cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alcoholism in College: Early Case Finding.

Abstract Alcohol is a mind-altering drug which is unique, being legal in nonmedical use generally socially acceptable, and widely employed. It is also probably the greatest current drug abuse problem in the United States. Alcohol is used by most college students, and for some, its use becomes dysfunctional. Problem drinking occurs on college campuses and attempts at early case finding by health professionals may prove valuable as a form of secondary prevention of a potentially serious illness, alcoholism. Such an effort will be helped by cognizance of the various ways in which inappropriate use of alcohol can lead to contact with the health care system; by an understanding of alcoholism as an illness which has behavioral prodromata; and by establishment of rapport and mutual respect between the patient and health professional. Without depriving young patients of responsibility for self-care, early alerting to alcohol-related problems can lead to early referral for diagnosis and treatment.
Role of K+ Channels in Alveolar Macrophages-Mediated Inflammatory Response upon Anthrax Lethal Toxin Stimulation

The causes of rapid death in anthrax infection both in animals and humans are unknown and concern over the use for biological warfare has renewed interest in elucidating the mechanisms of anthrax induced inflammation. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) secretion is an important inflammatory response against anthrax lethal toxin (LeTx) a virulence factor of Bacillus anthracis. Here, we report that LeTx induces a significant increase in inwardly-rectifying K+ (Kir) and voltage-gated K+ (Kv) currents in mouse and human macrophages. Furthermore, we also show that blocking either Kir or Kv channels significantly inhibits LeTx-induced IL-1β secretion suggesting that activation of macrophage K+ channels plays an important role in LeTx-induced inflammatory response. In addition, we also investigated the role of macrophage K+ channels in macrophage priming, a well-known macrophage infection model involving pre-exposure of the cells to a low level of antigen that augments the response to subsequent challenge. Specifically, priming of alveolar macrophages by either Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), an endotoxin of all gram-negative bacteria, or Bacillus spores, augments inflammatory response upon LeTx stimulation as compared to unprimed cells challenged with LeTx alone. Our study shows that pre-exposure to low levels of LPS or to the spores also significantly augments LeTx-induced activation of macrophage K+ channels suggesting that activation of K+ channels might be part of the priming mechanism.
Comparative Complexity of Emission Spectra from ICP, dc Arc, and Spark Excitation Sources

A comparison of atomic emission spectra excited in high voltage spark and dc arc discharges and in an inductively coupled plasma revealed that the most complex spectra were emitted by the high voltage spark. The dc arc and the inductively coupled plasma yielded spectra of approximately equivalent complexity. These observations are not in accord with the impressions conveyed in the literature.
PROJECTIONS ONTO THE CONE OF OPTIMAL TRANSPORT MAPS AND COMPRESSIBLE FLUID FLOWS

The system of isentropic Euler equations in the potential flow regime can be considered formally as a second order ordinary differential equation on the Wasserstein space of probability measures. This interpretation can be used to derive a variational time discretization. We prove that the approximate solutions generated by this discretization converge to a measure-valued solution of the isentropic Euler equations. The key ingredient is a characterization of the polar cone to the cone of optimal transport maps.
A new cytoplasmic organelle, related to both lipid and glycogen storage materials in the yolk sac of the bat, Tadarida brasiliensis cynocephala†

The gestation period of Tadarida is approximately four months long extending from late February to June. During the first half of gestation the yolk sac undergoes a complete collapse bringing two layers of endodermal cells into contact with one another and obliterating the cavity of the yolk sac. Both the endodermal and the mesodermal cells hypertrophy and develop into a glandular-looking organ during the latter half of gestation. Approximately a month before parturition the endodermal cells become progressively laden with lipid and glycogen. Immediately before birth, however, both of these storage materials are depleted. This depletion is preceded by the formation of an extensive array of hexagonal membranous channels within the cytoplasm. Some of the membranes of this organelle are closely applied to lipid droplets and glycogen granules can be observed in linear patterns within the hexagonal channels. Tissues taken at term showed the membranes of the hexagonal channels continuous with a paracrystalline membranous structure. The close morphological association of the membranous organelle to both the lipid and glycogen storage materials indicates that it is involved in their metabolism in the yolk sac of the bat.
σ receptor-mediated emetic response in pigeons: agonists, antagonists and modifiers

Abstract In order to more fully characterize σ ligand-induced emesis in the pigeon, the effects of a number of compounds were tested alone or in combination with ditolylguanidine (DTG). The drugs tested couldbe categorized into three types: agonists, which produced the emetic response (DTG > amitriptyline > BD 737 > thioridazine), antagonists, which effectively antagonized the effects of DTG (haloperidol > BMY 14802 > BD 1139 > chlorpromazine), and agents which did not produce the emetic response on their own, but potently enhanced the emetic effect of DTG (BD-1008 ⩾ phencyclidine > (+)-allylnormetazocine ⩾ propranolol). Chronic haloperidol resulted in a markedly diminished emetic response to DTG, which returned to control levels by 24.5 days. Haloperidol, but not BMY 14802, was effective in antonizing the lethal effects of DTG. These data suggest further in vivo evidence for a functional mediation by σ sites of the emetic response to DTG in the pigeon, and may provide in vivo evidence for potential allosteric modification of σ ligands.
A Lax–Wendroff type theorem for unstructured quasi-uniform grids

