cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Complex polarizability of an isolated subwavelength plasmonic hole in a thin metal film

Because of the ability to concentrate light into subwavelength dimensions, plasmonic nanostructures have become a new frontier of nano-photonics, with promising applications for energy transport and conversion. In this work, we experimentally measure the near field intensity distribution of light squeezed through a subwavelength plasmonic hole in a thin metal film. Both transmission coefficient and phase shift of an in-plane electric dipole moment, which is excited near the isolated subwavelength hole, are retrieved based on the interference model of a plane and spherical wave. Strong transmission enhancement is achieved through the subwavelength hole due to the surface plasmon resonance via a model which is not predicted by the classical theory. The opposite phases of the excited dipoles in the subwavelength dent and protrusion are observed.
Evaluation of toxicity of the pesticides, chlorpyrifos and arsenic, in the presence of compost humic substances in aqueous systems.

An improved understanding of pesticide toxicity in natural systems can have important consequences for pesticide management and remediation strategies for contaminated areas. The interaction between humic substances extracted from compost natural organic matter and both organic and inorganic pesticides was evaluated for its effect on the toxicity of pesticides in the aqueous phase. The toxicity of contaminants was measured using the Microtox® toxicological bioassay. Solutions containing concentrations ranging from 2 to 42 mg C/l of humic substance extracted from a South Texas compost were added to concentrations of the organic pesticide, chlorpyrifos, and toxicity reduction ranging from 50 to 100% was demonstrated. Different concentrations of arsenic ranging from 0.5 to 5 mg/l were also associated with three different concentrations of humic substances and the arsenic toxicity was consistently reduced by a factor of 100%. These results demonstrate a significant relationship between humic substance interactions with organic and inorganic pesticides, and pesticide toxicity in natural systems, and may also suggest a mechanism for pesticide toxicity reduction in natural waters through compost humic addition for contaminated groundwaters and surface waters.
Effect of spatio-temporal laser light structure on multiphoton ionization

Abstract It is shown that changes of the spatial and temporal structure of laser light with the laser power can significantly affect the experimental determination of the number of photons required for ionization.
Regulation of Flagellar Assembly by Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii controls flagellar assembly such that flagella are of an equal and predetermined length. Previous studies demonstrated that lithium, an inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3), induced flagellar elongation, suggesting that a lithium-sensitive signal transduction pathway regulated flagellar length (S. Nakamura, H. Takino, and M. K. Kojima, Cell Struct. Funct. 12:369-374, 1987). Here, we demonstrate that lithium treatment depletes the pool of flagellar proteins from the cell body and that the heterotrimeric kinesin Fla10p accumulates in flagella. We identify GSK3 in Chlamydomonas and demonstrate that its kinase activity is inhibited by lithium in vitro. The tyrosine-phosphorylated, active form of GSK3 was enriched in flagella and GSK3 associated with the axoneme in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. The level of active GSK3 correlated with flagellar length; early during flagellar regeneration, active GSK3 increased over basal levels. This increase in active GSK3 was rapidly lost within 30 min of regeneration as the level of active GSK3 decreased relative to the predeflagellation level. Taken together, these results suggest a possible role for GSK3 in regulating the assembly and length of flagella.
Temporal logics in AI: semantical and ontological considerations

Abstract One way to represent temporal information in a logical formalism is by associating “proposition types” with time points or time intervals. The way this is usually done in AI is by “reifying” propositions, so that what otherwise would have been formulas actually appear as arguments to some “predicate,” say TRUE, as in TRUE(t1, t2, COLOR(HOUSE, RED)). This way time is referred to explicitly, while retaining its special notational and conceptual status. We examine this method by looking closely at two of the more influential formalisms featuring reified propositions, those of Allen and McDermott. We show that these do not have completely clear semantics, and that they make some unfortunate and unnecessary ontological commitments. Finally, we present a new formalism and demonstrate that it does not suffer from these disadvantages.
The SCX/IMAC enrichment approach for global phosphorylation analysis by mass spectrometry

The success in profiling the phosphoproteome by mass spectrometry-based proteomics has been intimately related to the availability of methods that selectively enrich for phosphopeptides. To this end, we describe a protocol that combines two sequential enrichment steps. First, strong cation exchange (SCX) chromatography separates peptides by solution charge. Phosphate groups contribute to solution charge by adding a negative charge at pH 2.7. Therefore, at that pH, phosphopeptides are expected to elute earlier than their nonphosphorylated homologs. Second, immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) takes advantage of phosphate's affinity for metal ions such as Fe(3+) to uniformly enrich for phosphopeptides from the previously collected SCX fractions. We have successfully employed the SCX/IMAC enrichment strategy in the exploration of phosphoproteomes from several systems including mouse liver and Drosophila embryos characterizing over 5,500 and 13,000 phosphorylation events, respectively. The SCX/IMAC enrichment protocol requires 2 days, and the entire procedure from cells to a phosphorylation data set can be completed in less than 10 days.
Design and Verification of the Pressure-Driven Radial Flow Microrheometer

