cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antenna selection strategy for transmit beamforming-based joint radar-communication system

Abstract Antenna array-based joint radar-communication (JRC) system employs the beamforming strategy to steer the transmit signals in different directions such that different beamforming weight vectors are exploited which perform the corresponding radar-communication objectives. Such functionality has been provisioned in the spectrally congested environments where both systems are destined to coexist. The transmit antenna selection has become an increasingly interesting topic as the antennas become significantly cheaper and smaller relative to the up-conversion chains. In this paper, we address the problem of antenna selection for the JRC system by employing a re-weighted l 1 -norm minimization naturally yielding the low-complexity solution compared to the exhaustive l 0 -norm-based optimization. We present the mathematical framework for the proposed approach in the context of the individual as well as grouped beamforming weight vectors and analyze the practical applicability of the proposed approach for both cases. We argue that the grouped approach for optimizing the JRC antenna selection is hardware-efficient compared to the antenna selection for individual beamforming weight vectors. Simulation results illustrate that the proposed technique significantly reduces the number of required antennas while simultaneously satisfying the radar and communication system objectives.
免疫活性细胞对白念珠菌的反应

在真菌中,除浅部真菌外,念珠菌仍然是最常见的致病性真菌.由于它常在机体免疫机能受损情况下感染,又归为机会致病性真菌.引起致病的念珠菌一直以白念珠菌居首位,根据近年来的报道[1],引起念珠菌血症的除白念珠菌(40%～60%)外,其次为近平滑念珠菌(C.parapsilosis,20%～30%),热带念珠菌(C.tropicalis)和光滑念珠菌(C.glabrata,＜5%),有些念珠菌也偶能致病如克柔念珠菌(C.krusei).虽然抗真菌药多年来有所增新,如氟康唑(fluconazol)、伏力康唑(voriconazol)、米卡芬净(micarfungin)等,由于药物的毒性及菌株可能产生的耐药性,因此了解和认识机体对菌体的反应,提高宿主对念珠菌的免疫能力,是值得关注和深入研究的,由此也可进一步提高药物的疗效。
Varying presentations of COVID-19 in young heart transplant recipients: A case series.

BACKGROUND: Immunosuppression is considered a risk factor for more severe clinical presentation of COVID-19. Limited data regarding clinical outcome exist in adults, whereas very little is known about the spectrum of the disease in pediatric heart transplant recipients. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of young heart transplant patients from our tertiary care center during the coronavirus pandemic in New York City and identified patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. RESULTS: We present four cases with COVID-19 disease and elaborate on their presentation and clinical course. CONCLUSIONS: Although far from conclusive and limited by the small sample size and selection bias, these cases demonstrate mild and self-limited disease despite immunosuppressive therapy and various comorbidities that are expected to increase the severity of the clinical picture based on extrapolation from the adult experience with this novel disease.
Point-of-care detection, characterization, and removal of chocolate bloom using a handheld Raman spectrometer.

Chocolate bloom is an off-white coating on the surface of chocolate products due to the altered distribution of the ingredients. Bloom reduces the shelf-life of chocolate and affects its visual and tactile quality, all of which are serious concerns for chocolate manufacturers and consumers. The automated, rapid, and noninvasive point-of-care detection of chocolate bloom has been an essential but challenging problem. The ability to detect and characterize chocolate bloom using portable laser spectroscopy could be used to develop in-situ quality control sensors. In this work, a handheld Raman spectrometer was used to detect chocolate bloom. Raman spectra acquired from bloomed HERSHEY’S milk chocolate, Hawaiian Host milk chocolate covered macadamia nuts, and Babayevsky Russian dark chocolate were used to characterize the type of bloom. The 1064 nm laser beam of the handheld Raman instrument was used to partially remove the fat bloom of the dark chocolate and to induce sugar bloom on the milk chocolate. The handheld Raman approach has a high potential for industrial and consumer applications for the on-site chemical analysis of chocolate bloom and as an alternative laser-based chocolate decoration.
Monitoring detailed land surface changes from an airborne multispectral digital camera system

Reports results from a research project that is focussed on an airborne multispectral imaging system for efficiently deriving high spatial resolution information on changing environmental conditions of land surfaces. Specifically under analysis is a commercial system operated by Positive Systems, Inc. (PSI) called the Airborne Data Acquisition and Registration (ADAR). ADAR is based on the integration of multiple digital cameras, a Global Positioning System (GPS), and an in-flight computer. ADAR data acquired in a sensor test laboratory and over coastal marshes are analyzed. Radiometric characteristics and processing requirements are emphasized.
Varity: Quantifying Floating-Point Variations in HPC Systems Through Randomized Testing

