cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Team Effectiveness Theory from Industrial and Organizational Psychology Applied to Engineering Student Project Teams: A Research Review

Background Engineering student team projects are frequently used to meet professional learning outcomes. Industrial and organizational psychologists study teams in the industry settings for which we prepare students, yet this research does not effectively inform engineering education. Purpose This research review sought to demonstrate the relevance of literature on teams literature from industrial and organizational psychology to engineering education and to identify implications for practice and future directions for research. Scope/Method Phase 1 systematically reviewed 104 articles published from 2007 to 2012 describing engineering and computer science student team projects and sought to answer the following questions: What professional learning outcomes have been met by team projects? What negative student team behaviors have faculty sought to minimize? What literature has been used to inform development of teamwork outcomes? Phase 2 reviewed five team effectiveness constructs selected according to the results of Phase 1: social loafing, interdependence, conflict, trust, and shared mental models. Examples from Phase 1 articles and our own work explain how this research informs facilitation and assessment of engineering student teams. Conclusions Engineering faculty sought to achieve a variety of outcomes through team projects, including teamwork, communication, sustainability, and consideration of global/societal design context. They sought to avoid social loafing and conflict while building trust to ensure equal team effort. That few Phase 1 articles engaged the literature about team effectiveness indicates there is great opportunity to apply industrial and organizational psychology research to engineering education.
Progress toward BLISS, the background-limited infrared-submillimeter spectrograph for SPICA

We are developing the Background-Limited Infrared-Submillimeter Spectrograph (BLISS) for SPICA to provide a breakthrough capability for far-IR survey spectroscopy. The 3.2-meter, actively-cooled (T<6K) SPICA telescope allows mid-IR to submm observations which are limited only by the natural backgrounds, and BLISS is designed to operate near this fundamental limit. BLISS-SPICA provide a line sensitivity of 10-20 W m-2 , thereby enabling spectroscopy of dust-obscured galaxies at all epochs back to the first billion years after the Big Bang (redshift 6), and study of all stages of planet formation in circumstellar disks. BLISS covers the 35-430 micron waveband at moderate resolving power (300<R<700) in six grating spec­ trometer bands, each coupling at least two 2 sky positions simultaneously. The instrument is cooled with an on-board refrigerator to 50 mK for optimal sensitivity. The detector package in the goal implementation is 4200 silicon-nitride micro-mesh leg-isolated bolometers with superconducting transition-edge-sensed (TES) thermis­tors, read out with a cryogenic time-domain multiplexer. The instrument is designed to fit within the stringent SPICA resource allocations for mass and heat lift, and to mitigate the impact of cosmic rays. We report on this design and our progress in prototyping and validating the BLISS spectrometers and prototype cooler. A companion paper in Conference 8452 (A. Beyer et al.) discusses in greater detail the progress in the BLISS TES bolometer development.
Selective in vitro labeling of white blood cells using 99mTc-labeled liposomes.

Abstract We describe a method by which endocytosis-based radiolabeling of WBC is achieved using 99m Tc-liposomes of optimal size and charge, and of a composition that assures both in vitro (whole blood) and intracellular stability of the radiopharmaceutical. In our study, excellent in vitro stability of 99m Tc-liposomes with 95% labeling efficiency was observed with >90% stability up to 6 h and a minimum of 85% after 24 h of incubation either in normal saline or serum. Total WBC labeling efficiency using 99m Tc-liposomes determined by radio-thin layer chromatographic analysis was 30.6 ± 2.21%, 20.89 ± 1.31% for monocytes and 9.7 ± 1.74% for polymorphonuclears. Negligible activity was bound to red blood cells. The procedure did not affect the cell viability and the separation of the free 99m Tc-liposomes from the cells was done by centrifugation.
Recent trends in the archaeology of the southeastern United States

The archaeological literature pertaining to the southeastern United States is examined for the 5-year period between 1988 and 1992 inclusive. Research traditions identified in an earlier article by Patty Jo Watson (Southeastern Archaeology 9: 43–54, 1990) as characteristic of the Southeast in the previous half-century are considered in light of recent contributions. Topics examined include Mesoamerican connections, trade, pottery typology, historical archaeology, subsistence studies, bioarchaeology, and lithic artifact research.
Computer-Controlled Aerospace Ground Equipment for the AOSO Communications and Data-Handling Subsystem

Texas Instruments is presently engaged in design and development of the communication and data-handling subsystem (CDHS) and the associated aerospace ground equipment (AGE) for the Advanced Orbiting Solar Observatory (AOSO). This paper describes the AGE which will be used to test, monitor, exercise, and troubleshoot the CDHS. The observatory-class satellites are very complex and have sophisticated communications and data-handling equipment. The increase in complexity of satellite equipment has resulted in increased demands on the test capability of the checkout equipment. A computer-controlled checkout system has been selected as a result of an analysis of the satellite test requirements. By utilizing a general-purpose computer which controls special equipment designed for the AOSO, the requirement for a rapid, versatile checkout system has been met. This system is described in the following paragraphs.
Oxidative metabolism of the anti-cancer agent mitoxantrone by horseradish, lacto-and lignin peroxidase.

