cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Subdecadal phytolith and charcoal records from Lake Malawi, East Africa imply minimal effects on human evolution from the ∼74 ka Toba supereruption.

The temporal proximity of the ∼74 ka Toba supereruption to a putative 100-50 ka human population bottleneck is the basis for the volcanic winter/weak Garden of Eden hypothesis, which states that the eruption caused a 6-year-long global volcanic winter and reduced the effective population of anatomically modern humans (AMH) to fewer than 10,000 individuals. To test this hypothesis, we sampled two cores collected from Lake Malawi with cryptotephra previously fingerprinted to the Toba supereruption. Phytolith and charcoal samples were continuously collected at ∼3-4 mm (∼8-9 yr) intervals above and below the Toba cryptotephra position, with no stratigraphic breaks. For samples synchronous or proximal to the Toba interval, we found no change in low elevation tree cover, or in cool climate C3 and warm season C4 xerophytic and mesophytic grass abundance that is outside of normal variability. A spike in locally derived charcoal and xerophytic C4 grasses immediately after the Toba eruption indicates reduced precipitation and die-off of at least some afromontane vegetation, but does not signal volcanic winter conditions. A review of Toba tuff petrological and melt inclusion studies suggest a Tambora-like 50 to 100 Mt SO2 atmospheric injection. However, most Toba climate models use SO2 values that are one to two orders of magnitude higher, thereby significantly overestimating the amount of cooling. A review of recent genetic studies finds no support for a genetic bottleneck at or near ∼74 ka. Based on these previous studies and our new paleoenvironmental data, we find no support for the Toba catastrophe hypothesis and conclude that the Toba supereruption did not 1) produce a 6-year-long volcanic winter in eastern Africa, 2) cause a genetic bottleneck among African AMH populations, or 3) bring humanity to the brink of extinction.
Effects of Proactive Personality and Conscientiousness on Training Motivation.

Training transfer is a ubiquitous but frequently unmet goal of training initiatives amounting to billions of dollars lost annually and masses of under‐skilled workers due to the lack of application of training content to their job. Although research supports the impact trainee proactive personality, conscientiousness and motivation have on training transfer processes, their interrelationships remain understudied. To fill this gap, we utilized data from a multinational sample of trainees and examined a conditional, indirect process model, where proactive personality interacts with conscientiousness to influence transfer intentions through their effects on motivation to learn. Our results suggest that trainee proactive personality positively influences transfer intentions partially through its influence on motivation to learn and that higher levels of conscientiousness weakens this relationship. Our findings provide further evidence supporting the importance of proactive personality and conscientiousness as factors that need to be accounted for in the design of talent development solutions.
Treatment of Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndromes

Recent advances in understanding the mechanisms and pathways leading to the pathogenesis of myeloid neoplasms, acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), have led to the identification of numerous molecular abnormalities that may be responsible for leukemogenesis and are resulting in progress in the clinical management of these disorders. In AML, large prospective trials conducted over the last 20-30 years have established standard regimens combining cytotoxic agents, in particular cytarabine and anthracyclines. Current research in AML is attempting to better stratify patients by identifying the risk factors responsible for chemotherapy resistance, and ways to incorporate newer agents with specific and targeted activity into the standard regimens. Treatment of MDS has been problematic and until recently no effective drugs were available for managing patients with these disorders. However, the identification of epigenetic modifiers and immunomodulatory agents has now improved outcomes in MDS. New agents and combinations aim to improve on the results obtained with the currently available drugs.
On Sampling Complexity of the Semidefinite Affine Rank Feasibility Problem

In this paper, we study the semidefinite affine rank feasibility problem, which consists in finding a positive semidefinite matrix of a given rank from its linear measurements. We consider the semidefinite programming relaxations of the problem with different objective functions and study their properties. In particular, we propose an analytical bound on the number of relaxations that are sufficient to solve in order to obtain a solution of a generic instance of the semidefinite affine rank feasibility problem or prove that there is no solution. This is followed by a heuristic algorithm based on semidefinite relaxation and an experimental proof of its performance on a large sample of synthetic data.
Calories Purchased by Hospital Employees After Implementation of a Cafeteria Traffic Light-Labeling and Choice Architecture Program

