cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Climate drives differences in the germination niche of a globally distributed invasive grass

Aims Exotic invasive species are often exposed to strong selection pressures in their new ranges that can often lead to substantial intraspecific variation. Population differentiation in the timing of life history events in response to climate gradients is thought to be an important mechanism facilitating the range expansion of many invasive species. For seed producing plants, the timing of seed germination determines the first environmental conditions experienced by newly emerged germinates, and can have important implications for the successful colonization, establishment and spread of invasive plants—though the role of germination in the success of invasive plants remains poorly understood. Methods We assessed the variation in seed germination dynamics among 10 populations of the invasive plant Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) across its North American distribution, capturing both a temperature and precipitation gradient, and whether that variation is associated with home climate. Seeds were exposed to a wide range of temperatures (11–48°C) and two water availability treatments. Important Findings We found that Johnsongrass seeds germinated across a wide range of temperatures, but there was substantial variation among populations in the proportion of seeds that germinated in response to both temperature and water availability. Evidence indicates that as Johnsongrass expanded its range from warmer climates into cooler climates, there was a concurrent shift in the germination temperature niche to cooler temperatures. Our results suggest that the germination of Johnsongrass seeds has adapted to home climate allowing this invader to maximize germination throughout its range, and that this may be an important contributing factor to its invasion into new environments.
Optimization of SINR and Illumination Uniformity in Multi-LED Multi-Datastream VLC Networks

Visible Light Communication (VLC), which is a recent technology that operates at the visible light spectrum band, is a very propitious technology complementary to RF in the era of spectrum crisis. Because of the extensive deployment of energy efficient Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) and the advancements in LED technology with fast nanosecond switching times, VLC has gained a lot of interest recently. In this paper, we consider a downlink VLC architecture which is capable of providing simultaneous lighting and communication coverage across an indoor setting. We design a multi-element hemispherical bulb which transmits multiple data streams from its LEDs to mobile receivers. The architecture employs a Line-of-Sight (LOS) alignment protocol to tackle the hand-off issue caused by the mobility of the receivers in the room. We formulate an optimization problem that jointly addresses the LED-user associations as well as the LEDs’ transmit powers in order to maximize the Signal-to-Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR) while taking into consideration an acceptable illumination uniformity constraint across the room. We propose a near-optimal solution using Geometric Programming (GP) to solve the optimization problem, and compare the performance of this GP solution to low complexity heuristics.
Who Pays for AI Injury

Algorithms hurt people everyday. Are such injuries just regrettable externalities of technological progress that victims should be left to bear? Or should someone else be civilly or criminally liable for the injury? The law does not always provide an answer, which can leave innocent victims holding the bag. Traditional doctrines condition liability on faulty conduct from a human agent, but we are now entering a phase of technological and economic progress where the people involved might be doing everything they should, and it is the machines that are misbehaving. The trouble is that machines are not cognizable legal actors. This short paper turns to corporate law for a solution. While algorithms are not legal actors, the corporations that develop and run them are. The law should recognize that corporations act through the algorithms over which they have beneficial control. Then the social control that the law exercises over corporate harm would come to bear on algorithmic harm too.
A UNITED STATES PERSPECTIVE ON DIGITAL SINGLE MARKET DIRECTIVE ARTICLE 17

To a US appraiser, article 17 of the Digital Single Market Directive suggests the EU has learned from American mistakes (and from its own) in the allocation of internet intermediaries’ liability for hosting and communicating user-posted content. Before the DSM Directive, art. 14 of the 2000 eCommerce Directive set out a notice-and-takedown system very similar to the regime provided in 17 U.S.C. section 512(c). Both regimes replaced the normal copyright default, which requires authorization to exploit works, with a limitation on the liability of service providers who complied with statutory prerequisites. Because the limitation ensured that service providers would not be liable in damages, both regimes effectively codified “Seek forgiveness, not permission.” Part I of this Chapter will outline the text and judicial interpretation of the US Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act’s (OCILLA) notice and takedown provisions in order to explain the regime that one might view DSM Directive art. 17 as correcting. Part II will analyze the subsections of art. 17 in order to explain how art. 17 works, including how it changes the prior EU legal regime, and what it leaves untouched. Part III will compare art. 17 with US law in order to consider what the US might learn from the EU.
Sand-filler structural material with a low content of polyethylene binder

Abstract Currently, most of the waste plastics cannot be recycled, causing serious environmental concerns. In this research, we investigated a compaction formation technology to fabricate structural materials with thermoplastic binders. When the compaction pressure was 70–100 MPa, with ~10 wt% polyethylene binder, the flexural strength was greater than that of typical steel-reinforced concrete, sufficient for many construction applications. Because construction materials are tolerant to impurities, our work may provide a promising opportunity to recycle the waste plastics and to reduce the portland cement production.
Generalized Energy-Based Flight Vehicle Sizing and Performance Analysis Methodology

