cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Safety and efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in cancer patients with HIV, hepatitis B, or hepatitis C viral infection

Patients with chronic viral infections including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV) are at increased risk of developing malignancies. The safety and efficacy of ICI therapy in patients with both cancer and chronic viral infections is not well established as most clinical trials of ICIs excluded these patient populations. We performed a retrospective analysis of patients with advanced-stage cancers and HIV, HBV, or HCV infection treated with ICI therapy at 5 MedStar Health hospitals from January 2011 to April 2018. We identified 50 patients including 16 HIV, 29 HBV/HCV, and 5 with concurrent HIV and either HBV or HCV. In the HIV cohort (n = 21), any grade immune-related adverse events (irAEs) were 24% with grade ≥ 3 irAEs 14%. Among 5 patients with matched pre/post-treatment results, no significant changes in HIV viral load and CD4+ T-cell counts were observed. RECIST confirmed (n = 18) overall response rate (ORR) was 28% with 2 complete responses (CR) and 3 partial responses (PR). Responders included 2 patients with low baseline CD4+ T-cell counts (40 and 77 cells/ul, respectively). In the HBV/HCV cohort (n = 34), any grade irAEs were 44% with grade ≥ 3 irAEs 29%. RECIST confirmed ORR was 21% (6 PR). Among the 6 patients with known pre/post-treatment viral titers (2 HCV and 4 HBV), there was no evidence of viral reactivation. Our retrospective series is one of the largest case series to report clinical outcomes among HIV, HBV and HCV patients treated with ICI therapy. Toxicity and efficacy rates were similar to those observed in patients without chronic viral infections. Viral reactivation was not observed. Tumor responses occurred in HIV patients with low CD4 T-cell counts. While prospective studies are needed to validate above findings, these data support not excluding such patients from ICI–based clinical trials or treatment.
Follicular lymphoma presenting as hyperleucocytosis.

Follicular lymphoma is the second most common subtype of non-Hodgkin9s lymphoma affecting adults. Clinically, follicular lymphoma is generally indolent, most often presenting as a painless peripheral lymphadenopathy; however, a leucocytosis at presentation is exceedingly rare. We present the case of a 63-year-old woman with follicular lymphoma with a presenting hyperleucocytosis at diagnosis of 1 327 000/μL demonstrated on laboratory analysis work while hospitalised for progressive weakness. fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) panel was consistent with follicular lymphoma, which was positive for B-cell leukaemia/lymphoma 2 and negative for MYC Proto-Oncogene. Cytoreduction with rituximab-containing therapy was initiated, with the patient ultimately expiring. A leukaemic phase at presentation appears to be associated with poor outcome. The findings from our case, in addition to others, have potential implications in regard to prognostic utility. The current prognostic tool used to estimate overall survival for follicular lymphoma, Follicular Lymphoma International Prognostic Index, does not take leucocytosis into account.
15 – Lifestyle Issues

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses lifestyle issues. Adults with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) often have major lifestyle impairments with organization, follow-through, money management, parenting, household management, balancing work and home responsibilities, and relationships. This chapter is meant to provide the practitioner with a step-by-step guide for conducting behavioral/psychological interventions to help adults with ADHD cope effectively with their lifestyle issues. Research is needed to determine the impact of ADHD on relationships and ways to tailor marital therapies to the unique difficulties created by ADHD in the family. Researchers explore these topics; clinicians need to meet the growing demands for help from adults who are discovering that they have the neuro biological disorder known as ADHD. This chapter concludes that clinicians are advised to creatively apply these ideas in their daily practices.
Evaluation of arsenic sorption performance using dendritic anatase and polycrystalline rutile nano-TiO2 for environmental applications

Two synthetic nano-TiO2-based materials, aggregated dendritic anatase nano-TiO2 and polycrystalline rutile nano-TiO2 attached to the surface of SiO2, were analyzed and compared for geo-environmental engineering applications. Characterization of crystal structure, purity, and morphologic, microscopic features of the materials were examined by X-ray powder diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, and scanning electron microscope, respectively. Arsenic removal rates/efficiencies were compared between the two materials in different settings for laboratory batch experiment. The adsorption curve on arsenic was obtained. Subsequently, different concentrations of arsenic solutions were injected in batches at different flow rates 0.67, 0.83, 1.00, 1.25, 1.67, 2.50, 5.00, and 10.00 ml/min to simulate field conditions. Results show that both of TiO2-based materials demonstrate outstanding capabilities for arsenic removal. Removal rates are 83% (± 0.025) and 95% (± 0.024) for aggregated TiO2, while 82% (± 0.031) for 93% (± 0.013) for attached TiO2. Results suggest that attached form of TiO2 is more effective for arsenic removal under fast groundwater flow condition, while aggregated form TiO2 can be suitable for high arsenic concentration and low water flow rate. Both materials are considered cost-effective as both can be recovered and reused after regeneration process.
The Conditional Indirect Effects of Political Social Media Information Seeking and Expression on Government Evaluation in Hong Kong: Revisiting the Communication Mediation Model

