cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accounting for Jewish Secularism: Is a New Cultural Identity Emerging?

Barry Kosmin, Ariela Keysar, and Egon Mayer have observed an increase taking place in the number of Jews who identified with “no religion” during the 1990s. They have proposed two explanations. Kosmin and Keysar interpret this increase as part of a larger American secularization trend. Mayer understands it to be a specific “disaffection from organized Jewish life.” Implicit in both explanations is the emergence of a new secular Jewish identity that excludes identification with Judaism. As such, this new identification represents a radical departure from the American Jewish norm. American Jews have long been comfortable identifying with Judaism even though their outlook is as secular as the most secular of all Americans. Using the 2000–2001 National Jewish Population Survey and the 2001 American Jewish Identification Survey these two hypotheses are tested and rejected because secular Jews were found to be less “ethnic” than Jews by religion both in terms of attitudes and behaviors. Instead a third explanation is explicated which attributes the increase in the number of secularly identified Jews to a compositional change in the American Jewish population. Jews with no religion are overwhelmingly of mixed ancestry; and the number of such Jews increased dramatically between 1990 and 2000 as a result of intermarriage. Two OLS regressions show that both ethnic attitudes and behaviors are influenced primarily by Jewish background experiences. Jews of mixed ancestry are less likely to have these and thus score lower. A third OLS regression shows that these background experiences strengthen ethnic attachments which in turn influence ethnic behaviors. A logistic regression demonstrates that ancestry does have a direct influence on identification as secular above and beyond Jewish background experiences. Secular Jews choose the “no religion” option because it allows them to identify as Jews without having to choose between either of their parents’ two religions.
Prepregnancy Body Mass Index as a Risk Factor for Stillbirth 28 Weeks in the United States.

BIRTH $28 WEEKS IN THE UNITED STATES SUSAN LASHLEY, CANDE ANANTH, WENDY KINZLER, JOHN SMULIAN, ANTHONY VINTZILEOS, UMDNJ–Robert Wood Johnson Medical School/Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, New Brunswick, NJ OBJECTIVE: To determine if increased prepregnancy maternal body mass index (BMI) is an independent risk factor for stillbirth $28 weeks and to examine if the relationship is different among black and non-black women. STUDY DESIGN: We utilized the National Maternal and Infant Health Survey (NMIHS) data to examine the relationship between prepregnancy BMI (weight over squared-height) and stillbirth $28 weeks in singleton gestations. NMIHS data were collected in 1988 using sampling techniques that allow for extrapolation of the findings to the general U.S. population by weighted analyses. BMI (kg/m2) was categorized as underweight ( <20), normal weight (20-24.9), overweight (25-29.9), and obese ($30). Association between BMI and stillbirth risk was expressed as relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI), derived from logistic regression models after adjusting for maternal age, nulliparity, education, marital status, smoking, diabetes mellitus, chronic hypertension, and preeclampsia. RESULTS: Of the 11,187 women in the sample (which corresponds to a weighted population of 3,673,130 women), the risks of stillbirth among black and non-black women were 5.4 (n = 5133) and 3.2 (n = 6054) per 1000 total births, respectively. The association (RR and 95% CI) between race-specific prepregnancy BMI and stillbirth is shown in the Table below. CONCLUSION:Our data indicate that obesity (BMI$30) is associated with an increased risk for stillbirth $28 weeks in both blacks and non-blacks. Although the risk of stillbirth was higher among blacks than non-blacks, the pattern of association between BMI and stillbirth risk were fairly similar between these race groups.
Anticlustering of small normal faults around larger faults

The Solite quarry in the Mesozoic Danville rift basin contains normal faults that conform to two spatial and size distributions. Larger master normal faults (20 cm < length [ L] < 200 cm) are not numerous and have spanned the mechanical layer. The other faults are numerous, small (~0.1 cm < L < 20 cm), and exhibit anticlustering with respect to the larger structures, defining crack shields around the master faults. The shields are ellipsoidal in shape and geometrically similar to the elastic deformation fields of the master faults, and correspond to a critical stress-reduction shadow that prevented the nucleation of smaller faults in the vicinity of the master faults. The master faults likely formed earlier than the smaller faults, which nucleated en masse when some critical strain threshold was exceeded outside the master fault deformation field. The anticlustered spatial distribution of faults described here is the first field documentation for the existence of stress reduction shadows around normal faults.
Delivering Relevant Information to a Remotely Located Clinical Department of a Medical Center

This article describes a model used by an academic health library for serving the faculty and staff of a clinical department located at a distance from the main medical campus and hospital clinics. The authors detail the in-person and electronic services leveraged to reach distance library clients effectively, including on-site office hours and electronic newsletters. The article concludes with a discussion of how these strategies can be transferred to hospital library settings.
π-Facial Stereoselectivity in Diels−Alder Cycloadditions to 1-Oxaspiro[4.5]deca-6,9-dien-8-one. The Strong Directive Effect of Ether Oxygen in a Cross-Conjugated Ketone Setting

