cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Document processing with LinkIT

We present a linguistically-motivated technique for the recognition and grouping of simplex noun phrases (SNPs) called LinkIT. Our system has two key features: (1) we efficiently gather minimal NPs, i. e. SNPs, as precisely and linguistically defined and motivated in our paper; (2) we apply a refined set of post-processing rules to these SNPs to link them within a document. The identification of SNPs is performed using a finite state machine compiled from a regular expression grammar, and the process of ranking the candidate significant topics uses frequency information that is gathered in a single pass through the document. We evaluated the NP identification component of LinkIT and found that it outperformed other NP chunkers in precision and recall. The system is currently used in several applications which are described, such as web page characterization and multi-document summarization.
Effect of Backwash on Filter Effluent Quality

The effect of backwash rate and backwash duration on the quality of water produced by sand filters has been investigated on a plant scale. The best water quality was produced following backwash rates of 16.7 gpm per sq ft in filters with sand of effective size of 0.64 mm, even though the average sand expansion was only 17%. This observation is supported by a theoretical evaluation of the forces acting on the sand during backwash. Therefore, the early idea that 50% expansion is required for good backwashing is not supported by this research. With coarser sands being more widely used today (1966), this will mean savings in cost of backwash piping, equipment, and in filter underdrain systems. It was observed that the turbidity of the backwash water alone is not a valid indicator of the cleanliness of the sand.
Calcium mobilization by cadmium or decreasing extracellular Na+ or pH in coronary endothelial cells.

Replacing extracellular Na+ with choline transiently increased cytoplasmic free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) more than 5-fold in coronary endothelial cells. Removing external Na+ stimulated 45Ca2+ efflux ~4-fold and influx ~1.7-fold. The stimulation of efflux was independent of extracellular Ca2+ and the osmotic Na+ substitute. The release of stored Ca2+, rather than Ca2+ influx via Na+Ca2+ exchange, probably causes the increase in [Ca2+]i and 45Ca2+ efflux. Cadmium or decreasing external, not intracellular, pH transiently increased [Ca2+]i. Cd2+ and some other divalent metals also stimulated 45Ca2+ efflux. The potency order of the metals that stimulated efflux was Cd2+ > Co2+ > Ni2+ > Fe2+ > Mn2+. Incubating the cells with Zn2+ prior to assaying efflux in the absence of Zn2+ strongly inhibited the stimulation of 45Ca2+ efflux by Cd2+, pH 6, and the removal of external Na+ without affecting the stimulation of efflux by ATP. These findings support the hypothesis that certain trace metals or decreasing external Na+ or pH trigger the release of stored Ca2+ by stimulating a cell surface “receptor.”
Development and pathogenic evaluation of recombinant herpes simplex virus type 1 expressing two fluorescent reporter genes from different lytic promoters

To develop means to explore viral gene expression in ganglia without laborious histological sectioning and staining, we created a two color fluorescent recombinant HSV-1, in which enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and red fluorescent protein (RFP) are expressed from the glycoprotein B (gB) and glycoprotein C (gC) promoters respectively. We show that this virus retained growth and pathogenic capacity both in vitro and in vivo compared to wild type HSV-1; established latent infections with similar genome copy number in trigeminal ganglia (TG); induced a similar HSV-specific CD8(+) T cell infiltrate; did not induce CD8(+) T cells reactive to EGFP or RFP; and reactivated from latency with normal kinetics in ex vivo TG cultures. Fluorescent EGFP expression in plaques surrounding neurons preceded RFP expression and provided highly sensitive detection of reactivation and different stages of infection in ex vivo TG cultures. Expression of both EGFP and RFP in neurons was readily detectable in whole mounts of TG excised during acute infection and following in vivo sodium butyrate-induced reactivation from latency. This virus constitutes a useful reagent for monitoring lytic viral promoter activity in sensory neurons in vivo and in vitro.
Global dimension of cartesian squares

Abstract The local rings of global dimension two are characterized. Such rings are either noetherian rings, valuation rings, or the so-called umbrella rings, A local ring A is an umbrella ring if and only if A contains a prime ideal P such that: 1. (a) Ap is a valuation ring of global dimension one or two, 2. (b) A P is a regular local ring of global dimension two, 3. (c) PAp = P, 4. (d) A has only countably many principal prime ideals. These results are generalized by defining an F-ring to be a domain A containing a prime ideal Q such that AQ is a valuation ring and QAQ = Q. We show that A is the fiber-product of AQ and A Q over A Q QA Q and determine the global dimension of A in terms of the global dimensions of AQ and A Q .
Efficacy and safety of induced seizures (EST) in man

