cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Human Footprint on the Global Environment: Threats to Sustainability

State-of-the-art assessments of current research into the human dimensions of global environmental change and promising directions for future advancements. The colossal human ecological footprint now threatens the sustainability of the entire planet. Scientists, policymakers, and other close observers know that any understanding of the causes of global environmental change is a function of understanding its human dimension-the range of human choices and actions that affect the environment. This book offers a state-of-the-art assessment of research on the human dimensions of global environmental change, describing how global threats to sustainability have come about, providing an interpretive framework for understanding environmental change, reviewing recent work in the social and ecological sciences, and discussing which paths for future advances in our knowledge may prove most promising. The chapters, by prominent North American and European authors, offer perspectives on population, consumption, land cover and use, institutional actions, and culture. They discuss such topics as risk, the new Structural Human Ecology approach to analyzing anthropogenic drivers of global environmental change, recent progress in understanding land use change, international environmental regimes, the concept of the commons, and the comparative vulnerability of societies around the world. Contributors Ulrich Beck, Thomas Dietz, Carlo C. Jaeger, Svein Jentoft, Jeanne X. Kasperson, Roger E. Kasperson, Bonnie J. McCay, Emilio F. Moran, Eugene A. Rosa, B. L. Turner II, Richard York, Oran R. Young
Temporal trends in condition and reproduction of quagga mussels (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis) in southern Lake Michigan

Abstract Currently little is known about the condition and spawning patterns of quagga mussels ( Dreissena rostriformis bugensis ) in deeper, consistently cold regions of the Great Lakes. This lack of information limits our ability to predict the future expansion of D. r. bugensis in the offshore regions of the Great Lakes and other large, deep lakes. We collected quagga mussels on a monthly basis in 2013 (April–September) at three established sites along a depth transect (25, 45, and 93 m) in southern Lake Michigan and calculated a condition index (CI), a ratio of dry soft tissue weight to internal shell capacity, to assess condition, and a gametogenic index to assess reproductive activity. We also measured size–frequency, density, and biomass in March, July, and October. Condition was consistently highest at 25 m, population biomass and average shell length were highest at 45 m, and density was highest at 93 m. At all three depths, CI decreased with increasing shell length suggesting that food availability may be limiting for larger individuals. Mussels at 45 m spawned earliest with over 50% spent by July while mussels at 93 m began spawning in August. Mussels at 25 m had not yet spawned by September. Long-term trends in density indicate that D. r. bugensis populations continued to expand at the 93 m site but may be stabilizing at 25 m and 45 m. Consistent with density trends, CI at 25 m and 45 m was lower than in 2004 and 2008.
Cultural context and social technology transfer: the case of Canton, China

This research examines social technology transfer by taking into account the role of cultural context – the interplay between geography, maritime trade, role of the state and foreign intercourse. The southern port city of Canton, China is the focus, and provides a case study to examine why Western merchants and missionaries came to this particular location to transfer various social technologies, i.e. hospitals, insane asylums, schools, colleges and homes for the blind. The relevance of these institutions to the development of China's social welfare is considered in terms of Canton's shifting welfare mix. Implications of this case study are considered relevant to critical understanding of international social welfare from an East–West perspective.
Does Latin America Comprise Transnational ‘Subregions’?

We live in a world of nations, but also one of multi-nation systems. These systems, or transnational regions, affect global economics, politics and diplomacy. Latin America is a widely recognised and documented transnational region. It contains subregional nation systems that might have all of the characteristics and significance of regions and might also affect the broader integration of Latin America. The author defines regionality on the basis of economic integration and measures it with two methods for Latin America, North America, three Latin American subregional systems and one arbitrarily defined nation system within Latin America. He finds a high degree of integration in Latin America, the Andean nations and the Southern Cone of South America. He finds only a modest degree of integration in North America and not significantly greater integration in South America than in Latin America. The division of Latin America into subregions is consistent with the incidence of sub-regional trade initiatives in the past two decades and might be at least partly responsible for the limited progress to date towards Latin America-wide integration. Latin American subregions might now be providing a foundation on which to build regionalism in the future.
Patterns of Oropharyngeal and Fecal Flora in Patients with Acute Leukemia

The oropharyngeal and fecal flora in 33 patients hospitalized with acute leukemia was examined. Normal flora predominated on admission. All patients received chemotherapy during the 48 hr after admission and at least one course of antibiotics during hospitalization. By the end of the study, 68% of the initial normal throat flora and 57% of the fecal flora had disappeared. The shift in flora was mainly due to the persistence or acquisition of aerobic gram-negative bacilli. Before antibiotics were given, the normal flora in both sites had already decreased in quantity, and increased numbers of aerobic gram-negative bacilli were found. After the first course of antibiotics, a further decrease in the total number of normal strains was observed. Information obtained from surveillance cultures was helpful for understanding the changes in flora but did not correlate with the microbiology of the infectious processes and could not be used to predict infection.
Trace elements in basal ice at dye-3

