cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Uplifting AdS 3 /CFT 2 to flat space holography

Four-dimensional (4D) flat Minkowski space admits a foliation by hyperbolicslices. Euclidean AdS3 slices fill the past and future lightcones of the origin, while dS3 slices fill the region outside the lightcone. The resulting link between 4D asymptotically flat quantum gravity and AdS3/CFT2 is explored in this paper. The 4D superrotations in the extended BMS4 group are found to act as the familiar conformal transformations on the 3D hyperbolic slices, mapping each slice to itself. The associated 4D superrotation charge is constructed in the covariant phase space formalism. The soft part gives the 2D stress tensor, which acts on the celestial sphere at the boundary of the hyperbolic slices, and is shown to be an uplift to 4D of the familiar 3D holographic AdS3 stress tensor. Finally, we find that 4D quantum gravity contains an unexpected second, conformally soft, dimension (2, 0) mode that is symplectically paired with the celestial stress tensor.
Is labour becoming more or less flexible? Changing dynamic behaviour and asymmetries of labour input in US manufacturing

Have employment and hours become more flexible over time? Vector auto-regressions are estimated using monthly time-series data to generate impulse responses, which reflect the dynamic response of employment and average hours of labour input following a given shock in output demand. A marked change in the US manufacturing sector occurred after 1979. Although there is heterogeneity by industry and asymmetry over the business cycle, hours have become somewhat more and employment considerably less flexible, particularly during expansion phases. Employers are apparently delaying hiring and relying more on using hours as a buffer to absorb fluctuations in output demand.
Supporting family care for older adults: Building a better bridge

Abstract The family care gap is a public health imperative and will require strategies at the national, state, and community levels to effectively address. There are emerging strategies to close the impending chasm between fewer available family caregivers and the increasing chronic care needs of an aging US population. In this final chapter of Bridging the Family Care Gap I expand upon some of the key ideas introduced in the book that are central to any family care gap solution. They include: (a) robust consideration of the public health context of the family care gap; (b) policy innovations that could help to bridge the family care gap; and (c) truncating the chasm between scientific evidence and implementation so that when policies are enacted, the services these policies support are of the highest quality possible for family caregivers.
Innovative Leadership: Tools and Techniques to Acquire Innovative and Inspiring Ideas

The purpose of this chapter is to offer innovative tools and techniques to acquire innovative and inspiring ideas. It explains the power of your subconscious mind to acquire creative and inventive ideas and unlock your hidden potential. It differentiates between creativity and innovation and draws a blueprint to achieve creativity and innovation. It explains and elaborates on innovative leadership. It outlines the characteristics of innovative leaders. It illustrates with inspiring examples of innovative international leaders including Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Edison, Albert Einstein, Bill Gates, Larry Ellison, Elon Musk, and Mark Zuckerberg. It explains that failure is an integral part of innovation. It implores to acquire every piece of information to achieve innovation. It emphasizes the importance of synthesis to generate more ideas. It reminds us that all seeds that you sow will not germinate and bear fruits. It concludes to strive from a theoretical and practical perspective to acquire innovative and inspiring ideas to achieve extraordinary success in your life.
Faculty Perceptions of Teaching Online During the COVID-19 University Transition of Courses to an Online Format

As a result of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, many universities were required to make quick decisions to accommodate social distancing guidelines. Cherished university events such as commencement and spring convocations were postponed or cancelled. Such decisions were made in an effort to curb the number of people infected with the virus. Institutions were also forced to consider how to continue educating students in the midst of a pandemic. In many instances, faculty were required to transition their face to face courses to an online format. Some instructors were familiar with the instructional strategies and technological tools needed for effective online teaching. Whereas, other novice faculty were hesitant or even resistant to the idea of online teaching and learning. This case study at a Midwest Masters level university, examines the perceptions of faculty (n=158) regarding the quick adoption of their courses to an online medium during the Spring 2020 semester. The web-based survey instrument consists of two sections. Section I had 10 demographic questions, section II had 28 statements with a seven-point Likert-type scale measurement that ranged from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree). Section II assessed perceptions and attitudes about the quick transition to online, and comparison of students’ engagement for the courses during the spring semester face-to-face vs the online format during COVID-19, and professors’ level of satisfaction with the transition. The data was analyzed using frequency, mean and ANCOVA with SPSS version 23. Findings revealed that generally faculty felt that course quality remained the same, that students’ engagement and performance declined during the pandemic and satisfaction levels with the transition were low.
Integration of Glycomics Knowledge and Data

