cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coopetition Regimes and State-Led Creation of New High Technology Industries

Over the last decade, a new business strategy has become widespread - coopetition. Unlike the binary notions of pure competition versus true collaboration, coopetition recognizes that firms need to simultaneously collaborate and compete. However, in spite of the fact that coopetition has been shown to be highly contextual, there has been little research on how particular institutional environments affect the evolution of specific coopetition regimes. This paper addresses this gap by focusing on the role of public policy in the creation of coopetition regimes, that is, particular consultations of coopeatitive institutional paradigms, which are more or less conducive to particular industrial clusters in new high-technology industries. This approach sheds light on the role these regimes play in the successful evolution of certain industries. The paper shows that with the increasing fragmentation of production and the specialization around specific stages of production, different economies need to develop different coopetition regimes that create and maintain very different competitive advantages, skills, and management capabilities. By analyzing the hardware IT industry, the biggest and most global of the high-technology industries, this paper illustrates the particular role of public policy in the development of very different strategies by offering a general theoretical model and elucidating it using Israel and Taiwan.
Chapter 1: Overview of Human Rights Law

Overview of Human Rights Law is the first chapter in The Handbook of Human Rights Investigation. It gives an overview of human rights law and its enforcements mechanisms. It is designed to give human rights investigators a basic understanding of the law applicable to their work.
DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL SMALL MOLECULES THAT TARGET GLIOBLASTOMA STEM CELLS

BACKGROUND: Transcription factors (TFs) are a major class of protein signaling molecules that play a critical role in most cancers. OLIG2 is a bHLH TF essential for survival and expansion of the highly aggressive brain cancer, glioblastoma (GBM), and represents an attractive therapeutic target. TFs including OLIG2 are typically activated by dimerization, and TF inhibition has proved problematic owing to expansive protein–protein interfaces and the absence of hydrophobic pockets. In silico modeling is increasingly being used in attempts to design TF dimerization inhibitors, but these efforts have met with very limited success. METHODS: evious in silico based drug design approaches for TFs focused on single residues or small foci, called binding hotspots, on TF dimerization surfaces. This approach has largely failed because hotspots do not adequately represent the total active TF dimerization interface. In our modeling approach, which we used to identify candidate small molecule scaffolds for OLIG2 inhibition, we represent the dimerization surface as a comparatively extensive parental pharmacophore. This active surface is comprised of multiple, specific subregions we term daughter pharmacophores or subpharmacophores. We hypothesized that a small molecule capable of binding each subpharmacophore would sufficiently populate the active dimerization surface to interfere with OLIG2 dimerization, thereby suppressing pathway activation. RESULTS: Computational screens, guided by parameters defined by our multiple pharmacophore algorithm, identified potential OLIG2 inhibitors from comprehensive in silico compound libraries. A subset of these candidates convincingly demonstrated OLIG2 pathway inhibition and anti-GBM activity in an array of biochemical, cell-based, and reporter assays. Further, when we tested in mice a leading representative from a chemically tractable structural class we found, (1) attenuation of GBM xenograft growth, and (2) a favorable CNS pharmacokinetic profile. Both observations prompted us to nominate and pursue the representative for further structural optimization in the context of in vivo efficacy and pharmacokinetics. CONCLUSIONS: We have developed a novel computational modeling approach for designing TF inhibitors, using the concept of multiple pharmacophores. We have identified a small molecule compound with significant in vitro/vivo anti-GBM activity and favorable pharmacokinetics. The initial compound is now being pursued as a development candidate for GBM, and if successful its final derivative may ultimately represent the first truly GBM-specific drug. Moreover, our study in a broader context presents a new pharmacologic paradigm and may pave the way for the development of TF-targeted therapeutics in general. SECONDARY CATEGORY: n/a.
Story Nights: An Apprenticeship into Literacy through Bilingual Story Reading.

This article documents an extended Mexican family’s social practices surrounding literacy as they engage with bilingual children’s literature in a unique context that draws from both home and school without the pressures of curriculum mandates. The research is situated within the southeastern United States where English-dominant practices permeate the school and community. Sociocultural and third space theories provide a framework for understanding the complexities surrounding language use and literacy development. Findings indicate the new space, Story Nights, provides for the development of connections to Mexican culture and a notion of community-based literacy learning. The author makes recommendations for classroom teachers, teacher education programs, and educational policy to be more inclusive of Latino/Latina English learners.
The effects of O- and N-linked glycosylation on the secretion and bile salt-stimulation of pancreatic carboxyl ester lipase activity.

