cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Role of Indirect Recognition of MHC Class I and II Allopeptides in a Fully Mismatched Miniature Swine Model of Lung Transplantation

Abstract Considerable evidence suggests that indirect recognition of MHC allopeptides plays an important role in solid-organ rejection. Here, we examine whether immunization with class I or class II allopeptides accelerates rejection in a fully MHC-mismatched lung transplant model in miniature swine. Methods Recipients were immunized with either donor-derived class I or class II peptides. Sensitization to the peptides was confirmed by DTH testing and in vitro proliferation assays. Nonimmunized control (n = 6), class I peptide-immunized (n = 3), and class II peptide-immunized (n = 3) swine were transplanted with fully mismatched lungs using only a 12-day course of tacrolimus. Results One control animal rejected its graft on postoperative day 103, while the others maintained their grafts for over 1 year. In the class I peptide-immunized group, two recipients rejected their grafts (days 14 and 52). The third animal has not rejected the graft (day 120, experiment is ongoing). In contrast, in the class II-peptide immunized group, only one animal rejected its graft on day 52, while the others maintained their grafts over 1 year. Both anti-donor IgM and IgG antibodies were detectable in all acute rejectors, although no alloantibody was detectable in long-term acceptors. Regardless of the fate of the graft, all animals have maintained their proliferative responses to the peptides. However, only acceptors maintained donor-specific hyporesponsiveness in cell-mediated lymphocytotoxity and mixed lymphocyte reaction assays. Conclusions Pretransplant sensitization of lung allograft recipients to donor allopeptides accelerates graft rejection. This appears particularly true for class I-derived allopeptides, suggesting that class II molecules may be less antigenic when presented indirectly.
Occupant Predictors of Household Energy Behavior and Consumption Change as Found in Energy Studies Since 1975

Reported research since 1975 on human behavior and energy consumption was reviewed to identify occupant predictors of household energy-consumption behavior and energy-consumption change. The results of this review were framed against a human ecosystem theory model. Occupant predictors of reduced energy-consumption behavior and energy-consumption change were classified as occupant characteristics, occupant attitudes, and occupant actions. Variables identified in studies that most frequently affected energy behavior and energy consumption were income, age, education, home ownership, desire for comfort, major weatherization, and incentives. These findings support the underlying premise of the human ecosystem theory: Variables from the natural, the social, and the designed environments and human organism variables interact to affect energy consumption.
Evolutionary novelty versus exaptation: oral kinematics in feeding versus climbing in the waterfall-climbing Hawaiian Goby Sicyopterus stimpsoni.

Species exposed to extreme environments often exhibit distinctive traits that help meet the demands of such habitats. Such traits could evolve independently, but under intense selective pressures of extreme environments some existing structures or behaviors might be coopted to meet specialized demands, evolving via the process of exaptation. We evaluated the potential for exaptation to have operated in the evolution of novel behaviors of the waterfall-climbing gobiid fish genus Sicyopterus. These fish use an “inching” behavior to climb waterfalls, in which an oral sucker is cyclically protruded and attached to the climbing surface. They also exhibit a distinctive feeding behavior, in which the premaxilla is cyclically protruded to scrape diatoms from the substrate. Given the similarity of these patterns, we hypothesized that one might have been coopted from the other. To evaluate this, we filmed climbing and feeding in Sicyopterus stimpsoni from Hawai’i, and measured oral kinematics for two comparisons. First, we compared feeding kinematics of S. stimpsoni with those for two suction feeding gobiids (Awaous guamensis and Lentipes concolor), assessing what novel jaw movements were required for algal grazing. Second, we quantified the similarity of oral kinematics between feeding and climbing in S. stimpsoni, evaluating the potential for either to represent an exaptation from the other. Premaxillary movements showed the greatest differences between scraping and suction feeding taxa. Between feeding and climbing, overall profiles of oral kinematics matched closely for most variables in S. stimpsoni, with only a few showing significant differences in maximum values. Although current data cannot resolve whether oral movements for climbing were coopted from feeding, or feeding movements coopted from climbing, similarities between feeding and climbing kinematics in S. stimpsoni are consistent with evidence of exaptation, with modifications, between these behaviors. Such comparisons can provide insight into the evolutionary mechanisms facilitating exploitation of extreme habitats.
An immunochemical approach to the identification of the MBTA binding site of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor of Torpedocalifornica

Summary Monospecific anti-[4-(N-maleimidobenzyl)trimethylammonium] (MBTA) antibodies were prepared from sera of rabbits immunized with an albumin-MBTA conjugate and used to synthesize an MBTA-specific immunosorbent. Torpedo californica acetylcholine receptor was affinity labeled with [ 3 H]-MBTA and proteolyzed extensively with pronase, and the peptide fraction of the digest chromatographed on the anti-MBTA resin. The amino acid composition of the purified MBTA-peptide fraction was compared with the sequences flanking the seven cysteinyl residues of the α-subunit. The best fit was observed with the segment containing cysteine 142.
Complexes of N,N′-di(2-hydroxyethyl)-2,4-pentanediimine. Preparation and structure of a cobalt(III) complex

