cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Arrhythmia in the neonatal intensive care unit.

A random sample of 457 neonates was prospectively studied in order to identify the incidence, common types, and risk factors for arrhythmias in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). A 12-lead EKG was studied in all neonates (n = 457). A total of 139 Holter studies was done in every fourth baby with a normal EKG (n = 100) and in all babies with an abnormal EKG (n = 39). Of the 100 infants who were thought to be arrhythmia-free by EKG, nine infants demonstrated an arrhythmia on Holter studies. When we correlated screening results with maternal, obstetrical, and neonatal risk factors; arrhythmias were significantly associated with male gender, more mature gestational age, lower glucose levels, maternal smoking, high umbilical artery lines, and the use of the nebulized β-2 adrenergic treatment, whereas umbilical venous lines and dopamine infusion did not relate to arrhythmia. We conclude that arrhythmias are more common in the NICU than in the general neonatal population. Compared to Holter monitoring, the sensitivity of the EKG was only 89%.
Interlibrary Loan Article Use and User GPA: Findings and Implications for Library Services.

A recent institutional study at the University of Wisconsin–Green Bay investigated the academic achievement of interlibrary loan (ILL) users as compared to non-ILL users. While this study provided important local insight into ILL use and the demographics of ILL users (class rank, major), it uncovered a rather minor overall GPA difference,.20 GPA points, between ILL users and non-ILL users. However, within these data was an interesting subset that once thoroughly investigated, provided rich details about ILL article use, the users who rely on ILL for articles, and the GPA differences between users across the spectrum of ILL article use. The resulting analysis compares users who use ILL for a large number of articles, those who use ILL for a medium number of articles, those who use ILL for a small number of articles, and those who do not use ILL. Takeaways from the data presented should provide libraries and practitioners with a greater understanding of ILL article use, its role in user information-seeking ...
At the eye of the storm

The great storm now going on in the atmosphere of Saturn is discussed. Observational results are summarized, and possible explanations for the storm's origin are addressed. The potential for ongoing observations to clarify the storm's causes is considered.
Group classification in student activities

Ludwig Gumplowicz in 1899 prophetically declared that it is possible to formulate laws concerning the behavior of groups, although he wrongly thought that the behavior of groups was not determined or influenced by the behavior of the individuals who comprise the groups. Since his time considerable effort has been deployed by sociologists, social psychologists, student activities leaders, and others in determining these laws.2 Moreover, attention also has been given, especially more recently, to the characteristics of the internal structures of groups and the interpersonal relations of members of groups. This latter effort perhaps dominates the field of "group dynamics" today and comprises a most fascinating phase of man's concern with his behavior. The special interest at the present time in small groups is viewed by Robert Faris as a revelatory source of information on individual personality and as a logical meeting place for sociology and social psychology as related disciplines.3 From all sides, as interest grows in the nature of group life, new insights have been gained for student activities.
Dynamic Polarization Control

Dynamic polarization control (DPC) is the method of setting the polarization of the far-field electric field generated by a radiating antenna entirely electronically in order to maintain polarization matching with the receiving antenna regardless of its polarization or orientation in space. This work implements a fully integrated 2 × 1 phased array radiator in 32 nm CMOS SOI at 105.5 GHz with DPC. The system consists of a central locking oscillator that phase locks oscillators within the core of each antenna followed by three amplification stages with variable gain that drive the antennas. By controlling the amplitude and phase of two orthogonal polarized subparts of each multi-port antenna, various far-field polarizations can be realized. The array is capable of beam steering, controlling the polarization angle across the entire tuning range of 0° to 180° while maintaining axial ratios above 10 dB, and controlling the axial ratio from 2.4 dB (near circular) to 14 dB (linear) in various directions of radiation. It radiates a maximum EIRP of 7.8 dBm with a total radiated power of 0.9 mW. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this work presents the first integrated radiator with dynamically controllable polarization.
Dune migration and slip face advancement in the Rabe Crater dune field, Mars

[1] Eight overlapping images of a dune slip face in Rabe Crater (35°E, 44°S) from the Mars Global Surveyor Mars Orbiter Camera show changes interpreted to be multiple grainflow events that would indicate present-day sand saltation and dune migration. New occurrences of these features appear sporadically throughout late southern summer and early fall, and then no further changes occur throughout winter. By the following summer the pattern of old streaks had been almost completely covered by new dark streaks. Assuming that this activity is typical from year to year, migration rates are estimated to be on the order of 1–2 cm per martian year, produced by south to southeasterly winds that blow mostly during the southern spring and early summer. This slow migration rate is consistent with a present-day sediment state that is either transport or availability limited.
Removal of overloads and voltage problems using a hybrid knowledge-based system

