cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measuring simultaneous production and consumption fluxes of methyl chloride and methyl bromide in annual temperate grasslands.

Methyl chloride (CH3Cl) and methyl bromide (CH3Br) are both produced and consumed by terrestrial ecosystems, but large uncertainties remain about the magnitude of their emission and uptake rates. Most field-based studies report net fluxes, but knowledge of gross fluxes is required to assess partial atmospheric lifetimes and potential mechanisms. Here, we present the first field results using a stable isotope tracer technique to determine gross emission and uptake fluxes of CH3Cl and CH3Br at two temperate annual grasslands in California. These grasslands generally showed modest emission and uptake rates of CH3Cl and CH3Br, although large net emissions were observed at riparian and dry playa sites within these grasslands. While gross production rates of the methyl halides are not correlated to each other, gross consumption rates of CH3Cl and CH3Br show a molar uptake ratio of ∼40:1, consistent with results from other biomes. Gross consumption rates appear to be strongly affected by soil moisture. Temperate...
Hydrogen peroxide impairs insulin-stimulated assembly of mTORC1.

Abstract Oxidants are well recognized for their capacity to reduce the phosphorylation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) substrates, eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) and p70 S6 kinase 1 (S6K1), thereby hindering mRNA translation at the level of initiation. mTOR functions to regulate mRNA translation by forming the signaling complex mTORC1 (mTOR, raptor, GβL). Insulin signaling to mTORC1 is dependent upon phosphorylation of Akt/PKB and the inhibition of the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC1/2), thereby enhancing the phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 and S6K1. In this study we report the effect of H 2 O 2 on insulin-stimulated mTORC1 activity and assembly using A549 and bovine aortic smooth muscle cells. We show that insulin stimulated the phosphorylation of TSC2 leading to a reduction in raptor–mTOR binding and in the quantity of proline-rich Akt substrate 40 (PRAS40) precipitating with mTOR. Insulin also increased 4E-BP1 coprecipitating with mTOR and the phosphorylation of the mTORC1 substrates 4E-BP1 and S6K1. H 2 O 2 , on the other hand, opposed the effects of insulin by increasing raptor–mTOR binding and the ratio of PRAS40/raptor derived from the mTOR immunoprecipitates in both cell types. These effects occurred in conjunction with a reduction in 4E-BP1 phosphorylation and the 4E-BP1/raptor ratio. siRNA-mediated knockdown of PRAS40 in A549 cells partially reversed the effect of H 2 O 2 on 4E-BP1 phosphorylation but not on S6K1. These findings are consistent with PRAS40 functioning as a negative regulator of insulin-stimulated mTORC1 activity during oxidant stress.
Voltage clamp studies on the effect of internal cesium ion on sodium and potassium currents in the squid giant axon.

Isolated and cleaned giant axons of Loligo pealii were internally perfused with solutions containing cesium sulfate and potassium fluoride. Membrane currents obtained as a function of clamped membrane potentials indicated a severe depression of the delayed outward current component normally attributed to potassium ion movement. Steady-state currents showed a negative slope in the potential range from -45 to -5 mv which corresponded to the negative slope for the peak sodium current relation vs. membrane potential which suggested long duration sodium currents. Using sodium-free sea water externally, sodium currents were separated from total currents and these persisted for longer times than normal. This result suggested that internal cesium, ion delays the sodium conductance turnoff. The separated nonsodium currents showed an abnormal rectification as compared with those predicted by the independence principle, such that while potassium permeability appeared normal at the resting potential, its value decreased progressively with increasing depolarization.
Global sensitivity analysis in control-augmented structural synthesis

In this paper, an integrated approach to structural/control design is proposed in which variables in both the passive (structural) and active (control) disciplines of an optimization process are changed simultaneously. The global sensitivity equation (GSE) method of Sobieszczanski-Sobieski (1988) is used to obtain the behavior sensitivity derivatives necessary for the linear approximations used in the parallel multidisciplinary synthesis problem. The GSE allows for the decoupling of large systems into smaller subsystems and thus makes it possible to determine the local sensitivities of each subsystem's outputs to its inputs and parameters. The advantages in using the GSE method are demonstrated using a finite-element representation of a truss structure equipped with active lateral displacement controllers, which is undergoing forced vibration.
Developing Your Evaluation Plans: A Critical Component of Public Health Program Infrastructure

A program's infrastructure is often cited as critical to public health success. The Component Model of Infrastructure (CMI) identifies evaluation as essential under the core component of engaged data. An evaluation plan is a written document that describes how to monitor and evaluate a program, as well as how to use evaluation results for program improvement and decision making. The evaluation plan clarifies how to describe what the program did, how it worked, and why outcomes matter. We use the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) "Framework for Program Evaluation in Public Health" as a guide for developing an evaluation plan. Just as using a roadmap facilitates progress on a long journey, a well-written evaluation plan can clarify the direction your evaluation takes and facilitate achievement of the evaluation's objectives.
Valproic Acid Is a Novel Activator of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase and Decreases Liver Mass, Hepatic Fat Accumulation, and Serum Glucose in Obese Mice

