cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Upper ocean export of particulate organic carbon and biogenic silica in the Southern Ocean along 170°W

Abstract Upper-ocean fluxes of particulate organic carbon (POC) and biogenic silica (bSi) are calculated from four US JGOFS cruises along 170°W using a thorium-234 based approach. Both POC and bSi fluxes exhibit large variability vs. latitude during the seasonal progression of diatom dominated blooms. POC fluxes at 100 m of up to 50 mmol C m −2 d −1 are found late in the bloom, and farthest south near the Ross Sea Gyre. Biogenic Si fluxes also peak late in the bloom as high as 15 mmol Si m −2 d −1 , but this flux peak occurs at a different latitude, just south of the Antarctic Polar Front (APF), which is centered around 60°S along this cruise track. The ratios of both POC and bSi export relative to their production rates are large, suggesting an efficient biological pump at these latitudes. The highest relative bSi/POC flux ratios at 100 m are found just south of the APF, coincident with a bSi/POC flux peak seen in 1000 m traps during this same program by Deep-Sea Research II (Honjo et al., Deep-Sea Research II 47, 3521–3548). These data suggest that efficient export at these latitudes can support the high accumulation rates of bSi found in the sediments under and south of the APF, despite the generally low biomass and productivity levels in this region.
Outcome analysis of donor gender in heart transplantation.

Background Several studies have shown a detrimental effect of female donor gender on the survival of solid-organ transplant recipients, including heart, kidney and liver. We evaluated our own experience in heart transplantation in the cyclosporine era, since 1980, to determine the effect of donor gender on survival. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 869 consecutive patients who underwent primary heart transplantation at Stanford University Medical Center between December 1980 and March 2004. Actuarial life-table data were calculated for survival and freedom from rejection and compared between groups. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis was used to identify predictors of reduced long-term survival. Results One-year mortality in male recipients who received a female donor heart (24%) was higher than in male recipients who received male donor heart (13%) ( p = 0.009). Actuarial survival rates for male recipients at 1, 5 and 10 years were 86%, 69% and 50% (with male donor), and 76%, 59% and 45% (with female donor) ( p = 0.01), respectively. Donor gender had no effect on long-term survival in male recipients p Conclusions In heart transplantation the detrimental effect of female donor gender on recipient survival is significant but limited to male recipients >45 years of age. These findings should be considered in the process of donor–recipient matching.
Right coronary pressure modulates right ventricular systolic stiffness and oxygen consumption

Objective: The low transmural pressure of the thin right ventricular (RV) wall may render it responsive to right coronary (RC) pressure-induced changes in systolic stiffness and account for the dependence of RV MVO2 on RC pressure (RCP). Methods : In eight dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital and fentanyl, RCP was lowered from the baseline to 30 mmHg in 10 mmHg steps by adjusting an occluder on the proximal RC. Myocardial segment length and isometric developed force were measured, and the slope of the force-length curve during ejection period (Δ F /ΔSL) was used as an index of systolic myocardial stiffness. MVO2 was calculated from RC flow and arteriovenous O2 difference. Results : As RCP was varied from 120 to 40 mmHg with positive lactate uptake, RC flow, maximum developed force ( F max), Δ F , and MVO2 decreased linearly, whereas end-diastolic length, ΔSL, and other hemodynamic variables stayed constant. Thus, RV systolic stiffness fell linearly with RC pressure. When RCP was further lowered from 40 to 30 mmHg, F max and Δ F continued to fall, end-diastolic segment length and right atrial pressure increased significantly, ΔSL and RV d P /d t max fell significantly, and Δ F /ΔSL reached its lowest value. RV systolic stiffness was 22% of previously reported left ventricular systolic stiffness for coronary perfusion pressure at 100 mmHg, and varied less steeply with coronary pressure. Conclusions : (1) Reductions in RV systolic stiffness preserve ΔSL as coronary pressure is reduced over a wide range. (2) The resulting increase in RV efficiency reduces oxygen demand as oxygen supply is reduced, so ischemia is avoided. (3) RV systolic stiffness is much less than left ventricular stiffness, consistent with their anatomical and functional differences.
The labyrinth of nuclear reprogramming

One of the current chief goals of regenerative medicine involves finding a way to overcome the lack of efficient treatments for thousands of diseases. Recently, increasing evidence indicates that genetic defects observed in patient somatic cells could be erased and/or alleviated by direct reprogramming toward pluripotency and recapitulated upon directed differentiation to specific cell lineages. Therefore, major efforts have been put forth to establish efficient models of disease by the use of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). In addition to disease modeling, iPSC technology also paved the way for the development of methods allowing for the generation of transplantable cellular products to reduce/halt the progression of disease symptoms or even ultimately to cure diseases. It is likely that, in the near future, these two strategies will be complementary in the discovery of new alternative treatments. However and despite enormous enthusiasm, iPSC technology still presents several pitfalls that have to be circumvented. In the present work, we will summarize the present state of iPSC technologies alongside several alternatives to the use of iPSCs that could contribute to the establishment of cell therapies.
A North Pacific Short-Wave Train during the Extreme Phases of ENSO

