cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magneto-Elastic Polarons in CMR Perovskites

In this presentation I focus on the ferro- to paramagnetic transition in the manganese perovskites. I present a set of simple approximations which couple the relevant electronic degrees of freedom, the double exchange model, to local Jahn–Teller like lattice distortions. In a simplistic description, I show how this coupling controls the magnetism in the narrow band manganates, and how their critical behavior is influenced by the quasilocalization of Jahn–Teller polarons.
An axonal stress response pathway: degenerative and regenerative signaling by DLK.

Signaling through the dual leucine zipper-bearing kinase (DLK) is required for injured neurons to initiate new axonal growth; however, activation of this kinase also leads to neuronal degeneration and death in multiple models of injury and neurodegenerative diseases. This has spurred current consideration of DLK as a candidate therapeutic target, and raises a vital question: in what context is DLK a friend or foe to neurons? Here, we review our current understanding of DLK’s function and mechanisms in regulating both regenerative and degenerative responses to axonal damage and stress in the nervous system.
Feeding the global city: urban transformation and urban food supply chain in 21st-century Istanbul

This article focuses on the effects of urban transformation on the urban food supply chain in 21st century Istanbul. The article begins with a discussion on the particularities of the urban transfo...
Feasibility of subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation with opioid sparing truncal plane blocks and deep sedation.

Introduction The subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (S-ICD) is most commonly implanted under general anesthesia (GA), due to the intraoperative discomfort associated with tunneling and dissection. Postoperative pain can be substantial and is often managed with opioids. There is a growing interest in transitioning away from the routine use of GA during S-ICD implantation, while also controlling perioperative discomfort without the use of narcotics. As such, we assessed the feasibility of a multimodal analgesia regimen that included regional anesthesia techniques in patients undergoing S-ICD implantation. Methods and results Twenty patients received truncal plane block (TBL) immediately before S-ICD implantation. The first 10 patients were implanted under general anesthesia (GA + TBL), and the next 10 patients were implanted under deep sedation (DS + TBL). Additionally, the DS + TBL patients were also prescribed a structured regimen of nonopioid analgesics in the perioperative period. Opioid consumption was calculated as milligram morphine equivalents (MME). In-hospital opioid consumption was significantly lower in the patients implanted with DS + TBL (MME = 0) as compared with patients receiving GA + TBL (MME = 60; P = 0.004). Conclusions Subcutaneous ICD implantation with anesthesia-delivered DS and a multimodal anesthetic regimen that includes TBL is feasible and associated with significantly less perioperative opioid consumption.
Six-Membered Ring Systems: Pyridine and Benzo Derivatives

Abstract The synthesis and chemistry of six-membered pyridines and bicyclic six-membered rings quinolines and isoquinolines were reviewed for the year 2018.
Theoretical Framework, Literature Review, and the Current Project

This chapter first provides the theoretical underpinnings for the studies described in this book, including the component approach to reading, cross-linguistic transfer, and metalinguistic awareness in reading development, and the input-driving view of learning. The chapter also reviews current literature on learning to read through one-way immersion programs involving different language pairs, notably French immersion in Canada, foreign language immersion in North America, and English immersion in China. Based on the review, this chapter outlines the research questions and methodology used in the current project.
Multimodal Classification of EEG During Physical Activity

Brain Computer Interfaces (BCIs) typically utilize electroencephalography (EEG) to enable control of a computer through brain signals. However, EEG is susceptible to a large amount of noise, especially from muscle activity, making it difficult to use in ubiquitous computing environments where mobility and physicality are important features. In this work, we present a novel multimodal approach for classifying the P300 event related potential (ERP) component by coupling EEG signals with nonscalp electrodes (NSE) that measure ocular and muscle artifacts. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach on a new dataset where the P300 signal was evoked with participants on a stationary bike under three conditions of physical activity: rest, low-intensity, and high-intensity exercise. We show that intensity of physical activity impacts the performance of both our proposed model and existing state-of-the-art models. After incorporating signals from nonscalp electrodes our proposed model performs significantly better for the physical activity conditions. Our results suggest that the incorporation of additional modalities related to eye-movements and muscle activity may improve the efficacy of mobile EEG-based BCI systems, creating the potential for ubiquitous BCI.
Operative Repair of Gastroschisis

This chapter describes the surgical procedure for operative sutured repair of gastroschisis. The text includes an introduction that outlines the indications, risks, alternatives, essential steps, needed equipment, and variations in technique for the procedure in question. This is followed by a template operative dictation, which provides the reader with an operative report, such as is found in a patient chart or electronic medical record. A description is provided of the following critical concepts for this procedure: ensure adequate sedation and analgesia, decompress the colon to express meconium (or remove the silo, if this was a staged closure), enlarge the abdominal wall defect if necessary, reduce the abdominal contents (taking care to monitor for and avoid abdominal compartment syndrome), and close the abdominal wall defect primarily.
p300/CBP inhibition enhances the efficacy of programmed death-ligand 1 blockade treatment in prostate cancer

