cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 selectivity of widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Abstract Purpose: Both isoforms of cyclo-oxygenase, COX-1 and COX-2, are inhibited to varying degrees by all of the available nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Because inhibition of COX-1 by NSAIDs is linked to gastrointestinal ulcer formation, those drugs that selectively inhibit COX-2 may have less gastrointestinal toxicity. We measured the extent to which NSAIDs and other anti-inflammatory or analgesic drugs inhibit COX-1 and COX-2 in humans. Subjects and Methods: Aliquots of whole blood from 16 healthy volunteers were incubated ex vivo with 25 antiinflammatory or analgesic drugs at six concentrations ranging from 0 (control) to 100 μM (n = 5 for each). Blood was assayed for serum-generated thromboxane B 2 synthesis (COX-1 assay) and for lipopolysaccharide-stimulated prostaglandin E 2 synthesis (COX-2 assay). In addition, gastric biopsies from the same volunteers were incubated with each drug ex vivo and mucosal prostaglandin E 2 synthesis measured. Results: Inhibitory potency and selectivity of NSAIDs for COX-1 and COX-2 activity in blood varied greatly. Some NSAIDs (eg, flurbiprofen, ketoprofen) were COX-1 selective, some (eg, ibuprofen, naproxen) were essentially nonselective, while others (eg, diclofenac, mefenamic acid) were COX-2 selective. Inhibitory effects of NSAIDs on gastric prostaglandin E 2 synthesis correlated with COX-1 inhibitory potency in blood ( P P 2 synthesis at concentrations achieved in vivo. Conclusion: No currently marketed NSAID, even those that are COX-2 selective, spare gastric COX activity at therapeutic concentrations. Thus, all NSAIDs should be used cautiously until safer agents are developed.
Psychopathology and attrition in the Baltimore ECA 15-year follow-up 1981-1996.

Predictors of non-response were investigated in a 15-year follow-up (1981–1996) of 3,481 individuals in a probability sample from the household population of East Baltimore. Demographics (age, sex, race, education, marital status, and unemployment), household factors (living arrangements, household income, household size, and number of children), cultural variables (ancestral ethnicity and foreign language), social variables (social support and networks, committing felony, carrying a weapon, using an alias, and wandering), health factors (physical illness, health insurance, medical assistance, Medicare, receiving disability benefits, social security, and welfare), interviewer's observation, and psychopathologic variables (mental disorders, suicide behavior, comorbidity, and drug use) were collected at baseline in 1981 and in 1982, then linked to follow-up data between 1993 and 1996. A tracing process involving mail, phone, criss-cross directories, motor vehicle administration records, a commercial credit bureau, the state criminal justice system, hospital records, the US National Death Index, and field tracing were used to locate the original sample. A total of 3,066 respondents of the original sample (88.1%) were traced. Non-response was categorized into Sample Mortality (that part of the original sample that died during follow-up), Sample Loss (that part of the original sample that survived but could not be found) and Refusal (that part of the original sample that survived and was found but refused to participate). Stratified analysis and adjusted multiple logistic regression modeling found sample mortality and sample loss were strongly influenced by individual and household variables and by psychopathology. Sample mortality was influenced by specific mental disorders or conditions as mania, drug abuse/dependency, antisocial personality, cognitive impairment, alcohol abuse/dependency, phobia, drug use (except PCP), and comorbidity. Household factors protective against mortality include higher household income, not living as extended members in a married couple family, and living with children in the household. Persons who were unemployed, widowed or single, without high school education, male, and 65 years of age or older were more likely to die. Sample loss was influenced by cognitive impairment, antisocial personality, and cocaine use. Household factors linked to sample loss include living in female-headed families, or non-family households, and living alone. Young nonwhite, divorced/separated, without high school education, and unemployed were also harder to find. Refusal was associated with being white, with incomplete elementary education, living as a spouse in traditional married couple families, or as a child in female-headed families. Psychopathology did not influence refusal.
Preparation and dioxygen binding property of a new zeolite encapsulated cobalt tetramethylporphin complex

Abstract The cobalt tetramethylporphin (tmp) complex in zeolite Y has been prepared and the dioxygen affinity of this material has been measured as a function of the partial pressure of dioxygen and the temperature. Dioxygen binding curves at four temperatures have been constructed and the equilibrium constant ( K eq ), Δ H ° and Δ S ° of the dioxygenation reaction have been deduced. The dioxygen complex formation reaction is exothermic with a strongly negative entropy change. The compound can undergo reversible oxygenation. Cyclic experiments have shown that the complex encaged in zeolite Y is more stable to irreversible oxidation than the equivalent complex without zeolite. The kinetic data obey a pseudo first-order reaction with a rate constant of 2.7 × 10 −5 s −1 at 25 °C.
Timor-Leste and ASEAN: Shaping Region and State in Southeast Asia

