cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Non-equilibrium Thermodynamic Framework of Consciousness

In this paper, we take a brief look at the advantages and disadvantages of dominant frameworks in consciousness studies -- functionalist and causal structure theories, and use it to motivate a new non-equilibrium thermodynamic framework of consciousness. The main hypothesis in this paper will be two thermodynamic conditions obtained from the non-equilibrium fluctuation theorems -- TCC 1 and 2, that the author proposes as necessary conditions that a system will have to satisfy in order to be 'conscious'. These descriptions will look to specify the functions achieved by a conscious system and restrict the physical structures that achieve them without presupposing either of the two. These represent an attempt to integrate consciousness into established physical law (without invoking untested novel frameworks in quantum mechanics and/or general relativity). We will also discuss it's implications on a wide range of existing questions, including a stance on the hard problem. The paper will also explore why this framework might offer a serious path forward to understanding consciousness (and perhaps even realizing it in artificial systems) as well as laying out some problems and challenges that lie ahead.
Self-Forced Opto-Electronic Oscillators Using Sagnac-Loop PM-IM Convertor

Efficient phase to intensity conversion is key in Sagnac-loop based opto-electronic oscillators ( OEO). This paper features analytical modeling of phase to intensity conversion in practical Sagnac-loop interferometers, with practical coupling imbalance in 3-dB optical coupler, polarization imbalance of the non-reciprocal optical phase shifter (NRPS), and cross-talk ratio in polarization maintaining fiber (PMF). Single-sideband (SSB) phase noise of self-forced frequency stabilization technique of this OEO is also modelled using self-injection locked (SIL) and dual self-phase locked loop (DSPLL); the free-running and forced modeling results of Sagnac-loop based OEO matches with experimentally measured phase noise results. The measured phase noise of the SILDPLL based OEO at 10 GHz is −131 dBc/Hz at offset frequency of 10 kHz with approximately 11 dB phase noise reduction compared to the results of free-running OEO. Self-forced stabilization of OEO results in timing jitter of 19.5 fs, a factor of 6 times reduction in the free-running performance.
A 2.9–33.0 TOPS/W Reconfigurable 1-D/2-D Compute-Near-Memory Inference Accelerator in 10-nm FinFET CMOS

A 10-nm compute-near-memory (CNM) accelerator augments SRAM with multiply accumulate (MAC) units to reduce interconnect energy and achieve 2.9 8b-TOPS/W for matrix–vector computation. The CNM provides high memory bandwidth by accessing SRAM subarrays to enable low-latency, real-time inference in fully connected and recurrent neural networks with small mini-batch sizes. For workloads with greater arithmetic intensity, such as large-batch convolutional neural networks, the CNM reconfigures into a 2-D systolic array to amortize memory access energy over a greater number of computations. Variable-precision 8b/4b/2b/1b MACs increase throughput by up to $8\times $ for binary operations at 33.0 1b-TOPS/W.
Male Breast Cancer Risk Assessment and Screening Recommendations in High-Risk Men Who Undergo Genetic Counseling and Multigene Panel Testing

Abstract Purpose Emerging data suggest screening mammography may be effective in detecting breast cancer early in high risk men. The purpose of this study is to evaluate current screening recommendations as a risk management strategy in men at elevated risk for breast cancer. Materials and Methods This IRB-approved HIPAA-compliant study reviewed consecutive men who underwent genetic counseling and MGPT for breast cancer risk assessment at our institution between 2012-2018. Patient risk factors, test indications, MGPT outcomes were recorded, and correlated with screening recommendations using either clinical breast exam (CBE) or screening mammography. Recommendation consistency among practitioners was evaluated. Patient adherence to screening mammography (defined as undergoing screening mammography as recommended) was assessed. Statistical analysis was performed at the two-sided 5% significance level. Results A total of 414 asymptomatic men underwent both genetic counseling and MGPT (mean age 47; range, 18-91) for breast cancer risk assessment. Of this group, 18 (4.3%; 18/414) had a personal history of breast cancer, and 159 (38.4%; 159/414) had family history of breast cancer prior to MGPT. Among men with positive MGPT results (n=112), BRCA1/2 mutations were the most common (56.3%; 63/112). Most BRCA mutation carriers (80.9%, 51/63) were recommended CBE only. Only 5.9% (2/34) BRCA2 and 10.3% (3/29) BRCA1 carriers were recommended screening mammograms (5/63; 7.9% of all BRCA carriers). Among men with personal history of breast cancer, only 9/18 (50%) were recommended screening mammograms. Overall adherence to screening mammogram in men was 71.4% (10/14), which ultimately yielded two cancers. Breast cancer screening recommendations varied widely among practitioners, with some recommending CBE only, and others recommending also mammography. Conclusion Men determined to be at elevated risk for breast cancer following genetic counseling and testing currently receive relatively inconsistent screening recommendations. Clinical relevance Male breast cancer incidence is increasing. Although there is evidence that screening mammography may be effective in early breast cancer detection in high risk men, it is currently inconsistently prescribed.
Shear stress turns on the primary cilium and lipophagy.