Blockade of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) by therapeutic antibodies has shown to be a promising strategy in cancer therapy, yet clinical response in many types of cancer, including prostate cancer (PCa), is limited. Tumor cells secrete PD-L1 through exosomes or splice variants, which has been described as a new mechanism for the resistance to PD-L1 blockade therapy in multiple cancers, including PCa. This suggests that cutting off the secretion or expression of PD-L1 might improve the response rate of PD-L1 blockade therapy in PCa treatment. Here we report that p300/CBP inhibition by a small molecule p300/CBP inhibitor dramatically enhanced the efficacy of PD-L1 blockade treatment in a syngeneic model of PCa by blocking both the intrinsic and IFN-γ-induced PD-L1 expression. Mechanistically, p300/CBP could be recruited to the promoter of CD274 (encoding PD-L1) by the transcription factor IRF-1, which induced the acetylation of Histone H3 at CD274 promoter followed by the transcription of CD274. A485, a p300/CBP inhibitor, abrogated this process and cut off the secretion of exosomal PD-L1 by blocking the transcription of CD274, which combined with the anti-PD-L1 antibody to reactivate T cells function for tumor attack. This finding reports a new mechanism of how cancer cells regulate PD-L1 expression through epigenetic factors and provides a novel therapeutic approach to enhance the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors treatment.
How to run 50% faster without external energy

Technological innovations may enable next-generation running shoes to provide unprecedented mobility. But how could a running shoe increase the speed of motion without providing external energy? We found that the top speed of running may be increased more than 50% using a catapult-like exoskeleton device, which does not provide external energy. Our finding uncovers the hidden potential of human performance augmentation via unpowered robotic exoskeletons. Our result may lead to a new-generation of augmentation devices developed for sports, rescue operations, and law enforcement, where humans could benefit from increased speed of motion.
CryoEM reveals how the small molecule EGCG binds to Alzheimer’s brain-derived tau fibrils and initiates fibril disaggregation

Abstract EGCG, the most abundant favanol in green tea, is one of the few natural compounds known to inhibit amyloid fibril formation of proteins associated with neurodegeneration, and to disaggregate amyloid fibrils. Little is known of the mechanism of molecular action of EGCG, or how it or other small molecules interact with amyloid fibrils. Here we present a 3.9 A resolution cryoEM structure that reveals the site of EGCG binding to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) brain-derived tau fibrils. The structure suggests that EGCG disaggregates fibrils of AD-tau by wedging into a cleft that is at the interface of two protofilaments of the paired helical filament, and by causing charge repulsions between tau layers of the fibril. In support of this, we observe separation of the protofilaments that EGCG wedges between, and accompanying displacement of the adjacent β-helix domain. By resolving the site of EGCG binding, our structure defines a pharmacophore-like cleft in the AD-tau fibril that will be of use for the discovery of surrogate compounds with more desirable drug-like properties.
A 2T-1R Cell Array with High Dynamic Range for Mismatch-Robust and Efficient Neurocomputing

Dedicated neuromorphic engines have become indispensable to perform resource-intensive computations involving high-dimensional data on mobile platforms in this era of internet-of-things (IoT) and big data. Vector-by-matrix multiplication (VMM) accelerators form the kernel of these engines. Time-domain based mixed-signal VMM approaches, especially those utilizing emerging non-volatile memory cells as programmable current sources/sinks to realize tunable weights, are arguably the most area- and energy-efficient implementations. However, the cell non-idealities such as capacitive coupling, nonnegligible minimum cell current (I min ), limited dynamic range (I max /I min ) of cell currents, drain-induced barrier lowering and susceptibility to mismatch-effects severely degrades their computational precision and limits their area- and energy- efficiency. Therefore, in this work, for the first time, we propose a novel 2T-1R cell that overcomes these limitations and facilitates the effective realization of the true potential of the time-domain VMM implementations. The preliminary estimates indicate that a computational precision of 6-bits and a record energy-efficiency of ~1.5 PetaOp/J with a throughput of ~3.3 TeraOp/s is achievable in a 200×200 time-domain VMM utilizing the proposed 2T-1R cell array, implemented in the 55-nm technology node, including the contribution of the input/output (I/O) and peripheral circuitry.
Matrices and Systems of Linear Equations

This chapter discusses the solutions of a system of linear equations by viewing the solutions as a set and interpreting that set geometrically. Matrices and operations on matrices are briefly reviewed and their effect on the related solution sets is also described geometrically.
An Analytical History of Black Female Lynchings In The United States, 1838-1969

