cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Local and whole organ renal oxygenation under hemorrhagic shock.

Reports of various authors on the use of different techniques for assessing tissue oxygenation under a variety of hemorrhagic shock conditions abound in this symposium and in the literature (1,2). Undoubtedly these add to our knowledge of this exciting and complex clinical and experimental state. Our hope is that coordinated efforts will be undertaken to compare techniques and experimental designs and thus facilitate interpretation of results. In this way the role played by anesthesia, surgical trauma, temperature, and degree and duration of shock, among other variables, can be evaluated. In addition, changes in results due to changes in size, location, and type of electrodes as well as duration and type of polarographic voltage can be identified. This report is about one of our attempts in this direction: the comparison of local renal oxygenation changes with those of the whole kidney under hemorrhagic shock.
Counter-mdicalization and Europe’s New Security Dilemma

In the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks, governments throughout the world rushed to improve their counterterrorism policies. Several countries tightened their legislations, increased the resources available to their intelligence and law enforcement agencies, and established aggressive policies to uncover and prosecute terrorist networks. Policymakers, fearing an imminent attack, understandably focused their attention on suppression. Yet, over the last few years, many governments have started thinking about more comprehensive and long-term counterterrorism policies. Understanding that simply dismantling terrorist networks without preventing the radicalization of new potential scores of militants is like playing a never-ending game of “whack-a-mole,” several Muslim countries have devised various programs to fight extremism. From Saudi Arabia to Indonesia, authorities have in fact devised more or less comprehensive measures to de-radicalize committed militants and prevent the radicalization of new ones.
11 – Market and innovation considerations in development of natural/wood-fiber composites

Publisher Summary Recent years have seen explosive growth in Natural Fibre-Based Composite (NFC) products. Societal leanings towards green products and increases in petroleum prices suggest similar increases into the foreseeable future. On a volume basis, the wood products industry dominates the product category with traditional structural and non-structural, wood-based panels. However, new, fibre-based products have largely come from outside this sector. Wood-plastic decking and automotive parts are the most noteworthy examples of new fibre-based products. This chapter explores NFC products and industry sectors involved in their production from the perspective of marketing and innovation. Research and development is considered from the perspectives of resource or technology push versus market pull. NFC products are most developed in North America and Europe, but the respective approaches are quite different. In North America, the largest market is for outdoor decking and wood is the natural fibre that is typically used, whereas in Europe the situation can be described as more technically advanced with the largest market being automotive parts and agricultural fibres are the norm.
What Do They Want from Us? A Survey of EM Program Directors on EM Application Criteria.

ABSTRACT Introduction Although a relatively young specialty, emergency medicine (EM) is quite popular among medical students and is one of the most competitive large specialties. Consequently, students increasingly seek more opportunity to differentiate themselves from their colleagues by pursuing more clerkships at the cost of taking out additional loans. This despite the fact that those who match in emergency medicine typically do so in their top three choices. We sought to ascertain what factors EM program directors seek in their typical candidate. Methods Emergency Medicine program directors were recruited via the Council of Residency Directors email listserv to participate in an anonymous survey regarding the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE), the number of Standard Letters of Evaluation (SLOE), and the number of EM rotations during the fourth year. Results 135 respondents completed the anonymous survey. 59% of respondents stated their program did not have a minimum USMLE Step 1 score, but 39% reported a minimum score of 210 or higher. 95% of programs do not require Step 2 to grant an interview, but 46% require it to place the student on the rank list. 80% require only one EM rotation to grant an interview and none require more than 2. 95% of programs will accept 2 SLOEs for both application and rank list placement. Conclusion For the typical emergency medicine applicant, there is likely little benefit to performing more than two rotations and obtaining more than two SLOEs. Students can defer USMLE Step 2 but must complete it by the time rank lists are due. Our study was limited by the anonymity of the survey and comments by the respondents revealed the questions did not account for some nuances programs apply to their application review process.
Azacitidine (Vidaza®) Treatment Response Assessed Using Three Alternative Dosing Schedules in Patients with Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS).

Previous CALGB trials published by Silverman et al (JCO2002;20:2429) have shown azacitidine to be efficacious and well tolerated in the treatment of MDS at a dosing schedule of 75 mg/m2/day x 7 days every 28 days. The objective of this phase II, multicenter, randomized, open-label trial was to study treatment response in patients with MDS with 3 alternative, subcutaneous azacitidine dosing regimens, each eliminating the need for weekend injections. The 3 alternative dosing schedules, repeated in 28-day cycles, were AZA 5-2-2 (75 mg/m2/day x 5 days, followed by 2 days of no treatment, followed by 75 mg/m2/day x 2 days), AZA 5-2-5 (50 mg/m2/day x 5 days, followed by 2 days of no treatment, followed by 50 mg/m2/day x 5 days), and AZA 5 (75 mg/m2/day x 5 days). Eligible MDS patients must have had a life expectancy of ≥ 7 months and an ECOG performance status grade of 0–3, with a FAB classification of RA, RARS, RAEB, RAEB-T, or CMML. RA and RARS patients must also have had either hemoglobin
Problems of Practical Interest in General Spherical Coordinates

