cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SPARC INHIBITS ENDOTHELIAL CELL ADHESION BUT NOT PROLIFERATION THROUGH A TYROSINE PHOSPHORYLATION-DEPENDENT PATHWAY

SPARC, a counteradhesive matricellular protein, inhibits endothelial cell adhesion and proliferation, but the pathways through which these activities are blocked are not known. In this study, we used inhibitors of major signaling proteins to identify mediators through which SPARC exerts its counteradhesive and antiproliferative functions. Pretreatments with the general protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitors, herbimycin A and genistein, protected against the inhibitory effect of SPARC on bovine aortic endothelial (BAE) cell spreading by more than 60%. Similar pretreatments with PTK inhibitors significantly blocked the diminishment of focal adhesions by SPARC in confluent BAE cell monolayers, as determined by the formation of actin stress-fibers and the distribution of vinculin in focal adhesion plaques. Inhibition of endothelial cell cycle progression by SPARC and a calcium-binding SPARC peptide, however, was not affected by PTK inhibitors. Inhibition of DNA synthesis by SPARC was not reversed by inhibitors of the activity of protein kinase C (PKC), or of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), but was sensitive to pertussis (and to a lesser extent, cholera) toxin. The counteradhesive effect of SPARC on endothelial cells is, therefore, mediated through a tyrosine phosphorylation-dependent pathway, whereas its antiproliferative function is dependent, in part, on signal transduction via a G protein-coupled receptor.
SPSA for oil‐parameter estimation and reservoir management

In this paper we implement and test the Simultaneous Perturbation Stochastic Approximation method (SPSA) in order to perform parameter estimation or history matching in reservoir simulation. The SPSA algorithm allows the determination of descent directions with very few forward model evaluations no matter the number of parameters. We test this approach for the estimation of transmissibilities for a single-phase flow problem in very heterogeneous environments. The global properties of SPSA allow the determination of reasonable good inverse solutions which is demonstrated through numerical experiments. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Clinical risk factors for primary graft dysfunction after lung transplantation

Rationale: Primary graft dysfunction (PGD) is the main cause of early morbidity and mortality after lung transplantation. Previous studies have yielded conflicting results for PGD risk factors.Objectives: We sought to identify donor, recipient, and perioperative risk factors for PGD.Methods: We performed a 10-center prospective cohort study enrolled between March 2002 and December 2010 (the Lung Transplant Outcomes Group). The primary outcome was International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation grade 3 PGD at 48 or 72 hours post-transplant. The association of potential risk factors with PGD was analyzed using multivariable conditional logistic regression.Measurements and Main Results: A total of 1,255 patients from 10 centers were enrolled; 211 subjects (16.8%) developed grade 3 PGD. In multivariable models, independent risk factors for PGD were any history of donor smoking (odds ratio [OR], 1.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2–2.6; P = 0.002); FiO2 during allograft reperfusion (OR, 1.1 per 10% ...
Polarized rat uterine epithelium in vitro: constitutive expression of estrogen-induced proteins.

The hormonal responsiveness of immature rat primary uterine epithelial (UE) cells, cultured in a serum-free, phenol red-free defined medium, was examined under conditions which allowed the UE cells to reestablish their polarized phenotype. In the absence of estradiol and phenol red UE cells proliferated to confluence, achieving cell densities equal to those reached by UE cells cultured in the presence of estradiol. The expression of marker proteins, characteristic of the in vivo response of the uterus to estrogen, i.e. the adhesion molecule cell CAM 105, complement component C3, the secretory component of the immunoglobulin A receptor, and keratan sulfate proteoglycan, by polarized cultures of UE cells proved to be independent of estrogen in vitro. Polarized UE cells required the presence of estrogen to maintain integrity of their monolayer and did exhibit a dose-dependent response to estradiol in vitro in terms of cell growth (hypertrophy) and the secretion of two proteins not previously described as est...
Near-rational behaviour and financial market fluctuations

This paper departs from the conventional assumption of unbounded rationality in the marketplace and investigates the effects of a suboptimal behavior in financial markets. A rule of thumb adopted by a group of agents is proven to be near-rational, in the sense that the costs borne by those agents are negligible. The paper argues that despite the insignificant consequences of the near-rational behavior from an individual standpoint, it can cause asset prices to significantly deviate from their rational equilibrium levels. Moreover, the impact of near-rational agents is found to be disproportionately large. The presence of near-rationality causes excessive volatility in observed market prices, as it amplifies the effects of an income shock on the financial market. Copyright 1993 by Royal Economic Society.
A paramagnetic species in irradiated (NH4)2HPO4

Abstract An oriented paramagnetic fragment has been detected in single crystals of (NH4)2HPO4 γ-irradiated at 300°K. The E.P.R. spectra of the species are characteristic of a π-electron radical centred on a nitrogen atom. The fragment is of the form H  its orientation in the lattice probably being determined by very weak hydrogen bonds to a phosphate ion.
Experiences in building a next-generation sequencing analysis service using galaxy, globus online and Amazon web service