Abstract Mitoxantrone (MH2X), an anthraquinone-type anti-cancer agent used clinically in the treatment of human malignancies, is oxidatively activated by the peroxidase/H2O2 enzyme system. In contrast to the enzymatic mechanisms of drug oxidation, the chemical transformations of MH2X are not well described. In this study, MH2X metabolites, produced by the horseradish, lacto- or lignin peroxidase (respectively HRP, LPO and LIP)/H2O2 system, were investigated by steady-state spectrokinetic and HPLC–MS methods. At an equimolar mitoxantrone/H2O2 ratio, the efficacy of the enzyme-catalyzed oxidation of mitoxantrone decreased in the following order: LPO > HRP > LIP, which accorded with the decreasing size of the substrate access channel in the enzyme panel examined. In all cases, the central drug oxidation product was the redox-active cyclic metabolite, hexahydronaphtho-[2,3-f]-quinoxaline-7,12-dione (MH2), previously identified in the urine of mitoxantrone-treated patients. As the reaction progressed, data gathered in this study suggests that further oxidation of the MH2 side-chains occurred, yielding the mono- and dicarboxylic acid derivatives respectively. Based on the available data a further MH2 derivative is proposed, in which the amino-alkyl side-chain(s) are cyclised. With increasing H2O2 concentrations, these novel MH2 derivatives were oxidised to additional metabolites, whose spectral properties and MS data indicated a stepwise destruction of the MH2 chromophore due to an oxidative cleavage of the 9,10-anthracenedione moiety. The novel metabolites extend the known sequence of peroxidase-induced mitoxantrone metabolism, and may contribute to the cytotoxic effects of the drug in vivo. Based on the structural features of the proposed MH2 oxidation products we elaborate on various biochemical mechanisms, which extend the understanding of mitoxantrone’s pharmaceutical action and its clinical effectiveness with a particular focus on peroxidase-expressing solid tumors, such as breast carcinoma.
Social Support Interventions for Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients: The Cart before the Horse?

Enthusiasm about the potential of social support to promote successful adaptation to chronic illness has already led to support interventions for arthritis patients designed to increase coping ability, reduce the need for professional mental health services, and limit periods of disability. But have we put the cart before the horse? Do these interventions achieve these goals? Existing interventions are reviewed, and a number of research issues are addressed from within an ecological framework, including the content of support interventions, the source of support, the type of support provided, support as an intervention variable versus outcome, and the need to target interventions not only to patients but to their family members and health professionals. It is suggested that future interventions be more theoretically grounded.
Oral microbial biofilm stimulation of epithelial cell responses

Oral bacterial biofilms trigger chronic inflammatory responses in the host that can result in the tissue destructive events of periodontitis. However, the characteristics of the capacity of specific host cell types to respond to these biofilms remain ill-defined. This report describes the use of a novel model of bacterial biofilms to stimulate oral epithelial cells and profile select cytokines and chemokines that contribute to the local inflammatory environment in the periodontium. Monoinfection biofilms were developed with Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus gordonii, Actinomyces naeslundii, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Porphyromonas gingivalis on rigid gas-permeable contact lenses. Biofilms, as well as planktonic cultures of these same bacterial species, were incubated under anaerobic conditions with a human oral epithelial cell line, OKF4, for up to 24 h. Gro-1α, IL1α, IL-6, IL-8, TGFα, Fractalkine, MIP-1α, and IP-10 were shown to be produced in response to a range of the planktonic or biofilm forms of these species. P. gingivalis biofilms significantly inhibited the production of all of these cytokines and chemokines, except MIP-1α. Generally, the biofilms of all species inhibited Gro-1α, TGFα, and Fractalkine production, while F. nucleatum biofilms stimulated significant increases in IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8, and IP-10. A. naeslundii biofilms induced elevated levels of IL-6, IL-8 and IP-10. The oral streptococcal species in biofilms or planktonic forms were poor stimulants for any of these mediators from the epithelial cells. The results of these studies demonstrate that oral bacteria in biofilms elicit a substantially different profile of responses compared to planktonic bacteria of the same species. Moreover, certain oral species are highly stimulatory when in biofilms and interact with host cell receptors to trigger pathways of responses that appear quite divergent from individual bacteria.
Intracranial complications of sinusitis: a pediatric series.