Valproic acid (VPA) is a widely prescribed anticonvulsant for the treatment of epilepsy. Here we demonstrate that VPA is a novel activator of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a key regulator of cellular metabolism, using primary mouse and human hepatocytes. Incubation of primary mouse hepatocytes with VPA resulted in increased levels of phosphorylated AMPK and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC). This finding was recapitulated using primary human hepatocytes. Pretreatment of mouse hepatocytes with a small-molecule inhibitor of AMPK, Compound C (6-​[4-​(2-​piperidin-​1-​ylethoxy)​phenyl]​-​3-​pyridin-​4-​ylpyrazolo[1,5-​a]​pyrimidine), abrogated the phosphorylation of ACC following treatment with VPA. The cytochrome P450 inhibitor 1-aminobenzotriazole blocked the VPA-stimulated phosphorylation of AMPK, suggesting a requirement for biotransformation of VPA. In line with this, treatment of hepatocytes with metabolites of VPA resulted in increased phosphorylation of AMPK/ACC as compared with VPA. Treatment of ob/ob mice with VPA for 14 days resulted in decreased liver masses, hepatic fat accumulation, and serum glucose. These results paralleled those observed in mice treated with metformin. In addition, a targeted mass spectrometry–based metabolomics assay revealed several small molecules that were differentially abundant in the serum of ob/ob mice treated with VPA as compared with vehicle-treated mice. These studies are the first to establish VPA and its metabolites as in vitro activators of AMPK.
TiO2-based Photocatalysis: Surface Defects, Oxygen and Charge Transfer

A detailed discussion of the photochemistry of TiO2 surfaces is presented, covering important work from the literature as well as more recent studies. The production and characterization of surface defects is discussed, and studies of the adsorption of molecular oxygen on these defects is presented. In addition, both chemical and physical methods for detection and measurement of defect sites on TiO2 are reviewed. The role of nitrogen doping on shifting the photothreshold energy of TiO2 is discussed and the active chemical state of the nitrogen is described, based on XPS N(1s) binding energies. Observations of charge transfer between excited TiO2 and adsorbates are presented, and it is shown that the electronegativity of the attachment atom which forms the surface bond is important in governing charge transfer
The Patient–Doctor Relationship and Online Social Networks: Results of a National Survey

The Editors Reply—We appreciate the thoughtful and valid critique of this study by Dr. Campbell and colleagues. The low response rate of the survey was indeed the primary critique of this study during peer review. However, this critique was balanced by the novelty of the topic and relative lack of published data. Reviewers, therefore, suggested focusing the discussion of results on survey questions related to the ethics of online social network use (OSN). These questions are presumed to be less susceptible to bias than questions related to prevalence of OSN use. The published manuscript reflects these suggestions and we believe is appropriately cautious about the clear and important limitations of this study. More rigorous surveys are clearly needed to quantify physician OSN use at the national level. But the paper by Bosslet and colleagues suggests interesting domains to include in future investigations.
A real options framework to value network, protocol, and service architecture

This paper proposes a real options framework for evaluating architectural choices and the economic value of these alternative choices of networks, protocols, and services. Using proven financial techniques of real options, our model explores the value of distributed architecture compared to the benefits of centralized control. Voice and email case studies that agree with our theory and model are presented. We apply our model to illustrate the value of end-to-end structure, why SIP-based VoIP is winning, and the value of open garden service business models allowing third parties to provide network services/applications. This work illustrates the potential of real options to help quantify the economic value of network, protocol, and service architectures.
Sensor Scheduling for WSN

In this paper, sensor scheduling algorithm tracking-oriented based on dynamic cluster and GDF is proposed. When the target run into the sensing filed of WSN, cluster is formed dynamically then Gaussian particle filter is used to predict the trajectory of target. With the target moving, some nodes are waked up to track the target and the others are allowed to sleep, so energy consumption is decreased remarkably.
Automatic protocol-conformance recommendations

Misuse of reusable components in software is common. Systems of software analysis based on formal specifications provide a mechanism for automatically detecting non-conformance to protocols. The focus of this research is to automatically generate task-specific user recommendations for correcting misuse of arbitrary protocols using results from software analysis systems.
Economic Modeling of Hybrid Energy System

Hybrid Energy Systems (HES) offer hopeful solutions to an array of challenges circumventing conventional energy usage. From sustainable mobility developments to rural communities, hybrid energy systems can provide reliable energy to suffice any load demand when properly sized. Sizing optimality is essential in maintaining low-cost, high-performance and superior efficiency. The methodology for sizing a Photovoltaic-Wind-Diesel with battery backup hybrid energy system and its accompanying costs are calculated using Homer software. The results are presented in this article. Such costs include the concept of levelized cost of energy (LCOE), time-dependent trade-off considerations necessary to deploy a functional, reliable and cost-effective energy system and comfort. The anticipated output of this economic model validates the feasibility of attaining affordability and optimality in a HES that relies on renewable energy and battery storage for applications of varying scales.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Analysis of benchmark characteristics and benchmark performance prediction

