cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Smoking-related knowledge, attitudes and behaviors in the lesbian, gay and bisexual community: a population-based study from the U.S. Pacific Northwest.

Abstract Objective Several studies have shown that lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) persons have higher smoking prevalence than heterosexuals. However, few population-based studies have explored whether smoking-related knowledge, attitudes and behaviors also differ between the communities. Methods We used Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data for 2003 to 2005 from two states (Washington and Oregon) to compare smoking-related indicators between the self-identified LGB population and their heterosexual counterparts. Results Lesbians, gays and bisexuals were more likely to be current or ever smokers than their heterosexual counterparts. All except bisexual men and had lower quit ratios than heterosexuals. Among successful quitters, bisexual men were less likely to be long-term quitters than heterosexuals. For all groups, attitudes and behaviors regarding secondhand smoke (SHS) were similar to those of heterosexuals, except for bisexual women, who were more likely to be exposed to SHS. Conclusions Despite a disparity in smoking prevalence, the LGB population in these two states appeared to have similar levels of knowledge and attitudes toward tobacco control as their heterosexual counterparts. Nevertheless, tobacco control programs should continue to focus on this population to prevent smoking initiation, promote cessation, and reduce secondhand smoke exposure.
The use of a sociobiological questionnaire (SQ) for the assessment of sexual dimorphism.

A sociobiology questionnaire (SQ) (Thiessen and Kittrell, 1980) was administered to 527 undergraduate males and females. Twenty-seven predictions were tested. Sixteen of the predictions were statistically confirmed, and eight were in the expected direction. Overall, females appeared to be more interested in their mate's success than their own and were more selective in the choice of mates. Males gave more evidence of competitiveness and tended to mate polygamously. The results are compatible with theoretical expectations about mating strategies (Buss, 1987; Rushtonet al., 1984; Thiessen and Gregg, 1980). A number of problems with regard to the application of sociobiological and sociocultural theories to human behavior are discussed.
Childhood Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Substance Use, and Adult Functioning Among Incarcerated Women

Objective: To estimate prevalence of childhood ADHD among incarcerated women and determine its association with substance use and adult functioning. Method: 192 female participants are recruited from the Department of Corrections in Rhode Island. Childhood ADHD is defined as scoring >46 on the Wender Utah Rating Scale. Results: The findings reveal that 46% met criteria for childhood ADHD. Multivariate analysis reveal that women meeting WURS criteria were more likely to be inconsistently employed (OR = 0.23, 95% CI = 0.10-0.54), recently homeless (OR = 2.09, 95% CI = 1.02-4.30), lifetime incarceration of more than 90 days (OR = 3.00, 95% CI = 1.37-6.57), current smokers (OR = 2.99, 95% CI = 1.24-7.20), and ever used marijuana regularly (OR = 3.47, 95% CI = 1.61-7.45). Conclusion: Among incarcerated women, childhood ADHD is associated with negative social and health behaviors.
The phase transition of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine as seen by Fourier transform infrared difference spectroscopy

Abstract The potential of Fourier transform infrared difference spectroscopy for biochemical applications is demonstrated by the gel to liquid crystal phase transition of the title compound. While the changes occurring in the vibrational pattern of the hydrophobic palmitoyl chains are easily monitored, this technique also discriminates between no change in the choline moiety and a small yet significant change in the carbonyl moiety, both located in the hydrophylic head group.
Tangles and Neurodegenerative Disease — A Surprising Twist

Findings in a mouse model of frontotemporal dementia suggest that neurofibrillary tangles do not cause dementia.
Role of Water Mediated Interactions in Protein−Protein Recognition Landscapes

The energy landscape picture of protein folding and binding is employed to optimize a number of pair potentials for direct and water-mediated interactions in protein complex interfaces. We find that water-mediated interactions greatly complement direct interactions in discriminating against various types of trap interactions that model those present in the cell. We highlight the context dependent nature of knowledge-based binding potentials, as contrasted with the situation for autonomous folding. By performing a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the corresponding interaction matrixes, we rationalize the strength of the recognition signal for each combination of the contact type and reference trap states using the differential in the idealized "canonical" amino acid compositions of native and trap layers. The comparison of direct and water-mediated contact potential matrixes emphasizes the importance of partial solvation in stabilizing charged groups in the protein interfaces. Specific water-mediated interresidue interactions are expected to influence significantly the kinetics as well as thermodynamics of protein association.
Characterization of magnesium requirement of human 5'-tyrosyl DNA phosphodiesterase mediated reaction

