cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Direct Frequency Locking of a Diode Laser to a Meter-Long High-Finesse Fiber Fabry-Perot Cavity

We report the demonstration of directly locking the frequency of a diode laser to a meter-long, high-finesse (~1000) fiber Fabry-Perot cavity. This work can serve as a key step toward ultra-sensitive infrasonic strain sensors. © 2019 The Author(s)
Serving a Different Master: Assessing College Educational Quality for the Public

Assessing college educational quality has received a significant amount of attention from higher education scholars, policy-makers, institutional administrators, and faculty. The accountability movement calls for transparent, comparable data on college educational quality. Paradoxically, institutions have responded in the “assessment movement” with institution-centric data that is not seen by the public eye. By attempting to serve multiple masters (institutions, policy-makers, and the public), using limited conceptualizations of quality in higher education, and using singular and limited methods of measurement, the assessment movement has not met the underlying needs of the public and instead has created a substantial amount of data that does not illuminate “the black box.”
Inpatient prenatal yoga sessions for women with high-risk pregnancies: A feasibility study.

Abstract Background Antenatal hospitalization for pregnancy complications can result in significant stress for pregnant women and their families. Prenatal yoga has been investigated in the outpatient setting as a method to alleviate stress. This study was designed to investigate the feasibility of incorporating prenatal yoga into the inpatient environment for women hospitalized with pregnancy complications. Study design High-risk women were recruited from the inpatient antepartum service at Tufts Medical Center (Boston, MA; March 2016 to February 2017) to evaluate the feasibility of an inpatient prenatal yoga program. The thirty-minute session was led by a certified instructor in a room adjacent to Labor and Delivery. Participants and antepartum nurses completed study questionnaires addressing logistics such as class duration and frequency. Perceived benefits of yoga were also explored. Results Thirty-nine women were found eligible for this study and were consented for participation. Of these, fifteen (38%) participated in at least one yoga session. Responses to the to the post-class questionnaire by study participants indicated that the thirty minutes allocated for the yoga class was appropriate. Of the eight participants who responded to the discharge questionnaire, all indicated that the class was helpful with regards to stress reduction. Completed questionnaires by the antepartum nursing staff (n = 14) unanimously indicated that the yoga session was helpful for the patients and was not disruptive to medical care. Conclusion(s) Prenatal yoga is a technique that has been currently limited to the outpatient setting. This study provides a foundation for continued investigation of inpatient prenatal yoga for women hospitalized with pregnancy complications.
Historicizing making and doing: Seymour Papert, Sherry Turkle, and epistemological foundations of the maker movement

The field of science and technology studies (STS) has recently formalized a performative category of scholarship called ‘making and doing’. Making and doing recognizes engaged and reflexive practic...
Butterfly Film Festival: Teaching Transformational Leadership:

This article outlines an active learning exercise that gives students the opportunity to learn and apply the behaviors of transformational leadership theory. Students watch a brief, prerecorded “be...
What do you think youth workers do? A comparative case study of library and afterschool workers

Abstract This study investigates stereotypes and occupational identity of two groups of youth workers in one city: youth services public library workers and afterschool workers. Library staff are tied to outdated stereotypes of libraries as warehouses of books and afterschool staff are tied to a longstanding idea of afterschool as an extension of school. However, this study reveals that these external expectations are different from what library and afterschool staff actually do. We interviewed 34 participants using a protocol to prompt discussion of expectations from outside stakeholders and occupational identity. We found that both groups think relational interactions are important aspects of their job and engage in very similar relational work with youth. Both groups also experienced friction between what outside stakeholders expect and what they actually do. They felt pressure from outside stakeholders to engage in delivery of information and curriculum as well as a significant level disrespect. The learning ecosystem includes many youth workers including library and afterschool staff, but afterschool programs have been defined in service of formal education and public libraries have been excluded altogether. Redefining youth work to include library workers and to emphasize the relational work that both library and afterschool workers do could help create supportive communities of practice and alleviate the perceived friction.
Trapping Malicious Crawlers in Social Networks

In this paper, we study a problem of trapping malicious web crawlers in social networks to minimize the attacks from crawlers with malicious intents to steal personal/private information. The problem is to find where to place a given set of traps over a graph so as to minimize the expected number of users who possibly fall prey to a (possibly random) set of malicious crawlers, each of which traverses the graph in a random-walk fashion for a random finite time. We first show that this problem is NP-hard and also a monotone submodular maximization problem. We then present a greedy algorithm that achieves a ($1-1/e$)-approximation. We also develop an $(e,δ)$-approximation Monte Carlo estimator to ease the computation of the greedy algorithm and thus make the algorithm scalable for large graphs. We finally present extensive simulation results to show that our algorithm significantly outperforms other baseline algorithms based on various centrality measures.
Modeling Sinusoidal Motion of Harmonic Tags Objects for Harmonic Doppler Radar

