cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Frequency of various brain parenchymal findings of early cerebral ischemia on unenhanced CT scans

The purpose of the study was to determine the frequency of various unenhanced computed tomography (CT) findings of early cerebral ischemia within brain parenchyma, which could be useful to the radiologist who is interpreting CT studies by indicating the CT finding that is most likely to be present in early cerebral ischemia. We analyzed articles reporting the use of unenhanced CT in acute cerebral ischemia over the period 1976-2009 for frequency of the following brain parenchyma signs: loss of insular ribbon, obscuration of lentiform nucleus, sulcal effacement, and parenchymal hypodensity. We recorded data for the 2-, 3-, 6-, and 12-h intervals after symptom onset from various studies and (1) calculated percent of time intervals in which >50% of patients exhibited the finding in any study and (2) pooled results for patients reported as having a specific CT finding during a specific time interval. We hypothesized that CT findings indicating brain swelling, which would be expected to be a relatively late phenomenon, would be detected at a lower rate in the first 6 h than changes of decreased density of brain tissue and increased density of arteries. The loss of insular ribbon sign (83% of time intervals reported) and obscuration of lentiform nucleus sign (75%) were the most common signs present in >50% patients in a time interval in any article. Pooled results showed that the two most common findings in the first few hours were loss of insular ribbon (70% at 2 h; 77% at 3 h) and obscuration of lentiform nucleus (60% at 2 h; 82% at 3 h). At 6 h, parenchymal hypodensity (53%), loss of insular ribbon (46%), and obscuration of lentiform nucleus (46%) were most common, which validated our hypothesis. At 12 h, loss of insular ribbon (65%) and sulcal effacement (63%) were most common. Loss of insular ribbon and obscuration of lentiform nucleus appear to be the most common signs of early cerebral ischemia identified on unenhanced CT.
Consumer Wait Management Strategies for Negative Service Events: A Coping Approach

In negative service environments, waiting time can serve to facilitate consumer coping. Consequently, the very wait management strategies (such as providing duration information or shortening the wait) that mitigate wait-based stress for nonnegative services may interfere with consumers' efforts to cope with an upcoming negative event. We show that the effectiveness of wait management strategies is moderated by event valence and, further, by the individual's coping orientation. Shortened wait times lead to increased stress for those using approach-oriented strategies (compared to avoidance), and duration information leads to increased stress for those using avoidance-oriented strategies.
Utilization of Near-infrared Indocyanine Green Angiography for Immediate and Delayed Venous Outflow Assessment in Breast Reconstruction: A Case Report

1 Lindsay E. Janes, BS Helen G. Hui-Chou, MD Jamil A. Matthews, MD, MS Jennifer Sabino, MD Devinder P. Singh, MD Division of Plastic Surgery University of Maryland Medical Center Baltimore, Md. Sir: I angiography, a technique recently used to assess blood supply in free flaps, has been used in breast reconstruction to assist in evaluation of arterial perfusion and ischemic debridement.1,2 We present a technique to extend the use of this technology to assess venous outflow, the predominant form of flap failure,3–5 taking advantage of the 2 properties of ICG dye: its short 2to 3-minute halflife and tight binding to plasma proteins which keeps it intravascular. The patient was a 56-year-old woman who presented with a history of invasive ductal carcinoma of the right breast and subsequently underwent modified radical mastectomy and reconstruction with free flap. ICG angiography (SPY Intraoperative Imaging Systems; Novadaq Technologies Inc., Mississauga, ON, Canada) was used to assess both immediate and delayed venous outflow of the free flap before division from the external iliac vein and after reanastomosis with the internal mammillary vein. For immediate assessment, image acquisition occurred from the time of injection of the 2.5 mg/ml ICG dye solution until 5 minutes post injection with the artery and vein in clear view. For delayed assessment, the laser-assisted fluorescence imaging was used to analyze the flap fluorescence 25 minutes after injection of the dye. Venous outflow of the skin flap imaged before division and after anastomosis of vessels revealed similar patterns in both immediate and delayed venous assessment. Evaluation of the free flap after elevation but before division from the external iliac vein using the delayed technique revealed that the deep venous system was sufficient to drain the entire flap. After anastomosis of vessels with the recipient site, imaging using the immediate technique revealed visualization of the arterial inflow followed by illumination of the tissue flap indicating arterial sufficiency Copyright © 2014 The Authors. Published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins on behalf of The American Society of Plastic Surgeons. PRS Global Open is a publication of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License, where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 2014;2:e100; doi:10.1097/ GOX.0000000000000050; Published online 28 January 2014 Utilization of Near-infrared Indocyanine Green Angiography for Immediate and Delayed Venous Outflow Assessment in Breast Reconstruction: A Case Report
Coupling of ventilation and CO2 production during exercise in children

