cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of pesticides in the integrated control of disease vectors.

An enormous challenge for the entomologists and public health specialists of the next 30 years, is the development of integrated control programs to complete the conquest of the important vector-borne diseases of man: African and American trypanosomiases, filariasis, onchocerciasis, scrub typhus, trachoma, and encephalitides. New insecticides will play an important role in these programs. However, we must learn to use these chemicals in ways which will maximize effectiveness to vectors, minimize side-effects to man and the environment, and permit their use at costs which can be met by developing countries. This will require an immense amount of research directed at full understanding of the ecology of the vector species and their interrelationships with man and animal reservoirs of the disease.
MiR203 mediates subversion of stem cell properties during mammary epithelial differentiation via repression of ΔNP63α and promotes mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition

During reproductive life, the mammary epithelium undergoes consecutive cycles of proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Doing so relies on the retained proliferative capacity, prolonged lifespan and developmental potency of mammary stem cells (MaSCs). ΔNp63α, the predominant TP63 isoform in mammary epithelia, is robustly expressed in MaSCs and is required for preservation of self-renewing capacity in diverse epithelial structures. However, the mechanism(s) underlying subversion of this activity during forfeiture of self-renewing capacity are poorly understood. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) govern critical cellular functions including stem cell maintenance, development, cell cycle regulation and differentiation by disrupting translation of target mRNAs. Data presented here indicate that expression of miR203, a miRNA that targets ΔNp63α and ΔNp63β is activated during luminal epithelial differentiation and that this pattern is observed in the murine mammary hierarchy. In addition, we present evidence that the transcription factor Zeb1 represses miR203 expression, thus enhancing ΔNp63α protein levels. Furthermore, ectopic miR203 suppresses ΔNp63α expression, proliferation and colony formation. The anti-clonogenic effects mediated by miR203 require suppression of ΔNp63α. In addition, ectopic miR203 promotes mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition and disrupts activities associated with epithelial stem cells. These studies support a model in which induction of miR203 mediates forfeiture of self-renewing capacity via suppression of ΔNp63α and may also have anti-tumorigenic activity through its reduction of EMT and cancer stem cell populations.
A block-based forward imaging model for improved sample volume representation in computational optical sectioning microscopy

In typical fluorescence imaging systems the refractive index (RI) variability between the immersion medium of the objective lens, the coverslip, and the specimen, changes the spherical wave-front of the emitted light and introduces spherical aberrations (SA) in the acquired 3D image. In existing computational optical sectioning algorithms (COSM) to simplify the complexity of the problem, the specimen is either assumed to be thin or in the case of depth-variant algorithms to have a constant RI which is an invalid assumption for biological samples. Accurate modeling of biological samples requires a space variant (SV) imaging system i.e. a different point spread functions (PSF) for each pixel. To reduce the computational load an approximate block-based forward model is introduced in this study. The entire object space is divided into a collection of small 3D blocks where the PSFs at the faces of the blocks are known. An optimized combination of overlap-save and overlap-add methods of interpolation are used to obtain the final SV (axially and laterally variant) image. Simulated SV images using the new imaging model, of a numerical object comprising of similar structures dispersed in a medium with spatially variant RI are discussed. Images of fluorescent microspheres (6-μm in diameter) dispersed in a controlled sample with two distinct RIs are compared to simulated images of a numerical object subjected to the same imaging condition, to evaluate the new model. The accuracy of the block-based forward model to model the effect of space variance within a specimen was assessed using intensity profiles through the microspheres. The qualitative similarities in the appearance of the experimental and simulated image indicate the validity of the blockbased forward model to appropriately model samples with lateral variability in RI.
Solder joint behavior of area array packages in board level drop for handheld devices

Board level drop test is convenient to characterize the solder joint pcrfonnance, as it is mort controllable than s:-stein level drop. i.e. ccllular phone drop. A free fall board level drop tcsl was studied to compare the effectiveness with the cellular phone drop. Acceleration in both cases was measured to dcteniune the severity of tlie drop test. From this study, it can be concluded that the acceleration of PCB board cllangcs from 2700 to 6000G,'wluch is much largcr than that in system lcvcl drop. A large displacement of PCB board for board lewl drop was also rccorded but the warpage ai the locations of area array package and plastic strain of solder joints could be rclatively small. nus may explain why most solder joints in the area army packagcs can survive more than 100 times of drop at the board level drop without failure. The iiicchanism of the board dcflection was studied and it is found that constraint on thc board edge played a kcy role. To get the same lc~cl of plastic strain in the solder joints as the system level drop. a simple fixture is suggested to constrain the boards. In this way. tlie board warpage and plastic strain of the soldcr joints in the board Icvel drop may bccoine closer to those in the syslcm level drop.
Simulation in context: using data farming for decision support

Data farming leverages high performance computing to run simple models many times. This process allows for the exploration of massive parameter spaces relatively quickly. This paper explores a methodology to use data farming as a decision support tool. Data farming can be a highly effective in this role because it allows one to present to a decision-maker not only what may be the most likely outcome but what are possible outcomes, especially outliers that might have far reaching impact. The terrorist attacks of September 2001 are a good example of an outlier with very high impact. A case study is presented using a simple terrorist attack simulation and decision-maker utility model.
Targets for immunochemotherapy in leishmaniasis.

