cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear effects of climate change on phosphorus stability in wetlands : Concept and estimation

Effects of climate change on ecosystems like freshwater wetlands cannot be understood without focusing research on getting sense of vulnerability and resiliency at the systemic level, involving tipping points, rapid changes in events and states, because of the interdependency of various components that are subject to nonlinear changes even though they may exert significant inertia to short-term hydro-climatic fluctuations. Depending on resilience, threshold and lag times, hydro-climatic changes brought upon by global climate change may cause nonlinear and/or irreversible changes in phosphorus (P) dynamic, and instigate P enrichment in freshwater wetlands. Thus, the studies of the influence of expected global climate change and its direct and indirect effects on bioavailability/stability of organic P in wetlands are in critical need to help manage or increase the resilience of wetland ecosystem against any abrupt or irreversible changes that may adversely affect the ecosystem and its services. Phosphorus dynamic in freshwater wetland system is likely to behave nonlinearly due to expected changes in temperature, and sediment/soil and water acidity and redox status because of global climate change in the decades to come, thereby freshwater wetland, a sensitive ecosystem that plays critical role ranging from water quality management to atmospheric CO 2 removal, could face irreversible or hysteretic adverse changes. The overall objectives of this paper are to provide consolidated information on identification and estimation of any nonlinear behaviors in the stability/bioavailability of various P forms, which are present in water columns, detritus and soils/sediments, at different levels of stressors in light of changing global climate. Addressing how stable organic P is, and at what threshold level and lag time would organic P behave nonlinearly and release back into the water column, in turn, exacerbate eutrophic conditions, are crucial. Learning the resilience, threshold level and lag times allows us to gauge the strengths and weaknesses of our technological advances and policies that may help us to cope with nonlinear impacts of global climate change on ecosystems such as wetlands. The relationships developed between P mobilization processes, stressors’ levels and lag time can provide invaluable insights for the formulation of management strategies that could increase resilience in freshwater wetlands, which may be subjected to nonlinear ecological responses.
Boundary criticality of topological quantum phase transitions in two-dimensional systems

We discuss the boundary critical behaviors of two dimensional quantum phase transitions with fractionalized degrees of freedom in the bulk, motivated by the fact that usually it is the $1d$ boundary that is exposed and can be conveniently probed in many experimental platforms. In particular, we mainly discuss boundary criticality of two examples: i. the quantum phase transition between a $2d$ $Z_2$ topological order and an ordered phase with spontaneous symmetry breaking; ii. the continuous quantum phase transition between metal and a particular type of Mott insulator (U(1) spin liquid). This theoretical study could be relevant to many purely $2d$ systems, where recent experiments have found correlated insulator, superconductor, and metal in the same phase diagram.
Simulation and Education in Cardiac Surgery

Surgical simulators are gaining rapid acceptance as training tools for early learners and for retraining experienced surgeons with new techniques. Because the robotic system intervenes between the surgeon and the “tactile” sense of surgery, robotics offers a unique opportunity to provide very high fidelity simulation of the surgical experience. Surgeons will be able to learn and practice component parts of complex operations prior to taking the technique to the operating theatre with live patients.
Chapter e46 – Data Encryption

The Internet evolved over the years as a means for users to access information and exchange emails. Later, once the bandwidth became available, businesses exploited the Internet’s popularity to reach customers online. It has been reported that organizations that store and maintain customers' private and confidential records were compromised on many occasions by hackers breaking into data networks and stealing records from storage media. We have come across headline-grabbing security breaches regarding laptops with sensitive data being lost or stolen, and the Feds have encrypted around 1 million laptops with encryption software loaded to secure data such as names and Social Security numbers. This chapter is about security and the role of cryptographic technology in data security. Securing data while they are in storage or in transition from an unauthorized access is a critical function of information technology. If compromised, all forms of electronic commerce (ecommerce) activities such as online credit card processing, purchasing stocks, and banking data processing would lead to businesses losing billions of dollars in revenues as well as customer confidence lost in ecommerce.
Review of Eugenics in the Garden: Transatlantic Architecture and the Crafting of Modernity

Eugenics in the Garden: Transatlantic Architecture and the Crafting of Modernity, by Fabiola Lopez-Duran, University of Texas Press, 2018.
An Intravagal Parathyroid Adenoma in the Poststyloid Parapharyngeal Space.