The characteristics of fluid flows confined within microscale space are of theoretical and practical interest. Research has shown that the rheological properties, such as viscosity, of a microscale fluid film are different from its bulk behavior. Microrheometers have been designed to investigate the microscale fluid properties. However, currently available microrheometers are mostly drag-flow based and limited in load capacity. In this research, a new pressure-driven radial flow–based microrheometer is developed to study the high-shear pressure-driven flow. The new device is capable of self-aligning to maintain the fluid film uniformity, which is verified using finite difference methods. In addition, a prototype is built and instrumented to verify the design concept. The error involved in the fluid film thickness measurement is analyzed and compensated by the average fluctuation of the disk surface. The compensated testing results of viscosity are close to that tested by the traditional capillary rheomete...
A Finite Element Study of Osteoporosis in a Disc Degenerated Lumbar Spine Subject to Axial Compression

Disc degeneration leads to various spinal disorders like Spondylylosis, Stenosis and Osteophyte formation and Osteoporosis leads to Compression fracture of the vertebral body. Biomechanical investigation of stress changes in the lumbar spine caused by disc degeneration has been done using mathematical models and cadavaric studies (1). Osteoporosis has also been studied in a similar manner (2). However, very little is known of the combined effects of osteoporosis and disc degeneration in the lumbar spine and how it may affect the treatment planning. This paper presents our findings on the combined effect using detailed finite element model of L4-L5 segments.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
The ontogeny of social relationships with group companions among free-ranging infant rhesus monkeys II. Differentiation and attractiveness

Abstract Infants are frequently with their mothers when troop members initiate interaction with them. To what extent are the infants' companions attracted specifically to them rather than to the mother? A simple method is presented for approaching this question and for assessing the extent to which the relationships of 11 free-ranging rhesus ( Macaca mulatta ) infants on Cayo Santiago have acquired qualities independent of (differentiated from) those of the mother. Companions of all ages tend to be attracted specifically to infants between 1 and 14 weeks of age and not simply to their mothers. However, this tendency is less marked for sibling companions than for more distantly related companions. No differences are found between infants of high- and low-ranking mothers. Infantile attractiveness is not necessarily sustained when infants are 17 to 30 weeks of age. The degree to which relationships with infant companions and with older female companions have, differentiated by 17 to 30 weeks is negatively related to the companion's age. Infants show early and increasingly marked tendencies to develop differentiated relationships with one another; however, they show no signs of doing so with adult female companions by 30 weeks of age.
Molecular biology of self- incompatibility in plants

Abstract Self-incompatibility responses, genetically determined by alleles at the S locus, prevent self-fertilization in many species of flowering plants. Recent biochemical and genetic studies on families with sporophytic or gametophytic control of incompatibility suggest that S alleles encode specific glycoproteins expressed in the pistil and pollen. Self-incompatibility sequences are conserved within families. In Brassica (sporophytic control) different S alleles show strong homology, and may differ by a number of small replacements and rearrangements.
A three variable differential equation model for gypsy moth population dynamics

Abstract The dynamics of gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), populations are extremely complex. As a result, many of the models which have been proposed to model these populations are likewise very complicated. This complexity makes analysis of the underlying dynamics difficult. In this work a model is proposed which involves only three variables: gypsy moth biomass density, foliage biomass density and natural enemy biomass density. The dynamics of this model are shown to include period doubling as a route to chaos, among other interesting nonlinear phenomena. The model also evidences similar behavior to that noted from field studies in which researchers attempted to artificially stimulate outbreaks of gypsy moths. While these attempts failed in nature and in the model, the model predicts that under certain circumstances it may be possible to stimulate these outbreaks.
Perioperative Management of High Risk Patients with Cardiopulmonary Disease Undergoing Carotid Endarterectomy or Extracranial-Intracranial Bypass

Among a large group of patients who underwent either carotid endarterectomy or extracranial-intracranial (EC-IC) bypass were 13 patients who had cardiopulmonary monitoring performed by a dye dilution technique either with or without a thermodilution Swan-Ganz catheter. Each patient had at least two significant medical problems that were thought to place him or her at increased risk. The usefulness of this monitoring approach in the perioperative management of these patients is demonstrated by several clinical examples. No patient sustained myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, or new neurological deficit during the perioperative period. Our experience suggests that high risk patients can safely undergo either carotid endarterectomy or EC-IC bypass provided that careful attention is paid to myocardial function and the state of hydration.
Electroreduction of O2 on uniform arrays of Pt nanoparticles