Abstract A review of the EST process finds its efficacy and safety in the treatment of psychotic depressive states and mania to be well-documented. In acute schizophrenia, EST is symptomatic and its usefulness is equivalent to psychotropic drugs. In chronic schizophrenia, the effects of EST and other therapies are equally poor; but the principal studies are faulted by inadequate numbers of EST treatments. In all other conditions, including the use in children and adolescents, the data are insecure and additional studies are needed. The principal risks of EST have been reduced by improved treatment methods. Fracture, panic, spontaneous seizures, and death are no longer prominent. Persistent deficits in memory and the psychologic stigma of having had “shock therapy” are the principal costs of therapy today. Suggestions to reduce these risks are made. For depression, mania, and acute schizophrenia, EST has a risk/benefit ratio equal to or better than other available treatments. Further study of the relative efficacy and safety of these treatments are needed; as are controlled studies for other conditions where its use has been recommended.
Association between nonverbal communication during clinical interactions and outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Abstract Objective To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies reporting associations between patients' and clinicians' nonverbal communication during real clinical interactions and clinically relevant outcomes. Methods We searched 10 electronic databases, reference lists, and expert contacts for English-language studies examining associations between nonverbal communication measured through direct observation and either clinician or patient outcomes in adults. Data were systematically extracted and random effects meta-analyses were performed. Results 26 observational studies met inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis was performed for patient satisfaction, which was assessed in 65% of studies. Mental and physical health status were evaluated in 23% and 19% of included studies, respectively. Both clinician warmth and clinician listening were associated with greater patient satisfaction ( p p =0.505), but greater nurse negativity was associated with less patient satisfaction ( p Conclusion Greater clinician warmth, less nurse negativity, and greater clinician listening were associated with greater patient satisfaction. Additional studies are needed to evaluate the impact of nonverbal communication on patients' mental and physical health. Practice implications Communication-based interventions that target clinician warmth and listening and nurse negativity may lead to greater patient satisfaction.
On the structural protein of flagellar outer fibers

Abstract Outer fibers have been isolated from sea urchin sperm flagella by a process of selective solubilization. The outer fibers, like most other microtubules reported in the literature, are composed of 40 A globular subunits arranged longitudinally. The fibers may be solubilized to a characteristic protein which accounts for at least 95% of the total protein of the outer fiber. A minimal 3 s subunit of 59,000 molecular weight is formed in either 8 m -urea or 5 m -guanidine hydro-chloride; a 5.4 s particle with a molecular weight of 130,000 is produced in 50 m m -Salyrgan. The amino acid composition of the outer fiber protein strongly resembles that obtained by others from Tetrahymena cilia, and both proteins show much similarity to muscle actin, plasmodial actin and mitotic apparatus protein.
Placement disruption and negative placement outcomes among adolescents in long-term foster care: The role of behavior problems

Abstract Objective This study examined risk of placement disruption and negative placement outcomes (e.g., residential treatment and incarceration) among adolescents placed in traditional family foster care for a year or longer. A foster parent's report of externalizing behavior problems was expected to be a stronger predictor of disruption and negative outcomes than a caseworker's report. Additionally, the association between behavior problems and placement disruption was expected to be mediated by the youth's degree of belonging and integration in the foster home. Method The caseworkers and foster parents of 179 randomly selected 12–13-year-old adolescents placed in traditional foster care were interviewed by telephone. Interviews included standardized measures of externalizing behavioral problems and several other variables that have been previously associated with placement movement. Disruption from the youth's foster home at the time of the interview was prospectively tracked for 5 years. Results Over half of the youth experienced a disruption of their placement. Contrary to expectations, behavior problems as reported by caseworkers, but not foster parents, were predictive of placement disruption. However, the foster parent's report of behavior problems predicted risk of negative outcome after a period of 5 years. As hypothesized, integration in the foster home was highly predictive of placement stability and mediated the association between behavior problems and risk of disruption. Conclusions Results suggest that integration in the foster home might be an important dimension of placement adaptation that should be considered during service planning for foster youth in long-term foster care. In addition, using standardized measures of behavior with both foster parents and caseworkers might be necessary to assess both long-term risk of negative outcomes and more immediate risk of placement disruption.
Drug induced hypothyroidism

Summary Drugs and dietary substances which may induce goiter and hypothyroidism are reviewed. Another group of pharmacological agents alter the serum or cellular binding of thyroxine and triiodothyronine but do not induce hypothyroidism in animals and man whose hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis is intact. In view of the widespread clinical use of many of these therapeutic agents, it is essential that the physician be aware of the effects of these drugs on thyroid function in order to avoid true hypothyroidism or misinterpretation of thyroid function tests.
Prognostic importance of the immediate hemodynamic response to nifedipine in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction

To determine the clinical significance of the occurrence of hemodynamic deterioration after the administration of calcium channel blocking drugs, nifedipine (20 mg orally) was administered to 29 patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction. Thirteen patients showed hemodynamic improvement with the drug (Group 1), as shown by a notable increase in cardiac index associated with a modest decrease in mean arterial pressure. The other 16 patients exhibited hemodynamic deterioration after nifedipine (Group 2), as reflected by a decline in right and left ventricular stroke work indexes accompanied by a marked hypotensive response. These differences were not related to differences in the peripheral vascular response to nifedipine, because both groups showed similar decreases in systemic and pulmonary vascular resistances. Groups 1 (hemodynamic improvement) and 2 (hemodynamic deterioration) were similar with respect to all demographic variables and pretreatment left ventricular performance (cardiac index, left ventricular filling pressure and systemic vascular resistance). Yet, the 1 year actuarial survival in patients in Group 1 was substan- tially better than that in patients in Group 2 (67 versus 23%, p = 0.009). Group 2, however, had higher values for plasma renin activity (17.7 ± 6.0 versus 4.3 ±1.4mg/ml per h, p These findings confirm the hypothesis that patients with the most advanced heart failure (as reflected by their poor long-term survival) are most likely to show hemodynamic deterioration after calcium channel blockade, and they suggest that the assessment of neurohormonal activation and right ventricular performance more accurately identifies such patients than do conventional measures of left ventricular performance.
FIRM PERFORMANCE AND SECURITY TYPE IN SEASONED OFFERINGS: AN EMPIRICAL EXAMINATION OF ALTERNATIVE SIGNALING MODELS

