cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of estrogen, progesterone and prostaglandin F2α on uterine contractions in seasonally anovulatory mares ☆

Abstract Uterine contractions were studied in two experiments utilizing ultrasonography and seasonally anovulatory mares. A one-minute ultrasound scan was done to produce longitudinal real-time images of the uterine body and an overall uterine contractile activity score (0 = no or minimal activity to 4 = maximal activity) was assigned to each scan. In experiment 1, a two-hour uterine activity trial (one score every 10 minutes) was done in mares given a single injection of prostaglandin F 2α (PGF 2α group; n=4) and control mares (n=4). There was no difference between the two groups over the two-hour trial (mean activity score averaged over the two-hour trial: PGF 2α group, 0.2; control group, 0.1). In experiment 2, 16 mares were randomly assigned to one of four groups: 1) controls (corn oil vehicle), 2) 1 mg estradiol 17β on days 0 to 9 and 100 mg progesterone on days 10 to 20 (E 2 -->P 4 group), 3) 100 mg progesterone on days 0 to 20 (P 4 group), and 4) 100 mg progesterone on days 0 to 9 and 1 mg estradiol 17s + 100 mg progesterone on days 10 to 20 (P 4 -->E 2 + P 4 group). Uterine activity was assessed for each mare daily. The day by group interaction was significant. Scores for the E 2 -->P 4 group were greater on days 4 to 11 (P 2α on day 10 did not increase uterine activity in the controls and E 2 -->P 4 groups, but did increase scores (P 4 -treated groups (means before PGF 2α and 30 minutes after PGF 2α , respectively; P 4 group, 0.4, 1.0; P 4 -->E 2 ±P 4 group, 0.2, 1.2). Results demonstrated that in anovulatory-season mares with minimal ovarian follicular activity, daily administration of estradiol alone or progesterone alone resulted in elevated uterine contractile activity in four and 14 days, respectively. The addition of estradiol to the progesterone regime after 10 days of progesterone treatment did not alter the level of uterine contractile activity from that obtained with progesterone alone. A PGF 2α injection after 10 days of steroid treatment increased the activity within 30 minutes in progesterone-treated mares, but did not further increase the high level of activity in estradiol-treated mares.
Toxicological outcomes in rats exposed to inhaled ethanol during gestation

Recent legislation has encouraged replacing petroleum-based fuels with renewable alternatives including ethanol, which is typically blended with gasoline in the United States at concentrations up to 10%, with allowances for concentrations up to 85% for some vehicles. Efforts to increase the amount of ethanol in gasoline have prompted concerns about the potential toxicity of inhaled ethanol vapors from these fuels. The well-known sensitivity of the developing nervous and immune systems to ingested ethanol, and the lack of information about its toxicity by inhalation prompted the present work on its potential developmental effects in a rat model. Pregnant Long-Evans rats were exposed for 6.5h/day on days 9-20 of gestation to clean air or ethanol vapor at concentrations of 5000, 10,000, or 21,000 ppm, which resulted in estimated peak blood ethanol concentrations (BECs) of 2.3, 6.7, and 192 mg/dL, respectively. No overt toxicity in the dams was observed. Ethanol did not affect litter size or weight, or postnatal weight gain in the pups. Motor activity was normal in offspring through postnatal day (PND) 29. On PND 62, the 5000 and 21,000 ppm groups were more active than controls. On PND 29 and 62, offspring were tested with a functional observational battery, which revealed small changes in the neuromuscular and sensorimotor domains that were not systematically related to dose. Cell-mediated and humoral immunity were not affected by ethanol exposure in 6-week-old offspring. Systolic blood pressure was increased by 10,000 ppm ethanol in males at PND 90 but not at PND 180. No differences in lipoprotein profile, liver function, or kidney function were observed. In summary, prenatal exposure to inhaled ethanol caused some mild changes in physiological and behavioral development in offspring that were not clearly related to inhaled concentration or BEC, and did not produce detectable changes in immune function. This low toxicity of inhaled ethanol may result from the slow rise in BEC by the inhalation route.
Calcium dependence of beta-adrenoceptor mediated cyclic AMP accumulation in human lymphocytes

Abstract In intact human lymphocytes, cyclic AMP accumulation in response to isoproterenol was inhibited by 5 mM EDTA, by deletion of calcium ions from the medium and by 1 mM lanthanum chloride, but not by 1 μM verapamil or by 10 μM nifedipine. A23187 caused a modest increase in cyclic AMP content. Exposure of lymphocytes to 5 μM 1-isoproterenol desensitized the cells to subsequent beta-adrenergic stimulation, reducing cyclic AMP accumulation. With higher concentrations of 1-isoproterenol (50 μM), receptor density was reduced as well. None of the above agents attenuated losses in agonist-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation induced by treatment with 5 μM isoproterenol for 90 min. These data suggest that calcium ions, both those present in the extracellular medium and those bound to the plasma membrane, are required for isoproterenol-stimulation of adenylate cyclase. In addition, it appears that neither the presence of extracellular calcium ions nor full activation of adenylate cyclase are required for desensitization.
Chronic Kidney Disease Associated Mortality in Diastolic Versus Systolic Heart Failure: A Propensity Matched Study†