While the formation and concentration of urine are better understood, how kidney epithelial cells generate the energy to drive these functions has remained unclear. A study now reveals that shear stress originating from urinary flow is sensed by the primary cilia of cortical epithelial cells and stimulates lipolysis and oxidative metabolism.
Ground and excited electronic structure analysis of XM4 (X = N, P and M = Li, Na) and their anions.

High-level coupled-cluster, electron propagator, and multi-reference ab initio methods are employed to study the ground and excited electronic states of the XM4 (X = N, P and M = Li, Na) series. All XM4 species bear lower ionization potentials and can be classified as superalkalis. In the ground state each possesses a diffuse electron in the periphery. This expanded electron cloud of tetrahedral NLi4, NNa4, and PNa4 molecules is spherical (similar to an s-orbital) and evenly distributed around the XM4+ core. The outer electron is promoted to higher-angular momentum p-, d-, 2s-type orbitals in excited states. Singly occupied molecular orbitals of excited PLi4 are deformed due to its lower C1 symmetry. The aug-cc-pVQZ basis set was found to describe the excited states of XM4 accurately and efficiently. The bound singlet and triplet electronic states of XM4− that possess two peripheral electrons are also analyzed.
Comparison of CRISPR–Cas Immune Systems in Healthcare-Related Pathogens

The ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species) and Clostridium difficile have been identified as the leading global cause of multidrug-resistant bacterial infections in hospitals. CRISPR-Cas systems are bacterial immune systems, empowering the bacteria with defense against invasive mobile genetic elements that may carry the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes , among others. On the other hand, the CRISPR-Cas systems are themselves mobile. In this study, we annotated and compared the CRISPR-Cas systems in these pathogens, utilizing their publicly available large numbers of sequenced genomes (e.g., there are more than 12 thousands of S. aureus genomes). The presence of CRISPR-Cas systems showed a very broad spectrum in these pathogens: S. aureus has the least tendency of obtaining the CRISPR-Cas systems with only 0.55% of its isolates containing CRISPR-Cas systems, whereas isolates of C. difficile we analyzed have CRISPR-Cas systems each having multiple CRISPRs. Statistical tests show that CRISPR-Cas containing isolates tend to have more AMRs for four of the pathogens (A. baumannii, E. faecium, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus). We made available all the annotated CRISPR-Cas systems in these pathogens with visualization at a website (https://omics.informatics.indiana.edu/CRISPRone/pathogen), which we believe will be an important resource for studying the pathogens and their arms-race with invaders mediated through the CRISPR-Cas systems, and for developing potential clinical applications of the CRISPR-Cas systems for battles against the antibiotic resistant pathogens.
Infinite volume, three-body scattering formalisms in the presence of bound states

Strong interactions produce a rich spectrum of resonances that decay into three or more hadrons. Understanding their phenomenology requires a theoretical framework to extract parameters fromexperimental data and Lattice QCD simulations of hadron scattering. Two classes of relativistic three-body approaches are currently being pursued: the EFT-based and unitarity-based one. We consider a model of relativistic three-body scattering with an S-wave bound state in the two-body sub-channel using both formalisms. We present and discuss numerical solutions for the multi-hadron scattering amplitudes in different kinematical regions, obtained from integral equationsof the EFT-based approach. The connection of our work to the ongoing program of computingthe three-body spectrum from the lattice is highlighted. Finally, we show how to generalizethe unitarity-based framework to include all relevant open channels, discuss the nonphysicalsingularities near the physical region, and show how to eliminate them in a simple case.
A procedure for synchronizing continuous speech with its corresponding printed text

An instructional device capable of displaying a continuous speech passage with its corresponding printed text has been developed for use at The National Technical Institute for the Deaf. A series of computer routines are employed to segment prerecorded speech into syllable-like segments, and to separate the corresponding text into syllables. A speech/text synchronization routine then combines the two inputs on a syllable-by-syllable basis in such a way as to maximize the likelihood of their correct synchronization. This paper describes the synchronization routine's performance and discusses its ability to detect and correct a variety of speech segmentation errors. A demonstration of the speech/text synchronization system's output will also be provided.
Testing hypothesized predictors of immune activation in Tanzanian infants and children: community, household, caretaker, and child effects.

