cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distinct Transcriptional Profiles of Adipogenesisin Vivo and in Vitro

Obesity, defined as an increase in adipose tissue mass, is the most prevalent nutritional disorder in industrialized countries and is a growing problem in developing countries. An increase in adipose tissue mass can be the result of the production of new fat cells through the process of adipogenesis and/or the deposition of increased amounts of cytoplasmic triglyceride per cell. Although much has been learned about the differentiation of adipocytes in vitro, less is known about the molecular basis for the mechanisms regulating adipogenesis in vivo. Here oligonucleotide microarrays have been used to compare the patterns of gene expression in preadipocytes and adipocytes in vitro and in vivo. These data indicate that the cellular programs associated with adipocyte differentiation are considerably more complex than previously appreciated and that a greater number of heretofore uncharacterized gene regulatory events are activated during this process in vitro. In addition, the gene expression changes associated with adipocyte development in vivo and in vitro, while overlapping, are in some respects quite different. These data further suggest that one or more transcriptional programs are activated exclusively in vivo to generate the full adipocyte phenotype. This gene expression survey now sets the stage for further studies to dissect the molecular differences between in vivo and in vitro adipocytes.
Navigating Discrepancy: Youth Perspectives on Parental Reentry From Prison

Through semistructured interviews, this study explores reentry-related expectations and experiences among adolescents whose parents are or were recently incarcerated (n = 11). Results suggested a common thread of discrepancy in participants’ lives, particularly in terms of conceptions of family, salience of mature topics, and expectations for reentry. Results further suggested that youth who had multiple family members with incarceration histories were especially attuned to mature topics and that participants who were exclusively hopeful about their parent's reentry either had limited contact with them prior to incarceration or had positive, transformative experiences with them during the incarceration period.
Critical Richardson numbers and gravity waves

In this paper we present two new results. The first concerns the proper identification of the critical Richardson number Ri(cr) above which there is no longer turbulent mixing. Thus far, all studies have assumed that: Ri(cr) = Ri ( cr) = 1/4. (1) However, since Ri ( cr) determines the upper limit of a laminar regime (superscript ), it has little relevance to stars where the problem is not to determine the end point of a laminar regime but the endpoint of turbulence. We show that the latter is characterized by Ri t (cr), where t stands for turbulence, and has a value four times larger than (1): Ri(cr) = Ri t (cr) 4Ri ( cr) 1. (2) We also show that use of (2) instead of (1) changes the conclusions of recent studies. Inclusion of radiative losses (characterized by the Peclet number Pe) which weaken stable stratification and help turbulence, further changes (2) to (r stands for radiative): Ri(cr) = Ri r (cr) ∼ (1 + Pe)Pe - 1 Ri t (cr) (3) which, for Pe 1. In conclusion, the successive inclusion of relevant physical processes leads to a chain of increasing values of Ri(cr):: Ri(cr) = Ri ( cr) → Ri t (cr) → Ri r (cr) → Ri g w (cr). (5) The second result concerns the dependence of the diffusivity D on Ω. We show that the commonly used expression D x - 1 ∼ (Ω/N) 2 (6) is not correct for the regime Pe < 1 that characterizes a stably stratified regime. The proper Ω-dependence is: D x - 1 ∼ (Ω/N) 4 . (7).
Three-dimensional geophysical mapping of rock alteration and water content at Mount Adams, Washington : Implications for lahar hazards

[1] Hydrothermally altered rocks, particularly if water saturated, can weaken stratovolcanoes, thereby increasing the potential for catastrophic sector collapses that can lead to far-traveled, destructive debris flows. Evaluating the hazards associated with such alteration is difficult because alteration has been mapped on few active volcanoes and the distribution and intensity of subsurface alteration are largely unknown on any active volcano. At Mount Adams, some Holocene debris flows contain abundant hydrothermal minerals derived from collapse of the altered edifice. Intense hydrothermal alteration significantly reduces the resistivity and magnetization of volcanic rock, and therefore hydrothermally altered rocks can be identified with helicopter electromagnetic and magnetic measurements. Electromagnetic and magnetic data, combined with geological mapping and rock property measurements, indicate the presence of appreciable thicknesses of hydrothermally altered rock in the central core of Mount Adams north of the summit. We identify steep cliffs at the western edge of this zone as the likely source for future large debris flows. In addition, the electromagnetic data identified water in the brecciated core of the upper 100–200 m of the volcano. Water helps alter the rocks, reduces the effective stress, thereby increasing the potential for slope failure, and acts, with entrained melting ice, as a lubricant to transform debris avalanches into lahars. Therefore knowing the distribution of water is also important for hazard assessments. Our results demonstrate that high-resolution geophysical and geological observations can yield unprecedented views of the three-dimensional distribution of altered rock and shallow pore water aiding evaluation of the debris avalanche hazard.
Pattern recognition methods in air pollution control

Abstract Pattern recognition methods are used to predict future developments in terms of historical data by comparing graphs of atmospheric pollution concentrations. The method is then applied to a practical example of crisis prediction for CO concentration.
Quantum theory of nonlinear loop mirrors.

