cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The structure, function and value of urban forests in California communities

Abstract This study used tree data from field plots in urban areas to describe forest structure in urban areas throughout California. The plot data were used with numerical models to calculate several ecosystem services produced by trees. A series of transfer functions were calculated to scale-up results from the plots to the landscape using urban tree canopy (UTC) mapped at 1-m resolution for each combination of 6 land use classes and climate zones. California's UTC covered 15% of the urban area and contained 173.2 million trees, five per city resident. UTC per capita was lowest among U.S. states (90.8 m2), indicating ample opportunity for tree planting. Oaks were the most abundant taxon (22%) and overall plantings were youthful. The annual value of ecosystem services was estimated at $8.3 billion and the urban forests asset value was $181 billion. Assuming an average annual per tree management cost of $19 and benefit of $47.83, $2.52 in benefit was returned for every dollar spent. The threat posed by Invasive Shot Hole Borer (Euwallacea sp.) illustrates that urban forests are a relatively fragile resource whose contributions to human health and well-being can be suddenly jeopardized. One scenario projected that should Southern California cities lose 50% (11.6 million) of all susceptible trees, the value of ecoservices foregone over 10 years was $616.6 million. The approximate cost of removing and replacing the trees was $15.9 billion. Strategies to reduce the risk of catastrophic loss by increasing the resilience of California’s urban forests are discussed.
Recipes for Change? Patriarchal and Progressive Masculinities in Cookbooks for Men:

In this article, representations of culinary masculinities are analyzed. Through a textual analysis of two sets of twenty-first-century cookbooks—those targeted to “men” and those targeted to “dads...
Drugs, the Patient and the Hospital:

What is clinical pharmacy? How is a clinical service established? Cost of service? Benefits to the patients, pharmacists, physician, nurse? Why unit dose drug distribution? Need for pharmacy supportive personnel? Patient drug monitoring service? Drug information services? Effective com-munications with the medical staff? These questions and others will be discussed in this series of articles. Experiences gained by the author from practicing in the patient care area and managing a clinical service will be the basis for the material presented.The initial article in this issue describes current problems associated with drug therapy in hospitals. The second article will discuss the clinical pharmacy concept. Succeeding articles will present the many components required for clinical pharmaceutical services to serve patients, physicians and hospital personnel.
Abstract 11370: Coronary Artery Calcium Incidence Varies by ASCVD Risk: Insights From the Dallas Heart Study

Introduction: Absence of coronary artery calcium (CAC=0) is associated with favorable cardiovascular outcomes and can be useful for down-classifying risk in middle-aged asymptomatic individuals. Id...
An Ecological Approach to Enhancing Parenting Skills in Family Therapy

To increase the effectiveness of parent education interventions, family therapists can address those factors that shape the way in which parents interact with their children. This article presents ecological theory as a framework that can help clinicians expand the range of their parent training efforts. In order to assess the utility of ecological theory for clinical practice, the present study empirically explored the ways in which selected characteristics of parents, children, and the family context related to mothers' parenting behavior. Specific recommendations for family therapists who employ parent training techniques are offered.
Developing a Framework to Understand the Roles of Fashion Leaders and Followers in a Processof Fashion Viral Marketing Campaigns

The development of technology in the recent years has impacted many companies’ operations and profitability. Advancing technology comes with new rules for firms to carry out business with their customers and partners. The enormous growth of social media (Twitter©, Facebook©, LinkedIn©, MySpace©, Google©+, Pinterest©, blogs, and virtual worlds) and plethora participation of consumers in these platforms make it imperative for companies to reexamine their business strategies.
Frequency–wavenumber spectral analysis of spatio-temporal flows

We propose a fully spatio-temporal approach for identifying spatially varying modes of oscillation in fluid dynamics simulation output by means of multitaper frequency–wavenumber spectral analysis. One-dimensional spectrum estimation has proven to be a valuable tool in the analysis of turbulence data applied spatially to determine the rate of energy transport between spatial scales, or temporally to determine frequencies of oscillatory flows. It also allows for the quantitative comparison of flow characteristics between two scenarios using a standard basis. It has the limitation, however, that it neglects coupling between spatial and temporal structures. Two-dimensional frequency–wavenumber spectral analysis allows one to decompose waveforms into standing or travelling variety. The extended higher-dimensional multitaper method proposed here is shown to have improved statistical properties over conventional non-parametric spectral estimators, and is accompanied by confidence intervals which estimate their uncertainty. Multitaper frequency–wavenumber analysis is applied to a canonical benchmark problem, namely, a direct numerical simulation of von Karman vortex shedding off a square wall-mounted cylinder with two inflow scenarios with matching momentum-thickness Reynolds numbers at the obstacle. Frequency–wavenumber analysis of a two-dimensional section of these data reveals that although both the laminar and turbulent inflow scenarios show a turbulent cascade in wavenumber ( ) and frequency ( ), the flow characteristics differ in that there is a significantly more prominent discrete harmonic oscillation near in wavenumber and frequency in the laminar inflow scenario than the turbulent scenario. This frequency–wavenumber pair corresponds to a travelling wave with velocity near one near the centre path of the vortex street.
Publishing Case Reports: Educational Strategies and Content Recommendations