Publisher Summary The field of Glycomics has emerged as a result of technical advances that allow high-throughput, high-sensitivity analysis of structurally complex molecules. The complexity of glycan biosynthesis makes its analysis difficult, limiting glycomics knowledge of the mechanisms by which glycans carry out their biological functions. This chapter provides an overview of the general problem of integrating glycomics information and structural databases. Development of tools is required to create informatics systems that significantly advance our understanding of glycobiology. The basic infrastructure for semantic integration of glycomics data includes knowledge repositories, data repositories and tools for glycoinformatics that are required for high-throughput data acquisition, integration of the data, and discovery of knowledge that is inferred by the data. This provides an understanding of the structure and biosynthesis of glycans. These powerful new analytical techniques produce large amounts of information-rich raw data, making it necessary to develop equally powerful informatics techniques that process and mine data in order to understand its biological implications in detail. The highest priority is the extension and utilization of curational tools to populate ontologies with trusted knowledge in the glycomics domain. Ontological specification of the fundamental knowledge serves as a springboard for the further development of powerful tools for interpreting glycomics data by providing a basis for the expressive annotation of experimental data, facilitating the realization of its biological relevance.
RGS/G-protein control of liver carbohydrate and fatty acid metabolism

G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) pathways directly and indirectly control metabolic rate and feeding behaviors that influence the onset of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Regulators of G protein S...
The Illusion of Transformative Conflict Resolution: Mediating Domestic Violence in Nicaragua

In this article, we examine the implementation of mediation in domestic violence cases in Nicaragua as a case study of the transnational movement of alternative conflict resolution within rule of law reforms across the world. Unlike scholarship about mediation in the United States, the effects of mediation's global implementation are undertheorized. This article examines the importation of U.S. style mediation and its implementation in domestic violence situations in developing countries such as Nicaragua where traditional legal systems are weaker than those institutionalized in the United States. In particular, we evaluate mediation as applied in Mulukuku, an isolated community in the rural north central part of the country. We reflect upon the community motivations and external influences bringing mediation to Mulukuku. We analyze these issues in order to foster a better understanding of how such a community can more effectively own and implement its dispute resolution processes. We argue in this article that Mulukuku's mediation experience suffers from many pitfalls both in its conception and as implemented. At the same time, we believe that the model may provide a vehicle that can incorporate the community's already-existing informal mediation methods. We, therefore, offer insights gleaned from the experiences of domestic violence victim advocates in the U.S. and other parts of the world. Principally, we aim to inform Nicaraguans about how best to own and adapt mediation to their cultural and societal needs. This exploration is particularly timely given the increasing skepticism of the transformation claims surrounding mediation and the growing realization in Nicaragua that mediation in domestic violence cases carries potential dangers to victims.
Transonic Small Disturbance Calculations Including Entropy Corrections

Murman’s fully conservative mixed type finite-difference operators are first modified. A special sonic point operator with an iterative damping term is introduced which helps the convergence and does not affect the spatial conservative differences. Reliable calculations with second order supersonic schemes are obtained using two sonic operators, the regular sonic point operator followed by a first order supersonic scheme. Also, shock point operator is shown to be equivalent to fitting a locally normal shock terminating the supersonic region.
An invariance principle for dynamical systems on Banach space - Application to the general problem of thermoelastic stability

Elastic stability is usually discussed from strictly mechanical considerations. Recently, however, attempts have been made to analyze the influence of the usually neglected thermodynamics properties of elastic materials. More specifically, one may ask what effects the second law of thermodynamics has on the asymptotic stability of equilibrium of thermoelastic materials.
Perfectionism, Depression, Anxiety, and Academic Performance in Premedical Students

This study examined differences in perfectionism, depression, anxiety, and academic performance between premedical (N = 104) and non-premedical (N = 76) undergraduate students. Results indicated that premedical students did not differ significantly from non-premedical students in perfectionistic self-criticism, personal standards perfectionism, depression, or anxiety. Perfectionistic high standards were not correlated with depression or anxiety for either group. Self-critical perfectionism was positively correlated with depression and anxiety, with comparable effect sizes, for both groups of students. Premedical students and non-premedical students drastically differed in their reported academic performance (GPA). For premedical students, PS perfectionism was related to higher GPA, however PS perfectionism in non-premedical students had a negligible effect in increasing GPA. The implications of these results for interventions and future research are discussed.
An Application of Geometric Statistics to Dynamic Fragmentation

One-dimensional fragmentation, viewed as a random Poisson process, results in an exponential distribution of particle sizes which compares well with expanding ring fragmentation data. Extending geometric concepts of random Poisson processes to areas and volumes results in theoretical distributions that are construction dependent, although there are indications that an exponential distribution is applicable. If we represent homogeneous fragmentation processes with the exponential distribution, then this distribution can be used as a basis to describe statistical heterogeneity in more complex fragmentation processes.
The protein composition of normal and developmentally defective enamel.