Intracranial complications of sinusitis (ICS) (cerebral, epidural, and subdural abscesses, meningitis, and dural sinus thrombophlebitis) remain a challenging and contemporary topic. The progressive...
Courtship, copulation and oviposition in the chalcedon checkerspot, Euphydryas chalcedona (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

In this report we describe some aspects of the reproductive biology of a population of the chalcedon checkerspot, Euphydryas chalcedona, in central Arizona. Successful courtship in this species lasts about a minute and has a form similar to that of other nymphalids. During copulation the male forms a spermatophore within the female's bursa copulatrix that represents about 7% of the male's body weight. After copulation females may remate and older females may have mated as many as three times. The spermatophore deflates as time since deposition passes. Females oviposit every other day on average and lay their eggs in clusters. These data confirm previous brief reports of courtship structure and spermatophore size for E. chalcedona. Questions are raised about the control of receptivity in this species and the function of the mating plug.
Omental cyst presenting with profound anaemia

A male infant presented acutely with profound anaemia and abdominal distension. At laparotomy, a huge omental cyst was found. We reviewed our experience of this rare cause of abdominal pathology identifying five further cases since 2005, with a variety of presentations. The optimal treatment, complete resection, is associated with a low morbidity. The presentation with profound anaemia and shock due to haemorrhage into the cyst is unusual.
Crosslinked gelatin beads: A culture method for the study of cell adhesion and invasion

A method is described for culturing invasive cell lines on crosslinked gelatin beads and preparing them for immunocytochemical and morphological observation. Very invasive cells such as Rous sarcoma virus-transformed chicken embryo fibroblasts, and human melanoma LOX and RPMI7951 and breast carcinoma MDA-MB-231 cells will actively degrade this matrix, extending cellular protrusions, called invadopodia, into the sites of degradation. Normal chicken embryo fibroblasts and other non-invasive cell lines do not disrupt the surface of these beads and do not form invadopodia. Invadopodia extending into the bead can be visualized by electron microscopy. Cellular removal of fluorescent fibronectin that has been covalently coupled to the bead surface can be monitored using fluorescence microscopy of frozen-thin-sections. In double label experiments, immunocytochemistry is used to localize antigens in invadopodia at sites of membrane invasion. The materials for bead preparation are inexpensive, and this method has the advantage that many cell types will attach and spread readily on the beads, while only highly invasive cells will invade into the bead.
Effect of methylphenidate on executive functioning in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Normalization of behavior but not related brain activity

Background We examined the effect of prolonged methylphenidate (MPH) treatment on the functional neuroanatomy of executive functioning in adult men with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods Positron emission tomography with [ 15 O] water measured alterations of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) during the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task and a control task in 10 ADHD and 11 normal control men. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder men were imaged unmedicated and after a clinically optimal dose of MPH for 3 weeks. Results Methylphenidate improved ADHD task performance, reduced rCBF in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), and increased rCBF in the right thalamus and precentral gyrus. Comparisons between the ADHD and normal control groups showed that normal control participants exhibited greater anterior cingulate cortex and temporal gyrus rCBF than ADHD participants under both conditions. Executive functioning was associated with greater subcortical (basal ganglia and cerebellar vermis) activation in the ADHD than normal control group under both conditions. Conclusions Methylphenidate does not normalize task-related activity in ADHD. Task-related rCBF decreases in the PFC may be due to improved filtering out of task-irrelevant stimuli by way of MPH-mediated dopamine release in the PFC.
Maximal Length Burst Error Correction for Concatenated Packet/Vector Symbol Codes

This letter shows how to extend packet/vector symbol burst error correction capability beyond prior known limits with the aid of soft information interaction with the inner code of a concatenated code. If the errors prove not to be in a burst, further correction still is possible with the aid of soft inner code information. Also, the soft information provides strong additional error detection.
Comparison of Analytical Methods to Study the Impact of a Postulated Closure Head Drop Accident on the Structural Integrity of the Bottom-Mounted Instrumentation System

During typical nuclear power plant refueling activities for a pressurized water reactor (PWR), the reactor vessel closure head assembly must be removed from the reactor vessel (RV), transported for storage, and returned to the RV after refueling. This is categorized as a critical heavy load lift in NUREG-0612 [1] because a drop accident could result in damage to the components required to cool the fuel in the RV core. In order to mitigate the potentially severe consequences of a closure head drop, the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC) has mandated that nuclear power plants upgrade to a single failure-proof crane, show single failure-proof crane equivalence, or perform a head drop analysis to demonstrate that the core remains covered with coolant and sufficient cooling is available after the head drop accident. The primary coolant-retaining components associated with the RV are the inlet and outlet nozzles and the hot and cold leg main loop piping. Typical head drop analyses have considered these components to ensure that their structural integrity is maintained. One coolant-retaining component that has not been included in head drop evaluations on a consistent basis is the bottom-mounted instrumentation (BMI) system. In a typical Westinghouse PWR, 50 to 60 BMI nozzles are connected through the bottom hemisphere of the RV to one-inch diameter guide tubes which run under the vessel to a seal table above. Failure of the BMI system has the potential to adversely affect core coolability, especially if multiple failures are postulated within the system. A study was performed to compare static and dynamic methods of analyzing the effects of a head drop accident on the structural integrity of the BMI system. This paper presents the results of that study and assesses the adequacy of each method. Acceptability of the BMI system pressure boundary is based on the Nuclear Energy Institute Initiative (NEI 08–05 [2]) criteria for coolant-retaining components, which are based on Section III, Appendix F of the ASME Code [3].Copyright © 2010 by ASME
The same etchant produces both near-atomically flat and microfaceted Si(100) surfaces: The effects of gas evolution on etch morphology

