cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurements of the Vertical Heat Flux in the Upper Ocean Layer

Abstract By measuring the time rate of change of temperature in the upper 65 m of the sea at night with a precision sounding device, the amount of heat transported upward at various depths and through the sea surface as a function of time during the night was determined. The heat flux through any surface of depth z was given by e−αt (1−Az⅔) for z<zmax (40–65 m). The amount of heat released from the sea surface ranged from 1.34 to 0.311 ly min−1, the release rate decreasing with time after sunset. The data also allowed estimates of the spatially averaged thermal boundary layer thickness in the sea surface, 0.2 cm or less.
Franklin D. Roosevelt and labor the world war I origins of early new deal policy

(1960). Franklin D. Roosevelt and labor the world war I origins of early new deal policy. Labor History: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 39-52.
The Etymology and History of the Placename “Des Moines”

AbstractThe original form of the placename “Des Moines” was created by a seventeenth-century French mapmaker. It was given a new life — and its present form — by an early nineteenth-century French-speaking mapmaker. However, the name “Moines” comes from an American Indian tribe name that has undergone extensive and interesting changes since it was first recorded around the summer solstice in the year 1673 by the Jesuit missionary-explorer Jacques Marquette. The following article presents this placename’s history and explains its unusual meaning in the Miami-Illinois language.
Alternative loop rings

The right alternative law implies the left alternative law in loop rings of characteristic other than 2. We also exhibit a loop which fails to be a right Bol loop, even though its characteristic 2 loop rings are right alternative.
American Wine Society

I recently had the opportunity to hear a wine critic speak about assessing quality. The critic, from Washington, focused on wine and wineries from that region. Before this event, I was unaware that...
Contribution of radiative gluons and spin-one diquarks to the F 2 structure function

We calculate unpolarized quark distribution functions and the F{sub 2} structure functions for the proton and the neutron. The calculations are preformed in the light-cone frame. For the bare nucleon we have used three different distributions, namely, the spin-0 diquark, the spin-0 plus spin-1 diquark, and the no diquark models. By using perturbative QCD an initial gluon distribution is generated inside the core nucleon. The physical nucleon is assumed to be a superposition of the bare nucleon plus the virtual light-cone Fock states of baryon octets and decuplets and pseudoscalar meson pairs. The initial distributions are evolved. The F{sub 2} structure functions calculated from the evolved distributions are compared with NMC and ZEUS results along with a CTEQ6M fit. Also, it is shown that the meson cloud is a contributing factor to sea-quark asymmetry and to Gottfried sum-rule violation.
Experiences mapping a legacy interface terminology to SNOMED CT

Background SNOMED CT is being increasingly adopted as the standard clinical terminology for health care applications. Existing clinical applications that use legacy interface terminology need to migrate to the preferred SNOMED CT standard. In this paper, we describe our experience and methodology for mapping concepts from a legacy system to SNOMED CT.
Compressional-mode oscillations in a nucleus

Abstract Investigation is made of the possibility of a dwarf dipole resonance ΔJπ = 1−, ΔT = 0) due to oscillation of nuclear matter in a compressional fashion, analogous to the giant dipole resonance which is an oscillation in the polarization of nuclear matter. A Lagrangian density is introduced to describe the propagation of sound waves in a medium of non-uniform density, along with a constraint to eliminate spurious c.m. motion. The frequencies of the normal modes of oscillation are calculated for a droplet which has an equilibrium density distribution compatible with that determined from elastic electron scattering; the velocity of sound is an adjustable parameter. Coulomb form factors for excitation of levels at 10.8 MeV in 12C, and 7.12 MeV in 16O (which have suitable quantum numbers for the resonance) are compared with inelastic electron scattering experiments. Agreement is found for the shape of the differential cross section, the calculated magnitude is generally too large by a factor which varies from 2 to 50 depending on the behavior assumed for the density in the neighborhood of the nuclear surface. The interpretation of these levels as compressible modes is therefore tentative; the velocity of sound required is about 0.04 c.
Combined PNCC feature extractor for robust speech recognition

Recently, two major types of Power-Normalized Cepstral Coefficients (PNCCs) were proposed as noise robust Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) front-end. All the literatures for these two PNCCs assume clean training data and clean or noisy test data. However, we find that one PNCC method has good performance for the clean training/noisy test scenario, but degrades when test data is cleaner than the training data. The other PNCC method performs relatively better for noisy training/clean test conditions, but is not very robust for the clean training/noisy test conditions. We propose Combined PNCC (C-PNCC) algorithm, which is superior to both previous PNCCs for clean training/noisy test cases, and which also has reasonably good performance for noisy training/clean test conditions.
Functionally rodless mice: transgenic models for the investigation of cone function in retinal disease and therapy.

