cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Management of breast cancer during pregnancy

Key content • Delays in childbearing trends are likely to lead to an increase in breast cancer cases diagnosed during pregnancy. • Presentation is usually late because early diagnosis is more difficult. • Surgery is safe throughout pregnancy, whilst radiotherapy and chemotherapy should be administered after completion of the first trimester. • Breast cancer in pregnancy does not carry any significant obstetrical or perinatal risks. • Termination of pregnancy does not affect maternal prognosis. Learning objectives • To understand the role of diagnostic and staging procedures. • To understand the various treatment modalities available. • To understand the obstetric management and timing of delivery. • To highlight the importance of the multidisciplinary team. Ethical issues • At what gestation could termination of pregnancy be warranted? • When should women embark on a further pregnancy after breast cancer treatment? Please cite this article as: Padmagirison R, Gajjar K, Spencer C. Management of breast cancer during pregnancy. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2010;12:186–192.
Molecular forms of antigen in the circulation following immunization

Abstract Soluble antigen, 35 S-BSA, at 5 hr after intravenous injection into rabbits exists in five different molecular forms in the circulation: (1) intact antigen, (2) modified antigen having a different electrophoretic mobility from the intact antigen, (3) intact antigen or an antigen fragment complexed with IgG antibodies, (4) fragmented antigen with a smaller molecular weight than the intact antigen, (5) fragmented antigen associated with RNA or oligoribonucleotides. By molecular weight difference, the antigen fragments-RNA materials were resolved into three different fractions. Heterogeneity, and varying ionic properties for each fraction were shown by electrophoresis. Base analysis of each fraction revealed a qualitative difference in their RNA components. None of the antigen fragment-RNA materials contained the four common bases of RNA. The cathodic properties of some, and the absence of the four common bases of RNA in all antigen fragment-RNA fractions suggest that the linkage for some of the antigen fragments is to a complex of RNA or oligoribonucleotide and basic protein, rather than as a linkage to the moiety of RNA alone. Further evidence was given for the presence of low molecular weight antigen fragment-nucleoprotein and for a cellular origin other than the peripheral blood, since they have also been found in lymphoid tissues, such as spleen and lymph nodes.
Inhibition of simian virus 40 DNA synthesis in Yaba virus-preinfected cells.

Abstract The effect of Yaba virus preinfection on DNA synthesis in SV40-infected Jinet cells was studied. Time-course synthesis studies were conducted using the incorporation of labeled thymidine. Yaba virus preinfection resulted in the inhibition of SV40 DNA synthesis when the elapsed time between Yaba virus and SV40 infections was three days. This inhibition was demonstrated by hybridization studies and sedimentation analysis. In addition, the usual stimulation of cellular DNA synthesis induced by SV40 infection was inhibited. This inhibition occurred at a time late in Yaba virus infection when no cytoplasmic Yaba virus-specific DNA synthesis occurred.
Essential role for puma in development of postembryonic neural crest-derived cell lineages in zebrafish

Multipotent neural crest stem cells have been identified in late gestation amniote embryos. Yet, significant questions remain about the mechanisms by which these cells are generated, maintained, and recruited during postembryonic development. The zebrafish, Danio rerio, offers an opportunity to identify genes essential for these processes, by screening for mutants with defects in traits likely to depend on these cells during metamorphosis and adult life. One such trait is the pigment pattern formed by neural crest-derived pigment cells, or chromatophores, which include black melanophores, yellow xanthophores, and iridescent iridophores. Previous analyses have demonstrated that the adult zebrafish pigment pattern depends on the de novo differentiation of latent precursor cells during both early and late phases of pigment pattern metamorphosis. To better understand the development of these cells, in this study, we analyze the zebrafish puma mutant, which ablates most of the adult melanophores that differentiate during metamorphosis, but leaves intact early larval melanophores that differentiate during embryogenesis. We use epistasis analyses to show that puma promotes the development of both early-appearing metamorphic melanophores that depend on the kit receptor tyrosine kinase, as well as late-appearing metamorphic melanophores that depend on both the G-protein-coupled endothelin receptor b1 (ednrb1) and the kit-related fms receptor tyrosine kinase. We further demonstrate that, during pigment pattern metamorphosis, puma mutants have deficiencies in the numbers of cells expressing transcripts for kit, ednrb1, and fms, as well as the HMG domain transcription factor sox10. Because the puma mutant phenotype is temperature-sensitive, we use temperature-shift experiments to identify a critical period for puma activity during pigment pattern metamorphosis. Finally, we use cell transplantations to show that puma acts cell-autonomously to promote the expansion of pigment cell lineages during metamorphosis. These results suggest a model for the lineage diversification of neural crest stem cells during zebrafish postembryonic development.
Internal reflection from an amplifying layer