Abstract This paper describes an integrated knowledge-based and numeric system for emergency control. The system handles the full AC problem area, including voltage violations, real and reactive overloads. The integration of symbolic and numeric techniques is very tight. The system operates today on two separate computers, optimized for either numeric or symbolic execution. The optimal goal is to have separate, optimized processors inside one computer working directly on the same database. The implemented and non-optimized system is quite efficient even on a 195-bus system. This gives promise for read-time execution in the future.
Long-Term Trends in Air Temperature Distribution and Extremes, Growing Degree‐Days, and Spring and Fall Frosts for Climate Impact Assessments on Agricultural Practices in Nebraska

AbstractAir temperature influences agricultural practices and production outcomes, making detailed quantifications of temperature changes necessary for potential positive and negative effects on agricultural management practices to be exploited or mitigated. Temperature trends of long-term data for five agricultural locations, ranging from the subhumid eastern to the semiarid western parts of Nebraska, were studied to determine local temperature changes and their potential effects on agricultural practices. The study quantified trends in annual and monthly average maximum and minimum air temperature (Tmax and Tmin), daily temperature range (DTR), total growing degree-days, extreme temperatures, growing‐season dates and lengths, and temperature distributions for five heavily agricultural areas of Nebraska: Alliance, Central City, Culbertson, Fremont, and Hastings. July and August were the months with the greatest decreases in Tmax for the central part of Nebraska—Culbertson, Hastings, and Central City. All...
Sharp polynomial bounds on the number of scattering poles of radial potentials

Abstract It is shown that for scattering by a radially symmetric potential in R N , N odd, the number of poles in a disk of radius r satisfies an estimate n ( r ) ⩽ C N ( r + 1) N . This bound is sharp as shown by the special case of potentials nonvanishing at the boundary, where n ( r ) = K N a N r N (1 + o (1)), a being the diameter of the support.
CodeSpells: bridging educational language features with industry-standard languages

K-12 Computer Science Education has been an increasingly popular topic worldwide. Additionally, with K-12 standardized testing moving online, students are being required to improve their computer skills, which, among other factors, has also motivated the discussion to add computer science to the core curriculum [6, 8, 35, 22]. Educational programming languages, such as Scratch [25] and Alice [11], have a set of features that foster their use with younger students [27] such as drag-and-drop, limited API, and visual output. Given that novices can be introduced to such educational languages with a basic understanding of computer science concepts, industry-standard programming languages like Java can now be introduced to younger students.This paper re-introduces CodeSpells [14, 13, 15], a 3D immersive video game that is unique in that it attempts to engage students in introductory computing concepts in similar ways to Scratch/Alice, but using Java, while providing them a metaphor of wizardry that attempts to mimic the culture of computer science.CodeSpells has been shown to engage students in confidently writing Java code, but it has yet been shown to result in students being able to write Java code, or begin to become computer scientists. In this paper, we show the results of an 8-week study conducted on 55 9-10 year old students across two different schools. Throughout the study, students not only played CodeSpells, but also used a guided workbook to explore Java code outside of the CodeSpells virtual environment. Through both immersive interactions and the guided workbook, students demonstrated their understanding of introductory computing concepts and their ability to program in Java, both on the computer, and on paper.
De Subitaneis Mortibus II. Coronary Embolism in the Fetus

The unexpected finding of a right coronary artery embolism in a human fetus of five months gestational age led to an examination of the hearts of 15 other fetuses lost at approximately the same period of pregnancy. No other examples of coronary embolism were found, indicating that this is not a frequent cause of fetal death. Possible mechanisms of death in the index case are discussed on the basis of the anatomic distribution of the coronary arteries, the blood supply to the sinus node and atrioventricular junction, and the configuration of the interatrial septum.
Coal gasification process wastewater reusability: Separation of organics by membranes

The overall objective of this investigation is to provide a critical evaluation of the current information concerning coal-gasification wastewaters and to establish experimentally the extent of separation of phenolics and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (from single and multi-solute synthetic systems) by low-and high-pressure composite membranes. The compounds selected for experimental investigation were: phenol, O-cresol, 2,3-dimethylphenol, catechol, resorcinol, 2-naphthol, naphthalene, and indole. The development of membrane separation processes is gaining considerable importance because of the feasibility of simultaneous removal of organics and inorganic dissolved solids. Cellulose-acetate membranes developed for desalination processes show no rejection of phenolics; however, recently developed thin-film, noncellulosic composite membranes (even at low-pressure operation) may be useful in gasification wastewater reuse schemes. 24 references, 11 figures, 5 tables.
Rational Design of Nanostructured Hybrid Materials for Photovoltaics

