cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anwar al-‘Awlaqi against the Islamic Legal Tradition

The question of citizenship within a non-Muslim polity intersects a series of core issues of Islamic political ethics. Non-Muslim states are by definition those states that are not governed in accordance with God’s revealed Law; their justice is thus suspect. They are by definition those states that do not accord a privileged status to God’s true religion and do not provide it with its due protections; their legitimacy is thus suspect. Non-Muslim societies are by definition united around goals and interests that are un-Islamic; solidarity with them is thus suspect. Non-Muslim states might find themselves at war with Muslim ones or pursue their aims at the expense of Muslims; loyalty to them is thus suspect.
Brain peptides with opiate antagonist action: their possible role in tolerance and dependence.

Abstract (1) Extracts of brain taken from rats injected with increasing doses of morphine acted like antagonists on the mouse vas deferens preparation in vitro and on morphine analgesia in vivo . (2) After electrophoretic fractionation, the antagonist properties were found among the basic peptides. One of these, Arg-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met, was synthcsized and reproduced the analgesia-inhibiting effect of the brain extract. However, when tested on mouse vas deferens, it did not show antagonist properties but acted like enkephalin. (3) Quantitative estimation of the agonist and antagonist concentration in the brain of morphine-injected rats showed increase in both types of peptides during the first 12 days of treatment followed by a particularly marked fall of the agonists, far below the normal level. (4) Preliminary experiments have shown that the endogenous antagonists and the synthetic peptide can precipitate opiate withdrawal symptoms and may, therefore, be involved in the mechanism of dependence. (5) The results reported suggest the possibility that a shift in the balance of endogenous agonists and antagonists may contribute to the development of tolerance and dependence.
Synthesis, Characterization and Thermal Stability of Highly Crystallized Titania Nanotubes

Gram quantities of titania (TiO2) nanotubes, with typical outside diameter about 9 nm, wall thickness about 2.5 nm, and length about 600 nm, were synthesized from anatase nano- and micro-powder using the hydrothermal method. The crystallization, structure, and phase stability of the nanotubes at high temperatures were systematically studied. A morphology change from nanotube to nanowire was observed at 650°C. The as-prepared nanotubes were usually contaminated with sodium impurities, other TiO2-derived phases and were poorly crystallized, but under optimized synthesis conditions the impurity phases was completely removed, resulting in highly crystallized pure nanotubes. The volume filling fraction of the autoclave as well as the concentration of the acid treatment were found to be particularly important for controlling the purity and crystallinity of the resulting nanotubes.
On combinations of overflow and quantization in M-D digital filters

Introduces a simple condition which guarantees global asymptotic stability of m-D digital filters with combinations of quantization and overflow. For the cases of roundoff and two's complement truncation quantization, this condition improves measurably over previous results. For the first time, this method allows one analyze the naturally occurring combination of two's complement truncation and two's complement overflow. >
Examining and Predicting Under‐the‐Table Payments for Health Care in Albania: An Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior

The World Bank and the Albanian Ministry of Health report that the majority of Albanian citizens make illegal, under-the-table payments for health care. Qualitative studies have identified some factors associated with these informal payments, but the problem has not been systematically examined using established theoretical models. The purpose of this study was to examine and predict under-the-table payments using the theory of planned behavior (TPB). Self-administered surveys were completed by 222 Albanian citizens. The constructs of the theory explained 34% of the variance in intentions to make under-the-table payments, with attitude toward the behavior making the strongest contribution. Using the TPB to examine the practice of making under-the-table payments has indicated specific areas that can be targeted by policy interventions.
A New Nonexercise-based VO2(max) Equation for Aerobically Trained Females

MALEK, M. H., T. J. HOUSH, D. E. BERGER, J. W. COBURN, and T. W. BECK. A New Nonexercise-Based V ˙O2max Equation for
A Study of the Language & Culture Challenges Facing Business & Legal Studies Faculty in the Ever-Expanding Global Classroom

The persistent growth of international student enrollment at colleges and universities around the United States “confirms that U.S. higher education, known for the high quality and diversity of its institutions, continues to remain the academic destination of choice for students from all over the world.” More than 723,000 foreign students studied at institutions of higher education in the United States in 2010/2011, up 4.7% from the previous academic year. Those modest gains, however, are eclipsed by the impressive 21.8% increase in the enrollment of students from China. Not only has the number of foreign students increased, but there is also a growing realization that the advent of a globalized world has forever changed the role and importance of international education. “Higher education is beginning to say that, without the international dimension, you just aren't educated,” says Allan Goodman, president of the Institute of International Education. While enrollment of international students has occasionally fluctuated over the past several decades, one statistic has remained consistent – business remains the leading field of study for foreign students.
A Transatlantic Perspective on Regulating Health Information

