cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Upwelling Circulation on the Oregon Continental Shelf. Part II: Simulations and Comparisons with Observations

Abstract Sixty-day simulations of flow on the Oregon continental shelf are performed using the Blumberg and Mellor sigma coordinate, primitive equation model. The model is two-dimensional (an across-shelf section) with high spatial resolution and realistic shelf topography. Forcing consists of surface heat flux, either hourly or low-pass filtered wind stress, and in one case, a constant alongshore pressure gradient. Model results are compared with current and hydrographic measurements from the CUE-2 program. The horizontal scale of the alongshore coastal jet is significantly influenced by the structure of the initial density and velocity fields. The model successfully reproduces the vertical shear in the alongshore velocity field v, but the model's mean v field is too strongly southward, and the variance in both the vvu and v fields is underpredicted. Inclusion of the alongshore pressure gradient, while improving prediction of the mean alongshore velocities, does not improve the model-data correlation. Th...
A cell wall polysaccharide-hydrolyzing enzyme system in Avena sativa L. coleoptiles.

Abstract 1. 1. Enzymic components catalyzing metabolic degradation of certain cell wall constituents of Avena sativa L. coleoptiles were studied. An enzyme system, bound to crude cell wall preparations and capable of hydrolzying cell wall polysaccharides, was found. This system consisted of at least two components, one hydrolyzing polysaccharide to oligosaccharide, and the second converting oligosaccharide to monosaccharide. 2. 2. Mannitol had no effect on the basal enzymic activity, but suppressed indoleacetic acid-induced increase in enzymic activity. Peroxyacetyl nitrate treatment of tissue in viro or in vitro resulted in a partially inactivated system.
Studies on the effects of ultraviolet irradiation on photosynthesis and on the 520 nm light-dark difference spectra in green algae and isolated chloroplasts

Abstract Ultraviolet irradiation inhibits photosynthesis, photoreduction, Hill reaction and the 520 nm light-dark absorbance change of algae and spinach chloroplasts. With total inactivation of these reactions the endogenous plastoquinone level dropped only about 40 %. Ascorbate-2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol will at least partially restore a 520 nm signal in 3(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea- or ultraviolet-treated chloroplasts, but not in petroleum ether-extracted chloroplasts. It is concluded that total destruction of endogenous plastoquinone is not the exclusive cause of ultraviolet light inhibition of photosynthesis.
Selecting control groups for studies of familial aggregation of disease

Abstract In genetic-epidemiologic studies to determine the association between the disease status of family members, this association is measured by comparing rates of the disease in relatives of probands (index cases) with the disease, with the rates of the disease among individuals in a control group. Either of two types of control groups are generally used: (1) a control group consisting of a random sample from the population or the entire population if available or (2) a control group consisting of relatives of individuals without the disease under study. We examine the advantages and disadvantages of using these different types of control groups. We show two major results for family studies: (1) when there are no other factors associated with the disease status of an individual other than the disease status of a family member, both types of control groups will give a valid test of the null hypothesis of no familial aggregation. However, tests using a population control group will always be less efficient statistically, than those performed with a control group of relatives of probands without the disease under study, the degree of efficiency decreasing with increasing population prevalence of the disease. (2) When factors other than the disease status of a family member are also associated with the disease status of an individual, if this factor is a proband characteristic (which is not shared by relatives) population control groups cannot be adjusted to eliminate possible bias due to the potential confounding effect of this factor (unlike control groups consisting of relatives of probands without the disorder).
Comparing Perceived and Objectively Measured Access to Recreational Facilities as Predictors of Physical Activity in Adolescent Girls

A number of studies in recent years have identified both self-report and objectively measured accessibility of recreational facilities as important predictors of physical activity in youth. Yet, few studies have: (1) examined the relationship between the number and proximity of objectively measured neighborhood physical activity facilities and respondents’ perceptions and (2) compared objective and self-report measures as predictors of physical activity. This study uses data on 1,367 6th-grade girls who participated in the Trial of Activity for Adolescent Girls (TAAG) to explore these issues. Girls reported whether nine different types of recreational facilities were easily accessible. These facilities included basketball courts, golf courses, martial arts studios, playing fields, tracks, skating rinks, swimming pools, tennis courts, and dance/gymnastic clubs. Next, geographic information systems (GIS) were used to identify all the parks, schools, and commercial sites for physical activity located within a mile of each girl’s home. These sites were then visited to inventory the types of facilities available. Girls wore accelerometers to measure their weekly minutes of non-school metabolic equivalent weighted moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MW-MVPA). The number of facilities within a half-mile of girls’ homes strongly predicted the perception of easy access to seven out of nine facility types. Both individual facility perceptions and the total number of facilities perceived were associated with increased physical activity. For each additional facility perceived, girls clocked 3% more metabolic equivalent weighted moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (p < 0.001). Although girls tended to record 3% more of this kind of physical activity (p < 0.05) per basketball court within a mile of their homes, objective facility measures were otherwise unrelated to physical activity. The results from this study suggest that raising the profile of existing facilities may help increase physical activity among adolescent girls.
Who Ride the High Speed Rail in the United States: The Acela Express Case Study