Abstract Uniform arrays of Pt nanoparticles with controlled size and interparticle distance supported on glassy carbon electrodes were formed by a low temperature and low pressure Ar plasma using polystyrene-b-poly(2-vinylpyridine) diblock copolymers as templates. These particle arrays are ideal model catalysts for exploring particle size and interparticle spacing effects on the electrocatalytic activities of nanoparticles without the complications from particle aggregation and particle surface protecting molecular layers. Based on the rotating disk electrode (RDE) and rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE) voltammetric results, it is found that both particle size and interparticle distance play important roles on the kinetic current density of O 2 reduction reaction (ORR) and the extent of H 2 O 2 formation. Increasing particle size results in an increased kinetic current density of ORR, while increasing interparticle distance leads to decreased kinetic current density of ORR at high overpotentials. The RRDE results reveal that the extent of H 2 O 2 formation increases with the decreased particle size and increased interparticle distance. The particle size effect is explained in terms of the particle size-dependent potential of zero total charge and the high mass transport rate during O 2 reduction. The interparticle distance effects are attributed to the interparticle distance dependent mass transport of H 2 O 2 . The study also points out the important role of the indirect oxygen reduction pathway in ORR on Pt.
The Interaction of Dislocations and Tetrahedral Stacking Faults in Quench-Hardened Gold Single Crystals

An investigation was made of the temperature dependence of both the yield stress and the surface morphology of quench-hardened gold single crystals in order to determine the mechanism of the interaction between dislocations and tetrahedral stacking faults (TSF). The deformed structure of the quench-hardened gold at different testing temperatures was also studied by electron microscopy to supplement the yield stress measurements. It was found that the yield stress of quench-hardened gold single crystals decreased in two stages with increase in temperature (4.2 to 575 K), having a transition at about room temperature. The gross features of the surface morphology and internal structures were similar in both temperature ranges. However, the quantitative measurements of the surface morphology showed that the two regions were distinct. The plastic deformation took place in a confined region of the specimen and was confirmed from the observations of slip channels and slip bands in the entire temperature range investigated. The small-sized defects which are the product of the dislocation-TSF interaction are seen in the slip channels after the deformation in the high temperature region,A, as well as in the low temperature region,B. It is suggested that the thermal constriction of the extended dislocation controls the rate of the interaction between a dislocation and the TSF in regionA, while at low temperatures this process occurs only where bowing-out of the dislocation is prevented due to the closely spaced TSF.
Subtest and Composite Score Comparisons for the Diagnostic Achievement Battery-Second Edition:

Interpretation of the variation in an individual student's subtest and composite scores on the Diagnostic Achievement Battery (second edition) requires the comparison of many values. Although values needed for significance when one is making pairwise comparisons are provided in the test manual, this method does not control adequately for experimentwise error rate. That is, if five comparisons are made, and each is tested at the .05 level, the error rate for the combination of five comparisons is much higher than .05. Use of the Bonferroni correction when one is comparing each score to the mean score is one method that controls the overall error rate during interpretation of an individual's test scores. With this method, the differences required for significance when one is comparing an individual's subtest score to the mean of all the subtest scores were computed at the .05 and .01 levels in accordance with the procedure presented by Davis and modified by Silverstein. Additionally, the same values when on...
Safety of Adult Tonsillectomy: A Population-Level Analysis of 5968 Patients

Importance Tonsillectomy is one of the most commonly performed otolaryngology procedures. The safety of this procedure in adults is based on small case series. To our knowledge, we report the first population-level analysis of the safety of adult tonsillectomies in the United States. Objective To characterize the mortality, complication, and reoperation rate in adult tonsillectomy. Design, Setting, and Participants Retrospective cohort study of 5968 adult patients who underwent tonsillectomy with records in the database of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (2005 to 2011). Intervention Tonsillectomy. Main Outcomes and Measures Outcomes of interest included mortality, complications, and reoperation in the 30-day postoperative period. Statistical analysis included χ 2 test, t test, and multivariate logistic regression. Results The 30-day mortality rate was 0.03%, the complication rate was 1.2%, and the reoperation rate was 3.2%. Most patients had a primary diagnosis of chronic tonsillitis and/or adenoiditis (82.9%), and the most common complications were pneumonia (27% of all complications), urinary tract infection (27%), and superficial site infections (16%). Patients who underwent reoperation were more likely to be male (54.0% vs 32.4%; P P = .02), or inpatients (24.3% vs 14.3%; P P Conclusions and Relevance In the United States, adult tonsillectomy is a safe procedure with low rates of mortality and morbidity. The most common posttonsillectomy complications were infectious in etiology, and complications were independently associated with the need for reoperation.
Detection of aminoalkylphosphonates with a ninhydrin-molybdate chromogenic system

Abstract Aminoalkylphosphonates can be detected on paper chromatograms by reacting them with ninhydrin, followed by spraying with hypochlorite, molybdate, and Elon-sulfite solutions. The phosphonates appear as blue spots on the chromatogram. Reagent preparation and staining procedure are described. The sensitivity is 0.1 μmole for ciliatine, 0.01 μmole for phosphonoalanine, and 1.0 μmole for N-methylciliatine.
Statistical trends in the Journal of the American Medical Association and implications for training across the continuum of medical education.