The title compound 1, prepared from 1,4-cyclohexanedione monoethylene ketal, was treated with several reactive dienes, including diphenylisobenzofuran and 9,10-dihydro-11,12-dimethylene-9,10-ethanoanthracene. These [4 + 2] cycloadditions proceed with a strong kinetic bias for bonding to the dienophile from the direction syn to the tetrahydrofuranyl oxygen and consequently hold value in stereoselective synthesis.
Transfer function characterization of scattering surfaces revisited

Over twenty years ago a linear systems approach to modeling surface scatter phenomena was developed by considering it to be a scalar diffraction process resulting from random phase variations in the exit pupil of an optical system. This led to the derivation of a surface transfer function (STF) that relates the scattering behavior to the surface topography. The resulting model was analogous to, and an extension of, the highly successful application of linear systems theory to the understanding of image forming systems. Experimental angular scattering data was shown to be shift-invariant in direction cosine space with respect to incident angle (this led to a modest following among the radiometric community of BRDF curves plotted in the Harvey-Shack (beta) -(beta) o format). During the 1980s this STF was generalized to include: (1) the effects of small-angle scatter caused by 'mid' spatial frequency surface irregularities which span the gap between the traditional 'figure' and 'finish' errors, and (2) the extremely large incident angles inherent to grazing incidence Wolter Type I x-ray telescopes. Since no explicit smooth surface approximation is imposed, this STF can be utilized to predict the scattering behavior of rough surfaces not accurately modeled by vector perturbations techniques considered to be more rigorous by many investigators. Also, the scattering function is normalized by the total reflectance of the surface. Hence, the dominant polarization effects are included (in spite of the fact that this is basically a scalar treatment) by using the Fresnel reflectance coefficients for the desired polarization. In this paper it is emphasized that scattered radiance (not irradiance or intensity) is shift- invariant in direction cosine space paper to explain some non- intuitive scattering behavior reported in the literature.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Organic ion imaging beyond the limit of static secondary ion mass spectrometry

Secondary ion mass spectra and images were obtained from spikes of choline chloride, acetylcholine chloride, and methylphenylpyridinium iodide deposited onto specimens of porcine brain tissue. Samples were subsequently subjected to a dose of 10-keV Cs(+) sufficient to suppress secondary ion emission characteristic of the targeted analytes. Following ablation of the samples by massive glycerol clusters generated by electrohydrodynamic emission, secondary ion mass spectra and images could be obtained that reflected the identity and location of the spiked analytes. The absolute intensity of secondary ion emission that followed ablation was found to be between 30 and 100% of the intensity obtained prior to exposure to the high dose of Cs'. Not all chemical noise is removed by ablation, however, so that the signal-to-noise ratios after ablation correspond to between 10 and 85% of their values observed under conditions of low primary ion dose.
Development of a sky imaging system for short-term solar power forecasting

Abstract. To facilitate the development of solar power forecasting algorithms based on ground-based visible wavelength remote sensing, we have developed a high dynamic range (HDR) camera system capable of providing hemispherical sky imagery from the circumsolar region to the horizon at a high spatial, temporal, and radiometric resolution. The University of California, San Diego Sky Imager (USI) captures multispectral, 16 bit, HDR images as fast as every 1.3 s. This article discusses the system design and operation in detail, provides a characterization of the system dark response and photoresponse linearity, and presents a method to evaluate noise in high dynamic range imagery. The system is shown to have a radiometrically linear response to within 5% in a designated operating region of the sensor. Noise for HDR imagery is shown to be very close to the fundamental shot noise limit. The complication of directly imaging the sun and the impact on solar power forecasting is also discussed. The USI has performed reliably in a hot, dry environment, a tropical coastal location, several temperate coastal locations, and in the great plains of the United States.
A real-time programming event monitor

The structure and implementation are presented of a software event monitor for studying and learning real-time programming. This monitor produces a complete time-stamped event history sequence associated with an execution of the real-time programs. It is concluded that the use of the monitor in conjunction with programs designed to illustrate selected real-time situations and parameterized to permit experimentation provides a very useful laboratory-experiment basis for teaching this material. >
An Analytical Framework for Short-Term Resource Adequacy in Competitive Electricity Markets

Short-term resource adequacy, a key component of system reliability, is the ability of a system with a fixed resource mix to meet the load at all times. In the competitive environment, the interaction of markets and reliability has raised this issue to new prominence. Market design influences significantly the behavior of market players, which, in turn, impacts the capacity adequacy of the system. The extent of such impacts is well illustrated by the California market experience during the 2000-2001 crisis. Current resource adequacy tools fail to explicitly consider the interactions between market design, the behavior of market players and system reliability. We construct an analytical framework for short-term resource adequacy that explicitly considers the interactions between markets and reliability. The framework models both the physical world by representing the resources and the load demand, and the market world, by including the market design, the market players' behavior and their interactions with the physical world. We use the framework to assess the impacts of market player behavior on various test systems. Representative results are provided.
Optical model for electron scattering by ar at 30–3000 eV: Test of the adiabatic model for charge polarization and a quasi-free scattering model for inelastic effects

