cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Implicit memory for visual objects and the structural description system

Several experiments are described in which priming or implicit memory for visual objects was investigated. In one set of studies, subjects were shown line drawings of unfamiliar objects that were either structurally possible or structurally impossible. Implicit memory was assessed with a possible/impossible object-decision task, and explicit memory was assessed with a recognition task. The results revealed significant priming for possible objects following study tasks that required encoding of three-dimensional object structure; semantic/elaborative study processing enhanced explicit but not implicit memory. No priming of impossible objects was found. An experiment using familiar objects also revealed that priming, but not explicit memory, was independent of semantic/elaborative study processing. It is suggested that priming of visual objects depends on a presemantic system that is dedicated to the representation of object form and structure and can function independently of episodic memory.
The Axiom of Reducibility

The axiom of reducibility plays an important role in the logic of Principia Mathematica , but has generally been condemned as an ad hoc non-logical axiom which was added simply because the ramified type theory without it would not yield all the required theorems. In this paper I examine the status of the axiom of reducibility. Whether the axiom can plausibly be included as a logical axiom will depend in no small part on the understanding of propositional functions. If we understand propositional functions as constructions of the mind, it is clear that the axiom is clearly not a logical axiom and in fact makes an implausible claim. I look at two other ways of understanding propositional functions, a nominalist interpretation along the lines of Landini and a realist interpretation along the lines of Linsky and Mares. I argue that while on either of these interpretations it is not easy to see the axiom as a non-logical claim about the world, there are also appear to be difficulties in accepting it as a purely logical axiom.
Mixture screening and mixture-amount designs to determine plant growth regulator effects on shoot regeneration from grapefruit ( Citrus paradisi macf.) epicotyls

The objective of this study was to improve shoot regeneration from grapefruit. Because many commercially grown citrus types are apomictic, important in vitro applications such as Agrobacterium-mediated transformation commonly use epicotyl explants from in vitro seedlings; thus, adequate adventitious shoot production is an important prerequisite for efficient use of these applications. Eight plant growth regulators were studied—six cytokinins (6-benzylaminopurine, kinetin, zeatin trans-isomer, 6-[γ,γ-dimethylallylamino] purine, zeatin riboside trans-isomer and meta-topolin) and two auxins (α-naphthalene acetic acid and indole-3-acetic acid). An iterative design strategy was followed that included mixture and mixture-amount experimental designs suitable for resolving proportional and concentration effects; in vitro effects of cytokinins and auxins are affected by both proportion and concentration. One-centimeter-long explants were excised from the epicotyl of etiolated, in vitro-grown seedlings. Explants were placed onto experimental formulations and cultured in growth cabinets at 27°C over 6 wk, which included 2 wk in the dark followed by 4 wk in the light. The results indicated that (1) 6-benzylaminopurine or zeatin riboside were the most effective cytokinins for inducing shoot regeneration in citrus; (2) zeatin riboside singly or in combination with indole-3-acetic acid resulted in the highest quality, the greatest number of explants with buds/shoots, and the greatest shoot number; and (3) 6-benzylaminopurine and indole-3-acetic acid improved shoot regeneration vs. 6-benzylaminopurine at a considerably lesser cost than zeatin riboside and indole-3-acetic acid.
Student Self-Esteem and the School System: Perceptions and Implications.

Abstract K-12 school personnel appear to have an impact on student self-esteem. In addition, most self-esteem programs used in the schools have historically consisted of superficial activities; thus, self-esteem is seldom addressed at a conceptual level. In order to do so, school personnel need to understand their own attitudes about self-esteem. The purpose of this study was to examine similarities and differences in perceptions of school administrators, counselors, and teachers about student self-esteem and explore further how each group perceives their own and the other two groups' impact on student self-esteem. Participants were selected from a stratified random sample of K-12 school administrators, counselors, and teachers. Each of these groups completed a survey that addressed perceptions of student self-esteem and impact of school personnel on student self-esteem. Data yielded noteworthy similarities and differences in school personnel's perceptions of student self-esteem as well as statistical sig...
Returning Counselor Education Doctoral Students: Issues of Retention, Attrition, and Perceived Experiences

A phenomenological research design was utilized to illuminate the experiences of counselor education doctoral students who had voluntarily departed from study and successfully returned. No studies exist in the counselor education literature examining this phenomenon. Themes derived from the data suggest a common experience across participants, including the salient nature of leaving and returning to study, the importance of faculty-student interactions, and that departure is informed by personal factors and academic culture. The findings have implications for student retention and attrition, as well as counseling departments, counseling faculty, and counselor education doctoral students.
On an example of Wermer

In [W] J. Wermer constructed a compact set Y = C 2 which projects to the circle {z: Izl=l/2}, i.e., if n: C 2 ~ C via rc ( z ,w)=z , then ~t(Y)={z: Izl=l/2}, which has the property that the polynomially convex hull 17" of Y projects to the disc {z: Izl<=l/2}=~(I?) and such that I ? Y contains no analytic variety of positive dimension. We show that by suitably choosing the parameters in Wermer's example, we can construct Y so that l?c~A is polar in A for any analytic variety A. We then discuss the consequences of this result. The author would like to thank Professor B. A. Taylor for many valuable discussions on this subject and Professor J. Siciak for pointing out a previous error in Proposition 1.2.
Physiological factors affecting upper body aerobic exercise

