cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electric dipole interaction in quantum optics

It is pointed out that the electromagnetic interaction $\ensuremath{-}\stackrel{^}{\ensuremath{\mu}}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\stackrel{^}{E}$ between an atom and a field, in which the atom is modelled as a point dipole of moment $\stackrel{^}{\ensuremath{\mu}}$ interacting with the electric field $\stackrel{^}{E}$, is not strictly consistent with both quantum mechanics and Maxwell's equations. Quantum mechanics allows magnetic point dipoles but not electric point dipoles.
Antioxidant, DNA binding and nuclease activities of heteroleptic copper(II) complexes derived from 2-((2-(piperazin-1-yl)ethylimino)methyl)-4-substituted phenols and diimines.

Abstract A series of heteroleptic copper(II) complexes of the type [CuL1–4(diimine)](ClO4)2 (1–8) [L1–4 = 2-((2-(piperazin-1-yl)ethylimino)methyl)-4-substituted phenols, and diimine = 2,2′-bipyridyl (bpy) or 1,10-phenanthroline (phen)], have been synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic methods. The IR spectra of complexes indicate the presence of uncoordinated perchlorate anions and the electronic spectra revealed the square pyramidal geometry with N4O coordination environment around copper(II) nuclei. Electrochemical studies of the mononuclear complexes evidenced one-electron irreversible reduction wave in the cathodic region. The EPR spectra of complexes with g|| (2.206–2.214) and A|| (154–172 × 10−4 cm−1) values support the square-based CuN3O coordination chromophore and the presence of unpaired electron localized in d x 2 - y 2 ground state. Antioxidant studies against DPPH revealed effective radical scavenging properties of the synthesized complexes. Binding studies suggest that the heteroleptic copper(II) complexes interact with calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) through minor-groove and electrostatic interaction, and all the complexes display pronounced nuclease activity against supercoiled pBR322 DNA.
Bernstein instability driven by suprathermal protons in the ring current

[1] Kinetic linear dispersion theory for electromagnetic fluctuations in a homogeneous collisionless plasma is used to study the properties of a proton Bernstein mode instability driven by a proton velocity distribution fp(v) such that ∂fp(v⊥)/∂v⊥ > 0 at suprathermal values of v⊥ and v∥ ≃ 0, where ∥ and ⊥ denote directions parallel and perpendicular to the background magnetic field Bo, respectively. The model uses a three-component proton velocity distribution with fp(v) = f1(v) + f2(v∥, v⊥) − f3(v∥, v⊥), where f1(v) represents a Maxwellian thermal component. Here f2 and f3 are bi-Maxwellians with T⊥p > T∥p and slightly different densities and temperatures to represent a suprathermal component consistent with proton perpendicular velocity distributions observed in the magnetospheric ring current. As is well established, the growth rate of the resulting instability has relative maxima near harmonics of the proton cyclotron frequency, the wave vector k satisfies 0 < k∥ ≪ k⊥, and wavelengths are of the order of or smaller than the proton gyroradius. The instability growth rate decreases as the electron/thermal proton temperature ratio increases and, for the dimensionless parameters chosen here, has a maximum value for the thermal proton β of about 10%.
新規15員環マクロライド系抗菌薬アジスロマイシン(ジスロマック^ )の薬理学的および薬物動態学的特性

Azithromycin (Zithromac), a 15-membered ring macrolide antibacterial agent, was approved to be manufactured in Japan in March 2000. It showed good in vitro and/or in vivo antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Peptostreptococcus micros, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae. Its activity against H. influenzae was particularly more potent than that of currently used macrolide antibacterial agents. After oral administration to patients, azithromycin was readily absorbed and became widely distributed throughout the body, achieving higher concentrations in tissues and phagocytic cells than in serum or plasma. Its distribution into phagocytes was as high as more than 10 times that of erythromycin, and azithromycin was readily released from phagocytes in the presence of S. aureus. In experimentally infected mice, the concentration of azithromycin was higher in infected tissues than in uninfected tissues, which indicated that azithromycin was selectively delivered to infected tissues by migrating phagocytes. These pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties were reflected in good clinical results for the treatment of respiratory infections and other infections with once daily dosing for 3 days.
Political information, influence, and judgment in the 1972 presidential campaign

A pilot study of the effects of communication in the 1972 presidential campaign illustrates the utility of the survey research method as an adjunct to the conventional tools of the critic‐analyst of campaign persuasion. Findings describe the bases on which voters evaluated the campaign and responded to sources of political information and influence.
Nitrogen Fertilization and Rotation Effects on No‐Till Dryland Wheat Production

