cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Linking body size and energetics with predation strategies: A game theoretic modeling framework

Abstract Predation is the ultimate survival game between the predator and prey. In this study, we use game theory as a modeling framework to demonstrate why and how different strategies in predation for both predator and prey are chosen based on body size and energetics. Two distinct and mutually exclusive strategies, active and passive, are considered for both players; hence the corresponding predation can be formulated as a 2 × 2 game. The payoffs are defined using energetics (energy gain and loss), with functional response to predator/prey body size. The game is formulated as a realistic general sum model and the numerical results of Nash equilibrium for different body sized predators and preys are calculated: in general, smaller sized predators and preys tend to use active strategy more often (mixed strategy equilibrium), and larger sized tend to choose active strategy exclusively (pure strategy equilibrium). The long-term evolutionary stability of the predator–prey system is also investigated, and the Nash equilibrium derived from these games are shown evolutionarily unstable. In summary, this study provides a unified modeling framework to study how animal body size and energetics determine predation strategies, and can easily extend to more complicated conditions, such as across multiple trophic levels.
Ultrafast optoelectronics using nonlinear optics

We discuss the development and characteristics of a THz spectroscopy system based on a combination of this optical rectification process and electro-optic sampling. One of the key considerations to be examined concerns the role of phase-matching of the interactions and how this may best be achieved. In addition, we will present recent results in which optical rectification was exploited in a crystal integrated into directly into a transmission line structure. This scheme offers the inherent speed of the optical rectification process, while producing a pulse suitable for circuit applications.
Bleeding after holmium laser enucleation of the prostate: lessons learned the hard way.

Study Type – Therapy (case series) Level of Evidence 4 What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add? Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate is rapidly gaining popularity as an alternative and in some institutions a replacement for standard transurethral resection of the prostate. It has been proven to have at least equivalent outcomes to the TURP and noted to be exceptionally hemostatic. This study shares some caveats regarding bleeding after HoLEP. OBJECTIVE To examine specific causes of postoperative bleeding requiring transfusion after holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) in order to enhance preoperative screening and counseling. MATERIALS AND METHODS After Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval, a retrospective review of a single surgeon’s experience of 130 consecutive HoLEPs was performed to specifically examine patients requiring perioperative blood transfusions. All patients from August 2007 to April 2009 who underwent a HoLEP at our institution since its inception were included. These patients’ charts were reviewed to gain insight into their bleeding diathesis. A case series report was compiled and compared with the relevant published literature. RESULTS Of the 130 patients, eight (6.7%) were found to require transfusion postoperatively. Four of these patients required a second operation for completion. These patients had a variety of causes for increased bleeding and subsequent transfusion including: chronic anticoagulation (n = 1), significant cardiac disease requiring maintenance of hemoglobin (n = 4), sepsis with secondary disseminated intravascular coagulation (n = 1), large prostate size (>150 g) (n = 4), underlying prostate cancer (n = 1) and inadequate anesthesia during the procedure leading to patient movement (n = 1). All patients made a full recovery with satisfactory urinary symptom improvement except for one patient with residual incontinence at last follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Despite the many benefits of holmium laser enucleation, all patients should be counseled regarding the real potential for postoperative blood transfusion. When feasible, any known bleeding risk should be minimized by the surgeon as long it is done safely for the benefit of the patient considering their co-morbidities.
Learner-Learning Environment Fit

ABSTRACT The person-environment paradigm is pivotal to our profession; however, few social work educators have utilized this theoretical perspective to shape curricula or to advance teaching practices that take into account what we know about the adult learner (Coulshed, 1993) and the learning environment (Knowles, 1972). In this article, the authors propose a model of social work education based on recent theoretical developments and research findings in the field of adult learning. The model consists of three phases of learning: the decision to learn, the learning process, and the learning outcome. Characteristics of the adult learner (motivation, personal attributes, cognitive development, learning style) and conditions of the learning environment (physical, interpersonal, and socio-cultural) are emphasized in the model.
Combined cold compressor/ejector helium-refrigerator cycle

In recent years there has been increasing interest in raising refrigeration efficiency and capacity in cycles which produce cooling below 4.2 K. It is, of course, desirable to be able to produce the required subatmospheric pressure efficiently in the system.
Building the right way: The need and importance of an ethicist in construction engineering

Historically, the construction industry has been plagued by substantiated unethical business practices that lead to loss in construction quality, economic damage, loss of reputation, and increased risks in public health and safety. These unethical acts draw negative attention to the industry. In order to curtail unethical business practice in the construction industry, it is critical to make ethical education a cornerstone of the construction engineering curriculum. Students within the discipline must have comprehensive ethics education to ensure that they are capable of making informed, responsible decisions on projects when on the job. Ethics education is important to rectify the issues of unethical practices; it is also a key component to academic program accreditation. Accreditation requires departments and programs to have qualified instructors to develop and teach ethics and integrate it into the core curriculum. The authors posit that departments and programs in construction engineering have an eth...
Repetitive DNA of Gallus domesticus and its cytological locations.

