cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Second Transmembrane Domain of P2X7 Contributes to Dilated Pore Formation

Activation of the purinergic receptor P2X7 leads to the cellular permeability of low molecular weight cations. To determine which domains of P2X7 are necessary for this permeability, we exchanged either the C-terminus or portions of the second transmembrane domain (TM2) with those in P2X1 or P2X4. Replacement of the C-terminus of P2X7 with either P2X1 or P2X4 prevented surface expression of the chimeric receptor. Similarly, chimeric P2X7 containing TM2 from P2X1 or P2X4 had reduced surface expression and no permeability to cationic dyes. Exchanging the N-terminal 10 residues or C-terminal 14 residues of the P2X7 TM2 with the corresponding region of P2X1 TM2 partially restored surface expression and limited pore permeability. To further probe TM2 structure, we replaced single residues in P2X7 TM2 with those in P2X1 or P2X4. We identified multiple substitutions that drastically changed pore permeability without altering surface expression. Three substitutions (Q332P, Y336T, and Y343L) individually reduced pore formation as indicated by decreased dye uptake and also reduced membrane blebbing in response to ATP exposure. Three others substitutions, V335T, S342G, and S342A each enhanced dye uptake, membrane blebbing and cell death. Our results demonstrate a critical role for the TM2 domain of P2X7 in receptor function, and provide a structural basis for differences between purinergic receptors.
Assessment of functional limitation after necrotizing soft tissue infection.

Previous literature on necrotizing soft tissue infections (NSTIs) has focused on its diagnosis and high mortality, but to our knowledge, none have reported on the functional outcomes of patients surviving this devastating disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the management and assess factors associated with decreased physical function in patients who survived this life-threatening infection. A retrospective review was conducted on patients treated for NSTI in whom an evaluation of functional status was performed between 2002 and 2006. Measurements were based on the American Medical Association Guides of impairment rating, and categorized into a functional class from "minimal or no limitation" to "severe limitation." Multivariate analyses were performed to discern independent factors associated with functional limitation. Final disposition status after discharge was also recorded. A total of 297 patients were treated for NSTI during this time. Of these, 119 (41%) patients met inclusion criteria for review. Mean number of debridements and coverage procedures were 3.4 and 2.0, respectively. Although mean percent functional limitation was 7.1, which is classified as "minimal or no limitation," 30% of patients had "mild" to "severe" functional limitation. Extremity involvement was independently associated with a higher functional limitation class (P < .01). Functional limitation may challenge recovery from NSTI in many survivors. In this series, the involvement of an extremity predicted a higher functional limitation class at the time of discharge. Development of validated functional assessment tools and accurate longitudinal follow-up are necessary to measure the functional impact of NSTI.
Improved ablation resistance of C–C composites using zirconium diboride and boron carbide

Abstract Zirconium diboride and boron carbide particles were used to improve the ablation resistance of carbon–carbon (C–C) composites at high temperature (1500 °C). Our approach combines using a precursor to ZrB 2 and processing them with B 4 C particles as filler material within the C–C composite. An oxyacetylene torch test facility was used to determine ablation rates for carbon black, B 4 C, and ZrB 2 –B 4 C filled C–C composites from 800 to 1500 °C. Ablation rates decreased by 30% when C–C composites were filled with a combination of ZrB 2 –B 4 C particles over carbon black and B 4 C filled C–C composites. We also investigated using a sol–gel precursor method as an alternative processing route to incorporate ZrB 2 particles within C–C composites. We successfully converted ZrB 2 particles within C–C composites at relatively low temperatures (1200 °C). Our ablation results suggest that a combination of ZrB 2 –B 4 C particles is effective in inhibiting the oxidation of C–C composites at temperatures greater than 1500 °C.
Engineered mitochondrial ferritin as a magnetic resonance imaging reporter in mouse olfactory epithelium.

We report the design of a MRI reporter gene with applications to non-invasive molecular imaging. We modified mitochondrial ferritin to localize to the cell cytoplasm. We confirmed the efficient cellular processing of this engineered protein and demonstrated high iron loading in mammalian cells. The reporter’s intracellular localization appears as distinct clusters that deliver robust MRI contrast. We used this new reporter to image in vivo and ex vivo the gene expression in native olfactory sensory neurons in the mouse epithelium. This robust MRI reporter can facilitate the study of the molecular mechanisms of olfaction and to monitor intranasal gene therapy delivery, as well as a wide range of cell tracking and gene expression studies in living subjects.
Deformation Modeling of Soft Tissue Scaffolds for Wound Healing

