cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE CLONING OF TOXIN AND OTHER CLOSTRIDIAL GENES

ABSTRACT Clostridial toxins are important in a wide variety of disease conditions. This paper reviews progress in cloning Clostridial toxin and other genes and discusses their structure and function with respect to promoter regions, signal sequences, termination regions and nucleotide and codon usage.
“It Represents Me:” Tattooing Mixed-Race Identity

AbstractResearch on tattoos reveals that desire for something to “mark their bodies with indelible symbols of what they see themselves to be” has become a main driver behind contemporary tattoo acq...
Improved Quantum Efficiency in AlGaInSb/InAs Superlattices for Mid-Infrared Optoelectronics

Several mid-infrared superlattice and emitter regions, including new combinations, and have been designed and grown by molecular beam epitaxy. An ultrafast technique has been refined with CW measurements to obtain A, B, C recombination coefficients and emitter quantum efficiency. Promising results on AlGaInSb/InAs superlattices are presented, in addition to other material combinations.
The role of heat shock protein 90/70 as potential molecular therapeutic targets in breast cancer

2346 Heat shock proteins (hsps) are molecular chaperones which synthesized by cells in response to various stress conditions and associated with tumor neogenesis or carcinogenesis and the biological behaviour of tumors. The expression of hsps in neoplasia has been implicated in the regulation of apoptosis. Recently hsps were emerged to be a novel molecular target in anticancer protocol. The objective of this study was to investigate to clarify the significance of hsp90/70 in breast cancer and effect of geldanamycin (blocker of hsp90) and quercetin (blocker of hsp70) on growth inhibition in different breast cancer cell lines. First, expression levels of hsp 90/70 were studied by immunohistochemistry on tissue sections from 61 invasive ductal carcinoma of breast including 11 ductal carcinoma in situ and 26 normal breast tissues including 12 fibrocystic changes as control. Hsp 70/90 expression were evaluated via grading systems which are percentage-grade is classified by 0(negative),1(25%>),2(25%
Faculty Development: A Review of the (Relatively Recent) Literature and Implications for Christian Higher Education

AbstractThis article is a review of the 21st century literature on faculty development in American higher education. After briefly summarizing the history of faculty development and current trends,...
Personal harm and support for climate change mitigation policies: Evidence from 10 U.S. communities impacted by extreme weather

Abstract A growing body of research examines the role of extreme weather experience—as one of the most personal, visceral (and increasingly frequent and severe) impacts of climate change—in shaping views on climate change. A remaining question is whether the experience of an extreme weather event increases climate change concern via experiential learning or reinforces existing views via motivated reasoning. Building on this work, we explore the relationship between personal experience and climate change policy preferences using surveys in 10 communities that experienced extreme weather events (3 tornadoes, 3 floods, 2 wildfires, 1 hurricane and 1 landslide). We find that self-reported personal harm aligns with objective measures of event impacts and that personal harm (i.e., experience) is associated with higher levels of policy support. However, we do not find that objective measures of event impacts are related to policy support. Though political ideology (i.e., motivated reasoning) dominates our model of policy support in predictable ways, personal harm moderates this relationship suggesting that conservatives reporting higher levels of personal harm from the event are, on average, more likely to express support for climate policy than those reporting lower levels of harm. We postulate that while extreme weather events may serve as teachable moments on climate change, their lessons may only reach conservatives who feel personally harmed, even in the communities most affected.
sdfibm: a signed distance field based discrete forcing immersed boundary method in OpenFOAM

Abstract In this paper we present the algorithm and implementation of an open-source immersed boundary code sdfibm , which is based on OpenFOAM v6 and written in C++. The immersed boundary method (“ibm” of the name) treats the velocity field as the volume average of fluid and solid velocities, and applies the volume-average discrete forcing to account for the fluid–solid interaction. The signed distance field (“sdf” of the name) representation of the solid shape, together with the proposed pyramid decomposition method, allow accurate calculations of the volume fraction field created by solids overlapping with an arbitrary unstructured fluid mesh. SDF removes the need of intersection test between the solid and fluid mesh, or the discretization and re-sampling of the solid shape. Users can freely combine different components (shapes, materials, and motion constraints) into new solids within the plain-text input file, and implement new shapes and motion constrains easily. sdfibm is an efficient and robust tool for exploring complex fluid–solid interactions in a fully-resolved sense, and can generate data for closure models in upscaling procedures. Program summary Program title: sdfibm CPC Library link to program files: http://dx.doi.org/10.17632/hcvtddjngv.1 Licensing provisions: GNU General Public License 3 Programming language: C++ Nature of problem: Fluid–structure interaction and particle-laden multi-phase flow problems, with the structure/solid phase being rigid bodies. Examples range from classic flows passing stationary cylinder or sphere, to the sedimentation of a cluster of particles. Thanks to the fully-resolved direct numerical simulation, detail data of the flow field and particle motion are obtained as part of the solution, which can be used to analyze the dynamic process and to build coarse-grain models for industrial scale simulations. Solution method: The solution method can be divided into the fluid part and the solid part. For the fluid part, the Navier–Stokes equations are solved via the projection method. Because of the collocated arrangement of variables, a mesh face based flux field is used to enforce the divergence-free condition. The solid part follows Newtonian dynamics and is solved using linear multi-step method. The coupling of the two is via volume-average discrete forcing, which is an immersed boundary formulation suitable for rigid bodies. To find the forcing, the solid volume fraction at each fluid mesh cell is needed, which is calculated accurately on arbitrary unstructured meshes using signed distance field.
Mechanoregulation modeling of bone healing in realistic fracture geometries

