cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interatomic Potentials Including Chemistry

Beginning from two theories, classical and quantum mechanical, as realized in terms of Newton’s second law and the time-independent Schrodinger equation, we put forth a framework for understanding the development of atomistic potentials that include chemistry. Our analysis introduces, explains, and exploits the Fragment Hamiltonian approach to the electronic structure of molecular and condensed matter systems. Illustrations of the Fragment Hamiltionian display the roles of various physical concepts in the formation of these atomistic potentials. Electron density fluctuations are clearly seen as essential to the realistic description of interatomic interactions over a large range of nuclear (ionic) configurations. Finally, we present a novel approach to the parameterization of interatomic potentials that explicitly include the effect of charge fluctuations, the environment-dependent dynamic charge potential.
Assessing Driver Speed Choice in Fog with the Use of Visibility Data from Road Weather Information Systems

Fog can create a significant safety hazard for motorists. If motorists drive faster than visibility permits, severe multiple-vehicle crashes could occur. In Virginia, sections of I-64 and I-77 in mountainous parts of the state experience significant recurring fog events. These locations have also experienced several chain-reaction crashes during fog, involving more than 50 vehicles. Those crashes were typically caused by drivers traveling too fast for the conditions. To improve safety on the I-77 corridor, the Virginia Department of Transportation is constructing a variable speed limit system that will provide dynamic speed limits based on the available visibility. Before the system is activated, it is important to understand existing driver speed choice behavior during low-visibility conditions. It is possible that posting a variable speed limit based only on stopping sight distance could create significant speed variance and decrease safety if drivers are driving much faster than conditions warrant. In ...
Social Disparities in Obesogenic Behaviors in Adolescents

Demographic and social characteristics, such as sex, race/ethnicity, and income, have been implicated as risk and protective factors for behavior change regarding obesogenic behaviors in adolescents. The purpose of this study was to determine the social disparities in obesogenic behaviors and compare social disparities in obesogenic behaviors between adolescents who are overweight/obese and non-overweight adolescents using an alternative methodology for calculating disparities. Data were obtained from the 2013 Massachusetts Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance Systems. Social disparities ratios for meeting fruit and vegetable recommendation, daily breakfast consumption, physical activity, and non-sedentary activity were calculated using the Extended Gastwirth Index Method. Independent sample t tests were used to compare social disparities between non-overweight and overweight/obese participants. Racial disparities were the largest contributor to overall disparities for meeting fruit and vegetables recommendations, daily breakfast, and non-sedentary activity, while sex disparities were the largest contributor to overall disparities for meeting physical activity recommendations. The non-overweight group had lower free/reduced lunch disparities for all behaviors when compared to the overweight/obese group. The results of this study confirmed that social disparities exist for obesogenic behaviors. The methodology allowed for the determination of the percentage change needed in behavior to eliminate disparities between groups. These calculations are a useful tool for identifying groups that should be targeted for intervention if disparities are to be reduced.
Toward a process-level view of distributed healthcare tasks: Medication management as a case study

We aim to highlight the importance of using a process-level view in analyzing distributed healthcare tasks through a case study analysis of medication management (MM). MM during older adults' hospital-to-skilled-home-healthcare (SHHC) transitions is a healthcare process with tasks distributed across people, organizations, and time. MM has typically been studied at the task level, but a process-level is needed to fully understand and improve MM during transitions. A process-level view allows for a broader investigation of how tasks are distributed throughout the work system through an investigation of interactions and the resultant emergent properties. We studied MM during older adults' hospital-to-SHHC transitions through interviews and observations with 60 older adults, their 33 caregivers, and 79 SHHC providers at 5 sites associated with 3 SHHC agencies. Study findings identified key cross-system characteristics not observable at the task-level: (1) identification of emergent properties (e.g., role ambiguity, loosely-coupled teams performing MM) and associated barriers; and (2) examination of barrier propagation across system boundaries. Findings highlight the importance of a process-level view of healthcare delivery occurring across system boundaries.
Drug Evaluations in Pancreatic Cancer Culture Systems

Pancreatic cancer has proven to be one of the most difficult diseases to detect, diagnose, and treat due to both the location of the pancreas in the abdomen and the lack of overt symptoms before cancer dissemination. Thus, it is critical to have a variety of modeling systems that can be employed to evaluate drug responses/mechanisms while providing a relatively simple format for drug screening. Cell culture serves this purpose. In this context, it is necessary to review the available pancreatic cancer cell lines, culture techniques, predominant signaling pathways, and types of analyses that can be utilized to assess the effectiveness of drugs on pancreatic cancer cells, including aspects of pharmocotherapeutic strategies for the development of novel methodologies. Special consideration will be given to different signal transduction pathways like MAPK, JAK/STAT, PI3K/AKT, RTKs, VEGF, and NF-κB, which are involved in various aspects of pancreatic cancer development and progression, complete with a repertoire of chemical inhibition at several levels within a cascade. Ultimately, abrogation of these cell signals can be detected through measurable variables at the cellular level, including apoptosis, proliferation, altered cell phenotype, the ability to invade and/or metastasize, and changes in cell cycle parameters. Evaluation of drugs at this level can set the stage for future strategies as well as exploration of novel compounds that inhibit other vital cancer signaling pathways.
Personal Epistemology and Philosophical Epistemology: The View of a Philosopher

