cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental test chamber design for optics exposure testing and debris characterization of a xenon discharge produced plasma source for extreme ultraviolet lithography

A commercial EUV light source is currently used in the MS-13 EUV Micro Exposure Tool (MET) produced by Exitech Ltd. The source uses a xenon z-pinch discharge to produce 13.5nm light intended for use in extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL). During operation, an erosive flux of particles is ejected from the pinch plasma, contributing to limitations in the lifetime of nearby collector optics. A diagnostic chamber is presented that permits characterization of the debris fields present, exposure of optical samples, and evaluation of debris mitigation techniques. Available diagnostics include a Faraday cup, a spherical sector energy analyzer (ESA), and a EUV photodiode. This paper details the chamber design and initial results of source characterization. Faraday cup analysis shows that the maximum theoretical ion energy is 53keV, ESA measurements show the presence of Xe^+, Xe^2^+, Ar^+, W^+, and Mo^+ ions, and microanalysis of exposed mirror samples is used to show the erosive effects of plasma exposure.
CCR5 Deficiency Mitigates the Deleterious Effects of Tumor Necrosis Factor α Antagonism in Murine Histoplasmosis

In murine histoplasmosis, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) antagonism increases the number of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in lungs, and these cells profoundly hinder protective immunity. Because CCR5 mediates Treg homing and proliferation, we determined the outcome of antagonizing TNF-α in CCR5–/– mice infected with Histoplasma capsulatum. The absence of CCR5 attenuated the severity of infection associated with TNF-α neutralization. Infected controls given anti–TNF-α had a 10-fold increase in the number of Tregs in lungs compared with a <2-fold increase in CCR5–/– lungs. This difference was partially attributable to impaired homing in the absence of CCR5. Neutralization of TNF-α–enhanced CCR5 ligands in wild-type lungs thus promotes a gradient between lungs and the thymus. This study elucidates the interplay between TNF-α and CCR5 in histoplasmosis. The data suggest that targeting CCR5 may improve host immunity in individuals receiving TNF-α antagonists during infection.
Glucocorticoids regulate the expression of the mouse urocortin II gene: A putative connection between the corticotropin-releasing factor receptor pathways

Peptides encoded by the urocortin II (Ucn II) gene were recently identified as new members of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family. Ucn II is a specific ligand for the type 2 CRF receptor. Using RT-PCR, DNA sequencing, and immunofluorescence staining, we report the expression of Ucn II mRNA in several human and mouse (m) neuronal cell lines. Using these neuronal cell lines, we provide evidence that exposure to glucocorticoid hormones increases mUcn II mRNA expression and promoter activation. The effect of glucocorticoids on mUcn II mRNA expression was tested in the Ucn II/glucocorticoid receptor-positive cell line NG108-15. The results demonstrate that mUcn II mRNA expression is up-regulated by dexamethasone in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. Computer analysis revealed the presence of 14 putative half-palindrome glucocorticoid response element sequences within 1.2 kb of the mUcn II 5' flanking region. Transfections with different fragments of the 5'-flanking region of the mUcn II gene fused to a luciferase reporter gene showed a promoter-dependent expression of the reporter gene and regulation by dexamethasone. Promoter deletion studies clarify the sufficient putative glucocorticoid response element site mediating this effect. The steroid hormone antagonist RU486 blocked the effect of dexamethasone on mUcn II mRNA expression and promoter activation, suggesting a direct glucocorticoid receptor-mediated effect of dexamethasone on mUcn II mRNA expression. Ucn II is expressed in vivo in the hypothalamus, brainstem, olfactory bulb, and pituitary. Low levels were also detected in the mouse cortex, hippocampus, and spinal cord. We demonstrated that mUcn II gene transcription was stimulated by glucocorticoid administration in vivo and inhibited by removal of glucocorticoids by adrenalectomy. Administration of dexamethasone to mice resulted in an increase of mUcn II levels in the hypothalamus and brainstem but not in the olfactory bulb region 12 h following ip injection. In light of our present data and the current literature, we propose a putative link between the CRF receptor 1 and CRF receptor 2 pathways.
Sharp Treatment of Surface Tension and Viscous Stresses in Multifluid Dynamics

A new treatment for interfacial boundary conditions in viscous multifluid flows with surface tension is developed and tested. In difference to the �-formulation- and Continuum-Surface-Force-(CSF)-based methods, no smearing of material properties (viscosity, density, and surface tension force) is used. Instead, the interfacial jump conditions are introduced directly into the flux terms, using sharp resolution of the interface with subcell markers, within the framework of the level-set-based adaptive CharacteristicsBased Matching (aCBM) method, incorporated into the Structured Adaptive Mesh Refinement (SAMR) algorithm. This treatment exhibits significantly lower (up to three orders of magnitude) spurious velocities at the interface compared to the smearing approach, and is able to maintain sharp (within one node) jumps in pressure and viscous stresses. Performance is demonstrated on a series of test problems, including the “Oscillation of a Non-Equilibrium-Shape Bubble”, “Single- and Multi-mode Rayleigh-Taylor Instability”, “Rising Air Bubble in Water” and “Breakup of Liquid Drop in Gaseous Flow”. For Rayleigh-Taylor instability, the growth rate in the linear regime is in excellent agreement with the analytical solution, and, in the non-linear regime, the penetration rate of the bubble front agrees well with available experimental data. The method is shown to be robust under large density ratios (tested up to 1,000), and large range of flow conditions, from nearly-incompressible to highly supersonic.
Private Demand for Child Care: Implications for Public Policy.

