cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fast-cycle-time single-wafer IC manufacturing

Abstract This paper presents a demonstration of the total use of RTP for fast-cycle-time semiconductor IC production. The feasibility of eliminating batch processing for CMOS IC fabrication has been shown. Our fast-cycle-time flexible single-wafer minifactory contains 34 single-wafer processors having various combinations of at least 9 different in-situ process monitoring and control sensors. Forty device fabrication processes are done with these systems, the majority being Advanced Vacuum Processors (AVPs). Multiple combinations of process energy sources and in-situ sensors are used to perform many process steps. Vacuum wafer cassettes are used for transporting wafers in a clean environment between machines. All of the AVPs are driven and supervised by a computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) system, with unit process recipe specifications passed to the AVP host computer for process execution and control. More than 40 AVP systems have been designed and built for applications in TI's advanced silicon integrated circuit and HgCdTe detector technologies. Rapid thermal processes have been developed for all the thermal fabrication steps required in two 0.35 μm CMOS technologies. These processes include thin dielectric growth (dry and wet rapid thermal oxidations), high-pressure field oxidation, high-pressure BPSG reflow, source/drain and gate anneals. CMOS well formation, TiN/TiSi2 react & anneal, forming-gas anneal, and rapid thermal chemical-vapor deposition (RTCVD) processes for amorphous silicon, polysilicon, tungsten, silicon dioxide, and silicon nitride. These RTPs cover a processing temperature range of 450°–1100°C. An integrated sensor system will also be presented for rapid thermal process control. The lamp-heated reactors employ multi-zone axisymmetric illuminators and noinvasive in-situ sensors for real-time process uniformity control and process/equipment diagnostics. Various modes of sensor fusion have been implemented for improved equipment/process control performance. Improved RTP control has been established throughout the integrated CMOS flows using a customized backside seal structure on epitaxial wafers. Complete sub-half-micron CMOS process integration and device manufacturing have been successfully demonstrated with all-RTP thermal processing. Source/drain RTP was shown to decrease the effect of back-end processing on both salicided and unsalicided CMOS 0.25 μm devices.
The relationship between the use of sugar content information on nutrition labels and the consumption of added sugars

Abstract Increased consumption of added sugars in the US diet has led to calls for renewed public nutrition efforts including more detailed nutrition labels. This study models the effectiveness of the current nutrition label as a means of reducing the proportion of calories from added sugars in diets among respondents to the 1994–96 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals. Results show a significant relationship between frequent use of sugar information on the label and reduced added sugar density, suggesting that labeling is effective as a means of assisting consumers to moderate sugar consumption. However, as it is not possible to discount that individuals who wish to moderate or limit their intake are more likely to read labels, the study cannot show whether or not reducing intakes of products likely to contain added sugars precedes reliance on food labels for that purpose.
Induction of creatininase activity in chronic renal failure: Timing of creatinine degradation and effect of antibiotics

Creatinine degradation was prospectively studied in four healthy subjects and 35 patients with varying degrees of chronic renal failure by measuring creatininase activity in stool isolates. Patients were subdivided into those with serum creatinine above and below 6 mg/dL. Creatinine degradation in the former group of patients who had not taken antibiotics in the previous 3 months was significantly greater than the latter (64% v 26%; P < 0.001), which was similar to healthy controls. This degradation was abolished when antibiotics were added directly to the patient's stool during incubation (P < 0.002). In a subset of five patients, duodenal intubation demonstrated small bowel bacterial overgrowth associated with high concentrations of toxic methylamines generated therefrom and increased stool creatinine consumption. We conclude that retained creatinine in advanced chronic renal failure induces bacterial creatininase activity throughout the bowel, causing creatinine degradation and subsequent potential loss of creatinine to the creatinine pool. The modifying effects of antibiotics on creatinine degradation has important clinical implications for the interpretation of serum creatinine measurements in renal failure.
Leveraging multiple mechanisms for information propagation

We address the problem of how social influence affects the spread of information across a population. Existing work has approached such problems through the use of simple models of influence that utilize a single influence mechanism for inducing changes in a population. We have developed a new model of social influence that recognizes and leverages multiple influence mechanisms and multiple types of relations among individuals. Our model increases expressivity and extensibility over that of existing related models and facilitates analysis of influence effects in a multitude of social contexts (e.g., marketing, trends, decision support).
Speech planning happens before speech execution: online reaction time methods in the study of apraxia of speech.

Purpose The purpose of this article is to present an argument for the use of online reaction time (RT) methods to the study of apraxia of speech (AOS) and to review the existing small literature in...
Participation in 150 min/wk of moderate or higher intensity physical activity yields greater weight loss after gastric bypass surgery.

