cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Net radiation method for transmission through partially transparent plates

It is shown that the net radiation method for enclosures with opaque surfaces described by Siegel and Howell (1972) can, in an appropriately adapted version, provide a computation procedure suitable for situations with semitransparent regions. This procedure involves simple equations at each interface and can be readily applied to complicated systems such as those consisting of absorbing and nonabsorbing layers, and layers with different reflectivities at each interface. The equations can also be readily incorporated in a computerized design procedure.
Minerals go critical

The spectre of insecure supplies of some mineral raw materials could hinder the development and deployment of new technology. This Commentary discusses and analyses the reasons behind the potential insecurity, how markets are responding, and what roles government should play.
Bionomics of Hyadaphis tataricae (Homoptera: Aphididae)

Population biology of Hyadaphis tataricae (Aizenberg) on honeysuckle, Lonicera spp., was examined. Aphid populations exhibited a bimodal seasonal abundance pattern. Watered and pruned honeysuckle had a significantly higher number of aphids than either watered and unpruned or unwatered and unpruned plants. These cultural practices produced more of the succulent, actively growing terminals which were preferred by H. tataricae . Apterous H. tataricae had a significantly higher fecundity (29.15 nymphs) and significantly longer reproductive period (14.31 d) than alatae (16.21 and 9.78, respectively).
Wind Turbine Radar Interference Studies by Polarimetric Measurements of a Scaled Model

Wind turbines can cause interference to nearby radars due to strong backscattering. As a recently recognized type of radar interference, wind turbine radar signatures need to be fully studied. The scaled measurement of a wind turbine model has been proposed to characterize wind turbine radar signatures. The radar wind turbine testbed (RWT2) has been developed for such a purpose. Polarimetric radar signatures derived from measurements reveal unique features that can be exploited to help identify wind turbines from desired radar targets.
Graphitti: An Annotation Management System for Heterogeneous Objects

Annotation is the process of supplementing data with additional information that was not part of the actual observation, but reflects post-facto comments and associations made by a user who analyzes the data. While annotation management systems are emerging in the field of relational data, such systems for scientific applications, where there is a wide heterogeneity in the types of annotable data, are almost nonexistent. In this demonstration paper, we describe Graphitti, a tool that (i) allows a user to annotate a wide variety of scientific data, and (ii) allows a user to query data and their annotations in a seamless manner.
A Platform for the Detection of Trypanosomes via Selective Small Molecule Recognition

Trypanothione (TSH2), a metabolite unique to trypanosomal parasites, was evaluated as a potential biomarker for trypanosomal infection using fluorescence as the means of detection. Fluoroescein arsenical helix binder (FLASH) was prepared and used to detect TSH2. Since it has low background fluorescence and forms a highly emissive complex with TSH2, it can be used to detect low micromolar concentrations of TSH2 in serum. The large dynamic range of FLASH and its selectivity for detection of the dithiol metabolite indicate that arsenical probes may offer a promising new platform for the diagnosis of trypanosomal infection.
Is intravenous glucocorticoid therapy better than an oral regimen for asymptomatic cardiac rejection ? a randomized trial

Objectives. This study assessed whether treatment with oral prednisone (bolus plus tapered doses) is comparable to intravenous methylprednisolone sodium succinate (Solu-Medrol) therapy in patients with asymptomatic moderate cardiac allograft rejection episodes without hemodynamic compromise. Background. Intravenous Solu-Medrol therapy is frequently administered for moderate rejection episodes after heart transplantation but has not previously been compared with an oral prednisone therapy for asymptomatic cardiac rejection in a randomized trial. Compared with oral prednisone therapy, the administration of intravenous Solu-Medrol is more costly and resource intensive, and it can require loss of work time for patients and the family members who accompany them to treatment. Methods. Forty-one heart transplant patients with 43 episodes of asymptomatic moderate cardiac rejection were randomized to receive 3 days of 1,000 mg of intravenous Solu-Medrol (20 episodes) or prednisone as a bolus dose of 100 mg orally for 3 days, tapering to the previous maintenance dosage over 14 days (23 episodes). Follow-up endomyocardial biopsies were performed at 2 and 4 weeks. Infectious complications were monitored and the cost of the two forms of therapy was assessed. Results. Resolution of moderate rejection occurred within 4 weeks in 19 (95%) of 20 patients treated with intravenous steroids and in 21 (91%) of 23 patients treated with oral prednisone. No significant difference in infectious complications occurred between the two groups in the ensuing 3 months after therapy. The cost of the oral prednisone therapy was $6.30 compared with the cost of $180 to $966 for administration of intravenous Solu-Medrol. Conclusions. Oral prednisone (bolus plus tapered doses) appears to be as effective and to have similar infectious complication rates as intravenous Solu-Medrol for the treatment of asymptomatic cardiac rejection. The convenience and lower cost of oral prednisone therapy may warrant its routine use for this type of cardiac rejection.
Hyperspectral mixture modeling for quantifying sparse vegetation cover in arid environments.