This article details the major issues faced by US regulators concerned with health information; the quality of publicly available health information, cross border medical and pharmacy practice, and privacy of records. It is suggested that it is both appropriate and practical to shift regulatory emphasis away from the quality of advice given on the Internet. Outdated, inaccurate, fraudulent, or even dangerous information on the web is notoriously difficult to regulate. Rather, it is argued that regulatory energies are better devoted to pressing health information problems that are soluble, such as Balkanised approaches to regulating cross border health interactions and the security and privacy of personal medical information.
Domestic Terrorism: The Ideology of Division and the Power of Naming

In Spring 2000 I received a package containing the film Who Killed Vincent Chin? Also enclosed was a note from Renee Tajima, who heard about a hate crime on our campus. An Asian American freshman was standing outside his dorm when fellow white students passed by. According to witnesses, they yelled racial epithets, beat him, and cracked his skull. Miraculously, after a stay in the hospital, the student survived.Assault and battery are crimes. Crimes have a name; in this case, it's hate crime. The term has been so hotly debated that we forget the meaning of hate crime. At its heart, hate crime is domestic terrorism, the kind of violence perpetrated against a community and a people. Some would say that the beating of one Asian American student in New York could hardly be called terrorism.
TRANSPORT SOLUTION OF THE ONE-SPEED SLAB ALBEDO PROBLEM

Case's method of normal mode expansion is applied to the slab albedo problem (the problem of finding the angular density in a bare slab with monodirectional neutrons incident upon one face). The problem is reduced to determining expansion coefficients which are shown to depend upon the solution of two nonhomogeneous Fredholm integral equations. Using Neumann iteration to solve for the coefficients, explicit solutions are obtained for the angular density, scalar density, and net current in zero and first order approximations. (auth)
Femtoscience, a snapshot of the future

In the last two decades, laser short pulse measurement techniques have improved by more than three orders of magnitude- Presently, we are able to measure dynamical processes with a time resolution of just a few femtoseconds (10-15 sec.). These techniques have begun to have a major impact in chemistry, biology, physics, and engineering. Recent measurements have resulted in new discoveries ranging from the first step in vision to phase memory in liquids. This talk will review this emerging science and will discuss its implications.
An Imaging Journey Over Stampede Field, Gulf of Mexico: Improvements and Challenges

Summary Stampede field, formerly known as Pony-Knotty Head field, is a sub-salt Miocene discovery in the deepwater, Gulf of Mexico. Although it is a well imaged structure, development and production requirements warranted an improved image over the field. From the discovery through field development, a variety of seismic data such as NAz (Narrow Azimuth), WAz (Wide Azimuth) and Dual Coil (Full Azimuth or FAz) have been used to meet these requirements. In this paper, we are going to present improvements in imaging at the Stampede field over time and discuss issues and challenges in sub-salt imaging in general.
The Effect of China's One-Child Policy on Male and Female Immigrant Earnings: Does it Pay to be an Only Child?

China's one-child policy is one of the most controversial population control measures implemented in modern society. While most research focuses on the effects this policy has had on China's population size and economic growth, very little research has been dedicated to analyzing how this policy has affected wage differentials between men and women. The purpose of this paper is to use a unique sample of male and female Chinese immigrants to determine whether the one-child policy has advanced the relative earnings of Chinese immigrant women in the United States. Research suggests that the one-child policy redirected more educational resources towards Chinese daughters than in the past. Human capital theory hypothesizes that equalization in educational attainment will correspond to an equalizing in relative earnings. To test this hypothesis, this paper uses the American Community Survey and a difference-in-differences methodology to compare the relative earnings of female Chinese immigrants in the U.S. to their male counterparts. This paper finds that, relative to Chinese male immigrants, Chinese female immigrants born under the one-child policy perform better in the labor market than their older, non-single child family female counterparts.
Ultrasonic Verification of the Material Processing for Uranium-Titanium Alloys

In today’s world of rapid growth in the material sciences, knowledge of a material’s mechanical properties has become increasingly important. It has also become very important that this “knowledge” be obtained by some type of nondestructive method. The mechanical properties that are of particular interest to most material scientists are the ones governing elastic behavior. These properties are primarily determined by three basic characteristics: the type of material, the method of processing, and the processing sequence for multiprocessed materials.
Impact of the 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association cholesterol guidelines on the prescription of high-intensity statins in patients hospitalized for acute coronary syndrome or stroke.