Standard benchmarking provides to run-times for given programs on given machines, but fails to provide insight as to why those results were obtained (either in terms of machine or program characteristics) and fails to provide run-times for that program on some other machine, or some other programs on that machine. We have developed a machine-imdependent model of program execution to characterize both machine performance and program execution. By merging these machine and program characterizations, we can estimate execution time for arbitrary machine/program combinations. Our technique allows us to identify those operations, either on the machine or in the programs, which dominate the benchmark results. This information helps designers in improving the performance of future machines and users in tuning their applications to better utilize the performance of existing machines. Here we apply our methodology to characterize benchmarks and predict their execution times. We present extensive run-time statistics for a large set of benchmarks including the SPEC and Perfect Club suites. We show how these statistics can be used to identify important shortcoming in the programs. In addition, we give execution time estimates for a large sample of programs and machines and compare these against benchmark results. Finally, we develop a metric for program similarity that makes it possible to classify benchmarks with respect to a large set of characteristics.
Treatment Alternatives for Mentally Disordered Offenders:A Literature Review

Over the last few decades, a considerable amount of research has been devoted to mentally disordered offenders, with both theoretical and empirically validated treatments permeating the literature. Due to the recent onslaught of treatment options for MDOs, a synthesis of this literature seems immediately relevant to the field of forensic psychology. The authors review the current status of the treatment literature for both sentenced and nonsentenced MDOs in both inpatient and outpatient settings. An exhaustive search of the available literature on MDO treatment options was conducted. Ten treatment modalities, both theoretical and empirically validated, were summarized, including their theoretical underpinnings, interventions, empirical support, and strengths and weaknesses. Issues surrounding future research are also discussed.
Platelet membrane fluidity individuals at risk for Alzheimer's disease: a comparison of results from fluorescence spectroscopy and electron spin resonance spectroscopy.

Rationale: Previous fluorescence studies employing 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) have revealed an increase in the fluidity of platelet membranes from individuals with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and their first-degree relatives. This biophysical alteration has been reported to be relatively specific for the hydrocarbon core of platelet membranes, where DPH preferentially localizes; this effect is not reflected by the fluorescent reporter triethylamino-DPH, which labels membranes at the lipid-aqueous interface. Objective: The goal of this study was to explore the validity and reproducibility of these findings using an independent biophysical technique, electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. Methods: Platelet membranes prepared from first-degree relatives of patients with AD were labeled with DPH, or the spin-labeled fatty acid probes 5-doxylstearate (5-DS) and 12-doxylstearate (12-DS). These spin labeled probes provide an index of structural order at the respective depths of their nitroxide moieties in the membrane. The resulting preparations were examined by fluorescence and ESR spectroscopy. Results: Increased platelet membrane fluidity (PMF), as determined by the fluorescence anisotropy of DPH, was associated with only a modest reduction in the order parameter derived for 5-DS labeled membranes. In contrast, the mean order parameters derived from the paired samples labeled with 12-DS differed substantially from each other, and revealed decreased order (increased fluidity) in the hydrocarbon 12-C region where DPH preferentially localizes. Conclusions: These results provide an independent validation of the biophysical alterations of platelet membranes that are manifested by a subgroup of patients with AD and their first-degree relatives.
Correlation of cerebrospinal fluid cytokines with cortical microglia densities in clinicopathological Alzheimer's disease and cognitively normal individuals

1 MAX-CPB x PET 0.58 (60.94) 0.38 (60.87) 0.14492 2 MEAN-CPB PET 0.57 (60.87) 0.40 (60.84) 0.29477 3 VOL-LIP x MRI 0.55 (61.00) 0.52 (60.86) 0.00001 4 MEDIAN-CPB PET 0.57 (60.89) 0.40 (60.86) 0.32954 5 SD-LPO MRI 0.28 (61.14) 0.38 (60.89) 0.01013 6 MEDIAN-TL PET 0.71 (60.95) 0.40 (60.79) 0.83931 7 MEAN-TL PET 0.69 (60.95) 0.41 (60.77) 0.73073 8 IgE Laboratory essays 0.03 (60.85) 0.42 (61.12) 0.11553
γ-Glutamyltranspeptidase–Deficient Knockout Mice as a Model to Study the Relationship Between Glutathione Status, Mitochondrial Function, and Cellular Function

γ-Glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT)-deficient mice (GGT−/−) display chronic glutathione (GSH) deficiency, growth retardation, and die at a young age (<20 weeks). Using livers from these mice, we investigated the relationship between GSH content, especially mitochondrial, and mitochondrial and cellular function. We found that the GSH content of isolated liver mitochondria was diminished by ≥50% in GGT−/− mice when compared with wild-type mice. Respiratory control ratios (RCRs) of GGT−/− mice liver mitochondria were ≤60% those of wild-type mice primarily as a result of impaired state 3 respiration. Mitochondrial adenine nucleotide content was decreased by ≥40% in mitochondria obtained from GGT−/− mice. We observed a strong correlation between mitochondrial GSH content and RCRs. Even moderate decreases (<50%) correlated with adverse effects with respect to respiration. Electron microscopy revealed that livers from GGT−/− knockout mice were deprived of fat and glycogen, and swollen mitochondria were observed in animals that were severely deprived of GSH. Thus, GGT−/− mice exhibit a loss of GSH homeostasis and impaired oxidative phosphorylation, which may be related to the rate of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) formation and subsequently leads to progressive liver injury, which characterizes the diseased state. We also found that supplementation of GGT−/− mice with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) partially restored liver GSH, but fully restored mitochondrial GSH and respiratory function. Electron microscopy revealed that the livers of NAC-supplemented GGT−/− mice contained fat and glycogen; however, slightly enlarged mitochondria were found in some livers. NAC supplementation did not have any beneficial effect on the parameters examined in wild-type mice. (Hepatology 2000;32:740-749.)
Downregulation of the Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27kip1 Might Correlate with Poor Disease-Free and Overall Survival in Inflammatory Breast Cancer

