cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aging and the disposition of glucose.

The rather peculiar title of this paper was chosen to emphasize the interesting historical development of a now burgeoning field. In a sense the ontogeny of individual workers in this field has in many cases recapitulated the phylogeny of the entire endeavor. Interest in carbohydrate metabolism and aging dates back well over 50 years. Clinicians became fascinated by a new diagnostic test for diabetes, the glucose tolerance test, and proceeded to explore all sorts of variables which influenced the efficiency with which the body could dispose of an oral glucose load. Age soon reared its head as an annoying complexity in attempts to standardize the interpretation of performance on this test. With the discovery and subsequent availability of insulin to physicians in the early 1920’s, the accurate diagnosis of diabetes became important; the hallmark of the disease was the presence of inappropriately elevated levels of glucose in circulating blood.
Surface Calcium in the Heart: Its Function and Role in Drug Action

It is well documented that activation of the myofilaments in striated muscle is controlled by an increase in calcium (Ca2+) delivery to troponin sites on the myofilaments (Solaro et al., 1974; Ebashi, 1963). Calcium ions enter the cytoplasm from surface membrane sites and intracellular storage sites in response to membrane depolarization. In skeletal muscle the Ca2+ involved in the E-C coupling process is released and sequestered entirely intracellularly (Armstrong et al., 1972; Winegrad, 1970). Cellular Ca2+ exchanges in skeletal muscle at a slow rate and reacts slowly to alterations of the external Ca2+ concentration (Rich and Langer, 1975; Lullmann et al., 1974). When a skeletal muscle is perfused with a Ca2+-free medium the decline of tension has a T1/2 of 23 min (Fig. 1). The large lateral sacs of the sarcoplasmic reticulum serve in skeletal muscle as storage and release sites for activator Ca2+ (Endo and Nakajima, 1973; Winegrad, 1968).
Subluxation of Suture-Fixated Posterior Chamber Intraocular Lenses: A Clinicopathologic Study

Purpose To report the occurrence of subluxation of suture-fixated posterior chamber (PC) intraocular lenses (IOL) and elucidate the mechanisms involved. Design Prospective clinicopathologic study. Participants A single 10-0 Prolene suture explanted from a patient who experienced subluxation of his PC-IOL, 11.5 years after placement. Furthermore, multiple 10-0 Prolene sutures and PC-IOLs used for iris fixation were studied as controls. Methods Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze the surface of the explanted suture. In addition, randomly selected 10-0 Prolene sutures cut with Vannas scissors and cut with the positioning holes of a randomly selected PC-IOL identical to that implanted in the patient's eye were examined as controls. Finally, the positioning holes of several randomly selected, iris-fixated PC-IOLs were studied using SEM with particular attention to surface quality and edge finish. Main Outcome Measures Presence of any signs of suture degradation, the character of the cut edge of the suture, as well as the characteristics of the positioning holes of the PC-IOLs. Results Scanning electron microscopy of the explanted suture revealed sharply cut edges, without significant degradation of the suture, and no intact loop. Scanning electron microscopy of the control suture cut with a PC-IOL demonstrated a similarly cut edge. The positioning holes of the examined PC-IOLs had a sharp edge, and some also had an imperfect finish. Conclusion We conclude that the surface properties of the positioning holes lead to cutting of the suture, and subsequent subluxation of the PC-IOL.
Structure and expression of the bovine coronavirus hemagglutinin protein.

cDNA clones prepared from genomic RNA of the Mebus strain of bovine Coronavirus (BCV) were sequenced to reveal the hemagglutinin (H) gene of 1,272 bases that predicts a 47,700 mol. wt. apoprotein of 424 amino acids. The H gene mapped on the immediate 5′ side of the peplomer gene. The H protein sequence revealed a putative N-terminal signal peptide of 18 amino acids, 9 potential glycosylation sites, 14 cysteine residues, and a potential C-terminal anchor region of 26 amino acids. When transcripts of the gene were translated in vitro in the presence of microsomes, signal cleavage, glycosylation, and membrane anchorage were observed, but not disulfide-linked dimerization. Translation of a truncated mRNA having no sequence for the C-terminal anchor resulted in a nonanchored, intraluminal (intramicrosomal) protein. When the H protein was expressed in cells in the absence of other coronaviral proteins, it became glycosylated, dimerized, and transported to the cell surface. The BCV hemagglutinin protein, therefore, is a type 1 glycoprotein that contains all the information it needs for signal cleavage, glycosylation, disulfide-linked dimerization, and transport to the cell surface.
Molecular characterization of GcC8 alpha, the functional homologue of human C8 alpha in the shark, Ginglymostoma cirratum

