cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Psychological and behavioral impact of receipt of a "normal" ovarian cancer screening test.

Abstract Objective. While cancer screening can reduce morbidity and mortality, screening can also be associated with adverse physical, psychological, and behavioral outcomes, even when no malignancy is detected. Few studies, however, have comprehensively examined the potential positive impact of a normal cancer screening test result. This study examined the effects of receipt of a normal ovarian cancer screening test result on a range of psychosocial outcomes, including screening-related beliefs and intentions, risk knowledge, distress, and positive affect. Method. The present study utilized baseline, 2-week, and 4-month data from a sample of 560 asymptomatic women who underwent a routine screening for ovarian cancer and received a normal result as well as 296 controls (Lexington, Kentucky, USA, 2000–2002). Results. Growth curve modeling revealed that receipt of a “normal” test result following ovarian cancer screening was associated with increased beliefs in the efficacy of ovarian cancer screening, decreased ovarian cancer-related distress, increased knowledge of ovarian cancer risk factors, and increased positive affect over the 4-month study period. Conclusion. Receipt of a normal ovarian cancer screening test result influences a range of affective and cognitive endpoints. For the most part, these endpoints are either empirically or theoretically linked to likelihood of participation in future cancer screening. Thus, participation in routine ovarian cancer screening with receipt of a normal screening test result may create a set of affective and cognitive conditions that facilitate repeat screening and contribute to the maintenance of appropriate ovarian cancer screening behavior.
Drugs on the Internet, Part II: Antidepressant Medication Web Sites

Antidepressant medications have been the fastest growing category of use of pharmaceutical products over the past decade. Selected Internet web sites providing information on antidepressant medications were identified and assessed using code of conduct criteria for posting health information on the Internet as developed by the Health on the Internet Foundation. Thirteen representative web sites were evaluated. Degree of compliance with each of the eight criterion varied by site, though all 13 sites met the criterion for legality of content and conduct on their web site. WebMD and FamilyDoctor.org met most of the criteria, while pharmaceutical company sites tended to meet the fewest criteria.
The influence of concentration on the absorption of sugars from the small intestine of rats.

A modified Cori4, 13 rat preparation was used to study the effect of concentration on the absorption rates of xylose and glucose from the small intestine. Solutions of 25 per cent and 50 per cent glucose were absorbed at statistically identical rates, whereas a 50 per cent solution of xylose was absorbed at almost twice the rate of a 25 per cent solution.
Professional trade-offs

The basic question of how to combine being a teacher-scholar with being a person leads to other questions about how one meets the obligations teaching and living entail.
Empires, Wars and Battles: The Middle East from Antiquity to the Rise of the New World – By T. C. F. Hopkins

The author of this five‐chapter book, who has written many adult novels and fantasy books under a different name, is also a dedicated student of military history and cultural anthropology. In this ...
The Costs and Benefits of Do-Not-Call Regulations: A Comment on Beard and Abernethy's "Consumer Prices and the Federal Trade Commission's 'Do- Not-Call' Program"

Abstract In a 2005 Journal of Public Policy & Marketing article, Beard and Abernethy estimate that the Federal Trade Commission's do-not-call regulations could plausibly be increasing the amount the average household pays for long-distance service by $19–$39 per year. However, their approach causes them to overstate the possible costs significantly. An expanded model and more plausible parameter values result in cost estimates of no more than $6–$22 per year. Furthermore, the benefits of the do-not-call regulations—the ability of consumers to avoid the interruptions caused by unwanted commercial telephone calls—suggest that the benefits of avoiding unwanted calls from long-distance providers are greater than the costs of the regulations if consumers value the time taken up by unwanted telemarketing calls at more than $8–$27 per hour.
Abstract 3373: Aberrant expression of TG2 reprograms mammary epithelial cells by inducing mesenchymal transition (EMT) and stem cell-like characteristics

