cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DESIGN, FABRICATION AND TESTING OF A LAB-SCALE HYBRID MOBILE COOLING SYSTEM FOR OYSTER INDUSTRY

Cooling system is critical to maintain freshness of oysters and avoid contamination by bacteria. However, there is no persistent and efficient temperature control mechanism for cooling and storing of oysters in its supply chain from oyster farmer to the end consumers (e.g., market, restaurants). The aim of this project is to design, fabricate, and evaluate a lab-scale hybrid mobile cooling system for oyster aquaculture. This innovative hybrid cooling system integrated 110 volts AC cooling unit and 12 volts DC cooling unit with six individual chambers. These special features it to work under different power source. Even after power off, it can still run for several hours with battery (i.e., outage). So, it can be moved from boat to customers without change the storage condition of oysters. Six individual chambers have a potential to reduce energy loss and improve cooling performance because removing oyster baskets from one chamber will not affect temperatures in the other chambers. In this study, cooling system was fabricated in the laboratory based on the 2D design and 3D model. The performance of this cooling system was tested under various air circulation conditions (e.g., no vent open, two vents open, two vents open and air circulation fan on). Both cooling speed and the stand deviation of chamber temperature were used to evaluate the system cooling performance. Results indicated that the additional of air fan and two open vents in the divider has better cooling performance than the other two operating conditions. Hybrid cooling system with two vents and air circulation fan on can effectively cool down the oyster temperature from 21.1 o C to 5.6 o C within three hours. The stand deviation of the temperatures in six individual chambers can be reduced to 0.83 o C in four hours.
An evaluation of shrub and tree species used for revegetating copper mine wastes in the south-western United States.

The revegetation work begun in 1970 at Cyprus Pima Mine, an open pit copper mine south-west of Tucson, Arizona, was evaluated to determine the effects of slope aspect and mining waste material on plant survival and growth. Only one shrub, Dodonea viscosa (L.) Jacq. (hopbush), survived on the east slope. Baccharis sarothroides Gray (desert broom) was prolific on the north aspect. Cerdicium microphyllum Torr. (palo verde) survived best on the east slope and Nicotiana glauca Grah. (desert tobacco) survived only on the north slope. The survival of the other tree species was not affected by slope aspect. Slope exposure did not affect tree size, except for Eucalyptus microtheca Muell. (tiny capsule eucalyptus) which grew larger on the north slope. E. rostrata Schlechtend. (red gum eucalyptus) grew taller in overburden than in tailing on the east slope. Differences in soil material within each slope exposure did not significantly affect growth of the other tree species. In semi-arid regions, such as south-western Arizona, even slight differences in available moisture may determine the survival of a plant species in the area.
Tracking the Target Protein

Protein analysis and purification is aimed at elucidating the structure and function of proteins. In order to analyze a protein, you must have a reliable detection system that unambiguously enables you to follow the target protein. This is especially true when the target molecule is in crude or even semipurified form. Often, analytical results will lay the groundwork for a successful purification scheme.
How large the sin? A study of the event related potentials elicited by errors of varying magnitude

We report the results of an experiment designed to elucidate the extent to which the error related ERP components are affected by response and stimulus similarity. We examined the ERPs under varying degrees of mismatch between the representations of actual and appropriate responses. We replicated the design used in an earlier study, which demonstrated that response similarity rather than stimulus similarity affected the amplitude of the error related negativity (ERN). We report the results of a spatial-temporal principal component analysis (PCA), which indicates that response similarity affects the amplitudes of the ERN and the fronto-central positive component, but not those of the P300 and the frontal negativity. The results provide evidence to suggest that the ERN and the proceeding positive deflection are error related and are sensitive to the degree of the committed error, whereas the P300 and the frontal negativity are not.
Optimizing Mixer Noise Performance: A 2.4 GHz Gilbert Downconversion Mixer for W-CDMA Application

A downconversion mixer for wideband CDMA application is designed and fabricated in a 0.5 µm CMOS technology. The mixer operates at 2.4 GHz frequency with a 3 V power supply and consumes only 4.5 mW power. Targeting in designing high performance mixers of high yield within short design cycle, this paper addresses RF mixer design issues from an optimization and statistical point of view, and derived the noise equation based on a simple noise model of the Gilbert-cell mixer. The mixer achieved a conversion gain of 14.3 dB, a SSB noise figure of 10.4 dB, and an IIP3 of -8 dBm.
Diode array detection.

