cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis by Delayed Binding of Decisions

This paper presents a method for the automatic synthesis of digital systems from behavioral descriptions. Subtasks in complex problem solving activities like synthesis often interact. As a result, premature binding of decisions can lead to poor designs. Better design choices can be made if decisions are postponed until adequate information is available to make them. The paper details how delayed binding of decisions is implemented in a program called SUGAR and how subtasks are organized so that they cooperate with one another in designing a system.
Decreased GAD65 mRNA levels in select subpopulations of neurons in the cerebellar dentate nuclei in autism: an in situ hybridization study.

The laterally positioned dentate nuclei lie in a key position in the cerebellum to receive input from Purkinje cells in the lateral cerebellar hemisphere participating in both motor and cognitive functions. Although neuropathology of the four cerebellar nuclei using Nissl staining has been qualitatively reported in children and adults with autism, surprisingly the dentate nuclei appeared less affected despite reported reductions in Purkinje cells in the posterolateral cerebellar hemisphere. To determine any underlying abnormalities in the critically important GABAergic system, the rate-limiting GABAsynthesizing enzyme, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) type 65 was measured via in situ hybridization histochemistry in dentate somata. GAD65 mRNA labeling revealed two distinct subpopulations of neurons in adult control and autism post-mortem brains: small-sized cells (about 10–12 µm in diameter, presumed interneurons) and larger-sized neurons (about 18–20 µm in diameter, likely feedback to IO neurons). A mean 51% reduction in GAD65 mRNA levels was found in the larger labeled cells in the autistic group compared to the control group (p=0.009; independent t-test) but not in the smaller cell subpopulation. This suggests a disturbance in the intrinsic cerebellar circuitry in the autism group potentially interfering with the synchronous firing of inferior olivary neurons, and the timing of Purkinje cell firing and inputs to the dentate nuclei. Disturbances in critical neural substrates within these key circuits could disrupt afferents to motor and/or cognitive cerebral association areas in the autistic brain likely contributing to the marked behavioral consequences characteristic of autism.
Latin squares with bounded size of row prefix intersections

A latin square is a matrix of size n × n with entries from the set {1 ,..., n}, such that each row and each column is a permutation on {1,...,n}. We show how to construct a latin square such that for any two distinct rows, the prefixes of length h of the two rows share at most about h2/n elements. This upper bound is close to optimal when contrasted with a lower bound derived from the Second Johnson bound [6].
Universality in similarity renormalization group evolved potential matrix elements and T -matrix equivalence

We examine how the universality of two-nucleon interactions evolved using similarity renormalization group (SRG) transformations correlates with $T$-matrix equivalence, with the ultimate goal of gaining insight into universality for three-nucleon forces. With sufficient running of the SRG flow equations, the low-energy matrix elements of different realistic potentials evolve to a universal form. Because these potentials are fit to low-energy data, they are (approximately) phase equivalent only up to a certain energy, and we find universality in evolved potentials up to the corresponding momentum. More generally we find universality in local energy regions, reflecting a local decoupling by the SRG. The further requirements for universality in evolved potential matrix elements are explored using two simple alternative potentials. We see evidence that in addition to predicting the same observables, common long-range potentials (i.e., explicit pion physics) is required for universality in the potential matrix elements after SRG flow. In agreement with observations made previously for ${V}_{\mathrm{low}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}k}$ evolution, regions of universal potential matrix elements are restricted to where half-on-shell $T$-matrix equivalence holds.
Cytoskeletal domains in the activated platelet

Platelets circulate in the blood as discoid cells which, when activated, change shape by polymerizing actin into various structures, such as filopodia and stress fibers. In order to understand this process, it is necessary to determine how many other proteins are involved. As a first step in defining the full complement of actin-binding proteins in platelets, filamentous (F)-actin affinity chromatography was used. This approach identified >30 different proteins from ADP-activated human blood platelets which represented 4% of soluble protein. Although a number of these proteins are previously identified platelet actin-binding proteins, many others appeared to be novel. Fourteen different polyclonal antibodies were raised against these apparently novel proteins and used to sort them into nine categories based on their molecular weights and on their location in the sarcomere of striated muscle, in fibroblasts and in spreading platelets. Ninety-three percent of these proteins (13 of 14 proteins tested) were found to be associated with actin-rich structures in vivo. Four distinct actin filament structures were found to form during the initial 15 min of activation on glass: filopodia, lamellipodia, a contractile ring encircling degranulating granules, and thick bundles of filaments resembling stress fibers. Actin-binding proteins not localized in the discoid cell became highly concentrated in one or another of these actin-based structures during spreading, such that each structure contains a different complement of proteins. These results present crucial information about the complexity of the platelet cytoskeleton, demonstrating that four different actin-based structures form during the first 15 min of surface activation, and that there remain many as yet uncharacterized proteins awaiting further investigation that are differentially involved in this process.
The effects of erythromycin on the absorption and disposition kinetics of theophylline

