cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two-step Calibration of Sensor Signal Conditioners

Introduction Mixed-signal integrated circuits (ICs) for sensor signal conditioning are widely used today in sensor applications such as pressure, temperature and position monitoring. In these signal conditioners, the conditioning of the output signal from the sense element is performed with mixed-signal circuits, which are a combination of analog and digital circuits. Moreover, the actual conditioning of the sense-element signals is implemented in the digital domain. The conditioned signal is the output of the sensor signal conditioner. The sensor output is transmitted to a control or monitoring system either in analog or digital form. If an analog form of transmission is used, the processed digital signal must be converted back to analog form. This article examines the calibration of sensor signalconditioning algorithms implemented in signal conditioners that transmit data in analog form. Note that sensor calibration includes the sense-element non-idealities as well as signal-conditioner non-idealities, such as offset and gain errors. The calibration scheme will take care of analog signal-chain errors of the analog circuit that are in front and back of the digital circuits.
The Mind of the Terrorist A Review and Critique of Psychological Approaches

This article reviews the state of the art of available theories and data regarding the psychology of terrorism. Data and theoretical material were gathered from the world’s unclassified literature. Multiple theories and some demographic data have been published, but very few controlled empirical studies have been conducted investigating the psychological bases of terrorism. The field is largely characterized by theoretical speculation based on subjective interpretation of anecdotal observations. Moreover, most studies and theories fail to take into account the great heterogeneity of terrorists. Many practical, conceptual, and psychological barriers have slowed progress in this important field. Nonetheless, even at this early stage of terrorism studies, preliminary reports suggest that modifiable social and psychological factors contribute to the genesis of the terrorist mind-set. Psychological scholarship could possibly mitigate the risk of catastrophic attack by initiating the long overdue scientific stu...
The effects of pegylated recombinant human megakaryocyte growth and development factor (PEG-rHuMGDF) on platelet recovery in breast cancer patients undergoing autologous bone marrow transplantation.

Abstract Objective To assess the safety and efficacy of pegylated recombinant human megakaryocyte growth and development factor (PEG-rHuMGDF) administered after autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT). Patients and Methods Two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies were done. In the phase 1/2 study, 75 breast cancer patients underwent a bone marrow harvest and myeloablative STAMP V chemotherapy and were randomized to receive placebo or one of three doses of PEG-rHuMGDF. In the phase 3 study, 64 patients were randomized to receive placebo or the minimally effective dose of PEG-rHuMGDF. The study drug was administered daily starting on the day of bone marrow infusion until the platelet count was greater than or equal to 50 × 10 9 /L (without transfusion) or for a maximum of 28 days. All patients received 10 μg/kg/day filgrastim starting on day 2 until neutrophil count recovery. Results PEG-rHuMGDF appeared to be safe and well tolerated. No significant differences were noted in mortality or disease progression rates. Antibodies to MGDF were not observed. In the phase 1/2 study, the time to platelet recovery to greater than or equal to 20 × 10 9 /L and platelet transfusion requirements were significantly reduced for patients treated with PEG-rHuMGDF compared with placebo ( p Conclusion PEG-rHuMGDF was not consistently efficacious in reducing the duration of severe thrombocytopenia. The maximum platelet counts for PEG-rHuMGDF-treated patients occurred a median of 2 weeks after the last dose of drug, suggesting that the biologic effects of this hematopoietic cytokine are delayed compared with other hematopoietic cytokines.
Frightened versus not frightened disorganized infant attachment: Newborn characteristics and maternal caregiving.

The disorganized infant has been described as experiencing “fright without solution” (Hesse & Main, 1999, p. 484) within the attachment relationship. Using a sample at risk because of poverty (n=157), this study evaluated the role of newborn characteristics in predicting disorganized attachment and explored the existence of two subgroups of disorganized infants, based on whether they display direct indices of fear. For the entire sample, regression analyses revealed that newborn characteristics did not predict ratings of disorganization directly or via moderation by caregiving. Regarding subgroups, it was hypothesized that, if direct expressions of fear resulted from interaction with a frightening or frightened caregiver, it could be expected that infants in the Not Frightened subgroup would become disorganized in part because of other factors, such as compromised regulatory abilities at birth. Results supported this hypothesis for emotional regulation, but not for orientation; infants in the Not Frightened subgroup displayed limited emotional regulation as newborns. Findings suggest that the disorganized attachment category may be comprised of two subgroups, with direct expressions of fear as the key differentiating factor. Specifically, disorganized infants who do not display direct fear in the presence of the caregiver may have started out with compromised emotional regulation abilities at birth.
Synthesis, composition and location of glycerolipids in photoautotrophic soybean cell cultures