Abstract A suite of 14 individual debris and silt-laden samples were selected from teh bottom 30 m increment of 2035 m deep Dye-3 Greenland ice core. Concentrations of trace elements in these samples were measured by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). The results show characteristics elemental patterns for the embedded particles and debris from two different sources. The upper samples contain trace element marker species identifying atmospherically transported material; the lower samples contain marker species identifying particles originating from continental crustal lithologies from two different sub-ice source areas. This study supports the theory that bedrock scouring is the origin of particles in the bottom 23.6 m of the Dye-3 core, and atmospheric transport and deposition is the origin of the particles above this depth; some particles may be of volcanic origin.
RAMANUJAN'S CUBIC CONTINUED FRACTION AND RAMANUJAN TYPE CONGRUENCES FOR A CERTAIN PARTITION FUNCTION

In this paper, we study the divisibility of the function a(n) defined by $\sum_{n\geq 0} a(n) q^n := (q;q)^{-1}_\infty (q^2; q^2)^{-1}_\infty $. In particular, we prove certain "Ramanujan type cong...
Crystal Structure of Rhodopsin: Implication for Vision and Beyond. Mechanisms of Acti.

INTRODUCTION. The G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCRs) superfamily comprises one of the most diverse groups of signaling molecules involved in numerous physiological processes. Binding of specific ligands to the extracellular or transmembrane domains causes conformational changes that act as a switch to relay the signal to heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G-proteins), which in turn evoke subsequent intracellular responses. More than 400 nonsensory GPCRs are also of great interest in medicine, because a vast number of therapeutic agents (>50%) are directed toward these receptors. The largest subfamily, constituting ~90% of all G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), includes rhodopsins, cone pigments, and adrenergic and other receptors. Rhodopsin is involved in photon absorption in retinal rod cells and activation of transducin, a photoreceptor specific G-protein. Understanding of the conformational transformation of inactive GPCR into an activated form capable of interacting with G-protein and signal transduction is a key problem in elucidating molecular steps of cell-surface receptor signaling. The resolution of the X-ray structure of the first GPCR, rhodopsin, provides new insights on the molecular mechanism of activation[1-5].
Optimal Scheduling for Servicing Multiple Satellites in a Circular Constellation

This paper studies the scheduling of servicing multiple satellites in a circular orbit. Specifically, one servicing spacecraft (SSc) is considered to be initially on the circular orbit of the satellites to be serviced. The SSc then rendezvous with each satellite of the constellation and services it until all satellites are visited. The total time is assumed to be given. A minimum-∆V two-impulse maneuver is used for each rendezvous. The objective is to find the best sequence with the minimum total ∆V to service all satellites in the constellation. Two problems are considered. In the first case, the SSc returns to its starting circular orbital slot. In the second case, the SSc is not required to return to its starting orbital slot. These two servicing scheduling problems are formulated as combinatorial optimization problems, and are solved in a two-step process. First, the optimal time distribution problem is solved using integer programming, which yields the minimum cost maneuver for the SSc to visit the satellites in a given order. Then the optimal sequence problem is solved by a heuristic study. It is shown that integer programming is an effective scheme in solving the optimal time distribution problem. The notion of the sweep angle is introduced for each rendezvous segment as the smaller angle along the circular arc between the SSc and the next satellite to rendezvous. The Total Sweep Angle (TSA) for a servicing sequence is defined as the sum of the sweep angles for all rendezvous segments. The heuristic study shows that the best servicing sequence is always among the group of sequences that assume the minimum TSA. Specifically, for the case when the SSc returns to its starting orbital slot, the best servicing sequence is sequential (orbit-wise or counter-orbit-wise). For the case when the SSc does not return to its original orbital slot, the best sequence is sequential or partially sequential, depending on the satellite distribution on the constellation. The group of sequences with the minimum TSA are completely identified.
Pathogenesis of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury

Accumulating evidence points to an evolving process of brain injury after intrapartum hypoxia-ischemia that initiates in utero and extends into a recovery period. The processes leading to cell death include necrosis or apoptosis, and result from the combined effects of cellular energy failure, acidosis, glutamate release, intracellular Ca2+ accumulation, generation of free radicals that serve to disrupt essential components of the cell. Many factors including the duration or severity of the insult influence the progression of cellular injury after hypoxia-ischemia. A secondary cerebral energy failure occurs from 6 to 48 h after the primary event and involves mitochondrial dysfunction secondary to extended reactions from primary insults (e.g., calcium influx, excitatory neurotoxicity and oxygen free radicals) as well as the release of circulatory and endogenous inflammatory cells/mediators that also contribute to ongoing brain injury. Strategies aimed at neuroprotection need to be comprehensive targeting the pathways leading to eventual mitochondrial injury.
Capillary bonding of wet surfaces - the effects of contact angle and surface roughness