Topo-poisons can produce an enzyme-DNA complex linked by a 3'- or 5'-phosphotyrosyl covalent bond. 3'-phosphotyrosyl bonds can be repaired by tyrosyl DNA phosphodiesterase-1 (TDP1), an enzyme known for years, but a complementary human enzyme 5'-tyrosyl DNA phosphodiesterase (hTDP2) that cleaves 5'-phosphotyrosyl bonds has been reported only recently. Although hTDP2 possesses both 3'- and 5'- tyrosyl DNA phosphodiesterase activity, the role of Mg2+ in its activity was not studied in sufficient details. In this study we showed that purified hTDP2 does not exhibit any 5'-phosphotyrosyl phosphodiesterase activity in the absence of Mg2+/Mn2+, and that neither Zn2+ or nor Ca2+ can activate hTDP2. Mg2+ also controls 3'-phosphotyrosyl activity of TDP2. In MCF-7 cell extracts and de-yolked zebrafish embryo extracts, Mg2+ controlled 5'-phosphotyrosyl activity. This study also showed that there is an optimal Mg2+ concentration above which it is inhibitory for hTDP2 activity. These results altogether reveal the optimal Mg2+ requirement in hTDP2 mediated reaction.
WE-C-T-617-03: Dosimetry of Beta Emitting Intravascular Brachytherapy Sources

Purpose: To verify the accuracy of current intravascular brachytherapy (IVBT) Sr‐90 calibration standards and to generate accurate and detailed IVBT beta dosimetry by analyzingdose distributions in a liquid water medium Method and Materials: High Sensitivity radiochromic film as well as lithium fluoride thermoluminescent dosimeter(TLD) 1×1×1mm microcubes were exposed in liquid water to a Novoste Beta‐Cath Sr‐90 IVBT source pellet. Calibration exposures were performed with a Tracerlab RA‐1 Sr‐90/Y‐90 ophthalmic applicator directly traceable to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) absorbed dose to water standard. Film and TLDs were read 24 hours post‐exposure using a Molecular Dynamics Personal Densitometer SI scanner (633nm HeNe laser light source) and a Harshaw 5500 unit, respectively. All exposures were made in a custom built water tank with computer controlled high precision Velmex tracks providing three axes for movement of measurement devices. Results: Preliminary radial depth dose measurement results with film and TLDs correspond within uncertainty estimates to data published by Soares et al, which is the current NIST standard for IVBT beta sources. The TLDs showed significant volume averaging over their 1mm thickness, requiring Monte Carlo correction to determine the effective point of measurement for each dosimeter.Conclusion: Liquid water measurements of IVBT beta dosimetry validate the results from previously published studies conducted solely in plastics and in air. These measurements also reduce experimental uncertainty by eliminating the conversion to water from data taken in water mimicking media.
Desferrioxamine ameliorates retinal photic injury in albino rats

Albino rats were given intraperitoneal desferrioxamine before exposure to intense fluorescent light. Morphometric and morphologic studies of the retina indicated that there was better preservation of photoreceptor nuclei and fewer subretinal macrophages in rats treated with desferrioxamine than in the control rats. The results of the study imply that iron and hydroxyl radicals may be important mediators in photic retinal injury.
An integrated probabilistic model for assessing a nanocomponent's reliability

We construct an integrated probabilistic model to capture interactions between atoms of a nanocomponent. We then use this model to assess reliabilities of nanocomponents with different structures. Several properties of our proposed model are also described under a sparseness condition. The model is an extension of our previous model based on Markovian random field theory. The proposed integrated model is flexible in that pairwise relationship information among atoms as well as features of individual atoms can be easily incorporated. An important feature that distinguishes the integrated probabilistic model from our previous model is that the integrated approach uses all available sources of information with different weights for different types of interaction. In this paper we consider the nanocomponent at a fixed moment of time, say the present moment, and we assume that the present state of the nanocomponent depends only on the present states of its atoms.
Electron pairing as a source of cyclic instabilities in enzyme catalysis

Abstract Enzymatic reactions can be interpreted in terms of a thermodynamically consistent potential surface with different pathways for complex formation and decomposition. The construction suggests that unstable pairing of parallel spin electrons provides the basis for pathway switching.
Palatal shelf epithelium: a morphologic and histochemical study in X-irradiated and normal mice.

The palatal shelf epithelium of normal and irradiated mice was examined morphologically and histochemically, utilizing the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) technique for the demonstration of the basement membrane and the Nitro BT method for succinate dehydrogenase activity in order to demonstrate the metabolic competence of its cells. The ‘programmed cell death theory’ was not supported by the present investigation, since the cells of the medial ridge epithelium retained their structural and metabolic integrity even subsequent to the formation of cell nests. Additionally, the medial ridge epithelium of mice with radiation-induced cleft palates demonstrated normal structural and metabolic integrity long past the prospective time of fusion.
Verifying the secure setup of UNIX client/servers and detection of network intrusion

