cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
O lado escuro do poder municipal: a mão de obra forçada e o Toque de Recolher no Rio de Janeiro oitocentista

Durante mais da metade do seculo XIX, cobrindo boa parte do periodo imperial, as noites da cidade do Rio de Janeiro estiveram, quase sem interrupcao, sob toque de recolher. Este artigo analisa a implementacao dessa medida no contexto da historia social e legal da cidade no periodo. Seu principal foco sera o Edital de 1825, que estabeleceu o chamado “Toque de Aragao”, a norma municipal batizada em homenagem ao Intendente de Policia do Rio de Janeiro, responsavel por ordenar a severa limitacao da liberdade de circulacao de pessoas durante a noite, bem como por impedir ou dificultar a reuniao de determinados grupos de moradores daquela cidade, investigando suas causas e efeitos. A designacao da noite como uma cat- egoria juridica e, com efeito, uma jurisdicao a parte, estava relacionada ao controle dos trabalhadores e, em particular, a evolucao do panorama do trabalho forcado na cidade mais populosa e politicamente significativa do Brasil recem-independente.
48-h Glucose infusion in humans: effect on hormonal responses, hunger and food intake

Experimentally-induced hyperglycemia by prolonged glucose infusion allows investigation of the effects of sustained stimulation of the pancreatic beta-cell on insulin secretion and sensitivity. Hormonal responses to a meal following prolonged glucose infusions have not been investigated. To determine if a 48-h glucose infusion alters hormonal responses to a test meal as well as food intake and hunger in normal weight individuals, 16 subjects (8 men, 8 women, age 18-30 years, mean BMI=21.7+/-1.6 kg/m2) were infused for 48 h with either saline (50 ml/h) or 15% glucose (200 mg/m2/min). Subjects ingested a 600 kcal mixed nutrient meal 3 h after infusion termination. Blood samples were taken during the 48 h and for 4 h following food ingestion. The 48-h glucose infusion elicited a metabolic profile of a glucose intolerant obese subjects, with increased plasma glucose, insulin and leptin (all P<0.01) and increased HOMA-IR (P<0.001). During meal ingestion, early insulin secretion was increased (P<0.05) but post-prandial glucose (P<0.01) and insulin (P<0.01) excursions were lower following the glucose infusion. Post-prandial plasma triglyceride concentrations were increased after glucose compared with saline. Food intake and hunger ratings were not different between the two conditions. Plasma leptin levels were inversely correlated with hunger (P<0.03) in both conditions and with food intake (P<0.003) during the glucose condition only. Thus, a 48-h glucose infusion does not impair post-prandial hormonal responses, alter food intake or hunger in normal weight subjects. The glucose-induced increases in plasma leptin result in a stronger inverse relationship between plasma leptin and hunger as well as food intake. These data are the first to demonstrate a relationship between leptin and hunger in normal weight, non-calorically restricted human subjects.
Levels of Explanation in Behavioral Ecology

Abstract Archaeological applications of behavioral ecology apply models developed for synchronic phenomena to diachronic trends. Some problems arise out of this mismatch, one of which involves distinguishing between functional and historical levels of explanation. Historical explanations attempt to outline the diachronic emergence or evolution of some behavioral trait or strategy; in contrast, functional explanations attempt to explain the adaptive benefits an individual gains from a behavior or strategy. Here we examine the relationship between these two levels of explanation with technological and subsistence data from California's central coast, specifically focusing on explaining the function of seemingly paradoxical transitions in fishing technology that occurred during the late Holocene. By keeping these two levels of explanation separate and distinct, we highlight how archaeologists can explain the adaptive function of prehistoric human behavior that occurred within a particular historical contex...
Calcite solubility in Na–Ca–Mg–Cl brines

Abstract This study investigated calcite solubility approached from undersaturation in geologically relevant Na–Ca–Mg–Cl synthetic brines (35 to 200 g l− 1 TDS) at CO2 partial pressures of ∼ 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 bar at 25 °C. Total carbon dioxide content, total alkalinity and total calcium content were measured and the carbonic acid species distribution and ion activities calculated using the Pitzer equation-based program EQPITZER. Stoichiometric (pKsp⁎) equilibrium constants ranged from 6.4 to 4.8, decreasing with increasing brine TDS. In general, good agreement was found between measured and predicted solubility data. Evaluation of the Ca2+ and CO32− activity coefficients with EQPITZER in brines
Cortical and trabecular bone contribute strength to the osteopenic distal radius

