cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Properties of Granularity Wiener Spectra

The description of the random-dot model for photographic granularity by independent and identical grain-location statistics allows the average transmittance and transmittance autocorrelation function to be determined in a few straightforward steps. Here, the analysis is applied to the case of uniform exposures and arbitrarily shaped opaque grains, although the formalism allows nonopaque phase-retarding grains and the result of image exposures to be described. The results are interpreted in terms of the granularity Wiener spectrum, giving simple bounds on the low-frequency noise level, an inverse-third-power form for high frequencies, and bounds on a spectrum width that increase monotonically with decreasing average transmittance.
The Double-Edged Sword of Signaling Effectiveness: When Salient Cues Curb Postpurchase Consumption:

Abstract In juxtaposition to the common belief that marketing cues highlighting product effectiveness will generate positive influences on consumer demand, the authors argue that signaling effectiveness is a double-edged sword. While effectiveness cues may increase initial purchase, they can curb postpurchase consumption and potentially decrease long-term product sales. Four studies demonstrate that salient cues in advertising or packaging (e.g., pictures, brand names) can increase perceived product efficacy and lead to a lower usage amount on a single occasion. The authors show that the impact of effectiveness cues on product usage is driven by inference making and is moderated by cue salience and people's need for cognition. Furthermore, the authors find that promoting effectiveness with certain cues does not increase product choice yet reduces product usage. These results stress the importance of seeking salient cues that work to stimulate both choice and usage.
A Cooled GaAs Mesfet Amplifier Operating at 12 GHz with 1.6 dB Noise Figure

The performance of a three-stage GaAs MESFET amplifier operating in the 11.7 to 12.2 GHz U.S. satellite communication band is characterized between 40°K and 300°K. At room temperature, the noise figure is 5.3 dB (Te=700°K) and the gain is 18 dB. By cooling to 40°K, the noise figure decreases to 1.6 dB (Te=130°K) while the gain increases to 31 dB.
Search for the {pi} Resonance in Two-Particle Tunneling Experiments of YBCO Superconductors

A recent theory of the resonant neutron scattering peaks in YBCO superconductors predicts the existence of a sharp spin-triplet two-particle collective mode (the {open_quotes}{pi} resonance{close_quotes}) in the normal state. In this paper, we propose an experiment in which the {pi} resonance could be probed directly in a two-particle tunneling measurement. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Individual decisions and group dynamics: why pholcid spiders join and leave groups

Abstract To examine the role of individual variation in the dynamics of group formation, I conducted a mark–recapture study and a series of laboratory and field experiments with Holocnemus pluchei spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae). These spiders can either share webs or live alone, and individuals shift frequently between these strategies. Spiders' decisions were influenced by size and recent feeding success. In the laboratory, small hungry spiders introduced into a web that held a larger conspecific resident were more likely than small well-fed spiders to abandon the web and build their own web. This behaviour pattern gradually reversed as spiders grew: large hungry spiders were more likely than large well-fed spiders to stay in the shared web. When I introduced spiders into empty webs, they were more likely to stay compared with spiders tested with conspecifics. However, hunger level also influenced behaviour even when conspecifics were not present. Food-deprived spiders were more likely to abandon webs and build their own, consistent with the idea that spiders were following a win–stay/lose–shift strategy. In the field, spiders were more likely to stay in webs overnight when they were given supplemental food. In another experiment, spiders that were found building webs in cleared areas were smaller and thinner than average. Finally, I tested whether the size of the intruder or the resident affected whether spiders joined webs. Large intruders were more successful at remaining in webs than smaller intruders, although spiders of all sizes had some success in joining groups. Additional synthetic theoretical work is needed to integrate the complex processes underlying the formation and persistence of groups.
Atomic data from the Iron Project. XVII. Radiative transition probabilities for dipole allowed and forbidden transitions in Fe III

Transition probabilities are obtained for both the dipole allowed (E1) ne structure transitions and the forbidden electric quadrupole and magnetic dipole (E2, M1) transitions in Fe III. For the E1 transitions, ab initio calculations in the close coupling (CC) approximation using the R-matrix method are carried out in LS coupling with a 49-term eigenfunction expansion for Fe IV. The ne structure components are obtained through algebraic transformation of the LS line strengths, and the oscillator strengths and A-coecients are computed using spectroscopic energies of the observed levels. Radiative transition probabilities for 9797 ne structure E1 transitions corresponding to 1408 LS multiplets among 200 bound states of Fe III are reported. Forbidden E2 and M1 transition probabilities are computed for 362 transitions among the 34 ne structure levels of all 16 LS terms dominated by the 3d 6 conguration using optimised conguration-interaction wavefunctions from the SUPERSTRUCTURE program in the Breit-Pauli approximation. Comparison of the present results is made with previous calculations and signicant dierences are found. Theoretical line ratios computed using the present E2 and M1 A-coecients show better agreement with observations for some prominent Fe III lines in the infra-red than those using the earlier data by Garstang (1957). This work is carried out as part of the Iron Project to obtain accurate radiative and collisional data for the Iron group elements. ?
Validity of vascular prostaglandin assay methods

