cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Short Term Effects on Bone Quality Associated with Consumption of Soy Protein Isolate and Other Dietary Protein Sources in Rapidly Growing Female Rats

Beneficial effects of soy protein consumption on bone quality have been reported. The effects of other dietary protein sources such as whey protein hydrolysate (WPH) and rice protein isolate (RPI) on bone growth have been less well examined. The current study compared effects of feeding soy protein isolate (SPI), WPH and RPI for 14 d on tibial bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) in intact and ovariectomized (OVX) rapidly growing female rats relative to animals fed casein (CAS). The effects of estrogenic status on responses to SPI were also explored. Tibial peripheral quantitative computerized tomography (pQCT) showed all three protein sources had positive effects on either BMD or BMC relative to CAS (P < 0.05), but SPI had greater effects in both intact and OVX female rats. SPI and E2 had positive effects on BMD and BMC in OVX rats (P < 0.05). However, trabecular BMD was lower in a SPI + E2 group compared to a CAS + E2 group. In OVX rats, SPI increased serum bone formation markers, and serum from SPI-fed rats stimulated osteoblastogenesis in ex vivo. SPI also suppressed the bone resorption marker RatLaps (P < 0.05). Both SPI and E2 increased alkaline phosphatase gene expression in bone, but only SPI decreased receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL) and estrogen receptor gene expression (P < 0.05). These data suggest beneficial bone effects of a soy diet in rapidly growing animals and the potential for early soy consumption to increase peak bone mass.
Are We Protecting Our Youth Online? An Examination of Programs Keeping Youth Safe and Analysis of Policy Vacuum

Gibson’s (1984) cyberspace did not become a popular facet in American homes until the 1990s, so in the grand scheme of technology, the Internet is still considered to be in its adolescence. However, despite its young age, approximately 87% of American youth use the Internet on a regular basis (Raine, 2006). While these youth are spending substantial amounts of time online, many of them are becoming victims of criminal activity. The range of crimes committed online, otherwise known as cyber crimes, is quite substantial; however, the particular focus of this study is to examine the preventative programs and policies developed to curb the online victimization of youth (i.e., sexual solicitation, unwanted harassment, and unwanted exposure to sexual material). While several attempts at passing legislation have been unsuccessful, a few attempts by the federal government to protect America’s youth have been successfully implemented and will be reviewed. While there are only few evaluations of strategies to prevent online victimization of youth to examine, suggestions of strategies that could be applied to cyberspace based on situational-based crime prevention strategy evaluations of other parallel programs in different arenas are discussed.
Religiousness, Social Networks, Moral Schemas, and Marijuana Use: A Dynamic Dual-Process Model of Culture and Behavior

Drawing on insights from a dual-process model of culture, social networks, and behavior, this study develops a model that specifies the associations among religiousness and marijuana use during adolescence and young adulthood. In particular, the model highlights potential reciprocal associations among religiousness, marijuana use, drug-using peer networks, religious peer networks, and moral schemas. Analyses of longitudinal data from the National Survey of Youth and Religion (NSYR; n = 2,276) provide some support for the model. In particular, religious and drug-using peer networks play a key role in understanding how marijuana use and religiousness are mutually related during adolescence and young adulthood.
Vesical Keratolith: Dense Keratinous Material Mimicking a Bladder Stone

We report bladder stones composed only of compacted laminated keratin from desquamative squamous epithelium within a bladder diverticulum, and describe endoscopic and histological findings. CASE REPORT A 73-year-old man underwent cystolitholapaxy, transurethral resection of the prostate and biopsy of a bladder diverticulum for severe bladder outlet obstruction causing stone formation and for evaluation of possible neoplastic changes in a diverticulum. Postoperatively the pathological diagnosis was benign prostatic hyperplasia, keratinizing desquamative squamous metaplasia of the diverticular mucosa (fig. 1) and bladder stones composed of laminated keratinous material (fig. 2).
ATP-Citrate Lyase Links Cellular Metabolism to Histone Acetylation

Histone acetylation in single cell eukaryotes relies on acetyl-CoA synthetase enzymes that utilize acetate to produce acetyl-CoA. Metazoans, however, use glucose as their main carbon source and have exposure to only low concentrations of extracellular acetate. We show that histone acetylation in mammalian cells is dependent on ATP-citrate lyase (ACL), the enzyme that converts glucose-derived citrate into acetyl-CoA. We find that ACL is required for increases in histone acetylation in response to growth factor stimulation and during differentiation, and that glucose availability can impact histone acetylation in an ACL-dependent manner. Together, these findings suggest that ACL activity is required to link growth-factor-induced increases in nutrient metabolism to the regulation of histone acetylation and gene expression.
The Yellowstone Hotspot: Plume or Not?