OF THE THESIS MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF GcC8 ALPHA, THE FUNCTIONAL HOMOLOGUE OF HUMAN C8 ALPHA IN THE SHARK, GINGLYMOSTOMA CIRRATUM by Lydia Tatiana Aybar Florida International University, 2010 Miami, Florida Professor Charles H. Bigger, Major Professor The focus of this study is to elucidate the components of the nurse shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum) membrane attack complex (MAC), specifically complement component C8a (GcC8u). Nurse shark C8a gene was cloned, sequenced, and analyzed and Western blot analysis performed to identify components of shark MAC. GcC8a consists of 2341 nucleotides that translate into a 589 amino acid sequence that shares 41.1% and 47.4 % identity with human and xenopus C8a, respectively. GcC8a conserves the MAC modular architecture and cysteine-rich backbone characteristic of complement proteins, including the cysteine residue that forms the C8a-y bond as well as the indel that is unique to C8a. Conservation of MAC protein structure is evident from crossreactivity of antihuman-MAC antibodies with shark serum proteins in Western blots which confirmed the presence of C8 and C9-like proteins in shark serum, however, did not resolve the question of whether C6 and/or C7 like proteins are present in shark.
Fospropofol Disodium Injection: A Review of its Use as a Sedative-hypnotic Agent for Monitored Anesthesia Care (MAC) Sedation in Adult Patients Undergoing Diagnostic or Therapeutic Procedures:

Fospropofol, a phosphorylated prodrug version of the popular induction agent propofol, is hydrolyzed in vivo to release active propofol, formaldehyde, and phosphate. Pharmacodynamic studies show fospropofol provides clinically useful sedation and EEG/BIS suppression while causing significantly less respiratory depression than propofol. Pain at the injection site, a common complaint with propofol, was not reported with fospropofol; the major patient complaint was transitory perianal itching during the drug’s administration. Although many clinicians believe fospropofol can safely be given by a registered nurse, the FDA mandated that fospropofol, like propofol, must be used only in the presence of a trained anesthesia provider.
MMP7 sensitivity of mutant ECM proteins: An indicator of melanoma survival rates and T-cell infiltration

Abstract Objective To assess the potential impact of mutant ECM amino acids (AA) on melanoma-related matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP7) activity. Design and methods We applied a novel scripted algorithm, based on the MEROPS database, to reveal mutant-dependent sensitivity changes across the cancer genome atlas, melanoma dataset. Results This approach revealed a strong bias in favor of mutant AA dependent protease sensitivity increases. Thus, melanoma specimens with relatively few mutations had only MMP7 mutant sensitive, ECM peptides. As mutations increased, melanoma specimens included mutant AA representing mostly increased sensitivity and a small but increasing number of mutant AA representing decreased MMP7 sensitivity. There was no detection of melanoma specimens with only decreases in MMP7 sensitivity. Furthermore, melanoma specimens with exclusively increased sensitivity and thereby only a few overall mutations represented reduced T-cell infiltrates and worse outcomes. Conclusions Overall, the results indicated that changes in MMP7 sensitivity, attributable to mutant AA, have the potential of identifying patients with distinct survival outcomes as well as patients with cancer specimen immune activity.
Hemodynamic assessment in heart failure

Hemodynamics play a central role in the pathophysiology of heart failure (HF), yet their proper assessment and optimization remains challenging. Heart failure is defined as the inability of the heart to deliver adequate perfusion (cardiac output) to the body at rest or exercise, or to require an elevation in cardiac filling pressures in order to do this. This bedrock definition is important because it relies on measurable quantities (filling pressures and output) that are readily assessed in the cardiac catheterization laboratory. Here we present three cases to illustrate how better understanding of the determinants of cardiac output and stroke volume: preload, afterload, contractility, and lusitropy, as well as the determinants of congestion (high filling pressures) may be used to guide optimization of hemodynamic status. The goal is that the readers will be able to think more critically when evaluating the hemodynamics of their patient in HF and recognize the complex interplay that determines the complex balance between cardiac ejection and filling capabilities, and how this alters symptoms and outcomes for patients with HF. KEY POINTS: Careful assessment of hemodynamics in the catheterization laboratory allows for actionable insight to a patient's volume status, cardiac function and can help prognosticate outcomes. Exercise hemodynamics in heart failure is a powerful tool to better understand the cause of symptoms and predict outcomes. Clinicians should aim to decrease biventricular filling pressures to normal values to improve morbidity and reduce risk for readmission. In patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction, clinicians should aim to decrease afterload as much as can be tolerated by the renal function and patient's symptoms. Low cardiac output can often be improved by optimizing preload and afterload rather than initiating inotropes, which should be reserved until needed. In advanced heart failure, the right heart function becomes a key determinant of symptoms and outcomes.
Recurrent SMARCB1 Mutations Reveal a Nucleosome Acidic Patch Interaction Site That Potentiates mSWI/SNF Complex Chromatin Remodeling

Summary Mammalian switch/sucrose non-fermentable (mSWI/SNF) complexes are multi-component machines that remodel chromatin architecture. Dissection of the subunit- and domain-specific contributions to complex activities is needed to advance mechanistic understanding. Here, we examine the molecular, structural, and genome-wide regulatory consequences of recurrent, single-residue mutations in the putative coiled-coil C-terminal domain (CTD) of the SMARCB1 (BAF47) subunit, which cause the intellectual disability disorder Coffin-Siris syndrome (CSS), and are recurrently found in cancers. We find that the SMARCB1 CTD contains a basic α helix that binds directly to the nucleosome acidic patch and that all CSS-associated mutations disrupt this binding. Furthermore, these mutations abrogate mSWI/SNF-mediated nucleosome remodeling activity and enhancer DNA accessibility without changes in genome-wide complex localization. Finally, heterozygous CSS-associated SMARCB1 mutations result in dominant gene regulatory and morphologic changes during iPSC-neuronal differentiation. These studies unmask an evolutionarily conserved structural role for the SMARCB1 CTD that is perturbed in human disease.
Integration of Peer Review in PACS Results in a Marked Increase in the Discrepancies Reported.

