cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Force detection in cockroach walking reconsidered: discharges of proximal tibial campaniform sensilla when body load is altered.

We examined the mechanisms underlying force feedback in cockroach walking by recording sensory and motor activities in freely moving animals under varied load conditions. Tibial campaniform sensilla monitor forces in the leg via strains in the exoskeleton. A subgroup (proximal receptors) discharge in the stance phase of walking. This activity has been thought to result from leg loading derived from body mass. We compared sensory activities when animals walked freely in an arena or on an oiled glass plate with their body weight supported. The plate was oriented either horizontally (70–75% of body weight supported) or vertically (with the gravitational vector parallel to the substrate). Proximal sensilla discharged following the onset of stance in all load conditions. In addition, activity was decreased in the middle third of the stance phase when the effect of body weight was reduced. Our results suggest that sensory discharges early in stance result from forces generated by contractions of muscles that press the leg as a lever against the substrate. These forces can unload legs already in stance and assure the smooth transition of support among the limbs. Force feedback later in stance may adjust motor output to changes in leg loading.
Surprising positive correlation between rotational and vibrational excitation in the H+ CDCl3→HD + CCl3 reaction

Abstract The rotational quantum state distributions of the HD product of the H + CDCl 3 →HD + CCl 3 reaction at 1.6 eV collision energy have been measured using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering. We observe HD products in v ′=0, 1 and 2 with the fraction of available energy in HD rotation increasing as the energy in HD vibration increases. Despite the presumed pseudo-atomic nature of the CCl 3 radical in the reaction, the behavior of this reaction is closer to that of the H + alkane hydrogen atom abstraction reactions than that of the H + HX→H 2 + X (XCl, Br, I) reactions.
Evaluation of a fully assembled armored vehicle hull–turret model using computational and experimental modal analyses

Abstract A three-dimensional finite element (FE) model of a multilayered hull–turret assembly of an armored vehicle was generated from major components such as the armored hull, turret and a 105 mm cannon models which were independently developed in PATRAN3 and assembled using rigid-link elements in the ADINA nonlinear dynamic FE code. Smaller components in the experimental vehicle were included as concentrated masses attached to specific sets of nodes in the hull corresponding to the actual locations of these components. Addition of these masses resulted in improved correlation between computational and experimental modal analyses.
Transition from quasiperiodicity to chaos in a Josephson-junction analog

Experimental observations of the transition from quasiperiodicity to chaos are carried out with an electronic Josephson-junction simulator driven by two independent ac sources. A Poincar\'e section shows an invariant ellipse when the frequency ratio of the two input currents is very close to the reciprocal of the golden mean. The system enters a chaotic state at high input-current amplitudes characterized by a breakdown of the smooth ellipse at the onset of transition. Two convergence ratios are experimentally determined, showing good agreement with calculated values obtained by circle map studies.
Maleic anhydride hydrogenation over Pd/Al2O3 catalyst under supercritical CO2 medium

Abstract Hydrogenation of maleic anhydride (MA) to either γ-butyrolactone (GBL) or succinic anhydride (SAH) over simple Pd/Al2O3 impregnated catalyst in supercritical CO2 medium has been studied at different temperatures and pressures. A comparison of the supercritical CO2 medium reaction with the conventional hydrogenation in the presence of commonly employed organic solvents is also described. The use of various co-solvents for CO2 has also been investigated. Selectivities different from traditional liquid phase reactions are observed under supercritical conditions. A 100% MA conversion with more than 80% selectivity to γ-butyrolactone could be obtained at 473 K and at a pressure of 2.1 MPa H2 and 12 MPa CO2. Temperature is found to be critical in obtaining the desired high γ-butyrolactone selectivity. Catalyst deactivation is observed after extended number of recycle experiments, which resulted in a lower butyrolactone selectivity. The lactone selectivity, however, could be improved by increasing the H2 partial pressure or by increasing the reaction temperature. Hydrogenation of maleic anhydride under supercritical CO2 as solvent is found to be promising for the selective hydrogenation of low vapor pressure solid compounds without employing environmentally harmful organic solvents.
Risk assessment of head start children with the Brigance K&1 Screen: differential performance by sex, age, and predictive accuracy for early school achievement and special education placement

Abstract Early childhood screening has been a widespread yet controversial practice. Serious concerns have been voiced in the literature about the technical limitations and the inappropriate uses of frequently used screens. Because developmental screening is a requirement set forth by Head Start’s performance standards, there is a need for studies to provide accuracy estimates for the Head Start population on commonly used screens. In response, this study examined sex and age differences in performance as well as reliability and validity indices for a sample of 256 Head Start children who were screened with the Brigance K&1 Screen. Children’s performance on the screen varied by age and sex. While the overall consistency of the test was high, there was considerable variability across subscales. Construct validation of the screen, based on correlations with the K-ABC cognitive battery, yielded moderate coefficients. The screen’s predictive validity was established using correlational and classification analyses. At the end of Head Start, moderate to moderately high validity coefficients were obtained when the Brigance was correlated with teachers’ ratings and with subtests of the K-ABC achievement battery. In addition, the Brigance correlated moderately with the PPVT-R and with several Woodcock-Johnson subtests at the beginning of kindergarten. Classification analyses established that the Brigance had less than optimal accuracy in predicting early school achievement and poor success in predicting assignment to special education at the end of kindergarten.
Serotonergic neurones are not involved in action of L-dopa in Parkinson's disease.