Abstract Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) exhibit an interannual seesaw between the eastern and western tropical Pacific in concert with the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle. Evidence accumulated from previous studies suggests that a teleconnection link may exist between enhanced rainfall/convection in the western Pacific and precipitation/severe weather over North America. The aforementioned link could possibly be established by a teleconnection wave pattern induced by the anomalously warm/cold SST anomalies in the western tropical Pacific. To demonstrate this possibility, a Fourier scale separation was introduced to divide the ENSO anomalous circulation into two wave regimes: long wave (waves 1–3) and short wave (waves 4–15). The classic Pacific–North American teleconnection pattern is formed by the long-wave regime. In contrast, emerging in the short-wave regime is a well organized wave train that propagates from the western subtropical Pacific along the North Pacific rim into North America. In...
Abstract 18296: A Novel Flow Cytometry Approach Shows That Cardiac Myocyte Size and Myosin Heavy Chain Protein Content Are Disassociated in Normal Post-natal Development

Introduction: We have reported previously that α-myosin heavy chain (α–MyHC) expressing myocytes (MCs), the predominant MC in adult mouse hearts, hypertrophy under pressure-overload without a proportionate increase in total MyHC protein (T-MyHC) content (Lopez et al, Circ. Res., 2011). It is not yet known if during normal physiological growth, these MCs increase their T-MyHC content in proportion to cell size. Hypothesis: During normal post-natal growth, an increase in T-MyHC content is proportionate to changes in cardiac mass and MC size. Methods: Individual cardiac cells were isolated by enzymatic digestion from male C57Bl/6 mice age in days 22+/-1 (young, n=4) and 88+/-6 (adult, n=4). Body and heart weights (wt), mean MC volumes by Coulter Multisizer (vol), and cell protein content-per-MC by BCA assay (TotProtMC) were used to measure cardiac growth. A new approach using large-particle fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS, see Figure) was validated to isolate 15K Troponin-T expressing MCs (~97% α–MyHC+) per heart with 94+/-2% purity (n=5). Relative T-MyHC content was measured by immunoblotting equal numbers of sorted MCs (50 MCs/lane) that was validated to be in linear range for the assay. Results: Body wt (gm), heart wt (mg), MC vol (μm3, in ~7,000 MCs per heart) and TotProtMC (ng/MC) were 3, 2.3, 2.7 and 2.5 fold greater in adult than young mice, respectively. The relative T-MyHC content per adult MC was 7.5 fold greater than in young MCs (441+/-107 vs. 59+/- 4 A.U./MC, n=3 each, p≤0.01). Conclusions: Unexpectedly, the increase in T-MyHC protein per cell during post-natal growth is ~2.5 fold greater than predicted by changes in cardiac mass, MC size or cell protein content-per-MC. These data demonstrate that in normal physiological growth, MCs accumulate more T-MyHC protein per unit volume than predicted by changes in size alone. This form of growth, “normotrophy”, is in contrast to hypertrophy where T-MyHC protein accumulation is less or equal to changes in cell size. ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Effect of surgery on the pituitary-adrenal response to repeated hemorrhage

We studied the effect of surgery on hemorrhage-induced facilitation in the pituitary-adrenal system using repeated hemorrhage in chronically prepared dogs. Animals underwent splenectomy and adrenal venous and femoral arterial catheterization. Two (day 2) or five (day 5) days later, animals were anesthetized with pentobarbital, respired, and subjected to two periods of hypovolemia (20% hemorrhage with reinfusion of shed blood at 30 min; H1 and H2) separated by 90 min. Arterial and adrenal venous blood was sampled, and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), arginine vasopressin (AVP), angiotensin II (ANG II), cortisol, and cortisol secretion were measured. On day 2, cortisol secretion increased similarly after H1 and H2, despite a smaller response of ACTH to H2. On day 5, neither ACTH nor cortisol secretion changed after H1, but both increased significantly after H2. The adrenal sensitivity to ACTH increased after H2 on day 2 and was similar after H2 on both days. AVP and ANG II increased similarly after H1 and H2 on each day but had larger responses on day 2. These results suggest 1) either surgery or initial hemorrhage can lead to enhanced pituitary-adrenal responses to subsequent hemorrhage, 2) this effect may have both central and adrenal components, 3) negative feedback may inhibit enhanced responses of ACTH in this model, 4) changes in adrenal sensitivity to ACTH may not depend on an initial pituitary-adrenal response and may not be blocked by increased circulating corticosteroids, and 5) differences in circulating AVP or ANG II do not account for facilitation in pituitary-adrenal responses.
Dodging Robin Hood: Responses to France and Italy's Financial Transaction Taxes

