cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High protein diet maintains glucose production during exercise-induced energy deficit: a controlled trial

Background: Inadequate energy intake induces changes in endogenous glucose production (GP) to preserve muscle mass. Whether addition provision of dietary protein modulates GP response to energy deficit is unclear. The objective was to determine whether exercise-induced energy deficit effects on glucose metabolism are mitigated by increased dietary protein. Methods: Nineteen men ([mean ± SD] 23 ± 2 y, VO2peak 59 ± 5 ml·kg -1 ·min -1 ) were divided into three groups, two consuming moderate (MP; 0.9 g protein kg -1 d -1 ), and one high (HP; 1.8 g protein kg -1 d -1 ) protein diets (55% energy from carbohydrate) for 11 days. Following 4 days of energy balance (D1-4), energy expenditure was increased for 7 days (D5-12) in all groups. Energy intake was unchanged in two, creating a 1000 kcal d -1 deficit (DEF-MP, DEF-HP; n = 6, both groups), whereas energy balance was maintained in the third (BAL-MP, n = 7). Biochemical markers of substrate metabolism were measured during fasting rest on D4 and D12, as were GP and contribution of gluconeogenesis to endogenous glucose production (fgng) using 4-h primed, continuous infusions of [6,6- 2 H2]glucose (dilution-method) and [2- 13 C]glycerol (MIDA technique). Glycogen breakdown (GB) was derived from GP and fgng. Results: Plasma b-hydroxybutyrate levels increased, and plasma glucose and insulin declined from D4 to D12, regardless of group. DEF-MP experienced decreased plasma GP from D4 to D12 ([mean change ± SD] 0.24 ± 0.24 mg·kg -1 ·min -1 ), due to reduced GB from D4 (1.40 ± 0.28 mg·kg -1 ·min -1 ) to D12 (1.16 ± 0.17 mg·kg -1 ·min -1 ), P < 0.05. Conversely, BAL-MP and DEF-HP sustained GP from D4 to D12 ([mean change ± SD] 0.1 ± 0.5 and 0.0 ± 0.2 mg·kg 1 ·min -1 , respectively) by maintaining GB.
Yield of Diagnostic Testing in Infants Who Have Had an Apparent Life-Threatening Event

Objective. Many infants who have experienced an apparent life-threatening event (ALTE) seem normal by the time they reach the hospital. Nevertheless, they typically undergo an extensive evaluation to rule out serious underlying conditions. The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the yield of different diagnostic tests in helping to identify the cause of the ALTE. Methods. We reviewed test results from a consecutive series of infants who were younger than 12 months and admitted to a tertiary care academic medical center between November 1996 and June 1999 after having experienced a sudden breathing irregularity, color change, or alteration in mental status or muscle tone. For each patient, we noted whether a given test was performed, whether the result was positive, and, if so, whether the test contributed to the diagnosis, that is, suggested or helped establish the cause. We also noted whether the initial history and physical examination contributed information that eventually led to the final diagnosis. Results. A total of 243 patients met the enrollment criteria. Of the 3776 tests ordered, 669 (17.7%) were positive and 224 (5.9%) contributed to the diagnosis. Prompted by findings from the initial clinical assessment, the following tests proved useful in patients who had a contributory history and physical examination: blood counts, chemistries, and cultures; cerebrospinal fluid analysis and cultures; metabolic screening; screening for respiratory pathogens; screening for gastroesophageal reflux; chest radiograph; brain neuroimaging; skeletal survey; electroencephalogram; echocardiogram; and pneumogram. In the remaining patients, who had a noncontributory history and physical examination, only the following tests proved useful: screening for gastroesophageal reflux, urine analysis and culture, brain neuroimaging, chest radiograph, pneumogram, and white blood cell count. Broad evaluations for systemic infections, metabolic diseases, and blood chemistry abnormalities were not productive in these patients. Conclusions. For many tests used in the evaluation of an ALTE, the likelihood of a positive result is low and the likelihood of a contributory result is even lower. Estimates of diagnostic yield derived from the present investigation can help clinicians maximize the productivity and efficiency of their evaluation.
miR‐186 is decreased in aged brain and suppresses BACE1 expression

Accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) in the brain is a key pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Because aging is the most prominent risk factor for AD, understanding the molecular changes during aging is likely to provide critical insights into AD pathogenesis. However, studies on the role of miRNAs in aging and AD pathogenesis have only recently been initiated. Identifying miRNAs dysregulated by the aging process in the brain may lead to novel understanding of molecular mechanisms of AD pathogenesis. Here, we identified that miR-186 levels are gradually decreased in cortices of mouse brains during aging. In addition, we demonstrated that miR-186 suppresses β-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) expression by directly targeting the 3'UTR of Bace1 mRNA in neuronal cells. In contrast, inhibition of endogenous miR-186 significantly increased BACE1 levels in neuronal cells. Importantly, miR-186 over-expression significantly decreased Aβ level by suppressing BACE1 expression in cells expressing human pathogenic mutant amyloid precursor protein. Taken together, our data demonstrate that miR-186 is a potent negative regulator of BACE1 in neuronal cells and it may be one of the molecular links between brain aging and the increased risk for AD during aging. We identified that miR-186 levels are gradually decreased in mouse cortices during aging. Furthermore, we demonstrated that miR-186 is a novel negative regulator of beta-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) expression in neuronal cells. Therefore, we proposed that reduction in miR-186 levels during aging may lead to the up-regulation of BACE1 in the brain, thereby increasing a risk for Alzheimer's disease in aged individuals. Read the Editorial Highlight for this article on page 308.
Continuity in Foucault's Work