The reflectance of a homogeneous amplifying layer between two transparent regions is determined theoretically with the help of the Fresnel formulas. The transparent region containing the incident beam has a higher refractive index, corresponding to an internal reflection configuration. In the limit of infinite layer thickness, the reflectance is a continuous monotonic function of incident angle, greater than unity for all angles. For certain finite values of layer thickness, the reflectance has a singular point. The results explain the reported observation of a reflectance of 1000 from an excited laser dye in contact with a quartz prism.
Environmental factors that influence the association of an earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris L.) and an annual weed (Ambrosia trifida L.) in no-till agricultural fields across the eastern U.S. Corn Belt

Abstract The earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris L., caches seeds of the agricultural weed Ambrosia trifida L. in its burrow, providing seeds with a protected overwintering site. Seedlings subsequently emerge from the burrows, resulting in an association of the two species (hereafter “LtAt association”). Although populations of these species frequently co-exist in no-till agricultural fields in the eastern U.S. Corn Belt, an association is not always evident. To identify environmental influences on the LtAt association, 30 no-till agricultural fields were surveyed across the eastern U.S. Corn Belt during spring 2007, 2008 and 2009. The LtAt association occurred across states and soil types, but the strength of the association varied with climate differences during the previous September through March. The strongest environmental driver of LtAt association was frequency of “moderate rain day” (MRD; day that received 12.8–25.3 mm of precipitation), with a 1-day increase in MRD frequency increasing the odds of LtAt association by a factor of 1.42. Thus, the potential for L. terrestris to cache seeds and facilitate seedling recruitment is increased by precipitation frequency and amount during September through March. These results highlight the importance of climate variation within a region in driving trophic interactions that regulate weed population dynamics.
Patient with Pfeiffer’s syndrome treated by midfacial distraction and comprehensive orthodontics

Treatment for patients with craniofacial anomalies always presents a great challenge to orthodontists. Treatment usually requires both comprehensive orthodontic treatment and orthognathic surgery. In this article, we report on a patient with Pfeiffer's syndrome treated by midfacial distraction and comprehensive orthodontics.
The Galvanizing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: An Antimicrobial Mechanism

Evolving under constant threat from invading microbes, macrophages have acquired multiple means of killing bacteria. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Botella and colleagues (Botella et al., 2011) describe a novel antimicrobial mechanism based on elevated levels of intraphagosomal Zn(2+) and the corresponding induction of bacterial genes to ameliorate this host-derived stress.
Nitroxide kinetics during photodegradation of acrylic/melamine coatings

Abstract Photooxidation of bis (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-4) sebacate to nitroxide has been followed by electron paramagnetic resonance in acrylic melamine coatings under a number of ultraviolet light exposure conditions. The strong relationships observed between nitroxide kinetic behaviour, coating composition and exposure condition suggest that nitroxide kinetics analysis could be useful in probing coating photodegradation. This approach, together with infrared spectroscopic measurements of chemical changes on degradation, has suggested a novel mechanism, viz. photo-assisted hydrolysis, to explain the observation that photodegradation in acrylic melamine coatings proceeds more rapidly under more humid conditions. Photo-assisted hydrolysis of melamine ether crosslinks yields formaldehyde which can promote free radical oxidation leading to a more rapid photodegradation of these coatings under humid conditions than under dry conditions.
Area Measurements of Apertures for Exo-Atmospheric Solar Irradiance for JPL

A comparison of the area measurements of the limiting apertures used for total solar irradiance measurements in the Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor II (ACRIM II) and Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor III (ACRIM III) were conducted between the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). The ACRIM apertures, due to their unique size and design, necessitated modifications to the NIST aperture measurement system. The changes and the validation procedures undertaken are described in this paper. This is part of an Earth Observing System (EOS)-sponsored international comparison of aperture area measurements of apertures that have institutional heritage with historical solar irradiance measurements.
Ensuring energy efficient coverage for participatory sensing in urban streets

Participatory sensing is an approach to data collection for monitoring different scenarios with the help of smartphone sensors. As more and more sensors are being added to smartphones, monitoring a wide range of scenarios has become possible with participatory sensing. An important issue in such participatory sensing application is the coverage of the collected data that reflects how well the data samples represent the monitored area. In the traditional approach, the data collection process is assisted by a server that knows the location of the participating devices and selects the necessary ones to cover the monitored area efficiently. However, for battery powered devices like smartphones, sending frequent location updates to the server is quite energy expensive. In this paper, we propose a framework, called STREET, for data collection from urban streets that can address the coverage problem where a participating mobile device is not required to send location updates to the server. In particular, our framework can collect data samples to ensure the requirements of a specified partial coverage, full coverage and k-coverage. STREET is assisted by a simple localization scheme for mobile devices that minimizes the usage of location sensor (e.g., GPS) while participating in the data collection process. Experiments from simulation studies show that our approach can significantly reduce energy consumption of the participating mobile devices.
Type b insulin resistance in a 15-year-old white youth

4. Bellur SN: Opsoclonus: Its clinical value. Neurology 25:502, 1975. 5. Pampiglione G, Maia M: Syndrome of rapid irregular movements of eyes and limbs in childhood. Br Med J 1:469, 1972. 6. Savino P J, Glasser JS: Opsoclonus pattern of regression in a child with neuroblastoma. Br J Ophthalmol 59:696, 1975. 7. Dyken P, Kolar O: Dancing eyes, dancing feet: Infantile polymyoclonia. Brain 91:305, 1968. 8. Ellenberger C, Campa JF, Netsky MG: Opsoclonus and parenchymatous degeneration of the cerebellum. Neurology 18:1041, 1968.
Validating climate models for computing evapotranspiration in hydrologic studies: how relevant are climate model simulations over Florida?

