cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of Salt Lake City URBAN 2000 Field Data to Evaluate the Urban Hazard Prediction Assessment Capability (HPAC) Dispersion Model

After the terrorist incidents on 11 September 2001, there is a greatly heightened concern about the potential impacts of acts of terrorism involving the atmospheric release of chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) materials in urban areas. In response to the need for an urban CBRN model, the Urban Hazard Prediction Assessment Capability (Urban HPAC) transport and dispersion model has been developed. Because HPAC is widely used by the Department of Defense community for planning, training, and operational and tactical purposes, it is of great importance that the new model be adequately evaluated with urban datasets to demonstrate its accuracy. This paper describes evaluations of Urban HPAC using the “URBAN 2000” urban tracer and meteorological field experiment data from Salt Lake City, Utah. Four Urban HPAC model configuration options and five plausible meteorological input data options—ranging from data-sparse to data-rich scenarios—were considered in the study, thus leading to a total of 20 possible model combinations. For the maximum concentrations along each sampling arc for each intensive operating period (IOP), the 20 Urban HPAC model combinations gave consistent mean overpredictions of about 50%, with a range over the 20 model combinations from no overprediction to a factor-of-4 overprediction in the mean. The median of the random scatter for the 20 model combinations was about a factor of 3 of the mean, with a range over the 20 model combinations between a factor of about 2 and 9. These performance measures satisfy previously established acceptance criteria for dispersion models.
Regulation of bacterial gene expression by the NTP substrates of transcription initiation

Summary Many mechanisms of gene regulation in bacteria do not employ repressor or activator proteins. One class of these mechanisms includes those in which the key regulatory element is the control of transcription initiation by the availability of NTP substrates. In this commentary, several distinct examples of initiating NTP-mediated gene regulation are discussed, including a mechanism reported by Krasnýet al. in this issue of Molecular Microbiology. These researchers show that during the stringent response induced by amino acid starvation of Bacillus subtilis, increases in the intracellular level of ATP permit upregulation of promoters with +1A start sites, while concurrent decreases in the intracellular level of GTP cause downregulation of promoters with +1G start sites. This regulation is restricted to stringently controlled promoters.
Electrocardiographic findings after alcohol septal ablation therapy for obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Ablation of the septal myocardium with alcohol in patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy has been shown to improve symptoms, reduce ventricular outflow gradients, and improve cardiac function. 1,2 Acute electrocardiographic changes in a small group of patients have been reported. 3,4 Later changes have not been evaluated. This study presents 165 patients who underwent ablation therapy and preand post-procedure electrocardiography. ••• One hundred sixty-five consecutive patients treated for symptomatic obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with alcohol septal reduction therapy underwent pre- and post-procedure electrocardiography. All patients had symptoms refractory to medical therapy and resting gradients of 40 mm Hg or a dobutamineprovoked gradient 60 mm Hg using 5 to 20 g/kg/ min of dobutamine. Almost all patients were classified as having New York Heart Association class III or IV symptoms before the procedure. More details of the procedure have been reported in an earlier publication. 5 Resting 12-lead electrocardiograms were obtained before the procedure and then 2 to 286 days after ablation therapy. All electrocardiograms were reviewed independent of outcomes by 2 observers. Electrocardiograms were reviewed for Q waves, repolarization abnormalities, conduction abnormalities, QRS morphology, arrhythmias, left atrial enlargement, and left ventricular hypertrophy. Romhilt-Estes point system criteria were used to diagnose left ventricular hypertrophy. 6 The median follow-up period was 3 months (mean 60 days). Of the initial 190 patients, 25 (13%) had paced rhythms from prior placed pacemakers as a method of treatment for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (which was unsuccessful) and were excluded from the study. The most common finding at baseline in the remaining 165 patients (Figure 1) was left ventricular hypertrophy (82 patients, 50%). Left atrial enlargement was also seen in 67 patients (41%) at baseline. Forty-nine patients (30%) were found to have significant Q waves at baseline. Most Q waves (30 of 49, 61%) were found in the septal precordial leads. Atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter was found in 8 patients (5%) before alcohol ablation. The most common conduction abnormality was left anterior fasicular block (17 patients, 10%). Six patients (4%) had right bundle branch block and 6 (4%) had left bundle branch block. First-degree atrioventricular block was noted in 9 patients (6%).
Computer simulation of textile facilities

The application of computer simulation in the textile industry is discussed. A case study in which a simulation model of total operations was developed for an industrial belt manufacturing company in order to improve the scheduling process and to respond more quickly to order changes, is presented. The model proved to be very valuable on both accounts. The model consists of eight modules including initialization, scheduling, weaving, burling, pinseaming, needling, finishing, and inspecting packaging. >
Why Lowering Health Costs Should Be A Key Adjunct To Slowing Health Spending Growth

