields along the 6th dimension, appear near the TeV scale. The new gauge KK modes behave differently from those in the 5D warped models. These RS6 states have couplings with strong dependence on 5D field localization and, within the SM, only interact with heavy fermions and the Higgs sector, to a very good approximation. Thus, the collider phenomenology of the new gauge KK states sensitively depends on the 5D fermion geography. We briefly discuss inclusion of SM fermions in all 6 dimensions, as well as the possibility of going beyond 6D.
Roaming Atoms and Radicals : A New Mechanism in Molecular Dissociation

The detailed description of chemical reaction rates is embodied in transition state theory (TST), now recognized as one of the great achievements of theoretical chemistry. TST employs a series of simplifying assumptions about the dynamical behavior of molecules to predict reaction rates based on a solid foundation of quantum theory and statistical mechanics. The study of unimolecular decomposition has long served as a test bed for the various assumptions of TST, foremost among which is the very notion that reactions proceed via a single well-defined transition state. Recent high-resolution ion imaging studies of formaldehyde unimolecular decomposition, in combination with quasiclassical trajectory calculations from Bowman and coworkers, have shown compelling evidence, however, for a novel pathway in unimolecular decomposition that does not proceed via the conventional transition state geometry. This “roaming” mechanism involves near dissociation to radical products followed by intramolecular abstraction t...
On the characteristics of dynamic correlations between asset pairs

Abstract Recent research provides considerable evidence that correlations between assets change significantly over time and diversification benefits of correlations may vary substantially based on the time-varying measure of correlation used for different asset types. Our study evaluates and compares alternative time-series correlation modeling techniques according to both statistical and economic metrics, focusing specifically on individual asset pairs. We identify the moving correlation structure that best tracks the dynamic conditional correlation estimates using a large set of different financial time series encompassing 467 asset pairs in nine different asset classes. Results from our direct, statistical loss function based, and indirect, portfolio mean-variance based, forecast evaluations provide optimal window-length ranges for 36 asset-class pairs which should help in portfolio construction as well as risk management. Furthermore for robustness tests, we implement the model confidence set approach which, without a benchmark specification, produces a set of models constructed to contain the best models with a given level of confidence among competing forecast evaluations.
Cobordism invariance of the homotopy type of the space of positive scalar curvature metrics

This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Mathematical Society and can be found at: http://www.ams.org/publications/journals/journalsframework/proc.
The GJ1214 Super-Earth System: Stellar Variability, New Transits, and a Search for Additional Planets

The super-Earth GJ1214b transits a nearby M dwarf that exhibits a 1% intrinsic variability in the near-infrared. Here, we analyze new observations to refine the physical properties of both the star and planet. We present three years of out-of-transit photometric monitoring of the stellar host GJ1214 from the MEarth Observatory and find the rotation period to be long, most likely an integer multiple of 53 days, suggesting low levels of magnetic activity and an old age for the system. We show that such variability will not pose significant problems to ongoing studies of the planet's atmosphere with transmission spectroscopy. We analyze two high-precision transit light curves from ESO's Very Large Telescope (VLT) along with seven others from the MEarth and Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory 1.2 m telescopes, finding physical parameters for the planet that are consistent with previous work. The VLT light curves show tentative evidence for spot occultations during transit. Using two years of MEarth light curves, we place limits on additional transiting planets around GJ1214 with periods out to the habitable zone of the system. We also improve upon the previous photographic V-band estimate for the star, finding V = 14.71 ± 0.03.
Color superconductivity and signs of its formation

Abstract We study finite density QCD in an approximation in which the interaction between quarks is modelled on that induced by instantons. We sketch the mechanism by which chiral symmetry restoration at finite density occurs in this model. At all densities high enough that the chirally symmetric phase fills space, we find that color symmetry is broken by the formation of a 〈 qq 〉 condensate of quark Cooper pairs. The formation of this color superconductor condensate lowers the energy of the system most if the up and down quark chemical potentials are equal. This suggests that the formation of such a condensate in a heavy ion collision may be accompanied by radiation of negative pions, and its decay may yield more protons than were present in the incident nuclei.
Stabilized quantum gravity stochastic interpretation and numerical simulation

