cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dialogues of the War on Drugs: towards restorative reentry initiatives

AbstractThe injustices of mass incarceration and the ‘War on Drugs’ are a much debated topic in the United States. My project engages this thematic field by examining how formerly incarcerated people discuss the War on Drugs and mass incarceration. I analyze the narratives of 17 formerly incarcerated men who volunteered to participate in: (1) life story interviews, (2) focus groups and (3) semi-structured interviews. Both restorative justice and reentry have been criticized for failing to consider the social, structural, and historical inequalities for marginalized groups. I contend that my subjects’ engagement with historical and autobiographical narratives contributes to an innovative practice borrowing from restorative justice in the context of reentry. The preliminary results confirm that for those who were on the frontline of the War on Drugs, narrating their life story was a cathartic experience and discussing collective memories of slavery and Jim Crow in a group setting became an educational momen...
C Programming and Numerical Analysis: An Introduction

Abstract This book is aimed at those in engineering/scientific fields who have never learned programming before but are eager to master the C language quickly so as to immediately apply it to problem solving in numerical analysis. The book skips unnecessary formality but explains all the important aspects of C essential for numerical analysis. Topics covered in numerical analysis include single and simultaneous equations, differential equations, numerical integration, and simulations by random numbers. In the Appendices, quick tutorials for gnuplot, Octave/MATLAB, and FORTRAN for C users are provided. Table of Contents: Preface / Acknowledgments / First Steps to Run a C Program / Components of C Language / Note on Numerical Errors / Roots of f(x) = 0 / Numerical Differentiation / Numerical Integration / Solving Simultaneous Equations / Differential Equations / Author's Biography / Index
Lipoprotein Particle Formation by Proapoptotic tBid

Abstract The interactions of Bcl-2 family proteins with intracellular lipids are essential for the regulation of apoptosis, a mechanism of programmed cell death that is central to the health and development of multicellular organisms. Bid and its caspase-8 cleavage product, tBid, promote the permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane and sequester antiapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins to counter their cytoprotective activity. Bid and tBid also promote lipid exchange, a characteristic trait of apoptosis. Here, we show that tBid is capable of associating with phospholipids to form soluble, nanometer-sized lipoprotein particles that retain binding affinity for the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-xL. The tBid lipoprotein particles form with a lipid/protein stoichiometry in the range of 20/1 and have a diameter of ∼11.5 nm. Lipoparticle-bound tBid retains an α-helical structure and binds Bcl-xL through its third Bcl-2 homology motif, forming a soluble, lipid-associated heteroprotein complex. The results shed light on the role of lipids in mediating Bcl-2 protein mobility and interactions.
Targeting of Drugs to Tumors: The Use of the Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor as a Ligand

Malignant and benign tumors are differentiated by the ability of cancer to metastasize and invade. Tumors depend on the production of proteases capable to degrade extracellular matrix and, in this way, the proteases function is essential in providing the opportunity for tumor expansion and dissemination (Liotta et al, 1987). To utilize these properties therapeutically useful markers of invasion and metastasis should be found.
Paleoecology and Biostratigraphy of Marginal Marine Gulf Coast Eocene Vertebrate Localities

On-going vertebrate paleontologic research at Lamar University is focused on paleoecologic and biostratigraphic information provided by Eocene vertebrate remains preserved in marginal marine deposits across the Gulf Coastal Plain. Vertebrate faunas currently understudy were collected from outcrops in Texas, Arkansas, Alabama and Georgia.
The Navy and Technology

Lake explores the organizational culture of the Navy and its approach to war, particularly how an enthusiasm for technology is moderated by its commitment to tradition, its conservatism, and its maritime environment. This chapter focuses on how the culture and priorities of the Navy manifest through its aircraft and ships. Lake analyzes Navy procurement using naval aviation, the DDG-1000 program, and the Littoral Combat Ship program, and shows how the Navy’s embrace of qualitative superiority and the potential offered by new technology have led to the Navy’s current vulnerability to overstretch.
A Two-Stage Intervened Decision System With State-Dependent Random Inspection Mechanisms

This paper develops the performability and cost-benefit models for a multi-unit two-stage intervened decision-making system with majority voting rule. The decision process of the system can be divided into two stages, which is an inspection stage (stage 1) and a result submission stage (stage 2). In addition, the system is assumed to have binary inputs and outputs. During the inspection stage, there are two possible states for each decision unit in the system. Each decision unit will be visited at most twice during this stage by the supervisor, and the result for the visit depends on the state of the decision unit. The first visit will be conducted for certain, but the behavior of the second visit will be determined by the result of the first visit. The result provided by each decision unit can be submitted any time during the second stage and there is a checkpoint during this stage to make the process finish earlier. The performance of each decision unit in this stage will be determined by its state at the end of the first stage. The final decision of the system will be made at the end of the second stage. The proposed system can be applied in various applications in real life such as financial investment, product releasing and recall, paper submission and review, and credit evaluation and loan application.
Chemical pathways of peptide degradation. VI. Effect of the primary sequence on the pathways of degradation of aspartyl residues in model hexapeptides