Narratives on the lynching of black females in the United States have rarely commanded much more than minor postscripts in the lynching scholarship, thus leaving the historical picture of lynching violence incomplete and distorted. To correct for this unfinished portrait of American lynchings, the present work provides a contextual history on black females victimized largely by white male terrorists. To distinguish black female lynchings and bring into sharper focus the wretched horror suffered by black women and young black girls, this work constructs an inventory of 188 confirmed cases of black females lynched mostly by white mobsters from 1838 to 1969. A contextual history of black female lynchings supports the notion that vigilante violence against black women and girls was a means of gendered racial oppression in American society; black female lynchings were symbolic and cautioned marginalized black women and girls to maintain their inferior place in society to white male supremacy. One objective of this paper is to bring voice to this population of black females wronged by the interlocking systems of gender, race, and class oppression in United States society. Regrettably, black female oppression as an artifact of gendered racism remains a formidable characteristic of today’s society.
Improving the Effectiveness of an Initial Consultation Request: An Intervention Study

Background: Consultation occurs in a variety of medical settings in order to improve the quality of patient care. The AAMC recognizes that the skills needed to provide an effective consultation request should be acquired before the start of residency. However, formal education on requesting a consultation during medical school is rare. Objective: Our aim is to improve medical student comfort and competence in performing an initial consultation request. Methods: This is an ongoing prospective, block randomized study conducted on students rotating through the Pediatric clerkship at our hospital. The interventions included participation in a live workshop, where students practiced performing a consultation request, and/or …
Evaluation criteria to support cleaner construction and repair of airport runways: A review of the state of practice and recommendations for future practice

Abstract This paper reviews the concepts of sustainability as it relates to investment evaluation and decision making in runway pavement reconstruction, widening, or repair. The discussion starts with an overview of sustainability principles applied to these runway improvements, and identifies the decision-making contexts associated with these improvements. A comprehensive and explicit definition of performance goals and the associated decision criteria is prerequisite to runway investment evaluation. Therefore, the paper proposes guidelines to assist airport agencies select appropriate decision criteria for their runway pavement investment evaluations. These guidelines address the tie between the decision criteria and sustainable development principles, as well as the desired attributes not only of individual criteria but also of any set of criteria assembled for runway investment appraisal. The authors then present three case studies of runway development to illustrate instances where airport agencies had explicitly implemented sustainability-related decision criteria. It is anticipated that inferences from these specific applications can help airport agencies assess the full consequences of their runway investment alternatives in terms of costs and benefits to the airport agency, the users (airline companies and passengers), and the community.
Modeling the Impact of Surrounding Dielectric Width on the Range and Shape of the Recording Volume of Disc Microelectrodes

Efforts to reduce the size of implanted microelectrodes and their supporting dielectric material are being driven by demands to reduce the foreign-body tissue response and increase spatial resolution. Although the impact on recording performance of electrode size and shape have been analyzed in both prior and on-going work, the impact of the width of the surrounding dielectric has not. In this work we use the FEM-reciprocity method, informed by NEURON, to examine the impact of dielectric widths, ranging from 1 to $256 \mu \mathrm{m}$ , on the range and shape of the recording volume around $8- \mu \mathrm{m}$ -diameter disc electrodes located inside a $700-\mu \mathrm{m}$ -diameter fascicle. We observe that reducing the width of the dielectric not only can reduce the recording range by up to 1/3 but also changes the region of tissue recorded from only above the electrode to equally above and below the electrode. As the width of the dielectric is scaled down, these observed impacts occur at different levels for different diameters fibers.
Sleep disturbance and pain in U.S. adults over 50: evidence for reciprocal, longitudinal effects.

Abstract Objective To examine the relationship between sleep disturbance and pain over a 14-year period. Methods This study used data from the 2002–2016 waves of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), an observational study of U.S. adults over age 50 (n = 17,756). Sleep disturbance was measured via four items (assessing difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, and waking up too early as well as restedness) and pain via two items assessing the presence and degree of pain. Analyses consisted of path analysis; more specifically, random intercept cross-lagged panel modeling (RI-CLPM) was used to examine how pain and sleep disturbance predict one another over two-year intervals after accounting for the trait-like nature of both factors. Results There was evidence of reciprocal effects between sleep disturbance and pain across some, but not all, intervals. Moreover, the latent variables representing the trait-like nature of sleep disturbance and pain both showed significant variance (p Conclusion Sleep disturbance and pain are stable experiences. Moreover, there was some evidence that sleep disturbance and pain are bidirectionally linked across time among adults over 50, whereby across some intervals deviations in one's typical level of sleep disturbance predicted corresponding deviations in one's typical level of pain and vice versa. Clinically, this comorbidity and potential longitudinal bidirectionality underscore the importance of evidence-based interventions that target both sleep and pain among older individuals. Further studies should replicate these findings by collecting validated and/or objective sleep and pain measures on a more frequent basis.
Source Localization of Simulated Electroencephalogram of Virtual Epileptic Patient to Investigate Clinically Feasible Montages