We describe Globus Genomics, a system that we have developed for rapid analysis of large quantities of next-generation sequencing (NGS) genomic data. This system is notable for its high degree of end-to-end automation, which encompasses every stage of the data analysis pipeline from initial data access (from remote sequencing center or database, by the Globus Online file transfer system) to on-demand resource acquisition (on Amazon EC2, via the Globus Provision cloud manager); specification, configuration, and reuse of multi-step processing pipelines (via the Galaxy workflow system); and efficient scheduling of these pipelines over many processors (via the Condor scheduler). The system allows biomedical researchers to perform rapid analysis of large NGS datasets using just a web browser in a fully automated manner, without software installation.
Real-time pose estimation of deformable objects using a volumetric approach

Pose estimation of deformable objects is a funda- mental and challenging problem in robotics. We present a novel solution to this problem by first reconstructing a 3D model of the object from a low-cost depth sensor such as Kinect, and then searching a database of simulated models in different poses to predict the pose. Given noisy depth images from 360- degree views of the target object acquired from the Kinect sensor, we reconstruct a smooth 3D model of the object using depth image segmentation and volumetric fusion. Then with an efficient feature extraction and matching scheme, we search the database, which contains a large number of deformable objects in different poses, to obtain the most similar model, whose pose is then adopted as the prediction. Extensive experiments demonstrate better accuracy and orders of magnitude speed- up compared to our previous work. An additional benefit of our method is that it produces a high-quality mesh model and camera pose, which is necessary for other tasks such as regrasping and object manipulation. I. INTRODUCTION In robotics and computer vision, recognition and ma- nipulation of deformable objects such as garments, are well-known challenging tasks. Recently, mature solutions to manipulating rigid objects have emerged and been applied in industry (3). However, in the fabric and food industry, which involve a large number of deformable objects, there is still a large gap between the high demand for automatic operations, and the lack of reliable solutions. Compared with rigid objects, deformable objects are much harder to recognize and manipulate, especially because of the large variance of appearance in materials and the way they deform. This variance subsequently makes it difficult to establish a robust recognition pipeline to predict the pose of the deformable objects based on traditional visual sensors, such as regular cameras. However, newly emerged low-cost depth sensors such as Microsoft Kinect can provide accurate depth measurements. With this depth information, a robotic system is able to resolve the ambiguity of visual appearance better, and thus provide higher performance on recognition tasks. Our interests are in detecting the pose of deformable objects such as garments as a part of a larger pipeline for manipulating these objects. Once the robot has identified the pose of the objects, it can then proceed to manipulate those objects, for tasks such as regarsping and garment folding. y indicates equal contribution
Aristeromycin-5‘-carboxaldehyde: A Potent Inhibitor of S-Adenosyl- l-homocysteine Hydrolase

In an earlier study, Liu et al. (Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1992, 2, 1741-1744) showed that both the E and Z isomers of 4',5'-didehydro-5'-fluoroaristeromycin were very potent irreversible inhibitors of S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy) hydrolase. However, it was unclear from a mechanistic standpoint whether these vinyl fluorides were themselves type-I mechanism-based inhibitors causing reduction of enzyme-bound NAD+ or whether they were prodrug for aristeromycin-5'-carboxaldehyde, which was the ultimate type-I inhibitor. To elucidate this mechanism of enzyme inhibition, (4'S)- and (4'R)-aristeromycin-5'-carboxaldehydes (1a,b) were synthesized in this study and shown to be potent type-I mechanism-based inhibitors of AdoHcy hydrolase with k2/Ki values of 4.4 x 10(6) and 8.2 x 10(4)M-1min-1, respectively. However, Using 19F NMR and HPLC, it was shown that (4'S)-4,5'-dedehydro-5'-fluoraristeromycin in the presence of AdoHcy hydrolase did not release fluoride ion or generate aristeromycin-5'-carboxaldehyde (1a,b). These results suggest that the E and Z isomers of 4',5'-didehydro-5'-fluoroaristeromycin are inactivating AdoHcy hydrolase by directly reducing NAD+ to NADH and not using the hydrolytic activity of the enzyme to generate aristeromycin-5'-carboxaldehyde.
Development of a Transfer Function for a Personal, Thermophoretic Nanoparticle Sampler

Effective assessment of nanoparticle exposures requires accurate characterization of the aerosol. Of increasing concern is personal exposure to engineered nanoparticles that are specifically designed for use in the nanotechnology sector. This manuscript describes the operation and use of a personal sampler that utilizes thermophoretic force to collect nanoparticles onto a standard TEM (transmission electron microscope) grid. After collection, nanoparticles on the TEM grid are analyzed with an electron microscope, and the resultant data used to determine the characteristics of the nanoparticle aerosol sampled. Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the inlet losses and collection efficiency of the thermophoretic sampler for particles between 20 and 600 nm in diameter. These results are used together with theory for thermophoretic velocity to form a transfer function that relates the properties of the collected particles to the properties of the sampled aerosol. The transfer function utilizes a ...
Solutions of Nonlinear Equations Simulating Pair Production and Pair Annihilation