Abstract The location, synthesis and composition of glycerolipids in photoautrophic soybean ( Glycine max L. Merr.) cell cultures were investigated to begin to elucidate the function of neutral lipids in photosynthetic tissues. The neutral lipids, diacylglycerol and triacylglycerol, were primarily located in the chloroplast which was also the primary location of diacylglycerol acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.20), the final enzymatic step in the synthesis of triacylglycerol. The chloroplasts were also the primary location of synthesis of fatty acids from acetate and lysophosphatidic acid by glycerophosphate acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.15). Neutral lipid made up to 20% of the total glycerolipid in dark-grown heterotrophic cells, 10% in photoautotrophic cells (both 2 weeks after subculture) and less than 1% in leaf cells. The amount of neutral lipid in photoautotrophic cells was maximal 1 week after transfer and declined to less than half that value 4 weeks after transfer. Starch content, however, increased for up to 3 weeks after transfer in parallel with dry weight accumulation. The data suggest that in these cells neutral lipids may serve for temporary storage of fatty acids and glycerol for later membrane synthesis rather than for storage of energy, a function of neutral lipids in seeds.
Teaching experiences with a virtual network laboratory

The Open Network Laboratory (ONL) is an Internet-accessible virtual laboratory facility that can deliver a high quality laboratory experience in advanced networking [3,7]. Our experience with ONL indicates that it has potential to improve student understanding of fundamental networking concepts and increase enthusiasm for experimentation with complex technology. Furthermore, these benefits can be delivered with less effort from the instructor than using a traditional approach of socket programming and ns-2 simulation exercises. The system is built around a set of high-performance, extendible routers which connect personal computers acting as end systems. Users configure their virtual network through the Remote Laboratory Interface (RLI), an intuitive graphical interface. The RLI's real-time charts and user data facility make it easy to directly view the effect of system parameters on traffic behavior. These features can enhance learning by providing users with multiple representations of network phenomena. We describe how the ONL facilities have improved our ability to meet instructional objectives and discuss some approaches to improving the laboratory experience.
Risk factors for colostomy in military colorectal trauma: A review of 867 patients

Background Limited data exist examining the use of fecal diversion in combatants from modern armed conflicts. Characterization of factors leading to colostomy creation is an initial step toward optimizing and individualizing combat casualty care. Methods A retrospective review of the US Department of Defense Trauma Registry database was performed for all US and coalition troops with colorectal injuries sustained during combat operations in Iraq and Afghanistan over 8 years. Colostomy rate, anatomic injury location, mechanism of injury, demographic data, and initial physiologic parameters were examined. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted. Results We identified 867 coalition military personnel with colorectal injuries. The overall colostomy rate was 37%. Rectal injuries had the highest diversion rate (56%), followed by left-sided (41%) and right-sided (20%) locations (P Conclusion In this exploratory study of 320 combat-related colostomies, distal colon and rectal injuries continue to be diverted at higher rates independent of other comorbidities. Additional outcomes-directed research is needed to determine whether such operative management is beneficial in all patients.
Long-term intraventricular baclofen infusion in beagles.

Object This study was designed to evaluate the clinical and histopathological effects of long-term (3-month) intra-ventricular baclofen (IVB) infusion in beagle dogs. Methods Catheters were inserted stereotactically into the lateral ventricles of nine dogs and were connected to implanted Synchromed II pumps. Saline solution (control animals) and IVB (experimental animals) were infused continuously. The IVB dosages ranged from 100 to 1000 μg/day. Results An IVB infusion of 135 μg/day or less throughout a 3-month period was associated with no adverse side effects in any animal. Infusion of 150 μg/day produced overt seizures in one dog and produced adverse side effects in another; a reduction in the dosage given to these animals to 135 μg/day was tolerated with no adverse effects. Infusion of IVB at a dosage of 250, 500, or 1000 μg/day caused lethal toxicity within the first 4 days of infusion. Histopathological specimens obtained at necropsy revealed no ventricular or subependymal changes in animals receivi...
Design and implementation of a Byzantine fault tolerance framework for Web services

Many Web services are expected to run with high degree of security and dependability. To achieve this goal, it is essential to use a Web services compatible framework that tolerates not only crash faults, but Byzantine faults as well, due to the untrusted communication environment in which the Web services operate. In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of such a framework, called BFT-WS. BFT-WS is designed to operate on top of the standard SOAP messaging framework for maximum interoperability. It is implemented as a pluggable module within the Axis2 architecture, as such, it requires minimum changes to the Web applications. The core fault tolerance mechanisms used in BFT-WS are based on the well-known Castro and Liskov's BFT algorithm for optimal efficiency. Our performance measurements confirm that BFT-WS incurs only moderate runtime overhead considering the complexity of the mechanisms.
Analysis of speed, curvature, planarity and frequency characteristics of heart vector movement to evaluate the electrophysiological substrate associated with ventricular tachycardia