Electroencephalogram (EEG) source localization is used to estimate regions of ictal onset in epilepsy patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Localization of EEG data struggles to achieve high spatial resolution, especially in deep brain regions, and is difficult to validate. In this paper we generate simulated EEG data using a spatiotemporally realistic generative brain network model (BNM) based on patient structural and functional data, created with The Virtual Brain (TVB) platform, to qualitatively assess head model approaches, distributed source inverse methods and clinically feasible electrode montages. We find that sLORETA is highly sensitive to head model errors, where dSPM is robust and wMNE displays some sensitivity. Additionally, increased electrode density over regions of interest provides a clinically feasible means to improve localization accuracy of a sparse montage. Finally, TVB platform can be utilized to model patient anatomy and physiology where resultant simulated EEG can be source localized for personalized neurological care.
Defining dimensions of pregnancy intendedness

Background: The classification scheme used by the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) is a well-established system for defining the intendedness of pregnancy, but its clinical relevance is uncertain. The purpose of this study was to explore how women conceptualize the intention status of their pregnancies and how their concepts relate to the classification scheme used by the NSFG. Methods: This qualitative study used in-depth, semistructured, open-ended interviews with 27 pregnant women seeking prenatal care or abortion. Sampling was based on ethnicity (Caucasian or Hispanic), education, religiosity, and NSFG intention status (intended, mistimed, or unwanted). Results: Five qualitative dimensions of pregnancy intendedness emerged: preconception desire for pregnancy, steps taken to prepare for pregnancy, fertility behavior and expectations, postconception desire for pregnancy, and adaptation to pregnancy and baby. The relationship of these qualitative dimensions to the NSFG categories was varied and complex, particularly for the NSFG mistimed category. Women indicated that their partners had a strong influence on preconception and postconception desire for pregnancy. Conclusion: Further research is needed to develop measures of pregnancy intendedness that accurately reflect the needs and priorities of women. Research that addresses male perspectives and influence is of particular importance.
Complex Linear STBCs with Multiple Rates

Complex linear space-time block codes (STBCs) with multiple rates are investigated. First, the conditions for capacity-lossless STBC existence are derived and we prove that capacity-lossless complex linear STBCs exist if and only if there is one receive antenna. It is also proved that rate-one capacity-lossless complex linear STBCs exist if and only if there are two transmit antennas. We show that even though the Alamouti code and layered-Alamouti code are capacity-lossless for one receive antenna, better STBCs can still be found for two receive antennas by introducing the circular layered-Alamouti code. By analyzing the outage capacity, we also show that additional transmit antennas beyond the number of receive antennas can dramatically improve the performance. This analysis is supported by simulations
The Developer’s Art Today: Aikido or Sumo?: Software development, tools, and whether or not they make us more productive

About once a month the Queue Advisory Board gets together for dinner to hammer out ideas for upcoming issues. Well, a few months back we fell into discussion about the problems surrounding software development these days. A few of us piped up straight away that tools are very important. Others countered, “Oh, sure, but do they help or do they hurt?” And so this issue was born.
Four-corner arthrodesis using a circular plate and distal radius bone grafting: a consecutive case series.

Purpose Four-corner arthrodesis with scaphoid excision has been shown to be an acceptable method for treating wrist degenerative changes. Some recent studies have identified higher complication rates when circular plates are used. This study examined a consecutive case series with defined technique for outcome and complications. Methods A retrospective assessment was performed in a consecutive cohort of 28 patients who underwent a standardized 4-corner arthrodesis with a 2nd-generation circular plate and distal radius bone grafting for a diagnosis of scapholunate advanced collapse, scaphoid nonunion advanced collapse, or midcarpal arthrosis. Complete data were obtained for 26 of the patients and partial data for the other 2. Follow-up examination included visual analog scale and activity scores, work status, posteroanterior and lateral radiographs, bone union status, grip strength, range of motion, and complications. Results Average follow-up was 46 months. Range of motion averaged 45% of the uninjured side (average extension, 35°; average flexion, 26°). Grip strength averaged 82% of the uninjured side. The mean visual analog scale pain and activity scores were 2.3/10 and 2.4/10. Only 1 patient required job modification because of wrist impairment. Radiographs demonstrated union of the primary capitolunate fusion mass in all of the cases. There was 1 case of probable but not certain peritriquetral nonunion and 1 case of asymptomatic loss of radiolunate joint space; in terms of hardware, there was screw back-out (of 1 screw) in 1 case the plate broke in 1 case. Two patients underwent reoperation, one for radial styloid impingement pain and the other for lack of flexion. Conclusions Despite recent reports indicating a high nonunion rate with plate fixation, standardized 4-corner arthrodesis using a recessed, dorsal circular plate and distal radius bone grafting produced excellent and reproducible results in this consecutive series. Notably, there was no development of secondary arthritic changes at the radiolunate joint, indicating a reasonable durability to the procedure. Optimal results require exacting technique with quality bone graft. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic IV.
Application of Self Assembled Monolayer Approach to Probe Fiber Matrix-Adhesion