The influence of the primary sequence on the degradation of Asp4 residues (e.g., formation of the cyclic imide and Asp-X and/or X-Asp amide bond hydrolysis) was investigated using Val-Tyr-Y-Asp-X-Ala hexapeptides. These reactions were proposed to involve cyclization, which would duly be sensitive to steric hindrance. The effects on the rates of individual degradation routes and product distribution under both acidic and alkaline conditions were assessed upon substitutions made on the C-terminal side (X) and on the N-terminal side (Y) of the Asp residue. As expected, the rate of intramolecular formation of cyclic imide and, thus, the product yield were most affected by the size of the amino acid on the C-terminal side of the Asp residue. However, such structural changes had little or no impact on the rate of Asp-X and Y-Asp amide bond hydrolysis. In the former case, the substituted site was one atom removed from the reaction site, accounting for the diminished steric effect observed. As for the latter, the site of substitution was not a participant in the reaction itself, and hence, the rate was unperturbed by this modification. Placing Ser and Val C terminally to the Asp residue prompted racemization and peptide bond hydrolysis to occur under alkaline conditions. N-Terminal substitution of Pro with Gly had no effect on the rate of isomerization via cyclic imide formation but greatly enhanced the rate of Y-Asp amide bond hydrolysis.
Integrable Geometric Flows for Curves in the Pseudoconformal 3-Sphere

We consider evolution equations for curves in the 3-dimensional sphere $S^3$ that are invariant under the group $SU(2,1)$ of pseudoconformal transformations, which preserves the standard contact structure on the sphere. In particular, we investigate how invariant evolutions of Legendrian and transverse curves induce well-known integrable systems and hierarchies at the level of their geometric invariants.
Twenty Years of Tallgrass Prairie Reconstruction and Restoration at Pawnee Prairie Natural Area, Missouri

In 1996 the Missouri Department of Conservation purchased Pawnee Prairie, a 190-ha mix of remnant tallgrass prairie and formerly row-cropped prairie with varying degrees of Festuca arundinacea invasion and past cattle grazing intensities on rolling terrain in the central dissected till plains ecological section. Management actions implemented over the following 20 y included prescribed fire, herbicide treatments of invasive nonnative species, and seeding of local ecotype prairie seed. Concurrently, four vegetation monitoring transects were sampled for plant species composition and cover five times between 1996 and 2017. Each of the transects increased significantly over time in the following per-quadrat means: % native plant species cover, plant species conservatism, and cover-weighted plant species conservatism. At the site level, native grasses increased by 22%, nonnative grasses declined by 76%, native forbs increased by 91%, nonnative forbs declined by 94%, and native sedges declined by 37%. In 1996 the top species in importance value across all transects included weedy native species (e.g., Dicanthelium lanuginosum) and nonnative species (e.g., Daucus carota). By 2017 the top species had transitioned to characteristic prairie species (e.g., Schizachyrium scoparium). Ordination results documented compositional trends across all transects toward greater native species richness, cover, and species conservatism values. At Pawnee Prairie, 20 y of sustained prairie reconstruction and restoration practices applied across an area of differing land use histories resulted in significant gains in the natural quality of the site's vegetation, including a greater abundance of prairie flora matrix species and some conservative species.
906-P: Safety and Efficacy of Continuous Glucose Monitoring at an ADA Camp

Personal use of Continuous Glucose Monitor (CGM) technology has increased as a tool to optimize glycemic control. CGM use at ADA camps has also risen over the past few years, however, some campers opt not to use their home CGM at camp as finger stick blood sugars were standard for monitoring glycemic control per camp protocols. At camp, kids are exposed to various levels of activity and different foods leading to variable insulin requirements compared to home regimens. This, in turn, could increase the number of potentially dangerous hypoglycemic episodes at camp if blood glucoses (BG) are not tightly monitored. The safety and efficacy of CGM in an ADA camp setting has not yet been published. This retrospective case-control quality review was performed on camper data from ADA Camp MIDICHA 2017 summer session. It was hypothesized that campers using CGM would have fewer severe glucose excursions (hypo- or hyperglycemia) compared to campers not using CGM. Of the 483 campers, 36 campers used CGM at camp. Another 36 campers (age/gender matched) who did not use CGM were identified as controls. Campers were further matched based on insulin administration method (pump vs. injections) and cabin (to reduce activity variability). BG data including average BG levels, hypoglycemic events (BG 250, >300, and >400 mg/dL) were collected and analyzed. There was no significant difference in average BG levels of campers using CGM and those not using CGM (BG=179.6 vs. 178.53 mg/dL; p=0.8832). Binary logistics regressions were used to generate odds ratios for glycemic event data. Campers using CGM had a 74% lower relative risk of having at least one severe hypoglycemic episode (BG Disclosure A. Sosnowski: None. L. Schmeltz: Advisory Panel; Self; Sanofi. Speaker9s Bureau; Self; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Dexcom, Inc., Eli Lilly and Company, Merck & Co., Inc., Novo Nordisk Inc.
An educational intervention on HPV knowledge and comfortability discussing vaccination among oral health care professionals of the American Indian and Alaskan Native population.