Abstract A linear mixture model based on calibrated, atmospherically corrected Probe-1 hyperspectral imagery was compared with three vegetation indices to test its relative ability to measure small differences in percent green vegetative cover for areas of sparse vegetation in arid environments. The goal of this research was to compare multispectral and hyperspectral remote sensing approaches for detecting human disturbance of arid environments. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was tested using both narrow and broad bandwidths. Broadband NDVI provided results r 2 =0.63 similar to NDVI derived from individual hyperspectral channels r 2 =0.60 . While the soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) was designed as an improvement to NDVI for sparse vegetation, in this study SAVI performed significantly worse than NDVI r 2 =0.51 . The modified soil-adjusted vegetation index (MSAVI) provided an insignificant improvement over NDVI r 2 =0.64 . Linear mixture modeling provided significantly better results, r2 of 0.74. Cross-validation was used to test the significance of differences between the various methods and to determine the standard error associated with each method. Results suggest that any improvements provided by adjusted vegetation indices over NDVI may be strongly dependent on those adjustments being derived from local conditions. The use of a linear mixture model with multiple soil endmembers appears to provide the best method for quantifying sparse vegetative cover. Though present in small amounts, a single plant species, Krameria erecta, was strongly correlated with residuals of the mixture model. Inclusion of a spectral endmember for this species increased the r2 of the fit with percent green cover to 0.86. However, it is not clear if the explained variation was actually due to K. erecta or a correlated phenomena. Problems were also identified with the use of multiple vegetation endmembers.
Philosophical foundations of sociological measurement: a note on the three level model

Even a cursory perusal of the social science literature suffices to show the prevalence of dichotomous thinking. Many of these dichotomies deal with some aspect of the “conceptual versus empirical” distinction. This paper shows that while dichotomies predominate for some reason, the actual research process that they are designed to represent deals minimally with three separate and necessary levels. We term these the conceptual level (X), the empirical level (X′), and the operational or indicator level (X″). This minimal three level model is applied to an analysis of philosophical foundations of measurement, specifically the formulations of Northrop and Bridgman. It is shown that both of these formulations are essentially dichotomous, while the phenomena they deal with are trichotomous. For example, Northrop's “concepts by postulation” and “concepts by intuition” are purportedly separate levels connected by an epistemic correlation. Application of the three level model reveals that both are true concepts, and thus belong on the same level of analysis (X). Similarly, application of the three level model to Bridgman's formulation shows that both mental and physical concepts belong on the same level (X). Bridgman's formulation is valuable in pointing out that operations are not restricted to one level of analysis, and in fact we see them to be crucial on all three levels. The three level model is not a panacea, but does provide an efficacious framework for the difficult but important task of analyzing the philosophical underpinning of measurement.
Measurement of prostaglandin F2α levels in cerebrospinal fluid of febrile and afebrile patients with advanced cancer

Abstract Prostaglandin F 2α levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in 95 samples of unextracted human cerebrospinal fluid obtained from 73 patients with advanced cancer. Concentrations okf PGE were too low to be reliably determined by this method using the commercially available kits. Forty-six of the samples assayed contained 2α . The remaining levels ranged from 25 to 1154 pg/ml c.s.f.; the majority contained less than 200pg/ml. A possible correlation was found between elevated c.s.f. granulocyte count and increased PGF 2α . A similar relationship was found with regard to protein. These studies failed to demonstrate a correlation between elevated levels of PGF 2α in cerebrospinal fluid and any pathophysiologic condition.
Benefits to a life insurance company from providing radon tests for clients

If a life insurance company provided free radon tests to clients, clients' life expectancies would be extended and profits would thereby be increased. This effect is quantified and it is found that the direct monetary benefits to the company could be substantial. Several subsidiary advantages are also discussed.
Acculturation and stress in a low-income Puerto Rican community.

In this study, the acculturative stress experienced by Puerto Rican migrants to the urban U.S. is examined. Acculturative stress is defined as length of residence in a novel cultural environment while lacking psychosocial resources to support adaptation to that environment. In a sample of 67 patients seen in a public health nursing agency, it was found that acculturative stress was associated with poorer health status, more behavioral problems, and higher levels of ethnomedical belief. The implications of these results for research on stress and adaptation are discussed.
Vernacular anxiety and the Semitic imaginary: Shem Tov Isaac ibn Ardutiel de Carrión and his critics

The period in which Shem Tov ibn Isaac Ardutiel (Santob de Carrion) was writing – the fourteenth century – was a period of intense vernacularization of literary practice in Castile. Shem Tov has long been imagined as a model of multiculturality, and the lasting impact of his diglossic literary legacy is undeniable; he is a compelling case study of the role of Hebrew literature in the age of Hispano-Romance vernacularity. Yet, he writes at a time when Spanish Jewish authors voice considerable ambivalence about the practice of vernacular literature. In this article I offer a new reading of Proverbios morales and his Hebrew Debate between the Pen and the Scissors as veiled critiques of Castilian literary practice and a defense of Hebrew in an age of vernacularization; I also suggest that the ambivalence and anxiety that characterized Jewish approaches to the vernacular are mirrored by modern critics of the literature of Spain's Jews. Spanish criticism of Shem Tov's work reveals conflictive modern Spanish att...
An Embedded Microprocessor Radiation Hardened by Microarchitecture and Circuits