Background Case reports continue to serve as valuable educational tools; they facilitate case-based learning and provide excellent opportunities for collaboration. Objective Our aim was to review the benefits of writing case reports and to analyze the characteristics of case reports published in a journal that focuses on care at the interface of psychiatry and medicine. Methods The literature on writing case reports as tools for medical education was reviewed. Then, case reports published in Psychosomatics were examined, and quantitative data (e.g., subjective quality measures, number of references and authors) were recorded. Results Of the 76 case reports published during a 3-year span (2015–2017), the majority examined an unusual presentation or treatment (86%), used an approach to teaching and critical thinking (84%), provided a sizable literature review (80%), and discussed a differential diagnosis of signs, symptoms, and disorders (53%). Conclusions Case reports provide intellectually-challenging opportunities for learning that foster scientific thought, encourage the use of evidence-based medicine, improve writing and critical thinking, provide experience with the peer-review process, and help to develop skills needed to write scholarly publications.
Remarks on Craftsman of the Cumberlands: Tradition and Creativity

The following essay addresses the several questions relating the Chester Cornett and other craftsmen operating in southeastern Kentucky during the 1960s, the subject of Michael Owen Jones’s Craftsman of the Cumberlands: Tradition and Creativity. The first pertains to how Chester Cornett generated the designs of his chairs, referencing his innovative design process and his grounding in historical designs and processes. The second brings into question Chester Cornett’s financial, aesthetic and emotional motivations for chairmaking and compares and contrasts his motivations with those of fellow chairmaker, Verge. The third speaks to what Chester’s work in chair-making reveals about humanity from an aesthetic viewpoint, expanding the notion of folk art beyond something that is “old-fashioned” and towards something we can understand as innovative, creative and artistic. It also opens the relation between “art” and “usefulness.” The last deliberates on which of Chester’s works are best-suited to exhibition in an art museum, based on aesthetic, historical, and psychological reasoning.
Risk management strategies of synthetic cannabis users.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the various ways users of synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) managed the dangers associated with the consumption of this substance.,This paper is based on a parent study of the use and market of synthetic cathinones (also known as “bath salts”) in New York City, Houston, Galveston and New Orleans. Focus groups were conducted in all four cities with a total of 20 individuals who identified as users of SCs. Grounded theory was used to analyse focus group transcripts.,Participants were aware of drug-related risks and implemented strategies to reduce harm to health. Protective measures fell into two broad categories: marketing and consumption. They noted the instability of SC products and consumer manipulation through packaging. Harm reduction (HR) strategies included: carefully selecting SC sources; sticking to one brand; handling their own SC; managing amount of K2 consumed in one sitting; controlling the pace.,Given the small amount of data on user experience with SCs and its risk to health, it is important to learn from users themselves how they create methods to keep themselves safe. This is one of the first studies recording HR practices of SC users and can contribute to intervention programs and organisations serving substance users.
CLIMATIC VARIATION IN CALIFORNIA: LOOKING AHEAD TO 2000 AD

Temperature scenarios to 2000 AD for three regions in Califronia are given together with rationales for their realization. It is shown that urban and rural areas have had, and will continue to have, different time traces of temperature. Further, the time traces of temperature to the year 2000 AD will be a composite of natural causative factors and human impact. The implications of changing temperatures on selected economic activities, and the changing variability in precipitation are discussed. It is concluded that the probability of occurrence of severely dry and severely wet rainy seasons is sufficiently high to warrant an explicit incorporation of climate in future planning within the state.
TCT-787 Transradial Versus Transfemoral Access for Cardiac Catheterization: A Nationwide Survey of Training Preferences, Expertise, and Comfort Among Cardiovascular Fellows and Teaching Faculty

Coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) are cornerstones in the management of coronary artery disease. Traditionally, PCI has been performed via transfemoral access (TFA) because of large arterial size, allowing easier cannulation of the artery, manipulation of catheters,
Resolvin the clot: DVT resolution through RvD4.

In this issue of Blood, Cherpokova et al have identified for the first time the important role lipid mediators play in both formation and resolution of clots in deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Their discovery, that Resolvin D4 (RvD4) is a critical specialized proresolving mediator that limits NETosis in the formation of the clot, as well as regulating the rate of clot resolution, identifies a new target for therapeutic intervention and reinforces the important role lipid metabolites play in regulation of blood clot formation under pathologic conditions.
Advanced Statistical Analyses

Statistical models offer much flexibility and many fall under several general umbrellas. The linear mixed model is one such model, and it can be specified to answer vastly different research questions. Three such linear mixed model specifications (or methods) are the hierarchical linear models used when there are clustered data structures; generalizability theory used for evaluating the reliability or consistency of a measurement process; and equivalence testing used for investigating the similarity between conditions. Here, each method is presented in the context of healthcare simulation with a worked-out example to highlight its central concepts while technical details are kept to a minimum.
Confession that isn’t: the fear claims of Dr. Franz Lucas between accusation and acquittal in the Frankfurt Auschwitz Trial (1963–65)

