cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selective eager execution on the PolyPath architecture

Control-flow misprediction penalties are a major impediment to high performance in wide-issue superscalar processors. In this paper we present Selective Eager Execution (SEE), an execution model to overcome mis-speculation penalties by executing both paths after diffident branches. We present the micro-architecture of the PolyPath processor, which is an extension of an aggressive superscalar, out-of-order architecture. The PolyPath architecture uses a novel instruction tagging and register renaming mechanism to execute instructions from multiple paths simultaneously in the same processor pipeline, while retaining maximum resource availability for single-path code sequences.Results of our execution-driven, pipeline-level simulations show that SEE can improve performance by as much as 36% for the go benchmark, and an average of 14% on SPECint95, when compared to a normal superscalar, out-of-order, speculative execution, monopath processor. Moreover, our architectural model is both elegant and practical to implement, using a small amount of additional state and control logic.
A preliminary statement on research in science education

A travers l'expose des finalites de l'education scientifique et de l'enseignement de la science a l'ecole, l'auteur definit les grandes lignes qui doivent composer cette recherche au niveau methodologique notamment. Il decrit ainsi l'importance de la selection des sources d'information avant de proposer une classification des recherches accompagnee d'un bref descriptif : enquetes, enquetes analytiques, etudes experimentales, recherches curriculaires. Les solutions relatives a la presentation des resultats de ces recherches et a leur publication sont ensuite presentees. Concernant sa reflexion de fond sur l'activite scientifique a l'ecole, l'implementation de modeles d'apprentissage de la science qui pourraient apporter une valeur pratique et heuristique reelle presente selon lui, un interet considerable dans ce contexte.
Improved method for modelling sediment transport on unpaved roads using KINEROS2 and dynamic erodibility

One difficulty in modelling sediment transport on unpaved road surfaces stems from the inability of physically based models to simulate the flush of loose surface material that is deposited on the road surface prior to the onset of a storm. This work builds upon a prior modelling methodology (referred to as dynamic erodibility) to simulate time-varying sediment transport on unpaved mountain roads by loosely coupling a continuous, exponential decay disturbance model with the erosion algorithm in KINEROS2. The method is tested against sediment transport time-series observed on small-scale rainfall simulation plots for various slope, antecedent soil wetness and pre-storm sediment availability conditions. The new method generally improves prediction errors of total sediment output, peak sediment output and fit of the sediment output time-series. However, for some validation events, the method fails to simulate high initial sediment spikes. This limitation may be a side-effect of using data from small-scale plots, but also may signify the need for additional calibration of the disturbance model subcomponent with data from surfaces having a greater variety of pre-event surface material. Nevertheless, this road erosion modelling approach provides a realistic ‘description’ of time-varying sediment transport, which is controlled both by the baseline erodibility of the underlying road surface, and importantly, by the removal of a loose, surficial sediment layer by overland flow. Copyright  2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Securing Prosperity: The American Labor Market: How it Has Changed and What To Do About It

The article reviews the book Securing Prosperity: The American Labor Market: How It Has Changed and What to Do About It, by Paul Osterman.
Unravel: Rapid Web Application Reverse Engineering via Interaction Recording, Source Tracing, and Library Detection

Professional websites with complex UI features provide real world examples for developers to learn from. Yet despite the availability of source code, it is still difficult to understand how these features are implemented. Existing tools such as the Chrome Developer Tools and Firebug offer debugging and inspection, but reverse engineering is still a time consuming task. We thus present Unravel, an extension of the Chrome Developer Tools for quickly tracking and visualizing HTML changes, JavaScript method calls, and JavaScript libraries. Unravel injects an observation agent into websites to monitor DOM interactions in real-time without functional interference or external dependencies. To manage potentially large observations of events, the Unravel UI provides affordances to reduce, sort, and scope observations. Testing Unravel with 13 web developers on 5 large-scale websites, we found a 53% decrease in time to discovering the first key source behind a UI feature and a 32% decrease in time to understanding how to fully recreate a feature.
31 – Imaging and Adenoviral Gene Therapy

Imaging advances human gene therapy by providing noninvasive assessment in living subjects. The modalities most applicable for gene therapy include gamma-ray, optical, and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and MR spectroscopy. Importantly, imaging can be used to validate the efficacy of gene therapy and to measure levels and locations of transgene expression. Further, the capability to temporally follow induced gene expression in the same subjects is highly advantageous. Genetic-based reporters have demonstrated the capability of imaging gene transfer in vivo. Strategies include systemic administration of a radioactive agent that accumulates at the location of gene expression, followed by nuclear imaging, as well as several optical imaging approaches based on fluorescence. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of current and emerging technologies, review how imaging has been applied to assess adenoviral-based gene therapy in humans, and discuss genetic-based imaging reporter systems.
The effect of fasting on the secretion of lipoproteins and two forms of apo B by perfused rat liver.

