cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two functional soybean genes encoding p34cdc2 protein kinases are regulated by different plant developmental pathways.

Abstract We have isolated two cDNA clones (cdc2-S5 and cdc2-S6) encoding p34cdc2 protein kinases, homologs of yeast cdc2/CDC28 genes, from a soybean nodule cDNA library. The two sequences share 90% sequence homology in the coding regions. The 5' and 3' noncoding regions are distinct from each other, however, indicating that at least two genes encode p34cdc2 protein kinases in soybean. Both sequences can rescue the cdc28 mutation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae but rescue it with different efficiency. Genomic Southern analysis showed the existence of two copies for each of these genes, which are not closely linked and are nonallelic. The relative expression level of the two soybean p34cdc2 genes varies in different tissues. Expression of cdc2-S5 is higher in roots and root nodules, whereas cdc2-S6 is more actively expressed in aerial tissues, indicating that regulation of these two p34cdc2 genes is coupled with plant developmental pathways. Expression of cdc2-S5 is, furthermore, enhanced after Rhizobium infection, whereas cdc2-S6 fails to respond, suggesting that cdc2-S5 plays a role in nodule initiation and organogenesis. This latter gene preferentially responds to auxin (alpha-naphthaleneacetic acid) treatment, indicating that phytohormones may be involved in the control of cell division mediated by Rhizobium infection. Thus, different p34cdc2 protein kinases may control cell division in different tissues in a multicellular organism and respond to different signals--e.g., phytohormones.
Background on the Florida Pediatric Cancer Cluster Studies

I was one of five co-authors for the article “Epidemiological Mapping of Florida Childhood Cancer Clusters” in 2010, which received wide media attention in Florida due to the coincidental announcement, at nearly the same time, by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) that there was a pediatric cancer cluster in Palm Beach County, often referred to as “the Acreage Cluster.” When we had completed the initial cluster analysis in 2009, and had identified what we believed to be statistically significant cancer clusters, I contacted the Florida Department of Health (FDOH) to inform them about our findings. We had a conference call with several key personnel at the FDOH and the Florida Cancer Data System (FCDS), the official cancer registry in Florida. Because of the CDC announcement, and perhaps partly because of our article, there was public concern and discussion, especially among parents of children with brain tumors in Palm Beach County. As a result, shortly after the publication of Amin et al. (2010), I and my co-authors were asked to meet with the Surgeon General of Florida and her staff to discuss our findings. That discussion did not lead to major policy changes. The Surgeon General (wisely) wanted our results to be replicated by independent analysts. That request led to this new project, in which several researchers used the same Florida Association of Pediatric Tumor Programs (FAPTP) data, but different epidemiological methods, to determine whether statistically significant pediatric cancer clusters exist in specific areas of Florida. These analyses used the updated dataset for the period 2000–2010. In parallel, the methods used in Amin et al. (2010) have been applied to the updated data, and the results are published as part of this special issue of Statistics and Public Policy.
A therapeutic community in a general hospital: adaptation to a rehabilitation service.

Abstract We believe that the milieu type of therapy is appropriate for a rehabilitation ward. The problems of social isolation, atrophy of social skills, and increasing inability to return to normal community life are true of all chronically disabled patients whether the injury is physical or mental. We have indicated some of the differences between the two types of illness which require special adaptive features when a therapeutic community is instituted on a rehabilitation ward. We not only believe that such a treatment program is possible but are at present actively engaged in a research project to demonstrate and evaluate the use of the therapeutic community along the lines suggested in this paper. Future papers describing the action phase of the project will follow.
An approach to the drawing of pottery and small finds for excavation reports

Abstract Present practices in the drawing of archaeological finds, little changed for decades, have certain deficiencies. The author describes a system of drawing which he devised for a forthcoming report on excavations at Pella in Jordan which ameliorates some of these defects. The method increases the consistency and amount of information pertaining to excavated artefacts and transfers to the drawings themselves much of the information now commonly presented in written descriptive lists in excavation reports. This is accomplished by means of symbols and other conventions, a synopsis of which is given in a six‐page table. The author also explains the preparation of drawings and layout of plates so far as they have bearing on the system which he proposes.
Feedforward backpropagation artificial neural networks on reconfigurable meshes

Abstract The artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been used successfully in applications such as pattern recognition, image processing, automation and control. Majority of today's applications use backpropagate feedforward ANN. In this paper, two methods of P pattern L layer ANN learning on n × n RMESH have been presented. One required memory space of O(nL) but conceptually is simpler to develop and the other uses pipelined approach which reduces the memory requirement to O(L). Both of these algorithms take O(PL) time and are optimal for RMESH architecture.
Introduction: New Orleans and the Design Moment

As participants in the recovery process in New Orleans, we have wrestled with the above question in our applied planning and design research over the past four years. As the Editors of this special...
Temperature and hypoxia in ectothermic tetrapods

Abstract (1) Interactions between temperature and hypoxia in ectothermic tetrapods (reptiles and amphibians) are reviewed. (2) At temperature extremes, mismatches between oxygen demand and oxygen supply can lead to hypoxemia. Thresholds for both physiological and behavioral responses to hypoxia are elevated at high temperature and aerobic scope is reduced at both high and low temperature. (3) Environmental hypoxia is uncommon for most species in air, and for those living at altitude or in burrows, low metabolic rates and relatively low temperature probably prevents hypoxia from being a major problem. (4) For aquatic species, increasing temperature decreases both the aerobic dive limit and the relative importance of aquatic gas exchange to oxygen supply. (5) Tolerance to anoxic submergence is drastically reduced by increased temperature.
Excitatory actions of tetrahydro-9-aminoacridine (THA) on hippocampal pyramidal neurons.

