cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
State-dependent increase of cortical gamma activity during REM sleep after selective blockade of NR2B subunit containing NMDA receptors.

STUDY OBJECTIVES Sub-anesthetic doses of NMDA receptor antagonists suppress sleep and elicit continuous high-power gamma oscillations lasting for hours. This effect is subunit-specific, as it was also seen after preferential blockade of the NR2A but not of the NR2B subunit-containing receptors. The objective of this study was to test whether NR2B receptor antagonists that do not induce lasting aberrant gamma elevation affect gamma activity during specific behaviors and states, including REM sleep, when gamma normally occurs. DESIGN Gamma oscillations in cortical EEG were assessed in different vigilance states in rats and were compared before and after injection of nonselective (ketamine, 10 mg/kg, and MK801, 0.2 mg/kg), as well as NR2A-preferring (NVP-AAM077, 20 mg/kg), and NR2B-selective NMDA receptor antagonists (Ro25-6985, 10 mg), and vehicle. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS In contrast to nonselective and NR2A-preferring antagonists, Ro25-6985 did not disrupt sleep and had no effect on gamma activity during waking and slow wave sleep. It significantly increased, however, gamma power in the frontal (but not in occipital) cortex during REM sleep (by 37% ± 10%, average in the first 4 h). The effect had a short onset; enhanced gamma activity appeared as early as in the first REM sleep episode post-injection and lasted over 8 hours. Increased gamma power induced by MK-801 (46% ± 5%) and NVP-AAM077 (100% ± 8%) during REM sleep could also be detected several hours after injection when periodic alternation of sleep-wake states returned. CONCLUSIONS By acting on gamma oscillations in a state-dependent manner, NMDA receptors might have subunit-specific role in REM sleep-associated cognitive processes.
Separate effects identification via casting process modeling for experimental measurement of U–Pu–Zr alloys

Computational simulations of gravity casting processes for metallic U–Pu–Zr nuclear fuel rods have been performed using a design-of-experiments technique to determine the fluid flow, liquid heat transfer, and solid heat transfer parameters which most strongly influence the process solidification speed and fuel rod porosity. The results are used to make recommendations for the best investment of experimental time and effort to measure process parameters.
Earthquake-generated landslides: An important control of riverbed erosion

River erosion is a powerful shaper of topography, cutting through bedrock and over time converting smooth terrain to rolling hills or jagged cliffs. The rate of bedrock incision is influenced by the stream's slope and width, the water's flow rate, and the presence of sediment, among other factors. Researchers know sediment can play two conflicting roles: If the river's sediment load is low, it acts like sandpaper, increasing the rate of riverbed erosion. If there is plentiful sediment in the river, it forms a protective barrier along the riverbed, limiting erosion. What remains uncertain, however, is the influence of large, periodic inputs of sediment that enter rivers because of landslides or other extreme events.
Modeling of Glass Fracture Damage Using Continuum Damage Mechanics - Static Spherical Indentation

The response of soda-lime glass subjected to the stress field induced by the static indentation of a spherical indenter is studied using continuum damage mechanics (CDM). An anisotropic damage tensor with linear damage evolution law is chosen to model the cracking damage. An axisymmetric finite element model is generated to simulate the static indentation process. The damage pattern and zone size are predicted for both the loading cycle and the unloading cycle, and the comparison between the predictions and the experimental results reported in the open literature serves as a validation of the CDM model and the modeling procedure.
Gravitational Field Effects on Membrane Equilibrium, Distended Water and the Liquid-Vapour Interface

Abstract Motivated by the rise of sap in coastal redwood trees, the statistical mechanics of inhomogeneous fluids is set out in a form appropriate to discuss (a) a liquid-vapour interface formed in pure water under gravity and (b) an aqueous solution containing a non-volatile solute such as glucose in which water is in equilibrium through a semipermeable membrane with distended pure water. In principle, low-order gradient expansions allow the density profiles of both pure water and the two-component fluid to be calculated in a gravity field.
Nitrogen fixation in perspective: an overview of research and extension needs.

Abstract Recent reports point to a decline in agricultural dependence on symbiotic nitrogen (N 2 ) fixation, and in the use of rhizobial inoculants. This review contrasts the potential contribution of biologically fixed N to intensive and extensive agricultural systems, and examines opportunities for continued major contributions in the latter. It identifies six research and extension areas in which in-depth efforts are still needed, and examines some opportunities for improved N 2 fixation likely to arise through advances in molecular biology.
The Effect of Praise, Positive Nonverbal Response, Reprimand, and Negative Nonverbal Response on Child Compliance: A Systematic Review

