cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cleavage of parathyroid hormone in macrophage endosomes illustrates a novel pathway for intracellular processing of proteins.

Abstract Most ligands which are taken up by macrophages are transported to lysosomes where they are degraded to their constituents by a concert of acid hydrolases. This process requires a number of intracellular events which result in the transport of ligands from light density endosomes to the more dense lysosomes. In contrast, our studies have shown that macrophages may process some incoming ligands in endosomes (Diment, S., and Stahl, P. D. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 15311-15317) and that cathepsin D, an aspartyl protease, is localized in these organelles (Diment, S., Leech, M. S., and Stahl, P. D. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 6901-6907). Using rabbit alveolar macrophages, which can be subjected to subcellular fractionation, we have traced the intracellular transport and processing of bovine parathyroid hormone (PTH-(1-84]. We present evidence that macrophages internalize PTH-(1-84). Once in endosomes the hormone is cleaved to fragments which include a bioactive peptide, PTH-(1-34), and then the fragments are returned to the extracellular medium, without delivery to lysosomes. The entire cycle from initial binding to release of PTH-(1-34) is achieved within 10-15 min, a time period consistent with findings in vivo. Our data provide evidence for a novel route for processing of an endocytosed ligand.
Considerations for Web Teaching in Social Work

Abstract This paper explores Web-based social work education, noting that Social Policy courses are particularly well-suited to Web delivery. It discusses factors that need to be considered in delivering social work courses over the Web, including pedagogical strategies and students' access to and comfort with technology, using a Web-based course in Social Welfare Law as its exemplar. Evaluation data, supported by the literature, suggest that as social work students gain skills and access to computers they will be more satisfied with Web courses, particularly if they reduce travel or enable students to take otherwise unavailable courses. Greater skill and access to more powerful computers will also increase the feasibility of incorporating a broader range of course delivery elements, such as audio and video, into Web teaching.
Lasallian Pedagogy: Who We Are Is What We Teach

Lasallian pedagogy is grounded in the insight that the person of the teacher is the significant element in effective education. Using the insights of Gadamer, Ricouer, and Tracy, the historical Lasallian texts upon which this pedagogy rests speak beyond their origins. True to its Christian roots, Lasallian education is a pedagogy of kenosis, reflecting contemporary philosopher Emmanuel Levinas’ insight about the human obligation to meet the compelling needs of the Other. As La Salle saw it, the teaching endeavor needs the support of community, and reflects the modern insight of educator Parker Palmer that a circle of trust wherein relationship and dialogue are possible is the means to bring about transformation. The paper draws heavily on the work of Brazilian educator Paulo Freire to suggest that humanization is the shared vocation of all persons, and that educators, particularly those in the Lasallian world, are engaged in the conscientiousization that comes from seeing with the eyes of faith and exercising zeal on behalf of the young as elder siblings to them. This pedagogy brings both challenges and opportunities for educators, particularly in higher education, to remain true to the Lasallian charism of faith, care, and zeal for the brothers and sisters entrusted to the teachers’ charge.
A review of electronic journal acquisition, management, and use in health sciences libraries.

Purpose: The paper describes patterns of electronic journal usage in health sciences libraries during the past decade. Method: The paper presents a case study, documenting the pattern of acquisition, management, and usage at the Louis Calder Memorial Library of the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine. Results: Health sciences journals were early to offer electronic alternatives to print. As a result, health sciences libraries, their patrons, and the public at large were early to embrace the new versions and continue to embrace the significant changes in scholarly communication they enable. Although the patterns of electronic journals among health sciences libraries and other special and academic libraries have similarities, they also have differences. Broad studies of electronic journals in non–health sciences libraries have been published, but a retrospective review of electronic journals in health sciences libraries has not.
Hillslope Hydrology and Stability

Landslides are caused by a failure of the mechanical balance within hillslopes. This balance is governed by two coupled physical processes: hydrological or subsurface flow and stress. The stabilizing strength of hillslope materials depends on effective stress, which is diminished by rainfall. This book presents a cutting-edge quantitative approach to understanding hydro-mechanical processes across variably saturated hillslope environments and to the study and prediction of rainfall-induced landslides. Topics covered include historic synthesis of hillslope geomorphology and hydrology, total and effective stress distributions, critical reviews of shear strength of hillslope materials and different bases for stability analysis. Exercises and homework problems are provided for students to engage with the theory in practice. This is an invaluable resource for graduate students and researchers in hydrology, geomorphology, engineering geology, geotechnical engineering and geomechanics and for professionals in the fields of civil and environmental engineering and natural hazard analysis.
RGS4 Inhibits Signaling by Group I Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors

Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) couple to heterotrimeric G-proteins and regulate cell excitability and synaptic transmission in the CNS. Considerable effort has been focused on understanding the cellular and biochemical mechanisms that underlie regulation of signaling by G-proteins and their linked receptors, including the mGluRs. Recent findings demonstrate that regulators of G-protein signaling (RGS) proteins act as effector antagonists and GTPase-activating proteins for Gα subunits to inhibit cellular responses by G-protein-coupled receptors. RGS4 blocks Gq activation of phospholipase Cβ and is expressed broadly in rat brain. The group I mGluRs (mGluRs 1 and 5) couple to Gq pathways to regulate several effectors in the CNS. We examined the capacity of RGS4 to regulate group I mGluR responses. In Xenopus oocytes, purified RGS4 virtually abolishes the mGluR1a- and mGluR5a-mediated but not the inositol trisphospate-mediated activation of a calcium-dependent chloride current. Additionally, RGS4 markedly attenuates the mGluR5-mediated inhibition of potassium currents in hippocampal CA1 neurons. This inhibition is dose-dependent and occurs at concentrations that are virtually identical to those required for inhibition of phospholipase C activity in NG108–15 membranes and reconstituted systems using purified proteins. These findings demonstrate that RGS4 can modulate mGluR responses in neurons, and they highlight a previously unknown mechanism for regulation of G-protein-coupled receptor signaling in the CNS.
Theory of Josephson Arrays in a Resonant Cavity

Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210(Dated: February 2, 2008)We review our previous work on the dynamics of one- and two-dimensional arrays of underdampedJosephson junctions placed in a single-mode resonant cavity. Starting from a well-deﬁned modelHamiltonian, which includes the eﬀects of driving current and dissipative coupling to a heat bath, wewrite down the Heisenberg equations of motion for the variables of the Josephson junction and thecavity mode. In the limit of many photons, these equations reduce to coupled ordinary diﬀerentialequations, which can be solved numerically. We present a review of some characteristic numericalresults, which show many features similar to experiment. These include self-induced resonant steps(SIRS’s) at voltages V = n~Ω/(2e), where Ω is the cavity frequency, and n is generally an integer;a threshold number N
Anthropology Explored: The Best of Smithsonian AnthroNotes.

Anthropology Explored: The Best of Smithsonian AnthroNotes. Ruth Osterweis Selig and Marilyn R. London. eds. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1998. 348 pp.
Death Squad: The Anthropology of State Terror

Death Squad: The Anthropology of State Terror. Jeffrey A. Sluka. ed. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000. 260 pp.
Stepped Care Versus Standard Trauma‐focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Young Children

Background To compare the effectiveness and cost of stepped care trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (SC-TF-CBT), a new service delivery method designed to address treatment barriers, to standard TF-CBT among young children who were experiencing posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). Methods A total of 53 children (ages 3–7 years) who were experiencing PTSS were randomly assigned (2:1) to receive SC-TF-CBT or TF-CBT. Assessments by a blinded evaluator occurred at screening/baseline, after Step One for SC-TF-CBT, posttreatment, and 3-month follow-up. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01603563. Results There were comparable improvements over time in PTSS and secondary outcomes in both conditions. Noninferiority of SC-TF-CBT compared to TF-CBT was supported for the primary outcome of PTSS, and the secondary outcomes of severity and internalizing symptoms, but not for externalizing symptoms. There were no statistical differences in comparisons of changes over time from pre- to posttreatment and pre- to 3-month follow-up for posttraumatic stress disorder diagnostic status, treatment response, or remission. Parent satisfaction was high for both conditions. Costs were 51.3% lower for children in SC-TF-CBT compared to TF-CBT. Conclusions Although future research is needed, preliminary evidence suggests that SC-TF-CBT is comparable to TF-CBT, and delivery costs are significantly less than standard care. SC-TF-CBT may be a viable service delivery system to address treatment barriers.
Triacylglycerol lipase, monoacylglycerol lipase and phospholipase activities of highly purified rat hepatic lipase

Abstract Highly purified rat hepatic lipase (NaCl-resistant, alkaline pH optimum) was studied to evaluate whether the enzyme has triacylglycerol lipase, monoacylglycerol lipase and phospholipase activities. Enzyme exhibiting a single band by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and having a specific activity eight times greater than that in any previous report was utilized. The ratios of the different lipolytic activities to each other remained constant throughout a multistep hepatic lipase purification. The lipolytic activities coeluted by gel filtration on Ultrogel AcA 34. Column isoelectric focusing of the highly purified enzyme revealed comigration of the lipolytic activities. Thermal inactivation produced similar decay curves for the different activities. Immune titration curves for the different activities with specific antibody against hepatic lipase were essentially identical. These findings indicate that hepatic lipase is a single enzyme molecule which has triacylglycerol lipase, monoacylglycerol lipase and phospholipase activities with artificial substrates. To study these lipolytic activities further, highly purified hepatic lipase was subjected to limited digestion by specific proteases. The triacylglycerol lipase activity was more sensitive to proteolytic destruction than either of the other two activities.
Effect of running wheel availability on circadian patterns of sleep and wakefulness in mice

