cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Glutathione S-transferases from larval Manduca sexta midgut: Sequence of two cdnas and enzyme induction

Abstract Two glutathione S-transferase (GST) clones from a larval midgut cDNA library of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta were sequenced. The nucleotide sequence of the first clone, M. sexta GST1, encoded a protein of 217 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 24,644 and isoelectric point of 4.8. The M. sexta GST1 was 45.9–48.6% identical to GSTs from Musca domestica and several Drosophila species. The M. sexta GST2 cDNA encoded a protein of 203 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 23,596 and isoelectric point of 5.5. The M. sexta GST2 shared 44.8–50.0% sequence identity to a second cluster of insect GSTs from M. domestica, D. melanogaster and Anopheles gambiae. GST1 and GST2 were only 24.1% identical in amino acid sequence. The divergence of these two classes of insect GSTs occurred before the radiation of Diptera and Lepidoptera. Northern analysis of the expression of these GSTs showed increased GST1 mRNA levels in midguts of larvae fed diets containing 2-undecanone, or phenobarbital. Midgut and fat body cytosolic GST activities were induced when larvae were fed diets containing 2-tridecanone, 2-undecanone, or phenobarbital. Partial purification of midgut GSTs by size-exclusion and glutathione affinity chromatography resulted in a series of isoelectric focusing bands, with the major one corresponding to the predicted isoelectric point of the M. sexta GST1. In summary, two midgut GSTs have been identified on the basis of cDNA sequence and one of these, GST1, was inducible by dietary chemicals.
The circadian pattern of cardiac autonomic modulation in a middle-aged population

Objectives To examine the circadian pattern of cardiac autonomic modulation (CAM) and its attributes in general population.
Analysis of fatigue crack propagation behavior in fillet welded T-joint

Abstract In the fatigue analysis, the crack growth behavior in a two-dimensional welded T-joint was studied both numerically and experimentally. The geometric parameters were weld size, initial crack orientation and unsupported flange length. Crack growth direction was predicted using the minimum strain energy density factor theory. The results show that even though the fillet size and initial crack orientation affected the crack growth in the early stage, the cracks tended to converge when they entered the far-field stress region. This observation shows the initial period of crack growth could be distinguished from the rest of the propagation due to its crack growth behavior. There was reasonable agreement between the predicted and the experimentally observed crack growth paths. A correlation between the crack growth rate and the driving force parameter range was obtained for a T-joint constructed from hot-rolled AISI 1035 steel. A separate study showed that grain size had an insignificant effect on fatigue strength of the edge-cracked plate model.
507 Warren-zeppa Distal Splenorenal Shunts: A 34-year Experience

Objective: To define the long-term characteristics, prognostic factors, and outcomes of patients undergoing selective splenorenal shunting procedures for portal hypertension-induced recurrent upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Materials and Methods: A retrospective evaluation of a prospectively collected data set. Results: From June 1971 through May 2005, 507 Warren-Zeppa shunts were performed at a single institution. Indications included: alcoholic cirrhosis, 52.6%; viral cirrhosis, 21.8%; cryptogenic cirrhosis. 8.4%: autoimmune cirrhosis, 5.8%; and other causes, 6.3%. Median survival was 81 months (5-year survival, 58.9%; 10-year survival, 34.4%; 20-year survival, 12.5%). patients with portal vein thrombosis and biliary cirrhosis demonstrated better survival than others (P = 0.03), while patients with alcoholic cirrhosis trended toward worse survival than those with nonalcoholic causes (P = 0.11). Multivariate analysis of preoperative risk factors found body hair loss (hazard ratio, 17.3; P > 0.005), preoperative encephalopathy (hazard ratio, 1.93; P > 0.003), diuretic use (hazard ratio, 1.43; P > 0.003), and age (hazard ratio, 1.02 per year of age; P > 0.051) were independent predictors of poor long-term survival. Multivariate analysis of operative factors demonstrated blood loss 0.001) was the only independent predictor of poor prognosis. Conclusions: The Warren-Zeppa shunt provides long-term survival and control of bleeding in most patients with portal hypertension. Excellent long-term survival can be obtained in properly selected patients with portal hypertension and relatively spared hepatic function.
Detection of Salmonella typhimurium using phage-based magnetostrictive sensor

This article presents a contactless, remote sensing Salmonella typhimurium sensor based on the principle of magnetostriction. Magnetostrictive materials have been used widely for various types of sensor systems. In this work, the use of a magnetostrictive material for the detection of Salmonella typhimurium has been established. The mass of the bacteria attached to the sensor causes changes in the resonance frequency of the sensor. Filamentous bacteriophage was used as a probe order to ensure specific and selective binding of the bacteria onto the sensor surface. Thus changes in response of the sensor due to the mass added onto the sensor caused by specific attachment of bacteria can be monitored in absence of any contact to the sensor. The response of the sensor due to increasing concentrations (from 5x101 to 5x108 cfu/ml) of the bacteria was studied. A reduction in the physical dimensions enhances the sensitivity of these sensors and hence different dimensions of the sensor ribbons were studied. For a 2mm x 0.1mm x 0.02mm the detection limit was observed to be of the order of 104 cfu/mL and for a sensor of 1mm x 0.2mm x 0.02mm a reduced detection limit of 103 cfu/mL was achieved.© (2006) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A human DNA-binding protein is methylation-specific and sequence-specific