In Hong Kong, public discontent against the government has evolved into a series of civil disobedience campaigns in the past few years, and digital communication platforms served to channel public sentiments and shape collective action. Grounded in the communication mediation model, this study analyzed the Asian Barometer Survey (ABS) data. Findings show that political social media expression was negatively associated with government evaluation. Moreover, internal political efficacy was negatively associated with government evaluation, and it also mediated the associations between both political social media information seeking and expression, and government evaluation. External political efficacy was positively associated with government evaluation, whereas it only mediated the association between information seeking and government evaluation. Furthermore, democratic preference was found to be a significant moderator upon which the association between expression and government evaluation operated via internal political efficacy was contingent. Our findings provide insights into understandings of social movements.
Building and Evolving Data Warehousing and Business Intelligence Artifacts: The Case of SYSCO

This paper investigates the use of data warehouse and business intelligence capabilities to integrate with customers in the supply chain and improve insights into customer sales. By making that same data warehouse sales information available to customers, this paper explores how the data warehouse can provide additional value to those customers, eliminating asymmetries of information in the supply chain. In addition, this paper investigates the evolution of data warehousing into business intelligence, expanding sales information to include marketing associate performance analysis generated for internal use. Further, this paper also examines a methodology that was used for building a business intelligence system. Finally, this paper investigates what appears to be a business intelligence driven focus on enterprise resource planning systems. These issues are illustrated using real world data warehousing and business intelligence artifacts developed at SYSCO.
TEXTURAL REPRESENTATION FOR DEEP DRAWING STEEL SHEET

Based on the crystallographic nature, two major characteristic textures of the deepdrawing automobile steel sheet are represented with inverse pole figures. The correlation betweenthe texture of deep drawing steel sheet and its deep drawing properties may be simply anddirectly analysed by the quantitative texture technique. An verification was made that theresult obtained by this technique is in agreement with that after ODF quantitative analysis.
Do You Have Time for a Quick Chat? Designing a Conversational Interface for Sexual Harassment Prevention Training

Sexual harassment (SH) incidents are increasing and call into question the effectiveness of traditional SH prevention training. In this paper, we introduce a proof-of-concept design of a conversational interface (CI) for understanding SH cases. Key features of the interface include that it engages the learner in a dyadic conversation, prompts the learner for guidance, and tells a story of SH from a first-person perspective. From a mixed-methods study (N=32), learners experiencing a SH vignette using the conversational interface reported feeling less overwhelmed with the content, more engaged with the situation, and more comfortable discussing the topic compared to reading the same vignette online. Participants also reported that using a first-person narrative made the vignette feel realistic and relatable. However, there was no difference in empathy between the conditions. We discuss these results and implications for designing effective SH prevention training.
Emerging Markets and Financial Crises

As the 1990s dawned, Latin America had survived the Lost Decade and international capital began to flow to the region once again. This chapter looks at the impacts of those capital flows and the crises that resulted as capital pulled out: the Mexican Peso Crisis and the Tequila effect; the Asian, Russian, and Brazilian crises; the beginning of dollarization in Ecuador and the end of convertibility in Argentina. In order to understand these events, the banking system and the creation of money are described.
Designing a Story Map to Account and Advocate for Community Engagement

This study examines the use of a story map to promote accountability in community-university partnerships and to advocate for increased levels of engagement between a public, doctoral-granting Midwestern university and its communities.
Philosophy and the Foundations of Dynamics

Although now replaced by more modern theories, classical mechanics remains a core foundational element of physical theory. From its inception, the theory of dynamics has been riddled with conceptual issues and differing philosophical interpretations and throughout its long historical development, it has shown subtle conceptual refinement. The interpretive program for the theory has also shown deep evolutionary change over time. Lawrence Sklar discusses crucial issues in the central theory from which contemporary foundational theories are derived and shows how some core issues (the nature of force, the place of absolute reference frames) have nevertheless remained deep puzzles despite the increasingly sophisticated understanding of the theory which has been acquired over time. His book will be of great interest to philosophers of science, philosophers in general and physicists concerned with foundational interpretive issues in their field.
Local IgE and the Future of Allergy Care

Previously, it was believed that immunoglobulin E (IgE) class switching, in response to exposure to airborne and food allergens, took place only in the spleen and large lymphoid structures of the body, before being transported to various mucosal and epithelial surfaces. However, recent studies have demonstrated that this process can take place directly in locally symptomatic regions of both the upper and lower aerodigestive tracts, without evidence of sensitization in the serum. This raises questions concerning the most appropriate location to test for IgE-mediated allergic disease, and whether the ability to produce antigen-specific IgE is more widespread in the population than that previously estimated. Several methods are currently available to test for local IgE, but the clinical implications of locally present IgE are not completely understood, particularly when considering testing and treatment options for symptomatic individuals.
Comparing models of microbial–substrate interactions and their response to warming