Sleep/wake expression in mice varies predictably with circadian phase. Such circadian rhythms are known to depend on intact suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) in the hypothalamus, but the mechanism by which SCN activity modulates sleep/wake expression is unknown. This paper examines the possibility that circadian patterns of sleep/wake derive partly from circadian timing of waking behaviors that are incompatible with sleep, such as locomotor activity. Voluntary locomotor activity was restricted in five mice adapted to a running wheel by locking the wheel in place. Continuous electrographic monitoring of sleep and wakefulness over multiple circadian cycles revealed: (1) during the active phase, shorter wake bouts and more frequent bouts of sleep, resulting in greater sleep/wake fragmentation and more time spent asleep; (2) during the rest phase, a small compensatory reduction in NREM sleep; (3) reduced amplitude of circadian sleep/wake rhythms and a greater amount of sleep overall. Thus, voluntary locomotor activity has an important influence on sleep/wake expression in mice, and the normal circadian pattern of sleep/wake depends on circadian timing of activity. Previous reports of damped circadian sleep/wake rhythms in rodents may therefore be explained by coincident diminutions in locomotor activity associated with age or health status. Our results also support analogous findings in human subjects, and we propose that elderly humans may benefit from therapies that augment daytime activity.
Designer ‘blueprint’ for vascular trees: morphology evolution of vascular tissue constructs

Organ printing is a variant of the biomedical application of rapid prototyping technology or layer-by-layer additive biofabrication of 3D tissue and organ constructs using self-assembled tissue spheroids as building blocks. Bioengineering of perfusable intraorgan branched vascular trees incorporated into 3D tissue constructs is essential for the survival of bioprinted thick 3D tissues and organs. In order to design the optimal ‘blueprint’ for digital bioprinting of intraorgan branched vascular trees, the coefficients of tissue retraction associated with post-printing vascular tissue spheroid fusion and remodelling must be determined and incorporated into the original CAD. Using living tissue spheroids assembled into ring-like and tube-like vascular tissue constructs, the coefficient of tissue retraction has been experimentally evaluated. It has been shown that the internal diameter of ring-like and the height of tubular-like tissue constructs are significantly reduced during tissue spheroid fusion. During...
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition is mechanistically linked with stem cell signatures in prostate cancer cells.

Background Current management of patients diagnosed with prostate cancer (PCa) is very effective; however, tumor recurrence with Castrate Resistant Prostate Cancer (CRPC) and subsequent metastasis lead to poor survival outcome, suggesting that there is a dire need for novel mechanistic understanding of tumor recurrence, which would be critical for designing novel therapies. The recurrence and the metastasis of PCa are tightly linked with the biology of prostate cancer stem cells or cancer-initiating cells that is reminiscent of the acquisition of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) phenotype. Increasing evidence suggests that EMT-type cells share many biological characteristics with cancer stem-like cells.
Antagonizing the effects of Bst-2/tetherin: multiple ways to accomplish a common goal

The HIV-1 Vpu protein has long been known to enhance the release of virions from infected cells and to induce proteasomal degradation of the CD4 receptor. While the mechanism of CD4 degradation has been reasonably well explored, our mechanistic understanding of how Vpu facilitates virus release has remained vague. A breakthrough came with the recent identification of Bst-2 (also referred to as CD317 or tetherin). Bst-2 is a host factor whose expression is associated with the inhibition of HIV-1 virus release. Interestingly, Vpu is not the only viral accessory protein with the ability to overcome the inhibitory effect of Bst-2. Indeed, some HIV-2 isolates, although lacking a vpu gene, have been known to encode a Vpu-like activity in their Env glycoprotein and were now shown to antagonize Bst-2. Very recently, several SIV Nef isolates have also been associated with enhanced virus release through inhibition of Bst-2 function. Thus, there appear to be at least three retroviral proteins targeting Bst-2. Interestingly, these are the same three viral proteins that can target CD4. We have started a functional analysis to understand at what level HIV-1 Vpu and HIV-2 Env proteins interfere with Bst-2 function to determine if the mechanisms for targeting CD4 and Bst-2 are the same or not. Consistent with published reports we find that Vpu can induce surface down modulation of Bst-2 and cause degradation of Bst-2. However, Vpu can also facilitate virus release in the absence of detectable Bst-2 surface down modulation and degradation and in that respect resembles the HIV-2 Env protein. Possible mechanisms of Bst-2 inhibition by HIV-1 Vpu and HIV-2 Env will be discussed.
Allergic Fungal Sinusitis

A 42 year old male presents with worsening pain and an increase in thick chronic drainage of the left sinus. Image studies show complete opacification of the left frontal sinus, left sphenoid sinus, and the left maxillary sinus. The patient was taken to the operating room and tissue for microscopic evaluation was obtained. The microscopic findings were classic for allergic fungal sinusitis: areas of alternating mucinous material and inflammatory cell debris and abundant Charcot–Leyden crystals. Cultures were performed and the patient began steroid therapy and desensitization therapy.
Changes in Keratometric Astigmatism after Suture Removal More than One Year after Penetrating Keratoplasty