Under normal circumstances, L-dopa is converted to dopamine (DA) in DA-containing neurones of the corpus striatum by the enzyme aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase1. Although L-dopa has been used widely to treat Parkinson's disease, the site of its decarboxylation to DA in the parkinsonian striatum is unknown. It was initially assumed that dopa administration enhances DA synthesis and release in surviving nigrostriatal neurones2–6. Subsequent in vitro studies provided evidence that exogenous dopa might also be taken up, decarboxylated7–9, and released as DA8,10 by serotonergic terminals, suggesting that non-dopaminergic neurones also may mediate some of dopa's therapeutic effects10. During long-term dopa treatment in parkinsonism, its efficacy often declines11, and diurnal fluctuations in its effectiveness (the ‘on-off’ phenomenon) can become manifest in previously responsive patients12. If the effects of dopa depend solely on surviving dopaminergic neurones, its decreasing efficacy with time could imply continuing degeneration of striatal terminals11,13. However, if exogenous dopa can also affect striatal DA transmission by being decarboxylated in serotonergic neurones, the declining therapeutic efficacy could reflect involvement of serotonergic neurones in the pathology of Parkinson's disease; this has previously been reported, but remains controversial14–17. Therefore, we examined the decarboxylation of exogenous dopa in an animal model of parkinsonism—rats with unilateral nigrostriatal lesions18—which were further subjected to lesions of the striatal serotonergic projections. Our data indicate that combined destruction of striatal dopaminergic and serotonergic terminals has little additional effect, beyond destroying dopaminergic neurones, on dopa's ability to enhance striatal DA release and do not favour the concept that serotonergic neurones are involved in mediating the therapeutic effects of L-dopa.
The Relevance of Age of Onset to the Psychopathology of Social Phobia.

The present study aimed to examine the relevance of age of onset to the psychopathology of social phobia using a large clinical sample of 210 patients with social phobia. The two most common periods of onset were during adolescence (ages 14–17) and early childhood (prior to age 10). Structural regression modeling was used to test predictions that early onset social phobia would be associated with greater severity of the disorder, stronger current symptoms of depression and anxiety, greater functional impairment, and more pronounced levels of emotional disorder vulnerabilities (e.g., neuroticism/behavioral inhibition, extraversion, perceptions of control). Logistic regression was used to evaluate relationships between age of onset and the presence of acute and chronic stress at the time of onset. Results showed that earlier age of social phobia onset was associated with stronger current psychopathology, functional impairment, and emotional disorder vulnerabilities, and that later age of onset predicted the presence of an acutely stressful event around the time of disorder emergence. These results are discussed in regard to their clinical implications and congruence with prominent etiological models of the emotional disorders.
Random numbers for stochastic simulation

A method, that generates 36-bit machine-independent sets of pseudo-random numbers uniformly distributed in the interval (0.0 to 1.0), is proposed. The method has been tested on several computers, including the PDP 11/10 (16 bit), VAX 11/780 (32 bit), CII 10070 (32 bit), and UNIVAC 1110 (36 bit). The pseudo-random sequences. Normal, Log-normal, Binomial, Poisson, and Chi-squared, are calculated from the Uniform distribution. These pseudo-random numbers give perfect reproducibility regardless of the operating system and/or kind of computer used. This is of the first importance in simulation methods, like the Monte Carlo method. The cycle of the pseudo-random sequence has been tested up to 10**7.
Finite element modeling of nonlinear active and passive dampers applied to vibration controls

Abstract Damping is an important aspect of structural dynamics and machine operations. In this paper, ‘active’ and ‘passive’ dampers are proposed and incorporated with mechanical structures to evaluate their effectiveness on structural dynamics using finite element method. An active damper element with nonlinear stiffness and damping approximated by polynomial functions is defined. A passive rubber damper is also implemented in a similar way, i.e. a rubber element using a standard linear model. Examples are presented to demonstrate the feasibility.
Factors from Bacillus stearothermophilus that inhibit the binding of amino acids to transfer RNA.

