cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scratch-digging sauropods, revisited

Unguals of sauropod dinosaurs are notable for their unusual shape and orientation, and differ from those of graviportal mammals to which they are often compared. Early in their evolution, sauropod ...
Cysts of Tenon's Capsule Following Filtration Surgery

Hypertrophy of Tenon's capsule resembling a cyst and recurrence of increased intraocular pressures occurred shortly after glaucoma filtration surgery in eight patients on whom a variety of surgical techniques had been used. Preoperatively, the patients generally had secondary glaucomas with intraocular pressures exceeding 40 mm Hg. The cysts of Tenon's capsule were uniformly localized to the filtration site and were dome-shaped and hard. They were associated with intraocular pressures near the preoperative levels. Three patients were successfully treated with corticosteroids and massage. The others required surgical intervention to restore adequate filtration. Prompt recognition of a Tenon's capsule cyst and appropriate management can restore function to an otherwise failing filtration bleb.
Effect of diamide administration on longevity, oxygen consumption, superoxide dismutase, catalase, inorganic peroxides and glutathione in the adult housefly, Musca domestica.

Abstract 1. The role of glutathione as an antioxidant was examined in the adult housefly by the administration of diamide, an oxidant of glutathione. 2. Although diamide effectively oxidized glutathione, it also stimulated the synthesis of glutathione. 3. Diamide induced a decrease in the rate of oxygen consumption and in the activity of Superoxide dismutase. 4. Diamide increased catalase activity and the concentration of inorganic peroxides at early ages. 5. The results suggest that oxidation of glutathione induces counterbalancing adaptive changes in the housefly.
On the Theory of Liquid He 3 -He 4 Mixtures

An asymptotic theory of liquid ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$\char22{}${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ mixtures is presented, in which the component fluids are described, approximately, in terms of ideal symmetric and antisymmetric fluids. The theory yields results in at least semiqualitative agreement with the data if the antisymmetric fluid is taken to be of negligible degeneracy. The computed isothermal mixing energies and entropies are good approximations to the preliminary data on these quantities obtained in this Laboratory. The present model exhibits complete miscibility at all temperatures together with a vanishing total and mixing entropies, in all possible mixtures, at the approach of the absolute zero. It is shown that the mixtures undergo third-order phase changes along their transition line, where their constant-volume and constant-pressure heat capacities have sharp peaks, with lambda-point type discontinuities of their temperature derivatives. On mixing the ideal symmetric fluid with an ideal antisymmetric or classical fluid the original first-order phase change of the former, as a result of its momentum space condensation, has thus been modified.
Differential control of puff duration and interpuff interval in cigarette smokers

While subjects smoked cigarettes under naturalistic conditions, the duration of each puff progressively decreased as the cigarette was consumed, while the time between successive puffs progressively increased. Evidence obtained using modified half-length cigarettes indicates that puff duration, but not interpuff interval, is controlled by the distance from the burning tip (combustion zone) of the cigarette to the smoker's mouth. The results demonstrate that these two fundamental descriptors of cigarette smoking behavior are under differential control, and provide new insights into the pharmacological and behavioral variables that control cigarette smoking.
Effects of haloperidol and phentolamine on the crustacean cardiac ganglion.

Abstract Haloperidol (a dopamine D 2 blocker in vertebrates) and phentolamine (an α-adrenergic blocker) alter the pattern of bursting by the isolated cardiac ganglion of the lobster when perfused at concentrations of 10 −6 –10 −5 mol/l. Both drugs decrease the frequency of bursting and increase burst duration. They are most effective in slowing the ganglion when applied selectively to the anterior ganglionic trunk, the same region of the ganglion where dopamine (DA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) are most effective in speeding up bursting. When exogenous monoamine transmitters are applied in the presence of 3×10 −6 mol/l haloperidol, the effect of 5HT, but not of DA, is significantly reduced. At the same concentration, phentolamine does not suppress the actions of DA, 5HT or noradrenaline (NA). Both haloperidol and phentolamine significantly alter the properties of endogenous burst-organizing potentials (driver potentials) generated by motorneurons in the ganglion. It is possible that the effects of these drugs on bursting reflect alteration of endogenous electrical properties of the constituent neurons, rather than receptor antagonism.
Uso de las bombas de perfusión elastoméricas para el dolor de la fractura costal

CERCA DEL 10% de pacientes traumaticos son diagnosticados de fracturas costales y aproximadamente el 30% de ellos presentan traumatismo toracico grave. Con frecuencia, los pacientes con fracturas costales multiples (FCM) presentan complicaciones tardias, como la hipoventilacion, que puede producir atelectasias y neumonia, lo cual afecta al 30% de los pacientes con traumatismo toracico grave. El control del dolor y unos cuidados respiratorios intensivos son esenciales para prevenir estas complicaciones. La administracion continua de anestesicos locales se ha empleado durante mucho tiempo para aliviar el dolor postoperatorio. En estos ultimos anos se han empleado diferentes sistemas desechables para controlar el dolor postoperatorio, como por ejemplo las bombas elastomericas. Como abordaje innovador en el control del dolor en las FCM, se estan empezando a administrar anestesicos locales mediante bombas elastomericas. Aunque existen diferentes modelos de bombas elastomericas, para el tratamiento de pacientes con FCM se emplea una bomba elastomerica con seleccion de ritmo de flujo. En este articulo se presenta el uso de la bomba de perfusion elastomerica con seleccion de ritmo de flujo para el abordaje del dolor en los pacientes con FCM y se compara este sistema de control del dolor con otras opciones disponibles. Veamos en primer lugar como son estas bombas.
Tectonics of Lakshmi Planum, Venus: Tests for Magellan

