cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Fast Coupled Solver for Phonon Transport in Composites

In recent years, computational techniques for solving phonon transport have been developed under the framework of the semiclassical Boltzmann Transport Equation (BTE). Early work addressed gray transport, but more recent work has begun to resolve wave vector and polarization dependence, including that in relaxation times. Because the relaxation time in typical materials of interest spans several orders of magnitude, typical solution techniques must address an enormous range of Knudsen numbers in the same problem. Calculation procedures which solve the BTE in phase space sequentially work well in the ballistic limit, but are slow to converge in the thick limit. Unfortunately, both extremes may be encountered simultaneously in typical wave-number (K) -resolved phonon transport problems. In previous work, we developed the coupled ordinate method (COMET) to address this problem. COMET employs a point-coupled solution to resolve coupling in K-space, and embeds this point solver as a relaxation sweep in a geometric multigrid method to maintain spatial coupling. We have demonstrated speedups of up to 200 over conventional sequential solution procedures using this method. COMET also exhibits excellent scaling on multiprocessor platforms, far beyond those obtained by sequential solvers.In this paper, we extend COMET to address interface transport in composites. Just as scattering couples phonons of different wave vectors in the bulk, reflection and transmission couple different wave vectors together at interfaces. Again, sequential solution procedures perform poorly because of the poor algorithmic coupling in K space. A computational procedure based on COMET is developed for composites, addressing multigrid agglomeration strategies to promote stronger K-space coupling at interfaces. The technique is applied to canonical superlattice geometries and superior performance over typical sequential solvers is demonstrated. Furthermore, the method is applied to realistic particle composites employing computational meshes developed from x-ray computed tomography (CT) scans of particulate beds. It is demonstrated to yield solutions where sequential solution techniques fail to converge at all.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Acupuncture may be no more Effective than Sham Acupuncture in Treating Temporomandibular Joint Disorders

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Acupuncture for treating temporomandibular joint disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized sham controlled trials. Jung A, Shin BC, Lee MS, Sim H, Ernst E. J Dent 2011;39(5):341-50. Reviewer Brian Laurence, DDS, PhD Purpose/Question To compare the effectiveness of acupuncture-type treatments to sham acupuncture in patients with temporomandibular joint disorder Source of Funding One of the authors was supported by a Pusan National University research grant; otherwise, no direct external funding was identified Type of Study/Design Systematic review with meta-analysis of data Level of Evidence Level 1: Good-quality, patient-oriented evidence Strength of Recommendation Grade Grade B: Inconsistent or limited-quality patient-oriented evidence
The electroweak anomaly and current algebra for K → γℓν

Abstract The process K → γlν is calculated using the electroweak axial-vector anomaly with the quark color factor of 3, together with standard current-algebra techniques. The result, which generalizes that of Das, Mathur, and Okubo for the axial-vector part, is in good agreement with experiment.
INCREASING CALORIE CONSUMPTION IN CHILDREN WITH CYSTIC FIBROSIS: REPLICATION WITH 2‐YEAR FOLLOW‐UP

Three mildly malnourished children with cystic fibrosis and their parents participated in a behavioral group-treatment program that focused on promoting and maintaining increased calorie consumption. Treatment included nutritional education, gradually increasing calorie goals, contingency management, and relaxation training, and was evaluated in a multiple baseline design across four meals. Children's calorie intake increased across meals, and total calorie intake was 32% to 60% above baseline at posttreatment. Increased calorie consumption was maintained at the 96-week follow-up (2 years posttreatment). The children's growth rates in weight and height were greater during the 2 years following treatment than the year prior to treatment. Increases in pace of eating and calories consumed per minute were also observed 1 year posttreatment. These findings replicated and extended earlier research supporting the efficacy of behavioral intervention in the treatment of malnutrition in children with cystic fibrosis.
Political Theology: Four New Chapters on the Concept of Sovereignty. By Paul W. Kahn

(New York: Columbia University Press, 2011), ix + 107 pp. $32.50/£22.50 cloth. In 1922 Carl Schmitt published his provocative Political Theology. If anyone could make the case for the proposition t...
Entrapped Plant Cell Tissue Cultures

La fixation des cellules semble constituer une technique d'avenir pour l'obtention de metabolites secondaires. La fixation au moyen de membranes est comparee a la fixation dans des polymeres
Entropic tightening of vibrated chains

We investigate experimentally the distribution of configurations of a ring with an elementary topological constraint, a "figure-8" twist. Using a system far from thermal equilibrium, a vibrated granular chain, we show that configurations where one loop is small and the second is large are strongly preferred. Despite the highly non-equilibrium nature of the system, our results are consistent with recent predictions for equilibrium properties of topologically-constrained polymers. The dynamics of the tightening process weakly violates a (coarse-grained) detailed balance, indicating that the unexpected correspondence with an equilibrium entropic approach is not exact.
A six-legged telerobot for nuclear applications development

A six-legged telerobot was evaluated for nuclear applications at the Savannah River Laboratory. Enhancements were added to the man-machine control interface to improve the efficiency and productivi...
Exploratory Analysis of Pre-Service Teacher Efficacy in Taiwan.

