cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cycle double covers and the semi-Kotzig frame

Let H be a cubic graph admitting a 3-edge-coloring c:E(H)->Z"3 such that the edges colored with 0 and @[email protected]?{1,2} induce a Hamilton circuit of H and the edges colored with 1 and 2 induce a 2-factor F. The graph H is semi-Kotzig if switching colors of edges in any even subgraph of F yields a new 3-edge-coloring of H having the same property as c. A spanning subgraph H of a cubic graph G is called a semi-Kotzig frame if the contracted graph G/H is even and every non-circuit component of H is a subdivision of a semi-Kotzig graph. In this paper, we show that a cubic graph G has a circuit double cover if it has a semi-Kotzig frame with at most one non-circuit component. Our result generalizes some results of Goddyn [L.A. Goddyn, Cycle covers of graphs, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Waterloo, 1988], and Haggkvist and Markstrom [R. Haggkvist, K. Markstrom, Cycle double covers and spanning minors I, J. Combin. Theory Ser. B 96 (2006) 183-206].
Significance of Histological Response to Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy for Pancreatic Cancer

Background Neoadjuvant (preoperative) chemoradiotherapy (CRT) for pancreatic cancer offers theoretical advantages over the standard approach of surgery followed by adjuvant CRT. We hypothesized that histological responses to CRT would be significant prognostic factors in patients undergoing neoadjuvant CRT followed by resection.
Neurologic complications of immunizations

Although there does appear to be at least a temporal relationship between pertussis immunization and serious acute neurologic illness, data to suggest that children with stable preexisting neurologic disease or positive family history of neurologic disease are at increased risk for complications of pertussis immunizations are inconclusive. Furthermore, there are no firm statistical data concerning the incidence of pertussis vaccine-related encephalopathy. Rather, the literature on pertussis vaccine complications is replete with anecdotal reports and retrospective studies with a number of questionable conclusions drawn from this inadequate data base. Unfortunately, these conclusions have been sensationalized and exploited with litigious fervor to the point that the practice of pertussis immunization is being questioned in the United States. A number of points should be reiterated: pertussis is a dangerous and deadly disease, as seen in the epidemic in Great Britain; pertussis immunization is effective in protecting against the disease; and there is no conclusive proof that the incidence of complications from pertussis vaccination of children with seizure disorders or other preexisting stable neurologic abnormalities is higher, because appropriate studies have not been done to define such a risk. We would do well to keep these facts in mind in order to avoid a disaster similar to the pertussis epidemic in Great Britain. Pertussis vaccination should be given to all children except those with allergic hypersensitivity, a progressive neurologic disorder, or an adverse reaction to a previous pertussis dose.
Dual Action of ATP Hydrolysis Couples Lid Closure to Substrate Release into the Group II Chaperonin Chamber.

Group II chaperonins are ATP-dependent ring-shaped complexes that bind nonnative polypeptides and facilitate protein folding in archaea and eukaryotes. A built-in lid encapsulates substrate proteins within the central chaperonin chamber. Here, we describe the fate of the substrate during the nucleotide cycle of group II chaperonins. The chaperonin substrate-binding sites are exposed, and the lid is open in both the ATP-free and ATP-bound prehydrolysis states. ATP hydrolysis has a dual function in the folding cycle, triggering both lid closure and substrate release into the central chamber. Notably, substrate release can occur in the absence of a lid, and lid closure can occur without substrate release. However, productive folding requires both events, so that the polypeptide is released into the confined space of the closed chamber where it folds. Our results show that ATP hydrolysis coordinates the structural and functional determinants that trigger productive folding.
Analysis of Yarn Motion in Single-nozzle Air—jet Filling Insertion. Part I: Theoretical Models for Yarn Motion

Dynamic analysis of air-jet filling insertion has been carried out both experimentally and theoretically for unsteady-state running conditions. In Part I of this series, analytical models for both loop- and drum-storage systems are developed to investigate the air-jet filling-insertion process. The flight of the yarn in an air jet is a complex dynamic problem, which is affected by many factors, such as air velocity and yarn characteristics, as well as the yarn-storage and yarn-feeding systems. Theoretical analysis shows that the yarn velocity can be increased by increasing the air/yarn frictional force and by decreasing the yarn tension. Numerical solutions for the equations of yarn motion are obtained
Metabolic activation of hydroquinone by macrophage peroxidase.