A non-stationary climate requires a new paradigm in the current practice of using past observations for future planning. Next to precipitation, evapotranspiration is the most important variable in water budgets of regions such as Florida, the location of this study. Dynamical simulations using Regional Climate Models (RCMs) provide all the variables necessary to compute potential or reference crop evapotranspiration (RET) for hydrologic modeling under climate change scenarios. Data sets for the variables necessary to compute RET using the Penman–Monteith model were obtained from RCMs provided by the North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program to evaluate their skills in estimating RET during the late twentieth century simulations. Comparison of RET values simulated from RCMs with those computed from a high-resolution weather-monitoring network and satellite data show significant biases in spatial patterns and seasonality. In particular, seasonal patterns of RET computed from RCMs show a phase shift with peak values occurring during mid-summer months, whereas observed data show earlier peaks in May and June. The phase shift reflects similar behavior in model predictions of incoming solar radiation. In addition, relative humidity values estimated from RCMs are significantly higher than observed values and the wind speed estimates from many RCMs have a significant bias during dry season months. Further improvements to RCMs may be needed before they can be used effectively for hydrologic modeling under future climate change scenarios.
The asymptotic distributions of some estimators for a factor analysis model

Abstract Under the errors-in-variables parameterization, the limiting behavior of the estimators of the parameters of the factor analysis model is investigated. An explicit expression is given for the covariance matrix of the limiting distribution of the estimators. It is demonstrated that the limiting distribution of the vector containing the estimated error variances and the estimated coefficients holds for a wide range of assumptions about the true factors.
In vitro inhibition of Sphaeropsis sapinea by natural stilbenes

The effects of pinosylvin, pinosylvin monomethyl ether, pinosylvin dimethyl ether, and resveratrol on the fungal shoot blight and canker pathogen of conifers Sphaeropsis sapinea were examined in vitro. Effects of compounds, isolates, and concentrations on both conidial germination and mycelial growth were significant (values of P < 0.001), indicating inhibitory activity of these compounds.
On the space of eigenvectors of molecular quantum mechanics

As the representative point on an electronic energy surface moves along any closed level curve, the corresponding electronic eigenvectors behave as does the normal to a Moebius strip when its foot is moved around the strip. This introduces a topology into the space of eigenvectors that is not envisaged in the definition of Hilbert space, but is fundamental to molecular quantum mechanics. Salient properties of these “non-Hilbertian” vector spaces are established. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Pennsylvanian Paleogeology and Search for Oil in Lucero Basin, Central New Mexico: ABSTRACT

The Lucero basin of central New Mexico was an area of Pennsylvanian sedimentation representing a significant widening of the central New Mexico seaway or accessway from the Paradox geosyncline on the north to the Sonoran geosyncline on the south. Several such basins along this accessway include the Lucero, San Mateo, and Orogrande, all of which have slightly different post-depositional geologic histories. This accessway, of which the Lucero basin is a part, ranged from 50 to 130 miles in width, and received up to 3,000 feet of Pennsylvanian sediments which form the Sandia, Madera, and Red Tanks formations. This seaway was in existence between Atokan and Virgilian time but was widest during Desmoinesian and Missourian time. Pennsylvanian marine sedimentation was limited on the west by the Zuni positive, on the east by a long sinuous platform west of the Estancia basin and the Pedernal positive, and on the northeast by the Penasco positive. Fine clastic sediments from the Zuni and medium to coarse sediments from the Penasco make up less than one-fourth of the Pennsylvanian section which is predominantly limestone. The sharp downwarp of the Estancia basin on the east, as a southerly basin of the central Colorado-Sangre de Cristo seaway, resulted in entrapment of westerly moving coarse clastics from the Pedernal uplift. The Sandia-Manzanita-Manzano-Joyita tectonic alignment (of Tertiary age) was a long narrow platform or "sill" which separated the thick clastic-filled Pennsylvanian section of the Estancia basin from the somewhat thinner but normal basinal and shelf carbonate section of the Lucero basin. Bioherms grew on the gently shelving east sides of the central New Mexico accessway as indicated by outcrops of calcarenite mounds containing Chaetetes sp. corals in the Sandia and Manzano mountains. Inasmuch as the Pennsylvanian outcrops at Monte de Belen and Gray Mesa along the Lucero uplift show basinal lithologic character in Desmoinesian and early Missourian strata and the entire section thins to zero westward onto the Zuni positive, it is likely that similar reefoid masses will be found in the subsurface in the area surrounding the corner common to Catron-Socorro-Valencia counties. Because of Laramide folding and Tertiary faulting, the eastern two-thirds of the Pennsylvanian Lucero basin is buried deeply beneath the valley fill of the Rio Grande trench, and parts of the platform between the Estancia basin on the east and the Lucero basin on the west now stand high as the Sandia-Manzano block-fault mountains. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1108------------
Rheology and Suspension Activity of Pseudoplastic Polymers I: Quantification of Pseudoplastic Viscosity as a Second Order Function of the Rheogram and the Relationship of This Parameter to Concentration