Background/Purpose: Selective removal of interrupted sutures and adjustment of a running suture can minimize astigmatism after penetrating keratoplasty, but the longterm effects of early suture manipulations remain largely unknown. The authors tested the hypothesis that the cornea becomes "fixed" more than 1 year after keratoplasty so that desirable refractive results will remain when all sutures are eventually removed. Methods: The authors reviewed retrospectively the changes in astigmatism that occurred when all remaining sutures were removed from 162 eyes 1 to 6 years after penetrating keratoplasty. Single-running sutures were used in 130 eyes, double-running sutures in 20 eyes, and a combination of interrupted and running sutures in 12 eyes. Results: Removal of single-running sutures caused an average decrease in astigmatism of 0.52 diopters (D) from 6.10 ± 4.41 D to 5.57 ± 3.14 D. However, the astigmatism in 62% of eyes changed 2 or more D (range, 11.94 to -17.87 D), and the range changed more than 20° in 55% of eyes. The average vectorial change was 6.5 ± 4.3 D (range, 0.59 to 19.8 D). There was no decrease in the amount of astigmatic change with increasing time between surgery and suture removal. Graft size and diagnosis had no effect on the amount of astigmatic change. Astigmatic errors became stable, with less than 1 D of change between successive examinations within 6 months after suture removal. Similar results were obtained for eyes with double-running and interruptedrunning sutures. Conclusions: Corneal astigmatism may change unpredictably and by large amounts when all remaining sutures are removed 1 to 6 years after penetrating keratoplasty.
Food restriction attenuates the blood pressure response to paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei lesions in aortic coarctation hypertension

Chronic food restriction reduces blood pressure (BP) and sympathetic support of BP in aortic coarctation hypertension. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that chronic food restriction would reduce sympathetic support of BP mediated by the paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei (PVN). Hypertension was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=40) by suprarenal aortic coarctation. Rats were assigned to either an ad libitum fed (AL) group or a food restricted (FR) group that received 60% of the food consumed by AL for 3 weeks. One week prior to data collection, catheters were implanted in the left carotid artery and right jugular vein. BP was measured for 2 days prior to, and 7 days after rats in AL and FR groups received either bilateral electrolytic lesions of the PVN (PVNx) or sham lesions (SHAM). Prior to either PVNx or SHAM, FR rats had significantly lower BP (AL=152+/-5; FR=113+/-2 mmHg), less of a depressor response to ganglionic blockade (AL=-58+/-4; FR=-35+/-2 mmHg), and lower plasma norepinephrine levels (AL=758+/-71; FR=380+/-23 pg/ml) compared to AL. PVNx reduced BP in both AL and FR rats (AL-PVNx=105+/-6 mmHg, FR-PVNx=101+/-3 mmHg). PVNx also lowered the depressor response to ganglionic blockade (AL-PVNx=-28+/-5 mmHg, FR-PVNx=-29+/-4 mmHg) and plasma norepinephrine levels (AL-PVNx=372+/-74 pg/ml, FR-PVNx=248+/-31 pg/ml). FR decreased the magnitude of the reductions in resting BP and in sympathetic activity in response to PVNx. These results indicate that intact PVN are required for maintenance of aortic coarctation hypertension, and implicate the PVN as a site involved in BP reductions produced by chronic food restriction.
Verrucous Carcinoma Masquerading as a Giant Fibroepithelial Polyp

The authors report a case of a verrucous carcinoma (VC) of the buttocks clinically simulating a giant (6.5 cm in length and 5.4 cm in greatest diameter) fibroepithelial polyp (FEP) capped by a large cutaneous horn. The growth had been present for 15 years and had never been biopsied despite numerous physical exams. VC typically presents distinctly as a large cauliflower-like growth with histological features of acanthosis, parakeratosis, minimal cytological atypia, and deep pushing epithelial borders. It is considered a low-grade, well-differentiated variant of squamous cell cancer and is commonly associated with human papillomavirus (HPV). Anogenital VC has been associated more with “low-risk” (type 6 and 11) than “high-risk” (16 and 18) HPV types. Presentation of VC as a FEP is unusual and demonstrates the necessity of maintaining a high level of clinical suspicion of anogenital growths, particularly those involving atypical features such as ulceration or the presence of a cutaneous horn.
Studies on Solute−Solvent Interactions in Gaseous and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide by High-Pressure 1H NMR Spectroscopy

A newly designed high-pressure NMR flow cell has been developed for studies of supercritical fluids. By using the high-pressure cell, 1H chemical shifts of nonpolar (n-hexane and benzene) and polar (dichloromethane, chloroform, acetonitrile, water, methanol, and ethanol) solute molecules in gaseous and supercritical carbon dioxide were measured in the wide pressure range between 2 and 30 MPa at 313.3 K. The chemical shifts of hydroxyl protons of water, methanol, and ethanol in carbon dioxide at 20.0 MPa were shifted to higher frequency due to intermolecular hydrogen bonding with increasing concentration. A comparison of the concentration dependence with relevant data in carbon tetrachloride indicated a specific interaction between alcohol and carbon dioxide molecules. The corrected 1H chemical shifts of nonpolar and polar solute molecules at infinite dilution, where the bulk magnetic susceptibility contribution was subtracted, were shifted to higher frequency with increasing density of carbon dioxide. The...
Simulations of transition and turbulence on the Navier-Stokes computer