Publisher Summary Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometric detection methods, used in separation techniques, provide quantitative and qualitative information about the species separated. Quantitative determination mandates the use of standards that in separations of biological macromolecules may be unavailable during research phases and, therefore, is of importance in quality assessment/quality control (QA/QC) of biopharmaceuticals. Alternatively, qualitative data of separated, high molecular weight biological molecules, such as UV-Vis spectra, can give information about the identity, homogeneity, and structure of the molecule. The spectra are provided by a spectrophotometric technique, such as photodiode array detection, in which UV-Vis spectra are acquired on-line, with the recording of the chromatogram. As the chromatographic techniques used in bioseparations may not have sufficient resolving power to separate all substances in the sample or to remove the complex matrix from the sample, spectral data are important in the analysis of complex biological samples. UV-Vis spectra will be helpful in such cases, in assessing purity and identity of the particular band in the chromatogram. The examples in this chapter of photodiode array, spectrophotometric detection for high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and CE are a brief illustration of the versatility of this detection system for the solution of biochemical problems. Although the full exploitation of the capabilities of such detection is demanding, the data evaluation may provide strong complementary information about the problem under investigation. Research chemists in the life sciences may become attracted by this tool as an alternative to other spectrometric techniques, because the data are generated in conjunction with liquid chromatography.
Frequency of earthquakes in California

Estimates of the frequency of destructive shocks in California have usually been based on the very imperfect historical record. The present note attempts to revise these estimates by statistical comparison of earthquake frequency in California with that of the world as a whole.
Epothilone D prevents binge methamphetamine‐mediated loss of striatal dopaminergic markers

Exposure to binge methamphetamine (METH) can result in a permanent or transient loss of dopaminergic (DAergic) markers such as dopamine (DA), dopamine transporter, and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the striatum. We hypothesized that the METH-induced loss of striatal DAergic markers was, in part, due to a destabilization of microtubules (MTs) in the nigrostriatal DA pathway that ultimately impedes anterograde axonal transport of these markers. To test this hypothesis, adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with binge METH or saline in the presence or absence of epothilone D (EpoD), a MT-stabilizing compound, and assessed 3 days after the treatments for the levels of several DAergic markers as well as for the levels of tubulins and their post-translational modifications (PMTs). Binge METH induced a loss of stable long-lived MTs within the striatum but not within the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Treatment with a low dose of EpoD increased the levels of markers of stable MTs and prevented METH-mediated deficits in several DAergic markers in the striatum. In contrast, administration of a high dose of EpoD appeared to destabilize MTs and potentiated the METH-induced deficits in several DAergic markers. The low-dose EpoD also prevented the METH-induced increase in striatal DA turnover and increased behavioral stereotypy during METH treatment. Together, these results demonstrate that MT dynamics plays a role in the development of METH-induced losses of several DAergic markers in the striatum and may mediate METH-induced degeneration of terminals in the nigrostriatal DA pathway. Our study also demonstrates that MT-stabilizing drugs such as EpoD have a potential to serve as useful therapeutic agents to restore function of DAergic nerve terminals following METH exposure when administered at low doses. Administration of binge methamphetamine (METH) negatively impacts neurotransmission in the nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) system. The effects of METH include decreasing the levels of DAergic markers in the striatum. We have determined that high-dose METH destabilizes microtubules in this pathway, which is manifested by decreased levels of acetylated (Acetyl) and detyrosinated (Detyr) α-tubulin (I). A microtubule stabilizing agent epothilone D protects striatal microtubules form the METH-induced loss of DAergic markers (II). These findings provide a new strategy for protection form METH - restoration of proper axonal transport.
Understanding how the platinum anticancer drug carboplatin works: From the bottle to the cell

Abstract Carboplatin, a platinum anticancer drug used to treat many types of human cancer, contains a bidentate dicarboxylate chelate leaving ligand, a structural feature that makes it much less chemically reactive than the first-generation platinum anticancer drug cisplatin, which contains two monodentate chloride leaving ligands. In water, carboplatin exists in a monomer–dimer equilibrium with an association constant of K (M −1 ) ≈ 391, a property that accounts for the long-term stability of its ready-to-use infusion solution. When administered in the clinic, carboplatin is believed to exert its biological effects by interacting with genomic DNA and proteins. The slower substitution kinetics of carboplatin, compared to cisplatin, has prompted investigators to focus on mechanisms by which the compound can be activated in vivo . Carbonate, which is in equilibrium with hydrogen carbonate, carbonic acid, and dissolved carbon dioxide, is ubiquitous in biological systems, and is found in high concentrations in the blood, the interstitial fluid, and the cytosol. Activation of carboplatin by carbonate, CO 3 2− ( k 1 = 2.04 ± 0.81 × 10 −6 in 24 mM carbonate buffer, pH 7.5 at 37 °C), for example, leads to the formation of platinum species that are more cytotoxic than the parent drug. This short review focuses on the reason for the unusual stability of carboplatin in its aqueous ready-to-use infusion solution, describes the reactions of the drug with biologically common nucleophiles and summarizes the activation chemistry that make the drug more reactive toward substances present in the biological system.
Removable partial denture design using milled abutment surfaces and minimal soft tissue coverage for periodontally compromised teeth: a clinical report.