Exact solutions of nonlinear evolution equations are constructed which correspond to a swelling lump which then divides itself into two (or more) solitary waves moving in opposite directions or, conversely, two (or more) solitary waves coming together and annihilating each other with an exponential decay of the amplitude for large times. A particle motion can be associated to the phenomenon.
Ketoconazole reduces low dose cocaine self-administration in rats

Ketoconazole is an oral antimycotic agent approved by the FDA for the treatment of fungal disease which also blocks the synthesis of adrenocorticosteroids and functions as a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist. In these experiments, adult male Wistar rats were allowed alternating 15-min periods of access to food reinforcement and cocaine self-administration (0.125, 0.25 or 0.5 mg:kg per infusion) during daily 2-h sessions. A 1-min timeout separated access to the two reinforcers. Pretreatment with ketoconazole (25 mg:kg, i.p.) significantly decreased plasma corticosterone and reduced low dose (i.e. 0.125‐0.25 mg:kg per infusion) cocaine self-administration without affecting food-reinforced responding. In fact, pretreatment with ketoconazole resulted in rates and patterns of self-administration at these doses that were indistinguishable from those observed during cocaine extinction. However, cocaine self-administration at the highest dose tested in these experiments (i.e. 0.5 mg:kg per infusion) was not significantly affected by ketoconazole. These data suggest the potential utility of ketoconazole or related drugs as adjuncts in the treatment of cocaine abuse and further underscore the role for corticosterone in cocaine reinforcement. © 1998 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Two proteins that form a complex are required for 7-methylguanosine modification of yeast tRNA

7-methylguanosine (m7G) modification of tRNA occurs widely in eukaryotes and bacteria, is nearly always found at position 46, and is one of the few modifications that confers a positive charge to the base. Screening of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae genomic library of purified GST-ORF fusion proteins reveals two previously uncharacterized proteins that copurify with m7G methyltransferase activity on pre-tRNA(Phe). ORF YDL201w encodes Trm8, a protein that is highly conserved in prokaryotes and eukaryotes and that contains an S-adenosylmethionine binding domain. ORF YDR165w encodes Trm82, a less highly conserved protein containing putative WD40 repeats, which are often implicated in macromolecular interactions. Neither protein has significant sequence similarity to yeast Abd1, which catalyzes m7G modification of the 5' cap of mRNA, other than the methyltransferase motif shared by Trm8 and Abd1. Several lines of evidence indicate that both Trm8 and Trm82 proteins are required for tRNA m7G-methyltransferase activity: Extracts derived from strains lacking either gene have undetectable m7G methyltransferase activity, RNA from strains lacking either gene have much reduced m7G, and coexpression of both proteins is required to overproduce activity. Aniline cleavage mapping shows that Trm8/Trm82 proteins modify pre-tRNAPhe at G46, the site that is modified in vivo. Trm8 and Trm82 proteins form a complex, as affinity purification of Trm8 protein causes copurification of Trm82 protein in approximate equimolar yield. This functional two-protein family appears to be retained in eukaryotes, as expression of both corresponding human proteins, METTL1 and WDR4, is required for m7G-methyltransferase activity.
Using emergent modularity to develop control systems for mobile robots

A new way of building control systems, known as behavior-based robotics, has recently been proposed to overcome the difficulties of the traditional artificial intelligence approach to robotics. This new approach is based on the idea of providing the robot with a range of simple behaviors and letting the environment determine which behavior should have control at any given time. We will present a set of experiments in which neural networks with different architectures have been trained to control a mobile robot designed to keep an arena clear by picking up trash objects and releasing them outside the arena. Controller weights are selected using a form of genetic algorithm and do not change during the lifetime (i.e., no learning occurs). We will compare, in simulation and on a real robot, five different network architectures and will show that a network that allows for fine-grained modularity achieves significantly better performance. By comparing the functionality of each network module and its interaction...
A Physical Model for the Creation of the Lithosphere

Summary The physical model for the creation of the lithospheric plates described by Parker & Oldenburg is considered in detail and the method by which a solution was obtained is given in full. The effects of reducing the percentage of partial melt, adding radioactive material and allowing temperature gradients in the asthenosphere are considered. The model is sufficiently flexible to allow for the creation of a variety of lithospheric plates which predict elevations (except near the ridge crest), heat flow, and gravity in acceptable agreement with observations. The important prediction by the physical model that the lithosphere continually thickens with the square root of distance from the ridge has been verified in the laboratory by using the wax model of Oldenburg & Brune.
Determination of mass transfer coefficients for packing materials used in biofilters and biotrickling filters for air pollution control. 1. Experimental results

