cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Absenteeism Study of Packaging Industries Workers

The information needed for the research has been received from primary and secondary data. Primary data collected was questionnaire has been designed by the researcher according to the Study of objective. And secondary data collected by researcher various Journal , Magazine and Websites also. this Percentage analysis, Anova Analysis was used as tools for data analysis.
An Analysis of Twitter Data on E-cigarette Sentiments and Promotion

We investigate general sentiments and information dissemination concerning electronic cigarettes or e-cigs using Twitter. E-cigs are relatively new products, and hence, not much research has been conducted in this area using large-scale social media data. However, the fact that e-cigs contain potentially dangerous substances makes them an interesting subject to study. In this paper, we propose novel features for e-cigs sentiment classification and create sentiment dictionaries relevant to e-cigs. We combine the proposed features with traditional features (i.e., bag-of-words and SentiStrength features) and use them in conjunction with supervised machine learning classifiers. The feature combination proves to be more effective than the traditional features for e-cigs sentiment classification. We also found that Twitter users are mainly concerned with sharing information (33%) and promoting e-cigs (22%). Although a low percentage of users share opinions, the majority of these users have positive opinions about e-cigs (11% positive, 3% negative).
Electronic Measurements in an Alternating Magnetic Field for Studying Magnetic Nanoparticle Hyperthermia: Minimizing Eddy Current Heating

In magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia therapy and research, accurate sensors are required to monitor the temperature and, potentially, other parameters such as magnetic field or mechanical stress. Conducting materials undergo eddy current heating in an alternating magnetic field (AMF), which is problematic. However, eddy current heating is strongly dependent on the size and geometry of the conducting part, thus micro- or nano-scale electronics are a promising option. This paper reports calculations and measurements of self-heating in thin wires (thermocouples) and patterned thin films (resistive thermometers) in an AMF. Thin (40 gauge) type $E$ thermocouples show no significant self-heating compared with the background, while type $K$ and $T$ thermocouples and thicker (20 gauge) type $E$ , $K$ , and $T$ thermocouples show significant self-heating. A thin film resistive thermometer shows no significant self-heating compared with the background when placed parallel to the field, but has significant self-heating when placed perpendicular. Thus, electronic measurements in an AMF are feasible with appropriate material properties and geometries, and are a promising possibility for future investigations in magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia.
Study on Peripheral Blood CD4~+,CD8~+T Cells Expression of CD69 in Pediatric Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis during Immune Pathology

Objective:To explore the expression and immunopathological effects of CD4+、CD8+T cells in the peripheral blood of CD69 for the cells belong to the children with rheumatoid arthritis(RA)in the process. Method:Thirty cases of rheumatoid arthritis children and 30 cases health children from July 2011 to September 2012 were randomly divided into two groups. The former was the observation group and the other was the control group. Then collecting the peripheral blood samples of two groups of children were used to test of CD4+,and CD8+T cell for CD69 with the method of medical. The effect of drug and the expression level situation of CD4+,and CD8+T cell for CD69 of the observation group were tested after treatment. Result:The expression level of the observation group was significantly higher than the control group(P0.05). After drug therapy,the children's RA symptoms improved clearly. Blood testing of re-extract the peripheral found that the level significantly declined than before(P0.05).Conclusion: CD4+、CD8+T cells in the peripheral blood of CD69 can activate and proliferate the disease. Palliative effect can be achieved through the control of CD4+、 CD8+T cells in the peripheral blood of CD69.
Reductions in Invasive Device Use and Care Costs After Institution of a Daily Safety Checklist in a Pediatric Critical Care Unit

Article-at-a-Glance Background In the critical care unit, complexity of care can contribute to both medical errors and increased costs, particularly when clinicians are forced to rely on memory. Checklists can be used to improve safety and reduce cost. A number of omission-related adverse events in 2010 prompted the development of a checklist to reduce the possibility of similar future events. Methods The PICU Safety Checklist was implemented in the pediatric ICU (PICU) at Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota. During a 21-month period, the checklist was used to prompt the care team to address quality and safety items during rounds. The initial checklist was paper, with two subsequent versions being incorporated into the electronic medical record (EMR). Results The daily safety checklist was successfully implemented in the PICU. Work-flow improvements based on regular multidisciplinary feedback led to more consistent use of the checklist. Improvements on all quality and safety metrics were identified, including invasive device use, medication costs, antibiotic and laboratory test use, and compliance with standards of care. Staff satisfaction rates were > 80% for safety, communication, and collaboration. Conclusion By using a daily safety checklist in the pediatric critical care unit, we improved quality and safety, as well as the collaborative culture among all clinicians. Incorporating the checklist into the EMR improved compliance and accountability, ensuring its application to all patients. Clinicians now often individually address many checklist items outside the formal rounding process, indicating that the checklist content has become part of their usual practice. A successful implementation showing tangible clinical improvements can lead to interest and adoption in other clinical areas within the institution.
A 2.5V 14-bit ΣΔ CMOS-SOI capacitive accelerometer