Air vehicle sizing requires the ability to estimate the propulsive power and energy requirements of a flight vehicle as well as its weight. Existing tools and methods for aircraft sizing typically ...
EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP IN ONLINE SMALL BUSINESSES: AN EXPLORATORY CASE STUDY: Smith, M. (2020). Effective Leadership in Online Small Businesses: an Exploratory Case Study. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Knowledge, 8(2), 27-41. doi: 10.37335/ijek.v8i2.117

The exploratory case study, with a positive deviance approach, was used to address the problem that online small business leaders lack effective leadership skills and actions. Generally, online small business leaders face challenges separate and unique from traditional ground business leaders and different than big ecommerce business leaders who are turning ground businesses to online global businesses. Specifically, online small business leaders lack effective leadership skills and actions to address the unique challenges of online small businesses, resulting in a 90% first-year failure rate. Ten online small business leaders answered interview questions to explore best practices and processes. Data analysis revealed six themes of online small business leadership qualities but not particular leadership qualities practiced by online small business leaders. The major six qualities of the online small business leaders in this study consisted of having passion and intrinsic motivation for their work, having a heightened awareness of time and time management, maintaining old fashioned face-to-face interactions, historically having someone of positive influence in their lives, being adaptable to change, and having high problem-solving and decision-making skills. Based on these new findings, more exploration of how these online small business leadership qualities could contribute to higher success rates is recommended.
3D modeling of EUV photoresist using the multivariate Poisson propagation model

As target feature sizes for EUV lithography shrink, it is becoming ever more important to understand the intricate details of pattern formation in these materials. One such frontier that is garnering more attention is the role of the “third dimension" involved in the patterning process- the dimension perpendicular to the wafer. With resist thicknesses shrinking to accommodate ever narrower linewidths, small changes in resist performance in this dimension will have a greater overall effect on pattern quality, particularly as the thickness of these resists approaches target pattern dimensions. To understand the effect that the third dimension has on resist performance, and in particular the interplay between the third dimension and resist stochastics, we have developed a 3D version of the multivariate Poisson propagation model. As a test case for the model, we explore the role of acid diffusion in the so called third dimension on a set of 105 vias, showing that increased z blur yields an improvement in both dose to size and pattern uniformity without sacrificing resolution.
Use of sublingual tacrolimus in adults undergoing hematopoietic cell transplant: A pilot study

IntroductionOrally administered tacrolimus is widely used in hematopoietic cell transplant patients, but multiple clinical situations may arise rendering oral administration infeasible. The undesir...
Basic Brain Anatomy and Physiology

This chapter discusses the normal anatomy of our brains and how cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is made and then reabsorbed into the large veins outside of the brain. We then discuss the veins of the brain and how the pressure of the blood within these veins affects the reabsorption of CSF. This chapter covers the basic anatomy and physiology of the brain that will serve as a foundation for the later chapters of the book when we discuss why IIH occurs and its different treatment options.
Quantifying surface free energy of molecular crystal β-HMX using non-equilibrium molecular dynamics methods

Granular molecular crystals show a large variation in the orientation, length, shape, and cohesive interactions of interfaces when embedded in a polymer matrix. But the determination of the associated excess of free energy is not straightforward, especially due to the entropic contribution which is not negligible for molecular compounds. The surface free energy (SFE) is also important to predict crystal shapes and growth or to prove crucial insights into the mesoscale interfaces in the granular composites often with interfacial defects, voids, and pores. In this paper, we use Molecular Dynamics (MD) and assess and adapt two non-equilibrium methods, namely, non-equilibrium thermodynamic integration (NETI) and modified steered MD (SMD), to determine the SFE of various facets of a high-energy molecular crystal of interest: β-HMX. Starting with defect-free surfaces, both methods agree well with experiment concerning the most stable facets, whose energy is further lowered by a large entropic contribution. For some facets, surface creation (debonding process) and annihilation (bonding process) show fundamentally different paths, henceforth irreversible. Then, we discuss some sources of discrepancy between theoretical and experimental SFE, considering non-reversible dissipative events, surface roughness, and differences between various experimental techniques. These non-equilibrium methods can be applied to a wide range of molecular crystals and to study interface stability in polycrystals or with binding polymers, including the effects of various defects.
Do claimants over-report behavioral health dysfunction when filing for work disability benefits?

