cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Protease inhibitor-induced urolithiasis

Abstract Objectives To describe protease inhibitor-induced urinary stone disease in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) who are taking indinavir sulfate (Crixivan), a protease inhibitor, for the treatment of AIDS. Methods Patients with HIV/AIDS and symptomatic renal colic temporally related to the initiation of indinavir sulfate therapy were prospectively identified. Seven patients (mean age 42 years; all men) with HIV and renal colic who were taking indinavir were identified. Retrospective chart reviews and patient interviews were performed. Results Indinavir therapy averaged 5.7 months prior to presentation with renal colic. All patients had microscopic hematuria. One patient presented with acute azotemia from bilateral urinary obstruction. Six patients had no history of urinary stones prior to initiating indinavir. The median number of symptomatic urinary stone episodes after initiating indinavir was two stones per patient. All patients had moderateto high-grade urinary obstruction from radiolucent calculi. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) demonstrated hydronephrosis without urinary calcifications. Three patients spontaneously passed stones and 4 required intervention. Yellow debris and/or brown matrix-like material was seen endoscopically. Stone analysis revealed pure protease inhibitor. Six patients (86%) eventually discontinued protease inhibitor therapy. Conclusions Protease inhibitor-induced urinary stones are radiolucent and can cause high-grade ureteral obstruction. Protease inhibitor-induced urinary stones were not identified on unenhanced abdominal CT scans. The radiolucent gelatinous nature of such stones makes lithotripsy a poor choice of treatment. Ureteral stenting may allow spontaneous stone passage if symptomatic obstruction occurs. Urologists may encounter a greater number of patients with symptomatic protease inhibitor-induced urinary calculi as these medications become more popular.
Angular Oscillations in the Low Pressure Metallic State of (TMTSF)2PF6

Abstract Magnetoresistance rotation data in the low pressure metallic phase of (TMTSF) 2 PF 6 are well reproduced by semiclassical calculations. Under the condition of a finite perpendicular magnetic field component B b , a-c plane resonances are found to smoothly transform into b-c Lebed resonances. Direct b-c rotations fail to exhibit power law scaling in ρ zz ( B c ). This means that benchmarks recently suggested by an incoherent interlayer transport model for non-Fermi liquid behavior are not met, in contrast to results at higher pressure (P~10kbar). Saturating magnetoresistances for B//b , however, appear nonclassical. More definitive criteria on what is and is not a Fermi liquid are going to be necessary in order to determine the ultimate fate of this and other low dimensional conductors.
FAK and paxillin dynamics at focal adhesions in the protrusions of migrating cells

Cell migration requires the fine spatiotemporal integration of many proteins that regulate the fundamental processes that drive cell movement. Focal adhesion (FA) dynamics is a continuous process involving coordination between FA and actin cytoskeleton, which is essential for cell migration. We studied the spatiotemporal relationship between the dynamics of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and paxillin at FAs in the protrusion of living endothelial cells. Concurrent dual-color imaging showed that FAK was assembled at FA first, which was followed by paxillin recruitment to the FA. By tracking and quantifying FAK and paxillin in migrating cells, the normalized FAK/Paxillin fluorescence intensity (FI) ratio is > 1 (≈ 4 fold) at cell front, ≈ 1 at cell center, and < 1 at cell rear. The significantly higher FAK FI than paxillin FI at cell front indicates that the assembly of FAK-FAs occurs ahead of paxillin at cell front. To determine the time difference between the assemblies of FAK and paxillin at nascent FAs, FAs containing both FAK and paxillin were quantified by image analysis and time correlation. The results show that FAK assembles at the nascent FAs earlier than paxillin in the protrusions at cell front.
A Time-Free Perspective of a Liberal Arts Program:

New criteria for the design of liberal arts programs are formulated. These criteria concern the relationships among liberal arts content, process, and delivery system. The central role of process in time-variable educational systems is stressed. Crucial questions concerning the concept of purpose in the design of a liberal arts experience are raised.
Relative value of stomach contents, stable isotopes, and fatty acids as diet indicators for a dominant invertebrate predator (Chionoecetes opilio) in the northern Bering Sea

Abstract Stable isotopes (δ 13 C and δ 15 N) and fatty acid biomarkers have increasingly replaced stomach contents in diet studies. Stable isotopes (SIs) and fatty acids (FAs) can indicate diet over longer periods than stomach contents (SCs), and provide data when stomachs are empty. While SCs yield greater taxonomic resolution, SI methods are less invasive and labor intensive, and SIs and FAs can indicate the relative mass of foods assimilated. For invertebrates, however, data on fractionation of SI and calibration coefficients for FA needed for definitive quantitative estimates are often lacking. To assess differences in inference from the different methods for an omnivorous invertebrate, we compared SC, SI, and FA analyses as diet indicators for snow crabs ( Chionoecetes opilio ) in the northern Bering Sea. Stomach contents (relative percent frequency of occurrence) consisted mainly of crustaceans, bivalves, and polychaetes, with lesser frequency of gastropods and ophiuroids. SCs varied among regions and correlated strongly with local prey abundance. Diets inferred from individual values or Bayesian mixing models of SIs did not correlate well with local prey abundance or SCs, suggesting a need for a better understanding of the fractionation of δ 15 N and δ 13 C from different foods in snow crabs. FAs suggested consumption of nemertean worms which, lacking hard parts, were not identified in stomach contents. Resemblance of FA composition among prey taxa, similar diet diversity among different areas, and unknown assimilation efficiencies for different FAs by snow crabs limited inference from FAs about the magnitude of diet differences among regions. Stomach contents yielded the most definitive diet information for an invertebrate whose prey mostly contained hard, easily identifiable structures.
Concurrent Pneumocystis carinii and cytomegalovirus pneumonia after autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation

A 46-year-old woman developed concurrent CMV and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) 140 days after autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (APBSCT) for AML. She was seropositive for CMV before undergoing APBSCT and had required prednisone for immune thrombocytopenia and allergic dermatitis for 9 weeks prior to the onset of pneumonia. She had also been receiving PCP prophylaxis with pentamidine aerosol every month for 3 months before developing symptoms. The pneumonia was complicated by severe hypoxia, requiring ventilator support and pneumothorax requiring chest tube thoracostomy. She recovered following treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), prednisone, gancyclovir and intravenous immunoglobulin. Although the overall incidence of severe CMV disease is low after APBSCT, preventive measures such as surveillance culture and secondary prophylaxis with gancyclovir may be warranted in patients whose cellular immune response is further compromised by corticosteroid use or other factors.
Surface reactions and kinetically-driven patterning scheme for selective deposition of Si and Ge nanoparticle arrays on HfO2

We demonstrate a kinetically-driven patterning scheme to selectively position arrays of Ge or Si nanoparticles within lithographically defined HfO2 windows. The surface reactions enabling patterning are revealed through temperature programmed desorption experiments and selectivity of the deposition is verified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Patterning is possible by exploiting the different reactivity of Ge and Si on HfO2 and SiO2 surfaces and employing a sacrificial SiO2 mask on which adatoms etch the SiO2 surface and do not accumulate to form nanocrystals.
Depression and immunity: A role for T cells? ☆

Much attention has been paid to the potential role of the immune system in the pathophysiology of major depression in humans. While activation of innate immune responses currently dominates the research landscape, early studies in depressed patients demonstrating impairment in acquired immune responses, in particular T cell responses, may warrant further consideration. Intriguing data suggest that activated T cells may play an important neuroprotective role in the context of both stress and inflammation. For example, generation of autoreactive T cells through immunization with central nervous system (CNS) specific antigens has been shown to reverse stress-induced decreases in hippocampal neurogenesis as well as depressive-like behavior in rodents. In addition, trafficking of T cells to the brain following stress, in part related to glucocorticoids, has been found to reduce stress-induced anxiety-like behavior. Data indicate that T regulatory cells may also play a role in depression through downregulation of chronic inflammatory responses. Based on the notion that T cells may subserve neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory functions during stress and inflammation, impaired T cell function may directly contribute to the development of depression. Indeed, increased sensitivity to apoptosis as well as reduced responsiveness to glucocorticoids, may not only decrease the availability of T cells in depressed patients, but also may reduce their capacity to traffic to the brain in response to relevant neuroendocrine or immune stimuli. Further elucidation of T cell pathology may lead to new insights into immune system contributions to depression. Moreover, enhancement of T cell function may represent an alternative strategy to treat depression.
Determination of nuclear charge resolution of a thin film detector using a 252Cf fission fragment source

Abstract Little quantitative information is available regarding the ability of a thin film detector (TFD) to determine the nuclear charge of a low energy heavy mass ion. To compare the nuclear charge resolving power Z / ΔZ of the TFD to other heavy ion detectors, an experiment was performed where the TFD luminescence response to 252 Cf fission fragments was recorded in coincidence with the gamma de-excitation of the fragments. With this technique, the TFD nuclear charge resolving power Z / ΔZ was determined to be 25.2 for the light mass fragment group.
Histochemical responses at a biomaterial's interface

A series of nonporous glasses and glass materials designed with controlled surface ion activities to allow chemical bonding to bone are described. Surface reactivities of these materials in vitro are correlated with biological activities in vivo and in tissue culture. Direct chemical bonding of the materials to bone is demonstrated. The mechanism for development of this bond is through the production of an amorphous ion surface gel on the bioglass. This gel induces osteogenesis by a chemotactic response of osteoblasts.
Low Cost Fiber Optic Network Node Design

With the recent emergence of fiber optic technology, optical fibers have been examined as an alternative to coaxial cable in a number of local area network designs. To support this transmission medium, MITRE has developed an active star node that permits unique network topologies to be employed. With the introduction of low cost components, the active star node has been redesigned to employ this new technology. This document describes the low cost fiber optic network node design and examines current applications and limitations of this implementation.
Influence of dynamic strain aging on the creep ductility of solid solution alloys

