cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Measures for Abdominal Adiposity in Persons with Spinal Cord Injury

Ultrasound may be a useful tool to assess abdominal adiposity, but it has not been validated in the spinal cord injury (SCI) population. This study evaluated associations between abdominal ultrasound and other methods to assess adiposity in 24 men with SCI and 20 able-bodied (AB) men. Waist (WC) and hip circumference (HC) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were measured. Trunk (TRK%), android (A%) and waist fat (W%) were determined by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA); ultrasonography determined abdominal subcutaneous (SF) and visceral fat (VF). The SCI group had greater TRK% (40.0 ± 9.6 vs. 32.0 ± 10.3), W% (47.0 ± 9.7 vs. 40.6 ± 9.4), A% (43.0 ± 9.8 vs. 35.8 ± 10.6) and WHR (0.99 ± 0.1 vs. 0.92 ± 0.06) than the AB group. WC and WHR correlated with VF in the SCI group. These associations suggest that ultrasound may be a useful tool in clinical practice for the measurement of VF in weight loss programs and for the assessment of cardiometabolic disorders.
FEDERAL EXPENDITURE POLICY FOR ECONOMIC GROWTH

MY ASSIGNMENT FOR this session is indeed a broad one. Fortunately, economists have been discussing the relation between government spending and economic growth for many years; I need only cite the interesting set of papers on this subject in the joint Economic Committee Compendium, Federal Expenditure Policy for Economic Growth and Stability. One would also be hard put to find a better statement on this problem than the Committee for Economic Development's policy statement of 1959, The Budget and Economic Growth. So, I shall just raise a few fundamental questions and put the problem into a current perspective.
A Common Microtubule Activation Mechanism for Plus- and Minus-End Directed Kinesin Motor Proteins

Interactions with the microtubule drive the working cycle of all kinesins, yet the the structure of the kinesin-microtubule complex remains poorly characterized. We solved a series of 8A-resolution cryo-EM structures representing the microtubule-bound hydrolysis cycles of two different kinesin family members: plus-end directed conventional kinesin, and minus-end directed NCD. These structures reveal that microtubule binding transforms part of the poorly ordered loop L11, located within the switch II nucleotide response element of these kinesins, into a stable extension of the so-called “switch II helix.” We show how this extension likely enables the helix to function as a rigid “relay” element, driving the “power stroke” of both conventional kinesin and NCD. Moreover, binding of ATP analogs in either kinesin variant was associated with a 3% lengthwise contraction of the microtubule lattice. This latter effect may link conventional kinesin and NCD to the microtubule-depolymerizing kinesins.
Habits and relative population densities of some hydrophilids in California rice fields

Populations of the hydrophilids Berosus styliferus Horn, Hydrophilus triangularis Say, and Tropisternus lateralis (Fabricius) were observed in northern California rice paddies. Relative adult and larval density for each species was determined using aquatic light traps adjacent to the water margin, and at 5 m and 30 m distances from the levee. Egg cases were monitored by recording numbers per unit area.
Emerging fiber optic endomicroscopy technologies towards noninvasive real-time visualization of histology in situ

This paper reviews our recent developments of ultrathin fiber-optic endomicroscopy technologies for transforming high-resolution noninvasive optical imaging techniques to in vivo and clinical applications such as early disease detection and guidance of interventions. Specifically we describe an all-fiber-optic scanning endomicroscopy technology, which miniaturizes a conventional bench-top scanning laser microscope down to a flexible fiber-optic probe of a small footprint (i.e. ~2-2.5 mm in diameter), capable of performing two-photon fluorescence and second harmonic generation microscopy in real time. This technology aims to enable realtime visualization of histology in situ without the need for tissue removal. We will also present a balloon OCT endoscopy technology which permits high-resolution 3D imaging of the entire esophagus for detection of neoplasia, guidance of biopsy and assessment of therapeutic outcome. In addition we will discuss the development of functional polymeric fluorescent nanocapsules, which use only FAD approved materials and potentially enable fast track clinical translation of optical molecular imaging and targeted therapy.
A method for the measurement of proton beam energies below 400 keV

Abstract In the region 180≤ E p ≤300 keV, in which there is no convenient proton beam-energy calibration reaction, we have studied a method for determining proton beam energies, with a precision of about ±1.5 keV, by measuring the energy of the gamma rays emitted in the 12 C(p, γ 0 ) 13 N reaction.
Heteroleptic platinum(II) complexes of macrocyclic thioethers and halides: the crystal structures of [Pt(9S3)Cl2], [Pt(9S3)Br2], and [Pt(9S3)I2]

