cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanical properties of sediment determine burrowing success and influence distribution of two lugworm species.

ABSTRACT We apply new perspectives on how organisms burrow by examining the association of in situ variation in sediment mechanical properties with burrowing ability and species distribution of two sympatric lugworms, Abarenicola pacifica and Abarenicola claparedi . We quantified the sediment9s resistance to penetration and its grain size distribution at sites inhabited by each species. Abarenicola pacifica individuals were found in significantly harder to penetrate, more heterogeneous sediments. We compared worm burrowing ability using reciprocal transplant experiments. Worms from firmer sediments, A. pacifica , were able to make successful steep burrows in sediments characteristic of either species. In contrast, A. claparedi individuals often failed to complete successful burrows in the firmer A. pacifica sediment. To examine how morphological differences could explain these patterns, we compared body wall musculature and measured how well individuals support their own bodies when draped over a cantilever. Lugworms from the firmer sediment had thicker body wall musculature and held their bodies more rigidly than did worms from softer sediments. Additionally, we observed subtle differences in the papillae on the proboscises9 surfaces, which could affect worm–sediment interactions, but we found no differences in the chaetae of the two species. Abarenicola claparedi produced more mucus, which could be important in shoring up burrow walls in their shifting, sandy habitat. This study presents the first example of using field-based experiments to determine how sediment mechanical properties and worm burrowing ability could act to determine organismal distribution. Our findings have broader ecological implications because of the role of lugworms as ecosystem engineers.
Anti-angiogenic therapy in nonsquamous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with tyrosine kinase inhibition (TKI) that targets the VEGF receptor (VEGFR): perspective on phase III clinical trials.

Annually, there are over 200,000 lung cancer diagnoses in the United States (1). Only about 15% of patients are diagnosed with early stage disease (1). The prognosis of those with advanced disease, such as stage IIIB or stage IV, is dismal and less than 5% (1). The standard of care includes platinum based systemic therapy combinations. However, treatments are shifting toward newer targeted and small molecule therapies to improve outcomes among patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
Genome-Scale, Constraint-Based Modeling of Nitrogen Oxide Fluxes during Coculture of Nitrosomonas europaea and Nitrobacter winogradskyi

ABSTRACT Nitrification, the aerobic oxidation of ammonia to nitrate via nitrite, emits nitrogen (N) oxide gases (NO, NO 2 , and N 2 O), which are potentially hazardous compounds that contribute to global warming. To better understand the dynamics of nitrification-derived N oxide production, we conducted culturing experiments and used an integrative genome-scale, constraints-based approach to model N oxide gas sources and sinks during complete nitrification in an aerobic coculture of two model nitrifying bacteria, the ammonia-oxidizing bacterium Nitrosomonas europaea and the nitrite-oxidizing bacterium Nitrobacter winogradskyi . The model includes biotic genome-scale metabolic models (iFC578 and iFC579) for each nitrifier and abiotic N oxide reactions. Modeling suggested both biotic and abiotic reactions are important sources and sinks of N oxides, particularly under microaerobic conditions predicted to occur in coculture. In particular, integrative modeling suggested that previous models might have underestimated gross NO production during nitrification due to not taking into account its rapid oxidation in both aqueous and gas phases. The integrative model may be found at https://github.com/chaplenf/microBiome-v2.1. IMPORTANCE Modern agriculture is sustained by application of inorganic nitrogen (N) fertilizer in the form of ammonium (NH 4 + ). Up to 60% of NH 4 + -based fertilizer can be lost through leaching of nitrifier-derived nitrate (NO 3 − ), and through the emission of N oxide gases (i.e., nitric oxide [NO], N dioxide [NO 2 ], and nitrous oxide [N 2 O] gases), the latter being a potent greenhouse gas. Our approach to modeling of nitrification suggests that both biotic and abiotic mechanisms function as important sources and sinks of N oxides during microaerobic conditions and that previous models might have underestimated gross NO production during nitrification.
Musical tweens: child and parent views on musical engagement in middle childhood

The purpose of this intrinsic case study was to explore the perceptions and beliefs about personal musicianship and music-making of 8- to 12-year-old children (‘tweens’) in combination with the per...
Simulating Saturn's keeler gap region

This paper describes simulations of the region around Saturn's Keeler gap. The complications of simulating a region so close to a perturbing moon are discussed and some of the unique features of the Keeler gap region are analyzed. Due to the proximity to the perturbing moon a different simulation method was used than had been used in previous work. This new method required a larger simulation area so the simulations involved tens of millions of particles, making them the largest simulations of planetary rings ever performed. The simulations did not include particle self-gravity. We find that this has little effect in the regions nearest the moon, but likely becomes more significant as the particles move downstream.
Primary Lymphoreticuloses of the Nervous System in Animals

