cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development Professionals in Northern Thailand: Hope, Politics and Practice

Katharine McKinnon's book offers a new way of doing post-development work through an historical ethnography of development professionals working in northern Thailand. In eight chapters, she argues ...
248 ANTIOXIDANT-SURFACTANT LIPOSOMES INCREASE PULMONARY ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY IN PRETERM AND TERM RABBITS

248 ANTIOXIDANT-SURFACTANT LIPOSOMES INCREASE PULMONARY ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY IN PRETERM AND TERM RABBITS
Protein Metabolism of Allium Radicle Tips during Germination

As an initial step in the study of the molecular events surrounding the establishment of a mature root apex, analyses of the early germinative growth of the Allium radicle were undertaken. Changes in the level and pattern of the soluble proteins were investigated by polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis and Joyce-Loebl densitometry. Histochemical studies revealed the presence of protein bodies in the terminal mm of the Allium radicle. These bodies underwent depletion and breakdown during germination. The results of the electrophoretic fractionation of the soluble proteins during germination showed that there was not a proliferation of protein components but, rather, a considerable change in the concentration of existing protein fractions. Several fractions, assumed to be components of the reserve or storage proteins, showed a quantitative depletion correlated in time with the loss of the protein bodies. Quantification of the soluble proteins during germination showed a 32% decrease per radicle tip over a 67-hour period, but when expressed on a per cell basis a 32% increase was noted. A dramatic increase in protein synthesis, as measured by 3H-leucine incorporation, was initiated after 36 hours' exposure to germinative conditions, that is, at the beginning of radicle protrusion. A time-ordered sequence of events was noted for the depletion of the protein bodies and their assumed reserve components, suggesting their ultimate utilization in new protein synthesis.
Forty acres and a mule in the 21st century

In general, a program of reparations is intended to achieve three objectives: acknowledgment of a grievous injustice, redress for the injustice, and closure of the grievances held by the group subjected to the injustice. Three types of injustices motivate a program of reparations for black Americans: slavery, the nearly century-long Jim Crow regime following Reconstruction, and ongoing discrimination. Inauguration of a reparations program on behalf of black Americans preferably will be undertaken via legislative action at the federal level, rather than by judicial fiat. Logistical issues addressed in the article include determination of the magnitude of the reparations bill and the criteria to be used to identify those eligible to receive reparations. The present day value of 40 acres and a mule can provide the foundation for the calculation of the magnitude of reparations owed to black Americans.
Modeling the Fate of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in Sewage Treatment Plants

Chemical fate models can be used to estimate the transformation reactions and the partitioning behavior of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in sewage treatment plants (STPs). Modeling the fate of PPCPs in a STP requires parameters such as rate constants or partition coefficients that are often unique to a specific STP, and that may exhibit significant temporal variability. Chemical fate models provide both a valuable test of our understanding of the fundamental underlying mechanisms regarding the fate of PPCPs in STPs, as well as a means of providing both qualitative and quantitative estimates for PPCP removal. This paper is not intended to provide calibration or validation of these models for a specific system, but rather to review the most common approaches to modeling the chemical fates of PPCPs in STPs (as well as other chemicals and other systems).
Weight Loss Associated with Cholinesterase Inhibitors in Individuals with Dementia in a National Healthcare System.

Objectives To determine whether initiation of cholinesterase inhibitors is associated with significant weight loss in a real-word clinical setting. Design Retrospective cohort study from 2007 to 2010 comparing weight loss in individuals with dementia newly prescribed cholinesterase inhibitors and those newly prescribed other chronic medications. Setting National Veterans Affairs data. Participants Individuals aged 65 and older with a diagnosis of dementia who received a new prescription for a cholinesterase inhibitor or other new chronic medication. Measurements The primary outcome was time to 10-pound weight loss over 12 months. Propensity score matching was used to control for the likelihood of receiving a cholinesterase inhibitor based on baseline characteristics. Data were analyzed in a priori defined subgroups according to age, comorbid burden, and initial weight. Results Of 6,504 individuals that met study criteria, 1,188 started on cholinesterase inhibitors were matched to 2,189 started on other medications. The propensity-matched cohorts were well balanced on baseline covariates. Participants initiated on cholinesterase inhibitors had a higher risk of weight loss than matched controls at 12 months (hazard ratio = 1.23, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.07–1.41). At 12 months, 29.3% of participants taking cholinesterase inhibitors had experienced weight loss, compared with 22.8% of nonusers, corresponding to a number needed to harm of 21.2 (95% CI = 12.5–71.4) over 1 year. There were no significant differences in the risk of weight loss within subgroups. Conclusion These results are consistent with the available data from randomized controlled trials. Clinicians should consider the risk of weight loss when prescribing cholinesterase inhibitors.
Dynamic spectrum leasing in cognitive radio networks via primary-secondary user power control games