OBJECTIVE. The objective of this article is to assess the impact of integrating peer review in PACS on the reporting of discrepancies. Our hypothesis is that a PACS-integrated machine-randomized an...
Executive functioning interacts with complexity of daily life in predicting daily medication management among older adults.

Objective: Executive functioning (EF) is critical for performance of instrumental activities of daily living, including medication management. Under complex conditions, daily activities require gre...
Virtual Reality: A Pedagogical model for Simulation Based Learning

Virtual Reality (VR) technologies are quick growing and recognized within the education and coaching. This paper describes the perspective of the necessary technologies on which virtual reality environments depend on and bridges the gaps between the existing papers on student perceptions about VR technology and its potential pedagogical model. This study uses a mixed-methods approach, which integrated qualitative and quantitative elements using questionnaires with closed and open. The results were statistically analysed using the Fisher exact and Kruskal–Wallis tests. The qualitative statements were contextualized with the more relevant points of view identified to coincide with aspects of VR found in the literature. The results offered a clear summary of the benefits and possible pitfalls of using VR in particular, with a more specific focus in the field of learning. It was observed that the main challenges in adopting VR use in education were the expense of acquiring VR equipment, potential health issues such as motion sickness and learners struggling to adapt to use of VR.
Differential Effects of Sacubitril/Valsartan on Diastolic Function in Mice With Obesity-Related Metabolic Heart Disease

Highlights •MHD associated with obesity, diabetes, and/or metabolic syndrome is an important precursor of HFpEF. •Mice fed a HFHS diet develop MHD with myocardial hypertrophy, fibrosis, diastolic dysfunction, and impaired energetics. •Mice on HFHS diet were treated with matched doses of VAL or sac SAC/VAL for 16 weeks. •Only SAC/VAL prevented diastolic dysfunction and fibrosis, and to a lesser extent oxidative stress, whereas VAL and SAC/VAL had similar effects on hypertrophy and energetics. •Neprilysin inhibition exerts beneficial effects on MHD that are complimentary to VAL, suggesting that SAC/VAL has promise to prevent the development of HFpEF in patients with or at risk for MHD.
Synthesizing High-performance Reconfigurable Meta-devices through Multi-objective Optimization

Metasurfaces offer the potential to realize large SWaP (size, weight, and power) reduction over conventional optical elements for their ability to achieve comparable functionalities in ultrathin geometries. Moreover, metasurfaces designed with phase change materials offer the potential to go beyond what is achievable by conventional optics by enabling multiple functionalities in a single reconfigurable meta-device. However, designing a single metasurface geometry that simultaneously achieves multiple desired functionalities while meeting all bandwidth requirements and fabrication constraints is a very challenging problem. Fortunately, this challenge can be overcome by the use of state-of-the-art multi-objective optimization algorithms which are well-suited for the inverse-design of multi-functional meta-devices.
Infliximab as Rescue Therapy for Hospitalized Patients With Crohn's Disease Failing Intravenous Corticosteroids.

Background Infliximab (IFX) has been shown to be effective rescue therapy for hospitalized ulcerative colitis patients failing intravenous (IV) corticosteroids (CS). There is little evidence, however, describing its use in similar hospitalized Crohn's Disease (CD) patients. Study question To determine if IFX is an effective rescue therapy for IV CS resistant CD patients. Study design A retrospective study of inpatients with CD who received IFX as rescue therapy at 2 tertiary care hospitals from January 1, 2006, to December 31, 2016. Records were reviewed for demographics, disease activity, preadmission and inpatient treatment, surgical rates, and 30- and 90-day readmission rates. Measures and Outcomes: Efficacy of IFX as rescue therapy was defined by discharge without surgery and readmission rates. Only patients failing IV CS before IFX were included in the final analysis. Results Forty patients received IFX, of which 17 had failed IV CS. Four patients were receiving outpatient IFX therapy, but still received IV CS during hospitalization before IFX. The mean duration of IV CS therapy before IFX was 6.9 days. Of the 15 patients (88%) who responded to rescue IFX, the median hospital stay following IFX was 3 days (range 3-18 days). Readmission rates were 29% and 47% at 30 and 90 days respectively, without further surgeries noted. Conclusions In our series of hospitalized CD patients failing IV CS, those treated with IFX had low rates of urgent surgery and a generally rapid response to treatment, supporting IFX as an effective rescue therapy. By only including those with prior failure of IV CS, we have likely excluded patients for whom IFX was given in the hospital for reasons other than severe disease. Our results suggest that individuals with severe acute CD flare can be treated with early introduction of IFX, avoiding prolonged CS use, and hospitalization.
Outcomes of an ambulatory care pharmacist-led antimicrobial stewardship program within a family medicine resident clinic.