Abstract In this paper the correlation between creep ductility and stress in solid solution alloy is examined. The creep ductility is a strong function of the stress exponent for steady state creep. The elongation maximum experimentally observed at about 10 MPa in AlMg alloys at 643 K is due to the low stress exponent. The low stress exponent spreads the deformation out over the whole gauge length, which results in an elongation maximum. This study also predicts the elongation minimum at about 55 MPa at 533 K. The decrease in elongation observed in the high stress region at 533 K is due to the high stress exponent. The high stress exponent concentrates the deformation in the necked region, which results in a decrease in elongation. The relation between the stress exponent and the fracture type is also examined.
A Quality Control Program for Surface Mesometeorological Data

Abstract A program is described which has been used to verify the quality of surface mesonet data collected during the Cooperative Convective Precipitation Experiment (CCOPE). The CCOPE mesonet consisted of 123 automated stations from two mesonet systems and was operational for an 81-day period from May to August 1981. Parameters examined include pressure, temperature, humidity, wind direction, and. wind speed. The pressure data were examined by systematically comparing hourly values from each station with the pressure observed at a nearby flight service station. Errors due to thermal effects and sensors drifting out of calibration were uncovered and corrected to approximately 1 mb in absolute accuracy. Temperature, humidity, and wind data were examined using an objective intercomparison procedure based on the Barnes objective analysis technique. The paper describes the procedure and shows how it was used to uncover relative errors in temperature and humidity, as well as exposure and vane alignment errors...
Distribution‐free subset selection for incompletely ranked data

In market research and some other areas, it is common that a sample of n judges (consumers, evaluators, etc.) are asked to independently rank a series of k objects or candidates. It is usually difficult to obtain the judges' full cooperation to completely rank all k objects. A practical way to overcome this difficulty is to give each judge the freedom to choose the number of top candidates he is willing to rank. A frequently encountered question in this type of survey is how to select the best object or candidate from the incompletely ranked data. This paper proposes a subset selection procedure which constructs a random subset of all the k objects involved in the survey such that the best object is included in the subset with a prespecified confidence. It is shown that the proposed subset selection procedure is distribution-free over a very broad class of underlying distributions. An example from a market research study is used to illustrate the proposed procedure. Il est frequent, dans les etudes de marche et dans bien d'autres situations, que des repondants (des consommateurs, des evaluateurs ou autres) soient appeles a fournir leur classement personnel d'un certain nombre d'objets ou de candidats. Dans de telles circonstances, il est souvent difficile d'obtenir que tous les repondants classent tous les candidats. Pour surmonter cette difficulte, on permet parfois a chaque repondant de ne classer que les quelques candidats qu'il juge les meilleurs. Surgit alors le probleme de primer le meilleur de tous les candidats a partir de classements partiels. Les auteurs proposent ici une procedure de selection d'un sous-ensemble aleatoire de candidats qui possede une probabilite predterminee de contenir le meilleur d'entre tous. lls montrent que cette procedure ne depend pas de la loi sous-jacente, dans la mesure ou celle-ci appartient a une certaine classe par ailleurs fort etendue. Un exemple tire d'une etude de marche illustre le propos.
Very late survival after vascular surgery.

Abstract Purpose. The aim of this study was to define very late survival in veterans who routinely underwent preoperative assessment of left ventricular function using radionuclide ventriculography (RNVG) before elective major vascular surgery from 7/84 to 7/88 at one Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Methods. RNVG defined left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) and determined the presence of ventricular wall motion abnormalities. Patients undergoing elective vascular surgery (n = 310) who had preoperative RNVG were then followed over the years using direct contact, VA administrative databases, and, most recently, the Social Security Death Index. Results. Follow-up was 6.64 ± 4.62 years (range 0 to 16.2 years). Current survival is 10% (11/107) after carotid surgery, 12% (10/82) after aortic aneurysm repair, 15% (17/111) after extremity reconstruction, and 0% (0/10) after visceral artery reconstruction (ns). There was no statistically significant difference in mortality between the different types of vascular surgery at 30 days or at 1, 5, and 10 years after surgery (ns). Actual survival rates at 5 years after carotid surgery, aneurysm repair, extremity reconstruction, and visceral reconstruction were 55, 61, 59, and 50%, respectively. Stepwise logistic regression analysis was performed which included preoperatively defined cardiovascular risk factors, type of surgery, and results of RNVG. The final regression model indicated that age, diabetes, smoking at the time of surgery, and low EF were independently associated with overall mortality while angina, prior myocardial infarction (MI), and type of operation were not. Mean survival duration with normal EF (>50%) was 7.99 years versus 4.78 years with low EF (P Conclusions. Very late survival after major vascular surgery was related to the presence of diabetes, active smoking at the time of surgery, left ventricular function, and postoperative cardiac complications. Since there was no association of overall mortality with angina or prior MI, an aggressive approach to coronary evaluation in such patients might not alter very late survival.
Two Sp1-binding Sites Mediate cAMP-induced Transcription of the Bovine CYP11A Gene through the Protein Kinase A Signaling Pathway