Abstract DNA of the domestic chicken, Gallus domesticus , was fractionated by sonication, denaturation and reassociation on hydroxyapatite column. The reassociated repetitious DNA fraction comprises 17% of the genome and showed 2 distinct peaks in neutral CsCl density gradients. In situ hybridization using 3 H-RNA complementary to the various repetitive DNA fractions showed that the microchromosomes and the W chromosome had a disproportionately high content of repetitive DNA and that the two types of chromosomes contained different fractions of repetitive DNA.
Signal-to-Noise-Ratio Limit to the Depth-of-Field Extension for Task-Specific Imaging Systems with an Arbitrary Pupil Function

The rigorous trade-off between achieving an extended depth-of-field and improved spectral signal-to-noise-ratio for a task-specific imaging system using arbitrary phase and/or amplitude pupil function is presented.
Recent work in West Africa: New light on the Nok Culture

(1969). Recent work in West Africa: New light on the Nok Culture. World Archaeology: Vol. 1, Recent work and new approaches, pp. 41-50.
Donor morbidity after living donation for liver transplantation.

Background & Aims: Reports of complications among adult right hepatic lobe donors have been limited to single centers. The rate and severity of complications in living donors were investigated in the 9-center Adult-to-Adult Living Donor Liver Transplantation Cohort Study (A2ALL). Methods: A retrospective observational study design was used. Participants included all potential living donors evaluated between 1998 and 2003. Complication severity was graded using the Clavien scoring system. Results: Of 405 donors accepted for donation, 393 underwent donation, and 12 procedures were aborted. There were 245 donors (62%) who did not experience complications; 82 (21%) had 1 complication, and 66 (17%) had 2 or more. Complications were scored as grade 1 (minor; n=106, 27%), grade 2 (potentially life threatening; n=103, 26%), grade 3 (life threatening; n=8, 2%), and grade 4 (leading to death; n=3, 0.8%). Common complications included biliary leaks beyond postoperative day 7 (n = 36, 9%), bacterial infections (n = 49, 12%), incisional hernia (n = 22, 6%), pleural effusion requiring intervention (n = 21, 5%), neuropraxia (n = 16, 4%), reexploration (n = 12, 3%), wound infections (n = 12, 3%), and intraabdominal abscess (n = 9, 2%). Two donors developed portal vein thrombosis, and 1 had inferior vena caval thrombosis. Fifty-one (13%) donors required hospital readmission, and 14 (4%) required 2 to 5 readmissions. Conclusions: Adult living liver donation was associated with significant donor complications. Although most complications were of low-grade severity, a significant proportion were severe or life threatening. Quantification of complication risk may improve the informed consent process, perioperative planning, and donor care.
Intravenous Iron Therapy: A Summary of Treatment Options and Review of Guidelines

Iron replacement for iron-deficiency anemia has historically been accomplished with the use of oral iron therapy. Although oral iron is appropriate for most iron-deficiency anemia patients, many patients do not respond to or may be intolerant of oral iron, or may experience bleeding of sufficient magnitude to require higher iron doses than that achievable with oral iron. Intravenous iron therapy is a useful option for these latter patients. Three intravenous iron products are recommended: low-molecular weight iron dextran (INFeD), ferric gluconate (Ferrlecit), and iron sucrose (Venofer). These intravenous iron products have superior safety profiles compared to high-molecular weight iron dextran. The Food and Drug Administration's approval of erythropoietic-stimulating agents to treat certain types of anemia has increased usage of intravenous iron for functional iron deficiency. This review summarizes the current status of intravenous iron products and discusses their advantages and disadvantages in treati...
Agent construction in Mobile Surveyor

This paper presents Mobile Surveyor, a model-based mobile monitoring system that attempts to maximize the resource utilization by customizing the monitoring code with more specific user requirements. We seek to represent monitoring specifications with a set of Quality of Service attributes, transform them into monitoring strategies, evaluate and direct the monitoring performance based on those specifications. We discuss the possibility and difficulty in finding an optimal monitoring configuration by mapping our problem into a 0/1 knapsack optimization problem, to achieve the goal of maximally satisfying user's needs and minimally taking up system resources.
Role of mixed anionic-nonionic systems of surfactants in the emulsion polymerization of styrene: Effect on particle nucleation

The batch emulsion polymerization kinetics of styrene using various ratios and amounts of anionic surfactant sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and nonionic surfactant Triton X-405 (octylphenoxypolyethoxy...
S1P regulation of ovarian carcinoma invasiveness