Lymphoreticular proliferative disorders occur in most species of animals including submammalian vertebrates but only occasionally affect the nervous system. Primary lymphoreticular disorders of the nervous system have been recognized in chickens as a herpesvirus-induced avian neurolymphomatosis and in mammals, patricularly in the dog, as reticulum cell sarcomas originating from perivascular mesenchymal precursor cells. Criteria have been discussed to distinguish neoplastic from inflammatory lymphoreticuloses but borderline cases exist where a clear distinction is not always possible.
Neurogenic vascular headaches, food and chemical triggers

Recent evidence has demonstrated that neurogenic vascular headaches are a combination of neurological primary events and secondary vasomotor changes. The neurological events involve the hypothalamus and sensory cortex with sympathetic hypofunction and noradrenergic abnormalities. A platelet theory has been proposed but has not really been confirmed as a legitimate cause of the neurogenic vascular headaches. Food and chemicals in foods can act as a precipitating factor in the food-sensitive neurogenic vascular headache patient. In these patients evidence is now being demonstrated to confirm this, but larger patient studies are needed. The food-sensitive migraine patient and cluster headache patient must give a good history and food diary to go along with active challenges and provocative testing in order to determine the causative foods. Any concomitant allergies of inhalants or environmentals must also be treated. The treatment modalities of elimination and rotation diets or provocation neutralization may successfully control the headaches without the need for continuous medications.
A PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF GENETIC MARKERS IN ALCOHOLISM

Publisher Summary The chapter describes studies that present the mechanisms that might be involved if a genetic factor is present yet do not prove if alcoholism is genetically influenced. It discusses the mechanisms that might be involved if a genetic factor is present. However, it does not present a proof of whether alcoholism is genetically influenced. The approach is to carefully match young men at elevated risk for the future development of alcoholism, based on their family histories of this disorder, with controls and test possible differences at baseline and after an ethanol challenge. The chapter briefly discusses the possible biological mediators of such a genetic factor. Thereafter, it presents the methods used in the investigations and go on to a brief overview of recent results. The investigations are carried out in two phases. The first step is to identify groups of individuals who are family history positive (FHP) and family history negative (FHN) and establish matched pairs. The second phase is to carry out actual testing of the two groups. One possible mediator of a genetic propensity in alcoholism could rest with genetic control of absorption and/or metabolism. This could relate to any single factor or the combination of the rate of absorption, absolute rate of metabolism of ethanol, rate of accumulation of acetaldehyde, rapidity of disappearance of this intermediary breakdown product, or accumulation of any of a variety of other metabolites. A second possible biological mediator of a genetic influence in alcoholism could relate to an individual's reaction to first few drinks in any evening that is individual's acute reaction to ethanol.
Leading Healthcare IT : Managing to Succeed

Healthcare IT is a complex and rapidly evolving field. Success in this arena requires the ability to create a vision, set a strategy, foster collaboration, develop a plan and execute flawlessly every day. This book provides a clear, concise roadmap for professionals who currently manage, direct or oversee healthcare IT. Through case studies and examples, the author includes highly relevant topics such as delivering and communicating HIT values, managing information security, and connectivity challenges, as well as organizational strategy, alignment and vision of HIT, risk management, performance management and process improvement using Lean methodologies.
What caused Earth's largest mass extinction event? New evidence from the Permian-Triassic boundary in northeastern Utah

Abstract The discovery of a Permian-Triassic boundary section in northeastern Utah provided an opportunity to study the chemistry and geology associated with this event that led to one of the greatest mass extinctions on the planet. From 83% to 97% of the species living on the planet went extinct during this relatively short interval of geological time that defines the major geological boundary between the Paleozoic and Mesozoic Eras. The cause and resulting sequence of events that led to this extinction have puzzled geologists for years. The new stratigraphic section in Utah provided a framework for reconstruction of the chemistry that was in the ocean during the mass extinction. Geochemical analysis of the section demonstrates, moving across the boundary from the Paleozoic to the Mesozoic, a significant drop in carbonate and total organic carbon, and a delayed occurrence of pyrite. Carbon isotope ratios (δ13C) show a negative excursion in carbonate with ratios dropping from 2.59‰ to −3.63‰. Elevated mercury is present at the boundary with a 4-fold increase from background levels. The boundary layer also has elevated zinc, lead, strontium, and nickel, but not at high enough levels to indicate a volcanic ash source. There is no evidence in concentrations of siderophile and chalcophile elements for an extraterrestrial impact. The stratigraphic section in Utah supports the theory of a massive release of carbon dioxide, resulting in the acidification of the oceans. High levels of mercury, as well as elevated levels of zinc and lead, implicate a coal source triggered by the contemporary Siberian Traps sill complex. The delay of enriched sulfur and barium content in the stratigraphic record indicates an anoxic ocean and upwelling of methane hydrates from depth. Further study of this stratigraphic section will aid our understanding of the global impact these catastrophic events had on life.
A clinical study of retraction system of maxillar anterior teeth with computer-aid designed for individual lingual orthodontics

