cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hole-Burning and Absorption Studies of the LH1 Antenna Complex of Purple Bacteria: Effects of Pressure and Temperature

Spectral hole-burning and absorption spectroscopies were combined with pressure and temperature in studies of the light harvesting 1 (LH1 or B875) antenna complex of wild-type (WT) chromatophores and an LH1-only mutant of Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Zero-phonon hole (ZPH) action spectra lead to values of 120 (WT) and 140 cm-1 (mutant) for the separation (ΔE) between the lowest energy exciton level of A symmetry, B896, and the adjacent, strongly absorbing E1 level of the C16 ring of 32 bacteriochlorophyll a molecules. The E1 level is responsible for most of the B875 band's absorption intensity. Values for the inhomogeneous broadening of the relatively weak B896 absorption band are given. High-pressure hole-burning data for the B896 band yielded a very large linear pressure shifting of −0.67 cm-1/MPa, about 10% higher than the shift rate for the B875 absorption band. These shifts are about a factor of 7 times higher than those of weakly coupled chlorophyll molecules in protein complexes and isolated chromophor...
Specific heat and critical field for some iron-containing superconductors

Specific heat measurements on superconductingLu 2 Fe 3 Si 5 reveal a strong sample dependence of the residual specific heat contribution γ s , belowT c , effectively ruling out the possibility of a two-band model. Upper critical fieldH c2 results for Lu2Fe3Si5, Sc2Fe3Si5, and LaFe4P12 show a very largeH c2 with an unusual temperature dependence for Lu2Fe3Si5, in contrast to the latter two compounds, implying a strongly sample-dependentH c2 as well. Intrinsic magnetic impurities arising from structural disorder and defects are possibly the origin of these anomalous superconducting state properties of Lu2Fe3Si5.
Cdc42 Is a Substrate for Caspases and Influences Fas-induced Apoptosis

Fas-mediated apoptosis results in the activation of caspases, which subsequently cleave cellular substrates that are essential for normal cell viability. In the present study, we show that the Ras-related GTP-binding protein Cdc42 is susceptible to caspase-catalyzed proteolysis in a number of cell lines, including NIH3T3 fibroblasts, human breast cancer cells (e.g. T47D), and COS-7 cells. Both caspase-3 and caspase-7 were able to catalyze the cleavage of Cdc42, whereas caspase-6 and caspase-8 were without effect. The susceptibility to the caspase-stimulated degradation is specific; although Rac can also serve as a caspase substrate, neither Rho nor Ras is degraded. Caspase sensitivity is conferred by a consensus sequence (DXXD) that lies immediately upstream of the Rho insert regions (residues 122-134) of Cdc42 and Rac. The removal of a stretch of residues (120) that includes the insert region or site-directed mutagenesis of either aspartic acid 118 or 121 within a constitutively active background (i.e. Cdc42(F28L)) as well as a wild-type Cdc42 background yields Cdc42 molecules that provide a marked protection against Fas ligand-induced apoptosis. Overall, these results are consistent with a model in which Cdc42 acts downstream of Fas, perhaps to influence the rate of apoptosis, with the ultimate caspase-mediated degradation of Cdc42 then allowing for a maximal apoptotic response.
Delayed repeated intraperitoneal chemotherapy after cytoreductive surgery for colorectal and appendiceal carcinomatosis

BACKGROUND Delayed repeated intraperitoneal chemotherapy after cytoreductive surgery for carcinomatosis may be an alternative to intraoperative hyperthermic infusion. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and feasibility of delayed repeated intraperitoneal chemotherapy after cytoreduction of colorectal and appendiceal carcinomatosis and pseudomyxoma peritonei. DESIGN This study constitutes a retrospective case series. SETTING This study was conducted at a single institution. PATIENTS A total of 31 patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis (23) and pseudomyxoma peritonei (8) were included. INTERVENTIONS Cytoreduction was followed by placement of an adhesion barrier and intraperitoneal catheters. Peritoneal scintigraphy preceded biweekly intraperitoneal 5-fluorouracil and systemic combination chemotherapy with leucovorin, fluorouracil, and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcomes measured are safety, feasibility, and short-term survival. RESULTS Cytoreduction to a score of 0 to 1 was possible in 25 patients (80%). Complications occurred in 16 patients (51.6%) and were confined to grades I to III. There were no deaths, and no digestive fistulae occurred. Port malfunction or complication resulted in removal in 5 patients (16.1%). Intraperitoneal chemotherapy was possible in 83.8% of patients; 55% completed the full course. Peritoneal scintigraphy demonstrated free diffusion of tracer in 18 patients (58%), 4 (12.9%) had diffusion in each gutter with limited communication, 5 (16.1%) had limited diffusion around each catheter without communication, and 2 (6.5%) had no diffusion on scintigraphy. Overall survival for peritoneal carcinomatosis was 44.5% at 3 years (95% CI = 23%-65%). LIMITATIONS The nonrandomized nature of this study and the early experience are limitations. CONCLUSIONS Delayed repeated intraperitoneal and systemic chemotherapy after cytoreduction is feasible and has acceptable morbidity rates. Delayed intraperitoneal chemotherapy is possible in 83% of patients.
Youngiibacter fragilis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from natural gas production-water and reclassification of Acetivibrio multivorans as Youngiibacter multivorans comb. nov.