The effects of H2 gas evolution during the etching of silicon surfaces by aqueous ammonium fluoride (NH4F) solutions were investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy, atomic force microscopy, optical microscopy, and noncontact profilometry. If H2 bubbles, a reaction product, were removed from the etching surface or if their coalescence was suppressed, near-atomically flat surfaces were produced. Otherwise, the etched surface developed significant roughening on many length scales with several characteristic morphological features, including nested, nearly-concentric circular etch pillars, circular etch pits, and faceted micropits. Mechanisms for the production of all three types of features are proposed. Chemical and physical means of suppressing bubble-induced surface roughening are presented. These results explain the conventional wisdom that aqueous fluoride etchants roughen Si(100) surfaces, in part by promoting the formation of Si{111} microfacets. Although some conditions promote the formation of a high density of {111}-faceted micropits (areal densities of 30%–50% were observed), microfacet formation is not inherent to the atomic-scale reactions. Instead, the microfacets are a direct result of gas evolution during the etching reaction.
In vivo specificity of Ure2 protection from heavy metal ion and oxidative cellular damage in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The S. cerevisiae Ure2 protein is a prion precursor able to form large homopolymers with the characteristics of amyloid particles, a function largely restricted to its 90 N-terminal amino acids. The remaining C-terminal domain of Ure2 plays two important roles in cellular metabolism. First, it regulates nitrogen catabolic gene expression by forming a complex with the GATA transcription factor Gln3. This complex formation correlates with Gln3 being sequestered in the cytoplasm under conditions of excess nitrogen, where Gln3/Gat1-mediated transcription is minimal. Second, Ure2, which possesses structural homology with glutathione S-transferases and binds to xenobiotics and glutathione, has been recently shown to be required for Cd(II) and hydrogen peroxide detoxification. Present experiments demonstrate that Ure2 possesses a far broader protection specificity, being required to avoid the toxic effects of As(III), As(V), Cr(III), Cr(VI), Se(IV), as well as Cd(II) and Ni(II), and to varying lesser degrees Co(II), Cu(II), Fe(II), Ag(I), Hg(II), cumene and t-butyl hydroperoxides. In contrast, deletion of URE2 greatly enhances a cell's ability to withstand toxic concentrations of Zn(II) and Mo(VI). In the case of Cd(II), Ure2 does not function to decrease intracellular Cd(II) levels or influence glutathione availability for glutathionation. In fact, ure2 hypersensitivity to Cd(II) remains the same, even when glutathione is used as sole source of nitrogen for cell growth. These data suggest that Ure2 possesses a central role in metal ion detoxification, a role not demonstrably shared by either of the two known S. cerevisiae glutathione S-transferases, Gtt1 and Gtt2, or the two glutaredoxins, Grx1 and Grx2, that also possess glutathione S-transferase activity. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exact logistic regression: Theory and examples

We provide an alternative to the maximum likelihood method for making inferences about the parameters of the logistic regression model. The method is based appropriate permutational distributions of sufficient statistics. It is useful for analysing small or unbalanced binary data with covariates. It also applies to small-sample clustered binary data. We illustrate the method by analysing several biomedical data sets.
Metabolism of nonylphenol by rat and human microsomes

Abstract The in vitro metabolism of [ 14 C]-nonylphenols (NPs) by rat hepatic microsomes in vitro was examined. Product formation was NADPH dependent and inhibited by the cytochrome P450 inhibitors, piperonyl butoxide and SKF525. Hepatic microsomes isolated from various inducer-treated rats (including β naphthoflavone, phenobarbital, ethanol, dexamethasone, and clofibrate which selectively induce CYP1A, 2B, 2E, 3A and 4A, respectively) all metabolized NPs. Only microsomes from phenobarbital-treated rats exhibited a significantly higher activity towards NPs and showed a different profile of NP metabolites compared to control, untreated rats. Microsomes from human CYP2B6 transfected cells with endogenous NADPH-P450 reductase activity but not microsomes from the non-transfected parent cells metabolized NPs. The metabolism of NPs using microsomes from phenobarbital-treated rats was inhibited by 4-amino-2, 6-dinitro-1- t -butylxylene, a specific CYP2B enzyme inhibitor. Addition of a general anti-CYP2B sera to the reaction mixture attenuated the enzyme activity of microsomes from phenobarbital-treated rats to metabolize NPs. This metabolic reaction was, however, insensitive to a specific anti-CYP2B1 sera that had been shown to inhibit enzyme activities attributed only to CYP2B1 suggesting that the CYP2B2 pathway is predominant in NP metabolism. The results indicate that hepatic cytochrome P450 enzyme(s) can metabolize NPs and that CYP2B isozymes are probably involved.
Evidence that late-generated granule cells do not simply replace earlier formed neurons in the rat dentate gyrus.