Importance Nearly one-third of the 150 million US adults who are employed are obese. A workplace program that reduces employees’ caloric intake could help prevent obesity. Objective To determine if implementation of a hospital workplace cafeteria healthy eating program was associated with reduction in calories purchased by employees over 2 years. Design, Setting, and Participants A longitudinal cohort study of 5695 employees who purchased food with their employee identification card before and after implementation of a workplace cafeteria healthy eating program was conducted from December 1, 2009, to February 29, 2012, in a hospital in Boston, Massachusetts. Statistical analysis was conducted from April 6, 2018, to May 14, 2019. Exposure After a 3-month baseline period, “traffic light” food labels (in which green indicates healthy, yellow indicates less healthy, and red indicates least healthy) and choice architecture (product placement) changes were implemented permanently. Main Outcome and Measures Main outcomes were changes in calories of employees’ purchases from baseline (December 1, 2009, to February 28, 2010) to the same quarter 1 year (December 1, 2010, to February 28, 2011) and 2 years (December 1, 2011, to February 29, 2012) later. Purchases were obtained from sales data linked to employee identification cards. The hypothesized association of estimated changes in daily calories consumed with employees’ weight was calculated using a dynamic model of weight change. Analyses were adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and job type. Results Among the 5695 employees in the study, 4057 were women and 1638 were men, and the mean (SD) age was 40 (12) years. Baseline purchases had a mean of 565 kcal per transaction (95% CI, 558-572 kcal) and decreased 19 kcal per transaction (95% CI, −23 to −15 kcal) at 1 year and 35 kcal per transaction (95% CI, −39 to −31 kcal) at 2 years (−6.2%;P Conclusions and Relevance A workplace cafeteria traffic light–labeling and choice architecture program was associated with a sustained decrease in calories purchased, particularly from unhealthy foods. Point-of-purchase programs could help improve dietary intake and prevent obesity in employees.
Pre-clinical evaluation of surface coating performance in guidewire surrogates: Potential implications for coated interventional surgical devices.

PurposePolymer fragments have been identified from autopsy reports of patients who had at some point undergone intravascular procedures with medical devices (such as guidewires and catheters) with ...
Social Media Recruitment of Marginalized, Hard-to-Reach Populations: Development of Recruitment and Monitoring Guidelines.

Background: Social media can be a useful strategy for recruiting hard-to-reach, stigmatized populations into research studies; however, it may also introduce risks for participant and research team exposure to negative comments. Currently, there is no published formal social media recruitment and monitoring guidelines that specifically address harm reduction for social media recruitment of marginalized populations. Objective: The purpose of this research study was to investigate the utility, successes, challenges, and positive and negative consequences of using targeted Facebook advertisements as a strategy to recruit transgender and gender nonconforming (TGNC) people into a research study. Methods: TGNC adults living in the Southeast Unites States were recruited via targeted Facebook advertisements over two cycles in April and June 2017. During cycle 1, researchers only used inclusion terms to recruit the target population. During cycle 2, the social media recruitment and monitoring protocol and inclusion and exclusion terms were used. Results: The cycle 1 advertisement reached 8518 people and had 188 reactions, comments, and shares but produced cyberbullying, including discriminatory comments from Facebook members. Cycle 2 reached fewer people (6976) and received 166 reactions, comments, and shares but produced mostly positive comments. Conclusions: Researchers must consider potential harms of using targeted Facebook advertisements to recruit hard-to-reach and stigmatized populations. To minimize harm to participants and research staff, researchers must preemptively implement detailed social media recruitment and monitoring guidelines for monitoring and responding to negative feedback on targeted Facebook advertisements.
A Comprehensive Review of the Outcome for Patients Readmitted to the ICU Following Trauma and Strategies to Decrease Readmission Rates

In recent years, there has been an emphasis on evaluating the outcomes of patients who have experienced an intensive care unit (ICU) readmission. This may in part be due to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act's Hospital Readmission Reduction Program which imposes financial sanctions on hospitals who have excessive readmission rates, informally known as bounceback rates. The financial cost associated with avoidable bounceback combined with the potentially preventable expenses can result in unnecessary financial strain. Within the hospital readmissions, there is a subset pertaining to unplanned readmission to the ICU. Although there have been studies regarding ICU bounceback, there are limited studies regarding ICU bounceback of trauma patients and even fewer proven strategies. Although many studies have concluded that respiratory complications were the most common factor influencing ICU readmissions, there is inconclusive evidence in terms of a broadly applicable strategy that would facilitate management of these patients. The purpose of this review is to highlight the outcomes of patients readmitted to the ICU and to provide an overview of possible strategies to aid in decreasing ICU readmission rates.
Context Matters: Reactive and Proactive Bystander Action to Prevent Sexual and Dating Violence in High Schools

Given high rates of relationship violence among adolescents, there is a need to understand variables that influence adolescents’ helping behaviors to reduce risk for dating and sexual violence (rea...
Control of Parallel Connected Interleaved Neutral Point Clamped Inverters for Electric Vehicle Drives

This paper presents a simple and reliable Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) and control technique for circulating current minimization of hard parallel connected Neutral Point Clamped (NPC) inverters. Interleaved operations are commonly used in parallel connected inverters for decreasing load current ripple. However, the interleaved operation increases the common mode circulating current between the hard-parallel connected inverters. To reduce the common mode circulating current, Phase Opposite Disposition (POD) PWM is used in this paper. Zero-sequence circulating currents increase, if there are any differences in DC bus voltages between parallel inverters. The zero-sequence circulating currents generate capacitor voltage unbalance in the DC bus of NPC inverters. The capacitor voltage unbalance can generate even order harmonic circulating currents. For reducing the zero-sequence circulating current, a simple DC current control method is proposed in this paper. The DC current controller decreases the circulating DC current and capacitor voltage unbalance of paralleled inverters. Finally, PLECS based simulation results of a 100kW parallel connected inverter system are presented in this paper to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Pediatric Surgery and School Nurse Attitudes Regarding Children with Obesity.

