cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
comment on "structures of the benzene monolayers physisorbed on the graphite basal plane" by C. Bondi and G. Taddei

Abstract I refute the claim of Bondi and Taddei [Surface Sci. 203 (1988) 587] that a paper of Carlos and Cole [Surface Sci. 91 (1980) 339] incorrectly calculates the anisotropic two body dispersion interaction between an adatom and a carbon atom in graphite.
Mucoepidermoid lung tumors

Mucoepidermoid lung tumors are uncommon, representing 0.2% of all lung tumors and 1% to 5% of bronchial adenomas. Eighteen patients with mucoepidermoid tumors are reported. There were 10 male and 8 female patients with a mean age of 36.8 years (range, 9 to 62 years). On the basis of mitotic activity, cellular necrosis, and nuclear pleomorphism, we subclassified these tumors as low grade (15 patients) or high grade (3 patients). The achievement of complete resection and low-grade versus high-grade staging correlated with prognosis. All 12 patients who had a low-grade tumor that was completely excised are alive with no evidence of disease at a mean follow-up of 4.7 years (range, 1 to 27 years). All high-grade tumors proved fatal within 16 months. Two of the 3 high-grade tumors were unresectable because of extensive local disease. Patients with low-grade tumors and microscopically positive margins require close follow-up and can undergo a successful repeat resection. Nine of the 16 resections were sleeve resections, high-lighting the importance of conservative lung-sparing procedures in these central airway tumors. Both patients with an unresectable high-grade tumor had radiation therapy postoperatively and died 11 months later. The role of radiation therapy with high-grade tumors or incomplete resection has yet to be determined.
High-Resolution Climate Simulations of Oxygen Isotope Stage 3 in Europe☆

Oxygen isotope stage 3 (OIS 3) climate and its variations are the focus of the Stage 3 Project. The objective of the OIS 3 modeling effort is twofold: (1) to explore the importance of different boundary conditions on the climate of Europe and (2) to develop climate simulations that best reproduce the wealth of OIS 3 observations. Given the complexity of the topography and coastlines, the modeling effort is based on a “nested” General Circulation Model (GCM) and mesoscale model (RegCM2) with climate simulations for Europe on a 60-km grid spacing. The key conclusions are as follows: (1) The mesoscale model, driven by GCM output, does a reasonable job of reproducing the modern European climate. (2) OIS 3 variations in orbit, CO2, and ice-sheet size are of little significance in explaining the observed climate variability. (3) The model results focus attention on North Atlantic sea-surface temperatures (SST) as a major factor in explaining OIS 3 climates. (4) Experiments for different SST values capture a number of systematic changes in sea-level pressure and precipitation. (5) Climate models simulate substantial European cooling and significant changes in precipitation, but they do not explain large differences between OIS 3 warm and cold episodes.
Pancreas-Protocol Imaging at a High-Volume Center Leads to Improved Preoperative Staging of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

High-quality preoperative cross-sectional imaging is vital to accurately stage patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). We hypothesized that imaging performed at a high-volume pancreatic cancer center with pancreatic imaging protocols more accurately stages patients compared with pre-referral imaging. We retrospectively reviewed data from all patients with PDAC who presented to the surgical oncology clinic at our institution between June 2005 and August 2009. Detailed preoperative imaging, staging, and operative data were collected for each patient. A total of 230 patients with PDAC were identified, of which 169 had pre-referral imaging. Patients were selectively reimaged at our institution based on the quality and timing of imaging at the outside facility: 108 (47%) patients were deemed resectable, 54 (23.5%) were deemed borderline-resectable, and 68 (29.5%) were deemed unresectable. Of the resectable patients, 99 opted for resection. Eighty-two of those 99 patients underwent preoperative imaging at our institution, and of these 27% had unresectable disease at the time of surgery compared with 47% of patients who only had pre-referral imaging (p = 0.14). Reimaging altered staging and changed management in 56% of patients. Among that group were 55 patients, categorized as resectable on pre-referral imaging, who on repeat imaging were deemed to be borderline resectable (n = 27) or unresectable (n = 28). Pancreas-protocol imaging at a high-volume center improves preoperative staging and alters management in a significant proportion of patients with PDAC who undergo pre-referral imaging. Thus, repeat imaging with pancreas protocols and dedicated radiologists is justified at high-volume centers.
High-Resolution Genetic Mapping of Complex Traits from a Combined Analysis of F2 and Advanced Intercross Mice