The spherical wave functions are orthogonal over the surface of a sphere, and many problems can be solved by making use of the orthogonality conditions.
Working Algorithms: Software Automation and the Future of Work:

While some argue that the rise of software automation threatens workers with obsolescence, others assert that new complementarities between humans and software systems are likely to emerge. This st...
Employee–Organization Relationship

The employee–organization relationship (EOR) is a term that describes the relationship between an employee and an organization. The EOR is generally seen as a series of exchanges between the two parties, along with the employee's views and beliefs about the organization. The EOR deals with the investments that each side makes in the other, as well as the balance within this exchange. Research on the EOR has focused on three main theories: social exchange theory, perceived organizational support, and psychological contracts. The EOR is important in many work-related situations, such as in dealing with virtual employment, a diverse workforce, older workers, and workers planning for retirement. Keywords: bridge employment; human resource management; job design and redesign; workforce aging and retirement
Institutionalized Barriers and Supports of Female Athletic Directors: A Multilevel Perspective

Despite an increase in participation rates among girls and women across all levels of sport, women are still underrepresented in leadership positions. Less than 10% of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I Athletic Directors (ADs) are female. The current study examined the supports and barriers of 10 NCAA Division I female ADs. Using institutional theory to frame the research, through semistructured interviews barriers and supports were categorized using a multilevel approach model (i.e., macro, meso, and micro). The multilevel approach allows readers to see how factors shape and are shaped by one another. Results revealed macro factors such as power, hegemonic masculinity, inclusive environments, stakeholder expectations, and institutional gender discrimination. Meso factors included occupational segregation, family-work life, organizational demography and culture. Micro factors included self-efficacy, gender socialization, career intentions, self-limiting behaviors, human and social...
Induction of a Na+/K+-ATPase-dependent form of autophagy triggers preferential cell death of human immunodeficiency virus type-1-infected macrophages.

Although antiretroviral therapy is highly effective in suppressing human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV) replication, treatment has failed to eliminate viral reservoirs and discontinuation of treatment results in viral reactivation. Here, we demonstrate that peptides Tat-vFLIP-α2 and Tat-Beclin 1/BECN1 which have been shown to induce a Na+/K+-ATPase- and a macroautophagy/autophagy-dependent form of cell death, autosis, can preferentially kill HIV-infected macrophages while preventing virological rebound. To improve bioavailability and drug delivery, Tat-vFLIP-α2 was encapsulated into biodegradable PLGA (poly lactic-co-glycolic acid)-lipid-PEG (polyethylene glycol) nanoparticles for long-lasting intracellular delivery. After a single dose of NP-vFLIP-α2, HIV-infected macrophages were preferentially killed in a dose-dependent manner compared to uninfected or untreated HIV-infected cells with complete inhibition of HIV infection at 10 μM of peptide. HIV-infected macrophages treated with NP-vFLIP-α2 exhibited increased markers of autophagy including LC3B lipidation, SQSTM1/p62 degradation and Na+/K+-ATPase expression compared to untreated uninfected or infected cells. Moreover, the increased cell death observed in HIV-infected cells was not altered by treatment with bafilomycin A1 (BAF) or the caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK, but could be reversed following treatment with the Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitor, digoxin, or knockdown of ATG5 or ATG7. NP-vFLIP-α2 induced preferential killing was also detected in HIV-infected macrophages under antiretroviral suppression without inducing viral reactivation. Additionally, we found that Na+/K+-ATPase was upregulated in HIV-infected cells, which enhanced NP-vFLIP-α2 induced cell death. These findings provide a novel strategy to eradicate HIV-infected macrophages by selectively killing infected cells through the induction of Na+/K+-ATPase dependent autophagy, while preventing reactivation of virus and new infection of uninfected bystander cells.
Ultrasonic Evaluation of Spray-Dried Ceramic Powders During Compaction

There is a growing need to nondestructively evaluate (NDE) compacted ceramic powder parts in the green (unfired) state. In many cases, the quality of the final sintered product is determined by the quality of the starting powder and its homogeneity after compaction. If inferior compacts could be detected, it would be possible to reject them prior to further costly processing stages [1]. Some flaws can occur during subsequent sintering [2], or machining [3], or polishing [4], etc. The quality control of ceramics can be enhanced by applying NDE methods at several stages of processing to narrow the possible origins of a particular problem.
Culture and family therapy.