Abstract Lysates from macrophages, cells involved in hematopoiesis and immunological responses, catalyzed the metabolic activation of the benzene metabolite, hydroquinone, to protein-binding compounds and to free 1,4-benzoquinone. This reaction is mediated by a peroxidase since activation was dependent upon H 2 O 2 and was prevented by the inhibitors aminotriazole and azide. Activation of hydroquinone was independent of HO . radicals since protein binding occurred in the presence of the HO . scavengers mannitol and dimethyl sulfoxide. In reactions with macrophage lysates, phenol, another hepatic metabolite of benzene, stimulated the production of 1,4-benzoquinone as well as the amount of hydroquinone equivalents bound to protein in a dose-dependent manner. Addition of cysteine to incubations with macrophage lysates resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in hydroquinone equivalents bound to protein. At 100 μM cysteine, protein binding was inhibited by 63% and this decrease was recovered as the monocysteine-hydroquinone conjugate. Macrophages catalyzed the arachidonic acid-mediated activation of hydroquinone to metabolites which bound to cellular macromolecules. This activation was inhibited by indomethacin indicating the action of prostaglandin synthase in hydroquinone metabolism by macrophages. The results of these experiments demonstrate that macrophage peroxidase catalyzes the metabolic oxidation of hydroquinone to 1,4-benzoquinone and that 1,4-benzoquinone and/or its semiquinone intermediate are binding to protein and cysteine. Hydroquinone activation by macrophages and subsequent macromolecular binding may be associated with the immunologic and hematopoietic toxicity of benzene.
On-site hydrogen production from transportation fuels: An overview and techno-economic assessment

Abstract Hydrogen production for future transportation applications have received increased interest due to its inherent environmental and efficiency benefits. Currently, hydrogen is produced from natural gas and naphtha for its use in refineries for clean fuel production along with its use in ammonia production. The hydrogen demand will grow in future for hydrogen based fuel cell vehicles. Significant research is underway to produce hydrogen from renewable and fossil fuel sources. However, on-site hydrogen production using existing fuel and gas station infrastructure to support future hydrogen based fuel cell vehicles has advantages over other approaches. In this context, this study is focused on a techno-economic assessment of hydrogen production from transportation fuels using different conversion technologies. In addition, detailed economics with higher capacity and volume of the hydrogen stations are also discussed. Finally, a detailed roadmap is presented to produce on-site hydrogen at commercial scale.
Dignified Dying as a Nursing Phenomenon in the United States

The purpose of this study was to validate the concept of dignified dying and to identify nursing interventions to promote dignified dying. US nurses (N = 281) who participated in the 2000-2001 End of Life Nursing Education Consortium were surveyed via e-mail. Subjects rated characteristics for repre
Duodenal motility after cholecystokinin injection or satiety.

Rats were implanted with a photocell on one side of the duodenum and a light emitting diode on the other. This permitted recordings of upper duodenal activity in the freely moving animal. Such recordings were made when rats were injected with the terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin or saline as they fed to satiety. While cholecystokinin reduced intake by over 50%, the amplitude of duodenal activity after cholecystokinin injection was grossly attenuated as compared with activity after normal satiation. Food intake reduction after cholecystokinin injection may therefore be due to this abnormality rather than normal satiety.
The preparation of 1,2,4‐Triazines and 1,2,4‐Triazolines from substituted carboxamide hydrazones

Substituted carboxamide hydrazones have been condensed with 2,3-butanedione and with glyoxal to form 1,2,4-triazines; with benzaldehyde and pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde to yield 1,2,4-triazolines.
Synthesis of Allylic Isoprenoid Diphosphates by SN2 Displacement of Diethyl Phosphate

Allylic polyenyl diphosphates such as geranyl and (E,E,E)-geranylgeranyl diphosphates are ubiquitous substrates for monoterpene and diterpene synthases and transferases in isoprenoid biosynthesis. These enzyme substrates were prepared in asymmetrically labeled form by reduction of 1-deuterio aldehyde precursors with (R)- and (S)-Alpine boranes®, conversion into diethyl phosphates, and SN2 displacements with tris(tetrabutylammonium) pyrophosphate which occurred slowly with essentially complete inversion of configuration over 2-5 days. The 8α- and 8β-hydroxy-17-nor analogs (13 and 14) of copalyl diphosphate as well as the (15R)-deuterium-labeled form of 13 were similarly prepared from nor-diols 11, (15S)-[15-2H1]-11, and 12 by means of regioselective phosphorylation of the allylic hydroxy groups and displacements with pyrophosphate anion. The configurations and enantiopurities of the deuterium-labeled geraniols, before and after the SN2 displacements, and the diastereopurity of the bicyclic keto alcohol intermediate (15S)-[15-2H1]-15 were determined by conversion into (1S)-camphanate esters and 1H-NMR analysis. Amino alcohol 18 was similarly converted into amino diphosphate 19, 15-aza-14,15-dihydro GGPP, a potential aza analog inhibitor for diterpene synthases which generate stereoisomeric forms of copalyl diphosphate.
Keeping and Ending Casual, Close and Best Friendships

Strategies for maintaining and ending casual, close and best friendships were investigated using a sample of ninety young adults, aged twenty to twenty-eight. As hypothesized, best friendships were regarded as more self-maintaining, more based on affection and less affected by a decrease in contact than close friendships, which in turn were more dependent on affection and interaction and less dependent on proximity than casual friendships. Best and close levels were more clearly differentiated for hypothetical cases of friendship than for actual ones. Life-stage and sex also affected friendship conceptions. The implications of the friendship level results for friendship research methodology are discussed.
Lessons Learned in Implementation of Guidelines for Quantifying Support System Initiating Event Frequencies

