cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lithographic performance of isomeric hydroxystyrene polymers

The synthesis and lithographic characterization of the three positional isomers of polyhydroxystyrene is described. Large differences in dissolution rates are found as a function of the position of the hydroxy group, which are explained in terms of intra- vs. intermolecular hydrogen bonding and steric shielding of the hydroxy group by the polymer backbone. In plots of log (dissolution rate) vs. developer strength, linear plots are observed for the 2- and 4-isomers, while for poly(3-hydroxystyrene), a break occurs in the plot, leading to two linear regions. While the 2-hydroxy isomer is too slow and the 4-hydroxy isomer too fast for use in conventional dissolution inhibition systems, the copolymerization of both allows any dissolution rate between these extremes to be chosen ( “dial a dissolution rate” copolymers). Determination of the copolymerization parameters of the corresponding 4- and 2-acetoxystyrene precursors by the method of Kelen and Tudos shows the polymerization to be nearly ideal and azeotropic (r1 = 0.76, r2 = 0.94). Analysis of the dissolution rates as a function of developer strength according to the Huang–Reiser–Kwei equation shows that the critical concentrations c* are a linear function of copolymer composition, whereas the penetration exponents in show a minimum near unity in the region of the 1 : 1 copolymer, down from the values of 3.2–3.3 observed for all three homopolymers. The 1 : 1 copolymer shows a dissolution rate comparable to novolak resins, and when formulated into a photoresist together with a diazonaphthoquinone sensitizer resolved 0.4μm features at a dose of 340 mJ/cm2. The thermal flow resistance of the resist was found to be improved over that of novolak resists although not to the degree expected from the increased Tg of the 1:1 copolymer.
The influence of flanking sequences on O-glycosylation.

Summary The influence of flanking sequences on O-glycosylation of serine and threonine residues was explored by comparison of known acceptor sites. Positions −6, −1 and +3 relative to the site were identified as particularly significant. To test the hypothesis that O-glycosylation could be affected by amino acid sequence, a series of test peptides was made containing substitutions at the sensitive positions. In vitro glycosylation of the peptides confirmed that the acceptor status of threonine was markedly influenced by the residues present at positions −6, −1 and +3. Circular dichroism indicated that peptides which had random structure were glycosylated, except when they contained a charged residue at position −1.
Protection against Minocycline Pigment Formation by Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)

Minocycline, a member of the tetracycline family of antibiotics, is widely used in the treatment of acne. Its use has been associated with intrinsic staining of adult human teeth, bones, and soft tissues. It causes blackening of the thyroid glands in both animals and humans. It has been determined that the pigment is the product of an oxidation reaction. Laboratory studies have shown that the pigment formation can be induced by exposure to ultraviolet light in the presence of air, and that an antioxidant, such as ascorbic acid (vitamin C), can block its formation. The present study was undertaken to determine whether the antioxidant vitamin C could prevent the pigmentation of tissues of laboratory rats given minocycline. Based on other studies, one group of rats was given minocycline by stomach tube at a dose of 75 mg/kg/day, 5 days per week, for 6 weeks. A second experimental group was given the same regimen of minocycline plus a supplement of ascorbic acid at a level of 0.1% of the diet. A control group received no treatment at all; all rats were maintained on laboratory rats chow and water ad libitum. The rats were euthanized by carbon dioxide inhalation. Nasomaxillary bones, including central incisors, and thyroid glands were removed and fixed with 10% buffered formalin. Bones and teeth showed no gross signs of staining and, therefore, were not processed further. Thyroid glands were visibly darker in the minocycline group; specimens from all three groups were processed histologically. Microscopic examination revealed extensive deposits of black pigment throughout the follicles of the minocycline group, whereas the group receiving both minocycline and vitamin C showed no sign of pigmentation and were indistinguishable from controls. It is suggested that patients on long-term minocycline medication be monitored for thyroid function.
Complexation of Curium(III) with DTPA at 10–70 °C: Comparison with Eu(III)–DTPA in Thermodynamics, Luminescence, and Coordination Modes

Separation of trivalent actinides (An(III)) from trivalent lanthanides (Ln(III)) is a challenging task because of the nearly identical chemical properties of these groups. Diethylenetriaminepentaacetate (DTPA), a key reagent used in the TALSPEAK process that effectively separates An(III) from Ln(III), is believed to play a critical role in the An(III)/Ln(III) separation. However, the underlying principles for the separation based on the difference in the complexation of DTPA with An(III) and Ln(III) remain unclear. In this work, the complexation of DTPA with Cm(III) at 10-70 °C was investigated by spectrophotometry, luminescence spectroscopy, and microcalorimetry, in conjunction with computational methods. The binding strength, the enthalpy of complexation, the coordination modes, and the luminescence properties are compared between the Cm(III)-DTPA and Eu(III)-DTPA systems. The experimental and computational data demonstrated that the difference between Cm(III) and Eu(III) in the binding strength with DTPA can be attributed to the stronger covalence bonding between Cm(III) and the nitrogen donors of DTPA.
NUCLEATION AND MORPHOLOGY OF CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN CRYSTALS.