Fractures of the distal radius are common, especially in postmenopausal women, and their prevalence increases with age. Knowledge of the factors that increase the risk of fracture in this metaphyseal region would have predictive and therapeutic implications. Of particular interest in this study were (a) the relative contributions of cortical and trabecular bone to the strength of the distal radius and (b) the best radiographic features to use as strength indicators. In 21 forearms from fresh cadavera (median age at the time of death, 75 years), single photon absorptiometry and quantitative computed tomography were used to determine bone mineral content (BMC), density (BMC/W), and cross-sectional properties of the radius at distal and midshaft sites. Mechanical testing of the forearms then was used to determine the ultimate force and energy to cause the type of fracture that might be caused by a fall on the outstretched hand. Twelve of the 17 tested specimens sustained a fracture of the distal radius, and five sustained a fracture of the scaphoid. In the group of fractures of the distal radius, we found the cross-sectional area and moment of inertia of the cortical shell at the metaphyseal site to be better correlates of strength than the trabecular area and trabecular moment. In contrast, strength correlated much better with trabecular density than with cortical density. Overall, the best correlates of strength were the BMC and BMC/W at either the distal or proximal site. On balance, these results suggest that the thin cortical shell contributes substantially more to the mechanical strength of the distal radius than has been commonly appreciated.
Automated Modeling of Three‐Dimensional Structural Components Using Irregular Lattices

: Irregular lattices are used to model three-dimensional (3D) structural components consisting of a bulk material, curvilinear reinforcement, and their interface. Domain discretization is highly automated and involves the semi-random placement of nodal points within the domain, followed by Voronoi tessellation of the nodal point set. A technique is given for the Voronoi partitioning of nonconvex domains. For discretizing nonconvex domains, and for effective gradation of nodal point density, a minimum allowable distance between nodes is maintained and the domain is saturated with nodes. To accelerate this computationally expensive operation, a partitioned domain search is used during the filling process. Reinforcement, and its interface with the bulk material, are discretely modeled and freely positioned in the domain, irrespective of the geometry of the irregular lattice representing the bulk material. This method of discretization facilitates model construction, results interpretation, and possible revisions to the model. While the focus is on automated domain discretization and the modeling of reinforcement, elastic properties of the model are demonstrated through examples involving nodal stress calculations and deflection analyses of prestressed concrete beams.
Diagnosis of pediatric neuromuscular disorders in the era of DNA analysis

Extraordinary breakthroughs in the molecular pathogenesis of muscle and nerve disease have resulted in an evolving genetic classification of neuromuscular disorders and the development of new diagnostic methods. This remarkable progress has introduced new genetic tests and has changed the indications for use of certain invasive diagnostic procedures in the evaluation of children with presumed disorders of the motor unit. In this review, we present the current diagnostic approach to the more common neuromuscular diseases of infancy and childhood and define the diagnostic role of muscle biopsy and pediatric electromyography/nerve conduction studies in the era of genetic analysis.
Copper Complexes of Aromatic Dithiocarbamates and Their Antifungal Activity

Phenyl and 2-pyridyl dithiocarbamate salts and esters have been prepared and found to form stable complexes, probably chelates, with copper (II) ion. The aromatic dithiocarbamates showed a low order of antifungal and antibacterial activity, but their copper complexes were practically inactive. This finding does not support previous postulations that antifungal dithiocarbamates exert their fungitoxicity as toxic copper chelates.
BK channels: multiple sensors, one activation gate

Ion transport across cell membranes is essential to cell communication and signaling. Passive ion transport is mediated by ion channels, membrane proteins that create ion conducting pores across cell membrane to allow ion flux down electrochemical gradient. Under physiological conditions, majority of ion channel pores are not constitutively open. Instead, structural region(s) within these pores breaks the continuity of the aqueous ion pathway, thereby serves as activation gate(s) to control ions flow in and out. To achieve spatially and temporally regulated ion flux in cells, many ion channels have evolved sensors to detect various environmental stimuli or the metabolic states of the cell and trigger global conformational changes, thereby dynamically operate the opening and closing of their activation gate. The sensors of ion channels can be broadly categorized as chemical sensors and physical sensors to respond to chemical (such as neural transmitters, nucleotides and ions) and physical (such as voltage, mechanical force and temperature) signals, respectively. With the rapidly growing structural and functional information of different types of ion channels, it is now critical to understand how ion channel sensors dynamically control their gates at molecular and atomic level. The voltage and Ca2+ activated BK channels, a K+ channel with an electrical sensor and multiple chemical sensors, provide a unique model system for us to understand how physical and chemical energy synergistically operate its activation gate.
Genomics as a probe for disease biology.

The use of genomic techniques has led to insights into the pathobiology of both common and uncommon diseases. This last installment in the Genomic Medicine series provides a number of examples of the ways in which genomics has served as a probe for disease biology.
Dealing with the disruptive college student: some theoretical and practical considerations.

