cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the Effects of Intelligent Cruise Control Vehicles in Mixed Traffic

This report describes two research tasks. In the first task, the authors examine the mixed manual/adaptive cruise control (ACC) traffic characteristics on the microscopic level during disturbances that may arise due to high acceleration maneuvers and lane changes. The effect of the ACC vehicles on the environment is evaluated using an emissions model. Results show the beneficial effects of ACC vehicles. Sensitivity curves are developed showing the variation of the benefits with respect to the different variables. In the second task, the authors describe the macroscopic analysis of mixed manual/semi- automated traffic. Focus is on the fundamental traffic flow-density diagram and traffic flow disturbances such as shock waves. The authors also show using queuing theory the effect of semi-automated vehicles on the average delay and number of vehicles in a queue on the highway during the presence of shock waves that produce stop-and-go traffic. The report demonstrates that the presence of ACC vehicles will attenuate shock waves and pass them on to the vehicles upstream in a much faster way than in the case of manual vehicles due to the shorter reaction times that characterizes the ACC vehicle.
Lagrangian representation for fermionic linear optics

Notions of a Gaussian state and a Gaussian linear map are generalized to the case of anticommuting (Grassmann) variables. Conditions under which a Gaussian map is trace preserving and (or) completely positive are formulated. For any Gaussian map an explicit formula relating correlation matrices of input and output states is presented. This formalism allows to develop the Lagrangian representation for fermionic linear optics (FLO). It covers both unitary operations and the single-mode projectors associated with FLO measurements. Using the Lagrangian representation we reduce a classical simulation of FLO to a computation of Gaussian integrals over Grassmann variables. Explicit formulas describing evolution of a quantum state under FLO operations are put forward.
The Role of the Rational and the Emotive in a Theory of Animal Rights

This article reviews the law and literature concerning the way that we look at rights issues and the foundational principles that are asserted to be the predicates of rights in our legal system. Particular attention is paid to problems surrounding the possible extension of legal rights to animals. The analysis reveals that while there are many ways of thinking about and grounding rights, most theorists insist on asserting that there is some single principle or concept that is the foundation for the granting of legal rights. It is argued here that this obsessive search for a single explanation for legal rights is folly. Instead, rights should be seen as having composite foundations formed from many moral, policy, social and cultural supports. It is further asserted that among the many things that should have significance in determining whether an entity, human or non-human, is a rightholder is one that is almost universally ignored in animal rights and other rights literature: emotions, and in particular, compassion. Emotions, being essential aspects of our nature and of our moral lives, are of relevance in determining who should be rightholders. If applied to the issue of granting rights to animals, our sense of compassion should count as a reason for granting rights to animals.
A Trade Network Game with Endogenous Partner Selection

This paper develops an evolutionary trade network game (TNG) that combines evolutionary game play with endogenous partner selection. Successive generations of resource-constrained buyers and sellers choose and refuse trade partners on the basis of continually updated expected payoffs. Trade partner selection takes place in accordance with a modified GaleiaShapley matching mechanism, and trades are implemented using trade strategies evolved via a standardly specified genetic algorithm. The trade partnerships resulting from the matching mechanism are shown to be core stable and Pareto optimal in each successive trade cycle. Nevertheless, computer experiments suggest that these static optimality properties may be inadequate measures of optimality from an evolutionary perspective.
Economic evaluation of housing subsidy systems: a methodology with application to Morocco

Most countries do not use one single type of housing subsidy but combine many of them. The author provides operational criteria that allow evaluation of systems of housing subsidies, both at the individual program level and at the aggregate (country) level. The author examines the public finance assessment criteria used by different authors to analyze subsidy programs and confront them systematically. The author ends up with a map of criteria, which covers the range of topics interesting to policymakers. For each criterion, the author tries to provide empirical measures that can be retrieved from existing programs. The author then provides an aggregation method allowing a synthesis of diagnoses about the quality of the housing subsidies system at the country level. The aggregation technique offers a simple way to visualize the main features of a subsidy system, as well as the effects on the system of reforms or improvements of particular programs. The author applies the methodology to the system prevailing in Morocco in 1995 and 2004. The analysis shows that the most visible subsidies might not have been the most inefficient, nor the most resource consuming for the state. Examination of policy changes since 1995 shows that while the most visible subsidies received nearly all the government's attention, large invisible subsidies remain at the heart of Morocco's housing policy. The framework used here is very general and can be used to compare the Moroccan system with those of similar countries.
Ineligible parents, eligible children: Food Stamps receipt, allotments, and food insecurity among children of immigrants

