cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cancer-associated carbohydrates identified by monoclonal antibodies.

Abstract “New” carbohydrate structures on the surface of or secreted by cancer cells, identified as epitopes by monoclonal antibodies, are reviewed. These structures may represent the accumulation of precursor chains because of decreased acivity of synthesizing enzymes, the production of new oligosaccharides due to increased or aberrant glycosylation of carbohydrate chains, a change in density of carbohydrates on the cell surface, or exposure of chains usually covered by other structures. Alterations in glycolipid synthesis include aberrant fucosylation and/or sialyation of the lacto series, sialylation or fucosylation of the globo series, and sialyation of the ganglio series. Many of these carbohydrate epitopes have become useful for the diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of patients with cancer. Some of the important markers include CA 15.3, CA 19.9, CA 50, CA 125, CA 242, MCA, SLEX, etc. Incomplete glycosylation of O-linked mucin oligosaccharide is recognized as the important “cancer antigen” B72.3, which is sialyated Tn. The oligosaccharide components of α-fetoprotein, carcinoembryonic antigen, and epidermal growth factor receptor are also reviewed. In many instances the glycosylation seen in cancer cells or their products reflects patterns seen during normal development. Thus, cancer-associated oligosaccharides are oncodevelopmental in nature. The biologic significance of carbohydrates on cell surfaces is not known, but several possibilities include a role in cell to cell recognition, intracellular processing of glycoproteins, cell activation, and ability of cancer cells to metastasize.
Parallel computing strategies for block multigrid implicit solution of the Euler equations

A multigrid diagonal implicit algorithm has been developed to solve the three-dimensional Euler equations of inviscid compressible flow on block-structured grids. An improved method of advancing the multigrid cycle has been examined with respect to convergence rates, accuracy, and efficiency. In this method, the multigrid cycle is advanced independently in each of the blocks, and the information exchange between the blocks is done using buffer arrays, allowing for the asynchronous updating of interface boundary conditions. This updating scheme is used to eliminate the convergence problems found in a previous implementation of the algorithm while retaining its potential for efficient parallel execution. Results are computed for transonic flows past wings and include pressure distributions to verify the accuracy of the scheme and convergence histories to demonstrate the efficiency of the method. Efficiencies that were obtained using a modest number of processors in parallel are also presented and discussed.
Songs that cannot be sung: Hayashi Fusao's ‘Album’ and the political uses of literature during the early Showa years

Abstract In the fall of 1936 after publicly announcing his decision to withdraw from the proletarian literature movement, Hayashi Fusao (1903–75), one of Japan's best-known literati of the day, produced a decidedly ‘proletarian’ short story using literature to chronicle the lost voices of political dissent in early Showa Japan (1926–45). A study of Hayashi's ‘Album’ underscores the continued struggle of many literary men to convey their intellectual concerns in a time of rising militarism. It also challenges the usage of tenkō as a conceptual means of comprehending the intellectual community's support of the government during the 1930s.
Nutrition and inequalities. A note on sociological approaches.

Background: This article provides an overview of three approaches taken to illuminate the sociological contribution to the field of nutrition and inequalities, in the hope of prompting future researchers to pursue the lines of enquiry suggested. Approaches: Under the heading of inequalities in food use, the paper first exemplifies the utility of ‘political arithmetic’, possibly the sociological approach best known in public health. This includes socio‐economic patterning in food purchases as well as disadvantage in access, where studies of poverty represent a longstanding focus. A rural/urban dimension has, however, been left dormant. A second approach is illustrated by work on public understandings of nutrition, encompassing primarily small‐scale studies of beliefs about nutrition, which emphasise the plurality of lay definitions of diet and health. Lacking are studies which build on this work to uncover the relation to health inequalities. Third to be introduced is sociological work on the social distribution of taste, which illuminates the potential for examining enduring, shared ideas of styles in eating embedded in forms of the social organisation of the home that is associated with different socio‐economic levels. Conclusion: The paper ends with comment on practical implications for public health practice and policy designed to reduce inequalities in nutrition. Received 21 March 2001. Accepted 21 March 2001.
Remote sensing of cirrus cloud optical thickness and effective particle size for the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System Visible/infrared imager Radiometer Suite: sensitivity to instrument noise and uncertainties in environmental parameters

We describe sensitivity studies on the remote sensing of cirrus cloud optical thickness and effective particle size using the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System Visible/Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite 0.67-, 1.24-, 1.61-, and 2.25-µm reflectances and thermal IR 3.70- and 10.76-µm radiances. To investigate the accuracy and precision of the solar and IR retrieval methods subject to instrument noise and uncertainties in environmental parameters, we carried out signal-to-noise ratio tests as well as the error budget study, where we used the University of California at Los Angeles line-by-line equivalent radiative transfer model to generate radiance tables for synthetic retrievals. The methodology and results of these error analyses are discussed.
Radiation oncology residency selection: a targeted assessment of factor importance among fourth-year medical students.

