cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Potential Role Of Maglev In Short-Haul Airline Operations

Intercity travel is predominately by commercial air transport. However, airports are becoming increasingly congested at a time when there is often substantial local opposition to the expansion of airport infrastructure because of the environmental impacts. This paper explores the potential for integrating high-speed maglev systeras into the airport infrastructure, but more importantly into airline operations.
Smart shoppers tours: Outcome evaluation

Abstract Smart Shoppers Tours were offered to mothers on limited incomes in southeast Dallas in 1995–96. Based on focus group data and the Food Guide Pyramid, the series of three tours was designed to increase the purchase of healthy foods by mothers on limited incomes. Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior and Self-Efficacy Theory, the strategies addressed attitudes, self-efficacy, and knowledge in peer-led tours to foster an intent to purchase healthier foods leading to improved food purchasing behaviors, including use of the nutrition label and unit price. The objective of the outcome evaluation was to measure changes in each construct mentioned above. A questionnaire measuring each of these aspects was administered at ticket issuance and approximately 2 months later. Pre-tour data are available on 557 individuals, 242 of whom attended tours; post-tour data are available on 114. When pre- and post-tour data were compared, knowledge and skill increased, attitudes regarding purchasing healthy foods on a limited income improved, and intent to purchase healthy foods increased. Self-reports and a home food inventory suggest improved food purchasing. Based on structural modeling, a path model that resembles but is not identical to the Theory of Planned Behavior and Self-Efficacy Theory is suggested.
Determination of subsurface fluid contents at a crude-oil spill site

Hess, K.M., Herkelrath, W.N. and Essaid, H.I., 1992. Determination of subsurface fluid contents at a crude-oil spill site. J. Contam. Hydrol., 10: 75-96. Measurement of the fluid-content distribution at sites contaminated by immiscible fluids, including crude oil, is needed to better understand the movement of these fluids in the subsurface and to provide data to calibrate and verify numerical models and geophysical methods. A laboratory method was used to quantify the fluid contents of 146 core sections retrieved from boreholes aligned along a 120-m longitudinal transect at a crude-oil spill site near Bemidji, Minnesota, U.S.A. The 47-mm-diameter, minimally disturbed cores spanned a 4-m vertical interval contaminated by oil. Cores were frozen on site in a dry ice-alcohol bath to prevent redistribution and loss of fluids while sectioning the cores. We gravimetrically determined oil and water contents using a two-step method: (1) samples were slurried and the oil was removed by absorption onto strips of hydrophobic porous polyethylene (PPE); and (2) the samples were oven-dried to remove the water. The resulting data show sharp vertical gradients in the water and oil contents and a clearly defined oil body. The subsurface distribution is complex and appears to be influenced by sediment heterogeneities and water-table fluctuations. The center of the oil body has depressed the water-saturated zone boundary, and the oil is migrating laterally within the capillary fringe. The oil contents are as high as 0.3 cm 3 cm 3, which indicates that oil is probably still mobile 10 years after the spill occurred. The thickness of oil measured in wells suggests that accumulated thickness in wells is a poor indicator of the actual distribution of oil in the subsurface. Several possible sources of error are identified with the field and laboratory methods. An error analysis indicates that adsorption of water and sediment into the PPE adds as much as 4% to the measured oil masses and that uncertainties in the calculated sample volume and the assumed oil density introduce an additional___ 3% error when the masses are converted to fluid contents.
Prevalence of CDKN2A mutations in pancreatic cancer patients: implications for genetic counseling

Germline mutations in CDKN2A have been reported in pancreatic cancer families, but genetic counseling for pancreatic cancer risk has been limited by lack of information on CDKN2A mutation carriers outside of selected pancreatic or melanoma kindreds. Lymphocyte DNA from consecutive, unselected white non-Hispanic patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma was used to sequence CDKN2A. Frequencies of mutations that alter the coding of p16INK4 or p14ARF were quantified overall and in subgroups. Penetrance and likelihood of carrying mutations by family history were estimated. Among 1537 cases, 9 (0.6%) carried germline mutations in CDKN2A, including three previously unreported mutations. CDKN2A mutation carriers were more likely to have a family history of pancreatic cancer (P=0.003) or melanoma (P=0.03), and a personal history of melanoma (P=0.01). Among cases who reported having a first-degree relative with pancreatic cancer or melanoma, the carrier proportions were 3.3 and 5.3%, respectively. Penetrance for mutation carriers by age 80 was calculated to be 58% for pancreatic cancer (95% confidence interval (CI) 8–86%), and 39% for melanoma (95% CI 0–80). Among cases who ever smoked cigarettes, the risk for pancreatic cancer was higher for carriers compared with non-carriers (HR 25.8, P=2.1 × 10−13), but among nonsmokers, this comparison did not reach statistical significance. Germline mutations in CDKN2A among unselected pancreatic cancer patients are uncommon, although notably penetrant, especially among smokers. Carriers of germline mutations of CDKN2A should be counseled to avoid tobacco use to decrease risk of pancreatic cancer in addition to taking measures to decrease melanoma risk.
Characterization of two lignin peroxidase clones from Phanerochaete chrysosporium

Abstract Two cDNA clones encoding lignin peroxidase isozymes from Phanerochaete chrysosporium have been isolated and characterized. One of the clones, λML-4, encodes isozyme H8 as does the previously reported clone λML-1 [Tien, M. and Tu, C.-P.D. Nature 326 (1987) 520–523; 328, 742]. Our data are consistent with λML-1 and λML-4 being allelic variants. The other clone, λML-5, encodes a homologous isozyme. We have also isolated the genomic clone corresponding to λML-4 cDNA. Conserved residues thought to be essential for peroxidase function were identified in the predicted amino acid sequences of both cDNA clones. Northern blot analyses indicate that these isozymes are expressed during secondary metabolism, appearing on day 4 of growth and increasing on days 5 and 6.
Infections in long-term-care facilities: screen or clean?

Dr. Richards is from the Atlanta/Birmingham VA Geriatrics Research Educational Clinical Center (GRECC) and Atlanta VA Health Services Research and Development (HSRD), Atlanta, Georgia. He is also from the Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia. Address reprint requests to Chesley Richards, MD, MPH, Atlanta VA Medical Center, GRECC (11B) 1670 Clairmont Road, Atlanta, GA 30033. Chesley.Richards@va.gov Infections in Long-Term–Care Facilities: Screen or Clean?
Genomic instability and bystander effects : a historical perspective

Data have been emerging over the past two decades concerning two phenomena in which important biological effects of ionizing radiation arise in cells that in themselves receive no radiation exposure. In the first, radiation-induced genomic instability, biological effects occur in the progeny of the irradiated cell after many generations of cell division. In the second, radiation-induced bystander effects, they arise in cells that receive no radiation exposure as a consequence of damage signals transmitted from neighboring irradiated cells; transmission may be mediated either by direct intercellular communication through gap junctions, or by factors released into the surrounding medium. In both phenomena, the biological effects appear to be associated with an upregulation of oxidative metabolism. The present paper is designed to review the historical background leading to our current knowledge of these two phenomena, and to indicate some future directions for research that will allow us to assess better their importance in the health effects of exposure to ionizing radiation.
Application of ordered topological vector spaces in the modeling of visual difference thresholds

Abstract Under very general mathematical assumptions, certain fundamental properties of lateral impedance within the human visual system follow as a consequence of theorems in functional analysis. These properties explain variations in the threshold for detecting a spot of light superimposed on illuminated backgrounds of different sizes (the spatial sensitization effect), and account for the spatial Broca-Sulzer effect, as well.
Monte Carlo and high-temperature-expansion calculations of a spin-glass effective Hamiltonian.

We study the quenched random-coupling spin-glass problem from the point of view of a nonrandom effective Hamiltonian, by Monte Carlo and high-temperature-expansion methods. It is found that the high-temperature series of the \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}J spin-glass effective Hamiltonian do not converge below the ferromagnetic transition temperature. The Monte Carlo approach does give reliable results at low temperatures. Our results are compared with Haake, Lewenstein, and Wilkens' picture of spin-glass phase transitions.
Rabeprazole (RAB) provides fast symptom relief in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) patients with low pretreatment health-related quality of life (HRQOL)

Rabeprazole (RAB) provides fast symptom relief in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) patients with low pretreatment health-related quality of life (HRQOL)
Infrared Spectroscopic Studies of Binary Solutions of Nitric Acid and Water and Ternary Solutions of Nitric Acid, Sulfuric Acid, and Water at Room Temperature: Evidence for Molecular Nitric Acid at the Surface

Evidence from surface tension, sum frequency, and molecular scattering measurements in other laboratories has suggested that molecular HNO3 is present at the surface of concentrated binary HNO3−H2O and ternary HNO3−H2SO4−H2O solutions. We report here direct infrared spectroscopic evidence for the presence of HNO3 at the air interface with both types of solutions at room temperature. Both attenuated total reflectance (ATR) and single reflectance SR-FTIR were applied to HNO3−H2O solutions ranging from 0.9 to 40 mol % (0.5−15.7 M) and to ternary solutions containing a constant amount of H2SO4 (25 mol %) and increasing concentrations of nitric acid from 0 to 25 mol % and associated decreasing amounts of water from 75 to 50 mol %. ATR spectra are analogous to transmission spectra, while SR spectra are more sensitive to species at or near the air interface where reflection occurs. Comparison of the ATR and SR spectra of the most concentrated solutions clearly show molecular HNO3 at or near the surface. Furtherm...
Finite element analysis of an involute spline

Two finite element analyses of an involute spline are performed; one is axisymmetrically loaded and the other is nonaxisymmetrically loaded. An entire cross section of both an internal and external pair is analyzed for both models. It is shown that on the axisymmetrically loaded spline the highest stress experienced is the maximum compressive contact stress although the tensile stress in the shaft is also quite high. It is also shown that stress concentrations exist at the root and top of the tooth for both models. Furthermore, on the nonaxisymmetrically loaded spline at low torque, only a few teeth make initial contact, however, as torque is increased, more teeth come in contact. All the stresses remain relatively constant under increasing torque as more teeth are engaged. Once all teeth are in contact stress increases with higher torques. However, the maximum tensile stress (arising from stress concentrations) remains fairly constant, even at high torques, because the stress concentrations that occur at tooth roots appear to be relatively independent of the number of teeth in contact.
Towards HPC for the digital Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences: Needs and challenges of adapting academic HPC for big data

This paper examines the needs of emerging applications of High Performance Computing by the Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences (HASS) disciplines and presents a vision for how the current academic HPC environment could be adapted to better serve this new class of “big data” research.
Reasons given by high school students for refusing sexually transmitted disease screening

Objective To determine reasons given by high school students for refusing to participate in a school-based noninvasive chlamydia and gonorrhea screening that was offered at no cost to students, using the health belief model as theoretical framework.Design Cross-sectional survey.Setting Public high schools in a southern urban United States school district.Methods Every year since the school year 1995–1996, students in the school district have been offered free and confidential chlamydia and gonorrhea screening using nucleic acid amplification tests in urine specimens. All youth in the participating schools are eligible for screening if they have parental consent or are aged 18 years or older and provide consent. In 2004–2005, 50 males and 106 females who had consent but chose not to participate were asked to fill out a self-administered confidential survey about their reasons for refusing participation.Results The most frequent single reason males gave for refusing to participate in the screening was that ...
Characterization of the precision manipulation capabilities of robot hands via the continuous group of displacements

In robot hands, precision manipulation, defined as repositioning of a grasped object within the hand workspace without breaking or changing contact, is a fundamental operation for the accomplishment of highly dexterous manipulation tasks. This paper presents a method to characterize the precision manipulation capabilities of a given robot hand regardless of the particularities of the grasped object. The technique allows determining the composition of the displacement manifold (finite motion) of the grasped object relative to the palm of the robot hand and defining the displacements that can actually be controlled by the hand actuators without depending on external factors to the hand. The approach is based on a reduction of the graph of kinematic constraints related to the hand-object system through proper manipulations of the continuous subgroups of displacements generated by the hand joints and contacts. The proposed method is demonstrated through three detailed and constructive examples of common architectures of simplified multi-fingered hands.
Family functioning, perceived control, and anxiety: a mediational model.

Research has focused on defining which types of family interactions promote development of anxiety. Control has emerged as an important construct in anxious families. Central to conceptualizing the relationship between family functioning, control beliefs, and anxiety is establishing a sequential relationship among these variable, which may entail mediating or moderating relationships, or relationships that change over the course of development. The current study investigated whether control acts as a moderator or a mediator between perceived family environment and anxiety in your adults. An undergraduate sample (N = 364) completed the family assessment device (FAD), anxiety control questionnaire (ACQ), Beck anxiety inventory (BAI), and a demographic questionnaire. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test both moderating and mediating models. No moderating effects were found. Sense of control mediated the relation between aspects of family functioning and anxiety. Theoretical implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Quantum algorithm for designing multi-reflector resonant bandpass filters

Quantum operator algebra related to Jaynes-Cummings model is developed to design multi-reflector resonant bandpass filters for the first time. Transmittance and reflectance spectra of these filters are givens with analytic expressions. The results are found in agreement with those based on the existing filter design method. By selecting parameters such as r and N, designed filters can achieve a target spectrum profile with flat-top, large bandwidth, and minor ripples.
Cell Density Regulates Tyrosine Phosphorylation and Localization of Focal Adhesion Kinase

We have investigated tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular proteins at different cell densities. A tyrosine-phosphorylated protein of 120 kDa was detected when cells were plated sparsely. The phosphorylation level of the protein gradually declined as the cells were plated at higher densities or when the sparsely plated cells approached confluence. This density-dependent phosphorylation was also associated with cell attachment since it disappeared when the cells were detached from plates or when the cells were cultured in suspension. Immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation analyses with specific antibodies revealed that the 120-kDa protein corresponded to the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and the protein level of FAK was not altered at different cell densities. In vitro kinase assays demonstrated that the kinase activity of FAK decreased with increasing cell densities in parallel with its dephosphorylation. Cell density also affects localization of FAK associated with rearrangement of actin stress fibers. At low cell densities, FAK and actin stress fiber are distributed around the periphery of cells while they are dispersed over the ventral surface in high-density cells. Finally, the density-regulated tyrosine phosphorylation and localization of FAK appeared to be mediated by an insoluble factor produced by high-density cells.
Polymer ERD standards and charge integration for low intensity He ion microbeams

Mylar and Kapton foils were used as elastic recoil detection (ERD) calibration standards for He ion microbeam currents of the order of 1 pA. At these beam currents, electronic charge integration is inadequate. Therefore, the number of incident He ions Q was determined from RBS spectra taken concurrently with the ERD. In one method, a Ta mask was overlaid on the polymer, and the beam was scanned across the boundary. Q was determined using the RBS peak from the Ta surface. Another method used the RBS spectrum from the polymer surface directly, where Q was determined from the nuclear resonances of He scattered from C at 5.67 MeV and He scattered from O at 3.039 MeV.
Taste of a pill: organic cation transporter-3 (OCT3) mediates metformin accumulation and secretion in salivary glands.

Drug-induced taste disturbance is a common adverse drug reaction often triggered by drug secretion into saliva. Very little is known regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying salivary gland transport of xenobiotics, and most drugs are assumed to enter saliva by passive diffusion. In this study, we demonstrate that salivary glands selectively and highly express OCT3 (organic cation transporter-3), a polyspecific drug transporter in the solute carrier 22 family. OCT3 protein is localized at both basolateral (blood-facing) and apical (saliva-facing) membranes of salivary gland acinar cells, suggesting a dual role of this transporter in mediating both epithelial uptake and efflux of organic cations in the secretory cells of salivary glands. Metformin, a widely used anti-diabetic drug known to induce taste disturbance, is transported by OCT3/Oct3 in vitro. In vivo, metformin was actively transported with a high level of accumulation in the salivary glands of wild-type mice. In contrast, active uptake and accumulation of metformin in salivary glands were abolished in Oct3−/− mice. Oct3−/− mice also showed altered metformin pharmacokinetics and reduced drug exposure in the heart. These results demonstrate that OCT3 is responsible for metformin accumulation and secretion in salivary glands. Our study uncovered a novel carrier-mediated pathway for drug entry into saliva and sheds new light on the molecular mechanisms underlying drug-induced taste disorders.
Murine autoimmune cholangitis requires two hits: cytotoxic KLRG1(+) CD8 effector cells and defective T regulatory cells.

Abstract Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is an enigmatic disease mediated by autoimmune destruction of cholangiocytes in hepatic bile ducts. The early immunological events leading to PBC are poorly understood; clinical signs of disease occur very late in the pathological process. We have used our unique murine model of PBC in dominant-negative TGF-β receptor type II transgenic mice to delineate critical early immunopathological pathways, and previously showed that dnTGFβRII CD8 T cells transfer biliary disease. Herein we report significantly increased numbers of hepatic dnTGFβRII terminally differentiated (KLRG1 + ) CD8 T cells, a CD8 subset previously shown to be enriched in antigen specific cells during hepatic immune response to viral infections. We performed bone marrow chimera studies to assess whether dnTGFβRII CD8 mediated disease was cell intrinsic or extrinsic. Unexpectedly, mixed (dnTGFβRII and B6) bone marrow chimeric (BMC) mice were protected from biliary disease compared to dnTGFβRII single bone marrow chimerics. To define the protective B6 cell subset, we performed adoptive transfer studies, which showed that co-transfer of B6 Tregs prevented dnTGFβRII CD8 T cell mediated cholangitis. Treg mediated disease protection was associated with significantly decreased numbers of hepatic KLRG1 + CD8 T cells. In contrast, co-transfer of dnTGFβRII Tregs offered no protection, and dnTGFβRII Treg cells were functionally defective in suppressing effector CD8 T cells in vitro compared to wild type B6 Tregs. In vitro cholangiocyte cytotoxicity assays demonstrated significantly increased numbers of cytotoxic hepatic dnTGFβRII KLRG1 + CD8 cells compared to B6. Protection from disease by B6 Tregs was associated with elimination of hepatic dnTGFβRII CD8 mediated cholangiocyte cytotoxicity. These results emphasize that autoimmune cholangitis requires defects in both the T effector and regulatory compartments, and that an intrinsic T cell effector defect is not sufficient to mediate autoimmune biliary disease in the setting of intact immune regulation. These results have important implications for understanding the early pathogenesis of human PBC.
Using tablets to support self-regulated learning in a longitudinal integrated clerkship.

Introduction : The need to train physicians committed to learning throughout their careers has prompted medical schools to encourage the development and practice of self-regulated learning by students. Longitudinal integrated clerkships (LICs) require students to exercise self-regulated learning skills. As mobile tools, tablets can potentially support self-regulation among LIC students. Methods : We provided 15 LIC students with tablet computers with access to the electronic health record (EHR), to track their patient cohort, and a multiplatform online notebook, to support documentation and retrieval of self-identified clinical learning issues. Students received a 1-hour workshop on the relevant features of the tablet and online notebook. Two focus groups with the students were used to evaluate the program, one early and one late in the year and were coded by two raters. Results : Students used the tablet to support their self-regulated learning in ways that were unique to their learning styles and increased access to resources and utilization of down-time. Students who used the tablet to self-monitor and target learning demonstrated the utility of tablets as learning tools. Conclusions : LICs are environments rich in opportunity for self-regulated learning. Tablets can enhance students’ ability to develop and employ self-regulatory skills in a clinical context. Keywords: mobile learning; self-regulated learning; clinical learning; longitudinal integrated clerkship; workplace learning (Published: 12 March 2014) Citation: Med Educ Online 2014, 19 : 23638 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/meo.v19.23638
Comparison of a dyadic wavelet image enhancement algorithm with unsharp masking and median filtering for mammography

Image processing techniques using wavelet signal analysis techniques have shown promise in mammography. Wavelet algorithms are compared with traditional image enhancement techniques of unsharp masking and median filtering. Computer simulated phantom images were generated containing lesions mimicking masses and microcalcifications. The degree of image enhancement was evaluated by comparing processed and original signal-to-noise (SNR) ratios in such phantom images. Results obtained in this study suggest that image processing algorithms based on the wavelet transform are likely to enhance the visibility of low-contrast features in mammograms.
New iterative processing algorithms for restoration and super-resolution of tactical sensor imagery

Imagery data acquired in practice to support tactical surveillance and tracking missions in hostile environments typically suffer from a variety of degradations making it essential to subject the data to digital post-processing aimed at restoration and super-resolution before they can be used for any image exploitation tasks (visualization, target detection and characterization, etc.). A number of novel iterative techniques for resolution enhancement and super- resolution are presently being developed. In this paper, we shall outline two popular avenues that have been followed for constructing iterative processing algorithms, viz. statistical optimization and set-theoretic estimation, and discuss the super-resolution abilities of a powerful algorithm developed from a hybridization of the two approaches. Performance of this algorithm in enhancing resolution in tactical imagery data is illustrated. Notwithstanding the significant resolution enhancement that is possible with these algorithms, the spectrum extrapolation that is central to super-resolution comes only as a by-product and needs to be checked only after completion of the processing steps in order to ensure that an expansion of the image bandwidth has indeed occurred. To overcome this limitation, a new approach of mathematically extrapolating the image spectrum and using it as a constraint in a Projection-Onto-Convex-Sets (POCS) estimation framework to construct an iterative processing algorithm with guaranteed levels of super-resolution is presented.
Effect of Large Aspect Ratio of Biomass Particles on Carbon Burnout in a Utility Boiler

This paper reports on the development and validation of comprehensive combustion sub models that include the effect of large aspect ratio of biomass (switchgrass) particles on carbon burnout and temperature distribution inside the particles. Temperature and carbon burnout data are compared from two different models that are formulated by assuming (i) the particles are cylindrical and conduct heat internally, and (ii) the particles are spherical without internal heat conduction, i.e., no temperature gradient exists inside the particle. It was inferred that the latter model significantly underpredicted the temperature of the particle and, consequently, the burnout. Additionally, some results from cofiring biomass (10% heat input) with pulverized coal (90% heat input) are compared with the pulverized coal (100% heat input) simulations and coal experiments in a tangentially fired 150 MWe utility boiler.
The concurrence of facioauriculovertebral spectrum and the Rokitansky syndrome.

A 20-year-old, black woman presented with primary amenorrhea. The patient was the product of an uncomplicated twin pregnancy. The parents were not consanguineous and were of average height. The proband had one sister and two brothers, all normal and of average stature. The sister reportedly had normal menstruation. The patient was short throughout her childhood. She graduated from high school but repeated the eleventh grade. She was 4 feet, 9 inches tall and weighed 98 pounds. Breasts and pubic hair were Tanner stage 5. Head circumference, arm span, and intercanthal distance were normal. The head and face were asymmetric. The right side of the head and face was smaller than the left, with the head tilted to the right (Fig. 1). The supraorbital ridges were flat, and palpebral fissures slanted upward. Both ears were small; the right ear was malformed and rudimentary. There was a small right auditory meatus, and the tympanic membrane could not be visualized. The thoracic cage was malformed as a result of severe scoliosis (Fig. 2). External genitalia were normal, but the vaginal orifice was absent and the uterus could not be felt on rectal examination. Neurological examination revealed limited extension of elbows and abduction of the arms (cubitus valgus) bilaterally. The hands and feet were normal except for hyperconvex fingernails. Every dermatoglyphic digital pattern was an ulnar loop, and both axial triradii were proximal.
Complications of head and neck procedures

Neurologic, vascular, and infectious complications may occur with any nerve block procedure; however, they may lead to devastating outcome in case of head and neck blocks. This report will review the specific complications related to head and neck nerve block procedures with special emphasis on gasserian ganglion, sphenopalatine ganglion, and upper cervical joints procedures. Advances in neuromodulation and its applications in the treatment of intractable headache and facial pain make it necessary to review the possible complications associated with those techniques.
Field measurements of dry deposition to spruce foliage and petri dishes in the Black Forest, F.R.G.

Abstract Dry deposition fluxes of Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , K + , Mn 2+ , Pb 2+ and SO 2− 4 to spruce foliage and petri dishes were measured in two high-elevation sites ( > 900 m) in the southern Black Forest, F.R.G., during 12 periods (2–7 days, each) from mid-September to mid-November, 1983, In situ extraction of deposited material from small spruce branches allowed repeated use of the same foliar collecting surfaces for a direct comparison of deposition between periods. Fluxes were corrected for leaching of internally cycled constituents using factors determined from serial extraction experiments. The ratio of flux to petri dishes vs foliage ( P F ) was > 1.0 for Ca 2+ , Pb 2+ and SO 2− 4 , and somewhat 2+ . Temporal variations in dry deposition fluxes at an exposed site near the industrialized Rhine Valley correlated with variations in total air particulate concentrations at a nearby air quality station. Deposition rates were comparable in magnitude but different in temporal pattern at a remote site in the Black Forest interior. Fluxes at each site reached a minimum during the period of 4–9 November when a regional air inversion confined pollutants to the Rhine Valley below the study sites. High fluxes accompanied the inversion break-up.
Sleep problems in emergency department patients with injuries.

OBJECTIVES: To assess trauma patients' frequency of sleep problems, to evaluate their injuries in the context of their sleep habits, and to determine how often ED health care workers (HCWs) inquire about sleep complaints. METHODS: This was a prospective observational study of patients evaluated in the ED for unintentional trauma. Patients answered a "sleep survey" that was reviewed for the amount and timing of sleep in the preinjury period and for indications of a sleep problem. Preinjury sleep characteristics were compared with the individual's usual habits, and the group's sleep features were compared with "normal" sleep and the prevalence of sleep problems in historical controls. RESULTS: Seventy patients were surveyed. Mechanisms and types of injury included motor vehicle collisions (MVCs), falls, lacerations, bruises, sprains, and fractures. The mean total sleep time in the preinjury period (6.9 hours) was significantly shorter than that obtained during usual weekday and weekend sleep. Twenty-four patients (34.3%) were at high risk for a sleep problem. Few patients thought a sleep problem contributed to the injury. No other ED HCW asked about the patient's sleep habits. CONCLUSIONS: Acute sleep deprivation in the preinjury period, and chronic sleep deprivation with a variety of other sleep problems are found in this patient population. Despite the association of sleep problems and certain types of injury (e.g., MVC), ED HCWs do not inquire about sleep in their initial ED evaluations. This important issue may be overlooked in trauma risk assessment and prevention. Language: en
Biologically-inspired peptide reagents for enhancing IMS-MS analysis of carbohydrates.

The binding properties of a peptidoglycan recognition protein are translated via combinatorial chemistry into short peptides. Non-adjacent histidine, tyrosine, and arginine residues in the protein’s binding cleft that associate specifically with the glycan moiety of a peptidoglycan substrate are incorporated into linear sequences creating a library of 27 candidate tripeptide reagents (three possible residues permutated across three positions). Upon electrospraying the peptide library and carbohydrate mixtures, some noncovalent complexes are observed. The binding efficiencies of the peptides vary according to their amino acid composition as well as the disaccharide linkage and carbohydrate ring-type. In addition to providing a charge-carrier for the carbohydrate, peptide reagents can also be used to differentiate carbohydrate isomers by ion mobility spectrometry. The utility of these peptide reagents as a means of enhancing ion mobility analysis of carbohydrates is illustrated by examining four glucose-containing disaccharide isomers, including a pair that is not resolved by ion mobility alone. The specificity and stoichiometry of the peptide–carbohydrate complexes are also investigated. Trihistidine demonstrates both suitable binding efficiency and successful resolution of disaccharides isomers, suggesting it may be a useful reagent in IMS analyses of carbohydrates.
A note on sociometric order in the general social survey network data

The people identified as important discussion partners in the GSS network data were cited in order of strength of relationship with respondent; the first cited person having the strongest relation, the second having the next strongest, and so on. On average, the third citation is a turning point. There is a steep, linear decline in relationship strength across the first people cited as discussion partners and a slower, but continuing decline, across the fourth and fifth people cited. Order effects on closeness and contact frequency are described in the context of network size and relation content. There is a kinship bias only in deciding who to name first; spouses tended to be the first discussion partner cited and other kin tended not to be. There is a sex homophily bias across all respondents — people of one's own sex were cited as discussion partners before members of the opposite sex — but it emerged differently for men and women. Women, especially married women, expressed sex bias in the people with whom they spent time while men expressed sex bias in the people with whom they felt close. Men claimed closer relations with women than men but in fact listed their important discussion partners in descending order of closeness and began the list with the names of other men. Finally, there is evidence of a co-worker bias in discussion relations beyond the family; respondents tended to mention co-workers as daily contacts but late in their list of important discussion partners. With the exception of the spouse bias, all evidence of content bias is markedly weaker than the consistent tendency for respondents to list discussion relations in descending order of closeness and contact frequency.
Generation-recombination noise at 77°K in silicon bars and JFETs☆

Abstract The theory of generation-recombination noise in silicon bars and in JFETs is extended to the case in which the devices operate in the hot electron regime. It is shown that Nougier et al. 's measurements at 77°K can at least be partly explained as generation recombination noise; as a matter of fact, the theory can provide an almost perfect match for field strengths between 1000 and 3000 V/cm for g - r noise alone. We believe, however, that some hot electron noise with a similar field dependence as g - r noise is present. One can now understand why Kim, van der Ziel and Rucker found an activation energy of only 63 mV for the noise in silicon JFETs around 77°K.
Cache invalidation patterns in shared-memory multiprocessors

The cache invalidation patterns of several parallel applications are analyzed. The results are based on multiprocessor simulations with 8, 16, and 32 processors. To provide deeper insight into the observed invalidation behavior the invalidations observed in the simulations are linked to the high-level objects causing them in the programs. To predict what the invalidation patterns would look like beyond 32 processors, a classification scheme for data objects found in parallel programs is proposed. The classification scheme provides a powerful conceptual tool to reason about the invalidation patterns of parallel applications. Results indicate that it should be possible to scale well-written parallel programs to a large number of processors without an explosion in invalidation traffic. At the same time, the invalidation patterns are such that directory-based schemes with just a few pointers per entry can be very effective. The variations in invalidation behavior with different cache line sizes are discussed. The results indicate that cache line sizes in the 32-byte range yield the lowest data and invalidation traffic. >
Cold Start Approach for Data-Driven Fault Detection

A typical assumption in supervised fault detection is that abundant historical data are available prior to model learning, where all types of faults have already been observed at least once. This assumption is likely to be violated in practical settings as new fault types can emerge over time. In this paper we study this often overlooked cold start learning problem in data-driven fault detection, where in the beginning only normal operation data are available and faulty operation data become available as the faults occur. We explored how to leverage strengths of unsupervised and supervised approaches to build a model capable of detecting faults even if none are still observed, and of improving over time, as new fault types are observed. The proposed framework was evaluated on the benchmark Tennessee Eastman Process data. The proposed fusion model performed better on both unseen and seen faults than the stand-alone unsupervised and supervised models.
Utility of CMR in monitoring of lung transplant recipients

Methods We enrolled 16 consecutive lung transplant recipients who were referred for CMR evaluation at The Methodist DeBakey Heart & Vascular Center (The Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX). Eight subjects were men and eight women; mean age 59.1 ± 9.2 years, 12 Caucasians, 2 Hispanic, 1 African American and 1 Asian. Six subjects had underlying restrictive (IPF), five had obstructive (COPD/ Emphysema/Cystic fibrosis), and three had other (BOOP/ hypersensitivity pneumonitis) disorders. Nine subjects had undergone double lung transplant while 7 subjects had single lung transplant, a mean of 17.9 ± 18.8 months prior to undergoing CMR imaging. The CMR protocol included complete short and long axis cine imaging using SSFP pulse sequences, spin echo imaging to assess pericardial thickness, contrast enhanced MRA of the pulmonary arterial and venous systems, phase contrast velocity flow mapping [for main, right and left pulmonary artery (PA) flows, and PA anastomotic site peak velocities]. All subjects underwent echocardiography, chest CTA, LPI and RHC as deemed necessary by their transplant pulmonologist. The records of all diagnostic tests were reviewed and compared with CMR findings.
NEPHROPATHY AND HYPERTENSION IN DIABETES

Diabetes mellitus and hypertension are the causes of more than one third 4 , 7 , 25 , 169 and one fifth 169 of cases of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in the United States. The same individuals are often affected by both diabetes and hypertension. If uncontrolled, these disorders result in nephropathy. 161 Diabetes and hypertension are also both independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and, when coexistent, increase the risk two to eight fold for CVD morbidity and more than double it for CVD mortality. 70 , 86 , 114 , 161 , 162 If nephropathy is also present, the risk for CVD is even greater. 4 , 72 , 176 , 179 A number of clinical studies provide strong evidence of the effectiveness of early detection and aggressive treatment of hyperglycemia and hypertension in delaying the onset of diabetic nephropathy and preventing its progression to ESRD. Such intervention is likely also to have an impact on the prevalence of CVD in diabetic individuals.
Angiomotin regulates visceral endoderm movements during mouse embryogenesis.

In pregastrula stage mouse embryos, visceral endoderm (VE) migrates from a distal to anterior position to initiate anterior identity in the adjacent epiblast [1, 2]. This anterior visceral endoderm (AVE) is then displaced away from the epiblast by the definitive endoderm to become associated with the extra-embryonic ectoderm and subsequently contributes to the yolk sac. Little is known about the molecules that regulate this proximal displacement. Here we describe a role for mouse angiomotin (amot) in VE movements. amot expression is initially detected in the AVE and subsequently in the VE associated with the extra-embryonic ectoderm. Most amot mutant mice die soon after gastrulation with distinct furrows of VE located at the junction of the embryonic and extra-embryonic regions. Mutant analysis suggests that VE accumulation in these furrows is caused by defects in cell migration into proximal extra-embryonic regions, although distal-to-anterior movements associated with the epiblast, definitive endoderm formation, and anterior specification of the epiblast appear to be normal. These results suggest that amot acts within subregions of the VE to regulate morphogenetic movements that are required for embryo viability.
Context seeking with social tags

Users intend for their image tags to be helpful in image searching and browsing. However, image tags have added a new layer of complexity, while the evaluation measures remain primarily binary in nature. Obviously, tags are related to each other, but we need to form models that measures the bias between tags.
Nd:YAG quantum efficiency and related radiative properties

Measured quantum efficiencies of ten different Nd:YAG crystals show a variation from 0.47 to 0.87. In phototropic crystals, the quantum efficiency can be degraded by color center formation or improved by bleaching. Color center bleaching occurs by oxidation, using a high-temperature reactive atmosphere process to control crystal defects related to hydroxyl impurities. Ion-ion and ion-lattice interaction effects are examined for further evidence of Nd/sup 3+/ fluorescence quenching centers. Fluorescence rates, nonequivalent crystal field (NCF) effects, line broadening, Nd/sup +3/ lattice-defect interactions, and their temperature dependences are studied. Nd/sup 3+/ site perturbations occur in all crystal samples. Five NCF Nd/sup 3+/ sites show 6 cm/sup -1/ site-to-site Stark level shifts at liquid helium temperatures. Smaller scale shifts are characteristic of particular samples. While the crystals examined show individual differences, only hydroxyl-related coloration provides specific evidence of quenching centers. >
Theoretical resolution limitations of electrooptic spatial light modulators. I. Fundamental considerations

The sensitivity and resolution of electrooptic spatial light modulators (ESLM’s) such as the Pockels Readout Optical Modulator (PROM) and Microchannel Spatial Light Modulator (MSLM) are shown to be functions of the potential distribution arising from charges located within the active electrooptic-crystal layer. The Fourier transform of the potential distribution (which can be directly related to the modulation transfer function) is derived as a function of the charge location within the electrooptic crystal. The resultant analytic expression in addition exhibits the dependence of sensitivity and resolution on the dielectric constants of the blocking layers and electrooptic crystal and on the thicknesses of the three layers. It is shown that the overall sensitivity and resolution are affected strongly by charge storage in the bulk away from the electrooptic-crystal/dielectric-blocking-layer interfaces. In particular, the effects of various operating modes can be qualitatively explained by utilizing superposition to calculate the potential distribution for a positive–negative charge pair located at various positions in the electrooptic crystal. The implications of these results for device design and operation are discussed.
Defining Access to the General Curriculum for High School Students with Significant Cognitive Disabilities.

The term “access to the general curriculum” is widely used in the field of special education, yet little is known about how practitioners are interpreting the term for high school students with significant cognitive disabilities (SCD). In this study, general and special educators in one high school were interviewed to determine their definition of access for students with SCD. General educators most frequently defined access as receiving the same curriculum and materials as students without disabilities in the general education classroom with support from a special educator or paraprofessional. In contrast, most special educators defined access as access to an adapted curriculum that is relevant to the student's life and meets the student's individual needs.
Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Older Patients With Stage III Colon Cancer: An Underused Lifesaving Treatment

absolute 5-year improvement in survival for all patients of 7% favoring chemotherapy (64% for surgery alone v 71% for surgery and chemotherapy), and similar survival benefits were seen in the 506 patients in this data set who were older than 70 years of age. Moreover, there was no relationship between age and chemotherapy toxicity, including nausea and vomiting, stomatitis, and diarrhea; however, leucopenia was more common in older patients in two of the trials. A key goal of the Sanoff et al 4 analysis was to determine the value of oxaliplatin when added to fluoropyrimidine (fluorouracil [FU] or capecitabine) therapy. Of those patients who received chemotherapy, oxaliplatin was administered to 46%, 25%, and 7% of patients age 75 to 79, 80 to 84, and 85 years or older, respectively. There was a trend for improved survival with oxaliplatin (HR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.51 to 1.33) that corresponded to an absolute 5% improvement in survival at 3 years compared with fluoropyrimidines alone; these results are similar to the HRs reported in the MOSAIC (Multicenter International Study of Oxaliplatin/FU/Leucovorin in the Adjuvant Treatment of Colon