To develop efficient organic and/or hybrid organic-inorganic solar energy devices, it is necessary to use, among other components, an active donor–acceptor layer with highly ordered nanoscale morphology. In an idealized morphology, the effectiveness of internal processes is optimized leading to an efficient conversion of photons to electricity. Using a poly(3hexylthiophene)-block -poly(L-lactide) rod-coil block copolymer as a structure-directing agent, we have rationally designed and developed an ordered nanoscale morphology consisting of selfassembled poly(3-hexylthiophene) donor domains of molecular dimension, each of them separated by fullerene C 60 hydroxide acceptor domains. Using this morphological control, one can begin to probe structure-property relationships with unprecedented detail with the ultimate goal of maximizing the performance of future organic/hybrid photovoltaic devices.
Some results from quantum monte carlo studies of the 2D Hubbard model

Quantum Monte Carlo calculations have provided insights into the magnetic, single-particle, and effective particle-particle interaction in the two-dimensional Hubbard model. Here we review some of these results.
Impact modes in discrete vibrating systems with rigid barriers

A class of strongly non-linear vibrating systems composed of linear elastic structures under absolutely rigid constraints condition is considered. Impact mode exact solutions are expressed through a saw-tooth time argument and, as a result, represented in a closed unit form. Based on this special representation, sufficient conditions of existence and also non-existence for the impact modes are formulated and interpreted on the spectral axes. In particular, it was shown that impact modes exist when their basic frequencies are shifted into the right small neighborhood of any natural frequency of the linearized (no barriers) system. The frequencies of the localized impact mode solutions are located at the right of the linear spectrum and have no upper boundary.
Mobility for the disabled patient.

(1984). Mobility for the disabled patient. International Rehabilitation Medicine: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. iii-iv.
Hearsay: enabling audio browsing on hypertext content

In this paper we present HearSay, a system for browsing hypertext Web documents via audio. The HearSay system is based on our novel approach to automatically creating audio browsable content from hypertext Web documents. It combines two key technologies: (1) automatic partitioning of Web documents through tightly coupled structural and semantic analysis, which transforms raw HTML documents into semantic structures so as to facilitate audio browsing; and (2) VoiceXML, an already standardized technology which we adopt to represent voice dialogs automatically created from the XML output of partitioning. This paper describes the software components of HearSay and presents an initial system evaluation.
The Adrenal Cortex.

This superb issue of theBritish Medical Bulletinis composed of 15 papers on various aspects of adrenocortical structure and function. The authors are distinguished British and Canadian authorities in this field. Subject matter includes almost all aspects of adrenocortical metabolism including extra-adrenal effects of the hormones and factors controlling adrenal response. Both normal and disturbed adrenal function are considered, but emphasis is on the former and there is comparatively little information regarding clinical matters. All of these papers are excellent reviews with extensive bibliographies and very adequate coverage of the subjects. As such this journal will be of great value to people with a particular interest in adrenocortical function and will serve as a reference for specialized knowledge. On the other hand this material will be of little interest to the majority of clinicians, and it is not a good source for description of clinical disturbances of adrenal function
Fetal exposure to (+/-)-methylenedioxymethamphetamine in utero enhances the development and metabolism of serotonergic neurons in three-dimensional reaggregate tissue culture.

Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy) is a potent psychomotor stimulant with neurotoxic potential which is widely abused by females of childbearing age raising serious public health concerns in terms of exposure of the fetus to the drug. The current study was conducted using the three-dimensional reaggregate tissue culture system as an approach to the assessment of risk to fetal brain cells following exposure to MDMA during early to mid-gestation. In this culture system, the serotonergic and dopaminergic mesencephalic-striatal projections are reconstructed and develop with a time course similar to that observed in vivo. Pregnant C57Bl/6J mice were injected twice daily with 40 mg/kg MDMA or saline from gestational day 6 to 13. On gestational day 14, mesencephalic and striatal cells from MDMA- and saline-exposed embryos were used to prepare reaggregate cultures. Levels of neurotransmitters and their metabolites in the reaggregates and culture medium were assessed at 22 and 36 days of culture. There was a long-term enhancement of serotonergic development and metabolism by fetal exposure to MDMA as evidenced by increased reaggregate serotonin levels as well as the elevated production and release of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in cultures prepared from MDMA-exposed embryos which persisted for up to 36 days of culture. Dopaminergic neurons in such cultures also exhibited increased metabolism as indicated by elevated levels of dihydroxyphenylacetic acid in reaggregate tissue and culture medium. The data obtained suggest that exposure to MDMA in utero during early to mid-gestation may result in more active serotonergic and dopaminergic neurons.
Planarity relations for the sextic centrifugal distortion constants of triangular triatomic molecules

