cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HAMLET-an expression compiler/optimizer for the implementation of heuristics to minimize multiple-valued programmable logic arrays

A description is given of HAMLET, a CAD tool written in C, that translates a user specification of a multiple-valued expression into a layout of a multiple-valued programmable logic array (MVL-PLA) which realizes that expression. It is modular to accommodate future minimization heuristics and future MVL-PLA technologies. At present, it implements two heuristics and one MVL-PLA technology, current-node CMOS. Specifically, HAMLET accepts a sum-of-products expression from the user, applies a minimization heuristic, and then produces a PLA layout of a multiple-valued current-mode CMOS PLA. In addition to its design capabilities, HAMLET can analyze heuristics. Random functions can be generated, heuristics applied, and statistics computed on the results. User-derived expressions can also be analyzed. In addition to the minimization heuristics, HAMLET can apply search strategies based on these heuristics, which, in the extreme, are exhaustive, producing true minimal forms. >
Review: The Third Domain: The untold story of Archaea and the future of biotechnology by Tim Friend

Are the Archaea a new form of life? No matter how awe-inspiring they may be, biologist Lynn Margulis thinks not
Human parasitism by Otobius megnini (Acari: Argasidae) in New Mexico, USA.

Otobius megnini parasitizing humans, 7 cases reported, infestations appeared to produce little annoyance and no pain, potential health problem particularly in rural areas where humans have close association with domestic animals, infestations could result in inner ear damage or transmission of infectious disease agents
On the Extreme Rotor and Support Structure Response of an Offshore Wind Turbine in an Evolving Hurricane

This study examines extreme response statistics for a monopile-supported 5-MW offshore wind turbine in 20 meters of water that is subjected to coupled wind and wave input fields during a hurricane. Over approximately 120 hours, these hurricane-induced input fields yield changing characteristics of the excitation and the response of a parked turbine. As the storm evolves, the directionality of the wind and waves changes; short-crested waves are simulated and associated wind velocity fields are generated. Aerodynamic loads on the rotor and hydrodynamic loads on the support structure are simulated in coupled response analyses. Because yaw control backup power is not assured during the hurricane, different assumptions on yaw misalignment are assumed in the turbine response simulations. Time series of various turbine response measures are evaluated. Response extremes are of particular interest; we discuss the relative importance of wind and waves on the overall turbine performance during the storm. We also assess the role of yaw control systems and the effect of loss of power to such systems during tropical storms by examining the turbine response for alternative situations of turbine misalignment. Ultimately, this study seeks to provide the framework for assessing turbine designs for tropical cyclone conditions.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
LAURIE A. BRAND, Women, the State, and Political Liberalization: Middle Eastern and North African Experiences (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998). Pp. 320. $50 cloth, $18.50 paper.

In this important book, Laurie Brand asks whether the all-too-brief political openings in the Middle East and North Africa had a positive or a negative impact on women's rights and whether the many Islamist and women's rights groups influenced that impact. She begins with a thoughtful statement describing her background and philosophical orientation vis-a-vis her study (pp. xv–xvi). Many authors of scholarly books find this very difficult to do, but it is helpful for serious readers and should be an expected practice. She also takes care to define her terms. “Women's status” here means women's legal status and women's rights to organize. She prefers to use “conservative forces” for “Islamism” or “Islamic fundamentalism,” though this varies in the text, and “conservative” for “traditional.” “Progress for women” means reproductive rights and access to divorce, though, as she notes, many women would ask for clean running water, good educational facilities, decent working conditions, and increased wages before reproductive rights and access to divorce. It is of course difficult to separate civil and political rights from social and economic rights; which comes first is like the chicken and the egg conundrum.
X-linked hydrocephalus. Further observations.

The neuropathologic findings in a case of hydrocephalus of the X-linked recessive aqueductal stenosis type have been studied and compared with those previously reported from the same pedigree as well as with other cases from the literature. Additional pathological findings not previously recorded included: absence of the septum pellucidum and corpus callosum with malformation of the corpora quadrigemina and partial midline fusion of the fornices and thalami and fusion of thalamus with basal ganglia. These new findings indicate a broader phenotypic spectrum of this form of congenital X-linked recessive aqueductal stenosis than was previously known. Additional data from a diagnostic/genetic study of severely mentally retarded individuals are cited to show that 4 out of 5 familial cases of hydrocephalus without spina bifida are compatible with X-linked inheritance.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Salt Rejection in Model Surface-Modified Nanopores

This Letter describes molecular dynamics simulations of pressure-induced flow of water and aqueous salt solutions through model nanopores. The systems studied are comprised of (n,n) carbon nanotubes (CNT) that span a membrane constructed of parallel graphene walls separating two solution reservoirs. We employ this system as an idealized model of surface-modified nanoporous membranes, and thus, both native hydrophobic CNT and nanotubes with artificial surface partial charge patterns are considered. The dependence of the fluxes of water and ions on the nanopore size, nanopore charge patterns, and pressure difference are explored using nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulation. We demonstrate size- and structure-dependent salt rejection and show evidence of salt flux rectification for our asymmetric nanopore model.
Role of DT diaphorase the cytotoxicity of menadione and 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide in cultured mammalian fibroblastic cells