This paper presents a 2.5-V 14-bit fully different tial ΣΔ interface circuit in 0.25-μm CMOS technology for a high-resolution silicon-on-insulator capacitive accelerometer fabricated using a simple CMOS-compatible stictionless process. The integrated circuit is based on programmable front-end back-end first-order ΣΔ architecture and provides a 1-bit pulse-width modulated digital output. Using correlated double sampling, the low-frequency noise is suppressed by 10 dB. Capacitive resolution is 22 aF at 75 Hz (resolution bandwidth = 1 Hz), equivalent to 110 μg with a dynamic range of 85 dB (14-bit resolution) and a sensitivity of 500 mV/g. The chip occupies 2 mm 2 and consumes 6 mW.
The Relationship Between Personality and Parental Confidence in Mothers of School-Aged Children:

This study explores the relationship between personality and parental confidence among mothers of school-aged children. The relationships between personality and parenting competence and also betwe...
Prenatal Sonographic Detection of Ebstein’s Anomaly:

Ebstein’s anomaly is a rare type of congenital heart defect characterized by a malformation of the tricuspid valve and the right side of the heart. This case study presents a well-documented case o...
A Framework for Understanding Whiteness in Mathematics Education

In this article, the authors provide a framework for understanding whiteness in mathematics education. While whiteness is receiving more attention in the broader education literature, only a handful of scholars address whiteness in mathematics education in any form. This lack of attention to whiteness leaves it invisible and neutral in documenting mathematics as a racialized space. Naming White institutional spaces, as well as the mechanisms that oppress students, can provide those who work in the field of mathematics education with specific ideas about combatting these racist structures. The framework developed and presented here illustrates three dimensions of White institutional space--institutional, labor, and identity--that are intended to support mathematics educators in two ways: (a) systematically documenting how whiteness subjugates historically marginalized students of color and their agency in resisting this oppression, and (b) making visible the ways in which whiteness impacts White students to reproduce racial privilege.
Determination of the nonlinearity and activation energy parameters in the TNM model of structural recovery

The structural recovery of amorphous glassy materials is nonlinear and nonexponential, and the relaxation process can be described by the phenomenological Tool–Narayanaswamy–Moynihan and Kovacs–Aklonis–Hutchinson–Ramos models. The nonlinearity parameter x in these models can be determined by several methods, including inflectional analysis, time–temperature superposition, and a new modified temperature-jump method, the latter a modification of the two-step Lagasse et al.’s method. The activation energy ∆h/R can also be determined by the first two methods. In this paper, the applicability of these methods for determining x and ∆h/R is analyzed using simulated structural recovery data as a function of aging time, after cooling at high rates such as those obtainable experimentally using Flash DSC. The results indicate that the activation energy obtained by the time–temperature superposition method is slightly better than that estimated by the inflectional analysis method. The results also indicate that the nonlinearity parameter x can be obtained by the inflectional analysis method for β = 1.0 and for low x and high β. On the other hand, the new modified temperature-jump method works for a broader range of x and β.
A predictive model for turfgrass color and quality evaluation using deep learning and UAV imageries

Millions of Americans come into contact with turfgrass on a daily basis. Often undervalued and seen as visual support stimulus for a larger entity, millions of acres of turfgrass can be found on residential lawns (which also provides an area for recreation), commercial landscape, parks, athletic fields, and golf courses. Besides these uses, turfgrass provides many functional benefits to the environment, such as reducing soil erosion, cooling its surrounding area, and soil carbon sequestration. However, rapidly expanding uses of turfgrass have also raised alarm for natural resources conservation and environmental quality, the largest impact being water consumption. This paper presents a machine learning approach that can assist growers and researchers in determining the overall quality and color rating of turfgrass, thereby assisting in turfgrass management including optimized irrigation water scheduling. Tools from Google and NVIDIA enable models to be trained using deep learning techniques on personal computers or on small form factor processors that can be used aboard small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The typical evaluation process is a long, laborious process, which is subjective by nature, and thus often exposed to criticism and concern. A computational approach to quality and color assessment will provide faster, accurate, and more consistent ratings, which in turn will help increase irrigation water use efficiency. The overall goal of the ongoing research is to use deep learning techniques and UAV imageries for the turfgrass quality and color assessment and help all the stakeholders to optimize water conservation.
Medicaid and the State Children’s Health Insurance Program

Medicaid is the current safety net for low-income uninsured adults and also serves as the primary source of coverage for a variety of other Americans. In order to discuss recent health-care reform in the United States and the predominating problem of rising health-care costs, Medicaid must be understood. In this chapter we outline the mandatory and optional coverage offered by Medicaid, the eligibility requirements to qualify for Medicaid, and how Medicaid is funded. We then explain what changes have been made to Medicaid and which changes were proposed under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA). Finally, we take a look at the long-term prospects for the sustainability of Medicaid.
Actively Teaching Research Methods with a Process Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning Approach