IT has been suggested recently1 that the morphology of enzyme crystals grown from solutions at various super-saturations2 may be interpreted in terms of the basic mechanisms of nucleation. Little is known of either the nucleation mechanism or the solid-state properties of enzymes, since most are notoriously unstable even under mild conditions. The work presented here is a preliminary examination of the nucleation of bovine α-chymotrypsino-gen from solution. This enzyme has been selected because it is available commercially in a particularly pure form and something is known of its solid-state structure. From X-ray diffraction data3 the molecule is said to be spherical with a radius of 21 A. It consists of approximately 246 amino-acid units4 and has a molecular volume of 17,100 ml./mole5.
Dye-Polyethylene Glycol 6000 Interactions in Filmcoating Solutions and Their Effect on Color Uniformity

The objective of this study was to evaluate the problems of uneven coloration in tablets filmcoated with solutions utilizing polyethylene glycol(PEG 6000) and cellulose acetate phthalate(CAP) in a solvent system consisting of 65 per cent acetone and 35 per cent absolute alcohol. It was hypothesized that to obtain uniform color the dye needed to be brought into solution due to interaction between it and one of the other ingredients in the solution. Attention was focused on CAP, PEG 6000, and titanium dioxide. The procedures included the following steps:( a ) study of the interaction between dyes, and PEG 6000;( b ) study of interaction between dyes and CAP;( c ) testing of the hypothesis stated above in filmcoating operations;( d ) study of the function of titanium dioxide in filmcoating solutions. The results show that the interaction of PEG 6000 with the solid dye results in the solubilization of the latter and this is significant in producing uniform color. No interaction was observed between CAP and the dyes. Titanium dioxide was found to act purely mechanically in preventing the aggregation of dye particles.
Human T cells in cord blood: abnormalities in IA antigens induction by phytohemagglutinin and in autologous mixed lymphocyte reactions.

Abstract About 25% of human T cells isolated from cord blood acquired Ia antigens following stimulation with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) for 72 hr. This percentage is markedly lower than that found in PHA-activated T-cell populations (PHA-T cells) isolated from peripheral blood of adults. The low expression of Ia antigens by human T cells from cord blood does not reflect abnormalities in the sensitivity to PHA stimulation and/or in the kinetics of induction of Ia antigens. PHA-T cells from cord blood display a low stimulatory activity in autologous mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR). The defect does not reflect a nonspecific abnormality in the stimulatory activity of PHA-T cells from cord blood, since the latter do not differ from PHA-T cells from adults in their ability to stimulate allogeneic T cells from adults. Furthermore the defect does not reflect a nonspecific abnormality in the proliferative response of T cells from cord blood, since the latter display a normal proliferative response to PHA-T cells from adults. The defect in the proliferative response is not restricted to the autologous MLR with PHA-T cells, since it was found also in autologous MLR with non-T cells as stimulators. Correlation of the temporal evolution of the abnormalities of human T cells with the maturation of the immune system may contribute to our understanding of the role of Ia antigens in cell-cell interactions and of the biological significance of abnormalities of autologous MLR.
Symmetry Properties of States and Costates in Impulsive Control Systems

This paper reveals two symmetry properties of the states and costates of a special type of optimal impulsive control problems and, based on these two properties, proposes a new procedure for obtaining the second-order states and costates approximations. It further shows with an example that this procedure is efficient and can be implemented effectively in a computer algebraic system.
Persistent Photoreversibility of Leaf Development

Far red light reversal of red light induced leaf expansion and enzyme changes were investigated in seedlings of Phaseolus vulgaris var. Black Valentine. In etiolated plants growth, anthocyanin accumulation and increases in glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and glycolic acid oxidase activities induced by a 10 min red irradiation were stopped by a 7 min far red irradiation given 17, 24, or 48 hr after activation. Etiolated seedlings illuminated for 24 hr with white light and seedlings grown in continuous light remained sensitive to far red reversal. This suggests that the far red sensitive receptor does not decay with time but remains associated with the site of its regulatory functions.
Optimal average message passing density in Moore graphs

Abstract Moore graphs are compact graphs. As interconnection networks, they would minimize communication costs. We show that K 1 , K 2 and the Petersen graph are the only Moore graphs that belong to e 2 , that is, are optimal in average message passing density. We also show that e 2 is closed under the Cartesian product (x) operation. On the basis of these findings, a new architecture is proposed.
Study of stress and strain in human spine

