cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Global landscape assessment of screening technologies for medicine quality assurance: stakeholder perceptions and practices from ten countries

The spread of substandard and falsified (SF) medical products constitutes a growing global public health concern. Some countries use portable, handheld screening technologies (STs) in the field to accelerate detection of SF medicines and reduce the number of medicine samples that undergo costly and time-consuming confirmatory analysis. A multi-country, multi-stakeholder landscape assessment utilizing qualitative methodology was used to examine practices and perceptions related to the use of STs. Qualitative interview guides were designed using the results of a literature review and comprised of open-ended questions with the study participants, who were from national medicine regulatory authorities, pharmaceutical manufacturers, pharmacies, and distributors. Ten geographically and economically diverse countries were selected: Argentina, China, Egypt, India, Jordan, Mexico, Nigeria, Philippines, the United States, and Zimbabwe. Of the completed 53 interviews, 32 were in-person, 16 were phone interviews, and 5 were via written questionnaires. Data analysis shows a wide variation in understanding and usage of STs in different sectors. Virtually all of the study participants indicated a lack of objective, accessible information on STs to advise them on what technologies would be beneficial for their needs. Study participants also described their ideal capabilities of the next generation of STs, including shareable spectral libraries, lower acquisition costs, lesser training requirements, and in-country maintenance and technical support. The results and recommendations presented in this article can be used to help regulators communicate and justify their needs to acquire and invest in new STs. There is a need for additional standardized, trustworthy and scientifically sound evaluations of STs, and to support regulators to effectively deploy the most promising technologies. ST manufacturers can take into account some of the limitations of the technologies the interviewees identified in this article, such as a dearth of technologies, which provide quantitative information about the active ingredient, and take steps to address them to better serve their customers. These results and recommendations, can catalyze research and actionable interventions into the development, review, application, and use of STs.
Abstract 5645: Critical variables to reduce Western blot variability

Reliable immunodetection of proteins is a critical step in the discovery of new biomarkers and diagnostic. The immunodetection protocol consists of multiple steps including blocking of nonspecific binding sites, incubation using primary and secondary antibodies and extensive washing between steps that easily introduce bias and errors. The quality and reproducibility of results depends on multiple subjective and objective factors such as the qualification and technical skills of the personnel performing the assay and the accuracy of temporal and temperature control, especially during the immunodetection step. BlotCycler™, automated western blot processor, use fluidic control system that allows to eliminate the variability associated with immunodetection and to achieve higher sensitivity by optimized washing procedure. We used BlotCycler to analyze critical source of errors during immunodetection. Relatively small changes in duration and temperature of incubation significantly affect not only the intensity of signal but also the specificity of antibody interaction with antigen. Automated immunodetection at 4oC significantly improve the specificity of detection and sensitivity that allows reproducible detection of low expressing proteins. Automated processing using BlotCycler allows optimization and control of critical variables leading to improved reproducibility and specificity of immunodetection and should be routinely used for new biomarker discovery and diagnostics, reliable protein quantification, primary antibody specificity testing, and optimization of primary and secondary antibodies concentrations. Citation Format: Russ Yukhananov, Alex Margulis. Critical variables to reduce Western blot variability [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5645.
Auditory Processing of Vocal Signals in Anurans

Acoustic signaling between animals involves a rather remarkable cooperative communication channel. It enables rapid transfer of information over a considerable distance in which the sender and receiver need not be in visible contact, such as through dense foliage or in total darkness. The “information” within an acoustic signal is conveyed by the temporal and spectral pattern of sound pressure that the sender must control in order to transmit a “meaningful” message. The receiver, in turn, must possess a receptor apparatus that is sensitive to these incoming pressure variations as well as a nervous system that can decode them. But communication rarely occurs in isolation. In general there is an ambient background of other sounds from other sources that we collectively refer to as “noise” and that interferes with detection of those signals of interest. This is a universal problem that all animals face in communicating with other members of their own species.
Mixed Phenotype Acute Leukemia

A 45-year-old female presented to her physician with a complaint of pain in the right posterior auricular region. Approximately one year prior to the present visit, she was diagnosed with breast cancer which was treated by lumpectomy, followed by a course of cyclophosphamide and antiestrogen (Tamoxifen) with subsequent radiation therapy. On physical examination, she was found to have significant right cervical lymphadenopathy. Initial laboratory studies included a complete blood cell count showing hemoglobin 9.8 g/dL (reference interval 12–16 g/dL), hematocrit 28.9% (reference interval 36–46%), white blood cell count 59,700/?L (reference interval 4,000–11,000/?L), and platelet count 128,000/?L (reference interval 130,000–400,000/?L). A differential count of the peripheral white blood cells showed 67% blasts, 13% neutrophils, 18% lymphocytes, and 2% monocytes. No eosinophils or eosinophil precursors were found in the peripheral blood or bone marrow, and no mast cells were seen in the bone marrow.
The in vivo inhibition of gaba-transaminase by gabaculine