Abstract The Personal Responsibility, Work, and Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) made non-citizens ineligible for federally funded food assistance and reduced Food Stamp allotments (the amount of Food Stamps benefits provided) for households containing a mixture of citizens and non-citizens. Using the Survey of Program Dynamics, we assess the effects of PRWORA on household-level Food Stamps recipiency, Food Stamps allotments, and food security among the children of non-citizens. We find that the children of non-citizens experienced more persistent and higher levels of food insecurity following PRWORA’s enactment than the children of citizens. While declines in Food Stamps allotments substantially explain the disproportionately high levels of food insecurity among the children of non-citizens in the year following welfare reform, high levels of food insecurity continued as late as 2001 among the children of non-citizens on account of both low allotments and Food Stamps receipt among those in need of food assistance.
Controlled Hypotensive Anesthesia to Reduce Blood Loss in Radical Cystectomy for Bladder Cancer

AbstractControlled intraoperative hypotension has been reported to reduce blood loss in major canceroperations. We did a retrospective evaluation on the effects of induced controlled hypotensive anesthesia using enflurane or trimethaphan compared to standard normotensive anesthesia in 37 consecutive patients who were undergoing single stage radical cystectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy and bilateral ureteroileal cutaneous urinary diversion. Group 1 contained 16 patients who received induced hypotensive anesthesia and group 2 contained 21 patients who received normotensive anesthesia. Average age, pathological stage, and hematocrit values preoperatively and 5 days postoperatively were not significantly different. The average blood loss in group 1 was 821 plus or minus 78cc and in group 2 it was 1,740 plus or minus 132cc, a difference of 919 cc (p less than 0.001). Concomitantly, total blood replacement was significantly different. The hypotensive group required an average of 1.38 plus or minus 0.25 units ...
Probabilistic causal reasoning

Predicting the future is an important component of decision making. In most situations, however, there is not enough information to make accurate predictions. In this paper, we develop a theory of causal reasoning for predictive inference under uncertainty. We emphasize a common type of prediction that involves reasoning about persistence: whether or not a proposition once made true remains true at some later time. We provide a decision procedure with a polynomial-time algorithm for determining the probability of the possible consequences of a set events and initial conditions. The integration of simple probability theory with temporal projection enables us to circumvent problems that nonmonotonic temporal reasoning schemes have in dealing with persistence. The ideas in this paper have been implemented in a prototype system that refines a database of causal rules in the course of applying those rules to construct and carry out plans in a manufacturing domain.
Myhill-Nerode Relations on Automatic Systems and the Completeness of Kleene Algebra

It is well known that finite square matrices over a Kleene algebra again form a Kleene algebra. This is also true for infinite matrices under suitable restrictions. One can use this fact to solve certain infinite systems of inequalities over a Kleene algebra. Automatic systems are a special class of infinite systems that can be viewed as infinite-state automata. Automatic systems can be collapsed using Myhill-Nerode relations in much the same way that finite automata can. The Brzozowski derivative on an algebra of polynomials over a Kleene algebra gives rise to a triangular automatic system that can be solved using these methods. This provides an alternative method for proving the completeness of Kleene algebra.
Shimura Curve Computations

We give some methods for computing equations for certain Shimura curves, natural maps between them, and special points on them. We then illustrate these methods by working out several examples in varying degrees of detail. For instance, we compute coordinates for all the rational CM points on the curves X *(1) associated with the quaternion algebras over Q ramified at {2,3}, {2,5}, {2,7}, and {3,5}. We conclude with a list of open questions that may point the way to further computational investigation of these curves.
Position sensitive /spl Delta/E detector

A method is described for simultaneously measuring the interaction position and energy loss in a thin scintillator for energetic charged particles. Wave shifting optical fibers embedded in a scintillator combined with a Hamamatsu R2486 crossed wire anode, position sensitive photomultiplier tube are used. A prototype detector gave 2.4 mm FWHM position resolution for minimum ionizing cosmic rays. Studies to extract a single pulse linear in position from the phototube pulses using neural networks are described. >
Acetazolamide Toxicity and Pharmacokinetics in Patients Receiving Hemodialysis

Acetazolamide-induced central nervous system toxicity occurred in two patients undergoing hemodialysis. Symptoms of toxicity included fatigue, lethargy, and confusion, which resolved several days after discontinuing acetazolamide. Pharmacokinetic studies showed markedly elevated serum concentrations of the drug during the period of toxicity, which decreased at a slower rate compared with that reported in patients with normal renal function. The effect of hemodialysis on acetazolamide clearance was quantified. The agent should be avoided in patients receiving dialysis unless the dosage is reduced and serum concentration monitoring can be performed in a timely manner. These patients should be monitored closely for central nervous system toxicity if acetazolamide is given.
Commodities and Monetary Policy: Implications for Inflation and Price Level Targeting

We examine the relative ability of simple inflation targeting (IT) and price level targeting (PLT) monetary policy rules to minimize both inflation variability and business cycle fluctuations in Canada for shocks that have important consequences for global commodity prices.
Impact on Ethanol, Corn, and Livestock from Imminent U.S. Ethanol Policy Decisions