The development of human enamel involves a complex series of events including the secretion and degradation of a unique extracellular matrix. Ameloblasts progress through a succession of cellular phenotypes executing specialized secretory and regulatory functions. When performing optimally, ameloblasts produce a highly structured and mineralized tissue. Given the elaborate developmental events required for normal enamel formation, it is not surprising that a variety of enamel malformations arise from defects in matrix synthesis, secretion and extracellular processing. Normal matrix secretion and post-secretory processing by ameloblasts can be affected by a variety of hereditary and environmental conditions. These disturbances can result in an abnormal amount and/or composition of matrix proteins, and subsequently, an altered enamel structure and/or mineral content. For example, abnormal matrix removal during enamel maturation apparently contributes to hypomineralization associated with dental fluorosis. Incomplete matrix removal can also occur in several different forms of the hereditary condition amelogenesis imperfects. Specific types of this condition can have retention of substantial enamel protein (e.g. 5% by weight) that is, at least in part, composed of amelogenin and/or its breakdown products. Characterization of the enamel proteins in teeth affected by developmental disturbances can provide insight into the pathogenesis and normal formation of this highly specialized tissue.
Scheduling Multimedia Documents Using Temporal Constraints

We describe a scheduling algorithm, based on linear programming, for solving a network of temporal constraints among media in multimedia documents. This algorithm lays out media events and media segments in time so as to conform to a set of constraints specified by the author. This temporal layout is conceptually similar to TEX's spatial layout algorithm, in that it permits time to be stretched or shrunk between events inside media segments to arrive at an “optimal” display for a document. Asynchronous events, such as user interaction, or asynchronous segments, such as programs, can be included.
ESTIMATING ERROR GROWTH AND SHADOW BEHAVIOR IN NONLINEAR DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS

In modeling nonlinear dynamical systems, error growth can arise both because of dynamical error in the model, and observational error in measurements of the underlying system. Errors thus introduced can be further amplified by the system dynamics. This paper develops a method to approximate error growth, based on the model drift, for the general case when the model is given by a (possibly large) set of ordinary differential equations. The ability of the model to shadow (stay close to) the true system is analyzed, and a criterion for model quality based on the error dynamics is proposed. Examples are given with a range of models, which are chosen to be representative of different types of model error.
GENERAL NOAA OIL MODELING ENVIRONMENT (GNOME): A NEW SPILL TRAJECTORY MODEL

ABSTRACT The General NOAA Oil Modeling Environment (GNOME) is a standard Eulerian/Lagrangian spill-trajectory model designed to meet the needs of planners and expert responders through three differ...
Afterglows from the largest explosions in the universe.

The distinction of “largest explosions in the universe” has been bestowed on cosmic gamma-ray bursts. Their afterglows are brighter than supernovae and therefore are called hypernovae. Photometry and spectroscopy of these afterglows have provided major breakthroughs in our understanding of this mysterious phenomenon.
U.S. Navy Large Deck Amphibious Assault Ship: Steam to Gas Turbine Conversion

This paper will discuss the conversion of the US Navy LHD assault ship from conventional steam propulsion to gas turbine mechanical drive with all electric auxiliaries. The LHD 8 will provide gas turbine mechanical drive and electric propulsion via Controllable Pitch Propellers (CPP) in a Combined Operation Diesel Electric or Gas Turbine (CODLOG) configuration. The primary propulsion is from gas turbine engines with an auxiliary electric drive to provide economical low speed operations while the ship is operating in the littoral zone. The paper will discuss how the gas turbine drive in concert with an electric “loiter” motor drive will be used to provide the most efficient drive combination for each operating scenario. The paper will also discuss the process, trade-offs, and constraints placed on the designers of incorporating a new propulsion plant into an existing ship design. Interfaces with other ship systems presented significant challenges. The text presents the constraints and issues involved in the design process by addressing all major design impacts and significant design concerns. Since the Navy first introduced the General Electric LM2500, the standard gas turbine installation has changed very little and all major surface combatants since the early 1970s have utilized a very similar design. The paper will discuss how the LM2500+ installation on LHD 8, the first of its kind in a military application, will capitalize on the existing design while at the same time changing to meet new requirements, standards and regulations. The paper will also discuss the changes brought about by adopting commercial practices and standards and capitalizing on commercial experiences particularly in areas such as engine qualification.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Development and validation of an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for the quantification of carcinoembryonic antigen in mouse plasma.