Abstract The action of tetrahydro-9-aminoacridine (THA) on guinea pig pyramidal neurons was examined using intracellular recording in an in vitro hippocampal slice preparation. THA had a powerful excitatory action on pyramidal neurons, causing depolarization, increased firing, and an increase in input resistance. This excitatory action of THA persisted in atropine and in tetrodotoxin. The estimated reversal potential of this THA effect was near −90 mV. These results indicate that THA has a direct excitatory action on pyramidal neurons independent of its anticholinesterase activity, resulting from blockade of a conductance carried predominantly by potassium ions.
Long-lived parent negative ions in p-benzoquinone formed by electron capture in the field of the ground and excited states☆

Abstract Two separate processes for nondissociative electron attachment to p-benzoquinone have been observed: the first peaks at thermal energies and the second, qhich is much stronger, peaks at 2.1 eV. The second process has a peak cross section of 6.7 × 10−17 cm2 and is attributed to electron capture in the field of the lowest n → π* transition. The unstable parent negative ion at 2.1 eV has a mean autoionization lifetime of ≈ 30 μsec.
Risk of Relapse in Primary Acute Anterior Uveitis

Purpose To evaluate the risk of and risk factors for a second episode (relapse) among patients with remitted primary anterior uveitis. Design Retrospective cohort study. Participants Patients with primary anterior uveitis presenting to 1 of 4 academic ocular inflammation subspecialty practices achieving remission of the primary episode within 90 days of initial uveitis diagnosis. Methods Data were obtained by standardized chart review. Main Outcome Measures Time to relapse of anterior uveitis and risk factors for relapse. Results We included 102 patients with a first episode of anterior uveitis who were seen within 90 days of first-ever uveitis onset and followed for 165 person-years after achieving remission of the initial episode. Most patients were female (60%) and white (78%). Forty patients had a recurrence of anterior uveitis. The incidence of relapse was 24% per person-year (95% confidence interval [CI], 17%–33%). At 1.5 years after remission, 61% (95% CI, 48%–71%) were still in remission. Younger adults had significantly higher relapse risk than middle-aged adults (hazard ratio [18- to 35-year-old persons vs. 35- to 55-year-old persons], 2.7; 95% CI, 1.3–6.0). Conclusions Our results suggest that many patients with remitted primary anterior uveitis presenting for tertiary uveitis care will relapse. Age in the young adult range was associated with higher risk of relapse. Given the high relapse risk, management of patients with primary anterior uveitis should include an explicit plan for detecting and managing relapses. Financial Disclosure(s) Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.
The High-Resolution, Jet-cooled Infrared Spectrum of Pentafluoroethane

Abstract The jet-cooled spectrum of pentafluoroethane (C 2 HF 5 ) has been recorded between 1100 and 1325 cm −1 at a resolution of 0.0022 cm −1 . A rotational temperature of approximately 10 K was achieved by expanding 50 Torr of C 2 HF 5 in 500 Torr of helium. Transitions belonging to five different fundamental vibrations have been assigned and fit to a Watson Hamiltonian: the ν 3 band at 1309.880494(189) cm −1 , ν 4 at 1200.734645(67) cm −1 , ν 5 at 1142.78147(33) cm −1 , ν 13 at 1223.334098(115) cm −1 , and ν 14 at 1147.394185(163) cm −1 . The fit of the ν 4 band has an rms deviation of 0.000436 cm −1 compared to the uncertainty in the experimental line position of 0.0002 cm −1 . Satisfactory fits were achieved for the other four bands ( ν 3 , ν 5 , ν 13 , ν 14 ) at this cold temperature, with most of the centrifugal distortion constants fixed at the ground state values. Joint fits with previous work were attempted for the ν 4 and ν 13 , successfully in the former case and unsuccessfully in the latter.
Captioning and Subtitling: Undervalued Language Learning Strategies

Audiovisual material enhanced with captions or interlingual subtitles is a particularly powerful pedagogical tool which can help improve the listening comprehension skills of second-language learners. Captioning facilitates language learning by helping students visualize what they hear, especially if the input is not too far beyond their linguistic ability. Subtitling can also increase language comprehension and leads to additional cognitive benefits, such as greater depth of processing. However, learners often need to be trained to develop active viewing strategies for an efficient use of captioned and subtitled material. Multimedia can offer an even wider range of strategies to learners, who can control access to either captions or subtitles.
Postnatal Estradiol Up-regulates Lung Nitric Oxide Synthases and Improves Lung Function in Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

