cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Limits on the simultaneous correlation of gE and hE data by the NRTL, LEMF and Wilson's equations

Abstract Three currently popular excess free energy models (Wilson's equation, the NRTL equation, and the LEMF equation) were subjected to a theoretical parametric analysis to determine limits to their ability to correlate experimental g E and h E data simultaneously. The LEMF equation was found to be distinctly superior in its ability to predict VLE data from h E data. Both Wilson's equation and the NRTL equation were shown to break down to ideal solution models in the limit of large intermolecular interactions (| h E | max . > 200 cal gmol −1 ) whereas the LEMF equation does not. For mixtures whose h E data exhibit maxima less than 100 cal gmol −1 and which have positive s E the LEMF equation coupled with the method of Hanks, Gupta, and Christensen can predict reliable VLE data from h E data. For | h E | max . > 200 cal gmol −1 , the LEMF equation/Hanks—Gupta—Christensen method is accurate to within 10–15% where the other two equations generate errors in excess of 40%.
``High-Reliability'' Organizations and Technical Change: Some Ethical Problems and Dilemmas

We consider here three exemplary ``high-reliability'' organizations that perform complex, highly technical, time-urgent tasks upon which many people depend for their safety and well-being. Faced with demands to increase capacity without reducing reliability or increasing operational staff, all there are on the verge of introducing new and advanced technologies to increase system capacity without sacrificing safety or reliability. Yet, few of those involved in engineering the changes understand why these organizations perform as well as they do, or how the structure of the organization will be altered by the incorporation of radically new technologies. This raises a number of ethical problems for system administrators and engineers who are effectively implementing changes in organizational structure through technical change, without understanding which organizational parameters are most critical to maintaining individual and collective performance.
Taxonomic revision of Eubotrys (Ericaceae, Gaultherieae)

Eubotrys includes E. racemosa and E. recurva, and these species form a southern Appalachian - southeastern Coastal Plain species pair. Generic autapomorphies include deciduous leaves with unicellular hairs on the lamina both adaxially and abaxially, megagametophytes with antipodals dividing, and quickly deciduous inflorescence bracts that are photosynthetic and elongate but not equivalent to leaves. The Eubotrys clade is sister to Chamaedaphne, with which it shares the apomorphies of fall-formed inflorescences of the E. racemosa type, staminal filaments that are merely papillose, placentas with a bare spot adaxially, and campylotropous ovules. Eubotrys is thus generically distinct from Leucothoe sensu stricto and Eubotryoides grayana. Species descriptions, nomenclatural information, specimen citations, and eco-geographical characterizations for these two species are presented, along with an identification key.
Field, geochemical, and isotopic evidence for magma mixing and assimilation and fractional crystallization processes in the Quottoon Igneous Complex, northwestern British Columbia and southeastern Alaska

The quartz dioritic Quottoon Igneous Complex (QIC) is a major Paleogene (65-56 Ma) magmatic body in northwestern British Columbia and southeastern Alaska that was emplaced along the Coast shear zon...
Feeding strategies of planktonic cyclopoids in lacustrine ecosystems

Abstract Present knowledge of feeding tactics and behaviour, food composition and consumption, and feeding strategies of planktonic cyclopoid copepods is synthesized. Planktonic freshwater cyclopoids consume both plant and animal food. Predatory feeding is highly selective: prey species differ in their size, defense structures, the distance at which they are recognized by the cyclopoid, defensive behaviour when attacked, and their occurrence in the same space as the predator. Within a prey species, cyclopoids select for smaller individuals. The impact of cyclopoid predation on the other zooplankton may be an important source of mortality. However, algal material is consumed to a large extent by the adult and later developmental stages and is a necessary food source for the youngest stages, which have to compete with other planktonic herbivores. Some implications of these food requirements for life strategies of planktonic cyclopoid species in the seasonally changing environments are discussed.
Effects of U.S. affirmative action programs on women's employment☆

Abstract This study examines the impact that the equal employment opportunity (EEO) and affirmative action programs that were implemented in 1965 have had on the employment of women relative to that of men in the United States. Using time series data covering the period 1947–1988, the results indicate that women in the 20–54 age group benefited in terms of greater stability of employment (i.e., less sensitivity to short-run variations in employment) over the period 1965–1980, but they lost some of these gains over the period 1981–1988 (corresponding to the tenure of the Reagan Administration). Men in the same age group, on the other hand, experienced the opposite effect. That is, men in the 20–54 age group became more sensitive to short-run variations in employment over the period 1965–1980 and less sensitive over the period 1981–1988. The evidence also indicates that the EEO and affirmative action programs had the effect of increasing the share of projected employment of women in the 20–54 age group and in the 55–64 age group while decreasing the share of projected employment of men in the comparable age groups.
Low-dose interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor individually stimulate insulin release but in combination cause suppression

