cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 16691: The Effect of Socioeconomic Status: Patients in the Lowest Quartile of Income May be Subject to Worse Outcomes After Major Cardiac Surgery

Introduction: Racial disparities in cardiac surgery (CS) are well documented, but socioeconomic status (SES)’s role, independent of race and other factors, requires further study. Our purpose is to...
Exercise duration modulates upper and lower respiratory fluid cellularity, antiviral activity, and lung gene expression.

Exercise has substantial health benefits, but the effects of exercise on immune status and susceptibility to respiratory infections are less clear. Furthermore, there is limited research examining the effects of prolonged exercise on local respiratory immunity and antiviral activity. To assess the upper respiratory tract in response to exercise, we collected nasal lavage fluid (NALF) from human subjects (1) at rest, (2) after 45 min of moderate-intensity exercise, and (3) after 180 min of moderate-intensity exercise. To assess immune responses of the lower respiratory tract, we utilized a murine model to examine the effect of exercise duration on bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid immune cell content and lung gene expression. NALF cell counts did not change after 45 min of exercise, whereas 180 min significantly increased total cells and leukocytes in NALF. Importantly, fold change in NALF leukocytes correlated with the post-exercise fatigue rating in the 180-min exercise condition. The acellular portion of NALF contained strong antiviral activity against Influenza A in both resting and exercise paradigms. In mice undergoing moderate-intensity exercise, BAL total cells and neutrophils decreased in response to 45 or 90 min of exercise. In lung lobes, increased expression of heat shock proteins suggested that cellular stress occurred in response to exercise. However, a broad upregulation of inflammatory genes was not observed, even at 180 min of exercise. This work demonstrates that exercise duration differentially alters the cellularity of respiratory tract fluids, antiviral activity, and gene expression. These changes in local mucosal immunity may influence resistance to respiratory viruses, including influenza or possibly other pathogens in which nasal mucosa plays a protective role, such as rhinovirus or SARS-CoV-2.
Mammalian Cell-Derived Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Like Particles Protect the Lower as well as the Upper Respiratory Tract

Globally, Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is a leading cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children less than one year of age and in USA alone, between 85,000 and 144,000 infants are hospitalized every year. To date, there is no licensed vaccine. We have evaluated vaccine potential of mammalian cell-derived native RSV virus-like particles (RSV VLPs) composed of the two surface glycoproteins G and F, and the matrix protein M. Results of in vitro testing showed that the VLPs were functionally assembled and immunoreactive, and that the recombinantly expressed F protein was cleaved intracellularly similarly to the virus-synthesized F protein to produce the F1 and F2 subunits; the presence of the F1 fragment is critical for vaccine development since all the neutralizing epitopes present in the F protein are embedded in this fragment. Additional in vitro testing in human macrophage cell line THP-1 showed that both virus and the VLPs were sensed by TLR-4 and induced a Th1-biased cytokine response. Cotton rats vaccinated with RSV VLPs adjuvanted with alum and monophosphoryl lipid A induced potent neutralizing antibody response, and conferred protection in the lower as well as the upper respiratory tract based on substantial virus clearance from these sites. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first VLP/virosome vaccine study reporting protection of the lower as well as the upper respiratory tract: Prevention from replication in the nose is an important consideration if the target population is infants < 6 months of age. This is because continued virus replication in the nose results in nasal congestion and babies at this age are obligate nose breathers. In conclusion, these results taken together suggest that our VLPs show promise to be a safe and effective vaccine for RSV.
The Metabolism of Glyceride Glycolipids III. BIOSYNTHESIS OF DIGALACTOSYL DIGLYCERIDE BY GALACTOSYL TRANSFERASE PATHWAYS IN BRAIN

Abstract Particulate enzyme preparations of brain from rats greater than 11 days of age catalyze the synthesis of digalactosyl diglyceride from two common precursors, UDP-galactose and diglyceride. Monogalactosyl diglyceride has been implicated as an intermediate in the reaction. Sodium deoxycholate at optimum concentrations is required for the incorporation of UDP-14C-galactose (uniformly labeled) but not for the incorporation of diglyceride-[1,3-14C-glycerol] or exogenous monogalactosyl diglyceride (uniformly labeled 14C-galactose) into digalactosyl diglyceride. Five structurally related bile salts and a variety of other types of detergents do not effectively substitute for deoxycholate. Sodium deoxycholate, which does not serve as a substrate in this reaction, appears to function as a surface-active adjuvant that promotes an interaction between UDP-galactose, enzyme, and an endogenous monogalactosyl diglyceride. Of seven diglycerides tested some preference is shown for dipalmitin as a substrate. Experiments carried out with specific α- and β-galactosidases suggest that the anomeric carbon atom of the galactose to galactose bond of the galactolipid is of the α-configuration. This α-galactosidic bond appears to be unique to the glycolipids thus far characterized and isolated from the central nervous system. The activity of the biosynthetic enzyme is dependent on the age of the rat from which the brain was taken; it is low or nonexistent before about 11 days, but increases sharply after this time until reaching a peak at 16 to 18 days postpartum. Since the age of most active myelination (about 10 to 20 days) in the rat is coincident with the age of highest enzyme activity, a role in the process of myelination is suggested for the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of digalactosyl diglyceride.
Modulation of the sea-surface temperature in the Southeast Pacific by the atmospheric low-level coastal jet

