cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evolution program for parton densities with perturbative heavy flavor boundary conditions

A new code for the scale evolution of modified-minimal-subtraction-scheme parton densities is described. Through next-to-leading order the program uses exact evolution kernels. In next-to-next-to-leading order approximate evolution kernels are used. For efficiency the program includes analytical results for the evaluation of the weights required for the integrations over the longitudinal momentum fractions of the partons. It also incorporates the operator matrix elements required for the matching conditions across heavy flavor thresholds in higher order perturbation theory. The more efficient handling of the weights implies that the code is faster than similar evolution codes in all modes of operation. The program is written in the C programming language.
Water quality of runoff from revegetated mine spoil.

Permanent vegetation plots were established on mixed overburden and topsoiled overburden on a lignite test pit in eastern Texas in 1982. Vegetative treatments included two grass-legume treatments [switchgrass (panicum virgattun) — sideoats grama (Bouteloua curtipendula) — subterrancan elover (Trifolitun subterranean) and litte bluestem (Schizachyriun scoparium) — sideoats grama (Bouteloua curtipendula) — Illinois hundleflower (Dessmanthus illinoiensis)] and three monocultures [Coastal bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon), bahia grass (paspalum notatum) and yellow Indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans)]. Water was applied to the 0.5m2 plots using a sprinklertype rainfall simulator and quality of runoff was determined for each plot. Parameters analyzed included: settleable solids, total filterable solids, sediment production, infiltration rate, nitrites, nitrates, total iron and total manganese. Topsoiling significantly increased inliltration and significantly decreased filterable sediments, sediment production and settleable solids. The hydrologie qualities of the switchgrass-sideoats grama-subterranean elover mixture coincided closely with those of the Coastal bermudagrass monoculture.
Asymmetric allenylation of aliphatic aldehydes catalyzed by a chiral formamide

Abstract ( S , S )- N , N -Bis(α-methylbenzyl)formamide in combination with HMPA catalyzes the allenylation of aliphatic aldehydes with propargyltrichlorosilane with good enantioselectivity (up to 95% e.e.).
Status of the standard solar model prediction of solar neutrino fluxes

The Standard Solar Model (BP04) predicts a total 8B neutrino flux that is 17.2% larger than that measured in the salt phase of the SNO detector (and if it is significant, it will indicate oscillation to sterile neutrinos). Hence, it is important to examine in detail the uncertainties (and values) of inputs to the BP04. Currently, the largest fractional uncertainty is due to the new evaluation of the surface composition of the Sun. We examine the nuclear input on the formation of solar 8B [S 17(0)] and demonstrate that it is still quite uncertain due to the ill-known slope of the measured astrophysical cross section factor and thus illdefined extrapolation to zero energy. This yields an additional reasonable uncertainty due to extrapolation of −3.0 +0.0 eV b ( −14% +0% ). Since a large discrepancy exists between measured as well as predicted slopes, the value of S 17(0) is dependent on the choice of data and theory used to extrapolate S 17(0). This situation must be alleviated by new measurement(s). The “world average” is driven by the Seattle result owing to the very small quoted uncertainty, which we, however, demonstrate to be an overestimated accuracy. We propose more realistic error bars for the Seattle results based on the published Seattle data.
STRUCTURAL REFINEMENT OF THE HIGH-PRESSURE PHASE OF ALUMINUM TRIHYDROXIDE: IN-SITU HIGH-PRESSURE ANGLE DISPERSIVE SYNCHROTRON X-RAY DIFFRACTION AND THEORETICAL STUDIES

In-situ high-pressure synchrotron angle-dispersive X-ray diffraction for gibbsite (aluminum trihydroxide) was performed at room temperature up to 20 GPa. A pressure-induced phase transition was obs...
A Generalized Single Common Factor Model of Portfolio Credit Risk

The Gaussian copula model, with all of its flaws, has become the most common approach for estimating the loss distribution of a portfolio of risky credits. In general, extensive calculations are still required, although simplification is often obtained by using an asymptotic single factor model. The model assumes idiosyncratic risks are fully diversified and dependence across names comes entirely from their joint dependence on a single common factor. However, credit risk exposure in a portfolio, such as one held by a bank, does not depend only on the probability of default, but also on uncertainty over loss given default (LGD) and even uncertainty over face amounts, or the exposure at default (EAD), in the case of revolving credits. This article extends the asymptotic model by formally introducing creditors’ draw rates and recoveries in case of default, both of which are tied to the same common factor. A closed-form asymptotic solution incorporating all three components of risk is obtained when distributions are continuous. The author also derives an approximate solution for the discrete distribution case and uses it to show how the overall loss distribution is affected by the properties of the LGD, in particular, its skewness.
The burden and the promise of scientific research in difficult times

Difficult times may drive scientists and scholars to innovate. The notion is examined through the early career of historian of science George Sarton. A new departure is proposed for the unsettling present: sending a poet, an artist and a musician to the International Space Station.
Guest/Host Relationships in the Synthesis of the Novel Cage-Based Zeolites SSZ-35, SSZ-36, and SSZ-39