Abstract Objectives. Within the tumor microenvironment the invasiveness of epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC) cells is stimulated by biologically active lipids such as lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). We tested the in vitro effect of another bioactive lysophospholipid, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), on the invasiveness of EOC cells. Methods. Dov13 EOC cells were tested for invasion through matrigel-coated chambers and for gelatinase activity using a fluorogenic assay. cDNA was analyzed through real-time PCR. Cell surface proteins, isolated through biotinylation and affinity purification, were analyzed by Western blots. Results. Invasion of Dov13 cells was enhanced by low (0.5 μM) and inhibited by high (20 μM) concentrations of S1P, which correlated with increased and reduced gelatinase activity in conditioned media. Low and high S1P dose also differently affected the presentation of surface S1P receptors; low S1P dose increased S1P 1 and decreased S1P 2 , while high S1P increased S1P 3 . LPA and S1P differently altered transcript levels of their respective and reciprocal receptors; receptors that were upregulated by one lysophospholipid (S1P 2,3 and LPA 1 by LPA, LPA 3,4 and S1P 1,4,5 by S1P) were downregulated or unchanged by the other. Conclusions. The dual effect of high and low S1P concentration on invasion was probably caused by the diverse changes to the presentation of surface S1P receptors. The opposite effect of S1P and LPA on expression of each receptor suggests a homeostatic transcriptional mechanism that abrogates the effects of LPA and S1P on EOC cells. Altogether this study demonstrates a complex role of S1P in EOC cell invasion, a process highly balanced and regulated by LPA and S1P within the tumor microenvironment.
Effect of a media blitz and a threatened lawsuit on stimulant treatment.

Objective. —To enumerate and evaluate changes in the rate of medication treatment for hyperactive/inattentive students subsequent to negative media publicity about methylphenidate (Ritalin) and related lawsuits threatened or initiated from late 1987 to early 1989. Design. —Biennial 1971 to 1991 school nurse surveys of medication treatment for hyperactive/inattentive students; a 1989 school nurse questionnaire on parent attitudes about medication; annual 1984 through 1991 hyperkinetic clinic treatment data; annual 1986 through 1990 Drug Enforcement Administration estimates of retail sales of methylphenidate, nationally and locally. Primary Setting. —All public and private elementary and secondary schools in Baltimore County, Maryland. Patients. —Students receiving medication for hyperactivity/inattentiveness. Results. —Whereas the medication rate for the treatment of hyperactive/ inattentive students in Baltimore County doubled every 4 to 7 years from 1971 through 1987, it declined 39% in the 1989 and 1991 surveys from its 1987 peak. This drop occurred after the 1987 through 1989 media blitz against methylphenidate and after a well-publicized threatened lawsuit locally. Parents became fearful of media-reported medication "side effects" and school staff hesitated to refer restless, impulsive, and inattentive students to physicians. Most inhibited from the prospect of medication treatment were less affluent parents and parents of hyperactive/inattentive elementary schoolchildren who had never received medication. Drug Enforcement Administration data revealed that the Baltimore metropolitan area had a far greater decline in methylphenidate use than that which occurred nationally. Conclusion. —Strong circumstantial evidence suggests that the prominent 1989 and 1991 declines in the initiation of stimulant medication for hyperactive/inattentive students were related to the apprehension of parents and involved professionals generated by the methylphenidate media blitz and the threatened lawsuit. ( JAMA . 1992;268:1004-1007)
Multi-perspective multi-layer interaction on mobile device

We propose a novel multi-perspective multi-layer interaction using a mobile device, which provides an immersive experience of 3D navigation through an object. The mobile device serves as a window, through which the user can observe the object in detail from various perspectives by orienting the device differently. Various layers of the object can also be shown while users move the device away and toward themselves. Our approach is real-time, completely mobile (running on Android) and does not depend on external sensor/displays (e.g., camera and projector).
Evaluation of CAPTURER CMV Solid Phase Testing Over the Allowable Shelf-Life of Red Blood Cells (Adenine–Saline Added)

Abstract Background:CAPTURER CMV (IMMUCOR Inc., Norcross, GA) is a solid-phase screening test used to detect IgM and IgG antibodies to cytomegalovirus (CMV). CAPTURER CMV is licensed for testing whole blood (WB) in citrate phosphate dextrose (CPD) preserved segments of units of red blood cells (RBC) only up to 7 days of storage. We determined if CAPTURER CMV could produce consistent results in CPD preserved WB segments from RBC adenine–saline added (ASA) for their 42 day shelf-life. Methods: Ten CMV-seropositive and 10 CMV-seronegative RBC (ASA) tested by CAPTURER CMV during the first week of storage were studied. Segments were tested weekly for 6 weeks. Results: All 10 units that initially tested as CMV-seropositive remained strongly seropositive. All 10 units initially CMV-seronegative, remained seronegative. Conclusion: CAPTURER CMV testing provides consistent results over the entire shelf-life of RBC (ASA).
Early Growth and Dinitrogen Fixation by Arrowleaf Clover in Response to Starter Nitrogen