In this paper we examine the long-term performance of publicly traded firms that issue straight debt, convertible debt, or common stock. Declines in firm performance following issuance are consistent with declines in firm value at announcement and issuance, and suggest that convertible debt and common stock are substantially equivalent. This study is consistent with the pecking-order and Miller-Rock models, but inconsistent with the leverage-signaling model. Despite a significant decline following issuance, firms issuing common stock or convertible debt perform better, on average, than the industry before, at, and after issuance. This is consistent with younger, riskier, higher-growth firms being the predominant issuers of common stock and convertible debt.
Mathematical model for silicon electrode – Part II. Simulations on different electrode nanostructures

Abstract The second part of the manuscript presents a one-dimensional axisymmetric plane strain model to study lithium insertion induced stresses in different types of silicon nanostructures, – nanowire (Si NW), nanotube (Si NT) and core/shell (Si C/S) nanostructures. The 1-d plane strain model is the dimensionally reduced form of the 2-d model presented in part I. Simulation results from the 1-d plane strain model is compared to the results from the 2-d model for the Si NW. Each of these structures poses a different type of boundary conditions and the stress evolution due to diffusion in each of the cases are discussed. Simulation results indicate that Si NT structures develop lower tensile stresses compared to Si NW structures under similar current densities. Case studies on Si NT for different values of inner to outer radii ratio are also presented. Furthermore, simulations reveal that the Si C/S structures develop much higher stresses (closer to the core/shell interface) compared to Si NW or Si NT, owing to the different expansion factors of the core and shell material.
A Study of the Southwestern Fiesta System as Exemplified by the Laguna Fiesta1

FIESTAS, with Catholic masses and processions, markets, carnivals and/or native dances, honoring the patron saint of the community, are found throughout the Catholic countries of Latin America. This fiesta pattern extends northward into the area of early Spanish occupation in the North American Southwest where it still appears in the annual calendar both in SpanishAmerican and in Indian villages, notably among the Eastern Pueblos in New Mexico and the Yaqui and Papago in southern Arizona. Unlike the more famous Southwestern "fiestas" or "ceremonials," which were initiated, or are now promoted, by Anglo-American businessmen, the village fiestas are predominantly "native" affairs. The Gallup Inter-tribal Indian Ceremonial and the Flagstaff Pow-Wow, initiated and managed by Chambers of Commerce (and derivative organizations), are examples of the "ceremonial" for which Indians are hired to perform for the Anglo tourists whose presence in the town promotes the local business interests. The Santa Fe Fiesta has also tended to become a commercialized Chamber-of-Commerce-
The Fate of Exogenously Applied Indoleacetic Acid in Light Grown Stems

Elongating segments from light grown pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Alaska) and bean (Pbaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Red kidney) stems were incubated in 10-5M indoleacetic acid (IAA)-1-14C,and -5-3H in the light. Radoactive derivatives, extracted in water, ethanol or ether, and 1 N sodium hydroxide at three different times were chromatographed in three separate systems and the different metabolites identified by their labeling and chromatographic characteristics. Major metabolites included indoleacetyl aspartate, possibly indoleacetyl glucoside, hydroxymethyloxindole, and in bean a further major unidentified compund. Other compounds occurred in lesser amounts. Indole aldehyde was present only in very small quantities. IAA breakdown commenced between 1 and 6 h of incubation, following which IAA decreased and most metabolites increased, though IAA was still present after 24 h. Alkaline hydrolysates contained mainly IAA at a level which changed little between 6 and 24 h.
Patterns of team processes and breakdowns in information analysis tasks

In this paper we present findings from a laboratory study of teams of three, collaborating to complete a complex information sharing, synthesis, decision-making task. We use interaction analysis, communication analysis, and task analysis methods to identify the primary activities teams engaged in as they solved a complex information dependant decision-making task. These activities serve as the foundation to present findings related to common team problems and patterns of interaction associated with team performance. We found differences between high and low performing teams related to verbal equity and how they shared and synthesized information.
Cross-view action recognition via view knowledge transfer