Here, we report the synthesis and structure of three high-silica molecular sieves, SSZ-35, SSZ-36, and SSZ-39, that are prepared from a library of 37 different cyclic and polycyclic quaternized amine molecules that are used as structure-directing agents (SDAs). The size and shape of the quaternized amine molecules are purposely designed in order to obtain novel zeolite structures, and the synthesis of these molecules is presented. The selectivity for the three molecular sieve phases is found to depend on both the SDA and the degree of heteroatom lattice substitution of Al3+ or B3+ in the silicate framework. Molecular modeling is utilized to probe the effects of the nonbonded SDA/zeolite-framework interaction energy on the selectivity for the observed molecular sieve phase. The Rietveld refinement of the powder X-ray data confirms the structure of the SSZ-39 zeolite to be isomorphous with the aluminophosphate molecular sieve, SAPO-18 (AEI). The structure of SSZ-36 is found to possess a range of fault proba...
Assessing the Costs and Benefits of Ethics: Exploring a Framework

he stunning betrayals of stakeholders underlying recentethical scandals, including the Enron and WorldCom debacles,have resulted in the passage of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act andcreated an environment of heightened scrutiny of corporate behaviorin general. In this environment, a company’s ethics is increasinglyperceived to affect its proﬁtability. Corporations exhibiting unethi-cal behavior, perceived or real, face an increasing risk of decliningmarket share, lower proﬁts, and government regulation. On the otherhand, ethical behavior on the part of organizations is believed to begood for society. In this environment, it is appropriate to considerthe ethical aspects of an organization’s control systems. One way toapproach this analysis is to compare the costs of not behavingethically with the costs of encouraging ethical behavior. The frame-work of ethical analysis proposed in this paper addresses thiscomparison and can be applied to any modern organization.The framework presented here enables organizations to system-atically examine the costs and beneﬁts of their ethics programs.Because ethics programs consume resources, responsible managerswant to quantify the costs in order to justify, manage, control, and
The quantum hall effect in open conductors

The quantum Hall effect is discussed in terms of global conductances which describe carrier transport from one contact to another. The theory can treat highly non‐uniform samples. Examples are discussed which show a simultaneous quantization of the longitudinal and the Hall resistance as observed in experiments. Contacts which exhibit scattering lead in general to deviations from the quantum Hall effect. In special cases the Hall resistance is quantized at anomalous values.
Practical, enantiospecific syntheses of 14,15-EET and leukotoxin B (vernolic acid)

Abstract Cytochrome P450BM3 and its F87V mutant were exploited for a convenient, laboratory scale (1 mmol) preparation of 14( S ),15( R )-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid [14( S ),15( R )-EET] from arachidonic acid and (+)-leukotoxin B [(+)-12( S ),13( R )-vernolic acid] from linoleic acid, respectively. Their enantiomers were accessed via a four-step chemical inversion.
MARKET PERFORMANCE WITH MULTIPRODUCT FIRMS

We revisit the fundamental issue of market provision of variety associated with Chamberlin, Spence, and Dixit-Stiglitz when firms sell multiple products. Both products and firms are (horizontally) differentiated. We propose a general nested demand framework where consumers first decide upon a firm then which variant to buy and how much (the nested CES is a special case). We use it to determine the market’s biases when firms compete in product ranges and prices. The market system attracts too many firms with too few products per firm: firms restrain product ranges to relax price competition, but this exacerbates over-entry.
Methylated and phenylated C60 from fluorinated fullerene precursors

Abstract C 60 has been fluorinated with F 2 to yield a product which consists mostly of C 60 F 44 . This species was then reacted with methyl and phenyl lithium reagents to yield the respective methylated and phenylated nucleophilic substitution products. These products have been confirmed and characterized by IR, 1 H -NMR and mass spectroscopies.
Hedging House Price Risk with CME Futures Contracts: The Case of Las Vegas Residential Real Estate

Until the recent introduction of real estate futures on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME), there have been few opportunities to manage house price risk. This paper examines whether house price risk can be effectively hedged in Las Vegas, one of the CME contract cities. The analysis considers hedging from the viewpoint of real estate investment groups, mortgage portfolio investors, builder/developers and individual homeowners. For investment groups and mortgage holders holding a mix of new and existing home assets, CME futures would have reduced house price risk by more than 88% over the 1994–2006 period. Similarly, homeowners implicitly hedging price volatility of existing homes also would have fared well over the sample period. However, builder/developers worried about new home price appreciation would have been much less successful in managing their risk. One important caveat, minimum variance hedge ratios change over time and may cause hedge performance to suffer.
Stagnation-Point Heat-Transfer Rate in Nitrogen Plasma Flows: Theory and Experiment

Heat transfer rates to stagnation point of hemisphere in supersonic high enthalpy low density nitrogen plasma flow
An analysis of the implications of uncertainty and agency problems on the wealth effects to acquirers of private firms

