cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nuclear Exclusion of Wild-Type p53 in Immortalized Human Retinoblastoma Cells

Background: Retinoblastoma is the most common childhood tumor of the eye, arising from cells that are defective in both copies of the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene (RB1). Most retinoblastoma tumor cells eventually undergo programmed cell death (i.e., apoptosis) ; however, some cells can acquire the ability to metastasize and become immortal. Transfection of immortal retinoblastoma cells with DNA sequences encoding wild-type p53 protein induces cell death, suggesting that the loss of both RB1 and p53 functions may be required for cell immortalization. We have examined this possibility by characterizing the p53 protein and messenger RNA in six independently isolated, immortalized retinoblastoma cell lines. Methods: Western blotting methods were used to assess p53 protein level in each cell line, and Cleavase Fragment-Length Polymorphism analysis of complementary DNAs was used to screen for mutations in p53 messenger RNA. Localization of p53 protein in cells of the immortalized lines and in specimens of retinoblastoma tumors was achieved by means of indirect immunofluorescence and immunocytochemistry, respectively. Results: All six immortalized cell lines expressed wild-type p53 messenger RNA and high levels of p53 protein. Although p53 is normally a nuclear protein, the p53 in four of the six cell lines was located predominately in the cytoplasm; in the remaining two cell lines, p53 was localized in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Cytoplasmic localization of p53 in retinoblastoma tumor specimens was rare and usually restricted to cells that had invaded adjacent ocular tissues, indicative of the early stages of metastasis. Conclusions: Some immortalized retinoblastoma cells may exhibit p53 dysfunction through nuclear exclusion of wild-type p53 protein.
Transmission line interpretation of the finite element mesh for a wave propagation problem

A one-dimensional exterior electromagnetic scattering problem is formulated using a differential equation approach followed by a finite element discretization. By interpreting the resulting linear algebraic equations as node voltage equations for a transmission line, a boundary element is obtained which satisfies the requirement of no wave reflection at the edge of the finite element region. Numerical results which show the elimination of non-physical standing waves from the scattered field are presented and discussed.
Comparison of aerobic and anaerobic methylation of mercuric chloride by San Francisco Bay sediments

Abstract The methylation of mercury under aerobic and anaerobic conditions was examined in three types of sediment collected from San Francisco Bay. The net amount of methylmercury produced under anaerobic conditions was greater than that found under aerobic conditions for all three sediments tested. The amount of organic matter in sediments greatly affected methylation capability. There are indications that methylmercury produced in anaerobic sediments is more stable than that produced in aerobic sediments.
Chicken Ovalbumin Upstream Promoter-Transcription Factor (COUP-TF) Modulates Expression of the Purkinje Cell Protein-2 Gene A POTENTIAL ROLE FOR COUP-TF IN REPRESSING PREMATURE THYROID HORMONE ACTION IN THE DEVELOPING BRAIN

Abstract The cerebellar Purkinje cell-specific PCP-2 gene is transcriptionally activated by thyroid hormone during the 2nd and 3rd weeks of postnatal life in the rat. In contrast, thyroid hormone has no detectable effects on PCP-2 expression in the fetal rat. We now present data that suggest that the orphan nuclear receptor chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter-transcription factor (COUP-TF) represses triiodothyronine (T3)-dependent transcriptional activation of PCP-2 in the immature Purkinje cell. Gel shift assays show that the PCP-2 A1TRE and adjoining sequences (−295/−199 region) bind to rat and mouse brain nucleoproteins in a developmentally regulated fashion and that one of these nucleoproteins could be the orphan nucleoprotein COUP-TF. In support of this hypothesis, in vitro translated COUP-TF binds to the −295/−199 region and COUP-TF represses T3-dependent activation of the PCP-2 promoter in transient transfection analyses. Finally, immunohistochemical studies reveal that COUP-TF is specifically expressed in the immature fetal and early neonatal Purkinje cell and that this expression diminishes coincident with thyroid hormone induction of PCP-2 expression. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the presence or absence of inhibitory proteins bound to the thyroid hormone response element of T3-responsive genes governs the responsivity of these genes to thyroid hormone during brain development.
Anti-Drug Crusades in Twentieth-Century China: Nationalism, History, and State-Building

Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Nationalism, Reform, and Anti-Opium Mobilization in Late Qing Chapter 3 Nationalism and the Anti-Drug Mobilization of the Shanghai Elite, 1924-1927 Chapter 4 Society Versus State: NAOA and Opium Policies of the Nationalists, 1927-1934 Chapter 5 The Six-Year Opium Suppression Plan and the New Life Movement Chapter 6 Nationalism, Identity, and State Building: Anti-Drug Crusades in the People's Republic, 1949-1952 Chapter 7 Facing drugs Again: Anti-Drug Discourse in Contemporary China Chapter 8 A "Peoples War" without People: Anti-Drug Campaigns in the 1990s Chapter 9 Anti-Drug Campaigns and Ethnic Minorities in Southwestern China: 1950s and 1990s Chapter 10 Conclusions Chapter 11 Notes Chapter 12 Bibliography Chapter 13 Index Chapter 14 About the Author
Comparison of predictive models for photovoltaic module performance

