cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Narratives as Learning Tools to Promote School Readiness

This special issue presents quantitative and qualitative research on how narratives can be used as learning tools to promote school readiness. The articles focus on interventions investigating how families' oral narrating style impacts children's school readiness and how schools introduce children to narratives via teacher instruction, books, and testing assessments. The sample populations in the studies range in diversity from migrant Head Start families to Midwestern European American kindergartens to rural South African children living in Kwazulu-Natal. The issue contributes to the literature on children's narratives by sharing the work from researchers around the world who describe the implications of their studies in terms of family cultural traditions and early childhood education policies, practices, and intervention programs in various countries.
New Directions in Floating‐Point Arithmetic

This article briefly describes the history of floating‐point arithmetic, the development and features of IEEE standards for such arithmetic, desirable features of new implementations of floating‐point hardware, and discusses work‐in‐progress aimed at making decimal floating‐point arithmetic widely available across many architectures, operating systems, and programming languages.
Aging Differentially Alters Forms of Long-Term Potentiation in Rat Hippocampal Area CA1

Shankar, Subbakrishna, Timothy J. Teyler, and Norman Robbins. Aging differentially alters forms of long-term potentiation in rat hippocampal area CA1. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 334–341, 1998. Long-term ...
Energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis of the electrolytes in biological bulk specimen. I. Specimen preparation, beam penetration, and quantitative analysis.

A rapid, convenient, and well-reproducible specimen preparation technique is described offering the necessary morphological information for X-ray microanalysis of the main cell compartments, such as the nucleus and cytoplasm, using freeze-drying of the freeze-fractured tissue pieces. The penetration depth of the electron beam in bulk specimen has been measured experimentally. Relative elementary concentrations can be calculated very precisely. A quantitative method has been elaborated for measuring absolute concentrations of Na, K, and Cl in the dry mass of the cell nucleus and cytoplasm, based on a series of suitable standards of known composition. At present one must be satisfied with the low spatial resolution obtainable and with the relative exactness of the quantitation, since the validity of the known ZAF-correction methods is doubtful for light elements in an organic matrix.
Alarmin IL-33 elicits potent TB-specific cell-mediated responses.

Tuberculosis (TB) still remains a major public health issue despite the current available vaccine for TB, Bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG). An effective vaccine against TB remains a top priority in the fight against this pandemic bacterial infection. Adequate protection against TB is associated with the development of TH1-type and CD8+ T cell responses. One alarmin cytokine, interleukin 33 (IL-33), has now been implicated in the development of both CD4+ TH1 and CD8+ T cell immunity. In this study, we determined whether the administration of IL-33 as an adjuvant, encoded in a DNA plasmid, could enhance the immunogenicity of a TB DNA vaccine. We report that the co-immunization of IL-33 with a DNA vaccine expressing the Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (Mtb) antigen 85B (Ag85B) induced robust Ag85B-specific IFNγ responses by ELISpot compared to Ag85B alone. Furthermore, these enhanced responses were characterized by higher frequencies of Ag85B-specific, multifunctional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Vaccination with IL-33 al...
Preliminary assessment of the effects of selenium in agricultural drainage on fish in the San Joaquin Valley

Concentrations of total selenium were measured in whole-body samples of seven fishes from the Sacramento and San Joaquin River systems and the San Francisco Bay complex. Concentrations of selenium (up to 11 µg/g dry weight in whole-body composite samples) were highest in fish from canals and sloughs in the Grassland Water District (Grasslands) that received large inflows of subsurface agricultural drainage water. Slightly lower selenium concentrations occurred in fish from the San Joaquin River immediately downstream from tributaries draining the Grasslands. Although circumstantial evidence suggests that selenium-sensitive species such as bluegills and largemouth bass are being excluded from the Grasslands, conclusive evidence of selenium toxicity is still lacking. In response to earlier reports of high concentrations of selenium in several species collected from the Grasslands, the California Department of Health Services has urged people to limit consumption of fish from this region.
Essential Stability Theory

Stability theory began in the early 1960s with the work of Michael Morley, and progressed in the 1970s through Shelah's research in model-theoretic classification theory. In the mid-1990s, stability theory both influences and is influenced by number theory, algebraic group theory, Riemann surfaces and representation theory of modules. The aim of this text is to provide students with a quick route from basic model theory to research in stability theory, and to give an introduction to classification theory with an exposition of Morley's categoricity theorem.
Segmental message stabilization as a mechanism for differential expression from the Zymomonas mobilis gap operon.