Abstract The role of DT diaphorase on the cytotoxicity (reduction in colony formation frequency) of menadione and 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO) was examined in two fibroblastic cell lines (Chinese hamster V79H3 cells and NG2 Syrian hamster cells). The addition of dicoumarol (10 −4 M − 3 × 10 −4 M), a specific inhibitor of DT diaphorase, resulted in an intensification of the cytotoxicity of menadione, supporting the hypothesis that DT diaphorase protects cells against the oxidative stress induced by quinones. On the other hand, the toxicity of 4NQO was greatly reduced by the addition of dicoumarol (10 −5 M − 3 × 10 −4 M), showing that DT diaphorase is the key (or the sole) enzyme involved in the activation of 4NQO in the above cells.
Cryophilic Organisms in Water and Butter

Summary 1.In plating out creamery water samples and butter samples on two differential media, it was found that 20° C. incubation gave, in most cases, the highest counts. However, 8° C. incubation yielded counts that were of considerable magnitude. In no sample did 37° C. incubation produce maximum total counts. 2.Caseolytic and lipolytic cultures capable of vigorous growth at 8° C. were isolated and purified. Of the forty-one cultures studied, twenty-eight belonged to the genus Pseudomonas, five to the genus Flavobacterium, six were species of Alcaligenes, one was classified as an Achromobacter, and one was a non-lactose-fermenting yeast. 3.Incubation studies using sterile cream inoculated with pure cultures showed that a large majority of these cultures were capable of causing extensive deterioration as measured by odor production. The production of odor defects typical of each culture depended on the temperature and the time of incubation. 4.The effect of five pure cultures on cream and skim milk was observed organoleptically and measured by acidity and formol titration. It was found that the intensity of the odor production was not correlated with extensive protein deterioration, as measured by the formol titration. It was also observed that odor production was more intense in cream than in skim milk. Positive qualitative tests for hydrogen sulfide and the presence of mercaptans were obtained during the process of distillation of several of the cultured cream samples.
Attenuation of hormone responses to the 5-HT1A agonist ipsapirone by long-term treatment with fluoxetine, but not desipramine, in male rats

The present study had two objectives: (1) to provide information on neuroendocrine challenge tests that can lead to diagnostic tests in humans; and (2) to confirm our previous observation that chronic fluoxetine selectively inhibits serotonin (5-HT1A) receptor function. We determined the effect of chronic fluoxetine and desipramine (DMI) on the hormone response to ipsapirone, a 5-HT1A agonist and a potential anxiolytic drug. Ipsapirone increased oxytocin, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), corticosterone, and prolactin, but not renin or vasopressin concentrations in plasma. Chronic fluoxetine, but not DMI, significantly inhibited the effect of ipsapirone on plasma oxytocin, ACTH and corticosterone concentrations. Chronic fluoxetine also reduced the Bmax for 3H-8-hydroxy-2-(dipropylamino) tetralin (3H-8-OH-DPAT) labelled 5-HT1A receptors in the midbrain. Neither antidepressant altered the density or affinity of 5-HT uptake sites. In conclusion, the present results confirm our previous results using 8-OH-DPAT as a challenge, and suggest that chronic 5-HT uptake inhibition results in adaptive changes leading to decreased function of the 5-HT1A receptor system. Finally, because ipsapirone may be administered to humans, it might be usable to evaluate 5-HT1A receptor function in depressed patients.
Student Socialization in Interdisciplinary Doctoral Education.

Interdisciplinary approaches are often seen as necessary for attacking the most critical challenges facing the world today, and doctoral students and their training programs are recognized as central to increasing interdisciplinary research capacity. However, the traditional culture and organization of higher education are ill-equipped to facilitate interdisciplinary work. This study employs a lens of socialization to study the process through which students learn the norms, values, and culture of both traditional disciplines and integrated knowledge production. It concludes that many of the processes of socialization are similar, but that special attention should be paid to overcoming organizational barriers to interdisciplinarity related to policies, space, engagement with future employers, and open discussion of the politics of interdisciplinarity.
Radially convergent groundwater flow in sloping terrain

The groundwater flow equation governing the elevation (h) of the steady-state phreatic surface in a sloping aquifer fed by constant recharge over a bi-circular sector is rhh′ − r 2 Bh′ + Pr 2 − PR 2 = 0, where r is the radial coordinate, P is a constant involving recharge and aquifer properties, and B is the slope of the aquifer—bedrock boundary. The derived flow equation describes radially convergent flow through a sloping aquifer that discharges to a water body of fixed head. One important simplification is that in which the width of the bi-circular sector is constant, and the draining land becomes a rectangular aquifer. The bi-circular sector and rectangular-strip groundwater flow problems are solved in terms of implicit equations. The solutions for the steady-state phreatic surfaces depend on the ratio of recharge to hydraulic conductivity, the slope of the aquifer-bedrock, and the downstream constant-head boundary. Computational examples illustrate the application of the solutions.
Understanding Usability and User Experience of Web-Based 3D Graphics Technology