The next few weeks should bring some clarity to the future of the 45-cent-per-gallon ethanol tax credit and the 54-cent-per-gallon import tariff because both are scheduled to expire on December 31. Although the arguments in support of and against their extension have changed little since the summer, the economic situation in the corn, livestock, and ethanol industries has changed dramatically.
Year-Round School Schedules and Residential Property Values

Debate concerning the advantages and disadvantages of year-round schedules surrounds quality of education and cost. The purpose of this article is to estimate the impact of different schedules on residential property values after controlling for school expenditures, quality of education, and neighborhood socioeconomic conditions. Furthermore, we explore the possibility that different size houses, based on the number of bedrooms, may experience a differential price impact to a year-round schedule. We find evidence that year-round schools may be more of a nuisance for nonparents than for families with children for the Clark County School District which includes Las Vegas, Nevada.
LQG and Feedforward Controllers for the Deep Space Network Antennas

The controller development and the tracking performance evaluation for NASA's Deep Space Network antenna are presented. A trajectory preprocessor, LQG (Linear Quadratic Gaussian) controller, feedforward controller, and their combination are designed, built, analyzed, and tested.
More on the matter of 6D SCFTs

M5-branes probing an ADE singularity lead to 6D SCFTs with (1,0) supersymmetry. On the tensor branch, the M5-branes specify domain walls of a 7D Super Yang–Mills theory with gauge group G of ADE-type, thus providing conformal matter for a broad class of generalized quiver theories. Additionally, these theories have G×G flavor symmetry, and a corresponding Higgs branch. In this Note we use the F-theory realization of these theories to calculate the scaling dimension of the operator parameterizing seven-brane recombination, i.e. motion of the stack of M5-branes off of the orbifold singularity. In all cases with an interacting fixed point, we find that this operator has scaling dimension at least six, and defines a marginal irrelevant deformation.
High-field Magnetoresistive Effects in Reduced-Dimensionality Organic Metals and Superconductors

The large charge-transfer anisotropy of quasi-one- and quasi-two-dimensional crystalline organic metals means that magnetoresistance is one of the most powerful tools for probing their bandstructure and interesting phase diagrams. Here we review various magnetoresistance phenomena that are of interest in the investigation of metallic, superconducting and charge-density-wave organic systems.
MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR PREDICTING COATED-PARTICLE BEHAVIOR.

A mathematical model for investigating the irradiation behavior of pyrolytic-carbon-coated fuel microspheres has been formulated. The model can be used to study the influence on coated-particle lif...
Extrapolation, Low Dose

While many substances are toxic to humans at high doses, naturally there is concern about the safety of long-term exposure to much lower doses of certain materials. Such effects are difficult to observe directly and the usual approach is to expose animals to high doses of the substance, establish a dose–response relation, and use this to extrapolate much lower doses. The use of maximum likelihood to estimate extreme quantiles of the tolerance distribution is explained. Methods for measuring carcinogenic potency, such as the dose causing a tumor in 50% of animals, TD50, and the maximum tolerable dose (MTD) are introduced. For noncancer outcomes, the concepts of acceptable daily intake (ADI) and no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) are also mentioned. Keywords: bioassay; carcinogenesis; carcinogenic potency; dose–response; lifetime risk; maximum tolerable dose model; risk; safety factors
The James Webb Space Telescope Mission

The universe is 13.7 billion years old. Hubble can look back in time to observe an epoch during which the universe was approximately 1 billion years old, and has seen some galaxies at even earlier epochs.
Negative holomorphic curvature and positive canonical bundle

In this note we show that if a projective manifold admits a Kahler metric with negative holomorphic sectional curvature then the canonical bundle of the manifold is ample. This confirms a conjecture of the second author.
Prototype detector for ultrahigh energy neutrino detection

Abstract Necessary technical experience is being gained from successful construction and deployment of current prototype detectors to search for UHE neutrinos in Antarctica, Lake Baikal in Russia, and the Mediterranean. The prototype detectors have also the important central purpose of determining whether or not UHE neutrinos do in fact exist in nature by observation of at least a few UHE neutrino-induced leptons with properties that are not consistent with expected backgrounds. We discuss here the criteria for a prototype detector to accomplish that purpose in a convincing way even if the UHE neutrino flux is substantially lower than predicted at present.
Optimization of an adaptive SPECT system with the scanning linear estimator