A nuclear protein isolated from human placenta, methylated DNA-binding protein (MDBP), binds selectively to DNA enriched in 5-methylcytosine. We now demonstrate that MDBP is a sequence-specific, as well as methylation-specific, DNA-binding protein. From ten restriction fragments of pBR322 DNA methylated with human DNA methyltransferase, one was bound to MDBP very much more strongly than any of the others. For this preferential binding to MDBP, the DNA had to be methylated. By a DNase I protection experiment (DNase I footprinting), a 22-base sequence within this methylated restriction fragment was shown to be specifically protected by MDBP. The sequence-specificity of MDBP coupled with its dependence on DNA methylation suggests that this is one of the proteins which modulates important functions of human DNA methylation in vivo.
Some aspects of the metabolism of a partially colloidal substrate

The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of a complex, partially colloidal substrate is divided into oxidation (fo) and synthesis (fs) fractions. The substrate being investigated is a suspension containing 10 mg./l. of dry skim milk. The oxidized and synthesized fractions of the BOD are shown to be 38.4% and 61.6%, respectively. The division of BOD is related to the time at which maximum cell growth appears. The time required to obtain maximum cell production is shown to be at least 10 hr. The relationship between the time to maximum cell production and the apparent initial activity of the seed organisms is discussed.
Physics and applications of medical imaging

The discovery of x rays by Wilhelm Rontgen in 1895 opened new pathways for the detection and diagnosis of disease in humans. Before this discovery, most diagnoses were made from a verbal description of the patient’s history and symptoms, combined with the use of the physician’s senses to detect peculiar odors, unusual visual signs, abnormal sounds, unnatural physical sensations, and, occasionally, odd tastes. X rays provided a novel approach to patient examination whereby the physician could study the internal anatomy and physiology of the patient. Today, x rays are used in hospitals, clinics, offices, and emergency facilities worldwide, and contribute essential information for the detection and diagnosis of a wide spectrum of illnesses and injuries in millions of patients each year.
STEM learning research through a funds of knowledge lens

This article examines STEM learning as a cultural process with a focus on non-dominant communities. Building on my work in funds of knowledge and mathematics education, I present three vignettes to raise some questions around connections between in-school and out-of-school mathematics. How do we define competence? How do task and environment affect engagement? What is the role of affect, language, and cognition in different settings? These vignettes serve to highlight the complexity of moving across different domains of STEM practice—everyday life, school, and STEM disciplines. Based on findings from occupational interviews I discuss characteristics of learning and engaging in everyday practices and propose several areas for further research, including the nature of everyday STEM practices, valorization of knowledge, language choice, and different forms of engagement.
Reduction of stimulation-produced analgesia by lysergic acid diethylamide, a depressor of serotonergic neural activity

MAYER Neurobiology and Anesthesiology Branch, National Institute of Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. 20014 and Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va. 23298 (U.S.A.) (Accepted November 18th, 1976) it is now well known that electrical stimulation of the mesencephalic centrai gray matter in the region of the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) produces a profound behavioral analgesia in rat22, 25, cat 26,z8 and monkey 11,a7. In man, stimulation of areas of the periaqueductal gray matter also relieves both chronic clinical and acute experimental pain aS. A number of observations suggest that serotonin participates in the production of this analgesia. Akil and Mayer a have shown that stimulation-produced analgesia (SPA) can be reduced in the rat by p-chlorophenylalanine (p-CPA), a serotonin syn- thesis inhibitor. Reduction in SPA was greater for stimulation sites closer to the DRN, a densely serotonergic neural aggregate 7, thereby further implicating an involvement of this monoamine. Reduction of SPA by p-CPA can also be reversed by the adminis- tration of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), the precursor of serotonin 2. Electrical stimulation of the central gray matter has also been shown to have effects at an electrophysiological level. Liebeskind and coworkers ~a,20 have demon- strated in the cat that this stimulation inhibits the responsiveness of dorsal horn lamina V cells to noxious stimuli. They reported that D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) antagonized this inhibition. Although stimulation at many sites within and adjacent to the central gray was effective in inhibiting the responses of lamina V cells to noxious stimuli, LSD greatly reduced the inhibitory effects of only stimulation sites in the immediate vicinity of the serotonergic DRN. Data are also available showing that the closer the electrode is to the DRN of the cat, the greater the magnitude of SPA at a given current intensity a0. These observations, coupled with the demonstration that LSD is a directly acting and potent inhibitor of neural activity of the serotonin-containing neurons of the DRN 14, led us to examine the behavioral effect of LSD on SPA. If LSD were to antagonize SPA it would: (1) provide additional data on the possible role of serotonin systems in this phenomenon and (2) demonstrate that previous electrophysiological observations of the effects of LSD on nociceptive neurons have a behavioral correlate. In these experiments, 90-day-old, male Holtzman rats were implanted with a
The post sepsis-induced expansion and enhanced function of regulatory T cells create an environment to potentiate tumor growth.