Organic phosphate shown as inhibitory factor from B. stearothermophilus for attachment of amino acids to transfer RNA
Comparative disinfection of poliovirus by bromine chloride and chlorine in a model contact chamber

Abstract The effectiveness of BrCl vs chlorine as a disinfectant of poliovirus was evaluated using a model contact chamber capable of automatically treating water at the rate of 4 gal min− to simulate conditions at an operating wastewater treatment plant. The results show that in clean tap water both BrCl and chlorine are effective in inactivating poliovirus. However, in the presence of NH4Cl or 10% sewage effluent, BrCl was demonstrated to be superior to chlorine as a disinfectant of poliovirus.
Mean Lower Partial Moment Valuation and Lognormally Distributed Returns

In this paper we develop a capital asset pricing model in a mean lower partial moment framework. Specifically, we show that when partial moments are computed about the expected risky portfolio return, optimal portfolio choice in a mean lower partial framework permits a two-fund portfolio separation between a riskless asset and a "market" portfolio of risky assets. In this new framework, risk is measured as semideviation for second degree stochastic dominance, and semivariance for third degree stochastic dominance. Further, when security returns are lognormally distributed and "small risk," this new mean lower partial moment valuation specializes to the mean-logarithmic variance capital asset pricing model.
Attitudes and Behaviors on Alcohol Use and Impaired Driving in Adolescents

BACKGROUND: Underage drinking and driving is a national safety issue. We hypothesized students would have lenient thoughts and behaviors about drinking and driving. The aim of our study was to assess current adolescent behavior and attitudes on alcohol use and driving. METHODS: A survey of 40 multiple choice questions was administered to 11th and 12th grade students at an urban, public high school in Los Angeles, California. RESULTS: Of the 1282 upper class students, 302 completed the survey (127 eleventh graders and 175 twelfth graders; 31% response rate). Overall, 64.2% reported having used alcohol. Significantly more 12th graders than 11th graders had consumed alcohol (71.4% versus 54.3%; P = 0.002); irrespective of gender. Binge drinking was reported by 8.6% of students (11.4% 12th graders vs. 4.7% 11th graders; P = 0.06). Nearly one-half (49.7%) of students indicated they disapproved of binge drinking. Students were more willing to discuss alcohol issues with peers (63.2%) than parents (44.0%) or teachers/counselors (19.5%; P = Language: en
Robust Fault Detection for Commercial Transport Air Data Probes

Abstract Air data probes provide essential sensing capabilities to aircraft. The loss or corruption of air data measurements due to sensor faults jeopardizes an aircraft and its passengers. To address such faults, sensor hardware redundancy is typically combined with a voting system to detect and discard erroneous measurements. This approach relies on redundancy, which may lead to unacceptable increases in system weight and cost. This paper presents an alternative, model-based approach to fault detection for a non-redundant air data system. The model-based fault detection strategy uses robust linear filtering methods to reject exogenous disturbances, e.g. wind, and provide robustness to model errors. The proposed algorithm is applied to NASA's Generic Transport Model aircraft with an air data system modeled based on manufacturer data provided by Goodrich Corporation. The fault detection filters are designed using linearized models at one flight condition. The detection performance is evaluated at a particular reference flight condition using linear analysis and nonlinear simulations.
Transqueer Representations and How We Educate

This article examines the representations of transqueers (specifically female to male transsexuals) in popular media and how these representations shape attitudes of transqueers both with those outside the LBGT community and those within the community. The article discusses how these cultural images of FTM transqueers imply that being accepted often means surgery and hormones in order to “pass” as male, and it challenges educators to work more overtly and diligently to educate toward critical consciousness regarding the sex/gender system and the rigidity of the binary that removes transgendered people as nonentities. The article offers an argument about how to approach these discussions with students and what texts will complicate the sex/gender binary as it is presented to us via the media representations of transqueers.
Implicit Stereotyping of Hispanics: Development and Validity of a Hispanic Version of the Implicit Association Test:

The Implicit Association Test was adapted to assess the degree to which people hold, at least at an implicit level, a stereotype that Hispanics are less intelligent than Whites. On the test, a samp...
Security and inference in multilevel database and knowledge-base systems

This paper addresses the threat to multilevel security that arises from logical inference and the semantics of the application. Such compromises of security are particularly challenging since they circumvent traditional security mechanisms and rely on a user's knowledge of the application. The problems of inference and security have heretofore been amorphous and difficult to circumscribe. We focus on these problems in the context of a multilevel database system and show their relevance to knowledge-based systems, sometimes referred to as expert systems. Here we establish a framework for studying these inference control problems, describe a representation for relevant semantics of the application, develop criteria for safety and security of a system to prevent these problems, and outline algorithms for enforcing these criteria.
1036 Growth Failure at 3 Years of Correct Age in Children Born Below 31 Weeks Gestation: Prevalence and Risk Factors

Background and aims: Early growth failure in extremely preterm infants is associated with negative long term outcomes. The aim of this study was to report the prevalence and postnatal risk factors of growth failure at 3 years correct age (c.a.) among children born below 31 wks GA. Methods: Anthropometric measures and background information of 133 AGA infants with GA ≤30 weeks were collected during their stay in NICU and then in a follow up program planned until 3 years c.a. Growth failure (GF) at 3 years was defined as a z score < -1.28. Results: At 3 years c.a the GF prevalence was 45.9% for weight, 34.6% for height and 30.3% for head circumference. Infants with weight growth failure (WGF) were similar to controls (C) for GA (27,7 ± 1.4 vs 27,8 ± 1,6 wks), BW (1026 ± 200 vs 1006 ± 219 g), nutritional intakes, main clinical and growth outcomes during the NICU stay. Multiple logisitic regression analysis showed that Zscore variation from birth to discharge was independently associated to WGF (OR 0.30, 95%CI 0.16-0.56) and HC GF (OR 0.29, 95%Cl 0.14-0.56). Conclusions: These data suggest that, in our population of ELBW infants, the early postnatal growth is an important prognostic factor of growth at least up to 36 months c.a.
Corrosion-resistant metallic coatings for applications in highly aggressive environments