The adaptive single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) system studied here acquires an initial scout image to obtain preliminary information about the object. Then the configuration is adjusted by selecting the size of the pinhole and the magnification that optimize system performance on an ensemble of virtual objects generated to be consistent with the scout data. In this study the object is a lumpy background that contains a Gaussian signal with a variable width and amplitude. The virtual objects in the ensemble are imaged by all of the available configurations and the subsequent images are evaluated with the scanning linear estimator to obtain an estimate of the signal width and amplitude. The ensemble mean squared error (EMSE) on the virtual ensemble between the estimated and the true parameters serves as the performance figure of merit for selecting the optimum configuration. The results indicate that variability in the original object background, noise and signal parameters leads to a specific optimum configuration in each case. A statistical study carried out for a number of objects show that the adaptive system on average performs better than its nonadaptive counterpart.
Space detectors for gamma rays (100 MeV–100 GeV): From EGRET to Fermi LAT

The design of spaceborne high-energy (E is greater than 100 MeV) gamma-ray detectors depends on two principal factors: (1) the basic physics of detecting and measuring the properties of the gamma rays; and (2) the constraints of operating such a detector in space for an extended period. Improvements in technology have enabled major advances in detector performance, as illustrated by two successful instruments, EGRET on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory and LAT on the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope.
Reducing Spontaneous Emission in Circuit Quantum Electrodynamics by a Combined Readout/Filter Technique

Physical implementations of qubits can be extremely sensitive to environmental coupling, which can result in decoherence. While efforts are made for protection, coupling to the environment is necessary to measure and manipulate the state of the qubit. As such, the goal of having long qubit energy relaxation times is in competition with that of achieving high-fidelity qubit control and measurement. Here, we propose a method that integrates filtering techniques for preserving superconducting qubit lifetimes together with the dispersive coupling of the qubit to a microwave resonator for control and measurement. The result is a compact circuit that protects qubits from spontaneous loss to the environment, while also retaining the ability to perform fast, high-fidelity readout. Importantly, we show the device operates in a regime that is attainable with current experimental parameters and provide a specific example for superconducting qubits in circuit quantum electrodynamics.
Bounded gaps between primes in special sequences

We use Maynard's methods to show that there are bounded gaps between primes in the sequence $\{\lfloor n\alpha\rfloor\}$, where $\alpha$ is an irrational number of finite type. In addition, given a superlinear function $f$ satisfying some properties described by Leitmann, we show that for all $m$ there are infinitely many bounded intervals containing $m$ primes and at least one integer of the form $\lfloor f(q)\rfloor$ with $q$ a positive integer.
Broken translational symmetry in an emergent paramagnetic phase of graphene

We show that the spin-density wave state on the partially filled honeycomb and triangular lattices is preempted by a paramagnetic phase that breaks an emergent ${Z}_{4}$ symmetry of the system associated with the four inequivalent arrangements of spins in the quadrupled unit cell. Unlike other emergent paramagnetic phases in itinerant and localized-spin systems, this state preserves the ${C}_{6}$ rotational symmetry of the lattice, but breaks its translational symmetry, giving rise to a superlattice structure that can be detected by scanning tunneling microscopy. This emergent phase also has distinctive signatures in the magnetic spectrum that can be probed experimentally.
Why there is no noon-midnight red shift in the GPS

Although the effects of solar (and lunar) gravitational potentials on the frequencies of orbiting Global Positioning System (GPS) clocks are actually no more than a few parts in 15 10 , a naive calculation appears to show that such effects are much larger, and depend on whether the orbiting clock is between the earth and the sun, or on the side of the earth opposite to the sun. Consequently questions about whether such effects have been properly accounted for in the GPS continue to arise. This issue has been discussed in a misleading way in terms of cancellations arising from a second-order Doppler shift in the literature for almost 50 years. The purpose of this article is to provide a correct argument, based on fundamental relativity principles, so that one may understand in a simple way why the effects of external solar system bodies on orbiting or earth-bound clocks in the GPS are so small. The relativity of simultaneity plays a crucial role in these arguments.
On-line Learning and the Metrical Task System Problem

The problem of combining expert advice, studied extensively in the Computational Learning Theory literature, and the Metrical Task System (MTS) problem, studied extensively in the area of On-line Algorithms, contain a number of interesting similarities. In this paper we explore the relationship between these problems and show how algorithms designed for each can be used to achieve good bounds and new approaches for solving the other. Specific contributions of this paper include: • An analysis of how two recent algorithms for the MTS problem can be applied to the problem of tracking the best expert in the “decision-theoretic” setting, providing good bounds and an approach of a much different flavor from the well-known multiplicative-update algorithms. • An analysis showing how the standard randomized Weighted Majority (or Hedge) algorithm can be used for the problem of “combining on-line algorithms on-line”, giving much stronger guarantees than the results of Azar, Y., Broder, A., & Manasse, M. (1993). Proc ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms (pp. 432–440) when the algorithms being combined occupy a state space of bounded diameter. • A generalization of the above, showing how (a simplified version of) Herbster and Warmuth's weight-sharing algorithm can be applied to give a “finely competitive” bound for the uniform-space Metrical Task System problem. We also give a new, simpler algorithm for tracking experts, which unfortunately does not carry over to the MTS problem. Finally, we present an experimental comparison of how these algorithms perform on a process migration problem, a problem that combines aspects of both the experts-tracking and MTS formalisms.
ADMINISTRATION, TEACHING AND RESEARCH PHILOSOPHIES

