cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diplomatic Immunity Ratione Personae: Did the International Court of Justice Create a New Customary Law Rule in Congo v. Belgium?

This article is the last in an unintentional trilogy inspired by the International Court of Justice's (ICJ) 2002 decision in Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium. In Part I, this article will argue that the Congo v. Belgium Court expanded the doctrine of diplomatic immunity ratione personae beyond its customary international law boundaries when it held that a state official, who was not actually in the prosecuting state, was immune from prosecution. In so doing, the ICJ explicitly linked a foreign minister's immunity to his job functions, finding that Belgium was precluded even from issuing a warrant for his arrest, if otherwise the effect would be to chill his ability to travel internationally. The article argues that these significant departures from the existing rule of customary law could lead to the creation of a new rule which may have unforeseen negative consequences on the development of international criminal law. Part II of this article will trace the development of immunity ratione personae from its twin roots in sovereign and diplomatic immunity. Part III will demonstrate how the decision in Congo v. Belgium went beyond the customary international law rule. Part IV will examine whether these departures from the customary law rule resulted in the formation of a new, more expansive rule of immunity ratione personae, and finally, Part V will postulate what some of the potential consequences of such a rule may be.
Targeted Therapy for MAPK Alterations in Pediatric Gliomas.

Although the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway helps promote normal cell development, the pathway is known to contribute to the initiation and growth of many types of cancers. Tumorigenesis can result from mutations in a number of the pathway’s key proteins, including but not limited to RAS, any one of the three RAF kinases, or MEK1/2. Moreover, by discovering and understanding the biology of oncogenic mutations, scientists can develop novel targeted therapies. This review describes the general history of such targeted therapies in the context of pediatric gliomas. We first describe the biology of gliomas and oncogenic mutations in the MAPK pathway and then summarize notable pre-clinical data and clinical trials for these targeted therapies.
Comparison of In Situ Soil Moisture Measurements: An Examination of the Neutron and Dielectric Measurements within the Illinois Climate Network

AbstractThe continuity of soil moisture time series data is crucial for climatic research. Yet, a common problem for continuous data series is the changing of sensors, not only as replacements are necessary, but as technologies evolve. The Illinois Climate Network has one of the longest data records of soil moisture; yet, it has a discontinuity when the primary sensor (neutron probes) was replaced with a dielectric sensor. Applying a simple model coupled with machine learning, the two time series can be merged into one continuous record by training the model on the latter dielectric model and minimizing errors against the former neutron probe dataset. The model is able to be calibrated to an accuracy of 0.050 m3 m−3 and applying this to the earlier series and applying a gain and offset, an RMSE of 0.055 m3 m−3 is possible. As a result of this work, there is now a singular network data record extending back to the 1980s for the state of Illinois.
The Menu-tree for the Decision-aiding Software

This menu-tree shows how each option in the Best Choice program is related to each other option. The program consists of five main parts covering data, choosing, allocating, predicting, and special decision-making. Each of those parts contains major options. Each major option contains suboptions. Options exist on four different levels in the overall hierarchy and five different parallel parts. There is also a help part, which provides help for all the options. As of 1 July 1988, there are 37 options in the data part, 36 options in the choosing part, 45 in the allocating part, 57 in the predicting part, 29 under special decision-making, and 9 in the help part for a total of over 200 options.
FIDE: an FMI integrated development environment

This paper presents FIDE, an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for building applications using Functional Mock-up Units (FMUs) that implement the standardized Functional Mock-up Interface (FMI). FIDE is based on the actororiented Ptolemy II framework and leverages its graphical user interface, simulation engine, and code generation feature to let a user arrange a collection of FMUs and compile them into a portable and embeddable executable that efficiently co-simulates the ensemble. The FMUs are orchestrated by a well-vetted implementation of a master algorithm (MA) that deterministically combines discrete and continuous-time dynamics. The ability to handle these interactions correctly hinges on the implementation of extensions to the FMI 2.0 standard. We explain the extensions, outline the architecture of FIDE, and show its use on a particularly challenging example that cannot be handled without the proposed extensions to FMI 2.0 for co-simulation.
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for ARDS: National Trends in the United States 2008–2012

INTRODUCTION: Recent advances in technology and protocols have made the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) a viable rescue therapy for patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) who present with refractory hypoxemia. Despite the lack of strong evidence supporting the use of ECMO in ARDS, its use seems to be increasing. We sought to determine recent trends in the use of ECMO for ARDS. We also assessed trends in mortality among patients with ARDS in whom ECMO was used. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis using the largest all-payer in-patient healthcare database in the United States, the Healthcare Cost and Utilization project, the National In-patient Sample database from 2008 to 2012. Subjects with ARDS were identified using carefully chosen International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes. RESULTS: We found that in 2008, about 1 in 1,000 subjects with ARDS underwent ECMO. Over the subsequent 4-y time period, there was a 0.19% absolute increase and 70% relative increase in the use of ECMO for ARDS. The mortality rate among subjects with ARDS in whom ECMO was used declined from 78% in 2008 to 64% in 2012. We also found a trend toward a reduction in hospital stay among survivors. CONCLUSION: In the United States, between 2008 and 2012, there was an increasing trend toward the use of ECMO in patients with ARDS that coincided with a slight increase in survival among these patients.
Marrow Contributes to Kidney Vasculogenesis in Humans.

The hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) is capable of contributing to vasculogenesis in response to ischemic injury. We have previously demonstrated that adult hemangioblast activity also exists within the capabilities of human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSC/HPC). However, we question the clinical relevance of adult hemangioblast activity. Thus, to address this question, we sought to analyze the marrow contribution to blood vessels within damaged vascular beds. Given the nephrotoxic side effects of chemotherapy and hematopoietic cell transplantation regimens, we identified kidney tissues from women (n=4) who received hematopoietic cell transplantations from male donors. Kidney tissues were stained for CD31, CD45, and XY FISH. One hundred forty vascular fields were analyzed. Fields were divided into three zones based on physiologic functions: glomerular, arteriolar (afferent & efferent), and medullary. In ever zone we identified male/marrow-derived endothelial cells contributing to kidney vasculature. However, each zone differed as to the degree of male/marrow-derived vascular contribution. In the glomerular regions, 36% of glomeruli contained one or more marrow-derived endothelial cells, as determined by orientation at the lumen edge, CD31 surface expression, and Y chromosome staining. In contrast, only 4% of arterioles contained male/marrow-derived endothelial cells. In the medulla, 9% of blood vessels contained male/marrow-derived blood vessels. The median number of marrow-derived endothelial cells in all regions was 1 male cell per blood vessel in field. In conclusion, human marrow can contribute modestly to kidney vasculature, especially in glomeruli. These results expose a potential strategy of kidney vessel repair by illuminating marrow-derived vasculogenesis within the kidney.
Bilateral adrenal histoplasmosis in an immunocompetent man from Texas

Disseminated histoplasmosis affecting the adrenal gland(s) of immunocompetent adults is a very rare infection. Here, we present a case of bilateral adrenal histoplasmosis in an immunocompetent, 62-year-old gentleman from Texas along with a brief review of the published literature. Given the risk of patient decompensation secondary to adrenal insufficiency and the wide availability of effective treatments, adrenal histoplasmosis must be considered even in immunocompetent adults who acquire adrenal masses.
Predictability and prediction of Indian summer monsoon by CFSv2: implication of the initial shock effect

This study evaluates the seasonal predictability of the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) rainfall using the Climate Forecast System, version 2 (CFSv2), the current operational forecast model for subseasonal-to-seasonal predictions at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP). From a 50-year CFSv2 simulation, 21 wet, dry and normal ISM cases are chosen for a set of seasonal “predictions” with initial states in each month from January to May to conduct predictability experiments. For each prediction, a five-member ensemble is generated with perturbed atmospheric initial states and all predictions are integrated to the end of September. Based on the measures of correlation and root mean square error, the prediction skill decreases with lead month, with the initial states with the shortest lead (May initial states) generally showing the highest skill for predicting the summer mean (June to September; JJAS) rainfall, zonal wind at 850 hPa and sea surface temperature over the ISM region in the perfect model scenario. These predictability experiments are used to understand the finding reported by some recent studies that the NCEP CFSv2 seasonal retrospective forecasts generally have higher skill in predicting the ISM rainfall anomalies from February initial states than from May ones. Comparing the May climatologies generated by the February and May initialized CFSv2 retrospective forecasts, it is found that the latter shows larger bias over the Arabian Sea, with stronger monsoon winds, precipitation and surface latent heat flux. Although the atmospheric bias diminishes quickly after May, an accompanying cold bias persists in the Arabian Sea for several months. It is argued that a similar phenomenon does not occur in the predictability experiments in the perfect model scenario, because the initial shock is negligible in these experiments by design. Therefore, it is possible that the stronger model bias and initial shock in the May CFSv2 retrospective forecasts over the Arabian Sea may be a major factor in affecting ISM prediction skill.
Unusual metallic penile foreign body.