No-till (NT) production systems, especially winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-summer crop-fallow, have increased in the central Great Plains, but few N fertility studies have been conducted with these systems. Therefore, winter wheat (W) response to N fertilization in two NT dryland crop rotations, wheat-corn (Zea mays L.)-fallow (WCF) and wheat-sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.)-fallow (WSF), on a Platner loam (fine, smectitic, mesic Aridic Paleustoll) was evaluated for 9 yr. Five N rates, 0, 28, 56, 84, and 112 kg N ha -1 , were applied to each rotation crop. Wheat biomass and grain yield response to N fertilization varied with year but not with crop rotation, increasing with N application each year, with maximum yields being obtained with 84 kg N ha -1 over all years. Based on grain N removal, N fertilizer use efficiency (NFUE) varied with N rate and year, averaging 86, 69, 56, and 46% for the 28, 56, 84, and 112 kg ha -1 N rates, respectively. Grain protein increased with increasing N rate. Precipitation use efficiency (PUE) increased with N addition, leveling off above 56 kg N ha -1 . A soil plus fertilizer N level of 124 to 156 kg N ha -1 was sufficient to optimize winter wheat yields in most years in both rotations. Application of more than 84 kg N ha -1 on this Platner loam soil, with a gravel layer below 120 cm soil depth, would more than likely increase the amount of NO 3 -N available for leaching and ground water contamination. Wheat growers in the central Great Plains need to apply N to optimize dryland wheat yields and improve grain quality, but need to avoid over-fertilization with N to minimize NO 3 -N leaching potential.
Intraspecific differences in bacterial responses to modelled reduced gravity.

AIMS: Bacteria are important residents of water systems, including those of space stations which feature specific environmental conditions, such as lowered effects of gravity. The purpose of this study was to compare responses with modelled reduced gravity of space station, water system bacterial isolates with other isolates of the same species. METHODS AND RESULTS: Bacterial isolates, Stenotrophomonas paucimobilis and Acinetobacter radioresistens, originally recovered from the water supply aboard the International Space Station (ISS) were grown in nutrient broth under modelled reduced gravity. Their growth was compared with type strains S. paucimobilis ATCC 10829 and A. radioresistens ATCC 49000. Acinetobacter radioresistens ATCC 49000 and the two ISS isolates showed similar growth profiles under modelled reduced gravity compared with normal gravity, whereas S. paucimobilis ATCC 10829 was negatively affected by modelled reduced gravity. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that microgravity might have selected for bacteria that were able to thrive under this unusual condition. These responses, coupled with impacts of other features (such as radiation resistance and ability to persist under very oligotrophic conditions), may contribute to the success of these water system bacteria. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Water quality is a significant factor in many environments including the ISS. Efforts to remove microbial contaminants are likely to be complicated by the features of these bacteria which allow them to persist under the extreme conditions of the systems.
Adiabatic particle hydrodynamics in three dimensions

Abstract A version of smoothed particle hydrodynamics, a method first developed by Lucy, Gingold and Monaghan, and Wood, is applied to three-dimensional adiabatic flows both with and without shocks. Results of such numerical experiments with N ∼ 102 particles agree quite well with analytic results for the temperature as well as for the density and velocity provided that, for the shock tube problem, the proper artificial viscosity, Q, is used. Various forms of Q are discussed in terms of their effectiveness in damping out unphysical, non-systematic particle motions. The treatment of boundary conditions and the “biased point” correction are also discussed. The results are comparable in accuracy with the one-dimensional calculations of Monaghan and Gingold.
Dawn simulation compared with a dim red signal in the treatment of winter depression

Abstract In a randomized, parallel design, 19 patients with winter depression were treated with either a week of a white 1.5-hr dawn simulation peaking at 250 lux or a week of a red, 1.5-hr dawn signal peaking at 2 lux. The subjects were told that they would receive either a white or red dawn reaching in intenity that would be dimmer than standard bright light treatment. At the end of both the baseline week and the treatment week subjects were blindly assessed with the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HDRS). Analysis of covariance was used to compare the two dawn treatments. The white, 1.5-hr, 250 lux dawn simulation resulted in significantly (p
Correction of image-phase aberrations in MRI with applications

This paper presents a quick and efficient way to detect and correct the linear and constant image-phase terms associated with MR images. We show that this correction provides us with the knowledge of the exact location of the DC term in k-space, which proves to be useful in the detection of x and y motion parameters. In addition, by displaying the real positive part of the image after the proposed correction, we can reduce background noise, motion artifacts and flow artifacts. Examples, analyses and results are provided to demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed detection and correction method.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Scientific Communication and National Security in 1984

The federal government's concern about maintaining the lead of the United States over the Soviet Union and its allies in militarily critical technology has led it to attempt to control unwanted technology transfer. Its attempts have extended to control of open scientific communication as well as the transfer of physical devices and blueprints. In 1982, the Corson Panel (an independent ad hoc committee) reviewed the evidence on the costs and benefits of controls and suggested guiding principles for government policy. This article examines the major policy developments since the Corson Panel completed its work. The stringency and the reach of government restrictions, either proposed or in force, go considerably beyond the panel's recommendations.
Interpretation of respiratory input impedance in healthy infants.