BackgroundWe developed a novel method of assessing ventricular conduction using the surface ECG. MethodsOrthogonal ECGs of 81 healthy controls (age 39.0?14.2 y; 51.8% males; 94% white), were compared with iDower-transformed 12-lead ECGs (both 1000Hz), recorded in 8 patients with infarct-cardiomyopathy and sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) (age 68.0?7.8y, 37.5% male, mean LVEF 29?12%). Normalized speed at 10 QRS segments was calculated as the distance traveled by the heart vector along the QRS loop in three-dimensional space, divided by 1/10th of the QRS duration. Curvature was calculated as the magnitude of the derivative of the QRS loop tangent vector divided by speed. Planarity was calculated as the mean of the dihedral angles between 2 consecutive planes for all planes generated for the median beat. Orbital frequency (a scalar measure of rotation rate of the QRS vector) was calculated as a product of speed and curvature. ResultsMixed regression analysis showed that speed was slower 6.6 (95%CI 4.4-8.9) vs. 24.6 (95%CI 11.5-37.7)?V/ms; P<0.0001; orbital frequency was smaller 1.4 (95%CI 1.2-1.6) vs. 6.8 (95%CI 5.4-8.1)ms-1; P<0.0001, and planarity was larger by 3.6? (95%CI 1.4?-5.8; P=0.002) in VT cases than in healthy controls. ROC AUC for orbital frequency was 0.940 (95%CI 0.935-0.944) across all frequencies and QRS segments. ROC AUC for planarity at 70-249Hz was 0.995 (95%CI 0.985-1.00). ROC AUC for speed at 70-79Hz was 0.979 (95%CI 0.969-0.989). ConclusionThis novel method reveals characteristic features of an abnormal electrophysiological substrate associated with VT. Display Omitted Novel method to study ventricular conduction on surface ECG is presented.Speed, curvature, orbital frequency, planarity of filtered VCG loops was measured.Electrophysiology of post-infarct ventricular tachycardia was characterized.
Spectral estimation for clutter processing in digital radars by Dimension-Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization (DA-PSO)

Power spectrum estimation from radar data is essential for target detection. For instance, microburst causes detrimental effects on airplane performance, and hence its detection is critical. We compare auto-regression (AR), Periodogram, Kaiser windowed Periodogram, and multiple-signal-classification (MUSIC) methods for microburst clutter spectrum estimation. Given a long train of returned signal, we are able to segment the signal to obtain multiple estimations of the parameters, which leads to a more accurate estimation after coefficient averaging. The estimated power spectrum is then integrated for clutter magnitude calculation to determine whether a target is present at certain cell. The magnitude of clutters in an ensemble from a wide region spatially or through time temporally is used to estimate the clutter map. We choose a K-distribution mixture model over the traditional Rayleigh distribution to better approximate the tail structure of the distribution to minimize the false alarm rate. We show that Dimension-Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization (DA-PSO) is robust to sample size in estimating the K-distribution mixture model, which is desirable for real-time implementations.
Lesion resolution following exposure of rat lung to pulsed ultrasound

Ultrasound has an exceptional safety record, but concerns have been raised by reports of clinical-level ultrasound-induced lung haemorrhage in mice, rats, rabbits, monkeys, and pigs. This study characterized the temporal reparative (healing) responses in lung following the induction of lesions by pulsed ultrasound (3.14 MHz, 1700-Hz PRF, 1.4-/spl mu/s pulse duration, 60-s exposure duration, in situ [at the pleural surface] peak rarefactional pressure of 17 MPa, and in situ peak compressional pressure of 39.7 MPa). Following exposure, lung lesions were evaluated at 0, 1, 2, 5, 7, 9, 12, 14, and 16 days post exposure (dpe). Lungs were scored for the presence of lesions, recorded digitally, and fixed in 10% formalin. After fixation, the dimensions of each lesion at the visceral pleural surface were measured. The lesions were bisected and the depth measured. The temporal changes were indicative of degradation of erythrocytes through processing and removal of hemoglobin and iron pigments. Microscopic lesions paralleled the gross lesions and reparative responses resulted in minimal alteration of lung structure. The reparative response in lung was analogous to reparative responses in soft tissues associated with bruising, but also had a proliferative phase characterized by focal hyperplasia of spindloid cells whose phenotypes need to be determined.
Effect of Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Genes (CHRN) on Longitudinal Cigarettes per Day in Adolescents and Young Adults

Methods: We used a longitudinal design to investigate the effect of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (CHRN) subunit genes on CPD from 15 to 21 years of age in young smokers of European descent (N = 439, 59% female). The number of CPD typically smoked during the previous 30 days was self-reported. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from CHRN genes were genotyped using DNA extracted from saliva samples collected at the 5-year assessment. Mixed-model analyses of SNP effects were computed across age at the time of assessment using log-transformed CPD as the phenotype. Data from the 1000 Genomes Project were used to clarify the architecture of CHRN genes to inform SNP selection and interpretation of results. r esults: CPD was associated with a CHRNB3A6 region tagged by rs2304297, with CHRNA5A3B4 haplotype C (tagged by rs569207), and with the CHRNA2 SNP rs2271920, ps < .004. The reliability of single-SNP associations was supported by the correspondence between a more extensive set of SNP signals and the underlying genetic architecture. The 3 signals identified in this study appear to make independent contributions to CPD, and their combined effect accounts for 5.5% of the variance in log-transformed CPD. Conclusions: Level of CPD during adolescence and young adulthood is associated with CHRNB3A6, CHRNA5A3B4, and CHRNA2.
Na+/H+ exchanger regulatory factor 1 knockout mice have an attenuated hepatic inflammatory response and are protected from cholestatic liver injury

The intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) is induced in mouse liver after bile duct ligation (BDL) and plays a key role in neutrophil-mediated liver injury in BDL mice. ICAM-1 has been shown to interact with cytoskeletal ezrin-radixin-moesin (ERM) proteins that also interact with the PDZ protein, Na+/H+ exchanger regulatory factor 1 (NHERF-1/EBP50). In NHERF-1−/− mice, ERM proteins are significantly reduced in brush-border membranes from kidney and small intestine. ERM knockdown reduces ICAM-1 expression in response to tumor necrosis factor alpha. Here we show that NHERF-1 assembles ERM proteins, ICAM-1 and F-actin into a macromolecule complex that is increased in mouse liver after BDL. Compared to wild-type (WT) mice, both sham-operated and BDL NHERF-1−/− mice have lower levels of activated ERM and ICAM-1 protein in the liver accompanied by significantly reduced hepatic neutrophil accumulation, serum alanine aminotransferase, and attenuated liver injury after BDL. However, total bile acid concentrations in serum and liver of sham and BDL NHERF-1−/− mice were not significantly different from WT controls, although hepatic tetrahydroxylated bile acids and Cyp3a11 messenger RNA levels were higher in NHERF-1−/− BDL mice. Conclusion: NHERF-1 participates in the inflammatory response that is associated with BDL-induced liver injury. Deletion of NHERF-1 in mice leads to disruption of the formation of ICAM-1/ERM/NHERF-1 complex and reduction of hepatic ERM proteins and ICAM-1, molecules that are up-regulated and are essential for neutrophil-mediated liver injury in cholestasis. Further study of the role of NHERF-1 in the inflammatory response in cholestasis and other forms of liver injury should lead to discovery of new therapeutic targets in hepatic inflammatory diseases. (Hepatology 2015;62:1227-1236)
BRCA1-regulated nuclear innate sensing of Herpesviral genome by IFI16 and IFI16’s acetylation is critical for its cytoplasmic trafficking and induction of innate responses

Sensing of invading DNA virus genomes appear to be triggered by a number of host cell DNA sensors depending on their subcellular localization which stimulate innate anti-viral responses such as the activation of type-I interferons (IFNs) and/or inflammasomes resulting in the production of inflammatory IL-1β and IL-18 cytokines. With growing understanding of diverse identities whether these proteins function alone or with other host cell molecules and the post-translational modifications affecting their functions are under intense investigations. Nuclear resident IFI16 have been shown to sense the episomal DNA genomes of herpes viruses resulting in the induction of IFI16-inflammasome and/or interferon responses. Here, we highlight our recent finding regarding the role of cellular BRCA1, a transcription factor and DNA damage response protein, forming a distinct complex with IFI16 to regulate the nuclear innate sensing of herpes viral DNA and subsequent IFI16-ASC-procaspase-1 inflammasome complex formation and distribution to the cytoplasm leading into caspase-1 and IL-1β production. BRCA1 is also responsible for the cytoplasmic IFI16-STING signalosome activation and induction of IFN-β during de novo KSHV and HSV-1 infection. Our concurrent studies have also revealed that the histone acetyl transferase p300 mediated acetylation of nuclear IFI16 is a dynamic post-genome recognition event responsible for Ran dependent nuclear to cytoplasmic trafficking of IFI16 during herpesvirus infection. This post-translational modification is essential for IFI16-ASC interaction and inflammasome activation as well as for the association with STING in the cytoplasm resulting in IRF-3 phosphorylation, nuclear pIRF-3 localization and interferon-β production. Collectively, these comprehensive studies highlight that BRCA1 plays a hitherto unidentified immunomodulatory role to facilitate the anti-viral functions of IFI16 and acetylation of nuclear IFI16 is a necessary post-translational modification for innate responses during herpesvirus infection. These studies open up a new understanding of virus-host interplay, viral genome sensing and host innate anti-viral defense mechanisms.
Moving Beyond Instinct: Persuasion in the Era of Professional Legal Writing

