cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Examining the organizational implications of IT use in hospital-based health care: a case study of computerized order entry

The paper reports on the preliminary findings of an in-depth case study of the implementation of a computerized order entry (COE) system at a medium sized, acute care hospital. We propose a theoretically grounded framework, based on work by S.R. Barley (1986; 1990), for analyzing organizational changes that may result from COE introduction and use the framework to analyze findings at the research site. The hospital studied was largely successful in implementing and utilizing the system. However, use of the COE has altered the content and structure of order related information that passes between key participants in clinical care, affecting how these occupational groups and departments communicate and interact by creating ambiguity and uncertainty about order information. Use of the system may also be enabling increased organizational control over clinical care practices, exercised through professional norms and the clinical administrative hierarchy. Findings were consistent with other studies of COE use, suggesting that future research could focus on the consequences of structuring the content of order related communications on interactions between clinical and ancillary departments and the need to integrate the COE with other clinical systems to minimize disruptions.
The Fourteenth Amendment Protects the Right to Same-Sex Marriage

This essay was prepared for use in a debate in November, 2010, regarding whether gay and lesbian couples have a right to marry under the Fourteenth Amendment. It contends that the right to marry is a fundamental right under the Due Process Clause and that gays and lesbians are a suspect class within the meaning of the Equal Protection Clause, and that therefore laws denying gay and lesbian couples the right to marry are subject to the "strict scrutiny" standard. Furthermore, these laws fail even the "rational basis" test, because there is no legitimate reason to prohibit gay and lesbian couples from marrying. The essay also addresses a number of other arguments commonly raised against same-sex marriage. This essay is based upon a longer article written by the author and published at 28 North Carolina Central Law Review 1 (2005), "Ohio Issue 1 Is Unconstitutional." Most of that previous article is omitted here, and approximately half of this essay consists of new material. This is a work in progress in this rapidly evolving area of civil rights law.
Design and analysis of a low cost, high performance single phase UPS system

This paper presents design considerations and performance analysis of an on-line low cost, high performance single-phase UPS system based on a novel converter topology. The converter, consisting of an AC-DC/DC-DC boost converter combined with a half bridge inverter, uses only five active switches to realize very desirable features. These include sinusoidal input currents, a common neutral connection-eliminating the requirement of an isolation transformer, capability of voltage balancing control for the DC bus capacitors, low voltage storage battery as well as its charge or discharge regulations. Further, voltage stresses on the switches in the boost converter are reduced to half of those in conventional half bridge converters. A new, unified boost converter control strategy is also presented. Detailed computer simulation and experimental results are included in this paper to demonstrate the superior performances of the UPS system.
Early Enteral Nutrition and Aggressive Fluid Resuscitation are Associated with Improved Clinical Outcomes in Acute Pancreatitis

Objectives To determine whether recommendations for treatment of acute pancreatitis (AP) in adults impact the outcomes of pediatric AP. Study design Adult guidelines regarding early management of AP were implemented through an admission order set at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center at the beginning of the year 2014. Recommendations included administering high rates of intravenous fluid (IVF) within 24 hours of admission and enteral nutrition within 48 hours of admission. A retrospective chart review of AP admissions before and after the implementation of the recommendations was undertaken. Outcomes studied were: hospital length of stay, intensive care unit transfer rates, development of severe AP, pulmonary complications, and readmission rates post discharge from the hospital. Results The study included 201 patients. Children who received feeds within the first 48 hours and received greater than maintenance IVF within 24 hours had a shorter length of stay, less intensive care unit admissions and severe AP rates compared with the patients who remained nil per os during the first 48 hours and received lower rates of IVF. Conclusion Our data support that early enteral nutrition and early aggressive IVF improve outcomes of pediatric AP.
Basel I, Basel II, and Emerging Markets: A Nontechnical Analysis

The Basel Accords, while extremely influential, are oftentimes too detailed and technical to be easily accessible to the nontechnical policymaker or interested scholar. This paper looks to fill that gap by detailing the origin, regulation, implementation, criticism, and results of both Basel I and Basel II. Findings of note include (1) the limited scope and general language of Basel I gives banks excessive leeway in their interpretation of its rules, and, in the end, allows financial institutions to take improper risks and hold unduly low capital reserves; (2) Basel II seeks to extend the breath and precision of Basel I, bringing in factors such as market and operational risk, market-based discipline and surveillance, and regulatory mandates, but is oftentimes excessively long and complex; (3) both Basel I and II effectively ignore the implications of their rules on emerging market banks; and that (4) although each accord states that its positions are not recommended for application in emerging market economies, the use of Basel I and II by most private and public organizations as truly international banking standards predicates the inclusion of emerging markets in each accord.
Ecosystem dynamics through the past 2000 years as revealed by fossil mammals from Lamar cave in Yellowstone National Park, USA