Recently, it has been suggested that there is a need for a conceptual clarification of the relation between personal epistemology (PE) and philosophical epistemology. I attempt to do this in this chapter. First, I clarify the task of traditional epistemology as understood by philosophers and point out how it is different from epistemology as understood by PE researchers: epistemology is not postmodernist; it has a normative goal, which is different from empirical research; subfields of epistemology are briefly mentioned and implications for PE research suggested. Second, I point out the existence of several conceptual pitfalls that should be avoided by individuals working in this area: epistemic versus epistemological, 1st person versus 3rd person perspectives, and an important ambiguity in the concept of cognition. Third, the concept of cognitive flexibility in relation to epistemology needs to be carefully discussed, especially in relation to the issue of domain specificity and domain generality. This is discussed in the context of an epistemology of pragmatism. Finally, I mention the recent revolution produced by naturalistic epistemology and the implications of this challenge for understanding the relation between PE and traditional epistemology.
Properties of the Maximum Likelihood Estimator of a Mixing Distribution

Given a random sample from a mixture density, the objectives is to estimate the mixing distribution by maximum likelihood. Certain properties of this estimator are identified. The estimator is characterized by a family of inequalities which correspond to the usual parametric likelihood equations. If the atomic densities underlying the mixture are of exponential type, it is demonstrated that the estimator matches the first sample moment to the first theoretical moment evaluated at the estimator. However, the sample variance is related to the theoretical variance by an inequality. Following this structural analysis, several algorithms for the estimator are discussed. The paper concludes with an example and a discussion of the difficulties of an asymptotic distribution theory.
Significance of the “Visceral” in Lived Religion Studies of Trauma

Drawing on autoethnographic experiences, the author of this chapter explores the visceral moment of trauma as a source of embodied knowing within lived religion studies. She argues that the visceral impact of trauma uniquely elicits the religious impulse to making meaning in the aftermath. Trauma has a capacity thoroughly to disrupt what the author has described as “world-sense,” the metaphysical foundation of one’s sense of the world, which in turn fosters moral injury as well as a desire to transcend and repair one’s meaning-making frame on an experiential level. This chapter explores implications of this for ethnographic methods as well as for ethics, power, and interdisciplinary approaches in the academy, including an expansion of the concept of “queerness” to embodied knowing in the disciplines.
Wind Measurement and Estimation with Small Unmanned Aerial Systems (sUAS) Using On-Board Mini Ultrasonic Anemometers

Accurate and precise measurements of wind are important for understanding atmospheric transport, especially when trying to localize and quantify natural gas emissions from pipeline leaks. This work looks at the applicability of measuring wind speed and direction with mini ultrasonic anemometers on-board small unmanned aerial systems. The 'prop wash effect' from propeller air intake mixing of the wind is quantified through experiments for a multi-rotor platform in a low cost wind tunnel (LCWT). Trisonica and FT742SM sensors are compared through wind tunnel experiments for accuracy confirmation. The validation of measuring wind conditions on-board is compared with accepted estimation techniques for VTOL and fixed wing platforms.
Developing internal medicine subspecialty fellows’ teaching skills: a needs assessment

For academic physicians, teaching represents an essential skill. The proliferation of educator training programs aimed at residents and medical students signals the increasing commitment of training programs to develop teaching skills in their trainees as early as possible. However, clinical fellowships represent an important opportunity to advance training as educators. In addition to enriching the pipeline of future teachers, developing fellows as teachers augments the training experience for more junior trainees and may impact patient care. Fellows’ needs for programs to improve teaching skills have been largely unexplored. We conducted a multi-institutional needs assessment of internal medicine (IM) subspecialty fellows to gauge interest in teaching and improvement of teaching skills. We surveyed IM subspecialty fellows at three academic medical centers about their access to fellow-as-teacher programs and other mechanisms to improve their teaching skills during fellowship. We also elicited their attitudes towards teaching and interest in training related to teaching skills. One hundred eighty-three fellows representing 20 programs and nine different subspecialties responded to the survey (48% response rate). The majority of participants (67%) reported having no specific training focused on teaching skills and only 12% reported receiving regular feedback about their teaching during their fellowship. Seventy-nine percent of fellows anticipated teaching to be part of their careers, and 22% planned to participate in medical education scholarship. Fellows reported a strong interest in teaching and programs aimed at improving their teaching skills. The majority of fellows reported a lack of mechanisms to advance their teaching skills as fellows, despite anticipating teaching to be an important aspect of their future careers and having strong interest in such programs. Our findings at three academic medical centers confirm a lost opportunity among subspecialty fellowships to accelerate teaching skills development for future educators.
A novel antimicrobial and remineralizing toothpaste containing CaCl₂/chitosan microspheres.