Ten-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats were injected intraperitoneally with 3H-thymidine (3HTdR) and allowed to survive until postnatal day (P) 40, P120, P200, P300 or P450. Following the preparation of the tissue for autoradiography, the location of the labeled neurons within the granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus was determined at two different septo-temporal levels. At P40 the labeled cells in the suprapyramidal blade of the dentate gyrus were found only in the deep part of the granule cell layer, where it borders on the hilus, and more than four cell diameters from the molecular layer. The latter relationship remained constant at each of the five ages studied, but between P40 and P120 the average distance from the labeled granule cells to the hilus almost doubled. At the middle of the temporal portion of the dentate gyrus this trend continues with age, so that by P450 the labeled neurons, though no nearer to the molecular layer than at earlier stages, were found, on average, in the middle of the granule cell layer, more-or-less halfway between the hilus and the molecular layer. Near the middle of the septal half of the dentate gyrus a similar pattern was seen at P40 and P120 but thereafter the labeled cells within the granule cell layer remained at about the same distance from the hilus. These observations permit the following three conclusions: (i) there is a gradual accumulation of dentate granule cells throughout the life of Sprague-Dawley rats; (ii) the newly-generated cells are preferentially added to the deep aspect of the granule cell layer from which they progressively displace the earlier-formed cells; and (iii) there is no concomitant loss of a corresponding number of earlier-generated granule cells: in other words, there is no substantial “turnover” of granule cells in adult animals.
Sulfur Contamination Due to Quenching of Halogenation Reactions with Sodium Thiosulfate: Resolution of Process Problems via Improved Quench Protocols

Many metal-mediated cross-couplings involve the use of organic halides, which are usually accessed by halogenation reactions. Cross-couplings are sensitive to the presence of impurities in the hali...
The topographic distribution of the first sites of diabetic retinal neovascularization

PURPOSE: To examine the topographic distribution of the origin of diabetic retinal neovascularization. METHODS: The eyes of 3,121 patients with background diabetic retinopathy were investigated. These patients were volunteers in systemic medical therapy experiments. Color stereo photographs were obtained annually. The first retinal neovascularization sites were identified and the distances from the optic nerve measured. RESULTS: In 1 year, neovascularization originated in 282 eyes. The superotemporal quadrant, at 6 mm from the optic disk, was the most frequent initial site. CONCLUSIONS: The first retinal neovascularization sites cluster around specific anatomic foci. This information should influence retinopathy monitoring protocols.
Finite-size effects in theories with factorizable S-matrices

Abstract We study the energy spectrum of (1 + 1)-dimensional perturbed conformal field theories defined on the cylinder. The finite-size dependence of the two-particle levels allows a direct numerical measurement of the elastic S -matrix which we compare with the conjectured minimal S -matrix for several perturbations of minimal models. We discuss the simplifications that integrability imposes on the spectrum above threshold. In particular, the ultraviolet limit of the elastic phase shift of two lightest particles is related in a simple way to scaling dimensions of the conformal field theory.
Thermal modulation of pyruvate substrate inhibition in the B42′ and B42″ liver lactate dehydrogenases of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri

Abstract 1. 1. The allelic B 4 2′ and B 4 2″ lactate dehydrogenase isozymes present in liver and numerous other tissues of rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdneri ) phenotypes exhibit substrate (pyruvate) inhibition at temperatures below 10°C. Up to 40% inhibition was observed at 5°C and 1.5 mM pyruvate concentrations. 2. 2. The apparent K m of pyruvate increases similarly as temperature is raised for both isozymes. At 25°C, the B 4 2′ isozyme had a higher pyruvate affinity than the B 4 2″ isozyme. 3. 3. These temperature-dependent kinetic properties may give the allelic B 2 isozymes additional metabolic flexibility in providing a needed catalytic balance of muscle- and heart-type function in most tissues of the salmonids.
Redundant solutions, scattering solutions, and nonsymmetric nonlocal potentials

Increasingly, nonsymmetric nonlocal potentials are occurring in formulations which include descriptions of antisymmetrization and other nuclear phenomena. In studying such potentials, it is found that the characteristics of solutions of the scattering equation differ in some cases significantly from those associated with symmetric nonlocal potentials. For example, it has been demonstrated that when redundant solutions are present due to antisymmetrization, a scattering solution does not exist unless a consistency condition is satisfied. In the present paper this and other such aspects of nonsymmetric nonlocal potentials are investigated. The importance of the adjoint potential to these discussions is particularly emphasized. Conditions on scattering solutions for nonsymmetric nonlocal potentials and their adjoints are discussed in detail, and an example is presented.
Directional cell migration in an extracellular pH gradient: A model study with an engineered cell line and primary microvascular endothelial cells

Abstract Extracellular pH (pHe) gradients are characteristic of tumor and wound environments. Cell migration in these environments is critical to tumor progression and wound healing. While it has been shown previously that cell migration can be modulated in conditions of spatially invariant acidic pHe due to acid-induced activation of cell surface integrin receptors, the effects of pHe gradients on cell migration remain unknown. Here, we investigate cell migration in an extracellular pHe gradient, using both model αvβ3 CHO-B2 cells and primary microvascular endothelial cells. For both cell types, we find that the mean cell position shifts toward the acidic end of the gradient over time, and that cells preferentially polarize toward the acidic end of the gradient during migration. We further demonstrate that cell membrane protrusion stability and actin–integrin adhesion complex formation are increased in acidic pHe, which could contribute to the preferential polarization toward acidic pHe that we observed for cells in pHe gradients. These results provide the first demonstration of preferential cell migration toward acid in a pHe gradient, with intriguing implications for directed cell migration in the tumor and wound healing environments.
Numerical Parametric Study of Piezocone Penetration Test in Clays