A radiation hardened by design embedded microprocessor is presented. The design uses multiple approaches to minimize the performance reduction from hardening, while simultaneously limiting the power increase. The speculative portions of the pipeline are protected by microarchitecture approaches, i.e., the speculative pipeline is dual redundant, whereby instructions that have errors in one copy cause a pipeline restart—only matching results commit to architectural state. The register file is dual redundant with mechanisms for correction using one copy whose parity is correct. The data cache memory is write-through, allowing protection with parity. The remaining architectural state is protected via hardened circuits. These are implemented with self-correcting triple mode redundant (TMR) flip-flops and TMR logic. The design, implemented here on a 90-nm bulk CMOS process, achieves unprecedented single event effects hardness and 400+ MHz operating frequency at less than 500 mW power consumption. The main constituent circuit hardening approaches have been fabricated and tested separately. Broad beam testing of the constituent circuits has resulted in no uncorrectable soft errors below 100 MeV-cm2\mg LETEFF. We describe the CAD flows used to ensure node separation to achieve high immunity to multiple node charge collection and discuss the relative costs of the chosen hardening techniques.
Heroin use among Miami's public school students, 1992: peers and the "drug subculture" overwhelm parents, religion and schools.

This analysis examines the use of heroin by 481 adolescents in Dade County, Florida public schools during 1992. Statistically significant factors which tend to increase the probability of heroin use by adolescents include: peer use of heroin and students' involvement in school clubs. Not significantly related to heroin use is their access to the drug, their ethnic background or race, and their gender. Although not statistically significant, adolescents were more likely to use heroin if they knew of the risks associated with heroin use. There are no statistically significant variables which inhibit the rise of heroin by Miami adolescents. When religion was an important part of their lives, they were at lower risk for heroin use, but this was not significant. Also not significantly related to heroin use are a number of other variables, including family-related variables (whether adolescents live with their mothers, fathers, or alone: and whether someone in the family has a problem with drugs or alcohol). Similarly, early cigarette smoking and alcohol rise did not serve as gateways to later heroin use. Academic performance, and extracurricular school activities (athletics, music, and other activities) were all unrelated to the use of heroin by adolescents, with the exception of involvement in school clubs which substantially increased the risk of heroin use. Language: en
Computational model of thrombosis: A study of transport as a determinant of rapid platelet accumulation

Thrombus is commonly found in the plaque region of atherosclerosis, leading to acute myocardial infarction, known as a heart attack. Arterial thrombosis, which is mostly composed of platelets, can occlude a blood vessel by accumulating enough platelets to block blood flow. Understanding the relative contribution of platelet transport and platelet adhesion to thrombus growth rates is germane to predicting and treating at-risk lesions for thrombus growth.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Vitamin G Content of Human Non-Scorbutic Cerebrospinal Fluids:

ConclusionThe ascorbic acid content of the cerebrospinal fluid in a series of 50 ambulatory patients has been determined. All individuals were on a diet adequate in vitamin C and showed no clinical evidence of avitaminosis C or of acute infection. The ascorbic acid content varied from 0.7 to 2.1 mg. % with a median of 1.2 mg. %.
Abstraction in the Intel iAPX-432 prototype systems implementation language

Abstract : This report describes the abstraction mechanism of a prototype systems implementaiton language for Intel's iAPX-432 microprocessor. Full exploitation of the 432's facilities places many demands on a language intended for systems implementation. The 432 is a capability-based machine, with hardware-enforced typing of large objects, dynamically instantiated domains (i.e., packages), hardware-enforced information information hiding (seals), and hardware-supported, software-defined access-rights (trademarks). The prototype language's support for these facilities is described in this project.
Tetrahydrobiopterin responsiveness in phenylketonuria differs between patients with the same genotype.

Recently, BH4-responsive phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) deficiency was reported in patients with specific mutations in the PAH gene, and it was suggested that BH4 responsiveness may be determined by the respective genotypes. We now report on three patients with PAH deficiency and the same genotype but different responses to standardized BH4 loading. Our results suggest that BH4 responsiveness in PAH deficiency is at least partly independent from PAH genotype.
Suppression of the development of adjuvant arthritis by a conditioned aversive stimulus.