Purpose To investigate the feasibility of exploiting amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) formed in situ from chitosan calcium microspheres and phosphate ions in water during brushing for caries control. Methods A prototype toothpaste, namely Chi-ACP paste, was specially formulated containing CaCl₂/chitosan microspheres. The efficiency of Chi-ACP paste for remineralization on human tooth enamel was evaluated via an in vitro pH cycling approach. After 15 demineralization/remineralization cycles, the treated teeth were analyzed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) /energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and polarized light microscope (PLM). Results EDX analysis showed the treated enamel in the Chi-ACP paste group had statistically significantly higher calcium content and Ca/P weight ratios than those in the negative control group, while the MI plus group had a slightly higher Ca content and a slightly higher Ca/P weight ratio. PLM analysis revealed that the Chi-ACP paste group had a larger remineralization band in treated enamel than the negative control group, although there was no statistically significant difference on the demineralization depths in the enamel among the three groups. Clinical significance Antibacterial chitosan could be used to encapsulate CaCl₂ and then formulated into toothpaste for caries control through in-situ formed amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) during brushing.
Essential hypertension: Psychosomailtlincess review: No. 9 in a series

Abstract Despite the enormous gains made in the variety and specificity of antihypertensive agents, much hypertension remains uncontrolled. It is important to understand how psychosocial and behavioral factors interact with pathophysiologic and regulating mechanisms to produce hypertension, and how behavioral and other interventions may be used to reduce blood pressure. The author surveys pathophysiologic and psychologic mechanisms, examines the role of the nervous system, and presents treatment recommendations, including the roles of medication, rest and relaxation, biofeedback, and diet.
Wealth Tax Design: Lessons from Estate Tax Avoidance

Presidential candidates Elizabeth Warren and Bernie Sanders have both proposed ambitious new annual wealth taxes based on academic work by Emmanuel Saez and Gabriel Zucman. They project these proposals to raise trillions of dollars over the next ten years. Some critics challenge the Saez-Zucman approach to measuring the aggregate wealth of those subject to a wealth tax. Other critics including Larry Summers and Natasha Sarin have used data from estate tax returns and the relatively small amount of revenue the estate tax currently raises to question the revenue projections of these proposals. This comparison can be useful only if one thinks carefully about specific estate tax strategies and how these strategies translate to an annual wealth tax. This article engages in that exercise. When one takes a closer look at estate tax avoidance and how it maps onto an annual wealth tax, a much more complex narrative emerges. That narrative has four major themes. First, there are some estate tax planning techniques (like valuation games and charitable contributions) which pose similar challenges to an annual wealth tax. These structures provide some support for critics like Summers and Sarin who argue that the annual wealth tax will struggle to raise the projected revenue. Second, other structures (such as grantor-retained annuity trusts ) work well to minimize estate taxes but are of limited use for structuring around an annual wealth tax. Projecting wealth tax revenue using estate tax revenue without considering the revenue consequences of these strategies will understate wealth tax revenue. Third, other techniques (including the use of lifetime estate/gift exemptions) highlight possible synergies between an estate and wealth tax. In many ways, a robust estate tax will make the wealth tax harder to avoid and vice-versa. The converse is also true: a poorly designed estate/gift tax will undermine an annual wealth tax. Adopting a wealth tax without strengthening the gift and estate makes little sense. Fourth, one of the major lessons of estate tax planning is that it is much easier to minimize estate taxes on future wealth than existing wealth. A myriad of techniques allow taxpayers to “freeze” the value of assets for estate tax purposes. Freezing techniques will also prove helpful in minimizing wealth taxes. It is possible that even a well-designed wealth tax will have a base that shrinks rather than grows over time.
An implementation project to expand access to self-administered depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA).

Objective To describe the implementation and results of a proactive patient outreach project to offer self-administered, depot medroxyprogesterone (DMPA) subcutaneous (SC) to interested patients at a California safety-net clinic following expanded state Medicaid coverage. Study design We contacted non-pregnant patients at an urban, safety-net hospital-based primary care clinic who had been prescribed DMPA intramuscular (IM) in the past year to gauge interest in self-administered DMPA-SC. Interested patients received a prescription for DMPA-SC and a telehealth appointment with a clinic provider to learn self-injection. We recorded patient interest in DMPA-SC, completed appointments, and completed first injections. We conducted initial outreach in May, 2020 and recorded appointment attendance and completed injections through August, 2020. Results Of 90 eligible patients (age 17-54), we successfully contacted and discussed DMPA-SC with 70 (78%). Twenty-six (37%) patients expressed interest in DMPA-SC and scheduled telehealth appointments to learn to self-administer the medication. Fifteen (58%) of those interested (21% of the total) successfully self-injected DMPA-SC. Of the 44 (63%) patients not interested in DMPA-SC, the three most common reasons were fear of self-injection (n=23 [52%]), wanting to stop DMPA (n=11 [25%]), and satisfaction with DMPA-IM (n=6 [14%]). Conclusion There is interest in and successful initiation of self-administered DMPA-SC among patients at an urban safety net hospital-based primary care clinic who have used DMPA-IM in the last year.
Energy-efficient and Scalable Data Centers with Flexible Bandwidth SiPh All-to-All Fabrics