The dramatic secular increase in the labor force participation of women with preschool children has led to arguments for some type of federally subsidized system of day care centers. In order to analyze the need for federal action several studies of the demand for different modes of childcare by households of different socioeconomic characteristics are critically reviewed here. These studies indicate that a family's income has little effect on modal choice and most working mothers choose at-home care for economically rational reasons. The economic arguments for federal intervention m the child care market are discussed and analyzed. The weight of the evidence indicates that the case for a public role in this market is weak as the private sector is now providing the child care arrangements households demand.
Global data association for multi-object tracking using network flows

We propose a network flow based optimization method for data association needed for multiple object tracking. The maximum-a-posteriori (MAP) data association problem is mapped into a cost-flow network with a non-overlap constraint on trajectories. The optimal data association is found by a min-cost flow algorithm in the network. The network is augmented to include an explicit occlusion model(EOM) to track with long-term inter-object occlusions. A solution to the EOM-based network is found by an iterative approach built upon the original algorithm. Initialization and termination of trajectories and potential false observations are modeled by the formulation intrinsically. The method is efficient and does not require hypotheses pruning. Performance is compared with previous results on two public pedestrian datasets to show its improvement.
1.3-Å resolution structure of human glutathione S-transferase with S-hexyl glutathione bound reveals possible extended ligandin binding site

Cytosolic glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) play a critical role in xenobiotic binding and metabolism, as well as in modulation of oxidative stress. Here, the high-resolution X-ray crystal structures of homodimeric human GSTA1-1 in the apo form and in complex with S-hexyl glutathione (two data sets) are reported at 1.8, 1.5, and 1.3A respectively. At this level of resolution, distinct conformations of the alkyl chain of S-hexyl glutathione are observed, reflecting the nonspecific nature of the hydrophobic substrate binding site (H-site). Also, an extensive network of ordered water, including 75 discrete solvent molecules, traverses the open subunit-subunit interface and connects the glutathione binding sites in each subunit. In the highest-resolution structure, three glycerol moieties lie within this network and directly connect the amino termini of the glutathione molecules. A search for ligand binding sites with the docking program Molecular Operating Environment identified the ordered water network binding site, lined mainly with hydrophobic residues, suggesting an extended ligand binding surface for nonsubstrate ligands, the so-called ligandin site. Finally, detailed comparison of the structures reported here with previously published X-ray structures reveal a possible reaction coordinate for ligand-dependent conformational changes in the active site and the C-terminus.
Political Economy of Strategic Trade Policy: Menu-Auctions with Imperfect Competition

This paper applies the Dixit-Grossman-Helpman (1994, 1997) common agency model to investigate the formation of strategic export subsidy and strategic import tariff. The results of this paper indicate that even with political pressure, the Dixit-Grossman-Helpman politically-determined ex-port subsidy is identical to the Brander-Spencer rent-shifting export subsidy. The politically-determined import tariff will be higher than the optimal level. This paper highlights the possibility that lobbying can restore the level of trade intervention to a more efficient one in the absence of the benevolent dictator. Joint lobbying is also considered and the results indicate that joint lobbying on export subsidy improves domestic welfare due to the elimination of the resource wasted in lobbying.
Disparities between aortic and peripheral pulse pressures induced by upright exercise and vasomotor changes in man.

Blood pressures were recorded simultaneously from the aortic arch and radial artery using two manometric systems with identical static and dynamic sensitivities. Measurements were made in four normal young men at rest and upright exercise requiring 29, 49, 78, and 100% of maximal oxygen uptake. Average radial arterial pressure rose from 133/66 mm Hg at rest to 236/58 mm Hg at maximal exercise. At the same time, average aortic pressures were 112/68 and 154/70 mm Hg, respectively. From rest to maximal exercise, pulse pressures at central and peripheral sites increased by factors of 1.95 and 2.60, respectively. Inducing reactive hyperemia in the arm abolished peripheral amplification. This amplification also diminished with time during prolonged heavy exercise. Mean pressures were nearly identical at the two sites at any oxygen uptake; mean pressures rose from 87 to 104 mm Hg from mild to maximal exercise. We conclude that estimates of stress on aortic and cerebral vessel walls and central baroreceptors woul...
Sensitivity cycling and its ecological role in seeds with physical dormancy