Abstract Gas film mass transfer coefficients ( k G a t , k G a w ) and liquid film mass transfer coefficients ( k L a w ) for packing materials used in biofilters and biotrickling filters for air pollution control were determined experimentally. Lava rock, polyurethane foam cube (PUF), Pall ring, porous ceramic beads, porous ceramic Raschig rings and compost–woodchips mixtures were investigated. The experiments were performed at gas velocities ranging from 100 to 8000 m h - 1 and liquid velocities of 0.1 – 12 m h - 1 , i.e., a wide range that covers most biofilters and biotrickling filters. k G a t in biofilter packings ranged from about 500 to 2500 h - 1 , while k G a w and k L a w in biotrickling filters ranged from 100 to 8000 h - 1 , and 1 to 300 h - 1 , respectively, depending on the packings and the conditions. This is markedly lower than mass transfer coefficients usually observed for conventional wet scrubbing. The gas film mass transfer coefficient ( k G a t ) of 50:50% vol compost–woodchips mixture, a common biofilter packing, was greater than this of a 20% vol compost and 80% woodchips mixture, though the mass transfer was not increased by increasing further the volume fraction of compost. All compost mixtures exhibited a greater gas film mass transfer coefficient than lava rock or other synthetic materials. The mass transfer coefficients of compost mixtures was also influenced by packing method and it was directly proportional to the surface area of the bulking agents added. The gas film mass transfer coefficient ( k G a w ) of five biotrickling filter packing materials increased linearly with gas velocity. The effect of liquid on the gas film mass transfer coefficient was not significant. Of all the biotrickling filter packings, the porous ceramic beads had the highest gas and liquid film mass transfer coefficients followed by lava rock, porous ceramic rings, 1 in Pall ring and PUF cubes. The liquid film mass transfer coefficient ( k L a w ) was directly proportional to liquid velocity and the effect of gas velocity was negligible. Several correlations allowing prediction of mass transfer coefficients are presented in Part 2 of this paper.
Extensor mechanism allograft reconstruction after total knee arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: Disruption of the extensor mechanism is an uncommon but catastrophic complication of total knee arthroplasty. We evaluated two techniques of reconstructing a disrupted extensor mechanism with the use of an extensor mechanism allograft in revision total knee arthroplasty. METHODS: Twenty consecutive reconstructions with the use of an extensor mechanism allograft consisting of the tibial tubercle, patellar tendon, patella, and quadriceps tendon were performed. The first seven reconstructions (Group I) were done with the allograft minimally tensioned. The thirteen subsequent procedures (Group II) were performed with the allograft tightly tensioned in full extension. All surviving allografts were evaluated clinically and radiographically after a minimum duration of follow-up of twenty-four months. RESULTS: All of the reconstructions in Group I were clinical failures, with an average postoperative extensor lag of 59° (range, 40° to 80°) and an average postoperative Hospital for Special Surgery knee score of 52 points. All thirteen reconstructions in Group II were clinical successes, with an average postoperative extensor lag of 4.3° (range, 0° to 15°) (p < 0.0001) and an average Hospital for Special Surgery score of 88 points. Postoperative flexion did not differ significantly between Group I (average, 108°) and Group II (average, 104°) (p = 0.549). CONCLUSIONS: The results of reconstruction with an extensor mechanism allograft after total knee arthroplasty depend on the initial tensioning of the allograft. Loosely tensioned allografts result in a persistent extension lag and clinical failure. Allografts that are tightly tensioned in full extension can restore active knee extension and result in clinical success. On the basis of the number of knees that we studied, there was no significant loss of flexion. Use of an extensor mechanism graft for the treatment of a failure of the extensor mechanism will be successful only if the graft is initially tensioned tightly in full extension.
INTRINSIC PIEZOELECTRIC RESPONSE IN PEROVSKITE ALLOYS : PMN-PT VERSUS PZT

First-principles supercell calculations and the modern theory of polarization are used to compute the ${e}_{33}$ piezoelectric coefficients of $\mathrm{Pb}({\mathrm{Zr}}_{0.5}{\mathrm{Ti}}_{0.5}{\mathrm{O}}_{3})$ (PZT) and $0.60\mathrm{Pb}({\mathrm{Mg}}_{1/3}{\mathrm{Nb}}_{2/3}){\mathrm{O}}_{3}+0.40{\mathrm{PbTiO}}_{3}$ (PMN-PT) alloys. A drastic enhancement by a factor of 2.7 is found for ${e}_{33}$ when going from PZT to PMN-PT. The huge value of ${e}_{33}$ in PMN-PT comes from the large response of the internal coordinates of Pb, Ti, Nb, and O atoms to a macroscopic strain. On the other hand, the Mg atoms contribute little to the piezoelectricity for dielectric and elastic reasons.
Beyond platinum: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro toxicity of Cu(II)-releasing polymer nanoparticles for potential use as a drug delivery vector

The field of drug delivery focuses primarily on delivering small organic molecules or DNA/RNA as therapeutics and has largely ignored the potential for delivering catalytically active transition metal ions and complexes. The delivery of a variety of transition metals has potential for inducing apoptosis in targeted cells. The chief aims of this work were the development of a suitable delivery vector for a prototypical transition metal, Cu2+, and demonstration of the ability to impact cancer cell viability via exposure to such a Cu-loaded vector. Carboxylate-functionalized nanoparticles were synthesized by free radical polymerization and were subsequently loaded with Cu2+ via binding to particle-bound carboxylate functional groups. Cu loading and release were characterized via ICP MS, EDX, XPS, and elemental analysis. Results demonstrated that Cu could be loaded in high weight percent (up to 16 wt.%) and that Cu was released from the particles in a pH-dependent manner. Metal release was a function of both pH and the presence of competing ligands. The toxicity of the particles was measured in HeLa cells where reductions in cell viability greater than 95% were observed at high Cu loading. The combined pH sensitivity and significant toxicity make this copper delivery vector an excellent candidate for the targeted killing of disease cells when combined with an effective cellular targeting strategy.
Effects of aluminum, calcium and low pH on egg hatching and nymphal survival of Cloeon triangulifer McDunnough (Ephemeroptera : Baetidae)