(...) Three experiments were conducted using a growth chamber and a glasshouse to determine the influence of starter mineral N and strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii on dry matter production and N 2 fixation on arrowleaf clover. In one experiment, seeds were planted in a N-deficient medium, inoculated with two strains of rhizobia and provided with five levels of mineral N. The lowest level of mineral N doubled seedling dry weights and the amount of biologically fixed N in 40-d-old seedlings. Rhizobial strain interacted with mineral N in influencing dry matter production and N 2 fixation (...)
Heat transfer in three-phase fluidized beds containing low-density particles

Abstract The complex behavior of heat transfer in three-phase fluidized beds has been attributed to the interaction between phases which varies with the particle size, particle density, gas and liquid velocities. Three-phase fluidization with low-density particles is of considerable interest to biochemical applications. However, the understanding of heat transfer behavior in low-density systems is very limited. A special heat transfer probe is immersed in a three-phase fluidized bed and local instantaneous and time-averaged heat transfer coefficients are measured for calcium alginate beads and other low-density particles. In liquid—solid systems with low-density particles, the instantaneous heat transfer due to single-bubble passage exhibits a local maximum in the primary wake region caused by the enhanced surface renewal at the heat transfer surface. Enhancement in heat transfer due to bubble wake increases with bubble size but decreases with increasing particle density. Accordingly, relative enhancement in time-averaged heat transfer in three-phase systems over liquid—solid fluidized beds is higher for low-density particles compared to heavier particles under identical gas and liquid velocities. Local time-averaged heat transfer in low-density beds is found to be relatively independent of liquid velocity for gas velocity higher than 3 cm/s. Distributor effects on the flow regime and thereby the heat transfer are significant for low-density particles. The heat transfer is observed to be higher in the coalesced flow regime compared to that in the dispersed flow regime primarily due to significant bubble-wake effects. Axial variations in heat transfer coefficients are also observed for systems containing intermediate-density particles due to axial nonuniformities in solids holdup.
Repairing Polymers Using Oscillating Magnetic Field

Repair of physically separated thermoplastic polymers containing γ-Fe2 O3 nanoparticles without sacrificing their mechanical properties is achieved by applying an oscillating magnetic field. As γ-Fe2 O3 nanoparticles oscillate at the frequency of the magnetic field, localized amorphous flow occur, and a permanent repair of physically separated polymeric films is achieved.
The next toolkit

Language is an example of collective behavior, and it is a type of collective behavior for which people are highly adapted. Comparable systems in other creatures in no way approach the level of organization found in human languages. Language provides a canonical example of a complex system: robust, adaptable, and selfassembling. Self-assembly occurs both in the cognitive system (as children bootstrap a complex generative system from limited and varied exposure to its manifestations) and in populations, as people match their language systems to each other, and group themselves into social networks of people who share the same language. Linguistic systems arise within the affordances of physics, biology, and society. Take vowels as an example. The fact that vowels can be well characterized using three formant trajectories (disregarding all resonances of the vocal tract above the third one) derives from several facts. One is that the glottal source spectrum rolls off rapidly, with the result that upper formants are not reliably excited. Another is that the hearing systems of people and all other animals effectively compute a spectral representation of the sound, from which the resonances of the sound source can be estimated. Yet another is that the auditory system is most sensitive right in the region of the first three formants. The confluence of these factors as the phonetic grounding of the vowel map is discussed at more length in Pierrehumbert (2000). Not all combinations of three resonances correspond to possible vowels, of course; the entire threedimensional vowel space is effectively circumscribed by the articulatory range of human beings. Thus, physics and biology define a vowel solid, much as the color vision system defines a color solid. Specific languages preferentially exploit different regions of this solid. For example, the region corresponding to cardinal [u] is not exploited in many dialects of American English. In the American South, the closest correspondant to [u] is much fronter; Labov, Ash, and Boberg (2006) report F2 values in the range of 1400–2000Hz for this region. Fronter than cardinal [u], but not as front as French /y/, the Southern AE [u] corresponds to a particular region in the three-dimensional vowel space, much as the color word ‘‘teal’’ corresponds to a particular region of the color solid which may not have a precise label in some other languages. Now, we can also consider the cluster of people who share any given variant of /u/. In a dialect atlas, such as Labov et al. (2006), the areas in which a variant predominates are marked as regions on a map. Of course this
FEED PURGE CYCLES IN PRESSURE SWING ADSORPTION

