cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anatomy of context: A framework analysis for archival knowledge organization

This study compares production of archival descriptions with production of bibliographic records and use of user tagging systems. Archivists' descriptions indicate the subject matter of the collection in a similar manner as bibliographic records, but also indicate the collection's provenance, attribute significance to the materials, and give the history of the collection in the archive and outside it. Furthermore, I look at the structure of archival description in comparison to subject cataloging and user tagging. Adapting Tennis' 2006 framework, I look at Work Processes, Discourse, Structural Components and Descriptive Structures associated with these practices. By analyzing archival description under a common measure with concurrent descriptive practice, this work will fill a knowledge gap that will assist linking data by subject, describing materials on the web, integrating archival measures in future descriptive schemes.
Revenue-maximizing pricing and capacity expansion in a many-users regime

We consider a network where each user is charged a fixed price per unit of bandwidth used, but where there is no congestion-dependent pricing. However, the transmission rate of each user is assumed to be a function of network congestion (like TCP), and the price per unit bandwidth. We are interested in answering the following question: how should the network choose the price to maximize its overall revenue? To obtain a tractable solution, we consider a single link accessed by many users where the capacity is increased in proportion to the number of users. We show the following result: as the number of users increases, the optimal price per unit bandwidth charged by the service provider may increase or decrease depending upon the bandwidth of the link. However, for all values of the link capacity, the service provider's revenue per unit bandwidth increases and the overall performance of each user (measured in terms of a function of its throughput, the network congestion and the cost incurred by the user for bandwidth usage) improves. Since the revenue per unit bandwidth increases, it provides an incentive for the service provider to increase the available bandwidth in proportion to the number of users.
The Influence of the Ration Fed to Growing Chickens on the Later Egg Production of the Females. Preliminary Report.

Abstract When chickens are raised by artificial means the conditions surrounding their early growth and development are frequently far from ideal. During the period of incubation the temperature may become too high or too low, or possibly not enough fresh air may be supplied during the latter part of the hatch when the need is greatest. After the chicks are placed in the brooder their anatomically poorly protected lungs may not be kept warm enough at night and many of them may be injured or may die through inflammation of this organ. Or the feed which they receive during the growing period may be too scanty in amount or its composition may be unsuitable for their requirements. To what extent, if at all, do any or all of these or other related factors affect the future productivity of the females? This question opens a vast field for experimental inquiry, for if . . .
Analysis of the Yeast Kinome Reveals a Network of Regulated Protein Localization during Filamentous Growth

The subcellular distribution of kinases and other signaling proteins is regulated in response to cellular cues; however, the extent of this regulation has not been investigated for any gene set in any organism. Here, we present a systematic analysis of protein kinases in the budding yeast, screening for differential localization during filamentous growth. Filamentous growth is an important stress response involving mitogen-activated protein kinase and cAMP-dependent protein kinase signaling modules, wherein yeast cells form interconnected and elongated chains. Because standard strains of yeast are nonfilamentous, we constructed a unique set of 125 kinase-yellow fluorescent protein chimeras in the filamentous Sigma1278b strain for this study. In total, we identified six cytoplasmic kinases (Bcy1p, Fus3p, Ksp1p, Kss1p, Sks1p, and Tpk2p) that localize predominantly to the nucleus during filamentous growth. These kinases form part of an interdependent, localization-based regulatory network: deletion of each individual kinase, or loss of kinase activity, disrupts the nuclear translocation of at least two other kinases. In particular, this study highlights a previously unknown function for the kinase Ksp1p, indicating the essentiality of its nuclear translocation during yeast filamentous growth. Thus, the localization of Ksp1p and the other kinases identified here is tightly controlled during filamentous growth, representing an overlooked regulatory component of this stress response.
Where the Boys Are: Cuba, Cold War America and the Making of a New Left

The ignominious failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961 marked the culmination of a curious episode at the height of the Cold War. At the end of the fifties, restless and rebellious youth, avant-garde North American intellectuals, old leftists, and even older liberals found inspiration in the images and achievements of Fidel Castro's revolutionary guerrillas. Fidelismo swept across the US, as young North Americans sought to join the 26th of July Movement in the Sierra Maestra. Drawing equally on cultural and political materials, from James Dean and Desi Arnaz to C. Wright Mills and Studies on the Left, Gosse explains how the peculiar conjuncture of 1950s America produced the first great Third World solidarity movement, the Fair Play for Cuba Committee, which became a locus for the New Left emerging from the ashes of Kennedy's New Frontier. Where the Boys Are captures the strange essence of that much-abused decade, the 1950s, at once demonstrating the perfidy of Cold War American liberal opinion towards Cuba and its revolution while explaining why Fidel and his companeros made such appealing idols for the young, the restless, and the politically adventurous.
Bayesian structure learning for functional neuroimaging