Abstract. Recent developments in modelling soil organic carbon decomposition include the explicit incorporation of enzyme and microbial dynamics. A characteristic of these models is a positive feedback between substrate and consumers, which is absent in traditional first-order decay models. With sufficiently large substrate, this feedback allows an unconstrained growth of microbial biomass. We explore mechanisms that curb unrestricted microbial growth by including finite potential sites where enzymes can bind and by allowing microbial scavenging for enzymes. We further developed a model where enzyme synthesis is not scaled to microbial biomass but associated with a respiratory cost and microbial population adjusts enzyme production in order to optimise their growth. We then tested short- and long-term responses of these models to a step increase in temperature and find that these models differ in the long-term when short-term responses are harmonised. We show that several mechanisms, including substrate limitation, variable production of microbial enzymes, and microbes feeding on extracellular enzymes eliminate oscillations arising from a positive feedback between microbial biomass and depolymerisation. The model where enzyme production is optimised to yield maximum microbial growth shows the strongest reduction in soil organic carbon in response to warming, and the trajectory of soil carbon largely follows that of a first-order decomposition model. Modifications to separate growth and maintenance respiration generally yield short-term differences, but results converge over time because microbial biomass approaches a quasi-equilibrium with the new conditions of carbon supply and temperature.
Roscovitine, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, affects several gating mechanisms to inhibit cardiac L-type (Ca(V)1.2) calcium channels

Background and purpose: L-type calcium channels (Ca(V)1.2) play an important role in cardiac contraction. Roscovitine, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor and promising anticancer drug, has been shown to affect Ca(V)1.2 by inhibiting current amplitude and slowing activation. This research investigates the mechanism by which roscovitine inhibits Ca(V)1.2 channels. Experimental approach: Ca(V)1.2 channels were transfected into HEK 293 cells, using the calcium phosphate precipitation method, and currents were measured using the whole-cell patch clamp technique. Key results: Roscovitine slows activation at all voltages, which precludes one previously proposed mechanism. In addition, roscovitine enhances voltage-dependent, but not calcium-dependent inactivation. This enhancement resulted from both an acceleration of inactivation and a slowing of the recovery from inactivation. Internally applied roscovitine failed to affect Ca(V)1.2 currents, which supports a kinase-independent mechanism and extracellular binding site. Unlike the dihydropyridines, closed state inactivation was not affected by roscovitine. Inactivation was enhanced in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50=29.5±12 μM, which is close to that for slow activation and inhibition. Conclusions and implications: We conclude that roscovitine binds to an extracellular site on Ca(V)1.2 channels to inhibit current by both slowing activation and enhancing inactivation. Purine-based drugs could become a new option for treatment of diseases that benefit from L-channel inhibition such as cardiac arrhythmias and hypertension. British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 152, 386–395; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707414; published online 13 August 2007
Finasteride treatment alters tissue specific androgen receptor expression in prostate tissues

BACKGROUND Normal and pathologic growth of the prostate is dependent on the synthesis of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) from testosterone by 5α-reductase. Finasteride is a selective inhibitor of 5α-reductase 2, one isozyme of 5α-reductase found in abundance in the human prostate. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of finasteride on androgen receptor expression and tissue morphology in human benign prostatic hyperplasia specimens. METHODS Patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate and either treated or not treated with finasteride between 2004 and 2010 at the University of Wisconsin-Hospital were retrospectively identified using an institutional database. Prostate specimens from each patient were triple-stained for androgen receptor, prostate-specific antigen, and basal marker cytokeratin 5. Morphometric analysis was performed using the multispectral imaging, and results were compared between groups of finasteride treated and non-treated patients. RESULTS Epithelial androgen receptor but not stromal androgen receptor expression was significantly lower in patients treated with finasteride than in non-treated patients. Androgen receptor-regulated prostate-specific antigen was not significantly decreased in finasteride-treated patients. Significant luminal epithelial atrophy and basal cell hyperplasia were prevalent in finasteride treated patients. Epithelial androgen receptor expression was highly correlated to the level of luminal epithelial atrophy. CONCLUSIONS In this study, finasteride decreased the expression of epithelial androgen receptor in a tissue specific manner. The correlation between epithelial androgen receptor and the extent of luminal epithelial atrophy suggests that epithelial androgen receptor may be directly regulating the atrophic effects observed with finasteride treatment. Prostate 74:923–932, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
INTERFERENCE REDUCTION AND SENSITIVITY IMPROVEMENT IN ACTIVATION ANALYSIS.