This study directly compares the three major methods of prostaglandin as say for explanted blood vessels in an effort to determine whether reliable assays can be performed on small, localized areas. Under general anesthesia, canine femoral arteries and veins (n =16) were excised after measurement of in vivo dimensions. Each vessel was divided into three segments. Vessel segments were (1) incubated as whole rings ("biopsy" method), (2) incubated with the luminal surface covered by a plexiglass well (well method), or (3) perfused with a pulsa tile pump at physiologic pressure, temperature, and flow rate for two fifteen minute cycles with a balanced salt solution (perfusion method). Perfusion seg ments were also tested by the well and biopsy methods after thirty minutes of ex vivo perfusion. Assays of stable metabolites for prostacyclin (Pc) and throm boxane A2 (Tx) were performed using commercially available radioimmuno assay techniques. Luminal perfusion was used as the "gold standard" for corre lation.Mea...
Phase transitions in random anisotropy magnets

Abstract We report a study of magnetic properties and phase transitions in random anisotropy glasses rich in the rare-earth elements Gd, Tb and Nd. For the Gd glass, which has a small magnetic anisotropy, we find an extremely large, possibly infinite, susceptibility below 120 K and no intrinsic spontaneous magnetization. Below 55 K an hysteretic state develops. The Tb and Nd glasses, both of which have large anisotropy, exhibit transitions to a speromagneic state and they do not show an infinite susceptibility phase. The results are discussed in terms of recent theoretical predictions concerning phase transitions in the presence of random magnetic anisotropy.
NONSURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF PELVIC FLOOR DYSFUNCTION

In the 50 years since pelvic muscle exercises were introduced for the nonsurgical management of pelvic floor dysfunction related to parturition, a variety of approaches have been introduced and the scope of indications has grown. This article describes the evaluation of patients with pelvic floor complaints, discusses additional techniques for performing pelvic muscle exercises including biofeedback and electrical stimulation, details a comprehensive educational program, and examines the literature on the use of pelvic muscle exercises for the treatment of stress and urge urinary incontinence.
Dephasing measure in the diffraction by a hologram grating

For the plane wave diffraction by a dielectric hologram grating, the angular and the wavelength sensitivity measures are systematically deduced and compared with the previous results.
Brain Localizing Activity of Hetero- and Isoimmune Sera Directed against Lymphocytic Cells∗:

SummaryIsoantibodies prepared in C57BL/6 mice against lymphocytic leukemia cells of DBA/2 mice (L1210) exhibited in vivo localization in the brain of DBA/2 mice. Rabbit antisera prepared against the same cells exhibited a lower localization in DBA/2 brain, while rabbit antibodies prepared against normal lymphoid organs of DBA/2 mice exhibited a much lower localization. The localization of both the isoantibodies and the heteroantibodies was very rapid. Maximal amounts of antibodies were fixed to the brain 2 hr after i.v. injection.
Reactions Between Iron Oxides and Alumina‐Silica Refractories

Phase equilibrium data for the system FeO-Fe2O2-Al2O3-SiO2 are used to evaluate the attack of iron oxides on alumina-silica refractories under various idealized conditions which approach those occurring in practice. The extent of attack and the nature of the reactions at various levels of O2 pressure are discussed.
Chromosome 6 abnormalities are recurrent in synovial chondromatosis

Synovial chondromatosis, a lesion composed of multiple nodules of cartilage involving articular or tendon sheath synovial membranes, has traditionally been considered a metaplastic condition. A specific or characteristic chromosomal anomaly has not yet been identified in synovial chondromatosis. Cytogenetic and molecular cytogenetic analyses of three cases of synovial chondromatosis revealed clonal karyotypic abnormalities in all three cases including structural abnormalities of chromosome 6 in two. Anomalies of chromosome 6 have been observed in three of five previously reported synovial chondromatosis cases. These findings support a neoplastic origin for synovial chondromatosis and suggest that chromosome 6 aberrations are recurrent in this lesion.
Variations of the flexor digitorum superficialis of the small finger

Normal functional variations of the flexor digitorum superficialis were clinically determined by use of the standard and modified superficialis flexion tests in 50 normal subjects. Forty hands of 20 cadavers were dissected to correlate the anatomic variations with the clinical findings. A flexor digitorum superficialis-independent pattern was found 58% of the time. A flexor digitorum superficialis-common pattern was found 21% of the time. A flexor digitorum superficialis-absent pattern was found 21% of the time. The right and left hands were asymmetric 26% of the time. All cadaver hands had a flexor digitorum superficialis tendon present in the palm and finger. The variability in flexor digitorum superficialis function may be explained by interconnections between the flexor digitorum superficialis of the small finger and either the flexor digitorum superficialis of the ring finger or the flexor digitorum profundus of the small finger.
Human pluripotent stem cells decouple respiration from energy production.