Abstract Seven hundred fourteen early childhood and elementary pre-service teachers at the beginning and ending points of their teacher education programs in Taiwan completed a revised version of the Gibson and Dembo teacher efficacy scale. Descriptive statistics, the general linear model, and factor analyses were used to explore the differences in responses between the beginning, ending, early childhood, and elementary groups. Differences between these groups suggest that Taiwan pre-service teachers’ efficacy beliefs are influenced by cultural and/or social backgrounds, by the respective programs, by the context of their studies, and by their increasing experience. Their beliefs may reflect strong social and cultural differences with respect to perceptions about the roles of teachers and parents in educating children, and the potential for instructional success. Because the Gibson and Dembo instrument was created using American samples, some items may not be suitable for or apply to differing cultures.
Lipogenesis and body fat in chicks: effects of calorie-protein ratio and dietary fat.

Abstract Two experiments were conducted with battery-reared, broiler chicks from day-old through 19 or 20 days of age. In each experiment, body weight, feed consumption, liver weight, liver fat, body fat, in vivo lipogenesis, and the hepatic activities of the lipogenic enzymes, acetyl-Coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) and fatty acid synthetase (FAS), were measured. In Experiment 1, four diets having calorie-protein (C/P) ratios expressed as kilocalories of metabolizable energy per kilogram of diet per percent crude protein of 120, 139, 158, or 177 were used. Growth was decreased with ratios above 139. The C/P ratio had no significant effect on feed conversion, liver weight, liver fat, or FAS activity. In vivo lipogenesis and ACC activity were increased by C/P ratios above 120. Body fat increased with increasing C/P ratios, but only the C/P 177 diet produced significantly fatter chicks. In Experiment 2, four diets containing total fat 2.0, 4.1, 6.3, or 8.6% at a constant C/P ratio of 139 were used. All fat levels above 2.0% improved growth and feed conversion. Fat levels had no effect on liver weight, liver fat, or body fat. In vivo lipogenesis and ACC and FAS activities decreased with increasing dietary fat. The data indicate that C/P ratio affects body fat by increasing lipogenic activity as the ratio is increased. Although dietary fat depressed lipogenesis, the depression appears to be offset by increased availability of fatty acids from the diet for deposition in adipose tissue. Hence, added dietary fat does not change body fat content. A comparison of the results of Experiment 1 with results obtained using similar diets in 1956 show that at each C/P ratio body weight was 1.5 times higher and body fat was 1.4 to 1.9 times higher in 1984 than in 1956.
Neuroscience: To go or not to go.

A study shows that, rather than sequentially starting and stopping a movement, two parallel pathways involving neurons in the brain's basal ganglia seem to work in tandem to accomplish the complex task of motion. See Letter p.238 The prevailing view of the functional organization of the basal ganglia, brain areas involved in movement control, is that there are two distinct, and opposing, neural circuits that facilitate and inhibit movement. Costa and colleagues have developed a new in vivo technique for monitoring the activity of specific cell types deep in the brain via fibre optics, and use it to monitor activity in these two pathways in freely behaving rodents. Rather than opposing activity, both pathways are active before movements are initiated. This challenges the classical view of basal ganglia function, and may have implications for understanding the origin of motor symptoms in disorders such as Parkinson's disease.
Suprathreshold intrinsic dynamics of the human visual system

Intrinsic high-frequency neural activities have been observed in the visual system of several species, but their functional significance for visual perception remains a fundamental puzzle in cognitive neuroscience. Spatiotemporal integration in the human visual system acts as a low-pass filter and makes the psychophysical observation of high-frequency activities very difficult. A computational model of retino-cortical dynamics (RECOD) is used to derive experimental paradigms that allow psychophysical studies of high-frequency neural activities. A reduced-parameter version of the model is used to quantitatively relate psychophysical data collected in two of these experimental paradigms. Statistical analysis shows that the model's account of the variance in the data is, in general, highly significant. We suggest that psychophysically measured oscillations reflect intrinsic neuronal oscillations observed in the visual cortex.
Treatment of hypercholesterolemia in patients with the metabolic syndrome: how do various statins compare?