Capillary bonding of wet solids through a water film is common and important for a variety of problems. An existing experimental technique for the measurement of capillary bonding forces was improved and used to show how fractional wetted area and capillary bonding force vary with water 'tension' for glass, polyethylene, and aluminum on porous ceramic. The effects of contact angle and roughness were explored. The results show that increasing the contact angle clearly reduces the capillary bonding, but the effects of surface roughness were much more complicated. Roughness can increase or decrease capillary bonding, depending on the exact conditions.
Originality in imitation: two "Mu'aradas" by Ibn Darraj Al-Qastalli

The essay explores the range and function of the emulation ( mu‘āraḍa ) in al-Andalus, taking as examples two odes of Ibn Darrāj al-Qasṭallī (d. 421/1030), dedicated to his first patron al-Ḥājib al-Manrṣūr and his last patron al-Mundhir b. Yaḥyā of Saragossa. The first is modeled on an ode of Abū Nuwās and a declared poetic contest, the second a silent overwriting of al-Mutanabbī’s ode on the battle of al-Ḥadath, summoning it as “the vocabulary of a second higher power” to invert a celebration of military victory into one of a wedding feast. The ode acted as an ideological strategy to defend the patron’s peaceful diplomacy with Saragossa’s two Christian neighbors in order to form a coalition against a third Christian party, and it responded to criticism by some Muslim contemporaries. Both emulations show the considerable freedom Ibn Darrāj took in developing the themes of his subtexts.
The circadian clock gene Per1 suppresses cancer cell proliferation and tumor growth at specific times of day.

Cell cycle progression is tightly regulated. The expressions of cell cycle regulators, the products of which either promote or inhibit cell proliferation, oscillate during each cell cycle. Cellular proliferation and the expression of cell cycle regulators are also controlled by the circadian clock. Disruption of the circadian clock may thereby lead to deregulated cell proliferation. Mammalian Per2 is a core clock gene, the product of which suppresses cancer cell proliferation and tumor growth in vivo and in vitro. Because Per1, another key clock gene, is mutated in human breast cancers, and because its clock functions are similar and complementary to those of Per2, we have studied its role in modulating breast cancer cell proliferation and tumor growth. We find that breast cancer growth rate is gated by the circadian clock with two daily peaks and troughs, and that they are coupled to the daily expression patterns of clock-controlled genes that regulate cell proliferation. Down-regulation of the expressio...
Detection of intestinal metaplasia after successful eradication of Barrett's Esophagus with radiofrequency ablation

Background Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is an effective means of eradicating Barrett’s esophagus (BE), both with and without associated dysplasia. Several studies have documented high initial success rates with RFA. However, there is limited data on IM detection rates after eradication.
Gene therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension: is a cure in sight?

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a rare but progressive and devastating disease. It is characterized by increased resistance to pulmonary blood flow and right ventricular hypertrophy, subsequently le...
Reactor Physics Measurements and Benchmark Specifications for Oak Ridge Highly Enriched Uranium Sphere (ORSphere)

In the early 1970s Dr. John T. Mihalczo (team leader), J.J. Lynn, and J.R. Taylor performed experiments at the Oak Ridge Critical Experiments Facility (ORCEF) with highly enriched uranium (HEU) metal (called Oak Ridge Alloy or ORALLOY) in an effort to recreate GODIVA I results with greater accuracy than those performed at Los Alamos National Laboratory in the 1950s. The purpose of the Oak Ridge ORALLOY Sphere (ORSphere) experiments was to estimate the unreflected and unmoderated critical mass of an idealized sphere of uranium metal corrected to a density, purity, and enrichment such that it could be compared with the GODIVA I experiments. Additionally, various material reactivity worths, the surface material worth coefficient, the delayed neutron fraction, the prompt neutron decay constant, relative fission density, and relative neutron importance were all measured. The critical assembly, material reactivity worths, the surface material worth coefficient, and the delayed neutron fraction were all evaluated as benchmark experiment measurements. The reactor physics measurements are the focus of this paper; although for clarity the critical assembly benchmark specifications are briefly discussed.
Semiconductor-superconductor hybrid electronics

Abstract This paper examines the feasibility and potential for applications of intimately combining semiconductor and superconductor devices at circuit and system levels. The focus is mainly on the temperature range 27–77 K. One of the main issues is the heat produced by the semiconductor devices, since the superconductor devices produce much less heat and are sensitive to temperature changes. It is shown that Josephson junctions made with high temperature superconductors can be placed very close to transistors on a properly heatsunk chip. A second important issue is interfacing the low voltages of superconducting devices to the much higher voltages needed for transistors; an existing technique is discussed in the context of high temperature superconductors. Only well developed semiconductor technologies have been considered; although there is some possibility of making low voltage transistors, this is not explored here. The paper concludes with an analysis of the various applications that can be realized, depending on the type of device available in high temperature superconductor technology: passive patterned films, nonhysteretic Josephson devices or Josephson tunnel juntions.
Janus-Faced Resilience in the Analysis of a Severely Traumatized Patient