A taxonomic study employing a polyphasic approach was performed on a novel anaerobic bacterium isolated from natural gas production-water. The bacterium stained Gram-negative and consisted of non-motile, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped cells. Products of glucose or starch fermentation were ethanol, CO2, formate, acetate and H2. The predominant fatty acids were C16 : 0 ALDE and summed feature 3 comprising C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c. The DNA G+C content was 45.5 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis demonstrated that the nearest phylogenetic neighbours of the novel strain were Acetivibrio multivorans DSM 6139T (98.5 %) and Proteiniclasticum ruminis JCM 14817T (95.4 %). The DNA–DNA hybridization value between the novel organism and Acetivibrio multivorans PeC1 DSM 6139T was determined to be only 30.2 %, demonstrating the separateness of the two species. Based on phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic evidence that clearly distinguished strain 232.1T from Proteiniclasticum ruminis and other close relatives, it is proposed that the novel isolate be classified as representing a novel species of a new genus within the family Clostridiaceae , Youngiibacter fragilis gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain of the type species is 232.1T ( = ATCC BAA-2257T = DSM 24749T). In addition, Acetivibrio multivorans is proposed to be reclassified as Youngiibacter multivorans comb. nov.
An experiment in time perception: separating rate of presentation from type of estimation.

An experiment was conducted to distinguish between studies which show main effects versus interaction effects regarding estimations of time as a function of the rate (fast or slow) of digit presentation and the type (immediate or delayed) of time estimation. Undergraduate volunteers (36 men and 103 women) gave retrospective estimates of time following a short-term memory filler task consisting of memorizing a series of random digits (1–5) which varied in length (25 or 50 digits). Rate was manipulated by altering the interstimulus interval between digits (100 msec. or 1,300 msec.) or by varying the length of the list. A multivariate analysis of variance showed significant main effects for type of time estimation (delayed estimates were longer than immediate), length of list (estimates for 50 digits were longer than for 25), and interstimulus interval (estimates for 1,300 msec. were longer than for 100 msec.) yet, contrary to Pedri and Hesketh in 1993, there were no significant interactions among the variab...
Cooperation, Collegiality, and Collaboration: Reinforcing the Scholar-Practitioner Model

Implementing collaboration partnerships among diverse personnel has seen wide appeal in many professions. Collaboration activities between teacher education faculty and practicing professionals also have been proposed as necessary to the improvement of education practice. However, insufficient attention has been given to the form, character, and development of successful and ongoing collaboration between these groups. We propose that: (a) cooperation among personnel, (b) collegialify, or social equality, among all professionals involved in the activity, and (c) ongoing collaboration among teacher educators and practicing professionals in the context of (a) and (b) is necessary to effective schooling and to effective teacher education. Initially, a review of collaboration activities is provided to ground one scholar-practitioner model. Collaboration is then promoted as an effective tool to overcoming negative teacher socialization (Graham, 1991; Stroot & Williamson, 1993) and inservice isolation (Lawson, 1...
Innovaton and Emulation: Lessons from American Universities in Selling Private Rights to Public Knowledge

American universities are purported to excel at technology transfer. This assumption, however, masks important features of American innovation. Attempts to emulate the US example must recognize the heterogeneity of its industries and institutions of higher education. Stanford University and the biomedical cluster in Boston, Massachusetts, illustrate the diversities that characterize this dynamic system.
Morphologic characterization of organized extracellular matrix deposition by ascorbic acid-stimulated human corneal fibroblasts.

Purpose To characterize the structure and morphology of extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesized by untransformed, cultured human corneal fibroblasts in long-term cultures. Methods Human corneal stromal keratocytes were expanded in transwell culture in the presence of fetal bovine serum and a stable derivative of vitamin C. The cells were allowed to synthesize a fibrillar ECM for up to 5 weeks. Constructs were assessed by light (phase-contrast and differential interference-contrast) and transmission (standard and quick freeze/deep etch) microscopy. Results Electron micrographs revealed stratified constructs with multiple parallel layers of cells and an extracellular matrix comprising parallel arrays of small, polydisperse fibrils (27-51 nm) that often alternate in direction. Differential interference contrast images demonstrated oriented ECM fibril arrays parallel to the plane of the construct, whereas quick-freeze, deep-etch micrographs showed the details of the matrix interaction with fibroblasts through arrays of membrane surface structures. Conclusions Human keratocytes, cultured in a stable vitamin C derivative, are capable of assembling extracellular matrix, which comprises parallel arrays of ECM fibrils. The resultant constructs, which are highly cellular, are morphologically similar to the developing mammalian stroma, where organized matrix is derived. The appearance of arrays of structures on the cell membranes suggests a role in the local organization of synthesized ECM. This model could provide critical insight into the fundamental processes that govern the genesis of organized connective tissues such as the cornea and may provide a scaffolding suitable for tissue engineering a biomimetic stroma.
Particular Forms of Independence and Interdependence Are Adapted to Particular Kinds of Sociodemographic Environment: Commentary on Independence and Interdependence in Children's Developmental Experiences