If U.S. health care spending growth continues unchecked, the nation will have far less in the future to purchase other essentials, including education, infrastructure, and consumer goods. The point...
Improved Dual-Loop Detection System for Collecting Real-Time Truck Data

The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) has a loop detection system on its Greater Seattle freeway network to provide real-time traffic data. The dual-loop detectors installed in the system are used to measure vehicle lengths and then classify each detected vehicle into one of four categories according to its length. The dual loop's capability of measuring vehicle length makes the loop detection system a potential real-time truck data source for freight movement studies because truck volume estimates by basic length category can be developed from the vehicle length measurements produced by the dual-loop detectors. However, a previous study found that the dual-loop detectors were consistently underreporting truck volumes, whereas the single-loop detectors were consistently overcounting vehicle volumes. As an extension of the previous study, the research project described here investigated possible causes of loop errors under nonforced-flow traffic conditions. A new dual-loop algorithm tha...
THE EFFECT OF SKIN HOMOGRAFT REJECTION ON RECIPIENT AND DONOR MIXED LEUKOCYTE CULTURES

The lymphocyte proliferation in repeatedly studied mixed leukocyte cultures of peripheral white blood cells from a skin graft donor and 2 recipients was significantly increased at the time of graft rejection. This was determined from the increased proportions of mononuclear cells labeling with tritiated thymidine, increased mitotic indices, and the appearance of increased numbers of transformed lymphocytes after rejection of 1st and 2nd skin grafts. The temporarily enhanced response occurred sooner and was of shorter duration after the second than after the first graft, but was quantitatively similar each time. The cell proliferation in the mixed leukocyte cultures of the two recipients was similarly affected by the homograft rejections. The cultures containing three cell populations usually manifested a greater lymphocyte response than corresponding cultures of leukocytes from only two unrelated subjects. An increase in the ratio of female recipient to male graft donor metaphases in the cultures at the time of enhanced lymphocyte transformation indicated that proliferation of the graft recipient lymphocytes was responsible for the above findings. Unmixed, unstimulated control cultures grown in autologous, the other subjects plasma, or heterologous calf serum failed to support significant lymphocyte transformation. The role of humoral factors and relationship of the in vitro cellular responses to the in vivo homograft reaction are discussed.
Metabolic syndrome in obese men and women with binge eating disorder: developmental trajectories of eating and weight-related behaviors

Metabolic syndrome (MetSyn), characterized by vascular symptoms, is strongly correlated with obesity, weight-related medical diseases, and mortality and has increased commensurately with secular increases in obesity in the United States. Little is known about the distribution of MetSyn in obese patients with binge eating disorder (BED) or its associations with different developmental trajectories of dieting, binge eating, and obesity problems. Furthermore, inconsistencies in the limited data necessitate elucidation. This study examined the frequency and correlates of MetSyn in a consecutive series of 148 treatment-seeking obese men and women with BED assessed with structured clinical interviews. Almost half of the participants met the criteria for MetSyn. Participants with MetSyn did not differ from those without MetSyn on demographic variables or disordered eating psychopathology. However, our findings suggest that MetSyn is associated with a distinct developmental trajectory, specifically a later age at BED onset and shorter BED duration. Although the findings from this study shed some light on MetSyn and its associations with developmental trajectories of eating and weight-related behaviors, notable inconsistencies characterize the limited literature. Prospective studies are needed to examine causal connections in the development of the MetSyn in relation to disordered eating in addition to excess weight.
An ensemble of linearly combined reinforcement-learning agents

Reinforcement-learning (RL) algorithms are often tweaked and tuned to specific environments when applied, calling into question whether learning can truly be considered autonomous in these cases. In this work, we show how more robust learning across environments is possible by adopting an ensemble approach to reinforcement learning. Our approach learns a weighted linear combination of Q-values from multiple independent learning algorithms. In our evaluations in generalized RL environments, we find that the algorithm compares favorably to the best tuned algorithm. Our work provides a promising basis for further study into the use of ensemble methods in RL.
Co-Opting Respectability: African American Women and Economic Redress in New York City, 1860-1910

This article argues that ordinary black women were profoundly committed to respectability during and following the Civil War. This devotion to respectability can be seen in three key areas as these women sought to keep orderly homes, demonstrated a commitment to lawfulness, and worked to attain economic independence. Far from being the sole domain of the middle class, African American women from all backgrounds were strongly attached to respectability during this period because it provided them with a code of behavior that would not only improve their own lives but would also presumably force whites to see them as equals. Although this adherence to respectability never brought widespread social acceptance from whites, black women’s commitment to respectability resonated with the ambitions of a large proportion of black New Yorkers from varying class backgrounds. In addition to embracing the behaviors of respectability in their daily lives, it is also clear that many African American women engaged in forms...
Racism and white death penalty support A test of the racist punitive bias hypothesis

