cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The temporality of shell-bearing landscapes at Crystal River, Florida

Abstract We employ a landscape perspective to the shell middens at Crystal River (8CI1) and Roberts Island (8CI41), Woodland period (ca. 1000 BC to AD 1000) mound centers on the west-central coast of Florida in the American Southeast. Specifically, we adopt Ingold’s (1993: 162) understanding of landscape as the physical incorporation of social life, with all of its complexities of temporality and movement. Mapping, geophysical survey, and coring were used to document the location and scale of the contemporary and ancient landscapes. We followed this with small scale excavations to understand the form and timing of midden deposition. We employ Bayesian chronological modeling of radiocarbon dates from our investigations in the middens at Crystal River and Roberts Island to identify the broader rhythms of human activities. To characterize finer rhythms of social life within these phases, we compare rates of midden accumulation and other quantitative and qualitative measures of the distributions of artifacts and sediments. Our results indicate that the shell-bearing landscape at Crystal River and Roberts Island incorporates activities that fall in four broad phases over the interval from around AD 150 to 1050. These phases are characterized by diverse activities and temporalities, including both repetitive, small-scale refuse disposal and temporally discrete, larger-scale depositional episodes. Consistent with recent work on shell midden variability, both the archaeological deposits and the activities they encapsulate blur the lines between midden and monument.
Bipolar Depression: An Evidence-Based Approach

Bipolar disorder is a complex, multidimensional illness that is often difficult to treat. Unfortunately, bipolar patients are much more likely to experience depression, which is all too often severe and a potentially lethal phase of the illness. In addition, pharmacotherapies with strong evidence for bipolar depression are limited. Most treatments are based on unsupported extrapolation from the treatment of unipolar depression or are derived largely from the clinical practice experience. In this article, we focus on the treatment of bipolar depression, with particular focus on evidence from the existing literature, to help guide readers in clinical practice.
A directed cycle‐based column‐and‐cut generation method for capacitated survivable network design

A network is said to be survivable if it has sufficient capacity for rerouting all of its flow under the failure of any one of its edges. Here, we present a polyhedral approach for designing survivable networks. We describe a mixed-integer programming model, in which sufficient slack is explicitly introduced on the directed cycles of the network while flow routing decisions are made. In case of a failure, flow is rerouted along the slacks reserved on directed cycles. We give strong valid inequalities that use the survivability requirements. We present a computational study with a column-and-cut generation algorithm for designing capacitated survivable networks. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Cambridge guide to the solar system, by Kenneth R. Lang

Book Review: The Cambridge Guide to the Solar System, K. R. Lang. Cambridge University Press (2003).
Seroprevalence of hepatitis B in a cohort of HIV-infected children and adults in Swaziland

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an important co-morbidity in the HIV epidemic. A retrospective chart review was performed of HIV-infected patients with no previous antiretroviral history enrolled in a Swaziland clinic from January 2009 to May 2011. The seroprevalence of HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) was calculated and the data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U and Fisher's exact tests. A total of 1282 patients were included in analysis. Five hundred were children aged <15 years. Overall HBsAg seroprevalence was 3.7% (1.4% of children and 5.1% of adults). Prevalence in under-5s was low (0.4%). Among adult women and men, prevalence was 4.2% and 9.8%, respectively (P = 0.022). Median alanine aminotransferase level was 19 U/L in the HBsAg-negative adults and 25 U/L in the HBsAg-positive adults (P = 0.005). Given the number of patients found to be HBsAg-positive, especially among adults, it is important for antiretroviral programmes to consider universal screening and strategically utilize medications that have been found effective in treating both HBV and HIV.
Inhibition of RNA polymerase as a possible anti-leukaemic action of cytosine arabinoside.

CYTOSINE arabinoside (ara-C, 1-β-D-arabinosylcytosine) has marked anti-tumour and anti-viral activities1,2, and is currently one of the most successful drugs used to induce remissions in acute granulocytic leukaemia3. Its cytotoxic activity is ascribed to its effect of inhibiting DNA polymerase after being phos-phorylated intracellularly to its triphosphate derivative (ara-CTP)4. Studies with murine leukaemic cells5 and mouse L cell line have indicated6, however, that acute cell death induced by ara-C does not completely correlate with the inhibition of DNA synthesis: (1) DNA polymerase activity was rapidly restored after ara-C was removed, whereas cells were still non-viable; (2) the amount of ara-C incorporation into DNA did not correlate with the degree of cell lethality. We have shown previously7 that ara-CTP could inhibit RNA polymerase II activity from chicken leukaemic cells when the enzyme was purified. This report describes results of our kinetic studies characterising the nature of this inhibition.
Issues and Opportunities in Archival Audit Research

This paper encourages audit researchers to consider archival research methodologies and assists in designing an effective research project. Archival research offers many benefits and presents many challenges not existing in other forms of research as actual audit workpapers provide a rich depiction of the actual audit process. Differences in audit methodologies and workpapers, however, create issues such as the measurement of variables and definitional inconsistency. Other issues with archival studies include relatively less control over the research process, confidentiality of data, and difficulty in obtaining audit firm cooperation. Suggestions for resolving these issues are offered and analysis of three successful archival studies is provided to demonstrate how archival research designs were adapted to the needs of the project.
Synthesis and magnetic properties of Gd doped EuS nanocrystals with enhanced Curie temperatures.