A well-known theorem of Lax and Wendroff states that if the sequence of approximate solutions to a system of hyperbolic conservation laws generated by a conservative consistent numerical scheme converges boundedly a.e. as the mesh parameter goes to zero, then the limit is a weak solution of the system. Moreover, if the scheme satisfies a discrete entropy inequality as well, the limit is an entropy solution. The original theorem applies to uniform Cartesian grids; this article presents a generalization for quasi-uniform grids (with Lipschitz-boundary cells) uniformly continuous inhomogeneous numerical fluxes and nonlinear inhomogeneous sources. The added generality allows a discussion of novel applications like local time stepping, grids with moving vertices and conservative remapping. A counterexample demonstrates that the theorem is not valid for arbitrary non-quasi-uniform grids.
Juvenile arrest rates for burglary: A routine activities approach

Abstract Juveniles comprise a substantial portion of the offenders arrested for burglary in the United States each year. Using a Hierarchical Multivariate Linear Model, the current research examines juvenile burglars, by gender, utilizing a routine activities approach. This analysis was performed using data on the thirty five largest cities in Texas, between 1990 and 2004. Increased incidents of juvenile arrests for burglary, in both genders, occurred where there were high levels of poverty and low levels of female headed households. Juvenile males appeared to be arrested more for burglary in areas where there were high levels of unemployment and non-white individuals, while juvenile females were arrested for burglary in places where there were higher numbers of males between the ages of 19 and 24 years. Results suggest that the current measures of routine activities theory better explains variation in juvenile male arrests for burglary.
Severe haemorrhage partially reverses moderate haemorrhage‐induced decrease in intestinal vascular capacitance

The purpose of the present study was to compare the effect of severe haemorrhage with moderate haemorrhage on intestinal vascular capacitance. In 12 chloralose-anaesthetized pigs, moderate and subsequent severe haemorrhage was induced by removal of 15 and 25% of blood volume, respectively. Six of the animals were vagotomized prior to induction of haemorrhage. The portal vein pressure/intestinal blood volume (P-V) relationship was measured by using blood pool scintigraphy and varying portal vein pressure. Moderate haemorrhage resulted in a leftward shift of the P-V relationship towards the pressure axis with decreases in cardiac output, portal blood flow and arterial pressure, and an increase in heart rate. Severe haemorrhage shifted the P-V relationship back towards the volume axis compared with moderate haemorrhage, with further decreases in cardiac output, portal blood flow and arterial pressure. While moderate haemorrhage reduced intestinal blood volume at a portal vein pressure of 7 mmHg (Vp 7 ) to 81 ± 3% of the control value (P < 0.01), severe haemorrhage increased Vp 7 to 88 ± 1 % of the control value (P < 0.05 compared with moderate haemorrhage). After vagotomy, moderate haemorrhage decreased Vp 7 to 84 < 4% of the control value (P < 0.01), whereas Vp 7 did not change significantly after severe haemorrhage (Vp 7 increased to 86 ± 1% of the control value). Thus, severe haemorrhage is associated with an increase in intestinal vascular capacity compared with moderate haemorrhage. This increase is mediated in part via the cardiac vagal reflex. The attenuation of intestinal venoconstriction during severe haemorrhage probably contributes to further decreases in cardiac output and arterial pressure by redistribution of blood to the peripheral circulation.
Psoroptes Mites and Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus): Additional Notes from the San Bernardino Mountains, California

Vernon C. Bleich, Jeffrey T. Villepique, James H. Davis, Steven G. Torres, and Ben J. Gonzales California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Sierra Nevada Bighorn Sheep Recovery Program, 407 W. Line St., Bishop, CA 93514 USA California Department of Fish and Wildlife, P.O. Box 3222, Big Bear City, CA 92314 USA California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Wildlife Investigations Laboratory, 1701 Nimbus Rd., Rancho Cordova, CA 95670 USA
Evaluation of five methods for respiratory syncytial virus detection.

