cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The generalized UBI-QEP method for modeling the energetics of reactions on transition metal surfaces

Abstract The unity bond index––quadratic exponential potential (UBI-QEP) method is generalized to include any number of bond indices in the UBI constraint. The energy and bond index expressions are given that are completely general and not limited with respect to the number of bond indices that are allowed to participate in the UBI constraint. A procedure is described and illustrated for the generalization of the potential energy parameters by fitting to observable thermodynamic data. Applications and criteria for the applicability of the UBI-QEP method are discussed and a screening test for the applicability of the method is presented.
A pragmatic view of V-te-i-ru and V-te-ar-u

Abstract The paper attempts a comparative analysis of the Japanese complex verb forms V-te-i-ru and V-te-ar-u . It morphologically analyzes the forms as compound predicates consisting of a complex verb stem (a perfective verb stem adjoined to an imperfective verb stem /-i-/ or /-ar-/ by /-te-/) and the tense morpheme /-(r)u-/. It is argued that both forms characterize the duration of situations identified by the perfective verb stems and that the choice between the two forms is determined in terms of whether the subject entity is seen from the dynamic or from the static point of view. The diverse and versatile usage of these verb forms is thus accounted for in a principled manner.
Aggregation of dissociated mouse blastomeres

Abstract Dissociated blastomeres of four- or eight-cell mouse eggs from the same or different strains can reaggregate and some develop to blastocyst stage in droplet cultures.
Automating Cloud Network Optimization and Evolution

With the ever-increasing number and complexity of applications deployed in data centers, the underlying network infrastructure can no longer sustain such a trend and exhibits several problems, such as resource fragmentation and low bisection bandwidth. In pursuit of a real-world applicable cloud network (CN) optimization approach that continuously maintains balanced network performance with high cost effectiveness, we design a topology independent resource allocation and optimization approach, NetDEO. Based on a swarm intelligence optimization model, NetDEO improves the scalability of the CN by relocating virtual machines (VMs) and matching resource demand and availability. NetDEO is capable of (1) incrementally optimizing an existing VM placement in a data center; (2) deriving optimal deployment plans for newly added VMs; and (3) providing hardware upgrade suggestions, and allowing the CN to evolve as the workload changes over time. We evaluate the performance of NetDEO using realistic workload traces and simulated large-scale CN under various topologies.
Subdifferential formulas for a class of non-convex infimal convolutions

In this paper, we provide a number of subdifferential formulas for a class of non-convex infimal convolutions in normed spaces. The formulas obtained unify several results on subdifferentials of the distance function and the minimal time function. In particular, we generalize the results obtained recently by Zhang et al.
Energy optimizations for FPGA-based 2-D FFT architecture

Row-column algorithm is commonly used for 2-D FFT implementation on FPGA. However, in this algorithm, the strided memory access to external memory such as DRAM introduces significant delay for DRAM row activation, thus resulting in high DRAM energy and a significant amount of FPGA device energy consumed in idle state. In this paper, to optimize energy consumption of the 2-D FFT architecture, we employ an FPGA-based 1-D FFT kernel supporting processing streaming data to fully utilize the available bandwidth offered by the external memory , and balance the I/O bandwidth between the DRAM and FPGA to minimize the FPGA idle time. Furthermore, to avoid time consuming DRAM row activation, we decompose the required transposition by column-wise FFTs into smaller size problems, thus enabling on-chip local transposition which could be performed by the customized data permutation unit used in the 1-D FFT kernel. Compared with the baseline 2-D FFT architecture, the optimized architecture achieves 3.9×, 4.2× and 4.5× improvement in energy efficiency for 1024×1024, 4096 × 4096 and 8192 × 8192 points 2-D FFTs, respectively. We also estimate the peak energy efficiency of the FPGA-based 2-D FFT architecture. Our estimation shows that our optimized 2-D FFT Kernel can achieve 8.06 ∼ 8.31 GFLOPS/W for various 2-D FFTs, ie., up to 62% of the peak energy efficiency of 2-D FFT architecture on FPGA.
Device-directed rendering

Rendering systems can produce images that include the entire range of visible colors. Imaging hardware, however, can reproduce only a subset of these colors: the device gamut. An image can only be correctly displayed if all of its colors lie inside of the gamut of the target device. Current solutions to this problem are either to correct the scene colors by hand, or to apply gamut mapping techniques to the final image. We propose a methodology called device-directed rendering that performs scene color adjustments automatically. Device-directed rendering applies classic minimization techniques to a symbolic representation of the image that describes the relationship of the scene lights and surfaces to the pixel colors. This representation can then be evaluated to produce an image that is guaranteed to be in gamut. Although our primary application has been correcting out-of-gamut colors, this methodology can be generally applied to the problem of adjusting a scene description to accommodate constraints on the output image pixel values.
Fishermen Herders: Subsistence, Survival and Cultural Change in Northern Kenya

