cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lifetime prevalence of chronic health conditions among persons with spinal cord injury.

Abstract Objective To assess lifetime prevalence of 7 chronic health conditions (CHCs) among a cohort of adults with chronic traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). Design Cross-sectional. Setting Rehabilitation hospital. Participants Adults with SCI who were ≥18 years of age, were ≥1 year postinjury, and had residual neurologic effects impeding full recovery (n=1678). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures CHCs were measured using questions from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System for diabetes (not including gestational), heart attack (also called a myocardial infarction), angina or coronary artery disease, stroke, hypertension (not including during pregnancy), high blood cholesterol, or cancer. Results Of participants, 49.5% reported having at least 1 CHC, with 23.2% reporting ≥2 CHCs. The most frequently reported CHC was high cholesterol (29.3%) followed by hypertension (28.7%) and diabetes (11.8%). Although the prevalence of CHCs significantly increased with increasing age, only hypertension and cancer were significantly associated with years postinjury. Four CHCs (diabetes, coronary artery disease, hypertension, high cholesterol) were significantly related to mobility status as measured by injury level and ambulatory status. However, after controlling for age, years postinjury, sex, and race, mobility status became nonsignificant in relation to coronary artery disease, but it remained significantly associated with diabetes, hypertension, and high cholesterol. Conclusions Clinicians should be aware of the risk of CHCs in persons with SCI and should screen for these conditions and regular maintenance activities related to SCI.
Correlates of service delivery and social environment in adult day service programs.

The objectives of this study were to better describe adult day service (ADS) programs and determine how various structural and case mix characteristics of ADS were empirically associated with the services provided in and the social environments of adult day programs. All directors of ADS programs in Minnesota (United States) were contacted from 2011 to 2012 to complete a detailed online survey that collected information on ADS structure, client case mix, services and activities, and social environment (n = 83; 67.5% response rate). Several structural characteristics and case mix indicators (e.g., number of clients attending) were significantly associated (p < .05) with specific types of ADS service provision, such as health monitoring. Programs that were adequately staffed and perceived as pleasant appeared to also have a more vibrant social environment. The results suggest the potential need for bolstering staffing and enhancing the physical environment of ADS programs.
Physical and biochemical transformations in residues decomposing under small hydraulic gradients

Abstract In an effort to evaluate an approach to lagoon sealing using organic residues, two crop residues, cotton gin trash and ground corn cobs, and a control soil were subjected to percolating deionised water (low head) for intervals up to 40 days. Water percolation rates through the gin trash, corn cobs and control soil were measured throughout the interval. Percolant microbial numbers (aerobes, anaerobes and numbers on coliform media) were enumerated. Results relating to percolant Total Solids and percolant Volatile Solids were also obtained, along with percolant pH. Carbohydrates present in the solids were characterised throughout the interval, as were solids nitrogen and solids settlement/swelling. These results were helpful in understanding what physical and biochemical effects one could expect in applications such as lagoon sealing where residues are subjected to a low, constant hydraulic head as decomposition progresses.
Collision-induced dissociative chemical cross-linking reagents and methodology: Applications to protein structural characterization using tandem mass spectrometry analysis.

Chemical cross-linking combined with mass spectrometry is a viable approach to study the low-resolution structure of protein and protein complexes. However, unambiguous identification of the residues involved in a cross-link remains analytically challenging. To enable a more effective analysis across various MS platforms, we have developed a novel set of collision-induced dissociative cross-linking reagents and methodology for chemical cross-linking experiments using tandem mass spectrometry (CID-CXL-MS/MS). These reagents incorporate a single gas-phase cleavable bond within their linker region that can be selectively fragmented within the in-source region of the mass spectrometer, enabling independent MS/MS analysis for each peptide. Initial design concepts were characterized using a synthesized cross-linked peptide complex. Following verification and subsequent optimization of cross-linked peptide complex dissociation, our reagents were applied to homodimeric glutathione S-transferase and monomeric bovi...
Role of accumbens and cortical dopamine receptors in the regulation of cortical acetylcholine release