A total of 117 nasal aspirates were cultured for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and tested for RSV antigen by a direct fluorescent-antibody (DFA) test (Bartels Immunodiagnostic Supplies, Inc., Bellevue, Wash.), the Directigen enzyme immunoassay (EIA; Becton Dickinson Microbiology Systems, Cockeysville, Md.), the TestPack EIA (Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, Ill.), and RSV EIA (Abbott). Agreement of two of five methods or a positive RSV culture were required to validate a result. A total of 57 of 117 (48.7%) specimens were culture positive in HEp-2 cells, A549 cells, or both. A total of 5 of 117 (4.3%) additional specimens met the criteria of a positive specimen; i.e., 62 of 117 (53.0%) specimens were positive. Results obtained from 77 of 117 (65.8%) specimens were concordant for all five methods. The sensitivities, specificities, and positive and negative predictive values for the culture and DFA methods were 91.9, 100, 100, and 91.7% and 91.9, 96.4, 96.6, and 91.4%, respectively. The sensitivities, specificities, and positive and negative predictive values for the three EIA procedures, Directigen, TestPack, and RSV EIA, were 75.8, 80.0, 81.0, and 74.6%; 93.6, 100, 100, and 93.2%; and 71.0, 100, 100, and 75.3%, respectively. New self-contained EIA configurations and the DFA method offer attractive alternatives to the culture method. Technical simplicity, rapid turnaround time, performance, and cost must all be considered when selecting a system for RSV detection.
A Distributed Approach to Maximum Power Point Tracking for Photovoltaic Submodule Differential Power Processing

This paper presents the theory and implementation of a distributed algorithm for controlling differential power processing converters in photovoltaic (PV) applications. This distributed algorithm achieves true maximum power point tracking of series-connected PV submodules by relying only on local voltage measurements and neighbor-to-neighbor communication between the differential power converters. Compared to previous solutions, the proposed algorithm achieves reduced number of perturbations at each step and potentially faster tracking without adding extra hardware; all these features make this algorithm well-suited for long submodule strings. The formulation of the algorithm, discussion of its properties, as well as three case studies are presented. The performance of the distributed tracking algorithm has been verified via experiments, which yielded quantifiable improvements over other techniques that have been implemented in practice. Both simulations and hardware experiments have confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed distributed algorithm.
A Paradigm Analysis of Arts-Based Research and Implications for Education

This article represents a paradigm analysis of the characteristics of arts-based research (ABR) in an effort to reconceptualize the potential of arts-based practices in generating new curriculum ap...
A non-parametric approach for spectrum sensing with multiple antenna cognitive radios in the presence of Non-Gaussian noise

In cognitive radio (CR) networks, spectrum sensing has to be performed in a reliable manner in challenging environments that arise due to propagation channels which undergo multi-path fading and non-Gaussian noise at CRs. Most existing literature on spectrum sensing has focused on impairments introduced by additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). However, this assumption fails to model the behavior of certain noise types in practice, such as impulsive noise. In this paper, the use of a non-parametric, easily implementable detection device, polarity-coincidence-array (PCA) detector, is proposed for weak primary signal detection with a cognitive radio equipped with multiple antennas. The detector performance in terms of the probabilities of detection and false alarm is derived when the communication channels between the primary user transmitter and the multiple antennas at the cognitive radio undergo Rayleigh fading. From the numerical results, it is observed that a significant performance enhancement is achieved by the PCA detector compared to that of the simple energy detector as the heaviness of the tail of the non-Gaussian noise increases.
Modeling and simulation of a PEM fuel cell humidification system

Maintaining proper fuel cell membrane humidification is a key challenge in achieving optimal fuel cell performance. For automotive applications, the load and environment conditions are constantly changing. Therefore, the membrane humidity needs to be properly controlled during transients. A humidifier system using water vapor exchange membrane is modeled and analyzed in this paper. The 4-state humidifier model is integrated with a fuel cell stack. Feedback and feed-forward control algorithms are developed so that the fuel cell maintains its highest membrane water content under a wide range of operation conditions without flooding.
A Dataflow Testing Approach for Aspect-Oriented Programs

Dataflow testing of programs ensures the execution of data dependencies between locations in the code (1) where variables are assigned values, and (2) where these definitions are used. Such data dependencies are called Def-Use Associations (DUAs). In an aspect-oriented (AO) program, aspects and classes interact in several ways, such as (1) through parameters passed from advised methods in a class to advices in the aspect, or (2) by the reading or writing of class state variables in an advice. In this paper, we present a dataflow testing approach for AO programs that is based on class state variables. We identify various types of DUAs for such variables and propose a set of dataflow test criteria that require executing these DUAs. Our approach is implemented by a tool called DCT-AJ, which identifies the DUAs in an AspectJ program and computes the coverage obtained from a test suite. Preliminary results indicate that the test suites satisfying the proposed dataflow criteria are more effective in detecting faults than the test suites that satisfy block coverage criteria.
Solvent diffusion in molten polyethylene

Diffusivity data are presented for the o-xylene–polyethylene system in the temperature range 125–175°C. The diffusion coefficient increases slightly as the solvent concentration increases near the pure polymer limit. Although the concentration and temperature dependences of the diffusivity for this system are different from what are typically observed for polymer–solvent systems, they are consistent with the free-volume theory of diffusion.
Predicting full-length transcripts.