On 11 March 1965, Dr. Franz Lucas, a defendant in Frankfurt Auschwitz Trial (1963–65), admitted to selecting prisoners on the ramp of Auschwitz-Birkenau in the spring of 1944. His remorseless confe...
EFFECT OF PRESCRIBED FIRE ON THE VIABILITY OF BAYLISASCARIS PROCYONIS EGGS

Baylisascaris procyonis is a zoonotic parasite that can cause serious health issues in their intermediate hosts. Eggs of the parasite are shed in the feces of raccoons (Procyon lotor), the definitive host, and can remain viable in the environment for years. Temperatures at 49 C are the LD50 for B. procyonis eggs. Our objective was to determine the effect of prescribed fire as a lethal control technique for B. procyonis eggs. Aliquots of 1,000 viable B. procyonis eggs were placed on the soil surface and at a depth of 2 cm within 10×10 m grass plots consisting of approximately 2,000 kg/ha and 4,000 kg/ha fuel loads. In addition, aliquots of 1,000 viable B. procyonis eggs were placed at 0, 0.7, 1.2, and 1.8 m from the fire's edge and within a 1 m2 circle of bare ground on the leading edge, center of circle, and trailing edge of the fire of similar plots. Prescribed fire killed B. procyonis eggs on the soil surface up to 0.7 m from the fire's edge at fuel loads of 4,000 kg/ha but was ineffective at depths of 2 cm. Fuel loads of 2,000 kg/ha killed only 50% of B. procyonis eggs on the soil surface at the fire's edge but was not effective killing eggs at greater distances or at soil depths. Prescribed fire can be used to reduce the quantity of B. procyonis eggs on the soil surface within an environment but will not be effective in eradicating the parasite eggs.
Differences in Religious Experience between Men and Women in a Sexual Minority Sample of Members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

The data analyzed here were obtained from an online survey of 1612 LGBTQ members and former members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS, Mormon). Quantitative and qualitative co...
Exploring how vessel activity influences the soundscape at a navigation lock on the Mississippi River

Abstract Vessel sound is now globally recognized as a significant and pervasive pollutant to aquatic life. However, compared to marine environments, there is a paucity of data on sound emitted by vessel activity in freshwater habitats. The Upper Mississippi River (UMR) is home to a diverse array of aquatic life as well as being a key route for barge transportation with 29 locks and dams. In this study, passive acoustic monitoring was conducted at Lock and Dam 19 near Keokuk, Iowa, on the UMR between 20 June – August 28, 2019 to coincide with peak navigation use. There was a significant increase in median sound pressure level (SPL; 50–12,000 Hz) recorded during vessel passages (123 dB re. 1μPa for recreational vessels and 137 dB re. 1μPa for commercial vessels) compared to median background levels (111 dB re. 1μPa). Results provide information on the ambient soundscape at a navigation lock, providing a baseline essential for future studies gauging the effect of anthropogenic sound on aquatic life. Lock 19 has also been identified as a potential site for acoustic deterrent deployment to prevent invasive fish movements. The results of this study can help determine the sound level or frequency deterrents would need to emit, to avoid those currently produced during vessel passage.
Outcomes of Barotrauma in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients With Severe Pneumonia.

Background:Pneumomediastinum and pneumothorax are complications which may be associated with barotrauma in mechanically ventilated patients. The current literature demonstrates unclear outcomes reg...
Asymmetric Information in Wealth Creation: Evidence from Landlords and Real Estate Agents

This paper examines the role of information advantages in the returns to housing investments using novel data on rental contracts. Real estate agents are found to obtain higher contract rents by about 1 percent more for landlords who hold a real estate license (or are personally affiliated with one) than for other landlords. Similar rent disparities are found among small landlords but not large landlords. Differences in capital improvements, property management arrangements, tenant default risks, or bargaining power do not appear to fully explain the results. These findings shed light on information advantages and potential conflicts of interest that affect the wealth real estate holdings create.
STRATEGIES TO TARGET CHEMOTHERAPEUTICS TO TUMORS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses strategies to target chemotherapeutics tumors. Targeted chemotherapies employ prodrug strategies designed to selectively deposit the active metabolite in tumor tissue. For these approaches to increase the therapeutic index of the active metabolite, the prodrug must be selectively activated in the tumor and the active metabolite must remain in the tumor for a reasonable time relative to the time it takes for the drug to trigger cell death. Early efforts to target chemotherapeutics to tumors used antibody-directed enzyme prodrug technique (ADEPT). The potential antigenicity of the antibody–enzyme conjugate, the specificity of the antibody for tumor cells, and problems in distributing macromolecules throughout tumors are additional complexities with the ADEPT approach. The plasma-membrane association of cathepsin B correlates with the experimental metastatic potential of the tumor cells. It is found that TMPRSS2, TMPRSS3, and hepsin are overexpressed in prostate, pancreatic, and ovarian tumors, respectively. Matripase was found primarily without its kunitz-type inhibitor in some breast cancer lines, which suggested that matripase activity is elevated in breast cancer. It is suggested that genomic information and mRNA expression profiling may identify new tumor-elevated antigens and enzymes that broaden the applicability of these approaches.
Anxiety disorders in fragile X premutation carriers: Preliminary characterization of probands and non-probands

