cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Verification of ADS-B performance to provide 5 nautical mile separation services in the Gulf of Mexico

• The flight tests and TOO analysis indicate that the virtual radar system reported separation with comparable relative accuracy and equivalent absolute accuracy with respect to the radar system. The results support the conclusion that MSSR and virtual radar data may be used interchangeably to provide 5 NM en route separation using the Host Computer System. • Initial Operating Capability (IOC) for 5 NM en route separation using ADS-B/virtual radars was declared at the Houston Air Route Traffic Control Center on December 17, 2009 • Virtual radar surveillance is currently used in the provision of en route separation services in the Gulf of Mexico
Unemployment classifications and subjective well-being

Further research on the impact of unemployment on workers and their families requires greater refinement and more precise measurement of the concept. While previous studies have indicated the effec...
Quantifying hook and loop interaction in textured geomembrane–geotextile systems

Abstract This paper examines the role of geomembrane texture on geomembrane–geotextile interface performance, focusing in particular on hook and loop interaction. The study specifically involves textured HDPE geomembranes and needle punched nonwoven fabrics; however, the concepts presented may be relevant to other geosynthetic systems. The effects of hook and loop interaction on geosynthetic interface performance were quantified through laboratory interface shear testing, ASTM hook and loop interaction tests, and optical microscopy. Testing was conducted over a large range of normal stresses (0.4–312 kPa) to capture variations in behavior as a function of normal stress. Results show that the magnitude of hook and loop interaction depends on the characteristics of the geomembrane texture and can contribute a significant portion of the peak interface strength. The results aid in quantifying behavioral differences observed between geomembranes textured using different manufacturing processes, and provide microscale insight into textured geomembrane–geotextile interaction mechanisms over a range of stress levels.
Pivoted document length normalization

Automatic information retrieval systems have to deal with documents of varying lengths in a text collection. Document length normalization is used to fairly retrieve documents of all lengths. In this study, we ohserve that a normalization scheme that retrieves documents of all lengths with similar chances as their likelihood of relevance will outperform another scheme which retrieves documents with chances very different from their likelihood of relevance. We show that the retrievaf probabilities for a particular normalization method deviate systematically from the relevance probabilities across different collections. We present pivoted normalization, a technique that can be used to modify any normalization function thereby reducing the gap between the relevance and the retrieval probabilities. Training pivoted normalization on one collection, we can successfully use it on other (new) text collections, yielding a robust, collectzorz independent normalization technique. We use the idea of pivoting with the well known cosine normalization function. We point out some shortcomings of the cosine function andpresent two new normalization functions--pivoted unique normalization and piuotert byte size normalization.
SAAS: Integrating Systems Analysis with Accounting and Strategy for Ex Ante Evaluation of IS Investments

For many companies, investment in information systems (IS) is one of the largest expenditures in the firm's capital budget. An important goal of ex ante investment evaluation of an information system is to reasonably determine the return on investment (ROI) of the proposed information system. However, past research has shown that business managers have significant concerns about the soundness of ex ante ROI evaluations of information systems. This relates to the fact that several benefits of an IS are intangible and nonfinancial. In addition, it has long been recognized that, unlike many other capital projects, IS projects exhibit significant contextual interaction. Further, different professionals such as accountants and Information Technology (IT) personnel often use different approaches to evaluate a potential information system. This study develops a framework and methodology that integrates and accommodates the different perspectives of IT personnel, accountants, and business managers. We propose a f...
The 1981 Jupiter Orbiter Probe mission

Abstract Extensive planning for an orbiter and probe mission to Jupiter has been underway at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the Ames Research Center for several years. Recent efforts have focused on the development of a mission design and spacecraft system for the late 1981-early 1982 launch opportunity to Jupiter. Designated the Jupiter Orbiter Probe (JOP) mission, this mission will allow scientists to conduct extensive surveys of the planet, its environment, and satellites by using elliptic orbits whose inclinations and orientations will vary during the mission. Close satellite flybys will perturb the orbit of the spacecraft greatly. During the many orbits of varying eccentricity over the lifetime of the mission, extensive investigations of the Jovian magnetosphere and imaging, and other remote sensing of Jupiter and its satellites, will be possible. This paper presents a synopsis of the IOP science, mission and spacecraft elements developed during the current Pre-Project Phase. It is planned that the JOP Project begin in fiscal year 1978.
The Relations of Sleep and Quality of Life to School Performance in Youth With Type 1 Diabetes

This study examined parent and youth self-reports to test the hypothesis that perceived insufficient sleep duration, inconsistent sleep habits, reduced quality of life, less frequent blood glucose monitoring, and higher hemoglobin A1c would predict poorer school functioning among 50 youth with type 1 diabetes. The data suggested that a delay in bedtime on non–school nights compared with school nights was consistently related to lower grade point averages and lower reading, math, and writing test scores. Sleep duration on school nights related to writing performance and absences. Perceived disease burden predicted grade point averages and absences. These findings support the need for school psychologists to target sleep problems and quality of life in youth with diabetes as a way to help improve their school performance.
Nuclear-structure calculations with the modified Yale potential for the 2s- 1d shell