The effects of erythromycin on the kinetics of theophylline were investigated in eight female patients with documented asthma in a crossover study. Theophylline pharmacokinetics were determined at steady state before and after one-week treatment with erythromycin stearate 250 mg given four times a day. Multiple serum samples were collected for 12 h after an aminophylline dose in the two drug treatment phases and assayed by high performance liquid chromatography. The resultant serum theophylline concentration-time data were analyzed by weighted, nonlinear regression analysis to obtain various pharmacokinetic parameters. In this study, the elimination half-live increased from 7.8±1.7 h on the control day to 9.5±1.4 h following treatment with the antibiotic (p<0.02). The estimated apparent volume of distribution for theophylline (V/F) was also observed to increase from 0.42±0.09 l/kg before treatment with erythromycin to 0.53±0.15 l/kg after antibiotic treatment (0.05<p<0.10). In this study, no difference was demonstrated in the apparent clearance rate (Clapp), apparent first-order absorption rate constant (ka), maximum serum drug concentration (Cmax), time of maximum drug concentration (Tmax) or absorption lag time (tlag) for theophylline before and after treatment with erythromycin. With no apparent alteration in theophylline clearance following erythromycin coadministration, the decrease in the first-order elimination rate constant suggested that the apparent volume of distribution of theophylline is increased in the presence of erythromycin. It is concluded that patients maintained on theophylline derivatives should be closely monitored when erythromycin is coadministered.
Ionic conductivity across the disorder–order phase transition in the SmO1.5–CeO2 system

Abstract Samples of SmxCe1 − xO2 − δ (0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.55) were prepared by solid-state reactions and the disorder–order phase transition and grain ionic conductivity were investigated using XRD and ac impedance spectroscopy technique, respectively. For 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.35 the material has a fluorite structure and gradually stabilizes into a C-type rare-earth structure at 0.40 ≤ x ≤ 0.55 because of oxygen-vacancy ordering. The highest grain ionic conductivity observed is 0.0565(37) S cm−1 at 700 °C for Sm0.20Ce0.80O2 − δ with an associated activation energy (EA) of 0.791(7) eV. The slopes for EA and pre-exponential factor change during phase transition and the conductivity decreases monotonically. Upon comparison of the EA between the SmO1.5–CeO2 and NdO1.5–CeO2 systems, it is seen EA for the SmO1.5–CeO2 system is lower than NdO1.5–CeO2 system at compositions with less than 25% trivalent rare earth element while higher EA is observed for the SmO1.5–CeO2 system at Nd/Sm concentrations above 25%.
Systems analysis by sequential fault trees

Abstract Fault (or success) trees constructed from circuit diagrams having multiple inputs and outputs and/or bridged circuits are equivalent Boolean representations which do not, necessarily, bear any resemblance to the original circuit diagram. In this paper we show how this problem can be avoided and how a sequenced-fault tree, in which the events are arranged in the order in which they appear on the flow sheet, can be constructed. The construction of the tree is preceded by the development of an “Event Diagram” which is more convenient than a reliability block diagram if common mode failures or multiple prerequisite events are involved in system failure.
Variable deposition rates on the slope and rise off the Mid-Atlantic States

Pronounced variations in slope topography and offshelf spillover have produced a three-fold difference (9 to 25 cm/1,000 yr) in Late Quaternary deposition rates among slope cores southeast of the Mid-Atlantic States. Upper rise cores revealed a high rate but lower core-to-core variability (20 to 44 cm/1,000 yr), largely the result of slope bypassing, i.e., effects of gravity-controlled downslope transport. A transport model suggests temporary slope sediment storage and higher accumulation of mud in more distal rise regions. Eustatic change accounts for the four-fold decrease in slope deposition rate between the Late Pleistocene and Holocene.
Perinatal Vascular Changes in Coarctation of the Aorta with Distal Patent Ductus Arteriosus

Infants with severe coarctation of the aorta and patent ductus arteriosus develop an increased pulmonary arterial muscle mass and hypertrophy of the right ventricle during fetal life. Much of this arterial muscle mass is retained after birth. The development of the systemic arterial bed is normal during both periods.
Neonates show an asymmetric degree of head rotation but lack an asymmetric tonic neck reflex asymmetry: Neuropsychological implications

The spontaneous orientation preferences of 75 neonates were examined in terms of the direction and extent of head turning. Children who preferred to turn right ward rotated their heads more extremely to the right than to the left, whereas children who preferred to turn leftward showed less of an asymmetry in the extent of head rotation. This was taken as evidence that the neural asymmetry underlying neonatal orientation preferences is primarily motor rather than sensory. Another finding was that the asymmetric tonic neck reflex (ATNR) was as easy to elicit in response to left as to right head turns, even when extent of head turning was controlled for. This symmetry of the ATNR in neonates contrasts with the asymmetry of this reflex observed in older infants by Liederman and Coryell (1981). Thus, during early infancy, the ATNR may disappear earlier from the limbs on the side toward which the infant prefers to turn. The early disappearance of this reflex may free the limbs for volitional movement, thereby p...
On the dependence of the Navier–Stokes equations on the distribution of molecular velocities