In this paper I will discuss the relationship between Foucault's late work on bio-politics and his early work on madness. I will suggest that his focus on embodiment is a continuous theme in his work, more implicit in his earlier work, but essential to understanding his later work.
Fuzzy-Set-Theoretic Applications in Modeling of Man-Machine Interactions

According to Harre (1972) there are two major purposes of models in science: 1) logical, which enables to make certain inferences which would not otherwise be possible to be made; and 2) epistemiological, to express and extend our knowledge of the world. Models are helpful for explanation and theory formation, as well as simplication and concretization. Zimmermann (1980) classifies models into three groups: 1) formal models (purely axiomatic systems with purely fictitious hypotheses), 2) factual models (conclusions from the models have a bearing on reality and they have to be verified by empirical evidence), and 3) prescriptive models (which postulate rules according to which people should behave). The quality of a model depends on the properties of the model and the functions for which the model is designed (Zimmermann, 1980). In general, good models must have three major properties: 1) formal consistency (all conclusions follow from the hypothesis), 2) usefulness, and 3) efficiency (the model should fulfill the desired function at a minimum effort, time and cost).
Renal responses to parathyroid hormone in young chickens

Renal clearance studies were performed in chicks 1, 5, and 9 days after hatching. Calcium gluconate was infused to block endogenous parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion, whereas ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) was infused to stimulate endogenous PTH secretion. PTH, dibutyryl adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (DBcAMP), or vehicle was administered intravenously. In 9-day-old birds, urinary cAMP and inorganic phosphate excretion fell dramatically after calcium loading and rose significantly after PTH, DBcAMP, or EGTA administration. These manipulations had no significant effect on excretion of calcium or inorganic phosphate in 1-day-old hatchlings. Five day-old-chicks gave an intermediate response. All three age groups, as well as 15-day-embryos, showed sharp increases in urinary cAMP values after PTH administration. Thus the adult response pattern to PTH appears to develop gradually during the first week after hatching or to be suppressed during the perinatal period, whereas the second-messenger response to the hormone, indicating hormone-receptor interaction, is present from late embryogenesis onward.
Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki in the Sunflower Moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

The sunflower moth, Homoeosoma electellum (Hulst), a major pest of commercial sunflower in North America, is susceptible to Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner. Besides being used as a biological insecticide, the B. thuringiensis endotoxin gene may be used to create transgenic sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.). Acute and chronic effects and resistance to the pathogen were evaluated in two populations of the sunflower moth. A susceptible sunflower moth population and a laboratory-selected, B. thuringiensis -resistant population did not differ in mortality, developmental periods, pupal weight, female/male ratios, or fecundity when B. thuringiensis was not present. However, when larvae were reared on diets treated with B. thuringiensis , the susceptible population had a significantly greater mortality, especially of females, than did the resistant population. Sublethal effects on the susceptible population included reduced pupal weights and lowered fecundity in surviving females. In the resistant population, females were not more likely to die than males, and egg deposition was normal when larvae were treated with B. thuringiensis . Under present cultivation conditions, management of B. thuringiensis use in sunflower is not needed to prevent the development of a B. thuringiensis -resistant sunflower moth.
Cosmic ray production and emission in M82

Starting from first principles, we construct a simple model for the evolution of energetic particles produced by supernovae in the starburst galaxy M82. The supernova rate, geometry, and properties of the interstellar medium are all well observed in this nearby galaxy. Assuming a uniform interstellar medium and constant cosmic-ray injection rate, we estimate the cosmic-ray proton and primary & secondary electron/positron populations. From these particle spectra, we predict the gamma ray flux and the radio synchrotron spectrum. The model is then compared to the observed radio and gamma-ray spectra of M82 as well as previous models by Torres (2004), Persic et al . (2008), and de Cea del Pozo et al . (2009). Through this project, we aim to build a better understanding of the calorimeter model, in which energetic particle fluxes reflect supernova rates, and a better understanding of the radio-FIR correlation in galaxies.
The Isolation of a Red-Fluorescent Pigment, Lampyrine, from the Lampyridae