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is common and is associated with increased mortality in heart failure (HF). However, it is unknown whether the effect of CKD on mortality varies by left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). We evaluated the effect of CKD on mortality in patients with systolic (LVEF 45%) HF. Of the 7,788 patients in the Digitalis Investigation Group trial, 3,527 (45%) had CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate 55% were 1.15 (95% confidence interval 1.02 to 1.29), 1.35 (95% confidence interval 1.11 to 1.64), and 2.33 (95% confidence interval 1.34 to 4.06). In conclusion, CKD-associated mortality was higher in those with diastolic than systolic HF. Patients with diastolic HF should be evaluated for CKD, and the role of inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system in these patients needs to be investigated.
Stability and reactivity of thaumasite at different pH levels

Abstract Thaumasite (CaCO 3 ·CaSO 4 ·CaSiO 3 ·15H 2 O) has been reported to form at low temperatures (below 15 °C) during sulfate attack. Reactions between calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) and Ca +2 , CO 3 −2 , SO 4 −2 , CO 2 and water, or between ettringite and C-S-H, CO 3 −2 and/or CO 2 and water, result generally in the formation of thaumasite. In some instances, thaumasite may be affected by the presence of other chemicals in the surrounding environment (i.e., phosphates and ammonia in agricultural soil). There are insufficient data regarding the stability of thaumasite at different pH levels in the presence of other chemical ions. Understanding this issue might help in the detection of the thaumasite form of sulfate attack, and, therefore, in one's choice of the appropriate protection technique. This work reports the reactivity of thaumasite with phosphate, carbonate and bicarbonate ions at different pH levels ranging from 6.00 to 12.00, as well as the stability of thaumasite at high pH levels (greater than 12.00). Thaumasite was found to react with these ions at pH levels at and below 12.00; however, thaumasite was stable with minimal reactivity at pH levels greater than 12.00.
GeV Electrons from Ultraintense Laser Interaction with Highly Charged Ions

Ultraintense laser interactions with highly charged ions are investigated using three-dimensional Monte Carlo simulations. Results show that ultraenergetic GeV electrons may be produced for highly charged ions chosen so that their electrons remain bound during the rise time of the laser pulse, and so that the electrons are ionized when the laser is near its maximum amplitude, which satisfies the best injection condition for subsequent laser acceleration.
Wing melanin pattern mediates species recognition in Pieris occidentalis

Abstract The western white butterfly, Pieris occidentalis Reakirt, and the checkered white butterfly, P. protodice Bosiduval & LeConte, are morphologically similar, closely related species that do not hybridize in nature despite little or no post-mating reproductive incompatibility. Field studies of interspecific mate choice indicate that female P. occidentalis significantly discriminate against courting P. protodice males relative to conspecific males. Artificially increasing wing melanization in male P. protodice so that they resemble males of P. occidentalis significantly increases their interspecific mating success. Female P. occidentalis appear to use the same male character, dorsal forewing melanin pattern, to discriminate between potential conspecific mates and between conspecific and heterospecific males.
Viscosity and surface-tension measurements on cyanobenzylidene octyloxyaniline using propagating capillary waves: Critical behavior

The shear viscosities and surface tension of a liquid crystal CBOOA (cyanobenzylidene octyloxyaniline) were measured by the use of the technique of generating and detecting surface waves (capillary waves) developed by the authors. For the wave propagation perpendicular to the direction, the surface tension sigma decreased sharply upon entering into the smectic-A phase. When the waves propagate parallel to the director, the attenuation due to the diverging viscosity eta/sup prime//sub 3/ near the nematic to smectic-A transition became so large that measurements in the smectic phase were not possible. The viscosity eta/sup prime//sub 3/ was found to diverge as (T-T/sub c/)/sup -nu/, where ..nu..=1.0 +- 0.1 at 200 Hz and ..nu..=0.83 +- 0.15 at 400 Hz.
Miners and Millhands: Work, Culture and Politics in Princely Mysore

Introduction PART ONE: KOLAR GOLD FIELDS Dangerous Labour Crime, Work and Punishment Visions of Plenitude in the Margins of Subsistence Representing Labour The Strike of 1930 Political Worlds of Workers PART TWO: BANGALORE Production Regimes and Cultural Processes Labouring Lives in the City Learning to Strike The Seductions of Nationalism Conclusion
Copper(II) aerogels via 1, 2-epoxide gelation

We report a simple one-step synthesis to prepare a porous high surface area copper(II) aerogel; calcination of the aerogel at relatively low temperatures induced a phase change which resulted in the formation of a mesoporous copper(II) oxide material.
An analysis of India's future attractiveness as an offshore destination for IT and IT-enabled services