Objectives There is increasing interest in the epidemiology of immune activation among young children because of the links with mortality and growth. We hypothesized that infant and child inflammation, as measured by elevated C-reactive protein (CRP), would be associated with household assets, household size, measures of sanitation, and food insecurity. We also hypothesized that children in the poorest households and with elevated CRP would show evidence of growth faltering. Methods A nationally representative cross-sectional study of Tanzania children 6–59 months of age. Survey data, anthropometrics, and dried blood spots were available for 1,387 children. Measures of elevated CRP (CRP ≥ 1.1 mg/l) were used to assess inflammation. Results Fifty-four percent of the sample had CRP ≥ 1.1 mg/l. In bivariate analyses, several measures of sanitation were associated with elevated CRP but in multiple regression models only age, sex, literacy, maternal reports of illness, household size, and living in the wealthiest households predicted CRP. There were no associations between elevated CRP and any measure of child growth. Conclusions Among children in Tanzania, a single elevated CRP does not predict poor growth functioning. Elevated CRP is associated with individual, caretaker, household, and community-level variables. Future work should strive to measure local biologies in more nuanced ways. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 26:523–529, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Globalization of the Equity Markets Foreword

As a prelude to the IBA’s workshop on world capital markets, a lecture on that same subject was delivered at Fordham University School of Law on January 13, 1997 by Richard A. Grasso. Discussed at that lecture were topics such as what are the world’s future capital needs and how they will be met, what will happen to the regulation of financial intermediaries and securities offerings, what changes will there be in the role of securities exchanges, and what roadblocks are posed by existing laws to the globalization of the capital market and what should be done about them.
Lipoxin A₄ modulates adaptive immunity by decreasing memory B-cell responses via an ALX/FPR2-dependent mechanism.

Specialized proresolving mediators are endogenous bioactive lipid molecules that play a fundamental role in the regulation of inflammation and its resolution. Lipoxins and other specialized proresolving mediators have been identified in important immunological tissues including bone marrow, spleen, and blood. Lipoxins regulate functions of the innate immune system including the promotion of monocyte recruitment and increase macrophage phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils. A major knowledge gap is whether lipoxins influence adaptive immune cells. Here, we analyzed the actions of lipoxin A4 (LXA4) and its receptor ALX/FPR2 on human and mouse B cells. LXA4 decreased IgM and IgG production on activated human B cells through ALX/FPR2-dependent signaling, which downregulated NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation. LXA4 also inhibited human memory B-cell antibody production and proliferation, but not naive B-cell function. Lastly, LXA4 decreased antigen-specific antibody production in an OVA immunization mouse model. To our knowledge, this is the first description of the actions of lipoxins on human B cells, demonstrating a link between resolution signals and adaptive immunity. Regulating antibody production is crucial to prevent unwanted inflammation. Harnessing the ability of lipoxins to decrease memory B-cell antibody production can be beneficial to threat inflammatory and autoimmune disorders.
ABC and XYZ: Religious, Ethnic and Racial Identities of the New Second Generation Chinese in Christian Churches

(1999). ABC and XYZ: Religious, Ethnic and Racial Identities of the New Second Generation Chinese in Christian Churches. Amerasia Journal: Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 89-115.
The effect of target specification on objects fixated during visual search

When a person searches for a target in a cluttered visual field his eye fixations typically fall on objects. The effect of target specification on the probability of fixating different classes of objects was studied. For fields containing objects differing Widely in size, color, and shape: a high proportion of searchers’ fixations were on objects of a specified color, a moderate proportion of their fixations were on objects of a specified size, and a slight proportion of their fixations were on objects of a specified shape. When two or more target characteristics were specified, fixations were generally based on a single characteristic. It is proposed that the specification of a target creates a perceptual structure which the searcher explores. The study of visual fixations, in effect, is the study of the perceptual structure.
Adaptive jitter control for tracker line of sight stabilization

ABSTRACT A eld test experiment on a range tracking telescope at the U. S. Armys White Sands Missile Range is exploringthe use of recently developed adaptive control methods to minimize track loop jitter. Gimbal and platformvibration are the main sources of jitter in the experiments, although atmospheric turbulence also is a factor. Ininitial experiments, the adaptive controller reduced the track loop jitter signicantly in frequency ranges beyondthe bandwidth of the existing track loop. This paper presents some of the initial experimental results along withanalysis of the performance of the adaptive control loop. The paper also describes the adaptive control scheme,its implementation on the WSMR telescope and the system identication required for adaptive control.Keywords: Optical jitter, adaptive control, tracking 1. INTRODUCTION Emerging applications of high-energy lasers and laser communications require precise beam steering and targettracking in the presence of broadband disturbances due to platform and gimbal vibration as well as atmosphericturbulence. For such disturbance-rejection problems, fast steering mirrors are driven by ne-track control loopsto minimize the jitter in target images and on-target energy. Recent literature on control of jitter in laser beamshas introduced adaptive control methods that reject jitter over much greater bandwidths than those achievedby linear time-invariant (LTI) feedback control. These methods include adaptive control based on least-mean-squares (LMS) adaptive lters,
Immunological Responses Are Not Abnormal in Symptomatic Gulf War Veterans

