cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Unsupervised Algorithm for Qualitative Coding of Text Data: Artifact Design, Application, and Evaluation

This study presents an artifact for qualitative coding of large volumes of text data using automated text mining techniques. Coding is a critical component of qualitative research, where the “gold standard” involves human coders manually assigning codes to text fragments based on their subjective judgment. However, human coding is not scalable to large corpora of text with millions of large documents. Our proposed method extends the latest advancements in semantic text similarity using sentence transformers to automate qualitative coding of text for predefined constructs with known operationalizations using cosine similarity scores between individual sentences in the text documents and construct operationalizations. We illustrate our approach by coding corporate 10-K reports from US SEC filings for two organizational innovation processes: exploration and exploitation.
The problem of prematurity in gravidas with cesarean section scars.

W H E N the obstetrician is consulted by a gravida who has previously undergone a cesarean section, he is likely to have two questions uppermost in his mind. The first relates to whether this patient should be delivered by a repeat cesarean section or by vaginal delivery. The present report will not be concerned with this controversial problem. The second question rel.ates to the timing of a repeat cesarean section in cases in which delivery by the vaginal route has been excluded as a method of management. It is with this aspect of the problem that this report will be concerned.
Stardust on the Bar: Space Fallout in Criminalistics

Gravity began to slacken its hold on man fifteen years ago, when Sputnik and Explorer 1 first succeeded in loosening the Promethean bonds that had been inviolate for perhaps five billion years. In orbiting and escaping Earth, we have again demonstrated the validity of the great physical laws of Kepler, of Newton, of Einstein. And, inevitably, we have also generated much new knowledge as we have launched satellites around our planet and flown men to the Moon and instruments to Venus and Mars.
The role of host factors in mouse trophoblastic tissue growth

Abstract By means of 800 r whole-body x-irradiation, host defensive and immunologic responses were heavily suppressed. Fertilized ova from C57BL/6J, A/HeJ, and white albino mice were transplanted to the kidneys of x-irradiated mice from the same or different strains. At the time of peak growth the number of living trophoblastic cells in irradiated animals was higher than in nonirradiated animals. No malignant changes in trophoblastic cells were observed. This suggests that environmental factors related to the immunologic and defensi ve state of the host plays a significant role in the degree of growth, prolifera tion, and life-span of trophoblastic cells.
Variability of practice and transfer of training.

Two experiments were conducted to test predictions, arising from Schmidt’s (1975) schema theory of motor learning, related to the effect of variability of initial practice upon subsequent transfer to another task. Rapid linear timing movements were employed to operationally separate the recall and recognition schemata. Experiment 1 showed that training at two different movement times, when given in an appropriate order, facilitated the recall and recognition of a subsequent transfer movement-time task, but only when the criterion movement time was sufficiently outside the range of initial practice. Experiment 2 increased the number of training movement times beyond two, but no reliable transfer effect occurred, although the variable practice groups showed significantly reduction of movement error on the initial transfer trials in the absence of knowledge of results. Overall, the two experiments provided some initial support for Schmidt’s schema theory of motor learning. Diane C. Shapiro is now at the Depa...
5 Medicine as a moral epistemology

Publisher Summary Judgment is not arbitrary or frivolously contingent but takes its own bearings from the interplay of social and natural realities understood in the context of adaptation and creative growth. The synthetic project of building a world view begins by placing facts within their supporting theory and continues with integrating that scientific picture with the broader and less obvious intellectual and cultural forces in which science itself is situated. Thus, facts as independent products of a sensory experience are always processed, interpreted, and placed into some over-arching hypothesis or theory. Observations assume their meanings within a particular context because facts are not just the products of sensation or measurement as the positivists averred, but rather they reside within a conceptual framework that places the fact into an intelligible picture of the world. Inextricable from context, facts must assume their meanings from the universe of other valued facts. Thus, knowledge is inexorably valued; it is both useless and irrelevant, divorced from the reality of personal choice. Medicine offers a fecund example of this view. Moral epistemology is the quest for the elusive synthesis of personal and objective search for their common foundation.
Kolo and Nebesko: a distributed media control framework for the arts

Increasingly, artists employ distributed multimedia in live performance, themed entertainment, and media art. One barrier they encounter is the interconnection of physically distributed sensors and computational units for the control of media elements. To address this need, UCLA's HyperMedia Studio created Kolo, a Java-based framework for the collection of sensor data and the control of distributed media devices, and Nebesko, a scripting language for managing a Kolo network's state. Kolo presents developers and application authors with a simple and consistent control framework for their distributed applications while Nebesko provides distributed state management for manipulation of the network. Nebesko also enables non-programmer to create and use Kolo networks. This paper discusses motivations for a distributed multimedia control framework for the arts, the qualities necessary for its success, the arts as an application domain for distributed multimedia research, and Kolo and Nebesko's implementation.
The gene for B7, a costimulatory signal for T-cell activation, maps to chromosomal region 3q13.3-3q21.

