cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Charge-density-wave domains in 1T-TaS2 observed by satellite structure in scanning-tunneling-microscopy images.

The domain structure in the nearly commensurate charge-density-wave phase of 1T-${\mathrm{TaS}}_{2}$ has been experimentally determined. Fourier-transformed scanning-tunneling-microscopy images display fine satellite structure in excellent agreement with that predicted by the amplitude- and phase-domain model of Nakanishi and Shiba. Earlier analyses of scanning-tunneling- and atomic-force-microscopy images of 1T-${\mathrm{TaS}}_{2}$ in the nearly commensurate phase are shown to be inadequate for the unambiguous identification and characterization of domain structure.
Advances in parallel partitioning, load balancing and matrix ordering for scientific computing

We summarize recent advances in partitioning, load balancing, and matrix ordering for scientific computing performed by members of the CSCAPES SciDAC institute.
The role and potential of probiotic bacteria in the gut, and the communication between gut microflora and gut/host

Abstract Recent research efforts have focused on understanding the interactions of probiotic bacteria with commensal gut bacteria and the human host as a means to determine mechanisms of probiotic functionality that contribute to their beneficial attributes. Our growing understanding of the intrinsic interactions between probiotic and commensal bacteria and between the milieu of bacteria and the host tissues of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) has been facilitated by the use of ‘omic’ technologies. Surveys of bacterial inhabitants in the GIT using sequencing technologies have demonstrated the complexities of this human organ which varies between different populations and individuals, such as diet. In addition, transcriptomics have rapidly facilitated an insight into the complex communication between bacteria (commensal and probiotic) and the GIT. This review outlines the recent important advances in this exciting area of research, which has led to a greater understanding of the critical interface between gut microbiota, probiotic bacteria and the host.
Endoscopic ultrasound to guide the combined medical and surgical management of pediatric perianal Crohn's disease

Perianal lesions are a common and often debilitating manifestation of Crohn's disease (CD) in the pediatric population.1-7 The clinical manifestations of perianal Crohn's disease (PCD) can range from asymptomatic skin tags and fissures to draining fistulas, abscesses, and anal stenosis. Between 15 and 49% of pediatric patients with CD have perianal involvement and 8-15% develop perianal fistulas.1, 2, 4, 5 Treatment of perianal fistulas consists of medical therapy with a combination of antibiotics, immunomodulators and/or biologic agents with or without a surgical intervention, such as abscess drainage or seton placement. The advent of anti-tumor necrosis alpha (anti-TNF) therapy such as infliximab has dramatically improved the medical treatment for PCD by reducing fistula drainage in 68% of patients and inducing complete closure of fistulas in 58%.8 The ACCENT II trial demonstrated infliximab efficacy for maintaining fistula closure in adult patients with PCD; however, only 38% of patients maintained a complete response at the 54-week endpoint. Additionally, 12% of patients in the treatment arm developed new abscesses (less than the 17% in the placebo arm).9 This loss of response in the majority of patients and the development of new abscess in some patients may indicate that medical therapy alone is not optimal for long term resolution of perianal lesions. Many experts feel that combining a surgical exam under anesthesia (EUA) and seton placement with biologic therapy produces the best long term outcomes by preventing premature closure of the cutaneous opening and allowing for fistula healing from the inside-out. This concept was supported by a retrospective study showing better initial response, lower recurrence rate, and longer time to recurrence in patients who had an EUA and seton placement prior to infliximab therapy, compared to those receiving infliximab alone.10 It is not known which patients are best served by seton placement and when is the proper timing of seton removal. Rectal endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is an effective modality for assessing PCD lesions.11-14 EUS may also be used to assess the degree of active inflammation surrounding a fistula drained by a seton. A randomized pilot study by our group suggests that using EUS to guide the combination medical and surgical therapy for PCD improves outcomes in adult patients.14 It is not known whether EUS can be used effectively in a pediatric population to assess perianal lesions, guide management, and potentially improve outcomes. The aims of this study were 1) to describe our pediatric experience using EUS to evaluate and guide management of PCD, and 2) to determine whether using EUS to monitor healing after seton placement improves time to recurrence of drainage once the seton is removed. Our a priori hypothesis was that the use of EUS to monitor fistula healing after seton placement would lead to longer disease-free intervals after seton removal.
Antibodies against autologous tumor cell proteins in patients with small-cell lung cancer: association with improved survival.