Abstract There is a certain ambiguity in the definition of regions and this can be seen in the relationship between the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and Timor-Leste. This article discusses how regional actors have adopted and re-shaped the externally-imposed geographic and political definitions of Southeast Asia. These definitions were stabilized through the institutionalization of policies and practices of exclusion and inclusion which have affirmed the legitimacy of certain entities in the organization (i.e. being ASEAN), the acceptability of certain behaviours (i.e. acting as ASEAN), and the appropriate interpretive frames with which to solve problems (i.e. seeing as ASEAN). This enabled ASEAN to present a modicum of cohesion even while it facilitated the exclusion of East Timor as a ‘legitimate’ political actor in Southeast Asia. Over time, however, these definitions were destabilized by a convergence of external crises and increasing inconsistencies within ASEAN. As ASEAN embarks on...
[Tris(pyrazolyl)borato]vanadium(III) Phosphates: Structural Motifs from the Extended Solid and Models for the Interaction with DNA

The syntheses of five mixed ligand vanadium(III) phosphate/phosphonate complexes are described: dinuclear I, [LVCl{μ-(PhO)2PO2}]2; II, [LVCl{μ-Ph2PO2}]2; and III, [LVCl{μ-PhP(H)O2}]2; along with mononuclear IV, [LV{(PhO)2POS}2DMF]; and V, [LV{(PhO)2PO2}]2·H2O where L = hydrotris(pyrazolyl)borate. X-ray crystal structure analysis of I, II, IV, and V gave the following parameters: I, C12H40B2Cl2N12O8P2V2, P1, a = 9.949(4)A, b = 11.732(4) A, c = 12.729(3) A, α = 110.37(1)°, β = 106.78(1)°, γ = 104.36(1)°, Z = 1, V = 1228.8(7) A3; II, C46H98B2Cl10N12O4P2V2, P1, a = 11.801(2) A, b = 12.086(1) A, c = 12.955(2) A, α = 81.99(1)°, β = 65.51(1)°, γ = 62.60(1)°, Z = 1, V = 1491.1(5) A3; IV, C36H37BN7O7P2S2V, P1, a = 11.003(2) A, b = 11.816(2) A, c = 17.167(5) A, α = 98.68(2)°, β = 101.81(2)°, γ = 102.59(2)°, Z = 2, V = 2087.0(6) A3; V, C69.5H65B2N15O8P4V2, C2/c, a = 12.360(2) A, b = 26.362(4) A, c = 23.254(2) A, β = 91.24(8)°, Z = 4, V = 7575(2) A3. Magnetic measurements indicate little or no interaction betwee...
The Extravesicular Domain of Synaptotagmin-1 Is Released with the Latent Fibroblast Growth Factor-1 Homodimer in Response to Heat Shock

The heparin-binding fibroblast growth factor (FGF) prototypes lack a classical signal sequence, yet their presence is required in the extracellular compartment for the activation of cell-surface receptor-dependent signaling. Early studies with FGF-1 demonstrated its presence in bovine brain as a novel high molecular weight complex, and subsequent studies identified a second heparin-binding protein that co-purified with FGF-1. Polypeptide sequence analysis revealed that this heparin-binding protein corresponded to the extravesicular domain of bovine synaptotagmin (Syn)-1, a transmembrane component of synaptic vesicles involved in the regulation of organelle traffic. Since FGF-1 is released in response to heat shock as a mitogenically inactive Cys-30 homodimer, we sought to determine whether this heparin-binding protein was involved in the release of FGF-1. We report that a proteolytic fragment of the extravesicular domain of Syn-1 is associated with FGF-1 in the extracellular compartment of FGF-1-transfected NIH 3T3 cells following temperature stress. By using heparin-Sepharose affinity to discriminate between the monomer and homodimer forms of FGF-1 and resolution by conventional and limited denaturant gel shift immunoblot analysis, it was possible to identify FGF-1 and Syn-1 as potential components of a denaturant- and reducing agent-sensitive extracellular complex. It was also possible to demonstrate that the expression of an antisense-Syn-1 gene represses the release of FGF-1 in response to heat shock. These data indicate that FGF-1 may be able to utilize the cytosolic face of conventional exocytotic vesicles to traffic to the inner surface of the plasma membrane where it may gain access to the extracellular compartment as a complex with Syn-1.
MEASURING ORGANIZATIONAL DOWNSIDE RISK

Despite widespread incorporation of risk measures in strategy research, there is little consensus regarding the meaning and measurement of risk. In contrast to the variability measures widely used in strategy studies, this paper draws from behavioral decision theory, finance, and management theory to present an alternative perspective on organizational risk-downside risk. The paper explains three categories of organizational downside risk measures based on the concept of lower partial moments. The latter sections of the paper present considerations involved in specifying operational measures of downside risk and an empirical comparison of alternative downside risk measures.
Decolonizing Archaeological Theory at Fort St. Joseph, An Eighteenth-Century Multi-Ethnic Community in the Western Great Lakes Region