AbstractPancreatic carboxyl ester lipase is a glycoprotein that requires millimolar concentrations of trihydroxy bile salts, such as cholate, for maximal catalytic activity against cholesteryl esters and triglycerides. Binding of cholate, with subsequent activation, has been proposed to occur in the carboxy-terminal region of carboxyl ester lipase, which contains multiple sites for O-linked glycosylation (1). To investigate the role of O- and N-linked glycosylation in the secretion of carboxyl ester lipase by cells and its activation by cholate, rat carboxyl ester lipase cDNA was transfected into the mutant chinese hamster ovary cell line, IdID, and the ability of the cells to modify the expressed carboxyl ester lipase by N- and O-linked glycosylation was modulated by using various incubation conditions and metabolic inhibitors. The results showed that, similar to other lipases, maximal secretion of carboxyl ester lipase activity required N-linked glycosylation. In contrast, O-linked glycosylation did not...
A New, Energy-Efficient Chemical Pathway for Extracting Ti Metal from Ti Minerals

Titanium is the ninth most abundant element, fourth among common metals, in the Earth’s crust. Apart from some high-value applications in, e.g., the aerospace, biomedicine, and defense industries, the use of titanium in industrial or civilian applications has been extremely limited because of its high embodied energy and high cost. However, employing titanium would significantly reduce energy consumption of mechanical systems such as civilian transportation vehicles, which would have a profound impact on the sustainability of a global economy and the society of the future. The root cause of the high cost of titanium is its very strong affinity for oxygen. Conventional methods for Ti extraction involve several energy-intensive processes, including upgrading ilmenite ore to Ti-slag and then to synthetic rutile, high-temperature carbo-chlorination to produce TiCl4, and batch reduction of TiCl4 using Mg or Na (Kroll or Hunter process). This Communication describes a novel chemical pathway for extracting titan...
Preparation and properties of a solubilized form of cytochrome P-450 from chick embryo liver microsomes.

A procedure for the partial purification and subsequent solubilization of cytochrome P-450 from microsomal membranes of chick embryo liver is described. Successive treatment of microsomes with Protease VII and Lubrol WX yielded a solubilized preparation with about a 1.8-fold increase in the specific content of cytochrome P-450, measured as millimicromoles per milligram of protein, with no detectable amounts of cytochrome b 5 and minimal activities of NADPH- and NADH-cytochrome c reductases. The CO difference spectrum of the solubilized cytochrome P-450 showed an absence of cytochrome P-420; however, the absolute spectrum of the CO complex of the reduced preparation displayed a peak at 420 mµ. The solubilized cytochrome P-450 obtained from chick embryo livers interacted with various substrates to give type I or type II spectra similar to those observed in other species. Cytochrome P-450 in chick embryo liver was inducible by drugs, polycyclic hydrocarbons, and steroids.
Important Cyclic Codes

We now introduce a set of multiple-error correcting codes which were discovered by R. C. Bose and D. K. Ray-Chaudhuri and independently by A. Hocquenghem and which are now known as BCH-codes.
Human evil: The myth of pure evil and the true causes of violence.

Why is there evil? This question has captured the interest of scholars of diverse specialties and backgrounds for centuries. The methods of answering it and the answers themselves have similarly reflected this diversity. My approach is that of a social scientist. The methods and research findings of social scientists can be brought to bear on what for others has been a legal, practical, theological, philosophical, or other kind of problem. One obstacle for the social scientist is the conflict between the inherent immorality of the topic and the professional scientist’s goal of unbiased neutrality. Social scientists are not supposed to let their values cloud their judgment, because doing so can impede the impartial search for truth. But can we view the crimes of Hitler and his minions with the same dispassionate and nonjudgmental attitude with which we observe the bar pressing of rats in a Skinner box? When doing research for my book on evil (Baumeister, 1997), I was struck by how routinely other social scientists rushed to assert that this was not really a problem. To understand is not to forgive, they insisted. Yet I was not so sure. Indeed, my own work pointed toward different conclusions. In particular, as we understand the perpetrators’ inner processes and attitudes, we come to see their crimes as considerably less heinous than how others judge them. Most people who commit evil acts do not themselves regard their actions as evil. Therefore, to understand their perspective is to understand the actions in a way that somehow diminishes their evilness. To be sure, as researchers and scientists our primary goal is to understand. Hence, we must perhaps accept that our approach will carry the moral risk of mitigating our condemnation of some of the worst things that human beings do. The purpose of this chapter is to answer the question “Why is there evil?” from the perspective of psychological research. Because few people regard their own actions as evil, it is necessary to reformulate this question as, “Why do some people do things that other people consider to be evil?” This requires both an understanding of how people perceive evil and why people are motivated to perform certain kinds of actions. Hence, this chapter contains three sections. The first addresses the question of what evil is, including the gap between perception and reality. The second considers the root causes of such behavior. The third turns to the proximal causation, which ultimately may be more tractable than the root causes.
Manuel Cardona’s Contributions to Semiconductor Technology: A View from Industrial and Applied Physics

A speaker at a conference last year said that Manuel Cardona “knew more about the basic nature of semiconductors than anyone in the world”. As a student in Stuttgart, it certainly felt that way. The combination of Manuel’s knowledge and wisdom, the experience of his students and visitors and other scientists in the institute, and the well equipped library made Heisenbergstrasse a wonderful place for Ph.D. thesis research. I also made personal connections there, which have influenced my career in industry and academia for more than 20 years.
Relational‐Cultural Theory and Supervision: Evaluating Developmental Relational Counseling