Offshoring of services will shape the economic landscape for the coming decades, and present opportunities and challenges for individuals, organizations, and countries. Many countries are jostling in the global services marketplace to take advantage of the emerging opportunities. The success of an organization's offshoring initiative depends critically on the selection of a right destination; a wrong choice may result in a failure and impose significant costs. This paper presents a framework to assess the attractiveness of a target country, which identifies various motivating, inhibiting, and facilitating factors that may influence its attractiveness. The framework is used to analyze the future attractiveness of India, a topic that continues to be debated. The relative attractiveness of other potential competitors for offshoring of services is also discussed. Contrary to other analysts’ opinions, we conclude that India is likely to sustain its leading position for a long time in the services sector, and that it is likely to emerge as a global hub for the delivery of services, analogous to China's role in the manufacturing sector.
The CdS/Cu2S solar cell: Basic operation and anomalous effects

Abstract A consistent account of the basic operation of the CdS/Cu2S solar cell as a heterojunction dominated by interface recombination is presented. The model is in good agreement with the results seen in high efficiency cells and from it the increased open-circuit voltage seen in (CdZn)S/Cu2S cells can be predicted. The sensitivity of the cell's properties to heat treatments in reducing or oxidizing ambients results from changes in the carrier density in the extremely thin Cu2S layer which are produced by the formation or reduction of a few monolayers of copper oxide on the surface of the Cu2S. Anomalous effects in the spectral properties of the cell, enhancement of the short-circuit current by short wavelength light and quenching by long wavelength light, the cross-over of the light and dark current-voltage curves and the photocapacitance behavior stem from the trapping of carriers in deep levels in the compensated region of the CdS layer near the junction. The pronounced dip in spectral response at the CdS band gap wavelength for cells with very thin Cu2S layers results from the combined effects of a direct contribution to the current from holes generated in the CdS and of the current generated in the Cu2S by light reflected from the opaque back contact of the cell. The behavior of the dark capacitance of the cell as a function of voltage and heat treatment is a consequence of the high density of levels in the upper half of the CdS band gap.
OPO-based multimodal nonlinear optical microscopy

We report on a femtosecond-OPO based multimodal nonlinear optical microscope that permits multiphoton fluorescence, SHG, THG, CARS, and stimulated Raman scattering imaging on the same platform.
Early performance results on the NRL SGI Altix 3000 computer

Since December 2002 the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) has been evaluating an Altix 3000, the newest high performance computing system available from Silicon Graphics, Inc. (SGI). The Altix is a departure from the previous products from SGI in that instead of using MIPS processors and the IRIX operating system, the Altix uses the Intel Itanium IA-64 processor and SGI ProPack (based on Linux Red Hat) operating system. The Altix still has the brick concept of system configuration and the SGI NUMAlink for the inter-module network for the shared memory. The Altix runs under a single image of the operating system and supports parallel programming through OpenMP, MPI, CoArray, FORTRAN, and an automatic parallelizing compiler. Various codes have been evaluated with respect to their ease of portability and their performance on the Altix as compared to other high performance computers.
On the Maximum Number of Triangles in Wheel-Free Graphs

Gallai [1] raised the question of determining t(n), the maximum number of triangles in graphs of n vertices with acyclic neighborhoods. Here we disprove his conjecture (t(n) ~ n2/8) by exhibiting graphs having n2/7.5 triangles. We improve the upper bound [11] of (n2 − n)/6 to t(n) ≤; n2/7.02 + O(n). For regular graphs, we further decrease this bound to n2/7.75 + O(n).
Hybrid Computer Systems [Guest editorial]

Today's increasing emphasis on simulation of continuous dynamic systems lends a special significance to this issue of Computer. Hybrid computers, with their tremendous computing speed resulting from the all-parallel configuration of their analog subsystem, are particularly suited for dynamic system simulation. Indeed, back in the 1950's analog computers were the only game in town when it came to real-time simulation of flight vehicles. Digital computers of that era were simply too slow in the numerical solution of differential equations.
Rhodospirillum sodomense, sp. nov., a Dead Sea rhodospirillum species

A new species of halophilic anoxygenic purple bacteria of the genus Rhodospirillum is described. The new organism, isolated from water/sediment of the Dead Sea, was vibrio-shaped and an obligate halophile. Growth was best at 12% NaCl, with only weak growth occurring at 6% or 21% NaCl. Growth occurred at Mg2+ concentrations up to 1 M but optimal growth was obtained at 0.05–0.1 M Mg2+. Bromide was well tolerated as an alternative anion to chloride. The new organism is an obligate phototroph, growing photoheterotrophically in media containing yeast extract and acetate or a few other organic compounds. Growth of the Dead Sea Rhodospirillum species under optimal culture conditions was slow (minimum td ∼ 20 h). Cells contained bacteriochlorophyll a and carotenoids of the spirilloxanthin series and mass cultures were pink in color. Absorption spectra revealed the presence of a B875 (light-harvesting I) but no B800/B850 (light-harvesting II) photopigment complex. The new organism shares a number of properties with the previously described halophilic phototrophic bacterium Rhodospirillum salinarum and was shown to be related to this phototroph by 16S rRNA sequencing. However, because of its salinity requirements, photosynthetic properties, and isolation from the Dead Sea, the new phototroph is proposed as a new species of the genus Rhodospirillum, R. sodomense.
Responding to World Competition: Developing the Global IS Professional