This article examines the unique role played by fishing, hunting and gathering groups in the survival strategy of the pastoralist societies in whose midst they live. During periods of extreme adversity, these groups acted as a refuge for destitute herdsmen and their households by absorbing population in periods of hardship and releasing individuals back into pastoralism when conditions once again allowed the accumulation of stock. Extensive quotations from the historical traditions of the peoples of the Lake Turkana region of northern Kenya are used to detail the recent history of two such fishing communities, the Elmolo and the Dies, the latter being a fishing group within Dasenech society. The epizootics that decimated the cattle herds of East Africa at the end of the nineteenth century are background for examining the interactions of the Elmolo and Dies with their pastoralist neighbours, the Samburu and Rendille, and the cultural changes initiated during this period. The subsequent changes inaugurated by the imposition of colonial rule are documented and the Elmolo are shown to be a ‘dying tribe’ in the sense that the traditional cultural features of their society are giving way to a more pastoral existence based on that of their herding neighbours.
Comparison of expiratory CT airway abnormalities before and after tracheoplasty surgery for tracheobronchomalacia.

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study is to assess the prevalence and severity of expiratory multidetector computer tomography airway abnormalities, including central airway collapse and peripheral air trapping, before and after tracheoplasty, a novel surgical treatment for tracheomalacia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Our hospital information system retrospectively identified all patients with bronchoscopically diagnosed tracheobronchomalacia referred for computer tomography airway imaging pretracheoplasty and posttracheoplasty during a 41-month period. All patients underwent a standard multidetector computer tomography protocol comprised of imaging both at end inspiration and dynamic expiration. Two observers simultaneously reviewed the images. Maximal expiratory tracheal collapse and total air-trapping scores were calculated pretracheoplasty and posttracheoplasty for each patient. Statistical analysis was performed using the paired t test and Wilcoxon signed-ranks test. RESULTS The study cohort was comprised of 16 patients, 12 men and 4 women, with mean age of 60 years (range: 41 to 80). Mean percentage expiratory tracheal collapse pretracheoplasty was 70%+/-28 compared with 36%+/-27 posttracheoplasty (P<0.0001). Fifteen (94%) of sixteen patients demonstrated air trapping both pretracheoplasty and posttracheoplasty. Median total air-trapping scores were similar between preoperative (median 6, range: 0 to 9) and postoperative (median 6, range: 0 to 10) scans (P=0.43). All patients experienced symptomatic improvement after surgery. CONCLUSIONS Tracheoplasty is associated with a significant reduction in expiratory tracheal collapse and subjective symptomatic improvement, but it does not change the severity of air trapping.
Central Illocutionary Force and Meaning

The benefit of this distinction for Urmson is that it can be used to defend the claim made by Hare and others that the meaning of some words can be analysed in terms of the speech acts they are used to perform from the objection that not all utterances involving these words have a particular illocutionary force. Thus, 'good' is often used to commend, but this illocutionary force cannot be part of the meaning of the word, the objection goes, since 'good' can occur in a question or in the antecedent of a conditional where it contributes no commending force.2 With the concept of central illocutionary force, though, it can be admitted that a word whose meaning is analysable in terms of an illocutionary force need not have that force in all occurrences as long as that force is central in some utterances involving that word. So 'good' has the illocutionary force of commending as part of its meaning, Urmson argues, since it occurs in 'This is a good sheet', which has this force as a central one. Lawrence J. Jost in a recent discussion in this journal has suggested that the concept of central illocutionary force might be used to support another Harean position, viz. the distinction between the primary and secondary meaning of evaluative terms.3 'Good' might thus be said to be primarily prescriptive, since some (but not all) utterances involving this word have commending as a central force, while terms which occur only in utterances in which the illocutionary force of commending is peripheral are secondarily evaluative. Jost, however, rejects this possibility and argues that Urmson's notion of central illocutionary force cannot be used to save the primary/secondary distinction. Jost focuses on two of Urmson's claims, which he calls CF and FN and formulates as follows:
The lymphatic absorption of lipids is normalized by enteral phosphatidylcholine infusion in ovariectomized rats with estrogen replacement

Abstract Estrogen (ES) replacement previously was shown to decrease the lymphatic absorption of fat with a simultaneous decrease in phospholipid (PL) output in ovariectomized (OX) rats. The present study was conducted to investigate whether intraduodenal infusion of phosphatidylcholine (PC) would normalize the absorption of 14 C-linoleic acid ( 14 C-LA) and unlabeled oleic acid (OA) in OX rats implanted s.c. with an estradiol pellet (OXE; 25 μg/day/rat), compared with OX rats implanted with a placebo pellet (OXP). Additionally, this study examined whether ES would alter the rate of fatty acid esterification into various lipids in the intestinal mucosa. Both groups were meal-trained and pair-fed for 7 weeks. Each rat with a lymph cannula was infused at 3 mL/hr via a duodenal catheter with a lipid emulsion containing 14 C-LA and triolein (380 μmol) with or without PC (41 μmol). Lymph was collected hourly for 8 hr via a lymph fistula. Without PC infusion, the total lymphatic absorption of 14 C-LA was significantly lower (26.0 ± 3.4% dose) in OXE rats than in OXP rats (31.8 ± 2.0% dose) with a close parallel decrease in OA output at 2 hr and thereafter. Also, the total lymphatic secretion of PL was significantly lower in OXE rats (26.5 ± 2.4 μmol) compared with OXP rats (37.1 ± 4.1 μmol). When PC was infused, the total lymphatic absorption of 14 C-LA and OA in OXE rats was restored completely to normal, whereas PC infusion had no effect on the lymphatic outputs of 14 C-LA or OA in OXP rats. The lymphatic outputs of PL were enhanced markedly in both groups with PC infusion. The hourly output of PL was correlated highly with the absorption of 14 C-LA ( r = 0.81) and OA ( r = 0.78). Regardless of whether lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC) was present in the intestinal lumen, the rates of mucosal 14 C-LA incorporation into triglycerides (TG), PL, and other lipids were not affected by ES treatment. The results indicate that the slower rate of lymphatic absorption of fatty acids in ES-treated rats is not due to alteration in mucosal fatty-acid esterification, but to a limited availability of PL to the enterocyte. This may be associated with an inhibitory effect of ES on the hepatic secretion of PL via the biliary route.
Correcting Our Sentiments about Hume's Moral Point of View