The macrophage-derived cytokines interleukin 1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) have direct effects on pancreatic beta cells and have been hypothesized to play important roles in the autoimmune beta cell lesion of type I diabetes because of two major effects on beta cells: altered insulin secretion and beta cell cytotoxicity. High doses of IL-1 are cytotoxic to beta cells and strongly inhibit insulin release; high-dose IL-1 plus TNF acts synergically to suppress further the insulin release. In contrast, we observed that the predominant effect of low-dose IL-1 and TNF when administered separately was the stimulation of insulin release. We therefore asked whether the combination of low-dose IL-1 plus TNF would act synergistically to stimulate or suppress insulin release. Studies were performed on cultured rat islets and both insulin release and cytotoxicity (51Cr release) were measured. After 2 days of culture, increasing doses of IL-1-25, 50, 75 and 100 ng/l--caused progressively increased cytotoxicity and impaired insulin release. In contrast, the lowest dose of IL-1 tested, 10 ng/l, increased insulin release but was still slightly cytotoxic. Tumor necrosis factor at doses of 10, 25, 62.5, 75 and 100 micrograms/l also was slightly cytotoxic but increased insulin release. The augmented insulin release declined progressively with increasing TNF dose. However the combination of insulin stimulatory doses of IL-1 (10 ng/l) and TNF (62.5 micrograms/l) suppressed insulin release. The effects of these two cytokines on insulin release demonstrated a similar pattern after 4 and 6 days of culture.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Differential serologic responses to reassortant bluetongue viruses recovered from a bull

Although the simultaneous infection of individual animals with more than one serotype of bluetongue (BLU) virus has been documented, the humoral immune responses elicited by viral reassortants recovered from the host has not been reported. This study characterized the serologic responses of a bull infected with BLU serotypes 11 and 17. Genome reassortants isolated from this bull over the course of 34 days were used. The genomic profiles of the reassortants were characterized by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of viral double stranded RNA under reducing conditions using two concentrations of acrylamide. This approach permitted the detection of three novel genome segments among the isolates. Selected reassortants were tested in plaque neutralization assays, using serum samples collected from the bull at different times during the infection. To better define the role of BLU virus outer capsid proteins in viral antigenicity, the neutralizing antibody titer curves of viral isolates that contained reassorted VP2 and VP5 were compared to those of the parental strains and of other reassortants. The present study reports the heterotypic pattern of neutralization of the bull sera against different reassortants recovered from this animal.
Effect of osmotic and matric potential on radial growth of Geotrichum candidum

The diameters of 48-h-old Geotrichum candidum colonies on agar decreased markedly with decreasing water potential in the range of −1.0 to −2.5 MPa, but there was a slight increase from −0.5 to −1.0 MPa. Differences between the effects of KC1, polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400, or mannitol were small. This pattern was similar when G. candidum was grown on semipermeable membranes on agar, where the water potential is mainly osmotic, and when the fungus was grown on semipermeable membranes floating on media amended with PEG 20000, where the water potential is mainly matric. Dry weight accumulation by G. candidum on membranes on agar or on floating membranes at 48 h showed the same pattern as did colony surface area: a slight stimulation at −1.0 MPa and a decrease with further decreases in water potential. This differed from previous results with G. candidum in liquid shake culture, where no effect on dry weight accumulation between −0.5 and −2.5 MPa was observed in media amended with PEG 400 or mannitol.
DEGENERATE TORSION-FREE G3-CONNECTIONS

Using exterior differential systems (EDS), Bryant proved that the moduli space of nondegenerate analytic torsion-free G3-connections depends on four functions in three variables. Here nondegeneracy is a technical condition which imposes the nonvanishing everywhere of a certain determinant pertinent to a torsion-free G3-connection for EDS to carry through. The finite-dimensional moduli of homogeneous torsion-free G3-connections are degenerate examples, where the determinant vanishes identically. We establish in fact that the moduli space of analytic inhomogeneous degenerate torsion-free G3-connections is infinite-dimensional.
Rapid paper ionophoresis using organic buffers in water-formamide and water-urea

Abstract Organic buffers of high ionic strength but low conductance, in 30 % formamide, are useful for rapid paper ionosphoresis in the pH range 3.3 to 9.3. The apparatus is designed for simultaneous use of as many as five different buffers. Charged substances move as compact spots, without adsorption on paper, and with constant mobility in runs lasting 1 to 3 hours. Mobilities are measured relative to a set of reference dyes. From mobility values it is often possible to estimate the molecular weight of an unknown, the p K value of some acidic or basic groups, and the presence of borate-complexing groups. The buffers are useful in separation and characterization of amino acids, peptides, and carbohydrates. If formamide is replaced by 10 % urea, rapid separation of proteins can be effected.
Viscosity changes in systems containing chicken red cell nuclei and bile salts.