A pivotal pathogenic event in leishmaniasis is the harboring of the causative Leishmania parasite within phagolysosomes of macrophages for which the parasite deviously initiates mechanisms to modul...
Dynamic Phase Diagram for a Periodically Driven Kinetic Square-lattice Ising Ferromagnet: Finite-size Scaling Evidence for the Absence of a Tri-critical Point

We discuss the subtle finite-size effects of the dynamic phase transition (DPT) in a two-dimensional kinetic Ising ferromagnet driven by an oscillating external field. We present computational and analytical evidence that there is no finite-temperature tri-critical point in the dynamic phase diagram of this model. This contrasts with earlier claims [1–3] for the existence of a tri-critical point in this model. Careful finite-size scaling analysis of Monte Carlo simulations reveals that the negative dip of the Binder cumulant and the corresponding multi-peak order- parameter distribution (often characteristic of a first-order transition) are merely finite-size effects in this case. When the DPT prevails in the infinite-system limit, it is always continuous. The misleading finite-size effects are related to the stochastic nature of the underlying metastable decay for “small” systems, which exhibit stochastic resonance.
Comparative genomics of planktonic Flavobacteriaceae from the Gulf of Maine using metagenomic data.

The Gulf of Maine is an important biological province of the Northwest Atlantic with high productivity year round. From an environmental Sanger-based metagenome, sampled in summer and winter, we were able to assemble and explore the partial environmental genomes of uncultured members of the class Flavobacteria. Each of the environmental genomes represents organisms that compose less than 1% of the total microbial metagenome. Four partial environmental genomes were assembled with varying degrees of estimated completeness (37%–84% complete) and were analyzed from a perspective of gathering information regarding niche partitioning between co-occurring organisms. Comparative genomics revealed potentially important niche partitioning genomic variations, including iron transporters and genes associated with cell attachment and polymer degradation. Analysis of large syntenic regions helped reveal potentially ecologically relevant variations for Flavobacteriaceae in the Gulf of Maine, such as arginine biosynthesis, and identify a putative genomic island incorporating novel exogenous genes from the environment. Biogeographic analysis revealed flavobacteria species with distinct abundance patterns suggesting the presence of local blooms relative to the other species, as well as seasonally selected organisms. The analysis of genomic content for the Gulf of Maine Flavobacteria supports the hypothesis of a particle-associated lifestyle and specifically highlights a number of putative coding sequences that may play a role in the remineralization of particulate organic matter. And lastly, analysis of the underlying sequences for each assembled genome revealed seasonal and nonseasonal variants of specific genes implicating a dynamic interaction between individuals within the species.
X-ray tomography of superconducting RF cavities

Field emission loading limits the performance of a significant fraction of the cavities in existing superconducting accelerators. The field emission produces an additional load to the cryogenic system; it is a source of dark current and background radiation in the accelerator; and it can lead to RF breakdown if the cavity is pushed to its limits. The field-emitted electrons are accelerated by the RF field and strike the cavity wall, generating Bremsstrahlung X-rays. The regions of X-ray emission (intensity and energy spectrum) can be located by using a collimated NaI detector placed outside the cryostat and radiation shield. The X-ray emission sites can be reconstructed using tomographic techniques. Particle tracking simulations can be used to trace the field emission electrons back to their source in order to help identify the locations of the surface defects.
Predicting Drop-Outs in Adult Education Courses:

The subjects in the study were 104 male adults who were partici pating in an adult retraining program. A drop-out rate of 55.2 per cent was found. The subjects were given tests of intelligence, rea...
Core area quality is associated with variance in reproductive success among female chimpanzees at Kibale National Park

Female East African chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii, tend to range apart from each other in dispersed core areas, and they have dominance interactions with each other so rarely that it is difficult for observers to assess a dominance hierarchy. Nevertheless female chimpanzees can have high variance in fitness. Here, we test the hypothesis that female chimpanzee fitness variance is associated with variation in the foraging quality of their ranges. We studied range usage of 21 wild adult female chimpanzees within the Kanyawara community, Kibale National Park, Uganda. Core areas of individuals remained stable over a 9-year period and varied in their density of preferred foods. Females in neighbourhoods containing more preferred foods had elevated ovarian hormone production, shorter birth intervals and higher infant survivorship. Our results thus suggest that superior access to food may have enabled some community females to reproduce more successfully than others. Although dominance interactions are less frequent among females than among males of this species, we propose that the intensity of selection on intrasexual competition may be similar between the sexes. We discuss potential applications to other fission–fusion species.
Bioethics and healthcare reform: a Whig response to weak consensus.