In bone fracture healing, new tissue gradually forms, ossifies, and eventually remodels itself to restore mechanical stiffness and strength across injury site. Mechanical strain at the fracture site has been implicated in controlling the process of healing and numerical mechanoregulation models with strain-based fuzzy logic rules have been applied to simulate bone healing for simple fracture geometries. However, many of these simplified models cannot capture in vivo observations such as delays in healing with torsional instability or differences in healing rate between different fracture types. Accordingly, the purpose of this work was to apply a fuzzy logic mechanoregulation fracture healing simulation technique to 3D models representing a range of clinically inspired fracture geometries with intramedullary nail fixation and multiaxial loading conditions. The models predicted that the rate of healing depends on the geometry of the fracture and that all fracture types experience a small healing delay with torsional instability. The results also indicated that when realistic torsional loading and fixator mechanics are included, previously published strain-based rules for tissue destruction lead to simulated nonunions that would not be expected in vivo. This suggested that fracture healing may be more robust to distortional strain than has been previously reported and that fuzzy logic models may require parameter tuning to correctly capture clinically relevant healing. The strengths of this study are that it includes fracture morphology effects, realistic implant mechanics, and an exploratory adaptation of the upper distortional strain threshold. These findings may help future researchers extend these methods into clinical fracture healing prediction.
Mueller matrix pBRDF Spectropolarimeter applied to measurements of Zea Mays leaves (Conference Presentation)

Spectral imaging is heavily deployed in plant phenotyping due to its ability to infer aspects of the metabolome; however, observations of individual leaves are confounded by bidirectional reflectance effects. In this paper, we rigorously characterize these effects through the setup and implementation of a polarized Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (pBRDF) Mueller matrix spectropolarimeter. We detail calibration procedures needed to correct for geometric and polarimetric aberrations, and demonstrate the pBRDF measurements for a maize (Zea mays) leaf. Furthermore, we present fixed transmission and reflection-mode measurements to monitor diurnal spectral Mueller-matrix dependencies caused by photosynthesis.
Learning at home: What preschool children’s parents do and what they want to learn from their children’s teachers:

This study investigated the beliefs parents of preschoolers (N = 126) have for facilitating their children’s reading and mathematics development. The study used an online survey distributed via soc...
The Value of Countercyclical Capital Requirements: Evidence from COVID-19

We evaluate the implications of relaxing the Supplementary Leverage Ratio during the COVID-19 market disruption for bank balance sheet composition and credit provision. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to causally identify the effect of the SLR regulation change on bank level outcomes. We find that the relaxation may have eased Treasury market liquidity by allowing banks to hold modestly greater inventories of Treasuries, and further allowed for a significant expansion of traditional bank credit. Our findings suggest that this risk-invariant leverage ratio was binding for banks during COVID-19, weakly affected bank liquidity provision in Treasury markets, and strongly affected banks' portfolio composition across asset classes, amounting to a shift of banks' loan supply schedules. Thus, we highlight that countercyclical relaxation of uniform leverage constraints can increase bank credit provision during economic downturns. Given the binding nature of the SLR, the relaxation of this constraint may be more effective than other countercyclical measures in allowing banks to extend credit.
Contemporary Incremental Healthcare Costs for Allergic Rhinitis in the United States.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Describe contemporary changes in healthcare expenditure and utilization associated with allergic rhinitis (AR) over the past decade. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis. METHODS Patients reporting a diagnosis of AR were extracted from the 2018 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey and linked to the consolidated expenditures file. AR patients were then compared to non-AR patients to demonstrate differences in healthcare utilization for office visits, emergency facility visits, and prescriptions. In addition, differences in total healthcare costs, office-based costs, and prescription costs were calculated, using demographic- and comorbidity-adjusted multivariate models. Results were compared to those obtained in 2007. RESULTS In 2018, an estimated 1.94 ± 0.2 million adult patients reported AR (0.8% of the US population receiving medical care), a 90% decrease from the 17.8 ± 0.7 million patients seen in a formal healthcare setting for AR in 2007 (7.9%). AR patients still formally seen in 2018 had an average of 4.4 ± 1.3 more office visits (P = .001) and 9.7 ± 2.2 more prescription fills (P < .001) than non-AR patients. In contrast to the 2007 findings, there was no difference in total health care expenditure per person with AR per year. When comparing total healthcare expenditure between 2018 and 2007, there was a net decrease of $1,176 per person with AR per year (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS Patients reporting AR in a formal healthcare encounter fell significantly over the past decade, and per-person expenditure associated with an AR diagnosis also decreased significantly. The transition of nasal corticosteroids to over-the-counter was potentially a key driver behind these changes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3 Laryngoscope, 2021.
From Listening and Speaking to Taking Action: Expeditionary Learning Profiles of the Craft of Council and the UPstander Project

