cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Towards a Non-Intrusive Approach for Monitoring Distributed Computations through Perturbation Analysis

Programs representing distributed computations are often non-deterministic in nature and hence the execution of such programs is not only dependent upon the program input, but also on the timing of execution. Thus, an attempt to monitor the run-time behavior of a distributed program through code instrumentation can potentially alter the program's behavior. In this paper we develop static perturbation analysis techniques to identify the situations in which the run-time monitoring activities can be performed non-intrusively, that is, without affecting the outcomes of non-deterministic events.
Treatment of Obese Children With and Without Their Mothers: Changes in Weight and Blood Pressure

Weight and blood pressure changes were evaluated in a 16-month controlled trial comparing three methods of involving mothers in the treatment of their obese adolescents (aged 12 to 16 years). The treatments were: (1) Mother-Child Separately--children and mothers attended separate groups; (2) Mother-Child Together--the children and mothers met together in the same group; and (3) Child Alone--the children met in groups and mothers were not involved. The program consisted of behavior modification, social support, nutrition, and exercise. The Mother-Child Separately group lost more weight (8.4 kg) during treatment than did the other two groups (5.3 and 3.3 kg). Differences between the groups increased at the 1-year follow-up: compared to pretreatment weight, the Mother-Child Separately group lost 7.7 kg compared with gains of approximately 3 kg in the other two groups. Blood pressures of children with the highest initial pressures decreased by 16/9 mm Hg at the end of treatment and by 16/5 mm Hg at the 1-year follow-up. These results suggest that a program of behavior modification and parent involvement can lead to significant weight losses in obese children, and that the nature of parent involvement may be important.
Stabilizing switched linear systems under adversarial switching

The problem of stabilizing discrete-time switched linear control systems using continuous input by the user and against adversarial switching by an adversary is studied. It is assumed that the adversary has the advantage in that at each time it knows the user's decision on the continuous control input but not vice versa. Stabilizability conditions and bounds on the fastest stabilizing rates are derived. Examples are given to illustrate the results.
Third-order intermodulation distortion characterization of variable confinement slab-coupled optical waveguide photodiodes

We report two-tone third-order intermodulation distortion (IMD3) characterization of a uni-traveling-carrier waveguide photodiode which uses a horizontal taper mode size transformer to vary the optical confinement with length. Fixed confinement waveguide photodiodes are also characterized.
Inelastic three dimensional high strain-rate dislocation density based analysis of grain-boundary effects and failure modes in ordered intermetallics

A three dimensional dislocation density based multiple slip crystalline formulation and computational scheme are introduced for a detailed understanding and accurate characterization of interrelated failure mechanisms that may occur on different length scales in intermetallics subjected to high strain-rates. This constitutive framework accounts for the generation, trapping, interaction, and annihilation of mobile and immobile dislocations densities that are generally associated with finite strain high strain-rate plasticity in Ll 2 ordered intermetallics. Coincident site-lattice (CSL) and random grain boundaries (GBs) effects on intergranular and transgranular failure at triple junctions are investigated. Results from this study indicate that intergranular cracks can nucleate due to dislocation pile-ups along the GBs, and that transgranular failure occurs on slip-planes that intersect the GB.
Effect of deposition conditions on percolation in single‐walled carbon nanotube networks

Macroscopic networks of ordered single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have been formed using laminar-flow deposition (LFD) at room temperature. This deposition method involves successive deposition cycles from aqueous suspensions of SWNTs. Each deposition cycle deposits a reproducible density of partially aligned SWNTs, which allows a great level of control over the network formation process. The macroscopic conductivity of these 2-D thin-films was observed to follow percolation theory throughout the network growth process. The ability of this deposition method to partially align SWNTs during deposition was investigated. Networks deposited with SWNTs having orthogonal directionality showed significantly greater precision and current capacity than networks composed of SWNTs that were partially aligned in only one direction.
Fabrication of high-surface area nanoporous SiOC materials using pre-ceramic polymer blends and a sacrificial template

Abstract We report the fabrication of silicon oxycarbide (SiOC) ceramics with high surface area and porosity and a hierarchical pore structure. They have been synthesized using polymer blends that consist of allyl hydridopolycarbosilane (AHPCS) and hydridopolycarbosilane (HPCS) as the precursors. Layered double hydroxides (LDHs), modified by sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS), a common surfactant, are used as a sacrificial template, and a simple impregnation technique is employed to enable the polymer precursor to penetrate into the LDH structure. Various characterization methods, such as XRD, XPS, and SEM-EDX, are used to verify that the ceramics that are produced are SiOC materials. A key aspect of the fabrication process is the use of pre-ceramic polymer blends that are capable of producing ceramics with an interconnected porous space. Air calcination of the as-prepared SiOC ceramic removes any free carbon that is present, but preserves the pore structure of the material. The SEM images indicate that the materials' internal pore structure consists of well-aligned, slit-like pores. Nitrogen sorption measurements demonstrate that the material fabricated from polymer blend AHPCS/HPCS = 2:1 has surface areas as high as 811.7 m2/g, total pore volume as large as 0.80 cm3/g with considerable fractions of micro- and mesopores. The synthesis method that we have developed uses low-cost pre-ceramic polymer precursors and templates and generates porous SiOC ceramics with high surface area, interconnected pore space with a multi-modal pore size distribution, and high-temperature stability. As such, the technique may be considered as a convenient and cost-effective approach for the fabrication of a wide class of porous materials for such applications as catalysis, gas adsorption/separation under harsh conditions, and biomedical device uses, etc.
A study of non-linear tidal propagation in shallow inlet/estuarine systems Part I: Observations☆