BACKGROUND The frequency and clinical relevance of human antitumor immune responses is not well known, and few target antigens have been identified. PURPOSE This study was designed to determine the frequency of antibodies reactive against extracts of autologous tumor cell lines and to correlate these data with survival. METHODS Serum samples were obtained from 40 lung cancer patients treated on National Cancer Institute protocols. These sera were used as probes in immunoblots against protein extracts from tumor cell lines derived from each of these patients. RESULTS We detected serum antibodies against autologous tumor cell proteins in 21 (58%) of the 36 patients with small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) and three (75%) of the four with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Two patients' sera detected the p53 tumor suppressor gene product and two detected the product of the HuD gene (associated with paraneoplastic neurological syndromes) in their autologous tumor cell lysates. SCLC patients with antibodies against autologous tumor cell proteins had improved survivals compared with those in the antibody-negative group (P = .059). All patients who lived longer than 36 weeks were antitumor antibody positive. Sera from six (86%) of seven patients with limited disease were positive for antibodies that reacted against autologous tumor cells, compared with 15 of 29 (52%) of sera from patients with extensive disease. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the sera from patients with SCLC frequently contain antibodies against tumor cell proteins and that these antibodies are associated with improved survival. IMPLICATIONS These data suggest that an antitumor immune response may affect tumor growth, and that the anonymous proteins detected by antitumor antibodies in lung cancer patient sera may represent proteins involved in the development of lung cancer or in its clinical manifestations.
Spherical visual system for real-time virtual reality and surveillance

Abstract A spherical visual system has been developed for full field, web-based surveillance, virtual reality, and roundtable videoconference. The hardware is a CycloVision parabolic lense mounted on a video camera. The software was developed at theUniversity ofMissouri-Columbia. The mathematical model is developed by Su-Shing Chen and Michael Penna iii the 1980's.The parabolic image, capturing the ftill (360 degrees) hemispherical field (except the north pole) of view is transformed intothe spherical model of Chen and Penna. In the spherical model, images are invariant under the rotation group and are easilymapped to the image plane tangent to any point on the sphere. The projected image is exactly what the usual camera producesat that angle. Thus a real-time full spherical field video camera is developed by using two pieces ofparabolic lenses.1. IntroductionAs an important part of science, medical, engineering, business, and entertainment fields, visualization has to be realized invarious models. In addition to a limited few geometric models (image and stereo perspectives, cave and panoramic views),we investigate a wider variety of realization in geometric models. This paper is motivated by the consideration of somelimitations of orthographic and image perspectives in traditional computer graphics and visualization discussed by Chen and
Intramolecular lactone annulation of activated acids with Mn(III)

Abstract Intramolecular lactone annulation of activated carboxylic acids onto olefins by manganese(III) acetate yields bicyclo[3.3.0] and [4.3.O]lactones.
Morphometric and metabolic analysis of the growth and form of an echinopluteus

Abstract The pluteus larva of the echinoid, Dendraster excentricus (Eschscholtz, 1829), increases in size and changes shape during development. Larval length increases from 311 to 699 μm between the two-armed stage and the formation of the echinus rudiment. Protein content increases from 130 to 600 ng, while metabolic activity increases 28-fold during this period. Larval volume increases from 1867 × l03μm3 to 5506 × 103μxm3 during growth from the two- to the eight-armed stage. Initially, shape changes through the formation of four pairs of larval arms. Later, body proportions are altered because of positive allometric growth of the posterodorsal and postoral arms. The changes in body form from the two- to the eight-armed stage result in positive scaling of larval surface area with respect to body volume (b = 1.6, size independent) (b is the allometric coefficient, Y= aXb). The larval feeding structure (ciliated band) grows with positive allometry with respect to midline body length (b = 2.8), overall larval length (b = 2.1), surface area (b = 1.3), and volume (b = 1.4). Shape change, rather than size increase, accounts for most (83%) of the increase in feeding capability. Larval body wall tissue volume scales isometrically with metabolic demand (b = 0.9) during the period of arm formation. Throughout development, most of the growth of the larva occurs in the arms. By the eight-armed stage the arms account for 74% of the ciliated band, 48% of the surface area, 27% of the total volume, and 79% of the body wall tissue volume. The contribution of the arms to these measures of area and volume increases continuously during larval development. In contrast, the percentage of the ciliated band on the arms increases from 41% in the two-armed pluteus to 64% in the four-armed stage and-then remains nearly constant throughout larval growth, averaging 68%. The important functional consequence of the changes in body form that characterize the pluteus growth pattern is the maintenance of feeding capability relative to larval body size (body wall tissue volume, b = 1.0) and metabolic demand (b = 1.1). Because later larval stages can eat a wider size range of food organisms, the isometry of clearance capability and metabolism indicates that later stages should be less food limited.
Jordan models and ∗-cyclic sets

Soit #7B-F un espace de Hilbert separable et soit H 2 (#7B-F) l'espace de Hardy des series de puissances f(λ)=∑ n=0 ∞ λ n u n , |λ|<1, ou u n ∈#7B-F et ∥f∥ 2 =∑ n=0 ∞ ∥Un∥ 2 <∞. Soit U + le decalage unilateral sur H 2 (#7B-F). Pour un sous ensemble donne #7B-M⊂H 2 (#7B-F) on peut former le sous-espace #7B-N=V u=0 ∞ U + *n #7B-M⊂H 2 (#7B-F) invariant pour U + *. Soit T=P#7B-NU+/#7B-N un operateur de compression de classe C0, on veut calculer le modele de Jordan de T directement a partir de son ensemble *-cyclique #7B-M, sans calculer la fonction caracteristique de T
One-pion exchange and the optical model