We formulate a continuous-mode quantum theory of nonlinear loop mirrors. We exploit the ``conservation of squeezing'' property at a beam splitter to provide a particularly simple description of the output noise spectra from such devices. We also derive a general condition for which one may obtain a squeezed vacuum from one of the output ports of the loop mirror.
Photon migration in disordered media.

Numerical and analytical methods are used to study a model for the multiple scattering of photons in the presence of randomly reflecting inclusions. The photons are injected into a semi-infinite medium near its surface, and are absorbed by the surface or within the medium. In the medium the photons can diffuse only through voids between the reflecting inclusions, where the void structure has been modeled as a fractal object. Our analytical approach is based on an analogy between the kinetics of a continuous-time random-walk model and the movement of random walkers on fractals. For the case of nonabsorbing media, we find the survival of photons within the medium after n steps to be S(n)\ensuremath{\propto}${\mathit{n}}_{\mathit{w}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1+1/\mathit{d}}$ and the intensity profile at a distance \ensuremath{\rho} from the injection point to be \ensuremath{\Gamma}(\ensuremath{\rho})\ensuremath{\propto}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{\mathit{w}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{d}}$, where ${\mathit{d}}_{\mathit{w}}$ is the diffusion exponent for fractals. For the case of absorbing media, \ensuremath{\Gamma}(\ensuremath{\rho}) scales as ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\theta}}}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\lambda}}$ exp(-\ensuremath{\gamma}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}_{\mathit{w}}^{1/\mathit{d}}$\ensuremath{\rho}), where \ensuremath{\mu} is the absorption coefficient of the fractal medium, \ensuremath{\theta} and \ensuremath{\lambda} are exponents related to the fractal dimensions, and \ensuremath{\gamma} is a constant. We also calculate the mean time and the average maximal depth of photons that emerge at a distance \ensuremath{\rho}.
Noise in the quiet zone

Abstract We have carried out a detailed paleomagnetic investigation of two stratigraphically overlapping sections from the Scaglia Bianca Formation (∼85–89.5 Ma) in the Umbria–Marche area in central Italy. Sampling was conducted over 32 m and 7 m intervals at La Roccaccia and Furlo respectively. After AF cleaning the majority of specimens show the expected normal magnetic field orientation, however a number of specimens are directionally anomalous. Some of these deviant specimens are accompanied by apparent spikes or dips in normalized intensity. A detailed investigation of rock magnetics shows that most of these deviations are not a sign of excursionary geomagnetic field behavior, but rather correspond to specimens with distinct rock magnetic characteristics and are therefore rock magnetic ‘noise’. Such specimens should not be interpreted as records of the geomagnetic field. Our experience suggests that detailed rock magnetic and magnetic fabric analysis should be done on all anomalous directions prior to interpreting them as geomagnetic field behavior. After elimination of rock magnetic noise in the Scaglia Bianca data sets, there is a high degree of agreement in direction and to a lesser extent relative intensity between correlative portions of the two sections. We therefore offer this data set as a robust record of geomagnetic field behavior during the 4.5 Myr interval represented by the La Roccaccia section. A statistical analysis of the relative intensity observations suggests that this period of the Cretaceous Normal Superchron is characterized by a normalized variability in paleointensity (standard deviation about 28% of the mean value) that is significantly lower than seen during the Oligocene over intervals in which reversals or tiny wiggles occur (typically about 50%). The directional stability results in virtual geomagnetic pole dispersion compatible with that found in volcanic rocks from around the same latitude and ranging in age from 80 to 110 Ma.
Gliding flight in the paradise tree snake

Most vertebrate gliders, such as flying squirrels, use symmetrically paired 'wings' to generate lift during flight, but flying snakes (genus Chrysopelea) have no such appendages or other obvious morphological specializations to assist them in their aerial movements1,2,3,4,5,6. Here I describe the three-dimensional kinematics of gliding by the paradise tree snake, Chrysopelea paradisi, which indicate that the aerial behaviour of this snake is unlike that of any other glider and that it can exert remarkable control over the direction it takes, despite an apparent lack of control surfaces.
Beyond butadiene II: thermal isomerization of the [2 + 2] photodimer of an all-trans tetraene, (R)-4,4abeta,5,6,10a-hexahydro-10abeta-methyl-2(3H)-methyleneanthracene, to a 16-membered [8 + 8] cycle.