Background The 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association cholesterol management guidelines represented a paradigm shift from the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines, replacing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol targets with a risk assessment model to guide statin therapy. Our objectives are to compare provider prescription of high-intensity statin therapy in patients hospitalized with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or cerebrovascular accident (CVA) before and after the publication of the 2013 cholesterol guidelines, determine potential predictors of high-intensity statin utilization, and identify targets for improvement in cardiovascular risk reduction among these high-risk populations. Methods A single-center retrospective cohort study of 695 patients discharged with a diagnosis of ACS or CVA in the 6 months before (n = 359) and after (n = 336) the release of the 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association cholesterol guidelines. Patient characteristics were compared using analysis of variance and χ2 tests. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess clinical predictors of provider utilization of high-intensity statins. Results After the 2013 cholesterol guidelines, the rate of prescribing high-intensity statins was greater for statin-naive patients compared with those already on statin therapy (odds ratio [OR] 0.51, P = .02). Prescription of high-intensity statins was higher for patients with ACS compared with CVA (OR 8.4, P Conclusions Physicians were more likely to prescribe high-intensity statins in statin-naive patients as compared with intensifying existing statin therapy, and their prescription pattern was lower after CVA vs ACS.
Performance Characteristics and Clinical Application of a Modified Thrombin Generation Assay.

Background: The thrombin generation assay (TGA) allows evaluation of the overall coagulation capacity of patients. The original TGA protocol, which required sub-sampling and plasma defibrination procedures, was labor intensive and suffered from technical difficulties. The use of a fluorogenic substrate simplified the assay and provided an opportunity for clinical laboratory use. The results, received via kinetic reading mode and calculations of the derivative, allow construction of a thrombin generation curve characterized by 4 parameters: lag time (min); peak time (min); maximum thrombin (nM); and area under the curve (AUC; nM x min), which is analogous to the endogenous thrombin potential. However, complex calculations are required to analyze results. We developed a modified TGA that further simplifies the assay and analysis of results. This report describes the performance of the modified TGA and its clinical usefulness for evaluating hyper- and hypo-coagulability conditions. Material and Methods: TGA was performed as described by Hemker et al (Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb2003;33:4–15), with the following modifications: A) human alpha-thrombin from Haematologic Technologies (Essex Junction, Vermont) was used to construct the thrombin standard curve; B) Innovin® (Dade Behring, Marburg, Germany) was used as a “trigger”; C) thrombin generation was measured in a 96-well plate on a GEMINI XPS fluorescent reader (Molecular Devices Corp, Sunnyvale, CA); D) results were calculated with a MS Excel template developed in-house; and E) AUC was expressed as % of normal (pooled normal plasma) without correction for alpha2-microglobulin-thrombin complex activity. Thrombin generation was measured at 30-sec intervals for 1 h; each sample was tested with its respective calibrator. Citrate plasma samples were run on the modified TGA: 25 from normal subjects, 6 from individuals receiving warfarin, and 17 from individuals with activated protein C resistance (APCR). For simplicity, we used only the AUC of total thrombin in further calculations, since preliminary results indicated that the AUC of free thrombin is not significantly different from those of total thrombin when both values are expressed as % of normal. Results: The inter- and intra-assay coefficients of variation of the modified TGA were 800 nM) and AUC results (98–>200% of normal) than normal subjects (maximum thrombin 92–325 nM, AUC 59–121 % of normal). Normal samples showed a dose-dependent response when spiked with commercial antithrombotic drugs. Conclusions: The difference in results among normal individuals, patients with APCR, and warfarin-treated patients demonstrates that the assay helps distinguish between hyper- and hypo-coagulability conditions. The dose-dependent response to antithrombotics indicates that the assay can be used for drug-treatment monitoring and to support the development of new drugs. Simplification of the TGA with the modifications described above make this assay suitable for use in a clinical laboratory.
Extreme ultraviolet images of the Cosmos

Despite the successes of satellite-borne astronomy during the past 30 years, the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) part of the spectrum has remained largely a mystery. The first indication that EUV astronomy was possible was the detection of several EUV sources by the Apollo–Soyuz mission in 1976. However, the launch of the Roentgen Satellite (ROSAT) in 1990 and the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE) in 1992 has revolutionized EUV astronomy.
Network verification: when Clarke meets Cerf

Surveys reveal that network outages are prevalent, and that many outages take hours to resolve, resulting in significant lost revenue. Many bugs are caused by errors in configuration files which are programmed using arcane, low-level languages, akin to machine code. Taking our cue from program and hardware verification, we suggest fresh approaches. I will first describe a geometric model of network forwarding called Header Space. While header space analysis is similar to finite state machine verification, we exploit domain-specific structure to scale better than off-the shelf model checkers. Next, I show how to exploit physical symmetry to scale network verification for large data centers. While Emerson and Sistla showed how to exploit symmetry for model checking in 1996, they exploited symmetry on the logical Kripke structure. While header space models allow us to verify the forwarding tables in routers, there are also routing protocols such as BGP that build the forwarding tables. We show to go from header space verification to what we call control space verification to proactively catch latent bugs in BGP configurations. I will end with a vision for what we call Network Design Automation to build a suite of tools for networks inspired by the Electronic Design Automation Industry. (With collaborators at CMU, Edinburgh, MSR, Stanford, and UCLA.)
Trait Perception Accuracy and Acquaintance Within Groups: Tracking Accuracy Development:

Previous work on trait perception has evaluated accuracy at discrete stages of relationships (e.g., strangers, best friends). A relatively limited body of literature has investigated changes in accuracy as acquaintance within a dyad or group increases. Small groups of initially unacquainted individuals spent more than 30 hr participating in a wide range of activities designed to represent common interpersonal contexts (e.g., eating, traveling). We calculated how accurately each participant judged others in their group on the big five traits across three distinct points within the acquaintance process: zero acquaintance, after a getting-to-know-you conversation, and after 10 weeks of interaction and activity. Judgments of all five traits exhibited accuracy above chance levels after 10 weeks. An examination of the trait rating stability revealed that much of the revision in judgments occurred not over the course of the 10-week relationship as suspected, but between zero acquaintance and the getting-to-know-you conversation.
Nuclear Import and Export of the Thyroid Hormone Receptor

The thyroid hormone receptors, TRα1 and TRβ1, are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily that forms one of the most abundant classes of transcription factors in multicellular organisms. Although primarily localized to the nucleus, TRα1 and TRβ1 shuttle rapidly between the nucleus and cytoplasm. The fine balance between nuclear import and export of TRs has emerged as a critical control point for modulating thyroid hormone-responsive gene expression. Mutagenesis studies have defined two nuclear localization signal (NLS) motifs that direct nuclear import of TRα1: NLS-1 in the hinge domain and NLS-2 in the N-terminal A/B domain. Three nuclear export signal (NES) motifs reside in the ligand-binding domain. A combined approach of shRNA-mediated knockdown and coimmunoprecipitation assays revealed that nuclear entry of TRα1 is facilitated by importin 7, likely through interactions with NLS-2, and importin β1 and the adapter importin α1 interacting with both NLS-1 and NLS-2. Interestingly, TRβ1 lacks NLS-2 and nuclear import depends solely on the importin α1/β1 heterodimer. Heterokaryon and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching shuttling assays identified multiple exportins that play a role in nuclear export of TRα1, including CRM1 (exportin 1), and exportins 4, 5, and 7. Even single amino acid changes in TRs dramatically alter their intracellular distribution patterns. We conclude that mutations within NLS and NES motifs affect nuclear shuttling activity, and propose that TR mislocalization contributes to the development of some types of cancer and Resistance to Thyroid Hormone syndrome.
The path to CAM6: coupled simulations with CAM5.4 and CAM5.5

Abstract. This paper documents coupled simulations of two developmental versions of the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) towards CAM6. The configuration called CAM5.4 introduces new microphysics, aerosol, and ice nucleation changes, among others to CAM. The CAM5.5 configuration represents a more radical departure, as it uses an assumed probability density function (PDF)-based unified cloud parameterization to replace the turbulence, shallow convection, and warm cloud macrophysics in CAM. This assumed PDF method has been widely used in the last decade in atmosphere-only climate simulations but has never been documented in coupled mode. Here, we compare the simulated coupled climates of CAM5.4 and CAM5.5 and compare them to the control coupled simulation produced by CAM5.3. We find that CAM5.5 has lower cloud forcing biases when compared to the control simulations. Improvements are also seen in the simulated amplitude of the Nino-3.4 index, an improved representation of the diurnal cycle of precipitation, subtropical surface wind stresses, and double Intertropical Convergence Zone biases. Degradations are seen in Amazon precipitation as well as slightly colder sea surface temperatures and thinner Arctic sea ice. Simulation of the 20th century results in a credible simulation that ends slightly colder than the control coupled simulation. The authors find this is due to aerosol indirect effects that are slightly stronger in the new version of the model and propose a solution to ameliorate this. Overall, in these early coupled simulations, CAM5.5 produces a credible climate that is appropriate for science applications and is ready for integration into the National Center for Atmospheric Research's (NCAR's) next-generation climate model.
The Combined Benefits of Slip-Resistant Shoes and High Traction Flooring on Coefficient of Friction Exceeds Their Individual Contributions:

High traction flooring and slip-resistant shoes are often used to reduce slip and fall accidents. However, the relative contribution and interactions across these parameters on available coefficien...
The use of viable cryopreserved placental tissue in the management of a chronic rectovaginal fistula

We present a case of a chronic recurrent rectovaginal fistula that initially arose from complications of haemorrhoid surgery and had failed multiple prior surgical repairs. The fistula was successfully managed using viable cryopreserved placental tissue.
Recognition of Thiols in Coupling Reactions to Organic and Carbohydrate Acceptors