Laboratory experiments were conducted to assess the effects of aluminum, calcium and low pH on egg hatching and nymphal survival of the mayfly Cloeon triangulifer. Percent successful hatch (living nymphs breaking free of the chorion) decreased and percent partial hatch (nymphs dying attached to the chorion) increased with increasing acidity (pH 7.5–3.0). Most hatches occurring below pH 5.0 were partial hatches. Decreased time of exposure to acidic waters increased percent successful hatch and decreased percent partial hatch. Time to first hatch was not affected by pH. Eggs were incubated in acidic waters (pH 4.0 and 5.5) with additions of calcium (10 and 100 mg l−1) and aluminum (100 and 500 μg l−1). Aluminum decreased percent successful hatch and increased percent partial hatch and calcium increased both percent successful hatch and percent partial hatch. Time to first hatch was increased by both aluminum and calcium. The 96 h LC50 for small nymphs was pH 4.75. Addition of aluminum (100 and 500 µg l−1) to acidic waters (pH 4.0 and 5.0) reduced nymphal mortality by 8–22%. Toxic effects of low pH on egg hatching and early nymphs may contribute to the absence of mayflies from acidified habitats.
A new and improved physics-based model for MOS transistors

An improved MOS device model is derived based upon a first-order model for the dependency of MOS surface mobility on surface field and lateral drain field. A comparison with experimental data shows that a consistent set of physical parameters can be used to describe both long-channel nMOS devices and short-channel devices. The model can form the basis for improved compact MOS models for circuit analysis.
Critical Discourse and the Cultural Consecration of American Films

This research examines the effects of contemporaneous critical, professional, and popular recognition, as well as the effects of the extent of subsequent critical discourse about films and their directors, on the retrospective cultural consecration of American films. Specifically, it examines a sample of 1,277 films released from 1929 to 1991 that received three or more major Academy Award nominations or were selected among the ten best films of the year by either the New York Times or the National Board of Review or were among the top ten films in terms of box-office revenues in a given year. The analysis focuses on the characteristics of those films that were retrospectively consecrated either by inclusion among the 100 greatest films by the American Film Institute or by inclusion in the National Film Registry. Contemporaneous professional and recognition of the director of a film is especially important in determining the likelihood of retrospective consecration. In addition, the extent of critical discourse both about a film and about its director is important in determining the likelihood of retrospective consecration. Overall, the findings confirm that the retrospective consecration of films is affected by the discourse produced by film critics and scholars who function, in effect, as reputational entrepreneurs. However, this discourse is influenced by the availability of certain cultural schemas. Specifically, the ascendancy of "auteur theory" as a discourse of value within film studies serves to privilege the director as the primary creative agent in film production. It also serves to privilege certain directors over others.
Geiger-Mode APD Single Photon Detectors

We present experimental and modeling results for InP-based avalanche photodiodes designed for single photon counting in the wavelength range of 0.95-1.65 μm. We describe performance trade-offs and underlying mechanisms governing key device characteristics.
Association of learning styles with research self-efficacy: study of short-term research training program for medical students.

Author(s): Dumbauld, Jill; Black, Michelle; Depp, Colin A; Daly, Rebecca; Curran, Maureen A; Winegarden, Babbi; Jeste, Dilip V | Abstract: PurposeWith a growing need for developing future physician scientists, identifying characteristics of medical students who are likely to benefit from research training programs is important. This study assessed if specific learning styles of medical students, participating in federally funded short-term research training programs, were associated with research self-efficacy, a potential predictor of research career success.MethodSeventy-five first-year medical students from 28 medical schools, selected to participate in two competitive NIH-supported summer programs for research training in aging, completed rating scales to evaluate learning styles at baseline, and research self-efficacy before and after training. We examined associations of individual learning styles (visual-verbal, sequential-global, sensing-intuitive, and active-reflective) with students' gender, ranking of medical school, and research self-efficacy.ResultsResearch self-efficacy improved significantly following the training programs. Students with a verbal learning style reported significantly greater research self-efficacy at baseline, while visual, sequential, and intuitive learners demonstrated significantly greater increases in research self-efficacy from baseline to posttraining. No significant relationships were found between learning styles and students' gender or ranking of their medical school.ConclusionsAssessments of learning styles may provide useful information to guide future training endeavors aimed at developing the next generation of physician-scientists.
CFD Validation Experiment of a Mach 2.5 Axisymmetric Shock-Wave Boundary-Layer Interaction