Abstract The increased number of disruptive students attending colleges and universities has reached alarming proportions. In order to deal effectively and humanely with such students, schools must establish a systematic and legally acceptable set of procedures for dealing with disruptive behavior. An on-campus mental health program can be an invaluable asset in assisting college staff in developing and implementing such procedures.
Pharmacologically increasing sleep spindles enhances recognition for negative and high-arousal memories

Sleep affects declarative memory for emotional stimuli differently than it affects declarative memory for nonemotional stimuli. However, the interaction between specific sleep characteristics and emotional memory is not well understood. Recent studies on how sleep affects emotional memory have focused on rapid eye movement sleep REM but have not addressed non-REM sleep, particularly sleep spindles. This is despite the fact that sleep spindles are implicated in declarative memory as well as neural models of memory consolidation e.g., hippocampal neural replay. Additionally, many studies examine a limited range of emotional stimuli and fail to disentangle differences in memory performance because of variance in valence and arousal. Here, we experimentally increase non-REM sleep features, sleep spindle density, and SWS, with pharmacological interventions using zolpidem Ambien and sodium oxybate Xyrem during daytime naps. We use a full spread of emotional stimuli to test all levels of valence and arousal. We find that increasing sleep spindle density increases memory discrimination da for highly arousing and negative stimuli without altering measures of bias ca. These results indicate a broader role for sleep in the processing of emotional stimuli with differing effects based on arousal and valence, and they raise the possibility that sleep spindles causally facilitate emotional memory consolidation. These findings are discussed in terms of the known use of hypnotics in individuals with emotional mood disorders.
D-MEF2: A MADS box transcription factor expressed in differentiating mesoderm and muscle cell lineages during Drosophila embryogenesis

Abstract The myocyte enhancer factor (MEF) 2 family of transcription factors has been implicated in the regulation of muscle transcription in vertebrates. We have cloned a protein from Drosophila, termed D-MEF2, that shares extensive amino acid homology with the MADS (MCM1, Agamous, Deficiens, and serum-response factor) domains of the vertebrate MEF2 proteins. D-mef2 gene expression is first detected during Drosophila embryogenesis within mesodermal precursor cells prior to specification of the somatic and visceral muscle lineages. Expression of D-mef2 is dependent on the mesodermal determinants twist and snail but independent of the homeobox-containing gene tinman, which is required for visceral muscle and heart development. D-mef2 expression precedes that of the MyoD homologue, nautilus, and, in contrast to nautilus, D-mef2 appears to be expressed in all somatic and visceral muscle cell precursors. Its temporal and spatial expression patterns suggest that D-mef2 may play an important role in commitment of mesoderm to myogenic lineages.
Linear temperature dependence of susceptibility of UAl2 between 3 and 10 K

A linear variation of magnetic susceptibility versus temperature is observed for UAl/sub 2/ for 3 K< or =T< or =10 K and for applied fields of 0.1, 1, 2, and 5 T. Although a quadratic dependence is not observed within this temperature range, the results are consistent with specific-heat measurements.
Antibiotics in penetrating abdominal trauma. Comparison of ticarcillin plus clavulanic acid with gentamicin plus clindamycin.

Abstract A comparative trial of ticarcillin plus clavulanic acid with gentamicin plus clindamycin was conducted in 85 patients who sustained penetrating abdominal wounds. The antibiotic regimens were given for 24 hours. The overall wound and/or intra-abdominal infection rate was 5.9 percent. Patients who sustained gunshot wounds to hollow viscera were at highest risk. Infection developed in one of 53 (1.9 percent) patients who received ticarcillin plus clavulanic acid and in four of 32 (12 percent) patients who received gentamicin plus clindamycin. These differences were not statistically significant. These data support the use of short-course (24-hour) antibiotic therapy In this clinical setting and demonstrate that ticarcillin plus clavulanic acid is efficacious as a preventive antibiotic combination.
Batch anaerobic digestion of water hyacinth: Effects of particle size, plant nitrogen content, and inoculum volume

Abstract Batch anaerobic digestion (at 35°C) of water hyacinth plant material was evaluated for differences in particle size and nitrogen content of plants, and for differences in inoculum volume. Particle sizes of 1·6, 6·4 and 12·7 mm and a nitrogen content of 10 and 34 mg N kg−1 dry plant material were evaluated as well as inoculum volumes of 2·5, 5 and 10 liters. Differences in cumulative biogas production were maximum at 15 days. Cumulative biogas production was highest for a plant particle size of 6·4 mm. Cumulative biogas production at 15 days increased with increasing inoculum volume for plants with a high N content but not for plants with a low N content. Total biogas and methane yields at 60 days were similar for plant material regardless of particle size, N content, or inoculum volume. Total biogas yields ranged from 0·20 to 0·28 liters g−1 volatile solids. Mineralization of organic 15N to 15NH4-N accounted for 72% of added 15N for plant material with high N content and 35% of added 15N for plant material with low N content.
An Analytic Expression for the Binormal Partial Area under the ROC Curve