Fourth-year medical students (MS4s) have limited meaningful exposure to radiation oncology training programs and thus base their decision largely on a limited number of factors. The assessment of variables utilized by MS4s during the selection process has never formally been investigated. We sought to better understand the importance of factors assessed by MS4s during the process of residency selection to gain perspective, which might be useful to training programs and future applicants. An anonymous survey was developed to assess factor importance during the radiation oncology training program selection process (1-3). The survey was a multiple-item Likert scale (1 Z not at all important to 5 Z extremely important, critical) and was distributed to current MS4s and to those in postgraduate year 1 (PGY1s) (4). The data were analyzed by use of mean and median Likert values, with interquartile range for median values (5). Responses were obtained from 70 MS4/PGY1s. The respondents were 59 MD and 11 MD/PhD candidates/graduates. Of the respondents, 56 were male (80%) and 14 were female (20%). The data from all survey participants were analyzed as a group and by subgroups of MD versus MD/PhD. Program factors were arranged in order of decreasing relative importance for the entire group (Table 1). The factors of highest importance overall were “perceived happiness of residents” (mean 4.43), “geographic location” (mean 3.71), and “clinical research
Chaotic laser-matter interaction

Hamiltonian Silnikov orbits are shown to be produced when a system of two-level atoms interacting via a self-consistent electric field in a single-model lossless cavity is perturbed by a small-amplitude probe laser (a weak, externally imposed, monochromatic electromagnetic field). This result is obtained by utilizing the two constants of motion which exist in the perturbed problem and by calculating a Melnikov function whose nondegenerate zeros imply transverse intersections of the stable and unstable manifolds of a hyperbolic fixed point set. The dynamics of the system on the Silnikov orbits contains a Smale horsehoe construction, leading to intermittent switching of the sign of the electric field which has extreme sensitivity to initial conditions.
About the Guest Editors

Dr. Lambert received a BS degree from the University of Missouri. She completed a dietetic internship and a Masters degree in Food Science/Food Service Administration at the University of Wisconsin...
Design of the electronic structure of poly-MTO

Abstract Polymeric methyltrioxorhenium (poly-MTO) is the first member of a new class of organometallic hybrids which adopts the structural motives and physical properties of classical perowskites in two dimensions. In this study we demonstrate how the electronic structure of poly-MTO can be tailored by intercalation of organic donor molecules such as tetrathiafulvalene (TTF). With increasing donor intercalation the metallic behavior of the parent compound, ( CH 3 ) 0.92 ReO 3 · x % TTF ( x = 0 ) becomes suppressed leading to an insulator at donor concentrations x larger than 50. Specific heat, electric resistance and magnetic susceptibility studies indicate that an increasing amount of TTF causes the itinerant electrons of the poly-MTO matrix to localize.
1096 COMPENSATED HYPOTHYROIDISM IN CONGENITAL NEPHROTIC SYNDROME (CNS)

Two neonates (M.B. & J.C.) with typical features and histological evidence of Finnish-type CNS had low serum T4 ( 300μIU/dl;J.C. 71μIU/dl), T4 was low and FT4 was normal (M.B.3.1 ng/dl;J.C. 4.4 ng/dl). Technetium scan showed normally located thyroid gland in both. The half-life of parenterally administered sodium levothyroxine (150μg/IM) was accelerated (M.B.19.8 hrs; J.C. 22.6 hrs) compared to reported T4 half-life of 6-8 days. Urinary thyroxine was elevated in both patients (M.B.114-203μg/gm creat;J.C. 293μg/gm creat; normal <10μg/gm creat). Administration of 20-25μg/Kg/day of oral sodium levothyroxine suppressed TSH values in both. We conclude that despite low serum T4, which may be related to elevated urinary loss of hormonal iodine, normal free T4 is maintained by compensatory hypersecretion of TSH.
Usefulness of low-density lipoprotein particle size measurement in cardiovascular disease prevention

Background: Cardiovascular disease is largely explained by the traditional risk factors, but there are several novel risk factors that have been shown to predict cardiovascular morbidity. The measurement of low-density lipoprotein particle size (LDLPS) is a novel cardiovascular risk factor, yet it is unknown whether this measurement provides additional information that may influence the subsequent medical treatment of patients. Hypothesis: The measurement of LDLPS provides additional information that may influence preventive treatment for cardiovascular disease. Methods: In an observational study of 82 patients referred to a tertiary care preventive cardiology clinic, LDLPS was dichotomized as either small or large and was determined by either the NMR LipoProfile test, the Vertical Auto Profile (VAP™) cholesterol test, or gradient gel electrophoresis. Lipid profiles were obtained and Framingham risk scores were calculated. Patients were stratified by Adult Treatment Panel guidelines as being at low, intermediate, or high risk. Results: The study included 56 men and 26 women with a mean age of 54 ± 11 years. In the entire cohort of 82 patients, only 31 (38%) were at non-high-density lipoprotein (HDL) goal, only 21 (26%) were at goals for both non-HDL and HDL, and only 18 (22%) were at goal for non-HDL, HDL, and triglycerides. When considering each of the risk factor strata, 19 of 43 (44%) low-risk patients were at non-HDL goal and 12 of these also had a small LDLPS. Only 8 of 18 (44%) intermediate-risk patients were at non-HDL goal and 7 of these (88%) had small LDLPS. Finally, only four high-risk patients were at non-HDL goal and three of these (75%) had small LDLPS. Conclusions: Knowing the LDLPS could alter subsequent therapeutic recommendations for most patients who have reached target lipid values.
Experimental validation for real time control of DC motor using novel finite-horizon optimal technique

