cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Model Dependent Heuristic Dynamic Programming Approach in Virtual Inertia-Based Grid-Connected Inverters

A model dependent heuristic dynamic programming (MDHDP) is presented in this paper to regulate the voltage and frequency of a virtual inertia-based grid-connected inverter. To overcome the inertialess and fast-responding characteristics of the conventional direct power inverter, the virtual synchronous generator (VSG) concept has introduced. The negative points of the VSG approach including: (i) weak performance in inductive grids, (ii) disability to perform under uncertainties, and (iii) its dependency to the operating point, motivates us to implement a neurocontrol reinforcement learning technique. The simulation results illustrate that a well-designed and well-trained MDHDP can perform optimally in tracking the active power while facing changes in system parameters.
Numerische Simulation der Gesamtfahrzeug-Eigenverschmutzung

Im folgenden Abschnitt wird bei einem Volkswagen T5 eine numerische Simulation der Gesamtfahrzeug-Eigenverschmutzung durchgefuhrt. Hierbei wird zum einen die klassische Tropfenrandbedingung am Reifen nach dem Stand der Forschung verwendet, zum anderen wird eine neue Tropfenrandbedingung betrachtet. Diese neue Tropfenrandbedingung resultiert aus der vorgestellten neuartigen Methode zur direkten Simulation des Tropfenaufwirbelvorganges bei einem Reifen.
Abstract WP12: Downstream Clot Fragment Migration During Endovascular Clot Extraction Adversely Affects Clinical Outcome

Background and Purpose: FDA approval of endovascular clot extraction devices that are used in stroke is based on efficacy for opening target arteries safely. Favorable clinical outcomes using devices currently available, however, is limited. Time to treat and stroke severity are obvious contributors, but a factor that receives little attention is intraoperative downstream migration of clot fragments. We assessed the effect of migrated clot fragments on clinical outcome in patients treated at our institution. Methods: With IRB approval, we retrospectively reviewed charts, procedure reports, and images of all patients with M1 occlusions treated with endovascular clot extraction within the past 5 years to compare relevant variables and discharge outcomes in patients whose arteries were ultimately “open” (OP) versus “open with fragments” (OF). Results: Thirty four patients were treated (21 Penumbra, 7 Merci retriever, 6 Solitaire), all under general anesthesia. Numbers of patients in each category of final vessel patency were: OP=15, OF=19. No significant intergroup differences were found (means) for age (60), gender (male 55%), time from onset to treatment (4.71 hours), admission BP (141/82), duration of anesthesia (2.1 hrs), mean blood pressure during anesthesia (132/70), admission NIHSS (13.8), pretreatment with IV-rtPA (70%). OP patients were more likely to have had an atheroembolic than cardiac source of stroke (p OF were more likely to have had IV-rtPA (p OP had lower discharge NIHSS (6.79 v 13.22; p (-6.21 v -1.89; p There was one death in each group (NS), one sICH in OF, and length of stay was 8 days in both. Conclusion: Although our numbers are small, they strongly suggest an adverse effect of downstream clot fragments on outcomes. Awareness of this phenomenon should be useful in the approval process for future devices, as well as in the evaluation of post-marketing device use.
Key differences for process-induced uniaxial vs. substrate-induced biaxial stressed Si and Ge channel MOSFETs

For both n and pMOSFETs, this paper confirms via controlled wafer bending experiments and physical modeling the superiority of uniaxial over biaxial stressed Si and Ge MOSFETs. For uniaxial stressed p-MOSFETs, valence band warping creates favorable in and out-of-plane conductivity effective masses resulting in significantly larger hole mobility enhancement at low strain and high vertical field. For process-induced uniaxial stressed n-MOSFETs, a significant performance advantage results from a smaller threshold voltage shift due to less bandgap narrowing and the gate also being strained.
Post-prostatectomy incontinence. A urodynamic and fluoroscopic point of view.

Abstract Sixty-three male patients suffering from post-prostatectomy incontinencewere studied by urodynamics and fluoroscopy. In almost half the patients (49 %) the sole cause of incontinence was detrusor instability. Incontinence due to damage of the sphincter mechanism was present in less than half of the patients (47 %). However, almost half of these patients (53 %) had concomitant detrusor instability. Only a small number of patients (4 %) had incontinence due to other causes. It appears that post-prostatectomy incontinence is not always due to a surgical misadventure. Many older patients may have pre-existing neurologic disorders (e.g., Parkinson disease, diabetic autonomic neuropathy, alcoholic neuropathy, and various spinal cord disorders) which can profoundly affect the outcome of prostatic surgery. Detrusor instability should be considered when evaluating post-prostatectomy incontinence.
Regulating Local Tax Abatement Policies