Within tissue engineering (TE), one of the major research theme is on synthetic scaffold design. Most research emphasis on the material that has to be biocompatible and biodegradable over time and shows proper cell attachment properties. And traditional scaffold fabrication technique use chemical process resulting in uncontrolled porosity along the structure. Development of Solid Free Form (SFF) technique and improvement in some biomaterial properties provides the leverage of using these techniques to fabricate controlled and interconnected porous scaffold structure. These improved membrane/scaffolds are mostly regular porous structure and when applied in wound area various forces like bandage, contraction and self weight act upon that and cause deformation. As a result, the geometry and the designed porosity changes which eventually alters the desired choreographed functionality such as material concentration, design parameters, cytokines distribution over the wound device geometry. This balance often presents a tradeoff between a denser scaffold providing better mechanical function and a more porous scaffold providing better biofactor delivery, cell proliferation, pathways for nutrients and waste transportation. In this work, a novel scaffold modeling approach of “desired porosity with variational filament distance” has been proposed that will minimize the change in effective porosity with the designed porosity and thus will give a better functionality of such membrane providing both structural integrity and proper bioreactor environment. The proposed methodology has been implemented in this paper and illustrative examples are provided. Also a comparison result of measured effective porosity has been presented between proposed design model and conventional fixed filament distance scaffolds membrane.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Scientific and lay communities: earning epistemic trust through knowledge sharing

Feminist philosophers of science have been prominent amongst social epistemologists who draw attention to communal aspects of knowing. As part of this work, I focus on the need to examine the relations between scientific communities and lay communities, particularly marginalized communities, for understanding the epistemic merit of scientific practices. I draw on Naomi Scheman’s argument (2001) that science earns epistemic merit by rationally grounding trust across social locations. Following this view, more turns out to be relevant to epistemic assessment than simply following the standards of “normal science”. On such an account, philosophers of science need to attend to the relations between scientific communities and various lay communities, especially marginalized communities, to understand how scientific practices can rationally ground trust and thus earn their status as “good ways of knowing”. Trust turns out to involve a wide set of expectations on behalf of lay communities. In this paper I focus on expectations of knowledge sharing, using examples of “knowledge-sharing whistleblowers” to illustrate how failures in knowledge sharing with lay communities can erode epistemic trust in scientific communities, particularly in the case of marginalized communities.
The human impact of capital punishment: Interviews with families of persons on death row

The consequences of capital punishment vibrate throughout the social structure and include persons in an ever widening circle of impact. Previous literature on the human impact of capital punishment has focused on victim families, attending physicians, death row inmates, executioners, witnesses, society, prison guards, wardens, and jurors. These studies, newspaper reports, and autobiographies reveal intense human impact on those charged with carrying out legal execution. One also learns that there is very little social science research that examines this issue. In an effort to fill some of that void, this research reports on a trend study of families of persons on Alabama's death row. It describes the families' prolonged and distorted grieving patterns, which were revealed in forty fieldwork interviews.
A remark on the sloshing frequencies for a half-space

The known sloshing frequencies of an incompressible and inviscid fluid in a half-space with circular or strip-like aperture are investigated in some detail, based on previous results [4]. The first two terms in the asymptotic expansion for large eigenvalues are determined and a conjecture is enunciated for the general structure of the next term. The asymptotic results are listed in Table 1 and compared with the known frequencies.
Evaluation of remote delivery of Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) technology to mark large mammals.

Methods to individually mark and identify free-ranging wildlife without trapping and handling would be useful for a variety of research and management purposes. The use of Passive Integrated Transponder technology could be an efficient method for collecting data for mark-recapture analysis and other strategies for assessing characteristics about populations of various wildlife species. Passive Integrated Transponder tags (PIT) have unique numbered frequencies and have been used to successfully mark and identify mammals. We tested for successful injection of PIT and subsequent functioning of PIT into gelatin blocks using 4 variations of a prototype dart. We then selected the prototype dart that resulted in the least depth of penetration in the gelatin block to assess the ability of PIT to be successfully implanted into muscle tissue of whitetailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) post-mortem and long-term in live, captive Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus). The prototype dart with a 12.7 mm (0.5 inch) needle length and no powder charge resulted in the shallowest mean (6 SD) penetration depth into gelatin blocks of 27.0 mm (65.6 mm) with 2.0 psi setting on the Dan-Inject CO2-pressured rifle. Eighty percent of PIT were successfully injected in the muscle mass of white-tailed deer post-mortem with a mean (6 SD) penetration depth of 22.2 mm (63.8 mm; n=6). We injected PIT successfully into 13 live, captive elk by remote delivery at about 20 m that remained functional for 7 months. We successfully demonstrated that PIT could be remotely delivered in darts into muscle mass of large mammals and remain functional for .6 months. Although further research is warranted to fully develop the technique, remote delivery of PIT technology to large mammals is possible using prototype implant darts.
Arsenic Speciation of Aqueous Environmental Samples by Derivatization with Thioglycolic Acid Methylester and Capillary Gas—Liquid Chromatography—Mass Spectrometry

Procedures are described for the determination of dimethylarsinic acid, monomethylarsonic acid, arsenate, and arsenite in aqueous samples. The arsenicals are reacted with thioglycolic acid methyl ester to form volatile trivalent derivatives. The reaction products are extracted into benzene and separated by capillary gas-liquid chromatography. A low-resolution electron-ionization quadrupole mass spectrometer operated in the selective ion-monitoring mode is used to detect the derivatives after chromatographic separation. Method detection limits range from 0.1 ng/ml (ppb) for the alkylarsenic acids to 3 ppb for arsenate and arsenite. The method is shown to be simple, rapid, and quantitative for the determination of selected arsenic species in aqueous environmental samples and drinking water.
Modeling moment of inertia for virtual interactive environments