Predictive modeling of functional neuroimaging data has become an important tool for analyzing cognitive structures in the brain. Brain images are high-dimensional and exhibit large correlations, and imaging experiments provide a limited number of samples. Therefore, capturing the inherent statistical properties of the imaging data is critical for robust inference. Previous methods tackle this problem by exploiting either spatial sparsity or smoothness, which does not fully exploit the structure in the data. Here we develop a exible, hierarchical model designed to simultaneously capture spatial block sparsity and smoothness in neuroimaging data. We exploit a function domain representation for the high-dimensional small-sample data and develop ecient inference, parameter estimation, and prediction procedures. Empirical results with simulated and real neuroimaging data suggest that simultaneously capturing the block sparsity and smoothness properties can signicantly improve structure recovery and predictive modeling performance.
A History of NABT's 75 Years

As the 20th century closed, the nation’s biology teachers were able to stay on top of three of the biggest issues of the 1990s through membership in NABT and by reading The American Biology Teacher . These major issues were Members were informed about progress on the new National Science Education Standards well before their 1996 release. Not only did NABT (the executive director and the board) establish a task force to review materials and identify how and where they would meet the standards, they prepared educational materials that met the expectations of the NSES and had an “instrument” on the Web for evaluating alignment of curricula, programs, and materials. The second major issue of the decade continues today – the evolution/creationism debate. Throughout the nineties, numerous ABT editorials addressed the issue, and NABT released a position statement, “The Teaching of Evolution.” In addition to numerous programs at the national conventions and articles throughout the decade, ABT editor Randy Moore wrote an eight-part series of articles (September 1998–May 1999) about the legal history of the evolution/creationism controversy. One of the letters to the editor that followed was from Don Aguillard, lead plaintiff in Aguillard v. Louisiana, the case that eventually produced the U.S. Supreme Court’s ruling Edwards v. Aguillard , 1987, which stated that the teaching of creationism in public school science classes is unconstitutional. Dr. Aguillard wrote: “The biology profession owes you a debt of gratitude for reminding us that we all have an obligation to fight against what we know is wrong” (Aguillard, 1999). Throughout the decade, biology teachers faced numerous challenges from animal rights groups. In 1992, NABT produced a monograph, “Responsible Use of Animals in the Classroom,” followed by three regional workshops of the …
Land-use change in the Soviet Union between 1850 and 1980: causes of a net release of CO2 to the atmosphere

A detailed analysis of the history of land-use change in the Soviet Union that included tree cutting and regrowth, oxidation of woody debris, decay of wood products, and clearing of lands for agricultural expansion showed that the net carbon flux between the USSR and the atmosphere resulting from these activities was approximately zero in 1980; that is, there was only a small net flux of 0.037 x 10 15 g carbon from the land to the atmosphere in that year. These results are in contrast with previous analyses that found the USSR to be a net carbon sink. In our analysis, we found that regrowth of forest vegetation following harvest, when considered alone, was responsible for an annual net storage in the USSR of about 0.136 x 10 15 g C for the period 1955-1975. a value intermediate between estimates derived from a previous analysis. This storage was balanced by a net release to the atmosphere of about the same amount of carbon from a variety of processes, including the oxidation of woody debris and decay of wood products. In 1980, the carbon flux between the land and the atmosphere due to land-use change throughout the entire northern hemisphere’s temperate and boreal systems was also small, as these systems accumulated only 0.025 x 10 15 g C that year. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.1988.tb00215.x
Strong and Weak Lagrange-Galerkin Spectral Element Methods for the Shallow Water Equations

The Lagrange-Galerkin spectral element method for the two-dimensional shallow water equations is presented. The equations are written in conservation form and the domains are discretized using quadrilateral elements. Lagrangian methods integrate the governing equations along the characteristic curves, thus being well suited for resolving the nonlinearities introduced by the advection operator of the fluid dynamics equations. Two types of Lagrange-Galerkin methods are presented: the strong and weak formulations. The strong form relies mainly on interpolation to achieve high accuracy while the weak form relies pri- marily on integration. Lagrange-Galerkin schemes offer an increased efficiency by virtue of their less stringent CFL condition. The use of quadrilateral elements permits the construction of spectral-type finite-element methods that exhibit exponential convergence as in the conventional spectral method, yet they are constructed locally as in the finite-element method; this is the spectral element method. In this paper, we show how to fuse the Lagrange-Galerkin methods with the spectral element method and present results for two standard test cases in order to compare and contrast these two hybrid schemes. (~) 2003 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
The Best Seller as an Indicator of Societal Narcissism: Is There a Trend?