EuS nanocrystals (NCs) were doped with Gd resulting in an enhancement of their magnetic properties. New EuS and GdS single source precursors (SSPs) were synthesized, characterized, and employed to synthesize Eu1−xGdxS NCs by decomposition in oleylamine and trioctylphosphine at 290 °C. The doped NCs were characterized using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning transmission electron microscopy, which support the uniform distribution of Gd dopants through electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) mapping. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) revealed the dopant ions in Eu1−xGdxS NCs to be predominantly Gd3+. NCs with a variety of doping ratios of Gd (0 ≤ x < 1) were systematically studied using vibrating sample magnetometry and the observed magnetic properties were correlated with the Gd doping levels (x) as quantified with ICP-AES. Enhancement of the Curie temperature (TC) was observed for samples with low Gd concentrations (x ≤ 10%) with a maximum TC of 29.4 K observed for NCs co...
Wave activity near Pluto

In this paper, we analyze wave activity near Pluto. The situation is somewhat analogous to that near comets: molecules (in this case methane) escape from the atmosphere; some are phono-ionized, and a comet-like mass-loading of the solar wind plasma takes place. But the wave activity due to planetary ion interaction with the solar wind is quite different from that near comets. In the weak interplanetary magnetic field near Pluto, there is no MHD wave excitation; instead, we show that ion acoustic waves are excited. We construct a nonlinear theory of ion-acoustic wave excitation. These waves are excited due to a dissipative instability. The frequency, characteristic growth rate, and spatial scale of the instability are calculated. The main physical mechanism for wave amplitude saturation is the smearing of the velocity distribution function of the beam ions. We use a quasilinear approach to determine the characteristic scale for the electric wave amplitude.
Psychiatric rehabilitation interventions: A review

Psychiatric rehabilitation has become accepted by the mental health field as a legitimate field of study and practice. Over the last several decades various psychiatric rehabilitation programme models and procedures have been developed, evaluated and disseminated. At the same time the process of psychiatric rehabilitation has been specified and its underlying values and practitioner technology articulated. This review describes the psychiatric rehabilitation process and in so doing differentiates psychosocial interventions that can be classified as psychiatric rehabilitation interventions from other psychosocial interventions. Furthermore, the major psychiatric rehabilitation interventions are examined within a framework of the psychiatric rehabilitation process with a review of their evidence. The review concludes that psychiatric rehabilitation interventions are currently a mixture of evidence-based practices, promising practices and emerging methods that can be effectively tied together using the psych...
Electron emission properties of Si field emitter arrays coated with nanocrystalline diamond from fullerene precursors

In this paper, we report on a substantial lowering of the threshold field for electron field emission from Si field emitter arrays (FEA), which have been coated with a thin layer of nanocrystalline diamond by microwave plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD) from fullerene (C60) and methane (CH4) precursors. The field emission characteristics were investigated and the emission sites imaged using photoelectron emission microscopy (PEEM). Electron emission from these Si FEAs coated with nanocrystalline diamond was observed at threshold fields as low as 3 V/μm, with effective work functions as low as 0.59 eV.
Evolutionary algorithm for compressive sensing

This paper presents a non–traditional approach to compressive sensing, by developing an evolutionary algorithm–based method for signal reconstruction. Previous work in signal reconstruction in compressive sensing focused primarily on framing the problem as a convex optimisation that minimises the 1 norm of the signal. Minimising the 2 norm does not help as it leads to a non–sparse solution. Minimising the 0 norm is known to be NP–complete, thereby requiring exhaustive enumeration which is computationally prohibitive. Our approach is different from the methods adopted in the literature and is capable of handling 0–, 1– or 2–norm minimisation, and linear or nonlinear combinations thereof, in the same framework, yielding fairly good signal recovery with high probability. We provide empirical results on a number of test problems.
Reforestation with Conifers - its Effect on Streamflow in Central New York

During the early 1930's, more than 340,000 acres of abandoned farmland in New York State were purchased by the State Conservation Department for the planting, growing, and harvesting of trees. Since then, this land has developed from a heavy cover of weeds and brush into dense coniferous woodlands with trees averaging well over 30 feet high. Hydrologic data have been collected since 1932 in Central New York to determine the effect of the reforestation on streamflow. Data are available for three small partly reforested areas and for one non-reforested control area. Intensive statistical analyses of the data from the four study areas were made in 1958. It was determined at that time that significant reductions in total runoff had occurred which were attributed to increases in interception and transpiration. Reductions in peak discharges during the dormant season also were indicated which were attributed to increased interception and sublimation of snowfall, and gradual desynchronization of snowmelt runoff from the wooded and open areas of partly reforested watersheds. Updating of the studies relating to peak discharges was completed in 1967 and indicated that no further changes in relative peaks had taken place since 1958. From this it is concluded that the influence exerted by the forest had become maximum by 1958 and has remained stable since then.
Treatment of heroin addicts: is the client--therapist relationship important?