Virtual environments have begun using algorithms to model the world around us more accurately by accounting for the mechanical behaviors and properties of objects. Amongst the properties for modeling objects which are used are the moment of inertia, the mass and the center of mass. Many simulators make use of a scalar value for the moment of inertia even though this technique does not accurately represent the anisotropic properties of angular inertia. This paper presents a technique for using an inertia tensor matrix when calculating angular accelerations in virtual environments.
Resuscitating The Dormant Accounting Scholar

Despite the fundamental importance of publication to the academic institution, there are a significant number of dormant accounting scholars who simply do not publish. Building upon an existing literature on the determinants of academic productivity, this paper identifies factors which have the potential to revive scholarly productivity. Specifically, the current research reinforces the positive impact of scholarly presentations, sabbatical leave, and teaching assistants on reviving the dormant scholar. Similarly, reducing activities which compete for the academic’s time (teaching undergraduate courses, consulting, and service to the institution) will increase the odds of publication.
Critical Characteristics of a Three-Tiered Model Applied to Reading Interventions

The purpose of this article is to provide the reader with a conceptual understanding of the key elements in a three tiered Response to Intervention (RTI) model. The three tiered model is discussed in terms of how it would be applied in implementing an intervention program to promote the development of reading. The characteristics of interventions, criteria for determining the delivery of services and the role of the school psychologist at each stage are discussed. The article concludes that RTI models are excellent approaches for designing intervention programs and school psychologists have a key role to play in helping to design and implement such programs. Concerns regarding the implementation of such models are noted.
Monitoring presence and annual variation of trichomoniasis in mourning doves.

Abstract Information about the annual variation of trichomoniasis in mourning doves (Zenaida macroura) may be important in understanding mechanisms affecting mourning dove populations. The objectives of this study were to monitor the presence and annual variation of Trichomonas gallinae for 6 yr in a local mourning dove population using hunter-killed doves. During 1998–2003, 4052 hunter-killed doves were sampled for the presence of T. gallinae; 226 (5.6%) tested positive (4.4%–10.6% range). Results of the monitoring effort were relatively consistent during the 6-yr period, with the presence of T. gallinae being within the range of previously reported estimates for mourning doves. Asymptomatic carriers in one segment of the dove population may provide a mechanism for spreading the disease to other segments of the mourning dove population.
Optical properties of materials for concentrator photovoltaic systems

As part of our research on materials for concentrator photovoltaics (CPV), we are evaluating the optical properties and solar radiation durability of a number of polymeric materials with potential CPV application. For optical materials in imaging or non-imaging optical systems, detailed knowledge of the wavelength dependent complex index of refraction is important for optical system design and performance. Here we report the index of refraction, optical absorbance and haze results of various polymers of interest for CPV systems.
Does physical activity influence semantic memory activation in amnestic mild cognitive impairment

Abstract The effect of physical activity (PA) on functional brain activation for semantic memory in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) was examined using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging during fame discrimination. Significantly greater semantic memory activation occurred in the left caudate of High- versus Low-PA patients, ( P =0.03), suggesting PA may enhance memory-related caudate activation in aMCI.
Real-time elastography-based monitoring of histotripsy tissue fractionation using color Doppler

Histotripsy uses high intensity, μs-long ultrasound pulses to control cavitating bubble clouds for tissue fractionation. Ultrasound techniques exist to monitor this fractionation progress but due to acoustic interference from the histotripsy pulses and the presence of the hyper-echoic bubble cloud at the therapy focus, treatment must be halted for their application. This paper develops color Doppler as a real-time acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI)-based feedback during histotripsy. This technique uses histotripsy pulses to apply ARFI and color Doppler to detect the ARFI-induced motion of the residual histotripsy bubbles in the increasingly softer tissue resulting from histotripsy fractionation. Various histotripsy treatments (0.75-1.25 MHz, 3-10 cycles, 50-100 Hz PRF) were applied to ex vivo tissue, with synchronized color Doppler acquisitions providing an estimate of the mean velocity of the focal region displacement in response to the histotripsy pulse using a 5 MHz linear array on a Verasonics imaging system. Depending on the specific Doppler parameters used, clear increasing or decreasing trends in mean velocity were observed as the treatment progressed. This study developed a real-time elastographybased feedback for histotripsy tissue fractionation and demonstrated its feasibility.
Direct operations on the lymphatics

Progress in microvascular surgical techniques and instrumentation has made direct reconstructions of the lymph vessels possible. Lymphovenous anastomoses to bypass the obstructed lymphatic system have been performed for secondary lymphoedema of the upper or lower extremities for over 20 years. The largest series of patients with long-term follow-up after lymphovenous anastomoses was recently reported by O’Brien et al.1.
SMAP's radar OBP algorithm development

