cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
College Rankings as an Interorganizational Dependency: Establishing the Foundation for Strategic and Institutional Accounts

Higher education administrators believe that revenues are linked to college rankings and act accordingly, particularly those at research universities. Although rankings are clearly influential for many schools and colleges, this fundamental assumption has yet to be tested empirically. Drawing on data from multiple resource providers in higher education, we find that the influence of rankings depends on constituencies’ placement in the higher education field. Resource providers who are vulnerable to the status hierarchy of higher education––college administrators, faculty, alumni, and out-of-state students––are significantly influenced by rankings. Those on the periphery of the organizational field, such as foundations and industry, are largely unaffected. Although rankings are designed largely for stakeholders outside of higher education, their strongest influence is on those within the higher education field.
The ionization energies and simulated photoelectron spectra of HPCN and HNCP

The structures, vibrational frequencies and adiabatic ionization energies of HPCN and HNCP are calculated at several levels of theory. The adiabatic ionization energy of HPCN is found to be 10.16 eV at the G3 level of theory. The singlet state of HPCN+ is found to be approximately 1.3 eV below the lowest energy triplet state (a3A″). Both states have a bent equilibrium molecular geometry. The adiabatic ionization energy for HNCP is calculated to be 8.30 eV at the G3 level of theory. In contrast to HPCN+, the triplet state of HNCP+ is lower in energy than that of the singlet state (a1A′) by approximately 1 eV. Also, the triplet state of HNCP+ is linear in contrast to that of HPCN+ due to the larger interaction between neighboring 2p orbitals on the central atoms in HNCP+ relative to the interaction between the 3p and 2p orbitals on the central atoms in HPCN+. Simulated photoelectron spectra (PES) are presented for the transitions producing both the singlet and triplet ion states of both isomers. As predicted by the dramatic geometry change in the case of , there is a long progression in the bending mode of the cation in the simulated PES.
Pairing instabilities in topological insulator quantum wells

Topological insulator quantum wells with induced attractive interactions between electrons are candidate systems for the realization of vortex lattice states and incompressible quantum vortex liquids with fractional excitations. These phases depend on the formation of low-energy spin-triplet Cooper pairs in the quantum well, under the combined influence of the superconducting proximity effect and Rashba spin-orbit coupling. We analyze, using the Landau-Ginzburg framework, the competition between different pairing channels stimulated by the proximity effect and argue that correlated phases of triplets are likely accessible by tuning the gate voltage. We perturbatively calculate the triplet pairing instability and show that it occurs at finite momenta. This yields a spatially inhomogeneous superconducting state, which is likely a vortex lattice of spin supercurrents. We discuss the phase diagram of topological insulator quantum wells tunable by the gate voltage.
Performance analysis of quadrature amplitude modulated signals received over a slow, flat, Ricean fading channel

Exact analytic solutions are developed for the probability of bit error for a quadrature amplitude modulated signal when the signal is transmitted over a slow, flat Ricean fading channel. New analytic techniques are used for increased accuracy and, where applicable, are compared to the usual approximations.
Changes observed in the thymus and lymph nodes 14 days after exposure to BVDV field strains of enhanced or typical virulence in neonatal calves

Clinical presentation following uncomplicated acute infection with bovine viral diarrhea viruses (BVDV) ranges from clinically unapparent to severe (including hemorrhagic disease and death) depending on the strain virulence. Regardless of clinical presentation, BVDV infection of cattle results in a generalized immunosuppression. BVDV immunosuppression is characterized by a reduction of circulating white blood cells (WBC) that is typically evident by day 3 post infection (PI). In infections with typical BVDV field strains WBC counts decrease until days 6–9 PI and then return to baseline values. In infections with enhanced virulence BVDV, WBC counts may continue to decline through day 14. In this study, the lymph nodes and thymus of non-infected neonatal calves and neonatal calves infected 14 days previously with either a BVDV of typical virulence or one of enhanced virulence were compared. It was found that while calves, infected with the typical virulence BVDV, had cleared BVDV, and WBC counts had returned to near baseline, the number of B-B7+ cells in lymph nodes were reduced whereas numbers of CD4+ cells were increased as compared to control calves. In contrast, calves infected with the high virulence strain, had not cleared the virus by day 14 and WBC counts had not returned to pre-exposure levels. Furthermore, these calves had more substantial deficits of B-B7+ and CD4+ cell subpopulations, compared to calves infected with a typical virulence strain. There were also an increased number of macrophages observed in both lymphoid tissues examined. The thymuses from both groups of BVDV-infected calves were significantly smaller than non-infected age matched calves. The reduction in size was accompanied by a significant depletion of the thymic cortex. These results indicate that regardless of the virulence of the infecting BVDV, infection leaves neonatal calves with deficits in specific lymphocyte subsets and lymphoid tissues that could have long-term immunosuppressive implications.
Transport and Fate of Microbial Pathogens in Agricultural Settings

