cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unusual δ 56 Fe values in Samoan rejuvenated lavas generated in the mantle

Abstract Several magmatic processes contribute to the Fe isotope composition of igneous rocks. Most basalts fall within a limited range of δ56Fe ( + 0.10 ± 0.05 ‰ ), although more differentiated lavas trend towards slightly elevated values (up to + 0.3 ‰ ). New data for basalts and olivine crystals from the Samoan Islands show higher δ56Fe values than have previously been reported for basalts worldwide. Common magmatic processes – from partial melting of average mantle to subsequent differentiation of melts – cannot sufficiently fractionate the Fe isotopes to explain the elevated δ56Fe values ( ∼ + 0.3 ‰ ) in rejuvenated Samoan lavas. Instead, a mantle source with an elevated δ56Fe value – in conjunction with effects due to common magmatic processes – is required. The Samoan mantle source is known to be unique in its radiogenic isotope composition and indications that melting of the Samoan mantle source can generate elevated δ56Fe values in lavas comes from: (1) High f O 2 values of Samoan lavas and their likely sources affecting Fe isotope fractionation during melting; (2) Metasomatism that caused elevated δ56Fe in the Samoan mantle, as observed in xenoliths; and (3) Involvement of a pyroxenite source lithology, based on the Zn/Fe ratios and TiO2 (and other high field-strength element) abundances of the lavas, that can generate melts with elevated δ56Fe values. Two models are presented to explain the elevated δ56Fe values in Samoan lavas: a metasomatized source ( ∼ + 0.07 ‰ ) or the presence of a pyroxenite source component ( ∼ + 0.12 ‰ ). Both models subsequently elevate δ56Fe values with both partial melting ( ∼ + 0.14 ‰ ) and fractional crystallization ( ∼ + 0.1 ‰ ). These processes may be related to an upwelling mantle plume with a pyroxenite component, or melting of previously metasomatized upper mantle.
THE PERVERSION OF ORDER

Jerome said that when he looked through the books of history he could not find anyone who had introduced schisms into the church of God and led the people away from the house of the Lord except for those whom God had set up to be priests and prophets. William Durant The two preceding chapters have served two different purposes, one relatively modest, the other more ambitious: first, to give a reasonably full description of the programme to reform the church that William Durant the Younger presented in the second part of his Tractatus Maior ; and second, to offer an analysis of this programme according to two different ideas of order, namely, magnus ordo differentie and res publica . This analysis is not yet complete. We have distinguished between ideas of hierarchy and commonwealth and have identified some of the many ways in which they shaped the Tractatus Maior . We have accordingly distinguished two meanings of Durant's conciliar proposal: one was to protect the hierarchical articulation of the church from the power of the papacy by assuring a steady link between the divine reason of the universe and the government of the church; the other was to mediate between the conflicting interests of functionally differentiated sectors of society in order to assure the harmonious cooperation of all for the common good. But we have not yet studied how these conceptions were related to each other.
An Education Leadership Programâ€™s Continuous Improvement Journey Toward a Standards-Based System

The purpose of this qualitative case study was to evaluate the perceptions of graduate students enrolled in an education leadership program that used standards-based grading (SBG), about their perceptions of the effectiveness of SBG and their inclination to use it later in their own classrooms. Data and conclusions from this study will help the authors refine the ways they are using SBG in their courses and programmatically. Results indicated that SBG facilitated ownership of learning and deep levels of thinking and engagement. Students observed that they benefitted from the ongoing and substantive formative feedback, which they report is often neglected, even in their professional evaluation processes. Further, they reported the ability to better track their progress toward standards. In spite of these benefits, students were mixed in their predictions as to whether they would ultimately incorporate SBG in their own classrooms. As such, the authors have committed to a more comprehensive transition to a standards-based learning, assessment, and grading model in their educational leadership program. They have expanded their inquiry of SBGâ€™s effects, and have advanced discussion about its appropriateness in other areas of the university. Ultimately, they encourage others in higher education to become more conversant in SBG principles and to conduct classes in a manner consistent with preparing educators for standards-based environments.
Management of lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes without del5q: current approach and future trends

Introduction: Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are characterized by progressive bone marrow failure manifesting as blood cytopenia and a variable risk of progression into acute myeloid leukemia. MDS...
Metrology capabilities and needs for 7nm and 5nm logic nodes

This paper will provide a high level overview of the future for in-line high volume manufacturing (HVM) metrology for the semiconductor industry, concentrating on logic applications. First, we will take a broad view of the needs of patterned defect, critical dimensional (CD/3D), overlay and films metrology, and present the extensive list of applications for which metrology solutions are needed. Commonalities and differences among the various applications will be shown. We will then report on the gating technical limits of the most important of these metrology solutions to address the metrology challenges of future nodes, highlighting key metrology technology gaps requiring industry attention and investment
Off-Target Injury to Southern Landscape Species Following Aminocyclopyrachlor Applications