Abstract Cortical acetylcholine, under resting and stimulated conditions, was measured in frontoparietal and prefrontal cortex using in vivo microdialysis in freely-moving rats. Cortical acetylcholine efflux was stimulated by systemic administration of the benzodiazepine receptor partial inverse agonist FG 7142. Administration of FG 7142 (8.0 mg/kg; i.p.) significantly elevated acetylcholine efflux in both cortical regions (150–250% relative to baseline) for 30 min after drug administration. The ability of endogenous dopamine to regulate cortical acetylcholine efflux under resting or stimulated conditions and the relative contributions of D1- and D2-like dopamine receptor activation was also assessed. In a first series of experiments, systemic administration of the antipsychotic drug haloperidol (0.15, 0.9 mg/kg, i.p.) blocked FG 7142-stimulated acetylcholine efflux in frontoparietal, while the D1-like antagonist, SCH 23390 (0.1, 0.3 mg/kg), was less effective in attenuating stimulated acetylcholine efflux. In a second series of experiments, the effects of infusions of these antagonists and of the D2- like antagonist sulpiride (10, 100 μM) into the nucleus accumbens were assessed. Infusions of haloperidol and sulpiride significantly blocked FG 7142-stimulated acetylcholine efflux while SCH 23390 did not. By contrast, a third series of experiments demonstrated that perfusion of these antagonists (100 μM) locally into the cortex (through the probe) did not affect FG 7142-stimulated acetylcholine efflux. Moreover, none of these dopamine receptor antagonists, whether administered systemically or perfused into the nucleus accumbens or cortex, affected basal cortical acetylcholine efflux. These results reveal similarities in stimulated cortical acetylcholine release across frontal cortical regions and suggest a prominent role for D2-mediated accumbens dopamine transmission in the regulation of cortical acetylcholine release. The findings provide evidence in support of a neural substrate that links dysregulation of mesolimbic dopaminergic transmission to changes in cortical cholinergic transmission. Dysregulation within this circuit is hypothesized to contribute to the etiology of disorders such as schizophrenia, dementia and drug abuse.
Region-based indexing in the JPEG2000 framework

The increased amount of visual data in several applications necessitates sophisticated indexing techniques for retrieval based on the image content. The recent JPEG2000 standard addresses the need for content based coding and manipulation of visual media. Future multimedia databases are expected to store images in the JPEG2000 format. Hence, it is crucial to develop indexing and retrieval systems that operate in the framework. Several content based indexing techniques have been proposed in the wavelet domain which is the technique of choice in the JPEG2000 standard. However, most of these techniques rely on extracting low level features such as color, texture and shape that represent the global image content. In this paper, we propose a region based indexing technique in the JPEG2000 framework. Specific regions of interest (ROI) (which insure the reconstructed quality in the image) are tracked and analyzed through different layers of the wavelet transform in the coding process. Shape features are extracted from the ROI sketch in the uncompressed domain. Texture and color features are extracted in the compressed domain at different wavelet resolutions corresponding to these regions. Indexing and retrieval are based on a combination of these features. Extensive simulations have been performed in the JPEG2000 framework. Experimental results demonstrate that compared to the exiting wavelet based indexing approaches the proposed scheme has superior performance.
Flumethrin Applied as a Pour-On and Whole-Body Spray for Controlling Cattle Tick (Acari: Ixodidae) on Cattle

The pyrethroid flumethrin (Bayticol) was tested as a pour-on and whole-body spray for the control of cattle tick, Boophilus annulatus (Say), on cattle. Each animal in the control, pour-on, and spray treatment groups were infested with larval, nymphal, and adult B. annulatus . at the time of treatment. Based upon the index of reproduction, a 1%pour-on formulation of flumethrin applied at the rate of 1 ml/IO kg of body weight provided 97% control, and a 0.003%AI spray application provided 99%control. A large number of females from cattle treated with the pour-on preparation completed engorgement, but only a small percentage laid viable eggs. Only a small number of the females treated with the spray application completed engorgement.
Type I spinal arteriovenous fistulae exception: a case for reclassification.

Abstract Objective Type I spinal arteriovenous lesions represent dorsal dural arteriovenous fistulae with no spinal artery involvement. We report an exception to this and propose dividing Type I lesions into dorsal and ventral categories. Methods A 51-year-old patient presented with a partial Brown-Sequard syndrome. An angiogram revealed a spinal arteriovenous fistula, most prominently being fed a radicular artery arising from the right vertebral artery with only ventral venous drainage. Results This feeder was selected and embolized with onyx, however residual fistula persisted and the patient subsequently underwent microsurgical disconnection. At six-month follow-up, patient motor deficits have resolved and difficulty with proprioception is improving. Conclusion Type I dural arteriovenous fistulae are associated with dorsal venous drainage. Our case demonstrates an exception to this. Recognizing this exception was crucial, because it allowed for simple microsurgical disconnection. We propose that type I dural arteriovenous fistulae be subdivided into ventral and dorsal based on their drainage pattern. This differentiation is critical because lesions with ventral drainage have traditionally been classified as type IV. These lesions have a different treatment method given involvement of spinal arteries.
Quantum mechanical computational studies of chemical reactions: I. Close-coupling method for the collinear H + H2 reaction

A fully converged, close-coupling calculation, using natural collision coordinates, is presented for the collinear H + H2 system, on a Porter-Karplus potential energy surface in the energy range of 9 to 35 kcal/mole. Eight closed channels were required for convergence in the threshold region. Inclusion of the closed channels alters considerably the numerical results. The effects of the vibrational non-adiabatic coupling terms were demonstrated. Particularly pronounced is the influence of the (energy dependent) inertial centrifugal energy due to the curvature of the reaction path. No evidence for tunnelling was obtained. The considerable difference between the quantal and classical reaction probabilities in the threshold energy region is entirely due to the non-adiabatic coupling terms, which tend to reduce the kinetic energy available along the reaction path, more so in the classical case, thereby leading to a higher dynamic threshold. The Arrhenius plot of the collinear rate constant shows more curvature...
Generalized order statistics from two parameter uniform distribution