The purpose of this study was to determine how ventilation (VE) and CO2 production (VCO2) in response to exercise change during the growth process in children and teenagers. Dynamic gas exchange responses were measured in two types of studies: 128 healthy children ranging in age from 6 to 18 yr performed progressive exercise tests ("ramp" type protocol) for measurement of the slope of the relationship between VE and VCO2--delta VE/delta VCO2; and the response characteristics of VE and VCO2 in the transition between rest and exercise were measured in 11 teenagers and 11 younger children. Gas exchange was measured breath by breath. We found a small but significant decrease in delta VE/delta VCO2 with increasing body weight (r = -0.46, p less than 0.05), height, or age (mean slope of 27 in the youngest in 21 in the oldest subjects). The response characteristics of VE and VCO2 (measured as the time constant of the best-fit exponential response) were longer than for VO2 in both younger children and teenagers; but the time constants for VE and VCO2 were each approximately 30% faster in younger children compared to teenagers. In addition, end-tidal PCO2 during exercise was significantly lower in the younger subjects (mean value of 39.6 torr) compared to the teenagers (mean value of 43.5 torr). The results suggest that the process of respiratory control in exercise matures to a small degree during childhood in that PCO2 may be regulated at lower levels in younger children and there may be growth-related differences in the relative amounts of CO2 that can be stored in tissues.
Nutritional Improvement of Soy Flour Through Inactivation of Trypsin Inhibitors by Sodium Sulfite

Treatment of raw soy flour at 75°C with 0.03M sodium sulfite for 1 hr completely inactivated trypsin inhibitors leaving no sulfite residues in the soy proteins. Rat feeding studies showed that the protein efficiency ratio (PER) increased from 1.55 for raw flour to 2.11 for heated flour and 2.49 for flour heated in the presence of sulfite. This nutritional improvement was accompanied by enhancement in in vivo nitrogen digestibilities. Pancreas weights were elevated in rats fed raw soy flour, but not in those consuming heated soy flour, with or without sodium sulfite. Knowledge of the factors that decrease the stability of potentially toxic trypsin inhibitors may be useful for improving the quality of certain foods.
Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy

Abstract Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy (IETS) is a relatively new form of vibrational spectroscopy which is able to address problems previously unsolved by either IR or Raman. It is particularly useful for surface analysis.
Transport properties of liquid phase in capillary-like media and its application to sintering of metallic and ceramic powders

Intergranular mass transport in materials plays an important role in successful bonding of particles, and controls the material's properties. This results from the processing conditions including the intergranular mass transport and interfacial reactions. The model of liquid mass transport of metals, molten salts, silicates, and molecular liquids, in capillary-like media is discussed. The model concentrates on the role of surface tension-to-viscosity ratio, γ/η, and volume diffusion on the liquid flow in fine pores with diameters comparable to the liquid phase above its critical thickness. We have found the following relation between two parameters: D cap=(y/η)Lα, where α and L are a specific permeability and the mean diffusive jump length of atoms/ions/molecules, respectively. The specific permeability is related to the hydraulic permeability, taken from Darcy's law, and depends on capillary radius and liquid/solid contact angle. It is demonstrated that the specific permeability depends on the interfacial reactions and heterogeneity of the system. The mass transport in liquid layers seems to be initiated by atoms with low interatomic distances (low atomic radii) in liquid metals or by the high non-bridging oxygen content in aluminosilicate melts.
Post-traumatic and stress-induced osteolysis of the distal clavicle: MR imaging findings in 17 patients

Objective. To describe the MR imaging findings in patients with osteolysis of the distal clavicle and to compare the MR imaging appearance of clavicular osteolysis following acute injury with that related to chronic stress. Design and patients. MR imaging examinations were reviewed in 17 patients (14 men, 3 women; ages 16–55 years) with the diagnosis of post-traumatic or stress-induced osteolysis of the clavicle. A history of a single direct injury was present in seven patients and a history of weight-lifting, participation in sports, or repetitive microtrauma was present in 10 patients. Results. MR imaging showed edema in the distal clavicle in 17 patients and, of these, eight also had edema in the acromion. The edema was most evident in STIR and fat-suppressed T2-weighted pulse sequences. Other findings about the acromioclavicular (AC) joint were prominence of the joint capsule in 14, joint fluid in eight, cortical irregularity in 12, and bone fragmentation in six patients. No differences in the MR imaging features of post-traumatic and stress-induced osteolysis of the distal clavicle were observed. Conclusion. Post-traumatic and stress-induced osteolysis of the distal clavicle have similar appearances on MR imaging, the most common and conspicuous MR imaging feature being increased T2 signal intensity in the distal clavicle.
Moment analysis of a model correlation function

A model correlation function, suitable for the discription of absorption in the wings of spectral lines, is considered. Spurious terms occuring in the first 4 moments of the model spectrum are reduced by means of a parametrized, additive correction to the correlation function. The significance of the moment corrections, and the corresponding changes in the spectral absorption, are discussed for appropriate values of the theory parameters. Numerical examples are given for the case of the ν3-band of CO2.
Simulated response characteristics of Gammasphere