The Navier-Stokes Computer (NSC) consists of multiple local memory parallel processors interconnected in a hypercube network. Efficient implementation of algorithms on the NSC thus requires the effective utilization of both the coarse and fine grain paralelism inherent in the architectural design. The basic approach to implementing an algorithm on the NSC is presented herein. The particular finite-difference algorithm considered was developed for performing transition and turbulence simulations by direct solution of the time-dependent incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. The suitability of this algorithm for performing simulations of the isotropic turbulence problem is verified from computations performed on a Cray 2. Projected timing results for the algorithm on the NSC itself are presented for both the isotropic turbulence and laminar turbulent transition problems.
Improved modeling and solution methods for the multi-resource routing problem

Abstract This paper presents modeling and solution method improvements for the Multi-Resource Routing Problem (MRRP) with flexible tasks. The MRRP with flexible tasks is used to model routing and scheduling problems for intermodal drayage operations in which two resources (tractors and trailers) perform tasks to transport loaded and empty equipment. Tasks may be either well defined, in which both the origin and the destination of a movement are given, or flexible, in which the origin or the destination is chosen by the model. This paper proposes methods to effectively manage the number of options considered for flexible tasks (either feasible origins for a known destination or feasible destinations for a known origin). This modeling change generates sufficient options to allow for low-cost solutions while maintaining reasonable computational effort. We also propose a new solution method that uses randomized route generation. Computational results from test cases show that these changes improve the quality of solutions by at least 5% in the test cases as compared to methods from previous studies.
Representations for Incomplete Integrals of Cylindrical Functions

Abstract Incomplete Lipschitz-Hankel integrals are essentially indefinite integrals of products of Bessel or cylindrical functions, exponentials and powers. These integrals occur widely in pure and applied mathematics. The object of this paper is to give new representations for incomplete Lipschitz-Hankel integrals in terms of Kampe de Feriet double hypergeometric functions. Thus earlier work of the author is unified to include certain representations for integrals of cylindrical functions other than Macdonald functions. In addition, certain properties of the Kampe de Feriet functions associated with incomplete Lipschitz-Hankel integrals are given.
MO‐E‐L100F‐01: Real‐Time Soft Tissue Elasticity Imaging with Ultrasound

Methods for imaging the elastic properties of soft tissues have undergone rapid development in recent years. This is in part facilitated by the ever‐increasing capabilities of ultrasound imaging systems. This presentation will describe the basic mechanics of soft tissues and terminology used in elasticityimaging (e.g., stress, strain, elastic modulus). Key developments in motion tracking for elasticityimaging will be reviewed with emphasis on the current state of the art in motion tracking algorithms for accurate estimation of displacement fields. That discussion sets the stage for an analysis of observations of soft tissue mechanics as seen via real‐time elasticity (mechanical strain) images of breast tissues during relatively large deformations. For example, many benign lesions tend to lose contrast in strain images as deformation increases. That behavior can be understood given the measured mechanical properties of in vitro tissue samples. Unlike benign lesions most canceroustumors tend to maintain a large negative contrast with increasing deformation, and that too can be understood from in vitro measurements. The utility of this information is summarized with a review of recent clinical trials of breast elasticityimaging. Specifically, a recent multi‐institutional, multi‐observer study has demonstrated that elasticityimaging increases the diagnostic confidence of breast ultrasoundradiologists when attempting to classify a tumor as either “benign” or “malignant”. The presentation will conclude with a brief discussion of the prospects for future enhancements and improvements in elasticityimage formation and information content. Educational Objectives 1. Understand the basic vocabulary used to describe simple solid mechanics. 2. Understand the methods used to form real‐time elasticityimages using ultrasound and the potential for significant improvements in the future. 3. Understand the basic criteria for interpreting breast elasticityimages.
Some Progress in Lattice Boltzmann Method. Part I. Nonuniform Mesh Grids

A new lattice Boltzmann algorithm is proposed to simulate the Navier?Stokes equation on arbitrary nonuniform mesh grids. The new algorithm retains the advantages of the lattice Boltzmann method: parallel of algorithm, ease of programming, and ability to incorporate microscopic interactions. A simulation of flow in a two-dimensional symmetric channel with sudden expansion is carried out using the new algorithm on a nonuniform mesh. The results of the simulation are in excellent agreement with previous experimental and numerical results.
Experimental study of the role of the Weber and capillary numbers on Mesler entrainment

Mesler entrainment is the formation of a very large number of very small bubbles by a relatively low velocity drop impacting a liquid surface. The role of the Weber number in Mesler entrainment has received significant attention. However, the effect of the capillary number, which quantifies the relative importance of viscous and surface tension forces, has not been explored. This is due primarily to the fact that virtually all Mesler entrainment research has used a single liquid, water, as the working fluid. This, combined with certain experimental restrictions, makes difficult an independent variation of the Weber and capillary numbers. To address this problem, Mesler entrainment was investigated using two silicone oils, having kinematic viscosities of 0.65 cSt and 10.0 cSt, respectively, revealing the effect of the capillary number on Mesler entrainment, a result which has not been obtained heretofore. The silicone oils give extremely repeatable results when compared to water. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Application of infrared laser desorption vacuum-UV single-photon ionization mass spectrometry for analysis of organic compounds from particulate matter filter samples.