One of the more insidious outcomes of patients who survive severe sepsis is profound immunosuppression. In this study, we addressed the hypothesis that post septic immune defects were due, in part, to the presence and/or expansion of regulatory T cells (Tregs). After recovery from severe sepsis, mice exhibited significantly higher numbers of Tregs, which exerted greater in vitro suppressive activity compared with controls. The expansion of Tregs was not limited to CD25+ cells, because Foxp3 expression was also detected in CD25− cells from post septic mice. This latter group exhibited a significant increase of chromatin remodeling at the Foxp3 promoter, because a marked increase in acetylation at H3K9 was associated with an increase in Foxp3 transcription. Post septic splenic dendritic cells promoted Treg conversion in vitro. Using a solid tumor model to explore the function of Tregs in an in vivo setting, we found post septic mice showed an increase in tumor growth compared with sham-treated mice with a syngeneic tumor model. This observation could mechanistically be related to the ability of post septic Tregs to impair the antitumor response mediated by CD8+ T cells. Together, these data show that the post septic immune system obstructs tumor immunosurveillance, in part, by augmented Treg expansion and function.
Enriched rearing facilitates spatial exploration in northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) neonates.

Rearing with enriched environmental complexity has been shown to enhance spatial exploration and spatial learning, among other benefits. Most studies examining enriched rearing effects have used extended periods of exposure in mammals; little is known about enrichment effects on avian species. We provided objects designed to encourage spatial exploration to socially raised northern bobwhite neonates; controls were socially raised without the enrichment devices. After 3-5 days of exposure, maze performance was assessed for 48 chicks. Chicks in the enriched group showed significantly more spatial activity in the maze than control chicks. These results extend the generality of spatial enrichment effects to birds and to a relatively short duration of enrichment exposure. 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 49: 548-551, 2007.
COLLISIONS OF ELECTRONS WITH HYDROGEN ATOMS. VI. ANGULAR DISTRIBUTION IN ELASTIC SCATTERING

The angular distribution of electrons scattered elastically by hydrogen atoms was determined for electron energies below 10 ev. The elastically scattered electrons arising from the interaction of crossed electron and modulated hydrogen-atom beams were examined over an angular range extending from 30 to 120 deg. The results are discussed with reference to other recent experimental and theoretical developments. (auth)
IDENTIFICATION OF THE C30H16 POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON BENZO[cd]NAPHTHO[1,2,3-lm]PERYLENE AS A PRODUCT OF THE SUPERCRITICAL PYROLYSIS OF A SYNTHETIC JET FUEL

Using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet-visible (UV) diode-array and mass spectrometric detection, we have analyzed the products of a Fischer-Tropsch synthetic jet fuel pyrolyzed, under supercritical conditions, at 710°C and 42 atm. An eight-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, benzo[cd]naphtho[1,2,3-lm]perylene, has been unequivocally identified among the product components by its characteristic ultraviolet-visible absorbance spectrum. First, the unknown product component's HPLC elution behavior and UV absorbance characteristics indicated that it was a planar benzologue of dibenzo[cd,lm]perylene, having a high length-to-breadth ratio. Next, the mass spectrum established the isomer family of the unknown compound as C30H16. The UV absorption spectrum was then progressively analyzed with different solvents to achieve the final identification of benzo[cd]naphtho[1,2,3-lm]perylene. Benzo[cd]naphtho[1,2,3-lm]perylene has never before been reported as a product in any combustion or py...
A Sociodemographic Risk Index.

In this paper, we conceptualize and develop an index of sociodemographic risk that we hypothesize will be an improvement over the standard poverty measure as a measure of risk for children’s development. The poverty line is widely used in government statistics and in research but is also widely acknowledged to have multiple shortcomings. Using recent data from the National Survey of America’s Families, we develop and examine a Sociodemographic Risk Index for two potential purposes: (a) to serve as a summary indicator of children’s environments that affect their well-being, and (b) to serve as a variable that can be used to identify at-risk subgroups of children whose well-being should be examined separately in indicator reports. Based on substantial research on children’s development, we chose five variables for the index: family income, family structure, parent education, family size, and home ownership. An additive sociodemographic risk index using these variables is strongly associated with multiple measures of child well-being in both bivariate and multivariate analyses. Hence, it serves as a good marker of risk for children and therefore as an indicator that could be monitored over time, across groups, and across places, as well as a variable that could be used to identify subgroups of at-risk children whose well-being should be monitored. However, analyses do not indicate that it performs better at identifying at-risk children than the current poverty measure. Therefore, we recommend the Sociodemographic Risk Index primarily as an additional summary indicator to be monitored, rather than as a replacement for the poverty measure.
Rendering the transient hot wire experimental method to dual-phase applications