In this paper, we present a novel approach to recognizing human actions from different views by view knowledge transfer. An action is originally modelled as a bag of visual-words (BoVW), which is sensitive to view changes. We argue that, as opposed to visual words, there exist some higher level features which can be shared across views and enable the connection of action models for different views. To discover these features, we use a bipartite graph to model two view-dependent vocabularies, then apply bipartite graph partitioning to co-cluster two vocabularies into visual-word clusters called bilingual-words (i.e., high-level features), which can bridge the semantic gap across view-dependent vocabularies. Consequently, we can transfer a BoVW action model into a bag-of-bilingual-words (BoBW) model, which is more discriminative in the presence of view changes. We tested our approach on the IXMAS data set and obtained very promising results. Moreover, to further fuse view knowledge from multiple views, we apply a Locally Weighted Ensemble scheme to dynamically weight transferred models based on the local distribution structure around each test example. This process can further improve the average recognition rate by about 7%.
Effect of iron oxide on the phase composition of zirconia refractories

It has been established that in the compositions ZrO2∶Y2O3∶Fe2O3 and ZrO2∶Nd2O3∶Fe2O3 the processes of formation of rare earth ferrites and ZrO2 cubic solid solutions occur simultaneously. At temperatures of up to 1300°C the ferrite-formation process is fastest; with a further increase in the temperature the synthesis of ZrO2 cubic solid solutions is significantly intensified. In the mixture of CaO, ZrO2, and Fe2O3, the calcium oxide reacts only with ZrO2. The greatest stability in relation to the action of Fe2O3 is clearly found in the case of the zirconia-calcium oxide solid solutions. In the mixtures of cubic solid solutions of Nd2Zr2O7-ZrO2 or ZrO2-Y2O3 and Fe2O3, an interaction is only possible in the case where the synthesis of ferrites is not accompanied by the restructuring of the crystal lattice of ZrO2, i. e., by destabilization of the material. The presence of Fe2O3 prevents the decomposition of zirconia-calcium oxide and zirconia-neodymium oxide solid solutions under conditions of prolonged heating in air at 1300°C. The zirconia-yttria cubic solid solution is the most stable and does not decompose, regardless of the concentration of Fe2O3, after a dwell of 250 h at 1300°C.
Disparities in Community Readiness for HIV/AIDS prevention.

HIV and AIDS as a community issue have not been dealt with extensively in the literature. One model that offers promise for development of effective prevention and intervention efforts is the Community Readiness Model, a nine-stage model that assesses the level of readiness of a community to develop and implement prevention programming. Data are presented from a Community Readiness assessment of 30 rural U.S. communities: 10 African American, 10 Mexican American, and 10 White non-Mexican American. Four to five key respondent interviews were conducted via telephone in each community using the Community Readiness Assessment protocol during 1999–2000. Limitations of the study and implications for prevention are discussed. This study was funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse.
Ligand binding regulates the directed movement of β1 integrins on fibroblasts

To enable cells to crawl, adhesion receptors such as integrins must bind to extracellular molecules and simultaneously interact with force-generating components of the cytoskeleton. We show here that the binding of extracellular ligand in living cells induces the attachment of beta1 integrins to the retrograde-moving cytoskeleton. Unliganded integrins are not associated with the rearward-moving cytoskeleton: gold particles attached to beta1 integrin by a monoclonal antibody diffuse in the membrane. However, addition of soluble RGD peptide (single-letter amino-acid code) or the use of fibronectin-coated gold particles causes the attachment of integrins to the rearward-moving cytoskeleton. Deletion of the beta1 cytoplasmic tail blocks cytoskeletal attachment. The directed movement of integrins in response to ligand indicates that ligand binding is the critical step in regulating organized receptor movement on the cell surface and the migration of adherent cells.
Improvement in self-reported quality of life with cognitive therapy for recurrent major depressive disorder

Abstract Background Major depressive disorder (MDD) is common, often recurrent and/or chronic. Theoretically, assessing quality of life (QoL) in addition to the current practice of assessing depressive symptoms has the potential to offer a more comprehensive evaluation of the effects of treatment interventions and course of illness. Methods Before and after acute-phase cognitive therapy (CT), 492 patients from Continuation Phase Cognitive Therapy Relapse Prevention trial ( Jarrett et al., 2013 , Jarrett and Thase, 2010 ) completed the Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire (Q-LES-Q), Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Self-report (IDS-SR) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI); clinicians completed Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression-17-items. Repeated measures analysis of variance evaluated the improvement in QoL before/after CT and measured the effect sizes. Change analyses to assess clinical significance ( Hageman and Arrindell, 1999 ) were conducted. Results At the end of acute-phase CT, a repeated measure analysis of variance produced a statistically significant increase in Q-LES-Q scores with effect sizes of 0.48–1.3%; 76.9–91.4% patients reported clinically significant improvement. Yet, only 11–38.2% QoL scores normalized. An analysis of covariance showed that change in depression severity (covariates=IDS-SR, BDI) completely accounted for the improvement in Q-LES-Q scores. Limitations There were only two time points of observation; clinically significant change analyses lacked matched normal controls; and generalizability is constrained by sampling characteristics. Conclusions Quality of life improves significantly in patients with recurrent MDD after CT; however, this improvement is completely accounted for by change in depression severity. Normalization of QoL in all patients may require targeted, additional, and/or longer treatment.
Elevated vascular endothelial growth factor level in Coats' disease and possible therapeutic role of bevacizumab