Reactions of thiols in thio-click coupling processes with various reactive systems (including carbohydrates) are compiled. A selection of simple and complex thiols in stereoselective and non-stereoselective approaches recognizing their reactivity is also reviewed. Solvents, employed in the discussed processes including water, are briefly discussed as well.
Exploration of Processing Parameters of Vacuum Assisted Micelle Confinement Synthesis of Spherical CL-20 Microparticles

We recently developed a vacuum assisted micelle confinement synthesis for spherical microparticles of CL-20 with outstanding monodispersity. These microparticles are promising energetic material for explosive devices with enhanced and predictable performances. In this work, to facilitate further development and application of this synthesis, the particle growth process was monitored by in-situ dynamic light scattering measurements. The result was interpreted by a finite element model to obtain critical parameters. These parameters were then used to predict the behavior and product quality of batch synthesis under various operation conditions.
Induction of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) as a novel mechanism of EGFR inhibitor resistance in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patient-derived models

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) currently only has one FDA-approved cancer intrinsic targeted therapy, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor cetuximab, to which only approximately 10% of tumors are sensitive. In order to extend therapy options, we subjected patient-derived HNSCC cells to small-molecule inhibitor and siRNA screens, first, to find effective combination therapies with an EGFR inhibitor, and second, to determine a potential mechanistic basis for repurposing the FDA approved agents for HNSCC. The combinations of EGFR inhibitor with anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitors demonstrated synergy at the highest ratio in our cohort, 4/8 HNSCC patients' derived tumor cells, and this corresponded with an effectiveness of siRNA targeting ALK combined with the EGFR inhibitor gefitinib. Co-targeting EGFR and ALK decreased HNSCC cell number and colony formation ability and increased annexin V staining. Because ALK expression is low and ALK fusions are infrequent in HNSCC, we hypothesized that gefitinib treatment could induce ALK expression. We show that ALK expression was induced in HNSCC patient-derived cells both in 2D and 3D patient-derived cell culture models, and in patient-derived xenografts in mice. Four different ALK inhibitors, including two (ceritinib and brigatinib) FDA approved for lung cancer, were effective in combination with gefitinib. Together, we identified induction of ALK by EGFR inhibitor as a novel mechanism potentially relevant to resistance to EGFR inhibitor, a high ratio of response of HNSCC patient-derived tumor cells to a combination of ALK and EGFR inhibitors, and applicability of repurposing ALK inhibitors to HNSCC that lack ALK aberrations.
Innovative ship block assembly production control using a flexible curved block job shop

Operational flexibility is a powerful but complex strategy that is increasingly used in manufacturing and service industries. We introduce operational flexibility to ship production as a method to alleviate the effects of delays that ultimately create issues such as high cost, high variability in production workload, ineffective production control, and resultant low facility use. Our emphasis is on how incorporating a flexible curved block job shop can, with appropriate control/scheduling, increase the efficiency and timeliness of the block assembly process for both flat and curved blocks and enhance the robustness of the shipbuilding system. We formulate a stochastic model of our approach, as a flexible controlled queuing network in particular, and we provide a simulation test bed to quantify the value of this flexibility.
Shear-Induced Particle Diffusion in Dilute Suspensions: Some Recent Theoretical Results

The shear-induced self-diffusion of a tagged spherical particle in the direction perpendicular to the ambient flow is studied for a dilute suspension of neutrally buoyant spheres undergoing a simple shearing motion under the assumption that inertia and Brownian motion effects are negligible. The calculation involves three spheres the trajectories of which were determined by using far field and near field asymptotic expressions. The displacement of the tagged sphere was then computed analytically when the spheres are far apart and numerically for close encounters. After summing over all possible encounters, the leading terms of the lateral diffusion coefficients, both within and normal to the plane of shear, were thereby found to be 0.46γa 2 O 2 and 0.30γa 2 O 2, respectively, where γ is the applied shear rate, a the radius of the spheres and O their volume fraction.
“Torn by Enormous Pauses”: Counter-Rhythmic Caesurae in How It Is

Like Beckett’s description of Beethoven’s seventh symphony as a “sound surface, torn by enormous pauses,” the language surface in How It Is is broken by typographic spaces. Drawing on the imagery in the German Letter in conjunction with two similar aesthetic metaphors—Holderlin’s theory of tragic caesurae as “counter-rhythmic rupture[s]” and Deleuze’s understanding of Beckett’s “pure images” as “holes” in language—I identify two types of caesurae in How It Is . Finally, after establishing the way in which Holderlin’s caesura and Deleuze’s “pure image” overlap, I locate the work’s most fundamental rupture and propose that, in a reading based purely on form, this rupture has a pivotal function comparable to the turning point of a conventional novel.
Who's talking and what are they saying: Phonetic cue distributions link speech and talker recognition