Background Statistical training across the continuum of medical education may not have advanced at the pace of statistical reporting in the medical literature, yet a comprehensive understanding of statistical concepts most commonly presented in current research is critical to the effective practice of Evidence Based Medicine. The objective of this content analysis was to describe statistical techniques used in a leading medical journal, JAMA, across a 20-year period, with a focus on implications for medical education. Methods and Findings Two issues of JAMA published each month in 1990, 2000, and 2010 were randomly selected; from these, 361 articles were reviewed. Primary focus, study design, and statistical components were abstracted and examined by year of publication. The number of published RCTs and cohort studies differed significantly across years of interest, with an increasing trend of publication. The most commonly reported statistics over the 20-year period of interest included measures of morbidity and mortality, descriptive statistics, and epidemiologic outcomes. However, between 1990 and 2010, there was an increase in reporting of more advanced methods, such as multivariable regression, multilevel modeling, survival analysis, and sensitivity analysis. While this study is limited by a focus on one specific journal, a strength is that the journal examined is widely read by a range of clinical specialties and is considered a leading journal in the medical field, setting standards for published research. Conclusions The increases in frequency and complexity of statistical reporting in the literature over the past two decades may suggest that moving beyond basic statistical concepts to a more comprehensive understanding of statistical methods is an important component of clinicians' ability to effectively read and use the medical research. These findings provide information to consider as medical schools and graduate medical education training programs review and revise their statistical training components.
The grapes of rent: A history of renting in a country of owners

Abstract In a recent study of neighborhood development, Goetz and Sidney (1994) found an “ideology of property” separating the interests of homeowners from the interests of lower‐income tenants. According to this ideology, owners are better citizens than renters, and therefore public policy should benefit owners at the expense of renters. In spite of continuing research that shows this allegation to be false, a widespread bias against renters persists. Why is this so? A deliberate bias favoring property owners and harming renters has been prominent in American public policy from colonial times to the present, although its exact form has varied over time—property requirements for suffrage, land redistribution schemes promising ownership but delivering tenancy and poverty, and tax policies that privilege ownership and punish tenancy. Public policy that stigmatizes renters represents a bias as pernicious as other biases of gender, race, religion, and nationality.
EMBRYOGENY AND HISTOGENESIS IN NERIUM OLEANDER II. ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE NON-ARTICULATED LATICIFER

MAHLBERG, P. G. (U. Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa.) Embryogeny and bistogenesis in Nerium oleander. II. Origin and development of the non-articulated laticifer. Amer. Jour. Bot. 48(1): 90-99. Illus. 1961.-Laticifer initials, collectively considered as a laticifer system, are differentiated in the globular embryo from meristematic cells which occupy a position within the potential procambial tissue. A, total of usually 28 initials, in Nerium oleander, arise as an irregular ring of cells directly below the embryonic shoot apex, during initiation of the cotyledonary primordia. No anastomoses occur between laticifer initials. During subsequent development of the embryo, the laticifer initials grow in a bi-directional manner and penetrate into the root, cotyledons and toward the shoot apex. Upon enlargement the initials bifurcate repeatedly, many branches penetrate into the cotyledons, others grow into the cortex of the hypocotyl or penetrate between cells of the procambium. Repeated nuclear divisions within each initial result in the formation of a multinucleated protoplast in this cell type. The tips of laticifers' occupy intercellular spaces during their growth; they do not penetrate into or through adjacent cells. A plexus of laticifer branches is formed within the cotyledonary node of the mature embryo. No new initials are formed during subsequent growth of the plant, rather certain branches from the cotyledonary nodal plexus penetrate into the enlarging shoot system. The nature of their growth habit and branching suggests that the tips of laticifer initials exhibit an intrusive form of growth.
The NCBI Databases: an Evolutionist’s Perspective

The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) organizes information resources for life scientists on an evolutionary scheme. This facilitates research about present-day organisms. The recent discovery of a new arenavirus, the LUJO virus, illustrates the utility of adopting evolution as a central architectural principle for life sciences databases: using the NCBI’s resources, clinicians were able to classify the new virus in real time—soon enough to aid in the diagnosis and treatment of a hemorrhagic fever caused by the LUJO virus. Topics fundamental to the study of evolution, often thought of as useless, are indeed vital because they inform how life science information ought to be organized.
Red Wine, Toast of the Town (Again)