Recent archaeologies of colonialism have challenged and significantly revised contemporary imaginings of Indigenous peoples' engagement with Europeans and the impacts of these entanglements on material and social realities. Changes in socio-political climate beginning in the 1970s instigated reconceptualizations that accompanied increas- ingly audible sounds of Native voices and concerns. Political action outside the discipline has heightened archaeologists' self-reflexivity and engendered new theoretical frameworks such as the shift from acculturation to agency models and the trend away from essential- ized categories towards hybridized forms. In this paper, I suggest first that the growing adoption of decolonized archaeological theory is grounded in socio-political experiences and contestation. Second, I challenge a recent reactionary critique of aboriginalism in an effort to enter the ongoing debate on the side of Indigenous archaeology to highlight some of the relationships between materiality, colonialism/ decolonialism, and archaeological theory. Finally, I show how post- colonial theoretical perspectives have influenced the archaeological interpretations of an eighteenth-century, multi-ethnic community in southwest Michigan. New ways of envisioning the past are developed through changing the relationships archaeologists establish with a broader community of stakeholders that influence the interpretations of the data that they recover.
Design of an open-ended coaxial probe for broadband, low-footprint nondestructive characterization of PEC-backed materials

The design of an open-ended coaxial probe for the nondestructive characterization of PEC-backed materials is presented. The design attempts to maximize the measurement bandwidth while limiting the size of the probe flange plate. These design criteria are met by analyzing the theoretical reflection coefficient's behavior versus frequency and the coaxial line's inner radius. Included in this paper are the theoretical derivation of the reflection coefficient, accomplished using Love's equivalence theorem, the parallel-plate Green's function, and the Method of Moments (MoM), and the results of the design analysis. Future work is also discussed
Differential cell surface expression of four lysosomal integral membrane proteins (LIMPs) in normal rat kidney cells.

Abstract Four monoclonal antibodies generated against rat, hepatocyte lysosomal integral membrane proteins (LIMPs) (Barriocanal et al. , 1986a, b) were used as probes to ascertain the distribution of similar proteins in normal rat kidney (NRK) cells. Comparison of immunoprecipitations of LIMPs 1–4 from hepatocytes and NRK cells revealed a marked similarity in the proteins, in both cell types, as determined by SDS-PAGE. Further, the LIMP epitopes recognized by the antibodies are situated intravesicularly. Ultrastructural immunocytochemistry. using pre-embedding peroxidase, revealed that primary and secondary lysosomes in NRK cells are readily stained with all four antibodies, as well as vesicles in the Golgi region. Immunofluorescence microscopy of non-permeabilized NRK cells with antibodies recognizing LIMPs 1 and 4 illustrated a limited but significant punctate staining pattern of the cell surface. Ultrastructural immunoperoxidase indicated these sites to be cell surface localized coated pits and vesicles. However, it is known that all LIMPs are expressed on the cell surface, albeit at different concentrations, although the total number of each LIMP per cell, respectively, is approximately the same (Barriocanal et al. , 1987). Treatment of NRK cells with the acidotropic agent NH 4 Cl decreased the cell surface expression of LIMPs 1, 3 and 4, but had no effect on LIMP 2. Further, the relative diminution of the cell surface expression varied among the four LIMPs. These results are interpreted to suggest that not all lysosomes contain the same integral membrane proteins in their vesicle container.
MODS: optical design for a multi-object dual spectrograph

The paper describes the optical design for the Multi Object Dual Spectrograph (MODS) for the Large Binocular Telescope (LBT). MODS is designed to cover the entire spectrum accessible to silicon CCDs from a ground-based telescope with the highest possible throughput. Multi-object capability is available using 0.6 arc-minute in diameter with reduce image quality. Under the very best seeing conditions and with the LBT adaptive optics in operation, slit widths of 0.3 arc-seconds can be used to enhance the resolving power and/or reduce the background. The optical path is divided into blue and red channels by a dichroic beam splitter following the slit masks. The blue channel covers a wavelength range from the atmospheric cut-off at approximately 300 nm to approximately 550 nm while the red channel covers the range from approximately 550 nm to the limit of useful sensitivity of silicon CCDs. This approach allows the optimization of transmissive and reflective coatings to provide the very highest throughput for each channel. The design is conventional in the use of reflective parabolic collimators. However, the cameras are designed as decentered Schmidt/Maksutovs with large aspheric coefficients for the inner surfaces of the correctors. This approach enables the field flatteners and detector to be positioned outside the beam entering the camera where it will not vignette. Figures are presented showing image quality for imaging and spectrographic modes.
Menger’s causal-realist analysis in modern economics

