cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dietary Fat and Risk for Type 2 Diabetes: a Review of Recent Research

It is estimated that over 400 million people worldwide are living with diabetes. Excess adiposity is the strongest risk factor for non-insulin-dependent diabetes, type 2. Lifestyle interventions have demonstrated that diet plays a critical role in preventing the onset of type 2 diabetes. Dietary fat is not only a source of energy and nutrients, but also bioactive fatty acids. The purpose of this review was to examine data from recent prospective cohort studies and dietary interventions to determine if there are benefits to fat consumption on diabetes risk. The consumption of fish and marine n-3 fatty acids among Asian populations and regular-fat dairy foods and trans-palmitoleic acid (trans-16, n-7) among Western populations may be associated with reduced risk for type 2 diabetes. Whereas some dietary fat may contribute to reduced diabetes risk, lifestyle recommendations to balance calories with physical activity are prudent at this time.
Fixing financialization in the credit-constrained city

The financialization of urban development occurs even under conditions of credit constraint. The paper demonstrates that credit scarcity is an important and under-examined driver of policy improvis...
Disentangled Cumulants Help Successor Representations Transfer to New Tasks

Biological intelligence can learn to solve many diverse tasks in a data efficient manner by re-using basic knowledge and skills from one task to another. Furthermore, many of such skills are acquired without explicit supervision in an intrinsically driven fashion. This is in contrast to the state-of-the-art reinforcement learning agents, which typically start learning each new task from scratch and struggle with knowledge transfer. In this paper we propose a principled way to learn a basis set of policies, which, when recombined through generalised policy improvement, come with guarantees on the coverage of the final task space. In particular, we concentrate on solving goal-based downstream tasks where the execution order of actions is not important. We demonstrate both theoretically and empirically that learning a small number of policies that reach intrinsically specified goal regions in a disentangled latent space can be re-used to quickly achieve a high level of performance on an exponentially larger number of externally specified, often significantly more complex downstream tasks. Our learning pipeline consists of two stages. First, the agent learns to perform intrinsically generated, goal-based tasks in the total absence of environmental rewards. Second, the agent leverages this experience to quickly achieve a high level of performance on numerous diverse externally specified tasks.
Comparison of Diazeniumdiolated Dialkylhexanediamines as Nitric Oxide Release Agents on Nonthrombogenicity in an Extracorporeal Circulation Model

When blood from a patient is circulated through extracorporeal circuits (ECCs), such as in cardiopulmonary bypass or extracorporeal life support, platelets in the blood are activated and form a thr...
Exploring the Use of Novel Programming Models in Land Surface Models

A wide range of programming models are currently under rapid development to meet the needs of application devel- opers looking to work on more complex machines. These models fill a variety of roles. Some look to abstract supercomputer architecture, including both processors and memory, to present a strategy for portable performance across a wide range of machines. Others look to expose concurrency by explicitly con- structing task-driven dependency graphs that allow a scheduler to find parallelism. Here we explore the implications for application codes of adopting two such programming models, Kokkos and Legion, one from each class of models. We specifically focus on the software design implications on refactoring existing applications, rather than the performance and performance tuning of these models. We identify a strategy for refactoring the Energy Exas- cale Earth System Model’s Land Surface Model, an extremely complex code for climate applications, and prototype a series of mini-apps that explore the adoption of Kokkos and Legion. In doing this, we identify commonalities across the models, leading to a series of conclusions about application software design and refactoring for the adoption of novel programming models. Specifically, we find that refactoring efforts to abstract physics algorithms from data structures enable the use of a variety of programming models. With this refactoring done, we find that, at least in the case of Kokkos and Legion, these types of programming models are sufficiently mature for active use by even small application software development teams.
G protein–coupled receptor kinase 2 modifies the ability of Caenorhabditis elegans to survive oxidative stress

Survival and adaptation to oxidative stress is important for many organisms, and these occur through the activation of many different signaling pathways. In this report, we showed that Caenorhabditis (C.) elegans G protein-coupled receptor kinases modified the ability of the organism to resist oxidative stress. In acute oxidative stress studies using juglone, loss-of-function grk-2 mutants were more resistant to oxidative stress compared with loss-of-function grk-1 mutants and the wild-type N2 animals. This effect was Ce-AKT-1 dependent, suggesting that Ce-GRK2 adjusted C. elegans oxidative stress resistance through the IGF/insulin-like signaling (IIS) pathway. Treating C. elegans with a GRK2 inhibitor, the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor paroxetine, resulted in increased acute oxidative stress resistance compared with another selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, fluoxetine. In chronic oxidative stress studies with paraquat, both grk-1 and grk-2 mutants had longer lifespan compared with the wild-type N2 animals in stress. In summary, this research showed the importance of both GRKs, especially GRK2, in modifying oxidative stress resistance.
The relationship between municipal highway expenditures and socio-demographic status: Are safety investments equitably distributed?