Two sequence elements located at −111 to −100 base pairs and −70 to −50 base pairs in the 5′-flanking region of the bovine CYP11A gene and in closely related positions in CYP11A of other species contain G-rich regions that are similar to the consensus Sp1-binding site. These sequences bind the purified transcription factor Sp1 as well as nuclear proteins from mouse Y1 adrenal cells that interact with an antibody specific for Sp1. Both of these CYP11A sequences support basal and cAMP-dependent transcription of reporter gene plasmids transfected into Y1 cells, and mutations within the G-rich −111/−100-base pair sequence that reduce or eliminate the binding of Sp1-related Y1 nuclear proteins also markedly reduce cAMP-induced transcription. cAMP-dependent transcription supported by both CYP11A sequence elements is mediated by protein kinase A at levels comparable to that promoted by different cAMP-response sequences and transcription factors in other genes involved in steroidogenesis. These results indicate that ACTH-dependent regulation of cholesterol side chain cleavage cytochrome P450 levels in the adrenal cortex which is mediated through cAMP involves the ubiquitous transcription factor Sp1.
Interaction of deep-ultraviolet laser light with GaAs surfaces in aqueous solutions

We have investigated the surface oxidation of GaAs and subsequent oxide dissolution that is caused by ultraviolet laser light at 257 nm in an aqueous environment. This process has a chemistry distinct from the related process that uses visible light. Further, unique light-guided surface-relief structures result from the ultraviolet chemistry and the ultraviolet optical properties of the semiconductor surface.
Towards electrosynthesis in shewanella: energetics of reversing the mtr pathway for reductive metabolism.

Bioelectrochemical systems rely on microorganisms to link complex oxidation/reduction reactions to electrodes. For example, in Shewanella oneidensis strain MR-1, an electron transfer conduit consisting of cytochromes and structural proteins, known as the Mtr respiratory pathway, catalyzes electron flow from cytoplasmic oxidative reactions to electrodes. Reversing this electron flow to drive microbial reductive metabolism offers a possible route for electrosynthesis of high value fuels and chemicals. We examined electron flow from electrodes into Shewanella to determine the feasibility of this process, the molecular components of reductive electron flow, and what driving forces were required. Addition of fumarate to a film of S. oneidensis adhering to a graphite electrode poised at −0.36 V versus standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) immediately led to electron uptake, while a mutant lacking the periplasmic fumarate reductase FccA was unable to utilize electrodes for fumarate reduction. Deletion of the gene encoding the outer membrane cytochrome-anchoring protein MtrB eliminated 88% of fumarate reduction. A mutant lacking the periplasmic cytochrome MtrA demonstrated more severe defects. Surprisingly, disruption of menC, which prevents menaquinone biosynthesis, eliminated 85% of electron flux. Deletion of the gene encoding the quinone-linked cytochrome CymA had a similar negative effect, which showed that electrons primarily flowed from outer membrane cytochromes into the quinone pool, and back to periplasmic FccA. Soluble redox mediators only partially restored electron transfer in mutants, suggesting that soluble shuttles could not replace periplasmic protein-protein interactions. This work demonstrates that the Mtr pathway can power reductive reactions, shows this conduit is functionally reversible, and provides new evidence for distinct CymA:MtrA and CymA:FccA respiratory units.
Temperature dependence of the lower critical field of single crystal YBa2Cu3O7

Abstract H c1 vs T has been measured from the magnetization curves for H//ab. H c1 (T) near T c follows an empirical form but does not saturate at low temperatures.
Enhanced Performance of LWIR LED Devices by Backside Thinning and Isolating the Pixels

We observed a threefold increase in light emission power for long-wave infrared (LWIR) light-emitting diode (LED) devices by backside thinning and isolating the individual pixel from others. The proposed technique of backside thinning and isolating bottom emitting LED devices resulted in high yield of devices in an array. The voltage drop of the etched device is lower compared with the unetched device. This newly developed technique of device isolation opens the path to further device performance improvement by using grating and lenslet deposition on an individual LED pixel.
Aging and rat brain muscarinic receptors as measured by quinuclidinyl benzilate binding

Measurement of cholinergic muscarinic receptor binding in various rat brain areas using the ligand [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate indicates that receptor binding is decreased in striatum and cerebellum of aged female rats (22 months old) as compared to younger rats (4 months old). Decreases were not observed in cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, or amygdala areas. Further examination of [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate binding in subcellular fractions of aged and young rat cerebellum and striatum indicated a decrease in binding in the crude nuclear and crude synaptosomal fractions. Binding data indicate the observed decrease in specific ligand binding is due to a decrease in number of binding sites while receptor affinity does not appear to change.
Proliferation and regeneration of retrogradely labeled adult rat corticospinal neurons in culture.