Intraplate hotspots, frequently expressing themselves as age-progressive eruptive centers, have long been attributed to cylindrical plumes of hot, buoyant mantle rising from great depths, perhaps as deep as the core-mantle boundary (e.g., [Morgan, 1971][1]). A deep mantle plume-derived source for
The Rapid Calculation of Potential Anomalies

Summary It is shown how a series of Fourier transforms can be used to calculate the magnetic or gravitational anomaly caused by an uneven, non-uniform layer of material. Modern methods for finding Fourier transforms numerically are very fast and make this approach attractive in situations where large quantities of observations are available.
A sufficient condition for optimality of digital versus analog relaying in a sensor network

This paper compares the efficacy of digital versus analog relaying in a sensor network when the ultimate goal is detection. A simplified scenario is considered in which a binary decision is to be made at a fusion center based on data it receives from a single sensor. The sensor computes a statistic corresponding to its observations and forwards it over a noisy channel to the fusion center. Two relay schemes: “estimate-and-forward” (analog relaying) and “detect-and-forward” (digital relaying) are compared, in terms of the ultimate detection performance they support at the fusion center. With this performance criterion, the relative merit of the two schemes is shown to depend on the observation SNR at the sensor and the SNR of the communication link connecting the sensor and the fusion center. A sufficient condition, in terms of these SNRs, for the superiority of digital relaying over analog relaying is derived for this simple network model.
Improved scatterer property estimates from ultrasound backscatter using gate-edge correction and a Pseudo-Welch technique

Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) techniques have been widely used to estimate the size, shape and mechanical properties of tissue microstructure for specified regions of interest (ROIs). For conventional methods, an ROI size of 4 to 5 beamwidths laterally and 15 to 20 spatial pulse lengths axially has been suggested to estimate accuracy and precision better than 10% and 5%, respectively. A new method is developed to decrease the standard deviation of the quantitative ultrasound parameter estimate in terms of effective scatterer diameter (ESD) for small ROIs. The new method yielded estimates of the ESD within 10% of actual values at an ROI size of five spatial pulse lengths axially by two beamwidths laterally, and the estimates from all the ROIs had a standard deviation of 15% of the mean value. Such accuracy and precision cannot be achieved using conventional techniques with similar ROI sizes.
Somatostatin: a physiological role in the regulation of growth hormone secretion in the adolescent male baboon.

Insulin and GH secretion patterns were surveyed in four adolescent male baboons before and after active immunization against cyclic somatostatin. Before immunization, an ultradian GH rhythm with an interpeak interval of 4.1 ± 0.33 (SE) h was observed during a 12-h daylight sampling period. The rhythm was characterized by 2- to 12-fold increases in serum GH concentration; each burst was maintained over 3.15 ± 0.25 h. After immunization, baseline serum GH concentration was increased and episodic bursts of GH secretion were markedly diminished. The total integrated areas over 12 h did not differ between the control and postimmunization studies. A comparison of the autocorrelation analyses of GH secretion before and after active immunization revealed that the immunization procedure effected a disruption of the synchronous ultradian GH rhythm observed before treatment. Basal plasma insulin and glucose concentrations were observed in overnight-fasted subjects. There was no apparent effect of the immunization pr...
Activity-dependent regulation of inhibition in visual cortical cultures

Maintaining the correct balance of inhibition and excitation is extremely important for normal cortical function. Too little inhibition can lead to epileptiform activity, whereas too much inhibition can severely depress cortical responsiveness. This suggests that the balance of inhibition and excitation in cortical circuits should be tightly regulated. In visual cortex, activity has been shown to affect expression of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA in a manner consistent with a role in balancing excitation and inhibition; blocking activity in one eye leads to a down-regulation of GABA in the corresponding ocular dominance columns (Hendry and Jones, 1986). These data suggest that the level of activity is acting through some feedback signal to locally adjust the strength of cortical inhibition, although the mechanism by which this occurs remains unclear. Here we use a culture system to explore the role of activity in the control of cortical inhibition. We have found that blocking activity in culture leads to a reversible decrease in the number of neurons immunopositive for GABA, and that this decrease can be prevented by the coapplication of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). These data suggest that activity levels can continuously adjust cortical inhibition in a bi-directional manner through a BDNF-dependent mechanism.
The Brd4 acetyllysine-binding protein is involved in activation of polyomavirus JC

Brd4 is an epigenetic reader protein and a member of the BET (bromodomain and extra terminal domain) family of proteins with two bromodomains that recognize acetylated lysine residues. Brd4 specifically binds to acetylated transcription factor NF-κB p65 and coactivates transcription. Polyomavirus JC (JCV) is regulated by a noncoding control region (NCCR) containing promoter/enhancer elements for viral gene expression including a binding site for NF-κB, which responds to proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, the DNA damage response, calcium signaling and acetylation of the NF-κB p65 subunit on lysine residues K218 and K221. Earlier studies indicated that NF-κB is involved in the reactivation of persistent/latent JCV in glial cells to cause progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a severe demyelinating disease of the brain caused by replication of JCV in glial cells. To investigate the mechanism of action of NF-κB acetylation on JCV transcription, we examined Brd4 and found that JCV early transcription was stimulated by Brd4 via the JCV NF-κB site and that p65 K218 and K221 were involved. Treatment with the Brd4 inhibitor JQ1(+) or mutation of either K218 or K221 to glutamine (K218R or K221) inhibited this stimulation and decreased the proportion of p65 in the nucleus. We conclude that Brd4 is involved in the regulation of the activation status of JCV in glial cells.
Results of a multicentre survey evaluating clinical practice of port and Broviac management in paediatric oncology.