Abstract Extensive empirical work shows that bidders do not gain from the acquisition of publicly traded targets but experience positive excess returns in the acquisition of privately held firms. This study investigates how two important differences between private and public firms, namely, informational uncertainty and ownership characteristics, impact the returns to acquirers. A sample of targets that were acquired shortly after filing for an IPO was collected to circumvent the lack of information on private firms. In spite of the special characteristics of these targets, the listing effect is still prevalent in this sample. The results of the analysis are consistent with the hypothesis that acquirers gain in the acquisition of private firms because these targets have a relatively weaker bargaining position due to informational and agency problems and costly access to external capital markets to finance growth opportunities.
A tale of two shares: The relationship between the “illegitimacy” ratio and the marriage share

Abstract Our model implies a magnified effect of marriage rates on the illegitimacy ratio. For U.S. data, plots and regression estimates support the prediction that the share of unmarried births is driven by the square of the share of unmarried women.
Tunneling spectroscopy of graphene and related reconstructions on SiC(0001)

The 5×5, 6√3×6√3-R30°, and graphene-covered 6√3×6√3-R30° reconstructions of the SiC(0001) surface are studied by scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy. For the 5×5 structure a rich spectrum of surface states is obtained, with one state in particular found to be localized on top of structural protrusions (adatoms) observed on the surface. Similar spectra are observed on the bare 6√3×6√3-R30° reconstruction, and in both cases the spectra display nearly zero conductivity at the Fermi-level. When graphene covers the 6√3×6√3-R30° surface the conductivity at the Fermi-level shows a marked increase, and additionally the various surface state peaks seen in the spectrum shift in energy and fall in intensity. The influence of the overlying graphene on the electronic properties of the interface is discussed, as are possible models for the interface structure.
Stable (85)Rb Bose-Einstein Condensates with Widely Tunable Interactions

Bose-Einstein condensation has been achieved in a magnetically trapped sample of ${}^{85}\mathrm{Rb}$ atoms. Long-lived condensates of up to ${10}^{4}$ atoms have been produced by using a magnetic-field-induced Feshbach resonance to reverse the sign of the scattering length. This system provides new opportunities for the study of condensate physics. The variation of the scattering length near the resonance has been used to magnetically tune the condensate self-interaction energy over a wide range, extending from strong repulsive to large attractive interactions. When the interactions were switched from repulsive to attractive, the condensate shrank to below our resolution limit, and after $\ensuremath{\sim}5\mathrm{ms}$ emitted a burst of high-energy atoms.
Testing cold dark matter models at moderate to high redshift

The Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) microwave background temperature fluctuations and the abundance of local rich clusters of galaxies provide the two most powerful constraints on cosmological models. When all variants of the standard cold dark matter (CDM) model are subject to the combined constraints, the power spectrum of any model is fixed to ~10% accuracy in both the shape and overall amplitude. These constrained models are not expected to differ dramatically in their local large-scale structure properties. However, their evolutionary histories differ, with the differences being dramatically larger toward higher redshifts. In particular, it should be true that any statistical measure that probes a rapidly diminishing tail of some distribution should provide a sensitive test at some sufficiently high redshift, when the objects in question are rare and hence in the tail. We examine in detail six standardized, COBE- and cluster-normalized CDM models with respect to a large set of independent observations. The observations include the correlation function of rich clusters of galaxies, the galaxy power spectrum, the evolution of the rich cluster abundance, the gravitational lensing by moderate- to high-redshift clusters, the Lyα forest, the damped Lyα systems, the high-redshift galaxies, the reionization of the universe, and future cosmic microwave background experiments. It seems that each of the independent observations examined is potentially capable of distinguishing among at least some of the models. The combined power of several or all of these observations is tremendous. Thus, we appear to be on the verge of being able to make dramatic tests of all the models in the near future using a rapidly growing set of observations, mostly at moderate to high redshift. Consistency or inconsistency among different observed phenomena on different scales and/or at different epochs with respect to the models will have profound implications for the theory of the growth of cosmic structure.
On the Dynamics of Navier-Stokes and Euler Equations

This is a detailed study on certain dynamics of Navier-Stokes and Euler equations via a combination of analysis and numerics. We focus upon two main aspects: (a) zero viscosity limit of the spectra of linear Navier-Stokes operator, (b) heteroclinics conjecture for Euler equation, its numerical verification, Melnikov integral, and simulation and control of chaos. Due to the difficulty of the problem for the full Navier-Stokes and Euler equations, we also propose and study two simpler models of them.
Cyclic algebras over p-adic curves

Abstract In this paper we study division algebras over the function fields of curves over Q p . The first and main tool is to view these fields as function fields over nonsingular S which are projective of relative dimension 1 over the p adic ring Z p . A previous paper showed such division algebras had index bounded by n 2 assuming the exponent was n and n was prime to p. In this paper we consider algebras of prime degree (and hence exponent) q ≠ p and show these algebras are cyclic. We also find a geometric criterion for a Brauer class to have index q.
Diffusion-Limited Binary Reactions: A Hierarchy of Non-Classical Regimes