Cycling of physically dormant (PY) seeds between states insensitive and sensitive to dormancy-breaking factors in the environment has recently been demonstrated in Fabaceae and Convolvulaceae , and it may be a common phenomenon in seeds with water-impermeable seed coats. In contrast to seeds of many species with physiological dormancy (PD), those with PY cannot cycle between dormancy and non-dormancy (ND). In this paper, we evaluate the role of sensitivity cycling in controlling the timing of germination of seeds with PY in nature, and show that sensitivity cycling in seeds with PY serves the same ecological role as dormancy cycling in seeds with PD. Thus, sensitivity cycling in seeds with PY ensures that germination in nature occurs only at (a) time(s) of the year when environmental conditions for growth are, and are likely to remain, suitable long enough for the plant to complete its life cycle or to form a perennating structure. Further, we describe the experimental procedures necessary to determine whether sensitivity cycling is occurring, and discuss briefly the possible relevance of sensitivity cycling to dormancy classification.
The FomA Porin from Fusobacterium nucleatum Is a Toll-Like Receptor 2 Agonist with Immune Adjuvant Activity

ABSTRACT Many bacterial components selectively activate immune and nonhematopoietic target cells via Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling; modulation of such host responses defines the immune adjuvant properties of these bacterial products. For example, the outer membrane protein porins from Neisseria, Salmonella, and Shigella are known TLR2 agonists with established systemic and mucosal immune adjuvanticity. Early work indicated that the FomA porin from Fusobacterium nucleatum has immune adjuvant activity in mice. Using a purified recombinant FomA, we have verified its immune stimulatory properties and have defined a role for TLR2 signaling in its in vitro and in vivo activity. FomA induces interleukin 8 (IL-8) secretion and NF-κB-dependent luciferase activity in HEK cells expressing TLR2, IL-6 secretion, and cell surface upregulation of CD86 and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II in primary B cells from wild-type mice, but it fails to activate cells from TLR2 knockout mice. Accordingly, the immune adjuvant activity of FomA is also TLR2 dependent. In a mouse model of immunization with ovalbumin (OVA), FomA induces enhanced production of OVA-specific IgM and IgG, including IgG1 and IgG2b antibodies, as well as enhanced secretion of IL-10 and IL-6, consistent with a Th2-type adjuvant effect. We also observe a moderate production of anti-FomA antibodies, suggesting that FomA is also immunogenic, a quality that is also TLR2 dependent. Therefore, modulation of host immune responses by FomA may be effective for targeting general host immunity not only to pathogens (as a novel TLR2 adjuvant) but also to F. nucleatum itself (as an antigen), expanding its use as a self-adjuvanted antigen in an immunization strategy against polymicrobial infections, including those by F. nucleatum.
Synapsis and related phenomena in mecostethus and leptysma (orthoptera)

Contains a description of the very involved process of synapsis, which is displayed with unusual clearness in Mecostethus. It is found that the homologous spermatogonial chromosomes, already longitudinally split in the telophase, become closely associated while still in the diatene condition. From the proximal end of each pair, which attaches to the karyotheca, there spins out a delicate thread. Meanwhile the distal, heavy portion of the spiral, double rod executes a loop so that the proximal and distal ends lie near together. Gradually the remaining heavy portion becomes extended until the entire tetrad is in the leptotene condition. In different species of Orthoptera there are variations in the time of association of homologues. The bearing of the facts disclosed in Mecostethus upon the physical characteristics of chromosomes, their movements and changes in meiosis, their individuality and relation to genetical processes are discussed.
Near-infrared detection of correlated activity in the brain

Summary form only. Near-ir light can pass trough the skull and reach the surface of the brain. It is well established in exposed cortex experiments that brain activity changes the brain surface optical properties in the near-ir, due both to changes in blood flow and to scattering from the brain cells. Several researches have proposed optical methods and the near-ir spectral region to measure brain function non-invasively with high temporal resolution and good localization. Our research has shown that it is possible to increase by at least one order of magnitude the detection of the small changes associated with neuronal activity. Our technical developments and a new sensor could make this optical technique widely available and complementary to fMRI.
Innervation of tracheal epithelium and smooth muscle by neurons in airway ganglia.

The neurochemical profiles of neurons in ferret tracheal ganglia has been characterized, but their projections to smooth muscle and epithelium in ferret trachea has not been examined. The purpose of this study is to determine the location of cell bodies that project VIP-, SP-, and NPY-containing fibers to the ferret tracheal smooth muscle and epithelium. Segments of ferret trachea were cultured for 0, 1, 3, or 7 days, some in the presence of 3 μm capsaicin. VIP, SP, or NPY nerve fiber density was measured using morphometric procedures. A retrograde tracer, rhodamine-labeled microspheres, identified neurons projecting to the epithelium. The density of SP fibers in the epithelium was reduced after culture, but VIP innervation was not different. In tracheal smooth muscle, the density of VIP- and SP-IR fibers was not different during the culture period, but NPY fiber density was reduced at all culture times. Capsaicin treatment did not affect nerve fiber density in the tracheal smooth muscle but produced a significant reduction in the density of epithelial VIP- and SP-IR nerve fibers after 1 day. Rhodamine-labeled microspheres were identified in VIP-containing nerve cell bodies of the ferret tracheal plexus. VIP innervation to the airway epithelium in ferret originates both from cell bodies in airway ganglia and cell bodies in sensory ganglia. The pathway from airway ganglia suggest the existence of a local reflex mechanisms initiated by epithelial irritation. Anat Rec 254:166–172, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Back Propagation is Sensitive to Initial Conditions