B7 is an activation antigen expressed on activated B cells and gamma- interferon-stimulated monocytes. The B7 antigen is the natural ligand for CD28 on T cells. After engagement of T-cell receptor with antigen in association with major histocompatibility complex class II, a second signal mediated through the binding of B7 to CD28 greatly upregulates the production of multiple lymphokines. We have now mapped the B7 gene to human chromosome 3 using the technique of polymerase chain reaction on a panel of hamster x human somatic cell hybrid DNAs. We have further localized the gene to 3q13.3–3q21 using in situ hybridization on human metaphase chromosomes. Trisomy of chromosome 3 is a recurrent chromosome change seen in various lymphomas and lymphoproliferative diseases, particularly diffuse, mixed, small, and large cell lymphomas, human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I-induced adult T-cell leukemia, and angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy. A number of chromosomal defects involving 3q21 have been described in acute myeloid leukemia and also in myelodysplastic and myeloproliferative syndromes. The mapping of B7 may permit further insight into disease states associated with aberrant lymphocyte activation and lymphokine synthesis.
Can pain studies influence regulatory policy

Pain has a way of clipping our wings and keeping us from being able to fly … and if left unresolved for very long, you can almost forget that you were ever created to fly in the first place.William Paul Young The Shack , published 2007 In April, 1907, the young man reported that he had been laid up in a hospital from December 26, 1906, to February 26, 1907, with what he called muscular rheumatism. His illness had begun with malaise, pain in the back, the muscles of the legs and arms.J.B. Herrick Arch Intern Med 1910;5:517 … relentless and repetitive gnawing pains in the bones and joints characteristic of the disease.F.I.D. Konotey-Ahulu Arch Intern Med 1974;133:611 Pain, the symptom that typifies sickle cell disease, has the frightful capacity to strip life of all aspirations. Those who experience the inveterately painful existence of sickle cell disease often lead lives defined by their relationship with their pain; those with inadequate coping skills have lives filled with frustration, dissocial adaptations, isolation, and depression [1]. The pain crises of sickle cell disease have been described as rather brief episodes that last from hours to a few days [2] and occur relatively infrequently [3,4]. This notion differs greatly from the 2-month ordeal experienced by patient Walter Clement …
Medical management of patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome who have had previous gastric surgery: a prospective study.

Abstract We examined prospectively the criteria for medical management in 16 patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome who had had previous gastric surgery. Each patient received sufficient antisecretory medication to lower gastric acid output to
Pituitary Metastasis From Breast Cancer Presenting as SIADH

Pituitary metastasis is rare and unusual but can be seen in advanced breast and lung cancers with patients presenting with symptoms that range from mild headaches to seizures and altered mental status due to hyponatremia. A 53-year-old female with invasive ductal carcinoma of the left breast which was hormone positive, presented 5 years after completion of therapy with a dry cough, hyponatremia, weakness and visual disturbance. An MRI of the brain revealed a pituitary mass, compressing the optic chiasm. Hyponatremia was found to be due to SIADH. Biopsy confirmed metastatic breast carcinoma. Metastatic spread to the pituitary gland is rare (comprising less than 1% of pituitary tumors) but can occur in patients with advanced breast and lung cancers. Presentation with SIADH has previously not been reported with metastases due to breast cancer. Diagnosis may require biopsy or resection of the pituitary. Despite aggressive intervention, the prognosis is poor. J Endocrinol Metab. 2015;5(4):256-260 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14740/jem295w
Towards understanding the expansion of plasmablasts in dengue virus infections (HEM4P.254)

An increased prevalence of dengue has resulted in its emergence as an important public health threat. Pre-immunity to any of the 4 dengue virus (DENV) serotypes is the main risk factor for developing severe disease during heterologous DENV infections. We have recently published that during secondary DENV infections there is a major expansion of DENV-specific antibody secreting plasmablasts (CD19+CD27+CD38+) that correlates with the development of severe disease. The mechanisms driving this response remain unknown and may be important in understanding the pathogenesis of DENV infections. We are using in vitro approaches to define the possible mechanisms responsible for driving expansion of plasmablasts during heterologous DENV exposures. PBMCs from a cohort of healthy DENV seropositive and seronegative donors were collected for this study. We used flow cytometry to assess the differentiation of B-cells into plasmablasts 7 days after stimulating PBMCs with each DENV serotype. Preliminary in vitro studies suggest that B-cells from DENV immune donors are more apt to differentiate into plasmablasts when stimulated with DENV with possible variances between the different serotypes. Our results with isolated B-cells also suggest that the presence of other cell populations, potentially monocytes, is required for the expansion of plasmablasts. Ongoing experiments will reveal further cellular requirements for the in vitro expansion of plasmablasts after exposure to heterologous DENV.
Modeling the Use of Triple Combination Therapy in Five Countries: Nevirapine, Zidovudine, and Didanosine