This paper analyzes the eect of the introduction of financial transaction taxes in equity markets in France and Italy in 2012 and 2013, respectively, on asset returns, trading volume and market volatility. Using two natural experiments in a dierencein-dierences design, I identify bounds on elasticity estimates for three categories of avoidance channels: real substitution away from taxed assets, retiming (anticipation of transaction realizations and portfolio lock-in), and tax arbitrage (cross-platform and financial instrument shifting). I find large responses on all margins, that account for significantly lower revenues than projected. By far the strongest behavioral response comes from high-frequency trading lock-in on regulated exchanges, with a high tax elasticity of this type of turnover in the order of -9. The results shed light on features of optimal FTT design, suggesting they may be poor instruments for both revenueraising and Pigouvian objectives.
Endovascular Management of Poor-Grade Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in the Geriatric Population

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The incidence of poor-grade (Hunt and Hess grade IV and V) subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is higher in elderly patients (>70 years) than in younger groups. The aim of this retrospective study was to analyze the outcome of these poor grade elderly patients after endovascular treatment. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical records of 27 patients older than 70 years who underwent endovascular treatment for aneurysmal SAH between January 1996 and July 2002. Thirteen patients with SAH and a poor Hunt and Hess grade at initial presentation had been treated by endovascular means. Their outcomes were assessed by the using the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS). RESULTS: Two patients (15%) had a good outcome according to the GOS. Three patients (23%) were moderately disabled, two (15%) were severely disabled at the time of discharge from the hospital, and six (47%) died. Five patients (38%) developed clinical vasospasm and underwent balloon angioplasty. Three procedure-related deaths occurred (23%). CONCLUSION: Endovascular treatment has modified the management of poor-grade SAH in elderly patients, most of whom are high-risk surgical candidates. Endovascular treatment can be administered early after the initial ictus, reducing the risk of rebleeding and providing an option to pursue aggressive triple-H therapy. Symptomatic vasospasm can also be treated by endovascular means in the initial setting.
Virtual Child Pornography - A United States Update

This article summarizes United States' legislation up to 2004 which sought to regulate child pornography.
Design of loss functions and feature transformation for minimum classification error based automatic speech recognition

An automatic speech recognition system has two main components, the front end feature processing component, followed by a model training component. A widely used algorithm for training models is Minimum Classification Error (MCE) that designs the model parameters to minimize recognition error. One approach for designing the feature processing component to minimize the error in recognition is transforming the features using the MCE criterion that is most commonly used only to estimate the model parameters. Past efforts that have integrated feature transformation into MCE training assumed the Hidden Markov Model state distributions were represented by diagonal covariance Gaussian mixtures when estimating the model parameters; but assumed full covariance Gaussian mixtures when estimating the feature transformation matrix. We rectify this discrepancy in assumptions, derive and implement the MCE based feature transformation, using diagonal covariance Gaussian mixtures. For designing the model parameters, MCE minimizes the recognition error using a standard sigmoid loss function, which is a Parzen window estimate of the Bayes risk. Using different kernels for Parzen Window estimation we developed new loss functions, viz. the Gaussian Kernel based loss and Generalized Savage loss. Investigation into the recognition performance of these loss functions lead to the introduction of a new large margin based loss function for MCE (LM-MCE) where the error is minimized and margin maximized. Minimizing the error, aims to shift the decision boundary so the wrongly classified tokens move to the side of the correct class, (however some of these tokens could lie on or close to the boundary); while increasing the margin between the correctly classified tokens and the decision boundary, removes some of these tokens away from the boundary and improves the robustness of the classification. Unlike previous studies, this effort does not require MCE training prior to maximizing the margin nor does it require non-optimal manual increments of the margin shifts; and since this loss function is bounded, it is not susceptible to outliers. The development of the new LM-MCE loss function has a theoretical basis in the Vapnik and Chervonenkis (VC) theory and was developed using the Bayes risk formulation.
The Use of Color-Coded Symbols in a Highly Dense Situation Display

The effectiveness of redundant color-coding for displays used by highly-loaded operators performing a series of complex tasks has never been clearly demonstrated. Pilot flight performance and threat recognition performance using two coding conditions for a threat display were compared in a simulated mission. One coding condition consisted of shape-coded symbols, the other of symbols that were both color- and shape-coded. Redundant color-coding was found to significantly reduce both response time and error rate. Language: en
Emotion and the Development of Psychopathology

This chapter considers the role of emotion in the development of psychopathology through the lens of the functional perspective on emotional development. First, a brief historical perspective on conceptualizations of the nature of emotion is offered, followed by a discussion of the view of emotion from the functional perspective. After summarizing prevailing views on the relation between emotional functioning and psychopathology, the chapter draws from the developmental psychopathology perspective, focusing on the typical development of emotional competence as a counterpoint to the development of psychopathology. Emotional competence is defined from the functional perspective, including its three main components: emotion expression, emotion understanding, and emotion regulation. Then the typical development of each of these components is described as well as the risks for psychopathology that are associated with each component. Conclusions about the central role of emotion in the development of competence and psychopathology are summarized with particular attention to what a functional perspective offers for future directions for research on this topic. Finally, translational implications of this perspective for clinical assessment and intervention are discussed. Keywords: emotion; emotional development; children; adolescents; psychopathology
A Formal Analysis of Some Issues in Balance of Power Theories