Abstract A cobalt (III) complex of N,N′-di(2-hydroxyethyl)-2,4-pentanediimine has been prepared from bis-2,4-pentanedionato)cobalt(II) and 2-aminoethanol and the structure of the complex has been determined by an X-ray diffraction study. The compound, Co(C9H15 N2O2)(C2H7NO)2, crystallized in triclinic space group P1 (a = 12.677(1) A, b = 9.187(1) A, c = 9.364(1) A, α = 121.70(8)°, μ = 81.26(8)°, λ = 115.64(8)°) with 2 molecules per unit cell (?calc = 1.46 g cm−3; ?obsd = 1.45(1) g cm−3. A total of 3210 unique, non-zero reflections that were collected on an automated four-circle diffractometer were used to refine the structure by full-matrix least-squares methods. The structure, which was refined to a conventional R value of 0.060, consists of a cobalt(III) ion coordinated to the planar, tetradentate diimine ligand and to two monodentate 2-aminoethanol groups. The coordination geometry shows only small deviations from ideal octahedral geometry with the cobalt-donor atom distances ranging from 1.897(4) to 1.989(3) A and the angles cobalt for cis-donor atoms ranging from 85.5° to 94.6°.
The role of transporters in drug interactions

Transport proteins play an important role in the adsorption, distribution and elimination of a wide variety of drugs. Therefore, it is not surprising that transporter-based drug interactions can occur in the clinic. These interactions can lead to changes in toxicity and/or efficacy of the affected drug. Here, we review such interactions and ask if these interactions could have been predicted from in vitro data. Conducting such in vitro-in vivo correlation is important for predicting future transporter-based drug interactions.
“Be Kind, for Everyone You Meet is Fighting a Great Battle”

The longer I have lived and worked, the more complicated my view is of human suffering, of what causes psychological problems, and of what is needed to help people heal. Psychotherapists have less autonomy now than we did 25 years ago because mental health services are more regulated by managed care. Although the increased accountability is a crucial benefit for client care, the emphasis on symptom relief can be a disservice. Certainly there are some identifiable symptoms that can be extinguished, but often the wounds of life include grief, loss, relationship traumas, and other kinds of pain. Sometimes the limits of change and the pain that is part of life must be accepted. I have been influenced by experiences in rural Africa and in underserved communities in the United States about the value of social and cultural factors in psychotherapy relationships as well.
Early‐Maturing Soybean Cropping System: I. Yield Responses to Planting Date

An early-planted, early-maturing soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] cropping system has been quite successful across the southeastern USA. This cropping system was intended to use early planting to improve yield by avoiding late season drought stress. However, producers in this region use planting dates ranging from late April through late June. Our objective was to characterize the yield response of early-maturing cultivars to environmental conditions over a range of planting dates. Field studies were conducted on a well-drained Maury silt loam (fine, mixed, mesic Typic Paleudalf) in 1990 through 1993 using cultivars from Maturity Group (MG) 00 through IV planted in late April, mid-May, early June, and late June each year. Modest moisture stress was observed over the years tested; however, temperatures during soybean growth stages depended strongly on planting dates. When averaged across years and cultivars, yields were similar for the first three planting dates. Best overall yields were obtained using the MG IV cultivar for late April and mid-May planting; however, its advantage over MG II and III cultivars diminished for the early June planting date and disappeared for the late June planting date. Early-maturing cultivars (MG 00 to I) were less likely to achieve competitive yield levels. Lower yields of early-maturing cultivars for the late April planting date were associated with low temperatures during vegetative growth and with high temperatures during seed-fill. In the absence of pronounced moisture stress, low or high temperatures may become the key environmental factors limiting yield. Early planting, a centerpiece of previous successful early-maturing soybean cropping systems in the southeastern USA, appears to be less important under more favorable moisture conditions.
Chronic pneumonitis simulating bronchiogenic carcinoma.

In cases of viral, or atypical, and unresolved or recurrent pneumonias, with persistent roentgenological findings suggestive of carcinoma of the lung, the attending physician should consider consulting a well trained thoracic surgeon concerning the advisability of thoracotomy for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. The surgeon responsible for such a patient cannot depend entirely on the results of laboratory studies of bronchial secretions and sputum. At the time of operation his decision concerning the amount of pulmonary tissue to be resected should be based on a pathological examination of an adequate biopsy of the diseased tissue. Experience with three patients with suspicious thoracic roentgenological findings illustrates the advisability of a policy of aggressive conservatism.
Retinofugal pathways in juvenile and adult channel catfish, Ictalurus (Ameiurus) punctatus: an HRP and autoradiographic study.