This paper explores the effect of initial weight selection on feed-forward networks learning simple functions with the back-propagation technique. We first demonstrate, through the use of Monte Carlo techniques, that the magnitude of the initial condition vector (in weight space) is a very significant parameter in convergence time variability. In order to further understand this result, additional deterministic experiments were performed. The results of these experiments demonstrate the extreme sensitivity of back propagation to initial weight configuration.
Influence of Campus Recreation Employment on Student Learning

This study examined the influence of part-time employment at a campus recreational sports department on full-time college students' learning. The student employees indicated they attributed their e...
Antisense oligonucleotides reduce synthesis of procollagen α1 (V) chain in human patellar tendon fibroblasts: Potential application in healing ligaments and tendons

Many ligaments and tendons will heal after injury. However, they heal with poor mechanical properties when compared with the native tissue and show no improvement of these properties with time. Although the mechanisms that lead to this process are poorly understood, the presence of uniformly smaller collagen fibrils is believed to play a major role. Quantitatively minor when compared with type I collagen, type V collagen was found to be significantly elevated in healing medial collateral ligament of the rabbit knee. Previous studies have shown that type V collagen plays a role in regulating the diameter of type I collagen fibrils and reducing its level may lead to the formation of larger collagen fibrils in healing ligaments. Hence, type V collagen antisense gene therapy may be an approach to obtain this goal. In this study, our objective was to find specific antisense oligonucleotide sequences for type V procollagen &#102 1 chain to elucidate the feasibility of type V collagen antisense gene therapy in l...
Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Human Trophectoderm and Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Trophoblasts Reveal Key Participants in Early Implantation

The implantation process begins with attachment of the trophectoderm (TE) of the blastocyst to the maternal endometrial epithelium. Herein we have investigated the transcriptome of mural TE cells from 13 human blastocysts and compared these with those of human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived-TE (hESCtroph). The transcriptomes of hESCtroph at Days 8, 10, and 12 had the greatest consistency with TE. Among genes coding for secreted proteins of the TE of human blastocysts and of hESCtroph are several molecules known to be involved in the implantation process, as well as novel ones, such as CXCL12, HBEGF, inhibin A, DKK3, WNT5A, and follistatin. The similarities between the two lineages underscore some of the known mechanisms and offer discovery of new mechanisms and players in the process of the very early stages of human implantation. We propose that the hESCtroph is a viable functional model of human trophoblasts to study trophoblast-endometrial interactions. Furthermore, the data derived herein offer the promise of novel diagnostics and therapeutics aimed at practical challenges in human infertility and pregnancy disorders associated with abnormal embryonic implantation.
Privileged Scaffolds for Library Design and Drug Discovery

This review explores the concept of using privileged scaffolds to identify biologically active compounds through building chemical libraries. We hope to accomplish three main objectives: to provide one of the most comprehensive listings of privileged scaffolds; to reveal through four selected examples the present state of the art in privileged scaffold library synthesis (in hopes of inspiring new and even more creative approaches); and also to offer some thoughts on how new privileged scaffolds might be identified and exploited.
Recycling of Aqueous Supernatants in Soybean Oleosome Isolation

Oleosome extractions from soybean flour typically generate significant quantities of aqueous sucrose- and sodium chloride-rich supernatant which could be recycled. To determine the feasibility of recycling the oleosome process aqueous supernatants, three extraction protocols were evaluated. The first extraction used the original extraction solution, 0.1 M fresh potassium acetate pH 4.6 containing 0.4 M sucrose and 0.5 M NaCl. The second protocol reused the aqueous supernatant obtained from the first extraction. The third protocol reused the aqueous supernatant obtained from the second protocol. Oleosome extraction yields were significantly higher in the first extraction with enzymes (Multifect® Pectinase FE, Multifect® GC, and Multifect® CX B, 1% each, v/w) compared to the yield when the supernatant was reused with no additional enzymes (81.41 ± 2.24 vs. 73.09 ± 3.39%, respectively). Oil yields from oleosome fractions were not statistically different when extractions were made with 0 or 3% enzymes in the third protocol. Protein was the predominant constituent in the supernatant in addition to mineral and carbohydrate. Soybean storage protein profile from recycled supernatants obtained without adding enzyme were similar to a traditional soy protein water extract but with a decrease of intensity of the β-conglycinin bands. Addition of 3% enzymes in both recycling protocols resulted in the disappearance of the α′ and α subunits of the β-conglycinin due to a protease contaminant in Multifect® Pectinase FE. Results from this work revealed essential information for a promising possibility of the future industrial application of this technology.
Substance Use Differences Among U.S.- Versus Foreign-Born Adolescents Testing Pathways Through Family and Peer Influences