This article discusses the importance of producing entry level information systems (IS) professionals who can function effectively not only in North America but throughout the rest of the world. In particular we contrast information technology differences between North America and Europe. Included among these are differences in preferred development techniques, programming languages, and data communications standards. We suggest that one solution to producing a global IS professional is to expand the technical depth and managerial breadth of the typical North American IS undergraduate curriculum. We propose an expanded 150 semester hour program, similar to the approach that has been taken by the accounting discipline. Our suggested curriculum builds upon the recommended Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) undergraduate curriculum but it also includes courses that are part of the International Federation for Information Processing/ British Computer Society (IFIP/BCS) recommended program as well as courses that have been suggested by practitioners who are responsible for global IS activities.
Instability of the CAG repeat in immortalized fibroblast cell cultures from Huntington's disease transgenic mice.

Huntington's Disease transgenic mice were used for an exploration into the stability of a trinucleotide repeat. The brain shows heterogeneous somatic instability that increases quantitatively with age. To test somatic CAG-repeat alterations during long-term culture, DNA was extracted from transgenic tissue, primary fibroblasts, and SV40-immortalized fibroblasts at intervals of approximately 100 cell doublings. In fibroblasts derived from an adult mouse, there was an initial short truncation of the repeat, followed by an emerging population of cells showing continuous slow expansion. After 15 months in continuous culture (approximately 600 cell doublings following transformation) the major CAG peak has increased from 155 to approximately 170 triplets. This in vitro system can now be used to assay factors that affect instability.
Investigating T cell activation and tolerance in vivo: peptide challenge in allergic asthmatics.

Abstract In the atopic allergic individual, challenge with allergen elicits manifestations of both the humoral (IgE-mediated or early-phase reaction) and the cell-mediated immune response (late-phase reaction). Detailed study of late-phase cell-mediated events is confounded by the effects of the earlier IgE-mediated response which results in mast cell and basophil activation. Thus the relative contributions to allergic inflammation of individual cell types, such as T cells and eosinophils, are difficult to define. In this review we describe experiments, largely from our own group, in which we have attempted to dissociate early and late allergic reactions. To this end, cell-mediated responses were induced in the absence of preceding IgE-mediated events, by the delivery of synthetic peptides representing T cell epitopes of the allergen. Activation of T cells resulted in airway narrowing and an increase in airway reactivity to non-specific stimuli. Furthermore, we describe the induction of antigen-specific hyporesponsiveness or “tolerance” following intradermal, but not mucosal, peptide delivery. The induction of peptide-induced hyporesponsiveness could be temporally dissociated from the initial T cell activation resulting in bronchoconstriction and likely occurred through a different mechanism. Analysis of in vitro allergen responses of peripheral blood cells revealed that hyporesponsiveness was associated with reductions in both Th1 and Th2 cytokines, together with a concomitant increase in the regulatory cytokine IL-10. We conclude that activation of T cells in vivo may result in manifestations of chronic allergic inflammation including bronchoconstriction and hyperreactivity. Additionally, when administered systemically at low dose, peptides may induce long-lasting hyporesponsiveness in the T cell compartment, through a mechanism that is associated with induction of IL-10.
Nonverbal expectancy violations: Model elaboration and application to immediacy behaviors

Nonverbal expectancy violations theory holds that positive violations produce more favorable communication outcomes than conformity to expectations, while negative violations produce less favorable ones, and that reward characteristics of the communicator mediate the interpretation and evaluation of violations. The factors affecting expectancies and the consequences of violating them are reviewed and compared to other models (discrepancy‐arousal, arousal‐labeling, arousal‐valence, sequential functional) employing similar assumptions and mediating variables. An experiment extending the model domain to immediacy violations and to interactions with familiar as well as unfamiliar others had friend and stranger dyads (N=82) engage in discussions during which one member of each pair significantly increased immediacy, significantly reduced it, or conformed to normal levels. Nonimmedicacy violations produced lower credibility ratings than high immediacy or conformity to expectations for both friends and strangers...
Mercury and plants in contaminated soils: 1. Uptake, partitioning, and emission to the atmosphere