This paper examines three models used to estimate the performance of photovoltaic (PV) modules when the irradiances and PV cell temperatures are known. The results presented here were obtained by comparing modeled and measured maximum power (P m ) for PV modules that rely on different technologies. The models evaluated for estimating P m are (1) the power temperature coefficient model, (2) the PVFORM model, and (3) the bilinear interpolation model. These range from simple models with few input parameters to more complex models with more extensive PV module characterization procedures. NREL researchers determined modeling error statistics by comparing model estimates with measured PV performance data. A modification to the power temperature coefficient model was also evaluated that provided improved accuracy.
Comparing Batsmen across Different Eras: The Ends of the Distribution Justifying the Means

The debate over the quality of modern batsmanship in cricket parallels the debate over the disappearance of the 0.400 hitter in baseball. This paper shows that as bowling and fielding skills have improived over time, the best batting averages in cricket, which are in the right tail of the distribution, have declined. This does not imply poorer batting skills. Both decadal standard deviations and coefficients of variation reveal wider variations in batting averages in previous decades, especially the 1940s. The batting average actually measures batting skill in relation to bowling and fielding skills, the latter of which, it is argued, have improved over time. Therefore, by mistakenly interpreting the batting average as an absolute measure of batsmanship, cricket experts and fans under-appreciate the skill of modern batsmen. The paper attempts to make a meaningful comparison of modern batsmen to non-modern batsmen through use of the Z transformation.
The dialectics of immigrant ‘integration’ and marginality in industrialising America and post-industrial Europe

Immigration policies in Italy and Spain � even the restrictive policies put in place over the last several years � emphasise the importance of immigrant "integration". At the same time, immigrants are welcome largely on the grounds that they fill important niches in the labour market, such as low-end jobs in construction, agriculture, and domestic service, that locals shun. This article explores the relationship between immigrants� economic function in this southern flank of the European fortress, and their ability to integrate into the host society. Specifically, it argues that it is immigrants "otherness" that is their calling card � their passport � in these new countries of immigration, and that their full integration into Spanish and Italian societies presumably would spell an end to their utility as �others'. Further, it documents the difficulties of integrating those who are legally and economically marginalised and for whom that marginality is seen as their chief virtue. The author makes comparisons with "Americanisation" programmes in industrialising America and suggests that in both cases, the contradiction between the cheap labour of immigrants and the need to integrate them helps explain both the motivation for integration efforts and their complications.
How Processing Digital Elevation Models Can Affect Simulated Water Budgets

For regional models, the shallow water table surface is often used as a source/sink boundary condition, as model grid scale precludes simulation of the water table aquifer. This approach is appropriate when the water table surface is relatively stationary. Since water table surface maps are not readily available, the elevation of the water table used in model cells is estimated via a two-step process. First, a regression equation is developed using existing land and water table elevations from wells in the area. This equation is then used to predict the water table surface for each model cell using land surface elevation available from digital elevation models (DEM). Two methods of processing DEM for estimating the land surface for each cell are commonly used (value nearest the cell centroid or mean value in the cell). This article demonstrates how these two methods of DEM processing can affect the simulated water budget. For the example presented, approximately 20% more total flow through the aquifer system is simulated if the centroid value rather than the mean value is used. This is due to the one-third greater average ground water gradients associated with the centroid value than the mean value. The results will vary depending on the particular model area topography and cell size. The use of the mean DEM value in each model cell will result in a more conservative water budget and is more appropriate because the model cell water table value should be representative of the entire cell area, not the centroid of the model cell.
Application of diamond-like carbon film for microdynamic devices

For microdynamic devices, static friction is one of the important characteristics. Studies on silicon electric micromotors indicate that friction in the bearings and at the bushings can dissipate a significant fraction of the micromotor motive torque. The coefficient of static friction is 0.2-0.7 between silicon and silicon-compound contacts measured in ultra high vacuum (UHV), and those values vary with exposure to the different gases. To find a low friction coating material for microdynamic devices, the authors studied diamond-like carbon (DLC) film under the same measurement conditions. The results indicate that DLC films show potential as a low wear, friction reducing coating for microdynamic devices. >
Biopsies percutanées sous scopie : apport d’un logiciel de guidage en temps réel avec images fusionnées

Based on our preliminary experience with fluoroscopy-guided biopsy using a real-time 3D image fusion software, several biopsies may be performed in the interventional radiology suite as opposed to under CT guidance: percutaneous lung and bone biopsies are easily performed for lesions larger than 15 mm.
Timing and Strategies for Definitive Fixation After a Damage Control Frame