In this paper some distributional properties of the generalized order statistics from uniform distribution are given. The minimum variance linear unbiased as well best ( in the sense of minimum mean squared error) invariant estimators of the parameters of the two parameter uniform distribution based on the first m generalized order statistics are presented.
Modification to adaptive model reduction for regulation of distributed parameter systems with fast transients

We focus on output feedback control of distributed processes whose infinite dimensional representation in appropriate Hilbert subspaces can be decomposed to finite dimensional slow and infinite dimensional fast subsystems. The controller synthesis issue is addressed using a refined adaptive proper orthogonal decomposition (APOD) approach to recursively construct accurate low dimensional reduced order models (ROMs) based on which we subsequently construct and couple almost globally valid dynamic observers with robust controllers. The novelty lies in modifying the data ensemble revision approach within APOD to enlarge the ROM region of attraction. The proposed control approach is successfully used to regulate the Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation at a desired steady state profile in the absence and presence of uncertainty when the unforced process exhibits nonlinear behavior with fast transients. The original and the modified APOD approaches are compared in different conditions and the advantages of the modified approach are presented. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 4595–4611, 2013
Carbon in Mid-Atlantic Ridge basalt glasses from 28°N to 63°N: Evidence for a carbon-enriched Azores mantle plume

We report on 91 analyses of CO2 in fresh, ‘macrovesicle-free’ Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) basalt glasses from 48 dredge stations located between 28°N and Iceland. A stepped heating gas chromatographic technique was used for the analyses. Concentrations of carbon as CO2 in the glasses range from 30 to 1014 ppm and always exceed the experimentally determined pressure-dependent equilibrium CO2 solubility curve for tholeiitic basalts at 1200°C determined by Stolper and Holloway [1]. The measured CO2 content mostly represents oversaturation of CO2 in the magma and, to a lesser extent, CO2 trapped in microvesicles during the latest stage of magma emplacement and quenching on the seafloor. The degree of ‘oversaturation’ varies from 1 to 9 times the equilibrium solubility values at any given depth. It is highest over the deeper part of the MAR profile, along the so-called normal ridge segments, and lowest close to Iceland and over the center of the Azores platform, where the oceanic crust is thicker and the mantle hotter than usual. The C/3 He ratio ranges from 1.4 × 109 to 4.3 × 109, as compared to a mean of 2 ± 1 × 109 previously reported for normal MOR segments. The C/3 ratio in MAR glasses over the Azores province correlates positively with 87Sr/86Sr ratio and reaches a maximum over the Azores platform. Based on this correlation, binary mixing modeling indicates minimum enrichments of carbon in the Azores plume ranging from 3.3 to 4.6, using 87Sr/86Sr ratios, and 4.9-;8.8, using 143Nd/144Nd ratios, depending on the enrichment of Sr and Nd estimated in the plume relative to the depleted asthenosphere. For comparison, the H2O content in the Azores plume is enriched by a factor of 2–4. The carbon enrichment over the Azores platform (plume) is in agreement with an independent predictive model which assumes that the likelihood of CO2 outgassing and the percentage fusion along the ridge are proportional to crustal thickness or excess ridge elevation.
Dysphagia Services in Nursing Homes: An Opportunity for Improving Patient Outcomes Through Palliative Care

This article discusses the role of the speech-language pathologist in palliative care in nursing homes. The aim of this paper is to help speech-language pathologists practicing in long-term care un...
Scene-adaptive nonuniformity correction using TARID-composite image prediction

Imagery gathered by a Focal Plane Array (FPA) based sensor often suffers from the intrinsic non-uniform response of the individual detectors of the FPA. A digital Non-Uniformity Correction (NUC) can compensate for this distortion by implementing a functional transformation to the numerical output of each digitized FPA pixel. Such a NUC is often measured by exposing the sensor to one or more sources of uniform flux, and computed so that the post-NUC image of such uniform scenery has minimal spatial variation. Alternative NUC implementations adopt a scene-adaptive approach , using only the data in the gathered video sequence for which one wants to NUC. Several implementations, such as temporal high-pass filtering, neural-network, steepest-descent, or adaptive LMS, fundamentally depend on scene-predicted image necessary compute the appropriate functional correction. Such predicted images are invariably a spatial transformation of a single frame of video; it is because of the limited accuracy of such a single-image prediction that mandates algorithm compromises between slow convergence and pathological collapses, such as image scene burn-in or image washout. Previously reported research in image resolution enhancement mandates the construction of a Temporal Accumulation of Registered Image Data (TARID) composite image as a pre-processing step. Such TARID composite images have significantly improved accuracy and robustness over any single-frame predicted image applied to scene adaptive NUC algorithms, resulting in markedly improved performance in both convergence and stability.
Biomarkers in fish from Prince William Sound and the Gulf of Alaska: 1999-2000.