Rationale and Objectives The partial area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (pAUC) is a useful summary measure for diagnostic studies. Unlike most summary measures that are functions of the ROC curve, researchers have not been aware of an analytic expression available for computing the pAUC for an ROC curve based on a latent binormal model. Instead, the pAUC has been computed using numerical integration or a rational polynomial approximation. Our purpose is to provide analytic expressions for the two forms of pAUC. Materials and Methods We discuss the two fundamentally different types of pAUC. We present analytic expressions for both types, provide corresponding proofs, and illustrate their application with an example comparing the performances of spin echo and cine magnetic resonance imaging for detecting thoracic aortic dissection. Results We provide an example of using the pAUC as the outcome in a multireader multicase analysis. We find that using the pAUC results in a more significant finding. Conclusions We have provided analytic expressions for both types of pAUC, making it easier to compute the pAUCs corresponding to binormal ROC curves.
Changes in Polarity and Aggregation Number upon Clouding of a Nonionic Detergent: Effect of Ionic Surfactants and Sodium Chloride

The dehydration and aggregation behavior of Triton X-114 with increasing temperature were studied by using pyrene as fluorescent probe and N,N-dibutylaniline as a quencher. The effect of added NaCl, SDS, and CTAB in a 0.01 M TX-114 solution was investigated. Polarity studies indicated a gradual dehydration of the micelles with a rapid change at the cloud point. The presence of added electrolyte suppressed the dehydration process. The distribution of the fluorophore and the quencher among the micellar compartments resulted in both negative and positive deviations from the linear Stern−Volmer plot. The calculated aggregation numbers (N) indicated continuous micellar growth up to the cloud point, where micellar coalescence produced a sharp rise of N beyond the experimental limits.
Degradation of BaTiO3 Ceramic Under High ac Electric Field

The degradation of ac and dc conductivity, field dependence of conductivity, and activation energy were studied for paraelectric BaTiO3 ceramic subjected to high alternating electric fields at 150°C. The time to failure for disks of three thicknesses was determined as the 3.5 power of field strength and a model was developed relating degradation to electrostrictive forces.
Conceptualizing Special Education Services in Small Learning Communities

The ills of urban schools are well documented. The challenges of recruiting and retaining quality teachers, student mobility, poor conditions of school facilitates, and lack of parent involvement a...
Investigation of 600 V GaN HEMTs for high efficiency and high temperature applications

This paper investigates the fast switching characteristics and high temperature performance of the emerging 600 V GaN high-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT) for high efficiency / high temperature applications. First, the inherent switching performance of the GaN HEMT is demonstrated in the double pulse test. The GaN HEMT exhibits superior switching capability, with a di/dt reaching 9.6 A/ns and dv/dt reaching 140 V/ns. Then, the limitations of the fast switching capability by the device packaging and application circuit are analyzed. The interference between the current and gate through common source inductance limits the inherent switching speed. Packaging and circuit layout with small parasitics is critical in achieving fast switching. Finally, the high temperature static and switching characteristics up to 200 °C are also tested and given. The switching performance of the device is temperature insensitive.
Adhesive Layer Effects on PZT-induced Lamb Waves at Elevated Temperatures

The role of the adhesive layer on PZT-induced Lamb wave propagation in structures exposed to elevated temperatures is presented in this article. Both experiments and numerical simulations were performed to study the effects of the adhesive layer on sensor signal at elevated temperatures. Experimentally, signals from PZT transducers with different adhesive thicknesses (40 and 120 μm) were investigated up to 500 kHz. In model simulations, the spectral element package (PESEA), which was developed previously, was adopted to simulate the test results. The simulations agreed with the experimental data quite well. Parametric studies were was then performed using PESEA to evaluate the effect of adhesive layer on PZT-induced Lamb wave propagation at elevated temperatures as compared to other mechanical properties of the host structure and PZT materials; these studies revealed that the stiffness change of adhesive layer due to temperature is the most influential parameter for the change in sensor signals as compare...
Choline, myo-inositol and mood in bipolar disorder: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging study of the anterior cingulate cortex.

Objectives Alterations in choline and myo-inositol metabolism have been noted in bipolar disorder, and the therapeutic efficacy of lithium in mania may be related to these effects. We wished to determine the relationship between anterior cingulate cortex choline and myo-inositol levels, assessed using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI), and mood state in subjects with bipolar disorder. Methods Serial assessments of anterior cingulate cortex choline and myo-inositol metabolism were performed in nine subjects with bipolar disorder, taking either lithium or valproate, and 14 controls. Each bipolar subject was examined between one and four times (3.1 +/- 1.3). On the occasion of each examination, standardized ratings of both depression and mania were recorded. Results In the left cingulate cortex, the bipolar subjects' depression ratings correlated positively with MRSI measures of Cho/Cr-PCr. In the right cingulate cortex, the Cho/Cr-PCr ratio was significantly higher in subjects with bipolar disorder compared with control subjects. In addition, bipolar subjects not taking antidepressants had a significantly higher right cingulate cortex Cho/Cr-PCr ratio compared with patients taking antidepressants or controls. No clinical or drug-related changes were observed for the Ino/Cr-PCr ratio. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that bipolar disorder is associated with alterations in the metabolism of cytosolic, choline-containing compounds in the anterior cingulate cortex. As this resonance arises primarily from phosphocholine and glycerophosphocholine, both of which are metabolites of phosphatidylcholine, these results are consistent with impaired intraneuronal signaling mechanisms.
Multiple scattering in random media. III. Coherent potential propagators and fluctuations