Respiratory input impedance (Zin) is a potentially informative test of pulmonary function in infants who are unable to perform standard tests commonly performed in children and adults. Analysis of Zin in dogs using the six-element model of DuBois et al. (J Appl Physiol 8:587, 1956) provides estimates of airways resistance separate from tissue resistance, as well as an estimate of thoracic gas volume. However, reliable estimates of these parameters can only be obtained when Zin displays a distinct antiresonance that is associated with the tissue inertance and alveolar gas compression compliance. To determine whether infants have such an antiresonance, Zin was measured in nine healthy infants (4 < f < 160 Hz). An antiresonance was found at 112.8 ± 10.4 Hz, and the six-element model fit these data well, but the resulting parameters were physiologically unrealistic. We hypothesized that the antiresonance in the measured Zin is the result of a shunt compliance proximal to alveolar gas compression compliance. Gas compression in the face mask and nonrigid upper airway walls could provide such a shunt compliance. We investigated another model with four parameters, a single shunt compliance (Cfm) representing gas compression in the face mask in parallel with the infant's total respiratory resistance (Rrs), inertance (Irs), and compliance (Crs). This model fits the data well, and the estimated Rrs (19.3 ± 4.2 cmH2O/L/s) was physiologically reasonable. However, Crs (Crs = 1.03 · 0.58 mL/cmH2O) was one order of magnitude smaller than reported Crs. The value for Cfm was slightly larger than that based on the estimated volume of gas in the face mask, suggesting an additional influence of upper airway wall shunting. Computer simulations using a model that includes the face mask and upper airway walls confirmed that Cfm and the upper airway wall properties significantly influence Zin data over this frequency range. Nevertheless, these simulations suggest that the Rrs estimated from the four-element model is related to airway resistance. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1996; 22:364–375. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Superconducting Bi-Ca-Sr-Cu-O Fibers Grown by the Laser-Heated Pedestal Growth Method

Superconducting fibers of several compositions including the nominal composition Bi2CaSrCu2O8 have been grown by means of the laser-heated pedestal growth method. The influence of starting composition and growth conditions on structure and superconducting properties is discussed. The a-b planes of the material are parallel to the fiber axis (along the growth direction), providing the ideal condition for conduction along the copper-oxygen planes.
Engaging in Buyer-Seller Partnership for Fair Labor Management The Role of a Buyer Firm's Strategic Emphasis

This study introduces the concept of partnership for fair labor management, which has been identified as critical for further improvement in labor management in the apparel and footwear industry. T...
Biotechnological Advances in Biomass Energy and Chemical Production: Impacts on Wildlife and Habitat

AbstractOne promising application of biotechnology is in making the production of energy and chemical products from plants (“biomass”) practical. Applications include new markets for crops and reduction of wastes by using field residues or “wastelands” as feedstocks in biomass energy production. In addition, engineered crops could synthesize complex compounds. However, conversion to widespread use of biomass could have undesirable impacts. For example, changes in cropping practices may reduce wildlife populations or disrupt food chains. Other negative impacts of an environmentally insensitive development might include increased release of CO2 (worsening global warming), and production of wastes, either water, chemical or biological, that present disposal problems. Biotechnology applied to biomass and chemical production has the potential for aiding economic development while greatly improving environmental quality. Environmental concerns are expressed in this paper, in the belief that consideration of pot...
Sleigh Rides, Jingle Bells, and Silent Nights: A Cultural History of American Christmas Songs

Holiday hits abound. From Black Friday, the first Christmas shopping day following Thanksgiving, until 26 December, American airwaves are glutted with Yuletide music. “Silent Night” joins the playl...
Calcium-stimulated sodium efflux from rabbit vascular smooth muscle.

1. The effects of the addition of Ca2+ on ouabain-resistant 22Na+ efflux from Na+-loaded strips of rabbit portal anterior mesenteric vein in Ca2+-free media have been studied. 2. Na+ efflux into Li+ media containing 5 mM-KCl is rapidly and transiently stimulated some 4- to 5-fold on the addition of Ca2+ (1.2 mM). No stimulation is observed if the Li+ medium is K+ free or if Na+ replaces Li+ ions. This Ca2+-activated Na+ efflux is not obligatorily coupled to Na+ influx. 3. The stimulation of Na+ efflux could also be triggered by the addition of 5 mM-K+ to a Ca2+-containing K+-free medium. The Ca2+-activated increase in Na+ efflux also occurred when K+ was the sole monovalent extracellular cation. Rb+ could substitute for the K+ requirement. Thus the Na+ efflux is not mediated by a system which has a specific requirement for counter-transport of Li+ or one in which Li+ but not K+ are counter-transported such as the familiar Na+-H+ exchange system. Acidification of the external medium reduced the Ca2+-stimulated Na+ efflux, in keeping with the conclusion that this efflux was not due to Na+-H+ exchange. 4. Progressive reduction of external [Ca2+] increased the time-lag to peak activation of Na+ efflux, suggesting that the effects of added Ca2+ were mediated by a rise in intracellular Ca2+. Under experimental conditions which did not result in activation of the Na+ efflux by the addition of extracellular Ca2+ alone (e.g. in Na+ media), addition of Ca2+ plus the Ca2+ ionophore, ionomycin, stimulated Na+ efflux. This further confirms that intracellular sites for Ca2+ are critical for the activation of Na+ efflux. In the absence of ionophore, in Na+ media, intracellular Ca2+ is not sufficiently increased when extracellular Ca2+ is added. A partial (40%) block of Ca2+-activated Na+ efflux by amiloride (2 X 10(-3) M) could also be overcome by the addition of ionomycin. 5. The lack of effect of a variety of inhibitors suggests that the Ca2+-stimulated Na+ efflux mechanism is not mediated via a Na+-K+-Cl- co-transport system or a Na+-H+ counter-transport system, or Na+-Ca2+ exchange. 6. The activation of Na+ efflux in smooth muscle by Ca2+ ions seems to involve Ca2+ entry partially via an extracellular Ca2+-intracellular Na+ exchange and also through other parallel pathway(s), followed by a rise in intracellular Ca2+ that activates Na+ efflux through a Ca2+-sensitive Na+ channel or other transport pathway.
A Bound on the Spectral Radius of Graphs with e Edges