Enthalpies of stabilization of polyenyl radicals of increasing order previously obtained by thermal geometrical isomerization are applied to the ethylene−cyclobutane paradigm. Progressively lower enthalpies of activation for thermal cyclodimerization and its reverse, cycloreversion, are predicted and realized. Photochemical dimerization at −75 °C of the optically pure tetraene of the title (1) at the semicyclic double bond produces in the main only one (4-axx) of the three allowed cyclobutanes (4), to which the tentative configuration anti-exo,exo is assigned. Equilibration among the three cyclobutanes (4), a slower rearrangement to a thermodynamically considerably more stable, [8 + 8] cyclohexadecahexaene (16), and a surprisingly slow fragmentation to 1 are studied kinetically between −42.3 and −8.2 °C. Cycloreversion of the dimer 16 to monomer 1 occurs in the range 60.4−86.6 °C (ΔH⧧ = 31.7 kcal mol-1, ΔS⧧ = +10.8 cal mol-1 K-1). The ratio of the rates of stereomutation and cycloreversion is significantl...
Fully depleted devices for designers: FDSOI and FinFETs

Technologies featuring fully depleted transistors are entering the mainstream for designs at the 28nm, 20nm, and 14nm nodes. Although these devices have been the playground of device engineers for more than a decade it is for the most part only recently that they have been introduced to circuit designers and logic chip integrators. The physical structure and many of the features — or lack thereof — of the transistors vis-a-vis conventional planar devices are different, opening some new doors and perhaps closing some old ones. In this paper we discuss both planar (variously called ETSOI/UTBB/FDSOI1) and three-dimensional (variously called FinFET or trigate or doublegate) fully depleted devices, comparing and contrasting them with one another and with classical devices, and in both bulk and SOI manifestations.
Rho GTPase/Rho Kinase Inhibition as a Novel Target for the Treatment of Glaucoma

Rho kinase (ROCK1 and ROCK2) is a serine/threonine kinase that serves as an important downstream effector of Rho GTPase, and plays a critical role in regulating the contractile tone of smooth muscle tissues in a calcium-independent manner. Several lines of experimental evidence indicate that modulating ROCK activity within the aqueous humor outflow pathway using selective inhibitors could achieve very significant benefits for the treatment of increased intraocular pressure in patients with glaucoma. The rationale for such an approach stems from experimental data suggesting that both ROCK and Rho GTPase inhibitors can increase aqueous humor drainage through the trabecular meshwork, leading to a decrease in intraocular pressure. In addition to their ocular hypotensive properties, inhibitors of both ROCK and Rho GTPase have been shown to enhance ocular blood flow, retinal ganglion cell survival and axon regeneration. These properties of the ROCK and Rho GTPase inhibitors indicate that targeting the Rho GTPase/ROCK pathway with selective inhibitors represents a novel therapeutic approach aimed at lowering increased intraocular pressure in glaucoma patients.
Proteins, recognition networks and developing interfaces for macromolecular biosensing

Genomics and proteomics discovery is leading to the identification of all proteins and to the opportunity, and challenge, to reveal the protein recognition networks that drive virtually all biological processes. Over the past decade, biosensors have emerged as a key technology for detection and analysis of biomolecular interactions. An important limitation in developing such biosensors is that the focus has been mainly on sensor platforms, the transducing hardware that converts interaction signals into recorded data, without adequately considering the role of molecular interfaces, the elements of sensors that interact with analytes to produce signals. We have investigated this alternative focus by identifying and, where necessary, designing molecular interfaces that will more effectively drive new biosensor development and utilization in biomedical and biotechnological investigations. Here we describe our recent studies of coiled coil and lipid bilayer interfaces and the potential to use these to expand sensing technologies for multiplexed target detection and analysis in increasingly biologically relevant membrane like environments. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of Stable Benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dione-DNA Adducts in Human Lung Cells

Metabolic activation of the proximate carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-trans-dihydrodiol (B[a]P-7,8-trans-dihydrodiol) by aldo-keto reductases (AKRs) leads to B[a]P-7,8-dione that is both electrophilic and redox-active. B[a]P-7,8-dione generates reactive oxygen species resulting in oxidative DNA damage in human lung cells. However, information on the formation of stable B[a]P-7,8-dione-DNA adducts in these cells is lacking. We studied stable DNA adduct formation of B[a]P-7,8-dione in human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells, human bronchoalveolar H358 cells, and immortalized human bronchial epithelial HBEC-KT cells. After treatment with 2 μM B[a]P-7,8-dione, the cellular DNA was extracted from the cell pellets subjected to enzyme hydrolysis and subsequent analysis by LC-MS/MS. Several stable DNA adducts of B[a]P-7,8-dione were only detected in A549 and HBEC-KT cells. In A549 cells, the structures of stable B[a]P-7,8-dione-DNA adducts were identified as hydrated-B[a]P-7,8-dione-N2-2′-deoxyguanosine and hydrated-B...
Photolysis of 3‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐1, 1 ‐Dimethylurea (Diuron) in dilute aqueous solution

Diuron samples at 40mg/L concentration were photolyzed with ultraviolet lamps and with natural sunlight to determine if data from ultraviolet lamp photolysis could be used to predict results from sunlight photolysis. Seven photoproducts were identified from the photolysis experiments. The identified photoproducts and the photoproduct yields were essentially the same for the two light sources.
Real-Time Determination of Recoverable Energy in Optical Pulse Propagation