Damage control orthopedics is a technique to maximize patient survival in the short term. The techniques associated with damage control typically are not the most effective for producing good long-term outcomes. Effective damage control (DC) requires techniques that are effective in the short term and the long term. The treatment pattern typically requires conversion of the initial external fixation frame to some other form of definitive fixation. This chapter describes timing and strategies for that conversion.
MOPA Performance of Ti:Al2O3

Spaceborne remote sensing laser energy requirements exceed 1 joule per pulse for some applications. To meet this requirement, NASA Langley is currently investigating the operation of Ti:Al2O3 in Master Oscillator Power Amplifier (MOPA) configurations. Measurements of two important aspects of the power amplifier, gain and energy extraction, have been performed as a function of probe and pump fluences for the combinations of Gaussian pump with both circular and Gaussian probe beam profiles. In addition, the timing between the probe and pump pulses necessary for optimum extraction from the amplifier has been determined.
The Crystal Structures of Mg3N2and Zn3N2

The structures of Mg3N2and Zn3N2have been refined from neutron time-of-flight powder diffraction data. These compounds have the antibixbyite structure and are the first such to be fully refined. The space group isIa3,a=9.9528(1) A (Mg3N2) and 9.7691(1) A (Zn3N2). A revised bond valence parameter for Mg–N bonds is suggested.
Effect of long-term administration of narcissus alkaloid on Rauscher leukemia and combinations with standard drugs.

SummaryLong-term treatment with narcissus alkaloid (pseudolycorine or the residual alkaloid) at well tolerated doses was remarkably effective against established Rauscher leukemic mice, in comparison with standard antileukemic drugs. Combination of narcissus alkaloid with cyclophosphamide or 6-MP was more effective than the single administration of either drug, while combination with vincristine or interferon inducers (poly I:C or tilorone HCl) did not increase the effect. Narcissus alkaloid did not impair humoral antibody production in the leukemic mice, while the standard drugs were immunosuppressive during long-term administration. Also, narcissus alkaloid did not suppress interferon induction (by poly I:C) in leukemic mice.We thank Dr. M. A. Chirigos, NIH, for supplying Rauscher virus, antiviral testing by XC cell assay, and helpful advice; and Dr. P. A. Tavormina, Mead Johnson Res. Center, for supplying cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan).
Structure and function of mitochondria in irreversible hemorrhagic shock. II.

SummaryHeart mitochondria from dogs in irreversible hemorrhagic shock and from paired control animals were analyzed for protein, nitrogen and phosphate and their absorption spectra were compared. Similar analyses were done on water and perchloric acid extracts. The results indicate that, in shock, mitochondria accumulate abnormal amounts of phosphate, some of it in a form which is soluble in perchloric acid and reacts as inorganic phosphate under Fiske-Subbarow conditions. Simultaneously, some of the intramitochondrial proteins become more readily extractable with water.
Living across worlds and oceans – an introduction

‘I have no future in Ethiopia, … I've seen Europe on TV, and it's better.’**. Abdirizak Mohamed Mohamoud. Accessed January 21, 2016. http://www.irinnews.org/report/94279/ethiopia-cautionary-migrati...
A Quasi-Experiment Assessing the Effectiveness of TV Advertising Directed to Children:

A Quebec low eliminating advertising to children on Quebec TV stations left American border TV stations as the only source of TV commercials for toys and children's cereals. As a result, English-sp...
Understanding Urban High School Students of Color Motivation to Teach: Validating the FIT-Choice Scale

The Factors Influencing Teaching Choice (FIT-Choice) scale was completed by 86 high school students of color prior to beginning a class focusing on motivating students to become interested in teach...
Measurement of whole blood lead by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry

Objective:To measure the content of whole blood lead(PbB) by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry.Methods:The whole blood sample was acidified by 10% nitric acid,and measured by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer with zeeman effect background adjustment technology.Results:The standard curve was linear in the range of 0.0027～350 μg/L.The linear regression eqution: Y=0.00082X+0.0019,correlation coefficient r=0.9991.The determination limit of the method for PbB was 0.0027 μg/L,RSD5%,the measurement result of the control sample was satisfactory.Conclusion:The method is rapid,simple,accurate and good repeatable.
Analysis of Poliomyelitis and Measles Antibody Level Among in a Population Aged1～15y in Linquan in 2009

Objective To determine the level of poliomyelitis and measles antibody in population aged 1~15y in Linquan and to provide scientific evidence of poliomyelitis and measles prevention and control.Method 1159 serum samples from healthy individuals(1-15 years old) in Linquan were collected for the analysis of poliomyelitis and measles IgG antibody by the ELISA method.Result The sero-positive rate of poliomyelitis was 92.92%(1077/1159),The sero-positive rate of measles was 94.31%(1093/1159).The sero-positive rate of poliomyelitis and measles was insignificantly in districts.Conclusion Higher level of measles antibody was found in the people living in Linquan.Enhancement of poliomyelitis and measles vaccination program is required for control and prevention the disease.
Lhermitte–Duclos (Section Rare Tumors)