Active learning approaches have shown to improve student learning outcomes and improve the experience of students in the classroom. This article compares a Process Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning ...
Seeking Speaker Meaning in the Archaeological Record

Communication in archaeological artifacts is usually understood in terms of signs or signals, fleshed out under many guises. The notions of signs or signals that archaeologists employ often draw from Saussurean or Peircean semiotic theories from philosophy and linguistics. In this article I consider the consequences of whether we understand archaeological signals in terms of the Saussurean or Peircean framework, and highlight the fact that archaeologists have not always been precise in their use of relevant philosophical machinery. I will argue further that interpretation of archaeological artifacts should be supplemented by a notion of meaning that goes beyond signals and leads us to understand meaning in terms of a specific creator’s communicative intention—which may deviate from how some signal was ordinarily used. This is what I call speaker meaning, drawing from philosophy of language. I then present specific examples from Egypt circa 1300 BC and 3500 BC and from France circa 12,000 BC that I argue are best treated with the proposed notion of speaker meaning. In the course of this discussion I consider questions that arise for current accounts of signals and metaphor in archaeology. Finally, I conclude by considering how my proposal relates to our understanding of decoration and style, humor, the advent of spoken language, and the nature of art.
Mind the gap: bridge methods to allocate multiple-race mothers in trend analyses of birth certificate data.

Objectives: To examine the effects of proposed methods of redistributing multiple-race mothers to single-race categories when computing trend data from birth certificates. Methods: Low birthweight and multiple (twin and higher-order) birthrates for California were calculated for non-Hispanic mothers from birth certificate data for 2000. Births to the 1.9% of mothers identified as multiple-race were reassigned to single-race groups according to 12 “bridging” methods. Bridge methods utilized population-based whole allocation, fractional allocation, and other methods, primarily depending on first race listed. Results: For large race groups, there was little difference in low birthweight and multiple birth rates regardless of the bridge method employed. For smaller groups such as Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders and American Indians/Alaska Natives, there was substantial variation by bridge method in observed rates. Conclusions: Tracking trends in birth outcomes across the change indata collection will challenge public health researchers. This paper outlines advantages and disadvantages of various bridge methods.
Structure and Function of GPI-Specific Phospholipases

Publisher Summary A unique feature of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors is their ability to be cleaved by specific phospholipases resulting in the release of the protein from the membrane. This property has proven of great practical value and played an important role in the initial discovery and characterization of GPI-anchored proteins (GPI-AP). In fact, the history of the two biochemical entities, the GPI anchors and their phospholipases, is so intertwined that it is difficult to perceive which was discovered first. Three distinct types of phospholipase are capable of hydrolyzing the phosphodiester bond linking the lipid moiety and the inositol residue in GPIs. This chapter describes these GPI-specific phospholipases, with particular emphasis on the mammalian GPI-specific phospholipase. The biochemical properties of these enzymes are compared. The mammalian phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C family isalso included for comparison in the chapter; these enzymes can hydrolyze phosphatidylinositol and polyphosphoinositides, but appear unable to degrade GPIs.
Analyzing the effects of father's antisocial behavior on mothers and children: a longitudinal study of single-parent families

viii CHAPTER L INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 9 CHAPTERS. RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND HYPOTHESES 58 CHAPTER 4. DATA AND METHODS 63 CHAPTERS. RESULTS 73 CHAPTER 6. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 107 APPENDIX A. MEASURES OF FATHER'S/SPOUSE'S ABUSIVE 130 BEHAVIOR -APPENDIX B. SUBSTANCE USE OF MOTHER 138 APPENDIX C. MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES 139 APPENDIX D. BEHAVIORAL OUTCOMES OF TARGET CHILD 143 APPENDIX E. ADDITIONAL TABLES 146 REFERENCES 153 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Mother's Substance Use by Ex-Spouse's Substance Use (Dadalc), Current Abuse, and Income 75 Table 2. Mother's Substance Use by Emotional Abuse (Mpriorl), Level of Current Abuse, and Income 77 Table 3. Mother's Mastery by Emotional Abuse (Mpriorl), Level of 79 Current Abuse, and Income (Lo,Hi) Table 4. Mother's Self-esteem by Ex-Spouse's Substance Use 81 (Dadalc), Level of Current Abuse, and Income (Lo,Hi) Table 5. Mother's Anxiety by Ex-Spouse's Alcohol Abuse (Dadalc), 83 Level of Current Abuse, and Income (Lo,Hi) Table 6. Mother's Anxiety by Emotional Abuse (Mpriorl), Level of 85 Current Abuse, and Income (Lo,Hi) Table 7. Mother's Depression by Emotional Abuse (Mpriorl), Level of 87 Current Abuse, and Income (Lo,Hi) Table 8. Mother's Depression by Physical Abuse (Mprior3), Level of 89 Current Abuse, and Income (Lo,Hi) Table 9. Target's Mastery by Father's Substance Abuse (Dadalc), 91 Abuse bv Father, and Sex Table 10. Target's Self-esteem by Father's Emotional Abuse to Mother 93 (Tpriorl), Abuse by Father, and Sex Table 11. Target's Self-esteem by Father's Physical Abuse of Mother 95 (Tprior2), Abuse by Father to Target, and Sex Table 12. Target's Anxiety by Father's Emotional Abuse to Mother (Tpriorl), Abuse by Father, and Sex 97 Table 13. Target's Depression by Father's Emotional Abuse to Mother 98 (Tpriorl), Abuse by Father, and Sex
Versatile, high-speed force transducer using a laser diode beam as an optical lever