Abstract Four linearly independent linear combinations of the ten sextic centrifugal distortion coefficients of triangular triatomic molecules are presented. These combinations are formed in such a way that the resulting expressions depend only on the equilibrium geometry and the harmonic force field parameters of the molecule, quantities which are ordinarily known to considerably better precision than the sextic constants. The relations obtained thus constitute a set of planarity constraints on the ten sextic coefficients which arise in connection with the Nielsen-Amat expansion of the Darling-Dennison Hamiltonian. The planarity expressions can be utilized to effect a reduction of the sextic portion of the Hamiltonian.
Genetic influence on general mental ability increases between infancy and middle childhood

Adoption studies can provide direct evidence for the independent effects of family environment and heredity that are always confounded in intact nuclear families. When children are separated from their biological mothers shortly after birth and placed nonselectively in adoptive homes, adoptive-parent/adopted-child resemblance can be ascribed to cultural transmission, whereas biological-parent/adopted-child similarities are due to heritable factors. Furthermore, a longitudinal adoption study facilitates examination of changes in these two main sources of variation during development. The Colorado Adoption Project is the first large-scale longitudinal adoption study of behavioural development and was initiated in 1975. Data were collected from biological parents of 245 adopted children, the adoptive parents and parents of 245 matched nonadopted children. The children have subsequently been tested at 1, 2, 3 and 4 years of age, and at the end of their first year in primary school (average age, 7.4 years). The number of subjects tested is now adequate for analysis of data over 7 years. The results provide conclusive evidence for increasing heritable variation of general mental ability, ranging from 9% at 1 year of age to 36% at 7 years.
Raising lingual flaps increases the risk of nerve damage

Objective To determine whether avoiding the raising of a lingual flap reduces the incidence of lingual nerve disturbance and if this reduces the incidence of permanent nerve disturbance. Design A randomised controlled trial in a UK dental school. Intervention 378 patients had lower third molar removals carried out under local or general anaesthetic where a lingual flap was raised and 393 had lower third molars removed with no lingual flap. Operations were performed by several different grades of operator (from junior house office to consultant grade). There were no differences between the two groups in terms of grade of operator or type of anaesthetic. There were differences between the level of eruption, impaction and degree of difficulty between the groups — the effect of this is discussed in the text. Outcome measures Patients' subjective assessment of altered sensation was assessed at one week. Patients reporting altered sensation were tested using light touch pinprick pain and sensation threshold, and two-point discrimination. If there was no recovery at 3–4 months surgical exploration and repair was carried out. Results There was a significant difference in the level of paraesthesia between the two groups with 6.9% of patients in the lingual flap (control) group having paraesthesia and 0.8% in the no flap (test) group. This difference means that the absolute risk reduction in 6.1%. That is you are 6% less likely to have paraesthesia if a lingual flap is not raised. (Odds ratios and Numbers needed to treat [NNT] calculated from data presented in paper). Conclusions The authors concluded that the conventional UK method of lingual retraction using a Howarth's retractor is invalid and lingual retraction should be avoided. Lingual nerve damage during lower third molar removal: a comparison of two surgical methods. Robinson P P, Smith K G. Br Dent J: 1996; 180: 456–461
Synthesis and SAR of Tetrahydroisoquinolines as Rev-erbα agonists

The design and synthesis of a novel series of Rev-erbα agonists is described. The development and optimization of the tetrahydroisoquinoline series was carried out from an earlier acyclic series of Rev-erbα agonists. Through the optimization of the scaffold 1, several potent compounds with good in vivo profiles were discovered.
Reprogramming of G protein-coupled receptor recycling and signaling by a kinase switch

The postendocytic recycling of signaling receptors is subject to multiple requirements. Why this is so, considering that many other proteins can recycle without apparent requirements, is a fundamental question. Here we show that cells can leverage these requirements to switch the recycling of the beta-2 adrenergic receptor (B2AR), a prototypic signaling receptor, between sequence-dependent and bulk recycling pathways, based on extracellular signals. This switch is determined by protein kinase A-mediated phosphorylation of B2AR on the cytoplasmic tail. The phosphorylation state of B2AR dictates its partitioning into spatially and functionally distinct endosomal microdomains mediating bulk and sequence-dependent recycling, and also regulates the rate of B2AR recycling and resensitization. Our results demonstrate that G protein-coupled receptor recycling is not always restricted to the sequence-dependent pathway, but may be reprogrammed as needed by physiological signals. Such flexible reprogramming might provide a versatile method for rapidly modulating cellular responses to extracellular signaling.
Dipole correlation functions

Glarum's relation between permanent dipole correlation functions for an isolated sphere and a spherical region in a continuous medium is derived by molecular response theory and relation time development operators for the two cases.
Structural considerations of meso-substituted zinc tetrabenzporphyrins by liquid secondary ionization mass spectroscopy