In Zymomonas mobilis, three- to fourfold more glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase protein than phosphoglycerate kinase is needed for glycolysis because of differences in catalytic efficiency. Consistent with this requirement, higher levels of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were observed with two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The genes encoding these enzymes (gap and pgk, respectively) form a bicistronic operon, and some form of regulation is required to provide this differential expression. Two transcripts were observed in Northern RNA analyses with segments of gap as a probe: a more abundant 1.2-kb transcript that contained gap alone and a 2.7-kb transcript that contained both genes. Based on the relative amounts of these transcripts, the coding regions for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were calculated to be fivefold more abundant than those for phosphoglycerate kinase. Assuming equal translational efficiency, this is sufficient to provide the observed differences in expression. Operon fusions with lacZ provided no evidence for intercistronic terminators or attenuation mechanisms. Both gap operon messages were very stable, with half-lives of approximately 16 min (1.2-kb transcript) and 7 min (2.7-kb transcript). Transcript mapping and turnover studies indicated that the shorter gap message was a stable degradation product of the full-length message. Thus differential expression of gap and pgk results primarily from increasedmore » translation of the more stable 5' segment of the transcript containing gap. The slow turnover of the messages encoding glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoglycerate kinase is proposed as a major feature contributing to the high level of expression of these essential enzymes.« less
A balanced diode grid mixer

We report the first results from a planar 16-element balanced quasi-optical diode mixer grid. Each unit cell contains four Schottky diodes arranged in a quad bridge configuration. We report a conversion loss of 14 dB at an RF frequency of 3.44 GHz, an IF frequency of 340 MHz, and an incident LO power of 7.3 /spl mu/W per diode. We report a third-order intercept of 4.7 dBm. Antenna pattern and polarizer tuning curves are presented, and our results are compared with theoretical predictions.
Nephrotoxicity of Lithium and Drugs of Abuse

Lithium-induced nephrotoxicity is of little clinical consequence in most patients, especially if maintenance serum levels are kept at the lower end of the therapeutic range. However, it appears that advanced renal failure may develop in a susceptible subgroup of patients on maintenance lithium therapy after decades of treatment. Identification and characterization of this susceptible subgroup remain elusive. Moreover, data are contradictory as to whether it is chronic tubulointerstitial injury or glomerular injury that is primarily responsible for the development of advanced renal failure in a minority of lithium-treated patients. Because nephrotoxicity may be associated with clinical episodes of lithium intoxication or elevated serum lithium levels, an effort should be made to maintain the lowest therapeutic serum lithium level. Isolated polyuria due to impaired concentrating ability may respond to amiloride. A modest reduction in glomerular filtration rate or mildly impaired urinary concentrating ability may not necessarily be a forerunner of progressive renal failure. However, renal function should be monitored regularly, and the risks of nephrotoxicity for individual patients must be weighed against the therapeutic benefit from continued lithium therapy.
Millimeter radiometric sensing of the lower atmosphere

It is pointed out that the advent of the Dicke radiometer permitted the opening of the microwave spectrum to many practical and scientific uses in the remote sensing of the lower terrestrial atmosphere. Scientific and operational sounding of the lower atmosphere by passive microwave techniques on both local and global scales was made possible. Strong microwave spectral features of oxygen and water vapor permit ground- and space-based sensors to determine the altitude profiles of atmospheic temperature and humidity with an accuracy not obtainable by comparable infrared sensors. Clouds and precipitation, as well as numerous stratospheric and mesospheric constituents, can also be measured. The origins and history of the field are reviewed. >
What We Don't Know (or Refuse to Say) About Gender and Trade Policy Preferences

Survey research on trade policy attitudes has frequently found that women are more protectionist than men. One possible reason for these findings that previous research has not considered is the fact that women are more likely than men to say they "don't know" in response to many survey questions, including those concerning trade policy. We consider two ways in which this pattern might influence estimates of the size of the gender gap. The first concerns the construction of dependent variables in analyses of survey data. Including the "don't know" respondents in a residual category alongside either supporters of opponents of trade protection can greatly influence the apparent size of the gender gap even if there are not many "don't know" responses. Second, the process generating the "don't know" responses could be related to the process shaping trade policy attitudes, creating sample selection bias when the "don't know" responses are treated as missing data. We use a selection model to test the extent of this bias and find no evidence of it in estimates of the gender gap. Like other research on this topic, we cannot entirely account for the gender gap.
Estimating the Effects of Parental Divorce and Death With Fixed Effects Models

The authors used child fixed effects models to estimate the effects of parental divorce and death on a variety of outcomes using 2 large national data sets: (a) the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Cohort (kindergarten through the 5th grade) and (b) the National Educational Longitudinal Study (8th grade to the senior year of high school). In both data sets, divorce and death were associated with multiple negative outcomes among children. Although evidence for a causal effect of divorce on children was reasonably strong, effect sizes were small in magnitude. A second analysis revealed a substantial degree of variability in children's outcomes following parental divorce, with some children declining, others improving, and most not changing at all. The estimated effects of divorce appeared to be strongest among children with the highest propensity to experience parental divorce.
Rydberg series of BaF: peturbation–facilitated studies of core–non–penetrating states

