cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Switching Overvoltage Hazard Eliminated in High-Voltage Oil Circuit Breakers

High-voltage transmission lines, when de-energized by conventional oil circuit breakers, are often subjected to high-voltage surges which present a real hazard to terminal equipment. The mechanism of surge generation is initiated by circuit-breaker restriking phenomena which are encouraged by the interruption of the large leading currents required to charge moderate and high-voltage lines. By interposing suitable resistors across the interrupting elements during the opening stroke of the breaker, the switching overvoltages may be either eliminated by preventing restriking or so reduced in magnitude in the event of restriking that the system is relieved of their hazard. The development of this achievement is presented chronologically: 1. Theoretical considerations 2. Transient-analyzer studies 3. Power-laboratory switching tests 4. Actual field tests on the 220-kv lines of Southern California Edison Company Ltd. at Boulder power plant
Regional and seasonal response of a West Nile virus vector to climate change

The potential impacts of climate change on human health are possibly large and not yet well understood, especially for vector-borne diseases. This study provides projections of how climate change may affect the population of a West Nile virus mosquito vector across the southern United States. Using a climate-driven mosquito population model, we simulate vector abundance under base and future climate. Under future climate, many locations exhibit a lengthening of the mosquito season with a decrease in summer populations. These impacts are not uniform geographically and vary with local temperature and precipitation conditions. The results imply that disease-transmission studies and vector-control programs must be targeted locally to maximize their effectiveness.
Deviations from the Curie-Weiss law in the magnetic susceptibility of dilute magnetic alloys

Abstract The magnetic susceptibility of dilute magnetic alloys of Mn in Rh and Fe in a Nb-Mo solid solution deviates from the Curie-Weiss law. The following temperature dependence is observed: Δχ = C/(T + TK) + α log (TK/T), with α ≡ 0 for T >TK0.
Youth violence prevention: Are we there yet?

This article summarizes the current state of efforts to develop programs to reduce youth violence. It begins with an overview of research related to the causes and consequences of youth violence, and describes the variety of prevention strategies that have been developed to reduce youth violence within the context of a grid model that classifies prevention strategies according to four dimensions: (a) the level of social system they attempt to change, (b) the extent to which they focus on individuals at different levels of risk, (c) the developmental stage of the participants, and (d) the goals of the program. The grid model provides a context for describing three programs that have been systematically evaluated and found to have some degree of effectiveness. The article concludes with a discussion of lessons learned and areas in need of further study.
Hemispheric specialization of the lateral prefrontal cortex for strategic processing during spatial and shape working memory.

Abstract Objective : We investigated whether spatial working memory (WM) is associated with functional specialization of the right prefrontal cortex (PFC) relative to WM for shapes. We designed spatial and shape WM tasks that are relatively easy to perform and that minimize both task-switching and manipulation demands. The tasks use identical stimuli and require the same motor response. Methods : We presented 12 subjects with target shapes that appeared in particular locations. Subjects maintained either the location or the shape of the targets in WM and responded to each probe by indicating whether it was a target. During a non-WM control task, subjects indicated whether the probe appeared on the right or left side of the screen. Subjects were scanned with a 3.0 T Siemens scanner and data were analyzed using SPM99. The WM tasks were compared to identify PFC activation that was different for spatial versus shape WM. Each WM task was also compared to the control task. Results : compared with shape WM, spatial WM performance was faster and more accurate and was associated with increased right ventrolateral and frontopolar PFC activation. In contrast, compared to spatial WM, shape WM was associated with increased left ventrolateral PFC activity. Conclusions : These findings demonstrate hemispheric specialization for spatial versus shape WM in the ventrolateral PFC. The increased activity in the right PFC for spatial WM cannot be attributed to increased task difficulty, the stimuli used, or the response requirements. Rather, we propose that differences in performance and activation reflect the use of configural processing strategies for spatial WM.
RES2INS: a graphical interface for the SHELX program suite

RES2INS runs under the MS-DOS operating system and allows the user to view graphically the results of successive SHELX structure solution and refinement runs. In addition, the structural model can be edited in a user-friendly manner and these changes can be carried through to a new SHELX instruction file. The program is menu driven and extensive use is made of the mouse for the facilitation of operations on individual atoms.
Modified Beckmann-Kirchoff scattering theory for nonparaxial angles

The Beckmann-Kirchoff (B-K) classical scalar diffraction theory is commonly used in the scatter community to model and predict scattering behavior when surfaces are 'rough.' However, although the B-K theory can be used to model surfaces that are much rougher than other theories can handle, the B-K theory has a small-angle assumption inherent in its derivation. The paper illustrates a modified B-K theory that shows excellent agreement with experimental scattering data from rough surfaces for both large angles of incidence and scatter angles.
The Metabolizable Energy of Opaque-2 and Floury-2 Corn for the Chick