The ethnic and cultural diversity in this country is impressive. The goals of this article are to address the development of current family therapy approaches that specifically address culturally diverse groups, the cultural variables that must be considered in the treatment interventions of these approaches, and, through a clinical vignette, exemplify clinical approaches.
Self-Control Skills for the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders

The concept of “self-control” initially appeared in the psychological literature in the early 1950s, when Skinner (1953) devoted an entire chapter to the topic in Science and Human Behavior. To a very large extent, Skinner’s conceptualization of self-control provided a general backdrop against which much of the work in the 1970s and the more contemporary work in the 1980s that has been carried out. In particular, Skinner made a very helpful distinction between the “controlling response” and the “controlled response”. The essential difference between the two is that individuals are able to emit a behavior or a pattern of behavior over which they have control — the controlling response — in order to change the probability of another, typically problematic behavior pattern over which they lack direct control — the controlled response.
PolyQTL: Bayesian multiple eQTL detection with control for population structure and sample relatedness.

MOTIVATION Expression quantitative loci (eQTL) are being used widely to annotate and interpret GWAS hits. Recent studies have demonstrated that individual gene expression is often regulated by multiple independent cis-acting eQTL. Diverse methods, frequentist and Bayesian, have already been developed to simultaneously detect and fine-map such multiple eQTL, but most of these ignore sample relatedness and potential population structure. This can result in false positives and disrupt the accuracy of fine-mapping. Here we introduce PolyQTL software for identifying and estimating eQTL effects. The package incorporates a genetic relatedness matrix to remove the influence of population structure and sample relatedness, while utilizing a Bayesian multiple eQTL detection pipeline to identify the most plausible candidate causal variants at one or more independent loci influencing abundance of a transcript. RESULTS Simulations demonstrate that our approach improves the rate of discovery of causal variants relative to methods that do not account for relatedness. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION The software is written in C++, and freely available for download at https://github.com/jxzb1988/PolyQTL.
Robust simplex algorithm for online optimization

A new optimization algorithm is introduced for online optimization applications. The algorithm was modified from the popular Nelder-Mead simplex method to make it noise aware and noise resistant. Simulation with an analytic function is used to demonstrate its performance. The algorithm has been successfully tested in experiments, which showed that the algorithm is robust for optimization problems with complex functional dependence, high cross-coupling between parameters, and high noise. Advantages of the new algorithm include high efficiency and that it does not require prior knowledge of the parameter space such as an initial conjugate direction set.
Keep the Informants Talking: The Pursuit and Use of CBRN Weapons by Terrorist Organizations

What factors affect the likelihood that violent nonstate actors pursue and use chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear (CBRN) weapons? What factors make a country at-risk for a CBRN terroris...
A Neoindigenous Perspective on Language Silencing in Science Education.

The authors draw on their own experiences as practitioners, one as a Biology and Agriculture teacher in Kenya, and the other as an educator in a summer science program serving African American youth in a city in the Midwestern United States. They document and analyze moments of language contestation and explore the use of the construct of neoindigenous to see in what ways it illuminates new understandings of continued colonization through language silencing in relation to science teaching and learning. A self-study methodology is used, which includes memory work, narrative, and conversation, and allows the researchers to fuse personal narrative and sociocultural exploration. What emerges are glimpses of what is lost and rendered valueless when English and the language of science are positioned as elite and correct. The research also shows the difficulty for educators of diminishing the power of science that is sustained by access to its language, even when they intentionally try to create hybrid spaces that value non-dominant student language.
Comparison of thermal performances of two Asian larval parasitoids of Drosophila suzukii

Abstract Ganaspis brasiliensis Ihering and Leptopilina japonica Novkovic & Kimura (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) are candidates for biological control of the spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilae), an invasive pest originally from East Asia. Developmental time and offspring survival from egg to adult, and fecundity (measured as adult offspring production/female wasp) of a Chinese and a South Korean population of both species were assessed at different constant temperatures. Development time decreased with increasing temperature from 17.2 to 27.5 °C; at 29.3 °C no parasitoid completed development. Temperatures below 17.2 °C triggered a facultative diapause in both species, and this cold temperature response varied among populations of different origin: South Korean populations of G. brasiliensis and L. japonica entered diapause at 17.2 °C, whereas only a proportion of their Chinese counterparts entered diapause at the same temperature. No significant differences in offspring survival and fecundity were detected between populations in the mid-temperature range. However, fecundity at 15.9 °C was higher for South Korean populations of G. brasiliensis and L. japonica compared with their Chinese counterparts, suggesting that the host location and oviposition behavior of the searching females was less affected by the cold temperature and/or their eggs had better cold hardiness. These variations in response to cold temperatures need to be further investigated and their ecological significance assessed to better understand performance of G. brasiliensis and L. japonica in those invaded regions where control is needed.
Analysis of train derailment severity using vine copula quantile regression modeling

