cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dissecting the cell to nucleus, perinucleus and cytosol

Cells have been described under the microscope as organelles containing cytoplasm and the nucleus. However, an unnoted structure exists between the cytoplasm and the nucleoplasm of eukaryotic cells. In addition to the nuclear envelope, there exists a perinuclear region (PNR or perinucleus) with unknown composition and function. Until now, an investigation of the role of the perinucleus has been restricted by the absence of a PNR isolation method. This manuscript describes a perinucleus isolation technique on the basis of its unique compact organization. The perinucleus was found to contain approximately 15 to 18% of the total proteins of the mammalian cell, almost half of the proteins of nuclei. Using four different normal and cancer cell lines, it was shown that the composition of PNR is highly dynamic. Application of the method showed that translocation of the p53 tumor-suppressor protein to the perinucleus in immortalized MEF cells is correlated with the translocation of p53-stabilizing protein, nucleophosmin (B23), to the PNR. Herein, the concept of the perinuclear region is advanced as a formal, identifiable structure. The roles of the perinucleus in maintaining genome integrity, regulation of gene expression and understanding of malignant transformation are discussed.
Development and predictive validity of a teacher screener for child behavioral and emotional problems at school

A principal components analysis of the Teacher Rating Scale—Child (TRS-C) of the Behavior Assessment System for Children was conducted with a cross-sectional cohort of 659 children in Grades 1 to 5. A predictive validity study was then conducted with a 2-year longitudinal sample of 206 children. The results suggested that scores from the resulting 23-item screener had strong initial reliability and validity evidence. Predictive validity coefficients for the screener scores were acceptable for both behavioral and academic outcomes and equal to or better than those for the full TRS-C, comprised of 148 items. The practicality of the screener was documented by teachers' experiences. Administration time was less than 5 minutes per child, and no specialized teacher training was necessary. These results provide preliminary evidence that routine school screening via a brief teacher rating scale can increase the probability that children with behavioral and emotional problems may be validly identified for diagnost...
Pharmacotherapeutic management of dementia across settings of care.

Objectives: To describe population-based use of cognitive-enhancing and psychopharmacological medications across care settings in Medicare beneficiaries with dementia. Design: One-year (2008) cross-sectional study. Setting: Medicare administrative claims from a 5% random sample. Participants: Medicare beneficiaries with dementia aged 65 and older with continuous Medicare Parts A, B, and D coverage and alive throughout 2008. To ascertain dementia, one or more medical claims with a dementia International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification code was required before 2008, and an additional claim was required in 2008 to confirm active disease. Measurements: Use of medications commonly prescribed in managing dementia (cognitive enhancers, antidepressants, antipsychotics, and mood stabilizers) was assessed using three measures: annual prevalence of use, consistency of use, and count of psychopharmacological medication classes. Care setting was determined using the number of months of nursing home (NH) residency: no NH (0 months), partial NH (1�11 months), and full NH (12 months). Results: Community-dwellers represented 41.3% of the cohort, whereas 42.4% and 16.3% resided partially and fully in a NH, respectively. Annual prevalence of use was 57.1% for cognitive enhancers, 56.4% for antidepressants, 34.0% for antipsychotics, and 8.8% for mood stabilizers. Cognitive enhancer use was significantly lower in those with any NH stay (partial NH vs no NH, adjusted prevalence ratio (APR) = 0.84, 99% confidence interval (CI) = 0.83�0.86; full NH vs no NH, APR = 0.83, 99% CI = 0.81�0.85). In contrast, those with any NH residence had significantly higher use of all psychopharmacological medication classes than community-dwellers. More than half the cohort had consistent medication regimens during 2008 (64.8%). The number of psychopharmacological medication classes used increased with increasing NH stay duration. Conclusion: This population-based study documents significant differences in medication use for managing dementia between care settings and substantial use of psychopharmacological medications in older adults with dementia.
How to foster student-student learning of science? The student, the teacher and the subject matter

In this response to Konstantinos Alexakos, Jayson K. Jones, and Victor H. Rodriguez’s study, I discuss ways attending to student membership in groups can both inform research on equity and diversity in science education and improve the teaching of science to all students. My comments are organized into three sections: how underrepresented students’ experiences in science classrooms are shaped by their peers; how science teachers can help students listen to and learn from one another; and how the subject matter can invite or discourage student participation in science. More specifically, I underscore the need for teachers and students to listen to one another to promote student learning of science. I also highlight the importance of science education researchers and science teachers viewing students both as individuals and as members of multiple groups; women of color, for example, should be understood as similar to and different from each other, from European American women and from ethnic minorities in general.
Effect of subcutaneous methylnaltrexone on patient-reported constipation symptoms.