Carl Menger pioneered a unique theoretical research method which served as the foundation of the early Austrian school of economics. Menger’s causal-realist analysis was revived and formalized just before and after World War 2 by Ludwig von Mises as the “praxeological method.” Murray Rothbard, a student of von Mises’, utilized the method in formulating a comprehensive system of economic theory in his treatise, Man Economy, and State published in the early 1960s. Rothbard’s treatise became the foundational work for the “Austrian revival” in the 1970s. In this paper, we address several issues related to the role of Menger’s method in modern economics. First, ample evidence is adduced that von Mises and Rothbard each expressed a surprising ambivalence with respect to his own work in relation to the early Austrian school. Second, von Mises viewed Rothbard’s treatise as beginning a new epoch in economic theory. Third, contrary to the conventional view, a careful analysis of his treatise shows that Rothbard drew heavily on the contemporary neoclassical literature in developing his theoretical system and that his intent was never to set up a heterodox movement to challenge mainstream economics. Rather, his main aim was to consistently apply the praxeological method to rescue economics from what he considered the alien methodology of positivism, which was imported into economics after World War 2. Lastly, I will tentatively suggest that the term “Austrian economics” as the designation for the intellectual movement that coalesced in the early 1970s may now have outlived its usefulness. This term, which initially served an important strategic purpose in promoting the revival of the broad Mengerian tradition, may have come to obscure the meaning and importance of the praxeological research paradigm that Menger originated.
The Absolute Difference Law For Expectations

We revisit the addition law for expectations and present a sibling law: the absolute law for expectations. We show that these two laws and their corresponding laws for probabilities can be reconciled under a single framework. As an application, we use the absolute law for expectations to calculate the mean absolute deviation. Finally, we remark on a hidden point in a related article previously published on these pages; this will help readers to avoid a potential pitfall.
An error analysis for the calculation of semiintegrals and semiderivatives by the RL algorithm

The numerical approximation of the semiintegral and semiderivative of a function f by the RL algorithm of Oldham and Spanier [1] is examined. An error analysis is given for the case when f has a continuous second derivative. The performance of the algorithm when applied to experimental data is also discussed. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the theory.
Finite Element Analysis of Multi-axis Strain Sensitivities of Bragg Gratings in PM Fibers:

This article presents a numerical analysis of the sensitivity of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors written into polarization maintaining fibers to transverse and thermal loading. These sensors are typically applied for the measurement of multiple strain components for the monitoring of civil structures. The finite element analysis includes both the optical and mechanical variations in the optical fiber. Five fiber types typically used in FBG sensors (elliptical core, D-fiber, elliptical core SAP, Bow-Tie, and Panda) are compared. It is shown that when only the fiber geometry is considered while the material parameters are approximately the same, the D-fiber demonstrates the highest sensitivity to transverse loading. In addition, it is shown that reducing the fiber cladding diameter significantly improves the sensitivities of the FBG sensor to transverse loads. All fiber types exhibit approximately the same sensitivity to thermal loading.
Facilitating students' collaboration and learning in a question and answer system

Green Dolphin (GD) is a question and answer system for students learning programming, with a social web interface. It crowd-sources the task of answering technical questions to the peers of students who ask questions. GD has several original features that make it different from existing systems. It automatically identifies students who are knowledgeable based on their activity, and tags them as experts to whom other students can ask questions. GD provides students with automatic feedback of the quality of code they submit. Thus, students get fast and high quality answers from their peers and the system, freeing up time for teachers. After a student posts a question in GD, it delays making visible answers from instructors and teaching assistants so that other students are encouraged to participate, and have time to answer the question. We believe that this can significantly increase student participation, collaboration and sense of ownership. Students gain new knowledge from the flow of questions and answers in the system. They develop communication skills by asking and answering questions as well as programming and debugging skills.
Steroid Hormones: Effects on Adenyl Cyclase Activity and Adenosine 3',5'-Monophosphate in Target Tissues

The adenyl cyclases of chick oviduct and rat prostate were not stimulated by estrogen and testosterone, respectively, suggesting that growth and differentiation of these target tissues are not mediated by adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate. Estrogen acutely activated adenyl cyclase in the castrate rat uterus, but this was prevented by administration of DL-propranolol, suggesting that the effect was mediated by catecholamines. Progesterone produced a delayed stimulation of oviduct adenyl cyclase preceding and concomitant with the induction of synthesis of avidin.
Enzyme studies of various stages of the blowfly Phormia regina (meig.).

Abstract Investigations on carbohydrate dissimilation in the blowfly Phormia regina have been conducted. Extensive citric acid cycle activity was found to be localized in adult mitochondria, but could not be demonstrated in larvae. Cytochrome oxidase activity was greater in the adult than in larvae. Glycolysis and the pentose cycle system were present in soluble fractions from both the adult and larvae, and the pentose cycle was also indicated in the egg. The presence of three TPN-specific enzymes was demonstrated: isocitric, G-6-P, and 6-PGA dehydrogenases.
Psychiatric disorders in patients with Fabry's disease.