An understanding of the transport and survival of microbial pathogens (pathogens hereafter) in agricultural settings is needed to assess the risk of pathogen contamination to water and food resources, and to develop control strategies and treatment options. However, many knowledge gaps still remain in predicting the fate and transport of pathogens in runoff water, and then through the shallow vadose zone and groundwater. A number of transport pathways, processes, factors, and mathematical models often are needed to describe pathogen fate in agricultural settings. The level of complexity is dramatically enhanced by soil heterogeneity, as well as by temporal variability in temperature, water inputs, and pathogen sources. There is substantial variability in pathogen migration pathways, leading to changes in the dominant processes that control pathogen transport over different spatial and temporal scales. For example, intense rainfall events can generate runoff and preferential flow that can rapidly transport...
Full-coverage film cooling. Part 1. Three-dimensional measurements of turbulence structure

Hydrodynamic measurements of turbulence structure were performed with a triaxial hot wire in the full coverage and the recovery regions following an array of injection holes under isothermal conditions at ambient temperature and pressure for blowing ratios of 0.9 and 0.4. High levels of turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) were determined for low blowing, and low TKE levels were found for the high blowing levels; in the recovery region, the flow can be represented by a model with an outer boundary layer and a 2-dimensional inner boundary layer. Recovery region hydrodynamics can be modelled by considering that a new boundary layer started to grow immediately after the end of blowing; the Prandtl mixing length distributions calculated from the values of mean velocity and turbulent shear stresses were consistent with the presence of a dual boundary layer structure in the recovery region. The program used here contains a one-equation model of turbulence, using turbulence kinetic energy with an algebraic mixing length; this 2-dimensional, finite difference program can predict the mean velocity and turbulence kinetic energy profiles based on initial values, boundary conditions, and a closure condition.
Human chorionic gonadotropin in human neoplastic cells.

Summary Peroxidase-labeled antibody against the β chain of human chorionic gonadotropin was used to demonstrate that 25 human malignant tumors contained this antigen. The antigen was localized both in the cytoplasm and on the surface of the malignant cells. Human chorionic gonadotropin may be responsible for both selective maternal immunosuppression by fetal tissue and host immunosuppression by tumors.
Propagation of electromagnetic waves in the core of a string defect in liquid crystals

Abstract We investigate the propagation of electromagnetic waves in the core of a winding number one string defect with isotropic core in nematic liquid crystals. We numerically solve wave equations for the TE mode and show the existence of guided modes arising due to the variation of the refractive index as a function of the scaler order parameter.
Primary leiomyosarcoma of extragnathic bone: clinicopathologic features and reevaluation of prognosis.

Abstract Context.—Leiomyosarcoma most commonly involves the female genital tract and occasionally arises within the retroperitoneum, abdominal cavity, or the soft tissues of the extremity. Presentation as a primary bone tumor is extraordinarily uncommon, potentially leading to misdiagnosis. The prognosis is traditionally thought to be dismal. However, this conclusion is largely based on individual case reports and small series, in some of which the pathologic diagnosis is not well documented. Objective.—To review the clinicopathologic features of well-established cases of primary skeletal leiomyosarcoma and reevaluate the prognostic implications thereof. Data Sources.—A National Center for Biotechnology Information PubMed search of the English language literature identified 104 authenticated cases of primary leiomyosarcoma of extragnathic bone. An additional 3 cases are reported and illustrated herein. Conclusions.—Approximately half of all patients with primary skeletal leiomyosarcoma either presented wi...
Theoretical studies of molecular ions. Vertical ionization potentials of the nitrogen molecule

Abstract The 2Σ+g, 2Πu, and 2Σ+u vertical ionization energies of nitrogen are obtained by using our theory of molecular electron affinities and ionization potentials, which permits the direct calculation of the ion-molecule energy differences. The contributions of charge redistribution and correlation energy change to the calculated ionization potentials are evaluated. The computational efficiency of the method is illustrated and comparisons are made with recent experimental results.
Foraging destinations of three low‐latitude albatross (Phoebastria) species

Satellite telemetry was used to identify the foraging distributions of three congeneric species of albatrosses that nest in the tropics/subtropics. Breeding waved albatrosses Phoebastria irrorata from the Galapagos Islands travelled to the productive upwelling near the Peruvian coast and nearby areas during the rearing period in 1996. Black-footed albatrosses P. nigripes and Laysan albatrosses P. immutabilis nesting in the Hawaiian Islands and tracked during the 1997–98 and 1998–99 breeding seasons also performed long foraging trips, to continental shelf areas of North America. In both years, breeding black-footed albatrosses made long trips to the west coast of North America (British Columbia to California). In 1997–98, breeding Laysan albatrosses travelled primarily to the north of the Hawaiian Islands and reached the waters of the Aleutian Islands and the Gulf of Alaska. In 1998–99, Laysan albatrosses had a complete breeding failure, and no long trips by breeders were tracked as a result. These three species mixed short and long trips during the chick-rearing period, but not the brooding period nor incubation period. Waved albatrosses made only long trips during the incubation period. Analysis of movement patterns showed that the core feeding areas during long trips were located over the continental shelves of North and South America. The data on foraging biology of these species have implications for assessing bycatch risk in commercial fisheries.
Program dependence analysis for concurrency exploitation in programs composed of abstract data type modules