This article overviews relational-cultural theory and developmental relational counseling (DRC) and reports the results of a randomized study evaluating supervisory relational health as defined by DRC theoretical constructs. As measured by an adaptation of the Relational Health Index (Liang et al., 2002), counseling students enrolled in clinical courses identified clear preferences for supervisory relationships that promoted accurate relational awareness, compassion, clarity, feedback receptivity, and responsible use of power.
Should we Consider Polluting Hurricanes to Reduce their Intensity

An overview of simulations of hurricane response to African dust is presented. Those simulations suggest that under some conditions storm intensity might be reduced if large concentrations of small hygroscopic particles are present at the time the storms develop. Based on those results, it is proposed that seeding hurricanes with small hygroscopic particles can reduce hurricane intensity and damage, but future research is needed to determine the range of conditions under which such seeding may be effective and to determine whether such seeding is practically viable. Recommendations for a research program to further investigate the feasibility of such a procedure are provided.
Contradictions in the American dream: High educational aspirations and perceptions of deteriorating institutional support

This study examines contradictions in the “American Dream” during the Great Recession: young adults maintained high educational aspirations, yet perceived little opportunity for their educational achievements to help them fulfil their dreams of financial prosperity and work stability. Based on in-depth interviews with 85 young college students and recent graduates, this study found that college enrolment was propelled by the recession, as a college degree, and often a graduate or professional degree, was perceived as an increasingly necessary credential. Despite these high educational aspirations, students and recent graduates were fearful about their capacity to find future work and they expressed concerns about the collapse of employment opportunity. Many were also wary of educational institutions, which they viewed as unable to prepare them for a shrinking job market. These perceptions reveal a contradiction in the “American Dream:” although young adults have high aspirations and achievements, they have lost confidence in the educational and work institutions upon which they must depend.
The microbiota of the gingival crevice area of man—II: The predominant cultivable organisms

Abstract All of the cultivable organisms present in high dilutions of debris from the gingival crevice area of man have been isolated, partially characterized, and their relative proportions ascertained. No significant quantitative or qualitative differences were observed in the microbiota of normal and periodontally-involved individuals. The gingival crevice microbiota was found to be comprised as follows: 28.8 per cent gram positive facultative cocci; 20.2 per cent gram positive anaerobic rods; 16.1 per cent gram negative anaerobic rods; 15.3 per cent gram positive facultative rods; 10.7 per cent gram negative anaerobic cocci; 7.4 per cent gram positive anaerobic cocci; 1.2 per cent gram negative facultative rods; and 0.4 per cent gram negative facultative cocci. Anaerobes comprised 54.3 per cent, gram positive organisms 71.5 per cent, and bacillary forms 52.8 per cent of the cultivable organisms.
HIV antibodies for treatment of HIV infection

The bar is high to improve on current combination antiretroviral therapy (ART), now highly effective, safe, and simple. However, antibodies that bind the HIV envelope are able to uniquely target the virus as it seeks to enter new target cells, or as it is expressed from previously infected cells. Furthermore, the use of antibodies against HIV as a therapeutic may offer advantages. Antibodies can have long half-lives, and are being considered as partners for long-acting antiretrovirals for use in therapy or prevention of HIV infection. Early studies in animal models and in clinical trials suggest that such antibodies can have antiviral activity but, as with small-molecule antiretrovirals, the issues of viral escape and resistance will have to be addressed. Most promising, however, are the unique properties of anti-HIV antibodies: the potential ability to opsonize viral particles, to direct antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against actively infected cells, and ultimately the ability to direct the clearance of HIV-infected cells by effector cells of the immune system. These distinctive activities suggest that HIV antibodies and their derivatives may play an important role in the next frontier of HIV therapeutics, the effort to develop treatments that could lead to an HIV cure.
Aminoquinoline-directed, cobalt-catalyzed carbonylation of sulfonamide sp2 C-H bonds.

We report a method for cobalt-catalyzed, aminoquinoline-directed sp2 C–H bond carbonylation of sulfonamides. The reactions proceed in a dichloroethane solvent, and employ diisopropyl azodicarboxylate as a carbon monoxide source, Mn(OAc)2 as a cooxidant and potassium pivalate as a base. Halogen, ester, and amide functionalities are compatible with the reaction conditions. This method allows for a short and efficient synthesis of saccharin derivatives.
Issues in the Use of Aversives

Nationally, professionals in the field of autism have been rocked by the controversy surrounding the use of punishment procedures also called aversives (Singh & Repp, 1993). The techniques in question have generally been discussed in the context of behavior modification strategies or learning-based technology, and psychologists and educators have been the primary groups involved. Behavior modification has had widespread application in the treatment of persons with autism (Van Houten, 1990). However, since the late 1980s the rhetoric surrounding these procedures has intensified. National agencies and policymakers have become involved in the debate over which procedures should and should not be considered acceptable to treat severe behavior problems of handicapped people (AAMD, 1987; Blake, 1988; Keyes, Creekmore, Karst, Crow, & Dayan, 1988; Matson, 1988). Given the broad implications of such a debate, the impact on the field has been considerable. A brief review of some of the major issues, including confusion over definition, conflict between advocates and professionals, concepts as ideologies, data versus testimonials, age appropriateness as ideology, freedom of treatment choice, and professional control versus treatment by bureaucratic rule will be the primary focus of this chapter. Some likely outcomes and future directions of the aversives controversy will also be discussed.
Social Determinants of Health: Building Wide Coalitions Around Well-Honed Messages.