The offshore tide becomes strongly distorted as it propagates into shallow estuarine systems. Observations of sea surface elevation and horizontal currents over periods ranging from three days to one year, at nine stations within Nauset inlet/estuary, document the non-linear interaction of the off-shore equilibrium tidal constituents. Despite strong frictional attenuation within the estuary, the overtides and compound tides of M2, S2 and N2, in particular, reach significant amplitude, resulting in strong tidal distortion. High frequency forced constituents in sea surface are phase-locked, consistently leading the forcing tides by 60–70°, resulting in a persistent distortion where falling tide is longer than rising tide. Forced constituents in currents are more nearly in phase with equilibrium constituents, producing flood currents which are shorter but more intense than ebb currents. A compound fortnightly tide, MSf, modulates the mean water level such that lowest tides occur during neap phase instead of spring phase. This fortnightly tide can be contaminated by storm surge, changing the phase characteristics of this constituent. Implications of the overtides, compound tides, and lower frequency tides on near-bed, suspended and dissolved material transport are profound.
Giant Cells in Male Pattern Alopecia: a Histologic Marker and Pathogenetic Clue

Twenty-one of 65 (31%) biopsy specimens from patients with male pattern alopecia demonstrated the presence of individually displaced multinucleate giant cells without a significant concomitant cellular infiltrate. This finding was absent in a diverse group of other forms of alopecia. Whether individually displaced multinucleate cells are a useful histologic marker for diagnosing early stages of androgenetic alopecia remains to be determined.
Relationships between Blue- and Red-based Vegetation Indices and Leaf Area and Yield of Alfalfa

The need for site-specific yield assessments of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) has spurred interest in developing methods to remotely sense biomass at harvest. Relationships between reflectance-based vegetation indices (Vls) and yield and yield-components of alfalfa have not been fully characterized. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the relationships between blue- and red-reflectance based Vls and canopy variables such as leaf area index (LAI), mass shoot -1 , shoot length, and alfalfa yield. Canopy reflectance was obtained with two reflectance spectrometers 1 d before each of five harvests in 2005 within rainfed and subsurface drip-irrigated alfalfa. Blue- and red-based normalized difference vegetation indices (NDVIs) and wide dynamic range vegetation indices (WDRVIs) at three levels of a near-infrared (NIR) reflectance-scalar ('α' = 0.1, 0.05, and 0.01) were calculated and regressed on alfalfa canopy variables. A quadratic-plateau model was used to determine when VIs no longer detected yield increments. Both blue- and red-based NDVIs and WDRVIs exhibited significant (P < 0.0001) saturative responses to LAI, yield components, and dry matter (DM) yield. Decreasing α widened the estimable yield range (0-1.82 vs. 0-2.76 Mg ha-1 and 0-2.60 vs. 0-3.74 Mg ha-1, respectively) of both blue- and red-based WDRVIs. Significant (P < 0.0001) yield regression models within the effective range of the VIs (<Yield max ) were found within two harvests in 2005 and when data were pooled across all harvests. These results indicate that the use of a NIR reflectance-scalar can extend the range of herbage biomass (to 3.74 and 2.76 Mg ha-1, respectively) within which blue- and red-based indices may be used to estimate alfalfa yield.
Kyoto protocol participation: A demographic explanation

The constraints of demographic trends, particularly population growth rates, on participation in the Kyoto Protocol have not been taken into account by previous researchers. Here I assess the effect of projected population growth on (1) the degree of restrictions in carbon dioxide emissions nations negotiated during the development of the Protocol, and (2) whether or not nations ultimately ratified the Protocol. The results indicate that nations with higher expected population growth rates negotiated higher carbon targets than other nations and were ultimately less likely to ratify the Protocol.
Inhibition of growth in young mice treated with d,l-methadone☆☆☆

Neonatal mice were treated with d,1-methadone, 1-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) or the narcotic antagonists, naloxone, nalorphine or levallorphan. Litter mates were injected with normal saline solution and handled in the same way. Treatment began on the second postpartum day and continued daily or on alternate days for up to 6 weeks. Injection of methadone in dosages of 2 mg/kg to mg/kg inhibited weight gain in a log dose-related fashion. LAAM, 1 mg/kg or 2 mg/kg also retarded weight gain. Mice gained weight normally when naloxone, 10 mg/kg was injected with methadone, 2 mg/kg. Furthermore the daily injection of d-methadone, 4 mg/kg, did not inhibit weight gain nor did any of the narcotic antagonists. There findings indicate that growth inhibition induced by methadone is a stereospecific, opioid effect.
Angiocrine Factors Deployed by Tumor Vascular Niche Induce B Cell Lymphoma Invasiveness and Chemoresistance

