cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity of galaxy cluster dark energy constraints to halo modeling uncertainties

We perform a sensitivity study of dark energy (DE) constraints from galaxy cluster surveys to uncertainties in the halo mass function, bias, and the mass-observable relation. For a set of idealized surveys, we evaluate cosmological constraints as priors on 16 nuisance parameters in the halo modeling are varied. We find that surveys with a higher mass limit are more sensitive to mass-observable uncertainties while surveys with low mass limits that probe more of the mass-function shape and evolution are more sensitive to mass-function errors. We examine the correlations among nuisance and cosmological parameters. Mass-function parameters are strongly positively (negatively) correlated with ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{\mathrm{DE}}$ ($w$). For the mass-observable parameters, ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{\mathrm{DE}}$ is most sensitive to the normalization and its redshift evolution while $w$ is more sensitive to redshift evolution in the variance. While survey performance is limited mainly by mass-observable uncertainties, the current level of mass-function error is responsible for up to a factor of 2 degradation in ideal cosmological constraints. For surveys that probe to low masses (${10}^{13.5}{h}^{\ensuremath{-}1}{M}_{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}$), even percent-level constraints on model nuisance parameters result in a degradation of $\ensuremath{\sim}\sqrt{2}$ (2) on ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{\mathrm{DE}}$ ($w$) relative to perfect knowledge.
Error-field induced electromagnetic torques in a large aspect-ratio, low-β, weakly shaped tokamak plasma

The toroidal electromagnetic braking torques exerted at the various internal rational surfaces of a large aspect-ratio, low-β, weakly shaped, tokamak plasma by a nonaxisymmetric error field are investigated using a semianalytic approach. It is found that there is an optimal error-field spectrum for exerting a torque at a given rational surface. This spectrum is dominated by the resonant harmonic, but also contains sideband harmonics induced by plasma toroidicity, pressure, ellipticity, and triangularity. These sidebands couple back to the resonant harmonic in such a manner as to reduce its amplitude. Provided that there is significant coupling to a (stable) ideal external kink mode which is close to its marginal stability boundary, the optimal error field predominately contains sideband harmonics whose poloidal mode numbers are more positive than the resonant mode number (which is assumed to be positive), and also tends to balloon on the outboard side of the plasma.
HAS PROHIBITION PROMOTED THE PUBLIC HEALTH

THE BEST statement of the effect of alcohol upon the human organisms is in my opinion that of the distinguished advisory committee of physicians in its report to the Central Liquor Control Board of England in 1918. With their conclusions I am in entire agreement and it might be better for us to resolve ourselves into groups for studying the subject rather than to engage as we are asked to do to-day in a repetition of the obvious fact that the knowledge existing in the realms of economics, sociology and themedical sciences upon the individual and collective results of the use of alcoholic beverages is scanty and imperfect. As the committee states in its preface, "Apart from the economic aslect (liquor bill 8 times the interest on the national debt) it is admitted by all parties that the misuse of alcohol exercises a considerable influence on health and longevity and it is contended by one large section of opinion that it is a main cause of crime and poverty. The ill effect on individual and national efficiency of excessive indulgence in alcohol is not disputed. It is remarkable, therefore, that throughout the world lack of knowledge still prevails and there is no authoritative scientific work which gives or seeks to give the required information." The principal conclusions of the committee are few and brief:
EVALUATION of CONTINUOUS THERMAL PROCESSES USING THERMOCOUPLE DATA and CALIBRATING REACTIONS

Twelve continuous thermal processes were evaluated with the equivalent point method based on time-temperature histories and the destruction of Blue #2 at four different pH's to provide different kinetic parameters as calibrating reactions. The Arrhenius kinetic parameters for the four reactions were estimated under continuous flow conditions. Three were used as calibrating reactions to determine the equivalent times and temperatures for each process. The loss of blue #2 for the fourth was estimated for each process, using its kinetic parameters and equivalent points based on thermocouple and calibrating reactions. Log concentration reductions, using equivalent points based on calibrating reactions, more closely matched (slope = 0.962, r 2 = 0.999) actual results than did equivalent points based on thermocouple data (slope = 1. 030, r 2 = 0.976). Thermal process estimates based on calibrating reactions were more useful to estimate kinetic parameters or product quality because they more closely represented the process actually experienced by the product
Joint power system state estimation and breaker status identification

The penetration of renewables and demand-response programs will inevitably lead to frequent flow reversals and substation reconfigurations, while high-throughput synchrophasor measurement units are being installed throughout the grid. Hence, jointly verifying circuit breaker statuses and estimating the state of power networks of increasing dimensionality becomes even more challenging. Building on generalized state estimation, revisited in the light of modern measurement capabilities, the aforementioned task is relaxed to a convex optimization problem. Exploiting compressive sampling advances, the prior information on unmonitored and suspected switches takes the form of l 2 -norm penalties promoting sparsity in a properly defined block manner. An efficient algorithm is developed to ensure compatibility with solvers found currently at control centers. Numerical tests on the IEEE 14-bus model corroborate the effectiveness of the novel scheme.
Electronic signature of the magicity and ionic bonding in Al 13 X ( X = Li – K ) clusters

