cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Towards the prevention of acute lung injury: a population based cohort study protocol

Acute lung injury (ALI) is an example of a critical care syndrome with limited treatment options once the condition is fully established. Despite improved understanding of pathophysiology of ALI, the clinical impact has been limited to improvements in supportive treatment. On the other hand, little has been done on the prevention of ALI. Olmsted County, MN, geographically isolated from other urban areas offers the opportunity to study clinical pathogenesis of ALI in a search for potential prevention targets. In this population-based observational cohort study, the investigators identify patients at high risk of ALI using the prediction model applied within the first six hours of hospital admission. Using a validated system-wide electronic surveillance, Olmsted County patients at risk are followed until ALI, death or hospital discharge. Detailed in-hospital (second hit) exposures and meaningful short and long term outcomes (quality-adjusted survival) are compared between ALI cases and high risk controls matched by age, gender and probability of developing ALI. Time sensitive biospecimens are collected for collaborative research studies. Nested case control comparison of 500 patients who developed ALI with 500 matched controls will provide an adequate power to determine significant differences in common hospital exposures and outcomes between the two groups. This population-based observational cohort study will identify patients at high risk early in the course of disease, the burden of ALI in the community, and the potential targets for future prevention trials.
BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON ADENOVIRUS MULTIPLICATION. 8. ANALYSIS OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS.

Abstract The rate of protein synthesis in cultures of adenovirus type 2-infected KB cells and uninfected exponentially growing cells was found to be similar as determined by measurements of net protein formation, isotope incorporation, and the results of pulse labeling experiments. The time course of viral protein synthesis and the interrelationships among viral protein, viral DNA, and mature virus formation were studied by measurements of the incorporation of radioactive thymidine and valine into adenovirus and by the use of the inhibitors p -fluorophenylalanine and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine. The results indicate that viral DNA synthesis begins at 6–7 hours after infection, structural viral protein is synthesized starting at 9–10 hours after infection and is complete at 28 hours after infection, and virus maturation occurs between 13 and 28 hours after infection. Evidence is presented for the synthesis at about 4 hours after infection of protein(s) required for viral DNA synthesis and for concurrent protein synthesis necessary for continued viral DNA synthesis.
Understanding and Teaching English-Language Learners

The authors review several professional resources designed to assist those working with students who are learning English.
Robust reasoning: integrating rule-based and similarity-based reasoning

Abstract The paper attempts to account for common patterns in commonsense reasoning through integrating rule-based reasoning and similarity-based reasoning as embodied in connectionist models. Reasoning examples are analyzed and a diverse range of patterns is identified. A principled synthesis based on simple rules and similarities is performed, which unifies these patterns that were before difficult to be accounted for without specialized mechanisms individually. A two-level connectionist architecture with dual representations is proposed as a computational mechanism for carrying out the theory. It is shown in detail how the common patterns can be generated by this mechanism. Finally, it is argued that the brittleness problem of rule-based models can be remedied in a principled way, with the theory proposed here. This work demonstrates that combining rules and similarities can result in more robust reasoning models, and many seemingly disparate patterns of commonsense reasoning are actually different manifestations of the same underlying process and can be generated using the integrated architecture, which captures the underlying process to a large extent.
DNA strand scission by enzymically generated oxygen radicals

Abstract Col E1 DNA suffers strand scission when exposed to xanthine oxidase acting aerobically on xanthine. Strand scission was prevented by low levels of superoxide dismutase or of catalase. Mannitol, benzoate, or histidine, which scavenge OH · but which react with neither O2− nor H2O2, also prevented strand scission. Replacement of 0.1 m m ethylenediaminetetraacetate by 0.1 m m diethylenetriaminepentaacetate prevented strand scission. Three mechanisms for the production of OH ·, or of a comparably powerful oxidant, by metal-catalyzed interaction of O2− with H2O2, are proposed.
Measurement of 13C and 15N isotopic composition on nanomolar quantities of C and N.

We describe a trapping and chromatography system that cryogenically removes CO2 and N2 generated from sample combustion in an elemental analyzer (EA) and introduces these gases into a low-flow helium carrier stream for isotopic analysis. The sample size required for measurement by this system (termed nano-EA/IRMS) is almost 3 orders of magnitude less than conventional EA analyses and fills an important niche in the range of analytical isotopic methods. Only 25 nmol of N and 41 nmol of C are needed to achieve 1.0 ‰ precision (2σ) from a single measurement while larger samples and replicate measurements provide better precision. Analyses of standards demonstrate that nano-EA measurements are both accurate and precise, even on nanomolar quantities of C and N. Conventional and nano-EA measurements on international and laboratory standards are indistinguishable within analytical precision. Likewise, nano-EA values for international standards do not differ statistically from their consensus values. Both observa...
Types of parasitoid-induced mortality, host stage preferences, and sex ratios exhibited by Pnigalio flavipes (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) using Phyllonorycter elmaella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) as a host.