The pilot implementation results for Regulatory Guide 1.200 identified four probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) technical elements that required additional guidance. One of these elements involved the use of fault tree technique to quantify the frequencies of support system initiating events (SSIEs). To address this technical element, guidelines were developed by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) to provide a common industry approach for addressing the identification and quantification of SSIEs. The EPRI guidelines were issued as an interim report to allow trial use and pilot implementation by the industry prior to finalizing the guidelines. These interim guidelines provide an industry-consensus approach for addressing areas of concern in the development of support system initiating event models to ensure that the associated supporting requirements of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) PRA Standard for internally initiated events are satisfied. A Pressurized Water Reactor Owners Group (PWROG) pilot implementation of the EPRI interim guidelines was conducted to determine whether the pilot participants have adequately addressed all areas of concern in the development of SSIE models. To determine this, a SSIE model currently used was selected by each of four the pilot participants and subject to detail review to demonstrate whether these models meet the expectations of the EPRI interim guidelines. The EPRI interim guidelines identified the areas of concern to be addressed in using fault tree technique to develop and quantify SSIE models. The guidelines addressed several areas of concern including the treatment of passive failures, the assignment of an appropriate mission time for primary and secondary failures, treatment of common cause failures (CCFs) between running and standby equipment, and consideration of all combinations of CCFs. The PWROG pilot implementation of the interim guidelines summarized the lessons learned and provided feedback to EPRI for consideration in finalizing the guidelines. In addition to the compilation of lessons learned, the PWROG implementation of the EPRI interim guidelines identified existing practices used to develop fault tree models for quantifying SSIE frequencies. Such practices did not necessarily follow a common approach and did not fully meet the expectations of the interim guidelines. Detailed reviews of the SSIE models currently in use at nuclear power plants (NPPs) for the pilot participants demonstrated that the elements of evaluation described in the interim guidelines were not addressed consistently among the PWROG pilot participants. Recommended improvements were identified and incorporated in the SSIE models to meet the expectations of the EPRI interim guidelines. The re-quantification of SSIE frequencies based on the recommended improvements, demonstrated that by not adequately addressing all elements in the evaluation, the SSIE frequency may be under-estimated.Copyright © 2008 by Westinghouse Electric Company
Is It Better to Have Loved and Lost Than Never to Have Loved at All? The Effect of Changes in Product Features over Time

This article examines how feature additions and removals affect consumers' preferences and the attributions they make regarding why these changes occurred. In two experiments, using a range of hypothetical and real products, we find that consumers' preferences for current product formulations are influenced by prior formulations and that changes in consumer preference are more extreme for feature removals than for feature additions. We further find that consumers attribute feature additions to causes that are more external to the firm and more stable over time than those for feature removals. Consumers' product evaluations are more negative when the cause of a feature removal is attributed more internally to the firm. However, consumers' product evaluations are not significantly affected by their attributions for feature additions. Finally, the degree to which the changing feature is linked to a brands' equity moderates these findings.
An algorithm for calculating minimum Euclidean distance between two geographic features

Abstract An efficient algorithm is presented for determining the shortest Euclidean distance between two features of arbitrary shape that are represented in quadtree form. These features may be disjoint point sets, lines, or polygons. It is assumed that the features do not overlap. Features also may be intertwined and polygons may be complex (i.e. have holes). Utilizing a spatial divide-and-conquer approach inherent in the quadtree data model, the basic rationale is to narrow-in on portions of each feature quickly that are on a facing edge relative to the other feature, and to minimize the number of point-to-point Euclidean distance calculations that must be performed. Besides offering an efficient, grid-based alternative solution, another unique and useful aspect of the current algorithm is that is can be used for rapidly calculating distance approximations at coarser levels of resolution. The overall process can be viewed as a top-down parallel search. Using one list of leafcode addresses for each of the two features as input, the algorithm is implemented by successively dividing these lists into four sublists for each descendant quadrant. The algorithm consists of two primary phases. The first determines facing adjacent quadrant pairs where part or all of the two features are separated between the two quadrants, respectively. The second phase then determines the closest pixel-level subquadrant pairs within each facing quadrant pair at the lowest level. The key element of the second phase is a quick estimate distance heuristic for further elimination of locations that are not as near as neighboring locations.
Negative Cross-talk between Calcium-sensing Receptor and β-Catenin Signaling Systems in Colonic Epithelium