Total energies and equilibrium geometries of neutral and anionic ${\mathrm{Al}}_{n}$ and ${\mathrm{Al}}_{n}X$ $(n=12--14,$ $X=\mathrm{Li},$ Na, K) clusters have been obtained following an optimization of their structure without any symmetry constraint. The calculations are based on molecular-orbital approach and the gradient-corrected density-functional theory. It is shown that although the binding energy of ${\mathrm{Al}}_{13}X$ clusters do not differ much from that of their neighbors, their ionization potentials, highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital gaps, and electron affinities bear distinct signature of their magicity. That the binding of ${\mathrm{Al}}_{13}$ with alkali atoms is predominantly ionic is derived by comparing the electron affinity of ${\mathrm{Al}}_{13}X$ with other known salts.
Flow cytometric measurements of cytoplasmic calcium changes in human platelets.

Thrombin-induced stimulation of human platelets is accompanied by a dramatic increase in cytoplasmic calcium concentrations followed by a slow decrease. These changes are very rapid, are maximal by 10-15 s, and can be detected with probes such as Indo-1. Suspension studies using spectrofluorometry, which reflect a value which is the average of 3 x lo7 cells per ml, indicate a thrombin dosedependent increase in cytoplasmic calcium at doses up to 0.025 units per ml. We show here, using flow cytometry, that at less than halfsaturating thrombin doses only subpopulations of platelets rather than the entire sample are responding. The extent of these responses, however, still depends on thrombin concentration. When the thrombin doses are between half and fully saturating, one subpopulation responds fully (i.e., its extent of increase in cytoplasmic calcium concentration, [Ca++]i, is 100% of that seen at saturating thrombin concentrations) while the remaining platelets respond partially or not at all. There is thus evidence of positive cooperativity leading to disproportionate thrombin receptor occupancy on different subpopulations when platelets are subjected to subsaturating doses of thrombin. The existence of responding subpopulations may explain how the reported multiple stimulations of the same suspension of platelets at low thrombin doses occur. Key terms: Thrombin, flow cytometer, Indo-1
Rupture modes in laboratory earthquakes: Effect of fault prestress and nucleation conditions

Seismic inversions show that earthquake risetimes may be much shorter than the overall rupture duration, indicating that earthquakes may propagate as self-healing, pulse-like ruptures. Several mechanisms for producing pulse-like ruptures have been proposed, including velocity-weakening friction, interaction of dynamic rupture with fault geometry and local heterogeneity, and effect of bimaterial contrast. We present experimental results on rupture mode selection in laboratory earthquakes occurring on frictional interfaces, which were prestressed both in compression and in shear. Our experiments demonstrate that pulse-like ruptures can exist in the absence of a bimaterial effect or of local heterogeneities. We find a systematic variation from crack-like to pulse-like rupture modes with both (1) decreasing nondimensional shear prestress and (2) decreasing absolute levels of shear and normal prestress for the same value of nondimensional shear prestress. Both pulse-like and crack-like ruptures can propagate with either sub-Rayleigh or supershear rupture speeds. Our experimental results are consistent with theories of ruptures on velocity-weakening interfaces, implying that velocity-weakening friction plays an important role in governing the dynamic behavior of earthquake ruptures. We show that there is no measurable fault-normal stress decrease on the fault plane due to the nucleation procedure employed in experiments, and hence, this is not a factor in the rupture mode selection. We find that pulse-like ruptures correspond to the levels of nondimensional shear prestress significantly lower than the static friction coefficient, suggesting that faults hosting pulse-like ruptures may operate at low levels of prestress compared to their static strength.
Ethyl red as a probe into the mechanism of light-driven proton translocation by isolated chloroplasts. I. The spectral shift of ethyl red and membrane conformational changes

A suspension of isolated chloroplasts partially binds ethyl red, a pH-indicator dye. Using differential spectrophotometry a bathochromic shift in the spectrum of ethyl red, which is indicative of the dye moving from an organic to an aqueous environment, can be detected upon illumination of the suspension. When the light is extinguished, the shift is reversed and the original absorbance level returns. The light-on and light-off responses are first-order processes with half-times of approximately 0.8 and 4 s, respectively. Both half-times as well as the extent of this light-induced ethyl-red response are decreased greatly by uncouplers of photophosphorylation and proton transport, such as ammonium, chloroquine phosphate, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, Triton X-100, gramicidin and nigericin (+ K+). Cations also decrease the light-induced binding change most dramatically, 50% inhibition requires about 25 mM for Na+. The amines, including ammonia, require only 15 mM for half-inhibition while Tris and choline require higher concentrations of 40−50 mM. It appears that there is a negatively charged site within the chloroplast membrane which binds ethyl red. The equilibrium of binding is altered by the amount of cations, including H+, which are present in the chloroplast. As the chloroplasts are illuminated, H+ is transported into the chloroplasts, thereby shifting the equilibrium away from ethyl red binding. The use of ethyl red may promote an understanding of the primary events in the structural alterations of the membrane which are required for efficient photophosphorylation.
Nectar production rates of Asclepias quadrifolia: causes and consequences of individual variation