Dans le cadre du debat sur l'interpretation subjective ou intersubjective du point de vue moral chez Hume, l'A. etudie les deux aspects de l'intersubjectivite que sont la condition de partageabilite et la condition de l'accord (agreement). Soulevant le probleme de la variabilite de la sympathie dans les livres II et III du «Traite de la nature humaine», l'A. montre que la notion de sympathie etendue permet a Hume de preserver trois formes d'accord: l'accord sur l'approbation ou la desapprobation de traits de caractere donnes; l'accord inter-culturel et l'accord strict concernant les modalites de l'approbation ou de la desapprobation des traits de caractere donnes
A pegging method for decomposing relations in databases

The anomalies in normal forms generally can be reduced by decomposing relations. Unfortunately many current decomposition procedures fail to give lossless decomposition and still preserve all functional dependencies. A pegging method is proposed to solve this decomposition problem. Pegging is also helpful in decomposing relations that have the characteristics of “three-decomposability” and some Fifth Normal Form relations.
Mosaic regularity of horizontal cells in the mouse retina is independent of cone photoreceptor innervation.

PURPOSE. To determine whether the density and the mosaic regularity of the population of horizontal cells is dependent on innervation from the cone photoreceptors by comparing these features in wild-type and transgenic mice expressing an attenuated diphtheria toxin in the cones. METHODS. Retinal wholemounts from coneless transgenic mice and their wild-type littermates were immunostained for calbindin or for cone opsins, and labeled cells and outer segments were counted to determine horizontal cell and photoreceptor density. The x-y positional coordinates of each horizontal cell were also determined, from which the geometrical properties of the horizontal cell mosaic were examined using nearestneighbor and Voronoi domain analyses. Autocorrelation and density-recovery profile analyses were also conducted to identify the presence of exclusion zones within the population of horizontal cells. For each sampled field, random simulations of matched density, constrained by the physical size of the horizontal cells, were generated in parallel and analyzed with the real data. RESULTS. Coneless mice were confirmed to contain only 3% of the normal cone photoreceptor population. Despite the loss of these afferents, horizontal cell density did not differ between the wild-type and concless retinas. Mosaic regularity in wild-type and coneless retinas did not differ, but each differed significantly from random simulations of identical density. Horizontal cells in both the wild-type and coneless mouse retina exhibited exclusion zones extending beyond the physical size of the soma, suggested to reflect intercellular interactions during early development that drive tangential dispersion; these were slightly larger in the wild-type retina. CONCLUSIONS. Cone innervation is not a necessary condition for horizontal cell survival during postnatal development. The resiliency of the regularity in the horizontal cell mosaic is consistent with the hypothesis that such global patterning is an emergent property of these cells as they engage in local interactions that are largely independent of their afferent innervation.
Winter indoor air pollution in Alaska: identifying a myth

Abstract The benzene and toluene levels inside three homes with attached garages were measured for 12 consecutive weeks during the winter months in Fairbanks, Alaska (Latitude 64.5°N). Results for air samples collected over 12 h for the homes showed indoor benzene mixing ratios ranging from 1.6 to 20.4 parts per billion of mixing ratio volume (ppbv), and toluene air mixing ratios ranging from 7.3 to 41.6 ppbv. A correlation between benzene and toluene levels in each home and similar regression lines suggested the same major emission source, car and small equipment gasoline, present in attached garages. In one home, there was a correlation between indoor benzene mixing ratios and the urinary biomarker, trans,trans-muconic acid. Inside, air mixing ratios of benzene and toluene decreased with decreasing outside temperature in all homes studied, even though homes were relatively tight to prevent heat loss during this period of low winter outdoor temperatures. It is suggested that buildup of these pollutants indoors is prevented by the influence of an increased indoor/outdoor temperature differential and an ensuing increase in home ventilation.
Eosinophilic-lymphocytic myocarditis after smallpox vaccination