Objective To evaluate the effects of anterior torque controlling with individual lingual en masse retraction in the maxillary anterior teeth using computer-aided designed lever-arm and miniscrew system.Methods 20 non-growing cases with treatment protocol of extraction was selected and treated with individual lingual system,employing the lever-arm and miniscrew as en masse retraction system.Based on CBCT data,Mimics 10.0 and Claytool software was used to determine the length of the lever-arm and the position of the miniscrew so as to make sure the line of action of retraction force pass through the center of resistance of 6 maxillary anterior teeth and parallel to occlusion plane.The cephalograms were analyzed for differences in skeletal,dental and soft tissue variables between pretreatment and postretraction.Results Distances from tip of upper central incisor to PTV (PTV-U1) and upper lip to E line (LS-E) was significantly decreased (P＜0.001),and no significant difference was noted for the distance from tip of upper central incisor to Palatal Plane (P＞0.05).Significant retraction of maxillary anterior teeth was achieved in all patients and improved profile was obtained.Bodily movement and slightly controlled tipping occurred during the retraction and maxillary molars did not show any statistically significant movement. Conclusions The computer-aided design and location of the lingual retraction system (lever-arm and miniscrew) produced excellent and efficient retraction with great accuracy in control of anterior torque. Key words: Lever-arm; Miniscrew; Computer-aided design; Lingual orthodontics; Anterior torque
A quarter-century of variation in sponge abundance and community structure on shallow reefs in St. John, US Virgin Islands

This study tested the hypothesis that sponge assemblages on the reefs of St. John, US Virgin Islands (18.315°N, 64.716°W), changed from 1992 to 2017. Sponges were identified to species or genus in photoquadrats and were quantified at 2–3 y intervals by density, with linear dimensions used to estimate volume as a proxy for biomass. From 1992 to July 2017, overall sponge density (pooled among taxa) increased, although trends varied among the most common species for which density increased (four species), decreased (one species), or showed no linear relationship with time (2 species). Hurricanes Irma and Maria caused a 51% decline in overall sponge density from July to November 2017, with density in November 2017 being 31% lower than in 1992. For the common sponges, densities of 6 declined by 82–100% between July and November 2017, but densities in November 2017 were 13–736% higher than in 1992 for four species, and 47–100% lower than in 1992 for 3 species. Sponge volume did not change linearly between 1992 and November 2017, but it was reduced by 54% following the hurricanes. Multivariate variation over time in benthic community structure was not strongly associated with sponge density alone, although a significant association with rainfall highlighted the potential roles of this environmental factor in directly, or indirectly, mediating changes in community structure. Overall, the mean density of sponges, as well as most of the common sponge species, trended upwards prior to the hurricanes, but these trends reversed following the storms.
Virtual powers of observation: A telemedicine approach for the suspected COVID-19 patient.

Study objectives Prior to COVID-19, telemedicine and its applications to the emergency department (ED) had made significant inroads toward remote evaluation and care. During the local peak of the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City (NYC), there was a dramatic increase in telemedicine based patient encounters for suspected COVID-19 symptoms. In response, pathways were developed to promote a standardized telemedicine approach to remote evaluation and assessment of suspected COVID-19 patients. Methods A pathway was developed and implemented at two academic EDs in NYC, which collectively had approximately 8,300 telemedicine visits for suspected COVID-19 from March 2020 to June 2020. A protocol was developed by an expert consensus panel of four board-certified emergency physicians and two pediatric emergency physicians, all with telemedicine training/administrative roles. Results The pathway was initiated for any telehealth patient with suspected COVID-19 symptoms (cough, fever, shortness of breath, and bodyaches). A standardized history solicited known or suspected risk factors for worse prognosis, including age > 50, cardiovascular or lung disease, obesity, immunosuppression, and living alone, as well as a focused assessment of symptom severity and exercise tolerance. An exam at rest included visual counting of breaths along with instruction on palpation of radial pulse. Saturation was included if pulse oximetry was available. If exam at rest was reassuring, providers were instructed to repeat the respiratory assessment on exertion by having the patient walk in place briskly for 1 minute. Patients with severe illness defined by resting or exertional respiratory rate greater than 30 and/or oxygen saturation less than 90 percent were instructed to go to the ED. Patients with moderate illness defined by exertional metrics of respiratory rate less than 22, oxygen saturation greater than 94 percent, and heart rate less than 125 were discharged from the virtual urgent care visit with a repeat telehealth follow-up call at either 12 or 24 hours depending on the number of risk factors. Patients without risk factors and with reassuring respiratory assessment were discharged from the telemedicine encounter with reassurance and standard discharge precautions for escalation of care. Conclusion Designing and disseminating a standardized pathway helped to provide a framework to approach patients suspected of COVID-19 over telemedicine. Future work focusing on patient outcome data will help guide and refine any standardized telehealth approach to the COVID-19-suspected patient.
TLDR: time lag/delay reconstructor