This clinical report describes the treatment of a partially edentulous patient with periodontally compromised teeth using a combination of single crowns and a removable partial denture (RPD). The RPD was designed to combine the benefits of milled surfaces and hygienic principles while allowing modification and addition of artificial teeth, should natural teeth be lost. (J Prosthet Dent 2008;99:263–266)
D- and L-isomers of serine and alanine equally effective as releasers of gastrin.

l-undl-Isomere von Alanin und Serin sind beide wirksam, von der Antrumschleimhaut aus den Gastrinmechanismus zu aktivieren.
On the Uneasy, Unavoidable, and Yet Not Entirely Undesirable Tensions Between Student Knowledge Construction and the Disciplines: A Response to Malewski

This is a brief reply to Malewski's response to our article, “Disciplined Judgment: Toward a Reasonably Constrained Constructivism.” There are several essential problems with the arguments presented in his article: (a) first, the intentions ascribed to our project in Dr. Malewski's response are inaccurate; (b) the response is supported by a false dichotomy between access to canonical knowledge and social justice; and (c) some examples used to support claims in the response are hyperbolic. We believe that this sort of interaction is a good model of scholarly discourse and we hope that this sustained discussion of our disagreements will produce the sort of discourse that can increase understandings across theoretical and political divides and eventually contribute to efforts to bring about positive social change.
The Identification of Industrial Complexes

Abstract The objective of this paper is to reassess the value of principal components analysis as a technique for identifying regional industrial complexes, taking explicit account of the different kinds of relationships that are possible among industries. The empirical evidence offered here tends to confirm recent criticism of principal components analysis as a means for detecting vertical relationships, but it demonstrates the usefulness of this method with complementary relationships. In this study two principal components analyses were performed on a single regional input-output table for the state of Washington. Although initial inspection of component loadings did not always disclose industrial complexes, it was found that tracing the network of interactions, as indicated by the profiles of purchases and sales, revealed many critical links in a variety of industrial subsystems. A comparison of the results of this study with other analyses of Washington data suggests that the technique used here prov...
Functional Properties of the Great Northern Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.) Proteins. Amino Acid Composition, In Vitro Digestibility, and Application to Cookies

The Great Northern bean flour proteins, albumins, and protein isolates were characterized by high acidic ammo acid content while globulins and protein concentrates had high proportion of hydrophobic amino acids. Sulfur containing ammo acids and leucine were first and second limiting ammo acids in these proteins, respectively. The bean proteins were resistant to in vitro enzymatic attack. Heating improved in vitro susceptibility of these bean proteins to enzymatic hydrolysis. Moist heat was more effective than dry heat in improving in vitro digestibility of the bean proteins. Cookie diameter was negatively correlated to alkaline water retention capacity of the blends of wheat flour with bean flour (r =–0.90) and protein concentrates (r =–0.93).
A Dichotomy for the Definable Universe

In the presence of large cardinals, or sufficient determinacy, every equivalence relation in either admits a wellordered separating family or continuously reduces E 0 .
Variability Among Research Diagnostic Interview Instruments in the Application of DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Pediatric Bipolar Disorder

Objective The DSM-IV-TR criteria for a manic episode and bipolar disorder (BD) were developed for adults but are used for children. The manner in which clinicians and researchers interpret these criteria may have contributed to the increase in BD diagnoses given to youth. Research interviews are designed to improve diagnostic reliability and validity, but vary in how they incorporate DSM-IV-TR criteria for pediatric BD. Method We examined DSM-IV-TR criteria and the descriptive text for a manic episode and the mania sections of six commonly used pediatric diagnostic research interviews focusing on the following: interpretation of DSM-IV-TR , recommendations for administration, and scoring methods. Results There are differences between the DSM-IV-TR manic episode criteria and descriptive text. Instruments vary in several ways including in their conceptualization of the mood criterion, whether symptoms must represent a change from the child's usual state, and whether B-criteria are required to co-occur with the A-criterion. Instruments also differ on recommendations for administration and scoring methods. Conclusions Given the differences between DSM-IV-TR manic episode criteria and explanatory text, it is not surprising that there is considerable variation between diagnostic instruments based on DSM-IV-TR . These differences likely lead to dissimilarities in subjects included in BD research studies and inconsistent findings across studies. The field of child psychiatry would benefit from more uniform methods of assessing symptoms and determining pediatric BD diagnoses. We discuss recommendations for changes to future instruments, interviews, assessment, and the DSM-5 .
Rapid Hemodynamic Deterioration and Death due to Acute Severe Refractory Septic Shock