Expeditionary learning asks much of its participants, especially with regard to facing challenging emotional episodes and translating them into action. At any given point on an educational learning experience or trip, or at whatever stage of cultural adjustment in which participants find themselves, there is a need for creating safe spaces in which everyone can confront challenging experiences, be heard, and take action. This chapter explores two simple structures that helped us build these skills among participants on our various Expedition Inside Culture (EiC) adventures and the flexible ways in which they promoted “communion and communication” (Avery in Traditional Quaker Worship, 2019). Through the “Craft of Council” (Halifax in The Wisdom of Listening. Boston: Wisdom Publications, 2003), we talk about building the skills of listening and speaking while building the skills of taking action.
The Beginning of the End of Allogeneic Transplantation for Hurler Syndrome

Hurler syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis type I, Hurler variant [MPSIH]) is caused by autosomal recessive mutations in IDUA, leading to absent α-L-iduronidase (IDUA) expression. Deficient clearance o...
Rapid screening methods for the detection of inherited and acquired aminoacidopathies.

Publisher Summary Two new developments in clinical medicine have made the early recognition of inborn metabolic errors in the clinical chemistry laboratory of increased importance. Utilization of dietary regimens deficient in the metabolites normally acted upon by the missing enzyme serves to ameliorate the more serious consequences of the disease, for example, low-phenylalanine diets in cases of phenylketonuria. The availability of amniotic fluid early in pregnancy by amniocentesis has made possible the prenatal diagnosis of genetic disease in those conditions in which the accumulated substance or missing enzyme is known. This approach is discussed in this chapter that helps to determine whether pregnant women, who have previously given birth to children with Tay–Sachs disease, are carrying an abnormal fetus by analyzing the amniotic fluid for the missing enzyme—that is, β-D-N-acetylhexosaminidase A. An early diagnosis in this situation is essential if the mother is to have a choice of ending the pregnancy or carrying the fetus to term.
excitations in a quark model of the NN interaction

Abstract The ( q q ) and ( q q ) 2 excitations generated by off-shell terms of the Fermi-Breit quark-gluon interaction are incorporated into a quark model of the NN system leading to a semiquantitative fit of the NN scattering data.
Thermal image enhancement construct for seeing through obscurants

Thermal radiation from objects varies within spectral bands according to Planck’s law. By modeling measurements of such radiation as a linear sum of contributions from multiple sources, a thermal image may be separated into multiple images of independent objects that represent the original, composite scene. We pose the scene decomposition as an inverse source separation problem, where multiple spectral images are used to improve temperature resolution of the estimated scene. Based on this concept, a unique algorithm is being developed that will enable thermal imagers to “see through certain obscurants” with image enhancement. Numerical simulations along with real images from multiple bands (MWIR and LWIR) suggest the feasibility of selective source removal and radiative spectral extrapolation, which can lead to thermal image enhancement and improved sensor performance. Practical issues related to the use of multiple spectral images (such as image registration and choice of sensing bands) are also discussed.
La poética del horizonte. Espacio, escritura y campo literario en las novelas de José María de Pereda

En este articulo se emplea el termino "poetica del horizonte" para denominar el conjunto de reglas que gobiernan la practica literaria de un fenomeno moderno -el horizonte- presente en varias disciplinas de las humanidades (v.g. fenomenologia, teoria del arte, teoria literaria). Con el doble proposito de establecer (i) una tipologia y (ii) algunas de las semejanzas de familia mas significativas del horizonte literario, este trabajo explora la funcion y el sentido de los horizontes en un caso concreto: la produccion novelesca de Jose Maria de Pereda. El analisis detallado de este corpus permite concluir que el horizonte literario produce una topografia discursiva mediante la delimitacion de sus literarias, y refleja el posicionamiento liminal del escritor en el campo literario.
Purification and characterization of T7 head-tail connectors expressed from the cloned gene.