More than 80% of all paediatric oncology patients have a long term central ­catheter (CVAD; port or Broviac type). Many aspects considering the use of CVADs have not been studied. Children and adolescents treated in Paediatric Oncology centres. Internet-based multicentre survey related to the use of CVADs conducted in cooperation with the German Society of Paediatric Oncology and Haematology (GPOH). 29 centres participated; 25 German participants represented at about 50% of all paediatric oncology centres in Germany. Which CVAD type is preferred depends on the centre and not on the underlying malignancy. Most centres implant the CVAD at the beginning of induction therapy for paediatric ALL. Port-needles are changed and Broviacs are flushed once a week. The i. v. system is changed every 72 h. 93% of all units use antiseptics at the Broviac entry site and at the CVAD hub. Only a few centres use antimicrobial lock solutions (ALs) for prophylaxis of bloodstream infections (BSI). Most units use ALs or ethanol locks as adjuvant treatment for CVAD-associated BSIs. Only 42% of all centres have performed a prospective surveillance of BSIs in 2011. Beside differences between centres in some issues, many procedures have been implemented consensualy in paediatric oncology units. In terms of common experience, it is ­possible to describe a good clinical practice. The proportion of units performing a prospective systematic surveillance of BSIs should be increased.
Pseudogap of liquid Tl 2 Te

Analysis of experimental curves for the electrical conductivity $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ and thermopower $S$ of ${\mathrm{Tl}}_{x}{\mathrm{Te}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$ alloys near the composition ${\mathrm{Tl}}_{2}$Te has yielded a quantitative description of the pseudogap. A model expressed in terms of two bands with a negative temperature coefficient for the band gap has been fitted with parameters which yield very good agreement with the experimental curves. The theoretical expressions for $S$ and $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ are based on the diffusive mechanism for transport, according to which the conductivity at a given energy $\ensuremath{\sigma}(E)$ is proportional to the square of the density of states $N(E)$. The effect of the mobility shoulder is to cut off $\ensuremath{\sigma}(E)$ at the mobility edges. For the conduction band, it is found that the density of states ${N}_{c}(E)$ is parabolic. The mobility edge ${E}_{c1}$ is within $\mathrm{kT}$ of the band edge ${E}_{c0}$, and is therefore not experimentally discernible. For the valence band, the results are more ambiguous. A parabolic density of states ${N}_{v}(E)$ yields fairly accurate results, and we deduce a value \ensuremath{\sim}0.20 eV for the distance of the mobility edge ${E}_{v1}$ from the band edge ${E}_{v0}$, but there are some uncertainties associated with both of these results. At $Tg770$ \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, the band gap becomes negative. In accordance with Mott's observation that localized and nonlocalized states cannot overlap in energy, our model takes $\ensuremath{\sigma}(E)\ensuremath{\propto}{[{N}_{c}(E)+{N}_{v}(E)]}^{2}$, and localized valence-band states become conducting when their energies rise above the conduction-band mobility edge.
Microstructural Evolution of Ni-doped Ferritic/martensitic Steels Irradiated in the HFIR

The microstructures of reduced-activation ferritic/martensitic steels, 9Cr-2WVTa and 9Cr-2WVTa doped with 2% Ni, irradiated at 400 o C up to 12 dpa in the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR), were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. Specimens were tempered at two different temperatures in order to investigate the effects of tempering on microstructural evolution during irradiation. Before irradiation, the lath width of Ni-doped 9Cr-2WVTa was somewhat narrower and the dislocation density tended to be higher compared with 9Cr-2WVTa. Dislocation density of specimens tempered at 750°C was lower than that tempered at 700°C. In all steels, precipitates on grain and/or lath boundaries were mainly M 23 C 6 , and there were a few TaC along dislocations in the matrices. Irradiation-induced cavities were observed in all the steels. The cavity number density of the Ni-doped 9Cr-2WVTa was higher than that of 9Cr-2WVTa due to the higher concentration of helium; however, swelling in each steels was 0 and (a 0 /2) type dislocation loops were observed in all steels; number density and mean diameter of a 0 type loops was higher and larger than that of (a 0 /2) type loops. There was a tendency for the number density of loops in Ni-doped 9Cr-2WVTa to be slightly higher than that in 9Cr-2WVTa. In addition, the mean size of loops in the steels tempered at 750°C was larger than for those tempered at 700°C, while there was not much difference of number density between them. In the steels doped with Ni, irradiation-produced precipitates, identified as M 6 C(η)-type carbide, were found in the matrices. In this experiment, the change in tensile properties and the δDBTT of the 9Cr-2VWTa-2Ni was greater than for 9Cr-2WVTa. The microstructural evidence suggests that these differences in mechanical behavior are related to the formation of radiation-induced precipitates and cavities in the Ni-doped alloy; further analysis of the data using barrier hardening models is in progress.
Tyranny of the randomised clinical trial