Summary Tumor endothelial cells (ECs) promote cancer progression in ways beyond their role as conduits supporting metabolism. However, it is unknown how vascular niche-derived paracrine factors, defined as angiocrine factors, provoke tumor aggressiveness. Here, we show that FGF4 produced by B cell lymphoma cells (LCs) through activating FGFR1 upregulates the Notch ligand Jagged1 (Jag1) on neighboring ECs. In turn, upregulation of Jag1 on ECs reciprocally induces Notch2-Hey1 in LCs. This crosstalk enforces aggressive CD44 + IGF1R + CSF1R + LC phenotypes, including extranodal invasion and chemoresistance. Inducible EC-selective deletion of Fgfr1 or Jag1 in the Eμ-Myc lymphoma model or impairing Notch2 signaling in mouse and human LCs diminished lymphoma aggressiveness and prolonged mouse survival. Thus, targeting the angiocrine FGF4-FGFR1/Jag1-Notch2 loop inhibits LC aggressiveness and enhances chemosensitivity.
Effect of Microvillus Deformability on Leukocyte Adhesion Explored Using Adhesive Dynamics Simulations

Leukocyte rolling on the endothelium via selectin molecules is an important step in the adhesion cascade, which allows leukocytes in the bloodstream to reach sites of infection. We improve upon Adhesive Dynamics simulations by incorporating deformable microvilli on which adhesion molecules are clustered. As determined in micropipette experiments, microvilli deform like an elastic spring at small forces and a combination of yield and viscous dissipation at high forces. First, we create a modified version of the state diagram for adhesion which includes microvillus deformation, and find four adhesion states—firmly bound; landing; rolling; and no-adhesion. Then, we simulate the effects of receptor clustering on the tips of microvilli, number of adhesion molecules on the cell, and the spring constant of the bonds, within the context of deformable microvilli. We also explore how the microvillus rheology itself controls the dynamics of adhesion. A minimum in rolling velocity occurs at an intermediate value of the microvillus membrane viscosity, remarkably close to the reported physiological value, suggesting that the mechanics of microvilli have evolved ideally for rolling and adhesion of leukocytes. We find that a larger degree of association between the membrane and cytoskeleton leads to slower rolling, and stiffer microvilli result in faster rolling. Decreasing the overall deformability of the microvilli greatly reduces a simulated cell's ability to roll. A comparison to experimental results of in vitro cell rolling agrees with the simulation at low shear rates. Furthermore, simulated rolling trajectories of cells with deformable microvilli display periods of rolling interdispersed with pauses, consistent with that seen in experiments where microvilli were observed to stretch.
Qd0 SIMULATION OF FAULTS INCLUDING DELTA-WYE TRANSFORMERS

ABSTRACT Techniques are described for simulating a line-to-ground fault with a delta-grounded-wye transformer between the machine and the fault and using single-pole switching to clear the fault. Set forth in detail is the analytical technique for simulating such a fault in an all-qd0 simulation. This technique eliminates the necessity of inductance matrix inversion, allows a variable step integration algorithm to be used for second swing stability analysis, and yields a computationally faster solution than a phase variable solution.
Redefining RECs-Part 1: Untangling attributes and offsets

Abstract Renewable energy and greenhouse gas emissions markets are currently in a state of confusion regarding the treatment of Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs). Should consumers buy RECs or emission offsets? After examining this question, the author concludes that RECs are not equivalent to emission offset credits, and as currently defined, the retiring of a REC may have no impact on emissions from electric power generation. Consumers who purchase RECs in voluntary green power markets are providing financial assistance to renewable generators in the form of a production subsidy. Generators that sell RECs are not transferring emission reductions, since they are unlikely to have ownership or the ability to quantify reductions using a commonly accepted standard. More importantly, RECs currently sold in voluntary markets do not pass credible additionality tests and can, at best, be expected to have a market demand effect, which will be less than the supply of RECs on the market. REC definitions that use the term “environmental attributes” or “environmental benefits” are almost universally ambiguous, providing the mistaken impression that consumers are purchasing a good instead of subsidizing a public good.
DETERMINING BORON IN GLASS BY FLAME EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY.