Abstract Purpose The objective of this study was to evaluate whether p27 kip1 downregulation is a prognostic factor in patients with inflammatory breast carcinoma (IBC). Patients and Methods Fifty-eight patients with IBC were treated between January 1994 and July 2002. Median age was 49 years. Thirty-eight patients had baseline biopsy specimens. Patients received preoperative chemotherapy with FAC (5-fluorouracil/doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide; 34%) or FAC followed by a taxane (66%). All patients underwent mastectomies. All patients received radiation therapy and hormonal treatment when indicated. Expression level of p27 kip1 was evaluated by indirect immunoperoxidase procedure. The p27 kip1 was considered downregulated if nuclear staining was present in > 50% of the neoplastic cells. Results Thirty-two patients (84%) had p27 kip1 -downregulated tumors, and 6 patients (17%) had p27 kip1 -normal tumors. Six patients (16%) exhibited a pathologic complete response. At a median follow-up of 43 months, 25 recurrences (66%) and 27 deaths (71%) occurred. Patients with p27 kip1 -downregulated tumors had fewer pathologic complete responses (9% vs. 50%; P = 0.03) and had lower 4-year recurrence-free survival (23% vs. 83%; P = 0.03) and overall survival rates (36% vs. 83%; P = 0.01). Conclusion The p27 kip1 deregulation manifested by low protein cellular concentration might represent an adverse prognostic marker in IBC and could provide a valuable tool for selecting treatment for this aggressive disease.
Effects of a Single Bout of Aerobic Exercise Versus Resistance Training on Cognitive Vulnerabilities for Anxiety Disorders

The purpose of this study was to compare the relative effects of a single bout of aerobic exercise versus resistance training on cognitive vulnerabilities for anxiety disorders. Seventy-seven participants (60% female; 84% Caucasian) were randomized to complete 20 min of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise, resistance training, or rest, followed by a 35% CO2/65% O2 inhalation challenge task. Results indicated that aerobic exercise and resistance training were significantly and equally effective in reducing anxiety sensitivity (AS) compared with rest ((η(2)(p ) = 52), though only aerobic exercise significantly attenuated reactivity to the CO2 challenge task. Neither form of exercise generated observable effects on distress tolerance, discomfort intolerance, or state anxiety (all ps >.10). The results of this study are discussed with regard to their implications for the use of exercise interventions for anxiety and related forms of psychopathology, and potential directions for future research are discussed.
A Wnt-ow of Opportunity: Targeting the Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway in Breast Cancer

Aberrant activation of the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway is a hallmark of many tumors, including breast cancer. In the normal breast, tightly regulated expression of Wnt/beta-catenin pathway components, including Wnts and the APC tumor suppressor, dictates its role in balancing stem cell self-renewal, maintenance and differentiation during embryonic and postnatal development. Therefore, not surprisingly, dysregulation of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling through overexpression of pathway activators, such as Wnts or stabilized beta-catenin, or targeted disruption of inhibitors, such as APC, leads to mammary tumorigenesis in several genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models. These models are powerful tools to dissect the importance of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling in human breast cancer because they recapitulate some of the histological features of human breast cancers that demonstrate pathway dysregulation. Over the last decade, numerous approaches have been developed to target the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway in tumor cells, from antagonizing Wnt ligand secretion or binding to promoting beta-catenin degradation to specifically blocking beta-catenin-mediated transcriptional activity. Despite sizeable hurdles because of gaps in our knowledge of most efficacious ways to inhibit the pathway, the breast cancer subtypes to target and how pathway antagonists might be used in combination therapy, crippling Wnt/beta-catenin signaling offers a tremendous opportunity to impact breast cancer pathogenesis. This review will provide an overview of the current understanding of Wnt/beta-catenin pathway involvement in regulating normal breast development and morphogenesis, the generation of Wnt/beta-catenin-dependent GEM models of human breast cancer, upregulation of signaling in human breast cancers and the compelling therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway that show promising anti-tumor activity.
Short-term metabolism of [14C] tryptophan in rats infected with Trypanosoma brucei gambiense.