Two general issues raised in discussions of balance of power theories are considered in this paper: the relationship between, on the one hand, the power ratio goals of nations and the size of the international system and, on the other hand, the system's “war propensity.” These relationships are explored through the application of differential game theory. A mathematical model is proposed in which nations are assumed to operate according to certain dynamics, and to have specified goals and certain information about the international system. The “war propensity” of the system is then defined in terms of dangerous power configurations, and the impact of power ratio goals and system size is considered. Several variations on the basic model are analyzed: (1) systems with or without coalitions, (2) different conceptualizations of the dangerous power distribution, and (3) systems containing different types of nations, to wit, major powers and minor powers.
High Resolution Multidimensional Chromatographic Analysis of Hydrocarbon Distillate Fuels: Matrix Simplification Using Off-Line Preparative HPLC/DCD with On-Column GC/MSD and GC/FID

Le melange complexe d'hydrocarbures est separe par chromatographie HPLC en fractions contenant les memes types de composes qui sont analyses par chromatographie en phase gazeuse et spectrometrie de masse. Ce mode d'analyse est detaille pour des echantillons de kerosene, de liquides derives du charbon, d'essence sans plomb et de carbureacteur de type kerosene
Episodic nocturnal wanderings in non-epileptic young patients

Twelve patients, aged 19 to 29 years, presented with episodic nocturnal wanderings characterized by stereotyped frequent attacks of screaming, ambulation, and complex automatisms during sleep. The attacks ranged in frequency from two or three per year to several per night and were often associated with semi-purposeful violent and even life-threatening behavior. None of the patients had a history of seizures; three had a history of prior parasomnias and four had family members with a history of parasomnia. Polysomnographic and daytime electroencephalographic (EEG) investigations showed potentially epileptiform activity in four patients. Recorded episodes were not accompanied by ictal EEG activity. Anticonvulsant medication reduced or eliminated the attacks in all of the nine treated patients. The pathophysiology of the disorder is uncertain.
Acute stress causes over confidence in Situation Awareness

High levels of acute stress increase risk-taking and limit objective Situation Awareness (SA), actual knowledge of what is around you. Little research, however, has been directed toward understanding how stress influences subjective SA, an individual's assumption of their objective SA accuracy. The present experiment uses newly developed methods for highly controlled manipulations of stress, and newly designed measurements of risk-taking in a complex combat simulation. Results of this research indicated that high levels of acute stress may lead individuals to be overconfident in their SA and take more risks. Results are discussed in terms of their importance for individuals who require adequate SA in order to perform occupational tasks effectively, such as air-traffic controllers, pilots, and military personnel.
Network reliability analysis with link and nodal weights and auxiliary nodes

Abstract Networks are omnipresent, with examples in many different fields, from biological networks (such as the nervous and cardiovascular system) to physical networks (such as roadways, railways, and electrical power and water supply systems) to technological networks (such as the World Wide Web) and social network (such as the community network among people or animals). This paper proposes a novel probabilistic methodology to quantify the network reliability based on existing (diameter and efficiency) and new (eccentricity and heterogeneity) measures of connectivity that incorporate link and nodal weights and auxiliary nodes. Nodal and link weights are introduced to take into account the importance of the components in the topology-based network model. Unweighted auxiliary nodes, locally refining the network model, allow one to capture the complexity of the connections between weighted end-nodes. The formulation presented in this paper is general and applicable to networks in different fields. The paper illustrates the implementation of the proposed formulation considering a transportation network subject to seismic excitation.
JOURNAL CLUB: Informal Consultations Between Radiologists and Referring Physicians, as Identified Through an Electronic Medical Record Search.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study is to assess informal consultations between radiologists and referring physicians as identified through an electronic medical record (EMR) search. MATERIALS AND...
Comparison of Experiments for Selection and Censored Data Models

Statistical comparison of two experiments involving randomly right-censored data, such that one experiment has a stochastically larger censoring variable than the other, leads to a strong result. It is shown in Goel (1988) that the experiment corresponding to the stochastically larger censoring variable is sufficient for the other experiment. Comparison of two experiments involving selection models data does not lead to such a phenomena. For the family of distributions with the mlr property, a necessary and sufficient condition for the pairwise-sufficiency of one selection experiment for the other is established. Some illustrative examples are also given.
(Re)Writing History, (Un)Settling Relationships: The Indian National Imaginary and Alternate Maps of Belonging

(2005). (Re)Writing History, (Un)Settling Relationships: The Indian National Imaginary and Alternate Maps of Belonging. South Asian Review: Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 96-115.
B-site cation order/disorder and their valence states in Ba3MnNb2O9 perovskite oxide