Here, we examined the role of the extracellular Ca2+-sensing receptor (CaSR) in the control of colonic epithelial cell proliferation in vivo and changes in β-catenin triggered by CaSR stimulation in human colonic epithelial cells in vitro. The in vivo studies, using a novel Casr intestinal-specific knock-out mouse, indicate that the genetic ablation of the Casr leads to hyperproliferation of colonic epithelial cells, expansion of the proliferative zone, changes in crypt structure, and enhanced β-catenin nuclear localization. The in vitro results indicate that stimulation of the CaSR, by Ca2+ or by the calcimimetic R-568, produced a striking and time-dependent decrease in the phosphorylation of β-catenin at Ser-552 and Ser-675, two amino acid residues that promote β-catenin transcriptional activity. The reduced phosphorylation of β-catenin coincided with a decline in its nuclear localization and a marked redistribution to the plasma membrane. Furthermore, CaSR stimulation promoted a down-regulation of β-catenin-mediated transcriptional activation. These studies demonstrate that signaling pathways emanating from the CaSR control colonic epithelial cell proliferation in vivo and suggest that the mechanism involves regulation of β-catenin phosphorylation.
Biosynthesis of the photosynthetic membranes of rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides

The steady-state biosynthesis of the photosynthetic membrane (ICM) of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides has been reviewed. At moderate light intensities, 500 ft-c, preexisting ICM serves as the insertion matrix for newly synthesized membrane components. Whereas the bulk of the membrane protein, protein-pigment complexes, and pigments are inserted into preexisting ICM throughout the cell cycle, phospholipid is transferred from outside the ICM to the ICM only at the time of cell division. Because the site of cellular phospholipid synthesis is the cytoplasmic membrane, these results infer that despite the physical continuity of cytoplasmic membrane and ICM, there must exist between these membranous domains a "barrier" to the free diffusion of cellular phospholipid. The cyclical alternation in protein to phospholipid ratio of the ICM infers major structural and functional alternations, such as changes in the protein to lipid ratio of the membrane, specific density of the membrane, lipid structure within the membrane, and the rate of cyclic electron flow. When biochemical studies are correlated with detailed electron microscopic investigations we can further conclude that the number of photosynthetic units within the plane of the membrane can vary by nearly a factor of two over the course of the cell cycle. The average physical size of the photosynthetic units is constant for a given light intensity but inversely proportional to light intensity. The distribution of photosynthetic unit size classes within the membrane can be interpreted as suggesting that the "core" of the photosynthetic unit (reaction center plus fixed antenna complex) is inserted into the membrane coordinately as a structural entity. The variable antenna complex is, on the other hand, inserted independent of the "core" and randomly associates with both old and new core complexes. Finally, we conclude that there is substantial substructure to te distribution of photosynthetic units within the ICM, ie, they are highly ordered and exist in a defined spatial orientation to one another.
Analysis op failure time data by burr distribution

Sometimes it is appropriate to model the survival and failure time data by a non-monotonic failure rate distribution. This may be desirable when the course of disease is such that mortality reaches a peak after some finite period and then slowly declines.In this paper we study Burr, type XII model whose failure rate exhibits the above behavior. The location of the critical points (at which the monotonicity changes) for both the failure rate and the mean residual life function (MRLF) are studied. A procedure is described for estimating these critical points. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence and uniqueness of the maximum likelihood estimates are provided and it is shown that the conditions provided by Wingo (1993) are not sufficient. A data set pertaining to fibre failure strengths is analyzed and the maximum likelihood estimates of the critical points are obtained.
Incidental discovery of a chronically thrombosed abdominal aortic aneurysm: case report and literature review

Chronic spontaneously thrombosed abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) are rare. We present a patient with a completely thrombosed abdominal aortic aneurysm found incidentally on imaging for evaluation of unrelated abdominal pain. The patient was asymptomatic with regards to the aneurysm due to extensive collateralization of the intercostal and lumbar arteries to the bilateral hypogastric and internal mammary arteries to the common femoral arteries bilaterally. Follow-up imaging after 10 months showed no aneurysmal change. Further study is needed regarding indications for elective repair, medical therapy, and surveillance modality and schedule for patients with chronically occluded AAAs as these patients are at risk for aneurysm rupture and thrombus propagation.
Crystallographic similarities in shape memory martensites

Abstract The formation of martensite in shape memory alloys having 2H, 3R, 9R and 18R periodic stacking order structures occurs by the localized formation of four self-accommodating variants in a plate group. The 24 variants of martensite consist of six plate groups, each of which consists of four habit plane variants which are near to and symmetrically clustered about {001} poles of the parent phase. Optical and electron microscopy and computer calculations using the phenomenological crystallographic theory have shown that common features of the mutual orientation of the martensite lattices in a plate group and their orientation with respect to the parent phase exist, even though these martensites are both internally twinned and internally faulted. The characteristic four-variant habit plane grouping in a self-accommodating diamond-shaped morphology with respect to a {011} plane proves to be identical for all alloys studied, and therefore a common type of behavior during the shape memory deformation and recovery process may be expected.
Cluster-Based Boosting