In this study, we focus on the Acela Express, and try to find out how selected internal and external factors affect the Acela Express’s ridership. A two-stage least square regression model is introduced in order to eliminate the endogeneity problem caused by price and ridership. Also the Cochrane-Orcutt Procedure is adopted to solve autocorrelation. The result shows that ticket price and train on-time performances, which are used to being thought as important factors affect ridership become insignificant, while other factors like employment of business and professional in the Northeast Corridor areas have higher influence on high speed train ridership. The broader objective of this research is to provide policy suggestions for building of an efficient high-speed rail network that can both be profitable and solve practical problems that the contemporary transportation system faces.
Origins of One Health and One Medicine

I THANK A. R. Michell ( VR , February 1, 2014, vol 174, pp 124-125) for his perspective on my recent review of One Health ( VR , January 25, 2014, vol 174, pp 85-91), but I believe he has misunderstood the origin and scope of the One Health concept and I consider his criticism is misplaced as a consequence. My article reviews the progress of One Health in the decade since the concept was initiated in 2004 and it concludes by identifying future challenges. The accompanying Comment ( VR , January 25, 2014, vol 174, p 78) points out that it is the …
A middle holocene vegetation record from the Mojave Desert of North America and its paleoclimatic significance

Packrat middens from the McCullough Range, in the southeastern Mojave Desert of Nevada, record vegetation conditions during the periods 6800 to 5060 yr B.P. and 1250 yr B.P. to present. Their age and location are ideal to test for middle Holocene aridity; the period between 6800 and 5060 yr B.P. does appear to have been more arid than during the late Holocene period of record. This agrees with other evidence for middle Holocene aridity from the Southwest. Arguments for strengthened middle Holocene monsoons in the region are based chiefly on packrat midden samples older than 7500 yr B.P., or on samples that are younger than 5500 yr B.P. Simulations of 6000 yr B.P. climate that fail to show strong subtropical flow into the Southwest are therefore supported by evidence for enhanced aridity in that region.
Lumbar microdiscectomy in rats

An operative method for lumbar microdiscectomy in rats is described in general terms so that it may be adapted to any microsurgical laboratory. The operation may be used as an advanced exercise in microsurgery, or to prepare surgeons for clinical lumbar microdiscectomy surgery.
Physical and genetic studies of Newcastle disease virus: evidence for multiploid particles.

Abstract Newcastle disease virus (NDV) grown in 10-day-old embryonated eggs was analyzed on sucrose gradients. Approximately 50% of the hemagglutinating particles were noninfectious and sedimented at a much slower rate than the infectious particles. The infectious particles, which exhibited a 2.5-fold range in sedimentation constants, were themselves highly heterogeneous. Further studies showed that the noninfectious particles contained no genomes, the bulk of the infectious particles contained one genome, and the larger infective particles contained two or more genomes. Although the overall ultraviolet sensitivity of NDV is nearly single-hit, the larger infective particles gave multihit inactivation kinetics, confirming that they contain more than one genome. Genetic tests showed that between 11 and 15% of the infective particles in a mixed yield from chick embryo cells were heterozygotes. On the assumption that (1) only integral numbers of genomes occur in NDV particles, and (2) the number of genomes per particle is randomly distributed, the average number of genomes per particle was calculated to lie between 0.5 and 0.8. The size distribution of the particles, and ultraviolet inactivation data on both the whole population and selected size classes are consistent with values in this range.
Beyond Word Meaning: Vocabulary Instruction for Students with Exceptional Language Needs.

A well-developed academic vocabulary is foundational for understanding academic texts used in elementary and secondary classrooms. In-depth word knowledge is critical to understanding the abstract concepts and complex language structures of text. Students with learning disabilities and English language learners both characteristically have limited vocabularies, thus hindering their understanding of academic texts and ultimately their mastery of content material. These students are increasingly placed in general education classrooms, and content area teachers are tasked with developing their academic vocabulary with little training. This article explores the type of in-depth word knowledge (i.e., meaning, word structure, and grammatical placement) students with learning disabilities and English language learners need in order to understand and communicate in the content area classrooms. It also provides specific strategies for classroom implementation.
Morphological characterization of polyetheretherketone–carbon fiber composites

The effect of processing conditions on the morphology of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) graphite reinforced composites (APC-2) has been characaterized. Differential scanning calorimetry was utilized to examine the effect of quench rate on recrystallization where a change in mechanism was observed at a rate of 5°C/min. Optical microscopy revealed a decrease in spherulite size and a reduced degree of transcrystallinity at the graphic fiber surface with increasing quench rates. Dynamic mechanical analysis indicated a change in relaxational processes in the Tg region with varying quench rates.
Performance, performativity and second language identities: How can we know the actor from the act?