Identifying the stress and strain distributions in human spines is critical for understanding and predicting spine injuries. A mltiphysics, finite element numerical simulation program, COMSOL is employed to predict the stress and strain in the whole spine. The study included 3D modeling of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae from T1 to L5, with intervertebral discs, and facet joints. The forces applied are chosen to mimic the different physiological environments that the spine would undergo in the daily activities. The spine was subjected to compression, extension and lateral bending loads, following the methods reported in the literature from cadaveric experiments. In this study, the vertebral bodies were assumed as perfectly cortical rigid bones, without bony endplates; while the spinal ligaments were modeled with a linear elastic constitutive law. The results show a map of stress and strain for applying different types of loads, indicating the areas where stress will be severe.
Discriminative stimulus functions in rats of AM1346, a high-affinity CB1R selective anandamide analog

Objective To characterize in vivo the high-affinity CB1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1R) selective anandamide analog AM1346 [alkoxyacid amide of N-eicosa-tetraenylamine] using drug discrimination. Substitution tests involved Δ 9 tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 9 -THC) and R-(+)-methanandamide (mAEA), a metabolically stable analog of anandamide (AEA), as well as the CB1R antagonist/inverse agonist rimonabant; D-amphetamine and morphine were also exam
Integration of co-localized glandular morphometry and protein biomarker expression in immunofluorescent images for prostate cancer prognosis

Immunofluorescent (IF) image analysis of tissue pathology has proven to be extremely valuable and robust in developing prognostic assessments of disease, particularly in prostate cancer. There have been significant advances in the literature in quantitative biomarker expression as well as characterization of glandular architectures in discrete gland rings. However, while biomarker and glandular morphometric features have been combined as separate predictors in multivariate models, there is a lack of integrative features for biomarkers co-localized within specific morphological sub-types; for example the evaluation of androgen receptor (AR) expression within Gleason 3 glands only. In this work we propose a novel framework employing multiple techniques to generate integrated metrics of morphology and biomarker expression. We demonstrate the utility of the approaches in predicting clinical disease progression in images from 326 prostate biopsies and 373 prostatectomies. Our proposed integrative approaches yield significant improvements over existing IF image feature metrics. This work presents some of the first algorithms for generating innovative characteristics in tissue diagnostics that integrate co-localized morphometry and protein biomarker expression.
Overlapping paradigms in the cost benefit analysis of pollution regulation

The paper explores some inconsistencies between different frameworks for cost benefit analysis of regulations for pollution externalities. There are three different guiding paradigms for such analysis: one measuring costs and benefits in monetary units, one that considers utilitarian measures of costs and benefits, and one based on the just allocation of individual rights. The first two paradigms (monetary and utilitarian) are shown to be incompatible when there is asymmetric dispersion of costs and benefits. This raises the question of which standard is appropriate. The final section of the paper explores how standard analysis incorporates an assumption that the victims of pollution have a right to be protected. This assumption undermines the validity of both the utilitarian and monetary paradigms for applications where victims are not compensated for pollution damages. There is an inherent tension, or inconsistency, in the way standard analysis synthesizes normative and positive considerations into a framework for public policy design.
Third-Sound Velocity and Onset on Grafoil

Third-sound velocity and onset measurements have been made for $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ adsorbed on Grafoil foam. The third-sound velocity has a dependence on film thickness and temperature similar to that of third sound on glass substrates, with some distinguishing features. The film vapor pressure at onset has, to some degree, the universal temperature dependence found for other substrates. The superfluid areal density divided by the onset temperature agrees with the universal constant predicted by the Kosterlitz-Thouless-Nelson theory to within 11%.
Disaccharidase deficiency in pediatric patients with celiac disease and intact villi

Abstract Background and aims. The “gold standard” for the diagnosis of celiac disease (CD) is the small intestinal biopsy. A significant number of biopsies are inadequate for interpretation. Furthermore, the labeling of a biopsy as a Marsh I or II is somewhat subjective and may vary with the experience of the pathologist. Our hypothesis is that patients with intact villi undergoing biopsies frequently have associated disaccharidase deficiencies (DSD). Methods. We reviewed 220 charts of pediatric patients with CD and selected those with a duodenal biopsy Marsh score of I/II. The disaccharidase (DS) levels of these patients were compared with a randomly selected, age-matched control group. DSD is defined as levels below the lower limits of normal. Results. Lactase (mean lactase = 18.8 in the control group vs. 4.2 in the diseased group, p = 0.004); sucrase (mean sucrase = 46.4 in the control group vs. 21.4 in the diseased group, p = 0.001); maltase (mean maltase = 138 in the control group vs. 52.5 in the dis...
MARITAL THERAPY AND GENDER‐LINKED FACTORS IN COMMUNICATION