In activation analysis with photons and charged particles, the activities of positron-emitting reaction products are determined by unfolding complex decay curves obtained from a pair of coincidence...
A new fault tolerant SVPWM strategy for multilevel converters

Fault tolerant and survivable operation schemes for multi-level converters, that interface the grid and critical loads, have been gathering attention for enhanced reliability. In case short-circuit or open-circuit faults occur in one or multiple voltage cells, the space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) control algorithm has to be modified according to the available voltage vectors for survivable operation. This paper proposes a new fault tolerant SVPWM strategy based on offset vector insertion, which allows controlling the multilevel converter as a two-level converter. A robust offset vector locating algorithm, which finds the feasible offset vector in case of short-circuit and open-circuit conditions, is presented. A single voltage cell short circuit fault is demonstrated on a seven-level hybrid input-switched multi-level converter to prove the effectiveness of the proposed survivable scheme.
Subclassification of "atypia of undetermined significance" in thyroid fine-needle aspirates.

To identify the subtypes of atypia of undetermined significance (AUS) that confers a different magnitude for the risk of malignancy (RM), thyroid fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cases carrying a diagnosis of “atypical follicular cells” or “follicular lesion” with surgical pathology followup were included in this study. The direct smears of the aspirates were rereviewed and subclassified into four subgroups based on cytomorphology: AUS cannot exclude follicular neoplasm (AUS-FN), AUS cannot exclude Hurthle cell neoplasm (AUS-HCN), AUS cannot exclude papillary carcinoma (AUS-PTC) and AUS, not otherwise specified (AUS-NOS). Based on the followup histopathologic findings, RM not including papillary microcarcinoma (PMC), RM including PMC and the risk of neoplasm (RN) were calculated for each of the four AUS subgroups. A total of 138 AUS cases were subclassified into AUS-NOS (48), AUS-PTC (41), AUS-FN (32), and AUS-HCN (17). RM not including PMC was 32% for AUS-PTC (P < 0.001), 25% for AUS-FN, 8% for AUS-NOS, 0% for AUS-HCN, and 18% for all AUS cases. RM including PMC was 54% for AUS-PTC (P < 0.001), 34% for AUS-FN, 19% for AUS-NOS, 18% for AUS-HCN, and 33% for all AUS cases. RN was 63% for AUS-PTC (P = 0.05), 81% for AUS-FN (P < 0.01), AUS-HCN 53%, AUS-NOS 44% and 59% for all cases. In our study, subclassification enabled us to further divide AUS cases into high- and low-risk groups. The high-risk group includes AUS-PTC with a significantly higher risk of malignancy and AUS-FN with a significantly higher risks of neoplasm. AUS-HCN and AUS-NOS subgroups demonstrate a lower risk of malignancy of <10%. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2014;42:23–29. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Spiral Intercellular Calcium Waves in Hippocampal Slice Cultures

Harris-White, Marni E., Stephen A. Zanotti, Sally A. Frautschy, and Andrew C. Charles. Spiral intercellular calcium waves in hippocampal slice cultures. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 1045–1052, 1998. Comple...
High accuracy precession measurement with an autometric gyro

High accuracy angular precession measurements with autometric gyro for satellite relativity tests, using optical system with reticle coordinates
Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: A rare model of endothelial dysfunction

Veno-occlusive disease is among the most serious complications following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. While hepatic veno-occlusive disease occurs more commonly, the pulmonary variant remains quite rare and often goes unrecognized antemortem. Endothelial damage may represent the pathophysiologic foundation of these clinical syndromes. Recent advances in the treatment of hepatic veno-occlusive disease may have application to its pulmonary counterpart.
Two-dimensional model-based power spectrum estimation for nonextendible correlation bisequences

The extendibility of estimated correlation bisequences from an available sampled data array is described in terms of the generating functions of associated block Toeplitz with Toeplitz block (BTTB) matrices. The periodogram-based correlation bisequences are shown to be extendible. It is shown that the method of resultants and subresultants is convenient for generating the nonlinear constraints in the optimization problem which is solved iteratively for power spectrum estimation. A nontrivial example illustrates the concepts developed.
Dieldrin and DDT effects on reproduction and some hepatic mixed-function oxidases in the mallard duck.

Mallard ducks were fed 2, 20, or 200 ppm of technical DDT or chemically purep,p′-DDT, or 1, 5, or 10 ppm of dieldrin for 343 days, which included parts of two laying seasons. All 18 ducks fed 200 ppm ofp,p′-DDT and 17 of 18 ducks fed 200 ppm of technical DDT died during the experiment. The insecticides did not affect fertility or hatchability significantly. Tremors were exhibited by hatchlings from eggs laid during the second laying season by ducks fed ten ppm of dieldrin and from the one remaining duck fed 200 ppm of technical DDT. Liver weights or hepatic microsomal aniline hydroxylase and aminopyrineN-demethylase activities were not significantly affected in either ducklings or adults by the insecticides. Cytochrome P450 concentration in hepatic microsomes of ducklings was increased significantly by feeding 200 ppm of DDT or ten ppm of dieldrin. Pesticide residues in eggs were variable but were higher the second season than the first and were dose dependent.
RELIABILITY OF A DIGITAL METHOD TO DETERMINE FRONTAL AREA OF A CYCLIST