Despite emergence of early goal directed therapy, septic shock still carries a high mortality. Gram negative septicemia is notorious for rapid deterioration due to endotoxin release. Multi-organ damage due to septic shock carries poor prognosis, and such patients should be managed aggressively with multidisciplinary approach. We present a fatal case of a patient with gram negative septicemia who rapidly deteriorated, and died due to acute refractory severe septic shock. This patient probably developed urosepsis secondary to severe urinary tract infection. He also had infiltrates on chest radiograph. He expired within fifteen hours of presenting to the emergency department. This case emphasizes the importance of early recognition and management of septic shock. Early goal directed therapy has shown to improve mortality. Broad spectrum antibiotics should be started within one hour depending on local immunity of organisms. This case also highlights the fact that despite optimized treatment, this entity has very high mortality rates. doi:10.4021/jocmr2009.04.1238 Publication ahead of print May 25, 2009
Equilibrium and nonequilibrium properties associated with the chiral phase transition at finite density in the Gross-Neveu model

We study the dynamics of the chiral phase transition at finite density in the Gross-Neveu (GN) model in the leading order in the large-N approximation. The phase structure of the GN model in this approximation has the property that there is a tricritical point at a fixed temperature and chemical potential separating regions where the chiral transition is first order from that where it is second order. We consider evolutions starting in local thermal and chemical equilibrium in the massless unbroken phase for conditions pertaining to traversing a first or second order phase transition. We assume boost invariant kinematics and determine the evolution of the order parameter \ensuremath{\sigma}, the energy density and pressure as well as the effective temperature, chemical potential and interpolating number densities as a function of the proper time \ensuremath{\tau}. We find that before the phase transition, the system behaves as if it were an ideal fluid in local thermal equilibrium with equation of state $p=\ensuremath{\epsilon}.$ After the phase transition, the system quickly reaches its true broken symmetry vacuum value for the fermion mass and for the energy density. The single particle distribution functions for fermions and antifermions go far out of equilibrium as soon as the plasma traverses the chiral phase transition. We have also determined the spatial dependence of the ``pion'' Green's function $〈\overline{\ensuremath{\psi}}(x){\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{5}\ensuremath{\psi}(x)\overline{\ensuremath{\psi}}(0){\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{5}\ensuremath{\psi}(0)〉$ as a function of the proper time.
Empirical formulae studies of chlorofluorocarbons using gas chromatography coupled to atomic emission detection

Empirical formulae determination on gas chromatographically resolved analytes, through specific element quantitation on eluted peaks, challenges experimental design and procedure in atomic emission spectral detection. Molecular structural dependence of elemental response factors is a factor which is element dependent, fluorine showing notable non-linear tendencies. This study of compound independent calibration for F, Cl, C, H for chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) molecules shows the necessity for reference compounds similar to the target analytes in element content, molecular structure, concentration and physical state. Best results were obtained in the nanomole range of analytes. The Cl/C and H/C ratios were found to be closer to the theoretical values than the F/C ratios, probably because fluorine strongly interacts with the silica discharge tube. The analysis of CFC mixtures gave valid empirical formulas and % (w/w) compositions.
Cleveland Abbe and a view of science in mid-nineteenth-century America

Summary By the middle of the nineteenth century science was developing into a profession demanding advanced training and devotion to research. American institutions, however, were still better suited to an earlier stage of popular science. Many of the difficulties and frustrations for would-be scientists created by the time lag in institutional change are illustrated in the career of Cleveland Abbe. In the fifteen years between 1856 and 1871 his attempts to become an astronomer touched upon many significant aspects of American science as a profession, including the American observatory movement, the creation of graduate education, government support for science, and the tension between the joint goals of the increase and the diffusion of knowledge.
Kinetics of feldspar and quartz dissolution at 70–80°C and near-neutral pH: effects of organic acids and NaCl

Abstract Effects of the organic acid (OA) anions, oxalate and citrate, on the solubility and dissolution kinetics of feldspars (labradorite, orthoclase, and albite) at 80°C and of quartz at 70°C were investigated at pH 6 in separate batch experiments and in media with different ionic strength (0.02–2.2 M NaCl). Although it has been shown that OAs can increase rates of feldspar dissolution, prior experiments have focused primarily on dilute, highly undersaturated and acidic conditions where feldspar dissolution kinetics are dominated by H + adsorption and exchange reactions. Many natural waters, however, are only weakly acidic and have variable ionic strength and composition which would be expected to influence mineral surface properties and mechanisms of organic ligand-promoted reactions. Oxalate and citrate (2–20 mM) increased the rate of quartz dissolution by up to a factor of 2.5. Quartz solubility, however, was not increased appreciably by these OAs, suggesting that Si–OA complexation is not significant under these conditions. The lack of significant OA–SiO 2 interaction is important to understanding the effects of OAs on the release of both Si and Al from feldspars. In contrast to quartz, both the rates of dissolution and amounts of Si and Al released from the three feldspars studied increased regularly with increasing OA concentration. Feldspar dissolution was congruent at all but the lowest OA concentrations. Total dissolved Al concentrations increased by 1–2 orders of magnitude in the presence of oxalate and citrate, and reached values as high as 43 mg/l (1.6 mM). Si concentrations reached values up to 65 mg/l (2.3 mM) in feldspar–OA experiments. Precipitation of authigenic clays was observed only in experiments without or at very low concentrations of OAs. The high concentrations of dissolved Si attained during dissolution of feldspars in OA solutions, relative to Si concentrations in quartz–OA experiments, is attributed to concomitant release of Si driven by strong Al–OA interactions. Modeling of the dependence of feldspar dissolution rates on OA concentration in natural diagenetic environments is complicated by the competing effects of overall solution chemistry and ionic strength on the dissolution mechanism. Results of experiments using labradorite (An 70 ) indicate that in OA-free solutions, dissolution is progressively slower at increasing NaCl concentrations (up to 2.2 M), in agreement with prior experiments on the effects of alkali metals on feldspar dissolution. The combined effects of oxalate and NaCl on labradorite dissolution rates are such that the rate increase due to oxalate is suppressed by the addition of NaCl. Thus, feldspar dissolution kinetics should be most significantly affected by a given concentration of OAs in low ionic strength solutions.
Crop responses to carbon dioxide doubling: a literature survey