A recently developed nonempirical local approximation to the optical potential is applied to electron-argon scattering. The real part of the optical potential is taken as the sum of static, exchange, and polarization terms and the imaginary part is modeled by using the quasi-free scattering approximation with Pauli blocking. The main emphasis in the present paper is on the polarization and absorption effects. Three approximations to the polarization potential are used; they are based on an ab initio adiabatic polarization potential, without or with scmiclassical nonadiabatic corrections. The results are compared to existing experimental measurements for the energy range 30–3000 eV. We obtain good agreement with experiment for total and absorption cross sections and for the small-angle differential cross sections.
Modeling Change in the Presence of Nonrandomly Missing Data: Evaluating a Shared Parameter Mixture Model

In longitudinal research, interest often centers on individual trajectories of change over time. When there is missing data, a concern is whether data are systematically missing as a function of the individual trajectories. Such a missing data process, termed random coefficient-dependent missingness, is statistically nonignorable and can bias parameter estimates obtained from conventional growth models that assume missing data are missing at random. This article describes a shared parameter mixture model (SPMM) for testing the sensitivity of growth model parameter estimates to a random coefficient-dependent missingness mechanism. Simulations show that the SPMM recovers trajectory estimates as well as or better than a standard growth model across a range of missing data conditions. The article concludes with practical advice for longitudinal data analysts.
Negative affect is associated with alcohol, but not cigarette use in heavy drinking smokers.

Co-use of alcohol and cigarettes is highly prevalent, and heavy drinking smokers represent a large and difficult-to-treat subgroup of smokers. Negative affect, including anxiety and depressive symptomatology, has been associated with both cigarette and alcohol use independently, but less is known about the role of negative affect in heavy drinking smokers. Furthermore, while some studies have shown negative affect to precede substance use, a precise biobehavioral mechanism has not been established. The aims of the present study were twofold. First, to test whether negative affect is associated with alcohol and cigarette use in a large community sample of heavy drinking smokers (n=461). And second, to examine craving as a plausible statistical mediator of the association between negative affect and alcohol and/or cigarette use. Hypothesis testing was conducted using a structural equation modeling approach with cross-sectional data. Analysis revealed a significant main effect of negative affect on alcohol use (β=0.210, p 0.10) in this sample. Mediational analysis revealed that alcohol craving was a full statistical mediator of this association (p<0.05), such that there was no direct association between negative affect and alcohol use after accounting for alcohol craving. These results are consistent with a negative reinforcement and relief craving models of alcohol use insofar as the experience of negative affect was associated with increased alcohol use, and the relationship was statistically mediated by alcohol craving, presumably to alleviate negative affect. Further longitudinal or experimental studies are warranted to enhance the causal inferences of this mediated effect.
Ins(1,4,5)P3 and Glutathione Increase the Passive Ca2+ Leak in Permeabilized A7R5 Cells

Abstract Thapsigargin depletes intracellular Ca 2+ stores by its inhibitory effect on the Ca 2+ pumps, which unmasks an aspecific Ca 2+ leak from the stores. This aspecific Ca 2+ permeability of the stores was further investigated using 45 Ca 2+ fluxes on intact and permeabilized A7r5 smooth-muscle cells. Stores in intact cells were found to be more leaky for Ca 2+ than those in saponin-permeabilized or Staphylococcus aureus α-toxin-permeabilized cells, which suggests that a cytosolic factor may be involved. Supplementing the medium bathing the permeabilized cells with a submaximal Ins(1,4,5)P 3 concentration increased the leakiness of the stores. Glutathione also increased the aspecific Ca 2+ leak. This effect occurred with both the reduced and the oxidized form but reduced glutathione was more effective. Our data show that basal Ins(1,4,5)P 3 levels and glutathione can contribute to the relatively high Ca 2+ leak in intact cells. The washing out of these substances during permeabilization can reduce the aspecific leakiness of the stores.
Haploinsufficiency of PAX9 is associated with autosomal dominant hypodontia.

We recently identified a frame-shift mutation in the PAX9 gene as the underlying cause for hypodontia involving permanent molar teeth segregating in an autosomal dominant pattern in a single large family (Stockton et al. 2000). Here we report a small nuclear family in which a father and his daughter are affected with severe hypodontia, involving agenesis of all primary and permanent molars, evidently caused by deletion of the entire PAX9 gene. Hemizygosity at the PAX9 locus in the two affected individuals was initially discovered when an informative single nucleotide polymorphism, identified while sequencing the gene for mutations, appeared to demonstrate non-Mendelian inheritance. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis with a cosmid containing the PAX9 gene yielded a signal on only one chromosome 14 homologue and confirmed the presence of a deletion encompassing the PAX9 locus. Analysis of microsatellite loci in the vicinity of PAX9 delineated one breakpoint of the deletion. These data, in concert with FISH analysis with cosmids encompassing a 199 kb region, indicated that the deletion is between ~44 kb and 100 kb. PAX9 is one of two genes, and the only odontogenic gene within the deletion interval, thus supporting the model of haploinsufficiency for PAX9 as the underlying basis for hypodontia.
Imaging gene expression in live transgenic mice after providing luciferin in drinking water