We present the Time Lag/Delay Reconstructor (TLDR), an algorithm for reconstructing velocity delay maps in the Maximum A Posteriori framework for reverberation mapping. Reverberation mapping is a tomographical method for studying the kinematics and geometry of the broad-line region of active galactic nuclei at high spatial resolution. Leveraging modern image reconstruction techniques, including Total Variation and Compressed Sensing, TLDR applies multiple regularization schemes to re-construct velocity delay maps using the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers. Along with the detailed description of the TLDR algorithm we present test reconstructions from TLDR applied to synthetic reverberation mapping spectra as well as a preliminary reconstruction of the H\b{eta}feature of Arp 151 from the 2008 Lick Active Galactic Nuclei Monitoring Project.
Defensive AI: The Future Is Yesterday

Defensive artificial intelligence (AI) has gained international attention. We discuss what defensive AI means from the perspective of the defender and the adversary. We contend that opportunities exist to apply defensive AI to the foremost problems plaguing cyberspace.
EC50 images, a novel endpoint from PET target occupancy studies, reveal spatial variation in apparent drug affinity.

We recently introduced voxel-level images of drug occupancy from PET via our “Lassen plot filter.” Occupancy images revealed clear dependence of 11C-flumazenil displacement on dose of GABAa inhibitor, CVL-865, but with different scales in different brain regions. We hypothesized that regions requiring higher drug concentrations to achieve desired occupancy would have higher EC50 values. We introduce an “EC50 image” from human data to evaluate this hypothesis. Five healthy subjects were scanned with the nonselective GABAa tracer, 11C-flumazenil, before and (twice) after administration of CVL-865. We created ten occupancy images and applied an Emax model locally to create one EC50 image. We also performed simulations to confirm our observations of regional variation in EC50 and to identify the main source of variability in EC50. As expected, the EC50 image revealed spatial variation in apparent drug affinity. High EC50 was found in areas of low occupancy for a given drug dose. Simulations demonstrated that sampling from an inadequate range of plasma drug concentrations could impair precision. Our results argue for (a) confidence in the ability of the EC50 images to identify regional differences and (b) a need to tailor the range of drug doses in an occupancy study to regularize the precision of the EC50 throughout the brain. The EC50 image could add value to early-phase drug development by identifying regional variation in affinity that might impact therapy or safety and by guiding dose selection for later-phase trials.
The Serials Data Migration Dilemma

ABSTRACT Data migration from legacy systems to new systems is a complex process. System implementation schedules and complications often limit the time needed to adequately plan and test data migration strategies. To ensure a more successful and less stressful process, Penn State's Serials Department reviewed the library's recent migration of serials data from two legacy systems to a new integrated library system. The primary recommendation was that data migration planning should be a continuous process, rather than a short-term process, to ensure that all data and variables are considered and to provide sufficient time to plan and test data migration strategies.
High-resolution optical coherence tomographic imaging of osteoarthritic cartilage during open knee surgery.

This study demonstrates the first real-time imaging in vivo of human cartilage in normal and osteoarthritic knee joints at a resolution of micrometers, using optical coherence tomography (OCT). This recently developed high-resolution imaging technology is analogous to B-mode ultrasound except that it uses infrared light rather than sound. Real-time imaging with 11-μm resolution at four frames per second was performed on six patients using a portable OCT system with a handheld imaging probe during open knee surgery. Tissue registration was achieved by marking sites before imaging, and then histologic processing was performed. Structural changes including cartilage thinning, fissures, and fibrillations were observed at a resolution substantially higher than is achieved with any current clinical imaging technology. The structural features detected with OCT were evident in the corresponding histology. In addition to changes in architectural morphology, changes in the birefringent or the polarization properties of the articular cartilage were observed with OCT, suggesting collagen disorganization, an early indicator of osteoarthritis. Furthermore, this study supports the hypothesis that polarization-sensitive OCT may allow osteoarthritis to be diagnosed before cartilage thinning. This study illustrates that OCT, which can eventually be developed for use in offices or through an arthroscope, has considerable potential for assessing early osteoarthritic cartilage and monitoring therapeutic effects for cartilage repair with resolution in real time on a scale of micrometers.
Hazards of neoliberalism: Delayed electric power restoration after Hurricane Ike

This case study explores how neoliberal policies shape the impacts of a natural disaster. We investigate the reactions to major damages to the electric power system and the restoration of power in the wake of Hurricane Ike, which devastated the Houston, Texas, metropolitan area in September 2008. We argue that the neoliberal policy agenda insured a minimalist approach to the crisis and generated dissatisfaction among many residents. The short-term profitability imperative shifted reconstruction costs to consumers, and prevented efforts to upgrade the electric power infrastructure to prepare for future disasters. We illustrate the serious obstacles for disaster mitigation and recovery posed by neoliberal policies that privatize public goods and socialize private costs. Neoliberalism neither addresses the needs of a highly stratified public nor their long-term interests and safety.
Vagueness is rational under uncertainty