The causes and reproductive consequences of individual variation in nectar production rates within a population of Asclepias quadrifolia were investigated. Two parameters were correlated with nectar production rate per flower: the root weight of the plant and the number of flowers in the inflorescence (umbel). Nectar production increased with increasing root weight but levelled off after a root size of about 3 g was reached. Nectar production decreased with increasing umbel size, but only for umbels that were greater than average size. A total of 57% of the variance in individual nectar production could be explained by these two variables with root weight accounting for 67% of the explained variance. Root weight is a good indicator of a plant's energetic status, indicating the importance of available energy in determining quantity of nectar produced. About 30% of the energy devoted to flowering is utilized in nectar production. Nectar production was significantly correlated with the male component of reproductive fitness, pollinaria removal, but not with the female component, pollinia insertion. Since pod production is limited by resource availability rather than the number of pollinia insertions, nectar production in A. quadrifolia is most closely associated with the maximization of the male function.
A possible cholinergic link in olivo-cochlear inhibition.

Abstract Electrical stimulation of the crossed olivo-cochlear bundle (OCB) of the anesthetized cat produces an inhibition of sound-evoked VIII nerve action potentials. The OCB has been shown to contain acctylcholinesterase ( Churchill et al., 1956) and synaptic vesicles ( Engstroem , 1958). It was therefore suggested that the OCB exerted its inhibitory effect by neurohumoral means and that the neurohumor might be acetylcholine (ACh). Hemicholinium number 3 (HC-3) was employed in the present study as a means for testing the hypothesis that ACh is involved in OCB-induced inhibition. Cats anesthetized with pentobarbital and with left middle ear muscle tendons severed were employed. Sound-evoked potentials were recorded from the left cochlear round window. The crossed OCB was stimulated electrically. All experimental drugs were injected via a cannula in the left axillary artery. Atropine (0.5–5 mg/kg), dihydro-β-erythroidine (2–10 mg/kg) and mecamylamine (2–5 mg/kg) infections did not antagonize OCB-induced inhibition. HC-3 (5 mg/kg) in the majority of cats reduced the OCB-induced inhibition. Choline injections and resting the preparation momentarily reversed the effect of HC-3. Under similar conditions, d-tubocurarine (2 mg/kg) produced no change in OCB-induccd inhibition.
Localization of anti-CENP antibodies and alphoid sequences in acentric heterochromatin in a breast cancer cell line

Abstract Karyotype alterations are a hallmark of cancer cells. Of particular interest to our laboratory are the inactive centromeres and blocks of heterochromatin devoid of the accompanying centromere. When purified or monospecies anticentromere proteins (CENP) antibodies or the whole serum from scleroderma (crest) patients are applied to human chromosomes, the centromere region exhibits the label. When we treated MDA 435 cells with the anti-CENP-A, anti-CENP-B, or the whole serum, the label was apparent on heterochromatin pericentric to the active and inactive centromeres. Moreover, blocks of heterochromatin not associated with any centromere also exhibited the label. Anti-CENP-C however, is more strictly confined to the centromere in discrete dots and is not detected on any region except the sites of active centromeres. Distribution of alpha sequences also shows a pattern compatible with its distribution in the heterochromatin. Apparently, the use of anti-CENP-A and anti-CENP-B antibodies or alphoid DNA may not detect either the centromere (primary constriction) or the kinetochore; CENP-C maybe an exception.
Noble gases released by vacuum crushing of EETA 79001 glass

An EETA 79001 glass sample was crushed in a vacuum to observe the gases released. About 15 pct of the total gas concentrations were a mixture of a small amount of SPB-type gas with larger proportions of another air-like component. Less than 5 pct of the SPB gas was released by crushing, while 36-40 pct of the EETV (indigenous) gas was crush-released. The results are consistent with a siting of the EETV component in 10-100 micron vesicles seen in the glass. It is suggested that the SPB component is either in vesicles less than 6 microns in diameter or is primarily sited elsewhere.
A Synthetic Nucleoside Probe that Discerns a DNA Adduct from Unmodified DNA