Abstract Following the reasoning of Claudson and Halpern, it is shown that “fifth-time” stabilized quantum gravity is equivalent to Langevin evolution (i.e. stochastic quantization) between fixed non-singular, but otherwise arbituary, initial and final states. The simple restriction to a fixed final state at t5 → ∞ is sufficient to stabilize the theory. This equivalence fixes the integration measure, and suggests a particular operator-ordering, for the fifth-time action of quantum gravity. Results of a numerical simulation of stabilized, latticized Einstein-Cartan theory on some small lattices are reported. In the range of cosmological constant λ investigated, it is found that: (i) the system is always in the broken phase 〈det(e)〉 ≠ 0; and (ii) the negative free energy is large, possibly singular, in the vincinity of λ = 0. The second finding may be relevant to the cosmological-constant problem.
A New Formulation and Regularization of Gauge Theories Using a Non-Linear Wavelet Expansion*>

The Euclidean version of the Yang-Mills theory is studied in four dimensions. The field is expressed non-linearly in terms of the basic variables. The field is developed inductively, adding one excitation at a time. A given excitation is added into the "background field" of the excitations already added, the background field expressed in a radially axial gauge about the point where the excitation is centered. The linearization of the resultant expression for the field is an expansion Ap(x)~I:ca¢p•(x), a where ¢P•(x) is a divergence-free wavelet and c. is the associated basic variable, a Lie Algebra element of the gauge group. One is working in a particular gauge, regularization is simply cutoff regularization realized by omitting wavelet excitations below a certain length scale. We will prove in a later paper that only the usual gauge-invariant counterterms are required to renormalize perturbation theory. Using related ideas, but essentially independent of the rest of the paper, we find an expression for the determinant of a gauged boson or fermion field in a fixed "small" external gauge field. This determinant is expressed in terms of explicitly gauge invariant quantities, and again may be regular· ized by a cutoff regularization. We leave to later work relating these regularizations to the usual dimensional regularization.
THERMOLYSIS OF PHOSPHONATES: PHOSPHONOFORMATE ESTERS

Abstract In the endeavour to develop new and facile methods for the generation of carbon-phosphorus bonds,1 we have considered the pyrolysis of phosphonoformate esters 1. These are structural analogues of chloroformates and chlorosulfites, both of which are useful in the preparation of alkyl chlorides by thermal decomposition.2,3 An analogous process with 1 might be anticipated to yield the simple phosphonate 2 as illustrated in Equation (1).
Statistical mechanics and visual signal processing

Nous montrons comment employer le langage de la theorie statistique des champs pour poser et resoudre des problemes ou l'on doit estimer une caracteristique de l'environnement a l'aide de donnees provenant d'un ensemble de detecteurs. Dans ce formalisme, l'estimateur optimal peut etre ecrit comme la valeur moyenne d'un operateur, l'ensemble des donnees d'entree agissant comme un champ externe. Les problemes a faible rapport signal-bruit sont resolus par la theorie des perturbations. La methode du col est employee pour ceux a haut rapport signal-bruit. Ces idees sont illustrees en details sur un modele d'estimation visuelle du mouvement base sur un probleme resolu par la mouche
Anomalous gluon content of the proton

Abstract The proton matrix element of the flavor singlet axial current is evaluated using the large N c chiral dynamics satisfying the anomalous Ward-Takahashi identities. We relate the quark and gluon contributions ( Δq and Δg ) of the matrix element to the nucleon-meson ( η , η ′, π 0 ) pseudo-scalar coupling constants. It is shown that the weak η′-nucleon coupling is preferred to reproduce the recent EMC data. The origin of the anomalous value of Δg pointed out by Cheng and Li is clarified in the context of the large isospin violation due to the anomaly. A subtlety related to the matrix element of the gauge-variant topological current K μ is also discussed.