The origin of Lakshmi Planum and its surrounding mountain belts remains an important unresolved element in the global tectonic framework of Venus. From the perspective of gravity signature and potential driving forces, the mantle upwelling model is the simplest, and its principal failure, that it cannot produce radial shortening on the uplift periphery, may be resolved if the lithosphere is laterally heterogeneous. The preferred model consists of a hot mantle plume rising beneath a preexisting block of tessera. The lithosphere is weakened at this hotter and presumably thicker crust, and the outward near-surface flow is attenuated at the peripheral discontinuity in lithospheric strength. Crustal thickening and mountain belt formation occur there. Several criteria are proposed to test this 'tessera-plume' model together with its competitors at the higher resolution in both imaging and gravity afforded by the Magellan mission.
Sensor scheduling for energy-efficient tracking in cluttered environments

In this paper we study the problem of tracking an object moving randomly through a network of wireless sensors in the presence of clutter. Our objective is to devise strategies for scheduling the sensors to optimize the tradeoff between tracking performance and energy consumption. The presence of random interference introduces uncertainty into the origin of the measurements. Data association techniques are thus required to associate each measurement with the target or discard it as arising from clutter (False alarms). We cast the scheduling problem as a Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP), where the control actions correspond to the set of sensors to activate at each time step. Exact solutions are generally intractable even for the simplest models due to the dimensionality of the information and action spaces. Hence, we develop an approximate sensor scheduler that optimizes a point-based value function over a set of reachable beliefs. Point-based updates are driven by a non-linear filter that combines the validated measurements through proper association probabilities. Our approach efficiently combines Probabilistic Data Association techniques for belief update with Point-Based Value Iteration for designing scheduling policies. The generated scheduling policies, albeit suboptimal, provide good energy-tracking tradeoffs.
Investigation into the sources of persistent ground-penetrating radar false alarms: data collection, excavation, and analysis

Reducing the false alarm rate of vehicular and hand-held mine detection systems has been a goal of most countermine detection programs. No thorough investigation into the causes of false alarms has been conducted to date. We present here an investigation into the sources of persistent ground-penetrating radar (GPR) false alarms that occurred during testing of a vehicular mine detection system. Data collected with this system was used to identify false alarms that persisted over several tests conducted over a two-year period over the same simulated roadway. A dig list was generated and several sites were excavated. Soil samples were collected at the sites and analyzed in the lab. The results of the excavation will be presented.
Herpesviruses in Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis: Etiologic Agents or Ubiquitous Bystanders?

The role of herpesvirus infections in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases remains an enigma. Although there is abundant circumstantial evidence of a role for herpesviruses in atherosclerosis and related processes, a cause-and-effect relationship has yet to be definitively established. This article will review the pathological, molecular, and biochemical evidence supporting the hypothesis that herpesviruses are involved in the development of atherosclerosis, restenosis after coronary angioplasty, accelerated atherosclerosis in recipients of heart transplants, and the induction of a prothrombotic phenotype in vascular endothelial cells.
Use of drinking water treatment residuals as a potential best management practice to reduce phosphorus risk index scores.

The P risk index system has been developed to identify agricultural fields vulnerable to P loss as a step toward protecting surface water. Because of their high Langmuir phosphorus adsorption maxima (P(max)), use of drinking water treatment residuals (WTRs) should be considered as a best management practice (BMP) to lower P risk index scores. This work discusses three WTR application methods that can be used to reduce P risk scores: (i) enhanced buffer strip, (ii) incorporation into a high soil test phosphorus (STP) soil, and (iii) co-blending with manure or biosolids. The relationship between WTR P(max) and reduction in P extractability and runoff P was investigated. In a simulated rainfall experiment, using a buffer strip enhanced with 20 Mg WTR ha(-1), runoff P was reduced by from 66.8 to 86.2% and reductions were related to the WTR P(max). When 25 g kg(-1) WTR was incorporated into a high STP soil of 315 mg kg(-1) determined using Mehlich-3 extraction, 0.01 M calcium chloride-extractable phosphorus (CaCl(2)-P) reductions ranged from 60.9 to 96.0% and were strongly (P 75%. The WTR P(max) normalized across WTR application rates (P(max) x WTR application) was significantly related to reductions in CaCl(2)-P or STP. Using WTR as a P risk index modifying factor will promote effective use of WTR as a BMP to reduce P loss from agricultural land.
Clinical Efficacy of Colesevelam in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Purpose: The clinical experience and role in therapy of colesevelam in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is discussed. Summary: Colesevelam HCl is a bile acid sequestrant (BAS) with proven efficacy in reducing elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in patients with primary hyperlipidemia. Colesevelam HCl gained food and drug administration (FDA) approval in 2008 as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with T2DM. In randomized controlled studies, colesevelam (add-on therapy with metformin, sulfonylureas, and insulin) has shown significant percentage reductions in glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) ranging from 0.5% to 0.54%. Reductions in LDL-C and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) ranging from –12.8% to –16.7% and –4.0% to –10.3%, respectively, were also observed. Although no direct comparisons have been made, the safety and tolerability profile of this agent appears to be better than other BAS, with the most common side effects being gastro...
Neonatal dexamethasone administration. II. Persistent alteration of circadian serum anterior pituitary hormone rhythms in rats.