The uptake, distribution, and subsequent emission of mercury to the atmosphere were investigated in five plant species (Lepidium latifolium [L.], Artemisia douglasiana [Bess in Hook], Caulanthus sp. [S. Watson], Fragaria vesca [L.], and Eucalyptus globulus [Labill]) with different ecological and physiological attributes. Transfer coefficients for mercury in the soil-plant system were calculated. Plant-to-atmosphere emissions of mercury were determined using a controlled environment gas-exchange system and ranged from 10 to 93 ng/m2/h in the light; emissions in the dark were an order of magnitude less. Transfer coefficients for mercury within the soil-plant system increased acropetally (root-to-leaf axis) by orders of magnitude. Estimated mercury emissions from plants in the Carson River Drainage Basin of Nevada over the growing season (0.5 mg/m2) add to the previously reported soil mercury emissions (8.5 mg/m2), resulting in total landscape emissions of 9 mg/m2. For L. latifolium, 70% of the mercury taken up by the roots during the growing season was emitted to the atmosphere. For every one molecule of mercury retained in foliage of L. latifolium, 12 molecules of mercury were emitted. Within this arid ecosystem, mercury emissions are a dominant pathway of the mercury cycle. Plants function as conduits for the interfacial transport of mercury from the geosphere to the atmosphere, and this role is undervalued in models of the behavior of mercury in terrestrial ecosystems and in the atmosphere on a global scale.
The distribution of lectin receptors on the plasma membrane of the fertilized sea urchin egg during first and second cleavage

Abstract The Con A receptors in the plasma membrane of the fertilized sea urchin egg are uniformly distributed. With the onset of first division, the fluorescent lectin-receptor complexes become localized in the cleavage furrow. A similar asymmetric pattern is seen if the cleaving cells are fixed before the addition of fluorescent Con A. After cleavage is complete, fluorescent Con A is lost from the furrow and accumulates at the poles furthest from the plane of cleavage. This asymmetry is retained through second cleavage; thus the individual blastomeres have a surface memory of their original orientation with respect to each other.
The effects of mefenamic acid on postprandial intestinal carbohydrate metabolism.

Abstract The effects of mefenamic acid on the food-induced changes in intestinal carbohydrate metabolism were determined in an attempt to elucidate the mechanism(s) by which inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis enhances the postprandial increases in intestinal blood flow and oxygen consumption. The data show that when the luminal perfusate was was changed from saline to a nutrient/bile solution, there was an increase in carbohydrate utilization, which was offset by absorption of glucose from the lumen. Intravenous administration of mefenamic acid significantly increased both carbohydrate absorption and metabolism when food was placed in the lumen. Changes in carbohydrate absorption and metabolism have been shown to play an important role in determining the magnitude of glucose induced changes in intestinal blood flow and oxygen consumption. Therefore, it is possible that the ability of mefenamic acid to enhance significantly the food-induced increases in blood flow and oxygen consumption may be due in part to its effects on intestinal carbohydrate absorption and utilization.
Time Off: The Social Experience of Time on Vacation

This article explores the phenomenological and socially constructed experience of time during the finite period of the vacation. Temporal routine is considered as a form of social control from which vacations and similar breaks for time off offer opportunities for agency and release. In-depth interviews, participant observation, and a narrative analysis of vacation blogs are used to analyze norms in orientation to time while one is away from select constraints of everyday life. Approaches to time while on vacation are found to fall into two ideal types: those who may “ignore” time and find release from schedules and routine, and those who must closely attend to its passage. Influences of duration, frequency and pace are also central in moderating experience.
Coming to America: need for acculturation and media use motives among indian sojourners in the US

Abstract Many uses and gratifications scholars have called for more research on media use within various cultural contexts as a means of extending the understanding of motivations for media use and the resulting patterns of exposure. This study of 99 Asian Indian graduate students at a US university differentiates the mass media that these predominantly young, urban males used in India (prior to coming to the US) and in the US (after their arrival in the US). Via principal components analysis, the study also identifies eight motives for Indian students’ use of American television, including the motives of acculturation and reflection on values. The data show that need for acculturation is strongly correlated with the motives of acculturation and surveillance and moderately correlated with reflection on values and learning. Overall, motives for American television viewing shared 45% of their variance with need for acculturation, indicating the importance of the new culture's media in the acculturation process of sojourners.
Cholecystokinin-octapeptide effects on eating elicited by “external” versus “internal” cues in rats

Animals were pretrained using a paradigm that involved 3 weeks of restricted daily feeding. As a result of this experience, presentation of food-associated stimuli (“external cues”) to minimally (1-h) deprived (or even undeprived) rats is followed immediately by vigorous eating. This paradigm was used in order to test whether animals that are compelled to eat large meals despite being only minimally deprived do so because they are insensitive to endogenous cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK-8). CCK-8 is the active fragment of a polypeptide hormone and it is thought by some to be released after a meal and to serve as a short term satiety factor. Following minimal, or 24-h, food-deprivation, the effects of 0, 2, 4, or 8 μg/kg doses of CCK-8 were examined in these animals. Latency to contact food, meal initiation, time spent eating, meal size and a hoarding-like reaction were among the measures recorded. The major finding was that meal initiation was delayed dose-dependently in the minimally-deprived condition. Thus, animals eating apparently “by force of habit” were not insensitive to circulating CCK-8. Approach to food and hoarding-like behavior were virtually unaffected. In the 24-h food-deprivation condition, the pretrained animals were relatively resistant to the inhibitory effects of CCK-8 on eating. The effectiveness of CCK-8 appeared to be greatly enhanced by (and may even depend on) its summation with other satiety factors.
Simulated moving bed chromatography. Comparison between the behaviors under linear and nonlinear conditions