Abstract Polycrystalline samples Ba3MnNb2O9 synthesized by solid state reaction and single crystal samples grown by optical floating zone have been characterized using scanning transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy. Three types of B-site Mn and Nb ordering phase are observed: fully ordered 1Mn:2Nb; fully disordered; nano-sized 1Mn:1Nb ordered. No electronic structure change for crystals with different ordering/disordering. The Mn valence is determined to be 2+, and Nb valence is 5+. Oxygen 2p orbitals hybridize with Mn 3d and Nb 4d orbitals. Factors that affect the electron energy loss near edge structures of transition metal white-lines in electron energy loss spectroscopy are explicitly illustrated and discussed.
La Historia Reciente de Chile: Reflexiones sobre su Enseñanza y Aprendizaje en Tiempos de Convergencia Cultural

La cultura en que viven y conviven nuestros estudiantes se ha ido transformando radicalmente durante las ultimas decadas, en lo que algunos llaman revolucion digital. Esto ha implicado la creacion de nuevos canales de informacion, pero que en la practica no siempre significa mayor variedad de la misma. Una cultura de la convergencia mediatica, por la cual fluye una misma informacion por distintos canales. Esto ha afectado la forma en que se aprende, lo que ha ido generando tensiones en diversos niveles, como la participacion, la politica y la escuela. Los estudiantes ven en estos nuevos espacios de aprendizaje y conocimiento la oportunidad para hacer y aprender lo que no se da en la sociedad o se ensena en la escuela, pero tambien se ven enfrentados a la desinformacion o lo efimero de sus causas. En este articulo, contrastamos las propuestas que el Ministerio de Educacion tiene para aprender temas controversiales de nuestra Historia Reciente y formacion ciudadana y reflexionamos acerca de estas nuevas habilidades y su potencial. Los desafios para la escuela son muchos, pero tambien se abren una serie de oportunidades para impulsar el aprendizaje de la historia para entender y analizar nuestra sociedad actual y su democracia. Palabras Claves: Historia Reciente. Cultura de la Convergencia. Ensenanza de la Historia.
Disruption of Renal Arginine Metabolism Promotes Kidney Injury in Hepatorenal Syndrome in Mice.

Tubular dysfunction is an important feature of renal injury in hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) in patients with end-stage liver disease. The pathogenesis of kidney injury in HRS is elusive, and there are no clinically relevant rodent models of HRS. We investigated the renal consequences of bile duct ligation (BDL)-induced hepatic and renal injury in mice in vivo by using biochemical assays, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Western blot, mass spectrometry, histology, and electron microscopy. BDL resulted in time-dependent hepatic injury and hyperammonemia which were paralleled by tubular dilation and tubulointerstitial nephritis with marked upregulation of lipocalin-2, kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1) and osteopontin. Renal injury was associated with dramatically impaired microvascular flow and decreased endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity. Gene expression analyses signified proximal tubular epithelial injury, tissue hypoxia, inflammation, and activation of the fibrotic gene program. Marked changes in renal arginine metabolism (upregulation of arginase-2 and downregulation of argininosuccinate synthase 1), resulted in decreased circulating arginine levels. Arginase-2 knockout mice were partially protected from BDL-induced renal injury and had less impairment in microvascular function. In human-cultured proximal tubular epithelial cells hyperammonemia per se induced upregulation of arginase-2 and markers of tubular cell injury. Conclusion We propose that hyperammonemia may contribute to impaired renal arginine metabolism, leading to decreased eNOS activity, impaired microcirculation, tubular cell death, tubulointerstitial nephritis and fibrosis. Genetic deletion of arginase-2 partially restores microcirculation and thereby alleviates tubular injury. We also demonstrate that BDL in mice is an excellent, clinically relevant model to study the renal consequences of HRS. (Hepatology 2018; 00:000-000).
Results of a randomized trial comparing idarubicin and cytosine arabinoside with daunorubicin and cytosine arabinoside in adult patients with newly diagnosed acute myelogenous leukemia

4'-Demethoxydaunorubicin (idarubicin [IDR]) is a new anthracycline that differs from its parent compound by the deletion of a methoxy group at position 4 of the chromophore ring. This minor structural modification results in a more lipophilic compound with a unique metabolite that has a prolonged plasma half-life as well as in vitro and in vivo antileukemia activity. To determine its activity in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), 130 consecutive adult patients between the ages of 16 and 60 with newly diagnosed disease were randomized in a single institution study to receive either IDR in combination with cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) or standard therapy with daunorubicin (DNR) and Ara-C. The trial was analyzed using the O'Brien-Fleming multiple testing design that allowed for periodic inspection of the data at specific patient accession points. After accrual of 60 patients per arm, analysis showed that patients who received IDR/Ara-C had a superior response compared with those who received standard therapy: 48 of 60 patients (80%) achieved complete remission on the former arm compared with 35 of 60 patients on the latter (58%, P = .005). Logistic regression analysis of factors associated with complete response indicated that treatment with IDR/Ara-C offered a significant advantage to patients who presented with a high initial white blood cell count compared with treatment with DNR/Ara-C. The degree of marrow aplasia was approximately the same on each arm as was nonhematologic toxicity. Overall survival for patients on the IDR/Ara-C arm was 19.5 months compared with 13.5 months on the DNR/Ara-C arm (P = .025) at a median follow-up of 2.5 years. We conclude that IDR/Ara-C can effectively replace standard therapy with DNR/Ara-C in adult patients less than age 60 with newly diagnosed AML.
Liposomes as drug delivery vehicles for boron agents.