Abstract Two genetically engineered strains of mice were used to characterize murine cone function electroretinographically, without interference of rod-driven responses: (1) mice with a deletion of the gene for the rod transducin α-subunit (transducin α−/−), and (2) mice with rod arrestin deleted (arrestin −/−). In the first three months of age, both strains have a normal complement of rods and normal rod structure, but transducin α−/− mice have no rod-driven responses to light, while rod-driven activity of arrestin −/− mice can be suppressed by a single intense flash for hours. In response to intense flashes the electroretinograms of these strains of mice showed a readily identifiable, pure-cone a-wave of ∼10 μV saturating amplitude. A 530 nm background that saturates rod responses of wild type mice was found to desensitize the b-wave responses of mice of both transgenic lines, whether the b-waves were driven by photons captured by M- or UV-cone pigments. The desensitizing effect of the 530 nm background on UV-pigment driven responses provides new evidence in support of the hypothesis of functional co-expression of the M-pigment in cones expressing primarily the UV-pigment.
Effects of rewarding children’s high-and low-amplitude motor responses

Forty-eight preschool-age Ss provided baseline amplitude data by striking a target with a mallet seven times. Subsequently, a series of 36 training trials was administered, with half the Ss being rewarded for response amplitudes exceeding their baseline scores, the remaining Ss being rewarded for amplitudes of lower magnitudes than their baseline scores. Analyses of raw response amplitude scores and number of rewarded responses revealed that both groups learned in comparable fashion to respond in accordance with the reward contingency under which they were run. A difference score analysis yielded similar results, except for the first trial block. Reference is made to some related child studies and to implications regarding motivational vs associative interpretations of high magnitude responding.
Superior structure stability and selectivity of hairpin nucleic acid probes with an l-DNA stem

Hairpin nucleic acid probes have been highly useful in many areas, especially for intracellular and in vitro nucleic acid detection. The success of these probes can be attributed to the ease with which their conformational change upon target binding can be coupled to a variety of signal transduction mechanisms. However, false-positive signals arise from the opening of the hairpin due mainly to thermal fluctuations and stem invasions. Stem invasions occur when the stem interacts with its complementary sequence and are especially problematic in complex biological samples. To address the problem of stem invasions in hairpin probes, we have created a modified molecular beacon that incorporates unnatural enantiomeric L-DNA in the stem and natural D-DNA or 2’-O-Me-modified RNA in the loop. L-DNA has the same physical characteristics as D-DNA except that L-DNA cannot form stable duplexes with D-DNA. Here we show that incorporating L-DNA into the stem region of a molecular beacon reduces intra- and intermolecular stem invasions, increases the melting temperature, improves selectivity to its target, and leads to enhanced bio-stability. Our results suggest that L-DNA is useful for designing functional nucleic acid probes especially for biological applications.
Rush pin technique for temporary antibiotic-impregnated cement prosthesis for infected total hip arthroplasty

Abstract A technique is described for intraoperative fabrication of an antibiotic-impregnated temporary prosthesis using a rod pin as an endoskeleton. The technique has the advantage of the availability of numerous rod lengths and diameters, which allows the surgeon to produce a custom component with a wide range of lengths and offsets. The technique has been used successfully in many cases over a 5-year period. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Influences on consumer socialisation

Describes research on the processes and outcomes of consumer socialisation; it investigates the importance of the family as the main socialisation agent for young children. Shows how parents influence child behaviour directly through instruction in consumer skills, indirectly as models of consumer behaviour, and by supervision of the child’s consumer opportunities; also by influencing cognitive abilities, motivating the child to use its cognitive abilities in consumer situations, and teaching consumer skills which are unrelated to cognitive ability. Relates changes in US family demographic patterns to children as consumers: more single‐parent families and working mothers may mean less contact and socialisation of children by parents, while greater ethnic diversity and mixed‐race families affects the way that children are socialised. Test four hypotheses: that parents of younger children engage in less direct instruction of consumer behaviours than parents of older children; that parents engage in more direct consumer instruction, co‐shopping and co‐viewing with daughters than with sons; that more highly educated parents engage in more direct consumer instruction, co‐shopping and co‐viewing than do parents with lower levels of education; and that ethnicity is a factor in parental consumer instruction, co‐shopping and co‐viewing. Discusses the results of the survey questionnaire used for this US study of parents with children between two and eight years old; the results roughly confirm the first three of these four hypotheses.
Far-field scattering of a non-Gaussian off-axis axisymmetric laser beam by a spherical particle

Experimental laser beam profiles often deviate somewhat from the ideal Gaussian shape of the axisymmetric TEM00 laser mode. To take these deviations into account when calculating light scattering of an off-axis beam by a spherical particle, we use our phase-modeling method to approximate the beam-shape coefficients in the partial wave expansion of an experimental laser beam. We then use these beam-shape coefficients to compute the near-forward direction scattering of the off-axis beam by the particle. Our results are compared with laboratory data, and we give a physical interpretation of the various features observed in the angular scattering patterns.
eCCV: A new fuzzy cluster validity measure for large relational bioinformatics datasets