A force transducer with variable sensitivity and speed is described. Its moving element is a cantilever beam that projects vertically into a muscle bath. A brace constrains bending of the beam to a...
Oracle's Self-Tuning Architecture and Solutions.

Performance tuning in modern database systems requires a lot of expertise, is very time consuming and often misdirected. Tuning attempts often lack a methodology that has a holistic view of the database. The absence of historical diagnostic information to investigate performance issues at first occurrence exacerbates the whole tuning process often requiring that problems be reproduced before they can be correctly diagnosed. Even when the problem root cause is identified, fixing it often requires a very high level of expertise that very few DBA possess. This is especially true for the inherently complex activity of SQL Tuning, requiring a high level of expertise in several domains: query optimization, access design, and SQL design. In this paper we describe how Oracle overcomes these challenges and provides a way to perform automatic performance diagnosis and tuning. The ability to self-tune is a critical aspect towards building a self-managed database, which was one of the key objectives for the latest version of Oracle, Oracle10g, that was released in early 2004.
Maternal risk factor index and cesarean delivery among women with nulliparous, term, singleton, vertex deliveries, Texas, 2015.

Background Cesarean delivery accounts for over one-third of the ~400 000 annual births in Texas, with first-time cesarean accounting for 20% of the overall cesareans. We examined associations of maternal medical comorbidities with cesarean delivery among nulliparous, term, singleton, vertex (NTSV) deliveries in Texas. Methods Nulliparous, term, singleton, vertex deliveries to women aged 15-49 years were identified using the 2015 Texas birth file (Center for Health Statistics, Texas Department of State Health Services). A risk factor index was constructed (score range 0-4), including preexisting/gestational diabetes mellitus, preexisting/gestational hypertension/eclampsia, infertility treatment, smoking during pregnancy, and prepregnancy overweight/obesity, and categorized as 0, 1, 2, and 3+ based on the number of risk factors present. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine associations between the categorized risk factor index and cesarean delivery, overall and by maternal race and ethnicity. Results Among the 114 535 NTSV deliveries in Texas in 2015, 27.2% were by cesarean. The most prevalent maternal risk among all deliveries was prepregnancy overweight/obesity (42.4%). The odds of cesarean delivery increased significantly with increasing number of risk factors [one risk factor: 1.72 (95% CI 1.67-1.78); two risk factors: 2.58 (95% CI 2.46-2.71); and three or more risk factors: 3.91 (95% CI 3.45-4.44)]. Discussion In Texas in 2015, nearly half of NTSV deliveries had at least one maternal risk factor and the odds of cesarean delivery were significantly elevated for women with a higher risk index score. The findings from this study highlight the need for intervening during the preconception and interconception period as intrapartum care practices have an important influence on birth outcomes.
Nitrogen cycling players and processes in green roof ecosystems

Abstract Green roofs typically consist of an engineered soil paired with drought-tolerant plants installed on a rooftop. These emerging ecosystems are installed for the services they provide, which in many cases depend on plant performance. In terrestrial ecosystems, nitrogen (N) is most often the limiting nutrient for plant productivity and its availability is heavily influenced by soil microorganisms. However, little is known about the green roof microbiome or their influence on N availability. We employed 16S rRNA and nifH gene sequencing to assess the presence of nitrifying and nitrogen-fixing prokaryotes and their relationships to evidence of nitrification (runoff fluxes of nitrate and gaseous fluxes of nitrous oxide) and N fixation (presence of plants with symbiotic nitrogen-fixers) on 6 green roofs near Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. Our data indicate that green roofs in this region are a net source of reactive N: the majority of roofs released elevated nitrate levels in runoff relative to precipitation inputs, and also emitted N2O, although at low rates comparable to those in natural ecosystems. We also recovered abundant nifH genes affiliated with Rhizobiales and observed root nodules on leguminous plants on 5 of the 6 studied roofs, together indicating active N fixation. Our findings suggest N loss from green roofs could be alleviated by applying nitrification inhibitors, and that fostering plant-microbe N fixing communities could reduce the need for fertilizer amendments. Our data also highlight the role of microbial N cycling on green roofs and underscore the need for further work to quantify N-processing rates.
Reducing RF Distance Error by Characterizing Multipath

