cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement and Monitoring for REDD+: The Needs, Current Technological Capabilities, and Future Potential

This paper presents an overview of the state of measurement and monitoring capabilities for forests in the context of REDD needs, with a focus on what is currently possible, where improvements are needed, and what capabilities will be advanced in the near-term with new technologies already under development. We summarize the role of remote sensing (both satellite and aircraft) for observational monitoring of forests, including measuring changes in their current and past extent for setting baselines, their carbon stock density for estimating emissions in areas that are deforested or degraded, and their regrowth dynamics following disturbance. We emphasize the synergistic role of integrating field inventory measurements with remote sensing for best practices in monitoring, reporting and verification. We also address the potential of remote sensing for enforcing safeguards on conservation of natural forests and biodiversity. We argue that capabilities exist now to meet operational needs for REDD measurement, reporting, and verification (MRV) and reference levels. For some other areas of importance for REDD , such as safeguards for natural forests and biodiversity, monitoring capabilities are approaching operational in the near term. For all REDD needs, measurement capabilities will rapidly advance in the next few years as a result of new technology as well as advances in capacity building both within and outside of the tropical forest nations on which REDD is primarily focused.
NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR AXENIC GROWTH OF SOME HAUSTORIAL MYCOPARASITES

SUMMARY A study of the nutritional conditions required for axenic growth of five biotrophic haustorial mycoparasites, with emphasis on Tieghemiomyces parasiticus, was made on a basal casein hydrolysate medium. Four species failed to utilize glucose or other sugars and sugar utilization by the fifth one is doubtful. Glycerol was utilized readily by all species. Casein hydrolysate was not utilized as a carbon source. Four species were totally deficient for thiamine. T. parasiticus was favored by unusually high concentrations of thiamine and also was highly deficient for biotin. T. parasiticus and Dimargaris verticillata grew more rapidly on media with high concentrations of casein hydrolysate in the presence of glycerol but no growth of either parasite occurred on media with single amino acids. It appears that specific requirements for carbon sources, nitrogen sources, and vitamins may be common among the biotrophic mycoparasites. The nutritional requirements of the biotrophic (obligate) mycoparasites have remained a challenging problem. Extensive axenic growth of three biotrophic contact mycoparasites has been obtained following the addition of a growth factor, mycotrophein, obtained from a water extract from certain other fungi, to an appropriate basal medium containing glucose as the carbon source. These parasites are Calcarisporium parasiticum Barnett (Barnett and Lilly, 1958), Gonatobotrys simplex Corda (Whaley and Barnett, 1963), and Gonatorrhodiella highlei Smith (Gain and Barnett, 1970). However, few of the haustorial mycoparasites, which belong to the Mucorales and for the most part parasitize other Mucorales, are known to make more than a trace of axenic growth on the usual laboratory media. It is generally assumed that these media are incomplete for these parasites. Benjamin (1959, 1961) has made a morphological and taxonomic study of a number of the haustorial mycoparasites and has reported that 1 Published with the approval of the Director of the West Virginia University
Follow-up issues in children with mild traumatic brain injuries

OBJECTIVE Concerns about mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) have increased in recent years, and neurosurgical consultation is often requested for patients with radiographic abnormalities or clinical findings suspicious for mTBI. However, to the authors' knowledge, no study has used the Acute Concussion Evaluation (ACE) tool to systematically evaluate the evolution of symptoms in patients with mTBI during neurosurgical follow-up. The goal in this study was to evaluate symptom progression in pediatric patients referred for neurosurgical consultation by using the ACE, as endorsed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. METHODS The authors performed a retrospective review of records of consecutive pediatric patients who had presented to the emergency department, were diagnosed with possible mTBI, and were referred for neurosurgical consultation. Outpatient follow-up for these patients included serial assessment using the ACE. Data collected included the mechanisms of the patients' injuries, symptoms, follow-up duration, and premorbid conditions that might potentially contribute to protracted recovery. RESULTS Of 91 patients identified with mTBI, 58 met the inclusion criteria, and 33 of these had sufficient follow-up data to be included in the study. Mechanisms of injury included sports injury (15 patients), isolated falls (10), and motor vehicle collisions (8). Ages ranged from 5 to 17 years (mean age 11.6 years), and 29 of the 33 patients were male. Six patients had preinjury developmental and/or psychiatric diagnoses such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Seventeen had negative findings on head CT scans. The first follow-up evaluation occurred at a mean of 30 days after injury. The mean number of symptoms reported on the ACE inventory at first follow-up were 3.2; 12 patients were symptom free. Patients with positive head CT findings required longer follow-up: these patients needed 14.59 weeks, versus 7.87 weeks of follow-up in patients with negative findings on head CT scans (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that patients with mTBI, particularly those with developmental and/or psychiatric comorbidities and concurrent cerebral or extracranial injury, often report symptoms for several weeks after their initial injury. Serial ACE assessment permits systematic identification of patients who are experiencing continued symptoms, leading to appropriate patient management and referral.
Mental states are more important in evaluating moral than conventional violations.