The retinal projections of the juvenile and adult channel catfish, Ictalurus (Ameiurus) punctatus, were studied by using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and autoradiography. The contralateral optic tract sends fibers to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and divides into lateral (LOT) and medial optic tracts (MOT). In the adult fish, the former is thicker than the latter, whereas in the juvenile form, the reverse is true. The MOT curves laterally and divides into eight to 15 medial fascicles of the optic tract (MFOT). The contralateral optic fibers project to the nucleus opticus dorsolateralis, nucleus of the posterior commissure, nucleus geniculatus lateralis, pretectal nuclear complex, nucleus corticalis, stratum fibrosum et griseum superficiale (SFGS), and a few optic fibers extend into the stratum griseum centrale. The tractus opticus accessorius arises from the postero-dorsal margin of the LOT and extends ventromedially to project to the nucleus opticus accessorius. At the optic chiasm a few fibers do not decussate, and these fibers project to almost all ipsilateral sites similar to those of the contralateral side, including the optic tectum. The autoradiographic observations substantiated the analysis of optic fiber projections provided by the HRP technique.
Arterial calcification: a tumor necrosis factor-alpha mediated vascular Wnt-opathy.

Arterial calcification is common in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and other chronic inflammatory disorders. Arterial calcification is associated with significant morbidity and increased early mortality. The molecular signature of vascular calcification in diabetes is strikingly similar to that of CKD. Low-grade arterial inflammation is common to both conditions, and increased levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) have been reported in both DM and CKD. Recently, we described a novel TNF-α regulated Msx2-Wnt osteogenic program that regulates arterial calcification in an animal model of type 2 DM. TNF-α induces the osteogenic bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), Msx2, Wnt3a, and Wnt7a mRNAs and leads to increased aortic calcium accumulation. Treatment with the TNF-α neutralizing antibody infliximab abrogates aortic BMP-2-Msx2-Wnt3a and Wnt7a signaling and attenuates aortic calcium accumulation significantly. Mice with vascular TNF-α augmented by the SM22-TNF-α transgene upregulate the aortic Msx2-Wnt3a/Wnt7a axis. Furthermore, SM22-TNF-αTg;TOPGAL mice exhibit greater β-galactosidase reporter staining versus TOPGAL siblings in the aorta and coronaries, which indicates enhanced mural Wnt signaling in response to TNF-alpha. Thus, inflammatory TNF-α signals promote aortic osteogenic Msx2-Wnt programs in type 2 DM, and arterial calcification in this model is a TNF-α–driven Wnt-opathy . Having established the role of TNF-α in diabetic vascular calcification, an unmet need exists to evaluate the role of TNF-α and Msx2-Wnt signals in CKD-related calcification models. If validated in these models, then these findings will have significant therapeutic applications.
(±)-(4bS,8aR,10aS)-10a-Ethynyl-4b,8,8-trimethyl-3,7-dioxo-3,4b,7,8,8a,9,10,10a-octa-hydro-phenanthrene-2,6-dicarbonitrile.

The anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective tricyclic title compound, C21H18N2O2, also known as TBE-31, crystallizes with two nearly superimposable mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit. In both mol­ecules, the three ring systems conform to an envelope–chair–planar arrangement. The central ring, in a cyclohexane chair conformation, contains an axial ethynyl group that bends slightly off from a nearby axial methyl group because of the 1,3-diaxial repulsion between the two groups. In the crystal, weak C—H⋯N and C—H⋯O inter­actions form chains along [001].
Model of modern polycystine radiolarian shallow-water zoogeography

Abstract There appear to be about six shallow-water polycystine radiolarian provinces in the modern ocean. These provinces owe their integrity to the major circulation systems that create packages of water and environments which vary in degrees of oceanographic and temporal stability. The subpolar cyclonic gyres are low-diversity provinces dominated by the radiolarian groups, cenodiscids, spongodiscids, spongotrochins, lithelids, and lophophaenins (some of these members exhibit the phenomenon of tropical submergence). Endemism is moderate in the southern subpolar cyclonic gyre. This gyre contains such endemic forms as antarctisins. The transition province contains a moderate-diversity fauna dominated by cold-water morphotypes of warm-water sphere taxa and a few endemics; however, this transition province appears to be a region of radiolarian isolation and evolution. The subtropical anticyclonic gyre province exhibits the highest radiolarian diversities, densities, and endemism of any of the provinces. This province is dominated by radiolarians that host symbiotic algae, and this association might possibly explain why they dominate these oligotrophic regions. The equatorial province is very similar to the subtropical anticyclonic gyre province; however, it does not exhibit as high a diversity, density, or degree of endemism as does the gyre. The eastern tropical province is dominated by symbiont-bearing radiolarians as is the subtropical anticyclonic gyre; however, unlike the gyre, there are few endemics and only low to moderate diversities and densities. The main reason for few endemics in the eastern tropical province is probably due to the youth of this province (it has only existed since the mid-Pliocene, whereas the subtropical anticyclonic gyre province has a history extending into the mid-Miocene). The boundary current “provinces” are really just tappings of the equatorial, subpolar, or transition provinces and reflect these parental provinces in their radiolarian characteristics.
Bright Girls who Fail: The Limitations of the Active Passive Learner:

School success, while being reasonably easy to achieve for more able pupils, may mask disturbing gaps in the student's intellectual development. Furthermore, the processes, skills and attitudes that are most likely to promote success within our existing school system could prove detrimental to a pupil's future prospects, with particularly significant implications for those students who conform most closely to the system. This paper examines the case for identifying 'bright girls', whose academic ability is rarely questioned, as a high risk group. Proposals are made to address this, with potential benefits for all pupils.
Bayesian Clustering by Dynamics

This paper introduces a Bayesian method for clustering dynamic processes. The method models dynamics as Markov chains and then applies an agglomerative clustering procedure to discover the most probable set of clusters capturing different dynamics. To increase efficiency, the method uses an entropy-based heuristic search strategy. A controlled experiment suggests that the method is very accurate when applied to artificial time series in a broad range of conditions and, when applied to clustering sensor data from mobile robots, it produces clusters that are meaningful in the domain of application.
Thinking Strategically: Strategic thinking exercises

One might ask what exercises can increase an individual's strategic thinking ability – besides reading this book, of course. There are in fact a number of concrete skills, practices, and techniques that can substantially enhance one's abilities in this area. It was mentioned earlier (p. 29) that intense concentration is essential for success on strategic problems. Games such as chess and problems in mathematics both help to foster this ability to concentrate. So experience with chess and mathematics carry over into other domains, even though the specific skills involved may not. A key difference between the thinking of an untutored individual and a practiced strategist is that the strategist has mental structures at hand for organizing information and connecting events, whereas the untutored individual has disordered thought processes. The simplest example is the ability to order things in time. An impulsive person takes actions without following out the sequence of what will happen next, and is thus always being surprised by consequences. Such people do not schedule their errands so that their driving time is minimized and so that they finish in time, but are likely to go to the store and then find that the ice cream is melting in the car while they stop to shop for clothes. An impulsive person starts a major outdoor yard project 30 minutes before it gets dark, and ends up trying to cut the grass in the twilight, thereby running over the hose with the mower.
How tissue optics affect dosimetry of photodynamic therapy

We describe three lessons learned about how tissue optics affect the dosimetry of red to near-infrared treatment light during PDT, based on working with Dr. Tayyaba Hasan. Lesson 1-The optical fluence rate near the tissue surface exceeds the delivered irradiance (E). A broad beam penetrates into tissue to a depth (z) as =Eke−µz, with an attenuation constant µ and a backscatter term k. In tissues, k is typically in the range 3-5, and 1/µ equals , the 1/e optical penetration depth. Lesson 2-Edge losses at the periphery of a uniform treatment beam extend about 3 from the beam edge. If the beam diameter exceeds 6, then there is a central zone of uniform fluence rate in the tissue. Lesson 3-The depth of treatment is linearly proportional to (and the melanin content of pigmented epidermis in skin) while proportional to the logarithm of all other factors, such as irradiance, exposure time, or the photosensitizer properties (concentration, extinction coefficient, quantum yield for oxidizing species). The lessons illustrate how tissue optics play a dominant role in specifying the treatment zone during PDT.
Where Is the Semantic System? A Critical Review and Meta-Analysis of 120 Functional Neuroimaging Studies

Semantic memory refers to knowledge about people, objects, actions, relations, self, and culture acquired through experience. The neural systems that store and retrieve this information have been studied for many years, but a consensus regarding their identity has not been reached. Using strict inclusion criteria, we analyzed 120 functional neuroimaging studies focusing on semantic processing. Reliable areas of activation in these studies were identified using the activation likelihood estimate (ALE) technique. These activations formed a distinct, left-lateralized network comprised of 7 regions: posterior inferior parietal lobe, middle temporal gyrus, fusiform and parahippocampal gyri, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, inferior frontal gyrus, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and posterior cingulate gyrus. Secondary analyses showed specific subregions of this network associated with knowledge of actions, manipulable artifacts, abstract concepts, and concrete concepts. The cortical regions involved in semantic processing can be grouped into 3 broad categories: posterior multimodal and heteromodal association cortex, heteromodal prefrontal cortex, and medial limbic regions. The expansion of these regions in the human relative to the nonhuman primate brain may explain uniquely human capacities to use language productively, plan, solve problems, and create cultural and technological artifacts, all of which depend on the fluid and efficient retrieval and manipulation of semantic knowledge.
The radiation pattern and induced current in a circular antenna with an annular slit