Abstract Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentration will probably double by the middle of the next century. Since this is widely expected to increase crop yields, the Department of Energy has established a research program to gather data on the effects of CO 2 on plants and to develop models that can be used to predict how plants will behave in a future high-CO 2 world. This paper identifies strengths and weaknesses in the knowledge base for modelling plant responses to CO 2 . It is based on an extensive tabulation of published information on responses of ten leading crop species to elevated CO 2 . The response variables selected for examination were: (a) net carbon exchange rate, (b) net assimilation rate, (c) biomass accumulation, (d) root:shoot ratio, (e) harvest index, (f) conductance, (g) transpiration rate and (h) yield. The results were expressed as a predicted percentage change of the variable in response to a doubled CO 2 concentration. In most instances, a linear model was used to fit the response data. Overall, the net CO 2 exchange rate of crops increased 52% on first exposure to a doubled CO 2 concentration, but was only 29% higher after the plants had acclimatized to the new concentration. For net assimilation rate, the increases were smaller, but fell with time in a similar way. The C 4 crops responded very much less than C 3 crops. The responses of biomass accumulation and yield were similar to that for carbon fixation rate. Yield increased on average 41% for a doubling of CO 2 concentration. The variation in harvest index was small and erratic except for soybean, where it decreased with a doubling of CO 2 concentration. Conductance and transpiration were both inversely related to CO 2 concentration. Transpiration decreased 23% on average for a doubling of CO 2 . Crop responses to CO 2 during water stress were variable probably because high CO 2 both increased leaf area (which increases water use) and reduced stomatal conductance (which decreases water use). However, low nutrient concentrations limited the responses of most crops to CO 2 . The absolute increase in photosynthetic rate in response to high CO 2 concentration was always greater in high light than in low light, but this was not necessarily true of the relative increase. In all except one study, responses to CO 2 were larger at high temperature than at low. Most of these studies were done in high light intensity. In low light intensity, the effect of temperature on the CO 2 response was smaller.
First-principles study of phonon linewidths in noble metals

Phonon lifetimes in Cu, Ag, and Au at low and high temperatures were calculated along high symmetry directions using density functional theory combined with second-order perturbation theory. Both harmonic and third-order anharmonic force constants were computed using a supercell small displacement method, and the two-phonon densities of states were calculated for all three-phonon processes consistent with the kinematics of energy and momentum conservation. A nonrigorous Gruneisen model with no q-dependence of the anharmonic coupling constants offers a simple separation of the potential and the kinematics, and proved semiquantitative for Cu, Ag, and Au. A rule is reported for finding the most anharmonic phonon mode in fcc metals.
Calcium flickers lighting the way in chemotaxis

Recent studies identified local calcium signals at the leading edge of migrating cells, suggesting a new role for calcium in cell polarization and chemotaxis.
Haitian emigration in the early twentieth century.

Standard migration theories see receiving countries as the dynamic agent [pulling] migrants to them. These theories while useful for explaining many cases appear inadequate for the case of labor migration from Haiti to Cuba and the Dominican Republic in the early twentieth century. This article examines this history and offers an alternative theoretical framework for explaining this migration flow. It is argued that the prime cause of migration from Haiti is factors in the sending country. (EXCERPT)
Economic status of the fats and oils industry

In summary, production of fats from domestie materials has increased over 40% since prewar. The world shortage of edible fats of early postwar years has been overcome through increased production, and, with petroleum derivatives replacing fats in some industrial uses, the United States has a surplus of fats over domestic needs. Inventories have increased. The government, through price programs, has acquired substantial stocks of cottonseed oil, linseed oil, and butter. Recent trends offer little promise of change in the high-inventory position unless extraordinary measures are taken. Lard output, now relatively low, will rise again, beginning next fall. And the effect of 1954 cotton acreage restrictions on oil production will be more than offset by increased soybean and flaxseed plantings. Although exports of low-priced tallow and greases have been gaining, exports of edible oils have deelined. Domestic disappearance of fats in food uses is rising in line with population growth, but industrial use is falling particularly in the manufacture of soap. With an abundant supply of certain inedible fats available, there is opportunity and need for chemical discovery to support now uses based on quality products and for expansion of outlets in markets here-tofre little used.
Cataracts: Role of the unfolded protein response