The spectral radius p(A) of the adjacency matrix A of a graph G with e edges satisfiesp(A)<i(-l+~~).Equalityoccnrsifandonlyif e= i andGisa disjoint union of the complete graph K, and isolated vertices. 0
Distributed fault-tolerant channel allocation for cellular networks

A channel allocation algorithm includes channel acquisition and channel selection algorithms. Most of the previous work concentrates on the channel selection algorithm since early channel acquisition algorithms are centralized and rely on a mobile switching center (MSC) to accomplish channel acquisition. Distributed channel acquisition algorithms have received considerable attention due to their high reliability and scalability. However, in these algorithms, a borrower needs to consult with its interference neighbors in order to borrow a channel. Thus, the borrower fails to borrow channels when it cannot communicate with any interference neighbor. In real-life networks, under heavy traffic load, a cell has a large probability to experience an intermittent network congestion or even a communication link failure. In existing distributed algorithms, since a cell has to consult with a large number of interference neighbors to borrow a channel, the failure rate will be much higher under heavy traffic load. Therefore, previous distributed channel allocation algorithms are not suitable for real-life networks. We first propose a fault-tolerant channel acquisition algorithm which tolerates communication link failures and node (MH or MSS) failures. Then, we present a channel selection algorithm and integrate it into the distributed acquisition algorithm. Detailed simulation experiments are carried out in order to evaluate our proposed methodology. Simulation results show that our algorithm significantly reduces the failure rate under network congestion, communication link failures, and node failures compared to nonfault-tolerant channel allocation algorithms. Moreover, our algorithm has low message overhead compared to known distributed channel allocation algorithms, and outperforms them in terms of failure rate under uniform as well as nonuniform traffic distribution.
Two-Layer Wall Model for Large-Eddy Simulations of Flow over Rough Surfaces

Two-layer zonal near-wall treatment for flow over rough surfaces is proposed in a generalized coordinate largeeddy simulation framework. Rotta’s [Rotta, J. C., “Turbulent Boundary Layers in Incompressible Flow,” Progress in Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 2, 1962, pp. 1–220.] approach to amplify the mixing length near the wall is used to model the eddy viscosity in the inner layer. Calculations are performed in a rod-roughened channel at high flow Reynolds numbers in the range of 6000 to 56,000 and in the fully rough regime. An equivalent sand-grain roughness is used to correlate the amplification in the wall shear stress with the roughness geometry. The roughness wall model predicts the skin-friction coefficient and the mean velocity profile, in close agreement with experiments. Turbulence statistics are also predicted with good accuracy. For the lowest Reynolds number investigated in the current study, the spatial resolution required bywall-modeled large-eddy simulation is three orders ofmagnitude smaller thanwith a direct simulation on the same geometry that resolves the roughness elements. This results in large savings in computational cost.
Adaptive control of linear time-varying plants: a new model reference controller structure

The problem of developing a control law which can force the output of a linear time-varying plant to track the output of a stable linear time-invariant reference model is discussed. It is shown that the standard model reference controller, used for linear time-invariant plants, cannot guarantee zero tracking error in general when the plant is time-varying. A new model reference controller is proposed which guarantees stability and zero tracking error for a general class of linear time-varying plants with known parameters. When the time-varying plant parameters are unknown but vary slowly with time, it is shown that the new controller can be combined with a suitable adaptive law so that all the signals in the closed loop remain bounded for any bounded initial conditions and the tracking error is small in the mean. The assumption of slow parameter variations in the adaptive case can be relaxed if some information about the frequency or the form of the fast varying parameters is available a priori. Such information can be incorporated in an appropriately designed adaptive law so that stability and improved tracking performance is guaranteed for a class of plants with fast varying parameters. >
A Spectroscopist's View of Energy States, Energy Transfers, and Chemical Reactions