This paper presents a numerical model for the simulation of the piezocone penetration test that is used to carry out a parametric study of the piezocone penetration test in cohesive soils. The piez...
Flavonoid constituents and their contribution to antioxidant activity in cultivars and hybrids of rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade)

Abstract Fruit from 42 blueberry ( Vaccinium spp.) cultivars, including 36 rabbiteye cultivars ( Vaccinium ashei Reade), three V. ashei hybrid derivatives, and three northern highbush ( Vaccinium corymbosum L.) standards were evaluated for antioxidant capacity, individual flavonoid content, and the contribution of each identified phenolic compound to total antioxidant activity. Considerable variation was found in flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, and their contribution to total antioxidant activity among cultivars. Among 42 blueberry cultivars, the rabbiteye ‘Early May’ contained the highest amount of chlorogenic acid, myricetin 3-arabinoside, quercetin derivatives, and delphinidin-, cyanidin-, petunidin-, and malvidin-basis anthocyanins. ‘Early May’ cultivar also had the highest antioxidant activity (88.2 μmol TE/g fw). ‘Owen’, ‘Bluegem’, ‘Clara’, Climax’, and ‘Centurion’ were among the other rabbiteye cultivars that also had high levels of flavonoids and antioxidant activities. In contrast, the pink-fruited V. ashei hybrid, ‘Pink Lemonade’, had the lowest content of flavonoids and lowest antioxidant activity. The mean flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of rabbiteye cultivars was higher than those among northern highbush and V. ashei hybrids. The antioxidant activity of V. ashei hybrid derivatives was derived mainly from chlorogenic acid, myricetin, and quercetin, which contributed 62.5% of total antioxidant activity, whereas anthocyanins (malvidin, petunidin, delphinidin, and cyanidin) were the main contributors to the antioxidant activity of rabbiteye cultivars (76.2%) and northern highbush standards (76.8%). Blueberry cultivars identified to have high phenolic content and high antioxidant activity could be used as parents for future blueberry breeding programmes to develop new blueberry cultivars with higher antioxidant activity and further improve human health.
Attribution of Internal Control

Recently a number of articles have suggested that internalexternal control is a key variable in explaining social action (Crawford and Naditch, 1970; Rotter, 1966; Gore and Rotter, 1963; Lao, 1970; Gurin, Gurin, Lao, and Beattie, 1970). Growing out of Rotter's social learning theory (Rotter, 1954), this dimension was conceptualized as the generalized expectancy of reinforcement coming from internal (i.e., the individual) or external sources (e.g., other's luck, and so on). Some students, for example, may believe their success (or failure) to be the result of their own actions-hard work, intelligence, and so on-while other students may believe their success to be the result of the behavior of others-an easy grading system, good luck. Those students believing success to be a function of their own actions can be said to be high in internal control. And, those students who
Does this man ever sleep

Noam Chomsky: A Life of Dissent by Robert F. Barsky MIT Press: 1997. Pp. 237. $27.50, £17.95
'Looking as little like patients as persons well could': hypnotism, medicine and the problem of the suggestible subject in late nineteenth-century Britain.

During the late nineteenth century, many British physicians rigorously experimented with hypnosis as a therapeutic practice. Despite mounting evidence attesting to its wide-ranging therapeutic uses publicised in the 1880s and 1890s, medical hypnosis remained highly controversial. After a decade and a half of extensive medical discussion and debate surrounding the adoption of hypnosis by mainstream medical professionals – including a thorough inquiry organised by the British Medical Association – it was decisively excluded from serious medical consideration by 1900. This essay examines the complex question of why hypnosis was excluded from professional medical practice by the end of the nineteenth century. Objections to its medical adoption rarely took issue with its supposed effectiveness in producing genuine therapeutic and anaesthetic results. Instead, critics’ objections were centred upon a host of social and moral concerns regarding the patient’s state of suggestibility and weakened ‘will-power’ while under the physician’s hypnotic ‘spell’. The problematic question of precisely how far hypnotic ‘rapport’ and suggestibility might depart from the Victorian liberal ideal of rational individual autonomy lay at the heart of these concerns. As this essay demonstrates, the hypnotism debate was characterised by a tension between physicians’ attempts to balance their commitment to restore patients to health and pervasive middle-class concerns about the rapid and ongoing changes transforming British society at the turn of the century.
955-56 Contrast Echocardiographic Assessment of Myocardial Pertusion Following Acute Coronary Artery Occlusion and Repertusion Using Intravenous Injection of Aerosome™ MRX 115 in Monkeys