Adhesion at the fiber-matrix interface of composites is often related to a combination of factors such as mechanical interlocking, physico-chemical interactions, and chemical bonding of the fiber-matrix interphase region. We demonstrate the use of self-assembled monolayer (SAMs) approach for depositing silane coupling agent on glass fiber and studying the impact of the individual interactions on the adhesion process. Through some unique chemistry, functionalized and non-functionalized C11 chlorosilanes were deposited on to E-glass fiber and modified. The adhesion of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA) cured with meta-phenylene diamine (m-PDA) to SAM layer on E-glass fibers was measured by performing single fiber fragmentation tests (SFFT). The extent of adhesion between the fiber and matrix was found to be dependent on carbon chain length of coupling agents, and the functional group at the end of the SAMs layer. Furthermore, the contributions to adhesion by physico-chemical interaction and covalent bonding has been individually assessed.
Adolescent Boys and Body Image: Weight and Muscularity Concerns as Dual Pathways to Body Dissatisfaction

This research evaluated a dual pathway model for body dissatisfaction among adolescent boys. The study provides empirical support for the importance of distinguishing between weight and muscularity concerns in understanding male body image. A total of 128 boys from grades 8 and 11 completed a self-report questionnaire. Results indicated that weight and muscularity concerns each made unique contributions to body dissatisfaction and were associated with distinct individual and peer context characteristics. Weight concern was associated with elevated BMI and more frequent appearance conversations with friends. Muscularity concern was significantly greater among boys who reported more frequent muscle-building conversations, had lower BMI, and were older. The results support the importance of distinguishing between and assessing both muscularity and weight concerns in the development of body image dissatisfaction among adolescent boys.
The Cervical Cap: An Alternative Contraceptive

Recent findings on health hazards of oral contraceptives and intrauterine devices have prompted American women to seek alternative forms of birth control which are both safe and effective. The cervical cap may provide a desired alternative and is relatively inexpensive. Types of caps are described below, with nursing guidelines for use and fitting.
Summary of ISO/TC 201 Technical Report: ISO/TR 19319: 2003—Surface chemical analysis—Auger electron spectroscopy and x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy—Determination of lateral resolution, analysis area and sample area viewed by the analyser

ISO Technical Report 19319:2003 contains information on the determination of lateral resolution, analysis area and sample area viewed by the analyser in surface analyses by Auger electron spectroscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. This article provides a brief summary of this information. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transport of serotonin and norepinephrine by the rabbit choroid plexus in vitro.

Abstract When pieces of rabbit choroid plexus were incubated aerobically at 37° with solutions of serotonin-2- 14 C or DL-norepinephrine-7- 14 C, the tissue took up the amines by a process showing all the characteristics of active transport. Uptake against a concentration gradient occurred by a saturable process that was inhibited by anaerobic conditions and by low concentrations of ouabain, reserpine, and certain metabolic inhibitors. Serotonin and norepinephrine were bound to homogenates of choroid plexus, but the characteristics of the binding were such that binding would not account for the bulk of amine accumulation seen in the intact tissue. The uptake of hexamethonium, a substance previously shown to be actively transported by choroid plexus, was competitively inhibited by serotonin and norepinephrine, suggesting that the three compounds share a common transport process.
Integration of structural and functional genomics.

Summary This paper introduces a special issue of Animal Genetics, which is devoted to the recent symposium held at Iowa State University entitled ‘Integration of Structural and Functional Genomics’. We describe issues and needs that confront the animal genomics community, and describe how this symposium was structured to address these issues by improving communication and collaboration across species and disciplines. The session topics and oral presentations are briefly described for all invited speakers.
Does pregnancy alter the systemic toxicity of local anesthetics

The toxicity of mepivacaine in chronically instrumented nonpregnant and pregnant sheep was evaluated, and compared with data from previous studies of the toxicity of other local anesthetics. Thirteen preparations were studied, seven nonpregnant (NP) and six pregnant (P). Mepivacaine 2 mg.kg-1.min-1 was infused at a constant rate into the femoral vein until toxic manifestations occurred, in the following sequence: convulsions, hypotension, respiratory arrest, and circulatory collapse. The doses and plasma concentrations of mepivacaine necessary to produce toxic symptoms were similar in NP and P animals, whereas, in a previous study, pregnancy enhanced the cardiotoxicity of bupivacaine. No malignant ventricular arrhythmias were observed throughout the study. Protein binding of mepivacaine was also determined in sera from nonpregnant and pregnant ewes and compared with that for bupivacaine. Serum protein binding of mepivacaine was not reduced in pregnancy at the drug concentrations associated with toxic symptoms; at circulatory collapse, it was approximately 22% in NP and P. In contrast, the proportion of bound bupivacaine was 73% in NP and 51% in P, a significant difference. These protein binding data suggest that, although lethal concentrations of bupivacaine, determined in the previous study, were higher in NP than in P animals, concentrations of free drug were similar. Thus, the difference between the two drugs may be related to gestational increases in the availability of free drug in the case of bupivacaine.
In situ observation of peptide bond formation at the water–air interface