Employing the unitary-model approach of Shakin, Waghmare, Tomaselli, and Hull, and a modified version of the Yale potential, adjusted to yield a lower percentage of the "$D$" state in the deuteron ground state without affecting the other two-nucleon quantities calculable from the Yale potential, the ground-state properties of the even-even $N=Z$ nuclei are calculated for the $2s\ensuremath{-}1d$ shell by using the Hartree-Fock self-consistent approach. The healing distance for the relative $^{3}S_{1}$ state is not used as a parameter since healing is "naturally" achieved for this state. Using the same values of the oscillator and level-shift parameters, the modified Yale interaction with its reduced tensor force component yields binding energies, single-particle energies, rms radii, and deformations which are generally closer to the experimental values than those reported for the Yale potential.
Late-Metal Nitrosyl Cations: Synthesis and Reactivity of [Ni(NO)(MeNO2)3][PF6]

The reaction of [NO][PF6] with excess Ni powder in CH3NO2, in the presence of 2 mol % NiI2, results in the formation of [Ni(NO)(CH3NO2)3][PF6] (1), which can be isolated in modest yield as a blue crystalline solid. Also formed in the reaction is [Ni(CH3NO2)6][PF6]2 (2), which can be isolated in comparable yield as a pale-green solid. In the solid state, 1 exhibits tetrahedral geometry about the Ni center with a linear nitrosyl ligand [Ni1–N1–O1 = 174.1(8)°] and a short Ni–N bond distance [1.626(6) A]. As anticipated, the weakly coordinating nitromethane ligands in 1 are easily displaced by a variety of donors, including Et2O, MeCN, and piperidine (NC5H11). More surprisingly, the addition of mesitylene to 1 results in the formation of an η6-coordinated nickel arene complex, [Ni(η6-1,3,5-Me3C6H3)(NO)][PF6] (6). In the solid state, complex 6 exhibits a long Ni–Ccent distance [1.682(2) A], suggesting a relatively weak Ni–arene interaction, a consequence of the strong π-back-donation to the nitrosyl ligand. Th...
Caste differences in feeding and trophallaxis in the western drywood termite, Incisitermes minor (Hagen) (Isoptera, Kalotermitidae)

Differences in feeding and trophallaxis among castes of the western drywood termite, Incisitermes minor (Hagen), were determined using rubidium (Rb) as a tracer. Both 5th- and 6th-instar nymphs and 3rd- and 4th-instar larvae fed directly on Rb-treated paper and acted as both donors and recipients in trophallactic exchanges with other larvae and nymphs, and as donors for soldiers and alates. Soldiers and alates did not feed on Rb-treated paper suggesting that they do not feed directly on wood and are completely dependent on nymphs for their nutritional needs. Larvae paired with Rb-fed nymphs received the greatest amount of Rb suggesting that there may be a hierarchy of trophallaxis in drywood termites. Transfer efficiency, the percentage of the total Rb intake of donors that is passed to the recipients, ranged from 1.1 % (nymphal donors to alate recipients) to 16.6 % (larval donors to nymphal recipients).
Synthesis of a functionalized gallium(III) tripodyl complex

A NS3 tetradentate gallium(III) complex bearing an amine functionality has been synthesized, and it has been derivatized with various peptides.
Detailed formulation of energy balance equations in single quantum well devices

An energy balance equation model coupled with drift‐diffusion transport equations are solved in heterojunction p‐i‐n diodes with embedded single quantum well to model hot electron effects. A detailed formulation of hot electron transport is presented. In the well, the carrier energy levels are estimated from the analytical expressions applied to a quantum well with finite height. Both bound and free carriers are modeled by Fermi‐Dirac statistics. Both size quantization and the two dimensional density of states in the well are considered. Thermionic emission is applied to the heterojunctions and quantum wells boundary. Energy transfer among the charge carriers and crystal lattice is modeled by an energy relaxation lifetime. Two sets of devices are simulated. First, the simulated kinetic energy and carrier density profiles were compared with published Monte Carlo results on an GaAs n+/n/n+ diode. Second, the current‐voltage characteristics of an embedded single quantum well AlGaAs/GaAs p‐i‐n structure was compared with measured data. Both comparisons are satisfactory and demonstrate the usefulness of the model for studying quantum well structures.
Systematic differences between the field and cluster elliptical galaxies

Multivariate statistical techniques and fundamental plane fits are used here to study possible systematic differences between field ellipticals (FEs) and cluster ellipticals (CEs). The FEs show more intrinsic scatter in their properties, especially when stellar population variables are included. Pairwise correlations for the two samples are different; the correlations are systematically better for the cluster sample, meaning that ellipticals in the two samples populate their fundamental planes in different ways. Bivariate correlations are different for the two samples, implying that they have different fundamental planes. This is especially true for the correlations which include the population variables Mg2 and (B-V), which are sensitive both to the enrichment history and the storm formation history.
Iatrogenic effects of general anesthesia in children: considerations in treating large congenital nevocytic nevi.