Selective pairing of engineering nucleosides in DNA duplexes provides a potential means to probe structurally modified DNA bases (i.e., DNA adducts) and address challenges associated with correlating adduct chemical structure with biological impact. The current study provides the first example of a thermodynamically stable DNA base pair that is comprised of a biologically relevant carcinogen−DNA adduct and a synthetic nucleoside probe. O6-Benzylguanine is a mutagenic DNA adduct; molecular modeling indicates that a novel diaminonaphthyl-derived nucleoside (dNap):O6-benzylguanine base pair may be stabilized by a combination of hydrogen-bonding and hydrophobic interactions. The nucleoside dNap was synthetically incorporated into oligonucleotides, and a series of duplexes were evaluated by thermal denaturation studies. The bulky DNA adduct O6-benzylguanine forms a highly stable and orthogonal base pair with dNap. Data indicate π-stacking potential, self-pairing capacity, isomeric selectivity, 1:1 duplex stoic...
Evolution of incipient nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Evolution of incipient nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Background We examined the course of glomerular injury in 12 Pima Indians with long-standing (>8 years) type 2 diabetes mellitus, normal serum creatinine, and microalbuminuria. They were compared with a group of 10 Pima Indians in Arizona with new-onset ( Methods A combination of physiological and morphological techniques was used to evaluate glomerular function and structure serially on two occasions separated by a 48-month interval. Clearances of iothalamate and p-aminohippuric acid were used to determine glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal plasma flow, respectively. Afferent oncotic pressure was determined by membrane osmometry. The single nephron ultrafiltration coefficient (K f ) was determined by morphometric analysis of glomeruli and mathematical modeling. Results The urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (median + range) increased from 84 (28 to 415) to 260 (31 to 2232) mg/g between the two examinations ( P = 0.01), and 6 of 12 patients advanced from incipient (ratio = 30 to 299 mg/g) to overt nephropathy (≥300 mg/g). A 17% decline in GFR between the two examinations from 186 ± 41 to 155 ± 50 mL/min (mean ± SD; P = 0.06) was accompanied by a 17% decline in renal plasma flow ( P = 0.003) and a 6% increase in plasma oncotic pressure ( P = 0.02). Computed glomerular hydraulic permeability was depressed by 13% below control values at both examinations, a result of a widened basement membrane and a reduction in frequency of epithelial filtration slits. The filtration surface area declined significantly, however, from 6.96 ± 2.53 to 5.51 ± 1.62 × 10 5 mm 2 ( P = 0.01), a change that was accompanied by a significant decline in the number of mesangial cells ( P = 0.001), endothelial cells ( P = 0.038), and podocytes ( P = 0.0005). These changes lowered single nephron K f by 20% from 16.5 ± 6.0 to 13.2 ± 3.6 nL/(minutes + mm Hg) between the two examinations ( P = 0.02). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that among the determinants of GFR, only the change in single nephron K f was related to the corresponding change in GFR. Conclusion We conclude that a reduction in K f is the major determinant of a decline in GFR from an elevated toward a normal range as nephropathy in type 2 diabetes advances from an incipient to an overt stage.
Going Public: Who Leaves a Large, Longstanding, and Widely Available Urban Voucher Program?

This article contributes to research concerning the determinants of student mobility between public and private schools. The authors analyze a unique set of data collected as part of a new evaluation of Milwaukee’s citywide voucher program. The authors find several important patterns. Students who switch from the private to the public sector were performing lower than their peers on standardized tests in the prior year. African Americans were disproportionately more likely to leave the private sector, as were students in schools serving proportionally more voucher students. The authors argue that although these results indicate that a large voucher program may provide an educational home for some students, it may not provide a long-term solution to those who are among the most disadvantaged.
Frequency spectral analysis of GPR data over a crude oil spill

A multi-offset ground penetrating radar (GPR) dataset was acquired by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) at a crude oil spill site near Bemidji, Minnesota, USA. The dataset consists of two, parallel profiles, each with 17 transmitter-receiver offsets ranging from 0.60 to 5.15m. One profile was acquired over a known oil pool floating on the water table, and the other profile was acquired over an uncontaminated area. The data appear to be more attenuated, or at least exhibit less reflectivity, in the area over the oil pool. In an attempt to determine the frequency dependence of this apparent attenuation, several attributes of the frequency spectra of the data were analyzed after accounting for the effects on amplitude of the radar system (radiation pattern), changes in antenna-ground coupling, and spherical divergence. The attributes analyzed were amplitude spectra peak frequency, 6 dB down, or half-amplitude, spectrum width, and the low and high frequency slopes between the 3 and 9 dB down points. The most consistent trend was observed for Fourier transformed full traces at offsets 0.81,1.01, and 1.21m which displayed steeper low frequency slopes over the area corresponding to the oil pool. The Fourier-transformed time-windowed traces, where each window was equal to twice the airwave wavelet length, exhibited weakly consistent attribute trends from offset to offset and from window to window. The fact that strong, consistent oil indicators are not seen in this analysis indicates that another mechanism due to the presence of the oil, such as a gradient in the electromagnetic properties, may simply suppress reflections over the contaminated zone.
Evaluating information flows to policy committees in state legislatures: Forest and natural resources as a case