Abstract Three new pressure swing adsorption cycles for the production of oxygen-enriched air at very high recoveries are developed. The cycles involve a purge step using low-pressure feed gas. Local equilibrium theory is used to predict purities and recoveries for air separation with 5A zeolite. Novel methods for drying the inlet air are developed. For low product purities these processes are predicted to have very high recoveries and adsorbent productivities. A simple new method for determining the location of a curved shock wave is illustrated. Other possible applications of PSA feed purge cycles are briefly discussed.
Measurements of Bluff Body Wake Flow Around a Conformable Flow Control Surface

The vortex street is a unique type of unsteady flow separation seen commonly in flow over a bluff body with a characteristic periodic wake. A consequence of the periodic flow is that the drag and lift forces acting on the body also oscillate periodically. When the wake shedding frequency is near a structural frequency, flow induced resonance will occur. The continuing interest in the study of vortex street generation is propelled by the ever-present nature of these flows in a variety of applications including aerodynamics, hydrodynamics and underwater acoustics. Recent advances in material science and the development of high power density actuators have led to the study of adaptive structure technology wherein the vorticity of periodic flows can be actively controlled by changing the ‘bluffness’ or shape of the body. In this paper, the development and experimental testing of a two-dimensional shape-variable flow control surface are discussed in relation to the generation and manipulation of periodic flow separation. Two series of wind tunnel tests were designed to evaluate the potential of the morphing structure that replaced a section of the trailing edge of a symmetric airfoil. The test section successfully demonstrated a smooth transition between three prescribed trailing edge profiles ranging from sharp to blunt. Unsteady pressure spectra were measured near the trailing edge for three different shape profiles over a range of speeds between 50 and 110 ft/s. The measured pressure spectra amplitudes were compared to previously-published surface pressure spectra of a similar, two-dimensional, blunt edge foil. A second set of tests was performed to measure the resulting flow field in the direction transverse to the flow and downstream from the airfoil. Velocity measurements were made using a traversing hot-wire probe at three trailing edge configurations and speeds of 50, 70 and 90 ft/s. The corresponding Reynolds number based on wake thickness ranged from 3.9–9.8 × 104 . Measured vortex shedding frequencies varied between approximately 50 to 130 Hz at the different trailing edge profiles. This type of change in the vortex shedding frequency can be used to reduce flow-induced vibration and its associated noise generation by avoiding shedding frequencies at operating speeds that coincide with airfoil resonances.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
The Effect of Sprawl on Private-Vehicle Commuting Outcomes

Amongst the hypothesized beneficial impacts of sprawl on urban quality of life is a decrease in commuting times. Unfortunately, empirical evidence to substantiate the commuting time benefits of sprawl is scant. To address this void in the urban planning literature, a multilevel approach is adopted to study how sprawl affects the duration and length of private-vehicle commutes. Using microdata from the 2001 National Household Transportation Survey for individuals and microdata on various measures of sprawl for metropolitan areas, multilevel models of commuting times and distances are estimated for a subsample of private-vehicle commuters. Results somewhat support the hypothesis that sprawl decreases commuting times for private-vehicle commuters—employment decentralization is associated with shorter commuting times. However, this finding is based on the statistical significance of one of the sprawl measures; not on its practical significance in explaining commuting times which is, in fact, negligible. Coupl...
Estrogen signaling and disruption of androgen metabolism in acquired androgen-independence during cadmium carcinogenesis in human prostate epithelial cells.

BACKGROUND Lethal prostate cancers often become androgen-independent due to androgen receptor (AR) overexpression. The role of cadmium in prostate tumor progression was determined. METHODS Control and cadmium-transformed prostate epithelial cells (CTPE) were compared for steroid-induced proliferation, steroid receptor expression, and androgen metabolism. RESULTS CTPE cells showed rapid proliferation in complete medium and sustained proliferation in steroid-reduced medium. Androgens stimulated significantly less cell proliferation and AR-related genes expression in CTPE cells. 5α-Dihydrotestosterone increased PSA expression more effectively in control cells. Flutamide reduced 5α-dihydrotestosterone-stimulated growth less effectively in CTPE cells compared to control. CTPE cells showed decreased p27 expression. Estrogen receptors were overexpressed and estradiol markedly stimulated proliferation in CTPE cells. In CTPE cells 5α-aromatase was markedly increased, while 5α-reductase was decreased. CONCLUSIONS Cadmium-induced malignant transformation stimulates androgen independence, unrelated to AR expression or activity. Increased estrogen receptor and 5α-aromatase expression suggest estrogen signaling may be critical to this process. Prostate © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Factors Affecting Hypothesis Testing in Kindergarten Children.