The rose coloration of certain areas of the pronotal disc is a familiar taxonomic character of the coleopterous family, Lampyridae, and is mentioned in almost all descriptions of the adult members of this group. There are, however, no indications of the physical or chemical nature of this color. Observation of the pronotal pigment of Photinus marginellus with the fluorescent microscope showed that the pigment fluoresced a beautiful rose-red under the influence of ultra-violet irradiation. As red fluorescence is most infrequently encountered among biological materials, the material appeared to be of sufficient interest to warrant an investigation.
Estimators of contingent probabilities and means with actuarial applications

ABSTRACTContingent probabilities and means are ubiquitous in actuarial science. The correct interpretation of contingent probabilities and means as well as the probability theory behind them have been addressed by researchers. In this article, we explore their statistical aspect. We give non-parametric estimators of contingent probabilities and means. Then, we show that our estimators are strongly consistent. Moreover, we give the asymptotic distributions of our estimators. Finally, we provide several examples to demonstrate the applications of these estimators in actuarial science.
Current status and countermeasures for health education of weight control among the enterprise management personnel in Wuhan

Objective To understand the current status of KAP and its influencing factors about overweight and obesity among the enterprise management personnel in Wuhan,and provide information for establishing intervention measures.Methods Data of KAP about overweight and obesity were collected by questionnaire survey in 4 large enterprises in Wuhan.Results The rate of overweight and obesity among the enterprise management personnel in Wuhan was 25.42% and 6.15%,respectively,And the overweight rate and obesity rate of male were higher than female,the difference was statically significant(χ2=68.580,P0.01).The measures taken by enterprise management personnel when they gained weight were to control diet(63.29%)and take more exercise(61.30%).The rate of diet control for female(69.89%)was much higher than male(57.50%),the difference was statically significant(χ2=10.247,P0.01).The awareness rate about knowledge of weight control was 40.31%.67.28% of the interviewee didn′t really care about people being obese.More female measured weight every week than male,the difference was statically significant(χ2=24.313,P0.01).Conclusions The rate of overweight and obesity among the enterprise management personnel in Wuhan was lower than that of the national level;the awareness of weight control needed to be enhanced;male were easier to ignore the problem of overweight and obesity than female,different intervention measures should be developed according to the features of different gender.
Coping Strategies Used by Adult Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

OBJECTIVES: Symptoms of and treatments for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have a significant impact on patients' quality of life (QOL) and result in an increased prevalence of depression and anxiety disorders. Little is known about the type of coping strategies used by adult patients with IBD to better cope with their chronic illness, however. The objectives of this study were to identify the types of coping styles and their impact on the QOL of patients with IBD. METHODS: The first 150 consecutive participants with IBD were recruited at five major tertiary hospitals and given an anonymous survey consisting of demographic information, the Jalowiec Coping Scale, and the Shortened Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire. RESULTS: The cohort was 51.3% men and included 150 participants with a mean age of 39.3 years. The primary coping mechanisms used were confrontive (46.7%), evasiveness (30.0%), optimistic (18.7%), and fatalistic (4.6%) coping. Participants rated confrontive (62.0%), optimistic (26.6%), and evasive (11.4%) coping styles as the most effective. Those who reported an increased frequency of flares scored lower on QOL (P <0.05) and more often used evasive and fatalistic coping styles (P < 0.05) compared with other coping strategies; however, after controlling for disease activity, QOL was significantly better for those who primarily used adaptive coping styles compared with those who used maladaptive styles (P <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated that confrontive, evasive, and optimistic styles of coping are most widely used among patients with IBD. Despite controlling for disease activity, we demonstrated that those who used adaptive coping styles had a higher QOL compared with those who used maladapative coping styles. Future research on coping is warranted to assess coping styles on therapeutic compliance and disease perception.
Managing File Sharing

In the last chapter, we explored many of the features that New Technology File System (NTFS) provides to secure files and folders from a local environment. The most common (and easiest) type of unauthorized attack seeks to gain access directly to a computer on the network from within an office. With the knowledge and tips gained from the last chapter, your local files should be relatively safe. However, we will now explore the possibility that the intruder has managed to infiltrate your network, or has hacked through your firewall, perhaps via a stolen laptop, and now is searching your network for any vulnerabilities.
On the Structure, Dynamics and Possible Functional Roles of Inverted Micelles in Biological Membranes

In the past few years, we have focused our studies on the structure/function correlates in membrane receptor proteins. At the core of this endeavor reside the fundamental consequences of the interaction between the different membrane constituents namely proteins, phospholipids, counter ions, and water. The distinct modalities of the structure and function of biological membranes arise from the dynamics and stability of the interactions between these distinct components.
Natural history of frozen shoulder: fact or fiction? A systematic review.