Genetic influences on anxiety disorders are well documented; however, the specific genes underlying these disorders remain largely unknown. To identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for conditioned fear and open field behavior, we used an F2 intercross (n = 490) and a 34th-generation advanced intercross line (AIL) (n = 687) from the LG/J and SM/J inbred mouse strains. The F2 provided strong support for several QTL, but within wide chromosomal regions. The AIL yielded much narrower QTL, but the results were less statistically significant, despite the larger number of mice. Simultaneous analysis of the F2 and AIL provided strong support for QTL and within much narrower regions. We used a linear mixed-model approach, implemented in the program QTLRel, to correct for possible confounding due to familial relatedness. Because we recorded the full pedigree, we were able to empirically compare two ways of accounting for relatedness: using the pedigree to estimate kinship coefficients and using genetic marker estimates of “realized relatedness.” QTL mapping using the marker-based estimates yielded more support for QTL, but only when we excluded the chromosome being scanned from the marker-based relatedness estimates. We used a forward model selection procedure to assess evidence for multiple QTL on the same chromosome. Overall, we identified 12 significant loci for behaviors in the open field and 12 significant loci for conditioned fear behaviors. Our approach implements multiple advances to integrated analysis of F2 and AILs that provide both power and precision, while maintaining the advantages of using only two inbred strains to map QTL.
Urinary and plasma vitamin D3 metabolites in the nephrotic syndrome.

Abstract Using newly developed and established extraction, Lipidex-5000 chromatography, normal phase gradient HPLC, and ligand binding assay techniques we have directly measured plasma and urine levels of vitamin D 3 and its metabolites in seven normal subjects and seven patients with nephrotic syndrome and normal renal function. Significant reductions in the plasma levels of vitamin D,, 24,25(OH) 2 D 3 , 25,26(OH)2D,, and 1,25(OH)2D, were noted in all nephrotic patients. In conjunction with the plasma metabolite abnormalities, direct quantitative analysis of the urine in these patients revealed significant increases in nonconjugated 250HD,, 24,25(OH) 2 D 3 , and 1,25(OH)2D,. Significant correlations were noted between the plasma and/or urine metabolites and other mineral homeostatic parameters. The results indicate that the primary basis for the reductions in plasma vitamin D, and its metabolites in the nephrotic syndrome is enhanced urinary excretion. The findings of normal serum ionized Ca and i-PTH levels in the patients with nephrosis suggest that reductions in bound and not free forms of vitamin D 3 metabolites in plasma may occur in the initial stages of the nephrotic syndrome.
AN ANALYSIS OF THE DIETARY FIBER, CONTENT OF A STANDARD WHEAT BRAN

A certified, food grade wheat bran (#R07–3691) obtained from the American Association of Cereal Chemists was analyzed using a fractionation procedure. This method includes estimation of cold and hot water-soluble biopolymers as well as total pectic substances, hemicellulose, cellulose, and Klason lignin. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of the carbohydrate polymers was achieved by gas-liquid chromatography. The polymers were hydrolyzed with acid, derivatized to form the respective alditol acetates, and analyzed. The wheat bran was found to contain 0.79 ± 0.09% cold and a trace of hot water-soluble neutral polysaccharides, 2.17 ± 0.09% total pectic substances, 28.45 ± 1.00% hemicellulose, 9.84 ± 0.75% cellulose, and 2.87 ± 0.21% Klason lignin. These values agree with those estimated by other methods where available.
Self Sacrifice in Radical S-adenosylmethionine Proteins

The radical SAM superfamily of metalloproteins catalyze the reductive cleavage of S-adenosyl-l-methionine to generate a 5'-deoxyadenosyl radical (5'-dA*) intermediate that is obligate for turnover. The 5'-dA* acts as a potent oxidant, initiating turnover by abstracting a hydrogen atom from an appropriate substrate. A special class of these enzymes use this strategy to functionalize unactivated C-H bonds by insertion of sulfur atoms. This review will describe the characterization of three members of this class - biotin synthase, lipoyl synthase, and MiaB protein - each of which has been shown to cannibalize itself during turnover.
Bowring and Keppler receive 2010 N. L. Bowen Awards: Citation

[1] Samuel Bowring and Hans Keppler each received the 2010 N. L. Bowen Award at the 2010 AGU Fall Meeting, held 13–17 December in San Francisco, Calif. The award recognizes “outstanding contributions to volcanology, geochemistry, or petrology.”
Inverse Scattering Problem for Separable Potentials

A method for constructing a separable potential directly from the two-nucleon phase shifts is presented. The solution of the inverse scattering problem is extended to include both a long-range attraction and the important strong, short-range repulsion. The occurrence of both an attraction and a strong repulsion in a single separable potential is shown to require that the phase shifts satisfy a modified Levinson theorem. Construction of a noncentral separable interaction directly from known eigenphase shifts and coupling parameters is also discussed. Using the construction procedure described in this paper, the task of repeated phase-shift fitting is avoided, and one can more easily test the sensitivity of nuclear structure calculations to various aspects of the two-nucleon interaction.
Adverse Childhood Experiences and Diabetes in Adulthood: Support for a Collaborative Approach to Primary Care