Summary The accuracy of gene prediction is notlikely to improve so much in the nextfiveyears that experimental verificationbecomes superfluous. However,integration of the insights and modelsprovided by FirstEF into complete gene-prediction systems could provide anotherboost in accuracy at a time when genomecomparison is also starting to pay off.Each boost of this sort brings down the cost of sequence-directed geneverification, by increasing the ratio of positive to negative results.Improvements in gene-predictionaccuracy, combined with the continuingautomation of routine laboratory tasks, isbringing the goal of identifying almostevery human gene within reach. Acknowledgements M.R.B. is supported, in part, by theNational Science Foundation(DBI-0132436) and the NationalInstitutes of Health (HG02278). References 1 Kawai, J. et al. (2001) Functional annotation of afull-length mouse cDNAcollection. Nature 409,685–6902 Fickett, J.W. (1982) Recognition of protein-codingregions in DNAsequences.
Expression and function of interleukin‐6 in epithelial cells

Epithelial cells both produce and are affected by interleukin-6 (IL-6). Experiments with an adenocarcinoma-derived cell line (HeLa) reveal that activation of the transfected human IL-6 promoter occurs largely through two partially overlapping second messenger (cAMP, phorbol ester)- and cytokine (IL-1, TNF, serum)-responsive enhancer elements (MRE 1, -173 to -151 and MRE II, -158 to -145). MRE I contains the typical GACGTCA cAMP and phorbol ester-responsive (CRE-TRE) motif, whereas MRE II defines a new CRE/TRE motif that contains an imperfect dyad repeat. The mechanism of dexamethasone-mediated repression of IL-6 gene expression in epithelial cells involves occlusion of the entire MRE enhancer region and of the core-promoter elements (TATA-box and RNA start site) by ligand-activated glucocorticoid receptor. Enhanced levels of IL-6 expression are observed in many solid tumors and in the hyperproliferative (and glucocorticoid-suppressible) lesions of psoriasis. In cell culture, IL-6 enhances, inhibits, or has no effect on the proliferation of epithelial cells depending upon the cell-type examined. IL-6 enhances proliferation of keratinocytes but inhibits that of breast carcinoma cell lines ZR-75-1 and T-47D. In these breast carcinoma cells, IL-6 elicits a major change in cell phenotype which is characterized by a fibroblastoid morphology, enhanced motility, increased cell-cell separation, and decreased adherens type junctions (desmosomes and focal adhesions). The new data identify IL-6 as a regulator of epithelial cell growth and of cell-cell association.
Introduction: Latino folk illnesses: Methodological considerations

(1993). Introduction: Latino folk illnesses: Methodological considerations. Medical Anthropology: Vol. 15, Latino Folk Illness, pp. 103-108.
Lane tracking for on-road targets

Considerable research has been done on tracking ground targets, including on-road targets. Lane tracking of an on-road target is a new problem in the ground target tracking area. Knowledge of the lane that a target is located in is of particular interest in on-road surveillance and target tracking systems. This paper proposes a method to track the lane of an on-road target based on a hidden Markov model (HMM). It is assumed that an image sensor provides raw observation data. The formulation of the problem and our approach are given. Simulation results show that the implemented HMM-based lane estimators can achieve good performance.
A Coherent Approach to Misleading Corporate Announcements, Fraud, and Rule 10b-5

Basic Inc. v. Levison represents a significant expansion of the Supreme Court’s view of the scope of liability under rule 10b-5. The expansion inheres less in the Court’s adoption of the fraud on the market theory for dispensing with the reliance requirement in situations in which fraudulent misrepresentations have pegged efficient market prices at an artificial level than in its unquestioned and unanalyzed acceptance of the application of clause (b) of rule 10b-5 to persons who have not traded. The effect of this approach, which results from treating rule 10b-5 as a disclosure provision rather than a fraud provision, is to place most of the weight in determining liability on the materiality issue. This leaves little room for taking into consideration other factors that should bear on the scope of liability, such as degree of culpability or overall benefit to shareholders generally. The effect will be a result-oriented analysis of largely irrelevant facts as courts seek to limit liability in proper cases and, paradoxically, a weakened disclosure system as companies learn that the safest path is now a flat no comment to all inquiries, whether or not a materially substantive response is available. This article suggests that more coherent limits can and should be placed on rule 10b-5 by treating it as a fraud provision. The disclosure-oriented clause (b) is held in check by limiting liability for material misrepresentations and half-truths, absent further proof of a fraudulent scheme, to defendants who have transacted with the plaintiff. This analytical approach is general and applicable to a wide variety of securities regulation situations. In cases like Levinson, involving misleading corporate announcements but no trading or other direct benefit to those responsible for the announcements, the analysis must proceed under clauses (a) and (c) and the issue is whether the defendant’s conduct is properly characterized as fraud. The degree and effect of any wrongful disclosure constitute an important part of that analysis, but all other relevant factors, such as degree of culpability, are naturally included.
ELIZABETHAN PURITANISM AND THE POLITICS OF MEMORY IN POST-MARIAN ENGLAND