Abstract The increase in viscosity observed in systems containing bile salts or soaps and chicken red cells arises from an interaction of the bile salt or soap with nuclear material, a new viscous substance, probably related to nucleic acid, being formed as a result of a linkage of the two components. The viscosity-concentration relations, which are described in detail, suggest that the new material forms a network throughout the system, this network having some of the regular features associated with lattice-like arrangements. The interaction of the bile salt and the nuclear material is so greatly reduced by the addition of either saponin or formol to the latter that, after such an addition, the viscosity increases can no longer be obtained.
The Developmental Path to Expertise in Group Psychotherapy

This paper describes a trajectory by which an individual achieves expertise in group psychotherapy. Five developmental stages are posited. In the decisional-anticipatory stage, interest is developed in group psychotherapy. In the trainee stage, the individual masters the knowledge base of group psychotherapy and obtains fledgling experiences in a group. In the novice stage, the individual obtains additional experience in running groups and becomes socialized into a community of group psychotherapists. In the proficiency stage, the individual narrows his or her group psychotherapy focus and obtains more specialized experience in that area. At this time, supervisory and consultation skills are often developed. In the final stage of expertise, the expert must engage in a process of recognizing its limits and must devise ways to maintain it. Research that focuses on one aspect of expertise, level of experience, is reviewed. Three dimensions of difference are identified: (a) complexity of conceptualization of members and interventions; (b) fostering openness and engagement; and (c) focusing on process.
Holographic electro-optic thin film stacks for airborne hyperspectral imaging

In this work we demonstrate the feasibility of using a holographically formed thin film electro-optic stack for the development of an airborne hyperspectral imaging system in the visible wavelength range of 600nm to 800nm. Each wavelength filtering element in the stack is formed by photo-induced phase separation of a homogenous mixture of liquid crystals and photopolymers, exhibiting a uniform reflection efficiency of up to 80% across a 35mm optical aperture with non-normalized baseline transmission, polarization insensitivity for normal incidence and a spectral resolution of 10nm. Fast switching time on the order of microseconds and techniques to improve view angle in the individual wavelength filtering elements in the stack are discussed and the improvements are discussed from a morphological standpoint. Two techniques for stacking the thin films have been developed which requires lesser number of substrates hence improving transmission throughput and radiometric efficiency through the stack. An advantage of using such a stack is the ability to modulate each wavelength filtering element at a different frequency to obtain a spectral multiplex, thereby enabling synchronous detection and demodulation of each wavelength with a high update rate for the hyperspectral cube. A system level integration of such a stack into the prototype drive and detection unit is discussed in this work.
Estimating dynamic panel data models: a guide for macroeconomists ☆

Abstract Using a Monte Carlo approach, we find that the bias of LSDV for dynamic panel data models can be sizeable, even when T =20. A corrected LSDV estimator is the best choice overall, but practical considerations may limit its applicability. GMM is a second best solution and, for long panels, the computationally simpler Anderson–Hsiao estimator performs well.
RESTRUCTURED BEEF ROASTS CONTAINING RICE BRAN OIL AND FIBER INFLUENCES CHOLESTEROL OXIDATION AND NUTRITIONAL PROFILE

Rice fiber (RF) and rice bran oil (RBO) were added to restructured beef roasts as natural additives. Beef roasts containing either RF or RF/RBO had higher oxidative stability (P<0.05) during storage at 4C than did beef roasts without additives (control). The TBARS values, the saturated fatty acid / unsaturated fatty acid ratio (SFA/UFA), and the 7-ketocholesterol content of beef roasts with RF and RF/RBO were lower (P<0.05) than those of controls during storage (0, 4, and 8 days). Vitamin E vitamers and UFA were higher than those of controls. Preliminary sensory data indicated beef roasts containing RF and RBO were acceptable to consumers.
Southern California inner basin sediment trap calibration

The deployment of particle interceptor traps (PITs) in the three inner basins of the Southern California Bight (Santa Barbara, Santa Monica, and San Pedro) where preserved, laminated, bottom sediments occur, provides a natural calibration between the parameters determined with the PITs and those derived from the historical sedimentary deposits. The accumulation rates and chemical composition of the PIT materials compare favorably with these recently deposited bottom sediments. The ratio of the measured particle collection rate to the sediment accumulation rate for these three basins averaged0.93±0.20. Radionuclide (210Pb,228Th/232Th) and trace element (Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb) compositions of the PIT materials and surface sediments agree within, generally, 30% in each basin. An application of PITs as a sampling system in an outer basin (San Nicolas) where the sedimentary record has been obscured by bioturbation is also presented to further demonstrate the utility of PITs for spatial and temporal studies of various aspects of particle transport and sediment deposition. Based on the calibration of the PITs in the three inner basins we conclude from the comparison of the radionuclide and trace element compositions between the PIT materials and surface sediments from the San Nicolas Basin that recently deposited sedimentary material has been mixed by bioturbation with older material from the last several hundred years. Excess210Pb and the228Th/232Th activity ratio in the PIT material are 6 and 15 times higher than in the surface sediment. Total Pb and1N HNO3-leachable Pb are 4- and 8-fold higher in the PIT material.
Atmospheric Dispersal of 129Iodine from Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing Facilities