Lhermitte–Duclos disease (LDD), also known as dysplastic cerebellar gangliocytoma, is a rare mass lesion of the cerebellum. It was first described in 1920. The lesion may be part of a syndrome and associated with congenital malformations, such as megalencephaly, hemihypertrophy, partial gigantism, and polydactyly. Its nature is controversial, and the debate whether it represents a tumor, malformation, or hamartoma is still open.
Measurements of the third-order nonlinear susceptibility of AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructures using picosecond nondegenerate four-wave mixing in waveguides

Extensive studies have been carried out on the large optical nonlinearities associated with excitonic or band gap resonances in semiconductors.1 Together with these absorptive-resonance nonlinearities is a quasicontinuum or background nonlinearity that is small but not entirely negligible. The characteristic of this background nonlinearity is an ultrafast recovery time owing to its electronic origin. This work is concerned with measurement of this third-order nonlinear susceptibility χ(3) in AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructures using picosecond nondegenerate four-wave mixing in the waveguide configuration. The two key aspects of this study are the picosecond-scale time resolution that ensures that only the ultrafast nonlinearity, and not the carrierdependent long-lived effects, is measured and the large four-wave mixing signals that result from the long interaction distance in waveguides.2
In vitro reconstitution of septin assemblies on supported lipid bilayers

Septins are polymerizing eukaryotic proteins that play conserved roles in cell cortex organization and are essential in many cell types. How septin dynamics and protein-protein interactions determine their function at the plasma membrane remains a mystery. Here, we present a method for recapitulating septin polymerization and lipid interaction utilizing supported lipid bilayers to mimic the eukaryotic plasma membrane. Septins on supported lipid bilayers can be visualized with single-molecule sensitivity using total internal reflective fluorescence microscopy. Microscopy-based in vitro assays have revolutionized our understanding of actin, microtubules, and bacterial cytoskeletal systems, and will likely immediately advance our understanding of the septin proteins. As such, we hope that this technique will be adopted and widely utilized by those interested in uncovering septin properties and functions of septin interacting proteins.
Salivary Lymphocyte Responses Following Acute Anaerobic Exercise in a Cool Environment.

Carlson, LA, Lawrence, MA, LeCavalier, K, and Koch, AJ. Salivary lymphocyte responses following acute anaerobic exercise in a cool environment. J Strength Cond Res 31(5): 1236-1240, 2017-The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of anaerobic training on salivary lymphocytes (s-LYMPH), and further determine whether these responses differ between cool vs. thermoneutral environments. Nine lightly clothed (∼0.3 clo) volunteers (7/2 women/men: age, 21 ± 1 years; height, 168.7 ± 7.3 cm; weight, 66.4 ± 8.4 kg; body fat, 20.6 ± 7.6%) completed speed, agility, and quickness (SAQ) sessions in both warm (18.9° C; Biddeford) and cool (10.4° C; Thorsmork) temperatures. The SAQ sessions consisted of 3 trials of 20-m sprints, 40-m sprints, t-tests, and box drills, and two 300-yd shuttle runs in both conditions. Saliva samples via passive drool were collected at baseline, immediately postexercise, and after 2 hours of recovery. The s-LYMPH increased (p < 0.001) immediately postexercise, followed by a decrease (p < 0.001) below baseline values after 2 hours of recovery in both environments. The s-LYMPH counts were lower (p < 0.001) for the cool environment than for the thermoneutral environment. The s-LYMPH counts increased postexercise, followed by a decrease after 2 hours of recovery regardless of environment. Acute anaerobic exercise induced transient changes in s-LYMPH counts similar to that observed in peripheral blood. Compared with baseline measures, changes in s-LYMPH were of a smaller magnitude after exercise in the cool environment compared with thermoneutral environment. In summary, there is no indication that exercise in the cool environment presented a greater challenge to the subjects' immunity. Rather, these data indicate exercise in a cool environment produces smaller fluctuations in salivary immune cells compared with resting levels.
Paraneoplastic Cardiac Involvement in Renal Cell Carcinoma With Dermatomyositis Sine Dermatitis.