A new built instrument suitable for laser desorption-single photon ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LD-SPI-TOFMS) with use of Vacuum-UV photons with a wavelength of 118 nm was used for the analysis of organic compounds. Fragmentation-free analysis of a variety of substances was achieved for desorption experiments with pure compounds desorbed from quartz glass filters applying low desorption energies. It was further found that the rate of fragmentation is strongly dependent on the desorption energy. Matrix effects were investigated by desorption experiments utilizing soot spiked with several organic compounds.The characteristics of the desorption process are assessed in more detail and the impact on the analysis of ambient particulate matter (PM) samples on filters are discussed. First results obtained from the application of the technique to the analysis of organic compounds from ambient PM are presented. Furthermore, possibilities of future developments of the method, in particular for analys...
Disorders of calcium ion sensing.

T HE PARATHYROID glands secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) at a rate that is dependent upon and responsive to the extracellular calcium ion concentration (Ca*‘,) (1). Recent advances in molecular techniques have enabled the characterization of an extracellular calcium ionsensing receptor (Can) that initiates the afferent limb of the cellular pathways necessary for regulating this Ca2’0-responsive PTH secretion (2). Renal tubular calcium reabsorption, secretion of calcitonin by the thyroidal C-cells, and probably many other Ca2t0responsive cellular functions are dependent upon the CaR to permit the regulation of extracellular calcium homeostasis and other diverse cellular functions unrelated to calcium homeostasis, such as found in the brain. We will review the biochemical and molecular characteristics of the CaR as well as three disorders: familial benign hypocalciuric hypercalcemia, neonatal severe hyperparathyroidism, and autosomal dominant hypocalcemia, which are caused by abnormalities of CaR function (3, 4).
Perception of risk of death from asthma in adolescents

Abstract Rationale Areas of disagreement on asthma perception between adolescents and their parent/guardians (PG) may provide avenues for intervention. Methods In a cross-sectional study of 162 asthmatic adolescents we administered a series of questions separately to the adolescents and their PG's designed to capture information about how family and peer interactions are affected by asthma. We also asked 2 questions on asthma and the risk of death; Q1: “At some point in time I felt that I/my child could die from asthma”, Q2: “I feel that I/my child could die from asthma”. Answers were given on a closed Likert scale ranging from “totally agree” to “totally disagree”. The adolescents were grouped into 4 asthma severity categories: mild; mild/moderate; moderate; moderately severe/severe. Results Worrying and self or PG-imposed activity limitations increased proportionately with disease severity and no disagreement between the adolescents and their PG's was detected. In Q1 we found good agreement between adolescents and PGs with an affirmative response increasing with asthma severity. In Q2 the risk of death from asthma was considered much less by adolescents (especially those with mild disease) compared to their PG's. Conclusion Disagreement between adolescents and their PG's on the risk of death from asthma may reflect poor communication and may impact treatment adherence. This is an area that may require intervention from health care providers.
Mastocytemia in Dogs With Acute Inflammatory Diseases

Nineteen dogs were identified that had mastocytemia (mast cells in venous blood samples) not associated with mast cell neoplasia. The first 10 dogs were identified by examination of blood films from dogs with suspected parvovirus enteritis (8), fibrinous pericarditis and pleuritis secondary to thoracic lacerations (1), and renal insufficiency of unknown cause (1). Because of the apparent association with acute enteritis, blood films from 52 suspected canine parvovirus cases were examined retrospectively and 8 mastocytemic dogs were found. An additional 52 canine blood films were randomly selected from the same retrospective time period and 1 mastocytemic dog was found that had pneumothorax, pelvic fractures, and hemorrhagic septic abdominal effusion secondary to renal hemorrhage and traumatized intestines. All mastocytemic dogs had acute inflammatory leukograms the day that mast cells were first detected: neutropenia with toxic neutrophils (4), neutropenia with a left shift (8), total neutrophil count within reference interval but with a left shift (5), or neutrophilia with a left shift (2). All dogs except the renal insufficiency case had circulating toxic neutrophils. Five dogs were mastocytemic on more than 1 day. The pathogenesis of the mastocytemia associated with the acute inflammatory disease was not determined.
Adjusted accounting beta, operating leverage and financial leverage as determinants of market beta: A synthesis and empirical evaluation

This article reexamines and synthesizes two streams of research dealing with the relationship between market beta and accounting risk measures. It is shown that, with some minor rearrangement the Mandelker and Rhee (1984) model can be shown to be as a decomposition of the familiar accounting beta (Beaver, Kettler and Scholes 1970) into operating leverage, financial leverage, and an adjusted accounting beta. The adjusted accounting beta can be further decomposed into productivity gains and the relative cyclical sensitivity of the accounting flows of the firm. Empirical estimates of this extension made using three accounting flow measures in addition to earnings show that the intrinsic business risk factor not identified in the original Mandelker and Rhee model is the most significant explanatory factor related to market beta.
Effect of freezing in methylmercaptoimidazole on the structure of thyroglobulin.