Aminocyclopyrachlor is an herbicide for broadleaf weed control that has recently come under scrutiny following reports of injury to landscape ornamentals across the upper Midwestern United States. This herbicide has been shown to provide excellent weed control in warm-season turfgrasses at much lower use rates than that used for cool-season turf, but data are lacking concerning its safety to landscape ornamentals in southern U.S. regions. Parallel studies were conducted in Dallas and Huntsville, TX, locations to evaluate off-target injury effects on sixteen ornamentals and trees commonly used in southern landscapes. In March 2012, just prior to the spring growth flush, aminocyclopyrachlor was applied to potted plants at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, or 4× rates as either as granular [0, 14, 28, 56, or 112 g ai·ha−1 (0.013, 0.03, 0.05, and 0.10 lbs ai·A−1)] or liquid [0, 11.2, 22.4, 44.8, or 89.6 g ai·ha−1 (0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.08 lbs ai·A−1)] formulations. For the next 8 weeks, plants were evaluated for injury to new grow...
Improving humanoid posture Teleoperation by Dynamic Synchronization through operator motion anticipation

This paper presents the ongoing work towards enabling robots to achieve highly dynamic behavior through full-body teleoperation. Human operator and robot slave have independent balance controllers that interact with each other during the experiments. First we present a compliant balancing controller that regulates the feet contact forces in order to mitigate external disturbances and maintain balance. Next, by estimating the forces that the operator exerts over its own Center of Mass to generate movement, the Dynamic Synchronization Force Scaling controller allows the robot to anticipate human motion during posture tracking. This strategy requires reduced control gains for state tracking when compared to purely reactive controllers, resulting in an inherently more stable system. Results show a considerable reduction of the position tracking overshoot along with substantial reduction of required error-based control forces.
Fabrication and characterization of multiscale, fractal textured solar selective coatings

Abstract Photothermal conversion efficiency depends significantly on the selectivity of the thermal receiver surface through which a heat transfer fluid flows in a concentrated solar power system. This paper presents studies on novel multiscale, fractal textured solar selective coatings for solar thermal applications. The fractal surfaces are fabricated integrally on the substrate material using electrodeposition. The coatings are described in terms of fractal parameters that are uniquely determined from surface measurements, and the optical properties of the coatings are experimentally characterized in detail in terms of the fractal parameters. The effects of heat treatment on the optical properties of coatings over a range of fractal parameters are also described. The study is presented considering coatings on copper to demonstrate that fractal texturing of the surface provides a nearly three-fold performance improvement compared to coatings with no texturing or heat treatment. The findings equally apply to other materials used in higher temperature solar thermal applications.
Transcriptional control of enterohepatic lipid regulatory targets in response to early cholesterol and phytosterol exposure in apoE-/- mice.

An excessive rise in blood lipids during pregnancy may promote metabolic dysfunction in adult progeny. We characterized how maternal phytosterol (PS) supplementation affected serum lipids and the expression of lipid-regulatory genes in the intestine and liver of newly-weaned apo-E deficient offspring from dams fed a chow diet supplemented with cholesterol (0.15%, CH) or cholesterol and PS (2%) (CH/PS) throughout pregnancy and lactation. Serum lipid concentrations and lipoprotein particle numbers were exacerbated in offspring from cholesterol-supplemented mothers but normalized to chow-fed levels in pups exposed to PS through the maternal diet during gestation and lactation. Compared with the CH pups, pups from PS-supplemented mothers demonstrated higher (p < 0.05) expression of the primary intestinal cholesterol transport protein (Niemann-Pick C1-like 1) and the rate-limiting enzyme in hepatic cholesterol synthesis (HMG-CoAr), suggestive of a compensatory response to restore cholesterol balance. Furthermore, pups from PS-supplemented mothers exhibited a coordinated downregulation (p < 0.05) of several genes regulating fatty acid synthesis including PGC1β, SREBP1c, FAS, and ACC compared with the CH group. These results suggest that maternal PS supplementation during hypercholesterolemic pregnancies protects against aberrant lipid responses in newly-weaned offspring and results in differential regulation of cholesterol and lipid regulatory targets within the enterohepatic loop.
Seizing opportunities to diversify conservation

This article identifies, and offers several ways to address, a serious, persistent issue in conservation: low levels of diversity in thought and action. We first describe the lack of diversity and highlight the continued separation of the environmental conservation and environmental justice movements. We then offer—based on previous research and our collective experience—two suggestions for how to increase inclusivity (a step farther than increasing diversity) in holistic ways. We suggest that embracing narrative, including historical narrative that can be profound and painful, may be essential to addressing this deeply rooted issue. We also suggest the need to redefine “environment” to more closely align with the diversity of perspectives that different people and disciplines bring to the topic. We support our suggestions with selected data from empirical research and provide examples of initiatives that embody them.
An analysis of socware cascades in online social networks