As Web-based interactive 3D graphics (Web 3D), popularly referred to as Virtual Reality, continue to become more affordable, research and development groups in various fields have been adopting Web 3D technology. In addition to simulation of 3D content, the ability to instantly display alternative looks has been recognized as an innovative way to improve communication in such fields as product design, architecture, and e-commerce. Despite substantial adoption of Web 3D, how and how much the technology benefits target users as well as the providers who choose to adapt the Web 3D technology are not well understood. Previous research has established that interactive 3D graphics provide users with unique human–computer interaction (HCI). However, little is known about how users experience the Web 3D graphics technology and how user–system interaction contributes to system usability. The purpose of this study is to build new knowledge of the user experience with interactive-3D graphics systems used for product...
A quantitative assay for the number of chromophores on a chromoprotein; its application to phycoerythrin and phycocyanin

Abstract A non-destructive assay for the number of chromophore groups, R , associated with a chromoprotein ( e.g. phycoerythrin, phycocyanin) and the molar extinction coefficient e m can be made with the aid of the chromoprpteid's particle weight, specific extinction coefficient, fluorescence lifetime, and fluorescence yield. The ϵ m and R for phycocyanin and phycoerythrin were determined to be respectively 8·10 4 l/mole cm and 26, and 1.5·10 4 l/mole cm and 30. The ϵ m 's are lower and the R 's higher than those obtained previously by chemical analysis.
Nuclear spin and inversion state selection of NH3 via molecular beam electric deflection

Abstract A nuclear-spin and inversion state-selected NH 3 beam is produced by coupling molecular beam electric deflection techniques with the extreme rotational cooling of a pulsed supersonic expansion. Two-photon resonant three-photon ionization is used to probe the molecular beam quantum state distribution. The resulting beam is predominantly (> 95%) in a single quantum state (neglecting hyperfine structure), namely J k = 1 1 , in the upper inversion state with para nuclear spin symmetry.
Acyclic archaebacterial ether lipids in swamp sediments

Abstract Acyclic phytanyl diether glycerol and biphytanyl ether lipids have been quantified in two modern swamp sediment cores in concentrations ranging up to 360 μg/ml porewater. Methanogenic bacteria are the only known source organisms which can inhabit the swamp sediments. Variations in relative abundance between these lipids may reflect taxonomic changes in methanogen populations or the stage of growth. Maxima in methanogen lipid concentrations coincide with local maxima of 13 C of organic matter, possibly the result of a pool effect on CO 2 or acetate. Methane production estimates calculated from lipid concentrations in swamp sediments range from 0.1 to 1.3 mmol cm −2 yr −1 , values which are consistent with published methane fluxes.
TU-C-17A-04: BEST IN PHYSICS (THERAPY) - A Supervised Framework for Automatic Contour Assessment for Radiotherapy Planning of Head- Neck Cancer

Purpose: Precise contour delineation of tumor targets and critical structures from CT simulations is essential for accurate radiotherapy (RT) treatment planning. However, manual and automatic delineation processes can be error prone due to limitations in imaging techniques and individual anatomic variability. Tedious and laborious manual verification is hence needed. This study develops a general framework for automatically assessing RT contours for head-neck cancer patients using geometric attribute distribution models (GADMs). Methods: Geometric attributes (centroid and volume) were computed from physician-approved RT contours of 29 head-neck patients. Considering anatomical correlation between neighboring structures, the GADM for each attribute was trained to characterize intra- and interpatient structure variations using principal component analysis. Each trained GADM was scalable and deformable, but constrained by the principal attribute variations of the training contours. A new hierarchical model adaptation algorithm was utilized to assess the RT contour correctness for a given patient. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were employed to evaluate and tune system parameters for the training models. Results: Experiments utilizing training and non-training data sets with simulated contouring errors were conducted to validate the framework performance. Promising assessment results of contour normality/abnormality for the training contour-based data were achieved with excellent accuracy (0.99), precisionmore » (0.99), recall (0.83), and F-score (0.97), while corresponding values of 0.84, 0.96, 0.83, and 0.9 were achieved for the non-training data. Furthermore, the areas under the ROC curves were above 0.9, validating the accuracy of this test. Conclusion: The proposed framework can reliably identify contour normality/abnormality based upon intra- and inter-structure constraints derived from clinically-approved contours. It also allows physicians to analytically determine the system parameters to fit various clinic requirements (e.g. as-low-as-possible false positives). It has great potential for improving RT work flow. More geometric attributes and training sets will be investigated to improve framework performance in the future.« less
Primary megaureter in infants and children: a review.