This article addresses several questions about property tax. abatements in the United States, all directed at why tax abatements should be regulated more closely, and one question about how this might be accomplished. First, are tax abatements “job increment financing” since they are exchanged for future jobs? Public decisionmakers assume that jobs mean tax revenues, but problems emerge when abatements are granted without knowledge of expected jobs, or if local government administrators and planners have no means of holding businesses accountable if their promises are not kept. Second, are local decisionmakers behaving imprudently when they abate multiyear taxes? Using abatements may not always be a particularly prudent way of using public resources. Third, can tax abatements undermine local democracy? Abatements weaken public involvement in city government when citizens have few opportunities to debate decisionmakers about tax exemptions, but they should have such a chance because abatements have costly, longlasting effects on current and future citizens. Fourth, do abatements create social costs? Tax abatements generate external effects for those who are not party to the politics of tax exemptions, but there are no easy answers about how to correct the externalities. Finally, what are the options for stopping tax abatements? These include federal prohibition, cooperative agreements, federal fiscal incentives, the courts, tougher negotiating tactics, and more stringent contractual provisions by urban planners and administrators.
On the reduction of masking effects while preserving competing binaural audio streams

Studies of informational masking indicate that binaural listening provides benefit to speech understanding. This suggests that similar improvements to adaptive processing of binaural acoustic data may be achieved through dichotic presentation rather than the typical diotic presentation. Advanced signal processing for hearing aids often remove competing audio streams while retaining the undistorted audio stream of the target. In this paper, the frequency-domain minimum-variance distortionless-response (FMV) adaptive array processor [M. E. Lockwood, et al., 1999] is modified to provide a dichotic output. In addition to the suppression of the interference, dichotic presentation provides a perceived spatial separation between the target and maskers. Results from human subject testing support an improvement in speech intelligibility for near-optimal spatial separation in the algorithm. A real-time algorithm is currently under development to attempt to achieve a similar perception of spatial separation.
Beyond modules and hubs: the potential of gene coexpression networks for investigating molecular mechanisms of complex brain disorders

In a research environment dominated by reductionist approaches to brain disease mechanisms, gene network analysis provides a complementary framework in which to tackle the complex dysregulations that occur in neuropsychiatric and other neurological disorders. Gene–gene expression correlations are a common source of molecular networks because they can be extracted from high-dimensional disease data and encapsulate the activity of multiple regulatory systems. However, the analysis of gene coexpression patterns is often treated as a mechanistic black box, in which looming ‘hub genes’ direct cellular networks, and where other features are obscured. By examining the biophysical bases of coexpression and gene regulatory changes that occur in disease, recent studies suggest it is possible to use coexpression networks as a multi-omic screening procedure to generate novel hypotheses for disease mechanisms. Because technical processing steps can affect the outcome and interpretation of coexpression networks, we examine the assumptions and alternatives to common patterns of coexpression analysis and discuss additional topics such as acceptable datasets for coexpression analysis, the robust identification of modules, disease-related prioritization of genes and molecular systems and network meta-analysis. To accelerate coexpression research beyond modules and hubs, we highlight some emerging directions for coexpression network research that are especially relevant to complex brain disease, including the centrality–lethality relationship, integration with machine learning approaches and network pharmacology.
Assessing exceedance of ozone standards: a space‐time downscaler for fourth highest ozone concentrations

The US Environmental Protection Agency is required to monitor, regulate, and set national ambient air quality standards for ozone. To investigate ozone exposure, the Environmental Protection Agency utilizes monitoring devices along with estimates of gridded ground level ozone concentration produced by a deterministic air quality model, the Community Multiscale Air Quality Model. These two sources of information enable inference regarding spatial exceedance of the National Ambient Air Quality Standard for ozone, which is given in terms of the level of the annual fourth highest ozone concentration. Here, we extend previous downscaling work to propose a spatial fourth highest extreme value downscaling model to assimilate annual fourth highest ozone concentration data at geo-coded locations with estimates at grid cell level derived from the Community Multiscale Air Quality Model model output. The resulting inference enables us to make probabilistic statements, with associated uncertainty, about the spatial variation in the chance of exceeding the standard. We apply our approach to data in the Eastern USA during years 2001–2008 and compare its predictive performance to that of downscaler models based on Gaussian processes applied to daily data. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toxicological challenges to microbial bioethanol production and strategies for improved tolerance

Bioethanol production output has increased steadily over the last two decades and is now beginning to become competitive with traditional liquid transportation fuels due to advances in engineering, the identification of new production host organisms, and the development of novel biodesign strategies. A significant portion of these efforts has been dedicated to mitigating the toxicological challenges encountered across the bioethanol production process. From the release of potentially cytotoxic or inhibitory compounds from input feedstocks, through the metabolic co-synthesis of ethanol and potentially detrimental byproducts, and to the potential cytotoxicity of ethanol itself, each stage of bioethanol production requires the application of genetic or engineering controls that ensure the host organisms remain healthy and productive to meet the necessary economies required for large scale production. In addition, as production levels continue to increase, there is an escalating focus on the detoxification of the resulting waste streams to minimize their environmental impact. This review will present the major toxicological challenges encountered throughout each stage of the bioethanol production process and the commonly employed strategies for reducing or eliminating potential toxic effects.
Binding specificity and mechanistic insight into glutaredoxin-catalyzed protein disulfide reduction.