Objective: To determine whether an ambulatory care pharmacist (AMCP)-led intervention improved outpatient antibiotic prescribing in a family medicine residency clinic (FMRC) for upper respiratory tract infections (URIs), urinary tract infections (UTIs), and skin and soft-tissue infections (SSTIs). Design: Retrospective, quasi-experimental study comparing guideline-concordant antibiotic prescribing before and after an antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP) intervention. Setting: Family medicine residency clinic affiliated with a community teaching hospital. Participants: Adult and pediatric patients prescribed antibiotics for URI, UTI, or SSTI between November 1, 2017, and April 31, 2018 (pre-ASP group), or October 1, 2018, and March 31, 2019 (ASP group), were eligible for inclusion. Methods: The health-system ASP physician and pharmacist provided live education and pocket cards to FMRC staff with local guidelines as a quick reference. Audit with feedback was delivered every other week by the clinic’s AMCP. Guideline-concordance was determined based on the institution’s outpatient ASP guidelines. Results: Overall, 525 antibiotic prescriptions were audited (pre-ASP n = 90 and ASP n = 435). Total guideline-concordant antibiotic prescribing at baseline was 38.9% (URI, 53.3%; SSTI, 16.7%; UTI, 46.7%) and improved across all 3 infection types to 57.9% (URI, 61.2%; SSTI, 57.6%; UTI, 53.5%; P = .001). Significant improvements were seen in guideline-concordant antibiotic selection (68.9% vs 80.2%; P = .018), dose (76.7% vs 86.2%; P = .023), and duration of therapy (73.3% vs 86.2%; P = .02). Conclusions: An AMCP-led outpatient ASP intervention significantly improved guideline-concordant antibiotic prescribing for common infections within a FMRC.
Pedagogic Practices in ESL Teaching: A Case of Religious and Secular-ESL Classrooms

Globalization paved the way for the establishment of the English language as the world’s lingua franca. Now, the demand to learn English is enormous and various organizations are joining the language institutions to provide their own distinct brand of ESL education. By observing and conducting interviews in both church-based and language institute-based ESL classes, the researcher was able to gather data vital to determine the pedagogic practices that exists in both contexts. By comparing the similarities and identifying the differences in classroom practices, this study unraveled specific classroom conventions innate in religious and secular ESL classes to benefit English learning in general.
Technology-enhanced palliative care for patients with cancer on phase 1 clinical trials.

TPS12136Background: Patients w advanced cancer participating in Phase I trials carry a high symptom burden from cancer and prior therapies. Our prior work shows patients on phase I trials w multipl...
Measurement of neighborhood-based physical activity bouts.

Abstract This study examined how buffer type (shape), size, and the allocation of activity bouts inside buffers that delineate the neighborhood spatially produce different estimates of neighborhood-based physical activity. A sample of 375 adults wore a global positioning system (GPS) data logger and accelerometer over 2 weeks under free-living conditions. Analytically, the amount of neighborhood physical activity measured objectively varies substantially, not only due to buffer shape and size, but by how GPS-based activity bouts are identified with respect to containment within neighborhood buffers. To move the “neighborhood-effects” literature forward, it is critical to delineate the spatial extent of the neighborhood, given how different ways of measuring GPS-based activity containment will result in different levels of physical activity across different buffer types and sizes.
Pregnancy Loss and Female Labor Market Outcomes

As many as 20% of all pregnancies end in a miscarriage - a random event that any expecting woman is susceptible to, yet the economic effects of this prevalent fertility shock have not been directly studied. In this paper, we use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97) and address a critical empirical question: how do miscarriages affect women's labor market outcomes, such as income and labor supply? We find that a miscarriage is associated with about $2,500 loss in annual income post-loss. Our findings suggest the negative effect on female labor market outcomes associated with a pregnancy loss outweighs any positive effect of delaying childbirth.
Impact of Conformational Substates and Energy Landscapes on Understanding Hemoglobin Kinetics and Function

Hans Frauenfelder’s discovery of conformational substates in studies of myoglobin carbon monoxide geminate rebinding kinetics at cryogenic temperatures (Austin RH, Beeson KW, Eisenstein L, Frauenfelder H, & Gunsalus IC (1975) Dynamics of Ligand Binding to Myoglobin. Biochemistry 14(24):5355–5373) followed by his introduction of energy landscape theory with Peter Wolynes (Frauenfelder H, Sligar SG, & Wolynes PG (1991) The Energy Landscapes and Motions of Proteins. Science 254(5038):1598–1603) marked the beginning of a new era in the physics and physical chemistry of proteins. Their work played a major role in demonstrating the power and importance of dynamics and of Kramers reaction rate theory for understanding protein function. The biggest impact of energy landscape theory has been in the protein folding field, which is well-known and has been documented in numerous articles and reviews, including a recent one of my own (Eaton WA (2021) Modern Kinetics and Mechanism of Protein Folding: a Retrospective. J. Phys. Chem. B. 125(14):3452–3467). Here I will describe the much less well-known impact of their modern view of proteins on both experimental and theoretical studies of hemoglobin kinetics and function. I will first describe how Frauenfelder’s experiments motivated and influenced my own research on myoglobin, which were key ingredients to my work on understanding hemoglobin.
Erkenntnisse der verhaltensorientierten Sexualstraftäterforschung