Lamar Cave, a late Holocene paleontological site in Yellowstone National Park, USA, has yielded 36 fossil mammal species from 10 stratigraphic units representing about 2000 years. The fossil fauna is similar to the mammals in the park today and affords a unique opportunity to investigate paleocommunity and ecosystem dynamics through time. Remains of an extralimital species in Yellowstone today, Microtus ochrogaster are found only in the oldest cave deposits, dated at 1695 ± 60 yr B.P. Disappearance of this species by about 1550 years ago marks evolution into the ecosystem that has persisted into the present and is recognizable by a fossil mammal assemblage that is virtually identical to the modern one. Relative abundance fluctuations in the mammal populations imply community resilience through the past 2000 years. Trends in relative abundances of small mammals, particularly the inverse relationship between Microtus and Spermophilus are interpreted as evidence of declining grass cover near Lamar Cave betwe...
Toughening of Nontransformable t′-YSZ by Addition of Titania

Substitution of TiO2 for ZrO2 into single-phase tetragonal (t′) 7YSZ has been shown to induce a twofold increase in toughness. This enhancement has been achieved by increasing the tetragonality of the unit cell, upon substituting Ti4+ for the larger Zr4+ cation. The observed behavior is consistent with ferroelastic toughening, but direct evidence of the mechanism is lacking. Adding TiO2 to 7YSZ has the additional benefit that it diminishes the transformability of the depleted tetragonal form: specifically, no monoclinic phase was observed even after equilibration at 1600°C, followed by low-temperature annealing. The combination of properties bodes well for potential application as a thermal barrier coating in gas turbine engines.
Cyclic AMP-specific phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors promote ABCA1 expression and cholesterol efflux

ATP cassette binding protein 1 (ABCA1) controls the apolipoprotein-mediated cholesterol efflux pathway and determines plasma HDL levels. Although cAMP is known to promote ABCA1 expression and cholesterol efflux from cells, it has not been determined whether cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) isoforms regulate this pathway. We show that rolipram and cilomilast, inhibitors of cAMP-specific PDE4, increase apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I)-mediated cholesterol efflux up to 80 and 140% in human THP-1 and mouse J774.A1 macrophages, respectively, concomitant with an elevation of cAMP levels. The EC(50) value was estimated to be 1 to 2 microM for both inhibitors. Rolipram and cilomilast also increase ABCA1 protein expression in THP-1 and J774.A1 macrophages. Thus, PDE4 inhibitors cause parallel increases in cAMP levels, ABCA1 expression and apoA-I-mediated cholesterol efflux. PDE4 inhibitors may provide a novel strategy for the treatment of cardiovascular disease by mobilizing cholesterol from atherosclerotic lesions.
Rescue Nitrogen Applications for Corn

Rescue N applications to corn (Zea mays L.) may be needed when wet conditions prevent N applications or when the loss of applied N is suspected due to wet conditions. Crop injury when N is broadcast applied may counteract the yield benefits of a rescue N application. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of corn height, N placement, and source on injury and yield response. Five site-years of research evaluated the impact of broadcast and between-row placement of NH 4 NO 3 (AN), urea-NH 4 NO 3 (UAN), urea, and urea plus N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT), a urease inhibitor, at 170 kg N ha -1 either preplant or when the corn was 30, 60, 90, or 120 cm tall. Visual injury for broadcast-applied N sources was ranked urea = urea plus NBPT 30 cm tall.
Forced-Convection Film Boiling on a Flat Plate With Uniform Surface Heat Flux

A very simple approximate analysis is given for forcedconvection film boiling, and the specific case of a uniform surface heat flux is used as an example. It is shown that the Nusselt number and skin friction for-uniform surface heat flux are greater by a factor of 1.41 than these for constint wall temperature. The analysis can also be applied so any arbitrary variation of surface heat flux. (D.L.C)
Fit and Finish using a bug tracking system: challenges and recommendations

This article shares practical lessons for using a bug management tool to manage user interface fit and finish process for a software product. It describes common challenges and provides recommendations for processes that will lead to enhanced product quality.
Cis-acting, recombination-stimulating activity in a fragment of the ribosomal DNA of S. cerevisiae

Special mechanisms for stimulating recombination among the nearly identical repeat units of certain multigene families may exist in order to maintain their sequence homogeneity. We have found evidence for such a recombination-stimulating activity in the tandemly repeated ribosomal RNA genes of yeast. A fragment of the yeast ribosomal DNA (rDNA), containing the 5S gene, nontranscribed spacer DNA, and part of the 25S gene, causes a localized stimulation of recombination when inserted at novel locations in the yeast genome. The rDNA fragment stimulates both interchromosomal and intrachromosomal mitotic recombination but not meiotic recombination. To stimulate mitotic recombination, the fragment must act on both copies of the recombining gene. Furthermore, the rDNA fragment stimulates exchange only when inserted with the 5S gene proximal to, and the 25S gene distal to, the recombining alleles.
Response ofDrosophila tocis- andtrans-22-dehydrocholesterol II. Ability of sterols other than cholesterol to overcome the toxicity of thetrans isomer