A perpetrator’s mental state – whether she had mens rea or a “guilty mind” – typically plays an important role in evaluating wrongness and assigning punishment. In two experiments, we find that this role for mental states is weaker in evaluating conventional violations relative to moral violations. We also find that this diminished role for mental states may be associated with the fact that conventional violations are wrong by virtue of having violated a (potentially arbitrary) rule, whereas moral violations are also wrong inherently.
Shifts in rural planning in the US and India

ABSTRACTThe premise that rural planning is place specific is demonstrated in this paper by tracing the changing emphasis of rural planning in the US and India. Approaches to rural development in the two countries, particularly as pertinent to the agriculture sector, intersected following Indian independence in 1947. Indian planners drew on the experience of the US at inducing changes in agriculture based on scientific experimentation and a government-financed extension system for dissemination and adoption and developed similar systems for India. Salient aspects of rural planning in the two countries are delineated including historical settlement, modern farms, corporate farms, globalization, rural services, poverty alleviation, equity, access, and environmental, economic and social sustainability. Their two trajectories illustrate how the emphasis of rural planning in each country is shaped by the complex specificities of rural places. The current convergence in the US and India on environmental sustaina...
Clinical classification and surgical correction of pectus excavatum

We described the experience in clinical classification and surgical correction of 320 cases of pectus excavatum (1984-1990). The patients age ranged from 2 to 14 years. According to the configuration, the deformity was divided into types: extensive type (7.5%); common type (74.3%); localized type (12.5%); mixed type or irregular (5.6%). We found such as four characteristic signs shoulder anteversion, kyphosis, chest excavation and abdominal bulge. Rotation of sternum, costal margin eversion, chest asymmetry and flat chest were also encountered. All these made the correction very difficult. A reverse "V" shape osteotomy of the sternum and ribs was with internal fixation. Small hand saw, special periosteum elevator and related internal fixation device were designed for the operation. In severe cases, satisfactory result was obtained by the technique combined with other surgical procedure.
Primate TRIM5 proteins form hexagonal nets on HIV-1 capsids

TRIM5 proteins are restriction factors that block retroviral infections by binding viral capsids and preventing reverse transcription. Capsid recognition is mediated by C-terminal domains on TRIM5α (SPRY) or TRIMCyp (cyclophilin A), which interact weakly with capsids. Efficient capsid recognition also requires the conserved N-terminal tripartite motifs (TRIM), which mediate oligomerization and create avidity effects. To characterize how TRIM5 proteins recognize viral capsids, we developed methods for isolating native recombinant TRIM5 proteins and purifying stable HIV-1 capsids. Biochemical and EM analyses revealed that TRIM5 proteins assembled into hexagonal nets, both alone and on capsid surfaces. These nets comprised open hexameric rings, with the SPRY domains centered on the edges and the B-box and RING domains at the vertices. Thus, the principles of hexagonal TRIM5 assembly and capsid pattern recognition are conserved across primates, allowing TRIM5 assemblies to maintain the conformational plasticity necessary to recognize divergent and pleomorphic retroviral capsids.
Linguistic Interaction in Roman Comedy

This book presents a comprehensive account of features of Latin that emerge from dialogue: commands and requests, command softeners and strengtheners, statement hedges, interruptions, attention-getters, greetings and closings. In analyzing these features, Peter Barrios-Lech employs a quantitative method and draws on all the data from Roman comedy and the fragments of Latin drama. In the first three parts, on commands and requests, particles, attention-getters and interruptions, the driving questions are firstly - what leads the speaker to choose one form over another? And secondly - how do the playwrights use these features to characterize on the linguistic level? Part IV analyzes dialogues among equals and slave speech, and employs data-driven analyses to show how speakers enact roles and construct relationships with each other through conversation. The book will be important to all scholars of Latin, and especially to scholars of Roman drama.
Frugal Innovation: Solutions for Sustainable Global Cardiovascular Health

In recent decades cardiovascular disease (CVD) rates have dropped in some parts of the developed world; however, the incidence of CVD has increased in other regions, especially those characterized by low- and middle-incomes [1, 2]. A cursory summary of global trends for one important CVD risk factor, elevated blood pressure (BP), is illustrative:
Automated Car Woes---Whoa There!