The pathways of short-term tryptophan metabolism in rats infected with Trypanosoma brucei gambiense were studied to determine whether this amino acid undergoes rapid conversion to tryptophol and indole lactic acid, two metabolites produced in vitro by T. brucei gambiense. Intravenously administered L-(3-14-C)-tryptophan was metabolized to at least two compounds in infected rats: tryptophol (indole ethanol) and indole acetic acid. Indole lactic acid was not detected as a metabolite. Approximately 76 percent of the labeled substrate was metabolized along these pathways in 30 min. Control rats exhibited no detectable metabolism of tryptophan during the same period. These results indicate that dietary tryptophan may be diverted from the kynurenine and serotonin pathways by parasite metabolism to compounds possessing potential pharmacological or toxic activity.
Model for a random laser.

The laser action in random media is studied numerically for a planar system of resonant scatterers pumped by an external laser. The eigenmodes of the finite system (quasistates) are ``lossy'' in the absence of gain because of the leakage of light outside the medium and can be characterized by their decay rates. Lasing occurs when the gain compensates the decay rate of the quasistate with the longest lifetime. The dependence of the lasing threshold on the number of scatterers (size of the system) is found to be $I\ensuremath{\propto}1/\sqrt{N}$, which agrees with recent experiments. We demonstrate that this dependence is strongly related to the fluctuations of quasistate decay rates and discuss the nature of these fluctuations.
Plasmonics: tailoring dispersion, and thermal emission

We present small modal area surface plasmon enabled waveguides, with low group velocities over unusually large bandwidths. We also show how metallo-dielectric photonic crystals can be used to tailor thermal emission.
Thromboxane-Induced Contractile Response of Human Coronary Arterioles Is Diminished After Cardioplegic Arrest

Background We investigated the contractile response of human coronary microvasculature to thromboxane A-2 (TXA-2), with and without the blockade of TXA-2 receptors or the inhibition of phospholipase-C (PLC) or of protein kinase C-α (PKC-α) in the human coronary microvasculature before and after cardioplegia, followed by reperfusion (CP/Rep). Protein/gene expression and localization of TXA-2 receptors, TXA-2 synthase, PLC, and other TXA-2–related proteins was also examined. Methods Right atrial tissue was harvested before and after cold blood cardioplegia, followed by about 10 minutes of reperfusion, from 28 patients undergoing cardiac operations. Coronary arterioles (90 to 170 μm in diameter) were dissected from the harvested tissue. Results The post-CP/Rep contractile response of coronary arterioles to TXA-2 analog U-46619 was significantly impaired vs pre-CP/Rep ( p –6 M) prevented the contractile response to U-46619 ( p –6 M) significantly inhibited the U-46619–induced contractile response ( p Conclusions Cardioplegia/Rep decreases the contractile response of human coronary arterioles to TXA-2 soon after cardiac operations. The contractile response to the TXA-2 analog U-46619 is through activation of TXA-2 receptors and PLC.
Information Acquisition Activities: A Study of Global Start-Up Exporting Companies

Abstract In this study, the author investigates the antecedents of information search effort and information source use and the implications of firms’ information acquisition activities on export performance. The author examines four major sets of variables to understand their impact on firms’ information search effort and the use of personal, quasi-government, and documented sources. These variables are information source characteristics, firm strategic orientation, environmental characteristics, and organizational characteristics. Empirical results based on a survey of U.S. exporting firms provide mixed support for these factors in predicting firms’ information search effort and information source use. Findings on firm performance support the notion that firms that engage in greater information search and those that rely on personal and quasi-government information sources tend to have higher performance levels.
Using a Progressive Paper to Develop Students' Writing Skills.

This article describes the use of a progressive paper in a capstone course to develop students' writing skills. A progressive paper is one that students write one section at a time: as they add each new section, they go back and revise the previous parts based on actionable feedback from the instructor. In this course, the progressive paper takes the form of a laboratory report for a multistep synthesis. Students revise and update this paper throughout the semester. Each revision coincides with an additional step in the synthesis. This results in a complete journal-style article at the end of the semester. The students in this course show significant improvement in their writing skills throughout this process.
The fourth product moment of infinitely clipped noise

This paper considers the fourth product moment, w(τ 1 , τ 2 , τ 3 ) = E[x(t)x(t + τ 1 )x(t + τ 2 )x(t + τ 3 )], when x(t) is infinitely clipped noise with a mean value of zero. If the noise is Gaussian before clipping, the moment w is not obtainable in closed form. For this reason, the Gaussian assumption is withdrawn and other assumptions are employed. If the zeros of x(t) obey the Poisson distribution, a particularly simple result follows for w and for all higher moments. An alternative assumption is the following. Let unspecified events occur at times τ 0 , τ 1 , τ 2 , … according to the Poisson distribution. If alternate events, i.e., those at τ 1 , τ 3 , τ 5 , …, are designated as the zeros of x(t), both the autocorrelation function and w(τ 1 , τ 2 , τ 3 ) can be derived. The results are in terms of elementary functions. A comparison is made between these models and clipped Gaussian processes.
The White Petty Offender in the Small City

We have selected for analysis in this paper a group of offenders who, with the exception of minor traffic violators, constitute the great bulk of law breakers in the small city. We have chosen to refer to these men as "petty offenders" because the nature of their violations arouses no fear or anger in the general public. These offenders are charged with being drunk in public view, disturbing the peace, fighting, using violent and abusive language, or some other closely related offense.* But regardless of the specific offense, there is an amazing uniformity in their behavior and it is this kind of be'havior rather than legal charges in which we are interested.
CONTINUOUS, DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF ICP BY A SUBARACHANOID BOLT IN ASPHXYIATED TERM NEONATES