Abstract In this work we introduce a completely general Chapman–Enskog procedure in which we divide the local distribution into an isotropic distribution with anisotropic corrections. We obtain a recursion relation on all integrals of the distribution function required in the derivation of the moment equations. We obtain the hydrodynamic equations in terms only of the first few moments of the isotropic part of an arbitrary local distribution function. The incompressible limit of the equations is completely independent of the form of the isotropic part of the distribution, whereas the energy equation in the compressible case contains an additional contribution to the heat flux. This additional term was also found by Boghosian [Braz. J. Phys. 29 (1999) 91] and by Potiguar and Costa [Physica A 303 (2002) 457] in the derivation of the Navier–Stokes equations for Tsallis thermostatistics, and is the only additional term allowed by the Curie principle.
Digital Strain and Temperature Imaging Technique

A technique for full-field measurement of surface temperature and in-plane strain using a single-grid imaging technique was demonstrated on a sample subjected to thermally induced strain. The technique is based on digital imaging of a sample marked by an alternating line array of La 2 O 2 S:Eu +3 thermographic phosphor and chromium illuminated by a uv lamp. Digital images of this array in unstrained and strained states were processed wing a modified spin filter. Normal strain distribution was determined by combining unstrained and strained grid images using a single-grid digital moire technique. Temperature distribution was determined by digitally dividing images of phosphor intensity at two wavelengths. Combined strain and temperature measurements demonstrated on the thermally heated sample were Δe =± 250 μe and ΔT=± 5 K, respectively, with a spatial resolution of 0.8 mm
Electrophysiologic Confirmation of Heterogenous Motor Polyneuropathy in Young Cats

Author(s): Aleman, M; Dickinson, PJ; Williams, DC; Sturges, BK; LeCouteur, RA; Vernau, KM; Shelton, GD | Abstract: BackgroundReports of motor polyneuropathies in young cats are scarce. Further, in-depth electrophysiologic evaluation to confirm a motor polyneuropathy in young cats of various breeds other than 2 Bengal cats is lacking.Hypothesis/objectivesTo confirm a motor polyneuropathy in young cats of various breeds.AnimalsFive young cats with heterogenous chronic or relapsing episodes of weakness.MethodsRetrospective case series. Cats were presented for evaluation of generalized neuromuscular disease and underwent electrophysiologic examination including electromyography, nerve conduction, and repetitive nerve stimulation. Minimum database and muscle and nerve biopsy analyses were carried out. Descriptive statistics were performed.ResultsDisease onset was at 3 months to 1 year of age and in 5 breeds. The most common clinical sign (5 of 5 cats) was weakness. Additional neurologic deficits consisted of palmigrade and plantigrade posture (4/4), low carriage of the head and tail (4/4), and variable segmental reflex deficits (5/5). Motor nerve conduction studies were abnormal for the ulnar (4/4), peroneal (5/5), and tibial (2/2) nerves (increased latencies, reduced amplitudes, slow velocities). A marked decrement was observed on repetitive nerve stimulation of the peroneal nerve in 3 cats for which autoimmune myasthenia gravis was ruled out. All sensory nerve conduction studies were normal. Histologic evaluation of muscle and nerve biopsies supported heterogenous alterations consistent with motor polyneuropathy with distal nerve fiber loss.Conclusions and clinical importanceHeterogenous motor polyneuropathies should be considered in young cats of any breed and sex that are presented with relapsing or progressive generalized neuromuscular disease.
Sensory evaluation of soft drinks with various sweeteners

Forty subjects participated in each of two experiments in which both lemon-line and cola-flavored beverages containing one of six sweeteners--sucrose, sodium saccharin, aspartame, acesulfam-K, and two calcium cyclamate/sodium saccharin blends (10:1 and 3.5:1)--were evaluated on similarity and adjective scales. The similarity data suggest that drinks containing sucrose and aspartame cannot be discriminated from one another in either a lemon-line or cola medium in this experimental design. Sucrose and aspartame were also statistically equivalent on every adjective scale for both lemon-line and cola drinks. On both similarity judgments and adjective scales, acesulfam-K and sodium saccharin were most different from sucrose. The calcium cyclamate/sodium saccharin blends tended to be less similar than aspartame but not as different from sucrose as the acesulfam-K or sodium saccharin sweetened beverages.
Kernel compressive sensing

Compressive sensing allows us to recover signals that are linearly sparse in some basis from a smaller number of measurements than traditionally required. However, it has been shown that many classes of images or video can be more efficiently modeled as lying on a nonlinear manifold, and hence described as a non-linear function of a few underlying parameters. Recently, there has been growing interest in using these manifold models to reduce the required number of compressive sensing measurements. However, the complexity of manifold models has been an obstacle to their use in efficient data acquisition. In this paper, we introduce a new algorithm for applying manifold models in compressive sensing using kernel methods. Our proposed algorithm, kernel compressive sensing (KCS), is the kernel version of classical compressive sensing. It uses dictionary learning in the feature space to build an efficient model for one or more signal manifolds. It then is able to formulate the problem of recovering the signal's coordinates in the manifold representation as an underdetermined linear inverse problem as in traditional compressive sensing. Standard compressive sensing recovery methods can thus be used to recover these coordinates, avoiding additional computational complexity. We present experimental results demonstrating the efficiency and efficacy of this algorithm in manifold-based compressive sensing.
Estimates of the Earth's inner core grain size