Summary Smallpox is an eradicated viral disease that has re-emerged as a potential bioterrorism threat. Smallpox vaccination was historically the most effective defence measure against wild smallpox virus. The risk of myopericarditis after vaccination might limit this option. We report a case of biopsy-proven eosinophilic-lymphocytic myocarditis diagnosed in vivo with histological evidence for eosinophil-mediated cardiac myocyte necrosis shortly after smallpox vaccination. Furthermore, we report a beneficial haemodynamic response to high-dose corticosteroids. A better understanding of the aberrant immune mechanism of myocyte injury after smallpox vaccination might improve the risk/benefit assessment for people considering smallpox vaccination and better smallpox vaccines in the future.
Embryopathic effects of mercuric salts

Abstract Various doses of mercuric acetate and phenylmercuric acetate were administered intravenously to anesthetized pregnant golden hamsters early on the eighth day of gestation in order to study their potential teratogenicity in this species. Fetuses removed from the females on either the twelfth or fourteenth day of gestation exhibited a delayed growth rate and varying degrees of a dorsally localized subcutaneous edema. All doses of mercuric acetate and the three larger doses of phenylmercuric acetate also induced resorption rates significantly higher than the control level of 4%. A small number of miscellaneous abnormalities including: exencephaly, encephalocele, anophthalmia, microphthalmia, cleft lip and palate, rib fusions and syndactylia were also observed in the fetuses from the treated females. Both mercurials also produced the following manifestations of toxicity in the maternal system: weight loss, kidney lesions, diarrhea, slight tremor and somnolence.
Acidogenesis in the two‐phase anaerobic process

Abstract A two‐phase anaerobic digestion system with a completely mixed acid reactor was studied using a 2 percent synthetic glucose substrate. The steady‐state performance of the acid phase was studied at pH 4.3 and a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 4.5 hours for 117 days. Separation of phases was noted under these conditions as methane production in acid reactor was initially less than 10 percent of the total gas. The effects of pH and HRT on the acid phase were observed by adjusting pH levels to A.3 and 6.5 and HRT to 2, 4.5 and 8 hours.
Effect of chlordiazepoxide administered early in extinction on subsequent extinction of a conditioned emotional response in rats: implications for human clinical use.

Summary.-Two groups of albino rats (a = 32), in which a conditioned emotional response (CER) to a tone had previously been established, were given two extinction trials: one group received chlordiazepoxide on the first extinction trial and the other group received saline. No drug was administered to either group on the second extinction trial. A standard extinction decrement was shown by the saline animals. The chlordiazepoxide animals not only failed to extinguish but showed a slight increment that was interpreted as being due to a "dissociation" of learning effect. These results suggest caution in the use of chlordiazepoxide in human clinical situations when the fear stimuli are delineated and the hope is for anxiety reduction that continues after withdrawal of the drug. Tenen (6) established a conditioned emotional response (CER) in rats and subsequently showed that chlordiazepoxide (Librium) resulted in significantly faster recovery from suppression of drinking induced by conditioned emotional response than did saline. The question can then be asked: what happens to the conditioned response when the animal is no longer in the drug state? Does chlordiazepoxide facilitate permanent extinction to currently non-reinforced anxiety evoking cues? Of special interest in this context is the psychotherapeutic procedure of systematic desensitization, since certain authors (8) recommend the use of chlordiazepoxide to facilitate relaxation in the desensitization procedure. Several lines of research suggest that desensitization works via an extinction process and that the relaxation component serves as a facilitator of extinction by aiding patients to re-expose themselves to the conditioned fear stimuli (1, 2, 7). If chlordiazepoxide somehow interferes with extinction, the use of this drug to facilitate relaxation would be unwise. In this study, we wished to determine whether the diminution of the conditioned emotional response that occurs while the subject is under the influence of chlordiazepoxide continues to be observable when the subject is no longer under the influence of the drug. The procedure was a modified version of Tenen's
Visualization and flow surveys of the leading edge vortex structure on delta wing planforms

In the present experimental investigation of thin delta wing vortex breakdown, for the cases of sweep angles of 70, 75, 80, and 85 deg, and smoke flow visualization/laser light sheet technique is used to obtain cross sectional views of the leading edge vortices as they break down. A combination of lateral and longitudinal cross sectional views furnishes data on the three-dimensional character of the vortex before, during, and after breakdown. Velocity measurements conducted with a laser Doppler anemometer on the 70 deg sweep delta, at 30 deg angle-of-attack, indicate that when breakdown occurs the core flow is transformed from a jet-like to a wake-like flow.
Toroid detectors in pressure probes