An earlier microscopic approach to the theory of the averaged resolvent operator for an electron interacting with impurities is formulated in terms of coherent propagators. We study the corrections to the coherent potential approximation arising from fluctuations. For uncorrelated positions of the impurities, the linear, restricted, and general two-body additive approximations to the treatments of fluctuations are studied. For general correlations, the linear and restricted two-body additive approximations are studied. For both coherent and bare propagators, corresponding treatments of fluctuations involve the same correlation functions for impurities.
A Bit of Texas in Florida

Harassed, hunted, and restricted to ever smaller areas, most populations of large carnivores are fragmented into archipelagoes of parks and reserves. Biologists have long warned of the negative genetic consequences of inbreeding in such small populations. To restore genetic health, they have prescribed “active management,” including moving, or translocating, individuals into inbred populations. In a time of budget cuts and inadequate funding for effective conservation, however, is translocation worth the costs? Moving a lion from Namibia to South Africa is not a trivial exercise, nor is the translocation of cougars from one part of the United States to another. But it may be worth the trouble, Johnson et al. ( 1 ) report on page 1641 of this issue. In the most comprehensive study ever conducted on the effects of inbreeding in wild carnivores, they find convincing evidence that the “quality” of a population of Florida panthers was successfully improved by the addition of panthers from Texas.
Noncontiguous Replications in Soybean Performance Tests

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] performance trials are commonly conducted in randomized complete block designs with contiguous replications. Local environmental hazards such as hail, flooding, or herbicide drift can result in the loss of entire experiments and the included germplasm with contiguous replications. Noncontiguous replications, spatially separated at a location, minimize chances of local hazards affecting all replications. Our objective was to compare the validity of data from noncontiguous vs. contiguous replications of soybean performance trials. Eleven performance tests were conducted over a 3-yr period in three-replicate randomized complete block designs using both contiguous and noncontiguous replications. Distance between noncontiguous replications varied from 200 to 800 m. Twenty-five to 40 lines in either Maturity Group II or III were evaluated in each test. Traits measured were plant maturity, mature plant height, and seed yield. Variability among lines was significant (P = 0.01) using both contiguous and noncontiguous replications in all 11 tests for plant maturity and plant height. Variability among lines was significant (P = 0.05) for seed yield in 7 of 11 tests of contiguous replications and in 9 of 11 tests of noncontiguous replications. Correlation coefficients among line means between the two types of replication varied from 0.83 to 0.98 for maturity, from 0.51 to 0.94 for plant height, and from 0.51 to 0.89 for seed yield in those tests where significant variation was observed among lines. Evaluating soybean lines in tests using noncontiguous replications requires no more effort or space than using contiguous replications. The results demonstrate that noncontiguous replications are an effective and useful alternative to contiguous replications for soybean performance tests.
Pathogenesis of HIV and the Lung

Antiretroviral therapy has improved longevity for HIV-infected persons, but long-term HIV infection is now complicated by increased rates of chronic medical conditions including pulmonary disorders. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, asthma, and pulmonary hypertension are becoming common comorbidities of HIV infection, and these diseases may develop as a result of HIV-related risk factors, such as antiretroviral drug toxicities, colonization by infectious organisms, HIV viremia, immune activation, or immune dysfunction. It also appears that the ability to control HIV infection does not completely eliminate the risk for infectious complications, such as bacterial pneumonia and tuberculosis. The effect of HIV infection on lung-specific immune responses is being elucidated to help develop better prevention and treatment strategies in HIV-infected persons.
Short-term impacts of soil amendments on belowground C cycling and soil nutrition in two contrasting Pinus taeda L. genotypes

We monitored two Pinus taeda L. genotypes, planted in 170 L lysimeters, subjected to different combinations of fertilization and logging residue (LR) incorporation for 1 year. The objectives were to elucidate how soil amendments modified soil biological properties and belowground C cycling, and secondly, to determine if planting of contrasting genotypes have a detectable impact on total soil CO2 efflux (FS). LR incorporation resulted in decreased bulk density, increased total soil porosity, and increased total soil C and N contained within the fine-soil fraction. For most of the experiment we found no consistent differences between genotypes; however, on the final two sampling dates a pattern emerged of one clone showing greater FS. If this pattern continues or becomes stronger with increased occupation of soil by roots it may have an influence on total site net C exchange. Increased C loss by way of FS and soil leaching made up approximately 7% of total C incorporated as LR. Conservative estimates using a constant rate of decomposition showed that it would take a minimum of 15 years to fully decompose the incorporated LR. Our data suggest that moderate rates of LR incorporation following harvesting over multiple rotations could increase SOM without negatively impacting plant growth, which could increase soil C sequestration.
A review of automated guided-vehicle systems design and scheduling

Abstract Automated guided-vehicle (AGV) systems are gaining increasing acceptance in modern manufacturing facilities primarily because of the versatility they offer. As the flexibility and complexity of these systems increase, the requirements of the design effort and the routeing and scheduling system grow. In this paper we provide a review of the literature relevant to the system design, routeing and scheduling, and justification and implementation of AGV systems.
Nonmodularity of the central auditory nervous system: implications for (central) auditory processing disorder.