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL The “Incurable” nature of metastatic breast cancer (MBC) poses a major clinical challenge in successful treatment of breast cancer. Despite significant advances in early detection and disease management, the prognosis of MBC patients remains poor with an estimated 5-year survival rate of 26%. Understanding the molecular pathways/factors responsible for the progression of MBC is critical for improved clinical outcomes. We and others previously found that metastatic breast cancer cells express high basal levels of the proinfflamtory protein tissue transglutaminase (TG2) and that its expression is associated with metastatic and drug-resistant phenotypes in breast cancer cells. However, mechanisms that underlie TG2-mediated metastatic transformation of breast cells remained elusive. To understand the significance of TG2 in MBC, we stably transfected TG2 in non-transformed breast mammary epithelial cells (MCF10A and MCF12A). Interestingly, TG2 expression induced marked changes in the morphology of cells from cobblestone looking cells to elongated mesenchymal like appearance. Study of various epithelial and mesenchymal markers revealed the loss of epithelial (e-cadherin and β-catenin) and gain of mesenchymal (vimentin and fibronectin) markers in TG2 expressing cells. Moreover, TG2 expression resulted in constitutive activation of Akt and NF-kB and upregulated transcription repressors like, Snail1, Zeb1, Zeb2 and twist1. Interestingly, TGF-β a known inducer of EMT, failed to induce EMT in MCF10A cells transfected with TG2 Sh-RNA. TG2 expression in MCF10A cells was associated with increased invasion, disrupted polarity, increased resistance to doxorubicin, and ability of cells to grow and form colony in soft-agar. Next we determined weather TG2-induced EMT promotes the stem cell phenotype. Study of breast stem cell markers revealed that TG2 expression is associated with dramatic increase in CD44high/CD24low cell subpopulation. Moreover, mammosphere-forming ability of both normal and cancerous breast epithelial cells was significantly augmented by TG2 expression. TG2-derived stem cells showed increase in self-renewal ability and they terminally differentiated into basal and/or luminal cell types in response to prolactin treatment. These results imply that aberrant expression of TG2 could reactivate a comprehensive program in differentiated mammary epithelial cells to endow them stem cell-like properties for successful colonization and macromatastasis. These results also supported the contention that TG2 could serve as a promising therapeutic target for treatment of MBC. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3373. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3373
Transplacental isopropanol exposure: case report and review of metabolic principles

Isopropanol, a known central nervous system depressant has been reported to cause toxicity via multiple routes including ingestion, inhalation and dermal exposure. We present a case of transplacental isopropanol exposure in a neonate. A woman reported polysubstance abuse in the 1 to 2 days before precipitously delivering a newborn infant. The neonate developed hypotension, hypotonia and seizure activity within the first few hours of life. Blood samples from the infant revealed toxic levels of isopropanol. Similar symptoms have been reported in infants with isopropanol toxicity from other routes of exposure.
Adrenal Response During Periparturient Period to Adrenocorticotropin in Dairy Cattle Fed Corn Silage and Grass Legume Silage

Glucocorticoid response to exogenous adrenocorticotropin was used as an indicator of stress in cows fed different diets ad libitum during the dry period and throughout lactation. Twenty-three Holstein cows were administered adrenocorticotropin at 2 d after initiation of the dry period and at 2 d and 35 d postpartum, and plasma glucocorticoid response was evaluated. Cows were fed diets using only corn silage as forage or mixed forage with or without supplemental concentrate. Mean basal plasma glucocorticoid concentrations were 6.1 ng/ml on d 2 after dry off, 4.7 ng/ml on d 2 postpartum, and 6.7 ng/ml on d 35. Cows on the 32.5:32.5:35 corn silage:grass-legume silage:concentrate diet had the lowest basal glucocorticoid concentrations on d 2 postpartum but highest concentrations on d 35 of lactation. Mean glucocorticoid response was 33.2 ng/ml on d 2 of lactation compared with 50.6 ng/ml on d 35 and 48.5 ng/ml plasma on d 2 following drying off. Diet interactions suggest that feed components may be involved with ability to tolerate stresses that occur during lactation and the dry period and thus may lead to altered adrenal function.
Architecture Assessment Model for System Evolution

Even though there has been some research on system evolution, there is no well defined vocabulary to indicate deviation of a system from desired goals. Further, there are no objective measures to indicate whether changes incorporated into a system as part of its evolution violates the integrity of the architectural design. Also, little research has been done to categorize the aspects of a software system that is subject to deviation as the system evolves. In this paper we develop a model for tracking software evolution and propose measures that will objectively indicate the extent of deviation or divergence in a software system. We also categorize the different aspects of software, changes to which can significantly impact usability as well as conceptual coherence.
Collapse and revivals in a two-photon absorption process

The two-photon absorption process is studied by considering the interaction of a quantized single-mode field with an effective two-level atom through intermediate states. The equations of motion of the coupled atom–field probability amplitudes for the effective two-level atom are obtained after adiabatically eliminating the intermediate states. These equations are then solved in the rotating-wave approximation. The time constants associated with the Rabi oscillation, collapse, and revival of the atomic inversion are derived, and the photon statistics are discussed with special reference to photon antibunching.
States and Economic Development

Today the Washington Consensus on development lies in tatters. The recent history of the developing world has been unkind to the core claim that a nation that opens its economy and keeps government's role to a minimum invariably experiences rapid economic growth. The evidence against this claim is strong: the developing world as a whole grew faster during the era of state intervention and import substitution (1950-1980) than in the more recent era of structural adjustment (1990-2005); and the recent economic performance of both Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africaregions that truly embraced neoliberalismhas lagged well behind that of many Asian economies, which have instead pursued judicial and unorthodox combinations of state intervention and economic openness. As scholars and policy makers reconstruct alternatives to the Washington Consensus on development, it is important to underline that prudent and effective state intervention and selective integration with the global economy have been responsible for development success in the past; they are also likely to remain the recipes for upward mobility in the global economy in the future."
Transfer of modified sialic acids by Trypanosoma cruzi trans-sialidase for attachment of functional groups to oligosaccharide.