Abstract Different population groups have varying transportation needs based on their region type, socio-economic, and socio-demographic characteristics. Yet, municipal highway funding allocation methods do not typically consider these differences. Throughout the United States, municipal highway funding allocation is based upon fixed formulas that often only account for highway mileage and/or population size rather than equal benefits and funding outcomes across different population groups. This potentially creates an inequitable funding allocation process leading to safety and accessibility disparities between different population groups. This research investigates the extent to which the distribution of resources is not equal when evaluated by population group. Specifically, the relationship between municipal highway expenditures and poverty levels, population aged 65 years and older, race, and remoteness is investigated using data from the states of New York and Massachusetts. Using linear regression techniques, several models were developed that relate municipal highway expenditures with the socio-economic and socio-demographic characteristics of municipalities. The results revealed that there are clear municipal highway expenditure disparities between different population groups. Municipalities that have higher poverty levels experience a lower highway expenditure rate per local mile. Further, municipalities located in remote areas far from large metropolitan regions experience a disproportionately lower highway expenditure rate per local mile. Moreover, the results of this study indicate the need to consider how funding methods can address social differences.
Uncommon epileptic syndromes in children: a review.

Abstract Epileptic syndromes are well-defined conditions comprising particular clinical features [seizure types, age of onset, response to treatment] and characteristic electroencephalographic changes, while their etiology and subsequent prognosis may vary. The recognition of these syndromes is fundamental for pediatric neurology practice, representing an essential learning topic in this field. Nevertheless, many epileptic syndromes are still quite unfamiliar to students, residents and even neurologists, because of their low incidence and their minimal representation in the literature. This narrative review discusses the concept of epileptic syndromes and revisits seven lesser-known or uncommon syndromes in order to summarize their core clinical features, which can become important clues for daily neurological practice, namely epilepsy of infancy with migrating focal seizures, myoclonic epilepsy of infancy, self-limited infantile epilepsy, myoclonic encephalopathy in nonprogressive disorders, Jeavons syndrome, and epilepsy with myoclonic absences.
Temporal trends in cause-specific mortality among individuals with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation in the Framingham Heart Study

BACKGROUND All-cause mortality following atrial fibrillation (AF) has decreased over time. Data regarding temporal trends in causes of death among individuals with AF are scarce. The aim of our study was to analyze temporal trends in cause-specific mortality and predictors for cardiovascular (CVD) and non-CVD deaths among participants with incident AF in the Framingham Heart Study. METHODS We categorized all newly diagnosed AF cases according to age at AF diagnosis (< 70, 70 to < 80, and ≥ 80 years) and epoch of AF diagnosis (< 1990, 1990-2002, and ≥ 2003). We followed participants until death or the last follow-up. We categorized death causes into CVD, non-CVD, and unknown causes. For each age group, we tested for trends in the cumulative incidence of cause-specific death across epochs. We fit multivariable Fine-Gray models to assess subdistribution hazard ratios (HR) between clinical risk factors at AF diagnosis and cause-specific mortality. RESULTS We included 2125 newly diagnosed AF cases (mean age 75.5 years, 47.8% women). During a median follow-up of 4.8 years, 1657 individuals with AF died. There was evidence of decreasing CVD mortality among AF cases diagnosed < 70 years and 70 to < 80 years (ptrend < 0.001) but not ≥ 80 years (p = 0.76). Among the cases diagnosed < 70 years, the cumulative incidence of CVD death at 75 years was 67.7% in epoch 1 and 13.9% in epoch 3; among those 70 to < 80 years, the incidence at 85 years was 58.9% in epoch 1 and 18.9% in epoch 3. Advancing age (HR per 1 SD increase 6.33, 95% CI 5.44 to 7.37), prior heart failure (HR 1.49, 95% CI 1.14-1.94), and prior myocardial infarction (HR 1.44, 95% CI 1.15-1.80) were associated with increased rate of CVD death. CONCLUSIONS In this community-based cohort, CVD mortality among AF cases decreased over time. Most deaths in individuals with AF are no longer CVD-related, regardless of age at AF diagnosis.
Using Q methodology to understand conflicting conceptualizations of reference and information service

Abstract Using Q methodology, which is designed to make sense of topics on which there are various opinions, this study examines the conflicting conceptualizations of reference and information service (RIS). Thirty-five statements reflecting the various approaches to RIS, were sorted by librarians from different types of libraries in Slovenia, South Africa, and the United States. Using principle components analysis with varimax rotation, a three-factor solution was found for the data: transformation and empathy; communication and information provision; and empowering and learning. These findings provide the practitioner perspective of the conflicting conceptualizations in the literature and suggest orientations to RIS that have implications for theoretical work and professional education for RIS.
Privacy-Preserving Distributed Average Observers in Distribution Systems With Grid-Forming Inverters

