cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
YPAR and Critical Epistemologies: Rethinking Education Research:

Knowledges from academic and professional research-based institutions have long been valued over the organic intellectualism of those who are most affected by educational and social inequities. In ...
Effects of Family Conflict and Anger on Alcohol Use Among American Indian Students: Mediating Effects of Outcome Expectancies.

Objective:Identification of etiologic mechanisms underlying alcohol use among American Indian adolescents is essential because of higher rates of use and earlier initiation. One path links positive outcome expectancies to increased use for reduction of negative affect. This study estimates relationships between two aspects of distress among American Indian high school students—family conflict and anger—and alcohol involvement, and it investigates whether outcome expectancies serve as a mediator between these facets of distress and alcohol use.Method:Structural equation modeling evaluated study hypotheses among 975 female and 936 male American Indian 9th- through 12th- grade students residing on or near reservations. Students were from 17 high schools recruited across six geographic regions where American Indians on reservations reside. Separate models were assessed for male and female students.Results:Outcome expectancies mediated the relationship between both anger and family conflict for female students...
Pulmonary artery twisting during lung transplantation.

To the radiologist, complications of lung transplant are believed to occur along a time continuum, which is key given the nonspecific clinical and imaging findings. Pulmonary artery twistin...
The Eyes Really Do Have It: Attribution of Character in the Eyes of Killers

“The eyes are the window of the soul” is a staple cliche in many cultures, but is there any truth to this concept, of any potential importance in the forensic realm? The present study addressed this question in two experiments. It was shown that observation of the eyes and ocular regions of normal control individuals, and of serial killers, enabled average respondents to distinguish these individuals clearly in terms of trustworthiness, likability, and general “goodness.” In both experiments, and based on nothing but this observation, serial killers were consistently rated lower on all three indices. No sex or individual differences were observed in this pattern of results. These findings are consistent with current evolutionary and cognitive theory, and may highlight the importance of the perception of defendants by witnesses and jurors in criminal proceedings.
Solid-Phase Nucleic Acid Sequence-Based Amplification and Length-Scale Effects during RNA Amplification.

Solid-phase oligonucleotide amplification is of interest because of possible applications to next-generation sequencing, multiplexed microarray-based detection, and cell-free synthetic biology. Its efficiency is, however, less than that of traditional liquid-phase amplification involving unconstrained primers and enzymes, and understanding how to optimize the solid-phase amplification process remains challenging. Here, we demonstrate the concept of solid-phase nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (SP-NASBA) and use it to study the effect of tethering density on amplification efficiency. SP-NASBA involves two enzymes, avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase (AMV-RT) and RNase H, to convert tethered forward and reverse primers into tethered double-stranded DNA (ds-DNA) bridges from which RNA– amplicons can be generated by a third enzyme, T7 RNA polymerase. We create microgels on silicon surfaces using electron-beam patterning of thin-film blends of hydroxyl-terminated and biotin-terminated pol...
Optimizing Lithium Treatment

The purpose of this article is to discuss treatment of side effects that can occur during lithium therapy. Side effects from lithium are common but generally benign. For this article, I have divided the side effects into those that occur early, those that are late appearing, side effects related to drug interactions, and lithium toxicity. Side effects can decrease compliance. Lithium is a very effective drug for the stabilization of mood disorder in bipolar patients. Since side effects can affect compliance, recognition and treatment of early and late-appearing side effects are important aspects of lithium pharmacotherapy.
A NONLINEAR PARABOLIC PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION IN POPULATION GENETICS

A selection-migration model is considered in which the frequency of a gene type depends on time t and place x in a habitat R. The frequency u(t, x) obeys a nonlinear parabolic partial differential equation, with zero normal derivative boundary conditions. Results concern existence, stability or instability, and bifurcation of equilibrium solutions.
Phase stability as a function of temperature in a refractory high-entropy alloy

Refractory high-entropy alloys (RHEAs) have recently attracted much attention, primarily due to their mechanical properties at elevated temperatures. However, the equilibrium phase-stability of these alloy systems is not well established. The present investigation focuses on the phase stability of Al0.5NbTa0.8Ti1.5V0.2Zr RHEA at temperatures ranging from 600 to 1200 °C. The detailed phase characterization involves coupling of scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and atom probe tomography. The stable phases present at these temperatures are (i) 1200 °C—body-centered cubic (BCC) matrix with nano-B2 precipitates; (ii) 1000 °C and 800 °C—a BCC matrix phase with Al–Zr rich hexagonal closed packed intermetallic precipitates and, (iii) 600 °C—a BCC + B2 microstructure, comprising a continuous BCC matrix with discrete B2 precipitates. These results highlight the substantial changes in phase stability as a function of temperature in RHEAs, and high-entropy alloys in general, and also the importance of accounting for these changes especially while designing alloys for high temperature applications.
Spotsylvania Court House