Abstract The synthesis, spectroscopic, and crystal structures of three heteroleptic thioether/halide platinum(II) (Pt(II)) complexes of the general formula [Pt(9S3)X2] (9S3=1,4,7-trithiacyclononane, X=Cl−, Br−, I−) are presented. All three 9S3/dihalo complexes form very similar structures in which the Pt(II) center is surrounded by a cis arrangement of two halides and two sulfur atoms from the 9S3 ligand. The third sulfur from the 9S3 forms a long distance interaction with the Pt center resulting in an elongated square pyramidal structure with a S2X2+S1 coordination geometry. The distances between the Pt(II) center and axial sulfur shorten with larger halide ions (Cl−=3.260(3) A>Br−=3.243(2) A>I−=3.207(2) A). These distances are consistent with the halides functioning as π donor ligands, and their PtS axial distances fall intermediate between Pt(II) thioether complexes involving π acceptor and σ donor ligands. The 195Pt NMR chemical shift values follow a similar trend with an increased shielding of the platinum ion with larger halide ions. The 9S3 ligand is fluxional in all of these complexes, producing a single carbon resonance. Additionally, a related series of homoleptic crown thioether complexes have been studied using 195Pt NMR, and there is a strong correlation between the chemical shift and complex structure. Homoleptic crown thioethers show the anticipated upfield chemical shifts with increasing number of coordinated sulfurs. Complexes containing four coordinated sulfur donors have chemical shifts that fall in the range of −4000 to −4800 ppm while a value near −5900 ppm is indicative of five coordinated sulfurs. However, for S4 crown thioether complexes, differences in the stereochemical orientation of lone pair electrons on the sulfur donors can greatly influence the observed 195Pt NMR chemical shifts, often by several hundred ppm.
The use of silane silicon dioxide films to contour oxide edges

Abstract This paper demonstrates the use of silane silicon dioxide films to obtain controlled contours of oxide steps. In particular, the etch properties of composite oxide films are adjusted by controlling the amount of boron or phosphorous in chemically vapor deposited silane silicon dioxide films. The dependence of etch rate on impurity concentration is presented. Using the etch rate data, specific examples of composite oxide films are fabricated and the profiles after etching are examined by use of the scanning electron miscoscope.
IN VITRO ANTI-MYCOPLASMAL ACTIVITY OF AMPHOTERICIN B METHYL ESTER

The polyene macrolide antibiotic amphotericin B (AB) and its chemically modified derivative amphotericin B methyl ester (AME) were tested for in vitro activity against Acholeplasma laidlawii, Spiroplasma citri and Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Both polyene macrolide preparations demonstrated anti-mycoplasmal activity. However, AME was mycoplasmacidal toward all three strains of mycoplasma at levels which previous studies have indicated would be permissible for most cell culture systems, whereas the levels of AB required for similar activity would be physiologically intolerable for tissue culture cells. In addition, AME was 100 fold more active than AB toward A. laidlawii, 10 fold more active than AB toward S. citri and demonstrated equivalent activity as AB toward M gallisepticum. The in vitro anti-mycoplasmal activity of AME and AB was directly correlated with polyene macrolide antibiotic levels and the number of treated mycoplasma.
Fatty Acid-binding Proteins Transport N-Acylethanolamines to Nuclear Receptors and Are Targets of Endocannabinoid Transport Inhibitors

N-Acylethanolamines (NAEs) are bioactive lipids that engage diverse receptor systems. Recently, we identified fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs) as intracellular NAE carriers. Here, we provide two new functions for FABPs in NAE signaling. We demonstrate that FABPs mediate the nuclear translocation of the NAE oleoylethanolamide, an agonist of nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα). Antagonism of FABP function through chemical inhibition, dominant-negative approaches, or shRNA-mediated knockdown reduced PPARα activation, confirming a requisite role for FABPs in this process. In addition, we show that NAE analogs, traditionally employed as inhibitors of the putative endocannabinoid transmembrane transporter, target FABPs. Support for the existence of the putative membrane transporter stems primarily from pharmacological inhibition of endocannabinoid uptake by such transport inhibitors, which are widely employed in endocannabinoid research despite lacking a known cellular target(s). Our approach adapted FABP-mediated PPARα signaling and employed in vitro binding, arachidonoyl-[1-14C]ethanolamide ([14C]AEA) uptake, and FABP knockdown to demonstrate that transport inhibitors exert their effects through inhibition of FABPs, thereby providing a molecular rationale for the underlying physiological effects of these compounds. Identification of FABPs as targets of transport inhibitors undermines the central pharmacological support for the existence of an endocannabinoid transmembrane transporter.
Prioritized gossip in vehicular networks

We propose using real world mobility traces to identify tractable theoretical models for the study of distributed algorithms in mobile networks. Specifically, we derive a vehicular ad hoc network model from a large corpus of position data generated by San Francisco-area taxicabs. Unlike previous work, our model does not assume global connectivity or eventual stability. Instead, we assume only that some subset of processes might be connected through transient paths (e.g., paths that exist over time). We use this model to study the problem of prioritized gossip, in which processes attempt to disseminate messages of different priority. We present CabChat, a distributed prioritized gossip algorithm that leverages an interesting connection to the classic Tower of Hanoi problem to schedule the broadcast of packets of different priorities. Whereas previous studies of gossip leverage strong connectivity or stabilization assumptions to prove the time complexity of global termination, in our model, with its weak assumptions, we instead analyze CabChat with respect to its ability to deliver a high proportion of high priority messages over the transient paths that happen to exist in a given execution.
High-magnesian andesite from Mount Shasta: A product of magma mixing and contamination, not a primitive melt: COMMENT AND REPLY REPLY