Four species ofDrosophila were tested, for two generations, for viability on media containing 13 different C27, C28 and C29 sterols with and withouttrans-22-dehydrocholesterol. Only cholesterol was effective for overcoming the toxic effect of therans derivative for all 4 species. The species varied in their ability to use the 13 sterols for growth, maturation and reproduction for 2 generations. The most tolerant species.D. pseudoobscura, could use 11 of the 13 sterols for structural and hormonal functions, whereas the most sensitive species,D. mettleri, could survive adequately on only 4 and less than adequately on another 3 of the 13 compounds. Desmosterol could not be used by any species, even for 1 generation.
Molecular biology of hepatitis B virus e antigen

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) e antigen (HBeAg) was discovered in 1972 as one of the serological markers of HBV infection. Although 25 years have passed since its initial discovery, the function of this antigen in the life cycle of HBV has remained elusive. Mutations in the HBV genome that prevent the expression of HBeAg do not abolish the replication of HBV, indicating that this antigen is not essential for HBV replication. In contrast, the conservation of the HBeAg gene in the genomes of related animal viruses, including the distantly related duck HBV, argues for an important function of this antigen. The purpose of the present article is to review the molecular biology of HBeAg and to examine its possible functions in the life cycle of HBV.
The effect of frequency on the cyclic strain and low cycle fatigue behavior of cast Udimet 500 at elevated temperature

An experimental investigation was undertaken on cast Udimet 500 to study principally the effect of frequency on low cycle fatigue at temperatures from 730° to 900°C, but mostly at 815°C (1500°F). Total strain range and stress range vs fatigue life relationships were determined which included the frequency following the form of author's recent work. The stress range was found to obey a power law relationship involving the fatigue life and frequency, such that at a specific stress range, a ten-fold decrease in frequency corresponded to a 3.7-fold decrease in life. While stress results were well-ordered with frequency, the scatter in the cyclic strain data was severe. A random crystallographic orientation of the few grains in the cross-section led to an anisotropy in the material which produced as much as a three-fold variation in diametral strain around the circumference.
Self-sensitized photo-oxidation of protoporphyrin IX and related porphyrins in erythrocyte ghosts and microemulsions: A novel photo-oxidation pathway involving singlet oxygen

Abstract Previous studies have shown that protoporphyrin IX can sensitize its own photo-oxidation by paths involving primarily singlet oxygen and to a lesser extent superoxide (via excited state electron transfer). These reactions involve reaction of the vinyl groups of the protoporphyrin to yield porphyrins with modified side-chains. Quantum efficiencies are generally low and the product distribution is somewhat solvent dependent. In recent work we have examined the photo-oxidation of protoporphyrin IX, mesoporphyrin IX and hematoporphyrin IX in erythrocyte “ghosts”, a natural membrane system containing saturated lipids, unsaturated lipids and a full complement of membrane proteins. We observe that all three porphyrins are rapidly photo-oxidized in the ghosts and that the products produced from protoporphyrin IX do not include the “usual” singlet oxygen products. We have been able to model the kinetic behavior observed in the natural membrane systems by using an oil—water microemulsion as a solvent medium and adding various amino acids that are easily oxidized. In particular we have investigated the behavior of methionine and a number of related thioether derivatives. The results of this study suggest that the porphyrins sensitize singlet oxygen efficiently but that the singlet oxygen is rapidly scavenged by substrates such as methionine and other amino acids. The oxygenated amino acids can subsequently act as agents to oxidize the porphyrins efficiently by attacking the porphyrin ring directly. Thus, although singlet oxygen is clearly indicated to be involved in these reactions, the actual agent in the photo-oxidation of the porphyrins appears to be an intermediate occurring subsequent to its consumption.
UV Raman monitoring of histidine protonation and H–2H exchange in plastocyanin

Abstract UV resonance Raman bands of Cu-bound and protonated histidine residues have been detected in 2 H 2 O solutions of poplar plastocyanin. For the Cu(II) protein, slow NH– 2 H exchange of the His37 ligand was monitored via the growth of bands at 1389 and 1344 cm −1 when Pcy was exchanged into 2 H 2 O, or via their diminution when the protein was exchanged back into H 2 O; the rate constant is 7×10 −4 /s at pH (p 2 H) 7.4 at room temperature. The slow exchange is attributed to imidazole H-bonding to a backbone carbonyl. Nearby bands at 1397 and 1354 cm −1 , appear and disappear within the mixing time, and are assigned to the solvent-exposed His87 ligand. The ∼10 cm −1 differences between His37 and His87 are attributed to the effect of H-bonding on the imidazole ring modes. The UVRR spectra of the Cu(I) protein in 2 H 2 O reveal a 1408 cm −1 band, characteristic of NH– 2 H-exchanged histidinium, which grows in as the p 2 H is lowered. Its intensity follows a titration curve with p K a =4.6. This protonation is assigned to the His87 residue, whose bond to the Cu(I) is known from crystallography to be broken at low pH. As the 1408 cm −1 band grows, a band at 1345 cm −1 diminishes, while another, at 1337 cm −1 stays constant. These are assigned to modes of bound His87 and His37, respectively, shifted down 7–9 cm −1 from their Cu(II) positions.
Antiarrhythmic Classifications in the 2000 Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care