Abstract Donor specificity of Trypanosoma cruzi trans -sialidase (TcTs) has been investigated with modified 2-[4-methylumbelliferone]-α-ketoside of N -acetyl-D-neuraminic acid (4MU-NANA) as donor and lactose as acceptor. 4MU-NANA was treated with periodate under mild conditions to generate an aldehyde on the exocyclic side chain. The oxidized 4MU-NANA was derivatized with various primary amines by reductive amination to yield potential donors. High-performance anion-exchange chromatography equipped with pulsed amperometric detector was used to assay the transglycosylation activity of TcTs. Several modified 4MU-NANA derivatives served as substrates by TcTs and they may be utilized to make valuable intermediates, including those for fluorescence energy transfer measurement or photoaffinity labeling experiment.
An Examination of the Shielding Provided by the Use of Cable Trays

The magnetostatic behavior of a magnetic field in a perfectly conducting trough is analyzed as a two-dimensional boundary value problem, and equations describing the attenuation of the field by the tray are presented. The feasibility of using an open tray to provide shielding for cables is then discussed. Comparisons between the response of a wire over a ground plane and the response of a wire partially in tray are made, indicating that extremely good grounding is required to obtain any shielding from the tray at high frequencies.
Preservation of Myocardial High-Energy Phosphates with Vagal Stimulation and Hypothermic Cardioplegia

Abstract We examined three methods of inducing hypothermic cardioplegic arrest and related each to preservation of high-energy phosphates. Levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and creatine phosphate (CP) in baseline rat hearts were compared with levels found after (1) vagal stimulation combined with cardioplegia containing 15 mEq of potassium chloride (KCl) per liter, (2) cardioplegia with 15 mEq of KCl per liter alone, and (3) cardioplegia with 30 mEq of KCl per liter alone. Vagal stimulation produced complete electromechanical arrest in a shorter time than either 15 or 30 mEq of KCl alone ( p p p p p r = -0.851 and -0.788, respectively; both r values significant at p r = -0.927 and -0.851, respectively; both r values significant at p
Parallel and Serial Variational Inequality Decomposition Algorithms for Multicommodity Market Equilibrium Problems

We have applied parallel and serial variational inequality VI diagonal decomposition algorithms to large-scale, multicommodity market equilibrium problems. These decomposition algorithms resolve the VI problems into single commodity problems, which are then solved as quadratic programming problems. The algorithms are implemented on an IBM 3090-600E, and randomly gen erated linear and nonlinear problems with as many as 100 markets and 12 commodities are solved. The com putational results demonstrate that the parallel diagonal decomposition scheme is amenable to paralielization. This is the first time that multicommodity equilibrium problems of this scale and level of generality have been solved. Furthermore, this is the first study to compare the efficiencies of parallel and serial VI decomposition algorithms. Although we have selected as a prototype an equilibrium problem in economics, virtually any equilibrium problem can be formulated and studied as a variational inequality problem. Hence, our results are not limited to applications in economics and operations research.
The origins of tumor-promoting inflammation.

Inflammation is increasingly recognized as an essential component of tumor development, but the origin of tumor-associated inflammation remains largely unknown. In this issue of Cancer Cell , Pribluda and colleagues find that chronic stress initiates senescence-inflammatory response, which can promote tumorigenesis in the absence of exogenous inflammatory triggers.
Vibrating Probes : New Technology for Investigation of Endolymph Homeostasis

It is well known that the function of the cochlear and vestibular labyrinth depends on the high concentration of potassium (K+) in the luminal fluid, endolymph. Homeostasis of endolymphatic ion composition has been attributed to the stria vascularis and vestibular dark cells but with little prior experimental basis. The extremely small domain of each epithelial cell type bounding the endolymphatic space has precluded study of ion fluxes from these cells. The voltage-sensitive and K+ -selective vibrating probes were adapted recently for the demonstration of electrogenic K+ secretion and its regulation by stria vascularis and vestibular dark cell epithelium. The isolated stria vascularis and vestibular dark cell epithelium are known to produce a transepithelial current directed toward the endolymphatic side and this current has been shown to be sensitive to bumetanide, an inhibitor of the Na+-Cl--K+ cotransporter. The vibrating probes were used to demonstrate that this current is carried by K+ and that the K+ flux is also sensitive to bumetanide. Several other agents and maneuvers which alter the transepithelial current (e.g. apical DIDS and basolateral hypotonic challenge) were found to produce similar changes in the K+ flux. The technique holds the promise of discovery of the contribution to the homeostasis of endolymph of other cell types in the inner ear.
Production and behavior of point defects in pulsed inertial confinement fusion reactors