To compare intraocular vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) level in patients with and without Coats’ disease, and to report a case of Coats’ disease that responded to intravitreal injection of bevacizumab. Intraocular fluid was obtained from four eyes with Coats’ disease (subretinal fluid in three eyes and aqueous in one eye) and from five eyes with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (subretinal fluid in four eyes and vitreous in one eye). Intraocular VEGF level was compared between these two groups. In one eye with stage 2B Coats’ disease, macular edema, visual acuity, and intraocular VEGF level were compared before and after intravitreal injection of bevacizumab. Mean intraocular VEGF level in eyes with Coats’ disease was 2,394.5 pg/ml, compared to 15.3 pg/ml in eyes with rhegmagenous retinal detachment. In the eye with stage 2B Coats’ disease, macular edema was reduced after bevacizumab injection, and the visual acuity improved from 0.05 to 0.2. Intraocular VEGF level decreased from 1247 pg/ml to 20.4 pg/ml 1 month after the injection. Coats’ disease is associated with increased intraocular VEGF level. Bevacizumab may be a valuable adjunctive treatment for Coats’ disease.
Contraceptive use and method choice among women with opioid and other substance use disorders: A systematic review

Aim To systematically review the literature on contraceptive use by women with opioid and other substance use disorders in order to estimate overall contraceptive use and to examine method choice given the alarmingly high rate of unintended pregnancy in this population.
Anomalous discrete chiral symmetry in the Gross-Neveu model and loop gas simulations

Abstract We investigate the discrete chiral transformation of a Majorana fermion on a torus. Depending on the boundary conditions the integration measure can change sign. Taking this anomalous behavior into account we define a chiral order parameter as a ratio of partition functions with differing boundary conditions. Then the lattice realization of the Gross–Neveu model with Wilson fermions is simulated using the recent ‘worm’ technique on the loop gas or all-order hopping representation of the fermions. An algorithm is formulated that includes the Gross–Neveu interaction for N fermion species. The critical line m c ( g ) is constructed for a range of couplings at N = 6 and for N = 2 , the Thirring model, as examples.
Rumen fungi: morphological types from Georgia cattle and the attack on forage cell walls.

Abstract Fungal colonies developing in anaerobic media from zoospores in rumen fluid from cows eating Cynodon dactylon or Medicago sativa included types showing monocentric and polycentric growth. High energy supplements added to diets of Sorghum bicolor silage increased fungal numbers in the rumen, but increases were also affected by the history and predisposition of the animal. Mixed fungal types in rumen fluid and pure cultures of isolates showing monocentric and polycentric growth degraded and weakened lignocellulosic tissues and penetrated the cuticle of C. dactylon leaf blades. By weakening or degrading recalcitrant structures in forages, rumen fungi may alter physical parameters of plants that influence utilisation of fibre by ruminants.
Blunted TSH response to TRH in patients with central nervous system disease.

Seven euthyroid and four hypothyroid patients with central nervous system (CNS) disease had blunted thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) compared with corresponding control subjects who had no neural pathology. There was no significant difference in circulating thyronines (T3 and T4) among the groups. As the CNS pathology was the only detectable difference between the patients and their neurologically intact controls, we concluded that this blunted TSH response to TRH is a result of neural dysfunction.
Development and modification of child food preferences and eating patterns: behavior genetics strategies

Behavioral genetics (BG) designs can offer useful strategies for studying the development of child food preferences and eating patterns. This review summarizes BG designs that tested familial influences on child eating behavior and implicated both genetic and home environmental factors. A range of BG strategies, including family and pseudo-family designs, classic twins designs, discordant sibling designs, cotwin control designs, and high-risk designs, have provided information on child development that could not have been obtained from the analysis of singletons. BG designs can provide can powerful tools for testing environmental theories of child nutrition and, potentially, for better understanding between-child variability in response to dietary interventions for overweight. The term BG may misleadingly imply only the classic twin design or just heritability estimation; BG strategies can be adapted creatively to address a range of questions concerning the development of child appetite and eating regulation.
A Single Amino Acid Substitution in the Activation Loop Defines the Decoy Characteristic of VEGFR-1/FLT-1

VEGFR-1 is a kinase-defective receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and negatively modulates angiogenesis by acting as a decoy receptor. The decoy characteristic of VEGFR-1 is required for normal development and angiogenesis. To date, there is no molecular explanation for this unusual characteristic of VEGFR-1. Here we show that the molecular mechanisms underlying the decoy characteristic of VEGFR-1 is linked to the replacement of a highly conserved amino acid residue in the activation loop. This amino acid is highly conserved among all the type III RTKs and corresponds to aspartic acid, but in VEGFR-1 it is substituted to asparagine. Mutation of asparagine (Asn1050) within the activation loop to aspartic acid promoted enhanced ligand-dependent tyrosine autophosphorylation and kinase activation in vivo and in vitro. The mutant VEGFR-1 (Asp1050) promoted endothelial cell proliferation but not tubulogenesis. It also displayed an oncogenic phenotype as its expression in fibroblast cells elicited transformation and colony growth. Furthermore, mutation of the invariable aspartic acid to asparagine in VEGFR-2 lowered the autophosphorylation of activation loop tyrosines 1052 and 1057. We propose that the conserved aspartic acid in the activation loop favors the transphosphorylation of the activation loop tyrosines, and its absence renders RTK to a less potent enzyme by disfavoring transphosphorylation of activation loop tyrosines.
Menstrual cycle functioning in women with a history of prenatal diethylstilbestrol exposure