Abstract Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a tumor associated antigen that is over-expressed in colorectal cancer and several other cancers of the gastrointestinal system. An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was developed to determine CEA concentrations in mouse plasma. The assay was validated over the standard curve range of 1–20 ng/mL. The intra-assay recoveries ranged from 93–104% with associated percent coefficients of variation (CV%) ranging between 2.5–12.8%. The inter-assay recoveries were in the range of 98.4–105% and their CV% values were between 4.77–10.1%. The assay was used to detect the presence of circulating CEA in the LS174T adenocarcinoma xenograft model and to study the pharmacokinetics of recombinant CEA in athymic mice.
Spinal and early scalp-recorded components of the somatosensory evoked potential following stimulation of the posterior tibial nerve☆

Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) were elicited by stimulation of the posterior tibial nerve (PTN) in 12 normal adults. Recording using both cephalic and non-cephalic references were obtained from multiple electrodes placed over the spine and scalp. Following PTN stimulation, the fastest recorded potentials of the afferent sensory volley proceeds up the spinal cord at constant velocity. After arrival of the volley at cervical cord levels, 3 widely distributed waves, P28, P31 and N34, are recorded from scalp electrodes. These 'far-field' potentials are followed by a localized positivity (P38) which has a peak voltage either at the vertex or just laterally toward the side of stimulation. A contralateral negativity (N38) was present in most individuals. We propose that P28 arises from medial lemniscus; that P31 is generated by ventrobasal thalamus; and that N34 is probably the result of further activity in thalamus and/or thalamocortical radiations. The P38/N38 complex represents the primary cortical response to PTN stimulation. Its most consistent characteristic is a positivity at the vertex or immediately adjacent scalp areas ipsilateral to the stimulated leg. The topography of the P38/N38 potential varies slightly from individual to individual in a manner consistent with a functional dipole situated in the leg and foot area on the mesial aspect of the postcentral gyrus, whose exact location and orientation changes in accordance with known variations in the location of the leg area.
Growth Competition During Double Recalescence in Fe-Cr-Ni Alloys

The rapid solidification of a Fe- 12wt%Cr- 16wt%Ni alloy was investigated under containerless processing conditions using both ground-based electromagnetic levitation equipment and aboard the shuttle Columbia using the TEMPUS facility. A high-speed digital video technique was used to image growth of the metastable ferritic phase and the stable austenitic phase into the undercooled melt. Above a critical undercooling, the metastable phase nucleates first. After a delay, a second thermal rise is observed during transformation to the stable phase. Double recalescence events were observed at temperatures consistent with the To, temperature of the bcc phase thus defining a value of the critical undercooling for metastable nucleation which is significantly lower than previously predicted. For a given liquid temperature the velocity of the stable fcc phase is greater than that of the metastable bcc phase. The velocity for growth of the stable phase into the semi-solid which forms during primary metastable recalescence was also measured and found to be independent of the initial undercooling. A model based on competitive growth of the two phases successfully predicts the limit where double recalescence events may be detected.
Approximate Robust Policy Iteration Using Multilayer Perceptron Neural Networks for Discounted Infinite-Horizon Markov Decision Processes With Uncertain Correlated Transition Matrices

We study finite-state, finite-action, discounted infinite-horizon Markov decision processes with uncertain correlated transition matrices in deterministic policy spaces. Existing robust dynamic programming methods cannot be extended to solving this class of general problems. In this paper, based on a robust optimality criterion, an approximate robust policy iteration using a multilayer perceptron neural network is proposed. It is proven that the proposed algorithm converges in finite iterations, and it converges to a stationary optimal or near-optimal policy in a probability sense. In addition, we point out that sometimes even a direct enumeration may not be applicable to addressing this class of problems. However, a direct enumeration based on our proposed maximum value approximation over the parameter space is a feasible approach. We provide further analysis to show that our proposed algorithm is more efficient than such an enumeration method for various scenarios.
Frequency analysis of olfactory system EEG in cat, rabbit, and rat.