Abstract Background Methylnaltrexone, a selective peripheral acting mu-opioid receptor antagonist, alleviates the constipating effects of opioids without affecting centrally mediated analgesia. Objectives To assess the effect of subcutaneous (SC) methylnaltrexone injection on patient-reported constipation symptoms and pain scores. Methods A total of 469 subjects on opioids for chronic non-malignant pain with opioid-induced constipation were randomized to methylnaltrexone SC with once daily (QD) or every other day (QOD) dosing or placebo for 4 weeks. Constipation symptoms and pain were assessed using the patient assessment of constipation–symptoms (PAC-SYM) questionnaire and a 11-point scale, respectively, at baseline, Day 14 and Day 28. Change from baseline in PAC-SYM and pain scores were compared between methylnaltrexone and placebo arms at Day 28 using analysis of covariance, with treatment group as factor and baseline score as covariate. Results A majority of patients were women (60%), average age was 49 years old, and back pain (60%) was the primary pain condition. At Day 28, the methylnaltrexone SC QD group showed a significant improvement over placebo for rectal symptoms (−0.56 vs. –0.30; P P P P P Conclusion The results of our study indicate significant improvement in constipation symptoms with methylnaltrexone QD or QOD dosing compared to placebo without a significant effect on pain scores.
Stable isotope study of fluid inclusions in fluorite from Idaho: implications for continental climates during the Eocene

Isotopic studies of fluid inclusions from meteoric water-dominated epithermal ore deposits offer a unique opportunity to study paleoclimates because the fluids can provide direct samples of ancient waters. The oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions of meteoric waters vary because of changes in climatic variables such as mean annual temperature of precipitation, relative humidity, origin and history of air masses, and the isotope composition of the oceans. Inclusion fluids found in fluorite (CaF 2 ) are especially useful because their host is devoid of oxygen or hydrogen, thus precluding postentrapment isotope exchange. Fluorite-hosted fluid inclusions from the Eocene (51-50 Ma) epithermal deposits of the Bayhorse mining district, northeastern Idaho, have low salinities, most less than 0.6 equivalent wt% NaCl, and low to moderate homogenization temperatures (98 to 146 °C), indicating meteoric origins for the fluids. Oxygen and hydrogen isotope data on inclusion fluids are almost identical to those of modern meteoric waters in the area. The equivalence of the isotope composition of the Eocene inclusion fluids and modern meteoric waters indicates that the Eocene climatic conditions were similar to those today. This conclusion supports the climate modeling of Sloan and Barron, who suggested that the climates of continental interiors do not reflect the magnitude of warming preserved by the deep-ocean paleoclimate record during the Eocene.
High level design for wearables and IoT

Next generation systems in such domains as wearables and Internet of Things will have capabilities for sensing, recognition and intelligence. Such systems integrate multiple hardware components including sensors, actuators, compute and communications modules together with complex software in an ultra-low power envelope. Constraints from the target user experience must also be factored in. This talk will present a top down, model-based design methodology to quickly design such systems. It follows a refinement based approach and heavily leverages high level design techniques and rapid prototyping.
Biomechanical Cell Model by Liquid-Crystal Elastomers

AbstractIn this work, a soft matter cell model is proposed to simulate the cellular cytoskeleton network and motions of intermediate filaments during cell contact and adhesion, in an attempt to explain mechanical information exchange between cells and their extracellular environment. In particular, the cell is modeled as liquid-crystal elastomers. A microscale adhesive model has been introduced to describe the interaction between receptors and ligands. A Lagrange-type mesh-free Galerkin formulation and related computational algorithms for the proposed cell and adhesive contact model have been developed and implemented. A comparison study with experimental data has been conducted to validate the parameters of the cell model. By using the soft matter cell model, the soft adhesive contact process between cells and extracellular substrates with different stiffness has been simulated. The simulation shows that cell motion includes gliding as well as rolling forward along the substrate during the spreading process.
Maxwell-independence: a new rank estimate for the 3-dimensional generic rigidity matroid

The problem of combinatorially determining the rank of the 3-dimensional bar-joint rigidity matroid of a graph is an important open problem in combinatorial rigidity theory. Maxwell's condition states that the edges of a graph G=(V,E) are independent in its d-dimensional generic rigidity matroid only if (a) the number of edges |E|=
Almost all trees are co-immanantal

Abstract If T is a tree, denote by A(T) its adjacency matrix and by L(T) its Laplacian matrix. Write d2 for the “second immanant” matrix function. The main result is this: Let tn be the number of trees on n vertices. Let sn be the number of such trees T for which there is a nonisomorphic tree T′ such that d2(xI − A(T)) = d2(xI − A(T′)) and d2(xI − L(T)) = d2(xI − L(T′)). Then sn/tn → 1 as n → ∞.
The role of Tai Chi Chuan exercise on osteoporosis prevention and treatment in postmenopausal women

Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by fragile bones and high susceptibility to low trauma fractures. Tai Chi, an ancient Chinese mind-body exercise that is reported to enhance muscle function, balance and flexibility, and to reduce pain, depression and anxiety, may safely and effectively be used to prevent or treat osteoporosis. The aim of this review is to evaluate the evidence for Tai Chi as an intervention to reduce rate of bone loss in postmenopausal women. A literature search on randomized controlled trials (RCTs), prospective cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies that included Tai Chi as an intervention, and had at least 1 outcome related to measurement of bone metabolism were identified in PubMed/Medline. Twenty-one controlled studies were identified in the database, which suggested Tai Chi slowed down the loss of bone mineral density in most postmenopausal women, improved balance and strength, relieves pain from arthritis, and improved mental strength so they can cope better with chronic diseases. Regular Tai Chi Chuan exercise is beneficial for retarding bone loss in the weight-bearing bones of postmenopausal women.
Comparisons of prediction equations for estimating energy expenditure in youth

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this study was to compare the validity of Actigraph 2-regression models (2RM) and 1-regression models (1RM) for estimation of EE in children. Design The study used a cross-sectional design with criterion estimates from a metabolic cart. Methods A total of 59 children (7–13 yrs) performed 12 activities (randomly selected from a set of 24 activities) for 5 min each, while being concurrently measured with an Actigraph GT3X and indirect calorimetry. MET RMR (MET considering one's resting metabolic rate) for the GT3X was estimated applying 2RM with vector magnitude (VM2RM) and vertical axis (VA2RM), and four standard 1RMs. The validity of the 2RMs and 1RMs was evaluated using 95% equivalence testing and mean absolute percent error (MAPE). Results For the group-level comparison, equivalence testing revealed that the 90% confidence intervals for all 2RMs and 1RMs were outside of the equivalence zone (range: 3.63, 4.43) for indirect calorimetry. When comparing the individual activities, VM2RM produced smaller MAPEs (range: 14.5–45.3%) than VA2RM (range, 15.5–58.1%) and 1RMs (range, 14.5–75.1%) for most of the light and moderate activities. Conclusions None of the 2RMs and 1RMs were equivalent to indirect calorimetry. The 2RMs showed smaller individual-level errors than the 1RMs.
Interactions among proteins and hydrophobically modified polyelectrolytes.

A special class of hydrophobically modified polyelectrolytes was studied wherein poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) was conjugated with Pluronic F127 NF surfactant. The Pluronic-PAA copolymer solutions form gels at low concentrations when exposed to body temperature. Such gels possess enhanced retention in topical applications. Circular dichroism spectra indicate that tertiary structures of human insulin, haemoglobin, and albumin were stabilized in solutions of Pluronic-PAA. Aggregation of insulin in gelled solutions of Pluronic-PAA was impeded as demonstrated in shaking tests. The presence of Pluronic-PAA hindered the insulin degradation by α-chymotrypsin by at least 7-fold. Extraction of calcium ions from trypsin by Pluronic-PAA led to the dramatic changes in the tertiary structure and total loss of enzymatic activity, suggesting that Pluronic-PAA could inhibit tryptic degradation of proteins.
Newborn rats: lateral hypothalamic damage and consummatory-sensorimotor ontogeny.

Abstract Neonatal albino rats sustained bilateral electrolytic lesions of the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) at one day of age (24 hr ± 12 hr postpartum). Sensorimotor, suckling, feeding and drinking behaviors, and body weight and length were measured throughout development until 60 days of age. Unlike older pups sustaining LHA destruction, the LHA-damaged neonates did not completely cease suckling from the dam; however, the neonates did display subtle nipple-attachment deficits for the first few days postlesion. These nipple-attachment deficits may be related to chronic body weight reduction displayed by both males and females. Once past the age of natural weaning, LHA rats did not differ from controls for daily food or water intakes, nor did they differ from controls for food or water intakes following specific tests. LHA rats displayed an essentially normal ontogeny of sensorimotor behaviors. The results demonstrate that the neonatal rat sustaining LHA destruction escapes the severe and persistent behavioral deficits that are produced with LHA lesions sustained by rats seven days of age or older.
Some effects of local anesthetic agents on skeletal muscle.

Abstract The gracilis anticus and posticus muscles of albino rats were exposed to a number of common local anesthetic agents. In general, clinically used concentrations of most agents appeared to be specifically destructive of skeletal muscle. Results also suggest that higher concentrations are more generally histotoxic. The sequence of muscle changes after one drug (2% lidocaine) was followed over an extensive time period. Muscle regeneration from single myoblasts was found to be rapid and complete by 2 weeks. Preferential destruction of red- or white-type muscle fibers was observed after many of the agents. The drug effects are discussed relative to the characteristics of mature and immature muscle fibers and the physical properties and biological activities of the local anesthetics.
Conservative treatment of early carcinoma of prostate. Comparison of patients less than seventy with those over seventy years of age.