A content analysis of the subject matter of nonfiction best sellers was performed to assess changes in societal narcissism. A number of content categories were identified, a priori, as indicative of narcissism, conceptually defined in terms of self-absorption: e.g., concern for psychic self-improvement, mysticism, and an interest in health, physical fitness, diet, and sexuality. An unobtrusive measure, the Dewey Decimal Classification number, was used to sort best-selling titles into narcissistic and non-narcissistic groups for the years 1950 through 1979. As hypothesized, societal narcissism, as reflected in popular reading preferences, increased over the three-decade period. Lynn S. Mullins is Head Librarian at Marymount Manhattan College. Richard E. Kopelman is Professor of Management at Baruch College, The City University of New York. The authors are grateful to Mark Berenson and an anonymous reviewer for their constructive suggestions and advice. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 54th Annual Meeting of the Eastern Sociological Society (Boston), March 1984. Public Opinion Quarterly Vol. 48:720-730 C) by the Trustees of Columbia University Published by Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc 0033-362X/84/0048-720/$2.50 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.183 on Thu, 26 May 2016 04:42:10 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms BEST SELLERS AND NARCISSISM: A TREND? 721 tion to the widespread preoccupation with the self that is characteristic of the contemporary culture. Sennett (1977) details the shift from an otherdirected to an inner-directed condition as an integral part of a change in Western society, while Bell (1976) traces the new legitimization of the "untrammeled self" as an outgrowth of society's "glorification of rampant individualism." Schur (1976) focuses on the self-awareness movement (meditation, biofeedback, assertiveness training, personal growth, and "relating") as a false solution for social problems. Lasch (1978), a cultural historian, is perhaps the social critic most responsible for linking narcissism to societal changes. According to Lasch, the "culture of narcissism" is manifested by the excessive search for meaning within one's self, the obsession with individual lifestyle, and the individual's estrangement from the cultural environment. Moreover, the outgrowths of selfabsorption, in Lasch's view, are shallow, transitory interpersonal relationships, a fascination with mystical cults and celebrities, an intense fear of old age and death, and the devaluation of the past. For the political scientists Morgenthau and Person (1978), the exaltation of the sense of self that constitutes contemporary narcissism is reflected in the retreat from an insistence on political freedom to an interest in personal
Congestion, travel cost recreational demand models, and benefit evaluation

Abstract The treatment of congestion in travel cost demand models for recreational sites is a subject of considerable importance for both the allocation and management of public lands. In a recent issue of this journal Wetzel argued that the use of the travel cost method will always lead to underestimates of the true benefits provided by a site because of the role of congestion. The purpose of this paper is to show that his results are misleading. It is not possible to derive a priori the direction of the bias in the aggregate demand for a recreational site's services due to congestion in a given season. Thus, Wetzel's conclusions on the bias in benefits are misleading. The most appropriate treatment of congestion requires that travel cost models be amended to reflect the effects of congestion on: (a) the modeling of individual behavior; (b) the estimation of an individual's demand for a recreational site's service; and (c) the description of how a site's services are allocated across individual users.
Design parameter optimization for Hall sensor application

A Hall effect sensor using a 7 /spl mu/m, 1.7 /spl Omega/-cm bipolar process was successfully developed. The Hall sensor consists of various patterns, such as regular shapes, rectangles, diamond, hexagon and cross shapes, to optimize offset voltage and sensitivity for proper applications. In order to measure offset voltage at chip scale, the Agilent 4156C and nano-voltage meter were used and the best structure in offset voltage terms was finally selected by using a ceramic package. The patterns appear to be quadri-rectangular patterns entirely and three-parallelogram patterns. The measured offset voltages were found to be about 173/spl sim/365 /spl mu/V. Meanwhile, in the offset voltage, the standard deviation of the measured values is more important than the average value itself because the unfavorable offset voltages due to mainly misalignment between PISO and N+CONT can be easily overcome by the Hall IC fabrication with compensated processing circuitry. The standard deviation ranges from 78 to 188. The measured misalignment is about 0.32 /spl mu/m. After measuring the offset voltages, we checked the sensitivity by using the Lakeshore electromagnetic field measurement tool. We selected the best patterns for the sensitivity. The measured sensitivities are about 11/spl sim/18 mV/gauss. Furthermore, thermal drift was measured with increasing temperature and the values showed linearity ranging from 0 /spl deg/C to 120 /spl deg/C.
Delineation of a 1.65 Mb critical region for hemihyperplasia and digital anomalies on Xq25

Duplications involving portions of the long arm of the X-chromosome can be associated with mental retardation, short stature, microcephaly, panhypopituitarism, and a wide range of physical findings. Less common are duplications in distal Xq associated with hemihyperplasia and digital anomalies. We report on a 4-year-old female with hemihyperplasia, syndactyly of fingers and toes, bilateral 5th finger clinodactyly, short stature, developmental delay, and microcephaly associated with an 11.2 Mb duplication of Xq25-Xq27.1. The boundaries of this duplication were mapped using high resolution array comparative genome hybridization and follow-up studies revealed that the same duplication was carried by the patient's mother who has short stature and cognitive disabilities. Using the duplication boundaries from this case, and data from previously published reports, we have delineated a 1.65 Mb critical region for hemihyperplasia and digital anomalies on chromosome Xq25. Based on these findings physicians should consider obtaining array comparative genome hybridization studies on individuals with hemihyperplasia especially when accompanied by digital findings since identification of an Xq25 duplication can dramatically change recurrence risk estimations and may also provide insight into the possible comorbidities.
The role of closed areas in rebuilding monkfish populations in the Gulf of Maine