The apparent viscosity (pseudoplastic viscosity) was determined for a number of natural and synthetic gums in aqueous solution, based on flow curves obtained with a multiple point instrument. The power expression F N = n′ G was used to calculate the apparent viscosity from the rheograms. The relationship between the resulting apparent viscosities and the concentrations of the suspending agents studied which were required to produce these viscosities was determined and reduced to the mathematical expression, n ′ = e KC + b , where n ′ is apparent viscosity, C is concentration, and K and b are material constants. The usefulness of the concentration-apparent viscosity relationship to formulation and product development is discussed.
Facing the Inequalities of Development: Some lessons from Judaism and Christianity

Bernardo Kliksberg looks at the commitment of two major religions - Judaism and Christianity - to development. Why has Judaism been ahead of the pack in pushing for the examination and resolution of the key problems of development? He suggests that the answer lies largely in the Old Testament. He also examines the fundamental precepts of church doctrine on this subject. He proposes a synthetic approach, one that arises from both religions' approach to globalization and development.
Intra- and interspecific variability in tolerance of Southern California Littorina planaxis and Littorina scutulata to petroleum

Abstract The present study was designed to investigate the inter- and intraspecific responses of Southern California Littorina planaxis and Littorina scutulata from coastal and island sites when exposed to gasoline, kerosene, Santa Barbara crude oil, Kuwait crude oil, and a Louisiana crude oil, under laboratory conditions. Variations in tolerance of Littorina to different petroleum at 6, 17, and 29°C, as indicated by mortality rate and rate of animal attachment to the substrate, were observed. Differences in animal size, composition of the petroleum, and the natural habitat of the animals were considered. The attachment rate of Littorina varied with temperature, but not in a consistent way for different petroleum, localities, or species. The most consistently high rate of attachment for both species occurred at 17°C. While L. scutulata exhibited a greater tolerance to various conditions at 6°C, L. planaxis had a greater tolerance at 29°C. The only mortalities occurred at 29°C. The mortality rate varied with the type of petroleum used and appeared to be size and species related. Gasoline had the greatest influence on attachment rates at all temperatures, and kerosene had the least effect on attachment rates. There was no consistent attachment rate trend among crude oils; however, their influence was intermediate between that of gasoline and kerosene.
Interaction of Group A Streptococci with Human Plasmin(ogen) under Physiological Conditions

A series of methods for analyzing the interaction of group A streptococci with the human plasminogen system are described. Examples of group A streptococcal isolates capable of assembling surface plasminogen activator activity when grown in human plasma are presented and the key requirements for this process are evaluated. The stabilities of cell-associated plasmin and plasminogen activator complexes are compared and a model for the interaction of group A streptococci with the plasminogen system in an infected host is presented.
Localized methylation in the key regulator gene endothelin-1 is associated with cell type-specific transcriptional silencing

DNA methylation can contribute to the stable transcriptional silencing of mammalian genes. Often times, these genes are important developmental regulators, and their silencing in cell types where they are not supposed to be active is important for the phenotypic stability of the cells. To identify key developmental regulator genes whose expression in terminally differentiated cells may be inhibited by DNA methylation, mouse dermal fibroblasts were demethylated with 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine, and changes in gene expression monitored by microarray analysis. Endothelin-1 (Et1 or Edn1), which encodes a cytokine with diverse regulatory functions, was among the genes upregulated following demethylation. We found that CpG dinucleotides within a short region in intron 1 of the gene have dramatically higher levels of methylation in Et1-non-expressing fibroblasts and chondrocytes as compared to the Et1-expressing mouse cell line, mIMCD-3. Strong evolutionary conservation of this region implies its role in the cis-regulation of Et1 transcription. To confirm that should Et1 in dermal fibroblasts become aberrantly activated, it could indeed lead to the dysregulation of many downstream genes, we exposed fibroblasts to exogenous ET1 peptide and assayed for transcriptional changes by microarray. ET1 treatment resulted in significant expression changes – primarily downregulation – of a significant number of genes. In particular, Tgfβ2 and Tgfβ3 were among the downregulated genes, which in turn alter the expression status of their many target genes. These data suggest that the stable silencing of Et1 through its associated DNA methylation in intron 1 is critical for the developmental stability of dermal fibroblasts, and perhaps other cell types as well.
Evaluation of the VA's Pilot Program in Institutional Reorganization Toward Primary and Ambulatory Care: Part II, A study of organizational stresses and dynamics.