Abstract Although there is a low frequency of train derailments, they have been a major concern due to their high consequences justifying the need to critically examine the severity of train derailments. Derailments may result in injury, loss of life and property, interruption of services and damage of the environment. Most derailment severity models have utilized point estimation approaches which focus on the central tendency of derailment severity outcomes. However, this approach is not reliable given the high variation in derailment severity. Thus, it is imperative to take into consideration the entire severity distribution by examining other statistics including conditional quantiles. Furthermore, derailment data has been found to exhibit tail dependence, skewness and non-normality of the marginal distributions and joint distribution of the variables. Therefore, it is not appropriate to examine their interrelationships using conventional correlation analysis. For these reasons, this paper employs vine copula quantile regression model, an interval estimation approach, to predict conditional mean and quantiles of derailment severity outcomes. This novel methodology automatically tackles prominent issues in classical quantile regression including quantile crossing at various levels and interactions between covariates. Vine copulas, which are multivariate copulas constructed hierarchically from bivariate copulas as building blocks, permit the modeling of the complex dependences between the variables. The vine copula quantile regression model was found to offer better accuracy for analyzing derailment severity at various confidence levels compared to the classical quantile regression approach. The findings provide greater comprehension of the influence of the covariates on train derailment severity.
The deceptive absence of Arabic in Nadir Moknèche’s Viva Laldjérie

Nadir Mokneche’s Viva Laldjerie (2003) is one of a number of films that mark as well as chronicle the turn of a new leaf in Algeria. It was shot in Algiers at the onset of the twenty-first century,...
Irradiation or temozolomide chemotherapy enhances anti-CD47 treatment of glioblastoma:

Irradiation and temozolomide (TMZ) chemotherapy are the current standard treatments for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), but they are associated with toxicity and limited efficacy. Recently, these st...
Transcriptomic analysis and novel insights into lens fibre cell differentiation regulated by Gata3.

Gata3 is a DNA-binding transcription factor involved in cellular differentiation in a variety of tissues including inner ear, hair follicle, kidney, mammary gland and T-cells. In a previous study i...
Structural Disorder in Intermetallic Boride Pr21M16Te6B30 (M = Mn, Fe): A Transition Metal Cluster and Its Evil Twin

Reactions of boron, tellurium, and either iron or manganese in a praseodymium-nickel flux led to the production of Pr21M16Te6B30 (M = Fe or Mn) with a novel structure type that features M16B30 clusters surrounded by a Pr/Te framework. Due to disorder in the orientation of the transition metal boride clusters, these phases initially appear to form in the cubic space group Pm3m. However, analysis of site occupancy, bond lengths, and local structure in the M16B30 sublattice indicates the local symmetry is P43m. This space group symmetry is supported by transmission electron microscopy studies including selected area electron diffraction (SAED) and high angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM), which indicate ordered regions. The M16B30 cluster twinning domain that could be as small as nanometer size inside a single crystal results in the misleading Pm3m symmetry. Electronic structure calculations indicate the Pr21M16Te6B30 phases are metals. Magnetic susceptibility measurements show that both the praseodymium and the transition metal have magnetic moments in these compounds. Pr21Mn16Te6B30 exhibits antiferromagnetic ordering at TN = 15 K, and Pr21Fe16Te6B30 undergoes a likely ferrimagnetic transition at TC = 23 K.
Collective Trauma in Queer Communities

Building on previous scholarship theorizing collective trauma in communities of color, we assess experiences of collective trauma in queer communities, drawing on qualitative interviews with 80 queer people in Portland, Oregon. Most common in participant narratives were discussions of external trauma inflicted upon the queer community, such as trauma from political battles over queer rights, hate crimes, and cissexism. Yet, participants also mentioned trauma that originated from within the community, such as racism in the queer community, as having a significant impact on their lived experiences. Collective trauma in queer communities differs from trauma in communities of color in a variety of ways; most notable is the lack of intergenerational transmission of community history in queer communities.
Characterizing an Academic Institution's Baseline Network for Anomaly Detection

The following paper details the research conducted for characterizing the University of Virginia's baseline network behavior. The paper lays out a methodology for extracting network traffic, processing the captured data, reading the traffic into the utilized programs, and generating time series graphs for characterization analysis. Furthermore, the paper details the study's initial results from various models in distinguishing the “pattern of life.” Differing from previous studies, this study aims to characterize a large network accessed by an academic setting population through analysis of Bro logs (conn.logs and http.logs). Future work will focus on constructing wider time window comparisons of various features, in order to analyze how the baseline network behaves across each day, week, month, and conceivably year. The end result for this study is to develop a more accurate model in distinguishing the “pattern of life” of the University of Virginia's network traffic in order to detect network anomalies. This network characterization model would aid the University of Virginia and other large academic institutions in detecting network intrusions.
Recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma following deceased donor liver transplantation: case series