These are the first studies to demonstrate that adult rat corticospinal tract (CST) neurons, which were identified by retrograde neuronal labeling, retain regenerative and proliferative potential. To determine if adult CST neurons undergo cell division, we tested if these retrogradely labeled cells synthesize DNA by adding BrdU to the cultures 24 h prior to fixation of the cells. The result shows that adult corticospinal tract neurons are capable of DNA synthesis, and our total cell counts with labeled cells counts further suggest that these cells undergo cell division.
Prostacyclin infusion in acute cerebral infarction

We gave prostacyclin infusions to seven patients with acute cerebral infarction. Patients without CT evidence of infarction improved, but those who already had hypodensities on CT did not benefit. Increased platelet activity, measured by plasma beta-thromboglobulin, decreased significantly ( p
Bronchial carcinoid tumors

Twenty-eight pulmonary carcinoid tumors were reviewed histologically and clinically. Hematoxylin-and-eosin-stained sections were utilized, as well as special stains, including the argyrophil and argentaffin reactions. The 22 tumors located centrally, at the level of primary or segmental bronchi, had a microscopic appearance distinct from those located more peripherally. One peripheral tumor that was large in size appeared much more aggressive histologically, and was designated an atypical carcinoid. The origin of carcinoid tumors from Kulchitsky cells in the lung, the distinction of peripheral tumors from chemodectomas, and the relationship of bronchial carcinoids to bronchial epithelial hyperplasias and oat cell carcinomas are discussed.
The infrared spectra of carbon dioxide intermedions

Abstract The assignment of certain bands reported in the infrared spectra of carbon dioxide in contact with adsorbents indicates the discovery of CO 2 intermedions. The adsorbents contained nickel, zinc oxide, or sodium chloride. Equations are derived relating the vibrational frequencies to the numbers of valence electrons for each of the three normal vibrations of CO 2 . According to these equations, the vibrational frequencies of the adsorbed CO 2 intermedions correspond to nonintegral numbers of electrons, that is, numbers composed of an integer and a fraction. These fractions, known as “polarization fractions,” are considered to be constants characteristic of each metal. The fractions observed for each adsorbent are 0.32 for zinc, and 0.90 for sodium. The bands reported for CO 2 on sodium chloride permitted an analysis which suggests that some of the chemisorbed CO 2 intermedions are oriented parallel with the surface while others are perpendicular. These species have vibrational frequencies which correspond to the acceptance of nearly two electrons, forming an approximate (CO 2 ) 2− ion. Polarization of this magnitude changes the internuclear angle from 180 to 60 °. Yet these adsorbates seem to be so weakly bonded to the surface that there is evidence of their rotation.
Optimal scanning and image processing with the STEM

Abstract We have recently published a theory of an optimal scanning system which is particularly suited for the STEM. One concludes from the theory that the diffraction limit of the electron probe should be a fixed fraction of the full-scale deflection in order to avoid scanning artifacts. More recently, we have confirmed the value of this technique by direct experiments. Our program now is to combine the use of optimal scanning with the use of a programmable digital refresh memory for image analysis. Limited experience to date indicates that false color conversion is probably more useful than histogram equalization in black and white and that this system is particularly valuable for rotational averaging and selected area Fourier transforms.
Extracting the deuteron target polarization from the magnetic resonance signal line shape

Abstract The shape of the deuteron magnetic resonance (DMR) signal depends on the deuteron target polarization which can be extracted by fitting the signal. A realistic fitting function and efficient numerical methods for its computation have been developed for DMR signals obtained with a constant-current parallel-time Q -meter. It was found that consistently good fits and reliable results are possible only if the dispersion part of the magnetic susceptibility as well as the coaxial cable to the DMR coil are taken into account. The absolute uncertainty in the vector polarization resulting from this method is estimated to be less than 0.01.
Personality Differences as Measured by the Hand Test among Holland Types for Females

Daniel and Wagner (1) administered the Vocational Preference Inventory and the Hand Test to male undergraduates and obtained results consistent with the w n s u u a validity of Holland's theory of vocational types. Inasmuch as Holland's typology reportedly is more suitable for males than females, a similar comparison was needed for women. The present study addressed this issue. Subjects, 122 females in classes of introductory psychology, were administered the sixth revision of Holland's test ( 2 ) and classified according to their highest point scores into one of the six Holland Types, Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional. These students were then administered the Hand Test ( 3 ) and the six Vocational Preference Inventory types were compared across 23 Hand Test scoring categories. Using Kruskal-Wallis tests, five Hand Test variables significantly differentiared imong the Holland types (P = .05) : Aggression, Passive, Interpersonal, Average Initial Reaction Time, and number of responses. Subsequently, ad hoc Mann-Whitney U tests were computed comparing each Holland type with every other type on the six significant Hand Test variables. T o avoid alpha buildup only those pairs significant at the .O1 were retained for analysis. Based on mean ranks, the Realistic group was: higher than the Social group on Aggression and Passive; lower on Average Initial Reaction Time than the Invest~gat~ve, Social, and Enterprising groups; and higher on Number of Responses than the Investigative group. Interestingly, the significance levels were higher for these young women than for the previously reported male sample of comparable size. Of further interest was the critical role apparently played by the Realistic group in the significant differences. The Realistic group was involved in all six of the significant Mann-Whitney comparisons. Findings for the male students were much more heterogeneous and did not yield the same Realistic group cluster. In the one instance where direct comparison was possible, the Investigative men showed more responses than the Realistic men but the opposite held for women. The implication is that Realistic women may demonstrate greater deviations from other Holland types than Realistic men. This may account for the growing consensus that Holland's typology is less applicable to women than men. It appears rhat some Holland types are modestly associated with other personality measures but they are not the same for men and women. Although some significant values were obtained, the differences on absolute scores between groups were not great. As other studies have shown, relationships among personality traits and Holland rgpes appear to be modest.
Strong zonal winds from thermal convection in a rotating spherical shell