Abstract EEg activity in the 35–85 c/sec range has been reported from the rhinencephalon of numerous species of homeotherms, and from numerous parts of the forebrain in carnivores and primates, including man. Unimodal distributions of frequencies within this range for each of 3 species (cat, rat and rabbit) are reported here with proportionality between means and variances. Theoretical analysis has shown that the basis for this oscillatory activity lies in the feedback synaptic interactions of assemblies of excitatory and inhibitory neurons, and that there is a neural basis for frequency convergence and high amplitude near 40 c/sec. Given the synaptic mechanisms, the unimodal spectral distributions, and the widespread occurrence of EEG activity in this range, it clearly represents a unique and identifiable form of brain activity.
‘Say, Is This the USA’? Documenting Modernity in Cuba and the US South

AbstractThis article considers the way in which documentary writing was used to represent both Cuba and the US South as sites of economic underdevelopment. Focusing on Carleton Beals and Walker Evans’ collaboration of text and photography, The Crime of Cuba (1933), I reorient conventional understandings of 1930s documentary from its focus on the US South and argue that the origins of the form can be traced to a much broader interest in representing poverty throughout the Americas. As areas of the South sunk into uncharted depths of hardship, the nations of Latin America became a frequent point of comparison and served as a way to measure poverty in the US. The role of Latin America as economic and cultural counterpoint to ‘modernization’ took on new significance during the Depression, and the inhabitants of the US South were simultaneously incorporated into this construction of underdevelopment. The narrative of progress was applied to both of these regions as a way of explaining the unequal distribution ...
Analogues of the Tp* ligand containing a 3-Me but non-methyl 5-R groups.

Two new homoscorpionates, TpMe,mt3 and TpMe,mt4 were prepared, as the first examples of Tpx ligands containing a 3-Me but 5R-substituents other than Me. Structures of Co[TpMe,mt3][TpNt] and Rh[TpMe,mt4](COD) were determined by X-ray crystallography.
Quantification of cytokines and inflammatory mediators in samples of nasopharyngeal secretions with unknown dilution.

In the study of inflammatory mechanisms in the upper respiratory tract, the unknown dilution of collected samples of nasal secretions poses a serious problem for interpretation of the measured concentrations of various substances in the specimens. We investigated the magnitude of the dilution problem in a true clinical research situation and determined the validity of using the levels of total protein, albumin, and secretory IgA in nasal secretions to correct for the unknown dilution. The study samples consisted of simultaneously obtained nasopharyngeal aspirates and nasal lavage specimens from 52 children with upper respiratory tract infection. The dilution factors of the nasal lavage specimens varied widely between 1.8 and 432 (median, 11.2). Of the three proteins studied, total protein had the narrowest inter-subject variation in the nasal secretions of the children and thus seemed to provide the best standardization method for comparing levels of substances between individuals. Concentrations of IL-6 standardized with total protein correlated significantly better with the true IL-6 concentrations in the nasal secretions than did IL-6 levels measured in the nasal lavage specimens without standardization (p = 0.049). These findings suggest that the most common current practice of measuring substances in nasopharyngeal specimens, i.e. measuring without correction for the dilution, may produce "false-negative" results. Potentially important information on inflammatory mechanisms may be undetected if false-negative results mask real differences between groups. The use of exogenous markers of dilution might improve the accuracy of quantifying substances in nasal secretions.
Challenges in Evaluating School-Linked Services Toward a More Comprehensive Evaluation Framework

School-linked services have emerged as one response to the steady decline in children's educational prospects caused by a host of nonschool factors. Given the political, fiscal, and administrative pressures under which these efforts operate, evaluation stands to play a critical role in the development of school-linked services policy and program design. This article identifies the challenges inherent in evaluating these efforts and then analyzes data from 18 school-linked services initiatives to determine whether and how evaluations address these challenges. Using the results of these analyses, the authors present a comprehensive evaluation framework designed to overcome the challenges of evaluating school-linked services and provide a more complete understanding of these initiatives.
Health-Related Quality of Life among Children and Adolescents during Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recovery

Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) has been noted to fluctuate among children during hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recovery; however, the specific timing and associations of these changes are poorly understood. This repeated-measures study aimed to describe HRQoL changes among children and adolescents during the first 6 months of HSCT recovery and estimate the associations of demographic factors, diagnosis, transplant information, and symptoms with HRQoL. Twenty-three children and adolescents who received an allogeneic HSCT were recruited from a pediatric teaching institution in the southern United States. Demographic, diagnosis, and transplant information was obtained from the medical record. The Memorial Symptom Assessment questionnaire and the Peds Quality of Life Cancer Module (PedsQL CM) were completed at 1 month post-HSCT and then once monthly for 5 additional months. Mean HRQoL scores fluctuated during the study with the lowest mean HRQoL noted at 1 month post-HSCT and the highest mean HRQoL noted at 4 months post-HSCT. No significant differences in HRQoL scores were noted among demographic, diagnosis, or transplant factors. Feeling tired, sad, or worried or having insomnia at 1 month post-HSCT was negatively correlated to HRQoL. Nurses have opportunities to explore important issues with patients and need to be aware of fluctuations with HRQoL and factors associated with lower HRQoL during HSCT recovery.
Induction of receptivity in ovariectomized female rats by a single intravenous injection of estradiol-17β