The use of fish closures as a management tool to protect juvenile fish habitat and adult spawning grounds has become increasingly popular, although knowledge of the direct effects of marine closures on juvenile fish populations is limited. Given that monkfish landings account for a considerable percentage of the monetary value derived from the groundfish fishery in new England, investigating the factors that influence monkfish population dynamics will assist managers in sustaining this important natural resource. We conducted bottom-trawl surveys to determine the effects of closure status [inside vs. outside the Western Gulf of Maine Closure Area (WGMCA)] and habitat type (mud bottom in isolation from gravel or cobble bottom vs. mud that is next to these more complex habitats) on the distribution, abundance, and diet composition of monkfish (Lophius americanus) in the Gulf of Maine. Surprisingly, the abundance of adult monkfish did not differ in vs. out of the closure, and juvenile monkfish were more abundant outside of the WGMCA, where they also exhibited higher feeding intensity and consumed more prey biomass. Monkfish diet and condition results implied that the boulder and ledge bottom is essential monkfish habitat and that these effects were independent of the WGMCA.
Low Magnitude of Tensile Strain Inhibits IL-1β-dependent Induction of Pro-inflammatory Cytokines and Induces Synthesis of IL-10 in Human Periodontal Ligament Cells in vitro

Applied mechanical loading induces inflammation in the periodontal ligament (PDL). However, the mechanisms involved in bone deposition at tension sites in an inflammatory environment are not clear. Here, in an in vitro model system, we show that equibiaxial tensile strain of low magnitude (TENS) provokes potent anti-inflammatory signals in PDL cells. TENS inhibits IL-1beta-induced synthesis of IL-1beta, IL-6, and IL-8 by inhibiting their mRNA expression, and thus significantly suppresses the amplification of IL-1beta-induced inflammatory responses in PDL cells. Additionally, as an anti-inflammatory signal, TENS induces IL-10 synthesis in the presence and absence of IL-1beta. These observations are the first to demonstrate that TENS antagonizes IL-1beta actions on PDL cells by (i) inhibiting IL-1beta-induced transcriptional regulation of proinflammatory cytokines, and (ii) inducing synthesis of IL-10, which may post-transcriptionally suppress the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Contarinia maculipennis (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a polyphagous pest newly reported for North America

A gall midge recently found on Dendrobium orchids in Florida, USA, is identified as Contarinia maculipennis Felt. The identification is based on anatomical similarity to a polyphagous species originally described from Hawaii but which now appears to be from south-east Asia. Contarinia maculipennis is redescribed and compared to Contarinia solani (Rubsaamen) and C. lycopersici Felt, two species with which it has been confused in the literature.
Alkalosis in Infancy and Commercial Formulas

The recent occurrence of alkalosis in infants fed Neo-Mullsoy has raised a number of points concerning infant nutrition. Two products, Neo-Mullsoy and CHO-free had levels of sodium and chloride below standards recommended by the Committee on Nutrition of the American Academy of Pediatrics.1 Regulations of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) concerning infant formulas do not cover sodium chloride content.2 The company intended its products to meet the recommendations made by the Committee on Nutrition,1 but a number of changes in manufacturing practices led to the products containing less sodium and, learned after the fact, very little chloride. The sodium content of most batches while below recommended levels1 probably met minimum needs for virtually all infants.
Imaging properties of anisotropy-based negative index composites

We present a detailed study of optical properties of recently introduced nonmagnetic, nonperiodic planar materials with negative refractive index and demonstrate the possibility of achieving far-field resolution below the free-space diffraction limit in these systems.
Indirect traumatic optic neuropathy

Indirect traumatic optic neuropathy (ITON) refers to optic nerve injury resulting from impact remote to the optic nerve. The mechanism of injury is not understood, and there are no confirmed protocols for prevention, mitigation or treatment. Most data concerning this condition comes from case series of civilian patients suffering blunt injury, such as from sports- or motor vehicle-related concussion, rather than military-related ballistic or blast damage. Research in this field will likely require the development of robust databases to identify patients with ITON and follow related outcomes, in addition to both in-vivo animal and virtual human models to study the mechanisms of damage and potential therapies.
Osmoregulation of the magnocellular neuroendocrine system during lactation