A finite plane antenna is considered which has holes on one side that act as sources of radiation and which is on the remaining parts of this side and on the whole other side perfectly conducting. The purpose of this paper is to develop an approximation method for the computation of the radiation pattern which works well if the finite plane and the distance of the holes from its boundary are large compared with the wave length. This is achieved by computing the radiation field of a corresponding infinite plane antenna and subtracting from it the field produced by the current induced in the infinite plane outside the finite plane antenna. Numerical results for the circular antenna with annular slit show that this approximation method is very satisfactory.
Rooming in the Master's House: Psychological Domination and the Black Conservative

Politics contemporaneously may be the most potent extension of domination characteristic of slaves during the American antebellum. As slaves, “house negroes” were the psychologically dominated, mixed-race offspring of the antebellum master class. The political descendants of antebellum house negroes are today's Black Conservatives. Their political aspirations represent a corrupted version of the “American dream.” In particular, those who are scholars take part in contrived research in their mandate to serve the political status quo. Black Conservatives must become cognizant of their unique role—that of advocating for the interests of Black people, their class, their community, as well as their country.
Coronary artery endothelial transcriptome in vivo: identification of endoplasmic reticulum stress and enhanced reactive oxygen species by gene connectivity network analysis.

Background— Endothelial function is central to the localization of atherosclerosis. The in vivo endothelial phenotypic footprints of arterial bed identity and site-specific atherosusceptibility are addressed. Methods and Results— Ninety-eight endothelial cell samples from 13 discrete coronary and noncoronary arterial regions of varying susceptibilities to atherosclerosis were isolated from 76 normal swine. Transcript profiles were analyzed to determine the steady-state in vivo endothelial phenotypes. An unsupervised systems biology approach using weighted gene coexpression networks showed highly correlated endothelial genes. Connectivity network analysis identified 19 gene modules, 12 of which showed significant association with circulatory bed classification. Differential expression of 1300 genes between coronary and noncoronary artery endothelium suggested distinct coronary endothelial phenotypes, with highest significance expressed in gene modules enriched for biological functions related to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and unfolded protein binding, regulation of transcription and translation, and redox homeostasis. Furthermore, within coronary arteries, comparison of endothelial transcript profiles of susceptible proximal regions to protected distal regions suggested the presence of ER stress conditions in susceptible sites. Accumulation of reactive oxygen species throughout coronary endothelium was greater than in noncoronary endothelium consistent with coronary artery ER stress and lower endothelial expression of antioxidant genes in coronary arteries. Conclusions— Gene connectivity analyses discriminated between coronary and noncoronary endothelial transcript profiles and identified differential transcript levels associated with increased ER and oxidative stress in coronary arteries consistent with enhanced susceptibility to atherosclerosis.
FRuG: A benchmark for packet forwarding in future networks

The ossification of Internet infrastructure and protocols have hindered the advancement of itself. GENI, AKARI and several other similar initiatives are pushing forward to overcome this hindrance. They facilitate researchers with networking platforms dedicated for innovative networking experiments. In these virtualized platforms, researchers can define their own forwarding schemes which can be radically different from the existing solutions. However, neither researchers nor the vendors are endowed with benchmarks to evaluate their new schemes. In this paper we introduce a Flexible Rule Generator, FRuG, an entirely user controlled benchmarking tool for evaluating future packet forwarding algorithms. With FRuG, rule generation does not need to be restricted to a fixed number of fields anymore, which makes it highly generic. It allows the user to select the protocol fields and the distribution of each field, which can either be defined by the user or configured to follow the distribution of an input seed file. The user has the complete control over the structure and the size of the rule table which makes it a powerful benchmark to assess various packet forwarding algorithms and for different types of routers (ex. edge routers, core routers, etc.). FRuG consists of an IPv4 prefix analyzer and generator, MAC address analyzer and generator, and a generic rule generator. We believe that FRuG will be a very useful tool to the networking research community with the paradigm shifts in networking like network virtualization, which takes packet forwarding to a completely new level. FRuG is an opensource tool freely available at http://sites.google.com/site/thilangane/research.
Effects of two methods of goal setting on learning a gross motor task.

This study investigated the effects of goal setting in student-led small groups and in teacher-pupil conferences on the learning of a gross motor task—three-ball juggling. Female high school students (N = 93) were randomly assigned to five treatment groups: student-led interaction with goal setting; student interaction only; teacher-pupil conference with goal setting; teacher-pupil conference only; and control. The subjects practiced three-ball juggling in 16 practice and testing periods. The Trussell juggling achievement test was used. Subjects in the four experimental groups met weekly during the three-week instructional period for structured interaction sessions or conferences. Subjects in the two goal-setting groups were directed to set specific numerical and verbal goals. There were no significant differences in juggling achievement among the five groups, either on the final test, or on a posttest administered to determine possible long-term effects.
Using remote sensing to assess biodiversity