Research indicates a significant, positive relationship between racial prejudice and death penalty support among white people. The racist punitive bias hypothesis has been proposed as a possible explanation for this relationship, indicating that racially prejudiced people might be more supportive of the death penalty because they perceive minority individuals to be criminal and, therefore, more likely to be subject to the punishment. This study attempted to test the validity of the racist punitive bias hypothesis using or with a convenience sample of U.S. residents. Path and regression analyses indicated a link between racial prejudice and white death penalty support, but did not support the racist punitive bias hypothesis. Policy implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Some Groupings of Poems for Comparison

The listings of poems that follow make no pretense to completeness. They are offered, rather, as a guide to some of the connections—thematic or formal—that can be made among the poems included in this volume.
Parents’ Intelligence Mindsets Relate to Child Internalizing Problems: Moderation Through Child Gender

Parental belief systems can strongly influence children’s affect, behavior, and mental health. However, associations between specific kinds of parental beliefs and children’s mental health have not been thoroughly explored. One relevant belief system is parental intelligence mindset: beliefs about the malleability of intelligence. Children of parents who view intelligence as static (known as a fixed intelligence mindset), rather than malleable through effort (known as a growth intelligence mindset), experience more academic, self-regulatory, and motivational difficulty. However, associations between parental intelligence mindset and child mental health problems are unclear. Accordingly, we tested whether parents’ intelligence mindsets related to internalizing problems in their children (N = 131, ages 5–8). Overall, parents with stronger fixed intelligence mindsets had children with greater internalizing problems, particularly social anxiety (characterized by fear of negative evaluation). Results further revealed that parents’ fixed intelligence mindsets were associated with overall internalizing problems and depressive symptoms in boys, but not girls. Results are the first to suggest and parse direct links between parents’ intelligence mindsets and youth internalizing problems.
COMMUNITY BASED POWER PLANTS (PHOTOVOLTAIC POWERED)

Abstract The age of alternative electrical power generation is upon us. Due to the oil embargoes of the 1970's conventional means (oil, coal, natural gas, and nuclear) of production just won't be able to handle the electrical demands of the future. With ever increasing import levels of natural resources, coupled with higher and increasing consumption rates, other areas of electric generation must be given serious thought and implementation. The leading candidate at present, viewed over the next few decades is Photovoltaic Power. Concentration will be on CBEPP potential in the residential and commercial sectors of the Midwest United States. An area of the U.S.A. that is still feeling the after shocks of the oil embargoes of the 1970's and has a growing electricalusage sector. Solar-produced electricity is experiencing a cost reduction, by a factor of 5–10 over the next decade. Research and development in PV is increasing at a very rapid rate and shows definite signs of being a primary energy source as conventional sources continue to decline.
The progeroid gene BubR1 regulates axon myelination and motor function

Myelination, the process by which oligodendrocytes form the myelin sheath around axons, is key to axonal signal transduction and related motor function in the central nervous system (CNS). Aging is characterized by degenerative changes in the myelin sheath, although the molecular underpinnings of normal and aberrant myelination remain incompletely understood. Here we report that axon myelination and related motor function are dependent on BubR1, a mitotic checkpoint protein that has been linked to progeroid phenotypes when expressed at low levels and healthy lifespan when overabundant. We found that oligodendrocyte progenitor cell proliferation and oligodendrocyte density is markedly reduced in mutant mice with low amounts of BubR1 (BubR1H/H mice), causing axonal hypomyelination in both brain and spinal cord. Expression of essential myelin-related genes such as MBP and PLP1 was significantly reduced in these tissues. Consistent with defective myelination, BubR1H/H mice exhibited various motor deficits, including impaired motor strength, coordination, and balance, irregular gait patterns and reduced locomotor activity. Collectively, these data suggest that BubR1 is a key determinant of oligodendrocyte production and function and provide a molecular entry point to understand age-related degenerative changes in axon myelination.
Microscopic Theory for the Ripple Phase

A microscopic model for the ripple phase in phospholipid bilayers is presented including translational degrees of freedom for single molecules and two types of chain excitations. Induced by low-energy chain excitations, opposing molecules form flexible units in an intermediate temperature range and can accommodate a head/tail lattice misfit by introducing a lateral shift between head and tail positions. The ripple phase involves two different head packing modi with misfits of different sign and allows the tail region to pack in the preferred hexagonal structure. Observable properties are calculated using Monte Carlo sampling.
Combating curse of dimensionality in resilient plant monitoring systems: Overlapping decomposition and knowledge fusion