This study examined the influence selected physiological measurements have upon peak oxygen uptake (peak [Vdot]O2) elicited by upper body (arm crank) exercise employing crank rates of 30 and 70 r.p.m. Nine male volunteers completed: two maximal effort arm crank tests, one cycle exercise maximal aerobic power (AP) test, measurements of isokinetic elbow extension strength (ES), isometric grip strength (GS) and arm volume (AV). Partial correlation coefficients (R) were obtained from a multiple regression analysis. For the 30 r.p.m. protocol, peak [Vdot]O2 was strongly related to AP (r=0·80; R = 0·51) and moderately related to ES (r=−0·41; R =−0·41) and GS (r=0·40; R = 0·30). For the 70 r.p.m. protocol, peak [Vdot]O2 was found to be strongly related to AP (r=0·94; R=0·88). AV values were not found to have a marked influence on upper body peak [Vdot]O2 at either crank rate. These data indicate that aerobic power for cycle exercise is the most important determinant of upper body aerobic exercise performance.
THE SPLANCHNIC REMOVAL IN RABBITS DURING FATAL BACTERIEMIAS OF THE CIRCULATING ORGANISMS AND OF SUPERIMPOSED NON-PATHOGENIC BACTERIA

1. By a method of hepatic venous catheterization previously described, comparative data have been obtained concerning the removal of pneumococci from the splanchnic circulating blood of the intact rabbit in bacteriemias secondary to a dermal infection and in bacteriemias induced by a continuous infusion of organisms into the blood stream. The average splanchnic removal in secondary pneumococcal bacteriemias was 8 +/- 14 per cent (S.D.), in induced bacteriemias 9 +/- 15 per cent (S.D.). 2. Similar data were obtained in induced M. aureus bacteriemias in normal rabbits and in induced M. aureus bacteriemias superimposed upon pneumococcal bacteriemias secondary to dermal infection. The average splanchnic removal of M. aureus in normal rabbits was 62 +/- 20 per cent (S.D.). The splanchnic removal of M. aureus in rabbits with a simultaneous pneumococcal bacteriemia of infection was of the same order of magnitude as in normal rabbits. 3. The efficiency of the mechanism of splanchnic removal for a given organism is an important factor in the establishment and maintenance of a bacteriemia. Present evidence indicates that the maintenance of a bacteriemia requires a constant introduction into the blood stream of organisms from some source. 4. Pneumococci do not acquire a resistance to removal from the splanchnic circulating blood during the course of fatal infection in rabbits. 5. No final exhaustion of the mechanism of splanchnic removal can be demonstrated in fatal pneumococcal bacteriemias in rabbits.
The father‐young adult relationship: Interpersonal motives, self‐disclosure, and satisfaction

This study investigated self‐disclosure, interpersonal communication motives, and communication satisfaction in the father‐young adult relationship. A total of 159 father‐young adult dyads participated. Individuals reported on how they communicated with the other person in their relationship. The results of this study indicated that: (a) young adults and fathers are similar in their interpersonal motives and self‐disclosures in communicating with each other; (b) interpersonal motives for communicating are related to self‐disclosure behavior; and peoples’ motives and self‐disclosures in the young adult‐father relationship explain their satisfaction with that relationship. The findings of this study support the proposition that the communication that takes place in the family and the reasons for that communication affects the satisfaction that is felt by members of the family.
Generalization of Drucker's Yield Criterion to Orthotropy

Within the framework of the theory of representation, generalizations to anisotropic conditions of the invariants of the deviatoric stress are proposed. Using these generalized invariants, any isotropic yield criterion can be extended such as to describe any type of material symmetry. In this paper, we apply this method to extend to orthotropy Drucker's isotropic criterion. Comparison with data on aluminum alloys show that this new criterion describes with improved accuracy the anisotropy of the plastic response.
WE-G-217BCD-10: Shading Correction in Image Domain for Cone-Beam CT Without Prior Information

Purpose: Cone‐beam CT(CBCT)images contain severe shading artifacts mostly due to scatter. Many algorithms have been proposed to alleviate this problem by data correction on projections. Sophisticated methods have also been designed to further improve the image quality when prior patient information is available. In this work, we develop a novel algorithm for shading correction directly on CBCTimages without any prior information. Methods: In CBCT, projection errors (mostly scatter) result in dominant low‐frequency shading artifacts in image domain. Due to circular scan geometry, these artifacts often show global or local radial patterns. We first convert the uncorrected images into the polar coordinate system. Median filtering and polynomial fitting are applied on the transformed images to accurately estimate the low‐frequency bias field of shading angle‐by‐angle and slice‐by‐slice. The estimated bias field is then converted back to the Cartesian coordinate system, followed by 3D low‐pass filtering to eliminate possible high‐frequency components. The shading‐corrected images are finally obtained as the uncorrected volume divided by the shading bias field. Results: The proposed algorithm has been evaluated on CBCTimages of a pelvis patient and a head patient. Within regions of interest, the average CBCT error is reduced from around 250 HU to 42 and 38 HU, and the spatial non‐uniformity error is reduced from above 17.5% to 2.1% and 1.7% for the pelvis and the head patients, respectively. As our method suppresses only low‐frequency shading artifacts, patient anatomy and contrast are well retained in the corrected images of both cases. Conclusions: We propose an effective shading correction algorithm on CBCTimages, with several advantages compared to existing approaches. The method has a high efficiency since it is deterministic and directly operates on the reconstructed images. It also requires no prior information, which facilitates its clinical use as a standard image correction solution.
Influence of parathyroid extract on blood and urine mineral levels in iguanid lizards