OBJECTIVES Describe a case of an intravagal parathyroid adenoma. CASE A 35-year-old male presented with symptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism and non-localizing imaging studies. Intraoperative venous sampling revealed a substantial gradient within the right internal jugular vein. Repeat imaging identified an enhancing lesion in the right parapharyngeal space at the skull base. An intravagal parathyroid adenoma was discovered intraoperatively. Microdissection of the adenoma out of the nerve allowed preservation of laryngeal function and an appropriate drop in ioPTH. CONCLUSIONS Intraneural parathyroid adenomas are exceedingly rare. The clinical, radiologic, and histologic findings of an intravagal parathyroid adenoma in the post-styloid parapharyngeal space are described. Laryngoscope, 131:453-456, 2021.
Pathway Analysis within Multiple Human Ancestries Reveals Novel Signals for Epistasis in Complex Traits

Genome-wide association (GWA) studies have identified thousands of significant genetic associations in humans across a number of complex traits. However, the majority of these studies focus on linear additive relationships between genotypic and phenotypic variation. Epistasis, or non-additive genetic interactions, has been identified as a major driver of both complex trait architecture and evolution in multiple model organisms; yet, this same phenomenon is not considered to be a significant factor underlying human complex traits. There are two possible reasons for this assumption. First, most large GWA studies are conducted solely with European cohorts; therefore, our understanding of broad-sense heritability for many complex traits is limited to just one ancestry group. Second, current epistasis mapping methods commonly identify significant genetic interactions by exhaustively searching across all possible pairs of SNPs. In these frameworks, estimated epistatic effects size are often small and power can be low due to the multiple testing burden. Here, we present a case study that uses a novel region-based mapping approach to analyze sets of variants for the presence of epistatic effects across six diverse subgroups within the UK Biobank. We refer to this method as the "MArginal ePIstasis Test for Regions" or MAPIT-R. Even with limited sample sizes, we find a total of 245 pathways within the KEGG and REACTOME databases that are significantly enriched for epistatic effects in height and body mass index (BMI), with 67% of these pathways being detected within individuals of African ancestry. As a secondary analysis, we introduce a novel region-based "leave-one-out" approach to localize pathway-level epistatic signals to specific interacting genes in BMI. Overall, our results indicate that non-European ancestry populations may be better suited for the discovery of non-additive genetic variation in human complex traits --- further underscoring the need for publicly available, biobank-sized datasets of diverse groups of individuals.
The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug salsalate provides safe and effective control of mucositis-unrelated pain during autologous and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Pain is a serious adverse event which frequently accompanies hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The safety and efficacy of NSAIDS during HSCT is currently unknown. Salsalate is a platelet-sparing NSAID with a favorable toxicity profile compared with other NSAIDS. We report the safety and efficacy of salsalate for different types of pain during SCT. We conducted a retrospective study of SCT recipients empirically treated with salsalate for > 48 h. Pain scores were assessed using the verbal rating scale for pain. A subset analysis of patients who received > 7 days of salsalate during periods of pancytopenia, mucositis, and other end-organ toxicities is included. Sixty-four patients, 42 auto- and 22 allografts, were identified. Reason for use: vertebral-related pain (30%), musculoskeletal (30%), and cytokine inflammatory pain syndromes (24%). Median dose 1500 mg/day, number of treatment days = 5, started on day+5 post-HSCT. Pain resolved/improved to pain score 7-day salsalate. Median WBC and platelet nadir were 5 platelet transfusions (n = 1), and vomiting (n = 2). There was no treatment related mortality. Salsalate was well tolerated, safe, and beneficial for several different types of pain during HSCT.
García Márquez: el periodismo hiperbólico y la invención del diarismo mágico

espanolEste articulo investiga las imbricaciones y porosidades entre la ficcion y la no ficcion en los textos tempranos de prensa de Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Este trabajo propone un proceso fluido de intercambios de doble via entre los discursos informativos y los de creacion literaria, donde el joven escritor experimenta para novelar dentro del periodismo, haciendo uso de la hiperbole y de personajes o situaciones ficticias para articular un fenomeno denominado el diarismo magico. El empleo de la hiperbole en Garcia Marquez funciona como un resorte de intensiones (con “s”) e intenciones (con “c”) para expandir o comprimir los contenidos semanticos. El escritor periodista construye sus hiperboles con dos caracteristicas: la exageracion de detalles y la precision en las exageraciones. Por un lado, las hiperboles pretenden desbordar e ir mas alla de los limites y, por otro, gracias a la descripcion y la enumeracion detalladas, este desbordamiento es controlado y tiene como objetivo hacer que sus imagenes resulten creibles en el contexto de las historias que cuenta. EnglishThis article investigates the overlap and porosities between fiction and non-fiction discourses in the early texts of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. I propose there is a fluid process of exchange between informative discourses and those of literary creation, where the young writer experimented to novel within journalism, using hyperbole as well as fictional situations and characters in a phenomenon that I call magical journalism. Garcia Marquez’s use of hyperboles works as a springboard of tensions and intentions to expand and compress semantic content. The writer-journalist constructs hyperboles using two main elements: superfluous detail and precise descriptions. On the one hand, hyperboles overflow, pressing limits and, on the other, intricate detailing controls the excess, rendering images credible in the context of the stories that are told.
Gender-based evaluation of economic, social, and physical challenges in timely post-hurricane recovery