We present a general method for calculating the fraction of energy stored in a medium that is transferable to an optical pulse. We also calculate the minimum energy required to create a pulse/medium excitation.
The Politics of Sexual Harassment: A Comparative Study of the United States, the European Union, and Germany

The Politics of Sexual Harassment: A Comparative Study of the United States, the European Union, and Germany. By Kathrin S. Zippel. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. 274p. $80.00 cloth, $34.99 paper. Why was Germany so much slower than the United States to outlaw sexual harassment? What role have feminist organizations, academics, women in political parties, and femocrats (governmental equality officers) played in generating this policy change? How did the European Union act to require member states to legislate given that most member states were opposed? Does it matter that German policymakers have framed the problem largely as a gender-neutral violation of dignity, rather than as an individual right not to be discriminated against on the basis of sex? Is it better to rely on individual litigants to enforce the law or work through collective bargaining agreements and labor councils? And what are the implications of the findings of sexual harassment policy for the future of this issue, feminist policy change, and the policy process more generally? Kathrin Zippel answers these questions and more in her well-researched, comprehensive, and clearly written book.
Evaluation of the Brief Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives in African-American and European-American Heavy Smokers

Introduction: Emerging evidence indicates that nicotine dependence should be measured multidimensionally. A brief version of the Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives (WISDM) has recently been developed in which the item count has been reduced from 68 to 37. The objectives of this study were to replicate the initial findings in a larger heavy-smoking sample, and determine whether the WISDM structure is applicable to both African-American (AA) and European-American (EA) heavy smokers. Methods: Smokers were selected from our Mid-South Tobacco Family and Case-Control studies. Available data from 2,522 smokers was selected, involving 1,633 AA and 889 EA participants. Both exploratory and confirmatory analyses were employed to evaluate the psychometric characteristics of the Brief WISDM. Results: AAs and EAs were similar in age, sex, education, marital status, CPD, and FTND score. Internal consistency evaluations for Brief WISDM subscales were adequate but generally lower than that of the full-scale version. Confirmatory factor analyses did not yield desirable fits for AA or EA smokers. Exploratory factor analysis revealed good agreement for item loadings on the four Primary Dependence Motives subscales (Automaticity, Loss of Control, Craving, and Tolerance) but discrepancies on all Secondary Dependence Motives subscales except Taste/Sensory Processes. Specific item loadings for subscales differed by ethnicity. Conclusions: The Brief WISDM demonstrated reasonable psychometric properties in our large sample. Together, we provide support for the general validity of the brief form but suggest individual item selections may benefit from further investigation.
Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the WAIS-R: Competition of Models:

A modified confirmatory factor analysis of the WAIS-R was used to refine the initial confirmatory factor analysis solutions identified by Plake, Gutkin, and Kroeten (1984) in order to have a more complete comparison of the factor structure models postulated by Wechsler (1981) and Gutkin, Reynolds, and Galvin (1984). Root mean square residuals of the final modified solutions were compared for the Wechsler and Gutkin Models at each of the nine age levels and for the total group. In most cases, the modified Gutkin model provided a better fit to the data than did the modified Wechsler model. Implications for score interpretation are discussed.
Polymorphism and diversity in the tla gene system.

The TL products of mouse strains carrying the Tlaa, Tlaa, and Tlae haplotypes were analyzed by comparative peptide mapping. As expected from their known serologic differences, TL antigens from strain A (Tlaa), A.CA strain (Tlad) and P/J strain (Tlae) mice showed structural variation. However, comparable variations were also observed in the TL product derived from strains expressing the serologically indistinguishable Tlaa allele (A, NFS/N, SJL/J, C57BR, and C58) demonstrating additional unexpected polymorphism in the TL system. When compared with the structural diversity of the H-2 K and D gene products, the structural variation of the TL antigens was small. Taken together, the results of our analysis of the TL products suggest that Tla polymorphism is more extensive than previously thought; however, the structural diversity of the products is still low compared with K and D gene products.
Memory illusions and consciousness: Examining the phenomenology of true and false memories

Several recent false memory studies have addressed the question of how false memories are experienced phenomenologically. In this article we argue that it is not only possible to address questions of this sort, but it is necessary for a full understanding of memory illusions. We define memory illusions as false beliefs about the past that are experienced as memories. We then review a corpus of evidence that addresses the phenomenological experience of false memories. None of this evidence is perfect, but taken in its totality it suggests that false memories are similar to true memories but are also subtly different. We conclude with several recommendations for how the phenomenology of false memories can be fruitfully explored.
The conformation of the glucocorticoid receptor af1/tau1 domain induced by osmolyte binds co-regulatory proteins.