Abstract Sexual receptivity was induced in ovariectomized rats by a single 100 μg intravenous injection of the naturally occurring estrogen, estradiol-17β in combination with progesterone. This dosage of estradiol required a priming injection of progesterone in order to induce maximal receptivity. Apart from this initial potentiation, within the ranges used in this study, the duration and dosage of progesterone were not found to be significant contributors to the magnitude of the observed receptivity. No receptivity was observed during the first 16 hr after the estradiol injection, but thereafter a nearly linear increase in the magnitude of receptivity was observed until an apparent maximum was reached at 24 hr after injection. The extent of testing conducted prior to a given test influenced the degree of receptivity observed during that test.
Automated computer-based feedback in expressive writing

Previous studies indicate that changing pronoun use can moderate the health benefits of expressive writing. Participants who change their pronoun use from essay to essay benefit more from the exercise. The current experiment attempted to improve the expressive writing paradigm by altering subjects' focus (specifically self- and other-related focus) through text-based instructions. The automated language-based system was simple to implement, and it successfully changed participants' pronoun use, but the intervention had no mood-related or subjective benefits. While the automated intervention system has promise in guiding people's natural writing, future research must address the broader question of the inherent links between language use and substantive psychological change.
Effects of Catalyst Acidity and HZSM-5 Channel Volume on the Catalytic Cracking of Poly(Ethylene)

The effects of catalyst acidity and the restricted reaction volume afforded by the HZSM-5 zeolite structure on the volatile cracking products derived from poly(ethylene) are investigated. The effectiveness of silica-alumina, HZSM-5, and sulfated zirconia acid catalysts for poly(ethylene) cracking are compared. When high catalyst to polymer ratios are employed and volatile products are rapidly removed during cracking, the most abundant volatile products generated by poly(ethylene) cracking are propene and isoalkenes. The relative amount of propene produced and the temperatures corresponding to the maximum rate of volatile hydrocarbon production are found to be related to catalyst acidity. The restricted volume inside HZSM-5 channels facilitates oligomerization and the production of small alkyl aromatics. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The distance between the contact sites for DNP and menadione ligands in the combining region of myeloma proteins binding both haptens--I. Estimation of distance by fluorescent energy transfer in protein 460.

Abstract Protein 460 is a mouse γA 2 myeloma immunoglobulin which binds competitively two haptens, ϵ-2,4 dinitrophenyl lysine and Menadione thioglycollate at the immunoglobulin combining region. In close relation to this combining region, protein 460 contains a heavy chain cysteine residue which has been substituted with 2 fluorescent donor probes. We have measured energy transfer between the donor probe and each of the 2 haptens bound to protein 460 using the technique of nanosecond fluorimetry. The distances calculated from the energy transfer data indicate that there is a substantial spatial separation between the contact site of each of the 2 haptens. Thus, the binding region of this immunoglobulin has distinct sub-sites at which 2 structurally diverse haptens are bound.
Section I: Epidemiological review

Abstract The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma has increased tremendously in the United States and other Western countries over the past 30 years while the incidence of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma has remained unchanged. The rate of increase in incidence is higher than for any other cancer. The reasons for this are multifactorial. Despite this, esophageal cancer remains a relatively uncommon malignancy. Barrett's esophagus (BE) is the most important risk factor for the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma and is believed to be the precursor lesion for most. The risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma from known BE is estimated to be 0.5% per patient year. Persistent high-grade dysplasia in BE is a sensitive indicator for the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma. However, only a minority of patients with BE are ever diagnosed and, therefore, surveillance endoscopy in Barrett's patients has failed to affect the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma. The relationship of Helicobacter pylori to esophageal adenocarcinoma is complex, but nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs may confer protection against the development of this cancer. Fortunately, improved survival is being seen with both squamous cell esophageal carcinoma and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Additional study is required to better determine the risk factors for the development of esophageal cancer, and epidemiologic understanding will prove important in developing methods of detection and therapeutic intervention for this disease. © 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
A context sensitive, yet private experience towards a contextually apt recommendation of service