To test the hypothesis that biomarker levels in fish collected at Prince William Sound (PWS) sites impacted by the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill were higher than those collected at unimpacted sites, a 1999−2000 study collected five fish species and associated benthic sediments from 21 sites in PWS and the eastern Gulf of Alaska (GOA). PWS sites were divided in three oiling categories based upon 1989 shoreline assessments: nonspill path (NSP), spill path oiled (SPO), and spill path not oiled (SPNO). Rockfish (N = 177), rock sole (N = 30), and kelp greenling (N = 49) were collected at near-shore locations (∼50−500 m from shore); Pacific halibut (N = 131) and Pacific cod (N = 81) were collected further offshore (∼500−7000 m). Fish were assayed for bile fluorescent aromatic contaminants (FAC) and cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) levels measured as liver ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity and by immunohistochemistry (IHC) of various tissues. For all species studied at all sites, bile FAC concentrations and C...
More theory-driven and less diagnosis-based behavior therapy☆

Individualized treatment based on a functional analysis of problem behavior used to be considered a hallmark of behavior therapy. Yet the relative success of recently developed treatment manuals for DSM-defined disorders has cast doubts as to whether treatment individualization is really necessary. This article evaluates some of the relative merits of assessments and manualized treatments based on DSM categories and discusses data that indicate when a protocol treatment approach is sufficient and when it is not. Finally, a theory-driven approach to conducting behavior therapy is proposed as a way to complement individualized and manualized treatments. This approach is illustrated by presenting a model-based assessment and treatment approach to overcome excessive heart-focused anxiety (cardiophobia).
Mutagenesis and skin tumour initiation by shale- and coal-derived oils and their distillation fractions

Abstract Crudes and distillation fractions of three shale- and four coal-derived liquids and petroleum were screened for mutagenic activity in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA1535, TA1537, TA1538, TA98 and TA100, and for tumour initiating activity in mouse skin. Selected analytical tests were also conducted to identify and characterize the crudes and fractions. Low boiling (naphtha) fractions of all crudes showed no biological activity. The higher boiling fractions, the residues and the crude oils were mutagenic and initiated tumours. Some coal-derived liquid fractions were significantly more active by either test than similar boiling range fractions of petroleum and shale-derived oils. The mutation frequencies (revertants μg -1 ) as well as the total number of tumours were also related to the C/H weight ratios of the various fractions, supporting the view that aromatic compounds may be responsible for some of those activities. In most cases, the expression of mutagenic activity required an activation system, although a few fractions of shale- and coal-derived oils were weakly active without activation. In general, there was a strong positive relationship between the mutation data and the initiation-promotion data. Two linear relations were observed between the total number of skin tumours and the mutation frequencies in strains TA1538, TA98, TA1537 and TA100: one is associated with the medium boiling fractions while the other includes the residues and crude liquids.
Kinetics of Iron Corrosion in Concentrated Acidic Chloride Solutions

The kinetics of active iron dissolution at 25°C has been studied in deaerated 1N and 6N chloride solutions for hydrogen ion concentrations of 0.1–6.0N. For 1N chloride solutions with , the dissolution reaction is described by anodic Tafel slope and electrochemical reaction order with respect to hydrogen ion activity . These parameters are characteristic of a dissolution mechanism in which chemisorbed halide ions interact with adsorbed hydroxyl ions in a two‐electron rate‐determining step. For 6N chloride solutions, this mechanism holds only over a narrower (H+) region up to 0.24N, in which . With increased ; and for , indicating that the hydrogen ion (and no longer the hydroxyl ion) catalyzed the dissolution reaction. A positive value of ensues for synergistic adsorption of hydrogen ions on the halide ion covered surface. A formal detailed dissolution mechanism is proposed, giving and , in agreement with experiment. Alternate dissolution mechanisms including one‐electron transfer schemes are discussed.
Sound Propagation in Saturated Gas-Vapor-Droplet Suspensions Considering the Effect of Transpiration on Droplet Evaporation

The Sound attenuation and dispersion in saturated gas-vapor-droplet mixtures with evaporation has been investigated theoretically. The theory is based on an extension of the work of Davidson (1975) to accommodate the effects of transpiration on the linear particle relaxation processes of mass, momentum and energy transfer. It is shown that the inclusion of transpiration in the presence of mass transfer improves the agreement between the theory and the experimental data of Cole and Dobbins (1971) for sound attenuation in air-water fogs at low droplet mass concentrations. The results suggest that transpiration has an appreciable effect on both sound absorption and dispersion for both low and high droplet mass concentrations.
Conformational changes in the antigenic determinant of tobacco mosaic virus protein resulting from polymerization of the subunits