This paper presents a scalable and energy-efficient flexible-bandwidth optical interconnect architecture for data center networks. The proposed approach leverages silicon photonic reconfigurable all-to-all switch fabrics and a cognitive distributed control plane for optical reconfiguration.
Permeable low-density cellular concrete (PLDCC) as a replacement for aggregate layers in permeable parking lots

Abstract This study examines the suitability of permeable low-density cellular concrete (PLDCC), a highly porous concrete with no aggregates, as a partial replacement for aggregate layers in permeable parking lots. Four PLDCCs are developed in the laboratory, and their permeability and compressive strength are tested. The tested PLDCCs have compressive strengths of 0.6–1.8 MPa, permeabilities of 300–1800 cm/h, and air void contents of 70–80%, thus demonstrating the favorable aggregate properties of the PLDCC. The study compares the effectiveness of the PLDCC by creating a conventional permeable paving section and four more sections in which the PLDCC replaces 50% of the aggregate layer. Potable water is then filtered through the developed permeable paving models, and the level of contaminants in the output water of each layer is monitored for 25 cycles. The effluent from the permeable paving with the PLDCC exhibits higher alkalinity, pH, and total dissolved solids than conventional permeable pavements.
Utilizing Nursing Students for a Complex Role-Play Simulation

Abstract New graduate nurses are expected to enter clinical practice able to competently interact with patients in a caring and therapeutic manner. Evaluating students’ soft skills, such as communication, delegation, time management and critical thinking, in the clinical environment can be challenging, as no one is able to orchestrate the mix of patients on a clinical unit at any given time. Simulation offers learners the opportunity to practice soft skills in a realistic, yet controlled environment. While many associate simulation with high fidelity mannequins, the use of students as patients in role-play simulation provides an alternative approach, allowing a more cost effective method to meet the same learning objectives.
High-dose-rate fractionated brachytherapy monotherapy for localized prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Purpose High-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy as primary therapy (monotherapy) is a standard National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) endorsed treatment option for patients with localized prostate cancer. Thus far, most data are limited to single-institution experiences. Accordingly, we sought to systematically review rates of biochemical recurrence-free survival (bRFS) and toxicity associated with fractionated HDR monotherapy. Material and methods A systematic review was performed using PubMed and Embase databases for relevant articles published between January 1999 and December 2019, according to preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Included studies were limited to fractionated HDR monotherapy publications in full manuscript form with at least 5-year median follow-up, at least 80 patients included, and adequate reporting of bRFS and toxicity data. Meta-analyses were performed with random-effect modeling. Extent of heterogeneity between studies was determined using I 2 and Cochran's Q tests. Results Seven unique studies were identified, including 2,123 patients. NCCN low-, intermediate-, and high-risk patients comprised 40%, 40%, and 20% of patients, respectively. Median follow-up at the study group level was 74 months (range, 60-131 months). The 5-year bRFS rate was 95% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 93-96%), and after adjusting to control for publication bias, it was 96% (95% CI: 94-99%). Estimated adjusted late grade ≥ 3 genitourinary and gastrointestinal toxicity rates were 2% (95% CI: 1-4%) and 0.3% (95% CI: 0-1.1%), respectively. Conclusions Fractionated HDR monotherapy is associated with high rates of disease control and low rates of toxicity. Future studies are needed to better define the value of this treatment modality relative to other options.
New Zealand Police Rule of Law Reform Efforts in the Solomon Islands

The case study in this chapter outlines the origins and outcomes of the conflict in the Solomon Islands, the efforts to resolve the conflict, and examines the capabilities of the Royal Solomon Islands Police Force before the conflict and after international intervention. The different phases of the New Zealand Police involvement in the Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands (RAMSI) to implement rule of law reform, specifically within the national police, will be comprehensively outlined.
Implementation of the Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW) in the Wider Caribbean Region

* Ms. Vanzella-Khouri is a biologist by training and received a M.Sc. degree in Marine Microbial Ecology from Florida Internatio al University. She has worked as a teacher and laboratory assistant and she has participated in a number of marine environment restoration projects. Since 1987 she has worked for the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), initially in UNEFs headquarters in Nairobi, Kenya, and since 1989, at the Regional Co-ordinating Unit (RCU) for the Caribbean Environment Programme (CEP) in Kingston, Jamaica. At the RCU, she was responsible for the regional programme on assessment and control of marine pollution and more recently for the regional programme on Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife.
In vitro effect of cimetidine on human cell-mediated cytotoxicity. I. Inhibition of natural killer cell activity.