This response to A. T. Cacace and D. J. McFarland (2005) identifies points of agreement and disagreement regarding the concept of modularity in the diagnosis of (central) auditory processing disord...
Supersymmetry and the calculation of neutrino masses

Abstract We point out that in a recently proposed supersymmetric extension of the standard SU(2)L X U(1) model where global lepton number symmetry is spontaneously broken, the neutrino masses are computable as a higher order effect and are small, without the need for an accompanying heavy (or superheavy) right-handed neutral lepton. The neutrino masses in this picture are inversely proportional to the scale of supersymmetry breaking and are expected to be in the range of 10−7–10−5 eV for reasonable choice of parameters.
Situational awareness in public health preparedness settings

September 11 2001 attacks and following Anthrax mailings introduced emergent need for developing technologies that can distinguish between man made and natural incidents in the public health level. With this objective in mind, government agencies started a funding effort to foster the design, development and implementation of such systems on a wide scale. But the outcomes have not met the expectations set by the resources invested. Multiple elements explain this phenomenon: As it has been frequent with technology, introduction of new surveillance systems to the workflow equation has occurred without taking into consideration the need for understanding and inclusion of deeper personal, psychosocial, organizational and methodological concepts. The environment, in which these systems are operating, is complex, highly dynamic, uncertain, risky, and subject to intense time pressures. Such 'difficult' environments are very challenging to the human as a decision maker. In this paper we will challenge these systems from the perspective of human factors design. We will propose employment of systematic situational awareness research for design and implementation of the next generation public health preparedness infrastructures. We believe that systems designed based on results of such analytical definition of the domain enable public health practitioners to effectively collect the most important cues from the environment, process, interpret and understand the information in the context of organizational objectives and immediate tasks at hand, and use that understanding to forecast the short term and long term impact of the events in the safety and well being of the community.
Structure of gaseous detonation. IV. Induction zone studies in H2-O2 and CO-O2 mixtures

The density structure of the flow behind shock waves in H 2 −O 2 and in CO−O 2 mixtures has been examined interferometrically. In the former case it is shown that the oxygen is vibrationally excited before observable exothermic reaction. At least for very rich mixtures and probably for all mixtures, the hydrogen is also, since the vibrational relaxation time for H 2 (as well as for D 2 ) is found to be less than 2×10 −6 atm sec at 1400°K. The induction time for exothermic reaction has been measured for 0.0075≤[H 2 ]/[O 2 ]≤100 and the data may be fit to better than a factor of two for 2200> T >1100°K by log 10 ([O 2 ][H 2 ]) 1/2 ti =3100/ T —9.8, where concentrations are in moles/liter and time in seconds. Induction times in 2 H 2 +5 Air are also found to be represented by this equation. The observed density profiles in the region of rapid exothermic reaction have been analyzed for a number of very rich and very lean mixtures, assuming heat evolution to be due to three-body recombination processes, and termolecular rate constants of reasonable magnitude have been deduced. In 8 CO+O 2 , it is shown that both reactants become vibrationally equilibrated prior to reaction, and that the vibrational relaxation time is significantly less than for pure CO implying that vibrational exchange with excited O 2 is an important process in excitation of the CO. Addition of up to 1% H 2 is shown to reduce the relaxation time and accelerate the reaction, but not to affect the maximum density. With the thinner reaction zone due to added H 2 , the detonation is observed to develop spin and to acquire the characteristic “turbulent” appearance due to the transversely propagating shocks behind the main shock front and the consequent shear layers in the flow.
Matrix metalloproteinases in lung repair.

The aims of this article are to discuss current concepts of the function of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), with an emphasis on identification of authentic substrates. Focusing on matrilysin (MMP‐7), it is demonstrated how a single extracellular proteinase can regulate key and common functions of epithelial biology, namely defence against microorganisms, re-epithelialisation in response to injury and acute inflammation. Using findings from models of acute lung injury, the mechanism of matrilysin's action in these processes, that is, the proteins it acts upon to facilitate specific biological processes is discussed. Despite their specialisation to serve distinct functions, the epithelium of different tissues respond similarly to injury and infection and regulate inflammation by equivalent mechanisms. By forming a barrier and releasing antimicrobial products, epithelia provide the first line of defence against invading pathogens. Following injury, epithelial cells initiate a programmed series of coordinated responses to restore tissue integrity. By their production of chemoattractants, adhesion molecules, and other proteins, epithelial cells recruit and confine inflammatory cells to sites of injury. Though seemingly divergent processes, the epithelial programmes regulating repair, defence and inflammation may have co-evolved, particularly with respect to the genes selectively induced. After all, injury provides an opportunity for infection, which can lead to injury; both events being proinflammatory. Hence, many of the epithelial products associated with any one of these events are likely common to all. Matrilysin (MMP‐7), is an example of a protein that functions in defence, repair, and as shown here, inflammation. MMPs comprise a family of 23 (currently) related, yet distinct enzymes. MMPs are secreted or anchored to the cell surface 1, 2, thereby confining their catalytic activity to membrane proteins or proteins within the secretory pathway or extracellular space. As their name suggests, MMPs are thought to be responsible for the turnover and degradation of connective …
Numerical simulations of high-speed flows about waveriders with sharp leading edges