Abstract The influence of polymerization on the antigenic specificity of tobacco mosaic virus protein was studied. Immunoelectrophoretic and Ouchterlony analyses performed at different temperatures revealed a number of distinct antigenic states correlated with different sized aggregates. Two alternative explanations were offered for the above observations. In one, the multideterminant hypothesis, it was assumed that each TMV subunit possessed a small number of unique antigenic sites. The number of such different sites available for combining with antibody changed as polymerization proceeded giving rise to an antigenically mixed population of aggregates. The second hypothesis assumed that a single determinant present on the surface of each subunit underwent a series of conformational changes as a result of polymerization. These conformational changes in the polypeptide chain were assumed to cause slight alterations in the antigenic configuration resulting in the generation of crossreactive antigens. The data presented were more compatible with the latter or single determinant hypothesis.
Purpose in life and reduced risk of myocardial infarction among older U.S. adults with coronary heart disease: a two-year follow-up

This study examined whether purpose in life was associated with myocardial infarction among a sample of older adults with coronary heart disease after adjusting for relevant sociodemographic, behavioral, biological, and psychological factors. Prospective data from the Health and Retirement Study—a nationally representative panel study of American adults over the age of 50—were used. Analyses were conducted on the subset of 1,546 individuals who had coronary heart disease at baseline. Greater baseline purpose in life was associated with lower odds of having a myocardial infarction during the 2-year follow-up period. On a six-point purpose in life measure, each unit increase was associated with a multivariate-adjusted odds ratio of 0.73 for myocardial infarction (95% CI, 0.57–0.93, P = .01). The association remained significant after controlling for coronary heart disease severity, self-rated health, and a comprehensive set of possible confounds. Higher purpose in life may play an important role in protecting against myocardial infarction among older American adults with coronary heart disease.
Electron-stimulated desorption from an unexpected source: Internal hot electrons for Br–Si(1 0 0)-(2 × 1)

Abstract The desorption of Br adatoms from Br-saturated Si(1 0 0)-(2 × 1) was studied with scanning tunneling microscopy as a function of dopant type, dopant concentration, and temperature for 620–775 K. Analysis yields the activation energies and prefactors for desorption, and the former correspond to the energy separation between the Fermi level and Si–Br antibonding states. Thus, electron capture in long-lived states results in Br expulsion via a Franck–Condon transition. Analysis of the prefactors reveals that optical phonons provide the energy needed for the electronic excitation. These results show that desorption induced by an electronic transition can occur in closed system without external stimulus, and they indicate that thermally-excited charge carriers may play a general role in surface reactions.
How squalene GLAdly helps generate antigen-specific T cells via antigen-carrying neutrophils and IL-18

The mechanisms by which squalene, which in oil-and-water emulsions has been shown to be an excellent formulation for TLR agonists, enhances the magnitude and quality of adaptive immune responses are not thoroughly defined. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology [Eur. J. Immunol. 2015. 45: XXXX-XXXX], Desbien et al. show that a squalene/TLR4-based adjuvant augments antigen-specific Th1 responses in vaccinated mice through a caspase/IL-18-dependent mechanism. This commentary will discuss the authors’ findings in the context of elucidating the mechanism of action of squalene as an adjuvant, and the new questions that the work generates.
Colonic mucosectomy using laser photodynamic therapy

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves photosensitizing tissue and then activating it with monochromatic light, causing necrosis. Precise control of the extent of injury should be possible by varying the energy density of the light applied to the target tissue. We tested the sensitivity of colonic tissue to PDT by injecting 10 mg/kg Photofrin II intraperitoneally in 10 rats. After 24 hr the left colon was opened and cleansed. A 1.0-cm2 area of mucosa was exposed to 630 nm (red) light produced by an argon-pumped dye laser. Pairs of rats were treated with energy densities of either 10, 20, 40, 60, or 80 J/cm2, controlled by varying exposure times. After 48 hr, we sacrificed the rats and fixed, sectioned, and stained the left colons. The depth of injury was measured with an ocular micrometer and expressed as a percentage of normal bowel wall thickness. A curve was fit to the data points by computerized nonlinear regression. The relationship between depth of injury (Y) and energy density (X) was found to fit the equation Y = 1 - aebx, where constants a = 1.15 and b = -0.0353, (R2 = 0.93, P less than 0.001). The relationship between injury and energy density is biphasic, rising rapidly from 0 to 40 J/cm2 and more slowly after this point, suggesting that colonic mucosa is more sensitive to PDT than muscularis, providing a margin of safety against perforation. Bowel perforation did not occur in this study but is predicted by extrapolation for energy densities of 100 J/cm2 or greater. These data indicate that photodynamic colonic mucosectomy is possible.
Psychosomatic Connotations for People who are neither Nurses nor Physicians