Online social networks (OSNs) have become a popular new vector for distributing malware and spam, which we refer to as socware. Unlike email spam, which is sent by spammers directly to intended victims, socware cascades through OSNs as compromised users spread it to their friends. In this paper, we analyze data from the walls of roughly 3 million Facebook users over five months, with the goal of developing a better understanding of socware cascades. We study socware cascades to understand: (a) their spatio-temporal properties, (b) the underlying motivations and mechanisms, and (c) the social engineering tricks used to con users. First, we identify an evolving trend in which cascades appear to be throttling their rate of growth to evade detection, and thus, lasting longer. Second, our forensic investigation into the infrastructure that supports these cascades shows that, surprisingly, Facebook seems to be inadvertently enabling most cascades; 44% of cascades are disseminated via Facebook applications. At the same time, we observe large groups of synergistic Facebook apps (more than 144 groups of size 5 or more) that collaborate to support multiple cascades. Lastly, we find that hackers rely on two social engineering tricks in equal measure?luring users with free products and appealing to users' social curiosity?to enable socware cascades. Our findings present several promising avenues towards reducing socware on Facebook, but also highlight associated challenges.
Cultural Stasis and Change in Northern North America: A Macroevolutionary Perspective

Archaeologists have long recognized that some cultures persist for extraordinarily long periods with little change in the archaeological record. While the pattern of apparent cultural stasis is well known, it is significantly under-theorized in archaeology. In this chapter, we explore macroevolutionary theories of stasis and change in hunter-gatherer societies. We use these ideas to interpret the prehistoric record of the Eastern Arctic region with an emphasis on the long spans of stasis and punctuated change characterizing the Paleoeskimo period. Results of the study suggest that patterns of stasis will be affected by the internal structure of resource management strategies and broader ecological and social selective context. We recognize that while adaptive specialization could be highly successful in the short term, adaptive flexibility likely offered greater long-term advantages for groups living in arctic contexts.
Nutritional consequences of excess amino acid intake.

Various mechanisms respond to intakes of amino acids in excess of those required for normal tissue function. When excessive amounts of amino acids are taken, catabolism by enzymes in the liver and elsewhere is accelerated when intake exceeds requirements. In addition, changes in the free amino acid levels in the brain signal the nervous system centers regulating food consumption, and eating patterns are affected. This central nervous system mechanism may even determine the proportions of protein and of energy-yielding nutrients chosen in the diet through a mechanism regulated by the entry of tryptophan and other neurotransmitter precursors into the brain. These observations on protective mechanisms are considered in relation to effects obtained by feeding disproportionate amounts of amino acids. Intakes of large amounts of amino acids can produce toxicities, in which plasma concentrations of the administered amino acid rise to very high levels. Antagonisms arise from feeding excess of one amino acid that can be relieved by feeding a structurally related amino acid. Finally, amino acid imbalances are produced by adding surpluses of essential amino acids other than the essential amino acid most limiting for growth; the growth depression caused by this addition can be relieved by adding more of the most limiting amino acid to the diet. In all circumstances involving feeding with disproportionate amounts of amino acids, there is evidence of changes in brain amino acid levels. It is suggested that these changes play an important role in initiating protective responses against abnormal amino acid intakes.
Frontiers of Cancer Research: The Metastasis Challenge

Greater than 90% of deaths in cancer patients are due to the metastatic spread of the tumor to vital organs, emphasizing the importance of efforts toward the prevention and treatment of this phenomenon. The ability to block the process of metastasis could have a significant impact on the mortality rates associated with malignancy. As a result, the study of metastasis has been a focus at numerous centers of research, including the National Cancer Institute (NCI). A plethora of new technologies developed over the last decade, including gene expression profiling, have allowed for the identification of a number of genes, many of them strictly confined to the stromal cells associated with the tumor that appear to be significantly involved in the metastatic process. This allows us to enhance our efforts at designing stromal directed therapies to be utilized in combination with more traditional regimens directed at tumor cells.
Teacher-Guided Educational VR: Assessment of Live and Prerecorded Teachers Guiding Virtual Field Trips

We present a VR field trip framework, Kvasir-VR, and assess its two approaches to teacher-guided content. In one approach, networked student groups are guided by a live teacher captured as live-streamed depth camera imagery. The second approach is a standalone (non-networked) version allowing students to individually experience the field trip based on depth camera recordings of the same teacher. Both approaches were tested at two high schools using a VR environment that teaches students about solar energy production via tours of a solar plant. We show that our live networked approach can produce promising test score gains and very high ratings of co-presence, affective attraction, overall opinion, etc. Results show a benefit of live networked VR, as the standalone approach had lower performance in terms of gains and most ratings, although its ratings were still positive. We further consider possible differences of school environment (dedicated vs. integrated classroom), and we conclude with tradeoffs and implications to benefit future design of educational VR. Keywords:, . Index Terms: I.3.7 [Computer Graphics]: Three-Dimensional Graphics and Realism-Virtual Reality; K.3.0 [Computers and Education]: General
Music to my mouth: Evidence of domain general rate priming in adults and children

