cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Meta-Analysis of Negative Feedback on Intrinsic Motivation

The most prominent view in psychological theory has been that negative feedback should generally have a detrimental impact on intrinsic motivation. Competing perspectives and caveats on this view have suggested that negative feedback may sometimes have neutral or even positive effects. This meta-analysis of 78 studies examined the effect of negative feedback on intrinsic motivation in both child and adult samples. Results indicated that negative feedback had no effect on intrinsic motivation when compared to neutral or no feedback. When compared to positive feedback, negative feedback decreased intrinsic motivation. Moderator tests revealed that the effect of negative feedback seemed to be less demotivating when (a) the feedback statement included instructional details on how to improve, (b) criterion-based standards were used to provide feedback, and (c) feedback was delivered in-person. Implications for future research and applications to real-world settings are discussed.
Inconsistent Collection and Reporting of Gender Minority Data in HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infection Surveillance Across the United States in 2015.

Objectives. To describe collection and reporting of gender data, including for transgender individuals and other gender minorities, in HIV and sexually transmitted infection (STI) surveillance in t...
Decision Analysis for Expansion of Mahaweli Multipurpose Reservoir System in Sri Lanka

AbstractWater resource management is a complex process involving multiple stakeholders with different interests and different expertise. Typically, planning and management of water resources incorp...
Renal cell tumors with an entrapped papillary component: a collision with predilection for oncocytic tumors

Renal cell tumors with mixed morphology resembling multiple renal cell carcinoma (RCC) subtypes are generally regarded as unclassified RCC. However, occasionally, papillary adenoma or RCC appears admixed with a larger, different tumor histology. We retrieved 17 renal tumors containing a papillary adenoma or papillary RCC component admixed with another tumor histology and studied them with immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Larger tumors were oncocytomas (n = 10), chromophobe RCCs (n = 5), borderline oncocytic tumor (n = 1), and clear cell RCC (n = 1). The size of papillary component ranged from 1 to 34 mm. One tumor was an oncocytoma encircled by a cyst (2.0 cm) with papillary hyperplasia of the lining. The papillary lesions were diffusely cytokeratin 7 positive (17/17), in contrast to “host” tumors. Alpha-methylacyl-coA-racemase labeling was usually stronger in the papillary lesions (13/15). KIT was negative in all papillary lesions and the clear cell RCC and positive in 16/16 oncocytic or chromophobe tumors. Eight of 15 (53%) collision tumors had differing FISH results in the two components. A papillary renal cell proliferation within another tumor is an uncommon phenomenon with predilection for oncocytoma and chromophobe RCC, possibly related to their common entrapment of benign tubules. When supported by distinct morphology and immunohistochemistry in these two components, this phenomenon should be diagnosed as a collision of two processes. A diagnosis of unclassified RCC should be avoided, due to potential misrepresentation as an aggressive renal cancer.
Assessing the Impact of Cancer Prevention on Self-Reported Health and Well-Being

Cancer can lead to decreases in both the length and quality of life, which is a compelling reason to prevent it. However, to more fully demonstrate the wisdom of cancer prevention, it is important to quantify, to the extent possible, the short- and long-term impact of cancer prevention-related activities on self-reported health and well-being. Although unlikely to lead to immediate gains in quality of life, prevention can avoid or delay reductions in quality of life over time. Based on early empirical research, it appears that the predominantly transient negative consequences of participating in routine cancer prevention activities are readily offset by the positive long-term outcomes; however, more research is needed. Even though the ultimate success of cancer prevention strategies is judged by the number of cancer cases prevented, the assessment of more proximal self-reported outcomes can help enhance our understanding of the willingness of individuals to participate in them.
The FATTY ACID DESATURASE2 family in tomato contributes to primary metabolism and stress responses.

The conversion of oleic acid (C18:1) to linoleic acid (C18:2) in the endoplasmic reticulum is critical to the accumulation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in seeds and other tissues, and this reaction is catalyzed by a Δ12-desaturase, FATTY ACID DESATURASE2 (FAD2). Here, we report that the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) genome harbors two genes, SlFAD2-1 and SlFAD2-2, which encode proteins with in vitro Δ12-desaturase activity. In addition, tomato has seven divergent FAD2 members that lack Δ12-desaturase activity and differ from canonical FAD2 enzymes at multiple amino acid positions important to enzyme function. Whereas SlFAD2-1 and SlFAD2-2 are downregulated by biotic stress, the majority of divergent FAD2 genes in tomato are upregulated by one or more stresses. In particular, SlFAD2-7 is induced by the potato aphid (Macrosiphum euphorbiae) and has elevated constitutive expression levels in suppressor of prosystemin-mediated responses2 (spr2), a tomato mutant with enhanced aphid resistance and altered fatty acid profiles. Virus-induced gene silencing of SlFAD2-7 in spr2 results in significant increases in aphid population growth, indicating that a divergent FAD2 gene contributes to aphid resistance in this genotype. Thus, the FAD2 gene family in tomato is important both to primary fatty acid metabolism and to responses to biotic stress.
Why Traditional Labs Fail…and What We Can Do About It