The utility of toroid resonators for NMR has been discussed in several reports (I, 2). Most recently, using “0 NMR, Glass and Dom (3) have shown an SINadvantage of 3-5 for toroids compared with Helmholtz detectors. However, realization of this advantage for narrow-line nuclides was limited by poor B0 field homogeneity, since typical linewidths achieved were 45-70 Hz, which could only be reduced to a best value of 11.7 Hz with use of a specially designed shim system (4). Were it not for the B. field homogeneity problem, we suspected that toroids, due to their greater coil efficiency and their confinement of the B, field to the internal regions of the coil, would be particularly useful in metal pressure vessels, since this confinement would also be expected to avoid losses due to magnetic coupling with the vessel. Here, we report 2H static linewidths near 1.0 Hz for several toroid detectors, even though mounted within a Be-Cu pressure vessel, with 13C sensitivities significantly better than that of a commercial 10 mm ambient pressure multinuclear probe. The spectra were recorded using a General Electric GN300/89 spectrometer with an Oxford 89 mm magnet and standard shim system. Magnetic coupling of a transmitter coil to a nearby conductor results in loss of energy to the conductor in the form of eddy currents. In addition, the coupling also allows pickup of thermal or other noise from the conductor when the coil is used to receive signals. Magnetic coupling decreases the coil’s inductance and quality factor. To alleviate these problems, Hoult (5) recommends that detector coils be located at least a distance equal to their largest dimension from nearby conductors. The recommendation applies to metal pressure vessels in that their walls are conductive. Significantly, it essentially triples the required inside diameter and wall thickness of the pressure vessel and one designed for 10 mm sample sizes for use in magnets of 7.05 T or above would be difficult to achieve. Jonas’ high-pressure NMR probes have their detectors far removed from the walls of the vessel (6, 7). To investigate the potential advantages of toroids for use in high-pressure NMR probes, the pressure vessel in Fig. 1 was fabricated from Berylco alloy 25 (tensile strength; 192,000 psi). The vessel is intended for homogeneous catalysis studies involving reactions of gases and liquids under pressure and is designed to receive effluent from a separate stirred reactor where gas and liquid mixing occur. It uses standard l/l 6 in. compression fittings (Parker or single ferrule Swagelok) in both the gas connections and in the RF feedthroughs; however, the feedthroughs used VespelSP 1 reducing ferrules (Alltech Associates, 1 / 16 in. to 1 .O mm) in place of the standard
Studies in steroid metabolism XII. Metabolism of steroid enol-glucosiduronates

Abstract Incubation of androstenedione and its enolic glucuronic acid conjugate with rat-liver mince suggested that these substances are metabolized independently and without prior hydrolysis of the conjugate. Simultaneous incubation of radioactive androstenedione and the unlabelled enol-conjugate with rat-liver tissue mince further verified this finding. The areas showing strong radioactivity generally showed little or no Zimmermann -positive material. Paper chromatography of extracts obtained following β-glucuronidase treatment suggest that reduction of ring A occurs prior to conjugate cleavage.
The Appalachian Social Context and the Battering of Women

The battering of women by their partners is a common occurrence around the world, and historical records show that the abuse of women has been legitimized through the ages. In the United States battering is to be found in all social classes and across all racial and ethnic groups. However, the experience of being battered is structured by the social contexts in which it occurs. How victims perceive and react to that experience is influenced by their social world, the construction of gender and family roles and interpersonal relationships in their community, and the response of local people to male violence. These social context variables must be considered as well in programs designed to assist battered women and to prevent further battering.
Electron-capture cross sections for low-energy highly charged neon and argon ions from molecular and atomic hydrogen.

Electron-capture cross sections for low-velocity (${10}^{6}$--${10}^{7}$ cm/s) highly charged ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{\mathrm{q}+}$ (2\ensuremath{\le}q\ensuremath{\le}7) and ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{\mathrm{q}+}$ (2\ensuremath{\le}q\ensuremath{\le}10) projectiles incident on molecular- and atomic-hydrogen targets have been measured. A recoil-ion source that used the collisions of fast heavy ions (1 MeV/amu) with target gas atoms was utilized to produce slow highly charged ions. Atomic hydrogen was produced by dissociating hydrogen molecules in a high-temperature oven. Measurements and analysis of the data for molecular- and atomic-hydrogen targets are discussed in detail. The measured absolute cross sections are compared with published data and predictions of theoretical models.
Overview of the Data Acquisition System at NSCL

The integrated data acquisition/analysis system for nuclear experiments is described. The selection criteria for the multi-processor system is discussed and the current configuration and planned expansion is shown. Operational rates and limitations of this system are given for some typical experiments. An overview of the multi-tasking software and user interfaces is given.
Effect of cooling rate on the volume fraction of B2 phases in a CuZrAlCo metallic glass matrix composite

The material properties of bulk metallic glass matrix composites (BMGMCs) depend strongly on the morphology and elastic constants of the included crystalline phase. Transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) BMGMCs based on the Cu–Zr system are alternatives to traditional dendrite-reinforced BMGMCs. Samples of a representative alloy, Zr_(48)Cu_(47.5)Al_4Co_(0.5), are fabricated in various dimensions and characterized using DSC, SEM, and ultrasonic measurement of elastic constants. It is shown that the Cu–Zr system uniquely softens during crystallization, and the microstructure of the alloy depends strongly on the rate of cooling. We conclude by discussing how combinations of part design and alloy development could be used to utilize these alloys in applications.
Symmetry, degeneracy, and universality in semilinear elliptic equations. Infinitesimal symmetry-breaking

In this paper we study the bifurcation of radial solutions of semilinear elliptic equations on n-balls, Δu(x)+f(u(x))=0, x∈D n , αu(x)-βdu(x)/dn=0, x∈∂D n , to asymetric solutions
Dose-rate dependent stochastic effects in radiation cell-survival models.

