cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Materials Testing Mode on Mechanical Behavior Under Temperature Influence in Complex Deformation Processes

Complex deformation processes such as forming and machining involve large strain, high strain rate, high temperatures, strain rate/temperature coupling, and potential loading history effects. The conventional empirical and semi-empirical plasticity models are not adequate for characterizing dynamic mechanical behavior of work materials at the complex loading scenarios. The accuracy of characterizing the dynamic mechanical behavior in deformation processes using any constitutive models is strongly affected by materials testing data in which a constitutive model is fitted. Tension or compression tests have been widely used to approximate material properties in various manufacturing processes. However, it has been a critical question whether tension or compression test should be utilized for capturing the true nature of complex material deformations. In this study, the influences of two material testing modes on mechanical behavior of AISI52100 steel (62 HRc) were investigated using the internal state variable (ISV) plasticity model. Twenty material constants have been found by nonlinear fitting the ISV plasticity model to the base line test data obtained from each deformation mode. It has shown that the material testing modes have profound effects on some materials constants of the ISV model. The stress sensitivity study to ISV model parameters has identified the critical material constants for reflecting the nature of material deformation. The different testing modes have significant influence on the material constants associated with isotropic hardening rather than kinematic hardening.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Understanding the long-term effects of environmental exposure on roof reflectance in California

Abstract Contaminants from cool-pigmented roof samples exposed at seven California sites were analyzed for elements and carbons to identify those that degrade or enhance solar reflectance. The losses in solar reflectance varied by site and the color of the sample. The least reflectance drop was observed in the alpine climate, while the largest drop occurred in sites near urban development. The change of reflectance appears cyclical with the onset of seasons having more rainfall. A deposition model suggests that chromium ranks first, iron second, and elemental carbon third in importance to soil light absorption.
Messung von Festwalzeigenspannungsverteilungen an Bauteilen

In vielen Fallen der technischen Praxis stellen die Randschichten von Bauteilen die hochstbeanspruchten Werkstoffbereiche dar. Zur Schwingfestigkeits- und Verschleisfestigkeitssteigerung werden daher seit Jahren thermische, thermochemische und mechanische Randschichtbehandlungsverfahren wie Induktionsharten, Einsatzharten, Nitrieren, Kugelstrahlen und Festwalzen eingesetzt. Die Wirkung dieser Verfahren beruht vorwiegend auf einer Steigerung der Werkstoffestigkeit und der Erzeugung von Druckeigen-spannungen 1. Art in den beanspruchten Bauteiloberflachen. Beiden mechanischen Verfahren wird daruber hinaus die Oberflachenrauhigkeit verandert bzw. verringert, wenn die Prozesparameter geeignet gewahlt werden. Durch diese Randschichtbeeinflussung lassen sich beim Festwalzen Schwingfestigkeitssteigerungen um bis zu 200% erzielen [1], so das bei gekerbten Proben vielfach eine Aufhebung der Kerbwirkung beobachtet werden konnte [2]. Das Festwalzen hat in der Industrie u. a. bei Kurbelwellen, Schrauben, Ventilschaften und Antriebswellen Anwendung gefunden. Zur Qualitatsprufung von festgewalzten Bauteilen wird hier die direkte Uberprufung der Randschichteigenschaften, d. h. der Eigenspannungen und der Verfestigung, mittels rontgenografischer Messungen an axialen Bauteilschnitten vorgestellt. Das Mesverfahren kann weiterhin zur Uberprufung von Ergebnissen aus FEM-Simulationen dienen, mit deren Hilfe die Beeinflussung der Eigenspannungen durch die einen starken Eingriff darstellende Praparation abgeschatzt werden kann. Measurement of Deep-Rolling Residual Stress-Distributions on Components In many practical cases surface layers of components are the most heavily stressed material zones. In order to improve the fatigue strength and the wearability of components thermal, thermochemical and mechanical surface treatment methods like induction hardening, case hardening, nitriding, shot peening and deep-rolling are applied for several years. The effect of these methods depends on the increase of strength and on the production of compressive residual stresses in the heavily stressed surface layers. The mechanical processes also affect the surface roughness which may be reduced by choosing suitable process parameters. Due to the mechanical surface treatment by deep-rolling fatigue strength improvements up to 200% are possible [1], and the compensation of the notch effect was observed for notched specimen [2]. In the industry the deep-rolling is applied on e. g. crankshafts, screws, valve shafts and actuation shafts. The direct control of surface layer properties, like residual stresses and hardening, by x-ray measurements on axial sections of the components is presented here as a method for quality insurance of rolled parts. The measuring method may also be used to verify results of FEM-simulations. FEM-simulations are applied to estimate the modification of the residual stresses due to preparation.
Parenting a Child with a Disability: A Longitudinal Study of Parental Stress and Adaptation

Mothers' experiences in parenting children with disabilities were examined in this 3-year longitudinal study. Thirty-five mother-child pairs participated in the study. Mothers and their children re...
Deep ultraviolet emitting polarization induced nanowire light emitting diodes with AlxGa1−xN active regions