In den meisten Untersuchungen zum Thema findet eine Betrachtung der Tatbegehungsmerkmale differenziert nach Delikttyp statt. Kern dieser Studien ist es, aus Beschreibungen des Tatgeschehens Verhaltensweisen abzuleiten, die mit hoherer Haufigkeit gemeinsam wahrend eines Tatgeschehens auftreten bzw. Verhaltensweisen zu finden, die Taten voneinander abgrenzen, also relativ selten vorkommen. Dazu wurden in den meisten Fallen Polizeiberichte und Gerichtsunterlagen analysiert. Im Weiteren wird ein Uberblick zu den Erkenntnissen der bisherigen Forschung gegeben.
Pharmacological Treatment of Musculoskeletal Conditions During Pregnancy and Lactation

Pain management is an important aspect of good prenatal and postnatal care. Many women are unnecessarily advised to stop taking needed medications when pregnant or to stop breastfeeding due to unknown risks to their developing fetus or infant. Significant congenital malformations are uncommon, but do occur in approximately 3 % of newborns in the general population (Pediatrics 117(1):168–83, 2006). Of these, an environmental link may contribute to approximately 10 % of the overall frequency of birth defects, which include pharmacologic exposures (UpToDate. Waltham; 2013). Although some medications such as isotretinoin, thalidomide, and mycophenolic acid are contraindicated in pregnancy, the fear associated with these major teratogens have resulted in denial of therapeutically appropriate medications to pregnant women (Lancet 2(8348):513, 1983; Acta Ophthalmol 71(2):238–45, 1993; Am J Med Genet A 158A(3):588–96, 2012). Information is growing which can help providers make informed decisions on the risk versus benefits of pharmacotherapeutic management during pregnancy and postpartum. This chapter is a general overview of the safety of medications used to manage musculoskeletal pain and injuries during pregnancy and postpartum. This is not intended to be an all-inclusive listing of adverse events reported during pregnancy. The reader is referred to the primary literature when that level of understanding is needed.
Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design

Welcome to the 2008 International Conference on Computer-Aided Design. ICCAD continues to be the premiere and most selective technical conference devoted to technical innovations in the design automation of devices, circuits, and systems. This exciting program of technical papers, tutorials, keynotes and panels will highlight the most important current and future research challenges. The new addition of colocated workshops on hot topics promises non-stop technical excitement. As always, a large number of side meetings and social events provide plenty of opportunities for networking and meeting colleagues and friends. We invite you to find all the up to date details on the conference website www.iccad.com. To accommodate the new colocated workshops, which will be on Sunday, November 9 and Thursday November 13, this year's schedule starts on Monday, November 10 and integrates the four excellent tutorials into the traditional ICCAD technical program by adding a fifth track. These tutorials, given by world experts, are an excellent opportunity for updating your knowledge in state-of-the-art and emerging areas. Further recognizing this educational value, and new for 2008, the conference is opening these tutorials to all student attendees at no charge. This year we received 458 worldwide submissions and the technical program committee, after careful deliberation, selected 122 excellent papers for presentation. These papers are split into 40 sessions over the three days of the technical program. In addition, the ICCAD program this year includes three embedded tutorials, as well as two designer sessions, all focused on providing additional broad perspectives for our CAD audience. For 2008 we are excited to have two excellent plenary keynote speakers. The first is from Mary Lou Jepsen, chief hardware architect of the famous "One Laptop per Child" project. She will talk about that project and about future challenges in CAD for displays, an area of immense potential as new display technologies are deployed. Our second keynote is by Dmitri "Mitya" Chklovskii, world renowned for his research on the human brain and how it relates to traditional computers. In addition, CAD veteran Giovanni De Micheli, well known by the ICCAD community for his distinguished contributions over decades, will be giving a Tuesday lunch talk about exciting new frontiers in biology and environmental engineering. ICCAD 2008 is the place to be this November! Hot on the heels of the US presidential election, the conference promises a level of technical excitement that is sure to satisfy. See you in San Jose!
Assessment of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in 121 dogs and 30 cats at a university teaching hospital (2009–2012)