Abstract Cloned gene 8 , which specifies the protein of the head – tail connector of bacteriophage T7, was expressed in Escherichia coli . Extracts prepared in a low-salt buffer gave rise to free monomers, assembled connectors, and various complexes and aggregates. Connectors isolated as single peaks from DEAE-Sepharose and phosphocellulose chromatography gave separate peaks of monomers and stable connectors upon hydroxylapatite chromatography, perhaps because of dissociation of monomer – connector complexes or disassembly of unstable connectors. Electron microscopy showed that the connectors readily formed ordered arrays after hydroxylapatite chromatography, but not before. Addition of 100 mM NaCl to the buffer used to prepare extracts eliminated most complexes and aggregates and gave rise almost entirely to monomers and stable connectors that formed arrays even before hydroxylapatite chromatography. The distribution of masses determined by scanning transmission electron microscopy would be consistent with a mixed population of stable connectors containing 12 or 13 monomers, and the same preparation gave two bands upon agarose gel electrophoresis. Connectors bound linear, circular and supercoiled DNA, whereas monomers did not, as determined by a gel-shift assay. No ATPase activity was detected in either monomer or connector preparations in the absence or presence of DNA.
Adenosine A1 receptors mediate inhibition of cAMP formation in vitro in the pontine, REM sleep induction zone.

Abstract Microinjection of adenosine A1 receptor agonist or an inhibitor of adenylyl cyclase into the caudal, oral pontine reticular formation (PnOc) of the rat induces a long-lasting increase in REM sleep. Here, we report significant inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cAMP in dissected pontine tissue slices containing the PnOc incubated with the A1 receptor agonist, cyclohexaladenosine (10−8 M). These data are consistent with adenosine A1 receptor agonist actions on REM sleep mediated through inhibition of cAMP.
Further Studies on the Microwave Auditory Effect

Auditory signals generated in humans and animals who are irradiated with short rectangular pulses of microwave energy have been studied. Assuming that the effect arises from sound waves generated in the tissues of the head by rapid, thermal expansion caused by microwave absorption, and using a technique described previously, the governing equations are solved for a homogeneous spherical model of the head under constrained-surface conditions. The results indicate that the frequency of the auditory signal is a function of the size and acoustic property of the head only. While the amplitude and frequency of the microwave-induced sound are higher than those predicted by the stress-free boundary condition formulation, they are compatible with the experimental results reported to date.
Psychedelics and Psychological Well-Being:

Barriers to research and publication appear to have resulted in a bias toward selective dissemination of predominantly negative information about the effects of psychedelics. However, it appears that significant numbers of people feel that the psychedelics have made positive contributions to their personal psychological growth. This article summarizes the experiences and conclusions of five individuals who appear to exhibit exceptional levels of psychological well-being and to meet Maslow's criteria of self-actualization, and who are deeply involved in a psychological or consciousness discipline. All five felt that, for psychologically mature individuals, the psychedelics, while not constituting a path to deep awakening by themselves, could facilitate psychological growth when used in the context of an ongoing discipline. Advantages were said to include an opening to new realms of experience and belief, deeper understanding of depth psychologies, religions, and consciousness disciplines, more rapid workin...
Inhibition of metabolic cooperation in Chinese hamster V79 cells by 1α,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, the active metabolite of vitamin D3

Abstract The biologically active metabolite of vitamin D3, 1α,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2D3), inhibited the metabolic cooperation between cocultivated Chinese hamster V79 cells that are either susceptible or resistant to the cytotoxic effect of 6-thioguanine (TG). This inhibition was characterized by an increased survival of TG-resistant cells when they are cocultured with susceptible cells in the presence of TG. TG-resistant cells in the absence of susceptible cells and after treatment with TG yielded a cloning efficiency of about 90%. Cocultivation of these cells with the susceptible cells reduced this cloning efficiency to about 30%. At 0.5 μg/ml, 1,25-(OH)2D3 restored the cloning efficiency of the TG-resistant cells in the cocultures to 62%. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), a known inhibitor of metabolic cooperation, at 0.5 μg/ml restored the cloning efficiency to a similar extent. Vitamin D3, 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (24,25-(OH)2D3, and phorbol were ineffective in inhibiting this metabolic cooperation. 1,25-(OH)2D3, unlike PMA, did not inhibit the binding of [3H]phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu) to its cellular receptors in either the TG-susceptible or resistant cells. These results indicate that 1,25-(OH)2D3 resembles tumor-promoting agents such as PMA in its capacity to inhibit metabolic cooperation, but this capacity is not mediated through phorbol diester receptors.
Collaboration or coercion? Partnering to divert prescription opioid medications

Diversion of prescription opioids is a widespread problem in the USA. While “doctor shopping” and pill brokering are well-described types of medication diversion, we sought to understand the social dynamic of diversion of prescription opioids and identify other diversion methods. Using qualitative data collected as part of a 12-week Rapid Assessment and Response study of prescription opioid overdose and abuse (the RARx Study) conducted in three communities in two New England states, we reviewed and thematically coded 195 interviews. Diversion took many forms: doctor shopping, pill brokering, and, most commonly, siphoning from the family medicine chest. Partnering—of patients with other “patients,” of patients with “caregivers”— to obtain prescription opioids was also described. Motivations for partnering indicated doing so out of fear of violence, for financial benefit, or in exchange for transportation or other services. Partnering for prescription opioids exhibited a range of power differentials, from collaboration to coercion, and tended to involve vulnerable populations such as the elderly, disabled, or destitute. Increased awareness among health providers of the ease of access and diversion of prescription opioids is needed to promote patient safety and prevent interpersonal violence.
Sweden: An Example of a Viable Social Economy?