Primary megaureter is a common cause of obstructive uropathy in children. The imaging studies and records of 75 infants and children with primary megaureter seen at Children’s Hospital were reviewed. We describe our findings and illustrate the clinical presentations, diagnosis, and treatment of this entity.
Recent Advances in Laser-based Diagnostics for Gaseous Flows

Laser-based diagnostic techniques offer unique capabilities for experimentation on gaseous flows. In this paper, we overview recent progress of two concepts: spectrally resolved absorption and planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) imaging. The absorption measurements utilize tunable diode lasers (TDLs) as light sources. Recent TDL applications include a wavelength-multiplexed system for rapid temperature sensing for use in combustion control, and absorption probes for time-resolved measurements of temperature, velocity and species concentrations in a hypersonic shock tunnel. Recent PLIF work includes applications to supersonic, exothermic flowfields relevant to ram accelerators, and development of a method for imaging temperature in air flows using acetone seeding.
Exercise Program for Nursing Home Residents with Alzheimer's Disease: A 1-Year Randomized, Controlled Trial

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effectiveness of an exercise program in improving ability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs), physical performance, and nutritional status and decreasing behavioral disturbance and depression in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). DESIGN: Randomized, controlled trial. SETTING: Five nursing homes. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred thirty-four ambulatory patients with mild to severe AD. INTERVENTION: Collective exercise program (1 hour, twice weekly of walk, strength, balance, and flexibility training) or routine medical care for 12 months. MEASUREMENTS: ADLs were assessed using the Katz Index of ADLs. Physical performance was evaluated using 6-meter walking speed, the get-up-and-go test, and the one-leg-balance test. Behavioral disturbance, depression, and nutritional status were evaluated using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory, the Montgomery and Asberg Depression Rating Scale, and the Mini-Nutritional Assessment. For each outcome measure, the mean change from baseline to 12 months was calculated using intention-to-treat analysis. RESULTS: ADL mean change from baseline score for exercise program patients showed a slower decline than in patients receiving routine medical care (12-month mean treatment differences: ADL=0.39, P=.02). A significant difference between the groups in favor of the exercise program was observed for 6-meter walking speed at 12 months. No effect was observed for behavioral disturbance, depression, or nutritional assessment scores. In the intervention group, adherence to the program sessions in exploratory analysis predicted change in ability to perform ADLs. No adverse effects of exercise occurred. CONCLUSION: A simple exercise program, 1 hour twice a week, led to significantly slower decline in ADL score in patients with AD living in a nursing home than routine medical care.
Fill-in and infill errors in order memory.

Many current models of memory are specified with enough detail to make predictions about patterns of errors in memory tasks. However, there are often not enough empirical data available to test these predictions. We report two experiments that examine the relative frequency of fill‐in and infill errors. In immediate serial recall tasks, subjects sometimes incorrectly recall item N too soon, placing it in position N−1. The error of interest is which item is recalled after this initial mistake. A fill‐in error is the tendency to recall item N−1 next, whereas an infill error is the tendency to recall item N+1 next. Both experiments reveal more fill‐in than infill errors, not only overall but at each possible error location throughout the list. The overall ratio is approximately 2:1. We conclude that none of the currently existing models adequately accounts for fill‐in and infill errors.
Operation and photodynamic therapy for pleural mesothelioma: 6-year follow-up

Abstract Background . Conventional therapy for pleural mesothelioma has met with disappointing results. Methods . From 1991 to 1996, 40 patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma were treated with surgical resection followed by immediate intracavitary photodynamic therapy. Results . The series included 9 women and 31 men with a mean age of 60 years. Morbidity and treatment-related mortality rates for the entire series, pleurectomy, and extrapleural pneumonectomy were 45% and 7.5%, 39% and 3.6%, and 71% and 28.6%, respectively. Median survival and the estimated 2-year survival rate for the entire series, stages I and II patients (n = 13), and stages III and IV patients (n = 24) were 15 months and 23%, 36 months and 61%, and 10 months and 0%, respectively. Multivariate analysis identified stage, length of hospital stay, photodynamic therapy dose, and nodal status as independent prognostic indicators for survival. Conclusions . Surgical intervention and photodynamic therapy offer good survival results in patients with stage I or II pleural mesothelioma. For patients in stage III or IV, better treatment modalities need to be developed. Improvements in early detection and preoperative staging are necessary for proper patient selection for treatment.
Labor History symposium: Political repression of the American labor movement during its formative years – a comparative perspective

This essay attempts a comparative analysis of political repression's role in the shaping of the early American labor movement. I am using here a definition of political repression explicated at som...
A Fourier-Wachspress method for solving Helmholtz's equation in three-dimensional layered domains

In this paper, we present a fast direct method for solving Poisson's or Helmholtz's equation in three-dimensional layered domains. The method combines a Fourier method for two dimensions and a variant of Wachspress's method in the third dimension. The resulting scheme is capable of efficiently creating solutions that are highly accurate even when the coefficients defining the layered structure are discontinuous or extreme mesh refinement is used.
ACARS Wind Measurements: An Intercomparison with Radiosonde, Cloud Motion and VAS Thermally Derived Winds