This paper explores the ability of the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) versus frequency pattern (the RSSI signature) to reliably quantify the effect of environmental multipath on RSSI-derived distance measurements for passive ultrahigh frequency systems. Radar technology has demonstrated the use of frequency information for range measurements, given an extremely large bandwidth. In this paper, we show the applicability of these concepts to the ultrahigh frequency radio frequency identification spectrum and its narrow bandwidth. First, we present a theoretical model which illustrates the need for the frequency information to separate multipath error from RSSI measurements. Practically, a closed-form method to extract the multipath component using data from a complex environment is not feasible; therefore, a neural network is used to emulate theoretical variable separation to extract measurement error due to multipath via information from the RSSI frequency signature. The subsequent-predicted distance error relationship not only reduces the error magnitude but also informs the direction of the error, thus making it possible to significantly improve the original distance prediction, even in a completely new environment.
Re-expression of SynGAP protein in adulthood improves translatable measures of brain function and behavior

It remains unclear to what extent neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD) risk genes retain functions into adulthood and how they may influence disease phenotypes. SYNGAP1 haploinsufficiency causes a severe NDD defined by autistic traits, cognitive impairment, and epilepsy. To determine if this gene retains therapeutically-relevant biological functions into adulthood, we performed a gene restoration technique in a mouse model for SYNGAP1 haploinsufficiency. Adult restoration of SynGAP protein improved behavioral and electrophysiological measures of memory and seizure. This included the elimination of interictal events that worsened during sleep. These events may be a biomarker for generalized cortical dysfunction in SYNGAP1 disorders because they also worsened during sleep in the human patient population. We conclude that SynGAP protein retains biological functions throughout adulthood and that non-developmental functions may contribute to disease phenotypes. Thus, treatments that target debilitating aspects of severe NDDs, such as medically-refractory seizures and cognitive impairment, may be effective in adult patients.
A unique mode of nucleic acid immunity performed by a single multifunctional enzyme

Organisms spanning all domains of life protect against pathogens using diverse mechanisms of nucleic acid immunity which detect and eliminate foreign genetic material1. The perpetual arms race between bacteria and their viruses (phages) has given rise to both innate and adaptive nucleic acid immunity mechanisms, including restriction-modification and CRISPR-Cas, respectively2. These sophisticated systems encode multiple components that sense and degrade phage-derived genetic material while leaving the host genome unharmed. Here, we describe a unique mode of innate immunity performed by a single protein, SERP2475, herein renamed to Nhi. We show that this enzyme protects against phages by preventing phage DNA accumulation, and in a purified system it degrades both DNA and RNA substrates. This enzyme also exhibits ATP-dependent helicase activity, and excess ATP abrogates nuclease function, suggesting a possible mechanism for its regulation. Further, using directed evolution, we isolated and characterized a collection of resistant phage mutants and found that a single-stranded DNA binding protein provides a natural means for phages to escape immunity. These observations support a model in which Nhi senses and degrades phage-specific replication intermediates. We also found that this dual-function enzyme protects against diverse phages, and its homologs are distributed across several bacterial phyla. Altogether, our findings reveal a new innate immune system with minimal composition that provides robust defense against diverse bacterial viruses.
A Preliminary Study of Writing Skills in Adolescents with Autism across Persuasive, Expository, and Narrative Genres.

Writing is often difficult for individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), yet relatively little literature exists that profiles specific strengths and needs within this area. This preliminary investigation compares the written language skills of adolescents with ASD without intellectual disability (n = 14) to typically developing (TD) adolescents (n = 12). Writing samples from persuasive, expository, and narrative genres were elicited. Variables of sample length, writing productivity, syntax, lexical diversity, and macrostructure were analyzed. In the persuasive and expository genres, the ASD group scored significantly lower than the TD group on sample length and some aspects of macrostructure. The ASD group scored higher than the TD group on lexical diversity in the persuasive genre. Other comparisons yielded large effect sizes but were not statistically significant.
Tracking operative autonomy and performance in otolaryngology training using smartphone technology: A single institution pilot study.

Background In the era of duty hour restrictions, otolaryngology residents may not gain the operative experience necessary to function autonomously by the end of training. This study quantifies residents' autonomy during key indicator cases, defined by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. Study Design Prospective cohort study. Methods Faculty and residents at a large academic institution were surveyed on the surgical autonomy trainees should achieve for otolaryngology key indicator surgeries at each training level. Residents and faculty used the mobile application "System for Improving and Measuring Procedural Learning" (SIMPL) between December 2017 and July 2018 to log trainees' operative autonomy during cases on a validated four-level Zwisch scale, from "show and tell" to "supervision only." Results The study included 40 participants (23 residents and 17 attendings). The survey response rate was 83%. In surveys, residents overestimated the autonomy PGY5 residents should achieve for parotidectomy, rhinoplasty, thyroid/parathyroidectomy, and airway procedures compared with faculty (P < .05). Using SIMPL, 833 evaluations were logged of which 253 were paired evaluations for key indicator cases. Comparing survey predictions with actual cases logged in SIMPL, residents and faculty overestimated the autonomy achieved by senior trainees performing mastoidectomy (PGY5, P < .05) and ethmoidectomy (PGY4/5, P < .05); both felt that senior residents should operate with between "passive help" and "supervision only" whereas residents actually had "passive help." Residents overestimated their autonomy during rhinoplasty (PGY5, P = .017) and parotidectomy (PGY5, P = .007) while attendings accurately expected chief residents to have "passive help." Conclusions Resident surgical autonomy varies across otolaryngology procedures. Multicenter studies are needed to elucidate national trends. Level of Evidence 2.
Nutrition and feeding of swine