On the largest scale, Grant’s Overland Campaign to destroy the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia was shaped by the geology and geography of the Piedmont Province of Virginia. After the Battle of the Wilderness, Grant began a series of large flanking movements, always to the east, to threaten the southern capital and force Lee to fight. Grant always maneuvered in this same direction so as to keep his supply route open across the Fall Zone and Coastal Plain—the logistics of running supplies through the Valley and Ridge Province or Triassic Basins proved too difficult and dangerous. On a tactical level the metamorphic rocks under the Spotsylvania Battlefield helped to determine the location of the largest weak spot in the Confederate line, the “Mule Shoe” salient. Here Grant ordered repeated attacks along a swale created at the contact between the Quantico synform and the Ta River metamorphic suite. This depression later provided cover for reorganizing Union infantry as the costly stalemate to take the “Bloody Angle” developed.
Capture and display of antibodies secreted by hybridoma cells enables fluorescent on-cell screening

Hybridoma methods for monoclonal antibody (mAb) cloning are a mainstay of biomedical research, but they are hindered by the need to maintain hybridomas in oligoclonal pools during antibody screening. Here, we describe a system in which hybridomas specifically capture and display the mAbs they secrete: On-Cell mAb Screening (OCMS™). In OCMS™, mAbs displayed on the cell surface can be rapidly assayed for expression level and binding specificity using fluorescent antigens with high-content (image-based) methods or flow cytometry. OCMS™ demonstrated specific mAb binding to poliovirus and rabies virus by forming a cell surface IgG "cap", as a universal assay for anti-viral mAbs. We produced and characterized OCMS™-enabled hybridomas secreting mAbs that neutralize poliovirus and used fluorescence microscopy to identify and clone a human mAb specific for the human N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor. Lastly, we used OCMS™ to assess expression and antigen binding of a recombinant mAb produced in 293T cells. As a novel method to physically associate mAbs with the hybridomas that secrete them, OCMS™ overcomes a central challenge to hybridoma mAb screening and offers new paradigms for mAb discovery and production.
Barriers to and Facilitators of the Use of Mobile Health Apps From a Security Perspective: Mixed-Methods Study.

Background: A large number of mobile health (mHealth) apps have been created to help users to manage their health or receive health care services. Many of these mHealth apps have proven to be helpful for maintaining or improving their users’ health. However, many people still choose not to use mHealth apps or only use them for a short period. One of the reasons behind this lack of use is the concern for their health information security and privacy. Objective: The goal of this study was to determine the relationship between users’ characteristics and their security and privacy concerns and to identify desired security features in mHealth apps, which could reduce these concerns. Methods: A questionnaire was designed and validated by the research team. This questionnaire was then used to determine mobile app users’ security and privacy concerns regarding personal health data in mHealth apps as well as the security features most users’ desire. A semistructured interview was used to identify barriers to and facilitators of adopting mHealth apps. Results: In total, 117 randomly selected study participants from a large pool took part in this study and provided responses to the validated questionnaire and the semistructured interview questions. The results indicate that most study participants did have concerns about their privacy when using mHealth apps. They also expressed their preferences regarding several security features in mHealth apps, such as regular password updates, remote wipe, user consent, and access control. An association between their demographic characteristics and their concerns and preferences in security and privacy was identified; however, in most cases, the differences among the different demographic groups were not statistically significant, except for a few very specific aspects. These study participants also indicated that the cost of apps and lack of security features in mHealth apps were barriers for adoption, whereas having free apps, strong but easy-to-use security features, and clear user protection privacy policies might encourage them to use mHealth apps in their health management. Conclusions: This questionnaire and interview study verified the security and privacy concerns of mHealth app users, identified the desired security and privacy features, and determined specific barriers to and facilitators of users adopting mHealth apps. The results can be used to guide mHealth app developers to create apps that would be welcomed by users.
Self-Determination and Choice in Mental Health: Qualitative Insights From a Study of Self-Directed Care

Objective: While quantitative research has begun to establish an evidence base for self-directed care (SDC) in mental health, less is known about how people with serious mental illness experience this care model, especially in relation to choice and decision-making. The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine the extent to which people with serious mental illnesses experienced greater choice as a result of their participation in an SDC intervention, and how their experience of choice was related to the fulfillment of three psychological needs (i.e., competence, autonomy, relatedness) identified by self-determination theory.
Abstract 17117: Prevalence of Systemic AV Valve Regurgitation in Patients With Congenitally Corrected Transposition of the Great Arteries: Anatomic versus Physiologic Repair

Background: Congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries (ccTGA) is a rare anomaly with highly variable time of diagnosis. Depending on time of diagnosis and associated lesions, multi...
Impact of an institution-designed algorithm for the management of dislodged gastrostomy tubes.