Boosting is an iterative process that improves the predictive accuracy for supervised (machine) learning algorithms. Boosting operates by learning multiple functions with subsequent functions focusing on incorrect instances where the previous functions predicted the wrong label. Despite considerable success, boosting still has difficulty on data sets with certain types of problematic training data (e.g., label noise) and when complex functions overfit the training data. We propose a novel cluster-based boosting (CBB) approach to address limitations in boosting for supervised learning systems. Our CBB approach partitions the training data into clusters containing highly similar member data and integrates these clusters directly into the boosting process. CBB boosts selectively (using a high learning rate, low learning rate, or not boosting) on each cluster based on both the additional structure provided by the cluster and previous function accuracy on the member data. Selective boosting allows CBB to improve predictive accuracy on problematic training data. In addition, boosting separately on clusters reduces function complexity to mitigate overfitting. We provide comprehensive experimental results on 20 UCI benchmark data sets with three different kinds of supervised learning systems. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of our CBB approach compared to a popular boosting algorithm, an algorithm that uses clusters to improve boosting, and two algorithms that use selective boosting without clustering.
DURATION AND CONTEXT EFFECTS ON THE PERCEPTION OF ENGLISH /r/ AND /I/: A COMPARISON OF CANTONESE AND JAPANESE SPEAKERS

This study examines the role that duration plays in the perception of a new phonemic contrast, namely English /r/-/I/, by Cantonese speakers. Previous research with Japanese speakers by Dissosway-Huff, Port and Pisoni (1982) suggested that greater accuracy of perception of this new contrast correlates with greater duration of the acoustic signal. The results of our study show that increased duration of the acoustic signal is not sufficient to facilitate perception of English liquids by Cantonese speakers. Thus, our results provide no support for the Duration Hypothesis. We also show that differences in the perception of /r/ and /I/ by Japanese and Cantonese speakers can be explained in part by differences in their native language phonological constraints. Finally, we discuss possible causes for the perceptual difficulty that both types of speakers have with consonant clusters.
Long-term outcomes of the surgical management of renal cell carcinoma

It has been 35 years since the radical nephrectomy was standardized by the work of Robson et al. (J Urol 101:297-301, 1969). Despite being based on a retrospective review of only 88 cases operated upon over a span of 15 years, this publication was an important milestone in the attempt to create uniformity in the staging of Renal cell carcinoma (RCC), and the measurement of surgical outcomes for RCC. Although this manuscript forms the basis for our contemporary measurement of the long-term results of RCC surgery and set the standard to which the entire subsequent literature was compared, contemporary research subsequently has questioned many of Robson's conclusions regarding RCC. In Robson's era, the majority of patients presented with large, symptomatic tumors, pre-operative staging was imprecise, and many patients had locally advanced disease at the time of surgery: of the 88 patients in Robson's series, 75% were managed through a thoracoabdominal incision. Since that time, advances in renal imaging and clinical staging have led to the increased detection of incidental, lower stage, organ-confined tumors more amendable to expanded surgical options. Surgical techniques have evolved and technological advances have made possible new methods of managing renal tumors in situ that have emphasized a transition from radical to less extirpative approaches. In addition, understanding of the basic biology and genetics of kidney cancer has led to improved prognostication and the development of effective immunotherapies for advanced disease. The current concepts and long-term outcomes of the surgical management of RCC will be reviewed to help elucidate some of these changes, from the evolution of open to laparoscopic to percutaneous, from radical to partial to ablative approaches.
Reflex BRAF Testing in Thyroid Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy with Equivocal and Positive Interpretation: A Prospective Study

Background: The BRAF V600E mutation has been reported in 50%–80% of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) cases and is highly specific for PTC. Reflex BRAF testing may improve the diagnostic accuracy of thyroid fine-needle aspiration (FNA) tests having equivocal cytologic interpretations and provide prognostic information that helps guide management in patients with PTC. Patients and Methods: Cases with equivocal thyroid FNA readings (indeterminate and suspicious for PTC) or a positive diagnosis for PTC and concomitant BRAF mutation analysis were included in this prospective study. BRAF mutation analysis was performed by polymerase chain reaction combined with single-strand conformation polymorphism gel electrophoresis using lavage fluid obtained from needle rinsing. The results of histopathologic follow-up were correlated with the cytologic interpretations and BRAF status. Results: One hundred fifty-seven FNAs with equivocal or positive cytologic interpretations were eligible for the study. All but one (99.4...
Vanadium dioxide thin film series single-pole single throw switch

Vanadium dioxide (VO 2 ) thin films have unique insulator to metal transition above the critical temperature of 72 °C. In this research, VO 2 thin films were deposited on a sapphire substrate for thermally controllable RF/microwave switching devices with integrated heating coil. The VO 2 thin film based devices showed insulator performance at room temperature and metallic state (low resistive phase) at 80 °C. Switching devices designed using a VO 2 series varistor showed good isolation ( −5 dB) up to 20 GHz.
DNA synthesis inhibitors block protein synthesis in the human lymphocyte.