Abstract Purpose Weight bias towards individuals with obesity exists among medical professionals; yet, there is less evidence of the extent to which weight biases exist in different types of nursing professions. This study aimed to describe pediatric surgery and school nurses' weight biases towards children with obesity and examine factors associated with weight biases. Design and methods Pediatric surgery (n = 108) and school nurses (n = 177) completed a single online survey that assessed their attitudes towards weight regarding children with obesity. Responses were categorized as % agreement (responded “agree” or “strongly agree” to a given statement). Nurses also reported % time spent working with children who had obesity. Results Almost all nurses (>93%) agreed it was important to treat patients with obesity with compassion and respect. However, many nurses endorsed statements stating that patients with obesity are often non-compliant with treatment recommendations (47%) and can be difficult to deal with (35%). Only about half of school nurses (53%) and surgical nurses (56%) felt professionally prepared to effectively treat patients with obesity. Nurses commonly reported hearing/witnessing other professionals in their field make negative comments (69%) or convey negative stereotypes (55%) about patients with obesity. School nurses who spent a greater % of time working with children with overweight had more positive weight attitudes (p = 0.04). Conclusions Negative attitudes towards patients with obesity were relatively prevalent in this population of pediatric surgery and school nurses. Practice implications There is a need for more educational opportunities, professional trainings, and policy initiatives to reduce weight bias among nurses.
School Sport Psychology: Perspectives, Programs, and Procedures

* About the Contributors * Framework for School Sport Psychology (Charles A. Maher) * Sport Psychology Foundations, Organizations, and Related Resources (Leonard Zaichkowsky and Adam Naylor) * The School Psychologist and Sport: A Natural Interface to Promote Optimal Functioning Between Student-Athlete, Family, and School Personnel (Marshall L. Mintz) * Sport-Based Life Skills Programming in the Schools (Steven J. Danish, Tanya Forneris, and Ian Wallace) * Preventing Substance Use Among High School Athletes: The ATLAS and ATHENA Programs (Linn Goldberg and Diane L. Elliot) * Development and Implementation of a Sport Psychology Program in an Urban High School (Michael Weissman) * Substance Use Among High School Athletes: Implications for Prevention Interventions (Robert J. Pandina, Valerie L. Johnson, Leah M. Lagos, and Helene R. White) * A Review of Eating Disorders in Athletes: Recommendations for Secondary School Prevention and Intervention Programs (Thomas B. Hildebrandt) * A School Psychologist's Self-Study Guide to Sport Psychology (Jack J. Lesyk) * Index * Reference Notes Included
Implementation of high‐cadence cycling for Parkinson’s disease in the community setting: A pragmatic feasibility study

BACKGROUND Efficacy of exercise to improve motor symptoms in Parkinson's Disease (PD) has been established in multiple clinical trials. The Pedaling for Parkinson's ™ (PFP) program is an existing community-based cycling intervention for individuals with PD. Although PFP program design was informed by in-laboratory efficacy studies, the implementation and effectiveness of the program in the community have not been studied. This feasibility study explores implementation and effectiveness of PFP utilizing the RE-AIM implementation evaluation framework. METHODS This was a pragmatic open-label multi-site study. First, community-based gyms were recruited to implement the PFP protocol with enhanced multi-modal training and support. Second individuals with Hoehn and Yahr stage I-III idiopathic PD were recruited to participate. Reach, effectiveness (both clinical scores and participant enjoyment), adoption, implementation (gym and participant fidelity, cost), and maintenance (sustainability) were assessed. Tracking of adverse events was used to monitor safety of the intervention. RESULTS Reach was moderate: 59% of participants who expressed interest opted to participate. No effectiveness outcomes demonstrated a significant change from pre to post; however, the program was highly enjoyable (96% of participants who started classes enjoyed the program and 87% wished to continue). Adoption was poor with only four out of 34 gyms participating. The program had poor gym and moderate participant fidelity. The program was maintained for at least 4 months across all sites. The program was implemented safely. CONCLUSION Barriers to implementation of nonpharmacologic interventions such as exercise protocols limit reach and availability of these interventions to patients. Pilot studies are needed to inform and direct further implementation efforts. Our pilot study suggests the PFP cycling intervention should be modified prior to attempts at widespread implementation. Modifications made by gyms in this study suggest adaptations to the protocol that may increase fidelity and effectiveness.
A New Trend in Clinical Exercise Physiology - Exercise in End Stage Renal Disease: 臨床運動生理新趨勢 - 運動與末期腎病