Hierarchical dynamic spectrum access (DSA) has received the most attention in recent years as the solution for better spectrum utilization. In this paper, on the other hand, we develop a framework for dynamic spectrum leasing (DSL). Power control in hierarchical DSA networks only involves that of controlling secondary user transmissions. Thus, in game theoretic formulations of power control in cognitive DSA networks only secondary users are considered as players of the game. In proposed dynamic spectrum leasing, on the other hand, the primary users are rewarded for allowing secondary users to operate in their licensed spectrum. Thus, in the proposed DSL networks the primary users have an incentive to allow secondary users to access the spectrum whenever possible to the maximum extent. We develop a game theoretic framework for such dynamic spectrum leasing in which primary users actively participate in a non-cooperative game with secondary users by selecting an interference cap on the total interference they willing to tolerate. We establish that the proposed primary-secondary user power control game has a unique Nash equilibrium. Performance of a DSL system based on the proposed game model is compared through simulations under different linear receivers at the secondary base station.
A Single Network approximate dynamic programming based constrained optimal controller for nonlinear systems with uncertainties

Approximate dynamic programming formulation implemented with an Adaptive Critic (AC) based neural network (NN) structure has evolved as a powerful alternative technique that eliminates the need for excessive computations and storage requirements needed for solving the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equations. A typical AC structure consists of two interacting NNs. In this paper, a novel architecture, called the Cost Function Based Single Network Adaptive Critic (J-SNAC) is used to solve control-constrained optimal control problems. Only one network is used that captures the mapping between states and the cost function. This approach is applicable to a wide class of nonlinear systems where the optimal control (stationary) equation can be explicitly expressed in terms of the state and costate variables. A non-quadratic cost function is used that incorporates the control constraints. Necessary equations for optimal control are derived and an algorithm to solve the constrained-control problem with J-SNAC is developed. Benchmark nonlinear systems are used to illustrate the working of the proposed technique. Extensions to optimal control-constrained problems in the presence of uncertainties are also considered.
Spectral Reflectance Imaging for a Multiplexed, High-Throughput, Label-Free, and Dynamic Biosensing Platform

There are a number of emerging optical biosensing techniques utilizing interferometric and resonant characteristics of light. We have recently demonstrated an interferometric technique, the spectral reflectance imaging biosensor (SRIB) that uses optical wave interference to detect changes in the optical path length as a result of capture of biological material on the microarray surface without the need for labels and secondary reagents. In this paper, we review the principles and performance of the SRIB technique in the context of label-free biosensors and demonstrate its high-throughput, quantitative and calibrated, versatile, and dynamic (kinetic) capabilities. A unique aspect of the SRIB system is that the measurement technique is independent of surface conformation and allows for utilization of novel polymeric coatings for surface binding, thus providing a versatile and high-density platform. We present experimental results on multiplexed antibody/antigen arrays and DNA hybridization in real time, as well as specific binding of whole virus particles. The simplicity of the overall system, its high sensitivity and compatibility with glass surface chemistries, and a linear dynamic range of nearly four orders of magnitude makes SRIB a promising platform for multiplexed detection of different biological analytes in a complex sample, with potential impact in research and clinical applications.
Attenuation of Lung Reperfusion Injury by Modified Ventilation and Reperfusion Techniques

Background: High ventilation and perfusion pressures after lung transplantation may have deleterious effects. We hypothesized that using combined protective approaches for ventilation and perfusion would be optimal for reducing injury and improving function after ischemia–reperfusion. Methods: Using an isolated, blood-perfused, rabbit lung model, lungs underwent 120 minutes of reperfusion either immediately (Sham) or after 18 hours of cold ischemia (IR). Groups Sham-P and IR-P underwent protective ventilation and reperfusion, and Groups Sham-C and IR-C underwent conventional ventilation and reperfusion. Protective ventilation involved gradually increasing the flow rate during 5 minutes to 1.8 liters/min, and conventional ventilation entailed immediate initiation of flow at 1.8 liters/min. Protective reperfusion involved gradually increasing perfusion during 5 minutes to 60 ml/min, and conventional reperfusion entailed immediate perfusion at 60 ml/min. Two other groups underwent either protective ventilation with conventional perfusion or vice versa. Airway pressure, pulmonary artery pressure, and arterial blood gases were measured throughout reperfusion. Wet/dry weight, highest oxygenation index, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) protein were also measured. Results: Protective ventilation and perfusion after ischemia (IR-P) resulted in significant improvements in lung function as measured by increased PO2 and decreased PCO2, airway pressure, and highest oxygenation index compared with conventional reperfusion (IR-C). Injury was significantly reduced in IR-P lungs as measured by reduced edema (wet/dry weight) and vascular leakage (BAL protein). In most cases, IR-P lungs performed better, with less injury than protective ventilation or perfusion alone. Conclusions: This protective approach of ventilation and perfusion after ischemia may improve lung function after transplantation, a simple method that could easily be applied clinically. J Heart Lung Transplant 2006;25:1467–73. Copyright © 2006 by the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation.
On the local and global stability of a travel route choice adjustment process