To the Editor: We read the American Heart Association’s Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care with great intereSt. We think the committee did a thorough and prudent review of the literature and made valid conclusions. However, there are 2 areas of inconsistency that need clarification. The guidelines classified the antiarrhythmic agent lidocaine as Indeterminate (page I-123) for ventricular fibrillation (VF)/pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VT) …
Microwave phase conjugation via degenerate four-wave mixing in an artificial Kerr medium

Collinear microwave phase conjugation was observed in an artificial Kerr medium consisting of short graphite fibers suspended in a binary liquid mixture. Using an 18 GHz pump beam with up to 20 W continuous power, characterization of the changes in the 94 GHz refractive index were made by interferometry. A nonperturbative method for describing the response of the medium was used to analyze the phase-shift measurements for the static berefringence and the time response as functions of microwave intensity.
Fracture energy and surface topology in the cracking of high performance sulphone polymers

The dynamic mechanical properties and the fracture behaviour of three sulphone polymers that offer high temperature capability have been studied. Torsion pendulum analysis was performed over the temperature range −150 to 225° C. Fracture tests were carried out using compact tension specimens and standard Izod impact specimens. It was found that the incorporation of additional groups in the backbone of the sulphone polymer introduced additonal low-temperature relaxation peaks in the dynamic mechanical loss curve and improved polymer fracture energy. The fracture energy of the sulphone polymers was also found to decrease as the loading rate was increased during fracture. The results of post-failure fractography are discussed.
Relative growth ofSpartina patens (Ait.) Muhl. andScirpus olneyi gray occurring in a mixed stand as affected by salinity and flooding depth

Mixed stands ofSpartina patens andScirpus olneyi occur in brackish marshes along the Gulf Coast of Louisiana.Scirpus olneyi is considered to be an important wildlife food, and marshes are often managed to favor its dominance overS. patens. Two environmental factors that affect growth of the two species are salinity and water regime. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of salinity and water depth, under controlled greenhouse conditions, on relative dominance of the two species, chemical properties of soil interstitial water, and nutrient concentrations in the plant tissue. Treatments imposed in a factorial design were salinities of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 ppt and water depths of −10, +10, and +30 cm relative to the soil surface. Results indicated that salinity treatments above 10 ppt reduced growth of both species, butS. olneyi was more drastically affected thanS. patens. Increased flooding depth reduced growth ofS. patens but had little effect onS. olneyi. Concentrations of inorganic ions (Na+, K+, Mg+2, Ca+2, Cl−1) in plant tissue were greater inS. olneyi thanS. patens, indicating that ion accumulation may be the principal salt tolerance mechanism ofS. olneyi. Extrapolated to field conditions, these results indicate that increasing salinity favors productivity ofS. patens relative toS. olneyi, while increased depth of flooding favorsS. olneyi.
What Lord Byron Learned from Lady Caroline Lamb

Lady Caroline Lamb fictionalized the Byronic persona in Glenarvon (1816) and gave voice to the female characters that remain largely silent in Byron’s early work. Byron responded to her mimicry and to the female perspective of Glenarvon by creating a feminized hero and strong speaking roles for women in Don Juan, though his stated purpose was to undermine, not uphold, feminine power.
Nonlinear approach to shot boundary detection

Shot boundary detection (SBD) is the first fundamental step to managing video databases. It segments video data into the basic units for indexing and retrieval. Many automatic SBD techniques exist. They, however, are based on sequential search, and therefore too expensive for practical use. To address this problem, we explore a different direction to SBD in this paper. We investigate a non-linear approach in which most video frames do not need to be compared. This idea is fundamentally different from all existing methods. In fact, it is orthogonal to these schemes in the sense that it can be applied to substantially improve their performance. Our experiments show that this idea speeds up a conventional method based on color histograms up to 16 times while preserving the same accuracy. On the average, the improvement is five time according to our experiments on 26 videos of six different types.
Effects of end-of-day red and far-red radiation on free sugars, organic acids and amino acids of tobacco

Abstract Tobacco plants ( Nicotiana tabacum L.) were given 5 min of red (R) or far-red (FR) radiation at the end of each day, following full intensity long (16-hr) and short (8-hr) photoperiods. Contents of free sugars, organic acids and amino acids in the plants were examined along with photo-induced differences in morphological development. Plants under long photoperiods grew more than those under short photoperiods. Within each photoperiod, plants irradiated with R developed shorter stems and darker green leaves than did those irradiated with FR. Long photoperiods resulted in higher concentrations of free sugars and lower concentrations of organic acids than did short photoperiods. Within each photoperiod, plants receiving terminal FR radiation had higher concentrations of free sugars and organic acids than did those receiving terminal R radiation. Plants grown under short photoperiods had a higher amino acid concentration than did those under long photoperiods. Concentration of amino acids in plants grown under long photoperiods was not affected by terminal R or FR. However, under short photoperiods plants irradiated with R had higher amino acid concentrations than did those irradiated with FR.
Anodic and Ordinary Corrosion of Ferrous Metals in Various Acids