Researchers and clinicians often disagree about what it means to provide the best possible care. This paper's purpose is to propose ways of resolving the disagreements. The first is to have both groups re-examine the three equal components of evidence-based practice, a re-examination that begins with rejection of the randomised clinical trial's tyranny. The second is for researchers to design rehabilitation research based on a biopsychosocial rather than a biomedical model. The third is for both groups to redefine translational research so that it means both translation from the laboratory to the clinic and from the clinic to the laboratory. The fourth is to advocate for a science of dissemination that is as robust as rehabilitation's present science of discovery. Most examples are drawn from the literature on acquired neurologic speech and language disorders.
Accent and description: An account of anaphoric epithets

Anaphoric epithets are definite descriptions that achieve reference anaphorically. They also convey some expressive content. Potts (2003) analyzes the expressive component as a Conventional Implicature. He proposes that the expressive component is provided by the nominal, reference is provided by a phonologically null variable adjacent to the nominal, and the definite article is semantically contentless. The current analysis agrees that the nominal provides the attitudinal meaning. Rather than positing a null syntactic element reference is achieved by incorporating Elbourne's (2005) proposal that the definite determiner takes an index argument and a nominal argument.
Avalanche and propagation criteria

A Boolean function f(x) in n variables is said to satisfy the Strict Avalanche Criterion (SAC) if changing any one of the n bits in the input x results in the output of the function being changed for exactly half of the 2 n-1 vectors x with the changed input bit. The SAC is a useful property for a Boolean function in cryptographic applications because satisfying the SAC means that a slight change in the input to the function leads to a large changes in the output, and in fact a large change of a uniform kind. This is one aspect of making a Boolean function whose input is difficult to infer from its output.
Strained in Planning Your Mouse Background? Using the HPA Stress Axis as a Biological Readout for Backcrossing Strategies.

Strained in Planning Your Mouse Background? Using the HPA Stress Axis as a Biological Readout for Backcrossing Strategies
Alcohol use from adolescence through early adulthood: an assessment of measurement invariance by age and gender

Background and aims Studies on alcohol use and related constructs rarely test for measurement invariance to assess the reliability and validity of measures of alcohol use across different subpopulations of interest or ages. This failure to consider measurement invariance may result in biased parameter estimates and inferences. This study aimed to test measurement invariance of alcohol use across gender and age using a US nationally representative sample to inform future longitudinal studies assessing alcohol use. Design The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, a school-based, nationally representative longitudinal study conducted in 1994–95, 2001–02 and 2008. Setting All regions within the United States; participants were selected via a clustered sample design from 80 high schools that represented the national population. Participants Youth and young adults aged 13–31 years who had valid data on all three alcohol items within wave: 18 923 from wave 1; 14 315 from wave 3; and 14 785 from wave 4. Measurements Alcohol use measurement models were constructed using past-year general drinking frequency, heavy episodic drinking frequency and average quantity when drinking. Configural (factor structure), metric (factor loadings) and scalar (item intercepts) measurement invariance models were tested by gender and for each year of age from 13 to 31 years. Findings All models passed the threshold for configural invariance. Comparisons between males and females demonstrated metric (and usually scalar) non-invariance for most ages beyond middle adolescence. Nearly all 1- and 2-year contrasts passed metric invariance. Scalar non-invariance was most prevalent in age comparisons between late adolescence and early adulthood, particularly for tests using 2-year age increments. Conclusions Studies that do not account for the effects of gender and age on the measurement of alcohol use may be statistically biased.
Delayed lower cranial neuropathy after oropharyngeal intensity-modulated radiotherapy: A cohort analysis and literature review.

Background The purpose of this study was to examine swallowing-related lower cranial nerve palsy (LCNP) in oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) survivors after intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). Methods Patients treated with definitive IMRT (66-72 Gy) were pooled from institutional trial databases. Prospective analyses on parent trials included videofluoroscopy, clinical LCNP examination, and questionnaires pre-IMRT, 6 months post-IMRT, 12 months post-IMRT, and 24 months post-IMRT. Time-to-event and incidence of LCNP was estimated with competing risk methods. Literature review (1977-2015) summarized published LCNP outcomes. Results Three of 59 oropharyngeal cancer survivors with a minimum 2-year follow-up developed hypoglossal palsy ipsilateral to the index tumor (median latency 6.7 years; range 4.6-7.6 years). At a median of 5.7 years, cumulative incidence of LCNP was 5%. LCNP preceded progressive dysphagia in all cases. Published studies found median incidence of radiation-associated LCNP was 10.5% after NPC, but no OPC cancer-specific estimate. Conclusion Although uncommon, the potential for late LCNP preceding swallowing deterioration highlights the importance of long-term functional surveillance in OPC survivorship.
Measurement of the cumulants of net-proton multiplicity distribution in Au+Au collisions at sNN=7.7 – 200 GeV from the STAR experiment