The underlying etiology and pathogenesis of Gulf War veterans' illnesses continue to be under intense investigation. Reports have suggested the basis for these illnesses may be an altered immune system, but compelling evidence is lacking. We sought to determine whether in vitro immune responses were abnormal in symptomatic Gulf War veterans relative to matched controls. A randomized case-control study was conducted by blinded comparison of laboratory measures of in vitro immune responses in blood samples obtained from veterans in an outpatient facility of a Veterans Affairs medical center. Symptomatic Gulf War veterans with otherwise undefined illnesses (52 symptomatic subjects), asymptomatic Gulf War veterans (31 asymptomatic controls), and veterans who had applied for disability compensation and had not participated in the Gulf War (21 disability controls) represented the volunteer sample. In vitro cellular and humoral immune responses were measured to detect functional abnormalities in antigen presenting cells (autologous mixed leukocyte reactions and expression of interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha); T cells (lymphocyte proliferation using the polyclonal T-cell activators phytohemagglutinin and Concanavalin A; primary immune responses in allogeneic mixed leukocyte reactions; secondary immune response using the recall antigens tetanus toxoid, Candida albicans, and anthrax vaccine; and soluble IL-2 receptor expression); type-1 T-helper cells (gamma interferon expression); type-2 T-helper cells (IL-4 and IL-10 expression); and B cells (polyclonal B-cell activator pokeweed mitogen-induced immunoglobulin production). In general, immune response measures did not differ significantly between groups. Heightened responses observed in the disability control group (sporadically greater responses to one mitogen and two antigens) and the Gulf War participation control group (greater recall responses to anthrax vaccine) did not suggest impaired immune cell function in symptomatic veterans when compared with controls. We conclude that in vitro immunological responses are not abnormal in symptomatic Gulf War veterans.
Induction of c-Fos immunoreactivity in the rat forebrain by conditioned and unconditioned aversive stimuli.

The protein product of the c-fos proto-oncogene was immunocytochemically localized in forebrain regions of adult male Lewis rats subjected to a physically aversive footshock stimulus or a Pavlovian-conditioned, non-aversive, auditory stimulus. Animals receiving the conditioned stimulus were first conditioned by repeatedly pairing electric footshock, the unconditioned stimulus (US), with an auditory cue, the conditioned stimulus (CS). These animals were later tested with the CS in the absence of the US, a procedure which, like footshock itself, suppresses immune function. In animals exposed to the conditioned or unconditioned stressor, c-Fos was strongly expressed in cells of the paraventricular nuclei (PVN) of the hypothalamus, some of which contain corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), and other forebrain areas directly associated with autonomic function, the ventral lateal septal nuclei (LSV), the medial amygdaloid nuclei (AME), the sensorimotor cortex, the basal ganglia and thalamic nuclei. Control animals exhibited very little or no c-Fos in the above areas. The identified forebrain nuclei can now be targeted for further study aimed at elucidating their role in stress-induced immune alteration.
Outline of a lunar chronology

An outline is presented of lunar chronology and evolution based on analyses of the isotopic parent-daughter systems Rb-87-Sr-87, U-Th-Pb-206-Pb-207-Pb-208, and K-40-Ar-40. The samples which were investigated represent mare basalts (returned by Apollo 11, 12, 15, and 17 and by Luna 16) and terra rocks which include non-mare basalts, anorthosites, troctolites, and norites, but are predominantly comprised of complex breccias (returned by Apollo 12, 14, 16, and 17 and Luna 20)
The Impact of Quality on Satisfaction, Revenue, and Cost as Perceived by Providers of Higher Education

Researchers have found a strong relationship between improvements in quality and satisfaction, revenue, and cost. However, no study to date investigates the same for higher education. This study investigates whether institutions of higher education have implemented quality improvement programs, and if so, if the results are similar to what has been observed with firms in the private sector. The study proposes and tests five hypotheses, and findings support four of the five hypotheses, with partial support for the fifth hypothesis. The study finds that implementing quality programs leads to an increase in satisfaction among constituent groups, increase in revenue, and a reduction in costs. The findings also show that increased satisfaction (due to improved quality) also leads to increase in revenue and reduction in costs.
Double-resonance and relaxation in a three-level system

Abstract The general problem of radiative absorption and collisional relaxation within a fully degenerate three-level molecular system, consisting of rotational energy states and the corresponding magentic sub-levels, is formulated using a coupled tensorial Bloch equation approach. The collisional relaxation terms are derived “ab initio”, and the relaxation rates evaluated for dipole-dipole collisions. The method is applicable to systems involving both R- and Q-type transitions. The equations simplify considerably for linearly polarised radiation, and solutions of these in both static and time-dependent cases have important applications for the measurement of relaxation times.
Direct Validation of Annual Growth Increments on Sectioned Otoliths from Adult Arctic Grayling and a Comparison of Otolith and Scale Ages

Abstract Accurate ages are essential for the responsible management of fish populations, and validation of ages ensures that accurate age estimates are available to managers. Scales have typically been used to estimate ages of Arctic grayling Thymallus arcticus in Alaska; however, the recapture of marked fish after several years at large has cast doubt on the accuracy of scale ages for this species. To validate age determinations from otoliths, we used oxytetracycline (OTC) to mark 102 Arctic grayling from the Eldorado River, Seward Peninsula, Alaska, during 1994 and 1995. Fish were tagged, fin-clipped, weighed, and injected with 25 mg of OTC/kg of body weight. Over the succeeding 4 years, 16 OTC-marked Arctic grayling were recaptured. Fluorescent marks were visible in thin-sectioned otoliths from 15 of the 16 recaptured fish, and annuli that were visible beyond the mark accurately recorded the passage of years between mark and recapture in all otoliths with OTC marks. Ages assigned from scales underestim...
EDI Implementation: A Comparative Study of JIT and Non‐JIT Manufacturing Firms