Newborn male rats were treated SC with dexamethasone phosphate (100 μg) or dexamethasone acetate (100 μg) on postnatal day 1, dexamethasone phosphate (5.0 μg) on postnatal days 1, 2, and 3, or the corresponding drug vehicle. All animals were sacrificed 65–70 days later at previously determined daily trough and peak times of serum LH, TSH, and corticosterone: 0700 and 0100 h for LH, 0700 and 1300 h for TSH, and 0700 and 1900 h for corticosterone. None of the three dexamethasone treatment regimens affected the circadian variation of serum LH or corticosterone. Dexamethasone phosphate (100 μg) altered the normal circadian rhythm of serum TSH in the adult animals, but the other two dexamethasone treatments did not affect the TSH rhythm. Basal 0700 h serum levels of FSH, PRL, and GH were also measured in these animals; none of the dexamethasone treatments altered the levels of these hormones compared to levels in the vehicle-injected controls. (Endocrinology 108: 1055,1981)
Enhanced conductivity of Y-doped ZnO thin films by incorporation of multiple walled carbon nanotubes

Abstract Multiple walled carbon nanotubes have been incorporated into yttrium-doped zinc oxide (YZO) films through sol–gel method. Sol–gel process is used since it is an inexpensive means of thin film deposition when compared to the more expensive and time consuming techniques like RF sputtering. The structural, electrical and optical properties of the YZO films with and without multiple walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) are investigated. The carrier concentration of YZO/MWCNT composite films (2.95 × 10 19 cm − 3 ) is found to be twice that of the YZO films (1.49 × 10 19 cm − 3 ) achieving lower electrical resistivity of 4.36 × 10 − 2 Ω-cm and an optical transparency over 85% making it suitable for application as channel injection layer in transparent organic thin film transistors. The spin coating or printable procedure of the solution processed YZO/MWCNT for incorporating a channel injection layer can replace expensive vacuum processes techniques.
Calcium signaling in neurons: molecular mechanisms and cellular consequences

Neuronal activity can lead to marked increases in the concentration of cytosolic calcium, which then functions as a second messenger that mediates a wide range of cellular responses. Calcium binds to calmodulin and stimulates the activity of a variety of enzymes, including calcium-calmodulin kinases and calcium-sensitive adenylate cyclases. These enzymes transduce the calcium signal and effect short-term biological responses, such as the modification of synaptic proteins and long-lasting neuronal responses that require changes in gene expression. Recent studies of calcium signal-transduction mechanisms have revealed that, depending on the route of entry into a neuron, calcium differentially affects processes that are central to the development and plasticity of the nervous system, including activity-dependent cell survival, modulation of synaptic strength, and calcium-mediated cell death.
Segregation distortion in common wheat of a segment of Thinopyrum intermedium chromosome 7E carrying Bdv3 and development of a Bdv3 marker

Yellow dwarf (YD) disease is one of the most destructive diseases of cereals worldwide. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-Thinopyrum intermedium 7E(7D) substitution line P29 carries resistance to YD, known as Bdv3, that originates on the long arm of chromosome 7E of Th. intermedium, and the resistance was introgressed into wheat chromosome 7D as T7DS.7DL-7EL in the translocation lines P961341 and P98134. Until now, quantification of YD viruses in cereal crops was usually done by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which is time consuming and laborious. To facilitate this analysis, SSR-Bdv3, a diagnostic molecular marker, was developed in this study. The transmission of the Th. intermedium segment with Bdv3 was investigated using the SSR-Bdv3 marker and ELISA in F 2 and testcross progeny derived by crossing two wheat-Th. intermedium translocation lines to four common wheat cultivars. A Th. intermedium chromosome 7E segment in the translocation line P98134 was preferentially transmitted through male gametes in all of its crosses with the four wheat cultivars. However, the transmission frequency of the Th. intermedium 7E segment in another wheat-Th. intermedium translocation line, P961341, varied in different genetic backgrounds. The F2 populations from reciprocal crosses of Chinese Spring and P961341 showed good fits to the expected ratio of 1: 2: 1. In this study, male preferential transmission for either chromosome 7E or chromosome 7D was observed in the progeny derived by crossing P961341 to other wheat cultivars.
Laramide Structures in Basement and Cover of the Beartooth Uplift Near Red Lodge, Montana