Treatment of hypercholesterolemia in patients with the metabolic syndrome: how do various statins compare?
Deriving crop specific covariate data sets from multi-year NASS geospatial cropland data layers

The National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) Area Sampling Frames (ASFs) are based on the stratification of US land cover by percent cultivation. Recently, an automated stratification method based on the NASS Cropland Data Layer (CDL) was developed to efficiently and objectively stratify US land cover. This method achieved higher accuracies in all cultivated strata with statistical significance at a 95% confidence level. This paper proposed to develop crop specific covariate data based on 2007 - 2010 CDLs. Crop (corn, soybeans, wheat and cotton) and non crop (forest, urban and water) covariate data were derived and validated for six states. Producer and user accuracies for the covariate data sets were based on independent 2011 Farm Service Agency Common Land Unit data and 2011 CDLs. Non crop covariate data were validated using the National Land Cover Data 2006. Covariate data were used within NASS to conduct substratification of the 2013 Oklahoma ASF.
Hypertrophy of the labia minora

During a period of 15 years, six young girls aged 18 months to 14 years with hypertrophy of the labia minora were treated at two pediatric surgical units in Athens. The clinical and laboratory investigations did not demonstrate any endocrinopathy. Surgical excision of the hypertrophied labia minora has been performed on each girl. No recurrence has been noted for at least 5 years postoperatively.
Achievement and Power Motives, Performance Feedback, and Creativity ☆

Abstract Undergraduate students in engineering and science completed the Thematic Apperception Test, which was scored for achievement motivation and also for power motivation. They later participated in an experiment in which they first provided a solution to an engineering problem. The experimenter then gave them preprogrammed, written feedback on how well they performed in two conditions of the experiment (positive or negative feedback) and no feedback in a third condition. Feedback was couched in the language of both achievement and power imagery. Last, students rendered solutions to a second engineering problem—the water-for-Tonya problem. Two students who had completed a course in the psychology of creativity performed ratings of each solution on dimensions designated as creativity and complexity . Ratings for the two dimensions moderately correlated with one another ( r = .62) and therefore were combined and summed across the two evaluators to form a single overall Creativity score. Achievement motivation correlated positively with Creativity score in the positive- and negative-feedback conditions ( r s = .43 and .38) but not significantly in the no-feedback condition ( r = .10). Power motivation correlated positively with Creativity in the positive-feedback condition ( r = .32), and negatively in the negative-feedback condition ( r = −.25), but not significantly in the no-feedback condition ( r = .17). Multiple regression/correlation analysis lent further support to these findings. A major conclusion that these data suggest is a differential response to negative feedback. Achievement-motivated people appear to benefit from it, whereas power-motivated people do not.
Thermoelastic Characterization and Evaluation of Residual Stresses in Bi-Directional Fibrous Composites

The thermoelastic behavior of bi-directional fibrous composites will be studied through the use of a finite element-based micromechanical model. The model is used to study the effect of the crossing angle of the fibers on the composite’s coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and the residual thermal stresses that develop after a temperature change. The effect of the fiber volume fraction (V f ) on the same results is also studied. For anisotropic materials, one can see that in addition to normal strains, shear strains will also be developed due to temperature change. This method will lend itself to evaluate the coefficients of thermal expansions not only due to normal expansion, but also due to shear expansion for composites with no principal directions. In this micromechanical model, parallelepiped unit cells incorporating the fibers at different cross angles are created to represent the periodic microstructure of the angular bi-directional composite. The volume averaged stresses per unit temperature of the individual constituents are used to study the residual thermal stresses that develop. Two different sets of materials are used to test this model. Results show that when the fiber’s cross angle is not 0o or 90o, shear strains are created. Also, residual stresses in the unit cell are functions of the cross angle between the fibers.
Are Quantitative Cultures Useful in the Diagnosis of Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia?

Noninvasive and invasive tests have been developed and studied for their utility in diagnosing and guiding the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia, a condition with an inherently high mortality. Early empiric antibiotic treatment has been shown to reduce mortality, so delaying this treatment until test results are available is not justifiable. Furthermore, tailoring therapy based on results of either noninvasive or invasive tests has not been clearly shown to affect morbidity and mortality. This may be related to quantitative limitations of these tests or possibly to a high false-negative rate in patients who receive early antibiotic treatment and may therefore have suppressed bacterial counts. Results of these tests, however, do influence treatment. It is therefore hoped that they may ultimately provide a rational basis for making therapeutic decisions. In the future, outcomes research should be a part of large-scale clinical trials, and noninvasive and invasive tests should be incorporated into the design in an attempt to provide a better understanding of the value of such tests.
Beyond the fringe: Administratively decentralized collections at the University of Michigan

Abstract Little is known about the materials that university departments purchase for their own use. This study examines materials purchased for other departments at the University of Michigan, whether these materials were also held in the University of Michigan Libraries' collections, and the subjects of the materials purchased. Titles purchased for departmental collections were searched in the libraries' online public catalog to determine whether they were held by the University Libraries, and if so, their subject. The majority of titles purchased for departmental libraries were held in the University Libraries collection. As a whole, the purchases were concentrated in science, technical, and medical fields; moreover, titles in these fields were more likely than others to be duplicated in the University Libraries. This study provides initial insight into the relation of independent departmental collections and raises many questions about the relation of such collections to central university libraries.
Structural characterization of a polymer substituted fullerene (flagellene) by small angle neutron scattering

Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) can structurally characterize fullerenes in solvents with strong SANS contrast (e.g. CS{sub 2}). Deuterated solvents (e.g. toluene-d{sub 8}) have a high scattering length density (SLD), which is close to that of C{sub 60} and C{sub 70} moieties. Hence, there is virtually no SANS contrast with the solvent and these particles are practically ``invisible`` in such media. On the other hand, the negative scattering length of hydrogen means that the SLD of H{sup 1}-containing materials is much lower, so they have strong contrast with toluene-d{sub 8}. Thus, SANS makes it possible to study the size and shapes of modified buckyballs such as the polymer-substituted fullerenes, or flagellenes. These consist of C{sub 60} cores to which 1-4 polystryene chains (with a molecular weight, MW {approx_equal} 2000) are attached. The extrapolated cross section at zero angle of scatter [d{Sigma}/d{Omega}(0)] is a function of the number of pendant chains, so SANS can be used to assess the number of ``arms`` which are covalently attached to the fullerene ``sphere.`` Close agreement ({plus_minus}4%) between measured and calculated values of d{Sigma}/d{Omega}(0) along with independent estimates of the radius of gyration (R{sub g}) and second virial coefficient (A{sub 2}) for a calibration linear polystyrenemore » sample serves as a cross check on the validity of this methodology.« less
Alcohol and other drug use among adolescents: Family and peer influences

The relationships among age, gender, involvement in family activities, involvement in peer activities, and teenage alcohol and other drug use were examined. Data from a random sample of South Carolina public school 7th through 12th graders were analyzed. Consistent with previous research, it was found that older subjects reported greater substance use than younger subjects, whites reported greater use of alcohol and other drugs than blacks, boys reported greater use than girls, and less involvement in family activities and greater involvement in peer activities was associated with greater reported alcohol and other drug use. Interactions among these variables also were examined. Multiple regressions indicated that 74% of the variance in alcohol use, 80% of the variance in marijuana use, and 85% of the variance in use of other drugs were predicted by these variables.
Bothriocephalus gadellus n. sp. (Cestoda: Bothriocephalidae) from the beardless codling Gadella imberbis (Vaillant) (Moridae) in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico, with a review of species of Bothriocephalus Rudolphi, 1808 reported from gadiform fishes

Bothriocephalus gadellus n. sp. is described from the intestine of the beardless codling Gadella imberbis (Gadiformes: Moridae) from the southwestern Gulf of Mexico. It resembles B. scorpii, the type-species of Bothriocephalus, and B. manubriformis, the only species of the genus reported from the Gulf of Mexico. B. gadellus n. sp. differs from both species in having four excretory canals on each side of the proglottid (three per side in B. scorpii; two per side anastomosing to form an extensive plexus throughout the medulla in B. manubriformis ), 24-33 testes per proglottid (30-60 in B. scorpii; 60-100 in B. manubriformis), a total length of 31-47 mm (32-950 mm in B. scorpii; 130-1,000 mm in B. manubriformis), and a seminal receptacle and wing-like expansions on each proglottid (absent in B. scorpii and B. manubriformis), as well as lacking two sets of reproductive organs per proglottid (present in B. scorpii) and a vagina with a bulbous sphincter near the opening (present in B. manubriformis). An amendment to the generic diagnosis of Bothriocephalus might be warranted if other species of this genus are found to possess a seminal receptacle. B. gadellus n. sp. appears to be like those species of Bothriocephalus that can utilise two intermediate hosts (copepod and fish). B. ellipticus and B. neglectus are designated as species inquirendae. This is the first report of a cestode from a morid fish in the Gulf of Mexico, and the first report of a parasite from a species of Gadellus.
Persistent sodium is a better linearizing mechanism than the hyperpolarization-activated current

The hyperpolarization-activated mixed cation and the persistent sodium conductances are compared as linearizing mechanisms for somatodendritic synaptic integration in steady-state systems. In the steady-state model used, the persistent sodium conductance creates a well-defined region of linear synaptic excitation, from -66 to -55mV. This corresponds to a moderate level of synaptic depolarization (total active synaptic conductance ranging from 2 to 5.9nS). In contrast, a model enhanced with a hyperpolarization-activated mixed cation conductance only linearizes over a short voltage range, from -68 to -61mV. This in turns corresponds to very low levels of synaptic activity (0-3.7nS). Given in vivo recordings of firing thresholds for nonbursting neurons ranging from around -60 to -55mV, the persistent sodium current emerges as the better linearizing mechanism for these neurons because it operates across the full physiologically relevant voltage range for perisomatic, proximal dendritic synaptic excitation.
A note on a pioneering work in quantitative spectroscopy: UV bands of the hydroxyl radical