Estimates of the Earth's inner core grain size range from 1200 km to 5 mm. A review of the experimental data shows that the single crystal elastic anisotropy of hexagonal closest-packed (hcp) titanium and zirconium, thought to be good analogs for high pressure hcp iron, increases continuously with temperature, from 4–5% at 4 K to about 11% at the body-centered cubic (bcc) transition. Thus, in order to match the seismic elastic anisotropy of about 4%, the inner core cannot behave elastically as a single crystal. Several lines of evidence suggest a 5 mm grain size is unrealistically small. They include that core solidification promotes forming non-equiaxed grains extrapolated to have a smallest dimension of hundreds of meters, that should deformation result in dynamic recrystallization the minimum steady state grain size is likely to be .1 to 10 meters for geophysically plausible stresses, and that iron meteorites over a meter in extent have typically cooled from single crystals. By assuming the observed seismic attenuation anisotropy is due to scattering off cylindrically radial columnar grain boundaries, the shorter grain dimension is again estimated to be hundreds of meters.
Multistable chain for ocean wave vibration energy harvesting

The heaving of ocean waves is a largely untapped, renewable kinetic energy resource. Conversion of this energy into electrical power could integrate with solar technologies to provide for round-the-clock, portable, and mobile energy supplies usable in a wide variety of marine environments. However, the direct drive conversion methodology of gridintegrated wave energy converters does not efficiently scale down to smaller, portable architectures. This research develops an alternative power conversion approach to harness the extraordinarily large heaving displacements and long oscillation periods as an excitation source for an extendible vibration energy harvesting chain. Building upon related research findings and engineering insights, the proposed system joins together a series of dynamic cells through bistable interfaces. Individual impulse events are generated as the inertial mass of each cell is pulled across a region of negative stiffness to induce local snap through dynamics; the oscillating magnetic inertial mass then generates current in a coil which is connected to energy harvesting circuitry. It is shown that linking the cells into a chain transmits impulses through the system leading to cascades of vibration and enhancement of electrical energy conversion from each impulse event. This paper describes the development of the multistable chain and ways in which realistic design challenges were addressed. Numerical modeling and corresponding experiments demonstrate the response of the chain due to slow and large amplitude input motion. Lastly, experimental studies give evidence that energy conversion efficiency of the chain for wave energy conversion is much higher than using an equal number of cells without connections.
The contrast media iohexol causes vasoconstriction of the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery: implications for appropriate stent sizing.

The effect of the contrast agent iohexol on reference vessel size in patients with proximal left anterior descending disease is unknown. Quantitative coronary angiography and intravascular ultrasound were performed in 15 patients with atherosclerotic disease of the proximal left anterior descending. Mean proximal reference vessel diameter was 2.95 ± 0.59 mm with quantitative coronary angiography and 4.65 ± 0.66 mm with intravascular ultrasound (P < .05). Intracoronary injection of iohexol resulted in a significant decrease in intravascular ultrasound-measured proximal reference vessel diameter from 4.65 ± 0.66 mm to 4.47 ± 0.68 mm (P = .002). Vasoconstrictive response to iohexol in the proximal reference vessel ranged from −0.04 mm to 0.5 mm with a mean of 0.18 ± 0.16 mm. This study shows that iohexol can cause significant vasoconstriction of the proximal reference vessel in patients with severe disease involving the proximal left anterior descending.
Posterror slowing predicts rule-based but not information-integration category learning

We examined whether error monitoring, operationalized as the degree to which individuals slow down after committing an error (i.e., posterror slowing), is differentially important in the learning of rule-based versus information-integration category structures. Rule-based categories are most efficiently solved through the application of an explicit verbal strategy (e.g., "sort by color"). In contrast, information-integration categories are believed to be learned in a trial-by-trial, associative manner. Our results indicated that posterror slowing predicts enhanced rule-based but not information-integration category learning. Implications for multiple category-learning systems are discussed.
Sex ratio variation in female-biased populations of Notostracans

Females from female-biased populations of the notostracan Triops newberryi produce viable eggs when reared in isolation. Clutches produced under such conditions exhibit sex-ratio polymorphism. One category of females (monogenics) produces only female offspring; the second category (amphigenics) produces clutches with a sex ratio of 3 females: 1 male. The relative proportions of the two categories of females varies significantly between populations and is correlated with population sex ratio. This correlation, and the pattern of offspring distribution in amphigenics, suggests that sex is determined by an autosomal Mendelian gene locus for which the male-determining allele is recessive. Limited pedigree analysis of lineages under selfing support the genetic model.
Low-power hybrid complementary metaloxide- semiconductor-nano-electro-mechanical systems field programmable gate array: circuit level analysis and defect-aware mapping