Abstract Background The American College of Sports Medicine's position stand on weight loss and prevention of weight regain in adults has suggested that overweight adults should participate in a minimum of 150 min/wk of moderate intensity physical activity (PA). This study compared the 3-, 6-, and 12-month postoperative weight loss between gastric bypass surgery (GBS) patients who met or exceeded the recommended 150 min/wk of moderate or higher PA and those not meeting the recommendation. Methods The self-administered short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire was used to assess moderate or higher intensity PA participation at 3 (n = 178), 6 (n = 128), and 12 months (n = 209) after GBS. The patients' height and body weight were obtained to determine the kilograms of weight lost, percentage of excess weight loss, body mass index change, and total weight loss percentage. The weight loss differences were analyzed using analysis of covariance at each point, with age and preoperative body mass index as covariates. Results Patients reporting 150 min/wk of moderate or higher PA had significantly ( P Conclusion Participation in a minimum of 150 min/wk of moderate or higher intensity PA was associated with greater postoperative weight loss at 6 and 12 months postoperatively. Patients should be encouraged to meet or exceed this recommendation until prospective, randomized studies have definitively established a link between PA and greater postoperative weight loss and maintenance.
An Analysis of 35 Cases of the Complete Form of Persistent Common Atrioventricular Canal

Thirty-five hearts with the complete form of persistent common atrioventricular canal were classified according to the morphology of the common anterior leaflet. The ratio of specimens with a free-floating undivided common anterior leaflet (Type I) to those with a divided common anterior leaflet attached to the septum (Type II) was 1:2. Type I cases had a high incidence of other cardiac (90 percent) and noncardiac (80 percent) malformations. These were primarily conotruncal anomalies (80 percent), left ventricular outflow obstructions (66 percent), aortic arch hypoplasia (30 percent), and abnormalities of organ position or symmetry including the polysplenia and asplenia syndromes. In contrast, Type II canals exhibited a high incidence of Down's syndrome (40 percent), other cardiac and noncardiac anomalies being less common. The associated anomalies suggest that Type I lesions reflect an earlier interference during embryogenesis than Type II lesions. A clockwise QRS loop and a normal or right axis on the e...
Alcohol expectancy and conditioning in sons of alcoholics.

This paper represents an overview of research performed in the context of a classical conditioning model of addiction to alcohol. College age sons of alcoholics were administered placebo in a single session or alcohol in repeated sessions in the laboratory. Sons of alcoholics had enhanced autonomic responses to placebo that were opposite in direction to the effect of alcohol, and they showed reverse tolerance to alcohol in three conditioning sessions. These studies are discussed in relation to theories of addiction to alcohol and a speculative model of risk for alcoholism.
The Prognosis of Subdural Effusions Complicating Pyogenic Meningitis

Summary Patients in whom subdural effusions complicated acute purulent meningitis and a control group in whom subdural taps were negative were investigated for the presence of clinical and developmental abnormalities at follow-up. More than 50 per cent of the patients were examined more than 4 years after the acute meningitis. In the majority of instances meningitis was caused by Hemophilus influenzae, but this organism was not found more frequently in patients with effusions than in the controls. Patients with pneumococcal meningitis appeared more likely and those with meningococcal meningitis less likely to develop subdural effusions than not. There was a predominance of males and of Negroes in the group with effusions, which was not found in the control group. A relatively poor prognosis was associated with the presence of coma, convulsions, or neurological abnormalities at the onset of the acute meningitis. This was true in the presence or in the absence of effusions. Among those with effusions permanent sequelae tended to be more frequent in those in whom effusions were large and present for long periods of time. In patients treated with subdural taps alone prognosis was better when the indication for termination of therapy was evidence of a dry subdural space than when drainage was discontinued earlier. Patients in whom membranes were seen and excised did very well in spite of the presence of previously stormy courses, while those in whom membranes were seen and not removed had a high incidence of permanent sequelae.
Correction: Governance and Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa

Tables 1 and 2 in our article on African governance and growth, which appeared in the Summer 1999 issue of the Journal of Economic Perspectives (13:3, pp. 41–66) contain errors that led us to overstate the extent of Africa’s growth shortfall and the contribution of slow productivity growth. The African aggregates are measured correctly in these tables; errors pertain to “other developing countries” and are the result of our having transposed some rows in an underlying spreadsheet. The correct data, which should replace the corresponding entries in Tables 1 and 2, appear below. Comparing these with the African aggregates as they appear in Tables 1 and 2 of the original paper (pp. 45–46), Africa’s average growth shortfall from 1960 to 1994 was 1.7 percentage points on an annual basis, rather than the 2.5 percentage points reported in the original text (p. 43). Slower growth in the residual accounts for just over half of this shortfall, rather than two-thirds (as claimed on p. 44). Since the corrected shortfall is now close to what one obtains using PPP-adjusted real incomes (as reported on p. 42 and illustrated in Figure 2), footnote 1 in our original text, which “explains away” the apparent discrepancy, is irrelevant except as a testimonial to our powers of rationalization(!). These errors are large by the standards of growth accounting, and they feed what is already in the literature a very negative view of African growth performance. We are grateful for the opportunity to correct them in print. Our basic messages, however, are robust to these corrections. Africa’s growth shortfall has indeed been large, and slow productivity growth has been a very important contributor. These
Recent Developments in Spark Chambers