Harmonic Doppler radar combines Doppler measurement of moving objects with harmonic tags to improve detection in cluttered environments. Using a harmonic tag that generates and retransmits the second harmonic of an incident continuous- wave signal, the shift on the second harmonic can be used to determine the motion, even when the fundamental scattered signal is obscured by clutter return in amplitude and frequency. In this work, we present a model of the response of a harmonic tag under sinusoidal motion and compare to experimental results. We derive the time-frequency response of the scattered harmonic signal and present time-frequency simulations and measurements of tags with sinusoidal motion, demonstrating the ability to model simple motion.
Disaggregating Slavery and the Slave Trade

International law prohibits slavery and the slave trade as peremptory norms, customary international law prohibitions and crimes, humanitarian law prohibitions, and non-derogable human rights. Human rights bodies, however, focus on human trafficking, even when slavery and the slave trade—and not human trafficking—are within their mandates. International human rights law has conflated human trafficking with slavery and the slave trade. Indeed, the incorrect implementation of human trafficking completely subsumes the slave trade and, at times, slavery prohibitions, increasing perpetrator impunity for these abuses and denying justice to survivors in both international and domestic forums. This Article disaggregates slavery from the slave trade and slavery and the slave trade from human trafficking, arguing that untangling these overlapping, yet distinct prohibitions is important for several reasons. First, slavery and the slave trade persist as harms today as evidenced by, inter alia, kafala system abuses in Lebanon, slave market auctions in Libya, and Islamic State (IS) crimes perpetrated against Yazidis. Second, slavery and the slave trade enjoy peremptory status, offering the highest form of protection, in international law. Human trafficking does not. Third, naming and addressing violations of the slave trade—the precursory acts to slavery—helps to identify, provide redress, and prevent perpetration of slavery and slave trade harms. Distinguishing the slave trade from slavery, and the slave trade and slavery from human trafficking, affords additional avenues for redress, maximizing full expressive accountability for states’ obligations to prohibit slavery and the slave trade at the international and domestic levels. Finally, delineating these prohibitions provides legal clarity and accuracy, both by correctly characterizing harms and by properly interpreting treaty provisions and jurisdictional mandates. In the short term, playing “fast and loose” with distinct prohibitions undermines international law’s institutional legitimacy. In the long term, state practice and opinio juris that moves away from enforcing against slavery and slave trade harms might lessen or even erode these protective customary international law prohibitions.
Molecular beam epitaxy of PdO on MgO (001)

PdO, widely used in catalysis in powder form for decades, has been predicted recently to be a Dirac semimetal. Synthesis of high-quality single crystals of this material is thus of great interest. Here, by using ozone-assisted molecular beam epitaxy, PdO thin films were grown on a MgO (001) substrate. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy indicate the film is $a/b$ axis oriented, with the $c$ axis lying in plane. Fully oxygenated PdO films have a low density of holelike carriers, and are insulating at the lowest temperatures. Our density functional theory calculations using the Heyd-Scuseria-Ernzerhof exchange-correlation functional suggest a \ensuremath{\sim}1.0 eV band gap at the $M$ point, where the gap can be reduced by tensile strain along the $c$ axis and the bands begin to invert when the tensile strain is as high as 18%. Although tensile strain of this magnitude is experimentally not viable using epitaxy, electrons can be doped by oxygen reduction. Our results emphasize the need for careful consideration of electron correlation effects and stoichiometry in ab initio modeling of topological semimetals involving transition metal oxides.
Hilton: Tru to its Brand?

Tripp McLaughlin was senior director of brand management at Hilton Worldwide in McLean, Virginia, when the company decided to explore growth through the launch of a new midscale brand in 2015. McLaughlin and team spent a year strategizing. They developed a prototype midscale property called Tru by Hilton that would be simple, spirited, and grounded in value. By April 2016, the first Tru by Hilton opened in Oklahoma City. While excited about the launch, McLaughlin still harbored the concerns he had had from the beginning. Should Hilton fill the midscale gap? Could it successfully differentiate from competitors, and could it build financial success for Hilton at a lower price point? Excerpt UVA-F-1852 Rev. Mar. 13, 2019 Hilton: Tru to Its Brand? Tripp McLaughlin was senior director of brand management at Hilton in McLean, Virginia, when the company decided to explore growth through the launch of a new brand in 2015. Hilton's portfolio had a strong global awareness and customer satisfaction in the luxury and upscale segments. Yet there were two segments of the industry without Hilton brands—economy and midscale. In the past, Hilton had moved away from both. The only entrance in the midscale segment, Hampton by Hilton brand in the early 1980s, was so successful the brand moved into the upper-midscale category. This left a gap in the midscale and economy space that seemed to need a Hilton presence. And a healthy signal from consumers indicated that the midscale hotel space, in particular, was marked by lack of choice and uncertainty around the brands already in the segment. McLaughlin would work under a senior vice president on a concept to launch a brand to compete in the midscale market. Keenly aware that it was easier to improve the overall Hilton halo by building great luxury resorts in the Maldives or Bali than by building great midscale hotels in the suburban United States, McLaughlin and team spent a year strategizing around the concept. They worked to develop a prototype midscale property called Tru by Hilton that would be simple, spirited, and grounded in value. By April 2016, the first Tru by Hilton opened in Oklahoma City. While excited about the launch, McLaughlin still harbored the concerns he had had from the beginning. Should Hilton fill the midscale gap? Could it successfully differentiate from competitors, and could it build financial success for Hilton at a lower price point? . . .
Workplace factors facilitating the radiographers' assessment of referrals for diagnostic imaging - A qualitative study