The Transient Hot Wire method is well established as the most accurate, reliable and robust technique for evaluating the thermal conductivity of fluids and solids [3, 12, 14, 15, 18]. Unfortunately its direct application to dual-phase systems such as solid suspensions in fluids or porous media cannot be supported by the very principles and methodology underlying this method. The derivation of possible ways of rendering the transient hot wire method to dual-phase applications including the development of validity criteria for such applications is proposed and discussed.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
The roles of humans and computers in distributed planning for dynamic domains

The requirements and issues associated with computational representations for planning extend beyond those apparent in real-time control, where a substantial, existing research literature informs designers. To assist in the identification of requirements for planning representations, this paper provides two resources: (1) a theoretical foundation drawn from computer science and (2) illustrations of representations and corresponding work practice for real-time control and planning for the US Shuttle program. Together, these resources illustrate the human role in the planning process, and the need for work practices and information that combine to assist human operators in interpreting a representation that is loosely coupled to the physical world while shared among and modified by multiple participants in the planning process.
Effects of irrigation on seed production and vegetative characteristics of four moist-soil plants on impounded wetlands in California

We examined the effects of irrigation on 4 moist-soil plants commonly managed for waterfowl in the Sacramento Valley, California. Irrigation resulted in taller and heavier swamp timothy (Heleochloa schoenoides), pricklegrass (Crypsis niliaca), and sprangletop (Leptochloa fasicularis). Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crusgalli) grew taller in irrigated wetlands, but no significant difference in weight was detected. Only sprangletop yielded larger seed masses in response to irrigation. Without irrigation, swamp timothy and pricklegrass assumed a typical prostrate growth form, but with irrigation, they assumed a vertical growth form. Irrigation did not significantly affect plant density. Because of rising water costs, wetland managers should consider wildlife management objectives and plant responses before implementing irrigation practices.
Conformational energy calculations with averaged potential functions: Application to the repeat peptides of elastin

We present a method that can reduce conformational energy calculations for an arbitrary peptide consisting of n residues (n-peptide) to the complexity of a computation for (Gly)n. This reduction, and the concomitant savings in computer time, is accomplished by replacing all side chains, as well as the backbone CαHα and CαH2α groups, by “interaction centers.” The backbone CONH group is left intact in order to preserve its directional character. The interaction centers “see” each other, and the atoms of the CONH group via Boltzmann and space-averaged effective center-center and center-atom potentials, respectively. This averaged-interaction method is tested on the repeat tetra-, penta-, and hexapeptides of elastin, Val-Pro-Gly-Gly (VPGG), Val-Pro-Gly-Val-Gly (VPGVP), and Ala-Pro-Gly-Val-Gly-Val (APGVGV), using the stereoalphabet strategy for the energy calculations. The excellent qualitative and quantitative agreement we obtain with both full atom-atom calculations and extensive nmr data, coupled with the order-of-magnitude reduction in computer time, augurs well for the potential usefulness of the method.
Three-dimensional computer reconstruction and display of neuronal structure

Shaded, three-dimensional images of microscopic neuronal structures are generated using a special computer graphics system known as THREAD (Three-Dimensional Reconstruction Aand Display). This system uses both a computer and its associated image processing hard-ware and specialized computer software to produce both line-drawings (contour-grams) and shaded images obtained from 35 mm film negatives of cross-sectional images of microscopic neuronal structures. The resulting image is displayed on a TV monitor in either color or black and white and can be rotated to view all surfaces. Structural volume and planar surface areas are also evaluated during the procedure. Examples of a brainstem region and of a neuron nucleolus are presented.
Off the plane and into the classroom: A phenomenological explication of international teaching assistants' experiences in the American classroom

Abstract In this paper phenomenology is used to explicate the teaching experiences of international teaching assistants in the American classroom. Six international teaching assistants from England, Thailand, Japan, and China were interviewed, and common themes of teaching experiences were derived. These common themes were broken down into two main “meaning clusters”: (a) technical teaching difficulties, consisting of the common themes of instructional preparation, classroom procedures, English usage, and American students; and (b) intercultural difficulties, consisting of the common themes of cultural awareness and interpersonal communication. The paper concludes with the authors suggesting ways in which international teaching assistants can be helped to adapt to their new environment.
Abstract B70: Histone deacetylase inhibitors reverse EMT phenotype and chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer cell lines