Conventional programmable fabric implemented in nanoscale complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technologies suffer from large leakage power dissipation and volatility of the storage cells, which require reconfiguration at each power-on. In this study, the authors present a hybrid field programmable gate array design approach that can leverage on carbon nanotube (CNT)-based nano-electro-mechanical systems (NEMS) switches to implement memory elements leading to significant saving in static power dissipation. Besides, because of the non-volatile nature of the CNT-NEMS switches, the proposed framework eliminates the requirement of reconfiguration on start-up. To implement the programmable interconnects, the authors propose two alternative structures leveraging on non-volatile CNT-NEMS switches. To overcome the high defect density of a nano-fabric, the authors also propose a novel application mapping technique that can take advantage of certain defects modelled as stuck-at faults in the lookup tables (LUTs), thus considerably improving the yield. Simulations show that the proposed CMOS-NEMS LUT-based circuits can achieve an average reduction of 90% in leakage power at iso-performance, compared to the conventional CMOS-based LUT circuits. The proposed defect-aware mapping achieves an average improvement of 87% in the number of mapped functions over conventional mapping for 10% defect rate.
Anisotropy of magnetoresistivities in Sr 4 Ru 3 O 10 : Evidence for an orbital-selective metamagnetic transition

We have investigated magnetic field orientation dependences of intraplanar and interplanar magnetoresistivity [${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{ab}(B,\ensuremath{\phi},\ensuremath{\theta})$ and ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{c}(B,\ensuremath{\phi},\ensuremath{\theta})$] for ${\text{Sr}}_{4}{\text{Ru}}_{3}{\text{O}}_{10}$, which exhibits a puzzling coexistence of ferromagnetism and metamagnetism. We find that ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{ab}(B,\ensuremath{\phi})$ exhibits a remarkable field-dependent ferromagnetic anisotropy below and above the metamagnetic transition field ${B}_{c}$ while ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{c}(B,\ensuremath{\phi})$ displays anisotropy from spin polarization only when field is above ${B}_{c}$. These observations strongly support that the metamagnetic transition in ${\text{Sr}}_{4}{\text{Ru}}_{3}{\text{O}}_{10}$ is orbital selective.
Texture detection of simulated microcalcification susceptibility effects in magnetic resonance imaging of breasts.

The presence, size, structure and clustering characteristics of microcalcifications can indicate breast cancer. The magnetic susceptibility of microcalcifications differs from soft biological tissues, leading to directional blurring effects that can be detected by statistical image processing methods. A study of the ability of statistical texture analysis to detect simulated localized blurring in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of dense breast is presented. This method can detect localized blurring with sensitivity of 88.89% to 94.44%, specificity of 99.72% to 100%, positive predictive value of 73.91% to 100% and negative predictive value of 99.91% to 99.95%. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;13:876-881.
Adolescent misadventures with urethritis and cervicitis.

Inflammation of the cervix and urethra in adolescents is primarily due to infection by sexually transmitted disease (STD) organisms. These organisms are most commonly Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Ureaplasma urealyticum , and herpes simplex virus. The frequency and seriousness of these infections is, in part, due to developmental, behavioral, and biological changes which put adolescents at special risk for acquisition of these syndromes. Medical knowledge is now sufficient to effectively recognize and treat these STD syndromes. What is further needed is the personal and institutional determination, adaptability, and resources to apply present knowledge among adolescents. It is among these teenagers that the personal and societal costs of STDs are the greatest.
Frequency Converter Technology for Aircraft Power Systems

This paper presents an overview of frequency converter technology in qualitative terms, with the objective of conveying insight into the rationale for selecting particular power circuit arrangements. The tradeoffs involved in the design process are discussed, especially with regard to factors affecting size and performance. At present, the practical choice for an aircraft converter is between a cycloconverter and a rectifier-dc link-inverter. HE introduction of high-power semiconductor devices has enabled the development of efficient static power conversion equipment that can perform the frequency trans- formation required to match a variable-speed generator to constant-frequency load in an aircraft power system. Over the past 20 years, considerable effort has been expended in the in- vestigation of different circuit approaches, reduction of size, and refinement of controls to achieve the desired perform- ance. Present variable-speed, constant-frequency (VSCF) sys- tems can deliver power of a quality equal to or better than that available from a conventional constant-speed drive system. The most important controlled semiconductor device for high-power applications is the thyristor. When the anode is positive with respect to the cathode, a low-power control signal applied to the gate electrode will trigger the device from a blocking to a conducting state. However, gate control cannot turn the current off (except in specially designed devices); the circuit in which the thyristor operates must in some way extinguish the current and then apply reverse voltage for a short time before forward voltage can be reapplied. This external process is known as commutation, and is conveniently classified as either natural commutation or forced commutation. When the power source is ac, natural commutation for thyristor devices can be obtained if the circuit is constrained to operate within the limits of the cyclic voltage reversals. With dc sources, at least some of the devices must be force commutated. Since forced commutation requires additional circuit components, it is obviously preferable to employ a naturally commutated converter, provided that it can satisfy the per- formance objectives. When forced commutation is necessary, additional commutation components can be avoided if power transistors can be used, since they can be forced off by removing or reversing their base current. However, tran- sistors are limited in their power rating so that converters employing transistors are similarly restricted. Phase-Controlled Converters
Experimental techniques for the investigation of dust condensation processes

Two experimental methods by which silicates may be condensed from vapors of their constituents are discussed and compared. Each has some relevance to astrophysical processes, though the experiments are by necessity simpler than the astrophysical environments.
Time lag in the secretion of collagen by matrix-free tendon cells and inhibition of the secretory process by colchicine and vinblastine.