The reduction equivalents necessary for the ribonucleotide reductase (RNR)-catalyzed production of deoxyribonucleotides are provided by glutaredoxin (Grx) or thioredoxin (Trx). The initial location for transfer of reducing equivalents to RNR is located at the C terminus of the B1 subunit and involves the reduction of a disulfide between Cys754 and Cys759. We have used a 25-mer peptide corresponding to residues 737-761 of RNR B1 (C754-->S) to synthesize a stable mixed disulfide with Escherichia coli Grx-1 (C14-->S) resembling the structure of an intermediate in the reaction. The high-resolution solution structure of the mixed disulfide has been obtained by NMR with an RMSD of 0.56 A for all the backbone atoms of the protein and the well-defined portion of the peptide. The binding interactions responsible for specificity have been identified demonstrating the importance of electrostatic interactions in this system and providing a rationale for the specificity of the Grx-RNR interaction. The disulfide is buried in this complex, implying a solely intra-molecular mechanism of reduction in contrast to the previously determined structure of the glutathione complex where the disulfide was exposed; mutagenesis studies have shown the relevance of intermolecular reduction processes. Substantial conformational changes in the helices of the protein are associated with peptide binding which have significant mechanistic implications for protein disulfide reduction by glutaredoxins.
The effect of phenazine methosulfate and pyocyanine on the L-amino acid oxidase reaction.

Abstract 1. Phenazine methosulfate stimulates the oxidation of certain amino acids by L -amino acid oxidase. A study of the conditions affording maximal stimulation indicates that the mode of action of phenazine methosulfate involves the reoxidation of the reduced enzyme-flavin. 2. Pyocyanine inhibits the oxidation of certain amino acids by L -amino acid oxidase. A study of conditions required for maximal inhibition, suggests that the mode of action of pyocyanine involves reduction of the enzyme-flavin to a form reacting poorly with oxygen. This concept is discussed in the light of a suggested mechanism for the L -amino acid oxidase reaction. 3. Spectrophotometric assays for L -amino acid oxidase are described, using phenazine methosulfate as a bridge between enzyme-flavin and indophenol or ferricyanide.
Composition-Explicit Distillation Curves of Commercial Biodiesel Fuels: Comparison of Petroleum-Derived Fuel with B20 and B100†

We have recently introduced several important improvements in the measurement of distillation curves for complex fluids. The modifications provide for (1) a composition-explicit data channel for each distillate fraction (for both qualitative and quantitative analysis), (2) temperature measurements that are true thermodynamic state points that can be modeled with an equation of state, (3) temperature, volume, and pressure measurements of low uncertainty suitable for equation-of-state development, (4) consistency with a century of historical data, (5) an assessment of the energy content of each distillate fraction, (6) trace chemical analysis of each distillate fraction, and (7) corrosivity assessment of each distillate fraction. The composition-explicit channel is achieved with a new sampling approach that allows precise qualitative as well as quantitative analyses of each fraction, on the fly. We have applied the new method to the measurement of rocket propellant, gasolines, jet fuels, diesel fuels, and c...
Effect of dietary protein, lipid and energy content on the growth of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.)

Abstract Juvenile turbot were fed diets containing various proportions of protein and lipid. The fastest growth occurred on a diet rich in protein and low in lipid. The addition of extra lipid to the diet gave poorer growth but improved protein conversion efficiency. The protein sparing action of the lipid was most pronounced when the turbot were fed to about three-quarters of satiation on a diet supplemented with 6% lipid. Under these conditions 42% of the dietary protein was converted into fish protein, compared with 32% conversion on the basic diet which contained 0.5% lipid. There was a general decline in food conversion efficiency and protein sparing was marginal at the satiation feeding rate. Not all the dietary lipid was used in a protein sparing role, much of it was deposited as lipid reserves. In contrast, there was very little increase in the lipid content of fish fed on a high protein-low lipid diet.
Evidence for Shock Acceleration in the Binary Pulsar System PSR B1259-63

The PSR B1259-63 system (Johnston et al. 1992, 1994) was observed near periastron by the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory in 1994 January. This system contains a rapidly rotating pulsar and a Be star in a highly eccentric binary orbit. We report the discovery by the OSSE instrument of unpulsed emission with a hard power-law spectrum between 50 and 200 keV from the direction of this system. Neither diffuse Galactic background emission nor nearby X-ray binaries contribute significantly to the detected flux. Our results are particularly important for the theory of interaction of pulsars with gaseous environments. We interpret the hard X-ray emission as synchrotron radiation from relativistic particles of the PSR B1259-63 wind being shocked and accelerated within the binary. Our results indicate, for the first time in a binary pulsar, that shock acceleration can increase the original energy of pulsar wind particles by a factor 10, despite the high synchrotron and inverse Compton cooling rates near periastron. The derived shock properties (efficiency, radiation spectrum, timescale) are relevant for a broad class of high-energy astrophysical sources characterized by shocked relativistic plasmas subject to strong radiative cooling.
Treating Couples Raising Children on the Autism Spectrum: A Marriage-Friendly Approach