Abstract A method has been developed at the Oak Ridge Y-12 Plant1 that will determine the percentage quantities of boron in borosilicate glass by flame emission spectroscopy. The sample is dissolved in hydrofluoric acid, nebulized into a nitrous oxide-acetylene flame, and a measurement made of the BO2 band emission at 5180 angstroms. Glass containing at least 1.0 weight percent boron can be analyzed. The relative standard deviation of the method is 5.1 percent. Approximately 10 samples (2 aliquots each) can be analyzed in four hours.
Steam rapidly reduces the swelling capacity of bentonite

Sodic bentonite is widely used for industrial and scientific purposes, especially as a sealing agent1, because of its great ability to swell in water2,3. It has been proposed for use in high-level nuclear waste repositories as an impermeable barrier surrounding the waste package, or to fill tunnels, shafts and rooms. In some repositories, such as those planned in basalt, bentonite would be expected to be subjected to temperatures possibly up to 300 °C (refs 4, 5). As the waste would be approximately 600–900 m below the water table in fractured rock, the repository is expected to fill first with steam and then with liquid water4,6. Reaction of bentonite with liquid water produces a minimal loss of swelling capacity, but I show here that reaction with water vapour at 150–250 °C results in rapid irreversible loss of most of the swelling capacity. This causes very large increases in permeability of sand–bentonite mixtures7, thereby reducing the ability of a bentonite barrier to retard the flow of groundwater in proposed high-level nuclear waste repositories.
Observations on the regulation of uricase activity during development of Drosophila melanogaster.

To elucidate the mechanisms involved in the regulation of uricase activity in Drosophila melanogaster, a comparative analysis of the patterns of uricase activity during development was undertaken for the wild type, Ore-R, and the mutants ry2 and ma-1. Uricase activity in ry2 and ma-l, unlike that in Ore-R, increased rapidly following emergence of the adult. This study indicates that uricase in Drosophila, in contrast to that in several microorganisms, is not induced by uric acid, since ry2 and ma-l with no detectable uric acid have higher activity than the wild type.
Torsion of an indirect hernia sac within a hydrocele causing acute scrotum: case report and review of the literature

We report a case of acute scrotum in a 2-year-old child caused by torsion of an indirect hernia sac within a hydrocele. This is an extremely rare cause of acute scrotal swelling and pain in the pediatric population, with this case representing only the eighth instance reported in the literature. Despite the scarcity with which this diagnosis has been encountered, clinicians should include torsion of an indirect hernia sac on the differential diagnosis for acute scrotum in a child.
Response to Noninvasive Assessment of Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Children and Adolescents

The writing group thanks Thijssen et al1 for their comments. Their observations on the need for impeccable technique in the assessment of brachial flow-mediated dilation must be acknowledged. The review of shear stress …
POOL-PRIMING: A MEANS OF GENERATING T LYMPHOCYTES CYTOTOXIC TO TUMOUR OR VIRUS-INFECTED CELLS

It is proposed that cells cytotoxic for autologous or syngeneic tumour cells can be produced in vitro by sensitisation of lymphocytes to a pool of normal cells from 20 unrelated individuals. Restriction on molecules that can serve as cytotoxic determinants (C.D.), may explain why a random pool of cells from 20 people could present essentially all of the determinants (C.D.) may explain why a random pool of occur because of extensive cross-reactivity of antigens on tumour cells with normal alloantigens present in the stimulating pool.
Some Bayesian and Non-Bayesian Procedures for the Analysis of Comparative Experiments and for Small-Area Estimation: Computational Aspects, Frequentist Properties, and Relationships

Abstract The estimation of a treatment contrast from experimental data and the estimation of a small-area mean are special cases of the prediction of the realization of a linear combination of fixed and random effects in a possibly unbalanced two-part mixed linear model. In this article a Bayesian approach to point and interval prediction is presented and its computational requirements are examined. Differences between the Bayesian approach and the traditional (classical) approach are discussed in general terms and, in addition, in terms of two examples taken from the literature: (1) the comparison of drug formulations in a bioavailability trial (Westlake) and (2) the estimation of corn-crop areas using satellite data (Battese, Harter, and Fuller). Some deficiencies in the classical approach are pointed out, and the Bayesian approach is considered from a frequentist perspective. It is shown, via a Monte Carlo study, that, for certain (noninformative) choices of the prior distribution, the frequentist prop...
Gold metabolism in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with gold compounds--reinvestigated.

Absorption of gold from injected sites occurs rapidly, reaching its peak in blood between 4 and 6 hours. In plasma, 95% of gold is bound to albumin. Three patients that were studied from the beginning of weekly therapy showed a progressive stepwise rise in plasma gold levels up to the sixth week. Urinary excretion was greatest during the first day postinjection while fecal excretion was greatest during the middle of the week. The blood levels, as well as excretion, varied from patient to patient. Patients on maintenance therapy excreted 39, 16, 12 and 10% of the injected dose in the first, second, third and fourth weeks postinjection, respectively. There were no significant differences in blood gold levels in patients who showed a good therapeutic response, no therapeutic benefit or toxicity.
Status of Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab)

When first beam was delivered on target in July 1994, the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF), in Newport News, Virginia realized the return on years of planning and work to create a laboratory devoted to exploration of matter that interacts through the strong force, which holds the quarks inside the proton and binds protons and neutrons into the nucleus. Dedicated this year as the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab), the completion of construction and beginning of its experimental program has culminated a process that began more than a decade ago with the convening of the Bromley Panel to look at research possibilities for such an electron accelerator.
Carbohydrates in eggs of the grasshopper, Aulocara elliotti, during development