To compete successfully in the global market, firms are adopting new technologies and manufacturing strategies. The just‐in‐time (JIT) philosophy and electronic data interchange (EDI) are two recent developments that can help these firms. The success of JIT depends on timely and effective exchange of information between the manufacturing firm and its trading partners. The literature suggests that EDI, as a communication tool, can meet this demand. However, no study investigates the impact of EDI in the JIT environment. Also, the literature lacks a thorough investigation of the EDI benefits realized by JIT and non‐JIT manufacturing firms. Examines these issues and finds that the reason for choosing EDI and the benefits realized by JIT firms differ from those of the non‐JIT firms. Suggests that JIT firms benefit more from EDI than non‐JIT firms.
The Application of Bioinspired Jumping Locomotion Principles to Mobile Robots: Modeling and Analysis

Nature provides various alternative locomotion strategies which could be applied to robotic systems. One such strategy is that of jumping, which enables centimeter to millimeter-scaled insects to traverse highly unstructured environments quickly and efficiently. These insects generate the required high magnitude power through specialized structures which store and rapidly release large amounts of energy. This paper presents an investigation into the morphology of natural jumpers and derives a generalized mathematical model based on them. The model describes mathematically the relationships present in a jumping system which uses a pause-and-leap jumping strategy. The use of springs as energy storage elements for such a jumping system is assessed. The discussion is then further extended to another bioinspired approach that can be applied to a jumping robot: that of gliding using foldable wings. The developed jumping and gliding mobility paradigm is analyzed and its feasibility for mobile robot applications is discussed.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Element-by-Element Post-Processing of Discontinuous Galerkin Methods for Timoshenko Beams

In this paper, we consider discontinuous Galerkin approximations to the solution of Timoshenko beam problems and show how to post-process them in an element-by-element fashion to obtain a far better approximation. Indeed, we show numerically that, if polynomials of degree p?1 are used, the post-processed approximation converges with order 2p+1 in the L ?-norm throughout the domain. This has to be contrasted with the fact that before post-processing, the approximation converges with order p+1 only. Moreover, we show that this superconvergence property does not deteriorate as the the thickness of the beam becomes extremely small.
Spin-dependent localized Hartree-Fock density-functional approach for the accurate treatment of inner-shell excitation of closed-shell atoms

A spin-dependent localized Hartree-Fock density-functional approach is presented for the efficient and accurate treatment of inner-shell excited states of atomic systems. The approach is applied to the calculation of the total and excitation energies of inner-shell excited states of several closed-shell atomic systems: Be, ${\mathrm{B}}^{+}$, Ne, and Mg. The predicted results are in overall good agreement with available experimental and other ab initio theoretical data. In addition, results for highly excited inner-shell states are presented.
Benign Intracranial Hypertension: A Diagnostic Dilemma

Benign intracranial hypertension (BIH) (also known as pseudotumor cerebri and empty sella syndrome) remains a diagnostic challenge to most physicians. The modified Dandy criteria consist of, the classic findings of headache, pulsatile tinnitus, papilledema, and elevated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure, however, these are rarely collectively present in any one patient. Furthermore, these findings can wax and wane over time. Due to the nature of this disease, both signs and symptoms may be intermittent, making definitive diagnosis difficult. Newer imaging studies, particularly the magnetic resonance venogram (MRV) along with a constellation of correlative findings and associated diseases have given new impetus in the diagnosis, treatment, and pathophysiology of this disease. This has led the authors to offer modifications to the classic Dandy criteria. This report presents three representative cases of BIH highlighting many of the newer advances in both diagnosis and treatment of this perplexing disorder.
Specific reading disabilities: Early identification and long‐term outcome

We review the early identification and long-term outcome of children with specific reading disabilities. The current widely held theory is that reading disabilities are language-based. Recent literature suggests that specific aspects of early language development, such as phonological processing, are important in learning to read, and that deficiencies in them hinder the process. Deficits in language, attention, and behavior have been found to be nonspecific risk factors for later development of reading disabilities. There is consensus that reading disabilities persist into adulthood. They not only effect academic skills and post-secondary educational and employment opportunities, but also social, emotional, and behavioral function. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
General analogues to the law of the iterated logarithm