Abstract One of the main goals of the RHIC Beam Energy Scan program is to search for the QCD Critical Point (CP) and phase transition in heavy-ion collisions. Fluctuations of conserved quantities are highly sensitive to the correlation length, and are directly connected to the susceptibilities in the Lattice QCD. Therefore, they are ideal observables for finding the CP and phase transition signatures. We present measurements of the cumulants of net-proton distributions from Au+Au collisions at s N N = 7.7 , 11.5 , 14.5 , 19.6 , 27 , 39 , 62.4 (up to the fourth-order) and 200 GeV (up to the sixth-order) measured by the STAR experiment at RHIC. We also present the multiparticle correlation functions extracted from the proton and anti-proton cumulants. It is observed that the four-particle correlations are positive and show non-monotonic energy dependence in the fourth-order fluctuations. Finally, we discuss the corresponding physics implications.
Using a Metal Oxide Adhesion Layer and Wet Chemical Cu Metallization for Fine Line Pattern Formation on Glass

Abstract With the trends towards miniaturization and heterogeneous integration, both IC and advanced substrate manufacturers are striving to meet the needs of next generation platforms, to increase the density of interconnects, and generate conductors featuring finer lines and spaces. Advanced manufacturing technologies such as Semi-Additive-Processing (SAP) and Advanced Modified-Semi-Additive-Processing (amSAP) were devised, realized and implemented in order to meet these requirements. Line and space (L/S) requirements of copper conductors will be below 5/5μm for advanced substrates, with 2/2μm L/S required for chip to chip connections in the near future. Herein we report about the performance of the new developed ferric sulfate based EcoFlash™ process for SAP and amSAP application with the focus on glass as the substrate and VitroCoat as thin metal oxide adhesion promotion layer. The adhesion promotion layer (about 5–10 nm thickness) is dip-coated by a modified sol-gel process followed by sintering whic...
Surveying Practicing Project Managers on Curricular Aspects of Project Management Programs: A Resource-Based Approach:

Project management, as a discipline of study, deals in the explanation of conceptual and quantitative approaches used to manage nonrepetitive tasks within the organization's constraints of time, co...
Development Planning and the Quality of Life

If we now reexamine Redfield’s distinction between the “moral order” and the “technical order,” we see that the distinction, in many ways useful as a position from which to understand human action, represents not so much a distinction between kinds of activities as a way of representing and understanding activities. The moral order comprises the aspect of organization that involves “implicit convictions as to what is right … explicit ideals, or … similarities of conscience.” The technical order is that aspect “which results from mutual usefulness, from deliberate coercion, or from the mere utilization of the same means.”1
Life Forms, Plants

An overview of plant life-forms and their classification is presented. For the purpose of this article, plants are defined as photoautotrophic eukaryotes. This definition encompasses all algal lineages and the land plants (including mosses, liverworts, and hornworts). The first section presents a brief historical background of the life-form concept and its classification. Subsequent sections provide more detailed reviews of the algal and vascular land plant life-form classification systems. The plant life-form concept emphasizes the relationship between plant form and structure, on the one hand, and the physical environment and habitat preferences of species, on the other. The criteria used to erect plant life-form classification systems are based on the assumption that these criteria permit inferences regarding physiognomic–climatic correlations. Because of extensive adaptive convergent evolution, plant life-form classification systems rarely, if ever, sort species into natural taxonomic categories. There is no generally accepted algal life-form classification system. Developmental criteria, however, allow algal species to be sorted into three basic life-forms, that is, unicellular, colonial, and multicellular. The most frequently used life-form classification system for land plants is that of Christen Raunkiaer. This system is based on a single criterion (i.e., the extent to which renewal buds are protected against inclement weather conditions).
From Helplessness to Optimism

Some of the most common psychological disorders in children and adolescents are internalizing disorders such as depression and anxiety. Research on the development of depression and anxiety suggests that internalizing disorders can be reduced, even prevented, by promoting more accurate cognitive styles, problem-solving skills, and supportive family relationships. Several cognitive-behavioral interventions have shown promise in treating and preventing depression and anxiety. We review the Penn Resiliency Program as an example of such an intervention. We suggest that most of the skills covered in the Penn Resiliency Program and similar preventive interventions are not specific to depression or anxiety and can be useful for increasing young people’s resiliency more generally. Interventions that teach and reinforce these skills can help children to navigate a variety of difficult situations they are likely to encounter during adolescence and adulthood.
The Cellular Basis of the Pathophysiology and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension

Pulmonary hypertension has traditionally been categorized into primary and secondary types. Although primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH) is felt to be relatively unique as a cardiopulmonary disease, its distinction from secondary forms of pulmonary hypertension often solely depends on whether or not an identifiable etiology can be ascertained. Histologically it can be impossible to distinguish primary from secondary forms of pulmonary hypertension (Pietra et al, 1989), suggesting that the distinction may be in the mechanism(s) that produce the pulmonary vascular disease with pulmonary hypertension as a common end point.
Password Policy Effects on Entropy and Recall: Research in Progress