Understanding the process of communication is important because communication is critical to all forms of psychotherapy. A proper understanding of communication is particularly important in marital therapy because communications is often a treatment target. A central question of this paper is whether or not communication training (CT) programs in marital therapy have been sufficiently sensitive to the complexities of gender in communication. A critical review of research on the role of gender in communication is presented. Existing data indicate that individuals tend to hold stereotypes of gender differences in language, but many of these purported differences have not been supported in empirical investigations. However, gender has been found to be linked to variables such as amount of conversation elicited, length of utterance, use of qualifying phrases, swearing, use of back channel cues, breaking of silences, function of tag questions, and compliment style. Numerous limitations of the empirical literature exploring gender differences in communication behavior are described. This paper advocates the development of models of communication in which gender is recognized as having significant implications.
Emerging hemodynamic signatures of the right heart (Third International Right Heart Failure Summit, part 2)

AbstractDespite the importance of preserved right ventricular structure and function with respect to outcome across the spectrum of lung, cardiac, and pulmonary vascular diseases, only recently have organized efforts developed to consider the pulmonary vascular–right ventricular apparatus as a specific unit within the larger context of cardiopulmonary pathophysiology. The Third International Right Heart Failure Summit (Boston, MA) was a multidisciplinary event dedicated to promoting a dialogue about the scientific and clinical basis of right heart disease. The current review provides a synopsis of key discussions presented during the section of the summit titled “Emerging Hemodynamic Signatures of the Right Heart.” Specifically, topics emphasized in this element of the symposium included (1) the effects of pulmonary vascular dysfunction at rest or provoked by exercise on the right ventricular pressure-volume relationship, (2) the role of pressure-volume loop analysis as a method to characterize right vent...
A taxonomy of vulnerabilities in implantable medical devices

Once the domain of science fiction, devices connecting biological systems with computers have become reality. Security vulnerabilities that might be exploited in such systems by malicious parties or by inadvertent manipulation are also now a reality. Where previous research has described certain categories of attacks against and countermeasures for implantable medical devices (IMDs), we construct a loose vulnerability taxonomy useful for the design of countermeasures that reinforce the security of these devices and evaluate avenues of attack that are novel to devices implanted in the body. Using this taxonomy, we discuss several well-known and novel countermeasures and discuss the specific categories of attacks that each can foil.
MMPI measures of psychological disturbance in adolescent and adult victims of father-daughter incest

The MMPI was used to study psychological disturbance in two different age groups of victims of father-daughter incest. The profiles of a group of 27 adolescent victims and 31 adult victims were compared and analyzed. All subjects had a history of being molested when they were children by their fathers or stepfathers, and all were in psychotherapy at the time of testing. In order to establish clear age differentiation between the two groups, no adolescent was over the age of 19 and no subject in the adult group was under age 30 when they were tested. The results indicated that the overall profiles were more elevated for the adult victims than for the adolescent victims. Both groups were elevated (T greater than 70) on Scale 8 (Sc), and the adults also were elevated on Scale 4 (PD), while the adolescents were high (T = 69) on Scale 9 (MA). The results are discussed in terms of core personality disturbance shared by the two groups and the probable influence of time or age on how the psychopathology is expressed.
Compactness of the space of non-randomized policies in countable-state sequential decision processes

For sequential decision processes with countable state spaces, we prove compactness of the set of strategic measures corresponding to nonrandomized policies. For the Borel state case, this set may not be compact (Piunovskiy, Optimal control of random sequences in problems with constraints. Kluwer, Boston, p. 170, 1997) in spite of compactness of the set of strategic measures corresponding to all policies (Schal, On dynamic programming: compactness of the space of policies. Stoch Processes Appl 3(4):345–364, 1975b; Balder, On compactness of the space of policies in stochastic dynamic programming. Stoch Processes Appl 32(1):141–150, 1989). We use the compactness result from this paper to show the existence of optimal policies for countable-state constrained optimization of expected discounted and nonpositive rewards, when the optimality is considered within the class of nonrandomized policies. This paper also studies the convergence of a value-iteration algorithm for such constrained problems.
Effect of a separator in a sheet die on the anisotropy of tear strength of extruded medium density polyethylene

Sheets of medium density polyethylene (MDPE) were extruded through a slit die containing an internal separator. Thus, the melt stream was momentarily split before emerging from the die. A line of separation was evident in the extruded sheets. It is attributed to incomplete welding or healing. Measurements of tear energy Gc revealed that the extruded sheets were anisotropic and that the weld line was extremely weak after extrusion start-up, only about 1/5 of the strength elsewhere. As extrusion continued, the strength of the weld line increased to reach that of the bulk material after about 10 min. This is attributed to an increasing temperature of the melt in the die region, aiding interdiffusion. A sample containing 30% by weight of short glass fibers showed less initial weld-line weakness but the weld line remained weak in this case, even after long extrusion times.
The Effect of Sulfur on Methane Partial Oxidation and Reforming Processes for Lean NOx Trap Catalysis