Abstract This paper presents a stability analysis for the dynamic model of a travel route choice adjustment process proposed by Dupuis and Nagurney (1993). In particular, we investigate both local and global stability issues for this adjustment process that may be of concern to transportation planners and analysts. Two distinct approaches for stability analysis are proposed based on the general stability analysis results obtained recently by Zhang and Nagurney (1995) for projected dynamical systems. The global stability results are established using a “monotonicity” approach, under monotonicity assumptions on the link cost and travel disutility functions. A distinct approach, termed a “regularity” approach, is then provided to verify the local stability of the adjustment process at a regular equilibrium flow pattern.
Difference in response of the capon comb to intraperitoneally and subcutaneously injected testosterone propionate.

BISKIND (1) showed that an ovary placed in the spleen of a spayed rat becomes tumorous. He suggested that the tumor developed as a result of hepatic removal of the graft-secreted hormone. Later it was shown (Bernstorf (2)) that androgen secreted by the intrasplenic testis graft in the capon was not completely removed by the liver. That hepatic removal of hormone is not complete was confirmed by Werthessen and Field (3) with the female rat and by Bernstorf (4) with the female mouse. The incomplete removal of graft-produced hormone was also observed by Kullander (5) in rats given an ovarian graft at three weeks of age. Aqueous solutions of estrogens were given to patients by Evans, et al. (6) and within 60 minutes blood samples were taken simultaneously from the femoral artery and hepatic vein. The estrogen content of the hepatic vein was in each case lower than that in the femoral artery.
Ablation study of the superior colliculus in the tree shrew (Tupaia glis).

The main conclusions rest on the results obtained by ablating the superior colliculus in eight tree shrews. Additional animals either normal or with lesions of the superior collculus or striate cortex were studied to support or extend the basic findings. All eight tree shrews showed a profound loss of pattern discrimination which could not be attributed to some general factor such as inattention or an incapacity to learn. Thus, all succeeded in discriminating differences in the orientation of stripes but all failed to learn a habit based on discriminating the orientation of triangles. Two of the eight appeared normal in their capacity to orient toward, follow and track objects on the basis of vision. Six of the eight showed a remarkable unresponsiveness to visual stimuli manifested by a failure to follow, track, orient or even avoid what normal animals would regard as a threatening stimulus. This difference was clearly related to the extent of the lesion. In the two cases with normal visually guided behavior only the superficial three layers of the superior colliculus were removed. In the six cases with visual neglect the lesions included the deeper layers of the superior colliculus and invaded adjacent structures, notably the pretectum. It was concluded on the basis of differences between superficial and deep layers in their connections and in the behavioral effects of their ablation that the superior colliculus consists of at least two subdivisions.
Using visualizations to learn algorithms: should students construct their own, or view an expert's?

Algorithm visualization software graphically illustrates how computer algorithms work. Past experiments designed to substantiate the software's pedagogical value have yielded mixed results. A review of these studies suggests that the more actively involved learners are in the visualization process, the better they perform. Given this trend, and inspired by ethnographic fieldwork we conducted in an undergraduate algorithms course, we hypothesize that students who use simple art supplies to construct their own visualizations will learn an algorithm better than students who interact with computer based visualizations constructed by an expert. We conducted an experiment to test this hypothesis, and found no significant differences between the two pedagogical approaches. Thus, students who use "low tech" materials to construct their own visualizations may learn algorithms just as well as students who study conventional "high tech" visualizations constructed by an expert. This result motivates a markedly different kind of algorithm visualization software: one that enables learners to construct their own "low tech" visualizations.
Formation of sarcomeres in developing myotubes: role of mechanical stretch and contractile activation.

In a series of experiments, cultured myotubes were exposed to passive stretch or pharmacological agents that block contractile activation. Under these experimental conditions, the formation of Z li...
Eigenvalues and partitionings of the edges of a graph

Abstract This paper is concerned with the relationship between geometric properties of a graph and the spectrum of its adjacency matrix. For a given graph G , let α( G ) be the smallest partition of the set of edges such that each corresponding subgraph is a clique, β( G ) the smallest partition such that each corresponding graph is a complete multipartite graph, and γ( G ) the smallest partition such that each corresponding subgraph is a complete bipartite graph. Lower bounds for α, β, γ are given in terms of the spectrum of the adjacency matrix of G . Despite these bounds, it is shown that there can exist two graphs, G 1 and G 2 , with identical spectra such that α( G 1 ) is small, α( G 2 ) is enormous. A similar phenomenon holds for β( G ). By contrast, γ( G ) is essentially relevant to the spectrum of G , for it is shown that γ( G ) is bounded by and bounds a function of the number of eigenvalues each of which is at most − 1. It is also shown that the chromatic number χ( G ) is spectrally irrelevant in the sense of the results for α and β described above.
Yet Another Function of p53—The Switch That Determines Whether Radiation-Induced Autophagy Will Be Cytoprotective or Nonprotective: Implications for Autophagy Inhibition as a Therapeutic Strategy