Background: Dermatomyositis is an idiopathic inflammatory myopathy that has been established as one of the many paraneoplastic phenomena. Cardiac involvement can occur with dermatomyositis but has rarely been reported in the literature because symptoms are usually subclinical. Case Report: A 72-year-old female presented with generalized weakness for 1 month after a recent diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma. Her weakness was attributed to a myopathic process that was identified as dermatomyositis after muscle biopsy. Laboratory tests revealed persistently elevated cardiac troponin I despite the absence of cardiac symptoms and a subsequent negative ischemic workup. After administration of intravenous steroids and treatment of the underlying renal cell carcinoma, the patient9s cardiac enzymes normalized, suggesting a paraneoplastic etiology of her cardiac manifestations. Conclusion: Cardiac involvement as a paraneoplastic process is a rare entity and can present with elevated troponin as shown in our case. Its underlying mechanism has not been clearly elucidated, but this case may shed some light on a new or unknown myocardial manifestation related to malignancy.
Jamming for allies: finding a formula for inclusive design exploration collaborations

This paper explores the potential of using game jams to engage with game developers in order to address issues related to inclusivity in games. Based on extensive critical analysis of local cooperative games, we have identified a number of issues in relation to how the socio-technical system (software, hardware, cultural norms, etc.) casts female players in restricted roles. These findings were used as input into two game jams where participants were tasked with creating game concepts that would address the inclusivity issues we identified. In this process, we discovered that it is difficult to simultaneously operate on a critical reflective level of analysis at the same time as engaging in concrete creative work. Changing the mix of voices - by inviting designers known for inclusivity advocacy and drastically increasing the number of female participants - allowed us to maintain the intended focus on the underlying issues more effectively in the second workshop. This, however, came at the expense of silencing less advocacy-inclined participants.
Graphic Standards: Status & Impact

There are many graphic related standards under development at this time. Their goals, status and schedules will be presented. The relationship between the standards and the topics of this conference will be explored. Sources for added information will be identified.
Novel molecular targets of resveratrol action in lung cancer

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 12-16, 2008; San Diego, CA 5459 Resveratrol, a naturally occurring antibacterial and antifungal compound produced by several plants, has been well documented to modulate cell cycle progression and exert antiproliferative as well as apoptotic effects on multiple cancers including lung. However, reseveratrol’s molecular mechanism of action in human lung cancer has not been fully elucidated. Therefore, we utilized dual protein and gene screening methodologies involving high-throughput immunoblotting (Power Blot) and Microarray gene expression profiling to determine novel molecules and molecular pathways regulated by resveratrol treatment in A549 human lung carcinoma cells. Comparative analysis of protein and gene expressions after resveratrol treatment identified alterations in several canonical pathways including cell cycle checkpoints, apoptosis cell death cascade pathways as well as the pathways regulating nuclear NFκB and the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase/c-jun-NH2 signaling. Most importantly, these two techniques concomitantly revealed the involvement of the transforming growth factor (TGFβ )/ Smad pathway in mediating resveratrol action in A549 human lung cancer cells. Resveratrol treatment resulted in the up-regulation of smad 7 mRNA expression, a repressor of TGFβ signaling. Conversely, the treatment down-regulated the mRNA expression of TGFβ signaling activators smads 2 and 4. Based on these observations and the fact that TGFβ has been shown to activate the anti-apoptotic PI3K/AKT pathway and induce EGF receptor expression in certain cell types, we investigated the effect of resveratrol treatment on the phosphorylation levels of AKT and its effect on protein expression of the EGF receptor (EGFR). Conventional western blot analysis determined that resveratrol treatment down-regulated the phosphorylation of AKT on threonine 308. Additionally, the results showed that resveratrol had no effect on the expression of EGFR protein levels in A549 cells. Taken together, our findings identify the TGFβ / Smad pathway as a novel molecular target of resveratrol action and imply an interaction with the PI3K/AKT pathway which will help in paving the way for defining resveratrol as an effective chemopreventive or chemotherapeutic agent for human lung cancer. (Supported by Philip Morris USA Inc. and Philip Morris International).
Deccan Trap Intrusion: Magma Mixing in the Chakhla-Delakhari Sill, Chhindwara District, Madhya Pradesh

Strong variations exist in compositions of olivine, plagioclase and pyroxenes within individual hand specimens of this differentiated sill. Such intergrain variations and zoning features were studied with the electron microprobe. These compositional variations can be explained by mixing between liquids that have undergone different degrees of differentiation at different parts of the sill. The mixing effect is illustrated with respect to phase equilibria in the anorthite-saturated surface forsterite-fayalitesilica in the system CaAl 2 Si 2 O 8 -Mg 2 SiO 4 -Pe 2 SiO 4 -SiO 2 . It appears that the mixing of these differentiated liquids has occurred along the surface pl + o1 + Ca-poor px + 1 in the natural multicomponent equivalent of the simple system.
Choosing a cancer surgeon: Analyzing factors in patient decision making using a best-worst scaling methodology.

