cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The representation of syntactic action at a distance: Multidominance versus the Copy Theory

It is a common understanding that Merge (Chomsky 1995) effectively explains the preponderance of displacement in language. That is, at least since Chomsky (2001), the mechanism that captures displacement (Internal Merge) has been recognized as something that comes ‘for free’ along with Merge. However, the particular representation of that displacement has been subject to disagreement with some researchers assuming a copy-theoretic view and others a multidominance view. In this paper I offer arguments that support the copy theory of movement over that of multidominance. Multidominance demands that the grammar operate over positions instead of terms, which is incompatible with a Merge-based approach to structure building, and the copy theory demands no such thing. I also argue that the discontinuous interpretation of moved elements can be seen as evidence in favor of the copy theory. Additionally I note that previous arguments comparing the two representations fail on one of two counts. They either 1) rely on interface-dependent notions about which too little is known to be used to distinguish the two or 2) depend on issues of mathematical power that are not a priori relevant. The new arguments presented here rely on syntax-internal notions and interface notions that are on more solid empirical footing.
Quantifying intermediate‐frequency heterogeneities of SOFC electrodes using X‐ray computed tomography

The electrodes in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) consist of three phases interconnected in three dimensions. The volume needed to describe quantitatively such microstructures depends on several lengths scales, which are functions of materials properties and fabrication methods. This work focuses on quantifying the volume needed to represent “intermediate frequency” heterogeneities in electrodes of a commercial SOFC using X-ray computed tomography (CT) over two different length scales. Electrode volumes of 150 μm × 150 μm × 9 μm were extracted from a synchrotron-based micro-CT data set, with 13 μm3 voxels. 13.6 μm × 19.8 μm × 19.4 μm of the cathode and 26.3 μm × 24.8 μm × 15.7 μm of the anode were extracted from laboratory nano-CT data sets, both with 653 nm3 voxels. After comparing the variation across sub-regions for the grayscale values from the micro-CT, and for the phase fractions and triple phase boundary densities from the nano-CT, it was found that the sub-region length scales needed to yield statistically similar average values were an order of magnitude larger than those expected to capture the “high frequency” heterogeneity related to the discrete nature of the three phases in electrodes. The challenge of quantifying such electrodes using available experimental methods is discussed.
The China Options

A variety of strategies have been suggested for how the U.S. should respond to China as a rising power. The publication analyses the underlying assumptions of these strategies. The strategies are grouped into three categories: 1) Strategies that call for China to be integrated into the liberal international order. The study finds that there are significant divergences in the requirements imposed, contingent on different views of what such integration entails, and hence, differences in their chances of success. 2) The study compares strategies that call for the application of (primarily military) power to either brake or reverse the rise of China, or to limit it, or to allow for some increasing influence and U.S. retrenchment. 3) The study compares the scope of shared and complementary versus conflicting core interests of the two powers (and those of their allies) and weighs the role that tension reduction measures can play in dealing with these conflicting interests as compared to negotiated settlements, based on salience differentials. The publication closes by asking what differences emerge if the ‘end state’ one seeks is a peaceful, stable order or also a liberal, democratic one.
Attribution Through the Layperson's Lens: Development and Preliminary Validation of an Inclusive, International Measure of Beliefs About the Causes of Mental Illness.

Attributions, or beliefs about the causes of mental illness, have traditionally been dichotomized based on their locus, controllability, specificity, and stability. However, scholars have introduce...
Enhanced robustness in acetone-butanol-ethanol fermentation with engineered Clostridium beijerinckii overexpressing adhE2 and ctfAB

Clostridium beijerinckii CC101 was engineered to overexpress aldehyde/alcohol dehydrogenase (adhE2) and CoA-transferase (ctfAB). Solvent production and acid assimilation were compared between the parental and engineered strains expressing only adhE2 (CC101-SV4) and expressing adhE2, ald and ctfAB (CC101-SV6). CC101-SV4 showed an early butanol production from glucose but stopped pre-maturely at a low butanol concentration of ∼6g/L. Compared to CC101, CC101-SV6 produced more butanol (∼12g/L) from glucose and was able to re-assimilate more acids, which prevented "acid crash" and increased butanol production, under all conditions studied. CC101-SV6 also showed better ability in using glucose and xylose present in sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate, and produced 9.4g/L solvents (acetone, butanol and ethanol) compared to only 2.6g/L by CC101, confirming its robustness and better tolerance to hydrolysate inhibitors. The engineered strain of C. beijerinckii overexpressing adhE2 and ctfAB should have good potential for producing butanol from lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysates.
What’s Love Got to Do With It: Race, Class, and the Performance Musical Biopic

This chapter explores the intersectional complexity of the representation of abuse in the musical biopic What’s Love Got to Do With It. While the film critiques male coercive control and myths of popular romance it also re-objectifies the black female body and reinforces the stereotype of the violent black man.
Women and Television Westerns, 1954–2001

This chapter describes how televisual Westerns re-imagine the West as a potential egalitarian garden spot fostering equality between genders and races.
A Block Rocking on a Seesawing Foundation