The different types of parasitoid-induced mortality, host stage preferences, and sex ratio exhibited by Pnigalio flavipes (Ashmead) to its host, Phyllonorycter elmaella Doganlar & Mutuura, was investigated in commercial apple orchards in central Washington. The parasitoid-induced mortality of Phyllonorycter elmaella consisted on average of 57.2% host stinging with oviposition, 32.7% host feeding, and 10.1% host stinging without oviposition. Pnigalio flavipes laid eggs on Phyllonorycter elmaella tissue feeders (fourth and fifth instars) an average of 5.4 times more than it did on sap feeders (first-third instars), but host-fed on sap feeders an average of 12.1 times more than on tissue feeders. When healthy tissue feeders became scarce late in the season, Pnigalio flavipes began to lay eggs on previously attacked tissue feeders (superparasitize) and then switched to laying eggs on sap feeders. The sex ratio (M:F) of Pnigalio flavipes reared from tissue feeders was almost 1 to 1. Only male Pnigalio flavipes were reared from sap feeders.
Revisiting e- e- Switchover in the NLC Linac

This paper is an extension of a talk given in December 1999 which discussed various options for reconfiguring magnets and power sources to convert the NLC to e-e- operation. At that time three different configurations were examined and a Directional Reversal model was recommended in order to avoid the difficulties of polarity reversal with permanent magnets anticipated in the main linac at that time. Since permanent magnets are no longer in the baseline, a Polarity Reversal scheme becomes more attractive.
The Effect of Warm Accumulative Roll Bonding and Post Process Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior of CP-Ti

Accumulative Roll Bonding (ARB), a severe plastic deformation technique, was used in this study to process commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti) sheets at selected warm temperatures. Post-processing treatments at selected conditions were also performed on the ARB processed material, following each ARB processing cycle. Mechanical characterization and microstructural examination were carried out on the processed and post processed material to track the evolution of the microstructure, the changes in strength and ductility, and their relationships with regard to one another. Though the temperatures and processing conditions covered here are limited, it was found that ARB processing temperature affects the resultant flow behavior of the material. Furthermore, it was shown that post processing treatment of the ARB processed material can increase both strength and ductility of the material; the latter can be used as an effective tool for further controlling the structure and properties of the ARB-processed material.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Oxidative phosphorylation and calcium transport by sarcotubular vesicles in myotonic dystrophy

Abstract Oxidative phosphorylation by muscle mitochondria and the competence of calcium sequestration by fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum from the muscle of patients with myotonic dystrophy were studied. Both of these functions appeared to be entirely normal, lending no support to theories that abnormalities of mitochondrial respiration or calcium transport by the sarcotubular system are the primary cause of the disease.
LOOKING FOR A JUSTE MILIEU IN A SILVER AGE OF MODESTY

Frank Ankersmit takes us on an extended historiographical journey from the "golden age of theory" inaugurated during the 1970s to the "silver age of modesty" of the turn of this century. Not that his project is in any way modest. Ankersmit offers a comprehensive critical assessment of historiography over the past thirty-five years in light of the vanishing mystique of the "rhetorical turn" for historians today. He offers a sober, thorough, and thoughtful analysis, complete with his repudiation of the more unsettling relativist implications of the theoretical work of deconstructionist literary critics and philosophers. But on the whole his judgments about the theorists of the rhetoric of history are upbeat, and he concludes that their recent reflections on the way we write history have considerably deepened our understanding of history as a genre of intellectual inquiry. We are better off for having made this journey. The giants of the profession of a generation ago, who recast the discipline with their provocative originality, are now gone, and no new ones have emerged to project broader historiographical horizons. "We live in an age," he observes, "without any new Braudels, Foucaults, Aribses, Fogels, Ginzburgs, or Hayden Whites .. ." (2). But their legacy lives on. If historians today are no longer disposed to extend further the bold new theoretical paths these predecessors pioneered, we can still profit from a synthesis of the materials with which they have left us. Such is the point of departure for Ankersmit's project. Theory, he concludes, has led historians toward a more confident understanding of the aesthetic foundations of historical writing that make historical interpretation possible. The rhetorical turn has rerouted historical scholarship from what promised to be its integration into the social sciences during the 1960s back toward history as a field within the humanities once more.
AB INITIO STUDY OF BNHN AND BN(NH2)N (N = 3-6) SPECIES. A COMPARISON OF CLASSICAL AND NONCLASSICAL STRUCTURES

For early members of the hypercloso boron hydride family, BnHn (n = 3−5), the lowest energy isomer contains one or more three-membered aromatic BBB rings. Not until B6H6 do cage structures become more stable. When hydrogens are replaced by amino groups, the classical nonplanar ring structure is more stable than the nonclassical cage, Bn(NH2)n (n = 4−6). A disagreement of over 20 kcal/mol is found between MP2/6-31G(2d,p)//MP2/6-31G(d) and B3LYP/6-31G(d)//B3LYP/6-31G(d) for the relative energy of ring and cage structures of B6(NH2)6. Calculations on B4(NH2)4 including additional electron correlation indicate B3LYP/6-31G(d) is more reliable than MP2/6-31G(2d,p) for relative energies. The lowest energy B6(NH2)6 classical structure is a D3d symmetry chair, while a D3d cage is predicted to be 15.0 kcal/mol higher in energy.
Sacred, Secular, and Ecological Discourses: the Sethusamudram Project