Abstract We examined the requirement for early DNA synthetic events in the protein synthetic response of PHA-stimulated human lymphocytes using specific DNA synthesis inhibitors. The incorporation of H 3 -thymidine into DNA and H 3 -leucine into protein was assessed in PHA-stimulated lymphocytes cultured with cytosine arabinoside (8.5 × 10 −6 M), hydroxyurea (1.0 × 10 −2 M) or mitomycin-C (1.5 × 10 −2 M), each of which reduced DNA synthesis to the level of unstimulated lymphocytes. Under those conditions, protein synthesis was suppressed to 2, 14 and 1% of uninhibited cells at 48 h, respectively. Delaying addition of these inhibitors to 6, 12 and 24 h after initiation of PHA stimulation resulted in a parallel loss of inhibition of both RNA and protein synthesis. However, during the first 24 h of uninhibited mitogen stimulation, there is no DNA synthesis as measured by either H 3 -thymidine uptake or by flow cytometry. In contrast to the inhibition of protein synthesis when measured after 48 h, PHA-stimulated H 3 -leucine incorporation during the first 24 h was not affected by DNA synthesis inhibition. These results suggest that early events related to DNA synthesis are required for optimum mitogen-induced protein and RNA synthesis, but that new DNA synthesis does not occur until after h mitogen stimulation.
Asymmetric whirl combustion - A new approach for non-premixed low NO(x) gas turbine combustor design

A promising new approach for non-premixed lowNOx combustor design is presented in which fuel was injected off-axis or asymmetricall y into a whirl flame. Experiments using this technique to react methane and air in an atmospheric laboratory scale burner demonstrated low NO emissions levels coupled with modest CO emissions. NO emissions below 15 PPM were measured with associated CO below 25 PPM at 15% O2. The combustor was shown to exhibit unusual stability characteristics even at overall equivalence ratios below φ=0.1. Presented in this paper are the design of the novel whirl combustor, the results of an experimental characterization of the combustor stability, emissions, and combustion efficiency, and an examination of the internal structure of the flame which provides an explanation of this unusual behavior.
Market efficiency and NCAA college basketball gambling

The betting market for NCAA college basketball is examined from the 1996–97 season through 2003–04. In the overall sample, market efficiency cannot be rejected. For big favorites, specifically those favorites of 20 or more, a simple strategy of betting the underdog in these games is shown to reject the null hypothesis of a fair bet since the underdog wins more than implied by efficiency. This bias appears to be the same as in other sports. The home-team bias in college basketball is shown to be the opposite of the other sports, however, since big favorites win more often than implied by efficiency. Potential reasons for this bias such as NCAA tournament incentives and uniformity of playing conditions are discussed.
Rural Latinos’ Mental Wellbeing: A Mixed-Methods Pilot Study of Family, Environment and Social Isolation Factors

Upon immigration to the rural areas in the US, Latino families may experience cultural, geographic, linguistic and social isolation, which can detrimentally affect their wellbeing by acting as chronic stressors. Using a community engagement approach, this is a pilot mixed-method study with an embedded design using concurrent qualitative and quantitative data. The purpose of this study is to evaluate family and social environments in terms of protective factors and modifiable risks associated with mental well-being in Latino immigrants living in rural areas of Florida. Latino immigrant mother and adolescent dyads were interviewed by using in-depth ethnographic semistructured interviews and subsequent quantitative assessments, including a demographic questionnaire and three structured instruments: the Family Environment Scale Real Form, the SF-12v2™ Health Survey and the short version (eight items) of PROMIS Health Organization Social Isolation. This mixed-method pilot study highlighted how family, rural, and social environments can protect or impair wellbeing in rural Latino immigrant mother and adolescent dyads.
Voice and Agency in Social Movement Outcomes

Focusing on the interactional dynamics of movements, we find that two constructs, voice and agency are critical to the development of a sense of “groupness” and can aid social movement actors in accomplishing desired goals. Voice and agency are accomplished when movement actors engage in various processes such as planning and strategizing, completion of goal-oriented tasks and other unifying activities. We examine four social movement organizations operating in separate movement contexts with different outcomes: contested gay politics in Cincinnati, Ohio and grassroots feminism in Cleveland, Ohio and New York City, New York. We find that groups will have a better chance at achieving their goals if members are able to create a unified voice, and if leaders include and draw from the strengths of those they recruit, thus allowing a sense of agency.
Direct solution for thermal stresses in a nose cap under an arbitrary axisymmetric temperature distribution

The design of a nose cap for a hypersonic vehicle is an iterative process requiring a rapid, easy to use and accurate stress analysis. The objective of this paper is to develop such a stress analysis technique from a direct solution of the thermal stress equations for a spherical shell. The nose cap structure is treated as a thin spherical shell with an axisymmetric temperature distribution. The governing differential equations are solved by expressing the stress solution to the thermoelastic equations in terms of a series of derivatives of the Legendre polynomials. The process of finding the coefficients for the series solution in terms of the temperature distribution is generalized by expressing the temperature along the shell and through the thickness as a polynomial in the spherical angle coordinate. Under this generalization the orthogonality property of the Legendre polynomials leads to a sequence of integrals involving powers of the spherical shell coordinate times the derivative of the Legendre polynomials. The coefficients of the temperature polynomial appear outside of these integrals. Thus, the integrals are evaluated only once and their values tabulated for use with any arbitrary polynomial temperature distribution.
Improved Reading through Effective Leadership.