Let X1, X2,⋯. be independent and Sn=X1+⋯.+Xn. Suppose E(Xk)=0 and sn2= E(Sn2) 0. To avoid trivialities we suppose that Sn+1 0. We assume that there exists a number q<1 such that if $$q\log \log s_n < \zeta _n < q^{ - 1} \log \log s_n$$ there exists a (necessarily unique) number xn(ζn) determined by the parametric equations $$\zeta _n = h\psi '_n (h) - \psi _n (h), x_n \zeta _n = \psi '_n (h).$$ It was shown in the preceding paper that under mild restrictions on the Xn $$P\{ S_n > s_n x_n (\zeta _n )\} = \exp [ - \log \log s_n + 0(\log \log s_n )].$$ It is now shown that under these conditions with probability one $$\lim \sup \frac{{S_n }}{{s_n x_n (\zeta _n )}} = 1.$$
Papago indian desert agriculture and water control in the sonoran desert, 1697–1934

Abstract This paper describes in detail the characteristics and conditions of a successful floodwater farming system in arid Arizona and Mexico from the occasion of the first exploration by European settlers until the 20th century, when it was in decline. Particular attention is paid to documentary sources.
Impact Mechanics and Frequency of SL9-Type Events on Jupiter

Abstract A semianalytic model for the breakup of fragments of Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 upon entry into Jupiter's atmosphere is presented. The model assumes that the impacting fragments behave as bodies of viscous fluid and that the dominant process in their breakup is the growth of hydrodynamic instabilities. It is shown that the size of the smallest instabilities that contribute to mass loss largely determines the depth of penetration in a way which is consistent with the changes in penetration depth obtained using numerical models with different resolutions. If the diameter of the impactor corresponds to 8 resolution elements then the penetration depths obtained are about 10 2 km too large. To obtain penetration depths within one scale height (≈25 km) of the viscosity limited value, at least 25 resolution elements are required across the diameter of the impactor. This result is in agreement with the numerical studies of K. Zahnle and M.-M. Mac Low (1994, Icarus 108, 1–17). It is also shown that two different regimes of hydrodynamic mass loss exist, one caused by Kelvin–Helmholtz (KH) type instabilities and a later one caused by the onset of Rayleigh–Taylor (RT) type instabilities. These regimes can be identified in the numerical results of D. A. Crawford et al. (1994, Shock Waves 4, 47–50), where KH instabilities appear to be the major mass loss mechanism between 100 and 200 km below 1 bar and RT instabilities become dominant below 200 km below 1 bar. The upward velocity of material behind the shock caused by the expansion of the superheated gas in the Comet's wake is then calculated and shown to be about 12 km sec −1 and, to a first approximation, independent of the size of the impacting fragment provided that the fragment is not significantly decelerated before it reaches the tropopause (100 mbar). This upward velocity implies a plume height of 3000 km above the 1-bar level, which agrees with Hubble Space Telescope observations. It is shown that for no significant deceleration to occur before the tropopause the impacting fragments that produced plumes must have had diameters larger than 0.3 km. This, in turn, implies a progenitor diameter of 1.6 km. It is then estimated that the time interval between impacts of 0.3 km diameter comets on Jupiter is approximately 500 years, whereas the interval between the impact of 1.6 km comets is about 6000 years.
Development of a diverse epiphyte community in response to phosphorus fertilization

The role of terrestrial soil nutrient supply in determining the composition and productivity of epiphyte communities has been little investigated. In a montane Hawaiian rainforest, we documented dramatic increases in the abundance and species richness of canopy epiphytes in a forest that had been fertilized annually with phosphorus (P) for 15 years; there was no response in forest that had been fertilized with nitrogen (N) or other nutrients. The response of N-fixing lichens to P fertilization was particularly strong, although mosses and non-N-fixing lichens also increased in abundance and diversity. We show that enhancement of canopy P availability is the most likely factor driving the bloom in epiphytes. These results provide strong evidence that terrestrial soil fertility may structure epiphyte communities, and in particular that the abundance of N-fixing lichens--a functionally important epiphyte group--may be particularly sensitive to ecosystem P availability.
Altered bone remodeling pattern of the residual ridge in ovariectomized rats

This study investigated the effect of estrogen deficiency on residual ridge remodeling after tooth extraction. Ovariectomy was performed on female Sprague-Dawley rats, and the plasma levels of estrogen and progesterone were monitored. The maxillary molars of the ovariectomized and control rats were extracted and the remodeling residual ridge tissues were harvested at 2, 4, and 8 weeks postextraction. The specimens were examined at the mesiodistal center point of the residual ridge by use of light and scanning electron microscopy. The surface of the residual ridge of the control animals showed a number of osteoclastic lacunae indicating bone resorption activity. In the ovariectomized animals, the surface of the residual alveolar bone was partially covered by a distinct calcified tissue. This tissue contained large cells and a mesh-like structure of thin calcified extracellular matrix consistent with the tissue characteristics of chondroid bone. The chondroid bone-like calcified tissue was found only in the ovariectomized animals throughout the experiment period. This study's data suggest that a systemic condition such as estrogen deficiency due to ovariectomy may alter the phenotypic expression of cells associated with the residual ridge and result in less osteoclastic activity and a different type of calcified tissue.
Globalization and indigenous cultures: Homogenization or differentiation?