Lack of compliance has both short- and long-term costs and is a leading reason why parents seek mental health services for children. What parents do to help children comply with directives or rules is an important part of child socialization. The current review examines the relationship between a variety of parenting discipline behaviors (i.e., praise, positive nonverbal response, reprimand, negative nonverbal response) and child compliance. Forty-one studies of children ranging in age from 1½ to 11 years were reviewed. Reprimand and negative nonverbal responses consistently resulted in greater compliance. Praise and positive nonverbal responses resulted in mixed child outcomes. The findings are discussed based on theory and populations studied. The authors propose a mechanism that may increase children's sensitivity to both positive and negative behavioral contingencies.
Pi-rho mass spectrum in π - p interactions at 6.7 GeV/c; Spin-parity analyses for A(1200) and for A(1300)

Abstract The rho-pion mass spectrum for negative, positive and zero charge has been evaluated in 6.7 GeV/ c π − proton interactions. The enhancement at 1100 MeV is present but is not strongly produced. The A(1300) is produced at a level of 40% above background. Spin-parity as determined by analysis of events in the negative charge state is consistent with 2 + , but other assignments, for example 1 + or 2 − , cannot be excluded. Spin-parity analyses separately on events in the upper and lower halves of the A(1300) peak give identical results. The A(1200) is produced at a level of 30% above background. Spin-parity analysis prefers exclusion of 0 − and 2 + .
Invertases of carnation petals: Partial purification, characterization and changes in activity during petal growth

Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L. cv. White Sim) petals contained two distinct invertases (EC 3.2.1.26) based on chromatographic behavior on DEAE-cellulose. Both are soluble in 20 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.5) and exhibit acid pH optimum of 5.5. Extraction of a cell wall preparation from petals with 1 M NaCl released little additional activity. Furthermore, only traces of activity remained associated with the NaCl-extracted cell wall preparation. One of the soluble invertases, representing over 75% of the total activity, was partially purified by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation and sequential chromatography over diethylaminoethyl-cellulose, concanavalin-A sepharose and polyacrylamide P-200. The enzyme was purified 38-fold with a recovery of 12%. It had an apparent native molecular weight of 215 kDa. The partially purified invertase is a β-fructofuranosidase (EC 3.2.1.26) based on its specificity for sucrose. The Km for sucrose was 3.3 mM. Accumulation of reducing sugars and increased invertase activity during expansive petal growth indicates that sucrose is the major source of carbon for petal growth.
Forensic psychological examination of the child witness in cases of alleged sexual abuse

The examination of child witnesses in cases of sexual molestation involves complexities at psychological and legal levels and requires rigorous analysis and assessment to safeguard the rights and interests of the alleged victim and of the accused. Legal, procedural, and psychological issues are reviewed, and a methodological strategy for the investigation and evaluation of child sexual molestation is outlined.
Guidelines for Hypertension: Are Quality-Assurance Measures on Target?

Guideline committees recommend targets of treatment based on trial data on efficacy and effectiveness. Quality-assurance initiatives apply these parameters in the general practice setting. Therefore, targets must be feasible and achievable by the practicing physicians who are judged by these targets as goals for care. We evaluated 437 patients in the Rush University Hypertension Clinic using the Health Employer Data Information Set (HEDIS) measures for 2000 to assess goal achievement in a practice-based setting. We compared guideline achievement of uncomplicated hypertensive and diabetic subjects to standards dictated by HEDIS, the 6th Joint National Committee on the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC VI), and the American Diabetic Association (ADA)/National Kidney Foundation (NKF). Overall, 276 (63%) patients achieved SBP goal, with 376 (86%) achieving DBP goal and 358 (59%) achieving both goals. However, in the 20% of patients who were diabetic, only 52% had a BP of <140 mm Hg and <90 mm Hg, whereas only 22% achieved the more stringent goals of JNC VI of <130 mm Hg systolic and <85 mm Hg diastolic and only 15% achieved the ADA/NKF goals of <130 mm Hg systolic and <80 mm Hg diastolic. Although goal was achievable in most uncomplicated hypertension, hypertension in diabetes was more difficult to control, despite being more likely to receive enhanced benefit from effective management. Goal-oriented strategy, especially in diabetic subjects, should be aggressively sought rather than relaxing goals to promote achievement.
An Experimental Study of Falling Liquid Film Breakdown on a Horizontal Cylinder During Heat Transfer

In this study, an experimental investigation was conducted with subcooled water film flowing over an electrically heated horizontal cylinder. The combinations of film flow rate and heat flux at which film breakdown occurs (i.e., dry patches appear on the surface) were determined. At the conditions prior to dry patch formation, the heat transfer coefficient was determined as well. The results showed that the heat flux needed to cause a dry patch increases with film flow rate. Also, prior to dry patch formation, the heat transfer coefficient increases with film flow rate. The effects of the tube spacing and the liquid film inlet temperature on the breakdown heat flux and heat transfer coefficient were also studied.
Photogrammetrically measured distortions of a composite microwave reflector system in vacuum at ~90 K