Metallotetrabenzporphyrins are being extensively investigated because of their large and rapid non-linear optical response. This non-linear optical response, which has potential applications in the fields of optical communications and optical data processing, varies relative to the structural characteristics of the meso-substituted metallotetrabenzporphyrin. A group of meso-substituted zinc tetrabenzporphyrins (ZnTBP) were evaluated by liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry (LSIMS). The ionization of these highly symmetrical, charged/neutral complexes produces a stable odd-electron molecular ion (M + ) and fragments representing the loss of up to three ruesa-subsfituents. The number of fragments and their ratio relative to that of the molecular ion is related to the electron-withdrawing or electron-donating characteristics of the meso-substituent. The observed isotope ratios of the molecular ion as well as the fragments are consistent with calculated isotope ratios. No LSIMS-induced reduction of the zinc ion was observed with the tetrabenzporphyrins.
Preliminary crystallographic analysis of the cysteine desulfurase IscS from Escherichia coli.

IscS is a widely distributed cysteine desulfurase that catalyzes the pyridoxal phosphate dependent β-elimination of sulfur from l-­cysteine and plays a central role in the delivery of sulfur to a variety of metabolic pathways. Crystals of Escherichia coli IscS have been obtained by the hanging-drop vapor-diffusion method using polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a precipitant. Initial seed crystals were obtained using PEG 6000 and sodium acetate, and diffraction-quality crystals were grown using a mixture of PEG 2000 and PEG 10 000 in the presence of sodium citrate. A complete native X-ray diffraction data set was collected from a single crystal at 103 K to a resolution of 2.1 A. The crystals belong to space group P212121 and have unit-cell parameters a = 73.7086, b = 101.9741, c = 108.617 A (α = β = γ = 90°). Analysis of the Matthews equation and self-rotation function suggest two molecules per asymmetric unit, consistent with the presence of a single dimeric molecule.
'First, get to know them': A relational view of organizational socialization.

An important episode in workplace learning is the socialization of newly hired people into the organization. Typically, the literature conceptualizes the socialization of new employees as a learning process whereby the newcomer is responsible for learning to fit into the organization. This perspective seems to underestimate the social influences of co-workers and managers. Research and theorizing on social exchange and interpersonal relationships identify the quality of relationships between members of a group as a fundamental factor moderating the quality and outcomes of other interactions related to learning and work. This paper presents the findings of a recent study of organizational socialization experienced by new engineers recently hired into a large, global manufacturing company based in the US. Results of this qualitative case study explore and explain the socialization process from a relational perspective providing compelling evidence that relationship building is a primary driver of the social...
INTERGENERIC SALAMANDER INTERACTIONS ACROSS AN ECOTONE

Although many field experiments have examined interactions among terrestrial salamanders or among semi-aquatic salamanders, virtually no research has examined potential interactions among salamander species across ecotones. Past research has indicated that numerous factors may influence salamander distributions, including competition, predation, and abiotic factors. We conducted a field removal experiment to investigate potential interactions among salamanders across the steam-woodland ecotone and to determine the effects of such interactions on community structure. We used removals of a terrestrial salamander, Plethodon cinereus, and/or several species of semi-aquatic salamanders of the genus Desmognathus to investigate potential interactions between these genera and the semi-aquatic salamander Eurycea cirrigera. Although removals did not significantly decrease numbers of P. cinereus or Desmognathus on plots, distribution of E. cirrigera shifted unexpectedly closer to streams in response to removals of P...
Layer 6 cortical neurons require Reelin-Dab1 signaling for cellular orientation, Golgi deployment, and directed neurite growth into the marginal zone

Background The secreted ligand Reelin is believed to regulate the translocation of prospective layer 6 (L6) neocortical neurons into the preplate, a loose layer of pioneer neurons that overlies the ventricular zone. Recent studies have also suggested that Reelin controls neuronal orientation and polarized dendritic growth during this period of early cortical development. To explicitly characterize and quantify how Reelin controls this critical aspect of neurite initiation and growth we used a new ex utero explant model of early cortical development to selectively label a subset of L6 cortical neurons for complete 3-D reconstruction.
Transcriptional Response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to Desiccation and Rehydration

A transcriptional analysis of the response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain BY4743 to controlled air-drying (desiccation) and subsequent rehydration under minimal glucose conditions was performed. Expression of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation and the glyoxylate cycle was observed to increase during drying and remained in this state during the rehydration phase. When the BY4743 expression profile for the dried sample was compared to that of a commercially prepared dry active yeast, strikingly similar expression changes were observed. The fact that these two samples, dried by different means, possessed very similar transcriptional profiles supports the hypothesis that the response to desiccation is a coordinated event independent of the particular conditions involved in water removal. Similarities between “stationary-phase-essential genes” and those upregulated during desiccation were also noted, suggesting commonalities in different routes to reduced metabolic states. Trends in extracellular and intracellular glucose and trehalose levels suggested that the cells were in a “holding pattern” during the rehydration phase, a concept that was reinforced by cell cycle analyses. Application of a “redescription mining” algorithm suggested that sulfur metabolism is important for cell survival during desiccation and rehydration.
A One's Complement Cache Memory