The successful treatment of cancer by boron neutroncapture therapy (BNCT) requires the selective concentration ofboron-10 within malignant tumors. The potential of liposomesto deliver boron-rich compounds to tumors has beenassessed by examination of the biodistribution of borondelivered by liposomes in tumor-bearing mice. Small unilamellarvesicles have been found to stably encapsulate highconcentrations of water-soluble ionic boron compounds. Alternatively, lipophilicboron-containing species have been embedded within the phospholipidbilayer of liposomes, and both hydrophilic and lipophilicboron compounds have been incorporated within the sameliposome formulation.The biodistribution of boron was determined at severaltime points over 48 hr after i.v. injection ofliposomal suspensions in BALB/c mice bearing EMT6 tumors.The tumor-selective delivery of boron by the liposomeswas demonstrated as tumor-boron concentrations increased for severalhours post-injection. Even at the low injected dosesemployed (6–18 mg boron/kg body weight) therapeutic tumor boronconcentrations were observed (>30 μg boron/g tissue) andhigh tumor/blood ratios were achieved (>5). The mostfavorable results were obtained with the polyhedral boraneNa3[a2-B20H17NH2CH2CH2NH2]. Liposomes encapsulating this species produced a tumorboron concentration of 45 μg/g tissue at 30hr post-injection,at which time the tumor/blood boron ratio was9.3.
ONTOGENY IS A CRITICAL DETERMINANT OF NATURAL KILLER CELL POTENTIAL AND FUNCTION

The derivation of natural killer (NK) cells from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) is an exciting alternative for adoptive immunotherapy strategies in the treatment of cancer. While NK cells are component of the embryonic hematopoietic repertoire, their ontogenic origins remain unclear. During mammalian embryogenesis, hematopoietic development in the early yolk sac consists of the (HSC)-independent primitive and erythro-myeloid progenitor (EMP) hematopoietic programs. Neither population is known to harbor lymphoid potential. As we previously observed NK cell development from extra-embryonic-like progenitors derived from hPSCs, we asked whether a yolk sac-derived program possesses NK cell potential. Surprisingly, we determined that EMPs isolated from the yolk sacs of E9.5 mouse embryos harbor robust NK cell potential. Further, these NK cells exhibited a potent degranulation response following stimulation, making them functionally distinct from HSC-derived NK cells. In parallel studies of hPSCs differentiated as previously described, we found that extra-embryonic-like CD34+ myeloid progenitors, similar to murine EMPs, give rise to NK cells that are biased for cytolytic degranulation. In contrast, hPSC-derived CD34+ lymphoid progenitors give rise to NK cells that are phenotypically similar to those derived from cord blood, since both exhibit a poor degranulation response but robustly produce inflammatory cytokines. Collectively, our studies in mouse embryos and human PSCs point to a novel, hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-independent origin of embryonic NK cells that differ functionally from HSC-derived NK cells. These findings not only identify a myeloid origin to embryonic NK cells, but also have important implications for the design of hPSC-derived NK cell-based therapeutics.
Efficient Distribution System Optimal Power Flow With Discrete Control of Load Tap Changers

Load tap changers (LTCs) are commonly used for voltage control in distribution systems. The mechanical relays on LTCs are controlled in discrete steps; hence, distribution optimal power flow (DOPF) formulations require LTCs to be modeled with integer variables. Integer variables are generally ignored or relaxed and rounded off to reduce the computational burden in DOPF models. However, in this paper, we highlight and overcome complex infeasibility issues caused by rounding methods. Moreover, recent advances in convex optimization have improved the computational tractability of the DOPF problem. In this paper, we develop and analyze numerical efficiency of different but exact formulations for incorporating LTCs as integer control assets in a relaxed second-order cone program (SOCP) version of the DOPF model. The resulting formulation becomes a mixed-integer SOCP (MISOCP), which is computationally tractable compared to mixed-integer non-linear program (MINLP). To recover the exact optimal solution in the proposed MISOCP-DOPF model, a McCormick relaxation is employed within a sequential bound-tightening algorithm. We show that solutions obtained from MISOCP-DOPF are always ac feasible. Thus, the MISOCP-DOPF yields optimal and realistic ac solutions, and is validated in large distribution feeders and is compared to MINLP counterpart.
9 A postoperative protocol reduces opioids prescribed after pediatric orthopaedic surgery