ABSTRACT The Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP) Observatory, scheduled for a 2001 launch, is designed to measure temperature fluctuations (anisotropy) and produce a high sensitivity and high spatial resolution (better than 0.3° at 90 GHz.) map of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation over the entire sky between 22 and 90GHz. MAP utilizes back-to-back composite Gregorian telescopes supported on a composite truss structure to focus the microwave signals into 10 differential microwave receivers. Proper position and shape of the telescopereflectors at the operating temperature of'90 K is a critical element to ensure mission success. We describe the methods and analysis used to validate the in-flight position and shape predictions for thereflectors based on photogrammetric metrology data taken under vacuum with the reflectors at '-'90K. Contour maps showing reflector distortions were generated. The resulting reflector distortion data are shown to be crucialto the analytical assessment ofthe MAP instrument's microwave system in-flight performance.
Gender and the Parkinson’s disease phenotype

Objectives To determine whether there are gender differences in the Parkinson’s disease (PD) phenotype using a large clinic–based cohort.
A BEM approach to model heat flow during crystallization

In most polymer processing applications such as injection moulding, fibre spinning and extrusion, crystallization plays an important role. The energy flow at the solid-liquid interface during crystallization controls the kinetics and subsequently influences the morphology of the transforming material. Our approach is based on the classical phase-change problem. The governing transient heat conduction equations in the liquid and the solid domains are solved using a boundary element method (BEM) with a time dependent fundamental solution to determine the temperature distribution. The boundary energy equation is used to predict the movement of the front. The crystallization kinetics are introduced through a mathematical model based on the cooling rate of a hypothetical control volume in the solid (crystalline) domain and the changes in the crystallinity are expressed in terms of the varying interface temperature. First, we verified the BEM formulation and implementation by comparing the results of two examples with an analytical and a finite difference method in one-dimension. Next, we investigated the effects of the crystallization kinetics by allowing the interface temperature to vary during the crystallization process. The results show that the crystallization front movement is slowed considerably when the kinetics are taken into account. Also, depending on the cooling rate and the parameters in the kinetics model, there may be undercooling during the process.
A quantitative microscopic analysis of the myocardial interstitial tissue space and myocardial fiber diameter in rats with vitamin E and selenium deficiency.

Vitamin E (E) and selenium (Se) are important antioxidant nutrients, preventing membrane damage by lipid hydroperoxides. In a previous study on E+Se deficient rats it was shown that plasma levels of lipoproteins increase dramatically. In continuation of this study a quantitative microscopic study was undertaken to determine the behavior of myocardial interstitial tissue space (ITS) in E+Se deficient rats as compared to control rats. Four rats fed on normal laboratory chow and 8 rats fed on basal diet supplemented with adequate E+Se served as control. Eight rats were fed on E+Se deficient diet. The animals were sacrificed after 13 to 20 weeks. Qualitative microscopic study showed patchy areas of hemorrhage, edema, infiltration of macrophages and myocardial damage consisting of pyknosis and coagulation necrosis in the deficient rats. Quantitative microscopic study of the apparently normal areas of myocardium of deficient rats showed a shrinkage of ITS (21.0±1.29% vs 16.51±4.62%, α=0.01), whereas the ITS of normal laboratory chow and E+Se supplemented groups were similar. The myocardial fiber diameter was unchanged. Using Starling's hypothesis regarding fluid movement across capillary walls, several mechanisms could be advanced to explain this apparently paradoxical phenomenon. We contend that the interstitial fluid of normal areas of the myocardium is either absorbed by the adjacent damaged areas, or before extravasation of the intravascular proteins and swelling of ITS, the interstitial fluid is first absorbed by the intravascular compartment, due to capillary membrane damage.
Empirically Supported Treatment endeavour: A successful future or inevitable debacle?

The Empirically Supported Treatment (EST) endeavour began with and has persisted through prodigious skepticism among practising clinical psychologists. Despite such criticism, however, the advent of managed care guidelines, growing emphasis on biological psychiatry, promotion of scientific interests, and the need for better patient care have validated the importance of this new conception of treatment to the field of psychology. The arguments held by proponents and opponents of the EST movement are delineated and analysed to more fully conceptualise the intricacies beneath the debate. This article is an attempt to clarify the validity and utility of both positions, and to promote understanding of the important implications that follow from endorsement of either perspective. The article closes with a discussion of the ways in which the value of both positions may be integrated into a cohesive and useful model for clinical research and practice, and provides recommendations and projections for future psychotherapy research.
Evaluating Photoresist Dissolution, Swelling, and Removal with an In Situ Film Refractive Index and Thickness Monitor

Dissolution and removal of photoresist films is performed numerous times during the fabrication of electronic, optical, and mechanical devices and integrated circuits. Information regarding changes in refractive index andfilm thickness is of interest for the design and modeling of such processes. Spectroscopic reflectometry is a cost-effective technique that has been used to monitor film thickness, but has been limited to applications in which the film refractive index is constant during dissolution, and thus has a known value. This paper extends conventional spectroscopic reflectometry analysis to account for refractive index changes in films during processing. Results obtained by this approach correlate well with spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements. This technique is applied to the dissolution of photoresist in aqueous base solutions, swelling of photoresist in solvent vapor, and removal of photoresist in water-alcohol mixtures, and can similarly be applied to other thin film applications. In addition, the optical properties of fluids such as aqueous and non-aqueous solvents, supercritical or subcritical mixtures, and gas-expanded liquids, which can be used to process thin film materials, can be monitored using spectroscopic reflectometry.
Gibberellin Biosynthesis: Genetic Studies in Gibberella fujikuroi