Abstract The publication by G.H. Dieke and H.M. Crosswhite ( JQSRT 1962;2:97–199) is a classic paper detailing the spectroscopy of the A 2 Σ + ← X 2 Π bands of the hydroxyl radical (OH) in the ultraviolet region. It soon became the basis of astrophysical modeling, most subsequent theoretical and laboratory studies of the OH individual line parameters, and a host of other applications.
CMC determination in the presence of surfactant-adsorbing inorganic particulates

Abstract An efficient method for determining the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of surfactants in the presence of micron-sized surfactant adsorbing particulates via the utilization ultrafiltration membranes is presented. The capabilities and limitations of this method to measure free surfactant concentration both above and below the CMC are explored and discussed. This method was used to determine the CMC of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in the presence of aluminum oxide and titanium dioxide. For both substrates, the CMC corresponded to the turning point of the adsorption isotherm, far below the CMC measured without the solid substrate. This reduction in CMC was attributed to excess sodium ions in sloution, indicating that metal cations at the solid surface were able to neutralize the dodecyl sulfate anion. This agreement between the CMC and the turning point of the isotherm may indicate that adsorption halts because micelles form; however, the surface might still be saturated with surfactant if surface saturation coincides with the CMC.
AN INTRODUCTION TO GAME THEORY AND BUSINESS STRATEGY

Sound managerial decision making often requires “putting yourself behind your rivals' desk.” Assuming rivals are rational and acting in their selfinterest, what decisions are they likely to make and how are they likely to respond to your actions? A complicating factor is that rivals' optimal choices typically will depend on their expectations of what you will do; their expectations in turn depend on their assessments of your expectations about them. This type of circularity or recursive thinking might appear to make the overall problem completely intractable. Yet, this situation is precisely where game theory is most useful. This article introduces the basic elements of game theory within the context of business strategy and shows how managers might use these tools in decision making. This analysis also provides managers with a richer understanding of competition within different market settings. For example, it provides insights into why there is fierce competition in some concentrated industries (such as commercial aircraft), but not in others. Although the authors focus primarily on interactions among rival firms in product markets, these concepts also are useful to managers when dealing with other parties, such as suppliers, employees, or gov-ernment officials.
Genome‐wide analysis of gene expression regulated by the yeast cell wall integrity signalling pathway

The cell integrity pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae monitors cell wall remodelling during growth and differentiation. Additionally, this pathway responds to environmental stresses that challenge the integrity of the cell wall. We conducted a genome-wide survey of genes whose expression was altered in response to activation of Mpk1/Slt2, the MAP kinase, under the control of cell integrity signalling. We identified 25 genes whose regulation was altered by Mpk1 activity. Among these, 20 were positively regulated by Mpk1, and five were negatively regulated. Most of the genes identified encode either known or suspected cell wall proteins or enzymes involved in cell wall biogenesis. These include glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI) proteins, members of the Pir family of cell wall proteins, Mpk1 itself and others. All of the regulation detected was mediated by the Rlm1 transcription factor, a MADS-box protein that is phosphorylated and activated by Mpk1, but for which no transcriptional targets had been identified. A similar pattern of regulation was observed when cell integrity signalling was induced by environmental stress (i.e. temperature upshift).
N-methyl-d-asparate receptor antagonists abolish the maintenance phase of self-sustaining status epilepticus in rat

We examined the effects of blockers of N-methyl-D-asparate (NMDA) and +/- -alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA)/kainate receptors on the maintenance of self-sustaining status epilepticus (SSSE) induced in rats by brief intermittent electrical stimulation of the perforant path (PPS). Blocking of NMDA receptor at the PCP site by MK-801 (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) or ketamine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) as well as at the glycine allosteric site by intrahippocampal 5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid (5,7-DCK, 10 nmol), rapidly and irreversibly aborted both behavioral and electrographic manifestation of SSS. Intrahippocampal injection of the AMPA/kainate receptor blocker 6-cyano7-nitroquinixaline-3-dione (CNQX, 10 nmol) transiently suppressed seizures, which reappeared 4-5 h later. We suggest that the maintenance phase of SSSE depends on activation of NMDA receptors and that NMDA receptor blockers may be a promising class of compounds for the treatment of status epilepticus.
Topological framework for representing and solving probabilistic inference problems in expert systems

The authors present the concept of influence diagrams for representing probabilistic dependence and independence between state variables in a given problem domain and a topological framework for solving probabilistic inference problems in expert systems. The mathematical basis for influence diagrams is explained and theorems for mathematical manipulation of them are presented, in a graph-theoretic framework. Topological transformation rules developed in previous research are formalized in an axiomatic manner based on a concept of consistency. A polynomial-time symbolic-level algorithm for solving probabilistic inference problems is developed. The algorithm involves searching through the diagram to answer any specific diagnostic query about the system. >
Significance of Coupling Terms in Passive Transport of Drugs Affected by Complex Formation Reactions