Science is, at its core, an empirical discipline: Theories must coordinate with evidence obtained through systematic, scientific investigations. Learning science involves learning how science is done, not just what science has found, and so nearly every introductory college science course has an associated laboratory component. The value of these labs, however, has often been called into question, particularly when considering concerns about the associated space, time, equipment, and personnel needs. While most scientists would argue that science education must include lab experiences, there had been little research done to study their effectiveness. As evidence begins to accumulate, it has become clear that traditional, overly structured labs designed to reinforce lecture material have little educational benefit. This chapter aims to answer the questions: Why? and What do we do about it?
P192 Healthcare worker related stigma and discrimination towards people living with HIV in one of the government hospital in bohol

Background Stigma and discrimination of people living with HIV (PLHIV) are one of the most under researched area of HIV and provided a large gap in the HIV evidence bases. The major complication of this stigma becomes evident in the health seeking behavior of patients suspected to have HIV.The study primarily aimed at assessing the stigma and discrimination to the people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus among health care workers at Governor Celestino Gallares Memorial Hospital. Methods This study utilized a descriptive design. It made use of a standardized questionnaire assessing the personal profile of the respondents in terms of service affiliation and trainings on PLHIV stigma and discrimination received, and the seven identified domains of stigma and discrimination. Results The findings revealed high levels of stigma and discrimination among the respondents on fear related to drawing of blood from a patient living with HIV or AIDS patient 81.59%, observation on healthcare workers providing poorer quality of care to a patient living with or thought to be living with HIV than other patients 77.04% and dressing the wounds of a patient living with HIV or AIDS patient 75.23%. On the other hand, low percentage was registered on attitude towards key populations ranging from 5.5%-13.61%. Further, the study have revealed that the institution have only 8.2% of personnel who were trained on PLHIV stigma and discrimination. Conclusion Grounding on the findings, the researcher highly recommends integration of Stigma and Discrimination Orientation/Trainings on hospital personnel catering to key populations and PLHIV to reduce the current level of stigma and discrimination. Increasing the understanding and correcting misconceptions on PLHIV and its accompanying stigma and discrimination to health care personnel through orientation and trainings would provide better avenue on the provision of high quality HIV access to the targeted populations. Disclosure No significant relationships.
Rethinking the Meaning of Palliation in Heart Failure

Palliative care follows a philosophy of care that focuses upon the quality of life in patients with chronic or life-threatening illness. It also focuses upon the needs of their families which is a wider scope of care. Cardiovascular disease, and specifically heart failure, affects millions of patients and family members who have a symptom burden that exceeds that of many cancers and other chronic diseases. Historically palliative care has been viewed as an alternative to curative therapies, but over time, it is now recognized that it should be implemented earlier in the course of chronic diseases. Although non-oncologic patients now comprise over half of the patient seen by palliative care, patients with cardiovascular disease are still not being referred to palliative care. Palliative care goes beyond advance directives and end of life planning. There is a need to continue to expand the view of palliative care to encompass interventions that help improve the overall health of these patients, including their psychosocial well-being and quality of life. The collection of papers in this journal provides insight into the breadth of palliative care for patients with heart failure and other cardiovascular diseases.
Comparative analysis between surrounding viscoelastic media on the buckling characteristics of nanobeams

The static and dynamic responses of axially loaded nanobeams with surrounding viscoelastic media are investigated and discussed. Size-dependent or nonlocal effects are accounted for via Eringen’s nonlocal elasticity theory. Additionally, the system is studied for various boundary conditions including clamped–clamped, clamped-hinged, and hinged-hinged. To study the interaction between the nanobeam and the surrounding media, several viscoelastic media are considered including the two-element Kelvin-Voight and Maxwell models and the three-element Standard Solid I, Standard Solid II, Standard Fluid I, and Standard Fluid II models. The governing equations of motion are obtained via the Euler–Bernoulli beam theory and extended Hamilton’s principle and by considering each viscoelastic medium as a distributed load along the length of the nanobeam. After deriving and nondimensionalizing all governing equations, a static analysis is performed to determine the critical buckling loads for each of the surrounding viscoelastic media. Additionally, a linear dynamic analysis is employed to study the effect of the surrounding medium on the system’s linear natural frequency in the pre- and post-buckling regimes. Finally, an in-depth study on the elastic and viscous coefficients of each model depicts how the changes to these parameters can affect both the static and dynamic responses of the proposed system. A thorough study of axially loaded nanobeams embedded within all six viscoelastic media is not present in the literature, thus motivating this effort.
Irreversible electroporation ablation overcomes tumor-associated immunosuppression to improve the efficacy of DC vaccination in a mice model of pancreatic cancer.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is associated with highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) that can limit the efficacy of dendritic cell (DC) vaccine immunotherapy. Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a local ablation approach. Herein, we test the hypothesis that IRE ablation can overcome TME immunosuppression to improve the efficacy of DC vaccination using KrasLSL-G12D-p53LSL-R172H-Pdx-1-Cre (KPC) orthotopic mouse model of PDAC. The median survival for mice treated with the combined IRE and DC vaccination was 77 days compared with sham control (35 days), DC vaccination (49 days), and IRE (44 days) groups (P = .006). Thirty-six percent of the mice treated with combination IRE and DC vaccination were still survival at the end of the study period (90 days) without visible tumor. The changes of tumor apparent diffusion coefficient (ΔADC) were higher in mice treated with combination IRE and DC vaccination than that of other groups (all P < .001); tumor ΔADC value positively correlated with tumor fibrosis fraction (R = 0.707, P < .001). IRE induced immunogenic cell death and alleviation of immunosuppressive components in PDAC TME when combined with DC vaccination, including increased tumor infiltration of CD8+ T cells and Granzyme B+ cells (P = .001, and P = .007, respectively). Our data show that IRE ablation can overcome TME immunosuppression to improve the efficacy of DC vaccination in PDAC. Combination IRE ablation and DC vaccination may enhance therapeutic efficacy for PDAC.
GPS-based built environment measures associated with adult physical activity.