An editorial is presented which addresses the social determinants of health and public health spending in America, and it mentions what the authors refer to as the problems that are associated with the bloated medical care system in the U.S. The social aspects of diseases are examined, along with health equity, well-being, and the World Health Organization's Commission on Social Determinants of Health. The U.S. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act is assessed.
Determinants of the regulation of Helicobacter pylori adhesins include repeat sequences in both promoter and coding regions as well as the two-component system ArsRS.

Purpose. We investigated the transcription of adhesin-encoding genes sabA, hopZ and labA in Helicobacter pylori strain J99. Each possesses a repeating homopolymeric nucleotide tract within their promoter regions, and sabA and hopZ possess repeats within their 5′ coding regions. Methodology. We altered the repeat lengths associated with the adhesin genes and quantified mRNA levels by real-time quantitative PCR. Using adherence to AGS cells and IL-8 assays, we examined the effects of altered transcript levels. We assessed the role of ArsRS in transcription using an arsS null mutant and by examining ArsR binding to promoter regions via electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Results. Extensions or truncations of promoter region repeats in hopZ and labA increased transcript levels, mirroring results shown by our lab and others for mutations in the sabA promoter. Altered lengths of the poly-cytosine thymine tract within the 5′ coding region of sabA demonstrated that switching from phase-off to phase-on significantly increased mRNA levels. However, mutations in the poly-thymine tract of sabA, which increased mRNA levels, do not behave synergistically with phase-on mutations. Phase-on mutations of sabA resulted in increased H. pylori adherence to AGS cells, but only a modest effect on IL-8. hopZ and labA, and sabA paralogue sabB, transcript levels were increased in an arsS mutant and ArsR bound the promoter regions for each of these genes in vitro. Conclusion. This work highlights the complex nature of adhesin regulation, its impact on H. pylori attachment and the pervasive role of ArsRS in adhesin expression. Such regulation may help facilitate the decades-long persistence of infection.
Sarcoidosis with fever and a splenic infarct due to CMV or lymphoma

We present a case of an adult female with a past history of pulmonary sarcoidosis who presented with fever, night sweats, profound fatigue, and LUQ abdominal pain. Sarcoidosis is an afebrile disorder (excluding Lofgren's syndrome, Heerfordt's syndrome or neurosarcoidosis). Therefore, the presence of fever with sarcoidosis should suggest infection, usually viral, or lymphoma. Sarcoidosis-lymphoma syndrome describes the evolution of a lymphoma in long standing sarcoidosis. Fever aside, possible lymphoma is suggested by otherwise unexplained fever, pleural unilateral effusion, highly elevated ESR or ferritin levels. In this case, a viral etiology was suggested because of atypical lymphocytosis and mildly elevated transaminases. In this patient, CMV IgM titers and elevated CMV PCR viral load confirmed the diagnosis of CMV infectious mononucleosis with lung and liver involvement. In this case CMV infectious mononucleosis was accompanied by procoagulant activity which resulted a DVT, pulmonary emboli and splenic infarct. We believe this to be the first reported case of CMV infectious mononucleosis splenic infarct in a patient with a history of sarcoidosis.
Motor Gait and Falls

Maintenance of balance while performing activities of daily living is a critical factor contributing to aging in place. Loss of balance and subsequent falls occur when the center mass of the body is no longer maintained over the base of support. Balance maintenance and recovery require effective interaction between the neuromuscular and musculoskeletal systems and the environment. Age-related alterations in the neural and musculoskeletal systems affect balance control. This article establishes connections between research on motor strategies used by young and older adult nonfallers, older adult fallers, and patients with Parkinson’s disease and biomechanics related to posture stability and balance control. Understanding the mechanisms used by different populations to maintain balance after being perturbed allows us to identify effective intervention options that target specific patient populations.
Seasonal Slumps in Juventae Chasma, Mars

Dark topographic slumps several meters wide, tens of meters in length and up to a meter in depth are observed on the slopes of Juventae Chasma (JC), Valles Marineris (VM), Mars. These slumps usually originate near the terminal points of recurring slope lineae (RSL). Near their initiation points, the slumps have topographic depressions due to the removal of materials; near their lowermost reaches, new materials are deposited in lobes. Over the course of three Mars years, ten active slumps have been observed in JC, all of which formed in or near the same season (areocentric longitude: Ls 0°–120°). Mars Color Imager (MARCI) observations show low-altitude atmospheric obscurations confined within the topography of the VM and JC in the seasons when the slumps form. In one instance, data from the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) and MARCI show evidence of H2O ice in the atmospheric obscuration, likely due to the formation of a low-level afternoon cloud above a dust storm, or mixing of condensate clouds with a diffuse dust cloud. The presence of atmospheric obscurations with H2O ice near times when the slumps form is intriguing, but no direct evidence currently exists to support that they aid in slump formation. Further monitoring of this site will help establish if RSL and/or atmospheric events play a role in the creation of contemporary slumps.
Comparison of StrengthsQuest Signature Themes in Student Pharmacists and Other Health Care Profession Students