Experimental investigations of specific flow phenomena, e.g., Shock Wave Boundary-Layer Interactions (SWBLI), provide great insight to the flow behavior but often lack the necessary details to be useful as CFD validation experiments. Reasons include: 1.Undefined boundary conditions Inconsistent results 2.Undocumented 3D effects (CL only measurements) 3.Lack of uncertainty analysis While there are a number of good subsonic experimental investigations that are sufficiently documented to be considered test cases for CFD and turbulence model validation, the number of supersonic and hypersonic cases is much less. This was highlighted by Settles and Dodsons [1] comprehensive review of available supersonic and hypersonic experimental studies. In all, several hundred studies were considered for their database.Of these, over a hundred were subjected to rigorous acceptance criteria. Based on their criteria, only 19 (12 supersonic, 7 hypersonic) were considered of sufficient quality to be used for validation purposes. Aeschliman and Oberkampf [2] recognized the need to develop a specific methodology for experimental studies intended specifically for validation purposes.
Architectural Enhancement and System Software Support for Program Code Integrity Monitoring in Application-Specific Instruction-Set Processors

Program code in a computer system can be altered either by malicious security attacks or by various faults in microprocessors. At the instruction level, all code modifications are manifested as bit flips. In this paper, we present a generalized methodology for monitoring code integrity at run-time in application-specific instruction-set processors. We embed monitoring microoperations in machine instructions, so the processor is augmented with a hardware monitor automatically. The monitor observes the processor's execution trace at run-time, checks whether it aligns with the expected program behavior, and signals any mismatches. Since the monitor works at a level below the instructions, the monitoring mechanism cannot be bypassed by software or compromised by malicious users. We discuss the ability and limitation of such monitoring mechanism for detecting both soft errors and code injection attacks. We propose two different schemes for managing the monitor, the operating system (OS) managed and application controlled, and design the constituent components within the monitoring architecture. Experimental results show that with an effective hash function implementation, our microarchitectural support can detect program code integrity compromises at a high probability with small area overhead and little performance degradation.
II. POINTS OF VIEW ABOUT UFOS: A MULTIDIMENSIONAL SCALING STUDY

This study has isolated and identified five stereotypical points of view based on patterns of perceived similarities within a sample of 14 UFO reports. Using an improved individual differences approach to multidimensional scaling, numerical parameters and verbal caricatures have been developed for a four-dimensional “Prejudiced” viewpoint, a four or five-dimensional “Party Line” viewpoint, a six-dimensional “Skeptical” viewpoint, a six-dimensional “Believer” viewpoint, and a nine-dimensional “Contactee” viewpoint. The apparent assumptions and concerns of each viewpoint are delineated. The corresponding profiles of expressed UFO-related attitudes have been examined.
Atopic dermatitis and ichthyosis.

1. Roselyn E. Epps, MD* 1. *Chief, Division of Dermatology, Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC. After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Identify the characteristic features of atopic dermatitis and the factors that worsen it. 2. Understand that children who have atopic dermatitis are prone to recurrent infections, particularly with Staphylococcus aureus and herpes simplex virus. 3. Know the signs of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. 4. Plan the appropriate treatment of atopic dermatitis (emollients, corticosteroids, antibiotics, and allergen elimination when appropriate). 5. Recognize ichthyosis vulgaris and know that ichthyosis commonly occurs in children who have atopic dermatitis. 6. List the effective therapies in the management of ichthyosis vulgaris. 7. Distinguish between tinea pedis and atopic dermatitis. 8. Discuss the relationship of atopic dermatitis and food allergies and how to evaluate a patient who has both. 9. Explain why children who have one component of atopy syndrome (allergic rhinitis, asthma, atopic dermatitis) have a threefold greater risk of developing a second component. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, relapsing dermatosis that features dry skin (xerosis), pruritus, and a personal or family history of eczema, allergic rhinitis or allergies, or asthma. Children who have one component of the atopic triad (AD, asthma, allergic rhinitis) are three times as likely to develop a second component. There is no sex predilection, and the onset frequently is in infancy. Although many affected children outgrow the condition by age 5 years, AD may persist into adolescence and adulthood. A smaller percentage of patients experience the onset of AD as older children or in adulthood. The incidence and prevalence of AD have increased in the United States and worldwide, particularly in developed nations. Fewer than 10% of children were affected in the 1970s, but recent epidemiologic studies estimate that 15% to 20% …
Prickle1b mediates interpretation of migratory cues during zebrafish facial branchiomotor neuron migration.