Core–non–penetrating molecular Rydberg states sample the electronic structure of the ion core in a uniquely simple way. However, radial overlap and orbital angular momentum propensity rules (Δl = ±1) can severely restrict spectroscopic access to l >3 non–penetrating states, even via two–colour two–step excitation schemes. Owing to the profoundly different l–uncoupling behaviour of moderate– n * ( n * ≈6–15) core–penetrating versus non–penetrating states, numerous and systematically repeated perturbations of the Hund9s case (b) core–penetrating states accidentally located near integer n * ) by the case (d) non–penetrating states always located near integer n * ) can provide a valuable window into these information–rich, yet difficult to observe, core–non–penetrating states. We report analysis of core–penetrating (l ≤ 3)–core–non–penetrating (l > 3) perturbations in the fluorescence detected optical–optical double resonance spectrum of BaF. One of the perturbers of the 0.86 2 Φ series is assigned as the lowest energy component, L = + 5, of an h complex (l = 5). Other core–non–penetrating perturbers are assigned as components of g and h complexes. A critical aspect of the assignments of these quite weak and fragmentary interactions between one core–penetrating ‘bright’ state and many core–non–penetrating ‘dark’ states is the systematic ( n * scaling of both matrix element and N values of the level crossing) repetition of each family of perturbations in each successive n * complex.
Peritoneal mucinous carcinomatosis after laparoscopic-assisted anterior resection for early rectal cancer : report of a case

Minimally invasive colon surgery has been shown to be both technically feasible and a safe alternative to laparotomy. Its efficacy for the curative resection of colorectal cancer, however, remains controversial. Of major concern are the increasing reports of port-site recurrence after use of laparoscopic techniques in malignant disease. In this article a heretofore unreported complication of peritoneal mucinous carcinomatosis after laparoscopic-assisted anterior resection for early stage rectal cancer is presented. Isolated peritoneal recurrence is rare after curative resection of Stage I rectal cancer. The effect of pneumoperitoneum on tumor dissemination is discussed.
Innovative holographic particle velocimeter: a multibeam technique

An innovative multibeam holographic particle velocimetry technique is described for three-dimensional flow-velocity measurement. Characterized by suppressed speckle noise, decreased image depth of field, and efficient use of laser energy, the multibeam holographic particle velocimeter overcomes drawbacks of techniques that are based on conventional in-line and off-axis holography.
Emergent lung retransplantation after discovery of two primary malignancies in the donor

A 50-year-old woman underwent single lung transplantation for advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Shortly after the procedure, it was discovered that the donor suffered from both a renal cell carcinoma and a spindle-cell sarcoma of the ascending aorta, which had metastasized to the spleen. The patient was emergently listed for a retransplantation and underwent bilateral lung transplantation after a new donor became available 4 days after the initial transplantation procedure. After 24 months, the patient is without evidence of malignancy. This case illustrates the role of immediate retransplantation for patients who have inadvertently received thoracic organs from donors harboring occult malignancies.
Management Practices of Club Financial Executives

This article reports the results of a study of the time spent and importance of 15 tasks performed by club financial executives. Respondents rate the importance of the tasks on a scale of least important to most important and time spent on a scale of least amount of time to most amount of time. For 13 of the 15 tasks, financial executives appear to believe they do not have sufficient time to spend on the tasks. Further, the study reveals the most important individuals and groups the financial executives work with. As expected, the top three are general manager, accounting staff, and the board of the club.
Recent developments in the geophysical study of oceanic basins

The history of the application of geophysical methods to the study of oceanic basins and their margins shows an encouraging acceleration of activity since the last meeting of the American Geophysical Union. The determination of gravity at sea has been continued by Holland, Italy, France, and Japan, with the help of their respective navies. Outstanding in marine gravimetric surveys has been the recent comprehensive and arduous expedition of Dr. F. Venlng Meinesz, not only the pioneer but still the most active exponent of this type of research.
Increasing Incidence of Lentigo Maligna Melanoma Subtypes: Northern California and National Trends 1990–2000

Worldwide, lentigo maligna melanoma (LMM) comprises 4%–15% of cutaneous melanoma and occurs less commonly than superficial spreading or nodular subtypes. We assessed the incidence of melanoma subtypes in regional and national Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) cancer registry data from 1990 to 2000. Because 30%–50% of SEER data were not classified by histogenetic type, we compared the observed SEER trends with an age-matched population of 1024 cases from Stanford University Medical Center (SUMC) (1995–2000). SEER data revealed lentigo maligna (LM) as the most prevalent in situ subtype (79%–83%), and that LMM has been increasing at a higher rate compared with other subtypes and to all invasive melanoma combined for patients aged 45–64 and ≥65 y. The SUMC data demonstrated LM and LMM as the only subtypes increasing in incidence over the study period. In both groups, LM comprised ≥75% of in situ melanoma and LMM ≥27% of invasive melanoma in men 65 y and older. Regional and national SEER data suggest an increasing incidence of LM and LMM, particularly in men ≥age 65. An increased incidence of LM subtypes should direct melanoma screening to heavily sun-exposed sites, where these subtypes predominate.
Fast Gossip via Non-reversible Random Walk