Mice expressing the firefly luciferase gene luc under the control of various gene promoters are used to image long-term changes in tumor growth, infection, development, and circadian rhythms. This novel approach enables ongoing regulation of gene expression to be visualized through repeated imaging of luciferase bioluminescence. Typically, luciferin, the luciferase substrate, is injected into mice before they are anaesthetized for imaging. To avoid the effects of handling and stress from injection on expression of the transgene, oral luciferin delivery methods were tested as an alternative to current methods. For unobscured imaging, a transgenic mouse line containing luc controlled by the enhancer and promoter for the major immediate-early gene of human cytomegalovirus (CMV) was crossed with a hairless albino mouse stock (HRS/J), resulting in the Hr-CMV line. Mice given food and water ad libitum readily drank 1–5 mM luciferin in water or apple juice and could be imaged repeatedly on subsequent days without any apparent adverse effects. Oral and injected luciferin produced similar patterns of luminescence in the body areas examined: abdomen, tail vertebrae, gonads, hind leg, foreleg and others, although the tail showed a slightly brighter relative luminescence after oral luciferin. These results show that luciferin is not appreciably degraded in the digestive tract and can be easily administered orally to avoid injection and any concomitant effects on behavior that could alter gene expression.
Timing Citrus and Avocado Foliar Nutrient Applications to Increase Fruit Set and Size

ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. boron, sodium tetraborate, nitrogen, urea, phosphorus, potassium phosphite SUMMARY. The goal of this research was to identify the role essential nutrients play in the physiology of tree crops, and then to apply the nutrient as a foliar fertilizer to stimulate a specific metabolic process at phenological stages when nutrient demand is high. This approach has proven successful. A single winter prebloom foliar application of nitrogen as low-biuret urea (0.16 kg N/tree (0.35 lb N/tree)) to 30-year-old 'Washington' navel orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) trees during flower initiation significantly increased yield and fruit number per tree for each of 3 consecutive years (P ≤ 0.05). The number of commercially valuable large- size fruit also increased significantly with yield increases (r 2 = 0.88). Sodium tetraborate applied foliarly to 'Hass' avocado (Persea americana Mill.) trees at the cauliflower stage of inflorescence development (elongation of inflorescence secondary axes, pollen and ovule development) increased the number of pollen tubes reaching the ovule, ovule viability and cumulative yield (P ≤ 0.05). Additional examples are presented.
Thinning lodgepole pine increases tree vigor and resistance to mountain pine beetle.

Thinned and unthinned stands of lodgepole pine in eastern Oregon were evaluated in 1980 to determine their vigor and susceptibility to attack by outbreak populations of the mountain pine beetle. Application of a vigor rating system, based on amount of stem growth per square meter of crown leaf area, showed that thinnings from below improved vigor of residual stand and reduced beetle attack. Beetle mortality was significant in unthinned and lightly thinned stands where current annual growth of stemwood of residual trees averaged less than 80 g/m-' of foliage. Stands with mean vigor ratings of about 100 were beginning to suffer beetle attack. There was no mortality in heavily thinned stands where vigor ratings exceeded 120. These findings suggest that lodgepole pine can be managed through stocking control to obtain fast-growing, large- diameter trees and to avoid attack by the mountain pine beetle. FOREST SCI. 29:204-211.
Pulmonary hypertension caused by pulmonary venous hypertension

The effect of pulmonary venous hypertension (PVH) on the pulmonary circulation is extraordinarily variable, ranging from no impact on pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) to a marked increase. The reasons for this are unknown. Both acutely reversible pulmonary vasoconstriction and pathological remodeling (especially medial hypertrophy and intimal hyperplasia) account for increased PVR when present. The mechanisms involved in vasoconstriction and remodeling are not clearly defined, but increased wall stress, especially in small pulmonary arteries, presumably plays an important role. Myogenic contraction may account for increased vascular tone and also indirectly stimulate remodeling of the vessel wall. Increased wall stress may also directly cause smooth muscle growth, migration, and intimal hyperplasia. Even long-standing and severe pulmonary hypertension (PH) usually abates with elimination of PVH, but PVH-PH is an important clinical problem, especially because PVH due to left ventricular noncompliance lacks definitive therapy. The role of targeted PH therapy in patients with PVH-PH is unclear at this time. Most prospective studies indicate that these medications are not helpful or worse, but there is ample reason to think that a subset of patients with PVH-PH may benefit from phosphodiesterase inhibitors or other agents. A different approach to evaluating possible pharmacologic therapy for PVH-PH may be required to better define its possible utility.
Room-temperature synthesis of flowerlike Ag nanostructures consisting of single crystalline Ag nanoplates