This paper describes our technical approach to developing and delivering Unix host- and network-based security products to meet the increasing challenges in information security. Today`s global ``Infosphere`` presents us with a networked environment that knows no geographical, national, or temporal boundaries, and no ownership, laws, or identity cards. This seamless aggregation of computers, networks, databases, applications, and the like store, transmit, and process information. This information is now recognized as an asset to governments, corporations, and individuals alike. This information must be protected from misuse. The Security Profile Inspector (SPI) performs static analyses of Unix-based clients and servers to check on their security configuration. SPI`s broad range of security tests and flexible usage options support the needs of novice and expert system administrators alike. SPI`s use within the Department of Energy and Department of Defense has resulted in more secure systems, less vulnerable to hostile intentions. Host-based information protection techniques and tools must also be supported by network-based capabilities. Our experience shows that a weak link in a network of clients and servers presents itself sooner or later, and can be more readily identified by dynamic intrusion detection techniques and tools. The Network Intrusion Detector (NID) is one such tool. NID is designed to monitor and analyze activity on an Ethernet broadcast Local Area Network segment and produce transcripts of suspicious user connections. NID`s retrospective and real-time modes have proven invaluable to security officers faced with ongoing attacks to their systems and networks.
Frequency response of fluid-filled catheter-micromanometer systems used for measurement of left ventricular pressure☆

Abstract The resonant frequencies of five commonly used fluid-filled catheters connected to a solidstate microdisplacement pressure gauge were 18 to 33 per cent higher than those obtained with a conventional manometer. Four catheters had a flat amplitude response to 26 Hz. or more at the 10 per cent amplitude distortion level. The dynamic response characteristic of certain fluid-filled catheters used with microdisplacement pressure gauges allows one to record high fidelity left ventricular pressure curves.
Studies of the Initial Steps in Sol-Gel Processing of Si(OR)4:29Si NMR of Alkoxysilane and Alkoxysiloxane Solutions

Silicon-29 NMR has been used to investigate the initial steps of hydrolysis and condensation of tetramethoxysilane (TMOS), hexamethoxydisiloxane, and octamethoxytrisiloxane in both basic and acidic methanol solutions. Comparisons of the spectra obtained from the various starting solutions and literature reports of mono-, di-, and tri-silicic acids in aqueous solution were used to identify and assign chemical shifts to condensation intermediates in the TMOS system. The observation of cyclic intermediates in the acid catalysis of TMOS in methanol and the chemical shifts of several products of its hydrolysis and condensation are reported.
Quantization of PMT Signals for Meteorological Satellites

Quantization rules are examined for a satellite radiometer in the visual range. Effects of photomultiplier tube (PMT) noise on the detection of cloud brightness levels are of particular interest because the expected radiance levels are high. Effects of area integration are considered to improve the probability of detection at high radiance levels.
DDT and pyrethroids: Receptor binding and mode of action in the house fly

Abstract The mode of action of DDT and pyrethroids was investigated in the house fly, Musca domestica L, using drug:receptor binding techniques. Both in vivo and in vitro binding studies demonstrated the existence of membrane receptors which bind specifically to [ 14 C]DDT and [ 14 C] cis -permethrin. The receptors show properties to be expected of a critical target site of these insecticides. These include negative temperature correlation with binding, relatively nonsensitivity to DDE, and sensitivity to Ca 2+ . The receptor sites are readily saturated at 45–90 n M [ 14 C]DDT and have an apparent disassociation constant ( K d ) of 12.2 n M . The maximum number of binding sites was estimated to be 17 pmol DDT/mg membrane protein (0.34 pmol/house fly head). Competition studies showed DDT, cis -permethrin, and cypermethrin bind to the same receptor but not at precisely the same site. The addition of Ca 2+ to the incubation buffer significantly inhibited the binding of both [ 14 C]DDT and [ 14 C] cis -permethrin, suggesting the receptor binding is Ca 2+ sensitive and may have a role in ion conductance.
Silicon-gate technology

Silicon-gate technology provides an advantageous approach for implementing large-scale integrated arrays of field-effect transistors. Its advantages?principally resulting from the low threshold voltage and the self-aligned gate structure buried under an insulator?ease the problem of interfacing these circuits to bipolar integrated circuits and increase both their performance and functional density, making MOS integrated circuits easier and more economical to use. This article reviews recent progress with this technology and shows its application to the construction of complex digital functions as illustrated by a memory circuit.
Optimization of stress wave propagation in a multilayered elastic/viscoelastic hybrid composite based on carbon fibers/carbon nanotubes

The hypothesis of incorporating carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into the interfacial layers of fiber-reinforced polymer composites fiber-reinforced Polymers (FRPs) to enhance their mechanical properties and mitigate the stress wave propagation during a blast event is investigated. A numerical model is developed to simulate the stress wave propagation in a laminated elastic/viscoelastic FRP. Coupled with multiobjective optimization paradigms, the optimal CNTs contents in the interfacial layers are determined to minimize the stress-to-strength ratio in each layer. A case study demonstrating the design of a five-layered FRP subjected to a blast event is presented. The simulation revealed that the viscoelastic properties of the matrix material contribute significantly to the energy dissipation during stress wave propagation. It is shown that addition of 0.69% CNTs by volume to the epoxy interface significantly enhances the ability of composite to resist blast loading. Results were compared with a standard model that assumes only elastic behavior. POLYM. COMPOS., 2012. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Cytokine-regulated adhesion between encephalitogenic T lymphocytes and cerebrovascular endothelial cells