Information security is critical for the safe and secure operation of distribution systems. Distributed averaging has been frequently utilized to coordinate multiple inverter-interfaced distributed generators (DGs) within the distribution grid. Unfortunately, state-of-the-art dynamic consensus-based average observers lead to loss of privacy due to neighboring information exchange, i.e., the local states of each DG that contain private information could be inferred by the neighboring DGs. In this paper, to avoid privacy disclosure and guarantee the effectiveness of distributed averaging, a privacy-preserving distributed average observer is proposed. The proposed observer adopts an algorithm-based approach in privacy preservation. Compared to the existing distributed privacy-preserving algorithms in the literature, the proposed observer achieves accurate averaging and does not introduce additional restrictions on the communication network topology. Two-fold obfuscation is implemented to mask the true values of one agent’s local states from its neighbors during the average seeking. Particularly, the true values are randomly deviated at each agent locally before publishing, and the true values of the deviations are further masked using dynamic weights that vary randomly. Additionally, the proposed observer supports “plug-and-play” functionality and is robust against communication delays. The proposed observer is implemented on hardware controllers, and its observation and privacy-preserving performance are validated in a controller hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testbed.
Protracted respiratory findings in children post-SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Introduction Although prolonged respiratory symptoms following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection have been described in adults, data are emerging that children also experience long-term sequelae of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The respiratory sequelae of COVID-19 in children remain poorly characterized. In this study we describe health data and respiratory findings in pediatric patients presenting with persistent respiratory symptoms following COVID-19. Methods This study included patients referred to Pulmonary Clinic at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia between December 2020 and April 2021 (n = 29). Inclusion criteria included a history of SARS-CoV-2 RNA positivity or confirmed close household contact and suggestive symptoms. A retrospective chart review was performed and demographic, clinical, imaging, and functional test data were collected. Results The mean age at presentation to clinic was 13.1 years (range: 4-19 years). Patients had persistent respiratory symptoms ranging from 1.3 to 6.7 months postacute infection. Persistent dyspnea and/or exertional dyspnea were present in nearly all (96.6%) patients at the time of clinic presentation. Other reported chronic symptoms included cough (51.7%) and exercise intolerance (48.3%). Fatigue was reported in 13.8% of subjects. Many subjects were overweight or obese (62.1%) and 11 subjects (37.9%) had a prior history of asthma. Spirometry and plethysmography were normal in most patients. The six-minute walk test (6MWT) revealed exercise intolerance and significant tachycardia in two-thirds of the nine children tested. Conclusion Exertional dyspnea, cough and exercise intolerance were the most common respiratory symptoms in children with postacute COVID-19 respiratory symptoms seen in an outpatient pulmonary clinic. Spirometry (and plethysmography when available), however, was mostly normal, and exertional intolerance was frequently demonstrated using the 6MWT.
General education in the computer science curriculum: software engineering

This tutorial gives an overview of the C++ standard template library (STL), including its overall structure, functionality, and capabilities. Particular emphasis is placed on the ways in which STL may be used in the curriculum.
High temporal resolution in vivo blood oximetry via projection-based T2 measurement.

Measuring venous oxygen saturation (HbO2) in large blood vessels can provide important information about oxygen delivery and its consumption in vital organs. Quantification of blood’s T2 value via MR can be utilized to determine HbO2 noninvasively. We propose a fast method for in vivo blood T2 quantification via computing the complex difference of velocity-encoded projections. As blood flows continuously, its signal can be robustly isolated from the surrounding tissue by computing the complex difference of two central k-space lines with different velocity encodings. This resultant signal can then be measured as a function of echo time for rapidly quantifying T2 of blood. We applied the method to quantify HbO2 in three cerebral veins at rest and in one of the veins in response to hypercapnia. Average HbO2 measurements in superior sagittal sinus (SSS), straight sinus and internal jugular vein in the group were 63 6 3%, 68 6 4% and 65 6 4%, respectively. Average HbO2 values in SSS during baseline, hypercapnia, and recovery were 63 6 2%, 79 6 5%, and 61 6 3%, respectively. When compared with standard T2 quantification techniques, the proposed method is fast, reliable, and robust against partial volume effects. Magn Reson Med 70:785–790, 2013. V C 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Diacritics Restoration: Learning from Letters versus Learning from Words

This paper presents a method for diacritics restoration based on learning mechanisms that act at letter level. This technique is new to our knowledge, and we compare it with the well known techniques for diacritics restoration that learn from words. Our method is particularly useful for languages that lack large electronic dictionaries and where means for generalization beyond words are required. Accuracies of over 99% at letter level are reported.
Neurointensive care; impaired cerebral autoregulation in infants and young children early after inflicted traumatic brain injury: a preliminary report.