With all the growing interest in automated cars and driverless cars and recent accidents involving them, we thought we would turn to Risks founder Peter G. Neumann for perspective. Neumann has been moderating the ACM Risks Forum (risks.org) since 1985, and has accumulated a vast trove of experience in the ways that automated systems can not only provoke but enable mishaps. Here he offers an inventory of how automotive automation systems can fail and concludes that the greatest threats to safety come from human tendencies such as being distracted at the moment the system needs an intervention, or having their skills as operators grow rusty over time because the automation is pretty good most of the time.
Determining physiological significance of inertial gait features in multiple sclerosis

Gait impairment in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) can result from imbalance, physical fatigue, weakness, and other symptoms. Walking speed is the primary measure of gait impairment used by clinical researchers, but inertial gait features from body-worn sensors have been proven to add clinical value. This paper seeks to understand the physiologic significance of two such features in MS. Both features are computed using the dynamic time warping (DTW) algorithm: the “DTW Score” is based on the usual DTW distance, and the “Warp Score” is based on the warping length. Using linear regression and stepwise regression models, the relationship between these features and several gait-related MS symptoms is analyzed. Results show that the DTW Score and Warp Score have distinct physiologic significance in MS compared to walking speed, and these features may also be useful for walking assessment in a wide range of clinical contexts.
The Agricultural Transition in the Northern Southwest: Patterns in the Current Chronometric Data

ABSTRACTNew evidence continues to fuel discussion on the chronology and process of culture change in the American Southwest. The purpose here is, first, to examine the currently available pan-Southwestern chronometric data on the early agricultural period. A second goal is to provide a general perspective on the structure and nature of the current radiocarbon data base. The perspective presented in this paper is illustrated by partitioning and graphing the distributions of dates by kinds of materials dated, by geographic regions, and by early agricultural site types.
Justice and Leadership: A Social Co-Constructionist Agenda

Issues of justice are integral to social, political, and economic change. And so are matters of leadership. While justice, on the one hand, and leadership, on the other, have both received massive research attention by scholars over the years, few efforts have focused explicitly on how these two broad issues commingle, either during times of change or under more placid circumstances. Is there a social psychology which links them? What are the dynamics involved? Surely such questions are reasonable ones for justice researchers to ask. After all, post-industrial nations are increasingly described as “societies of organizations”, in which economic and political power rests less with individuals, and more with formal organizations and organized interest groups in both the public and private sectors (e.g., Drucker, 1988; Zucker, 1983). This being the case, an understanding of justice, particularly during times of turbulence and revolutionary change, cannot be complete without being informed by those sciences which are dedicated to understanding and improving human organizations. Organizational science has a number of priorities, often conflicting. But in the pantheon of organizational concepts, leadership is seen as central (Hollander, 1986), with great relevance and importance for organizational forms, processes, and outcomes.
Monitoring Flight Activity of Ambrosia Beetles in Ornamental Nurseries with Ethanol-Baited Traps: Influence of Trap Height on Captures

Abstract Ethanol-baited bottle traps were used to monitor spring flight activity of the ambrosia beetles Xylosandrus crassiusculus and Xylosandrus germanus in Ohio, Tennessee, and Virginia. The traps were deployed at three different heights to determine if height influenced captures. X. germanus was captured in all three states, while X. crassiusculus was captured in TN and VA only. Traps 0.5 m above the ground captured more X. germanus than traps at 1.7 or 3.0 m. Traps 0.5 or 1.7 m above the ground captured more X. crassiusculus than traps at 3.0 m. In TN and VA, first activity of X. crassiusculus and X. germanus occurred from mid-March to early April. In OH, first activity of X. germanus occurred early to mid-April. Analysis of attacks by X. germanus on Cornus florida revealed that more than 90% of the attacks occurred on the main trunk within 1 m (3 ft) of the ground. Monitoring will be most effective when traps are suspended 0.5 or < 1.7 m above the ground for X. germanus or X. crassiusculus, respecti...
Challenges in recruitment of persons with peripheral artery disease for exercise studies

This article describes feasibility of direct and indirect recruitment methods for exercise studies designed for older adults with peripheral artery disease (PAD). Recruitment of older adults with PAD for participation in exercise studies has been particularly challenging. Age, risk factors, and comorbid conditions affect physical activity in older adults with PAD. Barriers to exercise, such as safety, health, and age-related changes, contribute to lack of participation in exercise studies. Various direct and indirect recruitment approaches and participant responses, along with reasons for nonparticipation, are categorized into participant demographic, community, and research-related barriers. At a cost of $1,330.00, indirect recruitment strategies of social marketing and community outreach resulted in two referrals and no enrollments. Recruitment-site champions and education resulted in no referrals and no enrollments. Direct recruitment approaches such as health system recruitment and referrals paired with flyers resulted in 44 referrals and one enrollment. Only one referral was obtained from a physician practice. Reasons for nonparticipation included lack of follow-up, presence of one or more exclusion criteria, lack of transportation, and comorbid disease burden that limited activity. Community- and research-related barriers included recruitment competition for other studies, budget limitations, lack of recruitment staff, and strict inclusion/exclusion criteria. Successful recruitment of older adults with PAD for participation in exercise clinical trials may require substantial time and budget. Interventions to address identified barriers such as personal attitudes and socioeconomic factors, lack of social support, and lack of transportation, combined with community factors such as rural location, and research study design considerations may facilitate recruitment efforts.
Statistical characterization of human brain deformation during mild angular acceleration measured in vivo by tagged MRI