A man aged 85 years with severe dementia was brought to the emergency room by his wife because of gross haematuria and increasing agitation for a few days. Blood pressure was 89/56 mm Hg, heart rate 96 bpm and oxygen saturation 94% on room air. His abdomen was mildly distended in the suprapubic area without significant tenderness and a hard mass was palpated on the ventral side of the penile shaft. Laboratory studies showed septicaemia. CT of the abdomen and pelvis revealed a 6 cm bullet-shaped foreign body within the …
Impact of Culture, Education and Socio-Economic Status

Breast cancer exacts a tremendous toll on the global society. One of the commonest cancers in women, with more than half of the cases in developing nations, it remains a leading cause of cancer related death. Significant variation depending on geographic location has been observed, and an increase in incident breast cancer cases has been noted internationally over the past 40 years. Studies in geographic pathology, for instance, show that incidence rates are generally highest in North America, Western Europe, Australia and New Zealand. They are intermediate in Southern and Eastern European and South American countries, and lowest in Asia and Africa. In addition to the devastating effects on patients and their families, the economic costs of breast cancer are still enormous, both in terms of direct medical-care resources and in the loss of human life. (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6).
UNSUPERVISED SENTENCE EMBEDDING USING DOCUMENT STRUCTURE-BASED CONTEXT

We present a new unsupervised method for learning general-purpose sentence embeddings. Unlike existing methods which rely on local contexts, such as words inside the sentence or immediately neighboring sentences, our method selects, for each target sentence, influential sentences from the entire document based on the document structure. We identify a dependency structure of sentences using metadata and text styles. Additionally, we propose an out-of-vocabulary word handling technique for the neural network outputs to model many domain-specific terms which were mostly discarded by existing sentence embedding training methods. We empirically show that the model relies on the proposed dependencies more than the sequential dependency in many cases. We also validate our model on several NLP tasks showing 23% F1-score improvement in coreference resolution in a technical domain and 5% accuracy increase in paraphrase detection compared to baselines.
Sport management internships: Recommendations for improving upon experiential learning

Abstract An internship is a major component of many sport management programs and appears to provide a competitive edge to students seeking employment in the field of sport management. This paper applies Dewey's experiential learning theory to a discussion of how this approach to learning can be incorporated in a sport management internship program. Furthermore, this paper delineates key stakeholders’ roles and responsibilities, makes recommendations to help improve the internship process, and can serve as a blueprint for developing and administering guided-learning experiences (e.g., internships) for sport management professionals.
Thermoelectric figure of merit of Bi/Pb_{1-x}Eu_{x}Te superlattices

An enhanced thermoelectric figure of merit ${Z}_{3\mathrm{D}}T$ is predicted for $\mathrm{Bi}/(111){\mathrm{Pb}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Eu}}_{x}\mathrm{Te}$ superlattices. The values of ${Z}_{3\mathrm{D}}T$ obtained for $x\ensuremath{\approx}1$ superlattices are 2.31, 1.55, and 1.61 at 300, 150, and 77 K, respectively, showing that they are promising candidates for thermoelectric elements in the temperature range 77--300 K. Even with x as small as 0.1, where the conduction-band offset $\ensuremath{\Delta}{E}_{c}$ is estimated to be 0.25 eV, the predicted ${Z}_{3\mathrm{D}}T$ values are 1.75, 1.16, and 1.18 at 300, 150, and 77 K, respectively. It is proposed that other families of Bi-based superlattices, such as Bi/(111)CdTe superlattices, should also be good candidates for low-temperature thermoelectric elements.
Control with Phasor Feedback

Prior to the introduction of real-time phasor measurements, power system control was essentially used by local signals. Feedback control with such locally available measurements is widely used in controlling machines. In other situations, control action was taken on the basis of a mathematical model of the system without actual measurement of the system.
Transformative Perspectives and Processes in Higher Education: Concluding Thoughts

At the beginning of this collection, we posed three questions for the reader to consider: What is the future you see for higher education? How can changes and opportunities in learning (i.e. with learner mobility, emergent technologies, new target populations, etc.) be harnessed to our collective advantage? What will invoke your next learning innovation? (i.e., what do you anticipate exploring during the next two years?) We conclude this collection of diverse perspectives, innovative strategies, and alterative pathways for higher education by synthesizing ideas shared within the collection.
Rethinking the Talents Cultivation Mode of Software Engineering

China’s economy continues to develop, the process for all walks of life gearing to international standards speeds up. As an important aspect of information technology, software engineering has already gotten high attention from all sides. Universities are the main training institution for cultivating advanced software talents, they are shouldered with the mission of training software talents who meet the requirements of the society. Software industry is a strong support for China’s national economy. How to strengthen and improve software engineering talents cultivation directly relates to development of information technology or even the economy of the whole society. This paper rethinks software engineering talents cultivation from specialty construction, innovative talents training, education of the age of big data, internationalization and excellent engineers plan.
Scientifically Based Research and Students with Severe Disabilities: Where do Educators Find Evidence-Based Practices?:

No Child Left Behind (NCLB) requires that all teachers use scientifically based research (SBR) in their classrooms. Teachers are referred to the What Works Clearinghouse (WWC), which has developed ...
Susceptibility to Deception in a Political News Interview: Effects of Identification, Perceived Cooperativeness, and Ingroup Vulnerability

This article explores people’s susceptibility to political deception. Participants watched a news interview in which a politician either answered all the questions or deceptively evaded a question....
Densely Labeling Large-Scale Satellite Images with Generative Adversarial Networks