Moving Beyond Instinct is a book review of Advanced Legal Writing: Theories and Strategies in Persuasive Writing by Professor Michael Smith. In the review, Advanced Legal Writing is evaluated not only as a teaching text, but also a practitioner desk reference and a theoretical exploration of advocacy writing. The review argues that Advanced Legal Writing represents a significant forward step in the literature about persuasive writing, because it names and categorizes specific rhetorical devices and, using multiple theories from disciplines outside law, explains why they work. In this way, Advanced Legal Writing allows scholars and practitioners to move beyond their reliance on what they instinctively think or know is "persuasive" toward a more analytical, informed knowledge of persuasion. In addition, the review argues that Advanced Legal Writing encourages and helps advocates make persuasive writing more beautiful and interesting, and proves that persuasive legal writing is an art and a discipline worth studying. The review critiques Advanced Legal Writing for its failure to address some of the moral issues related to the troubling aspects of advocacy, particularly those techniques that are psychologically manipulative or easily misused. Having noted that certain techniques are effective because they play on human psychology in a particular way, the review argues that the book should have explored a bit more the line between persuasion and manipulation. Specifically, the review suggests that Advanced Legal Writing, in particular because it is a teaching text, should have devoted some space to acknowledging how certain persuasive techniques can reflect and reinforce hierarchies of class, race, and gender.
A Profit System Model of Stock Market Valuation

As discussed in previous chapters, our profit system model provides estimates and forecasts of total profits for both individual firms and groups of firms. Here we consider its application to groups of firms with stock prices that are aggregated into a general stock market price index. First, we use our model to generate in-sample estimates and out-of-sample forecasts of the total profits of corporate firms in a stock market index. Second, since corporate firms’ profits are available to shareholders, discounting these aggregate profits by an appropriate rate of return gives the present value of total profits. This present value represents an estimate of the intrinsic or underlying value of the stock market index. It is important to note that our stock market valuation model depends on profit system model estimates and forecasts of total profits. This approach is consistent with the long-standing and popular discounted cash flow(DCF) approach to stock market valuation.
Western Impact on China Through Translation

Translation is not only a science or an art, but also a practical tool of international communication in the world-wide exchange of ideas. The importance of translation has been heightened by the increasing contacts among nations of widely divergent cultures. In the Western world, translation is considered more frequently from the linguistic than the cultural point of view, for the West has a common pattern of culture underlying its linguistic variety. The problem of communication between the East and the West is more difficult in that there are not only language barriers but also divergent cultural patterns.The translation of Western works into Chinese began near the end of the sixteenth century. Moved by religious enthusiasm, the Jesuits initiated the process and the Protestant missionaries followed. Since the middle of the nineteenth century, translation programs have been a characteristic part of Chinese governmental activity directed toward modernization and, consequently, both the subject matter translated and the languages from which they were translated indicate trends in modern Chinese thought as well as changing governmental policies. Moreover, the motivation of translation and the shifts in intellectual interests are reflected in the character and quantity of translations produced at different times.
The Malpighian Tubules of the Larva of Heptagenia Interpunctata, Say.

The Malpighian tubules of the Ephemerida, both of the larva and the imago, have been described by a number of workers; as far as I have been able to ascertain there has not been any paper published in which one can find a detailed description of their structure either in the immature or the mature stage of these insects. These tubules in the May-flies assume, according to different observers, many forms; several have been described as filiform, others as similar in a general way fa the ones described in the present paper. From both descriptions and figures it has been shown that in several species of May-flies the tubules are short and bent or coiled, or, in some species they assume a spiral form. The more detailed descriptions have shown that in many species each tubule consists of a distal, thicker and secretory, portion from which a thinner tube passes and enters indirectly or directly into the intestine. Tubules opening separately have been figured by Dufour (3) and Drenkelfort (2) but in most species it has been shown that they open into several common receptacula and that these open directly into the digestive tract; Leue (8) and Vayssiere (13). The short account of most of the quoted authors gives but a meager description; many, however, show the two above mentioned parts of each tubule and the spiral or twisted shape is commonly mentioned or figured. From these various accounts the one which most closely resembles the tubules of Heptagenia interpunctata is the figure given by Vayssiere (13) of Heptagenia longicauda .
An Inductive Study of the Nature of Culture

The "folk society" construct of Redfield has been described and subjected to critical analysis. It has been shown that in the final analysis the "folk society" rests upon the idea of a collective sentiment. A review of the evolution of Redfield's thought shows that he has been led back to the "moral order," focussed in the collective sentiment, as the fundamental integrative principle of the "folk society." The idea of the collectivity, then, provides the basis for possible correlations rather than the isolation or lack of differentiation which has been considered of paramount importance to the construct. A reformulation of the construct in terms of a collective versus an individualistic value-sentiment and antithetical collective and individualistic value-attitudes has resulted in four types of sociocultural systems-Covert Collective, Covert Individualistic, Overt Collective, and Overt Individualistic. The Redfield "folk society" is best exemplified by the Covert Collective System. In developing the new typology, an effort has been made to apply the integrative principles to sociocultural systems regardless of their supposed simplicity or complexity. A systematic approach to the analysis of sociocultural systems in structural and functional terms has been suggested.
Relativistic spin equation and its generalization