Abstract There is much debate about whether with globalization human society will become culturally homogenized or further differentiated. Intercultural researchers have yet to contribute to this dialogue, and in this paper these issues are examined in light of the need for and value of indigenous research. A model of knowledge creation from cultural insights is presented as a methodology for pursuing and enriching indigenous research. Using this methodology two models derived from the Bhagavad-Gita are presented in the context of the development of psychological thoughts in India as examples of how indigenous cultural insights can be used to create knowledge for the global village. To highlight the value of these models for global community psychology, their implications are examined in some depth. Finally, the paper ends with a discussion of the need for multi-paradigmatic research, and is concluded with a discussion of how it is critical to nurture indigenous knowledge creation for preserving the necessary requisite variety without which diversity cannot flourish in the global village. It is clear from the models presented in this paper that there is much to gain from synthesizing the varied cultural heritage rather than forcing homogeneity.
Parents' responses to a kindergarten-classroom lending-library component designed to support shared reading at home:

Teachers often recommend that families engage their children in shared book reading to support literacy learning at home. When teachers purposefully provide families with home literacy activities there are benefits for everyone involved. The purpose of this article is to report the findings of a study that examined parental participation and response to a home book reading component (i.e. a classroom lending library) that took place in 32 kindergarten classrooms as part of a larger study examining the efficacy of a curriculum focused on promoting kindergartners' positive attitudes towards individuals with disabilities. Findings suggest that parents considered shared book reading to be enjoyable and beneficial for their children's language and literacy development. Additionally, parents' comments provided evidence that both they and their children learned a variety of new concepts, including those related to science and disabilities, through shared book reading. Implications for practice and ideas for futu...
Butyrate Induced IGF2 Activation Correlated with Distinct Chromatin Signatures Due to Histone Modification

Histone modification has emerged as a very important mechanism regulating the transcriptional status of the genome. Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) is a peptide hormone controlling various cellular processes, including proliferation and apoptosis. H19 gene is closely linked to IGF2 gene, and IGF2 and H19 are reciprocally regulated imprinted genes. The epigenetic signature of H19 promoter (hypermethylation) on the paternal allele plays a vital role in allowing the expression of the paternal allele of IGF2.46 Our previous studies demonstrate that butyrate regulates the expression of IGF2 as well as genes encoding IGF Binding proteins. To obtain further understanding of histone modification and its regulatory potentials in controlling IGF2/H19 gene expression, we investigated the histone modification status of some key histones associated with the expression of IGF2/H19 genes in bovine cells using RNA-seq in combination with Chip-seq technology. A high-resolution map of the major chromatin modification at the IGF2/H19 locus induced by butyrate was constructed to illustrate the fundamental association of the chromatin modification landscape that may play a role in the activation of the IGF2 gene. High-definition epigenomic landscape mapping revealed that IGF2 and H19 have distinct chromatin modification patterns at their coding and promoter regions, such as TSSs and TTSs. Moreover, the correlation between the differentially methylated regions (DMRs) of IGF2/H19 locus and histone modification (acetylation and methylation) indicated that epigenetic signatures/markers of DNA methylation, histone methylation and histone acetylation were differentially distributed on the expressed IGF2 and silenced H19 genes. Our evidence also suggests that butyrate-induced regional changes of histone acetylation statusin the upstream regulation domain of H19 may be related to the reduced expression of H19 and strong activation of IGF2. Our results provided insights into the mechanism of butyrate-induced loss of imprinting (LOI) of IGF2 and regulation of gene expression by histone modification.
Relation of Perceived Learning and Expected Grade to Rated Effectiveness of Teaching

Physical education faculty (n = 31) administered an instructional evaluation questionnaire to students (n = 727) in professional classes. The questionnaire, which was on a Likert scale (1–5), contained questions related to students' perceived learning, expected grade in class, and instructors' over-all rating of teaching effectiveness. A Pearson r indicated associations of .26 between perceived learning and expected grade, .59 between perceived learning and over-all rating of teaching effectiveness, and .32 between expected grade and over-all rating of teaching effectiveness. Stepwise multiple regression yielded an R of 62, with perceived amount learned and expected grade accounting for 36.3% and 3 2% of the variance, respectively. Such results suggest that instructors' rating of over-all teaching effectiveness is more a function of perceived learning than expectation of high grade.
Density functional theory predictions of equilibrium isotope fractionation of iron due to redox changes and organic complexation

Abstract We present molecular orbital/density functional theory (MO/DFT) calculations that predict a greater isotopic fractionation in redox reactions than in reactions involving ligand exchange. The predicted fractionation factors, reported as 1000·ln(56–54α), associated with equilibrium between Fe–organic and Fe–H2O species were 2.7‰ in vacuo and >2.2‰ in solution when the bound ligands were unchanged. The predicted 56Fe/54Fe ratio was greater in complexes containing Fe3+ and in complexes with shorter Fe–O bond lengths; both of these trends follow previous theoretical results. Our predictions also agree with previous experimental measurements that suggest that the largest biological fractionations will be associated with processes that change the oxidation state of Fe, and that identification of biologically controlled Fe isotope fractionation may be difficult when abiotic redox fractionations are present in the system. The models studied here also have important implications for future theoretical isotope calculations, because we have discovered the necessity of using vibrational frequencies instead of reduced masses when predicting reduced partition functions in aqueous-phase species.
A Study of the Systemic Relationship Between Worker Motivation and Productivity