The purpose of this paper is to examine one variable in the treatment of heroin addiction, ther therapist-client relationship. Eighty-six individuals who were discharged from the Tulane NARA Drug Abuse Program were examined on 20 social and personality variables. The variable of the counselor--patient relationship was found important in the final outcome of treatment. Clients who had a single counselor throughout the entire course of treatment did significantly better (p less than .002) than their peers who were transferred from one counselor to another, suggesting that a stable client--therapist relationship greatly enhances the chances of the patient reaching drug abstinence and being rehabilitated.
Alcoholics' self-assessment of their neuropsychological functioning in everyday life

Self-reports of impairment in everyday cognitive and perceptuomotor functioning for the 6 months that preceded treatment were investigated in 60 male, middle-aged alcoholics and for a comparable time period in 60 nonalcoholic controls matched on age, education, and Shipley Vocabulary age. Alcoholics reported significantly more everyday impairment than did controls in memory, higher cognitive functions, language skills, and perceptual-motor function. Laboratory tests of neuropsychological performance revealed that the alcoholics were significantly poorer than controls on measures of memory, higher cognitive functions, and overall neuropsychological functioning, but test performances essentially were uncorrelated with self-reported everyday impairment and with self-reported levels of depression and anxiety. However, in both groups, measures of depression and anxiety were correlated significantly with self-perception of impairment. In alcoholics, quantity-frequency of drinking (QFI) was also correlated with reported impairment; chronicity was not. Multiple regression analyses indicate that in alcoholics, both quantity-frequency measures of alcohol intake and affective distress (depression, anxiety) made independent and roughly equal contributions to reported everyday impairment; in controls, only affective distress contributed significantly.
The Sodium-Coupled Neutral Amino Acid Transporter SNAT2 Mediates an Anion Leak Conductance that Is Differentially Inhibited by Transported Substrates

The sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter SNAT2 mediates cellular uptake of glutamine and other small, neutral amino acids. Here, we report the existence of a leak anion pathway associated with SNAT2. The leak anion conductance was increased by, but did not require the presence of, extracellular sodium. The transported substrates L-alanine, L-glutamine, and alpha-(methylamino)isobutyrate inhibited the anion leak conductance, each with different potency. A transporter with the mutation H-304A did not catalyze alanine transport but still catalyzed anion leak current, demonstrating that substrate transport is not required for anion current inhibition. Both the substrate and Na+ were able to bind to the SNAT2H-304A transporter normally. The selectivity sequence of the SNAT2H-304A anion conductance was SCN->>NO3->I->Br->Cl->Mes-. Anion flux mediated by the more hydrophobic anion SCN- was not saturable, whereas nitrate flux demonstrated saturation kinetics with an apparent Km of 29 mM. SNAT2, which belongs to the SLC38 family of transporters, has to be added to the growing number of secondary, Na+-coupled transporters catalyzing substrate-gated or leak anion conductances. Therefore, we can speculate that such anion-conducting pathways are general features of Na+-transporting systems.
Wavefronts Of Axicon Systems

This article describes a characterization of the wavefront aberrations introduced by some typical misalignments and fabrication errors of laser resonators incorporating reflecting axicons. A set of orthonormalized functions were derived and coded into a subroutine of a general purpose interferogram reduction program called MCI. Because squares of coefficients of orthonormal functions may be added to yield the variance of the wavefront, such functions are especially useful in quantifying contributions to the wavefront variance caused by departures from the ideal construction parameters. A description of parabola-parabola reflaxicons in terms of their resonator and beam parameters is given. The resulting system of equations determines a single parameter family of parabolas satisfying the first-order requirements on the reflaxicon. Simple relations between the resonator's linear measurements and inputs to a lens design code are derived. This makes for ready analysis of the resonators using the lens design code linked with MCI. Optical path difference fans and simulated interferograms are presented.
Gender and Exercise Behavior Among Women and Men with Osteoarthritis