The influence of autophagy inhibition on radiation sensitivity was studied in human breast, head and neck, and non–small cell lung cancer cell lines, in cell lines that were either wild type or mutant/null in p53, and in cells where p53 was inducible or silenced. Whereas ionizing radiation promoted autophagy in all tumor cell lines studied, pharmacological inhibition of autophagy and/or genetic silencing of autophagy genes failed to influence sensitivity to radiation in p53 mutant Hs578t breast tumor cells, HN6 head and neck tumor cells, and H358 non–small cell lung cancer cells. The requirement for functional p53 in the promotion of cytoprotective autophagy by radiation was confirmed by the observation that radiation-induced autophagy was nonprotective in p53 null H1299 cells but was converted to the cytoprotective form with induction of p53. Conversely, whereas p53 wild-type HN30 head and neck cancer cells did show sensitization to radiation upon autophagy inhibition, HN30 cells in which p53 was knocked down using small hairpin RNA failed to be sensitized by pharmacological autophagy inhibition. Taken together, these findings indicate that radiation-induced autophagy can be either cytoprotective or nonprotective, a functional difference related to the presence or absence of function p53. Alternatively, these findings could be interpreted to suggest that whereas radiation can induce autophagy independent of p53 status, inhibition of autophagy promotes enhanced radiation sensitivity through a mechanism that requires functional p53. These observations are likely to have direct implications with respect to clinical efforts to modulate the response of malignancies to radiation through autophagy inhibition.
Liberty, Nobility, Philanthropy, and Power in Alexander Hamilton's Conception of Human Nature

Alexander Hamilton's conception of human nature grounds his political thought. His predominately and radically liberal conception of human nature is based on Locke's concept of liberty, Hobbes's concept of power, and Machiavelli's concept of the “effectual truth.” It thus stresses the necessary relation between self-interest and republican government and entails the repudiation of classical republican and Christian political ideals. But Hamilton's love of liberty is nonetheless rooted in a sense of classical nobility and Christian philanthropy that elevates even while contradicting his liberalism. The complex relation between liberty, nobility, philanthropy, and power in Hamilton's conception of human nature, in effect, defines his thought, reveals its assumptions, constitutes its strengths, and poses urgent problems. That complexity forms the spirit of his liberal republicanism.
Control of Sawtoothed Grain Beetles (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) in Stored Oats by Using an Entomopathogenic Fungus in Conjunction with Seed Resistance

We tested the hypothesis that the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana would be more efficacious on oat cultivars that prolonged the immature developmental period of sawtoothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), a storage pest. However, percentage of reduction in progeny production was similar on whole ‘Don’ and ‘Paul’ oats treated with fungus, even though immature developmental time was longer on whole ‘Don’ than on ‘Paul’ oats. In our initial test at 10 mg of conidia per kilogram of oats, the number of beetle progeny produced was reduced by 38–67% in whole oats, and there was no effect of the fungus on insects developing on cracked oats. Therefore, we conducted two dose–response studies that showed that adding 150 mg of conidia per kilogram to cracked or whole ‘Paul’ oats resulted in a 70 and 98% reduction, respectively, in number of progeny produced. No further reduction was obtained by adding 200 mg of conidia per kilogram of cracked or whole ‘Paul’ oats. Presence of the fungus did not affect developmental time in any of our tests. A previous study showed that cleaned oats should limit insect population growth to allow long-term storage of oats without insect damage. However, the current study shows that if the oats are not cleaned, and not cleaning oats is the normal storage practice, then B. bassiana could be used to help control sawtoothed grain beetles.
Three new species of Psammisia s.l. (Ericaceae: Vaccinieae), blueberry relatives endemic to Colombia

Three new species of Psammisia s.l. (Ericaceae: Vaccinieae) endemic to Colombia have been identified from collections of the Colombian Western Cordillera. They are Psammisia mateoi, Psammisia longirachis, and Psammisia glandulolaminata. Here the new species are described, discussed, and illustrated through line drawings and photographs of living plants.
Type I Interferon Response Limits Astrovirus Replication and Protects against Increased Barrier Permeability In Vitro and In Vivo.