The effect of methylmercaptoimidazole (and KSCN) on thyroglobulin of low and normal iodine levels in human and bovine species has been evaluated when solutions were frozen. Methylmercaptoimidazole acts like a denaturant, leading to dissociation and insolubilization of thyroglobulin. Two dissociation products are formed, the well-characterized 12S (330,000) and in human thyroglobulin a new species with a sedimentation rate of 8S (185,000). Various lines of evidence indicate that 8S is formed without cleavage of interchain disulfide bonds. In contrast to an earlier report, very little difference was found among thyroglobulins of different iodine contents in their reactivity toward methylmercaptoimidazole during freezing. (Endocrinology 89: 741, 1971)
Boundary element analysis of moiré fields in anisotropic materials

A procedure for analyzing moire fringe patterns using boundary elements is presented. The kernels of the boundary integrals are based on anisotropic elastic Green's functions developed for bimaterial problems. The interfacial boundary conditions are incorporated in the Green's functions so the interface does not require discretization. The bimaterial kernels are also appropriate for homogeneous problems as well as degenerate isotropic problems. The moire fringe data provide full-field displacement information and are analyzed in a least-squares sense. The numerical procedure is shown to be a logical extension of the local collocation method developed for linear elastic fracture mechanics. An example is given to investigate convergence of the method, predictions of stress, and to investigate factors influencing the analysis. It is shown that moire fields associated with both displacement components are needed for an accurate analysis.
The teaching of assembly language to computer science and computer engineering majors

Progress in the fields of computer science and computer engineering has put considerable strain on academic departments to keep the curricula abreast of the "state of the art." This is a constant demand to modernize courses and programs. This usually takes the form of continually adding new courses, and including new material in existing courses.Our solution at the University of Colorado at Boulder has been to share the curriculum between the Departments of Computer Science and Electrical and Computer Engineering wherever possible. The teaching of Assembly Language programming is an example of a course taught to both Computer Science and Electrical and Computer Engineering majors. The course has two semesters of Pascal programming as prerequisites.
Vitamin D metabolites and calcium metabolism in patients with nephrotic syndrome and normal renal function.

Patients with nephrotic syndrome (NS) lose 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD3) in the urine and have low blood levels of this metabolite. This abnormality may be responsible for the hypocalcemia, i.e. low ionized calcium. The mechanism of the hypocalcemia is not evident. It is possible that the low value of 25OHD results in low blood levels of other vitamin D metabolites, such as 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25-(OH)2D] and 24,25-(OH)2D3; a deficiency of these compounds may cause defective intestinal absorption of calcium (alpha) and resistance to the calcemic action of parathyroid hormone (PTH), resulting in hypocalcemia. Studies were performed in 12 patients with NS and normal renal function to evaluate these questions. Blood levels of 25OHD, 1,25-(OH)2D, and 24,25-(OH)2D were all significantly (P < 0.01) lower in NS (4.0 +/- 0.8 ng/ml, 7.0 +/- 2.3 pg/ml, 1.8 +/- 0.2 ng/ml, respectively) compared to normal subjects (37.0 +/- 1.5 ng/ml, 37.0 +/- 1.2 pg/ml, and 3.4 +/- 0.2 ng/ml). Both alpha (0.21 +/- 0.2 vs. 0.27 +/- 0.1; P < 0.05) and the calcemic response to PTH (0.50 +/- 0.1 vs. 1.35 +/- 0.16 mg/dl; P < 0.01) in NS subjects were significantly lower than normal. The data indicate that 1) a deficient state of all of these vitamin D metabolites exists in patients with NS and normal renal function, 2) this abnormality underlies the defect in alpha and the resistance to the calcemic response to PTH, and all participate in the genesis of the hypocalcemia, 3) secondary hyperparathyroidism develops, and 4) both vitamin D deficiency and elevated blood levels of PTH are responsible for the bone lesions in these patients.
Haloperidol-sensitive (+)[3H]SKF-10,047 binding sites (σ sites) exhibit a unique distribution in rat brain subcellular fractions

The distribution of haloperidol-sensitive (+)[3H]N-allylnormetazocine ((+)[3H]SKF-10,047) binding sites (σ sites) in subcellular fractions of rat brain homogenates was extensively characterized. In synaptosomal fractions, enriched in choline acetyltransferase activity, σ sites were present in lower concentrations than in whole brain homogenates. On the other hand, microsomal and myelin fractions were found to be enriched in σ sites. A similar pattern of enrichment was seen for 5′-nucleotidase activity, a general plasma membrane marker. However, subsequent experiments in which microsomes were subfractionated on linear sucrose gradients led to the recovery of σ sites over a significantly lower density range than 5′-nucleotidase activity or ATP-stimulated [3H]ouabain binding, an additional plasma membrane marker. In addition, previously reported distributions of a number of other subcellular markers, including those for endoplasmic reticulum, were found to contrast with the observed distribution of σ sites. It is concluded that rat brain σ sites are not concentrated at synaptic regions of plasma membrane. However, the possibility that σ sites are localized to specialized areas of nonsynaptic plasma membrane cannot be excluded.
Reply to “Comment on ‘Existence and design of trans-vacuum-speed metamaterials’ ”