The comment by [Kelemen and Yogodzinski (2007)][1] criticizes extrapolation of our results for Mt. Shasta high-Mg andesite (S-HMA) to interpretations of other occurrences of HMA. Our intent was to encourage the petrologic community to re-examine all HMAs to better understand their petrogenesis on an
Relationship of dependency and achievement/autonomy to depression

Abstract We review research pertaining to two personality characteristics that have been depicted as vulnerabilities to depression. One pathway is marked by excessive dependency involving intense needs for acceptance and love from others in order to maintain fragile self-esteem and to prevent depressed feelings. The second pathway is marked by excessive demands for accomplishment and control accompanied by very stringent self-standards and relentless self-criticism when these standards are not met. Our review is organized around four topics: (a) measurement of dependency and achievement/autonomy needs; (b) meta-analytic estimation of the effect sizes for these two characteristics on standardized measures of depressive symptoms; (c) investigation of moderators of the personality-depressive experiences relationship paying special attention to the interaction of personality with negative life events; and (d) discussion of clinical implications of current findings and future research directions for potential depressogenic personality dispositions. Although relationships between depression and dependency or depression and achievement/autonomy are moderated by several factors, both relationships are of sufficient magnitude to merit continued attention by clinicians and researchers.
The Comparison of Life Table and Markov Chain Techniques for Follow-up Studies

We examine Markov chain versus life table techniques for comparing cohorts homogeneous groups with respect to time to occurrence of specified events. Key results are i a theorem showing that, when the underlying process is a stationary Markov chain, the Markov chain estimator of time to occurrence is equivalent to the life table estimator, and ii simulation statistics suggesting that the Markov chain estimator has a smaller standard error.
Cutaneous toxicity of the benzidine dye direct red 28 applied as mechanistically-defined chemical mixtures (MDCM) in perfused porcine skin

Abstract Complex chemical mixtures at hazardous waste sites can potentially consist of a marker chemical and several other chemicals, each of which can have different modulating actions on the dermatotoxicity of the marker chemical and/or other components in the mixture. A total of 16 mixtures, consisting of a marker chemical direct red 28 (DR28), a solvent (80% acetone or DMSO in water), a surfactant (0 or 10% sodium lauryl sulfate, SLS), a vasodilator (0 or 180 μg methyl nicotinate, MN) and a reducing agent (0 or 2% stannous chloride, SnCl2) were selected. Isolated perfused porcine skin flaps (IPPSFs), which have been proven to be an in vitro model for assessing absorption and toxicity, were utilized. These mixtures did not cause severe dermatotoxicity. However, light microscopic observations depicted minor alterations (intracellular and intercellular epidermal edema) with DMSO mixtures than with acetone mixtures. The presence of SLS caused an alteration in the stratum corneum. Enzyme histochemical staining for alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and nonspecific esterase (NSE) revealed no significant treatment effects, but increased staining for acid phosphatase (ACP) in the stratum basale was significant when associated with SLS or SLS+MN in DMSO mixtures. At 8 h post-dose, only DMSO mixtures containing SL+MN, SL+SnCl2, or SLS+MN+SnCl2 significantly increased transepidermal water loss. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that various mixtures, especially those containing SLS alter the epidermal barrier differently with complex interactions occurring simultaneously.
A ring structure model of the acid centers of amorphous silica-alumina catalysts

Calcination of a 500 m2/g SiO2-Al2O3 co-gel from 350 to 875 °C leads to a constant ratio of Lewis-to-Bronsted sites over this temperature range. A model is proposed to account for this surprising result: a 3–4 member ring structure of SiO2 reacts with aluminum ions and inserts between Si groups in the ring. This expanded ring structure is proposed to be the local structure responsible for the acidity. The density of WO3 clusters formed on SiO2 of 1.2 nm size is analogous to the density of Si-Al ring structures proposed to be present on the surface of SiO2-Al2O3 solid acid catalysts.
POPULATION REGULATION OF A DOMINANT RAIN FOREST TREE BY A MAJOR SEED PREDATOR