Abstract Nutritional and immunological significance of colostrum and milk to the neonatal pigs cannot be over emphasized. However, due to gut closure and nutritional programming effects, time of suckling postnatal and the source of colostrum can influence achievement of adequate systemic immunity. Weaning is stressful transition in the life of pigs which usually culminates in post-weaning growth check. Dietary strategies and numerous additives have been studied as potential replacement of antibiotics growth promoters (AGPs) to address the challenges post-weaning. Pigs do not synthesize enough non-essential amino acids (NEAAs) to maintain their maximum growth and development. Therefore, understanding dietary requirements of NEAA in addition to essential amino acids (EAAs) is paramount. As pigs grow heavier, the composition of growth changes. Similarly, maternal growth rate differs between mature sows and gilts. Phase feeding is a concept that matches nutrient to the growth stage of the pig or physiological stage of the breeding sow to reduce cost and nutrient excretion into the environment.
Changing the Way America Farms: Knowledge and Community in the Sustainable Agriculture Movement

Changing the Way America Farms traces the manner in which alternative farmers have developed and exchanged their own personal, local knowledge as a basis for moving toward an agricultural system that is ecologically sound, economically viable, and socially just. Neva Hassanein studies the patterns of local and regional networks in Wisconsin that sprang up to disseminate new and viable agricultural methods. She argues that these networks have in many ways become the foundation of the sustainable agriculture movement. Hassanein focuses on two organizations: the Ocooch Grazers Network, a group of dairy farmers who practice intensive rotational grazing, and the Wisconsin Women's Sustainable Farming Network. The different lived experiences of particular members in each group shaped the ways local knowledge was generated and exchanged. Hassanein considers the broader implications of this kind of local-level, collective activity centered around the creation and exchange of agricultural knowledge. In rejecting the all-knowing expertise characteristic of scientific reports and extension services, network members instead created heterogeneous systems based on the exchange of information among a community of farming practitioners. These informal networks do not completely reject agricultural science, but they do suggest ways of democratizing knowledge production for sustainable agriculture. Neva Hassanein has a doctorate in environmental studies and is currently teaching in the Environmental Studies Program at the University of Montana.
The earliest record of Caribbean frogs: a fossil coquí from Puerto Rico

The nearly 200 species of direct-developing frogs in the genus Eleutherodactylus (the Caribbean landfrogs, which include the coquis) comprise an important lineage for understanding the evolution and historical biogeography of the Caribbean. Time-calibrated molecular phylogenies provide indirect evidence for the processes that shaped the modern anuran fauna, but there is little direct evidence from the fossil record of Caribbean frogs about their distributions in the past. We report a distal humerus of a frog from the Oligocene (approx. 29 Ma) of Puerto Rico that represents the earliest known fossil frog from any Caribbean island. Based on its prominent rounded distal humeral head, distally projecting entepicondyle, and reduced ectepicondyle, we refer it to the genus Eleutherodactylus. This fossil provides additional support for an early arrival of some groups of terrestrial vertebrates to the Greater Antilles and corroborates previous estimates based on molecular phylogenies suggesting that this diverse Caribbean lineage was present in the islands by the mid-Cenozoic.
Assessing Early Supportive Care Needs among Son or Daughter Haploidentical Transplantation Donors.

ABSTRACT Increasingly, adolescent, young adult, and adult children are relied upon as donors for their parents undergoing blood and marrow stem cell transplant. How family functioning impacts donors' decision making and whether haploidentical donor children have unique supportive care needs is unknown. In this qualitative research study, we conducted 15 semistructured telephone interviews among individuals who underwent blood or marrow stem cell donation for their parent. Interviews explored donors' perspectives of the transplant experience across the trajectory from screening through early post-transplant follow-up and elicited unmet needs. Major themes included: (1) perception of choice, (2) act of giving back, (3) burdens of donation, (4) anticipated health benefit to parent, and (5) impact of donation on parent/child relationship. The majority of participants described high family functioning, but strain was also evident. Family functioning rarely was reported as affecting the decision to donate, with all donors expressing a sense of obligation. Participants were overwhelmingly satisfied with their decision and the ability to give back to their parent. Suggestions for the health care team to improve the donation experience focused on increased education about potential delays in screening, better description of possible complications for recipients, and provision of emotional support following donation.
Mineralogical characterization and thermodynamic modeling of synthesized ettringite from Ca-Al-SO4 suspensions