Abstract Will listening to music on the radio change the way you or your children speak? Comparisons are often drawn between the domains of music and language. Temporal processing is one general mechanism that influences both domains; however, a cross-domain influence of rate priming has not yet been established between music and speech. The current research examines if the timing in one modality (music) affects the production timing in a different modality (language) for both adults (Experiment 1) and preschool children (Experiment 2). Participants listened to short unfamiliar musical melodies presented at either a fast or slow rate, and then described pictures aloud. Results demonstrate that both adults’ and children’s language production was influenced by the timing of the music domain; faster musical primes led to faster speech production. These findings support domain general temporal processing since musical timing affects linguistic timing even when the music has no linguistic component.
Measuring the Academic Outcomes of iPads for Students with Autism: a Meta-Analysis

The ability for individualization and the wide array of available apps have made portable electronic devices popular for use with students with autism, particularly in the classroom. The current study examined the effectiveness of using iPads to deliver academic interventions to students with autism. Seven studies using iPads with single-case deigns and small samples were analyzed through both Tau-U and hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) techniques. Analysis of potential moderating variables indicated no significant differences across academic subject, grade of participants, or number of sessions. However, the HLM analyses revealed a significant difference for the introduction of the intervention. Discussion focuses on the use of iPads for academic interventions for students with autism and recommendations for practitioners.
Salpingectomy to reduce risk of ovarian cancer in women at average risk

AbstractOvarian cancer is a common gynecologic malignancy with a poor prognosis and a lack of screening for women at average risk. Focus has therefore shifted toward strategies for risk-reducing surgery to prevent the development of ovarian cancer. This Practice Pearl describes the evidence supporti
A primitive type of renin-expressing lymphocyte protects the organism against infections

ABSTRACT The hormone renin plays a crucial role in the regulation of blood pressure and fluid-electrolyte homeostasis. Normally, renin is synthesized by juxtaglomerular (JG) cells, a specialized group of myoepithelial cells located near the entrance to the kidney glomeruli. In response to low blood pressure and/or a decrease in extracellular fluid volume (as it occurs during dehydration, hypotension, or septic shock) JG cells respond by releasing renin to the circulation to reestablish homeostasis. Interestingly, renin-expressing cells also exist outside of the kidney, where their function has remained a mystery. We discovered a unique type of renin-expressing B-1 lymphocytes that may have unrecognized roles in defending the organism against infections. These cells synthesize and release renin, entrap and phagocyte bacteria and control bacterial growth. The ability of renin-bearing lymphocytes to control infections – which is enhanced by the presence of renin – adds a novel, previously unsuspected dimension to the defense role of renin-expressing cells, linking the endocrine control of circulatory homeostasis with the immune control of infections to ensure survival.
Site-Specific Recombination

Site-specific recombination occurs in the temperate response of bacteriophages, the integration of plasmids, and the movement of transposons. While there are elements of the basic recombination pathways discussed in Chapter 5, there are unique aspects to each of these processes.
Support theorems for the transverse ray transform of tensor fields of rank m

Abstract Let m and n be integers satisfying m ≥ 2 and n ≥ m + 2 . Let ( M , g ) be a simple, real analytic, Riemannian manifold of dimension n with boundary and f be a rank m-tensor field defined over it. In this work, we prove a support theorem for the transverse ray transform of such tensor fields. More specifically, we prove that for a tensor field f of rank m, if the transverse ray transform of f vanishes over an appropriate open set of maximal geodesics of M, then the support of f vanishes on the points of M that lie on the union of the aforementioned open set of geodesics. We also show that if the tensor field is assumed to be symmetric, then one has a similar support theorem for the transverse ray transform of symmetric tensor fields of rank up to n − 1 .
When good fences aren’t enough: The impact of neighboring air pollution on infant health

Abstract The Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR) mandated the reduction of power plant emissions in the eastern United States. Starting in March 2005, this policy greatly reduced exposure to a specific form of pollution—fine particulate matter—in neighboring downwind counties. Using data from the 1995 to 2013 waves of the U.S. Natality Detail Files, we investigate the impact of this reduced exposure on birth outcomes including premature birth, birth weight status and infant mortality. Our most consistent finding is that the CAIR reduced premature birth, particularly among women aged thirty-five and older, those who experienced clinically-designated “risky” pregnancies, and those who gave birth to female newborns. We also find a substantial reduction in infant mortality for newborns whose mothers experienced “risky” pregnancies. Taken together, our findings suggest that policy-induced reductions in exposure to fine particulate matter may lead to improved birth outcomes among those mothers and newborns most at risk.
Can Disruption of an Ant–Plant Mutualism Explain a Lack of Recovery of Forest Herbs in Post-Agricultural Forests of New York?