We take advantage of a fortuitous local extinction and recolonization of white-lipped peccaries (WLPs) at the Cocha Cashu Biological Station in southeastern Peru to assess the impact of this high-biomass seed predator on the recruitment of a dominant member of the tree community, the palm Astrocaryum murumuru. WLPs were common at Cocha Cashu in the mid-1970s. In 1978, the species vanished from the entire region and did not reappear until 1990. To assess the impacts of the presence-absence of WLPs on Astrocaryum recruitment, we conducted transect counts of both the number and spatial distribution of palm seedlings in 1978 (when WLPs were present), in 1990 (after a 12-yr absence of WLPs), and in 1999 (after 10 yr of recovery). Other factors affecting recruitment, such as climate variability, differences in tree fecundity, and fluctuations of vertebrate and invertebrate seed predators were also examined as alternative hypotheses for any changes in seedling spatial distribution and abundance. In the absence of WLPs, the density of Astrocaryum seedlings increased 1.7-fold, and the spatial distribution of seedlings with respect to safe sites was significantly altered. After the return of WLPs to the study area, seedling density dropped to its former level, and the spatial distribution of seedlings with respect to safe sites returned to the same pattern found 21 yr earlier in 1978. None of the other factors investigated varied systematically with the census intervals. These results demonstrate that the absence of a single, albeit important, member of a diverse seed predator guild can have a major impact on the demography of a common tree species. We infer that individual seed predators can play central roles in regulating the demography of tropical trees, as envisioned many years ago by Janzen and Connell, and that their extirpation or extinction can have cascading effects in tropical ecosystems.
A micro-procedure for quantitative precipitin tests.

Abstract • A new method for the quantitative analysis of antigens and antibodies has been based on (1) ultrafiltration of the antigen-antibody precipitates through silver membranes of 0.2 μm pore size in a specially designed multisample apparatus, and (2) spectrophotometric determination at 210 nm of the amount of proteins in the antigen-antibody precipatates dissolved in 0.01 N HCl. At this wavelength, the =C=O group of the polypeptide chains constitutes the main chromophoric group. • In comparisons with the ninhydrin color reaction, protein determination by low UV spectrophotometry, e.g., at 210 nm, was shown to be about 6 times more sensitive, permitting analysis of samples containing from 1.0 to 35.0 μg of antigen. The concentration range of protein solutions in 0.01 N HCl which is measured at low UV can be regulated by a factor of 8–10 by changing absorption between 200 and 230 nm. • Comparison of the ultrafiltration microtechnique with the standard quantitative precipitin microtechnique involving centrifugation of precipitates was made in 4 different antigen-antibody systems. The new technique was found to be as accurate as the standard technique. It allows completion of analysis within only 5–6 h. The standard precipitin technique, by contrast, requires a 5–7 -day reaction period for completions.
Passivity phenomena at the silicon/electrolyte interface

Abstract The current/potential behaviour of silicon in aqueous alkaline systems was investigated by potentiostatic techniques. In general, curves typical of metal passivity phenomena were obtained, although the effect of the semiconducting nature of silicon was evident. Corrosion and anodic dissolution rates correlated closely with the current/potential curves, but the decrease in corrosion rate after passivation was not as large as is observed with most passivated metal systems. The presence of the passivating oxide had a marked effect on the interfacial capacitance. The oxide itself is not a capacitive element in the interfacial circuit, but exerts an effect on the number of charge-trapping centres (surface states) at the termination of the silicon lattice.
What is Scientific Progress? Lessons from Scientific Practice

Alexander Bird argues for an epistemic account of scientific progress, whereas Darrell Rowbottom argues for a semantic account. Both appeal to intuitions about hypothetical cases in support of their accounts. Since the methodological significance of such appeals to intuition is unclear, I think that a new approach might be fruitful at this stage in the debate. So I propose to abandon appeals to intuition and look at scientific practice instead. I discuss two cases that illustrate the way in which scientists make judgments about progress. As far as scientists are concerned, progress is made when scientific discoveries contribute to the increase of scientific knowledge of the following sorts: empirical, theoretical, practical, and methodological. I then propose to articulate an account of progress that does justice to this broad conception of progress employed by scientists. I discuss one way of doing so, namely, by expanding our notion of scientific knowledge to include both know-that and know-how.
SU-FF-T-130: Conformal Avoidance and Helical Tomotherapy: Utility in Craniospinal Radiation

Purpose: Craniospinal irradiation (CSI) is used for malignancies with a propensity for CSF spread or known CSF involvement. Traditional CSI has inherent dosimetric variations and is prone to patient set up error. Helical tomotherapy (HT) is a novel image‐guidedtreatment allowing for precise target sculpting while limiting dose to critical normal tissues. Here, we perform a dosimetric comparison of traditional CSI to that delivered by HT and present an example of utilizing HT for conformal avoidance. Method and Materials: A patient with previously‐treated glioneural neoplasm (60 Gy) recurred with leptomeningeal spread and due to her previous radiation was not a candidate for traditional CSI. Treatment planningCTimages were used to generate a 36 Gy CSI plan using HT, using the 80% isodose line from the previous treatment plan as an absolute avoidance structure. Three additional patients were planned for HT‐CSI and compared to traditional planning. Dosimetry to the PTV and critical normal tissues was performed for both the traditional and HT plans. Results: Traditional CSI fields contain a cold spot representing less than 50% of prescribed dose at the lower spinal junction, where no gaps were necessary using HT. Tomotherapy resulted in a more highly conformal dose delivery to the PTV with conformal avoidance to previously‐treated region. Dose inhomogeneity (90% – 10% volume) to the PTV for HT was 1–3%, compared to > 10% for the traditional CSI setup. Conclusions: HT‐CSI results in superior dosimetry to the PTV, with a higher minimum dose delivered more conformally, while maximum doses to critical normal tissues are lower compared to traditional LINAC‐based CSI. HT requires no junctions with gaps to be calculated and shifts to be made, and it is not subject to critical underdosing as seen in the traditional CSI plan. Conformal avoidance can be easily achieved with HT‐CSI.
The Measurement of OH and HO2 in the Atmosphere