Objective To prospectively describe cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and evaluate factors associated with outcome in dogs and cats with cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA). Design Prospective observational study. Setting University teaching hospital. Animals One hundred twenty-one dogs and 30 cats that underwent CPR. Interventions None. Measurements and Main Results Supervising clinicians completed a data form immediately following completion of CPR. Eighty-seven (58%) animals attained return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), 49 (32%) had ROSC >20 minutes, 15 (10%) were alive at 24 hours, and 8 (5%) were discharged alive. Cardiovascular abnormalities were the most common suspected precipitating cause of CPA (51/151, 34%). Presence of an IV catheter before CPA (P = 0.01) and the presence of palpable pulses during CPR (P = 0.007) were both associated with ROSC. Increased time from CPA to CPR (P = 0.04), longer duration of CPR (P < 0.0001), and neurologic cause of arrest (P = 0.02) were associated with not achieving ROSC. There was no association between ROSC and the initial arrest rhythm identified on ECG, animal weight, number of people present, and ventilation or compression rate. In patients achieving ROSC, those with a “survived event” were more likely to be euthanized and less likely to experience a second CPA than those with ROSC ≤ 20 minutes. Thirty-four percent of patients submitted for necropsy had gross and histological lesions considered secondary to CPR. Conclusions Early CPR interventions were associated with a greater likelihood of ROSC, emphasizing the importance of prompt recognition, and initiation of CPR efforts. Although ROSC rates in this study were comparable or higher than previous human and veterinary studies, the rate of “survived events” was lower than that reported in human patients. This may suggest that advances in post CPR care could have benefits to the veterinary CPR patient in the future.
Achieving the Middle Ground in an Age of Concentrated Extremes: Mixed Middle-Income Neighborhoods and Emerging Adulthood

This article focuses on stability and change in "mixed middle-income" neighborhoods. We first analyze variation across nearly two decades for all neighborhoods in the United States and in the Chicago area, particularly. We then analyze a new longitudinal study of almost 700 Chicago adolescents over an 18-year span, including the extent to which they are exposed to different neighborhood income dynamics during the transition to young adulthood. The concentration of income extremes is persistent among neighborhoods, generally, but mixed middle-income neighborhoods are more fluid. Persistence also dominates among individuals, though Latino-Americans are much more likely than African Americans or whites to be exposed to mixed middle-income neighborhoods in the first place and to transition into them over time, even when adjusting for immigrant status, education, income, and residential mobility. The results here enhance our knowledge of the dynamics of income inequality at the neighborhood level, and the endurance of concentrated extremes suggests that policies seeking to promote mixed-income neighborhoods face greater odds than commonly thought.
Genetics of type 2 diabetes in European populations

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) has become a leading health problem throughout the world. It is caused by environmental and genetic factors, as well as interactions between the two. However, until very recently, the T2D susceptibility genes have been poorly understood. During the past 5 years, with the advent of genome-wide association studies (GWAS), a total of 58 T2D susceptibility loci have been associated with T2D risk at a genome-wide significance level (P < 5 × 10(-8) ), with evidence showing that most of these genetic variants influence pancreatic β-cell function. Most novel T2D susceptibility loci were identified through GWAS in European populations and later confirmed in other ethnic groups. Although the recent discovery of novel T2D susceptibility loci has contributed substantially to our understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease, the clinical utility of these loci in disease prediction and prognosis is limited. More studies using multi-ethnic meta-analysis, gene-environment interaction analysis, sequencing analysis, epigenetic analysis, and functional experiments are needed to identify new susceptibility T2D loci and causal variants, and to establish biological mechanisms.
INTERACTION-DRIVEN ASYMMETRIC COEXISTENCE CURVES AND THE SINGULAR DIAMETER

Abstract The interplay of asymmetric interactions and density fluctuations in binary liquid mixtures is shown to produce a breakdown of the law of rectilinear diameter. We find that this singularity and the overall phase diagram asymmetry are suppressed with increasing pressure. These considerations suggest the systems in which the diameter anomaly should be most readily observed.
Alterations in the physiology of growth of cattle with growth-enhancing compounds.

Commonly used growth promotants such as steroidal implants and β-adrenergic agonists have recently been implicated in the reduction of marbling scores in beef cattle. These compounds are effective at improving lean tissue deposition in cattle, thus significantly improving feed efficiency. This article discusses skeletal muscle growth and development in cattle, the process of transdifferentiation between two cell types, and how growth promotants may push a nondifferentiated cell to become a certain lineage of cells. Increased understanding of how these agents affect cellular aspects of growth and development of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue will allow cattle feeders, consultants, and researchers to instigate intervention strategies to ameliorate the reduced marbling scores. Successful strategies would allow maximal lean tissue growth and result in carcasses with optimal quality.
Influence of oxygen on diffusion in the Cu/Mo/Au system

The annealing behaviour of the Cu/Mo/Au metallization system is investigated. Backscattering spectrometry reveals a rapid diffusion of Cu and Au across the Mo film and the formation of AuCu after annealing at 600°C for 30 min in vacuum, but only when no impurity is detected in the as-deposited polycrystalline Mo layer. The Au-Cu interaction is impeded when 5.5 at% of oxygen is introduced in the as-deposited Mo layer. The thin film microstructures are analyzed using X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The thermal stability difference between the samples with a pure Mo layer and a contaminated Mo layer is discussed in terms of fast diffusion process inhibited by a grain boundary decoration with oxygen atoms.
Quantum Chemical Approach to Redox Reactions Including Potential Dependence: Application to a Model for Hydrogen Evolution from Diamond