Background: The epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a cell development program charyyacterized by loss of cell adhesion, repression of E‐cadherin expression, and increased cell motility regulated by transcription factors and noncoding microRNAs. Recently we reported that EMT may contribute to gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are a new class of antineoplastic agents that have been shown to have a number of antitumor effects including enhanced differentiation of cancer cells. The aims of this study were to determine the potential role of HDACi in regulating EMT and in overcoming gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer cell lines. Methods: SAHA (HDACi) and gemcitabine were tested against a panel of 7 human pancreatic cancer cell lines. Apoptotic cell death was measured by flow cytometry/propidium iodine staining (PIFACS). Cell lines were considered resistant if Results: 4 cell lines were identified as resistant. Unsupervised hierarchical analysis of all cell lines demonstrated accurate clustering of cell lines based on gemcitabine sensitivity. E‐cadherin and Zeb‐1 expression were highly correlated with gemcitabine sensitivity. E‐cadherin was increased in chemosensitive and decreased in chemoresistant cell lines; zeb‐1 was inversely correlated to E‐cadherin. As a potential regulator of zeb‐1 expression, miR 200c was evaluated and found to closely correlate inversely with Zeb‐1 level and drug sensitivity. Silencing of Zeb‐1 led to increased E‐cadherin expression and increased sensitivity to gemcitabine. Silencing of E‐cadherin in chemosensitive cells did not induce chemoresistance. Pre‐treatment of resistant pancreatic cancer cell lines with SAHA led to decreased expression of Zeb‐1, increased expression of E‐cadherin and mir200c. Importantly it increased sensitivity to gemcitabine. Microarray analysis of resistant pancreatic cell lines after treatment with SAHA demonstrated that these lines now clustered with the sensitive pancreas cell lines. Conclusion: We identified a close association between the expression of miR200c, E‐cadherin level, Zeb‐1 level, epithelial phenotype and chemosensitivity to gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer cell lines. Interestingly, pre‐treatment of resistant cells with SAHA increased miR200c and E‐cadherin levels and increased sensitivity to gemcitabine. It appears that combined therapy with HDAC inhibitors and gemcitabine increases chemosensitivity in resistant cell lines and may be a target for overcoming chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(12 Suppl):B70.
Prevalence of Bartonella species, hemoplasmas, and Rickettsia felis DNA in blood and fleas of cats in Bangkok, Thailand.

Flea infestations are common in Thailand, but little is known about the flea-borne infections. Fifty flea pools and 153 blood samples were collected from client-owned cats between June and August 2009 from veterinary hospitals in Bangkok, Thailand. Total DNA was extracted from all samples, and then assessed by conventional PCR assays. The prevalence rates of Bartonella spp. in blood and flea samples were 17% and 32%, respectively, with DNA of Bartonella henselae and Bartonella clarridgeiae being amplified most commonly. Bartonella koehlerae DNA was amplified for the first time in Thailand. Hemoplasma DNA was amplified from 23% and 34% of blood samples and flea pools, respectively, with ‘Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum’ and Mycoplasma haemofelis being detected most frequently. All samples were negative for Rickettsia felis. Prevalence rate of B. henselae DNA was increased 6.9 times in cats with flea infestation. Cats administered flea control products were 4.2 times less likely to be Bartonella-infected.
THE HISTORICAL MANUFACTURE OF BLUE-COLOURED PAPER

Summary This review article presents historical and technical information concerning European blue paper manufacture until the introduction of aniline dyes in the late 19th century. It summarizes important aspects of three major colouring methods, namely the use of blue coloured rags, the dyeing of paper pulp and the addition of pigments to the pulp. Each of these colouring methods is presented in a separate section. Less important, but no less interesting methods such as the tinting of papers after their manufacture are also given attention. Since the production of purple paper is closely associated with blue paper manufacture, it is included in the review. For the same reason, the ‘blueing’ of white paper is also given consideration. In order to provide the appropriate historical context, the text is prefaced by an introduction to the traditional uses of blue paper and its precursors.
Promoting Successful Mainstreaming Transitions for Handicapped Preschool Children

Successful transitions of preschool children with handicaps to integrated preschools or kindergartens may be promoted by teachers who know the setting characteristics and behavioral demands of future mainstream environments. This article summarizes research findings on teachers' classroom organization, behavioral characteristics of most and least independent children in mainstream settings, and differences in the instructional environment between mainstream and special preschools.
Bayesian optimal design in population models for haematologic data

We introduce a population model to design optimal apheresis schedules to collect blood stem cells from cancer patients. Blood stem cells are collected prior to the patient undergoing high-dose chemoradiotherapy and are returned after this treatment to enable reconstitution of the white blood cell components. Maximizing the number of cells collected in as few aphereses as possible is desirable. We use a longitudinal data model with random effects to describe profiles of individual patients. A hierarchical prior model introduces common mean profiles for patients undergoing different treatments. We find the optimal apheresis schedule for a new patient by minimizing an expected loss over the posterior predictive distribution of the patient's predicted CD34 profile. We implement estimation of the model and solution of the optimal design problem by a simulation approach, which allows us to accommodate arbitrary shapes for the profiles and realistic loss functions that include relative penalties for the number of scheduled stem cell collections and for collecting fewer than a specified target quantity of total collected stem cells.
Gynecologic Pathology in the Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta): II. Findings in Laboratory and Free-Ranging Monkeys