A very high proportion of individuals with fragile X syndrome (FXS) (FMR1 full mutation, > 200 CGG repeats) experience clinically significant anxiety. Recent evidence suggests that adult fragile X premutation carriers (55-200 CGG repeats) also are at risk for anxiety disorders, and they demonstrate limbic system alterations mediated by FMRP and/or elevated FMR1 mRNA that may explain this heightened risk. However, less is known about psychiatric symptoms including anxiety among children and adolescents with the premutation. We completed structured DSM-IV based diagnostic interviews focused on current anxiety in 35 children, adolescents or young adults with the premutation (ages 5-23 years, M = 11.3 ± 4.3; 27 male; 20 probands and 15 non-probands) and 31 controls (ages 5-18 years, M = 9.9 ± 3.6; 22 males). Among premutation carriers, 70.6% met criteria for at least one anxiety disorder (most frequently generalized anxiety disorder, specific phobia, social phobia, or obsessive compulsive disorder), compared to 22.6% of controls and 9.8% of the general population in this age range. Premutation carriers with intellectual disability, male gender, and proband status were associated with the highest rates of anxiety disorders. However, non-probands did have higher rates of having any anxiety disorder (40.0%) compared to general population norms. Although the results implicate anxiety as a target of screening and intervention among youth with the premutation, larger studies of unselected samples from the population of premutation carriers are needed to confirm and specify the degree and extent of psychiatric disorders in this condition.
Drotrecogin alfa (activated): the first FDA-approved treatment for severe sepsis.

Drotrecogin alfa (activated) (Xigris, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Ind) is a recombinant form of human activated protein C. It was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in the last quarter of 2001 for the reduction of mortality due to severe sepsis in adult patients who are at high risk of death (1). This is a unique indication. While many investigational drugs have been proposed as treatments for sepsis in the past, and several have even made it to clinical trials (2), only drotrecogin alfa (activated) has shown a survival benefit. The definition of sepsis given by the American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine Consensus Conference has 2 parts: infection and 2 of the 4 systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria (temperature ≥38£C or s36£C, heart rate ≥90 beats/minute, respiratory rate ≥20 breaths/minute or PaCO2≤32 mm Hg, white blood cell count ≥12,000/μL or ≤4000/μL or >10% immature forms). The definition of severe sepsis includes the above plus organ dysfunction, hypoperfusion, or hypotension (3). This syndrome is a result of the body's systemic inflammatory and procoagulant responses to infection and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality (4, 5). While reports of the incidence of severe sepsis have varied, a recent study of the incidence and outcomes of severe sepsis in the USA yielded an estimate of 751,000 cases of severe sepsis per year (3 cases per 1000 population) (6, 7). Another study found confirmed severe sepsis in 6.3 per 100 intensive care unit patients, with an associated mortality of 56% (8). The average cost per case of severe sepsis was estimated at $22,100, representing an annual figure of $16.7 billion in the USA (7). During severe sepsis the proinflammatory mediators released, including tumor necrosis factor-alfa (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), not only induce the systemic inflammatory symptoms that are seen in the SIRS response but are also capable of activating the coagulation cascade and inhibiting fi-brinolysis. The thrombin generated as coagulation occurs then acts to further stimulate multiple inflammatory pathways. This process leads to the sequelae of severe sepsis, including endo-vascular injury, multiorgan dysfunction, and death (9).
Chromatography of methylenedioxyphenyl compounds. II. Alkaloidal derivatives.

Abstract There is no apparent paucity of paper and thin-layer chromatographic techniques that have been used both for isolation, proof of homogeneity and as analytical adjuncts to spectrometry (N.M.R., mass, I.R. and U.V.) for the identification of a broad spectrum of alkaloidal methylenedioxyphenyl alkaloids. Gas chromatography, however, has not been as extensively employed either for structural elaboration studies or for routine forensic and toxicological analysis. In many cases dealing with gas-liquid chromatography of alkaloids, it has been found necessary to form a derivative and/or a treated support to obtain a satisfactory elution 106,116,117 . The recent work of S treet 244,245 in which it was found that the surface properties of diatomaceous earth and of oxidized stainless steel can be modified to produce GLC columns which show very little absorption and which can be used for analysis of submicrogram amounts of alkaloids holds great promise, particularly for the analysis of alkaloids in biological media.
Women as Expert Witnesses: A Review of the Literature

This review of women's participation in the legal system as expert witnesses examines the empirical literature on the perceived credibility and persuasiveness of women compared with men experts. The effects of expert gender are complex and sometimes depend on the circumstances of the case. Some studies find no differences, some find favorable effects for women and others for men, and still others find that expert gender interacts with other circumstances of the case. The findings are interpreted through social role theory and the role incongruity theory of prejudice. Future directions for research are identified and implications are considered for attorneys who select and prepare expert witnesses. Suggestions for men's and women's behavior as expert witnesses are provided.
AN ANALYTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF ROTATING, NON-CAPILLARY HEAT PIPES.