A newly developed infant subarachnoid bolt was used to continuously and directly monitor intracranial pressure (ICP) in four severely asphyxiated (Apgars 11 and 25) full-term neonates. The plastic bolt was inserted through a dural puncture and secured to the margins of a right frontal bone craniotomy. No hemorrhage, CSF leak, infection or mechanical dislodgement occurred. The bolt was successfully used until the patients' death at postnatal ages 30, 42, 71 and 84 hours. Direct (bolt) ICP values were polygraphically recorded and correlated with simultaneous indirect (transfontanelle) ICP values, mean arterial blood pressure, clinical status and seizures confirmed by EEG. After the transfontanelle pressure transducer was applied with sufficient external tension to produce indirect ICP values that matched direct values, subsequent indirect ICP measurements correlated well from 4 to 13 torr (direct/indirect ratio: M = 1.07; range = 0.8 to 1.5). Indirect ICP measurements consistently and significantly underestimated true ICP from 14 to 35 torr (direct/indirect ratio; M = 2.3; range 2.1 to 3.2). Clinical neurological and/or EEG abnormalities preceded (by age 28 hrs) peak ICP (peak ICP = 18 torr) in all infants. A modest (4 torr) ICP elevation accompanied only 2 of 128 brief (duration = 39 sec; range = 12 to 180 sec), focal electrographic seizures. We conclude that direct ICP measurements by a subarachnoid bolt in appropriately selected, critically ill neonates can be safely achieved and may be more reliable than transfontanelle measurements.
Corporate planning—A systems view

Abstract This paper examines the, often disregarded, fact that the very inprecision of language often obscures basic underlying conceptual differences between corporate planning as expressed in theory and in practice. Few of the claims that confusions result both from a lack of explicit definitions and from the lack of differentiation between ‘theories of planning’ and ‘theories in planning’. The purpose of this paper is to propose such a theory of corporate planning through discussion of the following topics: (1) Problems in concepts of corporate planning; (2) The concept of an approach of corporate planning; (3) Propositions that form the basis of a theory or model of planning, relying heavily on a systems framework; and (4) a proposed corporate planning system.
Xylan hydrolysis in zinc chloride solution

Xylan is the major component of hemicellulose, which consists of up to one-third of the lignocellulosic biomass. When the zinc chloride solution was used as a pretreatment agent to facilitate cellulose hydrolysis, hemicellulose was hydrolyzed during the pretreatment stage. In this study, xylan was used as a model to study the hydrolysis of hemicellulose in zinc chloride solution. The degradation of xylose that is released from xylan was reduced by the formation of zinc-xylose complex. The xylose yield was >90% (w/w) at 70°C. The yield and rate of hydrolysis were a function of temperature and the concentration of zinc chloride. The ratio of zinc chloride can be decreased from 9 to 1.3 (w/w). At this ratio, 76% of xylose yield was obtained. When wheat straw was pretreated with a concentrated zinc chloride solution, the hemicellulose hydrolysate contained only xylose and trace amounts of arabinose and oligosaccharides. With this approach, the hemicellulose hydrolysate can be separated from cellulose residue, which would be hydrolyzed subsequently to glucose by acid or enzymes to produce glucose. This production scheme provided a method to produce glucose and xylose in different streams, which can be fermented in separated fermenters.
Study of antigenic epitopes recognized by monoclonal antibodies to recombinant interferon-gamma.

Abstract Seven hybridomas (BG 1–7) which secreted monoclonal antibodies against recombinant interferon-gamma were produced. The ascites fluids containing four of the seven monoclonal antibodies (BG 1–4) neutralized the antiviral activity of both natural and recombinant interferon-gamma. Competition between labeled and unlabeled monoclonal antibodies for interferon-gamma in a solid phase immunoassay showed that BG 1 was competed by both BG 3 and BG 4 but not by BG 2; BG 2 was competed by BG 3 but not by BG 1 nor by BG 4. These results suggest that human interferon-gamma has at least two antigenic epitopes; one of the epitopes reacted with BG 1 & BG 4 while the other reacted with BG 2; BG 3 either binds to a region overlapping with the other two epitopes or reacts with both epitopes. The antigenic epitopes recognized by these four neutralizing monoclonal antibodies are likely at or closely related to the active sites of interferon-gamma.
Specific Heat of Ce 0.8 La 0.2 Al 3 in Magnetic Fields: A Test of the Anisotropic Kondo Picture

The specific heat $C$ of ${\mathrm{Ce}}_{0.8}{\mathrm{La}}_{0.2}{\mathrm{Al}}_{3}$ has been measured as a function of temperature $T$ in magnetic fields up to 14 T. A large peak in $C$ at 2.3 K has recently been ascribed to an anisotropic Kondo effect in this compound. A 14-T field depresses the temperature of the peak by only 0.2 K, but strongly reduces its height. The corresponding peak in $C/T$ shifts from 2.1 K at zero field to 1.7 K at 14 T. The extrapolated specific heat coefficient $\ensuremath{\gamma}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\underset{T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0}{limop}C/T$ increases with field over the range studied. We show that these trends are inconsistent with the anisotropic Kondo model.
Fluorescence in situ hybridization for del(5q) in myelodysplasia/acute myeloid leukemia: comparison of EGR1 vs. CSF1R probes and diagnostic yield over metaphase cytogenetics alone.