Abstract The naturally occurring amino acid gabaculine ((−)-5-amino-1,3 cyclohexadiene carboxylic acid) is a potent irreversible inhibitor of mouse brain γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-α-ketoglutaric acid transaminase. When administered I.P. gabaculine, irreversibly inhibits the mouse brain enzyme in a time dependent fashion. Concomitant with this inhibition is a rise in endogenous brain GABA levels. Administration of gabaculine at a concentration of 100 mg/kg mouse leads to the complete inhibition of the enzyme after 4 hrs. Brain levels of GABA continually rise after the administration of the drug. After 20 hrs they are 15–20 times higher than levels in the untreated animals.
Intensive Glycemic Management in Critically Ill Patients

Article-at-a-Glance Background The effect of an intensive glycemic management protocol was assessed in a heterogeneous population of critically ill adult patients. Methods Patients representing 800 consecutive admissions following the institution of the protocol were compared with the 800 admissions immediately preceding the institution of the protocol in a 14-bed mixed medical-surgical intensive care unit (ICU). The protocol used intensive monitoring and treatment to maintain blood glucose values > 140mg/dl. Continuous intravenous insulin was used if glucose values were > 200mg/dl on two successive occasions. Results Mean glucose decreased from 152.3mg/dl to 130.7mg/dl (p Discussion The 29.3% relative reduction in hospital mortality seen among the treatment patients following institution of the protocol probably exceeded the expectations of the initiative's champions. The culture of the ICU regarding glycemic control changed definitively. The protocol was extended to an intermediate care unit, resulting in improvement in glycemic control without an increase in hypoglycemia.
Effects of prescribed burning and drought on the solute chemistry of mixed-conifer forest streams of the Sierra Nevada, California

Solute concentrations in atmospheric depositionand stream water were measured in two mixed-conifercatchments (Tharp‘s and Log creeks) in the SierraNevada of California from 1984 through 1995, a periodincluding a 6-year drought and a prescribed burn inone catchment. The effects of prescribed burning inthe Tharp‘s Creek catchment significantly increasedthe concentrations of most solutes in stream water. In the first year after prescribed burning, the VWM(volume-weighted mean) concentrations of acid anionsin stream water increased proportionally more thanthose of the base cations, and ANC (acid neutralizingcapacity) more than doubled. Sulfate and NO 3 - increased proportionally more in streamwater than any other ions after the fire, but pre- andpost-burn VWM pH were not significantlydifferent. VWM SO 4 2- and NO 3 - concentrations the first year after burning occurredwere about 16- and 2,000-fold above pre-burnbaselines, respectively, while that of Cl-increased 4-fold. Net retention (precipitationinputs minus streamwater outputs) of H+,NO 3 - , NH 3 + , SO 4 2- and Cl- occurred in both catchments, except afterprescribed burning of the Tharp’s Creek catchment inthe fall of 1990, which caused a net export ofSO 4 2- , Cl- and K+ thefirst year after the burn. Most solutes remained abovepre-disturbance concentrations by the end of the thirdyear after burning, whereas H+ and SiO2remained below. Periodic increases in theconcentrations of Na+, Ca2+ and SO 4 2- , and decreases in ANC and SiO2occurred during a 6-year drought monitored in theadjacent undisturbed catchment of Log Creek.
Fraunhofer holography of small particles : a complete solution of the reconstructed image

The reconstruction of an in-line Fraunhofer (far-field) hologram is re-examined, and an analytical solution of the intensity distribution throughout the entire reconstructed image is presented. The solution bridges the gap between previously documented solutions which are limited to the plane-of-focus image and distant out-of-focus images. The analysis is motivated by a particle velocity measurement technique which attempts to distinguish the focussed image by photographic thresholding. The general methodology is presented for objects of one- and two-dimensional cross-section. Specific results are presented for the single exposure holograms of a long wire and a small particle of circular cross-section. The one-dimensional solution is verified experimentally. The results show precisely how the Fresnel diffraction term creates peaks in the intensity distribution, both upstream and downstream of the focussed image. This characteristic limits the resolution of methods which use thresholding as a means of distinguishing focussed images from their out-of-focus neighbors.
Pulmonary endothelial cells exhibit sexual dimorphism in their response to hyperoxia

Cellular sex affects response in human neonatal pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells in normoxia and hyperoxia. Under normoxic conditions, female human neonatal pulmonary microvascular endothe...
Fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9) stimulates migration of endothelial and ovarian cancer cells

5658 Tumors must induce growth of new blood vessels (neoangiogenesis) in order to grow and metastasize. Angiogenesis requires several cellular processes including endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and extracellular matrix degradation. Selected members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family have been reported as strong angiogenic agents. We recently identified FGF9 as a downstream target of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway and FGF9 is significantly upregulated in ovarian endometrioid adenocarcinomas with deregulated Wnt signaling. However, the functional consequences of increased FGF9 expression in ovarian cancer cells are largely unknown. Others have previously shown, and we confirmed, that FGF9 does not effectively stimulate proliferation of endothelial cells. However, we found that recombinant human FGF9 strongly stimulates proliferation of SV40T-Ag life-extended human ovarian surface epithelial cells (IOSE-80). Moreover, FGF9 enhanced migration of primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) as well as ovarian carcinoma cells (OVCA420) using wound scratch assays. Additional studies of FGF9’s effects on ovarian cancer cell migration and invasion are in progress. The effects of FGF9 on endothelial and tumor cell migration and epithelial proliferation provide insight into the mechanisms by which increased FGF9 expression likely contributes to ovarian cancer progression.
Hand forces and placement are modulated and covary during anticipatory control of bimanual manipulation.