Contemporary bioethics begins with the perception that medical values are a matter of public, rather than merely professional, interest. Such was the message of delegates in Helsinki and of the New Jersey court that decided for Quinlan. It is a theme that lurks within almost every major bioethical treatise since the first edition of Principles of Bioethics. This perception also undergirds the increasingly popular suggestion that moral authority in the patient-physician relationship resides neither in the medical profession, nor in the singular will of the patient, but in moral communities that link both parties with higher social orders.
The dead donor rule: lessons from linguistics?

American society traditionally has assumed a univocal notion of "death," largely because we have only one word for it and, until recently, have not needed a more nuanced notion. The reality of death-processes does not preclude the reality of death events. Linguistically, "death" can be understood only as an event; there are other words for the process. Our death vocabulary should expand to reflect multiple events along the process from sickness to decomposition. Depending on context, some death-related events may constitute a more obvious discontinuity than others and more justifiably may be considered "death" within that context. There is no reason to assume a priori that there must be an overarching, unitary concept of death from which all diagnostic criteria must derive. Regarding organ transplantation, the relevant question is not "Is the patient dead?" but rather "Can organs X, Y, Z . . . be removed without causing or hastening death or harming the patient?"
Assessing Response Time Effects of Forward Collision Warning HMIs with Central Tendency, Variance, and Dominance Tests

Reaction times (RTs) to driver warning system human-machine interface (HMI) designs are often used to assess their impact on driver detection performance. This paper introduces three different ways to statistically compare alternative HMIs in terms of RTs. The most commonly reported way is to compare central tendencies such as RT means or medians. A second approach, less commonly used, compares the variability in RT distributions associated with different HMIs as an assessment of the consistency of response effects elicited by an HMI across participants. The third method is to compare the RT distributions from alternative HMIs by means of ordinal dominance statistics. This assessment directly addresses the question: “Do people tend to respond faster with HMI A than HMI B (or vice versa)?” These alternative assessments are applied to RT data from a simulator study of several alternative forward collision warning (FCW) HMIs and the insights provided by each are discussed.
ALP: Efficient support for all levels of parallelism for complex media applications

The real-time execution of contemporary complex media applications requires energy-efficient processing capabilities beyond those of current superscalar processors. We observe that the complexity of contemporary media applications requires support for multiple forms of parallelism, including ILP, TLP, and various forms of DLP, such as subword SIMD, short vectors, and streams. Based on our observations, we propose an architecture, called ALP, that efficiently integrates all of these forms of parallelism with evolutionary changes to the programming model and hardware. The novel part of ALP is a DLP technique called SIMD vectors and streams (SVectors/SStreams), which is integrated within a conventional superscalar-based CMP/SMT architecture with subword SIMD. This technique lies between subword SIMD and vectors, providing significant benefits over the former at a lower cost than the latter. Our evaluations show that each form of parallelism supported by ALP is important. Specifically, SVectors/SStreams are effective, compared to a system with the other enhancements in ALP. They give speedups of 1.1 to 3.4X and energy-delay product improvements of 1.1 to 5.1X for applications with DLP.
The nature of facilitation and interference in the multilingual language system: insights from treatment in a case of trilingual aphasia

The rehabilitation study described here sets out to test the premise of Abutalebi and Green's neurocognitive model--specifically, that language selection and control are components of overall cognitive control. We follow a trilingual woman (first language, L1: Amharic; second language, L2: English; third language, L3: French) with damage to the left frontal lobe and left basal ganglia who presented with cognitive control and naming deficits, through two periods of semantic treatment (French, followed by English) to alleviate naming deficits. The results showed that while the participant improved on trained items, she did not show within- or cross-language generalization. In addition, error patterns revealed a substantial increase of interference of the currently trained language into the nontrained language during each of the two treatment phases. These results are consistent with Abutalebi and Green's neurocognitive model and support the claim that language selection and control are components of overall cognitive control.
R&D AND GROWTH: THE MISSING LINK?

The presumption that R&D is a key driver of economic growth is difficult to reconcile with empirical evidence. For example, in most studies, which identify technical change with total factor productivity (TFP), the link between TFP and measures of knowledge is found to be weak.This paper shows that a reconciliation may be possible in a model where R&D contributes to growth through investment-specific technical change. Such a model predicts that the empirical link between knowledge and productivty would be weak even if the generation of knowledge is the predominant factor of economic growth. The paper also shows that estimates of the production function for knowledge using patent data may be biased.
Limits in Generalization from Psychological Research to Performance Appraisal Processes

Most attempts to understand the performance appraisal process have borrowed from social psychology. It is argued here that the experimental methods of social psychological research may not be well suited to the study of particular issues in performance appraisal. Several of the methods used in the basic literature are outlined, and the relevance of these methods for the study of performance appraisal is discussed.
Skeletal muscle ouabain binding sites are reduced in rats with chronic heart failure