The purposes of this study were to determine differences between women and men with osteoarthritis in (1) amount and type of exercise behavior; (2) the demographic, psychosocial, health status, and personality correlates of exercise behavior; and (3) the relationship between exercise and health care utilization. Participants were 70 male and 126 female members of a large health maintenance organization who were 60 years of age or older and had osteoarthritis. Results indicated fewer women than men exercised, but among those who exercised, no significant differences in the [amount and type of exercise] behavior were found. Walking was the most frequently reported form of exercise among both women and men. To clarify which variables were related to exercise within each gender, regression analyses were performed separately on the total sample first, and then on women and men separately. In the total sample, age, quality of well-being, and extroversion were significantly related to exercise. Extroversion was significantly related to exercise among men. Helplessness and quality of well-being were significantly related to exercise among women. Exercise was not significantly related to health care service utilization. Results in this study underscore the importance of separating women and men in examination of variables related to exercise behavior.
A high-pressure sample cell for circular dichroism studies

Abstract The design and application of a high-pressure sample cell is described for circular dichroism studies of molecular systems that undergo conformational change with application of high pressure. Mechanical and optical problems in high-pressure cells, safety considerations in cell design, and the pressurizing system are discussed. Operating procedures developed to yield reproducible data and the results of a trifluoroethanol solution of a derivative of gramicidin A used as an example are outlined.
Direct effect of bombesin on isolated gastric mucosa.

Abstract The stimulatory effect of bombesin on gastric acid secretion has been assumed to be mediated by the release of gastrin. We report here that bombesin also has a direct effect on isolated bullfrog fundic mucosa mounted in Ussing chambers. It stimulates acid secretion and produces a transient increase in electric conductance and in short circuit current.
The diamicton at Deadman Pass, central Sierra Nevada, California: A residual lag and colluvial deposit, not a 3 Ma glacial till

A diamicton exposed at Deadman Pass in the central Sierra Nevada has been previously described as glacial till and dated at about 3 Ma. If till, the deposit would document an exceptionally old and previously unrecognized glaciation in the Sierra Nevada. The age and glacial origin of the diamicton at Deadman Pass has been widely cited in the geologic literature. Recent work, however, demonstrates that the diamicton is a residual lag and colluvial deposit formed by weathering of poorly consolidated Pliocene pyroclastic rocks that are unusually rich in coarse lithic basement clasts, including granitic and metamorphic rock types. Evidence that the diamicton at Deadman Pass is not till includes the following: (1) distribution of the diamicton is limited to areas underlain by the distinctive clast-rich lower pyroclastic member of the quartz latite of San Joaquin Ridge, (2) clasts in the diamicton and in the lower pyroclastic member are identical, (3) clast lithologies in the diamicton reflect nearby sources, (4) glacial deposits are absent in well-exposed sections of the lower pyroclastic member, and (5) formation of diamicton from present-day weathering and mass wasting of outcrops of the lower pyroclastic member can be observed locally.
A voltage-gated chloride conductance in rat cultured astrocytes

Large voltage-dependent outward currents are recorded with the whole-cell patch-clamp technique from rat cultured astrocytes under conditions where an outward movement of potassium ions is excluded (either by blockage of the potassium channels pharmacologically or by replacement of the internal potassium by the impermeant large organic cation N-methyl-(+)-glucamine). The current, which is activated at potentials more positive than -40 to -50 mV, is normally carried by an inward movement of chloride ions. Its reversal potential is the same as the chloride equilibrium potential. With depolarization to +60 mV (for 225 ms) little or no inactivation of the current occurs: with depolarizations to +90 to +110 mV a time-dependent decay is seen. The current, which is often not marked immediately after formation of the whole-cell clamp, generally increases over a period of a few minutes to a maximum (after which it usually declines), as if some as yet unknown intracellular factor keeping the channels closed were being washed away from the membrane. The time course of this phenomenon is not affected by changing of the internal free calcium concentration (from 10(-8)M to 10(-6)M) or by an intracellular mixture of cyclic AMP (1 mM), ATP (4 mM) and Mg+ (2 mM). The conductance is slightly increased when the chloride of the bathing medium is replaced by bromide; is much reduced on replacement by methylsulphate, sulphate, isethionate, or acetate; and is virtually abolished on replacement by the large anion gluconate. The outward current is inhibited by the disulphonate stilbenes DIDS and SITS; this blocking action was initially partly reversible, although never completely so. It is suggested that the chloride conductance plays a role in the spatial buffering of potassium by astrocytes.
DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis in the Mitotic Cycle of Pea Root Meristem Cells

Incorporation of tritiated thymidine, tritiated cytidine, tritiated DL leucine and the autoradiograph technique were used to determine the patterns of synthesis of DNA, RNA, and protein throughout the complete mitotic cycle of pea root meristem cells. Pulse experiments with tritiated thymidine were used to determine the duration of the G1, S and G2 period. The incorporation of tritiated cytidine into highly polymerized RNA required from 3 to 4 hours. No RNA was synthesized during metaphase and anaphase. A possible relationship between the nucleolus, nuclear membrane and RNA synthesis was discussed. Protein synthesis was at a high level throughout the entire cycle with the G2 period being most active.
The BOLD onset transient: identification of novel functional differences in schizophrenia

Blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signals characteristically exhibit an overshoot (transient signal increase) at the beginning of fMRI task blocks. This onset transient has often been overlooked as an independent measure of neuronal activity, but it may represent unique functional processes. We examined onset transient responses in normal subjects and individuals with schizophrenia performing three cognitive tasks. These analyses revealed a regionally specific and task specific attenuation of the onset transient in individuals with schizophrenia during performance of a working memory task. Furthermore, this attenuation was often not accompanied by a corresponding population difference in the sustained response, and is missed through conventional fMRI analysis techniques. Relevance of these findings to both an interpretation of the onset transient and the pathology of schizophrenia are discussed.
A metric for assessing the “goodness” of income distributions and the effect of price changes

Abstract Social welfare evaluation depends in part on value judgments as to income distribution. This paper proposes a metric for assessing the “goodness” of particular income distributions. That metric is then used to examine the effect of price changes on the “goodness” of a given distribution. Consider an increase in the price of a commodity that is disproportionately consumed by households with incomes that are high relative to the preferred income distribution. One naturally supposes that such a price increase will make the given income distribution appear less bad. Surprisingly, this is not invariably the case.
Human brain activation under controlled thermal stimulation and habituation to noxious heat: An fMRI study

Brain activity was studied with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) following thermal stimulation. Two groups (n = 6/group) of human male volunteers were given up to four noxious (46 degrees C) and four non-noxious (41 degrees C) stimuli. In the 46 degrees C experiment, positive signal changes were found in the frontal gyri, anterior and posterior cingulate gyrus, thalamus, motor cortex, somatosensory cortex (SI and SII), supplementary motor area, insula, and cerebellum. Low-level negative signal changes appeared in the amygdala and hypothalamus. All regions activated by 46 degrees C were also activated by 41 degrees C. However, except for SI and thalamus, significantly more activation was observed for the 46 degrees C stimulus. A significant attenuation of the signal change was observed by the third stimulus for the 46 degrees C, but not for 41 degrees C experiment. Similar findings were replicated in the second group. These fMRI findings specify differences between somatosensory and pain sensation and suggest a number of rich avenues for future research.
Concerning chemistry and testing of bence-jones proteins

Abstract The amino acid composition and terminal amino acids of two typical individual specimens of Bence-Jones proteins were determined. The amino acid composition of the specimens was very similar, and it was noteworthy with its high hydroxyamino acid content. Subfractionation of one of the specimens was accomplished by the diethylaminoethyl ion exchange chromatography. It was also found that the specimens contained half-cystine, in addition to aspartic acid, as the N-terminal group. The halfcystine, however, was present only in one of the subfractions, while the others were devoid of it. The proteins showed the characteristic propanol flocculation behavior which can be used for their testing in urine for diagnostic purposes.
Silent sinus syndrome.

Background Silent sinus syndrome (SSS) is similar to and a subset of chronic maxillary atelectasis (CMA), which refers to a persistent decrease in sinus maxillary volume due to inward retraction of the maxillary sinus walls secondary to obstruction of the osteomeatal complex. It differs from CMA, however, in that there is no pain or maxillary sinus congestion. Patients with SSS usually manifest spontaneous unilateral enophthalmos and hypoglobus, with no history of facial trauma or surgery. They also do not have any nasal symptoms, sinusitis, or pain. Case Report A 28-year-old woman with asymptomatic enophthalmos and hypoglobus is described. The presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of silent sinus syndrome are discussed. Conclusions Silent sinus syndrome should be included in the differential diagnosis of enophthalmos and hypoglobus in the absence of trauma, surgery, and nasal symptoms. In addition to a thorough eye examination, axial and coronal computerized tomography of the sinus and orbits should be obtained to confirm the diagnosis.
Coreopsis nuecensis (Compositae) and a related new species from southern Texas

An aneuploid chromosome series ofn = 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 inCoreopsis nuecensis Heller was analyzed for morphological, distributional, and genetic correlations with the chromosome number classes. The results show that two sets of basic chromosome numbers occur within what has been treated asC. nuecensis: n = 6, 7 andn = 9, 10. Then = 7 class frequently carries a pair of B chromosomes, forming then = 8 class. The base chromosome numbers are correlated with some minor but consistent morphological differences, with distributional differences, and with strong sterility barriers in the F1 hybrids. It is proposed that then = 9, 10 segment be recognized as a new species,Coreopsis nuecensoides.
Measurement of dynamic gas disengagement profile by using an analog output level gauge