Abstract The response of the Ge detector array Gammasphere to γ-rays, both individually and in cascades, has been modeled with the Monte Carlo code GEANT 3. The effects on the performance of Gammasphere of including an auxiliary detector, the Microball, are investigated. The use of the existing Ge detectors and BGO suppression detectors as a γ-ray multiplicity and total γ-ray energy spectrometer is explored, and its total energy - multiplicity ( H , k ) response is simulated in detail. The utility of the Hevimet collimators in spectroscopic studies, as opposed to the use of the available ( H , k ) information, is discussed.
Rainfall and parasitic wasp (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea) activity in successional forest stages at Barro Colorado Nature Monument, Panama, and La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica

Summary 1 In 1997, we ran two Malaise insect traps in each of four stands of wet forest in Costa Rica (two old-growth and two 20-year-old stands) and four stands of moist forest in Panama (old-growth, 20, 40 and 120-year-old stands). 2 Wet forest traps caught 2.32 times as many ichneumonoids as moist forest traps. The average catch per old-growth trap was 1.89 times greater than the average catch per second-growth trap. 3 Parasitoids of lepidopteran larvae were caught in higher proportions in the wet forest, while pupal parasitoids were relatively more active in the moist forest. 4 We hypothesize that moisture availability is of key importance in determining parasitoid activity, community composition and trophic interactions.
Where will object technology drive data administration

Several unifications that the application development process has long needed are now occurring, due to developments in object technologies and standards. These will (gradually) change the way data intensive applications are developed, reduce databases' prominence in this process, and change data administration's goals and participants. At the same time, the database community needs to ensure that its experiences are leveraged and its concerns are met within the new methodologies and toolsets. We discuss these issues, and illustrate how they apply to a portion of the Department of Defense (DOD). We also examine things that object technology won't accomplish, and identify research problems whose solution would enable further progress.
Interlipid relationships in clinical atherosclerosis.

Conclusions1. Serum cholesterol and phospholipid determinations were made in 4 groups of subjects: 79 normal men without evident disease (“well controls,”WC), 80 men suffering from a variety of chronic disorders but without evidence of coronary artery or cerebrovascular disease (“sick controls,”SC), 223 men who had recovered from a frank myocardial infarction (MI), and 150 men who had recovered from a frank cerebral thrombosis (CT). In each group the cholesterol-phospholipid relationship appeared linear on a log-log scale and linear log-log regressions were calculated for each of the 4 groups. 2. In the 2 control groups, WC and SC, showing no evidence of coronary or cerebral atherosclerosis, the quantitative relationship between cholesterol and phospholipids was the same, confirming reports of other workers. Also, age did not affect this relationship. 3. In the 2 atherosclerosis groups, a substantial and highly significant abnormality in the quantitative relationship between cholesterol and phospholipids ...
THE ENDOGENOUS BRAIN

Synaptic communication, nonsynaptic diffusion neurotransmission and glial activity each update the morphology of the other two. These interactions lead to an endogenous structure of causal entailment. It has internal ambiguities rendering it incomputable. The entailed effects are bizarre. These include abduction of novelty in response to conflicting cues, a resolution of the seeming conflict between freewill and determinism, and anticipatory behavior. Such inherent ambiguity of the causal entailment structure does not preclude the implementation of brain-like activities artificially. Although an algorithm is incapable of neuromimetically reproducing self-referential character of the brain, there is a currently-feasible strategy for wiring a "human in the loop" to use the cognitive powers of anticipation and unconscious integration to provide dramatic improvement in the operation of large engineered systems.
Different patterns of regulation of Tyr-phosphorylated STAT1 and STAT3 in human hepatoma Hep3B cells by the phosphatase inhibitor orthovanadate.

Abstract The cellular physiology of signal transducer and activator of transcription protein family (STAT) transcription factors includes activation by Tyr-phosphorylation (PY) in cytokine and growth factor receptor complexes at the level of plasma membrane rafts, subsequent cytoplasmic transit and nuclear import, and transcriptional regulation of target genes, followed by dephosphorylation and export back to the cytoplasm. The ubiquitous protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) called “T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase” has been reported to mediate Tyr-dephosphorylation of both interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-induced PY-STAT1 and interkleukin-6 (IL-6)-induced PY-STAT3 in some cell lines. To test whether the same PTP regulated both PY-STAT1 and PY-STAT3 in human hepatocytes we used orthovanadate (VO4; 0.01–1.0 mM) as a PTP-inhibitory probe and evaluated the kinetics of PY-STAT3 and PY-STAT1 accumulation, nuclear trafficking, and dephosphorylation following cytokine (IL-6 or IFN-γ) stimulation of Hep3B cells. As evaluated using DNA binding or Western blotting assays, in IL-6-treated hepatocytes VO4 had a modest enhancing effect on peak levels of cytoplasmic and nuclear PY-STAT3 reached by 1 h and on their subsequent decline. In contrast, in the same cells and at the same time, VO4 caused a marked and continuing increase in cytoplasmic and nuclear levels of PY-STAT1 which, by 4 h, were 5- to 10-fold higher than peak levels reached in VO4-free, IL-6-treated cells. Prolonged treatment of cells with VO4 alone (for 4–8 h) replicated this markedly selective enhancement of PY-STAT1 levels. Consistent with this selectivity, shorter term VO4 treatment (1–2 h) markedly increased PY-STAT1 levels in all cellular compartments of IFN-γ-treated cells by >10-fold. The unexpected selectivity in the effects of VO4 on PY-STAT1 compared to that on PY-STAT3 levels in Hep3B cells suggests that, at least in these hepatocytes, the regulation of PY-STAT1 and PY-STAT3 likely involves distinct protein tyrosine phosphatase mechanisms.
Outcomes in the first 5 years after traumatic brain injury.