BACKGROUND Many academically affiliated hospitals are moving from an inpatient, subspecialty orientation in their patient care and educational programs toward a greater emphasis on ambulatory and primary care. Few studies have focused on the organizational, staffing, and management issues involved in implementing these changes. METHOD The authors carried out a qualitative evaluation of the process of change in an academic Department of Veterans Affairs hospital during implementation of a major ambulatory primary care program. They interviewed four top managers individually and 59 top and middle managers, house officers, and patients in focus groups in the spring of 1992, nine months after implementation of the key components of the program. Four raters independently evaluated written transcripts of focus-group sessions and identified themes. RESULTS The main problems identified were difficulty with administrative integration between inpatient and outpatient services; need for training, retraining, and orientation; tensions due to changes in roles and organizational culture; and inefficiency due to the need for frequent negotiations in daily work life. These four problems reflected tensions associated with new demands imposed by matrix management, changing job descriptions, policies and procedures, and changing patterns of communication and record keeping. CONCLUSION During the process of implementation of a primary care focus throughout a medical center, extra demands upon staff are inevitable and should be anticipated and planned for. Twelve key factors for successful organizational change are discussed.
A hemolytic method for the measurement of nephritic factor

The absence of a simple and widely applicable test for the measurement of NF activity has hampered the accumulation of evidence bearing on its nephritogenicity. The extensive modification of a screening test for this autoantibody, reported here, has increased the range and precision of the test and made it less laborious. C3b deposited on sheep E by the reaction of NF with NHS forms a C5 convertase which, with addition of rat EDTA serum, leads to hemolysis of the cells proportionate under the right conditions to the concentration of NF in the reaction mixture. The calibration line is straight or slightly concave and passes through the origin. The method detects the activity of both the NF of the amplification loop, NFa, found in MPGN type II, and the NF of the terminal pathway, NFt, found in MPGN types I and III. Interday coefficients of variation ranged from 6.6% to 13.5% and intraday from 7.0% to 12.6%. Although serum C3 levels can be markedly depressed when NF levels are high, C3 levels and NF activity generally correlate poorly. The C3 level could be low and NF absent or, occasionally, NF present with the C3 level normal. NF activity was absent from the stored serum of patients with active SLE, AGN or with an IgA nephropathy.
At what wavelengths should we search for signals from extraterrestrial intelligence

Abstract It has often been concluded that searches for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) should concentrate on attempts to receive signals in the microwave region, the argument being given that communication can occur there at minimum broadcasted power. Such a conclusion is shown to result only under a restricted set of assumptions. If generalized types of detection are considered—in particular, photon detection rather than linear detection alone—and if advantage is taken of the directivity of telescopes at short wavelengths, then somewhat less power is required for communication at infrared wavelengths than in the microwave region. Furthermore, a variety of parameters other than power alone may be chosen for optimization by an extraterrestrial civilization. Hence, while partially satisfying arguments may be given about optimal wavelengths for a search for signals from extraterrestrial intelligence, considerable uncertainty must remain.
Micronuclei assay in cytokinesis-blocked binucleated and conventional mononucleated methods in human peripheral lymphocytes

Studies were performed to determine the genotoxic effect of cytochalasin-B (CYB) and to compare the efficacy of the cytokinesis-blocked binucleated cells (CB) for scoring micronuclei (MN) with the conventional mononuclear method, following treatment with mitomycin C and cyclophosphamide. The results show that 3-4 micrograms/ml of CYB induced maximum number of binucleated cells without any genotoxic effect and the frequency of MN in binucleated cells was higher than that in the mononucleated cells (P less than 0.05) but less than twofold. However, MN frequencies in binucleated cells were not equivalent to the frequencies of mononucleated cells, since MN in binucleated cells represent two nuclei. These results suggest that further study is required to consider CB method as a more reliable approach for scoring MN.
Confronting Anthropological Ethics: Ethnographic Lessons from Central America:

The concern with ethics in North American cultural anthropology discourages political economy research on unequal power relations and other 'dangerous' subjects. US anthropologists define ethics in narrow, largely methodological terms - informed consent, respect for traditional institutions, responsibility to future researchers, legal approval by host nations, and so on. The responsibility of the researcher to uphold 'human rights' or to document political repression and suffering is not merely dismissed by mainstream anthropology as a partisan issue outside the realm of scholarship, but is actually condemned as ethically problematic. The growing postmodernist deconstructivist approach within US anthropology allows ethnographers to obey their discipline's narrow ethical dictates through a reflexive investigation of the hermeneutics of signs and symbols devoid of political economic social context. Drawing on his fieldwork experiences in Central America, the author argues that anthropologists have a historical responsibility to address larger moral issues because their discipline's traditional research subjects - exotic others in remote Third World settings - are violently being incorporated into the world economy in a traumatic manner that often includes starvation, political repression, or even genocide. Meanwhile, in the name of ethics, North American anthropologists continue to ignore or avoid the human tragedies engulfing their 'research subjects'.
Effect of Epidermal Growth Factor and Artificial Feeding in Suckling Rats