ABSTRACT Little is known about intrinsic epithelial cell responses against astrovirus infection. Here we show that human astrovirus type 1 (HAstV-1) infection induces type I interferon (beta interferon [IFN-β]) production in differentiated Caco2 cells, which not only inhibits viral replication by blocking positive-strand viral RNA and capsid protein synthesis but also protects against HAstV-1-increased barrier permeability. Excitingly, we found similar results in vivo using a murine astrovirus (MuAstV) model, providing new evidence that virus-induced type I IFNs may protect against astrovirus replication and pathogenesis in vivo . IMPORTANCE Human astroviruses are a major cause of pediatric diarrhea, yet little is known about the immune response. Here we show that type I interferon limits astrovirus infection and preserves barrier permeability both in vitro and in vivo . Importantly, we characterized a new mouse model for studying astrovirus replication and pathogenesis.
Characterization of the DNase I hypersensitive site 3' of the human beta globin gene domain

The members of the human beta globin gene family are flanked by strong DNase I hypersensitive sites. The collection of sites 5' to the epsilon globin gene is able to confer high levels of expression of linked globin genes, but a function has not been assigned to the site 3' to the beta globin gene (3'HS1). Our analysis of this DNase I super hypersensitive site shows that the region is composed of multiple DNase I sites. By examination of the DNA sequence, we have determined that the region is very A/T-rich and contains topoisomerase II recognition sequences, as well as several consensus binding motifs for GATA-1 and AP-1/NF-E2. Gel mobility shift assays indicate that the region can interact in vitro with GATA-1 and AP-1/NF-E2, and functional studies show that the region serves as a scaffold attachment region in both erythroid and nonerythroid cell lines. Whereas many of the physical features of 3'HS1 are shared by 5'HS2 (a component of the 5' locus control region), transient expression studies show that 3' HS1 does not share the erythroid-specific enhancer activity exhibited by 5'HS2.
Law and Power in Military InterventionMajor States after World War II

Britain, France, the United States, and the Soviet Union have conducted more than 70 military interventions in foreign lands since 1946. These four major states have also avoided direct combat among themselves. The extensive yet selective use of force among the four governments suggests international norms constraining military intervention. The question is whether these norms reflect primarily respect for power or observance of international law. Military interventions by France, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Russia between 1946 and 1980 (totaling 71) are systematically examined in order to identify common characteristics of action that point to international norms related to law and/or international norms related to power. It is found that the major states did not consistently behave in accordance with contemporary international law. It is also found that the major states did not limit force to territories where they had previously established visible commitments. However, they did consistently avoid intervening in lands where another of the four had visible military commitments, and at the same time they consistently respected limits established in international law between World Wars I and II. Observed norms reflected both the realities of international power and, belatedly, principles of international law.
Role of Spleen in Choline Stimulation of Reticuloendothelial System and Resistance to Acute Hemorrhage

SummaryExperiments were undertaken, with rats, to determine whether the spleen plays a role in choline chloride-induced reticuloendothelial system (RES) phagocytic stimulation and protection against circulatory shock. Choline pretreatment of normal, intact, but not splenectomized rats, resulted in heightened RES phagocytic stimulation and protection against acute hemorrhagic shock. Choline pretreatment significantly increased spleen size in normal intact rats. Wet liver or lung weights were not significantly affected by choline pretreatment of either normal or splenectomized rats. Untreated, splenectomized animals did not demonstrate any significant alterations in either RES phagocytic activity or RE organ wet weights when compared to normal, intact controls or to sham-operated animals. Although the results of these experiments make it clear that the presence of a functioning spleen is necessary for choline-induced RES stimulation and shock protection, it is not clear as to just how these actions are brou...
Community College Students’ Health Insurance Enrollment, Maintenance, and Talking With Parents Intentions: An Application of the Reasoned Action Approach

A primary objective of health care reform is to provide affordable and quality health insurance to individuals. Currently, promotional efforts have been moderately successful in registering older, more mature adults yet comparatively less successful in registering younger adults. With this challenge in mind, we conducted extensive formative research to better understand the attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control of community college students. More specifically, we examined how each relates to their intentions to enroll in a health insurance plan, maintain their current health insurance plan, and talk with their parents about their parents having health insurance. In doing so, we relied on the revised reasoned action approach advanced by Fishbein and his associates (Fishbein & Ajzen, 2010; Yzer, 2012, 2013). Results showed that the constructs predicted intentions to enroll in health insurance for those with no insurance and for those with government-sponsored insurance and intentions to maintain insurance for those currently insured. Our study demonstrates the applicability of the revised reasoned action framework within this context and is discussed with an emphasis on the practical and theoretical contributions.
Ageing kinetics of Ni-base superalloys