Abstract A time-dependent neutronics analysis for the HIBALL reactor is presented. The helium to dpa ratio in the ferritic steel structure is found to be sensitive to neutron spectrum softening. The microstructure calculations show that helium diffusivity is a sensitive function of vacancy accumulation from one pulse to the next. A strong coupling exists between the three components of damage: helium, vacancies, and interstitials. Swelling of the protected ferritic steel first wall of HIBALL is found to be insignificant.
Gas−Liquid Desorption through Blind-Ended Microporous Hollow Fibers for an Intravascular Artificial Lung

The Penn State Intravascular Lung (PENSIL) consists of thousands of microporous, hollow, polypropylene fibers, each with one end sealed and the other end attached to an oxygen (O 2 ) supply tube which is implanted in a major vein. Since diffusion resistance along the inside of the blind-ended fibers is significant, a hypobaric O 2 supply might enhance the desorption of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from blood. Therefore, CO 2 desorption through small-scale PENSIL modules containing 14 polypropylene fibers, 380 μm in diameter and from 0.5 to 5.0 cm in length, was measured as the O 2 supply pressure was varied from 300 to 900 Torr. The fiber modules were mounted in a 1.75-in.-diameter transfer chamber in which water saturated with 760 Torr of CO 2 flowed around the fibers at 1.2 or 3.4 L/min. At atmospheric pressure, the CO 2 desorption rate leveled off with increasing fiber length. At hypobaric conditions, however, the rate of CO 2 desorption increased linearly with fiber length, and was as much as eight times greater than at atmospheric pressure. These data were analyzed with a one-dimensional binary diffusion model that utilized an overall mass transfer coefficient as a free parameter. The best estimates of the coefficient (20-40 μm/s) were independent of gas pressure but varied with fiber length.
Amelioration of the Cardiovascular Effects of Cocaine in Rhesus Monkeys by a Long-Acting Mutant Form of Cocaine Esterase

A long-acting mutant form of a naturally occurring bacterial cocaine esterase (T172R/G173Q CocE; double mutant CocE (DM CocE)) has previously been shown to antagonize the reinforcing, convulsant, and lethal effects of cocaine in rodents. However, the effectiveness and therapeutic characteristics of DM CocE in nonhuman primates, in a more clinically relevant context, are unknown. The current studies were aimed at (1) characterizing the cardiovascular effects of cocaine in freely moving rhesus monkeys, (2) evaluating the capacity of DM CocE to ameliorate these cocaine-induced cardiovascular effects when administered 10 min after cocaine, and (3) assessing the immunological responses of monkeys to DM CocE following repeated administration. Intravenous administration of cocaine produced dose-dependent increases in mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) that persisted throughout the 2-h observation period following a dose of 3.2 mg/kg cocaine. Cocaine failed to produce reliable changes in electrocardiograph (ECG) parameters, body temperature, and locomotor activity. DM CocE produced a rapid and dose-dependent amelioration of the cardiovascular effects, with saline-like MAP measures restored within 5–10 min, and saline-like HR measures restored within 20–40 min of DM CocE administration. Although administration of DM CocE produced increases in anti-CocE antibodies, they did not appear to have a neutralizing effect on the capacity of DM CocE to reverse the cardiovascular effects of cocaine. In conclusion, these findings in monkeys provide strong evidence to suggest that highly efficient cocaine esterases, such as DM CocE, can provide a potential therapeutic option for treatment of acute cocaine intoxication in humans.
Ferroelectric liquid crystals induced by atropisomeric biphenyl dopants : Dependence of the polarization power on the nature of the symmetry-breaking groups

Four new chiral dopants containing an atropisomeric biphenyl core derived from 4,4'-dihydroxy-2,2',6,6'-tetramethylbiphenyl with different symmetry-breaking groups at the 3,3'-positions (X = F, Cl, Br, and Me) were synthesized in optically active form. These dopants were used to induce ferroelectric SmC * liquid crystal phases in four SmC hosts with different core structures. Polarization powers δ p were measured as a function of the SmC host and compared to δ p values previously obtained for an analogous atropisomeric dopant with X = NO 2 . Theoretical conformational analyses for rotation of the atropisomeric cores about the C-O bonds of the ester groups linking the core to the side chains were performed at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level and used in calculating Boltzmann-weighed statistical average transverse dipole moments for the core-diester units. The values were used to normalize 6p to study the influence of the symmetry-breaking groups X on the polar ordering of the dopants. Variations in δ p(norm) are rationalized by considering models describing either achiral or chiral distortions of the zigzag binding site model of the SmC host. Results show that the symmetry-breaking groups X exert a unique influence on polar ordering of the dopants in the phenylpyrimidine host PhPl that is consistent with a model in which chirality transfer via core-core interactions between dopant and host molecules causes a chiral distortion of the zigzag binding site.
Gasping, survival, and the science of resuscitation.