We seek to show that some properties of vague scalar adjectives are consequences of rational communication. Theories of vagueness are usually directed at a cluster of traditional philosophical desiderata: how vagueness fits into a theory of truth (or metaphysics), the sorites, and related issues. These are important, and we will have more to say about some of them, but we also seek to refocus the analysis of vagueness, moving away from consideration of abstract philosophical problems, and towards consideration of the problems faced by ordinary language users.
Emerging Trends: Social Classification

Social classification influences how people interpret their surroundings. Classification helps organize people's knowledge and guide how they reason about new objects. Although people perceive classification as reflecting an objective, natural reality, to a large extent, it is constructed through contested social processes. Foundational research on classification focused on this social construction, on how actors conform to social categories, and on the penalties that accrue to actors who do not conform. Recent research has built on and questioned these foundations. Whether categorical boundaries are strong or weak affects how consequential categorization is; in some situations, there are rewards to categorical nonconformity, and for any classification there are multiple audiences with different perspectives on what social categories mean and how they confer value. This entry concludes by suggesting promising new directions for future research in social classification. Keywords: social classification; categories; concepts; boundaries; markets; organizational field; organizational form; legitimacy; conformity; ambiguity
Immune Regulation of the L5178Y Murine Tumor-dormant State: Induction of Cell- and Soluble Factor-mediated Inhibition of Tumor Cell Growth by Tumor Necrosis Factor and γ-Interferon

Abstract Small concentrations of recombinant murine tumor necrosis factor (rMuTNF) synergized with recombinant murine γ-interferon (rMuIFN-γ) to inhibit tumor cell growth in peritoneal cell (PC) cultures from tumor-dormant mice. A soluble inhibitor of tumor cell growth was produced in the rMuTNF-treated PC cultures, but there was no synergistic enhancement of production of this inhibitor by the addition of rMuIFN-γ. Treatment of both plastic-adherent PC and nonadherent PC cultures which contained L5178Y cells with rMuTNF + rMuIFN-γ resulted in inhibition of tumor cell growth. However, in the absence of L5178Y cells, rMuTNF + rMuIFN-γ induced antitumor cytotoxic activity in the plastic-adherent but not in the plastic nonadherent PC. These results indicate that the antitumor activity of rMuTNF + rMuIFN-γ in PC from tumor-dormant mice involves both cell- and soluble factor-mediated mechanisms.
Targeting DMARD therapy

Medical advances in the past few years have opened an exciting era in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). For the first time, physicians and their patients are faced with a variety of therapeutic choices in the management of RA and must make decisions about specific disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), including potential combinations of different agents. A careful balance of short-term and long-term benefits and risks must be considered. In addition, financial and societal issues play a role in these already complex therapeutic decisions with increasing frequency. The cost of healthcare has skyrocketed in the past decades. Policymakers, physicians and their patients are faced everyday with decisional conflicts coupled with constraints in health budgets around the world, that must balance not only health outcomes, but also economic costs to patients, providers and society at large. These considerations are particularly salient when assessing the therapeutic benefits of the newly developed biologic agents which are substantially more costly than traditional DMARDS, but which could be cost-effective if they reduce long-term damage and disability.
Proteus syndrome versus Bannayan-Zonana syndrome: a problem in differential diagnosis.

The Proteus syndrome (PS) and the Bannayan-Zonana syndrome (BZS) both have multiple hamartomata as prominent features. Hemihypertrophy, macrodactyly, exostoses, skin lesions, scoliosis, and sporadic occurrence are seen in PS, whereas patients with BZS have macrocephaly and related craniofacial findings. BZS has been observed in families as an autosomal dominant trait. Although the two syndromes can be distinguished in most patients, there are features in common to both that may pose a diagnostic dilemma in an isolated case. We report the case of a 3-year-old girl with macrocephaly, macrodactyly, and superficial and intra-abdominal hamartomata who illustrates the problem of differentiating recently reported patient with other published cases of PS and BZS. Patients with PS, in general, show more extensive systemic involvement, including skeletal and cutaneous manifestations. Macrocephaly, seen in all reported patients with BZS, is also found in 14% of patients with PS. Overlap among syndromes which include hamartomata as prominent features suggests that they might be etiologically or pathogenetically related. The present case also illustrates the usefulness of imaging techniques in the diagnosis of mixed mesodermal hamartomata.
Macromolecular Concentrations in Bovine Nasal Cartilage by Fourier Transform Infrared Imaging and Principal Component Regression