Abstract This is a retrospective study of 155 patients with Stages A and B prostatic carcinoma, first diagnosed between 1930 and 1967, who had either delayed or immediate endocrine therapy. Patients were divided into two groups: less than seventy years of age and over seventy years. Fifteen-year crude survival of the less than seventy group was 42 per cent (expected survival 54 per cent) and that of the over seventy group was 16 per cent (expected survival 7 per cent). Therefore, patients more than seventy years who have early prostatic carcinoma treated conservatively will survive as long as if they did not have this neoplasm, but patients less than seventy will live less long than expected. The ten-year survival of the less than seventy group (66 per cent) was only slightly less than the expected survival (71 per cent), but there was a significantly greater difference in the fifteen-year survival (42 versus 54 per cent) and twenty-year survival (23 versus 35 per cent). Therefore, a ten-year follow-up period is not long enough to document the effectiveness of treatment. Of patients who lived fifteen years or more, there was no significant difference in the two groups in regard to clinical evidence of cancer at the time of the fifteen-year follow-up. The number of patients who died of cancer before fifteen years was not significantly different in the two groups. However, of the patients who died of cancer after fifteen years, 14 per cent belonged to the less than seventy group and none was in the over seventy group. The grade of malignancy was approximately the same in each group, but diffuse lesions (A2 and B2) were more common in the less than seventy group (51 per cent) compared with the seventy-plus group (35 per cent).
Successive approximation method in optimum distributed-parameter systems

The problem of controlling a linear distributed-parameter system with a nonquadratic error measure is discussed. The calculus of variations approach is used to derive an algorithm based on the first variation for theN-dimensional linear diffusion process. The procedure for determining whether the resulting solution is optimum is discussed. Extension of the algorithm for other linear distributed-parameter systems is indicated.
Latent infection of peach caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Colletotrichum acutatum

Attached, immature peach fruits were mist-inoculated in the field with isolates of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides or Colletotrichum acutatum, beginning approximately 2 weeks before pit hardening and at regular intervals throughout the growing season until harvest. Immature fruits inoculated with either species initially remained symptomless or developed small, necrotic lesions that did not enlarge. Treatment with paraquat revealed the frequent presence of latent infections. Infections were not found in the noninoculated controls. Up to 100% of fruits inoculated with C. gloeosporioides developed anthracnose symptoms when mature. Inoculation with C. acutatum resulted in up tc 83% of the fruits developing symptoms at maturity. Inoculation date did not influence symptom development. Peach fruit may be infected with either C. acutatum or C. gloeosporioides early in development and remain symptomless until maturity.
Photoelectron spectrometry of manganese vapor between 12 and 110 eV

The important dynamic parameters, partial photoionization cross section sigma and angular distribution parameter ..beta.., have been determined for atomic Mn between 12 and 110 eV by electron spectroscopy with synchrotron radiation (ESSR). The single-electron photolines from the 3d and 4s subshells and the associated two-electron satellite lines were measured, and the resonance region of 3p..-->..3d excitation around 50 eV was studied in detail. Absolute partial cross sections were derived. For the 3d-subshell properties, we find good agreement with the many-body perturbation-theory calculation (MBPT) by Garvin et al. over the entire energy range and with the random-phase-approximation results by Amusia et al. over the 3p resonance region. Available calculation (MBPT) underestimates the enhancement of sigma(4s) through the 3p resonance. Where overlap exists, the experimental data by Bruhn et al. and by Kobrin et al. agree well with our results. The work on Mn, taken in toto, provides a good overall understanding of the photoionization dynamics of the 3d transition series element Mn, which has a half-filled subshell, although a number of problems, e.g., two- and three-electron transitions and the low-energy region, remain to be further studied. A need for an accurate determination (5--10%) of the total photoabsorption cross section is indicated.
Transient Response or Direct-Current Dynamos

Equations for the transient current of both the armature and field of a d-c shunt-wound machine are developed. The equations are derived from the theorem of constant flux linkages and in terms of the mutual inductance between the armature and shunt field. Methods for measuring this mutual inductance as well as other constants of the machine are developed. It is believed that the analysis can be extended to include almost any type of d-c dynamo, including the amplidyne. The results obtained from the theoretical analysis are in agreement with experimental data.
Tricalcium Phosphate‐Soybean Oil in Fortified Processed Cereals to Suppress Insects, Dusting, and Separation

The effect of 2% tricalcium phosphate (TCP) in Soy-Fortified Bulgur (SFB), Soy-Fortified Cornmeal (SFCM), and Soy-Fortified Sorghum Grits (SFSG) was investigated. Excessive dusting was reduced and separation eliminated when 1% soybean oil was included with TCP. Oil addition also allowed vitamin enrichment of coarse, granular cereal and soy products without separation. TCP-oil treatment suppressed Tribolium castaneum, Rhyzopertha domestica, Lasioderma serricorne, and Ephestia cautella, although less effectively than TCP alone. After storage for 6 months at 37°C or 12 months at 25°C, the TCP-oil treatment decreased peroxide values in SFB and increased fat acidity values in SFSG, but effected no substantial changes in vitamin A retention or flavor scores.
Land application of thin stillage from a grain sorghum feedstock