Abstract Recent arts-based research has explored how instructional use of performance supports participants in embodying and challenging social equity issues. Informed by performativity theories (e.g., Butler, 1999 ) and a systemic functional linguistics (SFL) perspective on meaning making, this paper investigates how multilingual educators in a graduate language education course analyzed and negotiated language teacher identities. Specifically, the paper explores if and how a performance process, which included storytelling, performance, and discourse analysis, supported the focal participants in developing awareness of interaction as discursive negotiation of institutional, cultural and agentive factors. Two implications of language education and research are discussed: the potential of performance as an instructional resource to support critical discourse awareness among language educators, and the potential of SFL as a resource to research performative processes in multicultural education contexts.
Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor-1 Signaling Induces Osteopontin Expression and Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell–Dependent Adventitial Fibroblast Migration In Vitro

Background— Increased expression of osteopontin (OPN), fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), and their type-1 receptor (FGFR-1) is associated with neointima formation and atherosclerosis. This study tested the hypothesis that ligand activation of FGFR-1 stimulates OPN expression in rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMCs), explored the signaling pathway involved, and assessed the functional consequences of activating this pathway on adventitial fibroblast (AF) migration in vitro. Methods and Results— Exogenous FGF-1 stimulated expression of OPN mRNA and protein in RASMCs in vitro in a dose- and time-dependent manner. OPN mRNA induction by FGF-1 was completely inhibited by either actinomycin D or cycloheximide, selective inhibitors of RNA polymerase and protein synthesis, respectively. OPN mRNA induction by FGF-1 was attenuated by PD 166866, a highly selective and potent FGFR-1 tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Addition of either PP2 or PD98059, specific inhibitors of Src and mitogen-activated extracellular signal–reg...
International Advisees' Perspectives on the Advising Relationship in Counseling Psychology Doctoral Programs

Ten international students in U.S.-based counseling psychology doctoral programs were interviewed regarding their experiences as doctoral students, especially their advising relationship. Data were...
Constructing an Aesthetic Weltanschauung: Freud, James, and Ricoeur

I will investigate in this paper what kind of Weltanschauung Freud suggests. Although Freud argues in the lecture XXXV, “The Question of a Weltanschauung (1933),” that psychoanalysis is incapable of creating a Weltanschauung of its own, I think that he has a certain Weltanschauung, i.e., the aesthetic worldview, which involves his scientific, psychoanalytic, and artistic principles. Furthermore, I will explicate that Freud's aesthetic worldview is ultimately related to the Weltanschauungen of William James and Paul Ricoeur. I will focus particularly on their terms, “sympathetic” and “poetic,” which are the crucial elements that constitute the aesthetic Weltanschauung. Finally, I will briefly present my intention in drawing this aesthetic Weltanschauung. I will conclude that throughout the aesthetic Weltanschauung we may accept that everything is precious, pertinent, and worthy to be viewed as a part and a whole, and as home (Heim).
Chemically mediated host finding by Biosteres (Opius) longicaudatus , a parasitoid of tephritid fruit fly larvae

Host finding by the fruit fly parasitoidBiosteres (Opius)longicaudatus Ashmead was found to involve attraction to fermentation products emanating from rotting fruit, a probable site for location of host larvae. Bioassays conducted in the greenhouse with all saturated 1-, 2-, and 3-carbon primary alcohols, aldehydes, and organic acids indicated that acetaldehyde was the most active agent followed by ethanol and acetic acid. Rotting fruit was attractive irrespective of the presence of host larvae, and attraction was attributed to fungal fermentation products rather than to kairomones from host larvae.
Persistent Infection and Promiscuous Recombination of Multiple Genotypes of an RNA Virus within a Single Host Generate Extensive Diversity

Recombination and reassortment of viral genomes are major processes contributing to the creation of new, emerging viruses. These processes are especially significant in long-term persistent infections where multiple viral genotypes co-replicate in a single host, generating abundant genotypic variants, some of which may possess novel host-colonizing and pathogenicity traits. In some plants, successive vegetative propagation of infected tissues and introduction of new genotypes of a virus by vector transmission allows for viral populations to increase in complexity for hundreds of years allowing co-replication and subsequent recombination of the multiple viral genotypes. Using a resequencing microarray, we examined a persistent infection by a Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) complex in citrus, a vegetatively propagated, globally important fruit crop, and found that the complex comprised three major and a number of minor genotypes. Subsequent deep sequencing analysis of the viral population confirmed the presence of the three major CTV genotypes and, in addition, revealed that the minor genotypes consisted of an extraordinarily large number of genetic variants generated by promiscuous recombination between the major genotypes. Further analysis provided evidence that some of the recombinants underwent subsequent divergence, further increasing the genotypic complexity. These data demonstrate that persistent infection of multiple viral genotypes within a host organism is sufficient to drive the large-scale production of viral genetic variants that may evolve into new and emerging viruses.
The Social Impact of Testing

The “second generation” of testing problems are discussed and research data relevant to them are reported. Counselor and teacher behavior with regard to tests does not seem congruent with expressed opinions about tests. The social effect of reporting scores is considered by noting the variables to be used in estimating the impact of such information.
Lack of effect of mouse adenovirus type 1 infection on cell surface expression of major histocompatibility complex class I antigens.