Most of today's microprocessors have an on-chip cache to reduce average memory access latency. These on-chip caches generally have low associativity and small sizes. Cache line conflicts are the main source of cache misses which are essential to overall system performance. This paper introduces an innovative, conflict-free cache design, called one's complement cache. By means of parallel computation of cache addresses and memory addresses of data, the new design does not increase critical hit time of cache accesses. Cache misses caused by line interferences are minimized by means of evenly distributing data items referenced by program loops across all sets in a cache. Evenly distribution of data in the cache is achieved by making the number of sets in the cache a prime or an odd number thereby the chance of related data being mapped to a same set is small. Trace-driven simulations are used to evaluate the performance of the new design. Performance results on a set of programs from SPEC92 benchmarks show that the new design improves cache performance over the conventional set-associative cache by about 100% with negligibly additional hardware cost.
Progress in Cloning the Transforming Gene from Chemically-Transformed Mouse Cells

DNA was extracted from a variety of chemically-transformed mouse fibroblast lines, and used as a donor for the transfection of NIH3T3 cells. Some of these DNAs were able to induce the appearance of transformed foci on the NIH3T3 monolayer following transfection. These foci grow in soft agar and are tumorigenic in newborn mice. The ability to tag and modify the DNA prior to its transfection, allowed us to initiate the molecular cloning of the transforming gene from one of the chemically transformed lines. The experimental cloning strategy currently underway can be used as a general strategy for other single-copy selectable cellular genes.
Body MR Imaging at 3.0 T: Understanding the Opportunities and Challenges

The development of high-field-strength magnetic resonance (MR) imaging systems has been driven in part by expected improvements in signal-to-noise ratio, contrast-to-noise ratio, spatial-temporal resolution trade-off, and spectral resolution. However, the transition from 1.5- to 3.0-T MR imaging is not straightforward. Compared with body imaging at lower field strength, body imaging at 3.0 T results in altered relaxation times, augmented and new artifacts, changes in chemical shift effects, and a dramatic increase in power deposition, all of which must be accounted for when developing imaging protocols. Inhomogeneities in the static magnetic field and the radiofrequency field at 3.0 T necessitate alterations in the design of coils and other hardware and new approaches to pulse sequence design. Techniques to reduce total body heating are demanded by the physics governing the specific absorption rate. Furthermore, the siting and maintenance of 3.0-T MR imaging systems are complicated by additional safety hazards unique to high-field-strength magnets. These aspects of 3.0-T body imaging represent current challenges and opportunities for radiology practice.
Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid alfentanil, butorphanol, and morphine concentrations following caudal epidural administration in horses

This study was conducted with the objective of determining the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations after epidurally administered alfentanil, butorphanol, and morphine in horses. Five clinically healthy adult horses were studied. Morphine 0.1mg kg-1, alfentanil 0.02mg kg-1, and butorphanol 0.08mg kg-1 in equal volumes (20ml) were epidurally injected. A 10-ml sample of CSF and blood were drawn at sampling times before the epidural administration and at 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 120 minutes, and hourly for 24 hours Enzyme-linked immonosorbent assay (ELISA) was used as the screening test to detect the injected opioids. ANOVA and Bonferronis test were used with a P values <0.05 considered significant. The ELISA method was used and seemed to be efficient to detect plasma and CSF epidurally administered alfentanil, butorphanol, and morphine in horses. Epidurally administered alfentanil produces fast cerebrospinal fluid levels that are higher than plasma levels. Less lipid soluble drugs such as morphine and butorphanol produce higher plasma levels than CSF levels for the same time point.
Distribution of male infertility specialists in relation to the male population and assisted reproductive technology centers in the United States

Objective To describe the spatial distribution of assisted reproductive technology (ART) centers and male infertility specialists by location, driving distance from ART center, and potential male population in need of these resources. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Male population in the reproductive years (20–49 years old) based on U.S. Census Bureau data in 2000. Urology male infertility specialists as defined by 2005 specialty society membership directories. ART centers registered with the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology in 2005. Main Outcome Measure(s) Male population and male infertility specialists within the service area served by in-state and neighboring-state ART centers, as defined by a 60-minute travel time. Result(s) One hundred ninety-seven male infertility specialists and 390 ART centers were identified. On a state level, the highest male population in the reproductive years was seen in California, Texas, and Florida. The highest male populations per male specialist were found in Oregon, Tennessee, and Oklahoma. The highest number of ART centers per male specialist was found in Tennessee. The highest proximities of male specialists within the 60-minute driving service area of different ART centers were found in the North East and Southern California. The Midwest to Northwest had the least. Conclusion(s) A disparity of urology male infertility specialists exists in the United States, with large areas of the country being underserved and overserved based on the location of ART centers.
Nonlinear dynamic characteristics of dielectric elastomer membranes