The influence of perceived family conflict, family support, and peer substance use on adolescent substance use was examined in a community sample of 669 (331 female, 338 male) Latino youth, who wer...
A numerical model for transport in flat heat pipes considering wick microstructure effects

A transient, three-dimensional model for thermal transport in heat pipes and vapor chambers is developed. The Navier-Stokes equations along with the energy equation are solved numerically for the liquid and vapor flows. A porous medium formulation is used for the wick region. Evaporation and condensation at the liquid-vapor interface are modeled using kinetic theory. The influence of the wick microstructure on evaporation and condensation mass fluxes at the liquid-vapor interface is accounted for by integrating a microstructure-level evaporation model (micromodel) with the device-level model (macromodel). Meniscus curvature at every location along the wick is calculated as a result of this coupling. The model accounts for the change in interfacial area in the wick pore, thin-film evaporation, and Marangoni convection effects during phase change at the liquid-vapor interface. The coupled model is used to predict the performance of a heat pipe with a screen-mesh wick, and the implications of the coupling employed are discussed.
THE FATE OF AVIRULENT HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI INJECTED INTO THE SKIN OF NORMAL AND SENSITIZED RABBITS : LOCAL FIXATION OF BACTERIA.

1. A relatively avirulent strain of hemolytic streptococci injected into the skin of normal rabbits seldom diminished and usually increased in number during the first 5 hours after inoculation but after 12 hours save in exceptional instances the organisms diminished rapidly and disappeared. 2. Hemolytic streptococci injected into the skin of normal rabbits passed rapidly from the site of injection to the regional lymph nodes from which they were recovered in considerable number within 15 minutes. Passage of bacteria from the skin of the abdomen to the inguinal lymph node was greatest within 2 hours after injection and gradually decreased so that few organisms were recovered from the lymph nodes after 7 hours. 3. Hemolytic streptococci that reached the inguinal lymph node passed in small numbers to the distal or iliac lymph node, but this passage save in exceptional instances of progressive infection was limited to a period within 1 hour after inoculation. 4. Avirulent hemolytic streptococci injected into the skin of normal animals penetrated into the blood; they were seldom recovered from the circulating blood but were more frequently found in the spleen. 5. When hemolytic streptococci were injected into the skin of sensitized rabbits they multiplied at the site of injection during the first 5 hours after inoculation and at corresponding time intervals a larger number of organisms were recovered from the sensitized than from normal control animals. Streptococci diminished and disappeared earlier from the skin of control than from that of sensitized rabbits. 6. Hemolytic streptococci injected into the skin of the flank of sensitized rabbits reached the inguinal lymph node in much smaller numbers than in normal rabbits, and this passage from the site of injection to the lymph node save in an occasional instance of progressive local infection ceased after the 1st hour. No streptococci passed from the inguinal to the iliac lymph nodes of sensitized animals and none were found in the blood or internal organs. 7. Histological examination showed that the inflammatory reaction following the injection of hemolytic streptococci into rabbits sensitized to this organism began sooner than in the normal animal; edema was more extensive and both polymorphonuclear leucocytes and large mononuclear cells appeared sooner. The lesion of a sensitized animal was more sharply circumscribed and there was necrosis of tissue, seldom seen in the normal animals. 8. In sensitized animals local injury with necrosis favors the multiplication of relatively avirulent streptococci at the site of entry and explains their survival at a time when they have disappeared in the controls. 9. In association with greater local injury and a more intense inflammatory reaction in the sensitized animal as compared with the normal streptococci are fixed at their site of entry; they pass to adjacent lymph nodes in much smaller number and fail to reach the blood and internal organs.
Adipose Tissue Inflammation in the Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes

At least 2.8 million people die each year as a result of being overweight or obese, and the biggest burden being obesity-related diseases. Overweight and obesity account for a major proportion of type 2 diabetes (T2D) cases. Obesity is associated with inflammation in adipose tissue, namely an infiltration and expansion of macrophages, which produce inflammatory cytokines that interfere with insulin signaling, and a loss of protective cells that promote adipose homeostasis. Thus, it is now clear that inflammation is an underlying cause or contributor to T2D as well as many other obesity-induced diseases, including atherosclerosis and cancer. Inflammatory pathways contribute to impaired glucose handling by adipocytes, hepatocytes, and muscle cells and interfere with insulin production and insulin signaling. This review highlights the roles of the different immune populations in lean adipose tissue and their importance in tissue homeostasis to keep inflammation at bay. We also discuss the changes that occur in these immune cells during the development of obesity, which has detrimental effects on the health of adipose tissue, and local and systemic insulin resistance.
Productivity and reuse in language