Abstract In a previous experiment, the authors demonstrated that kindergarten and first-grade children can be trained to test hypotheses sequentially within the context of a discrimination learning task. The present experiment is concerned with delineating various aspects of the pretraining that contribute to the improved hypothesis-testing strategies of kindergarten children (mean CA = 71.6 months). It was found that children who have learned to anticipate an invariant cue-reward relation in such tasks manifest improved hypothesis-testing behavior, as well as improved discrimination performance, whereas children who have been trained to identify and name the various stimulus components of the discriminanda do not perform better than those without such training. It was also found that children who have had practice in shifting from an irrelevant to a relevant dimension perform better than those who have not had such experience. Moreover, children who have been given explicit instruction and training in the use of win-stay and lose-shift rules, as well as in the use of valid hypotheses, manifest strategies superior to those without such training. Finally, extensive pretraining over two sessions, administered on separate days, resulted in a marked reduction in the proportion of children who were dimensionally fixated while solving discrimination problems with two genuine dimensions.
Chemistry of proton track registration in cellulose nitrate polymers

Abstract Changes in the intensities of the functional groups within the surface region (upper 500 nm) of cellulose nitrate films, exposed to 0.5 MeV protons and processed chemically to visualize proton tracks, have been determined quantitatively by attenuated total reflectance (ATR) infrared spectrometry. Within the penetration depth of protons resulting from the thermal neutron reaction, 14N(n, p)14C at a neutron fluence of 2 × 1 0 11 , absorption intensities of nitrate (–ONO2) and ether (–C–O–C–) are depleted by up to 37% and 12% at respective characteristic vibrational frequencies. The observed cleavage of the ether linkages (C–O–C at 1060 cm−1) in the main cellulose chain creates lower molecular weight polymer fragments, and also causes depolymerization. Both reactions increase the accessibility of the polymer to chemical attack by the NaOH etchant at the chemically altered sites. The unique track registration of low energy protons (0.5–0.3 MeV) in cellulose nitrate primarily results from selective chemical induced damage from energy deposition interactions at bonded nitrate group sites.
Centroid-moment tensor solutions for October–December 1987

Abstract Centroid-moment tensor solutions are presented for 201 earthquakes that occurred during the fourth quarter of 1987. The solutions are obtained using corrections for aspherical Earth structure.
The Oxford English Dictionary: A Brief History

The Oxford English Dictionary (hereafter referred to as the OED) is one of the most well‐known and respected reference works in the world. Its imposing bulk has even led some people to believe incorrectly that it actually lists every word in the English language. Of course, a good number of words were omitted from the distinguished dictionary because they were considered vulgar or because they were American words, categories that were actually somewhat synonymous to certain less tolerant Englishmen of the late nineteenth century.
'Mande Kaba,' the Capital of Mali: A Recent Invention?

Historians who work in certain diaspora areas of the Mande people are frequently told by Mandekan speakers that their ancestors came from “Mande Kaba” (Kaaba). When reporting this, they usually then proceed to explain that Kaba is the Mande term for the French-named town of Kangaba, capital of the Mali empire. However, in my work on the precolonial state of Kong in northeastern Cote d'Ivoire, it became important to question exactly what this phrase means in the context of oral traditions and chronology.The hypothesis equating Kaba, Kangaba, and the capital of the Mali empire dates back in print to the early French studies of ancient Mali, and particularly to Maurice Delafosse, that prolific writer on West African oral traditions, religion, and languages. In his 1912 magnum opus, Haut-Senegal-Niger, Delafosse cited Kangaba, “sans doute” as the capital of the pre-Sunjata “royaume” of Mali. In his annotation of the French translation of the mid-seventeenth century compilation, Ta'rikh al-Fattash, Delafosse again presented this idea. The Ta'rikh stated that “[t]he town which served previously as the capital of the emperor of Mali was named Dieriba [jāriba]; following, there was another named Niani [Yan.”In a note Delafosse explained that Dieriba “is also the name of the town called Kangaba on our [French] maps, which after having been the first capital of the manding empire, is still today the chief town of the province of Manding or Malli.” He was most likely relaying information from his interpretation of traditions as well as his own personal observations of early twentieth-century Kangaba. The Keita family, claiming descent from Sunjata Keita, the founder of the Mali empire, enjoyed political control of Kangaba, and were recognized as having held this position for some time.
Ritualized Homosexuality in a Nacirema Subculture

Dans cet article, l'A se penche sur les rites homosexuels masculins des Nacirema. Apres avoir mentionne les pratiques erotiques des Sambia de Papouasie Nouvelle-Guinee et des Keraki, l'A analyse les pratiques sexuelles des hommes Nacirema, en particulier un sous-groupe, les Tarf, et met en lumiere la complexite des rites et la signification des comportements
Hall coefficient in solution for a simple dynamical model

A model Liouville equation is proposed for a system composed of an ion moving in a solvent fluid. Using this model, explicit results are obtained for the Ohmic conductivityL and the Hall conductivityh. These results are then used to calculate the Hall coefficientR = ehL−2, which is a measure of the effect of non-Brownian motion, for several charge carriers of interest. Our results are in agreement with earlier findings based on a stochastic model which predictR > 1 for H+(aq). Our results also indicate thatR ≈ 1 for charge carriers such as Na+, Cl−, and K+ which have a mass greater than that of a solvent molecule (here taken as 18 amu).
Individual and group IQ predict inmate violence