Many cataracts are caused by unfolded protein aggregates in highly oxidized lenses, but the underlying mechanisms of their formation are poorly understood. A literature search has shown that many cataractogenic stressors are also endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stressors, which induce the unfolded protein response (UPR) in a wide range of cell types. Since the lumen of the ER is highly oxidized, ER stressors might generate unfolded protein aggregates, which activate the UPR leading to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in lens epithelial cells (LECs). ROS decrease the amount of free glutathione from whole lenses and elicit a more oxidized environment, where unfolded protein aggregates are formed and grown to large protein aggregate particles to scatter light. Recently, we have shown that ER stressors, homocysteine, tunicamycin, Ca(2+) ionophore (A23187), and glucose deprivation induce the UPR in LECs. Here we hypothesize the cataractogenic stressors induce ER stress, initiate the UPR and ROS production in LECs with or without apoptosis and eventually resulted in cataracts.
Harm reduction — a common cause

In a field as complex as heroin addiction, controversy is useful in stimulating exchange of ideas. An appeal for action, however, based on what we already know to be enormously beneficial to addicts and to the general society, must be given higher priority than proselytizing for any given approach. We know that narcotic addiction takes a terrible toll and that, like alcoholism, we are currently unable to cure it. We also know that many addicts desperately seek methadone treatment, that many can be helped by it, and that many will die without it. The conclusion is clear: methadone treatment, one therapeutic approach among many, must be available upon request to all those who want it.
Efferent projections of the A1 catecholamine cell group in the rat: An autoradiographic study

Efferent connections of the region of the A1 catecholamine cell group were investigated by the anterograde autoradiographic method in rats, some of which had been pretreated with intraventricular injections of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Spinal projections were further studied by combining histofluorescence and horseradish peroxidase staining in the same sections. Projections from the A1 region ascend through the lateral hypothalamus to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the medial preoptic area, and several hypothalamic nuclei: the dorsomedial nucleus, the dorsal hypothalamic area, the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei, and the median eminence. These projections are predominantly ipsilateral. Since they are sensitive to 6-OHDA, they presumably arise from catecholamine cells of the A1 group. Other pathways are not noticeably affected by 6-OHDA. These include projections through the reticular formation to the contralateral nucleus ambiguus, the ipsilateral facial nucleus, and the Kolliker-Fuse nuclei, the parabrachial nuclei and the periaqueductal gray on both sides, as well as the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus. These pathways probably do not arise from the A1 group, although a minor noradrenergic component cannot be ruled out. Spinal projections extend to the intermediolateral cell column and the ventral horn, and especially to the phrenic motor nucleus. However, these projections arise almost exclusively from non-catecholamine cells. Only a small minority of the fluorescent A1 cells are retrogradely labeled after injections of HRP into the upper thoracic spinal cord. They lie at the level of the pyramidal decussation. Likewise only a few fluorescent cells of the A2 group are labeled. Although the A1 and A2 groups were long thought to be principal sources of spinal norepinephrine, a review of the literature shows that this belief was based on equivocal evidence.
Ocular Nail Gun Injuries

Purpose: Penetrating ocular trauma resulting from nails can have disastrous visual consequences. Ocular nail gun injuries occur when a nail propelled at high velocity penetrates the globe. The authors report four consecutive patients with ocular injuries resulting from nail guns. Methods: Four patients with ocular nail gun injuries are described: one with scleral penetrating injury, one with corneal penetrating injury, and two with perforating (throughand-through) injuries of the globe. Results: Three of the four patients recovered good visual acuity after surgical intervention. Conclusion: Although dependent on the site of impact, the visual prognosis may be less severe than expected because the nail penetrates the eye at a high velocity such that there are less contusive forces. Adherence to safety precautions involving the use of nail guns as well as the obligatory use of safety glasses should reduce the incidence of these injuries.
Guanidine analogs of a deoxysugar

Abstract Asymmetric syntheses of guanidine 3 and N-aminoguanidine 4 are described from (−)-epoxy alcohol 5 . Compounds 3 and 4 , which resemble D-glucose and D-mannose, were designed as generic hexopyranose substitutes and represent new templates for assembling glycomimetic structures.
Synthesis and Coordination Chemistry of 3a,7a-Azaborindenyl, a New Isoelectronic Analogue of the Indenyl Ligand