Intrinsic skeletal muscle abnormalities decrease muscular endurance in chronic heart failure (CHF). In CHF patients, the number of skeletal muscle Na+-K+ pumps that have a high affinity for ouabain...
Batterer Intervention Program Enrollment and Completion Among Immigrant Men in Massachusetts

This study describes immigrant clients enrolled in Massachusetts batterer intervention (BI) programs from 2002 to 2004 (N = 480). Our study sought to (a) describe the immigrant men enrolled in Massachusetts BI programs, (b) investigate whether immigrants were more or less likely to complete BI programs than were nonimmigrants, and (c) investigate whether immigrants in non-English, culturally specific groups were more or less likely to complete BI programs than were immigrants in mainstream groups. Of BI program clients, 14% were immigrants. Of these, 73% were not U.S. citizens. Immigrants were more likely to complete the programs than were nonimmigrants (54% vs. 38%). Although a greater proportion of immigrants who attended non-English groups completed the programs than did immigrants who attended mainstream groups (66% and 46%), neither the bivariate nor the adjusted odds ratio was statistically significant. Possible reasons for differences between immigrant and nonimmigrant characteristics and program completion rates are discussed.
Acquired Toxoplasmosis: A Neglected Cause of Treatable Nervous System Disease

The neurological manifestations of six cases of acquired central nervous system toxoplasmosis are compared with the 39 well-documented cases from the literature. Half of the patients had underlying systemic diseases (18 malignant neoplasms, two renal transplants, three collagen vascular diseases) treated with intensive immunosuppressive therapy. The remainder had primary toxoplasmosis. Three major neurological patterns were seen: (1) diffuse encephalopathy with or without seizures, (2) meningoencephalitis, and (3) singular or multiple progressive mass lesions. Routine neurological diagnostic studies were not helpful. The Sabin-Feldman dye test or IgM indirect fluorescent antibody test or both were effective in confirming the diagnosis. Twenty-seven patients died without a clinical diagnosis of toxoplasmosis. The diagnosis was made terminally in four additional patients. Thirteen of fourteen patients who received a full course of sulfadiazine or pyrimethamine or both did well. Toxoplasmosis should be considered in the immunosuppressed patient who appears with neurological involvement.
Centroid of a general type-2 fuzzy set computed by means of the centroid-flow algorithm

The centroid of a general type-2 fuzzy set (T2 FS) A can be obtained by taking the union of the centroids of all the α-planes (each raised to level α) of A. Karnik-Mendel (KM) or the Enhanced Karnik-Mendel (EKM) algorithms are used for computing the centroid of each α-plane. The iterative features in KM/EKM algorithms can be time-consuming, especially when the algorithms have to be repeated for many α-planes. This paper proposes a new method named Centroid Flow (CF) algorithm to compute the centroid of A without having to apply KM/EKM algorithms for every α-plane. Extensive simulations have shown that the CF algorithm can reduce the computation time by 75% to 80% and 50% to 75% compared to KM and EKM algorithms, respectively, and still maintains satisfactory computation accuracy for various T2 FSs when the primary variable x and ar-plane are discretized finely enough.
Five Theses on the Future of Special Collections

I was pleased to be asked by Shannon Supple and Nina Schneider, co-chairs of the 2012 RBMS preconference, to reflect on the themes of the conference in these pages. The presentations were engrossing and provocative, and I hope here to offer some equally provocative thoughts in response as my contribution to the ongoing discussion about the peril and promise—mostly, I firmly believe, the latter—that the future holds for our profession. The future of special collections is distribution. It hardly needs to be said that digitization, and the ability to share digitized materials widely, is enacting a wholesale transformation . . .
OBSERVATIONS ON THE FETAL ADRENALS OF MARMOSET MONKEYS.

The fetal adrenal glands of 5 marmosets were studied and compared with adrenals of adult marmosets and those of other primates. A typical fetal zone which corresponds morphologically to that of human fetal adrenal glands was found in all fetuses. Typical involutionary processes commence apparently shortly before birth and probably account for the relatively low adrenal/kidney and adrenal/body weight ratios of the one newborn marmoset studied. Mitoses are not restricted to the outer layers of the adrenal, but are found throughout the gland. (Endocrinology 74: 382,1964)
The Drosophila gene tailless is expressed at the embryonic termini and is a member of the steroid receptor superfamily

Abstract The zygotically active tailless ( tll ) gene plays a key role in the establishment of nonmetameric domains at the anterior and posterior poles of the Drosophila embryo. We have cloned the tll gene and show that it encodes a protein with striking similarity to steroid hormone receptors in both the DNA binding "finger" and ligand binding domains. tll RNA is initially expressed in embryos in two mirror-image symmetrical domains; this pattern then quickly resolves into a pattern consistent with the mutant phenotype: a posterior cap and an anterior dorsal stripe. That the tll gene may also play a role in the nervous system is suggested by its strong expression in the forming brain and transient expression in the peripheral nervous system.
On traveling wave solutions of nonlinear diffusion equations