Abstract Thin stillage, the wastewater from ethyl alcohol production after separation of wet solids, has high concentrations of organic solids, nitrogen and potassium and may be utilized in a land application system. Thin stillage from a grain sorghum feedstock was applied weekly using sprinkler irrigation to common bermudagrass ( Cynodon dactylon L.) on a sandy loam soil and was surface irrigated on grain sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor L.) followed by winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) on fine-silty, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept in one growing season. Stillage application rates on soil varied from 15 to 60 mm year −1 which added 334–1040 kg N ha −1 year −1 . The rate of mineralization of stillage organic N was investigated in a non-leaching, 16-week incubation test. Excessive nutrient accumulations in common bermudagrass forage were not observed with stillage applications as high as 60 mm year −1 . Stillage additions increased nutrient levels in the soils, particularly N, P, and K, but toxic levels were not reached. However, the potential for nitrate and salt build-up in the long term was indicated. Approximately 27% of the stillage-applied organic N was potentially mineralizable. Thin stillage produced grain sorghum and wheat yields equal to or higher than yields obtained from ammonium fertilizer. Land application of thin stillage from grain sorghum may be a viable treatment alternative.
Types of group selection.

THE terms group selection and intergroup selection1,2 have been used in referring to a variety of phenomena including recently the evolution of behavioural social systems involved in population control3,4. Since the phenomenon of group selection promises to receive greater attention from students of evolution in the future, I feel that a clarification of terms at this time will help to prevent confusion. The “groups” under consideration may be quite different from each other and the action of natural selection on them will depend on the nature of the group.
Indoor temperature changes in retrofit homes

Abstract The behavioral response (e.g. changes in indoor temperatures, attention to window and door openings) to residential technical efficiency improvements (e.g. attic insulation, storm windows) is an important and largely unresolved issue. Although there is considerable discussion concerning the extent to which households take back some of the energy savings due to technical efficiency improvements in increased comfort, there is almost no empirical evidence on the subject. Detailed electricity billing data (from mid-1981 to mid-1983) were analyzed for 79 households that received financial assistance from the Bonneville Power Administration to retrofit their homes in mid-1982. The mean retrofit expenditure in these homes was $1900; the mean reduction in annual electricity use was 4700 kWh, of which 83% was due to reductions in space heating electricity use. Analysis of the electricity billing data suggests that these households increased their indoor temperature settings after retrofit by almost 1 °F on average. This temperature increase led to an estimated average loss of almost 600 kWh of electricity saving. In other words, roughly 10% of the energy saving due to retrofit was taken back in terms of increased comfort. These results concerning changes in indoor temperatures should be viewed cautiously because of limitations in the analytical method and the large variation across households.
Understanding Social Capital and HIV Risk in Rural African American Communities

BACKGROUND African Americans (AA) and rural communities often suffer disproportionately from poorer health. Theory-guided research examining how individual- and community-level factors influence health behaviors and contribute to disparities is needed.
Membrane Integrity as a Therapeutic Target in Neural Cell Injury

The importance of cell membrane integrity for normal cell function and indeed survival is well established, yet the role of membrane disruption in cellular pathology is seldom considered except as a prelude to, or indication of, cell death. However, evidence from diverse fields strongly implicates membrane disruption as a key precipitating event in the pathological responses to various stimuli. Dynamic mechanical loading of neural cells produces an acute disruption of the plasma membrane as indicated by a rapid and transient release of LDH from the cytoplasm of injured cells. In this report, we show that this cellular level injury is not immediately fatal, but rather gives rise to a cascade of signaling events that lead to cell death in the long term. In our model, over 50% of the cells were dead at 24 hours post injury, the majority of which were apoptotic as assessed by the TUNEL assay using flow cytometry. Though many of the signaling pathways involved in this response to injury have been studied, the link between the initial membrane damage and the subsequent signaling is poorly understood. We report for the first time that treating injured neurons with an agent that promotes resealing of membrane pores can rescue the cells from both necrotic cell death and apoptosis at 24 hours post injury. Treatment with the nonionic surfactant, poloxamer 188 (P188), at 15 minutes post injury restored cell viability at 24 hours to control values. The role of the pro-apoptosis MAP kinase, p38, in cell death following injury was investigated using Western blot analysis. Activation of p38 was increased over 2-fold at 15 minutes post injury. P188 treatment at 10 minutes inhibited p38 activation. However, treatment with a specific inhibitor of p38 activation produced only a partial reduction in apoptosis and had no effect on necrotic cell death. These data suggest multiple signaling pathways are involved in the long term response of neurons to mechanical injury. Furthermore, the putative mechanism of action of P188 to promote membrane resealing suggests that the acute membrane damage due to trauma is a critical precipitating event lying upstream of the many signaling cascades that contribute to the subsequent pathology.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
The case of the mysteriously appearing child.