When cells are subjected to ionizing radiation the specific energy rate (microscopic analog of dose-rate) varies from cell to cell. Within one cell, this rate fluctuates during the course of time; a crossing of a sensitive cellular site by a high energy charged particle produces many ionizations almost simultaneously, but during the interval between events no ionizations occur. In any cell-survival model one can incorporate the effect of such fluctuations without changing the basic biological assumptions. Using stochastic differential equations and Monte Carlo methods to take into account stochastic effects we calculated the dose-survival relationships in a number of current cell survival models. Some of the models assume quadratic misrepair; others assume saturable repair enzyme systems. It was found that a significant effect of random fluctuations is to decrease the theoretically predicted amount of dose-rate sparing. In the limit of low dose-rates neglecting the stochastic nature of specific energy rates often leads to qualitatively misleading results by overestimating the surviving fraction drastically. In the opposite limit of acute irradiation, analyzing the fluctuations in rates merely amounts to analyzing fluctuations in total specific energyvia the usual microdosimetric specific energy distribution function, and neglecting fluctuations usually underestimates the surviving fraction. The Monte Carlo methods interpolate systematically between the low dose-rate and high dose-rate limits. As in other approaches, the slope of the survival curve at low dose-rates is virtually independent of dose and equals the initial slope of the survival curve for acute radiation.
EFFECT OF DESFERRIOXAMINE ON LIVER SEGMENTS IN HEMOCHROMATOSIS

Es wird uber Versuche berichtet, mit Hilfe von Desferrioxamin histologisch mit der Turnbull-Reaktion nachweisbares Eisen, vor allem Hamosiderin, aus fixiertem und frischem Gewebe von Hamochromatoselebern zu entfernen. Schnitte von 10 µ Dicke werden in 2Tagen durch eine 2%ige Desferrioxamin-Losung histologisch praktisch vollstandig von farbbarem Eisen befreit. Werden die herausgelosten Eisenmengen bestimmt, so werden aus Schnitten, die 24 Std inkubiert sind, bis zu 57% der berechneten, darin enthaltenen Eisenmengen herausgelost. Das Desferrioxamin erweist sich damit auch in vitro als geeignetes Mittel, Eisen, besonders Hamosiderin, in groseren Mengen aus dem Gewebe herauszulosen.
Social and emotional functions in facial expression and communication: the readout hypothesis

Fridlund (Fridlund, A.J. (1991). Biological Psychology, 32, 3-100) has argued that facial displays are specific to intent and context, rather than being readouts of underlying motivational-emotional states. This paper responds that these views are not incompatible, and that subjective emotional experience functions in part to enhance the learned control of emotional expression and communication. It summarizes the readout position, answers Fridlund's criticisms identifying it with the different notion of "spillover," and contends that the expressive readout functions in spontaneous communication. Fridlund's assertions that the readout is a reflex-like process, and that the readout view has ignored the receiver's coevolutionary role in communication, are addressed. Evidence supporting the readout view is presented, including studies suggesting that there are hierarchically organized neurochemical systems underlying subjective, expressive, and peripheral physiological responses. Such primary motivational-emotional systems (primes) are basic to the readout theory.
High resolution digital flowfield imaging of jets

High resolution digital imaging, using planar laser-induced light scattering is being developed for analysis of gaseous flowfields. High resolution image data, implying both high spatial resolution and wide signal dynamic range, can be readily processed to yield two-dimensional distributions of species concentrations and, in turn, accurate two-dimensional images of concentration gradients and turbulence scales. Critical aspects of the technique are discussed; details of the design and the performance of the imaging system are presented; and results for laminar, transitional, turbulent and birfurcating nitrogen jets, using planar-laser-induced fluorescence of biacetyl, are reported. Initial results from imaging processing and the potential implications for flowfield analysis are described
MRI evidence of mesial temporal sclerosis in subjects without seizures.

The identification of mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is critical in the evaluation for temporal lobectomy. The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of MTS by MRI in the general population. We reviewed the charts of patients undergoing MRI scans over an 18-month period. In order to be included, patients had to have no history of seizures, and the MRIs had to read as 'normal'. Patients were excluded if there was a history of seizures, mental illness, or alcohol abuse, and if they had a family history of seizures. Ages had to be from 5 to 50 years. All patients had MRI scans performed in three planes on 1.5 T systems. MRI diagnosis of MTS was based on standard visual diagnostic criteria analyzing: (1) hippocampal atrophy and (2) increased hippocampal T2 signal. Out of 375 charts reviewed, 204 met the inclusion criteria. Of the 204, 29 (14%) had abnormal and asymmetric mesial temporal structures consistent with a diagnosis of unilateral MTS. Nineteen (9.3%) had hippocampal atrophy only, two (1%) had T2 signal abnormalities, and eight (4%) met both criteria. There are some 'false positives' and MRI evidence for MTS is only meaningful in the proper clinical context.
A kinematical model for quarks and hadrons