In this report, we demonstrate band gap tuning of the active region emission wavelength from 365 nm to 250 nm in light emitting diodes fashioned from catalyst-free III-nitride nanowires. Optical characteristics of the nanowire heterostructures and fabricated devices are studied via electroluminescence (EL) and photoluminescence spectroscopy over a wide range of active region compositions. It is observed that for typical nanowire plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy growth conditions, tuning of emission to wavelengths shorter than 300 nm is hampered by the presence of an optically active defect level. We show that by increasing the AlGaN nanowire growth temperatures this defect emission can be suppressed. These findings are applied to growth of the active region of a nanowire light emitting diode, resulting in a polarization-induced nanowire light emitting diode with peak EL at 250 nm.
Frontal-Wave-like Evolution in Some Mesoscale Convective Complexes

Abstract In some mesoscale convective complexes (MCCs) the convective regions assume a configuration that resembles a frontal wave, while in other systems the configuration is not classifiable. We examined the evolution of the internal structure and flow of two MCCs that were part of an episode of systems that propagated along a stationary front, and in which the convective activity evolved from a chaotic to a frontal-wave-like pattern. The development of mesoscale vorticity and its possible relationship to the spatial patterns are explored. Each system developed two dissimilar convective bands that together formed an open-wave pattern. The greatest number of convective clusters and the greatest midlevel convergence and high-level divergence were found in a core region (the “apex” of the wave) where the bands intersected. The north-south convective line was less enduring than the core convection or the cast-west band; it evolved from outflow boundaries of the early storms preceding the mesosystem. A conce...
Basal reader instruction: Effects of comprehension monitoring training on reading comprehension, strategy use and attitude

Abstract The efficacy of a metacognitive instructional strategy for use with basal readers in improving reading comprehension, strategy use, and attitude toward reading was investigated. Thirty‐one children in two fourth‐grade classrooms served as subjects in the experiment. Twenty students in a self‐contained classroom served as the treatment group while eleven students in a second self‐contained classroom served as the control. All subjects in both groups were administered the Metropolitan Achievement Test, Reading Attitude Inventory, and the Index of Reading Awareness in September prior to the treatment and again at the end of the treatment the following May. The experimental treatment was based on the instructional strategies proposed by Schmitt and Baumann (1986) that describe how teachers can incorporate the use of comprehension monitoring strategies into the guided reading phase of basal reader instruction. Results indicated that children can be taught how to use metacognitive reading strategies an...
Indomethacin delays zona-shedding and implantation in the ovaraiectomized progesteron-treated hamster

Pregnant hamsters were ovariectomized on Day 2 (Day 1 = sperm positive) and given progesterone replacement therapy daily (200 microgram sc in sesame oil). Either 2 or 4 mg indomethacin (Indo) given on Day 3 and early Day 4 delayed shedding of the zona pellucida and the onset of implantation on Day 4. One mg Indo administered on Day 3 was only partially effective. By Day 5, approximately half of the hamsters receiving either 2 or 4 mg Indo exhibited implantation sites whereas all controls and hamsters receiving 1 mg Indo had sites. At the dosages used, estradiol cypionate, histamine, prostacyclin and prostaglandin E2 did not overcome the effects of Indo. The results indicate that Indo interferes with zona shedding and implantation of blastocysts in the ovariectomized-progesterone treated hamster.
DUALITY CLASSES FOR PION--NUCLEON SCATTERING.

Abstract In this paper a modified form of duality is proposed. The dominant resonance towers in pion-nucleon scattering (the Δδ, Nα, and Nγ trajectories) are not dual to the dominant t-channel trajectories (the P, P′ and ϱ) but are dual to a lower asymptotic contribution. Conversely, the P, P′ and ϱ are assumed to be dual to the recently observed phase shift loops not associated with the dominant baryon trajectories. This proposed separation is tested by means of an interference-model calculation. In addition it is shown that the baryon trajectories have an asymptotic behaviour of the form sα(t) with α(o) ≈ −0.5. Implications of this conjecture are discussed.
Aid Politics and Electoral Politics: Japan, 1970–1992

We broaden the analysis of aid flows by investigating the effects of domestic and transnational electoral politics on Japanese overseas development assistance(ODA). We also consider measures of external financial balance and Japan's importance in the international trading system. We present a method for assessing shifts in Japanese ODA policy. We find that Liberal Democratic Party popularity affects the size of the Japanese ODA budget and the way that ODA is allocated. There is also limited evidence that ODA allocations are sensitive to the timing of U.S. elections. By contrast, Japan's changing importance in the international trading system and its current account and exchange rate positions account for little of the inter-temporal variation in Japanese ODA policy.
Wall compliance and violin cavity modes