Zonal wind (ZW) generation by thermal convection in rotating spherical shells is studied using numerical calculations. Strong ZW accompany quasi-geostrophic, high Rayleigh number convection in shells with stress-free boundaries. In a thin shell (radius ratio 0.75) with stress-free boundaries, nearly 90% of the total kinetic energy is contained in the ZW at Rayleigh number 106 and Taylor number 4.4 × l07. The same parameters in a thicker shell produce weaker convection and weaker ZW. Rigid boundaries reduce the kinetic energy in the ZW to less than 20% of the total. The ZW are eastward (prograde) in the equatorial region and westward at higher latitudes, and are driven by Reynolds stresses associated with the convection. Episodes with strong ZW alternate with episodes of strong convection. Although far from the dynamical regime of Jupiter and Saturn, our results support the interpretation that the prograde equatorial jets on these planets originate from deep convection.
Effect of spermatozoal concentration and number on fertility of frozen equine semen.

Information on the number of motile spermatozoa needed to maximize pregnancy rates for frozen-thawed stallion semen is limited. Furthermore, concentration of spermatozoa per 0.5-mL straw has been shown to affect post-thaw motility (7). The objectives of this study were 1) to compare the effect of increasing the concentration of spermatozoa in 0.5-mL straws from 400 to 1,600 x 10(6) spermatozoa/mL on pregnancy rate of mares, and 2) to determine whether increasing the insemination dose from approximately 320 to 800 million progressively motile spermatozoa after thawing would increase pregnancy rates. Several ejaculates from each of 5 stallions were frozen in a skim milk-egg yolk based freezing medium at 2 spermatozoal concentrations in 0.5-mL polyvinyl-chloride straws. Half of each ejaculate was frozen at 400 x 10(6) cells/mL and half at 1,600 x 10(6) cells/mL. Insemination doses were based on post-thaw spermatozoal motility and contained approximately 320 x 10(6) (320 to 400) motile spermatozoa or approximately 800 x 10(6) (800 to 900) motile spermatozoa. Sixty-three mares were assigned to 1 of 4 spermatozoal treatments (1--low spermatozoal number, low concentration; 2--low spermatozoal number, high concentration; 3--high spermatozoal number, low concentration; 4--high spermatozoal number, high concentration) and were inseminated daily. Post-thaw spermatozoal motility was similar for cells frozen at both spermatozoal concentrations (P > 0.1). One-cycle pregnancy rates were 15, 40, 28 and 33%, respectively, for Treatments 1, 2, 3 and 4. Packaging spermatozoa at the high concentration tended to increase pregnancy rates vs packaging at the low concentration (37 vs 22%; P = 0.095). Furthermore, when the lower spermatozoal number was used, there tended (P 0.1). Based on these results, a single 0.5-mL straw dose containing 800 x 10(6) spermatozoa should be used and each insemination dose should contain approximately 320 x 10(6) motile spermatozoa. Fertility trials utilizing other freezing extenders are necessary before recommending a single 0.5-mL insemination dose for all freezing extenders.
Yanomami : An arena of conflict and aggression in the Amazon

The Yanomami of Venezuela and Brazil have become an arena of conflict and aggres- sion in the Amazon in at least three respects: their internal aggression; the aggression among anthropologists and others concerned with them; and the external aggression against the Yanomami from Western society. As such, the Yanomami provide a micro- cosm of several aspects of the anthropology of conflict and aggression. After some back- ground, a critical analysis is developed of 10 problem areas that call into serious question the scientific status of Yanomami as one of the most violent human societies ever known in anthropology: the Yanomami as "the fierce people"; documentation of their aggres- sion; inflation of their aggression as warfare; neglect of cross-cultural perspective; mod- ern warfare as reversion to tribalization; the negative concept of peace; male sexist bias; the Yanomami as "primitive"; the character of debates; and research priorities and professional ethics. The analysis has more general implications for the epistemol- ogy of the study of aggression. Aggr. Behav. 24:97-122, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Genetic and Anatomical Basis of the Barrier Separating Wakefulness and Anesthetic-Induced Unresponsiveness