The most prevalent findings in reproductive tracts of 38 laboratory and 17 free-ranging Rhesus female monkeys were vaginitis, cervicitis, metritis, pelvic endometriosis and uterine adenomyosis. Several monkeys had cervical dysplasia and one had a serous cystadenoma. The findings in the two groups were similar although prevalence for several diseases differed. There was a significant relationship between the occurrence of vaginitis, metritis, adenomyosis and endometriosis and gravidity, time since last pregnancy, number of matings, hysterotomies, reproductive ability and reproductive status.
High Energy Positrons and the WMAP Haze from Exciting Dark Matter

We consider the signals of positrons and electrons from ``exciting'' dark matter annihilation. Because of the light (${m}_{\ensuremath{\phi}}\ensuremath{\lesssim}1\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$) force carrier $\ensuremath{\phi}$ into which the dark matter states can annihilate, the electrons and positrons are generally very boosted, yielding a hard spectrum, in addition to the low energy positrons needed for INTEGRAL observations of the Galactic center. We consider the relevance of this scenario for HEAT, PAMELA, and the WMAP ``haze,'' focusing on light (${m}_{\ensuremath{\phi}}\ensuremath{\lesssim}2{m}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}$) $\ensuremath{\phi}$ bosons, and find that significant signals can be found for all three, although significant signals generally require high dark matter densities. We find that measurements of the positron fraction are generally insensitive to the halo model, but do suffer significant astrophysical uncertainties. We discuss the implications for upcoming PAMELA results.
PCR-based method for detecting viral penetration of medical exam gloves.

The test approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for assessment of the barrier quality of medical exam gloves includes visual inspection and a water leak test. Neither method tests directly the ability of gloves to prevent penetration by microorganisms. Methods that use microorganisms (viruses and bacteria) to test gloves have been developed but require classical culturing of the organism to detect it. We have developed a PCR assay for bacteriophage φX174 that allows the rapid detection of penetration of gloves by this virus. The method is suitable for use with both latex and synthetic gloves. The presence of glove powder on either latex or synthetic gloves had no effect on the ability of the PCR assay to detect bacteriophage DNA. The assay is rapid, sensitive, and inexpensive; requires only small sample volumes; and can be automated.
Storylines As a Neglected Cause of Crime

Researchers usually explain individual offending in terms of background factors like low self-control and association with delinquent peers. Such factors reflect the routine or typical aspects of the individual's life over an extended period of time and they influence the individual's predisposition for crime. Researchers also sometimes explain offending in terms of situational factors, which reflect the features of the situation immediately before a crime occurs and influence the commission of crime in that situation. But that temporal level between background and situational factors is largely ignored. The author refers to this level as “storylines.” Storylines begin with some event that is out of the ordinary, and this event temporarily alters the individual's characteristics, interactions, and/or settings for interaction inways that increase the likelihood of crime. This article draws on the qualitative research on crime and the leading crime theories to identify the major storylines conducive to crim...
Non-intrusive Techniques for Enhancing Decentralized Data Storage with Strategic GIS Visualization

The benefits offered by graphic visualizations of spatial data are difficult to reap when that data is physically distributed throughout an organization. If rank-and-file employees maintain addresses of clients on their personal workstations, for instance, it is impossible for strategic decision-makers to analyze this data en masse. Converting the entire organization to a centralized system would of course enable the strategic analysis. But this involves a number of drawbacks: devoting hours of employee time to training on a new system; costly and possibly error-prone data migration; and the disruption of the workflow already in place for individual workers.In this paper, we present a completely open-source GIS solution deployed in actual practice that offers spatial visualization of distributed address data without disturbing current business practices. We describe how this approach can be adapted to other settings, and give practical tips for practitioners.
Can different combinations of natural tags identify river herring natal origin at different levels of stock structure

We compared the accuracy of different combinations of natural markers, specifically otolith elemental (Sr:Ca and Ba:Ca) and isotopic ratios (87:86Sr) with and without genetic stock constraints to evaluate their ability to distinguish among anadromous river herring (i.e., alewife, Alosa pseudoharengus, and blueback herring, Alosa aestivalis) populations from their US ranges. Model accuracy increased when constrained to a regional level by genetic stocks. Both species were misclassified to sites up to 1000 km from their collection location when only otolith chemistry was used. The inclusion of genetic constraints improved reclassification rates, and the longer time scale of genetic variation makes this method less sensitive to interannual variation. We recommend the combined approach of otolith chemistry and genetics as a means to trace river herring in marine bycatch back to river of origin.
Next generation of seafloor samplers