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of an educational intervention at improving Oral Health Professionals (OHP’s) knowledge of HPV and comfortability to discuss vaccination with their Am...
Toxic boost: Acute, reversible neurotoxicity after ingestion of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) mistaken for an energy drink

Abstract Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) is an organometallic compound used as a gasoline additive for its antiknock properties. Human ingestion of MMT has not previously been reported. We present the case of a 54-year-old man who developed seizures and altered mental status after drinking 12 oz. of MMT-containing NOS Octane Booster Racing Formula. Due to label similarities, he mistook this for the NOS High Performance energy drink. The patient was intubated due to persistent seizures despite benzodiazepine treatment and admitted to the intensive care unit. He had two further seizures while intubated, but he was successfully extubated on the 4th day post-ingestion. He was confused and ataxic following extubation, but one day later his symptoms resolved and he was discharged without further incident. This case highlights the importance of responsible labeling of consumables. It is important for clinicians and poison centers to report any such instances to the United States Food and Drug Administration.
Conflict and Risky Health Behavior: Evidence from Mexico's Drug War

Risky health behaviors contribute to a large share of disease in developing countries, yet few papers have studied the effect of conflict on these behaviors. The canonical health capital model predicts that conflict should increase risky health behaviors: as the likelihood of survival falls, incentives to invest in preventive measures also fall, increasing risk-taking. However, recent findings from various violent contexts, including the drug war in Mexico, suggest the behavioral response to conflict may reduce risk-taking. In this paper, I identify the effect of insecurity on sexual risk-taking using unique panel data on female sex workers in Ciudad Juarez, Mexico. I show that more intense conflict generates a large reduction in risky sex transactions. I rule out several alternate explanations, including compositional changes in sex markets and changes in drug use. The results suggest that the behavioral response to insecurity can mitigate the negative effects of conflict on health.
Naproxen inhibits spontaneous lung adenocarcinoma formation in KrasG12V mice.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer related deaths worldwide. The present study investigated the effects of naproxen (NSAID) on lung adenocarcinoma in spontaneous lung cancer mouse model. Six-week-old transgenic KrasG12V mice (n = 20; male + female) were fed modified AIN-76A diets containing naproxen (0/400 ppm) for 30 wk and euthanized at 36 wk of age. Lungs were evaluated for tumor incidence, multiplicity, and histopathological stage (adenoma and adenocarcinoma). Lung tumors were noticeable as early as 12 wk of age exclusively in the KrasG12V mice. By 36 wk age, 100% of KrasG12V mice on control diet developed lung tumors, mostly adenocarcinomas. KrasG12V mice fed control diet developed 19.8 ± 0.96 (Mean ± SEM) lung tumors (2.5 ± 0.3 adenoma, 17.3 ± 0.7 adenocarcinoma). Administration of naproxen (400 ppm) inhibited lung tumor multiplicity by ∼52% (9.4 ± 0.85; P < 0001) and adenocarcinoma by ∼64% (6.1 ± 0.6; P < 0001), compared with control-diet-fed mice. However, no significant difference was observed in the number of adenomas in either diet, suggesting that naproxen was more effective in inhibiting tumor progression to adenocarcinoma. Biomarker analysis showed significantly reduced inflammation (COX-2, IL-10), reduced tumor cell proliferation (PCNA, cyclin D1), and increased apoptosis (p21, caspase-3) in the lung tumors exposed to naproxen. Decreased serum levels of PGE2 and CXCR4 were observed in naproxen diet fed KrasG12V mice. Gene expression analysis of tumors revealed a significant increase in cytokine modulated genes (H2-Aa, H2-Ab1, Clu), which known to further modulate the cytokine signaling pathways. Overall, the results suggest a chemopreventive role of naproxen in inhibiting spontaneous lung adenocarcinoma formation in KrasG12V mice.
Identifying Literature Review Sources

Seasoned travelers recognize the value of pre-trip planning. The quality of the time one spends before embarking on a journey can greatly enhance the success of any trip. Review of travel guides and related materials enables a traveler to learn from the experiences of others in charting their route of travel and the sights they desire to visit along the way.
Sample Position Effects on Moisture Analyses by a Microwave Oven Method 1,2.

Microwave ovens are useful in rapid moisture analysis systems and preliminary drying to prepare analytical samples. Because of uneven heat distribution reported previously, we compared effects of 20 sample locations in a microwave oven cavity on moisture percentages of six meat and three milk samples. The same two hot spots (high moisture percentages) were noted for meat and milk samples. Microwave moisture percentages did not differ from standard oven drying results for meat samples but were higher (P < .05) for milk. Placing the sample beaker consistently in the same microwave oven location is advocated.
The Normal Completion of the Lattice of Continuous Functions

Dilworth’s paper [10] on the order completion of the Banach lattice C(S) of all continuous bounded functions on a topological space S was one of the first papers written on this topic and more is known nowadays. It might be worthwhile to follow Dilworth’s ideas in modern terminology and see how a proof of his results could look were this paper written in 1989 instead of 1949.
Free fatty acids (FFA), a link between obesity and insulin resistance.