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) rely heavily on glycolysis for energy metabolism, and because their mitochondria appear poorly developed, hPSCs have been assumed to be incapable of using oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos). In this issue, Zhang et al (2011) demonstrate that hPSCs actually possess functional OxPhos machinery, but that the mitochondrial protein UCP2 decouples OxPhos from glycolysis. The study further suggests that regulation of glucose metabolism by UCP2 facilitates hPSC pluripotency and controls hPSC differentiation.
Tension receptors on the closer muscle apodeme in the walking legs of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus

1. Receptors responsive to muscle tension have been located on the closer apodeme of walking legs of the blue crabCallinectes sapidus. The axons form a discrete nerve, the closer apodeme sensory nerve (CASN) which joins the PD organ nerve. 2. The receptors are 25–35 bipolar cells whose cell bodies measure between 25–60 μn, located on the distal end of the apodeme. The dendrite of each is inserted through the hypocuticle into the endocuticle of the apodeme. No receptors are found directly associated with muscle fibers. 3. The apodeme receptors exhibit no spontaneous activity at any rest position of the dactyl, and are unresponsive to passive movement of the dactyl. 4. Isometric tension causes the apodeme receptors to fire. Increased tension increases the frequency of output with the recruitment of additional units. 5. Upon isotonic contraction against increasing loads, the receptors show increased output and the recruitment of additional units. Isotonic contraction of the unloaded closer muscle evokes no response by the receptors. 6. The combined anatomical and physiological evidence supports the theory that these sensory cells are series tension receptors.
How could you think that?!?!: Understanding intentions to engage in political flaming:

Communication scholars have both lauded and questioned the Internet’s role in facilitating democracy. However, few studies have examined aggressive communication behavior in online political discussion spaces. Two studies were conducted to examine use of aggressive discussion behaviors online, otherwise known as flaming. Study one utilized a survey of 289 undergraduate students at a large public university. Study two utilized a survey of 305 individuals who frequent political blogs. Results from both studies suggest that individuals are more likely to engage in political flaming when their beliefs are directly challenged. In addition, results indicate that whether an individual’s identity is known or unknown did not influence their intention to flame within the student sample. In the blog-user sample, we found that direct challenges when identities were not known increased intention to flame. Finally, we examine the relationship between political flaming and several individual-level variables.
An Interpretation of Advanced Organizers.

The term advanced organizer refers to a type of instructional material that has been hypothesized to be effective in introducing meaningful topics. Meaningful topics are those in which the new material that is to be learned is related in a nonarbitrary fashion to ideas that have already been mastered by the learner. Using this definition, most mathematics instruction has to do with potentially meaningful learning materials, since most mathematical concepts occur as part of a system of ideas and since it is typical that such concepts are inherently related to other ideas in the system that are already understood by the learner. According to Ausubel (1963), three of the main factors that influence the learning and retention of meaningful materials are (1) the availability of relevant anchoring ideas, (2) the stability (i.e., organization and clarity) of these ideas, and (3) the distinguishability of the new ideas from the anchoring ideas. By recalling relevant systems of previously learned concepts, advanced organizers can be used to provide ideational scaffolding for new ideas and to point out similarities and differences between the new material and previously learned concepts. To serve these functions, organizers are supposed to consist of introductory materials that are at a higher level of generality and inclusiveness than the more detailed and differentiated material that is to be learned.
Photoaversion in Leber's congenital amaurosis.

Photoaversion is a prominent symptom of a number of infantile genetic ocular disorders such as congenital glaucoma, aniridia, albinism, and cone dystrophies including achromatopsia. Photoaversion has not been widely recognized as a clinical feature of Leber's congenital amaurosis. We present two patients who were diagnosed clinically with achromatopsia because of nystagmus, absent color vision, reduced visual acuity, and moderately severe photoaversion in the absence of anterior segment abnormatlities. The photopic and scotopic responses of the electroretinogram (ERG) were nonrecordable in both patients indicating involvement of both cone and rod systems. The diagnosis was then revised to one of Leber's congenital amaurosis. Photoaversion can be a prominent clinical feature in some patients with Leber's congenital amaurosis. The ERG clinches the diagnosis. These patients may constitute a distinct genetic subtype of the disease and molecular genetic studies will help resolve this issue.
Shocks to the System Great Power Rivalry and the Leadership Long Cycle

The different phases of the leadership long cycle are hypothesized to significantly alter the number of great power rivalries that terminate and initiate. Specifically, the global war phase is expected to “shock” dyads into and out of rivalry. Bivariate and multivariate event history techniques are used to show that periods of capability deconcentration are associated with increased great power rivalry terminations but not initiations. Furthermore, terminations are less likely to occur during phases of systemic capability concentration than in other periods, as the theory predicts. The expectations concerning rivalry initiations are not supported.
Extremely long-lived charged massive particles as a probe for reheating of the Universe