Resilience is something we ask of ourselves everyday—and the rapidity of change and ferociousness of the world demands it of us. In today’s world we seem continually to be asked to adjust, and we attempt to do so without losing too much of ourselves. That necessary—even lifeor sanity-preserving—resilience is a way of responding to disjunctions in life while attempting to maintain the continuity of who we are even as we are being changed by experience. But we can never be certain where the line lies between, on the one hand, healthy acts of giving up something of who we are in deference to the needs of others, and on the other hand, sacrificing so much of who we are that we cease being and becoming ourselves. My principal intent in this article is to describe what may be a universal phenomenon relating to the price we pay for being resilient. No clinical experience has so clarified for me the complex linkages among trauma, resilience, and symbolization as my work with the severely traumatized patient described in this case. The destructive effects of trauma on psychical organization have been well documented in the analytic literature; in contrast, little mention has been made of the psychological cost of resilience. In this article I discuss an analytic experience that involved efforts on the part of both the patient and myself to understand the patient’s individual form of resilience and to use that under-
Portal-hepatic venous malformation: Ultrasound, computed tomographic, and angiographic findings

A 59-year-old woman was evaluated for a mass in the right lobe of the liver. Ultrasonography (US) demonstrated multiple anechoic areas with enlargement of portal and hepatic veins. These areas were enhanced uniformly after bolus injection of contrast material during computed tomography (CT). The diagnosis of portal-hepatic venous fistula was confirmed by the portal venous phase of a superior mesenteric angiogram.
High single-pass diagnostic yield of a new 25-gauge core biopsy needle for EUS-guided FNA biopsy in solid pancreatic lesions

Background Current limitations of EUS-guided FNA include the need for multiple passes and on-site cytology assessment and lack of core specimen. Recently, a new 25-gauge core biopsy needle (PC25) was developed to overcome these limitations. Objective To determine the diagnostic yield of EUS-guided FNA aspiration biopsy (FNAB) when using the PC25 needle among patients with solid pancreatic lesions. Design Retrospective analysis. Setting Academic tertiary referral center. Patients Fifty consecutive patients with a solid pancreatic lesion underwent EUS-guided FNAB with PC25. Interventions EUS-guided FNAB with PC25. Main Outcome Measurements The primary outcome was the diagnostic yield in single and overall passes of EUS-guided FNAB when using the PC25 needle for pancreatic solid lesions. Results Cytologic analysis showed malignancy in 38 patients on the first pass, with a cumulative sensitivity of 83%, 91%, and 96% on passes 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Although visible core was reported in 46 patients (92%), histologic core was seen in 16 patients (32%). Histologic analysis showed malignancy in 29 patients on the first pass, with a cumulative sensitivity of 63% and 87% on pass 1 and passes 1 to 4, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy in combined cytologic and histologic results were 85%, 100%, and 86% for single pass and 96%, 100%, and 96% on multiple passes, respectively. No complications were seen. Limitations A retrospective study design at a single center using a single arm. Conclusion EUS-guided FNAB with the PC25 needle showed excellent single-pass and overall diagnostic yields. This needle appears to maintain a high cytologic yield, similar to standard 25-gauge FNA needles, while also providing some histologic core tissue.
Assortativity in Chung Lu Random Graph Models

Due to the widespread interest in networks as a representation to investigate the properties of complex systems, there has been a great deal of interest in generative models of graph structure that can capture the properties of networks observed in the real world. Recent models have focused primarily on accurate characterization of sparse networks with skewed degree distributions, short path lengths, and local clustering. While assortativity---degree correlation among linked nodes---is used as a measure to both describe and evaluate connectivity patterns in networks, there has been little effort to explicitly incorporate patterns of assortativity into model representations. This is because many graph models are edge-based (modeling whether a link should be placed between a pair of nodes i and j) and assortativity is a second-order characteristic that depends on the global properties of the graph (i.e., the final degree of i and j). As such, it is difficult to incorporate direct optimization of assortativity into edge-based generative models.One exception is the BTER method [5], which generates graphs with positive assortativity (e.g., high degree nodes link to each other). However, BTER does not directly estimate assortativity and also is not applicable for networks with negative assortativity (e.g, high degree nodes link primarily to low degree nodes). In this work, we present a novel approach to directly model observed assortativity (both positive and negative) via accept-reject sampling. Our key observation is to use a coarse approximation of the observed joint degree distribution and modify the likelihood that two nodes i, j should link based on the output properties of the original model. We implement our approach as an augmentation of Chung-Lu models and refer to it as Binning Chung Lu (BCL). We apply our method to six network datasets and show that it captures assortativity significantly more accurately than other methods while maintaining other graph properties of the original CL models. Also, our BCL approach is efficient (linear in the number of observed edges), thus it scales easily to large networks.
Lipotropic activity of combinations of choline, vitamins B12 and B12b, folic acid, and citrovorum factor