In the present work, the degradation of the γ/γ′ microstructure of single crystal Ni-base superalloy, CMSX-8, has been studied experimentally and computationally. Two microstructure evolution processes, referred to as rafting and coarsening, have been decoupled and investigated independently. The kinetics of coarsening and rafting of γ′ precipitates have been characterised using scanning electron microscopy for specimens at temperatures ranging from 900 to 1120 °C and under stress levels of 25–360 MPa. A phenomenological relation describing rafting as a function of stress, temperature and time was fitted to experimental data. It was determined that coarsening of γ′ precipitates follows the LSW cube rate law and is controlled by a volume diffusion mechanism. The effective diffusivity which influences the ageing behaviour was estimated computationally using DICTRA software and the coarsening experimental results were verified by formulating and computing the effective activation energy in multicomponent sys...
Progresses of ultrasonography in diagnosis of biliary atresia in neonatus

The incidence of biliary atresia(BA)is relatively high.The only method to save the infants is early diagnosis and therapy.The ultrasonic features of BA include abnormal shape of the gallbladder,triangular cord sign,wider hepatic artery and hepatic subcapsular flow.The progresses of ultrasound in diagnosing neonatal BA were reviewed in this article.
Determination of ethylene glycol monomethyl ether in the air of workplace by gas chromatography

Objective: To establish a method for determinationin of ethylene glycol monomethyl ether in the air of workplace by gas chromatography.Methods: Air sample was collected with active carbon column and desorbed with carbon disulfide.The sample solution was separated with capillary column HP-INNOWAX,detected with FID detector and quantified by external standard method.Results: The recovery of the method was 96.6% with a relative standard deviation of 2.15%.Detection Limit was 0.1 mg/m3,and linear range was 10 μg/L～1000 μg/L with correlation coefficient 0.9997.Conclusion: The method is in line with requirements of "Standard detection method of poison in the air of workplace" and it is appropriate for determination of ethylene glycol monomethyl ether in the air of workplace.
MACROBID INDUCED HEPATITIS.

Ewing's sarcoma is a rare, malignant bone tumor that occurs in children/young adults, and is known as the "small, round, blue cell tumor." The infrequency makes it a challenging diagnosis, especially when the typical patient characteristics are bypassed for decades.
Mardi Gras eye injury survey, 1998-1999.

Background: We studied the nature of associated ocular trauma during the 1998 and 1999 New Orleans parade seasons and whether trends were observable from previous surveys. Methods: A prospective survey and retrospective analysis included 18 emergency rooms (ERs) in the New Orleans area. Results: Sixteen surveys representing eight ERs were completed between February 19 and 24, 1998, and 32 surveys representing five ERs were completed between February 5 and 17, 1999. In both years, the most common ocular complaints were pain, blur, foreign body sensation, tearing, and photophobia. The most common slit lamp findings in 1998 were within normal limits, corneal abrasion, and conjunctival hyperemia. In 1999, the most common findings were subconjunctival hemorrhage, corneal abrasion, cell and flare, and lid laceration. Conclusions: Projectile injuries of the eyes are common during Mardi Gras due to the nature of interaction between paradegoers and float riders. We found no identifiable trend in the number or type of injuries reported in 1986, 1987, and 1998 Mardi Gras surveys.
The Forensic Stage: Arbitration and reconciliation in Athens and Rome

Arbitration and reconciliation are the most common procedural scenarios of dispute settlement in the comic genre. Sometimes they have a decidedly formal legal cast; more often, they appear as informal reconciliations between friends or adversaries. But formal or informal as they may be, the characters who take part in them have roles that would be recognizable to an Athenian audience. Except perhaps for the rather grand arbitration of Epitrepontes (literally “men who refer their dispute to arbitration”) and the preparations for one in Rudens (“Rope,” based on a Diphilan original, the title of which is unknown), scenarios of arbitration and reconciliation have not usually been noticed by interpreters of New Comedy. Moreover, legal historians have devoted little attention to these procedures in the last fifty years. The aims of this chapter are to create an Attic typology for them and to trace out what can be known about private arbitration in Rome of the middle Republic. In the next chapter, I examine arbitration in New Comedy. I have reserved the reconciliations of rape and adultery as the subject of chapters 5 and 6, and a consideration of the arguments used during reconciliations as the subject of chapter 7. PRIVATE ARBITRATION IN ATHENS (a) Differences between arbitration and reconciliation in the orators: a traditional and untraditional view Private arbitration and reconciliation were probably means of settling disputes in Athens long before we have any written record of their existence.
Wegener's Granulomatosis Presenting as a Parapharyngeal Mass.