Prior studies have demonstrated an association between retrospective reports of experiencing trauma in childhood and the current incidence of type 2 diabetes in adulthood. Much less is known about this association among low-income minority patients in primary care settings. We replicated the adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) Centers for disease control and prevention (CDC) study with a low-income minority sample of primary care patients (N = 801) at a community-based healthcare center. We conducted a cross-sectional retrospective quantitative survey study to examine the association between participants’ reports of past childhood trauma and their current health care outcomes. Data were analyzed using binary logistic regression to evaluate the hypothesis that low income minority patients who reported more childhood trauma (abuse, neglect, household dysfunction, cumulative adverse childhood experiences [ACEs]) would more likely be diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Results suggest that the number of ACEs in our sample were considerably higher than the original CDC ACEs study, as almost 50 % of patients surveyed at our clinic reported 4 or more ACEs, confirming that trauma is central in our urban primary care setting. The results of the cumulative ACEs score was in the expected direction and was significant, suggesting that participants who cumulatively reported experiencing more childhood trauma were more likely to be diagnosed with type 2 diabetes in adulthood. These findings have implications for family therapists, primary care providers, researchers, and policy makers to develop more collaborative approaches to primary care that better target the negative sequelae of ACEs.
Cooperative aspect-oriented programming

Aspect-oriented programming (AOP) seeks to improve software modularity via the separation of cross-cutting concerns. AOP proponents often advocate a development strategy where programmers write the main application (base code), ignoring cross-cutting concerns, and then aspect programmers, domain experts in their specific concerns, weave in the logic for these more specialized cross-cutting concerns. This purely oblivious strategy, however, has empirically been shown to tightly couple aspects to base code in many cases, hindering aspect modularity and reuse. In essence, the more intricate the weaving between the cross-cutting concern and the base code (lexically and/or semantically), the harder it becomes to: (a) robustly specify how to weave the aspects in at the required points, (b) capture interactions between aspects and base code, and (c) preserve the correct weaving as the base code evolves. We propose an alternate methodology, termed cooperative aspect-oriented programming (Co-AOP), where complete lexical separation of concerns is not taken as an absolute requirement. Instead, cross-cutting concerns are explicitly modeled as abstract interfaces through explicit join points (EJPs). Programmers specify where these interfaces interact with base code either through explicit lexical references or via traditional oblivious aspects. This explicit awareness allows base code and aspects to cooperate in ways that were previously not possible: arbitrary blocks of code can be advised, advice can be explicitly parameterized, base code can guide aspects in where to apply advice, and aspects can statically enforce new constraints upon the base code that they advise. These new techniques allow aspect modularity and program safety to increase, and bring us towards a cooperative AOP paradigm. We illustrate our methodology via an example on transactions, and also give an initial evaluation of cooperative AOP through an empirical study on program extensibility comparing both the traditional and cooperative AOP methodologies. Initial results show that cooperative AOP techniques result in code that is less complex with lower overall coupling, facilitating extensibility.
Public Response To Air Pollution In Sheffield, England

This paper discusses the attitudes of Sheffield residents to atmospheric pollution and the Clean Air Act, 1956. The majority are aware of air pollution but it is an issue which is low in their problem hierarchy. The magnitude of concentrations of gaseous pollutants is overlooked, and declining levels of participate pollution, the existence of legislation, and press reports have reduced public concern for atmospheric pollution.
The effects of a prostaglandin endoperoxide analogue on canine gastric acid and mucus secretion.

The effects of U-46619, a stable analogue of the prostaglandin endoperoxide PGH2, were studied on canine gastric acid secretion, gastric mucosal blood flow, and secretion of mucus into gastric juice and compared to those of PGE2. U-46619 was approximately four and three times as potent as PGE2 in inhibiting acid secretion and stimulating mucus secretion respectively. When infused at a low dose, U-46619 inhibited acid secretion directly without causing a decrease in the ratio of mucosal blood flow to volume rate of secretion (R), this effect being similar to that observed for PGE2. However, unlike PGE2, U-46619 when administered in a higher dose caused a decline in R while decreasing acid secretion and mucosal blood flow, suggesting a primary restriction of blood flow. The antisecretory effects of arachidonic acid may be due in part to the endogenous formation of prostaglandin endoperoxides as opposed solely to prostaglandin formation. Considering the antisecretory and mucogenic actions of U-46619, nontoxic analogues of prostaglandin endoperoxides may be of value as antiulcer agents.
Immune recognition and response to the renal interstitium

Advances in cellular and molecular immunology over the past decade have revolutionized the way we think about interactions between the immune system and parenchymal tissues. The availability of well characterized experimental models of organ-specific or systemic autoimmunity has allowed advances in basic immunology to be incorporated into understanding the basis for deviant immune responses resulting in host injury, as well as the mechanisms of tolerance to organ-specific antigens [1–5]. This review outlines a framework analysis for understanding how the immune system interacts with the interstitial compartment of the kidney. This framework is comprised of four sections. The first details requirements for the induction of immune responses, including antigen expression in the kidney and how such antigen is presented to the immune system. The second section summarizes work from both experimental models and human studies which have characterized cell-mediated immune responses in interstitial disease [6]. The third section is an update of the antibody response to interstitial antigens, as well as the role of antibody in the effector limb of the immune response, an area which has been previously reviewed extensively [3,4]. The final section discusses how immune responses to interstitial antigens are typically regulated, either by the host or through external manipulations, such that tolerance to organ-specific antigens is maintained [7–9].
Advanced microlens and color filter process technology for the high-efficiency CMOS and CCD image sensors