Abstract Starting with the two-body scattering amplitude, an optical model potential for nucleon-nucleus scattering has been calculated (1) using the one-pion exchange interaction alone, (2) modifying the s-wave part of this by using effective range theory, and (3) using the modified phase shift analysis for p-p scattering supplemented by charge independence and the Gammel-Thaler potential for the n-p scattering information. Part (1) works sufficiently well to suggest that the one-pion exchange force contributes more importantly to the nucleon-nucleus interaction than to the basic two-nucleon scattering process. Part (2) produces an indifferent improvement on part (1). Part (3) represents the optical potential inferred from the most accurate two-nucleon data presently available. This last evaluation of the optical potential is considered the most reliable to date since it includes, in a good approximation, an infinite number of the high angular momentum states of the two-nucleon amplitude, which play a very essential part in the optical potential. A systematic derivation of the optical model equations is included with special emphasis on the needs of the present calculation; in addition, criteria for the validity of the model are discussed. Allowance has been made for the nuclear volume not being strictly proportional to the mass number (nuclear size effect) and for the inequality of the numbers of neutrons and protons in the nucleus (effect of neutron excess). For heavy nuclei, these effects influence the results up to 25%.
Role of tyrosine sulfation and serine phosphorylation in the processing of procholecystokinin to amidated cholecystokinin and its secretion in transfected AtT-20 cells.

Mammalian procholecystokinin (pro-CCK) is known to have three sulfated tyrosine residues, one of which is present in the CCK 8 moiety and two additional residues present in the carboxyl-terminal extension. In the present study, inhibition of tyrosine sulfation by sodium chlorate decreased the secretion of processed CCK 8 in CCK-expressing endocrine cells in culture. It was then demonstrated that when each of these tyrosines individually, as well as all three together, was mutated to phenylalanine and expressed in endocrine cells, CCK was still processed and secreted. However, the amount of CCK secreted varied with the type of mutation. Substitution of Phe to Tyr in CCK 8 reduced the quantity of secreted CCK 8 by 50%, and when all the sulfated Tyr were mutated to Phe the quantity of secreted CCK was reduced by about 70%, similar to what is observed with chlorate treatment. Changing of the putative phosphorylation site serine to alanine does not affect the processing. Serine phosphorylation at this site may...
The Murder of Therapy: Why Clients Don't Get Better

This is an article describing and analyzing my four months working as a Psychologist in the Occupied Territories known as the West Bank, Palestine. While I speak of two families and two children, this is done to make the story easier to tell. Actually, I worked with several families and multiple children. I discovered the power and challenge of a collectivist culture to applying learning theory principles. The work of Professors Nathan Azrin (Azrin, 1974), Richard Foxx (Foxx, 1982), and Marc Gold (Gold, 1974) was basic to my therapeutic approach. Azrin and Foxx were able to bridge the gap between modifying the behavior of laboratory animals to the teaching of humans and their families to decrease negative actions and increase positive ones in two primary ways. In the instances reported in this paper parent of the individuals successfully though hesitantly raised their expectations and were taught to break down the tasks into more manageable steps. Marc Gold expressly focused on Moderately Intellectual Disabled Individuals. Where this paper is different from hundreds of other behavioral modification reports is the unique context of a collectivist Palestinian culture struggling to survive under a military occupation. The collectivist imperative required the mothers (who were cast by the culture into the primary distributors of rewards and task difficulty). Simultaneously, because of the military occupation the mothers were unable to travel (from Bethlehem to Jerusalem) to institutions and agencies which could have provided guidance and support.
An Effective Algorithm for the Noncentral Beta Distribution Function

Abstract A simple recursive algorithm is provided for evaluating the noncentral beta distribution function. This algorithm basically reduces the problem to that of evaluating a single central beta distribution function. The algorithm is summarized in a step-by-step form. Since the noncentral F distribution function can be evaluated directly from the noncentral beta distribution function, the algorithm has broad practical use for evaluating the power of analysis of variance and other F tests. The method of this algorithm was used in Lenth. The latter article, however, focuses on a FORTRAN program and on an error bound for the procedure. It does not provide a full development of the procedure. The present article provides a complete development enabling one to readily produce a noncentral beta distribution function program in any desired language, with understanding for each step.
Maltreatment and the School-Aged Child: School Performance Consequences.

Studies of the impact of abuse or neglect on children have focused largely on maltreated infants, toddlers, or preschool children. In this study a total of 139 school-age and adolescent children participated in a multi-model, multi-source assessment; 22 of the children had been physically abused, 47 had been neglected, and the remainder served as comparison subjects. Parent and child interviews, teacher ratings, and data from school records were used to comprehensively assess children's school performance; social and emotional development in school, at home, in the community, and with peers; and adaptive behavior in areas such as motor skills, personal care skills, and community orientation. With the effects of socioeconomic status covaried out, results showed that the abused children displayed pervasive and severe academic and socioemotional problems. Neglected children differed little from children who were neither abused nor neglected on measures of socioemotional development, but they displayed severe academic delays. Both groups of maltreated children showed unexpected strengths on measures of adaptive behavior.
Scanning tunneling microscopy study of the interfacial bonding structures of Ga2O and In2O/In0.53Ga0.47As(001)