This article presents a new perspective on Elizabethan puritanism. In particular, it examines the ways in which the memory of Marian conformity continued to influence religious and political controversy during the reign of Elizabeth I. Drawing upon extensive archival evidence, it focuses on moments when the chequered pasts of Queen Elizabeth, William Cecil, and other chief officers of English church and state were called into question by puritan critics. In contrast to the prevailing narrative of Elizabethan triumphalism, it argues that late Tudor religion and politics were shaped by lingering puritan distrust of those who had revealed a propensity for idolatry by conforming during the Marian persecution. This fraught history of religious conformity meant that, for some puritans, the Church of England had been built on unstable foundations.
Thinking Outside the Walrasian Box

Colander's paper marks a potential turning point in the evolution of postwar economic theory. It includes a call for analytical political economists indeed, all heterodox economists to join a wider methodological circle, alternative to, rather than simply critical of the Walrasian system. This paper argues that both analytical political economists and heterodox economists as a whole should
Floodplain biogeochemical mosaics: A multidimensional view of alluvial soils

The alluvial floodplains of large rivers are exceptionally productive and dynamic ecosystems, characterized by a complex mosaic of vegetation at different successional stages overlying soils sorted by historic floods. Natural floodplains are widely credited with efficiently removing nitrogen from surface waters and accumulating carbon in biomass, yet very little floodplain research has examined carbon and nitrogen cycling below surficial soils. We evaluated the extent to which vegetation cover could be used to predict subsurface carbon and nitrogen dynamics and to estimate whole-floodplain carbon storage and denitrification rates. We dug soil pits under three dominant vegetation communities on a gravel-bedded floodplain in northwest Montana to the depth of the permanent water table (1–3 m). We compared depth profiles of total and dissolved carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), denitrification potentials (DEAs), organic particulates, moisture, and pH across vegetation types. Near-surface soils (0–10 cm) of forests had larger C and N pools and DEAs than grasslands or gravel bars, but such vegetation effects dissipated within the upper ~50 cm of soil. At depth, spatial heterogeneity in carbon and nitrogen pools and fluxes depended instead on soil texture, and relatively high rates of DEA and carbon storage were measured in zones of buried organic debris. Although C storage and denitrification potential are generally low in subsurface soils, these deep soils might nonetheless contribute substantially to whole-floodplain C storage and denitrification because of their large volume, high hydrologic connectivity, and heterogeneous biogeochemistry.
Efficient representation of induced currents on large scatterers using the generalized pencil of function method

It is shown that the currents induced over large and smooth scatterers can often be represented by a series of complex exponentials with only a few terms. The generalized pencil of function method is employed to extract these exponentials from the numerical solution of the scattering problem derived by using the method of moments. Illustrative examples include a partially-coated two-dimensional scatterer modeling a helicopter blade and the three-dimensional problem of scattering by a thin plate. The ultimate objective of this effort is to solve a class of large-body scattering problems, for arbitrary angles of incidence including the grazing angle, by utilizing the numerically-derived, complex exponential type of basis functions extrapolated to higher frequencies. It is well known that the physical optics approximation for the induced current becomes inaccurate when the angle of incidence is close to grazing, and the asymptotic methods, e.g., the GTD can become unwieldy for scatterers with edge treatments and those with complex geometrical shapes. The approach based upon the use of numerically derived entire domain basis functions on a portion of the body is proposed as a means to circumventing this difficulty.
HIV/STD Risk Among Incarcerated Adolescents: Optimism About the Future and Self‐Esteem as Predictors of Condom Use Self‐Efficacy1

We tested a psychosocial model of condom-use intentions among incarcerated adolescents, who are at exceptionally high risk for sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV. Incarcerated adolescents (n = 150: 139 male, 11 female; age = 13 to 17 years; 44% Hispanic, 39% Caucasian) provided face-to-face interviews. The model included past condom use and 2 classes of constructs: (a) general health-behavior-related constructs; and (b) sub-population-relevant developmental predictors. Affective attitudes, descriptive norms, and self-efficacy for condom use predicted intentions directly. Mediational linkages from optimism about the future and self-esteem through self-efficacy to intentions were confirmed. Two characterizations of the relationship of attitudes to intentions were explored, yielding 2 models that accounted for between 45% and 51% of variance in intentions.
Air quality simulations of wildfires in the Pacific Northwest evaluated with surface and satellite observations during the summers of 2007 and 2008