[sup 129]I/[sup 127]I ratios measured in meteoric water and epiphytes from the continental United States are higher than those measured in coastal seawater or surface freshwater and suggest long-range atmospheric transport of [sup 129]I from the main source for the earth's surface inventory, viz., nuclear fuel reprocessing facilities. The median ratio for 14 meteoric water samples is 2100 [times] 10[sup [minus]12], corresponding to a [sup 129]I concentration of 2.5 [times] 10[sup 7] atoms/L, whereas 9 epiphyte samples have a median ratio of 1800 [times] 10[sup [minus]12]. Calculated deposition rates of [sup 129]I in the continental United States reveal that a small but significant fraction of the atmospheric releases from the nuclear fuel reprocessing facilities at Sellafield, England, and Cap de La Hague, France, is deposited after distribution by long-range transport. The inferred dominant mode of transport is easterly, within the troposphere, mainly in the form of the organic gas methyl iodide.
Impact of obesity on hypogonadism in the andropause

Obesity is an issue that is increasingly affecting ageing men. With ageing, there is a decline in androgens as well. There are implications for the health of ageing men as a result of hypogonadism. Overall, there seems to be an inverse relationship between body mass index and testosterone levels, as is also demonstrated in our cross-sectional study. Obesity seems to depress the production of testosterone. It has been hypothesized that there is increased aromatization of testosterone to oestradiol and alteration of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in obese older men. Some hormones can affect obesity in ageing men including leptin, insulin, dehydroepiandrostenedione and growth hormone. The relationship of obesity to these hormones in ageing men will be reviewed. Testosterone replacement in ageing men can alter body composition whereby fat is exchanged for muscle. These studies will also be reviewed. Further studies in this field are recommended to evaluate long-term benefits and risks.
Catastrophe Theory in Higher Education Research.

The purpose of this research is to consider the applicability of catastrophe theory to research in higher education. The review of the literature concentrates on those efforts in which the variables and their use have an analogy to higher education. Several problems which typically appear in the literature are presented in a theoretical framework, and a catastrophe theory model is attempted for each. In this way the researchers were able to consider the fundamental assumptions about a given problem and its variables and to assess, at a theoretical level, whether catastrophe theory might be an appropriate tool for analysis.
Multiple bonding in heavier element compounds stabilized by bulky terphenyl ligands.

This paper summarizes recent developments involving the preparation and reactivity of molecular species stabilized by terphenyl ligands that feature new bonding environments. Highlights include the synthesis and characterization of dimetallenes and dimetallynes, ArEEAr [E = heavy group 13 (triel) or group 14 (tetrel) element, Ar = terphenyl ligand] and, more recently, the synthesis of a stable chromium(I) dimer, ArCrCrAr, that displays a 5-fold bonding interaction between the chromium centers.
Astration of cosmological deuterium

Attention is given to the degree of primordial deuterium's astration through the continuous galactic processes of star formation and chemical evolution. Exact analytic solutions are given for galactic chemical evolution when infall of constant composition occurs at a rate, f(t), which is presently defined. Solutions are given for the linear model with instantaneous recycling and with constant return fraction R. The results suggest that big bang D/H was at least three times larger than the largest values observed in today's solar neighborhood, and even larger if matter falling into the disk is already astrated.
Beyond Bipolar Conceptualizations and Measures: The Case of Attitudes and Evaluative Space:

All organisms must be capable of differentiating hostile from hospitable stimuli to survive. Typically, this evaluative discrimination is conceptualized as being bipolar (hostile-hospitable). This conceptualization is certainly evident in the area of attitudes, where the ubiquitous bipolar attitude measure, by gauging the net affective predisposition toward a stimulus, treats positive and negative evaluative processes as equivalent, reciprocally activated, and interchangeable. Contrary to conceptualizations of this evaluative process as bipolar, recent evidence suggests that distinguishable motivational systems underlie assessments of the positive and negative significance of a stimulus. Thus, a stimulus may vary in terms of the strength of positive evaluative activation and the strength of negative evaluative activation it evokes. Low activation of positive and negative evaluative processes by a stimulus reflects attitude neutrality or indifference, whereas high activation of positive and negative evaluative processes reflects attitude ambivalence. As such, attitudes can be represented more completely within a bivariate space than along a bipolar continuum. Evidence is reviewed showing that the positive and negative evaluative processes underlying many attitudes are distinguishable (stochastically and functionally independent), are characterized by distinct activation functions (positivity offset and negativity bias principles), are related differentially to attitude ambivalence (corollary of ambivalence asymmetries), have distinguishable antecedents (heteroscedacity principle), and tend to gravitate from a bivariate toward a bipolar structure when the underlying beliefs are the target of deliberation or a guide for behavior (principle of motivational certainty). The implications for society phenomena such as political elections and democratic structures are discussed.
On the ionization of the intercloud medium by ultraviolet stars.