We report unambiguous spectroscopic evidence of peptide bond formation at the air–water interface, yielding a possible mechanism providing insight into the formation of modern ribosomal peptide bonds, and a means for the emergence of peptides on early Earth. Protein synthesis in aqueous environments, facilitated by sequential amino acid condensation forming peptides, is a ubiquitous process in modern biology, and a fundamental reaction necessary in prebiotic chemistry. Such reactions, however, are condensation reactions, requiring the elimination of a water molecule for every peptide bond formed, and are thus unfavorable in aqueous environments both from a thermodynamic and kinetic point of view. We use the hydrophobic environment of the air–water interface as a favorable venue for peptide bond synthesis, and demonstrate the occurrence of this chemistry with in situ techniques using Langmuir-trough methods and infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy. Leucine ethyl ester (a small amino acid ester) first partitions to the water surface, then coordinates with Cu2+ ions at the interface, and subsequently undergoes a condensation reaction selectively forming peptide bonds at the air–water interface.
A method for the perceptual optimization of complex visualizations

A common problem in visualization applications is the display of one surface overlying another. Unfortunately, it is extremely difficult to do this clearly and effectively. Stereoscopic viewing can help, but in order for us to be able to see both surfaces simultaneously, they must be textured, and the top surface must be made partially transparent. There is also abundant evidence that all textures are not equal in helping to reveal surface shape, but there are no general guidelines describing the best set of textures to be used in this way. What makes the problem difficult to perceptually optimize is that there are a great many variables involved. Both foreground and background textures must be specified in terms of their component colors, texture element shapes, distributions, and sizes. Also to be specified is the degree of transparency for the foreground texture components. Here we report on a novel approach to creating perceptually optimal solutions to complex visualization problems and we apply it to the overlapping surface problem as a test case. Our approach is a three-stage process. In the first stage we create a parameterized method for specifying a foreground and background pair of textures. In the second stage a genetic algorithm is applied to a population of texture pairs using subject judgments as a selection criterion. Over many trials effective texture pairs evolve. The third stage involves characterizing and generalizing the examples of effective textures. We detail this process and present some early results.
Future of Mental Health Occupational Therapy: Student Perspective and Concerns

Occupational therapy has been gradually slipping away from its foundation in mental health practice. In order to provide the best services to individuals with mental health disorders, the occupational therapy profession must maintain and expand its involvement in this area of practice. The purpose of this paper is to explore the threats and opportunities to promote education and practice in mental health from a student perspective. The authors reviewed the literature, distributed questionnaires, and conducted focus groups with occupational therapy students at a southeastern university. Based on findings in the literature and of the focus groups with students, the authors have drawn a list of suggestions to improve the visibility of occupational therapy in mental health care. These suggestions are for occupational therapy educational programs, mental health practitioners, AOTA, and state associations.
Social Genome: Putting Big Data to Work for Population Informatics

Data-intensive research using distributed, federated, person-level datasets in near real time has the potential to transform social, behavioral, economic, and health sciences--but issues around privacy, confidentiality, access, and data integration have slowed progress in this area. When technology is properly used to manage both privacy concerns and uncertainty, big data will help move the growing field of population informatics forward.
A Memory of John Tukey as a Teacher

John Tukey was an inspiring teacher, encouraging his students to think by expressing new ideas in provocative ways, and by tolerating a wide range of questions and discussion in class.
Variability of dark adaptation.

Dark-adaptation curves were obtained from three observers: one was tested 15 times, the others 24 times each. Half of the tests were taken immediately upon entering the darkroom, the other half after 30 minutes rest in total darkness. The variability of threshold measurements is approximately twice as large in the former as in the latter condition. It appears that exposure to light prior to the standard procedure of testing exerts an influence upon subsequent threshold measurements, unless the visual receptor system is allowed to reach a state of equilibrium before the standard pre-exposure is given. This assumption is supported by experiments in which two observers spent half an hour reading under bright outdoor skylight. When the eyes are not shielded from high luminances, or when luminance is only slightly reduced, the delayed dark adaptation curves reach lower levels than when the tests are made immediately. However, when the eyes are shielded by dense goggles dark-adaptation curves obtained in immediate and delayed tests are indistinguishable. It seems probable, therefore, that variability in dark adaptation is at least in part a function of residual effects of exposure to light antecedent to routine pre-exposure and threshold measurements in dark-adaptation tests.
Cloning and expression of a cocaine-sensitive dopamine transporter complementary DNA

A rat dopamine (DA) transporter complementary DNA has been isolated with combined complementary DNA homology and expression approaches. The DA transporter is a 619-amino acid protein with 12 hydrophobic putative membrane-spanning domains and homology to the norepinephrine and gamma-aminobutyric acid transporters. The expressed complementary DNA confers transport of [3H]DA in Xenopus oocytes and in COS cells. Binding of the cocaine analog [3H]CFT ([3H]2 beta-carbomethoxy-3 beta-(4-fluorophenyl)tropane) to transfected COS cell membranes yields a pharmacological profile similar to that in striatal membranes.
Enhancement of Cesium137 Excretion by Rats Fed Potassium-Supplemented Diets.∗‡