Distributed computation of average is essential for many tasks such as estimation, eigenvalue computation, scheduling in the context of wireless sensor and ad-hoc networks. The wireless communication imposes the gossip constraint: each node can communicate with at most one other node at a given time. Recent interest in emerging wireless sensor network has led to exciting developments in the context of gossip algorithms for averaging. Most of the known algorithms are iterative and based on certain reversible random walk on the network graph. Subsequently, the running time of algorithm is affected by the diffusive nature of reversible random walk. For example, they take Ω(n2) time to compute average on a simple path or ring graph of n nodes. In contrast, an optimal (simple) centralized algorithm takes [unk](n) time to compute average in a path. This raises the following questions: is it possible for a distributed algorithm to compute average in O(n) time for path graph? is it possible to improve over diffusive behavior of current algorithms in arbitrary graphs? In this paper, we answer the above questions in affirmative. To overcome the diffusive nature of algorithms, we utilize non-reversible random walks. Specifically, we design our algorithms by "projecting down" the "lifted" non-reversible random walks of Diaconis-Holmes-Neal (2000) and Chen-Lovasz-Pak (1999). The running time of our algorithm is square-root of the time taken by corresponding reversible random walk for a large class of graphs including path.
Immobilization of flavoproteins on silicon: effect of cross-linker chain length on enzyme activity.

Abstract The effect of cross-linker chain length on the activities of choline oxidase (ChO) and glucose oxidase (GOx) immobilized on oxidized silicon wafers has been investigated for the cross-linkers N -succinimidyl 4-maleimidobutyrate (GMBS) and N -succinimidyl 6-maleimidocaproate (EMCS). Enzyme activities were determined with an indirect fluorometric assay based on the production of hydrogen peroxide. Immobilization of ChO or GOx onto oxidized silicon with either cross-linker resulted in an 86–99% loss in enzymatic activity relative to the soluble form of the flavoprotein. However, the different cross-linkers had distinctly different effects on enzyme activity: EMCS-immobilized GOx was four times more active than GMBS-immobilized GOx; EMCS-immobilized ChO had a sevenfold higher activity than GMBS-immobilized ChO.
Least Squares Estimation of Covariance Matrices in Balanced Multivariate Variance Components Models

Abstract The problem of estimating covariance matrices in balanced multivariate variance components models is discussed. As with univariate models, it is possible for the traditional estimators, based on differences of the mean square matrices, to produce estimates that are outside the parameter space. In fact, in many cases it is extremely likely that traditional estimates of the covariance matrices will not be nonnegative definite (nnd). In this article we develop an iterative estimation procedure, satisfying a least squares criterion, that is guaranteed to produce nnd estimates of the covariance matrices, discuss the speed of convergence, and provide an example to show how the estimates change.
Fast Estimation of Diameter and Shortest Paths (Without Matrix Multiplication)

In the recent past, there has been considerable progress in devising algorithms for the all-pairs shortest paths (APSP) problem running in time significantly smaller than the obvious time bound of O(n3). Unfortunately, all the new algorithms are based on fast matrix multiplication algorithms that are notoriously impractical. Our work is motivated by the goal of devising purely combinatorial algorithms that match these improved running times. Our results come close to achieving this goal, in that we present algorithms with a small additive error in the length of the paths obtained. Our algorithms are easy to implement, have the desired property of being combinatorial in nature, and the hidden constants in the running time bound are fairly small. Our main result is an algorithm which solves the APSP problem in unweighted, undirected graphs with an additive error of 2 in time $O(n^{2.5}\sqrt{\log n})$. This algorithm returns actual paths and not just the distances. In addition, we give more efficient algorithms with running time {\footnotesize $O(n^{1.5} \sqrt{k \log n} + n^2 \log^2 n)$} for the case where we are only required to determine shortest paths between k specified pairs of vertices rather than all pairs of vertices. The starting point for all our results is an $O(m \sqrt{n \log n})$ algorithm for distinguishing between graphs of diameter 2 and 4, and this is later extended to obtaining a ratio 2/3 approximation to the diameter in time $O(m \sqrt{n \log n} + n^2 \log n)$. Unlike in the case of APSP, our results for approximate diameter computation can be extended to the case of directed graphs with arbitrary positive real weights on the edges.
Laser-induced kinetics: Arrhenius parameters for t-C4H9 + XI i-C4H9X + I (X = H,D) and the Heat of Formation of the t-butyl radical