Matrix-free cells were isolated from chick embryo tendons and incubated with [14Cproline in order to follow the time course for the synthesis and secretion of [14C]-collagen. The results indicated a lag of 2–3 min between the time at which the incorporation of [14C]proline and the synthesis of peptide-bound [14C]hydroxyproline reached steady-state levels. A lag of about 18 min was observed between the initiation of the synthesis of collagen [14C]hydroxyproline and the secretion of [14C]collagen from the cells into the incubation medium. Colchicine and vinblastine were found to inhibit the rate of secretion of [14C]-collagen by about 70% and with appropriate concentrations of these agents the amount of intracellular [14C]collagen increased about 2-fold in 2 h. The results suggested that the secretion of collagen depends at least in part on the intensity of microtubules. Addition of dibutyryl cyclic AMP to the incubation medium produced a small increase in the fraction of total [14C]collagen which was secreted into the medium by the cells in 1 h.
Effects of intravenous emulsified perfluorochemicals on hepatic cytochrome P-450

Intravenous infusion of emulsified perfluorodecalin in rats caused a large increase in hepatic cytochrome P-450 concentration which persisted for many weeks. In contrast, hepatic cytochrome P-450 concentration was not changed significantly after infusion of perfluorotributylamine, but subsequent administration of phenobarbital caused the usual increase of cytochrome P-450. The cytochrome P-450 activity for demethylation of benzphetamine was decreased slightly after perfluorodecalin but was unchanged after perfluorotributylamine. The difference in the effects of these perfluorochemicals on hepatic cytochrome P-450 may be related to the difference in the time these compounds are retained in the liver.
Singularities in a modified Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation describing interface motion for phase transition

Abstract Phase transitions can be modeled by the motion of an interface between two locally stable phases. A modified Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation, h t + ∇ 2 h + ∇ 4 h = (1 − λ )|∇ h | 2 ± λ (∇ 2 h ) 2 + δλ ( h xx h yy − h xy 2 ), describes near planar interfaces which are marginally long-wave unstable. We study the question of finite-time singularity formation in this equation in one and two space dimensions on a periodic domain. Such singularity formation does not occur in the Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation ( λ = 0). For all 1 ≥ λ > 0 we provide sufficient conditions on the initial data and size of the domain to guarantee a finite-time blow up in which a second derivative of h becomes unbounded. Using a bifurcation theory analysis, we show a parallel between the stability of steady periodic solutions and the question of finite-time blow up in one dimension. Finally, we consider the local structure of the blow up in the one-dimensional case via similarity solutions and numerical simulations that employ a dynamically adaptive self-similar grid. The simulations resolve the singularity to over 25 decades in |h xx | l ∞ and indicate that the singularities are all locally described by a unique self-similar profile in h xx . We discuss the relevance of these observations to the full intrinsic equations of motion and the associated physics.
176 COST-EFPECTIVENESS OF PREOPERATIVE CATHETERIZATION IN INFANTS WITH D-TRANSPOSITION OF THE GREAT ARTERIES, INTACT VENTRICULAR SEPTUM

We analyzed the need for routine cardiac catheterization (CC) prior to corrective surgery in infants age 6-12 mo. with d-transposition of the great arteries, intact ventricular septum (dTGA, IVS) , s/p balloon atrial septostomy in the neonatal period, who have at most a grade 2/6 murmur, small left ventricular forces on electrocardiogram, and no evidence of fixed subpulmonic stenosis (subPS) by echocardiogram or previous angiography. We compared mortality and costs among those undergoing preop CC with those proceeding directly to a baffle procedure. We assumed 1) that the frequency of the above clinical constellation among infants with severe subPS is 1%, among infants with pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) is 25%, and among those with neither complication is 90%; 2) that the frequency of severe fixed subPS is 5% and of PAH is 2%; 3) that the mortality from CC is 0.1%, from the baffle procedure in uncomplicated dTGA,IVS, 5%, from baffle procedure with subpulmonic resection, 15%, and from baffle procedure without subpulmonic resection in infants with severe subPS, 100%. On these premises, the policy of routine CC carries an excess mortality (0.4/1000) when compared with the policy of operating without CC. Even if the frequency of severe subPS were as high as 10%, the cost of averting one death by the policy of routine preop CC would be $5-10 million. Thus routine preop CC may not be warranted in this clinical setting.
Minor anionic arylsulfatases in cultured human fibroblasts.