Starting from simple topological arguments due to Dirac on the classical rotational properties of extended rigid bodies, we abstract the concept of a finite-size spinor (FSS). The FSS is a concept distinct from both point spinors (e.g., electrons) and composite spinors (e.g., nuclei), and suggests a new model for baryons. The FSS offers a natural explanation of “threeness” for the quarks, excludes the existence of free quarks, denies the operational definition of quark spin statistics, and, moreover, leads to the dual model of hadronic interactions.
The thermodynamic efficiency of tunnel kilns

An in-depth thermodynamic analysis of modern high-temperature tunnel kilns showed that the principal exergy losses in the kilns are due to the irreversibility of the kiln processes and the imperfect design of the roof. In the 0.75-m-high kiln the internal exergy losses can be reduced by shortening the heating zone and improving the sealing of the kiln floor, and in the 1.1-m-high kiln by improving the combustion process.
An empirical assessment of the validity of Mullins' theory group classifications

Using a random sample of 79 theorists selected from among six of Mullins' theory groups, this study attempts to empirically assess the validity of Mullins' theory group classifications. The procedure involved utilizes multiple discriminant analysis based on four demographic-academic variables standardized relative to the publication date of the first major work written by each theorist. Results of the discriminant analysis indicate 70 percent of 40 cases, for whom complete data were available, are correctly classified, based on Mullins' initial categorizations. These results show Mullins' classification schema as having considerable construct validity, as well as demonstrating the utility of using multiple discriminant analysis as a technique for assessing other classificatory systems.
Internet computer virus protection policy

Organizations and individuals today need to have a comprehensive virus protection policy to face the growing threats of Internet computer viruses. The purpose of this paper is to introduce to the reader the threats that Internet computer viruses can cause and provide guidelines on how organizations or individuals can protect themselves against these viruses. Discusses the full set of virus types. Recommends the development of virus protection policy for organizations.
Fetal and maternal progenitor cells in co-culture respond equally to erythropoietin

To explore potentially selective growth conditions for fetal cells in cultures from the blood of pregnant women, we investigated if fetal and adult erythroid progenitors with different hemoglobin expression programs are differentially responsive to erythropoietin (EPO). Co-cultures of clonogenic cells from 12-week fetal and adult peripheral blood were established, and the development of erythropoietic cells was monitored using flow cytometric profiles of correlated cellular contents of fetal and adult hemoglobin (HbF and HbA, respectively). Adult nucleated red cells were classified as F+A-, F+A+ or F-A+. All fetal cells were F+A-. The population of F+A- cells was flow-sorted and fetal cells were identified by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using chromosome-specific probes. Delayed EPO addition revealed that all types of erythroid cells entered the EPO-dependent phase with similar kinetics, beginning at about Day 4. The data suggest that fetal and adult erythroid stem/progenitor cells have the same initial maturation kinetics in culture independent of their hemoglobin chain expression program. Fetal and adult cells with different hemoglobin profiles also showed similar EPO dose-response curves, determined for different intervals during the first 2 weeks of culture. Thus, the kinetics of entry into the phase of EPO dependence, as well as the sensitivity to EPO at various stages of development, are essentially the same for erythropoietic progenitor cells derived from adult and early fetal blood, which rules out the possibility of using the timing or concentration of EPO for the selective growth of fetal cells from the blood of pregnant women.
ALE: a generic assembly likelihood evaluation framework for assessing the accuracy of genome and metagenome assemblies

Motivation: Researchers need general purpose methods for objectively evaluating the accuracy of single and metagenome assemblies and for automatically detecting any errors they may contain. Current methods do not fully meet this need because they require a reference, only consider one of the many aspects of assembly quality or lack statistical justification, and none are designed to evaluate metagenome assemblies. Results: In this article, we present an Assembly Likelihood Evaluation (ALE) framework that overcomes these limitations, systematically evaluating the accuracy of an assembly in a reference-independent manner using rigorous statistical methods. This framework is comprehensive, and integrates read quality, mate pair orientation and insert length (for paired-end reads), sequencing coverage, read alignment and k-mer frequency. ALE pinpoints synthetic errors in both single and metagenomic assemblies, including single-base errors, insertions/deletions, genome rearrangements and chimeric assemblies presented in metagenomes. At the genome level with real-world data, ALE identifies three large misassemblies from the Spirochaeta smaragdinae finished genome, which were all independently validated by Pacific Biosciences sequencing. At the single-base level with Illumina data, ALE recovers 215 of 222 (97%) single nucleotide variants in a training set from a GC-rich Rhodobacter sphaeroides genome. Using real Pacific Biosciences data, ALE identifies 12 of 12 synthetic errors in a Lambda Phage genome, surpassing even Pacific Biosciences’ own variant caller, EviCons. In summary, the ALE framework provides a comprehensive, reference-independent and statistically rigorous measure of single genome and metagenome assembly accuracy, which can be used to identify misassemblies or to optimize the assembly process. Availability: ALE is released as open source software under the UoI/ NCSA license at http://www.alescore.org. It is implemented in C and Python.
The construction and performance of the silicon tracker for the GLAST beam test engineering module