Abstract Objective: To examine the extent to which outcomes from traumatic brain injury differ as a function of time and can be predicted at discharge from inpatient rehabilitation. Design: Survey method employing cross-sectional analyses. Setting: An inpatient brain injury rehabilitation unit in a large midwestern academic medical center. Subjects: Ninety-five adults with traumatic brain injuries, 6 months to 5 years after inpatient rehabilitation, stratified by time postdischarge. Main Outcome Measures: Functional Independence Measure (FIM SM ), Sickness Impact Profile (SIP), Medical Outcomes Survey SF-36, Community Integration Questionnaire (CIQ), Craig Handicap Assessment and Reporting Technique (CHART), Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), and indices of current psychosocial functioning. Results: Substance abuse, need for supervision, life satisfaction, and selected subscales of the CIQ and CHART differed over the period 6 months to 5 years after discharge. Approximately 75% of the variance in current FIM scores, and 40% to 50% of CHART, CIQ, and SIP total scores, could be predicted at time of discharge. Conclusions: Outcomes over the first 5 years after discharge were dynamic, with most change being improvement, at least after the first 2 years. Important aspects of outcome could not be predicted based on premorbid characteristics, injury severity, and initial functional abilities.
Chemoprotection from p53-dependent apoptosis: potential clinical applications of the p53 inhibitors

The p53 tumor suppressor pathway is a key mediator of stress response that protects the organism from accumulating genetically altered and potentially cancerous cells by inducing growth arrest or apoptosis in damaged cells. However, under certain stressful conditions, p53 activity can result in massive apoptosis in sensitive tissues, leading to severe pathological consequences for the organism. One such situation is anticancer therapy that is often associated with general genotoxic stress, leading to p53-dependent apoptosis in the epithelia of the digestive tract and in the hematopoietic system. A chemical inhibitor of p53, capable of suppressing p53-mediated apoptosis, was shown to protect mice from lethal doses of gamma-radiation, making pharmacological suppression of p53 a perspective therapeutic approach to reduce the side-effects of cancer treatment. There are other situations, besides anti-cancer therapy, when humans are exposed to stressful conditions known to involve p53 activation, which, in extreme cases, could result in the development of life-threatening diseases. Here we review the experimental evidence on the role of p53 in tissue injuries associated with hypoxia (heart and brain ischemias) and hyperthermia (fever and burns), comparing these pathologies with the consequences of genotoxic stress of cancer treatment. The accumulated information points to the involvement of p53 in the generation of the pathological outcome of the above stresses, making them potential targets for the therapeutic application of p53 inhibitors.
The effects of life disruptions on home technology routines

Conflict and disruption are a part of everyday life, yet research in the home largely examines consensus and rituals. In this paper, we use Holmes and Rahe's categorization of major life events in order to investigate disruption within the home. We examine posts contributed to an online technology support board and show how life disruptions fundamentally impact technology practices and routines. We conclude that examining technology in the context of life disruption is a worthwhile area for further work.
Mayor Daley's council speech: A cultural analysis

This essay examines a speech by the late Richard J. Daley, then Mayor of Chicago, for its symbolic pattern, event structure, and underlying cultural code. The analysis reveals a meaningfulness in it which was not seen by contemporary critics. Implications are drawn for an understanding of Teamsterville culture and for methods of interpreting deeply cultured speech.
Reliability of goniometry in Labrador Retrievers

Objective—To evaluate the reliability of goniometry by comparing goniometric measurements with radiographic measurements and evaluate the effects of sedation on range of joint motion. Animals—16 healthy adult Labrador Retrievers. Procedure—3 investigators blindly and independently measured range of motion of the carpus, elbow, shoulder, tarsus, stifle, and hip joints of 16 Labrador Retrievers in triplicate before and after dogs were sedated. Radiographs of all joints in maximal flexion and extension were made during under sedation. Goniometric measurements were compared with radiographic measurements. The influence of sedation and the intra- and intertester variability were evaluated; 95% confidence intervals for all ranges of motion were determined.
Does avian malaria reduce fledging success: an experimental test of the selection hypothesis