Abstract Introduction Radiology referrals are assessed for appropriate imaging based on the available clinical information. The task is legally the responsibility of the radiologists but could be delegated to radiographers under guidance. Knowledge of how this task is organised in radiology departments is limited. The study aim was to identify workplace factors facilitating the radiographers’ assessment of referrals for medical imaging. Methods Five radiographers were recruited by convenience- and snowball-sampling techniques through the online social media platform LinkedIn. The participants represented different private and public hospitals and had from three to above ten years of experience with assessment of referrals for plain and cross sectional imaging. Following a qualitative approach, 60-min in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted through online video meetings. Interviews followed a topic guide with 15 questions and 20 keywords, previously tested through a pilot interview. Systematic text condensation was performed using NVivo 12, where central themes and underlying subthemes were developed. Results Five central facilitating factors were identified, each with subthemes identified as: (1) Formal responsibilities; Documented delegation, Specific role description, (2) Training; Achieving skills, Maintaining skills, (3) Guidelines; Clinical indications, Priority, (4) Resource allocation; Time, Staff, (5) a Supporting environment; Teamwork, Mutual benefits, Feedback and knowledge sharing. Conclusion The study adds new and valuable insights into workplace factors facilitating the radiographers’ delegated task of assessing referrals. Workflows adapting such factors benefit radiographers by increasing knowledge and professional development, while positively re-allocating radiologist resources. Implications for practice The study findings may support radiology workplaces in establishing or improving referral assessment by radiographers. Subsequently, improved quality of patient services may be achieved.
Agent-based models of complex dynamical systems of market exchange

The standard Walrasian general equilibrium model is a static description of market clearing equilibria. Attempts over more than a century to provide a decentralized market dynamic that implements market equilibrium have failed. The reason is that a system of decentralized markets is a complex dynamical system in which the major form of learning is through experience (adaptive expectations) and imitating successful others (replicator dynamics). I will present a model of decentralized market exchange where each individual produces one good and consumes many. I will show that an agent-based model of this economy converges to market equilibrium and is highly impervious to shocks. I will also present a model in which agents are firms and households, as in the standard Walrasian model. I will show that an agent-based model in this case converges strongly to market equilibrium, but with considerable excess volatility and large excursions from equilibrium. This is characteristic of error terms with "fat tails" as characterized in the complexity literature, and is due to the tendency of agents to imitate the successful, which leads to strongly correlated error distributions.
Correlations between culture findings of Candida albicans in the digestive tract and the antibody titers of indirect Candida immunofluorescence

Zusammenfassung: 1005 semiquantitative Kulturbefunde von Candida albicans der Standorte sputum und Stuhl wurden den immunflnoreszenzserolologisch ermittelten Candida-albicans- Antikopertitern von 554 pitienten mit verschiedenen Dematosen and 41 gesunden Kontroll- personen ditferenziert gegenubergestellt Es zeigt sich, das bei fehlender Hautcandidose die humorale Immunreaktion auf Candida albicans in hobem Grad durch die orointestinale Candida- Besiedlung induziert wird. Patienten ohne Candidose und mit negativer Sputumkultur weisen die niedrigste Inzidenz positive IF-Befunde auf (6%). Beim Nachweis vieler Kolonien C. a. in der Sputumkultur einer unausgewahlten Probandengruppe steigt die Summenhaufigkeit positiver Candidaserologien auf 63,5%. Dabei wachst die Summe positiver Immunflnoreszenztiter mit zunehmender Keimdichte von Candida albicans in den angelegten Kulturen. Die Antikorpertiter bei Besiedlung und bei manifester Infektion unterscheiden sich qnantitativ. Beim Vorliegen einer Infektion (in unserem Material durch Titer von 1:512 bls 1:32768 reprasentiert) ist der Titeranstieg am hochsten. Immunfluoreszenztiter im Grenzbereich der indirek- ten Candida-Immunfluoreszenz (1:256, 1:512, 1:1024) konnen auch eine vermehrte Candida- Besiedlung reflektieren. Sie erklaren somit positive serologische Befunde ohne klinisches Korrelat. Summary: Immnnofluorescence antibody titers against Candida albicans were measured in sera fiom 554 patients suffering from various dermatoses and from 41 healthy control persons. The titers were compared in detail to 1005 semiquantitative cultural isolations of the fungus from its sputum and stool habitat. It was found that the cell count of C. albicans in culture correlated significantly with positive immnnofluorescence findings. In cases without skin candidosis the serological reaction to C. albicans is induced, to a high degree, by the oro-intestinal colonization with C. albicans. The antibody titers in case of colonization on one hand and of manifest infection on the other differ quantitatively. Highest titers were found during an infection (characterized in our material by titers between 1:512 and 1:32768). Immnnofluorescence titers in intermediatery or lower ranges of positive candida immunofluorescence (1:256, 1:512, 1:1024) may also reflect an augmented candida colonization and, thus, explain serological findings without any clinicai correlate.
DNA barcoding of toxigenic fungi: a perspective