This review paper evaluates the potential of remote sensing for assessing species diversity, an increasingly urgent task. Existing studies of species distribution patterns using remote sensing can be essentially categorized into three types. The first involves direct mapping of individual plants or associations of single species in relatively large, spatially contiguous units. The second technique involves habitat mapping using remotely sensed data, and predictions of species distribution based on habitat requirements. Finally, establishment of direct relationships between spectral radiance values recorded from remote sensors and species distribution patterns recorded from field observations may assist in assessing species diversity. Direct mapping is applicable over smaller extents, for detailed information on the distribution of certain canopy tree species or associations. Estimations of relationships between spectral values and species distributions may be useful for the limited purpose of indicating areas with higher levels of species diversity, and can be applied over spatial extents of hundreds of square kilometres. Habitat maps appear most capable of providing information on the distributions of large numbers of species in a wider variety of habitat types. This is strongly limited by variation in species composition, and best applied over limited spatial extents of tens of square kilometres.
Scalable compression for image browsing

We present scalable compression algorithms for image browsing. Recently, the International Standards Organization (ISO) has proposed the JPEG standard for still image compression. JPEG standard not only provides the basic feature of compression (baseline algorithm) but also provides the framework for reconstructing images in different picture qualities and sizes. These features are referred to as SNR and spatial scalability, respectively. SNR scalability and spatial scalability can be implemented using the progressive and hierarchical modes in the JPEG standard. In this paper, we implement and investigate the performance of the progressive and hierarchical coding modes of the JPEG standard and compare their performance with the baseline algorithm. >
A 20-50 GHz reconfigurable matching network for power amplifier applications

A reconfigurable matching network has been developed and it is based on loaded line techniques. It consists of 8 switched MEMS capacitors producing 256 (2/sup 8/) different impedances and is only 1/spl times/2.5 mm in size on a glass substrate. The network is ideally suited to match power amplifiers with 10-20 /spl Omega/ output impedance to 50-60 /spl Omega/ systems at 20-50 GHz. The estimated loss of the network is only 1-1.5 dB at 40 GHz while matching a 10-20 /spl Omega/ load to a 50 /spl Omega/ load. The reconfigurable network can also be used as an impedance tuner in noise parameter and load-pull measurements of active devices at 30-65 GHz.
A new design of the SSC boosters

A new design for the lattices of the SSC's (Superconducting Super Collider's) three injectors is presented. The complex is matched so that the SSC filling factor is 94%, and is designed so that there is no transition crossing at any point. The dispersion function is small overall and vanishes in the straight sections. Tracking simulations which include the effect of the space-charge force, sextupoles, synchrotron oscillations, and the expected random and systematic dipole magnet errors indicate that the CDR magnet design allows adequate dynamic aperture for all three boosters and that the space-charge force in the LEB has no significant detrimental effect provided the LEB is tuned properly. >
A Study of Quenching: Experiment and Modelling

This paper describes the design, execution, mathematical modelling, and simulation of a simple, yet very useful quenching experiment—the asymmetric one-sided quenching of a beam. This experiment yields valuable information regarding the mechanical variables at the end of a quenching process, without the need for measurement of residual stresses in the quenched object. The final (residual) curvature of the beam is strongly sensitive to the inelastic deformation behavior of the material of the quenched object. This problem—experiment and simulation—is recommended as a benchmark problem for future research in this subject area.
Do chestnut, northern red, and white oak germinant seedlings respond similarly to light treatments? Growth and biomass

Northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) seedling growth has been extensively studied. White oak (Quercus alba L.) and chestnut oak (Quercus prinus L.), however, are far less investigated despite their importance among upland oak species in eastern North American forests. We characterized white and chestnut oak seedling response to light and available soil nu- trients while using northern red oak as a benchmark. Germinants were grown within one of three shade treatments (25%, 18%, and 6% of full sun) in one of two native forest soil mixes over two growing seasons. Leaf area, shoot mass, and root mass of all three species showed positive growth responses to increasing light. Growth and biomass were higher for all spe- cies grown in the more nutrient-rich forest soil, but chestnut oak displayed the greatest positive responses to the higher nu- trient levels. White oak seedlings were the slowest growers and demonstrated the most root-centered growth, with root to shoot ratios almost twice that of either chestnut or northern red oak seedlings. The oak species evaluated here responded differently to changes in resource availability. Our study demonstrates the differential response of upland oaks to low light and nutrients. These differences need consideration when developing oak management prescriptions for specific oaks. Resume : La croissance des semis de chene rouge (Quercus rubra L.) a fait l'objet de plusieurs etudes. Toutefois, le chene blanc (Quercus alba L.) et le chene châtaignier (Quercus prinus L.) ont ete beaucoup moins etudies malgre leur importance parmi les especes de chene de milieu sec dans les forets de l'est de l'Amerique du Nord. Nous avons caracterise la reaction des semis de chene blanc et de chene châtaignier a la lumiere et a la disponibilite des nutriments du sol en utilisant le chene rouge comme reference. Les germinats se sont developpes pendant deux saisons de croissance dans un des trois traitements d'ombre (25 %, 18 % et 6 % de la pleine lumiere) et dans un des deux melanges de sol forestier preleves in situ. La crois- sance en surface foliaire, en biomasse des pousses et en biomasse racinaire des trois especes a augmente avec la disponibi- lite de la lumiere. La croissance et la biomasse des trois especes etaient plus elevees dans le sol forestier le plus riche, mais dans de telles conditions, la reaction du chene châtaignier a ete la plus forte. La croissance des semis de chene blanc etait la plus lente et la plus axee vers le developpement racinaire avec un rapport entre la biomasse racinaire et celle des pousses presque deux fois plus eleve que ceux des semis de chene châtaignier et de chene rouge. Les especes de chene de la pre- sente etude ont reagi differemment aux changements de disponibilite des ressources. Notre etude demontre que les chenes de milieu sec reagissent differemment a la faible disponibilite de lumiere et de nutriments. Ces differences meritent d'etre considerees pour mettre au point des prescriptions sylvicoles propres aux differentes especes de chene. (Traduit par la Redaction)
A Brassinosteroid-Hypersensitive Mutant of BAK1 Indicates That a Convergence of Photomorphogenic and Hormonal Signaling Modulates Phototropism