Objective. To determine whether there is a distinctive pattern of StrengthsQuest Signature Themes or leadership domains for Doctor of Pharmacy students compared to students in other health care professional programs. Methods. Students in Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD), Master of Physician Assistant (PA), Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT), and Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO) programs at Campbell University completed the online Clifton StrengthsQuest assessment and received their Signature Themes. The frequency of individual themes and the leadership domains into which they are sorted by Gallup was analyzed for each program. Results were compared between programs and with national frequencies among undergraduate students. Results. The most common themes in the total population were Learner, Relator, Responsibility, Harmony, and Achiever. Learner and Relator were among the five most frequent themes for all four individual programs while Responsibility and Harmony were among the top five for three programs. The most frequently reported themes in PharmD and PA students (39% and 38% of all themes, respectively) are grouped by Gallup into the executing domain, and into the relationship-building domain for DO and DPT students (35% and 33% of all themes, respectively). The least frequent themes in PharmD, DO and PA students were those grouped into the influencing domain, reported by 10% or fewer students. Conclusion. Numerous similarities were found in theme frequencies among students in four different health care professions, suggesting there is not a distinctive Doctor of Pharmacy Signature Theme profile.
Deriving loop quantum cosmology dynamics from diffeomorphism invariance

We use the requirement of diffeomorphism invariance in the Bianchi I context to derive the form of the quantum Hamiltonian constraint. After imposing the correct classical behavior and making a certain minimality assumption, together with a certain restriction to ``planar loops,'' we then obtain a unique expression for the quantum Hamiltonian operator for Bianchi I to both leading and subleading orders in $\ensuremath{\hbar}$. Specifically, this expression is found to exactly match the form proposed by Ashtekar and Wilson-Ewing in the loop quantum cosmology (LQC) literature. Furthermore, by using the projection map from the quantum states of the Bianchi I model to the states of the isotropic model, we constrain the dynamics also in the homogeneous isotropic case, and obtain, again to both leading and subleading order in $\ensuremath{\hbar}$, a quantum constraint which exactly matches the standard ``improved dynamics'' of Ashtekar, Pawlowski and Singh. This result in the isotropic case does not require a restriction to planar loops, but only the minimality assumption. Our results strengthen confidence in LQC dynamics and its observational predictions as consequences of more basic fundamental principles. Of the assumptions made in the isotropic case, the only one not rigidly determined by physical principle is the minimality principle; our work also shows the exact freedom allowed when this assumption is relaxed.
Integrated Z-source network into semi-dual-bridge resonant converter

This paper presents semi-dual-bridge resonant converter using Z-source Network. The conventional semi-dual-bridge resonant converter has efficiency degradation issue when the input voltage range is wide. The Z-source network has its effect to increase the reliability of the system. In addition, the Z-source network can minimize switching frequency range of the converter, and this would result in high converter efficiency. Therefore, in this work, a proposed Z-source network is integrated into semi-dual-bridge resonant converter. This combined model has its effect in terms of the efficiency and the reliability of the whole system. Thus, this work focuses on the proposed integrated system and compares it with the conventional semi-dual-bridge resonant converter for an input voltage that range from 50 V to 150 V in terms of switching losses, conduction losses, efficiency, and output voltage ripple. The operating principle is analyzed in detail and mathematical model representation and parameter design of the proposed converter is introduced.
Simulations of Multi-Phase Particle Deposition on Endwall Film-Cooling

Demand for clean energy has increased motivation to d esign gas turbines capable of burning alternative fuels such as coal derived synthesis gas (syngas). One challenge associated with burning coal derived syngas is that trace amounts of particulate matter in the fuel and air can deposit on turbine hardware reducing the effectiveness of film cooling. For the current study, a method was developed to dynamically simulate multi-phase particle deposition through injection of a low melting temperature wax. The method was developed so the effects of deposition on endwall film cooling could be quantified using a large scale vane cascade in a low speed wind tunnel. A microcrystalline wax was injected into the mainstream flow using atomizing spray nozzles to simulate both solid and molten particulate matter in a turbine gas path. Infrared thermography was used to quantify cooling effectiveness with and without deposition at various locations on a film cooled endwall. Measured results indicated reductions in adiabatic effectiveness by as much as 30% whereby the reduction was highly dependent upon the location of the film-cooling holes relative to the vane. NOMENCLATURE a speed of sound A surface area C chord length Cp particle specific heat �hfus specific latent heat of fusion D film cooling hole diameter, D=0.46cm dp particle diameter h heat transfer coefficient
NBOD & DISCOS — Dynamic Interaction Simulation of Controls and Structure

The general purpose multibody dynamics program NBOD and its follow-on companion DISCOS were developed with the expressed purpose of supporting spacecraft attitude control system design and analysis needs. During the past 2 decades, the interplay of NASA requirements with a desire to maximize software application generality has guided their development. The intent of this chapter is to chronologically outline the major technological advancements that enabled the development of these codes. Underlying theory is presented at the highest level with an emphasis on providing engineering insight needed for basic understanding and to judge program suitability for particular applications.
Stenting of left main conduit with use of the TandemHeart: an interventional challenge.