Abstract The effect of cimetidine on human natural killer cell activity against K562 myeloid cells was studied. A bimodal inhibitory dose-related effect was found, as the result of the interaction of the drug with both target and effector cells. Cimetidine inhibits natural killer effector cells at very low molar concentrations and both effector and glass-adherent cells exerting suppressor function of natural killer cell activity at intermediate concentrations. High doses of the drug, besides affecting the effector cell subpopulations, seem to trigger an active protective mechanism in the target cells, thus resulting in the total abrogation of natural killer cell activity.
Effect of uncertainties in climatologic wind, ocean pCO2, and gas transfer algorithms on the estimate of global sea‐air CO2 flux

[1] This paper addresses the uncertainties of global sea-air CO2 flux estimated on the basis of the sea-air pCO2 differences and sea-air CO2 gas transfer rate. Uncertainties in the global sea-air flux estimates are identified from different gas transfer algorithms and monthly wind speeds (NCEP-2 and SSM/I). The net global sea-air flux estimates for the contemporary oceans range from 0.9 ± 0.5 Pg-C a−1 to 1.3 ± 0.8 Pg-C a−1 for reference year 2000. Including the carbon transferred from rivers in the preindustrial steady oceans, the uptake rates for anthropogenic CO2 range from 1.3 ± 0.6 Pg-C a−1 to 1.7 ± 0.8 Pg-C a−1. For all three gas exchange parameterizations used, the difference between global fluxes using SSM/I and NCEP-2 winds ranged between 3% and 37%. The subtropical regions are the largest sinks of CO2 (–0.8 Pg-C a−1), and the equatorial Pacific is the largest source (0.4 Pg-C a−1). The North Pacific (–0.4 Pg-C a−1) and the North Atlantic (–0.3 Pg-C a−1) are also significant sinks of CO2. All the remaining regions have relatively weak net yearly exchanges of CO2. Recent estimates (Takahashi et al., 2009) of sea-air CO2 flux in the ice-free zone of the Southern Ocean (50°S−62°S) reveal a small mean annual flux (–0.06 Pg-C a−1) resulting from the cancellation of the summer uptake CO2 flux with the winter release of CO2 caused by deepwater upwelling. Our study results for the same region range from –0.03 to –0.06 Pg-C a−1, which are within the uncertainties of the estimates.
Concurrent Product‐Development Teams

Biographical Sketch . . . Preston G. Smith, as a principal with the consultancy New Product Dynamics, has specialized in rapid product development for nearly 20 years and has helped dozens of companies in 20 countries to adopt the techniques described in this chapter. His book Developing Products in Half the Time and his article ‘‘Leading Dispersed Teams’’ have been instrumental in helping many teams to bring their new products to market faster and more effectively. Preston has also served 20 years as an engineer and manager in both small and large companies. He holds an engineering Ph.D. from Stanford University and is a Certified Management Consultant.
Hierarchical Approach for Design of Multi-vehicle Multi-modal Embedded Software

Embedded systems composed of hardware and software components are designed to interact with a physical environment in real-time in order to fulfill control objectives and system specifications. In this paper, we address the complex design challenges in embedded software by focusing on predictive and systematic hierarchical design methodologies which promote system verification and validation. First, we advocate a mix of top-down, hierarchical design and bottom-up, component-based design for complex control systems. Second, it is our point of view that at the level closest to the environment under control, the embedded software needs to be time-triggered for guaranteed safety; at the higher levels, we advocate an asynchronous hybrid controller design. We briefly illustrate our approach through an embedded software design for the control of a group of autonomous vehicles.
The Spatial Patterning of County Homicide Rates: An Application of Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis

The possibility that homicides can spread from one geographic area to another has been entertained for some time by social scientists, yet systematic efforts to demonstrate the existence, or estimate the strength, of such a diffusion process are just beginning. This paper uses exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) to examine the distribution of homicides in 78 counties in, or around, the St. Louis metropolitan area for two time periods: a period of relatively stable homicide (1984‐1988) and a period of generally increasing homicide (1988‐1993). The findings reveal that homicides are distributed nonrandomly, suggestive of positive spatial autocorrelation. Moreover, changes over time in the distribution of homicides suggest the possible diffusion of lethal violence out of one county containing a medium-sized city (Macon County) into two nearby counties (Morgan and Sangamon Counties) located to the west. Although traditional correlates of homicide do not account for its nonrandom spatial distribution across counties, we find some evidence that more affluent areas, or those more rural or agricultural areas, serve as barriers against the diffusion of homicides. The patterns of spatial distribution revealed through ESDA provide an empirical foundation for the specification of multivariate models which can provide formal tests for diffusion processes.
Cancer Cell-induced Suppression of Cytotoxic Alu RNA Biosynthesis in the Co-cultured Macrophages

Macrophages are among the immune cells that are recruited at the site of solid tumor to phagocytose tissue debris and to destroy the tumor cells through phagocytosis-induced inflammatory immune res...
Lethal levels of hypoxia for gulf coast estuarine animals