Based upon the conformity of its ideals and economic policies with those of social economics and the performance of its economy, it is concluded that the Swedish economy exemplifies a viable social economy. This conclusion is reached following analysis of: the basic tenets and propositions of social economics; the origins of the modern Swedish economy; Sweden′s economic policies since 1932; the degree to which Swedish ideals and economic policies conform to those of social economics; and the performance of the Swedish economy.
High-cycle fatigue and durability of polycrystalline silicon thin films in ambient air

Abstract To evaluate the long-term durability properties of materials for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), the stress-life ( S / N ) cyclic fatigue behavior of a 2-μm thick polycrystalline silicon film was evaluated in laboratory air using an electrostatically actuated notched cantilever beam resonator. A total of 28 specimens were tested for failure under high frequency (∼40 kHz) cyclic loads with lives ranging from about 10 s to 34 days (3×10 5 to 1.2×10 11 cycles) over fully reversed, sinusoidal stress amplitudes varying from ∼2.0 to 4.0 GPa. The thin-film polycrystalline silicon cantilever beams exhibited a time-delayed failure that was accompanied by a continuous increase in the compliance of the specimen. This apparent cyclic fatigue effect resulted in an endurance strength, at greater than 10 9 cycles, of ∼2 GPa, i.e. roughly one-half of the (single cycle) fracture strength. Based on experimental and numerical results, the fatigue process is attributed to a novel mechanism involving the environmentally-assisted cracking of the surface oxide film (termed reaction-layer fatigue). These results provide the most comprehensive, high-cycle, endurance data for designers of polysilicon micromechanical components available to date.
The methoxy intermediate on Mo(100): Effects of surface oxidation

Abstract Methanol adsorption and decomposition were characterized on clean, partially oxidized, and completely oxidized molybdenum (100) surfaces using high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy and temperature programmed reaction spectroscopy. A methoxy intermediate was found on both the clean and partially oxidized surfaces but not on the completely oxidized surface. The adsorbed methoxy was bound more stably to the clean surface than to the partially oxidized surface. Molecular methanol adsorption was dominant on the completely oxidized surface. Surface passivation correlated directly with the degree of surface oxidation for methanol decomposition on the Mo(100) surface.
On path-independent integrals and fracture criteria in non-linear fracture dynamics

In this paper, we consider path-independent integrals and fracture criteria in nonlinear fracture dynamics. The dynamic effect and crack propagation are included in the discussion. Both nonlinear elastic and elastic-plastic case for crack propagation have been considered, and the related path-independent integrals are proposed. As an example, the steady state propagation of crack has been discussed. Lastly, we give the mechanical meaning of this path-independent integrals as the crack extension force, and make it possible to use the path-independent integrals (as fracture criterion in nonlinear fracture dynamics).
pH-dependent modulation of phospholipase A2 activity by alkaline cations and catecholamines in a granule-enriched fraction of adrenal medulla

Abstract Phospholipase A activity was measured in the soluble fractions from bovine adrenal medullary granules and rat liver lysosomes. The adrenal medulla preparation, enriched 2.5-fold in chromaffin granules and lysosomes, hydrolyzes the phospholipids of [1- 14 C]oleate-labelled autoclaved Escherichia coli in the pH range 3.5–7.0 in an alkaline cation (Na + , K + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ ) -dependent fashion. At low alkaline cation concentrations the apparent pH optimum is near 6.5 but decreases to about 4.5 with increasing cation concentrations. When measured at high alkaline cation concentrations phospholipase activity in the adrenal fraction has a pH profile and optimum similar to those of rat liver lysosomes. Amine-containing buffers, millimolar concentrations of catecholamines and micromolar concentrations of the amine-containing drug, trifluoperazine, modulate the adrenal medulla phospholipase activity in a pH- and alkaline cation-dependent manner. Studies with specifically labelled phosphatidylethanolamines confirm previous conclusions that activity at pH 6.4 is almost exclusively phospholipase A 2 but in contrast to previous conclusions (Smith A.D. and Winkler H. (1968) Biochem. J. 108, 867–874) we find significant phospholipase A 2 activity at pH 4.2.
Structures of Apurinic and Apyrimidinic Sites in Duplex DNAs

Natural and exogenous processes can give rise to abasic sites with either a purine or pyrimidine as the base on the opposing strand. The solution state structures of the apyrimidinic DNA duplex, with D6 indicating an abasic site, [sequence: see text] referred to as AD, and the apurinic DNA duplex with a dC17, referred to as CD, have been determined. A particularly striking difference is that the abasic site in CD is predominantly a beta hemiacetal, whereas in AD the alpha and beta forms are equally present. Hydrogen bonding with water by the abasic site and the base on the opposite strand appears to play a large role in determining the structure near the damaged site. Comparison of these structures with that of a duplex DNA containing a thymine glycol at the same position as the abasic site and with that of a duplex DNA containing an abasic site in the middle of a curved DNA sequence offers some insight into the common and distinct structural features of damaged DNA sites.
Synthesis of porphyrins bearing hydrocarbon tethers and facile covalent attachment to si(100).