Ramp mechanisms associated with decoupling of a 6-7-km-thick basement slab may have been responsible for progressively more and more horizontal components of thrusting of the northeast corner of the Beartooth uplift near Red Lodge, Montana. As part of a nearly right-angle corner of the uplift, two apparent tear faults bound a 7-km-long block of Laramide mountain-front structures. New roadcuts and a deep well through basement refine geometry of range overthrusting and show that these apparent tear faults are really pivoting normal faults that cut frontal thrust structures on either side of an uplifted corner flap. A ship's prow analogy of late-stage horizontal thrust motion is proposed with the "bow wave" causing uplift and rotation of the corner flap. Volumetric adjustments associated with late-stage stuffing of basin material beneath frontal thrusts plus deeper duplexing of basement beneath the uplift helped define final details of range geometry, a mechanism probably applicable elsewhere in the middle Rocky Mountains.
Oxygen-isotopic compositions of relict and host grains in chondrules in the Yamato 81020 CO3.0 chondrite

We report the oxygen-isotope compositions of relict and host olivine grains in six high-FeO porphyritic olivine chondrules in one of the most primitive carbonaceous chondrites, CO3.0 Yamato 81020. Because the relict grains predate the host phenocrysts, microscale in situ analyses of O-isotope compositions can help assess the degree of heterogeneity among chondrule precursors and constrain the nebular processes that caused these isotopic differences. In five of six chondrules studied, the DELTA O-17 (=delta O-17 - 0.52 (raised dot) delta O-18) compositions of host phenocrysts are higher than those in low-FeO relict grains; the one exception is for a chondrule with a moderately high-FeO relict. Both the fayalite compositions as well as the O-isotope data support the view that the low-FeO relict grains formed in a previous generation of low-FeO porphyritic chondrules that were subsequently fragmented. It appears that most low-FeO porphyritic chondrules formed earlier than most high-FeO porphyritic chondrules, although there were probably some low-FeO chondrules that formed during the period when most high-FeO chondrules were forming.
Consumer perspectives on quality of inpatient mental health services

This study, conducted at two public-sector psychiatric hospitals in a south-eastern state, investigated satisfaction with inpatient services and treatment outcomes among 204 hospitalized mental health consumers. A simple survey design with nonrandom sampling technique was used; instruments included the KY-CSI, the 21-item MHSIP Consumer Survey, and the CSQ-8. Respondents reported satisfaction with time available to be with other patients, staff availability, and their degree of comfort talking to staff. Areas of dissatisfaction included lack of client input into treatment planning, lack of family involvement, and lack of medication education. Providers are encouraged to include clients in all phases of treatment planning and to continue to evaluate consumer perspectives of quality services.
Photoinduced protonation of polyaniline assisted by hydrogen-bonding materials

Abstract Composites of the emeraldine base form of polyaniline (PANI-EB) and photo-acid generators (PAGs) increase their conductivities upon photo-irradiation due to protonation of PANI-EB. Such materials may be utilized to fabricate conducting patterns by photo-irradiation. However, the conductivity obtained by direct irradiation of PANI-EB/PAG composites was normally quite low, and conductivity above 10−3 S cm−1 often required post-treatment with HCl. In this work, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), which can form a hydrogen bonding network, was added to PANI-EB/PAG. Results showed that PVA enhanced film quality, conductivity and reproducibility. Photo-induced conductivity of 10−2 S cm−1 was obtained when the ratio of PANI-EB/PVA/PAG was 1:1:0.6. A novel PAG, bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)phenylsulfoniumtriflate [(PhOH)2PhS+ OTf−], which can form hydrogen bonds with PANI was synthesized and mixed with PANI-EB. A composite of PANI-EB and the PAG with a ratio of 1:0.5 achieved a conductivity of 10−1 S cm−1 after irradiation. However, the initial conductivity before irradiation was as high as 10−5 S cm−1 due to relatively high acidity of the PAG.
Gertrude Stein Delivers

In 1934 Gertrude Stein returned to the United States, for the first time in thirty years, to give her Lectures in America. Approaching the delivery of her lectures within their historical context, mediating communicative shifts from the nineteenth-century novel to twentieth-century publicity, and accounting for distinctions between speaking and writing, Stein used public relations strategies to capitalize on her celebrity and to introduce audiences to her modernist compositional processes. The lecture tour became an occasion for engaging the public relations culture that dictated the terms of her image's circulation and for retheorizing delivery in an age of publicity.
A quasi-three-dimensional analysis of the deformation processing of sheets with applications

Abstract In an effort to describe three-dimensional, non-uniform effects in steady-state rolling or drawing processes, an Eulerian finite element model is presented. The model employs a number of simplifying kinematic assumptions which preserve the essential physics of the problem. The variation of strain rate in the longitudinal and lateral directions is retained, but a uniform strain rate in the thickness direction is assumed giving computational efficiency. Interface models which recover the classical Coulomb model and the friction factor model are implemented, and two constitutive models are incorporated. The effect of friction on lateral flow is examined, and the trends are qualitatively compared to recent published data. Results are also presented for two rolling-type deformation processes using different platen shapes and show a variation in lateral flow.
Novel Class of Potential Therapeutics that Target Ricin Retrograde Translocation