Abstract Evidence, gained from human studies, is reviewed showing that elevation of plasma FFA levels produce peripheral and probably also hepatic insulin resistance in obese healthy and diabetic subjects. First, plasma FFA levels are elevated in most obese subjects. Second, physiological elevations of plasma FFA inhibit acutely as well as chronically insulin stimulated glucose uptake in a dose dependent fashion. Responsible for this inhibition is a FFA induced defect in insulin stimulated glucose transport and/or phosphorylation which develops after 3-4 hours of raising plasma FFA and a second defect, consisting of inhibition of glycogen synthase, the rate limiting enzyme of glycogen synthesis, which develops after 4-6 hours. FFA induced inhibition of fatty acid oxidation (Randle effect) does not affect insulin stimulated glucose uptake or glycogen synthesis and thus does not cause insulin resistance. Elevated plasma FFA levels also modestly increase insulin suppressed endogenous glucose production (EGP) although this effect has not been found by all investigators. The reasons why it has been difficult to demonstrate unequivocal effects of FFA on EGP include 1) the fact that FFA promote insulin secretion which counteracts its effect on EGP (FFA increase, while insulin decreases EGP); 2) the recognition that FFA induced increase in gluconeogenesis may be compensated by intrahepatic downregulation of EGP (i.e., by a decrease in glycogenolysis). The FFA induced insulin resistance is physiologically important during starvation by preserving carbohydrate for oxidation in the central nervous system and during pregnancy, where the well recognized accelerated starvation pattern provides carbohydrate for the growing fetus. In obesity, however, there is no need to spare carbohydrate and the FFA induced insulin resistance may result in type 2 diabetes and other cardiovascular risk factors.
Ribonucleotide Reductase from Euglena gracilis A 5'-DEOXYADENOSYLCOBALAMIN-DEPENDENT ENZYME

A ribonucleotide reductase has been purified to homogeneity from Euglena gracilis. The enzyme will reduce the four common ribonucleoside triphosphates when a dithiol and 5′-deoxyadenosylcobalamin, required for activity, are added. Magnesium ions can stimulate the reaction. CTP reduction can be stimulated by dATP or ATP, and can be inhibited, as can ATP and GTP reduction, by dTTP. Reduction of UTP is unaffected by deoxyribonucleotides. The molecular weight of the enzyme from Euglena, as determined from gel filtration, is 440,000. Sodium dodecyl sulfate gels indicate subunits of approximately 100,000.
The role of personal relationships in supply chains

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to understand how personal relationships influence behavior within a supply-chain context. Design/methodology/approach – This research employs a qualitative methodology that allows for a rich assessment of how buyers and suppliers of logistics services interact within the context of personal relationships (e.g. friendships), that are themselves embedded within interfirm relationships. Based on a grounded theory approach, a model is developed describing how and why personal relationships are important for supply-chain managers to consider when cultivating interfirm connections. Findings – The findings reveal how managers act/interact within the context of personal relationships, as well as the outcomes/benefits associated with the development of personal relationships. Research limitations/implications – This study uses qualitative interviews to generate theory. The generalizability of the findings will have to be empirically examined in future research. Practical imp...
ENERGY AND SOCIETY

The need for energy is discussed and a method for quantifying energy needs is presented. Energy sources and their potential for the near and long term are surveyed. Social costs associated with LWR and coal fueled power plants are discussed. A single standard for the protection of man and the environment is proposed.
Aqueous Electrodeposition of SmCo Alloys I. Hull Cell Studies

The Hull cell (HC) is a rapid "economical" method for screening the effects of varying solution composition and operating variables, providing a preliminary parametric study of Sm-Co alloy electrodeposition. HC deposit patterns exhibited three distinct current density (CD) areas: a metallic deposit, a "burnt" deposit, and a nonmetallic oxide/hydroxide deposit. X-ray diffraction spectra indicated the metallic deposits were generally amorphous, essentially free of oxide/hydroxide; the burnt deposits contained varying amounts of Sm-Co, Co hydroxide, and Sm oxide/hydroxide, and the nonmetallic deposits consisted of oxide/hydroxide. Increased temperatures extended CD ranges for metallic deposits (CD max ), resulting in increased Sm content. The CD for electrodeposition of metallic Co from dilute Co solutions increased with increasing temperature; addition of glycine significantly increased CD max . HC patterns from solutions containing only Sm sulfamate were devoid of metallic deposits. Addition of com-plexants (glycine) is essential for the electrodeposition of Sm-Co alloys. For pulsed current (PC) electrodeposition, increasing the solution temperatures did not result in increased Sm content as dc, although PCD max was extended. Decreasing the duty cycle increased PCD max at 25°C. PC results at 25°C indicate that alloy compositions may be electrodeposited, favorable to subsequent thermal treatments to intermetallic compounds, SmCo 5 and Sm 2 Co 17 .
Traffic partition in WDM/SONET rings to minimize SONET ADMs