Abstract A gender-based analysis of challenges for an effective and timely recovery from a disaster is necessary for efficiently responding to each gender's needs. In this study, 25 challenges that delay post-hurricane recovery were identified from the literature, ranked, and compared, based on female and male perspectives. A survey was developed, with questions designed to provide data on the men's and women's perspectives of the challenges. A relative importance index (RII) analysis was used to rank the challenges. Results of the survey showed that the respondents considered 21 of the 25 challenges significant in the post-hurricane recovery process. Females gave priority to the economic category challenges that might threat their families, while the males gave priority to the challenges in the social category. The top-ranked challenge by the females was the average housing value, while the males ranked population density the highest. The results of this study establish a basis for better understanding the differences between female and male insights into the challenges of hurricane recovery and can increase the likelihood of achieving a timely recovery.
Progression and Resolution of SARS-1 CoV-2 Infection in Golden Syrian Hamsters

To catalyze SARS-CoV-2 research including development of novel interventive and preventive strategies, we characterized progression of disease in depth in a robust COVID-19 animal model. In this model, male and female golden Syrian hamsters were inoculated intranasally with SARS-CoV-2 USA-WA1/2020. Groups of inoculated and mock-inoculated uninfected control animals were euthanized at day 2, 4, 7, 14, and 28 days post-inoculation to track multiple clinical, pathology, virology, and immunology outcomes. SARS-CoV-2-inoculated animals consistently lost body weight during the first week of infection, had higher lung weights at terminal timepoints, and developed lung consolidation per histopathology and quantitative image analysis measurements. High levels of infectious virus and viral RNA were reliably present in the respiratory tract at days 2 and 4 post-inoculation, corresponding with widespread necrosis and inflammation. At day 7, when infectious virus was rare, interstitial and alveolar macrophage infiltrates and marked reparative epithelial responses (type II hyperplasia) dominated in the lung. These lesions resolved over time, with only residual epithelial repair evident by day 28 post-inoculation. The use of quantitative approaches to measure cellular and morphologic alterations in the lung provides valuable outcome measures for developing therapeutic and preventive interventions for COVID-19 using the hamster COVID-19 model.
Evaluation and management of drug resistant epilepsy in children.

Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological conditions in children. Most children with epilepsy respond to anti- epileptic drugs (AEDs) but approximately 30% of children develop drug resistant epilepsy (DRE) defined as ‘the failure of adequate trials of two tolerated, appropriately chosen and used anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs)’. DRE is associated with serious consequences including higher mortality and worse cognitive outcomes. DRE impacts several aspects of the child's and the caregiver's life.
DPPA2, DPPA4, and other DPPA factor epigenomic functions in cell fate and cancer

Many gene networks are shared between pluripotent stem cells and cancer; a concept exemplified by several DPPA factors such as DPPA2 and DPPA4, which are highly and selectively expressed in stem cells but also found to be reactivated in cancer. Despite their striking expression pattern, for many years the function of DPPA2 and DPPA4 remained a mystery; knockout of Dppa2 and Dppa4 did not affect pluripotency, but caused lung and skeletal defects late in development, long after Dppa2 and Dppa4 expression had been turned off. A number of recent papers have further clarified and defined the roles of these important factors, identifying roles in priming the chromatin and maintaining developmental competency through regulating both H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 at bivalent chromatin domains, and acting to remodel chromatin and facilitate reprogramming of somatic cells to induced pluripotency. These findings highlight an important regulatory role for DPPA2 and DPPA4 at the transitional boundary between pluripotency and differentiation and may have relevance to the functions of DPPA2 and 4 in the context of cancer cells as well.
Advances in Cohesive Zone Modeling of Dynamic Fracture

In this chapter, we review the state of the-art in computational methods for modeling dynamic fracture of brittle solids based on the popular cohesive element approach. The discussion includes a detailed review of the underlying theory, its implementation via interface elements in its two different flavors: the intrinsic and extrinsic approach, as well as the application of the method to different concrete problems in dynamic fracture. Limitations and numerical issues are discussed in detail. As a means to address some of these issues, we describe an alternative approach based on a discontinuous Galerkin (DG) reformulation of the continuum problem that exploits the virtues of the existing cohesive element methods. The scalability and accuracy of the DG method for fracture mechanics is demonstrated through wave propagation and spall tests in ceramics. Lastly, some unresolved open problems and numerical issues pertaining to cohesive zone modeling of fracture are briefly discussed.
Resource use in pediatric blunt and penetrating trauma.

Abstract Background Trauma is one of the leading causes of pediatric morbidity and mortality with significant patient and economic impacts that necessitate constant study. Significant differences in outcomes and resource use exist between blunt and penetrating mechanisms. Methods The National Trauma Data Bank was analyzed for patients aged 0–18 y with International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision injury codes for blunt and penetrating trauma from 2007–2012. Demographic information, causes, treatments, complications, and outcomes were assessed. Results A total of 748,347 pediatric trauma patients were assessed. Blunt trauma was identified as the cause in 601,898 (80.43%) patients compared with 55,597 (7.4%) patients with penetrating trauma. Blunt trauma patients were younger on average and more likely to be female. Despite having a slightly higher mean injury severity scores, blunt trauma patients had shorter length of stay in the hospital (2.9 versus 4.3 d, P versus 38.6%, P versus 7.1%, P versus 5.5%, P versus 9.4%, P versus 1.7%, P Conclusions Compared with penetrating trauma, blunt trauma is more common and patients have shorter length of stay, less complications, lower mortality, and are less likely to need operative intervention or blood transfusion. Resource use also varied by age.
Interplanetary propagation of less than 1-MeV protons in nonimpulsive energetic particle events