The objective of this report is to describe cerebral autoregulation after severe inflicted pediatric traumatic brain injury (iTBI). We examined cerebral autoregulation of both cerebral hemispheres (mean autoregulatory index; ARI) in children <5 years with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of <9 and no evidence of brain death within the first 48 h of pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission. Discharge and 6-month Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) scores were collected. GOS of <4 reflected poor outcome. All three iTBI and all seven noninflicted TBI (nTBI) patients had admission GCS score of <9. Eight of 10 patients had Autoregulatory Index (ARI) of <0.4 (impaired cerebral autoregulation) of at least one hemisphere. All children with iTBI had poor outcome, and none had intact cerebral autoregulation in both hemispheres. Children with nTBI had better overall outcome than those with iTBI. Two of the children with nTBI had intact autoregulation in both hemispheres and good outcome. Two of the three children with i...
1. Epidemiologic aspects and acute management

Abstract This self-directed learning module highlights the epidemiology and acute management issues for stroke. As part of the chapter on stroke rehabilitation in the Self-Directed Medical Knowledge Program for practitioners and trainees in physical medicine and rehabilitation, this article contains sections on the epidemiologic features of stroke, including etiology and risk factors, pathophysiologic aspects of stroke syndromes, and acute medical issues in stroke.
Independent and Interdependent Group Contingencies: Smoothing the Rough Waters

Independent and interdependent group contingencies have many applied advantages for influencing behaviors in school settings. However, there are negative side effects associated with these group oriented contingencies. A scenario is presented that illustrates some negative side effects of independent and interdependent group oriented contingencies. Specific recommendations for altering group oriented contingencies to reduce these negative side effects and increase the probability that teachers will use these contingencies to increase students' academic performance and prosocial behaviors follows the scenario.
The Influence of Group and Outcome Cues on Perceptions of Governmental Spending

Previous research in issue framing has shown the importance of social groups in shaping opinion. When issues become tied to social groups through rhetoric, group sentiment becomes an important ingredient for opinion on associated issues. This project seeks to build upon such simple considerations of framing to examine the effect of group-implicating frame in conjunction with an additional component, the outcome. Results from an experiment embedded in a national survey suggest that, ignoring individual characteristics, outcomes are more important than beneficiaries when evaluating policy. When considering differences in individual sophistication however, we see that political knowledge serves as an important moderating factor for such frames, as well as individual dispositions. More sophisticated respondents, while still taking account of outcomes were also significantly more likely to differentiate between targeted groups. These findings have important implications for an understanding of how groups come to influence opinion through rhetoric, while raising a normative concern about the propensity for bias in issue opinion.
Use of Halogenated Acetates and Formaldehyde as Plasma Additives in Inhibiting Heat Denaturation of Plasma Proteins

Halogenated acetates alone and in combination with dextrose and formaldehyde will protect against heat denaturation of plasma proteins even when plasma is heated for 10 hr. at 60°. Application of this principle would afford reclamation of plasma from outdated blood bank blood. Changes in protein patterns were observed by paper electrophoresis. Other measurements of denaturation were pH, absorbance at 610 mµ, and viscosity. The chemical reaction between the additives and plasma are considered, and estimations of toxicity are given.
The Co-Movement of U.S. Equity Returns with the Developed and Emerging Markets of Australasia and Asia

This paper examines the behavior of the monthly and daily correlation coefficients and co-variances of a broad set of Pacific Basin equity markets compared to the S&P 500 index, showing that the correlations and co-variances vary greatly over time and across markets. Many discussions of international diversification focus solely on the recent correlations of returns of international equities. It seems clear from the evidence presented here that the near complete reliance on recent correlation coefficients to describe the diversification benefits of individual foreign markets is misdirected. Not only should correlations over several periods be examined but also other risk measures should be included in the examination. This research illustrates that the Pacific Basin markets which exhibit the lowest correlations with the U.S. market may not be the lowest risk markets when additional factors such as covariance, skewness, and kurtosis are taken into consideration.
Promoting Self-Awareness

Abstract Many clients relate in ways that elicit emotional responses in practitioners and may also feel pressure to intervene when appropriate action is not yet clear. Practitioners must develop sufficient self-awareness so their own reactions do not interfere with the work they do with clients. Educators exhort their students to be self-aware, but locating methods that foster the capacity can be difficult. Infant observation is an elegant training model that helps to develop self-awareness. The method described here makes use of regular observation, supportive small groups, and repeated detailed examination of what is seen in training both generalist and specialized practitioners. It has become a prototype for the observational study of several kinds of specific populations. Because it attends to people in their own environments and demonstrates a flexible, reflective, multi-modal manner of information-gathering, infant observation is particularly useful in the education of social work practitioners.
An IL-27/Lag3 axis enhances Foxp3+ regulatory T cell–suppressive function and therapeutic efficacy