Floating-point arithmetic can be confusing and it is sometimes misunderstood by programmers. While numerical reproducibility is desirable in HPC, it is often unachievable due to the different ways compilers treat floating-point arithmetic and generate code around it. This reproducibility problem is exacerbated in heterogeneous HPC systems where code can be executed on different floating-point hardware, e.g., a host and a device architecture, producing in some situations different numerical results. We present VARITY, a tool to quantify floatingpoint variations in heterogeneous HPC systems. Our approach generates random test programs for multiple architectures (host and device) using the compilers that are available in the system. Using differential testing, it compares floating-point results and identifies unexpected variations in the program results. The results can guide programmers in choosing the compilers that produce the most similar results in a system, which is useful when numerical reproducibility is critical. By running 50,000 experiments with Varity on a system with IBM POWER9 CPUs, NVIDIA V100 GPUs, and four compilers (gcc, clang, xl, and nvcc), we identify and document several programs that produce significantly different results for a given input when different compilers or architectures are used, even when a similar optimization level is used everywhere.
Flexible Polyurethane Foams from Epoxidized Vegetable Oils and a Bio-Based Diisocyanate

Bio-polyols from epoxidized soybean and linseed oils and caprylic acid or 3-phenyl butyric acid were prepared using an environmentally friendly, solvent-free method evaluating the presence of triethylamine as catalyst. Side reactions, leading to a cross-linking structure with high density, were reduced, introducing the catalyst and properly tuning the reaction conditions. A medium functionality value of around 3 along with a hydroxyl number up to around 90 mg KOH/g, narrow polydispersity index, and relatively low molecular mass up to 2400 g/mol were the experimental targets. From selected bio-polyols and an aliphatic partially bio-based isocyanate, a series of water blown polyurethane (PU) foams was produced, estimating the effect of the chemical nature of substituents in the polyol backbone on the PU properties. The apparent density of the foams was in the range of 79–113 kg/m3, with higher values for foams from the aromatic acid. Flexible polyurethane foams with open cell structure from bio-based polyols were obtained, with higher cavity size and lower pore sizes for foams from caprylic acid. The bio-based flexible PU foams showed comparable Young’s moduli (14–18 kPa) and compression deflection values (4.6–5.5 kPa) and exhibited an almost complete recovery of their initial size.
“A Fine, Sunshiny Night"::

The Third Franklin Expedition of the British Royal Navy set sail in 1845 in search of the Northwest Passage. There were no survivors of the expedition, and nearly all records associated with it were lost. This personal and textual disappearance severed the narrative control of those who participated in the expedition and sought to write about their experiences. This article examines the authorship and the authorial afterlife of Captain James Fitzjames, an officer of the Third Franklin Expedition, with an emphasis on the ways in which Fitzjames’ legacy has been contextualized and recontextualized across time, discourse, and format.
Mother of Modern Evangelicalism: The Life and Legacy of Henrietta Mears

There are things the soon-to-be-converted do not know. When a Cru (formerly Campus Crusade for Christ) member approaches a college student with a little booklet, the student is rarely prepared to e...
The DISCO study—Does Interventionalists' Sex impact Coronary Outcomes?

OBJECTIVES To examine the association of operator sex with appropriateness and outcomes of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). BACKGROUND Recent studies suggest that physician sex may impact outcomes for specific patient cohorts. There are no data evaluating the impact of operator sex on PCI outcomes. METHODS We studied the impact of operator sex on PCI outcome and appropriateness among all patients undergoing PCI between January 2010 and December 2017 at 48 non-federal hospitals in Michigan. We used logistic regression models to adjust for baseline risk among patients treated by male versus female operators in the primary analysis. RESULTS During this time, 18 female interventionalists and 385 male interventionalists had performed at least one PCI. Female interventionalists performed 6362 (2.7%) of 239,420 cases. There were no differences in the odds of mortality (1.48% vs. 1.56%, adjusted OR [aOR] 1.138, 95% CI: 0.891-1.452), acute kidney injury (3.42% vs. 3.28%, aOR 1.027, 95% CI: 0.819-1.288), transfusion (2.59% vs. 2.85%, aOR 1.168, 95% CI: 0.980-1.390) or major bleeding (0.95% vs. 1.07%, aOR 1.083, 95% CI: 0.825-1.420) between patients treated by female versus male interventionalist. While the absolute differences were small, PCIs performed by female interventional cardiologists were more frequently rated as appropriate (86.64% vs. 84.45%, p-value <0.0001). Female interventional cardiologists more frequently prescribed guideline-directed medical therapy. CONCLUSIONS We found no significant differences in risk-adjusted in-hospital outcomes between PCIs performed by female versus male interventional cardiologists in Michigan. Female interventional cardiologists more frequently performed PCI rated as appropriate and had a higher likelihood of prescribing guideline-directed medical therapy.
The causal effects of education on welfare participation in the US

This study provides new evidence on the long-term impact of education on welfare participation in the US. I exploit historical changes in child labor laws as an instrumental variable for education ...
Achieving Social Equity: From Problems to Solutions by Mary E. Guy and Sean A. McCandless

The recent publication of Achieving Social Equity: From Problems to Solutions, edited by Mary E. Guy and Sean A. McCandless (2020), sparks a move forward in the literature about social equity. To date, much of the literature on social equity has focused on its overall importance (see Frederickson, 2010), as well as the conditions of inequality within the discipline (see Bodkin & Fleming, 2019; Thomas, 2019) and within practice (see Blessett et al., 2019). Despite the attention that has been given to social equity, the National Academy of Public Administration recently included the need to foster social equity as one of the grand challenges for public administration (Gerton & Mitchell, 2019), suggesting it may be time to move the research on social equity into a new era. Guy and McCandless do just that. Rather than discussing the presence of social equity issues with public organizations, the text seeks to advance our understanding by connecting the literature on social equity with the practicality of the situations that administrators face. This is accomplished over a masterfully curated set of 13 chapters, each which focuses on a unique, but vital perspective on social equity.
Synthesis and stability of Sn(II)-containing perovskites: (Ba,SnII)HfIVO3 versus (Ba,SnII)SnIVO3