With a growing number of services, a greater demand on end-user time and falling average revenues per user, context sensitive applications can provide the needed enhanced experiences. The question arises as to whether such context sensitive experiences can be delivered while simultaneously addressing the apparently conflicting demand of end-user privacy. To put the problem in perspective a framework to gauge the success of such applications is presented. In the light of a specific experience enhancing application, sensitive to end-user context namely the recommendation of services, we propose an architecture. Also described is a semantic knowledge model for the recommendation of service, a key enabling artifact for the ldquoright service in the right contextrdquo experience. The paper ends with an examination of the feasibility of the proposed solution.
Physically realistic haptic interaction with dynamic virtual worlds

There has been increased interest in recent years in the use of the sensation of force as a supplement to visual and auditory feed-back normally found in virtual environments. To produce a realistic feel of interacting with moving synthetic objects, the interactions between the objects and those between the user and the environment need to be based on physical laws. In this work, we present techniques for interaction of a human with a dynamic virtual environment through the haptic channel, specifically by integrating an articulated force feedback arm with a graphical physically based interactive simulation system. A distributed simulation and control model, to separate two fundamental requirements on graphics and force control is used. We describe techniques used for elegant force display in a dynamic environment, and a physically based algorithm to model surface friction between the probe and the objects. Three schemes for a local model update are also presented and compared.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Whitman's "Election Day, November, 1884"

Provides a historical context for reading Whitman's late poem "Election Day, November, 1884," emphasizing the contradiction between Whitman's growing disillusion with politics (he did not even vote in the election in question) and his unqualified celebration of "the American ballot ritual."
Superior vena cava and hepatic vein Doppler echocardiography in healthy adults

Pulsed wave Doppler ultrasound recordings of blood flow velocity in the superior vena cava were made in 40 healthy adults (aged 22 to 69 years) during both normal respiration and 10 second episodes of apnea. The forward flow velocity pattern was biphasic, with systolic flow velocity greater than diastolic flow velocity. During apnea, peak flow velocities ranged from 32 to 69 cm/s (mean 45.7 ± 8.4) during systole and from 6 to 45 cm/s (mean 27.2 ± 8.3) in early diastole. Systolic flow velocity integrals also exceeded diastolic values. With atrial systole (A wave), forward flow velocities were reduced or flow was reversed. Thirty-nine of 40 subjects had A wave flow reversal during apnea, and in these the ratio of reverse to total forward flow velocity integrals ranged from 1 to 16% (mean 6 ± 4%). Compared with values during apnea, there were higher mean values with inspiration and lower values with expiration for velocities and flow velocity integrals. Hepatic vein tracings, when adequate (12 of 40 subjects), showed forward flow characteristics similar to those from the superior vena cava, but with more frequent and larger A wave and ventricular end-systole (atrial V wave) flow reversals. Superior vena cava flow velocity variables were calculated in subgroups to assess the effects of age, respiratory pattern and increased venous return. This study defines normal Doppler ultrasound superior vena cava and hepatic vein flow velocities and their variation with respiration in healthy adults. These results can be used for comparison with patterns found in disease states.
Mountain regions in peril

The United Nations has declared 2002 the International Year of Mountains (IYM) to bring attention to a number of threats that affect ecosystems and human populations in mountainous and highland regions around the world. “More than half of humanity—3 billion people—relies on mountains for safe, fresh water, water to grow food, to produce electricity to sustain industries and, most important, water to drink,“ said Jacques Diouf, director-general of the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization, the primary IYM sponsor. “Yet, mountain glaciers, the source of water for many of the world's river systems and people, are melting at unprecedented rates.”
Initial Vacuum Magnetic Field Mapping in the Compact Toroidal Hybrid

The Compact Toroidal Hybrid (CTH) is a low aspect ratio (R/aplasma ≥ 3.5, R0 = 0.75 m, avessel = 0.29 m, B ≤ 0.6 T) torsatron with a highly flexible vacuum magnetic field configuration designed for current-driven instability studies. Vacuum magnetic field mapping of the completed configuration is performed using a movable electron gun and phosphor-coated screen. These experiments compare the actual magnetic configuration with the design, verify the range of accessible magnetic configurations, and identify vacuum field errors. The main helical field is produced by a continuously-wound helical coil, and the vacuum rotational transform is varied with a set of toroidal field coils. Four independent poloidal field coil sets provide equilibrium control and shaping, and are also used for ohmic current drive.
Advances in radiometry for ocean color