Sirtuin proteins were once only of interest to yeast geneticists studying transcriptional regulation. That changed when their conserved effects on extending life span in yeast, worms, and flies were reported ( 1 – 3 ). Attention widened even more at the possibility of small-molecule activators of sirtuins increasing human health span and perhaps also life span (see the figure). Then came resveratrol, a natural compound found in red wine that could reportedly activate SIRT1, a human member of the sirtuin family. But just as quickly as red wine became the toast of the town, the biochemical assays used to identify resveratrol and other sirtuin-activating compounds (STACs) were called into question. Speculation that the cellular effects of STACs are achieved not through direct SIRT1 binding, but instead through other proteins, gave pause to wine enthusiasts, among others. Glasses may be lifted once again, however. On page 1216 of this issue, Hubbard et al. ( 4 ) demonstrate that SIRT1 can indeed be activated by resveratrol and other STACs in vitro, but only under certain conditions.
Large‐scale Production of Mammalian Cells and Their Products: Engineering Principles and Barriers to Scale‐up

Mammalian cell products have great medical and clinical importance, but to date, production methods employed to manufacture these products on a large scale are not as cost efficient as they could be. The implementation of process control would greatly improve the productivity of these products. Recently developed methods to produce cells on a large scale, such as microcarriers, artificial capillaries, tubular spiral film, and microencapsulation must be optimized, and the problem of oxygen transfer limitation must be solved. The accumulation of potentially toxic waste products can inhibit growth and reduce productivity. This effect can be reduced by either adjusting the environmental parameters of a fed-batch culture, so that the cell's metabolism is shifted away from producing these compounds, or by continually perfusing medium through the culture. If these technical barriers can be overcome, the cost of producing products derived from mammalian cells can be greatly reduced.
Regulation of interstitial cells of Cajal in the mouse gastric body by neuronal nitric oxide.

The factors underlying the survival and maintenance of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) are not well understood. Loss of ICC is often associated with loss of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in hu- mans, suggesting a possible link. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of neuronal NO on ICC in the mouse gastric body. The volumes of ICC were determined in nNOS )/) and control mice in the gastric body and in organotypic cultures using immunohisto- chemistry, laser scanning confocal microscopy and three-dimensional reconstruction. ICC numbers were determined in primary cell cultures after treatment with an NO donor or an NOS inhibitor. The volumes of myentericc-Kit-immunoreactive networksofICCfrom nNOS )/) mice were significantly reduced compared with control mice. No significant differences in the volumes of c-Kit-positive ICC were observed in the longitudinal muscle layers. ICC volumes were either decreasedorunalteredinthecircularmusclelayerafter normalization for the volume of circular smooth mus- cle. The number of ICC was increased after incubation withS-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamineanddecreasedby N(G)-nitro-L-arginine. Neuronally derived NO modu- lates ICC numbers and network volume in the mouse gastricbody.NOappearstobeasurvivalfactorforICC.
A nuclear fuel cycle system dynamic model for spent fuel storage options

Abstract The options for used nuclear fuel storage location and affected parameters such as economic liabilities are currently a focus of several high level studies. A variety of nuclear fuel cycle system analysis models are available for such a task. The application of nuclear fuel cycle system dynamics models for waste management options is important to life-cycle impact assessment. The recommendations of the Blue Ribbon Committee on America’s Nuclear Future led to increased focus on long periods of spent fuel storage [1] . This motivated further investigation of the location dependency of used nuclear fuel in the parameters of economics, environmental impact, and proliferation risk. Through a review of available literature and interactions with each of the programs available, comparisons of post-reactor fuel storage and handling options will be evaluated based on the aforementioned parameters and a consensus of preferred system metrics and boundary conditions will be provided. Specifically, three options of local, regional, and national storage were studied. The preliminary product of this research is the creation of a system dynamics tool known as the Waste Management Module (WMM) which provides an easy to use interface for education on fuel cycle waste management economic impacts. Initial results of baseline cases point to positive benefits of regional storage locations with local regional storage options continuing to offer the lowest cost.
Histamine in rat plasma; correlation with blood pressure changes following X-irradiation.

Summary1. Rats, after X-irradiation with mid-lethal dosage (600 r) show assayable histamine in concentrations of 1 to 2 γ per 2 cc of blood plasma at 2 hour and 5 day intervals following the irradiation.2. Rats irradiated similarly to those used in the histamine assay experiments show a fall in blood pressure that correlates with the appearance of histamine in blood plasma and strongly suggests that histamine is responsible for the lowered blood pressure.3. Rats, from 4 to 6 days after a midlethal dosage of irradiation show a loss in appetite and weight, and a critical fall in blood pressure from which only 50% will recover. The rest die within 9 or 10 days after the irradiation was given.
Technique for designing beam-forming reflector systems based on measured amplitude and phase patterns