Ga"2O and In"2O oxides were deposited on In"0"."5"3Ga"0"."4"7As(001)-(4x2) surface by a high temperature effusion cell to investigate the interfacial bonding geometries and electronic structures by scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy (STM/STS). At low coverage, Ga"2O molecules bond to the As atoms at the edge of the rows and preexisting Ga"2O on the surface. Annealing the Ga"2O/In"0"."5"3Ga"0"."4"7As(001)-(4x2) to 340^oC results in formation of slightly ordered islands running in the [[email protected]?10] direction and rectangle shape flat islands on the surface. At high coverage with 340^oC post-deposition annealing (PDA), Ga"2O oxides form disordered structures with the large flat terraces on the surface. Conversely, at high coverage with 380^oC PDA, In"2O on In"0"."5"3Ga"0"."4"7As(001)-(4x2) forms ordered structures running in the [110] direction. STS results show that Ga"2O oxide does not passivate the interface nor unpin the In"0"."5"3Ga"0"."4"7As(001)-(4x2) surface consistent with its inability to form monolayer ordered islands on the surface; conversely, In"2O/In"0"."5"3Ga"0"."4"7As(001)-(4x2) has an ordered monolayer coverage and is unpinned.
Effect of chain length on rates of diffusion‐limited small molecule‐polymer and polymer‐polymer reactions: Phosphorescence quenching studies

Model interactions have been studied by phosphorescence quenching to obtain a better understanding of the chain length dependence of interpolymeric chain end-chain end reactions such as those involved in the termination step of free radical polymerization. For small molecule-polymer interactions in dilute cyclohexane solution, quenching rate constant (kq) data agree with the Smoluchowski equation prediction that kq scales as polymer molecular weight (MW) to the -½ power, confirming self-diffusion control. For polymer-polymer interactions in dilute solution, the chain length dependence is weaker than that predicted by translational diffusion control, as described by the Smoluchowski equation, but is stronger than that predicted by renormalization group theory. For interactions between 70000 MW benzil-end-labeled polystyrene and varying MWs of anthracene-end-labeled polystyrene at 300 g/L polymer, kq decreases by a factor of 10 in going from MWs of 100 to 1000 g/mol; beyond 1000 g/mol, kq is nearly independent of chain length. Such effects indicate that the importance of oligomeric radical self-diffusion and polymer radical chain-end segmental mobility must be carefully considered in understanding the termination process in free radical polymerization. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Reduction of allogeneic blood transfusions after open heart operations by lowering cardiopulmonary bypass prime volume.

Abstract Background . Despite recent advances in blood conservation techniques, up to 30% to 80% of patients undergoing open heart operations require allogeneic blood transfusions. A prospective, randomized study was performed to test the effect of lowering cardiopulmonary bypass prime volume (as an additional component of an integrated blood conservation strategy) on clinical outcome and allogeneic blood transfusion. Methods . One hundred fourteen patients undergoing open heart operations were randomized to either full prime (FP) volume (1,400 mL of Plasmalyte solution) or reduced prime (RP) volume (600 to 800 mL). The reduction of prime volume was achieved by slowly draining the cardiopulmonary bypass circuit into a cell-saving device before the initiation of bypass. Firm transfusion thresholds were observed. Results . There were no significant differences between the groups with respect to baseline characteristics, body surface area, type and urgency of the procedures, perfusion technique, and hematologic profile. Mortality (FP, 1.7%; RP, 0%; p ≈ 1.0) and overall morbidity (FP, 28.1%; RP, 22.8%; p = 0.53) were similar. However, transfusion requirements were significantly lower in the RP group: total donor exposure, 3.8 ± 10.1 versus 1.0 ± 2.4 units ( p = 0.044); percentage of patients transfused, 54% (n = 31) versus 35% (n = 20) ( p = 0.036). Twenty-four–hour chest tube drainage was similar: 455 ± 223 mL for FP versus 472 ± 173 mL for RP ( p = 0.66). The lowest hematocrit on bypass was significantly higher in the RP group: 29.3% ± 4% versus 26.3% ± 5.3% ( p = 0.009). Conclusions . Lowering cardiopulmonary bypass prime volume resulted in a significant decrease in allogeneic blood product use. Because postoperative 24-hour chest tube drainage was similar in both groups, and hematocrit during bypass was higher in the RP group, the reduction in allogeneic blood transfusions appears to be related to a decrease in prime-induced hemodilution. This technique is effective, simple, and safe. It therefore should be strongly considered for patients undergoing operations using normothermic or near-normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass who are at high risk for allogeneic blood transfusion.
Characterization of MCF mammary epithelial cells overexpressing the Arylhydrocarbon receptor (AhR)