Abstract There is a long tradition of theoretical and empirical research linking intelligence to criminal activity. At the same time, the extant literature has been slow to examine this relationship in other settings. One such setting in which this relationship may also manifest is the prison environment, where knowledge on the determinants of prison misconduct has important implications for prison management and security. Drawing from a representative sample of inmates from a large Southern state in the US, the current study presents the first assessment of the relationship between intelligence and prison misconduct. The effect of intelligence, measured via the WAIS-R, on violent prison misconduct is analyzed controlling for inmate and prison-level factors. Results indicated that the individual's IQ, as well as the average IQ of the prison unit, was significantly and negatively related to violent prison misconduct. Implications and directions for future research are highlighted.
Textural Analysis of Historical Aerial Photography to Characterize Woody Plant Encroachment in South African Savanna

Transitions from grassland to shrubland through woody plant encroachment result in potentially significant shifts in savanna ecosystem function. Given high resolution imagery, a textural index could prove useful for mapping woody plant densities and monitoring woody plant encroachment across savanna landscapes. Spatial heterogeneity introduced through mixtures of herbaceous and woody plants challenges quantitative assessments of changing woody plant density using remotely sensed imagery. Moreover, woody plant encroachment occurs across decadal time scales, restricting remote sensing analyses to historical aerial photograph records. Heterogeneity in vegetation structure has a significant influence on local pixel variance in high resolution images. We scanned black and white aerial photographs for 18 sites of varying woody plant density, producing images of 2-m grain size. Omnidirectional variograms derived from these images had ranges of approximately 10 m and sills highly sensitive to woody plant density, prompting us to use a textural index to indicate landscape variation in woody plant density. For validation purposes, we measured several woody overstory structural parameters in the field; a factor analysis revealed woody stem count as the best correlate with image texture. Significance of the regression of image texture on woody stem count declined as grain size of the 2-m images was coarsened to simulate that of SPOT and Landsat satellite sensors. At 10-m resolution, our textural index proved a significant indicator of woody plant density. We mosaicked sequential aerial photographs scanned at 10-m resolution and then applied our textural filter, producing maps of historical woody plant distribution that reflected patterns in soil and vegetation type. More accurate maps of canopy structure and structural change are needed to explore potential effects of woody plant encroachment on biophysical and biogeochemical processes at large scales.
Conducting Individual and Focus Group Interviews in Research in Albania.

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A Primal-Dual Variant of the IRI-IMAI Algorithm for Linear Programming

A local acceleration method for primal-dual potential-reduction algorithms is introduced. The method developed here uses modified Newton search directions to minimize the Tanabe-Todd-Ye (TTY) potential function, and can be regarded as a primal-dual variant of the Iri-Imai algorithm based on the multiplicative analogue of Karmarkar's potential function. When iterates are close to an optimal solution, the TTY potential function has negative curvature along the generated search directions. Therefore, large reductions in the potential function can be obtained, guaranteeing polynomial and quadratic convergence to nondegenerate solutions.
A Simple Low- to Medium-Pressure Hydrogenation Manifold

A hydrogenation/reactive gas manifold designed for rapid screening of a wide range of reaction conditions on limited amounts of material is described. The manifold delivers reactive gas to four independent reactor ports, each equipped with inerting, pressurizing, and venting valves, as well as thermocouple capability. Magnetic stirring and bath/mantle temperature control are used in the individual reactions; the reaction vessels are available in a wide range of sizes. Delivery of different pressures of reactive gas to the individual reactions is enabled by insertion of in-line regulators between ports. The modular nature of the design allows additional reaction ports to be added as needed. The manifold accommodates reaction pressures of up to 60 psig.
Prevention of Type II Endoleak by Laparoscopic Inferior Mesenteric Artery Ligation

Abdominal aortic aneurysm repair by endovascular techniques have gained wide acceptance as a treatment option. A potential well-known complication of endovascular repair includes endoleak. Specifically, type II endoleak, which is described as retrograde flow into the aneurysm sac through collateral vessels, can occur in up to 30% of patients. Certain preoperative factors can predict which patients may develop type II endoleak. This article describes laparoscopic inferior mesenteric artery ligation prior to endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair as a viable treatment option in the prevention of type II endoleak.
Morphological changes and altered expression of antioxidant proteins in a heterozygous dynein mutant; a mouse model of spinal muscular atrophy.

Objective There is increased evidence that oxidative stress is involved in exacerbations of neurodegenerative diseases and spinal muscular atrophies.
CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM OF VITIS VINIFERA: HEMICELLULOSE.