Statistical comparisons between winds measured by ACARS and winds obtained from radiosondes, geostationary satellite image cloud motions, and VAS are presented. Observations from three separate comparisons reveal over 60 percent of wind vector magnitude differences are within 9 m/s, and 70 percent of the directional differences are within 15 deg. The comparisons indicate that the ACARS system provides an independent source of wind data that complements other sources of wind data for constructing composite wind field analyses.
Technique for velocity-matched traveling-wave electrooptic modulator in AlGaAs/GaAs

A design for a velocity-matched traveling-wave directional-coupler intensity modulator in AlGaAs/GaAs is proposed. The structure utilizes a thin coating of Ta/sub 2/O/sub 5/ on the top of the modulator/electrode structure in order to achieve velocity matching between the optical wave and microwave signal. The film does not significantly affect the optical properties or voltage requirements of the modulator. The optical and RF characteristics of the modulator are analyzed using the effective-index and finite-difference methods. The optical bandwidth is calculated numerically, taking into account both the anticipated velocity mismatches due to fabrication tolerances and the calculated frequency-dependent microwave losses. The predicted small-signal bandwidth of a 3 mm long direction coupler biased at a null point is greater than 45 GHz, and exceeds 100 GHz ( approximately 50 GHz electrical bandwidth) when the coupler is biased in the linear region. This device is designed to operate at 830 nm with a maximum modulation voltage of 5 V. The figure of merit of the proposed device is therefore at least 10 GHz/V when an electrical bandwidth of 50 GHz is used. >
Rapid Detection and Statistical Differentiation of KPC Gene Variants in Gram-Negative Pathogens by Use of High-Resolution Melting and ScreenClust Analyses

ABSTRACT In the United States, the production of the Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) is an important mechanism of carbapenem resistance in Gram-negative pathogens. Infections with KPC-producing organisms are associated with increased morbidity and mortality; therefore, the rapid detection of KPC-producing pathogens is critical in patient care and infection control. We developed a real-time PCR assay complemented with traditional high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis, as well as statistically based genotyping, using the Rotor-Gene ScreenClust HRM software to both detect the presence of bla KPC and differentiate between KPC-2-like and KPC-3-like alleles. A total of 166 clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii with various β-lactamase susceptibility patterns were tested in the validation of this assay; 66 of these organisms were known to produce the KPC β-lactamase. The real-time PCR assay was able to detect the presence of bla KPC in all 66 of these clinical isolates (100% sensitivity and specificity). HRM analysis demonstrated that 26 had KPC-2-like melting peak temperatures, while 40 had KPC-3-like melting peak temperatures. Sequencing of 21 amplified products confirmed the melting peak results, with 9 isolates carrying bla KPC-2 and 12 isolates carrying bla KPC-3 . This PCR/HRM assay can identify KPC-producing Gram-negative pathogens in as little as 3 h after isolation of pure colonies and does not require post-PCR sample manipulation for HRM analysis, and ScreenClust analysis easily distinguishes bla KPC-2-like and bla KPC-3-like alleles. Therefore, this assay is a rapid method to identify the presence of bla KPC enzymes in Gram-negative pathogens that can be easily integrated into busy clinical microbiology laboratories.
pH-responsive branched peptide amphiphile hydrogel designed for applications in regenerative medicine with potential as injectable tissue scaffolds

Nanofibrous materials have become an important component in the field of regenerative medicine. Due to their resemblance with extracellular matrix proteins, nanofibrous materials are capable of eliciting natural cell behaviors. One class of self-assembling molecules that forms nanofibers is peptide amphiphiles (PAs). The modularity of self-assembly affords the ability to tailor PA assemblies for specific applications through molecular design and mixing of different components. Illustrated here is an extended-micelle-forming PA synthesized in a branched architecture composed of histidine and serine amino acids conjugated to a palmitoyl tail. Using histidine residues as molecular switches, PA solutions are capable of transitioning from viscoelastic liquids in mildly acidic conditions to self-supporting hydrogels above pH 6.5. By modulating the concentration of the PAs, biocompatible hydrogels of 0.2–10 kPa were achieved. This PA hydrogel system is a potential candidate as an injectable three-dimensional tissue scaffold.
Modal Coupling in Thermally Stressed Plates

An approximate, but general, solution for the frequencies, thus the effective stiffnesses, in the first and second modes of initially deformed, thermally stressed plates of any planform shape and with any boundary condition is found in terms of quantities that may be obtained from the application of linear theory. It is shown that all plates exhibit the same characteristic changes in frequency, thus stiffness, independent of planform shape, boundary conditions and temperature distribution except as these factors affect the thermal buckling eigenvalues (AT critical) and the natural, uniform temperature frequencies. Coupling between the modes is shown to depend upon the ratio of the thermal buckling eigenvalues and the uniform temperature frequency ratio. Analytical data are presented to show that the second mode stiffness for a plate for certain values of the parameters does not always increase in the postbuckled region as implied in the literature. Experimental data, obtained from cantilever plates of different planforms, are presented to show that mode coupling is readily detected and cannot be neglected if a correct prediction of the effective stiffness of a plate is desired. The analysis may readily be extended to any desired number of modes. Only a qualitative comparison is made between theory and experiment in this paper. A carefully controlled test program will be required to produce data for a quantitative comparison.
FEL investigations of energy transfer in condensed phase systems