This is the first study, to our knowledge, to show that successful bimanual manipulation of objects with asymmetrical centers of mass is performed through the modulation and covariation of hand for...
Nondestructive evaluation of a ceramic matrix composite material

Monolithic ceramic materials have proven their usefulness in many applications, yet, their potential for critical structural applications is limited because of their sensitivity to small imperfections. To overcome this extreme sensitivity to small imperfections, ceramic matrix composite materials have been developed that have the ability to withstand some distributed damage. A borosilicate glass reinforced with several layers of silicon-carbide fiber mat has been studied. Four-point flexure and tension tests were performed not only to determine some of the material properties, but also to initiate a controlled amount of damage within each specimen. Acousto-ultrasonic (AU) measurements were performed periodically during mechanical testing. This paper will compare the AU results to the mechanical test results and data from other nondestructive methods including acoustic emission monitoring and X-ray radiography. It was found that the AU measurements were sensitive to the damage that had developed within the material.
Compulsive exercise and weight suppression: Associations with eating pathology in distance runners.

Abstract Some athletes, particularly those who participate in activities that emphasize leanness such as competitive running, are at greater risk for eating disorder (ED) pathology. Compulsive exercise (CE) is linked with ED pathology among female athletes, with evidence that CE for weight control is most strongly correlated with ED thoughts and behaviors. Weight suppression (WS), the discrepancy between highest adult weight and current weight, is also linked with ED symptoms. Taken together, runners with greater WS may be more likely to engage in CE to influence their weight or shape and may subsequently report other associated ED symptoms. As such, the current study investigated associations between CE and ED pathology in a mixed-gender sample of adult distance runners (N = 277, 51% female), and tested the impact of WS on this association. Results indicated that females reported greater CE and ED pathology, whereas males reported greater WS. A significant interaction effect for CE x WS, (p
Development of a directly driven multi-shell platform: Laser drive energetics

Simulations predict that directly driven multi-shell targets can provide a robust alternative to conventional high-convergence implosion concepts by coupling two to three times more energy into the final igniting thermonuclear fuel assembly than indirect-drive concepts. The three-shell directly driven Revolver concept [K. Molvig, M. J. Schmitt, B. J. Albright, E. S. Dodd, N. M. Hoffman, G. H. McCall, and S. D. Ramsey, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 255003 (2016)] utilizes a design that maximizes laser energy conversion into inward kinetic energy of the outermost ablator shell (∼9%) while minimizing the DT fuel convergence (∼9) to reduce the mixing of material from the innermost shell into the fuel. Inherent in this design concept is the use of 192 narrow beams (with a 1/e laser beam-to-capsule diameter ratio of 0.33) from the National Ignition Facility laser pointed in a polar direct drive laser configuration. In this paper, we demonstrate that low average laser intensity at the capsule surface (≤300 TW/cm2) limits the measured laser backscatter, indicating that a greater amount of laser energy is coupled into the target. Omega experiments have been performed to determine the coupling of laser energy to the outermost shell of a scaled Revolver target (i.e., the ablator shell) by measuring capsule implosion trajectories and scattered-light fractions for two different drive configurations. Comparisons of simulated shell trajectory and velocity profiles with experimental data obtained from self-emission images show good agreement and are consistent with measured scattered light data. Moreover, the low levels of scattered light measured are consistent with post-shot simulation results that show high hydro-coupling efficiency. These results strengthen the case for using narrow beams at low intensity to drive large ablator capsules for future direct-drive, multi-shell ignition concepts.
Mechanical-Chemical Characterization of the Effects of Type, Dosage, and Treatment Methods of Rejuvenators in Aged Bituminous Materials:

Proper use of rejuvenators can improve the properties and performance of aged asphalt mixtures; however, there is currently a lack of understanding on how rejuvenator treatment details, such as typ...
When we seek and share information about mental illness: The impact of threat appraisal, negative emotions, and efficacy

Mental illnesses (e.g., depression, stress, anxiety disorder) are prevalent in our everyday lives. It is important to explore how individuals cope with mental illness. Little is known, however, abo...
What is AI Literacy? Competencies and Design Considerations

Artificial intelligence (AI) is becoming increasingly integrated in user-facing technology, but public understanding of these technologies is often limited. There is a need for additional HCI research investigating a) what competencies users need in order to effectively interact with and critically evaluate AI and b) how to design learner-centered AI technologies that foster increased user understanding of AI. This paper takes a step towards realizing both of these goals by providing a concrete definition of AI literacy based on existing research. We synthesize a variety of interdisciplinary literature into a set of core competencies of AI literacy and suggest several design considerations to support AI developers and educators in creating learner-centered AI. These competencies and design considerations are organized in a conceptual framework thematically derived from the literature. This paper's contributions can be used to start a conversation about and guide future research on AI literacy within the HCI community.
A Systematic Review of the Ethics of Punishment-Based Procedures for Young Children With Disabilities:

Punishment-based procedures are used to reduce challenging behavior in both special education and applied behavior analytic practices. Although commonly effective, these interventions are associate...
Interstate Tax Coordination: Lessons from the International Fuel Tax Agreement

The authors look at the International Fuel Tax Agreement to see what lessons in interstate cooperation it might have for the Streamlined Sales Tax Project. The authors note that excise taxes and sales taxes are very different.
Chapter 10 Coupling between H+ Entry and ATP Synthesis in Bacteria

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the coupling between proton movements and the synthesis of ATP, a reaction catalyzed by the protontranslocating ATPase of bacteria. It discusses that in some cells, such as the streptococci, the ATPase normally couples ATP hydrolysis to the extrusion of protons, establishing both the membrane potential and pH gradient needed for other work functions. In all the experiments, the strategy examines the coupling between proton entry and ATP formation when an electrochemical proton gradient is artificially imposed, for in this way the effects of membrane potentials and pH gradients of known size are studied directly. For several reasons, it has been done using intact cells of Streptococcus lactis , an anaerobe. Such cells are easily depleted of metabolizable reserves, and in washed cells, the electrochemical proton gradient falls to nearly zero. In addition, this gram-positive organism is sensitive to ionophores without special pretreatment, so that the size of the membrane potential is manipulated by varying the ratio of internal to external potassium in the presence of the ionophore valinomycin. Finally, internal buffering power of the intact cell is high, so that net proton fluxes are readily observed in response to applied electrical or chemical gradients.
Paraeducator Training Materials to Facilitate Inclusive Education: Initial Field-Test Data:

This study presents initial field-test evaluation feedback on training materials designed to help prepare paraeducators to assist in the provision of special education in inclusive schools. Feedbac...
Identification of C/EBP Binding Sites Within the Clade C LTR

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has been transmitted worldwide and regional viral clades have been designated as subtype A through K. Subtype C, which is concentrated in southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, is the most prevalent subtype worldwide. To date, no studies have examined the role of CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins (C/EBP) in LTR-directed viral gene expression in the clade C LTR. Within clade B viruses, two functional C/EBP sites upstream of the TATA box have been shown to be required for efficient viral replication in cells of monocyte/macrophage lineage. In order to assess the role of the C/EBP sites within the subtype C viral LTR, 211 HIV-1 subtype C LTR sequences were collected and aligned via the Clustal V method. From these analyses, three potential C/EBP sites were identified: two upstream binding sites and one downstream binding site. Interestingly, the putative downstream site was highly conserved between clades B and C, suggesting the presence of a functionally important cis-acting element that has yet to be characterized. Electrophoretic mobility shift analyses demonstrated that two of the three sites within the HIV-1 subytpe C were able to bind C/EBP factors. Additional studies focused on examining relative binding affinities of naturally occurring variants of these two sites. Future studies will examine the roles of these sites in the regulation of LTR activity. from 2005 International Meeting of The Institute of Human Virology Baltimore, USA, 29 August – 2 September 2005
Therapeutic hypothermia: is it effective for non-VF/VT cardiac arrest?

Sudden cardiac death represents a major health problem. In adults, the prevalence of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) attended by the emergency medical services (EMS) ranges from 52 to 112 per 100,000 person-years in developed countries [1], whereas the prevalence of adult in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) ranges from 1 to 5 per 1,000 patient admissions [2].
Genetics and Alcohol: A Lethal Combination in Pancreatic Disease?

An association between alcohol consumption and pancreatic diseases has been recognized for decades, but the absolute risk for pancreatic disease for individuals who drink alcohol is low. Other than smoking, few additional environmental factors have been identified, which suggests that genetic risk factors may be important. Studies in our laboratory using the Lieber-DeCarli feeding technique demonstrate that alcohol causes oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage and alters neruohormonal regulation of the pancreas after a threshold dose is exceeded, which makes the pancreas susceptible to withdrawal hypersensitivity and acute pancreatitis. Alcohol also shifts cell death from apoptosis to necrosis and promotes fibrosis through anti-inflammatory immune mechanisms. Others have demonstrated that alcohol lowers the threshold for trypsin activation in acinar cells, which increases sensitivity to triggering pancreatitis. In addition, we used the Lieber-DeCarli diet plus recurrent acute pancreatitis insults to develop the first animal model of chronic pancreatitis that mimics human disease. Finally, our North American Pancreatitis Study 2 (NAPS2), which was built on insights from animal studies, confirmed the threshold effect predicted by Charles Lieber (>5 drinks per day and >35 drinks/week). These studies and others also defined distinctive roles of alcohol and genetics in the etiology and progression of chronic pancreatitis.
Calibrated Hot Box: An Effective Means for Measuring Thermal Conductance in Large Wall Sections