Foxp3-expressing regulatory T cells (Tregs) are central regulators of immune homeostasis and tolerance. As it has been suggested that proper Treg function is compromised under inflammatory conditions, seeking for a pathway that enhances or stabilizes Treg function is a subject of considerable interest. We report that interleukin (IL)-27, an IL-12 family cytokine known to have both pro- and anti-inflammatory roles in T cells, plays a pivotal role in enhancing Treg function to control T cell-induced colitis, a model for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in humans. Unlike wild-type (WT) Tregs capable of inhibiting colitogenic T-cell expansion and inflammatory cytokine expression, IL-27R-deficient Tregs were unable to downregulate inflammatory T-cell responses. Tregs stimulated with IL-27 expressed substantially improved suppressive function in vitro and in vivo. IL-27 stimulation of Tregs induced expression of Lag3, a surface molecule implicated in negatively regulating immune responses. Lag3 expression in Tregs was critical to mediate Treg function in suppressing colitogenic responses. Human Tregs also displayed enhanced suppressive function and Lag3 expression following IL-27 stimulation. Collectively, these results highlight a novel function for the IL-27/Lag3 axis in modulating Treg regulation of inflammatory responses in the intestine.
The impact of varying argument quality and minority size on influencing the majority and perceptions of the minority

Past minority influence research has found that the number of minority subgroup members and argument quality can affect the likelihood of the minority subgroup being able to influence the majority subgroup. How minority size and argument quality affect minority influence and perceptions of the minority is addressed in this study. Confederates were used to vary argument quality and the size of the minority subgroup while keeping consistency of presenting the minority's side of the issue constant. Groups discussed a topic and measures were used to assess the amount of influence, perceived competence, perceived correctness, and how much the minority was liked. Results indicated that both argument quality and minority size were important when attempting to influence the majority and a large minority can compensate for a minority using weak arguments while a small minority using weak arguments residts in strengthening the majority's initial opinion. The perceptions fostered by the minority were a function of a...
Infrared spectrometry of polymers in the overtone and combination regions

The application of infrared spectrometry in the overtone and combination regions (1.0–2.7 μ wavelengths) for determining chemical groups in polymeric materials was studied. Various groups such as CH2, NH, and CO were assigned to spectra of polyethylene, polypropylene, nylon 66, polyisobutylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl chloride and a polyvinylidene-polyvinyl chloride copolymer. The technique for sample preparation and experimental procedure is given. It is suggested that these spectra assignments in the overtone and combination regions can be used to obtain relative degradation measurements, determine water adsorption, quantitatively measure physical polymer blends, and finally to study polymer reaction kinetics.
Compensation Following Bilateral Vestibular Damage

Bilateral loss of vestibular inputs affects far fewer patients than unilateral inner ear damage, and thus has been understudied. In both animal subjects and human patients, bilateral vestibular hypofunction (BVH) produces a variety of clinical problems, including impaired balance control, inability to maintain stable blood pressure during postural changes, difficulty in visual targeting of images, and disturbances in spatial memory and navigational performance. Experiments in animals have shown that nonlabyrinthine inputs to the vestibular nuclei are rapidly amplified following the onset of BVH, which may explain the recovery of postural stability and orthostatic tolerance that occurs within 10 days. However, the loss of the vestibulo-ocular reflex and degraded spatial cognition appear to be permanent in animals with BVH. Current concepts of the compensatory mechanisms in humans with BVH are largely inferential, as there is a lack of data from patients early in the disease process. Translation of animal studies of compensation for BVH into therapeutic strategies and subsequent application in the clinic is the most likely route to improve treatment. In addition to physical therapy, two types of prosthetic devices have been proposed to treat individuals with bilateral loss of vestibular inputs: those that provide tactile stimulation to indicate body position in space, and those that deliver electrical stimuli to branches of the vestibular nerve in accordance with head movements. The relative efficacy of these two treatment paradigms, and whether they can be combined to facilitate recovery, is yet to be ascertained.
Properties of implantable pellets prepared from a biodegradable polyester

AbstractBiodegradable pellets for implantation use were prepared from a naturally produced copolyester, poly(hydroxybutyrate-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), by a simple compression and melt technique. Progesterone was incorporated in the pellets. Differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) examinations showed that the drug has limited solubility in the polymer and exists as crystals uniformly distributed in the matrix. However, the drug undergoes a polymorphic change during melting from a to β form. Ultraviolet and infrared spectrophotometric tests on melted drug and polymer samples detected no chemical degradation. In vitro release of the drug was faster when the amount of drug in the pellet was increased. The drug release could be slowed by increasing the the size of pellet.
The effect of level of attention upon “phonetic” recognition errors