In object-based design and implementation, application programs are constructed by layering reusable abstract data type (ADT) module instances. An ADT instance is often used to manage more than one data object. There is contention for getting access to the instance if the multiple data objects need to be accessed concurrently. To resolve the contention, the ADT instance is replicated and the copies are placed in different processors so that each of the multiple clients can use the clones to concurrently access different data objects. To exploit the concurrency automatically, program dependence relations are analyzed. In this paper, the program dependence graph (PDG), which was previously used to describe data and control dependence relations among statements, is extended to include instance dependence relations. Several theorems are proved with respect to the instance dependence properties of the new PDG graph. A technique is presented for determining the upper bound on the number of clones of each module instance that can be used concurrently. The technique employs dependence analysis techniques at the statement, method, and instance levels of granularities. >
Early developmental expression of a normally tumor-associated and drug-inhibited cell surface-located NADH oxidase (ENOX2) in non-cancer cells

Full length mRNA to a drug-inhibited cell surface NADH oxidase, tNOX or ENOX2, is present in both non-cancer and cancer cells but is translated only in cancer cells as alternatively spliced variants. ENOX2 is a growth-related protein of the external plasma membrane surface that is shed into the circulation and is inhibited by a series of quinone site inhibitors with anticancer activity. To test the possibility that ENOX2 expression might be important to early stages of non-cancer cell development, the expression of the protein was monitored in chicken embryos during their development. Polyclonal antisera to a 34 kDa human serum form of ENOX2 cross-immunoreactive with the drug-responsive NADH oxidase of chicken hepatoma cells was used. The protein was identified based on drug-responsive enzymatic activities and analyses by western blots. The drug-responsive activity was associated with plasma membranes and sera of early chicken embryos and with chicken hepatoma plasma membranes but was absent from plasma membranes prepared from livers or from sera of normal adult chickens and from late embryo stages. The findings suggest that ENOX2 may fulfill some functions essential to the growth of early embryos which are lost in late embryo stages and absent from normal adult cells but which then reappear in cancer.
New beta2-adrenoceptor agonists for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

β-Adrenoceptor agonists are central to the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). They contribute both as rescue medications and as controller agents. The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines indicate that they are useful at all stages of the disease. Current use of β-adrenoceptor agonists emphasizes the rapidity of their onset of action and the duration of their effect. The development of newer agents seeks to improve these properties. Concern about the side effects of β-adrenoceptor agonists-has limited their use in asthma. In view of their potential for cardiovascular effects and the prevalence of comorbidities in COPD, careful attention needs to be given when using these agents in COPD patients.
The Kit receptor promotes cell survival via activation of PI 3-kinase and subsequent Akt-mediated phosphorylation of Bad on Ser136

The c-kit-encoded receptor protein tyrosine kinase for stem cell factor (Kit/SCF-R) is essential for the development of cells within the hematopoietic, melanogenic and gametogenic lineages. SCF stimulation induces activation of phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase, which is required for SCF-induced mitogenesis and cell survival, and for activation of the serine/threonine, we found that, in response to SCF Akt became activated and mediated phosphorylation of Bad, a pro-apoptotic molecule, in a PI-3-kinase-dependent manner. Phosphorylation of Bad was restricted to Ser112 and Ser136 in vivo, but only the Akt phosphorylation sit Ser136 was essential for SCF-promoted cell survival. Furthermore, Bad and Akt interacted and colocalized in intact cells. A Kit/SCF-R gain-of-function mutant that has increased mitogenic and PI 3-kinase activation potential, due to the absence of the two protein kinase C negative feedback phosphorylation site, enhanced both Akt activation and Bad phosphorylation and also resulted in increased cell survival. Such a mechanism may account for how deregulated PI 3-kinase activity and naturally occurring gain-of-function point mutants of Kit/SCF-R lead to cellular transformation and fatal malignancies in man.
Speed up of near-field physical optics scattering calculations by use of the sampling theorem

Physical optics scattering calculations performed on the NASA Deep Space Network (DSN) 34-meter beam-waveguide antennas at Ka-band requires approximately 12 hours CPU time on a Cray Y-MP2 computer-excessive in terms of resource utilization. The calculations are done two mirrors at a time. The sampling theorem is used to reduce the number of points on the second surface obtained by performing a physical optics integration over the first surface. The number of points required by subsequent physical optics integrations is obtained by interpolation. Time improvements on the order of 2 to 4 were obtained for typical scattering pairs. >
Comparison of LMP simulation using two DCOPF algorithms and the ACOPF algorithm