Understanding of in vivo brain biomechanical behavior is critical in the study of traumatic brain injury (TBI) mechanisms and prevention. Using tagged magnetic resonance imaging, we measured spatiotemporal brain deformations in 34 healthy human volunteers under mild angular accelerations of the head. Two-dimensional (2D) Lagrangian strains were examined throughout the brain in each subject. Strain metrics peaked shortly after contact with a padded stop, corresponding to the inertial response of the brain after head deceleration. Maximum shear strain of at least 3% was experienced at peak deformation by an area fraction (median±standard error) of 23.5±1.8% of cortical gray matter, 15.9±1.4% of white matter, and 4.0±1.5% of deep gray matter. Cortical gray matter strains were greater in the temporal cortex on the side of the initial contact with the padded stop and also in the contralateral temporal, frontal, and parietal cortex. These tissue-level deformations from a population of healthy volunteers provide the first in vivo measurements of full-volume brain deformation in response to known kinematics. Although strains differed in different tissue type and cortical lobes, no significant differences between male and female head accelerations or strain metrics were found. These cumulative results highlight important kinematic features of the brain's mechanical response and can be used to facilitate the evaluation of computational simulations of TBI.
Evaluation of modified team-based learning activities on student performance on therapeutic assessments.

Abstract Background and purpose To determine if changing the focus of team-based learning (TBL) grading from written to verbal responses impacted students’ exam performance in those subjects and to assess student perception of utilization of course time. Educational activity and setting Assessment data from two consecutive respiratory therapeutics semesters was analyzed. These were the classes immediately before and after the TBL structural change. All data were de-identified, and student performance was assessed based on exam scores in each major subject that was covered by a TBL activity. Letter grades and student course evaluations were also compared. Findings One hundred fifty-two students were assessed. There was no significant difference in overall course grades between semesters. There was improvement in exam scores for allergic rhinitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (p = 0.001) and a decrease in exam scores for respiratory devices (p = 0.03). Total exam scores and other therapeutic topic scores demonstrated no differences. Student satisfaction in regard to having sufficient course time improved (p = 0.016). Discussion Overall, students performed equally well in the class when removing the graded written portion of the TBL activity. There was also a trend towards improved student satisfaction after this modification. Summary The change in TBL grading was successful in improving students’ perceptions of the course without impacting their overall course grades, demonstrating that the TBL structure can be altered without losing the positive learning outcomes.
Kramers’ Self-Image

On March 23, 1943, Kramers gave a lecture for which he had selected the title “Psychological Aspects of Physics.” The occasion was a symposium, organized by the Dutch Physical Society, on the general topic “Aspects and Insights of Physics.” The symposium was held in Utrecht. It was not unusual that Kramers as the leading Dutch physicist would be asked to give a major address at that symposium, nor that the choice of topic would be left largely up to him. It was suggested that he might possibly discuss some psychological and personal aspects of research in physics.139 What was surprising was that Kramers agreed to give the lecture in the first place. Kramers’ knowledge in philosophy, religion, and music and his erudition in literature were widely known, but it was not generally known whether he knew or cared a great deal about psychology. Kramers was literally bombarded with requests to give general talks, which he usually declined; but he accepted the invitation to talk about some psychological aspects of physics at this symposium with alacrity. Evidently, he felt that he had something pertinent to say about the topic. The talk showed that Kramers had a considerable familiarity with the current psychological literature and the general mode of psychological thinking, but surprisingly he did not talk about that at all. He mentions in passing some of the methods and ideas of psychology and he hints that these might be of interest to physicists, but he does not relate these aspects of psychology to physics in any way.
Residential Environments and the Social Behavior of Handicapped Individuals

The theme of this book—social connections beyond the dyad—is one that is particularly relevant to the lives of handicapped individuals. From birth on, all children live in a world where their opportunities for social interaction and for learning depend on many others. For children with seriously handicapping conditions, this dependence on others constitutes one of the most salient features of their day-to-day lives. Compared with normal children, those who are handicapped are more likely to experience multiple disruptions in their primary dyadic relationships; yet theoretically, they are less able to adapt to the demands associated with environmental change.
Securing Accelerators with Dynamic Information Flow Tracking.