Abstract Adhesive interactions between murine cerebrovascular endothelial cells (EC) which comprise the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and myelin basic protein (MBP)-specific encephalitogenic T lymphocytes were investigated. Adhesion was assessed by measuring the percent attachment of 51 Cr-labeled T cells to EC monolayers. The basal level adhesion (20–35%) was significantly up-regulated by treating EC with recombinant murine gamma interferon (IFN-γ), interleukin-1α (IL-1α) and/or tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα). The ability of these cytokines to modulate adhesion was dose- and time-dependent and could be detected as early as 1 h after treatment. The expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) by EC was examined by immunofluorescence staining and ELISA. Although all unstimulated EC cultures expressed ICAM-1, treatment of EC with the above cytokines dramatically up-regulated the level of ICAM-1 expression in a dose- and time-dependent fashion similar to that observed in the adhesion assays. Treatment of EC with transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFβ) down-regulated the level of T cell adhesion on untreated EC in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment of EC with TGFβ also partially inhibited the up-regulation of adhesion induced by IFN-γ, IL-1α and/or TNFα. TGFβ had no effect on the up-regulation of ICAM-1 expression induced by IFN-γ, IL-1α and/or TNFα. These results indicate that in addition to ICAM-1, other molecules may be involved in adhesion of encephalitogenic T cells to the EC comprising the cerebral vasculature. Such interactions are believed to be important to the migration of cells across the BBB and development of inflammatory lesions in the central nervous system (CNS).
Predissociation of the 3pπ D 1Πu+ state in H2, HD, and D2

We have recently completed a study of the predissociation linewidths and lineshapes of selected vibrational levels of the 3pπ D ¹Πu⁺ state of H₂, HD , and D₂ which lie above the ionization potential, and we report new results for the isotopic species HD and D₂.
First magnetic measurements of action currents in isolated cardiac Purkinje fibers

We present the first measurements of the magnetic field associated with the action potential in a bundle of isolated cardiac Purkinje fibers. Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of using magnetic techniques to measure the axial current in a bundle of spontaneously active cardiac cells.
CHROMOSOMES AND POLYPLOIDY IN LENOPHYLLUM (CRASSULACEAE)

Gametic chromosome numbers of 22, 32, 33, and 44 in five species of Lenophyllum suggest that they may be polyploids on a basic 11, but this number has not been found. Three species have 8-12 distinctively large chromosomes that do not pair with each other in their hybrids and probably belong to the same genome. In hybrids of many polyploid Mexican Crassulaceae preferential pairing occurs between corresponding chromosomes of their multiple genomes, which indicates that they are autopolyploids. However, little or no preferential pairing occurs between chromosomes of Lenophyllum in its hybrids, and its species appear to be allopolyploids. The putative parents are unknown.
Structural representation and surrogative reasoning

It is argued that a number of important, and seemingly disparate, types of representation are species of a single relation, here called structural representation, that can be described in detail and studied in a way that is of considerable philosophical interest. A structural representation depends on the existence of a common structure between a representation and that which it represents, and it is important because it allows us to reason directly about the representation in order to draw conclusions about the phenomenon that it depicts. The present goal is to give a general and precise account of structural representation, then to use that account to illuminate several problems of current philosophical interest — including some that do not initially seem to involve representation at all. In particular, it is argued that ontological reductions (like that of the natural numbers to sets), compositional accounts of semantics, several important sorts of mental representation, and (perhaps) possible worlds semantics for intensional logics are all species of structural representation and are fruitfully studied in the framework developed here.
Recursively invariant β-recursion theory

In my lecture I want to sketch a new branch of generalized recursion theory: invariant (β-reeursion theory, β is any limit ordinal in the following.
Are Differential Treatment Effects Inflated by Researcher Therapy Allegiance? Could Clever Hans Count?

An analysis of Luborsky et al.'s study (this issue) of researcher allegiance is undertaken in order to place their findings in the context of understanding differential treatment effects. It is concluded that the Luborsky et al. meta-analysis adds little to what is already known about allegiance effects and comparative outcomes: The differences between specific therapies are small to begin with and even smaller when the allegiance effect is accounted for. The Luborsky et al. analysis makes two noteworthy contributions: (1) It suggests two new methods for studying the allegiance, and (2) it offers several useful guidelines for decreasing that part of the allegiance effect that is due to experimenter bias. Since many researchers and consumers of research are determined to show that the outcomes of treatment are mainly due to theory driven techniques, the Luborsky et al. meta-analysis provides yet another reason for cautious conclusions. Such caution need not be based on the validity of the allegiance effect because the differences between treatments have not been demonstrated to be clinically significant.
The role of eye height in perceiving affordances and object dimensions.