Using forest and natural resources as a case example, the information needs of 47 policy committee staff from 35 state legislatures were evaluated. Staff communicate with various groups on a regular-routine basis, an incident-related basis, and on a confidential basis. A state's lead forest resource agency and environmental groups were viewed as especially important formulators of policies and programs. To maintain the integrity of information provided, four fifths of the surveyed staff fairly or very often check with alternative sources. Legislative staff play especially important roles in focusing information, providing access to multiple sources, integrating information, establishing trustworthy networks, structuring legislator requests, and differentiating among groups' ability to provide information appropriate to specific policy development stages.
Mental Health Policy: Implications for Newborns, Infants, and Families

Abstract The mental health of mothers directly affects the health of newborns and children; however, this fact frequently receives little attention. This article explores the prevalence of critical mental health issues related to pregnancy, postpartum, and parenting; the failure of the health care delivery system to meet these needs; the state of mental health policy; and actions and interventions needed to improve care through policy development and nursing care. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
The Importance of Getting Started Right Further Examination of the Facility-to-Community Transition of Formerly Incarcerated Youth

This study examined the facility-to-community transition of 531 incarcerated youth following their release from Oregon's juvenile correctional system, for a period of 12 months. Data on the sample were gathered through phone interviews, while they were still in custody and then every 6 months after their parole. The interviewees were asked to describe their work, educational, and living and social experiences in the community. For this sample, (a) being engaged in work and/or school within 6 months after parole and (b) receiving services from mental health and other social service agencies within 6 months in the community were associated with being engaged in work and/or school 12 months after exit. Participants with disabilities were less likely to be engaged and were more likely to return to the juvenile correctional system than participants without disabilities.
Subprime Virtues: The Moral Dimensions of American Housing and Mortgage Policy

The so-called “subprime mortgage crisis” has led to intense scrutiny of American housing policy, mortgage finance, and even the goods of homeownership. Some critics allege that the housing bubble and ensuing financial crisis were consequences of misguided state intervention, while others contend that the sources of the crisis lay in the pathologies of unregulated markets. Both sides, however, treat the crisis and its underlying causes primarily through an economic lens of cost-benefit analysis. Building on the insights of contemporary political theorists and the new institutionalism in political science, we consider American housing policy from the vantage of virtue theory. Not only is housing and mortgage policy inevitably normative, but public policy can be an important tool in fostering what we call the “subprime virtues” of truth-telling, promise-keeping, frugality, moderation, commitment, foresight, and judgment that are absolute prerequisites for any decent society.
Creating a games class: a walkthrough

Adding a games class to a traditional computer science curriculum is becoming a popular way to attract and motivate students to consider computing. However, there are many decisions to be made when adding such a course to an existing Computer Science curriculum. What are the goals of the course? What platform and editor should be used? How should the course be administered? This paper gives a walkthrough of creating a games class that fits in a traditional curriculum, based on experience of creating the CSC 420 course at Elon University.
Effects of deviation from stoichiometry on deformation behavior of hard-oriented NiAl single crystals

Ni-44Al, Ni-50Al and NiAl-0.3 at.% Hf single crystals have been studied in compression to understand the effects that alloying additions and deviation from stoichiometry can have on the mechanical response of NiAl-based single crystals. While all three single crystals deform through a{lt}111{gt} slip at lower temperatures, the active slip systems differ at higher temperatures. Climb of a{lt}010{gt} dislocations contributes to deformation in Ni-50Al single crystals beyond the slip transition temperature, while Ni-44Al and NiAl-0.3Hf crystals deform through a{lt}101{gt} glide. But several microstructural differences have been observed in the mode of deformation between Ni-44Al and NiAl-0.3Hf crystals. In addition, significant strengthening is exhibited in the Hf-doped crystals at higher temperatures. The post-deformation microstructure is also observed to be sensitive to both strain and strain rate. A possible explanation is offered for some of the observed differences in deformation behavior between the three alloys.
Magnetic Maps for Indoor Navigation

Magnetic field fluctuations and anomalies inside buildings tend to have a great effect on the compass, which is one of the simplest navigation devices. Alternative navigation requires landmark identification, so those landmarks can be used as guideposts in assisting individuals. By employing a mobile phone with built_in magnetometer, an extensive data set of 2000 measurements was collected. Using these fields, we identify landmarks and guideposts and create magnetic maps for multiple corridors of a floor in a building. Different phones are used at different sensitivity rates, which effectively portray similar results. Magnetic signatures are used for identifying locations and rooms and are independent of the person, the phone, and the sensitivity of the sensor being used. Magnetic field behavior is demonstrated and compared with theoretical distributions of these fields. The developed magnetic maps can complement existing visual maps for location tracking and navigation of autonomous robots indoors. These maps are particularly useful during limited visual feedback in poor lighting conditions. Moreover, building designers could include this landmark and guidepost information when developing the architecture of a building, which could in turn help people or robots navigate during disasters and emergency evacuations.
Available water and wheat grain yield relations in a Mediterranean climate