Violin corpus wall compliance, which has a substantial effect on cavity mode frequencies, was added to Shaw’s two-degree-of-freedom (2DOF) network model for A0 (“main air”) and A1 (lowest length mode included in “main wood”) cavity modes. The 2DOF model predicts a V−0.25 volume dependence for A0 for rigid violin-shaped cavities, to which a semiempirical compliance correction term, V−xc (optimization parameter xc) consistent with cavity acoustical compliance and violin-based scaling was added. Optimizing xc over A0 and A1 frequencies measured for a Hutchins–Schelleng violin octet yielded xc≈0.08. This markedly improved A0 and A1 frequency predictions to within approximately ±10% of experiment over a range of about 4.5:1 in length, 10:1 in f-hole area, 3:1 in top plate thickness, and 128:1 in volume. Compliance is a plausible explanation for A1 falling close to the “main wood” resonance, not increasingly higher for the larger instruments, which were scaled successively shorter compared to the violin for erg...
Detectability of Delaminations in Solid Rocket Motors with Embedded Stress Sensors

A finite element model is used to investigate the effect of delaminations on the radial stress distribution along the bondline during the cooling process of a solid rocket motor composed of propellant, insulation, and casing. Under the assumption of stress sensors evenly distributed along the circumference of the interface between the propellant and insulation, a relationship is established between the debond angle, the number of sensors, and the required sensor accuracy. Two approaches are proposed to detect debonds based on the radial stress readings from these embedded sensors. In addition, a quantitative mapping is obtained between the debond size and the sensor data to inversely estimate the extent of the delamination. It is demonstrated that the proposed framework can detect delaminations in solid rocket motors.
An alternate to the Dengler and Addoms convection concept of forced convection boiling heat transfer

Current literature describes forced convection, boiling heat transfer as primarily convective heat transfer. The original evidence for this concept, reported by Dengler and Addoms, was reexamined and found misinterpreted. Nucleate boiling data, instead, correlate with their data. Subsequent use of the concept in correlations and models now requires close scrutiny.
Bubble bursting as an aerosol generation mechanism during an oil spill in the deep-sea environment: laboratory experimental demonstration of the transport pathway

Oil spills in the deep-sea environment such as the 2010 Deep Water Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico release vast quantities of crude oil into the sea-surface environment. Various investigators have discussed the marine transport and fate of the oil into different environmental compartments (air, water, sediment, and biota). The transport of the oil into the atmosphere in these previous investigations has been limited to only evaporation, a volatility dependent pathway. In this work, we studied the aerosolization of oil spill matter via bursting bubbles as they occur during whitecaps in a laboratory aerosolization reactor. By evaluating the alkane content in oil mousse, crude oil, the gas phase, and particulate matter we clearly demonstrate that aerosolization via bursting bubbles is a solubility and volatility independent transport pathway for alkanes. The signature of alkane fractions in the native oil and aerosolized matter matched well especially for the less volatile alkanes (C20–C29). Scanning electron microscope interfaced with energy dispersive X-ray images identified the carbon fractions associated with salt particles of aerosols. Theoretical molecular dynamics simulations in the accompanying paper lend support to the observed propensity for alkanes at air–salt water interfaces of breaking bubbles and the produced droplets. The presence of a dispersant in the aqueous phase increased the oil ejection rate at the surface especially for the C20–C29 alkanes. The information presented here emphasizes the need to further study sea-spray aerosols as a possible transport vector for spilled oil in the sea surface environment.
Young children's storybooks as a source of mental state information

Abstract Ninety children's books (half for 3–4-year-olds and half for 5–6-year-olds) were analyzed for references to mental state in three ways: (a) via words and expressions in the text, (b) via the pictures, and (c) via ironic situations. Books for older children were significantly longer than the books for younger children, and overall, they included both a higher frequency of mental state references and a wider variety of such references. However, the rate of textual references to mental state was high for both groups, with a mental state token occurring on average every three sentences in books for both age groups. Moreover, the rate at which new types of mental state references appeared was also high; about every second token represented a new type of mental state reference. Pictures typically failed to represent independently the mental state concepts expressed in the text, but pictures and text together conveyed situational irony in over one-third of the books. Thus, mental state information was largely conveyed via words and irony. These findings suggest that storybook reading may provide even young children with a rich context for developing an understanding of mind.
Stormwater Programs Organization, Finance, and Prospects

Urban stormwater programs provide mandated and discretionary public services of convenience, security, and environmental enhancement. Due to their increasing complexity and funding needs, they have...
Myths of the Archaic State: DIMENSIONS OF POWER IN THE EARLIEST STATES