We demonstrate a simple wet-chemical route for the high-yield synthesis of flowerlike silver nanostructures consisting of single crystalline Ag nanoplates by mixing AgNO3 and p-phenylenediamine (PPD) in the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) at room temperature. PPD serves both as a reducing agent, and as an architecture soft template with PVP to the formation of such Ag nanostructures. It is found that the presence of PVP has a significant effect on the formation and growth of these novel nanostructures. The flowerlike silver nanostructures could serve as highly sensitive and reproductive surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates for chemical and biological detection.
Approximate shading for the re-illumination of synthetic images

This paper presents a novel method to estimate illumination-dependent properties in image synthesis prior to rendering. A preprocessing step is described in which a linear image basis is developed and a lighting-independent formulation defined. A reflection function, similar to hemispherical reflectance, approximates normal Lambertian shading. Intensity errors resulting from this approximation are reduced by use of a polynomial gamma correction function and scaling to a normalized display range. This produces images that are similar to normal Lambertian shading without employing the maximum (max) function. For a single object view, images can then be expressed in a linear form so that lighting direction can be factored out. During normal rendering, image quantities for arbitrary light directions can be found without rendering. This method is demonstrated for estimating image intensity and level-of-detail (LOD) error prior to rendering an object.
Flood Flow Forecasting Using Microcomputer Graphics and Radar Imagery

Components of a new generation flash flood forecasting system have been developed which utilize interactive computer graphics on a microcomputer, radar estimates of rainfall, and a time—area hydrologic response function. New generation radars in concert with ground-truthing rain gages, provide a high-resolution and timely capability for sensing rainfall amounts and distribution. Microcomputer graphics software and hardware aid the processes of rainfall and watershed spatial data management and interactive modeling of flood runoff on a local scale. Merging of radar-rainfall data sets with computerized maps of an application watershed is demonstrated and selected simulation experiments of flood runoff conducted. The microcomputer graphics system provides advanced capabilities for data entry, editing, and display on lowcost workstation, thus greatly aiding the hydrologic modeling and testing process. Hydrologic simulations were conducted to contrast the effects of radar sensing of rainfall as compared to standard areal averaging techniques. Storm movement and areal resolution simulations were also conducted and the results summarized. Radar estimates of rainfall were found to provide a more accurate representation of the spatial distribution of rainfall than basin averaging techniques.
Effects of Metyrapone on Pregnenolone Biosynthesis and on Cholesterol-Cytochrome P-450 Interaction in the Adrenal1

The effects of the steroid 11²- hydroxylase inhibitor metyrapone on the conversion of cholesterol-4-14C to labeled pregnenolone have been examined in time-course incubation studies using a preparation of rat adrenal mitochon-dria. Metyrapone inhibited the cholesterol →pregnenolone reaction in a dose-related manner, the effect varying from 17 to 78‰ with 0.025 to 1.0 mM inhibitor concentrations, respectively. No effect of this agent on the conversion of 20α-hydroxycholesterol to pregnenolone was apparent. Studies of the effects of metyrapone on the changes in difference spectra resulting from cholesterol-cytochrome P-450 interaction with a preparation of acetone-extracted submitochondrial particles of bovine adrenal cortex demonstrated that metyrapone competitively inhibited the binding of cholesterol to the hemoprotein. It thus appears that inhibition by metyrapone of the two major enzyme systems of adrenal mitochondria has similar characteristics. (Endocrinology 94: 1451, 1974)
Feasibility study of early intervention provider confidence following a neurobehavioural intervention for high-risk newborns

Study purpose: Early intervention (EI) can ameliorate neurobehavioural difficulties and parental psychosocial distress. Often, EI service providers are not trained to address the unique needs of the high risk parent–infant dyad. The purpose of this study was to describe provider confidence and knowledge following delivery of a neurobehavioural intervention for high-risk newborns. Methods: This feasibility study was a multi-site, randomised controlled trial of newborns referred to EI. The intervention group received weekly home visits by a service provider certified in the Newborn Behavioural Observation (NBO) – a neurobehavioural intervention. The control group received usual care. Eighteen EI providers completed the Index of Practitioner Knowledge and Skills (IPKS). Results: EI providers did not differ on socio-demographic characteristics, discipline, or experience between the intervention and usual care groups. In mixed linear regression models, the NBO group demonstrated higher confidence scores (mean ...
A time series model of the occurrence of gastric dilatation-volvulus in a population of dogs.