Fourier transform infrared imaging (FT-IRI) and principal component regression (PCR) were used to quantitatively determine collagen and proteoglycan concentrations in bovine nasal cartilage (BNC). An infrared spectral library was first established by obtaining eleven infrared spectra from a series of collagen and chondroitin 6-sulfate mixed in different ratios. FT-IR images were obtained from 6-μm-thick sections of BNC specimens at 6.25-μm pixel size. The spectra from the FT-IR images were imported into a PCR program to obtain the relative concentrations of collagen and proteoglycan in BNC, based on the spectral library of pure chemicals. These PCR-determined concentrations agreed with the molecular concentrations determined biochemically using an enzyme digestion assay. Use of the imaging approach revealed that proteoglycan loss in the specimens occurs first at the surface of the tissue block when compared with the middle portion of the tissue block. The quantitative correlation of collagen and proteoglycan revealed that their infrared absorption peak areas at 1338 and 1072-855 cm(-1) can only be used as qualitative indicators of the molecular contents. The use of PCR with FT-IRI offers an accurate tool to spatially determine the distributions of macromolecular concentration in cartilage.
Vinylbenzyl ethers of cellulose. Preparation and polymerization

Grafting of chain-growth polymerizable monomers onto cellulose has been a thoroughly investigated area. Introduction of polymerizable monomeric species chemically bound to cellulose has been less fruitful. Crotonate esters, methacrylate esters, and allyl and vinyl derivatives are examples where subsequent polymerization to crosslinked species has been described. Reported are the reactions of vinylbenzyl chloride with causticized cotton fabric to give a series of vinylbenzylated celluloses with degrees of substitution from 0.05 to 0.26. Homopolymerization of these or copolymerization with maleic anhydride or dimethyl maleate gave little or no crosslinking under the conditions employed. Vinylbenzyl cellulose acetate proved to be a polymerizable “prepolymer” with diethyl maleate.
VITAMIN E MALABSORPTION IN GROWING PRETERM INFANTS WITH SYMPTOMATIC ZINC DEFICIENCY

Both vitamin E and zinc deficiency continue to be observed in the very low birth-weight infants despite the use of dietary supplements. The interrelationship between vitamin E and zinc nutrition was sequentially evaluated in 58 formula fed growing preterm neonates (birth weight: X ± SD, 1043±121g, gestational age: X ± SD, 29±0.4 wks). Enteral feeds contained zinc (300mg/100ml) and supplemental vitamin E (to achieve sufficient serum E level of 1-2mg/dl). Three groups of infants were identified on data analyses. Group I (27/58) had sufficient serum zinc (>70mcg/dl) and vitamin E (1-3mg/dl) levels on mean E supplement of 55±10 SD I.U./day. Group II (15/58) were hypozincemic (<70mcg/dl) but had no other evidence of zinc deficiency. These infants had sufficient serum E levels on a mean E supplement of 71±20 SD I.U./day. Group III (16/58) were hypozincemic (<70mg/dl) and had edema and hypoproteinemia. Their mean serum vitamin E level was only 0.8mg/dl±0.4 SD in spite of their having received significantly (p< 0.001) higher supplement of vitamin E (162±25 SD I.U./day) than Group I and II infants. Correction of hypozincemia with therapeutic doses of oral zinc was associated with a prompt and striking improvement of serum vitamin E absorption. During the 4 week period of zinc therapy, vitamin E supplements had to be significantly reduced (0-25 I.U./day) to maintain physiologic E levels. These data demonstrate significant but reversible vitamin E malabsorption in preterm neonates with symptomatic zinc deficiency. Concurrent monitoring of both vitamin E and zinc serum levels is recommended.
Local endomorphism near-rings

The purpose of this paper is to study the consequences of an endomorphism near-ring of a finite group being a local near-ring and the existence of such near-rings. As we shall see in Section 2, an endomorphism near-ring of a finite group being local gives us some information about both the structure of the group (Theorem 2.2) and the automorphisms of the group lying in the near-ring (Theorem 2.3). Existence of local endomorphism near-rings of finite groups is considered in Section 3 where we obtain as our main result that any p -group of automorphisms of a p -group containing the inner automorphisms always generates a local endomorphism near-ring. In particular, we get as a corollary that the endomorphism near-ring of a finite group G generated by the inner automorphisms of G is local if and only if G is a p -group. The third section concludes with a discussion of endomorphism near-rings of dihedral 2-groups and generalized quaternion groups.
Assistant professors of school psychology: A national survey of program directors and job applicants

The purpose of this study was to gain insight into the nature of academic position openings in the field of school psychology and to gather information about the characteristics sought and attributed to those individuals who were hired at the assistant professor rank. Survey methodology was used to gather information from both program directors and new assistant professor hires about the job-search process. A total of 178 program directors in school psychology from the United States were sent surveys in the fall of 1998. One hundred twenty-six of the program directors responded (71%). Fifty-five (44%) program directors reported their program had an assistant professor job opening within the last 2 academic years. Of the 55 program directors that reported having job openings, five of these reported that they had two position openings in the last two academic years. Thus, data were gathered on a total of 60 job openings at 55 schools. Information about the job search process and characteristics sought in applicants, from the program directors perspective, are described. In addition, demographic data, prior teaching and research experiences, and information about the new hires' job-search process is presented. Recommendations are provided to help graduate students, faculty advisors, and future applicants with the job-search process. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 40: 691–698, 2003.
Commensurate-incommensurate transition of monolayer krypton on graphite by helium-atom scattering.