The story of how a family planning postage stamp managed to get pasted on several million envelopes in Taiwan. Its chronological unfolding illustrates the complexity of applying research findings to an ongoing program in a developing country setting. The need for involving program planners early in research development for inservice staff education for linkage between related agencies implementing programs and for caution in using western theoretical orientation is considered. Suggestions for discussion are provided. (authors)
Aluminophosphate-bonded silicon carbide ramming body

A silicon carbide body with an aluminophosphate bond after heat processing has a high strength and high refractoriness under load at 2 kg/cm2.
Detailed three-dimensional shear wave velocity structure of the northwestern United States from Rayleigh wave tomography

Abstract Since the mid-Miocene, the northwestern United States has experienced extensive flood basalt volcanism, followed by the formation of two time-progressive tracks of silicic volcanism: the Yellowstone/Snake River Plains (YSRP) and the High Lava Plains (HLP). The YSRP track progresses towards the northeast, parallel to North American plate motion, and has therefore often been attributed to a deep mantle plume source. However, the HLP track progresses to the northwest over the same time frame in a direction not consistent with any regional plate motion. The causes of the mid-Miocene flood basalts and the tracks of the YSRP and HLP are a matter of ongoing debate. We present results of Rayleigh wave phase velocity inversions and inversions for 3-D shear wave velocity structure of the northwestern United States using data collected from the High Lava Plains seismic experiment and the EarthScope USArray Transportable Array (TA). The large number of stations used in these inversions allows us to show an unprecedented level of detail in the seismic velocity structures of this tectonically complex area. Our velocity images indicate that low S-wave velocities in the uppermost mantle do not well match the track of HLP volcanism. While at the surface the Newberry caldera appears to anchor the NW end of the HLP hotspot track, the seismic results show that it lies in a separate, north–south trending low velocity band just east of the Cascades that is distinct from the main HLP trace. The ultra-low S-wave velocities beneath the YSRP track extend locally to at least 175 km depth and are by far the most prominent seismic anomalies in the region. Along axis, the YSRP hotspot track is characterized by a discrete low velocity channel in the upper mantle that shallows, narrows and intensifies to the northeast, but then deepens rapidly to the north beneath Yellowstone. The shallowing of the low velocity anomaly to the northeast is consistent with a stationary heat source beneath a moving plate, coupled with Basin and Range extension and heating.
Diffuse reflectance from turbid media: an analytical model of photon migration.

To calculate the diffuse reflectance from a semi-infinite slab of tissue, we introduce a probability distribution function, fn(g), that a photon will escape from the tissue after n scattering events. This approach permits the separation of the phase dependence of scattering, described by the anisotropy coefficient, g, from the absorption, μa, and scattering, μs coefficients in the calculation of diffuse reflectance. We demonstrate that fn(g) and g are related to each other through a universal probability function. The analytical form of this probability function is explored and used to obtain the diffuse reflectance from tissue. The diffuse reflectance calculated with this method is in excellent agreement with Monte Carlo simulations over the parameter range typically found in human tissue, even for the values in which diffusion theory is a poor approximation.
Bronchography and Bronchial Adenomas

Seven patients with bronchial adenomas had a bronchogram as part of their diagnostic workup. In five of these patients, a distinctive outward flaring of the involved bronchus just proximal to the obstructing mass was demonstrated. This bronchographic sign allowed a correct preoperative diagnosis to be made in all five cases. The value of technically superior bronchography is stressed. Bronchography should be utilized more often in the diagnostic evaluation of various pulmonary problems.
GI Emergencies in the ICU

• The morbidity and mortality of GI bleeding developing in patients hospitalized for other reasons is higher than in those presenting primarily with GI bleeding.2 In the absence of known or overt liver disease, non-variceal UGI bleeding related to gastroduodenal erosions or ulcers is common. Stress prophylaxis with H2 blockers or proton pump inhibitors (PPI) is recommended after major abdominal, cardiac, orthopaedic, or neurosurgeries.3 Frank blood in NG lavage, a significant drop in hematocrit, or persistent hemodynamic compromise warrant urgent endoscopy. Otherwise, initiation of PPI therapy and close clinical monitoring might suffice. Lower GI bleeding in ICU patients should prompt evaluation for ischemic colitis by multidetector computed tomography (MDCT). Mankongpaisarnrung et al discuss a patient presenting with a GI bleed in this issue of the Southwest Respiratory and Critical Care Chronicles reiterating the role of risk stratification in the appropriate management to identify the low risk patients who can be triaged to optimal outpatient management while recognizing the high risk patients needing in-patient care. Manifestations include unexplained abdominal distension, absence of bowel sounds, diarrhea, and/or lower GI bleeding. A quick review of history must check for atrial fibrillation, presence of hypercoagulable states (prior DVT/PE), lowflow states (CHF), or conditions associated with advanced atherosclerosis (ESRD). MDCT excludes other etiologies while directing further management.4 Flexible sigmoidoscopy can be helpful when clinical suspicion for ischemic colitis is very high but imaging is negative (non-occlusive mesenteric ischemia, NOMI). Aswanetmanee et al discuss the role of MDCT in the timely diagnosis of acute mesenteric ischemia in this issue of the Chronicles in which an elderly woman in the ICU with septic shock developed unexplained abdominal distension and ileus. An urgent MDCT demonstrated jejunal pneumatosis intestinalis and occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery. Prompt recognition led to successful embolectomy and small bowel resection.
Enjoyment of televised sporting events: Evidence of a gender gap