Systems-on-chip (SoCs) are becoming heterogeneous: they combine general-purpose processor cores with application-specific hardware components, also known as accelerators, to improve performance and energy efficiency. The advantages of heterogeneity, however, come at a price of threatening security. The architectural dissimilarities of processors and accelerators require revisiting the current security techniques. With this hardware demo, we show how accelerators can break dynamic information flow tracking (DIFT), a well-known security technique that protects systems against software-based attacks. We also describe how the security guarantees of DIFT can be re-established with a hardware solution that has low performance and area penalties.
Linear Adaptive Control: A New Result in Model-Error Compensation Design

Abstract In this paper, the general concept of model-errors in dynamical system theory is reviewed. Some established techniques for the dynamic modeling, analysis and real-time compensation of such errors, using modern control engineering principles, are surveyed. An important class of parameter model-errors for linear dynamical systems is then identified and a new and rather unique form of “adaptive” controller, which can automatically compensate for such parameter errors, is derived. Unlike other adaptive controllers which have been proposed in the literature, the new adaptive controller proposed in this paper is entirely linear. The design procedure and performance capabilities for the proposed controller are illustrated by two worked examples and the results of simulation studies.
NP12 Guided Goal Setting Behaviors of Spanish and English-Speaking EFNEP Participants in a Medical Clinic Setting

Objective To address pediatric obesity risk reduction, EFNEP was embedded within medical clinics where pediatricians referred parents to the intervention. The traditional EFNEP intervention was augmented with guided goal setting (GGS), Healthy Kids (HK) obesity risk assessments, motivational modeling, and parenting topics. This investigation focused on assessing goal-setting behaviors of EFNEP participants attending the medical clinic intervention. Description Pediatricians referred 686 parents (30% Spanish speaking) to the EFNEP intervention. More than one-third (n = 264) of parents referred expressed interest in attending with 195 verbally agreeing to enroll in the intervention anchored with GGS. GGS gives goal choices from a collection of practitioner developed major and minor goals so parents can make their own goal decisions. Parents completed the HK assessment tools during session one, they were guided to select nutrition and parenting minor goals at session two, but at subsequent sessions, were given the options to continue with the same goal, select a new guided goal, modify the existing goal, or create a new goal. Goal selections, effort, and attainment were tracked weekly. Evaluation Twenty intervention series with parents or caregivers (n = 105, 50% Spanish speaking) were conducted at five medical clinics with 78% of parents completing four or more sessions. All parents engaged in GGS with most making nutrition and parenting goal effort and achievement (Spanish 96%, 74%; English 92%, 69%, respectively). Parents selected fruit and vegetable goal topics frequently and rarely chose contingency management topics. Most parents selected a new goal each session with Spanish speaking parents more likely to select a guided option (72% vs 61%). Conclusion and Implications Parents referred by their child's pediatrician attended the EFNEP intervention and engaged in the GGS activities. Parents reported a high level of goal commitment with Spanish speaking parents attending more classes and reporting higher levels of goal effort compared to English speaking parents. GGS was shown to be a suitable behavioral strategy for Spanish and English speaking parents attending EFNEP within a medical clinic setting.
Health information seeking behaviour: a concept analysis

Background In 2007, Lambert and Loiselle conducted an extensive concept analysis of the term health information seeking behaviour (HISB) to examine the concept's level of maturity and critically analyse its characteristics. Since their groundbreaking work, HISB has evolved with the proliferation of ICTs. The Internet is now a common and often preferred medium for the pursuit of health information. Objectives The previous analysis spanned 42 years of literature; this article describes an analysis of the last 10 years of literature on HISB and how online seeking has caused the concept to evolve in the literature. Methods This study used the concept analysis methodology employed by Lambert and Loiselle in the original analysis. It also included a systematic search conducted in five databases to identify studies from 2007 to 2017, using similar inclusion criteria from the original study. Results Of the more than 500 articles retrieved, 85 journal articles met the inclusion criteria. Consistent with the original work, articles that included outcomes were identified as either behavioural or cognitive. Conclusion Most of the attention of the works studied focused on individuals and their information source preferences. This HISB analysis can be incorporated with studies to understand how various communities seek information in online versus non-online contexts.
Understanding the Past, Navigating the Future: Theorizing a Way Forward for Mindanao

This chapter turns from the historical narrative of the nexus of education and ethno-religious conflict in Muslim Mindanao to a philosophical analysis of alternative theoretical frameworks that might point to ways of doing education in Muslim Mindanao—and, by implication, other situations of ethno-religious conflict—that respect and preserve religious identity while enhancing students’ prospects for socioeconomic success in the modern world. It argues that the postcolonial theory framing the critical historical analysis of the preceding chapters is inadequate to this task. It also examines and critiques pragmatism, which inspired a highly sophisticated and influential philosophy of education responding to the achievement of modern science and the imperatives of democratic society, but which also largely ignored the continuing salience of religious identity.
Substantive Media Regulation In Three Dimenstions