Abstract Background Gastrostomy tube (GT) dislodgement is a common reason for emergency department (ED) visits. We aim to assess the efficacy of our institution's algorithm in reducing surgical consultation and GT contrast studies for replacement of dislodged GT and to examine the need for operation before and after algorithm implementation. Methods A retrospective review was performed between March 2017-February 2018 (prealgorithm) and March 2018-December 2018 (postalgorithm) for patients Results A total of 433 visits among 279 patients were included, 200 (46.2%) pre and 233 (53.8%) postalgorithm implementation. Median ED LOS was 2.1 h (IQR 1.4, 3.0). Surgery was consulted in 92 visits (21.3%) and a contrast study obtained in 287 (66.3%). The GT was replaced by ED providers in 363 visits (83.8%) and by surgery in 70 (16.2%). Surgical consultation increased postalgorithm (16.5% vs. 25.3%; p = 0.03). Six (1.4%) patients required reoperation, with 5 occurring postalgorithm, p = 0.22. For GTs placed Conclusion An algorithm for replacement of dislodged GT is usable, effective, and increased surgical team involvement without significant changes in patient outcomes. Type of Study Treatment Study. Level of Evidence Level III.
Review of Out in Africa: LGBT Organizing in Namibia and South Africa

This piece reviews Ashley Currier's book, Out in Africa: LGBT Organizing in Namibia and South Africa (Univ. of Minnesota Press 2012).
Executive Privilege in a Hyper-partisan Era

This Article briefly recounts the instances of presidential invocation of "executive privilege" as a basis for withholding information from committees or members of Congress in the years between Richard Nixon's resignation and the end of Barack Obama's second term. In assessing the likely outcome of an interbranch executive privilege dispute, perhaps as (if not more) important than the kinds of categorical questions lawyers tend to ask about privilege claims (i.e., whether the President has actually seen or been familiarized with the allegedly privileged matter, or whether the presidential privilege encompasses documents developed by officers and employees outside the Executive Office of the President) is the extent to which the underlying congressional investigation can be characterized as bipartisan. We draw upon the insightful rubric for assessing an investigation's degree of bipartisanship supplied by Senator Levin and Elise Bean in their contribution to this symposium. Our focus on those considerations, to the extent we have been able to ascertain them from public record, suggests that, all other things being equal (which of course they never are), claims of executive privilege are more likely to become sustained impediments to the satisfactory conclusion of a congressional investigation when the investigation bears the indicia of partisanship. Alternatively, executive privilege claims are significantly less likely to be an impediment if the investigation is bipartisan.
Politics and Enlightenment in Russia

This chapter will consider domestic and non-Russian roots of enlightenment thinking before 1760. It will focus, in particular, on (1) enlightened attitudes toward good government and the law (Catherine’s Nakaz, the projects of Panin and Fonvizin, Desnitskii’s legal ideas); enlightened attitudes toward questions of Church and state (Prokopovich and Orthodox “modernism,” Platon (Levshin) and the Catherinian Church); enlightened attitudes toward social justice (Fonvizin, Shcherbatov, Radishchev); the phenomenon of “enlightened conservatism” (Derzhavin and Karamzin); and differences between the Russian, French, Scottish, and German Enlightenments.
Study of Investors’ Preference for the Selection of an Insurance Product

Human Being’s life is the most significant asset and life-insurance is the most significant sort of insurance which gives financial protection to theindividualhimself/herself and to his family at the hour of dubious dangers or harm. Life insurance gives both safety and protection to people and furthermore encourages investment funds among individuals. The present exploratory based investigation was chosen with a target to analyze those factors which impact client’s strategy purchasing choice and furthermore examine the inclinations of clients while making decision about insurance policy investment. Different insurance-related factors have been examined in the paper. Also, the said study has been conducted to know the satisfaction level of the clients and also to know the benefit they have been receiving from the company (if any). The information for the research has been gathered from primary data. The study zone is restricted to Maharashtra state and the test sample is 30 investors. The hypotheses have been based on the basis of demographic and the factors related to the insurance-based preference.factors and tested the same with the help of statistical tool T-test. The analyzed data had been produced in the form of a tables and graphs/charts. Insurance agencies should spread more awareness about life insurance, a decrease in the premium amount, and giving more attention to need-based innovative products are a portion of the recommendations which I would suggest. The paper closes with the segment that factors of the individuals play a significant and essential role in choosing the purchase of insurance policies.
The Campaign of 2016

The Campaign of 2016 explores the details of the most expensive ballot campaign in Massachusetts history. Question 2 was a continuance of a long effort to privatize public education and decimate teachers’ unions. This time the teachers fought back. The corporate reform side promised choice and defended their claim to public dollars, while the teachers’ side hammered away at the millions being drained from traditional public schools by charters. The privatizers’ ballot committee, Great Schools Massachusetts, was being funded by a dark money operation called Families for Excellent Schools of New York. The teachers attacked the wealthy out-of-state elites. Eventually, the secret funders were revealed and were not from New York, but were a handful of Massachusetts wealthiest persons.
Strategies for Adaptive Model Reduction with DCA-Based Multibody Modeling of Biopolymers