The existence of BLAST sequence comparison algorithm and microarray technology are among the reasons that make bioinformatics the domain with the most abundant large relational datasets. For example, by BLAST-ing the genes of the human genome (around 30,000 genes) we obtain a 30,000 by 30,000 distance matrix. This matrix can not be currently stored in the memory of a typical desktop PC. In the same time, clustering the resulting matrix using a fuzzy relational clustering algorithm such as Non-Euclidean Fuzzy C-means (NERFCM) requires prior knowledge of the number of clusters existent in the data set. The question is, how can we evaluate the number of clusters if we can't even load the matrix in the memory our PC? To address this problem, we propose to extend the correlation cluster validity (CCV) that we introduced in a previous paper, denoting the new validity measure as eCCV. eCCV consists of two steps: first sampling of the large matrix followed by the estimation of the number of cluster employing CCV of the sampled data. The sampling strategy produces also a significant processing speedup. We illustrate eCCV properties on a large synthetic dataset and on a large subset of human genes obtained from the RefSeq database.
Survival characteristics of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli pathotypes and Helicobacter pylori during passage through the free‐living ciliate, Tetrahymena sp.

Free-living protozoa have been implicated in the survival and transport of pathogens in the environment, but the relationship between non-Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli or Helicobacter pylori and ciliates has not been characterized. Six diarrheagenic pathotypes of E. coli and an isolate of H. pylori were evaluated for their susceptibility to digestion by Tetrahymena , an aquatic ciliate. Tetrahymena strain MB125 was fed E. coli or H. pylori , and the ciliate's egested products examined for viable bacterial pathogens by the BacLight™ LIVE/DEAD ™ assay, a cell elongation method, and by colony counts. All six diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes survived digestion, whereas H. pylori was digested. Growth of E. coli on agar plates indicated that the bacteria were able to replicate after passage through the ciliate. Transmission electron micrographs of E. coli cells as intact rods vs. degraded H. pylori cells corroborated these results. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a net-like matrix around intact E. coli cells in fecal pellets. These results suggest a possible role for Tetrahymena and its egested fecal pellets in the dissemination of diarrheagenic E. coli in the environment. This bacterial–protozoan interaction may increase opportunities for transmission of diarrheagenic E. coli to mammalian hosts including humans.
Modeling DNA methylation dynamics with approaches from phylogenetics

Motivation: Methylation of CpG dinucleotides is a prevalent epigenetic modification that is required for proper development in vertebrates. Genome-wide DNA methylation assays have become increasingly common, and this has enabled characterization of DNA methylation in distinct stages across differentiating cellular lineages. Changes in CpG methylation are essential to cellular differentiation; however, current methods for modeling methylation dynamics do not account for the dependency structure between precursor and dependent cell types. Results: We developed a continuous-time Markov chain approach, based on the observation that changes in methylation state over tissue differentiation can be modeled similarly to DNA nucleotide changes over evolutionary time. This model explicitly takes precursor to descendant relationships into account and enables inference of CpG methylation dynamics. To illustrate our method, we analyzed a high-resolution methylation map of the differentiation of mouse stem cells into several blood cell types. Our model can successfully infer unobserved CpG methylation states from observations at the same sites in related cell types (90% correct), and this approach more accurately reconstructs missing data than imputation based on neighboring CpGs (84% correct). Additionally, the single CpG resolution of our methylation dynamics estimates enabled us to show that DNA sequence context of CpG sites is informative about methylation dynamics across tissue differentiation. Finally, we identified genomic regions with clusters of highly dynamic CpGs and present a likely functional example. Our work establishes a framework for inference and modeling that is well suited to DNA methylation data, and our success suggests that other methods for analyzing DNA nucleotide substitutions will also translate to the modeling of epigenetic phenomena. Availability and implementation: Source code is available at www.kostkalab.net/software. Contact: ude.tlibrednav@arpac.ynot or ude.ttip@aktsok
Lateral Patellar Luxation in Miniature Horses

Bilateral luxation of the patella in four Miniature Horses was corrected by a lateral release incision and medial imbrication of the parapatellar fascia to the tendon of the sartorius muscle. Before surgery, the four horses had a grade 3 to 4 lateral patellar luxation bilaterally and had difficulty walking. Trochlear ridge hypoplasia was evident on radiographs in each horse. Follow-up information varied from 11 months to 4 years after surgery. Three horses had no patellar luxation or lameness. The other horse had a normal right stifle, but patellar luxation (grade 3) had recurred on the left.
The Speed of Ventricular Activation Measured in the Spatial Vectorcardiograms

The total QRS interval or R wave crest time in single leads is not accurate for measuring the total ventricular activation time, and is inadequate for an estimate of the ventricular activation rate, as related to the directional time rate of excitation of the total contributing muscle mass. For a more detailed and precise analysis of the ventricular activation, the angular speed in the central segment of the spatial QRS loop was determined in 103 normal men and 26 patients, and significant differences independent of the total QRS duration were obtained.
Liquid‐liquid phase behavior of binary solutions at elevated pressures