Abstract— In “Independence and Interdependence in Children’s Developmental Experiences,”C. Raeff (2010) sensitively depicts the interrelations of varying sorts of independence and interdependence within a given culture while showing the distinct ways in which these 2 overarching variables are structured across different cultures. Based on a new theory of social change and human development (P. M. Greenfield, 2009), the claim is that certain forms of interdependence and independence are well adapted to simple, small-scale, relatively poor, subsistence-based, isolated rural community settings in which lifelong extended family relations are central, large numbers of siblings are the norm, and education takes place informally at home, whereas other forms of interdependence and independence are well adapted to complex, large-scale, relatively rich, commerce-based, urbanized societies with multiple ties to the outside world, many opportunities for transitory relations with strangers, small families, and a highly developed system of formal education.
Pulse shaping and clock data recovery for multi-gigabit standard compliant 60 GHz digital radio

This paper presents the first ultra low power (5 mW) multi-gigabit pulse-shaping filter and clock data recovery circuits fully integrated in a 90-nm CMOS wireless digital radio meeting the specifications of 60 GHz wireless standards. The architecture features a 4.4 Gsps capable 13-tap FIR pulse shaping filter on the TX side, and a dual loop clock data recovery with on-chip loop filter on the RX side to suppress the high frequency jitter introduced by the pulse shaping. Using a fully integrated 60 GHz TDD transceiver embedding the presented solution, a 95% reduction of the high frequency jitter has been measured at the standard nominal 1.728 Gbps data rate. The solution features a minimal power overhead of 5 mW from 1 V voltage supply.
Broadband millimeter wave modified aperture bowtie antenna-in-package

This paper describes a broadband millimeter wave antenna based upon a coplanar waveguide fed aperture bowtie geometry for system-in-package applications. The modifications added to the bowtie increase its bandwidth without increasing its size. Measurements confirm a 41% impedance bandwidth at a center frequency of 75 GHz on a low cost FR408 substrate. The addition of an electromagnetic band gap material into a ground plane is also added for applications where isolation from one hemisphere is desirable.
Bifurcated Images of the U.S. in Urban China and the Impact of Media Environment

The Chinese public’s prevailing admiration and respect for the United States was widely observed in the 1980s when reforms first began. However, since the early 1990s significant anti-American sentiments have started to emerge in China. Such a dramatic shift in Chinese people’s attitudes toward the U.S. has significant implications for both U.S. domestic politics and foreign policies. Many politicians, journalists, and scholars have identified the increasing reliance of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) on nationalism for mobilizing political support, as well as its still firm control over the domestic mass media for propaganda campaigns, as critical factors driving this dramatic public opinion shift. Nevertheless, without systematic and appropriate empirical evidence, it is extremely difficult to adjudicate the validity of speculations on why such a change occurred. Taking advantage of a 2005 two-city survey in China with pertinent survey instruments, we (a) explored Chinese urban residents’ usage of different media sources, (b) examined the dimensionality of their evaluations of the U.S., and (c) scrutinized the impacts of Chinese urbanites’ usage of diversified media sources on their perceptions of the U.S. The findings show that people’s attitudes toward U.S. foreign policies can be clearly distinguished from their evaluations of American political institutions and socioeconomic achievements. Most importantly, our analyses also reveal that, embedded as they are in China’s partially transformed and partially diversified media environment, Chinese urban residents do not become pro-American (or vice versa) from the usage of alternative media sources beyond the CCP’s control.
Nebulin cDNAs detect a 25-kilobase transcript in skeletal muscle and localize to human chromosome 2.

Abstract By virtue of the protein's size, myofibrillar localization, and proposed functional role, the gene encoding the giant sarcomere matrix protein nebulin represents a possible site for myopathic mutations. Using polyclonal anti-nebulin antisera to screen a cDNA expression library, we have isolated and characterized two separate human fetal muscle cDNA clones. By recovering fusion polypeptide-bound portions of our polyclonal antiserum and reutilizing them to probe Western blots, we further demonstrate that the expressed cDNAs encode polypeptide epitopes unique to the protein nebulin. Both cDNAs detect a 25-kb skeletal muscle RNA transcript and localize to human chromosome 2. The identification of nebulin cDNA clones enables the complete analysis of this enormous mRNA by transcript walking through muscle cDNA libraries. Here we report a restriction map of the 3′ end of the human nebulin transcript, with reference to the genomic fragments identified by the cDNA.
Pragmatics Revisited: Teaching with Natural Language Data