This chapter describes a research career beginning at Berkeley in 1960, shortly after Sputnik and the invention of the laser. Following thesis work on vibrational spectroscopy and the chemical reactivity of small molecules, we studied vibrational energy transfers in my own lab. Collision-induced transfers among vibrations of a single molecule, from one molecule to another, and from vibration to rotation and translation were elucidated. My research group also studied the competition between vibrational relaxation and chemical reaction for potentially reactive collisions with one molecule vibrationally excited. Lasers were used to enrich isotopes by the excitation of a predissociative transition of a selected isotopomer. We also tested the hypotheses of transition-state theory for unimolecular reactions of ketene, formaldehyde, and formyl fluoride by (a) resolving individual molecular eigenstates above a dissociation threshold, (b) locating vibrational levels at the transition state, (c) observing quantum resonances in the barrier region for motion along a reaction coordinate, and (d) studying energy release to fragments.
Reliability of Goniometric Measurements in Patients with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

Previous studies of reliability of goniometric measurements have produced varied findings suggesting the need to document further the reliability of measuring range of motion in different patient groups. The purpose of this study was to determine the intratester and intertester reliability of goniometric measurements of seven common upper and lower extremity joint limitations in children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Five physical therapists participated in the study. The procedure and order of measurements were standardized. Results showed that intratester reliability for all measurements was high (ICC = .81 to .94), but intertester reliability showed a wide variation (ICC = .25 to .91). The results of this study indicate the need to use the same examiner for long-term follow-up and for assessing results of specific treatment interventions.
DyXY: a proximity congestion-aware deadlock-free dynamic routing method for network on chip

A novel routing algorithm, namely dynamic XY (DyXY) routing, is proposed for NoCs to provide adaptive routing and ensure deadlock-free and livelock-free routing at the same time.A new router architecture is developed to support the routing algorithm.Analytical models based on queuing theory are developed for DyXY routing for a two-dimensional mesh NoC architecture,and analytical results match very well with the simulation results.It is observed that DyXY routing can achieve better performance compared with static XY routing and odd-even routing.
Plasma amino acid response curve and amino acid requirements in young men: valine and lysine.

A total of 14 young men were studied to determine the relation ships between the concentration of free valine or lysine in blood plasma, and the dietary intake and daily requirement for each of these amino acids. The diet, containing an L-amino acid mixture, which was patterned as in egg protein, supplied nitrogen equivalent to about 0.5 g egg protein (N X 6.25) /kilogram body weight/day. In three separate experiments with a total of 10 subjects, dietary valine intake varied between 4 and 20 mg/kilogram body weight, and in another with four subjects, lysine intake ranged from 1 to 24 mg/kilogram body weight. The free valine level in fasting plasma was relatively constant at valine intakes below 14 to 16 mg/kilogram body weight/day and increased above this intake level. Crude nitrogen balances in these subjects approached equilib rium or were positive at valine intakes of about 12 to 14 mg/kg. Considering integumento! and sweat nitrogen losses, it appears that fasting plasma valine levels begin to rise at an intake of 14 to 16 mg/kg, which is presumably the minimum requirement for these subjects. This technique should be useful to determine valine requirements under various conditions. In the lysine study three subjects remained in nitrogen balance throughout. Mean fasting plasma lysine levels were relatively constant at and below an intake of 6 mg/kilogram body weight and were 13 and 18% higher at the 7 and 24 mg/kg lysine intakes, respectively. In comparison with the vanne findings, fasting plasma lysine levels would not appear as useful a response criterion to assess the human mainte nance requirement for this amino acid. J. Nutr. 102: 1159-1170, 1972.
Endothelial Recovery The Next Target in Restenosis Prevention

By most accounts, the field of interventional cardiology appears to have achieved one of its most elusive milestones, the virtual eradication of restenosis. In the present issue of Circulation, however, Hedman and colleagues 1 report the results of a pilot study of gene therapy with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) for restenosis prevention. Are these authors attempting to develop a treatment for a disease that no longer exists? Or is it possible that the mounting exuberance anticipating the release of drug-eluting stents is ignoring a major liability of these otherwise promising therapies? See p 2677
Global sensitivity analysis of DRAINMOD‐FOREST, an integrated forest ecosystem model

Global sensitivity analysis is a useful tool to understand process-based ecosystem models by identifying key parameters and processes controlling model predictions. This study reported a comprehensive global sensitivity analysis for DRAINMOD-FOREST, an integrated model for simulating water, carbon (C), and nitrogen (N) cycles and plant growth in lowland forests. The analysis was carried out for multiple long-term model predictions of hydrology, biogeochemistry, and plant growth. Results showed that long-term mean hydrological predictions were highly sensitive to several key plant physiological parameters. Long-term mean annual soil organic C content and mineralization rate were mainly controlled by temperature-related parameters for soil organic matter decomposition. Mean annual forest productivity and N uptake were found to be mainly dependent upon plant production-related parameters, including canopy quantum use efficiency and carbon use efficiency. Mean annual nitrate loss was highly sensitive to parameters controlling both hydrology and plant production, while mean annual dissolved organic nitrogen loss was controlled by parameters associated with its production and physical sorption. Parameters controlling forest production, C allocation, and specific leaf area highly affected long-term mean annual leaf area. Results of this study could help minimize the efforts needed for calibrating DRAINMOD-FOREST. Meanwhile, this study demonstrates the critical role of plants in regulating water, C, and N cycles in forest ecosystems and highlights the necessity of incorporating a dynamic plant growth model for comprehensively simulating hydrological and biogeochemical processes. Copyright (C) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Left ventricular dilation and incident congestive heart failure in asymptomatic adults without cardiovascular disease: multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA).