In this paper, a brief review is firstly presented for Locational Marginal Price (LMP) calculation using the lossless DCOPF algorithm and the FND (Fictitious Nodal Demand)- based iterative DCOPF algorithm with losses considered. Also reviewed is the ACOPF model to calculate LMP. Then, a comparison of these three models is presented with the results from ACOPF as a benchmark. Simulation is performed on the PJM 5-bus system and the IEEE 30-bus test system. The results clearly show that the FND algorithm is a better estimation of the LMP calculated from the ACOPF algorithm and outperforms the conventional lossless DCOPF algorithm. This is reasonable since the FND model considers the line losses. In addition, analysis is presented to address when the different models may lead to large difference, which can be the guidelines for LMP simulation. An approximate algorithm may work well when the LMP difference resulting from approximation tends to be small. This is highly possible when all unbinding constraints are not close to their limits. On the contrary, a more accurate model is desired in the case that the approximation may potentially lead to larger errors when there is one or more constraints close to their limits.
Ad Hoc Distributed Simulation of Queueing Networks

Ad hoc distributed simulation is an approach to predict future states of operational systems. It is based on embedding on-line simulations into a sensor network and adding communication and synchronization among the simulators. While prior work focused on this approach in the context of online management of transportation systems, this paper describes a generalization of the method and shows how it can be applied to embedded simulation of systems that can be modeled as a network of queues. An implementation of an ad hoc queueing network simulation is described. The flows of units across links connecting nodes in different simulations are approximated by renewal processes whose parameters are updated dynamically. The synchronization mechanism uses random sampling to update flow rates across simulations. Preliminary results show that the ad hoc queueing network simulation can provide predictions comparable to sequential simulations.
How HIV+ Persons Manage Everyday Life in the Hospital and at Home

This article presents findings from an interview-based study of the ways persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV) manage their illness in the hospital and at home. The present investigation supports an earlier study that isolated six management styles used in the hospital; summarized in terms of general patient identities, they are the loner, the medic, the time keeper, the activist, the mystic, and the victim. This study discovered another strategy, the forced loner, that is common among those PLHIV whose social environments or medical condition force them to curtail social engagements. The general tendency is toward the mystic management strategy as the conditions of PLHIV inevitably deteriorate and as previous efforts to exert control over the management and the course of their illness become futile. Implications of this study for nursing practice are discussed.
Punctured turbo-codes for BPSK/QPSK channels

We discuss a procedure for designing high-rate turbo-codes via puncturing, with applications to BPSK/QPSK channels. Rates in the form k/(k+1), 2/spl les/k/spl les/16, are considered for constituent encoders with memory sizes m=3 and 4. The algorithm includes the selection of constituent encoder generator polynomials, puncture patterns, and interleavers with the goal of maximizing the minimum codeword weight for weight-two and weight-three inputs. The performance of the proposed codes are found via computer simulation and are observed in each case to be less than 0.9 dB (m=3), and 0.75 dB (m=4), from their respective channel capacity limits at a bit-error rate of 10/sup -5/. We consider two applications of punctured turbo-codes.
Cassini's Test Methodology for Flight Software Verification and Operations

The Cassini spacecraft was launched on 15 October 1997 on a Titan IV-B launch vehicle. The spacecraft is comprised of various subsystems, including the Attitude and Articulation Control Subsystem (AACS). The AACS Flight Software (FSW) and its development has been an ongoing effort, from the design, development and finally operations. As planned, major modifications to certain FSW functions were designed, tested, verified and uploaded during the cruise phase of the mission. Each flight software upload involved extensive verification testing. A standardized FSW testing methodology was used to verify the integrity of the flight software. This paper summarizes the flight software testing methodology used for verifying FSW from pre-launch through the prime mission, with an emphasis on flight experience testing during the first 2.5 years of the prime mission (July 2004 through January 2007).
Visualization-enabled multi-document summarization by Iterative Residual Rescaling

This paper describes a novel approach to multi-document summarization, which explicitly addresses the problem of detecting, and retaining for the summary, multiple themes in document collections. We place equal emphasis on the processes of theme identification and theme presentation. For the former, we apply Iterative Residual Rescaling (IRR); for the latter, we argue for graphical display elements. IRR is an algorithm designed to account for correlations between words and to construct multi-dimensional topical space indicative of relationships among linguistic objects (documents, phrases, and sentences). Summaries are composed of objects with certain properties, derived by exploiting the many-to-many relationships in such a space. Given their inherent complexity, our multi-faceted summaries benefit from a visualization environment. We discuss some essential features of such an environment.
Status Discrepancy and the Radical Rejection of Nonviolence