This paper presents a two-day teaching unit on German compliment-response sequences. The unit is based on empirical research in conversation analysis (CA) in order to integrate authentic, natu ral language data into the foreign language (FL) classroom, providing L2 learners with opportuni ties to examine, practice, and reflect about some of the ways in which Germans react to compliments. It presents hands-on materials for teaching culture with pragmatics which are suitable for novice/high and intermediate/low students and above.
Passively temperature-compensated fibre Fabry-Perot filter and its application in wavelength division multiple access computer network

Tunable fibre Fabry–Perot filters were constructed and tested to meet the optical and mechanical requirements for a direct detection, passive optical wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) computer network to interconnect computer work stations.
Changing a Management Information System: Managing Resistance by Attending to the Rights and Responsibilities of Employees

The purpose of this article is to explore the human issues related to the redesign of a management information system. When a management information system is implemented or changed, the responsibilities of organizational members can be drastically altered. Employee resistance is one outcome of this process. However, resistance can be reduced, if not eliminated, by attending to the rights of employees through engagement in the active participation in all aspects of the implementation process — a position often overlooked by management. The reader is familiarized with components of the change process as well as characteristics of innovation adoption encountered during redesign of the computer-based information system. Further, behavioral strategies are provided for overcoming the resistance frequently encountered during change.
Spring Thermocline Behavior in Lake Ontario During IFYGL

Abstract A dynamical analysis is presented of some observations made during the International Field Year on the Great Lakes (IFYGL) on the north shore of Lake Ontario at Oshawa. The data analyzed relate to water movements during the spring thermal regime, when a warm water band at the shores surrounds a cold central lake mass. Two periods are discussed in detail which demonstrate the influence of wind-stress impulses in generating respectively westward flow associated with a wedge-shaped spring thermocline, and eastward flow with a lens-shaped thermocline. The day-to-day changes in depth-integrated momentum transport in the shore zone show most clearly the direct effects of storms. Important modifying influences are bottom friction and momentum advection by onshore-offshore water movements. The way in which the momentum is partitioned between the surface (warm) water and the underlying water mass illustrates an important effect of the Coriolis force, which effectively transfers momentum downward. Earth ro...
Inhibiting gastric acid production does not affect intestinal calcium absorption in young, healthy individuals: a randomized, crossover, controlled clinical trial.

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are the most potent gastric acid suppressing drugs available, and their use is widespread. An emerging concern about chronic PPI therapy is whether these drugs impair intestinal calcium absorption, resulting in a negative calcium balance and thereby potentially causing bone loss. The objective of this study was to evaluate the acute effect of the PPI esomeprazole or placebo on intestinal calcium absorption in healthy adults. Twelve young adults participated in a placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover study. There were two 3-week interventions that included a 14-day adjustment period (designed to stabilize calcium homeostasis) followed by 6 days of a diet containing 800 mg of calcium and 2.1 g/kg of protein (intervention). During the last 3 days of the adjustment period and throughout the intervention period, subjects consumed esomeprazole or placebo. Half the subjects underwent 24-hour continuous gastric acid pH monitoring. Intestinal calcium absorption was measured using dual-stable calcium isotopes at the end of each intervention. Treatment with esomprazole significantly increased gastric pH (mean pH on PPI 5.38 +/- 0.13, mean pH on placebo 2.70 +/- 0.44, p = .005). Neither calcium absorption (PPI 34.2% +/- 2.4%, placebo 31.5% +/- 2.1%, p = .24) nor urinary calcium (PPI 321 +/- 38 mg/34 hours, placebo 355 +/- 37 mg/34 hours, p = .07) differed between the PPI and placebo groups. It is concluded that short-term gastric acid suppression by PPIs does not attenuate intestinal calcium absorption in healthy young adults.
Loss of independent limb control in childhood hemiparesis is related to time of brain injury onset

This study investigated the presence of inter-limb activity at the elbow joint in individuals with childhood-onset hemiparesis, including spontaneous mirror movements during unilateral tasks and the ability to suppress them during bilateral tasks. Eighteen individuals with hemiparesis were divided into three categories of injury timing: before birth (PRE-natal), around the time of birth (PERI-natal), and after 6 months of age (POST-natal). Individuals with hemiparesis, as well as 12 typically developing peers, participated in unilateral and bilateral elbow flexion and extension tasks completed at maximal and submaximal effort while muscle activity was monitored and motor output was quantified by two multiple degrees-of-freedom load cells. Significantly, higher levels of paretic elbow flexion were found only in the PRE- and PERI-natal groups during the flexion of the non-paretic limb, which was modulated by effort level in both unilateral and bilateral tasks. The bilateral activation of elbow flexors in the PRE-/PERI-natal groups indicates potential use of a common cortical command source to drive both upper extremities, while the POST-natal/typically developing groups’ flexors appear to receive input from different supraspinal structures.
Purification of yttrium metal by zone refining and field freezing