The vibrational dynamics of 0-H groups in fused silica have been examined by a time-resolved pump-probe techniqueusing the Vanderbilt Free Electron Laser (FEL). We consider two effects, local heating and transient thermal 1ensingwhich can influence measured T1 values in one color pump-probe measurements. The dependence of these two effectson both the micropulse spacing and the total number of micropulses delivered to the sample are analyzed in detail forthe 0-H/Si02 system. The results indicate that transient thermal lensing can significantly influence the measured probesignal. The local heating may cause thermally induced changes in the ground state population of the absorber, therebycomplicating the analysis of the relaxation dynamics.1. INTRODUCTIONThere have been a number of publications in the literature' discussing applications of free electron lasers (FEL)to medicine, biology, materials science and other areas of fundamental research. The high power and continuouslytunable infrared picosecond pulses delivered by FELs provide a range of opportunities to study the dynamics of
Shear wave measurements for improved characterization of shock‐Induced phase transformations in Carrara marble

Shear waves have been measured in shock-induced, high-pressure phases of Carrara marble (polycrystalline calcite). The shear modulus decrease associated with the calcite-CaCO3(II) transition is comparable to that observed under hydrostatic loading. Beyond this transition, the shear modulus in the shocked marble increases with compression, even with the occurrence of the CaCO3(II)-CaCO3(III) transition. Longitudinal wave speeds over the entire compression range examined are in reasonable agreement with previous shock wave and hydrostatic measurements in polycrystalline CaCO3. A preliminary determination of the bulk modulus from the shear and longitudinal wave speeds in the shocked marble is in reasonable agreement with hydrostatic measurements on polycrystalline and single crystal calcite, suggesting that the transformation to CaCO3(III) may be complete during shock compression. The usefulness of shear wave measurements in studying shock-induced phase transformations in solids is indicated.
A latin square with orthogonal mate and no automorphism

Abstract A latin square of order ten is displayed having an orthogonal mate, but no nontrivial automorphism obtainable by permutation of rows, columns and digits.
Structure and Overlaps of Ground-Truth Communities in Networks

One of the main organizing principles in real-world networks is that of network communities, where sets of nodes organize into densely linked clusters. Even though detection of such communities is of great interest, understanding the structure communities in large networks remains relatively limited. In particular, due to the unavailability of labeled ground-truth data, it was traditionally very hard to develop accurate models of network community structure.Here we use six large social, collaboration, and information networks where nodes explicitly state their ground-truth community memberships. For example, nodes in social networks join into explicitly defined interest based groups, and we use such groups as explicitly labeled ground-truth communities. We use such ground-truth communities to study their structural signatures by analyzing how ground-truth communities emerge in networks and how they overlap. We observe some surprising phenomena. First, ground-truth communities contain high-degree hub nodes that reside in community overlaps and link to most of the members of the community. Second, the overlaps of communities are more densely connected than the non-overlapping parts of communities. We show that this in contrast to the conventional wisdom that community overlaps are more sparsely connected than the non-overlapping parts themselves. We then show that many existing models of network communities do not capture dense community overlaps. This in turn means that most present models and community detection methods confuse overlaps as separate communities. In contrast, we present the community-affiliation graph model (AGM), a conceptual model of network community structure. We demonstrate that AGM reliably captures the overall structure of networks as well as the overlapping and hierarchical nature of network communities.
Socio-Psychological Correlates of the Primary Attitude Scales: I. Religionism; II. Humanitarianism

(1944). Socio-Psychological Correlates of the Primary Attitude Scales: I. Religionism; II. Humanitarianism. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 81-98.
Use of Tree Bark to Monitor Radionuclide Pollution

The outer surface bark of many trees is an excellent monitoring source of fallout radionuclides. The accumulation and retention of these pollutants is evident by the presence of /sup 106/Ru, /sup 125/Sb, /sup 144/Ce and /sup 155/Eu in the outer layer of bark from many trees surveyed during this study. The accumulation and retention of these and other radionuclides suggest that tree bark is an ecosystem monitoring resource that should be exploited for these and possible other environmental pollutants. Therefore, the emphasis of this study was a broad survey of the detectability of gamma-ray emitting radionuclides in and on tree bark rather than a narrow quantitative study.
Interaction mechanisms between poly(methyl methacrylate) and tricalcium silicate (C3S)

Interaction mechanisms between poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) molecules and tricalcium silicate (C/sub 3/S) occurring in a C/sub 3/S-filled PMMA molecular structure before and after exposure to a simulated 25% geothermal brine solution at 240/sup 0/C have been investigated by use of thermal analysis, infrared spectroscopy analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and compressive strength tests. For C/sub 3/S-filled PMMA samples before exposure to hot brine, it was observed that an interaction between the C/sub 3/S filler and the CH/sub 2/ groups in the main chain of the PMMA occurred. After exposure to the hydrothermal environment, indications were that the brine solution induced ionic bonding between the carboxylate anion (-COO/sup -/) groups in the PMMA and the Ca/sup 2 +/ ions from the C/sub 3/S. The reaction contributed to improvements in the thermal stability of the PMMA.
Computation of phase and chemical equilibrium: Part III. Electrolytic solutions