The activation domains of many transcription factors appear to exist naturally in an unfolded or only partially folded state. This seems to be the case for AF1/tau1, the major transactivation domain of the human glucocorticoid receptor. We show here that in buffers containing the natural osmolyte trimethylamineN-oxide (TMAO), recombinant AF1 folds into more a compact structure, as evidenced by altered fluorescence emission, circular dichroism spectra, and ultracentrifugal analysis. This conformational transition is cooperative, a characteristic of proteins folding to natural structures. The structure resulting from incubation in TMAO causes the peptide to resist proteolysis by trypsin, chymotrypsin, endoproteinase Arg-C and endoproteinase Gluc-C. Ultracentrifugation studies indicate that AF1/tau1 exists as a monomer in aqueous solution and that the presence of TMAO does not lead to oligomerization or aggregation. It has been suggested that recombinant AF1 binds both the ubiquitous coactivator CBP and the TATA box-binding protein, TBP. Interactions with both of these are greatly enhanced in the presence of TMAO. Co-immunoadsorption experiments indicate that in TMAO each of these and the coactivator SRC-1 are found complexed with AF1. These data indicate that TMAO induces a conformation in AF1/tau1 that is important for its interaction with certain co-regulatory proteins.
Learning noisy patterns in a Hopfield network

We study the ability of a Hopfield network with a Hebbian learning rule to extract meaningful information from a noisy environment. We find that the network is able to learn an infinite number of ancestor patterns, having been exposed only to a finite number of noisy versions of each. We have also found that there is a regime where the network recognizes the ancestor patterns very well, while performing very poorly on the noisy patterns to which it had been exposed during the learning stage.
The giant Madagascar hissing-cockroach (Gromphadorhina portentosa) as a source of antagonistic moulds: concerns arising from its use in a public setting

Cockroaches and their excreta have been linked to allergies and childhood asthma. The giant Madagascar hissing-cockroach (Gromphadorhina portentosa), heralded as an educational tool in classrooms, museums, zoos, is now available to the public as a children's pet raising health concerns. We provide a catalogue of potentially antagonistic moulds associated with this insect. Specimens were obtained from laboratories, classrooms, pet stores and private homes. Three different agar media were used to culture moulds from both internal and external cockroach surfaces. Pure cultures were obtained from hyphal tips excised by scalpel. A total of 14 mould taxa were obtained, mostly from external surfaces. The mycoflora was dominated by species of Rhizopus, Penicillium, Mucor, Trichoderma and Alternaria, and differed little among nymphs, adults, cast skins (exuviae) and faeces. A two-fold increase of Aspergillus niger isolates, however, was detected in exuviae and faeces. The mycoflora appeared to be equally distributed on the body regions in nymphs and adults alike. Most of the moulds recovered are common, well-known saprophytes with a prolific ability to produce asexual spores (e.g. conidia) when supplied with adequate moisture and an organic substrate (e.g. vegetable matter, pet food and exuviae). Cockroach rearing conditions thus serve as an ideal environment for mould growth and proliferation, and the subsequent use (handling) of these insects in a public forum increases the risk of inducing mould-related allergies in humans. Of special concern are moulds also capable of causing secondary infections (e.g. Rhizopus, Mucor, Aspergillus), gaining entry via open wounds and inhalation. This is mainly a point of public awareness aimed at individuals (especially children) prone to infections and allergies that might be exposed to this insect and/or its rearing conditions.
Guidelines for intraoperative neuromonitoring using raw (analog or digital waveforms) and quantitative electroencephalography: a position statement by the American Society of Neurophysiological Monitoring.

Background context Electroencephalography (EEG) is one of the oldest and most commonly utilized modalities for intraoperative neuromonitoring. Historically, interest in the EEG patterns associated with anesthesia is as old as the discovery of the EEG itself. The evolution of its intraoperative use was also expanded to include monitoring for assessing cortical perfusion and oxygenation during a variety of vascular, cardiac, and neurosurgical procedures. Furthermore, a number of quantitative or computer-processed algorithms have also been developed to aid in its visual representation and interpretation. The primary clinical outcomes for which modern EEG technology has made significant intraoperative contributions include: (1) recognizing and/or preventing perioperative ischemic insults, and (2) monitoring of brain function for anesthetic drug administration in order to determine depth of anesthesia (and level of consciousness), including the tailoring of drug levels to achieve a predefined neural effect (e.g., burst suppression). While the accelerated development of microprocessor technologies has fostered an extraordinarily rapid growth in the use of intraoperative EEG, there is still no universal adoption of a monitoring technique(s) or of criteria for its neural end-point(s) by anesthesiologists, surgeons, neurologists, and neurophysiologists. One of the most important limitations to routine intraoperative use of EEG may be the lack of standardization of methods, alarm criteria, and recommendations related to its application. Lastly, refinements in technology and signal processing can be expected to advance the usefulness of the intraoperative EEG for both anesthetic and surgical management of patients.
A Retrospective View of Mixture Experiments

The author provides a review of research on mixture experiments published over the past 55 years.
Hydrogen exchange from identified regions of the S-protein component of ribonuclease as a function of temperature, pH, and the binding of S-peptide☆