This contribution discusses the need for adaptive model reduction when simulating biopolymeric systems and the issues surrounding the execution of these model changes in a computationally efficient manner. These systems include nucleic acids, proteins, and traditional polymers such as polyethylene. Two distinct general strategies of reducing selected degrees-of-freedom from the model are presented and the appropriateness of use is discussed. The strategies discussed herein are a momentum based approach and a velocity based approach. The momentum-based approach is derived from modeling discontinuous changes in model definition as instantaneous application (or removal) of constraints. The velocity-based approach is based on removing a degree-of-freedom when the associated generalized speed is zero. A Numerical example is included that demonstrates that both methods similarly characterize long-time conformational motion of a system.
7 The Frz Chemosensory System of Myxococcus xanthus

Myxococcus xanthus has attracted much scientific interest because of its complex life cycle and morphogenetic potential. Western blot analysis showed that vegetative cells are highly methylated (about 50% of FrzCD is methylated) but cells that are starved are relatively unmethylated. The methylation changes in FrzCD suggest that during aggregation, FrzCD senses a chemical(s) produced by other cells that promotes cell movements towards aggregation centers. S-motility in M. xanthus, like twitching motility in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, has been shown to involve the extension and retraction of type IV pili localized at the leading cell pole. The stimulatory mutations blocked both vegetative swarming and developmental aggregation. The inhibitory mutations blocked developmental aggregation at low cell density, but not at high cell density, suggesting that specific methylation sites may be required for sensing low concentrations of developmental signals. The different phenotypes of the mutants observed in this study suggest that differential methylation could provide a potential signal input to the Frz chemosensory pathway. FrzS was also studied by constructing in-frame deletion mutants that express stable cryptic proteins; these mutants showed loss of function and/or distinct localization defects. Specifically, in-frame deletions of the pseudoreceiver domain, the coiled-coil domain, and a motif located at the very C terminus of the protein each resulted in aberrant localization and loss of function defects.
Lewis and Clark Expedition

This encyclopedia entry describes the Lewis and Clark expedition and objectives and impacts on American Indian peoples and governments. The primary mission of the expedition was to impose the commercial and sovereign powers of the United States on the Indigenous peoples and nations of the Louisiana and Oregon Territories.
Identification and Estimation of Flight Software Cost Risk Growth

The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, California is a US Government Federally-Funded Research and Development Center that is run by the California Institute of Technology for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) JPL's primary role is to conduct unmanned, robotic missions from Explorer to Voyager, to Mars Pathfinder.
An autonomous atmospheric pressure recorder for establishing polar sea surface height

An autonomous low-power device for the precise measurement (+or-0.7 mbar) of atmospheric pressure versus date/time in Arctic conditions (-55 degrees C, 120-km/hr wind) is described. Data are stored using 'burned in silicon' technology. Measurements are made every hour on the hour over a period of 12 months. Static pressure is measured using a special port designed to be insensitive to the effects of wind. Endurance problems associated with a one-year instrument operating in extremely harsh conditions are discussed. >
Calorimetric Studies of Drawn Polyethylene Terephthalate

Dynamic differential calorimetry and density measurements have been made on drawn polyethylene terephthalate. The crystallinity and heats of fusion depend on the type of molecular rearrangements produced by the extent of draw and the temperature of draw. At low temperatures (near the glass transition) the molecules relieve strain by uncoiling with little sliding or alignment occurring. At temperatures above 100°C the molecules glide past one another to relieve strain with little uncoiling. Strain - induced crystals are formed in the samples drawn more than 160% at temperatures near the glass transition; at high strain, both chain alignment and uncoiling occur and produce crystallization at these temperatures. At higher temperatures and high strain, the uncoiling is too small to allow crystallization. Annealing a drawn sample under strain resulted in an increase in uncoiling which is proportional to the strain.
Accessing the History of the Web: A Web Way-Back Machine

One of the deficiencies of the World Wide Web is that the Web does not have a memory. Web resources always display one revision only, namely the latest one. In addition, once a Web resource moves from one location (i.e., URL) to another, the resource at the original location ceases to exist. Since the Web does not provide a mechanism to allow access to the revision history of resources, services like the Internet Archive have sprung into action to collect the history of important Web resources. The Web way-back machine described here, currently under development by the author, utilizes collections of historical Web resources like the ones provided by the Internet Archive to allow online, read-only access to the revisioned resources.
Core-shell magnetite nanoparticles surface encapsulated with smart stimuli-responsive polymer: synthesis, characterization, and LCST of viable drug-targeting delivery system.

We describe here the synthesis of a novel magnetic drug-targeting carrier characterized by a core−shell structure. The core−shell carrier combines the advantages of a magnetic core and the stimuli-responsive property of the thermosensitive biodegradable polymer shell (e.g., an on−off mechanism responsive to external temperature change). The composite nanoparticles are ∼8 nm in diameter with ∼3 nm shell. The lower critical solution temperature (LCST) is ∼38 °C as determined by UV−vis absorption spectroscopy. The carrier is composed of cross-linked dextran grafted with a poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-N,N-dimethylacrylamide) [dextran-g-poly(NIPAAm-co-DMAAm)] shell and superparamagnetic Fe3O4 core. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the composition of the carrier. The synthesized magnetic carrier system has potential applications in magnetic drug-targeting delivery and magnetic resonance imaging.
An examination of the effect of computerized performance monitoring feedback on monitoring fairness, performance, and satisfaction