The use of redox-active molecules as the active storage elements in memory chips requires the ability to attach the molecules to an electroactive surface in a reliable and robust manner. To explore the use of porphyrins tethered to silicon via carbosilane linkages, 17 porphyrins have been synthesized. Fourteen porphyrins bear a tether at a single meso site, and three porphyrins bear functional groups at two β sites for possible two-point attachment. Two high-temperature processing methods (400 °C under inert atmosphere) have been developed for rapid (minutes), facile covalent attachment to Si platforms. The high-temperature processing conditions afford attachment either by direct deposition of a dilute solution (1 μM−1 mM) of the porphyrin sample onto the Si substrate or sublimation of a neat sample onto the Si substrate. The availability of this diverse collection of porphyrins enables an in-depth examination of the effects of the tether (length, composition, terminal functional group, number of tethers)...
Form deprivation without light deprivation produces the visual deprivation syndrome inMacaca Mulatta

Summary The previously reported arrest of cell growth in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) following unilateral lid suture during visual immaturity in cats, dogs and monkeys could be caused by deprivation of light or form vision, binocular interaction, or a combination of these factors. The lens was surgically removed from one eye of 3 macaques during the first month of life. Quantitative histologic comparison between LGN laminae connected with the phakic and aphakic eye revealed reductions of cell sizes in the monocular and binocular LGN segments receiving input from the aphakic eye of a magnitude comparable to that obtained by the lid suture technique. Since the amount of light stimulating the retina through an aphakic pupil is not reduced, we conclude that light deprivation can be excluded as a cause for arrest of cell growth in the LGN.
Evolving Fixation Methods in Endoscopically Assisted Forehead Rejuvenation: Controversies and Rationale

The goals of surgical rejuvenation of the forehead include component brow manipulation, attenuation of transverse forehead rhytids, and reduction of glabellar frown lines. The endoscopic approach has proved successful in achieving these goals in selective patients while minimizing incisions and improving scalp sensation. Efficacy of endoscopic brow manipulation is dependent on (1) complete release of the brow at the supraorbital rim, (2) brow depressor muscle resection/release, and (3) tension-free fixation of the brow position until wound healing has occurred. Fixation of the brow using an endoscopic technique, unlike the open technique, is dependent on skin retraction and tension-free scalp fixation during the process of wound healing to maintain the desired brow position. Techniques for endoscopic fixation are arbitrarily divided into endogenous and exogenous. Endogenous methods include extensive galea-frontalis-occipitalis release, lateral spanning suspension sutures, external bolster fixation, anterior port skin excision, galea-frontalis advancement, cortical tunnels, and tissue adhesives. Exogenous techniques include internal screw or plate fixation, Mitek anchor fixation, external screw fixation, and absorbable K-wires. This article provides a goal-oriented review of these evolving techniques and a rationale for the use of fixation methods in endoscopically assisted forehead rejuvenation.
Parallel artificial membrane permeability assay for blood-brain permeability determination of illicit drugs and synthetic analogues.

Abstract With the number of designer drugs on the streets rampantly on the rise, it's becoming more and more important to be able to rapidly characterize them in a biologically relevant way. Using a parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA) to assess the blood brain barrier permeability has shown to be a high throughput way to compare new drugs with currently controlled substances via their effective permeability values. This combined with direct infusion electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry creates a rapid technique for characterization of new designer drugs. PAMPA has successfully determined the effective permeabilities of cocaine, methamphetamine, heroin, MDMA, and several tryptamine derivatives.
Ultrastructural characterization of de novo and secondary leukemias.