DC motors are widely used in industrial applica- tions. Controlling of DC motor is a great challenge for control engineers. Precise equations describing DC motors are nonlinear. Accurate nonlinear control of the motion of the DC motors is required. In this paper, a novel online technique for finite- horizon nonlinear tracking problems is presented. The idea of the proposed technique is the change of variables, that converts the nonlinear differential Riccati equation to a linear Lyapunov differential equation. The proposed technique is effective for a wide range of operating points. Simulation results and experi- mental implementation of a DC motor are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique.
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF A RABBIT RESPIRATORY INFECTION : II. CLINICAL, PATHOLOGICAL, AND BACTERIOLOGICAL STUDY OF SNUFFLES.

100 adult rabbits taken at random from The Rockefeller Institute animal house were examined clinically, anatomically, and bacteriologically for evidence of respiratory infection. 58 of these rabbits proved to have snuffles; 42 were free of the disease. Bacterium lepisepticum was the predominating organism in the nasal flora of 55 of the 58 rabbits showing snuffles. This organism was also cultured from the nasal passages of eight normal rabbits. Bacillus bronchisepticus was associated with Bacterium lepisepticum in the nasal flora of eight rabbits with snuffles. It was also cultured from the nares of twenty-two normal rabbits. Fifteen normal rabbits showed neither Bacterium lepisepticum nor Bacillus bronchisepticus.
Built-in space charge at junctions between heavily doped and semi-insulating GaAs layers

Abstract The thermal equilibrium distributions of carriers, space charge density and electric field in semi-insulating GaAs adjacent to heavily doped GaAs is analyzed in detail and analytic approximations to these distributions are described. The semi-insulation GaAs is assumed to contain deep donors of the EL2 type and a much smaller concentration of shallow acceptors. The extension of the negative built-in space charge layers adjacent to an n + contact is of the order of the Debye length based on the acceptor concentration rather than on the free electron concentration. The main portion of the positive space charge layer adjacent to a p + contact is independent of the EL2 and acceptor concentrations, the space charge density decreasing inversely with the square of the distance from the contact.
The tail end of disciplinarity

Although The Lives of Animals appears to be Coetzee’s least “postcolonial” narrative, concerned as it is with language and human–animal relations, this article argues that the lecture-narrative in fact responds to the fundamental concerns of postcolonial studies. Far from being distinct issues, the narrative’s simultaneous engagement with the limits of disciplinarity and the treatment of animals in the moment of advanced capitalism should be understood as coextensive and indeed as a commentary on the postcolonial as such. The article examines how the question of disciplinarity and the subjugation of animals in The Lives of Animals resound with the power of orientalist discourse and the historical erasures of non-dominant voices. The “tale” that is told in this text is one that cannot be extricated from the “tail” that the narrative’s aging female protagonist, Elizabeth Costello, insists that she hides beneath her clothing. In this lecture-narrative, Coetzee posits a new frame for thinking the postcolonial...
A Sequential Mechanism for Exosite-mediated Factor IX Activation by Factor XIa

During blood coagulation, the protease factor XIa (fXIa) activates factor IX (fIX). We describe a new mechanism for this process. FIX is cleaved initially after Arg145 to form fIXα, and then after Arg180 to form the protease fIXaβ. FIXα is released from fXIa, and must rebind for cleavage after Arg180 to occur. Catalytic efficiency of cleavage after Arg180 is 7-fold greater than for cleavage after Arg145, limiting fIXα accumulation. FXIa contains four apple domains (A1–A4) and a catalytic domain. Exosite(s) on fXIa are required for fIX binding, however, there is lack of consensus on their location(s), with sites on the A2, A3, and catalytic domains described. Replacing the A3 domain with the prekallikrein A3 domain increases Km for fIX cleavage after Arg145 and Arg180 25- and ≥90-fold, respectively, and markedly decreases kcat for cleavage after Arg180. Similar results were obtained with the isolated fXIa catalytic domain, or fXIa in the absence of Ca2+. Forms of fXIa lacking the A3 domain exhibit 15-fold lower catalytic efficiency for cleavage after Arg180 than for cleavage after Arg145, resulting in fIXα accumulation. Replacing the A2 domain does not affect fIX activation. The results demonstrate that fXIa activates fIX by an exosite- and Ca2+-mediated release-rebind mechanism in which efficiency of the second cleavage is enhanced by conformational changes resulting from the first cleavage. Initial binding of fIX and fIXα requires an exosite on the fXIa A3 domain, but not the A2 or catalytic domain.
Relocating Energy in the Social Commons Ideas for a Sustainable Energy Utility