An existence proof for periodic traveling wave solutions of an equation of Nagumo is outlined. The proof begins with the analysis of a limiting case in which one set of dependent variables moves infinitely fast compared to the remainder. Singular “orbits” are defined for this limiting system and a perturbation argument using isolating blocks allows one to find actual solutions.
Bones on the Beach: Marine Mammal Taphonomy of the Colorado Delta, Mexico

Abstract How well does a death assemblage of marine mammal bones reflect the diversity, species composition, and proportion of bone types in the living fauna? Marine mammal remains were surveyed along the beaches of the Colorado River delta, Baja California, Mexico. Three carcasses and 470 bones were found among 112 localities along 4.0 km of shoreline. The location of each site was recorded and each bone was identified, photographed, and measured and its taphonomic condition was noted. The proportion of bone types found was compared to the proportions known in living marine mammals. The list of species found as bones was compared to the list of species known to live in the northern Gulf of California. The maximum skeletal ratio of skull:vertebrae:ribs:phalanges:girdles/limbs in a typical Gulf of California marine mammal is 1:74:30:56:16. The 28 skulls and 442 post-cranial bones found provided a skeletal ratio of 1:12:3:1:1. Although vertebrae are the most common bones in the bone assemblage, only 316 wer...
Toward The Goal Of Teaching Excellence In Accounting: Reexamining The Role Of Neutrality And Conservatism In The Development Of Pension Accounting Standards

Pension accounting is replete with complexities that present difficulties to even the most seasoned accounting practitioners. It thus represents one of the more problematic areas of the accounting curriculum for accounting students and instructors alike. Traditional approaches toward the teaching of pension accounting rely heavily on memorization techniques that tend to serve students’ needs on a short-term basis. The authors present an alternative approach to instruction in which students assume the role of accounting standard setters and seek to develop pension accounting rules that favor corporate interests. This approach allows students to recognize the economic consequences that standard setters sometimes consider in their promulgation of accounting and financial reporting rules. The result is that students acquire a greater depth and breadth of understanding of pension accounting rules and why those rules exist as they do. They also acquire a keener understanding of the broader standard setting process. This logic-based approach is likely to better serve the long-term needs of our future accounting professionals.
Vertebral Refracture After Percutaneous Vertebroplasty

Initial post-PV radiographs demonstrated typical PV filling of L1 and L2 with no cement leak or apparent complication (Case Figure 7.1A). A repeat set of radiographs was obtained after the onset of new pain. Both vertebrae had lost additional height since the PV, with a fracture line extending through the superior-anterior aspect of L1 suggesting there may be a bone fragment (Case Figure 7.1B). Magnetic resonance images (MRI) were obtained to look for additional sites of injury not apparent on the radiographs. No other abnormalities were found, and the presumption was that the patient had refractured L1 and L2 and that this was the source of his recurrent pain.
Atomistic simulations of tungsten surface evolution under low-energy neon implantation

Tungsten is a candidate material for the divertor of fusion reactors, where it will be subject to a high flux of particles coming from the fusion plasma as well as a significant heat load. Under helium plasma exposure in fusion-reactor-like conditions, a nanostructured morphology is known to form on the tungsten surface in certain temperature and incident energy ranges, although the formation mechanism is not fully established. A recent experimental study (Yajima et al 2013 Plasma Sci. Technol. 15 282–6) using neon or argon exposure did not produce similar nanostructure. This article presents molecular dynamics simulations of neon implantation in tungsten aimed at investigating the surface evolution and elucidating the role of noble gas mass in fuzz formation. In contrast to helium, neon impacts can sputter both tungsten and previously implanted neon atoms. The shorter range of neon ions, along with sputtering, limit the formation of large bubbles and likely prevents nanostructure formation.
Loss of body fat in lean parabiotic partners of ob/ob mice

The objective of this experiment was to confirm whether changes in serum leptin and leptin expression were consistent with it being the "lipostatic" factor implicated by earlier parabiosis studies. Lean (+/?) and obese (ob/ob) female C57B1/6J-ob mice were parabiosed (lean-ob/ob) at 7 wk of age. Controls were ob/ob-ob/ob and lean-lean pairs, and single lean and ob/ob mice. Pairs were maintained for 50 days. In ob/ob members of lean-ob/ob pairs serum insulin was normalized, food intake was suppressed, and body fat was reduced by 14%. Lean partners of ob/ob mice had a reduced rectal temperature and experienced a 37% reduction in body fat. Despite loss of fat, serum leptin and adipose leptin mRNA expression were unchanged in lean partners of ob/ob mice. These results suggest that, in lean-ob/ob parabiotic pairs, the ob/ob mouse responds to leptin originating in the lean parabiont, whereas the lean partner responds to a circulating signal, originating in the ob/ob mouse, that maintains leptin expression at inappropriate levels for the degree of adiposity of the lean animal.
Use of microseismicity for determining the structure of the fracture network of large-scale porous media