Abstract Measurements of the OH and HO2 radicals form stringent tests of our knowledge of atmospheric photochemistry. Owing to the extremely low concentrations of these species, their determination has posed a considerable experimental challenge; but now, after many years of development, it appears that reliable measurements are possible. The major experimental methods for OH are laser absorption, laser-induced fluorescence, and chemical conversion. HO2 is determined through electron spin resonance, chemical conversion to OH, or chemical amplification producing NO2. Recent field determinations of both compounds have provided some significant surprises, suggesting that our understanding of atmospheric photochemistry is not yet complete. This overview article discusses features of these methods, needs for OH and HO2 measurement campaigns including instrument intercomparisons, and some questions posed by the field measurements.
Deriving voltage tolerance specification for processor circuit design

A well defined power supply tolerance specification is very important for designing processor circuits with sufficient performance margin. We introduce a design flow to derive the voltage tolerance specification by including power noise components due to the significant contributors, namely, voltage drop, voltage gradient, middle frequency chip package resonance noise, high frequency simultaneous switching noise (SSN), and voltage regulation module (VRM) tolerance. This method has been serving well for power tolerance specifications of multiple generations of IBM processor designs. However, the methodology needs further refinement to design the off-chip serial interfaces. As the interfaces are increasing in frequency, the voltage levels and swings are minimized to meet the performance criteria of maximizing the data transfer rate per watt.
“Screw you!” & “thank you”

If I do you a good turn, you may respond with gratitude and express that gratitude by saying “Thank you.” Similarly, if I insult you, you may react with resentment which you express by shouting, “Screw you!” or something of the sort. Broadly put, when confronted with another’s morally significant conduct, we are inclined to respond with a reactive attitude and to express that reactive attitude in speech. A number of familiar speech acts have a call-and-response structure. Questions, demands and hails are all call-types, and each seeks a defining response. Questions seek answers, demands seek compliance, and a hail, for example, “Hi Coleen” seeks a “Hi” in return. Many theorists claim that expressions of the reactive attitudes also have this structure. Yet, this insight raises a number of questions. There are, after all, many familiar call-types, not only questions, demands and hails, but also requests, invitations, recommendations and entreaties. Given this, it is natural to wonder whether the expressed reactive attitudes are a sui generis call-type or whether they can be properly assimilated to one of the better-known forms. Further, we might wonder about the response component. It is utterly familiar that the response suited to a demand is compliance, and that the response sought by a question is an answer, but what response do the expressed reactive attitudes seek? The answer to this question is not similarly ready to hand. In this paper, I provide a recognition-based theory of the call-and-response structure of the expressed reactive attitudes. On my account, both the positive and negative expressed reactive attitudes are modes of recognition that seek for their target to give expression to her recognition of having been appropriately recognized. In the negative case, the target does this by feeling and expressing guilt or remorse, and in the positive case, by feeling and expressing self-approbation.
To change or not to change: That is the question

Digital forensics has become a prevalent force in the field of computer security; aiding in determining events that may or may not have taken place. Academia has taught computer forensics students that one of the most important elements of the digital forensic process is having a working copy of the original device. Though this concept works well with computers and laptops, it does not with smartphones. At this point, a bit-for-bit image of a smartphone cannot be made. Furthermore, any action taken on a smartphone is logged and therefore, attempting to create a copy would in essence change the state of the device; making the use of hashes null and void. In an effort to realize interesting and unique forensic patterns in the operations of smartphones, two experiments were designed using XRY, DiffMerge, and four smartphone devices: RIM Blackberry 8703e, Blackberry 7103, Blackberry 8530, and Symbian HTC TouchPro 6850. These experiments allowed the researchers to compare and contrast the four smartphones not only by the specific device but by carrier, manufacturer, file size by category, file size by test, and folder size in terms of how the kernel deals with file stores, edits, and deletes after specific user operations. The outcome of the experiments resulted in a process that helps the forensic examiner to manually inspect a device while being aware of the path of contamination introduced to the device through user functions. The goal of this research is to create an open debate in the forensic community about the consideration of different standards when examining smartphones, one of which would be the acceptance of change.
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of rat ventricles following chronic hypoxia: a model of right ventricular hypertrophy.