A 49-year-old woman presented with severe chest pain and dyspnea. Her medical history included hypertension, severe aortic insufficiency, a 6.2-mm aortic root aneurysm, and a thoracic and descending aortic aneurysm. A decade before, she had undergone complete replacement of the aortic valve and ascending aorta with a valve conduit, along with reimplantation of the left and right coronary arteries via the Cabrol technique.1 At the current presentation, coronary angiography showed a single conduit to the left main coronary artery (LMCA), with 90% stenosis at the anastomosis to the LMCA, chronic occlusion of the right coronary artery, and collateral vessels from the left coronary arteries (Figs. 1 and ​and2).2). Reoperative coronary artery bypass grafting was considered; however, the surgeons declined to operate. Fig. 1 Coronary angiogram shows a single conduit to the left main coronary artery, with 90% stenosis at the anastomotic segment. Fig. 2 Coronary angiography. A) Selective engagement of the right coronary artery shows occlusion of the artery with no antegrade filling. B) Retrograde filling of the right coronary artery, suggesting occlusion. The patient underwent percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Stent placement to the LMCA was performed with the aid of bypass provided by the TandemHeart® Percutaneous Ventricular Assist Device (pVAD)™ (CardiacAssist, Inc.; Pittsburgh, Pa). The TandemHeart was used because the patient had severe coronary artery disease with poor coronary reserve, and any intervention to the LMCA could have increased the risk of cardiac arrest.2,3 Via a modified Seldinger technique, and with the help of a cardiothoracic surgeon, a 16F cannula was inserted into the left femoral artery through that artery's cutdown sheath. The TandemHeart bypass was started through the right femoral artery sheath. A 5 × 18-mm bare-metal stent was placed across the stenosis and deployed at 14 atm (Fig. 3A). After the procedure, the 90% stenosis at the anastomosis site between the graft and the LMCA was reduced to less than 20%, and TIMI-3 flow was attained (Fig. 3B). In view of the calcification and the benefit of avoiding surgery, a well-apposed stent to the arterial wall with residual stenosis of less than 20% was acceptable. The patient tolerated the procedure well and experienced no complications. Fig. 3 Coronary angiography. A) A 5 × 18-mm bare-metal stent was deployed with balloon inflation at the site of stenosis in the left main coronary artery. Across the midline is the left femoral cannula of the TandemHeart percutaneous ventricular ...
Pars planitis: Clinical features and class II HLA associations

Abstract Objective To describe a cohort of patients with pars planitis followed at a single tertiary care institution, determine the frequency of multiple sclerosis and/or optic neuritis in patients with this disorder, and calculate gene frequencies of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II alleles in these patients. Design Fifty-three patients with the diagnosis of pars planitis underwent clinical record review or telephone interview for follow-up or both; 32 of these underwent phlebotomy for analysis of HLA class II alleles. Main outcome measures Outcomes included visual acuity, occurrence of multiple sclerosis and/or optic neuritis, and HLA class II gene frequencies. Results With a mean follow-up of 2 years, approximately 90% of patients maintained a visual acuity better than 20/40 in at least one eye. The most frequently encountered ophthalmic complications included cystoid macular edema, cataract, and epiretinal membrane formation. Of 37 patients with pars planitis who had medical or neurologic follow-up evaluations, 6 (16.2%) developed multiple sclerosis. The HLA-DR15 allele, coding for one of the two HLA-DR2 subtypes, was associated with pars planitis (odds ratio=2.86, 95% confidence interval=1.42–5.78, P = 0.004). Conclusions A common immunogenetic predisposition to multiple sclerosis and pars planitis may be associated with the HLA-DR15 allele. This association may represent genetic linkage to the HLA-DR locus or a role for the HLA-DR15 gene product in the pathogenesis of both of these diseases.
Modulation of tumor microenvironment enhances oncolytic virus therapy