There is increasing concern about eutrophication and subsequent hypoxia problems in estuaries. The US Environmental Protection Agency has developed Water Quality Criteria (WQC) for dissolved oxygen (DO) in saltwater for Cape Cod, MA to Cape Hatteras, NC but inadequate data exists for development of such criteria for other coastal geographic areas. We performed acute tests with two species of crustaceans and seven species of estuarine fishes native to the Gulf of Mexico to complement the data base for northeastern species. Flow-through tests were conducted for either 24- or 48-h at test temperatures from 24 to 28°C and at salinities from 20 to 31.5‰. Estimated 24-h LC50 values obtained for crustaceans ranged from 1.36 mg/l for adult pink shrimp to 1.56 mg/l for 10-day-old mysids. Similarly, estimated LC50 values for fish ranged from 1.34 mg/l in one of the three tests with pinfish to 2.22 mg/l in one of the two tests with scaled sardines. The majority of mortality attributable to low DO concentrations in our experiments usually occurred within the first 4 h of exposure. LC50 values for the species tested are below the WQC recommended protective limit of 2.3 mg/l for juvenile and adult animals.
Mre11 nuclease and C-terminal tail-mediated DDR functions are required for initiating yeast telomere healing

Mre11 is a central factor in creating an optimal substrate for telomerase loading and elongation. We have used a G2/M synchronized telomere-healing assay as a tool to separate different functions of Mre11 that are not apparent in null alleles. An analysis of healing efficiencies of several mre11 alleles revealed that both nuclease and C-terminal mutations led to a loss of healing. Interestingly, trans-complementation of the 49 amino acid C-terminal deletion (DeltaC49) and the D16A mutant, deficient in nuclease activity and partially defective in MRX complex formation, restores healing. DeltaC49 provokes Rad53 phosphorylation after treatment with the radiomimetic agent MMS exclusively through the Tel1 pathway, suggesting that a Tel1-mediated function is initiated through the C-terminal tail.
Organisational Environment and Logistics Strategy: An Empirical Study

The responses of 222 logistics managers in manufacturing firms were analysed to identify logistics strategies and evaluate relationships between organisational environment and logistics strategy. The findings were integrated with previous research to develop a contingency model of logistics strategy.
Chytrid mycoparasitism of entomophthoralean azygospores

Mycoparasitism - when one fungus parasitizes another - has been reported to affect Beauveria bassiana and mycorrhizal fungi in the field. However, mycoparasitism of any fungi in the Order Entomophthorales has never been reported before now. The majority of entomophthoralean species persist as resting spores (either zygospores or azygospores) in the environment and dormant entomophthoralean resting spores (whether formed as zygospores or azygospores) are thought to be especially well adapted for survival over long periods due to their thick double walls. Entomophthoralean resting spores can accumulate in the soil as large reservoirs of inoculum which can facilitate the onset and development of epizootics. We report parasitism of azygospores of the gypsy moth pathogen Entomophaga maimaiga caged in soil from southern Ohio by the chytrid fungus Gaertneriomyces semiglobifer. G. semiglobifer had previously been isolated from soil samples from North America, Europe and Australia or horse manure from Virginia. After isolation and identification of G. semiglobifer, azygospores of E. maimaiga exposed to zoospores of G. semiglobifer exhibited high levels of mycoparasitism and G. semiglobifer was subsequently reisolated from mycoparasitized resting spores. We discuss the importance of this finding to the epizootiology of insect diseases caused by entomophthoralean fungi.
Sequential stimulation of synthesis of two specific cytoplasmic proteins in early estrogen action.

Abstract The early effect of administration of estrogen on the synthesis of cytosol proteins in the uterus of the ovariectomized rat was analyzed. A sequential stimulation of two cytoplasmic proteins, having molecular weights of 44,200 and 70,500, was observed. The former protein is probably the IP protein described by Gorski and his colleagues. The latter and larger protein has a molecular weight equivalent to that of a nonhistone chromosomal protein recently described by our laboratory, and may be the cytoplasmic forerunner of that chromosomal protein.
Diffusion-limited reaction in supported liquid-phase catalysis

Abstract A method for determining the overall effective diffusivity in supported liquid-phase catalysts is proposed. Use of the method requires isobaric diffusion measurements in nonreacting systems with variable liquid loadings in the porous support. This information along with a model can be used to predict the liquid loading required to give a maximum reaction rate in diffusion-limited reacting systems. The study presented here was limited to the molecular mass transport regime.
Silica aerogels prepared via rapid supercritical extraction: Effect of process variables on aerogel properties