Abstract Two mutant genes, Opaque-2 and Floury-2, have been shown to produce changes in the appearance and in the amino acid composition of corn endosperm (Mertz et al., 1964; Nelson et al., 1965). The superior nutritive value of Opaque-2 corn for the rat (Mertz, 1966) and pig (Cromwell et al., 1967) and the superior nutritive value of Floury-2 corn for the chick (Cromwell et al., 1968) have been demonstrated. These effects have been attributed to the altered amino acid composition of the mutant corns. It was considered desirable to compare the metabolizable energy values of these mutant corns with that of normal corn. PROCEDURE Two trials, each involving 112 two-week old Hubbard White Mountain male chicks randomly assigned to four experimental treatments, with seven birds assigned to each of four replications per treatment, were conducted to determine the metabolizable energy of normal, Opaque-2 and Floury-2 corns for the chick. The Opaque-2 . . .
Parameterizations of oxygen photolysis and energy deposition rates due to solar energy absorption in the Schumann-Runge Continuum

Parameterizations of the photolysis of molecular oxygen and corresponding energy deposition rates by solar radiation in the Schumann-Runge continuum are presented. This parameterization is based on UARS/SOLSTICE version 9 daily solar irradiance and accounts for solar activity using 10.7 cm solar flux as a proxy. The error in the parameterization is 2% and the uncertainty introduced by using the 10.7 cm solar flux as a proxy is 5–10%. The parameterization is of suitable accuracy and efficiency to be used as part of multidimensional models.
Closure to “Knowledge-Based Simulation Modeling of Construction Fleet Operations Using Multimodal-Process Data Mining” by Reza Akhavian and Amir H. Behzadan

Reza Akhavian, S.M.ASCE; and Amir H. Behzadan, A.M.ASCE Ph.D. Candidate, Dept. of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, Univ. of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd., Orlando, FL 32816-2540. E-mail: reza@knights.ucf.edu Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, Univ. of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd., Orlando, FL 32816-2540 (corresponding author). E-mail: amir .behzadan@ucf.edu
Bayes estimators whose range has convex hull of zero prior probability

It is shown that in a general statistical decision problem Bayes procedures under convex loss can possess the following property: The induced prior measure of the convex hull of the range of the corresponding Bayes rule is equal to zero. A stronger statement holds in the case of binomial distributions.
The control of inferencing in natural language understanding

Abstract The understanding of a natural language text requires that a reader (human or computer program) be able to resolve ambiguities at the syntactic and lexical levels; it also requires that a reader be able to recover that part of the meaning of a text which is over and above the collection of meanings of its individual sentences taken in isolation. The satisfaction of this requirement involves complex inferencing from a large database of world-knowledge. While human readers seem able to perform this task easily, the designer of computer programs for natural language understanding faces the serious difficulty of algorithmically defining precisely the items of world-knowledge required at any point in the processing, i.e. the problem of controlling inferencing. This paper discusses the problems involved in such control of inferencing; an approach to their solution is presented, based on the notion of determining where each successive sentence “fits” into the text as a whole.
Stereospecific effect of naloxone hydrochloride on cyanide intoxication.

Abstract Cyanide intoxication in mice can be antagonized by the opiate antagonist, (−)naloxone HCl, alone or in combination with sodium thiosulfate and/or sodium nitrite. Potency ratios, derived from LD50 values, were compared in groups of mice pretreated with sodium nitrite (sc, 100 mg/kg), sodium thiosulfate (ip, 1 g/kg), and (−)naloxone HCl (sc, 10 mg/kg) either alone or in various combinations. These results indicate that naloxone HCl provides a significant protection against the lethal effects of potassium cyanide. The protective effect of sodium thiosulfate, but not sodium nitrite, was enhanced with (−)naloxone HCl. The combined administration of sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate was further enhanced with (−)naloxone HCl. This protective effect of naloxone HCl against the lethal effect of cyanide appears to be restricted to the (−) stereoisomer, as the (+) stereoisomer, the inactive opiate antagonist, is also inactive in protecting against the lethal effects of cyanide. The mechanism of antagonism is discussed.
Deformable cell-cell and cell-substrate interactions in semi-infinite domain.