Examples of vibro-impact mechanical and structural systems are not uncommon. Such systems are capable of exhibiting an interesting spectrum of non-smooth dynamic behavior when a characteristic changes abruptly. However, they present strong challenges to the analyst and designer trying to predict dynamic behavior. This paper considers an example of a rigid body (a rectangular block) that is placed on flat surface that then oscillates in a seesawing, or tilting, motion. Given this kind of harmonic base excitation the free-standing block then responds accordingly, often by rocking. In this study the overturning characteristics of the block are of special interest. The motion is considered to take place in a vertical plane with no bouncing or sliding allowed. The outcome of experimental testing is compared with intensive numerical simulation.
Expression and Development of Macrophage Activation for Tumor Cytotoxicity

Mononuclear phagocytes of the tissues, when exposed to the numerous humoral mediators found at sites of inflammation, and particularly when exposed to lymphokines, undergo profound alterations in their cellular physiology (for review, see Adams and Marino, 1984). These intricate, tightly coordinated changes in metabolism and structure, broadly termed activation even though they are often defined in more restrictive ways, are essential to the contributions made by mononuclear phagocytes in maintenance of homeostasis, in metabolism of endogenous and exogenous toxins, in regulation of inflammation, and in the immune response and defense against tumors and microbes. Since the metabolic consequences of inductive signals leading to activation are extremely complex, examination of macrophage activation for a single function can provide a useful model for studying the cell biology of activation (Adams and Marino, 1984).
Penetrating wounds of the heart. An analysis of 459 cases.

Summary 1. An analysis of 459 penetrating wounds of the heart has been presented. 2. Eighty-six patients arrived alive in the emergency room, whereas 373 were dead on arrival, for a pre-hospital mortality of 81 per cent. Eighty per cent of the DOA cases were due to gunshot wounds which reflects their more severe nature in comparison with that of stab wounds. 3. Left ventricular injury has a dismai prognosis, with less than 2 per cent of the patients reaching the hospital alive; four fifths of this small group die in spite of treatment. 4. Prior to 1966, primary treatment was repeated pericardiocenteses. An analysis of 18 deaths occurring with this treatment show that 10 were due to recurrent tamponade. 5. For the past 2 years, immediate operation has been the primary treatment. The mortality rate has been lowered from 36 per cent for the 7 years prior to 1966 to 14 per cent for the past 2 years. The mortality rate from stab wounds, which was 36 per cent in the earlier period, decreased to 5 per cent. 6. This experience supports the policy that immediate operation should be the standard treatment for cardiac wounds, with cardiopulmonary bypass and circulatory assist devices on stand-by for use when necessary.
Biosynthesis of a mycobacterial lipopolysaccharide. Incorporation of (14C)acyl groups by whole cells in vivo.

1. Mycobacterium phlei (A.T.C.C. 356) cells were incubated with 14C-labelled short-chain fatty acids and the 6-O-methylglucose-containing lipopolysaccharides that became esterified with radioactive acyl groups were isolated. The pattern of labelling of these lipopolysaccharides with the different acyl groups, the effects of different conditions on labelling patterns, and the kinetics of the turnover of 14C-labelled acyl groups were studied. 2. The labelling patterns are summarized as follows. [1-14C]Acetate was incorporated into all of the acyl groups. [1-14C]Propionate led to labelling of propionate and succinate, while [1-14C]isobutyrate was incorporated mostly as such, along with a trace amount in iso-octanoate. 3. Under the conditions of the experiments, [1-14C]acetate was rapidly incorporated into succinyl (3-carboxypropionyl) and octanoyl groups, whereas the acetyl groups themselves were labelled more slowly. Radioactivity in propionyl and succinyl groups, originating from [1-14C]propionate, attained maximum values and then gradually decreased in both. Incorporation of [1-14C]isobutyrate proceeded slowly but reached a plateau and remained constant. While n-butyrate is not a normal constituent of methyl-glucose-containing lipopolysaccharides, it was incorporated as such when n-[1-14C]-butyrate was supplied in the medium. 4. [1-14C]Acetyl groups were readily displaced by unlabelled acetate. On the other hand, the specific radioactivity of the succinyl group continued to increase during a 3h incubation with unlabelled succinate. Propionyl and succinyl groups, labelled by [1-14C]propionate, were displaced slowly by unlabelled propionate or succcinate. The isobutyryl group of the lipopolysaccharides did not turn over, in contrast to the results obtained with the other acyl substituents.
Effects of ruminal and postruminal infusion of starch hydrolysate or glucose on the microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract in growing steers