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the principle crop grown in many Mediterranean climate zones around the world, including the 3.35 million hectare dryland cropping region of the Inland Pacific Northwest (PNW) of the United States. Farmers in the low- and intermediate-precipitation areas of the region are often reluctant to plant spring wheat (SW) because grain yields are highly variable compared to winter wheat (WW) after summer fallow (SF). Our objectives were to: (i) assess available water and wheat grain yield relations from well-fertilized dryland field experiments conducted from 1953 to 1957 versus related studies from 1993 to 2005, (ii) compare and compartmentalize available water-use efficiency of WW compared to SW during the 1993–2005 period, and (iii) provide a tool to allow farmers to predict SW grain yield based on stored soil water at time of planting plus expected spring (April, May, June) rainfall. Simple linear regression showed that 10.1 cm of available water was required just for vegetative growth (before wheat reproductive development begins) in the 1953–1957 study (n = 90 replicated treatments), whereas only 5.9 cm of available water was needed in the 1993–2005 experiment (n = 175 replicated treatments). In addition to water required for vegetative growth, multiple regression analysis showed that from 1953 to 1957 each centimeter of available stored soil water and spring rainfall (SR) produced 140 and 183 kg grain ha � 1 , respectively, compared to 150 and 174 kg grain ha � 1 , respectively, for the 1993–2005 study. Multiple regression further demonstrated in the 1993–2005 studies that April rainfall contributed much less to grain yield than rainfall in May and June for both SW and WW. Winter wheat always produced more grain per unit of available water compared to SW. Data reveal that modern semidwarf wheat cultivars begin grain production with 4.2 cm less available water than standard-height cultivars of the 1950s. This, along with improved agronomic management, is a major contributor to ever increasing wheat grain yields during the past 50 years.
Higher-power supercapacitor electrodes based on mesoporous manganese oxide coating on vertically aligned carbon nanofibers

A study on the development of high-power supercapacitor materials based on formation of thick mesoporous MnO2 shells on a highly conductive 3D template using vertically aligned carbon nanofibers (VACNFs). Coaxial manganese shells of 100 to 600 nm nominal thicknesses are sputter-coated on VACNFs and then electrochemically oxidized into rose-petal-like mesoporous MnO2 structure. Such a 3D MnO2/VACNF hybrid architecture provides enhanced ion diffusion throughout the whole MnO2 shell and yields excellent current collection capability through the VACNF electrode. These two effects collectively enable faster electrochemical reactions during charge–discharge of MnO2 in 1 M Na2SO4. Thick MnO2 shells (up to 200 nm in radial thickness) can be employed, giving a specific capacitance up to 437 F g−1. More importantly, supercapacitors employing such a 3D MnO2/VACNF hybrid electrode illustrate more than one order of magnitude higher specific power than the state-of-the-art ones based on other MnO2 structures, reaching ∼240 kW kg−1, while maintaining a comparable specific energy in the range of 1 to 10 Wh kg−1. This hybrid approach demonstrates the potential of 3D core–shell architectures for high-power energy storage devices.
Electrically calibrated radiometer using a thin film thermopile

The fabrication and principal characteristics of an electrically calibrated absolute radiometer are described. The receiver substrate incorporates an evaporated chromium–nickel thermopile, an electrical shield, a copper thermal diffuser disk, an evaporated chromium electrical heating element, and a goldblack absorber. All insulating layers are evaporated silicon monoxide; the thermopile and heater are made by a photoetching process. The performances of several radiometers are discussed. For example, a 28-junction version has a responsivity and NEP of 93 mV/W and 50 nW, respectively, in air, with a time constant of 15 sec and a surface responsivity uniform to better than 1%. The radiometers require only a few corrections of small magnitude. An analysis of sources of error and residual uncertainties shows that the over-all precision of this type of radiometer is at least 0.5% for a power level of 50 μW. Comparative radiometric measurements are described that support this claim.
Negotiation of coupled constraints in coordinated vehicles

We derive and establish properties for an algorithm for the distributed optimization of a global constrained optimization problem through the limited communication of data between cooperating subsystems; each subsystem solves a local optimization problem. The structure of the optimization problem is such that it is performed by the distinct subsystems, which have their own objective functions and local constraints, but share a common coupled constraint which limits the behavior of the independent systems. Our interest is in performing a distributed computation of the global solution without the participating subsystems needing explicit knowledge of other members' dynamics, constraints, cost functions, or state. We propose a set of distributed algorithms which solve the global problem given limited communication and identify cases in which the subsystems must communicate more information than is desired.
Design and Analysis of Noise Tolerant Ring Oscillators Using Maneatis Delay Cells

The sensitivity of ring VCO designs based on the Maneatis delay cell to extrinsic noise is presented and comparisons are made. Perturbation projection vector and transient analyses are used to reveal the benefits and drawbacks of the designs using basic biasing, boosted biasing, and connected common-source methods.
Generating New Product Ideas: An Initial Investigation of the Role of Market Information and Organizational Characteristics