4183 Like most solid tumors, glioblastoma multiforme is a complex tissue consisting of neoplastic, stromal, endothelial, and pericytic cells embedded in a complex extracellular matrix. The complex interplay between cancer cells and their microenvironment is crucial in determining the fate of a tumor and its response to treatment. Treatment of tumors mediated by oncolytic viruses (OV) employs a strategy based on initial infection of cancer cells by virus followed by replication and burst of virus infection resulting in tumor cell specific lysis. Detailed elucidation of the response of tumor environment to therapy with OV has been neglected. Vasculature is a major determinant of the microenvironment of malignant gliomas. We are using a syngeneic rat glioma model treated with an experimental herpes simplex virus (HSV)-derived OV to evaluate the response of tumor vessels to this treatment strategy. Our results have indicated a four-fold increase in vascular leakage upon infection with OV compared to injection with PBS (control). This observation was confirmed on ultra-high-field, high-resolution magnetic resonance (MR) imaging performed at 8.0-Tesla using gradient echo sequence enhanced by ultra-small particles of iron oxide (USPIO). Analysis of OV-induced changes in gene expression revealed significant induction of iNOS but not of VEGF, suggesting that increased vessel permeability could be the result of endothelial cell activation in response to inflammation induced by OV infection of tumor. We further show that this hyperpermeability is a result of endothelial cell activation caused by tumor inflammation in response to OV infection. Recent studies have revealed that rapid viral clearance mediated by innate host inflammatory responses limits OV therapy. Finally, we show that vascular normalization achieved by pretreatment with a single dose of cyclic RGD peptide (cRGD; a known anti-angiogenic agent and antagonist of integrins αvβ3, and αvβ5) suppressed OV-induced vascular leakage, suppressed CD45-positive leucocyte infiltration in tumor tissue, and significantly increased OV propagation and survival of rats with brain tumors (P = 0.0003 between OV and cRGD + OV). In conclusion, vascular normalization achieved prior to OV infection enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of OV.
Epilepsy and Pregnancy

Managing epilepsy in pregnancy poses a unique challenge for the clinician given the need to balance seizure control with the potential teratogenic effects of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) on the developing fetus. It has been estimated that 0.3–0.5% of all pregnancies occur in women with epilepsy (WWE) (Levy and Yerby. Epilepsia. 1985; 26(s1):S52–7). Given that a large portion of pregnancies are unplanned, careful consideration of AEDs with low risk to the fetus should be made in every WWE of childbearing age before they conceive. Once pregnant, monitoring of AEDs is important because metabolic and hormonal changes affect AED levels. After the child is born, women should be encouraged to breastfeed, even if taking AEDs, given that the benefits of breastfeeding and the evidence that no detrimental effects occur in studies directly assessing child outcomes.
MedManage: The development of a tool to assist medication reconciliation in a rural primary care clinic

ABSTRACTBackground:Medication reconciliation is a critical step in the health care process to prevent hospital readmission, adverse drug events, and fall prevention. The purpose of the study was to pilot test a medication reconciliation process, MedManage, informed by the Medications at Transitions
Negative Capacitance FET With 1.8-nm-Thick Zr-Doped HfO 2 Oxide

We report on negative capacitance FETs (NCFETs) with a 1.8-nm-thick Zr-doped HfO2 gate oxide layer fabricated on an FDSOI wafer. Hysteresis-free operation is demonstrated. When compared to a baseline that uses HfO2 gate oxide with the same thickness, a subthreshold swing (SS) steeper by more than 20 mV/decade and larger than 10X reduction in the OFF current ( ${I}_{ \mathrm{OFF}}$ ) is observed at 30-nm channel length at constant ${I}_{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle ON}}$ . On the other hand, at matched ${I} _{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle OFF}}$ , the NCFET provides a larger ON current at constant ${V}_{\mathrm {DD}}$ . Our results indicate that the beneficial characteristic offered by the NCFETs can be obtained at scaled channel lengths, while using oxide layers whose thickness is comparable to the high- ${K}$ oxide layer used in ultra-scaled nodes.
Including the subsurface in ecosystem services

Ecosystem-service assessments often fail to account for groundwater’s role in the ecosystem. Whether groundwater is important for these services depends strongly on the assessment scale and the local context.
A Role for Emotional Granularity in Judging

Emotions are traditionally viewed as detrimental to judicial responsibility, a belief rooted in the classical view of the mind as a battle ground between reason and emotion. Drawing on recent developments in psychology and neuroscience we propose that the brain uses past experience, organized as concepts, to guide actions and give sensations meaning, constructing experiences such as “fear” or “anger”. Wisdom comes from skill at constructing emotions in a more precise and functional way, a skill called “emotional granularity”. Studies show that individuals who are more emotionally granular have better function across a range of domains, including self regulation and decision making. We propose that effective judicial decision-making does not require a dispassionate judge, but a judge who is high in emotional granularity. We lay out an empirical agenda for testing this idea and end by discussing empirically supported recommendations for increasing emotional granularity in the judiciary. Tradicionalmente, se ha considerado que las emociones son perjudiciales para el desempeno responsable de la labor judicial, una creencia enraizada en la concepcion clasica de la mente como campo de batalla entre razon y emocion. Partiendo de nuevos descubrimientos en psicologia y neurociencia, argumentamos que el cerebro usa la experiencia pasada, organizada como conceptos, para guiar las acciones y dar sentido a las sensaciones, construyendo experiencias como “miedo” o “ira”. La sabiduria proviene de la habilidad en construir emociones de un modo mas preciso y funcional, habilidad denominada “granularidad emocional”. Los estudios muestran que los individuos mas granulares emocionalmente funcionan mejor en varios dominios, incluyendo la autorregulacion y la toma de decisiones. Argumentamos que la toma de decisiones eficaz en judicatura no requiere de un juez desapasionado, sino de un juez que tenga alta granularidad emocional. Proponemos un programa empirico para poner a prueba esa idea, y concluimos con un debate de recomendaciones de base empirica para aumentar la granularidad emocional en la judicatura. Available from: https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1087
Effect of Partial Exclusion of Pancreatic Juice on Rat Basal Pancreatic Secretion