The nature of discourse in public culture has changed significantly if not noticeably in just the past few decades. The Sethusamudram Shipping Canal Project (SSCP) intended to create a commercial shipping lane between India and Sri Lanka demonstrates the nature of this change in discourse, which seems focused around the convergence of traditional news media and public commentary through the medium of the Internet which increases the reach of news as well as the speed with which that news arrives to its audience. Just two decades earlier, at a time when the Internet was very young, many of the same political parties and government agencies involved with the SSCP were also involved in the Babri Mosque controversy which culminated in the deaths of perhaps 2000 people as well as the destruction of an historical site, the mosque itself. While many factors are likely to have contributed, the SSCP controversy, in which thousands of concerned Hindus mobilized in protests, resulted in little if no injury or damage to property. This was, perhaps, due in part to the nature of the public discourse.
Pulsed uv nitrogen laser: dynamical behavior.

Using the time dependent rate equations, the dynamical behavior of a high power pulsed N2 laser radiating at 337.1 nm is derived. The threshold conditions are given. The output peak power and pulse width as a function of length and initial inversion density are shown. The theoretical results derived are compared with experimental data and are found to be in good agreement.
Reading aloud: A way for parents to support their children's growth in literacy

Parents can form a vital link to literacy and later school success by encouraging literacy and language modeling in their daily communication with children. This article describes a study in Head Start classrooms in Florida and North Carolina where teachers used a book lending system and high quality books which they shared with children and families. Strategies for teachers to assist parents in providing support for emergent literacy are given. Ways to help families see the importance of their practices and encourage the use of these ideas as part of their daily routines are shared.
Crystal Structure of Carbapenemase OXA-58 from Acinetobacter baumannii

ABSTRACT Class D β-lactamases capable of hydrolyzing last-resort carbapenem antibiotics represent a major challenge for treatment of bacterial infections. Wide dissemination of these enzymes in Acinetobacter baumannii elevated this pathogen to the category of most deadly and difficult to treat. We present here the structure of the OXA-58 β-lactamase, a major class D carbapenemase of A. baumannii, determined to 1.30-A resolution. Unlike two other Acinetobacter carbapenemases, OXA23 and OXA-24, the OXA-58 enzyme lacks the characteristic hydrophobic bridge over the active site, despite conservation of the residues which participate in its formation. The active-site residues in OXA-58 are spatially conserved in comparison to those in other class D β-lactamases. Lys86, which activates water molecules during the acylation and deacylation steps, is fully carboxylated in the OXA-58 structure. In the absence of a substrate, a water molecule is observed in the active site of the enzyme and is positioned in the pocket that is usually occupied by the 6α-hydroxyethyl moiety of carbapenems. A water molecule in this location would efficiently deacylate good substrates, such as the penicillins, but in the case of carbapenems, it would be expelled by the 6α-hydroxyethyl moiety of the antibiotics and a water from the surrounding medium would find its way to the vicinity of the carboxylated Lys86 to perform deacylation. Subtle differences in the position of this water in the acyl-enzyme complexes of class D β-lactamases could ultimately be responsible for differences in the catalytic efficiencies of these enzymes against last-resort carbapenem antibiotics.
Depression, anxiety, antidepressant use, and cardiovascular disease among Hispanic men and women of different national backgrounds: results from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos

Abstract Purpose To describe prevalence and relationships to cardiovascular morbidity of depression, anxiety, and medication use among Hispanic/Latinos of different ethnic backgrounds. Methods Cross-sectional analysis of 15,864 men and women aged 18 to 74 years in the population-based Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos. Depressive and anxiety symptoms were assessed with shortened Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale and Spielberger Trait Anxiety Scale. Results Prevalence of high depressive symptoms ranged from low of 22.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 20.4–24.3) to high of 38.0% (95% CI, 35.2–41.0) among those of Mexican or Puerto Rican background, respectively. Adjusted odds ratios for depression rose monotonically with number of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor from 1.46 (95% CI, 1.18–1.75) for those with one risk factors to 4.36 (95% CI, 2.47–7.70) for those with five risk factors. Antidepressant medication was used by 5% with striking differences between those with and without history of CVD (15.4% and 4.6%, respectively) and between insured (8.2%) and uninsured (1.8%). Conclusions Among US Hispanics/Latinos, high depression and anxiety symptoms varied nearly twofold by Hispanic background and sex, history of CVD, and increasing number of CVD risk factors. Antidepressant medication use was lower than in the general population, suggesting under treatment especially among those who had no health insurance.
Anti-, Neo-, Post-, and Proto-: Conservative Hybrids, Ironic Reversals, and Global Terror(ism)