AbstractRat livers from animals fed ad lib or fasted 24 hr were perfused by the single pass technique with 3H-amino acids and label incorporation into lipoprotein apoproteins was measured. The lipoproteins were separated into very low density lipoproteins (d < 1.006), low-density lipoproteins (1.006 < d < 1.06), and high-density lipoproteins (1.06 < d < 1.21) by ultracentrifugation and the apoproteins of each density fraction were analyzed by gel filtration column chromatography in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The apoprotein fractions included apo Bh (higher-molecular-weight apo B), apo B1 (lower-molecular-weight apo B), apo E, and apo C. Fasting decreased total hepatic apoprotein secretion from 75 to 53 μg·g−1·hr−1 and label incorporation into the apoproteins of very low density lipoproteins was reduced by 48% with the greatest reduction in both apo B fractions. There was a redistribution of apo Bh label into the low-density lipoproteins with fasting resulting in secretion of lipoproteins enri...
Strategies for Treatment and Control of Blinding Trachoma: Cost-Effectiveness of Topical or Systemic Antibiotics

Treatment programs for prevention of blindness from trachoma in areas of endemicity are based on mass therapy, i.e., the topical application of antibiotic to the eyes of all persons in affected communities. When oral antibiotics are administered as a supplement to topical therapy, the healing rates among children with severe-intensity trachoma significantly improve. Moreover, the use of oral antibiotics (either tetracycline or doxycycline) in selected cases is a cost-effective strategy, particularly in communities where <20% of children have active trachoma. Systemic antibiotic treatment should be given only to children with severe- or moderate-intensity disease - those at significant risk of developing blindness. Children should be monitored carefully during systemic chemotherapy for adverse reactions.
Cytopathological Effects of Radiofrequency Electric Fields on Reproductive Tissue of Adult Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Adult Tenebrio molitor L. were exposed to 39-MHz radiofrequency (RF) electric fields and examined to determine cytopathological changes in ovarian and testicular tissues. Disintegration of trophocytes and primary oocytes followed by vacuole formation in the germarium and germinal vesicle characterized the effects in ovarian tissue. Condensation of the chromatin material in the follicular epithelial cells was also evident. In testicular tissues, RF treatment caused disintegration of the cyst membranes and spermatocytes and clumping of spermatid nuclei. Mature spermatozoa were not observed in the lumina of the vasa efferentia.
Biomaterials from Ultrasonication-Induced Silk Fibroin−Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogels

We report formation of biocompatible hydrogels using physically cross-linked biopolymers. Gelation of silk fibroin (from B. mori silkworm) aqueous solution was effected by ultrasonication and used to entrap blended, un-cross-linked, hyaluronic acid (HA) without chemical cross-linking. HA was formed into silk/HA blended hydrogels with different mixing ratios, forming homogeneous materials with stable swelling behavior when the HA content was less than 40 wt %. This is a novel approach to HA hydrogel systems, which otherwise require chemical cross-linking. Further, these systems exploit the beneficial material and biological properties of both polymers. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), temperature modulated DSC, and thermal gravimetric analysis were used to show that well-blended silk/HA hydrogel systems formed without macrophase separation. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to determine secondary structures from the amide I region of silk protein by spectral subtraction and Fourier-s...
Incidental Learning of Cvc Trigrams as a Function of Individual Differences in Semantic Rating Styles

Trimble and Ten Brink (1969) have shown that the affectivity and polarization ratings of CVC rrigrams may be important variables in incidental learning. Their results place the emphasis upon the characteristics of the stimuli rather than upon Ss' rating styles. However, one might raise the question, "1s it the characteristics of the stimuli or the inherent subjective rating processes within the individuals that relate semantic rating to incidental learning?" A reanalysis of the Trimble-Ten Brink data from the perspective of individual rating styles suggested that it might be that variable rather than the stimulus characteristics which accounted for greater incidental recall. It was therefore hypothesized that there is a relationship between the intensity and direction of Ss' ratings of C V G and the number they recalled. Forty-four students at the University of Missouri-Columbia were given a booklet containing 15 trigrams of 100% association value (Glaze, 1928). They rated these trigrams on five evaluative semantic differential scales' and were asked to recall them 1 wk. later, though no instruction to learn or remember had been given. Each S was ranked according to the amount of affectivity and polarization he ascribed to the stimuli. These rankings were compared with rankings based upon the number of CVCs recalled. Ss' polarization racings were s~gnificantly related to recall (Kendall's tau = .19, z = 1.81, p = .04) . Affectivity rarlngs, however, did not significantly relate to recall. These results support the hypothesis that 5's rating style affects his recall. They further imply that the intensity of Ss' ratings is more important than their direction in affecting incidental learning of CVC trigrams.
An experimental setup for simultaneous physical, geotechnical, and biochemical characterization of municipal solid waste undergoing biodegradation in the laboratory