An approximate theoretical model is derived for laminar film condensation on the inside of a rotating, truncated cone, and is used to predict the heat transfer performance of rotating, non-capillary heat pipes for a wide variety of parametric conditions. Experimental results are presented for water, ethyl alcohol, and freon-113 in a stainless steel heat pipe rotating to speeds of 2800 rpm. Results show that these devices can be used effectively to transfer large quantities of heat in rotating systems. Predicted results agree to within + or - 20 percent of the experimental data. Dropwise condensation, instead of film condensation, improves heat pipe performance while the presence of non-condensible gases impairs performance.
Purification and characterization of adipocyte heparan sulfate proteoglycans with affinity for lipoprotein lipase.

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL)-binding heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) were isolated from cell extracts and conditioned media of cultured adipocytes treated with phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PIPLC). The methodology employed included anion exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography on LPL Affi-Prep 10 and hydrophobic chromatography. HSPGs were resolved into two distinct fractions on the Octyl-Sepharose CL-4B matrix. Treatment of the eluted fractions with heparinase and heparitinase yielded core proteins of 48.4 and 39 kDa. The 39-kDa core protein is anchored to the cell surface by a glycosyl phosphatidylinositol anchor as evidenced by 1) release of the HSPG with the 39-kDa core protein into media by PIPLC treatment and 2) biosynthetic incorporation of [3H]ethanolamine and [32P]orthophosphate into the PIPLC-releasable 39-kDa core protein. PIPLC released 23% of the total heparin-releasable LPL. A similar percentage (24.5%) of the total heparan sulfate chains was released by PIPLC. Over 96% of the total adipocyte heparan sulfate chains bound to LPL Affi-Prep 10 column. The heterogeneity of core proteins of HSPGs with affinity for LPL may provide a structural basis for the multiple fates of LPL on the surface of adipocytes, i.e. internalization, degradation, or recycling to the cell surface and translocation into the medium.
Clinical Engineering Certification

REQUIREMENTS This paper reviews the benefits of clinical engineering certification and explains the peer review process that was developed to examine candidates. The history of the certification process from its inception in the early 1970's to the current arrangement with three international boards of examiners is be outlined. The organization of the International Certification Commission and the reporting relationship and organization of each board is presented. of the current issues that the ICC and the U.S. Clinical Engineering Board of Examiners faces is discussed. Finally an overview
Stochastic Programs with Recourse: Random Recourse Costs Only

In this paper we discuss the class of stochastic programs with recourse in which the only randomness present is in the recourse costs. Two economic interpretations are given. We present results which enable one to check if the convex deterministic equivalent program possesses all the “nice” properties of convex programs---feasibility, boundedness, solvability and dualizability. The simple recourse problem is then discussed. The specific form of the convex deterministic equivalent for the case of simple recourse is exhibited.
Karyopherins and nuclear import

Abstract Proteins of the karyopherin α and karyopherin β families play a central role in nucleocytoplasmic transport. Recently, crystal structures of karyopherin α and its complexes with nuclear localization signal peptides, a karyopherin β2–Ran complex and complexes of full-length and fragments of karyopherin β1 with import substrates, Ran and nucleoporins have been solved. These karyopherin structures provide valuable insights into understanding the molecular mechanism of nuclear import, especially substrate recognition, substrate release by GTPase and interactions with the nuclear pore complex.
Toxicity of meta-Substituted Phenols to Paramecium caudatum

ConclusionAdditional evidence is presented to support the Bancroft colloidal coagulation theory of disinfectant action. A new measure of the efficiency of antiseptic agents, the Toxicity Coefficient, is defined on the basis of the Ostwald toxicity equation.
Analysis of myocardial perfusion MRI

Rapid MR imaging (MRI) during the first pass of an injected tracer is used to assess myocardial perfusion with a spatial resolution of 2–3 mm, and to detect any regional impairments of myocardial blood flow (MBF) that may lead to ischemia. The spatial resolution is sufficient to detect flow reductions that are limited to the subendocardial layer. The capacity of the coronary system to increase MBF severalfold in response to vasodilation can be quantified by analysis of the myocardial contrast enhancement. The myocardial perfusion reserve (MPR) is a useful concept for quantifying the vasodilator response. The perfusion reserve can be estimated from the ratio of MBFs during vasodilation and at baseline, in units identical to those used for invasive measurements with labeled microspheres, or from dimensionless flow indices normalized by their value for autoregulated flow at rest. The perfusion reserve can be reduced as a result of a blunted hyperemic response and/or an abnormal resting blood flow. The absolute quantification of MBF removes uncertainties in the evaluation of the vasodilator response, and can be achieved without the use of complex tracer kinetic models; therefore, its application to clinical studies is feasible. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;19:758–770. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Investigation of oblique shock/boundary-layer bleed interaction