It has been proposed that adenoviruses establish and maintain persistent infections by reducing the class I major histocompatibility complex-associated presentation of viral antigens to cytotoxic T lymphocytes, leading to ineffective cell-mediated immunity and impaired clearance of infected cells (W.S.M. Wold and L. R. Gooding, Virology 184:1-8, 1991). Early region 3 of human adenovirus types 2 and 5 encodes a 19-kDa glycoprotein that associates with the class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens in the endoplasmic reticulum and prevents their maturation and transport to the cell surface. Early region 1A of human adenovirus type 12 encodes a protein that inhibits class I MHC mRNA production at the transcriptional or posttranscriptional processing level. Unlike human adenovirus infections, however, mouse adenovirus type 1 (MAV-1) infection of a variety of cell types did not affect the surface expression of 10 different mouse class I MHC allotypes. MAV-1-infected cells also regenerated cell surface class I MHC antigens following proteolytic removal as efficiently as mock-infected cells. The ability of cells to present antigen to class I MHC (Kb)-ovalbumin-specific T-cell hybridoma cells was likewise unaltered by MAV-1 infection. Thus, the ability of MAV-1 to persist cannot be explained by the model of reduced class I MHC-associated antigen presentation proposed for human adenoviruses.
New statistical potential for quality assessment of protein models and a survey of energy functions

Background: Scoring functions, such as molecular mechanic forcefields and statistical potentials are fundamentally important tools in protein structure modeling and quality assessment. Results: The performances of a number of publicly available scoring functions are compared with a statistical rigor, with an emphasis on knowledge-based potentials. We explored the effect on accuracy of alternative choices for representing interaction center types and other features of scoring functions, such as using information on solvent accessibility, on torsion angles, accounting for secondary structure preferences and side chain orientation. Partially based on the observations made, we present a novel residue based statistical potential, which employs a shuffled reference state definition and takes into account the mutual orientation of residue side chains. Atom- and residuelevel statistical potentials and Linux executables to calculate the energy of a given protein proposed in this work can be downloaded from http://www.fiserlab.org/potentials. Conclusions: Among the most influential terms we observed a critical role of a proper reference state definition and the benefits of including information about the microenvironment of interaction centers. Molecular mechanical potentials were also tested and found to be over-sensitive to small local imperfections in a structure, requiring unfeasible long energy relaxation before energy scores started to correlate with model quality. Background Statistical potentials are widely used tools for protein structure analysis, modeling and quality assessment. Many different aspects and properties of these potentials have been explored during the last few decades including the different theoretical foundations to derive them, the representation of interaction centers and types of interactions, and the various models for defining the reference state. Combinations of various types and flavors of potentials are often used together in order to
Preliminary safety and biological efficacy studies of ethyl pyruvate in normal mature horses

Summary Reasons for performing the study: Endotoxaemia causes substantial morbidity and mortality in horses with colic and sepsis. Ethyl pyruvate is a novel anti-inflammatory medication that improved survival in preclinical models of severe sepsis endotoxaemia and intestinal ischaemia and reperfusion in rodents, swine, sheep and dogs and may be a useful medication in horses. Hypothesis: Ethyl pyruvate has no adverse effects in normal horses and is biologically active based on suppression of proinflammatory gene expression in endotoxin stimulated whole blood, in vitro. Methods: Physical and neurological examinations, behaviour scores, electrocardiograms and clinicopathological tests were performed on 5 normal healthy horses receiving 4 different doses of ethyl pyruvate. Doses included 0, 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg bwt administered in a randomised crossover design with a 2 week washout period between doses. Biological efficacy was assessed by stimulating whole blood with endotoxin from the horses that received ethyl pyruvate prior to and 1 and 6 h after drug infusion. Gene expression for TNFα, IL-1β and IL-6 was assessed. Results: There were no effects of drug or dose (0, 50, 100 or 150 mg/kg bwt) on any of the physical or neurological examination, behaviour factors, electrocardiogram or clinical pathological results collected from any of the horses. All parameters measured remained within the normal reference range. There was a significant reduction in TNFα, IL-1β and IL-6 gene expression in endotoxin stimulated whole blood from horses 6 h after receiving 150 mg/kg bwt ethyl pyruvate. There were no detectable effects on gene expression of any of the other doses of ethyl pyruvate tested. Conclusion: We were unable to detect any detrimental effects of ethyl pyruvate administration in normal horses. Ethyl pyruvate significantly decreased proinflammatory gene expression in endotoxin stimulated blood 6 h after drug administration. Clinical relevance: Ethyl pyruvate may be a safe, effective medication in endotoxaemic horses.
Fuzzycast: efficient video-on-demand over multicast