Fluxes of drugs across membranes are affected by the presence of a reactant in the membrane phase with which the drug can associate to form a complex. When the reaction is at equilibrium, the use of the simple form of Fick's law leads to prediction of enhancement of total flux. It is shown that inclusion of coupling terms by a generalized form of Fick's law leads to an adequate explanation of the possibility of the total flux increasing, decreasing, or remaining unaffected by the complex formation reaction.
High-Stakes Testing, Latinos, and English Language Learners: Lessons from Colorado

Abstract In Colorado, the Colorado Student Assessment Program (CSAP) has been created as the performance standard to determine progress that Colorado students are making toward meeting content standards. This study utilized results of the CSAP across 3 years (1999–2001) to determine the impact that standards-based education in Colorado is having on Latino students in general, and on Latino English language learners (ELLs) specifically. CSAP results in reading and writing in English and Spanish were compared for Latinos taking the CSAP in Spanish, Latinos taking the CSAP in English, and all Colorado third and fourth graders. This study also examined the extent to which school report card grades were affected in schools with large numbers of ELLs. Results indicate that the percentage of Latinos meeting state standards as measured by the Spanish CSAP is equivalent to, and in some cases higher, than the percentage of Latinos who are taking the CSAP in English. However, a gap exists between Latinos, no matter ...
Massive light-driven translocation of transducin between the two major compartments of rod cells: A novel mechanism of light adaptation

We report a new cellular mechanism of rod photoreceptor adaptation in vivo, which is triggered by daylight levels of illumination. The mechanism involves a massive light-dependent translocation of the photoreceptor-specific G protein, transducin, between the functional compartments of rods. To characterize the mechanism, we developed a novel technique that combines serial tangential cryodissection of the rat retina with Western blot analysis of protein distribution in the sections. Up to 90% of transducin translocates from rod outer segments to other cellular compartments on the time scale of tens of minutes. The reduction in the transducin content of the rod outer segments is accompanied by a corresponding reduction in the amplification of the rod photoresponse, allowing rods to operate in illumination up to 10-fold higher than would otherwise be possible.
OVIPOSITION REGULATION IN DACUS OLEAE BY VARIOUS OLIVE FRUIT CHARACTERS

The effect of some chemical and physico-tactile characters of the olive fruit surface were studied with respect to oviposition regulation of wild and laboratory-cultured olive fruit flies, Dacus oleae (Gmelin). It was found that chemical stimuli have the greatest effect. Up to 100% inhibiton of oviposition can be obtained with unsuitable chemical properties of the fruit surface. These chemical stimuli are perceived by antennal and tarsal receptors. Fruit surface smoothness also has a significant regulatory effect. This character is perceived by antennal receptors only. Hardness of fruit has no effect at all. RESUME REGULATION DE LA PONTE PAR LES CARACTERISTIQUES DIVERSES DES OLIVES CHEZ DACUS OLEAE (GMELIN) On a etudie l'effet d'un certain nombre de caracteristiques chimiques et physico-tactiles de la surface des olives sur la regulation de la ponte de populations naturelles et de laboratoire de la mouche des olives, Dacus oleae. On a constate que c'etaient les stimuli chimiques qui avaient l'effet le plus important. On peut obtenir une inhibition de la ponte allant jusqu'a 100% si la surface du fruit a des proprietes chimiques defavorables. Ces stimuli chimiques sont percus par des recepteurs antennaires et tarsaux. Le degre de rugosite de la surface a aussi un effet regulateur important. Ce caractere est percu uniquement par des recepteurs antennaires. La durete du fruit n'a aucun effet.
New technology and the need to change the focus in engineering education

The history of engineering is a history of the development of tools to enhance and expand the engineer's effectiveness in creating solutions to societal problems. Most of the tools have been focused on improving the engineer's ability to calculate, or to analyze mathematical models of the physical system or process under design. Since 1965, I have seen a revolution in the ability of engineers and students to perform the calculate step of the design or problem solving process. Students bring everyday to the classroom laptop computers more powerful than engineers could yet imagine 40 years ago. While this enormous power to calculate has changed how engineers think, it has not significantly changed the manner in which undergraduate engineering is taught. Engineering educators need to reconsider what is taught and how students learn in light of revolutionary and continuously changing tools for the design of new technology.
A Fully Coupled Flow-Heat Transfer Model For Accurate Prediction of Surface Temperature

In this paper, an accurate method for surface temperature computation for hypersonic slows is described. This method consists off coupling the compressible Navier-Stokes equations to a heat transfer equation at the surface. The temperature is obtained through an iterative procedure. Several combinations involving surface and gas radiation are studied for both laminar and turbulent flow conditions. Results show that without significant gas radiation, Ihe surface temperature is reduced significantly by surface radiation. In addition, the boundary-layer thickness is strongly dependent on the surface boundary condition. The results suggest that one possible temperature protection system for the hot blum nose is a combination of local i/cd cooling and surface radiation.
High-Density Plasma-Induced Etch Damage of GaN