In four experiments on perceived object height and width, the effects of shifting participants’ effective eye height (EEH) on affordance (intrinsic) and apparent size (extrinsic) judgments were con-trasted. In Experiment 1, EEH shifts produced comparable overestimations ofheight in intrinsic and extrinsic tasks. A similar result was found with a more abstract extrinsic height task (Experiment 2). However, Experiment 3 revealed a dissociation between intrinsic and extrinsic tasks of perceivedwidth. Affordance judgments were affected by EEH shifts, whereas apparent size judgments were not. Experiment 4 compared participants’ performance on comparable extrinsic tasks of height and width. Height judgments were affected by EEH shifts, but width judgments were again unaffected. It is concluded that eye height may be a more natural metric for object height than for width. Moreover, this difference reflects a basic flexibility within the human visual system for selectively attuning to the most accessible sources of size information.
Dielectric matrix scheme for fast convergence in self-consistent electronic-structure calculations

A scheme is devised which drastically reduces the number of iterations required to reach self-consistency in electronic-structure calculations. This scheme is particularly helpful in calculations for systems with large unit cells.
The Relationship of Income and Human Capital to Debt/Asset Ratio of Farm Families.

Financial well-being of farm families is often defined in terms of their debt-asset ratio. This study utilized the human capital theory to determine variables which predict debt/asset ratio by analyzing 489 farm families in seven states in the South and Midwest. Respondents answered a mailed questionnaire in 1985. The human capital approach was supported with key human capital variables, number of years farming, and husbands' education as predictors of debt/asset ratio. Total family income was found to have a curvilinear relationship with debt/asset ratio. Total income and region of country were also significant predictors. Discriminant analysis correctly classified almost 60 percent of the sample into three financial categories: safe, moderately risky, and risky.
Cold-knife conization versus conization by the loop electrosurgical excision procedure: A randomized, prospective study

Abstract Objective: Our purpose was to compare the diagnostic ability and treatment efficacy of conization by the loop electrosurgical excision procedure with cold-knife conization. Study Design: One hundred eighty women who required conization for diagnosis and treatment of cervical dysplasia or microinvasive cervical carcinoma were prospectively enrolled in a randomized clinical trial to receive either cold-knife conization or conization by the loop electrosurgical excision procedure. Conization complications, rate of lesion clearance, and therapeutic outcome were assessed for the 2 study groups. Results: There were no statistically significant differences in the complication rate ( P = 1.00), the rate of lesion clearance ( P = .18), or the rate of disease recurrence ( P = .13) between the 2 study groups. The mean follow-up was 11.2 months in the cold-knife conization group and 10.4 months in the loop-excision conization group. Conclusion: Cold-knife conization and loop-excision conization yield similar diagnostic and therapeutic results. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;180:276-82.)
Complex postcholecystectomy biliary disorders: preliminary experience with evaluation by means of breath-hold MR cholangiography.

PURPOSE: To assess preliminary experience with breath-hold single-shot fast spin-echo magnetic resonance (MR) cholangiography in complex postcholecystectomy biliary disorders. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MR cholangiography was performed in 17 consecutive patients referred for specialist surgical evaluation of suspected complex postcholecystectomy biliary disorders. Two readers, unaware of surgical, histopathologic, or other imaging findings, independently reviewed the MR cholangiographic images to assess the presence of biliary occlusion, peribiliary lesions, nonspecific biliary dilatation (biliary dilatation without an abrupt transition in caliber and without a visible underlying cause), bile duct stones, or biliary fistulas. Final diagnoses were established with surgery (n = 9), imaging other than MR (n = 6), and histopathologic review of the initial surgical specimen (n = 2). RESULTS: Final diagnoses were biliary occlusion (n = 8), peribiliary lesions (n = 3), nonspecific biliary dilatation (n = 3), bile du...
The ethics of deceptive research roles reconsidered: A response to Kai Erikson

Kai Erikson's "Commentary" in The American Sociologist (Summer 1995) strongly condemns the role I assumed in my participant observation research on police interrogators (see Leo, 1995). In Erikson's (1995) characterization of my field work, I "flat out lied," (p.9) engaging "in a degree of deceit that is more widely known in espionage than in social research." (Ibid.) I should not "have been there in the first place under those circumstances." (Ibid.) Erikson is further troubled by the "casualness in [my] account," (Ibid.) which he takes as repre sentative of "an indifference in moral tone that emerges now and then in our professional conversations." (Ibid.) If this isn't enough, Erikson charges that I failed to protect my research subjects from invasions of privacy and ultimately spoiled the field for future researchers. For these transgressions?which Erikson believes most sociologists would consider "distasteful and unethical" (p. 10)?my dissertation advisers should have objected, my graduate institution should have complained, and the American Sociological Association should have disapproved. Ultimately, Erikson holds out my research as an object lesson "to convey to people who engage in disguised research that the scholarly community to which
Effect of androgen levels on in vitro fertilization cycles.

Abstract Serum androgens have a negative correlation with some IVF stimulation parameters. Day 3 T levels ≤20 ng/dL are associated with poor IVF success rates.
The use of pleuroperitoneal shunts in the management of persistent chylothorax in infants.