Internal beam-shaping reflectors are crucial for getting high powers out of vacuum-sealed gyrotrons. Thermal limitations of the vacuum window as well as external injection of the microwave beam into corrugated waveguides require very specific beam characteristics. Previous beam shaping reflectors have achieved satisfactory results but have shown room for improvement. One cause for error has been inaccuracy in the theoretical modeling of the input to the reflectors. Small inaccuracies in the amplitude and phase distribution of the theoretical patterns for the input beam can cause dramatic effects in the output beam's characteristics. It is possible to use measured data instead of theoretical data for the input to the mirror design. Measured amplitude data of the input to the reflectors has been available; however, both the amplitude and phase information of the beam are required for the design procedure. It is difficult to directly measure the phase distribution at 110 GHz so a phase reconstruction algorithm was developed to determine the phase pattern associated with a propagating beam. The measured amplitude data with its reconstructed phase was then used as the input to the beam- shaping, dual-mirror design. In this paper we discuss the design procedure for the dual-mirror design using measured amplitude data with its reconstructed phase for the input.
Synthesis of carbon nanotube–TiO2 nanotubular material for reversible hydrogen storage

A material consisting of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and larger titania (TiO2) nanotube arrays has been produced and found to be efficient for reversible hydrogen (H2) storage. The TiO2 nanotube arrays (diameter ~60 nm and length ~2–3 µm) are grown on a Ti substrate, and MWCNTs a few µm in length and ~30–60 nm in diameter are grown inside these TiO2 nanotubes using chemical vapor deposition with cobalt as a catalyst. The resulting material has been used in H2 storage experiments based on a volumetric method using the pressure, composition, and temperature relationship of the storage media. This material can store up to 2.5 wt% of H2 at 77 K under 25 bar with more than 90% reversibility.
Optimization of precursor synthesis, formulation and stability of 1'-[18F]fluoroethyl-β-D-lactose ([18F]FEL) for preclinical studies in detection of pancreatic cancer

Abstract Introduction 1′-[ 18 F]Fluoroethyl-β-d-lactose ([ 18 F]FEL) is a new PET imaging agent for early detection of pancreatic cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma. We previously reported the syntheses of [ 18 F]FEL using a bromo- and a tosyl- precursor, followed by an improved method using a nosyl-precursor. However, some steps in the synthesis of the precursor appeared to be problematic producing low yields. Here, we report on an optimized method for synthesis of the precursor and production of [ 18 F]FEL; we also describe [ 18 F]FEL's formulation and stability. Methods Acetylation of d-lactose 1 was performed following a literature procedure to obtain 1′,2′,3′,6′,2,3,4,6-d-lactose octa-acetate 2a / 2b . Bromination of 2a / 2b was performed using HBr/acetic acid to produce 1'-bromo-2′,3′,6′,2,3,4,6-hepta- O -acetyl-α-d-lactose 3 . Coupling of 3 with ethylene glycol was performed in the presence of Ag-tosylate and an excess of ethylene glycol to produce 4a . Compound 4a was reacted with p -nitrophenylsulfonyl chloride to produce the nosyl derivative 5 . Radiofluorination of 5 was performed using K[ 18 F]fluoride/kryptofix to obtain 6 , which was purified by HPLC and hydrolyzed with Na-methoxide to produce 7 . Results Compound 2 ( 2a / 2b ) was obtained in 83% yield as a mixture of two anomeric products. Compound 3 was obtained from the 2a / 2b mixture in 80% yield as one product. Coupling of 3 with ethylene glycol produced 4a in 90% yield. Compound 5 was obtained in 64% yield, and radiofluorination of 5 produced 6 in 62.5%±7.5% yields (n=8). Hydrolysis of 6 with Na-methoxide produced 7 in 42.0%±7.0% yield (n=8) from the end of bombardment. Conclusions A simple 4-step synthesis of the precursor, compound 5 , has been achieved with improved yields. A new formulation of [ 18 F]FEL has been developed that allows the product to remain stable at ambient temperature for use in animal studies. This improved synthesis of the precursor and stable formulation of [ 18 F]FEL should be useful for routine production of the radiotracer and its preclinical and, possibly, clinical applications.
Pressure Annealing as a Complement to Temperature Annealing To Find Low-Energy Structures of Oligomeric Molecules.

Finding the lowest-energy geometry of a molecule or collection of molecules is a fundamental challenge of modern computational chemistry and is closely related to the more general problem of optimi...
Autism Parenting Stress Index: initial psychometric evidence.

Data validating the Autism Parenting Stress Index (APSI) is presented for 274 children under age six. Cronbach’s alpha was .827. As a measure of parenting stress specific to core and co-morbid symptoms of autism, the APSI is unique. It is intended for use by clinicians to identify areas where parents need support with parenting skills, and to assess the effect of intervention on parenting stress. Mean parenting stress in the autism group was four times that of the typical group and double that of the other developmental delay group [F(2,272) = 153; p < 001]. An exploratory factor analysis suggested three factors impacting parenting stress: one relating to core deficits, one to co-morbid behavioral symptoms, and one to co-morbid physical symptoms.
The avoidance barpress problem: Effects of enhanced reinforcement and an SSDR-congruent lever.