Aim We aimed to study the clinical and pathological characteristics of liver transplant recipients with hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence. Methods We reviewed the data for 26 patients who had tumor recurrence after deceased donor liver transplant for hepatocellular carcinoma at the Johns Hopkins Hospital from January 2005 to December 2015. Results In total, 88% of recipients were males. The mean age was 59 years. On explant, poor differentiation was detected in 43%, while 73% had microvascular invasion. Overall, 62% were diagnosed to be outside of Milan criteria. Out of these, 15% met the criteria for downstaging. Twenty (77%) patients had pre-transplant alpha fetoprotein levels ≥ 20 ng/mL. In 54% of patients, the location of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrence was extrahepatic, followed by intrahepatic in 31% and both intra- and extrahepatic in 15%. The post-transplant tumor recurrence was diagnosed at a mean of 427 days (range 34-1502). Fifty percent of HCC recurrences were diagnosed within one year following liver transplant. Twenty (77%) patients received treatment for their recurrent HCC: external radiation (n = 10), surgical resections (n = 8; brain 4, spine 2, bone 1, and Whipple surgery 1), sorafenib (n = 7), locoregional therapy (n = 5). Overall, 24 out of 26 (92%) recipients died within four years after the transplant. Conclusion HCC recurrence after liver transplant is infrequent. More than fifty percent of HCC recurrences following liver transplant are extrahepatic. Despite better recipient selection for liver transplant, the curative options are limited in recurrent cases and associated with extremely poor outcomes.
No differences in short-term outcomes between patients with anaerobic and aerobic culture positive prosthetic joint infection.

Abstract Background Prosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a devastation complication of total joint arthroplasty that can result in poor patient outcomes. Anaerobic organisms make up a small proportion of PJI cases and are much less studied. Studies comparing patient outcomes in anaerobic PJI to outcomes in aerobic PJI are sparse. The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical presentation, duration of antibiotics, type of treatment provided, and final outcome between PJI patients with anaerobic infection and those with aerobic infection. Methods This was a retrospective study of 26 patients who underwent treatment for PJI at a tertiary referral center. Eight patients with anaerobic PJI were compared to 18 patients with aerobic PJI in terms of clinical presentation, laboratory values, treatment duration, and functional outcome. Statistical analysis was performed on continuous variables of interest. Results The results of our study showed that there are no differences in short term clinical outcomes between PJI patients with cultures positive for anaerobic vs aerobic organisms (38.9% vs 50% successfully treated). Inflammatory markers were higher in the aerobic group and patients in the anaerobic group tended to have fewer medical comorbidities. Conclusion PJI caused by anaerobic organisms results in poor patient outcomes similar to infection caused by aerobic organisms. There are some differences in clinical presentation between the two groups that can be explained by the fact that anaerobic organisms are of low virulence and result in indolent infections causing longstanding symptoms.
Building pedagogues: white practicing teachers and the struggle for antiracist work in schools

Antiracist teaching has become a central focus for many programmes of teacher education and teacher professional development. However, teacher candidates and practising teachers alike can come away...
An Examination of Two Biblical Cases for One Approach to the Sufficiency of Scripture

This article explores the twofold key claim often made within the Biblical Counseling Movement: (1) that doctrine of the sufficiency of Scripture necessitates a Biblical counseling approach that is...
Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava-When a Left-Sided Central Line Does Not Make the Turn: A Case Report.

A 59-year-old male presenting for a living nonrelated kidney transplant has an intraoperative left internal jugular central venous catheter placed for operative access and monitoring. Post-anesthes...
Exogene: A performant workflow for detecting viral integrations from paired-end next-generation sequencing data

Abstract The integration of viruses into the human genome is known to be associated with tumorigenesis in many cancers, but the accurate detection of integration breakpoints from short read sequencing data is made difficult by human-viral homologies, viral genome heterogeneity, coverage limitations, and other factors. To address this, we present Exogene, a sensitive and efficient workflow for detecting viral integrations from paired-end next generation sequencing data. Exogene’s read filtering and breakpoint detection strategies yield integration coordinates that are highly concordant with those found in long read validation sets. We demonstrate this concordance across 6 TCGA Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumor samples, identifying integrations of hepatitis B virus that are validated by long reads. Additionally, we applied Exogene to targeted capture data from 426 previously studied HCC samples, achieving 98.9% concordance with existing methods and identifying 238 high-confidence integrations that were not previously reported. Exogene is applicable to multiple types of paired-end sequence data, including genome, exome, RNA-Seq or targeted capture.
Mathematics Learning Pathways on a School Fieldtrip: Interactional Practices Linking School and Museum Activity

Formal and informal educators often struggle with the question of whether and how school fieldtrips might productively connect school- and museum-based learning. I share findings from a video-based...
The Surface Chemical Bond of Adsorbed Organic Monolayers and Adsorbate-Induced Restructuring of Surfaces

Recent compilations of structural and spectroscopic data attest to the growing number of well-characterized adsorbates on single crystal surfaces [1, 2]. LEED (low energy electron diffraction) surface crystallography studies often combined with HREELS (high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy) have made possible the determination of the precise structure of these adsorbates. The bond lengths, bond angles, symmetry of the adsorption site and number of molecules in the surface unit cell can be obtained readily.
Characterization and partial purification of the plasminogen activator from human neuroblastoma cell line, SK-N-SH. A comparison with human urokinase.