Abstract: The ‘DNA barcode’ is a recent initiative aiming to provide a rapid and cost-effective protocol to identify unequivocally species in a particular taxonomic group on the basis of a short DNA fragment taken from a standardized genome portion. To date, this approach has been tested most widely in the animal kingdom where an approximately 650-pb long region belonging to the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 (CO1) gene seems to have a high resolution power at the species level. The possibility of applying DNA barcoding to the identification of fungal species has been investigated. In particular, it is possible to imagine how much this type of standardized and rapid species recognition approach could improve the diagnosis of toxigenic fungi in food. Lately several nuclear DNA sequences have been widely used in order to classify taxonomical relationships in fungi but poor attention has been paid to standardization. Instead the DNA barcode introduces the important innovation of a highly standardized protocol, which is so rapid and practical as to be easily used both by researchers involved in fungi species definition studies and by non-experts for practical uses. For example, an effective fungi barcode system would have a great research and commercial value if it was applied to Fusarium , which is often the principal object of interest of plant pathologists and regulators guarding food safety. The possibility of adopting definite mitochondrial regions as fungi barcode markers, for example the CO1 gene, has been considered. Unfortunately, the presence of mobile introns in almost all fungal mitochondrial genes makes PCR and bioinformatic surveys of these markers seriously difficult. Currently, the most attractive alternative choice is represented by the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS), which has already been widely used as a species marker for fungi. Indeed, it has been proposed to the ‘Consortium for the Barcode of Life’ (CBOL) as a standard barcode for this kingdom.
Speak No Evil: Legal Ethics v. First Amendment

Debates surrounding the role of judges in American governance have sparked poisonous hostilities. The extent that attorneys may enter into this debate is controversial. The First Amendment, ethical rules of professional responsibility, and considerations of professionalism dictate lawyers' rights and responsibilities as participants in this great debate.This article explores the contours of attorneys' First Amendment rights. It discusses the various legal standards that are applied when attorneys' statements result in disciplinary actions. It then analyzes a series of pertinent decisions within a First Amendment framework, examines the efficacy of restricting critical attorney speech in light of the public's ignorance concerning governmental institutions and their functions, suggests practical ways to positively impact the public's perception of the judicial system, and concludes by summarize why the problem of public perception must be combated with more speech, not less speech.
Neurochemical responses to lesions of dopaminergic neurons: implications for compensation and neuropathology.

Publisher Summary Parkinson's disease is associated with a relatively selective loss of dopamine (DA) neurons of the nigrostriatal projection. A considerable amount of information regarding Parkinson's disease has come from animal studies using the selective neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). This compound is selectively accumulated in catecholamine neurons, where it autoxidizes to form such toxic species as superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals, and 6-OHDA quinones. 6-OHDA-lesioned rats, like patients with Parkinson's disease, show a “preclinical phase” until the loss of striatal DA exceeds 80-90%. The absence of gross neurological dysfunction despite extensive loss of DA neurons is associated with an increase in the capacity of the remaining DA neurons to deliver transmitter to denervated sites. Studies have suggested that this apparent increase in DA efflux per terminal is because of a reduction in DA reuptake as well as an increase in DA release from residual terminals. The underlying mechanism for the loss of DA neurons in Parkinson's disease is unknown. The binding of DA to cysteinyl residues may serve as an index of DA oxidation; it also may be a cytotoxic event. These events appear to be sufficient for a small number of DA terminals to maintain much of the control over striatal events that normally is exerted by the full complement of nigrostriatal neurons. On the other hand, like 6-OHDA, DA itself can oxidize and exert a selective, toxic effect on DA neurons. Thus, it is possible that the increase in the turnover of DA within remaining neurons contributes to the progressive neurodegenerative process while also reducing the symptoms of DA neuron loss.
Mentally Disordered Sex Offenders

“Sex,” Havelock Ellis (1936) once wrote, “is the central problem of life.” While it may not be the central problem, it is surely a major problem of law as well. Since Michigan enacted the first “sex psychopath” statute in 1937, the diversion from the criminal justice system to the mental health system of those who have committed a sexual offense and are believed to be mentally disordered has been fraught with controversy. Conservatives have charged that the indeterminate confinement that accompanies such diversion results in offenders being released “too soon,” while liberals have argued that it results in a confinement that is “too long.” A recent legislative hearing in California, the state with the largest program for mentally disordered sex offenders (MDSOs), heard a staff psychiatrist at an MDSO facility testify that “What I feel quite often is this guy ought to be in the slammer.” When a legislator stated that “any sex offender is mentally messed up, so let’s lock the SOBs up and get on with the business of the people of California,” the hearing room resounded in applause (Luther, 1981, p. 22).1 When the Wisconsin legislature considered whether to abolish that state’s Sex Crimes Act in 1979 not a single witness could be found to defend the statute. The repeal was passed unanimously by both houses of the legislature and promptly signed by the governor (Ransley, 1980).
Gas Chromatographic Analysis of the Essential Oil from Achillea millefolium L