The commensurate-incommensurate transition of monolayer krypton films on a graphite single-crystal substrate is observed by helium-atom diffraction for transition temperatures in the range 50--60 K. The change in lattice spacing appears continuous, with an upper limit of 0.3% on a possible jump, with no detectable hysteresis. The slightly incommensurate phase is disordered but apparently well correlated. The spatial correlation length changes in a possibly discontinuous manner. A decrease of specular and diffracted intensities while the film is still commensurate is observed. This may be due to incoherent elastic scattering from isolated defects, or possibly to increased inelastic scattering.
Comparison of two approaches to analyzing correlated binary data in developmental toxicity studies.

Recently developed statistical methodology is presented for analyzing correlated developmental toxicity data where multiple measures are obtained on individual units such as rat pups. Of particular interest is the assessment of the homogeneity of effects from chemical exposure across different outcomes such as malformation types or non-ossification of forepaw digits. Such contrasts are referred to as within-cluster effects, as they represent differences between observations within a cluster (e.g., pup). Between-cluster effects correspond to comparison of observations from different clusters, e.g., pups exposed to varied doses of chemicals or carcinogens. Two classes of statistical models are available for estimation of these distinct types of effects: (1) cluster-specific models in which regression adjustments are made for cluster effects, and hence all parameters are interpreted as within-cluster effects; and (2) population-averaged models in which no explicit adjustments are made for cluster, and thus all parameters are interpreted as group differences without regard to whether they represent between- or within-cluster effects. Many models in the developmental toxicity literature are population-averaged logistic regression models ignoring variation among clusters which may be significant under strong influences of genetic and environmental factors. Under such conditions, confidence interval-based inference for effect homogeneity will depend upon the class of models. These issues are illustrated with data from two developmental toxicity studies: (1) a National Toxicology Program study of the effects of in utero exposure to di(2ethylhexyl)phthalate among three malformation outcomes in mouse pups; and (2) a study conducted by Hartsfield to investigate the effects of anticonvulsant phenytoin on the risk of non-ossification among digits of the left and right forepaws in rat pups. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
On the Chi-Square Test When the Parameters are Estimated Independently of the Sample

Abstract If the parameters are estimated independently of the sample, the chi-square test statistic for a goodness of fit test has a limiting distribution that is stochastically larger than that of the test of fit for a completely specified distribution. Thus, if the critical values for the test of fit for a completely specified distribution are incorrectly used, the probability that we will reject the null hypothesis when it is true is greater than the desired level of significance.
Quantenchemische Modelle (Nobel‐Vortrag)

Chemische Probleme zu losen, bei denen die Antwort unbekannt oder strittig ist, ist das vornehmste Ziel eines jeden theoretischen Modells. Wie weit die Quantenchemie auf diesem Weg gekommen ist, wird hier fur die ab-initio-Verfahren erlautert, die unter dem Namen GAUSSIAN wohl jedem Chemiker ein Begriff sind. Der grose Vorteil dieser Verfahren ist, das mit ihnen ein Weg definiert werden konnte, auf dem man sicher zu zunehmend besseren Ergebnissen gelangt. Vom Ziel, Bindungsenergien und ahnliche Grosen mit einer Genauigkeit von 1 kcal mol−1 berechnen zu konnen, ist man fur kleine Molekule mit nicht mehr als etwa funfzig Elektronen nicht mehr weit entfernt.
TRANSITION-TIME OPTIMIZATION FOR SWITCHED SYSTEMS

Abstract This paper proposes an algorithmic framework for optimal mode switches in hybrid dynamical systems. The problem is cast in the setting of optimal control, whose variable parameter consists of the switching times, and whose associated cost criterion is a functional of the state trajectory. The number of switching times (and hence of switching modes) is also a variable which may be unbounded, and therefore the optimization problem is not defined on a single metric space. Rather, it is defined on a sequence of spaces of possibly increasing dimensions. The paper characterizes optimality in terms of sequences of optimality functions and proposes an algorithm that is demonstrably convergent in this context.
A detailed analysis of the learning curve: robotic hysterectomy and pelvic-aortic lymphadenectomy for endometrial cancer.

Abstract Objective To define the learning curve for robotic hysterectomy and pelvic-aortic lymphadenectomy for endometrial carcinoma. Methods Patient demographics and segmental operative times on all patients at one institution who underwent robotic comprehensive surgical staging (hysterectomy, pelvic and aortic lymphadenectomy) for endometrial cancer were prospectively collected. Patients were arranged in order based on surgery date and outcomes were compared between quartiles (cases 1–20, 21–40, 41–60, and 61–79). Proficiency was defined as the point at which the slope of the curve becomes less steep for operative times. Efficiency was defined as the point at which the slope is zero. ANOVA or Fisher's exact test was used to compare the procedure times. Locally weighted regression generated smoothed lines that represent operative time over the sequence of the operations. Results 79 patients were comprehensively staged robotically. While age, the percentage of patients with ≥2 co-morbidities, number of patients with previous laparotomy, EBL, LOS and lymph node counts do not differ between groups, the first 20 patients had a lower BMI compared to the next 20 (27 vs. 34 kg/m 2 , P =0.009). Operative times decreased from the first 20 cases to next 20, but was not significantly changed over the next three quartiles. Each component of the procedure has a separate learning curve. Conclusions Proficiency for robotic hysterectomy with pelvic–aortic lymphadenectomy for endometrial cancer is achieved after 20 cases; however, the number of procedures to gain efficiency varies for each portion of the case and continues to improve over time.
Entire functions and potentials: Zeros of the Zeta function as redundant poles