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to study the effect of chronic hypoxia on both right (RV) and left ventricular and septal (LV + S) muscle. Rats in the hypoxic group, kept in a hypobaric chamber at 12 atm pressure for 2 weeks, developed right, but not left, ventricular hypertrophy (p < 0.001). Tissues were studied within 2.5 h of return to air. T1 and T2 relaxation times of RV, LV + S and thigh muscle (Th) from hypoxic and control rats were compared. The T2 value distinguished hypoxic from control RV (p < 0.002), but not hypoxic from control LV + S or Th, indicating that the change in relaxation time reflects cellular hypertrophy, and not hypoxemia. For hypoxic rats only the T2 value distinguished each muscle type: RV from LV + S (p < 0.009), RV from Th (p < 0.001) and LV + S from Th (p < 0001). The T1 value did not identify either the hypoxic or control group or the type of muscle. Percent water content was similar for all tissues. For hypoxic RV, T2 correlated with the percent water content (r = 0.89; p < 0.01). The sensitivity of T2 to the cellular changes associated with hypoxic RV hypertrophy could provide a means of detecting right ventricular hypertrophy.
Anaerobic digestion of manure from swine fed on various diets

Abstract The operational problems encountered during the operation of a pilot-size anaerobic digester operating on swine manure for a 350 day period is presented. The rations fed to the pigs from which the manure was collected included corn only, corn-milo and corn-wheat combinations. Changing of a swine ration from corn-milo combination to corn-wheat combination resulted in lowered gas production. On two occasions, the feeding of swine manure containing the antibiotic lincomycin into the digester resulted in reductions in biological activity. Start-up of an anaerobic digester on swine manure should begin at a loading rate of 0·8 g VS litre −1 day −1 . The loading should then be increased to 4 g VS litre −1 day −1 over a 60 to 70 day time period.
Recruitment in flatfish: lines for future research

Abstract Understanding of any generalities and principles in fisheries sciences comes only after substantial efforts to collate and compare available information. This second flatfish symposium was formulated around the concept of falsifying testable hypotheses, although the results were marginal at best, and progress toward any novel insights was elusive. I have a history of posing the question, Why? I attempted to answer this by pointing out some of the information voids necessary to the integration of organismal physiology and behaviours, appropriate scale environmental variabilities, and the lack of our ability, or opportunity, to measure any of these processes on sufficient number of species to gain those insights. Second, I wonder why the continued statistical efforts to manipulate great masses of fuzzy fisheries catch and sampling data, particularly when the action in life histories of fishes takes place at the local scale, upon individuals, in a very nearly binary fashion, rather than over a somehow unified distribution that would be required in order to apply, appropriately, mean and variance or regression procedures. That there has to be a stock-recruitment relation is not logical. That plaice appear to have one implies two things: that there is a real bottle-neck in their adult habitat, and/or, that the stock/recruitment data are themselves misleading artifacts. I remain convinced that the answers lie in a better understanding of predator-prey relations, and much better understanding of physiologically significant environmental variabilities, rather than in more sophisticated mathematical processing of inadequate, and indirect inferences. Flatfish are proving themselves to be fish, with a twist. That is encouraging, but not enlightening.
Energy-band and piezoelectric calculations on cubic boron nitride

The plane-wave---Gaussian mixed-basis method was used to calculate energy bands and piezoelectric properties for crystalline cubic boron nitride. The indirect gap for cubic BN calculated using the above method was 4.3 eV while the calculated valence bandwidth was 20.4 eV. Here the agreement between theory and experiment is found to be better than in previous theoretical calculations. The polarization of piezoelectric cubic boron nitride induced by a shear strain was calculated. The piezoelectric constants ${e}_{14}={e}_{24}={e}_{34}$ were estimated by evaluating the polarization change under shear strain.
Clinical Significance of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Colonization on Hospital Admission: One-Year Infection Risk

Background Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) nasal colonization among inpatients is a well-established risk factor for MRSA infection during the same hospitalization, but the long-term risk of MRSA infection is uncertain. We performed a retrospective cohort study to determine the one-year risk of MRSA infection among inpatients with MRSA-positive nasal polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests confirmed by positive nasal culture (Group 1), patients with positive nasal PCR but negative nasal culture (Group 2), and patients with negative nasal PCR (Group 3). Methodology/Principal Findings Subjects were adults admitted to a four-hospital system between November 1, 2006 and March 31, 2011, comprising 195,255 admissions. Patients underwent nasal swab for MRSA PCR upon admission; if positive, nasal culture for MRSA was performed; if recovered, MRSA was tested for Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL). Outcomes included MRSA-positive clinical culture and skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI). Group 1 patients had a one-year risk of MRSA-positive clinical culture of 8.0% compared with 3.0% for Group 2 patients, and 0.6% for Group 3 patients (p<0.001). In a multivariable model, the hazard ratios for future MRSA-positive clinical culture were 6.52 (95% CI, 5.57 to 7.64) for Group 1 and 3.40 (95% CI, 2.70 to 4.27) for Group 2, compared with Group 3 (p<0.0001). History of MRSA and concurrent MRSA-positive clinical culture were significant risk factors for future MRSA-positive clinical culture. Group 1 patients colonized with PVL-positive MRSA had a one-year risk of MRSA-positive clinical culture of 10.1%, and a one-year risk of MRSA-positive clinical culture or SSTI diagnosis of 21.7%, compared with risks of 7.1% and 12.5%, respectively, for patients colonized with PVL-negative MRSA (p = 0.04, p = 0.005, respectively). Conclusions/Significance MRSA nasal colonization is a significant risk factor for future MRSA infection; more so if detected by culture than PCR. Colonization with PVL-positive MRSA is associated with greater risk than PVL-negative MRSA.
Thymidylate synthetase — substrate complex formation