Although product innovation is widely recognized as crucial to the success of organizations, the literature still contains certain gaps that limit our understanding of successful product innovation. These gaps include a lack of research employing a decompositional approach (i,e., analysis of the drivers at each stage of the process) to studying product innovation and a related lack of research investigating the effect of organizational characteristics on specific stages of the product innovation process. The authors attempt to close these gaps by developing and testing a model examining the moderating effects of organizational characteristics on the relationship between the amount of market information gathered and the number of new product ideas generated by work groups in organizations. The study findings provide insights into the types of organizational structure and climate characteristics that can have an impact on the relationship between amount of market information and new product idea generation.
Regulation of Prescriptive Authority for Certified Nurse‐Midwives and Certified Midwives: A National Overview

Statutory restrictions regarding the regulation of prescriptive authority for midwives continue to create barriers to practice in many states.
Computing the Point-biserial Correlation under Any Underlying Continuous Distribution

The connection between the point-biserial and biserial correlations is well-established when the underlying distribution is bivariate normal. For many other bivariate distributions, the formula that links these two quantities is not straightforward to derive or does not have a closed form. We propose a simple technique that enables researchers to compute one of these correlations when the other is specified. For this, we take advantage of the constancy of their ratio, which can be easily approximated for any distribution. We illustrate the proposed method using several examples and discuss its extension to the ordinal case. We believe that this approach is potentially useful in stochastic simulation..
Dispersive pulse propagation in a double-resonance Lorentz medium

The propagation of electromagnetic pulses in a linear, dispersive Lorentz medium with two isolated resonance frequencies is presented within the context of the classical theory due to Sommerfeld and Brillouin. Particular attention is given to the modification of the dynamical field evolution when one proceeds from a single-resonance to a double-resonance medium. The appearance of a new field structure in the precursor field evolution is obtained, and the conditions for its evolution are described. The signal velocity for a pulsed field is obtained and compared with the energy-transport velocity in a double-resonance medium both when the conditions for the evolution of the modified precursor field structure are satisfied as well as when they are not satisfied and it is absent from the total propagated field structure.
BARLEY: Modelling program behavior with resource usage

Control flow graphs (CFG) have long been an effective and elegant way to represent program execution. In particular, many anomaly detection systems employ CFGs. Unfortunately, typical CFG-based systems rely on inaccurate or impractical heuristics. For example, the state space may be restricted by considering only a call graph, thus reducing accuracy and precision. In this paper, we combine control flow graphs with resource consumption information to more accurately model a program's behavior during execution. Intuitively, this technique allows access to more information within each state, providing opportunities for more accurate decisions when considering anomalous behavior. Additionally, because we do not need as many states to represent an application's execution, we can achieve lower overhead than existing CFG-based systems. We anticipate this technique can be used to detect jump-based return-oriented programming (ROP) attacks on the Linux platform.
Analytical Reviews: Antifungal Therapies in the Intensive Care Unit

Fungal infections are increasing nationwide, paralleling increases in the number of immunosuppressed hosts. Most of the candida infections seen in the intensive care unit are likely due to iatrogenic factors such as hyperalimentation, catheters, broad-spectrum antibiotics, and postprocedure complications that are prevalent in intensive care unit patients. Delays in appropriate therapy are common and may compromise care. Fortunately, the recognition of several clinical syndromes in the intensive care unit that require specialized treatment can improve outcomes. The issue of antifungal prophylaxis has to be balanced against issues of resistance, and current guidelines are reviewed here for prophylactic use of fluconazole only in selected intensive care unit patients. Finally, several new antifungal agents are available to treat the emerging resistant fungi, with better toxic/therapeutic ratios than in the past. Thus, there are an increasing number of safer and more effective options for treating fungal infections in the intensive care unit.
Psychosocial Correlates of Delayed Decisions to Abort

Two samples of women aborting in New York and Connecticut during 1972 and 1973 were studied. In all, six hundred and fifty eight women about to undergo first and second trimester procedures completed a self-administered questionnaire. Items include: demographic, psychosocial and personality parameters, and a detailed review of the decision process leading to abortion. Analyses of the correlates of delay are organized around four components: acknowledgment of pregnancy; seeing a physician ; deciding to abort; and locating a clinic. Other analyses focus on the role of decisional conflict in delay. Methodological issues, implications for educational practice and for theory of decision-making are discussed.
Analysis of the weak interactions of ADP-Unc104 and ADP-kinesin with microtubules and their inhibition by MAP2c.