The study in the current issue of Circulation by Bobrow et al1 is important for a multitude of reasons. This study revolves around the concept of “gasping” as it relates to cardiac arrest. The study questions both the incidence of gasping and its impact on and relationship to survival in patients who suffer out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Article p 2550 The authors demonstrate that gasping after cardiac arrest is common, that it is most frequent soon after cardiac arrest, and that its frequency decreases over time. Additionally, the presence of gasping is associated with an increased survival to discharge from the hospital. It is interesting to note that the survival rate was not necessarily related to the institution of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) because the same percentage of “gaspers” and “nongaspers” received bystander CPR. Yet among the gaspers, the authors found a 39% survival rate versus only a 9% survival rate in the nongaspers. Although the true incidence of gasping after cardiac arrest is unclear, more perplexing is the question, what is the cause of the ostensible protective benefit of gasping? Equally important, as the authors point out, is that first responders and medical professionals recognize gasping as a symptom of cardiac arrest and institute CPR immediately rather than confuse it with normal breathing and thereby delay CPR. Previous experimental work exists with regard to gasping and cardiac arrest. Xie et al2 studied the effects of gasping during untreated ventricular fibrillation in an animal model, showing that gasping during ventricular fibrillation increased both ventilation and cardiac output during cardiac arrest. Srinivasan et al3 studied the effects of gasping in a pig model of ventricular fibrillation and showed that spontaneous gasping decreased intracranial pressure and increased cerebral perfusion pressure. The article by Srinivasan and colleagues thus provides a …
On the especially nice fit between qualitative analysis and the known properties of conversation

L'auteur defend la validite des methodes qualitatives utilisees en analyse conversationnelle (utilisation de fragments de conversations), en reponse a l'article de Cappella critiquant ce type de methodologie
CONSTRUCTING RELIGION WITHOUT THE SOCIAL: DURKHEIM, LATOUR, AND EXTENDED COGNITION

. I take up the question of how models of extended cognition might redirect the academic study of religion. Entering into a conversation of sorts with Emile Durkheim and Bruno Latour regarding the “overtakenness” of social agency, I argue that a robust portrait of extended cognition must redirect our interest in explaining religion in two key ways. First, religious studies should take up the methodological principle of symmetry that informs contemporary histories of science and begin theorizing the efficacy of gods as social actors. Second, theorists of religion should begin noting how the work required to construct spaces in which the gods appear depends on the construction of disciplined and capable subjects.
Experimental Confirmation of an NtrC Transition Pathway Predicted by Targeted MD

The infinitely short lifetime of transition states makes characterization extremely difficult. We have used a combination of molecular dynamics and experimental approaches to determine two important rate-limiting interactions involved in the allosteric transition of a signaling protein. Targeted MD simulations of the receiver domain of NtrC (Nitrogen Regulatory Protein C) were used to predict interactions that are important in stabilizing the transition state between the known inactive and active structures of the protein. Mutations were made to test these predictions and the rate of exchange between the two substates were measured by 15N-CPMG relaxation dispersion experiments. The results verify the importance of these key interactions in the transition pathway of NtrC. This work shows that targeted molecular dynamics together with experimental validation can be an invaluable tool at elucidating the structure and rate-limiting interactions of conformational transitions.
Ribo-substitution at the ends of duplex DNA: Complete nucleotide sequence of the right-hand cohesive end of coliphage 186 DNA☆☆☆

Abstract Sixteen of the 19 nucleotides of the 5′-terminated right-hand cohesive end of coliphage 186 DNA were unequivocally determined by means of ribo-substitution-repair synthesis, using Escherichia coli DNA polymerase with three deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates and one ribonucleoside triphosphate, followed by specific enzymatic digestion of the labeled DNA and sequence analysis of the purified oligonucleotides. This work shows the usefulness of partial ribonuclease A digestion of the ribo-substituted DNA in sequence analysis.
Pathology training in informatics: evolving to meet a growing need.

Context.—The mechanics of the practice of medicine in general and of pathology in particular is evolving rapidly with the rise in the use of electronic information systems for managing the care of ...
The Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale: psychometric properties in a community sample.

This study investigated the factor structure and psychometric properties of the Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale (PASS). The PASS assesses four components of pain-related anxiety: cognitive, fear, escapelavoidance, and physiological. Confirmatory factor analyses provided support for both the one-factor and the four-factor structures reported for samples of clinic-referred pain patients. The alpha coefficients were high for the PASS subscales. Significant gender differences were obtained on the PASS total and subscale scores. Convergent and divergent validity estimates of the PASS were also assessed. Results may be used to evaluate the responses of clinic-referred pain patients.
Irreversible Enzyme Inhibitors LXXXIV: Candidate Active-Site-Directed Irreversible Inhibitors of Dihydrofolic Reductase IX. Derivatives of 2, 4-Diaminopyrimidine III