Resilient plant monitoring systems (RPMS) are sensor networks that degrade gracefully under cyber-physical attacks. In the previous work, we have developed an adaptive four-layer RPMS architecture and evaluated its performance under various attack scenarios. While the steady state performance of this system has been shown to be satisfactory, the transients have not: adaptation time grows exponentially as a function of the number of states in the network. The current paper is intended to provide a method for combating this curse of dimensionality. The approach is based on the idea of overlapping plant decomposition and subsequent fusion of knowledge derived in the overlapping subnetworks. In this paper such a monitoring system is developed (five-layer architecture), analyzed, and shown to have desirable steady state and, to a certain extent, transient characteristics.
Enabling scalability-sensitive speculative parallelization for FSM computations

Finite state machines (FSMs) are the backbone of many applications, but are difficult to parallelize due to their inherent dependencies. Speculative FSM parallelization has shown promise on multicore machines with up to eight cores. However, as hardware parallelism grows (e.g., Xeon Phi has up to 288 logical cores), a fundamental question raises: How does the speculative FSM parallelization scale as the number of cores increases? Without answering this question, existing methods for speculative FSM parallelization simply choose to use all available cores, which might not only waste computing resources, but also result in suboptimal performance. In this work, we conduct a systematic scalability analysis for speculative FSM parallelization. Unlike many other parallelizations which can be modeled by the classic Amdahl's law or its simple extensions, speculative FSM parallelization scales unconventionally due to the non-deterministic nature of speculation and the cost variations of misspeculation. To address these challenges, this work introduces a spectrum of scalability models that are customized to the properties of specific FSMs and the underlying architecture. The models, for the first time, precisely capture the scalability of speculative parallelization for different FSM computations, and clearly show the existence of a "sweet spot" in terms of the number of cores employed by the speculative FSM parallelization to achieve the optimal performance. To make the scalability models practical, we develop S3, a scalability-sensitive speculation framework for FSM parallelization. For any given FSM, S3 can automatically characterize its properties and analyze its scalability, hence guide speculative parallelization towards the optimal performance and more efficient use of computing resources. Evaluations on different FSMs and architectures confirm the accuracy of the proposed models and show that S3 achieves significant speedup (up to 5X) and energy savings (up to 77%).
On the error in the nucleus-centered multipolar expansion of molecular electron density and its topology: A direct-space computational study.

The convergence of nucleus-centered multipolar expansion of the quantum-chemical electron density (QC-ED), gradient, and Laplacian is investigated in terms of numerical radial functions derived by projecting stockholder atoms onto real spherical harmonics at each center. The partial sums of this exact one-center expansion are compared with the corresponding Hansen-Coppens pseudoatom (HC-PA) formalism [Hansen, N. K. and Coppens, P., “Testing aspherical atom refinements on small-molecule data sets,” Acta Crystallogr., Sect. A 34, 909–921 (1978)] commonly utilized in experimental electron density studies. It is found that the latter model, due to its inadequate radial part, lacks pointwise convergence and fails to reproduce the local topology of the target QC-ED even at a high-order expansion. The significance of the quantitative agreement often found between HC-PA-based (quadrupolar-level) experimental and extended-basis QC-EDs can thus be challenged.
Imaging of liposarcomas for clinicians: Characteristic features and differential considerations

Liposarcoma (LPS) is a malignancy of fat and one of the most common soft tissue sarcomas. There are three major subtypes of LPS: Well-differentiated / dedifferentiated, myxoid, and pleomorphic. We review the imaging features of LPS in the abdomen and extremities, describe features that help differentiate the subtypes, and provides alternative considerations for fat-containing lesions (many benign) that can mimic LPS.
Oxidative Stress State in Aging and Longevity Mechanisms

Most evidence indicates that aging is a result of normal metabolic processes that are essential for life. Thus, an important approach in biogerontology is to identify specific metabolic reactions necessary for life but which could also lead to aging. A unique characteristic of this approach is an explanation of what governs aging rate or longevity of a species or even individuals within a species. These would be mechanisms that would act to reduce the long-term toxic or aging effects of the normal metabolic and developmental reactions. The reactions involving oxygen metabolism clearly fit into this model since they are essential for life yet can potentially cause many of the dysfunctions associated with aging. Such a model can also account for differences in aging rate or longevity of different animals species by differences that may exist in their innate ability to reduce oxidative stress state. Our laboratory has been testing this oxidative stress state (OSS) hypothesis of aging and longevity by determining if a positive correlation exists between OSS of an animal and its aging rate. Much of our data has found such a positive correlation, yet there is some indication that separate causative mechanisms may exist in determining aging rate as opposed to those related to age-dependent specific diseases, such as cancer or cardiovascular disease.
Educational Films against Critical Pedagogy