The facial branchiomotor neurons undergo a characteristic tangential migration in the vertebrate hindbrain. Several signaling mechanisms have been implicated in this process, including the non-canonical Wnt/planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway. However, the role of this signaling pathway in controlling the dynamics of these neurons is unclear. Here, we describe the cellular dynamics of the facial neurons as they migrate, focusing on the speed and direction of migration, extension of protrusions, cell shape, and orientation. Furthermore, we show that the PET/LIM domain protein Prickle1b (Pk1b) is required for several aspects of these migratory behaviors, including cell orientation. However, we find that centrosome localization is not significantly affected by disruption of Pk1b function, suggesting that polarization of the neurons is not completely lost. Together, our data suggest that Pk1b function may be required to integrate the multiple migratory cues received by the neurons into polarization instructions for proper posterior movement. Developmental Dynamics 239:1596–1608, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Aeroacoustic research in the automotive industry

As engine noise is reduced, either through better design or increased sound insulation, the noise generated by airflow over the car body becomes increasingly important. Since customer satisfaction is linked to how quiet the passenger compartment is, it is vital for the automotive industry to reduce or eliminate as many noise sources as possible. To accomplish this one must first understand how these sounds are generated. On May 26, 1995 Gary S. Strumolo from Ford Motor Company introduced the concepts and terminology of acoustics and illustrated some of the areas of aeroacoustic research currently being investigated in the automotive industry. He then focused on one source noise: the radio antenna. Simple analytical models were presented and compared to experimental data. Needed improvements and enhancements to the model were suggested for future research work.
A Comparative Study of US and Japanese Bank Directors' Duty of Disclosure

As a publicly-held company, a bank is required to make timely and appropriate disclosures of corporate information to the public, including investors. In this article, the author studies what a Japanese bank is required to disclose in regard to its important management information including bad debts in terms of its timing and contents under the Japanese Commercial Law, Securities Exchange Law, Banking Law, and Financial Revitalization Law. After explaining comparable obligations under United States law, the author suggests changes to the Japanese policies.
Aptamer-Modified Graphene-Based Catalytic Micromotors: Off–On Fluorescent Detection of Ricin

An aptamer-based catalytic micromotor sensing strategy for “Off-On” real-time fluorescent detection of the ricin B toxin is described. This approach relies on self-propelled reduced graphene-oxide (rGO)/platinum (Pt) micromotors, modified with a specific ricin B aptamer tagged with a fluorescein-amidine (FAM) dye, whose fluorescence is quenched due to π–π interactions with the rGO surface. The continuous movement of the motor in the sample accelerates the specific binding of the ricin B toxin to the aptamer–dye conjugate and leads to real-time fluorescent “On” detection. Coupling the “Off-On” fluorescent switching properties of the aptamer modified-rGO/Pt micromotors with their inherent mixing capabilities thus leads to high speed, simplicity, and sensitivity advantages, thus addressing the limitations of current ricin detection strategies. The new micromotor strategy represents an attractive route for detecting biological threats in a variety of biodefense applications.
Correlations between conductivity, electroluminescence and flash sintering

Abstract Flash experiments with single phase SrTiO3, and two-phase composites of SrTiO3 containing 2.5–20 vol% of KNbO3, reveal remarkably different outcomes. While all compositions show the classical signature of the flash, that is, a sudden increase in conductivity, and electroluminescence, only the pure SrTiO3 specimen sinters fully. The composites show only some densification. The results are interpreted in terms of the nature of the interphase grain boundaries, which are expected to be “metallic”. They further lead to an understanding of whether flash sintering originates primarily at grain boundaries or within the grain matrix.
Presentism and the non-present

In this paper I argue that presentism has a problem accounting forthe truth of statements whose truth conditions seem to require therebe relations that hold between present and non-present objects. Imotivate the problem and then examine several strategies for dealingwith the problem. I argue that no solution is forthcoming, and thispresents a prima facie problem for presentism.
2014 Annual ICHRIE Summer Conference, San Diego, CA, 30 July–1 August 2014

The 2014 Annual ICHRIE Summer Conference, hosted by San Diego State University, was held from 30 July to 1 August 2014 at the Sheraton San Diego Hotel & Marina in San Diego, California. Over 600 Ho...
Modified Flux-Difference Splitting for Simulating Low Mach Number Flows, Including Combustion, on Unstructured Grids

The simulation of low Mach number (Ma) flows, including those with combustion, using a simple implementation of Roe's flux-difference splitting on unstructured grids is described. Roe's scheme is modified to reduce numerical diffusion at low Ma. Time integration of the primitive variables is performed by implicit time-marching with an artificial compressibility which is approximately equal to the true compressibility. The implicit equations are solved using symmetric Gauss-Seidel iteration, which is convergent with large CFL numbers (scaling with Ma" ) because of the strong diagonal dominance provided by Roe's scheme. The procedure is used to simulate a variety of flow types and speeds, including combustion in a complex gas turbine combustor, to demonstrate its potential.
A case report of defective endogenous vitamin D: a new clinical entity.

