cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FUNCTIONAL LD CLUMP ENRICHMENT TEST (FLEET) DETECTS ENRICHMENT OF RISK LOCI FOR SCHIZOPHRENIA AND BIPOLAR DISORDER IN REGULATORY ELEMENTS AND PATHWAYS

Background Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWASs) provide a wealth of information that can serve as a backbone for making biological inferences. There are over 160 loci reported with genome-wide significant association with Schizophrenia (SZ) and Bipolar Disorder (BD), and thousands more nominally associated loci that contribute to risk (Purcell et al., 2009; Welter et al., 2014). SNPs with the strongest association to SZ and BD are predominately in non-coding DNA, thus it is often challenging to decipher the function of risk SNPs. Functional and regulatory maps from the ENCODE and Roadmap projects offer detailed annotations of the genome, which can help bridge the gap between GWAS signals and biological mechanisms. We present a new software tool called Functional LD-clump EnrichmEnt Test (FLEET) to decode the underlying biology of GWAS signals via overlaying information from the ENCODE and Roadmap Projects. Possible utilities of this software include: prioritizing risk genes for fine-mapping, illuminating potential regulatory mechanisms that underlie susceptibility, and identifying molecular substrates that are common to psychiatric disorders. Methods FLEET is available for download on Github (https://github.com/hessJ/FLEET). FLEET is currently adapted as a modular script written in R and is under active development. Users must supply a file of genome-wide association summary statistics and modify a few flags in FLEET to run the analysis properly. FLEET performs data reformatting, GWAS pruning, SNP-to-annotation mapping, statistical analyses (i.e., weighted linear regression and permutations), and plotting of results. Results GWAS results of SZ (Ripke et al., 2014) and BD (Hou et al., 2016) revealed widespread associations with histone markers and DNA accessibility in brain, immune and other peripheral tissues. In addition, significant enrichment was detected for gene sets that participate in neurotransmission and neurodevelopment, histone modification enzymes, and target sites of transcription factors, microRNAs, and RNA-binding proteins. Discussion Our software provides unique insight into the underlying biology of SZ and BD risk signals and a framework for hypothesis generation. FLEET is a flexible and efficient pipeline for analyzing biological relationships among GWASs of complex polygenic disorders. FLEET is capable of modeling genome-wide enrichment statistics and performing permutation tests on top GWAS markers; both tests include adjustments for confounding variation (i.e., LD and minor allele frequency). This software is included with a pre-formatted database of >5,800 annotations, and users can provide custom annotations for analysis.
P2Y2 purinergic receptor modulates virus yield, calcium homeostasis, and cell motility in human cytomegalovirus-infected cells

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) manipulates many aspects of host cell biology to create an intracellular milieu optimally supportive of its replication and spread. Our study reveals that levels of several components of the purinergic signaling system, including the P2Y2 and P2X5 receptors, are elevated in HCMV-infected fibroblasts. Knockdown and drug treatment experiments demonstrated that P2Y2 enhances the yield of virus, whereas P2X5 reduces HCMV production. The HCMV IE1 protein induces P2Y2 expression; and P2Y2-mediated signaling is important for efficient HCMV gene expression, DNA synthesis, and the production of infectious HCMV progeny. P2Y2 cooperates with the viral UL37x1 protein to regulate cystolic Ca2+ levels. P2Y2 also regulates PI3K/Akt signaling and infected cell motility. Thus, P2Y2 functions at multiple points within the viral replication cycle to support the efficient production of HCMV progeny, and it may facilitate in vivo viral spread through its role in cell migration.
Training Disparities of Our Future Workforce: A Survey of Trauma Fellowship Candidates.

Abstract Background Training in Acute Care Surgery (ACS) is an integral component of general surgery residency and serves as a critical base experience for the added educational qualifications of fellowship. How this training varies between programs is not well characterized. We sought to describe the variation in clinical exposure between residencies in a sample of residents applying to an ACS fellowship. We hypothesized that applicants have significant variations in clinical exposure as well as unique and specific expectations for educational experiences. Materials and methods We offered an anonymous 82-question survey focused on residency clinical exposure and self-perceived confidence in key areas of ACS training, as well as fellowship training and career expectations to all applicants interviewed at a single trauma, critical care, and emergency surgery fellowship program. Responses were assessed via absolute numbers and confidence via a 5-point Likert scale; data are reported using descriptive statistics and linear regression models. Results Forty-two interviewing applicants completed the survey, for a 96% response rate. Applicants reported heterogeneous levels of comfort across most ACS domains. There was good correlation between experience and comfort in most procedural areas. During fellowship training, respondents placed highest priority on operative experience, with 43% rating this as their highest priority, followed by penetrating trauma experience (33%). Conclusions We found significant variations in both experience and comfort within key ACS domains among fellowship applicants. Despite training variability, there was good correlation between experience and self-reported comfort. Collaboration between residency and fellowship governing bodies may help address areas of limited exposure before entry into clinical practice.
Antecedents of ideal body image and body dissatisfaction: The role of ethnicity, gender and age among the consumers in the USA