Forty crossbred steers were used to determine the effects of carbohydrate supply site on the indigenous bacteria of the gastrointestinal tract. Steers were fitted with ruminal and abomasal infusion catheters and assigned randomly to one of eight groups in a complete randomized block design. The experimental period was 36 d. Treatments included: 1) a pelleted basal diet fed at 0.163 Mcal ME x (kg BW(0.75)) x 1 x d(-1) (LE); 2) the basal diet fed at 0.215 Mcal ME x (kg BW(0.75)) (-1) x d(-1) (HE); 3) the basal diet fed at 0.163 Mcal ME x (kg BW(0.75))(-1) x d(-1) with ruminal infusion of starch hydrolysate (SH) (RSH); 4) the basal diet fed at 0.163 Mcal ME x (kg BW(0.75))(-1) x d(-1) with abomasal infusion of SH (ASH); and 5) the basal diet fed at 0.163 Mcal ME x (kg BW(0.75))(-1) x d(-1) with abomasal infusion of glucose (AG). The total volume ofinfusate (5 kg x site(-1) x d(-1)) was equalized across treatments and infusion sites by infusion of water. Glucose and SH were infused at rates of 14.35 and 12.64 g x (kg BW(0.75)) x d(-1), respectively. Ruminal, cecal, and fecal samples were obtained on d 36. Ruminal pH was low (5.79) in LE steers and unaffected (P > 0.10) by increased energy intake or carbohydrate infusion. Cecal and fecal pH were 6.93 and 7.00, respectively, for LE steers. Increasing energy intake (P 0.10) on these numbers. However, ASH and AG steers had approximately 1.5 log10 cells/g more (P 0.10). Fecal E. coli were highly acid sensitive in all steers, with less than 1% surviving a 1-h exposure to low pH (2.0). This suggests that cecal or fecal pH is not a good indicator of acid resistance, and it supports the concept that there are other factors that may induce acid resistance.
Role of autophagy and autophagy genes in inflammatory bowel disease.

Polymorphisms associated with two genes in the autophagy pathway, ATG16L1 and IRGM1, have been implicated in susceptibility to Crohn’s disease, an idiopathic inflammatory disease typically involving the gastrointestinal tract. The intestinal mucosa is a site of careful immune regulation where the epithelium and immune cells encounter pathogens as well as a robust and diverse population of indigenous microbes that are predominately bacteria. Since the role of autophagy in immunity is broad and expanding, it is unclear which downstream functions of autophagy and which cell types are the key factors in Crohn’s disease susceptibility. This chapter reviews the recent literature on the roles of ATG16L1 and IRGM1 in the autophagy pathway, inflammation, antimicrobial immunity, and the biology of the intestine, and discusses how these genes may contribute to Crohn’s disease pathogenesis.
Experimental Test of the Optical Bloch Equations for Solids Using Free Induction Decay and Hole-Burning

Recent free induction decay (FID) studies by DeVoe and Brewer1 have shown that the conventional optical Bloch equations (OBE) fail to describe the saturation behaviour of the D1 line (592.5 nm) in Pr3+:LaF3. This is a surprising and important result both for technological and scientific reasons. For hole-burning optical memories2, the effects of power broadening will play a decisive role in the design of such systems. Scientifically, the study of dephasing mechanisms in nuclear and electron magnetic resonance has been actively pursued for some 40 years.
First Six Dimensional Phase Space Measurement of an Accelerator Beam

This Letter presents the first complete six dimensional phase space measurement of a beam in an accelerator. The measurement was made on the Spallation Neutron Source Beam Test Facility. The data reveal previously unknown correlations in the six dimensional phase space distribution that are not visible in lower dimensionality measurements. The correlations are shown to be intensity dependent.
Epigenetic fates of gene silencing established by heterochromatin spreading in cell identity and genome stability

Heterochromatin spreading, the propagation of repressive chromatin along the chromosome, is a reaction critical to genome stability and defense, as well as maintenance of unique cell fates. Here, we discuss the intrinsic properties of the spreading reaction and circumstances under which its products, formed distal to DNA-encoded nucleation sites, can be epigenetically maintained. Finally, we speculate that the epigenetic properties of heterochromatin evolved together with the need to stabilize cellular identity.
Coverage Gaps and Cost-Shifting for Work-Related Injury and Illness: Who Bears the Financial Burden?

The heavy economic burden of work-related injury/illness falls not only on employers and workers’ compensation systems, but increasingly on health care systems, health and disability insurance, soc...
AI profiles: an interview with Thomas Dietterich

Welcome to the eighth interview in our series profiling senior AI researchers. This month we are especially happy to interview our SIGAI advisory board member, Thomas Dietterich, Director of Intelligent Systems at the Institute for Collaborative Robotics and Intelligence Systems (CoRIS) at Oregon State University.
A "Hospital-Day-1" Model to Predict the Risk of Discharge to a Skilled Nursing Facility.