Abstract Background In 1940s, it was proposed that frozen shoulder progresses through a self-limiting natural history of painful, stiff and recovery phases, leading to full recovery without treatment. However, clinical evidence of persistent limitations lasting for years contradicts this assumption. Objectives To assess evidence for the natural history theory of frozen shoulder by examining: (1) progression through recovery phases, and (2) full resolution without treatment. Data sources MEDLINE, PubMed, EBSCO CINAHL and PEDro database searches augmented by hand searching. Study selection Cohort or randomised controlled trials with no-treatment comparison groups including adults with frozen shoulder who received no treatment and reporting range of motion, pain or function for ≥6 months. Data extraction Reviewers assessed study eligibility and quality, and extracted data before reaching consensus. Limited early range-of-motion improvements and greater late improvements defined progression through recovery phases. Restoration of normal range of motion and previous function defined full resolution. Results Of 508 citations, 13 articles were reviewed and seven were included in this review. Low-quality evidence suggested that no treatment yielded some, but not complete, improvement in range of motion after 1 to 4 years of follow-up. No evidence supported the theory of progression through recovery phases to full resolution without treatment. On the contrary, moderate-quality evidence from three randomised controlled trials with longitudinal data demonstrated that most improvement occurred early, not late. Limitations Low-quality evidence revealed the weakness of longstanding assumptions about frozen shoulder. Conclusion Contradictory evidence and a lack of supporting evidence shows that the theory of recovery phases leading to complete resolution without treatment for frozen shoulder is unfounded.
Long-term follow-up of patients receiving allogeneic stem cell transplant for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: mixed T-cell chimerism is associated with high relapse risk and inferior survival.

Summary There is limited information regarding the immunological predictors of post-allogeneic stem cell transplant (alloSCT) outcome in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), such as mixed T-cell chimerism. We analysed 143 consecutive patients with relapsed/refractory CLL, transplanted between 2000 and 2012, to determine the prognostic relevance of mixed chimerism post-alloSCT and the ability of post-transplant immunomodulation to treat relapse. Mixed T-cell chimerism occurred in 50% of patients at 3 months and 43% at 6 months post-alloSCT; upon 3- and 6-month landmark analysis, this was associated with inferior progression-free survival (PFS) [Hazard ratio (HR) 1·93, P = 0·003 and HR 2·58, P < 0·001] and survival (HR 1·66, P = 0·05 and HR 2·17, P < 0·001), independent of baseline patient characteristics, and a lower rate of grade II–IV acute graft-versus-host disease (GHVD) (16% vs. 52%, P < 0·001). Thirty-three patients were treated with immunomodulation for relapse post-alloSCT (immunosuppression withdrawal, n = 6, donor lymphocyte infusion, n = 27); 17 achieved complete response (CR), which predicted superior PFS (53 months vs. 10 months, P < 0·001) and survival (117 months vs. 30 months, P = 0·006). Relapsed patients with mixed chimerism had inferior response to immunomodulation; conversion to full donor chimerism was highly correlated both with CR and with the development of severe acute GVHD, which was fatal in 3/8 patients. Novel therapeutic strategies are required for patients with mixed T-cell chimerism post-alloSCT for CLL.
The National Healthcare Safety Network Long-term Care Facility Component early reporting experience: January 2013-December 2015

Background In 2012, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention launched the Long-term Care Facility (LTCF) Component of the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) designed for LTCFs to monitor Clostridium difficile infections (CDIs), urinary tract infections (UTIs), infections due to multidrug-resistant organisms, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and infection prevention process measures. Methods We describe characteristics and reporting patterns of facilities enrolled in the first 3 years of the surveillance system and rate estimates for CDI, UTI, and MRSA data submitted between 2013 and 2015. Results From 2013-2015, 279 LTCFs were enrolled and eligible to report to the NHSN with variability in reporting from year to year. Crude rate estimates pooled over these 3 years from reporting facilities were 0.98 incident LTCF-onset CDI cases per 10,000 resident days, 0.59 UTI cases per 1,000 resident days, and 0.10 LTCF-onset MRSA cases per 1,000 resident days. Conclusions These initial data demonstrate the capability of the NHSN LTCF Component as a national surveillance system for monitoring infections in LTCFs. Further investigation is needed to understand factors associated with successful enrollment and reporting. As participation increases, data from a larger group of LTCFs will be used to establish national baselines and track prevention goals.
Modulation of the carboxamidine redox potential through photoinduced spiropyran or fulgimide isomerisation

Carboxamidines functionalized with either a spiropyran or fulgimide photoswitch were prepared on multigram scales. The thermal, electrochemical, and photochemical ring isomerizations of these compounds were studied and the results compared with related systems. The photochemical isomerisations were found to be reversible and could be followed by 1H NMR and UV-vis spectroscopy. The spiropyran/merocyanine couple was thermally active and an activation enthalpy of 116 kJ mol−1 was measured for ring-opening. These measurements yielded an enthalpy difference of 25 kJ mol−1 between the open and closed states which is consistent with DFT calculations. DFT calculations predicted a charge transfer to the carboxamidine group upon ring closure in the fulgimide and a charge transfer from the carboxamidine group upon switching the spiropyran to the merocyanine form. This was confirmed experimentally by monitoring the change in the oxidation potential assigned to the carboxamidine group. The potential of these molecules to therefore act as a new class of photoresponsive ligands that can modulate the ligand field of a complex is discussed.
The Functional Benefits of Strabismus Surgery