6551 Background: Surgeon experience has been shown to influence outcomes for many types of cancer. The attributes and factors that patients utilize when selecting a hospital or surgeon for cancer t...
Immunotherapeutic Biomarkers and Selection Strategies

Immunotherapy has been one of the recent major breakthroughs in cancer therapy. The basic mechanism of immunotherapy agents is to facilitate the immune system to view cancer cells as a foreign presence. The recent success demonstrated by immune checkpoint inhibition in melanoma has launched a boom in immune checkpoint inhibitor trials in several different histologies, but these unfortunately have not shown the same outcome as melanoma. There still exists a significant gap to bridge in therapeutic improvement of these therapies, with patient selection still a major unresolved issue.
The modERN Resource: Genome-Wide Binding Profiles for Hundreds of Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans Transcription Factors

To develop a catalog of regulatory sites in two major model organisms, Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans, the modERN (model organism Encyclopedia of Regulatory Networks) consortium has systematically assayed the binding sites of transcription factors (TFs). Combined with data produced by our predecessor, modENCODE (Model Organism ENCyclopedia Of DNA Elements), we now have data for 262 TFs identifying 1.23 M sites in the fly genome and 217 TFs identifying 0.67 M sites in the worm genome. Because sites from different TFs are often overlapping and tightly clustered, they fall into 91,011 and 59,150 regions in the fly and worm, respectively, and these binding sites span as little as 8.7 and 5.8 Mb in the two organisms. Clusters with large numbers of sites (so-called high occupancy target, or HOT regions) predominantly associate with broadly expressed genes, whereas clusters containing sites from just a few factors are associated with genes expressed in tissue-specific patterns. All of the strains expressing GFP-tagged TFs are available at the stock centers, and the chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing data are available through the ENCODE Data Coordinating Center and also through a simple interface (http://epic.gs.washington.edu/modERN/) that facilitates rapid accessibility of processed data sets. These data will facilitate a vast number of scientific inquiries into the function of individual TFs in key developmental, metabolic, and defense and homeostatic regulatory pathways, as well as provide a broader perspective on how individual TFs work together in local networks and globally across the life spans of these two key model organisms.
Role of Surface Chemistry on Catalyst/Ionomer Interactions for Transition Metal–Nitrogen–Carbon Electrocatalysts

The role of the interaction between doped carbon-based materials and ionic conductors is essential in multiple technologies, from fuel cells and energy storage devices to conductive polymer composites. In this paper, we report how the surface chemistry of transition metal–nitrogen–carbon (MNC) electrocatalysts affects catalyst–ionomer interaction and the resulting structure of cathodes. The cathode structure resulting from these interactions is directly related to the performance in membrane electrode assembly (MEA) fuel cells. To advance the development of platinum group metal (PGM)-free electrodes for the oxygen reduction reaction it is necessary to understand the structure of the catalyst layers with focus on chemistry and distribution of active sites and ionomer morphology. To assess catalyst interaction with an ionomer, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is applied to study the chemistry of catalyst layers while density functional theory (DFT) is used to calculate adsorption energies of the ionomer sid...
Geochemistry and the origin of life

The origin of life on earth is examined from a viewpoint stressing the validity of the concept of chemical evolution. The different geological formations supporting the mechanisms of the theory are described; the stage of chemical evolution (preceding that of biological evolution) would have taken place from the time of the origin of the earth and meteorites, 4.6 billion years ago, to the early Precambrian period, about 3.2 billion years ago. Specific aspects of the problem discussed include amino acids from spark discharges and their comparison with the Murchison meteorite amino acids, the properties and theory of genesis of the carbonaceous complex within the cold Bokevelt meteorite, ammonion ion concentration in the primitive ocean, the oxygen isotope chemistry of ancient charts, the origin and rise of oxygen concentration in the earth's atmosphere, Precambrian microorganisms and evolutionary events prior to the origin of vascular plants, and biogenicity and significance of the oldest known stromatolites.
The role of retrieval practice in memory and analogical problem-solving:

Retrieval practice (e.g., testing) has been shown to facilitate long-term retention of information. In two experiments, we examine whether retrieval practice also facilitates use of the practised i...
Rapid and accurate parameter inference for coalescing, precessing compact binaries

Extending prior work by Pankow et al, we introduce RIFT, an algorithm to perform Rapid parameter Inference on gravitational wave sources via Iterative Fitting. We demonstrate this approach can correctly recover the parameters of coalescing compact binary systems, using detailed comparisons of RIFT to the well-tested LALInference software library. We provide several examples where the unique speed and flexibility of RIFT enables otherwise intractable or awkward parameter inference analyses, including (a) adopting either costly and novel models for outgoing gravitational waves; and (b) mixed approximations, each suitable to different parts of the compact binary parameter space. We demonstrate how \RIFT{} can be applied to binary neutron stars, both for parameter inference and direct constraints on the nuclear equation of state.
Limited Liability Companies and Voluntary Creditors: Reexamining the Abolishment of Veil Piercing