[1] The atmospheric low-level coastal jet (LLCJ) in the Southeast Pacific (SEP) region is characterized as either a strong-forcing jet (colder and drier air) or weak-forcing jet (warm and moist) based on the location of the Southeast Pacific high-pressure system (SEPH). The sea-surface temperature (SST) changes corresponding to a particularly strong-forcing jet (29–30 October) and weak-forcing jet (22–23 November) are investigated in this study using the two-way air-ocean coupled model COAMPS® and satellite observation data. Results indicate that the coupled simulation reduces the overall absolute bias 50% for the surface wind speed, 70% for the cloud liquid water path, and 15% for SST as compared to the uncoupled simulation. The coupled simulation reduces excessive SST cooling, especially during the strong-forcing jet period along the coastal area where offshore transport of upwelled cold water is too strong from the uncoupled simulation. The coupled simulation also reduces the excessive warming from the uncoupled simulation by providing better cloud coverage. The prominent mechanisms in cooling SST along the coast are the same for both the strong-forcing and weak-forcing jets, namely vigorous upwelling and horizontal advection. However, the mechanisms along the jet path differ from along the coast, with air-sea heat exchange the most important process, resulting in cooling SST during the strong-forcing jet period but warming SST during the weak-forcing jet period. The advances and differences of the present study as compared with previous studies are discussed in detail in the paper.
Algebraic Approaches for Scalable End-to-End Monitoring and Diagnosis

The rigidity of the Internet architecture led to flourish in the research of end-to-end based systems. In this chapter, we describe a linear algebra-based end-to-end monitoring and diagnosis system. We first propose a tomography-based overlay monitoring system (TOM). Given n end hosts, TOM selectively monitors a basis set of O(nlogn) paths out of all n(n − 1) end-to-end paths. Any end-to-end path can be written as a unique linear combination of paths in the basis set. Consequently, by monitoring loss rates for the paths in the basis set, TOM infers loss rates for all end-to-end paths. Furthermore, leveraging on the scalable measurements from the TOM system, we propose the Least-biased End-to-End Network Diagnosis (in short, LEND) system. We define a minimal identifiable link sequence (MILS) as a link sequence of minimal length whose properties can be uniquely identified from end-to-end measurements. LEND applies an algebraic approach to find out the MILSes and infers the properties of the MILSes efficiently. This also means LEND system achieves the finest diagnosis granularity under the least biased statistical assumptions.
DNA polymerases lose their grip

The African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a DNA virus that codes for two DNA polymerases: a B-family replicative DNA polymerase and a DNA polymerase (pol X) of unknown function that has sequence similarity to DNA polymerase β (pol β), a eukaryotic base excision repair enzyme in the X-family of polymerases1. Pol X is the smallest naturally occurring polymerase (174 residues, 20 kDa) and lacks accessory activities, such as the lyase activity associated with pol β. The small size of pol X makes this enzyme an ideal system for characterization by NMR. As reported on pages 936 and 942 of this issue of Nature Structural Biology, Maciejewski et al.2 and Showalter et al.3 have independently determined the solution structure of ASFV pol X. These structures represent the first solution structures of a full-length DNA polymerase. More importantly, the pol X structures provide valuable insights into how pol X can tightly bind DNA in the absence of a dedicated DNA binding subdomain and the functional significance of relative subdomain positioning upon substrate binding. These insights provide a framework in which to analyze the native function of pol X. Pol X structure The architecture of the prototypical DNA polymerase domain is likened to a right hand that can grasp DNA (for review see ref. 4), with the subdomains referred to as the fingers, palm, and thumb. The palm subdomain has three carboxylates that bind two catalytically essential metals involved in the nucleotidyl transferase reaction. Crystal structures of DNA polymerases from several polymerase families, excluding pol β, indicate that the palm subdomains are structurally homologous, but the fingers and thumb are not. The thumb and fingers subdomains have primary roles in duplex DNA binding and deoxynucleoside 5′-triphosphate (dNTP) selection, respectively. DNA polymerase β has functionally equivalent subdomains, but the topology of the palm is unique 5. The ASFV pol X shares sequence similarity with the C-terminal region of pol β
DiRAC: dynamic reconfiguration animation and control