This investigation provides further evidence of gender‐specific differences in enjoyment of televised sporting events. Male viewers were found to be partial to combative and mechanized sports such as boxing, ice hockey, and basketball, but they disliked figure skating. Female viewers, in contrast, expressed greater enjoyment of stylistic sports, such as figure skating, and disliked boxing. In other words, male spectators love the sport (boxing) that women despise and men despise the sport (figure skating) that women love. Preference‐defining perceptions of athletic competition were also recorded.
Conformationally-flexible benzamide analogues as dopamine D3 and σ2 receptor ligands

A series of conformationally-flexible analogues was prepared and their affinities for D2-like dopamine (D2, D3 and D4) were determined using in vitro radioligand binding assays. The results of this structure-activity relationship study identified one compound, 15, that bound with high affinity (K(i) value=2nM) and moderate selectivity (30-fold) for D3 compared to D2 receptors. In addition, this series of compounds were also tested for affinity at sigma1 and sigma2 receptors. We evaluated the affinity of these dopaminergic compounds at sigma receptors because (a) several antipsychotic drugs, which are high affinity antagonists at dopamine D2-like receptors, also bind to sigma receptors and (b) sigma receptors are expressed ubiquitously and at high levels (picomoles per mg proteins). It was observed that a number of analogues displayed high affinity and excellent selectivity for sigma2 versus sigma1 receptors. Consequently, these novel compounds may be useful for characterizing the functional role of sigma2 receptors and for imaging the sigma2 receptor status of tumors in vivo with PET.
Molecular Characterization of a 28 kDa Surface Antigen Gene Family of the Tribe Ehrlichiae

Abstract Antisera against different Ehrlichiae recognize an immunodominant, cross-reacting ∼28 kDa surface antigen defined as the MAP1 inCowdria ruminantium.These antigens are considered valuable in developing serodiagnostic tests and recombinant vaccines for Ehrlichiae infections. To evaluate the relationship in three closely related Ehrlichiae,Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Ehrlichia canis,andC. ruminantium,the structure of the 28 kDa antigen genes was analyzed. We describe the cloning and characterization of DNA encoding genes homologous to MAP1 fromE. chaffeensisandE. canis.The cloned segment ofE. chaffeensiscontains one expressed and four transcriptionally silent tandemly arranged, nonidentical genes; theE. canislocus consists of two nonidentical genes. Comparative analysis of these genes revealed the presence of four conserved regions separated by three highly variable regions. B-cell epitope analysis identified three major cross-reacting epitopes that map to the variable regions. Location of the epitopes at the variable regions and the presence of multigene family with only one expressed copy suggest a mechanism of immune evasion in these Ehrlichiae.
Surface Chemistry of NCO Formed from HNCO on Pt(111)

The surface chemistry of isocyanate, NCO, and its precursor, isocyanic acid, HNCO, on Pt(111) was studied with the techniques of reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD). Isocyanate is known to form on platinum-group metals in the course of the catalytic reduction of NO by carbon-containing molecules, such as CO or simple hydrocarbons. It is therefore important to establish its stability and reaction chemistry on well-characterized platinum surfaces. Exposure of the Pt(111) surface at 90 K to isocyanic acid leads to both molecularly adsorbed HNCO, as well as its dissociation products, H and NCO. At 90 K and low coverages, molecularly adsorbed HNCO exhibits peaks at 1338, 2227, and 3357 cm−1 due to the NCO symmetric stretch, the NCO asymmetric stretch, and the NH stretch, respectively. Isocyanate has a markedly lower asymmetric NCO stretch of 2113 cm−1 at low coverages, which shifts to higher values at higher coverages. The decomposition of HNCO is lar...
Resonance effects in neutron scattering lengths of rare-earth nuclides

The neutron cross-section data in the literature for all the nuclides of the rare-earth chemical group which contain significant resonance effects below about 0.5 eV are analyzed using (in most cases) a generalized single-level formalism. The complex coherent scattering lengths thus deduced as a function of neutron energy or wavelength are presented in the form of graphs and tables.
Deterministic and Stochastic Prediction of the Hydrodynamics of a Three-Dimensional Body Falling Through Water

We investigate the dynamics of a three-dimensional mine-shaped body falling through water deterministically and stochastically. A physics-based deterministic model, MINE6D, is developed for the prediction of the six degree-of-freedom motion of the body falling freely through water. In MINE6D, the hydrodynamic load due to the added inertia effect is obtained exactly by using a boundary-element method while the viscous drag associated with flow separation and vortex shedding is modeled using a quasi-steady approach. Since the mine motion is found to be highly sensitive to varying the physical parameters such as body geometry, mass distribution, and initial releasing conditions, we develop a stochastic model using Monte-Carlo MINE6D simulation for the statistical analysis of mine motions in practical applications. The statistical prediction is compared with available field measurements both qualitatively and quantitatively. The characteristic features and dependence on physical parameters of the statistical prediction of mine motions are investigated. The present study is of importance to the prediction of mine burial in seabed and the design of mines.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
A survey of commercial parallel processors