Building an efficient and accurate pixel-level labeling framework for large-scale and high-resolution satellite imagery is an important machine learning application in the remote sensing area. Due to the very limited amount of the ground-truth data, we employ a well-performing superpixel tessellation approach to segment the image into homogeneous regions and then use these irregular-shaped regions as the foundation for the dense labeling work. A deep model based on generative adversarial networks is trained to learn the discriminating features from the image data without requiring any additional labeled information. In the subsequent classification step, we adopt the discriminator of this unsupervised model as a feature extractor and train a fast and robust support vector machine to assign the pixel-level labels. In the experiments, we evaluate our framework in terms of the pixel-level classification accuracy on satellite imagery with different geographical types. The results show that our dense-labeling framework is very competitive compared to the state-of-the-art methods that heavily rely on prior knowledge or other large-scale annotated datasets.
Mechanisms of decreased cholinergic arousal in focal seizures: In vivo whole-cell recordings from the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus.

Abstract Focal limbic seizures often impair consciousness/awareness with major negative impact on quality of life. Recent work has shown that limbic seizures depress brainstem arousal systems, including reduced action potential firing in a key node: cholinergic neurons of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT). In vivo whole-cell recordings have not previously been achieved in PPT, but are used here with the goal of elucidating the mechanisms of reduced PPT cholinergic neuronal activity. An established model of focal limbic seizures was used in rats following brief hippocampal stimulation under light anesthesia. Whole-cell in vivo recordings were obtained from PPT neurons using custom-fabricated 9–10 mm tapered patch pipettes, and cholinergic neurons were identified histologically. Average membrane potential, input resistance, membrane potential fluctuations and variance were analyzed during seizures. A subset of PPT neurons exhibited reduced firing and hyperpolarization during seizures and stained positive for choline acetyltransferase. These PPT neurons showed a mean membrane potential hyperpolarization of −3.82 mV (±0.81 SEM, P
Optimizing Faraday Background Grids

Magnetic field strengths in objects ranging from HII regions to cosmological large scale structure can be estimated using dense grids of Rotation Measures (RMs) from polarized background radio structures. Upcoming surveys on the SKA and its precursors will dramatically increase the number N of background sources. However, detectable magnetic field strengths will scale only as $t^{-0.15}$, for an integration time $t$ on a fixed area of sky, so the analysis techniques need to be optimized. A key factor is the difference in the dispersion of intrinsic RMs for different populations, which must be carefully accounted for to achieve the scientifically needed accuracies.
Proceedings of the 2017 Workshop on Moving Target Defense

It is our great pleasure to welcome you to the Fourth ACM Workshop on Moving Target Defense -- MTD'17. The mission of MTD is to provide a forum for researchers and practitioners in this area to exchange their novel ideas, findings, experiences, and lessons learned. The fourth MTD workshop will also have a focus on the lessons learned from the past years of research in the area of moving target, and the challenges and opportunities faced by the community moving forward. The call for papers attracted submissions from the United States, Europe, and Asia. Each submission received at least three, and in some cases as many as five reviews. Each submission was then discussed and carefully debated by the members of the program committee. In some cases, the lengths and detailed of the comments and discussions even surpassed the reviews. After careful considerations, the program committee accepted 9 full technical papers out of 26 submissions (an acceptance rate of 34%). The program committee further recommended 2 of the submissions to be accepted as short papers. We also encourage attendees to attend the keynotes. These insightful talks discuss the history and prospects of security as a scientific pursuit and the lessons learned on the effectiveness of randomization over the past years. Their aim is to spark debate and discussion within the MTD community, and chart a vision for future research in this area. The keynotes are: Science, Security and Academic Literature: Can We Learn from History? Prof. Paul C. Van Oorschot (Canada Research Chair in Authentication and Computer Security and Professor of Computer Science, Carleton University, Canada) Moving Targets vs. Moving Adversaries: On the Effectiveness of System Randomization, Prof. Ahmad-Reza Sadeghi (Professor of Computer Science at the Technische Universitat Darmstadt, Germany)
Dual Language Education for All

In this chapter key characteristics and the research foundation of dual language schooling (all models—90:10, 50:50, two-way, and one-way) are summarized and contrasted with features of transitional bilingual education, a short-term form of bilingual schooling, developed to serve only English learners. Dual language education (PK-12) is the mainstream curricular program taught through two languages, an enrichment model of schooling designed for all students, including English learners. We have found in our longitudinal research that dual language schooling fully closes the achievement gap for all student groups across ethnicity, social class, and special needs. In our research findings the most powerful outcomes of dual language classes are higher cognitive development as measured by school tests and higher engagement with learning. Dual language education also can result in powerful changes in school districts through innovative teaching practices and administrative reforms. Dual language schooling is rapidly expanding throughout the U.S., as parents and educators acknowledge the need to prepare our students to live and work more effectively as global citizens of the twenty-first century.
High-precision α-particle energies in the decay of Es, Fm, and Md Isotopes