Abstract Leukocyte trafficking in the microvasculature during inflammatory response is known to involve multiple adhesion molecules and is referred to as the leukocyte adhesion cascade (LAC). Surface-bound selectins and their respective ligands are primarily responsible for tethering and rolling of leukocytes over inflamed endothelium. Numerical modeling of this response is challenging due to the nature of cell–cell interactions in Stokes flow (i.e., large domain of influence for each cell over its neighbors). Here, we discuss a novel simulation capable of modeling several steps of the LAC. The new model includes relevant contact and lubrication forces and extends a physics-based model for single particle rolling interactions developed by Hammer and Apte (1992) , for multiparticle interactions by King and Hammer (2001a) , and for deformable particles by Gee and King (2006) . We initially demonstrate the model for cell–cell collisions occurring near a planar substrate, and for cell–substrate adhesive interactions. The adhesion studies provide a new perspective of the contribution of Hertzian contact mechanics toward variations in contact area at the cell–substrate interface. The results confirm that interfacial contact area will increase as a result of the contact formulation and that this mechanism may enhance cell rolling interactions for cells driven toward endothelium by cell–cell collisions. As a result of cell compliance, rolling velocity may decrease significantly, compared to non-compliant cells.
The Romance of the New World: Gender and the Literary Formations of English Colonialism

Acknowledgments Introduction 1. Love's laborers: the busy heroes of romance and empire 2. Sea-knights and royal virgins: American gold and its discontents in lodge's A Margarite of America (1596) 3. Jack of Newbery and Drake in California: domestic and colonial narratives of English cloth and manhood 4. Eros and science: the discourses of magical consumerism 5. Gender, savagery, tobacco: marketplaces for consumption 6. Inconstancy: coming to Indians through Troilus and Cressida 7. The Tempest, 'rape', the art and smart of Virginian husbandry Coda: the masks of Pocahontas Notes Works cited Index.
Successful Correction of Depressed Scars of the Forehead Secondary to Trauma and Morphea en coup de sabre by en bloc Autologous Dermal Fat Graft

Background.Atrophic scars of the forehead can result from various pathologic processes including morphea en coup de sabre as well as trauma. A variety of surgical techniques can be used to correct these atrophic scars.Objective.Soft tissue augmentation for correction of atrophic scars of the forehea
International Human Resource Management Issues for the 1990s

A total of 110 senior human resource and industrial relations managers from multinational companies located in North America, South America, the Middle East, Asia, Europe, and Australia responded to a survey designed to elicit their opinions of the most compelling issues in international human resource management for the 1990s. The following three within-firm issues were most salient: the role of human resources in international operations; managing a multi-cultural workforce; and developing management talent in a global business environment. Three other issues were seen as critically important external challenges: human resource aspects of international alliances; the impact of the social dimension of the new Europe; and the future role of Japan in Asia and the world. These issues were discussed in terms of their strategic and managerial implications.
Synthesis of fault-tolerant and real-time microarchitectures

Abstract Microarchitectural implementations of real-time signal-processing algorithms for mission-critical applications (such as sensors on spacecrafts) are characterized by two unique requirements: real-time processing of a steady stream of input signals, which requires a high-performance implementation such as pipelining, and reliable operation over the mission lifetime, which mandates support for fault tolerance. We relate high-performance and fault-tolerance constraints to chip area and present a methodology for synthesizing area-efficient microarchitectures satisfying these requirements. High performance is achieved via pipelining, whereas desired fault tolerance is realized using hardware redundancy. The framework has been used to synthesize high-performance and fault-tolerant microarchitectures for a variety of signal-processing algorithms. Additionally, the framework has been used to explore design trade-offs between high-performance and high-reliability microarchitectures, subject to a maximum area constraint.
Solution and Solid State Studies on the Interactions of Protonated Cytosine Salts. IV. Asymmetric Interbase Hydrogen Bonding and Interpyrimidine Base Stacking in Triply Hydrogen-Bonded Cytosine Complexes. Crystal and Molecular Structure of Bis[1-Methylcytosine, 1-Methylcytosinium] Hexafluorosilicate Dihydrate

Abstract The crystal and molecular structures of the complex bis(1-methylcytosine, 1-methylcytosinium) hexafluorosilicate dihydrate are reported. In the solid, a 1:1 triply hydrogen-bonded complex consisting of one protonated and one neutral 1-methylcytosine base is observed. The hydrogen bonding in the complex cation is asymmetric, and the asymmetry in the interbase hydrogen bonding is stimulated to a large part by base stacking. The observed infinite, helical array of stacked complexes, in which the base stacking is strong [mean stacking distance = 3.36A] is such that the molecular overlap is between protonated and neutral 1-methylcytosine bases. The asymmetric interbase hydrogen bonding and the protonated/neutral base stacking mode coexist in a synergistic interrelationship which maximizes the molecular and crystal forces. The results found in this study are compared with a variety of other systems in which asymmetrically hydrogen-bonded cytosine complexes are observed, and it is found that although base stacking is also a predominant feature of these complexes in the solid, the base stacking found in this study is different.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of methadone in patients with chronic pain