Rationale: Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in lung development and perinatal lung function, and pulmonary NO synthases (NOS) are decreased in bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) following preterm birth. Fetal estradiol levels increase during late gestation and estradiol up-regulates NOS, suggesting that after preterm birth estradiol deprivation causes attenuated lung NOS resulting in impaired pulmonary function. Objective: To test the effects of postnatal estradiol administration in a primate model of BPD over 14 days after delivery at 125 days of gestation (term = 185 d). Methods: Cardiopulmonary function was assessed by echocardiography and whole body plethysmography. Lung morphometric and histopathologic analyses were performed, and NOS enzymatic activity and abundance were measured. Measurements and Main Results: Estradiol caused an increase in blood pressure and ductus arteriosus closure. Expiratory resistance and lung compliance were also improved, and this occurred before spontaneous ductal closure. Furthermore, both oxygenation and ventilation indices were improved with estradiol, and the changes in lung function and ventilatory support requirements persisted throughout the study period. Whereas estradiol had negligible effect on indicators of lung inflammation and on lung structure assessed after the initial 14 days of ventilatory support, it caused an increase in lung neuronal and endothelial NOS enzymatic activity. Conclusions: In a primate model of BPD, postnatal estradiol treatment had favorable cardiovascular impact, enhanced pulmonary function, and lowered requirements for ventilatory support in association with an up-regulation of lung NOS. Estradiol may be an efficacious postnatal therapy to improve lung function and outcome in preterm infants.
Molecular approaches to the study of mesoderm formation in amphibians.

The mesoderm is the region of the embryo that gives rise to muscle, blood and connective tissues; it becomes segregated from the ectoderm and endoderm at gastrulation. Embryological studies have revealed, however, that the potential for certain embryonic cells to become part of the mesoderm is established well before gastrulation, most likely through an extracellular signalling process termed ‘induction’. The recent characterization of mesoderm-specific mRNAs and proteins now permits an analysis of the very earliest events involved in the specification of the mesoderm at the molecular level. Such experiments should contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms involved in controlling cell differentiation.
A proteomic analysis of adult rat bone reveals the presence of cartilage/chondrocyte markers

The non-mineral component of bone matrix consists of 90% collagenous, 10% non-collagenous proteins. These proteins regulate mineralization, growth, cell signaling and differentiation, and provide bone with its tensile strength. Expression of bone matrix proteins have historically been studied individually or in small numbers owing to limitations in analytical technologies. Current mass-spectrometric and separations technologies allow a global view of protein expression patterns in complex samples. To our knowledge, no proteome profile of bone matrix has yet been reported. Therefore, we have used mass spectrometry as a tool to generate a profile of proteins present in the extracellular matrix of adult rat bone. Overall, 108 and 25 proteins were identified with high confidence in the metaphysis and diaphysis, respectively, using a bottom up proteomic technique. Twenty-one of these proteins were present in both the metaphysis and diaphysis including the bone specific proteins, osteocalcin, type I collagen, osteopontin, osteoregulin, and bone sialoprotein. Interestingly, type II collagen, a protein thought to be exclusively expressed in cartilage, was identified in both the metaphysis and diaphysis. This observation was validated by Western blot. Additionally, the presence of aggrecan, another protein expressed in cartilage was identified in the bone matrix extracts by Western blot. The proteome profile generated using this technology represents an initial survey of the acid soluble proteins of bone matrix which provides a reference for the analysis of deviations from the normal composition due to perturbations or disease states.
Synapse formation: if it looks like a duck and quacks like a duck ....

Neuroligin and neurexin form an intercellular adhesion complex sufficient to trigger formation of functional presynaptic elements in vitro. This single molecular interaction appears to initiate clustering of synaptic vesicles, assembly of vesicle-release machinery and morphological changes at the presynaptic membrane.
107 Examining Regulation Differences in TGFB1 with Age and Ischemia using the Rat Back Flap Model

Chronic wounds are characterized by a continued inability to heal after an extended period of time (often defined as 3 weeks or longer) and more commonly found in the elderly over areas of compromised blood flow. Collagen is a gene vital to this healing process and Transforming Growth Factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) is an important signaling molecule for collagen induction. We chose to examine the effects of age and ischemia on TGFβ1 regulation using the rat backflap model, which demonstrates negative influences of age and ischemia on the wound healing. Four full-thickness biopsy punches (7 mm) were made centered on the back of aged and young rats. The rostral wound pair was made ischemic by raising a transverse flap (1.8 cm wide × 8 cm length). The caudal wound pair served as a non-ischemic control. Wound contraction was prevented by insertion of a sterilized polyethylene sheet under both the ischemic and nonischemic wounds. RNA was then extracted from wounds at post operation days 3, 7, 10 and 14. The RNA was then reverse transcribed and assayed by Real-Time PCR to examine the relative expression of TGFβ1. TGFβ1 expression in the ischemic wounds of young rats was significantly increased versus nonischemic controls at post-wounding days 3, 7 and 14 (p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, respectively). We also observed a significant increase in TGFβ1 expression in the ischemic of aged animals at day 14 (p = 0.01). The data suggest that there is either a loss of function in TGFβ1’s response to ischemia in the aged animals, or, at least, a significant delay. The results also demonstrate the usefulness of the rat backflap model for the study of age and ischemia on TGFβ1 function in a non-contractile rat wound model.
A new apparatus to decrease rebreathing of exhaled carbon dioxide in preterm infants. † 1148