Biochemical genetic studies on the production of gibberellins by the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi have identified two genes which control different steps in the biosynthetic pathway. One gene (g1) controls the production of all of the gibberellins: the second gene (g2) controls the production of GA1 and GA3 only. Ascospores are not ordered in the ascus of this fungus. This apparent spore slippage precludes mapping of these genes to their respective centromeres.
Frequency Correlation between Eigenmodes of Disordered Waveguides

Using numerical simulations we study the frequency bandwidth over which the transmission through a random medium can be optimized with the wave-front shaping technique.
Spontaneous Resolution of Second Trimester Fetal Pleural Effusion

A case of pleural effusion, diagnosed by ultrasound in the second trimester, underwent spontaneous resolution without adverse effect on lung development. Optimal management has not been defined; because the natural history of fetal pleural effusion is unknown, observation with serial ultrasound is an alternative to in utero therapy.
Of tricks and tumors: Some little‐recognized costs of dishonest use of effective social influence

Although the question of which social-influence principles and practices are most effective has long been a central focus among marketing professionals, an equally important question has received much less attention: What are the circumstances under which the use of an effective influence principle is ethically acceptable? Consideration is given to one system for determining such acceptability. It is then argued that the failure to use powerful principles of influence in ethical ways has deleterious practical consequences for both individuals and organizations. In the case of marketing organizations, the consequences take the form of tumorlike costs that are difficult to detect by standard accounting methods as the causes of poor organizational performance and profitability. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Partner Violence, Depression, and Recidivism: The Case of Incarcerated Women and Why We Need Programs Designed for Them

The number of women in prison in the United States has been growing rapidly over the last 30 years. A large percentage of the incarcerated women have been victimized by violent partners and family members. Some of these women have been forced with threats of violence by their abusers to participate in illegal activities. Most of the women have children and many of the women will never see their children while in prison. Incarcerated women who have experienced intimate partner violence are at risk for depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, substance abuse, and suicide. Recidivism for women prisoners is associated with depression. In spite of the cost of recidivism and the growing overcrowded conditions in women's prisons, there are no known studies in the literature that test the effectiveness of a gender-sensitive intervention to reduce depression in incarcerated women as a means of reducing recidivism. The purpose of this paper is to illuminate the need for an effective cognitive therapy program that is designed specifically to reduce women's depression by raising awareness of inherited negative messages, affirmation of self and others, and empowerment through goal setting. The INSIGHT program is introduced as an example of a gender-sensitive program.
Infection of human hematopoietic progenitor cells using a retroviral vector with a xenotropic pseudotype

In an effort to determine if viral envelope type influences the infectivity of human hematopoietic progenitor cells with retroviral vectors, we have pseudotyped the retroviral vector N2, which confers G418-resistance, in either an amphotropic or xenotropic envelope. Vector titres obtained by the pseudotype procedure were nearly two orders of magnitude lower than the titer obtained when N2 was packaged using the amphotropic PA317 packaging cell line. Despite its low titer, xenotropically pseudotyped N2 generated G418-resistant hematopoietic colonies at levels approaching those observed after bone marrow was infected using vector packaged using PA317 cells. These results suggest that manipulations of vector envelope may lead to improvements in the level of infection of human hematopoietic stem cells.
Information spillovers, incumbency, and conservatism

Abstract This paper studies the relationship between the existing ventures of a firm and its incentives to undertake new ventures. We argue that whenever a firm undertakes a new venture, it does so with the risk that information associated with that venture will reflect on all of the firm's products. If the costs of bad news exceed the benefits of good news, the firm will be less likely to undertake the venture. This is the case in our model, in which an incumbent risks losing monopoly status in an established market should its new venture fail. Thus, incumbency can breed conservatism.
Cost modelling based on experience: do we have it backwards?

Case study research is conducted using Kaizen events to study learning mechanisms in process improvement initiatives. It is found that cumulative production experience is not the significant factor that has been traditionally supposed. A forward-looking model of learning is proposed that replicates empirical results at least as well as a classical learning curve. This model has implications for managing buyer-seller relationships on a forward-looking basis.
Cystathionase activity and glutathione metabolism in redifferentiating rat hepatocyte primary cultures.