Abstract While Sn(II)-containing perovskite oxides have long drawn attention as Pb(II) substitutes in technologically-relevant dielectric materials, they are also highly thermodynamically unstable and potentially impossible to prepare. Investigations into the new flux-mediated syntheses of metastable Sn(II)-containing hafnate and stannate perovskites were aimed at understanding the key factors related to their synthesizability. The BaHfO3 perovskite was reacted with SnClF from 250 to 350 ​°C for 12–72 ​h, yielding an unprecedented Sn(II) concentration on the A-site of up to ~70 ​mol%, i.e., (Ba0.3Sn0.7)HfO3 in high purity. Elemental mapping using EDS shows the Sn(II) cations diffuse gradually throughout the crystallites, with two reaction cycles needed to give a nearly homogeneous distribution. In contrast, similar reactions with BaSnO3 and as little as 10 ​mol% Sn(II) result in decomposition to SnO, SnO2, and BaSnO3. The (Ba1-xSnx)HfO3 compositions exhibit a primary cubic perovskite structure (Pm 3 ¯ m; for x ​= ​1/3, 1/2 and 2/3) by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods, with the Sn(II) cations substituted on the A-site. Total energy calculations show the thermodynamic instability versus the ground state (i.e., metastability) for (Ba1-xSnx)HfO3 increases with Sn(II) substitution, reaching a maximum of ~446 ​meV atom−1 at ~70 ​mol% Sn(II). The decomposition pathway of (Ba1/3Sn2/3)HfO3 was probed by ex situ XRD as well as in situ electron microscopy methods. An onset of thermally-induced decomposition begins at ~350–400 ​°C to give the more stable oxides which are found to segregate out in surface layers. These results help to elucidate the factors underpinning the synthesizability of highly metastable Sn(II)-containing perovskites, which increases with their cohesive energy and with the absence of lower-energy polymorphs or other ground states that can be reached without significant ion diffusion.
Spatial interactions between sympatric carnivores: asymmetric avoidance of an intraguild predator.

Interactions between intraguild species that act as both competitors and predator–prey can be especially complex. We studied patterns of space use by the black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes), a prairie dog (Cynomys spp.) specialist, and the American badger (Taxidea taxus), a larger generalist carnivore that competes for prairie dogs and is known to kill ferrets. We expected that ferrets would spatially avoid badgers because of the risk of predation, that these patterns of avoidance might differ between sexes and age classes, and that the availability of food and space might influence these relationships. We used location data from 60 ferrets and 15 badgers to model the influence of extrinsic factors (prairie dog density and colony size) and intrinsic factors (sex, age) on patterns of space use by ferrets in relation to space use by different sex and age categories of badgers. We documented asymmetric patterns of avoidance of badgers by ferrets based on the sex of both species. Female ferrets avoided adult female badgers, but not male badgers, and male ferrets exhibited less avoidance than female ferrets. Additionally, avoidance decreased with increasing densities of prairie dogs. We suggest that intersexual differences in space use by badgers create varying distributions of predation risk that are perceived by the smaller carnivore (ferrets) and that females respond more sensitively than males to that risk. This work advances understanding about how competing species coexist and suggests that including information on both intrinsic and extrinsic factors might improve our understanding of behavioral interactions between sympatric species.
Magnetohydrodynamic Flows in Accretion Disks and Jets

The ordered magnetic fields in accretion disks around black-holes and stars may have a direct role in the formation of the narrow jets seen in many extra-galactic radio sources and infra-red bipolar sources. An overview is given of recent theoretical work on magnetohydrodrynamics of accretion disks and on the magnetic mechanism for the formation and collimation of narrow jets.
Moving Psychopathology Forward

Vaidyanathan, Vrieze, and Iacono (this issue) offer provocative proposals for the striking lack of progress, after decades of basic and clinical research, in understanding the etiology of psychopat...
Test of Genetic Heterogeneity of Cleft Lip With or Without Cleft Palate as Related to Race and Severity

The question of possible heterogeneity among population groups and phenotypic groups on the role of major gene in the etiology of cleft lip with or without cleft palate [CL(P)] was examined using the uniformly collected data in Hawaii. Complex segregation analysis was used to analyze patterns of family resemblance under the mixed model incorporating the effects of major gene and multifactorial inheritance. Analysis of the entire data showed superior fit of the mixed model including the effects of both major gene and multifactorial inheritance over the model of major gene alone or multifactorial inheritance alone. No significant heterogeneity could be detected between the high-incidence group (Oriental or Japanese) and the low-incidence group (non-Oriental) in the underlying general model, although higher heritability was observed in general. When families were classified into “severe” and “mild” phenotypes based on cleft lip vs. cleft lip and palate or unilateral vs. bilateral cleft in the proband, no significant differences could be detected between the two types in the underlying genetic model.
Observation of Squeezing in the Phase-Dependent Fluorescence Spectra of Two-Level Atoms

We observe squeezing in the phase-dependent fluorescence spectra of two-level atoms that are coherently driven by a near-resonant laser field in free space. In contrast to previous predictions that emphasized the in- and out-of-phase quadratures, we find that maximum squeezing occurs for homodyne detection at a phase near $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}{45}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ relative to the exciting field. A new physical picture of phase-dependent noise is developed that incorporates quantum collapses into a Bloch vector model and yields a very simple form for the complete squeezing spectrum.
Mutagenicity of metronidazole: activation by mammalian liver microsomes.