Analysis of a recently proposed model of the ionization of the intercloud medium by ultraviolet stars, deriving the gas parameters and the ionization structure in the steady-state approximation. A comparison of the theoretical results with satellite ultraviolet observations, if these latter are typical of the intercloud gas and the effect of stellar H II regions is negligible, suggests that the model is unsatisfactory. The main disagreement is in the predicted relative abundances of the higher ionization stages of the trace elements, and in the ratios of successive stages.
Design and Development of a Simulation for Testing the Effects of Instructional Gaming Characteristics on Learning of Basic Statistical Skills

Considerable resources have been invested in examining the game design principles that best foster learning. One way to understand what constitutes a well-designed instructional game is to examine the relationship between gaming characteristics and actual learning. This report discusses the lessons learned from the design and development process of instructional simulations that are enhanced by competition and storyline gaming characteristics and developed as instructional interventions for a study on the effects of gaming characteristics on learning effectiveness and engagement. The goal of the instructional simulations was to engage college students in learning the statistics concepts of standard deviation and the empirical rule. A pilot study followed by a small-scale experimental study were conducted to improve the value and effectiveness of these designed simulations. Based on these findings, specific practical implications are offered for designing actual learning environments that are enhanced by competition and storyline gaming elements.
Monitoring local heating around an interventional MRI antenna with RF radiometry.

Purpose: Radiofrequency (RF) radiometry uses thermal noise detected by an antenna to measure the temperature of objects independent of medical imaging technologies such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Here, an active interventional MRI antenna can be deployed as a RF radiometer to measure local heating, as a possible new method of monitoring device safety and thermal therapy. Methods: A 128 MHz radiometer receiver was fabricated to measure the RF noise voltage from an interventional 3 T MRI loopless antenna and calibrated for temperature in a uniformly heated bioanalogous gel phantom. Local heating (ΔT) was induced using the antenna for RF transmission and measured by RF radiometry, fiber-optic thermal sensors, and MRI thermometry. The spatial thermal sensitivity of the antenna radiometer was numerically computed using a method-of-moment electric field analyses. The gel’s thermal conductivity was measured by MRI thermometry, and the localized time-dependent ΔT distribution computed from the bioheat transfer equation and compared with radiometry measurements. A “H-factor” relating the 1 g-averaged ΔT to the radiometric temperature was introduced to estimate peak temperature rise in the antenna’s sensitive region. Results: The loopless antenna radiometer linearly tracked temperature inside a thermally equilibrated phantom up to 73 °C to within ±0.3 °C at a 2 Hz sample rate. Computed and MRI thermometric measures of peak ΔT agreed within 13%. The peak 1 g-average temperature was H = 1.36 ± 0.02 times higher than the radiometric temperature for any media with a thermal conductivity of 0.15–0.50 (W/m)/K, indicating that the radiometer can measure peak 1 g-averaged ΔT in physiologically relevant tissue within ±0.4 °C. Conclusions: Active internal MRI detectors can serve as RF radiometers at the MRI frequency to provide accurate independent measures of local and peak temperature without the artifacts that can accompany MRI thermometry or the extra space needed to accommodate alternative thermal transducers. A RF radiometer could be integrated in a MRI scanner to permit “self-monitoring” for assuring device safety and/or monitoring delivery of thermal therapy.
On the persistent spread in snow-albedo feedback

Snow-albedo feedback (SAF) is examined in 25 climate change simulations participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project version 5 (CMIP5). SAF behavior is compared to the feedback’s behavior in the previous (CMIP3) generation of global models. SAF strength exhibits a fivefold spread across CMIP5 models, ranging from 0.03 to 0.16 W m−2 K−1 (ensemble-mean = 0.08 W m−2 K−1). This accounts for much of the spread in 21st century warming of Northern Hemisphere land masses, and is very similar to the spread found in CMIP3 models. As with the CMIP3 models, there is a high degree of correspondence between the magnitudes of seasonal cycle and climate change versions of the feedback. Here we also show that their geographical footprint is similar. The ensemble-mean SAF strength is close to an observed estimate of the real climate’s seasonal cycle feedback strength. SAF strength is strongly correlated with the climatological surface albedo when the ground is covered by snow. The inter-model variation in this quantity is surprisingly large, ranging from 0.39 to 0.75. Models with large surface albedo when these regions are snow-covered will also have a large surface albedo contrast between snow-covered and snow-free regions, and therefore a correspondingly large SAF. Widely-varying treatments of vegetation masking of snow-covered surfaces are probably responsible for the spread in surface albedo where snow occurs, and the persistent spread in SAF in global climate models.
Irregular distributions of planktonic foraminifera and stratigraphic correlation