Abstract Studies often rely on home locations to access built environment (BE) influences on physical activity (PA). We use GPS and accelerometer data collected for 288 individuals over a two-week period to examine eight GPS-derived BE characteristics and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) and light-to-moderate-vigorous PA (LMVPA). NDVI, parks, blue space, pedestrian-orientated intersections, and population density were associated with increased odds of LMVPA and MVPA, while traffic air pollution and noise were associated with decreased odds of LMVPA and MVPA. Associations varied by population density and when accounting for multiple BE measures. These findings provide further information on where individuals choose to be physically active.
Neurodevelopmental and School Performance of Very Low-Birth-Weight Infants: A Seven-Year Longitudinal Study

The changing patterns of neurologic and developmental functioning between 1 and 7 years of age were studied in very low-birth-weight infants (birth weight less than or equal to 1,500 g). Subjects included 42 infants born in 1975 who were followed for 7 years. Based on the 1-year neurologic assessment, 22 infants were classified as normal, 12 as suspect, and eight as abnormal. The three groups did not differ in birth weight, gestational age, sex, or Hollingshead socioeconomic status (SES) score. The neurologic findings at 7 years of age were significantly related to the neurologic examination findings at 1 year of age. Seventy-seven percent of the normal group, 58% of the suspect group, and 100% of the abnormal group remained in the same neurologic category at 7 years of age. Children in the abnormal group had the greatest improvement in cognitive functioning between 1 and 7 years of age but did not achieve the IQ level of children in the normal group. Forty-five percent of the normal group, 75% of the suspect group, and 100% of the abnormal group had poor visual-motor integration. Fifty-eight percent of the suspect group and 87% of the abnormal group were reading below age level. Of the total sample, 54% required special education or resource help at 7 years of age, and the three groups differed significantly in their need for a special educational plan (P less than .05). These data indicate that a neurologic classification at 1 year of age provides a guide for monitoring very low-birth-weight infants and can be helpful in alerting school personnel to potential needs.
A requirements patterns-driven approach to specify systems and check properties

We previously developed a framework, Hydra, for adding formal semantics to a collection of UML diagrams that enable the automated derivation of formal language specifications for those diagrams. Recently, we have also identified a number of requirements patterns for embedded systems that includes sample UML structural and behavioral diagrams for modeling requirements and high-level design for embedded systems. This paper describes a requirements patterns-driven approach for developing UML diagrams for embedded systems, where each pattern has a constraints section to specify safety and other invariant properties. We show how the diagrams for an industrial automotive system, via specifications generated from Hydra, can be automatically analyzed for adherence to these formally specified constraints using the SPIN model checker. We developed the MINERVA framework to support the graphical construction of UML diagrams and to visualize the results from the SPIN analysis in terms of the original UML diagrams.
Modern Nuclear Data for Monte Carlo Codes

Much emphasis has been placed on the fact that the explosion in computer power has enabled Monte Carlo transport simulations to be performed that were previously impractical. Much less attention has been given to the idea that simply being able to calculate hundreds of millions, or even billions of particle histories may not ensure an accurate solution if the simulation is limited by nuclear data approximations inherent in the Monte Carlo code.
Culture and Security: Symbolic Power and the Politics of International Security