Dermatologists are often faced with the decision of when to operate on a child at risk for developing malignant melanoma in a large congenital nevocytic nevus. As a series of operations is usually required, an understanding of the lethal and nonlethal effects of the general anesthesia is necessary. This paper discusses these potential iatrogenic effects on the child's physical and psychological development. Suggestions are given for optimal times to operate, considering both psychological and physical factors, (i.e., 6-9 months or 8-12 years of age) and ways to minimize unwanted side effects.
Convectively coupled gravity and moisture modes in a simple atmospheric model

Recent observational work shows that three factors control the formation of deep convection over tropical oceans; the saturation fraction of the troposphere, surface moist entropy fluxes, and the strength of convective inhibition. A linearized, two-dimensional, non-rotating model of the tropical atmosphere is presented here which incorporates all of these factors into its convective closure in a simplified fashion. Two types of large-scale unstable modes develop in this model, a slowly propagating ‘moisture mode’ which is driven primarily by saturation fraction anomalies, and a convectively coupled ‘gravity mode’ which is governed by anomalies in convective inhibition caused by buoyancy variations just above the top of the planetary boundary layer. The gravity mode maps onto the equatorial Kelvin wave in the earth’s atmosphere and the predicted propagation speed for this mode is close to the observed phase speed of convectively coupled equatorial Kelvin waves. For reasonable parameter values the growth rate peaks at zonal wavenumbers at which Kelvin waves exhibit the greatest spectral energy. The computed vertical structure matches that of observed Kelvin waves, but is produced by a simple sinusoidal vertical heating profile with half-wavelength equal to the depth of the troposphere.
On the Relation between Family Policy and Population Policy

The policies concerning family size where the overlap between family policy and population policy is most great are discussed. The nuclear family is also a social unit and the family is still supported in every society. Both parents and the state have legitimate interests in the family. The goal in both family policy and in population policy depends on ones values. The term optimum population remains 1 of the most unclear used by demographers. Even if a certain figure is designated as optimum there is a lack of means to correct a countrys fertility. Dilemmas result from the fact that family policy and population policy are established independently but with interaction. There is religious approval of large families and of large populations. Family policy has often included demographic goals and there have been attempts to manipulate the family to increase or decrease fertility. The relation between the 2 policies has seldom been understood.
Effects of cocaine combined with a social cue on conditioned place preference and nucleus accumbens monoamines after isolation rearing in rats

Rationale Social interaction during drug exposure can potentiate cocaine reward. Isolation rearing (ISO) during adolescence increases social interaction and may amplify this potentiation.
Mesolimbic Dopamine Dynamically Tracks, and Is Causally Linked to, Discrete Aspects of Value-Based Decision Making

Abstract Background To make appropriate choices, organisms must weigh the costs and benefits of potential valuable outcomes, a process known to involve the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and its dopaminergic input. However, it is currently unknown if dopamine dynamically tracks alterations in expected reward value online as behavioral preferences change and if so, if it is causally linked to specific components of value such as reward magnitude and/or delay to reinforcement. Methods Electrochemical methods were used to measure subsecond NAc dopamine release during a delay discounting task where magnitude was fixed but delay varied across blocks ( n = 7 rats). Next, to assess whether this dopamine signaling was causally related to specific components of choice behavior, we employed selective optogenetic stimulation of dopamine terminals in the NAc using a modified delay discounting task in which both delay and magnitude varied independently ( n = 23 rats). Results Cues predictive of available choices evoked dopamine release that scaled with the rat's preferred choices and dynamically shifted as delay to reinforcement for the large reward increased. In the second experiment, dopamine signaling was causally related to features of decision making, as optogenetically enhanced dopamine release within the NAc during predictive cue presentation was sufficient to alter subsequent value-related choices. Importantly, this dopamine-mediated shift in choice was limited to delay-based, but not magnitude-based, decisions. Conclusions These findings indicate that NAc dopamine dynamically tracks delay discounting and establishes a causal role for this signaling in a subset of value-based associative strategies.
Fault Tolerant Operating Systems

This paper develops four related architectural principles which can guide the construction of error-tolerant operating systems. The fundamental principle, system closure, specifies that no action is permissible unless explicitly authorized. The capability based machine is the most efficient known embodiment of this principle: it allows efficient small access domains, multiple domain processes without a privileged mode of operation, and user and system descriptor information protected by the same mechanism. System closure implies a second principle, resource control, that prevents processes from exchanging information via residual values left in physical resource units. These two principles enable a third, decision verification by failure-independent processes. These principles enable prompt error detection and cost-effective recovery. Implementations of these principles are given for process management, interrupts and traps, store access through capabilities, protected procedure entry, and tagged architecture.
The potential utility of drinking motive questions to screen at-risk drinking in socially anxious patients.