Fatty infiltration of the liver induced by feeding rats a high-fat diet can be completely prevented by the administration of either crude liver extract (Hall and Drill, 1948; Drill and Hall, 1950; McCormick and Drill, 1950; Maxwell and Laird, 1961) or certain vitamin B12 concentrates prepared from liver (Drill and McCormick, 1949; Laird and Drill, 1962). In an effort to determine what principles in crude liver extract and vitamin B12 concentrates were responsible for lipotropic activity, certain known constituents have been evaluated. Neither choline nor vitamin B12, in small amounts found in crude liver extract, prevented fatty infiltration of the liver when used alone or in combination (Gyorgy and Rose, 1950; McCormick and Drill, 1950). The present study investigated the lipotropic activity of these and other substances which may be found in liver concentrates. Folic acid, citrovorum factor, and vitamin B12b were studied for their effects on liver fat both when employed alone and in various combinations with choline and vitamin B12 in amounts similar to those present in crude liver extract or vitamin B12 concentrates.
Multivariate spectral methods for the analysis of event-related brain potentials

The purpose of this article is to present some useful mathematical models for the analysis of multiple electrode event-related brain potential (ERP) experiments. We describe a multivariate spectral method for eye-movement removal and we also describe a multivariate spectral method for the analysis of multiple lead repeated measures data. The complex T2 and the complex Behrens-Fisher Problem are also discussed. All of the above methods are applied to experimental ERP data for four electrodes, two groups and two repeated factors.
Physical activity levels at work and outside of work among commercial construction workers.

Objective:Characterize the number of minutes of moderate and vigorous physical activities at work and outside of work during seven consecutive days, in a sample of 55 commercial construction workers.Methods:Workers wore accelerometers during work and outside-of-work hours for seven consecutive days
Interparental Discord and Child Adjustment: Prospective Investigations of Emotional Security as an Explanatory Mechanism

Advancing the process-oriented study of links between interparental discord and child adjustment, 2 multimethod prospective tests of emotional security as an explanatory mechanism are reported. On the basis of community samples, with waves spaced 2 years apart, Study 1 (113 boys and 113 girls, ages 9-18) identified emotional security as a mediator in a 2-wave test, whereas Study 2 (105 boys and 127 girls, ages 5-7) indicated emotional security as an intervening mechanism in a 3-wave test. Relations between discord and emotional security increased as children moved into adolescence in Study 1. Emotional security was identified as an explanatory mechanism for both internalizing and externalizing problems in children.
THE MICROTUBULAR CYTOSKELETON OF AMPHIDINIUM RHYNCHOCEPHALUM (DINOPHYCEAE)

The sub-thecal microtubular cytoskeleton of Amphidinium rhynchocephalum Anissimowa was investigated using indirect immunofluorescence microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The majority of sub-thecal microtubules are longitudinally oriented and radiate from one of two sub-thecal transverse microtubular bands that lie adjacent to the anterior and posterior edge of the cingulum.Both transverse bands consist of 3–5 microtubules and are loop shaped with one end adjacent to the cell's right edge of the sulcus and the other end adjacent to the fibrous ventral ridge. The posterior transverse microtubular band (PTB) defines the posterior edge of the cingulum and gives rise to numerous posteriorly directed longitudinal microtubular bundles that consist of 1–3 microtubules per bundle. These bundles end at the posterior end of the cell. The PTB also gives rise to the cingular longitudinal microtubules that underlie the cingular groove and terminate at the anterior transverse microtubular band (ATB). The ATB defines the anterior edge of the cingulum and loops around the base of the epicone. This band gives rise to anteriorly directed longitudinal microtubular bundles that terminate in the small epicone of the cell. The longitudinal microtubular root of the flagellar apparatus is directed posteriorly and lies immediately beneath the theca but is distinct from the subthecal microtubule system. A narrow fibrous ridge is ventrally located to the cell's left between the exit apertures of the transverse and longitudinal flagella. In this position, the ventral ridge lies between and also connects with the anterior and posterior transverse microtubular bands. The ventral ridge is also associated with three microtubules that are distinct from other cytoskeletal microtubules. Our results demonstrate that the majority of sub-thecal microtubules originate from one of two microtubular bands associated with the cingulum. The possible role of the fibrous ventral ridge and its associated microtubules is also discussed.
SELF‐ AND SUPERVISOR RATINGS: A DYADIC APPROACH

In a study of agreement between self‐ratings and supervisor ratings, self‐rating data from 293 teachers in 14 different high schools were cor‐related at the individual‐level with supervisor ratings. The average intracase correlation showed moderate agreement between self‐ and supervisor ratings. Intracase correlations were associated with gender and tenure, but not associated with satisfaction with one's supervisor or the quality of one's relationship with one's supervisor. Also, agreement between self‐ and supervisor ratings was significantly greater for sub‐ordinates with lower organizational tenure. Implications for the use of self‐ratings are discussed.
The fluorescence yield from the L III level of uranium