This book examines the role of culture in contemporary security policies, providing a critical overview of the ways in which culture has been theorized in security studies. Developing a theoretical framework that stresses the relationship between culture, power, security and strategy, the volume argues that cultural practices have been central to transformations in European and US security policy in the wake of the Cold War – including the evolution of NATO and the expansion of the EU. Michael C. Williams maintains that cultural practices continue to play powerful roles in international politics today, where they are essential to grasping the ascendance of neoconservatism in US foreign policy. Investigating the rise in popularity of culture and constructivism in security studies in relation to the structure and exercise of power in post-Cold War security relations, the book contends that this poses significant challenges for considering the connection between analytic and political practices, and the relationship between scholarship and power in the construction of security relations. Culture and Security will be of interest to students and researchers in the fields of international relations, security studies and European politics.
From Braceros to Pineros: Labour, Migration, and Changing Geographic and Social Landscapes in the United States

In WHy CybrAceros? (1997), filmmaker Alex Rivera creates a short satire of labour importation by mocking the marketing film distributed by the California Grower’s Council, Why Braceros? (1959), which promoted to a mainstream audience the rationale for a guestworker program. Rivera references the arguments made for a necessary labouring body and mocks the reality of the importation program that demanded a cheap and docile labour force. Why Cybraceros? revamps the program to extract labour without employing actual bodies, and subsequently eliminates the problems that accompany the employment of real workers. Why Cybraceros? instead offers an alternative labour importation program that extracts Mexican labour for American farms without the bodies of the workers. This short film provides the premise for Rivera’s later film, Sleep Dealer (2008), a sci-fi movie that futuristically captures the desire of industries to extract the labour of Mexican bodies without the workers, without their lives. The three books reviewed in this essay – They review essay / note critique
Chapter 13 Patterns of Cell Division: The Demonstration of Discrete Cell Populations1

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the principles and the procedures used to demonstrate these various cell populations in mouse epidermis. It focuses on the methods for demonstrating and distinguishing G1 and G2 cells within the same tissues in a variety of animal and plant experimental systems. A single layer of epidermal cells in the same tissue can be subdivided into distinct and separate cell types, which differ in their patterns of behavior during the cell division cycle or in their physiological requirements for mitosis. Two major cell types that exist within the basal layer of epidermis were defined and named the “G1” and the “G2” epidermal cell populations. G1 cells have a long G1 period, a short G2 period, and move through the cell cycle in the usual manner. The designation “G1 population” refers to the fact that mitosis is first initiated in these cells from the G1 period of the cycle. In contrast, G2 cells do not automatically pass through the cell cycle in normal epidermis. Rather they hold up in the G2 period for as long as several days. The designation G2 population refers to the fact that these cells have an extraordinarily long G2 period and that mitosis is initiated from the G2 period of the cycle. When these cells are stimulated experimentally, they do not incorporate thymidine-H3, because they are in the post-DNA synthesis period, and therefore, appear as unlabeled mitoses in autoradiographs.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder as a Disability Category: A Critique

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has generated a great deal of interest recently among the special education profession. Various groups have advocated making ADHD a separate disability category under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. As a result, children with this disorder would be eligible for special education services. Proponents argue that at least 50% of students with ADHD currently are not receiving special education services they require under existing categories. The argument for considering ADHD as a disability category rests on the assumption that it is a valid psychiatric disorder and is characterized by academic difficulties. We challenge the validity of these assumptions and examine social and cultural factors we believe fuel the perceived need for ADHD as a new disability category.
Nondestructive Method of Determining Acetic Acid Spoilage in an Unopened Bottle of Wine

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to monitor acetic acid levels in intact wine bottles. An NMR probe and a spectrometer capable of examining full intact wine bottles are described and used to reliably measure the acetic acid content in wine down to 0.5 g/L, more than half the accepted limit in normal wine.
Determining thermal conductivity of plasma sprayed TBC by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

Abstract Thermal conductivity, K , of free-standing air plasma sprayed (APS) thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) after exposure at temperatures of 1100, 1200, and 1350 °C for 3, 10, 17, 24, and 120 h was measured using laser flash (LF) technique and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), and correlated with the spectra of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). High-temperature exposure of TBCs increases the thermal conductivity as well as the electrochemical conductance, C t T , with an increase in exposure temperature and exposure time. A linear relationship between thermal conductivity, K , and electrochemical conductance, C t T , has been found. The result has demonstrated that electrochemical impedance technique holds the promise enabling to assess and monitor the thermal conductivity of free-standing TBCs.
Proportionate mortality study of golf course superintendents

A proportionate mortality study of a cohort of golf course superintendents was conducted using death certificates for 686 deceased members of the Golf Course Superintendents Association of America who died from 1970 to 1992. White males were included in the study population from all 50 states. The study objective was to compare mortality from this cohort to the general U.S. white male population. The proportionate mortality ratio (PMR) for all types of cancer was 136 (CI: 121, 152). Significant excess mortality from smoking-related diseases was observed. The PMR for arteriosclerotic heart disease was 140, which was significantly elevated (CI: 127, 155). In addition, the PMR for all respiratory diseases was 176 (CI: 135,230), while the PMR for emphysema was 186 (CI: 101,342). The PMR for lung cancer was 117 (CI: 93, 148). Mortality for four cancer types--brain, lymphoma (non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, NHL), prostate, and large intestine--occurred at elevated levels within this cohort: brain cancer PMR = 234 (CI: 121,454), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) PMR = 237 (CI: 137,410), prostate cancer PMR = 293 (CI: 187,460), and large intestine cancer PMR = 175 (CI: 125,245). The PMR for diseases of the nervous system was 202 (CI: 123,333). A similar pattern of elevated NHL, brain, and prostate cancer mortality along with excess deaths from diseases of the nervous system has been noted among other occupational cohorts exposed to pesticides.
Elevated mononuclear leukocyte phosphodiesterase in allergic dogs with and without airway hyperresponsiveness