Abstract The influence of parathyroid extract on calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood and urine of two species of iguanid lizards has been investigated. The Desert Iguana, Dipsosaurus dorsalis, and the Mesquite lizard, Sceloporus grammicus , were injected daily with parathyroid extract for 1 week. Urine pellets were excreted within 5–7 days. Urinary mineral levels were determined as concentration and total clearance per pellet. After PTE treatment, hypercalcemia was observed in D. dorsalis , while bone citric acid was slightly, but not significantly, elevated. Both D. dorsalis and S. grammicus responded to repetitive doses of PTE by elevated urine calcium and phosphorus titers. Plasma phosphorus, studied only in PTE-treated D. dorsalis , showed no change from normal. A marked decrease in urine pellet weight was noted in PTE-treated lizards, while control animals kept in the laboratory a comparable length of time showed little fluctuation in quantity of excreted urine. Neither the duration nor conditions of short-term captivity influenced urine mineral levels of normal iguanid lizards.
Characterization of a nitrogen center in high-purity SiO2:OH glass.

Electron-spin resonance was used to study x-ray-induced defect centers in high-purity fused silica. Attention was focused on a three-line spectrum previously reported as a photoinduced manifestation in high-purity silica containing 1200 ppm OH and ascribed to a defect undergoing a hyperfine interaction with $^{14}\mathrm{N}$. Spin Hamiltonian parameters extracted by computer simulation of the line shape recorded at 110 K were consistent with a model wherein the unpaired electron occupies an antibonding orbital of the nitrogen and a neighboring silicon. It is proposed that the precursor site is an ${\mathrm{N}}^{3\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ ion situated at the site of an [${\mathrm{SiO}}_{4}$${]}^{4\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ vacancy. The spectrum becomes nearly isotropic as the sample temperature is raised to 310 K, presumably due to motional effects attributable to hopping of the trapped electron among the four possible N-Si bonds at each site.
Effect of cefazolin on aminotransferase activity in the rat.

Cefazolin given sc to male rats in daily doses of 0.5–2 g per kilogram of body weight significantly decreased alanine aminotransferase activity in serum, liver, kidney, heart, and brain 2–4 wk from the beginning of the treatment. Serum aspartate aminotransferase was also reduced, but serum alkaline phosphatase and tissue pyruvate decarboxylase activities remained unaltered. In female rates, daily sc administration of cefazoline at 0.1–1 g/kg also brought about a dose‐related reduction of alanine and aspartate aminotransferase activities, which reached statistical significance at high dose levels. The effect of cefazolin at low concentrations was partly reversed by administration of pyridoxal in vivo. Paradoxically, at higher dose levels pyridoxal potentiated the action of cefazolin on serum aminotransferases. The low enzyme activities were elevated by subsequent addition of pyridoxal 5´‐phosphate in vitro. Similar results were obtained when rats were treated with isoniazid at daily oral doses of 20 mg/kg;...
The "burnout syndrome" and management style

Nowadays most approaches to dealing with burnout have a psychological orientation, and thus consist of training employees to cope with the stress and frustration which are associated with their jobs. Such a strategy, however, ignores the organizational and managerial factors which may be causing this problem. Accordingly, this paper focuses on the sociological side of burnout and suggests structural changes which improve the work environment of an organization. This type of proactive solution allows for the conditions to be established which foster both efficiency and growth on the pan of employees.
Effect of dehydroepiandrosterone replacement on lipoprotein profile in hypoadrenal women.

Context: Levels of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfate form (DHEAS) are inversely associated with cardiovascular mortality in men but not women. Very little evidence is available on the impact of DHEA administration on lipoprotein profile in women. DHEAS levels are very low/undetectable in hypoadrenal women. Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the impact of DHEA replacement on lipoprotein profile in hypoadrenal women. Design and Setting: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over design study was conducted at the Mayo Clinic. Participants: Thirty-three hypoadrenal Caucasian women (mean ± sd; age 50.3 ± 15.2 yr, body mass index 26.6 ± 4.4 kg/m2) took part in the study. Intervention: Study participants were assigned to receive either a placebo or 50 mg/d of DHEA for 3 months each. Lipid levels and lipoprotein profile were analyzed using the Lipo Science Lipoprotein nuclear magnetic resonance system. Main Outcome Measures: Changes in various lipoprotein sizes and levels were measured. Results: The DHEA period had higher plasma DHEAS levels than during placebo (<0.3 ± 0.0 vs. 3.5 ± 1.3 nmol/liter, P < 0.001). DHEA replacement significantly reduced total cholesterol (20.0 vs. −22, P = 0.02) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels (2.0 vs. −6.0, P = 0.006) and tends to reduce triglyceride and total low-density lipoprotein levels. Although, DHEA replacement had no effect on low-density lipoprotein particle size, it significantly reduced larger HDL particles and to modest extent small HDL particles. Conclusions: Our study findings showed that oral DHEA administration in hypoadrenal women results in an unfavorable lipoprotein profile. The results warrant long-term studies to determine the impact of DHEA replacement on cardiovascular risk.
High Diastolic Blood Pressure During Exercise Is Associated With Hypercholesterolemia in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease

Evaluating blood pressure response during exercise rather than during rest might better detect a subtle impairment in relaxation of the resistance vessel in hypercholesterolemia. We examined the relation between serum cholesterol and blood pressure response during exercise in patients with coronary artery disease. One hundred and forty-eight consecutive patients with coronary artery disease were monitored during symptom-limited incremental exercise testing with a cycle ergometer. Cuff blood pressure was measured every minute during exercise testing with an automatic indirect manometer. Although there were no significant differences in systolic or diastolic blood pressure at rest between the patients with hypercholesterolemia (total cholesterol > or = 220 mg/dL, n = 39) and those without it (n = 109), the former reached a higher diastolic blood pressure at peak exercise (94.8+/-16.0 versus 87.8+/-12.9 mmHg, P = 0.007). The increase in diastolic blood pressure at peak exercise versus the resting value in the patients with hypercholesterolemia was 20.6+/-11.3 mmHg, and this was significantly higher than the increase in patients without hypercholesterolemia (14.8+/-11.8 mmHg, P = 0.009). However, there were no differences in the peak exercise systolic blood pressure and the magnitude of the increase in systolic blood pressure between the two groups. Among the patients with coronary artery disease in our study, we found that those with hypercholesterolemia had significantly higher diastolic blood pressure during exercise than those without hypercholesterolemia, strongly suggesting that patients with hyperlipidemia are at a higher risk of developing hypertensive complications.
WrbA from Escherichia coli and Archaeoglobus fulgidus Is an NAD(P)H:Quinone Oxidoreductase

WrbA (tryptophan [W] repressor-binding protein) was discovered in Escherichia coli, where it was proposed to play a role in regulation of the tryptophan operon; however, this has been put in question, leaving the function unknown. Here we report a phylogenetic analysis of 30 sequences which indicated that WrbA is the prototype of a distinct family of flavoproteins which exists in a diversity of cell types across all three domains of life and includes documented NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductases (NQOs) from the Fungi and Viridiplantae kingdoms. Biochemical characterization of the prototypic WrbA protein from E. coli and WrbA from Archaeoglobus fulgidus, a hyperthermophilic species from the Archaea domain, shows that these enzymes have NQO activity, suggesting that this activity is a defining characteristic of the WrbA family that we designate a new type of NQO (type IV). For E. coli WrbA, the K(m)(NADH) was 14 +/- 0.43 microM and the K(m)(benzoquinone) was 5.8 +/- 0.12 microM. For A. fulgidus WrbA, the K(m)(NADH) was 19 +/- 1.7 microM and the K(m)(benzoquinone) was 37 +/- 3.6 microM. Both enzymes were found to be homodimeric by gel filtration chromatography and homotetrameric by dynamic light scattering and to contain one flavin mononucleotide molecule per monomer. The NQO activity of each enzyme is retained over a broad pH range, and apparent initial velocities indicate that maximal activities are comparable to the optimum growth temperature for the respective organisms. The results are discussed and implicate WrbA in the two-electron reduction of quinones, protecting against oxidative stress.
We Do Babies! The Trials, Tribulations, and Triumphs of Pregnancy and Parenting in the Academy

The most awkward moment at that faculty meeting occurred when a certain senior colleague in the department replied, "Well, when my wife was pregnant, she gave birth during spring break and didn't miss a day of class." Despite backstage reassurances that these were unrealistic expectations, those who were pregnant experienced an unspoken pressure that failure to minimize the interference of impending parenthood on their careers threatened public impressions of their professionalism. The major component of this performance was the management of images and identities-the struggles of negotiating the integration and blurring of the boundaries between parent and professional; private lives and public roles; pregnant body and professional entity.
Identification of MicroRNAs Regulating Reprogramming Factor LIN28 in Embryonic Stem Cells and Cancer Cells

LIN28 (a homologue of the Caenorhabditis elegans lin-28 gene) is an evolutionarily conserved RNA-binding protein and a master regulator controlling the pluripotency of embryonic stem cells. Together with OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG, LIN28 can reprogram somatic cells, producing induced pluripotent stem cells. Expression of LIN28 is highly restricted to embryonic stem cells and developing tissues. In human tumors, LIN28 is up-regulated and functions as an oncogene promoting malignant transformation and tumor progression. However, the mechanisms of transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of LIN28 are still largely unknown. To examine microRNAs (miRNAs) that repress LIN28 expression, a combined in silico prediction and miRNA library screening approach was used in the present study. Four miRNAs directly regulating LIN28 (let-7, mir-125, mir-9, and mir-30) were initially identified by this approach and further validated by quantitative RT-PCR, Western blot analysis, and a LIN28 3′-UTR reporter assay. We found that expression levels of these four miRNAs were clustered together and inversely correlated with LIN28 expression during embryonic stem cell differentiation. In addition, the expression of these miRNAs was remarkably lower in LIN28-positive tumor cells compared with LIN28-negative tumor cells. Importantly, we demonstrated that these miRNAs were able to regulate the expression and activity of let-7, mediated by LIN28. Taken together, our studies demonstrate that miRNAs let-7, mir-125, mir-9, and mir-30 directly repress LIN28 expression in embryonic stem and cancer cells. Global down-regulation of these miRNAs may be one of the mechanisms of LIN28 reactivation in human cancers.
Making Biology Teaching More “Graphic”