New markets are emerging for digital electronic image device, especially in visual communications, PC camera, mobile/cell phone, security system, toys, vehicle image system and computer peripherals for document capture. To enable one-chip image system that image sensor is with a full digital interface, can make image capture devices in our daily lives. Adding a color filter to such image sensor in a pattern of mosaics pixel or wide stripes can make image more real and colorful. We can say 'color filter makes the life more colorful color filter is? Color filter means can filter image light source except the color with specific wavelength and transmittance that is same as color filter itself. Color filter process is coating and patterning green, red and blue (or cyan, magenta and yellow) mosaic resists onto matched pixel in image sensing array pixels. According to the signal caught from each pixel, we can figure out the environment image picture. Widely use of digital electronic camera and multimedia applications today makes the feature of color filter becoming bright. Although it has challenge but it is very worthy to develop the process of color filter. We provide the best service on shorter cycle time, excellent color quality, high and stable yield. The key issues of advanced color process have to be solved and implemented are planarization and micro-lens technology. Lost of key points of color filter process technology have to consider will also be described in this paper.
The surface-exposed carboxyl region of Mycoplasma pneumoniae elongation factor Tu interacts with fibronectin

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a bacterial pathogen of the human respiratory tract that causes a wide range of airway diseases as well as extrapulmonary symptoms. It possesses a distinct, differentiated terminal structure, termed the attachment organelle, that mediates adherence to the host respiratory epithelium. Previously, we reported that surface-associated M. pneumoniae elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu, also called MPN665) serves as a fibronectin (Fn)-binding protein, facilitating interactions between mycoplasmas and extracellular matrix. In the present study, we determined that binding of M. pneumoniae EF-Tu to Fn is primarily mediated by the EF-Tu carboxyl region. A 179-amino-acid region spanning the carboxyl terminus (designated EC; amino acids 192 to 394) binds Fn in a dose-dependent manner. Further analysis of carboxyl constructs (ED3 and ED4) and their deletion truncations (ED3.1, ED3.2, and ED4.1) revealed that the carboxyl region possessed two distinct sites with different Fn-binding efficiencies. Immunogold electron microscopy using antibodies raised against recombinant ED3 and ED4 demonstrated the surface accessibility of the EF-Tu carboxyl region. Competitive binding assays using intact radiolabeled mycoplasmas and purified recombinant ED3 and ED4 proteins, along with antibody blocking assays, reinforced the role of the surface-exposed EF-Tu carboxyl region in Fn binding. Alkali and high-salt treatment of mycoplasma membranes and Triton X-114-partitioned mycoplasma fractions confirmed the stable association of EF-Tu within the mycoplasma membrane. These observations highlight the unique, multifaceted, and unpredictable role of the classically defined cytoplasmic protein EF-Tu relative to cellular function, compartmentalization, and topography.
The Interplay of Language Processing, Reasoning and Decision-Making in Cognitive Computing

Integrating language processing, reasoning and decision making is a prerequisite to any breakthroughs in cognitive computing. This paper discusses historical attitudes that have worked against such integration, then describes a cognitive architecture called OntoAgent that illustrates both the feasibility and the payoffs of pursuing integration. Examples are drawn from the Maryland Virtual Patient prototype application, which offers medical trainees the opportunity to diagnose and treat a cohort of cognitively modeled virtual patients that are capable of language processing, reasoning, learning, decision making and simulated action.
Phosphorus Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Human Masseter Muscle

Masseter muscle metabolism is poorly understood. 31P Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) provides an opportunity for non-invasive study of muscle metabolism during rest, exercise, and recovery. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in high-energy phosphates and pH in human masseter muscle associated with exertional pain. Phosphates and pH were measured with 31P Magnetic Resonance at 2.0 Tesla. The bite force was simultaneously measured with a force transducer. Continuous biting at maximum voluntary bite force (MVBF) and two intermittent biting exercises with different duty cycles were performed to pain intolerance. The light intermittent exercise did not produce pain. Brief MVBF requested at the beginning, during, and end of each exercise showed no decay. Qualitatively, changes in phosphates were similar to those reported from comparable limb muscle exercises: increased inorganic phosphate (Pi), decreased phosphocreatine (PCr), and no changes in ATP level. Quantitatively, however, the Pi/...
A radial basis function equalizer for optical fiber communications systems

A radial basis function (RBF) equalizer is introduced for mitigation of intersymbol interference in optical communications systems. It is shown that prior information on the noise and channel characteristics can be incorporated effectively into the structure of an RBF equalizer. A training algorithm for tracking time varying statistics of the input is presented and the proposed equalizer is applied for mitigation of polarization mode dispersion in an optical communications channel with dominating amplified spontaneous emission noise.
Tackling Primary Cilia Dysfunction in Photoreceptor Degenerative Diseases of the Eye.