Background Wide variability exists in opioid doses prescribed after pediatric orthopaedic surgery. Increasing opioid prescriptions by a single day increases the risk of aberrant opioid behavior by almost 10% in the pediatric population. Objectives The goal of this study is to increase the percentage of patients prescribed opioids based on a standard dosing protocol after pediatric orthopaedic surgery from 0 to 90%. Methods A multidisciplinary team developed a key driver diagram (figure 1). A prescribing protocol was developed based on the surgery severity. Baseline data began in October 2017 with initial protocol testing starting in November 2017. The primary measure was the weekly percent of patients correctly dosed by the protocol. The secondary measure was the average number of opioids prescribed at discharge each week for all children undergoing orthopaedic surgery between October 2017 and September 2018. Statistical process control charts were used for data analysis with Nelson rules used to determine special cause. Results 1645 patient records were prospectively reviewed during the study time period. Adherence to the dosing protocol increased from 0% at baseline to 97% for all categories of surgery (figure 2). Mean prescribed opioid doses following surgical procedures were reduced from 21.9 to 17.8 doses (figure 3), achieving special cause variation. Conclusions Implementation of a standardized opioid dosing protocol for pediatric patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery improved protocol-based adherence to over 90% and was associated with reduced opioid doses prescribed at discharge. Future work will investigate whether this may lead to a decrease in aberrant opioid behaviors in pediatric patients.
The Returns to a Large Community College Program: Evidence from Admissions Lotteries

This paper estimates the labor market returns to the associate's degree in nursing (ADN), which is one of the most popular community college programs. I use student-level academic and earnings records across two decades for all community college students in California. I leverage random variation from admissions lotteries to produce causal estimates of the effect of the ADN on earnings and employment at a single large ADN program. Enrolling in the program increases earnings by 44 percent and the probability of working in the health care industry by 19 percentage points. These estimates are similar to ones in models that do not use the lottery variation but do control for individual fixed effects and individual-specific linear time trends, which I also estimate in a wider set of institutions where lottery estimates are not possible. In light of concerns about nursing shortages, I estimate that the economic benefit of expanding an ADN program by one seat far outweighs the costs.
Persistent Myths About the Psychology of Education: Implications for Social Justice and Equity

There are several widespread myths about the psychology of education that educators believe and act on. In this chapter, we highlight four such beliefs: learning styles, student typologies, brain-based myths, and intrinsic/extrinsic motivation myths. For each, we discuss the content of the myth-based beliefs and resultant education, the available research evidence, and how those beliefs and practices interact with equity and social justice. We provide practical ideas for how to improve education based on the psychology of education without falling prey to these common myths. We also discuss the ways that those myths disadvantage and stigmatize minoritized students and how evidence-based practices can better advance equity.
Measuring Chromosome Pairing During Homologous Recombination in Yeast

The precise organization of the genome inside the cell nucleus is vital to many cell functions including gene expression, cell division, and DNA repair. Here we describe a method to measure pairing of DNA loci during homologous recombination (HR) at a site-specific double-strand break (DSB) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This method utilizes a chromosome tagging system in diploid yeast cells to visualize both the DNA at the break site and the homologous DNA that serves as a repair template. DNA repair products are confirmed in parallel by genomic blot. This visualization method provides insight into the physical contact that occurs between homologous loci during HR and correlates physical interaction with the timing of DNA repair.
Why Another Book About Money

In this introductory chapter of the book I argue that while the phenomenon of money is ubiquitous, for many, however, the concept of money remains elusive. These misunderstandings are not benign. On the one hand, this lack of understanding unfairly treats the professionals who deal with money, underestimates the value of their services, and undermines the institutional setup that a modern economy needs. On the other hand, this misunderstanding leaves us all exposed to frauds by those who see room for exploitation. This chapter also provides an overview of the topics covered in the rest of the book.
Beyond morbidity and mortality: The practicality of measuring patient-reported outcomes in trauma.

Abstract Background: The 2016 Zero Preventable Deaths report highlighted the need for comprehensive injury data to include long term outcomes such as societal and workforce re-entry. Currently, postinjury quality of life is poorly understood. We hypothesized that routine measurement of patient-reported outcomes is feasible as a part of post-discharge follow-up, and that trauma patients would report that their injury had a detrimental impact on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) after discharge. Methods: After instruction, patients self-administered the PROMIS-29 instrument in our outpatient office (11/2019-4/2020). We surveyed 7 domains: Participation in Social Roles/Activities, Anxiety, Depression, Fatigue, Pain Interference, Physical Function, and Sleep Disturbance. Results are reported as means (SD) and compared to the U.S population by t-score (mean score=50). Higher scores in negatively-worded domains (e.g. “Depression”) are worse; vice versa for positively-worded domains (e.g. “Physical Function”). Repeated scores among patients returning for a second visit were analyzed using paired t-tests. Results: 103 patients completed the PROMIS-29. Mean (SD) age was 42.3 (17.3) years, 75% were male, and 42% suffered a penetrating injury. Median length of stay was 3 days and median time from injury to clinic visit was 18 days. Mean scores were worse than population means in every domain. Pain Interference (mean 63.5, 95%CI [61.8-65.3]) and Physical Function (38.0 [36.2-39.8]) were particularly affected. Among patients returning for a second visit (n=10; median time between clinic visits: 17.5 days), there were no significant differences in domain scores over time. Conclusion: Trauma patients are at high risk for poor quality of life outcomes in the short term following injury. Our results highlight the need for early recognition and multidisciplinary treatment following injury.
Inverse conic linear programs in Banach spaces