Samples of ordinary, cold‐rolled, low‐carbon steel, 18‐8 chromium nickel steel, 14 per cent chromium iron, silcrome RA metal (Cr 16 per cent, Cu 1.25 per cent, Si 1.25 per cent, low C), duriron (Si 14.5 per cent, C 0.8 per cent, Mn 0.35 per cent), and durichlor (Si 14.5 per cent, Mo 3 per cent) were treated by simple immersion and also anodically with hydrochloric, sulfuric, nitric, and phosphoric acids of different concentrations. These treatments took place both at room temperature and at 60° C. The average loss in weight of each sample per unit of time was determined. In the case of the anodic treatments, the cell voltage was recorded. The numerical data are so arranged that the results obtained under any one set of conditions may be compared readily with those obtained under any other set of conditions. A brief discussion is given of some of the factors which affect the rate of anodic and ordinary corrosion of metals in acids.
Psychosocial influences on blood pressure during daily life.

Ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) monitoring allows frequent non-invasive blood pressure (BP) recordings in a variety of settings. Emerging evidence suggests that ABP is a better predictor of cardiovascular morbidity than clinic BP. Ambulatory blood pressure is influenced by a variety of physical, psychological and behavioral factors that comprise an individual's daily life. The present article reviews psychosocial research relating ABP to psychological factors (e.g. Type A behavior pattern, anger/hostility) and environmental influences (e.g. job strain). Psychological factors and environmental factors alone and in interaction with each other appear to substantially influence ABP. Interacting physical, psychosocial and behavioral factors that comprise daily life provide unique methodological challenges to ABP research. Methodological considerations (e.g. activity patterns, caffeine and alcohol consumption) for performing ABP research are discussed. Evidence outlined in this review suggests that psychosocial factors contribute to ABP level. To the extent that psychosocial factors contribute to ABP cardiac disease, it will be important to analyze their effects on underlying disease processes.
In VitroCharacterization of Chondrogenic Cells Isolated from Chick Embryonic Muscle Using Peanut Agglutinin Affinity Chromatography

Abstract Specific binding to the lectin, peanut agglutinin (PNA), has been reported in embryonic precartilage tissues, including the condensing limb bud blastema and the caudal half of the developing somite. The present study aimed to test the hypothesis that PNA-binding may be a surface characteristic of chondroprogenitor cells residing within noncartilage tissues, such as muscle, which have the potential of being induced to form cartilage, e.g., in the presence of bone matrix-derived factors. Day-14 chick embryonic pectoral muscle, which contained histochemically detectable PNA-binding cells, was dissociated into single cells (TM cells) and fractionated by PNA affinity chromatography into PNA-binding (PNA+) and nonbinding (PNA−) cells by PNA-Sepharose 6 MB affinity chromatography. The differentiation potential of the PNA-affinity fractionated cellsin vitrowas analyzed as a function of culture plating cell density. Immunohistochemistry of a number of cell-type-specific differentiation markers, including sarcomeric actin, collagen type II, and aggrecan core protein, demonstrated that PNA+ cells, when cultured as a micromass at high density (20 × 106cells/ml), exhibited a chondrocyte-like phenotype, whereas the PNA− cells remained myogenic; however, both PNA+ and PNA− monolayer cultures (4 × 104cells/ml) behaved as myoblastic cells. The expression of collagen type II mRNA was also confirmed by coupled reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction analysis. These observations suggest that PNA binding, i.e., the presence of specific galactose-containing cell surface moieties, is likely to be one of the characteristics of chondrogenic cells residing in mesenchymally derived embryonic tissues.
Taussig-Bing Malformation, Coarctation of the Aorta, and Reversed Patent Ductus Arteriosus: Operative Correction in an Infant

Operative correction of a Taussig-Bing malformation was successfully accomplished in a 23-mo-old boy, weighing 6.8 kg. Associated coarctation of the aorta and reversed patent ductus arteriosus were corrected in a preliminary operation. The patient's management was complicated by severe preoperative thrombocytopenia which responded to multiple phlebotomies. Surgical repair of the Taussig-Bing malformation consisted in patching the ventricular septal defect to create physiologically complete transposition of great vessels. Then a Mustard procedure was done.
Characteristics of coherent vortical structures in turbulent flows over progressive surface waves

Vortical structures in turbulence over progressive surface waves are studied using the data from direct numerical simulation of a stress-driven turbulent Couette flow above a waving surface. Instantaneous flow field and its evolution, vorticity statistics, and conditionally averaged flow field with various sampling methods are examined. Unique vortical structures are identified, which are found to be strongly dependent on the wave motion. For a slow wave (with a small value of wave age c/u∗=2; here c is the phase speed of the wave and u∗ is the friction velocity), the vortical structures are characterized by reversed horseshoe vortices and quasistreamwise vortices. The former is concentrated above the wave trough and is associated with sweep events there; the latter has high intensity over the windward face of the wave and is associated with ejection events. Relative to the waveform, the coherent vortical structures propagate in the downstream direction. Vortex turning and vortex stretching play an import...
Using Fermi Statistics to Create Strongly Coupled Ion Plasmas in Atom Traps