SONET (Synchronous Optical NETworks) add-drop multiplexers (ADMs) are the dominant cost factor in the WDM(Wavelength Division Multiplexing)/SONET rings. The number of SONET ADMs required by a set of traffic streams is determined by the routing and wavelength assignment of the traffic streams. Previous works took as input the traffic streams with routings given a priori and developed various heuristics for wavelength assignment to minimize the SONET ADM costs. However, little was known about the performance guarantees of these heuristics. This paper contributes mainly in two aspects. First, in addition to the traffic streams with pre-specified routing, this paper also studies minimizing the ADM requirement by traffic streams without given routings, a problem which is shown to be NP-hard. Several heuristics for integrated routing and wavelength assignment are proposed to minimize the SONET ADM costs. Second, the approximation ratios of those heuristics for wavelength assignment only and those heuristics for integrated routing and wavelength assignment are analyzed. The new Preprocessed Iterative Matching heuristic has the best approximation ratio: at most 3/2.
Technology transfer in international joint ventures: the importance of early staff negotiations

The author reports some preliminary findings toward the development of a framework within which important joint venture staffing issues can be analyzed and understood. Specifically, based on data obtained from three US-Japanese ventures located in the United States, the author presents preliminary findings toward understanding staffing dynamics from a negotiations perspective in technically oriented international joint ventures. The preliminary findings of the current study are that there is yet much work to be done in this area of research. >
Feeling (Mis)Understood and Intergroup Friendships in Interracial Interactions

The present research investigated whether having out-group friends serves as a buffer for feeling misunderstood in interracial interactions. Across three experience sampling studies, we found that among ethnic minorities who have few White friends or are not interacting with White friends, daily interracial interactions are associated with feeling less understood. By contrast, we found that among ethnic minorities who have more White friends or are interacting with White friends, the relationship between daily interracial interactions and feeling understood is not significant. We did not find similar results for Whites; that is, having ethnic minority friends did not play a role in the relationship between daily interracial interactions and feeling understood. Together, these studies demonstrate the beneficial effects of intergroup friendships for ethnic minorities.
Role of cytochromes P450 in chemical toxicity and oxidative stress: studies with CYP2E1

Cytochromes P450 are responsible for metabolism of most xenobiotics and are required for the efficient elimination of foreign chemicals from the body. Paradoxically, these enzymes also metabolically activate biologically inert compounds to electrophilic derivatives that can cause toxicity, cell death and sometimes cellular transformation resulting in cancer. To establish the role of these enzymes in toxicity and carcinogenicity in vivo, gene knockout mice have been developed. To illustrate the role of P450s in toxicity, CYP2E1-null mice were employed with the commonly used analgesic drug acetaminophen. CYP2E1 is the rate-limiting enzyme that initiates the cascade of events leading to acetaminophen hepatotoxicity; in the absence of this P450, toxicity will only be apparent at high concentrations. Other enzymes and nuclear receptors are also involved in activation or inactivating chemicals. CYP2E1 is induced by alcohol and the primary P450 that carries out ethanol oxidation that can lead to the production of activated oxygen species and oxidative stress that elevate ERK1/2 phosphorylation through EGRF/c-Raf signaling. Paradoxically, activation of this pathway inhibits apoptotic cell death stimulated by reactive oxygen generating chemicals but accelerates necrotic cell death produced by polyunsaturated fatty acids. CYP2E1 is thought to contribute to liver pathologies that result from alcoholic liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.
A heterodox teaching of neoclassical microeconomic theory

In this article, I advocate a different way to teach neoclassical microeconomic theory to graduate students in heterodox programs that accomplishes the goals of providing them with a critical and 'technical' understanding of neoclassical theory as well as a critical awareness of how heterodox microeconomic theory is organised, structured, and different. In this way, it is possible to calm the fears of many heterodox economists that the complete dismissal of neoclassical microeconomic theory is not a nihilistic endeavour, but a connected prelude to delineating a heterodox microeconomic theory. It is done by teaching microeconomic theory as a critical historical discourse, or more precisely a historical story, that deals with its evolution and its theoretical and empirical shortcomings that place the theory in the incoherent state that it is in today.
Spectral- and cepstral-based measures during continuous speech: Capacity to distinguish dysphonia and consistency within a speaker

Spectral- and cepstral-based acoustic measures are preferable to time-based measures for accurately representing dysphonic voices during continuous speech. Although these measures show promising relationships to perceptual voice quality ratings, less is known regarding their ability to differentiate normal from dysphonic voice during continuous speech and the consistency of these measures across multiple utterances by the same speaker. The purpose of this study was to determine whether spectral moments of the long-term average spectrum (LTAS) (spectral mean, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis) and cepstral peak prominence measures were significantly different for speakers with and without voice disorders when assessed during continuous speech. The consistency of these measures within a speaker across utterances was also addressed. Continuous speech samples from 27 subjects without voice disorders and 27 subjects with mixed voice disorders were acoustically analyzed. In addition, voice samples were perceptually rated for overall severity. Acoustic analyses were performed on three continuous speech stimuli from a reading passage: two full sentences and one constituent phrase. Significant between-group differences were found for both cepstral measures and three LTAS measures (P<0.001): spectral mean, skewness, and kurtosis. These five measures also showed moderate to strong correlations to overall voice severity. Furthermore, high degrees of within-speaker consistency (correlation coefficients ≥0.89) across utterances with varying length and phonemic content were evidenced for both subject groups.
Population studies of pond zooplankton