The parallel developments of a variety of spark-chamber schemes have produced many workable systems with success in experimental applications. Major efforts have developed several methods for direct electrical readout of spark-chamber data. These include the use of magnetic cores for direct digitizing of information from wire spark chambers, as well as the use of Vidicon cameras to observe sparks, and of current division and acoustic transit time in analogue devices to measure spark position. For such systems the on-line use of computers, and (or) the construction of significant electrical interfacing circuitry, are important considerations in efforts to maximize the event rate. Conventional spark-chamber systems using film to record data have benefited from the continued development of automatic off-line scanning and measuring systems. There are also many experiments that will use the unique capabilities of wide-gap spark and streamer chambers.
Immunoglobulin in the eggs of the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)

Egg yolk proteins obtained from 2-3-day-old fertilized channel catfish eggs were analyzed to determine if immunoglobulin (Ig) was present. Using both monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies to catfish Ig, egg Ig was isolated and structurally characterized. The egg Ig when analyzed in SDS-gels under nonreducing conditions dissociated into eight distinct subpopulations with relative mobilities identical to that previously described for the serum Ig of the channel catfish. In addition, the component heavy (H) and light (L) chains of the egg Ig had similar relative mobilities as the H and L chains identified in serum Ig. Immunocytological studies using both polyclonal and monoclonal anti-catfish Ig showed that Ig was dispersed throughout the yolk of the egg. In addition these analyses indicated that Ig was localized within the external membranes (eggshell) of the egg.
The amyotrophic lateral sclerosis health state scale and the effect of riluzole

To better understand disease progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and determine the effects of therapeutic intervention, a five-level, classification of health states that reflect ALS patients’ activities of daily living has been developed. Utilizing data obtained from a placebo-controlled clinical trial involving 959 ALS patients where riluzole was used for the treatment arm, this classification was applied and data analyzed using a Cox time-to-failure model. We wished to determine whether riluzole influenced the length of time in any of the different health states. Our results showed that patients treated with riluzole remained in the two mildest disease states for significantly longer periods of time. This effect was not found for the more severe disease states. These preliminary results may have important implications for the design of future studies, treatment decisions and health outcomes.
Role of CT and MR imaging in predicting optimal cytoreduction of newly diagnosed primary epithelial ovarian cancer

Abstract Objective To determine the relative accuracy of CT or MR imaging in the detection of inoperable tumor sites prior to cytoreductive surgery in a large series of patients with newly diagnosed primary epithelial ovarian cancer. Methods One hundred thirty-seven women with newly diagnosed primary epithelial ovarian cancer underwent CT ( n = 91) or MR imaging ( n = 46) prior to cytoreductive surgery. The following imaging criteria were used to identify inoperable tumor sites: (1) peritoneal implants greater than 2 cm in maximum diameter in the porta hepatis, intersegmental fissure, gall bladder fossa, subphrenic space, gastrohepatic ligament, gastrosplenic ligament, lesser sac, or root of the small bowel mesentery; (2) retroperitoneal adenopathy greater than 2 cm in maximum diameter above the renal hila; (3) hepatic metastases or abdominal wall invasion. Imaging results were compared with operability at surgery. Results Cytoreductive surgery was suboptimal in 21 of the 137 (15%) patients. Sixteen of these patients had inoperable tumor on preoperative imaging, while one additional patient had apparently inoperable tumor on imaging but was optimally debulked at surgery. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of preoperative imaging for the prediction of suboptimal debulking were 76% (16/21), 99% (115/116), 94% (16/17), and 96% (115/120), respectively. CT and MR imaging were equally effective ( P = 1.0) in the detection of inoperable tumor. Conclusion Preoperative CT and MR imaging are equally accurate in the detection of inoperable tumor and the prediction of suboptimal debulking in newly diagnosed epithelial ovarian cancer. This suggests imaging may help select patients who might be more appropriately managed by neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
Relationship between the fatty acids of fat body triacylglycerol and lipophorin diacylglycerol of non‐diapause and diapause larvae of the southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella

The fatty acids of the triacylglycerol reserves in the fat body and of the diacylglycerol of lipophorin in the hemolymph of non-diapause and diapause larvae of D. grandiosella were compared. For both non-diapause and diapause larvae palmitate, palmitoleate, oleate, and linoleate were the predominant fatty acids present in fatty body triacylglycerol, and palmitate, oleate, and linoleate were the predominant fatty acids present in lipophorin diacylglycerol. However, differences were detected in the relative amounts of oleate and linoleate present in lipophorin diacylglycerol of non-diapause and diapause larvae. The relative amount of linoleate in lipophorin diacylglycerol declined during diapause, whereas that of oleate remained relatively high during diapause. The fatty acid profile of lipophorin diacylglycerol from non-diapause larvae treated with a juvenile hormone analog to induce a diapause-like state more closely matched that of diapause larvae than that of non-diapause larvae. The differences detected in the fatty acid composition of lipophorin diacylglycerol in non-diapause and diapause larvae appear to be due mainly to the different physiological states rather than to the different rearing temperatures employed. The results are discussed in relation to the essential role fatty acids, especially oleate, play in the survival of diapause larvae.
On the infinite buffer model and the implementation aspects of the p/sub i/-persistent protocol for unidirectional broadcast bus networks

The p/sub i/-persistent protocol is proposed for packet switched multiaccess communication over unidirectional broadcast bus networks. The author's concern is to further develop this protocol in order to make it easily implementable by allowing it to be sensitive to fluctuations in the offered traffic. In so doing, a study is made of the infinite buffer model of this protocol. The conditions for channel stability are obtained. Three criteria for fairness are studied, and corresponding to each, the author obtains the set of proper p/sub i/ that achieves the given fairness criterion. The protocol is applied to an example network, and its performance is compared with that of an equivalent round-robin protocol. It is found that even with infinite buffers, this protocol achieves a capacity of unity, provides better delay vs. throughput behavior than round-robin schemes, and it is insensitive to the bus length and data rate. Performance under some improper p/sub i/ is studied, showing that the difference in network performance is not very significant compared to that under proper p/sub i/. >
Integumentaal profile changes after surgical orthodontic correction of bimaxillary dentoalveolar protrusion in black patients

Abstract An investigation was undertaken to evaluate the soft-tissue changes of the lips as a result of dentoalveolar setback procedures performed to reduce bimaxillary dentoalveolar protrusion in black patients. Lateral head films of adult 14 patients taken preoperatively and postoperatively were compared to evaluate soft- and hard-tissue changes. A stepwise regression analysis with hard-tissue changes, initial interlabial gap, lip thickness, and lip area as predictor variables was performed to assess their influence on the change in an associated soft-tissue point. Upper lip thickness and horizontal change in PR accounted for 60% of the horizontal variance in the upper lip at SLS, and horizontal change in PR accounted for 80% of the horizontal variance in LS. Lower lip area accounted only for 28% of the horizontal variance in the lower lip at LI. Vertical changes of the upper lip were small and could not be predicted. Vertical changes of the lower lip were small but predictable: IL and lip thickness accounted for 75% of the vertical variance in the lower lip at ILS, and ID accounted for 58% of the vertical variance in LI.
Iteratively decoded space-time trellis codes without channel estimation

The iteratively decoded space-time trellis codes (ISTTC) have been introduced in Junghoon Suh and Mostofa K. Howlader (March 2004). In this article, we propose to combine a differential space-time block code (DSTBC) scheme with ISTTC, and show that an acceptable performance can be achieved over flat fading channels without channel estimation and error correction codes. When the space-time trellis code (STTC) is combined with space-time block codes (STTC-STBC), it provides an improved BER over the system with STTC only. Here, we also present an iteratively decoded STTC-STBC (ISTTC-STBC) to improve the BER performance, and compare the performance of ISTTC-STBC with ISTTC-DSTBC. The design methodologies of ISTTC-DSTBC and ISTTC-STBC are described in detail, where the extrinsic information shared between two constituent decoders and computing branch metrics using soft-outputs out of DSTBC or STBC are studied thoroughly. The performance of these proposed schemes are shown via simulation.
Food‐web responses to species invasion by a predatory invertebrate: Bythotrephes in Lake Michigan

Several developments in the offshore plankton community accompanied the invasion of Bythotrephes cederstroemi Schoedler (Crustacea: Cladocera: Cercopagidae) into Lake Michigan. A native predatory cladoceran, Leptodora kindti, became significantly reduced in abundance and biomass in the presence of Bythotrephes. The offshore Daphnia assemblage, which had consisted of three species before the arrival of Bythotrephes, was reduced to dominance by only D. galeata mendotae. Abundances of Daphnia species exhibited reciprocal relationships to Bythotrephes abundance in both space and time. The surviving Daphnia populations offshore exhibited altered daytime vertical distributions which reduced spatial overlap with the invading predator. Model calculations indicate that energetic requirements by Bythotrephes equaled or exceeded replacement production by Daphnia during midsummer of the first years of species invasion. Decreases in midsummer Daphnia biomass did not produce significant increases in midsummer algal biomass, measured as particulate chlorophyll a, Instead, physical mixing depth and epilimnetic temperature, a correlate of the intensity of density stratification, exhibited the strongest statistical relationship to Chl a over the years studied. Bythotrephes cederstroemi Schoedler (syn. B. cederstroemii; Crustacea: Cladocera) is a zooplanktivore first collected in North America from Lake Huron in December 1984 (N. Andresen, cited by Bur et al. 1986). Specimens were collected subsequently from Lakes Erie and Ontario in 1985 (Bur et al. 1986; Lange and Cap 1986), from Lake Michigan in 1986 (Lehman 1987), and from Lake Superior in 1987 (Cullis and Johnson 1988). The species has its native distribution in the Palearctic, and its arrival in North America has fostered speculation about its mode of transport and date of introduction (Bur et al. 1986; Lange
LYSOSOMES AND GERL IN NORMAL AND CHROMATOLYTIC NEURONS OF THE RAT GANGLION NODOSUM