Concentrations of methadone in plasma, estimates of pain relief, and pupillary size were determined after a single intravenous dose (10 to 30 mg) of methadone hydrochloride to eight patients with chronic pain, five of whom had cancer. The pharmacokinetic parameter estimates reveal rapid and extensive distribution (Varea) and a slow apparent elimination half-life (t1/2) (mean Varea = 3.59 L/kg and harmonic mean t1/2 = 23 hours). The harmonic mean blood clearance is 106 ml/min, the harmonic mean renal clearance is 3.9 ml/min, the mean hepatic extraction ratio is 0.089, and plasma protein binding is 86% to 89%. These results suggest that only the free (unbound) fraction of methadone present in blood is extracted by the liver and that methadone can be classified as a low (hepatic)-extraction drug. The data were fit to a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model to obtain estimates of the steady-state plasma methadone concentration required to produce 50% of the maximum pain relief. This value varied from 0.04 to 1.13 micrograms/ml (mean = 0.29 micrograms/ml). These results indicate substantial interindividual variation in the relationship between changes in plasma methadone concentration and analgesia in patients with chronic pain receiving opioids. A pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model may be useful for the individualization of analgesic dosage and therefore the optimization of pain management in patients with chronic pain.
Initial results of reteplase in the treatment of acute lower extremity arterial occlusions.

PURPOSE To assess the feasibility and efficacy of reteplase in transcatheter arterial thrombolysis for lower extremity occlusive disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifteen consecutive patients with acute lower extremity ischemia due to occlusive disease were treated by means of catheter-directed thrombolysis with reteplase. Following diagnostic angiography, thrombolysis was started either from an antegrade puncture site in cases of femoropopliteal occlusions, or from the contralateral groin in cases of thrombosis of the iliac artery, common femoral artery, or infrainguinal bypass grafts. Reteplase was infused at a rate of either 0.5 U/h (six patients) or 1.0 U/h (nine patients). RESULTS Complete thrombolysis was achieved in all of the nine (100%) patients in the 1.0 U/h group and in four of six (66%) patients in the 0.5 U/h group for a combined success rate of 13 of 15 (87%). Clinical success was achieved in 11 of 15 patients overall (73%). Major bleeding complications occurred in none of the 9 patients in the 1.0 U/h group and in one (16%) of the six patients in the 0.5 U/h group for an overall rate of 6%. CONCLUSIONS Reteplase shows promise as an alternative to urokinase in the treatment of lower extremity ischemia due to arterial occlusive disease.
Optimizing the Transmission Range in an Underwater Acoustic Network

An extension of distance-aware collision avoidance protocol (DACAP) [1] is proposed that permits its implementation in large networks where maximal connectivity is not available. The technique proposed increases the energy efficiency by optimizing the transmission power of the nodes. The optimal power is the minimal power that still guarantees connectivity between each node and the sink. Simulation results show that this transmission power also results in throughput maximization. For a network of nodes uniformly distributed within a rectangular grid, the optimal transmission range can be determined as a function of the node density. A closed form approximation for this dependence is obtained.
Socio‐ecohydrology and the urban water challenge

Urban water systems are highly engineered. However, hydrology and ecology are still closely linked in semi-arid urban ecosystems in which surface characteristics, vegetation, and water flows are all highly transformed. Although these systems are human-dominated, there are many uncertainties in the water budgets of semi-arid cities, because evapotranspiration, runoff, groundwater recharge, and leakage are poorly constrained. Decision-making, governance, and socioeconomic factors play important roles in determining urban hydrologic budgets. We offer a framework to integrate these factors in studies that combine biophysical and social dimensions of the urban water system using the example of western US cities, which are facing critical issues in water supply and demand, and which can benefit from a more comprehensive understanding of the factors that determine water consumption, distribution and availability. Because of the severity of the water crisis in the western US, and the biophysical, institutional, and cultural barriers to developing and implementing new water management practices, this region provides useful lessons for addressing water challenges in other regions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of tape type and of skin preparation on the force required to dislodge angiocatheters.

The study evaluated the effects of different techniques used to secure intravenous (iv) catheters. An angiocatheter attached to standard iv tubing was taped to human forearm using a standard taping method. A calibrated piezoelectric force transducer was attached to the iv tubing. The force applied along the longitudinal axis to pull out the taped catheter was measured and recorded on paper. Three tape types, Curity, Leukopor and Transpore, were evaluated alone, with benzoin skin pretreatment and with mastisol pretreatment. A randomized 3 × 3 block design with 20 replications per block was utilized, and a total of 180 pullout tests were performed on two adult volunteers. Without pretreatment, the forces required to dislodge catheters were (means ± SEM) 46 ± 2, 37 ± 2 and 38 ± 2 Newtons for Curity, Leukopor and Transpore tape, respectively. Corresponding values for mastisol pretreatment (64 ± 1,64 ± 3 and 52 ± 3 Newtons) were greater (P < 0.05) for each tape compared with benzoin (54 ± 3, 53 ± 2 and 40 ± 2 Newtons) and no pretreatment. The most frequent failure mode for Transpore tape was by tape fracture, for Curity tape was by separation from the skin of tape and catheter as a single unit, and for Leukopor tape was by catheter separation while tape remained attached to skin (P < 0.001). The data suggest that the application of mastisol prior to taping iv catheters with Curity or Leukopor tape helps to minimize the risk of accidental dislodgement.
Bone fractures produced by high velocity impacts

The effects of high velocity impact to the distal end of 122 human femurs were studied using one-quarter inch steel spheres as projectiles, with impact velocities from 500 to 1700 feet per second. In the lower velocity range, a “drill hole” fracture was produced with low energy expenditure, and the diameter of this type of fracture was increased as a function of increasing velocity. At the higher impact velocities the bone exploded with a violent radial displacement of the material surrounding the missile path, similar to the cavitation effect often seen in soft tissues. At increasing impact velocities, increasing amounts of energy were expended in producing the fracture.
Salmonella persistence and transmission strategies.