Isothermal pressure elevation can sometimes cause liquid-liquid phase separation of binary liquid mixtures. A quantitative thermodynamic analysis of this effect is made and applied to the system acetone–carbon disulfide at 0°C. with the use of available P-V-T-X data and vapor pressure data at low pressure. Visual observations of the phase separations at pressures up to 80,000 lb./sq.in. were used to compare with the results of the thermodynamic analysis.
Chiasmatic course of temporal retinal axons in the developing ferret

Recent studies on the distribution of optic axons in the mature visual pathways, as well as on the genesis of their ganglion cells of origin, suggest that the time of axonal arrival at the optic chiasm determines the side of the brain to which a temporal retinal axon will project. The present study has examined this issue directly in fetal ferrets, by determining the projection of the temporal retina at different developmental stages. Fetuses of known gestational age were fixed with paraformaldehyde and subsequently implanted with crystals of the carbocyanine dye, DiI, into either the temporal retina, or into one optic tract. The lipophilic diffusion of the dye within the plasma membrane of the axons revealed the course of temporal retinal fibers through the fetal chiasm, as well as the distribution of ganglion cells across the two retinae projecting to one optic tract. During early fetal stages, the temporal retina extends axons preferentially into the ipsilateral optic tract: the early retinal projection shows a classical partial decussation pattern. During later fetal stages, temporal retinal axons can be traced into both optic tracts, and the distribution of cells with crossed and uncrossed optic axons in the temporal retina is overlapping. These results indicate that the mature decussation patterns of retinal ganglion cell classes are not primarily the consequence of regressive phenomena such as cell death; rather, they are formed as axons navigate the chiasmatic region during development. The differences in decussation pattern between cell classes arise from the fact that the mechanisms producing the segregation of nasal and temporal retinal axons at the chiasm must change as development proceeds.
Randomized controlled community trial of the efficacy of a multicomponent stage-matched intervention to increase sun protection among beachgoers.

Background. Skin cancer is about as common as all other cancers combined and is preventable by sun protection. The most intense sun exposures often occur on the beach, so we chose this setting to test an intervention to affect sun protection behaviors. Methods. We developed a multicomponent stagematched intervention for beachgoers and evaluated its efficacy in a randomized trial for influencing stage of change and self-reported behavior. Results. We randomized 2,324 persons ages 16 to 65 on the beach (83% of those approached). The intervention was effective in increasing self-reported sun protective behaviors. Effects were similar across gender and age groups. Conclusions. The beach is a good site for recruitment and intervention to prevent skin cancer in highrisk populations. Our stage-matched intervention package was effective for increasing sun protective behaviors. © 2002 American Health Foundation and Elsevier Science (USA)
Parvovirus B19 infection in pediatric transplant patients

Evidence of recent parvovirus virus infection (as determined by the presence of a positive IgM antibody titer) without other identified causes of anemia was found in 5 of 26 pediatric solid-organ transplant recipients evaluated for moderate-to-severe anemia between June 1990 and July 1991. Anemia tended to be chronic (median duration of anemia at the time of diagnosis was 12 weeks) and was associated with normal red blood cell indices in the absence of reticulocytes. The median age of the children at the time of presentation with anemia due to parvovirus was 1.8 years at a median time of 8 months after transplantation. Four of the 5 children were treated with i.v. immunoglobulin because of persistence of anemia requiring blood transfusions. A response characterized by an increase in reticulocyte count and normalization of hemoglobin was seen in each of these patients 2-4 weeks after treatment. The remaining patient experienced a spontaneous recovery from her anemia. Parvovirus infection should be included in the differential diagnosis of solid-organ transplant recipients presenting with severe anemia associated with low or absent reticulocytes.
Temperature, ozone, and mortality in urban and non-urban counties in the northeastern United States

Most health effects studies of ozone and temperature have been performed in urban areas, due to the available monitoring data. We used observed and interpolated data to examine temperature, ozone, and mortality in 91 urban and non-urban counties. Ozone measurements were extracted from the Environmental Protection Agency’s Air Quality System. Meteorological data were supplied by the National Center for Atmospheric Research. Observed data were spatially interpolated to county centroids. Daily internal-cause mortality counts were obtained from the National Center for Health Statistics (1988–1999). A two-stage Bayesian hierarchical model was used to estimate each county’s increase in mortality risk from temperature and ozone. We examined county-level associations according to population density and compared urban (≥1,000 persons/mile2) to non-urban (<1,000 persons/mile2) counties. Finally, we examined county-level characteristics that could explain variation in associations by county. A 10 ppb increase in ozone was associated with a 0.45% increase in mortality (95% PI: 0.08, 0.83) in urban counties, while this same increase in ozone was associated with a 0.73% increase (95% PI: 0.19, 1.26) in non-urban counties. An increase in temperature from 70°F to 90°F (21.2°C 32.2°C) was associated with a 8.88% increase in mortality (95% PI: 7.38, 10.41) in urban counties and a 8.08% increase (95% PI: 6.16, 10.05) in non-urban counties. County characteristics, such as population density, percentage of families living in poverty, and percentage of elderly residents, partially explained the variation in county-level associations. While most prior studies of ozone and temperature have been performed in urban areas, the impacts in non-urban areas are significant, and, for ozone, potentially greater. The health risks of increasing temperature and air pollution brought on by climate change are not limited to urban areas.
Large cooperativity in the removal of iron from transferrin at physiological temperature and chloride ion concentration