Glucose utilization and Fos expression were used to compare responses of cerebral structures involved in osmoregulation in virgin and lactating rats given 0.15, 0.85, or 1.5 M NaCl subcutaneously. In virgin animals, glucose utilization increased (P < 0.05) in the supraoptic nuclei (SON), paraventricular nuclei (PVN), and neural lobe (NL) proportionally to the osmotic stimulus (0.15 M NaCl < 0.85 M NaCl < 1.5 M NaCl), whereas metabolism in the median preoptic nucleus (MPO) and median eminence (ME) increased only after 1.5 M NaCl. In lactating rats, enhanced utilization of glucose in response to osmotic stimulation was absent in the PVN (0.85 M NaCl), MPO, and ME or significantly (P < 0.01) reduced (SON, PVN, NL) compared with virgin animals. Glucose utilization in each structure correlated linearly with plasma osmolality but with a lower slope (P < 0.05) in lactating animals. Magnocellular neurons expressing Fos in the SON increased linearly with plasma osmolality and were more numerous (P < 0.05) in control lactating animals but increased less (P < 0.05) than in virgin rats after 0.85 M NaCl. The attenuated magnocellular response during lactation results from reduced afferent activation from osmosensitive forebrain sites.
Peridynamic Multiscale Finite Element Methods

The problem of computing quantum-accurate design-scale solutions to mechanics problems is rich with applications and serves as the background to modern multiscale science research. The prob- lem can be broken into component problems comprised of communicating across adjacent scales, which when strung together create a pipeline for information to travel from quantum scales to design scales. Traditionally, this involves connections between a) quantum electronic structure calculations and molecular dynamics and between b) molecular dynamics and local partial differ- ential equation models at the design scale. The second step, b), is particularly challenging since the appropriate scales of molecular dynamic and local partial differential equation models do not overlap. The peridynamic model for continuum mechanics provides an advantage in this endeavor, as the basic equations of peridynamics are valid at a wide range of scales limiting from the classical partial differential equation models valid at the design scale to the scale of molecular dynamics. In this work we focus on the development of multiscale finite element methods for the peridynamic model, in an effort to create a mathematically consistent channel for microscale information to travel from the upper limits of the molecular dynamics scale to the design scale. In particular, wemore » first develop a Nonlocal Multiscale Finite Element Method which solves the peridynamic model at multiple scales to include microscale information at the coarse-scale. We then consider a method that solves a fine-scale peridynamic model to build element-support basis functions for a coarse- scale local partial differential equation model, called the Mixed Locality Multiscale Finite Element Method. Given decades of research and development into finite element codes for the local partial differential equation models of continuum mechanics there is a strong desire to couple local and nonlocal models to leverage the speed and state of the art of local models with the flexibility and accuracy of the nonlocal peridynamic model. In the mixed locality method this coupling occurs across scales, so that the nonlocal model can be used to communicate material heterogeneity at scales inappropriate to local partial differential equation models. Additionally, the computational burden of the weak form of the peridynamic model is reduced dramatically by only requiring that the model be solved on local patches of the simulation domain which may be computed in parallel, taking advantage of the heterogeneous nature of next generation computing platforms. Addition- ally, we present a novel Galerkin framework, the 'Ambulant Galerkin Method', which represents a first step towards a unified mathematical analysis of local and nonlocal multiscale finite element methods, and whose future extension will allow the analysis of multiscale finite element methods that mix models across scales under certain assumptions of the consistency of those models.« less
Sugars in hemolymph of ticks.

Is glucose the only sugar in ticks? When several species of ticks were analyzed, glucose and inositol but no trehalose were found by Tatchell (1969, J. Ins. Physiol. 15 : 1421–31), Řehacek & Brzostowski (1969, J. Ins. Physiol. 15 : 1431–36), and Aboul-Nasr & Bassal (1971, J. Med. Ent. 8 : 521–24). Because trehalose is generally present in hemolymph of arthropods, Aboul-Nasr suggested that the absence of trehalose may be a general characteristic of tick hemolymph. However, Wyss-Huber, Striebel, Weiss & Geigy (1961, Acta Trop. 18 : 46–56) extracted trehalose from whole body homogenates of Ornithodoros moubata (Murray). Trehalose is present in vertebrate blood, so it seems unlikely that the trehalose was obtained from a vertebrate host. How a disaccharide such as trehalose could be present in tick tissues but be absent in the hemolymph remained an enigma. Furthermore, no trehalose was found in hemolymph by Frayha, Dajani, Almaz & Sweatman (1974, J. Med. Ent. 11 : 168–72). They discovered sucrose in the coxal fluid of O. savignyi (Audouin) by using an alkaline anthrone reagent which is supposed to be selective for furanosides.
Modeling Dynamic Lift Response to Actuation