The dynamic gas disengagement profile was measured in a 0.14 m diameter and 3.66 m high plexiglas column by using an analog output gauge, which was connected to a data acquisition system. This analog output gauge is a high accuracy continuous measurement level gauge. It is made up of a wave guide, a float, a motion or stress sensing device and a probe housing. The fluid level at any gas velocity is obtained by using the data acquisition system. The dynamic gas disengagement profile produced one slope in the bubble flow and two slopes in the churn turbulent flow representing unimodal and bimodal distributions of bubbles.
g Factor and Exchange Splitting in Pure Pd and Pt and Cobalt‐Doped Pd

The anisotropy of the g factor on all sheets of the Fermi surface of pure Pt and Pd has been investigated by studying the spin splitting amplitude vanishing of the de Haas‐van Alphen effect. In all cases the g factor was observed to be anisotropic and varied by as much as 25% from its free space value of 2. Thus, estimates of the Stoner enhancement factor deduced from the calculated density of states with a g factor of 2 may be in considerable error. Evidence for the itinerant nature of the ferromagnetism in cobalt‐doped palladium has been observed both from the disappearance of the expected spin splitting zeros and the beating of the frequencies derived from corresponding cross‐sectional areas on the exchange split bands. An estimate of the magnitude of the exchange splitting is made from the beat frequency.
Gastric syphilis data accumulated from 89 cases

Abstract Eighty-nine of a group of 151 patients with gastric lesions and syphilis were found to have gastric syphilis. These were selected from among approximately 25,000 patients with syphilis. The diagnosis was based on the combined results of prolonged therapeutic tests, histopathologic studies, morphologic changes in the roentgenologic characteristics, and restoration of gastric function. The demonstration of the existence of other evidence of clinical syphilis is not pertinent to the diagnosis of gastric syphilis. Of the 89 patients with gastric syphilis, 73 per cent had positive Wassermann reaction of the blood as the only other evidence of syphilis, and 6 per cent had negative serologic reactions. The incidence of clinical signs of syphilis was almost as high in those cases with gastric carcinoma (16 per cent) as it was in those with syphilides of the stomach (27 per cent). Recognition of the Spirochaeta pallida in excised gastric tissue as the conclusive means of diagnosis is a diagnostic requirement demanded by the scientific purist. I would prefer to see among the diagnostic criteria for gastric syphilis one demanding a histopathologic study to eliminate carcinoma. Although the Spirochaeta pallida may be demonstrated in the gummatous type of gastric ulcer, in cases of diffuse syphilitic fibrosis the organism has not as yet been recognized. Numerous instances of the bizarre character of both the clinical and microscopic features of gastric syphilis merely confirm the knowledge that syphilis is a protean disease. The incidence of cure in gastric syphilis is less than the occasional cases with dramatic improvement leads us to believe. In this study, 37 per cent were cured, and the condition of 27 per cent was improved. The result of treatment in the fibrosed syphilitic stomach is unsatisfactory, and plastic gastric operation offers slight help. Linitis plastica is a term that should be reserved for small-cell carcinoma of the stomach, and should not be used in relation to gastric syphilis because of the attendant confusion. Spontaneous involution or antisyphilitic treatment may account for the fibrotic leatherbottle stomach, for which the name of gastric syphilitic fibrosis is suggested. In patients in whom the gastric lesion is reported as operable but of indeterminate type the therapeutic test should be limited when the response is exceptionally slow and an exploratory laparotomy done, rather than subject the patient to a too prolonged test. As in all forms of syphilis, early diagnosis and early institution of treatment are rewarded by a higher incidence of cure than is obtained otherwise, a fact forcibly emphasized by this study.
Parents' beliefs and children's marijuana use: evidence for a self-fulfilling prophecy effect.

Abstract Parents' beliefs about their children's involvement in aberrant behaviors are variable and sometimes inaccurate, but they may be influential. This study is concerned with inconsistencies between parents' estimates and their children's reports of marijuana use, and children's subsequent usage one year later. The self-fulfilling prophecy hypothesis suggests that discrepancies between parents' beliefs and children's behaviors could have detrimental or beneficial outcomes, depending on the inconsistency. This possibility was investigated with data from a panel survey of a nationally representative sample of parents and their adolescent children (N = 3131). Marijuana-abstinent adolescents in the first year (T1) of the survey were significantly more likely to initiate use over the next year if they were characterized by parents as users at T1; conversely, adolescent marijuana users at T1 were significantly less likely to continue usage in the second year if they were labeled by parents as abstinent at T1 (both p
Pulmonary Embolism Presenting as Exercise-Induced Hypotension

A 68-year-old man with remote history of previous myocardial infarction presented with a four-week history of intermittent dyspnea. After developing hypotension during an exercise tolerance test, he underwent cardiac catheterization, revealing significant pulmonary hypertension and two-vessel coronary artery disease. Pulmonary angiography confirmed the presence of pulmonary emboli which partially resolved after thrombolytic therapy. Subsequent treadmill testing confirmed the absence of exercise-induced hypotension two months following treatment. This case underscores the importance of considering pulmonary embolism as a potential cause of exercise-induced hypotension, since it can be successfully treated with thrombolytic agents weeks after the initial onset of symptoms.
The movement of ion pairs across bilayer lipid membranes.