A substantial proportion New York's forests regenerated following agricultural abandonment around the turn of the 20th century. Many myrmecochorous (ant-dispersed) plant species are lacking in these forests decades after land abandonment despite being present in residual stands. To determine if disruption to this ant–plant mutualism can partially explain the current distribution patterns of myrmecochorous plants, we quantified the proportion of seeds removed by ants while accounting for predation by rodents in residual and post-agricultural forests. We experimentally manipulated ant access and controlled for rodent access to seeds of 3 myrmecochorous understory herbs in 3 paired residual and post-agricultural forests in central New York. We identified Aphaenogaster rudis as the primary seed disperser. We found no difference in mean (± 1 SE) proportion of seeds removed by ants between residual stands (73.7% ± 7.7%) and post-agricultural stands (75.8% ± 7.9%). Rodents removed few to no seeds (5.3% ± 1.5%), but an invasive slug, Arion subfuscus (Dusky Arion), was observed removing elaiosomes from seeds in both stand types. Our data indicated neither a lack of ant-dispersal activity nor excessive rodent predation would be limiting to dispersal of myrmecochorous seeds in post-agricultural forests during the period of our study. Given the presence of A. rudis in post-agricultural stands, programs to assist plant migration will likely be sufficient to reestablish this ant–plant mutualism in degraded sites.
Using Biasing Questions in Charitable Bequest Surveys

This study tested three sets of biasing questions for their effects on subsequent ratings of the importance of environmental nonprofit organizations and intentions to make a gift or leave a bequest. Legacy questions asked about the importance of impact on future generations. Family biasing asked about the relationship of family members to the cause. Life questions asked about respondents’ life connections to the cause. In general, pro-charitable responses increased only slightly following each question set, but increased more when the multiple question sets were used together. For charities desiring to increase charitable commitments via a survey instrument, this suggests that there is value in having a longer survey instrument that allows for a greater number of biasing questions.
Fast Resilient-Aware Data Layout Organization for Resistive Computing Systems

Resistive computing systems (RCSs) are projected to be leveraged as inference engines for Deep Neural Networks (DNNs). Unfortunately, limited device yield due to immature fabrication processes may severely degrade the DNN's classification accuracy. The arising solution is to leverage resilient-aware data layout organization techniques to mask the defects using the neural network weights. However, current techniques are too slow to be practical for real-world applications. In this paper, we propose a framework for fast resilient-aware data layout organization to enable large DNNs to be deployed on RCSs with defects. The framework contains three speed-up mechanisms: i) sparse defect indexing, ii) weight range characterization, and a iii) linear programming formulation. The first two techniques aim to quickly compute the errors introduced by various data to hardware assignments (or data layout organizations). The third technique aims to swiftly select the data layout organization that results in the smallest amount of errors. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed framework is capable of achieving software level classification accuracy in resistive hardware without any use of retraining. Compared with the previous work, the run-time is reduced with 89% on the average.
Validating e-norms methodology in ophthalmic biometry.

Objective To validate the extrapolated norms or e-norms methodology in establishing a reference range for the biometric data used for intraocular lens power calculation. . Methods and Analysis All measurements were performed with an optical low-coherence reflectometer. A novel technique, the e-norms methodology, was used to determine the normative values of measurements. Results Eyes (n=500) were measured to evaluate the axial length (AL), K readings (Ks), anterior chamber depth (ACD) and lens thickness (LT). Using the e-norms methodology, the normal AL ranged from 22.50 to 24.50 mm (mean=23.50 mm), with medium-long eyes between 24.51 and 24.99 mm and the long eyes measuring 25.00 mm and longer; the medium-short eyes ranged from 22.01 and 22.49 mm, with the short eyes measuring 22.00 mm and shorter. Normal values ranged from 2.50 to 3.50 mm for ACD (mean=3.00 mm), from 4.40 to 5.44 mm for LT (mean=4.92 mm), and from 42.50 to 44.82 dioptres for Ks (mean=43.66 dioptres). Conclusion Measurements of the biometric mean values compared favourably with published data. The e-norms methodology assisted in establishing a biometric reference range. Furthermore, it allowed us to cluster patients into groups based on AL differences.
The U Choose Awards: A Marketing Research, Branding, and Community Engagement Project

The U Choose awards is a student-led marketing research, branding, and community engagement project. This project is designed to provide students with a range of opportunities to apply and demonstr...
Ludwig von Mises and Classical Liberalism