A large calibrated hot box apparatus, utilizing highly thermal resistant walls, has been constructed to permit fast and accurate thermal conductance measurements for large vertical sections. The test wall section, nominally 9 by 14 ft (2.7 by 4.2 m), is placed between two chambers maintained at different temperatures. The net heat flow through the test wall is the algebraic sum of the measured input electrical energy and the chamber wall heat transfer which is measured using a heat meter technique. With the use of high thermal resistance walls, the correction for chamber heat flow is generally less than 1 percent. Other data required for the final calculations are obtained using an automatic data monitoring and recording system. Data analysis and report preparation are performed using a computerized program written especially for the equipment. These, and additional design features, permit a wide variation in mean temperature capability (0 to 100°F), air infiltration measurement capability (0 to 54 standard cubic feet per minute (scfm) at up to 10 in. H 2 O°ΔP), and efficient usage of manpower by automating control, data taking, and analysis (test frequency of three per week for a manpower requirement of 1 to 2 h per day, excluding specimen construction). Close agreement was found between the expected and measured thermal results, using calibration specimens measured in the ASTM Test for Thermal Conductivity of Materials by Means of the Guarded Hot Plate (C 177-63). Data in support of the basic conclusions of the paper are presented with the addition of suggestions for including the calibrated hot box as a useful ASTM test standard.
Bipolar disorder and panic disorder in families: an analysis of chromosome 18 data.

OBJECTIVE: The authors performed an analysis of their published chromosome 18 linkage data on 28 families in which there was bipolar disorder to test the potential of comorbid panic disorder to define a genetic subtype of bipolar disorder. METHOD: Families ascertained through probands with bipolar I disorder were stratified into three groups based on a history of panic disorder, panic attacks, or no panic attacks in the probands. Multipoint nonparametric linkage analysis was performed on data from bipolar I and II family members in each group. RESULTS: Linkage scores for five consecutive 18q marker loci were highest in the families of the probands with panic disorder and lowest for the families of the probands without panic attacks. CONCLUSIONS: This study supports the authors' previously reported clinical hypothesis of a genetic subtype of bipolar disorder identified by comorbid panic disorder. The hypothesis merits prospective testing.
Perusing the literature

The problems these investigators encountered included withdrawal of support by the funding agency, a halt to manufacture of one of the drugs being evaluated, and their own naivete with respect to drug addicts and the proportion that are polysubstance abusers. Furthermore, the researchers suspected that hospital staff had negative attitudes towards drug addicts that hampered admission for treatment. The report from Cook et al. was followed by a letter from a reader who asked that clinical trial investigators report problems encountered during the planning, conduct, and interpretation of trials:
Morphologic features of the caudal neurosecretory system in the blueback herring, Pomolobus aestivalis†

The caudal neurosecretory system of the blueback herring, Pomolobus aestivalis, captured in freshwater, was examined. Neurosecretory cells were identified readily in terminal spinal cord segments. The axonal processes of these neurosecretory cells formed a discrete, ventrally placed bundle which terminated in a conspicuous ventral enlargement from the filum terminale. This enlargement comprises the neurohaemal contact zone or urophysis. The neurosecretory terminals were engorged with secretory granules in these fishes from a freshwater environment. The non-neuronal component of the urophysis also was examined in this study. These glial cells were dispersed throughout the urophysis. Most often they were found ensheathing the terminal neurosecretory processes. These cells showed a resemblance to neurohypophysial pituicytes. Although mentioned in the literature, these glial cells have not been examined with the electron microscope. The ultrastructural features of the glial cells and their relation to the neurosecretory constituents are described in this report.
Investigation of damage threshold of ion beam deposited oxide thin film optics for high-peak-power short-pulse lasers

In this work we report on the damage threshold of ion beam deposited oxide films designed for high peak power short pulse laser systems. Single layers of ZrO2, SiO2, Al2O3, TiO2, and Ta2O5 and multilayers of Al2O 3/TiO2, SiO2/Ta2O5, and SiO2/ZrO2 were grown on polished borosilicate glass substrates using ion beam sputter deposition. Deposition conditions were optimized to yield fully oxidized films as determined from x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Damage threshold testing was performed using an amplified Ti:Sapphire laser producing a train of 120 picosecond pulses at a wavelength of 800 nm. The laser output was focused with a lens to generate fluences ranging from 0.1 to 24 J/cm2. The highest damage threshold of 15.4 J/cm2 was measured for a single layer film of SiO2. The damage threshold of high reflectance and anti-reflection multilayer coatings fabricated for 800 nm applications was evaluated using the same procedure as for the single layer films. Highest damage thresholds of 2.5 and 3.5 J/cm2 were measured for a 6-pair ZrO2/SiO2 high reflectance coating and a 5 layer anti-reflection coating of the same materials.
Are copper whiskers noisy

Abstract Although whiskers of Cu, Sn, Zn and Bi have been reported to have anomalously high levels of 1 f noise, indicating some very special mechanism, we have not been able to reproduce the previous noise results in Cu.
Frictional Pressure Losses for the Flow of Drilling Mud and Mud/Gas Mixtures