The state drew its force, which was real enough, from its imaginative energies, its semiotic capacity to make inequality enchant. clifford geertz (1980:123) In this chapter I delineate what is not explained in “neo-evolutionary theory” and devise new means to investigate the evolution of ancient states and civilizations. Neo-evolutionary theory depicted the rise of states as a series of “punctuated” (that is, extremely rapid) and holistic changes from one stage (or type of society) to another. In each stage, all social institutions – politics, economy, social organization, belief system – were linked so that change had to occur in all institutions at the same time, at the same pace, and in the same direction. The prehistoric representations of these social types were modeled after “our contemporary ancestors,” societies studied by ethnographers. This progression of ethnographic societies, however, was no more than a metaphysical construction, since San in southern Africa did not become Enga in New Guinea and Enga didn't become Hawaiians (see Figure 1.2). THE PURSUIT OF THE WILY CHIEFDOM One may see how archaeologists had implemented neo-evolutionary theory by reviewing why a mighty company of archaeological wallahs pursued the wily chiefdom so diligently.
In-office technique for selectively etching titanium abutments to improve bonding for interim implant prostheses

A technique is described for increasing the surface area of a titanium abutment with hydrofluoric acid etching. This provides mechanical retention for acrylic resin and composite resins and can be easily and rapidly accomplished in both the laboratory and clinic.
A Growing Tradition? Examining the African American Family Foundation

This article develops a basic knowledge of African American family foundations from which additional research can be generated. It addresses the following questions: From what types of professional backgrounds do the founders of African American family foundations hail? In which areas of the country are African American family foundations located? What is the range of assets possessed by African American family foundations, and how are these assets managed? How do African American family foundations use board members, employees, and volunteers to support their organizations? What are the overarching goals of African American family foundations? And in what areas are they concentrating their donations?
Item Exposure Constraints for Testlets in the Verbal Reasoning Section of the MCAT

The current study examined item exposure control procedures for testlet scored reading passages in the Verbal Reasoning section of the Medical College Admission Test with four computerized adaptive testing (CAT) systems using the partial credit model. The first system used a traditional CAT using maximum information item selection. The second used random item selection to provide a baseline for optimal exposure rates. The third used a variation of Lunz and Stahl's randomization procedure. The fourth used Luecht and Nungester's computerized adaptive sequential testing (CAST) system. A series of simulated fixed-length CATs was run to determine the optimal item selection procedure. Results indicated that both the randomization procedure and CAST performed well in terms of exposure control and measurement precision, with the CAST system providing the best overall solution when all variables were taken into consideration.
Self-rated health predicts healthcare utilization in heart failure.

Background Heart failure (HF) patients experience impaired functional status, diminished quality of life, high utilization of healthcare resources, and poor survival. Yet, the identification of patient-centered factors that influence prognosis is lacking. Methods and Results We determined the association of 2 measures of self-rated health with healthcare utilization and skilled nursing facility (SNF) admission in a community cohort of 417 HF patients prospectively enrolled between October 2007 and December 2010 from Olmsted County, MN. Patients completed a 12-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12). Low self-reported physical functioning was defined as a score ≤25 on the SF-12 physical component. The first question of the SF-12 was used as a measure of self-rated general health. After 2 years, 1033 hospitalizations, 1407 emergency department (ED) visits, and 19,780 outpatient office visits were observed; 87 patients were admitted to a SNF. After adjustment for confounding factors, an increased risk of hospitalizations (1.52 [1.17 to 1.99]) and ED visits (1.48 [1.04 to 2.11]) was observed for those with low versus moderate-high self-reported physical functioning. Patients with poor and fair self-rated general health also experienced an increased risk of hospitalizations (poor: 1.73 [1.29 to 2.32]; fair: 1.46 [1.14 to 1.87]) and ED visits (poor: 1.73 [1.16 to 2.56]; fair: 1.48 [1.13 to 1.93]) compared with good-excellent self-rated general health. No association between self-reported physical functioning or self-rated general health with outpatient visits and SNF admission was observed. Conclusion In community HF patients, self-reported measures of physical functioning predict hospitalizations and ED visits, indicating that these patient-reported measures may be useful in risk stratification and management in HF.
Palmitoylation of Tetraspanin Proteins: Modulation of CD151 Lateral Interactions, Subcellular Distribution, and Integrin-dependent Cell Morphology

Here we demonstrate that multiple tetraspanin (transmembrane 4 superfamily) proteins are palmitoylated, in either the Golgi or a post-Golgi compartment. Using CD151 as a model tetraspanin, we identified and mutated intracellular N-terminal and C-terminal cysteine palmitoylation sites. Simultaneous mutations of C11, C15, C242, and C243 (each to serine) eliminated >90% of CD151 palmitoylation. Notably, palmitoylation had minimal influence on the density of tetraspanin protein complexes, did not promote tetraspanin localization into detergent-resistant microdomains, and was not required for CD151-α3β1 integrin association. However, the CD151 tetra mutant showed markedly diminished associations with other cell surface proteins, including other transmembrane 4 superfamily proteins (CD9, CD63). Thus, palmitoylation may be critical for assembly of the large network of cell surface tetraspanin-protein interactions, sometimes called the “tetraspanin web.” Also, compared with wild-type CD151, the tetra mutant was much more diffusely distributed and showed markedly diminished stability during biosynthesis. Finally, expression of the tetra-CD151 mutant profoundly altered α3 integrin-deficient kidney epithelial cells, such that they converted from a dispersed, elongated morphology to an epithelium-like cobblestone clustering. These results point to novel biochemical and biological functions for tetraspanin palmitoylation.
Reputation and endorsement for web services