This paper describes the developments with DiRAC (dynamic reconfiguration animation and control), a software tool for dynamic visualization and control of reconfigurable modular systems and their simulation. The tool is built on an extension of standard Verilog interfaces. Alternative options of module functionality can be implemented either in (1) Verilog, (2) a logic hardware emulation on an FPGA PCI extension board or (3) as an executable program with standardized interfaces that is compiled from an arbitrary high-level language. For each module interface in the system reconfiguration between alternative module realizations in two modes: (i) as (static) user-interactive reconfiguration or (ii) as (dynamic) run-time reconfiguration were allowed. The tool allows the simulation and animation of the dynamic system behavior in each reconfiguration mode and the user is allowed to choose the level of detail in the visualization interactively. By these means the specification, development and simulation of dynamically reconfigurable systems were supported and assist in the improved understanding of their operation. The user-interactive reconfiguration mode additionally supports the incremental modular development of digital systems allowing for partial prototyping, integration and co-design of hardware and software functionality in hybrid descriptions
The process of infection with bacteriophage øX174: XI. Infectivity of the complementary strand of the replicative form†

A hybrid replicative form of bacteriophage oX174 DNA was prepared in which the viral strand contained bromouracil and the complementary strand contained thymine. After brief treatment with deoxyribonuclease, followed by denaturation, the complementary strand was isolated from a density gradient and found to be infective.
The University of Nebraska-Lincoln Football: A Metaphorical, Symbolic and Ritualistic Community Event

The purpose of this study was to develop an understanding of the social dynamics surrounding the University of Nebraska-Lincoln football program on the community at large. The following research questions helped guide the research study: 1. What are the sociological effects of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln football on the community? and 2. How is commitment displayed to University of Nebraska football by members of the community? Six focus group interviews were conducted, each with five to seven participants. Through phenomenological analysis, it became clear that the sociological nature of University of Nebraska-Lincoln football is steeped in tradition, and the ritualistic nature that surrounds this phenomenon extends well into communities. This study illuminates three themes that emerged through data collection and analysis: 1. Harvest, 2. United we stand, and 3. Farm values. The Harvest theme represents the similarities of the agricultural lifestyle to a football season and how the entire year is dedicated towards performance. United we stand emerged as a visual, social and emotional sense of pride for the state of Nebraska residents towards the University and Nebraska and its football team. The connection between the university and the state begins early in life and grows as the years pass to become a social symbol of pride and togetherness as small towns shut down to gather and watch football games. Farm values emerged as the final theme and represented the importance of the farming value structure on the many small communities and towns in the state of Nebraska. For many small towns, a great sense of pride was generated when a local athlete was able to play for the University of Nebraska. This pride served as a means of legitimacy and hope in many struggling families that create Nebraska's farming communities. URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs110134
Industrial Chemical Exposure: Guidelines for Biological Monitoring, 3rd ed. R. R. Lauwerys and P. Hoet. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers, 2001, 638 pp., $129.95, hardcover. ISBN 1-56670-545-2.

This book serves as a practical guide for professionals involved with health risk assessment of exposure to industrial chemicals. It discusses nearly 137 chemicals and chemical classifications and serves as a major resource for interpreting biological measurements in workers exposed to these agents. This third edition is more comprehensive than the first edition of 1983; it includes 14 additional chemicals plus a section on the metabolic fate of chemicals. Its comprehensiveness can be attributed both to the rapidly growing field of biological monitoring and to the authors’ diligence in keeping abreast of the field. Threshold adverse effect concentrations for the chemicals and the various methods used for biomonitoring have also been updated. This book comprises …
Genistein Alters Growth but Is Not Toxic to the Rat Prostate

The mortality of clinical prostate cancer is lower in Asian populations than in American or European men. Asian men typically consume more soy than their Western counterparts, leading to the investigation of individual components, particularly phytoestrogens, as protective factors against prostate cancer. Genistein, the predominant isoflavone in soy, has been reported to reduce the incidence of prostate cancer in animal models, but the underlying biological action remains to be elucidated. The purpose of this investigation was to identify the effects of the phytoestrogen, genistein and the synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES), as a control, on development and function of the rat dorsolateral prostate (DLP) when given in the diet. The effects of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) injections were also tested. Analysis of individual lobes of the DLP revealed that 1000 mg/kg, but not 250 mg/kg, of a genistein AIN-76A diet slightly reduced lateral prostate type 1 (LP1) bud perimeter. However, expression of the secretory dorsal protein 1 (DP1) and 5alpha-reductase type II activity were not altered in the prostate. This suggested that prostate differentiation, and not toxicity, had occurred. DES in the diet reduced and testosterone injections elevated relative prostate weights and perimeters of the dorsal, LP1, lateral prostate type 2 and DP1 expression. DHT increased relative prostate weights but did not significantly increase individual lobe perimeter. Unlike DES, maximally tolerated doses of genistein in the diet were not toxic to the rat prostate.
A Novel Model for IFN-γ–Mediated Autoinflammatory Syndromes