The complexes that thymidylate synthetase (TSase) forms with various potent inhibitors have been intensively studied and thoroughly reviewed. Of particular significance is the covalent ternary complex of TSase-FdUMP-5,10-CH2H4PteGlu. HUMP is the active metabolite of the widely used anti-cancer drug 5-fluorouracil. This complex is thought to be analogous to a steady-state intermediate of the normal enzyme reaction with the substrate dUMP. In this review, we examine the properties of TSase-dUMP complexes in order to determine if there is an experimental basis for drawing a close analogy between dUMP and HUMP in their interaction with TSase, and also to evaluate data indicating a potential chemotherapeutic value for TSase-dUMP complexes formed in the presence of folate analogs.
Expression of photoreceptor cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel α subunit (CNGCα) in the liver and skeletal muscle

Glucagon and β-adrenergic agents increase cAMP levels and stimulate Ca2+ influx in liver cells. There is no consensus as to the mechanism by which these hormones stimulate the influx of Ca2+. Using mouse retinal rod CNGCα cDNA probes, we cloned rat liver and skeletal muscle, and human hepatic CNGCα subunit sequences showing 97–100% identity with the human rod channel. In order to assess channel activity, the effect of cyclic nucleotides on free intracellular Ca2+ levels of isolated hepatocytes was measured. Dibutyryl-cAMP was more effective in increasing free Ca2+ levels than dibutyryl-cGMP. These data indicate that the CNGCα subunit is expressed in the both liver and skeletal muscle possibly mediating hormonal effects on ion fluxes.
Reading an Analogy Can Cause the Illusion of Comprehension

This study explored students' ability to evaluate their learning from a multimedia inquiry unit about the causes of global climate change. Participants were 90 sixth grade students from four science classrooms. Students were provided with a text describing the causes of climate change as well as graphs showing average global temperature changes. Half of the students also received an analogy to help support their understanding of the topic. Results indicated that overall students were over-confident about how much they learned and how well they understood the topic. Further, the presence of an analogy led to higher levels of overconfidence. Results also indicated that students with better graph interpretation skills were less overconfident even when the analogy was present. These results suggest that the presence of graphs and analogies can negatively affect students' abilities to accurately judge their own level of understanding and may lead to an illusion of comprehension.
Meaning Making and Translanguaging in a Two-Way Dual-Language Program on the U.S.-Mexico Border

The article analyzes meaning-making practices in a two-way dual-language (TWDL) program on the U.S.-Mexico border among transfronterizo and Mexican-origin youth. In the article, we show that emergent bilingual learners and their teacher participate in activities that mediate understanding of science content knowledge. We show how the teacher of a fourth-grade TWDL classroom creates a borderland space in which the full repertoire of students’ languages, including translanguaging, is recognized and validated. We illustrate how the teacher, Ms. O, guides students to use strategies and meaning-making tools in both languages to construct meanings of the science content. We also demonstrate how she scaffolds students’ language development, develops students’ higher-order thinking, and involves all students in constructing understanding. We end with a discussion and suggestions for dual-language teaching.
Relativistic klystron two-beam accelerator

Relativistic klystrons (RK's) are being developed as an RF power source for high gradient accelerator applications which include large linear electron-positron colliders, compact accelerators, and FEL sources. In a relativistic klystron two-beam accelerator (RK-TBA), the drive beam passes through a large number of RF output structures. High conversion efficiency of electron beam energy to RF energy is achieved in this concept by reacceleration of the modulated drive beam between output structures. We have conducted experiments studying the RF power extracted from various RK structures driven by modulated induction accelerator current pulses; our studies include work on improving the transport dynamics of the drive beam. We have started a demonstration in which the modulated induction beam current is reaccelerated by passage through subsequent induction accelerator cells. >
Conduct problems among children at battered women's shelters: Prevalence and stability of maternal reports