Capacity to incorporate methionine sulfur into glutathione as well as cystathionase activity were lost in cultured hepatocytes in a biphasis manner with 75% of the total capacity disappearing with a half-life of about 10.6 hr, the remainder with a half-life of greater than 20 hr. Nicotinamide, 25 mM, produced a single phase loss with a t% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaSWaaSqaai% aaigdaaeaacaaIYaaaaaaa!3782!\[{\raise0.5ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle 1$}\kern-0.1em/\kern-0.15em\lower0.25ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle 2$}}\] of approximately 21 hr for both transsulfuration and cystathionase activity. Loss of both methionine sulfur incorporation and cystathionase activity occurred in transferrin/ sodium selenite-supplemented Williams Medium E (TS-HW ME) with a t% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaSWaaSqaai% aaigdaaeaacaaIYaaaaaaa!3782!\[{\raise0.5ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle 1$}\kern-0.1em/\kern-0.15em\lower0.25ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle 2$}}\] of about 96 hr through 72 hr in culture. Addition of the cystathionase inhibitor, propargylglycine, blocked glutathione synthesis in TS-HW ME cells through 48 hr in culture, while propargylglycine blocked glutathione synthesis only at 4 hr in HW ME cultured cells. Further, the accumulation of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase was delayed by 48 hr in TS-HW ME versus unsupplemented medium. Variation in the transport of sulfur amino acids was also found to occur with culture age. The Km values for cysteine and methionine transport were found to be approximately 150 and 100 µM, respectively, and were unaffected by culture age or the presence of TS-HW ME. However, the Vmax for transport of methionine declined from 0.29 to 0.012 nmol/ min/ mg protein over 48 hr in culture. In TS medium, the Vmax at 48 hr for methionine transport had only decreased to 0.20 nmol/ min/ mg protein and increased for cycteine transport to 0.17 nmol/ min/ mg protein. These data suggest that during the redifferentiation of hepatocytes in culture, transsulfuration is regulated by control of the flow of substrate through cystathionase and that cystathionase is regulated by alteration of enzyme activity or content. Variations in the rate of transport of precursor sulfur amino acids are also an important component of the regulation of the net glutathione status of the redifferentiating hepatocyte.
The interaction of immunosuppressive compounds in tandem stimulated peripheral human lymphocytes

We have developed an in vitro system to model the interactions of drugs used to treat transplant rejection. This system consists of stimulation of human lymphocytes with a primary mitogen (anti-T-cell receptor complex antibodies (OKT3 or wt31)) and treatment with a primary immunosuppressive drug (ISD) (Cyclosporine A (CsA) or FK-506)). This is later followed by stimulation with a secondary mitogen (Interleukin-2 or anti-CD28), and treatment with a second ISD. This system allows a variety of concentrations and compounds to be rapidly tested. We have used this system to study the effect of various compounds when used as either primary or secondary ISDs. Our results show that when CsA is used as the primary ISD, further proliferation can be inhibited by rapamycin, mycophenolic acid, or suramin. When FK-506 is the primary ISD, inhibition of proliferation by rapamycin is variable depending on the primary and secondary mitogens. If rapamycin is the primary ISD, both CsA and FK-506 show antagonistic interactions. These results suggest that the order in which combinations of ISDs are administered in transplantation may have significant effects on the clinical outcome.
Self-induced lipoid granuloma of the rectum: report of a case.

Massive rectal granuloma caused by self-application of mineral oil enemas for relief of constipation produced prolonged morbidity for this patient. Review of medical literature reveals that injection of internal hemorrhoids and application of oil substances after rectal surgery are common causes of oleoma. The present case indicates that mineral oil enema is probably another possible cause of rectal oleoma.
Vaccine for contraception targeting sperm.

Summary: Development of a vaccine(s) based on sperm antigens represents a promising approach to contraception. The utility of a sperm antigen ill immunocontraception is contingent upon its tissue specificity, involvement in fertility and on raising high antibody deer, especially locally in the genital tract, that is capable of inducing reversible infertility. Several sperm antigens, such as lactate dehydrogenase C4, PH-20, sperm protein (SP)-10, fertilization antigen (FA)-1, FA- 2, cleavage signal (CS)-1, NZ-1, and NZ-2 have been proposed as potential candidates for the vaccine development. Spermzona pellucida (ZP) binding is a pivotal tissue- and mostly species-specific event in the fertilization process, and the molecules involved in this site constitute che most exciting candidates for immuno-contraception. FA-1 is a sperm-specific glycoprotein having receptor activity for ZR recognition and binding. Complementary DNA encoding for FA-1 antigen has been cloned and sequenced. Active immunization of animals with recombinant FA-1 antigen causes a long-lasting reversible inhibition in fertility by raising a sperm-specific immune response. This antigen is also involved in human immunoinfertility. The exciting findings from the recent trial in immunoinfertile couples indicate that the FA-1 antigen may have clinical application in the treatment of male infertility. A vaccine having most appropriate tissue-specific and effective recombinant and/or synthetic epitopes of various sperm antigens, such as the FA-1 antigen, in a single formulation may provide a highly immunogenic and efficacious antisperm vaccine for contraception. The advances made during che last 5 years suggest that it may be a realistic proposition.
Time-resolved contrast-enhanced coronary magnetic resonance angiography with highly constrained projection reconstruction

Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) is a promising technique for coronary artery imaging. The blood signal changes during the contrast injection will result in image artifacts, blurring and relatively low signal-to-noise ratio, when the k-space segments from different cardiac cycles are combined to reconstruct the final image as "time averaged." Thus, it is important to acquire data during maximal blood signal enhancement for first-pass, contrast-enhanced MRA, and relatively high temporal resolution is required. This work demonstrated the feasibility of highly constrained backprojection reconstruction for time-resolved, contrast-enhanced coronary MRA. With this method, the temporal resolution can be increased. In addition, coronary artery images around blood signal enhancement peak have significantly improved contrast-to-noise ratio and suppressed artifacts compared to the composite images which were collected during a much longer acquisition time during substantial blood signal changes.
A generalization of Dahlberg’s theorem concerning the regularity of harmonic Green potentials

Let G D be the solution operator for Au = f in Ω, Tr u = 0 on ∂Ω, where Ω is a bounded domain in R n . B. E. J. Dahlberg proved that for a bounded Lipschitz domain Ω,∇G D maps L 1 (Ω) boundedly into weak-L 1 (Ω) and that there exists p n > 1 such that ∇G D L p (Ω) → L p *(Ω) is bounded for 1 < p < n, 1 p* = 1 p 1 n. In this paper, we generalize this result by addressing two aspects. First we are also able to treat the solution operator G N corresponding to Neumann boundary conditions and, second, we prove mapping properties for these operators acting on Sobolev (rather than Lebesgue) spaces.
Change of Plasmid DNA Structure, Hypermethylation, and Lon-Proteolysis as Steps in a Replicative Cascade

I have defined conditions under which RepFIC plasmid DNA can be maintained in a state of lowered helical density. In exponentially growing cultures, the DNA of lowered helical density is present in small amounts but never totally absent, suggesting that it is a normal variant of plasmid maintenance. It is fully methylated at frequent sites by dam-methyltransferase, some not previously recognized, further suggesting that the variant is a precursor of replication. The low-helical density plasmid is present in dam hosts, indicating that methylation is not essential for the change in helical density. The lowered helical density is stabilized in lon hosts, suggesting that Lon-protease may remove both the protein(s) that lower the helical density and the dam-methyltransferase after each round of replication.
On the acquisition of syntax in Tamil: a comment on Garman (1974).

Garman (1974), reporting on twenty Tamil children aged three to five, postulated a linguistic strategy and two prelinguistic strategies to explain the results of a question-picture choice task involving sentences with embedded and subordinate clauses. In a reanalysis of his data, we identify four processing strategies and show that some of Garman's findings are better explained not as the outcome of prelinguistic strategies but as an artefact of the experimental design. In fact the data provide evidence of a grammatical sensitivity which is consonant with a sensitivity – demonstrated in recent language-acquisition studies – to the branching direction of the language being acquired.
Thermal contact conductance of diamond-like films

The reliability of electronic components may be improved by enhancing the thermal contact conductance at the interface of the chip and heat-spreader systems with diamond films. This investigation evaluated the effect of diamond-like films on the thermal contact conductance deposited on aluminum 6101-T6 and copper C11000H03 in contact with bare aluminum A356-T61. A rigidizing layer of silicon nitride, 3 /um thick (120 /tin.), was deposited prior to the ion beam diamond-like carbon deposition. For a diamond-like coating deposited on silicon nitride/aluminum 6101-T6 in contact with bare aluminum A356-T61, the thermal contact conductance varied from 145.7 to 1525.6 W/mK (25 to 268.69 Btu/h ft °F) with the highest conductance resulting from the l-/mm(40-/uin.-) thick film. For diamond-like coatings deposited on silicon nitride/copper C11000-H03 in contact with bare aluminum A356-T61, the thermal contact conductance varied from 204.0 to 2031.5 W/mK (35 to 350 Btu/ h ft °F) for the test parameters employed. Similar to diamond-like coatings deposited on silicon nitride/aluminum 6101-T6, the highest conductance was measured for a diamond-like film thickness of 1 /um (40 /uin.) with the conductance significantly decreasing with increasing film thickness.
Structure and evolution of CyI cytoplasmic actin-encoding genes in the indirect- and direct-developing sea urchins Heliocidaris tuberculata and Heliocidaris erythrogramma

Abstract The CyI cytoplasmic actin-encoding genes of Heliocidaris erythrogramma (He), a direct-developing sea urchin, and H. tuberculata , an indirect developer, were isolated and compared to the homologous CyI gene of another indirect developer, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus . Comparisons show that despite the differences in development, the actin gene structures and sequences are highly similar. The coding and 3' untranslated regions are conserved. The 5′ He regulatory region has an inserted repeat element, but is otherwise similar to its homologues in the arrangement of presumptive transcription control elements.
Construction and analysis of miniplasmids of the colicin Ib plasmid