A much-celebrated aspect of language is the way in which it allows us to make "infinite use of finite means" (von Humboldt, 1836). This property is made possible because language is fundamentally a productive computational system: Novel expressions can be composed from a large inventory of stored, reusable parts. For any given language, however, there are many more potential ways of forming novel expressions than can actually be used in practice. For example, English contains suffixes that are highly productive (e.g., -ness ; Lady-Gagaesqueness, pine-scentedness), but also contains suffixes which can only be reused in specific, existing words (e.g., -th; truth, width, warmth). How are such differences in productivity and reusability represented? How can the child acquire this system of knowledge? This thesis presents a formal model of productivity and reuse which treats the problem as a structure-by-structure inference in a Bayesian framework. The model—Fragment Grammars, a generalization of Adaptor Grammars (Johnson et al., 2007a)—is built around two proposals. The first is that anything that can be computed can be stored. The specific computational mechanism by which this is accomplished, stochastic memoization, is inherited from Adaptor Grammars (Goodman et al., 2008; Johnson et al., 2007a). The second proposal is that any stored item can include subparts which must be computed productively. This is made possible by the computational mechanism of stochastically lazy evaluation, introduced in the thesis. Throughout the thesis, Fragment Grammars are systematically compared to four other probabilistic models of productivity and reuse which formalize historical proposals from the linguistics and psycholinguistics literatures. The five models are evaluated on two very different sub-systems of English morphology: the English past tense, which is characterized by a sharp dichotomy in productivity between regular (i.e., +ed) and irregular (e.g., sing/sang) forms, and English derivational morphology, which is characterized by a graded cline from very productive (e.g., -ness) to very unproductive (e.g., -th). The thesis examines many aspects of these two domains including: performance on past-tense inflection, past-tense processing phenomena, developmental overregularization, the productivity of derivational suffixes, ordering restrictions on derivational suffixes, and base-driven selectional restrictions on suffix combinations.
Measuring the time-dependent exciton delocalization size in the B850 band of purple bacterial LH2,

Several ultrafast coherence spectroscopies are employed to study initially delocalized excitons and their subsequent sub-100 fs localization dynamics in LH2. Rigorous simulations of the exciton relaxation process allow determination of the time-dependent exciton size.
Migrant Children's Rights to Health and Rehabilitation: A Primer for US Social Workers

This article addresses the rights of migrant children to rehabilitation, health, and well-being, particularly when held in US detention. We provide contextual background on recent increases in irregular migration of children and youth to the United States from Latin America, highlighting how detention practices in the country violate domestic and international legal standards. We introduce key international human rights instruments and provisions related to the rights of migrant children and elaborate on the emergent meaning of a right to rehabilitation, which should be understood as an aspect of children’s right to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health. The right to rehabilitation for migrant children who have experienced trauma and violence is a critical obligation that has implications for federal, state, and local governments in the United States, as well as, importantly, the social work profession.
A Bump on the Knee

A 13-year-old girl presented with a painless bump on her knee that had been present for two weeks; Plain radiography was performed.
Mohs Micrographie Surgery: Fresh-Tissue Technique

The fresh-tissue technique of Mohs micrographic surgery is reviewed, and the advantages of the fresh-tissue over the fixed-tissue technique are presented. Indications for the fixed-tissue technique are also discussed.
Effect of ethnicity on sleep: complexities for epidemiologic research.

Study Objectives: The goal of this study was to examine whether there were ethnic differences in polysomnographically recorded sleep, either in the controlled laboratory environment or in the home setting. Design: Prospective study of ethnic differences in stress physiology and sleep. Setting: Two sleep recordings were performed on consecutive nights in a hospital-based sleep laboratory, followed 1 to 4 weeks later by a third sleep recording in the subject's home. Participants: 51 employed healthy adult subjects, aged 15 to 50 years. 24 self-identified as black, and 27 as white. Interventions. None. Measurements and Results: Blacks had less slow wave sleep than did whites in both the sleep laboratory and in the home. Blacks had significantly more slow wave sleep at home compared to the hospital setting, while the reverse was true for whites. This location-by-ethnicity interaction could not be accounted for by depression ratings or social class. Conclusions: The home setting is generally considered to be more ecologically valid than the controlled hospital-based laboratory setting for the monitoring of sleep. These data suggest that ethnicities may respond differentially to the sleeping environment. This observation may need to be taken into account in future epidemiologic studies of sleep.
Room temperature midinfrared electroluminescence from InAs quantum dots

We demonstrate room temperature midinfrared electroluminescence from intersublevel transitions in self-assembled InAs quantum dots. The dots are grown in GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures designed to maximize current injection into dot excited states while preferentially removing electrons from the ground states. As such, these devices resemble quantum cascade lasers. However, rigorous modeling of carrier transport through the devices indicates that the current transport mechanism for quantum dot active regions differs from that of quantum-well-based midinfrared lasers. We present the calculated energy states and transport mechanism for an intersublevel quantum dot emitter, as well as experimental electroluminescence data for these structures.
Interfacial Stability of Li Metal-Solid Electrolyte Elucidated via in Situ Electron Microscopy.