Abstract Background/Purpose: The development of chylothorax is a serious and often life-threatening clinical entity that may cause profound respiratory, nutritional, and immunologic complications and has become increasingly common in recent years. Optimal management of this problem has not been well defined because medical therapy has a significant failure rate. Surgical treatment of complicated chylothorax has become a mainstay of care. Methods: Over the last 36 months, seven infants had a pleuroperitoneal shunt placed for the management of refractory chylothorax. Ages ranged from 10 to 66 days with a weight between 1,000 to 4,850 g. Five of the seven infants were ventilator dependent. The etiologies were congenital in four and acquired in three with one related to a cardiothoracic procedure, one related to superior vena caval thrombosis, and one postoperative diaphragmatic hernia repair with superior vena caval thrombosis. Associated conditions included a left congenital diaphragmatic hernia, asplenia, isolated renal agenesis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and a patent ductus arteriosus. Each patient was unresponsive to thoracentesis, tube thoracostomy, and dietary manipulation with preoperative volume of chest tube output ranging from 50 to 162 cc/kg/d. The duration of preoperative therapy in congenital occurrences ranged from 10 to 46 days (average, 22 days). A Denver double-valved shunt system was used and catheters were implanted under general anesthesia. Manual pumping was required postoperatively on an hourly basis. Results: All seven patients had excellent results with the elimination of the chylothorax and resolution of symptoms. There were two complications. Shunt survival rate was six of seven (86%). Shunt removal ranged from 24 to 79 days (average, 44 days). Patient survival rate was five of seven (71%) with one infant dying of progressive pulmonary disease and one infant dying from viral sepsis; both had functioning shunts. One patient remains ventilator dependent secondary to chronic lung disease from prematurity. Conclusions: Pleuroperitoneal shunting is safe, simple, and an effective treatment of chylothorax in infants despite their size, age, or degree of prematurity.
Shame-focused coping: An empirical study of the Compass of Shame

The way in which one copes with, or defends against, shame has important implications. The Compass of Shame (Nathanson, 1992) is a conceptual model consisting of 4 shame-coping styles: attack self, withdrawal, attack other, and avoidance. Participants rated the frequency with which they employed each of the shame-coping scripts across 8 categories of shame-inducing situations as described by Nathanson. The scripts were consistently applied across situations and the ratings were stable over time. A differentiated pattern of correlations was found between the 4 scripts and several indicators of psychological functioning. Results provide empirical support for Nathanson’s Compass of Shame model.
Comment on "Fitting the Annual Modulation in DAMA with Neutrons from Muons and Neutrinos"

A Comment on the Letter by J. H. Davis, Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 081302 (2014)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.113.081302.
Characterization of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus: a retrovirus of goats.

A retrovirus isolated from synovial membrane explants of arthritic joints of goats has been characterized with respect to buoyant density, RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, genome structure and protein composition.
Calculation of the delayed neutron effectiveness factor using ratios of k-eigenvalues

Abstract In this work, we derive from the transport equation the effectiveness factor used in the β eff calculation and show that, to a first approximation, it is equal to the ratio of two k -eigenvalues: one obtained using the total neutron spectrum, and the other obtained using only the delayed neutron spectrum. This method, which we shall refer to as the k- ratio method, has been tested using several different types of reactor systems. In this report we present the results for the simplest of these systems — the Godiva-I assembly at the Los Alamos Critical Experiments Facility (LACEF). Although the method is not exact, it does yield results that are remarkably close to the traditional adjoint-weighting method.
Influence of water vapor on the morphology of Cu(II)O films produced by MOCVD

Abstract In the MOCVD production of oxide thin films, the use of oxygen saturated with water has been largely to reduce residual carbon and fluorine content. In this paper, the influence of water-saturated oxygen on the morphology of thin films of Cu(II)O produced by low temperature metalorganic chemical vapor deposition onto quartz, magnesium oxide and cubic zirconia substrates is described. The Cu(II)O films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis, optical transmission spectrophotometry and X-ray powder diffraction.
SOLUTION OF THE INTERMEDIATE SIZE PROBLEM BY PIGEONS.

Abstract Pigeons learned to respond to the middle-sized member (SD) of a set of three simultaneously presented stimuli with responses to the SD reinforced on a VI 1 schedule. They were then tested for several days with other sets of three stimuli. One procedure presented reinforcements on a VI 1 schedule during the test independent of the stimulus chosen when a reinforcement was programmed. The tests were also given under extinction conditions. With the testing carried out with extinction, preference consistently was for the test stimulus most similar in physical size to the SD. However, when the tests were with reinforcement, random responding resulted. Another effect of testing with reinforcement was an increase in incorrect responding with the training set. Such a test procedure was unsatisfactory for determining the effective aspect of the SD. The conclusion, based on the data of the extinction series, was that pigeons learned the intermediate size problem on the basis of the discrimination of absolute stimulus properties.
Child growth and nutritional status in a high‐poverty community in eastern Kentucky

The research reported in this paper examines the relationship between household socioeconomic measures, child growth, and nutritional status in a community in eastern Kentucky with a high rate of poverty. It is based on the premise that child growth and nutritional status reflect the social circumstances in which they occur. 21.6% of the children exhibited low height ( 85th percentile and >95th percentile of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey [NHANES] reference values, respectively); 21.4% of boys were obese, compared to 8.7% of girls. Analysis of variance indicated that child stature is best explained by the father's education level interacting with employment status, and by the mother's employment status interacting with household poverty level. Weight is best explained by the mother's employment status. However, the relationships among socioeconomic measures and growth outcomes differed by gender of the child. These issues are discussed in light of the anthropology literature and the situation in Bridges County, Kentucky where the research took place.
Hepatobiliary scan findings in chronic cholecystitis.