This report concerns the possible long-term effects of prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) on menstrual cycle functioning in DES-exposed females. Sixty DES-exposed women, 30 women with a history of abnormal Papanicolaou (Pap) smear findings, 30 women with no history of DES exposure or abnormal Pap smears, and 20 non-exposed female siblings of the DES-exposed women completed the Premenstrual Assessment Form (PAF). The groups were compared in terms of age of menarche, menstrual interval, menstrual pain and the severity of menstrual cycle changes in mood, behavior and physical condition. There were no significant group differences with regard to age of menarche, average menstrual interval, incidence of oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea, or incidence of dysmenorrhea. In addition, the results suggest that prenatal exposure to DES had no appreciable influence on the severity or quality of almost any type of symptom that fluctuates with the menstrual cycle, with the only exception a possible increase in the...
Smoking Characteristics of Adolescent Smokers With Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in a Psychiatric Inpatient Setting

Although there has been a gradual decline in adolescent smoking since the late 1990s, it continues to be a significant public health concern. Among adults, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) seems to be a significant risk factor for increased smoking. This study examined smoking-related characteristics of adolescent smokers with and without PTSD receiving inpatient psychiatric services. In this study, we conducted structured clinical interviews with 191 adolescents (aged 13 to 17 years) who were hospitalized in an inpatient psychiatric facility. Results suggested that adolescent smokers with PTSD had higher nicotine dependence severity scores but were not more likely to meet criteria for nicotine dependence compared with those without PTSD. Future directions are discussed.
Direct measurement of the temperature-dependent magnetic penetration depth in Y-Ba-Cu-O crystals.

The temperature dependence of the magnetic penetration depth lambda is determined directly from low-field dc magnetization measurements on single crystal Y-Ba-Cu-O (T/sub c/ = 89.7 K, ..delta..T/sub c/ = 0.2 K). The results are consistent with the behavior expected from a BCS (s wave) superconductor.
Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattices grown by molecular beam epitaxy for infrared detector applications

Two type-II superlattice structures with 15 monolayer (ML) InAs/12ML GaSb and 17ML InAs/7ML GaSb grown on GaSb (100) substrates by solid-source molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) have been investigated. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements of both the 15ML InAs/12ML GaSb and 17MLInAs/7ML GaSb superlattices indicated excellent material and interface qualities and very narrow full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the zeroth-order peaks which were 22 arcsec and 20 arcsec respectively. The cutoff wavelengths of 15ML InAs/12ML GaSb and 17ML InAs/7ML GaSb superlattices photodetectors were measured at 6.6 μm and 10.2 μm, respectively. These different spectral ranges were achieved by growing alternating layers of variable thicknesses and in addition, the band gap engineering offered by the superlattices of InAs and GaSb. A zero-bias Johnson-noise-limited detectivity of 1.2x10 11 cmHz 1/2 /W at temperature 80K and wavelength of 6 μm was achieved for an unpassivated photodiode of 15ML InAs/12ML GaSb superlattice, and the detectivity at 80K and 9 μm was 2.2x10 10 cmHz 1/2 /W for the device of 17ML InAs/7ML GaSb superlattice. Also, the optical and electrical characteristics of 15ML InAs/12ML GaSb superlattice photodiode were investigated from 80K to 280K. A zero-bias Johnson-noise-limited detectivity at temperature of 210K and wavelength of 6 μm was 1.2x10 8 cmHz 1/2 /W.
'The School of Sacred Laws': the Social Setting of Philo's Treatises

L'A. avance que Philon a ete le directeur d'une ecole dont le cadre etait une residence ou un bâtiment prive. Ses etudiants ont probablement ete des intellectuels juifs officiant dans les maisons de prieres des villes. Apres sa mort, un de ses disciples a du acquerir sa bibliotheque et fonder sa propre ecole en utilisant la meme hermeneutique de l'allegorie platonisante.
The cyclopoid copepods, Hemicyclops adhaerens and Saphirella sp., in the Damariscotta River estuary, maine, with a note to their possible relationship

During the 14-month collection period,Hemicyclops always appeared as naupliar stages andSaphirella as immature copepodite stages at 3 stations in the middle and lower estuary.Hemicyclops nauplii were abundant during late spring and summer, with a seasonal maximum of 7448/m3 in late spring at the upstream station.Saphirella stages were observed throughout the year, but higher population densities generally occurred in the summer and fall; the highest density was 3413/m3. Both species were usually more abundant upstream than downstream. The larvae may be life stages of a single bottom-dwelling species,Hemicyclops adhaerens.
Making textile sensors from scratch