BACKGROND: Questions exist related to the best way to use medical evidence relative to self-report as part of the SSA disability determination process. OBJECTIVE: To examine concordance between provider and claimant responses along the four dimensions of work related behavioral health functioning: Social Interactions, Mood and Emotions, Behavioral Control, and Self-Efficacy. METHODS: Using secondary data from a larger study, which collected data on individuals reporting difficulties with work (claimants) due to mental conditions, 39 items were completed by claimants and their healthcare provider. Inter-rater agreement was assessed using three techniques: Cohen’s kappa, percent absolute agreement, and folded mountain plots. RESULTS: A sample of 65 dyads was obtained. Inter-rater agreement was low for most items (k = 0.0–0.20) with a minority of items having fair agreement (k = 0.21–0.40) Percent agreement was fair: Mood and Emotions (46%), Self-Efficacy (44%), Behavioral Control (39%) and Social Interactions (38%). Overall, providers reported lower functioning compared to claimants for the Behavioral Control and Self-Efficacy scales; the reverse trend held for the Mood and Emotions scale. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicate discordance between provider and claimant report of behavioral health functioning. Understanding reasons for and approaches to reconciling the inconsistencies between claimant and provider perspectives is a complex task. These findings have implications for how best to assess mental and behavioral-health related work disability in the absence of an established gold standard measure.
Human Minds in Machine Brains

The primitive connections that currently exist between human brains and electronic circuits do not come close to providing a way for human minds to migrate from their biological human brains into machine brains. But connections will eventually improve to the point where migration is possible.
A survey of the Kreiss matrix theorem for power bounded families of matrices and its extensions

We survey results related to the Kreiss Matrix Theorem, especially examining extensions of this theorem to Banach space and Hilbert space. The survey includes recent and established results together with proofs of many of the interesting facts concerning the Kreiss Matrix Theorem.
Rays of Sunlight in a Shadow “War”: FOIA, the Abuses of Anti-Terrorism, and the Strategy of Transparency

In the wake of the September 11 attacks, the Global War on Terror has marginalized the rule of law. From the dragnet detentions in the aftermath of the initial attacks, to novel and secretive surveillance authority under the Patriot Act, to the incarceration and torture of enemy combatants, the administration's war has sought to establish zones of maneuver free of both legal constraint and of political oversight. In the first half decade of these efforts, the tripartite constitutional structure which is said to guard against executive usurpation remained largely quiescent. Opponents both inside and outside of the government turned instead to sub-constitutional structures to expose this self-avowed dark side, and to lay the foundation for a return to the rule of law. This Article examines four case studies of this strategy of transparency. At the center of each account lies the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). The studies highlight, however, the crucial roles played by a broader complex of structures of transparency that have come to constitute the framework of national governance during the last generation, the importance of the integrity of the civil servants administering those structures, and the fulcrum of sustained advocacy.
A Life Cycle View of Enterprise Risk Management: The Case of Southwest Airlines Jet Fuel Hedging

The objective of this paper is to illustrate the life cycle of enterprise risk management using jet fuel price risk management within Southwest Airlines, Inc. Managing market price risk within a corporation appears to follow distinct life cycle periods as a firm moves from creation through a fully mature company. We use the history of SWA to suggest the main life cycle periods.
Dynamics of Inner Galactic Disks: The Striking Case of M 100

We investigate gas dynamics in the presence of a double inner Lindblad resonance within a barred disk galaxy. Using an example of a prominent spiral, M 100, we reproduce the basic central morphology, including four dominant regions of star formation corresponding to the compression maxima in the gas. These active star forming sites delineate an inner boundary (so-called nuclear ring) of a rather broad oval detected in the near-infrared. We find that inclusion of self-gravitational effects in the gas is necessary in order to understand its behavior in the vicinity of the resonances and its subsequent evolution. The self-gravity of the gas is also crucial to estimate the effect of a massive nuclear ring on periodic orbits in the stellar bar.
Global progress against cancer-challenges and opportunities.

The last ten years have seen remarkable progress in cancer research. However, despite significant breakthroughs in the understanding, prevention, and treatment of cancer, the disease continues to affect millions of people worldwide. Cancer’s complexity compounded with financial, policy and regulatory roadblocks has slowed the rate of progress being made against cancer. In this paper, we review a few of the most recent breakthroughs that are fueling medical advances and bringing new hope for patients affected by this devastating disease. We also address the challenges facing us and the opportunities to accelerate future progress against cancer. The efforts of the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) to address the cancer burden already extend beyond the borders of the United States of America. The AACR is committed to increasing its efforts to stem the tide of cancer worldwide by promoting innovative programs, strategies, and initiatives for cancer researchers and all those engaged in cancer-related biomedical sciences around the world.
Germ line maintenance of the pseudogene donor pool for somatic immunoglobulin gene conversion in chickens.

Abstract Somatic immunoglobulin diversity is generated in avian species by sequential gene conversion of variable (V) gene segments of the immunoglobulin heavy- and light-chain loci during B-cell development. The germ line pools of donor sequence information for somatic V-region gene conversion are found in families of V pseudogenes, located 5' of the single functional V gene of each locus. The sequence relationships among the pseudogenes (psi VL) and functional VL1 gene of the chicken light-chain alleles in three inbred strains were compared to determine the extent of diversity within the germ line pseudogene cluster. Numerous differences were observed. For example, compared with the previously reported CB allele and the G4 allele, the S3 allele contains two intact pseudogenes between psi VL16 and psi VL18. These two adjacent psi VL gene segments (psi VL17a and psi VL17b) could have given rise to the psi VL17 segment of the G4 and CB alleles by homologous recombination. The majority of other sequence polymorphisms among the psi VL alleles appear to be the result of meiotic gene conversion. The incidence of untemplated mutations within psi VL segments is significantly lower than the incidence of mutation within the pseudogene flanking regions. Together with the observations that most psi VL segments have open reading frames and lack stop codons, these data support the hypothesis that the psi VL cluster resembles a functional multigene family maintained by evolutionary selection for its functional role in generating somatic antibody diversity. Meiotic gene conversion events within the psi VL cluster serve both to introduce diversity by the exchange of short segments between family members and to prevent the accumulation of random mutations.
God Loves us All: Helping Christians Know and Name God in a Post-Holocaust Context