Surface modification to improve the corrosion resistance of low-cost alloys is an economically attractive alternative to the use of expensive corrosion-resistant alloys. A low-grade steel surface modified by a suitable metallic diffusion coating can provide excellent corrosion resistance similar to that obtained with an expensive super alloy. We have used the fluidized bed reactor chemical vapor deposition (FBR-CVD) technique for the preparation of diffusion coatings containing Cr, Ni, Si and Ti on carbon and low-grade stainless steels. Several formulations of diffusion coatings on 409 SS have shown corrosion resistance similar to that of alloys AL6XN® or AL29-4C® in chemical heat pump applications. In this paper, we describe the preparation, characterization, and performance evaluation of a number of corrosion-resistant metallic diffusion coatings.
Suicides, homicides, and accidental death: a comparative risk assessment of police officers and municipal workers

Inherent dangers in police work, such as the possibility of homicide victimization or accidents, often overshadow the psychological consequences of this occupation. The present study employed data from a Buffalo, NY retrospective mortality municipal worker cohort to evaluate the risk of suicide, homicide, and accidents among police officers, and compared that risk to other municipal workers. Within the police occupation, officers had an 8.23-fold risk of suicide over homicide and a 3.1-fold risk of suicide over accidents. Compared to municipal workers, police officers had an RR = 1.53 (95% CI = 0.633-3.72) for suicide over homicide, a significant RR = 3.1 (95% CI = 1.94-4.97) for suicide over accidents, and a significant RR = 2.65 (95% CI = 1.76-4.00) for suicide over homicide and accidents combined. Possible reasons for suicide among police officers are discussed.
Growth factors protect intestinal stem cells from radiation-induced apoptosis by suppressing PUMA through the PI3K/AKT/p53 axis

Gastrointestinal toxicity is the primary limiting factor in abdominal and pelvic radiotherapy, but has no effective treatment currently. We recently showed a critical role of the BH3-only protein p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA) in acute radiation-induced GI damage and GI syndrome in mice. Growth factors such as insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) have been shown to protect against radiation-induced intestinal injury, although the underlying mechanisms remain to be identified. We report here the suppression of PUMA through the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/p53 axis in the intestinal stem cells as a novel molecular mechanism of growth factor-mediated intestinal radioprotection. IGF-1 or bFGF impaired radiation-induced apoptosis and the expression of PUMA and p53 in the crypt cells and intestinal stem cells. Using colonic epithelial cells that undergo PUMA-dependent and radiation-induced apoptosis, we found that a PI3K inhibitor, dominant-negative PI3K or Mdm2 antagonist restored the induction of PUMA, p53 and apoptosis in the presence of growth factors. In contrast, overexpression of AKT suppressed the induction of PUMA and p53 by radiation. Furthermore, inhibiting PI3K or activating p53 abrogated growth factor-mediated suppression of apoptosis and PUMA expression in the intestinal crypts and stem cells after radiation.
Avoiding Pitfalls: What an Endoscopist Should Know in Liver Transplantation—Part II

Over the last decade the number of patients undergoing transplantation has increased. At the same time, effective peri- and postoperative care and better surgical techniques have resulted in greater numbers of recipients achieving long-term survival. Identification and effective management in the form of adequate treatment is essential, since any delay in diagnosis or treatment may result in graft loss or serious threat to patient's life. Various aspects of endoscopic findings that can be commonly encountered among liver transplant recipients are discussed herein. Topics include: persistent and/or recurrent esophageal varices, reflux, Candida or cytomegalovirus (CMV) esophagitis, esophageal neoplasms, posttransplant peptic ulcer, biliary complications, posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD), Kaposi's sarcoma, CMV colitis and inflammatory bowel disease, colonic neoplasms, Clostridium difficile infection, and graft versus host disease (GVHD).
Oolemma receptors and oocyte activation.