Abstract The present study evaluated the effect of a conditioned aversive stimulus (CS) on the development of adjuvant-induced arthritis in Lewis rats. Experiment 1 showed that presentation of a CS, on days 12, 14, and 16 following injection with adjuvant containing mycobacterium tuberculosis, resulted in a pronounced suppression of the development of arthritis as measured by a clinical disease severity rating scale and spleen weight. In contrast, presentation of the CS on days 0, 2, and 4 following injection did not have any effect on the development of arthritis. Experiment 2 showed that the suppression of adjuvant arthritis by exposure to the CS was blocked by administration of propranolol, a nonselective β-adrenergic receptor antagonist. These results demonstrate that a CS can alter the development of adjuvant-induced arthritis, but the effect is dependent upon the timing of the antigen exposure and the presentation of the CS. Moreover, the present findings suggest that blocking β-adrenergic receptors during presentations of the CS prevents the suppressive effect of the CS.
Evolution of surface width in electrochemical nucleation and growth

The evolution of surface width during growth of copper islands is studied in the kinetic regime, allowing control of island shape as well as island density. We show that film roughness at island coalescence is determined by island density, island shape, and the island growth kinetics. The connection between the kinetics of island growth and film growth provides the scientific basis for control of surface roughness.
Weeping at the water's edge

W HEN Monteverdi's Arianna stood on the rocky shore and wept for her fate at the wedding of Francesco Gonzaga and Margherita of Savoy on 28 May 16o8, all the ladies of the court were said to have wept with her. And whose heart could have steeled itself against her, given the image of the talented and reportedly beautiful Virginia Andreini on stage, imploring them, 'Let me die, let me die'? 'What comfort', she asked, 'can I take in such harsh fate, in such cruel suffering? Let me die, let me die.' Surely these words and this tale of betrayal and abandonment were not meant to represent either the bride's thoughts on entering matrimony or the court's hopes for the success of the alliance between the two dynasties. But embedding the story of Arianna and Teseo within celebrations of Margherita's fruitfulness and Francesco's virility inextricably bound the tale to themes of marriage, heredity, dynastic expansion and the representation of state. And although the lament's outward characteristics-Arianna's desperation and tears, her extended soliloquy, and her confinement to the rocky shoreseem at odds with these expectations of future prosperity, they are capable of conveying powerful meaning as ritualistic symbols of the spiritual, philosophical and legal enactment of the couple's passage into adulthood and their initiation into decision-
Supportive cryotherapy: a review from head to toe.

Abstract Context Conventional chemotherapy leads to multiple adverse mucocutaneous complications such as oral mucositis, alopecia, ocular toxicity, and onycholysis. Limited pharmacologic interventions are available for preventing these clinical problems. Objectives This study aimed to critically review the role of cryotherapy (regional hypothermia) for alleviating these adverse symptoms. Methods A narrative review was performed, with an emphasis on randomized controlled trials. A comprehensive search using PubMed, Ovid, Embase, and MEDLINE® was completed. References of all cited articles also were reviewed. Data from the review were composed of articles published between 1970 and May 2013. Results Available evidence suggests that regional hypothermia decreases the burden of chemotherapy-related oral mucositis, alopecia, ocular toxicity, and onycholysis. The major limitations of studies include the absence of blinded control groups and variable clinical end points. Conclusion Regional hypothermia decreases the burden of these four chemotherapy-induced complications and is well tolerated. More research is needed to determine what subgroups of cancer patients are most likely to respond to different types of regional hypothermia, the ideal duration of cooling needed, and further improve the ease of use of the cooling devices.
Comparative Evaluation of Noninvasive Compression Adjuncts for Hemostasis in Percutaneous Arterial, Venous, and Arteriovenous Dialysis Access Procedures

Purpose To assess the relative efficacy of three compression adjuncts—D-Stat Dry (D-Stat), QR Powder (QR), and XS Powder (XS)—for reducing time to hemostasis in patients who underwent diagnostic and interventional percutaneous procedures. Materials and Methods D-Stat, QR, or XS was applied in 176 percutaneous diagnostic arterial, therapeutic arterial, venous, and arteriovenous dialysis access (AVDA) procedures in 138 patients. The mean time to hemostasis and application-related complications were retrospectively assessed. Results Mean time to hemostasis was significantly reduced in all applications of QR (3.1 minutes ± 1.1) and XS (3.7 minutes ± 1.1) relative to D-Stat (6.2 minutes ± 1.1, P P P P P P Conclusions All three agents effectively reduced time to hemostasis with minimal associated complications. QR was found to be more effective than D-Stat in all four procedure types.
Elevated thyrotropin in bipolar youths prescribed both lithium and divalproex sodium.