Interviews with Negro members of the Congress of Racial Equality during 1961–1963 show that the commitment to nonviolence was both extensively and intensively weak. Cross tabulation of attitudes on nonviolence with attitudes toward war indicates no consistent pacifism, but a tendency for radicals to reject military service while accepting violence in the movement, and for moderates to accept military service while rejecting violence in the movement. Radicalism was associated with inconsistent status experiences: Northern upbringing and the combination of high occupational and educational status with low racial status. Exposure to radical ideas was also a strong factor. The connection between the verbal, ideological radicalism of the CORE activists and actual ghetto insurrections is complex. The predominantly middle class CORE members are unlikely to engage in such class-alien behavior, but they do produce an ideology which politicizes lower class Negro youths and legitimates spontaneous violence as a form of protest.
Retroaortic Left Renal Vein

A retroaortic left renal vein (RLRV) is an uncommon condition in which the left renal vein passes posterior to the abdominal aorta and anterior to the vertebrae. Retroaortic left renal vein may lead to left renal vein hypertension syndrome, also known as the nutcracker syndrome, a condition in which extrinsic compression of the left renal vein causes hypertension within the vessel. Retroaortic left renal vein and nutcracker syndrome are vascular anomalies considered to be of clinical importance, particularly during surgical procedures involving the renal vasculature directly or, in many cases, the abdominal aorta.
CMOS-MEMS probes for reconfigurable IC’s

We report on our progress on the development of CMOS-MEMS electrothermal conductive probes for memory-intensive self-configuring integrated circuits (MISCICs). The MISCIC vision is to use MEMS conductive probes to reconfigure circuits by mechanically addressing and passing current through resistance change vias embedded within the chip circuitry. Cantilevered probes are designed with 1, 4, 9, 16 and 25 mum2 areas that are plated with nickel. The vertical range of the electrothermal actuator is 23.9 mum with 3.7 mW heating power, but the range is reduced when in contact with a gold-coated glass slide due to thermal effects. Probe contact to gold varies from 10-50 Omega for multiple make and break cycles with 1 mum2 tips.
Gun violence: psychiatry, risk assessment, and social policy.

On December 14, 2012, a young man, little more than a child himself, with an arsenal of firearms and ammunition, shot and killed his mother. He then drove to Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut, shot and killed 20 children and 6 adults, and then shot and killed himself. The Newtown
Adolescent Sexual Behavior and Sexual Health

1. Renee E. Sieving, PhD, RNC* 2. Jennifer A. Oliphant, MPH* 3. Robert Wm. Blum, MD, PhD* 1. *Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Describe the trends related to adolescent sexual and reproductive health in the United States. 2. Explain the steps of becoming a sexually healthy adult in the United States. 3. Describe the continuum of sexual risk. 4. Delineate the best method of encouraging behavior change among adolescents. 5. Characterize how the law affects adolescents’ access to reproductive health care. Adolescent sexual behavior is influenced by a complex set of interactions of biology and genetics, individual perceptions, personality characteristics, and sociocultural norms and values. This article addresses trends related to sexual and reproductive health of adolescents as well as clinical assessment and interventions designed to reduce sexual risk and promote sexual health of the adolescents in the United States. ### Sexual Behavior Perhaps in no other single area has there been as dramatic a change in the past decade as in adolescent sexual and reproductive health.There has been a small but significant decline in the percentage of teens who report having had sexual intercourse today compared with a decade ago. Specifically, in 1988, 53% of teenage females and 60% of males reported ever having had sexual intercourse; a decade later it was 50% and 55%, respectively. However, there has been an even more dramatic trend toward early initiation of sex. In 1988, 11% of adolescent females 14 years of age and younger reported having had sexual intercourse; a decade later it was 19%. Although we tend to think of youths who have initiated intercourse as being “sexually active,” substantial data suggest otherwise. In fact, Terry and Manlove noted that in 1997, only 37% of females and 33% of males who reported ever having had sexual intercourse said that they had sex in the past 3 months. In 1995, the majority of sexually experienced high school teens (54% of …
Design and Attenuation Properties of Periodic Checkerboard Liners

A finite element methodology is coupled to both a parallel equation solver and a parallel genetic optimization algorithm to assess the merits of a 4and 8-segment checkerboard liner. This assessment is carried out in a three-dimensional, zero flow, square cross-sectional, rectangular duct with the liner located in the lower wall. A 7-kHz acoustic pressure distribution that contains six cut-on modes with equal mode amplitudes is used as the sound source. The principal conclusion of the study is that the optimum attenuation of the 4-segment checkerboard liner is 50% greater than that of the uniform liner. When the impedance distribution of the 4-segment checkerboard liner is arranged periodically across the span of the duct to create an 8-segment checkerboard liner, the optimum attenuation is 214% greater than that of the uniform liner. Thus, the periodic checkerboard liner configurations have apparent advantages over the uniform liner for this limited geometry.
Solvothermal synthesis of ultrasmall tungsten oxide nanoparticles.