Quantitative plankton samples were collected from three small ponds weekly for fourteen weeks during the summer. Seven species of Cladocera and five species of Copepoda were collected. Nine of the species had significant affinities which were formed into one recurrent group and three associated species. The recurrent group of two cladocerans, one calanoid and three cyclopoids resembled the species composition of many small to medium lakes.
Unique developmental patterns of GABAergic neurons in rat spinal cord

-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons have been postulated to compose an important component of local circuits in the adult spinal cord, yet their identity and axonal projections have not been well defined. We have found that, during early embryonic ages (E12‐E16), both glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) and GABA were expressed in cell bodies and growing axons, whereas at older ages (E17‐P28), they were localized primarily in terminal-like structures. To determine whether these developmental changes in GAD65 and GABA were due to an intracellular shift in the distribution pattern of GAD proteins, we used a spinal cord slice model. Initial experiments demonstrated that the pattern of GABAergic neurons within organotypic cultures mimicked the expression pattern seen in embryos. Sixteen-day-old embryonic slices grown 1 day in vitro contained many GAD65- and GAD67-labeled somata, whereas those grown 4 days in vitro contained primarily terminal-like varicosities. When isolated E14‐E16 slices were grown for 4 days in vitro, the width of the GAD65-labeled ventral marginal zone decreased by 40‐50%, a finding that suggests these GABAergic axons originated from sources both intrinsic and extrinsic to the slices. Finally, when axonal transport was blocked in vitro, the developmental subcellular localization of GAD65 and GAD67 was reversed, so that GABAergic cell bodies were detected at all ages examined. These data indicate that an intracellular redistribution of both forms of GAD underlie the developmental changes observed in GABAergic spinal cord neurons. Taken together, our findings suggest a rapid translocation of GAD proteins from cell bodies to synaptic terminals following axonal outgrowth and synaptogenesis. J. Comp. Neurol. 456: 112‐126, 2003. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Indexing terms: glutamic acid decarboxylase; GABA; commissural neurons; spinal cord; organotypic cultures
Automated access to spectrochemical databases

Abstract Future compilations of atomic data are likely to be used in concert with computer-based retrieval methods. A large compilation of fundamental data can be retrieved by a microcomputer system that is optimized for a disk-based file. Retrieval of data needed to correct for concomitant interferences can also be performed by a microcomputer, but the calculations needed are too lengthy and will require a larger computer.
Microtubule-membrane interactions in vivo: direct observation of plasma membrane deformation mediated by actively bending cytoplasmic microtubules

Video-enhanced microscopy was used to study the behavior of cytoplasmic microtubules in flattened reticulopodia of the marine protistAllogromia. Linear microtubule bundles were observed bending to various degrees and then straightening. When microtubules bent sufficiently to contact the plasma membrane, protuberances extended from the pseudopodial margins. These protuberances withdrew as the bent microtubules straightened. In extreme cases, microtubules formed c-shaped loops which moved laterally through the cytoplasm and contacted fenestrae formed within the flattened pseudopodia. A given fenestra first deformed at the site of microtubule contact and then closed as the loop continued its motion; reversal of the microtubule motion reopened the fenestra. By electron microscopy, microtubules are consistently seen within 20 nm of the plasma membrane and are often connected to the membrane by detergent-resistant crosslinks. Together, these observations indicate that microtubule movements can deform the plasma membrane and thus mediate certain aspects of cellular morphogenesis.
The effects of working height on a manual lifting task

Confusion exists in the manual lifting and handling literature between the effects of working height at the bottom and top of a lift. This study varied both heights and measured the maximum weight lifted for male and female subjects using a non-compact box. Both bottom and top height affected weight lifted. The actual weights lifted and the relationships between male and female performance were consistent with the literature. It was found that the maximum voluntary strength at the top of the lift was not a good prediction of performance, suggesting that skill as well as strength define performance limits for this task. The implications for performance models are discussed.
Paper Mâché: Creating Dynamic Reproducible Science