Autoinflammatory disease and hyperinflammatory syndromes represent a growing number of diseases associated with inappropriately controlled inflammation in multiple organs. Systemic inflammation commonly results from dysregulated activation of innate immune cells, and therapeutic targeting of the IL-1β pathway has been used to ameliorate some of these diseases. Some hyperinflammatory syndromes, however, such as hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and the newly classified proteasome disability syndromes, are refractory to such treatments, suggesting that other factors or environmental stressors may be contributing. In comparing two cytokine reporter mouse strains, we identify IFN-γ as a mediator of systemic autoinflammatory disease. Chronically elevated levels of IFN-γ resulted in progressive multiorgan inflammation and two copies of the mutant allele resulted in increased mortality accompanied by myeloproliferative disease. Disease was alleviated by genetic deletion of T-bet. These studies raise the possibility that therapeutics targeting the IFN-γ pathway might be effective in hyperinflammatory conditions refractory to IL-1β-targeted therapies.
Superconducting Properties of Orthorhombic YBa2(Cu1−xZnx)3O7 and Tetragonal YBa2(Cu1−xGax)3O7

We have used Zn and Ga, two unique dopants having definite valence states and filled 3d levels, to probe the YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 superconductor. A small doping of Ga induces an orthorhombic to tetragonal structural transition, but the values of T c are as high as 81 K in the tetragonal phase. YBa 2 (Cu 1−x Zn x ) 3 O 7 retains the same orthorhombic structure as the parent compound, but with highly depressed T c . The oxygen vacancy order, or the linear chain structure, is found to be not essential for the high T c . Our data suggest that Ga and Zn preferentially substitute Cu(1) and Cu(2) sites, which leads to the conclusion that the most important feature of the high T c oxide superconductors is the Cu—O 2 planes.
The Hanf Number of Second Order Logic

We prove, among other things, that the number mentioned above cannot be shown to exist without using some IIl,() instance of the axiom of re- placement. ?1. The existence of the Hanf number. The Hanf number of a logic L* is the least cardinal number K such that if a sentence of L* has a model of cardinality 2 Then it has arbitrarily large models. Hanf's argument shows that one can prove in ZF (Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory with the axiom of choice) that the Hanf number of L* exists, provided the sentences of L* form a set. For most logics one can replace Hanf's extremely nonconstructive proof with a "computational" proof that a certain cardinal either is the Hanf number of L* or at least is an upper bound. Our first result shows that the nonconstructive proof is basically the only one possible for L2, second order logic. We show that one cannot prove that the Hanf number of L2 exists without using some shady instance of the axiom of replacement, shady in the' sense that it begs the question by using replace- ment for some operation F whose definition demands universal quantification over the universe of all sets. This is in contrast even to L,,10,1. As badly behaved as the
Acetylcholinesterase activity in certain glomeruli and Golgi cells of the granular layer of the rat cerebellar cortex.

The Karnovsky method for the precise demonstration of acetyl and butyryl cholinesterase was applied to perfusion-fixed rat cerebellar vermis, and the results were examined by light and electron microscopy. Heavier concentrations of acetylcholinesterase activity were demonstrated in lobules IX and X than elsewhere in the cerebellar cortex. Acetylcholinesterase was found in the intercellular clefts and in relation to the synaptic membranes of mossy fiber and climbing fiber terminals in the granular layer of the uvula and nodulus. Within these lobules there were also similar endings of both the mossy and climbing fibers that showed no reaction. Acetylcholinesterase activity was found in the nuclear envelope and the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum of most Golgi cell perikarya and on the surface membranes of their axon terminals. Reasons for the selective distribution of acetylcholinesterase are discussed.
Like a Hurricane: A Citation Analysis of Emergency Management Scholarly Literature

This bibliometric study used citation analysis to uncover citing characteristics in the burgeoning academic field of emergency management. Of the 281 degree programs listed by the Federal Emergency Management Agency nationwide, those at community colleges accounted for 17% of the total. Using the interdisciplinary database of Academic Search Complete, a sample of 5,099 citations was collected from 146 articles published between 2002 and 2012. The most strongly represented disciplines revealed by the analysis were Social Science, Science/Technology, and Medicine. A majority of citations (45%) came from academic journals, with nearly half (44%) of those from Social Science. When citing outside of their discipline, medical and science/technology journals cited most often from Social Science, 70% and 12%, respectively. This study also finds the 20 most frequently cited journals, which will be of help to collection development and subject librarians.
Corporate Environmental Crimes and Social Inequality: New Directions for Environmental Justice Research

In a 1997 article, Szasz and Meuser note that environmental justice research may have “excluded” certain questions of import. Among the topics they list as neglected are (a) the place of the upper class in environmental research and (b) the lack of both a global and a historical perspective. This article represents a furtherance of suggestions concerning their proposed agenda. Specifically, the article examines patterns of environmental crime among the largest multinational corporations, both in the United States and around the world, as well as the environmental deviance committed by the federal government. This examination demonstrates that environmental crimes are part of an entire pattern of criminal activity that takes place within a political economy dominated by large corporations and upper-class stockholders. The article closes with suggestions for research into these patterns.
How often is functional range of motion obtained by manipulation for stiff total knee arthroplasty