Abstract Objective To derive and validate a model to predict a patient's probability of skilled nursing facility (SNF) discharge using data available from day 1 of hospitalization. Design Using a retrospective cohort of 11,380 hospitalized patients, we obtained administrative and electronic medical data to identify predictors of SNF discharge. Setting and participants Single, urban academic medical center. Patients older than 50 years admitted to the medical service from July 2014 to August 2015. Methods Primary outcome defined as SNF discharge. We split the cohort into derivation and validation sets (80/20). We created 1000 bootstrapped samples of the derivation set and used backward selection logistic regression on each bootstrapped sample. The final model included variables selected in ≥60% of the samples. To create a point-based index, a point value was assigned to each predictor variable relative to the logistic regression coefficient. The model's discrimination, calibration, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value tested in the validation set. Results The overall frequency of SNF discharge was 12%. The final model included 11 variables. Significant demographic variables included age, marital status, insurance type, living alone, residence, and distance from hospital. The final model included 2 significant functional variables (mobility, bathing) and 3 significant clinical variables (admission mode, admission diagnosis, admission day of week). Impairment in mobility [odds ratio (OR) 1.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.4-2.2] and impairment in bathing (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.6-2.4) were both significant predictors of SNF discharge. The final model discriminated well in the validation cohort (c-statistic = 0.82) and was well calibrated. Conclusions/Implications It is possible to predict the day of admission with good accuracy and clinical usability a patient's risk of SNF discharge. The ability to identify early in the hospitalization patients likely to use post-acute services has implications for clinicians, administrators, and policy makers working to improve discharge planning and care transitions.
The syntax of number marking: the view from bare nouns in Wolof

Several languages allow for their nominals to occur without any functional morphology; they are dubbed 'bare nominals'. BNs are often number-neutral, i.e., there is no commitment to a singular or plural interpretation. In Wolof, however, BNs are singular when unmodified. A plural interpretation becomes available only when a nominal-internal plural feature is exponed in the form of complementizer or possessum agreement. I propose an extension of Bejar & Rezac's (2009) Person Li censing Condition to number: a marked number feature (i.e. plural) must be licensed by Agree. BNs in Wolof can in principle be singular or plural. In the absence of a nominal-internal probe that Agrees with the plural feature of the BN, the Number Licensing Condition is violated, causing the derivation to crash. Unmarked number, i.e., singular, does not obey the NLC, so the derivation converges, yielding a singu lar BN. However, if there is a nominal-internal number probe, which is realized as complementizer or possessum agreement, the NLC is satisfied, allowing a derivation to converge where the BN is plural. If correct, this analysis accounts for the unusual behavior of BNs in Wolof and provides further empirical support for the view that valued features are responsible for nominal licensing (Kalin, 2017, 2019).
Engineering Topological Many-Body Materials in Microwave Cavity Arrays

Qubits are necessary for next-generation quantum computers. Researchers theoretically demonstrate a topological fluid of photons to simulate such qubits.
Career aspirations of teenagers and the future of gender equality in occupations

The U.S. workforce has been changing rapidly. Close to half of working adults are women, and as the U.S. population becomes ever more racially and ethnically diverse, so too does the labour force. ...
The life of permafrost: a history of frozen earth in Russian and Soviet science: by Pey-Yi Chu, Toronto, Canada, University of Toronto Press, 2020, 288 pp., $75.00 (hardcover), ISBN 978-1-4875-0193-8; $56.25 (ePub), ISBN 978-1-4875-1425-9; $56.25 (pdf), ISBN 978-1-4875-1424-2

This excellent book makes permafrost a lot more exciting than one might imagine it possibly could be, literally bringing the topic to life. Pey-Yi Chu gives the inanimate permafrost agency in these...
Reaffirming the Public Purposes of Higher Education: First-Generation and Continuing Generation Students’ Perspectives

For more than a century, scholars and policymakers have commented and debated on the purposes of higher education. These conversations reflect a combination of public and private goals, with an inc...
Sectoral Strengths and Weaknesses of Advanced Countries in Different Patent Institutions

The assessment of national capabilities and performance in specific fields of technology is becoming increasingly important for the policy making of both governments and firms. The previous Chapter shows that in all countries the technological effort, measured both by input indicators such as R&D and by output indicators such as patents, has grown over the last decade. A tendency towards an increasing internationalization of technological activities has also been identified. Moving beyond the aggregate picture of science and technology (S&T) activities, we examine in this and in the following Chapters the sectoral patterns of national specialization in technology, using patent data as an indicator. This evidence will then be matched in Chapter 7 with a parallel analysis on the sectoral patterns of scientific specialization, using bibliometric indicators.
Reversal bending fatigue test system for investigating vibration integrity of spent nuclear fuel during transportation

AbstractTransportation packages for spent nuclear fuel (SNF) must meet safety requirements under normal and accident conditions as specified by federal regulations. During transportation, SNF experiences unique conditions and challenges to cladding integrity due to the vibrational and impact loading during road or rail shipment. Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) has been developing testing capabilities that can be used to improve the understanding of the impacts on SNF integrity due to vibration loading, especially for high burn-up SNF in normal transportation operation conditions. This information can be used to meet the nuclear industry and U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission needs in the area of safety and security of SNF storage and transportation operations. The ORNL developed test system can perform reversal bending fatigue testing to evaluate both the static and dynamic mechanical response of SNF rods under simulated loads. The testing apparatus is also designed to meet the challenges of hot cell...
GROWTH CONTROL OF TRANSLATION IN MAMMALIAN CELLS