Do successful reading programs exist? "Yes," says this writer, who recently completed a two-year study of successful reading programs in American schools. He shares in this article four factors that were common to virtually every effective reading program.
Heat capacity-independent determination of differential free energy of stability between structurally homologous proteins

Under the assumption of equivalent heat capacity values, the differential free energy of stability for a pair of proteins midway between their thermal unfolding transition temperatures is shown to be independent of DeltaC(p) up to its cubic term in DeltaT(m). For model calculations reflecting the nearly 30 degrees C difference in T(m) for the adenylate kinases from the arctic bacterium Bacillus globisporus and the thermophilic bacterium Geobacillus stearothermophilus, the resultant error in estimating DeltaDeltaG by the formula 0.5 [DeltaS(T(m1))(1)+DeltaS(T(m2)) (2)] DeltaT(m) is less than 1%. Combined with the analogous thermal unfolding data for the adenylate kinase from Escherichia coli, these three homologous proteins exhibit T(m) and DeltaS(T(m)) values consistent with differential entropy and enthalpy contributions of equal magnitude. When entropy-enthalpy compensation holds for the differential free energy of stability, the incremental changes in T(m) values are shown to be proportionate to the changes in free energy.
Molecular weight of dissolved organic matter-napropamide complex transported through soil columns.

moves deeper into the soil profile than would be expected from results obtained from models. Soil-derived dissolved organic matter (DOM) has been shown to This rapid, sometimes unpredictable transport of orform stable complexes with the herbicide napropamide [2-(-naphthoxy-N,N-diethylpropionamide] capable of enhancing the transport ganic chemicals in soil is most often attributed to preferof napropamide through soil columns. Two soils, one containing sew- ential flow pathways. Jury et al. (1986) found that about age sludge–derived organic matter (SS) and the other having only 20% of the total mass of napropamide and prometryn natural organic matter (NoSS) were treated with napropamide and [2,4-bis (isopropylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine] apallowed to dry to promote complex formation. Soil columns were plied to the soil surface moved beyond the depth where prepared by packing a 10-cm layer of untreated, dry, sieved soil fol- existing chemical transport models predicted they would lowed by an overlying 5-cm layer of napropamide-treated soil. Col- reach by mass flow and adsorption reactions. In addiumns were irrigated and the effluent collected and placed in dialysis tion, it was found that under both conservation and no chambers. After equilibration napropamide concentrations were detill management an average of 18.8, 9.4, and 10.4% of termined on both sides of the membrane and complex and quantified the recovered atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isobased on the amount of napropamide unable to cross the membrane. It was found that for the SS soil 7% and for the NoSS 2.4% of the propylamino)-s-triazine], prometryn, and napropamide, applied napropamide underwent facilitated transport. In addition, respectively, were found in the 30- to 150-cm depth layer most of the complex transported through the columns had a molecular while they were expected to be retained in the top 20 weight between 500 and 1000 Daltons (Da). The solutions from the cm (Ghodrati and Jury, 1992). A review by Flury (1996) SS soil were also found to have formed at least two distinct complexes of the experimental literature on pesticide transport in that were resolved after passing through the untreated soil layer. The field soils revealed that there is still a lack of knowledge results obtained were in agreement with other published results and about the mechanisms responsible for rapid chemical the techniques used offer a way to separate and concentrate DOM transport. Mechanisms such as soil-induced changes in complexes from column effluents for further characterization. the sorptive behavior of the pesticide, due to complexation with DOM, can also lead to increased transport of a small portion of applied compound through soil in
AMORPHOUS-SILICON PIXEL ARRAYS

Abstract Amorphous silicon pin diodes can detect minimum ionizing particles either by direct electron-hole pair generation or when used as photodiodes in conjunction with a scintillator material. We summarize recent results on such detectors and describe progress towards fabrication of pixel arrays.
DERIVED PHOTOSENSITIVE PIGMENTS FROM INVERTEBRATE EYES.

The red pigment in the eyes of the squid, blue crab, and horseshoe crab becomes photosensitive when treated with formalin, and bleaches in the light. The resulting change in density is approximately symmetrical around a maximum at 480 mµ in the blue green. This difference absorption spectrum is in rough agreement with the spectral sensitivity of the cephalopod eye and differs only slightly from the difference absorption spectrum of vertebrate visual purple. The formalin-sensitized pigment is not melanoid. Its bleaching in squid retinas releases large quantities of retinene. It is suggested that the light sensitivity of the normal squid photopigment may be independent of its light stability.
Matrix metalloproteinases stimulate epithelial-mesenchymal transition during tumor development