Three well known theories on worker motivation have proliferated in the literature and practice over the past 50 years, namely Theories X, Y, Z, Expectancy Theory, Equity Theory, Justice Theory, and Goal-Setting Theory, to name a few. We propose a Fourth Theory that is based on the fundamental principles of open systems theory that function in holistic fashion into the phenomenon of systemic motivation. When fully engaged, systemic motivation can influence workers to become more productive than in a system that does not engage. It is the central construct that has been missing in motivation theory. This paper briefly explains systemic motivation and demonstrates its potential in a case study where a motivation effect resulted in an additional $1 million in product throughput.
The role of sleep-disordered breathing in essential hypertension.

In recent years, there have been numerous reports addressing the relationship between sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and hypertension (HTN). This study investigated the relationship between SDB and BP after controlling for age, gross obesity, and notably, antihypertensive medications. Sixty-seven men and women between 30 and 60 years of age and between 0.90 to 1.5 times ideal body weight were studied. SDB was assessed over two nights of polysomnographic monitoring, and BP was measured over repeated visits to the hospital. The results indicate that respiratory disturbance index (BDI) independently predicts diastolic BP (DBP), accounting for 15% of the variance in DBP (p=0.02). In subjects with severe levels of SDB (RDI >30), RDI uniquely accounted for 36% of the variance in DBP (p=0.003). Interestingly, SDB was not independently related to systolic BP. The physiologic mechanisms responsible for these findings are currently being explored.
Membrane Targeting by APPL1 and APPL2: Dynamic Scaffolds that Oligomerize and Bind Phosphoinositides

Human adaptor protein, phosphotyrosine interaction, PH domain and leucine zipper containing 1 (APPL1) and adaptor protein, phosphotyrosine interaction, PH domain and leucine zipper containing 2 (APPL2) are homologous effectors of the small guanosine triphosphatase RAB5 that interact with a diverse set of receptors and signaling proteins and are proposed to function in endosome-mediated signaling. Herein, we investigated the membrane-targeting properties of the APPL1 and APPL2 Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR), pleckstrin homology (PH) and phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domains. Coimmunoprecipitation and yeast two-hybrid studies demonstrated that full-length APPL proteins formed homooligomers and heterooligomers and that the APPL minimal BAR domains were necessary and sufficient for mediating APPL-APPL interactions. When fused to a fluorescent protein and overexpressed, all three domains (minimal BAR, PH and PTB) were targeted to cell membranes. Furthermore, full-length APPL proteins bound to phosphoinositides, and the APPL isolated PH or PTB domains were sufficient for in vitro phosphoinositide binding. Live cell imaging showed that full-length APPL-yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) fusion proteins associated with cytosolic membrane structures that underwent movement, fusion and fission events. Overexpression of full-length APPL-YFP fusion proteins was sufficient to recruit endogenous RAB5 to enlarged APPL-associated membrane structures, although APPL1 was not necessary for RAB5 membrane targeting. Taken together, our findings suggest a role for APPL proteins as dynamic scaffolds that modulate RAB5-associated signaling endosomal membranes by their ability to undergo domain-mediated oligomerization, membrane targeting and phosphoinositide binding.
Pathways to Approval of Pediatric Cardiac Devices in the United States: Challenges and Solutions

Patients treated by pediatric interventional cardiologists and cardiac surgeons often have unmet medical device needs that pose a challenge to the current regulatory evaluation and approval process in the United States. In this report we review current US Food and Drug Administration regulatory processes, review some unique aspects of pediatric cardiology and cardiac surgery that pose challenges to these processes, and discuss possible alternate pathways to cardiac device evaluation and approval for children. Children deserve to benefit from new and refined cardiac devices and technology designed explicitly for their conditions.
Transient Collagen Triple Helix Binding to a Key Metalloproteinase in Invasion and Development

Summary Skeletal development and invasion by tumor cells depends on proteolysis of collagen by the pericellular metalloproteinase MT1-MMP. Its hemopexin-like (HPX) domain binds to collagen substrates to facilitate their digestion. Spin labeling and paramagnetic nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) detection have revealed how the HPX domain docks to collagen I–derived triple helix. Mutations impairing triple-helical peptidase activity corroborate the interface. Saturation transfer difference NMR suggests rotational averaging around the longitudinal axis of the triple-helical peptide. Part of the interface emerges as unique and potentially targetable for selective inhibition. The triple helix crosses the junction of blades I and II at a 45° angle to the symmetry axis of the HPX domain, placing the scissile Gly∼Ile bond near the HPX domain and shifted ∼25 A from MMP-1 complexes. This raises the question of the MT1-MMP catalytic domain folding over the triple helix during catalysis, a possibility accommodated by the flexibility between domains suggested by atomic force microscopy images.