Host-adapted strains of Salmonella enterica cause systemic infections and have the ability to persist systemically for long periods of time and pose significant public-health problems. Multidrug-resistant Salmonella enteric serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) and non-Typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) are on the increase, and are often associated with HIV infection. Chronically infected hosts are often asymptomatic and transmit disease to naive hosts via fecal shedding of bacteria, thereby serving as a critical reservoir for disease. Salmonella utilizes multiple strategies to evade and modulate host innate and adaptive immune responses in order to persist in the presence of a robust immune response. In addition, the intestinal microbiota plays a critical role in controlling Salmonella infection, disease, and transmissibility.
Linkage Analysis of Tourette Syndrome in a Large Utah Pedigree

Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by multiple motor and phonic tics. The heritability of TS has been well established, yet there is a lack of consensus in genome-wide linkage studies. The purpose of this study was to conduct a genome-wide linkage analysis on a unique, large, high-risk TS Utah pedigree. We examined a qualitative trait (TS1) where cases had a definitive diagnosis of TS as observed by a clinical interviewer (n = 66) and a quantitative phenotype based on the total Yale global motor and phonic tic severity scores (n = 102). Both parametric and non-parametric multipoint linkage analyses based on MCMC methods were performed using a 10 cM spaced micro-satellite autosomal marker set. Two regions of interest were identified under affecteds-only recessive models; a LOD score of 3.3 on chromosome 1p for Yale tic severity and a LOD score of 3.1 on chromosome 3p for the TS1 phenotype. Twenty-seven individuals shared linked segregating haplotypes for the 1p region. They had significantly higher Yale tic phonic scores than non-sharers (P = 0.01). There were 46 haplotype sharers on chromosome 3p with significantly higher percentage of females among these individuals compared to the non-sharers (P = 0.03). The significant linkage peaks on chromosomes 1p and 3p are in new areas of the genome for TS, and replication of these findings is necessary.
Increased transsynovial transport with continuous passive motion.

Thirteen freshly killed immature rabbits were used to study the effect of continuous passive motion (CPM) on regional nutritional pathways of the medial and lateral menisci and the transport of a solute from synovial fluid to the patellar tendon. A bolus of 35SO4 was injected into each knee joint cavity. The right knee underwent CPM for 1 h, whereas the left knee was immobilized (rest extremity). Both knees were then rapidly resected and immediately frozen. The medial and lateral menisci were removed and sectioned into anterior, middle, and posterior thirds for Group 1 animals; in Group 2 animals a portion of patellar tendon was harvested. Radioactivity as counts per minute per milligram of tissue was counted in a scintillation counter. The posterior portion of the lateral meniscus in the rest extremity had significantly higher uptake than the extremity that underwent CPM (p < 0.001). In the extremity at rest, the posterior third of the lateral meniscus had a significantly higher uptake than that of the middle third (p = 0.04). In Group 2 rabbits, the patellar tendon of the knee undergoing CPM had significantly higher uptake as compared with the patellar tendon of the knee at rest (p = 0.02). These results indicate that diffusion from synovial fluid to meniscal cells is an important mechanism of transport for low-molecular-weight nutrients such as sulfate; CPM does not facilitate this mechanism. However, even with a decreased amount of 35SO4 left in the CPM-treated joint, the amount taken up by these menisci was still roughly the same as that in the rested knee that had a higher concentration of 35SO4 available in the synovial cavity. Regional differences are small for the 1-h period examined in this study. Transarticular transport of sulfate from the joint space to an extraarticular tissue (patellar tendo) is facilitated by convective flow induced by CPM.
A concise and provably informative multi-scale signature based on heat diffusion

We propose a novel point signature based on the properties of the heat diffusion process on a shape. Our signature, called the Heat Kernel Signature (or HKS), is obtained by restricting the well-known heat kernel to the temporal domain. Remarkably we show that under certain mild assumptions, HKS captures all of the information contained in the heat kernel, and characterizes the shape up to isometry. This means that the restriction to the temporal domain, on the one hand, makes HKS much more concise and easily commensurable, while on the other hand, it preserves all of the information about the intrinsic geometry of the shape. In addition, HKS inherits many useful properties from the heat kernel, which means, in particular, that it is stable under perturbations of the shape. Our signature also provides a natural and efficiently computable multi-scale way to capture information about neighborhoods of a given point, which can be extremely useful in many applications. To demonstrate the practical relevance of our signature, we present several methods for non-rigid multi-scale matching based on the HKS and use it to detect repeated structure within the same shape and across a collection of shapes.
Metabolic networks: enzyme function and metabolite structure