We show that microseismic events---earthquakes with small magnitudes---can be fruitfully used to gain insight into the properties of the fracture network of large-scale porous media, such as oil, gas, and geothermal reservoirs. As an example, we analyze extensive data for the Geysers geothermal field in northeast California. Injection of cold water into the reservoir to produce steam leads to microseismic events. It is demonstrated that the analysis can also lead to insight into whether the fractures are of tectonic type or induced by injection of cold water. To demonstrate this we estimate, using the catalogue of the microseismic events, the fractal dimension ${D}_{f}$ of the spatial distribution of hypocenters of the events in three seismic clusters associated with the injection of cold water into the field, as well as the $b$ values in the Gutenberg-Richter frequency-magnitude distribution. The fractal dimensions are all in a narrow range centered around ${D}_{f}\ensuremath{\simeq}2.57\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.06$, comparable to the measured fractal dimension of fracture sets in the greywacke reservoir rock. For most cases the $b$ values are about $b\ensuremath{\simeq}1.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1$, consistent with the Aki relation, ${D}_{f}=2b$. Both ${D}_{f}$ and $b$ are significantly higher than those commonly observed for regional tectonic seismicity or aftershock sequences for which ${D}_{f}\ensuremath{\approx}2$ and $b\ensuremath{\approx}1$ are typical. Our results do not imply that no tectonic triggering exists in the reservoir, but rather that the overpressure allows the activation of less favorably oriented fractures that produce an increase in both $b$ and ${D}_{f}$. The estimate ${D}_{f}\ensuremath{\approx}2$ for tectonic seismicity has been interpreted as indicating that most tectonic events occur on the subset of near-vertical faults---because they have lower normal stress---or that they occur on the backbone of the fracture and fault network, the multiply connected part of the network that enables finite shear strain. Our results lend support to the latter. The results that the entire fracture network, and not just its backbone, is active at the Geysers indicate that the seismicity is not a result of the triggered release of tectonic stress, but is induced by the release of local stress concentrations, driven by thermal contraction that is not constrained by friction. The possible implication for hydraulic fracturing---so-called fracking---is also briefly discussed.
Mathematics, 400 B.C.-300 B.C.

(1943). Mathematics, 400 B.C.-300 B.C. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 50, No. 7, pp. 411-414.
Random and deterministic transport in live cells quantified by SLIM

We used quantitative phase imaging to measure the dispersion relation, i.e. decay rate vs. spatial mode, gamma(q), associated with mass transport in live cells.
Do I Fit In? Perceptions of Organizational Fit as a Resource in the Workplace Stress Process

A large number of research studies in the stress literature over the previous 20 years have examined how organizational demands influence experienced stress; however, little research has examined how perceptions of organizational fit influence experienced stress and the stress process. In the present study, we use the conservation of resources (COR) theory to examine how perceptions of hindrance stressors, challenge stressors, and organizational fit (i.e., a resource) affect employees’ intrapersonal (i.e., job satisfaction and work intensity) and interpersonal (i.e., interpersonal workplace deviance and work-to-family conflict) outcomes through job strain (i.e., job tension) and motivational (i.e., vigor) cognitive stress processes. Results from three samples of data (nSample 1 = 268, nSample 2 = 259, nSample 3 = 168) largely supported the hypothesized model and suggested that perceptions of organizational fit can be a resource associated with favorable effects on employees’ stress processes. Thus, we con...
The benefits of achieving stable disease in advanced lung cancer.

The cytostatic, molecular-targeted therapies becoming available for lung cancer and other human solid tumors are more likely to result in stable disease than to produce tumor regression. In the setting of advanced lung cancer, stable disease provides significant benefit to the patient. However, in the context of clinical trials, stable disease is vaguely defined, difficult to measure, and may represent a heterogeneous patient population. The inclusion of alternative trial end points such as symptom improvement and biologic activity may help to identify patients who have achieved clinically relevant stable disease. The epidermal growth factor receptor–tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib (Iressa) has been shown to produce partial responses and stable disease in patients with advanced lung cancer who have previously received treatment with standard chemotherapies. In the monotherapy trials of gefitinib, stable disease was correlated with improvements in diseaserelated symptoms and quality of life—the most meaningful end points for the patient with advanced lung cancer. Thus, with the introduction of new molecular-targeted agents, stable disease with clinical benefit should become an important goal of anticancer therapy.
Can criminals create opportunities for crime? Malvertising and illegal online medicine trade

Opportunity theories suggest that the occurrence of an offence depends on the presence of a motivated offender and a specific condition in the environment that presents an opportunity for crime. While offenders may be able to choose among crime opportunities, the question is whether they can create new crime opportunities. Based on a qualitative analysis of court cases, investigative reports and the news media, this article examines the genesis of crime opportunities by looking into the malicious online advertising (malvertising) of substandard, spurious, falsely labelled, falsified and counterfeit (SSFFC) medical products. While further research on this topic is needed, the findings of the article help to understand the importance of unsavoury advertising as a tool that perpetrators use to manipulate consumer demand and proactively create (or expand) criminal markets.
Reducing thumb extensor risk in laboratory rat gavage.