Abstract Objective In this study, we modify previously published models to estimate the short- and long-term consequences of nevirapine triple combination therapy use in five developed countries. Current pharmacoeconomic practice requires the de novo model development for each new therapy comparison. This approach is lengthy and costly, and it may yield models with very different structures. Standardized, detailed disclosure of model assumptions and parameters makes it possible to recycle published models with minor structural modifications to examine the efficiency of therapies based on new trial data. Methods Two well-publicized models of HIV therapy are modified to fit new trial data comparing double and triple combination therapy with nevirapine; model parameters are adjusted to represent clinical practice and cost structure in five countries. A short-term model uses trial data from advanced-stage patients to estimate first-year costs and consequences. A long-term model uses data from antiretroviral-naive patients to estimate long-term cost-effectiveness. Results During the first year, for each 100 individuals treated with nevirapine triple combination therapy, 2.7 deaths and 30.8–31.4 opportunistic disease events would be averted compared to employing dual therapy. Additionally, 61% to 142% of the first-year costs of nevirapine therapy would be offset by other medical care costs savings [FF19,749, DM3,778, 3334 (×1000) lire, 293 (×1000) ptas, and US $3,569]. Compared to dual combination therapy, nevirapine triple combination therapy is predicted to yield incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (discounted at 3%) of FF101,057, DM30,709, 28,066 (×1000) lire, 1294 (×1000) ptas, and US $14,338. Conclusion Published, well-constructed, and documented cost-effectiveness models can be reused to estimate the economic impact of therapies for HIV disease. Such models can also be used to provide insight into the factors that affect efficiency across countries. Our use of clinical trial data on nevirapine, together with published HIV economic models, provides support for the hypothesis that nevirapine is cost-effective under the cost structures of five developed countries.
Observational Learning in Retarded and Normal Children as a Function of Delay Between Observation and Opportunity to Perform.

Abstract Twenty-four retarded (mean IQ of 60) and 24 normal (mean IQ of 104) males were divided into three groups each equated ( X and SD ) by stratified assignment on MA. One retarded and one normal group was randomly picked to ( a ) watch a control film, ( b ) watch an experimental film and perform immediately, and ( c ) watch an experimental film and perform after a 30-min delay. The number of behaviors matched by each S was subjected to an analysis of variance. No IQ main effect or interaction with IQ was found while a significant Treatment effect emerged. Experimental groups performed significantly more modeled behaviors, and a significant decrement was found when a 30-min delay was experienced.
A pilot study with a new, rapid‐exchange, thrombus‐aspirating device in patients with thrombus‐containing lesions: The Diver C.E. study

Background: In patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS), distal embolization of thrombotic material is more likely to play a key role in the pathogenesis of myocardial no-reflow during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Thus, interventional techniques able to reduce thrombus burden at the culprit vessel might improve final myocardial reperfusion. Objective: To evaluate a new rapid-exchange thrombus-aspirating catheter, the Diver C.E., in patients with thrombotic coronary lesions undergoing PCI. Methods: Fifty patients with acute myocardial infarction (n = 44) or with non-ST-elevation ACS and angiographic evidence of coronary thrombus (n = 6) undergoing urgent PCI were prospectively enrolled. The Diver C.E. was used to aspirate coronary thrombus from the culprit lesion after placement of the guidewire. Adjunctive balloon inflations and stent implantation were used to achieve good angiographic result. Angiographic coronary flow (by means of TIMI score and corrected TIMI frame count, cTFC), thrombus score (TS), and myocardial perfusion (by means of postintervention myocardial blush grade, MBG) were assessed in all patients. Results: The device could be successfully employed in 96% of the cases (48/50) and yielded significant (P < 0.0001) acute reduction in thrombus burden (TS: predevice 3.5 ± 0.8, postdevice 2.5 ± 0.9) and improvement in coronary flow (TIMI grade: predevice 1.0 ± 0.9, postdevice 2.0 ± 0.9; CTFC predevice 71 ± 31, postdevice 39 ± 26). Final TIMI grade 0–1 was observed in one patient only (2%). A significant (P = 0.02) correlation was found between preintervention TS and efficacy of thrombus aspiration. A more pronounced acute reduction of thrombus burden after thrombus aspiration (TS reduction ≥2) was associated with a better postintervention angiographic myocardial perfusion (MBG 2.3 ± 0.9 vs 1.7 ± 0.8; P = 0.05). Conclusions: This new, easy-to-use, device is able to reduce thrombus burden and to improve coronary flow in patients with thrombus-containing lesions. The improvement in myocardial perfusion associated to greater thrombus removal highlights the importance of thrombus aspiration in the management of thrombus-burdened coronary lesions. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Harmaline-induced climbing fiber activation causes amino acid and peptide release in the rodent cerebellar cortex and a unique temporal pattern of Fos expression in the olivo-cerebellar pathway