An investigation is conducted regarding the existence of measurable transverse diffusive transport for 0.3- to 0.5 MeV protons. The study focuses on 1-hour averaged proton anisotropy data measured by detectors on board the earth-orbiting IMP 7 and 8 spacecraft. The data is restricted to nonimpulsive energetic particle events which are not explicitly associated with solar flares. It is established to within the limits of the measurements using 1-hour averages, that in nonimpulsive 0.3- to 0.5-MeV proton events as measured in the Newtonian inertial frame of the solar system, the anisotropy is predominantly transverse to the magnetic field and most hourly averages of the transverse component are essentially due to the particles' E x B drift.
Dessler, Jimenez, Klein, and Nenes Receive 2012 Atmospheric Sciences Ascent Awards: Response

It is a rare privilege and a deeply fulfilling experience to pursue science while helping shape future generations of scientists and engineers. To be awarded on top of it is humbling to say the least. I am deeply grateful to my nominator and supporters and thank the AGU Atmospheric Sciences Section Awards Committee for this honor. What makes the Ascent Award even more special is its strong vote of confidence for the future, which is both energizing and inspiring.
Approximation with interpolatory constraints

Given a triangular array of points on [-1,1] satisfying certain minimal separation conditions, a classical theorem of Szabados asserts the existence of polynomial operators that provide interpolation at these points as well as a near-optimal degree of approximation for arbitrary continuous functions on the interval. This paper provides a simple, functional-analytic proof of this fact. This abstract technique also leads to similar results in general situations where an analogue of the classical Jackson-type theorem holds. In particular, it allows one to obtain simultaneous interpolation and a near-optimal degree of approximation by neural networks on a cube, radial-basis functions on a torus, and Gaussian networks on Euclidean space. These ideas are illustrated by a discussion of simultaneous approximation and interpolation by polynomials and also by zonal-function networks on the unit sphere in Euclidean space.
Immunohistochemical examination for mycobacteria in intestinal tissues from patients with Crohn's disease.

Abstract We conducted an immunohistochemical search for mycobacteria in the intestinal tissues of patients with Crohn's disease. Tissues obtained by biopsy or surgical resection and fixed by a variety of methods (formalin, periodate-lysine-paraformaldehyde, freshfrozen) were reacted by an immunoperoxidase method with antibodies to (a) Mycobacterium paratuberculosis strain linda, (b) M. tuberculosis , and (c) the common mycobacterial antigen, lipoarabinomannan. Each of the antibody preparations was shown capable of detecting a variety of typical and atypical mycobacteria ( M. tuberculosis, M. kansasii, M. fortuitum, M. chelonei, M. paratuberculosis , and cell wall-defective as well as cell wall-intact forms of M. avium intracellulare ) under conditions identical to those used for staining the patients' tissues. We did not detect mycobacteria in any of the 67 specimens from 30 patients examined. These results, in conjunction with those of our previous serologic studies, do not support the hypothesis that infection with a Mycobacterium causes Crohn's disease.
Bioactive Capacity, Sensory Properties, and Nutritional Analysis of a Shelf Stable Protein-rich Functional Ingredient with Concentrated Fruit and Vegetable Phytoactives

Well-known health-protective phytochemicals from muscadine grape and kale were stably complexed with food grade protein (soy or hemp protein isolates) to create biofortified food ingredients for use in a variety of convenient, portable food formulations. The bioactive (anti-inflammatory) potential, sensory attributes and proximates of the prepared formulations were evaluated in this study. Anti-inflammatory properties of the protein-phytoactive ingredient particles were contributed by the polyphenolic content (muscadine-protein) or the combination of polyphenol, carotenoid, and glucosinolate content (kale-protein aggregates). Phytoactive compounds from the fortified matrices suppressed at least two biomarkers of inflammation; most notable with the expression of chronic pro-inflammatory genes IL-6 and Mcp1. Sensory analysis suggested both sweet and savory functional food applications for the biofortified ingredients. Proximate analyses determined that fortification of the soy protein isolate (SPI) with muscadine or kale bioactives resulted in elevated dietary fibers, total carbohydrates, and free sugars, but did not increase calories/100 g dry matrix compared to unfortified SPI. Overall protein content in the aggregate matrices was about 37 % less (muscadine-SPI, kale-SPI and kale- HP50) or 17.6 % less (muscadine-HP50) on a weight basis, likely due to solubility of some proteins during preparation and partial displacement of some protein mass by the fruit and vegetable phytoactive constituents.
Numerical studies of intermolecular multiple quantum coherences: high-resolution NMR in inhomogeneous fields and contrast enhancement in MRI.