Abstract Reflection on the Holocaust is still critical today to help all educators teach their students about good and evil in the world today. In particular, reflection on the Holocaust is crucial for religious educators to help people know and name God, as well as help them deal with questions of theodicy, within their everyday life experiences. This article examines the role of religious education in this post-Holocaust context. Because of the Holocaust, Christians ought to be educated in ways that free them from biased and slanderous views of people and their religions, and open them to more inclusive and hospitable ways of coexisting with all types of people in the world today.
Two-stage query segmentation for information retrieval

Modeling term dependence has been shown to have a significant positive impact on retrieval. Current models, however, use sequential term dependencies, leading to an increased query latency, especially for long queries. In this paper, we examine two query segmentation models that reduce the number of dependencies. We find that two-stage segmentation based on both query syntactic structure and external information sources such as query logs, attains retrieval performance comparable to the sequential dependence model, while achieving a 50% reduction in query latency.
Selecting and Implementing Whole School Improvement Models: A District and School Administrator Perspective

As a growing number of schools and districts are found to be underperforming under the requirements of NCLB, school and district administrators are increasingly searching for research-based whole school improvement programs, including comprehensive school reform (CSR) models and education service providers (ESPs), in order to create dramatic changes and improvements within schools. Limited available research on the effectiveness of these models constrains what education consumers know about how a model will meet the unique needs of a particular school. This article reviews the experience of practitioners who have been through the selection and implementation process of whole school improvement models in order to identify emerging themes that education consumers embarking on this process should consider. During the qualitative data collection process for three Comprehensive School Reform Quality (CSRQ) Center reports, CSRQ staff held phone conversations with school and district administrators. The research...
Hormonal determinants during infancy of adult sexual behavior in the male rat

Abstract One injection of varying doses of testosterone propionate into female rats at 120 hr after birth resulted in facilitation of the lordosis response for low dose groups (5–50 μg) and suppression of lordosis for high dose groups (100–1000 μg) in adulthood. These same results were found after castration followed by replacement injections of estrogen and progesterone. Subsequent injections of testosterone did not increase mounting or intromission behavior in comparison to normal, castrated controls. One injection of varying doses of estradiol benzoate (10–500 μg) into other female rats at 96 hr after birth resulted in suppression of lordosis in adulthood for all groups, both before castration and after replacement injections, and again an inverse relationship between amount of hormone given in infancy and capacity to exhibit lordosis was found. Subsequent injections of testosterone in adulthood did elicit more mounting behavior than observed in controls, and several animals exhibited behavioral ejaculation patterns. These results indicate that the presence of hormones in infancy does program the central nervous system for adult sexual behavior, but the hormone present early in life does not necessarily produce the patterns of sexual behavior which that hormone normally activates in the adult organism.
Overall Obesity and Abdominal Adiposity as Predictors of Mortality in U.S. White and Black Adults

Purpose The association of overall obesity and abdominal adiposity in predicting risk of all-cause mortality in white and black adults was compared. Methods This prospective study included a national sample of 3219 non-Hispanic white and 2,561 non-Hispanic black adults 30 to 64 years of age enrolled in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey during 1988–1994. Multiple measures of adiposity were measured and calculated, including body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and waist-to-thigh ratio (WTR). Vital status was ascertained with the National Death Index through 2000. Results During 12 years of follow-up (51,133 person-years), 188 white and 222 black adults died. After adjustment for age, education, smoking, and existing disease, positive dose–response associations between WTR and mortality in both sexes and races, and WHR in white and black women were observed (ptrend Conclusions These results suggest ratio measures of abdominal adiposity, particularly WTR in both sexes and WHR in women, strongly and positively predict mortality, independent of BMI, among white and black adults. Furthermore, WTR offers additional prognostic information beyond that provided by BMI alone.
Preservation and paleoclimatic significance of eolian dust in the Ancestral Rocky Mountains province