Teachers committed to practicing critical pedagogy often must do so in spite of the curriculum materials available to them. This paper analyzes the conventions of form and style that typify traditi...
Spatial Ensemble Learning for Heterogeneous Geographic Data with Class Ambiguity: A Summary of Results

Class ambiguity refers to the phenomenon whereby samples with similar features belong to different classes at different locations. Given heterogeneous geographic data with class ambiguity, the spatial ensemble learning (SEL) problem aims to find a decomposition of the geographic area into disjoint zones such that class ambiguity is minimized and a local classifier can be learned in each zone. SEL problem is important for applications such as land cover mapping from heterogeneous earth observation data with spectral confusion. However, the problem is challenging due to its high computational cost (finding an optimal zone partition is NP-hard). Related work in ensemble learning either assumes an identical sample distribution (e.g., bagging, boosting, random forest) or decomposes multi-modular input data in the feature vector space (e.g., mixture of experts, multimodal ensemble), and thus cannot effectively minimize class ambiguity. In contrast, our spatial ensemble framework explicitly partitions input data in geographic space. Our approach first preprocesses data into homogeneous spatial patches and uses a greedy heuristic to allocate pairs of patches with high class ambiguity into different zones. Both theoretical analysis and experimental evaluations on two real world wetland mapping datasets show the feasibility of the proposed approach.
Universal context propagation for distributed system instrumentation

Many tools for analyzing distributed systems propagate contexts along the execution paths of requests, tasks, and jobs, in order to correlate events across process, component and machine boundaries. There is a wide range of existing and proposed uses for these tools, which we call cross-cutting tools, such as tracing, debugging, taint propagation, provenance, auditing, and resource management, but few of them get deployed pervasively in large systems. When they do, they are brittle, hard to evolve, and cannot coexist with each other. While they use very different context metadata, the way they propagate the information alongside execution is the same. Nevertheless, in existing tools, these aspects are deeply intertwined, causing most of these problems. In this paper, we propose a layered architecture for cross-cutting tools that separates concerns of system developers and tool developers, enabling independent instrumentation of systems, and the deployment and evolution of multiple such tools. At the heart of this layering is a general underlying format, baggage contexts, that enables the complete decoupling of system instrumentation for context propagation from tool logic. Baggage contexts make propagation opaque and general, while still maintaining correctness of the metadata under arbitrary concurrency and different data types. We demonstrate the practicality of the architecture with implementations in Java and Go, porting of several existing cross-cutting tools, and instrumenting existing distributed systems with all of them.
No-reference color-depth quality measure: CDME

Accurate representation of objects, large and small, has always been in the forefront of scientific interest. Threedimensional (3D) information of objects are traditionally extracted using projective and descriptive geometry of the objects in two dimensions. Currently, 3D scanners are extensively used to perform such processes. 3D scanners can examine an object to gather information about its physical structure including shape, volume, and texture. Although various 3D scanners utilize different capturing and reconstruction methods, they ultimately produce a form of depth images which are used to generate 3D point-clouds. However, the fundamental problem with depth image-based processing is that, the depth image could contain blocky artifacts, discontinuities and noise. This could result in occlusion and image warping. 3D image quality metrics are critical in the evaluation of 3D images in fields and industries such as automotive, art, biometrics, and biomedical. Although, there are several two-dimensional (2D or color) quality metrics, there is a visible void in the field of objective depth quality assessment. This paper proposes a novel no-reference based depth image measure and further fuses this measure with an extended color quality metric. The Color-Depth image quality measure CDME has no constraint on the 3D images being compared and demonstrates a very high correlation with the human judgment. Extensive computer simulations are performed to evaluate the proposed color-depth image quality measure against other no-reference image error measurements. The effectiveness of the presented measure is evaluated by using the NYU Depth Dataset V2. Experimental results show that the proposed measure provides a clear distinction between lower quality and higher quality images. Eventually, the presented method could be used to provide optimal parameters for 3D post-processing algorithms.
Quantitative Measurement of C3 Activation at Polymer Surfaces

Abstract Activation of C3 by nylon 6,6 and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) polymers in whole canine serum was investigated using Laurell electroimmunoassay and antigen-antibody crossed immunoelectrophoresis (XAA). Canine sera were utilized because most artificial blood contact materials used in prosthetic devices are tested in dogs. The measurements were made possible by converting the polymers to microparticles, increasing the available surface area to approximately 200,000 sq cm/g. Both polymers activated C3 within a few minutes of serum contact at 39°C, the canine biologic temperature, after which no further development was seen. Nylon activation, studied in detail, increased with increasing surface area up to a saturation level of about 20% conversion reached at approximately 350 sq cm/ml polymer surface/serum volume. At saturation, XAA plates from nylon and control zymosan particles appeared identical. The nylon-induced activation was highly temperature dependent and was inhibited by at least a factor of 5 at 30°C, relative to that at 39°C. Both nylon and zymosan particles aggregated canine platelets in citrated plasma in vitro. Addition of Mg-EGTA inhibited nylon-induced C3 activation and platelet aggregation, but did not affect zymosan-induced C3 activation or platelet aggregation. Rapid activation of C3 by nylon 6,6 and PMMA suggest a role for complement activation at polymer surfaces in the early phase of the blood/surface interaction in the canine model. Results of ex vivo blood flow experiments using these same polymer surfaces are consistent with this hypothesis.
Clinical outcome of brainstem arteriovenous malformations after incomplete nidus obliteration