Abstract Qualitative and quantitative carbohydrate changes occurring in eggs of the grasshopper species Aulocara elliotti at various stages of development were investigated. Temperature effects were considered. Mannose, glucose, fructose, trehalose, mannitol, and glycerol were identified in 70% ethanolic extracts of eggs using paper and gas-liquid chromatography. Mannose was detected in early prediapause eggs but was not detected in diapause or post-diapause eggs. As mannose levels declined, mannitol accumulated but the quantity of free mannose was not sufficient to serve as the only precursor for mannitol synthesis. Neither trehalose nor glycogen levels declined as mannitol accumulated. Mannitol was temporally associated with diapause. Although mannitol synthesis does not depend on cold exposure, cold might have an elevating effect. Glycerol appeared to be an extremely variable compound, was not associated with diapause, and would not appear to greatly depress freezing points of eggs. There appeared to be slight early and late utilization of glycogen but levels were higher in the definitive egg than in the newly laid egg. Trehalose, which was generally 91±5 per cent of the free neutral sugars in eggs, increased by two- to three-fold during diapause and then declined following blastokinesis.
Effects of osteoclast activating factor from human lymphocytes on cyclic AMP concentrations in isolated mouse bone and bone cells.

Osteoclast activating factor (OAF) is a lymphokine which may participate in the pathologic destruction of bone observed in a number of disorders. In the current studies, we investigated the action of OAF on cAMP accumulation by bones and isolated bone cells in culture. OAF was shown to stimulate accumulation of cAMP in mouse cranial bones at doses between 1 and 1000 ng/ml. Stimulation of bone resorption was observed in bones treated with the same doses of OAF. In order to investigate the cell types responsible for cAMP responses to OAF, we isolated bone cells and grew them in monolayer culture. The cells were isolated by a variety of techniques which separate bone cells into two types of parathyroid hormone (PTH)-responsive populations: (a) cells derived from the periosteal regions of the bone, which also respond to calcitonin with increases in cAMP; and (b) cells derived from the matrix, which do not respond to calcitonin. OAF caused elevation of cAMP levels in both the periosteum-derived cells and the matrix-derived cells. The magnitudes and time courses of OAF effects in these populations resembled the effects previously reported for PTH in the same populations. OAF stimulated adenyl cyclase in both types of cell populations, but did not produce significant changes in cAMP phosphodiesterase activity. OAF differed from PTH in that its effects on cAMP accumulation decreased sharply at supramaximal doses in both bone and isolated cells, especially in the matrix-derived populations. Bone resorption did not decrease as markedly as did cAMP accumulation at high doses of OAF, suggesting that cAMP accumulation and resorption could be dissociated under some conditions. These results indicate that OAF has effects on cAMP production in the same cell populations as PTH, and suggest that OAF could modify not only resorption but also formation of bone in vivo. OAF may exert its effects on bone by means of cAMP-dependent mechanisms, but more data will be necessary to establish this unequivocally. The observed differences between OAF and PTH may be of relevance in the mechanism and treatment of pathologic bone destruction in vivo.
Energy dependence of radiationless relaxation in methylglyoxal

Abstract Measurements are reported for the biexponential decay parameters as a function of excitation energy for luminescence from the lowest energy excited singlet state (S 1 ) of methylglyoxal. The results are interpreted in terms of a kinetic scheme incorporating reversible decay between S 1 and a set of isoenergetic accepting levels. Correspondence with a quantum mechanical model yields coupling matrix elements and densities of accepting levels. Some fundamental decay rate constants for S 1 in glyoxal, methylglyoxal, and in biacetyl are found to be strikingly similar. This similarity may be explained with a simple theoretical scheme.
2,6-Dichlorobenzonitrile, a cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor, affects morphology and structural integrity of petunia and lily pollen tubes

Summary There has been an ongoing debate about the presence and function of cellulose in pollen tube walls. In this study, the role of cellulose in pollen tube growth was analyzed by growing pollen tubes in vitro in the presence of 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (DCB), a specific inhibitor of cellulose biosynthesis. Pollen tubes of Lilium auratum and Petunia hybrida were cultured in vitro in the presence of 0.25 to 10 μmol/L DCB. Although pollen germination and growth rate were not affected, petunia and lily pollen tubes frequently ruptured or assumed a distorted, bulbous shape in the presence of DCB. When DCB was added to normally growing petunia pollen tubes, pollen tube rupture was observed within 15 min. Immunolocalization studies showed that in lily pollen tubes treated with DCB, callose deposition occurred. Ultrastructural examination of DCB treated lily pollen tubes revealed a highly disorganized pollen tube wall. Our results suggest that the reduction or lack of cellulose in the presence of DCB causes significant distortion and weakening of the pollen tube cell wall.
Distributions of sources and normal dipoles over a quadrilateral panel