Upper Paleozoic (Pennsylvanian-Permian) silty strata of the northern Pedregosa basin (southern Ancestral Rocky Mountains province) exhibit distinctive features that suggest origin of the silt as eolian dust prior to deposition in marine environments. Studies of mechanisms controlling modern eolian dust accumulation imply that combined marginal-marine-epeiric-sea environments constitute an ideal sink for eolian dust. Accordingly, Pedregosa siltstones may reflect the prevalent mode of eolian dust preservation downwind from coeval ergs, and significant volumes of eolian dust may be preserved within analogous epeiric strata. Because eolian dust reflects conditions of aridity and windiness, it bears on paleoclimatic and paleogeographic reconstructions. Recent studies within several basins of the Ancestral Rocky Mountains suggest an eolian derivation for many siltstones and thus corroborate inferences of increasing aridity and concomitant monsoonal conditions for western Pangea. Further regional analysis may provide valuable insights for refining concepts of the zonal to monsoonal transition that accompanied Pangean assembly.
The genus Episymploce Bey-Bienko. III. Species from Laos, North and South Vietnam and Thailand. (Dictyoptera: Blattaria, Blattellidae)

The following 8 species of Episymploce, of which 5 are new, are described: baileyi sp.n. (Laos), bispina (Bey-Bienko) (North Vietnam), daksongensis sp.n. (South Vietnam), degerboli sp.n. (Thailand), fangensis sp.n. (Thailand), siui sp.n. (South Vietnam), tertia (Bey-Bienko) (China, Thailand), and tridens (Bey-Bicnko) (China, Laos). A key to the males is given.
Specular reflection and absorption edges of xenon difluoride single crystals in the near ultraviolet

Abstract The specular reflection spectra of xenon difluoride single crystals were observed in the 25 to 44 kK region. A previously unreported band was observed with a peak reflectivity at 30.6 kK. It is suggested this arises from a singlet-triplet transition.
Earthquake hazards: Rivers, rifts and ruptures

The southern San Andreas fault is due for a large earthquake. Seismic images of sediments deposited in an ancient lake overlying the southern end of the fault indicate that episodic flooding may have triggered earthquakes in the past.
APHANOMYCES PHYCOPHILUS IN CULTURE

APHANOMYCES PHYCOPHILUS De Bary, one of the rarer Saprolegniales, was first described by DeBary in 1860 from a collection made at Frankfort am Main. Since then it has been reported from Michigan by Kauffman (1915), from Indiana by Weatherwax (1914), from New York by Sparrow (1933), and from North Carolina by Couch (1926). Previous attempts to obtain saprophytic growth of this parasite have been unsuccessful. DeBary says that it is parasitic on Spirogyra and Zygnema and is not to be cultured on decaying Phanerogam remains and dead animals. The purpose of this paper is to describe experiments in which it has been possible to induce growth of Aphanomyces phycophilus on artificial culture media. GROWTH ON SPIROGYRA.-The hyphae, 8-15 ,. thick, grow lengthwise through the Spirogyra filament by penetration of the cross walls. The tip of the growing hypha upon coming in contact with the cross wall of the host becomes somewhat flattened and presses against it as the wall becomes thinner. When a hole has been dissolved in the wall, the hypha pushes through it rapidly into the adjoining cell, which becomes plasmolysed. One hypha was seen to grow through one cell, a distance of 150 , in 20 minutes. After traversing the length of the cell along the surface of the plasmolysed protoplast, the hypha sends down lateral branches among the chloroplasts. The main hypha may continue on into the next cell, or a lateral branch may penetrate the side wall and grow out some distance into the water and parasitize another Spirogyra filament. Oogonia, 40-50 , in diameter, are formed on the ends of short lateral branches and seem to be intramatrical as often as extramatrical: The oogonial wall is drawn out into a number of spines, 7-9 # in length, and is yellowbrown in color. The single brownish oospore, 24-31 , in diameter, is finely granular, with one or two rows of oil globules around the periphery. The curvedclavate antheridia develop on the ends of nearby lateral branches and often wind around the hyphae bearing oogonia. There are one to three antheridia on each oogonium. No spores were observed. ISOLATION AND CULTURE ON AGAR.-A fungus was found growing parasitically on Spirogyra in a collection made by Mrs. H. B. Gotass on April 16, 1938, from a small stream near Chapel Hill. The size of the hyphae, the mode of growth, the structure of the oogonia, and the antheridia all agreed with DeBary's description and figures of Aphanomyces phycophilus. It differed from Wille's (1899) description of A. nor-
Reactivity of (pentadienyl)iron(1+) cations: Effect of peripheral ligands on the regioselectivity of nucleophilic addition

Abstract Nucleophilic addition to the (1-methylpentadienyl)Fe(CO) 2 PPh 3 + cation proceeds predominantly at the substituted pentadienyl terminus to afford (5-substituted-1,3-(Z)-hexadiene)Fe(CO) 2 PPh 3 products in very good yields. Decomplexation with Ce 4+ generates the free ligand in good yields.
Specific heat of Mg(B1−xCx)2, x = 0.05, 0.1