In this study, experimental pressure gradient data have been taken in two 6000 ft. wells. Frictional pressure losses for single phase flow (mud only) in two annuli were compared to values predicted by the Bingham Plastic and Power law Models. These calculations utilized the equivalent diameters defined by the Crittendon criteria, the hydraulic radius, and the slot approximation. Also, total pressure difference for two-phase flow was measured for one annular geometry. This data was compared to that predicted by the Poettmann and Carpenter, Hagedorn and Brown, Orkiszewski, and Beggs and Brill correlations. Comparison of experimental data with the various prediction techniques was favorable, each having advantage in certain situations. For the data investigated, the Crittendon criteria using a Bingham Plastic Model gave the best results. The two phase flow data was best predicted by the Hagedorn and Brown correlation utilizing a hydraulic radius equivalent diameter.
A colorimetric assay specific for γ-carboxyglutamic acid-containing proteins: Its utility in protein purification procedures

Abstract A colorimetric method for the detection of γ-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla)-containing proteins after reaction with 4-diazobenzenesulfonic acid is presented. Proteins can be visualized after electroblotting from polyacrylamide gels onto membrane supports, after dot-blotting onto membranes, or in solution as a red colored product with an absorbance maximum at 530 nm. The method is specific since other proteins without γ-carboxyglutamic acid do not form a red color. The presence of other proteins does not inhibit or affect color production by γ-carboxyglutamic acid-containing proteins. Application of the method for staining a Western blot of a crude extract of bone resulted in staining of only the γ-carboxyglutamic acid-containing proteins. The usefulness of the method was verified when a second γ-carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein, prothrombin, also resulted in red color production. A linear color response is seen up to 17 μ m for the γ-carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein bone Gla protein and up to 27 μ m for the amino acid. The detection limit is down to 1 μg of bone Gla protein or 0.17 nmol of the protein on electroblots or dot blots. The simplicity of the method allows rapid screening for γ-carboxyglutamic acid-containing proteins or allows monitoring of purifications of these proteins in chromatographic or electrophoretic separations.
Current Concepts in the Diagnosis and Management of Endometrial and Cervical Carcinomas

Cross-sectional imaging modalities play a pivotal role in the diagnosis and multidisciplinary management of patients with endometrial and cervical carcinomas. Ultrasonography, including sonohysterography, permits evaluation of endometrial abnormalities and characterization of adnexal masses. Computed tomography, particularly in conjunction with (18)(F)-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography, is increasingly used to stage the cancers and to detect disease recurrence. Magnetic resonance imaging plays a major role in accurate locoregional staging of these cancers, and significantly influences treatment decisions and outcomes. This article discusses the role of imaging modalities in the diagnosis, management, and surveillance of these cancers.
The peroxide-coupling kinetics an dissociation constants of aqueous cysteine and glutathione: experimental and model results, and implications

Abstract The peroxide-coupling kinetics and various pKa values of cysteine and glutathione have been determined over a range of conditions. In the pH range 6–12 and the temperature range 0–35°C, both sulfhydryl compounds react with hydrogen peroxide (in the neutral, undissociated form) according to the same SN2 mechanism that applies to thiol compounds, i.e. The reaction involves neither a metal catalyst nor free-radical intermediates; it yields disulfide product essentially quantitatively. The rate law is given by where ko are 1.77 × 1010 (Ms)−1 and 51.0 kJ/mol, respectively, for cysteine, and 2.10 × 109 (Ms)−1 and 46.9 kJ/mol, respectively, for glutathione. The pKa values of the sulfhydryl compounds vary with temperature according to Parameter values of ΔH and ΔS are reported for the various proton groups. The nonradical nature of the peroxide-coupling reactions suggests that, in biological systems, the immunological function of sulfhydryl compounds against radical toxicity may derive less from a direct scavenging of radicals than from the removal of hydrogen peroxide as a source of their formation. Moreover, the rapidity and spontaneity of the SN2 reactions suggests that the function of sulfhydryl peroxidase may be less rate enhancement than the control of the reactive and otherwise harmful sulfenic acid intermediates.
Prediction of the stereochemistry of α-brominated ketosteroids

An Hand der molekularen Konfigurationen geeigneter monozyklischer Vergleichssubstanzen wurde die relative Stabilitat aller epimeren Normal- und Allo-Bromoketosteroide mit der Ketogruppe im RingA, B oderC abgeleitet. In gewissen Bromoketosteroiden liegt das Bromatom vorzugsweisepolar, in anderen vorzugsweiseaquatorial. Auf Grund dieser relativen Stabilitaten ist es moglich, die stereochemische Konfiguration am C(Br) in Bromoketosteroiden vorauszusagen, vorausgesetzt, dass das Bromierungsproduktthermodynamisch, das heisstdurch Gleichgewicht, bestimmt ist. Erhielt man bei der Bromierung nicht das zu erwartende thermodynamisch bestimmte Produkt, so zeigte es sich, dass das Bromatom immer polar vorlag. Diese Tatsache zusammen mit theoretischen Uberlegungen fuhrten zurRegel des polaren Angriffes bei der Bromierung eines Steroidenols. Dabei lasst sich das Bromoketon am C(Br) epimerisieren. Das Bromatom orientiert sich offenbar immer polar, sofern das Bromierungsproduktkinetisch, das heisstdurch Geschwindigkeit, bestimmt ist. Obige Betrachtungen erlauben, soweit wir bis jetzt ausnahmslos feststellen konnten, die eindeutige Voraussage der Stereochemie der Bromoketosteroide.
Disposition of a novel and potent αvβ3 antagonist in animals, and extrapolation to man