The phototropic response of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) is induced by the phototropin photoreceptors and modulated by the cryptochrome and phytochrome photoreceptors. Downstream of these photoreceptors, asymmetric lateral redistribution of auxin underlies the differential growth, which results in phototropism. Historical physiological evidence and recent analysis of hormone-induced gene expression demonstrate that auxin and brassinosteroid signaling function interdependently. Similarly, in this study we report evidence that interactions between brassinosteroids and auxin signaling modulate phototropic responsiveness. We found that elongated, a previously identified photomorphogenesis mutant, enhances high-light phototropism and represents a unique allele of BAK1/SERK3, a receptor kinase implicated in brassinosteroid perception. Altogether, our results support the hypothesis that phototropic responsiveness is modulated by inputs that influence control of auxin response factor-mediated transcription.
Key role of PLC-γ in EGF protection of epithelial barrier against iNOS upregulation and F-actin nitration and disassembly

Upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is key to oxidant-induced disruption of intestinal (Caco-2) monolayer barrier, and EGF protects against this disruption by stabilizing the cyt...
Oral Delivery in the Middle Ages

IN the Middle Ages the masses of the people read by means of the ear rather than the eye, by hearing others read or recite rather than by reading to themselves. It is the purpose of this article, first, to point out some evidences of the custom of oral delivery in the Middle Ages and, second, to analyze the peculiar characteristics of narratives intended for publication by that means, all with a view to considering in a later article the influence of such a custom on Geoffrey Chaucer.
The Plane Elastic Characteristics of Cord—Rubber Laminates

Results from an experimental study on rayon and nylon tire cords embedded in rubber are reported. Stress-strain curves in tension and compression on thick-walled cylinders of such materials show th...
Consumer Health Reference Revisited: Transforming Reference Services in the Affordable Care Act Landscape

The Affordable Care Act (ACA) landscape offers a prime opportunity to explore the transformation of consumer health reference services. This article focuses on a number of key areas in which consumer health reference work is revisited in the context of the ACA. In particular, library staff training opportunities, service philosophies, and strategies for conducting consumer health reference interviews must evolve and expand. Overall, revisiting consumer health reference is timely and needed to ensure that libraries remain responsive to community health information needs.
Oxidation-reduction potential of the ferro-ferricyanide system in buffer solutions

Abstract The redox potential ( E 0 ′) of the potassium ferrocyanide-potassium ferricyanide oxidation-reduction potential buffer was measured in four pH buffer solutions, acetate, Tris, phosphate, and borate, under specified conditions of pH, solution composition, and temperature. The potentials reported should be accurate, on the hydrogen electrode scale, to within about 2 mV and precise to within at least ±0.3 mV. Although the potential of the ferro-ferricyanide couple is sensitive to fairly small changes in experimental conditions, several methods are discussed by which this potential can be estimated with a reasonable degree of accuracy (about 2–10 mV) in solutions which differ somewhat from the particular solutions reported here. Attention is called to the need for greater care in specifying experimental conditions in the determination of redox potentials of various biological species.
Mechanisms influencing acquisition and recall of motor memories.