Abstract Purpose Brainstem arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) present a formidable therapeutic challenge, and a variety of surgical and non-surgical treatment strategies can be used to obliterate the AVM nidus, eliminating its risk of hemorrhage. However, complete obliteration of brainstem AVMs is often not possible. We aimed to investigate the natural history of brainstem AVMs with incomplete nidus obliteration after initial treatment. Methods Data from consecutive patients who presented to our institution during the study period with a brainstem AVM and residual nidus after treatment were retrospectively reviewed. We evaluated patients for the incidence of AVM rupture and calculated the risk of rupture after treatment resulted in incomplete nidus obliteration. Results A total of 14 patients were included, five of whom suffered rupture after incomplete nidus obliteration (36%). Annual risk of rupture was 4.9% (95% CI: 1.60–11.5) per patient over a median follow-up of 72 months. The most common treatment modality of these patients was SRS-alone (n = 6), and two (33%) patients who underwent this treatment later ruptured after 103 and 130 months. Of the five patients who ruptured after treatment, 80% had already ruptured once, and 80% had an intranidal and/or feeding artery aneurysm. Conclusions Brainstem AVMs with incomplete nidus obliteration are at high risk of future rupture. Patients with brainstem AVMs who have a residual nidus after treatment should be counselled about the risk of AVM rupture and be recommended to undergo close follow-up imaging studies to monitor the nidus.
Fathers’ Paternity Leave-Taking and Children’s Perceptions of Father-Child Relationships in the United States

Paternity leave-taking is believed to benefit children by encouraging father-child bonding after a birth and enabling commitments to fathers' engagement. Yet, no known U.S. studies have directly focused on the associations between paternity leave-taking and children's reports of father-child relationships. Understanding the potential consequences of paternity leave-taking in the United States is particularly important given the lack of a national paid parental leave policy. The present study uses five waves of data on 1,319 families, largely socioeconomically disadvantaged, from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study to analyze the associations between paternity leave-taking and 9-year-old children's reports of their father-child relationships. We also assess the extent to which these associations are mediated by fathers' engagement, co-parenting quality, parental relationship satisfaction, and fathers' identities. Results indicate that leave-taking, and particularly 2 weeks or more of leave, is positively associated with children's perceptions of fathers' involvement, father-child closeness, and father-child communication. The associations are explained, at least in part, by fathers' engagement, parental relationship satisfaction, and father identities. Overall, results highlight the linked lives of fathers and their children, and they suggest that increased attention on improving opportunities for parental leave in the United States may help to strengthen families by nurturing higher quality father-child relationships.
Cyclobutane dication, (CH2)42+: a model for a two-electron four-center (2e-4c) Woodward-Hoffmann frozen transition state.

The structures of the elusive cyclobutane dication, (CH2)4 2+, were investigated at the MP2/cc-pVTZ and CCSD(T)/cc-pVTZ levels. Calculations show that the two-electron four-center (2e-4c) bonded structure 1 involving four carbon atoms is a minimum. The structure contains formally two tetracoordinate and two pentacoordinate carbons. The non-classical σ-delocalized structure can be considered as a prototype for a 2e-4c Woodward-Hoffmann frozen transition state. The planar rectangular shaped structure 2 with a 2e-4c bond was found not to be a minimum.
Coupled Thermal-Electrical Simulation and Validation Test for Novel High Power Delivery Design in CPU Socket Area

High power CPU in high performance computing and Datacenter requires voltage regulators on the motherboard to deliver extremely high current to the CPU socket area, which brings new challenges in both thermal and electrical designs. This paper introduces a coupled thermal-electrical analysis methodology to address these challenges. The thermal validation tests are performed in functional Xeon-SP motherboard to verify the analysis results and the benefits of new power delivery solution. The test results are in good agreement with the simulations.
Analysis of over-magnetization of elemental transition metal solids from the SCAN density functional