Server bandwidth has been identified as a major bottleneck in large video-on-demand (VoD) systems. Using multicast delivery to serve popular content helps increase scalability by making efficient use of server bandwidth. In addition, recent research has focused on proactive schemes in which the server periodically multicasts popular content without explicit requests from clients. Proactive schemes are attractive because they consume bounded server bandwidth irrespective of client arrival rate. In this work, we describe Fuzzycast, a scalable periodic multicast scheme that uses simple techniques to provide video on demand at reasonable client start-up times while consuming optimal server bandwidth. We present a theoretical analysis of its bandwidth and client buffer requirements and prove its optimality. We study the effect of variable bitrate (VBR) media on Fuzzycast performance and propose a simple extension to transmit VBR media over constant-rate channels. Finally, we solve the problem of partitioning a transmission over multiple multicast groups by considering it as a specific instance of a more widely encountered resource trade-off.
Rapid tremor reversals in Cascadia generated by a weakened plate interface

Slow slip of the down-going plate at subduction zones can generate seismic tremor. Analysis of recent large tremor and slip episodes along the Cascadia subduction zone reveals tremor signals that reverse and rapidly migrate back along the previously ruptured fault, implying that the initial fault slip weakened the plate interface.
Creating a Text Classifier to Detect Radiology Reports Describing Mediastinal Findings Associated with Inhalational Anthrax and Other Disorders

Objective: The aim of this study was to create a classifier for automatic detection of chest radiograph reports consistent with the mediastinal findings of inhalational anthrax. Design: The authors used the Identify Patient Sets (IPS) system to create a key word classifier for detecting reports describing mediastinal findings consistent with anthrax and compared their performances on a test set of 79,032 chest radiograph reports. Measurements: Area under the ROC curve was the main outcome measure of the IPS classifier. Sensitivity and specificity of an initial IPS model were calculated based on an existing key word search and were compared against a Boolean version of the IPS classifier. Results: The IPS classifier received an area under the ROC curve of 0.677 (90% CI = 0.628 to 0.772) with a specificity of 0.99 and maximum sensitivity of 0.35. The initial IPS model attained a specificity of 1.0 and a sensitivity of 0.04. Conclusion: The IPS system is a useful tool for helping domain experts create a statistical key word classifier for textual reports that is a potentially useful component in surveillance of radiographic findings suspicious for anthrax.
Nuchal translucency and first trimester biochemical markers for down syndrome screening: a cost-effectiveness analysis.

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to perform a cost-effectiveness analysis that compared the first- and second-trimester screening tools for Down syndrome. Study Design: A decision tree was designed that compared four possible screens for Down syndrome: (1) current second-trimester expanded maternal serum α-fetoprotein test (AFP), (2) first-trimester nuchal translucency screen, (3) first-trimester serum screen, and (4) combined first-trimester screen with both nuchal translucency screen and a serum screen. Incremental cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness ratios were calculated that compared the first-trimester screens with expanded α-fetoprotein. Results: The combined screen (nuchal translucency screen + first-trimester serum screen) identified 3833 Down syndrome fetuses, the nuchal translucency alone identified 3413 Down syndrome fetuses, and the first-trimester serum screen identified 2993 Down syndrome fetuses. Each of these screens was an improvement over the current expanded AFP screen, which diagnosed 2446 Down syndrome fetuses. It would cost $98,381 for each additional Down syndrome case that would be identified by nuchal translucency alone, with a benefit-to-cost ratio of 4.85. The addition of the first-trimester serum screen is still cost-effective compared with expanded AFP; the cost would be $319,934 for each additional Down syndrome fetus who was identified, which would be a benefit-to-cost ratio of 1.57. Conclusion: First-trimester screening for Down syndrome with nuchal translucency screening alone or with serum markers is more clinically effective and cost-effective than the current expanded AFP screen that is being used. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;187:1239-45.)
Nationalism as a Factor for an International Environmental Regime: Korea and the East Asian Biosphere Reserve Network (EABRN)

This article reveals the role nationalism plays when states collaborate for the purpose of ecological research. Working from the perspective of international regime theories, the author develops a case study around the East Asian Biosphere Reserve Network (EABRN), a project under the auspices of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Beneath the official explanations set forth by UNESCO and member countries reside other motives for the formation and implementation of the EABRN, and in the case of North Korea and South Korea, nationalism certainly figured. The main argument made here is that nationalism should be studied as a possible force of forming and developing international environmental regimes. This can pose a challenge to the widespread assumption that nationalism is generally at odds with globalization. When applied to the international regime theories, however, the case study also identifies such elements as epistemic community and national leadership as determinants.
Interaction of misonidazole and oxygen in the radiosensitization of mammalian cells