Publisher Summary Most cells in a mammalian organism are not proliferating, but are in a quiescent, resting state referred to as “G 0 .” This chapter discusses the growth control of translation in mammalian cells. Production of many early-response proteins is regulated by the level of their respective messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules. Although mRNA levels are involved in a major way in growth control, there are also a number of older observations in the literature that argue compellingly for a substantial role for the regulation of preformed mRNA molecules translation. The level and/or activity of translational initiation factors can influence the rates of both protein synthesis and cell proliferation. The translation of mRNA molecules can be regulated through the specific binding of translational repressor proteins. The classical example is the regulation of expression of the intracellular iron-binding protein, ferritin, by the availability of iron. The regulation of the translation of a preformed mRNA in response to a stimulus enables a cell to alter the rate of synthesis of a protein product considerably more rapidly than would be possible by a change in transcription rate. Many of the genes that show an element of translational control encode products with profound physiological influences such as proto-oncogenes. The possibility of translational regulation of these mRNAs provides for secure repression of their expression at inappropriate times and for fine-tuning their expression at proper times in the cell cycle and during development. Many cellular studies strongly suggest that a significant fraction of the new protein synthesis after mitogenic stimulation is due to the activation of the translation of pre-existing mRNA molecules.
Other People's Money

In informal banking arrangements such as cundinas and tandas, the “banker” will have an unexplained fund of money, which the IRS will presume was acquired in a taxable way. Drug dealers and embezzlers often have the same problem. The informal bankers, with adequate records, can rebut the presumption. However, it is too bad that they have to be analogized to criminals in order to do so.
Nuclear data for astrophysics

Abstract In order to address important astrophysics problems such as the origin of the chemical elements, the inner workings of our Sun, and the evolution of stars, crucial nuclear datasets are needed. Recent evaluation and dissemination efforts have produced a number of such datasets, many of which are online and readily available to the research community. Current international efforts in this field are, unfortunately, insufficient to keep pace with the latest nuclear physics measurements and model calculations. A dedicated effort is required to update and expand existing datasets. I discuss several strategies and new initiatives that would ensure a more effective utilization of nuclear data in astrophysics. These include launching a new web site www.nucastrodata.org to aid in locating available nuclear data sets, and an interactive online plotting program with an easy-to-use graphical user interface to over 8000 reaction rates. An enhanced effort in this field could be maintained by formalizing the position of a Nuclear Astrophysics Data Coordinator.
Wavelet-Based Spectrum Analysis of Sacral Skin Blood Flow Response to Alternating Pressure

Abstract Jan Y-K, Brienza DM, Geyer MJ, Karg P. Wavelet-based spectrum analysis of sacral skin blood flow response to alternating pressure. Objectives To provide insight into the physiologic mechanisms associated with alternating pressure, using wavelet analysis of skin blood flow (SBF) oscillations, and to determine whether the application of alternating pressure induces myogenic responses, thereby enhancing SBF as compared with constant loading. Design Repeated-measures design. Setting University research laboratory. Participants Healthy, young adults (N=10; 5 men, 5 women; mean age ± standard deviation, 30.0±3.1y). Intervention Alternating pressure for 20 minutes (four 5-min cycles with either 60mmHg or 3mmHg) and constant loading for 20 minutes at 30mmHg on the skin over the sacrum. Main Outcome Measures A laser Doppler flowmeter was used to measure sacral SBF response to both alternating pressure and constant loading. Wavelet-based spectrum analysis of SBF oscillations was used to assess underlying physiologic mechanisms including endothelium-related metabolic (.008–.02Hz), neurogenic (.02–.05Hz), and myogenic (.05–.15Hz) controls. Results Alternating pressure stimulated an increase in sacral SBF of compressed soft tissues as compared with constant loading ( P Conclusions SBF control mechanisms, as assessed by the characteristic frequencies embedded in SBF oscillations, show different responses to 2 loading pressures with the same average pressure but different patterns. Our study suggests that optimization of operating parameters and configurations of alternating pressure support surfaces to compensate for impaired SBF control mechanisms in pathologic populations may be possible using wavelet analysis of blood flow oscillations.
The ethics of consulting with pharmaceutical companies

Acting as a speaker or consultant to the pharmaceutical industry, while adding to a physician's recognition and income, serves a vital role in graduate and postgraduate medical education. Such activities work, especially when one becomes involved with several different companies or organizations, can expose the speaker and researcher to a number of potential ethical conflicts. These include publication and prescribing bias. These also lead to the real or apparent conflict of interest when the consultant receives unearned, unjustified, or excessive compensation and gifts.
Hard x-ray polarimetry with EXIST

The Energetic X-ray Survey Telesccope (EXIST) is under study for the propsed Black Hole Finder Probe, one of the three Einstein Probe missions in NASA's proposed Beyond Einstein Program. EXIST would have the capability to survey the full sky at 5-600 keV and enable black holes to be surveyed and studied on all scales. In particular, GRB's will be located at sensitivities and bandwidths much greater than with previous missions and likely yield constraints on the massive population III black holes. The measurements of hard X-ray polarization, thus far relatively unexplored, could also provide important clues about the GRB progenitor. In this paper, we report on the preliminary estimates to the sensitivity to GRB polarization with EXIST.
Preference for rotating objects in 5-month-old infants