Metabolism is one of the most complex cellular processes. Connections between biochemical reactions via substrate and product metabolites create complex metabolic networks that may be analyzed using network theory, stoichiometric analysis, and information on protein structure/function and metabolite properties. These frameworks take into consideration different aspects of enzyme chemistry, enzyme structure and metabolite structure, and demonstrate the impact of metabolic biochemistry on the systemic properties of metabolism. The integration of these approaches and the systematic classification of enzyme function and the chemical structure of metabolites will enhance our understanding of metabolism, and could improve our ability to predict enzyme function and novel metabolic pathways.
Unbound bilirubin and kernicterus in low-birth-weight infants.

Unbound bilirubin, bilirubin binding capacity, and bilirubin binding affinity were determined by the horseradish peroxidase method at the time of maximum hyperbilirubinemia and/or before exchange transfusions in 13 preterm infants who later died and had autopsies performed. Five of the 13 infants had kernicterus at autopsy. There were no significant differences in weight, gestational age, highest indirect bilirubin level, albumin concentration, severity of acidosis, use of assisted ventilation, sepsis, or other major clinical complications between the five infants with kernicterus and the eight infants without kernicterus. Compared with the eight nonkernicteric infants, the five kernicteric infants had significantly higher unbound bilirubin concentrations (13 +/- vs 27 +/- 9 nmoles/liter, respectively, P less than .05) and significantly lower bilirubin binding capacity and affinity. The data suggest an association between low bilirubin binding capacity and affinity, increased unbound bilirubin, and kernicterus in preterm infants with severe clinical complications.
CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells make discrete contributions to demyelination and neurologic disease in a viral model of multiple sclerosis

Following intracerebral infection with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV), susceptible strains of mice (SJL and PLJ) develop virus persistence and demyelination similar to that found in human multiple sclerosis. Resistant strains of mice (C57BL/6) clear virus and do not develop demyelination. To resolve the controversy about the role of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in the development of demyelination and neurologic deficits in diseases of the central nervous system, we analyzed TMEV infection in CD4- and CD8-deficient B6, PLJ, and SJL mice. Genetic deletion of either CD4 or CD8 from resistant B6 mice resulted in viral persistence and demyelination during the chronic stage of disease. Viral persistence and demyelination were detected in all strains of susceptible background. Although genetic deletion of CD8 had no effect on the extent of demyelination in susceptible strains, deletion of CD4 dramatically increased the degree of demyelination observed. Whereas strains with deletions of CD4 showed severe neurologic deficits, mice with deletions of CD8 showed minimal or no deficits despite demyelination. In all strains, deletion of CD4 but not CD8 resulted in a decreased delayed-type hypersensitivity response to viral antigen. We conclude that each T-cell subset makes a discrete and nonredundant contribution to protection from viral persistence and demyelination in resistant strains. In contrast, in susceptible strains, CD8(+) T cells do not provide protection against chronic demyelinating disease. Furthermore, in persistent TMEV infection of the central nervous system, neurologic deficits appear to result either from the absence of a protective class II-restricted immune response or from the presence of a pathogenic class I-restricted response.
Rotating horizontal convection

‘Horizontal convection’ (HC) is the generic name for the flow resulting from a buoyancy variation imposed along a horizontal boundary of a fluid. We study the effects of rotation on three-dimensional HC numerically in two stages: first, when baroclinic instability is suppressed and, second, when it ensues and baroclinic eddies are formed. We concentrate on changes to the thickness of the near-surface boundary layer, the stratification at depth, the overturning circulation and the flow energetics during each of these stages. Our results show that, for moderate flux Rayleigh numbers ( ), rapid rotation greatly alters the steady-state solution of HC. When the flow is constrained to be uniform in the transverse direction, rapidly rotating solutions do not support a boundary layer, exhibit weaker overturning circulation and greater stratification at all depths. In this case, diffusion is the dominant mechanism for lateral buoyancy flux and the consequent buildup of available potential energy leads to baroclinically unstable solutions. When these rapidly rotating flows are perturbed, baroclinic instability develops and baroclinic eddies dominate both the lateral and vertical buoyancy fluxes. The resulting statistically steady solution supports a boundary layer, larger values of deep stratification and multiple overturning cells compared with non-rotating HC. A transformed Eulerian-mean approach shows that the residual circulation is dominated by the quasi-geostrophic eddy streamfunction and that the eddy buoyancy flux has a non-negligible interior diabatic component. The kinetic and available potential energies are greater than in the non-rotating case and the mixing efficiency drops from to . The eddies play an important role in the formation of the thermal boundary layer and, together with the negatively buoyant plume, help establish deep stratification. These baroclinically active solutions have characteristics of geostrophic turbulence.
Nonlinear equations of motion for Landau resonance interactions with a whistler mode wave