Lean NOx trap catalysts have demonstrated the ability to reduce NOx emissions from lean natural gas reciprocating engines by >90%. The technology operates in a cyclic fashion where NOx is trapped on the catalyst during lean operation and released and reduced to N2 under rich exhaust conditions; the rich cleansing operation of the cycle is referred to as “regeneration” since the catalyst is reactivated for more NOx trapping after NOx purge. Creating the rich exhaust conditions for regeneration can be accomplished by catalytic partial oxidation of methane in the exhaust system. Furthermore, catalytic reforming of partial oxidation exhaust can enable increased quantities of H2 which is an excellent reductant for lean NOx trap regeneration. It is critical to maintain clean and efficient partial oxidation and reforming processes to keep the lean NOx trap functioning properly and to reduce extra fuel consumption from the regeneration process. Although most exhaust constituents do not impede partial oxidation and reforming, some exhaust constituents may negatively affect the catalysts and result in loss of catalytic efficiency. Of particular concern are common catalyst poisons sulfur, zinc, and phosphorous. These poisons form in the exhaust through combustion of fuel and oil, and although they are present at low concentrations, they can accumulate to significant levels over the life of an engine system. In the work presented here, the effects of sulfur on the partial oxidation and reforming catalytic processes were studied to determine any durability limitations on the production of reductants for lean NOx trap catalyst regeneration.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Total Synthesis of Iso[4]-levuglandin E2

Iso[4]-levuglandin E2 (iso[4]-LGE2, 5-acetyl-6-formyl-9-hydroxy-7(E),11(Z)-heptadecadienoic acid) is a structural isomer of levuglandin E2 (8-acetyl-9-formyl-12-hydroxy-5(Z),10(E)-heptadecadienoic acid) that we postulate to be generated during autoxidation of arachidonic acid or arachidonate esters. To facilitate detection and identification of iso[4]-LGE2 in biological samples, a succinct total synthesis was developed that depends on conjugate addition of a higher order vinyl cyanocuprate to a γ-alkoxy enone to provide a key carbon−carbon bond-forming step. Bismethoxime pentafluorobenzyl ester trimethylsilyl ether derivatives of LGE2 and iso[4]-LGE2 were prepared and shown to be suitable for mass spectral identification of these highly oxidized lipids.
Some features of a turbulent wing-body junction vortical flow

Abstract Laser-Doppler velocimeter measurements of a wing/body junction flow field made within a plane to the side of the wing/wall junction and perpendicular both to a 3:2 elliptical nose—NACA 0020 tail wing, and a flat wall are presented. Reynolds number of the approach boundary layer was, Re θ = 5940, and free-stream air velocity was, U ref = 27.5 m/s. A large vortical structure residing in the outer region redirects the low-turbulence free-stream flow to the vicinity of the wing/wall junction, resulting in thin boundary layers with velocity magnitudes higher than free-stream flow. Lateral pressure gradients result in a three-dimensional separation on the uplifting side of the vortex. Additionally, a high vorticity vortical structure with opposite sense to the outer-layer vortex forms beneath the outer-layer vortex. Normal and shear stresses increase to attain values an order of magnitude larger compared to values measured in a three-dimensional boundary layer just outside the junction vortex. Bimodal histograms of the w fluctuating velocity occur under the outer-layer vortex near the wall due to the time-dependent nature of the horseshoe vortex. In such a flow the shear-stress angle (SSA) highly lags the flow-gradient angle (FGA), and the turbulence diffusion is highly altered due to presence of vortical structures.
Mixing Timescales in a Supernova-driven Interstellar Medium

We study the mixing of chemical species in the interstellar medium (ISM). Recent observations suggest that the distribution of species such as deuterium in the ISM may be far from homogeneous. This raises the question of how long it takes for inhomogeneities to be erased in the ISM, and how this depends on the length scale of the inhomogeneities. We added a tracer field to the three-dimensional, supernova-driven ISM model of de Avillez (2000) to study mixing and dispersal in kiloparsec-scale simulations of the ISM with different supernova rates and different inhomogeneity length scales. We find several surprising results. Classical mixing length theory fails to predict the very weak dependence of mixing time on length scale that we find on scales of 25-500 pc. Derived diffusion coefficients increase exponentially with time, rather than remaining constant. The variance of composition declines exponentially, with a time constant of tens of megayears, so that large differences fade faster than small ones. The time constant depends on the inverse square root of the supernova rate. One major reason for these results is that even with numerical diffusion exceeding physical values, gas does not mix quickly between hot and cold regions.
Genetic and non-genetic control of myocardial calcium

