cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deformation and shape coexistence in medium mass nuclei

Emerging evidence for deformed structures in medium mass nuclei is reviewed. Included in this review are both nuclei that are ground state symmetric rotors and vibrational nuclei where there are deformed structures at excited energies (shape coexistence). For the first time. Nilsson configurations in odd-odd nuclei within the region of deformation are identified. Shape coexistence in nuclei that abut the medium mass region of deformation is also examined. Recent establishment of a four-particle, four-hole intruder band in the doublesubshell closure nucleus96Zr56 is presented and its relation to the Nuclear Vibron Model is discussed. Special attention is given to the N=59 nuclei where new data have led to the reanalysis of97Sr and99Zr and the presence of the [404 9/2] hole intruder state as isomers in these nuclei. The low energy levels of the N=59 nuclei from Z=38 to 50 are compared with recent quadrupole-phonon model calculations that can describe their transition from near-rotational to single closed shell nuclei. The odd-odd N=59 nuclei are discussed in the context of coexisting shape isomers based on the (p[303 5/2]n[404 9/2])2− configuration. Ongoing in-beam (t.p conversion-electron) multiparameter measurements that have led to the determination of monopole matrix elements for even-even42Mo nuclei are presented, and these are compared with initial estimates using lBA-2 calculations that allow mixing of normal and cross subshell excitations. Lastly, evidence for the neutron-proton3S1 force's influence on the level structure of these nuclei is discussed within the context of recent quadrupole-phonon model calculations.
Regional motors of the global economy

Abstract The thesis of this article is that world capitalism is moving into a phase of development marked by an intensified regionalization of production overlaid by—and rooted in—a global division of labour. In this process, a significant reallocation of economic coordination and steering functions is occurring, away from the sovereign state, up to the international and down to the regional levels. The historical development of the global capitalist system over the post-World-War-II years is reviewed. The mechanism underlying the growth and spread of large agglomerations of productive activity throughout the world are then elucidated. The combined processes of global integration and regional concentration of economic activity raise important questions about appropriate forms of regulation in the new world order, and some evolving tendencies are described. The article ends on a speculative note in which the possible emergence of something like a worldwide system of city-states at the dawn of the 21st century is contemplated.
Work in progress — Product evolution from an engineering perspective

In entrepreneurship and innovation circles, “painstorming” is a process by which a person examines either a particular product or the world around them with the goal of identifying negative customer/user issues to serve as focal points for development efforts or research. In business education, the concept of product evolution is used to both chart the stages in the product development and to examine changes in a product over time from a product characteristics and market-needs perspective. To promote the transfer of classroom knowledge into practice through the context of entrepreneurship, a classroom tool termed a “product evolution study” has been developed to help students identify and describe the growth and transformation of a product within the context of the energy relations, material properties and engineering involved in the products as they relate to class learning objectives. This tool is intended for insertion within a content-oriented engineering class, such as Fluid Mechanics, to provide context for the subject matter and to model the everyday application of entrepreneurial thinking. Student experiences with this type of analysis are being used to develop a formal, graphical procedure for describing the evolution of a product from the standpoint of the underlying physics involved in the product's development.
Ion beam annealing of Ga-implanted Si

Rutherford backscattering/ion channeling and transmission electron microscopy have been used to investigate regrowth effects which occur during high-energy ion bombardment of amorphous silicon layers implanted with 1 /times/ 10/sup 16/ Ga/cm/sup 2/. At both 300 and 400/degree/C the Si lattice initially regrows epitaxially. However, at this high dopant level, Ga is segregated at the crystalline-amorphous interface and eventually disrupts epitaxy. Transmission electron microscopy had been used to characterize the lattice morphology and monitor movement of the Ga. The results are compared with thermal annealing effects in Ga-implanted Si samples. 15 refs., 4 figs.
Mixed-mode stress intensity factor solutions of a warped surface flaw by three-dimensional finite element analysis

Abstract A finite element analysis procedure has been established to calculate the stress intensity factors of a surface flaw with curved crack surfaces and front in a three-dimensional structure under mixed-mode loading conditions. This procedure converts the √r displacement components in the crack tip quarter point elements into the appropriate stress intensity factors of a fully mixed-mode problem. This method has been developed to treat fracture mechanics problems with complex structural and flaw geometries under arbitrary loading conditions. Weld toe surface flaws in an offshore structural tubular joint have been analysed and their K I , K II and K III solutions are presented. These analysed flaws have curved crack surfaces, and their crack fronts are semi-elliptical when the curved crack surfaces are mapped into flat surfaces. The solutions indicate that, when the structural geometry is complex, the crack tip behavior can be predominantly mixed-mode, even if the loading condition is simple. They also demonstrate that, for a fully mixed-mode problem, a multicomponent contact algorithm is required to prevent crack surfaces from penetrating each other in a finite element analysis.
Weighting systems for linear functions of correlated variables when there is no dependent variable

When no criterion variable is available, the combination of tests or other variables by the use of multiple correlation is not possible. Three methods of combining variables are described mathematically, and discussed with reference to the linear combination of tests. Iterative computational schemes are outlined and illustrated.
A COMPLEX VACCINE AGAINST INFLUENZA A VIRUS QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE ANTIBODY RESPONSE PRODUCED IN MAN

A quantitative study of the antigenicity of various vaccines containing influenza A virus has been made in human beings. A complex vaccine prepared from chick embryos inoculated with both influenza A virus and the X strain of canine distemper virus was found to be more effective than other vaccines in stimulating the production of neutralizing antibodies against the former virus. The increased antibody levels which resulted from the administration of this vaccine remained almost unaltered for at least 5 months.
Some characteristics of familial breast cancer.

A review of 6550 medical records of breast cancer patients admitted to M. D. Anderson Hospital between 1944 and 1969 showed 500 who had 1 or more relatives so affected. Medical records of these families were studied and examinations were done on 52 women from 25 families. A duct-cell carcinoma was found in 1 37 had normal breasts and the rest had suspicious areas or fibrocystic disease. The records of the 500 with affected relatives (familial group) showed 9.6% having bilateral involvement compared to 2.8% of the others. Among the familial group with a diagnosis of breast cancer at ages 20-44 years the bilateral frequency was 15.5% compared with 4.8% in those diagnosed later (p less than .01). This trend was not present in the nonfamilial group. In the early cases bilaterality was 5.3 times more frequent in the familial group than in the others. In cases diagnosed later in life this excess rate was less. Records of patients admitted to other hospitals and having familial breast cancer occurrence showed similar higher frequency of bilaterality. 5-year survival rate was about 35% in both groups. Benign uterine tumors diabetes obesity and hypertension were more common among patients in the familial group. Results suggest 2 types of breast cancer. An early onset a high frequency of bilateral disease and a tendency to occur in persons of blood type O is 1 type. The other type is associated with unilateral involvement and occurs more frequently in blood type A individuals. A genetic difference may exist between these 2 types as the risk of developing breast cancer is greater in the bilateral type. A 3rd type unrelated to family history may also exist.
AMINO ACID, FATTY ACID AND PROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF SNOW CRAB (Chionoecetes bairdi)

The proximate analysis and fatty acid content of the lipids were determined on four separate types of cooked snow crabmeat plus composite samples of the cooked meat and a commercially canned product. The amino acid, sodium and potassium content were determined on a commercially canned product. These results show that snow crabs contain a considerable amount of meat (33.7%) which is high in protein (18.8%) and nutrition. The fatty acid content is over 50% polyunsaturated. Fatty acid 20:5 was the predominant acid (26.0–30.0%) followed by 18:1 (17.0–19.3%), 22:6 (15.0–16.6%) and 16:0 (12.5–13.5%). Amino acid content is similar to dungeness and Chesapeake Bay blue crab meat.
Knowing when to assume: Normative expertise as a moderator of social influence

Research has demonstrated that the frame of a persuasive communication can influence message recipients' normative assumptions: Messages that encourage desired outcomes imply that desired behaviors are relatively uncommon, whereas messages that discourage undesired outcomes imply that undesired behaviors are uncommon. When behavioral norms influence decisions, this process can cause negatively framed communications to exert more influence than positively framed communications. We tested an important moderator of this effect in the context of health communications. We show in three studies that message frames affect normative beliefs to a greater degree when the communicators appear to have insight into surrounding norms, or “normative expertise.” As a result, more informed communicators can become less effective agents of influence if they encourage desired behaviors rather than discourage undesired ones.
A Comparison of the Nutritional Quality of Food Products Advertised in Grocery Store Circulars of High- versus Low-Income New York City Zip Codes

Grocery stores can be an important resource for health and nutrition with the variety and economic value of foods offered. Weekly circulars are a means of promoting foods at a sale price. To date, little is known about the extent that nutritious foods are advertised and prominently placed in circulars. This study’s aim was to compare the nutritional quality of products advertised on the front page of online circulars from grocery stores in high- versus low-income neighborhoods in New York City (NYC). Circulars from grocery stores in the five highest and five lowest median household income NYC zip codes were analyzed. Nutrition information for food products was collected over a two-month period with a total of 805 products coded. The study found no significant difference between the nutritional quality of products advertised on the front page of online circulars from grocery stores in high- versus low-income neighborhoods in New York City (NYC). In both groups, almost two-thirds of the products advertised were processed, one-quarter were high in carbohydrates, and few to no products were low-sodium, high-fiber, or reduced-, low- or zero fat. Through innovative partnerships with health professionals, grocery stores are increasingly implementing in-store and online health promotion strategies. Weekly circulars can be used as a means to regularly advertise and prominently place more healthful and seasonal foods at an affordable price, particularly for populations at higher risk for nutrition-related chronic disease.
Easily grafted polyurethanes with reactive main chain functional groups. Synthesis, characterization, and antithrombogenicity of poly(ethylene glycol)‐grafted poly(urethanes)

A novel synthesis of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-grafted poly(urethanes) (PURs) is described based on a precursor PUR containing free amino groups in the main chain. Three different poly(urethane) backbones were prepared: a homopoly(urethane) comprised of N-Bocdiethanolamine (BDA) and 4,4′-methylenebis(phenyl isocyanate) (MDI), a copoly(urethane) (COPUR) consisting of BDA, N-benzyldiethanolamine and MDI, and a poly(urethane urea) (PUU) that was prepared from BDA, MDI, and ethylenediamine as the chain extender. The Mn of these poly(urethanes) ranged from 32,000 to 72,000 g/mol. PEG (750, 1,900, and 5,000 g/mol) was grafted onto the boc-deprotected poly(urethanes) via the chloroformate. Films of the polymers were spin cast from dilute solutions, annealed, and the surfaces analyzed by goniometry. Water contact angle data indicates increasing PEG surface coverage of the poly(urethanes) with increasing PEG molecular weight. Reorientation of the polymer films is evidenced by contact angle hysteresis. Polymer thrombogenicity, which was studied using blood perfusion experiments, shows that COPUR-g-PEG5000 and PUU-g-PEG5000 exhibit very little platelet adhesion. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 37: 3441–3448, 1999
Oxidative-Stress Specific Interaction Between FANCD2 and FOXO3a.

The molecular pathway by which Fanconi anemia (FA) proteins function in oxidative stress response has not been defined. Here we report the functional interaction of the FA protein Fanconi anemia complementation group D2 (FANCD2) and the forkhead transcription factor forkhead box O 3a (FOXO3a). FOXO3a colocalized with FANCD2 foci in response to oxidative stress. The FANCD2-FOXO3a complex was not detected in cells deficient for the FA core complex component FANCA but could be restored in corrected cells. Consistent with this, a nonmonoubiquitinated FANCD2 mutant failed to bind FOXO3a. Although both mitomycin C and ionizing radiation induced FANCD2 monoubiquitination, neither could induce the association of FANCD2 and FOXO3a. Overexpression of FOXO3a reduced abnormal accumulation of reactive oxygen species, enhanced cellular resistance to oxidative stress, and increased antioxidant gene expression in corrected but not mutant FA-D2 cells. The novel oxidative stress response pathway identified in this study, in which FANCD2 and FOXO3a converge, probably contributes to cellular antioxidant defense.
In Vitro Fertilization: ‘Ethically Acceptable’ Research

O n March 16, 1979, the Ethics Advisory Board concluded that, with certain constraints, research on in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (popularly referred to as test-tube babies) is ethically acceptable. The Board's recommendations to HEW Secretary Joseph Califano were the culmination of a long debate, involving: several years of discussion in scholarly and professional journals; a 1975 ban on government funding of such research on humans; the work of the National Commission for the Protection of Human Sub-
Monitoring Miasissippian Homestead Occupation Span and Economy Using Ceramic Refuse

Occupation spans of small late prehistoric sites in the American Bottom of southwestern Illinois are estimated through consideration of the formation of ceramic refuse. Archaeological and ethnographic data inform a model which takes the form of both a computer simulation and a quantitative transform. Critical variables include a behavioral assemblage, a disposal assemblage, vessel use life, and breakage and replacement rates. A number of factors may have influenced settlement duration, but a preliminary examination does not reveal a significant correlation between environmental features and occupation span. The relation of these lower-order settlements to higher-order centers in the American Bottom settlement hierarchy may not have necessitated maximizing the economic potential of a given rural catchment.
Ultrafast electron–phonon coupling in hollow gold nanospheres

Electronic energy relaxation in hollow gold nanospheres (HGNs) was studied using femtosecond time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy. A range of HGNs having outer diameter-to-shell thickness aspect ratios of 3.5 to 9.5 were synthesized by a galvanic replacement method. The HGNs exhibited electron-phonon relaxation times that decreased from 1.18 ± 0.16 to 0.59 ± 0.08 ps as the aspect ratio increased over this range. The corresponding electron-phonon coupling constants, G, ranged from (1.67 ± 0.22) to (3.33 ± 0.45) × 10(16) W m(-3) K(-1). Electron-phonon coupling was also determined for solid gold nanospheres (SGNs) with diameters spanning 20 nm to 83 nm; no size dependence was observed for these structures. The HGNs with high aspect ratios exhibited larger electron-phonon coupling constants than the SGNs, whose average G value was (1.9 ± 0.2) × 10(16) W m(-3) K(-1). By comparison, low-aspect ratio HGNs exhibited values comparable to SGNs. The electron-phonon coupling of high-aspect ratio HGNs was also influenced by the surrounding fluid dielectric; slightly smaller G values were obtained when methanol was the solvent as opposed to water. This coupling enhancement observed for high-aspect ratio HGNs was attributed to the large surface to volume ratio of these structures, which results in non-negligible contributions from the environment.
Surround structured lighting: 3-D scanning with orthographic illumination

This paper presents a new system for rapidly acquiring complete 3-D surface models using a single orthographic structured light projector, a pair of planar mirrors, and one or more synchronized cameras. Using the mirrors, we project structured light patterns that illuminate the object from all sides (not just the side of the projector) and are able to observe the object from several vantage points simultaneously. This system requires that projected planes of light to be parallel, so we construct an orthographic projector using a Fresnel lens and a commercial DLP projector. A single Gray code sequence is used to encode a set of vertically-spaced light planes within the scanning volume, and five views of the illuminated object are obtained from a single image of the planar mirrors located behind it. From each real and virtual camera we recover a dense 3-D point cloud spanning the entire object surface using traditional structured light algorithms. A key benefit of this design is to ensure that each point on the object surface can be assigned an unambiguous Gray code sequence, despite the possibility of being illuminated from multiple directions. In addition to presenting a prototype implementation, we also develop a complete set of mechanical alignment and calibration procedures for utilizing orthographic projectors in computer vision applications. As we demonstrate, the proposed system overcomes a major hurdle to achieving full 360^o reconstructions using a single structured light sequence by eliminating the need for merging multiple scans or multiplexing several projectors.
Studies on the Composition of Lysosomes

SUMMARY Studies were made on the components of lysosomes. Analyses were based upon the distribution of constituents between the insoluble fraction containing the membrane and bound proteins and tbe soluble fraction containing released enzymes. Results were compared with those obtained for mitochondria and microsomes. The composition of the lysosomal membrane was characteristic of a unit phospholipid-protein membrane. The sialic acid content of lysosomes was not much greater than that found in other subcellular fractions, suggesting that sialopolymers are not involved in a special role in lysosomes. The released enzyme fraction, which contained about myc of the total protein, also contained free flavins and free amino acids in amounts very much larger than those observed for mitochondria. Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, and MO were the principal metals concentrated in lysosomes. The relationship between the chemical composition, structure, and function of lysosomes is discussed.
Comparison of ionospheric measurements made by digisondes with those inferred from ultraviolet airglow

In this work we compare ionospheric measurements made at several ionosonde stations with parameters inferred from airglow measurements made by the Global Ultraviolet Imager (GUVI) instrument aboard the Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere, Energetics, and Dynamics (TIMED) spacecraft. The purpose of this comparison is twofold. First, our study provides a validation of the technique of using TIMED/GUVI airglow measurements to infer nighttime electron densities in F region of the ionosphere. Second, we use the global characterization of the ionosphere provided by TIMED/GUVI to identify potential biases in individual ionosonde station records. We have found for peak electron densities over the range 4:0–11:0 � 10 5 cm � 3 that the GUVI measurements are consistent with the ionosonde observations. We have also found some station to station and regional variations that warrant further study. � 2006 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The integral role of mTOR in lipid metabolism.

The mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) is comprised of two complexes, mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2), that have shared as well as distinct partners (reviewed in ref. 1). mTOR serves as a controller of both anabolic and catabolic pathways. Anabolic processes of lipid metabolism include lipogenesis (fatty acid synthesis), adipogenesis and esterification. Fatty acid synthesis is mediated by Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (ACC) and Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS) enzymes. Subsequent desaturation by steroyl CoA desaturase (SCD) and chain elongation yields polyunsaturated fatty acids. Consequently, esterification of free fatty acids (FFA) forms triacylglycerol (TAG). The catabolic processes of lipid metabolism include hydrolysis of TAG (lipolysis) to yield glycerol and FFA, followed by β-oxidation of FFA to yield Acetyl CoA (Fig. 1). While the roles of mTOR in lipid biosynthesis have been addressed,2–7 the effects of mTOR on TAG lipolysis and FFA breakdown via β-oxidation are not understood.6,8–12 Figure 1 mTOR and lipid metabolism.
Geomagnetic data and core motions

Backus has observed that infinite core conductivity implies the vanishing of the time derivative of the magnetic flux through any patch on the core surface bounded by a 'null-flux curve', on which the radial magnetic field vanished. Field model GSFC (12/66) is consistent with this criterion only if features with scales smaller than angular degree 7 are important or if the dipole time derivatives are deleted. Deleting the dipole is reasonable if the dipole decays in its 3rd radial mode or core conductivity is 4 x 4$^4$ mho/m. If the data admit infinite conductivity, Backus has also shown that there is an infinite-dimensional affine space of 'eligible' surface velocity fields which will produce the observed secular variation from the observed geomagnetic field, but that at any point on any null-flux curve all eligible flows have the same component normal to the curve. Using only secular variation harmonic coefficients with angular degrees 2 to 6, we obtain velocity components normal to the null-flux curves which are compatible with primarily latitude-dependent westward drift, but not with the velocity field recently proposed by Kahle, Ball & Vestine (1967b).
Sporadic reappearance of minute amounts of hepatitis C virus RNA after successful therapy stimulates cellular immune responses.

Background & Aims Several studies have reported hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA sequences in the circulation after treatment-induced or spontaneous recovery. We investigated whether the HCV RNA represents persistence of HCV infection or reinfection. Methods We studied 117 patients who recovered from HCV infection (98 following therapy and 19 spontaneously). A reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction assay was used to detect the 5′-untranslated region of HCV. T-cell responses were studied by enzyme-linked immunospot for interferon-γ. Results Plasma samples from 15% of treatment-recovered patients and no spontaneously recovered patient tested positive for HCV RNA. Lymphocytes from 3 patients who responded to therapy and 1 who recovered spontaneously tested positive. The frequency of HCV RNA detection in plasma correlated inversely with the time after the end of treatment. Post-treatment HCV 5′-untranslated region sequences matched pretreatment sequences in 85% of cases. T-cell responses were significantly greater at time points with detectable trace amounts of HCV RNA than at time points without detectable HCV RNA ( P = .035) and were primarily against nonstructural HCV antigens. The immune hierarchy was preserved over 5 years in patients whose post-treatment HCV RNA sequences matched pretreatment sequences, indicating HCV RNA persistence. An altered immune hierarchy with dominant immune responses, shifting from nonstructural to structural antigens, was observed in a single patient whose post-treatment HCV genotype differed from that of the pretreatment genotype, indicating HCV reinfection. Conclusions Trace amounts of HCV RNA of pretreatment sequence persisted and reappeared sporadically in the circulation within 8 years after recovery from hepatitis C but not thereafter, indicating that patients are cured of HCV infection. Reappearance of HCV RNA induced HCV-specific T-cell responses.
METABOLIC VIABILITY (MV) OF KIDNEY TUBULES AFTER HYPOTHERMIC PRESERVATION (HP) IN DIFFERENT PRESERVATION SOLUTIONS

It is generally assumed that the survival of kidneys preserved for transplantation is limited by deterioration of cellular metabolism that occurs during HP in pure electrolyte solutions. The alternative use of species-specific serum (SSS) has proved to be difficult. The present study was designed to find whether other solutions could reduce the metabolic changes. Methods: Glucose production (GP) of isolated rat kidney tubules was used as MV test. Kidney tubules were preserved up to 24 hrs at 8°C in different solutions(I: Collins; II: Krebs-Henseleit; III: bovine serum; IV: rat serum; V: filtered fraction of IV with mol. wt.< 10,000). Solutions I and II were also tested after addition of different substrates (amino acids and fatty acids). The results were compared to the values obtained from fresh kidney tubules (100%). Results: GP was 4% in I, 31% in II, 46% in III, rising to 101% in IV and to 85% in V. Addition of substrates resulted in moderate increase in II (up to 50%) and no change in I and III. Conclusions: Whereas addition of substrates can improve the MV of kidneys, optimal preservation can be obtained only with SSS or its filtered fraction - a better alternative to pure electrolyte solutions.
Recent Trends in the Nutritional Quality of Food Banks’ Food and Beverage Inventory: Case Studies of Six California Food Banks

The study objective was to examine trends in the nutritional quality of emergency foods. Inventory data were obtained from 6 California food banks for 2007 to 2010. We found a substantial increase over this period in fresh fruit and vegetable donations, which, by 2010, comprised over half of the weight of total inventory. Opportunities for further improvements in the nutritional quality of food bank inventory were identified. Over half of the vegetables obtained by food banks were less nutrient-dense varieties. Though snack foods and sugar-sweetened beverages contributed a small percentage of the total inventory weight, they contributed substantial calories. Improvements needed in inventory monitoring are discussed in light of recent interest in nutrition policies among food banks.
Errata for IEEE standard 149-1979-test procedures for antennas

Presents corrections to errors made involving IEEE Standard 149-1979-Test Procedures for Antennas.
Unsaturation in Binuclear (Cyclobutadiene)cobalt Carbonyls with Axial and Perpendicular Structures: Comparison with Isoelectronic Binuclear Cyclopentadienyliron Carbonyls

The binuclear (cyclobutadiene)cobalt carbonyls (η4-C4H4)2Co2(CO)n (n = 1−4) have been studied by density functional theory (DFT) using the B3LYP and BP86 methods. The singlet doubly bridged and unb...
Is screening detected bilateral axillary adenopathy on mammography clinically significant

Our objective was to retrospectively review the incidence and outcome of asymptomatic patients recalled from screening due to bilateral axillary adenopathy (BAxA) with an otherwise normal mammogram. This study included all women recalled from screening due to BAxA that underwent ultrasound guided biopsy between July 2004 and April 2010. Women with a known etiology for adenopathy were excluded. One radiologist blinded to biopsy outcome evaluated mammographic lymph node characteristics. Twelve of 74,926 screening mammograms (0.016%) performed during the study period met inclusion criteria. Five women (41.7%) had non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL); two had long axis dimension of <20 mm, but had prior mammograms demonstrating an increase in size and density of the lymph nodes. There were no significant differences in lymph node characteristics between benign and malignant results. This study finds a high positive predictive value for malignancy for BAxA when no etiology is apparent. We propose that patients with BAxA as the sole mammographic abnormality undergo further imaging and clinical evaluation as this may indicate significant pathology.
The Poetry of Discontent: Jérôme Bonaparte and his Alleged Exploitation of the Kingdom of Westphalia

The kingdom of Westphalia was an entirely artificial creation borne out of the territorial consolidations that accompanied Napoleon’s victories over the major powers of Central Europe. Intended to be an experimental kingdom where the revolutionary values of liberty and especially equality could be transplanted onto German soil, the kingdom was to be ruled by the French emperor’s youngest brother, Jerome. During the kingdom’s short existence, from 1807 until 1813, many of Jerome’s policies, especially with regard to taxation and conscription, were unpopular, and his own personal reputation for a luxurious and licentious lifestyle became fodder for German liberationists. As Napoleon’s power fell into jeopardy following his disastrous Russian Campaign of 1812, war poets throughout Central Europe seized the opportunity and began publishing seditious lyrics about their French conquerors. Within the unique context afforded by the kingdom of Westphalia, where a Bonaparte ruled directly, war poets wove together a...
A Discrete Error Transport Equation Error Source Model for Mesh Adaptation.

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a powerful analysis tool for engineering analysis of aerodynamic devices. Though great effort has been expended to assist the CFD practitioner in mesh generation efforts, investigation of spatial discretization error is still one of the primary time costs associated with field simulations. As complexity in both physics and geometry continues to increase, uniform grid refinement studies are not always practical from either a time or computational cost perspective. Error transport equations have been investigated by many researchers with the goal of providing greater confidence in simulation results while utilizing only a single mesh. One of the primary difficulties in applying these methods is the computation of a reliable error source model. This work presents a method for approximating these error sources with the intent of creating a general model which is applicable to all flux types within a general gas dynamics framework. Adaptivity results as well as comparison with a popular error source model are presented.
Arachidonic acid turnover in peritoneal macrophages is altered in endotoxin-tolerant rats

Peritoneal macrophages from endotoxin-tolerant rats have been found to exhibit depressed metabolism of arachidonic acid (AA) to prostaglandins and thromboxane in response to endotoxin. The effect of endotoxin tolerance on AA turnover in peritoneal macrophages was investigated by measuring [14C]AA incorporation and release from membrane phospholipids. Endotoxin tolerance did not affect the amount of [14C]AA incorporated into macrophages (30 min-24 h). However, the temporal incorporation of [14C]AA into individual phospholipid pools (15 min-24 h) was altered. In endotoxin-tolerant macrophages, [14C]AA incorporation into phosphatidylcholine (PC) (2, 4, 24 h) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) (8 h) was increased, while the incorporation into phosphatidylserine (PS) (2-24 h) was reduced (P less than 0.005) compared to control macrophages. There was no change in [14C]AA incorporation into phosphatidylinositol (PI). Following 2 or 24 h of incorporation of [14C]AA, macrophages were incubated (3 h) with endotoxin (50 micrograms/ml) or A23187 (1 microM), and [14C]AA release was measured. Endotoxin-tolerant macrophages released decreased (P less than 0.05) amounts of [14C]AA in response to both endotoxin and the calcium ionophore A23187 compared to controls. Control macrophages in response to endotoxin released [14C]AA from PC, PI and PE. In contrast, tolerant cells released [14C]AA only from PC (P less than 0.05). A23187 released [14C]AA from all four pools in the control cells, but only from PC and PE in the tolerant cells. These data demonstrate that endotoxin tolerance alters the uptake and release of AA from specific macrophage phospholipid pools. These results suggest that changes in AA turnover and/or storage are associated with endotoxin tolerance.
AN INTRODUCTION TO PRAGMATICS: SOCIAL ACTION FOR LANGUAGE TEACHERS

AN INTRODUCTION TO PRAGMATICS: SOCIAL ACTION FOR LANGUAGE TEACHERS. Virginia LoCastro. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 2003. Pp. xi + 366. $27.50 paper.This book is intended as a textbook for students in language teaching training programs and fulfills this goal as a readable and comprehensive introduction to the field of pragmatics with an emphasis on topics that inform second language research and teaching. Respect for this diverse audience is reflected in the examples selected, which come from a variety of languages and social contexts. Although I am not wholly positive about some aspects of the presentation of the material, as will be shown, overall the text is one I would recommend.
Outcomes of reduced postoperative stay following outpatient pediatric tonsillectomy

Summary Objective To assess outcomes of reduced postoperative recovery room observation times and associated complication rates following outpatient pediatric adenotonsillectomy at a tertiary care medical center outpatient facility over a 7.5-year period. Study design Retrospective chart review. Methods Charts from all outpatient pediatric adenotonsillectomies performed by one surgeon from January 1998 through June 2005 at a tertiary care center were reviewed. Results Seven hundred and ninety seven (797) charts had sufficient documentation to be included in this study. Mean patient age was 6.8 years (median 5.5 years, range 2–21 years). There were 53 patients under 3 years old (6.64%), 655 patients age 3–12 years (82.18%), and 89 patients age 12–21 years (11.17%). Mean postoperative recovery room observation time prior to discharge was 1.47 h (median 1.33 h, range 0.45–7.25 h). Primary ( 24 h postoperative) complication rate was 0.0063%. There were no significant differences in duration of postoperative recovery room observation or postoperative complications between the three age groups ( p = 0.10). Conclusions Very brief postoperative observation periods following outpatient pediatric adenotonsillectomy may be considered safe, without added risk nor increased short-term or long-term complications. While individual cases may merit prolonged postoperative observation periods, the majority of study patients had no postoperative complications despite shorter recovery room stays than described in prior reports. These data support safety and efficacy of reduced postoperative stays. Our data should be considered in order to increase the efficiency and cost effectiveness of outpatient surgery centers where such procedures are performed.
Marital Quality Spillover and Young Children's Adjustment: Evidence for Dyadic and Triadic Parenting as Mechanisms

Research has evidenced support for the spillover model, which posits that parents’ marital functioning influences child adjustment by eroding parenting and coparenting in dyadic (mother–child and father–child) and triadic (mother–father–child) contexts. However, prior work has not simultaneously investigated dyadic and triadic parenting as mechanisms of spillover. Furthermore, although evidence indicates that the marital system affects child adjustment by influencing parents’ behavior, research has not explored whether child behaviors in parent–child interactions also serve as mechanisms. To address these gaps, we examined the spillover model using observational measures of parent and child behavior in parent–child dyadic interactions as well as coparenting in triadic interactions. We also explored parent and child gender differences in spillover effects. Participants were families with children 3 to 6 years of age (n = 149; 62% Caucasian). Findings indicated that marital functioning influences child adju...
Guiding principles for language assessment reform: A model for collaboration

Abstract Traditionally, practitioners interested in language test reform have focused on the qualities within an examination which result in either positive or negative impacts on participants, institutions, and society. Recent views suggest a multifaceted interaction among factors affecting language test reform. We introduce a model for test reform that guides practitioners to examine the relationships and interactions among contexts, test development processes, stakeholder agency and the desire for change, and the agents promoting the reform. The model encourages stakeholders to examine their current assessment practices and implement needed change through collaborative processes. Using case study methodology, we focus on the implementation of aspects of the model in a local ESL test reform project at the tertiary level. This reform primarily examines teacher collaboration in developing end-of-semester exams used to make student placement decisions. The results provide guidelines for test reform and fill a gap in assessment research in that the study focuses on ESL/EFL programmatic testing needs rather than large scale proficiency tests.
Therapy for chronic hepatitis B: the earlier, the better?

It has been recently reported that uninfected hepatocytes that repopulate the liver following clearance of a chronic hepatitis B virus infection are derived from previously infected cells. As these cells accumulate genetic damage over the course of infection, the risk of liver cancer arising from this damage might not be eliminated by viral clearance. Therefore, initiation of antiviral therapy early in the course of infection to prevent the accumulation of this damage is proposed to be the best course of action.
Involvement of the central nervous system in renal hypertension

Involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) is a major complication of renal hypertension and is usually due to hypertensive encephalopathy. During a 17-year period we observed 25 children with renal hypertension associated with CNS manifestations in the absence of (group A) and 33 in the presence of advanced renal failure (group B). Convulsions were the most important symptom (65% in both groups combined). Other manifestations were reduced consciousness (69%), visual disturbances (28%), hemiplegia (14%), and cranial nerve palsy (10%). In 56% of children in group A, hypertension was recognised only after appearance of CNS symptoms. Three patients in group A and 19 in group B died. Intracranial haemorrhage associated with hemiplegia was found in 3 cases. From 1970-1977 to 1978-1986 the number of patients and the mortality in group B declined dramatically, probably as a result of improved antihypertensive and renal replacement therapy. In contrast, in group A the number of patients and of CNS symptoms remained similar. The study underlines the importance of frequent blood pressure monitoring in presence of acute or chronic renal disease.
A Problem in the Quantum Mechanics of Crystals

An elementary method is given for treating a one-dimensional lattice of the "tooth-valley" type containing any number of unit cells. The reflection of a beam of electrons from such a lattice is studied. For a semi-infinite lattice perfect reflection is shown to occur when the Bragg equation is satisfied, and an approximate formula for the widths of the reflection bands for high speed electrons is found. For the bound electrons the theory predicts occupied energy levels in the vicinity of the allowed levels for a single valley with infinitely high walls, in agreement with the perturbation theory. A simplified way of locating the edges of the reflection bands is discussed. The more complex case approximating real crystals is considered briefly.
Determination of seventeen elements in edible oils and margarine by instrumental neutron activation analysis

Instrumental neutron activation analysis was used to determine the concentration of As, Ba, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Eu, Fe, Hg, K, Na, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, Sr and Zn in almond, sunflower, peanut, sesame, linseed, soy, corn and olive oils, as well as in three margarine brands. The concentration of As, Ba, Ce, Cs, Eu, Hg, Rb, Se and Sr were below the system detection limit under the experiment conditions. Chromium was detected only in one of the margarine samples (171 μg/g); Sb only in corn oil (18 ng/g) and Sc only in linseed oil (19 ng/g). Cobalt, Fe, K, Na and Zn were detected in all oil and margarine samples investigated. The concentration ranges for Co, Fe, K, Na and Zn in oils were: 0.016–0.053; 4.45–19.1; 5.93–47.2; 2.44–12.9 and 0.48–1.54 μg/g, respectively. For margarine, the concentration ranges for Co, Fe, K, Na and Zn were 0.09–0.012; 4.53–10.6; 58.3–1140; 13.2–9870 and 0.38–0.47 μg/g, respectively. The elemental contents of the analyzed samples are within the ranges reported in the literature for edible oils and fats.
IAEA Workshop on Fusion Safety March 23–27, 1981 Vienna, Austria

This paper discusses the March 1981 IAEA workshop on fusion safety which was the first of its kind to convene with a stated objective to achieve the following: an improved international understanding of fusion reactor safety; better understanding of the international data base available to address fusion safety; coordination of current, similar ongoing safety related programs; consensus on the key areas where additional research or analysis is needed and the relative priorities of the various tasks; and promotion of conduct of fusion safety research on a broader international front. The participants discussed over two days the priorities of fusion research needs and assembled a long list of topics which this article includes.
APGA: cherish or perish?

APGA is believed to be in such a serious crisis that extensive reorganization and revitalization is required. While members share a fundamental concern for promoting positive human development, their diverse functions, settings, and backgrounds have created frustration and divisiveness. In this article I have outlined an approach to reorganization that speaks to both the common and the unique concerns of those involved in human development services. I have written this article at the editor's invitation. Its content is highly influenced by my experience as a member of APGA's Commission on Purposes, Functions, and Operations, but in no way should it be construed as a report of the Commission. Although I have borrowed extensively from the insight and wisdom of the other Commission members, the article's shortcomings are exclusively mine
Catheter infections as a factor in the transfer of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients to hemodialysis.

The effect of peritoneal catheter infections on the transfer of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients to hemodialysis over a 9-year period were examined. Twenty-seven percent (68/247) of all patients were transferred permanently to hemodialysis after a mean of 15 ± 14 months of CAPD. An additional 29% transferred temporarily one or more times during the study period (mean time of peritoneal dialysis, 35 ± 23 months). The reasons for permanent transfer to hemodialysis were catheter infections (15/68, 22%), peritonitis (13/68, 19%), catheter infections associated with peritonitis (10/68,15%), patient preference (9/68,13%), mechanical problems (4/68, 6%), noncompliance (7/68,10%), inadequate clearance or ultrafiltration (6/68, 9%), with other reasons for the remainder (4/68, 6%). Temporary transfers to hemodialysis were also mainly due to catheter infections (32%), peritonitis (23%), and simultaneous catheter infections and peritonitis (24%). Catheter infection rates were much higher in the groups that permanently and temporarily were transferred to hemodialysis in comparison with those patients who remained on peritoneal dialysis. We conclude that catheter infections are a leading cause of both temporary and permanent transfer of CAPD patients to hemodialysis.
The Rough Rock Demonstration School: A Case History with Implications for Educational Evaluation

Lacking access to wage and educational opportunities in the larger society, the Navajo community of Rough Rock in northeastern Arizona was until recently characterized by isolation and poverty. Through events initiated outside Rough Rock a new educational and economic enterprise, the Rough Rock Demonstration School, was established there in 1966. Its purpose was to enhance self-leadership and draw local residents into the school. This was achieved by the election of a Navajo school board and the incorporation of Navajo language and culture into the curriculum. Through these means the school served to alter both the local sociocultural system and federal policy. This study details the development of the Rough Rock community and school, and the external and internal forces shaping that development. The processes affecting educational outcomes and student achievement at the Rough Rock School are then analyzed as they relate to the issue of evaluation.
Cause of death in Boston

Abstract Death certificates for Boston residents who died in 1970 were reviewed. In a proportional mortality analysis, observed and expected numbers for specific causes of death were obtained according to ethnicity, occupation and place of residence. Among all decedents, excesses of deaths due to non-malignant diseases of the respiratory, digestive and genito-urinary systems were seen. There were deficits of death from motor vehicle accidents and suicide. Slight to moderate excesses of specific causes of death were seen for specific ethnic, occupational or residence groups.