Abstract Planktonic Foraminifera are used extensively for local and wide-range stratigraphic correlations for which they are often more satisfactory than benthonic Foraminifera. That they are not infallible is illustrated by discussion of irregular distributions of modern planktonic species. Latitudinal distribution boundaries may change because of climatic or oceanic variations. Older deposits at such boundaries may show species “tops’ or initial appearances that do not correlate with those found elsewhere. Currents may introduce exotic species or exclude others. Current convergences may produce mixed faunas. Irregular distributions often occur in small seas. It is usually assumed that extinctions of planktonic species are simultaneously world-wide. Two species living today in the Pacific and Indian oceans have disappeared from the Atlantic region, one in late Pleistocene time, the other in late Pliocene or early Pleistocene. A third species developed during the Quaternary in the Pacific and Indian oceans but not in the Atlantic. Solution of calcium carbonate may result in the elimination of some species. Varying coiling-direction provinces plus changing coiling directions with time may produce confusion that would prevent accurate correlation by the use of coiling direction changes. In spite of these irregularities, the planktonic Foraminifera are excellent for correlation.
Eastern North Pacific Tropical Cyclones of 1975

Abstract A summary of the 1975 Reason is presented. Included are seasonal statistics and forecast verification, storm tracks, and comparisons with activity in recent years.
Effects of Price versus Non-Price Export Promotion: The Case of Cotton

Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) net expenditures for the cotton program exceeded $2 billion in fiscal 1986, decreased considerably over the 1987 to 1991 period, then climbed to $1.4 billion in fiscal 1992. Net expenditures for the cotton program are estimated at $2.2 billion in 1993 and at $1.7 billion for 1994 (1995 PresidentS Budget Summary). Concern about burgeoning U.S. budget deficits continues to place pressure on policy makers to reduce the cost of farm programs (Heflin). Thus, finding alternative, less-costly methods of providing support to cotton farmers is an important undertaking. Export subsidies have been shown to be a possible means of reducing government costs of domestic farm programs (Duffy and Wohlgenant), but little empirical effort has been expended in examining the potential economic effects of non-price export promotion. Accordingly, the purpose of this article is to provide an estimate of the effects of price versus non-price promotion on U.S. cotton price, domestic use of cotton, exports of cotton, and the cost of cotton programs. A comparative static framework will be used, similar to the model used by Duffy and Wohlgenant, to evaluate a price subsidy for exported cotton.
The effect of sodium nitrite on the growth of Micrococcus denitrificans.

Nitrite accumulates during the growth of M. denitrificans in a medium in which nitrate is the terminal oxidant. If H2 is the electron donor for nitrate reduction, the level of nitrite produced is sufficiently high to inhibit hydrogenase; this inhibition consequently inhibits growth. Yeast extract alleviates the inhibition and permits a resumption of growth. The release from inhibition may result from the provision of a growth factor for or from a more rapid induction of, a system for nitrite dissimilation.
The management of sickle cell pain

Treatment of pain in the setting of sickle cell disease remains unsatisfactory. The approach remains to treat the pain symptomatically with escalating doses of non-opioid and opioid medications while any underlying inciting process is investigated. For the majority of patients with sickle cell disease, pain will always be part of their lives. Advances in the treatment of sickle cell pain will depend on multiple approaches, including both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic.
Experimental investigation of memory effects in intensified photodiode-array spectrograph detectors

The use of intensified linear photodiode arrays as spectrograph detectors can, in certain applications, be subject to interference by several side effects. The widely used P-20 phosphor of the image intensifier exhibits both phosphorescence decay (persistence) and thermoluminescence memory effects together with an inherent nonlinear response to incident light, whereas the photodiode array exhibits a readout-lag memory effect. During characterization of any one of these effects, it was important to ensure that the measurements were not influenced by the other side effects. This was particularly true for the phosphorescence and readout-lag effects, and for the thermoluminescence and inherent phosphor nonlinearity effects. These side effects become significant in applications where spectra that exhibit large changes in shape and intensity on a pulse-by-pulse basis are being recorded individually at rates > 0.1 Hz. A determination should then be made to either correct, circumvent, or ignore these potential sources of error.
Serendipitous Discovery of a Simple Compound with an Unsupported Ir−Ir Bond

The long-known compound Ir(acac)(CO)2 (acac = 2,4-pentanedionato) undergoes a formal oxidation reaction when treated with AgOTf (Tf = CF3SO2) to give the dinuclear complex [Ir(acac)(OTf)(CO)2]2, co...
Charging of glycogen in salt solutions

Abstract The disc-electrophoretic method with polyacrylamide gel was successfully adapted to demonstrate the differential charging of glycogen in solutions of more or less neutral sodium salts (halides, sulfate, nitrate, thiocyanate, and organic acids) and in more alkaline solutions (NaOH, Na3PO4, Na2CO3). The relative mobility followed the lyotropic series, with especially increased values in alkaline media (above pH 8.5).
Miscible Blends of Cyclic Poly(oxyethylene) in Linear Polystyrene

Cyclic poly(oxyethylene) (POE) was prepared from hydroxyl-terminated linear POE with molecular weights from 400 to 1500 g/mol using a dilute-solution end-coupling route. These cyclic and linear POE...
Travellers’ Diarrhoea: Contemporary Approaches to Therapy and Prevention