Like many parasites, avian haematozoa are often found at lower infection intensities in older birds than young birds. One explanation, known as the “selection” hypothesis, is that infected young birds die before reaching adulthood, thus removing the highest infection intensities from the host population. We tested this hypothesis in the field by experimentally infecting nestling rock pigeons (Columba livia) with the malaria parasite Haemoproteus columbae. We compared the condition and fledging success of infected nestlings to that of uninfected controls. There was no significant difference in the body mass, fledging success, age at fledging, or post-fledging survival of experimental versus control birds. These results were unexpected, given that long-term studies of older pigeons have demonstrated chronic effects of H. columbae. We conclude that H. columbae has little impact on nestling pigeons, even when they are directly infected with the parasite. Our study provides no support for the selection hypothesis that older birds have lower parasite loads because parasites are removed from the population by infected nestlings dying. To our knowledge, this is the first study to test the impact of avian malaria using experimental inoculations under natural conditions.
Turnover and Synthesis of Norepinephrine in Experimental Hypertension in Rats

The turnover of norepinephrine and the enzymes responsible for the synthesis of catecholamines were studied in various organs of rats made hypertensive by DOCA and NaCl. After inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase by α-methyl- p -tyrosine, an increase in the rate of disappearance of endogenous norepinephrine in the heart, intestine, and spleen of hypertensive rats indicated an increased norepinephrine turnover rate in these organs: Similarly, the rate of decline of 3H-norepinephrine endogenously formed from 3H-dopamine seemed to be increased in the same organs from hypertensive animals. In contrast, the salivary glands showed no change in turnover of norepinephrine. The conversion of tyrosine to catecholamines was normal in the hearts of the hypertensive rats but it was increased in the adrenal glands. The β-hydroxylation of dopamine to norepinephrine was normal or slightly increased in the heart, spleen, intestine, and salivary glands of hypertensive animals. The phenylethanolamine N-methyl transferase activity was normal in the adrenal glands. It thus seems that in hypertension produced by DOCA and NaCl the turnover of norepinephrine is increased in various organs without any detectable change in the synthesis rate, with the exception of the adrenal gland, in which it was increased. This might explain the reduction of the endogenous norepinephrine levels observed in many tissues of animals made hypertensive by DOCA and sodium.
Intra-articular injection of recombinant TRAIL induces synovial apoptosis and reduces inflammation in a rabbit knee model of arthritis

We demonstrated previously that local, intra-articular injection of an adenoviral vector expressing human tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) in a rabbit knee model of inflammatory arthritis stimulated synovial apoptosis and reduced inflammation. To examine whether intra-articular injection of recombinant chimeric human TRAIL protein (rTRAIL) also induces apoptosis of proliferating rabbit synovium and reduces inflammation, we used an experimental rabbit arthritis model of rheumatoid arthritis, induced by intra-articular introduction of allogeneic fibroblasts genetically engineered to secrete human IL-1β. Analysis of synovium isolated from the rabbits treated with intra-articular injection of rTRAIL, relative to saline control, showed areas of extensive acellular debris and large fibrous regions devoid of intact cells, similar to adenoviral mediated TRAIL gene transfer. Extensive apoptosis of the synovial lining was demonstrated using TUNEL analysis of the sections, corresponding to the microscopic findings in hematoxylin and eosin staining. In addition, leukocyte infiltration into the synovial fluid of the inflamed knee joints following rTRAIL treatment was reduced more than 50% compared with the saline control. Analysis of the glycosaminoglycan synthetic rate by cultured cartilage using radiolabeled sulfur and cartilage histology demonstrated that rTRAIL did not adversely affect cartilage metabolism and structure. Analysis of serum alanine aminotransferase showed that intra-articular injection of rTRAIL did not have adverse effects on hepatic function. These results demonstrate that intra-articular injection of rTRAIL could be therapeutic for treating pathologies associated with rheumatoid arthritis.
How pi0 ---> gamma gamma changes with temperature

At zero temperature, in the chiral limit the amplitude for ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ to decay into two photons is directly related to the coefficient of the axial anomaly. At any nonzero temperature, this direct relationship is lost: while the coefficient of the axial anomaly is independent of temperature, in a thermal bath the anomalous Ward identities do not uniquely constrain the amplitude for ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}$. Explicit calculation shows that to lowest order about zero temperature this amplitude decreases.
Long non-coding RNAs: modulators of nuclear structure and function

Long non-coding (lnc)RNAs are emerging key factors in the regulation of various cellular processes. In the nucleus, these include the organization of nuclear sub-structures, the alteration of chromatin state, and the regulation of gene expression through the interaction with effector proteins and modulation of their activity. Collectively, lncRNAs form the core of attractive models explaining aspects of structural and dynamic regulation in the nucleus across time and space. Here we review recent studies that characterize the molecular function of a subset of these molecules in the regulation and fine-tuning of nuclear state.
Genes expressed in human tumor endothelium