Background Gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV) is a life-threatening condition of mammals, with increased risk in large breed dogs. The study of its etiological factors is difficult due to the variety of possible living conditions. The association between meteorological events and the occurrence of GDV has been postulated but remains unclear. This study introduces the binary time series approach to the investigation of the possible meteorological risk factors for GDV. The data collected in a population of high-risk working dogs in Texas was used.
Graded and alloyed II-VI semiconductors for photovoltaic buffer layers grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD)

Deposition of Cd x Zn 1−x O y S 1−y was demonstrated with atomic layer deposition (ALD) using diethylzinc (DEZn), dimethylcadmium (DMCd), H 2 O, and H 2 S as the precursors. The chemical, material, and optical properties of the films were investigated, and these properties were adjusted by varying the stoichiometry. Notably, by correlating the crystal phases to the optical constants and bandgap, strong relationships between optical and materials properties are determined. Deposition of buffer layers at 150 °C on CuInS 2 absorbers was demonstrated and characterization of working devices was shown with IV curves and quantum efficiency measurement. CdS ALD buffer films behave similar to CdS chemical bath deposition (CBD) films even when slightly thinner than normal. Depositing mixed films across the Cd x Zn 1−x O y S 1−y system leads to increases in the J SC due to decreased parasitic absorption from the increase in bandgap due to Zn.
Spin‐orbit coupling of DFT/MRCI wavefunctions: Method, test calculations, and application to thiophene

During the past decade the one-center mean-field approximation has proven to be a very appropriate framework for the accurate description of spin-orbit effects at the correlated all-electron level. Here, a new efficient code, SPOCK, is introduced that calculates spin-orbit matrix elements in the one-center mean-field approximation for multireference CI wave functions. For the first time, the computation of spin-dependent interactions within a Kohn-Sham orbital based CI (DFT/MRCI) scheme1 is made possible. The latter approach is suitable for large scale systems with up to 100-200 valence electrons. Test calculations are performed on well-known diatomic molecules and the thiocarbonyl pyranthione. Spin-orbit matrix elements show good agreement with their Hartree-Fock orbital based counterparts but are obtained at considerably lower expense, thus demonstrating the power of the method. As an application singlet-triplet couplings in thiophene are investigated that are important for the photophysics and photochemistry. Spin-orbit matrix elements between all pi --> pi* excited states are found to be small. Considerably larger spin-orbit matrix elements are observed only for cases in which pi --> sigma* excited configurations are involved.
CE coupled with amperometric detection using a boron‐doped diamond microelectrode: Validation of a method for endogenous norepinephrine analysis in tissue

The level of endogenous norepinephrine (NE) in several tissue types was determined by CE with amperometric detection. We report herein on the method validation by HPLC using both amperometric and coulometric detection (CD). Keys to the method were the use of a diamond microelectrode for detection and off-line SPE for sample preparation. The run buffer was a 250 mM borate solution adjusted to pH 8.8 with potassium hydroxide. The diamond microelectrode exhibited a low and stable background current, and a low peak-to-peak noise < or =0.65 pA at the detection potential of +0.86 V versus Ag/AgCl. For standard solutions, the detector signal (i.e., oxidation current) changed linearly with the NE concentration (r(2) = 0.999) between 60 and 1000 nmol/L with an estimated LOD of 51 nmol/L (S/N = 3) and a response variability of 4.5% (RSD, n = 5). An Oasis MCX sorbent was used for SPE and the procedure produced an NE recovery of 95.1 +/- 5.6% (n = 6) from tissue homogenates. NE levels in the spleen, small intestine, and heart of a normotensive rat were found to be in the range of 0.77-0.97, 0.22-0.32, and 0.29-0.45 microg/g tissue (n = 3), respectively.
Analysis of airflow obstruction by bronchoalveolar lavage following bone marrow transplantation. Implications for pathogenesis and treatment.

The development of airflow obstruction, most often due to bronchiolitis, is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in recipients of allogeneic BMT. Current consensus holds that this airways disease is the result of chronic GVHD and/or CMV infection. However, recent studies of idiopathic forms of BRO have demonstrated a striking influx of neutrophils into the lungs of affected individuals. Reasoning that the immune cell populations involved in tissue injury associated with either CGVHD or CMV infection would consist predominantly of lymphocytes, we tested this hypothesis by performing BAL in 12 adults with minimal or absent smoking histories who developed significant airflow obstruction (FEV 1 /FVC = 80.7± 1 percent preBMT and 56.8 ±2.4 percent postBMT; p
The Influence of Erasmus upon Melanchthon, Luther and the Formula of Concord in the Doctrine of Justification

One of the unsolved problems of the history of sixteenth-century thought is that of the relation between humanism and religion. A key figure here was Desiderius Erasmus. Unfortunately, although exhaustive studies have been devoted to Erasmus as a Renaissance figure, not enough is known of his place in the Reformation. Compared to research into other aspects of his work, his place as a theologian has been neglected. And while several scholars have attempted to trace his influence upon some of the Protestant reformers, scant attention has been paid to his impact upon the Wittenberg leaders, especially in regard to justification. It is generally known that Luther and Melanchthon made diligent use of the Greek New Testment published by Erasmus in 1516. But the accompanying Annotations, as well as the subsequent Paraphrases, have largely been overlooked in the Erasmus research, and their impression upon the theology of the Wittenberg reformation has scarcely been investigated. With the quadricentennial observance of the Formula of Concord close at hand, this kind of study seems especially appropriate.
Behavioral Change in Persons With Dementia Relationships With Mental and Physical Health of Caregivers