We discuss the various regimes of kinetic behavior of the densities of reactants for the A + B → 0 reaction from initial to asymptotic times. Scaling arguments and Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate an unexpectedly rich hierarchy of cross-overs among time exponents in the decay law ρ ~ t−α. For instance, in one dimension possible time domains include classical (α = 1), A + A-type (α = 1/2), Zeldovich (α = 1/4), asymptotic correlated (α = 3/4) and finally nonalgebraic (exponential) finite size regimes. Simulation and theory are consistent with respect to both exponents and cross-over times for one and two dimensions.
Further insight to selectivity issues in halide binding in a tiny octaazacryptand

The crystal structure of the hexahydrochloride salt of the tiny azacryptand, 1,4,7,10,13,16,21,24-octaazabicyclo[8.8.8]hexacosane, reveals a chloride ion inside the tiny bicyclic cavity; 1H NMR studies indicate that while only fluoride binds strongly in the pH range 5.5–2.5, a dramatic increase in the affinity for chloride occurs at pH ≲ 2.5.
A better world

A number of moral philosophers have endorsed instances of the following curious argument: it would be better if a certain moral theory were true; therefore, we have reason to believe that the theory is true. In other words, the mere truth of the theory—quite apart from the results of our believing it or acting in accord with it—would make for a better world than the truth of its rivals, and this fact provides evidence of the theory’s truth. This form of argument may seem to be an obvious non-starter. After all, the fact that the truth of some empirical claim, say, the claim that there is an afterlife, would be desirable does not, by itself, give us any reason to believe it. But I argue that, when it is properly understood, this form of argument—which I call the better world argument—is valid in moral philosophy. I develop and defend a version of the argument that rests on the view that the correct moral theory cannot exhibit a certain form of self-defeat—a form that, as far as I know, has not been discussed in the literature. I also identify two promising applications of this form of argument. The first is a defense of permissions to promote one’s own private aims, rather than promote the greater good, and the second, an argument against the possibility of moral dilemmas.
ANGULAR DISTRIBUTION OF FRAGMENTS FROM FISSION INDUCED BY HEAVY IONS IN GOLD AND BISMUTH

We present the results of measurements of the angular distribution of fission fragments produced by irradiation of ${\mathrm{Au}}^{197}$ and ${\mathrm{Bi}}^{209}$ with various heavy ions. The projectiles, ${\mathrm{B}}^{11}$, ${\mathrm{C}}^{12}$, ${\mathrm{N}}^{14}$, and ${\mathrm{O}}^{16}$, had energies from a few MeV above the Coulomb barrier to 10.4 MeV per nucleon. The gross features of these results can be explained by use of a model and parameters that have been used by others to account for angular distributions of fission fragments from helium-ion bombardments. In detail, however, these results appear to indicate that the models used to predict the average value of the angular momentum of the compound nucleus give values too low near the Coulomb barrier. Furthermore, at high bombarding energies it is necessary to consider the fact that appreciable direct interaction is taking place.
Two-wave mixing in nonlinear media

The physics of the photorefractive effect is briefly discussed. A coupled-mode theory is then developed to analyze the coupling of two coherent electromagnetic waves inside a photorefractive medium. Both codirectional and contradirectional coupling are considered. The coupled-mode theory is then extended to consider the case of nondegenerate two-wave mixing. A discussion of the fundamental limit of the speed of photorefractive effect is then introduced. The coupling of two polarized beams inside photorefractive cubic crystals is considered. The formulation is focused on the cross-polarization two-beam coupling in semiconductors such as GaAs. The coupling of two electromagnetic waves inside a Kerr medium and the electrostrictive Kerr effect are discussed. A new concept of nonlinear Bragg scattering is introduced. The similarity among various kinds of two-wave mixing, including stimulated Brillouin scattering and stimulated Raman scattering are pointed out. Several applications of two-wave mixing are discussed. These include photorefractive resonators, optical nonreciprocity, resonator model of self-pumped phase conjugators, real-time holography, and nonlinear optical information processing. >
Dendrimer-Encapsulated Metal Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications to Catalysis

This Account reports the synthesis and characterization of dendrimer-encapsulated metal nanoparticles and their applications to catalysis. These materials are prepared by sequestering metal ions within dendrimers followed by chemical reduction to yield the corresponding zerovalent metal nanoparticle. The size of such particles depends on the number of metal ions initially loaded into the dendrimer. Intradendrimer hydrogenation and carbon−carbon coupling reactions in water, organic solvents, biphasic fluorous/organic solvents, and supercritical CO2 are also described.
A Wong-Zakai-type theorem for certain discontinuous semimartingales

Solutions of stochastic differential equations having differentials of bounded variation processes on the right-hand side can be defined by means of Lebesgue-Stieltjes integrals or by continuous extension of Stieltjes integrals. Both solutions are compared here and formulas that extend the Wong-Zakai theorem are obtained.
Associations between menarche-related genetic variants and pubertal growth in male and female adolescents.