Available research demonstrates that autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) affect couples in a variety of different ways. Some partners draw closer to one another through the experience of caring for a child on the autism spectrum while others experience relationship dissatisfaction, separation, and divorce. Yet other research reveals that many couples raising children with ASDs may experience an initial dip in relationship satisfaction but, after adjusting to a new way of life and developing new expectations for their children, are later able to bond in novel ways. Thus, a marriage-friendly approach to therapy, which focuses on helping partners remain committed to each other through the trials and tribulations of life, may allow these couples to work through the difficulties of raising children on the autism spectrum without resorting to separation or divorce. Ethical implications of a marriage-friendly approach to therapy with couples raising children with ASDs are also considered.
Conformal Coating on Ultrahigh-Aspect-Ratio Nanopores of Anodic Alumina by Atomic Layer Deposition

Anodic alumina (AA) membranes are composed of highly uniform, nanometer-scale pores arranged in a hexagonal close-packed array. Depositing conformal films inside the nanopores is extremely difficult because the nanopores have an ultrahigh aspect ratio of L/d ≈ 103. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a thin film growth technique that can deposit highly uniform films on high-aspect-ratio substrates with monolayer thickness control. In this study, AA membranes were coated with Al2O3 and ZnO ALD films and subsequently analyzed using cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). SEM analysis of individual nanopores revealed that the AA membranes with nanopore diameters of d = 65 nm and lengths of L = 50 μm could be coated conformally by Al2O3 ALD using sufficient reactant exposure times. Zn concentration profiles measured by EPMA following ZnO ALD showed the progressive infiltration of the ZnO ALD into the nanopores with increasing exposure times for aspect ratios as...
The Right Kind of Telling: The Design of a Reflective Practicum for First Year Preservice Teachers

The student... has to see on his own behalf and in his own way, the relations between means and methods employed and results achieved. Nobody else can see for him, and he can't see just by being “told,” although the right kind of telling may guide his seeing and thus help him see what he needs to see. ‐John Dewey
Association between the secretory unit of islet transplant objects index and satisfaction with insulin therapy among insulin-dependent islet recipients.

Introduction When patients do not become insulin independent after islet cell transplantation (ICT), another aim is to eliminate severe hypoglycemia. Previously we reported that a secretory unit of islet transplant objects (SUITO) index score >10 was associated with a reduction of severe hypoglycemia. In this study, we assessed patients' satisfaction with their insulin therapy based on the SUITO index.
Kinetics of Lactose Crystallization

Abstract The effects of certain variables on α -lactose crystallization were examined. The temperature for optimum crystallization rate varied with the initial supersaturation. Crystallization rate was not directly proportional to seed crystal surface area, probably because of false graining or because mutarotation has a limiting effect on rate as surface area is increased. When the position of the isomer balance (relative proportions of α - and β -lactose present in solution during crystallization) was studied, mutarotation rate was found to determine crystallization rate under conditions of high surfaee area. In the latter stages, however, crystallization rate itself was limiting, rather than mutarotation. Low pH's (about pH 1) increased crystallization rate greatly as a result of increased mutarotation rate, increased rate of orientation of lactose molecules into the crystal, or both. Only in certain instances did the crystallization of lactose follow first-order diffusion kinetics. Rate of crystallization increased with some power of supersaturation greater than one.
Self-Paced Mathematics Instruction: A Statistical Comparison with Traditional Teaching

(1977). Self-Paced Mathematics Instruction: A Statistical Comparison with Traditional Teaching. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 84, No. 2, pp. 124-129.
Extensive vulvar and vaginal varicella necessitating abdominal delivery

Abstract Maternal varicella occurs in fewer than five per 10,000 pregnancies in the United States. A case is reported in which markedly painful, extensive vulvar and vaginal ulcers prevented cervical examination, and cesarean section was performed with the patient under general anesthesia. (Ann J OBSTET GYNECOL 1990;163:1630-1.)
Application of variable-gain output feedback for high-alpha control

A variable-gain, optimal, discrete, output feedback design approach that is applied to a nonlinear flight regime is described. The flight regime covers a wide angle-of-attack range that includes stall and post stall. The paper includes brief descriptions of the variable-gain formulation, the discrete-control structure and flight equations used to apply the design approach, and the high performance airplane model used in the application. Both linear and nonlinear analysis are shown for a longitudinal four-model design case with angles of attack of 5, 15, 35, and 60 deg. Linear and nonlinear simulations are compared for a single-point longitudinal design at 60 deg angle of attack. Nonlinear simulations for the four-model, multi-mode, variable-gain design include a longitudinal pitch-up and pitch-down maneuver and high angle-of-attack regulation during a lateral maneuver.
Healing and cultural transformation: The Tswana of Southern Africa [1]