Some aspects of the genetic and non-genetic control of the amount and rate of calcium cycled during steady-state activation of papillary muscles from right ventricular rabbit myocardium are presented. Genetic reorganization of the intracellular structure of the myocardium is achieved by producing right ventricular pressure overload and thyrotoxic hypertrophy. The mechanical performance of the pressure overload heart is slowed while time to peak tension is increased. These changes are associated with an increase in myothermal economy. In thyrotoxic hypertrophy the rate of mechanical performance is increased while time to peak tension is decreased. These alterations are associated with a decrease in myothermal economy. Tension-independent heat is used as an index of calcium cycling. In pressure overload hearts the amount and rate of calcium cycling is decreased. In contrast in thyrotoxic hypertrophy the amount of calcium cycled is unchanged while the rate is increased. In the pressure overload hearts there is a decrease in sarcoplasmic reticular (SR) Ca+ + ATPase, whereas in the thyrotoxic preparations the message is increased. The change in the rate of calcium uptake in pressure overload and thyrotoxic hearts is correlated with a change in the amount of SR Ca+ + ATPase mRNA. Calcium cycling was also altered by non-genetic inotropic intervention. Isoproterenol (1 µM) increases the amount of calcium cycled during each contraction relaxation cycle and the rate at which it is removed. These alterations are associated with an increase in force and a foreshortened twitch. Incubating the papillary muscle in high calcium (11 mM) also increases the force and the amount of calcium released into the cytosol. Unter these circumstances the rate of uptake is not significantly increased and, accordingly, the isometric twitch is not foreshortened. In the presence of verapamil (14 µM) the peak twitch force is decreased and the isometric myogram is foreshortened. These changes are associated with a decrease in the amount of calcium released during activation and the rate at which it is removed.
Transport and metabolism of purines by isolated choroid plexus, liver and brain in the spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias.

Abstract 1. 1. The transport and metabolism of [2-14C]-xanthine and of [8-14C]-hypoxanthine were studied in isolated choroid plexus of the spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias. 2. 2. Both purines are accumulated in choroid plexus by a specific, carrier-mediated transport mechanism. Xanthine transport is inhibited by structural analogs containing an enolizable hydroxyl group at carbon atom No. 6 of the purine ring. 3. 3. Neither xanthine nor hypoxanthine was metabolized extensively by choroid plexus. 4. 4. The concentration of hypoxanthine in plasma, CSF and extradural fluid was measured by high pressure liquid chromatography. 5. 5. The activities of several purine metabolizing enzymes were determined for brain, liver and choroid plexus.
Detection of subsurface features in Seasat radar images of Means Valley, Mojave Desert, California

Igneous dikes buried beneath as much as 2 m of alluvium in the Mojave Desert of California were detected by the SEASAT L-band (23.5-cm wavelength) synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) in 1978. The roughness and dihedral configuration of the dikes are favorable to generation of strong radar echos. The soil-moisture levels in 1978 were likely below the critical 1% level. The other permissive conditions for radar penetration of a fine-grained and thin alluvial cover are present. Our findings suggest that subsurface features with potential tectonic or geomorphic significance may be revealed in other orbital radar images of semiarid terrains.
Hybrid optical-electronic logic gates in complementary metal-oxide semiconductor very-large-scale integration

Photodiodes are integrated into complementary metal-oxide semiconductor very-large-scale integration logic circuits to provide a hybrid interface between parallel-optical and electronic computing formats. This permits direct parallel transfer from an optical processor or storage element to a standard electronic system. The optical input beams may be viewed as control signals or as logical inputs that increase the system complexity and permit direct interaction of the electronic logic circuits with the optical beam states. Applications of the approach include hybrid optical-electronic logic gates, optical control of electronic data paths, and optically reconfigured very-large-scale integration circuits.
Prevalence of bone marrow signal abnormalities observed in the temporomandibular joint using magnetic resonance imaging.

Abstract a Purpose The purpose of this investigation was to determine the prevalence of bone marrow signal abnormalities in patients referred for temperomandibular joint (TMJ) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This investigation was done because of prior studies suggesting that condylar marrow signal abnormalities indicate avascular necrosis. Subjects and Methods Retrospective review was done of 449 consecutive TMJ MR examinations in 415 patients from 1991 to 1994. Examinations were obtained with a surface coil at 1.5 T with routine T1, T2, and T2∗ images. Condylar marrow signal abnormalities were reviewed and classified into either a bone marrow edema pattern (hypointense T1, hyperintense T2) or a sclerosis pattern (hypointense T1 and hypointense T2). Patients with typical findings of osteoarthritis were excluded from the sclerosis category. Results Condylar marrow signal abnormalities were present in 37 patients (9%). Twenty-six patients (6%) had the edema pattern, 14 patients (3%) had the sclerosis pattern, and 3 patients had both. Two patients with the edema pattern had a history of surgery; five patients with the sclerosis pattern had a history of surgery. The only follow-up MRIs obtained in the 37 patients were on one patient with edema at 8 months and on one patient with sclerosis at 10 months. MRI demonstrated a stable appearance of these patterns. Conclusion It was concluded that condylar marrow signal abnormalities are not rare in patients referred for TMJ MRI. The clinical significance of the changes is uncertain.
Improving performance of dynamic state estimators under unknown load changes