Ricin toxin, an A-B toxin from Ricinus communis, induces cell death through the inhibition of protein synthesis. The toxin binds to the cell surface via its B chain (RTB) followed by its retrograde trafficking through intracellular compartments to the ER where the A chain (RTA) is transported across the membrane and into the cytosol. Ricin A chain is transported across the ER membrane utilizing cellular proteins involved in the disposal of aberrant ER proteins by a process referred to as retrograde translocation. Given the current lack of therapeutics against ricin intoxication, we developed a high-content screen using an enzymatically attenuated RTA chimera engineered with a carboxy-terminal enhanced green fluorescent protein (RTAE177Qegfp) to identify compounds that target RTA retrograde translocation. Stabilizing RTAE177Qegfp through the inclusion of proteasome inhibitor produced fluorescent peri-nuclear granules. Quantitative analysis of the fluorescent granules provided the basis to discover compounds from a small chemical library (2080 compounds) with known bioactive properties. Strikingly, the screen found compounds that stabilized RTA molecules within the cell and several compounds limited the ability of wild type RTA to suppress protein synthesis. Collectively, a robust high-content screen was developed to discover novel compounds that stabilize intracellular ricin and limit ricin intoxication.
The Effect of Turbulence on Solidification of a Binary Metal Alloy With Electromagnetic Stirring

Electromagnetic induction is considered as a means of altering convection during the solidification of a Pb - 19 wt pct Sn alloy. Application of a time-varying magnet field induces Lorentz forces, which augment thermal buoyancy forces in the melt and oppose solutal buoyancy forces in the mushy zone. A continuum model for binary solid-liquid phase change is extended to account for turbulence, and laminar are turbulent flow predictions are contrasted. Results indicate that turbulence decrease the propensity for channel development and macrosegregation by enhancing mixing and reducing the effective Lewis number from 8600 to near unity. 17 refs., 8 figs.
Parolee Recidivism and Successful Treatment Completion: Comparing Hazard Models Across Propensity Methods

Objectives Ascertaining the effect of treatment on recidivism is a core area of investigation in criminology and corrections research. The two objectives of the current analysis are: (1) to determine the true effect of treatment regimen completion on time to recidivism controlling for propensity to complete treatment; and (2) to examine the sensitivity of results under various propensity score methods.
Phalaenopsis bellina (Rchb.f.) Christenson, a segregate from P. violacea Witte (Orchidaceae: Aeridinae)

A reevaluation of floral and vegetative morphology together with data from analysis of floral fragrance and flavonoid co-pigment chemistry suggest that specific status is warranted for the two kinds ofPhalaenopsis violacea Witte known informally as the “Bornean type” and the “Malayan type.”Phalaenopsis violacea var.bellina Rchb.f. is elevated to specific rank, providing a name for the “Bornean type” plants.
The intensity of amphibole OH bands in the infrared absorption spectrum

Polarized IR spectra of single-crystals of amphiboles show that the molar absorptivity of the fundamental vibrational OH band is strongly wavenumber dependent. The intensity increases by a factor of 1.6 from 3674 cm-1 (tremolite endmember; MgMgMg) to 3618 cm-1 (grunerite endmember; FeFeFe). Spectra obtained from Ca and Fe-Mg amphiboles consist of sharp, well-resolved bands on a well-defined background. The high intensity of the OH bands in Ca and Fe-Mg amphiboles makes it sometimes necessary to thin the samples to under 2 μm thickness, whereas alkali amphiboles can be measured at 25–50 μm thickness.
Enhancement by cytidine of membrane phospholipid synthesis

Cytidine, as cytidine 5'-diphosphate choline, is a major precursor in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine in cell membranes. In the present study, we examined the relationships between extracellular levels of cytidine, the conversion of [14C]choline to [14C]phosphatidylcholine, and the net syntheses of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine by PC12 cells. The rate at which cytidine (as [3H]cytidine) was incorporated into the PC12 cells followed normal Michaelis-Menten kinetics (Km = 5 microM; Vmax = 12 x 10(-3) mmol/mg of protein/min) when the cytidine concentrations in the medium were below 50 microM; at higher concentrations, intracellular [3H]cytidine nucleotide levels increased linearly. Once inside the cell, cytidine was converted mainly into cytidine triphosphate. In pulse-chase experiments, addition of cytidine to the medium caused a time- and dose-dependent increase (by up to 30%) in the incorporation of [14C]choline into membrane [14C]-phosphatidylcholine. When the PC12 cells were supplemented with both cytidine and choline for 14 h, small but significant elevations (p less than 0.05) were observed in their absolute contents of membrane phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylserine, all increasing by 10-15% relative to their levels in cells incubated with choline alone. Exogenous cytidine, acting via cytidine triphosphate, can thus affect the synthesis and levels of cell membrane phospholipids.
Interaction: An Essential in Developing Professional Growth Programs.