Abstract This essay calls into doubt the quest for ‘theoretical closure’ in the study of African systems of healing. The notion of ‘theoretical closure’ may be understood in two ways, one empirically derived and the other epistemological. The first is based on the assumption that ‘medical systems’ form a natural and discrete empirical domain, a view ultimately grounded in arbitrary or ethnocentric analytical criteria. The second sees such medical systems as parts of ahistorical and closed social systems. Both serve to render medical anthropology parochial in relation to the mainstream discipline and unable to seize the potential offered by the study of healing to illuminate important general problems, such as the articulation of thought and action, of individual experience and cultural form, and of structural order and historical process. The study of healing in societies which have relatively recently been incorporated into world systems raises the urgent need to devise models which permit the examination of socio-cultural orders in time how they are both reproduced and transformed. This can no longer legitimately be viewed as the ‘opening’ of ‘closed’ systems: rather, it requires understanding how the dynamic processes of particular small-scale societies engage with encompassing politico-economic forces. Healing is crucially bound up with this, for its knowledge and practice give form to key conceptions and values in all cultures, and play upon the identity of physical and social being. The context of affliction is an important locus both for the reinforcement and the reformulation of socio-cultural categories. The case of the Tswana of Southern Africa is employed to suggest how a focus upon healing systems in time is entailed in the study of wider processes of perpetuation and change. It is the interrelationship of these processes in particular socio-cultural and temporal contexts which is the key to understanding both systems of healing and systems in general.
Low incidence of cardiac diagnoses in methadone patients: No association with QTc

s / Drug and Alcohol Dependence 140 (2014) e2–e85 e11 Conclusions: The results of the present longitudinal study suggest that most smokers in this nationally representative sample of adolescentswhowere followed into early adulthood are characterized as being occasional users. Further, we found that depressive symptoms influence the groupof adolescentswho steadily increase the number of cigarettes smoked per day in early adulthood. The findings have implications for coordinated mental health and substance use treatment. Financial support: No financial support was received. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.02.050 Adaptation of the hippocampus-accumbens pathway following repeated cocaine Jeffrey L. Barr1, G.L. Forster2, E.M. Unterwald1 1 Department of Pharmacology and Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States 2 Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, The University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United
Human CD5+ B lymphocytes (B-1 cells) decrease in peripheral blood during pregnancy.

Abstract Pregnancy is a unique immunologic state where a natural homeostasis exists between antigenically different tissues. Several earlier studies have addressed the fluctuations in the number and/or function of lymphocytes, including B cells during pregnancy, but changes within the subsets of B lymphocytes, conventional (CD5−) and B-1 (CD5+), have not been addressed. Here we demonstrate that the frequency of B-1 cells decreases dramatically during pregnancy, whereas the frequency of conventional B cells remains relatively constant. The missing B-1 cells return to pre-pregnancy levels 8–10 weeks after parturition. The polyreactive autoantibodies secreted by B-1 cells have been implicated in autoimmunity and immune regulation. The possible role of B-1 cells during pregnancy will be discussed in that context.
Edward Gerjuoy: From Physics to Law and Back Again

Theoretical physicist Edward Gerjuoy discusses his family background, elementary and secondary education in Brooklyn, New York, undergraduate studies at City College, graduate work at the University of California at Berkeley, research during World War II, and subsequent career at the University of Southern California, New York University, the General Atomics Laboratory, the Radio Corporation of America, and the University of Pittsburgh, as well as his work as a lawyer and service as a judge on the Pennsylvania Environmental Hearing Board in Pittsburgh.
Systemic administration of diarylpropionitrile (DPN) or phytoestrogens does not affect anxiety-related behaviors in gonadally intact male rats.

The development of highly selective agonists for the two major subforms of the estrogen receptor (ERa and ERϐ) has produced new experimental methodologies for delineating the distinct functional role each plays in neurobehavioral biology. It has also been suggested that these compounds might have the potential to treat estrogen influenced behavioral disorders, such as anxiety and depression. Prior work has established that the ERϐ agonist, diarylpropionitrile (DPN) is anxiolytic in gonadectomized animals of both sexes, but whether or not this effect persists in gonadally intact individuals is unknown. Isoflavone phytoestrogens, also potent but less selective ERϐ agonists, have also been shown to influence anxiety in multiple species and are becoming more readily available to humans as health supplements. Here we determined the effects of 0.5, 1 or 2 mg/kg DPN, 1 mg/kg of the ERa agonist propyl-pyrazole-triol (PPT), 3 or 20 mg/kg of the isoflavone equol (EQ) and 3 or 20 mg/kg of the isoflavone polyphenol resveratrol (RES) on anxiety behavior in the gonadally intact male rat using the light/dark box and the elevated plus maze. We first determined that DPN can be successfully administered either orally or by subcutaneous injection, although plasma DPN levels are significantly lower if given orally. Once injected, plasma levels peak rapidly and then decline to baseline levels within 3 hours of administration. For the behavioral studies, all compounds were injected and the animals were tested within 3 hours of treatment. None of the compounds, at any of the doses, significantly altered anxiety-related behavior. Plasma testosterone levels were also not significantly altered suggesting that these compounds do not interfere with endogenous androgen levels. The results suggest that the efficacy of ERϐ agonists may depend on gonadal status. Therefore the therapeutic potential of ERϐ selective agonists to treat mood disorders may be limited.
Characterization of the binding of [3H]muscimol, a potent gamma-aminobutyric acid agonist, to rat brain synaptosomal membranes using a filtration assay.