When performed prior to visual maturity, strabismus surgery can result in the development or recovery of binocularity. When strabismus surgery is performed after visual maturity, the functional benefits of the surgery should be dichotomized according to whether the onset of the strabismus was before or after visual maturity. If the onset was after visual maturity, patients typically are diplopic. Specific success rates for eliminating diplopia vary according to the nature of the strabismus; however, overall the success rate is quite high. There is a common misperception that surgery in adults for strabismus that began prior to visual maturity is merely cosmetic. Numerous studies contradict this misconception. Even if the strabismus has been longstanding, most adults will experience some improvement in binocular function after strabismus surgery. In esotropic patients, this improvement typically takes the form of an expansion of binocular visual fields; however, some patients may also regain stereopsis. There are many psychosocial benefits to adult strabismus surgery. This is reflected in the finding that the majority of adults surveyed with strabismus would trade a portion of their life expectancy to be rid of their strabismus.
Abstract 487: EBP50 Promotes Epidermal Growth Factor-Dependent Activation of Focal Adhesion Kinase and Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Migration

The Ezrin-Radixin-Moesin-Binding Phosphoprotein 50 (EBP50) is a scaffolding protein that regulates a variety of physiological functions. Previous studies showed that EBP50 promotes vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) proliferation and neointima formation following arterial injury. In this study the role of EBP50 on VSMC migration was characterized. VSMC migration was determined by wound-healing assays. The motility of primary VSMC isolated from EBP50 KO mice was significantly reduced compared to WT cells (25 um/h WT vs. 19 um/h KO, p
Editing of Mitochondrial RNAs in Physarum polycephalum

The mitochondrial transcriptome of the true acellular slime mold Physarum polycephalum (Physarum) undergoes extensive RNA editing to produce precise, site-specific changes not encoded at the DNA level. RNA editing in Physarum is essential for proper mitochondrial gene expression by creating open reading frames in protein-coding RNAs and by altering the folding stability of structural RNAs. Physarum carries out one of the widest range of RNA editing events yet described. These changes to mitochondrial RNAs involve the site-specific insertion of over 1300 “extra” nucleotides, deletion of 3 encoded nucleotides, targeted base conversions, and the removal and replacement of nucleotides at the 5′ end of certain tRNAs. While these sequence alterations are absolutely required for the production of functional transcripts, it remains a mystery why they are not encoded in the mitochondrial genome. Although various examples of RNA editing have been described in several eukaryotic organisms, Physarum mitochondria achieve non-templated nucleotide insertion by a unique co-transcriptional mechanism. The cis-acting elements required for insertion editing have been localized to a relatively small region in the vicinity of editing sites, but the details as to how editing sites are recognized and the identity of the trans-acting editing factor(s) required for insertion of these extra nucleotides remain to be elucidated. Two other mechanistically distinct forms of editing, 5′ tRNA editing and C-to-U conversion, have also been described, which proceed via two independent, posttranscriptional pathways. The relatively recent availability of genome and transcriptome sequence data has facilitated the identification of potential candidates for each of these activities and experiments to determine which of these factors are involved in the various forms of editing are underway.
Aiming at Pin: Order Flow, Information, and Liquidity

In this study, we model and measure the existence of informed trading. Specifically, we investigate the properties of the widely used measure of informed trading, PIN, developed by Easley and O'Hara, and establish three important features of informed trading. First, the existence of informed trading, and therefore PIN, should be estimated over different trading intervals for stocks of different characteristics. Second, we establish a direct relationship between PIN and the absolute (percentage) order imbalance (AIM). The latter is not only easier to measure, but can also be readily calculated over short horizons. Most importantly, we show that conditions for the theoretical equivalence between estimated PIN and AIM of a stock serve as a guide for the optimal estimation interval that should be used for that particular stock. Finally, and significantly, an investigation around exogenous national security events reveals strong evidence against interpreting PIN and order imbalance as a liquidity measure.
Resurrecting the public record: Assessing stakeholder participation in Alaska's fisheries

Abstract Stakeholder participation is lauded as a key component of successful fisheries management, but few studies have characterized and assessed this participation. Using integrated data digitization and coding methods, this paper tests out a new method to analyze archived management proposals submitted to Alaska's Board of Fish and explores whether this approach can be used to assess stakeholder participation and success rates in Cook Inlet, Bristol Bay, and Southeast Alaska from 2000 to 2015. This pilot study asks the question, “Are there differences in user participation and success rates across the three regions during this time period?”
Norms and Banach Spaces

We studied metric spaces in detail in Chapter 2. A metric on a set X provides us with a notion of the distance between points in X. In this chapter we will study norms, which are special types of metrics. However, in order for us to be able to to define a norm, our set X must be a vector space.
Risk factors, characteristics, and outcomes of acute respiratory distress syndrome in dogs and cats: 54 cases.