Perception of what is occurring around us relies extensively on our senses, such as vision, smell and touch. Among these, vision attracts remarkable attention. The ability to see makes us appreciate life. For years, investigators have been seeking answers to remarkable capabilities of the eye to perceive and interpret light signal and any kind of disturbances causing loss of vision and degenerative ocular diseases. Answers to such questions are essential to develop a cure for people suffering from dysfunction of visual process. This editorial summarizes recent trends in the development of our understanding of a class of degenerative diseases of eye, which are caused by defects in polarized protein trafficking in photoreceptors, the light-sensing neurons in the retina.
Effects of Product Formulation, Processing, and Meal Composition on In Vitro Estimated Iron Availability from Cereal-Containing Breakfast Meals

The effects of breakfast cereal composition, breakfast cereal processing, and breakfast meal composition on relative iron availability from breakfast meals were estimated using an in vitro method. Addition of wheat bran and germ to cereals and meals reduced iron availability. Presweetening caused a slight increase in iron availability. Comparisons among meals containing cereals that were similar except for type of processing showed that processing may affect iron availability. Addition of orange juice to breakfast meals caused a dramatic enhancement of iron availability. Ascorbic acid fortified apple and grape juice increased iron availability but the effect was small compared with the orange juice effect. Studies with purified organic acids showed that ascrobic and citric acids present in the juices caused the observed enhancement of iron availability. Citric acid was a more potent enhancer than ascorbic acid.
Characterization of cardiomyocyte excitation–contraction coupling in the FVB/N-C57BL/6 intercrossed “Chocolate” brown mice

Abstract Mice are extensively used for gene modification research and isolated cardiomyocytes are essential for evaluation of cardiac function without interference from non-myocyte contribution. This study was designed to characterize cardiomyocyte excitation–contraction coupling in FVB/N-C57BL/6 intercrossed brown mice. Mechanical and intracellular Ca 2+ properties were evaluated using an IonOptix softedge system including peak shortening (PS), time-to-PS (TPS), time-to-90% relengthening (TR 90 ), maximal velocity of shortening and relengthening (± d L / d t ), intracellular Ca 2+ rise and decay rate. Resting cell length was longer in age- and gender-matched C57BL/6 and brown mice compared to FVB strain. PS and ± d L / d t were significantly lower in brown mice compared to FVB/N and C57BL/6 groups. TPS was shortened in C57BL/6 mice and TR 90 was prolonged in brown mice compared to other groups. Resting intracellular Ca 2+ level and single exponential intracellular Ca 2+ decay constant were comparable among all three mouse lines. Rise in intracellular Ca 2+ in response to electrical stimulus was higher in C57BL/6 mouse myocytes whereas bi-exponential intracellular Ca 2+ decay was faster in brown mice. Myocytes from all three groups exhibited similar fashion of reduction in PS in response to increased stimulus frequency. These data suggest that inherent differences in cardiomyocyte excitation–contraction coupling exist between strains, which may warrant caution when comparing data from these mouse lines.
Electronic Structure of Cobalt Nanocrystals Suspended in Liquid

The electronic structure of cobalt nanocrystals suspended in liquid as a function of size has been investigated using in-situ x-ray absorption and emission spectroscopy. A sharp absorption peak associated with the ligand molecules is found that increases in intensity upon reducing the nanocrystal size. X-ray Raman features due to d-d and to charge-transfer excitations of ligand molecules are identified. The study reveals the local symmetry of the surface of {var_epsilon}-Co phase nanocrystals, which originates from a dynamic interaction between Co nanocrystals and surfactant + solvent molecules.
On guidelines for safe route redistributions

Route redistribution (RR) is becoming a critical tool in enterprise network operations. Like BGP, RR is prone to configuration errors, which may result in severe instabilities such as permanent routing loops and oscillations. In response, router vendors have put forth a set of recommendations on how to configure RR. However, the proposed guidelines are mainly derived from anecdotal experience and based on a limited range of parameters. Having not been subjected to systematic validation, their general effectiveness for preventing routing instabilities is largely unknown. This paper shows that the vendor recommendations do not completely eliminate routing instabilities and have severe limitations in terms of domain backup. It then presents a set of new guidelines with provable properties assuring safety, robustness, reachability, and domain backup. Configurations based on these guidelines allow routing domains of a network to safely exchange information and back up each other, thus increasing the robustness of the network against failures.
GISAXS : glancing incidence small angle X-ray scattering

In this method, the incident beam is totally externally reflected from a surface or substrate, followed by small-angle scattering of the refracted (evanescent) beam by the surface region. As one example, GISAXS can provide size information on islands associated with film growth. The technique is described, along with examples from studies of Au on glass, and InAs on silicon. In contrast to TEM this technique is nondestructive, can be done in situ, provides excellent sampling, does not necessarily require synchrotron radiation, and is not limited to thin or conducting substrates
Isoquinoline and Peripheral-type Benzodiazepine Binding in Gliomas: Implications for Diagnostic Imaging