An approach for algorithm specifications and development is described for SMAP's radar onboard processor with multi-stage demodulation and decimation bandpass digital filter. Point target simulation is used to verify and validate the filter design with the usual radar performance parameters. Preliminary FPGA implementation is also discussed.
Reactivity of Resorcinol Formaldehyde Resin with Nitric Acid

Solid-state infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and elemental analysis have been used to evaluate the reactivity of resorcinol formaldehyde resin with nitric acid and characterize the solid product. Two distinct reactions were identified within the temperature range 25-55 C. The first reaction is primarily associated with resin nitration, while the second involves bulk oxidation and degradation of the polymer network leading to dissolution and off-gassing. The threshold conditions promoting reaction have been identified. Reaction was confirmed with nitric acid concentrations as low as 3 M at 25 C applied temperature and 0.625 M at 66 C. Although a nitrated resin product can be isolated under appropriate experimental conditions, calorimetry testing indicates no significant hazard associated with handling the dry material.
Psychiatric evaluations prior to stem cell transplant – a survey of National Marrow Donor Programs

Keywords: bone marrow transplant; pre-transplant evaluations; comorbid psychiatric disorder; transplant-related depression; hematopoietic stem cell transplant
T-DNA Binary Vectors and Systems

For more than two decades, scientists have used Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation to generate transgenic plants. Initial technologies to introduce genes of interest (goi) into Agrobacterium involved complex microbial genetic methodologies that inserted these goi into the transfer DNA (T-DNA) region of large tumor-inducing plasmids (Ti-plasmids). However, scientists eventually learned that T-DNA transfer could still be effected if the T-DNA region and the virulence (vir) genes required for T-DNA processing and transfer were split into two replicons. This binary system permitted facile manipulation of Agrobacterium and opened up the field of plant genetic engineering to numerous laboratories. In this review, we recount the history of development of T-DNA binary vector systems, and we describe important components of these systems. Some of these considerations were previously described in a review by Hellens et al. (2000b).
The Cyclic Deformation of PWA 1480 Single Crystals as a Function of Temperature, Strain Rate and Orientation

The cyclic deformation mechanisms of PWA 1480 are identified as a function of temperature and strain rate. It is shown that these mechanisms are vastly different as the test conditions change. At low temperatures shearing of precipitates, formation of faults, and cube cross slip are all important features. At high temperatures there is no asymmetry in deformation and the primary rate-controlling mechanism is climb. Existing constitutive models were evaluated in light of the physical findings. It was found that the Walker-Jordan model can be modified to incorporate the documented physical processes.
Uterine prolapse in the pregnant primigravida

M. A., a 35-year-old Japanese primigravida, was first seen during the thirty-second week of pregnancy. Her medical and surgical history was unremarkable. Physical examination revealed a normal pregnancy compatible with 32 weeks’ duration. No uterine prolapse, cystocele, or rectocele was present at that time. There was a mild ectropion of the uterine cervix, which later became marked and caused a few episodes of bloody discharge during the thirty-sixth and thirty-seventh weeks of pregnancy. Otherwise, her prenatal course was uneventful until the beginning of the fortieth week when she developed, suddenly, a seconddegree uterine prolapse associated with a mild degree of cystocele and rectocele. The entire cervix was outside the introitus, being enlarged and edematous with marked ectropion (Fig. 1). She had mild pressure symptoms but no pain or incontinence. A Smith-Hodge pessary was inserted. It remained in the vagina the remaining days of her pregnancy. Five days later (at the end of the fortieth week), she went into labor, and the pessary was removed. The labor was normal as illustrated in Fig. 2, with the use of mild sedation and later epidural anesthesia. The fetal presenting part descended rapidly without interference by the condition of the cervix, which dilated quite normally. Normal fetal heart rate patterns were observed by continuous monitoring with a fetal scalp electrode throughout the last half of labor. After a second stage of only 14 minutes, a healthy baby girl weighing 3,076 grams was bon spontaneously over a median episiotomy. No cervical laceration or extension of the episiotomy was noted. There Fig. I. Uterine prolapse at 40 weeks’ gestation. Edematous enlargement of the cervix with marked ectropion and erosion is seen.
Cyanide and sulfide interact with nitrogenous compounds to influence the relaxation of various smooth muscles.

Sodium nitroprusside relaxed guinea pig ileum after the segment had been submaximally contracted by either histamine or acetylcholine, intact isolated rabbit gall bladder after submaximal contraction by either acetylcholine or cholecystokinin octapeptide, and rat pulmonary artery helical strips after submaximal contraction with norepinephrine. In each of these cases the relaxation produced by nitroprusside was at least partially reversed by the subsequent addition of excess sodium cyanide. Cyanide, however, in nontoxic concentrations did not reverse the spasmolytic effects of hydroxylamine hydrochloride, sodium azide, nitroglycerin, sodium nitrite, or nitric oxide hemoglobin on guinea pig ileum, nor did cyanide alone in the same concentrations have any effect. The similar interaction between nitroprusside and cyanide on rabbit aortic strips is not dependent on the presence of an intact endothelia cell layer. Also, on rabbit aortic strips and like cyanide, sodium sulfide reversed the spasmolytic effects of azide and hydroxylamine, but it had little or no effect on the relaxation induced by papaverine. Unlike cyanide, however, sulfide augmented the relaxation induced by nitroprusside, and it reversed the effects of nitric oxide hemoglobin, nitroglycerin, and nitrite. A direct chemical reaction between sulfide and nitroprusside may account for the difference between it and cyanide. Although evidence wasmore » obtained also for a direct chemical reaction between sulfide and norepinephrine, that reaction does not seem to have played a role in these results.« less
libSRES: a C library for stochastic ranking evolution strategy for parameter estimation