A fast, efficient numerical algorithm is used to study intermolecular zero-quantum coherences (iZQCs) and double-quantum coherences (iDQCs) in two applications where the three-dimensional structure of the magnetization is important: high-resolution NMR in inhomogeneous fields and contrast enhancement in MRI. Simulations with up to 2 million coupled volume elements (256 x 256 x 32) show that iZQCs can significantly narrow linewidths in the indirectly detected dimension of systems with inhomogeneous fields and explore the effects of shape and orientation of the inhomogeneities. In addition, this study shows that MR images from iZQC and iDQC CRAZED pulse sequences contain fundamentally new contrast, and a modified CRAZED pulse sequence (modCRAZED) can isolate the contrast from chemically inequivalent spins.
Abstract LB-489: MDM2 alternative splicing: fine-tuning the p53 damage response

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Cell survival is dependent upon precise control of the activity of the tumor suppressor p53. p53 is a transcription factor and is known to control a number of biological processes including cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by transactivating downstream genes. Several proteins are reported to affect p53 activity but the murine double-minute protein, MDM2, and a closely related family member, MDM4, are two of the most critical regulators of p53. In previous work, we have identified alternative splicing of both the MDM2 and MDM4 genes in response to UV damage implicating alternative splicing in the cell's normal surveillance mechanism. However, the role of the splice variants in the DNA damage pathway remains elusive. To determine the role the alternative splice forms play in the p53 damage response, overexpression of the UV-induced isoforms, MDM2-ALT1 and MDM4-ALT2, was performed. Both MDM2-ALT1 and MDM4-ALT2 are capable of negatively regulating the full-length MDM2 and MDM4 full-length proteins thereby increasing p53 levels. Interestingly, each splice variant activates a distinct and unique subset of p53 target genes. An additional type of cellular stress, hypoxia, induces alternative splicing of MDM2 as well, but generates a different splice form known as MDM2-ALT2. This splice form activates a third unique profile of p53 target genes. Hence, the splicing status of the MDM2 and MDM4 genes is capable of dictating unique p53 programs. We are also currently investigating p53-independent functions for the damage-induced splice variants to better understand their role in the damage response and tumorigenesis. This work elucidates regulated splicing as a novel mechanism by which cellular injury can control the activity of p53 within the cell. By producing specific alternatively spliced variants of both MDM2 and MDM4, yet another layer of p53 regulation is initiated in order to fine-tune the cell's response to damage. Because MDM2 and MDM4 alternative splice variants are characteristic of numerous cancer types, this work indicates that the status of MDM2 and MDM4 splicing could be a consideration in determining treatment options for cancers for which p53 activation is a therapeutic strategy. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-489. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-LB-489
Formation of oxygen atoms in the reaction of chlorine atoms with ozone

Abstract Oxygen atoms are detected by NO + O + M chemiluminescence as a secondary product of the reaction between Cl and O 3 . The mechanism Cl + O 3 → ClO + O 2 ( 1 Σ + g ), O 2 ( 1 Σ + g ) + O 3 → O 2 + O 2 + O is proposed to account for the oxygen atom formation. The branching ratio to the O 2 ( 1 Σ + g ) product in the reaction of Cl with O 3 is estimated to be in the range (0.1–0.5) x 10 −2 .
An unbiased estimate of the relative crash risk of cell phone conversation while driving an automobile

A key aim of research into cell phone tasks is to obtain an unbiased estimate of their relative risk (RR) for crashes. This paper re-examines five RR estimates of cell phone conversation in automobiles. The Toronto and Australian studies estimated an RR near 4, but used subjective estimates of driving and crash times. The OnStar, 100-Car, and a recent naturalistic study used objective measures of driving and crash times and estimated an RR near 1, not 4 - a major discrepancy. Analysis of data from GPS trip studies shows that people were in the car only 20% of the time on any given prior day at the same clock time they were in the car on a later day. Hence, the Toronto estimate of driving time during control windows must be reduced from 10 to 2 min. Given a cell phone call rate about 7 times higher when in-car than out-of-car, and correcting for misclassification of some post-crash calls as pre-crash, the final required downward adjustment of the Toronto and Australian RR estimates is about 7 times. The Toronto adjusted RR is 0.61 and the Australian adjusted RR is 0.64, which now agree with the OnStar RR estimate of 0.62. All five adjusted RR estimates for cellular conversation while driving in automobiles are near 1, with a pooled RR of 0.61 (95% confidence interval 0.51 to 0.74). Talking on a cell phone while driving an automobile does not increase crash risk relative to not talking. Language: en
Effects of Growth Hormone Replacement Therapy on 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D and Calcium Metabolism*