Gas chromatography with a differential flame-ionization detector was used with polyethylene glycol adipate on Chromosorb W AW 60/80 column. Thirteen components of the essential oil were identified and quantitatively determined.
High-resolution hip ultrasound in the limping child

Hip ultrasound was performed on 44 children (114 exams) presenting with a painful hip or a limp thought to be due to hip disease. Effusions were found in 20 patients (21 hips). Hip ultrasound in combination with aspiration of the joint was found to be useful in diagnosis of osteomyelitis and septic joints, transient synovitis, trauma, and traumatic synovitis. We had no false positives or false negatives for hip effusions by ultrasound. In previous reports, absolute measurements have been relied upon for determination of hip effusions. We present a characteristic appearance of a capsule with and without abnormal joints fluid. The results of these 44 patients are summarized.
Acid resistance of Escherichia coli O157:H7 from the gastrointestinal tract of cattle fed hay or grain

There has been strong debate as to whether feeding cattle hay prior to slaughter will reduce the number and/or virulence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the bovine gastrointestinal tract (GIT). This study addressed this issue by comparing numbers, persistence, and acid resistance of generic coliforms and E. coli O157:H7 from various gastrointestinal tract sites of cattle fed grain or hay. Mature Angus steers, doubly cannulated into the rumen and duodenum were inoculated with E. coli O157:H7. Aliquots of digesta from the rumen, duodenum, and rectum were cultured directly or acid shocked (pH 2.0) and then cultured to determine acid resistance. The culture technique used was as sensitive as standard immunomagnetic bead separation protocols. E. coli O157:H7 from hay-fed or grain-fed cattle were similarly acid resistant in all GIT locations. In contrast, generic coliforms from the rumen and rectum of hay-fed animals were more sensitive to an acid shock than coliforms from those GIT locations in grain-fed animals. E. coli O157:H7 colonized the most distal region of the GIT and was not consistently cultured from the rumen or the duodenum. Numbers in the upper GIT did not predict numbers or persistence of E. coli O157:H7 in rectal samples. Grain-feeding or hay-feeding did not affect survival of E. coli O157:H7 in the rumen, nor its passage through the abomasum (pH 2.0) to the duodenum. These data show that generic coliforms behave differently in the bovine host than E. coli O157:H7 and that E. coli O157:H7 acid resistance was independent of animal diet.
Nonenzymatic tight binding of radioactivity to macromolecular fractions as a source of error in labeling experiments.

Abstract Data are reported which show that a high level of radioactive material can be firmly bound to macromolecular components of serum in the absence of cells and under conditions which make enzymatic activity unlikely. In experiments in which release of radioactively labelled material into serum containing medium is followed, the observed binding can become a source of large errors. Controls and procedures are suggested by which this type of error can be minimized.
Reaction of Benzylic α-Hydroxythioamides with Thionyl Chloride

9-Hydroxy-9-(N,N-dimethylthiocarbamyl)fluorene, 4, reacts very rapidly with 1 equiv of thionyl chloride to give the corresponding α-chlorothioamide derivative, 2. However reaction of 4 with 2 equiv...
Tetralogy of Fallot in a Young Ferret (Mustela putorius furo)

Abstract A 17-month-old albino, castrated male domestic ferret ( Mustela putorius furo ) was presented for evaluation of a heart murmur. The murmur was first auscultated when the ferret was 12 weeks of age, coinciding with its first known evaluation by a veterinarian. At the time of diagnosis, the ferret was reported to have mild exercise intolerance. The clinical findings on the ferret were within normal limits other than a right parasternal systolic murmur (grade 4/6) that radiated to the left parasternal region. The ferret was not receiving any medications. All 4 features of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) were identified with echocardiography. Thoracic radiographs were suggestive of TOF with mild right-sided enlargement of the cardiac silhouette and small pulmonary vasculature. A serum biochemistry profile and complete blood count were within the reference ranges for domestic ferrets. At that time atenolol (3.25 mg, every 24 hours, orally) was prescribed to treat the clinical condition of the animal. At a 1-week follow-up examination, the patient's heart rate had decreased from 240-300 beats per minute to 180-260 beats per minute. The owner reported that the ferret was sleeping more frequently during the first week of therapy but had normal activity when awake. At a 5-month recheck examination, the patient was reported to be completely normal at home. This is the first case report of TOF in a ferret.
Effect of registration and proximity effect in split-gate flash device