Recent reports indicate the existence of breast cancer cells expressing very high levels of the Arylhydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a ubiquitous intracellular receptor best known for mediating toxic action of dioxin and related pollutants. Positive correlation between the degree of AhR overexpression and states of increasing transformation of mammary epithelial cells appears to occur in the absence of any exogenous AhR ligands. These observations have raised many questions such as why and how AhR is overexpressed in breast cancer and its physiological roles in the progression to advanced carcinogenic transformation. To address those questions, we hypothesized that AhR overexpression occurs in cells experiencing deficiencies in normally required estrogen receptor (ER) signaling, and the basic role of AhR in such cases is to guide the affected cells to develop orchestrated cellular changes aimed at substituting the normal functions of ER. At the same time, the AhR serves as the mediator of the cell survival program in the absence of ER signaling. We subjected two lines of Michigan Cancer Foundation (MCF) mammary epithelial cells to 3 different types ER interacting agents for a number of passages and followed the changes in the expression of AhR mRNA. The resulting sublines were analyzed for phenotypical changes and unique molecular characteristics. MCF10AT1 cells continuously exposed to 17-beta-estradiol (E2) developed sub-lines that show AhR overexpression with the characteristic phenotype of increased proliferation, and distinct resistance to apoptosis. When these chemically selected cell lines were treated with a specific AhR antagonist, 3-methoxy-4-nitroflavone (MNF), both of the above abnormal cellular characteristics disappeared, indicating the pivotal role of AhR in expressing those cellular phenotypes. The most prominent molecular characteristics of these AhR overexpressing MCF cells were found to be overexpression of ErbB2 and COX-2. Furthermore, we could demonstrate that suppression of AhR functions through anti-AhR siRNA or MNF causes the recovery of ERalpha functions. One of the main causes for AhR overexpression in these MCF breast cancer cells appears to be the loss of ERalpha functions. This phenomenon is likely to be based on the mutually antagonistic relationship between ER and AhR.
The relationships among loneliness, self/partner constructive maintenance behavior, and relational satisfaction in two cultures

Previous research has shown that individuals in a close relationship or with good support network can suffer loneliness and that feelings of loneliness can cause negative perceptions of relationship quality and communication behavior of self and partner. The present study investigated the associations of self‐/partner‐perceived constructive communication behavior with loneliness and relational satisfaction in close relationships in South Korea and the United States. The results indicated that lonely individuals perceived themselves and their partners as displaying positive behaviors significantly less than did non‐lonely individuals, regardless of culture. Lonely people felt significantly less satisfied in a relationship than did their non‐lonely counterparts across cultures. However, as predicted, cultural differences emerged with respect to the significant indicators of loneliness: only self behavior for Koreans and only partner behavior for Americans. The results suggest that even a moderate level of l...
What is needed for effective learning on the Internet

This paper discusses several flaws in learning, associated with Internet-based education at present. It also suggests an optimal method for conducting Internet-based education and how to accomplish it. However, almost all of this material is weak in several critical features. This paper discusses these flaws, from a learning viewpoint. They reflect inadequate learning paradigms and developmental strategies, rather than problems with the Internet itself. We will then review a type of learning material for the Internet that can overcome these flaws, modeled after a tutorial approach to learning. The origin of these problems comes partially from the fact that almost all online learning today is based on imitating what happens in the classroom, trying to recreate this environment in distance education. Yet, there are strong signs that the classroom, and the educational philosophy supporting it, is insufficient for twenty-first century students. It is a very old approach to delivering student learning. Mostly it comes today from large lecture sections, sometimes with discussion sessions and electronic support. Grades in most classes show that many students do not learn, or learn only incompletely. I will not discuss this approach in detail. This existing system in schools, training institutes and universities is not an a dequate beginning point for learning on the Internet, leading to the flaws mentioned next. In other papers, and in a forthcoming book, referenced at the end of this paper, I explain in more detail how these problems can be avoided, to create more effective tutorial distance learning material for the Internet for all students at reasonable expense.
Do Different Groups Have Different Epistemic Intuitions? A Reply to Jennifer Nagel

Intuitions play an important role in contemporary epistemology. Over the last decade, however, experimental philosophers have published a number of studies suggesting that epistemic intuitions may vary in ways that challenge the widespread reliance on intuitions in epistemology. In a recent paper, Jennifer Nagel offers a pair of arguments aimed at showing that epistemic intuitions do not, in fact, vary in problematic ways. One of these arguments relies on a number of claims about the psychological literature on intuitive judgment and on mental state attribution (also known as “theory of mind”, “mindreading” and “folk psychology”). I call this the "theoretical argument". The other argument relies on recent experimental work carried out by Nagel and her collaborators. It is my contention that in setting out her theoretical argument, Nagel offers an account of the relevant scientific literature that is, in crucial respects, both flawed and misleading. My main goal in this paper is to rectify these errors and to make it clear that, once this is done, Nagel’s theoretical argument collapses. Thus her paper provides no support at all for her bold claim that “neither ethnicity nor gender has a significant impact on knowledge ascription in general, nor on epistemologically interesting cases in particular.” In the final section, I offer some critical observations about Nagel’s strategy for dealing with empirical data that does not support her view – both other people’s and her own.
Copulatory and agonistic behavior in Syrian hamsters following social defeat.