Abstract We report measurements of the specific heat of two samples of carbon-doped MgB 2 , Mg(B 1− x C x ) 2 , x = 0.05 and 0.1, in magnetic fields to μ 0 H = 9 T and at temperatures from ∼1 K to somewhat above the critical temperature for superconductivity for each sample. The carbon doping reduced the critical temperature from 39 K for MgB 2 to 31.4 K and 19.7 K for the x = 0.05 and 0.1 samples, respectively. The results give the electron–phonon coupling and the electron density of states, including the individual contributions of the π and σ bands. These quantities are compared with theoretical calculations. The results also give the energy gaps on the π and σ bands, which are compared with other experimental determinations, and also with theoretical calculations that include predictions of the “merging” of the two gaps as a consequence of the band filling and increased interband scattering associated with doping.
Use of COMPARE Analysis to Discover Functional Analogues of Bleomycin

Bleomycin was used as the reference compound in a COMPARE analysis to identify extracts in the National Cancer Institute's Natural Products Repository exhibiting cytotoxicity profiles similar to this antitumor agent. One of the extracts so identified was a CH2Cl2−methanol extract prepared from Gymnosporia trigyna, which effected relaxation of supercoiled pSP64 DNA in the presence of Cu2+. Bioassay-guided fractionation using DNA strand-scission activity as an end point resulted in the isolation of four active principles. These were identified as syringaldehyde (1), (−)-syringaresinol (2), (+)-catechin (3), and (+)-epicatechin (4). Compounds 1 and 2 represent a new type of DNA strand-scission agent.
Intravoxel incoherent motion imaging using steady-state free precession

IVIM MR imaging is a method which generates images of diffusion and perfusion in vivo. Until now, intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) images have been obtained using spin-echo sequences with extragradient pulses, resulting in long acquisition times (typically 2 × 8 min 32 s). A new method is proposed here, using steady-state free precession (SSFP), which allows IVIM images to be obtained in a couple of minutes. Phantom studies showed that the sensitivity of SSFP to IVIMs is much greater than that of spin echoes. In vivo images are shown. © 1988 Academic Press, Inc.
Temperature effect of self-pumped phase conjugation in photorefractive barium titanate crystals

The temperature dependence of the self-pumped phase conjugation phenomenon in the no-doping photorefractive barium titanate crystals is investigated. We found the no-signal time of a few seconds before observing the self-pumped phase conjugation. The no-signal time decreases as the temperature goes up until 110 degrees Celsius. Before 80 degrees Celsius, the rise time of self-pumped phase conjugation goes down exponentially. Higher than 80 degrees Celsius, we could not observe the steady signal of self-pumped phase conjugation, and it fluctuates between zero and saturate intensity randomly. The duration of zero intensity is longer and more when the temperature goes up from 80 degrees Celsius to 110 degrees Celsius. We use the mobile-ion model to explain the phenomenon. The increase of the mobility of charge carriers and the decrease of the relative dielectric constant with temperature can be used to explain the faster response time of self-pumped phase conjugation. That the absorption constant does not change and electro-optic coefficient decrease with temperature is used to explain the decrease of the diffracted intensity of self-pumped phase conjugation with temperature. The mobility of electrons is much larger than that of holes in the barium titanate crystals at elevated temperatures.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
AN ANALYSIS OF THE INTERACTION OF REVERSIBLE AND IRREVERSIBLE MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS.

Abstract The interaction of the reversible and irreversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase (MAO) in the intact rat has been investigated. The results indicate that the extent of antagonism of the irreversible hydrazine inhibitors by harmine or harmaline depends upon two factors: (1) the duration of action of the reversible inhibitor, and (2) the duration of the presence of the irreversible inhibitor in the supernatant fraction (cytoplasmic or interstitial fluid) of the tissue. The duration of harmine was about one-half as long as that of harmaline. Harmine was also less effective as an antagonist of iproniazid. Pheniprazine (PIH) activity disappeared from the supernatant fraction of liver and brain homogenates prepared from rats within 60 to 90 min, whereas iproniazid activity was present for 12–18 hr after administration. It appears that a complete antagonism of PIH by harmine or harmaline results because the reversible inhibitors protect the enzyme from PIH for the duration of its presence. The action of iproniazid is only partly antagonized because it is present in the supernatant for longer periods of time than the reversible inhibitors.
Unsteady response of thin elastic plates subjected to time-dependent loads and external damping

The problem of the forced vibration of a thin elastic plate of arbitrary shape, and resting on an elastic foundation with damping, is solved for time-dependent loading- and boundary-conditions and under arbitrary initial-conditions. By use of the classical theory of bending of flat plates, infinite series expressions are derived for the deflection field, and various forms of the solution are noted. An example of a circular plate is included.
Biological conceptions of race and the motivation to cross racial boundaries.