Words with ambiguous meanings allow or promote uncaring relationships that are destructive to nurses and patients. The term "psychosomatic" is frequently associated with the connotation that the mind affects the body, but disregards the continuous and joint interaction of mind and body. The purpose of this study was to examine the connotative meanings of the term psychosomatic among people who were neither nurses nor physicians. An open-ended questionnaire designed to solicit information about the connotative meanings attached to the word psychosomatic was used to solicit persons. Findings revealed that the majority of subjects held a unidirectional definition of the term; that is, they believed that the mind influences the body but not vice versa. Negative thoughts and feelings were attached to the term. Nurses need to be aware of the meanings that words evoke when communicating with patients.
Identifying Pollution Source Regions Using Multiply Censored Data

To improve the understanding of the problem of long-range transport and source-receptor relationships for trace-level toxic air contaminants, the authors examine the use of several multiple comparison procedures (MCPs) in the analysis and interpretation of multiply-censored data sets. Censoring is a chronic problem for some of the toxic elements of interest (As, Se, Mn, etc.) because their atmospheric concentrations are often too low to be measured precisely. Such concentrations are commonly reported in a nonquantitative way as below the limit of detection, leaving the data analyst with censored data sets. Since the standard statistical MCPs are not readily applicable to such data sets, they employ Monte Carlo simulations to evaluate two nonparametric rank-type MCPs for their applicability to the interpretation of censored data. Two different methods for ranking censored data are evaluated: average rank method and substitution with half the detection limit. The results suggest that the Kruskal-Wallis-Dunn MCP with the half-detection limit replacement for censored data is most appropriate for comparing independent, multiply-censored samples of moderate size (20--100 elements). Application of this method to pollutant clusters at several sites in the northeastern USA enabled them to identify potential pollution source regions and atmospheric patterns associated with the long-range transport more » of air pollutants. « less
The marine chemistry of dimethylsulfide

Dimethylsulfide (DMS) was determined in surface seawater and vertical hydrographic profiles in the Atlantic Ocean during two cruises from Hamburg to Montevideo (Uruguay), and from Miami (Florida) into the Sargasso Sea. These data cover most of the ecological zones of the Atlantic. DMS concentrations are related to the levels of marine primary production, in agreement with its release by marine phytoplankton in laboratory cultures. The vertical distribution of DMS in the euphotic zone follows that of primary production, with a maximum at or near the ocean surface and a decrease with depth. Below the level of 1% light penetration, DMS levels decline gradually, but DMS remains detectable even in the bottom waters. The mean DMS concentration in surface water is 84.4, and in deep water 3.2 ng S (DMS) 1−1. No steep gradients of DMS exist near the sea surface on scales of centimeters to tenths of millimeters. At a drift station, DMS was observed to be diurnally variable, with an increase in concentration in the euphotic zone throughout the day. DMS is actively turned over in the surface ocean with a residence time of a few days, but it is apparently very stable in the deep sea. DMS is the major volatile sulfur compound in the ocean, and its transfer across the air-sea interface contributes significantly to the atmospheric sulfur budget.
Using Errors To Teach through a Two-Staged, Structured Review: Peer-Reviewed Quizzes and “What’s Wrong With Me?”

Using errors as a method of learning has been made explicit through a two-staged peer review and discussion. During organic chemistry discussion sessions, quizzes are followed by a structured peer ...
Oxidation of pinacyanol chloride by H2O2 catalyzed by FeIII complexed to tetraamidomacrocyclic ligand: unusual kinetics and product identification

Oxidative degradation of pinacyanol chloride (PNC) dye by H2O2, as catalyzed by the 1 FeIII-TAML activator (TAML = tetraamidomacrocyclic ligand), occurs rapidly in water, goes to completion, and exhibits noticeably complex kinetics at pH 11. The reaction achieves a carbon mineralization of 51%. The detected products are acetate, formate, oxalate, maleate, 2-nitrobenzoate, nitrite, and nitrate. The catalytic reaction is a first-order process in 1 and the reaction rate has a Michaelis dependence in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The reaction rate increases sharply with increasing PNC concentration, reaches a maximal value, and then declines as the PNC concentration is further increased. The initial rate (v) versus [PNC] profile has been quantified in terms of the equation: v = (c 1[PNC] + c 2[PNC]2)/(c 3 + c 4[PNC] + [PNC]2) which accounts for the maximum and further rate decline. Kinetic analysis at a more acidic pH (9 vs. 11) revealed that there is no initial rate increase and only the hyperbolic retardation b...
Women and children in the global sex trade Toward more effective policy

EnglishAround 1.2 million women and girls enter the sex trade every year, generating US$1.5 billion annually for their exploiters. Between 30 percent and 35 percent of the victims are girls under 1...
Analysis of the virulence of Shigella flexneri by experimental infection of the rabbit eye.