In studying the development of western freedoms, perhaps no subject is more worthy of discussion than classical liberalism, which the late historian Ralph Raico wrote was “the signature political philosophy of Western Civilization.” Raico defined classical liberalism as “the ideology advocating private property, an unhampered market economy, the rule of law, constitutional guarantees of freedom of religion and of the press, and international peace based on free trade.” This ideology arose in the Middle Ages, came alive in the 16th and 17th centuries, declined at the end of the 19th century, and was reborn in the 20th century largely at the hands of one remarkable man—the Austrian-born economist and historian Ludwig von Mises. Through a reasoned and investigated reconstruction of primary sources, this paper will catalog the ideas and achievements of Ludwig von Mises to demonstrate that he was the critical intellectual link in the continuation of the classical liberal tradition. This was the case in both a chronological sense (by connecting the ideas of 17th and 18th-century thinkers through its decline in the late 19th and early 20th century to later 20th-century classical liberals such as F.A. Hayek) and in a geographical sense (by transmitting the classical liberal ideas that had primarily been developed in Europe to the United States in the 20th century). Mises was responsible for the renaissance of classical liberalism in the United States and the birth of the modern-day libertarian movement. Mises’s life work was a full-throated defense of classical liberalism, to include free-market economics, private property, and anti-imperialism.
Nutrient digestibility and fecal characteristics, microbiota, and metabolites in dogs fed human-grade foods.

Human-grade (HG) pet foods are commercially available, but they have not been well studied. Our objective was to determine the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of HG pet foods and evaluate their effects on fecal characteristics, microbiota, and metabolites, serum metabolites, and hematology of dogs. Twelve dogs (mean age = 5.5 ± 1.0; BW = 11.6 ± 1.6 kg) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design (n = 12/treatment). The diets included 1) Chicken and Brown Rice Recipe (extruded; Blue Buffalo); 2) Roasted Meals Tender Chicken Recipe (fresh; Freshpet); 3) Beef and Russet Potato Recipe (HG beef; JustFoodForDogs); and 4) Chicken and White Rice Recipe (HG chicken; JustFoodForDogs). Each period consisted of 28 d, with a 6-d diet transition phase, 16 d of consuming 100% of the diet, a 5-d phase for fecal collection, and 1 d for blood collection. All data were analyzed using the Mixed Models procedure of SAS 9.4. Dogs fed the extruded diet required a higher (P 0.05), but diet modified the relative abundance of nearly 20 bacterial genera. Similar to previous reports, these data demonstrate that the fecal microbiota of dogs fed HG or fresh diets is markedly different than those consuming extruded diets, likely due to ingredient, nutrient, and processing differences. Serum metabolites and hematology were not greatly affected by diet. In conclusion, the HG pet foods tested resulted in significantly reduced fecal output, were highly digestible, maintained fecal characteristics, serum chemistry, and hematology, and modified the fecal microbiota of dogs.
Arizona educational stakeholders’ perceptions of K12 teachers’ accented speech

This research examines the perceptions of 141 Arizona educational stakeholders’ (i.e. teachers, parents, high school students, and teacher candidates) perceptions of five English L1 teachers and fi...
Infrared spectroscopic measurements of the structure of organic thin films; furfural on Pd(111) and Au(111) surfaces

Electron and X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron microscopy are predominantly used to investigate the structures of thin organic films deposited from the vapor at low temperatures on planar substrates to obtain the crystal structure of the thin film. This work illustrates how the structure of films on metal substrates can be continually monitored both during growth and as they are annealed until the film desorbs using reflection–absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS). The chemical nature of the film, including molecular conformations, can be determined from the vibrational frequencies of the organic film, and the film orientation can be obtained using the infrared selection rules for reflective surfaces, which states that only those vibrational modes with a vibrational component perpendicular to the surface are detected. The approach is illustrated for furfural adsorbed on an unreactive metal, gold, and a more reactive one, palladium, to gauge the effect of substrate reactivity on the film structure. Furfural is chosen as a test molecule because it is planar, has two conformations depending on the orientation of the aldehyde group relative to the furyl ring, and the film structure has been studied by XRD. It is found that only the structure of the first layer in contact with the surface is influenced by the nature of the substrate. Changes in the ratio of the cis and trans conformation as well as changes in the degree of order of the furfural film are found as a function of film thickness and temperature.
Kantian nonideal theory and nuclear proliferation

Recent revelations of Iran’s hitherto undisclosed uranium enrichment programs have once again incited western fears that Tehran seeks nuclear weapons’ capability. Their fears seem motivated by more than the concern for compliance with the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT). Rather, they seem strongly connected to the western moral assumptions about what kind of government or people can be trusted with a nuclear arsenal. In this paper, I critically examine the western assumptions of the immorality of contemporary nuclear proliferation from an international ethical stance that otherwise might be expected to give it unequivocal support – the stance of Kantian nonideal theory. In contrast to the uses of Kant that were prominent during the Cold War, I advance and apply a sketch of a Kantian nonideal theory that specifies the conditions (although strict conditions) under which nuclear proliferation for states like Iran is morally permissible even though the NPT forbids it.
MM-431: A Comparison Between Daratumumab and Non-Daratumumab-Based Salvage Regimens Used at First Relapse Post-Lenalidomide Maintenance in Multiple Myeloma