Abstract A study has been made of the purification of yttrium metal by zone refining and field freezing, using a floating molten zone to avoid contamination by the container material. The experiments were conducted under high vacuum to take advantage of the vaporization of volatile impurities. Travel rates of 5, 1 and 0.5 cm/h were used. Several metallic impurities such as Fe and Ni were removed by zone refining. Differences in results between zone refining and field freezing were small, and possible explanations are discussed. Vaporization contributed significantly to the purification process. Large single crystals of yttrium were produced by the techniques described.
Update on lipid-lowering therapy and LDL-cholesterol targets

Serum cholesterol has long been recognized as an important risk factor for the development and progression of atherosclerotic vascular disease. For more than 30 years, improved outcomes with lipid lowering have been demonstrated. As a result of these data, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) convened the National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel I (NCEP ATP I). This panel and similar ones around the world have served to set the standards for lipid lowering in clinical practice. Subsequent revisions of these standards (NCEP ATP II and III) have led to greater focus being placed on LDL, and targets for lowering LDL levels being based on patients' risk of subsequent coronary disease events. Since the publication of the NCEP ATP III guidelines, several large-scale clinical trials of cholesterol lowering have been conducted, the findings of which have the potential to impact on clinical practice standards. In this article we focus on current guidelines for lipid-lowering therapy, review the results and implications of important completed clinical trials, and consider the utility of additional targets for preventive therapy, such as C-reactive protein and HDL. We also consider the prospects for treatments in development and future goals.
Nucleotide triphosphatase activity of the N-terminal nucleotide-binding domains of the multidrug resistance proteins P-glycoprotein and MRP1

Abstract The multidrug resistance proteins P-glycoprotein (Pgp) and MRP1 are drug-efflux pumps. In this study, we compared the nucleotide triphosphatase activities of the isolated N-terminal nucleotide binding domains (NBD1) of Pgp and MRP1, and explored the potential role of the phosphorylation target domain of Pgp on the regulation of Pgp NBD1 ATPase activity. We found that: (1) the NBD1s of Pgp and MRP1 have ATPase and GTPase activities, (2) the Kms of Pgp NBD1 for ATP and GTP hydrolysis are identical, while the Km of MRP1 NBD1 for ATP is lower than that for GTP, and (3) phosphorylation of MLD by PKA or PKC produces a marginal increase of Vmax for ATP hydrolysis, without affecting the affinity for ATP. These results show efficient GTP hydrolysis by the NBD1s of Pgp and MRP1, and a minor role of phosphorylation in the control of Pgp NBD1 ATPase activity.
Scientific Computations on Modern Parallel Vector Systems

Computational scientists have seen a frustrating trend of stagnating application performance despite dramatic increases in the claimed peak capability of high performance computing systems. This trend has been widely attributed to the use of superscalar-based commodity components whos architectural designs offer a balance between memory performance, network capability, and execution rate that is poorly matched to the requirements of large-scale numerical computations. Recently, two innovative parallel-vector architectures have become operational: the Japanese Earth Simulator (ES) and the Cray X1. In order to quantify what these modern vector capabilities entail for the scientists that rely on modeling and simulation, it is critical to evaluate this architectural paradigm in the context of demanding computational algorithms. Our evaluation study examines four diverse scientific applications with the potential to run at ultrascale, from the areas of plasma physics, material science, astrophysics, and magnetic fusion. We compare performance between the vector-based ES and X1, with leading superscalar-based platforms: the IBM Power3/4 and the SGI Altix. Our research team was the first international group to conduct a performance evaluation study at the Earth Simulator Center; remote ES access in not available. Results demonstrate that the vector systems achieve excellent performance on our application suite - the highest of any architecture tested to date. However, vectorization of a particle-in-cell code highlights the potential difficulty of expressing irregularly structured algorithms as data-parallel programs.
Deterministic entanglement of two neutral atoms via Rydberg blockade

We demonstrate the deterministic entanglement of two individually addressed neutral atoms using a Rydberg blockade mediated controlled-not gate. Parity oscillation measurements reveal a Bell state fidelity of $F=0.58\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04$, which is above the entanglement threshold of $F=0.5$, without any correction for atom loss, and $F=0.71\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05$ after correcting for background collisional losses. The fidelity results are shown to be in good agreement with a detailed error model.
Exchange-listing effects on a firm's cost of equity capital

Abstract Matched pairs (based on asset size and industry) of a sample of exchange-listed and over-the-counter (OTC) firms are utilized to test for the existence of a statistically significant difference between them with respect to their cost of equity capital. It is found that exchange-listed firm's cost of equity capital (alternatively measured by the systematic risk and the total risk associated with a firm's rate of return) is significantly less than that of comparable OTC firms.
Injuries related to shiftwork.