A simple set of equations is presented for the description of the cyclotron averaged motion of Landau resonant particles in a whistler mode wave propagating at an angle to the static magnetic field. A comparison is conducted of the wave magnetic field and electric field effects for the parameters of the magnetosphere, and the parameter ranges for which the wave magnetic field effects would be negligible are determined. It is shown that the effect of the wave magnetic field can be neglected for low pitch angles, high normal wave angles, and/or high normalized wave frequencies.
Using a Trauma-Informed Approach in Juvenile Justice Institutions

Society struggles with mistreated, acting-out youth, vacillating between offering help and punishing. The Supreme Court has recently considered issues of adolescence and brain development when reviewing youth sentences; however, sentencing goals remain a local policy decision. Traditionally, our juvenile justice system follows either a punitive or a mental health model. This article offers a trauma-informed model, arguing that it is consistent with the Supreme Court’s approach and with sentencing goals. It reviews how the trauma-informed model differs from the two previous models, why this is preferable, and how to implement the new model in juvenile justice settings.
Far-field waveforms from an arbitrarily expanding, transparent spherical cavity in a prestressed medium

Summary. Stress relaxation due to a growing cavity in a uniformly prestressed (pure shear) elastic medium is investigated, using the transparent source approximation of Archambeau (1972). A simple representation of the far-field radiation is obtained. A planar, circular dislocation of same growth history as the cavity is constructed which yields the same far-field pulses, except for geometrical effects. It is shown that different ‘equivalent’ dislocations must be used to model P and S pulses wherever the rupture velocity is trans-sonic. Simple analytical forms for the far-field pulses are derived which hold even in the case of relatively complicated source growth history. The dependence of waveforms on the various source parameters is illustrated by selected waveform calculations. It is suggested that this model yields an adequate representation of the far-field tectonic release radiation from underground explosions.
Automatic techniques for texture mapping in virtual urban environments

Many methods exist for automatically generating three dimensional models of urban environments at various levels of detail. To improve the realism of these models texture maps are applied to the building facades. This paper focuses on techniques which progress towards the automatic application of textural detail to building facades. In particular attention is paid to residential scenes where buildings are occluded by many objects such as vegetation and fences. The approach undertaken uses a set of images for each building being textured. From this set a single building image is created by identifying the building and removing occluding objects using a depth map. Further processing of the building image is undertaken to generate two texture maps, the wall map and the object map. The wall map contains a repeatable wall pattern extracted automatically from the building facade. The object map contains the spatial arrangement of features on a transparent background. The features are objects on the building facade such as windows and doors. These two texture maps are combined on the graphics card to permit the final textural detail of the building to be visualised
Empirical Support for a Self-help Treatment for IBS

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a chronic, functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorder. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been shown to be efficacious for IBS; however, access to qualified CBT therapists is limited. This study was a randomized, controlled trial of a CBT self-help workbook for IBS. Sixty patients with IBS were randomly assigned to active treatment or waitlist control. Participants were evaluated 6 weeks post-randomization at which point waitlist controls crossed over to active treatment. Treatment completers (17 in the immediate treatment group vs 19 in the waitlist control) experienced statistically and clinically significant improvement in quality of life, GI symptom severity, visceral sensitivity and catastrophic cognitions immediately post-treatment. Treatment efficacy was partially mediated by reductions in catastrophic thinking and visceral sensitivity. Limitations of the study included a high attrition rate, as is common in both internet-based and self-help intervention studies. Multiple imputation of missing data for post-treatment was carried out to correct for attrition, and subsequent analyses replicated prior statistically significant improvement on all major outcome measures. This study represents a move towards wider dissemination of and access to empirically-supported treatments for IBS, as well as an effort to test a self-help book in a randomized, controlled trial prior to publication.
Destruction of primordial ovarian follicles in adult cynomolgus macaques after exposure to 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide: a nonhuman primate model of the menopausal transition