The web services set of standards promise the dynamic creation of loosely coupled systems, such as those that are required for e-commerce applications. However, current approaches for web services lack key functionality, especially to locate, select, and bind services meeting certain criteria of quality. We propose an approach wherein software agents assist in this task by disseminating reputations and endorsements through a specialized agency, which augments the capabilities of current standards.
Electrochemical Investigation of Quinone Complexation by Lewis Acids in a Chloroaluminate Ionic Liquid

In previous work from this laboratory (1), the electrochemical behavior of 9-fluorenone in the neutral (N = 0.50) AlCl3 : 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ( EMIC ) ionic liquid has been studied. In the neutral melt, there is no appreciable amount of the Lewis acid Al2Cl7, so operations in the neutral melt provide an opportunity for investigation of the effects of other Lewis acids. The present study deals with the effect of HfCl4 addition on the electrochemical behavior of 9,10anthraquinone in the neutral melt.
Failure Criterion for Cross-Anisotropic Soils

Experimental evidence and analyses of results of three-dimensional (3D) tests show that the shape of the failure surface for soils is influenced by the intermediate principal stress, shear banding, and cross anisotropy. Presented here is a formulation of a general 3D failure criterion for cross-anisotropic soils for both nonrotating and rotating stresses. The formulation relates the loading direction to the principal directions of the cross-anisotropic microstructure of the soil. The criterion is based on a function of stress, previously used as the 3D failure criterion for isotropic frictional materials, which is set equal to a scalar that varies over a sphere. The formulation is specialized for true triaxial tests and torsion shear tests and determination of material parameters is demonstrated. The failure criterion for cross-anisotropic soils is compared with experimental results from the literature to show that it is able to capture the conditions obtained in true triaxial tests without stress rotations as well as the conditions in torsion shear tests performed to study effects of stress rotation. Sets of data from some classic true triaxial tests are reinterpreted to show their true cross-anisotropic behavior.
Flow and Turbulence Structure past a Cluster of Freshwater Mussels

AbstractFreshwater mussels are bivalve mollusks that inhabit the substrates of rivers. Their conservation is important to maintain a healthy river ecological system. The present study uses state-of-the-art experimental and numerical techniques to investigate flow and turbulence structure and to estimate the bed friction velocity distributions around a cluster of three semiburrowed mussels placed at a bottom of a flat-bed channel. The ability to describe and quantify these processes and mechanisms is a prerequisite to understanding how mussels are dislocated from the bed and to better comprehend biological aspects related to the life and role (e.g., nutrient transport) of these aquatic organisms. The large-eddy simulation (LES) study provides a detailed discussion of the flow physics and the role of large-scale coherent structures for a case in which the incoming flow is perpendicular to the shells of the mussels. For this limiting test case, strong necklace vortices develop around the upstream base of the...
Analysis of Interaction Structure Among Multiple Functional Process Variables for Process Control in Semiconductor Manufacturing

Our previous work has shown that complex interaction patterns among functional process variables (FPVs) in semiconductor manufacturing processes can indicate process condition changes. We developed a nonlinear dynamics model to describe interactions among FPVs, which was further used to monitor process condition changes. However, the interaction structure among three or more FPVs has not been thoroughly investigated for the purpose of process control. In this work, we first extend our previously developed nonlinear dynamics model by considering the autocorrelation in each FPV. A generalized least square (GLS) method is applied to estimate the extended model. The interaction structure among FPVs is represented as a complex network in which the directionality and strength of interaction are discovered from the extended nonlinear dynamics model. To validate the proposed method, we first conduct simulation study using van del Pol oscillators. Then two sets of real experimental data from chemical mechanical planarization process are used to investigate the interaction structure change over a polishing cycle. The results show that the extracted patterns of interaction structure among FPVs aid to uncover the polishing mechanisms and provide more insights for condition monitoring and diagnosis.
Using product, process, and execution metrics to predict fault-prone software modules with classification trees

Software-quality classification models can make predictions to guide improvement efforts to those modules that need it the most. Based on software metrics, a model can predict which modules will be considered fault-prone, or not. We consider a module fault-prone if any faults were discovered by customers. Useful predictions are contingent on the availability of candidate predictors that are actually related to faults discovered by customers. With a diverse set of candidate predictors in hand, classification-tree modeling is a robust technique for building such software quality models. This paper presents an empirical case study of four releases of a very large telecommunications system. The case study used the regression-tree algorithm in the S-Plus package and then applied our general decision rule to classify modules. Results showed that in addition to product metrics, process metrics and execution metrics were significant predictors of faults discovered by customers.
Reliability of a general consecutive-k-out-of-n:F system