Conservatism has always been a reluctant ideology, more a pragmatic response to events than a coherent system of fundamental principles. The Newest Right, which has now emerged with renewed vigor in America, Europe, and beyond, is no exception. It continues to invoke powerful traditions and deeply rooted identities as the enduring foundations of social order and political authority. However, conservatives today also refuse to set limits on personal ambitions, economic programs, government activities, and even leverage their fundamental values. In America, the “War on Terror”— an undeclared war against an unknown enemy— has unleashed a global politics, indeed, a global crusade, that is redefining national borders and constitutional doctrines with astonishing speed. In this article, I draw on four prefixes—” anti,” “neo,” “post,” and “proto,”—to characterize the implications of this newest conservatism without limits for the continuing evolution of conservative ideology. I claim that the Newest Right has in...
Value of dual-energy CT in differentiating focal fatty infiltration of the liver from low-density masses.

Focal (irregular, partial) fatty infiltration of the liver may simulate neoplastic or other hypodense masses on CT. On the basis of previous observations of the phenomenon that differences in X-ray attenuation diminish with increasing energy of X-rays used, we performed a preliminary study to determine if dual-energy CT could be used to discriminate between fatty infiltration and hypodense liver masses. Dual-energy CT at 140 and 80 kVp was performed in 14 patients undergoing liver biopsy and in seven control subjects with presumedly normal liver. Attenuation measurements were taken, and the changes in attenuation between 140 and 80 kVp were calculated. The mean changes in attenuation were 3.5 H for normal liver (n = 7), 2.5 H for hypodense liver masses (n = 6), 13 H for fatty liver (n = 5), 0.3 H for fatty liver combined with hemochromatosis or hemosiderosis (n = 3), and 2 H for the spleen (n = 18). The change in attenuation increased as the fat content in the liver increased. Analysis of variance showed ...
Improving the granularity of access control in Windows NT

This paper presents the access control mechanisms in Windows 2000 that enable fine-grained protection and centralized management. These mechanisms were added during the transition from Windows NT 4.0 to support the Active Directory, a new feature in Windows 2000. We first extended entries in access control lists to allow rights to apply to just a portion of an object. The second extension allows centralized management of object hierarchies by specifying more precisely how access control lists are inherited. The final extension allows users to limit the rights of executing programs by restricting the set of objects they may access. These changes have the combined effect of allowing centralized management of access control while precisely specifying which accesses are granted to which programs.
Blood-Feeding Activity of Female Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)

A study was made to determine the effects of certain environmental and host factors upon the feeding activities of adult female Culicoides . Collections were made with animal-baited traps utilizing goats, rabbits, turkeys, and chickens as hosts. Only 2 species of Culicoides were collected in large enough numbers for valid statistical analysis. Greater numbers of C. sanguisuga (Coquillett) and C. guttipennis (Coquillett) were collected from the larger host animals of the same species. This suggests that host size was a factor in attracting Culicoides . In other experiments it was found that host color was not a significant factor in attracting these 2 species of Culicoides . The optimum conditions for adult feeding activity of C. sanguisuga were 16–18°C and 85–95% RH. Host records are reported for 10 additional species.
Tetragonal Zirconium Oxide Prepared under High Pressure

Tetragonal zirconium oxide, stable at room temperature, was synthesized at 15 to 20 kb and 12000 to 17000C. Rapid quenching produced a mixture of the monoclinic and tetragonal phases. The high-pressure specimens, when heated to 1200 ° C in air and quenched, reverted to the all-monoclinic form.
The influence of race and expressed experience of the hypnotist on hypnotic susceptibility

Abstract The influence of 2 hypnotist variables (race and expressed competence) on hypnotic susceptibility was investigated. The Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A (HGSHS:A) was administered to 100 white psychology students, who were divided into 4 experimental groups based on a 2 × 2 matrix of the independent variables. It was hypothesized that (a) Ss who believed the hypnotist to be experienced would score higher than those who perceived the hypnotist as being inexperienced, and (b) Ss hypnotized by a white hypnotist would score higher than Ss hypnotized by a black hypnotist. The results support the first hypothesis only for the white hypnotist groups. The second hypothesis was not supported.
Partial protection of lambs against Haemonchus contortus by vaccination with a fractionated preparation of the parasite.

Abstract Florida Native lambs, 30 000 daltons) derived from a somatic extract of H. contortus larvae (SEL) and excretions secretions (ES) of larvae isolated during in vitro development from the infective 3rd to 4th stage. A 59% reduction in adult worm numbers was obtained in vaccinates compared to naive lambs following challenge. The protection in vaccinated lambs was similar to that seen in lambs exposed to a primary infection of H. contortus larvae which had been cleared with anthelmintic prior to the challenge infection. The unfractioned SEL/ES preparation and a low mol. wt fraction gave no significant protection against challenge infection.
Flocculation of pinacyanol chloride in alkali silicate solutions

Abstract Aqueous solutions of sodium and potassium silicates have been used as coagulating agents for the cationic dye pinacyanol chloride. The stability of the dye has been shown to be dependent on the concentration and the history of the silicate as well as on the concentration of the dye. Spectral changes of the dye accompanying flocculation were observed.
The Role of Educational Aspirations and Expectations in the Discontinuity of Intergenerational Low-Income Status.