To gain a molecular understanding of tumor angiogenesis, we compared gene expression patterns of endothelial cells derived from blood vessels of normal and malignant colorectal tissues. Of over 170 transcripts predominantly expressed in the endothelium, 79 were differentially expressed, including 46 that were specifically elevated in tumor-associated endothelium. Several of these genes encode extracellular matrix proteins, but most are of unknown function. Most of these tumor endothelial markers were expressed in a wide range of tumor types, as well as in normal vessels associated with wound healing and corpus luteum formation. These studies demonstrate that tumor and normal endothelium are distinct at the molecular level, a finding that may have significant implications for the development of anti-angiogenic therapies.
Effectiveness of an electromagnetic feeding tube placement device in detecting inadvertent respiratory placement.

BACKGROUND Use of technology capable of electromagnetically tracking advancement of a feeding tube on a monitoring screen during insertion may enable detection of deviation of the tube from the midline as it advances through the chest, possibly indicating entry of the tube into the right or left main bronchus. PURPOSES To describe (1) published peer-reviewed studies that report on the detection of malpositioned tubes inserted by an electromagnetic tube placement device, and (2) events reported to the US Food and Drug Administration's Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience (MAUDE) database regarding use of such a device. METHODS An Ovid MEDLINE search was conducted to locate peer-reviewed studies published between 2007 and 2012 that referred to use of an electromagnetic tube placement device to detect inadvertent respiratory placements of feeding tubes. In addition, an online search of the MAUDE database was conducted for the years 2007 through 2012. RESULTS The Ovid MEDLINE search yielded 6 studies that referred to respiratory placements; no cases of pneumothorax were reported. The MAUDE database search yielded 21 adverse events associated with use of an electromagnetic tube placement device (including 17 cases of pneumothorax and 2 deaths). As the MAUDE database relies on voluntary reports, this number should not be construed as the incidence of malpositioned tubes during this period. CONCLUSIONS The ability of clinicians to place feeding tubes correctly by using an electromagnetic tube placement device varies. Thus, it is reasonable to question the wisdom of eliminating radiographic confirmation of tube position before starting feedings.
Influence of Bright Bottom Depth on Reflectance from Clear and Turbid Water Bodies

Abstract In water bodies, where the bottom is visible to the sensor, remotely sensed data can produce erroneous estimates of water column constituents. The bottom impact depends upon depth and turbidity of the water body, color and composition of the bottom, and the wavelengths of spectral measurement. In the case of clear water, the maximum separability of the composite upwelling signals from bottom at varying depths was recorded in wavelength region between 400 and 900 nm. For water with an algal suspension of 478 □g/l, the maximum separability of upwelling signals was within 500 and 600 nm. In both clear and algal waters, bottom at depths greater than 50 cm did not impact the upwelling signals in wavelength range beyond 744 nm.
Subunit structure, expression, and function of NAD(H)-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Mitochondrial NAD(H)-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase was purified from Saccharomyces cerevisiae for analyses of subunit structure and expression. Two subunits of the enzyme with different molecular weights (39,000 and 40,000) and slightly different isoelectric points were resolved by denaturing electrophoretic techniques. Sequence analysis of the purified subunits showed that the polypeptides have different amino termini. By using an antiserum to the native enzyme prepared in rabbits, subunit-specific immunoglobulin G fractions were obtained by affinity purification, indicating that the subunits are also immunochemically distinct. The levels of NAD(H)-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase activity and immunoreactivity were found to correlate closely with those of a second tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme, malate dehydrogenase, in yeast cells grown under a variety of conditions. S. cerevisiae mutants with defects in NAD(H)-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase were identified by screening a collection of yeast mutants with acetate-negative growth phenotypes. Immunochemical assays were used to demonstrate that one mutant strain lacks the 40,000-molecular-weight subunit (IDH1) and that a second strain lacks the 39,000-molecular-weight subunit (IDH2). Mitochondria isolated from the IDH1 and IDH2 mutants exhibited a markedly reduced capacity for utilization of either isocitrate or citrate for respiratory O2 consumption. This confirms an essential role for NAD(H)-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase in oxidative functions in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Images
On a new cylindrical harmonic representation for spherical waves

An exact series representation is presented for integrals whose integrands are products of cosine and spherical wave functions, where the argument of the cosine term can be any integral multiple n of the azimuth angle /spl phi/. This series expansion is shown to have the following form: I(n)=e/sup -jkR0//R/sub 0/ /spl delta//sub no/-jk /spl Sigma//sub m=1//sup /spl infin// C(m,n)(k/sup 2//spl rho//spl rho/0)/m! h/sub m//sup (2)/(kR/sub 0/)/(kR/sub 0/)/sup m/. It is demonstrated that in the special cases n=0 and n=1, this series representation corresponds to existing expressions for the cylindrical wire kernel and the uniform current circular loop vector potential, respectively. A new series representation for spherical waves in terms of cylindrical harmonics is then derived using this general series representation. Finally, a closed-form far-field approximation is developed and is shown to reduce to existing expressions for the cylindrical wire kernel and the uniform current loop vector potential as special cases.
Factors influencing susceptibility of Nocardia species to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.