Changes in the political and regulatory climates are prompting calls to revive substantive government regulation of the broadcast media, specifically the now-defunct fairness doctrine. In this article, Professor Magarian attempts to sharpen the present debate over substantive regulation by closely examining earlier defenses and criticisms of the fairness doctrine. The article assesses how supporters and opponents of the fairness doctrine have characterized three issues essential for assessing the doctrine's wisdom and constitutionality: who is regulating; who is being regulated; and the goal of the regulatory scheme. As to the first issue, who is regulating, fairness doctrine supporters emphasize the democratic polity, while opponents emphasize self-interested or captured government elites. As to the second issue, who is being regulated, supporters emphasize owners of media corporations, while opponents emphasize editors and reporters. As to the final issue, the goal of regulation, supporters emphasize the need to facilitate fulsome discussion of important public issues, while opponents emphasize the conceptually impossible aim of creating perfect balance between opposing points of view. With these contrasting positions in mind, the article attempts to synthesize principles that might guide a workable and beneficial revival of the fairness doctrine. In order to maximize the extent to which new fairness regulations would serve the political community rather than political elites, both Congress and the courts would have to take a more active role than under the former fairness doctrine in shaping and directing FCC enforcement. In order to minimize interference with socially valuable editorial functions, enforcement of fairness regulations would have to focus on countering economic disincentives to presenting political debate and, where possible, protecting editors from economic pressure imposed by owners and publishers. Finally, the goal of any new fairness regulations would most sensibly be framed as balancing the Internet's atomization of public discourse and opinion by requiring conventional mass media to present varied perspectives on important public issues. The focus should not be on some elusive idea of balance but rather on the prominence of debate and dissension.
Personalized Feature Selection for Wearable EEG Monitoring Platform

Electroencephalography (EEG) signal monitoring can be applied for many purposes, such as epileptic seizure detection. To design a reliable, wearable EEG monitoring platform for seizure detection in daily use, this paper presents a two-step approach to select a small subset of discriminative features from a few number of channels. In the first step, linear discriminant analysis (LDA) is applied to choose informative channels which have highly-ranked LDA criterion values. Then in the second step, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) method is adopted to incrementally add features into selection subset. To determine the best number of channels and features for each subject, a personalization technique is utilized by evaluating the classification result of different feature subsets based on support vector machine (SVM) classifier. Experimentation on CHB-MIT database shows that on average, the proposed method selects approximately 3 channels and 7 features, and yields F-1 score of 81% based on SVM evaluation.
Hospital characteristics associated with HIPAA breaches

The avoidance of HIPAA breaches has been important to hospital administrators since 1996. Research has not provided insight into what strategies are most effective. The purpose of this paper is to ...
Synergistic epistasis of the deleterious effects of transposable elements

The replicative nature and generally deleterious effects of transposable elements (TEs) give rise to an outstanding question about how TE copy number is stably contained in host populations. Classic theoretical analyses predict that, when the decline in fitness due to each additional TE insertion is greater than linear, or when there is synergistic epistasis, selection against TEs can result in a stable equilibrium of TE copy number. While several mechanisms are predicted to yield synergistic deleterious effects of TEs, we lack empirical investigations of the presence of such epistatic interactions. Purifying selection with synergistic epistasis generates repulsion linkage between deleterious alleles and, accordingly, an underdispersed distribution for the number of deleterious mutations among individuals. We investigated this population genetic signal in an African Drosophila melanogaster population and found evidence for synergistic epistasis among TE insertions, especially those expected to have large fitness impacts. Curiously, even though ectopic recombination has long been predicted to generate nonlinear fitness decline with increased TE copy number, TEs predicted to suffer higher rates of ectopic recombination are not more likely to be underdispersed. On the other hand, underdispersed TE families are more likely to show signatures of deleterious epigenetic effects and stronger ping-pong signals of piRNA amplification, a hypothesized source from which synergism of TE-mediated epigenetic effects arises. Our findings set the stage for investigating the importance of epistatic interactions in the evolutionary dynamics of TEs.
Serum amyloid A delivers retinol to intestinal myeloid cells to promote adaptive immunity.

Vitamin A and its derivative retinol are essential for the development of intestinal adaptive immunity. Retinoic acid (RA)–producing myeloid cells are central to this process, but how myeloid cells...
Usual Interstitial Pneumonia is the Most Common Finding in Surgical Lung Biopsies from Patients with Persistent Interstitial Lung Disease Following Infection with SARS-CoV-2