Purpose of the report Hepatobiliary scintigraphy, most often referred to as the HIDA scan, is often performed to assess cystic duct patency or occlusion in patients with suspected acute cholecystitis. The imaging diagnosis of chronic cholecystitis is generally made by sonographic demonstration of calculi in a setting of chronic recurrent abdominal pain or nonspecific dyspeptic symptoms. When a stone blocks the gallbladder neck or cystic duct, it precipitates an attack of acute cholecystitis that could be confirmed by performing the HIDA scan. In the course of performing HIDA studies, several incidental findings suggesting chronic cholecystitis may be encountered. Recognition of these suggestive patterns should increase the suspicion of chronic disease that can be further confirmed with sonography, gallbladder ejection fraction determination with sincalide cholescintigraphy, or other clinical findings. Materials and methods The material selected for this atlas is accumulated from many years of experience with HIDA scan. Illustration of the several scintigraphic patterns suggesting chronic rather than acute cholecystitis is presented to familiarize the reader with these findings. Correlation with clinical, radiologic, and pathologic findings is presented, as well. Results and conclusions The illustrated findings, though not definitive, may explain the etiology of the underlying symptoms of chronic cholecystitis and direct further management.
Intra-articular Knee Temperature Changes Ice Versus Cryotherapy Device

BackgroundCryotherapy is commonly applied without research documenting the intra-articular (IA) temperature changes or subject discomfort between ice and a cryotherapy device.HypothesisThe null hypothesis is that no difference would be observed in IA temperature decline or subject tolerance between ice and the cryotherapy device in normal knees.Study DesignProspective, within-subject controlled clinical trial.MethodsTwelve subjects had IA temperature in suprapatellar pouch and skin recorded bilaterally after application of cryotherapy versus ice. Subject tolerance was recorded by 10-cm visual analog scale (VAS). Statistical evaluation was by Spearman's correlation analysis and paired, nonparametric Wilcoxon's signed rank test.ResultsBoth significantly lowered (P < 0.001) skin and IA temperature with median decreases (ice/cryotherapy) at 30 (3.3 °C/2.2 °C), 60 (12.8 °C/7.1 °C), and 90 (15.2 °C/9.7 °C) minutes. However, ice lowered the IA temperature significantly more than the cryotherapy device (P < 0.001...
Analysis of geometric variations in high-power tokamak divertors

Quantitative assessment of the performance of high-power tokamak divertors for a range of geometric variations is conducted using the MHD code Corsica (Crotinger et al 1997 Technical Report LLNL) and edge transport code UEDGE (Rognlien et al 1992 J. Nucl. Mater. 196–198 347). In a multi-parametric study the divertor performance is compared for a high-power tokamak with standard and snowflake (Ryutov 2007 Phys. Plasmas 14 064502) configurations for the same core plasma parameters. Divertor and edge quantities that are varied include x-point flux expansion, shape of target plates, and radiating impurity species and concentrations. For a range of studied cases, in the snowflake the peak heat load on the target plates is significantly reduced compared with the standard divertor due to larger plasma-wetted area and a larger fraction of power radiated in the edge.
Reticuloendothelial Activity of New Zealand Black Mice

SummaryCarbon clearance rates were observed to be significantly increased in autoimmune NZB mice with enlarged spleens. Similar acceleration could be induced in young NZB mice by intraperitoneal injection of phenylhydrazine 5 days prior to assay. Marked anemia and splenomegaly were also noted to develop following such phenylhydrazine treatment. Splenectomy of 1-year-old NZB mice was observed to result in delayed clearance of carbon particles. There was little effect on the rate of carbon clearance in young NZB mice injected intraperitoneally with a serum pool obtained from old Coombs positive animals. Assessment of spleen and liver radioactivity following intravenous injection of technetium-99m sulfur colloid indicated a somewhat reduced efficiency of colloid uptake by the enlarged spleen on a per milligram weight basis; however, this reduced efficiency was not sufficient, generally, to counteract the increased clearance capacity of the whole organ. The present findings would suggest that the increased ra...
The effect of electric shock upon a nonlocomotor measure of exploration