Demonstration of synergism between trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole against 10 Nocardia isolates was found to be critically dependent upon the isolate, the duration of incubation, and the trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole ratio. Inoculum effect was not significant. The trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole ratio in the commercial, fixed-dose combination was found to contain too little trimethoprim to be optimal for Nocardia .
Validation of the CNS Penetration-Effectiveness rank for quantifying antiretroviral penetration into the central nervous system.

Objective To evaluate whether penetration of a combination regimen into the central nervous system (CNS), as estimated by the CNS Penetration-Effectiveness (CPE) rank, is associated with lower cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) viral load. Design Data were analyzed from 467 participants who were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositive and who reported antiretroviral (ARV) drug use. Individual ARV drugs were assigned a penetration rank of 0 (low), 0.5 (intermediate), or 1 (high) based on their chemical properties, concentrations in CSF, and/or effectiveness in the CNS in clinical studies. The CPE rank was calculated by summing the individual penetration ranks for each ARV in the regimen. Results The median CPE rank was 1.5 (interquartile range, 1-2). Lower CPE ranks correlated with higher CSF viral loads. Ranks less than 2 were associated with an 88% increase in the odds of detectable CSF viral load. In multivariate regression, lower CPE ranks were associated with detectable CSF viral loads even after adjusting for total number of ARV drugs, ARV drug adherence, plasma viral load, duration and type of the current regimen, and CD4 count. Conclusions Poorer penetration of ARV drugs into the CNS appears to allow continued HIV replication in the CNS as indicated by higher CSF HIV viral loads. Because inhibition of HIV replication in the CNS is probably critical in treating patients who have HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders, ARV treatment strategies that account for CNS penetration should be considered in consensus treatment guidelines and validated in clinical studies.
Detection and analysis of fs-CARS response from bacterial spore marker dipicolinic acid (DPA)

Ultrafast coherent anti-Stokes Raman (CARS) emission from multiple, simultaneously-excited Raman lines in DPA was observed. Implications for the use of this technique towards sensitive, specific detection of molecules and bacterial spores will be discussed
The Aurora Borealis in Southern USA

This paper is an observation of the Aurora Borealis, commonly known as the "northern lights" in Southern USA. This is only the second time in a century has this rare spectacular event occurred in the observed location.
Studies of tetrakis(trifluoroacetate) dirhodium: Part 4. Solventless synthesis of Rh2(O2CCF3)2(CO)4 combined with Rh2(O2CCF3)4, a compound with infinite chains of rhodium atoms

Abstract By reaction of Rh2(O2CCF3)4 and Mo(CO)6 in an evacuated sealed tube placed in a thermal environment where there is a thermal gradient (125–120°C), we have obtained a compound in which one Rh2(O2CCF3)4 unit is sandwiched between two Rh2(O2CCF3)2(CO)4 units, to give an essentially linear array of six rhodium atoms, with Rh–Rh distances of 2.960(1), 2.790(1) and 2.412(1) A. These arrays of six rhodium atoms are then linked into infinite chains which lie parallel in the crystal, with Rh to Rh contacts of 3.062(1) A. The crystals are markedly dichroic and relatively air stable.
The taxonomic significance of C-glycosylxanthones in flowering plants

Abstract The species of angiosperms known to contain mangiferin or other C- glycosylxanthones have been listed by family and original literature reference. The 96 species in 28 genera in 19 families are divided between the dicots and monocots 60:18:13 and 36: 10:6, respectively. Contrary to earlier claims, the compounds appear to be of little taxonomic value at any level. There is no correlation between the occurrence of C- glycosylxanthones and morphological advancement. C- Glycosylxanthones are of pharmacological interest and this review may suggest new sources for the compounds.
Opto-electronic properties of poly (fluorene) co-polymer red light-emitting devices on flexible plastic substrate

In this paper, we report on the multilayer poly (fluorene) co-polymer red light-emitting devices (PLEDs) fabricated on flexible plastic substrates. An organic hole transport layer (HTL) is inserted between PEDOT:PSS hole injection (HIL) and light-emissive layers (LEL). Since the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of the HTL is located between those of HIL and LEL, the insertion of HTL reduces the effective HOMO level offset between HIL and LEL, reducing the device operation voltage and producing comparable or better device efficiencies in comparison with the conventional PEDOT:PSS-only devices. Maximum emission efficiency, /spl sim/0.8 cd/A, power efficiency, /spl sim/0.7 lm/W, and external quantum efficiency, /spl sim/1.5%, have been obtained for multilayer red PLEDs.
Control of robotic motion with neuron-like elements

Using a controller made up of models of biological nerve cells, a controller network for a robotic limb was designed that incorporates pertinent environmental information into its motion directives, and does so without the need for conventional computers. Feedback information pertaining to the position, velocity, and acceleration of the robotic limb is encoded into compatible frequency-based signals and factored into an overall formula for the control of motion. The controller network was designed to be upwardly compatible with a virtually limitless amount of feedback data pertaining to its environment. This method is more comprehensive than conventional robotic controllers and with other applications of the controller network, such as prosthetics, the motion of electronically controlled limbs should become more lifelike. >
Reversal of experimental endotoxin shock with a combination of aldosterone and metaraminol.