Methods for estimating the properties of electrolytic solutions are reviewed, with emphasis on molecule-molecule, molecule-ion, and ion-ion interactions. The algorithms of Parts I and II, to search for global minimum in Gibbs free energy, are extended to handle electrolytes and compared with an algorithm using k-values. Results are presented for SO2-H2O and H2S-NH3-H2O systems and agree with experimental values.
The natural history of autologous fistulas as first-time dialysis access in the KDOQI era

Background Patients on hemodialysis depend on durable, easily maintained vascular access. The autologous arteriovenous fistula (AVF) has been the gold standard since the introduction of the Brecia-Cimino fistula in 1966 and is echoed in the current Kidney Disease Outcomes and Quality Initiative (KDOQI) guidelines. The purpose of this study is to determine the natural history of AVF in patients requiring first-time permanent access in a large academic vascular surgery practice. Methods We performed a retrospective review of patients undergoing new access creation from January 1, 2005 to June 30, 2005. The study group consisted of patients with no prior permanent access that underwent AVF creation. Categorical data was compared using χ 2 analysis, nominal data was compared using Student t-test, and patency was determined by Kaplan-Meier curves. Results During the 6-month period, there were 80 first time AVF creations. The majority of patients were male (69%), African American (55%), and a history of diabetes (55%) and hypertension (96%). Seventy-five percent of patients were already undergoing hemodialysis via catheter access. Seventy-six percent of patients underwent preoperative vein mapping with a mean vein diameter of 3.1 mm. Twenty-six radiocephalic AVF (RCAVF) and 54 brachiocephalic AVF (BCAVF) were created with a mean follow-up of 278 days. At the end of follow-up, 38 (48%) AVF were being used for hemodialysis and only nine (11%) matured without the need for additional intervention. Mean time for AVF maturation was 146 days. Thirty AVF (37%) were abandoned, 16 (20%) of which were primary failures. Mean time to abandonment was 162 days. Twelve (15%) AVF remained patent but were never cannulated. The intervention rate was 1.33 interventions/patient/year and 75% of interventions were percutaneous. Kaplan-Meier analysis determined primary, primary-assisted, and secondary patency was 36% ± 8.3, 55% ± 6.5, and 55% ± 6.5 at 1 year, respectively. Cumulative functional patency was 63% at 1 year. Conclusions In patients receiving a first time permanent access, we found that the majority were AVF and they resulted in low primary patency rates at 1 year and long maturation times. KDOQI encourages AVF creation in order to increase AVF use for dialysis, but the strategy of simply increasing the number being created may not lead to the desired result and potentially lead to an increase in catheter dependence.
Evaluation of CVD silicon carbide for synchrotron radiation mirrors

Abstract Chemical vapor deposited silicon carbide (CVD SiC) is a recent addition to the list of materials suitable for use in the harsh environment of synchrotron radiation (SR) beam lines. SR mirrors for use at normal incidence must be ultrahigh vacuum compatible, must withstand intense X-ray irradiation without surface damage, must be capable of being polished to an extremely smooth surface finish, and must maintain surface figure under thermal loading. CVD SiC exceeds the performance of conventional optical materials in all these areas. It is, however, a relatively new optical material. Few manufacturers have experience in producing optical quality material, and few opticians have experience in figuring and polishing the material. The CVD material occurs in a variety of forms, sensitively dependent upon reaction chamber production conditions. We are evaluating samples of CVD SiC obtained commercially from various manufacturers, representing a range of deposition conditions, to determine which types of CVD material are most suitable for superpolishing. At the time of this writing, samples are being polished by several commercial vendors and surface finish characteristics are being evaluated by various analytical methods.
Focal and diffuse metabolic changes in the spinal cord of the monkey elicited by microstimulation of differing motor cortical foci

Abstract The pattern of projections from identified motor cortical efferent zones onto the spinal cors was examined in the monkey using a combination of microstimulation and [ 14 C]-deoxyglucose metabolic labeling. Regional differences were found in the branching patterns between the projections of proximal and distal forelimb foci of the motor cortes onto the spinal cord. Cortical efferent zones related to proximal movements project extensively within the spinal cord activating numerous motor nuclei. In contrast, the corticospinal projection of a distal movement zone was found to be significantly more restricted in overall rostrocaudal extent projecting with greatest density onto a small region of the ventrolateral horn.
A short proof of a general multiplier rule

A general multiplier rule obtained by Hestenes is shown to follow directly from the Lagrange multiplier rule by a simple compactness argument. A similar simplification is effected in the proof of Gittleman's extension of Hestenes' rule.
Association of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and gestational alcohol exposure: an exploratory study.