The University of Washington, Seattle, has successfully completed the first stage of a proposed multiphase program to develop small rock drills as a new generation of seafloor sampling tools. Phase I of this program, a basic 3-m drill, was funded by the National Science Foundation, the Office of Naval Research, and Washington Sea Grant. The drill was designed and built for the university by Williamson and Associates of Seattle and was successfully deployed, in 2400m of water on the Juan de Fuca Ridge, during August 1990. The present drill can penetrate and sample 3 m of vertically oriented core from crystalline igneous rocks, lithified sediments, and sulfide and carbonate deposits. It is deployable to a depth of 5000 m (limited by the cable and drill weight) by conventional research vessels using the NSF-standard armored conducting cable. The drill is presently undergoing post-test modifications at the University of Washington and will be available to the scientific community through a Regional Facility by summer 1991.
Optimizing inventory levels in a two-echelon retailer system with partial lost sales

This paper considers a retailer inventory system with N first-echelon stores and a single second-echelon distribution center DC. Customer demands at the stores are assumed to be random. When a stockout occurs, customers are willing to wait for their order to be filled with a known probability. Customers who are unwilling to wait result in lost sales. The first and second echelons are both restocked at fixed, equally spaced time points, where the store restocking frequency is an integer multiple of the DC restocking frequency. We also assume that replenishment quantities at both echelons can be adjusted up to the time of delivery, resulting in replenishment lead times equal to zero. This simplification allows us to determine optimal solutions for the partial lost sales case, which has proven intractable for two-echelon formulations with lead times. Computational results are given for illustrative examples.
Testing the efficacy of name mnemonics used during conversation

Previous studies successfully used the face-name mnemonic to improve recall of fictitious surnames of individuals appearing in photographs. Exps. 1 and 2 tested whether this mnemonic could also aid recall of the actual surnames of real people met during conversations. Exp. 1, like previous studies, showed that the face-name mnemonic facilitated recall of surnames of photographed individuals; however, this mnemonic reduced name recall following conversations. Exp. 2 refined the procedure used in Exp. 1 by including a control group in the design and strengthening the training procedures for the face-name mnemonic group. The results of Exp. 2 paralleled those of Exp. 1, again showing no advantage to using the face-name mnemonic during conversation. Exp. 3 explored alternatives to the face-name mnemonic, and featured use of self-help mnemonics (those initiated by the learner without help from others) and stranger-provided mnemonics (those provided by the person whose name was being memorized). A combination o...
Theory of unequally-spaced arrays

Although recently unequally-spaced arrays have been shown to be useful, the theory has not been fully developed, except for the use of matrices, computers, or the perturbation method. This paper presents a new approach to the unequally-spaced array problem. It is based on the use of Poisson's sum formula and the introduction of a new function, the "source position function." By appropriate transformation, the original radiation pattern is converted into a series of integrals, each of which is equivalent to the radiation from a continuous source distribution whose amplitude and phase distribution clearly exhibit the effects of the unequal spacings. By this method, it is possible to design unequally-spaced arrays which produce a desired radiation pattern. This method is effective in treating arrays of a large number of elements, and unequally-spaced arrays on a curved surface. Three examples are shown to illustrate the effectiveness of the method. The problem of sidelobe reduction for the array of uniform amplitude, which was attacked by Harrington, is treated by our method. A numerical example is shown for 25-db sidelobe level. Also, the problem of secondary beam suppression is attacked with the use of the Anger function. The interesting problem of azimuthal frequency scanning by means of an unequally-spaced circular array is also shown, using the method of stationary phase.
Java as a specification language for hardware-software systems

The specification language is a critical component of the hardware-software co-design process since it is used for functional validation and as a starting point for hardware- software partitioning and co-synthesis. This paper pro poses the Java programming language as a specification language for hardware-software systems. Java has several characteristics that make it suitable for system specification. However, static control and dataflow analysis of Java programs is problematic because Java classes are dynamically linked. This paper provides a general solution to the problem of statically analyzing Java programs using a technique that pre-allocates most class instances and aggressively resolve memory aliasing using global analysis. The output of our analysis is a control dataflow graph for the input specification. Our results for sample designs show that the analysis can extract fine to coarse-grained concurrency for subsequent hardware-software partitioning and co-synthesis steps of the hardware-software co- design process to exploit.
Mammalian Target of Rapamycin: MasTOR Mediator of Cellular Changes in Pathological States?