The fluorescence yield, defined as the ratio of the number of fluorescence quanta emitted from the ${L}_{\mathrm{III}}$ level to the total number of incident quanta absorbed in the ${L}_{\mathrm{III}}$ level has been measured for uranium; and the value of 0.67 found. The relative intensities of the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ to the $\ensuremath{\beta}$-lines in the $K$ fluorescence spectra of molybdenum have been measured and found to agree with the value from the characteristic spectrum. The relative intensities of the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ to the $\ensuremath{\beta}$-lines originating from the ${L}_{\mathrm{III}}$ level have been measured in the fluorescence spectrum of uranium, and found to agree with the value from the characteristic spectrum. The atomic absorption coefficients for uranium for wave-lengths including the ${L}_{\mathrm{III}}$ discontinuity have been measured, and a value for $\ensuremath{\delta}=2.27$ found, where $\ensuremath{\delta}$ is the ratio of the absorption coefficients on the short and long wave-length sides of the ${L}_{\mathrm{III}}$ discontinuity.
Antibiotic absorption from infected and normal joints using a rabbit knee joint model

An understanding of the absorption of antibiotics from joints was investigated comparing intraarticular (i.a.) absorption with intramuscular (i.m.) absorption in a rabbit knee model. The antibiotics investigated were methicillin, cephalothin, cefazolin, cefoxitin, amikacin, neomycin, kanamycin, and gentamicin. Absorption was measured both in animals in which the knee joint was infected with Staphylococcus aureus and in normal animals. The pattern of absorption was similar among different antibiotics. On an average, antibiotics are absorbed from infected joints 37% slower than from an i.m. injection. In animals that are not infected i.a. antibiotics are actually absorbed 12% faster than i.m. antibiotics. Thus, i.a. antibiotics are absorbed rapidly and similarly to i.m. injection and should be included in total dose calculations for antibiotic regimens, especially with regard to their potential toxicity.
Fine-scan velocity and magnetic-field measurements in solar active regions

Fine scan (5″ × 5″ aperture) simultaneous Doppler and magnetograms have been obtained over solar active regions near the central meridian passage. Besides the mainly horizontal Evershed motion in sunspots, there appears a conspicuous descending motion over all active regions. A comparison of Hα-filtergrams with the fine scan magnetograms shows that dark filaments generally lie along the neutral longitudinal magnetic zone, while the Hα-fibrils lie along the field lines, joining regions of opposite polarity.
Certain Aspects of the Sexuality of Two Species of Chlamydomonas

SUMMARY. When older cultures (18 days old) of Chlamydomonas eugametos were mated, zygote formation occurred under conditions similar to those devised for C. moewusii. Young (6 days old) cultures of the former did not mate when the nitrogen concentration of the medium was high (0.03% NH4NO3). In confirmation of the work of Sager and Granick, it was found that low nitrogen concentrations, produced by decreasing the concentration of NH4NO3 in the original medium, by increasing the intensity of the illumination, or by using old cultures, enhanced gametogenesis in C. eugametos. It has also been demonstrated that the two species are compatible with one another, even under conditions which are unfavorable for gametogenesis in C. eugametos alone.
The choice uncertainty principle

It is impossible to make an unambiguous choice between near-simultaneous events under a deadline. How can computations choose reliably?
Generation and remodeling of highly polyunsaturated molecular species of rat hepatocyte phospholipids.

Freshly isolated rat hepatocytes were incubated for 20 min with [U-14C]glycerol in the presence or absence of unlabeled linoleic (18∶2n-6), arachidonic (20∶4n-6), or docosahexaenoic (22∶6n-3) acid, added as albumin complex in 10% ethanol. Most of the radioactivity (≈95%) recovered in hepatocyte lipids was present in phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PF), and triacylglycerol (TAG). The presence of exogenous fatty acids resulted in (i) higher incorporation of [U-14C]glycerol, (ii) higher percentage of label in TAG, and (iii) enhanced formation of PC and PE molecular species bearing the exogenous fatty acid at both the sn-1 and sn-2 positions of glycerol. In each case, these molecular species contained 60 to 70% of the label in that lipid class. Further incubation of the cells for 40 and 80 min in the absence of labeled substrate and exogenous fatty acids resulted in a redistribution of label among PC and PE molecular species due to deacylation-reacylation at the sn-1 position of glycerol.
A legal primer on affirmative action in nursing education

Affirmative action policies are under challenge. To date, judicial concerns must be understood historically. The legal question is to define the conditions under which racial categories may be used for remedial or beneficial purposes to overcome the effects of past discrimination. Beyond exercising strict scrutiny over the use of racial classifications, courts have supported the diversification of academe. For nursing programs, the challenge is to develop policies and procedures to broaden participation without reliance on racial categories. The benefits of diversifying the nursing work force need not be discarded in response to judicial and political reaction to affirmative action.
Structure of a double-fin turbulent interaction at high speed

This study examines the interaction of a Mach 8.3 turbulent boundary layer with intersecting oblique shock waves generated by 15-deg sharp fins mounted symmetrically on a flat plate. The full three-dimensional mass-averaged compressible Navier-Stokes equations are solved with a high-resolution implicit finite-volume scheme. Turbulence closure is achieved with variations of the Baldwin-Lomax algebraic model. Excellent agreement with experimental data is observed for plate surface pressure. However, accurate heat transfer rates are obtained only near the plane of symmetry. Some quantitative details are dependent on the manner in which the turbulence model is implemented. Within this limitation, the overall computed mean flow structure remains similar and mesh independent and compares well with available field surveys. The incoming flat plate boundary layer separates along the entire spanwise width and does not reattach in the domain of computation. Beneath the separated boundary layer are a vortex interaction with an off-surface stagnation point, a centerline longitudinal vortex, and an entrainment flow originating from the essentially inviscid stream near the fin leading edge.
Comparison of methods to determine the free fatty acid content of butter.