Abstract If a polyhalide concentration gradient exists across a bilayer lipid membrane (BLM), ion pair movement occurs. The term ion pair indicates a lipid soluble complex of cation and anion with stoichiometry dictated by the respective charges. In a mixture of metal halide (MXn, X = I, Cl, Br) and iodine, the ion pair is of the form M(I2X)n. The flux of ion pairs was monitored by measuring the flow of metal ions or polyhalide ions across the BLM. The flux of ion pairs across the BLM depended on cation crystal radius, fluidity of the membrane, strength of the ion pair complex and on the osmotic gradient (i.e., there exists a coupling between water and ion pair fluxes). The relationship between ion pairing and the electrical conductivity of BLM is briefly discussed.
Does Environmental Ethics Rest on a Mistake

Environmental ethics rests on a mistake. At least a common conception of what such an ethic must be like rests on a mistake. To make this clearer, I first explain this conception, then characterize and defend the charge I make against it. Holmes Rolston, III provides a partial explanation of the conception I intend to examine. I quote from the opening passage of his magisterial work, Environmental Ethics: Duties to and Values in the Natural World.
The effect of high hydrostatic pressure on eukaryotic protein synthesis

Abstract The pressure response of two eukaryotic protein synthesizing systems has been characterized. The rabbit reticulocyte system has been tested, both in vivo and in vitro, using endogenous polysomes and polyuridylic acid (poly U). In addition, the poly U-directed polyphenylalanine synthesizing system obtained from wheat germ was utilized. The effect of pressure on eukaryotic protein synthesis has been found to be basically similar to that observed in prokaryotic systems, although the response of the eukaryotic protein synthesizing system is somewhat more complex signifying a greater influence of overlapping reactions. Magnesium was found to affect eukaryotic systems in much the same way as has been reported for prokaryotic systems, i.e., increasing the Mg 2+ concentration in a protein synthesizing system increases the barotolerance exhibited by that system. Under conditions of high Mg 2+ concentration, however, extreme (up to 160%) stimulation of protein synthesis at lower pressure levels was observed in the eukaryotic systems. Such high stimulation is not apparent in prokaryotic systems. The poly U-directed wheat germ system exhibited the most barotolerant polypeptide synthesis ever seen in our laboratory. This extreme barotolerance was only slightly decreased when the system was tested at reduced concentrations of magnesium.
Integrated smart panel and support structure response

The performance of smart structures is a complex interaction between active and passive components. Active components, even when non-activated, can have an impact on structural performance and, conversely, structural characteristics of passive components can have a measurable impact on active component performance. The present work is an evaluation of the structural characteristics of an active panel designed for acoustic quieting. The support structure is included in the panel design as evaluated. Finite element methods are used to determine the active panel-support structure response. Two conditions are considered; a hollow unfilled support structure and the same structure filled with a polymer compound. Finite element models were defined so that stiffness values corresponding to the center of individual pistons could be determined. Superelement techniques were used to define mass and stiffness values representative of the combined active and support structure at the center of each piston. Results of interest obtained from the analysis include mode shapes, natural frequencies, and equivalent spring stuffiness for use in structural response models to represent the support structure. The effects on plate motion on piston performance cannot be obtained from this analysis, however mass and stiffness matrices for use in an integrated system model to determine piston head velocities can be obtained from this work.
Relative positioning of parts in assemblies using mathematical programming

In extending solid modeling technology to the modeling of assemblies of discrete parts, it is important to capture the position of each part in the assembly relative to the positions of its neighbors. By describing each part position in terms of relationships between various features of the part and mating features of its neighboring parts, it is possible for the solid modeling system to compute the modeling transformations needed to simulate the desired assembly configuration. In this chapter we formulate a mathematical programming approach to this problem. This approach is particularly useful in situations that arise in the solution of tolerancing problems.
Racial Differences in Estrogen Use Among Middle-Aged and Older Women☆