A simple, direct, fast point of view regarding my perception of Administration Philosophy, Teaching Philosophy, Research Philosophy (including My Own Research), and What I Can Bring to This Institution..
Searching for Extra Dimensions and New String-Inspired Forces in the Casimir Regime

The appearance of new fundamental forces and extra-dimensional modifications to gravity in extensions of the Standard Model has motivated considerable interest in testing Newtonian gravity at short distances (≲ 10-3 m). Presently a number of new gravity experiments are searching for non-Newtonian effects in the ranges ~ 10-4-10-3 m. However, as challenging as these experiments are, formidable new obstacles await the next generation of experiments which will probe gravity at distances ≲10-4 m where Casimir/van der Waals forces become dominant. Here we will review the motivation for conducting such very short distance gravity experiments, and discuss some of the new problems that may arise in future experiments. Finally, we suggest schematic designs for null experiments which would address some of these problems using the “iso-electronic” and “finite-size” effects.
Propagation of singularities around a Lagrangian submanifold of radial points

Para>This talk discusses the wavefront set of a solution u to Pu = f, where P is a pseudodifferential operator on a manifold with real-valued homogeneous principal symbol p, when the Hamilton vector field corresponding to p is radial on a Lagrangian submanifold contained in the characteristic set of P. According to a theorem of Duistermaat-Hormander [2], singularities propagate along bicharacteristics of this Hamilton vector field. This theorem gives us no information about the wavefront set when the Hamilton vector field is radial.
Pharmacological depletion of serotonin in the basolateral amygdala complex reduces anxiety and disrupts fear conditioning

The basolateral and lateral amygdala nuclei complex (BLC) is implicated in a number of emotional responses including conditioned fear and social anxiety. Based on previous studies demonstrating that enhanced serotonin release in the BLC leads to increased anxiety and fear responses, we hypothesized that pharmacologically depleting serotonin in the BLC using 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) injections would lead to diminished anxiety and disrupted fear conditioning. To test this hypothesis, 5,7-DHT(a serotonin-depleting agent) was bilaterally injected into the BLC. Desipramine (a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor) was systemically administered to prevent non-selective effects on norepinephrine. After 5days, 5-7-DHT-treated rats showed increases in the duration of social interaction (SI) time, suggestive of reduced anxiety-like behavior. We then used a cue-induced fear conditioning protocol with shock as the unconditioned stimulus and tone as the conditioned stimulus for rats pretreated with bilateral 5,7-DHT, or vehicle, injections into the BLC. Compared to vehicle-treated rats, 5,7-DHT rats had reduced acquisition of fear during conditioning (measured by freezing time during tone), also had reduced fear retrieval/recall on subsequent testing days. Ex vivo analyses revealed that 5,7-DHT reduced local 5-HT concentrations in the BLC by ~40% without altering local norepinephrine or dopamine concentrations. These data provide additional support for 5-HT playing a critical role in modulating anxiety-like behavior and fear-associated memories through its actions within the BLC.
High consumption volatility : the impact of natural disasters?

A history of repeated external and domestic shocks has made economic insecurity a major concern across the Caribbean region. Of particular concern to all households, especially the poorest segments of the population, is the exposure to shocks that are generated by catastrophic events or natural disasters. The author shows that despite high consumption growth, the Caribbean region suffers from a high volatility of consumption that decreases household welfare. After presenting some empirical evidence that consumption volatility is higher in the Caribbean region than in the rest of the world, he makes some empirically testable inferences that help explain consumption volatility. The author develops a conceptual framework for analyzing the effects of catastrophic events on household and aggregate welfare. According to this framework, the volatility of consumption comes from production shocks that are transformed into consumption shocks mostly because of underdeveloped or ineffective risk-management mechanisms. Auffret conducts an empirical analysis of the impact of catastrophic events on 16 countries (6 from the Caribbean region and 10 from Latin America) from 1970-99 and shows that catastrophic events lead to: 1) A substantial decline in the growth of output. 2) A substantial decline in the growth of investment. 3) A more moderate decline in consumption growth (most of the decline is in private consumption, while public consumption declines moderately. 4) A worsening of the current account of the balance of payments.
Concurrently secure computation in constant rounds