Abstract A medium resolution hydrogen exchange method (Rosa & Richards, 1979) has been used to measure the average rates of amide hydrogen exchange for known segments of the S-protein portion of ribonuclease-S. The analytical procedure permitted exchange rates to be monitored for seven S-protein fragments distributed throughout the structure, including regions of α-helix and β-sheet. Kinetics were measured as a function of pH, temperature and S-peptide binding. The pH dependence of exchange from isolated S-protein between pH 2·8 and pH 7·0 was found to deviate significantly from a first-order dependence on hydroxide ion concentration. The protection against exchange with increasing pH appeared to be closely related to the electrostatic stabilization of S-protein. It is suggested that such favorable electrostatic interactions result in increased energy barriers to the conformational fluctuations that provide solvent access to the time-average crystallographic structure. This explanation of the observed correlation between stability and exchange kinetics is also consistent with the calculated apparent activation energies for exchange from S-protein between 5·5 and 20 °C. S-peptide binding dramatically slows exchange from many S-protein sites, even those distant from the area of S-peptide contact. Interestingly, the effects of complex formation are not evenly propagated throughout S-protein. The most significantly perturbed sites (≥10 3 -fold reduction in exchange rate constants) lie within fragments derived from regions of secondary structure. Exchange from several other fragments is not significantly affected. The S-peptide—S-protein dissociation constant at neutral pH is so small that the measured exchange must have occurred from the complex and not from the dissociated parts.
Lateral crural retrodisplacement for superior rotation of the tip in rhinoplasty.

Three techniques for producing superior rotation of the nasal tip are presented. One merely retrodisplaces the lateral crura on the upper lateral cartilages, one horizontally shortens the lateral crura by resection of cartilage between their anterior and posterior extremities, and one transects the cartilage in a curved fashion to allow the anterior portions of the lateral crura to be rotated on the posterior portions and upper lateral cartilages. All three techniques allow maintenance of good airways and a “strong valve” tending to prevent inspiratory collapse and visible external dimpling. The procedures are based on physiologic and anatomic principles. Details of the methods and short-term and long-term results are shown.
Alterations in gene expression induced by the lipid peroxidation product, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal.

Reactive intermediates produced during oxidative stress are believed to contribute to the development and progression of a variety of age-related diseases. 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), an abundant product of polyunsaturated fatty acid oxidation and decomposition, reacts extensively with DNA and proteins, depletes intracellular glutathione, and alters many cell signaling cascades, including those regulating apoptosis. Using microarray technology, global changes in gene expression were monitored temporally at subcytotoxic and cytotoxic HNE doses in RKO human colorectal carcinoma cells, with the highest level of changes being observed at cytotoxic doses. Gene expression alterations were confirmed using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and transcription factor reporter profiling. Significant alterations were observed in genes regulated by the antioxidant, heat shock, ER stress, and nutrient deprivation responses. Our results demonstrate that HNE simultaneously affects...
Short communication: Graph for calculating maximum local analgesic dose in millilitres for the paediatric population

AIM: Determination of the maximum local analgesic dosage in millilitres can be confusing. This article presents a new graph that easily allows the dental practitioner to determine a child ’s maximum local analgesic dosage in millilitres based on their weight. BACKGROUND: Local analgesia is used daily in dentistry to manage pain, and different kinds of agents are available in the market that may be selected depending on the strength and duration of analgesia required. Each analgesic agent has a maximum recommended dose, and it is very important to calculate that dose, especially in children, to avoid the risk of toxicity that could lead to death. Currently a series of calculations are used to calculate the maximum recommended dose for local analgesic agents that could be taxing. This paper presents a newly-developed graph that makes it easier for dental practitioners to quickly identify the maximum recommended dose of the different local analgesic agents used in dentistry based on a patient ’s weight. CONCLUSION: Dentists can utilize this graph to obtain the maximum local analgesic dose in millilitres based on the child ’s weight. This will save time and encourage dentists to routinely identify the maximum allowed dose and most importantly, decrease or eliminate the risks of toxicity and overdose especially when treating small children.
Novel Dense CO2 Technique for β-Galactosidase Immobilization in Polystyrene Microchannels

In this study we design new fabrication techniques and demonstrate the potential of using dense CO2 for facilitating crucial steps in the fabrication of polymeric lab-on-a-chip microdevices by embedding biomolecules at temperatures well below the polymer’s glass transition temperature (Tg). These new techniques are environmentally friendly and done without the use of a clean room. Carbon dioxide at 40 °C and between 4.48 and 6.89 MPa was used to immobilize the biologically active molecule, β-galactosidase (β-gal), on the surface of polystyrene microchannels. To our knowledge, this is the first time dense CO2 has been used to directly immobilize an enzyme in a microchannel. β-gal activity was maintained and shown via a fluorescent reaction product, after enzyme immobilization and microchannel capping by the designed fabrication steps at 40 °C and pressures up to 6.89 MPa.
Bootstrapping a de-identification system for narrative patient records: Cost-performance tradeoffs