AbstractBackground: Drinking motives are thought to be important mediators of the relationship between social anxiety and alcohol use. This project evaluates whether specific drinking motives accurately reflect alcohol dependence. If so, brief questions about drinking motives could serve as valuable alcohol screening tools with socially anxious patients.Methods: This investigation was a secondary analysis of an existing data set of 83 subjects with social anxiety disorder and at-risk alcohol use. The relationship between Drinking Motives Questionnaire (DMQ-R-5) subscales and alcohol dependence was evaluated.Results: Coping-Depression was the only subscale that contributed to the unique prediction of a diagnosis of alcohol dependence. Additionally, two items (i.e. “to cheer up when you’re in a bad mood” and “to forget painful memories”) predicted a diagnosis of alcohol dependence above and beyond their association with each other.Conclusions: Among patients with social anxiety, two specific questions on th...
Maternal stress and perinatal programming in the expression of atopy.

Biological hypersensitivity to environmental stimuli, a fundamental feature of atopy, contributes to a spectrum of costly pediatric disorders, including allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis and asthma. The increase in the prevalence of these disorders and the enormous costs involved in managing atopic patients have motivated efforts to identify early risk factors that may be amenable to intervention and prevention [1–3].
A focal stress gradient-dependent mass transfer mechanism for atherogenesis in branching arteries.

A new arterial wall permeability function, based on the local wall shear stress gradient, has been developed and employed to simulate enhanced low density lipoprotein transfer across the endothelium. The atherosclerotic model used is that of the aorto-celiac junction of rabbits. The experimentally validated computer simulation model for convection mass transfer provides further evidence that the wall shear stress gradient is a reliable predictor of critical atherogenic sites in branching arteries. Some of the underlying biological aspects of atherogenesis due to locally significant and sustained wall shear stress gradient values are briefly discussed.
The Universe and the University

Paul Streeten proposes four reasons to revise old ideas of the role of a university, of higher education, and of research. He suggests that the emphasis on pure research (at least in economics) in the universities of the North has been overdone. He feels that research economists have focused on being published in the top ‘refereed’ journals, and have neglected to put their knowledge to work in areas that are ultimately far more rewarding and important.
Behavior of elastic networks of various degrees of orientation in the kinetic theory of fracture.

Kinetic theory of fracture initiation, discussing changes in relative orientation distribution of network chains
Growth kinetics and diffraction properties of STMV crystals

Two crystal forms, orthorhombic and cubic, of satellite tobacco mosaic virus have been investigated. Atomic force microscopy showed that the orthorhombic crystals were characterized by a high density of point defects, while the cubic crystals were practically defect-free. Nonetheless, orthorhombic crystals diffract to a high resolution of 1.8 A while the cubic crystals diffract to only about 4 to 6 A resolution. Differences in the properties of viruses incorporated into the two crystal structures were demonstrated by growth kinetics studies. It appears that physical and chemical treatments applied to protein and virus solutions during their extraction and purification introduce a variety of specific structural changes and that these alterations may then affect the diffraction properties of resultant macromolecular crystals.
Evaluation of aqueous and alcohol-based quaternary ammonium sanitizers for inactivating Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Listeria monocytogenes on peanut and pistachio shells.

Abstract This study evaluated the efficacy of aqueous (aQUAT) and isopropyl alcohol–based quaternary ammonium (ipQUAT) sanitizers for reducing Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli O157:H7, or Listeria monocytogenes populations on peanut and pistachio shell pieces. Inoculated nutshells were mixed with QUAT sanitizers, water, or 70% ethanol and enumerated immediately or after incubation at 30 °C for 48 h. None of the treatments had any immediate effect on Salmonella or E. coli O157:H7 populations on the peanut or pistachio shells. L. monocytogenes populations declined immediately on the peanut and pistachio shells treated with aQUAT or ipQUAT. After incubation, Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7 populations increased significantly on the water- or aQUAT-treated peanut and pistachio shells. L. monocytogenes populations also increased significantly on the water- or aQUAT-treated peanut shells, but levels did not change on the water-treated pistachio shells and levels were just above the limit of detection on the aQUAT-treated pistachio shells. After treatment with ipQUAT and 48-h incubation, Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7 populations decreased to or below the limit of detection on both shell types; L. monocytogenes populations remained at or below the limit of detection on both shell types.
On the maximal displacement of critical branching random walk

We consider a branching random walk initiated by a single particle at location \(0\) in which particles alternately reproduce according to the law of a Galton-Watson process and disperse according to the law of a driftless random walk on the integers. When the offspring distribution has mean \(1\) the branching process is critical, and therefore dies out with probability \(1\). We prove that if the particle jump distribution has mean zero, positive finite variance \(\eta ^{2}\), and finite \(4+\varepsilon \) moment, and if the offspring distribution has positive variance \(\sigma ^{2}\) and finite third moment then the distribution of the rightmost position \(M\) reached by a particle of the branching random walk satisfies \(P\{M \ge x\}\sim 6\eta ^{2}/ (\sigma ^{2}x^{2})\) as \(x \rightarrow \infty \). We also prove a conditional limit theorem for the distribution of the rightmost particle location at time \(n\) given that the process survives for \(n\) generations.
Molecular Motions of Hydrogen Bonded CH3CN in the Zeolite Chabazite: Comparison of First-Principles Molecular Dynamics Simulations with Results from 1H, 2H, and 13C NMR