The metathesis reaction of DI with t-C4H9 generated by 351-nm photolysis of 2,2′-azoisopropane was studied in a low-pressure reactor (VLPϕ Knudsen cell) in the temperature range of 302–411 K. The data obeyed the following Arrhenius relation when combined with recent data by Rossi and Golden gathered by the same technique (t-C4H9 by thermal decomposition of 2,2′-azoisobutane): log k2D(M−1s−1) = 9.60 – 1.90/θ, where θ = 2.303RT kcal/mol for 302 K 722 K. The metathesis reaction of HI with t-C4H9 was studied at 301 K and resulted in k2H(M−1·s−1) = (3.20 ± 0.62) × 108. An analogous Arrhenius relation was calculated for the protiated system if the small primary isotope effect k2H/k2D was assumed to be √2 at 700 K. It was of the following form: log k2H(M−1·s−1) = 9.73 – 1.68/θ. Preliminary data of Bracey and Walsh indicate that earlier Arrhenius parameters determined for the reverse reaction are somewhat in error. Their value of log k1(M−1·s−1) = 11.5 – 23.8/θ yields 7delta;Hf,3000(t-butyl) = 9.2 kcal/mol and S3000(t-butyl) = 74.2 cal/mol7°K when taken in conjuction with this study.
GeoDec: a multi-layered query processing framework for spatio-temporal data

Harnessing the potential of today's ever growing and dynamic geospatial data requires the development of novel visual analysis interfaces, tools and technologies. In this paper, we present GeoDec, a generic framework capable of supporting queries and visualizations of real-world spatio-temporal data sets. We show, for various locations and applications, how our innovative Query Driven Design enhances the visual analysis of geospatial data through the interactive manipulation of queries and the temporal navigation of these query results.
Analysis of the ΣPhi/Ph/1 Queue

In this paper, we analyze a queue to which the arrival process is the superposition of separate arrival streams, each of whose interarrival time distributions is of phase type, and the service time distribution is also of phase type. The performance measures derived for this queue include: the distribution of the number in the system as seen by each customer class upon arrival, Laplace-Stieltjes transform LST of the waiting-time distribution for each customer class, stationary interdeparture time distribution and the lag correlation coefficients of the departure process, and characteristics of the tails of the waiting time and queue length distributions.
Exploring a Mechanistic Approach to Experimentation in Computing

The mechanistic approach in philosophy of science contributes to our understanding of experimental design. Applying the mechanistic approach to experimentation in computing is beneficial for two reasons. It connects the methodology of experimentation in computing with the methodology of experimentation in established sciences, thereby strengthening the scientific reputability of computing and the quality of experimental design therein. Furthermore, it pinpoints the idiosyncrasies of experimentation in computing: computing deals closely with both natural and engineered mechanisms. Better understanding of the idiosyncrasies, which manifest in terms of a nonstandard role for experimentation, are interesting both for computer scientists and for philosophers of science. Computer scientists can think more clearly about their experimental choices. The role of experimentation elucidated by computer science merits further study from philosophers of science generally, as it highlights a role for experimentation hitherto unrecognized by philosophers: demonstration that activities exist.
Pro-angiogenic activity of TLRs and NLRs: a novel link between gut microbiota and intestinal angiogenesis.

Background & Aims In intestinal inflammation the gut microbiota induces an innate immune response by activating epithelial and immune cells that initiate or maintain inflammation. We investigated whether the microbiota also can activate local microvascular cells and induce angiogenesis. Methods Human intestinal microvascular endothelial cells (HIMEC) and human intestinal fibroblasts (HIF) were exposed to bacterial ligands specific for Toll-like receptor (TLR)2/6 and 4, and NOD1 and NOD2, and cell proliferation, migration, transmigration, tube formation, and production of pro-angiogenic factors were measured. The ability of the ligands to induce ex vivo vessel sprouting in an aortic ring assay and in vivo angiogenesis using a collagen gel assay also were assessed. Results Bacterial ligands induced proliferation, migration, transmigration, tube formation of HIMEC, vessel sprouting, and in vivo angiogenesis; they also stimulated production of angiogenic factors from HIMEC and HIF, and HIF-derived angiogenic factors promoted HIMEC proliferation. To various degrees, all ligands induced angiogenic responses, but these were ligand- and cell type–dependent. Responses were mediated through receptor interacting protein-2 (RIP2)– and tumor necrosis factor receptor–associated factor 6 (TRAF6)–dependent signaling, involved the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathways and the up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGF-R2) and focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Knockdown of RIP2 and TRAF6 by RNA interference and neutralization of interleukin-8, basic fibroblast growth factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor inhibited TLR-/NOD-like receptor–induced HIMEC angiogenesis. Conclusions The gut microbiota can selectively activate mucosal endothelial and mesenchymal cells to promote specific angiogenic responses in a TLR- and NOD-like receptor–dependent fashion. This innate immunity-mediated response may expand the mucosal microvascular network, foster immune cell recruitment, and contribute to chronic intestinal inflammation.
2,4,5,2′,4′,5′-Hexachlorobiphenyl-lipoprotein (LDL, HDL, VLDL) interaction and induced lipidosis in cultured skin fibroblasts