Iron removal from serum transferrin by various chelators has been studied by gel electrophoresis, which allows direct quantitation of all four forms of transferrin (diferric, C-monoferric, N-monoferric, and apotrans- ferrin). Large cooperativity between the two lobes of serum transferrin is found for iron removal by several different chelators near physiological conditions (pH 7.4, 37 � C, 150 mM NaCl, 20 mM NaHCO3). This cooperativity is manifested in a dramatic decrease in the rate of iron removal from the N-monoferric transferrin as compared with iron removal from the other forms of ferric transferrin. Cooperativity is diminished as the pH is decreased; it is also very sensitive to changes in chlo- ride ion concentration, with a maximum cooperativity at 150 mM NaCl. A mechanism is proposed that requires closure of the C-lobe before iron removal from the N- lobe can be effected; the ''open'' conformation of the C- lobe blocks a kinetically significant anion-binding site of the N-lobe, preventing its opening. Physiological impli- cations of this cooperativity are discussed.
Z-source inverter for adjustable speed drives

This paper presents a Z-source inverter system and control for adjustable speed drives (ASD). The Z-source inverter employs a unique LC network to couple the inverter main circuit to the diode front end. By controlling the shoot-through duty cycle, the Z-source can produce any desired output AC voltage, even greater than the line voltage. As results, the new Z-source inverter system provides ride-through capability under voltage sags, reduces line harmonics, and extends output voltage range. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the new features.
An algorithm for determining if a rate (n-1)/n punctured convolutional encoder is catastrophic

The algorithm determines whether or not the punctured state diagram contains a zero-weight cycle. The punctured encoder is assumed to be obtained from a rate 1/b, b >
Progress in Reforming Chemical Engineering Education

Three successful historical reforms of chemical engineering education were the triumph of chemical engineering over industrial chemistry, the engineering science revolution, and Engineering Criteria 2000. Current attempts to change teaching methods have relied heavily on dissemination of the results of engineering-education research that show superior student learning with active learning methods. Although slow dissemination of education research results is probably a contributing cause to the slowness of reform, two other causes are likely much more significant. First, teaching is the primary interest of only approximately one-half of engineering faculty. Second, the vast majority of engineering faculty have no training in teaching, but trained professors are on average better teachers. Significant progress in reform will occur if organizations with leverage—National Science Foundation, through CAREER grants, and the Engineering Accreditation Commission of ABET—use that leverage to require faculty to be ...
Depositional ice nucleation on solid ammonium sulfate and glutaric acid particles

Abstract. Heterogeneous ice nucleation on solid ammonium sulfate and glutaric acid particles was studied using optical microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Optical microscopy was used to detect selective nucleation events as water vapor was slowly introduced into an environmental sample cell. Particles that nucleated ice were dried via sublimation and examined in detail using Raman spectroscopy. Depositional ice nucleation is highly selective and occurred preferentially on just a few ammonium sulfate and glutaric acid particles in each sample. For freezing temperatures between 214 K and 235 K an average ice saturation ratio of S = 1.10±0.07 for solid ammonium sulfate was observed. Over the same temperature range, S values observed for ice nucleation on glutaric acid particles increased from 1.2 at 235 K to 1.6 at 218 K. Experiments with externally mixed particles further show that ammonium sulfate is a more potent ice nucleus than glutaric acid. Our results suggest that heterogeneous nucleation on ammonium sulfate may be an important pathway for atmospheric ice nucleation and cirrus cloud formation when solid ammonium sulfate aerosol particles are available for ice formation. This pathway for ice formation may be particularly significant near the tropical tropopause region where sulfates are abundant and other species known to be good ice nuclei are depleted.
Performance and Return to Sport After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in X-Games Skiers and Snowboarders

Background:Skiing and snowboarding have become increasingly popular since the inception of the winter X-Games in 1997.Purpose: To determine (1) rate of return to sport (RTS) to the winter X-Games f...
The Incidence of the Payroll Tax in the United States

This study uses quarterly U.S. time-series data to measure the extent to which the payroll tax is shifted onto labor in the United States. A nonlinear labor demand model relating hours of work to a tax variable and other explanatory variables is estimated using ordinary least squares. The main conclusion of the study is that labor in the United States does not bear the primary burden of the payroll tax.
Adaptations in β-adrenergic cardiovascular responses to training in older women