Objective:To determine the frequency and etiology of psychiatric complications in patients with Fabry's disease. Method-Retrospective analysis and review of the records of thirty-three patients with confirmed Fabry's disease.Results:Six patients (18%) developed psychiatric disorders. Five patients suffered depression and two of these patients committed suicide. One patient developed an acute confusional episode with subsequent development of behavioral changes as a complication of cerebrovascular disease.Conclusions:Psychiatric disorders, most commonly depression, complicate Fabry's disease and contribute to the morbidity and mortality of this disease.
Straighten Up and Act Like a Lady: A Qualitative Study of Lesbian Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence

Although scholars have been studying domestic violence for decades now, it is only recently that domestic violence occurring in non-heterosexual relationships has received noteworthy attention. Several researchers have called for further study of lesbian intimate partner violence (IPV) and the experiences of lesbian survivors. This exploratory study was designed to uncover the experiences of lesbian survivors in regards to their background of violence, perception of lesbian community attitudes, and experience with seeking help. Using modified grounded theory, I was able to expose several recurring themes in the data, including the following: history of violence; gendered belief of violence; the reality of lesbian intimate partner violence; help seeking and the silence surrounding lesbian intimate partner violence in the lesbian community; and the roles of homophobia and heterosexism in lesbian intimate partner violence. Survivors repeatedly reported feeling silenced, isolated, and helpless due to the lack...
Exploration of three-dimensional computer graphics in cockpit avionics

There has been a trend during the 1980s in commercial airliner cockpits of replacing many of the round-faced, analog instruments with CRT displays. However, the computer graphics technology that is utilized in these CRT displays is more than ten years old and frequently simply mimics the appearance of the older, analog displays. We will explore some of the possible uses of state of the art, three dimensional computer graphics as an integrator and as a visualizer of flight information. Using computer models of primary navigational features and the ray-tracing rendering technique, three-dimensional, symbolic representations of flight information are explored. Flight tasks investigated include enroute navigation, collision avoidance, weather, and the instrument approach.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Ancient Economy in the Bible

Understanding the ancient economy in the Bible requires a special set of conceptual tools. This article discusses books that will help the modem reader to visualize this important social dimension in the biblical traditions.
A micromachined, single-crystal silicon, tunable resonator

We present a fully integrated, single-crystal silicon (SCS), micromachined tunable resonator with a natural resonant frequency of nominally 1 MHz and a room temperature quality factor approaching 10,000 in vacuum. The microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) process used to create the SCS tunable resonators is fully compatible with VLSI technology. These resonators can be electrostatically excited and turned simultaneously or independently in both the x and y dimensions (in-plane), and can be further enhanced with a third dimension excitation (out-of-plane, z) and with reference marks (tips) for position detection in sensor applications. The dimensions of our microbeam tunable resonators are sub-micrometer in width and a few micrometers in height, with variable lengths ranging from 10 mu m to a few hundred mu m to achieve the desired natural (un-tuned) resonant frequencies. The prototype first generation tunable resonator has a measured out-of-plane (z) natural resonant frequency of 0.96 MHz and a quality factor of 4370. This resonator has a linear tuning range (with respect to the transverse (z) tuning force) of 60 kHz with a maximum required dc tuning voltage of 35 V. We describe the structure, the fabrication process, the frequency tuning, and the non-linear frequency response of the tunable resonators.
Restraints in Long Term Care

This paper reviews the research and practice literature regarding the use of chemical and mechanical restraints in long term care. Impacts of use and non-use of restraints on residents, families, and long term care staff are evaluated, as well as ethical-legal considerations to balance resident autonomy and safety. Recent mandates for the reduction of restraint use are discussed with an emphasis on the processes needed to effect attitudinal and institutional changes.
Robotic prostatectomy diffusion safety concerns: reality or just illusion?

The issue of dissemination of novel surgical procedures, regardless ofwhether theyuse new technology, is an important one. Patient safety should be the centerpiece of the mechanism by which diffusion occurs. As Parsons and colleagues pointedout in their article for JAMA Surgery,1 current systemsfor theadoptionofnovel procedures are not formalizednor are they consistent across practices. Designing anew adoption system that ensures quality of care is a laudable but formidable task. Such a system must remove industry influenceon surgeons andhospitals andallowprocedures to stand on their ownandbeobjectively testedbeforewidespreaduse. Whilewe applaud the efforts of Parsons et al1 for attempting to evaluate the safety of robotic prostatectomy diffusion, we draw different conclusions from their analysis. The only finding with statistical significance is a 2-fold increase in the adjustedodds ratio of Patient Safety Indicators (PSIs) forminimally invasive radicalprostatectomycomparedwithopenradical prostatectomy in 2005. In all other years, no statistically significant differences were uncovered. Disappointingly, the absolute rates of PSIs in 2005 are not shared with the reader; however, they were likely low given the less than 2% overall prevalence reported.Whether this difference is clinically significant is impossible to ascertain from this report. Furthermore, the typesof PSIswheredifferenceswerenotedwerenot given, making it difficult to draw any definitive conclusions (eg, hematoma [PSI 9]maynot be comparablewithdeath [PSI 4]). Additionally, this data set is contaminatedwithpure laparoscopic prostatectomy cases and fails to adjust for important confounders suchas surgeonexperienceanddiseasecharacteristics. Finally, key outcomes, such as cancer recurrence andqualityof life, arenot included. If anything, this studydemonstrates that even in its early adoption, minimally invasive radical prostatectomyseems tobe comparablewithopen radical prostatectomy in terms of PSIs reported.
An Inter-Battery Factor Analytic Approach To Linear Predictive Systems:

1 A paper presented to the Conference on Current Research and Concepts related to Personnel Selection and Classification conducted by the Naval Per sonnel and Training Research Laboratory, San Diego, California, on 6-7 October 1970. Preparation of this report was supported in part by a PHS research grant No. M-10006 from the National Institute of Mental Health, Public Health Service.
Systematic review: applications and future of gastric electrical stimulation

Summary Background Over the past 20 years, gastric electrical stimulation has received increasing attention among researchers and clinicians. Aim To give a systematic review on the effects, mechanisms and applications of gastric electrical stimulation. Methods Medline was used to identify the articles to be included in this review. Key words used for the search included gastric electrical stimulation, gastric pacing, electrical stimulation, stomach, gastrointestinal motility, central nervous system, gastroparesis, nausea and vomiting; obesity and weight loss. Combinational uses of these keywords were made to identify relevant articles. Most of the articles included in this review ranged from 1985 to 2006. Results Based on the general search, the review was structured as follows: (i) peripheral and central effects and mechanisms of gastric electrical stimulation; (ii) clinical applications of gastric electrical stimulation for gastroparesis and obesity and (iii) future development of gastric electrical stimulation. Conclusions Great progress has been made during the past decades. Gastric electrical stimulation has been shown to be effective in normalizing gastric dysrhythmia, accelerating gastric emptying and improving nausea and vomiting. Implantable device has been made available for treating gastroparesis as well as obesity. However, development of a new device and controlled clinical studies are required to further prove clinical efficacy of gastric electrical stimulation.
Ultrastructural preservation of nuclei and chromatin: improvement with low‐temperature methods

The ultrastructure of chromatin has been examined in nuclei prepared by a variety of low-temperature methods. Embedding glutaraldehyde (GA)-fixed nuclei in Lowicryl K4M or K11M following dehydration by the progressive lowering of temperature (PLT) method, or in K11M following spray freezing and freeze substitution (FS), produces chromatin fibres that have, in situ, a diameter close to the in vivo state, and show internal structural details consistent with patterns of nucleosome packing previously observed only in preparations of isolated fibres. This is a temperature-dependent effect; fibres conventionally dehydrated and embedded in Lowicryl at 0 degrees C or in conventional epoxy resin at 60 degrees C have lower and less uniform diameters, and lack internal structural details. Of the techniques used, spray freezing followed by FS resulted in the most notable improvement over conventional methods. Inclusion of GA during FS of rapidly frozen, unfixed nuclei in methanol does not result in cross-linking of nuclear proteins. In acetone, however, cross-linking by GA occurs at -45 degrees C, or at lower temperatures if the water content of the acetone-based FS media is kept deliberately high. Substitution regimes employing GA alone or in combination with uranyl acetate and/or osmium tetroxide do not result in fibre morphologies comparable to either prefixed or unfixed nuclei substituted in additive-free substitution media. Whole fibroblasts show excellent preservation of nuclei and the nuclear/cytoplasmic interface after spray freezing followed by FS and low-temperature embedding.
Physico-chemical properties of South American iguanid albumins.

Except for a markedly reduced anodal electrophoretic mobility, the serum albumin of the Galapagos marine iguana was physico-chemically identical to that of terrestrial iguanids. Reduction in albumin net charge may have facilitated the adaptation of this species to a semi-aquatic environment.
Use of Self in the Context of Youth Work

Used in the education of counselors, nurses, occupational therapists and social workers, “use of self” is a way of understanding how practitioners bring about human change. In this article, the author discusses how use of self can be applied to youth work and is related to “developmentally responsive practice” thereby providing a deep theoretical construct for understanding youth work as relational. The author concludes by presenting the barriers to the use of self paradigm in the current climate of assessment and accountability, designed to measure static inputs and outputs rather than dynamic systems or ecologies and presents a challenge to the field for designing methodologies that are equally dynamic, responsive and relational.
Lewis-inspired representation of dissociable water in clusters and Grotthuss chains

Proton transfer to and from water is critical to the function of water in many settings. However, it has been challenging to model. Here, we present proof-of-principle for an efficient yet robust model based on Lewis-inspired submolecular particles with interactions that deviate from Coulombic at short distances to take quantum effects into account. This “LEWIS” model provides excellent correspondence with experimental structures for water molecules and water clusters in their neutral, protonated and deprotonated forms; reasonable values for the proton affinities of water and hydroxide; a good value for the strength of the hydrogen bond in the water dimer; the correct order of magnitude for the stretch and bend force constants of water; and the expected time course for Grotthuss transport in water chains.
THE USE OF A COMPUTER WITH AN INSTRON FOR TEXTURAL MEASUREMENTS3