The synthesis of catalytically useful, ultrasmall oxide nanoparticles (NPs) of group 5 and 6 metals is not readily achievable through reported methods. In this work, we introduce a one-pot, two-precursor synthesis route to <2 nm MOx NPs in which a polyoxometalate salt is decomposed thermally in a high-boiling organic solvent oleylamine. The use of ammonium metatungstate resulted in oleylamine-coated, crystalline WOx NPs at consistently high yields of 92 ± 5%. The semicrystalline NPs contained 20–36 WOx structural units per particle, as determined from aberration-corrected high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy, and an organic coating of 16–20 oleylamine molecules, as determined by thermogravimetric analysis. The NPs had a mean size of 1.6 ± 0.3 nm, as estimated from atomic force microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering measurements. Carrying out the synthesis in the presence of organic oxidant trimethylamine N-oxide led to smaller WOx NPs (1.0 ± 0.4 nm), whereas the reductant 1,12-do...
Specific Effects of a Hepatoma on Metabolic Capabilities of the Liver in Tumor-Bearing Rats

SummaryThe presence of a transplantable hepatoma led to changes in host liver metabolic capabilities during the early stages of tumor growth. The changes included increases of liver wet weight and cathepsin activity and decreases of fructose-1,6-diphosphatase activity, microsomal drug-metabolizing activities, cytochrome P-450 and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity. The nature and early appearance of these changes and the failure of liver implants to produce similar changes suggest that there may be specific directive effects of the tumor on host tissues. The low respiratory control ratio seen with hepatoma mitochondria preparations did not reflect an increased rate of deterioration with storage.
Crystallization in organic semiconductor thin films: a diffuse-interface approach.

A phase-field model reveals a wide variety of microstructures that are possible in thin-film growth driven by a combination of kinetic and thermodynamics effects. This work provides useful insight into crystallization morphologies in organic semiconductor thin films.
Crowdsourcing as a Knowledge-Search Method in Digital Journalism

This article examines crowdsourcing as a knowledge-search method and an open journalistic practice in digital journalism. The study draws on data from four cases in which professional journalists used crowdsourcing in their investigations. Crowdsourcing resulted in an efficient knowledge discovery and a continuous flow of tips to journalists and thus benefited journalistic investigations. The horizontal and vertical transparency in crowdsourced journalism supported the knowledge-search process. However, the high volume of submissions in some cases made the journalists compromise the journalistic norm of data verification, which resulted in publishing unverified information. Crowdsourcing as an open journalistic practice thus ruptures journalistic norms and creates pressure for new ones to emerge, such as blended responsibility, in which the responsibility for data accuracy is shared by the journalists and the readers. The article extends the examination of open journalistic practices and contributes to th...
Metastatic Bone Disease: Femur

The femur is a common location for metastatic bone disease and is the most common long bone in which pathologic fractures occur. Specifically, the proximal femur is most often involved. Metastatic disease to the femur is often associated with significant pain both at rest and with activity, which often limits the mobility status and adversely affects quality of life of the affected individual. The general orthopedist will have an understanding of the importance of a systematic, individualized, and multi-disciplinary approach needed to appropriately treat these patients. The reader will become familiar with non-operative and operative treatment strategies and the indications for each.
Evaluation of coronary native and coronary collateral pressure gradients in the conscious dog

Sixteen dogs were instrumented chronically with a left circumflex (CIRC) Ameroid constrictor, and with CIRC, left anterior descending (LAD), aortic, left atrial and pulmonary artery (PA) catheters. Premature mortality was 12.5% prior to the last measurements of pressure at 50 +/- 3 days (mean +/- SE). Five animals developed closure of the Ameroid constrictor at 5 +/- 1 days with an LAD to CIRC pressure gradient of 57 +/- 8 mm Hg. Eleven animals developed closure of the Ameroid constrictor at 18 +/- 1 days with an LAD to CIRC pressure gradient of 29 +/- 3 mm Hg. Three animals in the former group had gross evidence of a myocardial infarction on postmortem examination. None of the animals in the latter group showed evidence of a myocardial infarction. Thus, closure of a CIRC Ameroid constrictor and subsequent collateral vessel development can be monitored chronically by the LAD to CIRC pressure gradient with a high survival, low infarction rate. This chronic model thus provides an accurate measure of coronary native and collateral pressures in unsedated dogs.
A Brief History of the Media

To understand where we are in the progression of media in America, we must know from whence we came. From pamphleteering and newspapers to radio and television, and now to the diverse online environment, we must trace the development of media over time. The chapter begins with how the media emerged in this country, to the partisan press, and its decline. Next the chapter shifts to media development in 20th and 21st centuries—independent press, radio, television, and finally the Internet.
Regulation of the Acid-Base Balance During Prolonged Hypoxia: Effects of Respiratory and Non-Respiratory Acidosis

Prolonged hypoxia results in adaptive changes in the oxygen transfer system which appear to be designed to insure adequate oxygen supply to the cells (for review, see Bouverot, 1985). Many of these adaptations, however, produce other functional changes not directly concerned with oxygen transfer. Examples of this are the acid-base changes of high altitude hypoxia. Fig. 1 shows the time course of changes in plasma acid-base balance in male conscious rats exposed to a barometric pressure of 370-380 torr (Gonzalez and Clancy, 1986a). The hyperventilation initially results in respiratory alkalosis; this is eventually corrected by a proportionate decrease in plasma [HCO 3 - ], which is largely due, in turn, to the renal compensatory mechanisms put into motion by the alkalosis. After three weeks of hypoxia, plasma pH has returned to normal, but at the expense of depletion of HCO 3 - .
Growth of Listeria monocytogenes as a Biofilm on Various Food-Processing Surfaces.