We discuss the impact of charged massive particle big bang nucleosynthesis to explore the nature of the reheating of the Universe in the case that a new extremely long-lived charged massive particle (CHAMP) exists. If the mass of the CHAMP is within collider reach and its lifetime is longer than ${10}^{4}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{s}$, the comparison between the charged big bang nucleosynthesis prediction and observed $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$ abundances may indicate nonstandard reheating in the early Universe without relying on details of the decay properties. Even if the CHAMP mass is outside the reach of colliders, the cosmological considerations may provide a nontrivial hint for the existence of such very heavy long-lived CHAMPs from the late Universe if the daughter particles are the dominant component of the present dark matter. We consider a low reheating temperature model as an example of the nonstandard reheating scenarios.
How should severity be determined for the DSM-5 proposed classification of Hypersexual Disorder?

Background and AimsThe concept of severity among providers working with hypersexual behavior is frequently used despite a lack of consensus about how severity should be operationalized. The paucity of dialogue about severity for hypersexual behavior is disconcerting given its relevance in determining level of care, risk, allocation of resources, and measuring treatment outcomes in clinical practice and research trials. The aim of the current article is to highlight several considerations for assessing severity based on the proposed DSM-5 criteria for hypersexual disorder.MethodsA review of current conceptualizations for severity among substance-use disorders and gambling disorder in the DSM-5 were considered and challenged as lacking applicability or clinical utility for hypersexual behavior.Results and conclusionsThe current research in the field of hypersexual behavior is in its infancy. No concrete approach currently exists to assess severity in hypersexual populations. Several factors in operationaliz...
Belief Contexts and Epistemic Possibility

Although epistemic possibility figures in several debates, those debates have had relatively little contact with one another. G. E. Moore focused squarely upon analyzing epistemic uses of the phrase, ‘It’s possible that p’, and in doing so he made two fundamental assumptions. First, he assumed that epistemic possibility statements always express the epistemic position of a community, as opposed to that of an individual speaker. Second, he assumed that all epistemic uses of ‘It’s possible that p’ are analyzable in terms of knowledge, not belief. A number of later theorists, including Keith DeRose, provide alternative accounts of epistemic possibility, while retaining Moore’s two assumptions. Neither assumption has been explicitly challenged, but Jaakko Hintikka’s analysis provides a basis for doing so. Drawing upon Hintikka’s analysis, I argue that some epistemic possibility statements express only the speaker’s individual epistemic state, and that contra DeRose, they are not degenerate community statements but a class in their own right. I further argue that some linguistic contexts are belief- rather than knowledge-based, and in such contexts, what is possible for a speaker depends not upon what she knows, but upon what she believes.
Heterochrony In Jaw Morphology of Needlefishes (Teleostei: Belonidae)

The jaw morphology of needlefishes (Beloniformes : Belonidae) passes through distinctive ontogenetic stages. When hatched, larvae have short jaws of equal length. The lower jaw first elongates to produce a halfbeak form, then the upper jaw elongates to produce the adult needlenose morphology. Onset and duration of the halfbeak stage vary among belonid species. We tested the hypothesis that heterochronic evolution produced this diversity in jaw morphology
Chromosome analysis of human spermatozoa stored in vitro

Two-hundred-sixty-five chromosome spreads from control human sperm samples capacitated in TEST-yolk buffer at 4 degrees C and 232 chromosome spreads from sperm samples incubated in vitro in Biggers-Whitten-Whittingham (BWW) for 24 h at room temperature prior to capacitation, were studied after fusion of sperm cells with zona-free hamster eggs. Sperm cells were provided by two volunteer donors. The results indicate an increase in chromosome structural abnormalities after in-vitro incubation of the spermatozoa from 1.8 to 7.7% in donor no. 1 and from 4.5 to 12.5% in donor no. 7. Overall, structural abnormalities increased 3.3-fold. The number of aneuploid spermatozoa and the sex ratio did not change significantly. The implications of the use of different media for storing spermatozoa are discussed.
Key problems in the development of innovative drugs——scientific rationale and principle requirement of clinical studies

The establishment of scientific rationale is one of the most important things during the developmental process of innovative drugs.Overall clinical development program should be designed after the identification of scientific rationale,in order to make a systemic and comprehensive evaluation about the efficacy and safety of the drug.This article discussed the scientific rationale and principle requirement of clinical studies in order to improve the efficiency of development for innovative drugs.
Benefits of Exercise for Older Adults

Exercise improves important outcomes for older adults, including functional status, longevity, and healthcare costs. Exercise can be used to prevent, treat, or palliate chronic conditions commonly experienced by older adults, including heart disease, diabetes, osteoarthritis, falls, and depression. The greatest benefits are seen in sedentary older adults who begin a moderate-level exercise program.
Secrets of Made in China:Innovation plus Complementary Assets