We study the problem of constructing concurrently secure computation protocols in the plain model, where no trust is required in any party or setup. While the well established UC framework for concurrent security is impossible to achieve in this setting, meaningful relaxed notions of concurrent security have been achieved. The main contribution of our work is a new technique useful for designing protocols in the concurrent setting (in the plain model). The core of our technique is a new rewinding-based extraction procedure which only requires the protocol to have a constant number of rounds. We show two main applications of our technique. We obtain the first concurrently secure computation protocol in the plain model with super-polynomial simulation (SPS) security that uses only a constant number of rounds and requires only standard assumptions. In contrast, the only previously known result (Canetti et al., FOCS'10) achieving SPS security based on standard assumptions requires polynomial number of rounds. Our second contribution is a new definition of input indistinguishable computation (IIC) and a constant round protocols satisfying that definition. Our definition of input indistinguishable computation is a simplification and strengthening of the definition of Micali et al. (FOCS'06) in various directions. Most notably, our definition provides meaningful security guarantees even for randomized functionalities.
Finding Linear Structure in Large Datasets with Scalable Canonical Correlation Analysis

Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) is a widely used spectral technique for finding correlation structures in multi-view datasets. In this paper, we tackle the problem of large scale CCA, where classical algorithms, usually requiring computing the product of two huge matrices and huge matrix decomposition, are computationally and storage expensive. We recast CCA from a novel perspective and propose a scalable and memory efficient Augmented Approximate Gradient (AppGrad) scheme for finding top k dimensional canonical subspace which only involves large matrix multiplying a thin matrix of width k and small matrix decomposition of dimension k × k. Further, AppGrad achieves optimal storage complexity O(k(p1+p2)), compared with classical algorithms which usually require O(p12+(p22) space to store two dense whitening matrices. The proposed scheme naturally generalizes to stochastic optimization regime, especially efficient for huge datasets where batch algorithms are prohibitive. The online property of stochastic AppGrad is also well suited to the streaming scenario, where data comes sequentially. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first stochastic algorithm for CCA. Experiments on four real data sets are provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
Integration and task allocation: : Evidence from patient care

Using the universe of patient transitions from inpatient hospital care to skilled nursing facilities and home health care in 2005, we show how integration eliminates task misallocation problems between organizations. We find that vertical integration allows hospitals to shift patient recovery tasks downstream to lower-cost organizations by discharging patients earlier (and in poorer health) and increasing post-hospitalization service intensity. Although integration facilitates a shift in the allocation of tasks and resources, health outcomes either improved or were unaffected by integration on average. The evidence suggests that integration solves coordination problems that arise in market exchange through improvements in the allocation of tasks across care settings.
Private provision of rural infrastructure services: competing for subsidies

Market-oriented reforms of infrastructure in developing countries tend to focus primarily on commercially viable services in urban areas. Nevertheless, an increasing number of countries are beginning to experiment with extending the market paradigm to infrastructure services in rural areas that are often less attractive in commercial terms. In these cases, subsidies are used to close the gap between market requirements and development needs, and are increasingly determined and allocated on a competitive basis. The authors discuss the conditions under which competition among firms for such subsidies-successfully used in the telecommunications sector in a number of middle-income countries-could also be applied to electricity, water and sanitation, and transportation services in lower-income countries.
Body fat, menarche, fitness and fertility

Many well-trained athletes, ballet dancers and women who diet excessively have secondary or primary amenorrhoea. Less extensive training or weight loss may result in anovulatory menstrual cycles, or a shortened luteal phase. These disruptions of reproductive ability are due to hypothalamic dysfunction, which is correlated with weight loss or excessive leanness. It is proposed that these associations are causal and that the high percentage of body fat (26-28%) in the mature human female may influence reproduction directly. Four mechanisms are known: (i) adipose tissue converts androgens to oestrogen by aromatization. Body fat is thus a significant extragonadal source of oestrogen; (ii) body weight, hence fatness, influences the direction of oestrogen metabolism to more potent or less potent forms; leaner women make more catechol oestrogens, the less potent form; (iii) obese women and young, fat girls have a diminished capacity for oestrogen to bind sex-hormone-binding-globulin; (iv) adipose tissue can store steroid hormones. An indirect mechanism may be signals of abnormal control of temperature and changes in energy metabolism, which accompany excessive leanness. The hypothalamic reproductive dysfunction results in abnormal gonadotrophin secretion: there is an age inappropriate secretory pattern of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), resembling that of prepubertal children. The secretion of LH and the responses to LHRH are reduced in direct correlation with the amount of weight loss. Other evidence from non-athletic and athletic women and mammals is presented in support of the hypothesis that a particular, minimum ratio of fat to lean mass is normally necessary for menarche (approximately 17% fat/body wt) and the maintenance of female reproductive ability (approximately 22% fat/body wt). Nomograms are given for the prediction of these critical weights for height from a fatness index; these weights are useful clinically in the evaluation of nutritional amenorrhoea and the restoration of fertility in underweight women. Evidence is presented that undernutrition and hard physical work can affect the natural fertility of populations, by the delay of menarche, a longer period of adolescent subfecundity, a longer birth interval and an earlier age of menopause. Data from a study of the long-term reproductive health of 2622 former college athletes compared with 2766 non-athletes show that the former college athletes had a significantly lower lifetime occurrence of breast cancer and cancers of the reproductive system, and a lower lifetime occurrence of benign tumours of these tissues, compared with the non-athletes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
The small covering factor of cold accretion streams