Abstract Energies of α particles in the decay of heavy Es, Fm and Md isotopes were reevaluated by analyzing previously published and unpublished data. The α -particle spectra were measured in 1970s at the Argonne National Laboratory with a magnetic spectrometer and with silicon detectors using very thin, mass-separated sources. The new values for the α -particle energies were determined with respect to the precise values of 6632.51 ± 0.05 keV for the 253Es α 0 group and 6118.10 ± 0.04 keV for the 252Cf α 0 group, as well as those of 7040.0 ± 1.0 keV and 7022.0 ± 0.5 keV for the 252Fm α 0 and 255Fm α 106 groups, respectively, evaluated in the present work. The deduced uncertainties in the α -particle energies were reduced compared to earlier measurements.
Electrostatic Enhancement of Fabric Filtration

Incorporating electrical forces into the design of fabric filters provides reduced pressure drop and improved collection efficiency, as compared with conventional practice. Improvement has been demonstrated for a number of filter and electrode geometries, and pilot plant operations have been successful at a number of field sites. The mechanisms whereby electrostatic forces improve fabric filter performance include: 1) reduced dust penetration and/or retention in the depth of the filter; 2) the formation of a dust cake having increased porosity; and 3) non-uniform deposition of dust on a filter surface.
Are Two Head(ache)s Better Than One: Consequences of Diagnosing Migraine and Occipital Neuralgia

Migraine is a common and debilitating condition that virtually all neurology clinicians see regardless of specialty. In a recent systematic review of the US adult population, 20.7% of women and 9.7% of men experience a migraine attack over a 3-month period. Migraine also disproportionately affects those with limited access to health care including the unemployed and those with lower family incomes.1 The World Health Organization studies global burden of disease (GBD) to inform health decision making. In 2016, the GBD for all diseases worldwide found that tension-type headache was the third most prevalent and migraine the sixth. In terms of years of life lived with disability, migraine ranked second globally.2 Given these statistics, it is not surprising that migraine is costly. A 2018 study found that patients with migraine had total annual direct costs (health care) plus indirect costs (missed work and short- and long-term disability) that were $8924 higher than those of demographically similar individuals without evidence of migraine.3 What these data do not capture is the impact on career trajectory, family involvement, interpersonal relationships, and identity, which is likely to be much greater.
Sensing Physiological Change and Mental Stress in Older Adults From Hot Weather

This study combines wearable sensors, weather data, and self-reported mood surveys to assess mental stress on older adults from heat experience. It is designed as a pilot and feasibility study in preparation for a large-scale experiment of older adults' mental wellbeing during extreme heat events. Results show that on-body temperatures from two i-Button sensors coupled with heart rate monitored from a smart watch are important indicators to evaluate individualized heat stress given a relatively uniform outdoor temperature. Furthermore, assessing their mood in their own environment demonstrates potential for understanding mental wellbeing that can change with varying time and location.
Epidemiology of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury on Natural Grass Versus Artificial Turf in Soccer: 10-Year Data From the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System:

Background:Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is prevalent among National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) soccer players. Controversy remains regarding the effect of the surface type on...
Cardiovascular Effects of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists: a Review for the General Cardiologist

Results from cardiovascular (CV) outcome trials have revealed important insights into the CV safety and efficacy of glucose-lowering agents, including dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i) and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA). Among patients with T2DM, DPP-4i have no significant effect on risk of major adverse CV events (MACE: CV death, myocardial infarction, or stroke) with mixed results regarding risk for heart failure (HF). While sitagliptin and linagliptin have neutral effects on HF risk, saxagliptin significantly increases the risk of HF. The CV safety of the GLP-1RA class of medications has been clearly demonstrated, and select agents, such as liraglutide, semaglutide, albiglutide, and dulaglutide, reduce the risk of MACE in patients with T2DM and established CV disease. CV outcome trials have demonstrated CV safety but not incremental efficacy for DPP-4i in most cases. Select GLP-1RA have proven efficacy for MACE and should be considered by cardiologists for CV risk mitigation in the care of patients with T2DM and established CV disease.
Plane Partitions with Two-Periodic Weights

We study scaling limits of skew plane partitions with periodic weights under several boundary conditions. We compute the correlation kernel of the limiting point process in the bulk and near turning points on the frozen boundary. The system develops pairs of turning points (points where three different phases meet), which are separated by “semi-frozen” regions. We show that the point process at such a turning point is a pair of non-trivially correlated GUE minor processes. In the limit when all weights become the same, i.e. in the homogeneous case, such a pair of turning points collapses into a single turning point and the local process becomes the GUE minor process. We also study an intermediate regime when the weights are periodic but all converge to 1. In this regime the limit shape and correlations in the bulk are the same as in the case of homogeneous weights, and periodicity is not visible in the bulk. However, the process at turning points is still not the GUE minor process.
The Cognitive Challenges of Effective Teaching and Contribution Opportunities to the Features and Information Section of the "Journal of Economic Education"