Abstract For centuries, the research paper have been the main vehicle for scientific progress. From the paper, readers in the scientific community are expected to extract all the relevant information necessary to reproduce and validate the results presented by the paper's authors. However, the increased use of computer software in science makes reproducing scientific results increasingly difficult. The research paper in its current state is no longer sufficient to fully reproduce, validate, or review a paper's experimental results and conclusions. This impedes scientific progress. To remedy these concerns, we introduce PaperMâche, a new system for creating dynamic, executable research papers. The key novelty of PaperMâche is its use of virtual machines, which lets readers and reviewers easily view and interact with a paper, and reproduce key experimental results. For authors, the Paper Mâche workbench provides an easy-touse interface to build an executable paper. By transforming the static research paper into a dynamic and interactive entity, Paper Mâche brings the presentation of scientific results into the 21st century. We believe that Paper Mâche will become indispensable to the scientific process, and increase the visibility of key findings among members and non-members of the scientific community.
Protection of Low-Voltage Circuits by Air Circuit Breakers in Cascade Arrangement

This paper deals with and outlines a new solution to the problem of providing adequate short circuit protection for low-voltage distribution systems and circuits operating at 600 volts or less. Recent tests and field experience have dispelled the illusion that protective devices of very limited interrupting ability will satisfactorily protect any low-voltage circuit. A recently published calculating procedure makes possible the accurate determination of the short circuit currents obtainable in low voltage circuits or systems. Modern types of low-voltage air circuit breakers in a wide range of interrupting ratings are now available. While the best short circuit protection is obtained by selecting those of interrupting ratings at least equal to the calculated short circuit current, such a procedure is not always justifiable. In many instances a relatively large number of main feeder circuits, emanating from a bus fed through one or more main breakers or incoming line breakers, supply an even larger number of branch feeders. The short circuit currents obtainable at the branch-feeder breaker locations may not be materially less than those obtainable at the main bus. Yet the selection of branch feeder breakers, or possibly even main feeder breakers, with interrupting ratings high enough to match these obtainable currents, may prove completely impractical when viewed with any reasonable regard for space requirements or cost. Air circuit breakers of varying interrupting ratings, properly coordinated in design may be used in a “cascade” or series connection in such manner that in event of a severe fault, the main breakers “back-up” the smaller main feeder breakers, and these, in turn, “back-up” the branch feeder breakers. Only the main breakers need have interrupting ratings equal to the obtainable short-circuit current, yet the system is adequately protected, within the limits set forth in the paper. Cascading also makes possible a simple means of selecting air circuit breakers to provide economical yet adequate protection for relatively small installations, where a complete short-circuit study might be difficult to justify and where a poor selection of protective devices would result in either an unnecessarily expensive installation or a serious hazard — generally the latter. An application table for such installations, based upon the principle of cascade operation is included.
1,5-Migrations of silicon between oxygen centers in silyl β-diketones

Abstract A series of acyclic silyl diketonates, (CH3)3Si(dik), where dik = dipivaloyl-methanate, diisobutyrylmethanate and hexafluoroacetylacetonate, along with a new series of cyclic acetylacetonates of the type CH3(-CH2(CH2)xCH2-)Si(acac), where x = 1, 2, and 3, have been shown to possess enol ether structures in which the acyl group is positioned cis or trans to the silyl group. The ratios of cis to trans configurations in the (CH3)3Si(dik) series increase from 50.0 in the order of diketonate substituents CF3 2 > 3. These data are interpreted in terms of incipient pentacoordination of silicon by the carbonyl oxygen atom in the cis isomer. Rates of 1,5-migration of silicon between oxygen centers in the cis isomers have been determined by NMR spectroscopy. The dependence of the rearrangement rates on diketonate substituent and angle strain at silicon indicate that the migration process is better viewed as an internal nucleophilic displacement, rather than a sigmatropic shift. 1,5-Migration in the chiral (C6H5CH2)(CH3)(C6H5)Si derivative of dipivaloylmethanate occurs exclusively with retention of configuration at silicon. The large difference in activation energy for migration and inversion (>18 kcal/mol) precludes the possibility of distinguishing between a stepwise and concerted displacement mechanism.
Relationship between cell differentiation and binding of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated insulin of keratinocytes in culture

Basal-type keratinocytes, isolated from newborn rat skin and separated on Percoll density gradients, proliferate in low (0.1 mM) calcium medium and, after raising the calcium level to normal (1.96 mM), stratify. Cells in the low calcium culture do not have extensive cell-cell connections, as seen with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated insulin. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated concanavalin A and Griffonia simplicifolia isolectin B4, but not peanut agglutinin (PNA), fluorescently label these cells. In 3-day-old low calcium cultures, within 2 h after raising the calcium of the medium to the normal level, intense binding of PNA to cells appears and neighboring cells are connected through bundles of filaments that are fluorescently labeled by FITC-insulin. After 2 days in normal calcium medium, the cultures exhibit relatively smooth, straightlined, cell boundaries that are labeled by FITC-insulin and cell boundaries and intracellular granules that are stained by hematoxylin. One day later, similar cell boundaries are present, but they are not significantly decorated by FITC-insulin and, under phase contrast microscopy, are dark. Free FITC gives labeling patterns similar to those given by FITC-insulin, but the FITC labeling is blocked by mercaptoethanol and dithiothreitol in contrast to FITC-insulin binding. The present results suggest the insulin moiety is involved in the labeling by FITC-insulin and the labeling is chronologically related to the stage of cell differentiation.
Anniversary reactions: Trauma revisited