The candidate active-site-directed irreversible inhibitor, 5-(p-bromoacetamido-phenoxypropyl)-2, 4-diamino-6-phenylpyrimidine (VI) has been synthesized via the key intermediate, 2-amino-5-(p-nitrophenoxypropyl)-6-phenyl-4-pyrimidinol (XIc). Although VI was a better reversible inhibitor than the corresponding 4-pyrimidinol, 2-amino-5-(p-bromoacetamidophenoxypropyl)-6-phenyl-4-pyrimidinol (IV), VI failed to inactivate dihydrofolic reductase when incubated in the presence or absence of TPNH. The fact that IV in the absence of TPNH could inactivate the enzyme, but VI at the same concentration showed no inactivation of the enzyme, clearly demonstrated that IV and VI had different conformations when complexed to dihydrofolic reductase. Evidence for the possible binding conformations of IV and VI is presented.
Trends in semiconductor hardware for graphics systems (Panel)

During the next 5 - 10 years, text and graphic systems will tend to merge because of the demand for a more productive man/machine interface, failing memory costs and the availability of higher performance VLSI controllers. This panel will discuss video controllers, memory components and their architectures, graphic systems configurations and the evolution of enhanced system performance versus reduced system cost.
Theory of satellites in photoemission and inverse photoemission spectra of 4 f materials

Abstract We present calculations of the relative intensities and peak separations of the f derived spectral density for the, integer valent, light rare earths. We consider both f derived photoemission and inverse photoemission spectra. In these types of experiments, the final states has either an excess or a deficiency of charge residing on the screened by the conduction electrons. If the screening interaction is This may give rise to the appearance of satellites in both photoemission and inverse photoemission spectra. However, the calculations indicate that the relative intensity of the f derived satellite in the inverse photoemission spectrum should be extremely weak, when compared to the intensity of the satellites in the photoemission experiment.
The Scattering Parameters And Directional Coupler Analysis Of Characteristically Terminated Three-line Structures In An Inhomogeneous Medium

The scattering parameters of coupled-symmetrical three-line structures in an inhomogeneous medium, e.g., microstrip lines, are derived in terms of the normal mode parameters of the system. The structure is terminated in a set of impedances which allow for the excitation of the individual normal modes of the system. The scattering parameters are used to study directional coupler properties including possible matching and isolation conditions for six-port and interdigitated-four-port couple consisting of symmetrical three-line structures. It is shown that the solutions obtained reduce to known results for the case of four-port couplers in a homogeneous medium.
Modeling future relations between the private and public sectors of law enforcement

In this paper a conceptual model is developed and tested as a means of better understanding the nature of future relations between public law enforcement and private security. Drawing upon Shearing's (1992) and Marx's (1987) work on the ever changing nature of public and private police relationships, a framework called the “cryptic model” is extended to further refine current thinking about police/security relations. Police officers' and security professionals' views and attitudes of the proposed model are assessed, and the implications of divergent viewpoints regarding future sector relations are discussed.
Computational insights into the O2-evolving complex of photosystem II

Mechanistic investigations of the water-splitting reaction of the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) of photosystem II (PSII) are fundamentally informed by structural studies. Many physical techniques have provided important insights into the OEC structure and function, including X-ray diffraction (XRD) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy as well as mass spectrometry (MS), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy applied in conjunction with mutagenesis studies. However, experimental studies have yet to yield consensus as to the exact configuration of the catalytic metal cluster and its ligation scheme. Computational modeling studies, including density functional (DFT) theory combined with quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) hybrid methods for explicitly including the influence of the surrounding protein, have proposed chemically satisfactory models of the fully ligated OEC within PSII that are maximally consistent with experimental results. The inorganic core of these models is similar to the crystallographic model upon which they were based, but comprises important modifications due to structural refinement, hydration, and proteinaceous ligation which improve agreement with a wide range of experimental data. The computational models are useful for rationalizing spectroscopic and crystallographic results and for building a complete structure-based mechanism of water-splitting in PSII as described by the intermediate oxidation states of the OEC. This review summarizes these recent advances in QM/MM modeling of PSII within the context of recent experimental studies.
Isothermal Carbon Dioxide Sorption in Poly(ionic liquid)s

The low-pressure isothermal sorption of CO2 in poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs) with varied structures including different cations, anions, backbones, and substituents was investigated to probe structure effects on the CO2 sorption. An ammonium cation with short alkyl group, BF4 anion, and polystyrene backbone was found to favor CO2 sorption in PILs. CO2 sorption in the PILs fitted the dual-mode model very well, suggesting that the CO2 sorption consists of dissolution in the polymer matrix and Langmuir sorption in the microvoids.
Decimated cavity photonic crystal membrane lasers

We report photonic crystal membrane nanolasers which employ a decimated photonic crystal cavity. Optically pumped lasing is achieved in decimated linear and star cavities showing that nonperiodic yet symmetric lattice structures provide sufficient optical confinement.
Ring patterns in liquid crystals aligned by phase-separated two-component monolayers

Abstract We investigate the alignment of 4′-pentyl-4-cynobiphenyl (5CB) liquid crystal on phase-separated two-component organosilane monolayers that consist of the protruding islands surrounded by a continuous phase. The molecular disordering at the protruding island edge locally perturbs the homeotropic alignment of the 5CB induced the phase-separated monolayers, leading to the formation of ring patterns. The edge effect on the 5CB alignment decreases with the decrease of the height difference between the protruding islands and the surrounding monolayer and increases with the decrease of the size of the protruding islands.
Deformation morphology of polyester single crystals