Here's a model that can be used in systematizing the components of a supervisory pro gram to design pro fessional growth programs. It em phasizes that agreement between teachers and su pervisors should result in high pro gram appropri ateness and positive professional growth.
Spinodal Decomposition and High-TC Superconductivity

The singularity in the density of states near a Lifshitz point makes a significant contribution to electron exchange and correlation energy, which does not show up in conventional band theory calculations. This paper discusses several consequences of this fact for high temperature superconductivity.
Novae, supernovae, and neutron sources

The evolution of thermonuclear runaways is examined in two models of white dwarfs with extreme enhancements of C-12 in their envelopes to test the predictions of Hoyle and Clayton (1974) that novae will result from such stars and a large neutron flux will be produced. In agreement with these predictions, it is assumed that the large amount of C-12 is due to the accretion of hydrogen-rich material from a disk surrounding a carbon-oxygen white dwarf. The evolution of the two models is described in detail, and the results suggest that accretion of hydrogen-rich material will always result in a thermonuclear runaway, although mass ejection will not occur unless CNO nuclei are enhanced. It is noted that one model produces a substantial neutron flux for a short time which is sufficient to drive an intermediate neutron-capture process.
“I prayed real hard, so I know I'll get in”: Living with randomization

Some of the practical difficulties encountered when using an experimental design involving human subjects with multiple serious needs are outlined. Suggestions are given for dealing effectively with these difficulties, and the chapter provides further critical commentary.
Examination of brand personality and brand attitude within the apparel product category

Apparel brands are heavily reliant on emotional appeal and creation of imagery to achieve consumer recognition and interest. This study examines how US female consumers compare and form impressions of competing national apparel brands. More specifically, this study examines consumer perceptions of five brand personality traits for various apparel brands and the relationship between brand personality and brand preference. Findings from this study show that although personality expectations for apparel brands differ, brands with favourable brand attitude have favourable competent ratings. Also, for brands with similar personality patterns, similarities could be found for such characteristics as product lines offered, brand image, retailing format, etc.
Effects of multimedia on cognitive load, self-efficacy, and multiple rule-based problem solving.

This study investigates effects of multimedia on cognitive load, self-efficacy and learners’ ability to solve multiple rule-based problems. Two hundred twenty-two college students were randomly assigned to interactive and non-interactive multimedia groups. Based on Engelkamp's multimodal theory, the present study investigates the role of multimedia in multiple rule-based problem solving. The findings indicate that providing learners with manipulative function in multimedia would facilitate their problem solving through reduced cognitive load and improved self-efficacy. The study identifies a significant mediator effect for self-efficacy that mediates between multimedia and learners’ problem solving. Discussion focuses on the effects of multimedia and self-efficacy on learners’ performance in multiple rule-based problem solving. Suggestions are made with regard to the design of problem solving in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Seasonal dimensions of energy protein malnutrition in rural bangladesh: The role of agriculture, dietary practices, and infection

The influence of seasonal variations in agriculutral practices, dietary intakes and illness on the nutritional status of preschool children was examined in this longitudinal study of approximately 200 woman‐child pairs in rural Bangladesh. The seasonal nature of cropping patterns was associated with varying levels of rice prices, agriculture wage rates, and household food stocks. Rice prices were highest, household food stocks lowest and agricultural demand weakest in August‐October, the months preceding the major rice harvest. Maternal work patterns also varied by season with the peak demand on women's time coincident with postharvest rice processing activities. Breastfeeding frequency declined during the months when maternal activities increased, suggesting that time available for childrearing activities varied seasonally. Seasonal patterns in diarrheal disease and other illnesses were also observed. Maternal and child nutritional status exhibited seasonal variations which were associated with low level...
An empirical study of static load balancing algorithms

Empirically compares a variety of current algorithms used to map scientific computations onto massively parallel computers. The comparison is performed using Chaco, a publicly available graph partitioning code written by the authors. Algorithms are evaluated in terms of both computing cost and quality of partition, as judged by the execution time of the parallel application. >
One-class SVM for learning in image retrieval

Relevance feedback schemes using linear/quadratic estimators have been applied in content-based image retrieval to improve retrieval performance significantly. One major difficulty in relevance feedback is to estimate the support of target images in high dimensional feature space with a relatively small number of training samples. We develop a novel scheme based on one-class SVM, which fits a tight hyper-sphere in the nonlinearly transformed feature space to include most of the target images based on positive examples. The use of a kernel provides us an elegant way to deal with nonlinearity in the distribution of the target images, while the regularization term in SVM provides good generalization ability. To validate the efficacy of the proposed approach, we test it on both synthesized data and real-world images. Promising results are achieved in both cases.
Water-quality trends for a stream draining the Southern Anthracite Field, Pennsylvania