Anisotropic, smooth etching of the group-III nitrides has been reported at relatively high rates in high-density plasma etch systems. However, such etch results are often obtained under high de-bias andlor high plasma flux conditions where plasma induced damage can be significant. Despite the fact that the group-III nitrides have higher bonding energies than more conventional III-V compounds, plasma-induced etch damage is still a concern. Attempts to minimize such damage by reducing the ion energy or increasing the chemical activity in the plasma often result in a loss of etch rate or anisotropy which significantly limits critical dimensions and reduces the utility of the process for device applications requiring vertical etch profiles. It is therefore necessary to develop plasma etch processes which couple anisotropy for critical dimension and sidewall profile control and high etch rates with low-damage for optimum device performance. In this study we report changes in sheet resistance and contact resistance for n- and p-type GaN samples exposed to an Ar inductively coupled plasma (ICP). In general, plasma-induced damage was more sensitive to ion bombardment energies as compared to plasma flux. In addition, p-GaN was typically more sensitive to plasma-induced damage as compared to n-GaN.
Hyperhomocysteinemia in Asian Indians Living in the United States

Hyperhomocysteinemia has been reported in Asian Indians (people from Indian subcontinent) to be related to relatively low plasma levels of folate and vitamin B-12. However, a true ethnic-related characteristic has not been excluded. This study was done to determine whether Asian Indians have high plasma homocysteine compared with Caucasians in the United States in the era of folate fortification, and whether low vitamin B-12 or insulin resistance may account for possible interethnic differences in plasma homocysteine. A total of 227 Asian Indians (131 males and 96 females) and 155 Caucasians (66 males and 89 females) completed a questionnaire for medical, family, and personal history. They had height, weight, and blood pressure measured and fasting blood drawn for routine chemistry, TSH, plasma homocysteine, vitamin B-12, and folate. Oral glucose tolerance test and vitamin B-6 was measured in a subgroup of 66 Asian Indians (47 males and 19 females) and 63 Caucasians (33 males and 30 females). Asian Indian...
Cryogenic 3D printing for tissue engineering

We describe a new cryogenic 3D printing technology for freezing hydrogels, with a potential impact to tissue engineering. We show that complex frozen hydrogel structures can be generated when the 3D object is printed immersed in a liquid coolant (liquid nitrogen), whose upper surface is maintained at the same level as the highest deposited layer of the object. This novel approach ensures that the process of freezing is controlled precisely, and that already printed frozen layers remain at a constant temperature. We describe the device and present results which illustrate the potential of the new technology.
The Super‐Omniscient Interpreter

Peter Marton, in ‘Ordinary versus Super Omniscient Interpreters: the Battle over Scepticism’, The Philosophical Quarterly, 49 (1999), pp. 72–7, has attempted to answer Davidson's argument from the possibility of an omniscient interpreter to the conclusion that we cannot be massively mistaken. I argue that this attempt fails in virtue of a problem afflicting Marton’s use of the notion of a super-omniscient interpreter.
Identification of mammalian orthologs using local synteny

Background Accurate determination of orthology is central to comparative genomics. For vertebrates in particular, very large gene families, high rates of gene duplication and loss, multiple mechanisms of gene duplication, and high rates of retrotransposition all combine to make inference of orthology between genes difficult. Many methods have been developed to identify orthologous genes, mostly based upon analysis of the inferred protein sequence of the genes. More recently, methods have been proposed that use genomic context in addition to protein sequence to improve orthology assignment in vertebrates. Such methods have been most successfully implemented in fungal genomes and have long been used in prokaryotic genomes, where gene order is far less variable than in vertebrates. However, to our knowledge, no explicit comparison of synteny and sequence based definitions of orthology has been reported in vertebrates, or, more specifically, in mammals.
Hypothalamic and amygdalar cell lines differ markedly in mitochondrial rather than nuclear encoded gene expression