The influence of the feed concentration on the progressive changes in concentration profiles along the simulated moving bed (SMB) columns and in the concentration histories at the SMB outlets during the transition of the SMB operation toward steady state is studied. This investigation is concerned with what happens when the isotherms of the two components of the feed in the phase system have competitive Langmuir behavior and the feed concentration is raised from the linear to the nonlinear range. In order to achieve a clear comparison between the SMB behaviours in the nonlinear and the linear case, the flow rates in all the sections of the SMB are kept constant, at the same value of these operation parameters as selected in the linear case. Transition concentration profiles to the steady state were examined as functions of the degree of nonlinear behavior, i.e. for different values of the reduced concentrations of the feed components, b′i = biCi. The profiles obtained in the linear and nonlinear case are compared to illustrate the nonlinear effects. Square-wave oscillations of the plateau concentrations of the extract in column II and the raffinate in column IV, due to the cyclical nature of the SMB operation, have been reported previously in the linear case. This phenomenon is discussed in the nonlinear case and the influence of the switching time is illustrated.
Knowledge representation using views in relational deductive data bases

Abstract A logic-based data base system combines data manipulation capabilities of conventional data base management systems (DBMS) and theorem-proving capabilities of logic systems. A deductive data base system is a homogeneous logic-based data base system in which only one programming system is used for both data base access operations and inferential functions. Logic systems such as Prolog are convenient for representing deductive axioms. However, because they lack the data base processing efficiency of conventional DBMSs, they are inadequate for very large data bases. In this paper, we propose to investigate the capabilities of traditional relational DBMSs, such as those based on the language SQL, as deductive data base systems. Since deductive axioms generate information in the form of virtual relations, they have a strong affinity to views in relational systems. Therefore, we can readily represent deductive axioms as views in relational data base systems. We demonstrate that Horn clauses as well as data base integrity constraints can be formulated as views without difficulty. Deductive axioms involving negation can also be formulated as views, provided the set difference operator is used for negated formulas. However, since the transitive closure operator is not implemented in conventional relational systems, such systems cannot process recursive deductive axioms. Relational DBMSs can be rendered almost fully deductive by incorporating into their design recursive axiom processing abilities and better view processing techniques.
THE ROLES OF ALLOREACTIVITY AND ENDOTOXIN IN AN EXPERIMENTAL MODEL OF IDIOPATHIC PNEUMONIA SYNDROME AFTER BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION. • 909

THE ROLES OF ALLOREACTIVITY AND ENDOTOXIN IN AN EXPERIMENTAL MODEL OF IDIOPATHIC PNEUMONIA SYNDROME AFTER BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION. • 909
Protein release from the larval fat body of the southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella: An in vitro study

Abstract The release of protein from the perivisceral fat body of non-diapausing, pre-diapausing and diapausing larvae of the southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella , was examined in vitro . Time course studies showed a selective release of proteins into macromolecule-free Grace's medium. The rate of release of individual proteins differed. The release of some proteins was partially inhibited by the incorporation of potassium cyanide (10 −2 M) and ouabain (5 × 10 −3 M) into the medium. During a 5 min incubation a single major high molecular weight protein fraction was released at a high rate from the fat body of both non-diapausing and diapausing larvae. A low molecular weight protein (the diapause-associated protein) was also released readily from the fat body of diapausing larvae. Although most proteins released from the fat body in vitro appeared to be present in the haemolymph in vivo , one notable exception was the absence of the diapause-associated protein from the haemolymph. The method holds promise for facilitating further studies of protein release from insect fat body.
Reconstructing Signal Transduction from Raw Genomic Data

Signal transduction systems are information-processing pathways that link extracellular and intracellular signals to appropriate cellular responses. These systems control most cellular functions in living cells ranging from regulation of gene expression to fine-tuning enzymatic activity. Signal transduction proteins display an extreme sequence variability and extensive domain shuffling. Thus, their reconstruction from raw genomic data is a serious challenge. I will discuss a computational genomic approach to this problem staring from fundamental biological aspects to application of bioinformatics tools and development of an electronic knowledge environment.
Effects of linear absorption on the steady-state behavior of a photorefractive phase-conjugate mirror

A photorefractive phase-conjugate mirror with linear absorption is examined. An objective of this study is to identify possible effects of absorption on the self-oscillation conditions of the mirror and the properties of the excited conjugate wave. It has been found that self-oscillation is still possible in the presence of absorption. However, the coupling coefficient required for self-oscillation must increase in magnitude with increasing absorption coefficient to counteract the depressing effects of absorption. A consequence of self-oscillation in the presence of absorption is enhancement of the mirror reflectivity. A parametric study of the absorption-enhanced mirror is presented.
Collision statistics in an isotropic particle-laden turbulent suspension. Part 1. Direct numerical simulations