Abstract Purpose We describe an experiment to build a de-identification system for clinical records using the open source MITRE Identification Scrubber Toolkit (MIST). We quantify the human annotation effort needed to produce a system that de-identifies at high accuracy. Methods Using two types of clinical records (history and physical notes, and social work notes), we iteratively built statistical de-identification models by annotating 10 notes, training a model, applying the model to another 10 notes, correcting the model's output, and training from the resulting larger set of annotated notes. This was repeated for 20 rounds of 10 notes each, and then an additional 6 rounds of 20 notes each, and a final round of 40 notes. At each stage, we measured precision, recall, and F -score, and compared these to the amount of annotation time needed to complete the round. Results After the initial 10-note round (33min of annotation time) we achieved an F -score of 0.89. After just over 8h of annotation time (round 21) we achieved an F -score of 0.95. Number of annotation actions needed, as well as time needed, decreased in later rounds as model performance improved. Accuracy on history and physical notes exceeded that of social work notes, suggesting that the wider variety and contexts for protected health information (PHI) in social work notes is more difficult to model. Conclusions It is possible, with modest effort, to build a functioning de-identification system de novo using the MIST framework. The resulting system achieved performance comparable to other high-performing de-identification systems.
Questions about disclosure.

In their Policy Forum “Disclosure in regulatory science” (19 Dec., p. [2073][1]), D. Michaels and W. Wagner overstate the potential problems with privately funded research being used by regulators. Their proposed remedy is more moderate, however, and worthy of broader debate. Most ominously,
The triplet ground state of di-tert-butylcarbene

Abstract STO-3G calculations indicate that the triplet state of di- tert -butylcarbene is on the order of 25 kcal/mol more stable than the singlet. Because of steric repulsions between the tert -butyl groups, the central CCC angles are 132.5° and 142° for the singlet and triplet, respectively. The normal alkyl group stabilization of the singlet is overridden by destabilization due to the seterically forced increase of the central angle.
A study on wind frequency control under high wind penetration on an NPCC system model

Increased penetration levels of wind generation and retirements of conventional plants have caused concerns about a decline of system inertia and primary frequency response. To evaluate the impact of wind power on the system inertial response, simulation scenarios with different wind penetration levels are developed in PSS®E based on the U.S. Northeast Power Coordinating Council (NPCC) system. A user-defined electrical control model is also introduced to provide inertia and governor control to the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG)- based wind generations. An extreme case of 100% renewable resources including 90% wind and 10% hydro generations is considered in this study and simulation results demonstrate that wind power has significant impact on system inertial response and is also promising in providing primary frequency supports.
Suite of Verification Test Problems for Edge Turbulence Simulations

We present a suite of test problems that are used for verification of the edge turbulence code BOUT. BOUT is an electromagnetic fluid turbulence code for tokamak edge plasma that performs time integration of reduced Braginskii plasma fluid equations, using spatial discretization in realistic geometry and employing a standard ODE integration package PVODE. Recently the code underwent a substantial redesign and extensive verification testing. In the verification process, a series of linear and nonlinear test problems was applied to BOUT targeting different subgroups of physical terms. The tests include reproducing basic electrostatic and electromagnetic plasma modes in simplified geometry, axisymmetric benchmarks against the 2D edge code UEDGE in the actual DIII-D tokamak divertor geometry. Successful passing of these tests by BOUT gives strong evidence that equations in the code are solved correctly. Although the tests were developed specifically for the BOUT code they can well be applied for verification of other codes used for simulations of edge turbulence. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Characterization of 3D fiber preform permeability tensor in radial flow using an inverse algorithm based on sensors and simulation

In Liquid Composite Molding (LCM), the fiber preform is placed in a mold and resin is injected through a gate to fill the empty spaces within the mold. LCM processes are modeled as resin flow through fibrous porous media in which if one knows the permeability values, one can determine the arrival times of the resin at any location. A mold with radial injection with 192 flow arrival detection sensors along 16 radial lines are mounted flush with the top and the bottom mold surface with an additional sensor on the top surface opposite to the injection hole of the bottom surface. The inverse problem addressed here is from the recorded resin arrival times at sensor locations, how accurately can one determine the permeability of the preform? The proposed method uses correlation between the experimentally recorded resin arrival times and 3D flow simulation of the experiment. The optimization routine varies the permeability components in the simulation to achieve the best possible match with the experimental arrival times at all the sensor locations. Currently, all in-plane permeability components and through-the thickness permeability are characterized from a single experiment with the potential to evaluate the cross-thickness off-diagonal terms as well. In addition, the technique also demonstrates how one can reduce the variation in through thickness permeability by the use of a distribution media at the injection hole to avoid blockage of the inlet by the fiber tows. The optimization routine sequentially optimizes the values of the individual components of the permeability tensor using golden search method, and then repeats the entire sequence until the best match is found. The validation and sensitivity of this method is explored and it has been shown that this technique is promising for characterization of all permeability components from a single radial flow experiment.
Permanent pacing following repeat cardiac valve surgery