The present research was designed to (1) replicate prevalence estimates of clinical levels of conduct problems in a large (n = 401) sample of children residing at a shelter for battered women, and (2) assess the stability of mothers' reports of child conduct problems following shelter departure. According to mothers' reports on standardized questionnaires and diagnostic interviews obtained during shelter residence, approximately one third of the children between 4 and 10 years of age exhibited clinical levels of conduct problems. Prior research has demonstrated elevated maternal distress during shelter residence and suggests that such distress may influence mothers' reports of child conduct problems. To examine this issue, a subset of families with children exhibiting clinical levels of conduct problems (n = 68) was reassessed following their shelter departure. Mothers' reports of child conduct problems remained stable despite significant reductions in mothers' distress after shelter exit.
The Deposition Characteristics of Accelerated Nonformaldehyde Electroless Copper Plating

The deposition process of an electroless copper plating solution using sodium citrate as the main complexing agent and sodium hypophosphite as the reducing agent has been investigated. The deposit composition, structure, and catalytic activity for the oxidation of hypophosphite during the process have been investigated. Formamidine disulfide (fd) has been shown to accelerate the deposition rate of the electroless plating just as it does with electroless plating solutions using N-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediaminetriacetic acid trisodium salt hydrate (HEDTA) as the complexing agent. For solutions with the mole ratio of 42, the deposition rate decreased with time and terminated after 90 min plating because the surface catalytic activity of the deposit had decreased with thickness. A copper deposit with total thickness of 6.48-6.59 μm was obtained after 90 min plating. The decrease in the deposition rate with time was mitigated by decreasing the mole ratio, holding the concentration of copper ions constant. An optimized electroless copper plating process with sustained deposition rate with time and high metal conductivity was developed. The bath was used in a fully additive high density wiring process. © 2003 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Palynological Evidence Bearing on the Ordovician-Silurian Paraconformity in Ohio

Organic microfossils (spore tetrads, acrit-archs, scolecodonts, chitinozoans) from six Late Ordovician through Early Silurian samples (Elkhorn Formation of the Richmond Group; lower and upper beds of Belfast Member of the Brassfield Formation) straddling the Ordovician-Silurian paraconformity provide evidence about water depth. The spore tetrads appear to have been derived from plants growing in environments no deeper than an intertidal, semiterrestrial or very shallow-marine if not a nonmarine position. Their concentration on both sides of the paraconformity indicates at least shallower depth conditions than are present in the overlying upper part of the Brassfield Formation with its Eocoelia and succeeding deeper water Pentamerus benthic marine life zone faunas. A progressive deepening of water in the Early Silurian away from the paraconformity is also indicated by the inverse relationship existing between abundant spores in the basal bed of the Belfast Member and abundant Acanthomorphitae acritarchs in the upper bed. The presence of Sphaeromorphitae acritarchs in all sixsamples indicates that those microplankton are restricted to very shallow water depths. Spores from the Elkhorn Formation may have been derived from plants living in Ordovician time or they have “leaked” into the Elkhorn from the Silurian. In the former event, these spores may represent the oldest vascular plant remains recognized in North America.
LOVE AMONG THE RUINS: THE CATACOMBS, THE CLOSET, AND THE VICTORIAN “EARLY CHRISTIAN” NOVEL

Catacomb, n., a subterranean place for the burial of the dead, consisting of galleries or passageways with recesses excavated in their sides for tombs.The Oxford English DictionarySilence itself — the things one declines to say, or is forbidden to name, the discretion that is required between different speakers — is less the absolute limit of discourse, the other side from which it is separated by a strict boundary, than an element that functions alongside the things said, with them and in relation to them within over-all strategies.Michel Foucault, The History of SexualityWe often assume (rightly) that homosexuality must be hidden, that it has to be found.Neil Bartlett, Who Was That Man?I. Ruining the Religious NovelBY TITLING THIS ESSAY “Love Among the Ruins,” I mean at once to be literal, figurative, and allusive in the framing of my topic: literal, in that I will be examining the place of love — specifically, erotic love — within the Roman catacombs or equivalent sites of Christian sanctuary; figurative, in that the representations of love that I will be discussing occur within the context of “literary ruins” — that is, within a relatively obscure nineteenth-century English narrative sub-genre, the Victorian “Early Christian” novel1; and, finally, allusive, in that I deliberately invoke the first poem of Robert Browning’s 1855 collection of dramatic monologues, Men and Women, for more than mere rhetorical effect. In fact, “Love Among the Ruins” condenses a number of the key concerns that I want to address in this essay, for the poem offers an important critique of classical culture not only as a site of pagan aesthetic production and human vainglory, but, relatedly, of homosocial and, perhaps, homoerotic bonds and the sterility presumed to inhere therein — a critique highly visible in Victorian Early Christian fiction. Indeed, I would argue, Browning’s text implicitly participates in the discursive construction of an important, if ultimately unstable, dichotomy that Victorian novels set in the catacombs and written roughly around the same time as “Love Among the Ruins” powerfully reinforce: namely, the traditional opposition between classicism and Christianity, an opposition at least one facet of which is rooted in competing attitudes toward the erotic.