Direct numerical simulations of heavy particles suspended in a turbulent fluid are performed to study the rate of inter-particle collisions as a function of the turbulence parameters and particle properties. The particle volume fractions are kept small (∼10−4) so that the system is well within the dilute limit. The fluid velocities are updated using a pseudo-spectral algorithm while the particle forces are approximated by Stokes drag. One unique aspect of the present simulations is that the particles have finite volumes (as opposed to point masses) and therefore particle collisions must be accounted for. The collision frequency is monitored over several eddy turnover times. It is found that particles with small Stokes numbers behave similarly to the prediction of Saffman & Turner (1956). On the other hand, particles with very large Stokes numbers have collision frequencies similar to kinetic theory (Abrahamson 1975). For intermediate Stokes numbers, the behaviour is complicated by two effects: (i) particles tend to collect in regions of low vorticity (high strain) due to a centrifugal effect (preferential concentration); (ii) particle pairs are less strongly correlated with each other, resulting in an increase in their relative velocity. Both effects tend to increase collision rates, however the scalings of the two effects are different, leading to the observed complex behaviour. An explanation for the entire range of Stokes numbers can be found by considering the relationship between the collision frequency and two statistical properties of the particle phase: the radial distribution function and the relative velocity probability density function. Statistical analysis of the data, in the context of this relationship, confirms the relationship and provides a quantitative description of how preferential concentration and particle decorrelation ultimately affect the collision frequency.
"Save Our Kids, Keep AIDS Out": Anti-AIDS Activism and the Legacy of Community Control in Queens, New York

This article details a 1985 protest organized by black and white parents in two Queens, New York School districts to fight the New York City's Board of Education policy allowing children with AIDS to attend public schools. I examine the Queens anti-AIDS protests to assess the effectiveness of this cross-racial alliance as well as how it functioned in relationship to the rise of political conservatism in the 1980s. I argue that it is necessary to situate these community activists in a context not over-determined by the bifurcated national politics of the period. By revisiting this community-based movement of the 1980s and understanding participants' motivations as well as those of the leadership, we begin to see that this activism acquired its coherence not from ideology, but from the specific circumstances that forced these activists to confront AIDS. While many anti-AIDS and anti-gay activists used phases like "family values," to differentiate themselves from people with AIDS, particularly gay men, parents in Queens, both black and white, found a shared enemy instead in the combined power of the municipal bureaucracy and a remote scientific establishment, paving the way for a political alliance that bridged an otherwise tense racial divide in New York City
Performance and scalability of preconditioned conjugate gradient methods on parallel computers

This paper analyzes the performance and scalability of an iteration of the preconditioned conjugate gradient algorithm on parallel architectures with a variety of interconnection networks, such as the mesh, the hypercube, and that of the CM-5 parallel computer. It is shown that for block-tridiagonal matrices resulting from two-dimensional finite difference grids, the communication overhead due to vector inner products dominates the communication overheads of the remainder of the computation on a large number of processors. However, with a suitable mapping, the parallel formulation of a PCG iteration is highly scalable for such matrices on a machine like the CM-5 whose fast control network practically eliminates the overheads due to inner product computation. The use of the truncated Incomplete Cholesky (IC) preconditioner can lead to further improvement in scalability on the CM-5 by a constant factor,as a result, a parallel formulation of the PCG algorithm with IC preconditioner may execute faster than that with a simple diagonal preconditioner even if the latter runs faster in a serial implementation. >
Mutual Gains From Team Learning: A Guided Design Classroom Exercise

Proponents of classroom- and team-based exercises argue that structured group problem-solving activities enhance student learning. A team-based, guided design exercise conducted annually from 1985 to 2002 supports the claim that teams are much more likely to reach superior decisions than individual students left to their own knowledge. However, a very small percentage of teams were not successful reaching a learning goal and an equally small number of highly competent individuals found themselves worse off, in terms of a team versus individual solution, after a team exercise. Nevertheless, the overall evidence validates the team-based approach to problem solving as a useful active learning strategy in the classroom.
Certain Trace Elements in the Feeds, Organs, and Tissues of a Selected Group of Repeat Breeding Cows in Northeastern Wisconsin

Summary In an effort to determine the relationship of trace minerals to the repeat breeding cow problem, a study of the distribution of manganese and cobalt in the feeds fed the cows from problem herds and the distribution of cobalt and manganese in certain tissues and organs of problem cows has been made. It is evident that no single cause was responsible for the repeat breeder cow from these herds. Low blood plasma ascorbic acid values were found to exist. There was definite evidence of low or marginal cobalt intake associated with many of these problem herds. The manganese concentrations of the feeds from these farms was on the low side of the normal range, while ovarian concentrations were definitely low. It appears from these data that trace minerals have little if any direct relationship to the repeat breeding cow problem, although this possibility is not precluded by the data.
Welcome from the Editors