The potential due to a distribution of sources or normal dipoles on a flat quadrilateral panel is evaluated for the cases where the density of the singularities is constant, linear, bilinear, or of arbitrary polynomial form. The results in the first two cases are consistent with those derived previously, but the present derivation is considered to be simplified. In particular, the constant dipole distribution is derived from a geometric argument which avoids direct integration; this derivation applies more generally on a curvilinear panel bounded by straight edges. Also presented are multipole expansions for the same potentials, suitable for use when the distance to the field point is substantially larger than the panel dimensions. Algorithms are derived to evaluate the coefficients in these expansions to an arbitrary order.
A Theory Concerning the Early Evolution of the Visceral Arches

The visceral arches are usually assumed to develop in a similar way, from front to rear, with corresponding parts. The mandibular and hyoid arches do not follow such a pattern, rather some of the blastematic tissue of these arches became involved in the formation of the neurocranium as the trabecula and lateral commissure respectively. Thus this tissue was never developed as arch elements. Further, skeletal blastemas in the head are derived from delamination as well neural crest. The implications of these observations are explored.
Hormone replacement therapy after a cancer diagnosis

Abstract The issues of hormone replacement therapy are of concern to every woman but must be increasingly confronted by young cancer patients experiencing premature menopause from oncologic treatments. These young women join the millions of breast, ovarian, and endometrial cancer survivors who live in an estrogen-deficient state, with its attendant risks and side effects. Although recurrences are foremost of the patient’s concerns, the morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease, stroke, and osteoporosis present a 7- to 10-fold greater threat, and therefore these issues need to be placed in perspective. Although there is extensive literature available to the primary care provider documenting the positive effects of estrogen on bone structure, cardioprotective properties, and reversal of genitourinary atrophy, there is a dearth of high-level evidence about the safety of hormonal therapy in cancer survivors. This article will review the current epidemiologic evidence for hormone replacement therapy with emphasis on the risks and benefits for the cancer survivor, especially in women successfully treated for breast and endometrial cancers. An approach to an informed decision-making process for the patient, in concert with her primary care provider and oncologist, will be outlined. (Prim Care Update Ob/Gyns 2002;9:85–89.
Wideband RF front end design considerations for a flexible white space software defined radio

This paper introduces a flexible RF front end for whitespace communication. The designed front end can operate over any frequency from 100 MHz to 2.5 GHz and the channel bandwidth can be programmable from 4.5 kHz to 10 MHz. This large frequency range and wide bandwidth makes this hardware suitable for implementing most wireless standards. A direct conversion RFIC developed by Motorola, drives the core of the RF front end. The various RF parameters can be changed by programming this RFIC through a serial peripheral interface (SPI). As part of this work we further develop an intelligent software driver to control different parameters of the RFIC. Thus the combination of highly flexible front end and flexible software driver makes this hardware an excellent choice for whitespace devices. The performance of this front end has been tested and measured and has been integrated into a daughterboard format for the Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP), a hardware device which enables the rapid design and implementation of software defined radio (SDR).
Trampoline fracture of the proximal tibial metaphysis in children may not progress into valgus: a report of seven cases and a brief review.

Summary Background Fracture of the proximal tibial metaphysis in children is a rare injury but notorious for carrying the risk of subsequent valgus deformity of the tibia. Hypothesis Trampoline-caused fracture of the proximal tibial metaphysis in children may not progress into valgus. Materials and methods We followed up six children who collectively sustained seven fractures of the proximal tibial metaphysis while trampolining with other heavier and/or older children. Initial and follow-up x-rays were reviewed by an orthopaedic surgeons and two radiologists. Results None of the patients developed valgus deformity with follow-up. Conclusion Trampoline is associated with a specific type of injury to the proximal tibia when children are trampolining with other heavier children even without falling off the trampoline. This fracture is linear and complete, often non-displaced. Unlike “other” proximal tibial metaphyseal fractures, trampoline-associated proximal tibial metaphysical fracture in children is not associated with a risk of subsequent valgus deformity. Level of evidence Level 4. Type of study: case series.
Powers of Goodness-of-Fit Tests in Detecting Balanced Mixed Normal Distributions

Measurements of a natural, social or psychological phenomenon in many cases come from a sample drawn from a mixture of populations. The presence of a mixed population and its characteristics however may be a-priori unknown. This state of ignorance can lead to bias in a summary measure of a phenomenon. In this paper, a test based on sample kurtosis is shown to be more powerful than other known tests in detecting a class of mixed normal distributions.
Cation ordering in orthopyroxenes from two stony-iron meteorites: implications for cooling rates and metal-silicate mixing