Summary: Estimation of kinetic parameters in a biochemical pathway or network represents a common problem in systems studies of biological processes. We have implemented a C library, named libSRES, to facilitate a fast implementation of computer software for study of non-linear biochemical pathways. This library implements a (μ, λ)-ES evolutionary optimization algorithm that uses stochastic ranking as the constraint handling technique. Considering the amount of computing time it might require to solve a parameter-estimation problem, an MPI version of libSRES is provided for parallel implementation, as well as a simple user interface. libSRES is freely available and could be used directly in any C program as a library function. We have extensively tested the performance of libSRES on various pathway parameter-estimation problems and found its performance to be satisfactory. Availability: The source code (in C) is free for academic users at http://csbl.bmb.uga.edu/~jix/science/libSRES/ Contact: [email protected] Supplementary information: Detailed documentation for libSRES is available at http://csbl.bmb.uga.edu/~jix/science/libSRES/
Extrapolation and Interpolation of Quasi-Linear Operators on Martingales

In this paper we introduce a new method to obtain one-sided and two-sided integral inequalities for a class of quasi-linear operators. Some of our assumptions are similar to those of the Marcinkiewicz interpolation theorem. However, in contrast to the Marcinkiewicz theorem, the operators that we study here are local in a certain sense and are usually most conveniently defined on martingales. In fact, the suitable choice of starting and stopping times for martingales, together with the systematic use of maximal functions and maximal operators, is central to our method.
Rotational bands in odd-oddRe182

Rotational bands in the odd-odd nucleus, $^{182}\mathrm{Re}$, have been studied via the $^{181}\mathrm{Ta}(\ensuremath{\alpha},3\mathrm{n}\ensuremath{\gamma})^{182}\mathrm{Re}$, $^{182}\mathrm{W}(\mathrm{p},\mathrm{n}\ensuremath{\gamma})^{182}\mathrm{Re}$, and $^{184}\mathrm{W}(\mathrm{p},3\mathrm{n}\ensuremath{\gamma})^{182}\mathrm{Re}$ reactions, using Ge $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray detectors in a variety of singles, coincidence, delayed coincidence, and angular distribution experiments. Four rotational bands were characterized extensively: ${7}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}{\frac{5}{2}}^{+}[402\ensuremath{\uparrow}]\ensuremath{\bigotimes}\ensuremath{\nu}{\frac{9}{2}}^{+}[624\ensuremath{\uparrow}]}$, triplet coupling ($64\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{h} ^{182}\mathrm{Re}^{g}$) to $J=16$; ${2}^{+}$, singlet coupling ($12.7\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{h} ^{182}\mathrm{Re}^{m}$), to $J=12$; ${9}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\pi}{\frac{9}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}[514\ensuremath{\uparrow}]\ensuremath{\bigotimes}\ensuremath{\nu}{\frac{9}{2}}^{+}[624\ensuremath{\uparrow}]}$, triplet band head (${t}_{\frac{1}{2}}=6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2$ ns) at 443.1 keV, to $J=15$; and ${4}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\pi}{\frac{1}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}[541\ensuremath{\uparrow}]\ensuremath{\bigotimes}\ensuremath{\nu}{\frac{9}{2}}^{+}[624\ensuremath{\uparrow}]}$, triplet band head (${t}_{\frac{1}{2}}=780\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}90$ ns) at 461.3 keV above $^{182}\mathrm{Re}^{m}$. All four bands are highly distorted from Coriolis effects. ${g}_{K}$ and ${g}_{R}$ were deduced and agree with the assigned configurations. A four-quasiparticle isomer (${t}_{\frac{1}{2}}=88\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}8$ ns) was located at 2256.3 keV and is characterized as an oblate girdle about the basic prolate core.[NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{181}\mathrm{Ta}(\ensuremath{\alpha},3\mathrm{n}\ensuremath{\gamma})^{182}\mathrm{Re}$, $^{182}\mathrm{W}(\mathrm{p},\mathrm{n}\ensuremath{\gamma})^{182}\mathrm{Re}$, $^{184}\mathrm{W}(\mathrm{p},3\mathrm{n}\ensuremath{\gamma})^{182}\mathrm{Re}$; $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray singles, $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ coin, delayed coin, $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\theta}$; Ge detectors; determined ${E}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$, ${I}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$, ${I}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}(\ensuremath{\theta})$, ${g}_{K}$, ${g}_{R}$; deduced states in odd-odd $^{182}\mathrm{Re}$, ${J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}$, $K$, ${t}_{\frac{1}{2}}$; calculated rotational band parameters, Coriolis effects, isomer configuration.]
Neuroleptic syndrome among patients receiving antipsychotic drugs-review