The rat ganglion nodosum was used to study chromatolysis following axon section. After fixation by aldehyde perfusion, frozen sections were incubated for enzyme activities used as markers for cytoplasmic organelles as follows: acid phosphatase for lysosomes and GERL (a Golgi-related region of smooth endoplasmic reticulum from which lysosomes appear to develop) (31–33); inosine diphosphatase for endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus; thiamine pyrophosphatase for Golgi apparatus; acetycholinesterase for Nissl substance (endoplasmic reticulum); NADH-tetra-Nitro BT reductase for mitochondria. All but the mitochondrial enzyme were studied by electron microscopy as well as light microscopy. In chromatolytic perikarya there occur disruption of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in the center of the cell and segregation of the remainder to the cell periphery. Golgi apparatus, GERL, mitochondria and lysosomes accumulate in the central region of the cell. GERL is prominent in both normal and operated perikarya. Electron microscopic images suggest that its smooth endoplasmic reticulum produces a variety of lysosomes in several ways: (a) coated vesicles that separate from the reticulum; (b) dense bodies that arise from focal areas dilated with granular or membranous material; (c) "multivesicular bodies" in which vesicles and other material are sequestered; (d) autophagic vacuoles containing endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes, presumably derived from the Nissl material, and mitochondria. The number of autophagic vacuoles increases following operation.
Microzooplankton grazing in the Eastern Bering Sea in summer

Dilution experiments to estimate microzooplankton grazing on phytoplankton were conducted during the summers of 2008, 2009, and 2010 in the Eastern Bering Sea as part of the BEST-BSIERP integrated ecosystem project. All three summers followed cold springs in the Bering Sea. Average microzooplankton grazing coefficients were relatively similar among regions, ranging from 0.16 to 0.34 d � 1 in simulated in situ incubations with mixed-layer water collected from the depth of the 55% Io isolume. In Off Shelf and Outer Shelf domains, microzooplankton consumed 67–78% of phytoplankton daily growth but in the Middle and Inner Shelf domains, microzooplankton grazing exceeded phytoplankton daily growth. Regional estimates of microzooplankton ingestion of phytoplankton carbon ranged from 4.4 to 11.0 m gCd � 1 , with highest ingestion in the Off Shelf, Outer Shelf, and Alaska Peninsula regions and, lower ingestion in the Middle Shelf and Inner Shelf regions. On the northern Middle Shelf, a deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM) occurred at most stations. Grazing coefficients in the DCM were similar in magnitude to coefficients in the corresponding mixed layer. However, because of the higher phytoplankton biomass in the DCM, estimated microzooplankton ingestion and secondary production per liter were higher in the DCM than in the mixed layer. Measurements of photosynthetic quantum yields (Fv/ Fm) in whole seawater and diluted treatments indicated that with some plankton assemblages, dilution had a negative effect on phytoplankton physiology and could have compromised their growth rates. This could have also resulted in an underestimation of microzooplankton grazing. Nevertheless, it is clear that microzooplankton grazing consumed most of the phytoplankton production in summer, and that microzooplankton were an important link in food webs supporting larger zooplankton and in carbon flow in the Eastern Bering Sea.
Impact of lateral mass anatomic variation on ideal polyaxial screw head mobility: technical considerations

Objective. To assess optimal angulation characteristics of lateral mass screws for subaxial (C3 to C6) fixation of the cervical spine in the neutral position. Background. In the typical Magerl or Anderson placement technique, the screw trajectory is ideally parallel to the facet joint. For the rod and screw to align properly, the screw head must rotate enough to become perpendicular to the rod. If the optimal angle for the screw head is limited by the screw design, abnormal torsional forces will be generated at the rod/screw interface inducing kyphosis. In this paper, we examined the spinal anatomy in patients with normal CTs to determine the necessary range of motion between tulip head and screw to prevent forced persuasion and abnormal cervical spine alignment. Methods. We examined subaxial radiographs of 292 vertebrae from C3 to C6 in 73 normal subjects. Computed tomography (CT) scans of the cervical spine with multiplanar reconstructions were evaluated in the axial and sagittal planes. A planned screw...
Improving edge-based feature extraction using feature fusion

Feature extraction is arguably the most important stage of an automatic object detection system. It is in this stage where the results of previous processing steps are interpreted to somehow characterize an object. Developing methods for feature extraction and feature vector generation using information from edge maps is a natural progression, as edge detection determines structure in images. A new edge-based feature extraction scheme is introduced based on the feature fusion of two existing methods. A generalized set of kernels for edge detection is also presented. The experimental results show that the detection of different objects of interests is improved using the new method.
Analysis of protein evolution as a communication system

We propose a protein communication system where the transmitted messages are protein sequences and the encoded message is the DNA. We study the evolutionary dynamics of this channel in both cases of constant and time-varying point mutation rate. We prove that the distribution of amino acids converges, at a geometric rate, to a limiting distribution.
Task-correlated facial and head movements in classifier-based real-time FMRI.