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to review the relationship of shiftwork to industrial injuries, and possible methods of injury control. Method: The primary method was a systematic review of the published literature. The Cochrane Collaboration protocol was used to conduct the literature search. Selection Criteria: Studies were included if they addressed the issue of industrial injuries related to shiftwork. Results: No controlled interventions were found. All studies were observational, and most were retrospective. The studies were not comparable with one another since they refer to different industrial settings. Conclusions: Findings from the literature indicate that shiftwork should be avoided, but that if necessary, certain patterns and rest breaks appear to be associated with fewer injuries. More and better-focused research is needed in this field of study.
Recent developments in amperometric detection for microchip capillary electrophoresis

The interest in microfluidic devices has increased considerably over the past decade due to the numerous advantages of working within a miniature, microfabricated format. This review focuses on recent advances in coupling amperometric detection with microchip capillary electrophoresis (CE). Advances in electrochemical cell design, isolation of the detector from the separation field, and integration of both pre- and postseparation reaction chambers are discussed. The use of microchip CE with amperometric detection for enzyme/immunoassays, clinical and environmental assays, and the determination of neurotransmitters is described.
Topology optimization of active control damping layers

The objective of this research is to determine the optimal topology of a piezoelectric actuator on an elastic base beam undergoing harmonic excitation. The piezoelectric actuator is modeled using finite elements. This preliminary research provides insight into the potential of optimized piezoelectric actuators. Results from topology optimization show that significant improvements in vibration amplitude reduction are possible by optimizing the actuator damping layer topology.
Pragmatism in the Field of Communication Theory

This article reconsiders Craig’s (1999) constitutive metamodel of communication theory as a field in light of Russill’s (2004, 2005) critique and proposal of a pragmatist tradition of communication theory. After reviewing the constitutive metamodel, I examine Russill’s argument and assess its implications for a reconstructed field of communication theory including pragmatism as a distinct tradition. I argue, in conclusion, that the problems of pluralistic community in the field of communication theory are not unconnected to the corresponding problems in society generally.
ChemChar Process for Carbon Re-Activation

Abstract The ChemChar reverse-burn gasification process was evaluated to determine its feasibility for use in the regeneration of spent activated carbon. This non-incinerative, thermochemical gasification process pyrolyzes the sorbed wastes and restores the sorptive capacity of the carbon in one energy-efficient step. The effects of moisture and supplemental fuel addition on regeneration were determined with a laboratory-scale reactor and a flow-through assay method was developed for determining regeneration effectiveness. The process produces good quality regenerated carbon simply and inexpensively with a minimum of carbon loss. Carbons can be regenerated several times and the method is non-polluting.
Using Self-Assembly To Control the Structure of DNA Monolayers on Gold: A Neutron Reflectivity Study

Neutron reflectivity was used to determine the concentration profiles of oligomeric DNA monolayers on gold in high salt concentrations (1 M NaCl). These monolayers are of interest as models for DNA probe systems used in diagnostic devices. To facilitate its attachment, the DNA was functionalized at the 5‘ end with a thiol group connected to the oligonucleotide by a hexamethylene linker. Concentration profiles determined from neutron reflectivity indicate that adsorbed layers of single-stranded DNA (HS-ssDNA) on bare gold are compact, suggesting the presence of multiple contacts between each DNA strand and the surface. After treatment with mercaptohexanol, a short alkanethiol with a terminal hydroxy group, the DNA “stands up” and extends farther into the solvent phase. These changes are consistent with the DNA remaining attached through its thiol end group while contacts between DNA backbones and the surface are prevented by the formation of a mercaptohexanol monolayer. The end-tethered HS-ssDNA layer read...
Disordered heteropolymers: models for biomimetic polymers and polymers with frustrating quenched disorder

Abstract The ability to design and synthesize polymers that can perform functions with great specificity would impact advanced technologies in important ways. Biological macromolecules can self-assemble into motifs that allow them to perform very specific functions. Thus, in recent years, attention has been directed toward elucidating strategies that would allow synthetic polymers to perform biomimetic functions. In this article, we review recent research efforts exploring the possibility that heteropolymers with disordered sequence distributions (disordered heteropolymers) can mimic the ability of biological macromolecules to recognize patterns. Results of this body of work suggests that frustration due to competing interactions and quenched disorder may be the essential physics that can enable such biomimetic behavior. These results also show that recognition between disordered heteropolymers and multifunctional surfaces due to statistical pattern matching may be a good model to study kinetics in frustrated systems with quenched disorder. We also review work which demonstrates that disordered heteropolymers with branched architectures are good model systems to study the effects of quenched sequence disorder on microphase ordering of molten copolymers. The results we describe show that frustrating quenched disorder affects the way in which these materials form ordered nanostructures in ways which might be profitably exploited in applications. Although the focus of this review is on theoretical and computational research, we discuss connections with existing experimental work and suggest future experiments that are expected to yield further insights.
Selection of Palliative Operation for Transposition of the Great Vessels