Cells from 95 patients with acute leukemia were studied by cytochemistry, light microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and were classified according to the French-American-British (FAB) guidelines. This group included 63 patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) de novo, 18 with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), and 14 with ANLL as a second malignancy. In addition, 13 cases of chronic myelocytic leukemia in blast crisis were studied. Ultrastructural examination resulted in reclassification of 6 cases of ANLL de novo; two of these were reclassified from M2 (myeloblastic leukemia with maturation) to M3 variant (microgranular variant of hypergranular promyelocytic leukemia). The classification of the cases of CML in blast crisis was identical by light microscopy and TEM. In 1 case of myeloblastic crisis, however, basophilic granules were demonstrated by TEM but were not appreciated by light microscopy. Classification of the cases of secondary leukemia was possible by light microscopy and cytochemistry in all 14 cases, but was often difficult since the cytochemical reactions were usually less intense than in de novo ANLL. This was particularly true in those cases classified as M1, and in such cases, TEM was required to confirm the diagnosis.
Multiple-Pulse Mixing Sequences That Selectively Enhance Chemical Exchange or Cross-Relaxation Peaks in High-Resolution NMR Spectra

Abstract Rotating-frame NMR experiments which either emphasize or suppress cross relaxation, and which simultaneously suppress TOCSY, COSY, and zero-quantum peaks in NMR spectra, are presented and analyzed. The new experiments rely on mixing sequences which follow naturally from the transverse -ROESY (Tr-ROESY) sequence of Hwang and Shaka, and which are applicable to larger molecules in solution (spin diffusion limit). In the first variant a modified Tr-ROESY sequence, called multiple-pulse ROESY (MP-ROESY), is used to enhance cross-relaxation peak intensity compared to Tr-ROESY; in the second, called phase-modulated CLEAN chemical exchange (CLEANEX-PM), cross-relaxation peaks are greatly attenuated. The two methods are thus complementary: MP-ROESY is used to observe Overhauser peaks, and CLEANEX-PM is used to eliminate them, permitting clear observation of chemical exchange peaks alone. The new techniques are examined by theory and experiment. Practical guidelines that will result in high-quality spectra are given, including the judicious use of continuous weak static magnetic field gradients.
Open SOALab: case study artifacts for SOA research and education

Both SOA researchers and SOA educators need simple example systems for case studies and courseware. Open SOALab provides three such documented applications which are available for download. This paper briefly describes the applications and some of the case studies and educational activities that have used them.
Determination of Genetic Relationships Among Populations of Asclepias tuberosa (Asclepiadaceae) Based on ISSR Polymorphisms

Abstract. Asclepias tuberosa L., or butterflyweed, is a native plant species occurring throughout much of North America, and is a valued horticultural plant most known for its ability to attract butterflies. Three subspecies, A.t. interior, A.t. rolfsii, and A.t. tuberosa, have been identified based on leaf shape, but their overall genetic variability is not known. The current study investigated the genetics of this plant from populations located in six different geographic areas in the United States. Because there is very little knowledge of the genetics of this plant, as a first approach, analyses based on ISSR polymorphisms were used to determine genetic structure. A total of 115 ISSR bands, of which 96.5% were polymorphic, were scored from 82 samples. The Exact Test for population differentiation showed that populations from all six geographic locations were genetically distinct from one another. UPGMA analysis determined that the populations from the different geographic locations did not cluster int...
Attitudes of schizophrenia outpatients toward psychiatric medications: relationship to clinical variables and insight.

Background Attitude toward medications is important for medication adherence. A patient's drug attitude probably reflects a weighing of benefits against experienced or anticipated side effects or risks associated with the medication. We predicted (1) that drug attitudes would be more positive among schizophrenia patients taking second-generation compared to first-generation antipsychotics because of their greater tolerability and efficacy; and (2) that greater insight into illness, fewer extrapyramidal symptoms, and better social functioning would be associated with better attitudes toward psychiatric medication. Method In a cross-sectional study of 81 DSM-IV-diagnosed schizophrenia outpatients, we used multivariate analysis to determine clinical and demographic predictors of drug attitude. Drug attitude was assessed with the 10-item Drug Attitude Inventory (DAI). The relationship between the DAI and psychopathology, insight, extrapyramidal symptoms, level of functioning, and type of antipsychotic (first-generation versus second-generation versus clozapine) was examined. Results Less awareness of current symptoms, presence of deficit symptoms, and employment predicted a negative attitude toward psychiatric medications. Extrapyramidal symptoms did not predict drug attitude. Drug attitudes were no different between patients taking first- or second-generation antipsychotics or clozapine. Conclusion Patients may not favor second-generation over first-generation antipsychotics, and extrapyramidal symptoms may not be a primary factor determining attitudes. While attitudes may be more positive in patients who recognize therapeutic drug effects, patients who work may view medications particularly negatively, possibly due to a sense of stigma. Because drug attitudes may reflect compliance and are difficult to predict, clinicians should inquire directly.
Histone H3 Lysine 56 Methylation Regulates DNA Replication through Its Interaction with PCNA