Cerebellar climbing fibers have a unique relationship with the dendritic tree of cerebellar Purkinje cells and have been proposed as a key input in establishing long-term plastic changes in the cerebellar cortex. Although both glutamate and aspartate and a number of neuropeptides have been implicated as climbing fiber-released neurotransmitters/neuromodulators, the in vivo release of these substances during climbing fiber stimulation remains to be demonstrated. In the present study, climbing fibers were activated with harmaline and rats or mice were implanted with a microdialysis probe or a microperfusion probe, respectively, to measure amino acid or peptide release. Additional rats were euthanized at various timepoints post-harmaline injection and Fos immunocytochemistry was used to visualize the activation pattern of the inferior olive, cerebellar cortex and deep nuclei over time. Fos expression was first detected in the inferior olive at 15 min post-harmaline injection followed by expression in the deep cerebellar nuclei (30 min) and then in the cerebellar cortex (1 h). Between 2 and 6 h Purkinje cells expressing Fos were found in variable numbers in both the vermal and paravermal regions and there was a distinct parasagittal-banding pattern in the vermal region. Of several amino acids measured following harmaline administration only glutamate and aspartate levels increased significantly in the first dialysate sample compared to preharmaline levels and their release was blocked by prior lesion of the inferior olive. Citrulline also increased following climbing fiber stimulation, but this occurred in the second and third dialysate samples and may reflect nitric oxide production. Four peptides were examined in cerebellar microperfusates following climbing fiber stimulation. Only corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) and bradykinin were significantly increased compared to pre-harmaline levels. These results suggest that glutamate, aspartate, CRF and CGRP are released from climbing fibers during activation of the olivocerebellar system.
Substrate colour-matching cues in the cryptic grasshopper Circotettix rabula rabula (Rehn & Hebard)

Abstract Experiments with two sympatric colour morphs of the cryptic grasshopper Circotettix rabula rabula suggest that substrate colour-matching may be achieved by a visual comparison between body colour and those backgrounds which provide crypsis. The significance of this mechanism of background matching to polymorphic species in heterogeneous environments is discussed.
Studies on the High Voltage Electrophoresis of Strychnos Alkaloids

The pH of the initial solution of brucine and strychnine affected the electrophoretic migration, with maximum migration occurring near a pH of 6.0 for strychnine and between 5.0 and 6.0 for brucine. The pH of the solvent used to fill the cell also affected the migration of strychnine. The optimal pH for this solvent was near 6.0. Increasing the voltage increased the rate of migration of both alkaloids. Strychnine migrated more readily when introduced nearer to the cathode. The concentration of the initial solution affected the migration of strychnine and brucine. Migration occurred best when high concentrations were introduced, tapering off slightly until at low concentrations the migrations were greatly reduced. The migration of strychnine was affected by the salt anion present, which occurred in the following order: sulfate ≤ hydrochloride > phosphate > lactate.
Combustion Simulation of Hydrogen-Fuelled Diesel Engines Using Detailed Chemical Kinetics

During the past decade, considerable effort has been made to introduce alternative energy sources for use in conventional diesel and gasoline engines. Many researchers have attempted to use hydrogen as a fuel in the diesel engine due to its ability to reduce pollutant emissions, such as carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons. With the rapid increase in computational capabilities, 3D computational fluid dynamics CFD codes become essential tools for practical design, control and optimization of hydrogen engines. In the present study, detailed chemical kinetic reactions with twenty steps of hydrogen oxidation with additional nitrogen oxidation reactions were coupled with AVL FIRE® code to study combustion processes in a diesel engine using hydrogen as the fuel. Moreover, a spark ignition model built by C++ program was incorporated into the AVL FIRE® software to simulate the hydrogen ignition behavior. The model was validated by the experimental results and employed to examine important parameters that have significant effects on the engine performance. The simulation results show that the variations of peak in-cylinder pressure, heat release rate, gas cylinder temperature, ignition delay, combustion duration, and NO emissions reasonably agree with the experimental findings. The exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) was also employed at different levels in the engine model. It was found that both peak cylinder pressure and gas cylinder temperature decrease as EGR level increases due to dilution effect. The computations are consistent with the hypothesis that gas cylinder temperature decreases with increasing EGR level and that the decrease in gas cylinder temperature results in the reduction in NO emissions.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Comparison of reduced dimensionality and accurate cumulative reaction probabilities for O(3P)+H2(ν=0, 1)

Abstract Reduced dimensionality (CEQB/G) cumulative reaction probabilities are compared with exact quantum ones for the O( 3 P)+H 2 (ν=0, 1) reaction for zero total angular momentum. The semi-empirical LEPS surface of Johnson and Winter as modified by Schatz is used in these calculations.
Persistence of Edovum puttleri (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) on Potato Plants and Parasitism of Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): Effects of Resource Availability and Weather

The persistence and distribution of Edovum puttleri Grissell, an egg parasitoid of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), on potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) plants with different host resources were quantified. E. puttleri were released into 1.5-m3 field cages enclosing pairs of potato plants with different combinations of host eggs, aphids producing honeydew, or without these resources. Observations every 2 h throughout the day revealed that the parasitoids spent more time during peak foraging periods on plants with aphids or host eggs, or both. However, the percentage of parasitism and mortality of beetle egg masses was not significantly higher on plants with aphids. The relationship between parasitism and mortality of beetle eggs by E. puttleri and weather conditions were analyzed.
A nuclear magnetic resonance investigation of high surface area silica-aluminas