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.Research in exercise physiology achieved significant progresses in the past two decades. Clinical exercise physiology is a branch of exercise physiology in its proliferation phase. Research in clinical exercise physiology requires the collaboration between exercise physiologists and physicians, thus imposing newer challenges in this field. The present article will shed light on the potential research issues regarding clinical exercise physiology particularly in the renal area.過去的二十年，運動生理的研究有重大的進展。臨床運動生理的研究替運動生理學開拓了新的領域。它需要運動生理學者與臨床醫生的緊密合作，本文嘗試綜合報道運動與腎病在臨床運動生理方面的突破性發展。
Pre-processing with Orthogonal Decompositions for High-dimensional Explanatory Variables

Strong correlations between explanatory variables are problematic for high-dimensional regularized regression methods. Due to the violation of the Irrepresentable Condition, the popular LASSO method may suffer from false inclusions of inactive variables. In this paper, we propose pre-processing with orthogonal decompositions (PROD) for the explanatory variables in high-dimensional regressions. The PROD procedure is constructed based upon a generic orthogonal decomposition of the design matrix. We demonstrate by two concrete cases that the PROD approach can be effectively constructed for improving the performance of high-dimensional penalized regression. Our theoretical analysis reveals their properties and benefits for high-dimensional penalized linear regression with LASSO. Extensive numerical studies with simulations and data analysis show the promising performance of the PROD.
An automatic diagnostic system for pediatric genetic disorders developed by linking genotype and phenotype information

Abstract Background Quantitatively describe the phenotype spectrum of pediatric disorders has remarkable power to assist genetic diagnosis. Here, we developed a matrix which provide this quantitative description of genomic-phenotypic association and constructed an automatic system to assist the diagnose of pediatric genetic disorders. Results 20,580 patients with genetic diagnostic conclusions from the Children’s Hospital of Fudan University during 2015 to 2019 were reviewed. Based on that, a phenotype spectrum matrix -- cGPS (clinical Gene’s Preferential Synopsis) -- was designed by Naive Bayes model to quantitatively describe genes’ contribution to clinical phenotype categories. Further, for patients who have both genomic and phenotype data, we designed a ConsistencyScore based on cGPS. ConsistencyScore aimed to figure out genes that were more likely to be the genetic causal of the patient’s phenotype and to prioritize the causal gene among all candidates. When using the ConsistencyScore in each sample to predict the causal gene for patients, the AUC could reach 0.975 for ROC (95% CI 0.972-0.976 and 0.575 for precision-recall curve (95% CI 0.541-0.604). Further, the performance of ConsistencyScore was evaluated on another cohort with 2,323 patients, which could rank the causal gene of the patient as the first for 75.00% (95% CI 70.95%-79.07%) of the 296 positively genetic diagnosed patients. The causal gene of 97.64% (95% CI 95.95%-99.32%) patients could be ranked within top 10 by ConsistencyScore, which is much higher than existing algorithms (p Conclusions cGPS and ConsistencyScore offer useful tools to prioritize disease-causing genes for pediatric disorders and show great potential in clinical applications.
Trajectories of self-regulatory driving practices: Role of learner phase practice.

Abstract Introduction Previous research suggests that driving practice in diverse contexts may contribute to earlier licensure and improve driving skills among teen drivers. However, few studies have examined the role of practice diversity in driving outcomes post-licensure. Specifically, examining self-regulatory driving practices post-licensure may provide insight into the extent to which teens choose to avoid driving various environments. The current study examined the relationship between learner phase driving practice diversity and teen self-regulatory driving practices over the first six months of licensure. Methods Fifty-six newly licensed 16-year-olds reported pre-licensure practice diversity, driving exposure and, self-regulatory driving practices at three timepoints (within 2 weeks of licensure and at 3 and 6 months post-licensure). Results Multi-level models revealed self-regulatory driving practices significantly decreased over the first six months of independent driving. Practice in complex environments (e.g., on a commercial road, on a highway, etc.) was associated with fewer self-regulatory driving practices at baseline. Practice in simple environments (e.g., in a residential area, in a parking lot) was associated with more self-regulatory driving practices at baseline. Practice driving at night and in bad weather conditions predicted greater post-licensure self-regulation of driving in those specific environments. Conclusion This study reinforces the importance of practice diversity for teens before independent driving, as early practice can have implications for self-regulatory driving practices immediately upon licensure. Future research examining this topic may inform parent-based interventions to maximize teen driver safety during the critical post-licensure period.
Act Like You’ve Been Here Before: Expressing Pride in Past Achievements Undermines Forecasts of One’s Performance Potential

People must frequently predict others’ performance potential. Displaying pride is thought to affect these forecasts positively because it signals that one is high achieving. However, six studies, involving 2,984 participants, show that expressing pride in specific past performances undermines assessments of one’s future achievements. The negative effect of displaying pride on performance potential forecasts emerged across achievement domains and under both separate and joint evaluations. It also affected who participants hired in an incentivized hiring experiment. These findings support the reasoning that expressing pride about a specific achievement signals that the performance was near one’s highest performance potential, whereas not expressing pride conveys that the performance was further from one’s performance potential. Two experiments reconcile these findings with past work on pride and status by showing that how pride expressions affect forecasts of performance potential depends on whether the specific pride-eliciting event is specified and held constant.
The impact of security control on business-to-consumer electronic commerce