To determine the clinical utility of FISH for del(5q) in MDS/AML, we first compared FISH for 5q31 (EGR1) and 5q33 (CSF1R) in 51 myeloid neoplasms containing del(5q) by metaphase cytogenetics. Next, EGR1 FISH was compared to metaphase cytogenetics alone in 269 cases of known or suspected MDS/AML. These studies show that while metaphase cytogenetics alone can detect del(5q) in most cases, FISH is particularly useful in cases with suboptimal growth. EGR1 FISH detects del(5q) in a broad variety of myeloid neoplasms, including at least most cases of 5q− syndrome, while studies for CSF1R add little to the diagnostic yield.
Studies of the penetration of the blood brain barrier by atrial natriuretic factor.

The atrial natriuretic factors (ANF) have been detected in various areas of the brain. To determine whether circulating blood borne ANF could contribute to the ANF content in the central nervous systems we examined the ability of ANF-99-126 or ANF-102-126 to penetrate the blood brain barrier. Carotid artery injections of [ 3 H] inulin with [ 125 I] ANF in anesthetized rabbits resulted in a comparably minimal brain uptake index (BUI) for each labeled substance as measured in cerebral cortex extracts. Injection of [ 3 H] HOH and [ 125 I] ANF resulted in a mean BUI in cortex of 4.9 ± .6 (SEM)% for ANF relative to triated water; this low uptake was not significantly saturable. The BUI ratio for ANF/HOH in olfactory bulb was somewhat higher though still low, at 7.0 ± .9%, possibly reflecting the high density of ANF receptors in this structure. Infusion of [ 125 I] ANF into the carotid artery of anesthetized rabbits resulted in little radioactivity being detected in the cerebrospinal fluid. Infusion of unlabeled ANF, which raised plasma levels as high as 26.3 ng/ml, resulted in little change in CSF levels. Our results demonstrate that the uptake of ANF into the brain is minimal and supports the idea that local synthesis of ANF predominantly accounts for the brain pool of this peptide.
Balancing school and cool: tactics of resistance and accommodation among black middle-class males

The school lives of black middle-class males are often overlooked and understudied. An exploration at the intersection of race, class and gender for black middle-class males provides opportunity for a more nuanced understanding of the black male schooling experience. Drawing upon student resistance theories as analytical tools and employing qualitative interpretive methods, this study documented the raced, classed, and gendered approaches to schooling of black middle-class males. In particular, this article highlights the ways in which black middle-class male youth balanced the academic expectations of their parents with the cultural expectations of their peers through tactical acts of resistance and accommodation. Their tempered approach to academic effort, disruption of school processes, and peer validated performances of black masculine cool were just some of the ways they navigated schooling as a site of conflicting cultural expectations. The intent of their resistance and accommodation in school as r...
The concept of cellular evolution

A central evolutionary question is whether the eucaryotic cytoplasm represents a line of descent that is separate from the typical bacterial line. It is argued on the basis of differences between their respective translation mechanisms that the two lines do represent separate phylogenetic trees in the sense that each line of descent independently evolved to a level of organization that could be called procaryotic. The two lines of descent, nevertheless shared a common ancestor, that was far simpler than the procaryote. This primitive entity is called a progenote, to recognize the possibility that it had not yet completed evolving the link between genotype and phenotype. This concept changes considerably the view one takes toward cellular evolution.
Get5 Carboxyl-terminal Domain Is a Novel Dimerization Motif That Tethers an Extended Get4/Get5 Complex

Tail-anchored trans-membrane proteins are targeted to membranes post-translationally. The proteins Get4 and Get5 form an obligate complex that catalyzes the transfer of tail-anchored proteins destined to the endoplasmic reticulum from Sgt2 to the cytosolic targeting factor Get3. Get5 forms a homodimer mediated by its carboxyl domain. We show here that a conserved motif exists within the carboxyl domain. A high resolution crystal structure and solution NMR structures of this motif reveal a novel and stable helical dimerization domain. We additionally determined a solution NMR structure of a divergent fungal homolog, and comparison of these structures allows annotation of specific stabilizing interactions. Using solution x-ray scattering and the structures of all folded domains, we present a model of the full-length Get4/Get5 complex.
Multiplicity of steady states in the codeposition of silicon carbide and carbon

