cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Complementary Resource Effects Across Organizational Boundaries and the Remediation of Security Incidents

Organizations experience frequent cyber-attacks, and recovery comes at a high cost. Of especially high concern are those breaches involving inter-organizational networks, since repercussions can quickly spread across organizations. We report on a case study of such a security incident. Inter-organizational cooperation was required to detect the scope of the breach and to recover from its effects. Drawing on the resource based view (RBV), we propose that effective response to security incidents relies on bundles of complementary resources (assets and capabilities) available to the cooperating parties. We identify institutional, technical, and organizational resources used during incident response, and analyze to what extent each was complementary to or non-compatible with other resources. Our findings suggest that resources can be complementary in some situations and not complementary in other situations. We identify specific forms of non-compatibility, and offer suggestions for further research which would aim to help organizations assemble resource bundles to effectively respond to network breaches that can impact inter-organizational relationships.
CARPs negatively regulate levels of phosphorylated p53

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 3354 Caspase-8/-10 associated RING domain proteins (CARP) 1 and 2 provide an additional layer of regulation of p53 through its degradation and the stabilization of MDM2. Degradation of p53 by CARPs requires the integrity of the RING domain and is abrogated by proteasome inhibitors. Overexpressed CARPs accelerate p53 turnover, repressing p53-mediated cell death, and knockdown of CARPs stabilizes p53, permitting p53-mediated growth arrest. Intriguingly, unlike MDM2, CARPs also interact with and ubiquitinate p53 phosphorylated at serine 20 (phospho-p53-ser20). Levels of endogenous CARP2 inversely correlate with those of chemo-induced phospho-p53-ser20 in H460 and PA-1 cells, resulting in more cell death in cells with higher phospho-p53-ser20 levels. In addition, CARPs extend the MDM2 protein half-life, and this stabilization of MDM2 is not due to inhibition of auto-ubiquitylation. Knockdown of CARPs reduces MDM2 levels in p53-null cells. In seven of ten different tumor cell lines examined, levels of CARPs positively correspond to those of MDM2. Taken together, CARPs, as novel regulators, not only play roles similar to MDM2, a known major negative regulator of p53, but also regulate phospho-p53-ser20. Therefore, our data provide novel insights in regulation of p53 by a novel negative regulator.
Results of comparative growing test of all-female and bisexual population in two-year-old common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

The aim of this study was to verify whetherall-female carp populations grow faster thanbisexual ones. All-female mirror and scalypopulations were obtained by crossingmasculinizated females (neomales) of Northernmirror carp (M72) with regular females of M72and scaly Ropsa carp (ROP) purebreds,respectively. All-female and bisexual progenyof both mirror and scaly carps were rearedseparately for one year. However, controlgroups of a distinct phenotype of scalinesswere put in ponds with tested fish to make anadjustment for fish weight, which could becaused by environmental influence. Nodifferences were found after eight weeks ofrearing between all-female and bisexualpopulations, but, all-female mirror carppopulation (M72) gained 29.7% more weight(P < 0.0001) by the end of the first year thanthe bisexual (68.5 g ± 15.8 against 52.8 g± 13.9; mean ± S.D., respectively).Before beginning the second growing season,each group was marked and stocked together intriplicate ponds. Corrected weight after secondgrowing season (P < 0.0062) was 9.9% higher inall-female mirror carps (395.9 g ± 98.6)compared to the bisexual (360.2 g ± 89.0).No significant differences were found incorrected weights between scaly all-female andbisexual crossbreds (522.4 g ± 102.4 and518.3 g ± 95.8, respectively). Nodifferences in survival of all-female andbisexual populations were observed.
Organ donation intentions and behaviors: application and extension of the theory of planned behavior

Organ donation intentions and behaviors were investigated using a traditional and extended theory of planned behavior (TPB). In study 1, attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control were associated with intentions to engage in donation behaviors in a student sample (all p ≤ .02), and intentions significantly predicted behavior 2 months later (p < .001). Study 2 utilized a community sample of Catholic, Jewish, and Muslim individuals. Measures of affect and religious attitudes were added to the traditional TPB, increasing the variance in intentions accounted for by the model, F(7, 181) = 6.94, p < .001. The studies support the use of an extended TPB in predicting donation-related intentions and behaviors and suggest potential targets of interventions to promote donation.
Transforming Network Interconnection and Transport: Policy Direction Summary

Implementing a regulatory regime that helps to unlock the potential for new network services remains a difficult but crucially important task. Rather than merely stating an abstract commitment to promote competition, regulators should look for simple, significant policy actions that foster a propitious structure for the most beneficial forms of competition. This paper argues that regulators should establish a geographically comprehensive lattice of competing, independently owned network interconnection points from which telephony operators are required to provide zero-price telephony call termination. Other forms of intrusive regulation of inter-company interconnection and access, such as mandatory collocation, loop unbundling, and line sharing, should be avoided or rapidly phased out. These actions would provide a needed framework for telecommunications capacity markets and bandwidth trading, encourage the rapid development and roll-out of new, broadband network services, and foster a more even geographic diffusion of such services.
Food, Habit, and the Consumption of Animals as Educational Encounter