Abstract Background Limited data exist on the association between left ventricular (LV) dilation/remodeling and incident heart failure (HF), especially in adults without prior myocardial infarction (MI) and valvular heart disease. We assessed the association between LV dilation and remodeling and incident HF in a multiethnic cohort. Methods and Results A total of 4,974 of 6,814 participants in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) had cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and complete data. Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazard analyses were used to assess the association between LV end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) and adjudicated HF. During the 12 years of follow-up (mean 9.4 y), 177 (3.6%) HF events occurred, 126 (71.2%) in HF with reduced ejection fraction (EF) and 51 (28.8%) in HF with preserved EF. LV dilation (LVEDD >52 mm or >95th percentile) was associated with HF in univariate (hazard ratio [HR] 1.21, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.08–1.46; P = .007) and multivariable Cox models (HR 1.28, 95% CI 1.09–1.57; P = .01) adjusting for traditional risk factors, medication use, LV EF, and interim MI. We found a significant multiplicative interaction between LVEDD and LV EF in our full multivariable models. Participants with dilated LV and preserved EF had increased risk [HR 2.22, 95% CI 1.46–3.37; P = .006) and those with dilated LV and reduced EF had worse prognosis (HR 7.35, 95% CI 2.36–22.85; P = .0006) compared with normal-size LV and preserved EF. A high proportion of participants with LV dilation had eccentric remodeling, a risk factor for HF. Concentric hypertrophy, also a risk factor for HF, was common in the normal-size LV group. Conclusions LV dilation predicts incident HF independently from risk factors, LV EF, and interim MI.
Sex Differences in a Sample of Learning Disabled Children.

Sex differences between 27 girls and 75 boys were examined on psychological, academic, and cognitive-style measures. All students were enrolled in a program for severely learning disabled children. LD girls were found to be verbally inferior, less capable of abstract thinking, more field dependent, and more impulsive than the boys. No differences were obtained on measures of academics or perceptual-motor skills. Possible socioemotional factors were suggested as an explanation for the above differences.
Heart rate changes accompanying differential classical conditioning of somatic response systems in the rabbit

Leg flexion and head turning were elicited by footshock paired with tone CSs. The original HR CR was a deceleration in rate. However, this deceleration developed a later occurring accelerative component during the middle and late stages of acquisition. These data, combined with prior research, suggest that the early decelerative CR is associated with behavioral freezing and attention while the later accelerative component is associated with the acquisition of somato-motor CRs in response to the CS-UCS contingency.
Unit Tap Constrained Adaptive Channel Shortening Equalization

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a popular transmission format for emerging wireless communication systems. Single-carrier cyclic-prefixed (SCCP) modulation is similar to OFDM, but with all frequency-domain operations performed at the receiver. Systems employing OFDM and SCCP perform well in the presence of multipath provided that the channel delay spread is shorter than the guard interval between transmitted blocks. If this condition is not met, a channel shortening equalizer can be used. Existing adaptive channel shorteners require re-normalization to restrain the channel shortener away from zero. In this paper, we study the use of a unit-tap constraint rather than a unit-norm constraint. We use this constraint to manipulate existing algorithms into a framework analogous to the recursive least squares algorithm, and we develop adaptation rules for blind and semi-blind frequency domain equalizers for SCCP receivers. Simulations show an order of magnitude improvement in convergence speed and reduced asymptotic bit error rate
East Asian migration to the Middle East: causes, consequences and considerations.

In 1983 possibly more than 1 million East Asians were working in the capital-rich labor-short countries of the Middle East. This article reviews the causes and consequences of this new migration flow and notes emerging political military and economic linkages between East Asia and the Middle-East. (EXCERPT)
Stochastic Infinite Horizon Forecasts for Us Social Security Finances

Even over a 75-year horizon, forecasts of PAYGO pension finances are misleadingly optimistic. Infinite horizon forecasts are necessary, but are they possible? We build on earlier stochastic forecasts of the US Social Security trust fund which model key demographic and economic variables as historical time series, and use the fitted models to generate Monte Carlo simulations of future fund performance. Using a 500-year stochastic projection, effectively infinite with discounting, we find a fund balance of -5.15 per cent of payroll, compared to the -3.5 per cent of the 2004 Trustees' Report, probably reflecting different mortality projections. Our 95 per cent probability bounds are -10.5 and -1.3 per cent. Such forecasts, which reflect only ‘routine’ uncertainty, have many problems but nonetheless seem worthwhile.
Evocation and Reflection in the Reading Transaction: A Comparison of Proficient and Less Proficient Readers.