The detailed flowfield characteristics in an oblique shock-wave/laminar-boundary-layer interaction with bleed were investigated. The numerical solution for the flowfield was obtained for the strong conservation-law form of the two-dimensional compressible Navier-Stokes equations using an implicit scheme. The computations mod- eled the flow in the interaction region and inside the bleed slot for an impinging oblique shock on a flat-plate boundary layer. The computed results for the streamlines and the pressure and Mach number contours inside the bleed slot indicate that the flow is choked in the slot, with a recirculation zone near the upstream slot corner. The bleed results in the interaction zone demonstrate that flow separation is controlled. The interaction length . is reduced and the downstream velocity profiles are more favorable than the separated flow results at the same shock strength without bleed. HE control of shock/boundary-layer interactions in inlets and nozzles and over vehicle surfaces is accomplished through bleed and/or blowing in the interaction zone. In the case of mixed compression supersonic inlets, the bleed system design is critical to the efficient and stable operation of the system. Hamed and Shang1 reviewed the existing experimen- tal data for shock-wave/boundary-layer interactions in super- sonic inlets and other related configurations. According to this survey, most of the experimental measurements in mixed compression supersonic inlets consisted of total pressure re- covery surveys at the engine face and static pressure distri- butions over the inner surfaces. In the few cases involving velocity profile measurements,2-3 the latter were obtained up- stream and downstream of the interactions. Comparisons of internal flow computational results3'5 with the experimental measurements in supersonic inlets2-3 revealed reasonable agreement between the computed and measured surface pres- sures upstream of the ramp bleed. However, discrepancies in the predicted shock locations and velocity profiles were ob- served downstream of shock/boundary-layer interactions with bleed. There is enough experimental evidence6'11 to indicate that local bleed can control flow separation in shock-wave/bound- ary-layer interactions. There are disagreements,1 however, among the different experimental studies regarding the effects of bleed hole size,7-8 and the location of the bleed holes in relation to the shock.6-9'11 The experimental data in these studies are not sufficient, however, to resolve these discrep- ancies. Strike and Rippy9 measured the surface pressure in the interaction zone of an oblique shock wave impinging a tur- bulent boundary layer over a flat plate, with suction. They determined that less suction is required to control separation, when applied upstream of the shock. Seebaugh and Childs11 investigated experimentally the axisymmetric flow in the in- teraction region of the boundary layer inside a duct. Contrary to the conclusions of Strike and Rippy,9 suction within the
A star camera and aspect determination system for balloon borne payloads

Abstract A self-contained aspect system has been developed to record and analyze star fields and report the pointing direction of a payload which uses an altitude azimuth pointing system. This system uses a commercially available solid-state CID television camera and a custom-built microcomputer to take “pictures” of star fields and compare them with position information contained in an onboard star catalog to compute the right ascension, declination, azimuth, and altitude of the payload with 0.1° accuracy. This paper describes the hardware and software of the system and reports on the results of the first balloon flight.
Ancient DNA: Methods, progress, and perspectives.

The advent of the polymerase chain reaction as a standard molecular genetic technique and the demonstration that nucleic acids are routinely preserved in prehistoric material have led to a dramatic increase in molecular approaches to archaeological problems. These genetic approaches to long-standing problems in prehistory hold considerable promise to clarify issues of population origins, migrations, and settlement patterns, as well as ancestor/descendant relationships. The evolving methods for manipulating and analyzing ancient DNA (aDNA) are reviewed here, as are more recent applications of these methods to anthropologically relevant samples. In addition, new preliminary material is presented on mtDNA variation in Anasazi samples from the U.S. Southwest. The initial samples analyzed indicate similarity to contemporary populations of the Greater Southwest, as evidenced by the modest frequency of a 9bp deletion in Region V of the mtDNA molecule, and the possible absence of haplogroup D. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Determinants of audit fees: the importance of litigation, disclosure, and regulatory burdens in audit engagements in 20 countries

Abstract The majority of previous audit fee research has focused on fees and their determinants in individual countries. This paper combines fee observations from 20 countries into a single sample. The benefit of aggregating fee observations from differing countries is the opportunity to examine the effects of variables such as litigation and regulation, which vary across, but not within a given country on audit fees. Hence, the focus of this paper is on “macro” determinants of audit fees. The results indicate that increased litigation pressures, institutional traditions of increased disclosure, and increased regulation put upward pressures on audit fees. This paper establishes the role of those variables in the determination of fees, integrating an international perspective in the examination of audit fees.
Laboratory observations of spontaneous magnetic reconnection.