The more recent studies on the composition of hemicellulose have led to other theories as to its physiological function besides those of reserve food and structural reinforcement. O'Dwyer (31) has suggested that since hemicellulose is closely related to pectins it serves as an intermediary form in a synthesis of lignin from pectic compounds. The support for this theory is founded on the supposed decrease of pectin during the period of tissue maturation and on the apparently successful attempts to convert pectins to hemicelluloses by mild alkaline hydrolysis (5), by hydrolysis with water under pressure (21), and by mild oxidation (28). The last reaction is presumably analogous to conversion in situ in the plant. Although it has been possible to demonstrate the transformation of pectin into hemicellulose, there is no support for the further transformation of hemicellulose into lignin (32). Since the structure of lignin has not been established, the theory of the transformation of hemicellulose into lignin must be considered as speculative. Kerr and Bailey (17) in their microchemical investigations of the cell wall, moreover, found no reason to believe that pectins disappear with cell maturation. A number of investigators have isolated a small amount of pectin substances from mature wood. The apparent percentage decrease in pectin accompanying maturation appears to be the result of an increasing proportion of other constituents. Difficulties of extraction engendered by mechanical protection or perhaps by a physico-chemical union afforded by the later deposits may possibly have decreased the analytical yield of pectin. Hence positive evidence that the absolute amount of pectin decreases is lacking. Large variations of any of the constituents, notably that of the labile carbohydrate reserves, cause an inverse change in the percentage of other components. This is illustrated by the hemicellulose content of the fruit of the apple (13, 24), the peach (27), and the pear (22). In each case with maturation a decreasing hemicellulose content was found on a percentage basis which led to the opinion that hemicellulose is utilized as a reserve food in the development of the fruit. Where the hemicellulose content has been expressed on a single fruit basis, however, there is a steady increase in the
Bone Mineral Assessment With Dual Energy Computerized Tomography (CT) Imaging

Single kVp and dual energy CT imaging were utilized for the assessment of bone mineral content. In this approach, the CT values obtained from the trabecular portion of the lumbar vertebrae were related to known mineral concentrations in compartments of a calibration phantom that is scanned simultaneously with the patients. Both pre-reconstruction and post reconstruction dual energy CT methods were utilized in this study. The results obtained from single kVp scans were compared with the data from dual kVp scans. The influence of marrow fat content, variations in the calibration phantom, beam hardening effects and scanner drifts upon the accuracy and precision of the bone mineral measurements were investigated.
Design and test of porous-tungsten mercury vaporizers.

Future use of large size Kaufman thrusters and thruster arrays will impose new design requirements for porous plug type vaporizers. Larger flow rate coupled with smaller pores to prevent liquid intrusion will be desired. The results of testing samples of porous tungsten for flow rate, liquid intrusion pressure level, and mechanical strength are presented. Nitrogen gas was used in addition to mercury flow for approximate calibration. Liquid intrusion pressure levels will require that flight thruster systems with long feed lines have some way (a valve) to restrict dynamic line pressures during launch.
On the Drivers of FDI and Portfolio Investment: A Simultaneous Equations Approach

This paper assesses the drivers of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and portfolio investment using simultaneous equations, which control for the correlation between the two components of private capital flows. The results show that in addition to infrastructure and financial development, capital control and economic growth significantly explain private capital flows in developing countries. The paper also highlights that the impact of financial development on portfolio investment is nonlinear. Indeed, lax monetary policy and excessive credit provision could weaken the financial system and significantly reduce portfolio investment flows in the long run.
Plasma ACTH levels in depression before and after recovery: Relationship to the dexamethasone suppresion test

Abstract Sixteen patients with major depressive disorder who were nonsuppressors on the dexamethasone suppression test (DST) on hospital admission were studied for plasma levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). Eight patients reverted to normal suppression with clinical recovery, while eight remained nonsuppressors. There was a significant reduction of ACTH levels in those who continued to be nonsuppressors. The results favored the hypothesis that dexamethasone nonsuppression in depression is mediated by high ACTH levels.
The re-emergence of dengue virus in non-endemic countries: a case series

Dengue has been designated a major international public health problem by the World Health Organization. It is endemic in most tropical and sub-tropical countries, which are also popular tourist destinations. Travelers are at significant risk of acquiring the disease and also contribute to its spread to non-endemic countries where the vector is present. Children represent a particular susceptible category, since they have a higher risk than adults of developing severe dengue. We describe 3 cases of imported dengue fever in Italy in three children (two born in the Philippines and one of Bangladeshi ethnicity) who acquired dengue fever during a recent travel to Southeast Asia, initially not-recognized because of the low index of suspicion of physicians not working in dengue endemic areas. Clinical presentations, differential diagnosis and management of these children are presented and discussed. Due to global urbanization and increased air travel, it is nowadays important that physicians who practice outside of traditionally dengue endemic areas are adept at the recognition of potentially fatal reemerging infectious diseases such as dengue.