Recent investigations have found that the strongly constrained and appropriately normed (SCAN) meta-generalized gradient approximation exchange-correlation functional significantly over-magnetizes elemental Fe, Co, and Ni solids. For the paradigmatic case, bcc Fe, the error relative to experiment is $\ensuremath{\gtrsim}20%$. A comparative analysis of magnetization results from SCAN and its deorbitalized counterpart, SCAN-L, leads to identification of the source of the discrepancy. It is not from the difference between Kohn-Sham (SCAN-L) and generalized Kohn-Sham (SCAN) procedures. The key is the iso-orbital indicator $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ (the ratio of the local Pauli and Thomas-Fermi kinetic energy densities). Its deorbitalized counterpart ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{L}$ has more dispersion in both spin channels with respect to magnetization in an approximate region between 0.6 and 1.2 bohrs around an Fe nucleus. The overall effect is that the SCAN switching function evaluated with ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{L}$ reduces the energetic disadvantage of the down channel with respect to up compared to the original $\ensuremath{\alpha}$, which in turn reduces the magnetization. This identifies the cause of the SCAN magnetization error as insensitivity of the SCAN switching function to $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ values in the approximate range $0.5\ensuremath{\lesssim}\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.8$ and oversensitivity for $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\gtrsim}0.8$.
Hydration, Orientation, and Conformation of Methylglyoxal at the Air–Water Interface

Aqueous-phase processing of methylglyoxal (MG) has been suggested to constitute an important source of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). The uptake of MG to aqueous particles is higher than expected because its carbonyl moieties can hydrate to form geminal diols, as well as because MG and its hydration products can undergo aldol condensation reactions to form larger oligomers in solution. MG is known to be surface active, but an improved description of its surface behavior is crucial to understanding MG-SOA formation. These studies investigate MG adsorption, focusing on its hydration state at the air–water interface, using a combined experimental and theoretical approach that involves vibrational sum frequency spectroscopy, molecular dynamics simulations, and density functional theory calculations. Together, the experimental and theoretical data show that MG exists predominantly in a singly hydrated state (diol) at the interface, with a diol–tetrol ratio at the surface higher than that for the bulk. In add...
Effects of physical activity recommendations on mindset, behavior and perceived health

Abstract This research sought to understand if physical activity recommendations––an integral component of many interventions aiming to promote physical activity––may have unexpected effects on individuals’ mindsets (in this case about the adequacy and health consequences of their physical activity) that can strengthen or weaken recommendation effectiveness. Participants were students and staff at a U.S. West Coast private university, recruited between 2016 and 2019. Two experiments with one-week follow-up periods investigated the effects of viewing recommendations that prescribe a lower (vs. higher) amount of physical activity and provide a liberal (vs. stringent) definition of what counts as physical activity on individuals’ mindsets about the adequacy and health consequences of their physical activity, as well as physical activity-related self-efficacy, physical activity behavior, and perceived health. Study 1 (N = 157) showed that exposure to low-and-liberal recommendations (vs. high-and-stringent recommendations) caused participants to adopt the mindset that their physical activity was more adequate, which in turn predicted greater engagement in physical activity and perceived health one week later. Study 2 (N = 272) showed that regardless of definition of physical activity (liberal vs. stringent), a lower (vs. higher) amount of recommended physical activity led participants to adopt the mindset that their activity was more adequate. This more adaptive mindset predicted greater self-efficacy and engagement in physical activity in the following week, in addition to better perceived health. Rather than inducing complacency, recommendations prescribing a relatively lower (vs. higher) amount of physical activity may be more effective at promoting physical activity and health by inducing adaptive mindsets.
Chapter 1 – Introduction to Invertebrates of Inland Waters

This introductory chapter to Volume I of the fourth edition of Thorp and Covich’s Freshwater Invertebrates discusses alternative definitions of species (biological, phylogenetic, evolutionary, and cohesion), the importance of understanding phylogenies when studying the ecology of individual species and communities, the construction of phylogenetic trees, and the use of systematics and taxonomies in classifying organisms. This chapter concludes with a key to major groups of inland water invertebrates (phyla and classes in some cases) of the world. This key is meant to provide assistance to readers trying to decide which group they are examining and to point to the correct chapter for more information.
Mass-shifting phenomenon of truncated multivariate normal priors

We show that lower-dimensional marginal densities of dependent zero-mean normal distributions truncated to the positive orthant exhibit a mass-shifting phenomenon. Despite the truncated multivariate normal density having a mode at the origin, the marginal density assigns increasingly small mass near the origin as the dimension increases. The phenomenon accentuates with stronger correlation between the random variables. A precise quantification characterizing the role of the dimension as well as the dependence is provided. This surprising behavior has serious implications towards Bayesian constrained estimation and inference, where the prior, in addition to having a full support, is required to assign a substantial probability near the origin to capture at parts of the true function of interest. Without further modification, we show that truncated normal priors are not suitable for modeling at regions and propose a novel alternative strategy based on shrinking the coordinates using a multiplicative scale parameter. The proposed shrinkage prior is empirically shown to guard against the mass shifting phenomenon while retaining computational efficiency.
Distinct Pattern of Inflammation of Articular Cartilage and the Synovium in Early and Late Hip Femoroacetabular Impingement

Background:The molecular mechanism of how femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) morphology leads to hip osteoarthritis (OA) is yet to be determined. The expression and location of inflammation-related...
Training hour requirements to provide acupuncture in the United States.