To investigate if mononuclear leukocyte β-adrenergic hyporesponsiveness of Basenji greyhound (BG) dogs is associated with atopy or nonspecific airway hyperresponsiveness, we examined the relationship between mononuclear leukocyte cAMP phosphodiesterase levels, airway responsiveness to methacholine, and intradermal allergen responses in 17 BG dogs, five unrelated purebred Basenjis, and five greyhounds. BG dogs were hyperresponsive to aerosols of methacholine compared to Basenjis and greyhounds. Both BG dogs and Basenjis were allergic and had increased leukocyte cAMP phosphodiesterase activity compared to greyhounds. We concluded that the leukocyte abnormality is not associated with airway hyperresponsiveness. The leukocyte abnormality is either associated with the allergic state, with some hereditary trait that BG dogs acquired from the Basenji ancestry, or the leukocyte abnormality is necessary but not sufficient for the development of airway hyperresponsiveness.
How was teleology eliminated in early molecular biology

Abstract This paper approaches the issue of the status of teleological reasoning in contemporary biology through a historical examination of events of the 1930s that surrounded Niels Bohr’s efforts to introduce ‘complementarity’ into biological discussions. The paper examines responses of three theoretical physicists who engaged boundary questions between the biological and physical sciences in this period in response to Bohr—Ernst Pascual Jordan (1902–80), Erwin Schrodinger (1887–1961), and Max Delbruck (1906–81). It is claimed that none of these physicists sufficiently understood Bohr’s ‘critical’ teleological arguments, which are traced to the lineage of Kant and Harald Hoffding and their respective resolutions of the Antinomy of Teleological Judgment. The positions of these four historical actors are discussed in terms of Ernst Mayr’s distinction of ‘teleological,’ ‘teleomatic,’ and ‘teleonomic’ explanations. A return to some of the views articulated by Bohr, and behind him, to Hoffding and Kant, is claimed to provide a framework for reintroducing a ‘critical’ teleology into biological discussions.
1335 SYSTEMIC BLOOD PRESSURE (BP), RESPIRATORY DISTRESS, AND INTRAVENTRICULAR HEMORRHAGE (IVH) IN LOW BIRTH WEIGHT (LBW) INFANTS

We have examined the course of systemic BP over the first 48 hrs of life for LBW infants (≤1500gms) in relation to IVH. Thirty-four patients suffering a severe hemorrhage (grades 3 or 4) were matched for the severity of respiratory illness with an equal number of patients who developed a minor hemorrhage (grades 1 or 2) and an equal number who had no hemorrhage. All patients required mechanical ventilation for at least 24 hrs and the degree of respiratory illness was comparable in all three groups. Blood pressure was recorded hourly from indwelling arterial lines in the majority of patients (95%) and measured intermittently by oscillometry (Narco) in the remainder. There were no differences in the average systolic (S), diastolic (D) or mean (M) BP between the 3 groups on day 1 or day 2. Multivariant analysis of 12 variables including the highest and lowest S, D, and M BP on day 1 and day 2 failed to show any significant differences. The variability of BP was evaluated by determining the coefficient of variation (CV) for all the available measurements of S and D BP for each of the first 2 days. There were no differences in the CV between the 3 groups on either day by analysis of variance. Thus, for LBW infants with respiratory distress we were unable to demonstrate a relationship between the course of the systemic BP over the first 2 days of life and the incidence or severity of IVH.
Sex differences in the contribution of ATP-sensitive K+ channels in trigeminal ganglia under an acute muscle pain condition