A linear (circular) consecutive-k-out-of-n:F system consists of n components ordered on a line (circle). Each component and the system have two states: good or failed. The system fails if and only if at least k consecutive components fail. The reliability of such systems is computed. The most general case is examined without any restriction on the components. >
Television pre-views and the meaning of hype

Although commonsense notions of interpretation and the meaning-making process dictate that such practices begin following consumption of the text, this article argues that, through hype and previews, texts are pre-decoded before a text even exists. By focusing on marketing and previews surrounding two television programs, prior to release, the article examines how such paratexts create meaning, genre, style, tone and audience, and hence it argues for the significant primary power that these supposedly secondary intertexts hold over consumption. Not 'judging a book by its cover' and not `believing the hype' are cliched virtues, but this article argues that covers and hype are not so easily ignored, nor, given their considerable powers to conjure the text, should they be so easily ignored by media and cultural studies analysts.
THE CHALLENGE: RECRUITING STUDENTS TO CIVIL ENGINEERING

The job opportunities are bright in the field of engineering. The need for science and engineering personnel is expected to increase by 36% over the next 10–15 years. Civil and environmental engineers are particularly in high demand as our nation's infrastructure deteriorates and as concern over environmental issues grow. Unfortunately, enrollment in engineering schools is down across the country. Consequently, predictions of impending shortages continue. This paper examines the characteristics of this national problem and its current and future impact. Potential solutions are also highlighted.
Low-mass transmission lines for a lunar low frequency array

The cosmic Dark Ages, the period between the formation of the cosmic microwave background radiation and the formation of the first stars, is a critical stage in the evolution of our universe. During this period, the intergalactic medium consisted almost entirely of neutral Hydrogen, and consequently one of the only ways to study this epoch is through the highly redshifted 21-cm spectral line of Hydrogen. This line occurs at frequencies of tens of MHz during the Dark Ages, where sensitive observations from Earth are limited by the ionosphere, interference, and solar radio noise. The far side of the Moon offers a uniquely advantageous location for cosmological studies of the Dark Ages, but only if a low frequency radio array with sufficient collecting area can be deployed. The large area required implies a very large number of simple antennas, which in turn requires that the mass of each antenna must be very low (grams). Several designs for low-mass antennas that sit directly on the lunar regolith have been studied, and at least one design (passive dipoles deposited on thin polyimide film for easy deployment) also requires transmission lines to bring signals from each antenna to a central electronics box containing the receivers. The transmission lines may be many tens of meters in length. This paper will consider transmission line designs that are low mass and low loss, and the frequency range over which this approach is likely to be viable. For frequencies below about 10 MHz, balanced parallel-conductor transmission lines are usable over distances up to 100 meters within a factor of two of the dipole resonant frequency. At frequencies well below resonance extremely high VSWR (voltage standing wave ratio) values occur at the antenna feed point, and at higher frequencies conductor losses become prohibitive. At frequencies of several tens of MHz, superconducting material would allow low loss operation during the lunar night. Otherwise the higher frequencies will require active electronics at the individual dipole antennas.
Non-dipole effects in photoelectron angular distributions for rare gas atoms

Abstract We present a theoretical study of O(ka) and O(k2a2) corrections to the dipole approximation in photoionization of rare gas atoms, where k is the magnitude of the photon wave vector and a is the radius of the ionized subshell. In the dipole approximation, the photoelectron angular distribution is characterized by the single parameter β. The O(ka) corrections are characterized by two parameters γ and δ, and the O(k2a2) corrections are characterized by three parameters λ, μ, and ν, constrained by the relation λ + μ + ν = 0 and a correction Δβ to the dipole parameter β. Formulas are given for the non-dipole parameters in terms of reduced matrix elements of electric and magnetic multipole operators. Tables and graphs of the seven angular distribution parameters, calculated in the relativistic independent-particle approximation (IPA), are given for electron energies ranging from 20 to 5000 eV for all 41 subshells of the rare gas atoms He, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe. Tables and graphs of the O(ka) parameters are also given in the energy range 2–60 eV for the n = 3 and 4 shells of Kr, and for the n = 4 and 5 shells of Xe, where interesting non-dipole effects are found. Comparisons of the IPA calculations with correlated relativistic random-phase approximation calculations are made for selected subshells of Ar and Kr, illustrating the influence of correlation on the non-dipole parameters.
Nursing Approaches to the Mental Health of the Elderly: A Position Paper

Although geropsychiatric nursing or mental health nursing with the elderly (MHNE) can be conceived of as a new subspecialty in psychiatric mental health nursing, in essence it is as old as nursing itself, for caring for people of all ages has always been within the purview of nursing. Today, however, in the more developed countries, older adults have increased both in numbers and in sophistication. These two changes have altered mental health care for the elderly. For example, mental health professionals now recognize that the elderly have an image problem which leads to underutilization of existing services. Psychiatric mental health nursing as a whole is questioning the nature of its practice and its place both within academic settings, and within the health care service delivery system. This paper explores the future possibilities and choices for the new subspecialty, mental health nursing with the elderly.
Robust Region-of-Attraction Estimation