The objective of this research was to determine the ability of Listeria monocytogenes to grow as a biofilm on various food-processing surfaces including stainless steel, Teflon®, nylon, and polyester floor sealant. Each of these surfaces was able to support biofilm formation when incubation was at 21°C in Trypticase soy broth (TSB). Biofilm formation was greatest on polyester floor sealant (40% of surface area covered after 7 days of incubation) and least on nylon (3% coverage). The use of chemically defined minimal medium resulted in a lack of biofilm formation on polyester floor sealant, and reduced biofilm levels on stainless steel. Biofilm formation was reduced with incubation at 10°C, but Teflon® and stainless steel still allowed 23 to 24% coverage after incubation in TSB for 18 days. Biofilm growth of L. monocytogenes was sufficient to provide a substantial risk of this pathogen contaminating the food-processing plant environment if wet surfaces are not maintained in a sanitary condition.
New Interleukin-15 Superagonist (IL-15 SA) Combined with Donor Lymphocyte Infusion (DLI) Significantly Enhances Graft-Versus-Tumor Activity after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) has been successfully used clinically to augment the graft-versus-tumor (GVT) effect following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in relapsed patients. However, improvements can still be made in enhancing anti-tumor activity, reducing graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and decreasing complications from opportunistic infections. Our studies present clear evidence of increased tumor clearance via cytokine therapy in combination with DLI as a way to “boost” the infused cells function. Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a potent cytokine that increases CD8+ T and NK cells number and function in normal mice and recipients of stem cell transplantation. Despite this, obstacles remain for use of IL-15 therapeutically, specifically its low potency and short in vivo half-life. To overcome this, a new IL-15 superagonist (IL-15 SA-(ALT-803)) has been developed with a longer half-life and increased potency. Administration of IL-15 SA to recipients of CFSE labeled T cells increases proliferation of CD8+T cells and IFN-γ and TNF-α secretion from CD8+T cells. We developed a murine DLI model by titrating the dose of infused T cells in a parent-F1 model, and then combined IL-15 SA administration with DLI in murine recipients of allogeneic HSCT. In this model, lethally irradiated CB6F1 (H2Kb/d) mice were transplanted with T- cell depleted bone marrow cells from C57BL6 mice (H2Kb). All recipients of HSCT were also co-injected A20 B-cell lymphoma cells transfected with a luciferase-producing gene, which allows bioluminescent imaging and tracking of tumor progress in vivo. Mice receiving DLI (2.5 X 105 T cells) with IL-15 SA injections given at 1μg/mouse on days 17 and 24 post-BMT show less tumor burden and increased overall survival (p = 0.04) and decreased tumor growth (p = 0.02) (Figure 1). The IL-15 SA treated group had a significantly less weight loss than the control group (p = 0.007). No GVHD symptoms were noted via weekly clinical scoring, highlighting both the efficacy and overall safety of the IL-15 SA therapy. Furthermore, we evaluated T- cell exhaustion markers on CD8+ T cells in surviving mice. We found increased programmed death-1 (PD-1) expression on T cells even when the tumor burden is cleared. Treatment with IL-15 SA reduced PD-1 expression on donor CD8+ T-cells in mice surviving more than 120 days post-transplant. We conclude that IL-15 SA enhances CD8+ T cell function by increasing cytokine secretion and proliferation of T cells whereas could also prevent T cell exhaustion. We suggest that IL-15 SA is a long-waited lymphoid growth factor and has the potential to use in combination with DLI for the treatment of recurrent disease after HSCT. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Feasibility study of a two-fluid small modular molten salt reactor with in core heat removal capability