In view of our present experience, it is our belief that adequate palliation is available for the majority of patients with transposition. Recent success with total correction makes an aggressive approach to palliative surgery more urgent.
The processor-sharing queueing model for time-shared systems with bulk arrivals

We consider a model which is applicable to time-multi-plexed systems, such as multiplexed communication channels and time-shared computing facilities. In this (processor-sharing) queueing model, all jobs currently in the system share equally the processing capability of the server. In this paper, we investigate the processor-sharing model for the case of bulk arrivals. The mean response time of the system as a function of required service time is derived. An example is given to show the effect of bulk arrivals versus single arrivals for a constant utilization.
On-line optimization of a model IV fluid catalytic cracking unit

Abstract This paper presents the application of an on-line constrained optimization algorithm to the simulation of a Model IV Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit (the well known Amoco challenge problem proposed by McFarlane et al. Dynamic simulator for a model IV fluid catalytic cracking unit. Comp. & Chem. Engng. 17 (3) (1993) 275–300.). The original model is modified to include reaction yields by incorporating the model of an FCC by Lee and Groves, Mathematical model of the fluidized bed catalytic cracking plant. Trans. Soc. Comput. Simulat. 2 (1985) 219. The optimization algorithm, Supervisory Multivariable Constrained Optimization (SMCO) developed by (Daniel et al., An algorithm for supervisory multivariable constrained optimization of industrial processes. Chem. Engng. Comm. 130 (1994) 203–223.). is applied to the simulation of the FCC Unit and tested for feed composition and ambient temperature disturbances. SMCO is designed for on-line implementation in distributed control systems and to minimize a real cost function.
Differences in Corporate Cultures and their Relationship to Organisational Effectiveness

Numerous examples exist of business strategies that succeeded or failed as a function of corporate culture, making this an increasingly important dimension in the management of organisations. What corporate culture really consists of is not immediately obvious, so the concept is, first, defined and how the cultures are created is then discussed. The concept is, next, viewed with respect to a variety of dimensions, in order to identify and classify the cultures that develop in a corporation, followed by a description of how they contribute to organisational effectiveness. Finally, culture classification and cultural effectiveness are integrated.
The Main Idea Strategy: A Strategy to Improve Reading Comprehension through Inferential Thinking.

This article introduces the Main Idea Strategy, a strategy to improve the performance of students with disabilities and students who perform poorly on reading comprehension tasks. The rationale, re...
Detecting local convexity on the pareto surface

Recent regain in interest in multi-criteria optimization approaches to provide a designer with multiple solutions to select from and support decisions has led to various methodologies to generate such solutions and possibly approximate the Pareto set. This paper introduces the notions of H- and w-convexities, and develops a simple method to identify local convexity of Pareto hyper-surfaces since their shape can dictate the choice of the method to use to obtain Pareto solutions and possibly to build an approximation of that set. The method is based on comparing the results from the weighting method to those of the Tchebycheff method at any point on the Pareto hyper-surface. If, under some conditions, the points obtained from the two methods are identical or not, a local convexity or its lack can be assumed at that location and in its immediate neighbourhood. A numerical example is included. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High Speed Droplet-based Delivery System for Passive Pumping in Microfluidic Devices

A novel microfluidic system has been developed that uses the phenomenon of passive pumping along with a user controlled droplet based fluid delivery system. Passive pumping is the phenomenon by which surface tension induced pressure differences drive fluid movement in closed channels. The automated fluid delivery system consists of a set of voltage controlled valves with micro-nozzles connected to a fluid reservoir and a control system. These voltage controlled valves offer a volumetrically precise way to deliver fluid droplets to the inlet of a microfluidic device in a high frequency manner. Based on the dimensions demonstrated in the current study example, the system is capable of flowing 4 milliliters per minute (through a 2.2mm by 260um cross-sectional channel). Based on these same channel dimensions, fluid exchange of a point inside the channel can be achieved in as little as eight milliseconds. It is observed that there is interplay between momentum of the system (imparted by a combination of the droplets created by the valves and the fluid velocity in the channel), and the surface tension of the liquid. Where momentum provides velocity to the fluid flow (or vice-versa), equilibration of surface tension at the inlet provides a sudden stop to any flow. This sudden stop allows the user to control the flow characteristics of the channel and opens the door for a variety of biological applications, ranging anywhere from reagent delivery to drug-cell studies. It is also observed that when nozzles are aimed at the inlet at shallow angles, the droplet momentum can cause additional interesting fluid phenomena, such as mixing of multiple droplets in the inlet.
Minimal-access Variations in Abdominoplasty