Despite their different chemistries, novel energy-storage systems, e.g., Li–air, Li–S, all-solid-state Li batteries, etc., face one critical challenge of forming a conductive and stable interface between Li metal and a solid electrolyte. An accurate understanding of the formation mechanism and the exact structure and chemistry of the rarely existing benign interfaces, such as the Li–cubic-Li7–3xAlxLa3Zr2O12 (c-LLZO) interface, is crucial for enabling the use of Li metal anodes. Due to spatial confinement and structural and chemical complications, current investigations are largely limited to theoretical calculations. Here, through an in situ formation of Li–c-LLZO interfaces inside an aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope, we successfully reveal the interfacial chemical and structural progression. Upon contact with Li metal, the LLZO surface is reduced, which is accompanied by the simultaneous implantation of Li+, resulting in a tetragonal-like LLZO interphase that stabilizes at a...
Abstract 8: The Pipeline Embolization Device: Midterm Results and Predictors of Outcomes in 335 Consecutive Patients

Introduction: Flow diversion has emerged as a promising treatment for intracranial aneurysms. The safety and efficacy of this new technology is under investigation. We present the largest single-center experience to date with the pipeline embolization device (PED) and identify several predictors of outcomes. Methods: The study includes 335 consecutive patients who underwent PED treatment at our institution between 2011-2015. Safety data was prospectively recorded both peri-operatively and through follow-up. Angiographic images were independently reviewed and aneurysm occlusion classified as complete (100%), near-complete (95-99%), or incomplete ( Results: Mean Aneurysm size was 9.4 mm. Aneurysms were saccular in 84% and fusiform/dissecting in 16%. Seventeen patients (5%) were treated in the setting of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The mean number of PEDs used was 1.2, and this number significantly decreased from 1.9 early in the study to 1.1 in the last year (p Conclusion: Treatment with the PED has an excellent safety-efficacy profile at large cerebrovascular centers. Several key factors associated with outcomes are discussed. Prolonged dual antiplatelet therapy is crucial for avoidance of complications. Off label locations are associated with lower occlusion rates. A single PED should be used whenever possible.
The Market Society and Psychological Suffering: A Fanonian Approach

This article focuses on the market society as a source of psychological suffering for some people who seek the aid of therapists. I consider the maladies of the market society in terms of internalization and weak dissociation, both of which contribute to misinterpretation and misattribution of suffering, which, in turn, skews individuals' agency. The underlying premise of this article and, more particularly, the work of psychoanalytic therapy with these patients comes from Franz Fanon's view that the aims of psychotherapy are (a) to consciousnessize [the patient's] unconscious, to no longer be tempted by a hallucinatory lactification, and (b) to enable [the patient] to choose an action with respect to the real source of the conflict , i.e., the social structure. An aim of psychoanalytic therapy, then, is to facilitate recognition of a person's sources of suffering so that s/he can decide how to respond.
‘De gusto y pasatiempo’: el humor de palabras y obras en las comedias cómicas de Cervantes

Ciceron codifico el humor en dos tipos: obras y palabras. Los dramaturgos espanoles del siglo XVII aceptaron esta clasificacion en sus obras teatrales. Cervantes escribio varias comedias en las que utiliza estos recursos para hacer reir al espectador/lector. En este articulo se analizan algunos elementos comicos que aparecen en tres de estas obras: La gran sultana, La entretenida y Pedro de Urdemalas. El humor incluido en estas comedias pertenece a los campos de lo disparatado (simplezas), lo escatologico, lo picaresco y lo erotico. Por ultimo, se analiza la finalidad de la comicidad cervantina: divertir al publico.
The association between pre-treatment maternal alcohol and caffeine intake and outcomes of assisted reproduction in a prospectively followed cohort.