Abstract Five-month-olds were habituated to several objects undergoing a variety of rotations or nonrotations. The test trials presented a new object undergoing examples of the old and new motions. Without exception, infants preferred the rotating object on the test trials, regardless of their previous experience.
Selective Phenotyping to Accurately Map Quantitative Trait Loci

Recombination events are necessary to map QTL accurately and some progeny result from gametes with a greater number of recombination events than others. This observation suggests that some progeny should be more useful for QTL mapping than others. The marker genotypes of the progeny should allow the number of recombination events they carry to be determined such that the most useful progeny could be phenotyped, in a procedure termed selective phenotyping. Two methods to select genotypes for their usefulness in mapping are described, one that maximizes the overall mapping information content in the selected progeny, and one that seeks to maximize both overall mapping information and the uniformity of its distribution across the genome. Simulations showed that both methods successfully decreased the mean squared error (MSE) for QTL position. Average MSEs were similar for the two methods and variability of MSE was slightly lower for the latter relative to the former method. Simulations indicated that a large fraction of the decrease in the MSE achievable by selective phenotyping could be obtained by genotyping twice the number of progeny than were ultimately phenotyped, though further decreases in the MSE were observed when up to 16 times more progeny were genotyped than phenotyped. The procedure appears to most improve the accuracy of QTL mapping for QTL of small effect or when available markers do not allow marker spacing below 10 cM.
The process of political praxis: Efforts of the gay community to transform the social signification of AIDS

This study analyzes the processes by which gay people see themselves in relation to the social construction of AIDS discourse, both as individuals and as a collective. By the use of Foucault's concepts of “subjectification” and “bio‐power,” the various self‐defining constructs of People With AIDS (PWAs) are described, and their interaction with the political sphere explicated.
Women's use of resources in decision-making for early-stage breast cancer: results of a community-based survey.

Background: The majority of women with stage I/II breast cancer may choose between mastectomy and breast-conserving therapy (BCT). A survey was designed to examine the resources women used in making this decision. Methods: From 1990 to 1994, 261 patients were diagnosed with or treated for stage I/II breast cancer at Washington Hospital (Fremont, CA). One-hundred seventy-six surviving patients received a questionnaire asking them to anonymously rank various medical and nonmedical persons, audio and visual materials, and decision criteria on a 5-point scale with regard to their influence on that individual's choice to undergo BCT or mastectomy. The BCT and mastectomy groups were similar demographically; ∼50% were college-educated. Statistical significance of the difference in means between groups was assessed with thet test. The response rate to the survey was 65%. Results: The average survey ranking was>1.0 for the following: surgeon (4.5), primary care physician (2.8), spouse (2.4), radiation oncologist (1.7), medical oncologist (1.5), American Cancer Society brochure (1.4), and children (1.2). The ranking of children (p=0.08), friends (p=0.08), parents (p=0.09), and spouse (p=0.13) was higher in the mastectomy group; the ranking of the radiation oncologist (p=0.001) and ACS brochure (p=0.03) was higher in the BCT group. The majority of patients consulted only with the surgeon (96%), primary care physician (64%), and spouse (55% overall, 75% among married patients) before making a treatment choice. Decision criteria were ranked as follows: chance for cure (4.5), physician recommendation (3.7), potential side effects (1.7), cosmetic appearance (1.3), sexual attractiveness (1.1), treatment convenience (1.0), and desire to avoid mastectomy (1.5). Desire to avoid mastectomy was higher in the BCT group (p<0.0001); ranking of chance for cure was higher in the mastectomy group (p=0.12). Overall satisfaction was higher in the BCT group; 87% of these patients were “very satisfied” with their decision versus 68% for the mastectomy group (p=0.005). Review of the admitting records for 125 patients treated with mastectomy indicated that 46% had clear medical or personal contra-indications to BCT, but that the remainder might have benefitted from specialty consultation. Conclusions: The surgeon's recommendation and the patient's perception of chance for cure were the most influential factors affecting treatment decision. There was a limited use of specialty consultation or written and audiovisual materials in this educated patient population. The survey results suggest potential areas of intervention to improve rates of BCT, namely use of up-front multidisciplinary evaluation, further education of primary care physicians, and greater attention to concerns of family members.
Linear dichroism and magnetic circular dichroism of acenaphth[1,2-a]acenaphthylene

Abstract Ultraviolet-visible polarized absorption spectra of acenaphth[1,2-a]acenaphthylene have been determined from low-temperature measurements of linear dichroism in stretched polyethylene. The magnetic circular dichroic spectrum has been measured in solution. Transition energies, polarizations, and relative intensities, as well as the absolute signs of B terms of low-energy transitions are in good agreement with results of π-electron calculations and with simple qualitative arguments, which also account for the close similarity to the known spectra of acenaphthylene.
Hormone Suppression with GnRH Antagonist Promotes Spermatogenic Recovery from Transplanted Spermatogonial Stem Cells in Irradiated Cynomolgus Monkeys