SummaryLethal shock was established in 55 adult mongrel dogs with a standardized dose of E. coli endotoxin. The shock could not be reversed with aldosterone or metaraminol when either was used alone. However, dogs given 0.1 mg of aldosterone required approximately one-fiftieth the dose of metaraminol necessary to maintain systemic pressure, compared to the use of metaraminol alone. This action of aldosterone was about 7 times more pronounced than that obtained with hydrocortisone. The nature of the contributing effect of steroid to the pressor activity of metaraminol and to the increased survival rate is not known.
Design, fabrication, and characterization of a proposed microchannel water electrolyzer

Abstract Solar energy-powered water electrolysis is a cost-effective and scalable method to produce hydrogen, an environment-friendly and potentially sustainable energy carrier. To this end, we report a microchannel water electrolyzer with a planar design that can be integrated with a photovoltaic cell, where the electrolyzer utilizes the waste heat generated during the photoelectric process to enhance the production of hydrogen (and oxygen) via the electrochemical splitting of water. We performed a systematic parametric investigation to study the effect of the channel dimensions, electrolyte temperature and flow rate, and the mode of operation (pulsed vs. continuous) on the electrolyzer's performance. The balance between mass, heat and ion/charge transport limitations acts to determine an optimal geometry and specific operating conditions for the device. The highest hydrogen production rate was observed for pulsed operation (15 s pulses) at a temperature of 60 °C, and a potential of 2.0 V, for a 400-μm tall electrolyzer chamber. We also show that tuning of the geometry and operating conditions can yield an almost 7-fold increase in the hydrogen production rate. This study not only reports a new and improved approach over existing photovoltaic thermal systems but also presents design and operational considerations for microfluidic-based electrochemical energy devices.
Chronic Wasting Disease and the Development of Research Models

Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a burgeoning epidemic prion disease of cervids. While its origins are mysterious, disease was first described in captive mule deer and was subsequently identified in free ranging, as well as captive Rocky Mountain elk, white-tailed deer, and most recently moose. As such, it is the only recognized prion disease of wild as well as captive animals. In addition to its expanding host range, disease continues to spread to new geographic areas. The unparalleled efficiency of prion transmission by a largely undefined mechanism, combined with high deer densities in certain areas of North America, complicates strategies for controlling CWD, and calls into question the potential for spread to new species. The appearance of variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (vCJD) following human exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), and the demonstration of CWD prions in a variety of materials consumed by humans, place the human species barrier to CWD at the forefront of public health concerns. Since North American hunters harvest thousands of deer and elk each year, and it is not currently mandatory to have animals tested for CWD, it is likely that humans consume CWD prions. Here, we describe aspects of CWD pathogenesis and epidemiology, review recent progress in the development of model systems in which to study the basic biology of CWD, and, in doing so, outline some of the remaining uncertainties and c­hallenges surrounding this enigmatic prion disease.
The uterine contraction pattern of false labor and its relation to premature labor

Abstract One of the problems of false labor which bears investigation lies in distinguishing it from true labor. Beck 1 states that the false pains are irregular, that they differ from those of true labor, but lists no other distinguishing characteristies. Adair 2 considers the chief difference to lie in the fact that the contractions of false labor fail to advance the process of labor, and also that the contractions which occur during false labor do not increase progressively in either frequency or duration. White 3 distinguishes false from true labor according to the following criteria: (a) true pains are felt in the back while false ones are located in the abdomen; (b) true pains are regular in occurrence and are associated with a hardening of the uterus, whereas false ones occur irregularly and are not accompanied by hardening of the uterus, (c) if the internal os will admit a finger, the membranes will be felt to become tense only in the presence of true pains. On the hypothesis that false labor might be distinguished from true labor on the basis of a significant difference in the contraction patterns, as revealed by the Lorand tocograph, we examined the tocographic records of all of our patients who experienced painful uterine contractions during pregnancy. Information gained from this source forms the basis for the present report.
The Albert Commons Collection of Fungi In the Herbarium of the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia

(1949). The Albert Commons Collection of Fungi In the Herbarium of the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia. Mycologia: Vol. 41, No. 1, pp. 11-23.
A Personalized System of Instruction in an Undergraduate Mathematics Service Sequence

The problem of teaching required mathematics courses to students in the behavioral sciences with widely varying backgrounds and interests is a major one and is growing with increased emphasis on qu...