Abstract We have determined the cooling rates of orthopyroxene crystals from two group IVA stony iron meteorites—Steinbach (ST) and Sao Joao Nepomuceno (SJN)—on the basis of their Fe–Mg ordering states. The rate constant was calibrated as a function of temperature by controlled cooling experiments using orthopyroxene crystals separated from ST. These data were used along with earlier calibrations of the equilibrium intracrystalline fractionation of Fe and Mg as a function of temperature for crystals separated from both meteorites to calculate their cooling rates. The site occupancies of the orthopyroxene crystals were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction subject to the bulk compositional constraints. The closure temperatures ( T c ) of cation ordering for the untreated crystals from SJN are ∼400°C, whereas those from ST vary between ∼430 and 470°C. Reconciliation of the metallographic and orthopyroxene cooling rate data, within the framework of the metal–silicate mixing model of Haack et al. (1995) , suggests that these two stony irons had cooled at a similar rate of ∼400°C/Ma through the closure temperatures for cation ordering in the orthopyroxenes. This was followed by slow cooling for ST at ∼50°C/Ma at T (Rasmussen et al., 1995) of distinctly different cooling rates for the high and low Ni IVA irons and stony irons. The cation ordering and metallographic cooling rate data are also amenable to an alternative interpretation, which requires two different parent bodies for the two stony irons, and mixing of the metal and silicate components of ST after the metals had cooled below the closure temperature of Fe–Ni interdiffusion. However, the available textural data for ST seems to argue against such metal-silicate mixing model.
Clinical implications of attachment narratives

This paper discusses attachment theory and research with emphasis on the empirical studies of Many Main. Main's work emphasizes the relationship between an individual's narrative regarding attachment relationships and their underlying internal working model of attachment. The internal working model of attachment is a representation of attachment experience and a set of rules for processing attachment experience. This paper describes various categories of attachment narrative construction and presents a case history that is discussed from an attachment theory perspective.
Diffusion flames over a melting polymer disk in von kármán swirling flows

A laminar diffusion flame that is established over a spinning, thermoplastic, polymer fuel disk in a quiescent, oxidizing environment under microgravity is analyzed theoretically. The conservation equations for the polymer melt layer coupled to the gas-phase equations are solved numerically using similarity transformations. The polymer melting rate, the thickness of the melt layer, and the fraction of melted fuel that is burned in the gas-phase are predicted as functions of the ambient conditions and polymer property values. In these calculations the melt viscosity is assumed to vary with temperature in an Arrhenius form. Results are presented for polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) disks burning in air at atmospheric pressure and compared against earlier experimental results.
Numerical instability in the breathing-mode dynamics of elastic rings

Abstract The method of lines is used to compute the breathing-mode dynamics of two-dimensional elastic rings. An explicit Runge-Kutta package is used as the time integrator with the spatial derivatives approximated by four different schemes, one spectral and three finite difference. For each spatial scheme, the performance of the Runge-Kutta package is evaluated for third, fifth and eighth order accurate Runge-Kutta methods, based on (2, 3), (4, 5) and (7, 8) Runge-Kutta pairs, respectively. It is shown that the inclusion of shear deformation ultimately leads to loss of all accuracy. With shear deformation neglected, blow up does not occur and the accuracy obtained is that of the underlying spatial differencing scheme.
Multiple Features Contribute to the Use of the Immunoglobulin M Secretion-Specific Poly(A) Signal but Are Not Required for Developmental Regulation

The secretory-specific poly(A) signal (μs) of the immunoglobulin μ gene plays a central role in regulating alternative RNA processing to produce RNAs that encode membrane-associated and secreted immunoglobulins. This poly(A) signal is in direct competition with a splice reaction, and regulation requires that these two reaction efficiencies be balanced. The μs poly(A) signal has several unique sequence features that may contribute to its strength and regulation. Site-directed mutations and small internal deletions made in the intact μ gene show that an extensive AU/A-rich sequence surrounding AAUAAA enhances signal use and that, of the two potential downstream GU-rich elements, both of which appear suboptimally located, only the proximal GU-rich sequence contributes substantially to use of this signal. A GU-rich sequence placed at a more standard location did not improve μs poly(A) signal use. All μ genes tested that contained modified μs poly(A) signals were developmentally regulated, indicating that the GU-rich sequences, the sequences between them previously identified as suboptimal U1A binding sites, and an upstream suboptimal U1A site do not contribute to μ mRNA processing regulation. Expression of wild-type and modified μ genes in HeLa cells overexpressing U1A also failed to demonstrate that U1A contributes to μs poly(A) signal regulation.
Topology of NAT2, a Prototypical Example of a New Family of Amino Acid Transporters

Amino acids are the predominant form of nitrogen available to the heterotrophic tissues of plants. These essential organic nutrients are transported across the plasma membrane of plant cells by proton-amino acid symporters. Our lab has cloned an amino acid transporter from Arabidopsis, NAT2/AAP1, that represents the first example of a new class of membrane transporters. We are investigating the structure and function of this porter because it is a member of a large gene family in plants and because its wide expression pattern suggests it plays a central role in resource allocation. In the results reported here, we investigated the topology of NAT2 by engineering a c-myc epitope on either the N or C terminus of the protein. We then used in vitro translation, partial digestion with proteinase K, and immunoprecipitation to identify a group of oriented peptide fragments. We modeled the topology of NAT2 based on the lengths of the peptide fragments that allowed us to estimate the location of protease accessible cleavage sites. We independently identified the location of the N and C termini using immunofluorescence microscopy of NAT2 expressed in COS-1 cells. We also investigated the glycosylation status of several sites of potentialN-linked glycosylation. Based on the combined data, we propose a novel 11 transmembrane domain model with the N terminus in the cytoplasm and C terminus facing outside the cell. This model of protein topology anchors our complementary investigations of porter structure and function using site-directed and random mutagenesis.
A Relatively High-Resolution Reading Aid for the Blind