In this study, we examined whether functional subunits of the ATP-dependent K+ channel (KATP) are expressed in trigeminal ganglia (TG), which contains sensory neurons that innervate oral and facial structures. We also investigated whether direct activation of the KATP effectively attenuates mechanical hypersensitivity in the context of an acute orofacial muscle pain condition. The KATP expression in TG and behavioral studies were conducted in age matched male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. RT-PCR experiments showed that the mRNAs for the inwardly rectifying pore-forming subunits, Kir6.1 and Kir6.2, as well as the regulatory sulfonylurea subunits, SUR1 and SUR2, were reliably detected in TG. Subsequent western blot analysis confirmed that proteins for all four subunits are expressed in TG, and showed that Kir6.2 is expressed at a significantly higher level in male TG compared to that of female rats. This observation was confirmed by the immunohistochemical demonstration of higher percentages of Kir6 positive masseter afferents in female rats. Masseteric injection of capsaicin evokes a time dependent increase in masseter sensitivity to noxious mechanical stimulation. A specific KATP agonist, pinacidil, dose-dependently attenuated the capsaicin-induced mechanical hypersensitivity in male rats. The dose of pinacidil (20 μg) that completely blocked the capsaicin responses in male rats was ineffective in female rats regardless of their estrus phases. Only at the highest dose (300 μg) we used, pinacidil was partially effective in female rats. Similarly, another KATP agonist, diazoxide which targets different KATP subunits also showed sex specific responses in attenuating capsaicin-induced masseter hypersensitivity. These data suggested that sex differences in functional KATP expression in TG may underlie sex specific responses to KATP agonists. The present study provided novel information on sex differences in KATP expression in TG and its contribution under an orofacial muscle pain condition.
Computable structures and the hyperarithmetical hierarchy

Preface. Computability. The arithmetical hierarchy. Languages and structures. Ordinals. The hyperarithmetical hierarchy. Infinitary formulas. Computable infinitary formulas. The Barwise-Kreisel Compactness Theorem. Existence of computable structures. Completeness and forcing. The Ash-Nerode Theorem. Computable categoricity and stability. n-systems. -systems. Back-and forth relations. Theorems of Barker and Davey. Pairs of computable structures. Models of arithmetic. Special classes of structures.
The impact of regional affiliation on consumer perceptions of relationships among behavioral constructs

Abstract This research assesses the impact of consumer regional affiliation, within a single country, on relationships among various marketing constructs. Secondary qualitative and quantitative data support the premise that decision-making models differ across regional societies in Russia. Primary data were collected from three Russian regions and then employed to assess the invariance of relationships among marketing constructs presented in a structural equations model. Results indicate that perceived relationships among marketing constructs and the model's overall explanatory power differed appreciably among regional societies. This implies that consumer choice models can vary in effectiveness and behave differently across regions within a single country. Another important implication is that a model can produce misleading results when data are generalized to an entire country when gathered in a single location. This research underscores the importance of recognizing regional affiliation within a country and its potential impact upon consumer behavior.
Marketing thought in American Decorative Arts

The field of American Decorative Arts, in an effort to place objects within their broader cultural context, has investigated surviving business records from the period 1760–1840. This research contributes to marketing thought by documenting early marketing problems and practices including insufficient consumer demand, global competition, attempts at demand stimulation, and emerging channels of distribution.
Vitellogenin in winter flounder ( Pleuronectes americanus ) from Long Island Sound and Boston Harbor

Vitellogenin is an egg-yolk precursor protein in teleosts which is crucial to the survival of larvae. Manufactured in the liver, where pollutants are known to accumulate, and transported to the ovary by the blood, its synthesis by the liver or uptake by the gonad can be compromised by accumulation of xenobiotics. In three studies, winter flounder (Pleuronectes americanus) blood samples were taken to determine normal levels of vitellogenin during the reproductive cycle, and to learn how its production might be affected in degraded environments. Specifically, these studies followed the seasonal cycle of vitellogenin production in winter flounder through monthly sampling at relatively clean (Shoreham, New York) and degraded areas (Black Rock and New Haven harbors, Connecticut) in Long Island Sound; examined the relationship between parental vitellogenin levels and survival of offspring by sampling fish that had been spawned at the Milford Laboratory for a reproductive success study; and determined the effect of gross liver lesions on vitellogenin production by sampling flounder from Boston Harbor, Massachusetts, which have been reported to have a high prevalence of liver tumors. Blood vitellogenin levels were determined by measuring alkali-labile phosphate (ALP). Large fish (>30 cm) from the two degraded sites had elevated serum ALP levels relative to those from the clean area. Lowered total ovarian lipid levels in large fish from Black Rock Harbor suggested impaired vitellogenin uptake. There were no significant differences in serum ALP among the small (≤30 cm) fish from the three sampling sites. Boston Harbor flounder with gross liver lesions had lower ALP values than fish without such lesions. There were no significant differences in ALP values among the spawned fish.
The relationship between microstructure and fracture behavior of fully austenitic type 316L weldments at 4.2 K

Multipass weld deposits produced with a Mn-modified Type 316L filler material exhibited fracture toughness nearly 100 MPa√m less than that of a conventional 316L filler material when tested at 4.2 K. Although fracture in both materials occurred by ductile rupture, the crack path in the Mn-modified weld metal was microstructure-specific. The resultant fracture surface exhibited a “corduroy” morphology which reflected the underlying solidification pattern. Corresponding fracture surfaces in compact tension and tensile specimens from the standard 316L weld deposits showed little tendency for microstructure-specific fracture. A model is proposed which relates the fracture morphology and fracture toughness to the microstructural stability of the austenite during testing at 4.2 K. Partitioning of manganese and molybdenum to cellular dendritic boundaries during weld solidification tends to stabilize the austenite and suppress martensite formation in these regions. As a result, fracture occurs preferentially along these boundaries in the Mn-modified weld deposits, giving rise to the “corduroy” fracture morphology and providing less resistance to fracture than in weld deposits where martensite formation is more homogeneous.
Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy and Apical Middiastolic Murmur: Association with Left Ventricular Fibromuscular Bands