Syrian hamsters are highly aggressive animals that reliably defend their home territory. After social defeat, however, hamsters no longer defend their home cage but instead display submissive and defensive behavior toward an intruder, a response that we have termed conditioned defeat. Plasma testosterone is significantly reduced in Syrian hamsters following repeated defeat suggesting that social defeat might also impair copulatory behavior. The present study aimed to determine whether copulatory behavior in male Syrian hamsters is suppressed following repeated social defeats and additionally whether exposure to a hormone-primed stimulus female after social defeat reduces the behavioral response to defeat. Hamsters were paired with an aggressive opponent for one or nine defeats using a resident-intruder model, while controls were placed into the empty cage of a resident aggressor. On the day after the last treatment, half of the hamsters were paired with a receptive female for 10 min. There were no significant differences in the copulatory behavior of defeated versus non-defeated hamsters, and the opportunity to copulate had no effect on subsequent conditioned defeat testing, as defeated animals displayed significantly more submissive behavior than did non-defeated animals. The current data suggest that conditioned defeat is not necessarily a maladaptive response to social stress, at least in terms of reproductive behavior, but may instead represent a viable behavioral strategy adopted by losing animals following social defeat. Further, these data indicate that conditioned defeat is relatively persistent and stable, as the opportunity to copulate does not reduce the subsequent display of submissive behavior. Language: en
Training, Certification, and Experience of Handwriting Analysts:

The significance of type of training was evaluated as were the effects of certification and years of experience of handwriting analysts of the psychogram (n = 13), gestalt (n = 11), and stroke analysis (n = 13) subgroups in the United States. Thirty-seven handwriting analysts volunteered to participate in the analysis of one subject's handwriting and to rate personality attributes of that subject using the factor descriptions from Cattell's Sixteen Personality Factor Test Profile. The test subject answered the 187 questions of the Cattell test, generating her own 16 PF profile. There was a negative correlation between the test profiles generated by the handwriting analysts and that of the 16 PF self-reported by the subject. Intergroup correlations were quite high among the three groups, intragroup correlations were positive but of smaller magnitude. When analysts were rank-ordered by correlations to the subject profile, certification and years of experience did not appear significant.
Tribology in ultra-high density tape drive systems: State of the art and future challenges

Advanced ultra-high density tape drives require ever increasing volumetric recording densities which places a premium on the tribology of the head-to-tape interface. For these drives, ultrathin smooth tapes would be in contact or near contact with the recording head at high relative velocities. Minimum friction, near zero wear with stable magnetic performance over a wide range of operating conditions is required for adequate performance. There are considerable tribological challenges related to both recording heads and media to be used in these systems. Some of the many challenges in the design of these drives are: attaining low air bearing surface wear, attaining and maintaining low pole tip recession, developing durable tape media, and developing dimensionally stable substrates with high modulus for ultra-thin tapes.
The Murine Gammaherpesvirus 68 v-Cyclin Is a Critical Regulator of Reactivation from Latency

Gamma-2 herpesviruses encode a homolog of mammalian D-type cyclins. The v-cyclin encoded by murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (gammaHV68) induces cell cycle progression and is an oncogene (L. F. van Dyk, J. L. Hess, J. D. Katz, M. Jacoby, S. H. Speck, and H. W. Virgin IV, J. Virol. 73:5110-5122, 1999). However, the role of the pro-proliferative v-cyclins in gamma-2 herpesvirus pathogenesis is not known. Here we report the generation and characterization of a gammaHV68 v-cyclin mutant (v-cyclin.LacZ) that is unable to express a functional v-cyclin protein. Notably, although the gammaHV68 v-cyclin is expressed from an early-late lytic transcript, v-cyclin. LacZ replicated normally in fibroblasts in vitro and during acute infection in the spleen, liver, and lungs in vivo. Moreover, v-cyclin.LacZ exhibited wild-type (wt) virulence in mice with severe combined immunodeficiency. In addition, in a model of gammaHV68-induced chronic disease in mice lacking the gamma interferon receptor (IFNgammaR(-/-)), v-cyclin.LacZ virus was similar to wt gammaHV68 in terms of the incidence of mortality and vasculitis. Further analysis revealed that the frequencies of splenocytes and peritoneal cells harboring the latent gammaHV68 genome in normal and B-cell-deficient mice infected with wt gammaHV68 or v-cyclin.LacZ were very similar. However, v-cyclin.LacZ was significantly compromised in its capacity to reactivate from latency. This phenotype was conclusively mapped to the v-cyclin gene by (i) generating a marker rescue virus (v-cyclin.MR) from the v-cyclin.LacZ mutant, which restored the frequency of cells in which virus reactivated from latency to the levels observed with wt gammaHV68; and (ii) generating a second v-cyclin mutant virus containing a translation stop codon within the v-cyclin gene (v-cyclin.stop), which was compromised in reactivation from latency. These studies demonstrate that despite expression as a lytic cycle gene, the pro-proliferative gammaHV68 v-cyclin is not required for gammaHV68 replication either in vitro or during acute infection in vivo but rather is a critical determinant of reactivation from latency.
Evaluation of RNAV Departure Operations at Atlanta Hartsfield -Jackson International Airport