The rebreathing of carbon dioxide in vulnerable infants has been proposed as a hypothesis for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). A new device, Infant Crib Air (ICA), provides a continuous flow of filtered air to an infant's mouth and nose and was shown to decrease rebreathing of carbon dioxide in 21 healthy full term infants in their own cribs at home (Amer J Perinat 12:1995). Because these were infants at low risk for SIDS and the environment for each infant was so different, we chose to study preterm infants in a more controlled setting (using the same crib, same sleep position, same equipment, same room). Thirteen preterm infants of 30.2 ± 2.7 weeks gestational age (mean ± SD) who had successfully weaned from the incubator isolette for at least 2 days and projected to be ready for discharge within one week were enrolled. Infants were studied at 35.8 ± 1.9 weeks corrected age. Based on the previous report, we determined that 11 infants were necessary to obtain a 50% decrease in inspiratory carbon dioxide using ICA. All infants were placed on their side in the crib with the ICA manifold placed 20cm from their nose. An Ohmeda 5200 measured carbon dioxide levels. Inspiratory carbon dioxide, end tidal carbon dioxide, skin temperature, and room temperature were regularly measured for 30 minutes before and after starting the ICA device. We found that the mean inspiratory carbon dioxide significantly fell (p < 0.05) from a baseline of 4.5 torr to 2.6 torr and 2.1 torr when the air speed from the device was set at 0.5 mile per hour and 1 mile per hour respectively(p = N.S. 0.5 vs 1 mile per hour). There was no significant difference in the end tidal carbon dioxide levels on ICA. We found no significant difference in the room temperature (mean = 23.5° C) or the infant's skin temperature after 16 continuous hours of ICA exposure at one mile per hour air speed. We conclude that the ICA significantly lowers the inspiratory carbon dioxide in preterm infants. We speculate that this device may help reduce the risk of SIDS by decreasing the frequency of rebreathing exhaled air and may prevent overheating by continuously blowing air onto an infant's head and face.
Incubation benefits only after people have been misdirected

Incubation refers to the popular idea that stopping work on a problem may, at times, be a more efficient means by which to reach a solution than continuing to work. Empirical studies of incubation have used few participants and have provided ambiguous and discrepant results. We investigated three potential accounts of incubation in retrieval and search problems (subconscious work, spreading activation, and fixation forgetting) with the help of a large Internet-based participant pool. The amount of time allotted for explicit work on each of 12 problems was controlled, while the distribution of that time was manipulated in several incubation conditions. When problems were presented by themselves, none of the incubation conditions aided in the solution of either anagram or remote associate test problems. However, incubation benefits arose when participants were given misdirecting clues (probably because time delays facilitated forgetting of these clues).
Persisting in vitro motility of actin filaments at nanomolar ATP concentrations after ATP pretreatment

Abstract Muscle contraction is driven by the relative sliding of actin- and myosin-containing filaments. This process can be reconstituted in in vitro motility assays, where fluorescent actin filaments travel over a lawn of myosin heads. The velocity of the traveling actin filaments has been shown to depend strongly on the free adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration, but below 2–4 μM ATP, filament movement is consistently abolished. Here we report that after a brief exposure of actomyosin to 1 mM ATP, actin filament motility persists down to nanomolar ATP concentrations.
Surgical Management of Silicone Mastitis: Case Series and Review of the Literature

Background Free silicone injection for breast augmentation, which became widespread in the 1960s and continues illicitly to this day, has well-known adverse effects. In this retrospective chart review of 14 patients treated for silicone mastitis from 1990 to 2002, we present our experience with the surgical management of patients with silicone mastitis.
Jackknifing L‐estimates

Linear functions of order statistics (“L-estimates”) of the form Tn =under jackknifing are investigated. This paper proves that with suitable conditions on the function J, the jackknifed version Tn of the L-estimate Tn has the same limit distribution as Tn. It is also shown that the jackknife estimate of the asymptotic variance of n1/2 is consistent. Furthermore, the Berry-Esseen rate associated with asymptotic normality, and a law of the iterated logarithm of a class of jackknife L-estimates, are characterized.
Deactivation by carbon of Ru/Al2O3 during CO hydrogenation