Abstract The mutagenicity of metronidazole, a widely used chemotherapeutic agent, for Salmonella typhimurium was confirmed. Moreover using a mutant of of S. typhimurium unable to activate metronidazole to a genetically active metabolite, it is shown that this activation can be carried out by a microsomal preparation devived from rat liver. Heretofore it had been postulated that this metabolic event was catalyzed solely by enzymes present in protozoa and anaerobic bacteria. The present findings which indicate that mammalian enzymes can activate metronidazole to a genetically active intermediate may have a direct relevance to the carcinogenicity of this agent.
Estimates of initial conditions of parabolic equations and inequalities via lateral Cauchy data

A parabolic equation and, more generally, parabolic inequality is considered in the cylinder QT = Ω × (0, T), where Ω ⊂ Rn is a bounded domain. Cauchy data, i.e., both Dirichlet and Neumann data are given at the lateral surface ST = ∂Ω × (0, T). Logarithmic stability estimates are obtained for the unknown initial condition at {t = 0}. These estimates enable one to establish the convergence rate of a numerical method for the inverse problem of the determination of that initial condition.
Computed Tomographic Scans in Patients With Schizophrenia, Schizoaffective, and Bipolar Affective Disorder

Computed tomographic (CT) scans of 28 chronic schizophrenic patients, 15 chronic schizoaffective patients, and 19 patients with bipolar affective disorder were compared on three measures: ventricular size, sulcal prominence (cortical atrophy), and cerebellar atrophy. Because the patients with bipolar disorder were older, measures were adjusted by controlling for age statistically or excluding patients over age 50 years. After age correction, there were no significant differences across diagnostic groups. Each group contained some subjects with enlarged ventricles, sulcal prominence, and/or cerebellar atrophy. The similarity of CT scan results across the three groups argues against ascribing these abnormalities to any one psychiatric disorder or to a specific drug effect. Sampling effects and the possibility of differential causes of the findings in the different diagnostic groups must be considered. Examination of the correlations of these three CT scan measures found them to be significantly related to each other. Age correlated with all measures when patients over age 50 years were included in the analysis, but not for patients aged 50 years and younger.
Comparison of Swab and Sponge Methodologies for Identification of Acinetobacter baumannii from the Hospital Environment

The ideal sampling method for identification of Acinetobacter baumannii from the health care environment is unknown. In this study, we sampled 145 surfaces in the rooms of patients with known A. baumannii colonization/infection, comparing two methods: swab and sponge. The sensitivity of the swab method was 87%, while the sensitivity of the sponge method was 75%. Given the comparable results, use of the cheaper and less laborious swab technique is acceptable and may be preferable.
The Pearson Score Statistic for Multinomial-Poisson Models

The score statistic S2 is commonly used for general likelihood-based inference. Pearson’s Chi-squared statistic X2 = ∑(O − E)2/E is ubiquitous in contingency table inference. Because tests and confidence intervals based on S2 have been shown to work well in practice and theory and because X2 has such a simple and intuitively appealing form, it is of interest to know when S2 is identical to X2 and when X2 has an approximate Chi-squared distribution. Toward these ends, this paper gives a simple proof that S2 = X2 for the broad class of multinomial-Poisson distributions when the alternative hypothesis is unrestricted in a certain sense. This paper also gives a sufficient condition under which the null distribution of the Pearson score statistic is approximately Chi-squared. Several examples illustrate the utility of the results and counter-examples highlight the importance of the sufficient conditions of the results.
Solubilization and assay of an hepatic receptor for the haptoglobin--hemoglobin complex.

Abstract Hemoglobin released into the bloodstream is tightly bound by haptoglobin. The resulting complex (HpHb) is promptly cleared from the circulation and accumulates in the liver. A binding protein with a high affinity for HpHb has been solubilized from an acetone powder of rat liver and freed from an endogenous inhibitor by passage over a column of immobilized hemoglobin. An assay procedure has been developed whereby the bound HpHb is selectively precipitated by polyethylene glycol 6000. Employing this assay, the binding reaction was shown to be linear and saturable with respect to the ligand. In contrast to several previously described receptors for glycoproteins, the carbohydrate moiety of haptoglobin did not appear to participate in the binding of HpHb by the soluble receptor.
Complexes of Osmium with the 2-[(Diphenylphosphanyl)-methyl]-pyridine Ligand†