Stream flow, chemical and biological data for the northern part of Swatara Creek, which drains a 112 km 2 area in the Southern Anthracite Field of eastern Pennsylvania, indicate progressive improvement in water quality since 1959, after which most mines in the watershed had been flooded. Drainage from the flooded mines contributes substantially to base flow in Swatara Creek. Beginning in 1995, a variety of treatment systems and surface reclamation were implemented at some of the abandoned mines. At Ravine, Pa., immediately downstream of the mined area, median SO 4 concentration declined from about 150 mg l −1 in 1959 to 75 mg l −1 in 1999 while pH increased from acidic to near-neutral values (medians: c. pH 4 before 1975; c. pH 6 after 1975). Fish populations rebounded from non-existent during 1959–1990 to 21 species identified in 1999. Nevertheless, recent monitoring indicates (1) episodic acidification and elevated concentrations and transport of Fe, Al, Mn, and trace metals during storm flow; (2) elevated concentrations of Fe, Mn, Co, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Zn in streambed sediments relative to unmined areas and to toxicity guidelines for aquatic invertebrates and fish; and (3) elevated concentrations of metals in fish tissue, notably Zn. The metals are ubiquitous in the fine fraction ( 4 , specific conductance and pH are inversely correlated with stream flow as a result of dilution of poorly buffered stream water with weakly acidic storm runoff derived mainly from low-pH rainfall. Declines in pH to values approaching 5.0 during storm flow events or declines in redox potential during burial of sediment could result in the remobilization of metals associated with suspended solids and streambed deposits.
Item Characteristics and Gender Differences on the SAT-M for Mathematically Able Youths

Item responses of a group of mathematically talented junior high school students were studied to explore the significant advantages that have been reported for males on the mathematical sections of the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT-M). Rasch latent trait item difficulties were estimated, and a regression-like linear analysis was used to examine the interactions of item features with sex of examinees. SAT-M items were classified by subject-matter content, item format, section membership, and whether a figure was presented with the item; their serial position also was considered. Examinees were grouped by sex, grade, and level of performance. Data sufficiency items were easier for all examinees than were multiple-choice items, and were much easier for the girls than for the bosys. Serial position of the items was important, with later items being more difficult, and girls found the first and last items “more extreme” than did the boys. Girls found miscellaneous items to be much easier than did the boys, but...
Development of a glial network in the olfactory nerve: role of calcium and neuronal activity

In adult olfactory nerves of mammals and moths, a network of glial cells ensheathes small bundles of olfactory receptor axons. In the developing antennal nerve (AN) of the moth Manduca sexta, the axons of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) migrate from the olfactory sensory epithelium toward the antennal lobe. Here we explore developmental interactions between ORN axons and AN glial cells. During early stages in AN glial-cell migration, glial cells are highly dye coupled, dividing glia are readily found in the nerve and AN glial cells label strongly for glutamine synthetase. By the end of this period, dye-coupling is rare, glial proliferation has ceased, glutamine synthetase labeling is absent, and glial processes have begun to extend to enwrap bundles of axons, a process that continues throughout the remainder of metamorphic development. Whole-cell and perforated-patch recordings in vivo from AN glia at different stages of network formation revealed two potassium currents and an R-like calcium current. Chronic in vivo exposure to the R-type channel blocker SNX-482 halted or greatly reduced AN glial migration. Chronically blocking spontaneous Na-dependent activity by injection of tetrodotoxin reduced the glial calcium current implicating an activity-dependent interaction between ORNs and glial cells in the development of glial calcium currents.
New tools provide a second look at HDV ribozyme structure, dynamics and cleavage

The hepatitis delta virus (HDV) ribozyme is a self-cleaving RNA enzyme essential for processing viral transcripts during rolling circle viral replication. The first crystal structure of the cleaved ribozyme was solved in 1998, followed by structures of uncleaved, mutant-inhibited and ion-complexed forms. Recently, methods have been developed that make the task of modeling RNA structure and dynamics significantly easier and more reliable. We have used ERRASER and PHENIX to rebuild and re-refine the cleaved and cis-acting C75U-inhibited structures of the HDV ribozyme. The results correct local conformations and identify alternates for RNA residues, many in functionally important regions, leading to improved R values and model validation statistics for both structures. We compare the rebuilt structures to a higher resolution, trans-acting deoxy-inhibited structure of the ribozyme, and conclude that although both inhibited structures are consistent with the currently accepted hammerhead-like mechanism of cleavage, they do not add direct structural evidence to the biochemical and modeling data. However, the rebuilt structures (PDBs: 4PR6, 4PRF) provide a more robust starting point for research on the dynamics and catalytic mechanism of the HDV ribozyme and demonstrate the power of new techniques to make significant improvements in RNA structures that impact biologically relevant conclusions.
ModelML: a Markup Language for Automatic Model Synthesis