A patient with obstructive idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis and an apical middiastolic murmur is described. Previous explanations for this murmur are reviewed. At surgery, fibromuscular bands between the interventricular septum and the lateral free wall of the left ventricle were found. The presence of these bands in this patient suggests another possible cause for these murmurs.
Outsiders in two countries: School tensions in the lives of Mexican migrant youth

This article explores the educational context of a migrant-sending community in rural Mexico to demonstrate how students are often typecast as “undocumented migrants” before they ever leave Mexico. As such, students can be treated as outsiders within their own community, long before they may come to feel alienated in classrooms in the United States. In response, students in Mexico develop savvy means of participating in school activities without absorbing negative messages about their identities or choices. Indeed, scholars such as Guerra have likewise found evidence of students’ careful transnational positioning. However, once these students reach the United States, their undocumented status is often silenced or ignored. In this context – one that encourages academic pursuit without considering the real challenges that transnational students face – students often find their loyalties split between new academic pressures and their community of origin. This experience can negatively impact their educational outcomes.
Present status of the bistable optically controlled semiconductor switch (BOSS)

The Bistable Optically controlled Semiconductor Switch (BOSS) is currently the only completely controllable high power solid state switch which operates on sub-nanosecond to microsecond time scales. The present state of BOSS technology is discussed, including the present limits of operation and potential extensions of these limits. Current and novel applications which take best advantage of the BOSS performance characteristics are described.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Immigrant Muslim American at the Boundary of Insider and Outsider Representations of Faisal Shahzad as “Homegrown” Terrorist

Studies of Orientalized portrayals of Muslims have generally been distinct from studies on the Othering of immigrant Americans. This study employs concepts of insider/outsider status, applying theories of Orientalism and representations of the Other to newspaper coverage of the Muslim and Pakistani American perpetrator of the 2010 attempted Times Square bombing. Newspapers constructed a seemingly contradictory representation of Faisal Shahzad, as the apparent insider/American who becomes the alienated outsider/Other. This portrayal of the Orientalized insider establishes an emerging discourse on the “homegrown” terrorist who exists at the boundary of self and Other.
A study on manufacture of SiCp/Fe composites by specimen current heating hot press sintering

A specimen current heating sintering process was employed to manufacture SiC particulate reinforced iron matrix composite. The results show that mechanical properties of the composite can be improved significantly with increasing pressure level, voltage, sintering time. It is found that short sintering time, fast heating and uniformly heating, surface activation of particles can be accomplished in specimen current heating hot press sintering to avoid oxidation degradation of Fe powder, and to produce fine microstructure, which contribute the main reasons for achieving higher density and higher properties. The best properties achieved so far for the composite are: density is 99.90%, Brinell hardness is 416HB and tensile strength is 838MPa.
Correlation between polymorphic DNA haplotypes at phenylalanine hydroxylase locus and clinical phenotypes of phenylketonuria.

Eight polymorphic sites for seven restriction endonucleases have been reported at the human phenylalanine hydroxylase locus. The composite profile of the presence or absence for each of the eight polymorphic sites within an allele defines the haplotype of the corresponding allele. Twelve such haplotypes associated with normal and mutant phenylalanine hydroxylase alleles have been identified in 33 Danish famllies with children with phenylketonuria. Of the 66 mutant alleles analyzed, 59 (89%) were associated with only four haplotypes. The identification of individual phenylalanine hydroxylase alleles by haplotype analysis enables correlation of the hyperphenylalaninemic phenotypes of the patients with their genotypes. Patients who were either homozygous or heterozygous for the mutant alleles of haplotypes 2 and 3 had a severe clinical course. Patients who had a mutant allele of either haplotype 1 or 4 usually had a less severe clinical phenotype. The recent demonstration that the mutation responsible for classic phenylketonuria associated with haplotype 3 is not present in mutant alleles of other haplotypes provides unambiguous evidence that there are multiple mutations in the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene and supports the hypothesis that different combinations of mutant alleles may be responsible for the clinical diversity of phenylketonuria.
Genotypic and phenotypic analysis of Salmonella strains associated with an outbreak of equine neonatal salmonellosis