The author thinks that,compared with enterprises in Europe and USA, core competences of Chinese latecomers often arise after the finalization of product design or even in the industries whose industrial systems have been transformed into modular division of labor.The secrets of made in China lie in the innovation of industrial organizations plus complementary assets,rather than in technical innovation.
Histologic variants of prostate cancer

前列腺癌是男性最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,尤其在血清前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)检测普及及改进后,其发病率逐年升高,虽然组织形态学上以腺泡细胞型、微腺泡型和一般的腺癌最常见,但前列腺癌组织结构和细胞学特点极富多样性,可见多种组织学变异型,这些变异型的识别可以帮助病理医师更全面掌握前列腺癌,避免误诊和漏诊[1]。
Interaction of human fibrinogen with staphylococci: presence of a binding region on normal and abnormal fibrinogen variants and fibrinogen derivatives

Abstract Human fibrinogen interacts with pathogenic staphylococci, causing their clumping through an unexplained mechanism. We attempted to characterize the interaction between the staphylococcal fibrinogen receptor(s) and the binding region on the fibrinogen molecule by employing binding studies and the clumping reaction. Binding studies revealed that the Aα chain of human fibrinogen possesses a high affinity for staphylococci, the affinity of the Bβ chain is somewhat less, and the γ chain has no apparent affinity. The binding region seems located on the C-terminal portion of the Aα and Bβ chains because (1) its function is gradually destroyed by progressive degradation with plasmin and (2) neither purified fragment E nor the N-terminal disulfide knot binds to staphylococci. These findings were supported by experiments with abnormal variants of fibrinogen. Fibrinogen Detroit, with a defect in the N-terminal part of the Aα chain, retained full clumping reactivity toward the staphylococcal receptor, as did fibrinogen Paris I, which manifests a defect in the C-terminal portion of the γ chain. After reduction and carboxymethylation, fibrinogen retained its ability to bind to staphylococci; however, the clumping reactivity was lost, suggesting that disulfide bonds contribute not to the binding properties of fibrinogen but only to its ability to clump. The clumping reaction occurred in the presence of diisopropylfluorophosphate at a concentration that inactivated staphylocoagulase and thrombin, indicating that the clumping reaction does not depend on the enzymatic activity of a serine protease type. Other factors, such as pH, chelators, polyanions, and detergents, were examined for their influence on the clumping reaction. The existence of a binding region(s) for staphylococci provides a basis for their use in measurement of normal and abnormal variants of human fibrinogen and its derivatives.
Breast cancer risk reduction: what do we know and where should we go?

Clinicians should be aware of the advances in breast cancer risk assessment and risk-reduction therapy. The modified Gail model is appropriate for predicting the risk of developing breast cancer within the next 5 years for most women between ages 35 and 75. Tamoxifen has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for reduction of breast cancer risk in women aged 35 and older who meet the threshold risk for breast cancer. Raloxifene is being compared with tamoxifen in the clinical trial, STAR (a Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene), which is now enrolling postmenopausal women aged 35 or older. The risks and benefits of therapy to reduce breast cancer risk are reviewed here. Processes for comparison of risks and benefits and for shared decision making are outlined.
Clinical Aspects of Food Sensitivity: Diagnosis and Management of Cow’s Milk Sensitivity

The clinical manifestations of food sensitivity with emphasis on cow’s milk are presented as well as the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of these disorders.
HISTORY AS A SCIENCE: Bury

[John Bagnell Bury (1861–1927) was a classical philologist before he became a historian, and his works on the late Roman period and the Byzantine Empire were characterized by high competence in both fields. At the age of 28 he wrote A History of the Later Roman Empire from Arcadius to Irene 395 a.d. to 800 a.d. (2 vols. 1889), which was generally regarded as a remarkably mature contribution to the literature. Given his own interests and inclinations, Bury was ideally fitted to undertake the definitive edition of Gibbon’s Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (7 vols. 1896–1900). He also served as editor of the Cambridge Ancient History. In his early years he was concerned with philosophy, especially with Hegel, and he developed a lasting interest in the philosophical problems of historical study; in 1902, when he succeeded Lord Acton as the Regius Professor of Modern History at Cambridge, he delivered an Inaugural Lecture on “The Science of History,” reprinted below, which epitomized the historicist tradition in England. Bury’s strong rationalistic beliefs, akin in some ways to Gibbon’s, inspired his two short works on The History of Freedom of Thought (1913) and The Idea of Progress (1920). During and after the First World War he grew skeptical about the possibility of establishing historical causality and in his last writings stressed the role of contingency, of mere chance, in history.]
Conclusion : actors setting course