To evaluate the effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF) in dietary milk, a new method of delivering an artificial (EGF-deficient) formula was developed using 42 rat pups, 1-14 days of age. In a second study the effect of EGF was evaluated in suckling rats from 3-11 days of age: group 1, mother-fed; group 2, mother-fed plus daily injections of EGF (0.1 micrograms/g body weight); group 3, artificial milk fed with added EGF (62 ng/ml); and group 4, artificial milk fed without EGF. Each group consists of nine rats. In group 2 there was premature eye opening and tooth eruption and a significant reduction in body weight and weight of liver, kidney, thyroid, and thymus but an increase in length of the intestine and weights of stomach, pancreas, lung, and adrenal (p less than 0.04), when compared to group 1. Both groups 3 and 4 showed premature tooth eruption and eye opening, and their body weights and most organ weights were similar to group 2; exceptions were a smaller stomach, thyroid, thymus, lung, and adrenal, which were similar to those in group 1. In addition, intestinal length in groups 3 and 4 were similar to the mother-fed EGF-treated pups (group 2). There was no difference in intestinal length between the artificially fed pups, whether or not they received oral EGF. These findings demonstrate a new and effective technique of artificial feeding and suggest that the increase in intestinal length caused by injections of EGF (0.1 micrograms/g body weight) can also be induced by feeding an artificial milk with or without physiologic levels of EGF.
On transient creep bounds for Saint-Venant pure bending problems

Abstract The field equations governing primary and secondary creep, with the inclusion of elastic strains, in the Saint-Venant theory of pure bending are reduced to a single equation in the tensile stress. It is shown how, from this equation, the limiting or steady-state stresses can be obtained. This equation is then used to derive inequalities which describe the shape of the stress profile at all times, and from which bounds on stresses and displacements are easily obtained. The inequalities, which are similar to those of[1], are established using new arguments which greatly simplify the analysis for the case of primary creep.
Firm performance and board composition: Some new evidence

We investigate the effect of board composition on overall corporate performance while controlling for managerial ownership and other key variables. We recognize that both managerial ownership and board composition may be endogenous to performance, but our work differs from previous in two important respects. First, we measure performance using the market value to book value ratio of common stock equity rather than the more commonly used Tobin's q. Second, recognizing that overall estimates from the IV approach depend greatly on the choice of instruments, we perform sensitivity analysis by using a variety of instruments to proxy for board composition and managerial ownership. Both our OLS and IV estimates indicate a significant curvilinear relation between board composition and performance. However, we find that moderate differences in first-stage regressions, resulting in small changes to first-stage R2s, lead to widely differing overall results. Our results suggest that findings of studies using IV and similar techniques (e.g. two- and three-stage least squares) must be interpreted cautiously.
Electrically actuated, pressure-driven microfluidic pumps

In order to make the lab-on-a-chip concept a reality, it is desirable to have an integrated component capable of pumping fluids through microchannels. We have developed novel, electrically actuated micropumps and have integrated them with microfluidic systems. These devices utilize the build-up of electrolysis gases to achieve pressure-driven pumping, only require small voltages (∼10 V), and have approximate dimensions of 5 cm × 3 cm × 2 cm. Furthermore, these micropumps are composed of relatively inexpensive materials, and the reversible sealability of their poly(dimethylsiloxane) body to different microfluidic arrays enables repeated uses of the same pump. Under an applied potential of 10 V, three different micropumps had average flow rates of 8–13 µL min−1 for water being pumped through five different 2 cm-long, 5500 µm2 cross-sectional-area channels in poly(methyl methacrylate), in approximate agreement with predicted pump rates. We have also evaluated pump operation at the lower applied potential of 8 V and observed an average flow rate of 6.1 µL min−1 for a pump–channel system. The current micropump design is capable of sustaining pumping pressures in the range of 300 kPa. The various advantages of these micropumps make them well suited for use in lab-on-a-chip analysis techniques.
Slow swimming, fast strikes: effects of feeding behavior on scaling of anaerobic metabolism in epipelagic squid

Many pelagic fishes engage prey at high speeds supported by high metabolic rates and anaerobic metabolic capacity. Epipelagic squids are reported to have among the highest metabolic rates in the oceans as a result of demanding foraging strategies and the use of jet propulsion, which is inherently inefficient. This study examined enzymatic proxies of anaerobic metabolism in two species of pelagic squid, Dosidicus gigas and Doryteuthis pealeii (Lesueur 1821), over a size range of six orders of magnitude. We hypothesized that activity of the anaerobically poised enzymes would be high and increase with size as in ecologically similar fishes. In contrast, we demonstrate that anaerobic metabolic capacity in these organisms scales negatively with body mass. We explored several cephalopod-specific traits, such as the use of tentacles to capture prey, body morphology and reduced relative prey size of adult squids, that may create a diminished reliance on anaerobically fueled burst activity during prey capture in large animals.
Irregular Occurrence of Rhabdoviruslike Particles in Tissues of Fragaria vesca Plants Infected with Strawberry Crinkle Virus