Detailed measurements of spontaneous magnetic reconnection are presented. The experimental data, which were obtained in the new closed Versatile Toroidal Facility magnetic configuration, document the profile evolution of the plasma density, magnetic flux function, reconnection rate, and the current density during a spontaneous reconnection event in the presence of a strong guide magnetic field. The reconnection process is at first slow, which allows magnetic stress to build in the system while the current channel becomes increasingly narrow and intense. The onset of a fast reconnection event occurs as the width of the current channel approaches the ion-sound-Larmor radius ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{s}$. During the reconnection event magnetically stored energy is channeled into energetic ion outflows and a rapid increase in the electron temperature.
A global existence theorem for the four-body problem of Newtonian mechanics

Abstract It is shown that for the planar or three-dimensional two-, three-, or four-body problems of celestial mechanics, almost all initial conditions (in the sense of Lebesgue measure and Baire category) lead to solutions which exist for all time.
Receptor-mediated interleukin-2 gene transfer into human hepatoma cells

Receptor-mediated gene delivery is an attractive method for gene transfer in vitro and shows promise for in vivo gene therapy applications. In the current study, we have selected the cytokine interleukin-2 (IL-2) gene to explore the feasibility of receptor-mediated gene transfer into human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells, using Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-based vectors. We have developed a targeted DNA delivery system for the treatment of liver cancer by gene therapy. This system utilizes the hepatocyte-specific asialoglycoprotein receptor, which is uniquely expressed on liver cell membranes but not present on other cell types. Galactosylated histone, a ligand to the asialoglycoprotein receptors, was synthesized, and a new EBV-based expression vector bearing the human IL-2 cDNA was constructed and conjugated to the ligand through ionic interactions. The ligand/IL-2 DNA complex was able to bind specifically to cell-surface receptors on the target cell and, when incubated with HepG2 cells, resulted in elevated levels of IL-2 gene expression. These results indicate that therapeutic genes like IL-2 in ligand/DNA complex can be transferred into hepatoma cells via the hepatocyte receptor. This study constitutes an encouraging first step in the assessment of receptor-mediated gene transfer as a technique for gene therapy in liver cancer.
Development of myocardial sympathetic innervation in the fetal lamb.

Extract: The hearts of ten fetal lambs with gestational ages ranging from 75 days to term (150 days) and of two neonatal lambs were studied by the Falck-Owman mono-amine fluorescence technique to determine the pattern of development of the sympathetic nervous system. At 75–85 days of gestation, no sympathetic fibers are present in the heart, but brightly fluorescent dopamine-containing cells are diffusely scattered throughout the myocardium. Between 75–85 and 100–110 days, large nerve trunks begin to grow in along the coronary arteries and small branches are first distributed to the coronary arteries and later to the myocardium. There is continued growth of sympathetic fibres and, by term, an extensive network exists that supplies a large number of myocardial cells. Some growth occurs after birth, and continued innervation probably persists for several weeks. These findings are helpful in explaining the physiological observations of increasing autonomic activity in the circulation of the fetal lamb, and they suggest that growth of myocardial sympathetic nerves is one of the final steps in development of cardiovascular control. Speculation: The innervation of the myocardium by sympathetic fibers is incomplete before birth in the lamb. If the same pattern of development is present in the human fetus and infant, it is very likely that the circulation of the premature infant lacks the ability to respond to stress through sympathetic stimulation.
Subunit structure of a cortical granule lectin involved in the block to polyspermy in Xenopus laevis eggs.

Abstract The cortical granule lectin of Xenopus laevis eggs is a large molecular mass glycoprotein involved in the post-fertilization block to polyspermy. We have investigated the subunit structure of this lectin and found that the native molecule contains 10–12 monomers, each of which has considerable charge and size heterogeneity due to glycosylated side chains. In addition, significant amino acid sequence homology is indicated by peptide mapping of subunits separated by isoelectric focusing.
RING finger protein RNF207, a novel regulator of cardiac excitation.

Two recent studies (Newton-Cheh, C. et al. (2009) Common variants at ten loci influence QT interval duration in the QTGEN Study. Nat. Genet. 41, 399–406 and Pfeufer, A. et al. (2009) Common variants at ten loci modulate the QT interval duration in the QTSCD Study. Nat. Genet. 41, 407–414) identified an association, with genome-wide significance, between a single nucleotide polymorphism within the gene encoding RING finger protein 207 (RNF207) and the QT interval. We sought to determine the role of RNF207 in cardiac electrophysiology. Morpholino knockdown of RNF207 in zebrafish embryos resulted in action potential duration prolongation, occasionally a 2:1 atrioventricular block, and slowing of conduction velocity. Conversely, neonatal rabbit cardiomyocytes infected with RNF207-expressing adenovirus exhibited shortened action potential duration. Using transfections of U-2 OS and HEK293 cells, Western blot analysis and immunocytochemistry data demonstrate that RNF207 and the human ether-a-go-go-related gene (HERG) potassium channel interact and colocalize. Furthermore, RNF207 overexpression significantly elevated total and membrane HERG protein and HERG-encoded current density by ∼30–50%, which was dependent on the intact N-terminal RING domain of RNF207. Finally, coexpression of RNF207 and HSP70 increased HERG expression compared with HSP70 alone. This effect was dependent on the C terminus of RNF207. Taken together, the evidence is strong that RNF207 is an important regulator of action potential duration, likely via effects on HERG trafficking and localization in a heat shock protein-dependent manner.
High-resolution diffusion tensor imaging of the human pons with a reduced field-of-view, multishot, variable-density, spiral acquisition at 3 T.