Abstract. Evaluation of a regional air quality forecasting system for the Pacific Northwest was carried out using a suite of surface and satellite observations. Wildfire events for the 2007 and 2008 fire seasons were simulated using the Air Information Report for Public Access and Community Tracking v.3 (AIRPACT-3) framework utilizing the Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) model. Fire emissions were simulated using the BlueSky framework with fire locations determined by the Satellite Mapping Automated Reanalysis Tool for Fire Incident Reconciliation (SMARTFIRE). Plume rise was simulated using two different methods: the Fire Emission Production Simulator (FEPS) and the Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel Emissions (SMOKE) model. Predicted plume top heights were compared to the Cloud-Aerosol LIDAR with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) instrument aboard the Cloud Aerosol LIDAR and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) satellite. Carbon monoxide predictions were compared to the Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder (AIRS) instrument aboard the Aqua satellite. Horizontal distributions of column aerosol optical depth (AOD) were compared to retrievals by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument aboard the Aqua satellite. Model tropospheric nitrogen dioxide distributions were compared to retrievals from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) aboard the Aura satellite. Surface ozone and PM2.5 predictions were compared to surface observations. The AIRPACT-3 model captured the location and transport direction of fire events well, but sometimes missed the timing of fire events and overall underestimated the PM2.5 impact of wildfire events at surface monitor locations. During the 2007 (2008) fire period, the fractional biases (FBs) of AIRPACT-3 for various pollutant observations included: average 24 h PM2.5 FB = −33% (−27%); maximum daily average 8 h ozone FB = −8% (+1%); AOD FB = −61% (−53%); total column CO FB = −10% (−5%); and tropospheric column NO2 FB = −39% (−28%). The bias in total column CO is within the range of expected error. Fractional biases of AIRPACT-3 plume tops were found to be −46% when compared in terms of above mean sea level, but only −28% when compared in terms of above ground level, partly due to the under-estimation of AIRPACT-3 ground height in complex terrain that results from the 12 km grid-cell smoothing. We conclude that aerosol predictions were too low for locations greater than ~100–300 km downwind from wildfire sources and that model predictions are likely under-predicting secondary organic aerosol (SOA) production, due to a combination of very low volatile organic compound (VOC) emission factors used in the United States Forest Service Consume model, an incomplete speciation of VOC to SOA precursors in SMOKE, and under-prediction by the SOA parameterization within CMAQ.
On the essential spectrum of ideal magnetohydrodynamics. Dedicated to harold grad on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday

The essential spectrum of magnetohydrodynamics is shown to arise from waves propagating one-dimensionally along magnetic field lines. Different polarizations of these waves give rise to the Alfven and ballooning spectra. The essential spectrum of an axisymmetric equilibrium when a single azimuthal mode number is considered consists of the Alfven spectrum only, while the ballooning modes appear as intervals of accumulation of discrete eigenvalues with different mode numbers. Some necessary and one sufficient conditions for stability are derived, and some examples where the criteria coincide to yield a simple condition for stability are shown. 29 references.
Negro dialect and Binet performance in severely disadvantaged black four-year-olds.

QUAY, LORENE C. Negro Dialect and Binet Performance in Severely Disadvantaged Black Four-Year-Olds. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1972, 43, 245-250. The Stanford-Binet was administered to 50 4-year-old black children, selected from an extremely deprived, physically and socially isolated community, under 2 conditions of language (standard English and Negro dialect). No reliable IQ differences between the groups were found. Comparisons of item difficulty yielded no differences between the groups in performance on individual Binet items. The findings, confirming the results of an earlier study using a less deprived population, indicated that young black children do not benefit from having the Binet administered in Negro dialect.
Optimization of a resistively loaded conical antenna for pulse radiation

The use of resistive loading to improve the performance of a conical monopole is investigated. This antenna is analyzed and optimized using the finite-different time-domain (FDTD) method. The magnitude of the electric field surrounding the antenna at three different instants of time is shown. The radiation produced by the reflection at the top of the perfectly conducting antenna is clearly shown, and its elimination by the resistive loading of the optimized antenna is evident. >
Suppression of Dendritic Cell-Derived IL-12 by Endogenous Glucocorticoids Is Protective in LPS-Induced Sepsis

Sepsis, an exaggerated systemic inflammatory response, remains a major medical challenge. Both hyperinflammation and immunosuppression are implicated as causes of morbidity and mortality. Dendritic cell (DC) loss has been observed in septic patients and in experimental sepsis models, but the role of DCs in sepsis, and the mechanisms and significance of DC loss, are poorly understood. Here, we report that mice with selective deletion of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in DCs (GRCD11c-cre) were highly susceptible to LPS-induced septic shock, evidenced by elevated inflammatory cytokine production, hypothermia, and mortality. Neutralizing anti-IL-12 antibodies prevented hypothermia and death, demonstrating that endogenous GC-mediated suppression of IL-12 is protective. In LPS-challenged GRCD11c-cre mice, CD8+ DCs were identified as the major source of prolonged IL-12 production, which correlated with elevations of NK cell-derived IFN-γ. In addition, the loss of GR in CD11c+ cells rescued LPS-induced loss of CD8+ DCs but not other DC subsets. Unlike wild-type animals, exposure of GRCD11c-cre mice to low-dose LPS did not induce CD8+ DC loss or tolerance to subsequent challenge with high dose, but neutralization of IL-12 restored the ability of low-dose LPS to tolerize. Therefore, endogenous glucocorticoids blunt LPS-induced inflammation and promote tolerance by suppressing DC IL-12 production.
Economic Shocks and Share Repurchases