On the one hand, talker variability is one of the fundamental challenges for speech recognition: each talker has their own mapping from linguistic units to sounds, which means that an effective listener must use a different recognition function for each talker. On the other hand, talker variability means that speech is a source of rich information about who the talker is. This dual nature of talker variability means that speech and talker recognition are inextricably linked: knowing something about who is talking makes it easier to understand what they are saying, and knowing something about how someone talks unlocks the rich social meaning of speech. I argue that the concept of a talker's generative model, or the probabilistic distributions of sounds associated with each phonetic/linguistic category, is a useful general purpose conceptual tool for understanding the link between talker variability, speech recognition, and social identity. With such phonetic cue distributions, we can use information theoretic tools to quantify both the extent and structure of talker variability across different phonetic systems and establish in-principle consequences of talker variability for both speech recognition and socio-indexical inferences from speech.
Contributions of Hepatic and Intestinal Metabolism to the Disposition of Niclosamide, a Repurposed Drug with Poor Bioavailability.

Niclosamide, an antiparasitic, has been repositioned as a potential therapeutic drug for systemic diseases based on its antiviral, anticancer, and anti-infection properties. However, low bioavailability limits its in vivo efficacy. Our aim was to determine whether metabolic disposition by microsomal P450 enzymes in liver and intestine influences niclosamide’s bioavailability in vivo, by comparing niclosamide metabolism in wild-type, liver-Cpr-null (LCN), and intestinal epithelium-Cpr-null (IECN) mice. In vitro stability of niclosamide in microsomal incubations was greater in the intestine than in liver in the presence of NADPH, but it was much greater in liver than in intestine in the presence of UDPGA. NADPH-dependent niclosamide metabolism and hydroxy–niclosamide formation were inhibited in hepatic microsomes of LCN mice, but not IECN mice, compared with wild-type mice. In intestinal microsomal reactions, hydroxy–niclosamide formation was not detected, but rates of niclosamide-glucuronide formation were ∼10-fold greater than in liver, in wild-type, LCN, and IECN mice. Apparent Km and Vmax values for microsomal niclosamide–glucuronide formation showed large differences between the two tissues, with the intestine having higher Km (0.47 μM) and higher Vmax (15.8) than the liver (0.09 μM and 0.75, respectively). In vivo studies in LCN mice confirmed the essential role of hepatic P450 in hydroxy–niclosamide formation; however, pharmacokinetic profiles of oral niclosamide were only minimally changed in LCN mice, compared with wild-type mice, and the changes seem to reflect the compensatory increase in hepatic UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT These results suggest that efforts to increase the bioavailability of niclosamide by blocking its metabolism by P450 enzymes will unlikely be fruitful. In contrast, inhibition of niclosamide glucuronidation in both liver and intestine may prove effective for increasing niclosamide’s bioavailability, thereby making it practical to repurpose this drug for treating systemic diseases.
Identifying Meaningful Patient Outcomes After Lower Extremity Injury, Part 1: Patient Experiences During Recovery

Context Determining meaningful aspects of health is crucial for outcome assessment; however, limited literature exists on the aspects of health that are deemed meaningful by the athletic patient po...
Performance Characterization of an Indoor Localization System with LTE Code and Carrier Phase Measurements and an IMU

The Performance of cellular long-term evolution (LTE) signals for indoor localization is evaluated. Two different designs of LTE software-defined receivers (SDRs), namely a code phase-based receiver and a carrier phase-based receiver, are presented and assessed experimentally indoors with LTE signals. A base/navigator framework is presented to deal with the unknown clock biases of the LTE eNodeBs. In this framework, the base receiver is placed outdoors, has knowledge of its own position, and makes pseudorange measurements to eNodeBs in the environment whose positions are known. The base transmits these pseudoranges to the indoor navigating receiver, which is also making pseudorange measurements to the same eNodeBs. The navigating receiver differences the base’s and navigator’s pseudoranges; hence, the unknown eNodeBs’ biases are eliminated. The navigator receiver is equipped with an inertial measurement unit (IMU), and the LTE pseudoranges and IMU measurements are tightly coupled using an extended Kalman filter (EKF). Two sets of experimental results are presented. First, it is demonstrated that the standalone carrier phase-based receiver yielded a more precise navigation solution than the code phase-based receiver, specifically a two-dimensional (2-D) position root mean-squared error (RMSE) of 5.09 m versus 11.76 m for an indoor trajectory of 109 m traversed in 50 seconds. Second, it is demonstrated that coupling the IMU with the carrier phase-based LTE receiver reduced the 2-D position RMSE to 2.92 m. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the proposed LTE-IMU system yielded a maximum error of 5.60 compared to 22.53 m for the IMU-only.
An Assessment System to Support Multi-Level Program Outcomes Evaluation Using Blackboard