Background There is increasing interest in persistent interstitial lung disease (ILD) following resolution of acute COVID-19. No studies have yet reported findings in surgical lung biopsies (SLB) from this patient population. Methods Our Michigan Medicine pathology database was queried for SLB reviewed between January 2020 and April 2021 from patients with persistent ILD following recovery from acute COVID-19. Slides for our retrospective observational study were independently reviewed by two thoracic pathologists, who were blinded to patient clinical data, radiographic findings, and previous pathologic diagnosis. Findings Eighteen cases met inclusion criteria. Of these, nine had usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP). These included two patients with superimposed acute lung injury (ALI). Five cases showed a spectrum of ALI that ranged from persistent diffuse alveolar damage to organizing pneumonia. Four patients had desquamative interstitial pneumonia (1), acute and organizing bronchopneumonia (1), or no diagnostic abnormality (2). Compared to patients without UIP, those with UIP tended to be older and have pre-existing lung disease prior to COVID-19. In patients with UIP, pre-SLB chest computed tomography changes included groundglass with interstitial thickening or peripheral reticulations with bronchiectasis; no UIP patients had groundglass only. The most common radiographic finding in patients without UIP was groundglass opacities only. Interpretation UIP was the most common pathologic finding in patients undergoing evaluation for post-COVID-19 ILD. Our preliminary data suggests that CT changes described as interstitial thickening, peripheral reticulations, and/or bronchiectasis may be helpful in identifying patients with underlying fibrotic chronic interstitial pneumonia for which UIP is the chief concern. Funding No intramural or extramural funding sources supported this work.
Relationship between Vitamin D Nutritional Status and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Although debated in the literature, vitamin D has been purported to impact various extraskeletal diseases, including infectious diseases. Research on this vitamin, as it relates to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, for example, is particularly prolific and is the focus of this review. Risk factors in this context for suboptimal vitamin D nutritional status, represented by 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels, include darker phototype, northern geographic residence, combined antiretroviral therapy (ART), metabolic syndrome, exiguous vitamin D intake, and advanced HIV infection. Although a prospective observational study has linked deficiency of this vitamin to decreasing bone mineral density (BMD), cardiovascular disease, opportunistic infections, HIV progression, and mortality, lack of randomized data prohibits firm conclusions on causation. However, on the basis of the evidence, all HIV patients should consume at least 600–800 international units (IU) of vitamin D daily, unless there are compelling circumstances that call for greater intake. Furthermore, clinicians should consider screening for deficiency in those at risk.
The First Year Of Title VII

The wide response among educators and media specialists to Title VII is in itself a confirmation of the need for such legislation as the National Defense Education Act. It is evidence of extraordinary interest in the problems of using communication media in education that over 400 different proposals for research and dissemination activities should be forthcoming within a period of six months from the time of enactment of the enabling legislation. The status and quality of the profession is clearly attested by the fact that, within this same period of time, 85 of these projects should be deemed worthy of Federal support.
Primary care approaches to developmental disabilities.

Ninety-seven board certified pediatricians who spend at least 75% of their professional working hours involved in the delivery of primary care in New England were interviewed to explore their attitudes and current clinical approaches to developmental disabilities. The majority of the pediatricians relied exclusively on clinical judgment and general observations for assessing developmental problems in their offices. Responsibility for preschool screening for potential learning problems and the assessment of school failure were considered appropriate pediatric concerns. Reported customary approaches to a variety of developmental problems were not affected by the size of the practice nor by the socioeconomic status of the patient population. Patterns of referral for consultation appeared to be more dependent on the nature of the suspected disorder than on the characteristics of the physicians or their practices. The need for more rigorous training in the developmental aspects of child health has been emphasized. In order to meet this challenge, more precise techniques for pediatric developmental assessment and more conclusive evalutions of specific interventions will have to be produced.
Compact sub-hertz OTA-C filter design with MOS interface-trap charge pump

Single-ended and differential OTA configurations are biased with MOSFET interface-trap charge-pumping current generators to achieve very low transconductances for tunable sub-hertz OTA-C filter implementation. The paper reviews the basic physics of the current generator, presents the transconductor circuits, and two OTA-C filter configurations based on these transconductors. One of the filters is a lowpass with an experimentally determined lowest cutoff frequency of 0.18Hz, and the other is a fully differential bandpass with individually tunable lower and upper cutoff frequencies measured down to 0.3Hz. The former has one 15pF filter capacitor, and occupies an area of 0.0346mm/sup 2/, whereas the latter contains four such capacitors, and occupies an area of 0.188mm/sup 2/.
THE EFFECTS OF A SOYBEAN PRODUCT ON THYROID FUNCTION IN HUMANS

A 10-month-old infant reared on a soybean product (Mull-Soy®) from birth developed a goiter and hypothyroidism, which was cured by the administration of 4 drops of Lugol9s solution and the replacement of the soybean product by whole cow9s milk. After this soybean product was withdrawn but while the patient was still hypothyroid, the thyroid had a high uptake of I131 with rapid discharge into the blood as PBI131. Reinstitution of this soybean product suppressed the thyroidal uptake of I131 and completely inhibited the appearance of PBI131 in the plasma. Studies in normal adult subjects revealed that this soybean product did not interfere with the absorption of iodine, iodine uptake by the thyroid, oxidation of iodide to iodine or the release of PBI131 in most subjects. Two subjects, however, who had a high plasma level of PBI131 while receiving whole cow9s milk had a significant suppression in the PBI131 while receiving this soybean product. This was not associated with a concomitant reduction in the plasma PBI127 thereby indicating that excessive loss of hormonal iodine bad not taken place. These studies suggested that a goitrogenic agent was present in this particular soybean product, which interfered with thyroid hormone synthesis in susceptible individuals, and which raised the daily requirement for iodine.
HIV Testing Characteristics among Hispanic Adolescents