The availability of new contrast agents capable of transpulmonary, left ventricular and myocardial opacification after intravenous injection warrants evaluation of their efficacy for assessing abnormalities of myocardium perfusion and results of intervention. In the present study, open chest epicardial echocardiography (7 MHz) was performed during intravenous administration of MRX 115, a new lipid contrast agent at a dose of 0.02 or 0.05 ml/kg in 6 instrumented monkeys before and after acute LAD ligation and following reperfusion. Visually apparent myocardial opacification was evident in all animals for all IV injections of MRX before LAD occlusion without significant hemodynamic effect. After LAD occlusion, a “filling defect” overlapping the area with abnormal wall motion could be delineated and uptake of subsequently injected contrast could be demonstrated within 10 to 20 minutes following release of LAD occlusion. The peak videodensitometric (VD) changes (256 unit scale) from baseline after IV. MRX injection over each of 6 areas of coronary perfusion areas on the LV short axis before and after LAD occlusion and 20 minutes following release are shown (mean ± SE): Pre-Occlusion Post-Occlusion Reperfusion 1. Anteroseptal 46.65 ± 7.01 1.87 ± 2.17 * 44.17 ± 3.99 2. Anterior 32.48 ± 12.60 0.04 ± 5.01 * 34.37 ± 4.98 3. Lateral 15.12 ± 4.39 26.29 ± 8.43 5.52 ± 9.15 4. Posterolateral 12.13 ± 3.77 13.43 ± 5.95 14.79 ± 4.55 5. Inferior 23.59 ± 4.62 20.80 ± 9.25 7.58 ± 7.02 6. Posteroseptal 45.21 ± 11.05 19.56 ± 5.05 18.02 ± 4.10 * p l 0.001 As the data showed, after LAD occlusion anteroseptal (1) and anterolateral (2) segments showed a statistically significant loss (* p l 0.001) of their preocclusion contrast echo VD change and it was recovered following reperfusion. In our study, MRX provided visual and VD delineation of myocardium at risk and changes induced by reperfusion after IV injection.
Raman longitudinal acoustic mode (LAM) studies of folded-chain morphology in poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). I. Normal mode analysis of LAM of a helical-chain oligomer of PEO

Normal mode analyses were done for the exact structures of model oligomers of PEO to investigate the longitudinal acoustic mode (LAM) in this helical polymer. It quickly became apparent that it is impossible to reproduce observed LAM frequencies without incorporating explicit interchain interactions. We have developed a force field that includes interchain interactions through an atom-atom potential and have shown that this force field reproduces very well the observed LAM frequencies of helical-chain oligomers of PEO. This result indicates that the LAM of helical chains is much more sensitive to intermolecular interactions than that of planar zigzag chains.
The Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Cognitive and Neural Decline in Aging and Cardiovascular Disease

Aging is characterized by a decline in cognitive functions, particularly in the domains of executive function, processing speed and episodic memory. These age-related declines are exacerbated by cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, obesity, elevated total cholesterol). Structural and functional alterations in brain regions, including the fronto-parietal and medial temporal lobes, have been linked to age- and CVD-related cognitive decline. Multiple recent studies indicate that aerobic exercise programs may slow the progression of age-related neural changes and reduce the risk for mild cognitive impairment as well as dementia. We review age- and CVD-related decline in cognition and the underlying changes in brain morphology and function, and then clarify the impact of aerobic exercise on moderating these patterns.
Light scattering measurements of anisotropic viscoelastic coefficients of a main-chain polymer nematic liquid crystal

Abstract We report the first systematic measurements of elastic coefficients and viscosities that clearly demonstrate the distinction between rigid and semiflexible behaviour of a main-chain polymer nematic liquid crystal, a solution of poly-γ-benzyl glutamate (PBG) in mixed organic solvents. Quasi-elastic Rayleigh scattering studies show a crossover which occurs at a molecular chain length near the persistence length of PBG as the chain length increases. The results are in qualitatively good agreement with recent theoretical predictions for semiflexible chains. It is seen that bending distortions of an individual polymer play an important role in the fundamental nature of nematic elasticity and viscosity.
TARGETED PUBLIC FUNDING: THE NEXUS BETWEEN NATIONAL INTERESTS AND THE EXPANSION OF COLLEGE ENROLLMENTS

There is little mystery as to why the publicly subsidised expansion of college enrolments has been common during postwar years: popular demand that college opportunities be made more universal has motivated government officials to establish programmes promoting enrolment expansion. It should also be recognised that such programmes are often carried out to complement more comprehensive public efforts designed to meet national needs. A concentration on the most important events in the US which have contributed to the linkage of policies for national development and expansion of higher education shows that higher education is unlikely to lose its dual role as a centre of research, and as an institution open to a wide cross‐section of society. Further, most colleges and universities are so dependent on public financial support that future plans will be dependent on the policy makers.
A Comparison of Macroinvertebrate and Epiphyte Density and Diversity on Native and Exotic Complex Macrophytes in Three Vermont Lakes