This study investigated one potential mechanism mediating continuity and discontinuity in low-income status across generations: children's educational aspirations and expectations. Data were drawn from a community sample of 808 participants who were followed from age 10 to 30. Four trajectory groups of children's educational aspirations and expectations were identified from ages 10 to 18 (grades five through 12): “stable-high” group, “stable-low” group, “increaser” group, and “decreaser” group. Among participants from low-income families, those in the stable-high group and the increaser group were equally likely to graduate from high school. High school graduation was positively associated with level of total household income at age 30. Findings suggest that social work efforts that support the development of high educational aspirations and expectations in children might serve to reduce the intergenerational continuity of low-income status.
The Color of Jazz: Race and Representation in Postwar American Culture

Although now sometimes called "America's classical music," jazz has not always been accorde favorable appellations. Accurate though these encomiums may be, they obscure the complex and fractious history of jazz's reception in the U. S. Developing out of the African American cultural tradition, jazz has always been variously understood by black and white audiences. This penetrating study of America's attitudes toward jazz focuses on a momentous period in postwar history -- from the end of World War II to the beginning of the Black Power Movement. Exploring the diverse representations of jazz and jazz musicians in literature and popular culture, it connects this uneven reception, and skewed use of jazz with the era's debates about race and racial difference. Its close scrutiny of literature, music criticism, film, and television reveals fundamental contrasts between black and white cultures as they regard jazz. To the detriment of concepts of community and history, white writers focus on the individualism that they perceive in jazz. Black writers emphasize the aspects of musicianship, performance, and improvisation. White approaches to jazz tend to be individualistic and ahistorical, and their depictions of musicians accent the artist's suffering and victimization. Black texts treating similar subject matter stress history, communitarianism, and socio-personal experience. This study shows as well how black and white dissenters such as the Beats and various African-American writers have challenged the mainstreams's definition of this African-American resource. It explores such topics as racial politics in bohemian Greenwich Village, the struggle of the image of Charlie Parker, the cultural construction of jazz performance, and literature imitation of jazz improvisation. As a cultural history with relevance for contemporary discussions of race and representation, The Color of Jazz offers an innovative and compelling perspective on diverse, well-known cultural materials. Jon Panish is a lecturer at the University of California, Irvine.
Object‐oriented hierarchical mesh refinement with CHARMS

A new approach to the construction of adaptive approximations on finite element meshes and also in more general settings, including approximations on subdivision surfaces, had been recently proposed by Krysl, Grinspun, and Schroder. This paper outlines how the general refinement algorithms may be specialized to some common finite element discretizations in two and three dimensions, discusses the design of nested meshes, and delves into the algorithmic, design, and implementation issues in an object oriented software framework (http://hogwarts.ucsd.edu/∼pkrysl/CHARMS). Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluating the applicability of socially-oriented perspectives to the IT service level agreement negotiation process: a theory-driven exploratory study

Continuing exponential growth in the Information Technology (IT) outsourcing market implies a need to understand the negotiated Service Level Agreements (SLAs) that underlie the majority of those sourcing relationships. Knowledge of the negotiation processes that are associated with the development of IT SLAs is a necessary precondition for designing and developing Negotiation Support Systems (NSSs) intended to support those processes. To gain such knowledge, it is first necessary to identify theoretical perspectives that may be relevant to the IT SLA negotiation process, postulate reasonable propositions therefrom, and then evaluate those propositions in a practical, exploratory fashion. Accordingly, the current paper draws on socially-oriented perspectives to develop theory-driven propositions which are then evaluated in an experimental setting. The results of this study indicate that several socially-oriented theories may be relevant to the IT SLA negotiation process, and represent a starting point for the identification of context-specific IT SLA negotiation support systems.
Risk of venous thromboembolism with drospirenone-containing oral contraceptives

Purpose The risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) with drospirenone-containing oral contraceptives (OCs) is reviewed. Summary Increasing attention and media have raised awareness and concern about whether drospirenone-containing OCs increase the risk of VTE. Two studies found that when compared with nonuse of OCs, use of drospirenone-containing OCs was associated with a fourfold to over sixfold increased risk of having a thrombotic event. One of these studies found an increased risk associated with short-term use of drospirenone-containing OCs; however, this study was limited by the small number of participants taking drospirenone despite the large number of study participants. The cohort study that found a higher rate of VTE among drospirenone users was only able to indicate an association between drospirenone use and VTE, not a cause-and-effect relationship. Three studies concluded that drospirenone-containing OCs did not appear to cause an increased risk of VTE. The hemostatic studies found no difference in the various variables assessed between drospirenone- and desogestrel-containing OCs or between cyclic and continuous administration of drospirenone-containing OCs. These results should be interpreted cautiously, as each study had limitations, such as not controlling for confounders (e.g., recent surgery, immobility, obesity), not providing p values to assess homogeneity between treatment groups, and not providing total numbers of participants or specific types of OCs. Patients who receive drospirenone-containing OCs should be educated regarding the signs and symptoms of VTE, along with an appropriate action plan. Conclusion The majority of available data does not support the conclusion that drospirenone-containing OCs pose an increased risk of VTE compared with other OCs.
Investigating the evolution and future impact of cancer treatment methods from one-size-fits-all to personalized approach