This workshop will explore the use of low-cost materials and tools to build textile-based interfaces. We will introduce a range of methods for handcrafting textile sensors and circuitry. Participants will learn techniques developed by the workshop leaders and will also be encouraged to use our material library to design their own custom sensors. The goal of the workshop is to familiarize participants with available electronic textile materials and introduce them to a variety of sensor and circuitry construction techniques.
Enhancement of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection by cationic liposomes: the role of CD4, serum and liposome-cell interactions

We have reported previously the enhancement of the infectivity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) by liposomes composed of the cationic lipid N-[2,3-(dioleyloxy) propyl]-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride (DOTMA). To determine the mechanism by which this process occurs, we have investigated the role of CD4, serum concentration and liposome-cell interactions in the DOTMA-mediated stimulation of HIV-1 infection of A3.01 cells. Serum alone significantly inhibited the binding and infectivity of HIV-1, but DOTMA-mediated enhancement of infectivity was more pronounced in the presence of serum than in its absence. HIV-1 binding to cells was increased in the presence of DOTMA liposomes, DEAE-dextran and polybrene, all of which also enhanced infectivity to a similar extent at comparable concentrations. Fluorescence dequenching measurements indicated that DOTMA liposomes fused with HIV-1, but not with cell membranes, in the presence of serum. The enhancing effect of DOTMA liposomes on HIV-1 infectivity was CD4-dependent, and appeared to involve virus-liposome fusion and liposome binding to the cell surface. DOTMA liposomes did not mediate infection of the CD4- K562 and Raji cell lines.
Effect of Recirculation Device With Counter Swirl Vane on Performance of High Pressure Ratio Centrifugal Compressor

Centrifugal compressors used for turbochargers need to achieve a wide operating range. The author has developed a high pressure ratio centrifugal compressor with pressure ratio 5.7 for a marine use turbocharger. In order to enhance operating range, two different types of recirculation devices were applied. One is a conventional recirculation device. The other is a new one. The conventional recirculation device consists of an upstream slot, bleed slot and the annular cavity which connects both slots. The new recirculation device has vanes installed in the cavity. These vanes were designed to provide recirculation flow with negative preswirl at the impeller inlet, a swirl counterwise to the impeller rotational direction. The benefits of the application of both of the recirculation devices were ensured. The new device in particular, shifted surge line to a lower flow rate compared to the conventional device. This paper discusses how the new recirculation device affects the flow field in the above transonic centrifugal compressor by using steady 3-D calculations. Since the conventional recirculation device injects the flow with positive preswirl at the impeller inlet, the major difference between the conventional and new recirculation device is the direction of preswirl that the recirculation flow brings to the impeller inlet. This study focuses on two effects which preswirl of the recirculation flow will generate. (1) Additional work transfer from impeller to fluid. (2) Increase or decrease of relative Mach number. Negative preswirl increases work transfer from the impeller to fluid as the flow rate reduces. It increases negative slope on pressure ratio characteristics. Hence the recirculation flow with negative preswirl will contribute to stability of the compressor. Negative preswirl also increases the relative Mach number at the impeller inlet. It moves shock downstream compared to the conventional recirculation device. It leads to the suppression of the extension of blockage due to the interaction of shock with tip leakage flow.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Electric field transport in a two-dimensional AlGaAs/GaAs Heterostructure

Abstract A quantum non-linear theory for transport that includes many body effects is applied to a two-dimensional electron gas in an AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructure. Two formulations that result from the theory are employed in investigations of the transient and steady state behavior of the electronic velocity and the hot electron temperature. Calculations using both approaches in the transient state are compared with available Monte Carlo results. Calculations for the steady state are compared with experimental data.
IgA1 is the major IgA subclass in cutaneous blood vessels in Henoch-Schönlein purpura

Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP) is characterized by palpable purpura predominantly involving the lower extremities. On direct immunofluorescence IgA can be seen deposited in the blood vessel walls of the superficial dermis. The subclass distribution of antibodies to this IgA was studied in the biopsies of 28 patients with HSP by direct immunofluorescence using anti-IgA1 and anti-IgA2 specific monoclonal antibodies. All 28 patients' biopsies demonstrated deposition of IgA1 while only one patient had IgA2 deposition. Positive and negative controls stained appropriately. This demonstrates that IgA1 is the dominant IgA subclass found in the skin in Henoch-Schonlein purpura.
Promoting Aboriginal Territoriality through Interethnic Alliances: The Case of the Cheslatta T'en in Northern British Columbia

Across rural North America, aboriginal and nonaboriginal people have formed strategic alliances to defend what are perceived to be common resources and attachments to place. Thus far, little is known about how these partnerships have factored into indigenous pursuits of territorial autonomy. This article describes how the Cheslatta T'en, a Dakelh (Carrier) community in north-central British Columbia, established a measure of control over their homeland after forming an alliance with local nonnative residents. Cheslatta leaders used cultural exchanges and social networks generated by the alliance to fashion territorial initiatives that, when taken together, channel popular environmentalism, provincial forestry policies, and ancestral ethnoecology into collective identity, action, and authority. As a result, the band has attained political influence over its traditional lands without participating in the province's treaty settlement process. Interethnic partnerships in rural areas are particularly relevant ...
Reflection of Radiation from An Infinite Series of Equally Spaced Planes