Density functional theory calculations with periodic boundary conditions, Car−Parrinello simulations, and multinuclear solid-state NMR experiments at temperatures in the range 77 to 450 K, have been performed to probe the structure and motion of acetonitrile adsorbed at an isolated Bronsted-acid site in chabazite. The 1:1 stoichiometric acetonitrile adsorption complex is hydrogen-bonded to the acid site, and two minima have been found for the position of adsorbed acetonitrile on a proton associated with a single oxygen atom in the zeolite lattice. In agreement with experiment, the results of the Car−Parrinello simulations indicate a free rotation of the methyl group protons about the acetonitrile molecular axis, as well as a motion of this axis that can be described as a two-dimensional libration about the hydrogen bond. The details and temperature dependence of the distributions describing the librational amplitudes as a function of temperature derived from the simulations are, however, not in agreement ...
Pseudomonas syringae Effector AvrPphB Suppresses AvrB-Induced Activation of RPM1 but Not AvrRpm1-Induced Activation

The Pseudomonas syringae effector AvrB triggers a hypersensitive resistance response in Arabidopsis and soybean plants expressing the disease resistance (R) proteins RPM1 and Rpg1b, respectively. In Arabidopsis, AvrB induces RPM1-interacting protein kinase (RIPK) to phosphorylate a disease regulator known as RIN4, which subsequently activates RPM1-mediated defenses. Here, we show that AvrPphB can suppress activation of RPM1 by AvrB and this suppression is correlated with the cleavage of RIPK by AvrPphB. Significantly, AvrPphB does not suppress activation of RPM1 by AvrRpm1, suggesting that RIPK is not required for AvrRpm1-induced modification of RIN4. This observation indicates that AvrB and AvrRpm1 recognition is mediated by different mechanisms in Arabidopsis, despite their recognition being determined by a single R protein. Moreover, AvrB recognition but not AvrRpm1 recognition is suppressed by AvrPphB in soybean, suggesting that AvrB recognition requires a similar molecular mechanism in soybean and Ar...
Precursor effects and premartensitic transformation in Ni2MnGa.

Inelastic neutron scattering and neutron diffraction were used to study a single crystal of the ${\mathrm{Ni}}_{2}$MnGa shape memory Heusler alloy in a wide temperature range covering the parent phase ($Tg{T}_{1}=260$ K), a premartensitic phase (${T}_{1}gTg{T}_{M}$), and a martensitic ($Tl{T}_{M}=220$ K) phase region. Several anomalies in the phonon dispersion curves in the parent phase were observed. The premartensitic phase involves a transverse modulation of the parent cubic structure with a simple periodicity of ($\frac{1}{3}, \frac{1}{3}, 0$). The approximately tetragonal lattice of the low-temperature martensite is distorted by transverse modulations with incommensurate wave vectors (${\ensuremath{\zeta}}_{M}, {\ensuremath{\zeta}}_{M}, 0$), ${\ensuremath{\zeta}}_{M}\ensuremath{\approx}0.43$. The observed phenomena are attributed to electron-phonon interactions and anharmonic effects.
Dysregulated Cytokine Expression by CD4+ T cells from Post-Septic Mice Modulates both Th1 and Th2-Mediated Granulomatous Lung Inflammation

Previous epidemiological studies in humans and experimental studies in animals indicate that survivors of severe sepsis exhibit deficiencies in the activation and effector function of immune cells. In particular, CD4+ T lymphocytes can exhibit reduced proliferative capacity and improper cytokine responses following sepsis. To further investigate the cell-intrinsic defects of CD4+ T cells following sepsis, splenic CD4+ T cells from sham surgery and post-septic mice were transferred into lymphopenic mice. These recipient mice were then subjected to both TH1-(purified protein derivative) and TH2-(Schistosoma mansoni egg antigen) driven models of granulomatous lung inflammation. Post-septic CD4+ T cells mediated smaller TH1 and larger TH2 lung granulomas as compared to mice receiving CD4+ T cells from sham surgery donors. However, cytokine production by lymph node cells in antigen restimulation assays indicated increased pan-specific cytokine expression by post-septic CD4+ T cell recipient mice in both TH1 and TH2 granuloma models. These include increased production of T(H)2 cytokines in TH1 inflammation, and increased production of T(H)1 cytokines in TH2 inflammation. These results suggest that cell-intrinsic defects in CD4+ T cell effector function can have deleterious effects on inflammatory processes post-sepsis, due to a defect in the proper regulation of TH-specific cytokine expression.
The appeal of medical quackery: A rhetorical analysis

Summary Medical quackery has been a pressing issue nearly from the start of the medical profession – whether the nostrums and patent medications of old or the super-foods and miracle supplements of today. Throughout history and into the modern day, the medical establishment has tried to counteract the claims of charlatans in order to protect patients from potentially harmful treatments. Countering today's pseudo-medicine begins with an examination of what makes patients susceptible to the claims of quack medicine. Understanding why patients are susceptible to dubious health claims begins with an examination of the rhetoric used to persuade a demographic toward alternative therapies. This knowledge can then be used to educate patients, and to better demonstrate the benefits of evidence-based medicine while improving patient interactions.
Let Lakatos Be! A Commentary on “Would the Real Lakatos Please Stand Up”

In this commentary, some remarks are offered on David Pimm, Mary Beisiegel, and Irene Meglis’ article “Would the Real Lakatos Please Stand up.” The commentary focuses on relatively recent developments in the philosophy of mathematics based on the work of Lakatos; on theory development in mathematics education; and offers critique on whether Lakatos’ Proofs and Refutations (1976) can be directly implicated in mathematics education. “Nature and nature’s laws lay hid in night; God said, Let Newton be! and all was light.” (Pope, 1688-17441)
Finnish Students' Perceptions of a Visiting Professor.