When evaluated by electron microscopy, rhabdoviruslike particles (RLP) were found most frequently in petioles, less frequently in midribs, and not at all in roots or petals of Alpine strawberry plants leaflet graft-inoculated with strawberry crinkle virus (SCV). In graft-inoculated plants RLP were found only in mesophyll and phloem parenchyma cells and in sieve tubes. Numbers of RLP detected were highest within one week of the onset of symptoms, decreased with time, and were extremely variable, both among identically treated Alpine seedlings that showed similar crinkle disease symptoms and within Alpine clones. Through electron microscopy we were not able to predict if a given petiole sample from a graft-inoculated Alpine plant showing typical symptoms of crinkle disease would have no, moderate, or many RLP. The percentage of Alpine plants developing crinkle symptoms after leaflet graft inoculation with symptom-bearing leaves from a crinkle source was higher in summer than in winter. It was not increased after the source plants had broken dormancy in the spring, compared to plants kept vegetative all winter, and was not dependent on the length of time a symptom-bearing source plant had been infected. When symptomless leaves from SCV-infected Alpine plants were grafted to healthy Alpine indicator plants, no symptoms developed on the latter. Zusammenfassung Ungleichmasige Verteilung von rhabdovirusahnlichen Partikein im Gewebe von Fragaria vesca infiziert mit Strawberry Crinkle Virtis In einer elektronenmikroskopischen Studie konnten rhabdovirus-ahnliche Partikel (RLP) am haufigsten in Blattstielen, weniger zahlreich in Blattmittelrippen, jedoch nicht in Wurzeln und Blutenblattern von Erdbeerpflanzen (Alpine) gefunden werden, die durch Blattpfropfung mit Strawberry Grinkle Virus (SCV) infiziert worden waren. In den gepfropften Pflanzen wurden RLP nur in Mesophyll- und Phloemparenchymzellen sowie in Siebrohren identifiziert. Am haufigsten kotinten RLP innerhalb einer Woche nach Symptotnauspragung gesichtet werden. Danach nahm ihre Zahl ab und war ausierst variabel sowohl in ldentisch behandelten Alpine-Samhngen mit gieichen Crinkle- Sytnptomen als auch in Alpine-Klonen. Bedingt durch die ungleichmasige Verteilung des Virus war es nicht moghch vorauszubestimmen, ob bei elektronenmtkroskopischer Beiracfatung einer bestimmten Blattstielprobe mil den typischen Crinkle-Symptomen keine, wenige oder viele RLP gefunden werden wurden. Die Anziihl der Alpine-Pflanzen, die nach Blattpfropfung mit symptomtragenden BlSttern, Crinkle-Symptome entwickelten, war im Sommer hoher ais im Winter, nahm jedoch nicht zu, wenn fur die Pfropfung Pflanzen inn Knospenstadium im Gegensatz zu Pflanzen im vegetativen Stadium erwendet wurden. Die positive Pfropfrate war unabhangig von der Dauer der lnfektion der verwendeten Ausgangspflanzen. Pfropfungen mit symptomlosen Blattern von SCV-infizierten Alpine-Pfianzen auf gesunde Indikatoren fuhrte nicht zu einer Symptomausbildung.
Population Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamic Modeling of Abacavir (1592U89) from a Dose-Ranging, Double-Blind, Randomized Monotherapy Trial with Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Subjects

Abacavir (formerly 1592U89) is a carbocyclic nucleoside analog with potent anti-human immunodeficiency virus (anti-HIV) activity when administered alone or in combination with other antiretroviral agents. The population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of abacavir were investigated in 41 HIV type 1 (HIV-1)-infected, antiretroviral naive adults with baseline CD4+ cell counts of ≥100/mm3 and plasma HIV-1 RNA levels of >30,000 copies/ml. Data for analysis were obtained from patients who received randomized, blinded monotherapy with abacavir at 100, 300, or 600 mg twice-daily (BID) for up to 12 weeks. Plasma abacavir concentrations from sparse sampling were analyzed by standard population pharmacokinetic methods, and the effects of dose, combination therapy, gender, weight, and age on parameter estimates were investigated. Bayesian pharmacokinetic parameter estimates were calculated to determine the peak concentration of abacavir in plasma (Cmax) and the area under the concentration-time curve from time zero to infinity (AUC0–∞) for individual subjects. The pharmacokinetics of abacavir were dose proportional over the 100- to 600-mg dose range and were unaffected by any covariates. No significant correlations were observed between the incidence of the five most common adverse events (headache, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, and malaise or fatigue) and AUC0–∞. A significant correlation was observed between Cmax and nausea by categorical analysis (P = 0.019), but this was of borderline significance by logistic regression (odds ratio, 1.45; 95% confidence interval, 0.95 to 2.32). The log10 time-averaged AUC0–∞ minus baseline (AAUCMB) values for HIV-1 RNA and CD4+ cell count correlated significantly with Cmax and AUC0–∞, but with better model fits for AUC0–∞. The increase in AAUCMB values for CD4+ cell count plateaued early for drug exposures that were associated with little change in AAUCMB values for plasma HIV-1 RNA. There was less than a 0.4 log10 difference over 12 weeks in the HIV-1 RNA levels with the doubling of the abacavir AUC0–∞ from 300 to 600 mg BID dosing. In conclusion, pharmacodynamic modeling supports the selection of abacavir 300 mg twice-daily dosing.
Clarification: Pathogenic role of glial cells in Parkinson's disease.