Keratoconjunctivitis develops in the eyes of rabbits and guinea pigs when they are inoculated with virulent strains of Shigella. This experimental model has been used by Sereny [1-3] and Manolov [4] to study the pathogenesis of Shigella infections. Mackel et al. [5] evaluated the suitability of the conjunctival model and suggested that this system is useful in the study of immunity and pathologic aspects of shigellosis. In studies dealing with postinfection immunity to keratoconjunctivitis, Manolov and Kosturkov [6] and Sereny [3] reported that only the recovered eye was resistant to rechallenge with virulent Shigella. LaBrec et al. [7] reported that a virulent strain of Shigella flexneri 2a penetrated the conjunctival epithelium of the guinea pig cornea and caused ulcerative lesions, whereas an avirulent variant of this organism could not penetrate the cornea. Formal et al. [8] reported that virulent strains of Shigella caused keratoconjunctivitis but that avirulent strains did not.
Resolution Limitations in Holographic Images

The maximum resolution in the images of a given object produced by the holographic method using a single record in which only one wave parameter is stored at each point on the wavefront is shown to be one-half as great as that which could be obtained without any increase in the size or resolution capability of the recording if two parameters were recorded, the hologram being the aperture stop in each case. In lensless holography using plane reference waves for recording and reconstruction with a one-parameter hologram approximately equal to the object in size, the resolution is shown to be significantly less than the nominal photographic resolution of the recording medium.
AnchoredDisplays: the web on walls

With the World Wide Web, mountains of information are suddenly within easy reach. Unfortunately, accessing this information still requires a computer screen, a keyboard and a mouse. This paper describes AnchoredDisplays, a new metaphor for exploiting physical location to help display and organize dynamically changing information. AnchoredDisplays are inexpensive battery operated display screens that can be affixed on walls, doors and desks. The displays can be configured to present information such as weather, traffic, stock quotes and sports scores extracted from the web. Once configured, users can place these displays wherever they feel relevant. Suddenly, dynamic information becomes much easier to find and assimilate; a user might place tomorrow's weather near the light switch and sports scores near the phone. Hardware and software implementations of a prototype AnchoredDisplay system are described.
1075 – Directions for community psychiatry in the U.S.: a pilot qualitative study

Community psychiatry is at a crossroads in the U.S. This crisis can be characterized by the discipline's relationship to: tension between social and biological psychiatry; and the Recovery Movement. Confronted with the strong presence of biological psychiatry, with social conditions that are not a core focus of their training, and with a strong push from patients, advocates, and some policy makers to create recovery-oriented care that, often, seems to minimize the importance of psychiatrists, the question - “What is community psychiatry in the U.S. - must be posed. Method This research, conducted at Yale University with IRB approval, involved 12 in-depth qualitative interviews with community psychiatrists at a public mental health center. The main interview question - “What is a psychiatrist? - was followed by questions involving the themes noted above. Result For the psychiatrists, psychiatry seems deeply embedded in medicine. If the biological model has been able to improve some parts of psychiatric practice, many psychiatrists will identify the limits of this model and feel frustration from its tendency to marginalize their role into one of medication management. Conclusion Regarding this lack of knowledge and understanding of mental illnesses, regarding the crisis that the health system is undergoing, it seems necessary to go above a simple definition of a psychiatrist as someone with skills for treating mental illness. With which skills can psychiatrists improve symptoms, the life context that contributes to patients’ symptoms, and the mental health delivery system that often misses people's needs? Or going further, how can psychiatrists best advocate for their clients?
The urban services paradox: Shrinking supply in times of rising demand

In the years of plenty, funds were available to experiment widely with different ways to offer services for urban dependents. Services sprang up everywhere, but the net effect in many cities was a piecemeal and largely ineffective delivery system. In the coming lean years, we can expect a more parsimonious distribution of services, but at the same time the need for services may increase in response to worsening conditions in urban areas. This paper considers the implications of this situation, with a particular emphasis on the provision of services for alcohol abusers.
Nonlinear response of layer growth dynamics in the mixed kinetics-bulk-transport regime

In situ high-resolution interferometry on horizontal facets of the protein lysozyme reveal that the local growth rate R, vicinal slope p, and tangential (step) velocity v fluctuate by up to 80% of their average values. The time scale of these fluctuations, which occur under steady bulk transport conditions through the formation and decay of step bunches (macrosteps), is of the order of 10 min. The fluctuation amplitude of R increases with growth rate (supersaturation) and crystal size, while the amplitude of the v and p fluctuations changes relatively little. Based on a stability analysis for equidistant step trains in the mixed transport-interface-kinetics regime, we argue that the fluctuations originate from the coupling of bulk transport with nonlinear interface kinetics. Furthermore, step bunches moving across the interface in the direction of or opposite to the buoyancy-driven convective flow increase or decrease in height, respectively. This is in agreement with analytical treatments of the interaction of moving steps with solution flow. Major excursions in growth rate are associated with the formation of lattice defects (striations). We show that, in general, the system-dependent kinetic Peclet number, Pe(sub k) , i.e., the relative weight of bulk transport and interface kinetics in the control of the growth process, governs the step bunching dynamics. Since Pe(sub k) can be modified by either forced solution flow or suppression of buoyancy-driven convection under reduced gravity, this model provides a rationale for the choice of specific transport conditions to minimize the formation of compositional inhomogeneities under steady bulk nutrient crystallization conditions.
Humoral inhibition of the corpora allata in larvae of Diploptera punctata: Role of the brain and ecdysteroids