Truncated, six-sided single crystals of a 10–16 linear polyester were grown from dilute solution in hexanol, deposited onto Mylar film, and uniaxially deformed at room temperature. For elongations below 10%, the crystals deform uniformly; however, above 20% elongation many cracks spanned by fibrils of 300 A diameter develop approximately normal to the applied stress direction. Depending on the position of the crystal relative to the draw direction, lateral buckling pleats and cleavage cracks can also occur. Collapse of the nonplanar crystals onto the substrate with a resulting nonuniform adherence of the crystal influences the deformation. The deformation morphology is compared to that of truncated sixfold sector polyethylene crystals. Most notably, in contrast to polyethylene, {010} fold sectors do not deform differently from {110} fold sectors and phase boundaries between {110} and {010} fold sectors do not fracture easily.
Minimum critical length for superconductivity in one-dimensional wires.

We have experimentally studied the superconducting behavior of one-dimensional aluminum wires of various lengths. Each wire had much wider two-dimensional contact pads on both sides. At a temperature [ital T] below [ital T][sub [ital c]], when the wide pads are driven normal by a perpendicular magnetic field, only samples longer than a critical length, [ital L][sub [ital c]][congruent][pi][xi]([ital T]), show evidence for superconductivity. This is a direct confirmation of the prediction by Liniger for a normal-metal--superconductor--normal-metal structure with clean interfaces.
Multisensory enhancement of electromotor responses to a single moving object.

SUMMARY Weakly electric fish possess three cutaneous sensory organs structured in arrays with overlapping receptive fields. Theoretically, these tuberous electrosensory, ampullary electrosensory and mechanosensory lateral line receptors receive spatiotemporally congruent stimulation in the presence of a moving object. The current study is the first to quantify the magnitude of multisensory enhancement across these mechanosensory and electrosensory systems during moving-object recognition. We used the novelty response of a pulse-type weakly electric fish to quantitatively compare multisensory responses to their component unisensory responses. Principally, we discovered that multisensory novelty responses are significantly larger than their arithmetically summed component unisensory responses. Additionally, multimodal stimulation yielded a significant increase in novelty response amplitude, probability and the rate of a high-frequency burst, known as a `scallop9. Supralinear multisensory enhancement of the novelty response may signify an augmentation of perception driven by the ecological significance of multimodal stimuli. Scalloping may function as a sensory scan aimed at rapidly facilitating the electrolocation of novel stimuli.
Three new species ofAphytis [Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae], parasites ofPseudaulacaspis spp. [Homoptera: Diaspididae] in India and Australia

Three new species ofAphytis Howard, parasitic upon species ofPseudaulacaspis MacGillivray, are described and illustrated:A. bangalorensis sp. nov. exP. barberi (Green) from India.A. sankarani sp. nov. exP. cockerelli (Cooley) from India, andA. landii sp. nov. ex an undescribedPseudaulacaspis sp. from Australia.
Quality of services based on both call admission and cell scheduling

A scheme was proposed to integrate call admission control and cell scheduling in order to provide cell level QoS for different classes of ATM traffic. This mechanism allocates bandwidth based on both call level and cell level. The call admission algorithm admits a call if the current network bandwidth can satisfy traffic descriptors and QoS parameters provided by a call request. Required bandwidth is then calculated based on this (traffic descriptors, QoS parameters) tuple. A time-out value is computed based on the bandwidth allocated by the call admission algorithm. Such time-out value serves as an essential parameter to integrate the call admission and the scheduling algorithm, which is necessary to enforce different cell level QoS for various classes of ATM traffic. Analysis shows that such mechanism provides acceptable bounds of delay time-slots for various classes of traffic. Simulation is used for conducting experiments to study the impact of several parameters (i.e., call inter-arrival intervals and different traffic mixes) on system performance. Our results show that by dynamically measuring network loads at the call setup time, call blocking probability is significantly reduced and link utilization is increased.
Modeling of thermal cycling creep damage of short fiber metal matrix composites

Abstract An analytical damage model is proposed to estimate the inelastic strain accumulation in short fiber metal matrix composites subjected to a combination of mechanical and cyclic thermal loading. Based on experimental observations, the enhanced non-linear strain accumulation associated with thermal cycling is attributed to damage mechanisms at the fiber-matrix interface. The proposed approach models the composite as one consisting of both perfectly bonded and debonded short fibers where the progression of debonding is described by an evolution law.
Deep energy retrofit of commercial buildings: a key pathway toward low-carbon cities