We report new osmium complexes based upon the 2-[(diphenylphosphanyl)-methyl]-pyridine ligand. Hexafluorophosphate salts of bis(3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenantholine)(2-[(diphenylphosphanyl)-methyl]-pyridine)osmium(II) (1), and bis(2-[(diphenylphosphanyl)-methyl]-pyridine)(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenantholine)osmium(II) (2) have been synthesized, and X-ray structures have been obtained. Indexing and unit cell refinement of both 1 and 2 indicated a monoclinic P lattice. The space groups were found to be P1 (No. 2) and P21/c, respectively. Both 1 and 2 were found to have the same emission at 645 nm despite the differences in structure. Through density functional theory (DFT) calculations we were able to conclude that the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of the complexes is the dxy orbital on the osmium, while the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) is the b1(Ψ)π* system of the phenanthroline. However, we found that dxy did not have the correct orientation to enable charge transfer to the phenan...
Stationary anomalies in stratospheric meteorological data sets

Several northern hemisphere stratospheric meteorological data sets are shown to contain stationary anomalies. We consider four possible explanations for the anomalies: 1) real stationary-wave features; 2) biases in the analysis and assimilation methods; 3) errors in data input into the analysis and assimilation systems; and 4) tidal signals that are undersampled in the daily analyses. Because the easterly flow in the summer stratosphere is not consistent with stationary waves and the anomalies are present in multiple analyses, we conclude that the anomalies are a combination of biases in the input data and tidal signals that are aliased to zero frequency by daily sampling. Because the anomalies are large, they can have significant impacts on many applications of the data, including trajectories and chemical transport calculations.
Cellulase and Abscission in the Red Kidney Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris).

Cellulase (β-1, 4-glucan-glucanohydrolase EC 3.2.1.4) activity in the abscission zone of red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) was previously shown to exist in at least two different molecular forms. The form of the enzyme which has an isoelectric point of 4.5 is present in both abscising and nonabscising tissue and requires grinding for extraction. Another form of the enzyme which has an isoelectric point of 9.5 is present only in tissue in which the abscission process has been induced. Further, much of this form of cellulase can be removed from the tissue by vacuum infiltration with buffer. Time course studies indicate that while the increase in measurable cellulase activity in tissue which is actively undergoing abscission was due primarily to the appearance of cellulase 9.5, this form of the enzyme cannot be removed by vacuum infiltration until after the breakstrength of the abscission zone has decreased nearly to zero. The intracellular localization of these two forms of cellulase is discussed.
Flexible Infections: Computer Viruses, Human Bodies, Nation-States, Evolutionary Capitalism:

This article analyzes computer security rhetoric, particularly in the United States, arguing that dominant cultural understandings of immunology, sexuality, legality, citizenship, and capitalism po...
Temporal Formation of Distinct Thyroid Hormone Receptor Coactivator Complexes in HeLa Cells

Thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) regulate transcription by recruiting distinct coregulatory complexes to target gene promoters. Coactivators implicated in ligand-dependent activation by TR include p300, the CREB-binding protein (CBP), members of the p160/SRC family, and the multisubunit TR-associated protein (TRAP) complex. Using a stable TR-expressing HeLa cell line, we show that interaction of TR with members of the p160/SRC family, CBP, and the p300/CBP-associated factor (PCAF) occurs rapidly (approximately 10 min) following addition of thyroid hormone (T3). In close agreement with these observations, we find that TR is associated with potent histone acetyltransferase activity rapidly following T3-treatment. By contrast, we observe that formation of TR-TRAP complexes occurs significantly later (approximately 3 h) post T3 treatment. An examination of the kinetics of T3-induced gene expression in HeLa cells reveals bimodal or delayed activation on specific T3-responsive promoters. Taken together, our data are consistent with the hypothesis that T3-dependent activation at specific target promoters may involve the regulated action of multiple TR-coactivator complexes.
Personal Knowledge Advantage Machine: Pervasive Methods for Semantic Information Retrieval

We present a new framework for visualization and retrieval of knowledge organized as a personal semantic web. This framework is an extension of other semantic web technologies and aims to achieve a fast, elegant solution to carrying your knowledge with you. The architecture described has been developed on the Google Android platform and embedded OpenGL. We call this a Personal Knowledge Advantage Machine (pKaM) as it is designed to access a personalized semantic network using a user-specific ontology. This also includes a graphical browser which enables a user visualize the portion of the semantic network that is relevant to the specific user context.
Falls Among Older Adults: A Public Health Concern

The risk of falling increases with advancing age, and falls in older adults are associated with immediate serious consequences, such as fractures and head injuries, as well as longer-term problems,...
Efficient quantum circuits for arbitrary sparse unitaries

Arbitrary exponentially large unitaries cannot be implemented efficiently by quantum circuits. However, we show that quantum circuits can efficiently implement any unitary provided it has at most polynomially many nonzero entries in any row or column, and these entries are efficiently computable. One can formulate a model of computation based on the composition of sparse unitaries which includes the quantum Turing machine model, the quantum circuit model, anyonic models, permutational quantum computation, and discrete time quantum walks as special cases. Thus, we obtain a simple unified proof that these models are all contained in BQP. Furthermore, our general method for implementing sparse unitaries simplifies several existing quantum algorithms.
Differential Susceptibility of Human Cells to Transformation by Murine and Avian Sarcoma Viruses