Although nurse educators enthusiastically endorse visiting professors, cross-school collaboration, cross-cultural teaching, and international faculty exchange programs, no previous studies have documented students' perceptions of visiting faculty. An open-ended questionnaire was used to identify Finnish students' perceptions of a visiting Fulbright professor and how faculty and students can better prepare for educational exchanges. Four themes emerged from the content analysis of responses to the questionnaire: course content, teaching methods, the role of the teacher, and expectations and developmental challenges. Generally, students were satisfied with the course content and teaching methods. They indicated that it was important that the teacher was encouraging and positive and challenged them to speak up in class. Students commented that the visiting professor should perhaps have been more knowledgeable about and therefore able to make applications to Finnish culture, education, and the health care system. Others noted that it was helpful to learn about the American health care system and then to make applications to Finnish culture themselves. Overall, the findings of this project support continuation of visiting professors and continued research on methods of increasing visiting faculty program effectiveness.
Afferent connections of the median preoptic nucleus in the rat: Anatomical evidence for a cardiovascular integrative mechanism in the anteroventral third ventricular (AV3V) region

The afferent connections of cell groups in the anteroventral third ventricular (AV3V) region were investigated using wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate injections into the AV3V area. The median preoptic nucleus was found to receive a unique set of inputs from the subfornical organ, the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, the parabrachial nucleus, the nucleus of the solitary tract and the ventrolateral medulla. As each of these structures has been implicated in various aspects of cardiovascular regulation, it is likely that the cardiovascular effects of AV3V lesions are due at least in part to median preoptic damage.
Characterization of a vitamin D3-resistant MCF-7 cell line.

1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3], the active metabolite of vitamin D3, is a potent inhibitor of breast cancer cell growth both in vivo and in vitro. We have previously demonstrated that 1,25-(OH)2D3 induces morphology (pyknotic nuclei, chromatin and cytoplasmic condensation, and nuclear matrix protein reorganization) consistent with the activation of apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. These morphological changes in 1,25-(OH)2D3-treated cells are associated with up-regulation of TRPM-2/clusterin and cathepsin B (genes associated with mammary gland apoptosis) and down-regulation of bcl-2, an antiapoptotic gene. Thus, the inhibitory effects of 1,25-(OH)2D3 on MCF-7 cell growth involve activation of apoptosis. To investigate the mechanisms by which vitamin D3 activates apoptosis, we have selected a vitamin D3-resistant variant (MCF-7D3Res cells) by continuous culture of MCF-7 cells in 100 nM 1,25-(OH)2D3. The MCF-7D3Res cells represent a stably selected phenotype that grows equally well with or without 100 nM 1...
A Biomimetic Pathway for Vanadium‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols: Evidence for a Base‐Assisted Dehydrogenation Mechanism

The first step in the catalytic oxidation of alcohols by molecular O(2), mediated by homogeneous vanadium(V) complexes [LV(V)(O)(OR)], is ligand exchange. The unusual mechanism of the subsequent intramolecular oxidation of benzyl alcoholate ligands in the 8-hydroxyquinolinato (HQ) complexes [(HQ)(2)V(V)(O)(OCH(2)C(6)H(4)-p-X)] involves intermolecular deprotonation. In the presence of triethylamine, complex 3 (X = H) reacts within an hour at room temperature to generate, quantitatively, [(HQ)(2)V(IV)(O)], benzaldehyde (0.5 equivalents), and benzyl alcohol (0.5 equivalents). The base plays a key role in the reaction: in its absence, less than 12% conversion was observed after 72 hours. The reaction is first order in both 3 and NEt(3), with activation parameters ΔH(≠)=(28±4) kJ mol(-1) and ΔS(≠)=(-169±4) J K(-1) mol(-1). A large kinetic isotope effect, 10.2±0.6, was observed when the benzylic hydrogen atoms were replaced by deuterium atoms. The effect of the para substituent of the benzyl alcoholate ligand on the reaction rate was investigated using a Hammett plot, which was constructed using σ(p). From the slope of the Hammett plot, ρ=+(1.34±0.18), a significant buildup of negative charge on the benzylic carbon atom in the transition state is inferred. These experimental findings, in combination with computational studies, support an unusual bimolecular pathway for the intramolecular redox reaction, in which the rate-limiting step is deprotonation at the benzylic position. This mechanism, that is, base-assisted dehydrogenation (BAD), represents a biomimetic pathway for transition-metal-mediated alcohol oxidations, differing from the previously identified hydride-transfer and radical pathways. It suggests a new way to enhance the activity and selectivity of vanadium catalysts in a wide range of redox reactions, through control of the outer coordination sphere.
On stability and constrained controllability of linear time varying systems