Climate change, rising energy costs, and other dilemmas raise the prospect for major change in energy-ecology-society relations. Two prominent proposals for change include: a nuclear power renaissance; and mega-scale renewable energy development. Both suggest that modern society will receive a rising stream of less CO2-rich kilowatt-hours, so that increased energy consumption and economic growth can continue. The article doubts these CO2 claims and finds both options lead to deepening unsustainability and environmental injustice. A third approach is proposed. A new institutional and community strategy called a Sustainability Energy Utility. The SEU looks to reduce energy use and seeks to support remaining energy needs by community-scale renewables. To accomplish deep energy change, the authors show how an SEU can move society from an energy commodity to energy commons regime. Commonwealth economy and community trusts are key means to significant change: a future commons is offered as the more appropriate ...
Nonequilibrium real-gas effects on disturbance/bow shock interaction in hypersonic flow past a cylinder

The interaction of free-stream disturbances and the bow shock wave in hypersonic flow past a blunt leading edge is an important part of hypersonic boundary layer receptivity to free-stream disturbances. It has been shown that, for a perfect gas, the back and forth interaction and reflection of acoustic waves behind the shock greatly amplify the magnitudes of the disturbance waves. The interaction also generates a wide range of wavelengths for entropy and vorticity waves behind the shock due to the nonuniformity of mean flow over the body. For hypersonic flow over a blunt body, real gas effects become important because of high gas temperature behind the shock. In this paper, nonequilibrium real gas effects on the free-stream disturbance/bow shock interaction for hypersonic flow past a cylinder are investigated by numerical simulations and by linear analysis. The freestream disturbances are fixed-frequency planar acoustic wave. It was found that the real gas effects reduce the intensity of the space-time focusing of entropy waves on the wall and introduce new small length scales related to vibrational relaxation to the interaction wave fields.
The Determination of Fat in the Presence of Free Fatty Acids. I. The Mojonnier Test of Mixtures of Free Fatty Acids and Butterfat

Summary Known weights of a mixture of fatty acids approximating completely hydrolyzed butterfat were added to known weights of butterfat. When these mixtures were tested by the Mojonnier method, a part but not all of the free acid was recovered along with the fat. The amount of free acid recovered with the fat was a practically constant fraction of the total free acid present in the sample. In the case of this particular mixture of acids, 24 per cent was recovered with the fat.
Costal osteomyelitis after pectoralis major myocutaneous flap use in head and neck reconstruction

Costal osteomyelitis and chondritis are rare complications of PMMF usage. They probably represent a secondary complication of a donor-site infection. This diagnosis must be considered in cases of PMMF donor-site infections, which fail to resolve with local wound care and antibiotics. Antibiotic coverage in these cases should be taylored to culture results, while having broad gram-positive activity. Workup of these patients should include CT and biopsy to rule out a neoplastic process.
The effects of trunk stiffness on postural control during unstable seated balance

This paper focused on the relationship between trunk stiffness and postural control during unstable seated balancing. We hypothesized that an increase in trunk stiffness would degrade postural control, and further hypothesized that signal dependent noise (SDN), resulting in increased muscle force variability, was responsible for this impairment. Ten subjects balanced on an unstable seat during four randomized conditions: normal balancing (control condition), trunk muscle co-activation (active stiffness), arm muscle co-activation (attention control), and belt (passive stiffness). Center of pressure (CoP) and EMG data were collected during three 20 s trials. Postural control was quantified by CoP velocity (total path divided by sample time in seconds). Trunk muscle co-activation resulted in significantly higher CoP velocity than the control (P < 0.001) and arm co-activation (P < 0.001) conditions. EMG data confirmed that the trunk co-activation condition had significantly higher muscle activity than the control (P = 0.001) and arm co-activation (P = 0.001) conditions. The belt condition, which increases passive trunk stiffness, showed no degraded postural control, but interestingly produced slightly lower levels of trunk muscle activity than the control condition (P < 0.001). Increased active trunk stiffness from muscle co-activation degraded postural control. Since the arm co-activation condition showed no impairment, attention demands cannot explain this result. Furthermore, since passive trunk stiffness from wearing a belt did not affect performance, it is believed that SDN from increased trunk muscle recruitment, and not an altered postural control strategy from increased joint stiffness, was responsible for the impairment.
Impact of distributed generation on distribution contingency analysis

Alternative energy sources are becoming more cost effective, and many utilities are now providing incentives for alternative power. Placing these alternative energy sources, as well as other smaller traditional energy sources, on the distribution power system, allows the development of a new paradigm related to distributed generation (DG). The size and site of the DG will have an effect on the voltages and operations of the distribution power system in the future. This paper discusses a procedure for evaluating the impact of site and size on both the original distribution power system as well as a reconfigured power system after a fault. Validation of this work is done using the IEEE 37 node distribution feeder and the results and trends are presented.
Uptake of aluminum into root cytoplasm: Predicted rates for important solution complexes

Abstract In this report we predict the rate of aluminum absorption into root cytoplasm as solutes that are common in acid soil solutions. Our predictions of passive influx rely upon permeability coefficients estimated from known values for similar compounds. We also consider aluminum absorption by endocytosis and absorption by competition with iron for iron‐specific transport mechanisms. Our calculations indicate that passive flux of Al3+ or of common charged Al‐complexes is unlikely to contribute measurably to total aluminum absorption , but endocytosis of Al3+ bound to the plasma membrane surface may dominate uptake under some conditions. Among neutral Al‐complexes, AlF3 o absorption should be detectable; by comparison, passive influx by Al‐citrateo should not be detectable.
Towards run-time testing of dynamic adaptive systems