Binding of the isoquinoline PK 11195 and of the benzodiazepines Ro5-4864 and flunitrazepam was compared in glioma cells and tissues. In human and rat glioma cell cultures [3H]PK 11195 bound with higher affinity ( K d = 14.01 and 15.76 nm, respectively) than either Ro5-4864 ( K i = 1200 and 84.9 nm, respectively) or flunitrazepam ( K i > 10,000 and = 848 nm, respectively). Autoradiograms of postmortem human brain sections containing glioma revealed that [3H]PK 11195 bound specifically to intact tumor cells and not to cells of normal cerebral cortex or necrotic areas of the tumor. Total [3H]Ro5-4864 or [3H]flunitrazepam binding to these sections was indistinguishable from nonspecific binding, and regions of tumor and normal brain could not be delineated. These results support the use of radiolabeled PK 11195 for clinical trials of imaging human gliomas by positron emission tomography.
Persistent Activation of RelA by Respiratory Syncytial Virus Involves Protein Kinase C, Underphosphorylated IκBβ, and Sequestration of Protein Phosphatase 2A by the Viral Phosphoprotein

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) activated the RelA (p65) subunit of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) over many hours postinfection. The initial activation coincided with phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα, the cytoplasmic inhibitor of RelA. During persistent activation of NF-κB at later times in infection, syntheses of inhibitors IκBα as well as IκBβ were restored. However, the resynthesized IκBβ was in an underphosphorylated state, which apparently prevented inhibition of NF-κB. Use of specific inhibitors suggested that the pathway leading to the persistent—but not the initial—activation of NF-κB involved signaling through protein kinase C (PKC) and reactive oxygen intermediates of nonmitochondrial origin, whereas phospholipase C or D played little or no role. Thus, RSV infection led to the activation of NF-κB by a biphasic mechanism: a transient or early activation involving phosphorylation of the inhibitor IκB polypeptides, and a persistent or long-term activation requiring PKC and the generation of hypophosphorylated IκBβ. At least a part of the activation was through a novel mechanism in which the viral phosphoprotein P associated with but was not dephosphorylated by protein phosphatase 2A and thus sequestered and inhibited the latter. We postulate that this led to a net increase in the phosphorylation state of signaling proteins that are responsible for RelA activation.
Evaluating the lethal and pre-lethal effects of a range of fungi against adult Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes.

Background: Insecticide resistance is seriously undermining efforts to eliminate malaria. In response, research on alternatives to the use of chemical insecticides against adult mosquito vectors has been increasing. Fungal entomopathogens formulated as biopesticides have received much attention and have shown considerable potential. This research has necessarily focused on relatively few fungal isolates in order to ‘prove concept’. Further, most attention has been paid to examining fungal virulence (lethality) and not the other properties of fungal infection that might also contribute to reducing transmission potential. Here, a range of fungal isolates were screened to examine variation in virulence and how this relates to additional pre-lethal reductions in feeding propensity. Methods: The Asian malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi was exposed to 17 different isolates of entomopathogenic fungi belonging to species of Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, Metarhizium acridum and Isaria farinosus. Each isolate was applied to a test substrate at a standard dose rate of 1×10 9 spores ml -1 and the mosquitoes exposed for six hours. Subsequently the insects were removed to mesh cages where survival was monitored over the next 14 days. During this incubation period the mosquitoes’ propensity to feed was assayed for each isolate by offering a feeding stimulant at the side of the cage and recording the number probing. Results and conclusions: Fungal isolates showed a range of virulence to A. stephensi with some causing >80% mortality within 7 days, while others caused little increase in mortality relative to controls over the study period. Similarly, some isolates had a large impact on feeding propensity, causing >50% pre-lethal reductions in feeding rate, whereas other isolates had very little impact. There was clear correlation between fungal virulence and feeding reduction with virulence explaining nearly 70% of the variation in feeding reduction. However, there were some isolates where either feeding decline was not associated with high virulence, or virulence did not automatically prompt large declines in feeding. These results are discussed in the context of choosing optimum fungal isolates for biopesticide development.
Characterization of TUP1, a mediator of glucose repression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The TUP1 and CYC8 (= SSN6) genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae play a major role in glucose repression. Mutations in either TUP1 or CYC8 eliminate or reduce glucose repression of many repressible genes and induce other phenotypes, including flocculence, failure to sporulate, and sterility of MAT alpha cells. The TUP1 gene was isolated in a screen for genes that regulate mating type (V.L. MacKay, Methods Enzymol. 101:325-343, 1983). We found that a 3.5-kb restriction fragment was sufficient for complete complementation of tup1-100. The gene was further localized by insertional mutagenesis and RNA mapping. Sequence analysis of 2.9 kb of DNA including TUP1 revealed only one long open reading frame which predicts a protein of molecular weight 78,221. The predicted protein is rich in serine, threonine, and glutamine. In the carboxyl region there are six repeats of a pattern of about 43 amino acids. This same pattern of conserved residues is seen in the beta subunit of transducin and the yeast CDC4 gene product. Insertion and deletion mutants are viable, with the same range of phenotypes as for point mutants. Deletions of the 3' end of the coding region produced the same mutant phenotypes as did total deletions, suggesting that the C terminus is critical for TUP1 function. Strains with deletions in both the CYC8 and TUP1 genes are viable, with phenotypes similar to those of strains with a single deletion. A deletion mutation of TUP1 was able to suppress the snf1 mutation block on expression of the SUC2 gene encoding invertase.
QUICK EVAPORATION OF PROTEIN HYDROLYZATES FOR AMINO ACID ASSAY