The external environment affects firm payout policies. A firm’s behavior during positive and negative external shocks could be different from what theories have postulated. Several theories have been proposed for share repurchases. Using the financial crisis and quantitative easing period as a background, we test these theories. Based on our empirical tests, we find firms that have higher cash flows, lower leverage, fewer financial constraints, pay smaller/or no dividends, or higher takeover probabilities are more likely to announce repurchase programs across both periods. However, the popular motives for share repurchase are inconsistent in explaining related aspects such as size of the repurchase program, actual share repurchases, and completion.
The Contribution of Elastin, Collagen, and Smooth Muscle Cells to Residual Strains in Large Elastic Arteries

The contribution of elastin, collagen, and smooth muscle cells to residual strain in porcine aortas were evaluated by assessing several parameters: opening angle, neutral axis, and residual strain. Elastase or collagenase was used to remove elastin or collagen. Smooth muscle cells were activated using Ca2+ /KCl solutions or deactivated using KCN solutions. Several statistically significant trends (P<0.05) were obtained. As elastin was removed, the opening angle increased. As collagen was removed, the opening angle decreased. In addition, the activation of smooth muscle cells reduced the opening angle. Smooth muscle cell activation and collagenase digestion resulted in: 1) a decrease in residual strain and strain gradient, 2) the neutral axis shifting toward the adventitia side of the vessel wall.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
States in the Gap of Doped and Undoped a-Si:H Studied by Photomodulation Spectroscopy

The steady state photomodulation spectrum, its temperature and excitation intensity dependences have been studied in phosphorous doped and undoped a-Si:H. The spectra are analyzed in terms of photocarriers trapped in band-tail states and dangling bonds (DB) defects in undoped samples and impurities and charged DB states introduced by doping in P-doped samples. In undoped a-Si:H we found that the two DB energy levels D± are symmetrically located about midgap with an effective correlation energy Ueff of 0.6±0.2eV. In P-doped a-Si:H D− is pushed toward midgap by about 0.25 eV and Ueff = 0.4±0. 2 eV.
Endogenous Pseudoallescheria boydii endophthalmitis. A clinicopathologic report.

The authors describe the clinicopathologic findings in a case of endogenous Pseudoallescheria boydii endophthalmitis that developed in a 31-year-old man following aortic valve replacement and aortic prosthetic graft insertion. The patient died from disseminated P boydii infection. The fungus was resistant to amphotericin B in vitro. Postmortem histologic and microbiologic studies suggested that the combination of pars plana vitrectomy and intravitreal instillation of miconazole (40 ng) had eradicated the organism from the vitreous cavity. In other instances of fungal endophthalmitis where isolates are resistant to amphotericin B, intravitreal miconazole and vitrectomy may be useful.
Current Status of Surgery for Subclavian Steal Syndrome

Obstructive lesions in the subclavian artery are usually situated in strategic locations relative to the physiology of arterial pressure and flow to the head and upper extremities, allowing for potential drastic alterations in intracranial blood flow and occasionally leading to the subclavian steal syndrome when blood is diverted from the vertebrobasilar circulation to the upper extremity. Recent advances in revascularization procedures are described.
Local Excision of Rectal Neoplasia

Although proctectomy is the most oncologically effective treatment of rectal neoplasms, the procedure is associated with substantial morbidity and chance of temporary or permanent stoma. Transanal local excision offers a viable option for effective treatment of benign rectal neoplasms and early stage rectal cancers. Outcomes following local excision are dependent of thoughtful selection of patients for the procedure and optimal surgical technique. It is critical to achieve negative circumferential margins of resection and to remove the tumor without fragmentation. Unfortunately, if pelvic recurrence of cancer occurs following local excision, probability of cure with salvage treatment is low. It is possible that adjuvant or neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy may improve oncologic outcomes.
Abstract P274: Relationship Between Stroke Quality Metrics and Patient Outcomes: A Systematic Review