Abstract A combination of conventional and multiple pulse nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques has been used to examine the hydroxyl protons on a series of high surface area silica-aluminas whose composition varied from 0–100% SiO2. Protons remaining on these materials after being calcined at 500 °C are found to exist as immobile and widely separated hydroxyl groups at room temperature. The concentrations of both SiOH and AlOH groups are reported as a function of adsorbent composition. With the high silica content samples, 100-75% SiO2, no AlOH groups were detectable, while on the 50% and lower SiO2 content samples most surface protons were in AlOH groups; thus, there is indication of a major change in local structure between 75 and 50% silica content. The isotropic part of the chemical shift tensor for hydroxyls on pure SiO2 is −4.2 ppm relative to TMS and the anisotropy extracted from the powder pattern assuming an axially symmetric tensor is +6.9 ppm, substantially smaller than those found for hydroxyl groups in the solid state.
Synthesis, Characterization and Properties of Polyisobutylene-Based Polyurethanes

Preparation par reaction de polyisobutylene diols liquides lineaire et de polyisobutylenes triols avec respectivement du triisocyanate et du diisocyanate. Proprietes
Artificial neural network models for knowledge representation in chemical engineering

Abstract Artificial neural network models exhibit the rule-following behavior of knowledge-based expert systems without containing any explicit representations of the rules. Instead of using explicit rules, the neural network model relies on a number of very simple neuron-like processing elements locally interacting through a set of unidirectional weighted connections. Knowledge is internally represented by the values of the weights and the topology of the connections. Learning involves modifying the connection weights. These networks can learn and adapt themselves to inputs from the actual processes allowing representation of complex engineering systems, which are difficult to model either with traditional model-based engineering or knowledge-based expert systems. This paper describes the characteristics of neural networks desirable for knowledge representation in chemical engineering processes. It explains the characteristics of neural networks focusing on the nodes, the connections and their learning capabilities, and describes a neural network design and simulation environment that can be used for experimentation. To illustrate the concepts, we demonstrate via a simple chemical engineering process how an artificial neural network can learn and discriminate successfully among faults.
Oasis: an architecture for simplified data management and disconnected operation

Oasis is an asymmetric peer-to-peer data management system tailored to the requirements of pervasive computing. Drawing upon applications from the literature, we motivate three high-level requirements: availability, manageability, and programmability. Oasis addresses these requirements by employing a peer-to-peer network of weighted replicas and performing background self-tuning. In this paper, we describe our architecture, our consistency-control mechanism, and an initial implementation. Our performance evaluation and the implementation of three applications suggest that Oasis offers good availability and performance while providing a simple API and a familiar consistency model.
Effects of momentum-dependent nuclear potential on two-nucleon correlation functions and light cluster production in intermediate energy heavy-ion collisions

Using an isospin- and momentum-dependent transport model, we study the effects due to the momentum dependence of isoscalar nuclear potential as well as that of symmetry potential on two-nucleon correlation functions and light cluster production in intermediate energy heavy-ion collisions induced by neutron-rich nuclei. It is found that both observables are affected significantly by the momentum dependence of nuclear potential, leading to a reduction of their sensitivity to the stiffness of nuclear symmetry energy. However, the $t∕^{3}\mathrm{He}$ ratio remains a sensitive probe of the density dependence of nuclear symmetry energy.
Three-dimensional steady-state temperature distribution about cylinders and discs

The steady-state temperature distribution about heat sources possessing axial symmetry is presented in two cases, the right circular source cylinder and the cylindrical column of thin circular source discs of random orientation. In both cases, the source strength is assumed to decrease exponentially from the one end of the cylinder to the other. Application of the results to the problem of optically produced burns, such as the retinal burn obtained in sun-gazing, is discussed. A brief comparison is made of the steady-state model with that employed in studies of transient temperature distributions in systems with time-dependent source strengths.
Cytoskeletal alterations accompany the age-related development of hepatic adenomas in genetically predisposed C3H mice

Mice of the C3H strain exhibit an age-dependent genetic predisposition toward the development of (usually benign) hepatic adenomas. Such adenomatous liver cells which arise in aged C3H mice can be distinguished from normal hepatocytes, or from the liver cells from age-matched non-adenoma-bearing animals, using kinetic and morphologic criteria (Higgins, AGE 9:71–78, 1986). Analysis of the detergent-insoluble cytomatrix of normal and Type I adenomatous liver cells focused on actin and proteins I and II which are known to comprise the microfilament and sub-membraneous cytoskeletons of various cell types. Type I adenomas arising in aged C3H mice exhibited increases of greater than 190% over control in the amount of polymeric actin associated with the cytomatrix. This increase in the microfilamentous form of actin reflected concomitant increases in two other low molecular weight cytoskeletal-associated proteins (designed components 2 and 3); component 3 possessed an electrophoretic mobility identical to that of protein II while component 2 was similar (but slightly smaller) in mass to protein I. The available data indicate that increases in the polymeric form of actin accompanies perturbations of cell kinetics associated with active stages in hepatic cell growth. In the non-regenerating C3H mouse liver, similar increases in microfilamentous actin content appears to signal a specific abnormal pathway of hepatocyte aging leading to adenoma formation.
A Non-Linear Model for Time