Abstract The inethanation activity of Ru/Al 2 O 3 and its deactivation by carbon during reaction were studied in a Berty recycle reactor at 690 kPa and 510 to 610 K. The methanation activity of ruthenium is highly temperature-dependent from 510 to 610 K with an apparent activation energy of 113kJ/g-mol. Catalyst deactivation due to carbon deposition is minimal at low reaction temperatures (i.e., below 570 K); however, above 570 K the deactivation is rapid. The deactivation process is first-order in CO concentration and first-order in active site concentration; the activation energy for deactivation is 40kJ/g-mol. Two forms of carbon are observed in temperature-programmed surface reaction of hydrogen with the carbonaceous deposit formed during reaction. The deactivation kinetics and TPSR results are consistent with a process involving dissociation of CO to active carbon, followed by transformation of active carbon to an inactive carbon species. Carbon deposits can cause severe loss of activity at high reaction temperatures and will disguise the true kinetics of CO hydrogenation unless precautions are taken to avoid carbon formation.
Photoreactivation after division.

Division before death was observed in a strain of Tetrahymena pyriformis following ultraviolet irradiation in doses ranging from 900 ergs/mm2 (LD50) to 4000 ergs/mm2. This strain of Tetrahymena was tested for photoreactivation after division using two separate doses of photoreactivating light. Results were compared with those on a group of non-irradiated animals and a group of animals irradiated with the same ultravioiet dose and receiving immediate but lower intensity of photoreactivation. A greater ability to reactivate animals was found after two divisions than after one division. Possible reaction mechanisms involved are discussed. (C.H.)
A ROSy future for metabolic regulation of HSC division

Unraveling the intracellular networks that regulate the self-renewal and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is crucial to enhancing the efficacy of these therapeutic transplantable cells. A newly discovered pathway links a leukemia tumor suppressor gene with a nutrient sensor to regulate fatty-acid oxidation (FAO) and stem cell division—information with the potential for modulating hematopoiesis for clinical advantage ( pages 1350–1358 ).
The effect of perceptual training on inexperienced listeners' judgments of dysphonic voice.

Summary Objectives/hypothesis: The purpose of this study was (1) to determine whether changes in intra- and interrater reliability occur for inexperienced listeners' judgments of overall severity, roughness, and breathiness in dysphonic and normal speakers after 2 hours of listener training; and (2) to determine the acoustic bases of inexperienced listeners' judgments before and after training. Study Design: Prospective, single group, pre- and postdesign. Methods: Thirty adult dysphonic and six normal speaker samples were selected from a database. Samples included 21 test stimuli and 15 training stimuli of both sustained vowels and connected speech. Sixteen inexperienced listeners judged all samples for overall severity, roughness, and breathiness using visual analog scales. Each listener provided pretraining ratings at baseline. Listeners were then trained using 15 anchor voice samples and 15 training stimuli. During training, listeners were provided with definitions of rating dimensions, accuracy feedback, and anchor samples. Listeners then judged test stimuli in a posttraining session. Speaker samples also were analyzed acoustically. Results: Intrarater reliability was least variable for judgments of overall severity, but improved further with training. Listener judgments of roughness and breathiness in vowels were least reliable at baseline, but they significantly improved between listeners after training. Finally, measures of cepstral peak prominence significantly predicted all voice quality judgments except roughness in vowels, which was predicted by shimmer. The acoustic bases of group perceptual judgments did not seem to change with training. Conclusions: These findings have implications for developing training programs in perceptual evaluation and mapping relationships between acoustic and perceptual characteristics of voice disorders.
Optimization of a murine immunization model for study of PF4/heparin antibodies.

Summary. Background: Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a life-threatening thrombotic illness caused by drug-dependent antibodies recognizing complexes of platelet factor 4 (PF4) and heparin. Little is known about the immune pathogenesis of HIT, in particular factors influencing PF4/heparin antibody formation. To gain insight into the biologic basis of heparin sensitization, we have recently developed an animal model using wild-type (WT) mice in which murine PF4/heparin antibodies (anti-mPF4/H) arise de novo after antigen challenge. Objectives and methods: This report describes technical refinements to the murine model and describes additional biologic features of the immune response to mPF4/heparin. Results: Our studies indicate that antibody responses to mPF4/heparin are dependent on murine strain, injection routes and doses of mPF4 and heparin. C57BL/6 mice are more immunologically responsive to mPF4/heparin antigen than BALB/c mice and robust immunization can be achieved with intravenous, but not intraperitoneal, administration of antigen. We also observe a direct relationship between initial concentrations of mPF4 and antibody levels. Additionally, we demonstrate that mPF4/H immune response in mice decays with time, is not associated with thrombocytopenia and displays characteristics of immune recall on re-exposure to antigen. Conclusions: These studies describe and characterize a murine model for studying the immunologic basis of PF4/heparin sensitization.
Mississippian Rocks of Western Kansas: ABSTRACT