Abstract We prove the existence of a three dimensional potential, UR(r), whose S-wave scattering amplitude has the complex zeros of the Riemann Zeta function as “redundant poles.” The potential is a C∞ function on 0 ≤ r U R (τ) , is meromorphic in τ, and the poles and residues are determined. The method is generalized to include a large class of even entire functions. The resulting potentials lead to scattering amplitudes with the zeros of the entire function as redundant poles.
Effect of Chloroquine and Certain Amines, Vitamins, and Arthritis-Influencing Agents on the Zinc-Deficient Chick

SummaryThe leg or hock abnormality of zinc-deficient chicks fed isolated soybean protein-based diets has previously been shown to be largely prevented by any of the following supplements: zinc, histidine, histamine, or any of several antiarthritic agents (aspirin, cortisone, phenylbutazone or indomethacin). Only zinc corrected all signs of deficiency while the other agents alleviated only the leg deformity. To better understand the mechanisms involved, the present experiments tested the effects on the leg abnormality of zinc-deficient chicks of certain vasoactive agents, compounds affecting histamine metabolism, certain vitamins required for normal hock development, and certain additional drugs which are known to influence experimental or human arthritis. Zinc, histamine, and chloro-quine, an antiarthritic agent, were shown to alleviate the hock abnormality. The condition was not influenced by the dietary addition of the other vasoactive amines, serotonin, norepinephrine, and epinephrine, or by two vitami...
Are routine preoperative cardiac catheterization and angiography necessary before repair of ostium primum atrial septal defect

Two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography were compared with cardiac catheterization and angiography in the preoperative evaluation of ostium primum atrial septal defect. Preoperative echocardiographic examinations as well as operative reports of all patients (33 patients aged 2 months to 23 years at surgery) with ostium primum atrial septal defect or transitional atrioventricular (AV) canal defect having had echocardiography and surgical repair at The Children's Hospital, Boston from July 1983 to January 1986 were retrospectively reviewed. Original cardiac catheterization and angiographic reports also were reviewed. Preoperative echocardiography resulted in no false positive or false negative primary diagnoses when compared with the diagnoses obtained at preoperative angiography or surgery. Doppler assessment of mitral regurgitation correlated well with angiographic (93% agreement) and intraoperative (85% agreement) assessments of mitral regurgitation to within two diagnostic categories on the six level scoring system used. There was reasonably good agreement between the two-dimensional echocardiographic estimate of right ventricular systolic pressure and that measured at catheterization when expressed as percent of the simultaneous left ventricular pressure. Seven of nine ventricular septal defects observed intraoperatively were noted on preoperative echocardiography; five of these defects were detected on preoperative angiography. A variety of other surgically confirmed associated cardiovascular defects were observed by both preoperative techniques. However, echocardiography appeared to be superior to angiography for evaluation of AV valve morphology and papillary muscle architecture. This study implies that in children with typical clinical and two-dimensional echocardiographic and Doppler findings for ostium primum atrial septal defect or transitional AV canal defect, routine preoperative cardiac catheterization and angiography are unnecessary.
Application of optical CD metrology based on both spectroscopic ellipsometry and scatterometry for Si-recess monitor

Scatterometry is gaining popularity in recent years as it shows itself as a worthy contender among existing metrology systems. Scatterometry provides fast, accurate and precise profile information, which is valuable for in-line process control in production environment. Scatterometry applications widely adopted in IC fabs include poly gate ADI and AEI, and shallow trench isolation depth measurements. Recently, the mobility enhancement by compressive strain at source/drain is reported which improves greatly PMOS Idsat. In this work, we extend the application domain of scatterometry technology to two-dimensional recessed Si profile used in strained source and drain (SSD) structures. Complexity of SSD structures measurement by scatterometry requires the use of many parameters in modeling, which hinders a stable library setup. Our approach in circumventing this issue is to identify the most sensitive parameters first and then further reduce the number of variables through an effective medium approximation (EMA). This paper will discuss the preparation, experiments, and results of the scatterometry measurements. The extracted data have been compared with transmission electron microscopy results. Good correlation in depth and profile are observed. In addition, we have performed repeatability test and fault detection checks and the trend chart indicates that our methodology is very robust for in-line process monitor.