Some recent astronomical observations [4], and a number of experiments in particle physics, seem to cast doubt on the validity of the standard linear model for time. These results raise two (at least) questions: (1) If time is not a linear continuum (i.e., if the standard model is incorrect), then why does this model work so well in so many areas of science? (2) Whatever the “true nature” of time is, are there any advantages, to science, in replacing the standard model with a more complicated one? The purpose of this paper is to present a non-linear, mathematical model for time that enables us to answer question (1), and to partially answer question (2). Our discussion of question (2) is incomplete, but our results are intriguing. They also show promise of helping us understand some of the observations mentioned above. A rather natural extension of our model brings it into close contact with one that has been used in quantum theory (“Stochastically branching spacetime topology” by Roy Douglas [2]). These points of contact will also be discussed.
Electrochemistry of GaAs/AlGaAs superlattice electrodes in acetonitrile solutions with metallocene redox couples

Abstract The photoelectrochemical properties of novel GaAs/AlGaAs superlattice electrodes were investigated in nonaqueous solutions containing reversible and irreversible redox couples. The superlattice materials consisted of 35 alternating layers of 17 A Al 0.35 Ga 0.65 As and 150 A GaAs grown onto a highly doped p -GaAs substrate. Under illumination, the superlattice electrodes exhibited current/potential curves with hysteresis in decamethylferrocene +/0 solutions. The hysteresis was due to photoinduced dark current associated with hole injection into the valence band of the semiconductor. More reducing couples such as cobaltocene +/0 and dicarbomethoxycobaltocene +/0 afforded stable current/potential curves with the superlattice electrodes. The irreversible homogeneous and electrochemical reduction of a series of vicinal dibromides was investigated in order to develop a redox system capable of detecting hot electron reactions.
Structure–processing–property correlations in solution-processed, small-molecule, organic solar cells

Alkyl chains are often attached to the periphery of semiconductor molecules to impart solubility and they represent a pervasive structural element in solution processable, organic photovoltaics (OPV). It is important to understand the effects of such substitutions on the morphology and performance of organic solar cells. This investigation focuses on determining structure–property correlations in OPV devices constructed with small-molecule, solution processable electron donors based on benzothiadiazole–dithienopyrrole, mixed with the electron acceptor PCBM. Two donor molecules with the same opto-electronic molecular properties but differing alkyl substituents – without (BD) or with (BD6) hexyl side chains – are studied. The resulting device data for fabricated solar cells, across a range of processing conditions, is compared to thin-film morphology, spectroscopy, thermal analysis, and molecular dynamics simulations. Two device states of higher and lower performance, depending on the casting solvent, are obtained for the molecule without the side chains (BD); both states have amorphous mesoscale structure, but show subtle differences in the nanoscale phase separation. In contrast, for the molecule with side chains (BD6) devices have highly variable reproducibility and middling efficiency and photocurrent. The BD6 donor exhibits lower miscibility with PCBM, which correlates with the formation of a donor-enriched layer on the surface of the solar cell.
Existence and construction of compacton solutions

Abstract In this work we show the existence of compacton structures created from genuinely nonlinear dispersive equations. We show that the compactons, the compactly supported solitary waves free of exponential wings that vanish outside a finite core, are formally constructed from the focusing branches of these equations. We further show that the defocusing branches of these models generate solitary patterns solutions with infinite slopes or cusps.
Analog computer solutions for correction of ripple in magnetically-collimated electron beams

Analysis of the dynamics of an electron beam in a magnetic collimating field leads to formulas which can be processed conveniently in an analog computer to obtain individual solutions. This technique is applied to the problem of correcting the ripple which is generally imposed upon the envelope of the beam after passage through a spatial variation or reversal of the collimating field. However, a relatively general viewpoint is retained in developing methods and formulas for studying the motion of an outermost electron of a relatively uniform, round, straight electron beam. Fer this reason the results can be applied to beams from shielded or unshielded cathodes, passing through uniform, periodic, or nonperiodic reversing magnetic collimating fields. A simplified development of the mathematical theory of magnetically confined electron beams is presented, including the effects of spatial variations and reversals in the collimating magnetic fields. Formulas are developed for the equilibrium electron beam radius, and for the ripple frequency, axial wavelength, amplitude, and phase of the outermost electrons, in terms of the field parameters and the initial beam conditions. Analog computer solutions for an electron beam with various collimating magnetic fields serve to illustrate and confirm the developed formulas. From these computer solutions, suggestions are derived for guidance in shaping collimating magnetic fields so that electron beam ripple will be prevented or reduced.
Characterization of human papillomavirus type 57b: Transforming activity and comparative sequence analysis as probes for biological determinants associated with high-risk oncogenic viruses