Abstract Research has examined how the design and implementation of computerized performance monitoring (CPM) systems affects individuals’ performance and attitudes. In this study, we examine how the attributes of the feedback received in a CPM context affects individuals’ reactions to monitoring. One hundred and sixty-five individuals participated in an experiment that examined the effect of three feedback attributes (feedback control, feedback constructiveness, and feedback medium) on monitoring fairness judgments, performance, and satisfaction. Results demonstrate feedback constructiveness significantly predicted monitoring fairness. Additionally, supervisor-mediated feedback was associated with higher levels of monitoring fairness than was computer-mediated feedback. Moreover, monitoring fairness mediated the relationship between these feedback attributes and performance and satisfaction. However, contrary to expectations, feedback control did not affect perceptions of monitoring fairness. Implications for future research on the design of CPM systems are discussed.
Infrared Laser Stimulated Surface Processes

Abstract Gas-surface interactions including the process of chemisorption, the reaction involving the adsorbate and the adsorbent, the formation of reaction products and the desorption of adsorbed species enhanced by infrared laser radiation have been investigated. Specifically, SF 6 and SiF 4 interactions with silicon affected by CO 2 laser pulses, and the infrared photon stimulated desorption of C 5 H 5 N and C 5 D 5 N molecules from KCl, Ag(110) and Ag island films have been studied to illustrate the many facets of the vibrationally activated surface processes. Aspects related to surface reaction dynamics and molecular selectivity in photodesorption are discussed.
Loss of heterozygosity in human aberrant crypt foci (ACF), a putative precursor of colon cancer

Aberrant crypt foci (ACF), the earliest neoplastic lesions of the colon, have genetic and epigenetic alterations. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of tumor suppressor gene loci is seen in most colon cancers, but it is not known how early in tumorigenesis this takes place. Nine microsatellite markers close to specific genes, that is, APC (5q21), PTPRJ (11p11), p53 (17p13) and DCC (18q21), were analyzed in 32 ACF and samples of normal crypts from the same 28 patients. Six losses of heterozygosity were found in 5 of 32 ACF: 4 losses of heterozygosity were at 11p11, the location of the gene for protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type J (PTPRJ) and of a second independent region of deletion; the others were at 5q21 and 18q21. Microsatellite instability (MSI) with markers for a single locus was found in 4 of 32 ACF. All the observed allelic alterations (LOH and MSI) were in 8 of 32 ACF. The finding of LOH in ACF with normal expressions of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) and beta-catenin proteins suggests that LOH can occur very early in colon neoplasia and perhaps even before APC mutations. The finding of 3 of 4 of the losses of heterozygosity at 11p11 for PTPRJ and half of all the losses of heterozygosity in this study at PTPRJ suggest that this gene plays a role early in colon neoplasia.
Determination of trace elements in human hair. Reference intervals for 28 elements in nonoccupationally exposed adults in the US and effects of hair treatments.

The concentrations of 28 elements in hair of three populations of non-occupationally exposed adults in the US (n=271) were determined. The 10th, 50th, and 90th percentiles, and geometric means for these data were obtained to define reference intervals for these elements. The effects of various hair treatments, age, and sex on concentrations of 17 selected elements in hair were determined for these populations. Age had little effect on elemental concentrations. Males tended to have higher Cd and Pb levels, but lower Mg and Ti levels than females. Males using dandruff shampoo had significantly higher concentrations of Na, Se, and Ti than those using only regular shampoo and/or conditioners. Ba, Ca, Cu, Mg, Na, and Sr were all elevated in females using permanents or color treatments, compared to those using only dandruff shampoo, regular shampoo, and/or conditioners.
Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy: A re-examination of the role of surface roughness and electrochemical anodization

Abstract To date all surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) studies have been carried out on rough metal surfaces. This has resulted in the general impression that surface roughness is an absolute prerequisite for the observation of SERS. In this paper we demonstrate, at least for the case of SERS at the solid-liquid interface (i.e., an electrochemical cell) that neither surface roughness (viz., quasi-spherical particles ⩾ 250 A in diameter) or electrochemical anodization are prerequisites to SERS observation . For the model system, Ag/0.05 M pyridine/0.1 M KCl/ H 2 O, an enhancement factor of ca. 10 4 is observed on “smooth”, unanodized surfaces implying a maximum roughness contribution to the overall enhancement of only about ca. 10 2 . The observation of SERS on “smooth” surfaces is not restricted to pyridine since it can also be observed in the system Ag/0.005 M Pt(CN) 4 2− /0.1 M SO 4 2− /H 2 O. These results strongly support the hypothesis that the overall SERS enhancement of 10 6 is the product of 10 4 enhancement from a roughness independent mechanism (e.g., image-dipole mechanism) and a 10 2 enhancement from a roughness dependent mechanism (e.g., the development of geometrically defined electromagnetic resonances near rough solid surfaces — “lightning rod mechanism”).
Protein Similarities in the Genus Tetrahymena and a Description of Tetrahymena leucophrys n. sp.1