The radiosensitizing effect of misonidazole in the presence of various oxygen concentrations was studied using cultured Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Survival curves were measured for cells equilibrated with various combinations of oxygen and misonidazole concentrations and irradiated with 50 kVp x-rays. In cases where the two agents independently yield two moderately different enhancement ratios (ER), the combined ER is simply the higher of the two. Only when the two individual ER's are approximately equal is there some degree of increase in the overall ER. An empirical technique was derived, based on the concept of ER-equivalence and the respective K-curves of the two sensitizers, to predict the combinative effect of the agents in radiosensitization. These experimental and theoretical considerations suggest that oxygen and misonidazole share in the same sensitization mechanism and act on the same target site or sites. Since it is likely that there is a distribution of oxygen tension in a tumor sensitizing tumor cells to varying degrees, knowledge of the additive effects of misonidazole and oxygen in radiosensitization may be valuable in understanding the efficacy of the application of electron affinic drugs to cancer radiotherapy.
The Politics of Regulation: From New Institutionalism to New Governance

The study of the politics of regulation has followed two distinct paths in recent years. “New institutionalism” research has focused primarily on the policy-making process, particularly the interplay between regulators (who implement policy) and their political principals (who attempt to control regulators' activity). In contrast, “new governance” scholarship has focused on strategies other than traditional “command-and-control” regulation that can encourage compliance with socially valued norms of behavior. Although these two lines of research approach highly distinct facets of regulation and have developed largely independently of each other, they exhibit a generally unacknowledged and extensive overlap in their theoretical structure and associated results. In this article, we compare these two approaches to regulatory politics. For each, we discuss how the interactions of key actors are conceptualized, consider the types of regulatory mechanisms used to manage behavior, and examine the breadth of outco...
Automated processing for proton spectroscopic imaging using water reference deconvolution

Automated formation of MR spectroscopic images (MRSI) is necessary before routine application of these methods is possible for in vivo studies; however, this task is complicated by the presence of spatially dependent instrumental distortions and the complex nature of the MR spectrum. A data processing method is presented for completely automated formation of in vivo proton spectroscopic images, and applied for analysis of human brain metabolites. This procedure uses the water reference deconvolution method (G. A. Morris, J. Magn. Reson. 80, 547(1988)) to correct for line shape distortions caused by instrumental and sample characteristics, followed by parametric spectral analysis. Results for automated image formation were found to compare favorably with operator dependent spectral integration methods. While the water reference deconvolution processing was found to provide good correction of spatially dependent resonance frequency shifts, it was found to be susceptible to errors for correction of line shape distortions. These occur due to differences between the water reference and the metabolite distributions.
Microvesicles as a Biomarker for Tumor Progression versus Treatment Effect in Radiation/Temozolomide-Treated Glioblastoma Patients.

The standard of care for glioblastoma (GB) is surgery followed by concurrent radiation therapy (RT) and temozolomide (TMZ) and then adjuvant TMZ. This regime is associated with increased survival but also increased occurrence of equivocal imaging findings, e.g., tumor progression (TP) versus treatment effect (TE), which is also referred to as pseudoprogression (PsP). Equivocal findings make decisions regarding further treatment difficult and often delayed. Because none of the current imaging assays have proven sensitive and specific for differentiation of TP versus TE/PsP, we investigated whether blood-derived microvesicles (MVs) would be a relevant assay. METHODS: 2.8 ml of citrated blood was collected from patients with GB at the time of their RT simulation, at the end of chemoradiation therapy (CRT), and multiple times following treatment. MVs were collected following multiple centrifugations (300g, 2500g, and 15,000g). The pellet from the final spin was analyzed using flow cytometry. A diameter of approximately 300 nm or greater and Pacific Blue–labeled Annexin V positivity were used to identify the MVs reported herein. RESULTS: We analyzed 19 blood samples from 11 patients with GB. MV counts in the patients with stable disease or TE/PsP were significantly lower than patients who developed TP (P = .014). CONCLUSION: These preliminary data suggest that blood analysis for MVs from GB patients receiving CRT may be useful to distinguish TE/PsP from TP. MVs may add clarity to standard imaging for decision making in patients with equivocal imaging findings.
Health Reform and Race Hygiene: Adventists and the Biomedical Vision of the Third Reich