1. The disposition of 3-{2-oxo-3-[3-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-[1,8]naphthyridin-2-yl) propyl]-imidazolidin-1-yl}-3(S)-(6-methoxy-pyridin-3-yl)propionic acid (compound A), a potent and selective αvβ3 antagonist, was characterized in several animal species in support of its selection for preclinical safety studies and potential clinical development.2. Compound A exhibited marked species differences in pharmacokinetics; the plasma clearances and bioavailabilities ranged from 33–47 ml min−1 kg−1 in rats and mice to 4–9 ml min−1 kg−1 in dogs and monkeys, and about 20% in rats to 70–80% in dogs and monkeys, respectively. Both the intravenous (i.v.) and oral kinetics of compound A were linear over the dose range studied in dogs (0.1–5 mg kg−1 i.v. and 0.25–20 mg kg−1 orally [p.o.]) and rats (1–30 mg kg−1 i.v. and 4–160 mg kg−1 p.o.).3. Compound A was eliminated substantially by urinary excretion; the urinary recovery of the unchanged drug was 67% in rhesus, 48% in dogs and about 30% in rats. In these animal species, b...
Movement of soil-applied imidacloprid and thiamethoxam into nectar and pollen of squash (Cucurbita pepo).

There has been recent interest in the threat to bees posed by the use of systemic insecticides. One concern is that systemic insecticides may translocate from the soil into pollen and nectar of plants, where they would be ingested by pollinators. This paper reports on the movement of two such systemic neonicotinoid insecticides, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam, into the pollen and nectar of flowers of squash (Cucurbita pepo cultivars “Multipik,” “Sunray” and “Bush Delicata”) when applied to soil by two methods: (1) sprayed into soil before seeding, or (2) applied through drip irrigation in a single treatment after transplant. All insecticide treatments were within labeled rates for these compounds. Pollen and nectar samples were analyzed using a standard extraction method widely used for pesticides (QuEChERS) and liquid chromatography mass spectrometric analysis. The concentrations found in nectar, 10±3 ppb (mean ± s.d) for imidacloprid and 11±6 ppb for thiamethoxam, are higher than concentrations of neonicotinoid insecticides in nectar of canola and sunflower grown from treated seed, and similar to those found in a recent study of neonicotinoids applied to pumpkins at transplant and through drip irrigation. The concentrations in pollen, 14±8 ppb for imidacloprid and 12±9 ppb for thiamethoxam, are higher than those found for seed treatments in most studies, but at the low end of the range found in the pumpkin study. Our concentrations fall into the range being investigated for sublethal effects on honey bees and bumble bees.
Reconfiguring public Internet access in Austin, TX: Wi-Fi's promise and broadband divides

Abstract This paper assesses the ways in which local actors are reconfiguring public access to broadband through the unlicensed spectrum. The process of adoption and configuration of public Wi-Fi networks in Austin, Texas, is the focus of our case study. Austin is one of the most “unwired” cities in the United States and increasingly known as a world-class industrial center in wireless. The development of strategic visions about public Wi-Fi services among user groups and local startups provided a fertile ground for diverse partnerships among nonprofit groups, broadband providers, wireless ISPs, and the city government. We also found that the popularity of the venue-sponsored or free-to-end-user model of access is supported by different providers that see their interests represented in the growth of public wireless broadband. However, the prevailing model of public Wi-Fi has a strong commercial bias. This, combined with the historical socioeconomic divides in the city, has resulted in an uneven geography of public Wi-Fi networks.
Critical stability constants, enthalpies and entropies for the formation of metal complexes of aminopolycarboxylic acids and carboxylic acids

Abstract Formation constants, enthalpies of formation, and entropies of formation were compiled and critically selected for complexes of alkali metal ions, alkaline earth ions, trivalent lanthanide ions, trivalent and tetravalent actinide ions, dioxoactinide ions, and divalent and trivalent ions of the metals of the first transition series with aminopolycarboxylates (CDTA, DTPA, EDDA, EDTA, IDA, MIDA, NTA, TTHA), and carboxylates (RCO 2 − , oxalate, malonate). The trends in the formation constants, enthalpies and entropies are discussed. The formation constants of the aminopolycarboxylate complexes are compared with those of the carboxylate complexes. Several constants not yet measured experimentally were estimated. The long-range objective of these investigations is a complete data base that will include all metal ions and ligands present in the environment. The data base can be used to calculate the distribution of metal ions among various ligands and provide the information needed for the assessment of the toxicities of metal ions, ligands and their coordination compounds.
The NB vibrational frequency in complexes of aromatic azines with BCl3