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome is occasional but deadly reaction, which results from treatment with antipsychotic medications. Risk aspects include the following: dehydration, agitation, and history of neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Despite the fact that Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome has been described as adverse effect from treatment with antipsychotic medications, patients suffering with chemical imbalance of brain or mood disorders, especially when treated with lithium, fall in to higher risk group. Standard criteria for the diagnosis of Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome highlight the following signs and symptoms: muscle rigidity, hyperthermia, alteration in mental status, and autonomic dysfunction. Syndrome usually lasts from 7 to 10 days in simple and uncomplicated patients who receiving neuroleptics orally. Early detection and diagnosis of syndrome are up the most importance, where discontinuance of triggering medication, managing of fluid balance, control of body temperature and close observation for complications takes place. Use of dopamine agonists should be advised in more complex cases. Electroconvulsive therapy has also been effective in a few cases. In this article author reviews the proposed pathology, symptoms, complications, and treatment of Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Dawning of a New Age: Examination for Discrimination in Lending

The earlier public releases of the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act ("HMDA") data in 2004-2006 engendered lively and, sometimes impassioned, debate over the pricing of mortgage credit and its implications regarding the treatment of minority mortgage borrowers. In the decade before the HMDA data contained pricing information, most of the debates concerning mortgage lending focused on the access to credit of minority borrowers. With the release, on September 11, 2008 of the 2007 HMDA data, it is clear that both the pricing of mortgages for minority borrowers, and the access to credit for home mortgages, remain issues that require detailed exploration. In one sense, the dramatic decline in lenders reporting higher quantities of high priced loans should provide reassurance to those concerned with any disparities in pricing. On the other hand, the percentages of loans originated to minority borrowers, relative to past years, cannot but refocus concern on access to credit. This paper presents some detailed information on lending, on a loan level, in the 2004-2005 years as the subprime industry was growing rapidly. We also highlight some of the recent changes observed in the primary and secondary markets that might impact examinations of potential discrimination in lending over the next few years.
Learning by Doing: China's Role in the Global Governance of Food Security

China, which faces severe resource and environmental constraints, has now reached a critical juncture in its capacity to maintain self-sufficiency in basic foods. Despite abundant grain reserves, an estimated 10 percent of the population is still undernourished. China’s food security concerns have a significant impact on the broader effort to eliminate world hunger and ensure a reliable supply and fair distribution of food on a global scale. In recent years, Beijing has encouraged the outsourcing of agricultural production overseas, expanded agricultural development projects, and increased its role in providing emergency food relief. Now an active, albeit reluctant, stakeholder in the global governance of food security, the question arises of how China’s emerging role is likely to shape the future direction of the international food regime. This paper outlines the major trends in food security governance at the global level, address the vexed question of what constitutes food security in the Chinese context, and assess the extent to which China’s current involvement in agricultural investments, food aid, and global policymaking is aligned with international norms and practices.
Preliminary Observations on the Behavior of Feral Chickens on the Island of Kauai; Reflections on Domestication as Complexity

Two study sessions of fieldwork on the Hawaiian island of Kauai were undertaken in 2012 and 2014 on the behavior of the feral chickens on the island. The inquiry was directed to understand the nature of social organization given the animals had no natural predators and were largely ignored by the present population. Comparisons with other vertebrate populations with out natural predators was considered.
Comparison of Two US Sheep Scrapie Isolates Supports Identification as Separate Strains

Scrapie is a naturally occurring transmissible spongiform encephalopathy of sheep and goats. There are different strains of sheep scrapie that are associated with unique molecular, transmission, and phenotype characteristics. However, in the United States, very little is known about the potential presence of scrapie strains. Scrapie strain and PRNP genotype could both affect susceptibility, potential for transmission, incubation period (IP), and control measures required for eliminating scrapie from a flock. The investigators evaluated 2 US scrapie isolates, No. 13-7 and x124, after intranasal inoculation to compare clinical signs, IPs, spongiform lesions, and patterns of PrPSc deposition in sheep with scrapie-susceptible PRNP genotypes (QQ171). After inoculation with x124, susceptibility and IP were associated with valine at codon 136 (V136) of the prion protein: VV136 sheep had short IPs (6.9 months), those in AV136 sheep were 11.9 months, and AA136 sheep did not develop scrapie. All No. 13-7 inoculated sheep developed scrapie, with IPs of 20.1 months for AA136 sheep, 22.8 months for AV136 sheep, and 26.7 months for VV136 sheep. Patterns of immunoreactivity in the brain were influenced by inoculum isolate and host genotype. Differences in PrPSc profiles versus isolate were most striking when examining brains from sheep with the VV136 genotype. Inoculation into C57BL/6 mice resulted in markedly different attack rates (90.5% for x124 and 5.9% for No. 13-7). Taken together, these data demonstrate that No. 13-7 and x124 represent 2 distinct strains of scrapie with different IPs, genotype susceptibilities, and PrPSc deposition profiles.
Tobacco Taxation and Cigarette and Smokeless Tobacco Substitution