On April 13, 2005 the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) implemented revised Standard Instrument Departure (SID) procedures at Atlanta HartsfieldJackson International Airport (ATL). The procedures utilize Area Navigation (RNAV) capabilities that enable point-to-point navigation largely independent of ground-based navigational aids, providing greater flexibility in route design and operations. Implementation and usage of RNAV procedures leverages flight automation systems currently available on most Instrument Flight Rules (IFR)operated aircraft in the National Airspace System (NAS). The implementation of RNAV procedures at ATL has delivered increased departure efficiency, i.e. more efficient utilization of available runways and constrained airspace surrounding the airport. This paper outlines the design of ATL’s RNAV departure procedures and the results of comprehensive evaluations of operational data. This paper describes the analysis methodology developed to evaluate operational changes using radar data, and presents preand post-implementation comparisons of several key benefit metrics: departure efficiency, the distance departing aircraft fly in terminal airspace, and the climb continuity of departing aircraft. The results show that ATL realized gains in departure efficiency while reducing the distance aircraft fly in its terminal airspace. The results also indicate that potential exists for further distance benefits in a planned future implementation.
Complex networks of simple neurons for bipedal locomotion

Fluid bipedal locomotion remains a significant challenge for humanoid robotics. Recent bio-inspired approaches have made significant progress by using small numbers of tightly coupled neurons, called central pattern generators (CPGs). Our approach exchanges complexity of the neuron model for complexity of the network, gradually building a network of simple neurons capable of complex behaviors. We show this approach generates controllers de novo that are able to control 3D bipedal locomotion up to 10 meters. This results holds for robots with human-proportionate morphologies across 95% of normal human variation. The resulting networks are then examined to discover neural structures that arise unusually often, lending some insight into the workings of otherwise opaque controllers.
2011 Hans O. Mauksch Address: Teaching for Whom?.

In this article, I ask for whom is our teaching developed? Although we typically think that it is developed for our students, there appears to be a considerable gap between how our curriculum, espe...
Meiotic Indices in the Oligospermic Male

Thirty-four oligospermic males were evaluated by determining the meiotic index in testicular biopsy specimens. Only 1 patient of 10 with a meiotic index of less than 15 achieved pregnancy, whereas 16 of 24 patients with a meiotic index of more than 15 had a successful outcome. Corresponding increases in the semenogram were also noted to be related to the meiotic index.
Toward Publicly Responsive Sociology Curricula The Role of Introductory Sociology

Introductory sociology casts a wide net with regard to its audience and plays an important role in capturing the public eye as well as helping students to make more informed choices in their lives ...
STEM-09MicroRNA-128 IS A MASTER SWITCH BETWEEN PRONEURAL AND MESENCHYMAL SUBTYPE IN GLIOBLASTOMA STEM CELLS

Genome-wide analysis of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) transcriptome revealed that it can be classified into at least four clinically relevant subtypes: proneural (PN), neural, classical, and mesenchymal (MES). The gene expression patterns that are distinct in these individual GBM subtypes, may account for the GBM heterogeneity and differential response to therapy. Based on our published and preliminary data, we demonstrate that microRNA-128 (miR-128), plays a crucial role in gliomagenesis, GBM stem cells (GSCs) self-renewal and radio-sensitivity. We identified miR-128 as a GBM suppressor, and its expression is especially low in MES subtype. MiR-128 exerts its tumor suppressor role by inhibiting the expression of two components of pro-oncogenic Polycomb Repressor Complexes 1 and 2 - Bmi1 and Suz12, respectively, which are highly expressed in MES GSCs. Stable knockdown of miR-128 in PN GSCs up-regulated MES-specific gene signature while its up-regulation in MES GSCs resulted in de-repression of PN-specific signature. We argue that alterations of miR-128 levels are sufficient to cause the shift between GSC subtypes, likely through changing the activity/level of PRCs, and have significant consequence for the tumorigenicity of GSCs in vivo.
Clinical Significance of Changes in Abnormal IgA1 Glycosylation Levels in Children with Henoch-Schnlein Purpura

Objective To explore the expression levels and clinical significance of abnormal IgA1 glycosylation in children with Henoch-Schnlein purpura(HSP).Methods According to the clinical symptoms,66 children with HSP were divided into four groups:simple purpura group(n=18),joint symptom group(n=16),gastrointestinal symptom group(n=12) and purpura nephritis group(n=20).In addition,20 healthy children were selected as controls.Serum IgA1 glycosylation was detected by binding of Vicia villosa lectin using ELISA technique.Serum IgA levels were measured by immunoturbidimetry.Results The levels of abnormally glycosylated IgA1 were(0.21±0.07),(0.23±0.04),(0.27±0.03) and(0.35±0.06) U in simple purpura group,joint symptom group,gastrointestinal symptom group and purpura nephritis group,respectively.The differences were significant between simple purpura group and purpura nephritis group(P0.05),but were not obvious among joint symptom group,gastrointestinal symptom group and purpura nephritis group(P0.05).Compared with healthy controls,the levels of IgA,especially IgA1,significantly increased in children with HSP(P0.01).Conclusion Children with HSP have elevated levels of IgA(especially IgA1),suggesting that kidney damage may be correlated with abnormal IgA1 glycosylation in children with HSP.
Clinical trials. How should they be designed