Passwords are commonly used for authentication. System architects generally put in place password poli cies that define the required length of a password, the complexity requi rements of the password, and the expiration (if eve r) of the password. Password policies are designed with the intent of h elping users choose secure passwords, and in the ca se of password expiration, limit the potential damage of a comprom ised password. However, password policies can have unintended consequences that could potentially undermine their security aims. Based on the theory of cognitive lo ad, it is hypothesized that password policy elements increase extraneous l oad, which can result in high entropy passwords, bu t to the detriment of recall. It is further hypothesized that certain pas sword policy elements can still help increase entro py, while minimizing the negative impact on recall. An experiment to test th e hypotheses and determine both a secure and user f riendly password policy is put forward.
An Ecological Investigation of Agricultural Patterns in the United States

In a previous chapter, we suggested that the human ecological perspective can facilitate explanation of significant aspects of the structure of agriculture in the United States and external phenomena that impact America’s agriculturally dependent rural areas. In this chapter, we present two empirical analyses that derive from the human ecological perspective. The first examines the impact of the internationalization of agriculture on the rural United States. The second explores the implications of use of irrigation technology for the structure of agriculture and agriculturally dependent rural communities in the Great Plains. We have drawn these particular examples largely from our previous research (Murdock et al. 1991; Albrecht and Murdock 1986b), because they provide an apt demonstration of the utility of the human ecological perspective. Nevertheless, they represent only preliminary steps toward establishing a more complete human ecology of United States agriculture.
Biological mechanisms of acupuncture.

This chapter begins by briefly placing modem acupuncture in an historical context. This leads, in the following section, to a discussion of some technical difficulties and limitations of experimental paradigms for the study of the clinical efficacy of acupuncture. Then, in order to provide a background for understanding the biological underpinnings of the clinical effects of acupuncture, it undertakes a brief review of selected aspects of the literature concerned with the evaluation of the clinical efficacy of acupuncture as a treatment modality for various medical ailments. The discussion of biological mechanisms involved in acupuncture discusses on the analgesic effects of acupuncture, because little is known about the biological foundation of other acupuncture effects. The analysis of acupuncture analgesia examines the data from both man and other animals. The data from man is restricted primarily to evidence indicating a role for endogenous opioids, and these data are assessed in detail. There is also extensive evidence for a role of endogenous opioids in animal models of acupuncture analgesia. These data are discussed as well as data indicating a role for additional neural mechanisms.
Fertilizing Properties of Potassium Feldspar Altered Hydrothermally

ABSTRACTThe material obtained through hydrothermal alteration of K-feldspar rock in alkaline conditions is a potential source of soluble potassium (K), but agronomic testing is needed to verify its...
Difference in MRI-guided biopsy cancer detection rates between individual clinicians.

Abstract Objective A number of studies have described the overall institutional learning curve for magnetic resonance imaging-guided biopsy but none have evaluated differences and interactions between clinicians. Therefore, we aim to measure and compare the cancer detection rates between individual radiologists and urologists at a single academic institution. Methods A consecutive sample of patients undergoing magnetic resonance imaging-guided biopsy at a single institution were included for analysis. The detection of any and clinically significant (Gleason score ≥3+4) prostate cancer was compared between radiologists and urologists after adjusting for relevant demographic and clinical characteristics. Analysis was conducted on a perlesion basis and only the results of the targeted cores were considered in the primary analysis. Results Two hundred eighty-one patients with 418 lesions were included in the study. Prostate cancer of any grade was detected in 43.7% (183/418) of targeted lesions. There was no difference in the distribution of Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PIRADS) scores attributed by each radiologist (p = 0.43). The individual radiologist cancer detection rate for both overall and clinically significant cancer was similar across each PIRADS score except for the detection of any cancer in PIRADS 3 lesions (p = 0.03). There was no difference in the detection rates of any grade or clinically significant cancer between urologists. Conclusion This single institutional analysis found that the performance of radiologists and urologists was largely comparable. Theonly variation observed was among radiologists for PIRADS 3 lesions.
Anthropological approaches for cultural resource conservation design and planning

How natural and cultural resources are defined and valued has implications for their conservation and assessment. Although legal regulations for cultural resources such as the National Historic Pre...
Nucleophilic Substitution of Secondary Tosylates Utilizing [18F]HF and Iron(III) Acetylacetonate