Abstract Ettringite formation due to sulfate attack in Portland cement concrete (PCC) and chemically stabilized soils can cause volumetric instability and strength loss resulting in reduced performance life. Evaluating and possibly predicting ettringite formation is critical if structural integrity is to be preserved. Suspensions with five different stoichiometric ratios Ca(OH)2 to Al2(SO4)3·18H2O (1:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, and 6:1) are used in this study to evaluate ettringite formation both qualitatively and quantitatively. For all samples, Ca2+ ions are supplied by Ca(OH)2 reagent; Al3+ and SO 4 2 - ions are supplied by aqueous Al2(SO4)3·18H2O. Thermodynamic modeling using a Gibb’s energy minimization-based model (GEM-Selektor) is used for the quantitative evaluation of precipitated phases formed in the Ca-Al-SO4 suspension. In addition, a phase stability diagram is constructed with a law of mass action (LMA) based model (Geochemist’s Workbench (GWB)). Mineralogical characterization of precipitated solid phases is performed using quantitative X-ray diffraction (QXRD), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Characterization of the suspension is carried out using pH and electrical conductivity. Qualitatively, GEMS and GWB predicted ettringite as a stable phase for 3 out of 5 samples which is experimentally verified by QXRD and TGA. Quantitatively, the mean error in prediction using GEMS is approximately 4%. The results demonstrate the potential to predict ettringite formation using thermodynamic modeling.
How Cortical Circuits Implement Cortical Computations: Mouse Visual Cortex as a Model

The mouse, as a model organism to study the brain, gives us unprecedented experimental access to the mammalian cerebral cortex. By determining the cortex's cellular composition, revealing the inter...
Observation of minority carrier traps using C-DLTS in Au/SiO2/n-4H-SiC vertical MOS capacitor

Silicon carbide (SiC) is the only wide-bandgap semiconductor to possess native oxide layer thus favoring efficient fabrication of metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) devices. 4H-SiC MOS structure has recently been demonstrated as improved radiation detector compared to the conventional Schottky barrier architecture. We report the fabrication of vertical Au/SiO2/n-4H-SiC MOS capacitors for radiation detection, by dry-oxidation of 20 μm thick n-type 4H-SiC epitaxial layer in air at 1000°C. Charge-carrier traps (defects) are known to limit the performance of semiconductor devices. In order to characterize the defects, capacitance mode deep level transient spectroscopy (C-DLTS) was carried out. Apart from regular electron-traps e.g., Ti-impurity and Z1/2 sites, we have also observed the carbon-interstitial related hole traps HK3. While studying defect centers in these devices using a filling pulse peaking to 0 V from a quiescent reverse gate voltage VG = -4 V, we observed a robust positive peak centered around 650 K. Positive peaks in C-DLTS scan indicates minority-carrier trapping, although above-mentioned type of filling pulses does not populate minority-carrier trap centers normally. The activation energy of the observed trap, most likely a carbon vacancy (HK3), was calculated to be 1.27 eV above the valence band edge.
Remote Sensing Reveals Lasting Legacies of Land-Use by Small-Scale Foraging Communities in the Southwestern Indian Ocean

Archaeologists interested in the evolution of anthropogenic landscapes have productively adopted Niche Construction Theory (NCT), in order to assess long-term legacies of human-environment interactions. Applications of NCT have especially been used to elucidate co-evolutionary dynamics in agricultural and pastoral systems. Meanwhile, foraging and/or highly mobile small-scale communities, often thought of as less intensive in terms of land-use than agropastoral economies, have received less theoretical and analytical attention from a landscape perspective. Here we address this lacuna by contributing a novel remote sensing approach for investigating legacies of human-environment interaction on landscapes that have a long history of co-evolution with highly mobile foraging communities. Our study is centered on coastal southwest Madagascar, a region inhabited by foraging and fishing communities for close to two millennia. Despite significant environmental changes in southwest Madagascar’s environment following human settlement, including a wave of faunal extinctions, little is known about the scale, pace and nature of anthropogenic landscape modification. Archaeological deposits in this area generally bear ephemeral traces of past human activity and do not exhibit readily visible signatures of intensive land-use and landscape modification (e.g., agricultural modifications, monumental architecture, etc.). In this paper we use high-resolution satellite imagery and vegetative indices to reveal a legacy of human-landscape co-evolution by comparing the characteristics – vegetative productivity and geochemical properties – of archaeological sites to those of locations with no documented archaeological materials. Then, we use a random forest algorithm and spatial statistics to quantify the extent of archaeological activity and use this analysis to contextualize modern-day human-environment dynamics. Our results demonstrate that coastal foraging communities in southwest Madagascar over the past thousand years have extensively altered the landscape. Our study thus expands the temporal and spatial scales at which we can evaluate human-environment dynamics on Madagascar, providing new opportunities to study early periods of the island’s human history when mobile foraging communities were the dominant drivers of landscape change.
Understanding Research Methods and Statistics: An Integrated Introduction for Psychology