Reflection of Radiation from an Infinite Series of Equally Spaced Planes.\char22{}If the fractions of the incident radiation upon any plane which are absorbed, reflected and transmitted by that plane are constant and denoted by $a$, $r$ and $t$ respectively, and if all possible internal reflections are taken account of, the coefficient of reflection is shown to equal ($\frac{1}{2r}$) {$1\ensuremath{-}{t}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{r}^{2}\ensuremath{-}\sqrt{[1\ensuremath{-}2{t}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{r}^{2}+{({t}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{r}^{2})}^{2}]}$}. When both $a$ and $r$ are very small, as in the case of the reflection of X-rays from a crystal surface, the expression becomes [$1+\frac{a}{r}\ensuremath{-}\sqrt{(\frac{{a}^{2}}{{r}^{2}}+\frac{2a}{r})}$]; thus the proportion reflected depends only on the ratio of absorption to reflection per plane.
A novel use of a split sheath to maintain vessel access when guidewire exchange is not possible.

After inserting a catheter into a vessel, guidewire exchange technique must be used to maintain vascular access. If the lumen of the catheter is blocked and the guidewire exchange cannot be used, the catheter can only be removed, vascular access is lost, and an alternate vascular approach attempted. We describe a technique to remove the blocked catheter and still maintain vascular access. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Low-income and elderly populations

1. Rationale At present, funds for nutrition education are limited, frequently not identifIed for this purpose, and thus have to compete with other program priorities. In addition, there is limited cost data available which can be used to determine the actual cost and effectiveness of nutrition education programs for planning purposes. For a variety of reasons, many program administrators do not recognize the need for nutrition education and give it little priority in allocating funds.
Mechanosensitive ion channels in skeletal muscle: a link in the membrane pathology of muscular dystrophy

1. Mechanosensitive (MS) channels are expressed abundantly in skeletal muscle at all stages of development. In recordings from membrane patches, MS channels are constitutively active at the resting potential. The channels are selective for cations and have a large single-channel conductance (approximately 25 pS in physiological saline) and a high Ca2+ permeability (relative permeability of Ca2+ to K+ (PCa/PK) = 7). 2. Mechanosensitive channel activity recorded from the surface of myotubes from dystrophic mdx mice was substantially greater than the activity recorded from wild-type myotubes. Increased channel activity in the mutant results from the induction in a subpopulation of channels of a novel MS gating mode characterized by markedly prolonged channel openings and inactivation in response to membrane stretch. 3. Membrane stretch or a strong depolarization causes an irreversible switch to the stretch-inactivated gating mode in mdx myotubes. A stretch-induced shift in MS channel gating mode may contribute to stretch-induced elevations in [Ca2+]i during the early stages of disease pathogenesis. 4. Abnormalities of MS channel behaviour are also detected in recordings from patches on flexor digitorum brevis fibres acutely isolated from mdx mice. Mechanosensitive channel opening probability is higher in mdx fibres at all developmental stages. In addition, channel numbers are persistently elevated during postnatal development, failing to undergo a normal process of downregulation during the first 3 postnatal weeks. 5. Two distinct mechanisms may contribute to elevations of [Ca2+]i in dystrophin-deficient skeletal muscle: (i) a membrane stress-dependent switch of MS channels into to a prolonged opening mode; and (ii) a loss of developmental downregulation leading to persistent MS channel expression during postnatal muscle development.
Metabolic reactions in vitro of psoralens with liver and epidermis.

Abstract In recent years, psoralens have been widely-used clinically, but until now their in vitro and in vivo metabolic reactions have not been studied. The photochemotherapeutic agent 4,5',8-trimethyl-psoralen (TMeP) is readily metabolized in vitro by mouse liver under mixed-function oxidase conditions, with formation of three products. One of the products is 4,8-dimethyl, 5'-carboxypsoralen which has been identified previously as an in vivo product of TMeP metabolism in the urine of mice and human subjects receiving oral TMeP. A second product, with a molecular weight of 244, is apparently 4,8-dimethyl, 5'-hydroxymethylpsoralen. A metabolic pathway that integrates i n vivo and in vitro TMeP reactions is proposed. By contrast, 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) apparently is minimally metabolized in vitro by mouse liver. Guinea pig epidermis did not show any vitro reactions with either 8-MOP or TMeP. The difference in liver biotransformations of 8-MOP and TMeP may help explain why orally administered TMeP is less photosensitizing and less effective than 8-MOP in phototherapy of skin diseases such as psoriasis.
A short-term, cost-effective pharmacy information system

In the pharmacy at our 700-bed teaching hospital, a rapidly rising outpatient work load led to spiraling costs and created a serious quality control problem. This article describes how a management-oriented computer system and research project had a substantial impact on both quality and cost in a short period of time. We demonstrated that a powerful computer system could be designed that was inexpensive, required a short time to implement, and could be discarded within 3 years.