Given the costs and a feasible solution for a finite-dimensional linear program (LP), inverse optimization involves finding new costs that are close to the original and that also render the given solution optimal. Ahuja and Orlin employed the absolute sum norm and the maximum absolute norm to quantify distances between cost vectors, and applied duality to establish that the inverse LP problem can be formulated as another finite-dimensional LP. This was recently extended to semi-infinite LPs, countably infinite LPs, and finite-dimensional conic optimization problems. These works provide sufficient conditions so that the inverse problem also belongs to the same class as the forward problem. This paper extends this result to conic LPs in potentially infinite-dimensional Banach spaces. Moreover, the paper presents concrete derivations for continuous conic LPs, whose special cases include continuous linear programs and continuous conic programs; normed cone programs in Banach spaces, which include second-order cone programs as a special case; and semi-definite programs in Hilbert spaces. These derivations reveal the sharper result that, in each case, the inverse problem belongs to the same specific subclass as the forward problem. Instances where existing forward algorithms can then be adapted to solve the inverse problems are identified. Results in this paper may enable the application of inverse optimization to as yet unexplored areas such as continuous-time economic planning, continuous-time job-shop scheduling, continuous-time network flow, maximum flow with time-varying edge-capacities, and wireless optimization with time-varying coverage requirements.
Bone Marrow and Peripheral Blood Findings in Patients Infected by SARS-CoV-2.

Objectives Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is associated with diverse clinical, including hematologic, abnormalities. We describe peripheral blood and bone marrow findings in deceased and living patients with COVID-19. Methods We examined bone marrows from 20 autopsies and 2 living patients with COVID-19 using HE median, 63 years). Hematologic abnormalities included frequent neutrophilic leukocytosis, lymphopenia, anemia, and thrombocytopenia; one patient showed striking erythrocytosis. The bone marrows were all normocellular to hypercellular, most showing maturing trilineage hematopoiesis with myeloid left shift. In all 19 evaluable bone marrows, hemophagocytic histiocytes were identified. The HScore for secondary HLH ranged from 35 to 269 (median, 125; >169 in 5 patients). Coinfections were identified in 6 patients. In 2 living patients, bone marrow showed maturing trilineage hematopoiesis, including one showing few hemophagocytic histiocytes. Conclusions Peripheral blood from deceased patients with COVID-19 frequently showed neutrophilic leukocytosis, lymphopenia, and, rarely, secondary polycythemia; hemophagocytosis was common in their bone marrow. Consistent with other studies, we provide histopathologic evidence of secondary HLH development in patients with COVID-19.
Bleeding in FESS

A 63-year-old woman with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with nasal polyps is recovering in the PACU from a functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). While straining, she has brisk left-sided epistaxis, unresponsive to pressure and only slightly attenuated with thrombin-gelatin hemostatic matrix (Surgiflo). She then has rapid onset of ipsilateral proptosis with inability to fully open her left eyelid (Fig. 17.1). The rhinology and ophthalmology teams are emergently consulted. The surgeon reports that the FESS was uneventful aside from extensive polyposis and being rather bloody, especially when dissecting the left frontal ostium. The bleeding substantially slowed by the end of the case and no packing was placed.
Semantic Concept Annotation for Tabular Data

Determining the semantic concepts of columns in tabular data is of use for many applications ranging from data integration, cleaning, search to feature engineering and model building in machine learning. Several prior works have proposed supervised learning-based or heuristic-based approaches to semantic type annotation. These techniques suffer from poor generalizability over a large number of concepts or examples. Recent neural network based supervised learning methods generalize to different datasets but require large amounts of curated training data and also present scalability issues. Furthermore, none of the known methods works well for numerical data. We present C2, a system that maps each column to a concept based on a maximum likelihood estimation approach through ensembles. It is able to effectively utilize vast amounts of, albeit somewhat noisy, openly available table corpora in addition to two popular knowledge graphs (Wikidata and DBpedia), to perform effective and efficient concept annotation for tabular data. Specifically, we utilize a collection of 32 million openly available webtables from several sources. We also present efficient indexing techniques for categorical string, numeric and mixed-type data, and novel techniques for table context utilization. We demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of C2 over available techniques on 9 real-world datasets containing a wide variety of concepts.
Comment on Cornea Classic Article: Kim JC and Tseng SCG: Transplantation of Preserved Amniotic Membrane for Surface Reconstruction in Severely Damaged Rabbit Corneas (Cornea 14: 473-484; 1995)."

ABSTRACT Following identification of limbal stem cells, efforts have been devoted to restore and/or replace these essential progenitors of the corneal epithelium. Limbal stem cell deficiency, commonly a consequence of ocular chemical injury, results in clinically compromised vision consequent to corneal conjunctivalization. The insight of Kim and Tseng provided experimental proof of the concept that even in the presence of total limbal stem cell deficiency, amnion membrane overlay grafts can promote limbal recovery as a means of ocular surface reconstruction.