Context Lenalidomide maintenance therapy after autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) is standard of care for patients with multiple myeloma (MM). However, most patients relapse, and the optimal choice of therapy at first-relapse post-lenalidomide maintenance is not established. Objective To compare the efficacy of salvage therapies at first relapse post-lenalidomide maintenance. Design Retrospective study of consecutive patients with MM seen at Mayo Clinic, Rochester between 1/1/2005–12/31/2016. Setting Tertiary referral center. Patients or Other Participants Two hundred thirteen patients treated with lenalidomide/lenalidomide-dexamethasone maintenance post-ASCT were screened; 136 patients experienced a first relapse. One hundred eighteen patients receiving salvage therapy were included in subsequent analyses. Interventions N/A Main Outcomes Measures The main outcome measure was second progression-free survival (2nd PFS), which was calculated from the start of therapy at first relapse after maintenance until therapy discontinuation. Results The median follow-up was 5.4 (95% CI: 4.9, 5.9) years from diagnosis. The median 2nd PFS was significantly longer in patients treated with daratumumab-based regimens [18.4 (95% CI: 10.9, 25.9) months; n=32] versus patients without daratumumab [8.9 (95% CI: 5.5, 12.3) months; n=86; p=0.006]. Adjusting for age, ISS stage 3, cytogenetic risk, Rd maintenance, and lenalidomide refractoriness at salvage, daratumumab-based therapy was associated with a significantly improved PFS [hazard ratio 0.31 (95% CI: 0.16, 0.61; p=0.001)]. The median 2nd PFS was superior in daratumumab + IMiD (n=16) compared to daratumumab + PI (n=15) [NR versus 1 yr (95% CI: 0.5, 1.5), respectively; p=0.004]. In patients not receiving daratumumab, median 2nd PFS was comparable between PI-based combinations [9.2 (95% CI: 6.6, 11.7) months; n=44], IMiD-based combinations [6.7 (95% CI: 0.82, 12.6) months; n=18; p=0.7], or PI + IMiD-based combinations [11.2 (95% CI: 0, 28.4 months; n=24; p=0.17]. Without daratumumab, there was also no significant difference in median 2nd PFS between patients who received lenalidomide-based combinations [6.7 (95% CI: 0, 15.4) months] compared with pomalidomide-based regimens [20.1 (95% CI: 0, 41.4) months; p=0.5]. Conclusions Daratumumab-based therapies at relapse are associated with improvement in 2nd PFS, and daratumumab-IMiD combination was superior to daratumumab-bortezomib combination. Without daratumumab, there was no significant difference between doublet versus triplet therapies, IMiD-versus PI-based regimens or lenalidomide versus pomalidomide-based combinations.
Characterization of Pain in Patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth Diseases (P5.072)

OBJECTIVE: 1. To develop a scale for assessing neuropathic and nociceptive pain in patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth Diseases (CMT). 2. To characterize the patterns of pain in different types of CMT using the pain scale BACKGROUND: Pain among patients with CMT is highly prevalent but minimally studied. A majority of CMT1 patients are caused by mutations in genes encoding myelin proteins, which primarily affect large diameter nerve fibers but spare the non-myelinated fibers for pain sensation. In contrast, CMT2 may affect both large and small fibers. We therefore test a hypothesis that patterns of pain are different between the two main types of CMT. DESIGN/METHODS: We generated two pain scales that concentrate on neuropathic and nociceptive pain. We first test the pain scales in patients with diabetic neuropathy and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) as these patients are expected to have primarily neuropathic and nociceptive pain respectively. The scales were then tested among patients with CMT. RESULTS: The pain scales we generated were able to show that diabetic neuropathy patients (n=19) had a predominantly neuropathic pain (neuropathic versus nociceptive scores; p = 0.01). In contrast, the difference was the other way around in patients with ALS (n=14, p = 0.02). In line with our hypothesis, patients with CMT1 (n=20) had more prominent nociceptive pain than neuropathic pain (p value = 0.02). Patients with CMT2 (n=13) were affected by both types of pain (p = 0.67). CONCLUSIONS: Our pain scales can differentiate neuropathic from nociceptive pain. When the scales are applied to patients with CMT, results appear to agree with the known pathology affecting different types of nerve fibers among these patients. Supported by funds from NINDS and Muscular Dystrophy Association. Disclosure: Dr. Huang has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lee has nothing to disclose. Dr. Li has nothing to disclose.
Systems architecture of a bacterial cell cycle (95.1)