Isolates of Salmonella choleraesuis serotype ohio (S. ohio) recovered during an outbreak of equine neonatal salmonellosis on a Thoroughbred farm were compared with isolates of the same serotype from various animal, feed and environmental sources. Biochemical profiles, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, phage susceptibility, plasmid profiles, restriction endonuclease analysis and ribotyping were used to compare relatedness of the strains. A total of 46 outbreak and non-outbreak associated isolates of S. ohio were studied. Differences in antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, phage susceptibility and plasmid profiles were useful for differentiating outbreak isolates from other equine isolates as well as bovine, porcine and some poultry isolates. Feed and other poultry isolates, most in geographic proximity to the outbreak, were indistinguishable from outbreak isolates by any of the methods employed. Investigative studies on the farm along with results of genotypic and phenotypic analysis of isolates suggested that contaminated feed was the most likely source of Salmonella in this outbreak.
TOPOLOGICAL LANDAU-GINZBURG MATTER FROM SP(N)K FUSION RINGS

We find and analyze the Landau-Ginzburg potentials whose critical points determine chiral rings which are exactly the fusion rings of SP(N)K WZW models. The quasihomogeneous part of the potential associated with SP(N)K is the same as the quasihomogeneous part of that associated with SU(N+1)K, showing that these potentials are different perturbations of the same Grassmannian potential. Twisted N=2 topological Landau-Ginzburg theories are derived from these superpotentials. The correlation functions, which are just the SP(N)K Verlinde dimensions, are expressed as fusion residues. We note that the SP(N)K and SP(K)N topological Landau-Ginzburg theories are identical, and that while the SU(N)K and SU(K)N topological Landau-Ginzburg models are not, they are simply related.
A practical algorithm forcartilage repair

Abstract Symptomatic chondral defects may be repaired by arthroscopic lavage and debridement, marrow stimulation,osteochondral graft transfer, autologous chondrocyte implantation, or osteoarticular allograft transplantation. The procedural selection may be made easier by a knowledge of the factors influencing prognosis. These factors include defect size, patient age, acuteness of injury, and activity level. Predisposing causes for chondral injuries such as instability, axial or patellofemoral malalignments, and inherent predisposition to osteoarthritis must be considered and corrected. A practical algorithm taking these factors into account is presented.
Utility of paired box gene 8 (PAX8) expression in fluid and fine-needle aspiration cytology: an immunohistochemical study of metastatic ovarian serous carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Metastases from ovarian neoplasms are commonly encountered in peritoneal fluids. In addition, reactive mesothelial cells in effusion specimens can mimic ovarian serous carcinoma, making the diagnosis difficult. Calretinin has been recognized as a reliable immunohistochemical marker for mesothelial cells, whereas WT1 has proven useful in the diagnosis of ovarian serous carcinoma. This can present a diagnostic pitfall in effusion cytology, because mesothelial cells can demonstrate immunoreactivity for WT1. Recently, paired box gene 8 (PAX8) has been used in distinguishing ovarian from mammary carcinoma. To the authors' knowledge, no studies using PAX8 have been performed on peritoneal cytology specimens to date, and its expression in metastatic ovarian serous carcinoma has not been studied. METHODS: These markers, along with BerEP4 and MOC-31, were evaluated in cytology cell block preparations from 30 fluid cytology specimens and 11 fine-needle aspiration specimens. RESULTS: PAX8 was found to be positive in 37 of 41 (90%) ovarian carcinoma cases studied, and was a sensitive (90%) and specific (100%) marker for the detection of metastatic ovarian carcinoma. In addition, calretinin was found to be useful for identifying mesothelial cells in fluid cytology. Furthermore, although PAX8 and WT1 have demonstrated comparable sensitivity (90% and 93%, respectively) in diagnosing metastatic ovarian carcinoma, PAX8 appears to have superior specificity because staining is not observed in mesothelial cells. BerEP4 and MOC-31 were found to have a lower sensitivity and specificity compared with PAX8. CONCLUSIONS: PAX8-positive, calretinin-negative staining appears to be highly specific and sensitive for detecting metastatic ovarian serous carcinoma in cytologic preparations and can be useful in distinguishing it from mesothelial cells in fluid cytology. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Stress fracture of the femoral neck in a long distance runner: Biomechanical aspects

With the rising public interest in physical fitness, emergency physicians are seeing an increasing number of stress fractures. Early diagnosis, followed by conservative management, allowed a long-distance runner with a compression type stress fracture of the femoral neck to return to running. The biomechanical cause of this injury may be related to erosion of the sole of the running shoe that reduced its shock absorption and increased the potential for injury.
Then as an indicator of deictic discontinuity in adults' oral descriptions of a film.

An analysis of film descriptions of 20 normal-language adults revealed the adults' selective and systematic use of the word then. Then served to indicate an upcoming shift in discourse deixis. It o...
Low-temperature lattice-scattering mobility in multiple heterojunctions: Phonon-drag enhancement.

The temperature dependence of the low-temperature lattice-scattering mobility (LSM) of a heterojunction as well as a multiple-heterojunction structure is obtained. We show that the LSM of a multiple-heterojunction structure can be significantly enhanced as compared to that of a single heterojunction due to the phonon-drag effect. The high-temperature approximation employed for the LSM in the current literature is found to underestimate significantly the LSM as well as the deformation-potential coefficient.