German Seventh-day Adventists entered the Nazi era with apprehension.1 As a foreign sect which resembled Judaism in many respects, Adventists were particularly threatened by a society based on the principle of vdlkisch racism.2 Yet the new state also had much to offer them, for it held the prospect of new opportunities for the church. The Nazi state banished the scourge of liberalism and godless Bolshevism, it restored conservative standards in the domestic sphere, and it took effective steps to return German society to a life in harmony with nature-a life Adventists had long championed. One of Adventism's most distinguishing marks was-and is-its theology of health reform. Adherents perceive body, mind, and spirit as inseparable aspects of the human being. Since the human body is the "temple" of the Holy Spirit, Adventist theology recognizes the importance of the physical being and places a strong emphasis on temperance and healthful living. This emphasis is most visible in the church's radical opposition to the use of alcohol and tobacco, and avoidance of "unclean" foods such as pork. In Germany, as elsewhere, the Adventist "health message" strongly affects all aspects of denominational work. This is evident not only in an extensive health care and welfare system and in the manufacture of health foods, but also in publishing, education, evangelism, and pastoral ministry. An evangelistic auxiliary, the Adventist health message is the "right arm" of the church.3 1. Adventist church membership in Nazi Germany was about forty thousand, and the church employed some five hundred pastors and eight hundred staff in its publishing work. See Johannes Hartlapp, "Die Lage der Gemeinschaft der Siebenten-Tags
Efficacy of single dose of gentamicin in combination with metronidazole versus multiple doses for prevention of post-caesarean infection: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

Background Caesarean section is a commonly performed operation worldwide. It has been found to increase rates of maternal infectious morbidities more than five times when compared to vaginal delivery. Provision of intravenous prophylactic antibiotics 30 to 60 minutes prior to caesarean section has been found to reduce post-caesarean infection tremendously. Many centers recommend provision of a single dose of antibiotics, as repeated doses offer no benefit over a single dose. At Bugando Medical Centre post caesarean infection is among the top five causes of admission at the post-natal ward. Unfortunately, there is no consistent protocol for the administration of antibiotic prophylaxis to patients who are designated for caesarean section. Common practice and generally the clinician’s preference are to provide repeated dosages of antibiotic prophylaxis after caesarean section to most of the patients. This study aims to determine the comparative efficacy of a single dose of gentamicin in combination with metronidazole versus multiple doses for prevention of post caesarean infection.
Capability-Based Quantitative Technology Evaluation for Systems-of-Systems

In this work, a methodology for quantitative technology evaluation for systems-of-systems is defined. Physics-based models of an aircraft system are exercised within a hierarchical, object-oriented constructive simulation to quantify technology potential in the context of a relevant scenario. Neural network surrogate models and agent-based modeling are leveraged to provide a battle management and technology exploitation capabilities to individual assets in the simulation. Surrogate models are also used around the simulation to perform rapid domain-spanning technology exploration. Since a large amount of data is produced in the analysis of systems-of-systems, dynamic, interactive visualization techniques are used to enable ' what-if games on assumptions, systems, technologies, tactics, and evolving threats to enable decision making with respect to technology investment.
Ideal space focusing in a time-of-flight mass spectrometer: an optimization using an analytical approach

An exact, analytical solution for an electric field in a nonlinear acceleration region of an ion source for the cases of linear and reflectron time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometers has been found to achieve universal temporal focusing of ions having an initial space distribution. The general solutions are valid for an arbitrary electric field distribution in the drift region (from the ion source to an ion detector) of a linear TOF mass spectrometer, and in the upstream (from the ion source to the reflectron) and downstream (from the reflectron to an ion detector) regions of a reflectron TOF instrument. This may include, for example, electrostatic lenses commonly used after an ion source for angular focusing of ions onto the detector to increase the instrument sensitivity and additional acceleration of ions before their detection. Using analytical expressions obtained for an arbitrary case, convenient working formulae are derived for the widely used single- and dual-stage ion extraction schemes in the cases of linear and reflectron TOF mass spectrometers. The formulae are used in optimizing the TOF mass spectrometer design by decreasing the curvature of the nonlinear acceleration potential in the ion source. The relationship has been shown between the conditions for an ideal space focusing using an optimized curved extraction field and a finite-order space-focusing using a linear extraction field in an ion source. The results obtained are especially useful for designing miniature TOF mass spectrometers or instruments with large volume ion sources.
Conditional macrophage ablation in transgenic mice expressing a Fas-based suicide gene

Transgenic mice expressing an inducible suicide gene, which allows systemic and reversible elimination of macrophages, were developed. A macrophage-specific c-fms promoter was used to express enhanced green fluorescent protein and a drug-inducible suicide gene that leads to Fas-mediated apoptosis in resting and cycling cells of the macrophage lineage. Transgenic mice were fertile, of normal weight, and showed no abnormal phenotype before drug exposure. The transgene was expressed constitutively in macrophages and dendritic cells (DC) but not significantly in T cells or B cells. Induction of the suicide gene led to depletion of 70-95% of macrophages and DC in nearly all tissues examined. Depletion reduced the ability to clear bacteria from the blood and led to increased bacterial growth in the liver. Depleted mice displayed several abnormalities, including splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, thymic atrophy, extramedullary hematopoiesis, and development of peritoneal adhesions. This new, transgenic line will be useful in investigating the role of macrophages and DC.
An instructional strategy planning model to improve learning and cognition