Cancer therapeutics have developed and improved overtime. Currently, the most common oncology therapeutics are chemotherapy and radiation therapy. These cancer therapies predominantly follow a 'one-size-fits-all' strategy. They attach general features common to all cancers, although the dose size and frequency are typically customized from one patient to another. Two popular forms of cancer therapeutics are chemo and radiation. These forms use different approaches. Chemotherapy attacks fast-dividing cells in the patient body. Since chemotherapy does not distinguish between good and bad cells, it can induce side effects. Side effects include hair loss, bone marrow problems, and digestive system problems. Chemotherapy kills hair follicles, blood cells in bone marrow, and intestinal cells in digestive system. High doses are required for chemotherapy to be effective. Moreover, not all types of cancer respond well to chemotherapy. Cancer cells are "smart" in the sense that they can eventually "learn" and detect chemotherapy and "adapt/protect" themselves, rendering chemotherapy impotent. Radiation therapy attempts to avoid chemotherapy shortfalls by damaging cancer cell DNA in the targeted body part. Radiation offers two main advantages over chemotherapy: (1) the former is targeted, so it does not damage other body parts, and (2) it is more effective because the DNA of the cancer cells are damaged beyond repair leaving no chance for adaptation. Radiation effectively causes the tumor to shrink and die. However, good cells can still be affected by radiation, and side effects can still occur, e.g. fatigue, memory loss, skin irritation, scar tissue, and chronic bowel effects. More recently, newer cancer therapies (known as targeted therapies) attack specific features or mutations found in individual cancers in an attempt to kill fast-dividing cells without killing normal healthy cells. A targeted therapy attacks specific mutated proteins or DNA known as biomarkers, found in individual types of cancer. Targeted therapy works only on the targeted biomarkers. Only patients with the correct DNA mutation (biomarker) can benefit from targeted therapies. Targeted therapies have some advantages over chemo and radiation therapies. They operate in a wider "effective treatment window" and cause fewer side effects (joint and muscle pain, fatigue, skin lesions, diarrhea, and nausea) compared to either chemo or radiation. The paper offers a historic perspective of the evolution of the personalized cancer treatment approach, it enablers, current research issues and its future promise.
Molybdenum and tungsten in biology

Molybdenum is the only second-row transition metal that is required by most living organisms, and the few species that do not require molybdenum use tungsten, which lies immediately below molybdenum in the periodic table. Because of their unique chemical versatility and unusually high bioavailability these two transition metals have been incorporated into the active sites of enzymes over the course of evolution. Enzymes that contain molybdenum or tungsten continue to be discovered and several crystal structures have become available recently. This new structural information has been complemented by spectroscopic and kinetic methods, as well as computational approaches. Together, these studies provide an increasingly detailed view of the reaction mechanisms and the correlation between the electronic structure of the active site and catalytic function, one of the fundamental goals in metallobiochemistry.
Frequency of Visiting and Food Dollars Spent at Carryouts Among Low-Income, Urban African American Adults

Americans are eating out more frequently and spending more money on food consumed away from home. Though a growing body of research has examined consumer behavior at franchised fast-food restaurants, little attention has focused on carryouts (food establishments selling ready-to-eat food and beverages for off-premises consumption). Low-income, urban African American adults eat out an average of 4.1 times each week and 78% were at local carryout restaurants (3.2 times each week). At each carryout visit, they spend an average of $10.30. Given the frequency of visiting and food dollars spent at carryouts, this may be an important venue for intervening to improve dietary habits among low-income African American adults.
Osmometric Behavior, Hydraulic Conductivity, and Incidence of Intracellular Ice Formation in Bovine Oocytes at Different Developmental Stages