The fused-ring diheteroaromatic 3a,7a-azaborindenyl anion (1) has been prepared by a synthesis using the Grubbs ring-closing metathesis. 1 has been converted to the Cp*ZrCl2 complex 2, which closely resembles the corresponding (Ind)Cp*ZrCl2.
Strategic configurations in health services organizations

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine if financially successful health service organizations are characterized by a limited number of configurations and less financially successful health service organizations are characterized by a different set of configurations. Data on 77 health service organizations were collected from case studies and Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) documents. Organizations were scored according to environmental, strategy making, organization/structure variables and financial success. Three individuals with health care experience were provided detailed instructions and were asked to independently rate the 77 organizations relative to the variables. The financial success variable was separately rated by a third individual with extensive finance and health care expertise. Five financially successful and five financially less successful configurations were identified and described according to their major characteristics. The configurations were limited and consistent with configuration studies in industries other than health care with a few noteworthy exceptions.
Human imagination in financial markets with insiders

Note: Times Cited: 01 Reference SFI-PB-ARTICLE-2007-004doi:10.1016/j.neures.2007.06.023 URL: ://000249272800022 Record created on 2008-03-12, modified on 2017-05-12
Culture and regeneration of human neurons after brain surgery.

Abstract Cortical human brain tissue was obtained from 11 craniotomies for intractable epilepsy or tumor resection. Neuregen transport medium preserved viability at 4°C during transfer to the culture laboratory. Cells were isolated and cultured by methods previously developed for adult rat neurons (Brewer GJ. Isolation and culture of adult rat hippocampal neurons. J. Neurosci. Meth. 1997:71:143–55). In about 40% of the cases, cultures regenerated with a majority of neuron-like cells that stained for neurofilament and not GFAP. After 3 weeks of culture from a 70 year old meningioma case, synapse-like structures were revealed by electron microscopy. Trophic support from basic human recombinant fibroblast growth factor was synergistically improved with the steroid hormone dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulfate. Another 40% of the cases resulted in cultures that were predominantly GFAP positive astroglia. The remaining 20% of the cases did not regenerate cells with neuron-like or glial processes. Three postmortem cases did not regenerate neurites. These methods may aid development of human culture models of epilepsy as well as human pharmacology, toxicology and development of improved methods for brain grafts.
Asset price modeling: a spot pricing framework to enable pricing and risk management of inter-domain assured bandwidth services

In the current bandwidth market, Internet Service Providers (ISPs) provide guaranteed Internet bandwidth within their domains. However, they are incapable of providing such assurances for data crossing their domain boundaries. In this paper, we present a spot pricing scheme for Internet bandwidth contracts within an ISP domain. These models when implemented at access or exchange points of different ISP domains would provide assured bandwidth for interdomain traffic. Each contract will constitute a Quality of Service agreement between a customer and a provider within an ISP domain. By appropriately bundling derivative contracts defined on the intra-domain service contracts, a provider will not only be able to give inter-domain Quality of Service assurance, but will be able to add new services and manage its portfolio of services.
Changes in Active and Inactive Renin Throughout Normal Pregnancy

Active and inactive renin were measured sequentially in 16 women throughout pregnancy and again post-partum. By 12 weeks, inactive renin was elevated 14-fold and fell slightly thereafter. By 12 weeks, active renin was 3.5-fold elevated. It continued to rise in 8 patients (Group A) until term, it remained stable in 6 (Group B) and in 2 it was quite variable. Between 12 and 32 weeks PRA and plasma aldosterone increased in Group A from 7.0 to 17.1 ng/ml/hr, and 20.0 to 95.7 ng/dl respectively and both were unchanged in Group B (6.5 to 8.1 ng/ml/hr and 26.5 to 24.6 ng/dl respectively). Inactive renin was higher in Group B than in Group A at 12 weeks (224 v 126 ng/ml/hr) but fell thereafter to the same stable but elevated level. Group A were younger (24·1.8 S.E. v. 30·2.2 years). These studies demonstrate that active and inactive renin increase early in pregnancy and remain elevated thereafter. in certain younger subjects, further increases in active renin and aldosterone sometimes occur and appear necessary f...
The SNARE complex in neuronal and sensory cells

Transmitter release at synapses ensures faithful chemical coding of information that is transmitted in the sub-second time frame. The brain, the central unit of information processing, depends upon fast communication for decision making. Neuronal and neurosensory cells are equipped with the molecular machinery that responds reliably, and with high fidelity, to external stimuli. However, neuronal cells differ markedly from neurosensory cells in their signal transmission at synapses. The main difference rests in how the synaptic complex is organized, with active zones in neuronal cells and ribbon synapses in sensory cells (such as photoreceptors and hair cells). In exocytosis/neurosecretion, SNAREs (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein attachment protein receptors) and associated proteins play a critical role in vesicle docking, priming, fusion and synchronization of neurotransmitter release. Recent studies suggest differences between neuronal and sensory cells with respect to the molecular components of their synaptic complexes. In this review, we will cover current findings on neuronal and sensory-cell SNARE proteins and their modulators. We will also briefly discuss recent investigations on how deficits in the expression of SNARE proteins in humans impair function in brain and sense organs.
Hybrid Localization Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Networks and its Application in Building Monitoring