It is challenging to design, develop, and validate a dynamically adaptive system (DAS) that satisfies requirements, particularly when requirements can change at run time. Testing at design time can help verify and validate that a DAS satisfies its specified requirements and constraints. While offline tests may demonstrate that a DAS is capable of satisfying its requirements before deployment, a DAS may encounter unanticipated system and environmental conditions that can prevent it from achieving its objectives. In working towards a requirements-aware DAS, this paper proposes run-time monitoring and adaptation of tests as another technique for evaluating whether a DAS satisfies, or is even capable of satisfying, its requirements given its current execution context. To this end, this paper motivates the need and identifies challenges for adaptively testing a DAS at run time, as well as suggests possible methods for leveraging offline testing techniques for verifying run-time behavior.
Winter pea and lentil response to seeding date and micro-and macro-environments

Winter pea (Pisum sativum L.) and lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) have potential agronomic advantages over spring types in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) and northern Great Plains (NGP). The objectives of this study were to: (i) determine suitable seeding date and cereal stubble height in no-till systems for winter pea and lentil; (ii) quantify and compare biomass and seed yield of winter pea and lentil with spring types; and (iii) compare adaptation of winter pea and lentil between the PNWand the NGP. Two breeding lines each of winter pea (PS9430706 and PS9530726) and winter lentil [LC9979010 (‘Morton’) and LC9976079] and two commercial cultivars each of spring pea (CDC Mozart and Delta) and spring lentil (Brewer and CDC Richlea) were sown on different dates (early and late fall dates for winter lines and spring date only for spring cultivars) and into different stubble heights (0.1 and 0.3 m) and compared for yield and agronomic adaptation in no-till systems at four locations: Moccasin and Amsterdam, MT; Genesee, ID; and Rosalia, WA. Stubble height did not influence winter or spring pea biomass production or seed yield. Tall stubble increased lentil biomass by 220 to 530 kg ha 21 and seed yield by 100 to 260 kg ha 21 in five out of nine site–years. Fall-seeded winter pea lines produced as much as 1830 kg ha 21 more seed yield than spring cultivars at the PNW sites, but not at the NGP sites. Early fall-seeded lentil yielded as much as 480 and 590 kg ha 21 greater than spring types in the NGP and PNW, respectively. Delayed fall seeding and reduced stubble height decreased yields more frequently in the NGP than in the PNW.
Aggregation and transport of nano-TiO2 in saturated porous media: effects of pH, surfactants and flow velocity.

Abstract Transport of manufactured nano-TiO2 in saturated porous media was investigated as a function of morphology characteristics, pH of solutions, flow velocity, and the presence of anionic and non-ionic surfactants in different concentrations. Surfactants enhanced the transport of nano-TiO2 in saturated porous media while a pH approaching the point of zero charge of nano-TiO2 limited their transport. The deposition process, a retention mechanism of nano-TiO2 in saturated porous media was impacted by surfactant and pH. In Dispersion 1 systems (pH 7), the size of the nano-TiO2 aggregates was directly related to the presence of surfactants. The presence of non-ionic surfactant (Triton X-100) induced a size reduction of nano-TiO2 aggregates that was dependent on the critical micelle concentration. In Dispersion 2 systems (pH 9), the stability provided by the pH had a significant effect on the size of nano-TiO2 aggregates; the addition of surfactants did impact the size of the nano-TiO2 aggregates but in less significance as compared to Dispersion 1 systems. The electrostatic and steric repulsion forces in connection with the size of nano-TiO2 aggregates and flow velocity impacted the single-collector efficiency and attachment efficiency which dictated the maximum transport distance of nano-TiO2 for the Dispersion 1 and Dispersion 2 systems. By doubling the flow velocity at pH 9, the No Surfactant, 50% CMC Triton X-100, 100% CMC Triton X-100 and 100% CMC SDBS dispersion systems allowed nano-TiO2 to attain maximum transport distances of 0.898, 2.17, 2.29 and 1.12 m, respectively. Secondary energy minima played a critical role in the deposition mechanisms of nano-TiO2. Nano-TiO2 deposited in the secondary energy wells may be released because of changes in solution chemistry. The deposition of nano-TiO2 in primary and secondary energy minima, the reversibility of their deposition should be characterized to analyze the transport of nanoparticles in porous media. This is necessary to assess the risk of nanoparticles to the environment and public health.
Comparison of utilization of Sinemet® and Parkinson's disease mortality as surrogate indicators of Parkinson's disease in the United States