Abstract Acidification of intact butter before extraction with diethyl ether resulted in a slightly different free fatty acid distribution pattern than when the samples were prepared by high-speed centrifugation. The ether-extraction procedure appeared to be more accurate, since higher levels of the 4:0 acids were found in all samples and slightly larger amounts of the 6:0 and 8:0 acids were observed in some trials.
INTERVIEWING CHILDREN IN CUSTODY EVALUATIONS

Child interviews are a central part of custody evaluations that affect many families, and ways to maximize their accuracy and usefulness are discussed. Empirical research on children of divorce is emphasized in a conceptual strategy for collecting interview data. Information about child interviews from the custody evaluation literature is reviewed, as are relevant research findings about the accuracy of children's statements. Implications for practice are proposed that integrate research findings and recommendations from the literature.
Dissociative versus Integrative Hypnotic Experience

Abstract Although the phenomenon of hypnosis has a dissociative component, suggestions and techniques as well as subject variables affect the subjective experience of nonvoluntariness and loss of control. Suggestions which defocus on effortless, nonvolitional functioning stay within the context of the imagery to minimize attention to the shift in regulatory function, and use of metaphor or direct suggestion to suggest mastery and comfort may decrease feelings of dissociative nonvoluntariness.
Electronic and optical moiré interference with microchannel plates: artifacts and benefits

The spatial resolution of position-sensitive detectors that use stacks of microchannel plates (MCP’s) with high-resolution anodes can be better than 20-µm FWHM [Proc. SPIE3114, 283–294 (1997)]. At this level of accuracy, channel misalignments of the MCP’s in the stack can cause observable moire interference patterns. We show that the flat-field detector response can have moire beat pattern modulations of as great as ∼27% with periods from as small as a few channel diameters to as great as the size of a MCP multifiber. These modulations, however, may be essentially eliminated by rotation of the MCP’s or by a mismatch of the channel sizes. We also discuss how the modulation phenomena can be a useful tool for mapping the metric nonlinearities of MCP detector readout systems. Employing the optical moire effect, we demonstrate a simple, but effective, technique for evaluation of geometrical deformations simultaneously over a large MCP area. For a typical MCP, with a 60-channel-wide multifiber, we can obtain accuracies of 1.2 mrad for multifiber rotations and twists and 35/(L/ p) mrad for channel-long axis distortions (where L/ p is MCP thickness to interchannel distance ratio). This technique may be used for the development of MCP x-ray optics, which impose tight limitations on geometrical distortions, which in turn are not otherwise easily measurable with high accuracy.
Narrating a Southern tragedy: Historical facts and historical fictions

Abstract ‘Narrating a Southern Tragedy: historical facts and historical fictions’ is first and foremost an experiment in historical narrative. In the spring of 1912 in a small South Carolina town, two African‐American men were accused of ‘raping’ a white man. They were lynched. The only thing certain in this case filled with homo‐erotic overtones was the two dead bodies. This essay explores the limits of evidence and the uncertainties of historical reconstruction. In the first section ‐ entitled Historical Facts ‐ newspapers accounts, a letter, and some information from the government census are presented. Then, the second section ‐ labeled Historical Fictions ‐exploits fictional devices to explore what might have happened on that tragic night in 1912. Shifting perspectives and voices, this part of the essay consists of four different versions of the same story. Each separate story overlaps, but also contradicts, the other separate stories. Together, however, they suggest what is possible in terms of race...
A COMPARATIVE DEVELOPMENTAL STUDY OF THE MUTANT SIDESHOOTLESS AND NORMAL TOMATO PLANTS