Abstract The plasminogen activator liberated by cells of human neuroblastoma strain SK-N-SH was purified up to 400-fold, with a 40% recovery of activity, by a relatively simple procedure. This involved (NH4)2SO4 precipitation, followed by chromatography on both Affi-Gel Blue and p -aminobenzaminidine-Sepharose. The SK-N-SH activator was shown to differ from human urokinase with respect to immunulogicai specificity, the molecular weights and isoelectric points of their enzymatically active species, the ability to be activated by fibrin and their relative sensitivities to inactivation by diisopropyl fluorophosphate. The average molecular weights of the enzymatically active species derived from strain SK-N-SH were shown to be 66500, 64500, 60500 and 37500. In the presence of fibrin, the SK-N-SH plasminogen activator appeared tobe stimulated approximately 16-fold, with no apparent stimulation of urokinase acfivity. Urokinase is inactivated by diisopropyl fluorophosphate at a rate 6.4-fold faster than that of the SK-N-SH activator.
Retrogressive reactions in catalytic coal liquefaction using dispersed MoS2

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses how retrogressive reactions occur in catalytic liquefaction using dispersed Mo sulfide catalyst. Retrogressive reactions occur in coal liquefaction at 425–450° C in 25 mL reactors, even in the presence of dispersed Mo sulfide catalyst. By using H-donor solvent in catalytic runs at higher temperatures, the retrogressive reactions can be mitigated. Two approaches can be considered for improving the balance between thermal fragmentation(TF) and hydrogen available (HD): (1) modifying the rate of coal fragmentation at high temperatures by incorporating low-temperature coal pretreatment, temperature-staging, temperature-programming, and catalytic pretreatments and (2) increasing the hydrogen transfer capacity by using H-donor and hydrogen shuttler, in combination with hydrogenation catalyst under high pressure of hydrogen.
Quantification of regional myocardial blood flow using 13N-ammonia and reoriented dynamic positron emission tomographic imaging.

BACKGROUND Regional myocardial blood flow has been quantified using transaxial positron emission tomographic (PET) imaging and tracer kinetic modeling. However, the use of transaxial images limits the accuracy of regional partial volume corrections and the localization of the quantified regional flow values. The purpose of the present study was to overcome both problems by calculating regional flows from reoriented short-axis PET images. METHODS AND RESULTS Twelve experiments were performed in four dogs. 13N-ammonia was injected intravenously while microspheres were administered into the left atrium during baseline, hyperemic, and low-flow conditions. Serial transaxial frames were acquired with a 15-plane PET scanner and reoriented into short-axis frames. The arterial input function and eight regional myocardial tissue activity curves were derived from the reoriented frames. The arterial input functions were corrected for ammonia metabolites, and the myocardial tissue curves were corrected for spillover of activity, partial volume effects, and heterogeneities in the image9s spatial resolution introduced during reorientation. Corrections for regional partial volume were based on estimates of the regional myocardial activity thickness derived from reoriented diastolic images of the heart. The myocardial 13N-ammonia kinetics were described with a two-pool compartmental model. Values of regional myocardial blood flow by PET correlated linearly with those by microspheres (slope, 0.94; y intercept, 0.06 ml/min/g; r = 0.93) over a wide range of flows. CONCLUSIONS Regional myocardial blood flow can be measured accurately and noninvasively from serially acquired and reoriented short-axis 13N-ammonia images, thus overcoming limitations inherent to the use of transaxially acquired images and permitting a more complete evaluation of regional blood flows throughout the left ventricular myocardium.
Advanced Reduction Processes: A New Class of Treatment Processes