The potential utility of protein arrays visualized by SDS-PAGE in taxonomic studies of protozoa has been investigated within the genus Tetrahymena. Matching coefficients have been obtained from one-dimensional separations of cytoskeletal proteins in a study involving 40 strains of Tetrahymena. In separate studies, the method was estimated to be accurate to within 10%, and the limit of intraspecific variation within the genus was estimated at ≅ 30%. Accordingly, it is suggested that strains showing matching coefficients 0.6 in these preparations probably represent different species. Further tests using strains identified to species by breeding criteria have shown that the 0.6 rule is asymmetric, i.e. although matching coefficients lower than this indicate separate species, values higher than this do not prove identity. Protein comparisons included in the present study indicate that strain Tur, previously identified as a strain of T. vorax, is distinct from all other macrostome-forming species. It is here designated Tetrahymena leucophrys n. sp.
EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS (EBV) NEGATIVE HUMAN MALIGNANT T LYMPHOCYTE CELL LINES

Most established human lymphocyte cell lines have properties of B cells and are EBV positive. Recently a few lymphoblastoid lines have been shown to have T cell properties (Minowada, J., et al, J.N.C.I. 49:891, 1972) (J. Kaplan, et al, Cancer Res. in press, 1974.) This report describes studies of the malignant lymphoblast cell lines CCRF-CEM and HSB-2, derived from two children with leukemia secondary to lymphosarcoma. Like normal T cells these two lines form more rosettes with sheep erythrocytes at 4° than at 37°. Rosette formation is inhibited to a greater degree by rabbit antiserum to T cell lines than by antiserum to B cell lines. The cells lack complement receptors and surface immunoglobulins. When examined for EBV capsid antigen and EBV nuclear antigen, an indicator of EBV genome, CCRF-CEM and HSB-2 are negative, whereas all B cell lines so studied are positive for EBV nuclear antigen. These findings indicate that lines CCRF-CEM and HSB-2 are T cells and that they are EBV negative. Perhaps they possess genetic material of some other virus which, like EBV, induces both sustained in vitro cell growth and in vivo tumors. If so, the availability of these malignant T lymphocyte lines may facilitate the search for a human leukemia-lymphocyte virus.
Combination Tones at Frequencies Greater Than the Primary Tones

The existence of audible combination tones at frequencies greater than the primary tones that generate them has long been problematic. With primary tones at frequencies f1 and f2, combination tones at f1 + f2 - f1, and other frequencies can be demonstrated and measured by using a contralateral probe tone to establish a binaural interaction with a given combination tone. The estimated amplitudes of these higher-frequency combination tones are generally 20 to 40 decibels below the amplitude of the primary tones.
Human renal-cell carcinoma cells are able to activate natural killer cells.

We previously reported that natural killer (NK) cells that had infiltrated renal-cell carcinoma (RCC) proliferated vigorously in culture with interleukin-2 (IL-2) and lysed autologous tumor cells. In this study, we investigate the susceptibility of RCC cells to NK-cell lysis and their ability to stimulate proliferation and increase phenotypic expression and function of NK cells. Cells from primary culture of RCC (p-RCC cells) were significantly more susceptible to the lysis mediated by human NK3.3 clones than were cells from primary culture of metastatic melanomas. Both RCC-cell clones and cells from primary culture of non-tumorous kidneys were also susceptible to lysis by NK3.3 clones and IL-2-activated peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs). Incubation of NK3.3 clones with p-RCC cells in the absence of IL-2 induced proliferation of NK3.3 clones, whereas incubation with cells from primary culture of metastatic melanomas, K562 cells, or any others tested did not. The p-RCC cells from earlier passages were more potent inducers of NK-cell proliferation than were those from older passages. Cell-free culture superna-tants of p-RCC cells with or without NK3.3 clones failed to induce NK-cell proliferation. Incubation of CD16+ NK cells purified from PBLs with p-RCC cells induced higher proliferation of the NK cells only in the presence of IL-2, whereas incubation with cells from primary culture of metastatic melanomas did not. Incubation of NK3.3 clones with p-RCC cells resulted in an increase in CD16, CD25 (IL-2 receptor-α), and HLA-DR antigen expression and cytotoxicity in NK3.3 clones. In summary, these results suggest that RCC cells are able to activate NK cells, potentially through cell-to-cell interaction.
Intraocular reticulum cell sarcoma: A case report and literature review

A 66-year-old white woman with a confusing spectrum of central nervous system signs and symptoms had a diagnostic enucleation of her blind left eye showing retinal infiltration. Histopathologic examination showed reticulum cell sarcoma involving the retina. The patient died one month later and autopsy revealed diffuse central nervous system reticulum cell sarcoma along with right eye and systemic involvement. A review of the literature indicates intraocular reticulum cell sarcoma to be an apparently uncommon occurrence, although ocular examination may be frequently overlooked.
Casimir effect for massless fermions in one dimension: A force-operator approach