A B S T R A C T 'Sideshootless,' a mutant strain of tomato which does not produce axillary buds duriing vegetative growth, was compared with normally branching plants in order to study the nature of development particularly with regard to axillary buds. Sectioned material revealed no indication of axillary bud initiation in the sideshootless plant at any time during the vegetative phase of growth. In the normal plants, buds were noted to arise in the axil of the fifth youngest leaf. The buds take their oiigin in tissue which is in direct continuity with the apical meristem. The bud primordia later become set apart from the apex as vacuolation takes place in the surrounding tissue. At the time of floral initiation, the mutant and normal strains behave similarly. Axillary buds appear in the axiLs of the 2 leaves immediately below the floral apex. One of the buds elongates to overtop the existing plant axis; the other develops as a typical sidebranch. The inflorescence is pushed aside in the process. This pattern is repeated with each inflorescence; thus an axis composed of several superimposed laterals results. THE TOMATO, Lycopersicon esculentum M'Vill., has long been a favorite experimental plant of pathologists, physiologists, and geneticists; yet its morphology is poorly understood in regard to several points. Two of these are the development of axillary buds and the pattern of development accompalnying the formation of the inflorescence. In this study, a mutant, 'sideshootless,' which fails to produce axillary buds except in association with floral initiation, wvas compared wNTith a normally branching strain of tomatoes. The variant arose as a mutation of 'Antimold B,' a strain resistant to the leaf mold organism Cladosporiurn fulvum Cke. The mutant gene responsible for the sidebranchless condition has been named lateral suppressor, ls. Lateral suppressor has been shown to be recessive (Brown, 1955). The sideshootless plant differs from the normal in that bud primordia are not initiated in the axils of the leaves of a shoot during the vegetative phase of growth. The normal plant used in the comparison was the 'Rutgers' variety. METHODS-Plants were grown from seed in the greenhouse in a mixture of soil, peat, and sand. Apices alnd nodal materials were collected at 3-day intervals over a period ranging from the early cotyledonary stage to several days past floral initiation. The materials were killed and fixed in CRAF solution, dehydrated by Johansen's TBA method, and embedded in Tissuemat.
Breakdown of enkephalin and endorphin analogs by brain extracts

Abstract Analogs of enkephalin [LPH (61–65)] containing D-amino acids in position 62, or amides in position 65, were exposed to extracts prepared from mouse brain and found to be highly resistant to breakdown. The resistance of these analogs when incubated for short periods corresponded well with their enhanced analgesic activities in vivo. After incubation for protracted periods, the analog D-Ala 62 , Met-NH 2 65 - LPH(61–65) was more resistant to breakdown than D-Met 62 , Pro-NH 2 65 -LPH(61–65) as determined by the release of N-terminal Tyr. Studies with singly substituted enkephalin analogs showed that D-Ala 62 alone did not prevent aminopeptidase action but retarded the action of aminopeptidase as compared to the unsubstituted pentapeptide. The presence of D-amino acids in positions 62–65 led to the production of a tetrapeptide intermediate that was resistant to the action of carboxypeptidases. When injected intracisternally into rats, the doubly substituted enkephalin analog, D-Ala 62 , Met-NH 2 65 , and also D-Ala 62 -β-endorphin retained analgesic potency that was reversible by naloxone. Substitution with D-Ala 62 in the α, γ and β-endorphins [LPH(61–76), (61–77 and (61–91)] significantly retarded the action of brain aminopeptidases but did not prevent internal cleavages by endopeptidases. The patterns of amino acid release point to considerable differences in the susceptibility to breakdown of all three polypeptides, implying the existence of conformational restraints affecting enzymatic specificity.
Economic Opportunities and Patterns of Work: The Case of British Honduras

Employment opportunities, patterns of work, and conditions of work in British Honduras reflect the fruits of colonial exploitation based on a monoeconomy of forestry. Today, a generation after forestry has declined, rural workers attempt to eke out a living based on a pattern established to meet the requirements of forestry. Brought to the country as slaves. African workers adjusted to the problem of feeding themselves as well as meeting the work demands of the forestry contractors. Imported foodstuffs solved part of the problem, but much of what the workers consumed, they grew themselves on small plots on a part-time basis.Following emancipation, the monoeconomy continued and the work pattern persisted. When forestry declined drastically during the world depression of the 1930's, the worker was forced to shift his emphasis to agriculture. He now attempts to produce a harvest in excess of household needs in order to obtain cash. But failing to meet income demands, he seeks any available wage-work during s...
Video-Based Vehicle Detection and Classification System for Real-Time Traffic Data Collection Using Uncalibrated Video Cameras

Length-based vehicle classification data are important inputs for traffic operation, pavement design, and transportation planning. However, such data are not directly measurable by single-loop detectors, the most widely deployed type of traffic sensor in the existing roadway infrastructure. In this study a video-based vehicle detection and classification (VVDC) system was developed for truck data collection using wide-ranging available surveillance cameras. Several computer vision-based algorithms were developed or applied to extract background image from a video sequence, detect presence of vehicles, identify and remove shadows, and calculate pixel-based vehicle lengths for classification. Care was taken to handle robustly negative effects resulting from vehicle occlusions in the horizontal direction and slight camera vibrations. The pixel-represented lengths were exploited to distinguish long vehicles from short vehicles; hence the need for complicated camera calibration can be eliminated. These algorithms were implemented in the prototype VVDC system using Microsoft Visual C#. As a plug-and-play system, the VVDC system is capable of processing both digitized image streams and live video signals in real time. The system was tested at three test locations under different traffic and environmental conditions. The accuracy for vehicle detection was above 97%, and the total truck count error was lower than 9% for all three tests. This indicates that the video image processing method developed for vehicle detection and classification in this study is indeed a viable alternative for truck data collection.