Split-Gate Flash Device, the poly-to-poly FN Tunneling for erasing and programming with poly gape, is good structure to eliminate the stacked gate issue of 'over-erase' by additional selected gate which is isolating each memory cell from the bit line. However, the overlay error is more concerned, since they require more accuracy in registrations of P1 to Nitrid and P2 to P1. The registration error, including sampling error, mask error and proximity effect, especially at edge pattern of die, result in the field related low yield because of cell leak issue and cell punch-through. From experiment result, different SERIF design shape, the additional OPC, make different CD performance to improve the different direction of registration error. Mask error and proximity error can contribute overlay shift between cell and box-in-box of overlay monitor frame, so the layer shift addition should be considered those intrinsic error and we add scaling and sampling monitor to avoid the registration error of site to site or wafer to wafer.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Pitch dependence of longitudinal sampling and aliasing effects in multi-slice helical computed tomography (CT)

In this work, we investigate longitudinal sampling and aliasing effects in multi-slice helical CT. We demonstrate that longitudinal aliasing can be a significant, complicated, and potentially detrimental effect in multi-slice helical CT reconstructions. Multi-slice helical CT scans are generally undersampled longitudinally for all pitches of clinical interest, and the resulting aliasing effects are spatially variant. As in the single-slice case, aliasing is shown to be negligible at the isocentre for circularly symmetric objects due to a fortuitous aliasing cancellation phenomenon. However, away from the isocentre, aliasing effects can be significant, spatially variant, and highly pitch dependent. This implies that measures more sophisticated than isocentre slice sensitivity profiles are needed to characterize longitudinal properties of multi-slice helical CT systems. Such measures are particularly important in assessing the question of whether there are preferred pitches in helical CT. Previous analyses have generally focused only on isocentre sampling patterns, and our more global analysis leads to somewhat different conclusions than have been reached before, suggesting that pitches 3, 4, 5, and 6 are favourable, and that half-integer pitches are somewhat suboptimal.
pp60 c-src expression and activity in MG-63 osteoblastic cells modulated by PTH but not required for PTH-mediated adenylate cyclase response.

A role for pp60c-src (c-src) tyrosine kinase in bone resorption was recently demonstrated in vivo. However, it is not known whether expression of this ubiquitous tyrosine kinase is essential in osteoblasts or osteoclasts. In this work, we have examined the expression of c-src in osteoblast-like cells. We found that c-src was expressed in the MG-63 osteoblastic osteosarcoma cell line as assessed by immunocytochemistry. When MG-63 cells were treated for 30 minutes with parathyroid hormone (PTH), the levels of tyrosine phosphorylation of c-src were increased in comparison with the untreated control. On the other hand, no changes in total c-src protein were observed after PTH treatment. The increase in c-src tyrosine phosphorylation due to PTH treatment was paralleled by an increase in c-src tyrosine kinase activity. Calcitonin had no effect on c-src phosphorylation, c-src protein level, or tyrosine kinase activity. To determine if c-src tyrosine kinase was required for normal bone cell function and PTH responsiveness, osteoblastic cells were isolated from the calvaria of a src-deficient mouse. The cyclic AMP response to PTH in this cell was identical to that seen in freshly isolated calvarial cells from normal mice. These results suggest that the activity of c-src in MG-63 cells is regulated by PTH as a result of tyrosine phosphorylation. Expression of src is not required for PTH responsiveness in osteoblastic cells as assessed by adenylate cyclase activation. The mode of signal transduction from the PTH receptor to nonreceptor c-src tyrosine kinase is not known at present.
Alternating kernel and mixture density estimates

We describe and investigate a data-driven procedure for obtaining parsimonious mixture model estimates or, conversely, kernel estimates with data-driven local smoothing properties. The main idea is to obtain a semiparametric estimate by alternating between the parametric and nonparametric viewpoints.
Src Dependent Pancreatic Acinar Injury Can Be Initiated Independent of an Increase in Cytosolic Calcium

Several deleterious intra-acinar phenomena are simultaneously triggered on initiating acute pancreatitis. These culminate in acinar injury or inflammatory mediator generation in vitro and parenchymal damage in vivo. Supraphysiologic caerulein is one such initiator which simultaneously activates numerous signaling pathways including non-receptor tyrosine kinases such as of the Src family. It also causes a sustained increase in cytosolic calcium- a player thought to be crucial in regulating deleterious phenomena. We have shown Src to be involved in caerulein induced actin remodeling, and caerulein induced changes in the Golgi and post-Golgi trafficking to be involved in trypsinogen activation, which initiates acinar cell injury. However, it remains unclear whether an increase in cytosolic calcium is necessary to initiate acinar injury or if injury can be initiated at basal cytosolic calcium levels by an alternate pathway. To study the interplay between tyrosine kinase signaling and calcium, we treated mouse pancreatic acinar cells with the tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor pervanadate. We studied the effect of the clinically used Src inhibitor Dasatinib (BMS-354825) on pervanadate or caerulein induced changes in Src activation, trypsinogen activation, cell injury, upstream cytosolic calcium, actin and Golgi morphology. Pervanadate, like supraphysiologic caerulein, induced Src activation, redistribution of the F-actin from its normal location in the sub-apical area to the basolateral areas, and caused antegrade fragmentation of the Golgi. These changes, like those induced by supraphysiologic caerulein, were associated with trypsinogen activation and acinar injury, all of which were prevented by Dasatinib. Interestingly, however, pervanadate did not cause an increase in cytosolic calcium, and the caerulein induced increase in cytosolic calcium was not affected by Dasatinib. These findings suggest that intra-acinar deleterious phenomena may be initiated independent of an increase in cytosolic calcium. Other players resulting in acinar injury along with the Src family of tyrosine kinases remain to be explored.
Treatment with respiratory syncytial virus G glycoprotein monoclonal antibody or F(ab')2 components mediates reduced pulmonary inflammation in mice.