To determine whether endurance exercise training can alter the β-adrenergic-stimulated inotropic response in older women, we studied 10 postmenopausal healthy women (65.4 ± 0.9 yr old) who exercise...
Ordered fuzzy weighted averages and ordered linguistic weighted averages

The ordered weighted average (OWA) operator has been widely used in decision-making. In many situations, however, providing crisp numbers for either the sub-criteria or the weights is problematic (there could be uncertainties about them), and it is more meaningful to provide intervals, type-1 fuzzy sets (T1 FSs), interval type-2 fuzzy sets (IT2 FSs), or a mixture of all of these, for the sub-criteria and weights. Two fuzzy extensions of the OWA, ordered fuzzy weighted averages for T1 FSs and ordered linguistic weighted averages for IT2 FSs, as wells as procedures for computing them, are introduced in this paper. They are compared with Zhou et al.'s T1 and IT2 fuzzy extensions of the OWA. Examples show that our extensions may give different results from Zhou et al.'s extensions when the legs of the FSs have intersections. Because our extensions coincide with the intuition of “FS in its entirety,” they are the suggested ones to use.
An Overlay Subscription Network for Live Internet TV Broadcast

We propose a framework, called overlay subscription network (OSN), for live Internet TV broadcast, where a subscriber can choose to watch at any time. This framework allows the source server to incrementally build a topology graph that contains the network connections not only from the server to each subscriber, but also among the subscribers themselves. With such a topology graph in place, we consider efficient overlay multicast for scalable OSN services. We first show that idling nodes, which do not receive video data for their own playback, can actually be used for data forwarding to significantly reduce the cost of overlay multicast. In light of this observation, we then propose a novel overlay multicast technique that distinguishes itself from existing schemes with these three aspects. First, the proposed technique is centered on the topology graph and can take advantage of the actual network connections among the subscribing nodes. Second, the new scheme is able to find and incorporate appropriate idling nodes in multicast to reduce network traffic. Third, with our approach, a node can be used in multiple multicast trees for data forwarding to improve the overall system performance. We evaluate the performance of the proposed technique through simulation. Our extensive studies show that the proposed framework has the potential to enable the Internet, a vehicle up to date mainly for transferring text and image data, for large-scale and cost-effective TV broadcast
Role of Walnuts in Maintaining Brain Health with Age

Because of the combination of population growth and population aging, increases in the incidence of chronic neurodegenerative disorders have become a societal concern, both in terms of decreased quality of life and increased financial burden. Clinical manifestation of many of these disorders takes years, with the initiation of mild cognitive symptoms leading to behavioral problems, dementia and loss of motor functions, the need for assisted living, and eventual death. Lifestyle factors greatly affect the progression of cognitive decline, with high-risk behaviors including unhealthy diet, lack of exercise, smoking, and exposure to environmental toxins leading to enhanced oxidative stress and inflammation. Although there exists an urgent need to develop effective treatments for age-related cognitive decline and neurodegenerative disease, prevention strategies have been underdeveloped. Primary prevention in many of these neurodegenerative diseases could be achieved earlier in life by consuming a healthy diet, rich in antioxidant and anti-inflammatory phytochemicals, which offers one of the most effective and least expensive ways to address the crisis. English walnuts (Juglans regia L.) are rich in numerous phytochemicals, including high amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids, and offer potential benefits to brain health. Polyphenolic compounds found in walnuts not only reduce the oxidant and inflammatory load on brain cells but also improve interneuronal signaling, increase neurogenesis, and enhance sequestration of insoluble toxic protein aggregates. Evidence for the beneficial effects of consuming a walnut-rich diet is reviewed in this article.
The battle of the blue laser DVDs: The significance of corporate strategy in standards battles

Abstract Markets and industries that require their products to interconnect or utilize important complements are becoming increasingly common. From communication networks to social web sites, network effects have shown themselves to be powerful forces. However, the same feedback effects that make these industries so interesting also makes them difficult to study as often, without an accepted standard, the industry never germinates and grows. This paper takes and refines an existing model for competition in these types of industries and applies it to the recently concluded contest between Sony's Blu-ray and Toshiba's HD-DVD in blue laser DVDs. Analysis of this standards battle suggests some interesting findings. First, in this case corporate strategy provided a decisive advantage to the Blu-ray alliance led by Sony. Sony appears to have “won” the battle in the U.S. by exploiting a superior corporate strategy to not only provide complementary products as called for by the traditional model (e.g. Hill, 1997 ) but also by utilizing its technology as a component in an ancillary product, its Playstation 3. Second, a heuristic is proposed for considering indirect network effects to complement “Metcalf's Law” for direct network effects. Finally, Sony paid a high a price to “win” this standards battle.
Is otolith strontium a useful scalar of life cycles in estuarine fishes