ABSTRACT In an age of enhanced visual technology, the use of visual supplements in the classroom has become increasingly effective in conveying information about complex biological concepts. What is more, many students feel the need to “see” concepts depicted in one form or another. Over many years of teaching biology at a university, I discovered the usefulness of incorporating simple, generic graphs into lectures and assignments to show relationships between assorted variables discussed in class. Here, I show how to illustrate a relationship between two vatiables on a single graph and integrate relationships for multiple related vatiables on a senes of “stacked” graphs. I also demonstrate how graphs can help make a distinction between two commonly confused concepts: negative correlation and negative feedback.
Cardiac output and blood flow distribution during rest and classical aversive conditioning in monkey.

Cardiac output was measured by dye dilution in rhesus monkeys (n = 9) during rest and classical aversive conditioning. A 1- min tone (followed by unavoidable electric shock) served as the conditional stimulus (CS +). Cardiac output was determined at approximately 30 sec before and after onset of CS +. Conditional increases in mean blood pressure (78± 11 to 84±11 mmHg. average±SD) and heart rate (145±23 to 166 ± 31/min) were associated with a significant (p<.01) increase in cardiac output (1.32 ± .25 to 1.69±.51 L/min) and decrease in total peripheral resistance (60.8 ± 13.7 to 53.1 ± 14.8 mmHg/L/min). There were no significant changes in these variables during a different tone (CS-) which was never followed by shock. Infusion of radio-labeled microspheres (5 monkeys) at 25-30 sec after CS + onset revealed a conditional increase (vs resting control) in flow to the diaphragm and certain other skeletal muscle; myocardial blood flow was not increased at this time. Flow decreased to the kidney, liver and pancreas. Elimination of the conditional increase in blood How to skeletal muscle following administration of propranolol (3 monkeys) suggests that the redistribution of cardiac output during “stress” may involve an active adrenergic vasodilation in the non-human primate.
Corporate communication: identity, image and reputation

Corporate communication represents an evolving area of study within the increasing puzzle of global growth in the 21st century. The theoretical history of public relations originated in North America and the UK pre the ubiquitous presents of technology and the internet. Since the 1950s numerous approaches and models of corporate communication have emerged. The focus of this study is to contribute to the development of a new theory of corporate constructs of identity, image and reputation, formulating competitive advantage with strategy formulation, within the framework of the new political economy – these economies do not operate in a vacuum and cannot; the economies of scale are directly interrelated as a global society.
Clinical experience and sexual function outcome of patients with priapism treated with penile cavernosal-dorsal vein shunt using saphenous vein graft.

Objectives To assess the outcome of new penile cavernosal-dorsal vein shunt using a saphenous vein graft. Traditional surgeries for priapism have high failure rate and subsequent impotence. Methods We reviewed the medical records of, and administered a questionnaire and the International Index of Erectile Function to, 16 consecutive patients with priapism who had treated with the penile cavernosal-dorsal vein shunt from 1997 to 2007. Their age was 15-65 years. The duration of ischemic priapism was 32 hours to 8 days. Ten patients had previously undergone shunt surgery by other urologists. Of the 16 patients, 5 returned the questionnaires. Results Priapism resolved or was improved after surgery in all 16 patients. One patient was lost to follow-up. One pediatric patient was excluded from the analysis. One patient with nonischemic priapism continued to have sexual intercourse. Of the 13 adult patients with ischemic priapism and follow-up for ≤6.5 years, 3 patients had no erection, 1 had very little erection, and 9 (69%) had erection. Of the 9 patients with erections possible, six had had sexual intercourse (International Index of Erectile Function score 32-70) and 3 had not; 1 had a mental disorder, 1 was in prison, and for 1, the reason was unknown. After surgery, color Doppler ultrasound studies showed a patent shunt in all patients and restoration of cavernosal arterial flow in 12 of 13 patients studied. Conclusions A penile cavernosal-dorsal shunt appears effective for priapism. It resulted in priapism resolution even in patients who had experienced a previous failed cavernosal-glandular shunt or cavernosal-spongiosal shunt, with a high rate of sexual function preservation.
FURTHER EXPERIMENTS WITH THE INTRADERMAL PNEUMOCOCCUS INFECTION IN RABBITS