Described is a procedure for quickly evaporating protein hydrolyzates to dryness prior to amino acid assay. An operator may prepare three to many times the number of dry hydrolyzates as previously in the same amount of time, depending on whether a part or all of the described techniques are used. The procedure permits the efficient use of the amino acid analyzer.
New Complementation Constructs for Inducible and Constitutive Gene Expression in Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis

We have created new complementation constructs for use in Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis. The constructs contain regions of homology with the chromosome and direct the insertion of a gene of interest into the intergenic region between the genes iga and trpB. In order to increase the available options for gene expression in Neisseria, we designed the constructs to contain one of three different promoters. One of the constructs contains the isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside-inducible lac promoter, which has been widely used in Neisseria. We also designed a construct that contains the strong, constitutive promoter from the gonococcal opaB gene. The third construct contains a tetracycline-inducible promoter, a novel use of this promoter in Neisseria. We demonstrate that anhydrotetracycline can be used to induce gene expression in the pathogenic Neisseria at very low concentrations and without negatively affecting the growth of the organisms. We use these constructs to complement an arginine auxotrophy in N. gonorrhoeae as well as to express a translational fusion of alkaline phosphatase with TraW. TraW is a component of the gonococcal type IV secretion system, and we demonstrate that TraW localizes to the periplasm.
The Phase Behavior of a Hydrogen Bonding Molecular Composite

The phase behavior of a blend containing poly(hydroxypropyl L-glutamine) (PHOPG), a rod-like polypeptide, and a coil-like random copolymer with 1.5% hydrogen bonding monomer is studied using light scattering, DSC, and optical microscopy. The results show that this system has an LCST. The phase behavior of this binary system is complicated by a glass transition and an ordering transition. Evidence is also observed of a possible change in phase demixing process, from nucleation and growth to spinodal decomposition, for a 50/50 blend with a change in temperature.
Communication Waveform Design Using an Adaptive Spectrally Modulated, Spectrally Encoded (SMSE) Framework

Fourth-generation (4G) communication systems will likely support multiple capabilities while providing universal, high-speed access. One potential enabler for these capabilities is software-defined radio (SDR). When controlled by cognitive radio (CR) principles, the required waveform diversity is achieved through a synergistic union called CR-based SDR. This paper introduces a general framework for analyzing, characterizing, and implementing spectrally modulated, spectrally encoded (SMSE) signals within CR-based SDR architectures. Given orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is one 4G candidate signal, OFDM-based signals are collectively classified as SMSE since data modulation and encoding are applied in the spectral domain. The proposed framework provides analytic commonality and unification of multiple SMSE signals. Framework applicability and flexibility is demonstrated for candidate 4G signals by: 1) showing that resultant analytic expressions are consistent with published results and 2) presenting representative modeling and simulation results to reinforce practical utility
Academic Self-Efficacy, Information Literacy, and Undergraduate Course-Related Research: Expanding Gross's Imposed Query Model

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this article is to demonstrate the potential relevance of academic self-beliefs to Gross's imposed query model as they apply to undergraduate students, particularly at the IQ2 (transferred) and IQ3 (interpreted) stages. The author argues that, at these two stages, students will decide if they have the skills required to be successful, how much effort they will put into the research process, and if they will seek help from an expert information intermediary. Furthermore, the author proposes an expanded model of the IQ2 (transferred) and IQ3 (interpreted) stages to be tested by future research seeking to understand how undergraduate students navigate the course-related research process.
Sleep health literacy in head start families and staff: exploratory study of knowledge, motivation, and competencies to promote healthy sleep

Context Healthy child development requires sufficient, quality sleep. Sleep problems in early childhood impair social-emotional and cognitive function and increase obesity risk. From a health literacy framework, “sleep health literacy” denotes the knowledge, motivation, and competencies to promote healthy sleep and to recognize a sleep problem.
The New Cornell Report on the Value of Household Output: A Critical Review

This paper presents a critical analysis of the new Cornell report on the monetary value of household output. The report has some interesting information with respect to white women's household services workweek. Unfortunately the estimates for other groups (Blacks, white males) is marred by small sample size. The underestimation of wage growth and improper discount rates are also problems in the report.
Interactions of platelet activating factor and prostaglandins in the glomerulus and in mesangial cells.