This book set out to explore if and to what extent the EU had an effect on neighboring countries without the perspective to join the EU. It did so by first analyzing the role of domestic actors in processes of economic and environmental institutional change in Morocco and second by the role of two EU policies in the process: the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership and the European Neighborhood Policy. The analysis was important for four principal reasons. First, because it revealed new insights into what extent the EU as a globally unique body of political integration has affected countries in its neighborhood. Second, with applying a bottom-up research design, the book has been able to look at processes of institutional change in Morocco while taking exogenous as well as endogenous explanatory variables into account.
Abstract B04: Novel Methods to Target RB Pathway Disruption in Osteosarcoma

Osteosarcoma, prevalently a pediatric disease, is the most common primary non-hematologic bone tumor. The five-year survival rates range from 24-62% depending on age. A deeper understanding of the disease and new therapeutic approaches are crucial to reducing osteosarcoma9s morbidity and mortality. Data from our and other laboratories point to interconnections between bone development and cancer. Specifically, RB1 gene mutation (encoding retinoblastoma protein or pRB) is observed in 60% of sporadic osteosarcomas, and the pRB pathway is altered in osteosarcomas that retain pRB function. Mouse data suggests that loss of pRB can change osteoprogenitor function and increase osteosarcoma formation. Our work shows that: pRB loss leads to the expansion of bipotent (adipogenic/osteogenic) progenitor cells, properties also found in osteosarcomas; pRB binds to and activates the transcriptional regulator of osteogenesis Runx2, suggesting that pRB could alter promoter binding by chromatin modifying enzymes and regulate osteoblast differentiation; pRB can act as a transcriptional coactivator with Runx2 inducing Indian hedgehog (Ihh) expression late in osteoblast differentiation (Ihh can drive osteoprogenitor cells to the osteoblast lineage, potentially mediating the pRB phenotype loss in osteoblasts). Our studies also show a role for CDK6 in Runx2 activation and bone development, and a requirement for CDK6 activity in p53-dependent osteosarcoma. Thus, here we (a) analyze the role of pRB in fate specification of osteoblasts; (b) test the function of Ihh as a mediator of altered differentiation and tumorigenesis in pRB-null cells; and (c) test the role of CDK6 as a therapeutic target in osteosarcoma. Citation Format: Philip W. Hinds, Miriam Enos, Elizabeth Kong, Elisabeth Dignan, Volkan Gunduz, Jodie Pietruska. Novel Methods to Target RB Pathway Disruption in Osteosarcoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Precision Medicine Series: Cancer Cell Cycle - Tumor Progression and Therapeutic Response; Feb 28-Mar 2, 2016; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2016;14(11_Suppl):Abstract nr B04.
Children Speaking: Agency and Public Memory in the Children’s Peace Statue Project

Scholars in rhetoric have been slow to recognize children as capable of exercising rhetorical agency. This oversight inadvertently recapitulates the divestment of agency experienced by children who speak publicly about civic concerns. This essay examines the argumentative and organizational strategies of a group of children from New Mexico who worked in the early 1990s to publicize, design, and fund the Children’s Peace Statue and who repeatedly petitioned the Los Alamos County Council to accept the statue as a gift to the city of Los Alamos. Analyzing the children’s rhetorical strategies alongside responses of adult opponents, I show how opponents rejected the statue in part by resisting engaging with children as rhetorical agents. This research underscores the stakes of recognizing children’s agency as complexly meaningful.
Effect of Ozonation and Biological Activated Carbon Treatment of Wastewater Effluents on Formation of N-nitrosamines and Halogenated Disinfection Byproducts.

Ozonation followed by biological activated carbon (O3/BAC) is being considered as a key component of reverse osmosis-free advanced treatment trains for potable wastewater reuse. Using a laboratory-scale O3/BAC system treating two nitrified wastewater effluents, this study characterized the effect of different ozone dosages (0–1.0 mg O3/mg dissolved organic carbon) and BAC empty bed contact times (EBCT; 15–60 min) on the formation after chlorination or chloramination of 35 regulated and unregulated halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs), 8 N-nitrosamines, and bromate. DBP concentrations were remarkably similar between the two wastewaters across O3/BAC conditions. Ozonation increased bromate, TCNM, and N-nitrosodimethylamine, but ozonation was less significant for other DBPs. DBP formation generally decreased significantly with BAC treatment at 15 min EBCT, but little further reduction was observed at higher EBCT where low dissolved oxygen concentrations may have limited biological activity. The O3/BAC-...
Interference Phenomena of Slow Neutrons

Various experiments involving interference of slow neutrons have been performed in order to determine the phase of the scattered neutron wave with respect to the primary neutron wave. Theoretically this phase change is very close to either 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} or 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. The experiments show that with few exceptions the latter is the case. The evidence is based on the following types of measurements: (a) measurement of the intensities of Bragg reflection of various orders of many crystals, and comparison with the theoretical values of the form factor; (b) total scattering cross section of gas molecules for wave-lengths long compared with the molecular dimensions; and (c) determination of the limiting angles for total reflection of neutrons on various mirrors. The elements Ba, Be, C, Ca, Cu, F, Fe, Mg, N, Ni, O, Pb, S, and Zn were found to scatter neutrons with 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} phase difference; Li and probably Mn scatter with zero phase difference. The five elements I, Br, Cl, K, and Na behave alike and the phase with which they scatter is tentatively identified as 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. Coherent scattering cross sections have been determined for several elements.
Sleep Phenotypes in Zebrafish