1. The continuation of our experiments with intradermal Type I pneumococcus infection in rabbits has furnished further evidence of the marked analogies between this condition and that of human lobar pneumonia. 2. It has been found that the amount of antiserum necessary for successful therapy increases as the disease progresses, and that this progression has a definite mathematical character. Such a condition, it seems, can only be caused by a progressive accumulation of some toxic or antagonistic substance, the exact nature of which is not known. 3. Various lots of antipneumococcus sera have been tested for their therapeutic properties. The results from seven such sera show that this therapeutic value does not parallel the mouse-protective value. It is suggested that the rabbit technic may prove useful for the routine comparison and standardization of antipneumococcus sera since it represents a simple method for determining that property for which the serum is to be utilized. 4. The effect of non-specific therapy in this condition has been determined to be a transient disappearance from the blood stream of circulating organisms. This result was obtained with such heterologous materials as normal horse serum and typhoid vaccine but not with the homologous normal rabbit serum. 5. Rabbits recovering from the intradermal disease without treatment or with such inadequate treatment that the disease runs its normal course, were shown to have a definite though not permanent immunity. Cases in which the disease had been arrested at 24 hours by effective therapy with heterologous immune serum showed no immunity after the early disappearance of the passively administered elements. Cases which were brought to early recovery with immune homologous serum did show a definite immunity comparable to that which was developed in other animals as the result of an untreated course of the disease. 6. The immunity conferred by single and multiple vaccination is reported. The possibility of the application of such methods in the pneumonias of man is discussed and a method for such an application is suggested.
Cooperative ligation, back-bonding, and possible pyridine-pyridine interactions in tetrapyridine-vanadium(II): A visible and X-ray spectroscopic study

The binding of pyridine by V(II) in aqueous solution shows evidence for the late onset of cooperativity. The K(1) governing formation of [V(py)](2+) (lambda(max) = 404 nm, epsilon(max) = 1.43 +/- 0.3 M(-1) cm(-1)) was determined spectrophotometrically to be 11.0 +/- 0.3 M(-)(1), while K(1) for isonicotinamide was found to be 5.0 +/- 0.1 M(-1). These values are in the low range for 3d M(2+) ions and indicate that V(II).py back-bonding is not significant in the formation of the 1:1 complex. Titration of 10.5 mM V(II) with pyridine in aqueous solution showed an absorption plateau at about 1 M added pyridine, indicating a reaction terminus. Vanadium K-edge EXAFS analysis of 63 mM V(II) in 2 M pyridine solution revealed six first-shell N/O ligands at 2.14 A and 4 +/- 1 pyridine ligands per V(II). UV/vis absorption spectroscopy indicated that the same terminal V(II) species was present in both experiments. Model calculations showed that in the absence of back-bonding only 2.0 +/- 0.2 and 2.4 +/- 0.2 pyridine ligands would be present, respectively. Cooperativity in multistage binding of pyridine by [V(aq)](2+) is thus indicated. XAS K-edge spectroscopy of crystalline [V(O(3)SCF(3))(2)(py)(4)] and of V(II) in 2 M pyridine solution each exhibited the analogous 1s --> (5)E(g) and 1s --> (5)T(2g) transitions, at 5465.5 and 5467.5 eV, and 5465.2 and 5467.4 eV, respectively, consistent with the EXAFS analysis. In contrast, [V(py)(6)](PF(6))(2) and [V(H(2)O)(6)]SO(4) show four 1s --> 3d XAS transitions suggestive of a Jahn-Teller distorted excited state. Comparison of the M(II)[bond]N(py) bond lengths in V(II) and Fe(II) tetrapyridines shows that the V(II)[bond]N(py) distances are about 0.06 A shorter than predicted from ionic radii. For [VX(2)(R-py)(4)] (X = Cl(-), CF(3)SO(3)(-); R = 4-Et, H, 3-EtOOC), the E(1/2) values of the V(II)/V(III) couples correlate linearly with the Hammett sigma values of the R group. These findings indicate that pi back-bonding is important in [V(py)(4)](2+) even though absent in [V(py)](2+). The paramagnetism of [V(O(3)SCF(3))(2)(py)(4)] in CHCl(3), 3.8 +/- 0.2 mu(B), revealed that the onset of back-bonding is not accompanied by a spin change. Analysis of the geometries of V(II) and Fe(II) tetrapyridines indicates that the ubiquitous propeller motif accompanying tetrapyridine ligation may be due to eight dipole interactions arising from the juxtaposed C-H edges and pi clouds of adjoining ligands, worth about -6 kJ each. However, this is not the source of the cooperativity in the binding of multiple pyridines by V(II) because the same interactions are present in the Fe(II)-tetrapyridines, which do not show cooperative ligand binding. Cooperativity in the binding of pyridine by V(II) is then assigned by default to V(II)-pyridine back-bonding, which emerges only after the first pyridine is bound.
Stereospecific binding of 3H-phencyclidine in brain membranes

Phencyclidine (PCP) displaceable binding of 3H-PCP to glass-fiber filters was eliminated and total binding markedly reduced by initial treatment of the discs with 0.05% polyethyleneimine. Assessed with treated filters, unlabeled PCP displaced 3H-PCP in both rat and pigeon brain membranes with an EC50 of 1 μM. Of similar high inhibitory potency were dextrorphan, levorphanol, SKF 10047 and ketamine, while morphine, naloxone and etorphine had EC50 values higher then 1 mM. Using the dissociative anesthetic dexoxadrol and its inactive isomer levoxadrol as displacing agents, stereospecific binding of 3H-PCP was obtained in rat and pigeon brain membranes. The markedly higher potency of dexoxadrol, relative to levoxadrol, in displacing bound 3H-PCP is compatible with behavioral data for these enantiomers. However, they were equipotent in displacing 3H-PCP bound to glass-fiber filters in the absence of tissue. Heat denaturation, but not freezing, abolished stereospecific binding of 3H-PCP, which was also absent in rat liver membranes. The stereospecific binding component in brain displayed biphasic saturability at 60–70 nM and 300–400 nM, respectively.
The isotopic composition of diatom-bound nitrogen in Southern Ocean sediments