Objective To characterize the clinical features of the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), risk factors, and outcome in dogs and cats. The study also aimed to evaluate the current veterinary criteria for the diagnosis of ARDS by comparison of clinical diagnostic criteria with necropsy findings. Design Retrospective study. Animals Fifty-four client-owned animals, 46 dogs and 8 cats. Interventions Medical records were reviewed for patients with the diagnosis of ARDS based on previously published clinical criteria or necropsy diagnosis. Signalment, clinical findings, and outcome were recorded. Measurements and main results Animals were grouped according to a clinical or necropsy diagnosis: 43/54 (80%) were diagnosed with ARDS based on clinical criteria (group 1) and 11/54 (20%) were diagnosed with ARDS based on necropsy only (group 2). In group 1, 22/43 (51%) had a necropsy, which confirmed ARDS in 12/22 (54%). Direct (pulmonary) causes of ARDS were more common than indirect causes in dogs, while cats had a similar occurrence of direct and indirect causes. The most common risk factors identified in dogs were aspiration pneumonia (42%), systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) (29%), and shock (29%). All cats diagnosed clinically with ARDS had SIRS with or without sepsis. Of the animals with a clinical diagnosis of ARDS, 49% received mechanical ventilation and 58% received treatment (with or without mechanical ventilation) for 24 hours or longer. The overall case fatality rate was 84% in dogs and 100% in cats. Conclusions and clinical relevance As described in human literature, pneumonia was the most common risk factor in dogs with ARDS, whereas it was SIRS for the cat population. The high mortality rate and discrepancy between the clinical diagnosis and necropsy findings may highlight limitations in the clinical criteria for the diagnosis of ARDS and treatment in dogs and cats.
Nanoparticles in dermatologic surgery.

Nanotechnology is an emerging branch of science that involves the engineering of functional systems on the nanoscale (1-100 nm). Nanotechnology has been used in biomedical and therapeutic agents with the aim of providing novel treatment solutions where small molecule size may be beneficial for modulation of biologic function. Recent investigation in nanomedicine has become increasingly important to cutaneous pathophysiology, such as functional designs directed towards skin cancers and wound healing. This review outlines the application of nanoparticles relevant to dermatologic surgery.
The Liquidity Hierarchy in the US Treasury Cash and Futures Market

This article describes the complex nature of liquidity in the markets for US Treasury cash bonds and exchange-traded futures contracts. Using a risk-adjusted measure of trading volume, we find that, although overall volume is greater across all cash securities than across all futures contracts, certain futures contracts are more liquid than certain cash securities, and vice versa. Furthermore, futures contracts play a special role in liquidity-challenged environments. Finally, average trade size, in risk terms, is much higher for cash securities than for futures contracts. These findings can be useful to investment practitioners, who constantly weigh the relative values of various securities against their liquidity. TOPICS:Fixed Income and structured finance, futures and forward contracts, fixed-income portfolio management, exchanges/markets/clearinghouses Key Findings • This article combines the relatively new regulatory data on Treasury cash transactions from FINRA with futures transaction data at the CFTC to describe a liquidity hierarchy in the US Treasury market. • Although overall risk volume is greater across all cash securities than across all futures contracts, the liquidity hierarchy is more complex, with certain futures contracts more liquid than certain cash securities and vice versa. • Futures contracts play a special role in liquidity-challenged environments. The relative amount of risk traded through futures contracts is higher on days with large price movements and is larger at times outside of US trading hours.
Fractal Patterns as Fitness Criteria in Genetic Algorithms Applied as a Design Tool in Architecture

This paper explores the generative use of a genetic algorithm incorporating a computer-based fractal dimension tool termed “DBVgen”. Fractals offer a quantitative and qualitative relation between nature, the built environment and computational mechanics and in this paper are explored as a bridge between these realms. The primary objective was to develop and employ a sophisticated analytic tool within a creative context using fractal dimension and the Vollendorf Method. This tool was then tested on a complex case study project and the results discussed. The design process developed for this research showed that the insertion of the DBVgen tool into a traditional schematic design phase was capable of creating unique and compelling compositions and aided in developing high level architectural solutions with respect to various parametric controls and designer feedback. A valuable aspect of this exploration was in positioning the DBVgen tool up front to aid in the creative process and better leverage downstream outcomes.
Risk Factors for Biopsy Reclassification over Time in Men on Active Surveillance for Early Stage Prostate Cancer

Purpose:Few validated clinical tools currently exist to standardize the frequency of biopsies for men on active surveillance for low risk prostate cancer. We determined predictors of biopsy reclass...
Expanding Our Understanding of Nevogenesis: Copy Number Gain of Chromosome 15q in Melanocytic Nevi Is Associated With Distinct Histomorphologic Findings.