Abstract Purpose Previous studies have identified novel genetic variants associated with age at menarche in females of European descent. The pubertal growth effects of these variants have not been carefully evaluated in non-European descent groups. We aimed to examine the effects of 31 newly identified menarche-related single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on growth outcomes in African-American (AA) and European-American (EA) children in a prospective cohort. Methods We analyzed longitudinal data collected from 263 AAs and 338 EAs enrolled between ages 5 and 17 years; the subjects were followed semiannually for an average of 6 years. The associations between the SNPs and growth-related outcomes, including weight, height, and body mass index (BMI), were examined using mixed-effect models. Results Longitudinal analyses revealed that 4 (near or in genes VGLL3 , PEX2 , CA10 , and SKOR2 ) of the 14 menarche-only–related SNPs were associated with changes in weight and BMI in EA and AA ( p ≤ .0032), but none of them was associated with changes in height. Of the eight menarche-timing and BMI-related SNPs, none was associated with changes in height, but three (in or near genes NEGR1 , ETV5 , and FTO ) were associated with more rapid increases in weight and/or BMI in EA ( p ≤ .0059). Among the nine menarche-timing and height-related SNPs, four (in or near genes ZBTB38 , LOC728666 , TBX2 , and CABLES ) were associated with changes in weight or height in EA and AA ( p ≤ .0042). Conclusions Genetic variants related to age at menarche were found to be associated with various growth parameters in healthy adolescents. The identified associations were often race and sex specific.
Computer design to facilitate linear programming

At the risk of being redundant, this paper will begin by stressing the growing importance of linear programming in business, industry, and government, as it is this importance which is its motivation.
On the theory of macroeconomic policy

Jan Tinbergen originated the theory of policy in the 1950s. Here I apply it to contemporary macroeconomics. The two standard instruments of short-run demand management cannot achieve the two usual targets, full employment and price stability. With respect to those goals, these two instruments are collinear, except for small and transient effects on foreign exchange rates. But the mix of fiscal and monetary policies, relative to one another, does have important effects on the composition of national output, as between investment and consumption. I point out that policy-makers, like portfolio managers, should diversify the instruments they use when they are uncertain of their effects. I discuss some pitfalls in the empirical estimation of policy effects, especially possible misinterpretations of simple correlations, and I note that policy rules cannot be invariant to changes in macroeconomic structure. I argue that policy ‘rules’ should involve responses to new information and in practice allow ‘discretion.’ Finally, I suggest that Tinbergen's theory of policy needs to be extended to policy coordination among nations.
The moduli space of thickenings

This paper studies the homotopy type of the moduli space of compact n-manifold thickenings of a finite complex. The main result computes the homotopy fibers of the stabilization map from n-thickenings to (n+1)-thickenings in a wide range. In particular, we obtain an EHP-type sequence for thickenings extending work of C.T.C. Wall.
Fragmentation and the formation of primordial protostars: the possible role of collision-induced emission

The mechanisms which could lead to chemo-thermal instabilities and fragmentation during the formation of primordial protostars are investigated analytically. We introduce new analytic approximations for H 2 cooling rates bridging the optically thin and thick regimes. These allow us to discuss chemo-thermal instabilities up to densities when protostars become optically thick to continuum radiation (n ≡ ρ/m H ≤ 10 16 -10 17 cm -3 ). During the protostellar collapse, instabilities are active in two different density regimes. In the well-known 'low-density' regime (n ∼ 10 8 -10 10 cm -3 ), instability is due to three-body reactions quickly converting atomic hydrogen into H 2 . In the 'high-density' regime (n ≥ 10 14 cm -3 ), another instability is triggered by the strong increase in the cooling rate due to H 2 collision-induced emission (CIE). In agreement with the three-dimensional simulations, we find that the low-density instabilities cannot lead to fragmentation, both because fluctuations are too small to survive turbulent mixing, and because their growth times are too slow. The situation for the newly found high-density instability is analytically similar. This continuum cooling instability is as weak as low-density instability, with similar ratios of growth and dynamical time-scales, as well as allowing for the necessary fragmentation condition t cool ≤ t dyn . Because the instability growth time-scale is always longer than the free-fall time-scale, it seems unlikely that fragmentation could occur in this high-density regime. Consequently, one expects the first stars to be very massive, not to form binaries nor harbour planets. Nevertheless, full three-dimensional simulations are required to be certain. Such 3D calculations could become possible using simplified approaches to approximate the effects of radiative transfer, which we show to work very well in ID calculations, giving virtually indistinguishable results from calculations employing full line transfer. This indicates that the effects of radiative transfer during the initial stages of formation of primordial protostars are local corrections to cooling rather than influencing the energetics of distant regions of the flow.
Tandem One-Pot Conversion of Aldehydes into Ethyl Esters