We propose a method to compute invariant subsets of the region-of-attraction for asymptotically stable equilibrium points of polynomial dynamical systems with bounded parametric uncertainty. Parameter-independent Lyapunov functions are used to characterize invariant subsets of the robust region-of-attraction. A branch-and-bound type refinement procedure reduces the conservatism. We demonstrate the method on an example from the literature and uncertain controlled short-period aircraft dynamics.
The combined effect of age and body mass index on outcomes in foregut surgery: a regression model analysis of the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program data

In a parallel demographic phenomenon, the elderly and obese populations will become a larger part of our population and surgical practices. The elderly obese surgical risk profile is not clearly defined, although studies have confirmed their independent negative effect on surgical outcomes. Benign foregut surgery is a relatively common complex procedure performed on this demographic and warrants deeper investigation into outcomes. We investigate the synergistic effect of age and body mass index (BMI) on the outcomes of benign foregut surgery. Data from National Surgical Quality Improvement Program were collected for all patients undergoing foregut surgery from 2005 to 2012. Subjects were over 18 years of age and 16 BMI. Primary and secondary outcomes were 30-day mortality and overall 30-day morbidity, respectfully. Binary logistic regression models were used to assess independent and interactive effects of age and BMI. A total of 19,547 patients had an average age and BMI of 57 and 29.7, respectively. Sample 30-day mortality was 0.32 %. Every 10-year age increase led to a 46 % increased odds of mortality. BMI showed a bimodal distribution with underweight and morbidly obese patients having increased mortality. The effect of BMI only became apparent with increasing age. Both age and BMI are independent predictors of mortality; only older patients experienced the bimodal BMI effect. Therefore, increasing age and BMI have a synergistic effect on outcomes after foregut operations.
Factors contributing to the collision cross section of polyatomic ions in the kilodalton to gigadalton range: application to ion mobility measurements.

The projected superposition approximation (PSA) method was used to theoretically evaluate the factors contributing to the cross section measured in ion mobility experiments and to study how the significance of these factors varies with ion size from diglycine to a 1 μm oil droplet. Thousands of PSA calculations for ∼400 different molecules in the temperature range from 80 to 700 K revealed that the molecular framework made up of atomic hard spheres is, as expected, a major component of the cross section. However, the ion–buffer gas interaction is almost equally important for very small peptides, and although its significance decreases with increasing ion size, interaction is still a factor for megadalton ions. An additional major factor is the ion shape: Fully convex ions drifting in a buffer gas have a minimal frictional resisting force, whereas the resisting force increases with degree of ion surface concaveness. This added resistance is small for peptides and larger for proteins and increases the ion m...
The Torture Memo

The people who work in the Eisenhower Executive Office Building on Pennsylvania Avenue, next to the West Wing of the White House, stand out for their seriousness even in a city not known for its joie de vivre. Yet the building itself has a rakish charm, with exterior walls made of granite and cast iron, its architectural roots in the French Renaissance. Inside, it has the feel of a slightly seedy, Old World-style Gramercy Park hotel. Attorney Timothy E. Flanigan, a senior administration official, worked on the second floor of the building from 2001 to 2002. He had acted as deputy of the Justice Department’s Office of Legal Counsel in the first Bush administration1 and was an advisor during President George W. Bush’s campaign—along with a young legal scholar named John C. Yoo—steering Bush on legal issues that came to include the Florida recount.2
Blue Light Protects Against Temporal Frequency Sensitive Refractive Changes.

PURPOSE Time spent outdoors is protective against myopia. The outdoors allows exposure to short-wavelength (blue light) rich sunlight, while indoor illuminants can be deficient at short-wavelengths. In the current experiment, we investigate the role of blue light, and temporal sensitivity, in the emmetropization response. METHODS Five-day-old chicks were exposed to sinusoidal luminance modulation of white light (with blue; N = 82) or yellow light (without blue; N = 83) at 80% contrast, at one of six temporal frequencies: 0, 0.2, 1, 2, 5, 10 Hz daily for 3 days. Mean illumination was 680 lux. Changes in ocular components and corneal curvature were measured. RESULTS Refraction, eye length, and choroidal changes were dependent on the presence of blue light (P 1 D) at high frequencies, and a myopic shift (>-0.6 D) at low frequencies. With blue light there was little difference in eye growth across frequencies (77 μm), while in the absence of blue light, eyes grew more at low temporal frequencies and less at high temporal frequencies (10 vs. 0.2 Hz: 145 μm; P < 0.003). Overall, neonatal astigmatism was reduced with blue light. CONCLUSIONS Illuminants rich in blue light can protect against myopic eye growth when the eye is exposed to slow changes in luminance contrast as might occur with near work.
Evaluation of Contemporary Trends in Femoral Neck Fracture Management Reveals Discrepancies in Treatment.