To evaluate how often manipulation under anesthesia (MUA) can achieve functional flexion ≥ 90 degrees and identify predictor for successful outcome of MUA for stiff total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Demographic data, range of motion, and surgical and anesthetic information of 143 MUAs were retrospectively analyzed from 2000 to 2011. One-hundred thirty-six out of 143 patients (95 %) improved mean range of motion (ROM) from pre-MUA 62 ± 17° to final ROM 101 ± 21° (p < 0.001). Flexion ≥ 90 degrees was achieved in 74% (106/143) of patients. Regional anesthesia was identified as predictor of successful MUA outcome (p = 0.007, OR: 8.5, 95 % CI: 1.2-66.7). Although the proportion of patients regaining flexion ≥ 90 degrees following MUA was less than those patients with simple overall ROM increase, the functional flexion ≥ 90 degrees was achieved in the vast majority of patients with stiff TKA following MUA.
P-adic string amplitude

Abstract P-adic N-point amplitudes are derived and it is shown that these amplitudes are reproduced from an effective scalar field theory. Some properties of the scalar field theory (a non-trivial vacuum solution, a new symmetry of p-adic amplitudes) are discussed. Also, comments on the validity of the adelic formula for p-adic string amplitudes are given.
PrimaryPneumocystic carinii infection of the small bowel: Presentation as an acute abdomen

Pneumocystis infection is typically a pulmonary process in an immuno-compromised host. With AIDS, however, we have seenPneumocystis involve many extrapulmonary sites, including the liver, spleen, and kidneys. We present a case ofPneumocystis infection that involved the small bowel and colon and presented as an acute abdomen. The role of computed tomography in the evaluation of the abdomen in the AIDS patient as well asPneumocystis infection of bowel is discussed.
Single-layer antireflection coatings on absorbing substrates for the parallel and perpendicular polarizations at oblique incidence.

Explicit equations are derived that determine the refractive index of a single layer that suppresses the reflection of p- or s -polarized light from the planar interface between a transparent and an absorbing medium at any given angle of incidence. The required layer thickness and the system reflectance for the orthogonal unextinguished polarization also follow explicitly. This generalizes earlier work that was limited to normal incidence or to oblique incidence at dielectric–dielectric interfaces. Specific examples are given of p- and s -antireflection layers on Si and Al substrates at λ = 6328 A at various angles of incidence.
Stability and porosity enhancement through concurrent ligand extension and secondary building unit stabilization.

A trigonal nanosized carboxylate ligand, 1,3,5-tris[4‘-carboxy(1,1‘-biphenyl-4-yl)]benzene (TCBPB), has been synthesized and applied in the construction of porous metal−organic frameworks (MOFs). A solvothermal reaction of TCBPB and a zinc salt in the presence of pyridine produces 1, an unstable MOF consisting of a tetrazinc secondary building unit (SBU) with labile terminal ligands. Changing pyridine to a noncoordinating base in the assembly procedure affords 2, a stable MOF with permanent porosity containing an octazinc SBU without labile terminal ligands.
Mn2+-Sensing Mechanisms of yybP-ykoY Orphan Riboswitches

Summary Gene regulation in cis by riboswitches is prevalent in bacteria. The yybP-ykoY riboswitch family is quite widespread, yet its ligand and function remained unknown. Here, we characterize the Lactococcus lactis yybP-ykoY orphan riboswitch as a Mn 2+ -dependent transcription-ON riboswitch, with a ∼30–40 μM affinity for Mn 2+ . We further determined its crystal structure at 2.7 A to elucidate the metal sensing mechanism. The riboswitch resembles a hairpin, with two coaxially stacked helices tethered by a four-way junction and a tertiary docking interface. The Mn 2+ -sensing region, strategically located at the highly conserved docking interface, has two metal binding sites. Whereas one site tolerates the binding of either Mg 2+ or Mn 2+ , the other site strongly prefers Mn 2+ due to a direct contact from the N7 of an invariable adenosine. Mutagenesis and a Mn 2+ -free E. coli yybP-ykoY structure further reveal that Mn 2+ binding is coupled with stabilization of the Mn 2+ -sensing region and the aptamer domain.
Synthesis and Chemistry of [Hydrotris(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)pyrazolyl)borato]silver(I) Complexes

The syntheses, spectroscopy, and structures of silver(I) hydrotris(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)pyrazolyl)borate complexes with tetrahydrofuran (THF), toluene, carbon monoxide, ethylene, acetylene, phenylacetylene, tert-butyl isocyanide, and tert-butyl cyanide ligands are presented. These complexes can be synthesized conveniently starting from the sodium salt of [HB(3,5-(CF3)2Pz)3]- ligand. The toluene ligand of [HB(3,5-(CF3)2Pz)3]Ag(η2-toluene) exhibits fluxional behavior in solution and η2-coordination in the solid state. The Ag−C distances, however, are not equal. The toluene ligand can be displaced reversibly with CO. [HB(3,5-(CF3)2Pz)3]AgCO has mainly a σ-type Ag−CO bonding interaction. The Ag−C and C−O distances are 2.037(5) and 1.116(7) A, respectively. [HB(3,5-(CF3)2Pz)3]Ag(H2CCH2) and [HB(3,5-(CF3)2Pz)3]Ag(HC⋮CH) have similar solid state structures. The H2CCH2 and HC⋮CH bind symmetrically to silver ion. The Ag−C distances of [HB(3,5-(CF3)2Pz)3]Ag(H2CCH2) are 2.294(7) and 2.307(7) A. In [HB(3,5-(CF3)2P...
Colorectal cancer screening: an overview of current trends

Colorectal cancer can be cured and, in some cases, even prevented if detected early through screening. Studies have demonstrated that regular screening for colorectal cancer with fecal occult blood testing, sigmoidoscopy, or colonoscopy can reduce mortality from this disease. Unfortunately, rates of participation in these screening tests are unacceptably low among the U.S. population. Nurses have a significant role to play in assisting individuals to incorporate regular colorectal cancer screening into their health maintenance routines.
You Should Just Know Why I'm Upset: Expectancy Violation Theory and the Influence of Mind Reading Expectations (MRE) on Responses to Relational Problems

Some people believe that intimate partners should be able to understand each other's needs and feelings without their having to express them. Those holding mind reading expectations (MRE) often have less-satisfying relationships. Because much of the research on MRE is variable analytic without strong ties to theory, research does not inform as to how MRE create relational problems. We use Expectancy Violation Theory as a frame for understanding the relationship between MRE and problematic interactions. Among a sample of individuals in dating relationships, we discovered that MRE are positively associated with individuals reporting that they became combative toward their partners or engaged in the silent treatment when their partners had failed to recognize that they had upset them. These relationships were mediated by the respondents becoming more upset as a result of their partners’ lack of awareness. Future research directions are discussed.
REACTIONS OF THE NASAL CAVITY AND POSTNASAL SPACE TO CHILLING OF THE BODY SURFACE : I. VASOMOTOR REACTIONS.

Devices are described by means of which the terminals of thermopiles may be held in stable apposition with the mucous membranes of the nasal cavity and postnasal space and local temperature variations thus followed. Chilling of the body surface has without exception caused depression of the temperature of the nasal mucosa surface, amounting in some instances to as much as 6 degrees C., and indicating marked reflex vasoconstriction and diminution of blood supply. With rewrapping, partial recovery of blood supply promptly occurs, although recovery has been incomplete within the duration of the experiments in ten of twelve instances. Application of the wires within the nasal cavity has usually caused pain and discharge of clear mucus, sometimes also lacrimation and sneezing. The rhinorrhea has occurred both on the side directly irritated and on the opposite side, although on the former more abundantly, and has apparently been little if at all affected by the diminished blood supply and shrinkage of the mucous membrane incident to chilling the body surface. Discharge from the nose has been at most a rare occurrence in experiments in which the nasal mucosa was not directly irritated. The temperature of the nasopharyngeal mucosa surface has also been depressed, typically between 1 degrees and 2 degrees C., with chilling of the body surface. This depression has also been shown to have local reflex vasoconstriction and ischemia as its basis. With rewrapping, prompt return toward normal occurs, but here also recovery of blood supply has in the majority of instances not been complete within the duration of the experiments. The thresholds of the chilling vasoconstrictor reflex to the mucous membranes of the nasal cavity and postnasal space, tonsil, oropharynx, and palate and the threshold of the reflex to the skin of the trunk have been found to be lower than the threshold of the like reflex to the skin of the forehead. Disrobing 'the warmly wrapped subject in a room a little below ordinary room temperature has been found sufficient to cause marked vasoconstriction in the sites of the former group, but only slight or no vasoconstriction in the forehead. A number of instances of cold or sore throat occurred among the subjects of the experiments, in several instances correlated with somewhat interesting bacteriologic findings which will be described elsewhere.
Coupling Effects and Sensitivity Analysis for Graycale System Reliability

Understanding of the risk and reliability of systems can be enhanced by modeling the grayscale degradation of the performance of components and determining the grayscale impact on the system performance. Rather than producing an estimate of the probability of the system being in either the working or the failed state, as more traditional risk and reliability modeling does, this approach produces estimates of the probability of the system being in any of a continuous range of states between fully working and completely failed. In this paper, earlier work is extended by exploring the cause of major differences between this new approach and traditional reliability analysis, as well as by developing sensitivity analysis for grayscale reliability. Because the coupling effect can cause significant differences between this approach and the traditional approach, the coupling effect of component degradation is explored through the examples of coupled and decoupled mass-spring-damper systems. Also, a new sensitivity measure for grayscale reliability is developed to determine how designers can trade changes in reliability with other design criteria such as cost.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Regression of transplanted lymphomas induced in vivo by means of normal guinea pig serum. II. Studies on the nature of the active serum constituent: histological mechanism of the regression: tests for effects of guinea pig serum on lymphoma cells in vitro: discussion.

In an extension of the experimental studies recorded in an associated paper; attempts were made to isolate and characterize the constituent of guinea pig serum responsible for inducing regression of transplanted lymphomas in vivo. The active material was precipitated readily from the whole serum, along with some of the globulins, by means of ammonium sulfate in concentrations of 2.0 molar or greater; it withstood heating at 56°C. for 20 or 30 minutes, but was inactivated upon heating at 66°C. for similar periods; it was completely inactivated by chymotrypsin in concentrations of 1 or 2 mg./cc. during 6 hours at 37°C. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of small amounts of the guinea pig serum in vivo were enhanced upon admixture with immune sera prepared by injecting the lymphosarcoma cells into rabbits. The facts as a whole suggest that the active material is a protein, and that it may be one or another of the components of complement; yet they do not suffice to establish its identity. Microscopic studies showed that the cells of subcutaneous lymphomas rapidly died and were resorbed following injections of relatively large amounts of guinea pig serum intraperitoneally into mice carrying them, while similar changes followed more gradually after repeated injections of smaller amounts of guinea pig serum. No changes referable to the guinea pig serum were seen in the normal tissues or organs of mice receiving it. Mouse lymphoma cells, suspended artificially as individuals in a physiological saline solution, regularly remained viable following incubation in vitro in mixture with guinea pig serum during 6 hours at 37°C. The finding provides strong evidence that the regression of lymphomas that follows injection of guinea pig serum in vivo is brought about through some reaction in which the guinea pig serum and the host both participate. Some of the implications of the findings are discussed.
A Ratio-Recording Double-Beam Infra-Red Spectrophotometer with Automatic Slit-Control*†

A simple scheme by which any spectrometer is readily converted to a direct ratio-recording spectrophotometer is described. The optics consist of a double-beam “slit illuminator” which passes light from a common source area alternately over two identical paths to the spectrometer entrance slit. The optical arrangement allows great flexibility in the use of samples since it includes foci for small samples and sufficient space for low temperature cells, gas cells, etc. Common paths make the use of filters, polarizers, etc., convenient and accurate. Spectrometer optics, detector and amplifier are common to both signals and hence non-critical. The electrical signals from the two beams are amplified, “sorted” and rectified by synchronous switches, compared potentiometrically and their ratio recorded. Details of the amplifier and ratio circuits are included. A simple method is described by which errors in the ratio caused by the frequency characteristics of the detector, input transformer, or amplifier are eliminated. The energy in the comparison beam is kept constant at any predetermined level while a spectrum is scanned by means of a simple servo slit-width control. This arrangement is much more convenient and flexible than cams, particularly when interchangeable prisms are used.
Mary Cover Jones and Peter case: Social learning versus conditioning

Abstract This paper presents a Social Learning analysis of the classic Mary Cover Jones' “Peter” case that is contrasted with the traditional representation of Peter as the prototype of the classical conditioning/systematic desensitization phobia model. Jones' contributions to the children's fear literature are discussed in relation to her departure from an exclusive reliance upon the Watsonian fear paradigm and her development of modeling approaches. Factors identified that may contribute to a continued classical conditioning misrepresentation of the Peter case include J.B. Watson's historical eminence, overreliance upon secondary sources, and the mythic status of the Peter study.
A DISORDER OF RAPID EYE MOVEMENTS IN HUNTINGTON'S CHOREA

A DISORDER OF RAPID EYE MOVEMENTS IN HUNTINGTON'S CHOREA BY ARNOLD STARR Division of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine and Neurology Service, Veterans Administration Hospital, Palo Alto, California INTRODUCTION NEUROLOGISTS have traditionally analysed extraocular motility in terms of deficiencies of directional gaze or of disordered ocular reflexes. It should be apparent that an analysis of the movements themselves might also be of value in understanding the mechanisms regulating extraocular behaviour. In 1903, Dodge defined the two basic ways in which the eyes move. The first is by discrete and rapid jumps (up to 600°/sec.) called saccades or version movements; the second is by a slower but continuous progression (up to 45°/sec.) called following or tracking movements. The two types of eye movements are employed for different purposes. Saccades serve to bring the fovea promptly on to an eccentric point in the visual field, whereas smooth movements enable the fovea to be maintained on a continuously moving object. Thus, saccades can be considered as a response to position, and following movements as a response to velocity (Westheimer, 1954; Rashbass, 1961). Evidence from a wide variety of studies in normal individuals indicates that there may be a distinct neural mechanism regula- ting each of these eye movements and that normal ocular motility depends upon the integration of the two systems (Dodge, Travis and Fox, 1930; Rashbass, 1961; Young and Stark, 1963; Robinson, 1965). The purpose of this report is to provide an example of the dissociation of function of the two ocular control systems by a disease of the central nervous system, Huntington's chorea. Three patients with this illness were unable to move their eyes in a rapid saccade while preserving smooth following movements. One of the patients was studied in detail to define
South Asian and Middle Eastern American Older Adults: Dementia, Mood Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders

In this review, we discuss topics associated with dementia and mood and anxiety disorders among South Asian and Middle Eastern American older adults. These two groups have been seriously understudi...
A Mechanical Model for Intraplate Earthquakes: Application to the New Madrid Seismic Zone

We present a time-dependent model for the generation of repeated intraplate earthquakes that incorporates a weak lower crustal zone within an elastic lithosphere. Relaxation of this weak zone after tectonic perturbations transfers stress to the overlying crust, generating a sequence of earthquakes that continues until the zone fully relaxes. Simulations predict large (5 to 10 meters) slip events with recurrence intervals of 250 to 4000 years and cumulative offsets of about 100 meters, depending on material parameters and far-field stress magnitude. Most are consistent with earthquake magnitude, coseismic slip, recurrence intervals, cumulative offset, and surface deformation rates in the New Madrid Seismic Zone. Computed interseismic strain rates may not be detectable with available geodetic data, implying that low observed rates of strain accumulation cannot be used to rule out future damaging earthquakes.
Male pseudohermaphrodism with persistent müllerian and wolffian structures complicated by intra-abdominal seminoma.

A fifty-year-old male patient with bilateral cryptorchidism and abdominal mass due to a large seminoma was found to have persistent mullerian duct derivatives: uterus and fallopian tubes. The patient underwent total hysterosalpingectomy and bilateral intra-abdominal orchidectomy of a seminoma and testes. He was given maintenance testosterone and pelvic irradiation.
Specification and estimation of primal production models

Abstract While estimating production technology in a primal framework production function, input and output distance functions and input requirement functions are widely used in the empirical literature. This paper shows that these popular primal based models are algebraically equivalent in the sense that they can be derived from the same underlying transformation (production possibility) function. By assuming that producers maximize profit, we show that in all cases, except one, the use of ordinary least squares (OLS) gives inconsistent estimates irrespective of whether the production, input distance and input requirement functions are used. Based on several specifications of the production and input distance function models, we conclude that one can estimate the input elasticities and returns to scale consistently using instruments on only one regressor. No instruments are needed if either it is assumed that producers know the technology entirely (including the so-called error term) or a system approach is used. We used Norwegian timber harvesting data to illustrate workings of various model specifications.
The behavioral economics of addiction: A comprehensive alternative

Heyman's target article makes a strong case for a behavioral approach to addiction, yet some important assumptions require justification, and promising behavioral alternatives to the author's melioration approach should be considered. In particular, the behavioral economic approach to addiction appears well developed and comprehensive. How does the melioration approach complement or improve on a behavioral economic account?
Changes in Oscillatory Brain Networks after Lexical Tone Training

Learning foreign speech contrasts involves creating new representations of sound categories in memory. This formation of new memory representations is likely to involve changes in neural networks as reflected by oscillatory brain activity. To explore this, we conducted time-frequency analyses of electro-encephalography (EEG) data recorded in a passive auditory oddball paradigm using Thai language tones. We compared native speakers of English (a non-tone language) and native speakers of Mandarin Chinese (a tone language), before and after a two-day laboratory training. Native English speakers showed a larger gamma-band power and stronger alpha-band synchrony across EEG channels than the native Chinese speakers, especially after training. This is compatible with the view that forming new speech categories on the basis of unfamiliar perceptual dimensions involves stronger gamma activity and more coherent activity in alpha-band networks than forming new categories on the basis of familiar dimensions.
Constructing Local Generic Formal Fibers

Abstract Let ( T , M ) be a complete local (Noetherian) unique factorization domain of dimension at least two such that the cardinality of the residue field T / M is at least the cardinality of the real numbers. Suppose (0) = p 0 ⊂ p 1 ⊂ ··· ⊂ p n ≠ M is a chain of distinct prime ideals of T such that p n intersected with the prime subring of T is the zero ideal. We construct a chain of local unique factorization domains A n ⊂ A n −1 ⊂ ··· ⊂ A 1 ⊂ A 0 = T such that the completion of each A i is T and for every i the generic formal fiber of A i is local (this means that the ring T ⊗ A i K i is a local ring where K i is the quotient field of A i ) with p i ⊗ A i K i its maximal ideal.
Introduction of an all-electronic administrative process for a major international pediatric surgical meeting

Abstract Background/Purpose: The administrative process for annual meetings is time consuming and increasingly costly when accomplished by traditional postal, fax, and telephone methods. The Pacific Association of Pediatric Surgeons introduced an all-electronic communication format for its 2002 annual meeting. Attendee acceptance and administrative and financial impact were evaluated. Methods: Interested physicians were directed to a Website containing detailed information and electronic forms. E-mail was used for the abstract selection and manuscript submission processes. Attendees were surveyed to evaluate the new format. Administrative costs for the new format were compared with estimated costs for a comparable traditionally managed meeting. Results: Attendance was similar to that at previous US meetings. Eighty-two percent of respondents approved of the all-electronic format, although 48% believed a choice should remain. None suggested a complete return to the traditional format. Abstract and manuscript processing time was reduced substantially as were administrative costs ($79.43 savings per physician registrant). Conclusions: Adoption of an all-electronic annual meeting administrative process was associated with substantial cost reduction, increased efficiency, and excellent attendee satisfaction. This technology can help avoid increased registration fees while easing the burden on physician volunteers.