Objective and methods: To explore association between prevalence of ADHD and levels of risk for gestational alcohol exposure, the authors reviewed the charts of 2,231 youth referred for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Participants were categorized into four groups by different levels of risk for gestational alcohol exposure. For each group, the prevalence rates of ADHD and other selected disorders were determined. Results: The disorder ranking first in overall prevalence was ADHD (41%), followed by learning disorder (17%) and oppositional-defiant/conduct disorder (16%). Prevalence rates of ADHD across the groups generally were high risk > some risk > unknown risk > no risk. Conclusion: The frequency distribution of ADHD cases was according to the levels of risk for gestational alcohol exposure. These results add to a growing body of evidence supporting an association between ADHD and prenatal alcohol exposure. Findings need to be confirmed by definitive studies on ADHD and gestational alcohol exposure.
Smoking in movies.

Health communication research can and often does inform and advance public policy. This is a case study about smoking in movies that illustrates the impact that academic research can have. Movies a...
Apraxia of speech and phonemic paraphasia

(1988). Apraxia of speech and phonemic paraphasia. Aphasiology: Vol. 2, No. 3-4, pp. 251-253.
Thin-film reactions of Au with Ti, Zr, V, and Nb

The thin-film interactions of Au with Ti, Zr, V, and Nb have been investigated between 350C and 700°C with Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) and x-ray diffraction (XRD). Initially the most Au-rich phase is formed, except. with V, and it is followed sequentially by the more metal-rich ones in an increasingly layer-by-layer fashion. For Au reactions on Ti and Nb, all the intermetallic phases on the phase diagrams were observed. In the formation of Au4Ti, Au is the dominant moving species.
Measurement of the Phase Diagram of DNA Unzipping in the Temperature-Force Plane

We separate double stranded lambda phage DNA by applying a fixed force at a constant temperature ranging from 15 to 50 degrees C, and measure the minimum force required to separate the two strands. The measurements also offer information on the free energy of double stranded DNA (dsDNA) at temperatures where dsDNA does not thermally denature in the absence of force. While parts of the phase diagram can be explained using existing models and free energy parameters, others deviate significantly. Possible reasons for the deviations between theory and experiment are considered.
Free radical concentration measurements in nitric oxideacetylene flames

Abstract Flat flames of premixed acetylenenitric oxide have been stabilized on a low-pressure burner, operating at 80 Torr, in the temperature range of 2800–3100K. Two flames were investigated, one fuel rich and the other of stoichiometric composition. Temperature profiles and concentration profiles of free radicals species and of the stable products of reaction were determined in the reaction and postreaction zones using spectroscopic techniques. NO, CN, NH, C2, CH, and OH were measured by absorption, CO2 and H2O were measured from the intensity of their infrared emission bands. The analysis of the data indicates that the reactions of NO with C2, CH, CN, and NH are extremely fast and are responsible for the majority of NO destruction in the early part of the flame. Later in the flame the reduction of NO continues, very likely, according to a Zeldovich reverse type mechanism.
Seeking a standard for adequate pathologic lymph node staging in primary bladder carcinoma

The purposes of this study are to evaluate the adequacy of pathologic lymph node (LN) staging in radical cystectomy specimens from patients with urothelial carcinoma of the bladder and to analyze the frequency of LN metastases among different anatomic regions. All radical cystectomies performed for primary urothelial bladder cancer over a 5-year period (January 2007–September 2012) at a single institution were reviewed. Particular attention was paid to the total number of LNs examined, the number and location of LNs with metastases (positive LNs), and the presence or absence of extranodal tumor extension and/or lymphovascular invasion in the cystectomy specimen. Results and data were analyzed with Origin 6.0 and Microsoft Office Excel 2007 software. A total of 248 radical cystectomies with 8,432 LNs were reviewed. A total of 60 (24 %) cases, with 274 positive LNs out of the 1,982 total (13.8 %), were identified with a male to female ratio of 6.5:1 (52 male, 8 female patients). The average number of LNs examined in each case was 33.0 ± 20.9 (range 5–112). The average number of positive LNs identified in each case was 4.5 ± 4.8 (range 1–26). Among all of the LNs, the hypogastric/obturator (internal iliac) LNs were the most commonly submitted (35.2 %) and also yielded the highest number of positive LNs (46.0 %). On average, for cases staged pN1 and pN2, there was one positive LN per 17.8 and 8.9 LNs examined from the primary drainage LNs, respectively. For pN3 cases, one out of 4.4 secondary drainage LNs was found to be positive. Similarly, one out of 4.0 distant LNs was found to be positive in cases with pM1 staging. Our study suggests that, on average, 23 LNs (including 18 primary drainage LNs and five secondary drainage LNs) should be submitted for optimal pN staging. For adequate pM1 staging, an average of four distal LNs should be evaluated. In total, an average of 27 LNs (23 for pN staging and 4 for pM staging) should be examined in radical cystectomy specimens. We also propose to stratify the number of positive LNs according to the drainage area.