We investigate the possibility of forming a strongly coupled ion plasma from a cold atomic gas. We show that rapid ion heating occurs as correlations develop from the initial disordered configuration. This heating severely reduces the Coulomb coupling of the final configuration, although the final Coulomb coupling can be maximized by introducing order into the initial atomic gas. We show that such order can be introduced into the initial state by employing a degenerate Fermi gas whereby the Pauli hole mimics the Coulomb hole. The corresponding initial state correlations can enhance the Coulomb coupling in the final state by orders of magnitude.
Arteriosclerosis and Hypothyroidism: Observations on Their Possible Interrelationship

It is well recognized that after the age of 40 years the basal heat production tends to decrease (1,2, 3). DuBois (4) studied the metabolism of an individual from the age of 31 to 54 years and presented excellent evidence of a decline in the basalmetabolic rate with advancing age. Generally, the decreasein metabolism has been ascribed to involutionary changes which take place in the thyroid gland;undoubtedly, other factors play a part but these will be discussed later. It appears plausible that the advent of arteriosclerosis may be correlated at times with decreased activity of the thyroid gland. At least, some observations have been carried out on animals which would lend support to such a hypothesis. In 1913, Anitschkow(5)and Wacker and Hueck (6)demonstrated that the aorta of rabbits fed diets highin cholesterol frequently became atherosclerotic. Since then, this observation has often been confirmed and the degree of atherosclerosis thus produced in general was found to parallel the elevation in blood c...
Current opinion amongst radiologists and urologists in the uk on percutaneous nephrostomy and ureteric stent insertion for acute renal obstruction: results of a postal survey.

Sir, This comment [1] intrigued me; I recognize that the paper addresses a UK procedural problem, but the management of the obstructive ureteric calculus is of general interest. Logically the obstructed ureteric calculus requires ureteroscopy and lithotripsy, as these techniques offer the opportunity of a ‘one-off’ solution [2]. Percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN) relieves the obstruction but commits to a second definitive procedure. Occasionally ureteroscopy is not the straightforward procedure one expects. Particular difficulty is encountered with the impacted, fully obstructed, distal-third ureteric calculus. A useful tip I have used is to introduce the 7.5 F Wolf ureteroscope up to the point of obstruction under direct vision; the ureteroscope nor guidewire go no further. I then introduce the 0.8 mm Swiss Lithoclast probe and this is vibrated under direct vision at multiple-pulse mode with the water jet flowing. The probe is not advanced [3]. This technique opens the ureter and the lower end of the calculus becomes visible. Fragmentation can safely commence. I suppose that the vibrating probe disperses the oedema fluid and breaks down the periureteric fibrosis that fixes the ureter [4]. In practice therefore we can fragment almost all ureteric calculi ureteroscopically [5].
Fourier methods of improving reconstruction speed for CTIS imaging spectrometers

A persistent barrier to the wider use of the Computed Tomographic Imaging Spectrometer (CTIS) has been the extraordinary demands it places on computational resources. Raw images can be obtained at snapshot speeds, but reconstructed datacubes typically require minutes of reconstruction time each. We present a new approach to the CTIS reconstruction problem which makes use of the spatial shift-invariance in a CTIS system to greatly reduce the dimensionality of the matrix inversion process performed during reconstruction. Preliminary results indicate that a speedup by a factor of 4000 is possible.
Gentamicin pharmacokinetics in diabetic dogs

Reduction of the prolonged terminal elimination phase of gentamicin may be caused by diabetes mellitus, irrespective of the model of diabetes. To test this hypothesis, five normal dogs, three dogs with alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus, and four dogs with naturally occurring diabetes mellitus (all of which were given exogenous insulin to control hyperglycemia) were given 4.4 mg/kg gentamicin intravenously. Serum pharmacokinetics were analyzed using non-compartmental pharmacokinetics assuming a sum of exponential terms. Gentamicin pharmacokinetics during the first 8 h were the same in normal and diabetic dogs. Over 7 days, MRT in normal dogs (5830 +/- 2970 min, mean +/- SD) was longer (P less than 0.01) than in diabetic dogs (136 +/- 164 min). In diabetic dogs, Cls was greater (3.01 +/- 0.86 ml/min/kg) than in normal dogs (1.45 +/- 0.11 ml/min/kg; P less than 0.01), whereas Vd(ss) was smaller in diabetic dogs (0.405 +/- 0.508 l/kg) than in normal dogs (8.56 +/- 4.48 l/kg; P less than 0.01). Serum gentamicin concentrations were less than 0.020 microgram/ml by 2 days in all of the diabetic dogs, but were 0.048 +/- 0.018 microgram/ml at 7 days in normal dogs. Thus, diabetes mellitus, either induced by alloxan administration or naturally occurring, abolished the terminal elimination phase of gentamicin disposition in a non-rodent species.
Some occult lesions in captive primates