Summary Hormone suppression given before or after cytotoxic treatment stimulates the recovery of spermatogenesis from endogenous and transplanted spermatogonial stem cells (SSC) and restores fertility in rodents. To test whether the combination of hormone suppression and transplantation could enhance the recovery of spermatogenesis in primates, we irradiated (7 Gy) the testes of 12 adult cynomolgus monkeys and treated six of them with gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist (GnRH-ant) for 8 weeks. At the end of this treatment, we transfected cryopreserved testicular cells with green fluorescent protein-lentivirus and autologously transplanted them back into one of the testes. The only significant effect of GnRH-ant treatment on endogenous spermatogenesis was an increase in the percentage of tubules containing differentiated germ cells (tubule differentiation index; TDI) in the sham-transplanted testes of GnRH-ant–treated monkeys compared with radiation-only monkeys at 24 weeks after irradiation. Although transplantation alone after irradiation did not significantly increase the TDI, detection of lentiviral DNA in the spermatozoa of one radiation-only monkey indicated that some transplanted cells colonized the testis. However, the combination of transplantation and GnRH-ant clearly stimulated spermatogenic recovery as evidenced by several observations in the GnRH-ant–treated monkeys receiving transplantation: (i) significant increases (~20%) in the volume and weight of the testes compared with the contralateral sham-transplanted testes and/or to the transplanted testes of the radiation-only monkeys; (ii) increases in TDI compared to the transplanted testes of radiation-only monkeys at 24 weeks (9.6% vs. 2.9%; p = 0.05) and 44 weeks (16.5% vs. 6.1%, p = 0.055); (iii) detection of lentiviral sequences in the spermatozoa or testes of five of the GnRH-ant–treated monkeys and (iv) significantly higher sperm counts than in the radiation-only monkeys. Thus hormone suppression enhances spermatogenic recovery from transplanted SSC in primates and may be a useful tool in conjunction with spermatogonial transplantation to restore fertility in men after cancer treatment.
Checkpoint kinase 1 protein expression indicates sensitization to therapy by checkpoint kinase 1 inhibition in non–small cell lung cancer

Background When presenting with advanced stage disease, lung cancer patients have <5% 5-y survival. The overexpression of checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) is associated with poorer outcomes and may contribute to therapy resistance. Targeting CHK1 with small-molecule inhibitors in p53 mutant tumors might improve the effectiveness of chemotherapy and radiotherapy in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
Transient effect of potassium on A-V conduction and ventricular tachycardia produced by acetyl-strophanthidin: demonstration of supernormal conduction.

Abstract 1. 1. The depression of A-V conduction and acetyl-strophanthidin-induced arrhythmia by intravenous potassium was transient; this finding was in agreement with similar observations made in human beings. 2. 2. The observed effects of potassium can best be explained by elevation of the level of the cation in plasma rather than by any specific potassium-digitalis antagonism. 3. 3. The supernormal phase of A-V conduction was demonstrated in an intact mammalian heart depressed by sodium pentobarbital and potassium.
Energetic cost of protein import across the envelope membranes of chloroplasts

Chloroplasts are the organelles of green plants in which light energy is transduced into chemical energy, forming ATP and reduced carbon compounds upon which all life depends. The expenditure of this energy is one of the central issues of cellular metabolism. Chloroplasts contain ~3,000 proteins, among which less than 100 are typically encoded in the plastid genome. The rest are encoded in the nuclear genome, synthesized in the cytosol, and posttranslationally imported into the organelle in an energy-dependent process. We report here a measurement of the amount of ATP hydrolyzed to import a protein across the chloroplast envelope membranes--only the second complete accounting of the cost in Gibbs free energy of protein transport to be undertaken. Using two different precursors prepared by three distinct techniques, we show that the import of a precursor protein into chloroplasts is accompanied by the hydrolysis of ~650 ATP molecules. This translates to a ΔG(protein) (transport) of some 27,300 kJ/mol protein imported. We estimate that protein import across the plastid envelope membranes consumes ~0.6% of the total light-saturated energy output of the organelle.
Reducing the Unlabeled Sample Complexity of Semi-Supervised Multi-View Learning

In semi-supervised multi-view learning, unlabeled sample complexity (u.s.c.) specifies the size of unlabeled training sample that guarantees a desired learning error. In this paper, we improve the state-of-art u.s.c. from O(1/e) to O(log 1/e) for small error e, under mild conditions. To obtain the improved result, as a primary step we prove a connection between the generalization error of a classifier and its incompatibility, which measures the fitness between the classifier and the sample distribution. We then prove that with a sufficiently large unlabeled sample, one is able to find classifiers with low incompatibility. Combining the two observations, we manage to prove a probably approximately correct (PAC) style learning bound for semi-supervised multi-view learning. We empirically verified our theory by designing two proof-of-concept multi-view learning algorithms, one based on active view sensing and the other based on online co-regularization, with real-world data sets.
Oral cancer prevention and early detection: using the PRECEDE-PROCEED framework to guide the training of health professional students.