Municipal solid waste (MSW) is biodegradable in landfills under anaerobic conditions. The biodegradation of MSW consists of physical and biochemical processes that affect the geotechnical characteristics of the waste. Laboratory landfill simulators that enable simultaneous characterization of these processes are presented. The simulator configuration, testing procedure, sampling methods, and measurement methods are described. The temporal phases of MSW biodegradation were studied using the experimental setup. Good repeatability of the measurements was demonstrated between duplicate simulators. In addition to data on biogas and leachate samples, a solid waste core sampling technique for retrieving disturbed solid waste samples for chemical and microbial analyses is presented. It was demonstrated that core sampling did not significantly affect simulator operation and measurements. The simulators and sampling methods presented in this study can be used to generate data that will be useful in the development and calibration of comprehensive models for MSW biodegradation in landfills.
Relapse of Tularemia After Aminoglycoside Therapy: Case Report and Discussion of Therapeutic Options

We describe a patient with ulceroglandular tularemia who initially responded to therapy with gentamicin but then clinically relapsed. Ciprofloxacin was subsequently given for 28 days, and the patient was clinically cured. Aminoglycosides have been considered the drugs of choice in the treatment of tularemia; however, potential alternative treatments do exist. We review the English-language literature on this topic.
Nuclear relaxation measurements in organic semiconducting polymers for application to organic spintronics

NMR measurements of spin-lattice relaxation of hydrogen nuclei in two prototype organic semiconducting solids, MEH-PPV and DOO-PPV, were carried out for temperatures between 4.2 K and room temperature, and for applied magnetic fields between 1.25 and 4.7 T. These $\ensuremath{\pi}$-conjugated polymers are of interest for use as the active semiconducting layer in spintronic devices. They typically exhibit weak spin-orbit coupling, and the interaction with inhomogeneous hyperfine fields generated by the nuclear spins plays a significant, if not dominant, role in the spin coherence and spin relaxation of electronic charge carriers. Our studies were conducted on unbiased bulk material with no photo-illumination. The characteristic $^{1}\mathrm{H}$ longitudinal relaxation times in these materials ranges from hundreds of milliseconds to $g1000$ s, and are predominantly nonmonoexponential. We present the data both in terms of a recovery time, ${T}_{1/2}$, corresponding to 50% recovery of thermal magnetization from saturation and in terms of a ``${T}_{1}$ spectrum'' produced via a numerical Laplace transform of the time-domain data. The evidence best supports relaxation to paramagnetic centers (radicals) mediated by nuclear spin diffusion as the primary mechanism: the observed relaxation is predominantly nonmonoexponential, and a characteristic ${T}_{1}$ minimum as a function of temperature is apparent for both materials somewhere between 77 K and room temperature. The paramagnetic centers may be somewhat-delocalized charge-carrier pairs (i.e., polarons) along the polymer backbone, although the concentration in an unbiased sample (no carrier injection) should be very low. Alternatively, the centers may be localized defects, vacancies, or impurities. Our results may also be used to judge the feasibility of Overhauser-type dynamic nuclear polarization from polarized charge carriers or optically pumped exciton states.
Combining chemical labeling, bottom-Up and top-down ion-mobility mass spectrometry to identify metal-binding sites of partially metalated metallothionein

Metalation and demetalation of human metallothionein-2A (MT) with Cd2+ is investigated by using chemical labeling and “bottom-up” and “top-down” proteomics approaches. Both metalation and demetalation of MT-2A by Cd2+ are shown to be domain specific and occur as two distinct processes. Metalation involves sequential addition of Cd2+ to the α-domain resulting in formation of an intermediate, Cd4MT. Chemical labeling with N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) and tandem mass spectrometry experiments clearly show that the four metal ions are located in the α-domain. In the presence of excess Cd2+, the Cd4MT intermediate reacts to add Cd2+ to the β-domain to yield the fully metalated Cd7MT. Demetalation occurs in the reverse order, i.e., Cd2+ is removed (by EDTA) first from the β-domain followed by Cd2+ removal from the α-domain. Metalation of human MT-2A is shown to be metal ion specific by comparing relative metal ion binding constants for Cd2+ and Zn2+.
To keep the scientific development and guarantee the quality of health vocational education

To explore the management and the development of health vocational education . To put forward how to keep the scientific development and guarantee the quality of health vocational education according to its law and rules.
333 VALIDATION OF MEASURING SKIN CAROTENOIDS BY RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY IN INFANTS.

Carotenoids are a family of antioxidant nutrients that are known to play an important role in human health. They appear to have protective effects against free radical damage. Carotenes and lycopene may protect the skin from ultraviolet radiation damage, whereas lutein, cryptoxanthin, and zeaxanthin are important for eye health. We are presently studying the carotenoid status in burn patients and preterm infants using a noninvasive technique involving Raman spectroscopy. Raman spectroscopy is a powerful laser spectroscopic technique that detects the characteristic vibrational energy levels of the carotenoids. Exposing the skin of the subject9s palm to a low-power monochromatic laser light source and detecting the scattered light as a function of photon frequency accomplishes this. Carotenoids present in the skin will shift the wavelength of 473 nm (blue light) to 511 nm (green light) that is detected and converted into a measurable signal. In a clinical study of adults, the correlation of serum carotenoids and scanned skin carotenoids was high (r = .76, p .05). Skin carotenoid measurement by Raman spectroscopy is valid when compared with HPLC and may become an important and noninvasive way to measure carotenoids and antioxidant activity in infants.
Lesser Resection Versus Radiotherapy for Patients with Compromised Lung Function and Stage I Lung Cancer