The dynamic lift response of an airfoil to sinusoidal amplitude variations from a synthetic jet actuator was studied. The wing was at a fixed angle of attack, and the actuator operated in a ‘burst-mode’ with a fixed duty cycle. The actuator burst amplitude was used as a control signal, which was varied between an ‘off’ condition and the actuator saturation voltage. Three dimensionless frequencies were examined, corresponding to k = πfc U∞ = 0.064, 0.128, and 0.25. Hysteresis loops in the lift increment were observed, whose shapes were dependent on the control frequency. Three different approaches to modeling the lift increment response were explored: a linear convolution approach, a nonlinear time delay and decay model, and a combination of those two. The linear convolution captures the high frequency content of the lift response, but becomes inaccurate when the actuator burst period is less than 3.5 convective times. The time delay and decay model reproduces the low frequency component of the lift response, but not the high frequency. When the control frequency becomes large, (k = 0.25), then the largest time-varying lift increment is produced near the minimum of the actuator voltage.
The Godfrey-Laux Alcohol Knowledge, Attitudes, and Intentions Assessment Battery

The Godfrey-Laux Alcohol Knowledge, Attitudes, and Intentions Assessment Battery (GLB) was developed to measure the impact of information about the effects of alcohol consumption on knowledge, attitudes, and intentions related to alcohol use. Items were selected from existing instruments and new items were constructed. They were factor analyzed, and an attitude scale measuring (in)tolerance toward alcohol use and two behavioral intention scales, one measuring intent to use alcohol responsibly and the other intent to set limits on alcohol use, were constructed based on the factors obtained.A correlational analysis included two scores on the knowledge items (number correct and number wrong), the attitude and intention scales, and reported behavior. The highest correlations were between attitudes and intentions. Knowledge scores correlated with intentions and reported single occasion alcohol consumption rate, and substantial correlations were observed among attitudes, intentions, and reported drinking behavi...
Sex pheromones of noctuid moths. VII. Quantitative aspects of the production and release of pheromone by females of Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

Ether extracts of the terminal abdominal segments of females of Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were assayed for sex pheromone activity by gas-liquid chromatography and by bioassay. No pheromone was found in female pupae. Immediately following the moths' emergence from the pupa approximately 0.01 µg of sex pheromone per female moth was detected. The amount increased to approximately 0.2 µg on the first night following emergence, and stabilized at approximately 1 µg on the second through sixth nights. No correlation was found between the quantity of sex pheromone per female and the time of day at which they had been collected and extracted. The sex pheromone level remained high among females that had mated; this fact is consistent with observations that T. ni females characteristically mate more than once. The quantity of sex pheromone in mature females was positively correlated with their initial weights. No evidence was found indicating the presence of a sex pheromone or pheromone-potentiator in any area of the female body except the terminal abdominal segments. The T. ni sex pheromone volatilizes rapidly from filter paper, having a half-life retention time of approximately 8 minutes. The sex pheromone released by individual living T. ni females stimulated more males than did filter papers impregnated with extract equivalent to 1 female. However, no reduction has been detected in the amount of sex pheromone remaining in females that have been releasing the pheromone for up to 30 minutes.
Reduced model for precessional switching of thin-film nanomagnets under the influence of spin torque

We study the magnetization dynamics of thin-film magnetic elements with in-plane magnetization subject to a spin current flowing perpendicular to the film plane. We derive a reduced partial differential equation for the in-plane magnetization angle in a weakly damped regime. We then apply this model to study the experimentally relevant problem of switching of an elliptical element when the spin polarization has a component perpendicular to the film plane, restricting the reduced model to a macrospin approximation. The macrospin ordinary differential equation is treated analytically as a weakly damped Hamiltonian system, and an orbit-averaging method is used to understand transitions in solution behaviors in terms of a discrete dynamical system. The predictions of our reduced model are compared to those of the full Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert-Slonczewski equation for a macrospin.
ACTIVATION OF BRAIN ADENYLATE CYCLASE VIA CA++ RECEPTORS

Abstract 1 The activation of brain adenylate cyclase by Ca++ in association with a Ca++-dependent regulator protein (CDR) is described. Adenylate cyclase and CDR were solubilized with Lubrol-PX and then separated from each other with the use of DEAE-cellulose chromatography. 2 Solubilized adenylate cyclase was activated rapidly by Ca++ in the presence of CDR. This activation was readily reversed in the presence of an excess of EGTA. 3 Membrane-bound adenylate cyclase from rat brain exhibited striking regional differences in sensitivity to Ca++. These differences disappeared upon solubilization of the preparations. 4 A model is presented which proposes that cellular cyclic nucleotide levels are regulated by free Ca++ via a specific Ca++ receptor.
The Operation of the Modern Death Penalty in Africa