Localization, the determination of geographical location of sensors is a fundamental problem in wireless sensor networks. In this paper we consider a static wireless network in which the reference nodes are static-non moving. We propose a positioning method known as hybrid optimizing algorithm (HOA) which combines steepest decent method and Taylor series expansion method. The steepest decent method converges quickly at initial iterations and has less computational complexity. The performance of Taylor series method depends on initial estimation. We conduct simulation experiments to evaluate the performance of these methods. Results show that HOA achieves better performance on position accuracy as it takes the advantages of both the methods.
Plateletpheresis in a Disposable System

A new plastic disposable system is described for the removal of platelets from single packs of ACD blood, single units of blood directly from a donor, or multiple cycles of whole blood (plateletpheresis) from the same donor in a continuous flow system. Data are given on donor acceptability, platelet yields, and the effectiveness in vitro and in vivo of platelet suspensions so derived.
Extinction of a discrete-trial bar-press as a function of percentage reinforcement, reinforcement cue, and manipulandum condition.

6 groups of 12 albino rats received 80 acquisition trials, defined as 12 bar-presses, with sucrose reward. Two groups received 100% reward; four groups received 50% reward, half with a dipper click on all trials (50C), half with a dipper click only when reinforced (50C-NC). 3 of the 6 groups had the bar present during the ITI, 3 did not. During extinction half of each group received the dipper click, half did not. During extinction the 50C-NC groups were significantly more resistant to extinction than the other 100% and 50% groups, which did not differ significantly. Results were discussed in terms of a discrimination hypothesis of secondary reinforcement.
Shear-induced conversion of seismic waves across single fractures

Abstract Elastic wave conversions across a fracture in rock subjected to shear stress are observed during laboratory ultrasonic transmission tests. Compressional waves (P-waves) and shear waves (S-waves) normally incident on a sheared fracture are partially converted to waves with particle motions that are not present in the incident waves. The amplitudes of the converted waves increase significantly with increasing shear stress applied to the fracture. The particle motion of the converted wave changes its phase by 180° when the direction of the shear is reversed. These wave behaviors can be explained by adding the coupling (dilational) components in the fracture stiffness matrix of the displacement–discontinuity boundary conditions for a non-welded interface. The shear-induced wave conversion presented in this paper has a wide range of potential applications for monitoring and determining the magnitude of shear stress acting on fractures in geologic and engineered materials.
On the asymptotic integer algorithm

Abstract Gomory's asymptotic integer programming algorithm consists of three sub-algorithms: (i) the simplex method, (ii) transformation of a matrix into Smith's normal form, (iii) a group minimization algorithm. This paper gives two alternative algorithms for solving (ii) and (iii). The first algorithm reduces the number of operations by a factor m , where m is the size of the matrix in (ii). The second algorithm has an upper bound of 2 D 2 operations, where D is the order of the group. This compares favorably with the upper bound 4 D 2 in Gomory's algorithm.
Identification of Two Iron− Chromate Precipitates in a Cr(VI)-Contaminated Soil

Two iron−chromate precipitates, KFe3(CrO4)2(OH)6 (the chromate analog of the sulfate mineral jarosite) and KFe(CrO4)2·2H2O, were discovered in a soil contaminated by chrome plating solutions. The precipitates were identified by electron microscopy and powder X-ray diffraction. KFe3(CrO4)2(OH)6 was found as small crystals interspersed within the bulk soil. KFe(CrO4)2·2H2O forms crusts in cracks and fractures of the soil. Powder X-ray diffraction of the whole soil indicates that most of the Cr(VI) in the soil is present as KFe3(CrO4)2(OH)6 and that the overall amount of KFe(CrO4)2·2H2O in the soil is relatively small. The reaction for the transformation between these two phases indicates that KFe(CrO4)2·2H2O is likely to form in more acidic , K+- and HCrO4--rich environments than KFe3(CrO4)2(OH)6. Although both of these chromate phases have been synthesized and described, to our knowledge, this study is the first report of their occurrence in the environment.
Primary biliary cirrhosis diagnosed during pregnancy. Does it have a different outcome

Pregnancy in women with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is uncommon, and once it occurs it usually does not worsen the liver disease. First manifestation of PBC during pregnancy in women with no known liver disease at the time of conception is very rare, and the natural history of this disease in such cases is yet unknown. Herein we describe a woman who had been diagnosed with PBC during the third trimester of pregnancy and, while she gave birth to a normal healthy child, her disease rapidly deteriorated and she has been listed for liver transplantation. It appears that PBC that is first noted during pregnancy might have a different course than that of PBC diagnosed before pregnancy.