A minicomputer was interfaced with an Instron so that force/deformation tests could be performed and analyzed automatically. The equipment eliminates time consuming measurements and transcription of data from recorder charts. The data extracted include force, deformation, slope and area variables not previously reported as well as the usual texture profile parameters. Procedures and analyses are illustrated by texture profile measurement of apple tissue. Comparison of visually and computer selected force at failure indicate satisfactory computer identification of the Texture Profile ‘ yracturability” parameter, the parameter most difficult to interpret for apples.
Switching flow graph nonlinear modeling method for multi-state switching converters

Switching converters operating in multi-state switching mode (more than two states) feature multidimensional control over their state variables. In this paper, a large-signal multi-state modeling method is developed based on the switching flow graph method to study the steady-state and dynamic properties of the multi-state switching converters. This modeling method uses graphic presentation to reveal the cause and effect relationship of the dynamics within a multidimensional converter. A three-state buck-boost circuit is conceived with two duty ratios controlling double outputs as an example to test this modeling method. The experimental results confirm the theoretical prediction closely. This multistate switching flow graph modeling method is very general, easy to use, and accurate. It provides deep physical insight for engineering design.
A personal mobile DRM manager for smartphones

In this paper we report on our experience in building the experimental Personal Digital Rights Manager for Motorola smartphones, an industry first. Digital Rights Management allows producers or owners of digital content to control the manner in which the content is consumed. This may range from simply preventing duplication to finer access policies such as restricting who can use the content, on what devices, and for how long. In most commercial DRM systems, the average end user plays the role of content consumer, using DRM protected content made available by a service. Here we present a personal digital rights system for mobile devices where the end user has the ability to place DRM protection and controls on his or her own personal content. We designed the personal DRM system to allow users of a mobile device to transparently define controls and generate licenses on custom content and securely transfer them to other mobile devices. A user is able to define and restrict the intended audience and ensure expiration of the content as desired. Compatible devices automatically detect each other and exchange credentials. The personal DRM system on each device safely enforces the content usage rules and also handles moving licenses between devices while preventing leakage of content. We implemented a prototype of our system on Motorola E680i smartphones.
The stress–strain behavior of polymer–nanotube composites from molecular dynamics simulation

Stress-strain curves of polymer-carbon nanotube composites are derived from molecular dynamics simulations of a single-walled carbon nanotube embedded in polyethylene. A comparison is made between the response to mechanical loading of a composite with a long, continuous nanotube (replicated via periodic boundary conditions) and the response of a composite with a short, discontinuous nanotube. Both composites are mechanically loaded in the direction of and transverse to the NT axis. The long-nanotube composite shows an increase in the stiffness relative to the polymer and behaves anisotropically under the different loading conditions. The short-nanotube composite shows no enhancement relative to the polymer, most probably because of its low aspect ratio. The stress-strain curves are compared with rule-of-mixtures predictions.
Did the Mediterranean Sea Dry Out During the Miocene? A Reassessment of the Evaporite Evidence from DSDP Legs 13 and 42A Cores

ABSTRACT The idea that the Mediterranean Sea dried out completely during the late Miocene (Messinian, 5-6 Ma) is now widely accepted. This idea, first published in 1972 (Hsu 1972a; Hsu 1972b) grew out of the interpretation by Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) scientists that the evaporites recovered from beneath the floor of the Mediterranean by drilling on DSDP Legs 13 (1970) and 42A (1975) were of shallow-water origin. Since that time, there have been a number of advances in understanding of evaporite depositional processes, and with this in mind, we have reexamined the evidence provided by the DSDP evaporite cores. We show that the case for deposition of the Miocene evaporites of the sub-Mediterranean under shallow-water conditions is based on interpretations that are either equivocal or incorrect. Several features of these evaporites used by the DSDP workers as evidence of shallow-water conditions are more compatible with deposition under deep-water (below wave base) conditions, and others can only be considered as of uncertain origin. In addition, coring has sampled only the upper few tens of meters of the evaporites, a factor that seriously limits any interpretation of the origin of the deposit as a whole. In view of these findings, we suggest that the question of the origin of the Miocene evaporites beneath the floor of the Mediterranean Sea be reexamined by the geologic and oceanographic communities.
Benchtop comparison of a novel dynamic compression screw to a standard cortical screw: compression integrity and gap size over time during simulated resorption.