Abstract Gavage is a common technique for orally administering compounds to small laboratory animals using a syringe. It involves highly repetitive thumb extensor exertions for filling the syringe, a risk factor for DeQuervain’s tenosynovitis. As an intervention, a series of bench tests were performed varying fluid viscosity, syringe size and needle size to determine the forces required for drawing fluid. Forces up to 28 N were observed for a viscosity of 0.29 Pa s. A guide is presented to minimize thumb forces for a particular combination of syringe (3 mL, 5 mL and 10 mL), fluid viscosity (0.001 Pa s, 0.065 Pa s, 0.21 and 0.29 Pa s), and needle length (52 mm, 78 mm and 100 mm) based on maximum acceptable exertion levels. In general, a small syringe and large needle size had a greater number of acceptable rat gavages per day due to the lower forces experienced as compared to all other syringe and needle combinations.
Layer-by-Layer Film Growth in the Absence of Surface Diffusion

We have studied film growth by Monte Carlo simulations of a solid-on-solid model without surface diffusion. We found that oscillations on the surface width exist due to the fact that the sticking probability depends on local surface structure, thus presenting an explanation of the experimentally observed RHEED oscillations at low temperatures when surface diffusion is suppressed.
Exploring the Effects of Rater Linking Designs and Rater Fit on Achievement Estimates Within the Context of Music Performance Assessments

When good model-data fit is observed, the Many-Facet Rasch (MFR) model acts as a linking and equating model that can be used to estimate student achievement, item difficulties, and rater severity on the same linear continuum. Given sufficient connectivity among the facets, the MFR model provides estimates of student achievement that are equated to control for differences in rater severity. Although several different linking designs are used in practice to establish connectivity, the implications of design differences have not been fully explored. Research is also limited related to the impact of model-data fit on the quality of MFR model-based adjustments for rater severity. This study explores the effects of linking designs and model-data fit for raters on the interpretation of student achievement estimates within the context of performance assessments in music. Results indicate that performances cannot be effectively adjusted for rater effects when inadequate linking or model-data fit is present.
Clinical Characterization and Proteomic Consequences of Mutated Ras in Acute Myeloid Leukemia.

Abstract 330 Background: Activating mutations in the Ras protooncogene occur in 12-27% of patients (pts) with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) & play an important role in leukemogenesis by conferring a proliferative advantage & an antiapoptotic phenotype. Recent data suggests that AML pts with mutated Ras (mutRas) may derive greater benefit from post-remission therapy with high dose cytarabine (AraC) than those with wild-type Ras (wtRAS). Additionally, newer molecularly targeted agents under development such as Mek inhibitors are directed at the activated Ras pathway. Aim: To establish the clinical characteristics of pts with AML & mutRas & explore proteomic differences in their leukemia cells. Methods: We reviewed the records of pts with newly diagnosed AML treated at our institution from 2003 – 2007 & analyzed their clinical characteristics & disease course based on Ras mutational status. Mutation analysis was performed on bone marrow (BM) samples for exon 1 (codons 12 & 13) & exon 2 (codon 61) of NRAS & KRAS using PCR-based DNA sequencing. Proteomic analysis of matched, banked, pretreatment pt BM samples was performed using a reverse phase protein array (Kornblau, Blood 1/2009). Results: A total of 620 pts with AML, in whom Ras mutational analysis was performed, were identified. These pts had been treated with several different regimens that could be broadly categorized as high dose AraC based (hAraC), conventional dose AraC based (cAraC), or non AraC based (nAraC). The median age of this cohort was 64 yrs (range 17–88). Sixty-six pts (10.6%) had mutRas, with a median age of 54 yrs (25–88). Compared to pts with wtRAS (median age 65 yrs), those with mutRas tended to be younger (59% ≤59 yrs (p=0.004)). Karyotypes represented in the mutRas cohort were: Diploid or –Y in 27 (49%); t(8;21) in 3 (4.5%); t(15;17) in none; inv(16) in 10 (15.2%); +8 in 8 (12%); -5/-7 in 8 (12%); 11q abnormality in 3 (4.5%) & other in 7 (10.6%). Compared to the wtRas cohort, inv(16) karyotype was significantly overrepresented (p 9.9 (p 49% (p=0.01). Overall, across all therapies & karyotypes, there was no difference in CR rate, CR duration, or overall survival (OS) between mutRas & wtRas pts. In mutRas pts, there was no difference in CR rate between those treated with hAraC vs. cAraC, but a significantly higher rate of induction failure or primary resistance in those treated with nAraC (p Conclusion: The inv(16) karyotype occurs frequently in adult pts with mutRas. Overall, pts with mutRas are younger, have a higher presenting WBC & BM blast counts, are less likely to have AHD, & benefit from induction with ara-C containing regimens. Pts with poor risk karyotype & mutRas may have a particularly adverse prognosis & should be considered for clinical trials evaluating new, risk-adapted strategies. Proteomic analysis of mutRas leukemia confirms constitutive downstream pathway activation, suggesting potential therapeutic targets, but also highlighting the need to inhibit multiple targets to overcome redundancy. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Direct Intracellular Delivery of Cell-Impermeable Probes of Protein Glycosylation by Using Nanostraws.