Microtubule based motors like conventional kinesin (Kinesin-1) and Unc104 (Kinesin-3), and classical microtubule associated proteins (MAPs), including MAP2, are intimately involved in neurite formation and organelle transport. The processive motility of both these kinesins involves weak microtubule interactions in the ADPbound states. Using cosedimentation assays, we have investigated these weak interactions and characterized their inhibition by MAP2c. We show that Unc104 binds microtubules with five-fold weaker affinity and two-fold higher stoichiometry compared with conventional kinesin. Unc104 and conventional kinesin binding affinities are primarily dependent on positively charged residues in the Unc104 K-loop and conventional kinesin neck coiled-coil and removal of these residues affects Unc104 and conventional kinesin differently. We observed that MAP2c acts primarily as a competitive inhibitor of Unc104 but a mixed inhibitor of conventional kinesin. Our data suggest a specific model in which MAP2c differentially interferes with each kinesin motor by inhibiting its weak attachment to the tubulin C-termini. This is reminiscent of the defects we have observed in Unc104 and kinesin mutants in which the positively charged residues in K-loop and neck coiled-coil domains were removed. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2007. ' 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effects of multiple-access interference on the noncoherent delay lock loop

This paper presents a performance analysis of the noncoherent delay lock loop (NC-DLL) in the presence of multiple-access interference (MAI). A renewal theory approach is applied along with the more familiar linear theory. The effect of the MAI on performance is evaluated in terms of the mean-time-to-lose-lock and the root-mean-square (RMS) tracking error. The analysis is made tractable by approximating the aperiodic cross-correlation function between two pseudonoise (PN) code sequences. The results are compared with those which assume that the MAI can be approximated as Gaussian noise. As expected, the results indicate a drastic decrease in performance as the number of users in a system is increased. The effect of the near-far ratio, PN code sequence length, system load, and signal-to-noise ratio on the performance of the NC-DLL in MAI are also examined.
D1 and D2 dopamine-receptor modulation of striatal glutamatergic signaling in striatal medium spiny neurons

Dopamine shapes a wide variety of psychomotor functions. This is mainly accomplished by modulating cortical and thalamic glutamatergic signals impinging upon principal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of the striatum. Several lines of evidence suggest that dopamine D1 receptor signaling enhances dendritic excitability and glutamatergic signaling in striatonigral MSNs, whereas D2 receptor signaling exerts the opposite effect in striatopallidal MSNs. The functional antagonism between these two major striatal dopamine receptors extends to the regulation of synaptic plasticity. Recent studies, using transgenic mice in which cells express D1 and D2 receptors, have uncovered unappreciated differences between MSNs that shape glutamatergic signaling and the influence of DA on synaptic plasticity. These studies have also shown that long-term alterations in dopamine signaling produce profound and cell-type-specific reshaping of corticostriatal connectivity and function.
Position and Turning of Turkey Eggs During Storage Prior to Incubation

Abstract Turkey eggs were stored for 2 to 15 days before incubation. The following four treatments were given to 66,211 eggs over 10 years: 1, not turned, small end down (SED): 2, not turned, small end up (SEU); 3, turned SED; 4, turned SEU. Hatchability of eggs stored SEU minus SED showed a linear trend with length of storage. For 3-day-old eggs, SEU storage reduced hatchability −1.9% (P Incubation time was measured by the percent of total poults that hatched before 28.5 days of incubation. Eggs 3 days old stored SEU hatched significantly fewer poults by 3.8 and 6.2% units in the two experiments. Incubation time of eggs stored 4 to 7 days was not changed by storage position. Storage SEU for 12 to 15 day-old eggs increased poults hatched by 2.8% (P Turning relative to not turning had a significant interaction with genetic group-years for eggs stored 3 days. The stocks used form 1971 to 1974 had 3.5% units more poults hatched before 28.5 days when the eggs were turned, while with different stocks in 1975 to 1980 there were 3.5% units fewer poults. Incubation time of eggs stored 4 to 15 days was not influenced by turning during storage. Eggs stored flat for one night before traying for incubation hatched 67.8% or about the same as 3-day storage. Highest hatchability was from eggs stored 4 to 7 days before incubation.
Phenotype, inheritance, and regulation of expression of a new virescent mutant in watermelon: Juvenile albino

Juvenile albino, gene symbol ja , is a spontaneous virescent mutant, first observed in 'Dixielee' and an F 2 population of 'G17AB' ( msms) x 'Dixielee' in 1992. Hypocotyls, new young leaves, shoot tips, tendrils and flowers on the main shoot of the ja mutant are all albino during early spring. The interior portions of albino leaves gradually become green, while the margins remain albino. Fruit rind color of the mutant is variegated. Growth of the ja mutant is severely impaired in the early spring. However, the mutant grows at a rate comparable to wild-type in the summer, and produces fruit of almost normal size. Genetic analysis of F 1 , F 2 , and BC 1 populations derived from the ja mutant showed that the gene for the ja mutant is inherited as a single, recessive, nuclear gene. Segregation ratios in the F 2 and BC 1 progenies derived from the cross between the previously reported delayed green virescent mutant and the ja mutant indicate independent inheritance of the genes dg and ja. Temperature and red/far-red light had no differential effect on mutant and the wild-type plants. An increase of daylength from 8 to 15 hours increased fresh weight and chlorophyll content more in the ja mutant than in the wild-type. The mutant had a higher chlorophyll a : b ratio than the wild-type under long days. Chlorophyll synthesis or accumulation in the mutant is severely impaired under short days. This is the only virescent mutant in the family Cucurbitaceae whose expression is regulated by daylength.