ABSTRACT Objective To examine the effect of combined lithium and divalproex sodium on thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in children and adolescents with bipolar disorders and to identify risk factors for lithium-induced hypothyroidism. Method Bipolar youths aged 5 to 17 years participating in an open-label clinical trial received treatment with lithium and divalproex sodium for up to 20 weeks. TSH levels were measured at baseline and at the end of the study. Subjects were divided into two groups for analysis: group 1 had TSH levels of less than 10.0 mU/L at the end of the study and group 2 had TSH levels of 10.0 mU/L or more at end of the study. Results Twenty of the 82 subjects (24.4%) showed TSH elevations of at least 10 mU/L within an average exposure of less than 3 months. The mean baseline TSH level for group 2 was significantly higher than for group 1 (2.97 [SD = 1.48] versus 2.05 [SD = 0.89], p t = −2.41, p = .019). Conclusions Lithium is associated with significant rates of thyrotropin elevation in bipolar youths. Factors associated with elevation in TSH in lithium-treated subjects include a higher baseline TSH level and a higher lithium level. Close monitoring of thyroid function in children and adolescents taking lithium is recommended.
Initial rate and inhibition studies on pig brain hexokinase

Abstract 1. 1. Hexokinase I has been partially purified from pig brain tissues and an initial rate study performed. 2. 2. A recent study of Vowles & Easterby (1979), of hexokinase I from pig heart tissue has shown the glucose-6-P inhibited enzyme to be unaffected by inorganic orthophosphate. 3. 3. In this report we demonstrate that pig brain and pig heart type I hexokinases are distinct iosyzmes, differing markedly in their regulatory properties in that glucose-6-P inhibition of brain hexokinase is reversed by inorganic orthophosphate.
A comparison of surgeons' posture during laparoscopic and open surgical procedures

Background: There is increasing recognition of surgeons' physical fatigue in the new ergonomic environment of laparoscopic surgery. The purpose of this study was to determine what the differences are in the movement of the surgeon's axial skeleton between laparoscopic and open operations.
Ferromagnetic Resonance in Metals. Frequency Dependence

The FMR (ferromagnetic-resonance) measurements were performed in single crystals of silicon-iron, nickel-iron, nickel, and hcp cobalt in the frequency region 8-140 Gc/sec at room temperature. The samples, in the form of thin discs, were statically magnetized parallel to the plane of the disc. Their thickness was at least one order of magnitude greater than the penetration depth at microwave frequencies. The values of linewidths, magnetocrystalline anisotropy constants, and $g$ factors were obtained. A macroscopic theory of the resonance line shape was developed, including simultaneously the effects of skin penetration of microwave field, the pinning conditions of the surface spins, and the relaxation damping in the Landau-Lifshitz form. The linewidth frequency dependence of the materials with small values of magnetocrystalline and magnetostriction constants (s\'{\i}licon-iron and nickel-iron) can be fairly well explained assuming a small amount of surface spin pinning and a certain value of the frequency-independent Landau-Lifshitz damping constant. The possible origin of pinning and damping is discussed. The linewidths of highly magnetostrictive and anisotropic materials (cobalt and nickel) suggest a large inhomogeneous broadening, probably due to imperfections and inhomogeneities in crystal structure of the samples. The values of magnetocrystalline anisotropy constants agree mostly with the results of static measurements. The values of $g$ factors were found independent of frequency and in good agreement with the Kittel-Van Vleck theory.
Piezoelectric Thin Film AlN Annular Dual Contour Mode Bandpass Filter

The following work presents the analytical, numerical and experimental characterization of a novel piezoelectric Aluminum Nitride MEMS bandpass filter. In contrast to multipole filters employing distinct mechanically or electrically coupled resonator building blocks, the passband of the device in the present work is defined by the proximity of two natural contour modes of vibration in a single annular resonator. The proposed implementation, albeit currently limited to dual -pole filters, results in smaller form factors and reduces device sensitivity to across wafer fabrication tolerances.
A crowdsourcing caption editor for educational videos

Video of a classroom lecture has been shown to be a versatile learning resource comparable to a textbook. Captions in videos are highly valued by students, especially those with hearing disability and those whose first language is not English. Captioning by automatic speech recognition (ASR) tools is of limited use because of low and variable accuracy. Manual captioning with existing tools is a slow, tedious and expensive task. In this work, we present a web-based crowdsourcing editor to add or correct captions for video lectures. The editor allows a group, e.g., students in a class, to correct the captions for different parts of a video lecture simultaneously. Users can review and correct each other's work. The caption editor has been successfully employed to caption STEM coursework videos. Our findings based on survey results and interviews indicate that this innovative crowdsourcing tool is effective and efficient for captioning lecture videos and has considerable value in educational practice. The caption editor is integrated with Indexed Captioned Searchable (ICS) Videos framework at University of Houston that has been used by dozens of courses and 1000s of students. The ICS Videos framework including the captioning tool is open source software available to educational institutions.
Prefrontal lesion evidence against higher-order theories of consciousness

According to higher-order theories of consciousness, a mental state is conscious only when represented by another mental state. Higher-order theories must predict there to be some brain areas (or networks of areas) such that, because they produce (the right kind of) higher-order states, the disabling of them brings about deficits in consciousness. It is commonly thought that the prefrontal cortex produces these kinds of higher-order states. In this paper, I first argue that this is likely correct, meaning that, if some higher-order theory is true, prefrontal lesions should produce dramatic deficits in visual consciousness. I then survey prefrontal lesion data, looking for evidence of such deficits. I argue that no such deficits are to be found, and that this presents a compelling case against higher-order theories.
Near-optimal Hybrid Filtering in a Two-time-scale Model