This study explores the extent perceived ideal body image by members of the opposite sex affects the perception of desired body size and body dissatisfaction of males and females across age and eth...
Exploring the Effects of Interpreters’ Experiences of Mindfulness Interventions on Their Connection With Nature and Subsequent Environmental Interpretation

This qualitative study used a constructivist grounded theory framework to examine the experiences of environmental interpreters engaged in mindfulness training and their descriptions of mindfulness...
Examining municipal guidelines for users of shared E-Scooters in the United States

Abstract The emergence of shared electric scooters (E-Scooters) has drawn the significant attention of local governments in many urban areas. Despite the fast growth in the number of trips, current guidelines for using E-Scooters have consistently experienced lags in development. Existing guidelines, in some cities, are rather vague and vary drastically across different areas. This paper aims to analyze current municipal requirements for the use of E-Scooters in the U.S., and to discuss more gaps for improvement. Specifically, E-Scooter user guidelines of 156 cities were explored. A multifaceted analysis was conducted to characterize the distinct features of E-Scooter user guidelines. A total of sixteen key attributes were identified and two categorizing procedures were implemented in the analysis. The comparative results show the completeness of information and similarities between cities. We conclude that municipalities should introduce more actionable guidelines driven by quantitative performance metrics.
Preliminary Findings on Processes of Change and Moderators for Cognitive Defusion and Restructuring Delivered Through Mobile Apps

Abstract A process-based therapy approach emphasizes examining how and for whom specific therapeutic components linked to specific processes of change function. This preliminary study explored the processes of change for cognitive defusion and restructuring with daily ratings of self-criticism from a larger component trial as well as self-compassion as a moderator of these daily effects. A sample of 51 adults high in self-criticism (M age = 22.69, 78% female, 88% non-Hispanic White) were randomized to a cognitive defusion or restructuring mobile app for two weeks and completed daily assessments. Both conditions improved over time on daily frequency, defused noticing, challenging, and believability of self-critical thoughts as well as valued actions, with larger improvements in the defusion condition only for thought frequency and defused noticing. Global self-compassion moderated several effects such that only participants lower in self-compassion improved over time on daily self-criticism processes in the restructuring condition, while effects over time in the defusion condition generally did not vary by level of self-compassion. Improvements in daily frequency, defused noticing, and challenging self-critical thoughts as well as valued action each predicted global improvements in self-criticism at post-intervention across conditions. Overall, these preliminary results suggest cognitive defusion and restructuring may have some similar effects on self-criticism related processes of change, particularly for those low in self-compassion. However, defusion may produce larger effects on some targeted processes, especially among those with higher self-compassion.
Effects of City–State Relations on Labor Relations: The Case of Uber:

Using case studies of labor’s interaction with Uber in the United States, the author investigates how legal relations between cities and states affect labor relations models. The case studies demon...
The effects of bit chewing on borborygmi, duodenal motility, and gastrointestinal transit time in clinically normal horses.

OBJECTIVE To determine the influence of bit chewing on gastrointestinal transit in clinically normal horses. STUDY DESIGN Prospective crossover designed study. ANIMALS Six healthy adult horses. METHODS Horses were assigned randomly to treatment (apple flavored bit) and control (no-bit) groups and studied for 2 × 1-week trial periods with a 2-week washout period between trials. Horses were fasted for 24 h and slowly refed over 3 days. The bit was placed for 20 min every 6 h. Duodenal contractions and borborygmi auscultations were evaluated every 12 h, approximately 5 min following bit placement. Gastrointestinal total transit time (GI TTT) was measured by administering 200 colored beads via stomach tube and then collected in the manure until 50% and 80% were recovered. Measured variables were compared using an ANOVA or Wilcoxon signed-rank test and the P value was noted. RESULTS The GI TTT was shortened in the bit chewing group (median: 106.37 h, range: 70-171 h) compared to the no-bit group (median: 170.1 h, range: 149-186 h) (P = .0156) at 80% bead passage (only 4/6 horses passed 80%). Borborygmi (P = .8193), duodenal contractions (P = .2605), and 50% bead passage (P = .0781) showed no differences. CONCLUSION Bit chewing was safe, inexpensive, and well tolerated. Bit chewing shortened GI TTT and might be an adjunct therapy to augment GI TTT. Further clinical studies are warranted. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Ileus is a common complication following equine abdominal surgery with no current consistently successful treatment. Bit chewing may be a simple and inexpensive way to augment progressive GI motility.
Neuromuscular Disease: Evidence and Analysis in Clinical Neurology

Part I. Methodology Basic Principles of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Diagnosis Treatment Prognosis Part II. Spinal Cord, Anterior Horn Cell, and Nerve Roots Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Cervical Spondylosis Lumbar Spondylosis Part III. Peripheral Nerve Disease Polyneuropathy Paraproteinemic Neuropathies Vasculitic Neuropathy Guillain-Barre Syndrome Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy Multifocal Motor Neuropathy Inherited Neuropathies Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Ulnar Neuropathy at the Elbow Part IV. Neuromuscular Junction Disorders Myasthenia Gravis Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome Part V. Muscle Disease Inflammatory Myopathy Idiopathic Hyper-CK-emia Statin-Induced Myopathy Metabolic Myopathy Critical Illness Weakness, Myotonic Dystrophy Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy Index
Exploring Behavioral Activation and Inhibition Sensitivities Among College Students at Risk for Bipolar Spectrum Symptomatology