Past studies have suggested that the process of chemical vapor deposition of SiC and C from mixtures of methyltrichlorosilane (CH3 SiCl3, MTS), ethylene and hydrogen may exhibit multiple steady states in some regions of its space of operating parameters and conditions. This phenomenon was studied systematically and experimentally in a hot-wall chemical-vapor deposition reactor, in which small substrates hung from the sample arm of a sensitive microbalance are used for continuous monitoring of the deposition rate. Multiplicity of steady states occurs in a wide region of the space of process operating parameters, which covers a considerable portion of the range of conditions where deposition of SiC from MTS usually occurs. All cases studied manifest themselves as two stable (observable) deposition states at the same condition, differing by at least one order of magnitude. Various experimental observations and results of the thermochemical equilibrium analysis in the gas phase of the deposition system prove that the appearance of multiplicity in the MTS–C2H4–H2 system manifests the heterogeneous chemistry of the deposition process, not of the homogeneous chemistry or the interactions of the transport and reaction processes. The composition analysis of the deposits reveals that sudden changes of the composition from almost pure carbon at the low deposition rate branch to SiC with excess carbon at the high deposition branch take place at the two limits of the multiplicity region. It indicates that one must operate outside the range of multiple steady states to obtain deposit compositions over the whole range from C to SiC.
Is there trouble in paradise? The perspectives of Galapagos community leaders on managing economic development and environmental conservation through ecotourism policies and the Special Law of 1998

In 1998, the government of Ecuador enacted a special law with the goal of both promoting environmental preservation and economic development in the Galapagos Islands. The reforms in the Special Law of 1998 were sweeping. Among other things it created the Galapagos Marine Preserve, limited the ability of immigrants arriving from mainland Ecuador to secure employment, restricted fishing to local residents only, and increased the institutional power of regulatory organisations like the Galapagos National Park. This article presents the results of a series of qualitative interviews conducted in July 2011 with local Island leaders on their support for the Special Law of 1998 in general and in regards to its implementation. The interviews also asked the respondents' opinions on a wider set of ecotourism policies and issues. The findings indicate that generally there is a great amount of support for the law amongst leaders, but there is a strong consensus that the Special Law has not been implemented effectively...
Falls: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Relationship to Fracture

Falls are common in the elderly, and frequently result in injury and disability. Most falls result from an interaction between individual characteristics that increase an individual’s propensity to fall and acute mediating risk factors that provide the opportunity to fall. Predisposing risk factors include age-associated changes in strength and balance, comorbidities such as osteoarthritis, visual impairment and dementia, psychotropic medications, and certain types of footwear. Fewer studies have focused on acute precipitating factors, but environmental and situational factors are clearly important to fall risk. Approximately 30% of falls result in an injury that requires medical attention, with fractures occurring in approximately 10%. In addition to the risk factors for falls, the fall descent, fall impact, and bone strength are all important determinants of whether a fall will result in a fracture. In recent years, numerous studies have been directed toward the development of effective fall and fall-related fracture prevention interventions.
Influence of non-newtonian fluid dynamics on SAW induced acoustic streaming in view of biological applications

Surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices are finding increasing use in medical diagnostic applications, such as detection of specific proteins in bodily fluids for detection of pathologies. These devices can also be used in Lab-On-a-Chip devices for biological applications that utilize micro-fluidics for detection, transport, mixing, and biological assays. In applications aimed at biological sensing, the sensing medium such as blood exhibits a non-Newtonian behavior. In biosensing applications of SAW devices, SAW induced acoustic streaming which refers to fluid motion induced by high frequency sound waves, is an important phenomenon that can be used for the removal of non-specifically bound proteins from the device surface. Acoustic streaming also finds use in a wide variety of other applications such as detection of ovarian cysts and detection of blood clotting via ultrasound and convective transport in microfluidic applications of SAW devices. This work reports on the influence of non-Newtonian fluid dynamics on the acoustic streaming and fluid velocity profiles in SAW devices, using a computational fluid-structure interaction finite element model.
On the relationship between subject pronouns and clausal arguments

In Extraposition structures in many languages, a pronoun occupies the argument position to which a post-verbal clause lexically belongs. The pronoun has variously been analyzed as an expletive or as a referential pronoun and the clause as being in argument or in adjunct position. This paper examines a variety of Extraposition predicates in French in order to shed new light on the nature of the pronoun, the status of the clause, and how the two relate to each other. French uses two pronouns in Extraposition, expletiveil and referentialcela. The possibilities for extraction of Wh-phrases out of the post-verbal clauses occurring with each pronoun show that withil, the clause is in argument position, while withcela, it is in adjunct position. Furthermore, when the clause is lexically an internal argument, both pronoun + clause combinations are allowed, while onlycela + adjunct clause is possible if the clause is lexically an external argument. These generalizations provide evidence in favor of base-generating all post-verbal clauses occurring with Extraposition predicate and a conservative approach to lexical insertion and the notion of ‘chain’.
Finite-difference approximations compared for analytically solvable oceanic diffusion

The diffusive temperature equation is solved analytically and numerically for a simple oceanic case. Errors introduced by various numerical schemes are determined by comparison with the analytical solution. Less error is introduced by the standard differencing scheme than by the DuFort-Frankel scheme. A variable grid scheme produces the least error and the greatest savings in computer core and time. Usefulness of various numerical schemes is situation dependent. Any numerical forecasting technique using initialization data and frequent data updating will need to be verified with adequate field data before it can be considered reliable and used to predict short term (1 to 7 days) events in the ocean.