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) plays an important role in regulating the mammalian stress response. Two of the most extensively studied neuronal populations that express CRH are in the hypothalamus and amygdala. Both regions are involved in the stress response, but the amygdala is also involved in mediating response to fear and anxiety. Given that both hypothalamus and amygdala have overlapping functions, but their CRH-expressing neurons may respond differently to a given perturbation, we sought to identify differentially expressed genes between two neuronal cell types, amygdalar AR-5 and hypothalamic IVB cells. Thus, we performed a microarray analysis. Our hypothesis was that we would identify differentially expressed transcription factors, coregulators and chromatin-modifying enzymes. A total of 31,042 genes were analyzed, 10,572 of which were consistently expressed in both cell lines at a 95% confidence level. Of the 10,572 genes, 2,320 genes in AR-5 were expressed at ≥ 2-fold relative to IVBs, 1,104 genes were expressed at ≥2-fold in IVB relative to AR-5 and 7,148 genes were expressed at similar levels between the two cell lines. The greatest difference was in six mitochondrial DNA-encoded genes, which were highly abundant in AR-5 relative to IVB cells. The relative abundance of these genes ranged from 413 to 885-fold according to the microarray results. Differential expression of these genes was verified by RTqPCR. The differentially expressed mitochondrial genes were cytochrome b (MT-CYB), cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 and 2 (MT-CO1 and MT-CO2) and NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 1, 2, and 3 (MT-ND1, MT-ND2, MT-ND3). As expected, the array revealed differential expression of transcription factors and coregulators; however the greatest difference between the two cell lines was in genes encoded by the mitochondrial genome. These genes were abundant in AR-5 relative to IVBs. At present, the reason for the marked difference is unclear. The cells may differ in mtDNA copy number, number of mitochondria, or regulation of the mitochondrial genome. The specific functions served by having such different levels of mitochondrial expression have not been determined. It is possible that the greater expression of the mitochondrial genes in the amygdalar cells reflects higher energy requirements than in the hypothalamic cell line.
A nomographic solution of the Gaussian diffusion equation

Abstract The Gaussian diffusion equation for a surface receptor and a nondepositing surface or elevated source is solved by a single nomogram. A table and another nomogram allow adjustment for plume depletion and deposition for depositing particulate matter and reactive gases.
Adaptive Feedback in Computer-Based Instruction: Effects of Response Certitude on Performance, Feedback-Study Time, and Efficiency

This study compared the effects of response-certitude adaptive and non-adaptive feedback within a computer-based lesson of verbal information and defined concept tasks. Effects were measured on stu...
Developing dynamic security policies

In this paper we define and provide a general construction for a class of policies we call dynamic policies. In most existing systems, policies are implemented and enforced by changing the operational parameters of shared system objects. These policies do not account for the behavior of the entire system, and enforcing these policies can have unexpected interactive or concurrent behavior. We present a policy specification, implementation, and enforcement methodology based on formal models of interactive behavior and satisfiability of system properties. We show that changing the operational parameters of our policy implementation entities does not affect the behavioral guarantees specified by the properties. We demonstrate the construction of dynamic access control policies based on safety property specifications and describe an implementation of these policies in the Seraphim active network architecture. We present examples of reactive security systems that demonstrate the power and dynamism of our policy implementations. We also describe other types of dynamic policies for information flow and availability based on safety, liveness, fairness, and other properties. We believe that dynamic policies are important building blocks of reactive security solutions for active networks.
A matrix approach to performance data modeling, analysis and visualization

For large-scale systems depending on numerous parameters and variables, matrices are considered to be a very useful notation. Techniques of linear algebra can be used to analyze the system and understand its behavior. To apply the matrix notation to large-scale computer systems is a novel approach to gain insight into its concurrent activities, which is not an easy task without special analysis methods. Therefore, we introduce a matrix notation for the performance data. Using a metric-based performance matrix, the transformations to the different analysis domains (e.g. spatial and temporal) are explained. This approach towards performance analysis benefits from the methods of linear algebra and provides a mathematical means of analysis as an alternative to approaches based on database systems. >
Chemical Interactions in High‐Temperature Ceramic Composites

The useful lives of many ceramic composites will be influenced, if not controlled, by chemical interactions. Thermodynamic and kinetic calculations are invaluable in evaluating them. Composites may contain as many as four constituents: a fiber, its coating, a matrix, and an external coating. The chemical concerns fall into three categories: (i) chemical compatibility between the various constituents, (ii) internal stability of the constituents, and (iii) environmental stability of the composite. Examples are given for each of these concerns. Also included are the approaches useful for evaluating them.
Unrolling-based optimizations for modulo scheduling

Modulo scheduling is a method for overlapping successive iterations of a loop in order to find sufficient instruction-level parallelism to fully utilize high-issue-rate processors. The achieved throughput module scheduled loop depends on the resource requirements, the dependence pattern, and the register requirements of the computation in the loop body. Traditionally, unrolling followed by acyclic scheduling of the unrolled body has been an alternative to module scheduling. However, there are benefits to unrolling even if the loop is to be module scheduled. Unrolling can improve the throughput by allowing a smaller non-integral effective initiation interval to be achieved. After unrolling, optimizations can be applied to the loop that reduce both the resource requirements and the height of the critical paths. Together, unrolling and unrolling-based optimizations can enable the completion of multiple iterations per cycle in some cases. This paper describes the benefits of unrolling and a set of optimizations for unrolled loops which have been implemented in the IMPACT compiler. The performance benefits of unrolling for five of the SPEC CFP92 programs are reported.