The prospect for cure is excellent for fit patients treated with anatomical resection for pathological stage IA non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Unfortunately, a substantial subset of patients diagnosed with early-stage NSCLC suffer from cardiopulmonary disease and/or other underlying medical comorbidities, and therefore are not suitable candidates for standard therapy. Treatment options for patients unable to tolerate lobectomy are typically guided by the severity of comorbid disease and traditionally have included limited resection (via open thoracotomy or a thoracoscopic approach) and external beam radiotherapy. Newer approaches including stereotactic radiosurgery and radiofrequency ablation are now utilized with increasing frequency. Recently, brachytherapy has been introduced as an adjuvant to wedge resection.
Asymptotic Time Averages and Frequency Distributions

Consider an arbitrary nonnegative deterministic process (in a stochastic setting is a fixed realization, i.e., sample-path of the underlying stochastic process) with state space . Using a sample-path approach, we give necessary and sufficient conditions for the long-run time average of a measurable function of process to be equal to the expectation taken with respect to the same measurable function of its long-run frequency distribution. The results are further extended to allow unrestricted parameter (time) space. Examples are provided to show that our condition is not superfluous and that it is weaker than uniform integrability. The case of discrete-time processes is also considered. The relationship to previously known sufficient conditions, usually given in stochastic settings, will also be discussed. Our approach is applied to regenerative processes and an extension of a well-known result is given. For researchers interested in sample-path analysis, our results will give them the choice to work with the time average of a process or its frequency distribution function and go back and forth between the two under a mild condition.
Por que os educadores devem preocupar-se com argumentação?

Educadores que refletem sobre suas praticas educacionais fazem a si mesmos perguntas como: Qual e o objetivo da educacao? Quais coercoes morais, metodologicas ou outras guiam nossas atividades e esforcos educacionais? Um lugar natural para procurar por respostas e a Filosofia da Educacao, a qual (dentre outras coisas) tenta fornecer respostas sistematicas para essas questoes. Uma resposta comum dada pela Filosofia da Educacao e que o objetivo da educacao consiste em fomentar o desenvolvimento da racionalidade dos alunos. Nesse ponto de vista, a educacao tem como tarefa fundamental tanto o desenvolvimento da capacidade de raciocinio, quanto a formacao de um complexo de atitudes, de habitos da mente, de disposicoes e de marcas de carater, de modo que os estudantes sejam capazes nao apenas de raciocinar bem, mas tambem de se importarem acerca das razoes e de organizarem suas crencas, julgamentos e acoes em consonância com a avaliacao racional das razoes. A Teoria da Argumentacao tambem se ocupa da analise do poder e da forca de convencimento do raciocinio. Quando as razoes para uma alegacao justificam a aceitacao dessa alegacao? Sob quais criterios os raciocinios sao avaliados? Como esses criterios sao justificados? Questoes como estas sao o arroz e o feijao da Teoria da Argumentacao, que, na procura de respostas, promete clarear o carater da racionalidade como o objetivo da educacao. A racionalidade, que conecta a educacao a Teoria da Argumentacao, fornece aos educadores uma razao para se preocuparem com argumentacao – se ela puder ser convincentemente defendida enquanto um ideal educacional. Neste artigo, tentarei defender essa ideia e, assim, explicar por que educadores devem se preocupar com a argumentacao. A defesa sera moral: vou defender que somos moralmente obrigados a nos esforcar para promover a racionalidade dos estudantes, porque isso e necessario para satisfazer nossas obrigacoes de tratar os alunos respeitosamente como pessoas. Tambem considerarei algumas criticas gerais aos ideais iluministas de racionalidade, advindos de pesquisadores do Feminismo, do Multiculturalismo e do Pos-modernismo. Se tais criticas procedem, entao tanto a Teoria da Argumentacao quanto a visao de que a educacao deve ter como objetivo fomentar a racionalidade encontram-se ameacadas. Vou argumentar que tais criticas, embora importantes e instrutivas, nao sao tao destrutivas do ideal de racionalidade como alguns estudiosos contemporâneos sugerem.
Novel EED mutation in patient with Weaver syndrome

Weaver syndrome is a rare condition characterized by overgrowth, macrocephaly, accelerated osseous maturation, variable intellectual disability, and characteristic facial features. Pathogenic variants in EZH2, a histone methyltransferase, have previously been identified as a cause of Weaver syndrome. However, the underlying molecular cause in many patients remains unknown. We report a patient with a clinical diagnosis of Weaver syndrome whose exome was initially non-diagnostic. Reports in the medical literature of EED associated overgrowth prompted re-analysis of the patient's original exome data. The patient was found to have a likely pathogenic variant in EED. These findings support that Weaver syndrome is a disorder with locus heterogeneity and can be due to pathogenic variants in either EZH2 or EED. This case highlights the utility of exome sequencing as a clinical diagnostic tool for novel gene discovery as well as the importance of re-examination of exome data as new information about gene-disease associations becomes available. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Impact of a national antimicrobial stewardship mentoring program: Insights and lessons learned