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects that changes in behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia of persons with Alzheimer's disease have on their caregivers' mental health and physical health. The research design was a prospective, longitudinal follow-up study conducted in a major medical center and in participants' homes. Longitudinal analysis linking change in behavior to caregiver outcomes was based on 64 cases. Care recipients were assessed at the time of diagnosis with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). To provide information on the care recipient's behaviors, caregivers participated in an interview with the Modified Neuropsychiatric Inventory at diagnosis and at follow-up. Caregivers also completed a battery of established instruments to measure stress appraisal, mental health, and perceptions of their physical health at follow-up. Results showed that increases in problem behaviors among persons living with dementia, along with residence status, were significant predictors of caregivers' mental health and also their physical health. However, these relationships were mediated through stress appraisal. Variables such as MMSE score of the person with dementia, number of years caregiving, relationship status, and education level were not significant predictors of caregivers' health when behavior change was in the model.
Tooth-size discrepancy in mandibular prognathism

A Bolton analysis of seventy-eight cases of Angle Class III malocclusion, twenty-six cases of Angle Class I malocclusion, and twenty-six cases of Angle Class II malocclusion was recorded. Frequency of excess mandibular tooth structure, magnitude of the excess, over-all ratios, and anterior segment ratios were computed and analyzed. Two clinical cases were presented to show the advantage of tooth-size harmony in mandibular prognathism. Analysis of the data as presented above suggests the following conclusions: 1. The frequency of mandibular tooth-size excess (over-all ratio) in this sample was greater in cases of mandibular prognathism than in Angle Class I and Angle Class II cases. 2. In those cases with mandibular tooth-size excess, there was a suggestion that the magnitude of the excess was greater in cases of mandibular prognathism than in Angle Class I and Angle Class II cases. 3. A tooth-size discrepancy analysis should be included as one part of the diagnostic records for mandibular prognathism.
Organized activation during atrial fibrillation in man: endocardial and electrocardiographic manifestations.

Atrial Fibrillation Organization. Introduction: Atrial fibrillation is not entirely random, but little is known about the spatiotemporal endocardial organization and its surface ECG manifestations. Methods and Results: In 16 patients with atrial fibrillation (chronic, n = 14), endocardial mapping of the trabeculated, the posteroseptal smooth right atrium, and the coronary sinus was performed using multipolar catheters. The surface ECG was analyzed by determining “fibrillation wave” (F wave) amplitude, rate, and polarity. During 50 minutes of atrial fibrillation, an organized activation was present 72%± 32% of the analyzed time on the trabeculated, 19%± 15% on the smooth right atrium (P < 0.01), and 51%± 33% along the coronary sinus (P < 0.05). The direction of organized activation was craniocaudal in 72%± 16%. caudocranial in 10%± 9% (P < 0.01), and indeterminable in 18%± 11%. The mean surface F wave amplitude in lead V1 was 0.128 ± 0.06 mV during 28 seconds of atrial fibrillation with a craniocaudal direction of activation and 0.065 ± 0.02 mV during a disorganized activation (P < 0.01). A stable relation between surface F waves and organized trabeculated right atrial activation was observed, and the mean F wave cycle length (190 ± 27 msec) was highly comparable to the simultaneously measured endocardial cycle length (191 ± 27 msec, correlation coefficient 0.97). F wave polarity in V1 was positive in 12 of 14 patients during craniocaudal and negative in 11 of 14 patients during caudocranial rigbt atrial free-wall activation. Conclusion: An organized activation during atrial fibrillation with a predominant craniocaudal direction on the trabeculated right atrium is frequently present and influences the appearance of “coarse” or “fine” atrial fibrillation as well as F wave polarity on the surface ECG.
A miniature vidicon of high sensitivity

Experimental models of a sensitive miniature Vidicon pickup tube ½" in diameter and 3" long have been built and operated in prototype equipment. With such a small photolayer area, the use of a photoconductor having the sensitivity of conventional Vidicons would require an excessively fast lens or an increase in scene illumination. A new photoconductor has been developed which has sufficient operating sensitivity to more than offset the reduction in light collecting area. The spectral response of the new tube covers the approximate range from 400 to 800 millimicrons with its maximum in the neighborhood of 600 millimicrons. Resolution and picture lag are adequate for many applications where the small size is particularly attractive. The ½" tube requires only one-fourth the heater power and one-third the deflection power of the 6198 Vidicon.
Population genetics and the dynamics of conservation

Dynamic evolution of natural populations implies that collections made at any one time and statically maintained cannot capture all potentially useful alleles or efficiently save useful alleles. The structure of mating demes and the presence of heterogeneous selection force species to evolve new alleles, traits, and populations continuously, some of which may be useful for breeding. Breeding also is a dynamic system, and breeders can develop different populations and use new gene effects to create selective responses to new economic demands or to new requirements for ecological adaptability. Static collections, however, are not necessarily easy to use. The genetic management of both natural and breeding populations can involve single or multiple populations selected for homogeneous or diverse objectives. Through collection and maintenance programs that mediate between evolution and breeding, germplasm conservation can include the active development of collections and the creation of diversity.
Orion Controls (a)