Therapeutic treatment with a non-neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb) (131-2G) specific to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) G glycoprotein mediates virus clearance and decreases leukocyte trafficking and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production in the lungs of RSV-infected mice. Its F(ab′)2 component only mediates decreased leukocyte trafficking and IFN-γ production without reducing virus replication. Thus, this mAb has two independent actions that could facilitate treatment and/or prevention of RSV infection by reducing both virus replication and virus-induced pulmonary inflammation.
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE LETHAL THERMAL MAXIMA FOR MOUNTAIN SUCKER

Temperature is a critical factor in the distribution of stream fishes. From laboratory studies of thermal tolerance, fish ecologists can assess whether species distributions are constrained by tolerable thermal habitat availability. The objective of this study was to use lethal thermal maxima (LTM) methodology to assess the upper thermal tolerance for mountain sucker Catostomus platyrhynchus, a species of greatest conservation need in the state of South Dakota. Adult fish were captured from wild populations in the Black Hills of South Dakota and acclimated to 20, 22.5, and 25 °C. Four endpoints (3 sublethal, 1 lethal) were recorded, with death being the most precise (lowest SE, easily discernible). The LTM for mountain sucker was 34.0 °C at 25 °C acclimation, 33.2 °C at 22.5 °C acclimation, and 32.9 °C at 20 °C acclimation. Compared to co-occurring species in the Black Hills, the LTM of mountain sucker is higher than that of salmonids but lower than that of 3 cypriniforms. Mountain sucker LTM is intermediate compared to other species in the family Catostomidae. These results suggest that the mountain sucker is not currently limited by water temperatures in the Black Hills but may be affected by stream warming as a result of climate change. RESUMEN.—La temperatura es un factor critico en la distribucion de peces de rio. Mediante estudios de laboratorio sobre la tolerancia termal, los ecologos de peces pueden evaluar si las distribuciones de especies estan limitadas por la disponibilidad de un habitat termalmente tolerable. El proposito de este estudio fue evaluar la tolerancia termal superior del lechon de montana Catostomus platyrhynchus, una especie con la maxima necesidad de conservacion en el estado de Dakota del Sur, con metodologia de la temperatura letal superior (TLS). Se capturaron peces adultos de poblaciones silvestres en las Colinas Negras de Dakota del Sur, y se aclimataron a los 20, 22.5 y 25 °C. Se registraron cuatro temper- aturas limite (tres subletales y una letal), siendo la letal la mas precisa (error estandar mas bajo y facilmente discernible). La TLS del lechon de montana fue de 34.0 °C a una aclimatacion de 25 °C, 33.2 °C a una aclimatacion de 22.5 °C y 32.9 °C a una aclimatacion de 20 °C. Cuando se comparo con especies que cohabitan las Colinas Negras, la TLS del lechon de montana es mayor a la de los salmonidos, pero menor a la de tres cypriniformes. La TLS del lechon de montana es inter- media cuando se compara con otras especies de la familia Catostomidae. Estos resultados sugieren que el lechon de montana no esta limitado por las temperaturas en las Colinas Negras, pero podria ser afectado por el calentamiento de la corriente como resultado del cambio climatico.
Density functional theory calculations of redox properties of iron–sulphur protein analogues

A central issue in understanding redox properties of iron–sulphur (Fe–S) proteins is determining the factors that tune the reduction potentials of the Fe–S clusters. Studies of redox site analogues...
Exposure to bioaccumulative organochlorine compounds alters adipogenesis, fatty acid uptake, and adipokine production in NIH3T3-L1 cells