The confusion surrounding LLC veil piercing stems from numerous factors, including some courts’ seemingly blind application of corporate standards, and worse, some courts’ misunderstanding that the corporation and the LLC are not the same entity. Indeed, the LLC is a different entity than the corporation in both structure and purpose. Most notably, the LLC is primarily a creature of contract, thereby making it a highly customizable business entity. Further, the contractual nature of the LLC is also ideal for voluntary creditors because, by default, many LLC statutes, such as the Delaware Limited Liability Company Act (“DLLCA”), provide voluntary creditors with numerous contractual avenues to ensure repayment. Moreover, there are other important doctrinal differences between the corporation and the LLC, such as those involving fiduciary duties. Nonetheless, courts ignore many of the LLC’s special features in veil-piercing cases. This Article argues that courts and legislatures should prevent voluntary creditors from piercing the LLC veil. LLC statutes—including, most notably, the DLLCA—encourage freedom of contract, yet allowing voluntary creditors to pierce an LLC’s veil allows them to bargain for protection ex post. Moreover, the differences between the corporation’s and the LLC’s doctrines, structures, and purposes further support repeal.
Alcohol-Induced Myocardial Fibrosis in Metallothionein-Null Mice: Prevention by Zinc Supplementation

Alcohol-induced cardiomyopathy including fibrosis has been recognized clinically for a long time, but its pathogenesis is incompletely understood. Studies using experimental animals have not fully duplicated the pathological changes in humans, and animal models of alcoholic cardiac fibrosis are not available. In the present study, we have developed a mouse model in which cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis were produced in metallothionein-knockout (MT-KO) mice fed an alcohol-containing liquid diet for 2 months. The same alcohol feeding did not produce cardiac fibrosis in the wild-type (WT) control mice, although there was no difference in the alcohol-induced heart hypertrophy between the WT controls and the MT-KO mice. Zinc supplementation prevented cardiac fibrosis but did not affect heart hypertrophy in the alcohol-fed MT-KO mice, suggesting a specific link between zinc homeostasis and cardiac fibrosis. Serum creatine phosphokinase activity was significantly higher in the alcohol-administered MT-KO mice than in the WT mice, and zinc supplementation decreased serum creatine phosphokinase activities and eliminated the difference between the groups. Thus, disturbance in zinc homeostasis due to the lack of MT associates with alcohol-induced cardiac fibrosis and more severe cardiac injury, making the MT-KO mouse model of alcohol-induced cardiac fibrosis a useful tool to investigate specific factors involved in the alcoholic cardiomyopathy.
Post-transplant Cardiovascular Disease

Renal transplantation is the treatment modality of choice for virtually all suitable candidates with end-stage renal disease. Compared to dialysis, kidney transplantation improves both patient survival and quality of life. Studies suggest that the survival advantage of transplantation may be largely attributed to the reduction in cardiovascular disease (CVD) associated with the improvement in renal function following a successful renal transplant. In a retrospective analysis of the United States Renal Data System consisting of more than 60,000 adult primary kidney transplant recipients transplanted between 1995 and 2000 and more than 66,000 adult wait-listed patients over the same time period, Meier-Kriesche et al. demonstrated a progressive decrease in cardiovascular death rates by renal transplant vintage for both diabetic and non-diabetic recipients of both living and deceased donor transplants.
The Hsp90 Chaperone Machinery Acts at Protein Folding Clefts to Regulate Both Signaling Protein Function and Protein Quality Control

The Hsp90 chaperone machine functions as a ‘cradle-to-grave’ system for regulating the function, trafficking and turnover of a variety of key ‘client’ proteins that are involved in the genesis and progression of cancer, such as p53, RAF, ERBB2, AKT, and CDK4. The multiple effects of Hsp90 on signaling proteins issue from the focal interaction of the multichaperone machinery with protein folding clefts in natively folded proteins. Clefts in the client proteins that are stringently regulated by Hsp90 are inherently ‘metastable’ in that they open more readily. These metastable clefts are usually (or always) clefts that must open to bind ligands, such as steroids, heme, or ATP in the protein interior. The Hsp90 chaperone machine acts both to promote cleft opening and to limit further cleft opening by forming stable Hsp90 heterocomplexes with the client protein. By promoting cleft opening, the Hsp90 machinery regulates protein function. By forming stable client protein•Hsp90 heterocomplexes, the machinery performs its protein quality control function in preventing further cleft unfolding that triggers chaperone-dependent ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Natural mutations occurring in a variety of proteins associated with human malignancies affect the stability of protein folding clefts to convert them from weak to stringent regulation by Hsp90 and vice versa. Here, we use two well studied Hsp90 client proteins, the glucocorticoid receptor and nNOS, to illustrate how Hsp90 interacts with protein folding clefts to regulate protein activity and turnover
Multiphonon Absorption in the Chalcogenide Glasses As2S3 and GeS2

Semiconducting chalcogenide glasses generally exhibit a series of well defined multiphonon absorption peaks in the frequency region between about 400 and 4000 cm−1. Measurements of the frequency and temperature dependences of the one-phonon and multiphonon spectra in crystalline and glassy As2S3 and glassy GeS2 are compared with the predictions of a model calculation in which the anharmonic effects are approximated by a Morse potential. These calculations indicate that anharmonic contributions caused by nonlinearities in the dipole moment are significant in some chalcogenide glasses.
Optimal natural fracture realizations by minimizing least squared errors of distances from microseismic events