Background Wegener's Granulomatosis (WG) is classically characterized by the triad of sinonasal, pulmonary, and renal manifestations. However, a growing body of research has demonstrated that atypical head and neck pathologies including retropharyngeal and parapharyngeal lesions are often the presenting feature of patients found to have WG. Case This report describes the hospital course of a patient who presented with a parapharyngeal mass with secondary superior cervical chain compression and Lemierre's Syndrome. We discuss how a stepwise approach involving a multidisciplinary team led to the diagnosis of WG. Conclusions To our knowledge, this report is the first description of a patient presenting with a parapharyngeal mass causing superior cervical chain compression with simultaneous Lemierre's Syndrome who was ultimately diagnosed with WG. We highlight how the early consideration of WG in patients with atypical head and neck lesions refractory to multiple treatment regimens can led to an expeditious diagnosis and the coordination of appropriate short-term and long-term care.
A mechanism of motor failures

Since the invention of the hermetic system by placing the motor inside the compressor case, motor reliability has been even more important for at least three reasons. First, the motor and its insulation system must resist the chemical effects of the refrigerant and the compressor lubrication oils. Second, the motor became considerably less accessible and therefore, very costly to replace and service. Third, if a failure does occur, the destruction of motor construction materials such as copper, steel, and insulation components can cause large quantities of foreign materials to be deposited within the system. These reasons don't even consider the inconvenience caused to the customer through loss of the system or delays in repair.
Users, Patents, and Innovation Policy

Users are important innovators in many fields. Often, they do not need socially costly patent incentives to invent, disclose and disseminate their inventions. A patent-free user innovation paradigm is likely to be successful and socially desirable when an invention’s value to users has a substantial non-competitive component. If a user innovator values an invention primarily for providing a competitive edge, the patent-free user innovation paradigm is not viable. Most such inventions have little social value. Some, however, such as improved manufacturing processes, produce significant collateral value for non-users and should be encouraged. Patents may be important for these user innovations. Socially beneficial policy interventions to buttress the patent-free user innovation paradigm might include tools and infrastructure to support user communities and changes to patent doctrine, such as accounting for user innovation in assessing nonobviousness, patentable subject matter exemptions, particularly for many types of processes, and user exemptions from infringement liability.
Evaluation and comparison of computational tools for RNA-seq isoform quantification.

Alternatively spliced transcript isoforms are commonly observed in higher eukaryotes. The expression levels of these isoforms are key for understanding normal functions in healthy tissues and the progression of disease states. However, accurate quantification of expression at the transcript level is limited with current RNA-seq technologies because of, for example, limited read length and the cost of deep sequencing. A large number of tools have been developed to tackle this problem, and we performed a comprehensive evaluation of these tools using both experimental and simulated RNA-seq datasets. We found that recently developed alignment-free tools are both fast and accurate. The accuracy of all methods was mainly influenced by the complexity of gene structures and caution must be taken when interpreting quantification results for short transcripts. Using TP53 gene simulation, we discovered that both sequencing depth and the relative abundance of different isoforms affect quantification accuracy Our comprehensive evaluation helps data analysts to make informed choice when selecting computational tools for isoform quantification.
Snow Friction Coefficient for Commercial Roofing Materials

AbstractRedistribution of snow loads on two adjacent buildings of different heights is addressed. The term slippery roofs is used but it is not defined. Measurements of friction between snow and co...
Propositional Argument Is to Argument What Talking about Passion Is to Passion.

This essay responds to Brant Burleson's paper which appeared in the Winter 1979 issue of JAFA. The crux of the dispute is whether argument-as-product or argument-as-inter-action should be regarded as the paradigm case or exemplar of argument. The primacy of the interactional view is defended by reference to the shortcomings of the serial predicative view: its ignoring the role of the passions, its inability to distinguish argumentation from other communicative acts, its inattention to the personal perspectives of the arguers, and its premature emphasis on normative evaluation.
A Comparison of Active Student Response and On-Task Instruction on the Acquisition and Maintenance of Health Facts by Fourth Grade Special Education Students

An alternating treatments design was used to compare the effects of active student response (ASR) and on-task (OT) instruction on the acquisition and maintenance of health facts during small-group lessons. Five students with learning difficulties (4 students identified as developmentally handicapped and 1 student identified as learning disabled) participated in daily instruction on weekly sets of 20 unknown health facts (10 facts assigned to the ASR condition and 10 to the OT condition). During ASR instruction, the teacher modeled the correct response to a health question that was presented visually on a health fact card, and the students immediately repeated the correct response in unison three times. During OT instruction, students attended visually to the health fact card as the teacher modeled the correct response. All 5 students made more correct responses on end-of-day tests on health facts taught with ASR instruction than they did on health facts taught with OT instruction. ASR instruction also produced consistently superior results on maintenance tests administered 2 weeks after instruction.
Scanning electron microscopy of the nephrotic kidney.