Abstract Miniplasmids of the colicin Ib (ColIb) plasmid have been isolated from two Tn5-induced mutants of ColIb and their structure determined. These have then been used to order the sequence of restriction endonuclease fragments of the whole plasmid. In addition, the sites of the colicin, colicin immunity, and abortive infection gene have been determined in relation to the restriction sites. By comparison of the miniplasmids with other “I” incompatibility group plsmids, the probable location of the incompatibility gene and the origin of replication have been confirmed.
Two Liberal Fallacies in the Hate Crimes Debate

Those for and against hate crime laws debate each other in the shadow of John Stuart Mill. Both accept the Millian premise that the state is justified in coercing an individual only to prevent harm to others and not to condemn that individual for holding objectionable beliefs, values, or preferences.1 They purport to disagree only about what that principle the guiding tenet of modem liberalism entails. Because hate crime laws distinguish between otherwise identical assaults based solely on offenders' motives, the opponents of those laws see them as singling out hate criminals for additional punishment solely because of their noxious ideologies. The proponents of hate crime laws, in contrast, disclaim any interest in punishing offenders for their values and insist that such laws are warranted strictly by the greater harms that hate crimes inflict, both on their victims and on third parties. At that point, the debate usually turns empirical. Is the "greater harm"
On Plasma Synthetic Jet Actuators

The term plasma actuator refers to an asymmetric arrangement of two electrodes (typically rectangular strips) separated by dielectric material that can be used as active flow control devices. A plasma actuator design consisting of an annular electrode array, the plasma synthetic jet actuator (PSJA), is experimentally investigated in this paper. This particular geometry creates a zero-net mass flux (or “synthetic”) jet upon actuation, and can be operated in a pulsed or steady manner for flow control or thrust generation. Unlike synthetic jets, the actuator configuration can be reversed to act as a suction device. 2-D PIV measurements are used to characterize the actuator mounted on a flat plate in quiescent flow. Pulsing the actuator results in formation of three counter-rotating vortex rings: a starting vortex ring that advects downstream ahead of the jet, a secondary vortex ring that is found to be “trapped” during the actuation phase, and a weak strength tertiary vortex ring created as a result of fluid entrainment in the boundary layer. Examination over a range of frequencies reveals varying values of peak jet velocity and momentum distribution based upon interactions of the starting vortices. The effects of changing pulsing frequency on the jet characteristics are discussed. Preliminary observations on a PSJA used for suction are also presented.
Temporalities of Community: Ancestral Language, Pilgrimage, and Diasporic Belonging in Mauritius

Temporal indexicality is deeply involved in the production of imagined communities. This article shows how the cultivation of Hindi as an “ancestral language” among Hindus in Mauritius mediates between two different modes of temporality while shaping diasporic identities. Diasporic ideologies of ancestral language are further shown to articulate with the creation of sacred geographies in the context of an annual Hindu pilgrimage.
Rectourethrocutaneous fistula in Crohn disease

Fistulae from the gastrointestinal tract to the urinary tract are a well-known complication of Crohn disease. The majority of these are ileovesical. On rare occasion, patients with perianal complications of regional ileitis or granulomatous colitis may develop rectourethrocutaneous fistulae. The authors have encountered 2 such patients and add them to the 3 previously reported cases in the English literature. Retrograde urethrography and voiding cystourethrography established the diagnosis.
Herpes simplex virus: neuroinvasiveness, neurovirulence and latency

Abstract The pathogenesis of herpes simplex virus involves the nervous system, and the phenomena of neuroinvasiveness, neurovirulence and latency are central to the process. Viral genes associated with these aspects of herpetic disease are identified and are discussed in the context of mechanisms fundamental to establishment, maintenance and reactivation of the virus from the latent state.
Information theory for atypical sequences

One characteristic of the information age is the exponential growth of information, and the ready availability of this information through networks, including the internet — “Big Data.” The question is what to do with this enormous amount of information. One possibility is to characterize it through statistics — think averages. The perspective in this paper is the opposite, namely that most of the value in the information is in the parts that deviate from the average, that are unusual, atypical. Think of art: the valuable paintings or writings are those that deviate from the norms, that are atypical. The same could be true for venture development and scientific research. The paper first discusses what exactly should be understood by “atypical.” This is by no means straightforward. It has to be a well defined theoretical concept corresponding to some intuitive idea of atypicality, which when applied gives useful results. This is followed by a simple example of iid binary sequences. This example is simple enough that complete algorithms can be developed and analyzed, which give insights into atypicality. We finally develop a more general algorithm based on the Context Tree Weighing algorithm and apply that to heart rate variability.
Thoughts on the Law and the Public's Health

One understanding of health conceives of it as a state of freedom from pathology, achieved by an individual, through the mediation of a doctor. On this view, improvements in health flow from the application of science to specific ills of the body, and access to medical care is the chief determinant of health. This “medicalized” view of health underlies the current debate over medical care payment reform. This is the dominant way of talking about health. An alternative is the view of health commonly associated with the practice of public health. On this view, health is an attribute of communities in social and physical environments. Health takes its shape in large numbers—in morbidity and mortality statistics—and, ideally, includes not just a high level of well-being for some, but also its even distribution throughout a society. Improvements in health are seen to arise from healthful changes in the environment.
Dynamics of Arctic sea ice discussed at workshop