We develop a filtering scheme for hybrid systems with the process dictating the system configuration being a finite-state Markov chain. Exploiting hierarchical structure of the underlying system, the states of the Markov chain are divided into a number of groups so that it jumps rapidly within each group and slowly among different groups. Focusing on reduction of computational complexity, the filtering scheme includes the following steps: (1) Partition the state space of the Markov chain into subspaces, (2) derive a limit system in which the states are averaged out with respect to the invariant distributions of the Markov chain, (3) use the limit system to design quadratic variation test statistics, and (4) use the test statistics to identify which ergodic class the aggregated process belongs to and to construct near-optimal filter. For demonstration, a numerical example is also presented.
A water spectroscopy microsystem with integrated discharge source, dispersion optics, and sample delivery

This paper reports a microsystem integrating the fluidic, electrical and optical elements required for field-portable water-chemistry testing by electric discharge spectroscopy. The device utilizes a DC microdischarge as a spectroscopic source. The discharge is created by applying a DC voltage between a metal anode and uses the water sample as the cathode. Impurities are sputtered from the water sample into the microdischarge. A blazed grating is used as the dispersion element, along with an aperture fabricated on a glass substrate. The microsystem is assembled and used with a CCD sensing element to distinguish atomic spectra. Two versions of the microsystem have been implemented: planar and a capillary tube-based device. Detection of Cr and other chemicals in water samples has been successfully demonstrated with both devices.
Using ghost edges for classification in sparsely labeled networks

We address the problem of classification in partially labeled networks (a.k.a. within-network classification) where observed class labels are sparse. Techniques for statistical relational learning have been shown to perform well on network classification tasks by exploiting dependencies between class labels of neighboring nodes. However, relational classifiers can fail when unlabeled nodes have too few labeled neighbors to support learning (during training phase) and/or inference (during testing phase). This situation arises in real-world problems when observed labels are sparse.In this paper, we propose a novel approach to within-network classification that combines aspects of statistical relational learning and semi-supervised learning to improve classification performance in sparse networks. Our approach works by adding "ghost edges" to a network, which enable the flow of information from labeled to unlabeled nodes. Through experiments on real-world data sets, we demonstrate that our approach performs well across a range of conditions where existing approaches, such as collective classification and semi-supervised learning, fail. On all tasks, our approach improves area under the ROC curve (AUC) by up to 15 points over existing approaches. Furthermore, we demonstrate that our approach runs in time proportional to L • E, where L is the number of labeled nodes and E is the number of edges.
Location of amino acid residues in human deoxy hemoglobin

A table has been compiled of the spatial disposition of the amino acid residues in the human deoxy hemoglobin tetramer. The table also indicates regions of possible contact between residues in each subunit and possible contacts between subunits.
Optimal local register allocation for a multiple-issue machine

This paper presents an algorithm that allocates registers optimally for straight-line code running on a generic multi-issue computer. On such a machine, an optimal register allocation is one that minimizes the number of issue slots that the code requires. Optimal spill selection and load/store placement are used to minimize the number of additional issue slots needed, given a schedule for the non-memory reference instructions and a fixed number of available physical registers. The generic multi-issue machine model closely models the operation of vector and VLIW processors, and could be extended to model super-scalar processors. The algorithm uses dynamic programming to search the state space of feasible register allocations; implicit and explicit state pruning are used to make the problem tractable without sacrificing optimality. The optimal allocation produced by the algorithm for a substantial example is presented.
Influence of trehalose 6,6′-dimycolate (TDM) during mycobacterial infection of bone marrow macrophages

The relative role of surface lipids in the innate macrophage response to infection with mycobacteria remains unknown. Trehalose 6,6′-dimycolate (TDM), a major component of the mycobacterial cell wall, can elicit hypersensitive as well as T-cell-independent foreign body responses. The T-cell-independent contribution of TDM to the primary macrophage response to mycobacterial infection was investigated. Bone-marrow-derived macrophages isolated from C57BL/6 mice were infected with native Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) or with MTB delipidated using petroleum ether extraction methods. The removal of surface lipids caused decreased bacterial survival in macrophages, but there was no loss of bacterial growth in broth culture. Bacterial survival within macrophages was restored upon reconstitution of the bacteria with purified TDM. The cytokine and chemokine parameters of the macrophage responses were also investigated. The amounts of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6 and MIP-1α produced were significantly reduced following delipidation, but were restored upon reconstitution with TDM. The amount of IL-12 produced, but not the amount of IL-10 produced, was also significantly reduced upon macrophage infection with delipidated MTB. Furthermore, nitric oxide responses were not impaired upon infection with delipidated MTB, suggesting that intracellular survival and macrophage secretion of cytokines and chemokines are differentially controlled. These studies indicate that TDM is a major component contributing to the innate macrophage responses to MTB infection.
Can Selected Patients With Newly Diagnosed Pulmonary Embolism Be Safely Treated Without Hospitalization? A Systematic Review