Abstract Objective: To compare two surrogate indicators of population disease burden for Parkinson's disease: utilization of Sinemet® and Parkinson's disease mortality. Design: National Center for Health Statistics data were used to tabulate Parkinson's disease mortality in the United States by state for 1987–1989. Sinemet® sales data by state were obtained from Merck & Co., Inc. for 1988. Least squares regression analyses were used to assess the relationship between Sinemet® utilization and Parkinson's disease mortality. Setting: United States. Results: Regression analyses showed extraordinarily strong associations between state-level Parkinson's disease mortality and Sinemet® utilization (underlying-cause model r2 = 0.969, p = 0.0001; multiple-cause model r2 = 0.980, p = 0.0001). Conclusions: Sinemet® utilization very closely parallels Parkinson's disease mortality suggesting that Sinemet® utilization and Parkinson's disease mortality are both useful indices of the population burden of Parkinson's disease for large-scale epidemiological studies. © 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.
Scintigraphically detected predominant right ventricular dysfunction in acute myocardial infarction: clinical and hemodynamic correlates and implications for therapy and prognosis

To determine the clinical and hemodynamic correlates as well as therapeutic and prognostic implications of predominant right ventricular dysfunction complicating acute myocardial infarction, 43 consecutive patients with scintigraphic evidence of right ventricular dyssynergy and a depressed right ventricular ejection fraction ( The follow-up right ventricular ejection fraction, determined in 33 patients, showed an increase of 10% or greater in 26 (79%), increasing from a mean value of 0.30 ± 0.06 to 0.40 ± 0.09 (p It is concluded that scintigraphic evidence of predominant right ventricular dysfunction occurs frequently in acute inferior infarction and is associated with 1) frequent absence of clinically detectable elevation of jugular venous pressure or hemodynamic signs of predominant right ventricular dysfunction; 2) reduced left ventricular end-diastolic volume resulting in low cardiac output; 3) frequent spontaneous improvement in right ventricular function over time; 4) a high incidence of complications; and 5) good short-term survival in the absence of added mechanical complications. Furthermore, despite a reduced left ventricular end-diastolic volume and contrary to popular belief, the low output syndrome rarely improves with volume infusion alone and frequently requires additional inotropic or vasoactive drug therapy.
The effects of denervation on the ultrastructure of young limb regenerates in the newt,Triturus

Abstract The cellular changes which take place in a young regenerate of a newt's forelimb after denervation have been examined by electron microscopy. The changes occur slowly and lag behind previously reported biochemical changes. By 3–4 days after denervation, the relative proportions of the cell types in the blastema have changed. Cells which contain an extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum and which form the dominant population in the normal moderate-early regenerate are severely reduced in number after denervation whereas two cell types which are rare in the normal regenerate increase in number. The so-called phagocytic cells, which may be derived from Schwann cells, do not change in relative number or appearance after denervation. The nerve appears to be an important factor in the maintenance of a high number of common blastema cells. It is proposed that the failure of regeneration following denervation is due to a relative decrease in number and possible transformation of many of these cells.
Biosynthesis in isolated Acetabularia chloroplasts. I. Protein amino acids.

The ability of chloroplasts isolated from Acetabulana mediterranea to synthesize the protein amino acids has been investigated. When this chloroplast isolate was presented with 14CO2 for periods of 6–8 hr, tracer was found in essentially all amino acid species of their hydrolyzed protein Phenylalanine labeling was not detected, probably due to technical problems, and hydroxyproline labeling was not tested for The incorporation of 14CO2 into the amino acids is driven by light and, as indicated by the amount of radioactivity lost during ninhydrin decarboxylation on the chromatograms, the amino acids appear to be uniformly labeled. The amino acid labeling pattern of the isolate is similar to that found in plastids labeled with 14CO2 in vivo. The chloroplast isolate did not utilize detectable amounts of externally supplied amino acids in light or, with added adenosine triphosphate (ATP), in darkness. It is concluded that these chloroplasts are a tight cytoplasmic compartment that is independent in supplying the amino acids used for its own protein synthesis. These results are discussed in terms of the role of contaminants in the observed synthesis, the "normalcy" of Acetabularia chloroplasts, the synthetic pathways for amino acids in plastids, and the implications of these observations for cell compartmentation and chloroplast autonomy.
Economic Design of a One-Sided Screening Procedure Using a Correlated Variable

In a complete inspection (screening) procedure, all of the items are subject to acceptance inspection. If an item fails to meet the predetermined inspection specifications, it is rejected and excluded from shipment. When the inspection on the performance variable is destructive or very costly, it may be economical to use another variable that is correlated with the performance variable and is relatively inexpensive to measure as the screening variable. Suppose that the performance variable is a “larger is better” variable and is positively correlated with the screening variable, The items for which the measured values of the screening variable are smaller than the screening specifications are rejected and excluded from shipment. An economic model for this screening procedure is developed with the consideration of the cost incurred by imperfect quality and the cost associated with the disposition of the rejected items. Solution procedures for the optima1 screening specifications are developed for three qua...
Physiological Limits for "Subliminal" Perception

Cortical, subcortical, and peripheral sensory nerve potentials were studied in cats to determine comparative thresholds of response. Stimuli capable of eliciting responses in peripheral nerve also invariably elicited responses from thalamus and cortex. Together with relevant data from human studies, the results indicate that stimuli subthreshold for perception do not affect the nervous system. They also have implications for studies of "subliminal" perception.
Mercury-sensitized photolysis of pentamethyldisilane and sym-tetramethyldisilane