Human survival and well-being fundamentally depend on connections to other people. In the present research, we examine the extent to which people’s conceptions of social groups determine which connections are most worthy of investment. Specifically, we investigate whether conceiving of racial group membership as biologically rooted determines to whom people attend and with whom they affiliate. We argue that a biological notion of race saps people’s desire to reach out to members of racial groups that have been historically disadvantaged. These biological outgroup members ultimately are rendered, as a group and individually, less relevant to the self. In the United States, race has traditionally been viewed in terms of biological essentialism—that is, race is understood to be a fundamental and stable source of division among humankind that is rooted in our biological makeup. More recently, however, some have come to see race as a social construct, initially created for purposes of maintaining a hierarchical social order but now a
Synthesis and properties of a cationic bidentate Lewis acid.

As part of our efforts to increase the fluoride affinity of bidentate Lewis acids, we have set out to determine if the F- anion chelation occurring in such systems can be complemented by favorable Coulombic attractions. To explore this idea, the neutral B/Hg bidentate Lewis acid 1-{Mes2B}-8-{(2,6-Me2-4-Me2NC6H2)Hg}C10H6 (3) and its cationic analogue [1-{Mes2B}-8-{(2,6-Me2-4-Me3NC6H2)Hg}C10H6]+ ([4]+) have been synthesized and studied. Compound 3 as well as the triflate salt of [4]+ react with [S(NMe2)3][Me3SiF2] to afford the corresponding fluoride complexes [3-μ2-F]- and [4-μ2-F]. Spectroscopic and structural studies confirm that the F- anion bridges the two Lewis acidic centers in both [3-μ2-F]- and [4-μ2-F]. UV−vis titration experiments carried out in tetrahydrofuran/water (9/1, v/v) mixtures indicate that the fluoride binding constants of 3 and [4]+ are clearly differentiated and are equal to 1.3 (±0.1) × 102 M-1 and 6.2 (±0.2) × 104 M-1, respectively. The enhanced fluoride binding constant of [4]+, w...
PEEP and CPAP Following Open-heart Surgery in Infants and Children

The cardiorespiratory effects of 5 cm H2O end-expiratory pressure were studied in 22 infants and children an hour after open-heart surgery during mechanical ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) and prior to endotracheal extubation approximately 15 hours later during spontaneous breathing (CPAP). Thermodilution cardiac output determinations and respiratory airflow, volume and pressure recordings were made to assess the effects of airway pressure changes on the respiratory waveform and oxygen delivery. Neither PEEP nor CPAP had a significant effect on cardiac output, intrapulmonary shunting, oxygen consumption, or oxygen utilization. Patients who had had pulmonary hypertension preoperatively did not behave differently from those without pulmonary hypertension when removed from ventilatory supprot. Expiratory airflow was significantly prolonged when positive end-expiratory pressure existed during both controlled and spontaneous respiration. During CPAP, this "expiratory braking" was associated with an increase in tidal volume and decreases in respiratory rate and minute volume. Because of the lack of improvement in cardiopulmonary function in this group of patients, and the possibility of untoward effects from sustained end-expiratory pressure, PEEP and CPAP might properly be reserved as temporary supportive techniques should respiratory function be compromised.
A programmatic approach to socially complex intervention development

First used in psychiatry to study pharmacological treatments, the randomized controlled trial provides the most powerful test of the relative effectiveness of two or more interventions. Applying RCT methodology to socially complex service interventions, however, presents unique challenges that derive from difficulties in treatment standardization, attaining study sample equivalence and controlling for environmental variations. These challenges can be managed when intervention development proceeds along a programmatic trajectory that spans discovery, development, efficacy, effectiveness and practice research.
CRT-141 Incidence and Predictors Of Bleeding And Stent Thrombosis With Bivalirudin During Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Bivalirudin is a synthetic reversible inhibitor of thrombin and is popularly used in the United States in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). While the evidence shows a bleeding benefit with bivalirudin compared to heparin, there are concerns raised regarding the risk of
Racial differences in the early detection of breast cancer in metropolitan detroit, 1978 to 1987

This population-based study presents trends in stage at diagnosis of invasive female breast cancer during the decade from 1978 to 1987 in the Detroit metropolitan area. Its purpose is to determine whether there has been an increase in early breast cancers: those that are smaller than 2 cm at diagnosis and have no axillary lymph node involvement. Trend analyses of tumor size, node status, year of diagnosis, age, and race were performed for 17,216 incident cases drawn from the Metropolitan Detroit Cancer Surveillance System (MDCSS). Although trends toward earlier diagnosis of breast cancer are observed, less improvement is seen for black women than white women in the presentation of breast cancer at smaller, node-free stages. Implications for breast cancer screening are discussed.
Tubulin genes of the African trypanosome Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense:nucleotide sequence of a 3.7-kb fragment containing genes for alpha and beta tubulins.