Abstract Experiments were conducted to determine the relationship between the percentage of pancreatic secretion diverted from the intestine and pancreatic exocrine secretion in conscious rats. Rats with cannulas draining bile and pancreatic juice had increasing percentages (0%–100%) of their pancreatic secretion diverted from the intestine while all bile was returned. Stimulation of pancreatic protein and fluid output by diversion of pancreatic juice from the intestine did not occur if 10% of the volume of pancreatic juice secreted was returned to the intestine. Return of 5% of pancreatic secretion reduced the pancreatic protein response by half (compared with complete diversion). The results are interpreted as evidence for a threshold in negative feedback regulation by luminal proteases whereby increased pancreatic secretion does not occur until luminal protease activity is reduced by >90%. The results also suggest that inhibition of pancreatic secretion by proteases in pancreatic juice is far more effective than inhibition by proteases (e.g., trypsin) infused singly.
Rethinking Habermas, from the ideal to the individual: a practical application of critical management theory

Contemporary public administration has much to do with routine. Daily circumstances afford us a perennial onslaught of quotidian tasks, which become routine or typical over time. The sedimentation ...
Translational initiation in E. coli occurs at the correct sites genome-wide in the absence of mRNA-rRNA base-pairing

Shine-Dalgarno (SD) motifs are thought to play an important role in translational initiation in bacteria. Paradoxically, ribosome profiling studies in E. coli show no correlation between the strength of an mRNA's SD motif and how efficiently it is translated. Performing profiling on ribosomes with altered anti-Shine-Dalgarno sequences, we reveal a genome-wide correlation between SD strength and ribosome occupancy that was previously masked by other contributing factors. Using the antibiotic retapamulin to trap initiation complexes at start codons, we find that the mutant ribosomes select start sites correctly, arguing that start sites are hard-wired for initiation through the action of other mRNA features. We show that A-rich sequences upstream of start codons promote initiation. Taken together, our genome-wide study reveals that SD motifs are not necessary for ribosomes to determine where initiation occurs, though they do affect how efficiently initiation occurs.
Was the Balassa–Samuelson Effect Small? Uncaptured Quality Improvements and Japan’s Real Exchange Rate Appreciation, 1956–1970

Japan, China, and Central and Eastern European countries experienced substantial real exchange rate appreciation during their catch-up industrialization periods. In each, the measured Balassa–Samuelson effect was small while the greatest source of long-term currency appreciation was the real appreciation in tradables, increases in tradable prices expressed in the common currency, which went counter to PPP. For Japan in the 1950s and 1960s, we suspect price mismeasurement associated with uncaptured product quality improvements in manufactures. Our findings suggest that the Balassa–Samuelson effect would account for three quarters of Japan’s real exchange rate appreciation vis-a-vis the USA then.
Lived Experiences of Emerging Adult Women With Single Mothers: Exploring Responses to Perceived Maternal Depression:

Families headed by single mothers are increasingly prevalent in the United States. These mothers face unique challenges that increase their risk of depression. Research shows children of depressed ...
1 kW, Multi-MHz Wireless Charging for Electric Transportation

We design and build a DC-DC wireless power system for electric vehicles charging at 6.78 MHz. With a gap of 34 cm, the air-core system can transfer up to 1 kW with 82% efficiency. It can operate continuously without failure even when the gap varies from 26 to 38 cm, and though the output power changes with distance, the efficiency does not vary appreciably. Due to the high operating frequency, the transfer coils are lightweight, inexpensive, and mechanically robust, even with a gap much larger than in previous literature. The system's low cost and resilience across coupling makes it amenable to mass deployment in commercial systems.
Fully Bayesian Estimation under Dependent and Informative Cluster Sampling

Survey data are often collected under multistage sampling designs where units are binned to clusters that are sampled in a first stage. The unit-indexed population variables of interest are typically dependent within cluster. We propose a Fully Bayesian method that constructs an exact likelihood for the observed sample to incorporate unit-level marginal sampling weights for performing unbiased inference for population parameters while simultaneously accounting for the dependence induced by sampling clusters of units to produce correct uncertainty quantification. Our approach parameterizes cluster-indexed random effects in both a marginal model for the response and a conditional model for published, unit-level sampling weights. We compare our method to plug-in Bayesian and frequentist alternatives in a simulation study and demonstrate that our method most closely achieves correct uncertainty quantification for model parameters, including the generating variances for cluster-indexed random effects. We demonstrate our method in two applications with NHANES data.