The evolution of H2 from diamond cathodes according to the proposed mechanism H + (aq) + mC-H + e f H2 + mC ¥ is treated with ab initio quantum mechanics. The solvated proton and diamond surface C-H bond are modeled with molecular clusters, and the electron is introduced at selected potentials by using a remote donor molecule. The reduction occurs when the electron affinity, EA, of the surface complex increases to the ionization potential, IP, of the donor as the complex traverses its reaction coordinate. When they are equal, equilibrium is assumed and electron transfer occurs. The electrochemical potential, U, is given by U ) (IP/eV - 4.6) V. For the H2 generation reaction studied, the electron transfer coincides with the transitionstate structure, and the activation energy is found to decrease as the potential becomes more negative. It is shown that surface C-H bonds will re-form by H + (aq) discharge on the surface carbon radicals. The potentialdependent reduction of H + (aq) to H ¥ is examined, too. Comparison is made with the gas-phase generation of hydrogen and surface carbon radicals. The present model employs the hydronium ion for H + (aq), methane and isobutane for surface C-H, and the self-consistent HF/STO-3G method. In general, use of an electron donor is not required. This approach should find application to many other electrochemical reactions.
INTRODUCTION TO THE SPECIAL ISSUE ON CULTURE, RACE, AND ETHNICITY IN ORGANIZATIONAL CONSULTING PSYCHOLOGY

The need to strongly and directly address issues related to the rapidly changing culture, race, and ethnicity mix of workers, managers, customers, and services recipients in the United States and throughout many parts of the world is now essential. On the macro level, this need is associated with a society in the United States that will soon reach the “tipping point” whereby non-male, non-Anglo, non–Western European culture, race, and ethnicity will have as prominent an effect as has male, Anglo–Western European culture for the past 250 years (Steward, 1996). Moreover, with all the movements that are “flattening our world” in so many ways, such issues are paramount internationally as well (O’Roark, 2002). On the micro level, the increases in cultural, racial, and ethnic diversity rapidly taking place in most U.S. and global organizations and industries, whether profit or non-profit and manufacturing or service oriented, demand significant attention from those practicing consulting psychology if they wish to practice competently and effectively (Hoppe, 1998; Mullin & Cooper, 2002). For the purposes of this special issue, we use the definitions for culture, race, ethnicity, and multiculturalism/diversity from the Guidelines on Multicultural Education, Training, Research, Practice, and Organizational Change for Psychologists (American Psychological Association, 2002).
Computer and informatics issues, and policy for third world development

Abstract This paper explains why the microelectronics and computer revolution has become a subject of extraordinary importance for the developing countries, because of the rapidity of technological change and the resulting global impacts on production and consumption. It stresses that a computer and informatics strategy must be developed in the national context, rather than piecemeal, and offers a framework for policy analysis in relation to fundamental national objectives. A basic decisionmaking model for assessing the demand for computer services is developed. The paper identifies the principal technical, national, and international issues arising from the information revolution, discusses the various policy options available, and describes how a practical computer policy might be formulated and implemented in a developing country. A case study of Sri Lanka is presented, involving the successful application of this approach to computer and informatics policy analysis and implementation. Finally, the eme...
Exact near field scattering amplitude and evanescent waves

Abstract The use of an integral representation due to Weyl allows the scattering amplitude to be evaluated arbitrarily near a scattering lattice. Evanescent particle waves appear in a significant way.
Critical issues for the application of integrated MEMS/CMOS technologies to inertial measurement units

One of the principal applications of monolithically integrated micromechanical/microelectronic systems has been accelerometers for automotive applications. As integrated MEMS/CMOS technologies such as those developed by U.C. Berkeley, Analog Devices, and Sandia National Laboratories mature, additional systems for more sensitive inertial measurements will enter the commercial marketplace. In this paper, the authors will examine key technology design rules which impact the performance and cost of inertial measurement devices manufactured in integrated MEMS/CMOS technologies. These design parameters include: (1) minimum MEMS feature size, (2) minimum CMOS feature size, (3) maximum MEMS linear dimension, (4) number of mechanical MEMS layers, (5) MEMS/CMOS spacing. In particular, the embedded approach to integration developed at Sandia will be examined in the context of these technology features. Presently, this technology offers MEMS feature sizes as small as 1 {micro}m, CMOS critical dimensions of 1.25 {micro}m, MEMS linear dimensions of 1,000 {micro}m, a single mechanical level of polysilicon, and a 100 {micro}m space between MEMS and CMOS. This is applicable to modern precision guided munitions.
The structure of guinier-preston zones in aluminum-5 at.% silver

Abstract The diffuse scattering from a single crystal of Al 5.02 at.% Ag, aged at 110°C, has been measured on an absolute scale. The data has been separated into the components due to effects of static and thermal displacements and that due to clustering. The halos of scattering near superstructure peaks, previously thought to be due to order within the zones, are shown to be due to static displacements. The data on clustering was inverted to obtain the Warren local-order parameters; these were employed in a computer simulation of the zone structure using 108,000 atoms in a f.c.c. lattice. The zones in this simulation are octahedra and contain ≈68 at.% Ag. There is no internal order. Thus, the primary differences in zones formed below and above 170°C (where the results of others indicate the zones are spherical) appear to be a change in shape and a change in Ag content. The differences in properties for these two states are discussed briefly in terms of these changes.
Laser processing of plasma-sprayed R-Ba-Cu-O coatings