We calculate the Casimir interaction between two short-range scatterers embedded in a background of one-dimensional massless Dirac fermions using a force-operator approach. We obtain the force between two finite-width square barriers and take the limit of zero width and infinite potential strength to study the Casimir force mediated by the fermions. For the case of identical scatterers, we recover the conventional attractive one-dimensional Casimir force. For the general problem with inequivalent scatterers, we find that the magnitude and sign of this force depend on the relative spinor polarizations of the two scattering potentials, which can be tuned to give an attractive, a repulsive, or a compensated null Casimir interaction.
Modulated bone matrix‐related gene expression is associated with differences in interfacial strength of different implant surface roughness

Purpose The objective of this study was to examine the effect of implant surface topography on biomechanical strength and expression patterns of bone extracellular matrix (ECM)-related genes during implant healing. Materials and Methods Cylinder implants with turned or dual acid-etched (DE) surface were placed into the femurs of female Sprague-Dawley rats. At 2 and 4 weeks after the implantation, the implant push-in test was performed to measure the load-bearing strength of the bone-tissue interface. T-shaped hollow implants were separately placed and the total RNA was extracted from the ingrown tissue within the hollow chamber. The RNA was subjected to reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction to analyze the expression pattern of selected bone extracellular matrix-related genes. Results The push-in value of the DE implant is approximately 300% greater than that of the turned implant at weeks 2 and 4 (p=.0090). The expression of collagen II, osteocalcin and biglycan was higher in the week 2 DE implant group than the turned implant group. At week 4 the expression of collagen II and IX was 7- and 26-fold, respectively, greater in the DE implant group than in the turned implant group. Conclusions The surface topography of implants may induce the phenotypic alteration of wound healing cells. The increased interfacial strength of the DE implant may be associated with the modulated expression of the selected set of bone extracellular matrix genes.
CO2-induced expression of c-fos in the nucleus of the solitary tract and the area postrema of developing swine

Abstract This investigation was performed to determine whether hypercapnic exposure elicited expression of the c-fos protooncogene product, FOS, in nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and area postrema (AP) neurons of developing swine. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were also monitored to evaluate whether numbers of neurons containing FOS were related to changes of MAP and HR. In each experiment, two litter-matched piglets were prepared simultaneously, i.e., Saffan anesthesia, paralysis, and artificial ventilation (100% O 2 ). One animal was exposed to hypercapnia (1 h of 10% CO 2 , balance oxygen), while the other continued to breathe 100% O 2 . Animals were studied at three different ages: 5–8 days, 13–15 days, and 26–34 days old. In the NTS, FOS expression was prominent in regions corresponding to the general visceral afferent subdivision; the AP showed no such topographic distribution. The number of NTS and AP neurons with FOS in hypercapnic-exposed animals was significantly greater than those of unexposed animals. However, an age-related increase of FOS was observed only for NTS neurons, with the greatest number observed in 13- to 15-day-old animals. Increases of MAP, not HR, were noted during the early part of hypercapnia in the 5- to 8-day-old group; older animals exhibited no change of MAP. Our findings demonstrated that prolonged hypercapnic stimulation elicited FOS expression in AP and NTS neurons of developing animals, and that such expression was non-uniform, depending upon the region studied.
Oxygen consumption and development of thermoregulation in young Eutamiaspanamintinus and Eutamias palmeri

Abstract 1. 1. Young Eutamias panamintinus attained body temperatures (Tb) approaching that of adults by approximately 10 weeks of age, whereas in E. palmeri, similar Tb were attained at approximately 5 weeks of age. 2. 2. Measurements of oxygen consumption (VO2) increased steadily in both E. palmeri and E. panamintinus until approximately the eight and tenth week, respectively. Following these periods, VO2 remained about the same for E. panamintinus, whereas in E. palmeri, VO2 decreased progressively at older age intervals. 3. 3. Trends in VO2 correspond to growth rates except for the first few weeks. 4. 4. At 13 weeks of age, both E. panamintinus and E. palmeri had slightly higher VO2 than adults, although at this time, both species approximated adult size.
Evolution of φX174. Isolation of four new φX-like phages and comparison with φX174

Abstract Many new single-stranded circular DNA-containing icosahedral phages have been isolated using a sucrose density gradient to fractionate the phages present in raw sewage into size classes. All the phages sedimenting at 120S were φX-like; from these, four different classes (called the G-phages) have been characterized. They are icosahedral particles with almost the same density and size as φX174, and they contain single-stranded circular DNA of almost the same size as the φX174 genome. Two of the phages, G4 and G14, are serologically unrelated to φX174 and are restricted by the R-factor restriction system mediated by RI endonuclease. The four new phages all code for the same number of proteins (8 or 9) as φX174, and every protein coded by the G phages has a recognizable φX174 counterpart of approximately the same molecular weight. DNA base homologies between these phages were studied by constructing heteroduplex DNA molecules with φX174 DNA and analyzing the base sequence mismatch with the electron microscope. The two phages (G4 and G14) that appeared by biological criteria and by differences in their proteins to be the most distantly related to φX174 gave heteroduplex DNA molecules with a highly characteristic and ordered pattern of single-stranded DNA loops (5 and 4, respectively), which represent specific regions of the viral DNA that have at least 24% base sequence mismatch compared with φX174 DNA. The two phages (G6 and G13) that by the same criteria appear to be very closely related to φX174, gave a highly random pattern of single-stranded DNA loops throughout the heteroduplex molecule, suggesting that the average base sequence mismatch of almost 24% is distributed throughout the whole molecule. The evolutionary significance of these findings is discussed.
A recipe to detect the error in discretization schemes