In western Kansas, Mississippian rocks, all marine and all in the subsurface, are correlated with rocks of the Kinderhookian, Osagian, Meramecian, and Chesteran Stages. Unconformities separate dominantly carbonate Mississippian rocks from Pennsylvanian rocks above and Cambrian to Devonian rocks below. Karst, diagenetic alternations, and facies changes complicate the problem of establishing lateral stratigraphic equivalents. Dolomitization, silicification of fossils, and chertification are widespread. Conodont faunas recovered as acetic acid insoluble residues from cores are correlated with conodont biostratigraphic zones of the type are of Mississippian rocks. Part of the study area once contained Devonian rocks; evidence of this is the presence of reworked Devonian and Kinderhookian conodonts preserves in Kinderhookian rocks. The primary sediment source of Osagian and Meramecian rocks was organic. Sediments probably were deposited in warm, shallow seas. Thin intraformational conglomerate beds, quasi-brecciated limestone beds, and local beds of anhydrite are known in upper Meramecian rocks. An increased content of clastic (quartz) rocks in upper Meramecian strata marks a change in sediment source. Siliceous sediments were provided from areas of provenance from the Central Kansas uplift and the Las Animas arch. In Chesteran rocks, sandstone, siltstone, and thin limestone beds predominate. A normal sequence of Osagian and Meramecian rocks was deposited in south-central Kansas. The term "Cowley Formation" should be dropped; the cherty "Cowley" facies is developed only locally. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1688------------
Transmission of HCV to a chimpanzee using virus particles produced in an RNA-transfected HepG2 cell culture.

It was demonstrated previously that HepG2 cells produce negative strand RNA and virus-like particles after transfection with RNA transcribed from a full-length hepatitis C virus (HCV) cDNA clone [Dash et al. (1997) American Journal of Pathology, 151:363-373]. To determine in vivo infectivity of these in vitro synthesized viral particles, a chimpanzee was inoculated intravenously with HCV derived from HepG2 cells. The infected chimpanzee was examined serially for elevation of liver enzymes, for the presence of HCV RNA in the serum by reverse transcription nested polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), anti-HCV antibodies in the serum, and inflammation in the liver. The chimpanzee developed elevated levels of liver enzymes after the second week, but the levels fluctuated over a 10-week period. HCV RNA was detected in the serum of the chimpanzee at the second, seventh and ninth weeks after inoculation, and remained positive up to 25 weeks. Liver biopsies at Weeks 18 and 19 revealed of mild inflammation. Nucleotide sequence analysis of HCV recovered from the infected chimpanzee at the second and ninth weeks showed 100% sequence homology with the clone used for transfection studies. Serum anti-HCV antibodies were not detected by EIA during the 25 weeks follow-up period. These results suggest that intravenous administration of the virus-like particles derived from RNA-transfected HepG2 cells are infectious, and therefore, the pMO9.6-T7 clone is an infectious clone. These results provide new information that in vitro synthesized HCV particles produced from full-length HCV clone can cause infection in a chimpanzee. This study will facilitate the use of innovative approaches to the study of assembly of HCV particles and mechanisms of virus infectivity in cell culture.
Material and device technologies for advanced, high-performance, and radiation-hardened CMOS circuits

Abstract CMOS has clearly become the technology of choice for integrated circuits in the majority of advanced application areas, and CMOS/bulk, although it faces new challenges with the persistent push to smaller device feature sizes, will continue to evolve as the mainstream technology for many years. The problems associated with small feature-size devices are compounded when radiation hardness requirements are imposed upon circuits, and this additional requirement has spawned the developing of a variety of complex, nonstandard, CMOS/bulk processes. In contrast CMOS/SOS technology, with only minor modifications to a commercial production process, is able to produce circuits that can satisfy the requirements associated with very severe radiation environments and is now gaining wide acceptance in the military and aerospace marketplace. Recent data also indicate that CMOS/SOS will maintain its relative performance advantage over CMOS/bulk as device sizes are scaled downward. Emerging silicon-on-insulator technologies other than SOS, if they can be implemented in production and are proven to be cost effective, may also provide solutions to problems associated with device isolation in small geometry devices. In this paper, the various implementations of CMOS technology are reviewed with emphasis given to issues associated with substrate materials and with radiation hardness in small feature-size devices.
Mapping formation radial shear-wave velocity variation by a constrained inversion of borehole flexural-wave dispersion data

We have developed a novel constrained inversion method for estimating a radial shear-wave velocity profile away from the wellbore using dipole acoustic logging data and have analyzed the effect of the radial velocity changes on dipole-flexural-wave dispersion characteristics. The inversion of the dispersion data to estimate the radial changes is inherently a nonunique problem because changing the degree of variation or the radial size of the variation zone can produce similar wave-dispersion characteristics. Nonuniqueness can be solved by developing a constrained inversion method. This is done by constraining the high-frequency portion of the model dispersion curve with another curve calculated using the near-borehole velocity. The constraint condition is based on the physical principle that a high-frequency dipole wave has a shallow penetration depth and is therefore sensitive to the near-borehole shear-wave velocity. We have validated the result of the constrained inversion with synthetic data testing. Combining the new inversion method with four-component crossed-dipole anisotropy processing obtains shear radial profiles in fast and slow shear polarization directions. In a sandstone formation, the fast and slow shear-wave profiles show substantial differences caused by the near-borehole stress field, demonstrating the ability of the technique to obtain radial and azimuthal geomechanical property changes near the wellbore.
Radiobiologic observations on human hemic cells in vivo and in vitro.