Purpose The impact of an interprofessional mentoring program to advance antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) in selected U.S. hospitals and lessons learned are described. Summary A seven-step mentoring process with self-assessment, telephone calls, continuing education, a one-day onsite visit, action plan, and outcome data collection and analysis was provided to ASP teams at nine hospitals. Six hospitals completed the program. A significant improvement in the timeliness and appropriateness of i.v. antibiotic therapy (defined as a hang time within one hour after prescriber order entry and broad-spectrum coverage for gram-negative pathogens administered first when combination therapy was used) was observed in patients with sepsis over the 12-month period after implementation of the mentoring program. As a result of requiring hospital administration’s participation in the mentoring program, increased funding became available at three hospitals for the microbiology laboratory to provide new rapid diagnostic tests and for pharmacist and physician time to devote to ASP activities. The collaboration and engagement of ASP team members, inclusion of hospital administrators and pharmacy directors in the onsite mentoring visits, and an experienced mentor team with an infectious diseases (ID) physician and ID pharmacist contributed to ASP success. Challenges included insufficient time to collect outcome metrics due to competing hospital priorities and loss of momentum over time. Conclusion A mentoring program for antimicrobial stewardship provided the perspective that comes from experience. Engagement of hospital administration was a key factor for both developing and sustaining a stewardship program.
Mandating vaccination with unknown indirect effects

Social interactions make communicable disease a core concern of public health policy. A prevalent problem is scarcity of empirical evidence informative about how interventions affect illness. Randomized trials, which have been important to evaluation of treatments for noninfectious diseases, are less informative about treatment of communicable diseases because they do not fully reveal the indirect preventive (herd immunity) effect of vaccination on persons who are not vaccinated or are unsuccessfully vaccinated. This paper studies the decision problem faced by a health planner who observes the illness rate that occurs when persons make decentralized vaccination choices and who contemplates whether to mandate vaccination. The planner's objective is to minimize the social cost of illness and vaccination. Uncertainty about the magnitude of the indirect effect of vaccination implies uncertainty about the illness rate that a mandate would yield. I first study a simple representative-agent setting and derive conditions under which the planner can determine whether mandating vaccination is optimal. When optimal policy is indeterminate, I juxtapose several criteria for decision making—expected utility, minimax, and minimax-regret—and compare the policies they generate. I then extend the analysis to a more general setting in which members of the population may have heterogenous attributes. I have benefitted from the opportunity to present this work in seminars at the Booth School of Business, University of Chicago, the Department of Economics, University of California at Santa Barbara, and the Schaeffer Center for Health Policy and Economics, University of Southern California. I have also benefitted from the comments of an anonymous reviewer and associate editor.
Role of signalling molecules in behaviours mediated by the δ opioid receptor agonist SNC80.

Background and Purpose G protein-coupled receptors exist in multiple conformations that can engage distinct signaling mechanisms which in turn may lead to diverse behavioral outputs. In rodent models, activation of the delta opioid receptor (δ-receptor) has been shown to elicit antihyperalgesia, antidepressant-like effects, and convulsions. We recently showed that these δ-receptor-mediated behaviors are differentially regulated by the GTPase-activating protein regulator of G protein signaling 4 (RGS4), which facilitates termination of G protein signaling. To further evaluate the signaling mechanisms underlying δ-receptor-mediated antihyperalgesia, antidepressant-like effects, and convulsions, we observed how changes in Gαo or arrestin proteins in vivo affected behaviors elicited by the δ-receptor agonist SNC80 in mice. Experimental Approach Transgenic mice with altered expression of various signaling molecules were used in the current studies. Antihyperalgesia was measured in a nitroglycerin-induced thermal hyperalgesia assay. Antidepressant-like effects were evaluated in the forced swim test. Mice were also observed for convulsive activity following SNC80 treatment. Key Results In Gαo RGS-insensitive heterozygous knock-in mice, the potency of SNC80 to produce antihyperalgesia and antidepressant-like effects was enhanced with no change in SNC80-induced convulsions. Conversely, in Gαo heterozygous knockout mice, SNC80-induced antihyperalgesia was abolished while antidepressant-like effects and convulsions were unaltered. No changes in SNC80-induced behaviors were observed in arrestin 3 knockout mice. SNC80-induced convulsions were potentiated in arrestin 2 knockout mice. Conclusions and Implications Taken together, these findings suggest that different signaling molecules may underlie the convulsive effects of the δ-receptor relative to the antihyperalgesic and antidepressant-like effects.
The importance of preventative medicine in conjunction with modern day genetic studies