The association of human papillomavirus type 57 (HPV-57) with premalignant and malignant tumors of the nasal cavity was previously reported (Wu et al., Lancet341, 522, 1993). We determined the complete nucleotide sequence of HPV-57b (GenBank 37537), which was molecularly cloned from a benign fungiform papilloma, and compared it with other HPV types and HPV-57a, which was cloned from an inverted papilloma of the maxillary sinus by de Villiers et al. (Virology171, 248. 1989). Comparative and phylogenetic analysis of amino acid sequences of the HPV-57b oncogenes E5, E6, and E7 were performed with HPV-6, 11, 16, and 18. Phylogenetic trees using the Jotun-Hein algorithm indicated a closer relationship of HPV-57b E5 and E7 with corresponding genes of HPV-18. Signature pattern analysis of these two oncogenes was also in agreement with a closer relatedness to HPV-16 and 18 oncogenes, which are associated with a high risk for malignant progression. Compared with 7861 bp of HPV-57a, HPV-57b had 7868 bp as well as differences in the restriction enzyme sites and the open reading frames, including at least five additional ones. To investigate the oncogenic potential of HPV-57b, NIH 3T3 and REF52 cells were cotransfected with two plasmids: pKP54.HPV-57b, which contains the HPV-57b genome, and pMT.neo. 1, which confers resistance to G418. After selection in culture medium containing G418, 58% of the G418r NIH 3T3 colonies and 47% of the G418r REF52 colonies exhibited morphological transformation. These results indicate that the transcriptional regulatory elements and the oncoproteins of HPV-57b are active in vitro to induce cellular transformation, as are other high-risk HPV types.
S,C-Sulfonium Ylides from Thiophenes: Potential Carbene Precursors

Photolysis of S,C-sulfonium ylides derived from thioanisol, thiophene, benzothiophene, or dibenzothiophene provides products deriving from dicarbomethoxycarbene. In methanol, no rearrangement of the carbene to the ketene derivative is observed. Formation of dibenzothiophene and benzothiophene is quantitative. For the thiophene-based ylide, insertion of the carbene into the α-CH bond of thiophene is observed. Evidence is presented that supports formation of both singlet and triplet carbene.
Tracer clearance studies in hydrocephalus: a critique.

Quantitative isotope ventriculography (QIV) has been suggested as a method for diagnosing hydrocephalus and predicting the results of CSF shunt insertion. However, the physiological significance of this and other tracer clearance studies is questionable. Using a simplified mathematical model for tracer clearance following ventricular injection, a series of isotope retention curves were generated by an IBM 360-40 computer. The author shows that the tracer clearance from the CSF is just as dependent on the volume of the CSF compartment as it is on the rate of CSF absorption. This means, for example, that doubling the CSF volume without diminishing absorption (cerebral atrophy) yields the same results as halving the absorption rate in a patient with normal CSF volume (early hydrocephalus). In order for tracer clearance studies to measure CSF absorption, to determine the presence of hydrocephalus, and to predict the results of shunting, an accurate measure of CSF volume must be obtained.
Increased renal responses to exogenous parathyroid hormone in postsurgical hypoparathyroidism.

Abstract Prior exposure to excess PTH desensitizes the kidney to subsequent doses of the hormone. We tested the hypothesis that prior deficiency of PTH would increase renal responsiveness to the agent. Ten normal subjects and nine patients with treated chronic postsurgical hypoparathyroidism received infusions of synthetic human PTH fragment 1-34 [hPTH-(l-34), Armour], 200 U over 10 min. All subjects responded to hPTH-(l-34) infusion with marked increases in plasma and urinary cAMP and phosphaturia. Mean (and median) urinary cAMP responses in the hypoparathyroid subjects were 62% (and 91%) above the responses in normal subjects, while mean (and median) nephrogenous cAMP responses were 65% (and 88%) higher than those in normal subjects. Mean (and median) phosphaturic responses to hPTH-(l-34) in hypoparathyroidism were 49% (and 52%) above normal subjects' responses. All of these differences were statistically significant. These data and others from the literature suggest that chronic hypoparathyroidism enha...
Delivery of siRNA silencing Runx2 using a multifunctional polymer-lipid nanoparticle inhibits osteogenesis in a cell culture model of heterotopic ossification

Heterotopic ossification (HO) associated with traumatic neurological or musculoskeletal injuries remains a major clinical challenge. One approach to understanding better and potentially treating this condition is to silence one or more genes believed to be responsible for osteogenesis by small interfering RNA (siRNA) post-injury. Improved methods of delivering siRNA to myoprogenitor cells as well as relevant cell culture models of HO are needed to advance this approach. We utilize a model of HO featuring C2C12 myoprogenitor cells stimulated to the osteogenic phenotype by addition of BMP-2. For siRNA delivery, we utilize a nanocomposite consisting of DOTAP-based cationic liposomes coated with a graft copolymer of poly(propylacrylic acid) grafted with polyetheramine (Jeffamine), as this system has been shown previously to deliver antisense oligonucleotides safely into cells and out of endosomes for gene silencing in vitro and in vivo. Delivery of siRNA targeting Runx2, a transcription factor downstream of BMP-2, to stimulated C2C12 cells produced greater than 60% down-regulation of the Runx2 gene. This level of gene silencing was sufficient to inhibit alkaline phosphatase activity over the course of several days and calcium phosphate deposition over the course of 2 weeks. These results show the utility of the BMP-2/C2C12 model for capturing the cellular cell-fate decision in HO. Further, they suggest DOTAP/PPAA-g-Jeffamine as a promising delivery system for siRNA-based therapy for HO.
Recruiting Students Into Optics