Study objective: Omitting inpatient therapy for emergency department patients with newly diagnosed pulmonary embolism occurs infrequently in the United States. We seek to describe the safety of initial outpatient management of these patients and their demographics, comorbidities, risk stratification, treatment, and outcomes. Methods: We identified studies from searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and other databases from inception through March 22, 2012. We supplemented this with a search of conference proceedings and consultation with experts. We selected prospective studies of adults with acute, symptomatic, objectively confirmed pulmonary embolism who were discharged home without hospitalization. All contributing studies explicitly defined inclusion and exclusion criteria plus objectively confirmed outcome measures: recurrent thromboembolism, major hemorrhage, and mortality. Two investigators independently identified eligible studies and extracted data. We used the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria to assess study quality. Results: From 2,286 screened titles/abstracts, we selected 8 studies with a total of 777 patients. Seven observational studies were rated low in quality. The one randomized controlled trial was higher in quality, used stricter inclusion criteria, and found that 90-day outcomes for outpatient management were not inferior to inpatient care. Among the 7 studies that reported 90-day outcome measures, the overall incidence of venous thromboembolic‐ related and hemorrhage-related mortality was very low: 0 of 741 (upper 95% confidence limit 0.62%). Conclusion: The data on exclusive outpatient management of acute symptomatic pulmonary embolism are limited, but the existing evidence supports the feasibility and safety of this approach in carefully selected lowrisk patients. [Ann Emerg Med. 2012;60:651-662.] Please see page 652 for the Editor’s Capsule Summary of this article.
Application of HPLC-thermospray ionization mass spectrometry for the analysis of triprolidine and its metabolite hydroxymethyltriprolidine in biological samples

High-performance liquid chromatography coupled to positive ion mode thermospray ionization mass spectrometry has been used to characterize triprolidine and its known metabolite hydroxymethyltriprolidine. The method allows direct analysis of these compounds in complex biological matrices. Analysis of an extract from a microbial biotransformation experiment with triprolidine was performed and the results included two baseline-resolved chromatographic peaks. The [M + H]+ ion obtained from the mass spectrum of the first peak was consistent with that of hydroxymethyltriprolidine, and the mass spectrum of the second peak corresponded to triprolidine. Under the described conditions, the minimum detectable level of triprolidine without filament enhancement was estimated at about 10 micrograms injected on column.
Estimation of Traffic Dynamics Models with Machine-Learning Methods

Speed-density relationships are a classic way of modeling stationary traffic relationships. Besides offering valuable insight into traffic stream flows, such relationships are widely used in dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) systems. In this research, an alternative paradigm for traffic dynamics models, appropriate for traffic simulation models and based on machine-learning approaches such as k-means clustering, k-nearest-neighborhood classification, and locally weighted regression is proposed. Although these models may not provide as much insight into traffic flow theory as speed-density relationships do, they allow for easy incorporation of additional information to speed estimation and hence may be more appropriate for use in DTA models, especially simulation-based models. This paper (with data from a network in Irvine, California) demonstrates that such machine-learning methods can considerably improve the accuracy of speed estimation.
A bibliography of search theory and reconnaissance theory literature

Abstract : This bibliography consists of 75 items on search theory and reconnaissance theory found in periodicals and technical reports. Each entry includes a short summary or a quotation from the pertinent abstract. The items are classified into one or more of the following categories: (1) General Discussion of Problems; (2) Allocation of Effort; (3) Game Theory Formulations; (4) Geometric Search Patterns; (5) Measures of Performance and (6) miscellaneous.
Conflicting Mitochondrial and Nuclear Phylogenies for the Widely Disjunct Emys (Testudines: Emydidae) Species Complex, and What They Tell Us about Biogeography and Hybridization

Understanding the mechanisms by which widely disjunct members of a clade came to occupy their current distribution is one of the fundamental challenges of biogeography. Here, we used data from 7 nuclear and 1 mitochondrial gene to examine the phylogenetic and biogeographic history of Emys, a clade of turtles that is broadly disjunct in western and eastern North America and Europe. We found strong disagreement between mitochondrial and nuclear gene trees, with mitochondrial DNA supporting the monophyly of the North American taxa (marmorata + blandingii) to the exclusion of the European orbicularis, and nuclear genes supporting the monophyly of (blandingii + orbicularis) to the exclusion of marmorata. We used fossil-calibrated molecular chronograms, in combination with supporting evidence from the fossil record and paleoclimatology, to identify a potential example of ancient hybridization and mitochondrial gene capture 12 million years ago, which explains this discrepancy. Based on the weight of evidence, we argue that the invasion of Eurasia by Emys orbicularis occurred about 16 Ma via a trans-Beringian land bridge. The case of Emys emphasizes how single-gene trees can be strongly affected by population processes, including hybridization, and that the effects of these processes can persist through long periods of evolutionary history. Given the chaotic state of the current taxonomy of these turtles, our work also emphasizes the care that should be used in implementing taxonomic changes based on 1 or a few gene trees and the importance of taking a conservative approach in renaming or splitting higher taxa based on apparent nonmonophyly.
Some observations on The Peruvian coastal current