Genetic screening in the primary care setting is the future of preventative medicine. Genetic testing is an important medical tool for assessing various inheritable diseases, conditions, and cancers. The ability to diagnose patients before symptoms surface can help lessen the severity of symptoms and promote quality of life. However, genetic screening can cause psychological distress from the knowledge of test results, in some cases only serving to increase the risk of developing a condition due to stress. Genetic testing can be conducted anytime in life, even before birth. In this review, a compilation of genetic testing's definitions and boundaries, factors influencing an individual's test outcomes, and an overview of a wide variety of diseases, conditions and cancers were collected.
Antibodies to Steroid Hormones

The main practical value of the investigations on anti-steroid immunoglobulins lies in their application for highly sensitive and specific determination of steroid hormones, primarily in the form of radioimmunoassays. The innumerable publications on RIA methods that have appeared during the last 15 years and proved to be most useful to the researcher and clinical endocrinologist, will not be discussed here. Excellent reviews on this subject are available some of which have been listed in Chapter IV; additional articles and monographs have been published by Niswender et al. (1975); Cameron et al. (1975); Breuer et al. (1975); Pasternak (1975); Niswender et al. (1976); Abraham et al. (1977); Jaffe and Behrman (1979); Gupta (1980); Abraham (1981); and Chard (1982).
Evaluation of the human arrestin gene in patients with retinitis pigmentosa and stationary night blindness

PURPOSE. To establish the DNA sequence of the coding regions of the human arrestin locus and to determine whether defects in this sequence are present among patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP) or types of stationary night blindness in addition to Oguchi disease. METHODS. The human genomic locus encoding arrestin was cloned in bacteriophage and P1 vectors. The sequence of the intron DNA flanking each exon was determined from these clones. Single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis and direct genomic sequencing techniques were used to screen 272 unrelated patients, comprising 177 patients with autosomal dominant RP, 85 with recessive RP, and 10 with stationary night blindness. RESULTS. The arrestin gene is divided into 16 exons ranging in size from 10 bp to 194 bp, with the open reading frame spanning exons 2 through 16. The authors identified several discrepancies between the genomic sequence the authors obtained and the previously published cDNA and genomic sequences. In the set of patients with dominant RP, the authors found one of three heterozygous missense changes (Arg84Cys, Thr125Met, and Val378Ile) in each of four unrelated patients; none of these changes cosegregated with disease in the respective families. In the set of patients with recessive RP, the authors found one of two heterozygous missense changes in each of two unrelated patients with recessive RP (Pro364Leu and Arg384Cys). One of the patients was the offspring of a consanguineous marriage; because the Arg384Cys change in him was heterozygous, it is unlikely to have been the cause of his RP. Cosegregation studies could not be performed on the patient with the Pro364Leu change. The authors confirmed the existence of two previously described polymorphisms (Ile76Val and a multiallelic polymorphism at codon 403), and the authors identified several silent polymorphisms and rare sequence variants. No sequence changes, other than polymorphic changes also found in some patients with RP, were identified in the patients with stationary night blindness. CONCLUSIONS. We found no evidence that mutations in arres tin are a cause of RP or stationary night blindness other than Oguchi disease. According to the genomic sequence ob tained, a region in exon 8 that has been postulated to represent the site of interaction between arrestin and rhodopsin is 100% conserved between humans and all other mammals studied to date.
Quantum thermodynamics of (H2)x@C60 [x=1–2]: A path integral Monte Carlo study

The thermodynamic properties of H2 and (H2)2 inside C60 were computed using the path integral formalism. In accordance with experimental data, H2@C60 is thermodynamically stable in a wide range of temperatures due to energetic factors. Variations in the molecular hydrogen–fullerene interaction energy were considered in order to increase the stability of the monomeric system. For (H2)2@C60 no stable states were observed in the temperature range studied or in any reasonable modification in the molecular hydrogen–fullerene interaction parameter. Modification of the attractive part of the molecular hydrogen–fullerene interaction stabilized the dimeric system.
Reducing Problem Behavior through a School-Wide System of Effective Behavioral Support: Investigation of a School-Wide Social Skills Training Program and Contextual Interventions.

Increases in the prevalence and incidence of problem behavior in public schools has been a concern among teachers, families, and community members. Attempts to respond to the increased intensity an...
Legal Precedents Affecting Managed Care: The Physician's Responsibilities to Patients

Managed care, which has become a fait accompli in America, has produced a variety of concerns regarding the physician-patient relationship and the responsibility of physicians to their patients. This article investigates some of the conflicts that develop in this system and reviews important litigation as it relates to managed care. The author makes specific suggestions for how physicians might manage care when they feel they are being put into an ethical double bind by managed care companies or their third-party reviewers.
A prospective study to examine the association of the urinary and fecal microbiota with prostate cancer diagnosis after transrectal biopsy of the prostate using 16sRNA gene analysis