Abstract Developments in cognitive science (e.g., psychology, artificial intelligence, and expert systems) provide a framework to propose an instructional strategy planning model that links knowledge acquisition and employment with specific instructional strategies. The model presented in this article identifies unique computer-based instructional strategies to improve both learning and cognition. Using a meta-learning theory, the storage memory system components of declarative, procedural, and conceptual knowledge are respectively linked to drill and practice, tutorial, and task-oriented simulation strategies. Likewise, for the retrieval memory system components (i.e., differentiation, integration, and creation), the instructional strategies include problem-oriented simulations and self-directed experiences. Each of the instructional strategies are composed of variables and conditions that have been empirically tested and shown to improve specific forms of knowledge acquisition and employment.
Rationale and early clinical data on IL-17 blockade in psoriasis

Psoriasis vulgaris is a chronic, immune-mediated, inflammatory disease that affects between 2 and 3% of the US population. Often severely physically and emotionally debilitating, psoriasis has driven investigators to strive to better characterize its complex immune pathogenesis. Some of the most promising and exciting advances have occurred in the last decade with recognition of the IL-23/Th17 pathway in disease initiation, progression and maintenance. Biologic therapies targeting various points in the pathway have met with success, prompting the study of the safety and efficacy of IL-17 blockade for moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis. This article will review the rationale and early clinical data on IL-17 blockade in psoriasis.
Corporate Diversification And Firm Performance Impact On Chief Executive Officers Salary

The purpose of this research is to examine CEO salary and to explore whether the independent variables (international diversification, industrial diversification, market-based performance, accounting-based performance) are associated with CEO salary. Corporate diversification in this study is divided into international diversification and industrial diversification. Data for the study was obtained from annual reports of CEO salary on the ExecuComp database. Compensation data collected from the annual reports encompassed 2,448 CEOs from 1,622 firms. The dependent variable was developed from a review of CEO salary and accounting literature. The hypothesized predictors of CEO salary were identified through a review of existing studies. The results show that the higher the degree of international diversification and/or industrial diversification, the more CEOs receive in fixed salary. In addition, this study found that CEO salary is a better predictor of accounting performance than stock return performance.
The isolation and characterization of CTC subsets related to breast cancer dormancy

Uncovering CTCs phenotypes offer the promise to dissect their heterogeneity related to metastatic competence. CTC survival rates are highly variable and this can lead to many questions as yet unexplored properties of CTCs responsible for invasion and metastasis vs dormancy. We isolated CTC subsets from peripheral blood of patients diagnosed with or without breast cancer brain metastasis. CTC subsets were selected for EpCAM negativity but positivity for CD44+/CD24− stem cell signature; along with combinatorial expression of uPAR and int β1, two markers directly implicated in breast cancer dormancy mechanisms. CTC subsets were cultured in vitro generating 3D CTC tumorspheres which were interrogated for biomarker profiling and biological characteristics. We identified proliferative and invasive properties of 3D CTC tumorspheres distinctive upon uPAR/int β1 combinatorial expression. The molecular characterization of uPAR/int β1 CTC subsets may enhance abilities to prospectively identify patients who may be at high risk of developing BCBM.
Simulating the Dynamics of Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in an Organic Cropping System with a Spatiotemporal Model

The dynamics of the whitefly Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring were studied at a mixed-crop organic farm on Pine Island, FL, between September 1992 and January 1993. Whitefly populations on tomato, eggplant, zucchini, cucumber, and pepper were monitored weekly by beat-pan sampling and biweekly by visual counts, and parasitism was determined by rearing parasitoids from whitefly infested tomato and eggplant foliage. Analysis of the sampling data identified tomato and eggplant as the most attractive whitefly host plants followed by cucumber, zucchini, and pepper. Parasitism of whiteflies on tomato and eggplant reached 80% during the study. Two peaks in population numbers were observed on tomato and eggplant planted by late September, whereas only 1 peak occurred when the same crops were planted later. The suitability of a spatially explicit population model as a tool for investigating insect dynamics was demonstrated on whiteflies at the farm. Simulation experiments conducted to explain the trends in whitefly population numbers observed on early and late tomato indicated that these population peaks likely resulted from the interaction of planting date and temperature and not from the spatial heterogeneity of the crop system at the farm. Other simulation experiments showed that whitefly population levels could be lowered by grouping similar crops and maintaining barriers to whitefly movement between crops. The utility of this type of model for studying insect dynamics in systems where host plants vary spatially and temporally is illustrated.