Abstract The efficiency with which estuarine habitats produce fish is poorly understood due to the complexity of life cycles. Spatial dynamics of estuarine fishes comprise retentive and dispersive behaviors which occur on seasonal and ontogenetic scales. Salinity is an important scalar in the spatial dynamics of estuarine fishes, that may affect production and dispersal. In this paper, we review investigations that used otolith strontium (Sr) to chart estuarine movements of fishes. Based upon microprobe analysis of otolith Sr, variable patterns of estuarine ingress have been shown for bay anchovy Anchoa mitchilli , freshwater eel Anguilla spp., Japanese sea bass Lateolabrax japonicus , and Atlantic croaker Micropogonias undulatus . In anadromous fishes, striped bass Morone saxatilis American shad Alosa sapidissima , and Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus , otolith Sr has been used to record emigration of juveniles and adults from freshwater and oligohaline nurseries. These same species showed seasonal cycles in otolith Sr consistent with expectations on frequency of spawning migration. A critical yet seldom evaluated issue is the relative roles of salinity, temperature, ontogenetic stage, and physiological state on otolith Sr. In a review of the literature (1982–1997), we found that these effects were infrequently evaluated (10 of 27 species investigated). Rarer still were studies of the interaction of these effects on otolith Sr. Only a single study had calibrated a laboratory-based salinity vs. otolith Sr relationship using field data. Based upon values obtained through the literature review, we observed a positive relationship between otolith Sr and habitat salinities among freshwater, estuarine, and marine taxa.
Testability considerations in the design of the MC68340 Integrated Processor Unit

An application-oriented discussion of the design-for-test techniques utilized on the MC68340 Integrated Processor Unit is presented. The principal topics covered are the MC68340 test methodology, structured design techniques, and the use of CAD (computer-aided-design) tools for automatic test pattern generation. Incorporation of structured design techniques for the modules made it possible to obtain higher fault coverage with automatic test generation. The test logic overhead attributed to the scan path design in the peripheral modules varied greatly. The area overhead ranged from 12% for random logic; sections to 50% for a regular register file section. Timing paths caused by the scan path design, were identified and corrected by circuit simulation. Potential problems, such as asynchonous resets, clock cones, and IMB (internal-intermodule-bus) signals, were handled on an individual basis by utilizing the constrained-inputs test generation scheme. A high degree of modularity/portability was maintained for the test patterns. >
A Direct Digital Frequency Synthesizer Based on the Quasi-Linear Interpolation Method

This paper introduces a novel direct digital frequency synthesizer (DDFS) with an architecture based on the quasi-linear interpolation method (QLIP). The QLIP method is a hybrid polynomial interpolation in which the first quarter of a cosine function is approximated by two sets of linear and parabolic polynomials. The section of the cosine function that is closer to its peak is interpolated by parabolic polynomials, due to its resemblance to a parabola. The rest of the function, which is closer to where it approaches zero, is interpolated by linear polynomials. The paper describes the proposed interpolation method and its VLSI implementation. The performance of the proposed implementations is compared to several state-of-the-art DDFS designs.
Should The SEC Adopt International Financial Reporting Standards

In 2002, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) formally began a process to converge Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). By the end of 2011, the SEC will likely decide on whether to adopt International Financial Reporting Standards as the financial reporting system for U.S. public companies, continue with the convergence project, or reject IFRS altogether. This paper examines the benefits and drawbacks of each option and formulates a recommendation as to which option is in the best interest of U.S. investors.
Protoplast Fusion Techniques in Fungi

Traditionally, genetic manipulations of fungi were mostly dependent on the conventional mutation method, which has severe limitations. In comparison, protoplast fusion technique offers great potential as a biotechnological tool for improvement in industrial strains, establishing genetic systems, and overcoming incompatibility barriers in relative and non-­relative fungi. This technique has been successfully used to create recombinant strains with desired properties by fusion and also allowed for transformation of desired gene/genes and viruses.
ultrasonography of gynecologically and obstetrically related medical and surgical disorders

In pelvic diseases, the urinary tract is the system most frequently secondarily involved. Both benign and malignant pelvic tumors may produce hydronephrosis of the obstructive type (Fig. 4. 1a and b). Hydronephrosis may be readily diagnosed by ultrasound and has been previously discussed. Cystitis and ureterovesical reflux may cause hydronephrosis and renal scarring from pyelonephritis. Additionally, primary diseases of the kidneys often occur in patients in the older gynecologic age group. Renal tumors are frequently encountered during routine urography. Ultrasonography is particularly useful in the diagnosis and treatment of many genitourinary disorders.
Orientation Effects in Rubber Double Networks

Abstract The utilization of network structure to impart stable orientation to a rubbery material has been largely unexploited to date. It is demonstrated that the presence of a double network will ...
Complexities of Providing Dental Hygiene Services in Community Care Settings