Published observations of 30-years study of the effect of ionizing radiation on human hemic cells in vivo and in vitro are outlined. Heretofore unpublished confirmation of Lajtha's concept of the synthetic period in the middle of the intermitotic period is presented. Further evidence that the effect of any agent either on cells in culture or in the body must be interpreted in the light of the concept of an ecology of cells is illustrated. The way in which the alpha cell-n cell concept of cell division in the multicellular organism clarifies the interpretation and understanding of radiation biology as well as cancer is explained. (auth)
Effect of film thickness on the dissolution rate behavior of photoresist polymer thin films

Fabrication of future nanoscale electronic devices will likely require the use of ultra-thin resist films. It has been observed that film thickness, molecular weight, and substrate interactions can significantly affect the thermophysical properties of polymer thin films such as the glass transition temperature and coefficient of thermal expansion. Recently, film thickness has been reported to have a dramatic impact on the diffusion coefficient of small molecules in polymer ultra-thin films. Both of these factors, changes in either the polymer film thermophysical properties or diffusion behavior, can potentially have an impact of the lithographic performance of polymer thin film photoresists. As an extension to this previous work, it is desirable to understand the influence of film thickness on a variety of other lithographically important polymer properties. Dissolution rate is one such important physical property for photoresist polymer thin films that is of particular importance to the microelectronics industry. Simulation of lithographic processes relies to a great extent on knowledge of the dissolution or development behavior of photoresist thin films. Resist contrast is also known to be strongly affected by the dissolution behavior of the resist matrix polymer. So far, the possibility of film thickness significantly affecting the dissolution behavior of thin photoresist films has generally been ignored. This paper reports on work focused on determining the effect of film thickness on the dissolution behavior of a variety of resist polymers including novolac, polyhydroxystyrene (PHOST), and bis-trifluoromethyl carbinol substitute polynorbornene (HFAPNB). In the present work, Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) methods were used to determine the dissolution rate of polymer thin films for thicknesses ranging from approximately 1 μm to 100 nm. It was observed that both poly(hydroxystyrene) (PHOST) and bis-trifluoromethyl carbinol substituted polynorbornene (HFAPNB) exhibit strong surface acceleration behavior as compared to the classic surface inhibition that has been extensively studied in novolac polymers. Most importantly, the dissolution rate of PHOST and HFAPNB thin films was found to depend strongly on the thickness of the polymer film for film thicknesses below a critical thickness value.
Theory of microstructure evolution under fusion neutron irradiation

Abstract New concepts are reviewed which replace the conventional separation of microstructure evolution analysis into nucleation and growth. Classical nucleation theory is inadequate under fusion conditions (high helium-to-dpa ratios) and the usual “mean field” approximation of microstructural growth cannot account for cascade effects. A comprehensive theory of microstructure evolution under fusion conditions is formulated based on non-equilibrium statistical mechanics. Dynamic re-solution of helium gas in cavities is shown to result in continuous nucleation of helium-filled cavities. Microstructure evolution (e.g., dislocation loops and cavities) is modeled by kinetic rate equations for small size features and Fokker-Planck (F-P) equations for sizes larger than few atomic dimensions. Semi-analytical and numerical methods are developed for the analysis of microstructure evolution and the results are compared to experiments. The problem of spatial self-organization of microstructures under irradiation is described in terms of a newly developed Ginzburg-Landau-type equation and the results are also compared to experiments.
Atmospheric mercury pollution due to losses of terrestrial carbon pools

Plants accumulate significant amounts of atmospheric mercury (Hg) in aboveground biomass, likely sequestering over 1,000 Mg of atmospheric Hg every year. This large mercury uptake could be strong enough to affect tropospheric Hg levels and might be partially responsible for seasonal variations in atmospheric Hg observed at Mace Head, Ireland. The fluctuations of Hg concentrations coincide temporally with the annual oscillation of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the Northern Hemisphere, which is a result of seasonal growth of vegetation. Therefore, declining Hg concentrations in spring and summer may be attributed in part to plant uptake of atmospheric Hg. Further, the increase of Hg concentrations during non-active vegetation periods might partially be due to plant-derived Hg emitting back to the atmosphere during carbon mineralization. The implications of these propositions are that past and future changes in biomass productivity and organic carbon pools may have had—and may continue to have—significant effects on atmospheric Hg levels. Specifically, large losses in soil and biomass carbon pools in the last 150 years could have contributed significantly to observed increases in atmospheric Hg pollution. The roles of vegetation and terrestrial carbon pools should receive detailed consideration on how they might attenuate or exacerbate atmospheric Hg pollution.
Probing the tumor microenvironment: collection and induction