To elucidate the changes in mineral metabolism and blood concentrations of calciotropic hormones which accompany GH therapy, we studied 12 GH-deficient children for 5 days before and for 1 week after high dose (5 IU/day) GH therapy, and again at 1 month, 3 months, and 1 yr of replacement therapy (0.1 IU/kg to a maximum dose of 2 IU three times weekly). All responded with acceleration of height velocity, and bone ages advanced appropriately. Fasting serum ionized calcium levels did not change: 4.11 +/- 0.06 (SEM) mg/dl before, 4.19 +/- 0.05 for the week of high dose therapy, and 4.20 +/- 0.14 during replacement therapy. Likewise, fasting serum parthormone did not vary: 38.9 +/- 2.6 muleq/ml before to 44.1 +/- 9.2 at 1 yr. Twenty four-hour nephrogenous cyclic AMP (NcAMP) did not vary over the first week (1.2 +/- 0.7 nmol/dl glomerular filtrate before, 1.3 +/- 0.4 after 1 week), but increased to 5.3 +/- 1.9 after 1 yr (alpha less than 0.001). The response of ionized calcium and parathormone to a standardized disodium EDTA infusion of 50 mg/kg also did not change. The mean fasting serum calcitonin level was not different before therapy (29.4 +/- 2.8 pg/ml), after 1 week (21.5 +/- 1.8), or after 1 yr (42.4 +/- 11.0). However, the mean serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentration rose from 33.1 +/- 3.3 pg/ml before therapy to 68.3 +/- 12.3 on the seventh day of high dose therapy (alpha less than 0.01), returning to pretherapy values by 1 month. We conclude that high dose GH therapy in GH-deficient children raises 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentration acutely, but that long term, physiological replacement therapy does not cause such an effect. Because NcAMP excretion rose in the absence of an increase in serum parathormone concentration, we conclude that GH sensitizes the kidney to a cAMP-mediated effect of parathormone.
Predators exert top-down control of soybean aphid across a gradient of agricultural management systems.

The discovery of soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matusumura, in North America in 2000 provided the opportunity to investigate the relative strength of top-down and bottom- up forces in regulating populations of this new invasive herbivore. At the Kellogg Biological Station Long Term Ecological Research site in agroecology, we contrasted A. glycines establishment and population growth under three agricultural production systems that differed markedly in disturbance and fertility regimes. Agricultural treatments consisted of a conventional-tillage high-input system, a no-tillage high-input system, and a zero-chemical- input system under conventional tillage. By selectively restricting or allowing predator access we simultaneously determined aphid response to top-down and bottom-up influences. Irrespective of predator exclusion, our agricultural manipulations did not result in bottom-up control of A. glycines intrinsic rate of increase or realized population growth. In contrast, we observed strong evidence for top-down control of A. glycines establishment and overall population growth in all production systems. Abundant predators, including Harmonia axyridis, Coccinella septempunctata, Orius insidiosus, and various predaceous fly larvae, significantly reduced A. glycines establishment and population increase in all trials. In contrast to other systems in which bottom-up forces control herbivore populations, we conclude that A. glycines is primarily controlled via top-down influences of generalist predators under a wide range of agricultural management systems. Understanding the role of top-down and bottom- up forces in this context allows agricultural managers to focus on effective strategies for control of this invasive pest.
Growth of Novel Polythiophene and Polyphenyl Films via Surface Polymerization by Ion-Assisted Deposition

Surface polymerization by ion-assisted deposition (SPIAD) is used here to grow novel polythiophene and polyphenyl thin films on a silicon surface by hyperthermal, mass-selected thiophene cations coincident with a thermal beam of α-terthiophene or p-terphenyl neutrals. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) observes a large enhancement in film growth for SPIAD compared with either thiophene ions or α-terthiophene exposure alone. Changes in S/Si and C/Si ratios from XPS, direct observation of higher polymerization products by mass spectrometry, characteristic vibrations in the Raman data, and enhanced stability in a vacuum all indicate that 200 eV SPIAD polythiophene films are most efficiently polymerized at a 1/150 ion/neutral ratio. Other ion/neutral ratios are less efficient at film growth, in the order 1/150 > 1/450 > 1/900 > direct ion deposition > 1/50. Changes in C/Si ratios and higher polymerization products indicate polymerization occurs in SPIAD polyphenyl films grown with a 1/100 ion/neutral rati...
Optimum strength design of rear hub bearing for light-duty trucks with dual tires, Part 1 : Measurement of actual bearing loads, comparison of measured data with calculated values, and determination of effects of various factors on the bearing

Abstract The loads acting on a full-floating rear axle hub bearing have conventionally been determined by simple geometric calculations. The authors, however, measured such loads on an actual vehicle in running for the purpose of selecting optimum bearings. The measured results revealed many differences from the calculated results. We then analyzed the measurement result and possible factors causing such differences, i.e., temperature distribution around the bearing, shift of the vehicle's center of gravity, tire characteristic, etc., and compared the measured and calculated values to establish a method of predicting the input load.
Polymer catenanes via a supramolecularly templated ATRP initiator

Synthesis of polymer catenanesvia a living radical polymerization and supramolecular template approach are demonstrated. The ring closure was performed via atom transfer radical cross coupling (ATRC) to obtain polymer catenanes from the linear polymer metal complex precursor.
Target antigens of malaria transmission blocking immunity exist as a stable membrane bound complex