Much research has examined the effect of anti-smoking policies on the use of cigarettes, but relatively little work has examined smokeless tobacco or whether anti-tobacco policies aimed at either smokeless tobacco or cigarettes lead to substitution between these two products. Using newly compiled data on smokeless tobacco taxes, this paper finds that while these taxes lower rates of smokeless tobacco use, they substantially increase smoking among young men. For example, a ten percentage point increase in the tax on smokeless tobacco would raise the smoking rate by 5.3% percent in this group. The analysis also indicates that higher cigarette taxes raise the use of smokeless tobacco among both men and women while clean indoor air laws have no effect. Since smoking cigarettes is much more harmful than smokeless tobacco, higher taxes on smokeless tobacco are very likely to harm the health of young men.
Characteristic Properties of the Euclidean Length Integral

(1932). Characteristic Properties of the Euclidean Length Integral. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 39, No. 9, pp. 524-527.
Nonlinear Dynamics Characterization of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters from Hybrid Vibrations

The concept of energy harvesting from ambient and galloping vibrations of a bluff body with a triangular cross-section geometry is investigated. A coupled nonlinear distributedparameter model is developed to account for the galloping force and moment nonlinearities and the base excitation. The aerodynamic loads are modeled by using the quasi-steady approximation. Interesting nonlinear phenomena including quenching and beating phenomena are observed. To characterize the system’s nonlinearities, power spectra, phase portraits, and Poincare maps are used.
KLEPTOPARASITISM OF AMERICAN COOTS BY GADWALLS AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO SOCIAL DOMINANCE AND FOOD ABUNDANCE

Kleptoparasitism of American Coots (Fulica americana) by Gadwalls (Anas strep- era) was recorded from October 1991-February 1992. We used these data to test whether frequency and rate of kleptoparasitism were related to variation in food abundance and dominance status of Gadwalls. Overall, 30% (n = 423) of Gadwalls observed were kleptopar- asitic; the relative frequency and rate of kleptoparasitism varied monthly. The proportion of individuals engaged in food stealing and the rate of kleptoparasitism were greatest for subordinate sex/pair status classes of Gadwalls. When comparing diurnal time-activity bud- gets, kleptoparasitic Gadwalls spent less time feeding (56 vs. 68%) and more time searching for food (37 vs. 24%) than did individuals not participating in kleptoparasitism. watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) was the primary food of Gadwalls and American Coots. As this aquatic macrophyte declined in abundance over the winter as a result of the effects of herbivory and natural senescence, so did numbers of coots and Gadwalls. When coot and Gadwall numbers were held constant statistically, the rate of kleptoparasitism was inversely related to milfoil cover. Food-stealing behavior of Gadwalls was influenced by social domi- nance and food abundance; it was mediated by host/parasite numbers. Results suggest that kleptoparasitism is an alternative foraging strategy used by subordinate Gadwalls that do
Multi-Objective Hydrodynamic Design Optimization of a Centrifugal Pump

A hydrodynamic multi-objective design optimization process is defined for a GDM 10 x 12 HD centrifugal pump impeller and volute to optimize its total efficiency and total head and to improve its performance. This research uses the commercial Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software ANSYS, which is one of the advanced computational tools used in industry to solve the Navier-Stokes equations for three-dimensional flows and predict the pump performance. The impeller inlet and outlet blade angles are modeled by using BladeGen modeler. The structured mesh is accomplished using TurboGrid. The pump volute is built in ANSYS Geometry and an unstructured mesh is used. HEEDS MDO-Modeler is used to perform the multi-objective optimization process and get the optimal results of the pump efficiency and head. The optimized efficiency of the centrifugal pump was increased by 3.2% and the optimized head was decreased by 2%.
Developing Monolithic Nanoporous Gold with Hierarchical Bicontinuity Using Colloidal Bijels

We report a universal platform for the synthesis of monolithic porous gold materials with hierarchical bicontinuous morphology and combined macro- and mesoporosity using a synergistic combination of nanocasting and chemical dealloying. This robust and accessible approach offers a new design paradigm for the parallel optimization of active surface area and mass transport in porous metal electrodes.
Resistance to Rous sarcoma elicited by immunization with live virus.