Understanding of the cell cycle control logic in Caulobacter has progressed to the point where we now have an integrated view of the operation of the entire bacterial cell cycle system functioning as a state machine. Oscillating levels of a small number of temporally-controlled master regulators drive cell cycle progression. Cell cycle regulation is, to a striking degree, a whole cell phenomenon with transcriptional circuitry interwoven with the 3-D deployment of phospho-signaling proteins and proteases. The phospho-signaling system monitors the topology of the cell and is central to establishing asymmetric cell division. The overall regulatory ‘wiring diagram’ incorporates changes in DNA methylation state that enhance system robustness.
ADRENAL MYELOLIPOMA: DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT

Introduction: Adrenal myelolipomas are benign lesions that contain hematopoietic and fatty elements. They are usually hormonally inactive and asymptomatic until they reach large sizes.Â With the routine use of cross-sectional imaging, these lesions are now being discovered with increasing frequency. Materials and Methods: We performed a comprehensive review of the literature using the PubMed database containing the key word adrenal myelolipoma. Results: We identified 492 articles written from 1956 to 2006 and reviewed 93 in detail including the authorsâ€™ own experience. In this review, we highlighted the salient diagnostic features of adrenal myelolipomas and offered a guide for management of these benign lesions. Conclusion: Adrenal myelolipomas may grow over time, but they can usually be followed without surgical excision.Â In some cases, very large myelolipomas can present with pain and can be confused with necrotic adrenal carcinomas, thus necessitating their surgical removal.
Surviving bear hugs: Firm capability, large partner alliances, and growth

In exploring the downsides of partnering with large firms, extant literature has typically focused on the external perspective and the alliance characteristics of small firms. We argue that jointly considering the internal dimension of firm capability together with the external perspective promises to yield a fuller understanding of the nature and consequences of a small firm's relationships with large partners. We analyze a longitudinal dataset on the alliance activities and growth of small, independent studios in the U.S. motion picture industry during 1990�2010. Our findings indicate that small firms that engage in higher levels of alliance activity with large partners, i.e., the major studios, realize lower growth benefits from their internal capability
Coordinated regulation of ENaC activity in the distal nephron by aldosterone and Ang II (1088.14)

Recent studies point to direct actions of Ang II on ENaC-mediated Na+ reabsorption in the distal nephron via stimulation of AT1R that occurs independently of aldosterone-MR signaling. We used split...
Circular Dichroism (CD) for Natural Products

Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy is used widely for nonempirical determinations of absolute configuration. The advantages of CD spectroscopy are summarized as follows: 1) CD spectra are measurable in ultra microscale because of high sensitivity, 2) the CD exciton chirality method enables one to determine the absolute configuration in a straightforward and nonambiguous manner, and 3) the recent progress in molecular orbital (MO) computations enhances versatility of CD. The basic aspects of CD and theoretical calculations for assignment of absolute configurations are described first. This analysis is followed by an outline of the exciton chirality method and the selection of chromophores with optimal λmax and ɛ for use in this method. The additivity relation encountered in molecules in which multiple chromophores are present is a fundamental principle that greatly simplifies the analyses of complex CD spectra that consist of complex CD extrema (i.e., maxima and minima). The examples cited are intended to illustrate the various approaches that lead to determination of absolute configurations by CD.
The Intracellular Domain of the Frazzled/DCC Receptor Is a Transcription Factor Required for Commissural Axon Guidance.

In commissural neurons of Drosophila, the conserved Frazzled (Fra)/Deleted in Colorectal Cancer (DCC) receptor promotes midline axon crossing by signaling locally in response to Netrin and by inducing transcription of commissureless (comm), an antagonist of Slit-Roundabout midline repulsion, through an unknown mechanism. Here, we show that Fra is cleaved to release its intracellular domain (ICD), which shuttles between the cytoplasm and the nucleus, where it functions as a transcriptional activator. Rescue and gain-of-function experiments demonstrate that the Fra ICD is sufficient to regulate comm expression and that both γ-secretase proteolysis of Fra and Fra's function as a transcriptional activator are required for its ability to regulate comm in vivo. Our data uncover an unexpected role for the Fra ICD as a transcription factor whose activity regulates the responsiveness of commissural axons at the midline and raise the possibility that nuclear signaling may be a common output of axon guidance receptors.
An unusually simple route to 4-demethoxy-7-deoxydaunomycinone

Abstract 4-Demethoxy-7,9-dideoxy-9-bromodaunomycinone reacts rapidly with cold dilute sodium hydroxide to give, in high yield, 4-demethoxy-7-deoxydaunomycinone. Evidence is presented in support of a transient enol epoxide intermediate in this unexpected reaction.
Effects of progressive relaxation and meditation on cognitive and somatic manifestations of daily stress

Abstract Meditation and progressive relaxation were compared with a self-monitoring control as treatments for symptoms of stress. Subjects were recruited from advertisements in local newspapers and received five sessions of training. All subjects self-monitored stress symptoms throughout the study and had their behavior rated weekly by a spouse/roommate. The progressive relaxation and meditation treatments resulted in a significant reduction of stress symptomatology over time. Little evidence was generated for differential effects of treatments.