Sleep is a vital, highly evolutionarily conserved biological function across species. It has been extensively studied in human and rodent models, and recently, the study of sleep in zebrafish has gained momentum. Neuropeptide and neurotransmitter systems that regulate sleep and waking rhythms are fully developed in the zebrafish within 4 days post fertilization, and demonstrate genetic homology to humans and rodents. Similar to the humans and rodent models, sleep in the larval and adult zebrafish is largely consolidated to dark phases. However, these systems remain susceptible to environmental and pharmacological manipulations, with drastic changes in sleep rhythms resulting in changes in gene and protein expression. As is seen with humans and rodents, sleep deprivation in zebrafish tends to result in anxiety like responses. Further analysis of the effects of genetic and pharmacological intervention would provide a deeper understanding of this essential function, potentially paving the way for the development of pharmacological treatments for sleep related disorders.
Efficacy and Social Validity of Peer Network Interventions for High School Students With Severe Disabilities

Abstract This randomized controlled trial examined the efficacy of peer network interventions to improve the social connections of 47 high school students with severe disabilities. School staff inv...
Effect of Abdominal Ultrasound on Clinical Care, Outcomes, and Resource Use Among Children With Blunt Torso Trauma: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Importance The utility of the focused assessment with sonography for trauma (FAST) examination in children is unknown. Objective To determine if the FAST examination during initial evaluation of injured children improves clinical care. Design, Setting, and Participants A randomized clinical trial (April 2012-May 2015) that involved 975 hemodynamically stable children and adolescents younger than 18 years treated for blunt torso trauma at the University of California, Davis Medical Center, a level I trauma center. Interventions Patients were randomly assigned to a standard trauma evaluation with the FAST examination by the treating ED physician or a standard trauma evaluation alone. Main Outcomes and Measures Coprimary outcomes were rate of abdominal computed tomographic (CT) scans in the ED, missed intra-abdominal injuries, ED length of stay, and hospital charges. Results Among the 925 patients who were randomized (mean [SD] age, 9.7 [5.3] years; 575 males [62%]), all completed the study. A total of 50 patients (5.4%, 95% CI, 4.0% to 7.1%) were diagnosed with intra-abdominal injuries, including 40 (80%; 95% CI, 66% to 90%) who had intraperitoneal fluid found on an abdominal CT scan, and 9 patients (0.97%; 95% CI, 0.44% to 1.8%) underwent laparotomy. The proportion of patients with abdominal CT scans was 241 of 460 (52.4%) in the FAST group and 254 of 465 (54.6%) in the standard care–only group (difference, −2.2%; 95% CI, −8.7% to 4.2%). One case of missed intra-abdominal injury occurred in a patient in the FAST group and none in the control group (difference, 0.2%; 95% CI, −0.6% to 1.2%). The mean ED length of stay was 6.03 hours in the FAST group and 6.07 hours in the standard care–only group (difference, −0.04 hours; 95% CI, −0.47 to 0.40 hours). Median hospital charges were $46 415 in the FAST group and $47 759 in the standard care–only group (difference, −$1180; 95% CI, −$6651 to $4291). Conclusions and Relevance Among hemodynamically stable children treated in an ED following blunt torso trauma, the use of FAST compared with standard care only did not improve clinical care, including use of resources; ED length of stay; missed intra-abdominal injuries; or hospital charges. These findings do not support the routine use of FAST in this setting. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT01540318
Multimodal Study of the Speciations and Activities of Supported Pd Catalysts During the Hydrogenation of Ethylene

In this work we describe a multimodal exploration of the atomic structure and chemical state of silica-supported palladium nanocluster catalysts during the hydrogenation of ethylene in operando conditions that variously transform the metallic phases between hydride and carbide speciations. The work exploits a microreactor that allows combined multiprobe investigations by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS), and microbeam IR (μ-IR) analyses on the catalyst under operando conditions. The work specifically explores the reaction processes that mediate the interconversion of hydride and carbide phases of the Pd clusters in consequence to changes made in the composition of the gas-phase reactant feeds, their stability against coarsening, the reversibility of structural/compositional transformations, and the role that oligomeric/waxy byproducts (here forming under hydrogen-limited reactant compositions) might play in modifying activity. The results pr...
The Role of Foreign Aid