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of more than 28 enzymes that were initially identified on the basis of their ability to cleave most elements of the extracellular matrix (ECM) but have subsequently been found to be upregulated in nearly every tumor type. As digestion of the ECM is essential for tumor invasion and metastasis, MMPs have been studied for their role in these later stages of tumor development. More recently, exposure to these enzymes has been found to impact cellular signaling pathways that stimulate cell growth at early stages of tumor progression. MMPs have also been found to cleave intracellular targets and so inducing mitotic abnormalities and genomic instability. Emerging evidence indicates that tumor-associated MMPs can also stimulate processes associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a developmental process that is activated in tumor cells during cell invasion and metastasis. Investigations of potential therapeutic MMP inhibitors aimed at blocking the protumorigenic tissue alterations induced by MMPs have been complicated by the side effects associated with nonspecific inhibition of normal physiological processes; recent investigations have shown how delineation of the extracellular targets and intracellular signaling pathways by which MMP action on cancer cells can induce EMT provides insight into novel therapeutic targets. Here, we provide an overview of recent findings of MMP action in tumors and the mechanisms by which MMPs induce both phenotypic and genotypic alterations that facilitate tumor progression.
Race and Sentencing Outcomes in Michigan

Abstract This study focused on sentencing outcomes in Michigan Circuit Courts for crimes against the person, drug laws violations, and property crimes. Each crime was analyzed in terms of in/out sentencing decisions and length of sentence. Analysis of data was in two phases. In the first phase, a logistic regression model was used to determine which of the independent variables of age, race, sex, prior record, and status at time of disposition predicted whether or not the offender would be incarcerated. In second phase, a multiple regression model was utilized on the independent variables used in phase one to predict length of sentence. There were a number of independent variables that affected in/out decisions, and sentence length and race was one of them. When all crimes as a group were combined, race also was a factor for in/out decisions and length of sentence.
A Family of Novel Zero-Voltage and Zero-Current Switching Full Bridge Converters Using Output Voltage Reset for Fuel Cell Application

A new family of output voltage reset circuits for ZVZCS full-bridge converter is proposed in this paper for fuel cell converter applications. Detailed circuit operation is described with topological changes in each stage of state transitions. Conditions that satisfy the transformer current reset were expressed mathematically. A low-voltage input converter hardware has been built and tested using a fuel cell simulator as the source to demonstrate the main features and advantages of the proposed converter. Major voltage and current waveforms are compared with undamped and conventional RCD clamped circuits. Efficiency evaluation indicates an improvement over RCD clamped type converter, especially in low-power low-duty cycle regions. The proposed circuit clearly shows effective circulating current reset for ZVZCS operation and voltage clamping features without lossy component.
The emergence of a new supercomputer architecture

Abstract A model on the dynamics of innovation among multiple productive units and other innovation models are used to examine the emergence of a new supercomputer architecture. Data on entry and exit of firms producing supercomputers having three distinctive architectures appear to conform to the main hypotheses of the models examined. Based on these data, the authors speculate that the new generation of massively parallel supercomputers will replace the currently accepted von Neumann architecture for supercomputers, although the ascendant dominant architecture cannot yet be spelled out in detail. Complementary assets, especially software, and chance events will all play a part in determining which massively parallel designs may ultimately be used for most supercomputing applications.
Tissue plasminogen activator thrombolysis during surgical evacuation of experimental subretinal hemorrhage.

To assess the role for intraoperative thrombolysis during surgical evacuation of massive subretinal hemorrhage, the authors studied the ability of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) to facilitate removal of an experimental subretinal blood clot through a small drainage retinotomy. In rabbit eyes, a single subretinal injection of tissue plasminogen activator in concentrations of up to 250 μg/ml failed to produce significant (>50%) clot dissolution during a 3-hour period. However, repetitive subretinal lavage and aspiration with tPA (50 μg/ml) resulted in progressive intraoperative clot dissolution in rabbits and allowed complete evacuation of blood through a small drainage retinotomy in 6 (100%) of 6 cat eyes. Repetitive vigorous subretinal irrigation with saline solution had no discernible effect on clot size in rabbit eyes. Histopathologic examination of cat eyes following tPA-assisted surgical evacuation of subretinal blood showed preservation of the outer retina in 2 eyes and severe atrophy of the outer retina in 4 eyes.
Leached nickel promotes catalysis using supported Ni(II) complex precatalysts in Kumada-Corriu reactions

Abstract Ni(II) acetate is immobilized onto diamine ligands anchored to (i) a cross-linked poly(styrene) support and (ii) a mesoporous silica support. These anchored Ni(II) materials are successfully used to promote Kumada-Corriu reactions of 4-bromoanisole with phenylmagnesium chloride. Leaching studies utilizing filtration tests, analysis of recycle kinetics, elemental analysis, selective poisoning tests, and “three phase tests” indicate that an active catalytic species is associated with leached, soluble nickel. The cause of leaching is associated with the presence of the Grignard reagent. The use of anchored 3-iodopropyl groups for “three phase testing” of heterogeneity in Kumada-Corriu reactions is demonstrated. Polymer bound triphenyl phosphine is presented as a material for selective poisoning of soluble nickel in Kumada-Corriu reactions.