More than 30 years ago, a soil sample from Easter Island was found to contain a bacterial strain that produced a potent antifungal metabolite later named rapamycin. In addition to its antifungal properties, rapamycin was found to possess antiproliferative and immunosuppressant properties.1 The intracellular target of this intriguing compound is known as TOR, for target of rapamycin, which is the central component of 2 macromolecular complexes, TORC1 and TORC2 (Figure), having distinct protein components and functional roles. TOR-mediated events have been demonstrated in cancer, metabolic disorders, angiogenesis, and cardiac hypertrophy, as well as memory and learning. Figure. Model of the mTOR signaling network in mammalian cells. Two major branches of the mTOR signaling exist involving 2 central complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2. mTORC1 responds to a number of factors, including nutrients, hypoxia, growth factors, and mechanical stress. Rapamycin enters the cell and binds to FKBP12 and then interacts with mTOR, leading to inhibition of mTORC1. Prolonged exposure to rapamycin inhibits mTORC2. Downstream responses result in cell proliferation (mTORC1) and cytoskeletal rearrangement (mTORC2). Arrows represent activation and bars represent inhibition. PI3K, indicates phosphoinositide 3-kinase; IRS, insulin receptor substrate; PIP2, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-phosphate; PIP3, phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5 phosphate; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog; PDK1, phoshphoinositide-dependent kinase-1; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; S6K1, ribosomal S6 kinase; 4E-BP1, eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein 1. TOR is a serine/threonine kinase that is highly conserved among species.1 Mammalian TOR is known as mTOR. mTORC1 contains …
Paternity for Sale

Women's experiences of migration, and their relationship to a host country, vary significantly from those of migrant men simply because pregnancy is a possibility. The concept of “demographic theft” highlights popular anxieties regarding high fertility among foreigners, including undocumented migrants. This article examines pregnant undocumented women's experiences with the health care system and relationship to the state in Germany. It also provides a discussion of how a restrictive immigration climate, particular models of citizenship, and liberal family laws have resulted in unique practices surrounding paternity claims. It is based on long-term ethnographic data to highlight contradictions and ambiguities in the policy environment and utilizes the notion of stratified reproduction to bring new evidence regarding mothers' deportability and practices of paternity.
Jeremiah's Scroll and Linked Zones of Communication

The story of Jeremiah's Scroll and its journey (Jer 36) uses a spatial strategy to link together a set of four separate and distinct locations. They function as part of a chain of events and a series of staged readings. Using a dictated scroll and a professional scribe as his surrogates, the prophet is able to reach into the most restricted realms of authority. His message to the people of Jerusalem will follow a path from his own hidden chambers to the temple complex and on to the office suite in the royal palace. Eventually, the scroll will be read before the king in his private audience chamber completing a journey that has forged a chained linkage of readings and evoked a variety of reactions. What becomes clear in these linked scenes is the manner in which significant space can be manipulated and shaped to achieve the aims of the storyteller.
Potential of protoporphyrin IX and metal derivatives for single molecule fluorescence studies

Metalloporphyrins are cofactors of a variety of proteins, and are often used as spectroscopic probes of the active site. Many high resolution techniques, such as single molecule spectroscopy, are based on fluorescence contrast and require the replacement of the native metalloporphyrin by a fluorescent analog. We have investigated the potential of several fluorescent analogs of heme, namely free-base protoporphyrin IX and its metal derivatives containing Zn, Sn, and Mg, for single molecule fluorescence studies by determining their room-temperature molecular absorption cross sections and fluorescence quantum yields. According to these data, free-base protoporphyrin IX and its Zn derivative, which have the highest fluorescence quantum yields, are the most suitable heme analogs for single molecule fluorescence studies.
Increases in morphologically abnormal sperm in rats exposed to Co60 irradiation

We have investigated the effects of testicular exposure to different doses of Co60 radiation on sperm morphology in F-344 rats. The results indicate that from 150 rad to 500 rad gamma irradiation causes statistically significant, dose-related increased in 1) the percent of morphologically aberrant sperm and 2) the frequency of tailless sperm. Both of these effects were detectable in sperm which were derived from treated spermatid, spermatocytes, and spermatogonial cells. These data indicate that the development of a sperm morphology assay in rats is feasible.
EFFECT OF DIETHYLDITHIOCARBAMATE AND OTHER AGENTS ON MICE WITH THE OBESEHYPERGLYCEMIC SYNDROME1,2

Essential characteristics of the obese hyperglycemic syndrome of mice have been described in previous reports (Mayer et al., 1952, 1953; Bleisch, Mayer and Dickie, 1952; Guggenheim and Mayer, 1952, etc.). The present report deals essentially with the nature of the hyperglycemia and suggests a possible endocrine origin for the whole syndrome. In early studies (e.g. Mayer, Bates and Dickie, 1951, Mayer, et al., 1953) all animals manifesting the obese-hyperglycemic gene showed high blood glucose levels (always over 180 mg. % after 3 months of age, generally of the order of 300 mg. % after 4 months). Recently, with the accelerated production of these animals from a genetically heterogeneous stock, a certain proportion of obese animals between 3 and 8 months old were observed to have normal blood glucose levels associated with all usual characteristics of the obese hyperglycemic syndrome, including hypercholesterolemia. This suggested either that the diabetes occurred genetically independently of the obesity o...