At fertilization the sperm triggers a series of intracellular calcium oscillations that are pivotal to oocyte activation and development. Although the biological significance of the characteristic intracellular calcium (Ca2+i) oscillations is not fully understood, calcium ions are known to be involved in cortical granule release and in controlling cell cycle progression. Two different hypotheses attempt to explain how sperm initiate (Ca2+i) oscillations in mammalian oocytes. One hypothesis is that spermatozoa interact with a receptor located in the plasma membrane of the oocyte, which results in induction of pathways leading to activation. This receptor is coupled to a GTP-binding protein or to have tyrosine kinase activity and have the ability to induce activation of phospholipase C (PLC). In turn, PLC stimulates the hydrolysis of phosphatidyl inositol (4,5)–bisphosphate (PIP2) to produce diacylglycerol (DAG) and 1,4,5 inositol trisphosphate (IP3), a common Ca2+ releasing compound. Most studies used to d...
Visualizing a scalar field on an N-dimensional lattice

The authors address the problem of visualizing a scalar dependent variable which is a function of many independent variables. In particular, cases where the number of independent variables is three or greater are discussed. A new hierarchical method of plotting that allows one to interactively view millions of data points with up to 10 independent variables is presented. The technique is confined to the case where each independent variable is sampled in a regular grid or lattice-like fashion, i.e., in equal increments. The proposed technique can be described in either an active or a passive manner. In the active view the points of the N-dimensional independent variables lattice are mapped to a single horizontal axis in a hierarchical manner, while in the passive view an observer samples the points of the N-dimensional lattice in a prescribed fashion and notes the values of the dependent variable. In the passive view a plot of the dependent variable versus a single parametric variable, which is simply the sampling number, forms the multidimensional graph. >
Stay Out of Drug Areas: Drugs, Othering and Regulation of Public Space in Seattle, Washington

Abstract The drug user is a social scapegoat, often blamed for many social ills. This targeting and abjectification constitutes definitions of ‘the public’ by creating an Other against which the citizen is defined. Using the example of Seattle's Stay Out of Drug Areas ordinance as a case study, this article shows how the creation and enforcement of exclusionary anti-drug zones, produce an idealised notion of public space and its idealised inhabitant, the “citizen”. Modern citizenship pathologises those who are not considered citizens. Drug-using bodies are policed and segregated to reduce disorder in public space. This policing can lead to additional marginalisation of groups that are already marginalised. In this article, it is argued that discourses of abjection, citizenship and public space work together to form socio-spatial norms of appropriate bodies and actions in public space.
The Gelfand-Levitan, the Marchenko, and the Gopinath-Sondhi integral equations of inverse scattering theory, regarded in the context of inverse impulse-response problems

In this paper, we are concerned with interpreting some classical inverse-scattering theories so that they are relevant to the one-dimensional inverse impulse-response problem which arises in reflection seismology First the Gelfand-Levitan integral equations (which arise in the inverse scattering theory for the Schrodinger equation) are derived strictly in the time domain. Originally these celebrated equations were derived as a means of solving an inverse spectral problem, which is naturally posed in the frequency domain. We show not only that these equations have a time-dependent formulation, but that their derivation is actually simpler here than in its original context. Next we give a similar derivation for the Marchenko integral equation. We then obtain, by an independent method, the integral equation of Gopinath and Sondhi, which is not unlike the Gelfand-Levitan linear equation. It was used by them as a means of solving a time-dependent inverse problem arising in speech synthesis. A new integral equation, similar to the Marchenko equation is also derived. Finally the integral equations are related to each other by direct transformation independent of the corresponding differential equations. The present paper opens with a section in which the equation of one-dimensional elastic waves and the corresponding seismic inverse impulse-response problem are transformed into a form to which the Gelfand-Levitan theory applies, and then into the equations which arose in Gopinath and Sondhi's work. We regard the integral equation of Gopinath and Sondhi as being directly applicable to the interpretation of seismic reflection data. The Gelfand-Levitan theory is also applicable but only after considerable transformation. Our calculations are entirely in the time domain. The resulting equations have the merit that in order to recover the unknown coefficient on a finite interval (0, L) we need to use the boundary data also only on a finite segment of the reflection time series. The length of the record is just the two-way travel time associated with length L. By contrast, frequency-domain approaches require that long records be Fourier transformed. We distinguish results which are true only when the unknown coefficient is continuous from those true when it is bounded but only piecewise continuous. In this work we have not addressed the important problem of deconvolution.
ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS AND ANALYSIS OF HARDINING DATA FOR LASER HEAT TREATED FERROUS ALLOYS

Published information on the wide range of industrial applications in which laser surface transformation hardening has been used on ferrous alloys is reviewed. The effect of operational parameters ...
USE OF REGRESSION ANALYSIS TO ESTIMATE UV SPECTRAL IRRADIANCE FROM BROAD BAND RADIOMETER READINGS UNDER FS-40 FLUORESCENT SUNLAMPS FILTERED WITH CELLULOSE ACETATE