Treatment of diatom microfossils from Southern Ocean sediments with hot perchloric acid leaves a “diatom-bound” N fraction which is 0–4‰ lower in δ15N than the bulk sediment, typically 3‰ lower in recent Antarctic diatom ooze. Results from Southern Ocean surface sediments indicate that early diagenetic changes in bulk sediment N content and δ15N are not reflected in diatom-bound N, suggesting that diatom-bound N is physically protected from early diagenesis by the microfossil matrix. A meridional transect of multicores from the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean shows a northward increase in the δ15N of diatom-bound N, suggesting that diatom-bound δ15N, like bulk sedimentary δ15N, varies with nitrate utilization in the overlying surface waters. The δ15N of diatom-bound N is 3–4‰ higher in glacial age Antarctic sediments than in Holocene sediments, supporting the hypothesis, previously based on bulk sediment δ15N, that nitrate utilization in the surface Antarctic was higher during the last ice age. While there are important uncertainties, the inferred range of utilization changes could potentially explain the entire ∼80 ppm amplitude of observed glacial/interglacial variations in atmospheric CO2.
Effects of Organic Fertility Management on Physicochemical Properties and Sensory Quality of Diverse Rice Cultivars

ABSTRACT The demand for organically grown rice has increased with consumer demand for organic foods. The objective of this research was to determine whether there are physicochemical differences in organically and conventionally grown rice that contribute to flavor and texture differences, as determined by descriptive sensory analysis, an objective tool. Five diverse cultivars (four nonwaxy and one waxy) were grown at Beaumont, TX, with 100 or 50% recommended nitrogen fertilizer using conventional management or with chicken litter using organic management. Mean protein content differed significantly (P < 0.05) with fertilizer input, whereas mean apparent amylose and mineral contents (with few exceptions) did not differ. The mean protein content of each cultivar grown with the 100% N rate typically used was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of the cultivar grown organically or at the 50% N rate. The mean protein contents of the cultivars grown organically and at the 50% N rate did not significantly...
On Long Period Internal Oscillations in a Simple Ice Sheet Model

Some numerical experiments with a power law rheology ice sheet model were presented. Bedrock deformation under varying ice loading was incorporated in the simplest possible way.
Arabidopsis SHY2/IAA3 Inhibits Auxin-Regulated Gene Expression

In Arabidopsis, SHY2 encodes IAA3, a member of the auxin-induced Aux/IAA family. Gain-of-function mutations in SHY2/IAA3 cause enlarged cotyledons, short hypocotyls, and altered auxin-regulated root development. Here we show that the gain-of-function mutation shy2-2 decreases both the induction and repression of auxin-regulated genes, suggesting that SHY2/IAA3 acts as a negative regulator in auxin signaling. shy2-2 affects auxin induction of many previously characterized primary response genes, implying that it might repress primary auxin responses. In addition, shy2-2 also affects expression of multiple auxin-nonresponsive genes. Light regulates expression of SHY2/IAA3, suggesting a possible link between light and auxin response pathways.
Dentin Matrix Protein-1 Isoforms Promote Differential Cell Attachment and Migration

Dentin matrix protein-1 (DMP1), bone sialoprotein (BSP), and osteopontin (OPN) are three SIBLINGs (small integrin-binding ligand, N-linked glycoproteins) co-expressed/secreted by skeletal and active ductal epithelial cells. Although etiological mechanisms remain unclear, DMP1 is the only one of these three genes currently known to have mutations resulting in human disease, and yet it remains the least studied. All three contain the highly conserved integrin-binding tripeptide, RGD, and experiments comparing the cell attachment and haptotactic migration-enhancing properties of DMP1 to BSP and OPN were performed using human skeletal (MG63 and primary dental pulp cells) and salivary gland (HSG) cells. Mutation of any SIBLING's RGD destroyed all attachment and migration activity. Using itsαVβ5 integrin, HSG cells attached to BSP but not to DMP1 or OPN. However, HSG cells could not migrate onto BSP in a modified Boyden chamber assay. Expression of αVβ3 integrin enhanced HSG attachment to DMP1 and OPN and promoted haptotactic migration onto all three proteins. Interchanging the first four coding exons or the conserved amino acids adjacent to the RGD of DMP1 with corresponding sequences of BSP did not enhance the ability of DMP1 to bindαVβ5. For αVβ3-expressing cells, intact DMP1, its BMP1-cleaved C-terminal fragment, and exon six lacking all post-translational modifications worked equally well but the proteoglycan isoform of DMP1 had greatly reduced ability for cell attachment and migration. The sequence specificity of the proposed BMP1-cleavage site of DMP1 was verified by mutation analysis. Direct comparison of the three proteins showed that cells discriminate among these SIBLINGs and among DMP1 isoforms.
The Neural Correlates of Aversive Auditory Stimulation