Abstract Hydraulic fracturing plays a crucial role for economic production from unconventional resources. Especially development of shale gas resources is highly dependent on this evolving technology. Meanwhile, advanced logging tools, microseismic mapping and well testing analysis revealed the presence of abundant natural fractures and the complex induced fracture network in their presence. Natural fractures may open during fracturing treatments and change the direction of fracture growth. Despite the significance of natural fractures in formation evaluation, reservoir modeling , fracturing design and notable advances in numerical modeling of fractured reservoirs, these modeling require a description of natural fractures, which is often impossible to obtain from seismic. This paper proposes an innovative optimization technique to estimate the geometry of natural fractures based on geophysical data. A constrained mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model is developed to compute and define possible optimal realizations of natural fractures from selected double-couple microseismic events, which will provide both geologist and reservoir engineers a robust tool for evaluating and modeling naturally fractured reservoirs. The objective of the MINLP problem was to minimize the total least squared errors of distance between microseismic events under different geodesic and technical design constraints. The performance and efficiency of the MINLP problem is tested through several instances. Computational results confirm to the expected numerical results obtained manually. An real example with field data is presented to show the model's computational capability.
Damage-Fitness Model: the missing piece in integrative stress models.

AbstractOver the last decade, several theoretical models have been put forth to describe how animals respond to adverse environments and how this response changes under different physiological dema...
Evolution of HCV NS3/4a Protease Inhibitors

HCV NS3/4a protease was identified as a target for drug discovery over 20 years ago. Cleavage products from substrate-based peptides provided the starting point for medicinal chemistry. However, their less-than-ideal properties as leads would make the path to orally bioavailable inhibitors a highly challenging one. Extensive optimization efforts by multiple groups led to inhibitors with reduced peptidic character in both reversible and slowly reversible covalent classes. Ten NS3/4a inhibitors have received regulatory approval to date starting with slowly reversible ketoamides boceprevir and telaprevir in 2011 for use in combination with interferon and ribavirin. Subsequently, reversible inhibitors that advanced into clinical studies from acyclic, P1–P3 macrocyclic, P2–P4 macrocyclic, and P1–P3/P2–P4 bismacrocyclic structural classes yielded seven approved drugs to date. The most recent approvals include multiple third-generation cross-genotype active compounds that also have improved activity against key NS3/4a resistance mutations at A156, R155, and D168. These compounds, including grazoprevir, glecaprevir, and voxilaprevir, can be used in interferon/ribavirin-free, direct-acting antiviral combinations with cure rates approaching 100% coupled with reduced duration of treatment. The evolution of inhibitor design leading to this successful outcome is discussed.
Novel Defense Strategy Against Zero-Dynamics Attack in Multi-Agent Systems

This paper considers the defense strategy of strategic topology switching for the second-order multi-agent system under zero-dynamics attack (ZDA) whose attack-starting time is allowed to be not the initial time. We first study the detectability of ZDA, which is a sufficient and necessary condition of switching topologies in detecting the attack. Based on the detectability, a Luenberger observer under switching topology is proposed to detect the stealthy attack. The primary advantages of the attack-detection algorithm are twofold: (i) in detecting ZDA, the algorithm allows the defender (system operator) to have no knowledge of the attack-starting time and the misbehaving agents (i.e., agents under attack); (ii) in tracking system in the absence of attacks, Luenberger observer has no constraint on the magnitudes of observer gains and the number of observed outputs, i.e., only one agent's observed output is sufficient. Simulations are provided to verify the effectiveness of the strategic topology-switching algorithm.
Quantifying the Benefits of Dynamic Partial Reconfiguration for Embedded Vision Applications

Dynamic partial reconfiguration (DPR) allows parts of an FPGA to be reprogrammed at runtime (i.e., repurposed). Though DPR has been supported by commercial devices and tools for more than a decade, it has been underutilized, perhaps, due to a shortage of demonstrated use-cases and quantified benefits over static FPGA mapping (without DPR). In this paper, we quantify the benefits of dynamic FPGA mapping (with DPR) over traditional static FPGA mapping for two vision applications deployed on systems with area/device cost, power or energy constraints (i.e., smart car and smart robot). In both applications, the FPGA needs to accelerate multiple tasks at 60 fps. However, all tasks are not required at the same time. In this work, instead of mapping all tasks statically on a large FPGA, the set of tasks needed at a given time is (1) repurposed on a smaller FPGA and (2) still meets the functional and performance requirements (i.e., 60 fps). In the two application examples, we show that dynamic mapping on smaller FPGAs reduces logic resource utilization by up to 3.2x, device cost by up to 10x, and power and energy consumption by up to 30% in comparison with static mapping on larger FPGAs. These benefits are crucial for applications deployed on systems where reducing area/device cost, power and energy is as important as meeting performance requirement.