The purpose of this paper is to study the security control techniques and its impact on Internet purchasing and electronic commerce. Various security-control techniques for ecommerce are: (1) authentication (2) encryption (3) electronic payment systems (4) internal security management, and (5) non-electronic payment options. A survey from three universities in three different states was conducted. Results suggest that students have general knowledge about security techniques used by businesses but they are not as familiar with electronic payment systems. Students, however, prefer entering credit card information on the Internet after they decide to purchase a product via the Internet.
Specificity of Chemical Mutagenesis

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses the specificity of chemical mutagenesis. The chapter discusses the genetic studies with the organic chemistry, physical chemistry, and biochemistry of mutagens, bases, and polynucleotides. The chemical evidence for base analogs concerns their incorporation into the DNA, and the manner in which the analogs may hydrogen-bond with natural bases. For mutagens active on extracellular phage and nonmetabolizing DNA the chemical evidence concerns the DNA bases, with which they react and the properties of the products. It deals, primarily, with the genetic studies, using the rII mutants of phage T4. The chapter explains some of the chemical evidence bearing on the mutagenic action of some of the agents utilized on this biological system. The chapter also discusses of the some specific theories of mutagenesis, and follows this with the evidence and its interpretation. A quantitative survey of the mutation data is described, followed by its consideration in the light of the theories, and further the features of particular mutagens are dealt with, as the mutagens are discussed individually.
Seasonality and trend in blood lead levels of New York State children.

Background Environmental exposure to lead remains a significant health problem for children. The costs of lead exposure in children are estimated to be considerably more than other childhood diseases of environmental origin. While long-term trends in blood lead levels (BLLs) among children are declining, seasonal variation persists. Cross-sectional studies have found a peak in summer months. Part of this variation may be due to increased exposure to lead paint on window sills and through increased contact with soils containing lead during the summer. The current study represents the largest published population-based study on seasonality and trends in the BLLs of children to date. In addition, the results offer a comparison of recent data on seasonality of BLLs in New York State children, to studies conducted over the past three decades.
Magnetocrystalline anisotropy in cobalt-substituted magnetite single crystals

The growth of single crystals corresponding to x=0 (high-purity magnetite), x = 0.01 and x = 0.04 in the composition series CoxFe3-xO4 is described. First- and second-order anisotropy constants of these crystals are determined by the torque method over the temperature range 120?450°K. The substitution of small amounts of cobalt for iron is found to add a positive contribution to K1 and a negative contribution to K2. At low cobalt concentrations the magnitude of this contribution is a linear function of the amount of cobalt added. It is suggested that the effect of cobalt on the anisotropy is enhanced by the presence of divalent iron in magnetite, and it is concluded that the change in sign of K in magnetite at about 130°K is not caused by the presence of cobalt or any other foreign impurity.
Insights Gleaned from the Tragedy at Virginia Tech

My thanks to Professor Ann Massie for inviting me to speak to you today. There is no more challenging issue we face in education than this one. The threat of violence on campus requires a coordinated, proactive approach on the part of institutions; it challenges many of the assumptions we have about risk management and about education in the United States. Years ago, when I served as an associate dean at Virginia Tech, I was frequently invited to deliver keynotes on the impact of the new instructional technology being introduced on our campuses. One of the things some of us realized was this: unless we focused not only on the technology itself, but also on the prevailing culture—the expectations we had for our students, our assumptions about the ways in which students learned—we would be wasting our time. In other words, unless fundamental changes took place in the way we did business, classrooms could become sites of delivery rather than places of responsive, collaborative learning; minority students could be left behind; and instructional technology could become the latest means by which administrators strapped for cash enacted costsavings. I mention this now because it has become clear to me as I worked for the past two years on No Right to Remain Silent—my new book about what we can learn from what happened before, during, and after the tragedy at Virginia Tech—that effective approaches are being hampered by assumptions about the roles of students, faculty, administrators, and support personnel. I tried to summarize the problems we face in the prologue of my book:
Family Characteristics and Gross Motor Traits in Handicapped Children.