Abstract 2,4,5,2′,4′,5′-Hexachlorobiphenyl (HCB) induced cytoplasmic inclusions and lipidosis in normal (AG1437) and hypercholesterolemic (GM488) human skin fibroblasts. Quantitative and qualitative microscopic fluorescence analysis showed that the cytoplasmic inclusions are formed as early as 3 hr after treatment with HCB. The inclusions contain lipids but no detectable nonesterified cholesterol or cholesteryl ester. High density lipoproteins (HDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL), and very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) facilitate the apparent uptake of HCB by skin fibroblasts. HDL and LDL appeared to reverse the induction of cytoplasmic inclusions and lipidosis when cells were pretreated with HCB, the HCB was removed from media, and the cells were incubated with LDL or HDL. The results suggest that lipoproteins participate in the uptake and egress of HCB from skin fibroblasts.
I'll Go if You Will: Do Shy Persons Utilize Social Surrogates?

The Social Surrogate hypothesis argues that high-shy persons utilize persons in their social network to engage in or facilitate anxiety-provoking social interactions. High-shy persons should report efforts to recruit persons to accompany them into social situations (Recruiting behaviors), report the Surrogate as engaging in the majority of the interactions (Utilization behaviors), and report a reduction of their anxiety and an increase in their participation in social situations (Performance Increase). In Study 1, questions were generated to assess these behaviors and were given to two samples along with measures of shyness, sociability and self-esteem. In Study 2, participants were given descriptions of 14 situations and 10 behaviors and reported their likelihood of engaging in Recruitment and Utilization behaviors. The two studies indicate that high-shy persons actively cope with their anxiety by recruiting persons in their social network, that this helps the persons to enter situations they would other...
High Circles, High Art: An Investigation of Museums and Urban Conditions

Social historians note the importance of social and economic elites for the establishment of cultural institutions. Using cross-sectional data on museums in the largest U.S. urban centers, this article investigates the importance for museums of social and economic elites and of urban governmental structure.
Diagnosis and Management of Upper Airway Obstruction Due to Lingual Hematoma: Report of a Case

3. Slootweg PJ, Wittkampf RM: Myxoma of the jaws: Analysis of 15 cases. J Maxillofac Surg 14:46, 1986 4. Regezi JA, Kerr DA, Courtney RM: Odontogenic tumors: Analysis of 706 cases. J Oral Surg 36:771, 1978 5. Kaffe I, Naor H, Buchner A: Clinical and radiological features of odontogenic myxoma. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 26:299, 1997 6. Keszler A, Dominguez FV, Giannuzio G: Myxoma in childhood: An analysis of 10 cases. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 53:518, 1995 7. Mosqueda-Taylor A, Ledesma-Montes C, Caballero-Sandoval S, et al: Odontogenic tumors in Mexico: A collaborative retrospective study of 349 cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 84:672, 1997 8. Ang HK, Ramani P, Michaels L: Myxoma of the maxillary antrum in children. Histopathology 23:361, 1993 9. Brewis C, Roberts DN, Malone M, et al: Maxillary myxoma: A rare mid-facial mass in a child. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 56:207, 2000 0. Fenton S, Slootweg PJ, Dunnebier EA, et al: Odontogenic myxoma in a 17-month old child: A case report. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 61:734, 2003
Dilutional hyponatremia during hysteroscopic myomectomy with sorbitol-mannitol distention medium

To determine the frequency of hyponatremic complications during hysteroscopic myoma resections using sorbitol-mannitol distending medium and its relationship to operative time, fluid balance, and myoma size, we reviewed all operative hysteroscopic procedures performed by the Section of Reproductive Endocrinology and Fertility at Yale-New Haven Hospital over a 1-year period during which that medium was used. Twenty-six cases were identified of which seven involved hysteroscopic myoma resections. Hyponatremia occurred in four of the seven patients, and in one it was associated with severe posttransurethral prostatic resection (post-TURP) syndrome. The degree of hyponatremia varied roughly in direct proportion to fibroid volume and fibroid volume as a percentage of uterine volume. No relationship was found between the degree of hyponatremia and operating time, estimated submucosal volume, and uterine volume. We conclude that dilutional hyponatremia and the post-TURP syndrome may occur with the use of sorbitol-mannitol distension medium during hysteroscopy. They occur more frequently during operative hysteroscopy to resect myomata, with myoma size and myoma volume expressed as a percentage of uterine volume possibly influencing the degree of hyponatremia.
Performance-improved all-optical RZ to NRZ format conversion using duplicator and wavelength converter

We demonstrate return-to-zero (RZ) to non-return-to-zero (NRZ) optical data format conversion using a duplicator and a wavelength converter. Multiple copies of the input RZ pulses are made within bit periods, and sent to a wavelength converter to generate optical NRZ data format. The eye diagram of converted NRZ optical signal shows reduced ripples.
Characterization of gait parameters in adult-onset myotonic dystrophy: Abnormal hip motion