A relativistic wave equation for any spin is formulated by building up the second Casimir operator,wμwμ, of the Poincare group in an irreducible representation of Open image in new window , where ℒ is the spin part of the homogeneous Lorentz group and Open image in new window the orbital Poincare group. The wave equation in momentum space has the form [Γμνpμpν − (a +bp2 + +cp+ + ...)]ϱ(p) = 0 whereΓμν are matrices of infinite or finite dimensions according as the irreducible representation of − is unitary or not. Depending upon the values of the constants,a, b, c, ..., the equation may require solutions with unique spin or with definite mass-spin constraint. Explicit representations ofΓμν are evaluated, and solutions to some simple problems are given as illustrations.
Studies of the Changes in Leukocyte Alkaline Phosphatase Following Pyrogen Stimulation in Chronic Granulocytic Leukemia

Studies of changes in leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP) in a patient with chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL) following infection and pyrogenic stimulation revealed that increased LAP appeared in circulating mature neutrophilic forms 24 hours later than in similar cells of the marrow, suggesting that the cells containing increased LAP originated in the marrow. It was reasoned that the LAP responsiveness in CGL probably requires the presence of foci of normal myeloid tissue.
Bone marrow transplantation for genetic diseases.

Bone marrow transplantation is the treatment of choice for a number of genetic diseases. Recently, bone marrow transplantation has been increasingly used for erythroid disorders, such as thalassemia and sickle cell anemia. A number of inherited metabolic disorders (i.e., storage diseases, leukodystrophies, and the like) may be corrected with a marrow transplant. Successful correction of genetic diseases with allogeneic bone marrow transplantation lays the groundwork for the use of specific gene therapy.
The Interplay between Consumption and Politics in the Polish Economy: In Search of Unifying Concepts

A limited, but growing, number of research papers provide insights into marketing structures and practices in socialist Eastern European countries, and into their impact on consumer wellbe-ing. However, to date the marketing literature lacks unifying concepts which interrelate consumption and politics, a basic relationship which is essential to understanding of the marketplace situation. This paper reports the results of a review of the parallel academic literature outside of business administration in a search for unifying concepts, or "models," which may assist in future research and provide a better basis for analyzing and predicting marketing conditions in the Polish economy.
Fast Matrix Computations on Heterogeneous Streams

This chapter examines the hStreams library which supports programming of a heterogeneous system by abstracting programming to be akin to feeding a system with streams of actions (computations, data transfers, and synchronizations). Use of the library is illustrated with some problems from the field of linear algebra, endeavoring to show the speed and flexibility of hStreams on both processors and coprocessors. Performance results highlight four key benefits of using hStreams: (1) concurrency of computes across nodes and within a node, (2) pipelined concurrency among data transfers, and between data transfers and computes, (3) ease of use in exploring the optimization space, and (4) separation of concerns between scientists and tuners, between those who may wish to be minimalists, and those who wish to have visibility and exert full control over performance.
Efficient Priority Control Model for Multimodal Traffic Signals

The paper presents a model for multimodal traffic signal priority control. The approach is based on an analytical model and a flexible implementation algorithm that considers real-time vehicle actuation. The analytical model considers the needs of different modes in a real-time connected vehicle environment. The model provides an optimal signal schedule that minimizes the total weighted priority request delay. The flexible implementation algorithm is designed to guarantee that the optimal signal schedule is applied with minimum negative impact on regular vehicles. The model has been tested in a simulation framework on two networks: San Mateo, California, and Anthem, Arizona. The simulation experiments showed that the model, when compared with fully actuated control, was able to reduce average delay and travel times for priority vehicles without a significant negative impact on passenger cars. The field results of implementing the priority framework in the nationally affiliated connected vehicles test bed ...
Red China in Central Europe: Creating and Deploying Representations of an Ally in Poland and the GDR

As the Eastern bloc coalesced in the later 1940s, its leaders sought to present themselves to their citizens as both building a socialist utopia and offering a model for the rest of the world. Mao’s 1949 victory in China, the world’s most populous country, seemed to prefigure this inexorable deepening and broadening of communism, and Central European communists sought to deploy a representation of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in service of constructing a socialist society at home. Party officials, artists and intellectuals, and ordinary citizens helped to fashion this image of China, which circulated widely throughout the public sphere in the mass media of newspapers, popular magazines, fiction and non-fiction books, music, television, and film, as well as through the wide distribution of informational pamphlets and booklets. Public demonstrations and parades featured speeches and slogans thematizing China, as did more intense campaigns like the “Month of Chinese-German Friendship.” Posters and other public visual material, especially showpiece cultural exhibitions, also helped to construct and propagate an image of the PRC. A particularly compelling source is that of visiting delegations of artists, scientists, experts, and ordinary citizens, going in both directions, as these guests gathered and left impressions open to interpretation, both official and otherwise. This dynamic began to change with the Sino-Soviet split in the 1960s, but even as a problematic ally and then enemy, the image of China helped to build socialism in Central Europe.
Playing the believing game: Enhancing productive discourse and mathematical understanding