Hispanic adolescents are disproportionally impacted by HIV/AIDS. Among Hispanic people living with HIV, delayed testing and late entry into HIV care have been documented. The current study examined Hispanic adolescents’ HIV testing characteristics and factors related to testing. Adolescents aged 13–16 (N = 223) completed a survey on HIV testing motivation, perceptions, and experience, sexual behavior, and substance use. Results indicate few adolescents (9 %) had taken an HIV test. Among those who have not been tested, 32.5 % expressed interest in testing. HIV testing was favorably perceived with 82.4 % reported testing should be done with all youth or those are sexually active. Adolescents who had engaged in high risk behaviors (history of sexual intercourse, substance use) were more likely to have been tested or to express interest in testing. Given that HIV testing is positively perceived by Hispanic adolescents, prevention efforts should focus on minimizing barriers and enhancing accessibility to HIV screening.
Localizing Apps: A practical guide for translators and translation students

Contents 1 Introduction 13 2 Programming basics 27 3 Internationalization 57 4 Localization basics 93 5 Translation technology 121 6 Advanced localization 167 7 Conclusions 185 Bibliography 193
Ascorbic acid and oxidative inactivation of proteins.

A number of active oxygen species are likely implicated in the etiology or manifestation of several pathological conditions, including aging, arthritis, carcinogenesis, atherosclerosis, and muscular dystrophy. Ascorbate plays a key role in protecting cells against oxidative damage. Paradoxically, in the presence of Fe3+ or Cu2+, ascorbate can promote the generation of the same reactive oxygen species (.OH, O2-, H2O2, and ferryl ion) it is known to destroy. This prooxidant activity derives from the ability of ascorbate to reduce Fe3+ or Cu2+ to Fe2+ or Cu+, respectively, and to reduce O2 to O2-. and H2O2. Damage to nucleic acid and proteins results from the binding of either Fe2+ or Cu+ to metal binding sites on these macromolecules followed by reaction of the metal complexes with H2O2; this leads to the production of active oxygen species that attack functional groups at or near the metal binding sites.
Non-uniformly under-sampled multi-dimensional spectroscopic imaging in vivo: maximum entropy versus compressed sensing reconstruction.

The four-dimensional (4D) echo-planar correlated spectroscopic imaging (EP-COSI) sequence allows for the simultaneous acquisition of two spatial (ky, kx) and two spectral (t2, t1) dimensions in vivo in a single recording. However, its scan time is directly proportional to the number of increments in the ky and t1 dimensions, and a single scan can take 20–40 min using typical parameters, which is too long to be used for a routine clinical protocol. The present work describes efforts to accelerate EP-COSI data acquisition by application of non-uniform under-sampling (NUS) to the ky–t1 plane of simulated and in vivo EP-COSI datasets then reconstructing missing samples using maximum entropy (MaxEnt) and compressed sensing (CS). Both reconstruction problems were solved using the Cambridge algorithm, which offers many workflow improvements over other l1-norm solvers. Reconstructions of retrospectively under-sampled simulated data demonstrate that the MaxEnt and CS reconstructions successfully restore data fidelity at signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) from 4 to 20 and 5× to 1.25× NUS. Retrospectively and prospectively 4× under-sampled 4D EP-COSI in vivo datasets show that both reconstruction methods successfully remove NUS artifacts; however, MaxEnt provides reconstructions equal to or better than CS. Our results show that NUS combined with iterative reconstruction can reduce 4D EP-COSI scan times by 75% to a clinically viable 5 min in vivo, with MaxEnt being the preferred method.
Parental Discourse and Codemixing in Bilingual Children.

Various explanations for young bilingual children's codemixing have been offered, including that it is influenced by the particular discourse strategies parents use in conversation with their children. To date, Lanza (1992) has proposed the most explicit version of this hypothesis. She suggested that certain parental speech acts in response to children's codemixing encourage continued codemixing while others discourage it. The present study was undertaken to replicate Lanza's study. Five French-English bilingual families in Montreal were studied, starting when most of the children were 2;0 and continuing until they were 2;6. Two analyses were performed; one looked at the relationship between parental style of response and children's rates of codemixing and the second looked at the effect of particular responses on children's codemixing in the next conversational turn. The results of both analyses did not support the hypothesis. We suggest that the differences in sociolinguistic context between the two studies may account for the different results.