The dynamic response of dielectric elastomer membranes subject to time-varying voltage inputs for various initial inflation states is investigated. These results provide new insight into the differences observed between quasi-static and dynamic actuation and presents a new challenge to modeling efforts. Dielectric elastomer membranes are a potentially enabling technology for soft robotics and biomedical devices such as implants and surgical tools. In this work, two key system parameters are varied: the chamber volume and the voltage signal offset. The chamber volume experiments reveal that increasing the size of the chamber onto which the membrane is clamped will increase the deformations as well as cause the membrane's resonance peaks to shift and change in number. For prestretched dielectric elastomer membranes at the smallest chamber volume, the maximum actuation displacement is 81 microns; while at the largest chamber volume, the maximum actuation displacement is 1431 microns. This corresponds to a 1767% increase in maximum pole displacement. In addition, actuating the membrane at the resonance frequencies provides hundreds of percent increase in strain compared to the quasi-static strain. Adding a voltage offset to the time-varying input signal causes the membrane to oscillate at two distinct frequencies rather than one and also presents a unique opportunity to increase the output displacement without electrically overloading the membrane. Experiments to capture the entire motion of the membrane reveal that classical membrane mode shapes are electrically generated although all points of the membrane do not pass through equilibrium at the same moments in time.
Are Effective Antiobsessional Drugs Interchangeable?-Reply

In Reply.— Since OCD is generally characterized by only partial improvement with effective treatment, we agree with Tamimi and Mavissakalian that the choice of initial and subsequent pharmacotherapy represents a particularly important issue. However, we believe their letter is an attempt to "slice too small a pie into too many pieces" in that our study and their observations require further study and replication. We certainly agree, and have already suggested in our article, that comparative data from more patients are required before guidelines for preferred treatment choices can be promulgated. Tamimi and Mavissakalian express concern regarding our suggestion that clinicians consider performing a trial of fluoxetine in patients with OCD who do not respond to clomipramine, and vice versa. Instead, they suggest that our study, and another study by Jenike and coworkers 1 that also compared clomipramine to fluoxetine in patients with OCD, indicated that nonresponders to clomipramine are not likely to
Si(Li) detectors with thin dead layers for low energy X-ray detection

Regions of incomplete charge collection, or dead layers, are compared for Si(Li) detectors fabricated with Au and Pd entrance-window electrodes. The dead layers were measured by characterizing the detector spectral response to X-ray energies above and below the Si K alpha absorption edge. It was found that Si(Li) detectors with Pd electrodes exhibit consistently thinner effective Si dead layers than those with Au electrodes. It is demonstrated that the minimum thickness required for low-resistivity Pd electrodes is thinner than that required for low-resistivity Au electrodes, which further reduces the signal attenuation in Pd/Si(Li) detectors. A model based on Pd compensation of oxygen vacancies in the SiO/sub 2/ at the entrance-window Si(Li) surface is proposed to explain the observed differences in detector dead-layer thickness. >
A language learning model for finite parameter spaces

This paper shows how to formally characterize language learning in a finite parameter space, for instance, in the principles-and-parameters approach to language, as a Markov structure. New language learning results follow directly; we can explicitly calculate how many positive examples on average ("sample complexity") it will take for a learner to correctly identify a target language with high probability. We show how sample complexity varies with input distributions and learning regimes. In particular we find that the average time to converge under reasonable language input distributions for a simple three-parameter system first described by Gibson and Wexler (1994) is psychologically plausible, in the range of 100-150 positive examples. We further find that a simple random step algorithm that is, simply jumping from one language hypothesis to another rather than changing one parameter at a time - works faster and always converges to the right target language, in contrast to the single-step, local parameter setting method advocated in some recent work.
Pleural effusion: Nursing care challenge in the elderly (CE)

Pleural effusion is excess collection of fluid in the pleural cavity. It is a frequent complication of pneumonia, congestive heart failure, and carcinomas of the lung, breast, and ovaries. Regardless of the cause, pleural effusion produces significant effects on the respiratory system, especially when considering the normal age-related changes that compromise the respiratory system. Pleural effusion and the complexity of diagnosis and treatment make planning and delivering care challenging. The article describes the pathophysiology of pleural effusion, its management, and related nursing care priorities.
Understanding parasitic energy costs for PHEV conversion packs as we move toward V2G