Eight cyclists were photographed with a digital camera for three trials while positioned on their own bicycle wearing their helmet. The positions were different from each other and described as hands on the brake hoods, hands below the curve of the brake hoods on the handlebars, and using aerobars. Twenty-four trials were digitized by two different individuals three times to estimate the inter- and intra-rater reliability of the method. The intraclass correlation coefficient (p < .05) value for the intra-rater (test–retest) reliability was .993, and for inter-rater consistency, it was .976. There were significant differences (p < .05) between digitizers and between trials, apparently due to a learning effect that disappeared by the third trial. Due to small differences between digitizers and trials, caution is recommended when considering the use of this method.
Atom cooling in one dimension with high-intensity laser light

In sub-Doppler laser cooling of atoms, the lowest temperatures are known to occur at low (but not too low) excitation, and the temperature increases roughly linearly with laser intensity. However, under conditions for which the lowest temperatures are obtained, the small velocity capture range and low optical pumping rate limit the number of atoms that can be collected into the cold sample. In this study, we present measurements for laser cooling of Rb and metastable He atoms for two counterpropagating laser beams with orthogonal linear polarization (lin\ensuremath{\perp}lin) over a wide range of saturation parameters and laser detunings, together with results of semiclassical (Fokker-Planck) and quantum density matrix calculations. We find that at higher laser intensity, a larger number of atoms can be collected into a final velocity distribution that is significantly narrower than that given by a linear extrapolation vs the square root of laser intensity. Two cooling mechanisms are at work: the sub-Doppler Sisyphus mechanism and also Doppler cooling. Under certain conditions that we discuss, Doppler cooling aids Sisyphus cooling by collecting high-velocity atoms beyond the Sisyphus capture range. ${\mathrm{He}}^{*}$ presents a rather unusual situation in that the minimum average kinetic energy ${(E}_{\mathrm{av}})$ for purely Sisyphus cooling is comparable to the minimum value of ${E}_{\mathrm{av}}$ with Doppler cooling alone.
The Origins of Modern Environmental Thought

The Origins of Modern Environmental Thought J.E. de Steiguer Tucson, AZ, University of Arizona Press, 2006, x + 246 pp., paper, $24.95 ISBN 0-8165-2461-0 The origins of modern environmental thought...
Biodegradation and regeneration of water-soluble carbon in a forest soil: leaching column study

We hypothesized that water-soluble C is a major substrate for microbial activity and studied the susceptibility of water-soluble C both to leaching and to microbial degradation. Soil columns, consisting of A-horizon top soil with and without tree seedlings, were leached every 2 weeks for 20 weeks. Water-soluble material was extracted from the soils before and after the 20-week study. Biodegradability of dissolved organic C (DOC) was assessed by solution incubation. DOC in leachates was constant over the 20 weeks and the extractable C pool declined by 31–40% between the start and end of the experiment. The amount and biodegradability of both leachates and extracts were lower in the presence of seedlings. Water extracts contained 8–17 times more DOC than leachates. Percentage biodegradable DOC was 13–16% in leachates and 18–27% in extracts. A soil C destabilization model was proposed based on the measured pools (particulate, water-extractable, and leachable C) and estimates of soil respiration and microbial biomass from the same soil. Leaching loss accounted for 8–14% of the total C destabilized. Due to its low concentration and biodegradability, we concluded that leachable C was not a significant substrate for heterotrophic soil respiration in the studied system. The role of water-extractable C as a major substrate was less clear, as the regeneration rate of the extractable C in soil is still unknown.
Putative excitatory amino acid projections to the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the rat

Retrograde axonal transport of the select neuronal tracer [3H]D-aspartate was used to demonstrate possible sources of excitatory input to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the albino rat. Following injection of [3H]D-aspartate into the SCN, neurons were retrogradely labeled in the infralimbic cortex, the lateral septal nucleus, the paraventricular thalamic nucleus, the medial preoptic area, the ventromedial, dorsomedial and posterior hypothalamic nuclei, the zona incerta, the intergeniculate leaflet and the ventral subiculum. Retinal ganglion cells, which project to the SCN and use glutamate as a neurotransmitter, were not labeled in our [3H]D-aspartate experiments, demonstrating a limitation of this method (i.e., false negatives). Our results show that the [3H]D-aspartate neuronal tracer labels a subset of areas known to project to the SCN, indicating these areas as likely sources of excitatory input to the SCN.
Mutation of Trp84 and Asp313 of the dopamine transporter reveals similar mode of binding interaction for GBR12909 and benztropine as opposed to cocaine.