Abstract We have examined experimentally the effects of rapid supercritical extraction (RSCE) process variables and their resulting pressure and temperature characteristics on aerogel properties. We employ an RSCE process that uses a hydraulic hot press to seal and heat a contained mold until the aerogel precursors reach a supercritical state. After a short stabilization period the hot press restraining force is lowered and the supercritical fluid is allowed to escape, leaving behind an aerogel monolith. The entire process can be accomplished in fewer than 3 h. To control the process, we set the restraining force, the maximum temperature, the heating and cooling rates, the pressure release rate and the mold volume fill ratio (related to the amount of initial precursor material). To investigate the effects of these variables we made silica aerogels from a TMOS-based recipe. We varied the volume of precursor material from 10 to 15 mL (60–97% fill volume), the restraining force from 43 to 111 kN, the temperature heat rate from 0.7 to 4.2 °C/min, the maximum temperature from 288 to 371 °C and the pressure release rate from 0.23 to 0.66 MPa/min. The RSCE process is robust. We were able to make transparent, monolithic aerogels under almost all conditions with little effect on the resulting aerogel properties. Typical density measurements yielded values of approximately 0.065 g/mL (bulk) and 1.9 g/mL (skeletal). The samples were translucent and transmitted 70% of the light at 800 nm (for 5-mm thick samples). The BET surface areas ranged from 517 to 590 m2/g. Maximum temperature was the only variable found to have a significant effect on the aerogels’ properties. As the maximum temperature increased from 288 to 371 °C the surface area decreased from 560 to 395 m2/g and average pore diameter (BJH desorption) increased from 21 to 32 nm.
The rhetoric of historical movements

(1952). The rhetoric of historical movements. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 184-188.
METABOLIC RESPONSE TO MODERATE EXERCISE IN LAMBS WITH AN AORTOPULMONARY SHUNT

The normal metabolic response to moderate exercise consists of a slight increase in glucose (glue) and a considerable increase in free fatty acids (FFA) in blood. In earlier studies we have demonstrated that at rest, after an overnight fast, lambs with an aortopulmonary shunt (SH) had lower concentrations of glue and FFA than control (C) lambs. We wondered, whether SH lambs with low glue and FFA were able to increase their arterial concentrations during exercise just like C lambs. Therefore, we studied 6 7-week-old SH lambs and 6 C lambs of the same age after an overnight fast at rest and during moderate exercise (tredmill; 50 % of Vo2-max; 30 rain). At rest as well as during exercise, 3 blood samples were taken at intervals of 10 min. At rest, mean arterial concentrations (mmol/l) of glue (SH: 3.37 ± 0.21 vs. C; 4.48 ± 0.53, mean ± SD, p < 0.05) and FFA (SH: 0.57 ± 0.17 vs. C: 0.80 ± 0.20, p < 0.05) were lower in SH than in C lambs. During exercise, glue (SH: 3.59 ± 0.19 vs. C: 5.15 ± 0.80, p < 0.05) and FFA (SH: 0.79 ± 0.32 vs. C: 1.23 ± 0.43, p < 0.05) increased significantly in SH and C lambs (p < 0.05). However, the relative increment of glue during exercise was lower in SH than in C lambs (7 ± 5 % vs. 15 ± 7 %, p < 0.05). The relative increment of FFA was not different (SH: 38 ± 37 % vs. C: 56 ± 47 %, p = 0.48). We conclude that, despite lower gluc and FFA at rest, SH lambs demonstrate a metabolic response of increment of gluc and FFA during moderate exercise like C lambs, However, the relative increment for gluc was lower in SH lambs. We speculate that this is due to an earlier glycogen depleted state in SH lambs.
The mechanism of CO2 chemisorption on zigzag carbon active sites: A computational chemistry study

Abstract A computational chemistry study was carried out to evaluate the various options for CO 2 adsorption on one or two adjacent zigzag sites in a graphene layer. Density functional theory was used with the 6-31G(d) basis set, as implemented in the Gaussian software package in conjunction with GaussView and Chem3D. Various electronic environments of a four-ring model, with and without surface oxygen and with special emphasis on carbene-like structures, were analyzed. The resulting optimized geometries were quite sensitive to such electronic configurations. In agreement with long-standing experimental evidence, dissociative CO 2 adsorption was found to be particularly favorable; furthermore, dissociation was found to be favored on isolated carbene-like zigzag sites. It is recommended that such a pathway, rather than dual-site adsorption and C—CO 2 complex formation, deserves the dominant attention in further theoretical studies of adsorption, reaction and desorption processes during CO 2 gasification of carbons.
Thermal design of the Galileo bus and retropropulsion module

The Galileo spacecraft (S/C) consists of an Orbiter and Probe which have instruments to investigate the chemical composition and physical state of Jupiter's atmosphere, the Jovian satellites and the structure and physical dynamics of the Jovian magnetosphere. Galileo was at the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) preparing for a May 1986 launch at the time of the Challenger accident. The delay and an incraease in mission time has decreased the Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator power output significantly. A change to the Inertial Upper Stage from the more powerful Centaur G-Prime has resulted in a trajectory that requires gravity assists once by Venus and twice by earth. The resulting peak solar intensity of this roundabout trajectory is more than twice the previous design value for the direct trajectory. Galileo was returned to the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) from KSC in February 1987 to begin the rework of the S/C thermal design. Verification of the thermal redesign was completed in the JPL 25' space simulator in August and November of 1988. This paper summarizes the thermal design and redesign of the Bus and Retro Propulsion Model.
Wide-Open Flaps are Key to Urease Activity