SummaryNormal rat diet supplemented with potassium at concentrations of 5, 8, or 11% increased the excretion of a single intraperitioneal dose of Cs137 from rats as compared with control rats ingesting normal rat diet without added potassium. Twenty days after injection, the Cs137 burden of rats maintained on 5% potassium diet was half that of animals fed basal diet. Animals fed a semi-synthetic low potassium diet retained Cs137 more tenaciously than animals on the normal diet.Increasing dietary potassium intake simultaneously with exposure to Cs137 does have the beneficial effect of enhancing Cs137 excretion in the rat.
Effect of ionizing radiation on second breakdown

Abstract Constant current pulses, 5–100 μsec in duration, with amplitude sufficient to cause second breakdown in each pulse, were applied to p + -n-n + vertical junction silicon-on-sapphire diodes. The diodes were irradiated on every other pulse by a 20 nsec ionizing radiation pulse from a Nd-glass laser with approximately 4 × 103 rad. per pulse. In all cases where the density of carriers generated by the ionizing radiation was greater than the impurity doping density of the most lightly doped part of the test diode, the reverse-bias second breakdown delay time was increased as a result of irradiation. There was no evidence of heating due to laser radiation in any of the test devices up to the threshold of laser damage.
From Men into Gods: American Pragmatism, Italian Proto-Fascism, and Secular Religion

This article argues that the philosophy of American pragmatism was a genetic factor that may have contributed to the formation of certain key elements of Italian fascist ideology, or what Emilio Ge...
Modification of wettability of a stainless-steel plate by cathodic plasma polymerization of trimethylsilane−oxygen mixtures

Wettability (by water) of a stainless-steel plate was modified by depositing an ultrathin layer of a plasma polymer of trimethylsilane (TMS) and an oxygen mixture. Plasma polymerization was carried out by cathodic glow discharge polymerization, in which a substrate stainless-steel plate was used as the cathode of the dc glow discharge. The plasma polymer of TMS (oxygen mol fraction=0) is very hydrophobic, but the addition of oxygen in the monomer mixture increased the hydrophilicity of the plasma polymer. The value of cos θ (θ:advancing contact angle of water) linearly increased with the mol fraction of oxygen in the monomer mixture. Oxygen in the monomer mixture acts as (1) an ablating agent of a carbon-based plasma polymer and (2) a comonomer for a silicon-based plasma polymer. The atomic composition of a plasma polymer, which can be expressed as SiC x O y , changes (x decreases and y increases) as the mol fraction of oxygen increases
Conditional deletion of the human ortholog gene Dicer1 in Pax2‑Cre expression domain impairs orofacial development

Background: Orofacial clefts are common worldwide and result from insufficient growth and/or fusion during the genesis of the derivatives of the first pharyngeal arch and the frontonasal prominence. Recent studies in mice carrying conditional and tissue-specific deletions of the human ortholog Dicer1 , an RNAse III family member, have highlighted its importance in cell survival, differentiation, proliferation, and morphogenesis. Nevertheless, information regarding Dicer1 and its dependent microRNAs (miRNAs) in mammalian palatogenesis and orofacial development is limited. Aims: To describe the craniofacial phenotype, gain insight into potential mechanisms underlying the orofacial defects in the Pax2-Cre/Dicer1 CKO mouse, and shed light on the role of Dicer1 in mammalian palatogenesis. Materials And Methods: Histological and molecular assays of wild type (WT) and Pax2-Cre / Dicer1 loxP/loxP ( Dicer1 CKO) mice dissected tissues have been performed to characterize and analyze the orofacial dysmorphism in Pax2-Cre / Dicer1 loxP/loxP mouse. Results: Dicer1 CKO mice exhibit late embryonic lethality and severe craniofacial dysmorphism, including a secondary palatal cleft. Further analysis suggest that Dicer1 deletion neither impacts primary palatal development nor the initial stages of secondary palatal formation. Instead, Dicer1 is implicated in growth, differentiation, mineralization, and survival of cells in the lateral palatal shelves. Histological and molecular analysis demonstrates that secondary palatal development becomes morphologically arrested prior to mineralization around E13.5 with a significant increase in the expression levels of apoptotic markers ( P Conclusions: Pax2-Cre -mediated Dicer1 deletion disrupts lateral palatal outgrowth and bone mineralization during palatal shelf development, therefore providing a mammalian model for investigating the role of miRNA-mediated signaling pathways during palatogenesis.
Foxp3 and dominant tolerance.