1620 Objectives: A straightforward method to produce [18F]HF from fluoride trapped on a quaternary ammonium exchange resin generated via the 18O(p, n)18F nuclear reaction was previously reported [1]. In that work, we found that a [18F]FeF species could be formed and utilized to open epoxides without the need for protecting groups to mask functional groups that are proton donors. The objective of this work was to investigate the ability of this reaction mixture to perform nucleophilic substitution reactions. The utilization of this method could lead to production methods via substitution reaction that do not require masking of proton donors for reaction to occur or the subsequent deprotection steps now required, leading to shorter one pot synthesis of PET imaging agents now requiring multiple steps. Methods: Fluorine-18 was produced by the 18O(p, n)18F nuclear reaction, and trapped on a Waters QMA SepPak Light preconditioned with carbonate (10 mL, 0.5 M K2CO3). The fluoride was eluted as [18F]HF with a solution of TFA in CH3CN/H2O 4:1 into a glassy carbon reactor, which had been charged with iron(III) acetylacetonate. The mixture was heated at 80 °C for 10 min to trap [18F]HF and generate a [18F]FeF-species that was azeotropically dried at 110 °C. The secondary tosylate dissolved in 1,4-dioxane was added, followed by heating at 120 °C for 20 min. After cooling to 60 °C, HPLC buffer was added and the mixture was removed for analysis by HPLC with UV and radiation detectors. Results: Secondary tosylates provided product in modest yields with 3[18F]F-cholestene being generated in a 3.4% non-decay corrected HPLC radiochemical yield and 3[18F]F-butylbenzene in 1.8% HPLC RCY. When the reaction was attempted with a primary tosylate or bromide no desired product was observed. This is consistent to our observations with epoxides where substituted epoxides performed better. Conclusions: The conditions resulted in the radiofluorination of secondary toyslates. Further work to optimize the conditions and to investigate how robust the conditions are to substrates containing proton donors is underway. References: [1]Verhoog, S.; Brooks, A.; Mossine, A.; Sanford, M.; Scott, P. J. Nucl. Med. 2018,59(supplement 1), 1064. Acknowledgements: This work was supported by NIH Grant R01EB021155 from NIBIB and a Michigan Memorial Phoenix Project Seed grant.
Statistical classification of dynamic bacterial growth with sub-inhibitory concentrations of nanoparticles and its implications for disease treatment

Nanoparticles are promising alternatives to antibiotics since nanoparticles are easy to manufacture, non-toxic, and do not promote resistance. Nanoparticles act via physical disruption of the bacterial membrane and/or the generation of high concentrations of reactive-oxygen species locally. Potential for physical disruption of the bacterial membrane may be quantified by free energy methods, such as the extended Derjuan-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory, which predicts the initial surface-material interactions. The generation of reactive-oxygen species may be quantified using enthalpies of formation to predict minimum inhibitory concentrations. Neither of these two quantitative structure- activity values describes the dynamic, in situ behavioral changes in the bacteria9s struggle to survive. In this paper, borrowing parameters from logistic, oscillatory, and diauxic growth models, we use principal component analysis and agglomerative hierarchical clustering to classify survival modes across nanoparticle types and concentrations. We compare the growth parameters of 170 experimental interactions between nanoparticles and bacteria. The bacteria studied include Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Helicobacter pylori, and were tested across multiple concentrations of liposomal drug delivery systems, amphiphilic peptide, and silver and selenium nanoparticles. Clustering reveals specific pairs of bacteria and nanoparticles where the nanoparticle induced growth dynamics could potentially spread the infection through the development of resistance and tolerance. This rapid screening also shows that bacteria generated nanoparticles do not induce growth modes indicative of the development of resistance. This methodology can be used to rapidly screen for novel therapeutics that do not induce resistance before using more robust intracellular content screening. This methodology can also be used as a quality check on batch manufactured nanoparticles.
Associations of Plasma Angiopoietins-1 and -2 and Angiopoietin-2/-1 Ratios With Measures of Organ Injury and Clinical Outcomes in Children With Sepsis: A Preliminary Report.

OBJECTIVES Results from preclinical and adult sepsis studies suggest that the balance of circulating angiopoietin-1 and -2 levels, represented as angiopoietin-2/-1 ratios, plays a pivotal role in mediating vascular dysfunction and organ injury during sepsis. However, the relationship of plasma angiopoietins with organ injury and clinical outcomes in children with sepsis remains unknown. We sought to determine whether plasma angiopoietin-1 and -2 levels and angiopoietin-2/-1 ratios in the acute phase of sepsis correlated with measures of organ injury and clinical outcomes in children with sepsis. DESIGN Prospective observational cohort study. SETTING PICU within a tertiary freestanding children's hospital. PATIENTS Children 18 years old or less and greater than 3 kg admitted to the PICU for sepsis. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Plasma angiopoietin-1 and -2 levels were measured in 38 children with sepsis 0-6, 24, 48, and 72 hours following PICU admission. Children with elevated pediatric Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores on the third day after PICU admission demonstrated significantly higher 24-72-hour angiopoietin-2/-1 ratios predominantly as a function of higher angiopoietin-2 levels. In children with sepsis-induced organ dysfunction, angiopoietin-2/-1 ratios correlated with oxygenation indices and serum levels of creatinine and bilirubin. Forty-eight- and 72-hour angiopoietin-2/-1 ratios correlated with PICU length of stay (Spearman rho = 0.485, p = 0.004 and rho = 0.440, p = 0.015, respectively). CONCLUSIONS In the acute phase of sepsis in children, plasma angiopoietin-2/-1 ratios rise significantly above control levels and correlate with measures of organ injury and worse clinical outcomes after 24 hours. Our findings suggest that angiopoietin dysregulation begins early in sepsis and, if sustained, may promote greater organ injury that can lead to worse clinical outcomes.
Fusion of a machine learning approach and classical orbit predictions