Abstract Photolysis of pentamethyldisilane in the vapor phase in the presence of mercury yields decamethyltetrasilane and octamethyltrisilane as major products. Photolysis of sym-tetramethyldisilane yields 1,3-dihydrohexamethyltrisilane and 1,4-dihydrooctamethyltetrasilane. The mechanism of formation of these products is discussed.
APPETITE AND ACCUMULATION

Several recent books on post-socialist China consider how both rural and urban women in the People's Republic are engaging with new economic and cultural possibilities. Issues of desire and consumption, identity formation, feminism, and globalization run through this work.
Reconstruction of submerged targets from multiple airborne images: I. Theory and error analysis

In this first of a series of two papers, previous work is extended to include analysis of the effect on various target recognition algorithms of error reduction techniques that partially compensate interfacial topography mis-estimation. Additional error sources include (1) accrual of spatial error in the image restoration process due to blur resulting primarily from optical effects within the water column, and (2) uncertainty in sensor platform motion. The impact of such perturbations on the accuracy of interframe coregistration, which is essential for multiple-view analysis, is also discussed. A companion paper describes algorithms that pertain to target feature detection and partial restoration.
Achieving energy-proportionality in fat-tree DCNs

Fat-tree is a popular topology for data center networks (DCNs). Many recent papers propose new energy-efficient techniques that reduce the power consumption of fat-tree DCNs by dynamically powering off idle network switches and links. However, fat-tree DCNs adopting those techniques still consume a significant amount of energy even when lightly loaded. In this paper, we examine the approach of merging traffic in a fat-tree DCN in order to consolidate the traffic into fewer switches. We first derive an analytical model for the lower-bound of active switches required in a fat-tree DCN as a function of load, assuming traffic merging. Then we formulate a power optimization model and propose a scalable heuristic algorithm to find the minimum subset of network switches and links that satisfies a variety of traffic patterns and loads in actual DCNs. Simulation results show that our approach can substantially reduce the number of active switches and lower the energy consumption of a fat-tree DCN when the load is light. We show that our solution achieves near energy proportionality.
‘Community’ perceptions of a disaster risk reduction intervention at Santa Ana (Ilamatepec) Volcano, El Salvador

Recent years have seen an expanding array of studies by volcanologists to assess volcanic risk and hazard perceptions more accurately in at-risk communities. These studies reveal the importance of better understanding perception of risk, as it can directly or indirectly affect individual behaviour before and during volcanic crises. Perception studies to date, however, are predominantly quantitative in nature. The intricacies of community dynamics as well as the population's perceptions of development institutions themselves are rarely problematized. This paper presents results from a 5-month-long study conducted in Los Planes de La Laguna, a community impacted by the 2005 eruption of Santa Ana (Ilamatepec) volcano and Tropical Storm Stan in western El Salvador. This research investigated locals’ perceptions of a non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to reducing vulnerability to volcanic hazards. This study uses the qualitative methods of participant observation and in-depth interviews to investiga...
A comparison of the ground effects measured with and without rate-of-descent modeling on the F-15 S/MTD configuration

The effect of descent rate (DR) on the approach aerodynamics of the F-15 S/MTD aircraft is investigated experimentally using a moving model in the NASA Langley Vortex Research Facility. A 0.083-scale low-speed rotary-balance model equipped with a thrust-reverser simulator and with grit strips to assure turbulent flow was tested in an approach configuration at forward speed 60 ft/sec, corresponding to DR = 4.19 ft/sec. The results are presented in extensive graphs and compared with wind-tunnel data on the same configuration at DR = 0. Significant differences are attributed to the DR in the present experiments and the presence of a ground boundary layer in the wind-tunnel tests. It is predicted that safe approaches could be made with the lower thrust reverser vectored up to 80 deg, or even 110 deg if the DR were not arrested near the ground.
Identifying Creatively Gifted Students: Necessity of a Multi-Method Approach

The process of identifying students as creatively gifted provides numerous challenges for educators. Although many schools assess for creativity in identifying students for gifted and talented services, the relationship between creativity and giftedness is often not fully understood. This article reviews commonly used methods of creativity assessment, looking specifically at their role in identifying students as eligible for gifted and talented programs. Issues in understanding the creativity and giftedness relationship are reviewed, with special attention given to problems in assessing creatively gifted students. A multi-method best practice approach for assessing and identifying creatively gifted students is proposed.
High-intensity interval training and β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyric free acid improves aerobic power and metabolic thresholds