Abstract Juvenile hormone synthesis by adult female corpora allata was inhibited following implantation into final-larval-instar males; inhibition was prevented by decapitation of the larval hosts on day 11 (prior to the head critical period for moulting), but not by decapitation on day 13. Implantation of one larval protocerebrum restored inhibition of implanted corpora allata, demonstrating that the brain releases an inhibitory factor. Corpora allata implanted into larvae decapitated on day 11 were inhibited by injections of 20-hydroxyecdysone. Since treatment of corpora allata with 20-hydroxyecdysone in vitro did not inhibit juvenile hormone synthesis, ecdysteroids probably act indirectly on the corpora allata. Juvenile hormone synthesis and haemolymph ecdysteroid concentration were measured following implantation of corpora allata along with two larval brains into larval hosts. Brain implantation did not affect ecdysteroid concentration, but did inhibit juvenile hormone synthesis, even in animals with low haemolymph ecdysteroid concentration. Incubation with farnesoic acid stimulated juvenile hormone synthesis by corpora allata from males early in the final larval stadium, but not after day 8, showing that one of the final two reactions of juvenile hormone synthesis is rate-limiting in larval corpora allata at this stage. Adult female corpora allata which had been humorally inhibited by implantation into larvae were stimulated by farnesoic acid.
Empirical Likelihood Ratio Test With Distribution Function Constraints

In this work, we study non-parametric hypothesis testing problem with distribution function constraints. The empirical likelihood ratio test has been widely used in testing problems with moment (in)equality constraints. However, some detection problems cannot be described using moment (in)equalities. We propose a distribution function constraint along with an empirical likelihood ratio test. This detector is applicable to a wide variety of robust parametric/non-parametric detection problems. Since the distribution function constraints provide a more exact description of the null hypothesis, the test outperforms the empirical likelihood ratio test with moment constraints as well as many popular goodness-of-fit tests, such as the robust Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and the Cramer-von Mises test. Examples from communication systems with real-world noise samples are provided to show their performance. Specifically, the proposed test significantly outperforms the robust Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and the Cramer-von Mises test when the null hypothesis is nested in the alternative hypothesis. The same example is repeated when we assume no noise uncertainty. By doing so, we are able to claim that in our case, it is necessary to include uncertainty in noise distribution. Additionally, the asymptotic optimality of the proposed test is provided.
Supporting early development of infants with identified positional plagiocephaly.

Kennedy and colleagues have conducted an interesting study about the relationship between motor development, child rearing practices, and positional plagiocephaly (in recent literature also referre...
Rotational dependence of vibrational relaxation in a 2Σ+ OH

Abstract A frequency doubled tunable dye laser has been used to selectively excite the OH molecule to the N′ = 0, 3 and 5 rotational levels of the υ′ = 1 vibrational level of the A 2Σ+ state. Addition of the gases He, Ar, H2, D2 and N2 causes energy transfer to the υ′ = 0 level. In the cases of H2, D2 and N2, the vibrational energy transfer cross section is found to decrease as N′ increases over the range investigated.
Enhancing computer knowledge in Less Developed Countries (Panel Discussion)

This panel focuses on how computer knowledge can be enhanced in Less Developed Countries (LDC). The emphasis is on how a supporting human interface should be developed. A sub-theme will be how the human development can be best coordinated with the use of national computing strategies. The panelists will base their discussion on their experiences in Africa, China, and the Middle-East.
Measuring community shifts in a weed seedbank study with the use of distance-based redundancy analysis

Abstract Distance-based redundancy analysis (db-RDA), a recently developed ordination technique useful for both multivariate hypothesis testing and data interpretation, was used to evaluate treatment effects on weed communities in a long-term study of alternative potato cropping systems. The experiment consisted of a factorial arrangement of three pest management systems, conventional (CON), reduced input (RI), and biointensive (BIO), two soil management systems (amended vs. unamended), and two crop-rotation entry points. Soil samples collected in the spring of 1998 were subjected to exhaustive germination as a means of characterizing the weed community. Using partial ordinations, each factor in the factorial treatment structure was tested separately, revealing a significant interaction between pest and soil management systems. An ordination diagram of the pest by soil management interaction was used to interpret the results. Weed species that were highly correlated with the first two ordination axes incl...
A Complex Event Routing Infrastructure for Distributed Systems

With the growing number of mega services and cloud computing platforms, many industrial organizations are building distributed data centers and are populating them at increasing rates. At the same time, the field of Complex Event Processing(CEP) is gaining popularity as its value is realized for real-time monitoring of these large distributed systems. Traditionally, the CEP system and core event passing infrastructure are created independent of one another. In this paper we propose that including an event based communication system with integrated support for CEP will provide certain benefits at many levels.