Studies the constrained global null controllability of various classes of stable systems under an assumption of weak uniform controllability. The admissible controllers lie in the unit balls of L/sup q/ spaces.
Steering Cell Migration Using Microarray Amplification of Natural Directional Persistence

Cell locomotion plays a key role in embryonic morphogenesis, wound healing, and cancer metastasis. Here we show that intermittent control of cell shape using microarrays can be used to amplify the natural directional persistence of cells and guide their continuous migration along preset paths and directions. The key to this geometry-based, gradient-free approach for directing cell migration is the finding that cell polarization, induced by the asymmetric shape of individual microarray islands, is retained as cells traverse between islands. Altering the intracellular signals involved in lamellipodia extension (Rac1), contractility (RhoA), and cell polarity (Cdc42) alters the speed of fibroblast migration on these micropatterns but does not affect their directional bias significantly. These results provide insights into the role of cell morphology in directional movement and the design of micropatterned materials for steering cellular traffic.
Feature-based surface parameterization and texture mapping

Surface parameterization is necessary for many graphics tasks: texture-preserving simplification, remeshing, surface painting, and precomputation of solid textures. The stretch caused by a given parameterization determines the sampling rate on the surface. In this article, we present an automatic parameterization method for segmenting a surface into patches that are then flattened with little stretch.Many objects consist of regions of relatively simple shapes, each of which has a natural parameterization. Based on this observation, we describe a three-stage feature-based patch creation method for manifold surfaces. The first two stages, genus reduction and feature identification, are performed with the help of distance-based surface functions. In the last stage, we create one or two patches for each feature region based on a covariance matrix of the feature's surface points.To reduce stretch during patch unfolding, we notice that stretch is a 2 × 2 tensor, which in ideal situations is the identity. Therefore, we use the Green-Lagrange tensor to measure and to guide the optimization process. Furthermore, we allow the boundary vertices of a patch to be optimized by adding scaffold triangles. We demonstrate our feature-based patch creation and patch unfolding methods for several textured models.Finally, to evaluate the quality of a given parameterization, we describe an image-based error measure that takes into account stretch, seams, smoothness, packing efficiency, and surface visibility.
RNA‐mediated regulation in Gram‐positive pathogens: an overview punctuated with examples from the group A Streptococcus

RNA-based mechanisms of regulation represent a ubiquitous class of regulators that are associated with diverse processes including nutrient sensing, stress response, modulation of horizontal gene transfer, and virulence factor expression. While better studied in Gram-negative bacteria, the literature is replete with examples of the importance of RNA-mediated regulatory mechanisms to the virulence and fitness of Gram-positives. Regulatory RNAs are classified as cis-acting, e.g. riboswitches, which modulate the transcription, translation, or stability of co-transcribed RNA, or trans-acting, e.g. small regulatory RNAs, which target separate mRNAs or proteins. The group A Streptococcus (GAS, Streptococcus pyogenes) is a Gram-positive bacterial pathogen from which several regulatory RNA mechanisms have been characterized. The study of RNA-mediated regulation in GAS has uncovered novel concepts with respect to how small regulatory RNAs may positively regulate target mRNA stability, and to how CRISPR RNAs are processed from longer precursors. This review provides an overview of RNA-mediated regulation in Gram-positive bacteria, and is highlighted with specific examples from GAS research. The key roles that these systems play in regulating bacterial virulence are discussed and future perspectives outlined.
Elastic Grid Based Analysis of Motion Field for Object-Motion Detection in Airborne Video Flows

The visual navigation system of a UAV is a complex embedded device designed to modify the path of the platform depending on objects or events detected on the ground. In the visual field of the autopilot these events could be formalized as specific space-time signatures. Processing all pixels captured by the on-board camera(s) in real time with high frame rate needs huge computational effort that is often unnecessary. An adequate computational strategy would focus on the interesting locations only as in the visual system of various species. In this article we describe an automatic focusing mechanism relying on optical flow calculation for detecting moving objects on the ground, thus efficiently separating the motion of interest from ego-motion of the platform.
A best-first search algorithm guided by a set-valued heuristic

Presents an algorithm, called A/sup G/, for finding the least-cost path from start node to goal node set in an OR-graph, where arc costs are scalar-valued and the cost of each path is the sum of the concomitant arc costs. Search is guided by a set, H, of real-valued functions on the node set. Such a heuristic set can be a useful representation of knowledge acquired from human knowledge sources. If H. >
Transboundary River Floods and Institutional Capacity