A new class of treatment processes called advanced reduction processes (ARPs) is proposed. ARPs combine activation methods and reducing agents to form highly reactive reducing radicals that degrade oxidized contaminants. Batch screening experiments were conducted to identify effective ARPs by applying several combinations of activation methods (ultraviolet light, ultrasound, electron beam, and microwaves) and reducing agents (dithionite, sulfite, ferrous iron, and sulfide) to degradation of four target contaminants (perchlorate, nitrate, perfluorooctanoic acid, and 2,4 dichlorophenol) at three pH-levels (2.4, 7.0, and 11.2). These experiments identified the combination of sulfite activated by ultraviolet light produced by a low-pressure mercury vapor lamp (UV-L) as an effective ARP. More detailed kinetic experiments were conducted with nitrate and perchlorate as target compounds, and nitrate was found to degrade more rapidly than perchlorate. Effectiveness of the UV-L/sulfite treatment process improved with increasing pH for both perchlorate and nitrate. We present the theory behind ARPs, identify potential ARPs, demonstrate their effectiveness against a wide range of contaminants, and provide basic experimental evidence in support of the fundamental hypothesis for ARP, namely, that activation methods can be applied to reductants to form reducing radicals that degrade oxidized contaminants. This article provides an introduction to ARPs along with sufficient data to identify potentially effective ARPs and the target compounds these ARPs will be most effective in destroying. Further research will provide a detailed analysis of degradation kinetics and the mechanisms of contaminant destruction in an ARP.
Estimating the seasonal carbon source-sink geography of a natural, steady-state terrestrial biosphere

The estimation of the seasonal dynamics of biospheric-carbon sources and sinks to be used as an input to global atmospheric CO2 studies and models is discussed. An ecological biosphere model is given and the advantages of the model are examined. Monthly maps of estimated biospheric carbon source and sink regions and estimates of total carbon fluxes are presented for an equilibrium terrestrial biosphere. The results are compared with those from other models. It is suggested that, despite maximum variations of atmospheric CO2 in boreal latitudes, the enormous contributions of tropical wet-dry regions to global atmospheric CO2 seasonality can not be ignored.
Aging, Practice, and Perceptual Tasks: A Diffusion Model Analysis

Practice effects were examined in a masked letter discrimination task and a masked brightness discrimination task for college-age and 60- to 75-year-old subjects. The diffusion model (Ratcliff, 1978) was fit to the response time and accuracy data and used to extract estimates of components of processing from the data. Relative to young subjects, the older subjects began the experiments with slower and less accurate performance; however, across sessions their accuracy improved because the quality of the information on which their decisions were based improved, and this, along with reduced decision criteria, led to shorter response times. For the brightness, but not the letter, discrimination task, the older subjects' performance matched that of the younger group by the end of 4 sessions, except that their nondecision components of processing were slightly slower. These analyses illustrate how a well-specified model can provide a unified view of multiple aspects of data that are often interpreted separately.
Calculation of unique force constants for the dihalomethanes

Abstract The force constants have been determined from the vibrational spectral data of dibromo- and dichloromethane and their deuterated analogs. In previous studies of these molecules different unitary transformations were used for different isotopic analogs and it was therefore not possible to calculate unique values for the symmetrized force constants. In this investigation the same unitary transformation was used for the normal, deuterated, and partially deuterated analogs so that it was possible to calculate unique values for 17 of the 22 symmetrized force constants in the most general quadratic potential energy function. Seven of these were determined by direct calculation instead of the usual method of successive approximations. From the results of these calculations and the vibrational spectral data for CH 2 I 2 and CH 2 F 2 , six symmetrized force constants including those corresponding to the CH and C-halogen stretching vibrations were estimated for the diiodo- and difluoromethanes. It is shown that, because of the angular redundancy, it is possible to calculate unique values for only five valence force constatns in the most general valence type quadratic potential energy function. These five corresponding to the CH, C-halogen stretches and their interactions were calculated for the dichloro- and dibromomethanes and estimated for the difluoro- and diiodomethanes.
Guidelines for Thermographic Inspection of Concrete Bridge Components in Shaded Conditions

Infrared thermography has the potential to detect subsurface delaminations before spalling develops and could be used to improve the visual inspection of concrete bridges. The technology has traditionally been applied to bridge decks, which are exposed to radiant heating from the sun that helps develop the necessary thermal gradients in the concrete. Thermal gradients can also be developed from normal diurnal temperature variations. Convective heat transfer develops the thermal gradients, although these thermal gradients are of much lower magnitude than those developed through radiant heating from the sun. This paper presents the results of a study to develop thermal imaging for the detection of subsurface deterioration in the soffit areas of bridges; these soffit areas are shaded and therefore are not exposed to radiant heating from the sun. Experimental studies and field testing were conducted and are described. This paper reports on guidelines developed for this application of the technology; the guide...
Localization of the Hereditary Material in the Germ Cells

It has come to be recognized that it must be more than a coincidence that in each animal and plant there are two representatives of each hereditary character (one derived from the mother and one derived from the father), and that there are two of each kind of chromosome (one derived from the mother and one derived from the father). Moreover this relation becomes much more impressive when it is found that in the formation of the germ cells the representatives of the different characters separate from each other, and that the chromosomes separate also, so that each germ cell has but one set of factors and but one set of chromosomes. The comparison does not stop even here, and I propose to review briefly the further evidence that leads to the conclusion that the chromosomes are the bearers of the hereditary characters and that the known chromosomal behavior suffices as a mechanism to explain Mendel's law.
Lifetime, branching ratio, and absolute transition probability of the 6395.42 Å transition of 238 U i