Abstract Invasion of New England lakes by exotic macrophytes can alter trophic interactions if the invaders host macroinvertebrate and epiphyte communities different from those of the native species they replace. Macroinvertebrate density and diversity appears to increase with macrophyte complexity and epiphytic algae colonization, which are also positively correlated. Because of this confounding effect, we investigated native and exotic macrophyte species of similar complexity in order to answer the question: Does the exotic macrophyte Myriophyllum spicatum have lower epiphyte density and richness that results in lower macroinvertebrate density and diversity than those found on a native species of similar complexity? Using independent-sample t-tests, we investigated this question in mixed macrophyte stands of three Vermont lakes. Holding complexity constant, macroinvertebrate density and diversity was positively related with epiphyte density and richness (r 2 = 0.17 and 0.13, respectively). Generally, M....
Stabilization of soy milk fortified with calcium gluconate

Abstract High-calcium soy milk was prepared by adding calcium gluconate as a calcium source, sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) as a sequestering agent, and calcium- D -saccharic acid as a stabilizing agent, so that the calcium content of soy milk was increased to the same or higher levels than that of bovine milk. It was demonstrated that the addition of these substances resulted in a soy milk with a high content of calcium and satisfactory heat stability of the final beverage. SHMP and calcium- D -saccharic acid were shown to be effective for reduction of the calcium ion activity of the soy milk. The findings suggest that there is a synergistic effect between the sequestering agent and the stabilizing agent.
Effects of maternal depression on couple relationship status

We exploit the occurrence of postpartum depression (PPD), which has a random component according to the medical community, to estimate causal effects of a salient form of mental illness on couples’ relationship status. We estimate single-equation models as well as bivariate probit models that address the potential endogeneity of PPD. We find that this relatively prevalent mental illness reduces the probability the couples are married (by 22–24 %) as well the probability that they are living together (married or cohabiting) (by 24–26 %) 3 years after the birth of the child. Models stratified by relationship status at the time of the birth indicate that PPD makes it more likely that unions dissolve (particularly among baseline cohabitors) and less likely that unions are formed (particularly among baseline non-cohabitors). The findings contribute to the literature on the effects of mental illness on relationships, to the broader literature on socioeconomic status and health, and to the more specific scientific and policy literatures on the effects of PPD on families.
Vision: More Than Expected in the Early Visual System

In the standard model of central visual processing, orientation tuned responses in cortex are built from untuned thalamic inputs. But recent studies in the mouse show orientation selectivity in thalamic neurons, and address their potential source and possible roles in cortical computation.
Cellular therapies for type 1 diabetes.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a disease that results from the selective autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing β-cells. This disease process lends itself to cellular therapy because of the single cell nature of insulin production. Murine models have provided opportunities for the study of cellular therapies for the treatment of diabetes, including the investigation of islet transplantation, and also the possibility of stem cell therapies and islet regeneration. Studies in islet transplantation have included both allo- and xeno-transplantation and have allowed for the study of new approaches for the reversal of autoimmunity and achieving immune tolerance. Stem cells from hematopoietic sources such as bone marrow and fetal cord blood, as well as from the pancreas, intestine, liver and spleen promises either new sources of islets or may function as stimulators of islet regeneration. This review will summarize the various cellular interventions investigated as potential treatments of T1DM.
On the difficulty of evolutionary analysis

Thorstein Veblen's 100-year-old question—'Why is Economics Not an Evolu tionary Science?'—remains relevant. Evolutionary analysis, even for those social scientists who trace their intellectual heritage to evolutionary thought, has been difficult for three reasons: effective incorporation of time requires a respectful and detailed treatment of the past; dominant social science paradigms have made it difficult to account for novelty; and concern with policy and current issues of social debate creates a tendency towards taxonomy. The twentieth-century history of economic anthropology and institutional economics illustrates that a failure to overcome these difficulties leaves Veblen's vision unfulfilled. The reasonable reaction to Veblen's famous question—'Why is Economics Not an Evolutionary Science?'—is to ask a further question: 'Why is it still not an evolutionary science?' and then to continue with the questions: 'Why are the other social sciences not evolutionary sciences?' 'Why especially have the American institutionalists, who claim Veblen as a founding father and who have an organisation called the Association for Evolutionary Economics, found evolutionary analyses difficult?' In this paper I propose to address these questions by examining aspects of the history of one discipline (anthropology) and one subdiscipline (institutional economics) that emerged from the evolutionary vision of the late nineteenth century.1 Veblen's anthropological roots were
A broadband circularly polarized film

A circularly polarized film (CPF) was prepared by photopolymerizing the mixture of reactive chiral molecules and reactive nematic liquid crystals (RNLCs). The reflected wavelength of the CPF depends on the ratio of the chiral molecules and nematic liquid crystals. Adding more chiral molecules brings a larger blue shift in the reflected wavelength. Stacks of various reflected wavelength CPFs resulted in a broadband reflection, covering the entire visible spectrum. The photopolymerization of high-birefringence RNLCs and chiral molecules achieved a monolayer CPF with a wide reflected bandwidth (Δλ > 300 nm). Moreover, the combination of the CPF, quarter-wavelength plate (QWP), and linear polarizer yielded a brightness gain of 46%.