Subjects were given a single presentation of 26 words, with instructions to try to memorize them under two different conditions: (a) focal attention, and (b) while simultaneously performing another task (distraction). The distraction group showed more recognition errors based on acoustic similarity (clang errors) than did the focal attention group. It was shown that these errors could not be attributed to failure of discrimination during stimulus presentation. Rather, the results can be explained by the hypothesis that reduced attention tends to block analysis of incoming stimuli. Hence, some stimuli in the distraction condition were stored in memory primarily on the basis of assonance.
Classroom consequences of communication apprehension

Communication apprehension appears in several forms, most notably oral and written. It is a problem faced by thousands, probably millions, of children and young people in our schools. It may be the most significant “learning disability” to be found in our schools. The classroom consequences are reduced communication on the part of the student with both teacher and peers and a significant reduction in learning as measured by grades assigned in small classes, overall average, and standardized achievement tests.
Neural mechanisms of the cognitive model of depression

In the 40 years since Aaron Beck first proposed his cognitive model of depression, the elements of this model — biased attention, biased processing, biased thoughts and rumination, biased memory, and dysfunctional attitudes and schemas — have been consistently linked with the onset and maintenance of depression. Although numerous studies have examined the neural mechanisms that underlie the cognitive aspects of depression, their findings have not been integrated with Beck's cognitive model. In this Review, we identify the functional and structural neurobiological architecture of Beck's cognitive model of depression. Although the mechanisms underlying each element of the model differ, in general the negative cognitive biases in depression are facilitated by increased influence from subcortical emotion processing regions combined with attenuated top-down cognitive control.
Computational structural analysis of an anti‐L‐amino acid antibody and inversion of its stereoselectivity

The binding site of a monoclonal anti-L-amino acid antibody (anti-L-AA) was modeled using the program SWISS-MODEL. Docking experiments with the enantiomers of phenylalanine revealed that the antibody interacts with L-phenylalanine via hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic contacts, whereas the D-enantiomer is rejected due to steric hindrance. Comparison of the sequences of this antibody and an anti-D-amino acid antibody (anti-D-AA) indicates that both immunoglobulins derived from the same germline progenitor. Substitution of four amino acids residues, three in the framework and one in the complementarity determining regions (CDRs), allowed in silico conversion of the anti-L-AA into an antibody that stereoselectively binds D-phenylalanine.
Role of videoscopic-assisted techniques in staging malignant diseases.

Videoscopic or minimally invasive technology has been applied to the diagnostic, staging, and treatment phases of the management of patients with cancer. Diagnostic videoscopy is used in the initial evaluation and diagnosis of malignancy, whereas staging laparoscopy is used as part of an algorithm to determine the most appropriate therapy for individual patients. Both modalities are used in conjunction with conventional radiologic and pathologic assessment and may be augmented by the addition of laparoscopic sonography or peritoneal lavage and cytology.
Demand response using multi-agent system

Smart grid has been a significant development trend of power system. Within smart grid, microgrids share the burden of traditional grids and reduce energy consumption cost. In a microgrid, consumers are the integral part with varying demand throughout a day. Furthermore, the penetration of Plug-in-Hybrid Vehicles (PHEVs) is overloading the existing residential network and calls for dynamic strategy. This paper proposes a dynamic Demand Response (DR) approach in the context of isolated smart microgrid for a residential community. A multi-agent system is proposed for optimizing the demand response by updating the grid generation resources and controlling the customer load. The multi-agent system can switch customer load and controls the charging of PHEVs depending on their Battery State of Charge (BSOC) to reduce cost and avoid overload during peak hours. Simulation and numerical results show the effectiveness of using multi-agent system on reducing the energy consumption cost of the residential customers and also allowing electric vehicles charging during the peak hours.
Checking the Checks: A Survey of Guest-Check Accuracy

Inaccurate guest checks represent lost revenue. And the frequency of check errors is higher than many restaurateurs might think.
Who Noticed, Who Cares? Passenger Reactions to Transit Safety Measures:

Safety and security are important considerations for the transit operator, but few empirical studies exist that measure the effectiveness of measures taken to improve transit safety either on actual crime (or other incident) data or transit passengers' perceived safety. The current study focuses on the links between transit safety measures implemented in the Ann Arbor, Michigan, area; the visibility of these improvements to transit passengers; and perceived levels of safety. The findings indicate that the characteristics of passengers' riding patterns, and whether a safety measure was noticed, all played some role in determining perceived safety. Additionally, ridership patterns and personal characteristics also affected whether passengers noticed safety enhancements. Of the measures undertaken, increased police presence and increased lighting proved most effective in increasing perceived levels of safety, and these also were the most visible. Safety measures also had their largest positive effect on perceptions in association with those transit places and situations perceived as least safe. In a similar vein, although women felt less safe overall than did men, they were more likely to notice safety enhancements and to feel safer as a result. Future efforts to build on this research should incorporate actual crime statistics, thereby extending the models discussed and providing a comprehensive view of the relationships among crime, safety enhancements, and passenger perceptions.
University Academics: Demographic, Role Structure Characteristics and Attitudes towards Merit and Equity--A Kenyan Case Study.