BACKGROUND Real-time fMRI is especially vulnerable to task-correlated movement artifacts because statistical methods normally available in conventional analyses to remove such signals cannot be used in the context of real-time fMRI. Multi-voxel classifier-based methods, although advantageous in many respects, are particularly sensitive. Here we systematically studied various movements of the head and face to determine to what extent these can “masquerade” as signal in multi-voxel classifiers. METHODS Ten subjects were instructed to move systematically (twelve instructed movements) throughout fMRI exams and data from a previously published real-time study was also analyzed to determine the extent to which non-neural signals contributed to the high reported accuracy in classifier output. RESULTS Of potential concern, whole-brain classifiers based solely on movements exhibited false positives in all cases (P < .05). Artifacts were also observed in the spatial activation maps for two of the twelve movement tasks. In the retrospective analysis, it was determined that the relatively high reported classification accuracies were (fortunately) mostly explainable by neural activity, but that in some cases performance was likely dominated by movements. CONCLUSION Movement tasks of many types (including movements of the eyes, face, and body) can lead to false positives in classifier-based real-time fMRI paradigms.
Optical processing for machine vision

A cursory review of applications of optical processing in machine vision is presented. Applications are discussed in the areas of data acquisition, feature extraction, and pattern recognition, along with possible future directions arising from current research in optical computing. The main advantage of optical processing is its ability to process large amounts of data. This advantage is most useful in the low-level portions of the vision problem. Current work on optical computing may change this picture dramatically, both in the viability of applications such as are described here, and in application of optical techniques to the high-level portions of the vision problem. >
Madness and Segregative Control: The Rise of the Insane Asylum

This paper forms part of an effort to develop an historically informed macro-sociological perspective on the inter-relationships between deviance, control structures, and the wider social systems of which they are a part. Focusing on the treatment of the mad, it seeks to provide a structural explanation of the adoption of the asylum as the primary response to the problems posed by lunatics. Both David Rothman's provocative recent work on the American “discovery of the asylum,” and standard sociological and historical accounts which picture the asylum as a response necessitated by increasing urbanization and industrialization are shown to be empirically inadequate. Instead, stress is placed on the intimate ties between the emergence of segregative control mechanisms and the growth of an ever more highly rationalized capitalist social order.
Tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) chloride as a probe of adsorption characteristic of sodium dodecyl sulfate on alumina

Abstract Analysis of steady-state luminescence emission of tris(2,2′-bipyridyl) ruthenium (II) chloride incorporated in the alumina-sodium dodecyl sulfate hemimicelles (more appropriately called as “solloids”) substantiates the reverse orientation model at high surface coverage suggested earlier to explain the surface aggregation process. The inadequacy of the bilayer model to account for the above process, especially in region II of the adsorption isotherm, is brought forth.
Probabilistic analysis and control of uncertain dynamic systems: Generalized polynomial chaos expansion approaches

Uncertainties are ubiquitous in mathematical models of complex systems and this paper considers the incorporation of generalized polynomial chaos expansions for uncertainty propagation and quantification into robust control design. Generalized polynomial chaos expansions are more computationally efficient than Monte Carlo simulation for quantifying the influence of stochastic parametric uncertainties on the states and outputs. Approximate surrogate models based on generalized polynomial chaos expansions are applied to design optimal controllers by solving stochastic optimizations in which the control laws are suitably parameterized, and the cost functions and probabilistic (chance) constraints are approximated by spectral representations. The approximation error is shown to converge to zero as the number of terms in the generalized polynomial chaos expansions increases. Several proposed approximate stochastic optimization problem formulations are demonstrated for a probabilistic robust optimal IMC control problem.
BIOCHEMICAL TAXONOMY OF MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON BY ELECTROPHORESIS OF ENZYMES. II. LOSS OF HETEROZYGOSITY IN CLONAL CULTURES OF THE CENTRIC DIATOMS SKELETONEMA COSTATUM AND THALASSIOSIRA PSEUDONANA1, 2