This paper investigates the use of dynamic state estimation for monitoring the transmission grid not only during pseudo steady-state but also during and following disturbances. The paper mainly considers line switching events but the developed estimator can be used under any other type of system disturbance. Unlike previous studies reported in the literature, this work takes into account changes in bus loads which are assumed to be monitored at longer intervals. Assumed variance of the system state is strategically varied to minimize the impact of this approximation on the dynamic state estimation. The well-known and documented Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) is chosen in formulating the dynamic state estimator, due to its advantages over the commonly used Extended Kalman Filter (EKF). Simulation results will be shown to illustrate the proposed approach to handle slow load changes as well as dynamic estimation of state trajectory during line switching transients.
Cost-benefit of a nursing telephone intervention to reduce preterm and low-birthweight births in an African American clinic population.

Abstract Background. A cost-benefit analysis was performed to estimate the cost-savings obtained from a nursing telephone intervention delivered to pregnant women identified as being at risk for preterm or low-birthweight births. Methods. After being screened for eligibility, a total of 1,554 women receiving prenatal care in a clinic located in Winston-Salem, North Carolina were randomized to intervention and control groups. Women in the intervention group received telephone calls from a registered nurse one or two times each week from the 24th through the 37th week of gestation. Results. No clinical benefits were realized by Caucasian participants. The intervention reduced preterm and low-birthweight births, and resulted in cost savings, for African-American mothers ages 19 and over. No significant differences were seen in the rates of low-birthweight or preterm births and no cost savings were realized from intervention with women ages 18 and younger. Conclusions. A prenatal nursing support intervention in a clinic population of pregnant African American women was cost-beneficial for these adults (≤19 years of age).
Studying Journalists and Journalism Across Four Decades: A Sociology of Occupations Approach

A unique research interest in the influence of society on the media led to a productive career for David H. Weaver of Indiana University, with 5 national surveys, 3 books, and dozens of research studies in the past 4 decades. In this Deutschmann Scholars essay, the author reflects on his research career and the challenges now confronting journalists around the world in the 21st century. The author then reviews the significant findings of studies in agenda-setting and media effects and observes that media scholars have neglected to establish linkages between individual journalists and the content they produce. He calls for expanded research on the attitudes of journalists and new media systems, and how these relate to the quality of news reporting.
Aquafac: Aqueous Functional Group Activity Coefficients

Abstract AQUAFAC, a new group contribution method for estimating aqueous activity coefficients, has been applied to a large set of organic compounds. The current work introduces 27 new group values for hydrocarbon, halogen, and non-hydrogen bond donating oxygen groups. Group values (q-values) have been derived from a data set of 621 compounds representing over 1700 individual solubility values. No correction factors were used in generating the current group values. AQUAFAC was found to give acceptable results when applied to some environmentally important compounds.
Canonical structure in attribute based file organization

A new file structure for attribute based retrieval is proposed in this paper. It allows queries involving arbitrary Boolean functions of the attribute-value pairs to be processed without taking intersections of lists. The structure is highly dependent on the way in which the file is to be used and is uniquely determined by the specification of the allowed queries. Thus, for example, the structure for retrieval on the basis of ranges of values on a given attribute would be very different from one where only retrieval on the basis of a single value is permitted.The file organization being proposed is based on the atoms of a Boolean algebra generated by the queries. The desirable properties claimed for this structure are proved, and file maintenance questions are discussed.
An investigation of grain boundary sliding in superplasticity at high elongations

Experiments were performed on the superplastic Zn-22% Al eutectoid alloy to determine the contribution of grain boundary sliding at both low (35%) and high (∼235%) elongations. The tests were conducted at two different strain rates in the superplastic Region II, and the results show that, within the accuracy of the measurements, there is a large sliding contribution at both elongations. By taking detailed measurements of both the magnitude of the sliding offset and the type of interface, it is shown that the average offsets are generally a maximum at the Zn-Zn boundaries, there is less sliding at the Zn-Al interfaces, and the offsets are a minimum at the Al-Al boundaries. In addition, the distributions of the magnitudes of the sliding offsets are similar at both the low and high elongations. It is concluded that grain boundary sliding is an important deformation process in the superplastic Region II and that it remains important even when the elongation is very high. The nature of the results indicates also that experimental observations of the deformation behaviour in superplastic materials at low elongations (up to 50%) provide meaningful information on the behaviour at much higher (superplastic) elongations.
An improved mesh generator for poisson

A new two-stage preprocessor has been designed to upgrade the "Automesh- Lattice" mesh generators. The output is applied to the Winslow non- linear Poisson solver. Both cartesian and polar topologies are implemented. In addition, a self replicating block feature has been superposed so that resolution of closely spaced conductors is possible. Rapid problem definition is achieved by providing user diagnostics for mesh generation correction strategies, involving simple mesh density, grid assignment and smoothing controls. Further advances in solving algorithms and post-processing techniques are also described. These include inclusion of integral methods into both the solving and post-processing algorithms, and enhanced extraction of field and field harmonics.
Raman database considerations for near-infrared systems