This is an Innovative Practice Full Paper. Our department has three computing programs seeking accreditations from ABET CAC and EAC. With new ABET criteria, we adopted performance indicators (PIs) for our two levels of outcomes, devised to map to the general and program specific criteria of the two commissions. The Blackboard is our university’s mandated learning management system (LMS). In order to automatically create outcomes achievement reports for students in each major, we developed a new process and an ABET tool to integrate with Blackboard. The new process utilizes Blackboard to create PI rubrics and directly assess student work with rubrics. However, direct download of assessed rubrics data is not available in Blackboard, so that a third-party tool is used to export rubrics data. Achievement reports for students in a single major are desired for ABET outcomes and our two-level outcomes. Since student major information is not available in Blackboard, the ABET tool integrates data from Blackboard and another university proprietary system to distinguish students in the same major and creates a variety of short-term and long-term reports for our ABET continuous quality improvements. The introduced process and ABET tool is applicable to other departments using the Blackboard LMS.
Targeted single-cell RNA-seq identifies minority cell types of kidney distal nephron that regulate blood pressure and calcium balance

ABSTRACT A major objective in modern biology is generation of comprehensive atlases of various organs identifying all cell types and their expressed genes. In kidney, extensive data exists for proximal tubule and collecting duct cells, but not for non-abundant intermediate epithelial cell types. Here, we coupled a FACS-enrichment protocol with single-cell RNA-seq analysis to profile the transcriptomes of 9099 cells from the nephron region adjacent to the macula densa. Clusters containing Slc12a3+/Pvalb+ and Slc12a3+/Pvalb- cells were identified as DCT1 and DCT2 cells. The DCT1 cells appear to be heterogeneously associated with variable expression of Slc8a1, Calb1, and Ckb among other mRNAs. No DCT2-specific transcripts were found. The analysis also identified two distinct cell types in the Slc12a1+ portion of Henle’s loop as well as Nos1+/Avpr1a+ macula densa cells. Thus, we identify unexpected cell diversity in the intermediate region of the nephron and create a web-based data resource for these cells.
Update on Prostatic Artery Embolization

Background: Prostatic artery embolization (PAE) has emerged as a treatment option in the management of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Management guidelines addressing PAE remain mixed with recommendations for more long-term trials comparing the procedure to standard therapies. Materials and Methods: This review presents PAE indications and technical considerations. To evaluate recent updates to the PAE evidence base, a limited literature search of the last 2 years was conducted. Three recent randomized controlled trials (RCTs), comparing PAE to either transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) or sham procedure, were identified and analyzed. Results: PAE and TURP performed similarly in significant reductions in international prostate symptoms score (IPSS) and Quality of life (QoL) scoring at 3 and 12 months. The majority of improvement after PAE occurred within a few months, with potentially greater effect in patients with larger prostates and severe symptoms. TURP was generally superior in functional outcomes such as peak urinary flow (Qmax), prostate volume (PV) reduction and post void residual (PVR), although TURP patients underperformed in Qmax improvement in one trial. PAE was superior to sham procedure in all relevant outcomes at 6 months. Overall, complication rates were lower with PAE than with TURP. Conclusions: PAE and TURP produced similar significant improvements in LUTS. Functional improvements favored TURP while complication rates favored PAE. Clinical improvement after PAE significantly surpassed initial placebo effects of sham procedure. Further comparative studies with longer term follow-up are still needed.
A 5-nm 135-Mb SRAM in EUV and High-Mobility Channel FinFET Technology With Metal Coupling and Charge-Sharing Write-Assist Circuitry Schemes for High-Density and Low- V MIN Applications

A 135-Mb 0.021- $\mu \text{m}^{2}$ 6-T high-density SRAM bit cell with write-assist circuitries was successfully implemented by using 5-nm HK-metal gate FinFET with EUV and high-mobility channel (HMC) technology. This article proposes the metal capacitor coupling negative bitline (NBL) and the charge-sharing lower cell-VDD (CS-LCV) write-assist techniques to reduce the SRAM minimal supply voltage. Flying bitline (FBL) architecture is also implemented to improve the high-density SRAM macro-bit density by 5%. Silicon data show that both NBL and LCV write-assist techniques can improve the overall SRAM minimal supply voltage performance by more than 300 mV at the 95th percentile.
The Lived Experience of Sexuality Among Adults With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: A Scoping Review.