Scanning electron microscopy (SEMy), supplemented with light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, was used to study aminonucleoside nephrosis in rats. The visceral epithelium undergoes dramatic restructing in response to aminonucleoside nephrosis. Due in part to an accumulation of intracellular vacuoles, kidney podocytes swell in size. Podocyte major processes lose their many pedicles and slit pores and form close junctions (80 A) with adjacent podocytes. Although no prominant pores opening into the urinary space are found in the visceral epithelium, there is evidence that podocyte vacuoles may rupture and thereby release protein into the urinary space. Many parietal cells also increase in size, accumulate intracellular vacuoles and come into very close proximity to the visceral epithelium. Casts of PAS-positive, electron-dense material fill the lumina of many uriniferous tubules. Although most proximal tubules exhibit an extensive loss of brush border, no significant changes in other kidney microprojections or cilia were noted. Transmission electron and light microscopy of nephrotic kidneys reveal considerable changes in proximal and distal tubules including a reduction in mitochondria, in cell height, in electron density of the cytoplasmic matrix, in lateral and basal plasmalemma infolds, enlarged euchromatic nuclei, dilated lumens, and accumulation of PAS-positive cytoplasmic granules. SEMy of kidney needle biopsies from patients with proteinuria reveal that SEMy is useful for evaluating glomerular changes in man.
Seeing how people hear you: French learners experiencing intelligibility through automatic speech recognition

Many language practitioners feel ill equipped to address learners’ pronunciation or have difficulties doing so because of limited class time, opportunities for individualized feedback, and approaches to evaluating intelligibility. However, it is crucial that students become understandable to native speakers who are unaccustomed to dealing with second language learners. Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) offers one potentially practical way to answer these needs. Contributing to research on mobile‐assisted learning, this study investigated how two groups of college‐level second language French learners developed greater awareness of their own intelligibility using ASR in Gmail. Using an ecological approach (van Lier, 2004) and an experiential learning model (Kolb, 1984), while following up on Liakin, Cardoso, and Liakina (2017), as well as McCrocklin (2016), this study found that ASR could credibly simulate understanding by a native speaker, allowing learners to close the intelligibility gap and develop a sense of what successful interpersonal communication entails. Pedagogical implications are offered.
Increasing the number of contacts generated during contact tracing interviews.

To stem the spread of infectious diseases (e.g., Ebola), epidemiologists conduct contact tracing interviews (CTIs) with infected individuals regarding their contacts who may also be infected. These...
The diagnosis and evaluation of patients with obesity

Abstract While BMI can suffice as a screening tool for obesity, it is insufficient per se for diagnosis since it is not a direct measure of adipose tissue mass. Clinical confirmation is required to assure that elevated BMI values are indicative of excess adiposity. More importantly, BMI does not reflect the impact of adiposity on the health of the patient. Therefore, evaluation and diagnosis involves both an anthropometric component (e.g., BMI) and a clinical component that constitutes an assessment of the risk, presence, and severity of weight-related complications. This diagnostic framework is clinically actionable since it provides an indication of disease severity and can help guide clinical decisions regarding the modality and intensity of therapy.
Error sensitivity and optimization of steady-state kinetic parameters using multidimensional chemical kinetic analysis

Enzyme behavior has been described using the Michaelis-Menten mechanism. The analysis of extended time domains provides a means to extract the Michaelis-Menten constants through direct fitting of raw data. We have developed a scheme for determining Michaelis-Menten rate constants by appropriate fitting of multidimensional experimental data sets to the closed form of the Michaelis-Menten model. We considered how varying parameters in experimental data affect the accuracy of the remaining parameter estimates. We determine how to improve experimental design to achieve a given accuracy, relative to the amount of intrinsic or external error. We analyze this scheme on data sets built around 20 hypothetical and 2 natural enzymes (kinesin and apyrase) to test error sensitivity in different parameter regimes. Overall, we provide evidence that our data fitting regime will tolerate significant experimental error in the raw data and still converge on the four Michaelis-Menten constants.
An Emerging Amphibian Infection as a Model for Teaching Phylogenetic Reconstruction

Phylogenetic analysis and interpretation can be challenging for many students, but emerging infections can provide a rich tapestry for addressing these topics while maintaining student interest. Ranaviruses are a group of emerging infections in amphibians that have been associated with morbidity and mortality events around the globe. They have also been implicated in population declines and local extirpations of some amphibian species. Many ranaviruses have been subject to intense study by scientists as they seek to understand the impacts of these viruses on a variety of ectothermic animals. A large amount of sequence data is available on GenBank and is easily accessible for students to use to study phylogenetic relationships between different viral species, strains, and isolates. This article examines the general process of obtaining sequence data, sequence alignments, and tree building by using databases, servers, and computer programs that are freely available to all high school and undergraduate students and their instructors. Providing students with a guided framework for exploring their own questions with respect to the evolutionary relationships of ranaviruses can produce some very unique and thought-provoking results.
Wither or thrive: Post hoc municipal incorporation outcomes in new cities of color

ABSTRACTBetween 1990 and 2010, 44 new cities of color (CoCs) formed in the United States. Yet what happens after incorporation, particularly in new CoCs that form in impoverished communities? Did t...