It is clarified further mathematically that the two-time derivative Lorentz metamaterial (2TDLM) model, which was used to achieve the trans-vacuum-speed effects in [Phys. Rev. E 68, 026612 (2003)], has a delayed causal response in agreement with the analytical and numerical results given there. The key point that the analytical (explicit low-pass filtered), and the numerical finite difference time domain and circuit simulator (implicit low-pass filtered) results for information propagation in a nonperfect 2TDLM medium still exhibit the trans-vacuum-speed (TVS) effect, despite the (physically required) imposed absence of the 2TDLM's unusual high-frequency behavior, is also discussed in more detail.
Study of magnetic reconnection in collisional and collionless plasmas in Magnetic Reconnection Experiment (MRX)

Magnetic reconnection (Parker, 1957; Sweet, 1958; Petschek, 1964; Yamada et al., 2010; Biskamp, 2000; Tsuneta, 1996; Kivelson and Russell, 1995; Yamada, 2007; Birn et al., 2001; Drake et al., 2003) is considered important to many astrophysical phenomena including stellar flares, magnetospheric disruptions of magnetars, and dynamics of galactic lobes. Research on magnetic reconnection started with observations in solar coronae and in the Earths magnetosphere, and a classical theory was developed based on MHD. Recent progress has been made by understanding the two-fluid physics of reconnection, through space and astrophysical observations (Tsuneta, 1996; Kivelson and Russell, 1995), laboratory experiments (Yamada, 2007), and theory and numerical simulations (Birn et al., 2001; Daughton et al., 2006; Uzdensky and Kulsrud, 2006). Laboratory experiments dedicated to the study of the fundamental reconnection physics have tested the physics mechanisms and their required conditions, and have provided a much needed bridge between observations and theory. For example, the Magnetic Reconnection Experiment (MRX) experiment (http://mrx.pppl.gov) has rigorously cross-checked the leading theories though quantitative comparisons of the numerical simulations and space astrophysical observations (Mozer et al., 2002). Extensive data have been accumulated in a wide plasma parameter regime with Lundquist numbers of S = 100 − 3000, where S is a ratio of the magnetic diffusion time to the Alfven transit time.
Incompatible stochastic processes and complex probabilities

Abstract The definition of conditional probabilities is based upon the existence of a joint probability. However, a reconstruction of the joint probability from given conditional probabilities imposes certain constraints upon the latter, so that if several conditional probabilities are chosen arbitrarily, the corresponding joint probability may not exist. Such an incompleteness in conditional probabilities can be eliminated by introducing complex probabilities. The physical meaning of the new mathematical formalism, as well as its relation to quantum probabilities, is discussed.
NKCC1 Knockdown Decreases Neuron Production through GABAA-Regulated Neural Progenitor Proliferation and Delays Dendrite Development

Signaling through GABA(A) receptors controls neural progenitor cell (NPC) development in vitro and is altered in schizophrenic and autistic individuals. However, the in vivo function of GABA(A) signaling on neural stem cell proliferation, and ultimately neurogenesis, remains unknown. To examine GABA(A) function in vivo, we electroporated plasmids encoding short-hairpin (sh) RNA against the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter NKCC1 (shNKCC1) in NPCs of the neonatal subventricular zone in mice to reduce GABA(A)-induced depolarization. Reduced GABA(A) depolarization identified by a loss of GABA(A)-induced calcium responses in most electroporated NPCs led to a 70% decrease in the number of proliferative Ki67(+) NPCs and a 60% reduction in newborn neuron density. Premature loss of GABA(A) depolarization in newborn neurons resulted in truncated dendritic arborization at the time of synaptic integration. However, by 6 weeks the dendritic tree had partially recovered and displayed a small, albeit significant, decrease in dendritic complexity but not total dendritic length. To further examine GABA(A) function on NPCs, we treated animals with a GABA(A) allosteric agonist, pentobarbital. Enhancement of GABA(A) activity in NPCs increased the number of proliferative NPCs by 60%. Combining shNKCC1 and pentobarbital prevented the shNKCC1 and the pentobarbital effects on NPC proliferation, suggesting that these manipulations affected NPCs through GABA(A) receptors. Thus, dysregulation in GABA(A) depolarizing activity delayed dendritic development and reduced NPC proliferation resulting in decreased neuronal density.
State-selected ion-neutral reactive scattering

Molecular beam reactive scattering experiments are performed with H2+ prepared in selected vibrational state distributions via resonantly enhanced multiphoton ionization. The technique allows a systematic exploration of the effects of reactant energy on product angular and energy distributions. Cross sections for the exoergic reaction H2+ + H2 yields H3+ + H, differential in scattering angle and recoil energy, are measured at c.m. collision energies of 1 - 5 eV. The endoergic reaction He + H2+ yields HeH+ + H is investigated at c.m. collision energies of 0.3 - 1.9 eV.
Dispersion and Symmetry of Oxygen-Induced Bands on Al(111)

Using polarized light and angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy, we have shown that oxygen is bonded in an ordered (1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1) configuration on Al(111). For this model system, we have determined the symmetry and dispersion of the threee oxygen derived bands. We find two even and one odd band with respect to the ($1\overline{1}0$) mirror plane. A disordered oxide film shows no dispersion and different oxygen binding energies.