The different psychomotor-stimulant effects of cocaine, GBR12909, and benztropine may partially stem from their different molecular actions on the dopamine transporter (DAT). To explore this possibility, we examined binding of these inhibitors to mutated DATs with altered Na+ dependence of DAT activities and with enhanced binding of a cocaine analog, [3H]2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-fluorophenyl)tropane (CFT). In [3H]CFT competition assays with intact cells, the mutation-induced change in the ability of Na+ to enhance the apparent affinity of CFT, cocaine, GBR12909, and benztropine was inhibitor-independent. Thus, for the four inhibitors, the curve of [Na+] versus apparent ligand affinity was steeper at W84L compared with wild type, shallower at D313N, and flat at W84LD313N. At each mutant, the apparent affinity of CFT and cocaine was enhanced regardless of whether Na+ was present. However, the apparent affinity of GBR12909 and benztropine for W84L was reduced in the absence of Na+ but near normal in the presence of 130 mm Na+, and that for D313N and W84LD313N was barely changed. At the single mutants, the alterations in Na+ dependence and apparent affinity of the four inhibitors were comparable between [3H]CFT competition assays and [3H]dopamine uptake inhibition assays. These results demonstrate that DAT inhibitors producing different behavioral profiles can respond in an opposite way when residues of the DAT protein are mutated. For GBR12909 and benztropine, their cocaine-like changes in Na+ dependence suggest that they prefer a DAT state similar to that for cocaine. However, their cocaine-unlike changes in apparent affinity argue that they, likely via their diphenylmethoxy moiety, share DAT binding epitopes that are different from those for cocaine.
An anti-immunoglobulin specificity in human multiple myeloma sera

Abstract A previously unreported specificity of anti-immunoglobulin has been found in four of five IgG multiple myeloma sera known to contain anti-immunoglobulin activity. The antibody activity was of the IgM class and thus discreet from the “M” component. The antigen (termed DJ) was detectable in all normal sera examined. DJ appears to be an isotype of the IgG 1 class of immunoglobulins and is present on 14% of IgG 1 myeloma proteins tested without relation to Gm type. All DJ (+) IgG 1 molecules tested are of the κ light chain type. DJ is present on the Fc fragment of IgG and may depend on structural or conformational determinants in the hinge region for its expression.
PCB Fabrication Technologies for Improved Performance and Cost

Lower manufacturing costs and improved performance are required by the printed circuit board industry. This paper focuses on manufacturing technologies that will permit both technical and cost criteria to be achieved. Existing and emerging fabrication techniques (worldwide) are discussed and a path forward is suggested for cost‐effective manufacture of high‐performance PCBs.
Metabolomics reveals trichloroacetate as a major contributor to trichloroethylene-induced metabolic alterations in mouse urine and serum

Trichloroethylene (TCE)-induced liver toxicity and carcinogenesis is believed to be mediated in part by activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα). However, the contribution of the two TCE metabolites, dichloroacetate (DCA) and trichloroacetate (TCA) to the toxicity of TCE, remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to determine the metabolite profiles in serum and urine upon exposure of mice to TCE, to aid in determining the metabolic response to TCE exposure and the contribution of DCA and TCA to TCE toxicity. C57BL/6 mice were administered TCE, TCA, or DCA, and urine and serum subjected to ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-QTOFMS)-based global metabolomics analysis. The ions were identified through searching metabolomics databases and by comparison with authentic standards, and quantitated using multiple reactions monitoring. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction of mRNA, biochemical analysis, and liver histology were also performed. TCE exposure resulted in a decrease in urine of metabolites involved in fatty acid metabolism, resulting from altered expression of PPARα target genes. TCE treatment also induced altered phospholipid homeostasis in serum, as revealed by increased serum lysophosphatidylcholine 18:0 and 18:1, and phosphatidylcholine metabolites. TCA administration revealed similar metabolite profiles in urine and serum upon TCE exposure, which correlated with a more robust induction of PPARα target gene expression associated with TCA than DCA treatment. These data show the metabolic response to TCE exposure and demonstrate that TCA is the major contributor to TCE-induced metabolite alterations observed in urine and serum.
Interaction of Digitalis and Spironolactone with Human Sex Steroid Receptors

Spironolactone and digitoxin have previously been shown to interact with cytosol androgen and estrogen receptors, respectively, in the rat. The interaction of digitoxin with human uterine cytosol estrogen binding protein and spironolactone with human prostate and newborn prepuce cytosol dihydrotestosterone (DHT) binding protein has been analyzed in this study. Specific estradiol binding was found only in premenopausal uteri. The dissociation constant for estradiol binding was 0.6–2.3 × 10–9 M (n = 12). Digitoxin in concentrations varying between 0.5–2.0 × 10–6 M inhibited specific estradiol binding with a Ki of 2.0–7.3 × 10–7 M (n = 9). The dissociation constants for DHT and the human androgen cytosol binding protein in prostate and newborn prepuce were 0.27–3.0 × 10–8 M (n = 12) and 0.6–2.0 × 10–8 M (n = 5), respectively. Spironolactone at concentrations of 0.3–2.0 × 10–6 M competitively inhibited this binding with an affinity about one order of magnitude less than that of DHT. Digitoxin and spironolacto...
Analytical Model for Plowing Friction at Nanoscale