Recent findings have shown that a state of hypovitaminosis B12 occurs easily in many primates in captivity on vegetarian diets. Pathological lesions of the nervous system, oral mucous membranes, blood, reproduction and growth which are extensive yet occult may result. Attention is drawn to these facts and their relevance to the experimentalist is noted.
Worker burnout: A dynamic model with implications for prevention and control

This paper explores the dynamics of worker burnout, a process in which a hard-working individual becomes increasingly exhausted, frustrated, and unproductive. The author's own two-year experience with repeated cycles of burnout is qualitatively reproduced by a small system dynamics model that portrays the underlying psychology of workaholism. Model tests demonstrate that the limit cycle seen in the base run can be stabilized through techniques that diminish work-related stress or enhance relaxation. These stabilizing techniques also serve to raise overall productivity, since they support a higher level of energy and more working hours on the average. One important policy lever is the maximum workweek or work limit; an optimal work limit at which overall productivity is at its peak is shown to exist within a region of stability where burnout is avoided. The paper concludes with a strategy for preventing burnout, which emphasizes the individual's responsibility for understanding the self-inflicted nature of this problem and pursuing an effective course of stability.
Theory, culture, and behavior: Object relations in context

The purpose of this article is to explore aspects of contemporary object relations theory in relation to sociocultural variations in family constellation, childrearing practices, and race and ethnicity. The theoretical framework for this exploration derives from Winnicott's concept of the “potential space” between person and environment as the location of cultural experience. The author argues that Winnicott's ideas provide a clinically useful way to think about transactions between the internal world of object relations and the external world of cultural diversity. The article concludes with some implications for social work practice.
Spallation of single crystal nickel by void nucleation at shock induced grain junctions

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of spallation in single crystal nickel were performed for a range of system sizes and impact velocities. The initial compressive wave leaves a rich microstructure in its wake. The subsequent tensile waves create multiple grains and grain junctions between regions of differing crystal orientation. These grain junctions serve as void nucleation sites when the reflected tensile waves interact, leading to ductile failure. In this way, the mechanism for failure in an initially single-crystalline sample is similar to that seen experimentally in high-purity, poly-crystalline metals, in which grain boundaries are sites for void nucleation.
Expanded approach to mine detection

Existing and emerging handheld mine detectors do not yet perform at the standards established for full capability. To correct this deficiency we must expand our efforts by developing mine detection systems that find mines at sufficiently high rates and raise acceptably few false alarms so as to be operationally effective. The proposed Handheld Standoff Mine Detector System (HSTAMIDS) provides the potential for a significant capability increase over its predecessor, the ANIPSS- 1 2 . However, the widespread proliferation of low metal and no metal mines has changed the nature of the threat and increased the capability shortfall. In its present form and in the hands of the average soldier, the HSTAMIDS misses too many mines and will likely have far too many false alarms to be practically handled in a genuine mine-clearing mission. In the hands of highly motivated and experienced contractors, the HSTAMIDS still does not meet the detection requirements for the program, and the false alarm rate is even higher than for soldiers. Fortunately, there are ways to improve system performance of technology-limited detectors. We can use existing resources, which, if properly managed, can significantly improve performance of future iterations of this system. The purpose of this article is to set forth that solution and provide an expanded approach to developing a handheld mine detection system.
Creating a home page on the world wide web: An inexpensive means to promote medical education and physician recruitment

The World Wide Web (WWW) is generally used as an information resource. It can also be used as a national and international promotional (advertising) resource, at minimal cost, to assist in physician recruitment, such as for residency training programs. Currently, only a few residency training programs have home page sites describing their programs on the WWW. Creating a WWW site that can be viewed nationally and internationally requires an internet service provider and hypertext markup language (HTML) document that designs the WWW home page site. This article provides a step-by-step method for creating a simple WWW site (including an HTML template) to promote a residency program and assist in resident recruitment. As more young physicians graduate with more extensive computer skills and familiarity, use of the WWW for physician recruitment will become a more important source of information for physician applicants.
Changing Economic and Social Influences on Family Involvement

Summarized are the changes that have impacted on the American family in the past two decades. Incidences of single parenthood, divorce, out-of-home childcare, and their impact on family stability and resources are reviewed. The implications of these factors for achieving the family focus in early intervention services, which was outlined in P.L. 99–457, are addressed.
Application of a wire-grid-mirror liquid-crystal light valve in a nonlinear joint transform correlator

We describe the operation of a wire-grid-mirror liquid-crystal light valve and its use for optical pattern recognition. The nonlinear characteristic of the wire-grid-mirror liquid-crystal light valve is used to implement the nonlinear joint transform correlator. Experimental results and computer simulations show that the nonlinear characteristic of the wire-grid-mirror liquid-crystal light valve can produce a well-defined correlation peak and low output background. The performance of the nonlinear joint transform correlator obtained when the wire-grid-mirror liquid-crystal light valve is used is compared with that of the binary joint transform correlator.
Deriving the Coltman correction for transforming the bar transfer function to the optical transfer function (or the contrast transfer function to the modulation transfer function)