Literature reports the incidence of failed isolated foot and ankle fusions as up to 23%. A contributing factor is the natural bone resorption, which occurs resulting in loss of compression and gapping at the fusion site when standard static compression plates and screws are used. However, an innovative dynamic compression screw may provide lasting compression despite resorption. This benchtop study shows that the FxDEVICES spring-loaded dynamic POGO screw maintains more compression and more consistent compression rate during simulated resorption, as compared with a standard compression screw. The novel screw maintained much greater compression strength within the first millimeter of simulated resorption (13.57 vs 4.38 lb) and maintained greater compression strength at the test completion (1.14 vs 0 lb). The novel screw revealed a more consistent resorption rate over the duration of the simulation. Clinically, this may result in more stability and improved fusion rates.Levels of Evidence: Level V
When “Flawed” Translates into “Flood”: The Unproven Association Between Cancer Incidence and Glargine Insulin Therapy

Disclosures: Jose M. de Miguel-Yanes: Consultant/advisory role: sanofi-aventis; James B. Meigs: Consultant/advisory role: sanofi-aventis, Interleukin Genetics; Research funding/contracted research: sanofi-aventis, GlaxoSmithKline. The content of this article has been reviewed by independent peer reviewers to ensure that it is balanced, objective, and free from commercial bias. No financial relationships relevant to the content of this article have been disclosed by the independent peer reviewers.
Participation in high-impact sports predicts bone mineral density in senior olympic athletes.

Background:Loss of bone mineral density (BMD) and resultant fractures increase with age in both sexes. Participation in resistance or high-impact sports is a known contributor to bone health in young athletes; however, little is known about the effect of participation in impact sports on bone density as people age.Hypothesis:To test the hypothesis that high-impact sport participation will predict BMD in senior athletes, this study evaluated 560 athletes during the 2005 National Senior Games (the Senior Olympics).Study Design:Cross-sectional methods. The athletes completed a detailed health history questionnaire and underwent calcaneal quantitative ultrasound to measure BMD. Athletes were classified as participating in high impact sports (basketball, road race [running], track and field, triathalon, and volleyball) or non-high-impact sports. Stepwise linear regression was used to determine the influence of high-impact sports on BMD.Results:On average, participants were 65.9 years old (range, 50 to 93). The...
Understanding Humanity’s Damaged Future

The notion that social facts can be caused only by other social facts is obsolete. Human societies today are affected by biogeochemical change. ‘‘Developed’’ human societies so overuse the finite planet they share with ‘‘underdeveloped’’ societies that the future of all is threatened. Medicine’s prosthesis concept becomes useful for sociology when extended beyond referring to devices for replacing lost body parts or restoring impaired sensory powers. If we regard all modern tools and machines as prosthetic devices, we see them enabling humans to act as giants—giving us colossal resource appetites and huge environmental impacts. Prosthetic apparatus (and familiar assumptions) previously useful are subject to obsolescence. But there is cultural lag. Conceptual habits restrict the way we see our world. The bubble of twentieth century experience obstructs our understanding of the future into which we giants are plummeting. To explain severe hardships ahead in the twenty-first century, sociologists need to break out of our discipline’s traditional conceptual bubble. Twentieth century expectations have become misleading. The basis of past progress (a carrying capacity surplus) is gone, replaced by a carrying capacity deficit. Earth’s diminished carrying capacity will sustain fewer (dinosaur-equivalent) Homo colossus than original Homo sapiens. As the 44th president of the United States said in his inaugural address, we cannot ‘‘consume the world’s resources without regard to effect. For the world has changed, and we must change with it.’’ It is important for sociologists to explore the world’s change and elucidate the implications for human societies. For several decades my colleague Riley Dunlap and I have sought to persuade sociologists our discipline can no longer afford adherence to the restrictive notion that when explaining social phenomena we must cite only social facts as causal (Catton and Dunlap 1978). Human societies have come to a time when biological, geological, physical, chemical, and other classes of phenomena have undeniable sociological relevance (Youngquist 1997). Both the public and sociologists do seem to be putting behind us as archaic blunders the racist notions once so determinative of societal structure.
Evaluation of beam-path configurations for use with a monostatic OP-FTIR capable of rapid beam movement for tomographic reconstruction of gas and vapor concentrations in workplaces

Beam path average data from an open path Fourier transform infrared (OP-FTIR) spectrometer can be used to reconstruct 2D concentration maps of the gas and vapor contaminants in workplaces using computed tomographic (CT) techniques. However, a practical limitation arises because many source and detector units are required to produce a sufficient number of intersecting beam paths in order to reconstruct concentration maps. A monostatic OP-FTIR system which is capable of rapid beam movement can be used to eliminate this deficiency. Instead of many source and detector units, a number of the intersecting folded beam paths can be obtained using many flat mirrors and retro-reflectors. We conducted tests of several beam configurations generated for a single scanning FTIR system using 54 flat mirrors and 56 retro-reflectors mounted along the perimeter walls of a typical sized 24 foot by 21 foot test room. The virtual source CT configurations were tested using concentration maps created from tracer gas concentration distributions measured experimentally in a test chamber. Computer simulations of different beam configurations were used to determine the optimal beam geometry. We found that high concentration areas and the general concentration gradient pattern could be resolved from tomographic reconstructions calculated based on 102 folded beam paths. However, the reconstructions showed some effects from noise and peak-smearing artifacts. The noise level could be reduced and the quality of reconstruction maps were improved by using a spline interpolation method to correct for the influence of folded rays. We refer to this approach as a virtual source CT geometry.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.