Exposure to the organochlorine compounds p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and oxychlordane have been associated with an increased prevalence of diabetes. Although the exact etiology of diabetes, especially type 2 diabetes, is not known, it is thought that adipose dysfunction plays a vital role in the progression of this disease. Thus, the present study examined whether exposure to these bioaccumulative compounds promotes adipocyte dysfunction including alterations in adipogenesis, fatty acid storage, and adipokine production within the adipocyte. We employed the NIH3T3-L1 cell line as a model for adipogenesis and mature adipocyte function. Exposure to DDE or oxychlordane prior to and throughout differentiation did not affect adipogenesis. In mature NIH3T3-L1 adipocytes, exposure to oxychlordane, DDE, or dieldrin had no effect on insulin-stimulated fatty acid uptake but did increase basal fatty acid uptake over a 24 h period. There was no observed effect of exposure to these compounds on lipolysis. Exposure to DDE significantly increased the release of leptin, resistin, and adiponectin from mature adipocytes with corresponding increases in expression of resistin and adiponectin. Taken together, the current data suggest that exposure to these compounds, especially DDE, may promote some aspects of adipocyte dysfunction that are commonly associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Chemistry of C-trimethylsilyl-substituted heterocarboranes. 33. Synthesis of mixed-ligand metallacarboranes of yttrium and lanthanides derived from open η5-pentadiene and C2B4-carborane; A synthetic and structural investigation

The reactions of nido-2-R-3-(Me3Si)-2,3-C2B4H6 (R = Me3Si, 1; R = Me, 2) with [η5-2,4-(Me)2C5H5]3M in a molar ratio of 1:1, in toluene at elevated temperature (70 °C), produced mixed-ligand dimeric lanthanacarboranes of the type [(η5-2,4-(Me)2C5H5)(η5-2-R-3-(Me3Si)-2,3-C2B4H4)M]2 (3, M = Y, R = Me3Si; 4, M = Y, R = Me; 5, M = Gd, R = Me3Si; 6, M = Gd, R = Me; 7, M = Tb, R = SiMe3; 8, M = Tb, R = Me; 9 M = Dy, R = Me3Si; 10, M = Dy, R = Me; 11, M = Ho, R = Me3Si; 12, M = Ho, R = Me; 13, M = Er, R = Me3Si; 14, M = Er, R = Me; 15, M = Tm, R = SiMe3; 16, M = Tm, R = Me; 17, M = Lu, R = Me3Si; 18, M = Lu, R = Me) as crystalline solids in 75−88% yields. All the compounds were characterized by IR spectroscopy and elemental analyses. While the diamagnetic species 3, 4, 17, and 18 were characterized by 1H, 13C, and 11B NMR spectroscopy, compounds 3−8, 10, 12−14, and 18 were also characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. On the basis of the reactivity pattern and isolated products, an intramolecul...
E-beam nanopost arrays reveal that glycoprotein Ib-IV-X complex and von Willebrand factor interactions transmit platelet cytoskeletal forces

We have developed a new tool to measure the contractility of single platelets. This tool consists of an array of nano-scale polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) posts. Von Willebrand factor (VWF) and a recombinant protein encompassing the GPIb-IX-V binding region of VWF (A1 domain) were used to study the role of GPIb-VWF interactions in platelet contractility. Platelets were treated with AK2 and 7E3 antibodies to block platelet adhesion through receptors GPIb and αIIbβ3, respectively. Platelets treated with these antibodies showed reduced spread area and forces in comparison to untreated platelets on VWF. Furthermore, platelets were able to generate contractile forces on substrates coated with A1 domain of VWF. These results suggest that platelet contractile forces can be transmitted through a non-integrin receptor, such as GPIb.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Lentivirus vector-mediated expression of tumor-associated epitopes by human antigen presenting cells

Directing the human immune system to recognize and eliminate tumor cells is the ultimate goal of cancer immunotherapy. Vaccinating patients with autologous antigen presenting cells (APC) expressing tumor-associated antigens (TAA) represents a promising approach for activating tumor-reactive T cells in vivo. In addition, APC expressing TAA provide a means of generating tumor-specific T cells in vitro, for therapeutic and diagnostic applications. Lentiviral vectors are attractive vehicles for introducing TAA-encoding genes into APC. In this study, lentiviral vectors expressing the reporter gene GFP or the melanoma-associated antigen tyrosinase were used to transduce three different kinds of human APC: monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DC), CD40L-activated B lymphocytes, and Epstein Barr virus (EBV)-transformed B lymphocytes. Using optimized transduction conditions for each cell type, tyrosinase was expressed at levels sufficient to stimulate antigen-specific major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-restricted T cells from melanoma patients. While transduced EBV-B cells demonstrated the highest level of transgene expression, optimal T-cell recognition was achieved with transduced DC. Substituting the CAG promoter for PGK in lentiviral constructs enhanced transgene expression in DC and EBV-B cells, amplifying T cell recognition. Lentiviruses inducing sustained transgene expression with relatively low cellular toxicity and background viral gene expression may be ideal vectors for immunotherapeutic applications.
A method for evaluating transmission line magnetic field mitigation strategies that incorporates biological uncertainty.

A method to determine how much reduction in public exposure to power frequency magnetic fields can be obtained for different levels of investment is presented. Which if any "effects function" best describes the relationship between field exposure and biological effect is uncertain at this time. Also, in a particular context such as construction of new transmission lines there are a variety of different technologies which might be used to reduce exposure. We describe and demonstrate a method by which exposure reduction supply curves (i.e., the cost of purchasing different amounts of exposure reduction given various mitigation options) can be estimated parametrically for different exposure conditions and effects functions, and we display illustrative results.