Abstract Orbit prediction accuracy is often limited by the underlying physics-based models and estimation methods. Instead of advancing the state-of-the-art from those two aspects, we have recently developed a physics-based machine learning (ML) methodology to discover useful information from historical orbit predictions errors. This paper is posed to answer the next question: how can we fuse the ML approach with classical orbit predictions? The classical method provides valuable and reliable information and should not be abandoned. Using the extended Kalman filter (EKF) as the orbit estimation and prediction method, this paper presents an innovative fusion strategy to incorporate the ML output to the conventional framework. We define the pseudo-physical meaning of the ML output and derive an analytical model for fusion. Using a simulation-based space catalog environment, the paper demonstrates that the proposed fusion strategy can improve both the orbit prediction accuracy and precision. Discussions and insights are presented including the possible causes for some unsatisfying results. Although EKF is used in this paper, the design of the fusion strategy for the ML approach can be generalized to systems with different orbit estimation and prediction methods.
The Virtue of Aristotle's Ethics

Part I. Ethical Virtue: 1. Virtue in the mean 2. Nameless virtues 3. The non-remedial nature of the virtues 4. Listing the virtues 5. Uniting the virtues Part II. Ethical Reasoning: 6. Moral dilemmas 7. Fine motivation 8. The practical syllogism 9. What the good person has to know 10. A polis for Aristotle's virtues.
Detection of Zonal Shear Flows beneath the Sun's Surface from f-Mode Frequency Splitting

We report on the first successful measure of the zonal variations of the Sun's differential rotation (so-called torsional oscillations) by helioseismology. Using new helioseismic data from the Michelson Doppler Imager on board SOHO, we have detected zonal flow bands with velocity variation of 5 m s-1 at a depth of 2-9 Mm beneath the surface. The subsurface flow is inferred from rotational splitting of frequencies of the fundamental mode of solar oscillations in the range of angular degree l from 120 to 250, using a 144 day uninterrupted time series of the Sun's Doppler velocities. The structure of the subsurface shear flow resembles the pattern of the torsional oscillations observed on the surface. Comparing with previous surface measurements, we found evidence for migration of the flow bands towards the equator.
Promiscuity in transgenic plants

The ecological risks of genetically modified crops are of greatest concern when there are no inherent barriers to the spread of transgenes through sexual reproduction. This is most likely when transgenes can spread to weedy species through hybridization, or when the crop species itself exists in weedy forms1. If the potential recipient of a transgene is a highly selfing species, such as Arabidopsis thaliana, this risk is often considered negligible2. Here, however, we report results of a field experiment in which transgenic A. thaliana showed a dramatically increased ability to donate pollen to nearby wild-type mothers compared with A. thaliana mutants expressing the same mutant allele as the transgenic plants.
Reconstruction of objects above and below the objective focal plane with dimensional fidelity by FINCH fluorescence microscopy

Fresnel Incoherent Correlation Holography (FINCH) can faithfully reproduce objects above and below the optical plane of focus. However, as in optical imaging, the transverse magnification and optimal reconstruction depth changes based on the longitudinal distance of objects from the focal plane of the input lens with the exception that objects above and below the focal plane are in focus with FINCH and out of focus by standard optical imaging. We have analyzed these effects both theoretically and experimentally for two configurations of a FINCH fluorescence microscopy system. This information has been used to reconstruct a test planar object placed above or below the optical plane of focus with high dimensional and image fidelity. Because FINCH is inherently a super-resolving system, this advance makes it possible to create super-resolved 3D images from FINCH holograms.
The partial molar volume of carbon dioxide in peridotite partial melt at high pressure

Abstract The partial molar volume of CO2 ( V ¯ C O 2 ) in silicate melt was determined for a komatiite composition using high pressure sink/float experiments in a multi-anvil press. The density of the experimental melt at pressure was determined by observing sinking and floating of pure forsterite (Fo100) and forsterite (Fo90) buoyancy markers. Values for V ¯ C O 2 were bracketed at 4.3 GPa (23.71 cm3/mol) and at 5.5 GPa (22.06 cm3/mol), normalized to 2123 K. Combining the current data with previous work we now more accurately constrain the compression curve of V ¯ C O 2 over the pressure range of 1.0 × 10− 4 to 20 GPa. These data allow the calculation of density at pressure of carbonated silicate melts, such as kimberlite and silica undersaturated alkali basalts, and the determination of their buoyancy and eruptibility.
meso-Tetraaryl-7,8-dihydroxydithiachlorins: first examples of heterochlorins

Osmium tetraoxide-mediated dihydroxylation of meso-tetraaryldithiaporphyrins generates the corresponding meso-tetraaryldithia-7,8-dihydroxychlorins and meso-tetraaryldithia-7,8,17,18-tetrahydroxybacteriochlorins. The products are spectroscopically characterized and the substitution positions were unequivocally determined. The UV–vis of the heterochlorins and heterobacteriochlorins are chlorin- and bacteriochlorin-like, respectively. However, the chlorin spectra are surprisingly hypsochromically shifted as compared to the corresponding all-aza chlorins, whereas the bacteriochlorin is bathochromically shifted. meso-Tetraaryldithia-7,8-dihydroxychlorins are susceptible to oxidative ring-opening reactions to form the corresponding meso-tetraaryldithia-7-oxo-8-oxa-dithiaporphyrin (dithiaporpholactone). These derivatives are the first examples of heterochlorins and β-modified dithiaporphyrins.