This chapter explores the operation of capital punishment in Africa in the present era. The erosion of the mandatory death penalty in favor of discretionary judicial sentencing has drastically lowered the number of death sentences passed by African courts. More transparent clemency procedures, automatic appellate review, improvements in conditions on death row, and the prohibition of extradition of prisoners to countries with the death penalty represent attempts to rationalize the death penalty after its misuse in the colonial and independence eras. Some challenges remain, including the crisis of legal aid for indigent criminal defendants and the practical barriers erected by the continent’s linguistic, ethnic, and geographic diversity.
Resistance Dependence and Thermogravimetric Analysis of the Er1Ba2Cu3O9-δ Superconductor Above Room Temperature

Recently an unprecedented interest has been focused on high Tc superconductors. Progressively higher transition temperatures have been reported for the La-Ba-Cu-O series, [1] the Y-Ba-Cu-O series, [2] and recently a flouridated version of this latter series. [3] A suggestion of superconductivity at 240 K based upon the observation of an inverse AC Josephson effect, [4] in a multiphase samples fuels the search for materials with even higher transition temperatures. Interest in the behavior of these compounds is not concentrated just in the region below room temperature. An understanding of what occurs in the sintering and annealing processes is particularly imformative towards optimizing the preparation conditions. In this paper we report resistance and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measurements on Er1Ba2Cu3O9-δ between room temperature and 920 C. The incorporation of oxygen into the furnace allows us to simulate the whole sintering and annealing processes. Several resistive and oxygen content features will be discussed.
The Moral Limits of Proportionality in War

Given the limit on civilian casualties imposed by the rule of proportionality, some observers have asked whether the “good guys” can win with the current law and morality of war in place. Contrary to the lawyers, philosophers, and military practitioners who have sought to liberalize the standard of acceptable civilian casualties in war, this paper argues that the most promising attempts to morally justify more harm to civilians than harm averted ultimately fail. The paper focuses on two central arguments for a more liberal proportionality standard: (i) that defending forces who put civilians in harm’s way relieve the moral responsibility of attacking forces for civilian deaths, and (ii) that associative duties justify more killing of enemy civilians to save our compatriots. The first argument fails because it erroneously assumes that a party’s moral responsibility is diminished when more than one party is causally responsible for the same wrong. While liability may be diminished for civil harms when accidents occur, morality, like criminal law, does not recognize diminished responsibility when fundamental moral obligations are at stake. The second argument also rests on dubious assumptions. The special obligations that arise from associative relations cannot trump our general obligations not to harm others or establish claim rights that are wronged when we fail to privilege the lives of our associates over the lives of others. Our special obligations are generally limited precisely at the point where they would begin to do direct harm to nonthreatening others. Whether we are considering conventional war, counterterrorism, or human shields, proportionality’s excessiveness standard represents the maximal approach to justifiable civilian deaths in armed conflict.
Low-Income African-American Women Talk About Stress

Research on stress has focused primarily on life-change events and daily hassles as sources of stress that can affect physical and mental health. There is evidence, however, that chronic conditions causing stress may be more characteristic of the lives of poor, African Americans. For this study, 45 African-American women living in low-income neighborhoods participated in focus group discussions about sources of stress in their lives. Major categories of stressors were coded from transcripts and notes of each discussion. The women's descriptions of their sources of stress help to shed light on the phenomenology of stress among poor, African-American women. Correspondence between the emergent categories from these discussions and the categories outlined by D. Watts-Jones (1990) was also analyzed. The most often discussed source of stress for the participants was lack of adequate resources and the consequences of this. Other categories receiving considerable attention by the participants were role-functioning, relationship conflict, and health concerns.
Activity of Circulating Proteasomes Correlates with Clinical Behavior in Patients with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia.

The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is implicated in the pathogenesis of many malignancies and is an important regulator of cell proliferation, apoptosis, DNA repair, and the stress response. Free circulating proteasomes have been reported in the plasma and sera of cancer patients. We measured proteasome peptidase activity in the plasma of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and correlated these findings with clinical behaviour. Plasma samples from apparently healthy volunteers (n = 92) and patients in the chronic (n = 104) or accelerated/blast phase (n = 56) of CML were analysed with fluorogenic kinetic assays. Using peptide-AMC (7-amino-4-methylcoumaran) substrates, we measured the three reported proteasome enzymatic activities: chymotrypsin-like (Ch-L), trypsin-like (Tr-L), and caspase-like (Cas-L). All proteasome activities were significantly higher in CML patients than in healthy volunteers. Extensive characterization of proteasome activities revealed correlations between levels or ratios of specific peptidase activities and disease phase, progression, aggressiveness, and survival. High Ch-L activity correlated with shorter survival in both CP (P=0.037) and Acc/Bl phase (P=0.047). Patients in CP and a ratio of Cas-L: Tr-L activity >1.48 had significantly shorter survival (P=0.03). Cas-L: Tr-L activity ratio was predictor of survival in Acc/Bl patients as a continuous variable. These findings suggest that proteasome activity in the plasma of CML patients reflects disease activity and can be used as a biomarker for predicting clinical behavior. Studies exploring the role of proteasome inhibitors in CML are therefore warranted.
A general probabilistic approach for the quantitative assessment of LES combustion models