Background:Recent evidence supports total hip arthroplasty (THA) as compared to hemiarthroplasty (HA) for the management of displaced femoral neck fractures in a significant subset of elderly patie...
Can ethanol therapies injure the bile ducts

Administration of ethanol, whether applied directly to tissue or via an intra-arterial route, has been widely used to treat a variety of hepatic disorders, most importantly hepatocellular carcinoma. Animal studies, however, have demonstrated that intravascular hepatic ethanol therapy causes significant bile duct injury, and therefore, many centers have used intravascular ethanol applications with caution. A case of extensive bile duct injury in a 35-year-old female with a symptomatic hepatic hemangioma treated with ethanol embolization is presented. Although a seemingly rare complication, the possibility of bile duct injury should be considered prior to planned ethanol liver treatment, and a high index of suspicion should be maintained should signs of hepatic dysfunction subsequently arise.
IMAGES IN CLINICAL MEDICINE. Milk of Urate Bulla.

A 71-year-old man with a history of gout and renal transplantation presented with a new blister overlying the second interphalangeal joint just distal to a preexisting tophus on his hand. Examination of the fluid showed sheets of negatively birefringent crystals.
The Temporal Structure of Event Descriptions

The events that the children in this study were asked to describe all possess a degree of inherent temporal structure, although the extent of such structure varies across the events. For example, making cookies involves a reasonably invariant sequence of events, whereas birthday parties are to some extent temporally variable in that the order of opening gifts, playing, and eating cake is flexible. On the other hand, candles are always blown out before cake is eaten, preparations are made before guests arrive, cake is eaten before guests go home, and so on. Because temporal structure is an inherent aspect of these activities, the claim that preschoolers understand or are familiar with the activities suggests that they also understand the temporal organization of the events. Thus we could expect to find linguistic expression of this temporal understanding in children’s descriptions of the activities. Such an expectation, however, receives little support from previous literature.
Resilience, Political Ecology, and Power: Convergences, Divergences, and the Potential for a Postanarchist Geographical Imagination

Over the past three decades, resilience has emerged as an ecological concept that has transformed the way international development is conceptualized. However, it is only recently that the topic has been approached within the geography literature. In this article, I trace the linkages between resilience as an ecological concept and an emerging framework in political geography, its relationship to the field of political ecology, and the potential of a postanarchist geography in bridging the extant gap between these areas of study. To do this, I focus on the different conceptualizations of power prevalent in resilience scholarship and political ecology and offer a postanarchist conceptualization as a potential bridging point that can address the concerns of both of the fields.
Effect of Protein Dynamics and Solvent in Ligand Recognition by Promiscuous Aminoglycoside-Modifying Enzymes

Abstract This article reviews dynamic and thermodynamic aspects of the interactions between various aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (AGMEs) and their antibiotic ligands. Such global thermodynamic properties as enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs energy, and binding protonation are compared and discussed in terms of functional-group dependence on antibiotics and the influence of the presence of a cofactor. The change in heat capacity as a result of antibiotic binding and the role of solvent in AGME–antibiotic complexation are described for two of the most promiscuous AGMEs, the aminoglycoside acetyltransferase(3)-IIIb [AAC(3)-IIIb] and the aminoglycoside phosphotransferase(3′)-IIIa [APH(3′)-IIIa]. A surprising and highly significant, temperature- and aminoglycoside-dependent interplay of changes in low-frequency vibrational modes of the protein, and solvent reorganization, on the thermodynamics of ligand–protein interactions and the dynamic properties of the protein is described. Overall, this article sets out to link antibiotic promiscuity with changes in enzyme dynamics and solvent. Despite a wide range of sequence homology, these properties appear to be common among AGMEs thus far studied and may be extrapolated to other promiscuous protein–ligand systems.
Prospective, multi-institutional surgical and quality-of-life outcomes comparison of heavyweight, midweight, and lightweight mesh in open ventral hernia repair

Abstract Background Mesh choice in open ventral hernia repair (OVHR) remains controversial. Our aim was to analyze prospective outcomes among heavyweight, midweight, and lightweight (LW) mesh. Methods A study of the International Hernia Mesh Registry was performed for OVHR. Operative details, complications, recurrence, and quality of life (QOL) at 1, 6, 12, 24, and 36 months were evaluated. Results There were 549 OVHRs, 99 using heavyweight, 262 midweight, and 188 LW mesh. Heavyweight group had larger defects ( P ≤ .008). Midweight patients had fewer superficial surgical site infections ( P = .04) and shorter LOS ( P P = .71). After controlling for surgical location, component separation, and preoperative pain with multivariate analysis, LW mesh was associated with an overall worse QOL at 6 months and pain at 1 year. Conclusions MW mesh had fewer superficial surgical site infections and shorter LOS. After controlling for potential confounding variables, LW mesh had a worse QOL at 6 and 12 months.