Abstract This study examined whether academics at the University of Nairobi (Kenya) would differ in their support for merit versus equity values in student admission based on their demographic and role structure characteristics. The findings indicated that overall academics gave overwhelming support to the use of merit as the admission criterion in higher education while equity received only slight support. In demographic terms, sex, age and ethnicity were significantly associated with attitudes towards equity. With regard to role structure variables, only disciplinary affiliations of the academics were significantly associated with either merit or equity. Faculty in humanities showed significantly lower support for merit than those in social and natural sciences while those in the social sciences showed significantly higher support for equity. It was concluded that the academics, to a considerable degree, display homogeneity of values that center on support for merit. Furthermore, it was deduced that the...
A Solemn Father's Day

This article is a personal reflection of the Father's Day march protesting New York City's stop and frisk policy. The article details the origins of the idea of the march and discusses the need for a national agenda around criminal justice reform.
The Road to Market

Some scholars argue that the nonprofit sector is a venue in which citizens can both learn and exercise their civic duty. Others contend that the nonprofit sector has adopted the logic and values of the marketplace, imperiling its ability to effectively promote democratic values. Unlike these critiques, which describe the consequences of a marketized nonprofit service, this article examines how the discourses of the market are being extended in the nonprofit sector. Specifically, it takes a case study approach to explore the role that professional associations can play in marketizing the nonprofit sector.
Demographic risk factors associated with elevated lead levels in Texas children covered by Medicaid.

Abstract This is the first large population-based study of demographic risk factors for elevated lead in Texas children. It summarizes data on 92,900 children covered by Medicaid screened for blood lead during the first 6 months of 1993 in Texas. The highest percentage of elevated lead levels (14.3%) was in children 25-36 months of age, with slightly lower percentages in those younger (13% of 19-24 months) and older (12% of 37-48 months) with blood lead levels greater than 10 micrograms/dl. The group with the highest percentage of elevated blood lead levels was 2-4-year-old African American males (17.3%) making this subgroup 3.5 times higher than the group with the lowest percentage-white girls over age 4 (4.8%). Males had higher blood lead levels for all ages and ethnic groups. Three principal risk factors were found for excessive blood lead in children: ethnicity, gender, and age; this is consistent with the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II) and Phase I of the NHANES III results demonstrating ethnicity and income association with lead in children in the United States.
The Joint Estimation of Soil Trace Gas Fluxes

Soil gas flux is commonly measured by monitoring the change in headspace gas concentration over time within a sealed compartment at the soil surface. Often, more than one trace gas is monitored at a time (e.g., CO 2 and CH 4 ), but the data fit separately. Flux estimates for CO 2 and CH 4 were obtained simultaneously by minimizing a weighted sum-of-squares error. The approximation of one model parameter for CH 4 , through theoretical relationship to the respective CO 2 parameter, reduced the total parameter count by one and allowed for the joint estimation of one parameter using the combined CO 2 and CH 4 datasets. The method of joint optimization was compared with separate optimization for two nonlinear models, using both real and simulated data. The datasets were best fit with the jointly optimized models. Furthermore, the jointly optimized models more accurately estimated initial soil-air fluxes (simulated data only). The method of joint optimization is recommended as a means to apply better-fitting nonlinear models to typically small gas sample sets. This method is applicable to any number of trace gases monitored simultaneously.
Remating in a planktonic marine calanoid copepod

The knowledge that the initial mating in planktonic copepods may be inadequate to permit realization of a female's total reproductive potential, and that remating can occur, has important implications for both population dynamics and speciation studies. Acartia tonsaDana females in controlled laboratory experiments were successfully remated after becoming totally infertile following approximately 3 weeks of highly fertile production. Large numbers of viable nauplii resulted from these second matings.
Histochemical demonstration of norepinephrine in postmortem tissues.

A modified fluorescence method for the demonstration of norepinephrine in cryostat sections may be used with postmortem tissues and surgical specimens stored for as long as 24 hours at 4° C., and 6 hours at room temperature. Quantitative assay for norepinephrine in these tissues show no significant loss of catecholamine during such storage.
In vitro near-infrared imaging of occlusal dental caries using a germanium-enhanced CMOS camera