Abstract A facile one-pot synthesis of ethyl esters from aldehydes has been developed. This tandem process involves the formation of a nitrile intermediate obtained from the reaction of an aldehyde with hydroxylamine hydrochloride in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) at 100 °C and the subsequent reaction of the nitrile with ethanol and sulfuric acid at 130 °C. The resulting ethyl ester products were produced in good yields (65–90%) and high purity (>95%).
The Internet, Economic Growth and Governance

The Internet developed largely as a ‘spontaneous order’ without central co-ordination. Further development will increase the mobility of capital and labour and make tax collection more difficult. Attempts at self-regulation and government regulation are now under way but meddling is likely to be ‘wealth destructive and counter productive.’
Ultrahigh-Energy Neutrino Interactions

Abstract Cross sections for the interactions of ultrahigh-energy neutrinos with nucleons are evaluated in the light of new information about nucleon structure functions. For 10 2 eV neutrinos, the cross section is about 2.4 times previous estimates. We also review the cross sections for neutrino interactions with atomic electrons. Some consequences for interaction rates in the Earth and for event rates from generic astrophysical sources in large-scale detectors are noted
Assessment of alkali metal coolants for the ITER blanket

Abstract The blanket system is one of the most important components of a fusion reactor becuase it has a major impact on both the economics and safety of fusion energy. The primary functions of the blanket in a deuterium-tritium-fueled fusion reactor are to convert the fusion energy into sensible heat and to breed tritium for the fuel cycle. The Blanket Comparison and Selection Study, conducted earlier, described the overall comparative performance of various blanket concepts, including liquid metal, molten salt, water, and helium. This paper discusses the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor requirements for a self-cooled blanket that uses liquid Li and for indirectly cooled blankets that use other alkali metals such as NaK. The paper addresses the thermodynamics of interactions between the liquid metals (e.g. Li and NaK) and structural materials (e.g. V-base alloys), together with associated corrosion and compatibility issues. Available experimental data are used to assess the long-term performance of the first wall in a liquid metal environment. Other key issues include development of electrically insulating coatings for the first-wall structural material to minimize magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) pressure drop, and tritium permeation and inventory in self-cooled and indirectly cooled blankets. Acceptable types of coating (based on their chemical compatibility and physical properties) are identified, and surface modifications to achieve these coatings on the first wall are discussed. The assessment examines the extent of our knowledge on the performance of structural materials in liquid metals and identifies needed research and development in several areas to establish performance envelopes for the first wall in a liquid metal environment.
Electron localization in Co/Ni superlattices.

The residual resistivity in Co/Ni superlattices is shown to oscillate as a function of superlattice period for fixed Co to Ni thickness ratio. Additional experimental evidence shows that this behavior is enhanced when randomness is artificially introduced in the individual layer thickness. We analyze this in terms of a scattering mechanism associated with the presence of localized electron eigenstates near the Fermi level in the metallic superlattices. A one-dimensional tight-binding calculation shows that localized states appear close to superlattice periods for which the resistivity exhibits maxima. @S0163-1829~96!50632-6# Since the introduction of the superlattice concept, 1 much progress has been made in engineering new types of materials with interesting physical properties. Recent improvements in the quantitative structural analysis of thin films make the identification of intrinsic properties unrelated to structural disorder possible. 2 The successful growth and thorough structural characterization of ferromagnetic/ ferromagnetic Co/Ni was recently reported. 3 Subsequently, an oscillatory dependence of the resistivity ( r) and anisotropic magnetoresistance ~AMR! on the Co or Ni thickness in Co/Ni superlattices was discovered. 4 Possible explanations of these oscillations are zone folding of the superlattice energy band and electron localization. In this paper, we report on further experiments which indicate that electron localization may be responsible for the oscillations. A model calculation of the energy eigenvalues of the localized states, based on a one-dimensional tight-binding model, is consistent with the observed resistivity oscillations. Epitaxial Co/Ni ~fcc/fcc! superlattices were grown by molecular-beam epitaxy ~MBE! along the @111# direction on single crystal @11.0# sapphire substrates. Sample growth, structural characterization, and resistivity measurements were similar to those presented previously. 3,4
Correlated Temporal and Spectral Variability

The variability of neutron star and black hole X‐ray sources has several dimensions, because of the roles played by different important time‐scales. The variations on time scales of hours, weeks, and months, ranging from 50% to orders of magnitude, arise out of changes in the flow in the disk. The most important driving forces for those changes are probably various possible instabilities in the disk, though there may be effects with other dominant causes. The changes in the rate of flow appear to be associated with changes in the flow’s configuration, as the accreting material approaches the compact object, for there are generally correlated changes in both the X‐ray spectra and the character of the faster temporal variability. There has been a lot of progress in tracking these correlations, both for Z and Atoll neutron star low‐mass X‐ray binaries, and for black hole binaries. I will discuss these correlations and review briefly what they tell us about the physical states of the systems.
The study of organisational autonomy: a conceptual review