Substrate ingress and product egress from the active site of urease is tightly controlled by an active-site flap. Molecular dynamics simulations of urease have revealed a previously unobserved wide-open flap state that, unlike the well-characterized closed and open states, allows ready access to the metal cluster in the active site. This state is easily reached from the open state via low free energy barriers. Additionally, we have found that even when the flap is closed, a region of the binding pocket is solvent-exposed, leading to the hypothesis that it may act as a substrate/product reservoir. The newly identified wide-open state offers further opportunities for small-molecule drug discovery by defining a more extensive active-site pocket than has been previously described.
RELAXATIONS AND FAST DYNAMICS OF THE PLASTIC CRYSTAL CYCLO-OCTANOL INVESTIGATED BY BROADBAND DIELECTRIC SPECTROSCOPY

The dielectric loss of cyclo-octanol has been investigated in a very broad frequency window of more than 17 decades. The relaxational response was traced in the plastic and the supercooled plastic phase, which are governed by the same relaxational dynamics. Experimental evidence is provided for two additional relaxational processes below the GHz region which contribute to the high-frequency wing of the \ensuremath{\alpha} relaxation peaks. Near 100 GHz a loss minimum shows up which cannot be ascribed to a simple transition from the \ensuremath{\alpha} relaxation to the infrared bands. As in supercooled liquids, additional fast processes seem to contribute to the dielectric response at these high frequencies.
Moment dilution in the heavy fermion compound Ce2Bi

Abstract The heavy fermion compound Ce2Bi has two inequivalent Ce-sites. La was doped on these sites to study the influence of the antiferromagnetic order on the high electronic contribution of the specific heat (γHT(T > TN) ≈ 340 mJ/Ce-mol K2). The slightly larger La atom replaces the Ce2 site first and then subsequently the Ce1 site in the La2Sb structure. Lattice parameters, magnetic susceptibility and specific heat are used to elucidate the magnetic nature of the two different cerium sites. We find a somewhat enhanced γHT, a decrease in TN and furthermore a metamagnetic transition at 2.2 T (2 K), which is closely related to the long-range antiferromagnetic order.
Towards a Method for Reducing the Test Suites of Database Applications

Database applications are commonly implemented and used in both industry and academia. These complex and rapidly evolving applications often have frequent changes in the source code of the program and the state and structure of the database. This paper describes and empirically evaluates a test suite reduction technique that improves the efficiency of regression testing for database applications by removing redundant tests. The experimental results show that the reduced test suites are between 30% and 80% smaller than the original test suite, thus enabling a decrease in testing time ranging from 7% to 78%. These empirical outcomes suggest that test suite reduction is a viable method for controlling the costs associated with testing rapidly-evolving database applications.
Rapid Fourier imaging using steady-state free precession.

Reversal of the read gradient in a SSFP imaging experiment allows a full spin echo to be collected in the interval τ between successive rf pulses. Orthogonal gradient pulses are used to dephase and subsequently rephase the transverse magnetization each τ enabling 2D or 3D Fourier techniques. The minimum data collection time per slice in the 3D technique is 3.1 s (128 × 256). For a 2D data collection, an oscillating bipolar sawtooth gradient is used to select the slice. Each phase-encode value must be averaged over an equivalent portion of the oscillating slice-selection gradient and this condition gives a minimum of 25 s for 2D data collection. Excellent slice selection is achieved with less than 5% of the signal lying outside the slice profile central lobe. Images at 0.14 T show tissue contrast may be manipulated by changing the rf pulse angle, an example of which is the presence or absence of gray/white matter contrast at rf pulse angles of 30 and 90°, respectively. The pulse angle θ dependence of five samples with different values of T2/T1 was measured and numerically calculated with good agreement between theory and experiment for θ ⩽ 90°. © 1987 Academic Press, Inc.
Research Note: Personality and Music Preference: Extraversion and Excitement Seeking or Openness to Experience?:

The NEO Personality Inventory and an abbreviated version of the Little and Zuckerman (1986) Music Preference questionnaire were administered to university students to test the relation of openness ...
Mitochondrial DNA and suppressiveness of petite mutants in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Ethidium bromide is known to be a powerful mutagen for the induction of cytoplasmically inherited petite mutations in yeast. The effect of ethidium bromide on the degree of suppressiveness of the induced mutants as a function of exposure time is described. The mitochondrial DNA of 20 ethidium bromide-induced petite mutants has been studied to determine its absence or presence and its buoyant density. Ten mutants, in which we were not able to detect any mitochondrial DNA, were neutral petites. The 10 remaining mutants with mitochondrial DNA simultaneously showed a measurable degree of suppressiveness. It was not possible to correlate the buoyant density of the mutant mitochondrial DNA with the degree of suppressiveness.