A comparative study of the infrared spectra for the 1:1 EDA complexes of pyridine, quinoline and acridine with BCl3 yielded assignment of the NB frequency, which is identified as the shifted ring breathing mode of the azine. AM1 calculations for the interaction of BCl3 with these molecules predict stable complexes at an NB intermolecular separation of 1.62–1.63 A with the orientation of the non-planar BCl3 being different for each azine donor. Predicted NB vibrational frequencies correlate well with the experimental values, the formation constant of the complex and the basicity of the donor. Results confirm an increasing n-electron pair donor strength in the order quinoline<pyridine<acridine. A normal coordinate analysis for the n→σ type C3v EDA complex NH3→BCl3 is also included and is consistent with ab initio calculations and experimental data.
Interaction between calponin and smooth muscle myosin

Calponin is a thin filament-associated protein in smooth muscle that has been shown to bind actin, tropomyosin and calmodulin, and has been implicated to play a role in regulation of smooth muscle contractility. Using a centrifugation assay we found that calponin interacts with unphosphorylated filamentous smooth muscle myosin. We found that this calponin-myosin interaction is reversed by Ca2+-CaM, and depends on ionic strength. At 50 mM NaCI the binding constant and the stoichiometry of this interaction were estimated to be 2 × 106 M−1, and 1.2–2.4 calponin per myosin, respectively. We suggest that the calponin-myosin interaction could be involved in regulation of smooth muscle contractility by anchoring myosin to actin.
Professional Support and Its Effects on Teachers' Commitment

A national survey database was used to examine the effects of professional support on teachers' commitment to the teaching profession. Principal leadership/support influenced teachers' professional commitment directly and also indirectly through peer support. The largest direct effect on teachers' professional commitment was from peer support. These findings indicate the importance of principals' leadership in enhancing teachers' commitment and the effect principals can have on teachers' collegial relationships. Ideas for enhancing teachers' commitment to the teaching profession are suggested.
Acute intravenous administration of ondansetron and m-CPP, alone and in combination, in patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD): behavioral and biological results

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been linked to abnormal function of brain serotonin (5-HT) pathways. Since ondansetron is a highly selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, the present study was undertaken to investigate 5-HT3 function in OCD. We administered m-CPP (0.08 mg/kg i.v.) and the potent 5-HT3 antagonist, ondansetron (0.15 mg/kg i.v.), to 11 OCD patients. All of the subjects received four separate challenges (m-CPP + placebo, m-CPP + ondansetron, ondansetron + placebo and placebo + placebo). In comparison to placebo, administration of m-CPP was associated with significant behavioral effects, particularly self-rated measures of anxiety, altered self-reality, functional deficit and OCD symptoms. Pretreatment with ondansetron did not affect any of the self-rated behavioral symptoms. After administration of m-CPP relative to placebo, significant increases in plasma cortisol and prolactin were found. These changes were not affected by ondansetron. In conclusion, our results do not support the hypotheses that 5-HT3 receptor-mediated mechanisms modulate m-CPP's behavioral and neuroendocrine effects in patients with OCD.
Lysosomal enzyme delivery by ICAM-1-targeted nanocarriers bypassing glycosylation- and clathrin-dependent endocytosis

Enzyme replacement therapy, a state-of-the-art treatment for many lysosomal storage disorders, relies on carbohydrate-mediated binding of recombinant enzymes to receptors that mediate lysosomal delivery via clathrin-dependent endocytosis. Suboptimal glycosylation of recombinant enzymes and deficiency of clathrin-mediated endocytosis in some lysosomal enzyme-deficient cells limit delivery and efficacy of enzyme replacement therapy for lysosomal disorders. We explored a novel delivery strategy utilizing nanocarriers targeted to a glycosylation- and clathrin-independent receptor, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, a glycoprotein expressed on diverse cell types, up-regulated and functionally involved in inflammation, a hallmark of many lysosomal disorders. We targeted recombinant human acid sphingomyelinase (ASM), deficient in types A and B Niemann-Pick disease, to ICAM-1 by loading this enzyme to nanocarriers coated with anti-ICAM. Anti-ICAM/ASM nanocarriers, but not control ASM or ASM nanocarriers, bound to ICAM-1-positive cells (activated endothelial cells and Niemann-Pick disease patient fibroblasts) via ICAM-1, in a glycosylation-independent manner. Anti-ICAM/ASM nanocarriers entered cells via CAM-mediated endocytosis, bypassing the clathrin-dependent pathway, and trafficked to lysosomes, where delivered ASM displayed stable activity and alleviated lysosomal lipid accumulation. Therefore, lysosomal enzyme targeting using nanocarriers targeted to ICAM-1 bypasses defunct pathways and may improve the efficacy of enzyme replacement therapy for lysosomal disorders, such as Niemann-Pick disease.
On the origin of product selectivity in aqueous diels-alder reactions

The high endo/exo product ratio in the Diels-Alder reaction of cyclopentadiene with methyl vinyl ketone in water does not reflect aggregation, but the ratio is affected by salts which change the hydrophobicity of the medium.