Travellers’ diarrhoea remains a major public health problem, contributing to significant morbidity and disability. Because bacterial enteropathogens cause a majority of this form of diarrhoea, antibacterial drugs are effective when used in chemoprophylaxis or for empirical treatment. A review of the MEDLINE listings for travellers’ diarrhoea for the past 4 years was conducted; a library of >1000 scientific articles on the topic was also considered in developing this review. Persons who travel from industrialised countries to developing countries of the tropical and semitropical world are the individuals who experience travellers’ diarrhoea. While diarrhoea occurs with reduced frequency among persons travelling to low-risk areas from other low- or other high-risk areas, and there remain areas of intermediate risk, this review looks primarily at the illness occurring in persons from industrialised regions visiting high-risk regions of Latin America, Africa and Southern Asia. The material reviewed deals with the high frequency of acquiring diarrhoea during international travel to high-risk areas, seen in approximately 40%, and the expected bacterial causes of illness, of which diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli is the most important. The host risk factors associated with increased susceptibility to diarrhoea include young age, lack of previous travel to high-risk regions in the past 6 months, indiscriminate food and beverage selection patterns, and host genetics. It appears feasible to decrease the rate of illness among the travelling public by careful food and beverage selection or through chemoprophylaxis with nonabsorbed rifaximin. Chemoprophylaxis with rifaximin should help to reduce the occurrence of travellers’ diarrhoea and hopefully prevent post-diarrhoea complications, including irritable bowel syndrome. Early empirical therapy with antibacterial drugs, including rifaximin, a fluoroquinolone or azithromycin, will decrease the duration of illness and return travellers more quickly to their planned activities. With collaboration between local governments and public health researchers, it may be possible to improve hygiene in areas to be visited, which may translate into reduced rates of illness. More liberal use of rifaximin prophylaxis is likely to reduce the occurrence of illness and complications of disease. Vaccines and immunoprophylactic products may be beneficial for prevention of a subset of individuals otherwise developing diarrhoea.
Mama Grizzlies and Guardians of the Republic: The Democratic and Intersectional Politics of Anger in the Tea Party Movement

Tea Party activists have proudly embraced anger and outrage as a distinguishing mark of patriotic dissidence, and have successfully exploited the contemporary politics of anger in the United States. Although much democratic theory casts anger as a hazardous impediment to democratic politics, these theories and the progressive critiques based on them participate in troubling efforts to discipline or even expel anger from the public sphere. Instead this article theorizes public anger as an agonistic, performative, and intersectional practice. Drawing on feminist and queer theory, it also demonstrates how intersectional formations of gender, sexuality, and race have played a central role in making Tea Party performances of anger politically intelligible and powerful. The analysis highlights not just how white men and white women are able to enact public anger, but also how some Tea Party activists of color have surprisingly circumvented contemporary affective norms that usually render racial minorities' publ...
Extended field intensity modulated radiation therapy with concomitant boost for lymph node-positive cervical cancer: analysis of regional control and recurrence patterns in the positron emission tomography/computed tomography era.

Purpose Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) is commonly used for nodal staging in locally advanced cervical cancer; however the false negative rate for para-aortic disease are 20% to 25% in PET-positive pelvic nodal disease. Unless surgically staged, pelvis-only treatment may undertreat para-aortic disease. We have treated patients with PET-positive nodes with extended field intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) to address the para-aortic region prophylactically with concomitant boost to involved nodes. The purpose of this study was to assess regional control rates and recurrence patterns. Methods and Materials Sixty-one patients with cervical cancer (stage IBI-IVA) diagnosed from 2003 to 2012 with PET-avid pelvic nodes treated with extended field IMRT (45 Gy in 25 fractions with concomitant boost to involved nodes to a median of 55 Gy in 25 fractions) with concurrent cisplatin and brachytherapy were retrospectively analyzed. The nodal location was pelvis-only in 41 patients (67%) and pelvis + para-aortic in 20 patients (33%). There were a total of 179 nodes, with a median number of positive nodes of 2 (range, 1-16 nodes) per patient and a median nodal size of 1.8 cm (range, 0.7-4.5 cm). Response was assessed by PET/CT at 12 to 16 weeks. Results Complete clinical and imaging response at the first follow-up visit was seen in 77% of patients. At a mean follow-up time of 29 months (range, 3-116 months), 8 patients experienced recurrence. The sites of persistent/recurrent disease were as follows: cervix 10 (16.3%), regional nodes 3 (4.9%), and distant 14 (23%). The rate of para-aortic failure in patients with pelvic-only nodes was 2.5%. There were no significant differences in recurrence patterns by the number/location of nodes, largest node size, or maximum node standardized uptake value. The rate of late grade 3+ adverse events was 4%. Conclusions Extended field IMRT was well tolerated and resulted in low regional recurrence in node-positive cervical cancer. The dose of 55 Gy in 25 fractions was effective in eradicating disease in involved nodes, with acceptable late adverse events. Distant metastasis is the predominant mode of failure, and the OUTBACK trial may challenge the presented paradigms.
Characterization of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor-Mediated Nitric Oxide Production in Vivo:

We tested the hypothesis that stimulation of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) increases nitric oxide (NO) production in the hippocampus in vivo. Microdialysis probes were placed bilaterall...
Control of spindle polarity and orientation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Control of mitotic spindle orientation represents a major strategy for the generation of cell diversity during development of metazoans. Studies in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have contributed towards our present understanding of the general principles underlying the regulation of spindle positioning in an asymmetrically dividing cell. In S. cerevisiae, the mitotic spindle must orient along the cell polarity axis, defined by the site of bud emergence, to ensure correct nuclear division between the mother and daughter cells. Establishment of spindle polarity dictates this process and relies on the concerted control of spindle pole function and a precise program of cues originating from the cell cortex that directs cytoplasmic microtubule attachments during spindle morphogenesis. These cues cross talk with the machinery responsible for bud-site selection, indicating that orientation of the spindle in yeast cells is mechanistically coupled to the definition of a polarity axis and the division plane. Here, we propose a model integrating the inherently asymmetric properties of the spindle pathway with the program of positional information contributing towards orienting the spindle in budding yeast. Because the basic machinery orienting the spindle in higher-eukaryotic cells appears to be conserved, it might be expected that similar principles govern centrosome asymmetry in the course of metazoan development.
Thermal lensing in heavy metal fluoride glasses

The effect of glass composition on the theoretical thermal lensing of a ZrF 4 BaF 2 LaF 3 AlF 3 NaF (ZBLAN) heavy metal fluoride glasses (HMF) has been examined. A number of composition substitutions, i.e., HfF 4 for ZrF 4 , PbF 2 for BaF 2 , and LiF and NaCl for NaF, have been made, and the effects of these substitutions on critical properties have been determined. These substitutions have significant effects on the refractive index, coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), and the thermo-optic coefficient (d n /d T ). The changes in properties can be used to develop glass compositions that will show no thermal lensing when heated by laser fluences. The elimination of thermal lensing by composition changes is evaluated in terms of changes in heat capacity, glass stability and processing parameters that might be detrimental to large scale window production.
Pattern reversal evoked potentials: age, sex and hemispheric asymmetry.

Abstract Binocular pattern reversal evoked potentials (PREPs) and EEG power were recorded bilaterally from occipital scalp of 50 boys and 50 girls aged 5–14. PREP latency was unaffected by either age or gender. Amplitudes, however, were consistently larger for girls than boys, with differences diminishing by adolescence. Significant electrophysiological asymmetries were also found; larger PREP amplitudes were measured at the right occipital electrode than the left for the two waves investigated. These asymmetries were apparent in both girls and boys across all ages, although they tended to diminish with maturation. EEG alpha asymmetry did not correlate with PREP amplitude asymmetry. PREPs elicited by half-field stimulation of 8 girls aged 9–10 years determined that ‘paradoxical laterization’ of the half-field response was the same for both left and right half-fields, thus failing to account for the asymmetry of the full-field binocular response.
Takotsubo Syndrome as a Comorbidity, and the Need for a Change in our Mindset.

To the Editor: The case report by Koci and colleagues,1 about the 63-year-old woman who presented with abdominal pain and had subsequent evidence of pathologic cardiac conditions, should be read and thought about by all hospital clinicians who work in acute medical and surgical care. This case is indeed an instance of takotsubo syndrome as a comorbidity of another illness—surgical abdomen, in this example. We all need to change our mindset and realize that takotsubo syndrome can often present as a morbidity,2 in either classic or milder forms.3 Two areas merit particular attention. First, the authors say that the patient's electrocardiogram (ECG) shows changes from an ECG recorded 2 years earlier.1 Scrutiny of the tracing of the authors' Figure 1 reveals low-amplitude QRS complexes in all leads except V2 and V3. Low-amplitude QRS complex has recently been reported as a diagnostic feature of takotsubo syndrome,4 and it is attributed mechanistically to myocardial edema, which is usually detected with use of cardiac magnetic resonance. It would be of interest to ascertain whether transient low-amplitude QRS complexes developed on this occasion in comparison with the patient's previous and subsequent ECGs. Second, the authors refer to “how essential bedside echocardiographic evaluation has become for acute management, especially in the emergency department.”1 One could even go further by suggesting that “focused cardiac ultrasound be implemented.”5 In this situation, many members of the hospital management team would use hand-held echocardiographic devices—frequently and early in the clinical course6—for all patients who have acute medical and surgical illnesses.
Cyclophilin A-independent recruitment of NS5A and NS5B into hepatitis C virus replication complexes.

The mechanisms by which cyclophilin A (CypA) governs hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication remain unknown. Since CypA binds two essential components of the HCV replication complex (RC) – the polymerase NS5B and the phosphoprotein NS5A – we asked in this study whether CypA regulates their RC association. We found that CypA, via its isomerase pocket, locates in a protease-resistant compartment similar to that where HCV replicates. CypA association with this compartment is not mediated by HCV. Moreover, CypA depletion of RC does not influence NS5A and NS5B RC association, arguing against a model where CypA governs HCV replication by recruiting NS5A or NS5B into RC.