Objective To determine whether the 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD)-treated mouse menopause model, which involves accelerated atresia of primordial follicles and induces gradual ovarian failure (while sparing the ovarian stroma), can be adapted to nonhuman primates. Design Controlled periclinical trial (nonhuman primates). Setting Comparative Medicine Clinical Research Center. Animal(s) Four adult female cynomolgus monkeys. Intervention(s) Once-daily IM injections for 15 days as follows: vehicle or VCD doses of 80 mg/kg, 160 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg. Ovaries were removed 27 days after treatment, and pathological determinations were made at necropsy. Main Outcome Measure(s) Baseline and interim hematologic and biochemical measures, physical exams, and body weights. Follicle counts and organ evaluation at necropsy. Result(s) A nearly complete elimination of primordial, intermediate, primary and secondary follicles was achieved with 250 mg/kg VCD. A 50% reduction in primordial and primary follicles was observed with 160 mg/kg VCD. No effect of 80 mg/kg VCD per day was observed. Clinical health measures remained within normal range except for transient, mild increases in liver enzymes and an inflammatory response at the injection site with 250 mg/kg. Postmortem evaluations (9 months) revealed no gross or histological lesions in the organs studied. Conclusion(s) These results demonstrate that the monkey ovary is susceptible to VCD and that as in rodents, primordial and primary follicles are targeted selectively.
Training in Epidemiology for Medical Assistants in Developing Countries

The role of the Medical Assistant (MA) in developing countries in reviewed, with special reference to East Africa, in particular Tanzania. The development of training objectives in epidemiology for the MA is then described. A project is reported which has attempted to develop, field-test and evaluate a set of training materials in epidemiology for MA students in East Africa, based upon these training objectives. In general, these materials appear acceptable and appropriate both to students and teachers. The need is stressed for long-term evaluation of this approach.
Exploration of the continental basement the world over by seismic reflection profiling: A goal for the solid earth sciences

This short article proposes a long-range goal for the international earth science community—the exploration of the continental basement along profiles crossing major geological features in many land areas of the world via the use of the powerful seismic reflection technique widely used in petroleum exploration. The cover figure shows a map of possible routes for such surveying and illustrates the scope of the effort that is envisioned. The purpose of this effort would be to explore the third, or depth, dimension of large and important structures of the continental crust—a major frontier of modern earth science. Such observations should lead to a basic understanding of the crust and its evolution and hence provide a sound basis for enlightened utilization of this portion of the earth by mankind.
Semantically Based Data Integration Environment for Biomedical Research

This paper presents an overview of the data integration mediation system developed as part of the Biomedical Informatics Research Network (BIRN; http://www.nbirn.net) project. BIRN is sponsored by the National Center for Research Resources (NCRR), a component of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). A core BIRN goal is the development of a multi-institution information management system to support biomedical research. Each participating institution maintains a database of their experimental or computationally derived data, and the data integration system performs semantic integration over the databases to enable researchers to perform analyses based on larger and broader datasets than would be available from any single institutions data. This demonstration paper describes architecture, implementation, and capabilities of the semantically based data integration system for BIRN.
Fast-Light to Slow-Light Switching in a Laser Cavity

We report on experimental work investigating slow- and fast-light in a ring-laser cavity that utilizes a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) as its primary gain medium. By allowing a pulse to propagate around the loop multiple times, we are able to achieve a tunable delay-bandwidth product near 10 for a 10-ps pulse. Our results show a shift between fast-light, as expected in a typical SOA, to slow-light as the pulse propagates around the loop. This slow-light phenomenon in a gain medium is not expected from an SOA, but arises due to the interaction between the lasing mode and the signal mode.
Bridging Differences: Building Community in Short-Term Abroad Programs

This paper is a personal reflection and exploration of the author’s short-term study abroad experience in Apia, Samoa. The narrative will consider the elements of one author’s personal experiences building community abroad in a limited time span and how these elements contributed to a successful short-term study abroad experience. The author will also examine the implications of these experiences, and of adopting a community-building perspective for short-term study abroad programs within higher education. Short-term abroad programs are an increasingly attractive means for a study abroad experience. The shorter duration of these programs, several weeks compared to a semester, make it easier for students to travel and receive credit toward graduation. While some critics of short-term abroad programs have questioned whether it is possible to build a sense of community between students and a host culture, I believe that short-term abroad programs can successfully build community. This paper focuses on short-term programs that occur during the intersession period between semesters. The term community, as used in this article, is defined as as a group of people who share a common goal. To build a cross-cultural community, it is critical to create an experience that allows students to understand the host culture beyond the surface level. This can be accomplished when students are encouraged to utilize the following tools: story sharing, reciprocity, intercultural sensitivity, intercultural communication, and cultural immersion and adaptation. These concepts provide a framework for students abroad as they experience new cultures and explore the relationship between their own lives and the lives of people overseas. Through these experiences, students will learn more about themselves, become more globally rounded citizens, and make connections with individuals abroad in the first steps toward building a global community. The tools that I describe for successful short-term student abroad programs are drawn from my own experiences in one such program in Samoa. I recognize that all students or higher education professionals may not accept this vision of cultural immersion and adaptation. However, if we strive to create a non-tourist model for short-term study abroad programs, then it is possible to build community. It is a Jean Pak is finishing her second year in the HESA program and an assistantship in the Center for Cultural Pluralism. She graduated from UC Davis in 2004 and her hometown is in Fremont, CA.