The high transparency of dental enamel in the near-infrared (NIR) at 1310-nm can be exploited for imaging dental caries without the use of ionizing radiation. The objective of this study was to determine whether the lesion contrast derived from NIR transillumination can be used to estimate lesion severity. Another aim was to compare the performance of a new Ge enhanced complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) based NIR imaging camera with the InGaAs focal plane array (FPA). Extracted human teeth (n=52) with natural occlusal caries were imaged with both cameras at 1310-nm and the image contrast between sound and carious regions was calculated. After NIR imaging, teeth were sectioned and examined using more established methods, namely polarized light microscopy (PLM) and transverse microradiography (TMR) to calculate lesion severity. Lesions were then classified into 4 categories according to the lesion severity. Lesion contrast increased significantly with lesion severity for both cameras (p<0.05). The Ge enhanced CMOS camera equipped with the larger array and smaller pixels yielded higher contrast values compared with the smaller InGaAs FPA (p<0.01). Results demonstrate that NIR lesion contrast can be used to estimate lesion severity.
Efficient sequestration and reduction of hexavalent chromium with organosilica sol–gels

Sol–gel materials prepared from organically-modified silanes are used for sequestration and reduction of Cr(VI). These sol–gels act as matrices for sequestration and reduction of Cr(VI) as well as binding of Cr(III) ions in the porous structure. Acid treated sol–gels obtained from bis[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ethylenediamine (EnTMOS) and 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (SHTMOS) sequester and reduce Cr(VI) from an external solution. The removal of Cr(VI) from solution was monitored spectrophotometrically and the sol–gels were characterized with FTIR and TEM. The amino and thiol groups in the hybrid sol–gels play a critical role and the gels containing both these functional groups are considerably more effective at removal of Cr(VI) than those containing just one of these functional groups. Finally, the pH of the medium is also found to be an important parameter in kinetics and efficiency of removal of Cr(VI).
Supersymmetric quantum mechanics and large-N expansions.

Supersymmetric quantum mechanics is formulated for spherically symmetric potentials in N spatial dimensions. It is seen that the supersymmetric partner potential of a given potential can be effectively treated as being in N+2 dimensions. This fact is exploited in calculations using the shifted 1/N expansion. Also, the violation of the no-degeneracy theorem in one dimension by the Coulomb potential is seen as a consequence of this result.
Reliability in Content Analysis: Some Common Misconceptions and Recommendations

In a recent article in this journal, Lombard, Snyder-Duch, and Bracken (2002) surveyed 200 content analyses for their reporting of reliability tests, compared the virtues and drawbacks of five popular reliability measures, and proposed guidelines and standards for their use. Their discussion revealed that numerous misconceptions circulate in the content analysis literature regarding how these measures behave and can aid or deceive content analysts in their effort to ensure the reliability of their data. This article proposes three conditions for statistical measures to serve as indices of the reliability of data and examines the mathematical structure and the behavior of the five coefficients discussed by the authors, as well as two others. It compares common beliefs about these coefficients with what they actually do and concludes with alternative recommendations for testing reliability in content analysis and similar data-making efforts.
Significance of interdune deposits and bounding surfaces in aeolian dune sands

Bounding surfaces and interdune deposits provide keys for detailed interpretations of the development, shape, type, wavelength and angle of climb of aeolian bedforms, as well as overall sand sea conditions. Current alternate interpretations of bounding surfaces require very different, but testable models for sand sea deposition. Two perpendicular traverses of Jurassic Entrada Sandstone, Utah, reveal relations among cross-strata, first-order bounding surfaces, and horizontal strata. These field relations seem explicable only as the deposits of downwind-migrating, climbing, enclosed interdune basins (horizontal strata) and dune bodies consisting of superimposed smaller crescentic dunes (cross-stratified deposits). A 1.7 km traverse parallel to the palaeowind direction provides a time-transgressive view showing continuous cosets of cross-strata, first-order bounding surfaces and interdune deposits climbing downwind at an angle of a few tenths of a degree. Changes occur in the angle of climb, cross-strata structure, and interdune deposits; these reflect changes in depositional conditions through time. A 1.5 km traverse perpendicular to the palaeowind direction provides a view at an instant in geological time showing first-order bounding surfaces and interdune deposits forming flat, laterally discontinuous lenticular bodies. The distribution of interdune sedimentary structures in this traverse is very similar to that of some modern interdune basins, such as those on Padre Island, Texas. Hierarchies of bounding surfaces in an aeolian deposit reflect the bedform development on an erg. The presence of three orders of bounding surfaces indicates dune bodies consisting of smaller, super-imposed dunes. The geometry of first-order bounding surfaces is a reflection of the shape of the inter-dune basins. Second-order bounding surfaces originate by the migration of the superimposed dunes over the larger dune body and reflect individual dune shape and type. Third-order bounding surfaces are reactivation surfaces showing stages in the advance of individual dunes. The presence of only two orders of bounding surfaces indicates simple dunes. Modern and Entrada interdune deposits show a wide variety of sediment types and structures reflecting deposition under wet, damp, and dry conditions. Interdune deposits are probably the best indicators of overall erg conditions and commonly show complex vertical sequences reflecting changes in specific depositional conditions.