Abstract Bovine oocytes that were immature (IMM), matured in vitro (IVM) or in vivo (MAT), or matured and fertilized in vitro (IVF) were studied using a microscope diffusion chamber to estimate osmotic parameters and a cryomicroscope to characterize intracellular ice formation (11F). Linear Boyle van't Hoff relationships were observed with all four types of oocytes between 0.265 and 0.799 osm NaCl. At 20°C, estimates of hydraulic conductivity (Lp) were significantly higher for IVM oocytes than IMM and MAT oocytes (0.84 μm/(min · atm) vs 0.45 and 0.47, respectively). IVM oocytes also tended to have higher Lp values than IVF oocytes (0.55 μm/(min · atm)). At 5°C, the Lp of IVM oocytes decreased to 0.36 μm/min · atm) corresponding to an Arrhenius activation energy of 7.84 kcal/mol. The incidence of IIF in MAT oocytes suspended in salt solution and subjected to linear cooling to - 60°C was 45% at 4°C/min, 75% at 8°C/min, and 93% at 16°C/min; with IVF oocytes, the incidence of IIF was 40% at 4°C/min. 92% at 8°C/min, and 100% at 16°C/min. Comparisons involving median IIF temperatures (THF50s) and the distributions of the observed IIF temperatures for IMM (Myers et al., Cryo-Lett. 8, 260), IVM (Chandrasekaran et al., Cryobiology 27, 676), MAT and IVF oocytes indicated that the IIF incidence in IMM oocytes cooled at 4°C/min was greater than that of oocytes at the other developmental stages cooled at the same rate. The THF50s of IVM and IVF oocytes were lowered by equilibration in 1.5 M ethylene glycol (EG), glycerol, or propylene glycol (PG) prior to cooling, with EG tending to lower the THF50s more than glycerol or PG. For all three cryoprotectants, the THF50s and IFF temperature distributions were cooling-rate dependent. The Weibull probability distribution was fitted to the distributions of the IIF temperatures of oocytes suspended in salt solutions with and without cryoprotectants yielding R2 values ranging from 0.70 to 0.98.
Pulse duration dependence of the third order optical nonlinearity of a cadmium sulfide dendrimer nanocomposite

Open and close aperture Z-scans were performed on various CdS quantum dots embedded in either generation 4 (G4) and G5 poly(propyleneimine) dendrimer films using picosecond and femtosecond pulses between 350 nm and 1 mm. The films had an average thickness of 400nm. The measured values of the third order nonlinear coefficient were among the highest off-resonance nonlinearities reported for organic and/or hybrid composites materials. However, the nonlinear response with picosecond pulses were about an order of magnitude higher than the femtosecond counterpart. We show that the nonlinear response in these materials is also a function of the dynamics of the excited states involved and that measurements of the nonlinear optical coefficient with pulses of different duration is directly correlated to the dynamics of the excited states.
Performance evaluation of a pinhole SPECT system for myocardial perfusion imaging of mice

The increasing use of transgenic mice as models of human physiology and disease has motivated the development of dedicated in vivo imaging systems for anatomic and functional characterization of mice as an adjunct to or a replacement for established ex vivo techniques. We have developed a pinhole single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) system for high resolution imaging of mice with cardiovascular imaging as the primary application. In this work, we characterize the system performance through phantom studies. The spatial resolution and sensitivity were measured from images of a line source and point source, respectively, and were reported for a range of object-to-pinhole distances and pinhole diameters. Tomographic images of a uniform cylindrical phantom, Defrise phantom, and grid phantom were used to characterize the image uniformity and spatial linearity. The uniform phantom image did not contain any ring or reconstruction artifacts, but blurring in the axial direction was evident in the Defrise phantom images. The grid phantom images demonstrated excellent spatial linearity. A novel phantom modeling perfusion of the left ventricle of a mouse was designed and built with perfusion defects of varying sizes to evaluate the system performance for myocardial perfusion imaging of mice. The defect volumes were measured from the pinhole SPECT images and correlated to the actual defect volumes calculated according to geometric formulas. Linear regression analysis produced a correlation coefficient of r = 0.995 (p < 0.001), demonstrating the feasibility for measurement of perfusion defect size in mice using pinhole SPECT. We have performed phantom studies to characterize the spatial resolution, sensitivity, image uniformity, and spatial linearity of the pinhole SPECT system. Measurement of the perfusion defect size is a valuable phenotypic assessment and will be useful for hypothesis testing in murine models of cardiovascular disease.
Immediate decrease in apparent translation rate caused by salinity change in scyphistomae of aurelia aurita (linnaeus)

Abstract 1. Abrupt decrease or increase of salinity is followed by an immediate drop in incorporation of 3 H phenylalanine into the TCA-insoluble protein fraction, but no major change in oxygen consumption rate. 2. Decrease in salinity at constant osmolarity is not followed by lower incorporation. 3. Recovery from osmotic swelling after salinity decrease coincides with reestablishment of a new stable rate of incorporation, which is only 50–70% of the original rate. 4. Inhibition of translation with continued proteolysis could provide free amino acids for cell volume control.
A Proposed Integration of Independent Mental Health Facilities into Behaviorally Oriented Social Training Programs

Traditional insight psychotherapy and the medical model have little relevance to mental health facilities viewed as essentially social training institutions for disturbed and disturbing persons wit...
Estimation of the multi-criteria worths of the alternatives in a hierarchical structure of comparisons

The aggregated worths of the alternatives, when compared with respect to several criteria, are estimated in a hierarchical comparisons model introduced by Saaty (1980). A multiplicative model is used for the paired comparisons data which are collected in a ratio scale in this set-up in any level of this hierarchy. An iterative scheme is found for the maximum likelihood estimation of the worth parameters in this multiplicative model. The iterative values are shown to be convergent monotonically to the estimates. We also obtain the asymptotic dispersion matrix of the maximum likelihood estimates of the relative worths of the alternatives according to a single criterion as well as those according to the over-all suitability when compared under several criteria. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the method developed in this paper. Simulation techniques are employed to find the average number of iterations required for the convergence of the above iterative scheme.
Abstraction refinement in symbolic model checking using satisfiability as the only decision procedure