A critical issue in optics education is the recruiting of sufficient numbers of students, at both undergraduate and graduate levels, to meet the growing demand for graduates. This paper explores the problem and suggests some possible approaches for more effective recruiting.
The relationship of motor skills and adaptive behavior skills in young children with autism spectrum disorders

Abstract Objective To determine the relationship of motor skills and adaptive behavior skills in young children with autism. Design A multiple regression analysis tested the relationship of motor skills on the adaptive behavior composite, daily living, adaptive social and adaptive communicative skills holding constant age, non-verbal problem solving, and calibrated autism severity. Setting Majority of the data collected took place in an autism clinic. Participants A cohort of 233 young children with ASD ( n = 172), PDD-NOS ( n = 22) and non-ASD (developmental delay, n = 39) between the ages of 14–49 months were recruited from early intervention studies and clinical referrals. Children with non-ASD (developmental delay) were included in this study to provide a range of scores indicted through calibrated autism severity. Interventions Not applicable. Main outcome measures The primary outcome measures in this study were adaptive behavior skills. Results Fine motor skills significantly predicted all adaptive behavior skills ( p p Conclusions The fine and gross motor skills are significantly related to adaptive behavior skills in young children with autism spectrum disorder. There is more to focus on and new avenues to explore in the realm of discovering how to implement early intervention and rehabilitation for young children with autism and motor skills need to be a part of the discussion.
Subclavian artery to external carotid artery bypass graft. Improvement of cerebral blood supply.

• External carotid flow may contribute a substantial amount of cerebral flow via collaterals in cases of internal carotid artery occlusion. When common and internal carotid arteries are occluded, the distal portion of the external carotid artery is kept open by collateral flow. Revascularization of the external carotid by means of a bypass graft from the subclavian artery will improve the blood flow through collateral vessels connecting the external and internal carotid territories, and thus increase the cerebral blood supply from the branches of the external carotid artery. (Arch Surg111:893-896, 1976)
A study of Ru(0001) and Rh(111) surfaces using LEED and Auger electron spectroscopy

Abstract Clean Ru(0001) and Rh(111) surfaces show no atomic rearrangement. The Auger electron spectra from the clean surfaces are very similar and are indexed in terms of electronic transitions. Gas adsorption with CO, CO 2 and O 2 shows some similarities but with all gases studied, the Ru(0001) surface appeared to be more reactive than the Rh(111) surface.
DSN radio science system, Mark III-78

Mark III-78, is one of eight DSN Data Systems which provide major data types and functional capabilities to flight projects. It includes the equipment, software, personnel, documentation, procedures, and resources necessary to deliver the required data to flight projects. A system definition is given along with key characteristics, functional description, system configuration, testing, implementation status, and system schedule.
A mathematical theory of the mechanical behavior of continuous media

Until not long ago continuum mechanics meant to most people the theories of inviscid and linearly viscous fluids and of linearly elastic solids. However, the behavior of only few real materials can be described adequately by these classical theories. Experimental scientists, who had to deal with real materials, developed a science of non-classical materials called rheology. But they did not succeed in fitting their experimental results into a general mathematical framework. Most of the rheological theories are either one-dimensional, and hence appropriate at best for particular experimental situations, or are confined to infinitesimal deformations, in which case they are only of limited use, because large deformations occur easily in the materials these theories are intended to describe.
Initial Stages of Stress Corrosion Cracking in Austenitic Stainless Steels

Abstract Initial stages of stress corrosion cracking in Types 304 and 304L stainless steel were investigated with optical and electron microscopy techniques. Studies of U-bend samples and electron-...
Lymphoid progenitor cells and acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Studies with monoclonal antibodies

The bone marrow is a major site of development of self renewing lymphoid progenitor cells beginning in early fetal development and continuing through adult life; the enzyme TdT acts as a useful marker for such progenitor cells. Surface markers of these early cells are studied with hetroantisera and more recently with monoclonal antibodies. These cells are often HLA-DR+, gp 100/CAL-LA+, p24/BA-2+ and bind monoclonal antibodies BA-1 and PI 153/3. Marrow progenitor cells lack compelling evidence for T lineage commitment in that they don't bind thymocyte or mature T antibodies. On the other hand, evidence of B lineage commitment is evidenced by presence of cytoplasmic Ig (pre B phenotype) in some cells. Uncontrolled expansion of cells with lymphoid progenitor phenotypes is found in acute lymphoblastic leukemias.