A group of minor anionic arylsulfatases (EC 3.1.6.1) was found in extracts of cultured human fibroblasts. These arylsulfatases, hitherto undescribed in fibroblasts, were separated from arylsulfatase A and arylsulfatase B by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. The optimal condition for separation was 25 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.5) with a NaCl gradient. Arylsulfatase B was not retained by the ion-exchanger; the minor arylsulfatases were eluted as a single peak at about 0.15 M NaCl; and arylsulfatase A was eluted at about 0.3 M NaCl. The minor arylsulfatases were further separated into several bands of activity on polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis with mobilities intermediate between the A and B forms of the enzyme. The minor arylsulfatase fraction was similar to arylsulfatase B, not arylsulfatase A, in its response to the differential 4-nitrocatechol sulfate assays and in sensitivity to Ag+. This enzyme fraction failed to hydrolyze cerebroside sulfate, the physiological substrate for arylsulfatase A, and it was present in normal levels in fibroblast extracts derived from a patient with metachromatic leukodystrophy (deficiency of arylsulfatase A). The minor anionic arylsulfatases appear to be totally unrelated to arylsulfatase A. They are kinetically indistinguishable from arylsulfatase B but differ from the latter by their overall net charge.
Toward verification of commitment protocols and their compositions

Commitment protocols have been proposed as a basis for modeling and enacting interactions among agents, such as those needed to carry out business processes. A central idea is that protocols would be developed and shared via libraries, and refined and composed to produce protocols that serve specific needs. Success in this program, therefore, presupposes that individual protocols and their compositions can be formally verified with respect to the properties of interest. This paper outlines an approach for verifying the correctness of commitment protocols and their compositions that exploits the well-known software engineering technique of model checking.
Hydrogen bonding isosteres: bimolecular carboxylic acid and amine-N-oxide interactions mediated via CH...O hydrogen bonds.

Abstract The X-ray structures of cocrystals between 2,2′-dipyridyl- N , N ′-dioxide ( 1 ) with fumaric acid ( 2 ), itaconic acid ( 3 ), succinic acid ( 4 ), and oxalic acid ( 5 ) were solved to determine if concurrent CH···O interactions were capable of orienting the bimolecular association of the two molecules. Cocrystals 1·2 , 1·3 and 1·4 produce cyclic hydrogen bonded motifs employing pair-wise OH···O and CH···O hydrogen bonds, whereas cocrystal 1·5 forms analogous OH···O hydrogen bonds with a different set of intermolecular CH···O hydrogen bonds. Evidence of cocrystal formation was also observed for these complexes by differential scanning calorimetry and FT-IR spectroscopy. The structures of 1·2 , 1·3 and 1·4 demonstrate the potential of the pair-wise OH···O and CH···O hydrogen bonding interactions and serve to illustrate their use as hydrogen bonding isosteres in crystal engineering, molecular recognition, and drug design.
The folkloric, the spectacular, and the institutionalized: touristifying ethnic minority dances on China's southwest frontiers

This article examines the upsurge of producing ethnic minority dance spectacles for tourists in contemporary Yunnan, southwest China. This new wave, along with the shift from the folkloric to the spectacular and professional, indicates a distinct scenario of transformation as the productions of these performances are shaped by the intriguing collaboration among capitalist tourism enterprises, regional governments, and art professionals who are engaged in the state-promoted institutionalization of ethnic minority dances. This article questions what scripts underlie this collaboration and how the collaboration itself structures the artistic presentations and the politics of representation on the stage. Through a case study of Mengbalanaxi, a large-scale ethnic minority dance show in Xishuangbanna, this article argues that this trend transforms the produced dance spectacles into regional–cultural brands under the state and local governmental discourses of cultural industry and regional development. It also f...
Design considerations for a remote controlled tree shaker for perpendicular attachment on tree limbs

To eliminate injury to the bark caused during shaking trees for mechanical harvest, a shaker was developed for perpendicular attachment on limbs. This unit has a new mechanism for development of shaking forces. A powered support assembly facilitates placement of the shaker on the limbs and a single control handle operates three positioning movements plus the shaker clamp and motor. Field tests indicate that this unit satisfactorily shakes limbs without injury to the bark.
Description of the Larva and Pupa of Emphoropsis miserabilis (Cresson), and Comparisons with Other Anthophorids (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)

The larva and pupa of E. miserabilis are described and illustrated. Morphological comparisons of the larva of this species with those of Anthophora , the Eucerinae, and the Emphorinae indicate that E. miserabilis represents a phyletic condition intermediate between that of the Eucerinae and Anthophora . The pupa of Emphoropsis exhibits some characteristics found only among the more primitive bee genera. This supports the conclusion reached through comparative larval morphology, that Emphoropsis is more primitive than Anthophora .
On Filtering of DDoS Attacks Based on Source Address Prefixes

Distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks are a grave threat to Internet services and even to the network itself. Widely distributed "zombie" computers subverted by malicious hackers are used to orchestrate massive attacks. Any defense against such flooding attacks must solve the hard problem of distinguishing the packets that are part of the attack from legitimate traffic, so that the attack can be filtered out without much collateral damage. We explore one technique that can be used as part of DDoS defenses: using ACL rules that distinguish the attack packets from the legitimate traffic based on source addresses in packets. One advantage of this technique is that the ACL rules can be depoloyed in routers deep inside the network where the attack isn't large enough to cause loss of legitimate traffic due to congestion. The most important disadvantage is that the ACL rules can also cause collateral damage by discarding some legitimate traffic. We use simulations to study this damage how it is influenced by various factors. Our technique is much better than uninformed dropping due to congestion, but it produces larger collateral damage than more processing-intensive approaches. For example it can reduce the attack size by a factor of 3 while also dropping between 2% and 10% of the legitimate traffic. We recommend the use of source address prefix based filtering in combination with other techniques, for example as a coarse pre-filter that ensures that devices performing the processing-intensive filtering are not overwhelmed.
Comparison of Men and Women on Self-Disclosure

An interval-type scale was given to a sample of 84 undergraduate students at a private Western university to assess differences in self-disclosure between the sexes. The questionnaire was a one-group, measured-once design. To analyze the data, a 2-by-2-by-4 analysis of variance was applied. Women disclosed more than men over-all and scored higher on disclosure of strengths than men. These findings contradict Derlega's and Chaikin's (1976) claim that women disclose more weakness and men disclose more strength.
Lean NOx Trap Catalysis for NOx Reduction in Natural Gas Engine Applications

Reliable power generation and distribution is a critical infrastructure for the public and industry. Large-bore spark-ignited natural gas reciprocating engines are a reliable source of power generation. Lean operation enables efficient operation, and engines can conveniently be placed wherever natural gas resources are located. However, stricter emission regulations may limit the installation and use of more natural gas reciprocating engines if emissions cannot be reduced. Natural gas engine emissions of concern are generally methane, carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen (NOx). Methane and carbon monoxide can be controlled by oxidation catalysts; however NOx emissions are difficult to control in lean exhaust conditions. One method of reducing NOx in lean exhaust conditions is lean NOx trap catalysis. Lean NOx trap technologies (also known as NOx adsorber catalysts, NOx storage and reduction catalysts, etc.) have demonstrated >90% NOx reduction for diesel reciprocating engines and natural gas turbines. In the work presented here, the feasibility of a lean NOx trap catalyst for lean burn natural gas reciprocating engines will be studied. Tests were conducted on a Cummins 8.3-liter engine on a dynamometer. The lean Nox trap catalyst was controlled in a valved exhaust system that utilized natural gas as the catalyst reductant. Oxidation and reformer catalysts were used to enhance utilization of methane for catalyst regeneration. The feasibility of this approach will be discussed based on the observed NOx reduction and associated fuel penalties.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
THE TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT OF INACTIVATION OF CRYSTALLINE PEPSIN BY ULTRA-VIOLET RADIATION

Determinations of the temperature coefficient of inactivation of pure crystalline pepsin solutions by ultra-violet irradiation give values very close to unity (1.02).
Field evaluations of pheromone-baited traps for monitoring Mexican rice borer (Lepidoptera : pyralidae)

The Universal Moth Trap (Unitrap) caught more male Mexican rice borers, Eoreuma loftini (Dyar), than 13 other trap types. Traps placed 5 m within sugarcane fields captured significantly more male Mexican rice borers than traps at the edge of the field or 5 m outside the field. Traps at the edge of the field captured significantly more insects than traps placed 5 m outside the field. There were no significant differences in trap captures when Unitraps were placed 5 m inside the field at heights of 46, 102, or 158 cm aboveground, but captures were less in traps placed 214 cm aboveground. With Pherocon IC traps placed 5 m inside the field, there were no significant differences in trap captures of male Mexican rice borers at any of the four heights.
Channelopathies in pediatric neurology.

The past decade has witnessed exciting developments in the understanding of the pathogenesis of neurologic disease. The recognition that diverse neurologic disorders are caused by dysfunction of ion channels in excitable tissue has epitomized this molecular biologic advance in clinical neurology. The role of ion channels in neurologic disease began with the discovery that skeletal muscle diseases are linked to missense mutations of calcium, sodium, and chloride channels. This entire group of periodic paroxysmal neurologic diseases is termed ‘‘channelopathies’’ [1]. Availability of new molecular genetic tools has led to a rapidly increasing number of recognized channelopathies that reflect abnormalities in the structure and function of the various ion channels. Disorders as diverse as cardiac arrhythmias, epilepsy, myotonia, malignant hyperthermia, and cystic fibrosis have been linked to mutations in genes encoding for ion channels. Channelopathies have surprisingly similar clinical features. Typically, neurologic channelopathies manifest as paroxysmal attacks of paralysis, myotonia, headache, or ataxia and are precipitated by physiologic stresses. Symptoms attributed to channelopathies may represent an abnormal gain of function (such as myokymia, myotonia, or epilepsy) or an abnormal loss of function (such as weakness) depending on whether or not the defect leads to increased membrane excitability or inexcitability. Mutations in a specific ion channel gene can be associated with heterogeneous phenotypes. Conversely, mutations in different channel genes can produce similar clinical phenotypes. Given such clinical and genetic heterogeneity, any attempt at classification of channelopathies based solely on clinical signs and symptoms has limitations. Accordingly, this review is based on the particular ion channel involved rather than clinical manifestations.