Existing analytical models for elastic–plastic friction, which have been developed for microscale single-asperity contacts, do not apply when the contact dimensions are reduced to the nanometer regime. We demonstrate that although the microscale models correctly describe elastic recovery behind a sliding nanoscale tip, they fail to predict the corresponding coefficient of friction. We show that the breakdown of microscale models can be attributed to the large contribution to friction from pileup. We propose an analytical model for plowing friction for single-asperity contacts, which includes the effects of both elastic recovery and pileup. Functional dependence of the average pileup height on elastic properties of the worn material and on the depth of cut is also proposed. Applicability of the new model is demonstrated in the examples of SiC and Cu.
Cross talk between T and B cells generates B antigen‐presenting cells able to induce inositol phosphate production in T cells responding to MIsa superantigens

Previous studies showed that activation of CD4+ T cells with mouse mammary tumor virus-encoded Mls(a) superantigens induces strong proliferative responses and interleukin-2 production but fails to elicit typical early T cell receptor (TCR)-mediated signal transduction events, such as hydrolysis of polyphosphoinositides (PI) or an increase in intracellular calcium. Here we show that the failure of Mls(a) antigen to activate PI hydrolysis applies when resting B cells are used as antigen-presenting cells (APC). By contrast, when Mls(a)-bearing B cells are activated for 24 h by exposure to lipopolysaccharide or, more importantly, to Mls(a)-reactive T cells or anti-CD40 antibodies the cells develop the capacity to elicit easily detectable PI turnover. These studies demonstrate that, for B cells as APC, the initiation of certain TCR-associated signal transduction pathways can depend on activation of the APC. The data suggest that cross talk between T cells and resting B cells can suffice to generate competent B APC and lead to the delayed initiation of signaling pathways important in T cell responses.
Interpretation of digital examination of the rectum.

An outline has been provided for exploring the pelvis by digital examination of the rectum. Bony landmarks are described for orientation.
The Emotions of Apprentice Poets

Nineteen college poets completed a twenty-item check list that asked them how they felt about writing in general as well as before, at a pause, and after seven poetry writing sessions. The intensity with which they experienced positive, negative passive, and negative active emotions was assessed as was the frequency with which those emotions were experienced when writing in general. Results indicated that the positive emotions intensified during writing. Instructor-rated skilled poets experienced more positive emotions than their unskilled counterparts. But poets rating themselves as unskilled felt both more positive and negative active when writing than their skilled counterparts. Student poets unaccustomed to writing on their own experienced more intense emotions across the writing episodes than those with more years. Free writing was associated with more intense anxiety than structured poetry exercises. The rank orders of the emotion items suggested more emotional stability for poetry generated in an a...
Length of residence and social integration: The contingent effects of neighborhood poverty

Given the well-established benefits of social integration for physical and mental health, studies have begun to explore how access to social ties and social support may be shaped by the residential context in which people live. As a critical health exposure, social integration may be one important mechanism by which places affect health. This paper brings together research on two previously studied contextual determinants of social integration. Specifically, we use multi-level data from the Chicago Community Adult Health Survey to investigate the relationships between an individual's length of residence and measures of social integration. We then investigate the extent to which these relationships are moderated by neighborhood poverty. We find that the relationship between length of residence and some measures of social integration are stronger in poor neighborhoods than in more affluent ones.
Acute exercise increases the number of plasma membrane glucose transporters in rat skeletal muscle.

To determine whether increased glucose transport following exercise is associated with an increased number of glucose transporters in muscle plasma membranes, the D-glucose inhabitable cytochalasin B binding technique was used to measure glucose transporters in red gastrocnemius muscle from exercised (1 h treadmill) or sedentary rats. Immediately following exercise there was a 2-fold increase in cytochalasin B binding sites, measured in purified plasma membranes enriched 30-fold in 5′-nucleotidase activity. This increase in glucose transporters in the plasma membrane may explain in part, the increase in glucose transport rate which persists in skeletal muscle following exercise. Where these transporters originate, remains to be elucidated.
Ultrastructural changes in the midguts of Hessian fly larvae feeding on resistant wheat.