My Personal Review: In the past I have been quite critical regarding the quality of this book. I had found it tedious, overly descriptive, and lacking of significant examples. In the meanwhile I have been using this book consistently because I needed information and verifications regarding the design of a challenging study. Well, I had to change my mind regarding my doubts and skepticism, and now I feel that I must vote in favor of the book. Research is not exactly a walk on the beach, and this is certainly not a beach book. Research requires lots of patience, and very systematic people willing to devote much of their time for the sake of science. This book should be approached in a similar fashion, and with the intent and will to learn. If the reader establishes such a relation with this textbook, she/he will find most of her/his questions answered. Aside the above praises, the author should consider to add practical examples to theory. This suggestion could be of great help to students willing to stay focused on a stimulating problem, and without ending up lost somewhere in the middle of the path.
Coming Together on Long-term Care

In an abstract presented at CROI, Grinspoon noted that in patients with HIV, monocyte activation and movement to the arterial surface may contribute to arterial inflammation and thus the buildup of plaques. Patients with HIV may be susceptible to immune (monocyte) activation based on a number of factors, including microbial translocation from the gut, cytomegalovirus infection, and persistent low-level viremia, even among patients taking antiretroviral therapy (Grinspoon S. Abstract presented at: CROI 2015. http://bit .ly/1HrakpU). Molecular imaging assessing metabolic indices suggests increased activity at the arterial surface among patients with HIV, which is associated with immune activation and plaque remodeling. Although statins reduce LDL-C levels by similar amounts in patients with and without HIV, the medication also decreases monocyte activation, making the drug a prime candidate for reducing cardiovascular disease risk among patients with HIV. Another coprincipal investigator, Pamela S. Douglas, MD, professor of research in cardiovascular diseases in the department of medicine at the Duke University School of Medicine and director of the multimodality imaging program at the Duke Clinical Research Institute in Durham, North Carolina, wonders whether the findings could lead to a new understanding of cardiovascular disease risk. “The issue of inflammation is intriguing and is not a normal factor we consider when assessing risk for cardiovascular disease,” Douglas said. “We want to know the implication of nonobstructive plaque in the coronary arteries and its relationship to conventional risk assessment.” Directing the coronary imaging analysis of the substudy is coprincipal investigator Udo Hoffmann, MD, MPH, professor of radiology at Harvard Medical School and chief of the division of cardiovascular imaging atMassachusetts General Hospital in Boston. Hoffmann is hopeful they will provetheirhypotheses. “Currently, thesepatients are not eligible to receive statins because they appear as low risk based on the current risk assessment algorithm,” he said. “Webelieve statins treat inflammation, and we know atherosclerosis is a function of inflammation.” Results from REPRIEVE, expected in about5years,maybringbenefit beyond reducingcardiovasculardiseaseriskamongpatientswithHIV, the researchers said, noting that patientswith lupus and rheumatoid arthritis also are at increased risk of developing atherosclerosis from inflammation.
The Equivalence of Two Semantic Definitions for Inheritance in Object-Oriented Languages

A simple language is presented which supports inheritance in object-oriented languages. Using this language, the definitions for the semantics of inheritance given in [CHC90] and [Mit90] are compared and shown to be equivalent. The equivalence is shown by presenting and comparing two denotational semantics of the simple language which capture the essence of each of the earlier semantics.
Fabrication of Lightweight Oxide/Intermetallic Composites at 1000°C by the Displacive Compensation of Porosity (DCP) Method

The Displacive Compensation of Porosity (DCP) method is a novel, reactive infiltration approach for fabricating dense, near net-shaped, ceramic/metal composites with high ceramic contents at modest temperatures. In this process, a metallic liquid is pressureless infiltrated into a porous, shaped ceramic preform and allowed to undergo a displacement reaction with the ceramic phase in the preform. Unlike other reactive infiltration approaches, a larger volume of ceramic is produced than is consumed, so that the prior pore volume within the preform becomes filled (i.e. reaction-induced densification). In this paper, the DCP method is used to fabricate MgO/Fe-Al intermetallic composites. Dense MgO/FeAl-based composites were produced by the pressureless infiltration of Mg(1) into, and then reaction with, porous MgAl 2 O 4 /MgO/Fe-bearing preforms within 2 h at 1000°C.
When Is Philosophy of Education

Once again, schools of education are receiving critical scrutiny. National policy makers express skepticism about the contribution schools of education make to the preparation of teachers, leading them to fund the American Board for Certification of Teacher Excellence to create a route to teacher certification that will not require candidates to take any education coursework. The state of Ohio’s recent funding of “charter schools of education” shows similar doubts about the performance of current education schools.
The learning curve and competition

Abstract The problem of duopoly price competition when there is cost-reducing learning is examined in an infinite-horizon model with stochastic demand shocks. It is shown that in a Markov-perfect equilibrium, the long-run outcome depends sensitively on the early history of chance events, so that either firm may dominate the market or both firms may share the market. Asymmetric long-term outcomes can arise even when both firms are identical. It is also shown that a producer with higher long-run costs may eventually dominate the market.