Summary Monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) blocking transmission of malaria by blocking fertilization of female gametes by male gametes in the mosquito midgut immunoprecipitate three polypeptides (apparent non-reduced mol. wt of 230000, 48000, 45000) from the surface of gametes and zygotes of Plasmodium gallinaceum and P. falciparum. Earlier studies have shown that the epitopes with which the MoAbs react are present only on the mol. wt 230000 polypeptide in P. gallinaceum and the 48 000/45 000 mol. wt antigens in P. falciparum (Kumar 1985, Vermeulen et al. 1985). In gel permeation chromatography all three polypeptides were found to be co-eluted. Cross-linking reagents were used to cross-link proteins on the intact cells and in the soluble extracts. The cross-linked product immunoprecipitated by the MoAbs showed an approximate mol. wt of 290000 to 300000, suggesting a stoichiometry of 1:1 between the high and low mol. wt polypeptides. Evidence was also obtained for the existence of a subpopulation of the 48 000/45 000 mol. wt polypeptides which is not complexed with the 230 000 mol. wt polypeptide. These data indicate that the 230 000 polypeptide is physically associated with the 48 000 and 45 000 polypeptides; the high and low molecular weight polypeptides appear to exist in a stable membrane bound complex.
Use of attosecond electron pulses to image electronic motion in atoms and molecules

We investigate theoretically the direct imaging of coherent electronic motion in atoms and molecules using attosecond electron pulses. The theories of time-resolved ultrafast electron diffraction and (e, 2e) momentum spectroscopy as well as the requisite conditions for carrying out time-resolved measurements to obtain timedependent images are discussed. Results of simulations showing images of the motions of coherent superposition states in both the hydrogen atom and the hydrogen molecular ion are shown, thus indicating the capability of ultrafast electron pulses to investigate time-dependent electron dynamics.
A neural clustering approach for high resolution radar target classification

Abstract Neural learning techniques, the Self-Organizing Feature Map and Learning Vector Quantization, have been applied to the automatic target recognition (ATR) problem in the presence of high range resolution radar target signatures. The database is collected by placing the targets on a rotary turntable and slowly turning them over a complete 360° azimuth while the radar signatures are collected. Our pattern recognition system is composed of a feature identifier and a classifier. A simple Euclidean distance classifier using those identified features provides a baseline of 97% mean probability of correct classification.
The Inclusion of Library Services to Disadvantaged Persons in Library School Curricula: A Survey

L'article definit le terme « handicap » et decrit les etapes de l'action de la section de l'IFLA Libraries Serving Disadvantaged Persons depuis 1993, quand un atelier commun fut organise a la Conference de Barcelone pour pointer la necessite de sensibiliser les etudiants en bibliotheconomie, les membres d'associations de bibliotheques et de sciences de l'information et les professionnels du domaine, aux besoins des handicapes. Un des resultats fut une etude internationale des ecoles de bibliothecaires, realisee par l'auteur grâce a une bourse IFLA, afin d'apprehender la prise en compte du probleme des personnes handicapees dans les differentes formations professionnelles. Les resultats de cette etude sont traites dans cet article, et l'auteur conclut par des recommandations pour tenter de remedier aux manques de prise en compte des besoins des handicapes dans la profession des bibliotheques et des sciences de l'information
Pourbaix Diagram for The Prediction of Waste Glass Durability in Geologic Environments

Dissolution of nuclear waste glass occurs by corrosion mechanisms similar to those of metallurgical and mineralogic systems albeit on different time scales. The effects of imposed pH and oxidation potential (Eh) conditions existing in natural environments on metals and minerals have been quantatively and phenomenologically described in compendiums of Pourbaix (pH-potential) diagrams. Construction of Pourbaix diagrams to quantify the response of nuclear waste glasses to repository specific pH and Eh conditions is demonstrated. The expected long-term effects of groundwater contact on the durability of nuclear waste glasses can then be unified.
Energy bands in stannic oxide (SnO2)

Abstract The energy band structure of stannic oxide has been calculated by a self-consistent augmented plane wave (APW) method. The calculation predicts SnO 2 to be a semiconductor with an allowed direct band gap of 3·68 eV for light polarized perpendicular to the tetragonal axis, and of 4·07 eV for parallel polarized light; these values agree well with the measured values of 3·57 and 3·93 eV. The theory also predicts indirect and direct-forbidden optical transitions which are consistent with experiment.
Unexplained and prolonged perioperative hypotension after orthotopic liver transplantation: Undiagnosed systemic mastocytosis

Arterial vasodilation is common in end-stage liver disease, and systemic hypotension often may develop, despite an increase in cardiac output. During the preparation for and the performance of orthotopic liver transplantation, expected and transient hypotension may be caused by induction agents, anesthetic agents, liver mobilization, or venous clamping. A mild decrease of the already low systemic vascular resistance is often observed, and intermittent use of short-acting agents for vasopressor support is not uncommon. In this report, we describe a patient with unexpected and prolonged hypotension due to vasodilation during and after orthotopic liver transplantation. The preoperative end-stage liver disease evaluation, intraoperative events, and intensive care unit course were reviewed, and no cause for the vasodilation and prolonged hypotension was evident. The explant pathology report was later available and showed systemic mastocytosis. We hypothesize that the unexpected hypotension and vasodilation were caused by mast cell degranulation and its systemic effects on arterial tone.
Can weight loss prevent cancer