This article is intended to acquaint the reader with a phenomena known in the psychoanalytic literature as “anniversary reactions.” Conceptualized as ensuing from incomplete forms of mourning, these reactions may be evident in various forms including somatic symptoms and diseases, depression, psychosis, suicide, and homicide on the anniversary date of a significant past traumatic event. This article identifies various manifestations of anniversary reactions and familiarizes the reader with some of the elements thought to constitute them: trauma, incomplete mourning, identification and an unconscious sense of time. A clinical vignette is presented and discussed.
Clostridium difficile colitis in the critically Ill

Morbidity and treatment ofClostridium difficilecolitis (CDC) continue to be controversial. Some claim minimum morbidity, which may be a function of differences in patient population and/or bacterial virulence. METHODS: To evaluate the effect of CDC in the critically ill, we retrospectively reviewed the records of 59 intensive care unit patients with CDC who were diagnosed by fecal toxin assays or clinical evidence of pseudomembranous colitis from January 1991 to October 1994. Symptoms, signs, antibiotic regimens, diagnostic tests, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) scores, morbidity, and mortality were analyzed, and results of surgical treatment were compared with the literature. RESULTS: Mean age was 66.4 (17–95) years, with a male to female ratio of 1.8∶1. First treatment was metronidazole by mouth in 15 patients (25.4 percent), vancomycin by mouth in 30 patients (50.8 percent), sequential by mouth vancomycin/metronidazole in 3 patients (5.1 percent), and intravenous metronidazole in 5 patients (8.5 percent). Six patients had no medical therapy before surgery or discharge. Ten patients (17 percent) had recurrence and 12 (20.3 percent) required surgery for progressive toxicity or peritonitis. Of three patients who were initially treated by diverting stomas, one died and two required total colectomy (TAC). Two underwent partial resection (1 that was nearly a total colectomy), and seven others had a TAC. Surgical patients had worse mean APACHE II scores at diagnosis (24.4vs.199;P<0.001). Thirty-day mortality in surgical patients was 41.7vs.14.7 percent in medical patients (P<0.5).CONLUSION: Twenty percent of critically ill patients with CDC required operation. TAC and diversion appeared to be more effective surgical treatments than diversion alone.
Rigid Body Collision Model for Submunition Dispersion Simulation

A collision model for use in digital computer simulations of submunition dispersion is presented. The model consists of three distinct parts: a collision decision hierarchy, a solid body model, and momentum exchange equations. The collision decision hierarchy is a simulation of the human observation process for detecting bodies in contact. The solid body model, used to determine contact points, is restricted to bodies of revolution. Exact analytical equations are derived for the exchange of linear and angular momentum during a collision. The equations account for coefficients of restitution other than unity. Some computed results are presented.
Influence of Residual Water on the Adsorption of Atmospheric Gases in Li−X Zeolite: Experiment and Simulation

Li−LSX zeolite (Si/Al = 1.0) is currently the best sorbent in use in the separation of air by adsorption processes. In this present work we have synthesized fully exchanged Li−LSX zeolite and measu...
The interaction of the Escherichia coli mutD and mutT pathways in the prevention of A:T-->C:G transversions.

Abstract The Escherichia coli mutT mutator allele produces high frequencies of exclusively A:T → C:G transversions. This is thought to be caused by a failure to prevent or remove A:G mispairs during DNA replication. The mutD5 mutator allele maps to the dnaQ locus which encodes the epsilon subunit of the DNA polymerase III holoenzyme. This subunit provides 3′ → 5′ exonuclease, proofreading, activity for removing mispaired nucleotides at the 3′ end of the newly synthesized DNA strand. mutD5 has an altered epsilon resulting in reduced levels of proofreading and subsequent high mutation frequencies for all base-pair substitutions. We have analyzed the interaction between mutD5 and mutT-induced A:T → C:G transversions by measuring reversion frequencies in mutD5 and mutT single mutator strains and mutD5mutT double mutator strains using the well-characterized trpA58 and trpA88 alleles. We find that the double mutator strains produce more A:T → C:G substitutions than would be expected from simple additivity of the single mutator strains. We interpret this to mean that the two systems, at least in part, do act together to prevent the same mutational intermediate from producing A:T → C:G transversions. It is estimated that over 90% of the mutT-induced A:G mispairs are corrected by proofreading at the trpA58 site while only about 30% are corrected at trpA88. Reversion frequencies in the mutD5mutT double mutator strains indicate A:G misincorporations occur about 100 × more frequently at trpA58 than at the trpA88 site. Using these and other data we also provide estimations of the fidelity contributions for mutT editing, proofreading and methyl-directed mismatch repair at the two trpA sites for both transversions and the one transition that could be scored. In the case of A:T → C:G transversions, both mutT editing and proofreading make major contributions in error reduction with mismatch repair playing a small or no role at all. For the A:T → G:C transition, proofreading and mismatch repair were both important in preventing mutations while no contribution was observed for mutT editing.