Background: Stroke quality metrics play an increasingly important role in quality improvement efforts and policies, but the relationship between quality metrics and patient-orientated outcomes are not well described. We conducted a systematic review of observational hospital-based studies examining this relationship. Methods: We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE for studies published before December 31, 2010 that examined the relationship between 2 or more stroke quality metrics and patient-oriented outcomes in acute stroke admissions. Outcomes included mortality, length of stay, discharge to home, functional status, and stroke recurrence. Results: A total of 470 hits were identified. After screening the titles and abstracts, 27 studies underwent full review, and 14 were deemed eligible. Given the variation in study characteristics, quality metrics, and outcomes utilized, it was not possible to generate summary estimates describing the relationship between quality metric compliance and patient-oriented outcomes. Evidence of a positive relationship between quality metrics and improved patient outcomes was limited by the lack of high quality studies. Four of the 14 studies found a statistically significant relationship between increased compliance with acute care quality metrics and improved patient-oriented outcomes. Two studies failed to find an association between acute care measures and improved outcomes, but did find statistically significant positive relationships between compliance with post-acute rehabilitation measures and improved patient outcomes. Five other studies reported mixed findings, while the remaining three found no relationships. Conclusions: We found a limited evidence-base addressing the impact of compliance on stroke quality metrics and patient-oriented outcomes. Generation of data clarifying the relationship between compliance with stroke quality metrics and stroke-related outcomes should be prioritized so that the current investments undertaken to improve stroke care can be sustained.
Difference Equations, Differentiation and Differential Equations

Difference equations occur in many branches of science directly and also indirectly when we approximate a differential equation so that we can obtain a numerical “solution” on a digital computer.
Progressive Hydrocephalus: Symptoms and Signs

The etiologies and clinical features of progressive hydrocephalus in 107 children, 56 with and 51 without shunts, were analyzed retrospectively at the Department of Neurology, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh, Scotland.
Of Using Constraint Logic Programming for Design of Mechanical Parts

This paper describes experience in using constraint logic programming to reason about mechanical parts. A prototype program was written in the language CLP(ℜ) which verified whether a part met specific tolerances in its dimensions. The program is interesting in that the same code can be used with any mixture of symbolic and numeric values. A symbolic representation scheme, underlying the program, which allows both symbolic and numeric values, is described. Examples are given of defining generic parts and toleranced parts, and checking whether a part meets its tolerances. Finally, a design rule checker is sketched to show how the logical representation of logic programming languages facilitates higher level reasoning.
The Bacterial Membrane

The ubiquity of cell membranes and cell surface structures has long been recognized as an essential element of cellular structure and function. Thus a surface membrane or envelope provides the cell with the necessary protective barrier which enables it to regulate the biochemical processes needed for biosynthesis, cell growth, and energy metabolism. Indeed, in the earliest microscopic studies of Anton van Leeuwenhoek the existence of a surface film or layer which held the “animalcules” together was anticipated. One almost senses Leeuwenhoek’s feeling of surprise when he recorded that he was unable to “discern any film” which “contained” these “clear globules” (i.e., bacteria) resolved under his primitive microscope. The concept of the structural and functional reality of cell membranes was given much substance by the early work of Gorter and Grendel (1925) and Danielli and Dayson (1935). These pioneers of the modern work on cell membranes established that biological membranes were essentially lipid—protein structures, and, moreover, a rather specific type of molecular architecture in the form of the bimolecular leaflet or sandwich structure was assigned to the membrane (Danielli and Dayson, 1935). Electron microscopy of thin sections of fixed, stained cells of various origins led Robertson (1959) to suggest the universality of the “unit” double-track membrane for all cells. The alternate electron dense—light-dense layering of the membrane profiles provided remarkable visual evidence which supported the molecular organization implicit in the Danielli—Dayson model.
Twitter mentions and academic citations in the urologic oncology literature.

70Background: Social media use has dramatically increased in academic medicine with over 70% of journals now using twitter accounts. This calls into question if there is a measurable association between academic impact and Twitter use. We sought to quantify the relationship between the number of Twitter mentions and the number of academic citations a urologic oncology publication receives. Methods: 210 papers from 7 prominent urology journals were examined 18 months after publication from December 2014-January 2015. Articles were evaluated with 2 citation based “bibliometrics” (Scopus, Google Scholar) and 1 social media based metric (Altmetric). Altmetric software allowed for individual tweets regarding an article to be examined. Scores and Twitter mentions for oncology and non-oncology publications were compared using ANOVA and contingency analysis. Results: 79 articles were oncology related while 131 pertained to other topics. The mean number of Twitter mentions for oncology articles was 4.1, compared t...
The Quantum Mechanical Computer

It is shown that it is possible to construct an optical parallel computer that has quantum mechanics built into its hardware. This is done by using the multivalued logic formulation of quantum mechanics.
Service System Axioms that Accept Positive and Negative Outcomes and Impacts of Service Systems.

Widely cited papers that have tried to define service science during its brief recognized existence tend to present rosy views of service and service systems that are inconsistent with many published accounts of service in everyday life. This paper proposes definitions and portrayals of service and service system that attempt to cover almost all situations that most people consider services. Based on those definitions and portrayals, it proposes 25 axioms that attempt to describe all sociotechnical and totally automated service systems without implying that outcomes necessarily are positive or negative. The axioms are organized in five categories: 1) service system in context, 2) service system operation, 3) service system goals and goal attainment, 4) service system uncertainties, and 5) service system-related change. This paper also summarizes how specific axioms complement, overlap, or contradict foundational premises of servicedominant logic, which is often described as the conceptual core of service science.