The Nano Intravital Device, or NANIVID, is under development as an optically transparent, implantable tool to study the tumor microenvironment. Two etched glass substrates are sealed using a thin polymer membrane to create a reservoir with a single outlet. This reservoir is loaded with a hydrogel blend that contains growth factors or other chemicals to be delivered to the tumor microenvironment. When the device is implanted in the tumor, the hydrogel will swell and release these entrapped molecules, forming a gradient. Validation of the device has been performed in vitro using epidermal growth factor (EGF) and Mena INV , a highly invasive, rat mammary adenocarcinoma cell line. In both 2-D and 3-D environments, cells migrated toward the gradient of EGF released from the device. The chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of White Leghorn chicken eggs is being utilized to grow xenograft tumors that will be used for ex vivo cell collection. Device optimization is being performed for in vivo use as a tool to collect the invasive cell population. Preliminary cell collection experiments in vivo were performed using a mouse model of breast cancer. As a second application, the device is being explored as a delivery vehicle for chemicals that induce controlled changes in the tumor microenvironment. H 2 O 2 was loaded in the device and generated intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells near the device outlet. In the future, other induction targets will be explored, including hypoglycemia and the manipulation of extracellular matrix stiffness.
Compressions of linearly independent selfadjoint operators

Abstract The following question is considered: What is the smallest number γ ( k ) with the property that for every family X 1 , … , X k of k selfadjoint and linearly independent operators on a real or complex Hilbert space H there exists a subspace H 0 ⊂ H of dimension γ ( k ) such that the compressions of X 1 , … , X k to H 0 are still linearly independent? Upper and lower bounds for γ ( k ) are established for any k , and the exact value is found for k = 2 , 3 . It is also shown that the set of all γ ( k ) -dimensional subspaces H 0 with the desired property is open and dense in the respective Grassmannian. The k = 3 case is used to prove that the ratio numerical range W ( A / B ) of a pair of operators on a Hilbert space either has a non-empty interior, or lies in a line or a circle.
Electrical stimulation of the brain for relief of intractable pain due to cancer

Seventeen patients with intractable pain due to progressive malignancies were treated by electrical stimulation of the brain after more conventional pain therapies applied in the University of California, Los Angeles Cancer Pain Clinic had failed. Electrodes were stereotactically implanted under local anesthesia in the periaqueductal grey (PAG) or periventricular grey (PVG) in 11 patients. In six patients electrodes were placed in both PAG-PVG targets and in the sensory thalamic nuclei. Thirteen of the 17 patients achieved virtually total pain relief and 2 others achieved partial pain relief. At the hospital discharge only 4 of 17 patients required narcotic analgesics for pain relief. Follow-up periods ranged from 1 to 21 months and 6 patients remain alive. Fourteen patients eventually required narcotics for pain relief, usually in the terminal few weeks of their lives. Pain relief was achieved in spite of the fact that all patients were tolerant to large doses of systematically or intraspinally administered narcotics at the time of electrode placement. No complications related to brain stimulation were identified. Brain stimulation is a safe and effective method for treatment of intractable pain due to malignancy in certain patients.
A 3–11 GeV recirculating linac for muon acceleration

Abstract Muon acceleration is one of the most difficult stages to develop for a Neutrino Factory. The large transverse and longitudinal admittances which must be designed into the system, and the rapidity with which acceleration must take place because of muon decay preclude the use of conventional synchrotron design. This paper discusses the criteria and parameters required for muon acceleration, and presents a 3–11 GeV recirculating linac design which meets these requirements.
Abnormal hypothalamic oxytocin system in fibroblast growth factor 8-deficient mice

Oxytocin (OT) is a nonapeptide essential for maternal care. The development of the OT neuroendocrine system is a multi-step process dependent on the action of many transcription factors, but upstream signaling molecules regulating this process are still poorly understood. In this study, we examined if fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8), a signaling molecule critical for forebrain development, is essential for the proper formation of the OT system. Using immunohistochemistry, we showed a significant reduction in the number of neurons immunoreactive for the mature OT peptide in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and supraoptic nucleus (SON) in the hypothalamus of homozygous (HOMO) FGF8 hypomorphic mice compared to wild-type mice. The number of neurons positive for oxyphysin prohormone in the SON but not the PVN was also significantly reduced in FGF8 HOMO hypomorphs. However, steady-state mRNA levels of the oxyphysin prohormone were not significantly different between FGF8 hypomorphs and WT mice. These data suggest that a global reduction in FGF8 signaling leads to an overall reduction of mature OT and oxyphysin prohormone levels that may have resulted from defects in multiple stages of the hormone-synthesis pathway. Since proper hormone synthesis is a hallmark of mature OT neurons, this study suggests that FGF8 signaling may contribute to the phenotypic maturation of a neuroendocrine system that originates within the diencephalon.
Controlled Hierarchical Architecture in Surface‐initiated Zwitterionic Polymer Brushes with Structurally Regulated Functionalities

Hierarchical polymer films with structurally regulated functionalities are achieved by integrating 2D and 3D structures to enable ultralow nonspecific protein binding and high loading of molecular recognition elements, such as antibodies.