Theoretical models of galaxy formation predict that galaxies acquire most of their baryons via cold mode accretion. Observations of high-redshift galaxies, while showing ubiquitous outflows, have so far not revealed convincing traces of the predicted cold streams, which has been interpreted as a challenge for the current models. Using high-resolution, zoom-in smooth particle hydrodynamics simulations of Lyman break galaxy (LBG) haloes combined with ionizing radiative transfer, we quantify the covering factor of the cold streams at z= 2–4. We focus specifically on Lyman limit systems (LLSs) and damped Lyα absorbers (DLAs), which can be probed by absorption spectroscopy using a background galaxy or quasar sightline, and which are closely related to low-ionization metal absorbers. We show that the covering factor of these systems is relatively small and decreases with time. At z= 2, the covering factor of DLAs within the virial radius of the simulated galaxies is ∼3 per cent (∼1 per cent within twice this projected distance), and arises principally from the galaxy itself. The corresponding values for LLSs are ∼10 and 4 per cent. Because of their small covering factor compared to the order unity covering fraction expected for galactic winds, the cold streams are naturally dominated by outflows in stacked spectra. We conclude that the existing observations are consistent with the predictions of cold mode accretion, and outline promising kinematic and chemical diagnostics to separate out the signatures of galactic accretion and feedback.
The white dwarf in AE Aqr brakes harder

Taking advantage of the very precise de Jager et al. optical white dwarf orbit and spin ephemerides; ASCA, XMM-Newton and Chandra X-ray observations spread over 10yr; and a cumulative 27-yr baseline, we have found that in recent years the white dwarf in AE Aqr is spinning down at a rate that is slightly faster than predicted by the de Jager et al. spin ephemeris. At the present time, the observed period evolution is consistent with either a cubic term in the spin ephemeris with P = 3.46(56) x 10 -19 d -1 , which is inconsistent in sign and magnitude with magnetic dipole radiation losses, or an additional quadratic term with P = 2.0(1.0) x 10 -15 d d -1 , which is consistent with a modest increase in the accretion torques spinning down the white dwarf. Regular monitoring, in the optical, ultraviolet and/or X-rays, is required to track the evolution of the spin period of the white dwarf in AE Aqr.
Futures Markets, Oil Prices and the Intertemporal Approach to the Current Account

The intertemporal approach to the current account suggests modeling movements in the current account in a forward-looking, dynamic framework. In this framework, the current account reflects consumption smoothing of agents that lend and borrow from the rest of the world in the face of transitory shocks to income.
D.R.O.P: The Durable Reconnaissance and Observation Platform

Purpose – The Durable Reconnaissance and Observation Platform (DROP) is a prototype robotic platform with the ability to climb vertical cinder block surfaces at a rate of 25 cm/s, make rapid horizontal to vertical transitions, carry an audio/visual reconnaissance payload, and survive impacts from 3 meters.Design/methodology/approach – The platform uses a two‐wheel, two‐motor design that delivers high mobility with low complexity. DROP extends microspine climbing technology from a linear to rotary implementation, providing improved transition ability, increased speeds, and simpler body mechanics while maintaining microspine's ability to opportunistically grip rough surfaces.Findings – The DROP prototype was able to climb rough, vertical walls at a speed of 25 cm/s. These wheels were also deployed on a commercial platform, the ReconRobotics Scout, and demonstrated additional mobility capabilities such as curb mounting and stair climbing.Originality/value – This robot is the first wheeled robot to use micros...
Palladium on Carbon-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of Aryl Halides with Potassium p-Tolyltrifluoroborate in Air

Abstract Palladium supported on carbon (Pd/C) has been shown to be an effective catalyst for the cross-coupling of potassium p-tolyltrifluoroborate with a variety of aryl bromides and iodides. Yields ranging from moderate to good were obtained using Pd/C in ethanol/water mixtures with potassium carbonate as base at 50 °C under an air atmosphere.
Geometry of the complex of curves I: Hyperbolicity