A procedure is developed for the numerical simulation of stagnation-free inviscid supersonic and hypersonic flows about waveriders with sharp leading edges. The numerical approach involves the development of a specialized grid generator (named HYGRID), an algebraic solution-adaptive grid scheme, and a modified flow solving method. A comparison of the results obtained for several waverider geometries with exact solutions, other numerical solutions, and experimental results demonstrated the ability of the new procedure to produce stagnation-free Euler solutions about sharp-edged configurations and to describe the physics of the flow in these regions.
Bound sugars in chick embryo fibroblasts.

Abstract Bound sugars in leukosis-sarcoma (L-S) virus susceptible and resistant fibroblasts were measured by the technique of isotope dilution after growth in media containing uniformly labeled [14 C]- d -glucose. After acid hydrolysis, the relative distribution of seven sugars in normal chick embryo fibroblasts was similar to that found in HeLa cells; fucose was the least abundant neutral hexose and glucosamine the most abundant amino sugar. Although small amounts of cells can be analyzed using this procedure, the composition and the dynamic state of membrane constituents is too complex for the detection of subtle differences in glycoprotein composition between normal phenotypes.
The intercalating β-hairpin of T7 RNA polymerase plays a role in promoter DNA melting and in stabilizing the melted DNA for efficient RNA synthesis

Phage T7 RNA polymerase contains within its single polypeptide all the elements for specific recognition and melting of its promoter DNA. Crystallographic studies indicate that a beta-hairpin (230-245) with an intercalating valine residue plays a role in promoter opening. We mutated V237 to several amino acids, deleted five amino acid residues at the tip of the hairpin, and mutated E242 and D240 at the base of the hairpin to define the roles of the tip and base of the hairpin in DNA strand separation. The affinity of the hairpin mutants for the promoter DNA was not significantly affected. Stopped-flow kinetic studies showed that the bimolecular rate of DNA binding and the observed rate of pre-initiation open complex formation that corresponds to the sum of DNA opening and closing steps were within 20 to 40 % of the wild-type polymerase. Yet, most mutants showed a smaller amount of the pre-initiation open complex at equilibrium, indicating that the individual rates of promoter opening and closing steps were altered in the mutants. The base mutants, E242A and D240A, showed both a lower rate of promoter opening and a higher rate of promoter closing, suggesting their role in stabilization of the open complex. The V237D and the deletion mutant showed mainly a lower rate of promoter opening, suggesting that the tip of the hairpin may nucleate DNA opening. The defect in pre-initiation open complex formation affected downstream steps such as the rate of the first phosphodiester bond formation step, but did not affect significantly the apparent K(d) of initiating GTPs. We propose that D240 and E242 anchor the hairpin to the DNA and position the tip of the hairpin to allow V237 to intercalate and distort the DNA during open complex formation. The interactions of E242 and D240 with the upstream junction of the melted dsDNA promoter also align the template strand within the active site for efficient RNA synthesis.
Mindreading and Verbal Communication

In this paper, I illustrate how children’s mentalizing abilities interface with both implicit and explicit aspects of communication. I use two examples to make this point. First, I argue that some understanding that other people have mental states which can be affected by communication is present already in infancy. I show that this early sensitivity to intentionality is responsible for early communicative successes. Second, I suggest that mindreading is involved in learning the meaning of evidentials and other mental terms. I present some cross-linguistic evidence for the acquisition of evidential morphemes and relate those findings to young children’s ability to reason about beliefs, evidence and information.
Predictors of relapse or recurrence in bipolar I disorder.

Abstract Objectives Bipolar disorder represents a major public health concern and, despite treatment, is characterized by recurring episodes of mania, depression, or mixed states. Prevention of relapse or recurrence is a primary treatment objective in the management of the disorder. The objective of the current study was to identify predictors of relapse/recurrence in patients with bipolar I disorder treated with olanzapine, lithium, divalproex, or olanzapine plus divalproex/lithium. Methods Data from four clinical trials studying the efficacy of olanzapine compared to placebo and active comparators (lithium, divalproex, olanzapine plus divalproex/lithium) for bipolar I disorder were pooled for this analysis. Patients achieving remission after pharmacological treatment and entering randomized double-blind maintenance phase for 44 to 72 weeks were included. Cox Proportional Hazard models and Kaplan–Meier analyses were used to determine predictors of relapse/recurrence for the pooled data and within each treatment group. Results A total of 929 patients meeting the criteria for remission and followed by maintenance treatment were included in this analysis, and 427 patients (46.0%) experienced symptomatic relapse/recurrence during the follow-up period. A 21-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-21) total score Conclusion The major findings from this study suggest that a HAMD-21 total score
Phasic and long-term excitability changes in prepyriform cortex of cats.