Many direct-translation reading aids for the blind have been built in the past, employing an auditory output consisting of a combination of tones indicating the black regions in a vertical slice through a letter space, or a tactile output consisting of a raised or vibrating image of the letter shapes. Maximum reading rates obtained by the majority of subjects with these reading aids have been less than 10 correct words per minute, and the cause of this limitation has not been well understood. By analyzing the spatial spectral content of letter patterns, we show here that most of these reading aids have violated the well-known sampling theorem. It is suggested that this may be a significant factor in the observed reading-rate limitation. The design of a reading aid is described based on the conclusions from this analysis of the sampling process, and on recent results from tactile research. With this reading aid a hand-held probe images a vertical section of a letter space onto a 24 × 6 array of photosensors, and the probe is manually moved horizontally across the line of print. The signal from each photosensor controls a tactile stimulator in a corresponding array of 144 stimulators, which are placed on a single finger. In preliminary reading tests with this device, four subjects have all read at rates greater than 10 correct words per minute, and two of the subjects have read at rates greater than 20 correct words per minute.
Criterion for Ferromagnetism from Observations of Magnetic Isotherms

A criterion is proposed for determining the onset of ferromagnetism in a material as its temperature is lowered from a region in which the linearity of its magnetic moment versus field isotherm gives an indication of paramagnetism. Within the limits of validity of a molecular field treatment, the Curie temperature is shown to be in general indicated by the third power of the magnetization being proportional to the internal magnetic field. The method has been employed to redetermine the Curie point of nickel from the data of Weiss and Forrer, of ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ from the data of Smith and of some alloys from the data of Kaufmann and his collaborators and the author.
Zoonotic Disease Risk and the Bushmeat Trade: Assessing Awareness Among Hunters and Traders in Sierra Leone

The bushmeat industry has been a topic of increasing importance among both conservationists and public health officials for its influence on zoonotic disease transmission and animal conservation. While the association between infectious diseases and the bushmeat trade is well established in the research community, risk perception among bushmeat hunters and traders has not been well characterized. I conducted surveys of 123 bushmeat hunters and traders in rural Sierra Leone to investigate hunting practices and awareness of zoonotic disease risk associated with the bushmeat trade. Twenty-four percent of bushmeat hunters and traders reported knowledge of disease transmission from animals to humans. Formal education did not significantly affect awareness of zoonotic disease transmission. Individuals who engaged exclusively in preparation and trading of bushmeat were more likely to accidentally cut themselves compared to those who primarily engaged in bushmeat hunting (P < 0.001). In addition, women involved in the bushmeat trade were at greater risk of exposing themselves to potential zoonotic pathogens through accidental self-cutting compared to men (P < 0.01). This study collected preliminary information on risk perception among bushmeat hunters that could guide the creation of a future public health-based education program to minimize zoonotic disease transmission risk among vulnerable communities.
Comparisons of approximate confidence intervals for the smallest extreme value distribution simple linear regression model under time censoring

Exact confidence interval estimation for accelerated life regression models with censored smallest extreme value (or Weibull) data is often impractical. This paper evaluates the accuracy of approximate confidence intervals based on the asymptotic normality of the maximum likelihood estimator, the asymptotic X2distribution of the likelihood ratio statistic, mean and variance correction to the likelihood ratio statistic, and the so-called Bartlett correction to the likelihood ratio statistic. The Monte Carlo evaluations under various degrees of time censoring show that uncorrected likelihood ratio intervals are very accurate in situations with heavy censoring. The benefits of mean and variance correction to the likelihood ratio statistic are only realized with light or no censoring. Bartlett correction tends to result in conservative intervals. Intervals based on the asymptotic normality of maximum likelihood estimators are anticonservative and should be used with much caution.
Some evidence concerning the value hypothesis of intergenerational status transmission: A research note

Abstract This paper reports some evidence bearing on the value hypothesis of intergenerational status transmission. The point of departure is the studies of Kohn (1969, Class and Conformity: A Study in Values, Dorsey, Homewood, Ill.) and Wright and Wright (1976, American Sociological Review, 41 , 527–537) on the social class related value orientations called “self-direction” and “conformity.” Our research examines whether children's valuations along this dimension are associated with the valuations of their parents, as the value hypothesis would argue. Key associations consistent with the hypothesis are found although there is, overall, considerable variation in children's valuations not related to variation in the valuations of their parents. Implications of the finding for future examination of the value hypothesis are discussed.