You may notice some changes in this issue of The Ohio Journal of Science; including some new story features.
Differential expression of thyroid transcription factor 1 in small cell lung carcinoma and merkel cell tumor

The distinction between metastatic small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) and Merkel cell tumor is difficult by routine histology, prompting the search for specific markers that could separate these neoplasms. Thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1) is a homeodomain containing transcription factor expressed in the normal airway epithelium. The expression of TTF-1 has also been shown in adenocarcinomas and small cell carcinomas of the lung. However, the utility of TTF-1 to differentiate between SCLC and Merkel cell tumor has not yet been investigated. In this study, paraffin sections of 36 SCLCs and 21 Merkel cell tumors were analyzed for the presence of immunoreactive TTF-1 and cytokeratin 20 (CK20), a marker previously demonstrated in Merkel cell tumors. Monoclonal TTF-1 and CK20 antibodies were used with a biotin-streptavidin detection system. Immunostaining for TTF-1 was observed in 97% of SCLCs and in no Merkel cell tumors. Immunoreactivity for CK20 was demonstrated in 76% of Merkel cell tumors and 3% of SCLCs. These data indicate that TTF-1 is a sensitive (97%) and specific (100%) marker for SCLCs and can be used to differentiate SCLCs from Merkel cell tumors.
Iterative Decodable Block-Codes for High-Speed Optical Transmission

In this invited paper, we compare performance of three classes of iterative decodable codes suitable for use in highspeed optical transmission systems: (i) turbo product codes (TPCs), (ii) low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes, and (iii) generalized LDPC (GLDPC) codes with Hamming, BCH or Reed-Muller component codes.
Crystalline-phase formation in hot isostatic pressing of nuclear waste ceramics with high zirconia content

Ceramic forms with a significant glass phase have been prepared from Zr-rich simulated Idaho Chemical Processing Plant high-level nuclear waste by hot isostatic pressing of redox-controlled waste and chemical additive calcines. Crystalline-phase formation in the ceramics is a function of the waste loading, additives, and consolidation temperature. Actinide host phases are controlled by silica-zirconia crystal chemistry; the composition of the amorphous phase dominates the leaching behavior. Two phase assemblages—one consisting of CaF2, ZrO2, ZrSiO4, and glass, the second of CaF2, ZrO2, YNaSiO4, ZrSiO4, and glass—showed leach resistance superior to melter-processed borosilicate glass forms for uranium and, at waste loadings >80 wt%, offer a factor of up to 3.2 times greater volume reduction. The presence of the designed glass phase in the waste forms makes them more flexible to variations in waste composition and lowers the required hot isostatic pressing temperature for consolidation as compared with polycrystalline waste ceramics, while maintaining the actinide leach resistance of the crystalline phases.
Multi-mode sub-Nyquist rate digital-to-analog conversion for direct waveform synthesis

This paper describes the sub-Nyquist rate digital-to-analog conversion technique for a direct waveform synthesis (DWS) transmitter. IEEE 802.22 TV band Cognitive Radio (CR) transmitter requires seamless frequency hoping and wide frequency coverage of 54 MHz-806 MHz. The proposed transmitter directly converts the digital baseband samples to RF frequencies in the target channels obviating the up-conversion mixer. The mostly-digital architecture of this transmitter features agile functionality support for Software Defined Radio (SDR) operation. A 10-bit 600-MS/s multi-mode DAC shapes the analog output spectrum envelope to enhance image spectrum located in the target channels and suppress other unwanted harmonics. Compared to Nyquist rate direct synthesis, this sub-Nyquist rate DWS architecture reduces both system complexity and power consumption by half.
IMPLEMENTING A TRANSITIONAL SUPPORT PROGRAM

1 Sheila Edwards Lange, University of Washington, Center for Workforce Development, Seattle, WA 98195, sredward@u.washington.edu 2 Eve A. Riskin, Electrical Engineering Department, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, riskin@ee.washington.edu 3 Suzanne G. Brainard, University of Washington, Center for Workforce Development, Seattle, WA 98195, brainard@u.washington.edu 4 Denice D. Denton, College of Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, denton@engr.washington.edu Abstract – As part of its National Science Foundation ADVANCE Institutional Transformation Award, the University of Washington implemented a Transitional Support Program for faculty members. The program goals are to make faculty careers less stressful during times of transitions such as a new child, first tenure track appointment, expansion or redirection of a research program, major illness or caring for elderly parents. Support is offered for up to three academic quarters for the faculty member moving through such a transition. Small grants are provided for course release, graduate student or post-doctoral support and/or laboratory supplies. Grant proposals are solicited quarterly and, in its first year, seventeen faculty have benefited from the program. Panelists will describe the program and provide guidelines for replicating similar programs at other universities.