Learning-focused teaching must take into account students’ cognitive processes. Chew and Cerbin (2021) offer a conceptual framework based on nine interacting cognitive challenges faced by students ...
Empirical Tests of the Consumption-Oriented CAPM

The empirical implications of the consumption-oriented capital asset pricing model (CCAPM) are examined, and its performance is compared with a model based on the market portfolio. The CCAPM is estimated after adjusting for measurement problems associated with reported consumption data. The CCAPM is tested using betas based on both consumption and the portfolio having the maximum correlation with consumption. As predicted by the CCAPM, the market price of risk is significantly positive, and the estimate of the real interest rate is close to zero. The performances of the traditional CAPM and the CCAPM are about the same.
Management of Landscapes for Established Invasive Species

Long-term management strategies are invoked once an invasive species has become established and spread beyond feasible limits for eradication or containment. Although an invasive species may be well-established in small to large geographical areas, prevention of its spread to non-affected areas (e.g., sites, regions, and cross-continent) through early detection and monitoring is an important management activity. The level for management of established invasive species in the United States has increasingly shifted to larger geographical scales in the past several decades. Management of an invasive fish may occur at the watershed level in the western States, with watershed levels defined by their hydrologic unit codes (HUC) ranging from 2 digits at the coarsest level to 8 digits at the finest level (USGS 2018). Invasive plant management within national forests, grasslands, and rangelands can be implemented at the landscape level (e.g., Chambers et al. 2014), although management can still occur at the stand or base level. Landscapes in this chapter refer to areas of land bounded by large-scale physiographic features integrated with natural or man-made features that govern weather and disturbance patterns and limit frequencies of species movement (Urban et al. 1987). These are often at a large physical scale, such as the Great Basin.
Supramolecular organization of rhodopsin in rod photoreceptor cell membranes

Rhodopsin is the light receptor in rod photoreceptor cells that initiates scotopic vision. Studies on the light receptor span well over a century, yet questions about the organization of rhodopsin within the photoreceptor cell membrane still persist and a consensus view on the topic is still elusive. Rhodopsin has been intensely studied for quite some time, and there is a wealth of information to draw from to formulate an organizational picture of the receptor in native membranes. Early experimental evidence in apparent support for a monomeric arrangement of rhodopsin in rod photoreceptor cell membranes is contrasted and reconciled with more recent visual evidence in support of a supramolecular organization of rhodopsin. What is known so far about the determinants of forming a supramolecular structure and possible functional roles for such an organization are also discussed. Many details are still missing on the structural and functional properties of the supramolecular organization of rhodopsin in rod photoreceptor cell membranes. The emerging picture presented here can serve as a springboard towards a more in-depth understanding of the topic.
Passive stimulated brillouin scattering mitigation for long reach radio over fibre access networks

We demonstrate the advantages of passive stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) mitigation enabled through fiber design. We compare the system performance of a radio-over-fiber (ROF) link using a standard ITU G.652.D fiber (Corning® SMF28e® fiber) and a second ITU G.652.D fiber with a 3-dB higher SBS threshold (Corning® NexCor® fiber). Experimental results demonstrate a significant reduction in SBS induced signal distortions and improvements in optical link reach. Our fiber-based SBS mitigation provides a cost effective means to implement high-powered, extended reach ROF networks.
Founder cells shape brain evolution.

Humans have an extraordinarily expanded and complex cerebral cortex, relative to non-human primates. Yet the mechanisms underlying cortical differences across evolution are unclear. A new study by Benito-Kwiecinski et al. employs cerebral organoids derived across great apes to implicate neuroepithelial progenitor shape transitions in human cortical expansion.
Stimulating Research to Advance Evidence-Based Applications of Telehealth in Occupational Therapy

Occupational therapy focuses on therapeutic means to address participation in meaningful everyday tasks across the lifespan. No single setting is more conducive to this pursuit than individuals' authentic contexts. Occupational therapists are therefore uniquely suited to lead the charge toward stimulating research and advancing evidence-based application of telehealth. To this end, the American Occupational Therapy Foundation digitally convened their 2020 Planning Grant Collective to focus on the topic of Telehealth. Participants of the interdisciplinary collective collaboratively identified four themes: (1) Using technology to assess and intervene in the everyday context, (2) Partnerships with caregivers, (3) Telehealth delivery, and (4) Uniform data collection. Subgroups explored potential research and funding opportunities in their specialty area while also addressing the centralizing concepts of equity and diversity of telehealth delivery and COVID-19. Here, we provide a summary of the key concepts and recommendations from the 3 days of collaboration.
Development of a surface roughness curve to estimate timing of earthflows and habitat development in the Teanaway River, central Washington State, USA