One result of our recently expanding cooperative activities with the other American Republics was a request by the Government of Peru for a survey of the marine resources of that Republic. This survey was to be conducted by the Fish and Wildlife Service of the United States Department of the Interior.
Leakage power reduction using self-bias transistor in VLSI circuits [digital circuits]

Recent trends in CMOS technology and scaling of devices clearly indicate that leakage power in digital circuits would be crucial and largely depend on the sub-threshold currents. Minimizing leakage, by power gating logic circuits using sleep transistors gives considerable power savings. However, this technique cannot be used in sequential circuits and memory cells, as it would result in loss of stored data. In this paper, we propose a novel circuit by applying a self-bias transistor (SBT) to minimize sub-threshold leakage currents in static and dynamic circuits. This circuit with SBTs, acts as a smart switch by virtually power gating either pull-up or pull-down logic, and causes a considerable reduction in leakage currents in both active and standby modes. A benchmark is simulated with 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS technology in the Cadence Spectre circuit simulator. Results show significant reduction in leakage power, of up to 50% on average, for all possible states simulated in static and dynamic circuits by applying this proposed self-bias transistor.
Participating in social change: A fundamental value for our discipline

Described a series of studies designed to influence regulatory and legislative policies. It is argued that there is a need for community psychologists to become more actively involved in working on these types of social action initiatives. Community psychologists, in collaboration with community groups, can use technology as part of a new social ecology that emphasizes the pubfic good. The implications of these methods in influencing social practices and policies are discussed. In 1971, as a first-year graduate student, I was attracted to the emerging field of community psychology because of the relevance of its values and orientation for addressing our country's problems. Although I was impressed with the new conceptualizations of expanding the reach of psychological services, and the more ecological approach for understanding problems, clearly it was the social action feature of the ideology that captured my im
Tyrosine kinase involvement in renal arteriolar constrictor responses to angiotensin II.

Experiments were performed to test the hypothesis that tyrosine kinase activity contributes to renal arteriolar contractile responses to angiotensin (Ang) II. Rats were subjected to short-term enalaprilat treatment to decrease endogenous Ang II formation before tissue was harvested for experiments with the in vitro blood-perfused juxtamedullary nephron technique. Acute surgical papillectomy was used to avoid the indirect afferent arteriolar effect of Ang II that arises through increased tubuloglomerular feedback sensitivity. Arteriolar lumen diameter responses to 1 and 10 nmol/L Ang II were monitored by videomicroscopic methods before and during treatment with various tyrphostin compounds: 100 μmol/L AG18 (broad-spectrum tyrosine kinase inhibitor), 100 nmol/L AG1478 (selective epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor), or 100 μmol/L AG9 (inactive analog). Baseline afferent arteriolar lumen diameter averaged 23.5±1.2 μm and was not influenced by any tyrphostin. Ang II (10 nmol/L) decreased afferent diameter by 11.1±1.0 μm under untreated conditions, a response that was not altered by AG9 but significantly blunted by AG18 (34±9% inhibition) or AG1478 (52±8% inhibition). AG18 did not suppress afferent arteriolar contractile responses to membrane depolarization (20 to 55 mmol/L K + bath). Efferent arteriolar baseline diameter averaged 24.1±0.8 μm and was unaltered by AG18 or AG1478; however, efferent diameter responses to 10 nmol/L Ang II were diminished 52±10% by AG18 and 51±13% by AG1478. These observations indicate that Ang II signaling in renal afferent and efferent arteriolar vascular smooth muscle is either mediated or modulated by tyrosine kinase activity, including that of the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase.
A survey of family doctors on the likeability of migraine and other common diseases and their prevalence of migraine

A survey of 148 family doctors attending a continuing medical education migraine update lecture was performed to assess whether family doctors like to treat migraine and other common disorders and the prevalence of migraine. Doctors were asked to respond to the following statement using a five-point Likert scale (from 1, strongly disagree to 5, strongly agree): 'I like to treat patients with this disease or symptom'. The response rate was 53% with a mean age of 51.5 years. Doctors reported liking to treat general medical conditions more (mean = 4.40) than migraine (mean = 3.38) and other neurological diseases (mean = 3.20). Doctors reported a personal history of migraine in the prior 1 year of 22.8% and 45.6% lifetime, with 17% becoming aware for the first time that they personally had migraine after attending the lecture. Respondents with a personal history of migraine liked to treat migraine more than those without a history.
Incidence of Learning Problems Among Children with Middle Ear Pathology

A telephone survey was conducted to describe the incidence of learning disorders as reported by parents of children who had received surgical treatment for serous otitis media. It was expected that the traditional 12 percent enrollment in special education would be exceeded in the sample of six to ten year old children. However, only 13 percent of the 90 children were enrolled in special education.