A robust, bistable switch regulates the fluctuations between wakefulness and natural sleep as well as those between wakefulness and anesthetic-induced unresponsiveness. We previously provided experimental evidence for the existence of a behavioral barrier to transitions between these states of arousal, which we call neural inertia. Here we show that neural inertia is controlled by processes that contribute to sleep homeostasis and requires four genes involved in electrical excitability: Sh, sss, na and unc79. Although loss of function mutations in these genes can increase or decrease sensitivity to anesthesia induction, surprisingly, they all collapse neural inertia. These effects are genetically selective: neural inertia is not perturbed by loss-of-function mutations in all genes required for the sleep/wake cycle. These effects are also anatomically selective: sss acts in different neurons to influence arousal-promoting and arousal-suppressing processes underlying neural inertia. Supporting the idea that anesthesia and sleep share some, but not all, genetic and anatomical arousal-regulating pathways, we demonstrate that increasing homeostatic sleep drive widens the neural inertial barrier. We propose that processes selectively contributing to sleep homeostasis and neural inertia may be impaired in pathophysiological conditions such as coma and persistent vegetative states.
Will the Real Bill T. Jones Please Stand Up

Bill T. Jones is an African American whose choreographic roots are in the largely white postmodern dance of the s and ’s. Perhaps more than any other choreographer of his time, he has held up his ethnicity, his sexuality, his politics, and his aesthetic ideology to public scrutiny in an often-conflicting voyeuristic construction of himself. As Gay Morris aptly points out, Jones has never been a choreographer whose art and life could be separated (Morris :).  My discussion draws heavily from biographical material, Jones’s own words in interviews, and examples from his works to illustrate how this controversial person has, by his extraordinary persistence and talent, privileged insightful and unique readings of self, art, and society in his work.
Crosstalk Effects Caused by Single Event Hits in Deep Sub-Micron CMOS Technologies

In deep sub-micron technologies, scaling and closely packed interconnects magnify crosstalk effects causing a Single Event Transient (SET) pulse to affect multiple logic paths instead of the single hit path. Such events increase the vulnerable area and the SET susceptibility of complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) circuits. This paper analyses factors affecting the crosstalk pulse due to an Single Event Upset (SEU) in digital logic circuits for advanced technologies. Simulation results obtained substantiate that the effects of Single Event (SE) crosstalk increase as devices scale down, as the amount of charge deposited to cause an upset increases, and as the interconnect length increases
Effect of Similarity Metrics and ROI Sizes in Featureless Computer Aided Detection of Breast Masses in Tomosynthesis

Tomosynthesis as a technique is being developed and studied with the goal of overcoming mammography's limitations due to overlying tissue. Various algorithms exist for tomosynthesis datasets including a novel Computer Aided Detection (CADe) algorithm using a featureless False Positive (FP) reduction stage. The goal of this project is to study the previously unexplored effects of variation of Region of Interest (ROI) sizes as well as the crucial similarity metrics for such a CADe algorithm's performance. Four datasets consisting of 1479 tomosynthesis ROIs were generated by a CADe algorithm from reconstructed volumes of one hundred subjects consisting of 4 different sizes --- 128 x 128, 256 x 256, 512 x 512, and 1024 x 1024 pixels. Five different similarity metrics --- (1) mutual information, (2) average conditional entropy, (3) joint entropy, (3) Jensen divergence and (4) average Kullback-Leibler divergence were used for the task of FP reduction using a leave-one-case-out sampling scheme. Mutual information and average conditional entropy were the best performing metrics with an Area Under Curve (AUC) of 0.88. Cross-bin measures performed consistently higher than those that rely on only marginal distributions. Also, for all metrics, the datatset consisting of 256 x 256 pixel ROIs gave the best performance. In conclusion, for the tomosynthesis dataset, cross-bin measures such as MI and average conditional entropy should be used over other metrics using a ROI size of 256 x 256 pixels.
Efficient identification of identical-by-descent status in pedigrees with many untyped individuals

Motivation: Inference of identical-by-descent (IBD) probabilities is the key in family-based linkage analysis. Using high-density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, one can almost always infer haplotype configurations of each member in a family given all individuals being typed. Consequently, the IBD status can be obtained directly from haplotype configurations. However, in reality, many family members are not typed due to practical reasons. The problem of IBD/haplotype inference is much harder when treating untyped individuals as missing. Results: We present a novel hidden Markov model (HMM) approach to infer the IBD status in a pedigree with many untyped members using high-density SNP markers. We introduce the concept of inheritance-generating function, defined for any pair of alleles in a descent graph based on a pedigree structure. We derive a recursive formula for efficient calculation of the inheritance-generating function. By aggregating all possible inheritance patterns via an explicit representation of the number and lengths of all possible paths between two alleles, the inheritance-generating function provides a convenient way to theoretically derive the transition probabilities of the HMM. We further extend the basic HMM to incorporate population linkage disequilibrium (LD). Pedigree-wise IBD sharing can be constructed based on pair-wise IBD relationships. Compared with traditional approaches for linkage analysis, our new model can efficiently infer IBD status without enumerating all possible genotypes and transmission patterns of untyped members in a family. Our approach can be reliably applied on large pedigrees with many untyped members, and the inferred IBD status can be used for non-parametric genome-wide linkage analysis. Availability: The algorithm is implemented in Matlab and is freely available upon request. Contact: [email protected] Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available on Bioinformatics online.
Spin and Translation, the Equation of Motion