An electrophoretic survey of 12 new isolates of Thalassiosira pseudonana Hasle & Heimdal and 25 new isolates of Skeletonema costatum (Grev.) Cleve revealed several heterozygote genotypes at malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and phosphohexose isomerase (PHI) loci. The new clones were maintained in culture for 6 mo and then reasayed at these two loci. All MDH heterozygotes and halj of the PHI heterozygotes had become homozygous. This resulted in a collection of clones that are largely homozygous but that are samples of polymorphic species. The physlogical implications of this loss of heterozygosity in clonal cultures has not been analyzed. Hawever, any change in a clone that is the result of culturing conditions reduces the usefulness of that clone as a laboratory test organism for ecological correlations.
Mobile learning object authoring tool and management system for mobile ad hoc wireless networks

Mobile learning can augment formal education and bridge the gap between formal and informal education by creating extended learning communities using any digital technology in connected or infrastructure-less environments. With the use of ad hoc networks and mobile authoring tools, we can now create an 'on-the-fly' learning scenario, where learners can create, share, and view content from their mobile devices without the need for server-client or infrastructure-based liaisons. Mobile learning, however, is not just about sharing content or learning using mobile, wireless, and portable devices. Rather, it is learning across spatiotemporal contexts that enables learners to form knowledge and understanding in different scenarios. When facing limited resources stemming from the characteristics of mobility and wireless technologies, determining the best practices for content creation and delivery becomes a challenge. This paper describes the architecture of a mobile-focused learning network designed so that learning tools, activities, contexts, and interactions are created as necessary over time and space while adhering to traditional learning object standards. Copyright © 2015John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computer aided tolerance analysis for improved process control

This paper describes a case study where tolerance analysis techniques were used to analyze the cause of poor product performance and determine new specifications and process settings. Both 1D and 3D Monte-Carlo simulation analyses are described. A procedure for compensatory tolerancing is presented and demonstrated as a method of determining the appropriate tolerances once the product is in full-scale production.
The impact of efficiency on the economics of new motor purchase, motor repair, and motor replacement

As the cost of energy increases and energy resources become scarce, it is essential that the impact of efficiency be factored into economics decisions concerning new electric motor purchase, motor repair and motor replacement. Cash flow analysis techniques are applied to these decisions and simplified guidelines are presented to help users justify the purchase of premium efficiency motors. >
Microbial Processes at Deep Sea Hydrothermal Vents

The primary production of organic carbon by chemosynthetic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria has been proposed to provide the base of the food chain for the extensive populations of animals found at hydrothermal vents at depths of about 2600 m. The oxidation of reduced inorganic compounds (such as H2S, S0, S2O 3 2− , NH 4 + , NO 2 2− , Fe2+ and possibly Mn2+) as the source of energy for chemosynthesis is equivalent to the role of light in photosynthesis. Reported here is the present state of proof of this hypothesis which includes the work of many collaborating scientists. Epifluorescence microscopy and nucleotide determinations demonstrated substantial bacterial densities in the emitted vent waters. Multi-layered mats of unicellular bacteria were observed, often encased in heavy Mn/Fe deposits, as well as assemblages of Leucothrix/Thiothrix-like filaments and others resembling trichomes of apochlorotic cyanobacteria. Masses of Beggiatoa filaments were found on artificial surfaces deposited near the vents for 10 months. Species of the genera Thiomicrospira, Thiobacillus and Hyphomonas have been isolated and studied in detail. Furthermore, an anaerobically chemosynthetic, extremely thermophilic, methanogenic bacterium was isolated as well as a number of “Type I” methylotrophic bacteria oxidizing methane and methylamine. The gills of bivalves, collected from areas intermittently flushed with H2S-containing vent water and oxygenated ambient seawater, contained masses of bacteria showing high activities of sulfur metabolism and Calvin-Benson cycle enzymes. Likewise the “trophosome” tissue of the gutless tube worm Riftia was found to consist of procaryotic cells exhibiting ATP-generating and CO2-reducing activity. Thus, three locations of chemosynthetic production are proposed: (1) within the subsurface vent system at elevated temperatures, (2) in microbial mats in the immediate surrounding of the vents, and (3) in various symbiotic associations with invertebrates. It appears that the predominant chemosynthetic production, in combination with the most efficient transfer of organic carbon to the vent animals, occurs via symbiosis.
Measurements of the Atmospheric Mass, Energy, and Momentum Budgets Over a 500-Kilometer Square of Tropical Ocean

Abstract The atmospheric budgets of mass, water vapor, heat, momentum, and mechanical energy have been analyzed for a 5-day undisturbed period (June 22–26, 1969) during the Barbados Oceanographic and Meteorological Experiment (BOMEX). Data were obtained from rawinsondes launched every 1½ hr from the four corner ships of the BOMEX array. Computations were limited to the lowest 500 mb within a 500-km square centered at 15°N, 56°30′W. The mass budget is characterized by mean, low-level divergence and downward motion. Maximum divergence (5 × 10−6 s−1) is found approximately 80 mb above the surface and maximum subsidence near the base of the trade-wind inversion. The computed average evaporation is 6.0 mm/day. The computations show an upward flux of moisture through the trade inversion by subgrid-scale eddies, but the mean downward flux dominates, leading to a net downward transfer of moisture through the trade inversion. A surface stress of 0.065 Newtons (N)·m−2 is computed from the momentum balance with the ...
In silico evolution of multi-scale microbial systems in the presence of mobile genetic elements and horizontal gene transfer