The gait of five patients with myotonic dystrophy was analyzed using light-emitting diodes and a force plate. When compared with the gait of control subjects, that of myotonics suggested weakness of the tibialis anterior and triceps surae muscles. Although the myotonics showed no evidence of lower-extremity myotonia (delayed muscle relaxation following contraction), or of weakness of the hip or knee musculature, all had striking abnormalities in their hip motion. In contrast to the smooth and consistent extension of the hip throughout stance phase observed during gait in control subjects, the hips of myotonics oscillated irregularly as they progressed through stance phase extension, with considerable variation between legs and during successive strides. Excessive use of hip musculature in an attempt to control the oscillatory hip motion may contribute to the chronic fatigue associated with myotonic dystrophy.
Scarless fetal skin wound healing update

Scar formation, a physiologic process in adult wound healing, can have devastating effects for patients; a multitude of pathologic outcomes, affecting all organ systems, stems from an amplification of this process. In contrast to adult wound repair, the early-gestation fetal skin wound heals without scar formation, a phenomenon that appears to be intrinsic to fetal skin. An intensive research effort has focused on unraveling the mechanisms that underlie scarless fetal wound healing in an attempt to improve the quality of healing in both children and adults. Unique properties of fetal cells, extracellular matrix, cytokine profile, and gene expression contribute to this scarless repair. Despite the great increase in knowledge gained over the past decades, the precise mechanisms regulating scarless fetal healing remain unknown. Herein, we describe the current proposed mechanisms underlying fetal scarless wound healing in an effort to recapitulate the fetal phenotype in the postnatal environment. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 96:237–247, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Changes, Challenges, and the Future

Bringing together the themes and perspectives presented in this sourcebook, the authors offer a new vision for professional development and recommendations to help prepare those who work with teachers of adults to meet the challenges and changes.
Inhibition of mucous metaplasia in the skin tumor keratoacanthoma by continual applications or puromycin.

Das mikroskopische Bild des schnell wachsenden Keratoakanthoms beim Kaninchen wird durch Vitamin A und Puromycin wesentlich beeinflusst und verandert.
Localized ultrasound enhances delivery of rapamycin from microbubbles to prevent smooth muscle proliferation

Microbubble contrast agents have been shown to enhance reagent delivery when activated by ultrasound. We hypothesized that ultrasound would enhance delivery of rapamycin, an antiproliferative agent, from the shell of microbubbles, thus reducing proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Our objective was to determine optimal ultrasound parameters that maximized therapeutic efficacy, maintained cell adherence, and minimized the drug exposure time. In vitro assays determined that ultrasound (1 MHz, 0.5% duty cycle) is required to successfully deliver rapamycin from microbubbles and reduce proliferation. Co-injection of rapamycin with control microbubbles did not result in a reduction in proliferation. Successful reduction in proliferation (>50%) required pulses at least 10 cycles in length and at least 300 kPa peak negative pressure at which point 90% of cells remained adherent. The anti-proliferative effect was also localized within a 6mm wide zone by focusing the ultrasound beam.
Early CD8 T-cell memory precursors and terminal effectors exhibit equipotent in vivo degranulation

Early after priming, effector CD8 T cells are distinguished into memory precursor and short-lived effector cell subsets (MPECs and SLECs). Here, we delineated a distinct in vivo heterogeneity in killer cell lectin-like receptor G1 (KLRG-1) expression, which was strongly associated with diverse MPEC and SLEC fates. These in vivo MPECs and SLECs expressed equivalent levels of cytotoxic molecules and effector cytokines. Using a unique in vivo degranulation assay, we found that the MPECs and SLECs similarly encountered infected target cells and elaborated equivalent levels of cytotoxicity in vivo. These data provide direct in vivo evidence that memory-fated cells pass through a robust effector phase. Additionally, the preferential localization of the MPECs in the lymph nodes, where a lesser degree of cytotoxicity was elaborated, suggests that the MPECs may be protected from excessive stimulation and terminal differentiation by virtue of their differential tissue localization. These data provide novel mechanistic insights into the linear decreasing potential model of memory differentiation.
Exploring genetic diversity and potential novel disease resistance genes in a collection of rice ( Oryza spp.) wild relatives