Introduction There is accumulating evidence that variations in the human microbiota may promote disease states including cancer. Our goal was to examine the association between urinary and fecal microbial profiles and the diagnosis of prostate cancer (PC) in patients undergoing transrectal biopsy of the prostate. Materials and methods We extracted total DNA from urine and fecal samples collected before a prostate biopsy performed for elevated prostatic specific antigen in patients suspected of having PC. We then amplified the extracted DNA and sequenced it using bacterial 16S rRNA gene high-throughput next-generation sequencing platform, and analyzed microbial profiles for taxonomy comparing those patients diagnosed with PC with those who did not receive that diagnosis. Results We included 30 patients in our analysis (60 samples, one urine and one fecal per patient). The majority of patients with PC (10/14) had similar bacterial communities within their urinary sample profile and clustered separately than patients without cancer (n = 16). Differential analysis of the operational taxonomical units (OTUs) in urine samples revealed decreased abundance of several bacterial species in patients with prostate cancer. Analysis of the bacterial taxonomies of the fecal samples did not reveal any clustering in concordance with benign or malignant prostate biopsies. Patients who had a Gleason score (GS) of 6 (n = 11) were present in both urine bacterial community clusters, but patients with GS 7 or higher (n = 3) did not cluster tightly with non-cancer subjects. Conclusions The urinary microbiota of patients with PC tends to cluster separately from those without this disease. Further research is needed to investigate the urinary microbiome potential of serving as a biomarker that could be used to improve the accuracy of pre-biopsy models predicting the presence of PC in post-biopsy tissue examination.
Soluble tau aggregates, not large fibrils, are the toxic species that display seeding and cross‐seeding behavior

Several studies have proposed that fibrillary aggregates of tau and other amyloidogenic proteins are neurotoxic and result in numerous neurodegenerative diseases. However, these studies usually involve sonication or extrusion through needles before experimentation. As a consequence, these methods may fragment large aggregates producing a mixture of aggregated species rather than intact fibrils. Therefore, the results of these experiments may be reflective of other amyloidogenic species, such as oligomers and/or protofibrils/short fibrils. To investigate the effects of sonication on the aggregation of tau and other amyloidogenic proteins, fibrils were prepared and well characterized, then sonicated and evaluated by various biochemical and biophysical methods to identify the aggregated species present. We found that indeed a mixture of aggregated species was present along with short fibrils indicating that sonication leads to impure fibril samples and should be analyzed with caution. Our results corroborate the previous studies showing that sonication of prion and Aβ fibrils leads to the formation of toxic, soluble aggregates. We also show that the oligomeric forms are the most toxic species although it is unclear how sonication causes oligomer formation. Recent results suggest that these small toxic oligomers produced by sonication, rather than the stable fibrillar structures, are prion-like in nature displaying seeding and cross-seeding behavior.
Teaching in the Classroom: Large Groups

From medical student lectures to grand rounds to national meetings, medical educators teach in a variety of large group settings. This chapter reviews emerging evidence and best practices for large group teaching. Adult learning theory requires us to reconsider traditional didactic lectures for today’s active learners by finding opportunities for bidirectional flow of information and teacher-learner interaction in the classroom. Interactive strategies such as flipped classroom techniques for large group settings and the optimized use of audience response systems are specifically highlighted. The chapter concludes with a concrete example of the steps necessary to create and deliver an effective large group learning session.
Circuit Techniques for BTI and EM Accelerated and Active Recovery

In the previous chapters we saw that both BTI and EM recovery can be activated and accelerated; these unique recovery behaviors can benefit future resilient digital systems if they are instrumented on chip. In this chapter, we discuss a set of circuit blocks that implement the required functionality for achieving accelerated and active self-healing on chip. Examples of such portable circuit IP blocks are negative voltage generators, reconfigurable heaters, wearout-aware power gating, bidirectional-current PDNs, and novel types of BTI and EM sensors. We present design details, functionality, and potential costs of each type of circuit. By implementing all or a subset of these circuit IPs, recovery can be enabled on chip with acceptable hardware costs.
P51 4-H Food Smart Families: Extension Engages Teens to Provide Youth and Families with Nutrition Education and Cooking Skills

Objective To engage teens as teachers to help plan and lead educational programs that equip youth and their families to make healthy living part of their everyday lives through increasing knowledge to adopt healthy eating and food preparation behaviors. Use of Theory or Research Research shows improving eating and physical activity behaviors is effective when implementing multiple changes at various levels of the Social-Ecological Model (SEM). This program focused on SEM individual factors through partnerships with in-school and out-of-school community settings. Teen ambassadors were trained using the Experiential Learning Model. Target Audience Programming focused on urban low income youth and their families in five counties across the state. Teens, 16-19 years of age, were recruited as teen ambassadors. Program Description 4-H Food Smart Families aims to empower teens through youth-adult partnerships to be leaders in their communities and advocate for healthy lifestyle choices. Youth participants were provided with 10 hours of nutrition and physical activity focused programming that utilized research-based curricula. Families were encouraged to attend Family and Community Engagement events and teen led activation events. Evaluation Methods 4-H Common Measures was utilized to collect quantitative data and evaluate program impact in participants. Survey results and qualitative success stories were entered and analyzed in either Qualtrics or the PEARS reporting system. Quantitative post survey data was captured from teens. Results Eighteen Extension professionals and 16 teen ambassadors reached over 1,140 underserved youth and 2,540 family members. Two teen activation events were successfully delivered with the support of community partners. 92% of youth (n = 816) and 100% of teens (n = 10) indicated learning about healthy food choices. 45% of youth and 100% of teens indicated giving their family healthy meal or snack ideas. Youth reported paying attention to how much fruit (64%) and how many vegetables (55%) they eat each day. Conclusions Nebraska Extension professionals were able to empower teens to help deliver healthy lifestyle programs that improved the knowledge and behaviors of participants.
Hedging Bets with BITS: The Impact of Investment Obligations on Intellectual Property