While transboundary flood events have become more frequent on a global scale the past two dec- ades, they appear to be overlooked in the international river basin (IRB) cooperation and management arena. The present study therefore combined geopolitical measures with biophysical and socioeconomic variables in an attempt to identify the IRBs with adequate institutional capacity for management of transboundary floods. It also classified basins that would possibly benefit from enlarging the institutional capacity related to transboun- dary floods. Of the 279 known IRBs, only 78 were represented by a transboundary rivers institution. A mere eight of the 153 identified institutions had transboundary flooding listed as an issue in their mandate. Overall, 43 basins, where transboundary floods were frequent during the period 1985-2005, had no institutional capacity for IRBs. The average death and displacement tolls were found to be lower in the 37 basins with institutional capacity, even though these basins experienced twice as much transboundary floods with significant higher mag- nitudes than those in basins without institutional capacity. Overall, the results suggested that institutional capacity plays a role in the reduction of flood-related casualties and affected individuals. River basins such as the Juba-Shibeli, Han, Kura-Araks, Ma, Maritsa, Po, Coco ⁄Segovia, Grijalva, Artibonite, Changuinola, Coatan Achute, and Orinoco experienced more than one transboundary river flood, but have not yet set up any institu- tions for such events, or signed any appropriate treaties focused on floods. These basins were therefore recom- mended to consider focusing attention on this apparent lack of institutional capacity when it comes to managing transboundary flood events. (KEY TERMS: flood management; water policy; transboundary floods; international river basins; international water institutions.)
New Technology in Hydrogen Absorbers for Muon Cooling Channels

Ionization cooling is the only technique fast enough to cool and focus muons for neutrino factories and muon colliders, and hydrogen is the optimal material for maximum cooling and minimal multiple scattering. Liquid hydrogen absorber R & D for the Muon Colloboration has proceeded on parallel and complementary fronts. The continuing LH2 absorber engineering and technical developments by the MuCool group conducted by ICAR#institutions (NIU, IIT and UIUC), the University of Mississippi and Oxford University, in cooperation with Fermilab (FNAL), will be summarized, including results from the first hydrogen absorber tests at the newly constructed FNAL Mucool Test Area (MTA). The program includes designs for the high-powered test of an absorber prototype (external heat exchange) at the MTA which are nearing completion to be installed by 2005, an alternative absorber design (internal heat exchange) being finalized for the approved cooling experiment (MICE) at Rutherford-Appleton Laboratory. Finally, a novel idea for gaseous hydrogen absorbers being developed at FNAL for a high-powered test at the MTA in 2006, and new technologies are proposed to be tested as a sequel to MICE.
The impact of overexpression and deficiency of fatty acid translocase (FAT)/CD36.

Fatty acid translocase (FAT)/CD36 has been associated with diverse normal and pathologic processes. These include scavenger receptor functions (uptake of apoptotic cells and modified lipid), lipid metabolism and fatty acid transport, adhesion, angiogenesis, modulation of inflammation, transforming growth factor-β activation, atherosclerosis, diabetes and cardiomyopathy. Although CD36 was identified more than 25 years ago, it is only with the advent of recent genetic technology that in vivo evidence has emerged for its physiologic and pathologic relevance. As these in vivo studies are expanded, we will gain further insight into the mechanism(s) by which CD36 transmits a cellular signal, and this will allow the design of specific therapeutics that impact on a particular function of CD36.
Velocity-specific atomic-state selection in an atomic beam by continuous-wave optical pumping

We present experimental results demonstrating strong velocity-distribution modification in a specific atomic state using optical pumping between hyperfine split levels. These results show that the velocity of a specific state can be defined within 6%, corresponding to a local temperature of 1 K. The velocity-specific-state selection is accomplished by using a nearly effusive atomic beam of sodium and a single frequency-stabilized dye laser.
IRBIT, Inositol 1,4,5-Triphosphate (IP3) Receptor-binding Protein Released with IP3, Binds Na+/H+ Exchanger NHE3 and Activates NHE3 Activity in Response to Calcium

Calcium (Ca2+) is a highly versatile second messenger that regulates various cellular processes. Previous studies showed that elevation of intracellular Ca2+ regulates the activity of Na+/H+ exchanger 3 (NHE3). However, the effect of Ca2+-dependent signaling on NHE3 activity varies depending on cell types. In this study, we report the identification of IP3 receptor-binding protein released with IP3 (IRBIT) as a NHE3 interacting protein and its role in regulation of NHE3 activity. IRBIT bound to the carboxyl-terminal domain of NHE3, which is necessary for acute regulation of NHE3. Ectopic expression of IRBIT resulted in Ca2+-dependent activation of NHE3 activity, whereas silencing of endogenous IRBIT resulted in inhibition of NHE3 activity. Ca2+-dependent stimulation of NHE3 activity was dependent on the binding of IRBIT to NHE3. Previously Ca2+-dependent inhibition of NHE3 was demonstrated in the presence of NHERF2. Co-expression of IRBIT was able to reverse the NHERF2-dependent inhibition of NHE3. We also showed that IRBIT-dependent activation of NHE3 involves exocytic trafficking of NHE3 to the plasma membrane and this activation was blocked by inhibition of calmodulin (CaM) or CaM-dependent kinase II. These results suggest that the overall effect of Ca2+ on NHE3 activity is balanced by IRBIT-dependent activation and NHERF2-dependent inhibition.