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of shock (control, 100 V, or 200 V) upon exploration. To avoid the possible pitfalls of previous research, nonlocomotor measures were used: the frequency of response and the total time spent viewing a novel stimulus. The results indicate an inverted U-shaped function between level of shock and the frequency of exploratory responses, with the 100-V level generating high rates and control V and 200 V producing low rates. When the total time spent in viewing is considered, an inverse relationship is evident. As the shock level increases, the time in exploration decreases.
Experimental and theoretical charge density of aluminum

Abstract Several recent experimental determinations of the aluminum charge density form factors are compared to one another and found to agree within the accuracy claimed. Comparison of experimental form factors to theoretical values of Walter, Fong and Cohen (WFC) and Ascarelli and Raccah (AR) indicates good agreement at all reflections except for the (220) reflection, where only the AR theory agrees with experiment.
Prolactin levels in juvenile and adult rats following acute restraint and the open field

Acute restraint and exposure to a novel environment alter behavior and increase prolactin levels in rats quickly and reliably. However, little research is available that examines behavior and levels of prolactin as a result of acute exposure to one stressor immediately followed by a second stressor. Similarly, a relationship between prolactin and behavior has not been established. In the present study, juvenile (35-day-old) and adult (5-month-old) rats were either placed in a novel open field for 10 min or restrained for 10 min prior to exposure to the open field. Restrained juveniles groomed more than control juveniles and restrained adults. Conversely, restraint + open field reduced ambulation and rearing among juvenile males and females, and adult females ambulated less than control females and restrained males across both behaviors. In addition, results from the present study demonstrated the first reported relationship between prolactin and open-field behaviors. Prolactin was positively correlated with rearing and number of fecal boli, and levels were negatively correlated with freezing. Among adult females, prolactin levels were lower following restraint + open field than after exposure only to the open field. This may be explained by the psychological response to the open field when it directly followed the physical stressor of acute restraint.
Blood and Spleen Response to Isolation and Cold Stress in Little Brown Bats, Myotis lucifugus

Female bats were housed singly or in groups and maintained at 5° or 23 °C. Red blood cell life spans were determined utilizing the disappearance of labeled sodium chromate (Cr51). Red cell counts, hematocrits, reticulocyte percentages and diameters, white cell differentials, and spleen histology were determined for bats subjected to three weeks of stress treatment. Isolated animals (warm and cold) had significantly lower hematocrits and red cell counts and significantly higher reticulocyte diameters and percentages than grouped bats. Random destruction of erythrocytes was initially higher in isolated bats. In cold and isolated animals the white pulp of the spleen was most reduced in quantity and in proliferative activity. Red pulp became highly engorged with erythrocytes and showed a hypertrophy of reticuloendothelial elements. Higher rates of random destruction are closely correlated with increased splenic erythrophagocytosis. Gold or isolation imposed separately are mild stress factors in little brown bats, while a severe stress response occurs when the two stressors are imposed simultaneously.
Ultimate Fate of the Leaking Intestinal Anastomosis: Does Leak Mean Permanent Stoma?

Background The ultimate fate of the leaking intestinal anastomosis is unknown. We sought to analyze long-term outcomes of anastomotic leak with an emphasis on identifying the likelihood of re-establishing intestinal continuity and the potential for releak with corrective surgery.
LEAST-SQUARES METHOD FOR QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF CHEMICAL EXCHANGE AND CROSS-RELAXATION RATE CONSTANTS FROM A SERIES OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL EXCHANGE NMR SPECTRA

We present a new method, the least-error matrix analysis (LEMA), to quantify the dynamic matrix from a series of 2D NMR exchange spectra. The method is based on a weighted averaging of individual d...
Unculi (Horny Projections Arising from Single Cells), an Adaptive Feature of the Epidermis of Ostariophysan Fishes

Horny projections arising from single cells, or unculi, of ostariophysan fishes are described and discussed by several workers, but they occur in many more families and genera than previously reported and their status as a key adaptive feature has not been recognized. Unculi are related morphologically to the relatively well-known multicellular horny tubercles (including breeding tubercles) of Ostariophysi and other fishes, but differ from them in anatomical distribution and function. Unculi are especially prominent features of portions of the epidermis in Cyprinoidei (carps, loaches, and their allies) and Siluroidei (catfishes); they also occur in Characoidei (characins) and Chanoidei (gonorynchs) but have not been found in any non-ostariophysan fishes. Unculi evidently are functionally significant on the lips and other mouth parts (especially in groups lacking jaw teeth), on the ventral surface of the paired fins in many bottom-dwellers, and on several neomorphic features including epidermal plaques and tubercles in various catfishes, the thoracic adhesive disc of sisorid catfishes, and the mental adhesive disc of the cyprinid genus Garra. In some sisorid and akysid catfishes virtually the entire external body surface is covered by unculiferous plaques or tubercles. Possible functions of unculi include: mechanical protection of the skin, rasping, adhesion, and hydrodynamic effects. Unculi seem to have been especially important in the diversification of cyprinoid feeding habits and in the adaptation of bottom-dwelling cyprinoids and siluroids to swift-water habitats, especially in Asia.