We present an abstraction refinement algorithm for model checking of safety properties that relies exclusively on a SAT solver for checking the abstract model, testing abstract counterexamples on the concrete model, and refinement. Model checking of the abstractions is based on bounded model checking extended with checks for the existence of simple paths that help in deciding passing properties. All minimum-length spurious counterexamples are eliminated in one refinement step by an incremental procedure that combines the analysis of the conflict dependency graph produced by the SAT solver while looking for concrete counterexamples with an effective refinement minimization procedure.
A Case of Post-Traumatic Olfactory Disorder Presenting Negative Results of Schneider Test due to Trigeminal Nerve Injury

Received December 29, 2010 Revised February 21, 2011 Accepted March 8, 2011 Address for correspondence Il Gyu Kang, MD Department of OtolaryngologyHead and Neck Surgery, Gachon University of Medicine and Science Graduate School of Medicine, 1198 Guwol-dong, Namdong-gu, Incheon 405-760, Korea Tel +82-32-460-2757 Fax +82-32-467-9044 E-mail eyik@gilhospital.com There has been a considerable increase in the number of patients with olfactory disorder due to head and facial injuries. Conventional olfactory function evaluation methods, such as TT54:360-3
The distortion of memory for careers: The influence of the thematic organization of occupational information

Abstract The occupational information-giving aspects of career counseling were examined in light of several social impression-organization concepts. Participants were 120 university students who listened to occupational information and identified descriptors of the occupations either immediately or 1 week later. Responses were analyzed for factual recall (correct hits) and thematic intrusions. False positives, i.e., identification of a descriptor which had not been included in the occupational information presented to the participants but which was a descriptor of the Holland type of the occupational title of interest, were taken as evidence of thematic intrusion. It was hypothesized that over time there would be increasing thematic intrusions for information about occupations, and that there would be more thematic intrusions for familiar occupations (those with a strong preexisting theme) than for unfamiliar occupations. The results supported the first prediction but not the second. The Holland model appeared to be useful in describing the cognitive structures around which occupational information may be organized.
Electrospray mass spectrometry and UV/visible spectrophotometry studies of aluminum(III)-flavonoid complexes

Aluminum(III) complexes formed by the isoflavone biochanin-A and the flavones kaempeferol and quercetin in CH 3 OH, CH 3 CN, i-C 3 H 7 OH, and the mixed solvents CH 3 CN/CH 3 OH (1/1 v/v), CH 3 CN/H 2 O (1/1 v/v) CH 3 CN/CH 2 Cl 2 (1/1 v/v) and CH 3 CN/i-C 3 H 7 OH (1/1 v/v), were investigated by means of electrospray mass spectrometry (ES-MS) and UV/visible absorbance spectrophotometry, Electrospray mass spectra of solutions that were indicated by their UV/visible spectra to have formed an Al-flavonoid complex displayed singly-charged ions corresponding in m/z to the 1 : 2, dimeric complex, viz., [AlL 2 ] + , L = (flavonoid - H + ) - . Lesser abundant singly-charged ions corresponding in m/z to [AlR(L)] + , where R = H-, HO - or CH 3 O - were also sometimes observed. Formation of the 1:2 complex was favored in CH 3 OH relative to all other solvent systems investigated. The relative amounts of complexed and free flavonoid in solution, as estimated by the appearance of the UV/visible spectra, correlated well with the abundance ratio of the 1:2, Al-flavonoid dimer to the protonated flavonoid (indicative of free flavonoid) observed in the ES mass spectrum of the same solution.
Intramolecular cycloadditions using vinyl sulfide dienophiles

Abstract The formation of hexahydrobenzo(b)thiophenes have been examined by a Diels-Alder route featuring a vinylic sulfide as the dienophilic component. Unique aspects of the observed stereoselectivity and further stereochemical transformations are presented. The formation of hexahydrobenzo(b) thiophenes have been examined by a Diels-Alder route featuring a vinylic sulfide as the dienophilic component.
Therapists as Trauma Survivors: A Case Study Detailing Cognitive Processing Therapy for Rape Victims With a Psychology Graduate Student

This case study describes the treatment of a female psychology graduate student, referred to as Mary, who presented with complaints of “mild symptoms of depression and a lack of motivation.” It was...
High-energy, large-momentum-transfer processes: Ladder diagrams in ϕ3 theory (II)

Abstract Relativistic quantum field theories may give us useful guidance to understanding high-energy, large-momentum-transfer processes, where the center-of-mass energy is much larger than the transverse momentum transfers, which are in turn much larger than the masses of the participating particles. With this possibility in mind, we study the ladder diagrams in ϕ 3 theory. In this paper, some of the necessary techniques are developed and applied to the simplest cases of the fourth- and sixth-order ladder diagrams.