This study sought to identify differences between proficient and less proficient readers in their use of personal evocations and reflections in the reading transaction. Informants were six college freshmen who wrote open-ended responses to each of four short stories. Readers in this study typically engaged in a process of evoking or reflecting upon personal and textual experience. In their evocative or reader bound responses, proficient readers seemed to summon emotional and personal experience as an invitation into the world of the text, whereas less proficient readers appeared to use their evocations of experience to withdraw from the text. Informants' reader-focused reflections focused on characters and on the story as a whole. Although proficient readers integrated textual cues and prior knowledge in a process of reflecting about stories and characters, less proficient readers seemed to approach the texts in a rather linear way, often neglecting to synthesize personal and textual experience in their reflections. These findings demonstrate that teachers and researchers must move beyond general categories of response to explore how readers evoke and reflect upon personal and textual experience in response to literary texts. This study explores the evocative and reflective responses of proficient and less proficient readers in a college setting, as they responded to four literary texts. The study focuses on two questions: (a) What is the role of personal evocation in the reading transactions of proficient and less proficient readers? (b) What is the role of personal reflection in the reading transactions of proficient and less proficient readers? Previous scholarship in the area of literary response and interpretation has acknowledged that reading is a complex process, involving an interaction or transaction between reader and text. Studying reading from a transactive viewpoint
Automating the operation of robots in hazardous environments

Automated execution of remote tasks in hazardous environments is shown to result from proper integration of computer models and sensor directed control. The highly modular GISC (generic intelligent system control) approach facilitates such integration and thus enables conventional technologies to demonstrate highly intelligent behavior. Extensive use of sensing and computer modeling automates many remote operations resulting in fast, safe remote operations. The structure of the GISC environment facilitates integration of sensing systems to map a hazardous environment to support dynamic construction of the world model which is used to automate remote tasks. When world model information is coupled with real-time sensor-directed control of a robot, tasks can be accomplished automatically even in unstructured environments. Thus, operations which are very slow and potentially hazardous when done remotely are converted to fast, safe tasks for even inexperienced operators.
High levels of maternally transferred mercury do not affect reproductive output or embryonic survival of northern watersnakes (Nerodia sipedon)

Maternal transfer is an important exposure pathway for contaminants because it can directly influence offspring development. Few studies have examined maternal transfer of contaminants, such as mercury (Hg), in snakes, despite their abundance and high trophic position in many ecosystems where Hg is prevalent. The objectives of the present study were to determine if Hg is maternally transferred in northern watersnakes (Nerodia sipedon) and to evaluate the effects of maternal Hg on reproduction. The authors captured gravid female watersnakes (n = 31) along the South River in Waynesboro, Virginia, USA, where an extensive Hg-contamination gradient exists. The authors measured maternal tissue and litter Hg concentrations and, following birth, assessed (1) reproductive parameters (i.e., litter size and mass, neonate mass); (2) rates of infertility, death during development, stillbirths, malformations, and runts; and (3) the overall viability of offspring. Mercury concentrations in females were strongly and positively correlated with concentrations in litters, suggesting that N. sipedon maternally transfer Hg in proportion to their tissue residues. Maternal transfer resulted in high concentrations (up to 10.10 mg/kg dry wt total Hg) of Hg in offspring. The authors found little evidence of adverse effects of Hg on these measures of reproductive output and embryonic survival, suggesting that N. sipedon may be more tolerant of Hg than other vertebrate species. Given that this is the first study to examine the effects of maternally transferred contaminants in snakes and that the authors did not measure all reproductive endpoints, further research is needed to better understand factors that influence maternal transfer and associated sublethal effects on offspring.
Effect of Diet on Development and Reproduction of the Harvestman Phalangium opilio (Opiliones: Phalangiidae)

The harvestman Phalangium opilio L. is an abundant predator in an array of habitats, including agricultural systems. In these systems, P. opilio has been noted to feed on pest species (e.g., Colorado potato beetle larvae, various aphid species, and lepidopteran eggs). Although the potential importance of P. opilio has been recognized, little is known about this harvestmanOs development or reproductive biology. We investigated the insuence of diet on development time, survival, repro- duction, and female longevity. We compared the effects of two diets, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) eggs and Aphis glycines Matsumura, on development of P. opilio because this predator is known to feed on those prey in soybean agroecosystems. Individuals fed A. glycines from emergence to adulthood suffered from higher mortality, longer development time, and smaller body size than those fed H. zea eggs. Four diet treatments were used in a separate study to test their effects on reproduction: standard laboratory diet (cornmeal, bacon, and H. zea eggs), H. zea eggs only, A. glycines only, and mixed diet (A. glycines and H. zea eggs). A diet of A. glycines alone yielded higher mortality, smaller body size, and lower fecundity than the standard laboratory diet. The presence of A. glycines in a monotypic or mixed diet lengthened the preoviposition period compared with diets without this prey and yielded a smaller Þrst clutch and smaller average clutch sizes compared with the standard laboratory diet. A. glycines is detrimental to the growth and reproduction of this predator.
ESPERARÁS Y ESPERARÁS: TRABAJO SEXUAL, GOBERNANZA NEOLIBERAL Y ESPERANZA EN COSTA RICA