Domain-specific modeling has become a popular way of designing and developing systems. It generally involves a systematic use of a set of object-oriented models to represent various facets of a domain. However, manually creating instances of these models is time-consuming and error-prone when a system in the domain is complex. Automatic model synthesis tools are thus usually developed to free users from the model creation process. In practice, most of these tools would hard code knowledge about the domain specific models in the program. A biggest problem with these tools is that their source code needs to be changed whenever the knowledge changes. In this paper, we define a model markup language (ModelML) to facilitate the development of automatic model synthesis tools. The language provides a complete self-describing representation of object-oriented models to be synthesized. Unlike other XML-based representations of models, ModelML reflects the structure of the models directly in the nesting of elements in the XML-based syntax. This feature allows the knowledge about the domain specific models to be decoupled from model synthesis tools. To demonstrate the usefulness of the markup language, we have developed a generic automatic model synthesis tool which is based on ModelML inputs.
Japanese and Korean voice search

This paper describes challenges and solutions for building a successful voice search system as applied to Japanese and Korean at Google. We describe the techniques used to deal with an infinite vocabulary, how modeling completely in the written domain for language model and dictionary can avoid some system complexity, and how we built dictionaries, language and acoustic models in this framework. We show how to deal with the difficulty of scoring results for multiple script languages because of ambiguities. The development of voice search for these languages led to a significant simplification of the original process to build a system for any new language which in in parts became our default process for internationalization of voice search.
Eremogone (Caryophyllaceae): new combinations for Old World species

Twenty-one new combinations in Eremogone (Eremogoneae, Caryophyllaceae) are proposed to accommodate placement of all Old World taxa of Arenaria subg. Eremogone and Eremogoneastrum within Eremogone.
Ca2+ Influx Amplifies Protein Kinase C Potentiation of Recombinant NMDA Receptors

Protein kinase C (PKC) potentiates NMDA receptors in hippocampal, trigeminal, and spinal neurons. Although PKC phosphorylates the NMDA receptor subunit NR1 at four residues within the C terminal splice cassette C1 , the molecular mechanisms underlying PKC potentiation of NMDA responses are not yet known. The present study examined the role of Ca 2+ in PKC potentiation of recombinant NMDA receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes. We found that Ca 2+ influx through PKC-potentiated NMDA receptors can further increase the NMDA response (“Ca 2+ amplification”). Ca 2+ amplification required a rise in intracellular Ca 2+ concentration at or near the intracellular end of the channel and was independent of Ca 2+ -activated Cl − current. Ca 2+ amplification depended on extracellular Ca 2+ concentration during NMDA application and not during PKC activation. Ca 2+ amplification was reduced by the membrane-permeant Ca 2+ -chelating agent BAPTA-AM. Mutant receptors with greatly reduced Ca 2+ permeability did not exhibit Ca 2+ amplification. Receptors containing the NR1 N-terminal splice cassette showed more Ca 2+ amplification, possibly because of their larger basal current and therefore greater Ca 2+ influx. Contrary to expectation, splicing out the two C-terminal splice cassettes of NR1 enhanced PKC potentiation in a manner independent of extracellular Ca 2+ . This observation indicates that PKC potentiation does not require phosphorylation of the C1 cassette of the NR1 subunit. PKC potentiation of NMDA receptors in vivo is likely to be affected by Ca 2+ amplification of the potentiated signal; the degree of amplification will depend in part on alternative splicing of the NR1 subunit, which is regulated developmentally and in a cell-specific manner.
The Impact of a Structured Integrated Learning System on First-Grade Students' Reading Gains.

ABSTRACT This study examined the effects of the Waterford Early Reading Program on reading achievement gains across the first-grade year. The results of this longitudinal analysis demonstrated meaningfully greater gains on reading achievement for those with access to the Integrated learning system (ILS) (η2 = .10). Furthermore, the positive effects associated with access to the ILS were greatest for students demonstrating the lowest initial reading skills—those with reading skills at or below the 25th percentile at the beginning of first grade (η2 = .43). The results are interpreted as support for the ILS in early reading instruction, provided that the ILS is fully integrated into the teachers' reading curriculum and is not used as a stand-alone program.
Stochastic model of earthquake fault geometry

Summary An earthquake fault pattern is assumed to consist of a system of infinitesimal, elementary dislocation loops. After an initial dislocation, subsequent ruptures occur according to a critical branching process. The position of each secondary dislocation loop is randomly shifted, along the initial fault-plane, from the location of the main shock. In addition, the orientations of the fault-plane and slip vector of the secondary dislocations are rotated according to a three-dimensional Cauchy distribution which has one intrinsic scaling parameter. In their turn, the secondary dislocations produce new dependent shocks according to the same law; the process cascades indefinitely. We simulate an earthquake fault system by the Monte Carlo method. This fault pattern is both visually and statistically similar to real earthquake faults. The model yields statistical spatial distributions that correspond to those of the analysis of the catalogue data of real earthquakes. We incorporate in our scheme the time-magnitude model of earthquake occurrence developed earlier. By the Monte Carlo method we then simulate synthetic sequences that reproduce all known magnitude-space-time statistical properties of real earthquake catalogues. The results of these simulations make us question the suitability of some terms that are commonly used in the theory of an earthquake source. For example, as a consequence of the validity of the stochastic model, the concepts like ‘an individual earthquake’, ‘fault-plane’ or ‘fault-surface’, ‘crack-tip’ or ‘fault-tip’, and ‘friction’, do not have an unambiguous definition.