Wild relatives of rice (Oryza spp.) are an important source of novel resistance (R-)genes for rice improvement. Rice sheath blight, caused by Rhizotonia solani, and leaf blast, caused by Magnaportha oryzae, are major fungal diseases of rice worldwide. To identify novel R-genes, a group of Oryza spp. accessions represented by O. alta, O. australiensis, O. barthii, O. glaberrima, O. glumaepatula, O. latifolia, O. meridionolis, O. nivara, O. officinalis, and O. rufipogon, were evaluated for their reaction to leaf blast and sheath blight disease, and genotyped with 176 microsatellite (SSR) markers. Selected rice (O. sativa) accessions were included as reference. Cluster analysis performed with PowerMarker software using Rogers genetic distance and UPGMA, revealed most Oryza spp. accessions clustered with the same species or a closely related Oryza spp. Only a few Oryza spp. accessions grouped with the O. sativa accessions included as a reference. Analysis of this genotypic data in the software Structure revealed that the Oryza spp. accessions were assigned into eight different subpopulations and fit well into eight different backgrounds. Marker-trait associations between the SSR markers and disease reactions to blast and sheath blight were ascertained using the software TASSEL. Associations with blast disease were identified in ten different chromosomal regions and five of the ten were not located near known blast R-genes. Three associations were discovered with sheath blight disease and one was not near previously reported sheath blight QTL. These newly identified regions may represent novel R-genes that will be the basis future fine mapping studies.
High-performance millimetrewave GaAs Schottky-barrier flip-chip diode

Theoretical and experimental results reveal a novel flip-chip structure which allows attainment of both parasitic and internal device element values comparable with, or even superior to, the ultrasensitive whisker-contact Schottky-diode structure. Preliminary results with neither device nor choke structure matched to mixer block show LDSB<10 dB, Tmix approximately 2000 K (91 GHz, 300 K).
Androgen inhibits neurotransmitter turnover in the medial prefrontal cortex of the rat following exposure to a novel environment

Abstract Previous studies have demonstrated that gonadal steroid hormones affect the neuroendocrine response to a novel environment and other stressors. Introduction to a novel environment also increases neurotransmitter turnover in the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC). In this study, we examined the possibility that gonadal steroid hormones could similarly modulate the neurotransmitter response to a novel environment in the MPFC of the male rat. Male Fischer 344 rats at 3 months of age were gonadectomized (GDX'd) and implanted with Silastic capsules containing dihydrotestosterone propionate (DHTP, a non-aromatizable form of androgen), 17 β-estradiol (E), or placebo. Control animals were left intact. Each of these groups was further divided into a group introduced to a novel environment or a home cage control group. Animals exposed to a novel environment were killed after spending 20 min in a novel open field, whereas control animals were killed immediately upon removal from their home cage. Using high performance liquid chromatography, the MPFC was assayed for tissue levels of dopamine (DA) and its metabolites, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA); norepinephrine (NE) and its metabolite 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG); or serotonin (5-HT) and its metabolite 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA). The introduction to a novel environment caused significant increases in turnover of all three neurochemicals examined as estimated by metabolite/precursor ratios. These increases were characterized by increases in DOPAC, HVA, MHPG and 5-HIAA coupled with decreases in DA, NE and 5-HT. There was no effect of GDX on neurotransmitter turnover, however, treatment of GDX animals with DHTP prevented the open field induced increase in DOPAC/DA, MHPG/NE, and 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio. Treatment of GDX animals with estrogen had the opposite effect of DHTP, DOPAC/DA and MHPG/NE ratios increased to a greater level following the introduction to a novel environment than in GDX or intact animals. Examination of behavior in the open field showed significant decreases in activity in the DHTP-treated group but not in any other behavioral parameter (rears, nose pokes). Since the non-aromatizable androgen, DHTP, is presumably acting via androgen receptors, and E is presumably acting via estrogen receptors, these data suggest that, in the MPFC of male rats, androgen and estrogen receptors act in an opposing fashion to modify neurotransmitter turnover. This suggests that local changes in the relative levels of androgen and estrogen can have profound effects on the neurobiological response of the medial prefrontal cortex to stimuli.© 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Sampling from multitarget Bayesian posteriors for random sets via jump-diffusion processes

Bayesian multitarget tracking is an inherently nonlinear problem. Even when the state models and sensor noise associated with individual targets and observations is Gaussian, the "true" data likelihood, as formulated within the framework of finite-set statistics, is non-Gaussian. Missed detections and false alarms, combined with the fact that targets may enter and leave the scene at random times, complicate matters further. The resulting Bayesian posterior is analytically foreboding, and many conventional estimators are not even defined. We propose an algorithm for generating samples from the posterior based on jump-diffusion processes. When discretized for computer implementation, the jump-diffusion method falls into the general class of Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. The diffusions refine estimates of continuous parameters, such as positions and velocities, whereas the jumps are responsible for major discrete changes, such as adding and removing targets. Jump-diffusion processes have been previously applied to performing automatic target recognition in infrared images and tracking multiple targets using raw narrowband sensor array and high-resolution range profile data. Here, we apply jump-diffusion to the more traditional class of target tracking problems where raw sensor data is preprocessed into reports, but the report-to-target association is unknown. Our formulation maintains the flavor of other recent work employing finite-set statistics, in that no attempts to explicitly associate specific reports with specific targets are needed.
Effect of Method of Feeding Methionine and Potassium Orotate to Young Calves

Summary When fed potassium orotate and methionine, either by capsule or in the milk, young calves gained 25% more weight than comparable controls. Height at withers and efficiency of feed conversion were not affected.