Abstract Most tubulin genes of the African trypanosome Trypanosoma rhodesiense are contained in 3.7-kb tandemly repeating units. One member of the 3.7-kb repeat family has been isolated from a T. rhodesiense genomic library, cloned, and sequenced. The 3646-bp fragment contains a complete α-tubulin gene and portions of two β-tubulin genes. No introns are present. The genes are separated by 634- and 333-bp intergenic regions, which lack typical eukaryotic promoter and poly(A) signal sequences. However, both intergenic regions exhibit some structural similarity with sequences proposed to be involved in transcription termination and poly(A) addition in yeast. The 634-bp intergenic region shows homology to the “mini-exon” sequence associated with variable surface glycoprotein (VSG) and other trypanosome mRNAs. A comparable sequence is not found in the 333-bp intergenic region. T. rhodesiense α and β-tubulins exhibit about 84–85% amino acid (aa) sequence homology with tubulins of mammals; the genes show about 74–75% nucleotide sequence homology. The α-tubulin contains 451 aa and the β tubulin 442 aa; both have tyrosine as the C-terminal aa.
The thermal degradation of acrylonitri-lebutadiene-styrene terploymer grafted with methacrylic acid

Abstract Grafting of methacrylic acid, and especially the conversion of the acid to the sodium salt, has a significant effect on the degradation of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) terpolymer. The amount of non-volatile residue obtained at 800 °C is greatly increased after grafting. Cone calorimetry indicates significant improvement in all parameters. It has been determined by TGA-FTIR that the degradation of all portions of the terpolymer commences at higher temperatures than unmodified ABS, due to the effect of the char layer formed on the surface of the terpolymer.
Interprocessor communication with memory constraints

Many parallel applications require periodic redistribution of workloads and associated data. In a distributed memory computer, this redistribution can be difficult if limited memory is available for receiving messages. We propose a model for optimizing the exchange of messages under such circumstances which we call the minimum phase remapping problem. We first show that the problem is NP-Complete, and then analyze several methodologies for addressing it. First, we show how the problem can be phrased as an instance of multi-commodity flow. Next, we study a continuous approximation to the problem. We show that this continuous approximation has a solution which requires at most two more phases than the optimal discrete solution, but the question of how to consistently obtain a good discrete solution from the continuous problem remains open. Finally, we devise a simple and practical approximation algorithm for the problem with a bound of 1.5 times the optimal number of phases.
Quadratic forms and the graph isomorphism problem

Abstract We relate the graph isomorphism problem to the classical problem of equivalence of integer quadratic forms. We give some necessary number theoretic conditions that the isomorphic graphs have to satisfy.
Application of frozen thin sectioning immunogold staining to the study of the developing neuroepithelial basal lamina.

In order to examine the deposition of basal lamina components in the developing neurocpithelium, a technique for frozen thin sectioning and immunogold staining of early embryonic tissue was developed. Different fixatives and buffer systems were evaluated to determine which best retained immunoreactivity and satisfactory ultrastructure of day 9 and 10 mouse embryos. Fixation in sodium phosphate and sodium bicarbonate buffers did not retain antigenicity, and incubations in TBS (Trishydroxymethyl-aminomethane buffered saline) in an effort to ‘restore’ immunoreactivity were similarly unsuccessful. Fixation in sodium cacodylate buffer, however, did retain the antigenicity of basal lamina components; the pattern of type IV collagen and laminin distribution was clearly determined. These results represent the first report of on-grid immunocytochemistry of carly embryonic material.
Maintenance of High-Frequency Transmission at Purkinje to Cerebellar Nuclear Synapses by Spillover from Boutons with Multiple Release Sites

Abstract Cerebellar Purkinje neurons maintain high firing rates but their synaptic terminals depress only moderately, raising the question of how vesicle depletion is minimized. To identify mechanisms that limit synaptic depression, we evoked 100 Hz trains of GABAergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) in cerebellar nuclear neurons by stimulating Purkinje axons in mouse brain slices. The paired-pulse ratio (IPSC 2 /IPSC 1 ) of the total IPSC was ∼1 and the steady-state ratio (IPSC 20 /IPSC 1 ) was ∼0.5, suggesting a high response probability of postsynaptic receptors, without an unusually high release probability. Three-dimensional electron microscopic reconstructions of Purkinje boutons revealed multiple active zones without intervening transporters, suggestive of "spillover"-mediated transmission. Simulations of boutons with 10–16 release sites, in which transmitter from any site can reach all receptors opposite the bouton, replicated multiple-pulse depression during normal, high, and low presynaptic Ca influx. These results suggest that release from multiple-site boutons limits depletion-based depression, permitting prolonged, high-frequency inhibition at corticonuclear synapses.
Practical control for improving power density and efficiency of the BLDC generator

This work presents an advanced control technique for maximizing power density and efficiency of the brushless dc generator by using a linear tracking method and also suggests a sub-optimal control method in practical applications. In a generator of given rating, the weight and size of the system affect the fuel consumption directly; therefore, power density is one of the most important issues in a standalone generator. Conventional rectification methods cannot achieve the maximum power possible because of a nonoptimal current waveform. The optimal control scheme to maximize power density and minimize machine size and weight in a nonsinusoidal power supply system has been derived, incorporated in a control system, and verified by simulation and experimental work. A new simple algebraic method has been proposed to accomplish the proposed control without a fast Fourier transform which is time consuming and complicated.