The use of liposuction began a trend toward less invasive abdominal contour surgery and resulted in a variety of techniques based on individual anatomy. An analysis of 170 patients was undertaken to determine which patients benefited from even less invasive techniques that evolved from these concepts. The selection criteria used were based on the physical examination of the skin, fat and muscle layers, and patients' goals, willingness to accept incisions, and tolerance for the recovery period. The options used for this new category of treatment were subtypes of the abdominolipoplasty system (type 1, suction-assisted lipectomy; type 2, miniabdominoplasty; type 3, modified abdominoplasty; type 4, full abdominoplasty) and included extended liposuction (type 1a); "open" miniabdominoplasty (type 2a); and endoscopically assisted or muscle access abdominoplasty (type 3a). Also included in this series were patients whose procedures were downstaged to a less extensive alternative and cases during which the abdominoplasty incision was used for access for another operation. All procedures resulted in smaller or fewer incisions. Results suggested that the current period (1991-present) is marked by less invasive treatment options, characterized by a preponderance of "closed" techniques (60% vs. 40%: 1986-1991). With the availability of technology to treat muscle and adipose tissue through inconspicuous incisions, judgment regarding the capability of the skin to recontour becomes the overriding physical factor in the decision-making process. The outcomes support the conclusion that minimal-access variations in abdominoplasty are appropriate alternatives, reflecting a philosophical alteration in the approach to patients.
Transfusions for anemia in adult and pediatric patients with malignancies

Anemia is present in over two-thirds of patients with malignant hematological disorders. The etiology of anemia predominates from ineffective erythropoiesis from marrow infiltration, cytokine related suppression, erythropoietin suppression, and vitamin deficiency; ineffective erythropoiesis is further exacerbated by accelerated clearance due to antibody mediated hemolysis and thrombotic microangiopathy. As the anemia is chronic in nature, symptoms are generally well tolerated and often non-specific. Transfusion of red blood cells (RBCs) is a balance between providing benefit for patients while avoiding risks of transfusion. Conservative/restrictive RBC transfusion practices have shown equivalent patient outcomes compared to liberal transfusion practices, and meta-analysis has shown improved in-hospital mortality, reduced cardiac events, re-bleeding, and bacterial infections. The implications for a lower threshold for transfusion in patients with malignancies are therefore increasingly being scrutinized. Alternative management strategies for anemia with IV iron and erythropoietin stimulating agents (ESAs) should be considered in the appropriate settings.
Isotope Shifts in the Spectra of Dy i and Er i

Atomic isotope shifts in the visible region of the spectra of dysprosium and erbium have been measured using separated isotopes and a Fabry–Perot interferometer. Results include data on 165 lines for the shift Δν(164–160) in Dy i and on 146 lines for the shift Δν(170–166) of Er i. Isotope shifts for 68 low-lying odd levels of dysprosium have been obtained relative to the 5I term of the 4f106s2 configuration. In the spectra of both dysprosium and erbium it has been determined that fn−1ds2–fns2 transitions exhibit positive isotope shifts and fnsp–fns2 transitions have negative isotope shifts. The observed isotope shifts in certain low-lying 4f126s6p levels of erbium indicate strong configuration interaction.
An adaptive method with rigorous error control for the Hamilton--Jacobi equations. Part I: The one-dimensional steady state case

In this paper, we introduce a new adaptive method for finding approximations for Hamilton-Jacobi equations whose L∞-distance to the viscosity solution is no bigger than a prescribed tolerance. This is done on the simple setting of a one-dimensional model problem with periodic boundary conditions. We consider this to be a stepping stone towards the more challenging goal of constructing such methods for general Hamilton-Jacobi equations. The method proceeds as follows. On any given grid, the approximate solution is computed by using a well-known monotone scheme; then, the quality of the approximation is tested by using an approximate a posteriori error estimate. If the error is bigger than the prescribed tolerance, a new grid is computed by solving a differential equation whose devising is the main contribution of the paper. A thorough numerical study of the method is performed which shows that rigorous error control is achieved, even though only an approximate a posteriori error estimate is used; the method is thus reliable. Furthermore, the numerical study also shows that the method is efficient and that it has an optimal computational complexity. These properties are independent of the value of the tolerance. Finally, we provide extensive numerical evidence indicating that the adaptive method converges to an approximate solution that can be characterized solely in terms of the tolerance, the artificial viscosity of the monotone scheme and the exact solution.
Intelligent handoff management with interference control for next generation wireless systems

In this paper, we develop Handoff Management algorithm using interference control for next generation wireless systems [NGWS]. This article is an extension of [14], which considers the different parameters of wireless network, like power consumption, bandwidth, signaling, and switching and rerouting to make a handoff decision. This paper considers Signal-to-Interference ratio as one more important parameter along with all the parameters considered in [14]. When a handoff call arrives at the base station of a cell requesting for handoff, our algorithm calculates the minimum cost of handoff for each of the network in NGWS system. Then wireless network with minimum cost will be considered as suitable network to complete the handoff request of mobile user. The performance of our algorithm will be shown through computer simulation and compared with analytical solution.