Thick Y-Ba-Cu-O and Er-Ba-Cu-O coatings were deposited by plasma spraying onto nickel substrates. These plasma-sprayed coatings were laser melted to modify their microstructures. The effects of primary processing conditions, such as linear energy and number of passes, on microstructural modifications were assessed. The microstructure of the as-sprayed coatings was largely transformed to produce a fine Y2O3 dispersion in a Ba-Cu-O matrix. A very low level of coating/substrate interactions can be maintained by appropriate laser processing conditions.
Treatment resistant depression in a case of minor head injury: an electrophysiological hypothesis

A relatively small but highly concordant literature suggests that manic depressive psychoses may include familial as well as nonfamilial subtypes. The latter, which appears to be an acquired form, follows brain injury of various etiology, displays EEG abnormalities and tends to respond well to anticonvulsant therapy. In this study we postulate an extension of this dichotomy to a larger spectrum of affective disorder, including milder but "treatment resistant" forms often associated with a high degree of dysfunction. Central to this hypothesis is information gathered from the longitudinal study of a well defined case in which precise clinical and electrophysiological data have been obtained at critical junctures. This data also leads us to suggest the existence of a latent vulnerability to psychosocial stressors in a subgroup of minor head injured patients. Once triggered, the resulting psychopathological state may be clinically indistinguishable from similar but etiologically distinct conditions. However, they respond poorly, if at all, to the treatments usually effective for mood disorders, often causing puzzlement and frustration among clinicians as well as mounting hopelessness in patients. This organic mood disorder subtype, which can be described as "neuro-sensitization mood disorder," may be identified by combining a thorough history, including perinatal events and putative brain injury, with electrophysiological data consisting of quantitative EEG (QEEG) in association with evoked potentials. In cases with positive findings, anticonvulsants such as carbamazepine, clonazepam and valproic acid can be a treatment of choice.
P02.69. Self administered acupuncture for treatment of chemotherapy associated nausea: a pilot study

Purpose Acupuncture has gained popularity since the National Institutes of Health 1997 Consensus Statement concluded that acupuncture is an effective anti-emetic for adult postoperative and chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. The most commonly used acupuncture point to control nausea and vomiting is the Pericardium 6 (P6), or Neiguan point. Some evidence suggests that the anti-emetic effects of P6 stimulation by acupuncture on chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting may last about eight hours. Most patients do not have access to a trained acupuncturist at such intervals. The purpose of this pilot study was to learn whether: 1) patients can be taught safe self-administration of acupuncture at P6 during cycles of their chemotherapy regimen and 2) self administered acupuncture reduces the severity of chemotherapy associated nausea and reduces use of anti-nausea medications.
Comments on Slavin: Synthesizing Causal Inferences

When causal inferences are to be synthesized across multiple studies, efforts to establish the magnitude of a causal effect should be balanced by an effort to evaluate the generalizability of the effect. The evaluation of generalizability depends on two factors that are given little attention in current syntheses: construct validity and external validity. The author concludes with six concrete suggestions for ways that future syntheses could be improved to make them more relevant for educational policy makers.
Segmental and dynamic intensity-modulated radiotherapy delivery techniques for micro-multileaf collimator

A leaf sequencing algorithm has been implemented to deliver segmental and dynamic multileaf collimated intensity-modulated radiotherapy (SMLC–IMRT and DMLC–IMRT, respectively) using a linear accelerator equipped with a micro-multileaf collimator (mMLC). The implementation extends a previously published algorithm for the SMLC–IMRT to include the dynamic MLC–IMRT method and several dosimetric considerations. The algorithm has been extended to account for the transmitted radiation and minimize the leakage between opposing and neighboring leaves. The underdosage problem associated with the tongue-and-groove design of the MLC is significantly reduced by synchronizing the MLC leaf movements. The workings of the leaf sequencing parameters have been investigated and the results of the planar dosimetric investigations show that the sequencing parameters affect the measured dose distributions as intended. Investigations of clinical cases suggest that SMLC and DMLC delivery methods produce comparable results with leaf sequences obtained by root-mean-square (RMS) errors specification of 1.5% and lower, approximately corresponding to 20 or more segments. For SMLC–IMRT, there is little to be gained by using an RMS error specification smaller than 2%, approximately corresponding to 15 segments; however, more segments directly translate to longer treatment time and more strain on the MLC. The implemented leaf synchronization method does not increase the required monitor units while it reduces the measured TG underdoses from a maximum of 12% to a maximum of 3% observed with single field measurements of representative clinical cases studied.
Modeling the radial variation of coronal streamer belts during sunspot ascending phase

Abstract The coronal streamer belts and their radial variation between 2.5 and 20.0 solar radii in the ascending phase of the solar cycle can be well reproduced using the horizontal current-current sheet-source surface magnetic field model with the set of model parameters determined based on MDI and LASCO Carrington maps during 1996 minimum activity phase.