Abstract In mathematics classrooms, the practice of doubt pervades. However, Elbow (1986, 2006) contended that teachers must balance their practices of methodological doubt and methodological belief. The study reported here builds upon previous research which revealed the professor played the believing game (Elbow) and students were motivated to do mathematics. We addressed the question: How does a teacher (professor) play the believing game in a mathematics classroom? Videotapes, interviews, and field notes from an entire semester were collected and analyzed qualitatively. Although the professor was not consciously attempting to believe or doubt, we reveal when and under what circumstances they occurred. A temporal continuum of believing and doubting existed for the professor’s practice. Reserved believing and reserved doubting prevailed for the professor when she heard answers or comments she deemed incorrect and rich mathematical conversations transpired as she opened herself up to a deeper understanding of mathematics.
From Inarticulacy to Care

This article seeks to critically re-open the closed structure of news coverage of ethnic minorities by proposing a dialogical model of representation, which evokes mutual understanding across differences through well-crafted narratives of minority experiences. Informed by Mikhail Bakhtin and Charles Taylor, it explores the notion of “dialogue” within journalistic narratives and delineates two dialogical approaches, namely the evaluative articulation of moral values and the polyphonic incorporation of different voices. The former suggests that journalists should employ nuanced languages to situate ethnic minorities’ aspirations and experiences in a common “horizon of significance”. The latter challenges the hegemonic monologue of an ostensibly objective narration and accentuates the manifold voices from ordinary people, urging the journalists to rethink their positionality as narrators. Two cases are analyzed to reveal how the dialogic representation can be realized in news reporting, calling for a transit...
Modeling Genomic Instability and Selection Pressure in a Mouse Model of Melanoma

Tumor evolution is an iterative process of selection for pro-oncogenic aberrations. This process can be accelerated by genomic instability, but how it interacts with different selection bottlenecks to shape the evolving genomic landscape remains understudied. Here, we assessed tumor initiation and therapy resistance bottlenecks in mouse models of melanoma, with or without genomic instability. At the initiation bottleneck, whole-exome sequencing revealed that drug-naive tumors were genomically silent, and this was surprisingly unaffected when genomic instability was introduced via telomerase inactivation. We hypothesize that the strong engineered alleles created low selection pressure. At the therapy resistance bottleneck, strong selective pressure was applied using a BRAF inhibitor. In the absence of genomic instability, tumors acquired a non-genomic drug resistance mechanism. By contrast, telomerase-deficient, drug-resistant melanomas acquired highly recurrent copy number gains. These proof-of-principle experiments demonstrate how different selection pressures can interact with genomic instability to impact tumor evolution.
Synchronous population dynamics in California butterflies explained by climatic forcing.

A long-standing challenge for population biology has been to understand why some species are characterized by populations that fluctuate in size independently, while populations of other species fluctuate synchronously across space. The effects of climatic variation and dispersal have been invoked to explain synchronous population dynamics, however an understanding of the relative influence of these drivers in natural populations is lacking. Here we compare support for dispersal- versus climate-driven models of interspecific variation in synchrony using 27 years of observations of 65 butterfly species at 10 sites spanning 2750 m of elevation in Northern California. The degree of spatial synchrony exhibited by each butterfly species was used as a response in a unique approach that allowed us to investigate whether interspecific variation in response to climate or dispersal propensity was most predictive of interspecific variation in synchrony. We report that variation in sensitivity to climate explained 50% of interspecific variation in synchrony, whereas variation in dispersal propensity explained 23%. Sensitivity to the El Nino Southern Oscillation, a primary driver of regional climate, was the best predictor of synchrony. Combining sensitivity to climate and dispersal propensity into a single model did not greatly increase model performance, confirming the primacy of climatic sensitivity for driving spatial synchrony in butterflies. Finally, we uncovered a relationship between spatial synchrony and population decline that is consistent with theory, but small in magnitude, which suggests that the degree to which populations fluctuate in synchrony is of limited use for understanding the ongoing decline of the Northern California butterfly fauna.
High abundances of presolar grains and 15N-rich organic matter in CO3.0 chondrite Dominion Range 08006