Abstract This study examined the association between selected family characteristics and some gross motor traits of children diagnosed as either educable mentally retarded (EMR) or minimally brain-injured (MBI). Data were obtained from 481 boys and girls for each of the seven gross motor tasks of the modified version of the AAHPER Youth Fitness Battery. Completed questionnaires from the homes provided details of the educational and occupational status of the head of the household, and indicated the number of children in each family. For each motor task data were categorised by educational handicap, age, sex, and family trait. Multivariate analyses of variance, with chronological age in months as a covariate, determined whether statistically significant differences in motor performance were apparent between the groups. For these groups of handicapped children, high quality gross motor performance tended to be associated with the larger families and with lower status occupation and education.
Hazard to Newborn Infants of Administration of Long-acting Sulfonamides to Pregnant Women

Recently there have appeared on the market several new long-acting sulfonamides. One of these is sulfadimethoxine (Madribon®). It is reported to have low toxicity and a sustained chemotherapeutic action in vivo. After oral ingestion, blood levels in the human adult have been shown to be maximal in 4 to 12 hours, and to decline gradually thereafter with a half-life of 36 hours. This sustained blood level occurs because the excretion of sulfadimethoxine is determined primarily by its rate of conversion to a glucuronide in the liver.
Effects of current–bed form induced fluid flow on the thermal regime of sediments

[1] Heat transport associated with current–bed form fluid exchange affects biogeochemical and ecological process in a variety of aquatic settings. We simulate turbulent flow over dunes, induced Darcy flow in sediments, and sediment heat transport forced by a diel variation of water column temperature. Heat conduction dominates when the water column current cannot induce rapid fluid exchange. Heat advection becomes important with increasing sediment permeability and/or current velocity, resulting in a complicated space-time temperature pattern. Weak temperature variations are found beneath dune crests, where water upwells out of the sediments; strong variations are located below dune stoss faces, where water downwells. The relative dominance of heat conduction versus advection is captured by a global Peclet number that depends on dune geometry, and hydrodynamic and thermal properties, including the period of thermal forcing. Thermally induced fluid viscosity variations cause periodic but nonsymmetric changes in fluid flux through the sediments, but do not significantly influence temperature patterns.
Structural characterization of ordered arrays of sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase from Escherichia coli

Overproduction of the sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase in Escherichia coli leads to incorporation of this integral membrane protein into ordered tubular arrays within the cell. Freeze-fracture-etch shadowing was performed on suspensions of partially purified tubules and whole bacteria. This procedure revealed the presence of ridges and grooves defining a set of long-pitch left-handed helical ridges. The long-pitch helices represented chains of acyltransferase dimers. Tubules observed within the cell were often closely packed, with an apparent alignment of grooves and ridges in adjacent tubules. Fracture planes passing through the tubules indicated the presence of a bilayer structure, with some portion of the enzyme being associated with the membrane. The major portion of the enzyme extended from the hydrophilic surface, forming a large globular structure that, in favorable views, displayed a central cavity facing the cytoplasm. Computer analysis of shadowed tubules revealed that the left-handed helices were six stranded, with a pitch of 1,050 A (105.0 nm) and a spacing of 75 A (7.5 nm) between acyltransferase dimers along the chains. Analysis of the predicted secondary structure failed to reveal obvious transmembrane segments, suggesting that very little of the protein was inserted into the bilayer.
Native Speaker Response to Non-Native Accent: A Review of Recent Research

Research has generally shown that without early exposure, non-native speakers cannot achieve a native-like accent in a foreign language (Gass & Selinker, 2001, p. 336). Differences in pronunciation, stress, rhythm, and intonation remain. Nevertheless, accent has been shown to affect how native speakers (NSs) evaluate non-native speakers (NNSs). This single speech characteristic has been openly cited as justification for much broader judgments about individuals. Lippi-Green (1997), for example, highlights several cases in the U.S. in which NNSs lost jobs due to their accents, such as that of an Indian woman (who had studied English for over 20 years) deemed unfit for a librarian’s position because of her “‘heavy accent’” and “‘speech patterns’” (p. 153). Matsuda (1991) reports on U.S. doctors who lost their malpractice insurance because the company felt accent would prevent them from successfully defending themselves in a lawsuit (p. 1346).
A Low-Leakage Body-Guarded Analog Switch in 0.35- $\mu\mbox{m}$ BiCMOS and Its Applications in Low-Speed Switched-Capacitor Circuits

A low-leakage body-guarded analog switch (BG-switch) for slow switched-capacitor (SC) circuits is presented. The improvement of accuracy in SC circuits employing BG-switches is demonstrated by comparing their performance with counterparts employing conventionally biased CMOS switches in three applications: sample-and-hold (S/H) amplifier, SC amplifier, and high-voltage drain-extended MOSFET (DEMOS). The leakage currents of BG-switch-enabled circuits are characterized across process variations and different operation voltages in all demonstrated applications. With nominal output voltages at room temperature, the average absolute leakage current of BG-switch-enabled S/H amplifier (12.02 aA), SC amplifier (54.52 aA), and DEMOS (53.71 fA) show leakage current improvement of 21, 28, and 17 dB, respectively, compared with equivalent circuits utilizing transmission gates (TGs). BG-switch-enabled S/H circuits and SC amplifiers with average performance exhibit lower leakage currents up to 100 °C compared with TG-enabled circuits. The demonstrated applications utilizing BG-switches were fabricated in a standard 0.35- $\mu\mbox{m}$ BiCMOS process.
Nucleotide sequences and genetic analysis of hydrogen oxidation (hox) genes in Azotobacter vinelandii.