As the landscape of melanomagenesis becomes better refined through increasingly detailed schema grounded in distinct clinicopathologic-molecular pathways, the stepwise process and variations of molecular nevogenesis have largely remained elusive. Herein, we present a series of 8 melanocytic nevi in patients ranging from 40 to 74 years of age (median: 59.5 y), which demonstrated a reproducible constellation of histomorphologic features as well as a copy number gain of the long arm of chromosome 15 (15q). The most characteristic histologic feature was sclerosis with maturation at the base of the lesion. All cases demonstrated a dome-shaped configuration and epidermal acanthosis with hyperpigmentation. However, the cytologic features ranged in their appearances from that of a banal nevus with ovoid nuclei, inconspicuous nucleoli, and minimal cytoplasm to enlarged, epithelioid forms with central nucleoli and abundant cytoplasm. No lesions showed staining with BRAF V600E or NRAS Q61R immunohistochemistry. Single-nucleotide polymorphism-based chromosome microarray analysis revealed a monoaberrant 15q gain in all cases. The histology was sufficiently distinctive in the initial 6 cases encountered to allow for prospective identification of 2 additional cases harboring a 15q gain. The clinical follow-up did not reveal recurrence in any case. Although adverse outcomes were not observed in our cohort, future studies are needed to more adequately characterize the clinical and biological behavior of these lesions.
Meningococcal Vaccinations

Neisseria meningitidis, a gram-negative diplococcal bacterium, is a common asymptomatic nasopharyngeal colonizer that may infrequently lead to invasive disease in the form of meningitis or bacteremia. Six serogroups (A, B, C, W, X and Y) are responsible for the majority of invasive infections. Increased risk of disease occurs in specific population groups including infants, adolescents, those with asplenia or complement deficiencies, and those residing in crowded living conditions such as in college dormitories. The incidence of invasive meningococcal disease varies geographically with some countries (e.g., in the African meningitis belt) having both high endemic disease rates and ongoing epidemics, with annual rates reaching 1000 cases per 100,000 persons. Given the significant morbidity and mortality associated with meningococcal disease, it remains a major global health threat best prevented by vaccination. Several countries have implemented vaccination programs with the selection of specific vaccine(s) based on locally prevalent serogroup(s) of N. meningitidis and targeting population groups at highest risk. Polysaccharide meningococcal vaccines became available over 40 years ago, but are limited by their inability to produce immunologic memory responses, poor immunogenicity in infants/children, hyporesponsiveness after repeated doses, and lack of efficacy against nasopharyngeal carriage. In 1999, the first meningococcal conjugate vaccines were introduced and have been successful in overcoming many of the shortcomings of polysaccharide vaccines. The implementation of meningococcal conjugate vaccination programs in many areas of the world (including the massive campaign in sub-Saharan Africa using a serogroup A conjugate vaccine) has led to dramatic reductions in the incidence of meningococcal disease by both individual and population protection. Progressive advances in vaccinology have led to the recent licensure of two effective vaccines against serogroup B [MenB-4C (Bexsero) and MenB-FHbp (Trumenba)]. Overall, the evolution of novel meningococcal vaccines and the effective implementation of targeted vaccination programs has led to a substantial decrease in the burden of disease worldwide representing a major public health accomplishment.
Coinoculation with Symbiotically Defective Mutants of Rhizobium meliloti

The ability of critical symbiotic functions to be provided to one bacterium by another (i.e., in trans) during the course of nodule development has been examined with derivatives of the alfalfa symbiont R. meliloti SU47.
Interdisciplinary Perspectives -Part II: Sociological Perspectives (Editorial Introduction)

The lead article in the Journal of the Association for Information Systems in December 2005, “The Digital Divide: Current and Future Research Directions,” by Sanjeev Dewan and Fred Riggins, explored a variety of interdisciplinary directions for research on the digital divide. Different academic disciplines are able to shed light on similar phenomena in differing ways, and so the benefits associated with bringing people together who have diverse research and scientific perspectives is often very high. In this second special issue of the Journal of the Association for Information Systems with interdisciplinary perspectives on the digital divide, special issue co-editors, Sanjeev Dewan of the University of California at Irvine and Fred Riggins of the University of Minnesota, have brought together three interesting papers that explore issues that reflect the natural research perspectives of the sociology discipline. “Part II: Sociological Perspectives,” as the title suggests, offers a contrasting perspective to that discussed in the “Part I: Economic Perspectives” issue in December 2005. This issue presents research on the structural similarities of developed and developing nations as a means to estimate their capacity for Internet access and use, the drivers of public computer use for e-commerce transactions, and the potential of users’ spelling and typographical errors to hinder their effectiveness when online.
The Value of Connectedness in Inclusive Teaching

The author addresses the importance of relationships in order for learning to take place in an inclusive manner. Anecdotes illustrate the value in beginning where the learner is and the unexpected opportunities the journey can lead to when both teacher and learner venture through unchartered paths together.
Ductal adenocarcinoma of the prostate: clinical features and implications after local therapy.