A feasibility study of a two-fluid small modular molten salt reactor (MSR) with in core heat removal was performed. The initial fuel block dimension for the configuration was based on the Fuji MSR. The fuel was a mixed fluoride salt of density 3.25 g/cc, composed of 71 LiF – 16 BeF2 – 12 ThF4 – 1 UF4 molar percentages. The coolant salt was Li2BeF4 (FLiBe) of density 1.94 g/cc. The work set out to establish whether or not such a reactor is thermodynamically feasible when optimized for various neutronics parameters. A Java based API was developed to facilitate the neutronics optimization of the reactor concept. In the simulation studies that followed (performed in MCNP), it was established that the optimal block dimension and fuel volume fraction to support under-moderation requirements are 20 cm across flats and 0.15 respectively. Fuel channel diameters varied from 12 cm to 9 cm such that neutron leakage could be suppressed while maintaining a radial power peaking factor of 2.20. In all the simulations except for temperature reactivity calculations, the reactor was assumed isothermal at 900 K. The average temperature coefficient of reactivity was calculated as -5.87E-5 Δk/k-K. Thermo hydraulic studies performed in STAR CCM+ revealed that complete in core heat removal cannot practically be achieved in a design purely optimized for neutronics. However, it was found that fractional heat removal ranging from 15% 85% can be achieved with sufficient mass flow rates. Potential improvements necessary for complete in core heat removal are theorized and briefly discussed.
Deep in Poetry: Visualizing Texts' Sonic Depths in 3D

Poemage is a visualization system designed to support close reading of poems via revelation and exploration of their complex sonic structures. The authors improvised adaptations of this software into 3D interactive environments, experimenting with several ways to visualize “sonic depth” in poetic texts. Not only did this process lead to intensified cross-modal literary experiences, it challenged the authors’ thinking about commonly held values pertaining to poetry, text analysis and information visualization, prompting them to experiment with new practices in each field.
Activation of Parathyroid Hormone 2 Receptor Induces Decorin Expression and Promotes Wound Repair.

In this study, we report that TIP39, a parathyroid hormone ligand family member that was recently identified to be expressed in the skin, can induce decorin expression and enhance wound repair. Topical treatment of mice with TIP39 accelerated wound repair, whereas TIP39-deficient mice had delayed repair that was associated with formation of abnormal collagen bundles. To study the potential mechanism responsible for the action of TIP39 in the dermis, fibroblasts were cultured in three-dimensional collagen gels, a process that results in enhanced decorin expression unless activated to differentiate to adipocytes, whereupon these cells reduce expression of several proteoglycans, including decorin. Small interfering RNA-mediated silencing of parathyroid hormone 2 receptor (PTH2R), the receptor for TIP39, suppressed the expression of extracellular matrix-related genes, including decorin, collagens, fibronectin, and matrix metalloproteases. Skin wounds in TIP39 –/– mice had decreased decorin expression, and addition of TIP39 to cultured fibroblasts induced decorin and increased phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of CREB. Fibroblasts differentiated to adipocytes and treated with TIP39 also showed increased decorin and production of chondroitin sulfate. Furthermore, the skin of PTH2R –/– mice showed abnormal extracellular matrix structure, decreased decorin expression, and skin hardness. Thus, the TIP39-PTH2R system appears to be a previously unrecognized mechanism for regulation of extracellular matrix formation and wound repair.
72‐4: Switchable Lens based on Cycloidal Diffractive Waveplate for AR and VR Applications

A switchable lens based on a cycloidal diffractive waveplate and a polarization rotator is demonstrated. This switchable lens has advantages in fast response time, low chromatic aberration, and low operation voltage. Its potential applications include wearable virtual reality, augmented reality, and other head-mounted display devices.
Sequence analyses of the 16S rRNA of epigean and hypogean diplurans in the Jumandi Cave area, Ecuador

One of the most visited caves in Ecuador is Jumandi Cave. Twenty-two species of invertebrates plus the troglobiont Astroblepus catfish have been described. Diplurans of the family Campodeidae (Insecta) have been identified as troglophiles. Diplurans were found to be abundant in the surface just 50 m from the entrance of Jumandi Cave living under rocks and logs. Our DNA data supports that the cave diplurans found inside Jumandi Cave are a different species from the surface diplurans. Furthermore, we argue that based on morphology and behavior, this species should change its status from troglophile to troglobiotic.
Cell Proliferation Characteristics and Cancer Chemotherapy

The characteristics of normal and neoplastic cell proliferation have been of interest to investigators for many years. Most of the studies have dealt with normal and leukemic leukocyte kinetics, since available techniques are more readily applicable to normal and leukemic bone marrows and peripheral blood. In solid tumors — particularly in man — such studies are much more difficult because of technical limitations, so that corresponding data in this area are sparse. Nevertheless, within the last decade, the relevance of growth characteristics to successful chemotherapy of cancer has come to be recognized. It is somewhat surprising that this recognition has been so late in coming, since most efforts in anti-tumor drug development even early were directed at the identification of agents which interfered with tumor cell replication and, specifically, with DNA synthesis. In fact, the modern era of cancer chemotherapy began with the observations of Farber that aminopterin, an anti-folate, induced complete remissions in childhood acute leukemia (1). An integral part of the drug development effort was the constant search for drugs with “selective toxicity”, i.e., drugs which could selectively destroy cancer cells without undue damage to normal cells. Unfortunately, this goal has never really been achieved and most clinically useful agents have significant and usually serious effects on normal tissue, particularly the bone marrow and the gastrointestinal tract, whose cells have relatively rapid turnover times.