Abstract Azotobacter vinelandii contains a heterodimeric, membrane-bound [NiFe]hydrogenase capable of catalyzing the reversible oxidation of H2. The beta and alpha subunits of the enzyme are encoded by the structural genes hoxK and hoxG, respectively, which appear to form part of an operon that contains at least one further potential gene (open reading frame 3 [ORF3]). In this study, determination of the nucleotide sequence of a region of 2,344 bp downstream of ORF3 revealed four additional closely spaced or overlapping ORFs. These ORFs, ORF4 through ORF7, potentially encode polypeptides with predicted masses of 22.8, 11.4, 16.3, and 31 kDa, respectively. Mutagenesis of the chromosome of A. vinelandii in the area sequenced was carried out by introduction of antibiotic resistance gene cassettes. Disruption of hoxK and hoxG by a kanamycin resistance gene abolished whole-cell hydrogenase activity coupled to O2 and led to loss of the hydrogenase alpha subunit. Insertional mutagenesis of ORF3 through ORF7 with a promoterless lacZ-Kmr cassette established that the region is transcriptionally active and involved in H2 oxidation. We propose to call ORF3 through ORF7 hoxZ, hoxM, hoxL, hoxO, and hoxQ, respectively. The predicted hox gene products resemble those encoded by genes from hydrogenase-related operons in other bacteria, including Escherichia coli and Alcaligenes eutrophus.
A possible mechanism for hepatotoxicity induced by BIRB-796, an orally active p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor

BIRB-796, a selective inhibitor of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, has entered clinical trials for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Levels of alanine transaminase, a biomarker of hepatic toxicity in clinical pathology, were found to be increased in Crohn's disease patients treated with BIRB-796. The purpose of the present study was to clarify the molecular mechanism(s) of this hepatotoxicity. A toxicogenomic analysis using a highly sensitive DNA chip, 3D-Gene™ Mouse Oligo chip 24k, indicated that BIRB-796 treatment activated the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 signaling pathway, which plays a key role in the response to oxidative stress. A reactive intermediate of BIRB-796 was detected by the glutathione-trapping method using mouse and human liver microsomes. The production of this reactive metabolite in the liver may be one of the causes of BIRB-796's hepatotoxicity.
Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology.

The two fields of immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology took their origins separately. Both derived from shared interests between areas of immunology and pharmacology. In the case of immunopharmacology the historical pressures which gave rise to its development lay in the need for a science of immunotherapy. In the case of immunotoxicology the pressures came from the need to extend toxicologic understandings to the recently elucidated systems of immunity. Once the fields began to congeal it was quickly recognized that the scientific processes involved represented two side of the same coin... i.e., “up regulation” and :“down regulation”. It was clear that the bases of the scientific methods of study were closely related -e.g., define the cellular targets, explore mechanisms of action, and integrate the in vivo effects to clarify the overall immunologic consequences to the organism in terms of resistance to cancer, infection, and autoimmunity.
Measurement of recoil nuclei losses for proton-induced reactions in Al, Si, Mg and Fe at 200 and 500 MeV

The recoil losses of product nuclei in proton-induced reactions at 200 and 500 MeV in Al, Si, Mg and Fe targets were measured using carbon catcher foils or stacks of Mylar foils. In all cases, the recoil losses were less than 1% for the target thicknesses used and so in the ongoing systematic study to measure cross sections for proton- and neutron-induced reactions, these losses are not important. For Fe targets irradiated at 200 MeV, the recoil losses in the forward direction for several product nuclei measured in both a carbon catcher foil and a Mylar stack were in good agreement. From the recoil losses, the mean forward recoil ranges for several product nuclei were calculated.
Psychosocial Group Interventions for Children and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes: The State of the Literature

The increasing prevalence of diabetes among children increases the demand for cost-effective psychosocial interventions. This article reviews the efficacy of group-based psychological interventions designed to improve psychological adaptation, adherence to the treatment regimen, and diabetes-related medical outcomes in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. To help treatment providers incorporate empirically supported treatment components into group-based diabetes clinical programs, the review also discusses the challenges of transferring these interventions from clinical research trial to clinical setting.
3-O-methylglucose as probe of cytoplasmic volumes

Abstract The intracellular volume of distribution (V) of 3-O-methylglucose (3OM), as calculated from mean artery-to-vein transit times (t)in the rabbit kidney, has been proposed as measure of cytoplasmic volume in renal cortex. This hypothesis requires that the non-concentrative uptake of the sugar be flow- dependent rather than diffusion-limited, and that total cell H 2 O (V HOH ) exceed V 3OM by a volume presumably reflecting that of 3OM-impermeable organelles. Diffusion-dependence of the calculated V 3OM could be excluded by the finding that lengthening of t does not alter 3OM uptake. Determination of V HOH in kidney is complicated by presence of the luminal fluid compartment. V HOH and V 3OM were therefore compared in leucocytes freshly prepared from rat blood; V 3OM was found to equal 40% of V HOH . There is no evidence to suggest concentrative 3OM uptake by these cells; 3OM-impermeable organelles therefore occupy 60% of V HOH . These findings support the equation of V 3OM with the cytoplasmic volume. As volume control is a basic function of intact cells, convenient determination of V HOH and V 3OM on small numbers of readily available nucleated cells may prove useful in detecting early cytotoxic effects in vivo or in vitro.
Memory and Learning: A Case Study