Abstract The focus of the present study was to compare ultrastructure in the midguts of larvae of the Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say), under different feeding regimens. Larvae were either fed on Hessian fly-resistant or -susceptible wheat, and each group was compared to starved larvae. Within 3 h of larval Hessian fly feeding on resistant wheat, midgut microvilli were disrupted, and after 6 h, microvilli were absent. The disruption in microvilli in larvae feeding on resistant wheat were similar to those reported for midgut microvilli of European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilasis (Hubner), larvae fed a diet containing wheat germ agglutinin. Results from the present ultrastructural study, coupled with previous studies documenting expression of genes encoding lectin and lectin-like proteins is rapidly up-regulated in resistant wheat to larval Hessian fly, are indications that the midgut is a target of plant resistance compounds. In addition, the midgut of the larval Hessian fly is apparently unique among other dipterans in that no peritrophic membrane was observed. Ultrastructural changes in the midgut are discussed from the prospective of their potential affects on the gut physiology of Hessian fly larvae and the mechanism of antibiosis in the resistance of wheat to Hessian fly attack.
Granular Cell Myoma and Schwannoma: Fine Structural and Immunohistochemical Study

We present the histological, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical findings of two granular cell tumors of different histogenesis: a mediastinal granular cell schwannoma, and an uterine granular cell leiomyoma. Ultrastructurally the mediastinal tumor showed granular cell changes of the Schwann cells which were reactive for S-100 protein and Leu 7 antigen, but not for actin, desmin, CEA, EMA, or cytokeratin. Ultrastructural study of the uterine lesion demonstrated smooth muscle cells with only a few "autophagic" facuoles to cells nearly replaced by lysosomes. Immunohistochemically this tumor showed reactivity for actin, desmin, and Leu 7 antigen, but was S-100 protein, CEA, EMA, and cytokeratin negative.
New iterative gridding algorithm using conjugate gradient method

Non-uniformly sampled data in MRI applications must be interpolated onto a regular Cartesian grid to perform fast image reconstruction using FFT. The conventional method for this is gridding, which requires a density compensation function (DCF). The calculation of DCF may be time-consuming, ambiguously defined, and may not be always reusable due to changes in k-space trajectories. A recently proposed reconstruction method that eliminates the requirement of DCF is block uniform resampling (BURS) which uses singular value decomposition (SVD). However, the SVD is still computationally intensive. In this work, we present a modified BURS algorithm using conjugate gradient method (CGM) in place of direct SVD calculation. Calculation of a block of grid point values in each iteration further reduces the computational load. The new method reduces the calculation complexity while maintaining a high-quality reconstruction result. For an n-by-n matrix, the time complexity per iteration is reduced from O(n*n*n) in SVD to O(n*n) in CGM. The time can be further reduced when we stop the iteration in CGM earlier according to the norm of the residual vector. Using this method, the quality of the reconstructed image improves compared to regularized BURS. The reduced time complexity and improved reconstruction result make the new algorithm promising in dealing with large-sized images and 3D images.
Oxidation-State Changes of Molecules Irreversibly Adsorbed on Electrode Surfaces As Monitored by in Situ Fourier Transform Infrared Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy

In situ Fourier transform infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy has been used to monitor the changes in the vibrational properties of 2,5-dihydroxythiophenol (DHT) irreversibly adsorbed on polycrystalline Au as a function of the applied potential. The results obtained have indicated that the normalized difference spectra of DHT in its oxidized state exhibit features consistent with the formation of the quinone derivative of the compound, benzoquinonethiol (BQT), in agreement with the suggestions put forward earlier in the literature on the basis of other measurements
Can the Need for Bifocals be Predicted During Initial Examination of the Child with Suspected Accommodative Esotropia

nation of the Child with Suspected Accommodative Esotropia? David K. Coats, Chirag Parghi; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX Purpose: Some ophthalmologists prescribe bifocals at initial examination of children with suspected accommodative esotropia when a large near/distance disparity is present. The purpose of this study was to determine if the need for bifocals can accurately be predicted. Methods: Retrospective analysis of presenting features including size of near/distance disparity, refractive error (SEQ), and time to treatment. A bifocal was recommended at follow-up if a residual esotropia was present at near only. Results: Near/distance disparity: Twenty-five (64%) of 39 patients without disparity, 10 (63%) of 16 with disparity 20 PD responded favorably to single-vision lenses (P 0.405). Of those not responding favorably to single-vision lenses, favorable response to bifocal use was found in 2 (14%) of 14 without disparity, 2(33%) of 6 with, and 0 (0%) of 1 with more than 20 PD disparity. Hyperopic refractive error: four (66%) of six patients with a SEQ of 0.25 D to 2.00 D, 15 (68%) of 22 with a SEQ of 2.25 D to 4.00 D, and 23 (66%) of 35 with a SEQ of 4.00 D responded favorably to single-vision lenses (P 0.982). Time to treatment: nine (75%) of 12 patients seen within 1 month of onset, 16 (84%) of 19 seen 1 and 4 months after onset, and 17 (53%) of 32 seen 4 or greater months after onset responded favorably to single-vision lenses (P 0.059). Conclusions: Single-vision glasses are the appropriate treatment for the initial management of the patient with suspected accommodative esotropia. High hyperopia and the presence of a large near/distance disparity are not predictive of the need for bifocals.