Sea ice is an interesting geophysical material: it behaves as a large-scale hardening plastic. Consider the impact of the sea-ice covers mechanical behavior on the energy and momentum exchange within the complex atmosphere-ice-ocean system. Sea ice acts as an insulator between the relatively warm ocean water and the cold polar atmosphere. Sea ice cover interacts with the atmosphere by regulating air-sea fluxes, changing surface albedo, and influencing the long-wave radiative balance.
Requirements for space shuttle incoherent scatter experiments

The feasibility of carrying out incoherent-scatter experiments on the Space Shuttle has been analyzed. Design criteria considered were the required average transmitter power, frequency resolution, spatial resolution, and statistical accuracy. Experiments analyzed were measurement of the naturally enhanced plasma line and the ion component of the incoherent-scatter spectrum, as well as the plasma line artificially enhanced by an intense HF radiowave. The ion-component measurement does not appear feasible, while the other two appear reasonable for short ranges only.
Search for possible ambiguity in protein synthesis by analysis of the tryptic peptide number 5 of βA and βS chains of human haemoglobin

Abstract In an attempt to elucidate the nature of the amino acid multiplicity reported in the α-chains of rabbit and mouse haemoglobins, amino acid composition has been verified in the suspect peptide β T5 of human haemoglobin. No multiplicities have been detected in the β T5 of three βA and two βS chains obtained from individuals with sickle-cell trait.
Structural Studies of RNA/DNA Polypurine Tracts

During reverse transcription, an RNA polypurine tract (PPT) resists digestion by reverse transcriptase (RT) and primes plus-strand DNA synthesis. In this issue of Chemistry & Biology, Yi-Brunozzi et al. (2008) report structural studies of PPTs, illuminating how they are recognized by RT.
A simple analysis of the rent seeking of airlines, airports and politicians *

Abstract Economic rent seeking is the raison d'etre of a commercial undertaking and acts as the manipulator of Adam Smith's ‘invisible hand’. The retention of economic rent, however, can cause undesirable distortions, especially if it persists over a long period. Public policy, therefore, often seeks to tempt business with the promise of rent, allow business an occasional nibble, but at the same time create structures whereby business cannot swim away with the bait. The discussion here is of how slot allocation procedures have rent seeking implications that affect both the existence of economic rents and the distribution of these rents. The actors in the game are the airlines, airports and politicians (broadly defined to include the executive as well as legislators). The ultimate distribution of rent is essentially a political decision, as is any form of allocation, but its form is influenced by the underlying nature of the market for slots and the way in which market power is spread.
Old stones, new science

Museum collections include many French medieval limestone sculptures of unknown origin. To localize the source of their stone, the composition of samples from such sculptures has been determined by neutron activation analysis (INAA). Using multivariate statistics, we compared their compositional profiles with groups of samples from French monuments and from quarries known to medieval craftsmen. This process has suggested a provenance for some sculptures and allowed us to assign others to a region or a quarry that provided stone for their production.
Debugging in a side effect free programming environment

Lisp and its successors provide the programmer with a powerful single tool [2] in which he can write, modify, debug and execute programs. Side effects play a crucial role in these programming environments. We propose an alternative approach to debugging that doesn't rely on side effects. Then we describe an implementation of our approach in a purely functional language.
Complications of ganciclovir implant surgery in patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis: The ganciclovir cidofovir cytomegalovirus retinitis trial

Purpose To describe the complications of ganciclovir implant surgery in patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis. Methods Prospective data collection within the context of a randomized, controlled clinical trial, comparing a regimen of the ganciclovir implant plus oral ganciclovir to one of intravenous cidofovir for the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS. Adverse events were compared for patients undergoing implant surgery in the following groups: primary versus replacement implant surgery, inpatient versus outpatient surgery, and general versus local anesthesia. Results Fifty-six eyes of 42 patients underwent a total of 74 ganciclovir implant surgeries. Vitreous hemorrhage was the most common adverse event, occurring in 10% of eyes undergoing surgery with local anesthesia but in no eyes undergoing surgery with general anesthesia. All vitreous hemorrhages resolved within 60 days. Patients in the general anesthesia and inpatient surgery groups tended to have a lower risk of complications in the first 30 days than did patients in the local anesthesia and outpatient surgery groups, but no differences in the complication rate were found after 60 days. Visual acuity was similar among these different groups. There were no cases of endophthalmitis. Conclusion Ganciclovir implant surgery in patients with AIDS and cytomegalovirus retinitis was associated with a low risk of serious complications in the first 60 days after surgery. Vitreous hemorrhage was the most commonly observed complication and resolved in all cases.