Abstract Direct access care provided by dental hygienists can reduce oral health disparities for the underserved, yet legal, regulatory, and ethical considerations create complexities and limits. Background and purpose Individual state dental practice acts regulate the scope of practice and level of supervision required when dental hygienists deliver care. Yet, inconsistent state practice act regulations contribute to ethical and legal limitations and dilemmas for practitioners. The dental hygienist is positioned to assume an increasingly larger role in the management of oral health disparities. However, there are several legal and ethical considerations that impact both dental hygienists and dentists providing care in complex community settings. This article informs dental hygienists and other related constituencies about conundrums that are encountered when providing care ‘beyond the operatory.’ Methods An evidence-based view of ways in which dental hygienists are reducing oral health disparities illustrates the complex issues involved in providing such care. Potential scenarios that can occur during care provision in underserved settings provide the basis for a discussion of legal and other associated issues impacting dental hygiene practice.
Streptococcus equi Detection Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for Equine Nasopharyngeal and Guttural Pouch Wash Samples.

Background Bacterial culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for the detection of Streptococcus equi in nasopharyngeal washes (NPW) and guttural pouch lavage (GPL) samples have low sensitivity. In human diagnostics, processing of samples with flocked swabs has improved recovery rates of bacterial agents because of improved surface area and elution factors. Hypothesis For S. equi subsp. equi (S. equi) detection in NPW and GPL samples we hypothesized that: direct-PCR would be more reliable than flocked swab culture (FS culture); flocked swab PCR (FS-PCR) would be equivalent to direct-PCR; and FS culture would be more reliable than traditional culture. Samples A total of 193 samples (134 NPW and 59 GPL) from 113 horses with either suspected S. equi infection, convalescing from a known S. equi infection, or asymptomatic horses screened for S. equi. Methods Prospective study. Samples were submitted for S. equi direct-PCR. Using logistic regression, direct-PCR (gold standard) was compared to FS culture, traditional culture, and FS-PCR also performed. Results Direct-PCR was statistically more sensitive than FS-PCR, FS culture, and traditional culture (P < .001). All methods had sensitivities <70% relative to the direct-PCR. FS culture had a similar sensitivity relative to traditional culture. The odds of GPL samples being positive on direct-PCR (P = .030) and FS-PCR were greater than those for NPW samples (P = .021). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Use of flocked swabs during laboratory preprocessing did not improve detection of S. equi via either PCR or bacterial culture from samples. Direct-PCR is the preferred method of detection of S. equi.
A medium for enhancement of chlamydospore formation in Fusarium species.

The recently described Fusarium species, F. nygamai Burgess & Trimboli (1) and F. dlamini Marasas, Nelson & Toussoun (2), are distinguished from species in section Liseola by the formation of chlamydospores. However, these species form chlamydospores only after 4-6 weeks when initiated by single conidia on a medium such as carnation leaf agar (CLA), used for identification of Fusarium species (3). Cultures not examined for chlamydospores after 4-6 weeks can be misidentified. After examining many cultures of these two species, we began to experiment with other media and methods that might promote more rapid formation of chlamydo-
Libraries of Bisdiazaphospholanes and Optimization of Rhodium-Catalyzed Enantioselective Hydroformylation

Twelve chiral bis-3,4-diazaphospholane ligands and six alkene substrates (styrene, vinyl acetate, allyloxy-tert-butyldimethylsilane, (E)-1-phenyl-1,3-butadiene, 2,3-dihydrofuran, and 2,5-dihydrofuran) probe the influence of steric bulk on the activity and selectivity of asymmetric hydroformylation (AHF) catalysts. Reaction of an enantiopure bisdiazaphospholane tetraacyl fluoride with primary or secondary amines yields a small library of tetracarboxamides. For all six substrates, manipulation of reaction conditions and bisdiazaphospholane ligands enables state-of-the-art performance (90% or higher ee, good regioselectivity, and high turnover rates). For the nondihydrofuran substrates, the previously reported ligand, (S,S)-2, is generally most effective. However, optimal regio- and enantioselective hydroformylation of 2,3-dihydrofuran (up to 3.8:1 α-isomer/β-isomer ratio and 90% ee for the α-isomer) and 2,5-dihydrofuran (up to <1:30 α-isomer/β-isomer ratio and 95% ee for the β-isomer) arises from bisdiazaph...
History and Its Objects

Two views about the objects of history have traditionally been op posed: the realist, which holds that history is about past actuality: and the constructionist, which holds that history cannot be about a past actuality but rather it is about what survives the materials and procedures of historical research. I shall suggest that both of these views may well agree that, as regards the practice of historical inquiry (or the "praxial"), an historian is constrained by what survives the materials and procedures of historical research. And this agreement provides the basis for raising ques tions about the very distinction between the epistemology and the ontology of history. Let us compare, then, Leon Goldstein's constructionist view of history (1976, 1977) with Patrick Nowell-Smith's realist view of history (1977). In defense of a constructionism, Goldstein says (1977, 40):