OBJECTIVE To report a case of defective endogenous vitamin D with excellent response to low dose calcitriol replacement therapy. METHODS We describe the patient's clinical presentation, biochemical workup, and clinical course. RESULTS The patient initially presented with severe symptomatic hypocalcemia and was diagnosed with pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1b at an outside hospital and started on calcitriol 2.25 mcg twice daily with good response but calcitriol was stopped later for cost concerns which led to recurrence of symptoms, worsening hypocalcemia and increased parathormone levels. On review of her case it was noted that her 1,25 dihydroxy: vitamin D level was within normal limits even before she started taking calcitriol, which is not consistent with pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1b. Restarting low dose calcitriol (0.25 mcg twice daily) improved the patient's calcium level to 10.1 mg/dl and decreased the parathormone level to 17 pg/ml and symptoms resolved. Conditions associated with low serum calcium and high parathormone include pseudohypoparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D resistance. This patient does not fit into any of the known entities causing hypocalcemia and elevated parathormone. CONCLUSIONS We hypothesize that this patient had an inadequate number of vitamin D receptors that was corrected by exogenous administration of vitamin D.
Skin lesions: when to suspect systemic causes

Systemic diseases that can produce skin lesions cover a spectrum that includes autoimmune, neoplastic, and infectious disease.
Reproductive Condition of Bollworm Moths Caught in Blacklight Traps in Corn, Sorghum, and Cotton

The number of matings of female Heliothis zea (Boddie) caught by BL traps in corn, sorghum, and cotton fields appeared to be an index of moth age. Most female bollworms caught in corn and sorghum in June during the stage of host development most attractive for oviposition were mated 1–4 times. Females caught in mature corn and sorghum in July and in fruiting cotton in July and Aug. were generally fat young moths that were either unmated or had mated only once. The studies indicated that the BL traps could be used to detect a bollworm ovipositional phase characterized by the accumulation of mated moths in attractive corn and sorghum and a dispersal phase in July and Aug. when adults emerging in mature corn and sorghum were dispersing to cotton, the only major suitable host available during the later period.
Use of Barn Owl ( Tyto alba ) pellets as a potential method to study a rare rodent population in northeastern New Mexico

Abstract. In June 2008, I discovered a single jumping mouse (Zapus) cranium in a Barn Owl (Tyto alba) pellet from below an active nest along Cerrososo Creek, Colfax County, northeastern New Mexico. Although the cranium could not be identified to species, this specimen could potentially represent a previously unknown population of the endangered New Mexico meadow jumping mouse (Z. hudsonius luteus). In 2009 and 2010, I collected pellets at 8 Barn Owl nesting or roosting sites along streams in my study area with the following objectives: (1) determine whether Barn Owl pellets could be used to gain information about the abundance and distribution of this Zapus population, (2) use pellets to acquire additional Zapus specimens to aid in positive identification of the jumping mouse species present, and (3) potentially document a previously unknown population of the endangered New Mexico meadow jumping mouse. Focusing only on pellets produced during the Zapus active (nonhibernation) summer period, I dissected 29...
Analysis of indeterminate results of HIV antibodies from 2008 to 2012 in Liaoyang

Objective To analyze the characteristics of the indeterminate results of HIV antibody,the causes of it,and the possibility of predicting HIV infections with it. Methods 18 cases with the indeterminate results of HIV antibody and types and 10 cases with completed random inspection results,which were collected from from the AIDS confirmation laboratories in Liaoyang from 2011 to 2014,were conducted for retrospective analysis and evaluation. Results 18 cases of HIV antibody indeterminate results obtained a total of 10 belt types,in which p24 type accounted for 27. 8%,the highest proportion; and followed by p24,gp160 and p17,p24,P31,p66 and gp160 types,respectively accounting for 22. 2% and 11. 1%. To classify according to the HIV's 3 major structural antigens( env,gag and pol),env,gag and pol were respectively 55. 6%,33. 3% and 11. 1%. 10 patients completed the random inspection,of which the final results of 6 cases were positive,accounting for 60. 0%; 6 cases of seroconversion env class bands accounted for 100. 0%,10 cases of random inspection personnel env class bands accounted for60. 0%,3 cases of gag bar band and 1 case of pol bar with indeterminate in whom the random inspection was not proved positive. Conclusion Among the HIV antibody indeterminate samples,gag proteins and pol protein indeterminate reaction basically are specific reaction. Env indeterminate results can predict the likelihood of HIV infection.
Disturbances of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis functioning during ethanol withdrawal in six men.

OBJECTIVE Excessive exposure to glucocorticoids can have neurotoxic effects. The behavioral, cognitive, and neurochemical changes observed following the cessation of heavy drinking, therefore, may be associated with disturbances of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. To investigate HPA axis disturbances during the ethanol withdrawal syndrome, the authors examined diurnal changes in plasma cortisol in six alcohol-dependent men following the abrupt discontinuation of alcohol intake. METHOD Plasma cortisol concentrations were quantified every 30 minutes for 24 hours in the early stage (1 day after cessation) and the middle to late stage (3 days after cessation) of the ethanol withdrawal syndrome as well as after the resolution of acute symptoms (8 days or more after cessation). RESULTS Plasma cortisol concentrations were almost twice as high during acute withdrawal as they were following recovery. The duration of the cortisol diurnal cycle on the first day of withdrawal was negatively correlated with the severity of withdrawal. CONCLUSIONS There is a marked activation of the HPA axis associated with the ethanol withdrawal syndrome. The authors hypothesize that this activation may account for some of the signs and symptoms of acute and subacute withdrawal. They discuss the potential long-term physiological effects of the episodic increases in cortisol associated with repeated episodes of ethanol withdrawal. The alterations in cortisol rhythmicity during early withdrawal may also have clinical implications.