Platelet activating factor (PAF) has been recognized as a potent mediator of inflammation and identified as l-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-choline (Fig. 1). For biological activity, PAF requires an alkyl chain linked by an ether bond at the sn-1 position (most commonly a C16 length saturated chain) and an acetyl group at the sn-2 position. Loss of the acetyl group yielding lyso-PAF is associated with loss of biological activity (1–3). Many inflammatory cells have the capability to produce PAF upon stimulation, including peripheral leucocytes, with the exception of lymphocytes (1). Furthermore, cultured endothelial cells and renal cells (see below) can generate PAF. Stimuli that result in PAF formation cause an increase in intracellular calcium and include calcium ionophore, receptor-mediated phagocytosis or endocytosis, complement component C5a , formyl — methionyl — leucyl — phenyl — alanine and endotoxin (1–3). In general, resting cells do not produce PAF but require prior stimulation. Upon stimulation, PAF formation occurs via deacylation by phospholipase A2 of the precursor molecule l-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine to yield lyso PAF (Fig. 2). Lyso PAF is subsequently acetylated in position 2 by a specific acetyl-coenzyme A transferase to yield the active PAF molecule (1).
Everyday expressions of pain in children with and without autism spectrum disorder

Abstract Background Anecdotal reports from parents suggest that their children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may have diminished pain experiences and expressions. In contrast, objective measures of pain have been used to document typical and enhanced expressions of pain in response to noxious stimuli (e.g., blood draw) among children with autism. The purpose of this study was to compare non-biased parental ratings of pain among children with and without ASD. Method As an everyday measure of pain, parents completed The Non-Communicating Children’s Pain Checklist (NCCPC-R) across two time windows (i.e., 2 h and 1 week) for 31 children with ASD and 19 children without ASD. Results There were no significant group differences in everyday expressions of pain between children with and without ASD. However, in general, increased autism symptomology severity was associated with decreased parental ratings of pain expressions. Conclusion These results continue to support a framework where children with ASD may have typical pain sensitivity, however, their expressions of pain may differ based on where individuals lie on the autism spectrum.
Comparison of algorithms for anomaly detection in flight Recorder data of airline operations

In order to improve the current high level of safety in air carrier operations, there is increasing emphasis on developing proactive safety management systems to identify and mitigate risk areas before they manifest in aircraft accidents or incidents. One way to conduct proactive safety management for airline operations is to utilize the operational data archived in modern Flight Data Recorders (FDRs) equipped on aircraft. Recently, efforts have been made to develop algorithms to detect anomalies in sensor data from a complex engineered system in a dynamic operating environment. 1 These algorithms take a data-driven approach to build a model for detecting anomalies directly from data collected during system operation, rather than building it based on domain knowledge, standard operating procedure or human expertise. The knowledge discovery processes, in general, face the challenge of validating new discoveries from real-world data as in many cases there exists no “ground truth” that can confirm the presence of these anomalies. In this study, we compared two data-driven anomaly detection algorithms and contrasted the two datadriven methods with the traditional flight data analysis method Exceedance Detection. The two datadriven anomaly detection algorithms are Cluster-based Anomaly Detection (ClusterAD) and Multiple Kernel Anomaly Detection (MKAD). Both algorithms were developed to detect anomalous flights in recorded flight data. The Exceedance Detection method is a Flight Operational Quality Assurance (FOQA) analysis tool widely used in the airline industry. It detects exceedance events when certain flight parameters exceed pre-specified thresholds. Only known safety concerns are examined by this method. All three methods were independently tested on the same set of flight data from an airline’s normal operations. The entire dataset contains recorded flight data of a narrow-body aircraft. The data are from short to medium range flights of a commercial passenger jet airline. The comparison results of the three
Modeling the Effect of Refraction at a Flat Interface on Plenoptic Particle Reconstruction

As with any flow diagnostic imaging system, plenoptic PIV must be able to capture images under a wide variety of imaging conditions. One common problem is the change in magnification caused by a change in the index of refraction between a flow volume and the camera, often seen in water tunnel imaging. This work seeks to analytically derive the effect of refraction on the imaging equations and to find a correction factor for the depth of particles in a tomographic reconstruction of the volume. This solution was tested by a series of simulated images that were generated under three different conditions: no refractive interfaces, a flat refractive interface between the volume and the camera, and a flat refractive interface between the main lens and the microlens array. Results demonstrated that the depth of a particle is shifted with regard to the focal point of the system by a factor of the index of refraction. For an internal interface, this scaling remains true for all particles focused behind the interface, but there is significant deviation in particle depth for particles focused in front of this plane.
Artifacts in Chromatography: An Overview

A brief overview of the field of analytical artifacts is provided, with examples of solvent impurities, stabilizers, polymer additives, and problems relating to Teflon, glassware, and laboratory contaminants.
Research and Application of Inspection Technology in Underground Hydraulic Fracturing

The detection principle of a new tracer,ammonium thiocyanate,was analyzed.And monitor technology of tracer using in hydraulic fracturing of coal seam was studied in this paper.This new tracer has been used in No.10 coal mine of Zhongping group,and the desired results were achieved.