— The binding of [3H]muscimol, a potent GABA agonist, to crude synaptic membranes prepared from rat brain was studied using a filtration method to isolate membrane-bound ligand. Specific binding was found to be saturable and occurred to two binding sites of Kd5 5 and 30 nm. Binding was Na+-independent and enhanced by both freezing and Triton treatment. Regional and subcellular distribution studies and pharmacological characterization of specific [3H]muscimol binding are consistent with binding to the synaptic GABA receptor.
Probing the Size- and Environment-Induced Phase Transformation in CdSe Quantum Dots

The structural and electronic properties of CdSe quantum dots were investigated by in situ micro X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and UV–visible absorption and emission spectros...
Chronic cold exposure potentiates CRH-evoked increases in electrophysiologic activity of locus coeruleus neurons

Abstract Background: Chronic stress exposure can produce sensitization of norepinephrine release in the forebrain in response to subsequent stressors. Furthermore, the increase in norepinephrine release in response to the stress-related peptide corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is potentiated by prior chronic stress exposure. To explore possible mechanisms underlying these alterations in norepinephrine release, we examined the effect of chronic stress on the electrophysiologic activity of locus coeruleus (LC) neurons in response to centrally applied CRH. Methods: Single-unit recordings of LC neurons in halothane-anesthetized rats were used to compare the effect of intraventricular administration of CRH (0.3–3.0 μg) in control and previously cold-exposed (2 weeks at 5°C) rats. Results: The CRH-evoked increase in LC neuron activity was enhanced following chronic cold exposure, without alteration in basal activity of LC neurons. The enhanced CRH-evoked activation was apparent at higher doses of CRH but not at lower ones, resulting in an increased slope of the dose-response curve for CRH in previously cold-exposed rats. Conclusions: These data, in combination with previous data, suggest that the sensitivity of LC neurons to excitatory inputs is increased following chronic cold exposure. The altered functional capacity of LC neurons in rats after continuous cold exposure may represent an experimental model to examine the role of central noradrenergic neurons in anxiety and mood disorders.
The Early Britannica: The Growth of an Outstanding Encyclopedia

Frank A. Kafker and Jeff Loveland, editors, The Early Britannica: The Growth of an Outstanding Encyclopedia, Voltaire Foundation, University of Oxford, 2009. xiii +307 pp, £65.00/€76/$104 ISBN 978 ...
Gardens of nymphs: Public and private in Sappho's lyrics

(1981). Gardens of nymphs: Public and private in Sappho's lyrics. Women's Studies: Vol. 8, No. 1-2, pp. 65-91.
Comparison of different decontaminant delivery methods for sterilizing unoccupied commercial airliner cabins

Abstract Effective decontamination is crucial if an airliner cabin is contaminated by biological contaminants, such as infectious disease viruses or intentionally released biological agents. This study used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method as a tool and vaporized hydrogen peroxide (VHP) as an exemplary decontaminant and Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores as a simulant contaminant to investigate three VHP delivery methods for sterilizing two different airliner cabins. The CFD first determined the airflow and the transient distributions of the contaminant and decontaminant in cabins. Auxiliary equations were implemented into the CFD model for evaluating efficacy of the sterilization process. The improved CFD model was validated by the measured airflow and simulated contaminant distributions obtained from a cabin mockup and the measured efficacy data from the literature. The three decontaminant delivery methods were (1) to supply the mixed VHP and air through the environmental control system of a cabin, (2) to send mixed VHP and air through a front door and to extract them from a back door of a cabin, and (3) to send directly VHP to a cabin and enhance the mixing with air in the cabin by fans. The two air cabins studied were a single-aisle and a twin-aisle airliner one. The results show that the second decontaminant delivery method (displacement method) was the best because the VHP distributions in the cabins were most uniform, the sterilization time was moderate, and the corrosion risk was low. The method displaced the existing air by the air/disinfectant solution, rather than dispersive mixing as the other two methods.
Mapping the duskside topside ionosphere with CINDI and DMSP