We describe the design, construction and performance of the silicon tracker part of the GLAST beam test engineering module (BTEM), a full size prototype of one of the 16 towers of the GLAST Large Area Telescope (LAT), approved by NASA to be launched in 2005. With an active area of 2.7m2 of single-sided silicon strip detectors, this is the largest silicon strip detector built to date. We will describe the assembly steps, including yield numbers, and will give results from the analysis of the beam test in Winter 1999/2000 at SLAC, where the tower was tested in gamma, positron and hadron beams.
Comparative study of Ti∕Al∕Mo∕Au, Mo∕Al∕Mo∕Au, and V∕Al∕Mo∕Au ohmic contacts to AlGaN∕GaN heterostructures

Ohmic contact formation by Ti∕Al∕Mo∕Au, Mo∕Al∕Mo∕Au, and V∕Al∕Mo∕Au on AlGaN∕GaN heterostructure field effect transistor layers have been studied and compared. Mo∕Al∕Mo∕Au ohmic contacts exhibited the lowest contact resistance of 0.22±0.02Ωmm over a range of anneal temperatures from 650to800°C. The minimum contact resistances of Ti∕Al∕Mo∕Au and V∕Al∕Mo∕Au ohmic contacts were measured to be 0.38±0.04Ωmm at an anneal temperature of 800°C and 0.35±0.07Ωmm at an anneal temperature of 700°C, respectively. Long-term thermal stability measurements were performed at 500, 600, and 700°C. Of the three metallization schemes, Ti∕Al∕Mo∕Au exhibited the best thermal stability (up to 8.5h at 700°C). Intermetallic reactions were investigated using Auger electron spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction measurements.
A Model of Knower-Level Behavior in Number-Concept Development.

We develop and evaluate a model of behavior on the Give-N task, a commonly used measure of young children's number knowledge. Our model uses the knower-level theory of how children represent numbers. To produce behavior on the Give-N task, the model assumes that children start out with a base rate that makes some answers more likely a priori than others but is updated on each experimental trial in a way that depends on the interaction between the experimenter's request and the child's knower level. We formalize this process as a generative graphical model, so that the parameters—including the base rate distribution and each child's knower level—can be inferred from data using Bayesian methods. Using this approach, we evaluate the model on previously published data from 82 children spanning the whole developmental range. The model provides an excellent fit to these data, and the inferences about the base rate and knower levels are interpretable and insightful. We discuss how our modeling approach can be extended to other developmental tasks and can be used to help evaluate alternative theories of number representation against the knower-level theory.
The Seventh Door

An oncologist reflects on the personal toll physicians experience while taking care of the very sick and the journey they must take, facing real and perceived failures when patients suffer poor outcomes, to find the renewed energy to go on with their chosen mission.
TIME-GCM results for the quasi-two-day wave

To understand how the quasi-two-day wave (QTDW) interacts with the mean flow and migrating tides we perturbed the lower boundary of the National Center for Atmospheric Research Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Mesosphere-Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIME-GCM) to excite the QTDW. Results from our initial model runs, computed for a perpetual January 15th, show wave amplitudes in wind and temperature that are in qualitative agreement with previous model results and observations. The wave period and amplitude change over the duration of the model run and it is expected that this results from changes in the zonal mean zonal winds. Evidence supporting nonlinear interactions between the QTDW and the migrating tides is presented.
Enzyme-deficiency metabolic cardiomyopathies and the role of enzyme replacement therapy

Abstract Cardiovascular abnormalities are common in some lysosomal storage disorders (LSD) as a result of intracellular accumulation of the storage material. The heart is a major organ of involvement, with a hypertrophic type cardiomyopathy as a cardinal clinical manifestation in some LSDs such as Pompe disease, Fabry disease, and the mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS). The cardiac pathology is variably progressive. For example, in Fabry disease, the heart can be the only organ involved, making identification of the clinical syndrome difficult, while in infantile Pompe disease, patients have a severe hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with early death. The advent of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) for LSDs such as Gaucher, Pompe, Fabry, MPS I, II and VI has changed the natural history of these diseases. ERT is effective in reducing existing substrate deposits, with an improvement in cardiac function. In Pompe disease, the cardiac response is robust with a decrease in left ventricular (LV) mass, an increase in ejection fraction (EF) and an increase in the PR interval. In MPS I and VI, similar improvements occur in the LV mass and function in patients on ERT although the mitral and aortic valves remain thickened and may develop progressive thickening and regurgitation. In addition to the full clinical phenotype of Fabry disease, a cardiac variant has been recognized. Treatment with ERT in Fabry disease has shown improvement and regression of cardiomyopathy and a decrease in cardiac arrhythmias, ischemic heart disease, and systemic thromboembolic events. Data from clinical studies for different LSDs have shown that early institution of therapy is of paramount importance for the best possible outcome. LSDs should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with newly diagnosed hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. In all the disorders, supportive cardiac care in addition to ERT is needed and a multidisciplinary approach to care is recommended.
Gain functionalization of silica microresonators.

Erbium-doped solgel films are applied to the surface of silica microspheres to create low-threshold microcavity lasers. This gain functionalization can be applied by use of a number of different dopants, thereby extending the wavelength range of this class of device. Also, by varying the doping concentration and thickness of the applied solgel layer, one can vary the laser dynamics so that both continuous-wave and pulsating modes of operation are possible.