Summary Histone modifications play important roles in regulating DNA-based biological processes. Of the modified sites, histone H3 lysine 56 (H3K56) is unique in that it lies within the globular core domain near the entry-exit sites of the nucleosomal DNA superhelix and its acetylation state in yeast is a marker for newly synthesized histones in transcription, DNA repair, and DNA replication. We now report the presence of H3K56 monomethylation (H3K56me1) in mammalian cells and find that the histone lysine methytransferase G9a/KMT1C is required for H3K56me1 both in vivo and in vitro. We also find that disruption of G9a or H3K56 impairs DNA replication. Furthermore, H3K56me1 associates with the replication processivity factor PCNA primarily in G1 phase of the cell cycle and, directly, in vitro. These results find H3K56me1 in mammals and indicate a role for H3K56me1 as a chromatin docking site for PCNA prior to its function in DNA replication.
Newton's correspondence

The Correspondence of Isaac Newton. Vol. VII:1718-1727. Edited by A. Rupert Hall and Laura Tilling. Pp. 522. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge and London, 1978.) £25.
Unusual breast mass: lymphoma with crystal-storing histiocytosis.

![Figure][1] A 62-year-old woman was found to have a breast mass on screening mammography. A core biopsy was performed and revealed heterogeneous aggregates of lymphocytes and plasma cells juxtaposed against sheets of histiocytes with punctate areas of necrosis mimicking necrotizing
Scaling laws and vanishing-viscosity limits for wall-bounded shear flows and for local structure in developed turbulence

Scaling laws for wall-bounded turbulence are derived and their properties are analyzed via vanishing-viscosity asymptotics; a comparison of the results with recent experiments shows that the observed scaling law differs significantly from the customary logarithmic law of the wall. The Izakson-Millikan-von Mises derivation of turbulence structure, properly interpreted, confirms this analysis. Analogous relations for the local structure of turbulence are given, including results on the scaling of the higher-order structure functions; these results suggest that there are no Reynolds-number-independent corrections to the Kolmogorov exponent and thus that the classical 1941 version of the Kolmogorov theory already gives the limiting behavior. The use of small-viscosity asymptotics is explained, and the consequences of the theory and of the experimental evidence for the Navier-Stokes equations and for the statistical theory of turbulence are discussed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Integrated metal magnetic film coupled line circulators for monolithic microwaveintegrated circuits

A new structure of integrated planar metal magnetic film coupled line (MMFCL) circulators is presented, in which a metal magnetic film is used instead of ferrite materials. Simulation was performed with HFSS based on coupled-mode theory. An insertion loss of 4 dB and isolation of −13.5 dB between S21 and S12 over a frequency band of 3 GHz (from 36.5 to 39.5 GHz) were realised for a three-port MMFCL circulator.
Epispadias: Contending with continence

Forty-seven patients with epispadias not associated with bladder exstrophy were treated at our institution over the last half decade. There were 8 female and 39 male patients, 37 of whom had retrosymphyseal epispadias. Of the 20 male patients with subsymphyseal epispadias and incontinence 13 had a fair to excellent result. Of the 7 females with retrosymphyseal epispadias and incontinence, all but 1 came to urinary diversion. An analysis of our data suggests that premature operative intervention precludes obtaining maximal functional and cosmetic results. In addition, the discrepancy in our overall success rate utilizing a one-stage technique versus a staged procedure favored by others may support the latter.
Drag coefficient modeling for the near coastal zone

Abstract Using the JONSWAP spectrum for describing the surface wave state in the near coastal zone, models for the roughness length and the drag coefficient are used to simulate the dependence of the wind stress on fetch and depth. The results of each model are then compared with a compiled set of past investigations of the neutral drag coefficient over a variety of conditions. It is found that the models of Donelan, Hsu, and Kitaigorodskii correctly predict the trends in the drag coefficient with fetch and depth. Although it did not account for all the observed variations in the neutral drag coefficient. Kitaigorodskii's model, when incorporating the JONSWAP spectrum, more accurately simulated the slopes of the various C DN regressions against windspeed.
The effect of cortical ablation on afferent activity in the cat somatosensory system

The modulatory influence of primary S1 cortex upon afferent activity in the somatosensory system was examined in acute cats. Modulatory influences due both to prior afferent activity and efferent activity on peripherally evoked neural responses in thalamic n. ventralis posterolateralis (VPL) and the dorsal column nuclei (DCN) were analyzed. The right superficial radial nerve was stimulated with suprathreshold pulses applied randomly in time. Evoked activity was recorded from ipsilateral DCN, contralateral VPL, and contralateral S1 cortex before and after ablation of S1 cortex. The data were analyzed using a modified functional power series. The responses were characterized by first- and second-order kernels computed by cross-correlation. S1 ablation reduced or eliminated the second positive peak in the VPL response. Incomplete S1 ablation produced a graded effect on this peak. In addition, S1 ablation eliminated the negative notch on the leading edge of the response observed in the nucleus cuneatus. The results from VPL suggest that the second VPL positive peak is produced by a tonic S1 influence on another region of the central nervous system that is coupled to VPL, rather than by a direct VPL-cortical-VPL reflex loop. The results from the DCN confirm earlier studies suggesting a cuneate-cortical-cuneate reflex loop.