[1] The CINDI plasma instrument package on board the C/NOFS spacecraft performs in situ measurements of the velocity, temperature, composition, and density of ionospheric ions. In a 402 by 849 km orbit with a 13° inclination its apogee reaches the topside ionosphere at the same altitude as the polar-orbiting DMSP spacecraft that also carry similar plasma measurement packages. Over the course of about 66 days the apogee of C/NOFS' orbit cycles once through all solar local times. This paper presents the apogee observations from the CINDI instruments between 21 August and 5 September 2008 when the C/NOFS' apogee passed through the orbital planes of the duskside equatorial crossings of the four operational DMSP spacecraft. Combining the data from all five spacecraft reveals the spatial distribution of the total ion density, the ion temperature, and the ion composition at these altitudes. Comparisons of these observed distributions from CINDI and DMSP are used to check the agreement between the new CINDI instruments and the long-operating DMSP instruments. The results of the density and temperature measurements show good agreement, however there are two regions where the composition and temperature measurements show discrepancies that result from the limitation of the plasma instruments in an environment of extremely low density plasma composed of over 85% light ions (H+ and He+).
A GENETIC APPROACH TO CLIMATIC CLASSIFICATION

ABSTRACT An air mass frequency model is constructed to facilitate the formulation of a genetic classification of climate. The model uses Venn diagrams to distinguish three basic climatic regimes, each determined by the relative dominance of air masses: the dominant regimes, where a single air mass dominates all year; the seasonal regimes, determined by seasonally dominant air masses; and the compound regimes, with no dominant air mass. Different climates within each regime are distinguished by actual air mass types. Monthly air mass dominance is determined from actual station surface data for application of the model to world climates. This is completed by analysis of monthly data plotted on modified climographs and by the construction of a monthly air mass identification chart. The proposed system is illustrated by Australian data.
Ionic Conductivity of C60-Based Solid Electrolyte

Abstract We examine the ionic conduction mechanism of the first fullerene based solid electrolyte conductor. Impedance spectroscopy shows that an ionic conduction process involving a Faradaic reaction takes place in the material upon sorption of water. Ion time-of-flight measurements indicate protons and an unidentified anion, which may be OH-, as the conducting species.
Generation of Mixed Broadside and Skewed-Load Diagnostic Test Sets for Transition Faults

This paper describes a diagnostic test generation procedure for transition faults that produces mixed test sets consisting of broadside and skewed-load tests. A mix of broadside and skewed-load tests yields improved diagnostic resolution compared with a single test type. The procedure starts from a mixed test set generated for fault detection. It uses two procedures to obtain new tests that are useful for diagnosis starting from existing tests. Both procedures allow the type of a test to be modified (from broadside to skewed-load and from skewed-load to broadside). The first procedure is fault independent. The second procedure targets specific fault pairs. Experimental results show that diagnostic test generation changes the mix of broadside and skewed-load tests in the test set compared with a fault detection test set.
Organization Symbols:: An Analysis of Their Types and Functions in a Reborn Organization

This study examines the organizational symbolism that is reflected in corporate discourse. Specifically, the researcher discovers and describes the types of symbols and the functions they served ov...
Self-help on-line: an outcome evaluation of breast cancer bulletin boards.

Many breast cancer patients find help from on-line self-help groups, consisting of self-directed, asynchronous, bulletin boards. These have yet to be empirically evaluated. Upon joining a group and 6 months later, new members (N= 114) to breast cancer bulletin boards completed measures of depression (CES-D), growth (PTGI) and psychosocial wellbeing (FACT-B). Improvement was statistically significant on all three measures. This serves as a first validation of Internet bulletin boards as a source of support and help for breast cancer patients. These boards are of particular interest because they are free, accessible and support comes from peers and not from professional facilitators.
Recovering Chromatin Conformations from Contact Probabilities

The packaging of chromatin within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells is achieved through several levels of spatial organization. The lowest levels give rise to nucleosomes and the 30-nm chromatin fiber while the higher levels involve folding of the chromatin fiber into chromosomes. These higher levels, often referred to as the higher order organization of chromatin, are still poorly understood but are actively being investigated through a new class of experiments known as chromatin conformation capture (3C), and its high-throughput derivative called Hi-C. These experiments detect contacts between different genomic loci, yielding contact probabilities (CPs) that may be used to elucidate the higher order organization of chromatin. Here we present a computational method for recovering chromatin conformation ensembles from reference CPs (Meluzzi D and Arya G. Nucleic Acids Research. 2013 41:63). The conformations are generated by simulating a bead-chain polymer model that represents the 30-nm chromatin fiber. Selected parameters of this polymer model are optimized iteratively until the CPs estimated from the conformation ensembles match the reference CPs. To minimize the size of ensembles required to reliably compute the CPs, we have developed a method that estimates CPs by fitting the extended generalized lambda distribution to simulated inter-bead distances. We show that our overall approach enables the recovery of conformation ensembles for genomic lengths on the order of 1 Mbp and that these ensembles can be used to investigate the shape and spatial properties of biologically relevant chromatin domains.
Factors influencing the amounts of land needed to produce roughage for dairy cattle in NorthEastern Illinois.