In a 2015 article, my coauthor, Susy Frankel, and I warned that shifts in international lawmaking — from the World Intellectual Property Organization, to the World Trade Organization (WT)O), and then to bilateral investment treaties and free trade agreements — have erected, in the terms used in the Conference at which this paper was presented, a high hedge around intellectual property rights, one that may protect these rights from state action designed to protect constitutive values and further legitimate sovereign needs. Since that article was published, two investor-state dispute settlements (ISDS) involving intellectual property have been resolved by final award. In both cases, the state prevailed, suggesting to many that the hedge may not be as impenetrable as we suggested. In this piece, I argue that this view is wrong. A comparison of an ISDS case challenging tobacco legislation to a similar challenge in the WTO demonstrates that ISDS is a highly pernicious constraint. It creates opportunities for forum shopping and raises the cost of defending regulatory activity. The framing of investment disputes means that even actions that comply with international law can be challenged as undermining investments or denying fair and equitable treatment. To complicate matters, investors may be more eager to bring disputes than state entities. At the same time, the professional arbitrators who hear ISDS disputes may be less likely to take account of the state’s obligations to serve the needs all its citizens. Furthermore, they may be more likely to decide disputes in ways that encourage further challenges. As a result, ISDS hedges cast a heavy shadow on state action and may chill important state activity. Clipping the hedge requires the drafters of investment obligations and the tribunals that hear ISDS disputes to take account of the intangibility of IP rights in determining when IP is sufficiently localized in the host state that it should be considered protectable by that state’s investment obligations. Further, I explore institutional changes, such as the standing tribunal proposed by CETA and other ways to discourage ISDS challenges. At the end of the day, however, one must question whether ISDS, which allows foreigners to challenge a government’s choices, is an appropriate vehicle for maintaining hedges — for striking the right domestic balance between the interests of IP holders and those of the public.
A Fully-Integrated 2.6GHz Stacked Switching Power Amplifier in 45nm SOI CMOS with >2W Output Power and 43.5% Efficiency

Power generation in scaled silicon technologies is fundamentally challenged by the low breakdown voltage of silicon-based transistors and the low quality of silicon-based passive components. Consequently, sub-6GHz power amplifiers (PAs) typically exploit compound semiconductor technologies and/or external matching networks. In this paper, we explore the limits of modern SOI CMOS technology which offer floating-body devices that enable device stacking to realize high-power devices and a high-resistivity substrate to enable high-quality passive components. A design methodology for a stacked class-E/Fodd switching power amplifier array exploiting transformer-based series-parallel combining is introduced that jointly optimizes the power amplifier and the combiner design. A fully-integrated 45nm SOI CMOS 2.6GHz prototype yields 33.1dBm of output power at 43.5% efficiency. Reliability measurements indicate virtually no degradation in performance over 180 hours of continuous operation. While operated at a lower supply voltage of 2.3V for efficiency optimization, an efficiency of 47.6% is achieved at 31.2dBm output power.
Review of methods to improve the performance of linear array-based photoacoustic tomography

As a hybrid imaging modality that combines optical excitation with acoustic detection, photoacoustic tomography (PAT) has become one of the fastest growing biomedical imaging modalities. Among vari...
Examining aggregates through the eyes of WDFY3/Alfy

The role protein aggregates play in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases has been a question since their initial observation. In this autophagic punctum, we discuss our recent findings of how the selectivity scaffold/adaptor WDFY3/Alfy is required for the turnover of aggregated mutant HTT (huntingtin; mHTT) in the adult brain, and how it confers resistance to Huntington disease (HD)-like symptoms. Depletion of WDFY3 in a mouse model of HD accelerates mHTT accumulation, and this is accompanied by an accelerated onset of motoric and neuropathological phenotypes, indicating that WDFY3 levels and the rate of aggregate accumulation can modify disease pathogenesis. Given that the accelerated accumulation is also recapitulated in medium spiny neurons created via direct conversion from human HD fibroblasts, we propose that WDFY3 is a genetic modifier of HD and suggest that it may also influence aging and the pathogenesis of other neurological disorders.
There is no stopping covid-19 without stopping racism.

As Martin Luther King Jr said, “In the end, we will remember not the words of our enemies but the silence of our friends”