Building practical plugin electric vehicles is under way at many car companies around the world, though it is expected that they will not be widely available in the USA for quite some time. The ultimate vehicle cost is controlled substantially by the battery storage capacity required and this, in turn, is governed by the vehicle size and performance expected by consumers. The present paper examines the specific situation where existing hybrid vehicles might be converted to plugin functionality by adding a supplementary battery pack to extend the driving range while keeping the electric/gasoline hybrid drivetrain intact. We examine fuel efficiency from the standpoint of vehicle weight to extract system parameters that quantify the extra fuel consumption associated with driving a slightly heavier vehicle after plugin conversion has been effected. We show that only modest additional battery capacity is required to meet most commuter needs in a costeffective manner.
Document & Media Exploitation: The DOMEX challenge is to turn digital bits into actionable intelligence.

A computer used by Al Qaeda ends up in the hands of a Wall Street Journal reporter. A laptop from Iran is discovered that contains details of that country’s nuclear weapons program. Photographs and videos are downloaded from terrorist Web sites. As evidenced by these and countless other cases, digital documents and storage devices hold the key to many ongoing military and criminal investigations. The most straightforward approach to using these media and documents is to explore them with ordinary tools—open the word files with Microsoft Word, view the Web pages with Internet Explorer, and so on.
Design of Alert Criteria for an Intersection Decision Support System

This paper describes the design and preliminary evaluation of the criteria for alerting drivers to a specific set of intersection hazards. The research is being conducted as part of the development of an intersection decision support (IDS) system that uses the sensing and computational technologies of infrastructure-based intelligent transportation systems. The IDS system under consideration is intended to help drivers avoid conflicts with oncoming traffic when they are making left turns under a permissive (i.e., unprotected) green signal. These conflicts account for a significant proportion of intersection crashes and are difficult to mitigate without imposing serious costs and burdens on intersection capacity associated with providing a protected left-turn signal cycle. The human factors and sensing issues that need to be considered in designing the system are discussed and are followed by a description of the logic used to define the gaps in opposing traffic that should be considered adequate for left-turn maneuvers. The simulation model used to evaluate alternative system designs is described, and sample results are shown for evaluation of the effectiveness of a warning under a relatively stressful scenario. The influence of alternative sensor configurations on the effectiveness of the warning is illustrated and indicates the importance of providing information about both the presence and speed of approaching vehicles sufficiently far from the intersection.
A passive state-machine approach for accurate analysis of TCP out-of-sequence segments

In this paper we describe a new tool being made available to the networking research community for passive analysis of TCP segment traces. The purpose of the tool is to provide more complete and accurate classification of out-of-sequence segments than those provided by prior tools. One of the crucial factors that limits the accuracy of prior tools is that these do not incorporate variations across TCP implementations (for different operating systems) that have different parameters (e.g., timer granularity, minimum RTO, duplicate ACK thresholds, etc.) or algorithms that influence what can be inferred about out-of-sequence segments. Our tool explicitly accounts for implementation-specific details in four prominent TCP stacks (Windows, Linux, FreeBSD/Mac OS-X, and Solaris). We validate our tool through several controlled experiments with instances of all four OS-specific implementations used in the analysis. We then run this tool on packet traces of 52 million Internet TCP connections collected from 5 different locations and present the results. We also include comparisons with results from running selected prior tools on the same traces.
HL-60 Cells Can Be Made Copper Deficient by Incubating with Tetraethylenepentamine

A system for studying copper deficiency was developed in a cell culture model. HL-60 cells were incubated with three chelators known to bind copper. One chelator, tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA), reduced cellular copper levels and the activities of two copper-requiring enzymes, Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) and cytochrome c oxidase. The specificity of the chelator was assessed by incubating cells with both copper and TEPA and, in other experiments, with zinc and TEPA. Copper levels, Cu/Zn-SOD activity and cytochrome c oxidase activity were restored to control values when copper and TEPA were added to cultures simultaneously, indicating the TEPA was responsible for reducing these aspects of copper metabolism. Incubating with both zinc and TEPA reduced copper levels relative to the control, but did not reduce Cu/Zn-SOD activity to the same extent as TEPA alone. The chelation of copper was a time-dependent process that was stable for at least 4 d. Cell growth and viability were not affected by TEPA. Respiratory burst activity, an indicator of differentiation, was not affected by TEPA, demonstrating that the reduction of Cu/Zn-SOD activity was due to copper chelation and not due to changes in Cu/Zn-SOD protein levels that occur during differentiation. Loss of copper, as well as a reduction of the activity of two copper-requiring enzymes, provides evidence that TEPA is a useful compound for creating a functional copper deficiency in cell culture.