SummaryImmunization of chickens with live avian sarcoma virus RSV(RAV-1) or with its helper leukosis virus, RAV-1, afforded high levels of protection against sarcoma induction by RSV(RAY-1). The sarcoma virus was used in subtumorigenic doses and the RAV-1, which is of low overt oncogenicity, was used in a concentration of 106 tissue culture infectious units. Tn most cases, birds resisting tumor formation possessed high levels of virus neutralizing antibody. The role of antibody and cell-mediated immunity in avian sarcoma in which the etiologic agent persists in infectious form is discussed.
The hierarchy of approaches to tobacco control

Tobacco represents the single most preventable cause of disease and death in the world today. Of 260 million male deaths in the developed world between 1950 and 2000, it is estimated that 50 million will be due to smoking. In the oral and craniofacial region tobacco use has been associated with the occurrence of cleft palate, periodontal disease and tooth loss, and a variety of soft tissue lesions including oral cancer. For example, smoking is estimated to account for 92% of cancers of the lip, oral cavity and pharynx. Few studies have examined relative efficiency of the many different approaches to tobacco control but, in general, legislative approaches such as increasing tobacco taxes and prohibiting advertising are most effective and those based on printed educational materials and cessation groups, the least effective. In all cases, advice or intervention by health care professionals ranked among the most effective non-legislative approaches to control. A very wide range of professionally-based interventions have been described, including pharmacologic interventions, behavioral approaches and group counseling. The dental profession has a unique opportunity to influence tobacco use by their patients. Its use is almost always immediately evident to the dentist or dental assistant in terms of odor, staining, poor oral hygiene or obvious oral disease. There is also a tendency for the length of personal contact with the dentist to be greater than with a physician. Guidelines are now available that provide the dental professional with advice on the best approaches to tobacco control with their patients.
Clinical genomics: from a truly personal genome viewpoint

The path to Clinical Genomics is punctuated by our understanding of what types of DNA structural and sequence variation contribute to disease, the many technical challenges to detect such variation genome-wide, and the initial struggles to interpret personal genome variation in the context of disease. This review describes one perspective of the development of clinical genomics; whereas the experimental challenges, and hurdles to overcoming them, might be deemed readily apparent, the non-technical issues for clinical implementation may be less obvious. Some of these latter challenges, including: (1) informed consent, (2) privacy, (3) what constitutes potentially pathogenic variation contributing to disease, (4) disease penetrance in populations, and (5) the genetic architecture of disease, and the struggles sometimes faced for solutions, are highlighted using illustrative examples.
Venous Etiologies of Acute Limb Ischemia

Venous thrombosis can rarely result in critical limb ischemia. Typically, complete or near-complete thrombosis of extremity venous outflow is required for the development of acute limb ischemia. Prompt diagnosis is necessary. Treatment of the patient requires appropriate resuscitation and typically thrombolysis followed by long-term anticoagulation. Both upper and lower extremity venous etiologies to acute limb ischemia are discussed in this chapter.
Parametric cooling of a degenerate Fermi gas by shaking an optical trap with anharmonic frequencies

We develop a technique for cooling a degenerate Fermi gas in a crossed-beam optical trap, where high-energy atoms are selectively removed by modulating the stiffness of the trapping potential with anharmonic trapping frequencies.
The Characterization of Microparticle Phenotypes in Stored Red Blood Cell Units.

Abstract Abstract 2282 The transfusion of red blood cells (RBC) is associated with adverse outcomes in critically ill patients. One hypothesis explaining this observation involves the accumulation of potentially inflammatory/prothrombotic microparticles (MPs), released from cellular membranes during unit processing and storage. Despite their implication, the exact nature of MPs within RBC units remains incompletely defined. Here, we characterized the MP phenotypes present within stored RBC units and quantified the various populations. We directly sampled 11 O-positive non-leukoreduced RBC unit bags and isolated MPs by sequential centrifugation. We used a two-step process to detect MPs by flow cytometry. First, we used commercially available Megamix beads to define MPs according to their size during flow cytometric analysis and Trucount beads to quantify MP counts/mL (reported as median [IQR]). MPs ≤1 μm in size were subsequently classified into the following populations: total annexin V-positive, tissue factor-positive (CD142), and those staining for RBC- (intra/extracellular domain-specific glycophorin A, and band-3), leukocyte- (CD45), platelet- (CD42b), and endothelial-specific (CD144) markers. The total concentration of MPs was 1.52×109 MPs/mL [1.39×109]; however, only 4.3% were Annexin V-positive (5.16×107 MPs/mL [7.27×107]), and 11.7% were tissue factor-positive (4.24×107 MPs/mL [1.11×108]). Likewise, MPs with leukocyte-, platelet-, and endothelial-specific markers accounted for only 0.05% (4.44×105 MPs/mL [7.83×105]), 0.17% (1.99×106 MPs/mL [3.11×106]), and 0.06% (7.58×105 MPs/mL [8.04×105]), respectively ( Figure 1 ). The amount of RBC-derived MPs varied depending on the antibody used. While only 4.2% of MPs (3.40×107 MPs/mL [2.91×107]) stained positive for the extracellular domain of glycophorin A, 41.3% (8.20×108 MPs/mL [4.06×108]) and 20.6% MPs (3.03×108 MPs/mL [3.53×108]) stained positive for the cytoplasmic domain of glycophorin A and band-3 respectively ( Figure 1 ). The concentration of MPs positive for the cytoplasmic domain of glycophorin A was significantly greater their extracellular domain-specific counterparts (p Download : Download high-res image (34KB) Download : Download full-size image Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.