— Weighted and unweighted UV spectral irradiances were measured under a 2-lamp fluorescent fixture containing Westinghouse FS-40 fluorescent sunlamps filtered with (6 h aged) 0.127 mm (0.005 in.) cellulose acetate by use of newly developed broadband UV radiometers and an automated UV spectro-radiometer. Measurements were taken at 10-cm intervals between 20 and 110 cm from the lamps. Correlations were determined between sets of data measured with the broadband radiometers and the UV spectroradiometer. By use of linear regression analyses on the weighted and unweighted spectral data, regression equations were developed for predicting UV-B irradiance (unweighted mWm-2), biologically effective UV (BUV) (weighted mWm) in the 280–320 nm (UV-B) region, UV-B sun equivalents, and incident flux density in the UV-B region in photons m-2× 1021 integrated over a 6-h exposure. Examination of the correlation coefficients (r values) indicated that agreement was excellent between measured and predicted values for all comparisons (r values from 0.9972 to 0.9998). Use of regression equations should permit accurate. rapid estimation of both weighted and unweighted UV irradiances at any location in an experimental set-up and provide a useful means for intra- and inter-laboratory comparisons of spectral measurements, made in the interagency BACER program under FS-40 fluorescent sunlamps filtered with 0.127 mm cellulose acetate (aged for 6h).
Decision‐Making Fairness and Consensus Building in Multisector Community Health Alliances: A Mixed‐Methods Analysis

Given their inherently diverse composition and potentially competing interests, a foundational activity of community health alliances is establishing consensus on the vision and strategies for achieving its goals. Using an organizational justice framework, we examined whether member perceptions of fairness in alliances' decision-making processes are associated with the perceived level of consensus among members regarding the alliance vision and strategies. We used a mixed-methods design to examine the relationship between perceptions of fairness and consensus within fourteen multisector community health alliances. Quantitative analysis found the perceived level of consensus to be positively associated with decision-making transparency (procedural fairness), inclusiveness (procedural fairness), and benefits relative to costs (distributive fairness). Qualitative analysis indicated that the consensus-building process is facilitated by using formal decision-making frameworks and engaging alliance members in decision-making processes early. Alliance leaders may be more successful at building consensus when they recognize the need to appeal to a member's sense of procedural and distributive fairness, and, perhaps equally important, recognize when one rather than the other is called for and draw upon decision-making processes that most clearly evoke that sense of fairness. Our findings reinforce the importance of fairness in building and sustaining capacity for improving community health.
MENU-BASED NATURAL LANGUAGE UNDERSTANDING

This paper describes the NLMenu System, a menu-based natural language understanding system. Rather than requiring the user to type his input to the system, input to NLMenu is made by selecting items from a set of dynamically changing menus. Active menus and items are determined by a predictive left-corner parser that accesses a semantic grammar and lexicon. The advantage of this approach is that all inputs to the NLMenu System can be understood thus giving a 0% failure rate. A companion system that can automatically generate interfaces to relational databases is also discussed.
The Intruder of the Mind

Over the course of 21 years, my mother's reason, emotion, and behavior progressively surrendered to schizophrenia.1 Almost a third of her life was like a twilight existence2 of bizarre delusions and hallucinations. These effects from the disorder unfortunately overshadowed her courage, the bravery marshaled to endure her battle with this cruel untreated brain disease. The following discussion unfolds a chronicle of Mom's journey; observations by her adult children on how she faced the intruder of the mind.
Four-wave mixing in integrated silicon nitride waveguides

We demonstrate four-wave mixing in silicon nitride waveguides with −7.1 dB conversion efficiency between the signal and idler. We observe no evidence of nonlinear losses with pump powers as high as 110 W.
Safety and efficacy of disease-modifying antirheumatic agents in rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.

The definition of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) has changed dramatically over the last decade. Current expectations of efficacy now include amelioration of signs and symptoms of disease activity as well as slowing, if not complete cessation, of disease progression as evidenced by Xray progression and significant improvement of patient function. Rheumatologists assess the safety profile of these agents more critically in an attempt to increase the risk:benefit profile. Traditional agents, such as methotrexate (MTX), sulfasalazine and leflunomide have provided patients with substantial relief of symptoms and some decrease of X-ray progression but have been hampered by the frequent occurrence of significant adverse events (AEs) and inability to maintain benefit for a prolonged period of time. With the increased understanding of the basic mechanism of the disease process, there has been the introduction of four biological disease-modifying agents introduced into clinical practice which have s...
Mahimahi: a lightweight toolkit for reproducible web measurement

This demo presents a measurement toolkit, Mahimahi, that records websites and replays them under emulated network conditions. Mahimahi is structured as a set of arbitrarily composable UNIX shells. It includes two shells to record and replay Web pages, RecordShell and ReplayShell, as well as two shells for network emulation, DelayShell and LinkShell. In addition, Mahimahi includes a corpus of recorded websites along with benchmark results and link traces (https://github.com/ravinet/sites). Mahimahi improves on prior record-and-replay frameworks in three ways. First, it preserves the multi-origin nature of Web pages, present in approximately 98% of the Alexa U.S. Top 500, when replaying. Second, Mahimahi isolates its own network traffic, allowing multiple instances to run concurrently with no impact on the host machine and collected measurements. Finally, Mahimahi is not inherently tied to browsers and can be used to evaluate many different applications. A demo of Mahimahi recording and replaying a Web page over an emulated link can be found at http://youtu.be/vytwDKBA-8s. The source code and instructions to use Mahimahi are available at http://mahimahi.mit.edu/.
Control of streptomycin and isoniazid in malnourished children treated for tuberculosis.