The Learning Efficiency Test helps bridge the gap between identification of memory deficits and development of effective instructional strategies.
Deuterium isotope effects on proton chemical shifts in benzenes

Abstract No experimentally measurable deuterium isotope effect was found in pentadeuterobenzene at low concentration in one polar and three inert solvents. Experimentally significant negative deuterium isotope effects were found in neat pentadeuterated benzene and in three isotopomers of neat nitrobenzene. The negative isotope effects in neat liquids appear to be due primarily to solvent interactions.
Applications of atomic force microscopy for the assessment of nanoscale morphological and mechanical properties of bone

Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) has been in use for 30 years, and the form of SPM known as atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been around for 25 of those years. AFM has been used to produce high resolution images of a variety of samples ranging from DNA to carbon nanotubes. Type I collagen and many collagen-based tissues (including dentin, tendon, cartilage, skin, fascia, vocal cords, and cornea) have been studied with AFM, but comparatively few studies of bone have been undertaken. The purpose of this review is to introduce the general principles of AFM operation, demonstrate what AFM has been used for in bone research, and discuss the new directions that this technique can take the study of bone at the nanoscale.
Stressed coral reef crabs in Hawaii

Abstract Destruction of coral reefs in Hawaii eliminates the associated fauna by loss of its habitat, but evidence is now produced of damage to reef crabs which may be a more direct consequence of pollution.
Analyst forecast properties, analyst following and governance disclosures: A global perspective

Abstract This paper examines the relations between analyst forecast accuracy, forecast dispersion, analyst following and the quantity of governance disclosures in a global setting. I document that companies with more comprehensive corporate governance disclosures in annual reports have more accurate and less dispersed earnings forecasts from financial analysts. These findings indicate that analysts understand the implications of corporate governance for future cash flows. In addition to the improved quality of information released by financial analysts, I also find that disclosing more information on corporate governance attracts more financial analysts, thereby enhancing a firm's information environment. These findings underscore the benefits of disclosing information related to corporate governance practices for global firms.
Performance of a dual anode nickelhydrogen cell

Nickel-hydrogen batteries are presently being used for energy storage on satellites in low Earth orbit and in geosynchronous orbit, and have also been selected for use on the proposed Space Station Freedom. Development continues on the cell technology in order to improve the specific energy and lengthen the cycle life. An experimental study was conducted to compare the voltage performance of a nickel-hydrogen cell containing a dual anode with the standard cell design which uses a single hydrogen electrode. Since the principle voltage loss in a nickel-hydrogen cell is attributed to the mass transport and resistive polarization parameters of the nickel electrode, addition of a hydrogen electrode on the other side of the nickel electrode should reduce the electrochemical polarizations by a factor of two. A 3.5 in. diameter boilerplate cell with a single 30 mils thick nickel electrode was cycled under various current conditions to evaluate its performance with a single anode and then with a double anode. A layered separator consisting of one Zircar cloth separator and one radiation-grafted polyethylene separator were used between the electrodes. The electrolyte was 26% KOH, and the tests were done at room temperature. The discharge voltage characteristics were determined as a function of current and depth-of-discharge. At the 4C discharge rate and 50% DOD, the voltage of the dual anode cell was 100 mV higher than the single anode cell. At 75% DOD the dual anode cell voltage was about 130 mV higher than the standard cell design. Resistances of the two c ell designs obtained from the slope of the mid-discharge voltages plotted against various currents indicated that the dual anode cell resistance was one-half of the state-of-the-art cell.
Implementing EDI:: Problems in Managing Retail/Supplier Relationships by Technology

Shows that electronic data interchange (EDI) is often difficult to cost‐justify. Co‐operation between retailers and suppliers is often difficult to achieve. The variety of communication channels available forces manufacturers to maintain a mix of systems, so increasing costs and making the co‐ordination of EDI data time consuming. Anticipated savings in administration costs are rarely achieved. EDI may not provide competitive advantage but it may prevent competitive disadvantage.
Results from DMTPC 10-liter detector

The known direction of motion of dark matter particles relative to the Earth may be a key for their unambiguous identification even in the presence of backgrounds. A direction-sensitive detector prototype using a low-density CF4 gas with a 10 liter fiducial volume is operated for several weeks in a basement laboratory. We present initial results that confirm good detector performance and set preliminary limits on spin-dependent dark matter interactions.