This article addresses the fundamental principles of clinical trial design, covers several alternative research methods, and finishes with a discussion of outcomes research. Given the limited resorces and current state of our nation’s health care system, it is essential that treatment approaches are re-examined and proof of their efficacy obtained through controlled trials.
A Simple, Gravimetric Method to Quantify Inorganic Carbon in Calcareous Soils

Total C (TC) in calcareous soils has two components: inorganic C (IC) and organic C (OC). The IC must be measured and subtracted from the TC to obtain OC. Our objective was to develop a simple gravimetric technique to quantify IC. This technique, named the carbonate meter (CM), can be assembled in any soil testing laboratory with a 6-mL glass vial, a no. 1 rubber stopper with one hole, a 6.5-cm glass tube with 0.5- and 0.3-cm outside and inside diameters, respectively, and a 50-mL Erlenmeyer flask. Precision and recovery was tested with 0.728 and 2.57% IC standard calcareous soils and pure calcite and dolomite, using 0.2000 ± 0.0200 g of finely ground samples and 4.0 mL of fresh 4 mol L⁻¹ HCl–3% FeCl₂⋅ 4H₂O. Twelve US calcareous soils with 0.11 to 8.52% IC were used to validate our CM procedure. Inorganic C recoveries after 22 to 24 h for two standard calcareous soils, calcite, and dolomite were 100.55, 99.73, 100.45, and 99.58%, respectively. The detection limit (DL) and the lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) for calcite were 0.31 and 1.0 g IC kg⁻¹, respectively. The DL and the LLOQ for dolomite were 0.42 and 1.4 g IC kg⁻¹, respectively. Mean IC recovery with a modified pressure calcimeter (MPC) in reference standards was 56.42%, while the CM recovery was 100.84%. The MPC loses accuracy in calcareous soils with >5.11% IC, whereas the CM had good recoveries up to 8.40% IC. The CM does not require pre-analysis, it is easy, non-tedious, and inexpensive, with good precision and accuracy.
The Politics of Social Control: The Case of the War on Poverty

The public costs of economic transformation of the central city were high. The private costs — the costs borne personally by some of the city’s residents — were even higher. The growth of the office economy was felt on dinner tables, in tax bills, in razed urban neighborhoods, in job and welfare lines. The people who bore these costs comprised a large bloc of city votes. And those who bore the costs most heavily were non-white. Because the economic transformation of the central city hurt them disproportionately and because they were then organizing successfully for civil rights in particular, and political power in general, the non-white communities were particularly disruptive.
Bleeding Scores in Von Willebrand Disease (VWD) Re-Visited: Analysis of the TS Zimmerman Program for the Molecular and Clinical Biology of VWD

Quantitation of bleeding severity in VWD has recently been investigated utilizing a standardized bleeding score developed through a European study (MCMDM-1) of a large cohort of VWD type 1 families but has not been evaluated in other types of VWD. We analyzed data from the TS Zimmerman Program for the Molecular and Clinical Biology of VWD in order to determine the relative impact of various VWD molecular variants on the clinical bleeding phenotype of individuals with VWF abnormalities. After obtaining informed consent, demographic data and bleeding histories were obtained from subjects through administration of a standardized questionnaire by trained personnel; bleeding score (BS) was calculated by the method of the MCMDM-1. VWF assays were performed in the central laboratory, including quantitation of VWF by VWF:Ag; functional analysis by ristocetin cofactor (VWF:RCo) and collagen binding (VWF:CB); multimer analysis; and DNA sequencing of the VWF gene including coding sequences, intron-exon boundaries and promoter regions. A total of 212 Index Cases (IC) including 149 with type 1 VWD, 17 type 2A, 8 2B, 4 2M, 6 2N and 28 type 3), 346 affected family members and 417 unaffected family members of the IC were identified by their primary hematologist and compared to 234 Normal Control subjects (NC). Subjects with VWD ranged in age from 1–76 years, median 17; NC ages ranged from 2–74 years, median 40. Male to female ratios were similar in type 1 VWD (0.44) and NC (0.34) but equivalent in type 2 (0.94) and type 3 VWD (0.87). Subjects with each type of VWD had significantly higher BS (median, 25–75% interquartile range) than NC (p
Overvoltage risk analysis in distribution networks with high penetration of PVs

Solar power has become one of the mainstream distributed renewable energy sources due to its clean and renewable feature and the global push for renewable energy. In a distribution network with high penetration of photovoltaics (PVs), overvoltage is a common and major issue that needs to be addressed to assure system reliability and security. Increasing interests have been given to real time operation of PVs to fully utilize PV generation capacity while the voltage is regulated within a proper range. However, little research has been done on exploring the overvoltage risk at the planning phase. This paper proposes a probabilistic method to evaluate the overvoltage risk in a distribution network with different PV capacity sizes under different load levels. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (K-S test) is used to identify the most proper probability distributions for solar irradiance in different months. To increase accuracy, an iterative process is used to obtain the maximum allowable injection of active power from PVs. The effectiveness of proposed method is verified on a 33-bus system.