Akbani, Y., Bolme, P., Lindblad, B. S. and Rahimtoola, R. J. (The Paediatric Clinics ofJinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi, Pakistan and St. Goran's Children's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden). Drug control of streptomycin and isoniazid in malnourished children treated for tuberculosis. Acta Paediatr Scand, 66:237, 1977.—In 12 malnourished children, who were treated for tuberculosis, plasma levels of streptomycin and isoniazid were followed. Streptomycin was administered i.m. in a dose of 25–50 mg/kg/24 hours. High initial plasma levels were reached (mean: 44.3 μg/ml at 30 min). Streptomycin levels were followed for 5 hours and the mean plasma level at that time was 17.0 μg/ml. From the present data a plasma half life of streptomycin of 3.5 hours has been estimated. It is advised that streptomycin should not be given in doses above 25 mg/kg/24 hours to avoid potential toxic plasma levels especially if plasma levels cannot be measured. It is also concluded from our study that renal function is not affected in malnourished children to an extent where streptomycin clearance is greatly affected. Isoniazid was given orally, 10 mg/kg/24 hours. From 30 min to 6 hours after administration, mean plasma levels of isoniazid above 0.5 μg/ml were observed. In all children measurable plasma levels were obtained. It is concluded that also children with malnutrition can absorb isoniazid after oral administration. From our data it is suggested that the majority of the children in our study were rapid inactivators of isoniazid.
High-brightness femtosecond x-ray source using an undulator in the SLAC Linac

A unique X-ray source, of exceptional brightness and with pulse widths as low as 30 fs rms, has been proposed at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. Named the Sub-Picosecond Photon Source (SPPS), the facility takes 30 Gev bunches from the linac and compresses them in three stages to achieve peak currents of 30 kA in the Final Focus Test Beam (FFTB) beamline. The existing FFTB can accommodate an undulator of up to 10 m in length which will deliver ~108 1.5 A photons per pulse in a 0.1% bandwidth with a peak brightness of ~1025 photons/sec/mm2/mrad2/0.1% BW, in a pulse width of ~80 fs FWHM. The short electron bunches are also ideal for plasma and wakefield studies as well as providing abundant R&D possibilities for verifying short bunch behavior in the future Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS).© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Legal and Nonlegal Infrastructures Supporting Tourism Investment in Selected Former Eastern Bloc Countries

International tourism investment in Eastern Europe has increased markedly since the end of the Cold War, creating some unique challenges for Western hospitality firms. A survey was sent to the legal counsel of international hotel firms present in the former Eastern Bloc countries of the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and the Russian Federation. Legal and nonlegal reasons for investment in these countries are reported as a result of the survey. Legal investment catalysts include mutually beneficial profit repatriation codes; the regulation of national taxation of profits; equitable customs exemptions and tariff incentives; and the cooperation of local government. Nonlegal aids to investment include currency convertibility as well as political and economic stabilization.
Direct observation of nucleation embryos during NiFe2O4 precipitation in NiO

Very small NiFe2O4 particles between 1 and 4 nm in size have been observed in an Fe-doped NiO sample quenched during early stages of spinel precipitation. The differences between the crystal structure of NiFe2O4 and NiO made it possible to use three different TEM imaging techniques to observe these very small particles. These very small particles are distributed throughout the volume of the sample and hence were not produced by specimen preparation. The large concentration of the very small precipitates compared with the much larger but less numerous growing precipitates indicates that the very small precipitates are actually embryos which form due to compositional fluctuations. The critical size for spinel nucleation was estimated to be 4.3 nm based on the distribution in the size of very small particles. The embryos are bounded by 〈111〉 planes with an octahedral morphology which is the minimum energy morphology.
Language Generation in Schizophrenia and Mania: The Relationships Among Verbosity, Syntactic Complexity, and Pausing

We examined the relationships among verbosity, syntactic complexity, and pausing in the speech of 21 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed., rev.) (DSM-III-R) diagnosed schizophrenic participants and 19 DSM-III-R diagnosed manic participants. We found that less verbosity was associated with both less syntactic complexity and greater pausing. In addition, less syntactic complexity was associated with greater pausing. The strength of these associations did not differ significantly between the two diagnostic groups. We propose that deficits in verbosity, syntactic complexity, and pausing are all related to a disturbance in message generation. We discuss the consistency of this hypothesis with previous research linking information processing and frontal lobe deficits to disturbances in verbosity, syntactic complexity, and pausing.
The multiple input linear weighted differential amplifier: a new versatile analog circuit building block

A generalization of the differential-difference amplifier with multiple differential inputs and linear weights is presented. This is a compact versatile analog circuit building block with many applications in analog signal processing. Experimental results of a test chip prototype in 0.5 /spl mu/m CMOS technology are presented that verify the operation of the circuit. SPICE simulations show potential of the circuit to operate with gain-bandwidth products of approximately 0.35 GHz.
Climatology of cloud water content associated with different cloud types observed by A-Train satellites