This paper compares eight commercial parallel processors along several dimensions. The processors include four shared-bus multiprocessors (the Encore Multimax, the Sequent Balance system, the Alliant FX series, and the ELXSI System 6400) and four network multiprocessors (the BBN Butterfly, the NCUBE, the Intel iPSC/2, and the FPS T Series). The paper contrasts the computers from the standpoint of interconnection structures, memory configurations, and interprocessor communication. Also, the shared-bus multiprocessors are compared in terms of cache-coherence strategies, and the network multiprocessors are compared in terms of node structure. Where possible, price and performance information has been included. The reader is cautioned that this survey is based largely on information submitted by manufacturers; the authors have not performed any independent evaluation.
Adsorption and interaction of C2H4, H2, CO, and organic acids on Fe, Co, and Ni

Infrared spectra for the surface species formed by the adsorption and interaction of C2H4, H2, and CO on silica-supported Co and Ni have been obtained. Initially ethyl groups are formed on the surfaces. When the gaseous mixture is heated to 100 °C over Co a new surface reaction is observed, namely the formation of surface complexes with a carboxylate structure. The mechanism of the interaction of chemisorbed CO and ethyl groups to form the surface carboxylate is discussed in terms of alkyl migration reactions which are similar to the homogeneous coordination complex reactions in hydroformylation catalysis. The surface species and alkyl migration reactions are proposed to also be important in CO methanation and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. The infrared spectra of formic, acetic, and propionic acids adsorbed on Fe, Co, and Ni indicate the formation of surface carboxylate species. The asymmetric carboxylate stretch in the 1550 to 1600 cm−1 region shifts to lower frequencies as the number of carbon atoms in the adsorbed acid increases. The surface carboxylates are stable at temperatures up to 150 to 200 °C.
Extension and contraction of faulted marker planes

We present graphical and analytical methods to determine the extensional or contractional separation of a faulted planar marker using commonly measured field data: fault attitude, slip direction, and bedding or other marker-plane attitude. This determination is easily accomplished for horizontal markers. Faults with normal components of slip extend the markers and indicate extensional tectonics; those with reverse components are contractional. Although the methods quantify this simple relation for horizontal markers, they are most useful in rocks with planar fabrics of steep dip where marker separation cannot be uniquely determined from map or outcrop patterns alone and where faults with normal components of dip slip can contract markers and those with reverse components can extend them. The methods rely on two parameters: (1) the angle between normals to the marker and fault planes and (2) the angle between the slip direction and intersection of the marker and fault. This second parameter measures the obliquity of slip relative to the directions of maximum extensional or contractional separation of the marker, and for a horizontal marker, it is equivalent to the rake of the slip direction. The graphical method requires stereographic projections routinely used for faulting data; the analytical method is programmable on a calculator.
The Case of Ms. Q: A Demonstration of Integrative Psychotherapy Guided by "Core Clinical Hypotheses"

This case study describes the treatment of a married mother—Ms. Q—in her mid-thirties who sought help for making major life decisions that involved her marriage, career, obligations as a parent, and self-development. A model and method for conducting theoretically integrated therapy as described in the author’s book, Clinical Case Formulations (Wiley, 2006), is illustrated through case formulation charts and narrative discussion of the choice points in therapy with Ms. Q. The treatment integrated clinical hypotheses from five theoretically differentiated categories: existential/spiritual (issues of choice, responsibility, commitment, meaning and creativity); psychodynamic (conflicting inner parts, immature “self,” and unresolved guilt and abandonment fears from past relationships); cognitive (faulty schemas about responsibility, parenting, and marriage); behavioral/learning (conditioned emotional responses and lack of skills in decision making, emotional regulation, and marital communication); and social/cultural/environmental (family systems factors, issues of culture and gender, and need for appropriate work environment.)
Statistical spiking model for real world pattern recognition applications

This paper introduces a spike based pattern recognition method and applies it to a real world seismic event recognition application. The processing unit - building blocks - of the developed method is statistical and considers both temporal frequency of spikes and their timings. Upon a significant statistical change of the temporal timings of the input spikes, compared to the model it has been trained for, the state of the processor changes and an output spike is generated. For pattern recognition applications, we first generate spike trains by utilizing filter bank decomposition and then pulse width modulation. Second, dynamic programming is employed to decode underlying class(es) of the temporal spike trains to which they belong. The model and approach of this study has been applied for seismic event detection and recognition of vehicle vs. human footsteps vs. everything else. The system showed over 97% performance on the classification of the above mentioned events.