We argue that contemporary research on the influence of organisational autonomy on performance in public organisations uses a diverse and a too restrictive conceptualisation of autonomy. After discussing that research, the article develops six dimensions of the concept of autonomy in public organisations. Second, weaknesses of contemporary research are shown by confronting their conceptualisations with the developed taxonomy. Third, data from a survey of Flemish public organisations illuminate the need to acknowledge the six different dimensions of autonomy when studying the effect of autonomy on performance. The empirical material points at the dangers of using formal–legal status of a public organisation as an indicator of its autonomy, given substantial heterogeneity of organisations with the same formal–legal status on each dimension of autonomy. Moreover, tensions between different levels of autonomy appear in practice, indicating the need for a combined and integrated study of the effects of the different dimensions of autonomy on performance. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Citizen candidates under uncertainty

In this paper I add uncertainty about the total vote count to a “citizen candidate” model of representative democracy. I show that in a society with a large electorate, where the outcome of the election is uncertain and where winning candidates receive a large reward from holding office, there will be a two-candidate equilibrium and no equilibria with a single candidate.
An efficient method for the synthesis of 4-benzoylthioazetidinones

Abstract The kinetically-controlled S-benzoylation of secondary thioformamides in the presence of triethylamine at low temperature provided S-benzoylthioimidates 6 . Without isolation, these unstable intermediates were utilized in the ketene-imine cycloaddition reaction with phthalimidoacetyl chloride/triethylamine to give 4-benzoylthioazetidinones 7 in yields up to 95%.
A reservoir model for wireline formation testing

This paper presents a 3d analytical model developed to improve the analysis of the transient pressure response of a reservoir to wireline formation testing (WFT). The mathematical model was used to evaluate the validity of current interpretation techniques and to investigate the sensitivity of transient pressure behavior to wellbore parameters.
PROPER MOTION OF WATER MASERS ASSOCIATED WITH IRAS 21391)5802: BIPOLAR OUTFLOW AND AN AU-SCALE DUSTY CIRCUMSTELLAR SHELL

We present Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) observations of water maser emission associated with the star-forming region IRAS 21391+5802, which is embedded in a bright-rimmed cometary globule in IC 1396. The angular resolution of the maps is ~0.8 mas, corresponding to a spatial resolution of ~0.6 AU at an estimated distance of 750 pc. Proper motions are derived for 10 maser features identified consistently over three epochs, which were separated by intervals of about 1 month. The masers appear in four groups, which are aligned linearly on the sky, roughly along a northeast-southwest direction, with a total separation of ~520 AU (~07). The three-dimensional velocities of the masers have a maximum value of ~42 km s-1 (~9 AU yr-1). The average error on the derived proper motions is ~4 km s-1. The overall pattern of proper motions is indicative of a bipolar outflow. Proper motions of the masers in a central cluster, with a projected extent of ~20 AU, show systematic deviations from a radial outflow. However, we find no evidence of Keplerian rotation, as has been claimed elsewhere. A nearly circular loop of masers lies near the middle of the cluster. The radius of this loop is 1 AU, and the line-of-sight velocities of the masers in the loop are within 2 km s-1 of the systemic velocity of the region. These masers presumably exist at the radial distance where significant dust condensation occurs in the outflow emanating from the star.
Magnetic recording materials since 1975

Abstract When information is to be recorded and stored on a re-usable medium, magnetic recording, in one form or another, has been and is today the dominant technology. Magnetic particles or thin films having a coercivity of several hundred oersteds, are easily capable of retaining a magnetic pattern of recorded information (at densities of tens of thousands of bits/inch and track densities of thousands of tracks/inch) for hundreds of years and yet when desired, the pattern can be changed by simply writing the new information over the old. Since the recording process requires only a change in direction of the electron spins, the process is infinitely reversible and the new information may be read immediately with no development process being required. This paper deals with developments of the magnetic (and some important non-magnetic) properties of recording media that have occurred since 1975. It describes their current embodiment in particles of cobalt-modified iron oxides, chromium dioxide, barium ferrite and metals and in thin films of metals, alloys and oxides. The curious and currently unexplained aspects of the behavior of these important materials is noted.
Fixin' to divide.

In this issue of Molecular Cell, Yata et al. (2012) show that the mitotic kinase and cell-cycle regulator Plk1 can directly stimulate the DNA repair process, providing a potential mechanism of crosstalk between DNA repair and cell-cycle signaling.
A highly reactive titanium precatalyst for intramolecular hydroamination reactions.