A partir de una investigacion etnografica en una clinica publica de prevencion del VIH/SIDA, este articulo analiza la cambiante relacion entre las trabajadoras del sexo y el Estado costarricense y destaca que el Estado se define por un movimiento significativo desde la represion colectiva hacia el individualismo neoliberal. A cambio de las redadas sanitarias indiscriminadas y el encarcelamiento masivo del pasado, el acto de esperar a los servicios de salud ahora juega un papel central en las interacciones entre las trabajadoras sexuales y el Estado neoliberal. Significativamente, la nueva representacion de las trabajadoras sexuales como sujetos responsables por su propia salud incluye a las migrantes indocumentadas. Sin embargo, el efecto de la individualizacion como parte clave de las formaciones estatales neoliberales ha ocurrido de manera notoria en el sector de la salud publica, ya que el Estado si hace una distincion importante entre las trabajadoras sexuales cuando hacen redadas de migracion en el mas notorio negocio del turismo sexual de San Jose. Las racionalidades neoliberales de gobernanza sexual separan y diferencian, y este articulo demuestra la forma en que el poder del Estado neoliberal opera tanto a traves de la espera habitual en la clinica de prevencion del VIH/ SIDA y como por el espectaculo de las redadas de migracion. Este articulo finaliza interrogandose como el Estado costarricense ha abordado el control del trabajo sexual demuestra las incongruencias y contradicciones tanto de la formacion como de la gobernanza neoliberal.
Quorum-sensing regulation in staphylococci—an overview

Staphylococci are frequent human commensals and some species can cause disease. Staphylococcus aureus in particular is a dangerous human pathogen. In staphylococci, the ability to sense the bacterial cell density, or quorum, and to respond with genetic adaptations is due to one main system, which is called accessory gene regulator (Agr). The extracellular signal of Agr is a post-translationally modified peptide containing a thiolactone structure. Under conditions of high cell density, Agr is responsible for the increased expression of many toxins and degradative exoenzymes, and decreased expression of several colonization factors. This regulation is important for the timing of virulence factor expression during infection and the development of acute disease, while low activity of Agr is associated with chronic staphylococcal infections, such as those involving biofilm formation. Accordingly, drugs inhibiting Agr are being evaluated for their capacity to control acute forms of S. aureus infection.
Foreword to the Symposium on the Restatement of Unfair Competition

The Restatement (Third) of Unfair Competition was published early in 1995, concluding a process begun ten years earlier with a request from the American Law Institute for a project proposal addressing the law governing unfair trade practices. "Restating" the law of unfair competition poses special challenges. The Restatements have traditionally sought to restate the common law, but of the law of unfair competition is shaped by a complex interplay of statutory provisions and common law rules. Operating in an area often perceived as a specialty, we tried to set issues in their broad context, ostensibly for the benefit of the non-specialist, but also to remind ourselves of the basic policies and interests that animate these areas of the law. Much of the Restatement's so-called "black letter" takes the form of broad standards and catalogs of relevant factors rather than crisp rules and bright line tests. Although not new to the Restatements, we think this approach is particularly appropriate in a field such as unfair competition where context is so often everything. The Restatement is now being cited by the courts. (We recognize that citations are one thing and influence quite another.) The Restatement has also stimulated academic debate, including the impressive collection of contributions in this Symposium. We count that as a major achievement of the Restatement. We take comfort in noting that some of the contributors complain that we strayed too far from existing precedent and others that we clung too tightly to old ways. The editors have graciously given us this opportunity to comment on the articles that follow. (What the other contributors think about this, we couldn't say and probably don't want to know.) We'll be brief. We've already had our chance in the Restatement.
Michigan Law of Damages and Other Remedies: Introduction

The book Michigan Law of Damages and Other Remedies (Michigan Institute of Continuing Legal Education, 2002) provides practical, comprehensive guidance on monetary remedies available in Michigan for injuries to persons, property, and contract rights. The Introduction describes the principle categories of monetary relief and identifies the major limitations on their recovery. Included are general and special compensatory damages, enhanced damages, and restitution, along with practice tips.
Writings on Archives, Historical Manuscripts, and Current Records: 1984

Bibliographie des documents recus en 1984 par la bibliotheque des Archives Nationales aux Etats-Unis, concernant l'archivistique a l'echelon international: cette bibliographie est classee par la nature des activites d'archivistique
The Underlying Determinants of Residential Mortgage Default

Mortgage default rates rose dramatically during the recent housing market downturn, increasing from less than 1% to historically high levels. Understanding the rise in mortgage default is critical for many market participants including borrowers, lenders, investors, regulators, and policymakers. We provide a comprehensive analysis of this topic by surveying nearly 100 empirical and theoretical studies related to mortgage default. Topics in the mortgage default literature are reviewed, including (1) the determinants of mortgage termination, (2) the relative termination experience of FRMs and ARMs, (3) screening and signaling equilibriums, and (4) loan loss severity and severity rates. The implications of each topic are discussed for each group of market participants.