Abstract The olfactory cortex of cats was repeatedly stimulated through electrodes implanted 14 to 18 months. Frequency-response and time-response curves based on potentials evoked in this cortex were obtained from cats naive to the electric stimulus, oriented and then habituated, and trained to press a bar for milk upon receipt of the stimulus. Wide differences among cats were resolved by using a system of analysis that treated the evoked potential as a damped sinusoidal oscillation, having the four parameters of amplitude, frequency-spectrum, phase of onset, and Q . Daily stimulation after orienting the cats to the stimulus had the cumulative effect of lowering the frequency of the evoked potential and inceasing the number of component frequencies, leading to irregularities in curves and to individual differences. The process required several months to reach a stable endpoint, and was more extensive in attentive than habituated cats. It was fully reversible in the latter. This shift rendered long-term comparisons of amplitude and Q unreliable. A phasic change was identified, consisting of a combined increase in peak-frequency, decrease in amplitude, and decrease in Q , which took place in normally attentive cats during postextinction habituation to the stimulus, and in dehabituated cats undergoing repeat postorientation habituation. It was fully reversed in normally attentive cats by retraining and in habituated cats by several days' remission of stimulation.
Image-enhanced laparoscopy: A promising technology for detection of peritoneal micrometastases

BESIDES JUST HAVING THE GLOW OF A ‘‘NEW TOY,’’ imageenhanced laparoscopy has many promising features crucial for the detection of cancer micrometastases providing the potential to revolutionize operative staging and subsequent treatment of patients with cancer. This new technique is defined as imaging of the peritoneal cavity via the use of various optical modalities other than white light to improve the detection of various diseases. Conventional white light laparoscopy or white light imaging only assesses structure, contour, and color of objects and in patients with cancer only detects metastases of certain size. Image-enhanced laparoscopy, however, has the capability of detecting additional features, such as color outside the visible spectrum, biochemical and metabolic properties, changes in architecture of the epithelial surface (ie, the ‘‘pit pattern’’), microscopic structural changes, and vascular formations; by doing so, this technology may provide the potential to identify clinically important smaller lesions not visible on routine white light imaging. The technologies behind image-enhanced laparoscopy are based frequently on commercially availability techniques used in various areas of health science, including image-enhanced endoscopy (Table I). These approaches can be divided into techniques that provide full-view enhanced imaging and those that provide point enhanced imaging
Characteristics of postural control among young adults with asthma

AbstractObjective: We investigated whether young adults with asthma have impaired balance and whether this impairment is related to altered musculoskeletal function and/or psychological characteristics. Methods: 21 participants with a self-reported asthma diagnosis but no known postural instability or history of falls, and 18 control participants were recruited from undergraduate psychology courses. Participants performed a postural control task of maintaining the center of pressure (COP) in a fixed position with visual feedback (feedback condition) and while standing as still as possible without visual feedback (no-feedback condition). COP variability, regularity and task performance were used to characterize the quality of balance. To document group differences in musculoskeletal function, we measured neck and lower back angles as well as range of motion (ROM) of the neck in the frontal and sagittal planes. To document group differences in psychological state, we administered self-report questionnaires ...
The astronaut and Foggy Bottom PR: Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs Michael Collins, 1969–1971

Abstract Michael Collins was one of the three astronauts in the Apollo 11 moon landing in 1969, although only the other two walked on the moon. Upon his return, he became Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs. His main assignment was to reach out to the college generation that was protesting the war in Viet Nam. Collins served for 15 months, resigning to head the nascent National Air and Space Museum. This article recounts his experience as the top public relations officer for the State Department and concludes with Collins’ own views on the experience, 35 years later.
Experimental negative intraventricular pressures.

Negative intracranial pressures are known to occur normally in man and animals in the upright position [3, 71. Pathological conditions associated with increased intracranial pressure may alter this, but there is still a decrease in intracranial pressure with elevation of the head. Attention has recently been drawn to the fact that CSF shunt systems may cause negative intracranial pressure significantly greater than that which occurs normally [5, 8, 91. We have documented that this can occur in animals. It is often assumed that the intraventricular pressure in a shunted patient is maintained at or near the closing pressure of the valve used in the system [2]. Other hydrostatic factors such as position of the patient and particularly the length of tubing from the cerebral ventricles to the heart, pleural cavity, or peritoneal cavity have been ignored. With the increasing use of ventriculo-peritoneal shunts with long distal tubes these factors require more consideration. We initially developed an