We explored cross-sectionally the roles in bipolar spectrum symptomatology of two broad motivational systems that are thought to control levels of responsiveness to cues of threat and reward, the Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) and the Behavioral Activation System (BAS). Undergraduate students (n = 357) completed questionnaires regarding (a) bipolar spectrum disorders [the General Behavior Inventory (GBI), a well-established clinical screening measure], (b) current depression and mania symptoms (the Internal State Scale; ISS), and (c) BIS/BAS sensitivities (the BIS/BAS scales). Validated cutoff scores on the GBI were used to identify individuals at risk for a mood disorder. It was hypothesized that, among at-risk respondents, high BAS and low BIS levels would be associated with high current mania ratings, whereas low BAS and high BIS would be associated with high current depression ratings. Multiple regression analyses indicated that, among at-risk individuals (n = 63), BAS accounted for 27% of current mania symptoms but BIS did not contribute. For these individuals, BAS and BIS were both significant and together accounted for 44% of current depressive symptoms.
The Organization of Late Paleoindian Lithic Procurement Strategies in Western Wisconsin

AbstractThe applicability of employing an organization of technology framework to the analysis of prehistoric lithic procurement strategies is demonstrated here. Analysis reveals that a spatial separation is present in the distribution of lithic raw materials used by Late Paleoindian populations in western Wisconsin. This raises the possibility that lithic raw material functioned as a stylistic indicator of group membership. To evaluate this suggestion microstylistic traits present on a large sample of diagnostic Late Paleoindian projectile points were examined. Significant differences in stylistic traits were observed between sample areas. Furthermore, these differences correspond to spatial differences in raw material use. The correlation between lithic raw material use and microstylistic traits is consistent with the idea that lithic raw material serves as a stylistic marker of group membership, and indicates the presence of some form of social boundary within western Wisconsin during the Late Paleo in...
On the Influence of Viscosity on Riemann Solutions

We show how the existence and uniqueness of Riemann solutions are affected by the precise form of viscosity which is used to select shock waves admitting a viscous profile. We study a complete list of codimension-1 bifurcations that depend on viscosity and distinguish between Lax shock waves with and without a profile. These bifurcations are the saddle–saddle heteroclinic bifurcation, the homoclinic bifurcation, and the nonhyperbolic periodic orbit bifurcation. We prove that these influence the existence and uniqueness of Riemann solutions and affect the number and type of waves comprising a Riemann solution. We present “generic” situations in which viscous Riemann solutions differ from Lax solutions.
Interpersonal Stratification: Status, Power, and Subordination

1 Definitions 2 Overview 3 Group-Based Status: Opening Doors 4 Power: Views From The Top 5 Subordination: Looking Up from the Bottom 6 Summary
Model for microemulsions: I. Effect of sulfonate surfactant cation and chain size and concentration on phase behavior

One/one aqueous NaCl/decane systems containing C12 o-oxylene sulfonates neutralized with mono-, di-, and triethanol amines were equilibrated and phase volumes determined. The systems phase split into 1 to 3 surfactant-rich phases in equilibrium with excess brine and/or decane. Both birefringent and optically homogeneous surfactant phases showed trends in phase volumes with varying salinity, head group size, chain length, and surfactant concentration. Monoethanol ammonium (MEA) and triethanol ammonium (TEA) sulfonates showed opposite trends with increasing concentration; optimal salinity rose with increasing TEA sulfonate and dropped with MEA sulfonate concentration. The diethanol ammonium (DEA) sulfonate showed an optimal salinity essentially independent of surfactant concentration as did equal weight mixtures of MEA and TEA sulfonates. Optimal salinity increased in the order MEA < DEA = MEA/TEA (11) < TEA indicating that surfacant hydrophilicity increases with increasing head group size. These trends and those with varying chain length are consistent with a proposed model mutually relating water and oil uptakes, interfacial curvature, and head and chain size. The model focuses on the structure of the surfactant at the brine/oil interface and relates structure to surfactant capacity to hold brine and oil together in the microemulsion. It examines the influence of surfactant head and chain volumes and water oil interfacial “solubility” on the direction and extent of interfacial curvature. The effect of these variables on interfacial curvature is in turn related to water and oil uptake. Water uptake increases and oil uptake decreases with increasing head/chain volume ratio, oil alkane carbon number and temperature (sulfonates), and decreasing salinity and aromaticity. The model postulates the coexistence of domains of water and oil continuity and applies spherical geometry to oil and water droplets in these domains. The resulting equations relate water and oil uptakes to the relative thicknesses and volumes of surfactant heads and chains. These structural parameters at balance are evaluated from surfactant heads and chains molecular olumes and interfacial areas. The model provides a physical explanation for the well-known empirical hydrophile/lipophile balance (HLB) system. It extends the HLB concept to include the influence of salinity, temperature, and oil composition.
An Accelerating Divergence? The Revisionist Model of World History and the Question of Eurasian Military Parity: Data from East Asia