Abstract The Wasserstein metric is introduced as a probabilistic method to enable quantitative evaluations of LES combustion models. The Wasserstein metric can directly be evaluated from scatter data or statistical results through probabilistic reconstruction. The method is derived and generalized for turbulent reacting flows, and applied to validation tests involving a piloted turbulent jet flame with inhomogeneous inlets. It is shown that the Wasserstein metric is an effective validation tool that extends to multiple scalar quantities, providing an objective and quantitative evaluation of model deficiencies and boundary conditions on the simulation accuracy. Several test cases are considered, beginning with a comparison of mixture-fraction results, and the subsequent extension to reactive scalars, including temperature and species mass fractions of CO and CO 2 . To demonstrate the versatility of the proposed method in application to multiple datasets, the Wasserstein metric is applied to a series of different simulations that were contributed to the TNF-workshop. Analysis of the results allows to identify competing contributions to model deviations, arising from uncertainties in the boundary conditions and model deficiencies. These applications demonstrate that the Wasserstein metric constitutes an easily applicable mathematical tool that reduce multiscalar combustion data and large datasets into a scalar-valued quantitative measure.
The sociology of U.S. gun culture

Despite the fact that a robust culture centered on the legal ownership and use of guns by law-abiding gun owners exists in the United States, there is no sociology of U.S. gun culture. Rather, the social scientific study of guns is dominated by criminological and epidemiological studies of gun violence. As a corrective to this oversight, I outline what a sociology of U.S. gun culture should look like. In the first section, I give a brief history of U.S. gun culture from the founding era through the 1960s. Guns began as tools of necessity in the colonies and on the frontier, but evolved into equipment for sport hunting and shooting, as well as desired commodities for collecting. The second section examines these recreational pursuits which formed the core of U.S. gun culture for most of the 20th century. Although recreation remains an important segment, the central emphasis of U.S. gun culture has gradually shifted to armed self-defense over the course of the past half-century. The third section examines the rise of this culture of armed citizenship, what I call “Gun Culture 2.0,” the current iteration of the country's historic gun culture. I conclude by suggesting important avenues for future research.
Designing a Hard Real-Time System with Automatic Memory Management

Abstract We describe some of the design issues that arose in adding automatic memory management to a real-time system and discuss some of the approaches that we used in implementing our system.
Six Key Elements Identified in an Active and Thriving Blended Community of Practice

Communities of practice offer situated, social and distributed learning experiences that support the professional growth of teachers. However, while some communities of practice are successful, others flounder. This manuscript reports the findings of a qualitative study that examined teachers’ experiences in the Discovery Educator Network, a blended community of practice that positively impacted teacher growth, in order to identify the elements that shaped teacher participation and learning. Data was collected through in-depth interviews with 26 members of the Discovery Educator Network. Data analysis resulted in the identification of six key elements that were critical to the success of the community of practice: leadership roles, personalized learning, guiding principles, organizational support, social learning and purpose.
Searching for the Final Answer: Factors Contributing to Medication Administration Errors.

Medication errors have reached epidemic proportions in the United States with proposed resolutions having little effect. Many errors go unreported because of nurses' fear of retaliation. Yet these unreported errors may contain the very information needed to uncover system flaws. Until all causes are examined and researched thoroughly, systems will continue to fail. These unknown factors contributing to medication errors will remain elusive unless health care providers are willing and able to focus attention where it is needed-on systems rather than individuals. Patients have enough fears when entering health care institutions; medication errors should not be one of them.
Some remarks on three B-spline constructions

Abstract This paper makes evident that de Boor's algorithm, the new construction of B-splines in [3], and Boehm's or Sablonniere's algorithm for computing the Bezier points of a B-spline curve are merely different representations of the same structure.
RNA Guide Complementarity Prevents Self-Targeting in Type VI CRISPR Systems.

Summary All immune systems use precise target recognition to interrogate foreign invaders. During CRISPR-Cas immunity, prokaryotes capture short spacer sequences from infecting viruses and insert them into the CRISPR array. Transcription and processing of the CRISPR locus generate small RNAs containing the spacer and repeat sequences that guide Cas nucleases to cleave a complementary protospacer in the invading nucleic acids. In most CRISPR systems, sequences flanking the protospacer drastically affect cleavage. Here, we investigated the target requirements of the recently discovered RNA-targeting type VI-A CRISPR-Cas system in its natural host, Listeria seeligeri. We discovered that target RNAs with extended complementarity between the protospacer flanking sequence and the repeat sequence of the guide RNA are not cleaved by the type VI-A nuclease Cas13, neither in vivo nor in vitro. These findings establish fundamental rules for the design of Cas13-based technologies and provide a mechanism for preventing self-targeting in type VI-A systems.