Diffusion tensor imaging of localized anatomic regions, such as brainstem, cervical spinal cord, and optic nerve, is challenging because of the existence of significant susceptibility differences, severe physiologic motion in the surrounding tissues, and the need for high spatial resolution to resolve the underlying complex neuroarchitecture. The aim of the methodology presented here is to achieve high-resolution diffusion tensor imaging in localized regions of the central nervous system that is motion insensitive and immune to susceptibility while acquiring a set of two-dimensional images with more than six diffusion encoding directions within a reasonable total scan time. We accomplish this aim by implementing self-navigated, multishot, variable-density, spiral encoding with outer volume suppression. We establish scan protocols for achieving equal signal-to-noise ratio at 1.2 mm and 0.8 mm in-plane resolution for reduced field-of-view diffusion tensor imaging of the brainstem. In vivo application of the technique on the human pons of three subjects shows a clear delineation of the multiple local neural tracts. By comparing scans acquired with varying in-plane resolution but with constant signal-to-noise ratio, we demonstrate that increasing the resolution and reducing the partial volume effect result in higher fractional anisotropy values for the corticospinal tracts. Magn Reson Med, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Strength of unidirectional glass/epoxy composite with silica nanoparticle-enhanced matrix

Abstract A technique was developed to improve the strength of unidirectional composites by enhancing the matrix properties through nanoparticles infusion. A commercially available standard DGEBA epoxy with silica nanoparticles (Nanopox F 400) was used as the matrix to make fiber composites. The silica nanoparticles in Nanopox were grown in situ via a sol–gel process resulting in a concentration of 40 wt% which was later diluted to 15 wt% particle loading. TEM images showed very uniform dispersion of silica nanoparticles with a size distribution of about 20 nm. Compression test revealed a substantial improvement (40%) in elastic modulus of the modified epoxy. A modified vacuum assisted resin transfer molding process was used to fabricate unidirectional E-glass fiber reinforced silica/epoxy nanocomposites. Inclusion of silica nanoparticles dramatically increased the longitudinal compressive strength and moderately increased the longitudinal and transverse tensile strengths. A microbuckling model was used to verify the compression testing results.
Effects of childhood foster care and adoption on adulthood childbearing

Abstract Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), latent growth curve modeling was used to examine the trajectories of adulthood childbearing. Respondents consisted of 195 subjects who were raised by an adoptive family, 78 who raised by a foster family for 4 months or more, 200 who were raised by stepparents for 4 months or more, and 200 who were raised by both biological parents until age 18. In the first-stage analyses, foster-parented respondents showed significantly greater linear increases in the number of childbirths per year and significant deceleration in childbirth, as compared with biological- and adoptive-parented respondents. In the second-stage analyses, there were significant differences between the groups in the effects of education on the initial level of childbirth, with step- and adoptive-parented respondents having significantly more negative relationships for education than did biological-parented respondents. Likewise, adoptive-parented respondents showed a significantly more positive relationship between persistent poverty status and the initial level of childbirth, as compared with biological- and foster-parented respondents.
The influence of stacking fault energy and adhesion on the wear of copper and aluminum bronze

Abstract The subsurface deformation induced in pure copper and a series of Cu-Al alloys has been characterized using scanning electron microscopy after prolonged dry sliding contact against an Al 2 O 3 cylinder. Scanning electron microscopy was found to be a very useful technique for examining the deformation in depth. The strength of the adhesive bond between copper and Al 2 O 3 was found to be less than the cohesive strength of either material. Therefore true transfer layers were not formed. Owing to dynamic recrystallization occurring near the surface, extremely large strains ( i.e. greater than 12) were sustained and resulted in very low wear rates in agreement with the results of Bill and Wisander. A mechanically mixed layer, which is continuous with the substrate and incorporates oxide particles, was observed. Two mechanisms were identified for the production of wear debris. The layered structure proposed by Heilmann to explain the random misorientation of subgrains was confirmed. The adhesive strength of the Cu-Al alloys examined with Al 2 O 3 was greater than the cohesive strengths of the alloys. Therefore metal transfer to the slider occurred. The subsurface deformation behavior of aluminum bronze was found to be very dependent on both the stacking fault energy (SFE) and the orientation of individual grains and is related to the wear rate. In the case of aluminum bronze sliding against A1 2 O 3 , adhesion effects overshadow the influence of SFE. However, in other systems, it is expected that SFE effects will play a dominant role in determining wear response.