Organic materials in the oceans have spectral signatures based on their light-scattering properties. These optical properties are related to bio-physical and bio-chemical data products such as the concentration of phytoplankton chlorophyll-α through bio-optical algorithms. A primary quantity of interest in ocean color research is the water-leaving spectral radiance L w (λ), often normalized by the incident solar flux. For quantitative studies of the ocean, derivation of the relationship between the optical properties and physically meaningful data products is critical. There have been a number of recent advances in radiometry at the National Institute of Standards and Technology that directly impact the uncertainties achievable in ocean-color research. These advances include a new U.S. national irradiance scale; a new laser-based facility for irradiance and radiance responsivity calibrations; and a novel tunable, solid-state source for calibration and bio-optical algorithm validation. These advances, their relevance to measurements of ocean color, and their effects on radiometrically derived ocean-color data products such as chlorophyll-α are discussed.
Antalarmin, a putative CRH-RI antagonist, has transient reinforcing effects in rhesus monkeys

Abstract Rationale. During the course of our investigation of antalarmin, a corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) antagonist, in rhesus monkeys, we noticed that large, intravenous doses of antalarmin resulted in behavioral changes that resembled intoxication. Objectives. Antalarmin was evaluated in rhesus monkeys for its reinforcing effectiveness as well as for its effects on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity. Methods. Twelve monkeys, each with a surgically implanted indwelling venous catheter, were trained to respond for and receive the short-acting barbiturate, methohexital. Monkeys responded on one of two schedules: a fixed ratio (FR) 10 (30 or 100), timeout (TO) 10 s schedule on which they received methohexital, antalarmin, vehicle or saline injections; or an FR30, TO 45 s during which saline, vehicle, or four different doses of methohexital or antalarmin were available. Each dose was available during a 25-min period separated by a 10-min TO. Blood samples were obtained from three monkeys before, during and after the self-administration sessions and assayed for ACTH and cortisol. Results. Antalarmin initially served as a reinforcer in 11 of 12 monkeys, although its reinforcing effects dissipated after three to four exposures under both operant schedules. Self-injection of antalarmin did not produce any change in cortisol levels, although methohexital did attenuate ACTH and cortisol release. Conclusions. This study provides the first evidence for transient reinforcing properties of a putative centrally acting CRH-R1 selective antagonist.
Estimation of genetic gains in populations with overlapping generations.

Synopsis A technique for estimating genetic improvement from an “internal genetic control” was developed for populations which fulfil the following requirements: (1) The population can be divided into distinct subpopulations (e.g. sire families or inbred lines) with several sets of offspring such as hatches or litters produced during the life‐span of each subpopulation. (2) The replacement of subpopulations or breeders in the selection programme takes place more or less continuously to provide overlapping generations. (3) The effect of ageing of the parents on progeny performance can be measured. The genetic change in such populations independent of environmental time trends can be estimated directly from the breeding data without any need for a separate control population. The technique was applied to a practical meat‐type poultry breeding operation to yield an estimated annual genetic improvement of 100 g body weight for each bird at 9 weeks of age.
The Paul Doumer assassination and the Russian diaspora in interwar France

The assassination of French President Paul Doumer by the deranged Russian emigre Pavel Gorgulov in May 1932 has been largely dismissed by scholars as a colourful episode of limited historical import. On the basis of extensive new archival evidence, this article re-examines the aftermath of the crime through the lens of France's relations with Russian emigres, the country's ‘model’ immigrant group of the interwar years. The emigres were as economically deprived as many other immigrant groups during this period. Their special status manifested itself in their relatively privileged legal situation, their reputation for political reliability and, most visibly, their prominence in French popular culture. This article argues that, given the anti-immigrant attitudes that prevailed in the early 1930s, this special status in part explains the surprising moderation of the French reaction to the assassination. Simultaneously, the article delves into the panicked reaction to the event on the part of the emigres themselves, a group who increasingly felt the vagaries of the deteriorating economic environment and for whom the assassination was both a marker of their gradual loss of status and an important impetus to assimilation. The Gorgulov affair thus sheds light on both the French capacity for selectively assimilating some of its immigrant groups—a topic as timely today as in the years of the French ‘second wave’ immigration—and on the Russian emigres’ own, often conflicting, sense of how far they had come on the road to acceptance by the early 1930s.
Wave-packet description of nuclear lifetime measurements by crystal blocking experiments

Abstract The wave-packet theory of nuclear reactions has been used to describe lifetime measurements by the crystal blocking effect. It was shown that the measurement is possible even for an incident wave packet of very long time duration; the fluctuation of the target position and the accuracy of measuring the position of the decay of the compound nucleus determine the fundamental accuracy of the lifetime measurement. The distribution of the decay points is discussed, based on the statistical properties of the resonance parameters.
Phomapyrones: Three metabolites from the blackleg fungus

Abstract Three new 2-pyrones were isolated from the phytopathogenic fungus Leptosphaeria maculans, the asexual stage Phoma lingam, and their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods.