cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ethics in Perioperative Practice—Accountability and Responsibility

ABSTRACT Though often difficult, ethical decision making is necessary when caring for surgical patients. Perioperative nurses have to recognize ethical dilemmas and be prepared to take action based on the ethical code outlined in the American Nurses Association's (ANA's) Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements. In this third of a nine-part series that will help perioperative nurses relate the ANA code to their own area of practice, the author looks at the fourth provision statement, which addresses nurses' accountability and responsibility. AORN J 75 (June 2002) 1094-1099.
Backward recall of noun-adjective and adjective-noun paired-associate lists

Subjects learned either a noun-adjective or an adjective-noun paired-associate list to a criterion of one perfect trial (Experiment I) or for three trials (Experiment II). They were then tested on all the pairs in the backward direction (Experiment I) or on half in the forward and half in the backward direction (Experiment II). The greater backward performance on the noun-adjective pairs (Experiment I) and the invariance of the noun-adjective superiority with testing direction (Experiment II) were consistent with the hypothesis of superior storage of noun-adjective pairs.
Arming China or arming India: Future Russian dilemmas

Since the end of the Cold War, Russia has continued the Soviet policy of selling arms to India while also cultivating China as a customer for its high‐technology military hardware. China and India have purchased some of Russia's most advanced weapons and have helped to prop up Russia's disintegrating defense industry. But the underlying rivalry between India and China could, over the long term, derail this dual‐track Russian arms‐sales policy toward its two largest and most important clients. This article first outlines the nature and extent of Russo‐Indian and Sino‐Russian arms cooperation. It then explains the geopolitical and economic factors that could eventually force Russia to make a choice between one client or the other, a contest that India would probably win. Finally, it examines the consequences of these events for the future of Russian foreign policy.
Domination structures and multicriteria problems in n-person games

Multiple criteria decision problems with one decision maker have been recognized and discussed in the recent literature in optimization theory, operations research and management science. The corresponding concept with n-decision makers, namely multicriteria n-person games, has not yet been extensively explored. In this paper we first demonstrate that existing solution concepts for single criterion n-person games in both normal form and characteristic function form induce domination structures (similar to those defined and studied by Yu [39] for multicriteria single decision maker problems) in various spaces, including the payoff space, the imputation space and the coalition space. This discussion provides an understanding of some underlying assumptions of the solution concepts and provides a basis for generalizing and generating new solution concepts not yet defined. Also we illustrate that domination structures may be regarded as a measure of power held by the players. We then illustrate that a multicriteria problem can naturally arise in decision situations involving (partial) conflict among n-persons. Using our discussion of solution concepts for single criterion games as a basis, various approaches for resolving both normal form and characteristic function form multicriteria n-person games are proposed. For multicriteria games in characteristic function form, we define a multicriteria core and show that there exists a single ‘game point’ whose core is equal to the multicriteria core. If we reduce a multicriteria game to a single criterion game, domination structures which are more general than ‘classical’ ones must be considered, otherwise some crucial information in the game may be lost. Finally, we discuss a parametrization process which, for a given multicriteria game, associates a single criterion game to each point in a parametric space. This parametrization provides a basis for the discussion of solution concepts in multicriteria n-person games.
Developing leaders rather than managers for the global marketplace

Abstract The key to successfully competing in the global marketplace may be staffing key expatriate positions with accomplished /skilled leaders. Past research has focused on preparing managers to successfully expatriate to foreign assignment and repatriate back to the United States. The high failure rate and general lack of effectiveness of many expatriate managers may be attributed to not having a cultural match between the assignment and the leadership style of the expatriate. This article explains the complex issues associated with multicultural leadership and proposes a diagnostic leadership matrix based upon internal and external cultural constraints.
Female transfer in primates

Intergroup transfer by males is nearly universal among social primates. Furthermore, among the most frequently studied monkeys-savanna baboons and Japanese and rhesus macaques—females typically remain in their natal groups, so troops are composed of related matrilines. These facts strongly support two major theories: (l) that kin selection is a powerful force in patterning sociality (if one is to live in a group, one should prefer a group of one’s relatives); and (2) that the ultimate explanation for intergroup transfer is the avoidance of inbreeding depression (though both sexes would prefer to live with kin, one sex has to disperse to avoid inbreeding and for a variety of reasons the losing sex is generally male). Substantial rates of transfer by females in social species with routine male transfer would cast doubt on both ideas. In fact, evidence reviewed here indicates that female transfer is not unusual and among folivorous primates (e.g., Alouatta,the Colobinae) it seems to be routine. In addition to casting doubt on the demographic significance of inbreeding avoidance and favoring mutualistic and/or game theory interpretations of behavior over nepotistic ones, this finding supports the hypothesis that predator detection is the primary selective pressure favoring sociality for many primates. Finally, while female bonding [sensuWrangham, R. W. (1980), Behaviour75:262–299] among primates appears to be less common than generally believed, the observed correlation between female transfer and morphological adaptations to folivory provides empirical support for Wrangham’s model for the evolution of female-bonded groups.
Effects of Restorative Materials on Plaque Composition

Analysis of certain components of plaque grown at margins of restorations shows variation in composition with time. Stability occurs within one year in vivo. Comparable plaque grows on all materials tested with the exception of silicates. Fluorides within silicates apparently cause the difference in this plaque composition.
Maya blue: Application of XAS and HRTEM to materials science in art and archaeology

Maya blue is a famous blue pigment composed of palygorskite clay and indigo. It was used by the ancient Maya and provides a dramatic background for some of the most impressive murals throughout Mesoamerica. Despite exposure to acids, alkalis, and chemical solvents, the color of the Maya blue pigment remains unaltered. Herein, we present studies on the role of iron in authentic and synthetic samples of Maya blue using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Iron nanoparticles were found outside the lattice of the crystallites of palygorskite as well as inside the channels. Iron oxide and an amorphous phase of FeO(OH) were also found in authentic samples of Maya blue, and may contribute to the optical properties of the pigment or in the characteristic brilliant color.
Selective Growth of Cobalt Nanoclusters in Domains of Block Copolymer Films

We have produced, by thermal decomposition of an organometallic complex in a bulk film of P(S-b-2VP), nonagglomerated cobalt nanoparticles that exhibit significant room-temperature magnetic coercivity. The particles are patterned on the nanoscale: they reside within the P2VP domains of the block copolymer morphology. These results are made possible by the selective sequestration of the organometallic complex into these domains in amounts sufficient to nucleate and grow substantial quantities of cobalt nanoparticles that are larger than the size required for ferromagnetic behavior. The in situ synthesis of ferromagnetic nanoparticles selectively inside the P2VP domains of P(S-b-2VP) block copolymer films has been demonstrated.
Multi-point radiation monitor

A simple, inexpensive instrument for measuring radiation fields in otherwise inaccessible locations has been developed. The RadRope consists of a series of radiation detectors inside a flexible sheath and connected to a data readout device to alert the operator to unexpected radiation fields at a remote location. The instrument is designed for use in a maritime environment and will assist inspection personnel in detecting potential illicit radioactive materials or radiological/nuclear weapons of mass destruction.
Putative Programmed Cell Death Pathway of the Malaria Parasite and the Role of Cytochrome C

Tropical malaria caused by the protozoan Plasmodium falciparum is responsible for more than 200 million clinical episodes and at least 660,000 human deaths annually. Parasite resistance increases continuously against the presently available drugs. To further understand the biochemical pathways involved in the mechanisms of drug resistance, a quantitative proteomic approach has been developed using stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC). In contrast to previous studies with higher drug concentrations, three different sub-lethal dosage amounts of chloroquine were used to treat parasite cultures. The protein abundance was quantified and a list of proteins and their related pathways was collected. Programmed Cell Death (Apoptosis) is one of the control mechanisms used by higher multicellular animals that are crucial for the continuing development of the surviving cells. Surprisingly the causative agent of malaria, a protozoan parasite, shows signs of this programmed “suicide”. DNA fragmentation assays and morphological characterization have been carried out under similar sub-lethal drug concentrations conditions as the proteome samples pointing to an apoptotic phenotype. The proteomic data point to some of the players that might be involved. An up-regulation of cytochrome C suggests it is a protein involved in the apoptosis pathway. We hypothesize that cytochrome C is involved in a pathway similar to the one found in another unicellular organism, yeast, where after binding a target protein a proteolytic cascade is turned on. In order to test this working hypothesis an assay was developed to confirm the involvement of cytochrome C in proteolysis of downstream targets using a fluorogenic substrate.
Model for Studying Clostridium botulinum Neurotoxin Using Differentiated Motor Neuron-like NG108-15 Cells

Cancerous cell lines have traditionally shown low sensitivity to laboratory or pharmaceutical preparations of botulinum neurotoxin. The work presented here demonstrates that the mouse neuroblastoma/rat glioma hybrid cell line NG108-15 is capable of more sensitively detecting BoNT/A1 than any cell line previously described. This cell line has previously been described to have motor neuron like characteristics, therefore making it a good model to study BoNTs. Differentiation of NG108-15 cells in serum-free medium containing retinoic acid and purmorphamine dramatically increased sensitivity of the neurons to BoNT/A (EC(50) = ~16 LD(50) U). Additional pre-treatment with triasialoganglioside GT1B prior to toxin exposure reduced the EC(50) further to ~11 LD(50) U. Co-culture of the neurons with C2C12 myotubes also significantly increased BoNT/A sensitivity of NG108-15 cells (EC(50) = 26 U) in the absence of differentiation factors.
Engaging Inner City Students in Learning Through Designing Remote Operated Vehicles

For the past year we have been developing and implementing a program in which students design and construct remote operated vehicles. In this paper, we report on a pilot study that occurred over the course of an academic year in an inner city high school. Specifically, we have been investigating whether students learn meaningful science content through design activities. Through our teaching experiment methodological stance and analysis we found that (1) student attendance and engagement increased, (2) students learned physics content and recognized connections to their other coursework (3) teachers adopted an “organized chaos” posture and shifted their role from one of discipline keeper and content gatekeeper to one of coach and facilitator, (4) design projects need to be modularized if they are to be effective urban classrooms, and (5) teachers need to balance the tradeoffs between allowing students to develop aesthetically pleasing designs versus learning content and creating designs that are functional and useable.
Reliable Burst Protocol — Deterministic streaming data transport

Reliable Burst Protocol (RBP) is a streaming protocol intended for use over packetized data networks to provide deterministic ordered and guaranteed data transmission. It has been designed to support configuration-based bounding of worst-case operation, with minimal performance impact. Retransmissions of data only occur for messages not received by the destination node. This allows for bounded worst case recovery in the event of packet loss, as well as efficient use of network resources, as retransmission of successfully received messages is avoided. Support for multiple simultaneous burst transmissions on a RBP flow provide for avoidance of “stop-and-wait” behavior. Connection loss detection is provided through keep-alive messages and retransmission / keep-alive timeout events. Granularity of messages, frequency of data acknowledgment events, and maximum supported en-route data is managed through per-flow configuration metrics. This configurability makes RBP adaptable based upon underlying network topology.
Exchange facilitated indirect detection of hyperpolarized 15ND2-amido-glutamine.

Hyperpolarization greatly enhances opportunities to observe in vivo metabolic processes in real time. Accessible timescales are, however, limited by nuclear spin relaxation times, and sensitivity is limited by magnetogyric ratios of observed nuclei. The majority of applications to date have involved direct 13C observation of metabolites with non-protonated carbons at sites of interest (13C enriched carbonyls, for example), a choice that extends relaxation times and yields moderate sensitivity. Interest in 15N containing metabolites is equally high but non-protonated sites are rare and direct 15N observation insensitive. Here an approach is demonstrated that extends applications to protonated 15N sites with high sensitivity. The normally short relaxation times are lengthened by initially replacing protons (H) with deuterons (D) and low sensitivity detection of 15N is avoided by indirect detection through protons reintroduced by H/D exchange. A pulse sequence is presented that periodically samples 15N polarization at newly protonated sites by INEPT transfer to protons while returning 15N magnetization of deuterated sites to the +Z axis to preserve polarization for subsequent samplings. Applications to 15ND2-amido-glutamine are chosen for illustration. Glutamine is an important regulator and a direct donor of nitrogen in cellular metabolism. Potential application to in vivo observation is discussed.
Characterizing the Scam Hosting Infrastructure

Industry has responded to the ever-growing presence of spam by attacking the spam distribution infrastructure, essentially trying to prevent spam email from ever landing in the inbox of end-users. Recently, industry and academia have begun investigating the web hosting infrastructure of spam campaigns, attacking spammers where it hurts most, in their pocketbooks. Spammers have responded by introducing cooperative interme- diaries that redirect traffic, effectively decoupling the spam- advertised URL from the final destination website. In this study, we analyze not only the URLs in spam messages, but the less-studied redirection infrastructure that takes the user to a target website or other malicious host. Our initial results show that among all the hosts that can be reached directly from URLs embedded in email bodies, 64.87% are cooperative redirection hosts. However, these redirection hosts are only used to protect a small portion (11.33%) of final destination websites. Additionally, we find that around 70% of embedded URLs resolve to two ranges of IP space (61.0.0.0/8 and 124.0.0.0/8). By further analyzing the relationship between the final destinations and redirection hosts, we find that 74.19% of the final destination hosts are located in the same AS with their redirection hosts.
MODULES WITH THE SUMMAND INTERSECTION PROPERTY

(1989). Modules with the summand intersection property. Communications in Algebra: Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 135-148.
The Computational Complexity of Cellular Automata

We study the computational complexity of the evolution of configurations on finite and infinite cellular automata. We will show that a classification of cellular automata suggested by Culik and Yu and based on Wolfram's earlier heuristic classification leads to classes that are II 2 0 -complete and is Σ 3 0 -complete.
Determination of the concentration and isotopic composition of uranium in environmental air filters

For many years, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory has collected monthly air-particulate filter samples from a variety of environmental monitoring stations on and off site. Historically the concentration and isotopic composition of uranium collected on these filters was determined by isotope dilution using a {sup 233}U spike and thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS). For samples containing as little as 10 nanograms of uranium, ICP-MS is now used to make these measurements to the required level of precision, about 5% in the measured 235/238 and 233/238. Unless particular care is taken to control bias in the mass filter, variable mass bias limits accuracy to a few percent. Measurements of the minor isotopes 236 (if present) and 234 are also possible and provide useful information for identifying the source of the uranium. The advantage of ICP-MS is in rapid analysis, {approximately}12 minutes of instrument time per sample.
Death, probably due to potassium deficiency, following control of diabetic coma.

SINCE Holler's report of a patient with potassium deficiency occurring during the treatment of diabetic acidosis (1), and prior to the reports by Nicholson and Branning (2) Martin and Wertman (3, 4) and Frenkel, Groen and Willebrands (5), we have had the opportunity to observe a similar condition which terminated fatally without the benefit of specific potassium therapy. The need for more general recognition and treatment of the disturbances in mineral balance which occur in diabetic acidosis and coma have prompted us to report this patient's condition. CASE REPORT M. P., a 37-year-old woman, for seven years known to be a diabetic, was admitted to the hospital on January 2, 1947, in severe acidosis. For several weeks prior to admission, she had been taking daily 15 units of regular insulin and 25 units of protamine zinc insulin, but had not adhered to any particular diet. Three days before admission, she developed anorexia, nausea and vomiting; because she did not feel like eating she took no insulin. At ...
Surviving childhood and reproductive-age malignancy: effects on fertility and future parenthood

Summary Annually, more than 50 000 cancer diagnoses are made in the USA in patients under the age of 35 years. Despite this staggering statistic, medical advancements have substantially improved survival rates. Thus, for both male and female patients with cancer, quality-of-life issues, such as fertility preservation and parenthood, have become an essential component of treatment. Unfortunately, many of the treatments to eradicate malignant processes can also compromise reproductive function. In these cases, fertility preservation should be discussed and initiated with early treatment planning, to allow the best chance for future parenthood, when appropriate. The effects of cancer and cancer treatments on fertility and future parenthood, including health risks for patients, their gametes, and offspring are discussed.
Complementary and Alternative Medicine: Attitudes and Use among Health Educators in the United States

Abstract Background: Interest in and use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in the United States is increasing. However, CAM remains an area of nascency for researchers and western practitioners. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine U.S. health educators' attitudes toward CAM and their use of common CAM therapies. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among members of a professional health educator listserv. Results: Health educators generally have positive attitudes toward CAM and about 90% have used at least one CAM therapy in the last 12 months. Differences in CAM attitudes and use were significant, with females reporting more positive attitudes toward and use of CAM. Discussion: Health educators' overall positive attitudes toward CAM are consistent with the limited extant literature. However, important differences were found by various demographic characteristics, not previously identified. Translation to Health Education Practice: The results of this study s...
Resident Satisfaction in a Transitional Care Unit

This article presents an instrument used to measure resident satisfaction in a transitional care unit (TCU) and examines the role of potential confounding factors in assessing satisfaction. The confounding factors examined are perceived physical health status, cognitive status, pain, length of stay, and age. Satisfaction data were self-reported by TCU residents during 1998 and 1999. Self-reported questions of general physical health and pain taken from the Short Form 36 Health Survey were used along with an audit of medical records to identify the residents’cognitive status, age, and length of stay. The instrument is first shown to be psychometrically sound. Second, with careful surveying techniques, it is shown that response rates can be very high. Third, it is shown that some of the confounders examined have practical significance when interpreting satisfaction information. Several of these variables were significantly associated with both overall satisfaction and individual dimensions of satisfaction w...
The East India Trade, The Politicians, and the Constitution: 1689-1702

The war against France was the most potent force for change in English government and politics in William III's reign, but during those same years the contest for control of the lucrative East India trade also set off strong reverberations at Whitehall, in parliament, and even in the constituencies. Ever since its reorganization in the 1650s, the East India Company had been subjected to intermittent attack from a motley array of foes: some questioned the desirability of the bullion-greedy trade to the Far East, others disputed the Company's exclusive commercial privileges held under the royal charters of 1661 and 1683 and argued for a regulated company, and from the early 1680s onwards a number of once prominent Company members (most notably, Thomas Papillon) challenged the directorate of Sir Josiah Child. In turn, the Glorious Revolution ushered in the decisive phases of the dispute between the Company and its enemies — a controversy finally brought to a peaceful conclusion only in the closing months of William's reign.By 1689, the struggle for control of the East India trade had already developed a “constitutional” dimension and taken on a political tinge. On the one hand, there was the question, first raised by the critics of the early Stuarts, whether any group could be endowed with a commercial monopoly by virtue of royal charter alone. On the other hand, there was the issue of the Child clique's close identification with the Stuart Court during the 1680s — a “Tory” posture Sir Josiah and his associates had adopted in order to ward off challenges to their own predominance and to the Company's privileges.
χ1 angle information from a simple two-dimensional NMR experiment that identifies trans 3JNCγ couplings in isotopically enriched proteins

New quantitative J correlation experiments are used for measuring all two- and three-bondcouplings between 15N and aliphatic side-chain carbons in proteins uniformly enriched in 13Cand 15N. Results show that 3JNCβ and 2JNCβ invariably are very small.Therefore, a simple and relatively sensitive two-dimensional spin-echo difference experimentcan be used to identify residues with a 3JNCγ coupling substantially larger than 1Hz, indicative of a trans arrangement between N and Cγ. This measurement thereforeprovides χ1 angle information for residues with an aliphatic Cγ carbon, andthereby also aids in making stereospecific assignments of Hβ resonances. Experimentsare demonstrated for ubiquitin and for a complex between calmodulin and a 26-residuepeptide.
Factorization of triangular operators and ideals through the diagonal

Let "HJji e Z) be a sequence of infinite-dimensional Hilbert spaces, and let H := £•{«„ : n e Z}. Write En := P(Hn), Pn := P(• © Hn_, © Hm) where P(S) is the orthogonal projection onto the subspace S of H. Let M be the nest in H consisting of the projections Pn together with 0 and /. The nest algebra, AlgTV, is the set of doubly infinite block operator matrices. Let D = 5Z®Dn be a block diagonal projection, and dn — rankDn. Since the projections Pn are invariant for Alg./V, and the intervals Pn Pm are semi-invariant, it follows that any operator X which factors as ADB for A, B e AlgA/" will satisfy:
Investigating Explosion Source Energy Partitioning and Lg-Wave Excitation Using a Finite-Difference plus Slowness Analysis Method

A finite-difference modeling plus slowness analysis method is devel- oped to investigate near-source explosion energy partitioning and Lg-wave excita- tion. The finite-difference method is used to calculate seismic wave excitation and propagation, and an embedded array slowness analysis is used for quantifying how energy will be partitioned into the long-range propagation regime. Because of its high efficiency, the method can simulate near-source processes using very fine struc- tures. A large number of source and model parameters can be examined for broad- frequency ranges. As examples, P-pS-to-Lg and S*-to-Lg conversions in the presence of near-source scattering are tested as mechanisms for Lg-wave excitation. The nu- merical results reveal that the depth of the source and the depth of the scattering process have strong effects on P-to-S conversion and partitioning of energy into trapped or leaking signals. The Lg-wave excitation spectra from these mechanisms are also investigated. The modeling shows that S*-to-Lg excitation is generally stronger for low frequencies and shallow source depths whereas P-pS-to-Lg scatter- ing is stronger for high frequencies.
The pulmonary circulation in bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Abnormalities of the pulmonary circulation are increasingly being recognized as a major contributor to the high morbidity and mortality of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Historically, studies have focused on the importance of pulmonary hypertension to the pathophysiology of BPD, with the assumption that pulmonary vascular abnormalities are a secondary consequence of primary injury to the airspace. Recent studies suggest, however, that abnormalities of the pulmonary vasculature, including altered growth and structure, may directly contribute to the abnormal alveolarization that characterizes the condition. In this article, we briefly outline mechanisms of pulmonary vascular injury in infants at risk of BPD. We then focus on the recognition and management of pulmonary hypertension in these infants. Finally, we review how disordered pulmonary vascular growth may contribute to the pathogenesis of BPD and emphasize the importance of the reciprocal development of the airspace and the pulmonary circulation.
Token-based medium access control solution for underwater acoustic broadcast

Research into underwater acoustic communication has focused on time division multiple access (TDMA) communication protocols. Within a front-seat/backseat control architecture, effective communication is not guaranteed due to the strict clock synchronization requirement of the TDMA protocols. In the event of dropped messages during the cycle, the strict clock requirement can lead to message overlap and communication failure. In this paper, a novel, token-based medium access control (TMAC) solution for underwater acoustic broadcast is introduced. This solution is unique in the sense that it does not require that a ring be maintained for passing the token. TMAC provides a solution to the synchronization problem, ensuring effective communication within a front-seat/backseat control architecture. We expand on the structure and operation of the TMAC solution in the presence and absence of dropped messages. The solution is then applied to a mine countermeasure reference mission, and the results are compared to those generated by the TDMA protocol.
Pathophysiology of Cachexia in the Elderly

The physiological decline in food intake that occurs with aging is an appropriate response to the reduced physical activity of this population. This physiological decline is termed the ‘anorexia of aging’ [1]; however, cachexia in the elderly seems to be reaching epidemic levels, with 30–40% of men and women over age 75 being 10% underweight or more [2]. There is no agreed upon definition for cachexia, which means ‘poor condition’ in Greek [3]. While it has traditionally been thought that chronic illness fully explains the pathogenesis of cachexia, this concept is proving inadequate [4]. In general, cachexia is characterised by weight loss due to loss of fat and skeletal muscle mass [5].
Pin1 Regulates Centrosome Duplication, and Its Overexpression Induces Centrosome Amplification, Chromosome Instability, and Oncogenesis

Phosphorylation on Ser/Thr-Pro motifs is a major mechanism regulating many events involved in cell proliferation and transformation, including centrosome duplication, whose defects have been implicated in oncogenesis. Certain phosphorylated Ser/Thr-Pro motifs can exist in two distinct conformations whose conversion in certain proteins is catalyzed specifically by the prolyl isomerase Pin1. Pin1 is prevalently overexpressed in human cancers and is important for the activation of multiple oncogenic pathways, and its deletion suppresses the ability of certain oncogenes to induce cancer in mice. However, little is known about the role of Pin1 in centrosome duplication and the significance of Pin1 overexpression in cancer development in vivo. Here we show that Pin1 overexpression correlates with centrosome amplification in human breast cancer tissues. Furthermore, Pin1 localizes to and copurifies with centrosomes in interphase but not mitotic cells. Moreover, Pin1 ablation in mouse embryonic fibroblasts drastically delays centrosome duplication without affecting DNA synthesis and Pin1 inhibition also suppresses centrosome amplification in S-arrested CHO cells. In contrast, overexpression of Pin1 drives centrosome duplication and accumulation, resulting in chromosome missegregation, aneuploidy, and transformation in nontransformed NIH 3T3 cells. More importantly, transgenic overexpression of Pin1 in mouse mammary glands also potently induces centrosome amplification, eventually leading to mammary hyperplasia and malignant mammary tumors with overamplified centrosomes. These results demonstrate for the first time that the phosphorylation-specific isomerase Pin1 regulates centrosome duplication and its deregulation can induce centrosome amplification, chromosome instability, and oncogenesis.
Capital Appropriations and Investment Behavior

Abstract The purpose of this article is to analyze the investment behavior of firms by introducing capital appropriations as an intermediate stage of the investment process. Investment process is divided into two stages: that leading to appropriation of funds and that from appropriations to actual expenditures. The present study is based on the investment theory developed by Dale Jorgenson. Appropriations data are available from the NICB Survey and investment expenditures data from the OBE-SEC Survey. Here, the appropriations data have been raised to the OBE-SEC level. Investment functions based on the theory are first fitted to each stage separately; then, taking account of the interrelationships between the stages, combined estimates are discussed. The empirical results have been obtained for 15 sub-industries and three aggregate industries of U. S. manufacturing for the sample period 1955, first quarter, to 1964, fourth quarter. The results support the hypothesis that appropriations occur earlier than ...
What Do Children Worry About? Worries and Their Relation to Anxiety

This study examined worry in elementary school aged children and its relation to anxiety. The study also examined whether parameters of excessive or dysfunctional worry could be delineated. Children from second through sixth grades (ages 7-12 years) were interviewed using a structured approach and completed several child anxiety measures. Parameters of worry assessed included: number of worries, areas of worry, intensity of worries, and perceptions of the frequency of worry events. Findings revealed few age-related differences but found that girls reported more worries than boys and that African-Americans reported more worries than white or Hispanic children. The three most common areas of worry involved School, Health, and Personal Harm. Anxiety was significantly associated with worry, providing empirical support for a link between these two constructs. Worry parameters, especially number and intensity of worries, could differentiate high and low anxious children in a normal school sample. Implications of these findings for understanding the role of worry in childhood anxiety are discussed.
Isavuconazole: A New Option for the Management of Invasive Fungal Infections

Objective: To review the pharmacology, chemistry, in vitro susceptibility, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, safety, tolerability, dosage, and administration of isavuconazole, a triazole antifungal agent. Data Sources: Studies and reviews were identified through an English language MEDLINE search (1978 to March 2015) and from http://www.clinicaltrials.gov, Food and Drug Administration (FDA) briefing documents, program abstracts from international symposia, and the manufacturer’s Web site. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All published and unpublished trials, abstracts, in vitro and preclinical studies, and FDA briefing documents were reviewed. Data Synthesis: Isavuconazole has activity against a number of clinically important yeasts and molds, including Candida spp, Aspergillus spp, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Trichosporon spp and variable activity against the Mucorales. Isavuconazole, available for both oral and intravenous administration, is characterized by slow elimination allowing once-daily ...
Turning the ‘domino theory’ upside down in Asia: Advertising and Singapore's cultural evolution

In the past three decades Singapore has experienced tremendous economic growth. At the same time this capitalist island‐nation has also experienced a steady erosion of traditional values. After observing how government leaders often accused advertising of promoting undesirable, ‘Western cultural values’, the authors began this study by examining the role of advertising in Singapore's struggle to maintain its Confucian heritage. The results suggest that advertising may be a significant catalyst for social and cultural change in this rapidly developing nation. However, as research on the topic went deeper, many other factors, including social engineering, meritocracy, and a mandatory English language policy seemed to play significant roles in Singapore's complex cultural evolution. In the end, one question begs asking: By forging ahead in its quest for economic leadership in the region, is Singapore turning the old ‘domino theory’ upside down in Asia?
New adaptive clutter rejection based on spectral analysis in ultrasound color-flow imaging

We have developed a new adaptive clutter rejection technique where an optimum clutter filter is dynamically selected according to the varying clutter characteristics in ultrasound color-flow imaging. The selection criteria have been established based on spectral analysis of an estimate of the temporal autocorrelation matrix of clutter signals. The performance of the clutter rejection techniques is quantified from a wall-less flow phantom and in vivo studies. The in vivo color-flow images obtained from hepatic veins are presented to illustrate the potential of the proposed adaptive clutter rejection technique. In hepatic vein in vivo studies, we obtained an average gain of 4.1 dB and 3.4 dB in flow signal-to-clutter-ratio compared to the conventional and down-mixing methods, respectively.
8 Chemosensory Signal Transduction Systems in Myxococcus xanthus

The majority of the analyses have focused on two-component signal transduction (TCST) systems, even though these are likely to compose only a fraction of the total systems that have evolved to translate information derived from the environment. The majority of all work on chemotaxis systems up until the last decade focused on the control of flagellum-based motility. Myxococcus xanthus is therefore an ideal organism for analysis of chemosensory signal transduction systems in bacteria. There are two primary reasons for our investigation into the role of the Che6 chemosensory system. First, the gene order is consistent with that found in other organisms known to utilize TFP-based motility. Second, a mutant allele known to suppress the csgA mutant developmental defect was mapped to socD (suppressor of csgA), which we now know is cotranscribed as part of the che6 operon. As M. xanthus does not possess phycobilisomes, Cpc7 is not likely to function as a phycocyanobilin lyase per se but might function in another light-dependent adaptation process. In summary, the chemosensory systems found in M. xanthus appear to have evolved in order to regulate functions that need temporal control mechanisms. In that regard M. xanthus may represent a case study encompassing both extremes where several systems regulate motility and several systems regulate alternative functions. Analysis of chemosensory signal transduction systems in each model organism is an excellent example of the modular nature of signal transduction and the evolution of bacterial genomes.
An Energy Balance Model Based on Potential Vorticity Homogenization

It has long been suggested that the extratropical eddies originating in baroclinic instability act to neutralize the atmosphere with respect to baroclinic instability. These studies focused on the Charney‐Stern condition for stability, and since the implication of this condition was the elimination of meridional temperature gradients at the surface, contrary to observations, there appeared little possibility that the hypothesis was correct. However, Lindzen found that potential vorticity (PV) mixing along isentropic surfaces accompanied by elevated tropopause height and/or reduced jet width could also lead to baroclinic neutralization. Since it is not obvious what implications such a neutral state would have for meridional structure of wind and especially temperature, the authors examine, as a first step, in this paper the implications of an assumed fixed PV gradient in the extratropical troposphere. It is shown that this assumption, combined with an assumption of a moist adiabatic temperature structure in the Tropics, a constraint on surface static stability, and overall radiative equilibrium, suffices to constrain a model earth’s zonal mean climate. Comparison of the model climate with the observed climate, and variation of certain of the model’s assumptions to resolve differences, allow the authors to consider the role of deep convection in the climate of the midlatitudes, to investigate the connection between surface turbulent heat fluxes and meridional energy fluxes carried by baroclinic eddies, and to deduce the role of the stratosphere’s overturning circulation in determining the height of the tropopause.
Prediction of tensile strength of friction stir weld joints with adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and neural network

Abstract Friction-stir-welding (FSW) is a solid-state joining process where joint properties are dependent on welding process parameters. In the current study three critical process parameters including spindle speed ( N ), plunge force ( F z ), and welding speed ( V ) are considered key factors in the determination of ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of welded aluminum alloy joints. A total of 73 weld schedules were welded and tensile properties were subsequently obtained experimentally. It is observed that all three process parameters have direct influence on UTS of the welded joints. Utilizing experimental data, an optimized adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system ( ANFIS ) model has been developed to predict UTS of FSW joints. A total of 1200 models were developed by varying the number of membership functions (MFs), type of MFs, and combination of four input variables ( N , V , F z , EFI) utilizing a MATLAB platform. Note EFI denotes an empirical force index derived from the three process parameters. For comparison, optimized artificial neural network (ANN) models were also developed to predict UTS from FSW process parameters. By comparing ANFIS and ANN predicted results, it was found that optimized ANFIS models provide better results than ANN. This newly developed best ANFIS model could be utilized for prediction of UTS of FSW joints.
De Rerum Natura: Dragons of Obliviousness and the Science of Social Ontology

A response to John Searle's "Language and Social Ontology" in the section on "Basic Problems of Sociality." Outstanding human higher-order cognitive capacities arise together developmentally and evolutionarily. They support each other and labor together. Taking any of them for granted in analyzing how the others arose is an error. We should not take any of them as given when we attempt to analyze how any of the others came into being.
Are chirps better than clicks and tonebursts for evoking middle latency responses

Background The middle latency response (MLR) is considered a valid clinical tool for assessing the integrity of cortical and subcortical structures. Several investigators have demonstrated that a rising frequency chirp stimulus is capable of eliciting not only larger wave V amplitudes but larger MLR components as well. However, the chirp has never been specifically examined in a hemispheric electrode montage setup that is typical for neurodiagnostic application and site-of-lesion testing. Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of chirp, click, and toneburst stimuli on MLR waveform peak latency and peak-to-peak amplitude in a hemispheric electrode montage setup. Research design This study used a repeated-measures design. Study sample A total of 10 young adult participants (3 males, 7 females) with normal hearing were recruited and had negative histories of audiologic, otologic, and neurologic involvement, and no reported language or learning difficulties. Data collection and analysis MLR latencies (Na, Pa, Nb, and Pb) and peak-to-peak amplitudes (Na-Pa, Pa-Nb, and Nb-Pb) were measured for all conditions and were statistically evaluated for left hemisphere-right ear (C3-A2) and right hemisphere-left ear (C4-A1) recordings. Results Statistical analyses revealed no significant difference between C3-A2 and C4-A1 peak-to-peak amplitudes; therefore, data were collapsed. Stimulus comparisons revealed that Na evoked by tonebursts were statistically prolonged compared with both chirp and click, and that both Na-Pa and Pa-Nb peak-to-peak amplitudes were statistically larger for chirps compared with both clicks and tonebursts, and for clicks compared with tonebursts. Conclusions The results of this study support the hypothesis that a chirp would offer a clinical advantage to the click and toneburst in overall peak-to-peak amplitude. As expected, normal-hearing participants did not exhibit hemispheric differences when comparing C3-A2 and C4-A1 peak-to-peak amplitudes demonstrating symmetric auditory brain function. However, chirp-evoked MLRs will require further study to determine its usefulness in clinical practice.
A Microchip Device for Enhancing Capillary Zone Electrophoresis Using Pressure-Driven Backflow

A reduction in the electroosmotic flow (EOF) is often desirable in glass microchannels for realizing high resolutions in capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). While static and dynamic coatings have been commonly employed to accomplish this goal, such chemicals can introduce unwanted interactions of the analyte molecules with the separation medium and/or channel surface. In this article, we report a microfluidic device that can enhance the resolving power of CZE analysis by generating a pressure-driven backflow in the separation channel. This backflow was generated in our current work by fabricating a shallow segment (0.5–4 μm deep) downstream of the separation duct (5 μm deep) and applying an electric field across it. A mismatch in EOF transport rate at the interface of this segment was shown to yield a pressure-gradient that counteracted electroosmosis and diminished the net fluid flow in the separation conduit by nearly an order of magnitude. Although the resulting pressure-driven backflow also somewhat...
Current Status of the Important Parasitic Diseases in Luwan District

Objective To find out the current status of parasitic infections in human population in Luwan district,and to provide scientific basis for further developing of strategies for disease control in downtown area.Methods Kato-Katz method was used for the examination of intestinal helminth eggs.Skin test was used for the testing of lung fluke.ELISA was used for the testing of toxoplasmosis and filariasis.IFA was used for the examination of cryptosporidium infection.Results In Luwan district,the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections was 0.44% and the positive rate of skin test for lung fluke was 0.84%.The positive rate of antibody for toxoplasma in gravida women was 2.85%.The prevalence of cryptosporidium infection was 4.80% and the positive rate of antibody for filaria was 0.32%.Conclusion Various kinds of parasitic infections were found in downtown area.Health education aiming at the control of parasitic diseases should be carried out.
Study of dynamic state of A-TIG arc

With technologies of high-speed photograph and singleton shot,the arc shapes of TIG and A-TIG are recorded and analyzed.Each speciy of the active fluxes used in A-TIG is only one major component.It also analyzes the mechanism of A-TIG penetrations increasing.The analysis result indicates that the increase of A-TIG penetration is resulted from the arc contracting and arc force increasing,furthermore,whether the A-TIG arc contracts or not and the contracts degree have a close relationship with the ionization energies of the kation in active flux.