AbstractThe susceptibility to Kirsten murine sarcoma virus (Ki-MSV) and Schmidt-Ruppin strain of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV-SR) transformation of cultured skin fibroblasts derived from hereditary adenomatosis of the colon and rectum (ACR), its Gardner's syndrome (GS) variant, and unrelated age and sex-matched controls was examined. Human skin fibroblasts from ACR and GS individuals were highly susceptible to transformation by Ki-MSV but not susceptible to RSV-SR transformation. However, the human osteosarcoma (HOS) clonal cells (TE-85 clone F-5), known to be sensitive to Ki-MSV transformation, could also be readily transformed by RSV-SR. The RSV-SR-transformed cells formed large cell aggregates and grew in this aggregate form when suspended in liquid growth medium above an agar base, formed colonies in soft agar with high efficiency, and grew to high saturation densities while the uninfected cells did not. The transformed cells produced tumors when transplanted subcutaneously into nude mice. The morphologica...
Spin structure functions in neutrino scattering experiments

Abstract Neutrino scattering experiments using high-intensity neutrino sources can provide useful information to understand the spin structure of the nucleon. Individual quark contributions to the nucleon spin can be disentangled. Gluon contribution to the nucleon spin can be also studied. A thin polarized target comprised of iced HD is proposed.
Improving the performance of speculatively parallel applications on the Hydra CMP

Abstract : Hydra is a chip multiprocessor (CMP) with integrated support for thread-level speculation. Thread-level speculation provides a way to parallelize sequential programs without the need for data dependence analysis or synchronization. This makes it possible to parallelize applications for which static memory dependence analysis is difficult or impossible. While performance of the baseline Hydra system on applications with significant amounts of medium to large grain parallelism is good, the performance on integer applications with fine-grained parallelism can be poor. In this paper, we describe a collection of software and hardware techniques for improving speculation performance of the Hydra CMP. These techniques focus on reducing the overheads associated with speculation and improving the speculation behavior of the applications using code restructuring. When these techniques are applied to a set of ten integer, multimedia and floating-point bench-marks, significant performance improvements result.
Major histocompatibility complex regulation of the immune response

The ability of an organism to distinguish self from nonself is determined by a cluster of genes located in the major histocompatibility complex. Recent advances in molecular genetics and cellular immunology have begun to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for immune response regulation. In this review article, the genetic organization of the murine and human major histocompatibility complexes and the manner by which their gene products modulate immune responsiveness are discussed.
Measurement of the Refractive Index and Estimate of the Order Parameter in Oriented Liquid Crystals

Abstract The refractive indices of a cholesteric liquid crystal, cholesteryl dodecyl carbonate (CDC), and a smectic liquid crystal, p-n-octoxybenzilidene-p-n-butylaniline (OOBBA), have been measured as a function of temperature in the transition temperature regions. The measurements were made on oriented liquid crystals with an Abbe refractometer. By combining the data on ordinary and extraordinary refractive indices, the relative order parameter, αaS/α, is plotted as a function of temperature. The behavior of the order parameter near the cholesteric to isotropic transition of CDC is similar to a nematic liquid crystal, whereas, the order parameter in OOBBA shows only a slight temperature variation like many solids.
By the Numbers: Does Circulating Tumor Cell Enumeration Have a Role in Metastatic Breast Cancer?

A 63-year-old postmenopausal woman was diagnosed with stage II (pT2N0M0), hormone receptor–positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2–negative breast cancer 9 years ago. Her treatment course included breast-conserving local therapy, four cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy with doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide, and 5 years of anastrozole. She developed persistent pain in the left hip 2 years after completing adjuvant endocrine therapy. Radiographic studies identified lesions in the left proximal femur and multiple vertebral bodies consistent with skeletal metastases. She started fulvestrant in addition to bone-modifying therapy with zoledronic acid. After 16 months, a nuclear medicine bone scan indicated likely progression in the bone metastases, prompting a switch to exemestane as second-line endocrine therapy. Six months later, a repeat bone scan identified new findings in the right humerus and scapula. Capecitabine was started as first-line chemotherapy at 1,500 mg orally twice per day for 14 days on a 21-day cycle. The patient presents for a routine evaluation after three cycles of capecitabine and reports chronic waxing and waning discomfort in the left hip with weight bearing; left-sided-rib acute pain after she caught her grandson falling off the bed; and progressive dysesthesias, erythema, and capecitabine-related skin thickening and cracking on the palms and soles. A restaging bone scan reveals increased radiotracer activity in the left sixth rib and at the known lesions in the right humerus and right scapula. Computed tomography scans demonstrate increased focal sclerosis in the right scapula, indicative of either disease progression or treatment response. Plain radiographs identify a subtle fracture of the left sixth rib in the midclavicular line. Serum alkaline phosphatase is borderline increased, and the cancer antigen (CA) 27.29 has fluctuated in the range of 20 to 30 U/mL since she first presented with metastatic disease. On the basis of the new left rib discomfort and the bothersome toxicity from capecitabine, she inquires whether a change in systemic therapy is indicated.
Differential recovery of sensorimotor function in GM1 ganglioside-treated vs. spontaneously recovered MPTP-treated cats : partial striatal dopaminergic reinnervation vs. neurochemical compensation

Administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) to cats results in a parkinsonian syndrome characterized by rigidity, akinesia, bradykinesia, decreased response to external sensory stimuli and depletion of nigrostriatal dopamine. Cats spontaneously recover gross sensorimotor functions despite little recovery of the dopaminergic innervation of the striatum. In contrast, GM1 ganglioside administration accelerates gross behavioral recovery and causes an increased dopaminergic innervation of the striatum. This study examined whether these two recovery conditions are characterized by different degrees of functional recovery. Cats were trained to perform a sensorimotor reaching task prior to MPTP exposure and were then re-tested on the task 6 weeks later after spontaneously recovering gross motor functioning or after 6 weeks of GM1 treatment. Gross motor recovery was similar in both groups. However, the spontaneously recovered cats had significant difficulty in performing the task while GM1-treated cats performed normally. GM1-treated cats also had significant increases in striatal [3H]mazindol binding compared to spontaneously recovered cats. These results suggest that while gross motor functions may improve to a similar extent with spontaneous and GM1-induced recovery from experimental parkinsonism, complex sensorimotor behavior recovers to different extents under the different recovery conditions. More complete behavioral recovery may depend upon at least a partial recovery of striatal dopaminergic terminals rather than neurochemical compensation.
Analytical solution to mass transfer in laminar flow in hollow fiber with heterogeneous chemical reaction

Abstract Using a regular perturbation technique, an analytical solution is reached for laminar flow mass transfer in hollow fibers containing a chemical reaction. Specifically, the nonlinear boundary condition resulting from the heterogeneous chemical reaction is expanded in an infinite series. This motivates the perturbation technique used to recast the nonlinear system into a series of linear systems. Analytical solutions to some of these linear systems have been published. This result is useful in evaluating the enhancement in separation that is obtainable in facilitated membrane processes.
Concentration fluctuations in adsorbed layers

The temperature and coverage dependence of the mean square concentration fluctuations in a small open domain of an adsorbed layer is discussed for various situations. It is shown that fluctuations decrease with increasing temperature and reach a limiting value when attractive interactions predominate, but increase and reach a limiting value when repulsive interactions predominate, if a single non-ideal two -dimensional phase exists. Deviations from ideal gas behavior are strongest at half coverage. At very low coverage (low particle concentration) and very high coverage (low hole concentration) ideal behavior is approached. If the layer consists of a two phase system, for instance a two-dimensional liquid or solid in equilibrium with a two-dimensional gas, fluctuations far below the critical temperature are dominated by fluctuations in the partition between phases. As the critical temperature is approached fluctuations first decrease because the mean concentrations in the two phases approach each other, and then increase very sharply near Tc. Detailed calculations for the single phase situation are given for several approximations: a dilute gas; a mean field approximation; a lattice gas in both the Bragg-Williams and the BethePeierls-Weiss approximations. The latter which takes some account of correlations between adsorbate particle positions seems to explain reasonably the presently available experimental observations on chemisorbed layers.
The effect of somatostatin on striatal catecholamines.

Abstract Somatostatin and several analogues were injected into rat striatum and their effects on dopamine, serotonin and their metabolites were examined at 1 h. Somatostatin induced a dose-dependent increase in dopamine turnover in the ipsilateral striatum accompanied by a reduction in turnover on the contralateral side. There was no effect on serotonin turnover. Long-acting somatostatin analogues ( d -Trp-8-somatostatin, SMS-201-995) had similar effects. These results suggest that somatostatin is involved in local regulation of striatal dopaminergic transmission and that it plays a role in regulation of dopamine release in the contralateral striatum
Multiple genetic abnormalities of 11p15 in Wilms' tumor.

Wilms' tumor has served as a model of multiple genetic alterations in childhood cancer. This review summarizes work in our laboratory identifying several of these alterations. These include the localization to 11p15 of an embryonal tumor suppressor gene and at least one gene for Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, which predisposes to Wilms' tumor; as well as a novel mutational mechanism in man, loss of imprinting. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and comparative biological evaluation of L- and D-isomers of 18F-labeled fluoroalkyl phenylalanine derivatives as tumor imaging agents.