sient hypotension, and 2 had a significant QRS widening with induction of a transient complete left bundle branch block in I. Electrocardiographic QRS intervals measured immediately after conversion to sinus rhythm were unchanged compared with baseline for placebo, but for flecainide and propafenone a mean lengthening of 25% and 21% occurred, respectively. The efficacy of propafenone and flecainide in converting recent-onset AF to sinus rhythm has been studied, but no direct comparison between these 2 drugs administered as acute, oral loading doses in a placebocontrolled study has been previously reported. The present study confirms that acute oral antiarrhythmic drug loading is simple and effective. Because spontaneous conversion of AF to sinus rhythm may occur in 39% to 48% of patients within 8 hours,3 we believe a placebo group is essential to assess drug efficacy. The use of class 1C antiarrhythmic drugs like propafenone or flecainide carries the risk of inducing atria1 flutter with a fast ventricular response,5,6 and we observed this. However, spontaneous atria1 flutter with 22: 1 AV conduction ratio and a heart rate of 1150 beats/min occurs relatively often, even with placebo, especially during the time preceding conversion to sinus rhythm. The negative inotropic effect of class 1C drugs mandates that patients with heart failure or significant cardiac dysfunction are not treated with these agents. The negative chronotropic response (long pause at the time of conversion from AF to sinus rhythm) was observed with both drugs but was not associated with an adverse outcome.
An estimate of predation rate and relative preference for algal versus crustacean prey by a spongiose skeletal radiolarian

Solitary radiolarians (Spongodrymus sp.) in laboratory cultures consumed 14C-labeled Amphidinium carteri and Coccolithus huxleyi more than Isochrysis galbana or Thalassiosira fluviatilis. The ratio of A. carteri protein consumed per unit time to the amount of Artemia sp. nauplius protein consumed (P/Z) was 6.7×10-2 indicating that these omnivorous radiolarians tend to consume more zooplankton protein than phytoplankton protein.
An evaluation of the acute toxicity to aquatic biota of a coal conversion effluent and its major components.

This paper describes a systematic evaluation of the potential acute toxicity to aquatic organisms of aqueous wastes from a coal conversion process. We discuss how the information gained can be used to anticipate evnironmental problems arising from this new technology before it is implemented on a large commercial scale.
Estimating functional liver reserve following hepatic irradiation: adaptive normal tissue response models.

Purpose To estimate the limit of functional liver reserve for safe application of hepatic irradiation using changes in indocyanine green, an established assay of liver function.
Domain wall resistance in narrow Co wires

New results for the magnetoresistance of very narrow Co wires are presented. The resistance exhibits a complicated pattern of step-wise changes as the magnetization changes direction in response to a magnetic field. This behavior can be understood in terms of changes in the domain structure with field, combined with the anisotropic magnetoresistance. The results also suggest that the domain wall resistance is negative.
Experiments on active optical and structural control

A nanometer-level optical path-length control experiment for a large baseline space interferometer has been implemented on the JPL Phase B testbed. The experiment consisted of a multilayer control of active structural control to augment structural damping and active path-length control to directly compensate for optical path-length variation. The approach has been successful in maintaining the optical path-length variation within 3 nm root-mean-square (RMS) under the laboratory ambient disturbance. >
Alternative Strategies for Measuring Household Division of Labor A Comparison

This article explores some substantive and methodological implications of using different data gathering techniques for measuring a couple's division of household labor. Four measurement strategies, each requiring reports from both spouses, compared: the relative distribution approach, a weighted distribution, a time reconstruction method, and the activity log approach. Differences in average total estimates produced by the techniques are small, and regardless of the method used, the wife's contribution to housework is higher. Responsibility for domestic labor is suggested as one explanation for the finding that cross-method comparisons are closer for wives than husbands.
A closed-form solution of beam on viscoelastic subgrade subjected to moving loads

A closed-form solution of beam on viscoelastic subgrade subjected to moving loads is proposed in this paper. The Green's function of the beam is obtained by means of Fourier transform. Theory of linear partial differential equation is used to express the deflection of the beam in terms of the Green's function. Beam's deflection is represented as a generalized integral using inverse Fourier transform. To evaluate this generalized integral analytically, poles of the integrand are identified using the theory of algebraic equation. Every pole and its order are isolated and given in a closed form. The theorem of residue is then applied to represent the generalized integral in the form of contour integral in the complex plane. Closed-form deflection and numerical computation of distinct cases are provided as an illustration of the proposed solution.
Introduction—“Gapology” and the Presidential Vote

All manner of political observers are fascinated by “gaps” in voting behavior. Whether it is the now-famous gender gap, the newly discovered religion gap, or the once-prominent generation gap, sharp differences in partisanship and voting behavior often emerge around commonplace demographic characteristics such as gender, worship attendance, and age. These gaps are not just intrinsically interesting; they also offer a potent way to understand election results. Like batting averages in baseball, such simple statistics offer the power of language in describing the political world.