Abstract NanoSIMS C-, N-, and O-isotopic mapping of matrix in CO3.0 chondrite Dominion Range (DOM) 08006 revealed it to have in its matrix the highest abundance of presolar O-rich grains (257 +76/−96 ppm, 2σ) of any meteorite. It also has a matrix abundance of presolar SiC of 35 (+25/−17, 2σ) ppm, similar to that seen across primitive chondrite classes. This provides additional support to bulk isotopic and petrologic evidence that DOM 08006 is the most primitive known CO meteorite. Transmission electron microscopy of five presolar silicate grains revealed one to have a composite mineralogy similar to larger amoeboid olivine aggregates and consistent with equilibrium condensation, two non-stoichiometric amorphous grains, and two olivine grains, though one is identified as such solely based on its composition. We also found insoluble organic matter (IOM) to be present primarily as sub-micron inclusions with ranges of C- and N-isotopic anomalies similar to those seen in primitive CR chondrites and interplanetary dust particles. In contrast to other primitive extraterrestrial materials, H isotopic imaging showed normal and homogeneous D/H. Most likely, DOM 08006 and other CO chondrites accreted a similar complement of primitive and isotopically anomalous organic matter to that found in other chondrite classes and IDPs, but the very limited amount of thermal metamorphism experienced by DOM 08006 has caused loss of D-rich organic moieties, while not substantially affecting either the molecular carriers of C and N anomalies or most inorganic phases in the meteorite. One C-rich grain that was highly depleted in 13C and 15N was identified; we propose it originated in the Sun’s parental molecular cloud.
Adherence to guidelines for testing and treatment of children with pharyngitis: a retrospective study.

Group A streptococcus (GAS) is the most common bacterial etiology of pharyngitis but is difficult to distinguish clinically from viral pharyngitis. There are benefits to early antibacterial treatment of GAS pharyngitis, but administering antibiotics to children with viral pharyngitis is ineffective and costly. We evaluated adherence to guidelines that were developed to help clinicians distinguish between viral and GAS pharyngitis and guide management. Retrospective cohort study of patients ages 3–18 who had a rapid streptococcal test and/or throat culture performed in an outpatient setting. We collected data on documentation of components of the McIsaac score and classified tests as indicated if the score was ≥2. Based on McIsaac score and GAS test results, we determined whether each antibiotic course prescribed was indicated according to the Infectious Diseases Society of America guideline. Among 291 eligible children, 87 (30%) had all five components of the McIsaac score documented. There was sufficient data to classify the score as either < 2 or ≥2 in 234 (80%); among these, 96% of tests were indicated. Twenty-nine patients (10%) were prescribed antibiotics. Eight (28%) of these prescriptions were not indicated according to guidelines. The majority of GAS tests in children with pharyngitis are indicated, although providers do not regularly document all elements of a validated pharyngitis scoring tool. Over one quarter of children prescribed antibiotics for pharyngitis did not require antibiotics according to guidelines. There remains a role for targeted antimicrobial stewardship education regarding pharyngitis management in pediatric outpatient settings.
A qualitative study of adolescent and young adult cancer survivors’ perceptions of family and peer support:

This qualitative study examined adolescent and young adult survivors' perceptions of support from family and peers. A total of 26 survivors, aged 16-24 years, who had been diagnosed with cancer between the ages of 14 and 18, participated in semi-structured interviews. Three themes emerged for support: practical support, emotional support, and new sense of closeness. For lack of support, two themes emerged: absence during treatment and lack of understanding about appearance changes. These findings emphasize the perceived importance of family and peer support throughout adolescent and young adults' cancer trajectories and indicate a need for interventions to help adolescent and young adult develop and maintain support networks throughout treatment and survivorship.
Sediment Oxygen Demand in Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes, Oregon, 1999

For additional information contact: Copies of this report can bepurchased from:District ChiefU.S. Geological Survey USGS Information Services10615 S.E. Cherry Blossom Drive Box 25286, Federal CenterPortland, OR 97216-3159 Denver, CO 80225-0286E-mail: info-or@usgs.gov Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGSInternet: http://oregon.usgs.govSuggested citation:Wood, T.M., 2001, Sediment oxygen demand in Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes, Oregon, 1999:U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 01–4080, 13 p.
Injuries and the Built Environment

Injuries are not accidents. Injuries occur for identifiable reasons, many of which are related to factors in the built environment. Injuries are a major cause of death, disability, and suffering, and therefore a leading public health priority. Most injuries are preventable. Injury prevention strategies that modify the environment to reduce risk and increase safety are among the most successful. Data on environmental factors that contribute to injuries can be used in designing environments to be protective. Once environmental risk factors are identified, collaboration with planners, engineers, architects, and manufacturers is needed to produce safer designs. Engineers, city planners, policymakers, and the public need to be educated about their role in creating built environment design changes to prevent injuries.
Hydrographic Variability in the Black Sea

The CTD hydrographic data from the 1988 Black Sea Expedition are summarized. A representative profile of the complete water column from the center of the Black Sea (Station BS3-6) is used to illustrate the main features. One station near the center of the western gyre (BSK I) of the Black Sea was re-occupied several times from late April to late June 1988. This series of CDT casts is used to illustrate the progressive changes in temperature, salinity and density in the upper 100 meters during the spring warming period. The data from BSK I and BSK II (near the center of the Black Sea, between the two gyres) were analyzed in more detail. The variability in the cold intermediate layer (CIL) and the center of the sub-oxic zone was small. We also conducted three yo-yo type down casts near the southern margin of the Black Sea at BS3-6 over a time period of 3 hours. The variability in this data set was also small. In none of the time intervals studied was there any evidence for large scale excursions on the scale of 10’s of meters.