Abstract Background. Teaching cancer prevention and detection is important in health professional education. It is desirable to select a comprehensive framework for teaching oral cancer (OC) prevention and detection skills. Methods. The PRECEDE-PROCEED model was used to design a randomized pretest and posttest study of the OC prevention and detection skills of dental students (n = 104). OC knowledge, opinions, and competencies were evaluated. Results. Second year students in the intervention group were more competent than those in the control group. Conclusions. The novel use of PRECEDE-PROCEED sets a precedent for designing a standardized OC curriculum for a wide range of health professional disciplines. J Cancer Educ. 2007;22:250–253.
The Liver X Receptor (LXR) and Hepatic Lipogenesis THE CARBOHYDRATE-RESPONSE ELEMENT-BINDING PROTEIN IS A TARGET GENE OF LXR

The liver X receptors, LXRα (NR1H3) and LXRβ (NR1H2), are ligand-activated transcription factors that belong to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. LXRs play a critical role in cholesterol homeostasis and bile acid metabolism. In addition, oral administration of LXR agonists to mice results in elevated hepatic fatty acid synthesis and steatosis and increased secretion of triglyceride-rich very low density lipoprotein resulting in hypertriglyceridemia. This increased hepatic lipogenesis has been largely attributed to the LXR-dependent up-regulation of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c) expression. However, it has been reported that treating Srebp-1c null mice with the synthetic LXR agonist T0901317 still results in enhanced expression of many lipogenic genes, suggesting additional mechanisms by which LXR can enhance hepatic lipogenesis. In this report, we identify the carbohydrate response element-binding protein (ChREBP) as an LXR target that independently enhances the up-regulation of select lipogenic genes. The ChREBP promoter contains functional LXR-binding sites that confer receptor-dependent binding and transactivation. We show that T0901317 treatment of mice is associated with up-regulation of the ChREBP target gene, liver-type pyruvate kinase. Therefore, activation of LXR not only increases ChREBP mRNA via enhanced transcription but also modulates ChREBP activity. This establishes LXR as a master lipogenic transcription factor, as it directly regulates both SREBP-1c and ChREBP to enhance hepatic fatty acid synthesis.
Pneumocystis carinii induces interleukin 6 production by an alveolar epithelial cell line.

Background Pneumocystis carinii (PC) infection often results in severe pneumonia in immunocompromised patients. Attachment of PC organisms to alveolar epithelial cells is a hallmark of PC pneumonia; however, few studies have investigated the response of alveolar epithelial cells to PC infection. Methods Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is a multifunctional cytokine that is produced by alveolar epithelial cells in response to a variety of stimuli. Our investigation was undertaken to determine whether PC organisms induce production of IL-6 by alveolar epithelial cells and to determine the effect of IL-6 on PC attachment. Results Incubation of the human alveolar epithelial cell line, A549, with PC organisms resulted in a significant increase in IL-6 secreted into the cell culture media. Time-course studies showed that IL-6 production was detected as soon as 2 h after addition of PC and continued up to 48 h of exposure. Further studies demonstrated that preincubation of A549 cells with IL-6 resulted in a concentration-dependent increase in both A549 cell production of fibronectin and PC attachment. Conclusion Thus, PC attachment to an alveolar epithelial cell line results in epithelial cell production of IL-6, which can act to further increase PC attachment. This may provide an important mechanism whereby PC organisms directly affect the host response to PC infection.
Lighting up copper [History of Communications]

This invited "History of Communications" paper provides a perspective on the many contributions and achievements to the science of high-speed transmission on telephone-line copper twisted-pair. This perspective relies largely on the author's 30-year academic and industrial DSL working experience, but nevertheless attempts to include key events and mention key individuals in the steady march from the kilobits/second of voiceband modems to the Gigabits/second of today's copper connections over those three-plus decades. Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL) and its ancestors are emphasized, while some Ethernet contributions to DSL are also cited.
International accounting education: Insights from academicians and practitioners

Abstract This study surveyed a large sample of practitioners (CFOs and managing partners of CPA firms) and academicians (deans, chairs, and faculty at business schools in the United States) to obtain expert opinions regarding demand, challenges, benefits, coverage, and delivery of international accounting education. The results indicate that: (1) demand for international accounting practice and education has grown and will continue to do so; (2) both academicians and practitioners agreed that international business and accounting should be integrated into business and accounting curricula either through a separate course or infusion into existing accounting and auditing courses; and (3) although the relative importance of international accounting topics varied between practitioners and academics, there was a consensus as to importance of 15 topics of international accounting. In light of the perceived importance of global accounting education, insights and views of both academicians and accounting practitioners presented in this paper should be useful to many business schools planning to internationalize their business and accounting programs as well as those universities updating existing international accounting courses.
Adoptive Identity: How Contexts Within and Beyond the Family Shape Developmental Pathways*

The focus of this paper is adoptive identity, the sense of who one is as an adopted person. The paper first considers how identity has been shaped by recent social changes, and then explores the meaning of adoptive identity and its developmental course. Three contexts of development are examined: intrapsychic, the family environment, and contexts beyond the family, including relationships with friends, connection to community, and culture. Implications for professionals who work with adopted persons and for needed research are also discussed.