The hallmark of the adaptive immune system is the random generation of antigen receptors in developing lymphocyte clones through a process of somatic cell gene rearrangement mediated by the recombination-activating gene recombinase. The essentially unlimited specificities of this anticipatory
Flux-flow in sintered polycrystalline YBa2Cu3O7−δ

Abstract We have observed flux-flow resistivity in superconducting sintered polycrystalline Y123 over the temperature range of 5–89 K, using a contact-less microwave technique, in an applied magnetic field varying to a maximum of 1.9 T. Flux-flow is observed superimposed on an isotropic background resistivity, and is at maximum several degrees below the transmission temperature. Flux-flow resistivity, a consequence of the Lorentz force on a fluxoid, varies as sin 2 (φ), where φ is the angle between the applied magnetic field and the RF current.
On the maximum principle for systems with random parameters

A Maximum Principle for systems influenced by time-invariant random parameters is established. An ordinary differential equation represents the system and the expectation of a cost functional is the performance index. The system is not necessarily linear and the cost not necessarily quadratic. The controls considered utilize some broadly defined "information" on the system. This information may consist of, but is not restricted to, instantaneous, noisy state measurements.
Temperature-dependence of saccular nerve fiber response in the North American bullfrog.

Abstract A clinical microwave device was used to heat and ear of the North American bullfrog in order to observe the temperature dependence of tuning in the sacculus, an organ known to posses the capability of electrical resonance in its hair cells. In tuning curves derived from reverse correlation analysis with noise stimuli, the temperature dependencies of the frequencies of tuning peaks and notches typically exhibited Q 10 s less than 1.2; whereas the frequencies of electrical resonances are expected to have Q 10 s of the order of 1.7. Therefore we conclude that electrical resonances are not significantly involved in tuning in the bullfrog sacculus.
Respiratory effects of household exposures to tobacco smoke and gas cooking on nonsmokers

The records of 708 nonsmoking white adult residents of Washington County, MD, who had participated in two of respiratory symptoms were analyzed to evaluate the effects of exposure at home to two potential sources of indoor air pollution: cigarette smoking by other household members, and use of gas as a cooking fuel. After adjustment for the effects of age, sex, socioeconomic level, occupational exposure to dust, and years of residence in household, the presence of one or more smokers in the household was only suggestively associated with a higher frequency of chronic phlegm and impaired ventilatory function defined as FEV1 < 80% predicted. The use for cooking was associated with a significantly increased frequency of chronic cough and a significantly greater percentage with impaired ventilatory function as measured both by FEV1 < 80% predicted and by FEV1/FVC < 70%.
Gatling: Automatic Performance Attack Discovery in Large-Scale Distributed Systems

In this article, we propose Gatling, a framework that automatically finds performance attacks caused by insider attackers in large-scale message-passing distributed systems. In performance attacks, malicious nodes deviate from the protocol when sending or creating messages, with the goal of degrading system performance. We identify a representative set of basic malicious message delivery and lying actions and design a greedy search algorithm that finds effective attacks consisting of a subset of these actions. Although lying malicious actions are protocol dependent, requiring the format and meaning of messages, Gatling captures them without needing to modify the target system by using a type-aware compiler. We have implemented and used Gatling on nine systems, a virtual coordinate system, a distributed hash table lookup service and application, two multicast systems and one file sharing application, and three secure systems designed specifically to tolerate insiders, two based on virtual coordinates and one using Outlier Detection, one invariant derived from physical laws, and the last one a Byzantine resilient replication system. We found a total of 48 attacks, with the time needed to find each attack ranging from a few minutes to a few hours.
The cardiopulmonary effects of severe blood loss in anesthetized horses

Abstract Objective To characterize the acute cardiopulmonary effects of severe hemorrhage in anesthetized horses. Study design Prospective experimental study. Animals Three geldings and six mares, aged 14.4 ± 2.7 years, weighing 486 ± 41 kg (range: 425-550 kg). Methods Horses were anesthetized using xylazine, guaifenesin, ketamine and halothane or isoflurane. Cardiovascular variables, hematocrit, total solids, capillary refill time (CRT) and color of mucous membranes were measured as blood was collected from the carotid artery into sterile plastic bags. Arterial blood gas analysis was also performed. Results The average amount of blood collected from these horses was (mean ± SD) 53 ± 4.8 mL kg−1 bodyweight (range: 23-32 kg) over 39 ± 4 minutes. Hematocrit decreased from 38 ± 3 to 32 ± 2% after induction of anesthesia and did not change significantly over the period of blood loss. Total solids decreased significantly after induction of anesthesia, and over the period of blood loss. Systolic, mean, diastolic and pulse pressures decreased as blood was lost. Heart rate did not change significantly. Capillary refill time increased from 1.6 ± 0.4 seconds to 4.8 ± 1.3 seconds as blood loss increased. Mucous membrane color deteriorated progressively. Arterial PO2 decreased significantly over the period of blood loss. Conclusions Hematocrit and heart rate do not change significantly during acute severe hemorrhage in the anesthetized horse. Arterial blood pressure, pulse pressure and PaO2 decrease as blood loss increases. Changes in mucous membrane color and CRT also occur as blood loss increases. Clinical relevance During severe hemorrhage in the inhalant-anesthetized horse, both heart rate and hematocrit remain unchanged. Blood pressure decreases and changes in arterial PO2 correlate most strongly with volume of blood lost.