An internal model of the dynamics of a tool or an object is part of the motor memory acquired when learning to use the tool or to manipulate the object. Changes in synaptic efficacy may underlie ac...
The first three minutes: smooth muscle contraction, cytoskeletal events, and soft glasses

Smooth muscle exhibits biophysical characteristics and physiological behaviors that are not readily explained by present paradigms of cytoskeletal and cross-bridge mechanics. There is increasing evidence that contractile activation of the smooth muscle cell involves an array of cytoskeletal processes that extend beyond cross-bridge cycling and the sliding of thick and thin filaments. We review here the evidence suggesting that the biophysical and mechanical properties of the smooth muscle cell reflect the integrated interactions of an array of highly dynamic cytoskeletal processes that both react to and transform the dynamics of cross-bridge interactions over the course of the contraction cycle. The activation of the smooth muscle cell is proposed to trigger dynamic remodeling of the actin filament lattice within cellular microdomains in response to local mechanical and pharmacological events, enabling the cell to adapt to its external environment. As the contraction progresses, the cytoskeletal lattice stabilizes, solidifies, and forms a rigid structure well suited for transmission of tension generated by the interaction of myosin and actin. The integrated molecular transitions that occur within the contractile cycle are interpreted in the context of microscale agitation mechanisms and resulting remodeling events within the intracellular microenvironment. Such an interpretation suggests that the cytoskeleton may behave as a glassy substance whose mechanical function is governed by an effective temperature.
Machado de Assis' homeopathic narrators

Machado showed a fascination with homeopathic medicine, an indirect form of treatment that uses agents to stimulate reactions similar to the symptoms of the condition to be cured. Several of the author’s texts show a pattern of projects realized by indirect means, by "like curing like", which suggests a homeopathic logic in Machado’s worldview. Certain narrators, such as those inMemorias postumas de Bras Cubas, Dom Casmurro, and in short stories such as "O segredo do bonzo" and "Adao e Eva", are notable for denouncing themselves, that is, for undermining their own validity. This curious situation has implications for Machado’s overall project, which seems more interested in posing questions than providing answers. It also suggests a particular relationship with the reader, which affords as much independence as possible.
Tragedy as Democratic Education

Tragedy was an essential part of the public administration of ancient Athens. This article provides a short overview of three basic topics: how the city administered its public affairs, how it paid for its system of government, and what classical scholars mean when they talk about Greek tragedy. It then offers a brief reading of Aeschylus' play Suppliant Women as a specific example of how tragedy could engage the city's attention on an important matter of public moment. It concludes that the education Athenian spectators received in the theater was their best preparation for service on the democratic bodies of the assembly, council, and law courts.
Separating the Association Between Inhibitory Control and Substance Use Prevalence Versus Quantity During Adolescence: A Hurdle Mixed-Effects Model Approach

ABSTRACTBackground: Inhibitory control is a critical component to the self-regulation of affect and behavior. Research consistently demonstrates negative associations between inhibitory control and several problem behaviors including substance misuse during early adolescence. However, analytic approaches previously used have often applied ordinary least squares (OLS) regression to non-normal count data with an excessive number of zeros (i.e., never users), violating several model assumptions. Further, OLS regression fails to model effects of the independent variable, separately, for both prevalence and quantity of use. Objective: The study objective was to simultaneously model associations between inhibitory control and both past 30-day prevalence and amount of cigarette and marijuana use. It was hypothesized that when doing so, inhibitory control would be significantly associated with prevalence, but not quantity of use. Method: Hurdle Mixed-effects Models (HMM) were used for hypothesis testing on data c...
Dipole Moment of the HOOO Radical: Resolution of a Structural Enigma

A global six-dimensional potential surface for the hydridotrioxygen radical (HOOO) is needed for an accurate assessment of its atmospheric abundance. We report inertial dipole moment components obtained from Stark spectra of the trans-HOOO system solvated in superfluid helium, and these are shown to be stringent benchmarks for theoretical computations of the potential surface. Computed dipole moment components at the CCSD(T)/CBS equilibrium geometry disagree qualitatively with the experimental values. The role of large-amplitude motion and vibrational averaging is assessed by computing the ground-state wave function on a relaxed, two-dimensional potential surface for the HO1O2O3 torsional and O1O2 bond-stretching coordinates. The experimental and computed vibrationally averaged dipole moments agree only after shifting the potential along the O1O2 bond coordinate, indicating that single-reference CCSD(T)/CBS computations underestimate re(O1O2) by ∼0.08 A. An optimized trans-HOOO geometry at the composite a...
Concentric Multi-pixel Photodiode Array Probes for Optical Tissue Characterization

This paper reports on new custom concentric Si PD array probes for spatially resolved diffuse reflectance (SRDR) measurements. Monte Carlo simulations were conducted to analyze malignancies buried in benign tissue.
Bruhat order, rationally smooth Schubert varieties, and hyperplane arrangements

We link Schubert varieties in the generalized flag manifolds with hyperplane arrangements. For an element of a Weyl group, we construct a certain graphical hyperplane arrangement. We show that the generating function for regions of this arrangement coincides with the Poincare polynomial of the corresponding Schubert variety if and only if the Schubert variety is rationally smooth.