Summary Records of 65 farms in Northeastern Illinois were analyzed to determine the effect of (a) the percentage of non-tillable pasture land, (b) the kinds of crops (especially legume and non-legume) and (c) soil rating on the amounts of land needed to produce roughages for dairy cattle. The carrying capacity of pastures on non-tillable land was not as high as that of pastures on tillable areas. Farms having a small proportion of the pasture area (8 per cent) on non-tillable land carried 60 per cent more animal units per acre of pasture than did farms having a large proportion of pasture (88 per cent) on non-tillable land. Farmers who made large use of legumes and grass-legume mixtures in their pasture program were able to carry more animal units per acre of pasture than were those who relied heavily on grasses. The differences in carrying capacity of pasture between groups of farms on which little use was made of legumes and those on which extensive use was made were more striking than were the differences in amounts of pasture forage produced on tillable and non-tillable land. Soil rating, an expression indicating the natural productivity of soils without the addition of soil treatments, was found to have a pronounced relation to the productivity of pastures. The better the soil rating, the larger the number of animal units carried per acre of pasture. However, little relation was found between soil rating and the amounts of land needed to produce hay or silage for one cow. Soil treatments are presumed to have nearly eliminated the differences between groups of farms in their yields of hay and corn forage. Average values for the 65 farms showed the use of 1.3 acres of pasture, 1 acre for growing of hay, and 0.5 acre for production of silage corn for the feeding of one cow.
Summer and winter burrows of a mantis shrimp, Squilla empusa, in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island (U.S.A.)☆

Abstract Ecologically important members of the estuarine infauna may be missed by conventional surface-operated sampling gear. A bottom survey of Narragansett Bay (Rhode Island, U.S.A.) by direct observations using SCUBA revealed the previously unreported presence of large numbers (up to 7 m −2 ) of the stomatopod, Squilla empusa . These crustaceans live in large burrows which they excavate in the soft muddy bottom. Burrows are of two seasonal types: summer and winter. The summer burrow consists of two similar openings connected by a U-shaped tunnel, the horizontal member of which usually has two bends in plan. These burrows are 15–50 cm deep, have a diameter of 1–10 cm depending on the size of the occupant, and are up to 2 m long. Winter burrows have a single opening to a more or less straight vertical tube up to 4.1 m long, possibly with a lateral chamber. Dissolved oxygen decreases and temperature increases with depth in the winter burrow. It is hypothesized that such deep winter burrows, at the northern end of the geographical range of Squilla empusa , represent a behavioral adaptation to water temperatures too low for the animal's survival. High densities of large burrowers and their burrows may have significant effects on the stratigraphy and sediment-water exchanges in estuaries.
The placenta. Not just a conduit for maternal fuels.

The placenta is a specialized organ of exchange that provides nutrients to and excretes waste products from the fetus. The exchange of nutrients between placenta and fetus involves three major mechanisms: 1) direct transfer of nutrients from the maternal to the fetal plasma, 2) placental consumption of nutrients, and 3) placental conversion of nutrients to alternate substrate forms. Although direct transfer has been considered the primary means by which placental-fetal exchange controls the supply of nutrients to the fetus and thereby fetal metabolism and growth, the considerable metabolic activity of the placenta provides a large and fundamentally important contribution to both the quality and quantity of nutrient substrates supplied to the fetus; e.g., placental O2 and glucose consumption rates approach or even exceed those of brain and tumor tissue. Other placental metabolic activities include glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis, oxidation, protein synthesis, amino acid interconversion, triglyceride synthesis, and chain lengthening or shortening of individual fatty acids. Thus, consideration of the metabolism of the placenta is essential for a more complete understanding of how the placenta regulates nutrient transfer to the fetus, fetal energy balance, and fetal growth.
Solvent-free lipase-catalysed synthesis of saccharide-fatty acid esters: closed-loop bioreactor system with in situ formation of metastable suspensions

AbstractSaccharide-fatty acid esters – biodegradable, biocompatible and non-ionic bio-based surfactants derived from inexpensive renewable agricultural sources, utilized in foods, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, have been synthesized under solvent-free conditions using a closed-loop system operated under continuous recirculation consisting of a reservoir, a peristaltic pump and a packed-bed bioreactor containing immobilized Rhizomucor miehei lipase (RML). Metastable suspensions of saccharide crystals were formed through continuous stirring in the reservoir with an in-line filter of 180 µm normal size preventing larger crystals from clogging the tubing. The initial reaction medium consisted of oleic acid/fructose-oleic acid esters 95/5 w/w, with saccharide added periodically to the reservoir to replace consumed acyl acceptor substrate. The liquid-phase water concentration was retained at a previously determined optimal value of ∼0.4 wt % through free evaporation of the co-product, water, in the reservoir du...