Previous research combining Calcium β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (CaHMB) and running high-intensity interval training (HIIT) have shown positive effects on aerobic performance measures. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyric free acid (HMBFA) and cycle ergometry HIIT on maximal oxygen consumption (V O2peak), ventilatory threshold (VT), respiratory compensation point (RCP) and time to exhaustion (Tmax) in college-aged men and women. Thirty-four healthy men and women (Age: 22.7 ± 3.1 yrs ; VO2peak: 39.3 ± 5.0 ml · kg-1 · min-1) volunteered to participate in this double-blind, placebo-controlled design study. All participants completed a series of tests prior to and following treatment. A peak oxygen consumption test was performed on a cycle ergometer to assess V O2peak, Tmax, VT, and RCP. Twenty-six participants were randomly assigned into either a placebo (PLA-HIIT) or 3 g per day of HMBFA (BetaTor™) (HMBFA-HIIT) group. Eight participants served as controls (CTL). Participants in the HIIT groups completed 12 HIIT (80-120% maximal workload) exercise sessions consisting of 5–6 bouts of a 2:1 minute cycling work to rest ratio protocol over a four-week period. Body composition was measured with dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Outcomes were assessed by ANCOVA with posttest means adjusted for pretest differences. The HMBFA-HIIT intervention showed significant (p < 0.05) gains in V O2peak, and VT, versus the CTL and PLA-HIIT group. Both PLA-HIIT and HMBFA-HIIT treatment groups demonstrated significant (p < 0.05) improvement over CTL for Tmax, and RCP with no significant difference between the treatment groups. There were no significant differences observed for any measures of body composition. An independent-samples t-test confirmed that there were no significant differences between the training volumes for the PLA-HIIT and HMBFA-HIIT groups. Our findings support the use of HIIT in combination with HMBFA to improve aerobic fitness in college age men and women. These data suggest that the addition of HMBFA supplementation may result in greater changes in V O2peak and VT than HIIT alone. The study was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (ID NCT01941368 ).
Evaluation of quantitative PCR reference genes for gene expression studies in Tribolium castaneum after fungal challenge.

To investigate gene expression in Tribolium castaneum exposed to Beauveria bassiana, reference genes for qPCR were evaluated. Of these, β-actin, α-tubulin, and RPS6 were not stable. The most stable were ribosomal protein genes, RPS3, RPS18, and RPL13a. Syntaxin1, syntaxin6, and E-cadherin may be appropriate for some experimental systems.
Soybean response to plant growth regulator herbicides is affected by other postemergence herbicides

Abstract Two studies investigated off-target exposure of soybean to plant growth regulator (PGR) herbicides and determined if simultaneous exposure to PGR herbicides and labeled soybean herbicides increase PGR injury. The PGR herbicides, 2,4-D, clopyralid, and dicamba, as well as dicamba plus the auxin transport inhibitor diflufenzopyr, were applied to glyphosate-resistant soybean at the V3, V7, and R2 soybean growth stages. Two rates were chosen from previous and preliminary research to approximate threshold rates that would cause a yield reduction so as to distinguish differences in sensitivity between growth stages. All four PGR herbicides caused significant soybean injury, height reduction, and yield loss at one or more application rates and growth stages. Relative to other PGR herbicides, dicamba reduced soybean yield at the lowest rate (a potential rate from residues remaining in improperly cleaned application equipment), followed by clopyralid, with 2,4-D requiring the highest rate to reduce soybea...
The feasibility of DHT-based streaming multicast

We explore the feasibility of streaming applications over DHT-based substrates. In particular, we focus our study on the implications of bandwidth heterogeneity and transiency, both characteristic of these systems target environment. Our discussion is grounded on an initial evaluation of SplitStream, a representative DHT-based cooperative multicast system.
1‐Acetoxy‐1,3‐butadiene

[1515-76-0] C6H8O2 (MW 112.13) InChI = 1S/C6H8O2/c1-3-4-5-8-6(2)7/h3-5H,1H2,2H3 InChIKey = NMQQBXHZBNUXGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (2π or 4π partner in cycloaddition reactions;1 mono-oxygenation allows high levels of regiocontrol2) Alternate Name: 1,3-butadienyl acetate. Physical Data: bp 60–61 °C/40 mmHg; d 0.945 g cm−3. Form Supplied in: colorless liquid, available as an unspecified mixture of (E) and (Z) isomers.3 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: classified as a flammable liquid and is reputed to be toxic. Compound polymerizes upon extended storage and can be regenerated by distillation. Avoid polymerization initiators. Diene performs best when stored in the cold.
The effects of functional group mobility on quantitative ESCA of plasma modified polymer surfaces

Wetting nitrogen plasma modified polyethylene with a permeable solvent rapidly reduces the surface concentration of amines originally incorporated with plasma exposure. The rate of decrease in surface amine concentration increases with increasing hydrogen bonding capabilities of the solvent. A slower decrease in the surface amine concentration occurs for dry, modified polymers not wet with a solvent. A model consistent with a solvent mediated dilution of surface groups into the interior of the polymer is proposed. Upon protonation with aqueous H3PO4 or H2SO4, subsurface amines readily migrate back to the surface; HCl and HNO3 do not produce this result. The rate of concentration of protonated amines into the ESCA sampling depth is dependent on the permeability of the aqueous acid and the solubility of the corresponding protonated ammonium salt in polyethylene. The mobility of surface functional groups seriously affects the use of chemical derivatization reagents for the ESCA of modified polymer surfaces and raises important questions concerning the significance of a polymer surface analysis. The reaction of surface amines with pentafluorobenzaldehyde is used to illustrate this point.