Rapid agricultural growth in low- and middle-income countries is possible because of the potential for a rapid catch-up with the present high-income countries. Thus, technical assistance from those countries should be especially valuable. Poverty reduction is central as an objective of foreign aid and we have shown that that requires rapid development of agriculture. Thus, it is surprising that foreign aid has had a mixed record in increasing growth and productivity of agriculture, and hence in poverty reduction. The comparative advantage of foreign technical assistance lies with agricultural research/extension systems, including higher education, with large-scale training with the emphasis on advanced degrees, assistance to a specialized lending agency for the small commercial farmer, and policy analysis.
Biotechnological Applications of Microbial (Per)chlorate Reduction

While the microbial degradation of a chloroxyanion-based herbicide was first observed nearly ninety years ago, only recently have researchers elucidated the underlying mechanisms of perchlorate and chlorate [collectively, (per)chlorate] respiration. Although the obvious application of these metabolisms lies in the bioremediation and attenuation of (per)chlorate in contaminated environments, a diversity of alternative and innovative biotechnological applications has been proposed based on the unique metabolic abilities of dissimilatory (per)chlorate-reducing bacteria (DPRB). This is fueled in part by the unique ability of these organisms to generate molecular oxygen as a transient intermediate of the central pathway of (per)chlorate respiration. This ability, along with other novel aspects of the metabolism, have resulted in a wide and disparate range of potential biotechnological applications being proposed, including enzymatic perchlorate detection; gas gangrene therapy; enhanced xenobiotic bioremediation; oil reservoir bio-souring control; chemostat hygiene control; aeration enhancement in industrial bioreactors; and, biogenic oxygen production for planetary exploration. While previous reviews focus on the fundamental science of microbial (per)chlorate reduction (for example see Youngblut et al., 2016), here, we provide an overview of the emerging biotechnological applications of (per)chlorate respiration and the underlying organisms and enzymes to environmental and biotechnological industries.
Effect of UVA/Riboflavin Collagen Crosslinking on Biomechanics of Artificially Swollen Corneas.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to characterize the relation between corneal hydration and stiffening effects of the UVA/riboflavin collagen crosslinking treatment and to investigate how artificially swelling the cornea prior to this treatment procedure affects tensile property improvement. Methods Porcine corneas were collagen crosslinked in vitro at different hydration levels using a number of hypoosmolar and isoosmolar riboflavin solutions. Thickness of the specimens prior to crosslinking was taken as a proxy for their hydration and was used to divide them into different thickness groups. A Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) machine was used to perform mechanical tensile tests. The hydration of specimens during the mechanical tests was kept similar to the hydration at which they were crosslinked. The recorded force was used to calculate the maximum tensile stress and tangent modulus as a function of thickness (hydration) prior to collagen crosslinking treatment. Results Collagen crosslinking with either a hypoosmolar or isoosmolar solution significantly increased corneal tensile modulus (P < 0.05). Corneas that were swollen prior to crosslinking showed significantly softer tensile properties compared with those that were crosslinked at lower hydration (P < 0.05). Although the degree of tensile property improvement was hydration dependent, the stiffness of samples crosslinked at higher hydration was not significantly different than the stiffness of those crosslinked at lower hydration when the hydration was kept similar in the mechanical experiments. Conclusions Swelling porcine corneas to the different extents prior to collagen crosslinking treatment does not significantly change the amount of biomechanical improvement if tensile properties are measured at similar hydration.
Volunteering 2.0: How Online Social Networks Motivate Volunteer Retention

Volunteer organizations are hard pressed to retain a steady volunteer workforce to carry out their mission. When volunteers receive positive benefits and social support from the volunteer organization, they express positive commitment to continue. Online social networks are an inexpensive information system that can reach a wide variety of people and maintain a dialogue with them to better serve their needs, but the strategic role of online social networks for volunteer retention is relatively understudied. This study extends the theory of functional motivations, which has been used to predict retention of volunteers only in an offline context. The research surveys volunteers regarding their personal use of online social networks, their motivations and benefits, and their commitment and satisfaction, to test the impact of online social network use on volunteer retention.
Approach Regions for Trees

In this chapter we prove the following Theorem 4.1 [ADBU96] Let T be a very regular tree. Then there exists an approach family L that is Nagel-Stein relative to the cones for the tree. In particular, harmonic functions with h p growth do converge along L on a set of full measure of the boundary.
Aggression: Summary and Overview

This symposium on fighting and defeat produced a rich variety of new data and new ideas. It rapidly became apparent that the general purpose of the symposium of bringing together current work in the biochemical and neurophysiological correlates of agonistic behavior in mammals was much too ambitious. Such a goal could not have been reached in a single day or probably in a single week. There are too many species of mammals and too many varieties of agonistic behavior to review. However, the symposium was immensely stimulating, and was very valuable for its participants. Everyone was brought into confrontation with our exciting but completely inadequate knowledge of aggression not just in our laboratory animals but, more importantly, in man. The roles of species uniqueness, of seemingly insignificant environmental factors, and of neural circuitry produced many questions, but few final answers. These issues and others were debated energetically during the symposium and in a special discussion group the following morning.