Bioorthogonal chemistry is an effective tool for elucidating metabolic pathways and measuring cellular activity, yet its use is currently limited by the difficulty of getting probes past the cell membrane and into the cytoplasm, especially if more complex probes are desired. Here we present a simple and minimally perturbative technique to deliver functional probes of glycosylation into cells by using a nanostructured “nanostraw” delivery system. Nanostraws provide direct intracellular access to cells through fluid conduits that remain small enough to minimize cell perturbation. First, we demonstrate that our platform can deliver an unmodified azidosugar, N-azidoacetylmannosamine, into cells with similar effectiveness to a chemical modification strategy (peracetylation). We then show that the nanostraw platform enables direct delivery of an azidosugar modified with a charged uridine diphosphate group (UDP) that prevents intracellular penetration, thereby bypassing multiple enzymatic processing steps. By effectively removing the requirement for cell permeability from the probe, the nanostraws expand the toolbox of bioorthogonal probes that can be used to study biological processes on a single, easy-to-use platform.
Challenging Sex Discrimination: Reflections over Seven Decades

This article recounts and shares my path to an academic career and my experiences as a biostatistician over 37 years. Readers will come to understand that, like the careers of most women trailblaze...
Leveraging Hardware Isolation for Process Level Access Control & Authentication

Critical resource sharing among multiple entities in a processing system is inevitable, which in turn calls for the presence of appropriate authentication and access control mechanisms. Generally speaking, these mechanisms are implemented via trusted software "policy checkers" that enforce certain high level application-specific "rules" to enforce a policy. Whether implemented as operating system modules or embedded inside the application ad hoc, these policy checkers expose additional attack surface in addition to the application logic. In order to protect application software from an adversary, modern secure processing platforms, such as Intel's Software Guard Extensions (SGX), employ principled hardware isolation to offer secure software containers or enclaves to execute trusted sensitive code with some integrity and privacy guarantees against a privileged software adversary. We extend this model further and propose using these hardware isolation mechanisms to shield the authentication and access control logic essential to policy checker software. While relying on the fundamental features of modern secure processors, our framework introduces productive software design guidelines which enable a guarded environment to execute sensitive policy checking code - hence enforcing application control flow integrity - and afford flexibility to the application designer to construct appropriate high-level policies to customize policy checker software.
Impact of Collegiate Recreation on Academic Success

This study examined the impact of collegiate recreation participation on academic success as measured by grade point average, course credit completion, and persistence or graduation. Logistic and m...
Antimicrobial behavior of phage endolysin PlyP100 and its synergy with nisin to control Listeria monocytogenes in Queso Fresco

Hispanic-style fresh cheeses, such as Queso Fresco (QF), have been linked to numerous listeriosis outbreaks in the United States. In this work, we have studied the antilisterial behavior and effectiveness of the Listeria phage endolysin PlyP100 in QF, as well as the potential synergy between PlyP100 and nisin. PlyP100 showed similar bacterial reduction regardless of varying L. monocytogenes inoculum size in QF, and when the inoculation size was 1 Log CFU/g, no pathogen recovery after cheese enrichment was observed. PlyP100 was stable in QF for up to 28 days of cold storage exhibiting similar antilisterial activity regardless of when contamination with L. monocytogenes occurred. PlyP100 alone exhibited a strong listeriostatic effect in QF, on the contrary, nisin alone was not effective to control the pathogen in QF during cold storage. The combination of nisin and PlyP100 showed a strong synergy in QF with non-enumerable levels of L. monocytogenes after 4 weeks of refrigerated storage. Moreover, L. monocytogenes isolates from cheeses treated with nisin, PlyP100, and their combination did not develop resistance to nisin or PlyP100. Our results support the use of PlyP100 combined with nisin as an efficient L. monocytogenes control measure in QF.
Violence and schools in the USA: implications for counseling

This article focuses on school violence in the UnitedStates, kindergarten (k) through 12th grade, andit addresses the following topics: (a) a briefbackground of school violence in the USA, (b) etiologyand consequences of school violence, (c) preventionprograms and efforts, (d) preventive counseling andconsultation, (e) counseling the violence prone andviolence victim, (f) international and cross-culturalimplications, and (g) discussion.
Challenges of Technological Evolution in Contemporary Markets

For firms facing rapid technological change, knowing which technology to back need not be a guessing game or a purely creative exercise. We provide a framework for informed decisions. The framework consists in identifying the levels of innovation, the competing technologies at each level, the dimensions of performance on which to compare them, and the patterns of evolution on each dimension.