The original article to which this Clarification refers was published in the February 2003 issue of Movement Disorders (Teismann P, Tieu K, Cohen O, Choi DK, Wu dC, Marks D, Vila M, Jackson-Lewis V, Przedborski S. Pathogenic role of glial cells in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2003;18:121–129.). © 2003 Movement Disorder Society
Powered sit-to-stand and assistive stand-to-sit framework for a powered transfemoral prosthesis

This work extends the three level powered knee and ankle prosthesis control framework previously developed by the authors by adding sitting mode. A middle level finite state based impedance controller is designed to accommodate sitting, sit-to-stand and stand-to-sit transitions. Moreover, a high level Gaussian Mixture Model based intent recognizer is developed to distinguish between standing and sitting modes and switch the middle level controllers accordingly. Experimental results with unilateral transfemoral amputee subject show that sitting down and standing up intent can be inferred from the prosthesis sensor signals by the intent recognizer. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the prosthesis generates net active power of 50 W during standing up and dissipates up to 50 W of power during stand-to-sit transition at the knee joint.
Parental Education Predicts Corticostriatal Functionality in Adulthood

Socioeconomic disadvantage experienced in early development predicts ill health in adulthood. However, the neurobiological pathways linking early disadvantage to adult health remain unclear. Lower parental education—a presumptive indicator of early socioeconomic disadvantage—predicts health-impairing adult behaviors, including tobacco and alcohol dependencies. These behaviors depend, in part, on the functionality of corticostriatal brain systems that 1) show developmental plasticity and early vulnerability, 2) process reward-related information, and 3) regulate impulsive decisions and actions. Hence, corticostriatal functionality in adulthood may covary directly with indicators of early socioeconomic disadvantage, particularly lower parental education. Here, we tested the covariation between parental education and corticostriatal activation and connectivity in 76 adults without confounding clinical syndromes. Corticostriatal activation and connectivity were assessed during the processing of stimuli signaling monetary gains (positive feedback [PF]) and losses (negative feedback). After accounting for participants’ own education and other explanatory factors, lower parental education predicted reduced activation in anterior cingulate and dorsomedial prefrontal cortices during PF, along with reduced connectivity between these cortices and orbitofrontal and striatal areas implicated in reward processing and impulse regulation. In speculation, adult alterations in corticostriatal functionality may represent facets of a neurobiological endophenotype linked to socioeconomic conditions of early development.
Economic impact of alternative policy responses to prolonged and severe drought in the Rio Grande Basin

[1] In the Rio Grande Basin, water is overallocated, demands are growing, and river flows and uses are vulnerable to drought and climate change. Currently, the basin is in the third year of severe drought; irrigation and municipal water diversions have been severely curtailed; extensive diversions threaten endangered species, and reservoir volumes are nearly depleted. A central challenge is development of policies that efficiently and equitably allocate the basin's water resources among competing uses across political and institutional jurisdictions. A basin-wide, nonlinear programming model optimizes resource allocations and water use levels for the upper part of the Rio Grande Basin to test whether institutional adjustments can reduce damages caused by drought. Compared to existing institutions, we find that future drought damages could be reduced by 20 and 33% per year through intracompact and interstate water markets, respectively, that would allow water transfers across water management jurisdictions. Results reveal economic tradeoffs among water uses, regions, and drought control strategies.
Muller cell expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in RPE-cell transplanted retinas of RCS dystrophic rats.

In Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rats with inherited retinal dystrophy, photoreceptor cell degeneration is accompanied by Muller cell changes, in particular, increased expression of the intermediate filament protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). In this study, we examined the expression of GFAP in retinas of 4 month-old RCS dystrophic rats either transplanted with normal retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells or injected with vehicle (sham control). The sham-injected and non-treated retinas showed increased expression of GFAP in Muller cells with advancing age. GFAP-immunostained Muller processes were observed in the region of the subretinal space of these RCS retinas beginning by 4 months. However, in the retinas of RCS rats transplanted with normal RPE cells, GFAP expression by Muller cells was significantly reduced. Specifically, under the transplanted RPE cells, GFAP-inununolabeled Muller radial processes were not observed and GFAP immunostaining was not present in the subretinal space at...
Treatment Outcomes of Substance-Abusing Physicians

Publications relating to outcome of physicians treated for substance abuse were obtained from a computerized literature search and a review of Cumulated Index Medicus for the years 1950–1982. The studies were reviewed regarding such factors as study location, sample size, presence of control groups, treatment modalities and setting, treatment duration, follow-up duration, method of determining outcome, and treatment outcome. Variations in these factors make comparisons of the studies difficult. Shortcomings in the methods of determining outcome raise questions concerning reliability of the data. Suggestions are made for further research for the assessment of treatment and outcome of substance-abusing physicians.