The effect of spin on the equation of motion of a sliding object is assessed. The spatial dependence of the friction force on a spinning object is calculated and used to describe the equation of motion.
Tuning Support Vector Machines for Minimax and Neyman-Pearson Classification

This paper studies the training of support vector machine (SVM) classifiers with respect to the minimax and Neyman-Pearson criteria. In principle, these criteria can be optimized in a straightforward way using a cost-sensitive SVM. In practice, however, because these criteria require especially accurate error estimation, standard techniques for tuning SVM parameters, such as cross-validation, can lead to poor classifier performance. To address this issue, we first prove that the usual cost-sensitive SVM, here called the 2C-SVM, is equivalent to another formulation called the 2\nu-SVM. We then exploit a characterization of the 2\nu-SVM parameter space to develop a simple yet powerful approach to error estimation based on smoothing. In an extensive experimental study, we demonstrate that smoothing significantly improves the accuracy of cross-validation error estimates, leading to dramatic performance gains. Furthermore, we propose coordinate descent strategies that offer significant gains in computational efficiency, with little to no loss in performance.
Seizure visits in US emergency departments: epidemiology and potential disparities in care.

While epilepsy is a well-characterized disease, the majority of emergency department (ED) visits for “seizure” involve patients without known epilepsy. The epidemiology of seizure presentations and national patterns of management are unclear. The aim of this investigation was to characterize ED visits for seizure in a large representative US sample and investigate any potential impact of race or ethnicity on management. Seizure visits from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS) from 1993 to 2003 were analysed. Demographic factors associated with presentation, neuroimaging and hospital admission in the USA were analysed using controlled multivariate logistic regression. Seizure accounts for 1 million ED visits annually [95% confidence interval (CI): 926,000–1,040,000], or 1% of all ED visits in the USA. Visits were most common among infants, at 8.0 per 1,000 population (95% CI: 6.0–10.0), and children aged 1–5 years (7.4; 95% CI: 6.4–8.4). Seizure was more likely among those with alcohol-related visits [odds ratio (OR): 3.2; 95% CI: 2.7–3.9], males (OR: 1.4; 95% CI: 1.3–1.5) and Blacks (OR: 1.4; 95% CI: 1.3–1.6). Neuroimaging was used less in Blacks than Whites (OR: 0.6; 95% CI: 0.4–0.8) and less in Hispanics than non-Hispanics (OR: 0.6; 95% CI: 0.4–0.9). Neuroimaging was used less among patients with Medicare (OR: 0.4; 95% CI: 0.2–0.6) or Medicaid (OR: 0.5; 95% CI: 0.4–0.7) vs private insurance and less in proprietary hospitals. Hospital admission was less likely for Blacks vs Whites (OR: 0.6; 95% CI: 0.4–0.8). Seizures account for 1% of ED visits (1 million annually). Seizure accounts for higher proportions of ED visits among infants and toddlers, males and Blacks. Racial/ethnic disparities in neuroimaging and hospital admission merit further investigation.
Bone Morphogenetic Protein Signaling Modulates Myocardin Transactivation of Cardiac Genes

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play important roles in cardiovascular development. However, how BMP-signaling pathways regulate cardiac gene expression is less clear. We have previously identified myocardin as a cardiac and smooth muscle-specific transcriptional cofactor for serum response factor (SRF). Myocardin potently activates target gene expression by tethering with SRF bound to SRF-responsive elements, the CArG box. Here, we show that Smad1, an effector of the BMP-signaling pathway, synergistically activates myocardin-dependent cardiac gene expression. Interestingly, the CArG box is necessary and sufficient to mediate such synergy, whereas no obvious Smad-binding element appears to be involved. Consistent with their functional interaction, we find that myocardin and Smad1 proteins interact directly. Furthermore, myocardin protein levels were dramatically increased by BMP-2 treatment in cardiomyocytes. These findings suggest myocardin participates in a BMP signaling-dependent cardiac gene transcriptional program.
The CMG (CDC45/RecJ, MCM, GINS) complex is a conserved component of the DNA replication system in all archaea and eukaryotes

Background In eukaryotes, the CMG (CDC45, MCM, GINS) complex containing the replicative helicase MCM is a key player in DNA replication. Archaeal homologs of the eukaryotic MCM and GINS proteins have been identified but until recently no homolog of the CDC45 protein was known. Two recent developments, namely the discovery of archaeal GINS-associated nuclease (GAN) that belongs to the RecJ family of the DHH hydrolase superfamily and the demonstration of homology between the DHH domains of CDC45 and RecJ, show that at least some Archaea possess a full complement of homologs of the CMG complex subunits. Here we present the results of in-depth phylogenomic analysis of RecJ homologs in archaea.
Peroxisome proliferator ameliorates endothelial dysfunction in a murine model of hyperhomocysteinemia

To test the hypothesis that endothelial dysfunction in hyperhomocysteinemia was due to increased levels of nitrotyrosine and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity in response to antagonism of per...