Recent phylogenetic studies reveal that Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT) events are likely ubiquitous in the Tree of Life. However, our knowledge of HGT's role in evolution and biological organization is very limited, mainly due to the difficulty tracing HGT events experimentally, and lack of computational models that can capture its dynamics. Here, we present a novel, multi-scale model of microbial populations with the capacity to study the effect of HGT on complex traits and regulatory network evolution. We describe a parallel load-balancing framework, which was developed to overcome the innate challenges of simulating evolving populations of such magnitude and complexity. Supercomputer simulations of in silico cells that mutate, compete, and evolve, show that HGT can significantly accelerate, but also disrupt, the emergence of advantageous traits in microbial populations. We show that HGT leaves a lasting imprint to gene regulatory networks when it comes to their size and sparsity. In any given experiment, we observed phenotypic variability that can be explained by individual gain and loss of function during evolution. Analysis of the fossil mutational and HGT event record, both for evolved and non-evolved populations, reveals that the distribution of fitness effect for HGT has different characteristics in terms of symmetry, shape and bias from its mutational counterpart. Interestingly, we observed that evolution can be accelerated when populations are exposed in correlated environments of increased complexity, especially in the presence of HGT.
Stem cells: Dietary fat promotes intestinal dysregulation

In mice, a high-fat diet has now been found to induce intestinal progenitor cells to adopt a more stem-cell-like fate, altering the size of the gut and increasing tumour incidence. See Article p.53 How obesity-inducing diets modulate tissue stem cell function and influence pathologies such as cancer is not clear. This study shows that a high-fat diet increases the number of intestinal stem cells in mammals in vivo and in intestinal organoids treated with fatty acids. The authors find that a pathway involving peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPAR-δ) confers organoid-initiating capacity to non-stem cells, and demonstrate that the pathway induces non-stem cells to form tumors in vivo following the loss of the Apc tumour suppressor.
Bandwidth spectrum model for multimode optical fibers

The length dependence of the modal bandwidth in graded-index multimode fibers has recently been shown to decrease as a square root, i.e., BW~ L−γ, where γ = 1/2 at the peak wavelength λp for randomly correlated index perturbations.1,2 It was further shown that statistical equalization and not mode coupling was the dominant mechanism for these observations. Figure 1 displays an example of this where the length exponent γ for a 13.3-km concatenated system was recently measured. A value γ = 0.5 corresponding to random behavior was obtained at the peak wavelength, λp ~ 1300 nm.
Growth and Survival of Culicoides Melleus Larvae (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) on Four Prey Organisms

Growth of the predatory larvae of Culicoides melleus on 4 prey organisms was compared by measurement of daily changes in larval body length and dry weight. The prey organisms were Brachionus plicatilis (a haline rotifer), the nematode Panagrellus redivivus (the largest nematode species used), and 2 unnamed nematodes designated species N (intermediate in size) and n (the smallest species). Food organisms were provided in excess throughout larval development and all rearing was done in nutrient agar at 27 °C. Survival of 1st-instar larvae fed P. redivivus was slightly but significantly reduced compared to larvae fed the other 2 nematode species. Growth was rapid and very similar in larvae fed P. redivivus and species N. However, larvae provided with the smallest nematode, species n, showed progressively retarded development after day 9 of the experiment. Nematode n was apparently too small to support optimal larval growth once larvae had reached the 3rd instar. The rotifer B. plicatilis was provided to larvae only after day 8, the larvae having been fed P. redivivus until this time. Larvae so treated continued to develop quite rapidly to pupation, but their growth was somewhat slower than that of larvae fed P. redivivus and species N nematodes. Withholding vitamins and other supplementary trace nutrients from the rearing medium resulted in considerable asynchrony and retardation in development. The importance of the results in defining suitable diets for rearing predatory ceratopogonid larvae is discussed.
Method for the Study of Tissue Metabolism in Vivo Using Fluoroacetate.

SummarySodium monofluoroacetate was administered to Holtzman white rats in doses ranging from 0.3 to 50 mg per kg, and the citrate content of kidney, thymus, brain, spleen, heart, liver and tumors was determined at times ranging from 20 minutes to 48 hours. As in previous studies liver and tumors did not accumulate citrate, but the remaining tissues did, with the maximum occurring in all cases with a dose of 3.5 mg per kg at 3 to 6 hours after the injection. As a standard procedure this dose was recommended for the study of certain phases of the metabolism of individual tissues in vivo.