The Coltman series for obtaining the optical transfer function from measurements of the bar transfer function is mathematically derived. The bar transfer function rather than the contrast transfer function is defined so that the relation remains valid when an image exhibits phase reversal.
Relative Significance of Microtopography and Vegetation as Controls on Surface Water Flow on a Low-Gradient Floodplain

Surface water flow controls water velocities, water depths, and residence times, and influences sediment and nutrient transport and other ecological processes in shallow aquatic systems. Flow through wetlands is substantially influenced by drag on vegetation stems but is also affected by microtopography. Our goal was to use microtopography data directly in a widely used wetland model while retaining the advantages of the model’s one-dimensional structure. The base simulation with no explicit treatment of microtopography only performed well for a period of high water when vegetation dominated flow resistance. Extended simulations using microtopography can improve the fit to low-water conditions substantially. The best fit simulation had a flow conductance parameter that decreased in value by 70 % during dry season such that mcrotopographic features blocked 40 % of the cross sectional width for flow. Modeled surface water became ponded and flow ceased when 85 % of the cross sectional width became blocked by microtopographic features. We conclude that vegetation drag dominates wetland flow resistance at higher water levels and microtopography dominates at low water levels with the threshold delineated by the top of microtopographic features. Our results support the practicality of predicting flow on floodplains using relatively easily measured physical and biological variables.
Subclinical Primary Psychopathy, but Not Physical Formidability or Attractiveness, Predicts Conversational Dominance in a Zero-Acquaintance Situation

The determinants of conversational dominance are not well understood. We used videotaped triadic interactions among unacquainted same-sex American college students to test predictions drawn from the theoretical distinction between dominance and prestige as modes of human status competition. Specifically, we investigated the effects of physical formidability, facial attractiveness, social status, and self-reported subclinical psychopathy on quantitative (proportion of words produced), participatory (interruptions produced and sustained), and sequential (topic control) dominance. No measure of physical formidability or attractiveness was associated with any form of conversational dominance, suggesting that the characteristics of our study population or experimental frame may have moderated their role in dominance dynamics. Primary psychopathy was positively associated with quantitative dominance and (marginally) overall triad talkativeness, and negatively associated (in men) with affect word use, whereas secondary psychopathy was unrelated to conversational dominance. The two psychopathy factors had significant opposing effects on quantitative dominance in a multivariate model. These latter findings suggest that glibness in primary psychopathy may function to elicit exploitable information from others in a relationally mobile society.
Hypophysectomy-induced striatal hypersensitivity and mesolimbic hyposensitivity to apomorphine

Seven days post-hypophysectomy female rats display a hyposensitivity to the locomotor effects of apomorphine and a hypersensitivity to the stereotypy effects of apomorphine, while at 28 days post-hypophysectomy they are hypersensitive to both the locomotor and stereotypy effects of apomorphine. The hyposensitivity to the locomotor effects, at 7 days post-hypophysectomy, was associated with a decrease in 3H-spiroperidol binding and an increase in tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the nucleus accumbens septi, whereas the hypersensitivity, at 28 days post-hypophysectomy, was associated with an increase in 3H-spiroperidol and a decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the n. accumbens septi. The increased apomorphine-induced stereotypy in both the 7 and 28 days post-hypophysectomized animals was related to an increased 3H-spiroperidol binding and a decreased tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the striatum. These behavioral and neurochemical data demonstrate that following hypophysectomy female rats will develop a transient decrease in dopamine receptor sensitivity in the n. accumbens septi, while the dopamine sensitivity in the striatum is increased. Thus the hypophysectomized female rat may prove to be a valuable model to study these two separate dopamine systems and their possible modulatory roles in the display of various behaviors.
Nonmalignant Breast Lesions: ADCs of Benign and High-Risk Subtypes Assessed as False-Positive at Dynamic Enhanced MR Imaging

Assessing apparent diffusion coefficient along with dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging features may decrease false-positive MR imaging findings and contribute to improved radiologic-pathologic concordance for particular nonmalignant lesion subtypes sampled for biopsy.
Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary Chromatography of Proteins

Separations of model proteins obtained under denaturing conditions in the presence of micellar concentrations of ionic surfactants displayed high resolution and efficiency using either bare silica or C18-derivatized silica capillaries. Superior migration time reproducibility was achieved through the use of the C18-derivatized capillaries (run-to-run migration time % RSD = 0.2), relative to that obtained in bare silica capillaries (run-to-run migration time % RSD = 2.2), in the absence of buffer replenishment. The effects of surfactant concentration and pH upon the separation of a mixture of five model proteins of varying ionic and hydrophobic character were investigated, and the application of this technique to the analysis of a recombinant DNA-derived protein in fermentation broth was demonstrated.