Over the past few years, this journal has hosted a debate central to world history and historical sociology: Joseph M. Bryant’s bold assault on the revisionist model of global history and the revisionists’ equally trenchant defense. A key point of disagreement concerns Europeans' relative military advantages vis-a-vis Asians. Both sides cite literature from historians’ Military Revolution Model, but each takes different lessons from that literature. The revisionists see a slight military imbalance in favor of Europe but deny that it reflects a general European technological lead. Bryant believes that the European technological lead is significant and reflects a more general modernizing trend. This article tries to resolve the disagreement by appealing to data from East Asia. First, it argues that recent work in Asian history points to what we can call a Chinese Military Revolution, which compels us to place the European Military Revolution in a larger, Eurasian context: not just western European but also East Asian societies were undergoing rapid military change and modernization during the gunpowder age. Second, it adduces evidence from a new study of the Sino-Dutch War of 1661-1668 (a war that both Bryant and the revisionists cite, each, again, taking divergent lessons) to come to a more precise evaluation of the military balance between China and western Europe in the early modern period: western cannons and muskets didn’t provide a discernible advantage, but western war ships and renaissance forts did. The article concludes that the revisionists are correct in their belief that Asian societies were undergoing rapid changes in military technology and practices along the lines of those taking place in western Europe and that the standard model Bryant defends is incorrect because it presumes that Asian societies are more stagnant than is warranted by the evidence. At the same time, the article argues that counter-revisionists like Bryant are correct in their belief that military modernization was proceeding more quickly in Europe than that in Asia, which may indicate that the counter-revisionists are correct on a basic point: there was an early divergence between the west and the rest of Eurasia. At first this divergence was slight – so slight, indeed, that it probably left little clear evidence in the noisy and poor early modern data we have available. But the divergence increased over time. Thus, we can speak of a small but accelerating divergence.
The Fate of Place: A Philosophical History.

The Fate of Place:. Philosophical History. Edward S. Casey. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997. 495 pages. 45.00 (cloth);. 19.95 (paper).
Renal failure secondary to uterine prolapse

A 73-year-old female was referred to the department of geriatric medicine with malaise, lethargy, and swollen feet secondary to chronic renal failure (creatinine 700 umol/l). She had no bothersome urinary symptoms. However, on pelvic examination, stage III uterine prolapse (procidentia) was noted. She admitted having had it for many years. It was not noted on earlier clinical assessments. Bilateral gross hydroureteronephrosis was seen on ultrasound scan (Figure 1). There was no post-void bladder residual. The prolapsed uterus bearing a decubitus ulcer on the cervix was reduced manually and repositioned back in to her pelvis. It was then supported with the help of a 59 mm ring pessary and she was placed on local oestrogen supplements. Her renal function improved over the next 72 hours. A follow-up ultrasound scan showed near-complete resolution of hydronephrosis on both sides (Figure 2) within a week. At nine months follow-up she remained well.
Pricing of buffer and bandwidth in a reservation-based QoS architecture

We consider resource allocation policies to guarantee bounds on packet loss and end-to-end delay for real-time applications in a network with a reservation-based QoS architecture. We consider using pricing to distribute the allocation of buffer and bandwidth at each node along a set of paths, with the goal of maximizing the total utility of all users in the network. Each user is modelled as an aggregate of flows with similar traffic characterizations and similar utility functions, and utility is assumed to be a function of loss probability, which in turn depends on the reserved buffer and bandwidth at each node. We show that this optimization problem has a unique solution, and that the corresponding shadow costs associated with each resource and delay constraint can be related to user's marginal utilities. We propose distributed pricing implementations to achieve the optimal resource reservation policy, by assigning individual roles to the users and to the network, and perhaps to an intervening arbitrager layer. We prove that an allocation is optimal if all users, arbitragers, and the network are in equilibrium.
Consistent Biomechanical Phenotyping of Common Carotid Arteries from Seven Genetic, Pharmacological, and Surgical Mouse Models

The continuing lack of longitudinal histopathological and biomechanical data for human arteries in health and disease highlights the importance of studying the many genetic, pharmacological, and surgical models that are available in mice. As a result, there has been a significant increase in the number of reports on the biomechanics of murine arteries over the past decade, particularly for the common carotid artery. Whereas most of these studies have focused on wild-type controls or comparing controls vs. a single model of altered hemodynamics or vascular disease, there is a pressing need to compare results across many different models to understand more broadly the effects of genetic mutations, pharmacological treatments, or surgical alterations on the evolving hemodynamics and the microstructure and biomechanical properties of these vessels. This paper represents a first step toward this goal, that is, a biomechanical phenotyping of common carotid arteries from control mice and seven different mouse models that represent alterations in elastic fiber integrity, collagen remodeling, and smooth muscle cell functionality.
A Computational Study of the Effect of Fuel Blends on Pollutants Emissions in Flames