This study investigates the climatology of vertical distributions of cloud liquid water content, ice water content, and cloud fraction (CFR) associated with eight different cloud types, by utilizing the combined CloudSat radar and Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations lidar measurements. The geographical and seasonal variations of these cloud properties for each cloud type are also analyzed. The cloud water content (CWC) of each cloud type is sorted by three parameters obtained from colocated satellite observations to investigate the relationships between large-scale conditions and the vertical structure of clouds. Results show that different cloud types have different altitudes of CWC and CFR peaks, and the altitude of CFR peak does not always overlap with that of CWC peak. Each type of cloud shows a clear asymmetric pattern of spatial distribution between Northern Hemisphere (NH) and Southern Hemisphere (SH). Stratocumulus and stratus clouds make the greatest contribution to the liquid water path, while the ice water path is mostly contributed by deep convective cloud over the tropics and nimbostratus over the middle and high latitudes. Over both middle and high latitudes, clouds have larger seasonal variation in the NH than in the SH. Over ocean, large CWCs of deep convective cloud, cirrus, and altostratus are above 7 km, and are associated with high convective available potential energy (>2000 J/kg), warm sea surface temperature (>303 K), and relatively high precipitation (>1 mm/h). Over land, most of the middle and high clouds have similar CWC distributions compared to those over ocean, but altocumulus and low clouds are quite different from those over ocean.
Partitioning heat loss from mallard ducklings swimming on the air–water interface

Water birds whose young begin swimming while downy are interesting because hypothermia and mortality are associated with wetting. While wetting is known to increase heat loss, little is known about basic issues, such as the amount of heat lost to air vs water during surface swimming. To partition heat loss to air and water, we measured the body temperature, metabolism and thermal conductance of 2-3-day-old mallard ducklings (Anas platyrhynchos) swimming under different combinations of air and water temperature. Ventral down remained dry or was wetted only on the surface, and most ducklings could maintain Tb>39 degrees C for 1 h while swimming on water as cold as 5 degrees C. Ducklings were at or below thermal neutrality when swimming in water at Tw=30 degrees C even when air temperature Ta=45 degrees C. Heat loss from ducklings with dry down to air and water was partitioned by fitting data to a heat transfer model of the form M=G(Tb-Tw)+Ke(Tb-Ta). For an average 48 g duckling, thermal conductance to water increased with water temperature, G=0.0470(1+1.059 x 10(-6)Tw4)W/ degrees C-animal. Conductance to air was Ke=0.0196 W/ degrees C-animal for all air temperatures. Thus, a minimum of 70% of metabolic heat production is lost to water, and this fraction increases with increasing temperature.
Methodology in generative linguistics: scratching below the surface

Abstract This paper examines some methodological issues of contemporary linguistics from three general standpoints. A macro-level view sketches general, broad outlines of a technique. While this is the most common form of methodological discussion – by philosophers and linguists, including those of the “biolinguistic” persuasion – it is of limited use. In contrast, a micro-level perspective emphasizes those details that actually make a procedure do what it does. At this most important level of granularity, there has been very little development in generative linguistics. E.g., there are currently virtually no explicit means by which one might address a methodologically fundamental question about a data set such as “How much data is there?” A meso-level perspective allows for some aspects of a method to be compared with others. Inter alia, this perspective helps to identify narrower, more tractable methodological issues that currently need attention.
Competition, Collaboration, and Cost in the New Knowledge Environment

Dans le domaine specialise du developpement des collections, le travail intellectuel du bibliothecaire specialise dans la selection de documents est limite par le budget d'acquisition de la bibliotheque. Cet article traite donc des nouvelles difficultes auxquelles doit faire face ce bibliothecaire compte tenu des innovations technologiques, des multiples sources d'information actuelles, des options de fourniture de documents et des besoins des utilisateurs. Apres une description de ce nouvel environnement de connaissance, des notions avec lesquelles le bibliothecaire doit travailler sont presentees : la competition, la cooperation, et la gestion des couts de l'information
Trajectory analysis for a Grand Tour mission to the outer planets.

Trajectory analysis of multiplanet Grand Tour mission to four large outer planets on single flight, discussing mission planning
Communication overhead on the CM5: an experimental performance evaluation

The authors present experimental results for communication overhead on the scalable parallel machine CM-5. It is observed that the communication latency of the data network is 88 mu s. It was also observed that the communication cost for messages that are a multiple of 16 bytes is much smaller than for messages that are not, and therefore, for better performance, a user should pad messages to make them a multiple of 16 bytes. The authors also studied the communication overhead of three complete exchange algorithms. For small message sizes, the recursive exchange algorithm performs the best, especially for large multiprocessors. However, for large message sizes, the pairwise exchange algorithm is preferable. Finally, the authors studied two algorithms for one-to-all broadcast: the linear broadcast algorithm and the recursive broadcast algorithm. Linear broadcast does not perform well; the recursive broadcast algorithm performs well. >