Orion Controls is a leading designer of industrial valve systems. Avion, a chemical company, is interested in a new, improved valve to manage the highly volatile phenol in its production process. Avion and Orion strike a deal for Orion to try to produce these valves. However, there are time constraints, engineering constraints, and software constraints that make the valve-redesign project a risky endeavor. The A case consists of a basic decision tree that has been used everywhere from an introductory case in decision analysis to the core material for an exam (with additional complicating factors introduced in questions). The A case is a rewrite of two earlier cases (UVA-QA-0480 and UVA-QA-0481). In those cases, the key issues surround the scheduling of the projects, leading to insights about which to schedule first. Here, the scheduling is fixed and the issues are less calculation-intensive and more interesting. In the A case, there are two options: one the students usually see and one they don't. The former is the abort option that occurs if the software-redesign shortcut is unsuccessful. The one they tend to miss (even if the shortcut is successful) is if the valve improvement is only modest, it is better to deliver the old valve rather than the new one. The B case (UVA-QA-0603) consists of a quick series of changes in the situation that leads to a totally different decision structure and requirement for simulation modeling (or some other technique to handle the introduction of continuous uncertainties). This case also has a wonderful real option embedded in the problem around which an entire class can be built. Because the software redesign will not occur until after Engineering completes its work, Engineering can only estimate the final performance of the valve. Based on this estimate, however, Orion can decide to abort the project. Because the estimate is continuous, the option problem becomes one of finding the optimal estimated-performance value at which one aborts the software redesign.
Forum: Oppression in the Mundane of Management

(2010). Forum: Oppression in the Mundane of Management. Administrative Theory & Praxis: Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 445-449.
Warfare, Asian American Literature, and Commitment

For me, the literature written by Asian Americans provides with increasing clarity the devastatingly difficult task of resisting the forces that contract our collective lives, and the absolute necessity to do so anyway. By life, I do not mean the fiction of social success, whether portrayed by the persistent narrative specter of the "model minority" or our rejection of it. And by resistance, I do not mean the symbolic capital (to borrow from Viet Nguyen borrowing from Pierre Bourdieu) derived from saying "no" to the siren song of assimilation that masks its racism. Resistance as a practice toward life, is more visceral, more stark, more ordinary, and therefore more profound than what our criticism tries to make out. And life is more than our analytics of intersectionality, and at the same time more than the hermetic fantasy of labelless individuality. To resist the forces that contract life is to acknowledge, on the one hand, the everyday, ordinary ways that we all know have shortened our lives and on the...
Transformation optics for imaging

Fundamentals of the method of transformation optics will be described, including intuitive, visual explanations of: coordinate transforms, Maxwell’s form invariance, distortion-material equivalence, and material property tensors in curvilinear coordinates. Examples will be discussed from cloaking, imaging and antenna applications.
The Renin-Angiotensin System and Renal Prostaglandin E2 Release in Dogs

AbstractThe relationship between renin and renal prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release was investigated in anesthetized dogs using a highly specific radioimmunoassay for PGE2 measurement. There was a dissociation between the acute inhibition of renin release with intra-renal infusion of angiotension II (AII) or angiotensin III (AIII) and renal PGE, release. Intrarenal infusion of norepinephrine resulted in a significant increase both in renin and renal PGE2 release. Intrarenal infusion of bradykinin increased renal PGE2 but not renin release, and infusion of isoproterenol increased renin release but not renal PGE2 release. Renal pressure reduction from 134 to 71 mm Hg increased renin release while the renal PGE2 release was unaltered. In addition, renal vasoconstriction was observed with an infusion of norepinephrine, AII, and AIII, while renal vasodilation was observed with an infusion of isoproterenol and bradykinin, and renal pressure reduction. Neither renal vasoconstriction nor vasodilation, however, corre...
Mid-IR Lasing and Excitation of Cr2+ ions in II-VI Semiconductors via ionization transitions

Spectroscopic and laser characterization of Cr2+:ZnSe/ZnS under visible excitation into the charge transfer band of Cr2+ is reported. The pump rates of Cr:ZnSe/ZnS via ionization transition are sufficient for realization of population inversion and lasing.
Maintenance of Pregnancy in the Hypophysectomized Rat.

SummaryPregnancy in rats hypophysectomized on or before the 9th day of gestation was maintained with lactogenic hormone, pituitary gonadotropic synergist, and whole anterior pituitary extract. Each of these substances maintained pregnancy presumably by its ability to stimulate function of the corpus luteum.
The poisoning of Flint and the moral economy of human rights

In late 2015, the United Nations was ending its International Decade for Action, “Water for Life,” which set targets for improving water and sanitation and called for global participation but estab...