Importance Sexuality is an important part of the human experience. However, little is known about the experience of sexuality from the perspective of adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD). Objective To review evidence about the lived experience of sexuality among adults with IDD to inform future research and practice. Data sources We located articles using search terms summarized into three categories: intellectual disability, sexual activity, and feelings/opinions. Articles were indexed in the following electronic databases: CINAHL, Scopus, PubMed, and PsycINFO. Study Selection and Data Collection: Arksey and O'Malley's methodology was used to review scientific literature published between 2008 and 2018. The studies were in English, were located in peer-reviewed journals, and described the experience of sexuality from the perspective of people with IDD or observations of expressed sexuality. Findings Seventeen articles met inclusion criteria. Four main themes emerged: intimate relationships, oppressed sexual activity, knowledge, and identity. Findings indicate that sexuality is a part of the lives of many adults with IDD, regardless of their engagement in sexual activity. Conclusions and relevance Barriers to expression of sexuality exist for people with IDD. Some of these barriers are internal, although many are external. The results provide support for addressing sexuality among adults with IDD. What This Article Adds: This review provides evidence to support occupational therapy practitioners in including sexuality as a part of their holistic view of clients and as an area for advocacy.
A Critical Assessment and Review of Artificial Intelligence in Facial Paralysis Analysis: Uncovering the Truth:

Machine learning is a rapidly growing subset of artificial intelligence (AI) which involves computer algorithms that automatically build mathematical models based on sample data. Systems can be tau...
Trajectory of Maternal Postpartum Depressive Symptoms Moderates the Bidirectional Associations between Maternal Intrusive Parenting and Infant Fear.

Abstract Background The association between maternal intrusive parenting and infant fear remains poorly understood, especially in the persistence of maternal postpartum depression. The current study investigated the moderating role of maternal postpartum depressive symptoms on the bidirectional link between maternal intrusive parenting and infant fear, among a sample of low-income, rural mothers. Methods . A sample of 1,292 mothers reported their depressive symptoms at 2, 6, 15, and 24 months postpartum, whereas their intrusive parenting behavior and infant fear were observed at infants age 6, 15, and 24 months. Results . Latent growth curve models revealed that maternal postpartum depressive symptoms increased over 2 years. From 6 months to 24 months, maternal intrusive parenting remained stable, and infant fear increased. Moderation analyses revealed that when mothers had low levels of initial depressive symptoms, a higher initial level of maternal intrusive parenting predicted a faster increase of infant fear. Additionally, when mothers’ depressive symptoms showed a fast increase, a higher initial level of infant fear predicted a faster reduction in maternal intrusive parenting. Limitations . The low-income, rural community sample limited the generalizability of the current findings. Conclusions . The interplay between maternal intrusive parenting and infant fear supports a transactional model of child development in the context of maternal depression, with implications for future research and intervention efforts.
A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of aerobic exercise interventions on cardiorespiratory fitness in adults with intellectual disability.

Abstract Background Adults with an intellectual disability (ID) have low cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). Low CRF has been associated with a high risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. Participation in regular exercise can help adults with ID increase their CRF. Objective To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of published, peer-reviewed clinical trials that evaluated the effects of aerobic exercise (AE) interventions on CRF in adults with ID, ages 18–65 years. Methods English-language articles were searched up to June 2021 from 11 electronic databases. Data were extracted using an author-developed form. Two independent authors assessed the risk of bias using the Tool for the Assessment of Study Quality and reporting in Exercise (TESTEX). Meta-analysis was performed using the RevMan 5.3. Results Of the 1870 article titles and abstracts screened, 16 articles were included. The average TESTEX score (out of 15) was 8.1 (SD = 3.5, range 2–14). The pooled effect was statistically significant (SMD = 0.41, 95% CI: 0.19 to 0.63, z = 3.59; p = .000) with moderate heterogeneity (I2 = 35%, p = .000). Both types of intervention produced statistically significant CRF gains, with interventions that combined AE with resistance, balance, and/or flexibility exercises being slightly more effective (SMD = 0.40, 95% CI: 0.11 to 0.70, p = .007) than non-combined interventions (SMD = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.05 to 0.79, p = .02). Heterogeneity was moderate but non-significant for both types of intervention. Conclusions The review supports the use of AE interventions in promoting CRF in adults with ID. The interpretation is limited by the quality of evidence and by poorly described and/or executed familiarization and measurement protocols.
T4 Bacteriophage as a Model Genetic System

This chapter, in combination with Chapters 5 and 6, present an overview of some of the most extensively studied bacteriophages. The intent of the three chapters is to illustrate the basic nature of genetic processes using some of the simplest genetic systems as examples. In Chapter 2 the distinction was made between phages that are always virulent and those that can temper their lytic response to form lysogens. Chapters 4 and 5 discuss the intemperate (i.e., virulent) phages, and Chapter 6 discusses the problems associated with lysogeny. The details concerning regulation of the metabolic activities discussed in these chapters are deferred until Chapter 12.
Does Conscious Seeing Have A Finer Grain Than Attention

Ned Block says ‘yes’ (2012, 2013). His position is based on the phenomenon of identity-crowding. According to Block, in cases of identity-crowding, something is consciously seen even though one cannot attend to it. In taking this view, Block is opposing a position I have taken in recent work (Tye 2009a, 2009b, 2010). He is also contributing to a vigorous recent debate in the philosophy of mind over the relation, if any, between consciousness and attention. Who is right? Not surprisingly, I think I am.