Tetrakisamido titanium complexes are significantly more active than Cp2TiMe2 (1) in the intramolecular hydroamination of aminoalkynes and aminoallenes. In the latter case, the regioselectivity of the transformation depends on the nature of the precatalyst, yielding the most selective and reactive catalysis with the bis(sulfonamido) complex 11.
Serial cost sharing of excludable public goods: general cost functions

A group of individuals meet to share the cost and determine output allocations of a partial-excludable public good. We demonstrate that, for general cost functions and preferences that satisfy the Spence-Mirlees sorting condition, the serial cost-sharing formula (Moulin, 1994) has remarkable incentive properties. First, a direct economic mechanism that uses the serial formula is coalition strategy-proof, envy-free and satisfies the stand-alone property. Second, the serial mechanism involves partial exclusion, which is important for the reduction of the free-rider problem.
An Experimental Evaluation of Smart Damping Materials for Reducing Structural Noise and Vibrations

An experimental evaluation of the benefits of smart damping materials in reducing structural noise and vibration is presented. The construction of a special test rig for measuring both vibrations and structure-borne noise is discussed. Next, the application of smart damping materials, specifically piezoceramics with electrical shunts, in reducing the vibrations of a test plate is discussed. It is shown that the smart damping materials are able to effectively reduce the vibration peaks at multiple frequencies, with minimal amount of added weight to the structure, as compared to passive viscoelastic damping materials. Further, the test results show that the structure-borne noise at the vibration peaks is substantially reduced with the smart damping materials. The results indicate the viability of smart damping materials for many industrial applications where reducing noise and vibrations is desired, with minimal amounts of added weight.
Cellular reaction to hypoxia: sensing and responding to an adverse environment

Multicellular organisms have developed sophisticated physiologic mechanisms by which they maintain their tissues at the optimal oxygen concentration. This level is important so that the benefits of free oxygen can be realized, while limiting the potential harms. Despite these efforts, there exist physiologic and pathophysiologic conditions where oxygen delivery drops below what is necessary for the tissue. Under these circumstances, the cell then goes through a series of coordinated responses in a time and oxygen concentration-dependent manner. The gene expression changes are designed to maintain cellular and tissue viability, and are comprised of transcriptional as well as post-transcriptional events. As we understand more about the hypoxic response, we realize how it can impact normal development, wound healing, and the malignant progression of a solid tumor.
Electron-transfer reactions involving non-linear spin-boson interactions

Abstract Effects of electron transfer reactions involving non-linear spin-boson interactions are examined. An analytical rate formula is derived as a convoluted integral of the Franck-Condon kernel for each mode of nuclear motion whether it is low or high frequency. For a dominant solvent mode at low frequency, the formula is equivalent to the results of the stochastic Liouville approach. Asymmetry of the Marcus rate plot between the normal and the inverted regions is illustrated. The validity of using the concept of “collapsing” multi-dimensional reaction coordinates into one effective reaction coordinate is discussed. The Duschinsky rotation is included in this generalized spin-boson model.
Chiral perturbation theory analysis of baryon temperature mass shifts

Abstract We compute the finite temperature pole mass shits of the octet and decuplet baryons using heavy baryon chiral pertur-bation theory and the 1 N c expansion, where N c is the number of QCD colors. We consider the temperatures of the order of the pion mass m π , and expand truncate the chiral and 1 N c expansions assuming that m π ∼ 1 N c . There are three scales in the problem: the temperature T , the pion mass m π , and the octet-decuplet mass difference. Therefore, the result is not simply a power series in T . We find that the nucleon and Δ temperature mass shifts are opposite in sign, and that their mass difference changes by 20% in the temperature range 90 MeV T We argue that our results are insensitive to the neglect of 1 N c− suppressed effects; the main purpose of the 1 N c expansion in this work is to justify our treatment of the decuplet states.
Kindergarten Predictors of Third Grade Writing.

Abstract The primary goal of the present study was to examine the relations of kindergarten transcription, oral language, word reading, and attention skills to writing skills in third grade. Children ( N = 157) were assessed on their letter writing automaticity, spelling, oral language, word reading, and attention in kindergarten. Then, they were assessed on writing in third grade using three writing tasks — one narrative and two expository prompts. Children's written compositions were evaluated in terms of writing quality (the extent to which ideas were developed and presented in an organized manner). Structural equation modeling showed that kindergarten oral language and lexical literacy skills (i.e., word reading and spelling) were independently predicted third grade narrative writing quality, and kindergarten literacy skill uniquely predicted third grade expository writing quality. In contrast, attention and letter writing automaticity were not independently related to writing quality in either narrative or expository genre. These results are discussed in light of theoretical and practical implications.
Biotechnology and Plant Breeding

ABSTRACTPlant breeding is an integrative discipline that is defined by the product, i. e., a crop cultivar. Principles of breeding provide the framework, while technologies (including biotechnology) provide the tools for implementation. The successful execution of plant breeding depends on: availability of genetically variable populations, effective selection in such populations, and efficient testing of breeding lines. A measure of the contribution of biotechnology is to consider examples of its present and future impact on each of these steps in the breeding process.
InP-based 100 Gb/s coherent receiver technologies

We review and discuss InP-based monolithic integration technologies and their application to compact 100 Gb/s coherent receivers.