For Raman spectroscopy the ability to detect is often limited by the existence and quality of the reference library to which field spectra are compared. Developing such databases is often labor- and resource-intensive; typically the generated data are not transferred to other instruments. Still other considerations may exist for comparing data at visible and ultraviolet excitation wavelengths such as resonance enhancement. However, for the common near-infrared wavelengths of 785, 830, 960, 1047 and 1064 nm where this is normally of a lesser concern, it is logical to consider whether data can be ported from one spectrometer to another so as to obviate the expensive and time-consuming process of generating reference data for each system. The present experiment generated a list of 125 chemical and common substances and formed a database from their corresponding 1064 nm spectra. The same molecules were then measured using a 785 nm system. The new spectra were treated as "unknowns" and compared to the 1064 nm database using a commercial search algorithm. We found that at least 108 of the 125 spectra recorded at 785 nm were correctly identified using the search algorithm. For the few that were incorrectly identified, in most cases the spectra were extremely similar or the 785 nm signal was degraded due to fluorescence, as would occur regardless of reference data. Our results indicate that if the spectrometers are properly calibrated on both their wavelength and intensity axes, "foreign" data recorded at a different NIR wavelength can be successfully used as reference libraries.
HLA investigations in paternity cases showing incompatible homozygosity

Abstract Incompatible homozygosity is seen when either the putative father is homozygous for a gene which the child lacks or when the child is homozygous for a gene which is absent from the putative father. Sixty-nine cases of paternity with incompatible homozygosity between child and putative father are reported. These cases were investigated in the HLA system and the results obtained are presented.
Advertising to Communicate Public Policy: Applying Lessons from Federal Tax Law

Abstract The admittedly unusual example of advertising to raise the likelihood that federal tax policies meet their objectives offers a starting point for exploring questions about the appropriateness and effectiveness of advertising with government dollars. Advertising paid for with public money, designed for communication concerning a public policy, may be the way to attain the objectives of that policy, it is argued here, depending on the task, the audience, and the acceptability of the message.
Performance Analysis of the Censored Mean-Level Detector

The censored mean-level detector (CMLD) is an alternative to the mean-level detector that achieves robust detection performance in a multiple-target environment by censoring several of the largest samples of the maximum likelihood estimate of the background noise level. Here we derive exact expressions for the probability of detection of the CMLD in a multiple-target environment when a fixed number of Swerling II targets are present. The primary target is modeled by Swerling case II, and only single-pulse processing is analyzed. Optimization of the CMLD parameters is considered, and a comparison to other detectors is presented.
Corporate Integrity and Public Interest: A Relational Approach to Business Ethics and Leadership

This paper approaches the question of corporate integrity and leadership from a civic perspective, which means that corporations are seen as members of civil society, corporate members are seen as citizens, and corporate decisions are guided by civic norms. Corporate integrity, from this perspective, requires that the communication patterns that constitute interpersonal relationships at work exhibit the civic norm of reciprocity and acknowledge the need for security and the right to participate. Since leaders are members of corporate relationships, their integrity will be determined by the integrity of these interpersonal relationships, and by their efforts to improve them.
The KEYWORD: Its Use in Abstracting, Indexing and Retrieving Information

It is only within the last six or seven years that the keyword has seriously been considered as a useful media for information processing and retrieval. This is in the main due to the efforts of H. P. Luhn of the IBM Advanced Systems Development Division. In this paper I intend to consider three of his techniques in which the keyword is exploited. But first of all let's bring the keyword into focus.
Automated Poststorm Damage Classification of Low-Rise Building Roofing Systems Using High-Resolution Aerial Imagery

Techniques concerning postdisaster assessment from remotely sensed images have been studied by different research communities in the past decade. Such an assessment benefits a range of stakeholders, e.g., government organizations, insurance industry, local communities, and individual homeowners. This work explores detailed damage assessment on an individual building basis by utilizing supervised classification. In contrast with previous research efforts in the field, this work attempts at predicting the type of damages such as missing tiles, collapsed rooftop, and presence of holes, gaps, or cavities. Various existing and novel intensity-, edge-, and color-based features are evaluated. Additionally, preprocessing steps that automatically correct photometric and geometric differences are proposed. Furthermore, a study on the reliability of high-resolution aerial imagery in damage interpretation is conducted by comparing results with the assessment of expert volunteers. Results show that the proposed damage detection framework is very effective and performs at a level similar to that of the experts. This paper concludes that the type and extent of damage to individual rooftops can be identified with good accuracy from high-resolution aerial images. It is envisaged that the automated tools presented in this paper would play a significant role in rapid posthurricane damage estimation and in helping to better manage rescue and recovery missions.