The necessity for a reliable measure of the discretization error arises in adaptive mesh refinement and in moving mesh adaptation. The present work discusses a detector of the discretization error based on the interpolation reconstruction of the operators. The technique presented here is named operator recovery error source detector (ORESD). Its main features are: First, the technique is based on the operators being discretized and does not require any user intervention or any a priori knowledge of the solution or its properties. Second, the ORESD is an a posteriori error indicator, but it is shown to be consistent with the a priori error provided by the modified equation approach. Third, the technique is based on the operators being solved and is tailored to the specific problem at hand. Four, the technique is simple and is based on a small stencil, resulting in a very inexpensive error detection. In the present work, the ORESD is derived and applied to two tutorial examples: divergence and gradient. With the aid of the two examples and using the general derivation, the ORESD is then applied to the gas dynamics equations. Two benchmarks are used to test the performance. First, a shock tube problem is solved (Sod's benchmark) in a Lagrangian and in a Eulerian frame. Second, the Colella's wedge problem is solved using CLAWPACK. Finally, the ORESD is applied to the 2D Poisson equation on a uniform and on a non-uniform grid to test the application to elliptic problems. In all examples the operator recovery error source detector succeeds in detecting the real sources of error. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Subharmonic resonances of a mechanical oscillator with periodically time-varying, piecewise-nonlinear stiffness

Abstract The subharmonic (period-η, η>1) motions of a piecewise-nonlinear (PN) mechanical oscillator having parametric and external excitations are investigated. The system is formed by a viscously damped, single-degree-of-freedom oscillator subjected to a periodically time-varying, PN stiffness defined by a clearance surrounded by continuous forms of nonlinearity. A multiterm harmonic balance formulation in conjunction with discrete Fourier transforms is used to determine steady-state period-η motions of the system near the parametric instability regions. The accuracy of analytical solutions is verified through a comparison with direct numerical integration results. A parametric study is also presented to demonstrate the combined influence of a clearance and of cubic nonlinearities on period-η motions within typical ranges of system and excitation parameters.
SERCA2a gene therapy for heart failure: ready for primetime?

Cardiovascular disease has emerged as one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in recent years. Despite considerable progress in managing the disease, we still face the daunting challenge of developing therapeutic interventions to effectively treat heart failure and improve heart function. Although conventional pharmacologic therapy has been quite successful in relieving symptoms, there is no cure for heart failure.1 However, several experimental studies have demonstrated that gene therapy could be an effective option to treat the failing myocardium.2,3,4,5,6 Many of these studies have focused on the calcium (Ca2+)-handling proteins of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in an effort to improving calcium cycling in the diseased heart.2,5,6,7,8
JUSTIFICATION AND METHODOLOGY IN PRACTICAL ETHICS

Apercu des principales positions qui animent le debat sur la justification et la methodologie en ethique. L'A. critique en particulier la position de J. Rawls qui adopte la methode de l'equilibre reflexif et developpe une forme de fondationnalisme au-dela de sa theorie de la justice. L'A. defend une approche holistique de la methodologie ethique qu'il appelle liberalisme methodologique
Review of Jonathan Moreno. Mind Wars: Brain Research and National Defense 1

Mind Wars is an exhilarating and anxiety-provoking whirlwind tour of recent developments in neuroscience that possess defense or national security potential. Its pages are populated with projects t...
Transmembrane movement of oligosaccharide-lipids during glycoprotein synthesis.

Abstract The transport of sugar residues into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) during glycoprotein synthesis was studied by examining the transmembrane orientations of the oligosaccharide-lipid precursors of asparagine-linked oligosaccharides. Using the lectin concanavalin A, the lipid-linked oligosaccharides Man 3–5 GIcNAc 2 were found on the cytoplasmic side of ER-derived vesicles in vitro while lipid-linked Man 6–9 GIcNAc 2 and GIc 1–3 Man 9 GIcNAc 2 were found facing the lumen. These results suggest that Man 5 GlcNAc 2 -lipid is synthesized on the cytoplasmic side of the ER membrane and then translocated to the luminal side. Glc 3 Man 9 GIcNAc 2 -lipid is then completed on the luminal side where it serves as the donor in peptide glycosylation. Translocation of Man 5 GlcNAc 2 -lipid offers a mechanism for the export of sugar residues from the cytoplasm during glycoprotein synthesis. This translocation may be the reason for the participation of lipid-linked mono- and oligosaccharides in glycoprotein synthesis.