BACKGROUND: Ductal or endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the prostate may be a subtype of prostate cancer that is amenable to aggressive local therapeutic strategies. The authors of this report investigated the clinical outcome of patients who had prostate ductal adenocarcinoma after primary radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy. METHODS: The clinical features of 108 patients with locally confined or advanced prostate ductal adenocarcinoma who had undergone primary radical prostatectomy (surgical group, n = 76 men) or no surgery (nonsurgical group, n = 32 men) were evaluated retrospectively. Clinical records were reviewed, and Gleason scores, clinical/pathologic stages, and preoperative prostate-specific antigen levels were examined. The clinical features that were assessed included local recurrence, distant metastasis, and progression-free and overall survival after primary therapy. RESULTS: In the surgical group, patients who had pure ductal prostate cancer survived longer (median, 13.8 years; 95% confidence interval [CI], from 13.8 years to not attained) than patients who had mixed ductal prostate cancer (median, 8.9 years; 95% CI, from 7.1 years to not attained; P = .05). In addition, the median time to local progression was shorter (2.8 years vs 4.9 years) and the median time to distant metastasis was longer (3.9 years vs 2.0 years) for patients who had pure ductal adenocarcinoma than for patients who had mixed ductal adenocarcinoma of the prostate after surgery, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this preliminary study suggested that pure ductal prostate adenocarcinoma tends to pursue an indolent clinical course and poses an increased risk for local recurrence. Local control (particularly prostatectomy) may improve the clinical outcome of patients with pure prostate ductal adenocarcinoma. These results need to be confirmed in prospective studies. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Literacies: Literacies and learner differences

Overview In this chapter, we are going to explore the range of learner differences that impact upon literacies learning. We outline concepts with which to classify and interpret these differences among learners. We discuss, in general terms, how we approach learner differences in relation to literacies learning. Then we explore in depth two particularly important dimensions of learner difference: age and other-language background. The effects of difference in literacies learning The demographics of social groups In the schools of today, the differences between learners are more visible and insistent than ever. We are going to start with a frame of reference that we call ‘group demographics’, the visible realities in the form of distinguishable social groupings. After that, we are going to suggest that this is only the beginning of the story – learner differences are deeper and more subtle than these categories at first glance suggest. A litany of terms is conventionally used to describe and categorise differences in human populations called ‘demography’ – sex, gender, social class, disability, race, ethnicity. However, each of these terms is fraught with ambiguities and complexities.
Problems in General Form

Up until now, we have always considered our problems to be given in standard form. However, for real-world problems it is often convenient to formulate problems in the following form: In this chapter, we shall show how to modify the simplex method to handle problems presented in this form.
THE RESPIRATORY RESPONSE TO EXERCISE

THE pulmonary ventilation during mild or moderate muscular exercise in normal subjects is linearly related to the rate of doing work. In simple exercise involving large groups of muscles, as in walking on a treadmill or cycling on an ergometer, the efficiency of muscular exercise is constant. By efficiency is meant the relationship between the increase in oxygen consumption due to the work and the external work done. It may seem strange that all subjects, regardless of age, sex or disease, use almost the same amount of extra oxygen to do the same simple muscular task, but nevertheless it is true. This constant mechanical efficiency makes it possible to substitute external work rate for a measurement of oxygen consumption in exercise tests. Before discussing exercise testing from a ventilatory point of view, the difference between the ventilatory response to mild or moderate exercise and the response to severe exercise will be considered. By severe exercise is meant exercise at a rate within 30 per cent or so of the maximum load that the subject can maintain for 6 minutes. The difference in normal subjects during steady-state exercise on a bicycle ergometer or on a treadmill is shown in Figure 1. This is an idealized graph based on a similar one from a review by Dejours and incorporating some data from our laboratory on directly measured arterial blood gas tensions corrected for changes in arterial or esophageal temperature. The graph shows ventilation, blood lactic acid, arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions and pH, together with respiratory exchange ratio[R] plotted against oxygen consumption, rate of doing work in kg-m per minute, and pulse rate. The first part of the graph, marked A, shows the relationships existing during mild and moderate exercise, and the second part, B, shows what happens during severe exercise.
High functionality mode transformers with bandwidth control and mode selectivity

We propose high functionality field transformation in irregular rectangular waveguide structures. Multiresolution optimization allows good convergence and a stepped wall profile provides for a large number of degrees of freedom. The resulting structures are compact, with dimension of a few wavelengths, and can have functionality not achievable through periodic means. For illustration, we have designed frequency-dependent mode converters, mode-selective reflectors, and multiple mode converters, where more than one mode is converted simultaneously, all with virtually 100% efficiency. Non-uniqueness affords design selection based on the frequency response.