Introduction:The National Academy of Medicine recommends, and Joint Commission requires, offering non-pharmacologic approaches to pain management, including acupuncture, to reduce opioid overuse in...
Developmental origins of metabolic diseases.

Almost 2 billion adults in the world are overweight, and more than half of them are classified as obese, while nearly one-third of children globally experience poor growth and development. Given th...
No Good Deed Goes Unpunished: Mitomycin-Induced Pulmonary Venoocclusive Disease and Cancer

This small, 1200-square-foot drugstore will take care of the patients and their problems that the big-box guys could care less about.
Extraction of action potential waveform from summed neural signals

We consider the problem of interpreting the signal recorded from an electrode, which sums currents from a large number of neurons responding asynchronously to an applied stimulus. We use a markov chain numerical simulation to establish conditions under which the action potential waveform can be extracted from the autocorrelation of the summed signal, by means of the Levinson algorithm. We tested the efficacy of the algorithm in recovering the signal for two different action potential (AP) waveforms under different test conditions. We conclude that our system is both capable of recovering the average AP and detecting changes in its morphology.
Input-Output Economics and Material Flows

This paper argues that resources constitute the fundamental area of overlap between the interests of input-output economists and industrial ecologists. Three misconceptions about input-output economics obscure this fact: the frequent failure to utilize combined quantity and price input-output models, treatment of value-added as a monetary concept only, and the belief that all input-output models assume a linear relationship between output and final deliveries. The paper dispels these misconceptions by describing a quantity input-output model with resources measured in physical units and the corresponding price model with both resource prices and product prices. The model is illustrated with a numerical example of a hypothetical economy and analysis of a scenario where that economy is subsequently obliged to extract a lower grade of ore. Then three other input-output models are presented: a model closed for household consumption, a dynamic model, and a model of the world economy. Unlike the basic model, the last two are non-linear in final deliveries and in factor prices while also retaining the desirable features of the basic model.
Effect of Sulfur Impurities on Li / TiS2 Cells

Conditions leading to the generation of sulfur and hydrogen sulfide from can occur with uncontrolled handling of the active material during the fabrication of cells. These impurities affect the storage behavior of the ambient temperatures rechargeable organic electrolyte cells. An increase in the lithium anode polarization and self‐discharge of the cells is witnessed in the presence of these impurities. A mechanism of film formation and redox shuttle is discussed to account for the observed results.
Variability in particulate concentrations in a horse training barn over time

†‡ § Summary Reasons for performing study: Exposure of horses to airborne particulates during stable confinement has been linked with airway inflammation in these animals. Understanding that link requires accurate measures of exposures and greater understanding of the sources of variability in these exposures. Objectives: Area and breathing zone particulate concentrations were measured over time in order to determine the relative variability introduced by daily, monthly or between horse variations. Additionally, the relationship between area and breathing zone respirable particulate concentrations was examined. Methods: The study was conducted in a Thoroughbred training stable. Breathing zone and area respirable particulate concentrations were measured over a 30-month period. Mixed-model analysis of variance was used to determine effect of month and year at the time of sampling and the daily variance upon area particulate concentrations. The effects of hay feeding method and horse variance on breathing zone measures were included in the model. Real-time concentrations of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 mm or smaller (PM10) were measured to determine the effect of barn door position. Significance was set at P<0.05. Results: Average area particulate concentration varied with month and year of sampling but daily variation was not significant. Maximum area respirable particulate concentrations were significantly affected by daily variation. Opening barn doors resulted in lower PM10 levels. Horses fed from hay nets were exposed to significantly higher concentrations of respirable particulates in their breathing zone than when fed hay on the ground. Horse-to-horse variability was significant. Breathing zone concentrations were significantly greater than area concentrations and the 2 measurements were not correlated. Conclusions: While area respirable particulate concentrations reflected seasonal changes, these measures are poor predictors of individual horse exposure. Instead, methods of feeding and individual horse behaviour are important determinants of exposure. Potential relevance: Studies investigating the effect of natural exposures on lung health in horses should consider the effects of individual behaviour and management practices on breathing zone exposure.
Rac inserts its way into the immune response.

New data shows that NADPH oxidase activation by Rac2 involves an insert-dependent interaction between Rac2 and cyt b. This unique activation mechanism has far-reaching implications for the regulation of related signaling systems.