We review and update evidence on obesity, weight gain and weight loss in relation to leading cancers since the International Agency for Research on Cancer report of 2002. Emphasis is placed on the time course of disease and implications for weight control to prevent cancer. We conclude that weight loss could prevent a major portion of common cancers.
Modifications of orientational dependence of microscopic magnetic resonance imaging T2 anisotropy in compressed articular cartilage

Purpose To investigate the compression-induced changes in the orientational characteristics in T2 anisotropy of articular cartilage using microscopic magnetic resonance imaging (μMRI). Materials and Methods Six beagle specimens were subjected to various levels of strain (0% to 27%) and were imaged at a minimum of two orientations (0° and 55°). Two specimens at 14% and 27% strain were imaged at every 5° increment over the first quadrant of the angular space. Quantitative two-dimensional T2 images and three-dimensional T2 anisotropy maps of cartilage were constructed at a 19.8-μm in-depth resolution. Results The load-induced laminar appearance of cartilage at the magic angle became more distinct as the strain level increased. T2 anisotropy maps of cartilage at 14% and 27% strain exhibited load-induced modifications in the collagen fibril ultrastructure, with a new peak toward the cartilage-bone interface and alterations to orientational dependence of T2 anisotropy. Conclusion Distinct alternations in the orientational dependence of μMRI T2 anisotropy reflect the organizational modification of the collagen matrix due to external loading. This approach could become useful in detecting changes in cartilage's macromolecular structure due to injury or diseases. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Voyager 2 Neptune encounter

The findings made by the Voyager 2 Neptune encounter are reviewed. Data on the bowshock, magnetic field, magnetosphere, rings, plasma sheet, aurora, moons, and dust of Neptune are discussed. Findings made concerning Triton are summarized.
Accurate time-dependent quantum scattering calculation for diatom-diatom reaction with branching: HD + OH → H + DOH, D + HOH

Abstract We report calculation of reaction probabilities and branching ratios for the four-atom reaction HD + OH → H + DOH, D + OH2 on the modified Schatz-Elgersma potential energy surface using the time-dependent approach developed previously for studying H2 + OH reaction. The branching ratio PDOHPHOH is smaller than the one at low collision energies where hydrogen tunneling is dominant, but is greater than the one at high collision energies. The explanation for the isotope branching ratio is furnished.
Human pose estimation via multi-layer composite models

We introduce a hierarchical part-based approach for human pose estimation in static images. Our model is a multi-layer composite of tree-structured pictorial-structure models, each modeling human pose at a different scale and with a different graphical structure. At the highest level, the submodel acts as a person detector, while at the lowest level, the body is decomposed into a collection of many local parts. Edges between adjacent layers of the composite model encode cross-model constraints. This multi-layer composite model is able to relax the independence assumptions in tree-structured pictorial-structures models (which can create problems like double-counting image evidence), while still permitting efficient inference using dual-decomposition. We propose an optimization procedure for joint learning of the entire composite model. Our approach outperforms the state-of-the-art on four challenging datasets: Parse, UIUC Sport, Leeds Sport Pose and FLIC datasets. HighlightsWe propose a novel multi-layer graphical model for human pose estimation.We conduct a broad and detailed literature review on hierarchical models, multi-scale models, and mixture models for human pose estimation.We propose a novel design of dual decomposition approach for efficient inference applied on the proposed multi-layer composite model.We propose a joint discriminative learning framework using structured SVM.We performed systematic evaluation on three challenging state-of-art pose estimation datasets using our model against baseline approaches.
A spatial model of U.S. Senate elections

The importance of primary elections is considered within the context of U.S. Senate elections where senators serve overlapping terms and voters are assumed to balance their two senators against each other. Voters behave strategically in the primaries but convergence to the median position is not achieved except as a knife-edge result. More generally, constraints in the party space prevent the party of the sitting senator from obtaining the median's preference allowing the opposition party to nominate a candidate further away from the median while still capturing the median voter. Empirical evidence supports the notion that senate divergence is a function of the state primary system.
Eleven Cases of Sarcoidosis of the Optic Nerve

Of 11 patients (eight women and three men, ranging in age from 16 to 48 years) who had sarcoidosis of the optic nerve that caused decreased visual acuity and visual field abnormalities, only two were known to have sarcoidosis at the time the visual impairment developed. Four patients had granulomas involving the optic nerve head, four had granulomatous inflammation of the orbital or intracranial optic nerve or chiasm, and three had retrobulbar neuritis. All 11 patients had histologically confirmed idiopathic noncaseating granulomatous inflammation and eight of the 11 had abnormalities compatible with sarcoidosis in chest roentgenograms. In the three patients in whom the serum level of angiotensin-converting enzyme was determined, it was increased in one and normal in the other two. Computed tomography of the anterior visual pathways was the single most useful neurodiagnostic study. Treatment with corticosteroids was beneficial in six of the 11 cases. These cases demonstrated that sarcoidosis should be included in the differential diagnosis of any inflammatory or compressive lesion involving the anterior visual pathways.