Abstract Four experiments addressed the unresolved problem of signaled avoidance barpress learning in the rat. The role of two variables was investigated. Reinforcement: whether or not the subject entered a safe compartment immediately after an escape or avoidance barpress. Because the subjects were automatically displaced back to the danger compartment for the start of a new trial, the task was a one-way barpress. Congruity between the location of the lever and the subject's species-specific defense reactions: This variable was manipulated in two ways. These were whether the lever was mounted near the chamber's top opening or at a much lower level, and whether the lever was adjacent to a safe place or away from it. The results indicated that each variable plays a crucial role, and a combination of the two variables eliminates the usual barpress avoidance difficulty.
Berry phase for a ferromagnet with fractional spin

We study the double exchange model on two lattice sites with one conduction electron in the limit of an infinite Hund's interaction. While this simple problem is exactly solvable, we present an approximate solution which is valid in the limit of large core spins. This solution is obtained by integrating out charge degrees of freedom. The effective action of two core spins obtained in the result of such an integration resembles the action of two fractional spins. We show that the action obtained via naive gradient expansion is inconsistent. However, a ``nonperturbative'' treatment leads to an extra term in the effective action which fixes this inconsistency. This Berry phase term is geometric in nature arises from a geometric constraint on a target space imposed by adiabatic approximation.
Design and evaluation of a Dean vortex-based micromixer

A mixer, based on the Dean vortex, is fabricated and tested in an on-chip format. When fluid is directed around a curve under pressure driven flow, the high velocity streams in the center of the channel experience a greater centripetal force and so are deflected outward. This creates a pair of counter-rotating vortices moving fluid toward the inner wall at the top and bottom of the channel and toward the outer wall in the center. For the geometries studied, the vortices were first seen at Reynolds numbers between 1 and 10 and became stronger as the flow velocity is increased. Vortex formation was monitored in channels with depth/width ratios of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0. The lowest aspect ratio strongly suppressed vortex formation. Increasing the aspect ratio above 1 appeared to provide improved mixing. This design has the advantages of easy fabrication and low surface area.
Carcass Addition Does Not Enhance Juvenile Salmonid Biomass, Growth, or Retention in Six Northwestern California Streams

Abstract Fisheries managers commonly consider the addition of salmon carcasses when seeking to enhance salmonid populations. However, the range of environmental conditions under which the technique is effective remains poorly defined. We addressed this issue by measuring the effects of wintertime addition of salmon carcasses on the biomass, growth, and retention of juvenile salmonids in an experiment that included two study reaches within each of six northwestern California streams. In the first 2 years of the study, half of the streams received carcasses in both study reaches; in the subsequent 2 years, we added carcasses only to the downstream reach in all six streams. For juvenile salmonid biomass, growth, and retention, the change in carcass distribution did not affect general patterns in the relationship of the upstream and downstream reaches within streams. Artificial addition of salmon carcasses during winter in streams similar to those we studied appears unlikely to benefit juvenile salmonids in t...
Non-specific stimulation of host defenses against a bacterial challenge in malnourished hosts

We have studied the effects of non-specific enhancement of host defenses in malnourished mice using muramyl dipeptide (MDP). The challenge, consisting of a bacteria laden suture, simulates a surgical wound infection. Adult mice were subjected either to a 48-h period of acute starvation or to a 2 week period of protein deprivation. In each type of malnutrition, mice treated with MDP 24 h before the bacterial challenge had statistically lower local and systemic bacterial recovery, with a corresponding improvement in short term survival, than did untreated controls. MDP enhances local bacterial containment, thereby substantially reversing the detrimental effects of malnutrition on host defences.
Migrating to Opportunities: How Family Migration Motivations Shape Academic Trajectories among Newcomer Immigrant Youth

This study describes the relative salience of educational and employment prospects in immigrant parents’ motivations for coming to the United States, and it links these types of parental migration motivations to newcomer immigrant youth's school performance. Data were drawn from the longitudinal immigrant student adaptation study, which includes families from Central America, China, Dominican Republic, Haiti, and Mexico. Analyses (N= 256 families) involved quantitative descriptions of parents’ responses to open-ended questions and individual growth curve analysis of adolescents’ grade point average (GPA) trajectories over five consecutive years. Work prospects were more salient than educational opportunities in the migration motivations of this culturally diverse sample of families. Children whose parents more often mentioned schooling as a reason to immigrate had higher GPAs. The salience of work prospects in parents’ migration motivations was associated with a more rapid decline in GPA throughout high school years. Policy implication and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Potentiation of cAMP responses by metabotropic glutamate receptors depresses excitatory synaptic transmission by a kinase-independent mechanism