Abstract Introduction l-Amino acid-based tracers have established their important role as tumor metabolic imaging agents. Recently, a number of studies demonstrated that d-amino acids may have improved imaging properties than their corresponding l-isomers. We synthesized and evaluated the d-isomer of a new phenylalanine derivative, p -(2-[ 18 F]fluoroethyl)-phenylalanine ([ 18 F]FEP), in comparison to its l-isomer and previously reported the l- and d-isomers of O -(2-[ 18 F]fluoroethyl)-tyrosine ([ 18 F]FET). Methods l- and d-Isomers of [ 18 F]FET and [ 18 F]FEP were successfully synthesized via a rapid and efficient two-step nucleophilic fluorination and deprotection reaction. In vitro studies were carried out in 9L glioma cells. In in vivo studies, Fisher 344 rats bearing the 9L tumor model were used. Results l- and d-Isomers of 18 F-fluoroalkyl tyrosine and phenylalanine derivatives were efficiently labeled with high enantiomeric purity (>95%), good yield (11–45%) and high specific activity (21–75 GBq/μmol). d-[ 18 F]FEP showed a similar linear time-dependent uptake as d-[ 18 F]FET, while their corresponding l-isomers had much faster and higher uptake (4.3- to 16.0-fold at maximum uptake). The maximum uptake of the new compounds, l- and d-[ 18 F]FEP, was 1.4- and 5.2-fold of that reported for l- and d-[ 18 F]FET, respectively. Transport characterization studies indicated that both l- and d-[ 18 F]FEP were selective substrates for system L. While l-[ 18 F]FEP exhibited preference towards one subtype of system L, LAT1, d-[ 18 F]FEP did not exhibit the same preference. Small animal PET imaging studies showed that both l- and d-[ 18 F]FEP had higher uptake in 9L tumor compared to surrounding tissues, but d-isomer had lower tumor-to-muscle ratio in comparison with its l-isomer. Conclusion Both l- and d-[ 18 F]FEP are substrates for system L amino acid transporter with different preference toward its subtypes. Small animal imaging studies of 9L tumor showed that d-[ 18 F]FEP did not show better imaging properties than their corresponding l-isomer.
Internet-based instruction as an innovative approach to managing prerequisite curriculum content in a graduate social work program

SUMMARY Students admitted to graduate social work programs possess varying levels of understanding of prerequisite curriculum content. Compounding this situation is that social work educators teaching at the foundation level are now required to provide an expanded array of curriculum content in their courses. This article conceptualizes an Internet-Based orientation course as a unique tool for preparing students with prerequisite curriculum content necessary for successful integration and mastery of a graduate curriculum. Several steps are presented in the design and development of the course: obtaining support and approval, identifying and collecting data, designing and developing course components, and implementing and evaluating the course. Although course development occurs within a social work education setting, findings from this Internet-Based orientation course are applicable to other educational and human service settings.
Etiopathogenesis and clinical presentation of carotid body tumors

The carotid body (CB) is a highly specialized small organ located at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery in the neck and plays an important role in acute adaptation to hypoxia. The most common diseased state of the carotid body is its enlargement (i.e., the CB paraganglioma), which can be caused by a genetic predisposition (hereditary paraganglioma, PGL) and by chronic hypoxic stimulation. The CB is the most common tumor site in head and neck paragangliomas. Currently, inactivating germline mutations in the mitochondrial complex II subunits SDHB, SDHC, and SDHD have been identified as genetic risk factors for CB tumors (CBTs). Another locus at chromosome 11q13, identified by linkage analysis in a single family, may harbor a fourth susceptibility gene. Although CBTs are mostly slow-growing and benign, they can cause significant morbidity because of their proximity to major arteries and nerves in the head and neck. Here, we review the etiological factors implicated in the development of CBTs and provide information pertaining to their clinical presentation. Although CBTs are rare, they have the potential to provide unique insights for tumorigenesis and oxygen sensing and signaling mechanisms.
Automated profile analysis for single-crystal diffraction data

An integration method for step-scanned single-crystal intensity data based upon fitting of the individual diffraction profiles by a pseudo-Voigt function is presented. Algorithms for both the recovery of weak intensities from data sets and the rejection of aberrant peak profiles are discussed. The ideas presented in this paper have been implemented in a software package for Microsoft Windows, WinIntegrStp, which is available at http://www.crystal.vt.edu/.
Possible mechanism for the enhanced lethality of morphine in aggregated mice.

Abstract Morphine was shown to be more lethal to aggregated mice than to isolated mice at an ambient temperature of 29°C but not at 19°C. After morphine administration at 29°C, convulsions were found to be associated with death, and a higher incidence of convulsions was observed in aggregated mice than in isolated mice. After morphine administration at 19°C, there was no clear association between convulsions and death, and there was no significant difference between the incidence of convulsions in isolated and aggregated mice. When tactile stress was induced upon morphine-treated isolated mice at 29°C, all of the mice convulsed and died. These results suggest that the greater lethality of morphine in aggregated mice is due to a greater incidence of convulsions which results from stress induced on one animal by the other.
Bilateral total hip arthroplasty comparing hydroxyapatite coating to porous-coated fixation

Abstract Fifteen patients had bilateral hip replacement with a porous-coated hip replacement in one hip and in the contralateral hip the same design, which had adjunctive hydroxyapatite coating on the porous coating. These patients were followed for an average of 6.5 years (range, 5–7.9 years). There was no difference in the clinical Harris Hip Scores between the two hips in these patients. The radiographic measurements did show improved bone remodeling in hips with adjunctive hydroxyapatite coating as measured by proximal cancellous hypertrophy and evidence of a buttress sign. The fixation of stems with hydroxyapatite coating showed fewer radiolucent lines ( P = .013). The improved bone remodeling, which we had previously reported, has been maintained in these hips at intermediate-term follow-up and the fixation of the hydroxyapatite-coated stems is also now better. The results in these patients with bilateral hips, which allows complete control of the bone type, immunology, weight, activity, and age of the patient, suggests that the use of hydroxyapatite coating does provide improved fixation and the possibility of improved durability.