Previous neuroimaging studies indicate that the human amygdala activates during exposure to aversive visual, olfactory and gustatory stimuli. To examine amygdala responses to aversive auditory stimuli, we exposed healthy human subjects to unpleasant sounds while regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was assayed with O-15 PET. Eight subjects, all of whom described themselves as reactive to aversive sounds, participated in the study. Relative to white noise, the aversive sounds produced significant rCBF increases in the lateral amygdala/claustrum region. Significant activations also localized to the dorsal brainstem, medial temporal pole, basal forebrain (nucleus accumbens), insula, right auditory association cortices, putamen, thalamus and cerebellum. These data indicate that the amygdala responds to aversive auditory stimuli in a manner similar to its response to unpleasant stimuli in other sensory modalities. The data further highlight a widely distributed network of cortical and subcortical areas activated during exposure to aversive sounds.
Flow shop scheduling with earliness, tardiness, and intermediate inventory holding costs

We consider the problem of scheduling customer orders in a flow shop with the objective of minimizing the sum of tardiness, earliness (finished goods inventory holding) and intermediate (work-in-process) inventory holding costs. We formulate this problem as an integer program, and based on approximate solutions to two di erent, but closely related, Dantzig-Wolfe reformulations, we develop heuristics to minimize the total cost. We exploit the duality between Dantzig-Wolfe reformulation and Lagrangian relaxation to enhance our heuristics. This combined approach enables us to develop two di erent lower bounds on the optimal integer solution, together with intuitive approaches for obtaining near-optimal feasible integer solutions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper that applies column generation to a scheduling problem with di erent types of strongly NP-hard pricing problems which are solved heuristically. The computational study demonstrates that our algorithms have a significant speed advantage over alternate methods, yield good lower bounds, and generate near-optimal feasible integer solutions for problem instances with many machines and a realistically large number of jobs.
Matching two perspective views

A computational approach to image matching is described. It uses multiple attributes associated with each image point to yield a generally overdetermined system of constraints, taking into account possible structural discontinuities and occlusions. In the algorithm implemented, intensity, edgeness, and cornerness attributes are used in conjunction with the constraints arising from intraregional smoothness, field continuity and discontinuity, and occlusions to compute dense displacement fields and occlusion maps along the pixel grids. The intensity, edgeness, and cornerness are invariant under rigid motion in the image plane. In order to cope with large disparities, a multiresolution multigrid structure is employed. Coarser level edgeness and cornerness measures are obtained by blurring the finer level measures. The algorithm has been tested on real-world scenes with depth discontinuities and occlusions. A special case of two-view matching is stereo matching, where the motion between two images is known. The algorithm can be easily specialized to perform stereo matching using the epipolar constraint. >
Characterizing spontaneous induction of Stx encoding phages using a selectable reporter system

Summary Shiga toxin (Stx) genes in Stx producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are encoded in prophages of the l family, such as H-19B. The subpopulation of STEC lysogens with induced prophages has been postulated to contribute significantly to Stx production and release. To study induced STEC, we developed a s electable in vivo e xpression t echnology, SIVET, a reporter system adapted from the RIVET system. The SIVET lysogen has a defective H-19B prophage encoding the TnpR resolvase gene downstream of the phage P R promoter and a cat gene with an inserted tet gene flanked by targets for the TnpR resolvase. Expression of resolvase results in excision of tet , restoring a functional cat gene; induced lysogens survive and are chloramphenicol resistant. Using SIVET we show that: (i) approximately 0.005% of the H-19B lysogens are spontaneously induced per generation during growth in LB. (ii) Variations in cellular physiology (e.g. RecA protein) rather than in levels of expressed repressor explain why members of a lysogen population are spontaneously induced. (iii) A greater fraction of lysogens with stx encoding prophages are induced compared to lysogens with non-Stx encoding prophages, suggesting increased sensitivity to inducing signal(s) has been selected in Stx encoding prophages. (iv) Only a small fraction of the lysogens in a culture spontaneously induce and when the lysogen carries two lambdoid prophages with different repressor/operators, 933W and H-19B, usually both prophages in the same cell are induced.
Oxidative stress and its implications in female infertility – a clinician's perspective

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have a role in the modulation of gamete quality and gamete interaction. Generation of ROS is inherent in spermatozoa and contaminating leukocytes. ROS influence spermatozoa, oocytes, embryos and their environment. Oxidative stress (OS) mediates peroxidative damage to the sperm membrane and induces nuclear DNA damage. ROS can modulate the fertilizing capabilities of the spermatozoa. There is extensive literature on OS and its role in male infertility and sperm DNA damage and its effects on assisted reproductive techniques. Evidence is accumulating on the role of ROS in female reproduction. Many animal and human studies have elucidated a role for ROS in oocyte development, maturation, follicular atresia, corpus luteum function and luteolysis. OS-mediated precipitation of pathologies in the female reproductive tract is similar to those involved in male infertility. OS influences the oocyte and embryo quality and thus the fertilization rates. ROS appears to play a significant role in the modulation of gamete interaction and also for successful fertilization to take place. ROS in culture media may impact post-fertilization development, i.e. cleavage rate, blastocyst yield and quality (indicators of assisted reproduction outcomes). OS is reported to affect both natural and assisted fertility. Antioxidant strategies should be able to intercept both extracellular and intracellular ROS. This review discusses the sources of ROS in media used in IVF-embryo transfer and strategies to overcome OS in oocyte in-vitro maturation, in-vitro culture and sperm preparation techniques.