The Complex of Curves on a Surface is a simplicial complex whose vertices are homotopy classes of simple closed curves, and whose simplices are sets of homotopy classes which can be realized disjointly. It is not hard to see that the complex is finite-dimensional, but locally infinite. It was introduced by Harvey as an analogy, in the context of Teichmuller space, for Tits buildings for symmetric spaces, and has been studied by Harer and Ivanov as a tool for understanding mapping class groups of surfaces. In this paper we prove that, endowed with a natural metric, the complex is hyperbolic in the sense of Gromov. In a certain sense this hyperbolicity is an explanation of why the Teichmuller space has some negative-curvature properties in spite of not being itself hyperbolic: Hyperbolicity in the Teichmuller space fails most obviously in the regions corresponding to surfaces where some curve is extremely short. The complex of curves exactly encodes the intersection patterns of this family of regions (it is the "nerve" of the family), and we show that its hyperbolicity means that the Teichmuller space is "relatively hyperbolic" with respect to this family. A similar relative hyperbolicity result is proved for the mapping class group of a surface. We also show that the action of pseudo-Anosov mapping classes on the complex is hyperbolic, with a uniform bound on translation distance.
Interferometric Observations of V838 Monocerotis

We have used long-baseline near-IR interferometry to resolve the peculiar eruptive variable star V838 Mon and to provide the first direct measurement of its angular size. Assuming a uniform disk model for the emission, we derive an apparent angular diameter at the time of observations (2004 November-December) of 1.83 ± 0.06 mas. For a nominal distance of 8 ± 2 kpc, this implies a linear radius of 1570 ± 400 R☉. However, the data are somewhat better fitted by elliptical disk or binary component models, and we suggest that the emission may be strongly affected by ejecta from the outburst.
Piloted simulation of hover and transition of a vertical attitude takeoff and landing aircraft

Piloted simulation studies of candidate control systems for VATOL aircraft were conducted on a six degree of freedom simulator. Hover and transitions from wing-born to hovering flight were performed, with and without turbulence, on a representative high performance fighter configuration. Deflection of the rear engine nozzle provided pitch and yaw control moments in concert with reaction controls for roll. Unique motion cues in hover result from the vertical displacement of the cockpit and the thrust vectoring nozzles. Abundant control power available with moderate engine nozzle deflection combined with rate feedback for stability augmentation provided very satisfactory control.
The geometric nature of the fundamental lemma

The Fundamental Lemma is a somewhat obscure combinatorial identity introduced by Robert P. Langlands as an ingredient in the theory of automorphic representations. After many years of deep contributions by mathematicians working in representation theory, number theory, algebraic geometry, and algebraic topology, a proof of the Fundamental Lemma was recently completed by Ngo Bao Chau, for which he was awarded a Fields Medal. Our aim here is to touch on some of the beautiful ideas contributing to the Fundamental Lemma and its proof. We highlight the geometric nature of the problem which allows one to attack a question in p-adic analysis with the tools of algebraic geometry.
Chirped-pulse terahertz spectroscopy for broadband trace gas sensing

We report the first demonstration of a broadband trace gas sensor based on chirp-pulse terahertz spectroscopy. The advent of newly developed solid state sources and sensitive heterodyne detectors for the terahertz frequency range have made it possible to generate and detect precise arbitrary waveforms at THz frequencies with ultra-low phase noise. In order to maximize sensitivity, the sample gas is first polarized using sub-μs chirped THz pulses and the free inductive decays (FIDs) are then detected using a heterodyne receiver. This approach allows for a rapid broadband multi-component sensing with low parts in 109 (ppb) sensitivities and spectral frequency accuracy of <20 kHz in real-time. Such a system can be configured into a portable, easy to use, and relatively inexpensive sensing platform.
A LARGE SAMPLE STUDY OF RED GIANTS IN THE GLOBULAR CLUSTER OMEGA CENTAURI (NGC 5139)

We present abundances of several light, α, Fe-peak, and neutron-capture elements for 66 red giant branch (RGB) stars in the Galactic globular cluster Omega Centauri (ω Cen). Our observations lie in the range 12.0 5 M ☉ asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars. At [Fe/H] > – 1.2, more than 75% of the stars are Na/Al enhanced and may have formed almost exclusively from AGB ejecta. Most of these stars are enhanced in Na by at least 0.2 dex for a given Al abundance than would be expected based on "normal" globular cluster values. All stars in our sample are α-rich with [Ca/Fe] = +0.36 (σ = 0.09) and [Ti/Fe] = +0.23 (σ = 0.14). The Fe-peak elements give solar-scaled abundances and similarly small dispersions with [Sc/Fe] = +0.09 (σ = 0.15) and [Ni/Fe] = –0.04 (σ = 0.09). Europium does not vary extensively as a function of metallicity and has [Eu/Fe] = +0.19 (σ = 0.23). However, [La/Fe] varies from about –0.4 to +2 and stars with [Fe/H] –1.5 have [La/Eu] values indicating domination by the s-process. A quarter of our sample have [La/Eu] ≥ +1 and may be the result of mass transfer in a binary system. We conclude that the metal-rich population must be at least 1-2 Gyr younger than the metal-poor stars, owing to the long timescales needed for strong s-process enrichment and the development of a large contingent of mass transfer binaries.