Energy efficiency of commercial buildings is a fundamental part of the solution for developing lowcarbon cities worldwide. Existing commercial buildings consume significant energy, as well as presenting great requirements and opportunities for energy-efficient retrofits. This article introduces an approach to commercial building retrofits that achieve large energy savings with attractive economics. A case study is used to illustrate the procedure of conducting deep retrofits of large commercial buildings. The article also presents a ‘pilot-to-portfolio’ approach that can amplify outcomes of single building retrofit to buildings within the same portfolio.
Comparison of oxidant activities and the activation of benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol by polymorphonuclear leucocytes from human, rat and mouse

1. Polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs) from human, mouse and rat were compared for their ability to activate benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-diol to a DNA-binding intermediate and a chemiluminescent dioxetane derivative.2. Human PMNs activated benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-diol to the greatest extent, which correlated with their rate of superoxide anion generation and myeloperoxidase activity relative to these activities by PMNs from mice and rats.3. Benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-diol chemiluminescence elicited by PMNs from all three species was significantly inhibited by azide, a myeloperoxidase inhibitor. On the other hand, superoxide dismutase (SOD) was very effective in inhibiting benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-diol chemiluminescence with mouse PMNs but not human or rat PMNs. Mouse PMNs exhibited a high rate of superoxide generation but low myeloperoxidase activity, whereas rat PMNs exhibited a low rate of superoxide generation but high myeloperoxidase activity.
Estimation and Optimization of Kinematic Wave Parameters

: This study presents analytic and graphical techniques for estimation and optimization of kinematic wave parameters. Because the techniques are derived from the kinematic wave theory, the optimized parameter values will have minimum bias in them.
Recognizing imprecisely localized, partially occluded, and expression variant faces from a single sample per class

The classical way of attempting to solve the face (or object) recognition problem is by using large and representative data sets. In many applications, though, only one sample per class is available to the system. In this contribution, we describe a probabilistic approach that is able to compensate for imprecisely localized, partially occluded, and expression-variant faces even when only one single training sample per class is available to the system. To solve the localization problem, we find the subspace (within the feature space, e.g., eigenspace) that represents this error for each of the training images. To resolve the occlusion problem, each face is divided into k local regions which are analyzed in isolation. In contrast with other approaches where a simple voting space is used, we present a probabilistic method that analyzes how "good" a local match is. To make the recognition system less sensitive to the differences between the facial expression displayed on the training and the testing images, we weight the results obtained on each local area on the basis of how much of this local area is affected by the expression displayed on the current test image.
Skeletal Stability of Patients Undergoing Maxillomandibular Advancement for Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Purpose To determine the long-term stability of maxillomandibular advancement (MMA) in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Materials and Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent MMA and genial tubercle advancement (GTA) for treatment of OSA. Patients were included if they 1) were older than 19 years; 2) had a confirmatory polysomnogram; 3) underwent a Le Fort I osteotomy, bilateral sagittal split osteotomies, and GTA; 4) had adequate radiographic documentation; and 5) at least 11 months of follow-up. Exclusion criteria included previous orthognathic or other maxillofacial surgery. Predictor variables were the presence of OSA treated by MMA, pre- and postoperative orthodontia or no orthodontia, length of follow-up, and magnitude of advancement. The outcome variable was the stability of MMA judged by clinical examination and cephalometric measurements. Standardized lateral cephalometric measurements were performed preoperatively (T0), immediately postoperatively (T1), and at the latest follow-up beyond 11 months (T2). Differences in cephalometric measurements were calculated between time points (T0 to T1 and T1 to T2) for the overall group and for patients who had orthodontia (group 1) and those who did not (group 2). A correlation analysis using length of follow-up and magnitude of advancement as predictor variables of stability was completed. For all analyses, a P value less than .05 was considered statistically significant. Results During the 9-year study period, 120 patients with OSA were evaluated and 112 had operative treatment; 25 patients specifically had MMA and GTA, met the inclusion criteria, and formed the study sample. The mean maxillary and mandibular advancements (T1 vs T0) were 9.48 mm (range, 1.6 to 15.2 mm) and 10.85 mm (range, 6.3 to 15.8 mm), respectively. From T1 to T2, no occlusal changes occurred. Changes in the subgroup analyses included a decrease in the angle formed by the sella, nasion, and A point (SNA) and the angle formed by the nasion and A and B points (ANB) and an increase in the angle formed by the mandibular plane (gnathion and gonion) to a line from the sella to the nasion in group 1 and a decrease in ANB in group 2. The only statistical mean difference in cephalometric measurements between groups was in the distance between the condylion and the gnathion. There was no correlation between length of follow-up (mean, 27.84 months) and changes in cephalometric measurements. Conclusion Results of this study indicate that although there were changes in the SNA and ANB from T1 to T2 suggesting maxillary relapse, the mean difference was no greater than 1° and no patients developed a malocclusion; therefore, the changes were considered clinically minor. Advancement of the maxillomandibular complex by 10 mm for treatment of OSA remains stable at a mean follow-up period longer than 2 years and preoperative orthodontic treatment does not appear to influence skeletal stability.