We have refined and extended an existing technique for determining an atomic transition probability by carefully measuring the transition branching ratio (BR) and excited-state lifetime (τ), with particular attention paid to systematic errors. The technique was applied to the red region of the 238U i spectrum where little accurate data is presently available. In particular, we find for the 6395.42 A transition the following values: τ = 607 ± 20 ns, BR = 0.586 ± 0.05, and g2A = 1.45 × 107 ± 1.25 × 106.
An Algorithm for Inverse Modeling of Layer-by-Layer Deposition Processes

Metallic parts can be made by deposition of liquid metal in a layer-by-layer fashion. By this means, layered structures can be produced that are made up of overlapping reinforced droplets. In particular, prototypes, i.e., customized parts and tooling, can be produced in this way. In order that layer-by-layer fabrication techniques transition from prototyping to manufacturing, however, the processes must be made reliable and consistent. Accordingly, detailed microstructural and thermal characterizations of the product are needed to advance manufacturing goals based on layer-by-layer deposition processes. The inherent complexity of layer-by-layer deposition processes, characteristic of energy and mass deposition processes in general, is such that process modeling based on theory, or the direct-problem approach, is extremely difficult. A general approach to overcoming difficulties associated with this inherent complexity is the inverse-problem approach. Presented here is an algorithm for inverse modeling of heat transfer occurring during layer-by-layer deposition, which is potentially adaptable for prediction of temperature histories in samples that are made by layer-by-layer deposition processes.
Oxygen delivery and consumption in critically ill pregnant patients: Association with ophthalmic artery diastolic velocity

Abstract Objectives: We aimed to investigate the relation between orbital vessel flow velocity and (i)xygen delivery, oxygen consumption, cardiac index, and systemic vascular resistance index in critically ill pregnant patients. Study Design: Eighteen pregnant or early postpartum patients requiring invasive monitoring were prospectively studied with Doppler ultrasonography. The blood flow velocity and resistance index from the central retinal and ophthalmic arteries were plotted against the oxygen delivery index, oxygen consumption index, cardiac index, and systemic vascular resistance index. Linear and polynomial regression analysis. and receiver-operator characteristic curves were used to examine the data. Results: The ophthalmic artery resistance index correlated with oxygen consumption, oxygen delivery index, and cardiac index. Only the cardiac index was independently related to the the ophthalmic artery resistance index. The ophthalmic artery diastolic velocity correlated with oxygen consumption index, oxygen delivery index, and cardiac index. The ophthalmic artery diastolic velocity correlated independently with mixed venous oxygen content and arteriovenous oxygen content difference. The central retinal artery Doppler index did not correlate with any of the invasively measured parameters. An ophthalmic artery diastolic velocity of > 7.12 ern/sec identified 75% of patients with an oxygen consumption index of Conclusions: These data suggest that the ophthalmic artery flow velocity is correlated with systemic oxygen delivery and consumption. This relationship may have potential research applications in the noninvasive assessment of oxygen delivery index and oxygen consumption index in critically ill pregnant patients.
A FINE STRUCTURE STUDY OF LIPID IN MOUSE LIVER REGENERATING AFTER PARTIAL HEPATECTOMY

The fine structure of liver 3½ to 72 hours after partial hepatectomy has been compared with that of liver from sham-operated animals; all animals were 60- to 90-day old male mice of the C3H strain. Numerous small bodies with diameters ranging from 300 to 1,000 A have been observed distributed randomly throughout the cytoplasm of the hepatic parenchymal cells at early intervals after partial hepatectomy. In material fixed in osmium tetroxide and embedded in methacrylate, they appear as uniformly electron-opaque bodies, but in permanganate-fixed liver, they display only a peripheral rim of electron-opaque material surrounding a clear core. Each of these cytoplasmic bodies appears to be located within a vesicle. A few of the opaque bodies are also present in sinusoids and in the spaces of Disse; these bodies are not located within vesicular structures. Fat droplets of various sizes are easily distinguished in regenerating liver; with the increase in number of these fat droplets at later postoperative intervals, there occurs a concomitant decrease in the number of cytoplasmic bodies. It is suggested that the cytoplasmic bodies contain some lipid component. Possible explanations of the origin, nature, and fate of the cytoplasmic bodies are discussed.
Dynamic Assessment of Graphic Symbol Combinations by Children with Autism.

Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) techniques and strategies have provided communication opportunities for children with autism who are unable to use speech. Previous research has ind...
Accelerated method for transmitter eye-mask compliance testing

An accuracy metric is introduced allowing opportunities to significantly reduce the time and cost required to perform standards-based optical transmitter eye-mask tests.