Abstract. Salmon habitat is enhanced by the wide valleys and channel heterogeneity created by landslides. Earthflows, which are slow moving and fine-grained mass movements, can further potentially alter habitat by constricting valleys and sustaining delivery of debris and fine sediment. Here, we examine the influence of earthflows on salmon habitat in the Teanaway River basin, central Cascade Range, Washington. We mapped earthflows based on morphologic characteristics and relatively dated earthflow activity using a flow directional surface roughness metric called MADstd. The relative MADstd ages are supported by six radiocarbon ages, three lake sedimentation ages, and 20 cross-cutting relationships, indicating that MADstd is a useful tool to identify and relatively date earthflows, especially in heavily vegetated regions. Our age and MADstd distributions reflect a period of earthflow activity in the mid-Holocene and some sustained movement through the late Holocene that is primed by regolith production in the Pleistocene and early Holocene and triggered by a warm and wet climate during the mid-Holocene. The timing of earthflows is coincident with stabilization of salmon habitat and abundant salmon populations, indicating the fine sediment from earthflows did not negatively impact habitat. Wide valleys formed upstream of valley-constricting earthflows have added habitat zones, which may be of increased importance as climate change causes lower flows and higher temperatures in the Teanaway basin over the next century.
Health and Diet in 19th-Century America: a Food Historian's Point of View

This historical survey of health and diet is intended to complement current archaeological food studies and is therefore fairly general. In the interest of painting a broad picture, this essay draws on a number of different kinds of material including period nutrition theories, cookbooks, home and professional cookery, established English-American cuisine, ethnic adaptations, and technological advances. The conglomerate suggests that health ideals and dietary practices mirrored the changing character of the century, moving unevenly from rural to urban focus through developing networks of industry, transportation, and communication. Folklore and quackery, attacked by a variety of reformers, began to give way under new scientific discoveries, social homogenization, commercialization, and government regulation.
Gradients, Curvature, and Visual Tracking

In this paper, we discuss the minimization of certain functionals, and the resulting gradient flows for problems in active vision. In particular, we consider how these methods may be applied to deformable contours, and L 1 -based methods for optical flow and stereo disparity. The numerical solutions to these problems will all be based on curvature based evolutions.
Firm Entry and Employment Dynamics in the Great Recession

The 2007-2009 recession is characterized by: a large drop in employment, an unprecedented decline in firm entry, and a slow recovery. Using confidential firm-level data, I show that financial constraints reduced employment growth in small relative to large firms by 4.8 to 10.5 percentage points. The effect of financial constraints is robust to controlling for aggregate demand and is particularly strong in small young firms. I show in a heterogeneous firms model with endogenous firm entry and financial constraints that a large financial shock results in a long-lasting recession caused by a "missing generation" of entrants.
Dephasing and light-induced spectral diffusion in CdSe/ZnS core/shell nanocrystals

Summary form only given. The potential use of quantum dots as artificial atoms in applications such as quantum information processing requires a clear understanding of dephasing mechanisms in these nanostructures. In this paper, we report experimental studies on dephasing in CdSe/ZnS core/shell nanocrystals using high-resolution spectral hole burning. The nonlinear optical technique not only eliminates effects of inhomogeneous broadening but also overcomes the problem of insufficient spectral resolution encountered in photoluminescence studies of single nanocrystals. In addition, the nonlinear measurement can be carried out at excitation levels much lower and at time scales much shorter than those used in single dot PL studies.
Reinforcement learning based controller synthesis for flexible aircraft wings

Aeroelastic study of flight vehicles has been a subject of great interest and research in the last several years. Aileron reversal and flutter related problems are due in part to the elasticity of a typical airplane. Structural dynamics of an aircraft wing due to its aeroelastic nature are characterized by partial differential equations. Controller design for these systems is very complex as compared to lumped parameter systems defined by ordinary differential equations. In this paper, a stabilizing statefeedback controller design approach is presented for the heave dynamics of a wing-fuselage model. In this study, a continuous actuator in the spatial domain is assumed. A control methodology is developed by combining the technique of “proper orthogonal decomposition” and approximate dynamic programming. The proper orthogonal decomposition technique is used to obtain a low-order nonlinear lumped parameter model of the infinite dimensional system. Then a near optimal controller is designed using the single-network-adaptive-critic technique. Furthermore, to add robustness to the nominal single-network-adaptive-critic controller against matched uncertainties, an identifier based adaptive controller is proposed. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the single-network-adaptive-critic controller augmented with adaptive controller for infinite dimensional systems.
La Responsabilité Et La Cour Pénale Internationale (Responsibility and the International Criminal Court)