Estrogen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women is believed to reduce morbidity and mortality from a variety of conditions. Since the latter part of the 1980s, consideration of estrogen therapy in postmenopausal women has been promoted as a primary and secondary preventive measure against coronary artery disease (CAD).1 Current recommendations are largely a result of the emergence of epidemiologic data suggesting considerable reductions in risk for coronary artery disease among women who used estrogen. Grady et al2 summarized the results of 31 observational studies, three meta-analyses, and one randomized controlled trial examining the effect of postmenopausal hormone use on the relative risk of developing CAD. They concluded that hormonal therapy reduces the risk for CAD by 35–50%, with the greatest reductions seen in women diagnosed with CAD. Although most of the participants in these observational studies examining the effects of estrogen on cardiovascular disease were white women, estimates about the effects of estrogen therapy for black women suggest reductions in lifetime probabilities of CAD and gains of 0.9 to 1.9 years of life expectancy.2 Many professional organizations now recommend consideration of estrogen therapy for all postmenopausal women regardless of race.3,4 Data regarding the national prevalence of hormone use, however, are lacking as there is no national survey of estrogen use executed on a regular basis.5,6 Several regional and local studies in the United States and Europe report the prevalence of estrogen use among postmenopausal women as ranging from 7% to 33%.7–13 Among women who underwent natural menopause the following characteristics have been shown to be associated with estrogen use: younger age, postmenopausal status, alcohol use, less exercise, and leaner body mass. A search of the literature from 1966 to the present revealed four studies specifically examining the relationship between estrogen use and race. A retrospective study of 2,137 women in the Pittsburgh area examined race as a correlate of current estrogen use in a multivariable * This research was supported by The Jacobs Institute-Ortho Pharmaceutical Scholar in Women’s Health Care. The purpose of the grant is to enable the efforts of individual scientists to find new ways to improve health care services for women.
A new knowledge-based lung nodule detection system

We describe a knowledge-based system for segmenting and labeling lung nodules on CT images. The system was developed in a blackboard environment that incorporates a lung knowledge model, image processing model and inference engine. The lung model, which contains anatomical knowledge about the lung in the form of semantic networks, is used to guide the interpretation process. The system works in a hierarchical structure, from large structures to the final nodule candidates, by focusing on the region of interest step by step. The symbolic variables introduced to accomplish high-level inference, are defined by fuzzy confidence functions in the lung model. Composite fuzzy functions are used to map between image and lung model objects. Anatomical lung segment knowledge is embedded in the system to direct 3D validation of suspicious objects. Structures are identified and abnormal objects are reported. Preliminary experiment results are included.
The influence of tone upon responses of small and large vessels to serotonin.

In the dog foreleg, serotonin antagonizes extremes of vascular tone induced by neurogenic means. It produces net dilatation when the bed is constricted and net constriction when the bed is dilated. This bidirectional response derives ultimately from the facts that changes in nervous activity change calibers of small vessels without greatly altering calibers of large vessels, and that serotonin produces small vessel dilatation at the same time that it constricts large vessels. When small vessels are already neurogenically dilated, serotonin cannot dilate them further, but continues to constrict large vessels. Thus, the net effect is constriction. When small vessels are highly constricted, serotonin dilates small vessels more than it constricts large vessels. The net effect is dilatation. The study also indicates why it is more difficult to demonstrate a similar antagonism when tone is varied by humoral means.
Novel recombinant adeno-associated viruses for Cre activated and inactivated transgene expression in neurons

Understanding the organization of the nervous system requires methods for dissecting the contributions of each component cell type to circuit function. One widely used approach combines genetic targeting of Cre recombinase to specific cell populations with infection of recombinant adeno-associatedviruses (rAAVs) whose transgene expression is activated by Cre (“Cre-On”). Distinguishing how the Cre-expressing neurons differ functionally from neighboring Cre-negative neurons requires rAAVs that are inactivated by Cre (“Cre-Off”) and can be used in tandem with Cre-On viruses. Here we introduce two rAAV vectors that are inactivated by Cre and carry different fluorophore and optogenetic constructs. We demonstrate single and dual rAAV systems to achieve Cre-On and Cre-Off expression in spatially-intermingled cell populations of the striatum. Using these systems, we uncovered cryptic genomic interactions that occur between multiple Cre-sensitive rAAVs or between Cre-sensitive rAAVs and somatic Cre-conditional alleles and devised methods to avoid these interactions. Our data highlight both important experimental caveats associatedwith Cre-dependent rAAV use as well as opportunities for the development of improved rAAVs for gene delivery.
High velocity circuit resistance training improves cognition, psychiatric symptoms and neuromuscular performance in overweight outpatients with severe mental illness

We developed a physical exercise intervention aimed at improving multiple determinants of physical performance in severe mental illness. A sample of 12 (9M, 3F) overweight or obese community-dwelling patients with schizophrenia (n=9) and bipolar disorder (n=3) completed an eight-week, high-velocity circuit resistance training, performed twice a week on the computerized Keiser pneumatic exercise machines, including extensive pre/post physical performance testing. Participants showed significant increases in strength and power in all major muscle groups. There were significant positive cognitive changes, objectively measured with the Brief Assessment of Cognition Scale: improvement in composite scores, processing speed and symbol coding. Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale total scores improved significantly. There were large gains in neuromuscular performance that have functional implications. The cognitive domains that showed the greatest improvements (memory and processing speed) are most highly predictive of disability in schizophrenia. Moreover, the improvements seen in depression suggest this type of exercise intervention may be a valuable add-on therapy for bipolar depression.