Requirement of significantly reducing NOx and particulate emissions while maintaining combustor performance is one of the main drivers for combustion research. Fuel blending represents a very promising approach for reducing both NOx and particulate emissions from flames. This paper reports an investigation on the effects of using hydrogen blending with different fuels on pollutants emission in counterflow flames. The fuels investigated include methane and n-heptane. Methane-hydrogen flame is computed using the GRI-3.0 mechanism, while n-heptane-hydrogen flame is computed by combining the Held’s oxidation mechanism with the Li and Williams’ NOx mechanism. Results indicate that in methane/hydrogen blends, emission of NOx is increases with hydrogen addition, but the effect is not significant. However, emission of CO and C2 H2 (which is a very important soot precursor) are affected significantly by the addition of hydrogen. First, addition of hydrogen decreases the carbon content in the fuel for the same strain rate. Second, the chemistry of combustion also changes due to higher reactivity and higher concentration of H, O and OH radicals produced due to hydrogen addition. In heptane/hydrogen blends, all the three pollutant species investigated (NO, CO and C2 H2 ) are found to be affected significantly by hydrogen addition. The effect of pressure on pollutants emission has also been investigated.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Effects of tricyclic antidepressants on muscarinic cholinergic receptor binding in mouse brain

Abstract Tricyclic antidepressants (TADs) were administered (10 mg/kg/day, i.p.) to mice for 2 or 4 weeks. Tolerance to the antimuscarinic effects of these agents was demonstrated by comparing their ability to supress oxotremorine-induced tremors in treated and in control animals. ED50's increased nearly three-fold after four weeks of treatment. CNS muscarinic acetylcholine receptor binding was also examined after 2 to 7 weeks of treatment by measurement of 3H-quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) binding. No change was found in either density or affinity of these receptors. The development of tolerance to the antimuscarinic effects of TADs is not due to alteration of either the number or the conformation of central muscarinic receptors. Evidence is presented that this phenomenon may instead be the result of an unidentified mechanism by which the post-synaptic effect of a single receptor-agonist interaction is magnified.
Steroid-responsive atypical marginal zone hyperplasia of the lip in a child.

Abstract Atypical marginal zone hyperplasia (AMZH) is a recently described disease entity seen mainly in children. AMZH most commonly affects tonsils and appendices. Cutaneous AMZH is rare. The authors report here a recurrent AMZH in the lip of a 9-year-old child who presented originally with a lip swelling for approximately 3 months. The lip lesion recurred after each incomplete excision for 4 times. Pathologically, the lesion demonstrated marginal zone B-cell hyperplasia with kappa monoclonality by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry studies. Lymphoepithelial lesions were noted with involvement of minor salivary glands. Polymerase chain reaction for immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene rearrangement has been repeatedly negative. Polymerase chain reaction for Borrelia species DNA was negative on both paraffin-embedded tissue and plasma. Serum antibodies IgG and IgM for Helicobacter Pylori were positive. A diagnosis of AMZH was made. Two courses of anti H. Pylori therapy did not improve the lip lesion, which completely regressed after a course of prednisone therapy. With differential diagnosis of cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma, the case illustrated diagnostic challenges, especially with recurrent lesions. This is the first case of recurrent cutaneous AMZH that has uncharacteristic kappa light-chain restriction. AMZH should be considered in children with mucocutaneous lesions with features of marginal zone lymphoma.
Total X-Ray Attenuation Coefficients from 40 kev to 412 kev

The total attenuation coefficients for a variety of materials have been measured in the energy range between 40 and 412 kev. The unique angular and energy resolution of the DuMond curved crystal spectrometer were employed in the analysis of the scattered radiation. While the results are in general agreement with earlier tabulations at energies above the $K$-absorption edge, the present values are higher than most earlier estimates at energies below the $K$ edge.
Prehospital and Emergency Department Care to Preserve Neurologic Function During and Following Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Considerable progress has been made in providing high-quality prehospital and emergency cardiac care for OHCA victims. The use of early CPR, early defibrillation, early ACLS, and state-of-the-art postresuscitation care offers the best promise for improved community survival and neurologic outcome statistics in the future. The NIH-sponsored Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium represents the largest governmentally sponsored effort of its kind that that will test the value of promising pharmacologic and device interventions on improving survival and neurologic outcome in OHCA patients.
Validity of indicator-dilution determinations of cardiac output in patients with mitral regurgitation.

A total of 532 groups of indicator-dilution determinations of cardiac index were performed in four groups of patients, many with mitral regurgitation. The indicator, indocyanine green, was injected into the right atrium and sampled from both the pulmonary and systemic arterial trees. The potential problem imposed by early recirculation of indicator particles was present in the latter but not the former dilution curves. The absence of physiologically significant differences between the two sampling sites demonstrates that even severe mitral regurgitation does not vitiate indicator-dilution determination of cardiac output after right heart injection and systemic arterial sampling if the downstroke of the primary dilution curve permits a straight line semilogarithmic extrapolation.
eta photoproduction of nucleons and the structure of the resonance S11(1535) in the quark model.

In this paper, we present our study on \ensuremath{\eta} photoproduction based on the chiral quark model. We find that the quark model provides a very good description of \ensuremath{\eta} production with far fewer parameters, and the threshold region is not a reliable source to determine the \ensuremath{\eta}NN coupling constant due to its strong dependence on the properties of the resonance ${\mathit{S}}_{11}$(1535). We suggest that the systematic data in ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathrm{lab}}$=1.2--1.4 GeV region may help us to determine the \ensuremath{\eta}NN coupling constant more precisely. The structure of the resonance ${\mathit{S}}_{11}$(1535) is discussed; we find that the recent data from Mainz group bring the helicity amplitude much closer to the quark model prediction. However, more studies need to be done to understand the large \ensuremath{\eta}N branching ratio of the resonance ${\mathit{S}}_{11}$(1535). Our results show that the quark model is a very good approach to studying the underlying structure of baryon resonances from the meson photoproduction data.
Scanning electrochemical microscopy imaging of rhodochrosite dissolution using gold amalgam microelectrodes

Gold/mercury amalgam (Au/Hg) microelectrodes with a diameter of 25 µm were developed for the detection of environmentally relevant analytes such as manganese and iron by scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), and applied to investigate the controlled dissolution of manganese carbonate (MnCO3; rhodochrosite) in acidic conditions. Characterization of the amalgam electrode geometry via approach curves recorded during SECM experiments revealed Au/Hg microelectrodes with sphere cap geometry. Quantitative determination of Mn2+ has been achieved by calibration of the Au/Hg microelectrode in bulk solution experiments. Subsequent SECM imaging experiments confirm the applicability of amalgam microelectrodes for imaging of Mn2+ production during dissolution of MnCO3 at pH 3.9. This study confirms feasibility and provides the fundamental basis of SECM imaging with amalgam microelectrodes to address biogeochemically relevant questions.
A new source of lunar electromagnetic induction: Forcing by the diamagnetic cavity

Analysis of the power spectral densities (PSD's) of eight 50-hour time series from Apollo 12 lunar surface magnetometer (LSM) and isochronous Explorer 35 Ames magnetometer data points to the existence of a new source of electromagnetic induction in the interior of the moon which is independent of the transverse electric mode. This source is hypothesized to arise from extension of the cavity diamagnetic field into the moon in analogy with the fringing field of a solenoid.
Training in time-limited dynamic psychotherapy: A systematic comparison of pre- and post-training cases treated by one therapist

AbstractObjective: This qualitative study systematically compared cases treated by the same therapist in order to understand the group comparison findings of a larger study on training of experienced therapists (the “Vanderbilt II” psychotherapy project). Method: The therapist, Dr C., was selected based on the therapist's overall treatment successes. His two patients were selected based on their outcomes and the relative training cohort from which they were drawn: a case with successful outcome from the pre-training cohort and a case of negligible improvement from the post-training cohort. Results: Dr C. demonstrated a variety of interpersonal skills throughout his pre-training case, though there was also poor interpersonal process throughout. However, in the second case he had considerable difficulty in adapting his typical therapeutic approach to the requirements of the time-limited dynamic psychotherapy (TLDP) manual, even while appearing to work hard to find ways to use the manual. Conclusions: Dr C.'...
Modeling the Evolution of Polar Ice Sheets

The Ice Sheet System Model (ISSM) team, which is funded primarily by NASA (Cryosphere and Modeling, Analysis and Prediction programs), as well as the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, University of California, Irvine, and National Science Foundation's Office of Polar Programs, organized a workshop in collaboration with the Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR) at the University of Bergen in Norway, in June 2014.
Regression equations for RT3 activity monitors to estimate energy expenditure in manual wheelchair users

Activity monitors (AMs) can assist persons with Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) who use manual wheelchairs to self-assess regular physical activity to move towards healthier lifestyles. In this study we evaluated the validity of an accelerometer-based RT3 AM in predicting energy expenditure (EE) of manual wheelchair users with SCI. Twenty-four subjects performed four types of physical activities including wheelchair propulsion, arm-ergometry exercise, deskwork, and resting in a laboratory setting. Subjects wore two RT3 AMs: an RT3 around the waist (RT3W) per the manufacturer's instruction and an RT3 on the upper arm (RT3A). Criterion EE was collected by a portable metabolic system. The absolute EE estimation error for the RT3W varied from 21.3%-55.2% for different activities. Two EE prediction equations (general and activity-specific) were developed from 19 randomly selected subjects and validated on the remaining 4 subjects for the RT3A, RT3W, and RT3 AMs combined. The results showed that the general and activity-specific regression equations for the RT3A performed better than the RT3W and similar to the RT3 AMs combined. The general EE equation for RT3A consisted of both the demographic variable weight and accelerometer variables showing it is sensitive to subject parameters and upper extremity movement. The activity-specific EE equations for RT3A showed demographic variable weight to be a significant predictor during resting and deskwork and accelerometer variables along with weight to be significant predictors during propulsion and arm-ergometry. The validation results from the activity-specific equations for the RT3A showed that the absolute EE estimation error varied from 12.2%-38.1%. Future work will recruit more subjects and refine the prediction equations for the RT3 AM to quantify physical activity in MWUs with SCI
Hyperconjugative π-Aromaticity: How To Make Cyclopentadiene Aromatic

Cyclopentadienes, when 5,5-disubstituted with electropositive groups, have considerably enhanced cyclic conjugation in comparison with the parent molecule, C5H6. According to various aromaticity indices, 5,5-distannylcyclopentadiene is nearly as aromatic as furan. Previous observations on the reactivity were interpreted in the light of the observed aromatic stabilization.
Formation and persistence of DNA adducts of 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ) in CDF1 mice fed a high ω-3 fatty acid diet

Abstract The potent bacterial mutagen 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5- f ]quinoline (IQ) is carcinogenic in the CDF 1 mouse, affecting the liver, lungs and forestomach. IQ forms DNA adducts in both target- and non-target organs of the CDF 1 mouse. The chemopreventive effects of menhaden oil (MO), a fish oil high in ω-3 fatty acids, are well known. Because DNA adduct formation is considered to be a critical event in the initiation of carcinogenesis, we have assessed the effects of dietary MO on IQ–DNA adduct formation. For the duration of the study, young adult, male CDF 1 mice were maintained on either powdered chow diet, AIN-76A diet, or AIN-76A diet modified to contain 19% MO (19% MO diet). After 2 weeks on these diets, all animals received 0.01% (w/w) IQ in the diet for the next 3 weeks. Groups of 4 animals were killed 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 or 12 days thereafter for analysis of IQ–DNA adducts by 32 P-postlabeling. IQ–DNA adduct patterns were qualitatively similar in the liver, lungs, stomach, small intestine, cecum, colon, kidneys, heart and spleen. Adduct levels in the liver, lungs, stomach and colon decreased significantly during the 12-day study period, but only to a relatively small extent and only with certain of the diets. On day 1, the 19% MO diet significantly decreased (35.8–90.0%) adduct levels in the stomach, cecum, colon and kidneys, when compared to chow diet or AIN-76A diet. On day 12, adduct levels in the liver, stomach, heart and spleen were decreased (36.5–64.7%) as a result of MO feeding. With the exception of the liver, heart and spleen on day 12, there were no significant differences in organ adduct levels between the chow diet and the AIN-76A diet. It is concluded that feeding 0.01% (w/w) IQ in the diet for 3 weeks results in a relatively slow rate of adduct removal and that this rate is largely independent of the type of diet. Dietary MO inhibits IQ–DNA adduct formation only in certain target- and non-target organs of the CDF 1 mouse, a finding similar to our previous results in the F344 rat. MO may affect the initiation phase of IQ tumorigenesis by inhibiting IQ–DNA adduct formation in certain target organs.
Preferences for Mothers and Security Blankets and Their Effectiveness As Reinforcers for Young Children's Behaviors.

SUMMARY Preferences for attachment agents and the reinforcing efficacy of their individual components were assessed in 100 pre-school-aged children. In the first study, mothers were selected more often than the blanket or control; however, those children rated by their mothers as being blanket-attached approached their blanket more than no object. In the second study, children responded more frequently for their mother than for the blanket or no object. However, visual presentations of the blanket were more effective reinforcers for blanket-attached than for non-attached children. In the third study, auditory and visual features of the mother were tested as reinforcers. Control over responding was consistently achieved with contingent presentations of the mother's voice or her televised image, but not with corresponding presentations of an unfamiliar woman.
Eosinophilic Enterocolitis Diagnosed by Means of Upper Endoscopy and Colonoscopy with Random Biopsies Treated with Budenoside: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Intense infiltration of gastrointestinal and colonic mucosa with eosinophils or acidophilic gastroenteritis (EG) is a relatively uncommon picture for a pathologist endoscopist especially outside the pediatric age group and is highly suggestive of an ongoing chronic inflammatory process. Existing literature projected a hypothetical association with allergy but the exact pathophysiology is still unknown. Association with malabsorption, protein losing enteropathy, and refractory ulcers with gastrointestinal bleeding makes the clinical presentation more complicated. We present a unique case of diarrhea and abdominal pain in the clinical presentation with associated peripheral eosinophilia, asthma, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The patient's symptoms abated after initiation of budesonide.
Population Biology of Steelhead in a Stable-Flow, Low-Gradient Tributary of Lake Michigan

Abstract I examined the characteristics and dynamics of a population of wild steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss in the Little Manistee River, an extremely stable-flow, low-gradient (sandy) tributary of Lake Michigan. I monitored autumn pan populations by electrofishing (1981–1983), and I monitored spring emigrant populations at a weir near the river mouth (1982–1984) and both autumn- and spring-returning adults at this weir (1979–1987). Relative to other Great Lakes populations, steelhead in the Little Manistee River had several notable characteristics that are probably linked to abundant groundwater and stable flows: (1) high abundances of age-1 parr, smolts, and adults, (2) constant autumn age-1 parr densities, (3) few emigrant parr, (4) fast growth when in the stream environment, and (5) relatively late age at maturity (after 3 years in the lake). An excessive sand bed load occurs in the low-gradient sections of the river, limiting gravel spawning areas to higher-gradient sections. This limited spawning are...
Spatiotemporal summarization of traffic data streams

With resource-efficient summarization and accurate reconstruction of the historic traffic sensor data, one can effectively manage and optimize transportation systems (e.g., road networks) to become smarter (better mobility, less congestion, less travel time, and less travel cost) and greener (less waste of fuel and less greenhouse gas production). The existing data summarization (and archival) techniques are generic and are not designed to leverage the unique characteristics of the traffic data for effective data reduction. In this paper, we propose and explore a family of data summaries that take advantage of the high temporal and spatial redundancy/correlation among sensor readings from individual sensors and sensor groups, respectively, for effective data reduction. In particular, with these summaries we derive and maintain a "signature" as well as a series of "outliers" for the readings received from each individual sensor or group of co-located sensors. While signatures capture the typical readings that estimate the actual readings with bounded error, the outliers represent the actual readings where the error-bound is violated. With the combination of signatures and outliers, our proposed data summaries can effectively represent the actual data with much smaller storage footprint, while allowing for efficient querying of the sensor data with bounded error. Our experiments with a real traffic sensor dataset shows that our proposed data summaries use only 23% of the storage space otherwise required for storing the actual data, while allowing for highly accurate query results with guaranteed precision.
Epilithic Community Metabolism as an Indicator of Impact and Recovery in Streams Affected by Acid Mine Drainage

We measured biomass and metabolism of epilithic communities on five dates in different seasons at four sites in a watershed that has received extensive restoration for acid mine drainage (AMD) through the construction of passive treatment systems. Chlorophyll a biomass and productivity directly corresponded to AMD stress from coal mining. The site downstream of extensive passive treatment had significantly greater biomass and gross primary productivity rates than the site receiving only untreated AMD, but values were below those for two reference sites, indicating incomplete recovery. The degree of difference in these metrics among sites varied seasonally, primarily related to differences in canopy cover changes, but the ranking of sites in terms of stress generally was consistent. Reference sites had a significantly greater chlorophyll a/pheophytin ratio than untreated and treated sites, also indicating AMD stressed the communities. Community respiration was less affected by AMD stress than productivity or chlorophyll a. Productivity measures are not widely used to assess AMD impacts, and have been shown to both increase and decrease with AMD stress. The elimination of herbivores in AMD-impacted streams can increase productivity in the benthic algal community. Our study found productivity decreased with increasing AMD stress. Although sites with AMD stress had reduced herbivore populations, light, nutrients and metal precipitates appear to have limited growth of AMD-tolerant algal taxa. Therefore, it appears changes in food web structure due to AMD stress had less of an effect on epilithic productivity than environmental conditions within the stream.
Interaction between components of polymer blends by scattering

The Flory interaction coefficient χAB of binary polymer blends of high concentration may be determined from the study of light, x-ray, or neutron scattering at q=0. Neutron scattering measurements are particularly effective for these measurements since scattering intensity may be enhanced through deuteration of one component.
DRβ1*1501, DQβ1*0602 donor allelic haplotype and humoral antibody episodes of acute renal allograft rejection.

Abstract The present investigation was designed to show the effect of molecular HLA class II DR and DQ allelic differences between donor and recipient on humoral antibody rejection identified by C4d peritubular capillary staining. The hypothesis is that expression of the DRβ1*1501, DQβ1*0602 allele in the donor kidney increases the likelihood of humoral antibody rejection. We found that 67% (n = 18) of DR15 and/or DQ6 haplotype donor kidneys induced humoral antibody renal allograft rejection; 35% (n = 40) of DR15 and/or DQ6 haplotype donor kidneys failed to induce humoral antibody renal allograft rejection (p = 0.02). 42% (n = 31) of C4d+ recipients had donors with DR15; 17% (n = 42) of C4d recipients had donors with HLA-DR15 (p = 0.01).We compared donor haplotype alleles of 4 C4d+ with 6 C4d− recipients by high resolution molecular typing; 3 of 4 C4d+ recipients had a donor with the DRβ1*1501/DQβ1*0602 allele. This allele was absent in all C4d− donors. 35% of C4d+ recipients had 2 DR mismatches when compared to 36% of C4d− recipients. Our results, suggest that the DRβ1*1501, DQβ1*0602 allele in the donor kidney increases the risk of humoral antibody episodes of acute rejection, and signals the need for C4d staining of renal biopsies. Future analysis of additional donor and recipient haplotypes will establish whether or not this is a useful predictor of humoral rejection episodes.