STUDY QUESTION Is pre-treatment alcohol and caffeine intake associated with infertility treatment outcomes among women undergoing ART? SUMMARY ANSWER Low to moderate alcohol and caffeine intakes in the year prior to infertility treatment were not related to ART outcomes. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Alcohol and caffeine intake have been found to be associated with infertility in some studies. Nevertheless, data on their relation with outcomes of infertility treatments are scarce and inconsistent. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION We included 300 women (493 ART cycles) from the Environment and Reproductive Health Study, an ongoing cohort study (2006-2016). PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Pre-treatment intakes of alcohol and caffeine were assessed retrospectively using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Intermediate and clinical endpoints of ART were abstracted from electronic medical records. Generalized linear mixed models with random intercepts to account for multiple ART cycles per woman were used to evaluate the association with ART outcomes adjusting for age, BMI, smoking status, infertility diagnosis, protocol type, race, dietary patterns, and calories, vitamin B12 and folate intake. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Median (range) pre-treatment alcohol and caffeine intakes were 5.6 (0.0-85.8) g/day and 124.9 (0.3-642.2) mg/day, respectively. The adjusted percentage of initiated cycles resulting in live birth (95% CI) for women in increasing categories of pre-treatment alcohol intake was 34% (20, 52%) for non-consumers, 46% (36, 57%) for 0.1-6 g/day, 41% (29, 53%) for 6.1-12 g/day, 42% (31, 55%) for 12.1-24 g/day, and 41% (22, 63%) for >24 g/day (P, trend = 0.87). The adjusted percentage of cycles resulting in live birth (95% CI) for women in increasing categories of caffeine intake was 46% (36-57%) for 300 mg/day (P, trend = 0.34). When specific types of alcoholic and caffeinated beverages were evaluated, no relations with ART treatment outcomes were observed. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Residual confounding by other diet and lifestyle factors cannot be ruled out owing to the observational nature of this study. It is also unclear how generalizable these results are to women who are conceiving without the assistance of ART. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Our results provide reassurance that low to moderate intakes of alcohol (e.g. ≤12 g/day) and caffeine (e.g. <200 mg/day) in the year prior to infertility treatment initiation do not have an adverse effect on intermediate or clinical outcomes of ART. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) The authors are supported by National Institutes of Health (NIH) grants ES022955, R01ES009718, R01ES000002, P30DK46200 and L50-HD085359. No conflicts of interest to declare. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT00011713.
Mental disorder and victimisation in prison: Examining the role of mental health treatment

Background There is evidence that people with mental disorders are at increased risk of victimisation in prison. It is unclear whether this risk of victimisation varies across types of disorders or symptoms and what role mental health treatment has on victimisation risk in this context. Aims To examine the relationship between specific mental disorders, psychiatric symptoms, and victimisation in prison and the effect of treatment for the disorders on victimisation risk. Methods Using a nationally-representative sample of prisoners, path analyses were conducted to examine the relationship between mental disorder and victimisation. The analyses also examined whether receiving mental health treatment in prison affected any such relationship. Results Victimisation risk varied with the type of mental disorder or symptoms. Depression, personality disorder, hopelessness, paranoia, and hallucinations were associated with increased victimisation risk. Psychotic illnesses were otherwise negatively associated with victimisation. Receiving mental health treatment in prison was associated with greater risk of victimisation there. Receiving treatment appeared to mediate the relationship between mental disorders, symptoms, and victimisation. Conclusions The findings suggest that not all inmates with mental disorders are at an increased risk of victimisation. Further, mental health treatment in prison also appears to be a risk factor of victimisation. More research is needed to further elucidate the relationship between mental disorders, treatment, and victimisation. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Feasibility of using pedometers in a state-based surveillance system: 2014 Arizona Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.

Abstract Background Despite their utility in accessing ambulatory movement, pedometers have not been used consistently to monitor physical activity in U.S. surveillance systems. This study was designed to determine the feasibility of using pedometers to assess daily steps taken in a sub-sample of adults from Maricopa County who completed the 2014 Arizona Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Survey. Methods Respondents were sent an Omron HJ324U pedometer, a logbook to record steps taken, and a walking questionnaire. The pedometer was worn for 7 days. Feasibility was assessed for acceptability (interest in study), demand (procedures followed correctly), implementation (time to complete study), and practicality (cost). Results Acceptability was modest with 23.9% (830/3476) agreeing to participate. Among those participating (92.9%; 771/830), 50.1% (386/771) returned the logbook. Demand was modest with 39.3% (303/771) of logbooks returned with valid data. Implementation represented 5 months to recruit participants. The cost to obtain valid step-count data was USD61.60 per person. An average of 6363 ± 3049 steps/day were taken with most participants classified as sedentary (36.0%) or low active (35.6%). Conclusion The feasibility of using pedometers in a state-based surveillance system is modest at best. Feasibility may potentially be improved with easy-to-use pedometers where data can be electronically downloaded.
Is Greed Good? Lessons About Moral Leadership from Psalm 72

There is a leadership crisis in the United States and much of the world. The United States currently trails 19 other countries in stability as measured by the Fragile States Index. Psalm 72 was written by King David as he approached death. David’s great accomplishment was establishing a powerful nation built on ethical monotheism, the United Kingdom of Israel. David knew that Solomon, his son, would be his successor. David’s heartfelt prayer for Solomon’s success is a message to all leaders, political as well as corporate. It is a reminder as to what leaders should strive for: righteousness, justice, integrity, and compassion for the weak. Leaders who are concerned with enriching themselves will end up destroying their organizations the way Solomon’s lavish lifestyle contributed to the destruction of the United Kingdom of Israel established by his father.
Sample Techniques Used in Marketing Research

Green and Tull define marketing research as ”the systematic and objective search for and analysis of information relevant to the identification and solution of any problem in the field of marketing” (Green, Tull 1970). The study of markets by sample surveys is a possible instrument for the search of primary informations. The population for the sampling procedure is given as a collection of all elements defined over space and time which are relevant to the scope of a marketing problem.