This essay, prepared as an intervention at the Rencontre inter-reseaux (franco-americain, franco-bresilien et franco-chinois)/Inter-Network Symposium (French-American, French-Brazilian, and French-Chinese) on the Internationalization of Law, held in Paris, April 10-12, 2012, is presented first in French and then in English translation. It explores the concept of "responsibility" as it relates not only to nation-states, but also to actors more recently recognized in the sphere of international law; specifically, victims and others in civil society. The precise focus is on this evolving meaning of "responsibility" as it relates to the operation of the International Criminal Court.
de Graaf, Regnier

1641–1673 Dutch anatomist and experimental physiologist who demonstrated the nature of the mammalian ovaries. Keywords: ovary; Graafian follicle; testis; pancreas; Sylvius
Choosing splitting parameters and summation limits in the numerical evaluation of 1-D and 2-D periodic Green's functions using the Ewald method

[1] Accurate and efficient computation of periodic free-space Green’s functions using the Ewald method is considered for three cases: a 1-D array of line sources, a 1-D array of point sources, and a 2-D array of point sources. A limitation on the numerical accuracy when using the ‘‘optimum’’ E parameter (which gives optimum asymptotic convergence) at high frequency is discussed. A ‘‘best’’ E parameter is then derived to overcome these limitations. This choice allows for the fastest convergence while maintaining a specific level of accuracy (loss of significant figures) in the final result. Formulas for the number of terms needed for convergence are also derived for both the spectral and the spatial series that appear in the Ewald method, and these are found to be accurate in almost all cases.
3D Reconstruction of the Human Jaw: A New Approach and Improvements

This paper presents a new, practical approach for 3D reconstruction of the human jaw from a sequence of intra-oral images. This research has an immense value in various dental practices including implants, tooth alignment, and craniofacial surgery. Our approach is based on the recently-proposed space carving algorithm for shape recovery. This algorithm provides more flexibility to the reconstruction process and eliminates several constrains imposed by other traditional approaches such as stereo and shape from shading. Our experimental results have shown that the approach is able to reconstruct 3D models of the human jaw with sub-millimeter accuracy.
From Clicks to Behaviors: The Mediating Effect of Intentions to Like, Share, and Comment on the Relationship Between Message Evaluations and Offline Behavioral Intentions

Advertisers and marketers are heavily investing in social media marketing in the hope that online engagement will lead to offline behaviors, however the likelihood of the success of this tactic is yet to be fully explored. The current study reports results of four experiments that investigate how the attitude–behavioral intentions relationship is mediated by intentions to like, share, and comment on persuasive social media. The results are mixed with regard to this mediating effect. Findings are discussed in relation to redefining persuasion models within the context of the new media environment and in relation to practical implications of valuing online behaviors.
Toward the automatic generation of mathematical morphology procedures using predicate logic

A discussion is presented of the design of a system that can input a vision task specification and use its knowledge of the operations of mathematical morphology to automatically construct a procedure that can execute the task. To do this, the authors develop a predicate calculus representation to describe the essence of the states of all the images that are created during the execution of the morphological procedure and the states of the relationships among them. The authors translate the English descriptions of morphological procedures into predicate logic. In so doing they gain an understanding of the goal of each procedure and the exact conditions under which a procedure achieves its goal. With this knowledge of the operations of mathematical morphology represented in predicate logic, a search procedure can be used to automatically produce vision procedures. >
Biological Efficacy of Copper in Chicken Bile

Newly hatched chicks were fed a Cu-deficient casein-soybean concentrate diet (0.56 mg Cu/kg) during an 8-d pretest period, after which they were fed experimental diets containing graded levels of added Cu from CuSO4.5H2O during a 15-d assay period. Following the Cu-depletion period, gall bladder Cu concentration decreased from 645 nmol/g dry matter at hatching to 60 nmol/g dry matter at d 8 posthatching; liver Cu concentration decreased during the same period from 255 to 225 nmol/g dry matter. During the subsequent 15-d repletion period, a sevenfold linear increase in gall bladder Cu occurred as Cu was supplemented up to 2 mg Cu/kg, after which it declined gradually in birds fed graded doses between 2 and 16 mg Cu/kg. Liver Cu also increased linearly as Cu was supplemented up to 2 mg/kg; when chicks were fed between 2 and 16 mg/kg of supplemental Cu, liver Cu concentration remained constant. Bile obtained from chicks fed 800 mg Cu/kg diet for 22 d was freeze-dried, analyzed and found to contain 3.05 mumol Cu/g dry matter. When 8-d-old Cu-depleted chicks were fed graded levels of supplemental Cu (0, 0.5 and 1.0 mg Cu/kg) from CuSO4.5H2O, bile Cu concentration increased linearly from 10.5 to 102.7 mumol/L. Bile Cu did not increase when freeze-dried bile (1.0 mg Cu/kg diet) was supplemented. When 0.5 mg Cu/kg from CuSO4.5H2O was supplemented in combination with 0.5 mg Cu/kg from freeze-dried bile, bile Cu concentration was less than one-half the level present in chicks fed 0.5 mg Cu/kg from CuSO4.5H2O alone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)