Coactivation of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) and beta-adrenergic receptors causes a synergistic increase in cAMP formation in the rat hippocampus. Increases in cAMP are known to have many actions in the hippocampus via activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. We now report that coactivation of mGluRs and beta-adrenergic receptors induces an acute depression of EPSCs at the Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapse. Interestingly, this depression of EPSCs is dependent upon increases in cAMP levels but independent of protein kinase activity. A series of studies suggests that cAMP-mediated depression of EPSCs is dependent on metabolism of cAMP and release of adenosine or 5'-AMP into the extracellular space with resultant activation of presynaptic adenosine receptors. These studies suggest that cAMP can have local hormone-like effects in the hippocampal formation which are independent of cAMP-dependent protein kinase.
Recent advances in electron-beam lithography for the high-volume production of VLSI devices

Recent advances in scanning-electron-beam lithography techniques have increased the efficiency of serial exposure by several orders of magnitude over the basic SEM approach. A spectrum of shaped-beam systems which combine projection and scanning techniques has been developed for various lithographic applications. The first generation of electron-beam production systems at IBM have demonstrated the feasibility of the shaped-beam technique under manufacturing conditions. More advanced shaping techniques such as VSS and Character Projection provide the means to make a high-resolution lithography for VLSI technically and economically feasible.
Political Process and the Development of Labor Insurgency in Turkey, 1945- 80

Much attention in recent political science and sociology has been given to the origins of social movements, revolutions, and other similar forms of contentious politics. Furthermore, unlike other areas of study in the social sciences, analysts of contentious politics have actively sought to draw insights from divergent theoretical approaches. Such an integrated approach to the study of social movements is offered by the political process model. This paper offers an empirical extension of the process model of social movement emergence to the case of the labor movement in Turkey. The predominant view of the labor movement in Turkey is one that sees the movement as relatively inconsequential to the development of state–society relations in that country. This conclusion is based on two lines of reasoning: first, the notion that the state granted labor rights and freedoms without a protracted struggle from below, and, second, the notion that the military coup of 1980 effectively crushed the Turkish labor movem...
CELL PHONES AND DRIVING PERFORMANCE: A META-ANALYSIS

A meta-analysis was conducted to explore the costs associated with cell phone use while driving, using standardized measures of effect size along five dimensions (moderator variables) that were hypothesized to impact the costs associated with cell phone use. Sixteen studies (contributing a total of 37 analysis entries) met the appropriate conditions for the meta-analysis. Overall, there were clear costs to driving performance when drivers are engaged in cell phone conversations. However, investigation of moderator variables indicated that these costs were borne primarily by reaction time tasks, with far smaller costs associated with tracking (lane keeping) performance. Hands-free and hand-held phones revealed similar patterns of results, as did simulator versus field studies. Conversation tasks tended to show greater costs to performance than did information-processing tasks (e.g., word games). Finally, costs in driving performance were roughly equivalent whether the conversation was with a passenger or whether over a cell phone.
High-resolution adaptive nulling performance for a lightweight agile EHF multiple beam antenna

The design, fabrication and measured performance of a lightweight high-resolution adaptive nulling EHF multiple beam antenna (MBA) are addressed. A 127-beam MBA and a four-channel RF nulling network operating over the 43.5 to 45.5 GHz band are used to adaptively null a jammer in anechoic chamber measurements. Lightweight feed horns connected to waveguide transmission lines controlled by ferrite switches are used to select beam positions from the 127-beam MBA. The MBA is designed to provide independent coverage for three communications system users while providing pattern discrimination or nulling of multiple jammers located within 0.1/spl deg/ of the user. Cancellation greater than 30 dB when operating in a wide-band mode is experimentally demonstrated. >
A preferential role for STAT5, not constitutively active STAT3, in promoting survival of a human lymphoid tumor.

STATs are believed to play key roles in normal and abnormal cell function. In the present work, we investigated the role of STATs in an IL-2-responsive human lymphoblastic lymphoma-derived cell line, YT. Only STAT3 was found constitutively tyrosine phosphorylated, but not other STATs. Hyperactive STAT3 was not attributable to a pre-existing intermediate affinity IL-2R complex and/or hyperactive Jak activity. Depletion of STAT3 protein expression reduced tumor cell viability with protracted kinetics (72–96 h), while TUNEL assays demonstrated cell death occurred via apoptosis. Interestingly, depletion of STAT5 in this same tumor induced more pronounced cell death compared with STAT3 depletion (24 h). Although IL-2 was able to rescue STAT3-depleted cells from death, it could not compensate for the loss of STAT5. To determine the prosurvival function of STAT3 vs STAT5 within the same tumor model, genes were profiled in STAT3- or STAT5-depleted YT cells by apoptosis-specific microarrays. Several differentially expressed genes were identified. Interestingly, those genes involved in NF-κB regulation, such as TNFR-associated factors 2 and 5 and B cell leukemia/lymphoma 10, were readily decreased upon STAT5, but not STAT3, depletion as validated by quantitative RT-PCR. These results suggest that STAT5 and, to a lesser extent, hyperactive STAT3 provide preferential and critical cell survival signals for certain human lymphoid tumors, indicating that nonhyperactive STATs should be considered as therapeutic targets for abrogating tumorigenesis.