At the 2007 meeting of the Philosophy of Education Society (PES), Susan Laird delivered a provocative presidential address entitled "Food for Co-Educational Thought." Laird turned the society's attention to the philosophical and educational meaning of food — not an easy task considering most philosophers deem food a highly corporeal subject, holding at best a trace of theoretical significance. How- ever, food is not a novel theme of philosophic inquiry. As Laird points out, Jean- Jacques Rousseau and John Locke, among others, took up food as part of their respective projects. Exposing the plentiful possibilities of "foodways" through a variety of texts, Laird calls on philosophers of education to reclaim food for "philosophical-educational study and for thus rethinking coeducation." 1 Unfortunately, Laird's timely invitation remains unanswered. One likely rea- son stems from deep roots embedded in Western thought. The often acknowledged, yet ostensibly stubborn binary between the mind and the body relegates food — through the bodily act of eating — to the "wrong" side of the divide. The abundance of research addressing food may be of little interest to educational philosophers because it centers predominantly or solely on issues of nutrition and diet, and thus areas of the body. Laird's full-bodied essay, however, joins the intellect with the senses, dissolving the mind/body dichotomy and generating a more substantive discussion of food through contemplative eating and bodily movement. I now want to build on the conversation she initiated and also to reflect beyond food's archetypal issues of obesity and caloric intake.
Generating strong shock waves with a supersonic peristaltic pump

An axially phased implosion of a cylindrical tube with a phase velocity exceeding the sound speed of the fill material acts as a peristaltic pump which drives a shock wave along the axis. The region behind the onset of the phased implosion forms a converging-diverging nozzle. When appropriately designed the flow approaches a steady state in which the shock is planar and propagates near the nozzle entrance. The steady-state flow and the approach toward it have been derived in a one-dimensional model. The steady-state nozzle flow is well characterized: uniform across the channel, simple and predictable in the axial direction. The flow in the converging section is very stable and not affected by the flow in the diverging section. These properties form the basis of an alternative shock tube design which is not limited in pressure by material strength of the tube wall. Experiments with a simple design have corroborated the theoretical predictions. A super-shock tube, in which the phased implosion is driven by high explosives, can reach extremely high pressures and energy densities. With a well characterized drive system, measurements of the steady-state shape of the nozzle can be used to determine the equation of state along an isentrope behind the axial shock.
IP Legal Ethics in the Everyday Practice of Law: An Empirical Perspective on Patent Litigators

This article presents preliminary findings from a qualitative empirical study of patent litigators. Part of a larger and ongoing project studying intellectual property lawyers in patent, trademark, and copyright enforcement and litigation actions, this article focuses on ethical decision-making by patent litigators in the pretrial discovery process. The article is based on data from in-depth, semi-structured interviews with fifty-five patent litigators and from a detailed case study of the infamous Qualcomm patent sanctions case. The article critically examines how patent litigators perceive of and respond to ethical issues that arise in the discovery process. It also analyzes the structural and cultural factors that influence ethical decision-making, as patent litigators navigate the multiple and often conflicting demands made throughout the discovery process by clients, firms, colleagues, and ethical rules. A significant finding from this study is that the threat of Qualcomm-like discovery sanctions is largely irrelevant to the everyday practice of patent litigators and has had little effect on their ethical decision-making. To-date there are few empirical studies of intellectual property lawyers or of legal ethics “in action.” This study begins to fill that gap.
Working Systemically to Improve the Conditions of Part‐Time/Adjunct Faculty

Several efforts have been made recently to address the exploitation of part-time/adjunct faculty in U.S. institutions of higher education. The Washington Federation of Teachers (WFT) has led one of the most successful efforts in this area on behalf of part-time/adjunct faculty at the state community and technical colleges. This paper examines the broader issues that such a model raises for future efforts on behalf of part-time/adjunct faculty.
Population pharmacokinetics of unbound mycophenolic acid in adult allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation: effect of pharmacogenetic factors.

Aim To evaluate pharmacogenetic factors as contributors to the variability of unbound mycophenolic acid (MPA) exposure in adult allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation (alloHCT) recipients. Methods A population-based pharmacokinetic (PK) model of unbound MPA was developed using non-linear mixed-effects modelling (nonmem). Previously collected intensive unbound MPA PK data from 132 adult alloHCT recipients after oral and intravenous dosing of the prodrug mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) were used. In addition to clinical covariates, genetic polymorphisms in UGT1A8, UGT1A9, UGT2B7 and MRP2 were evaluated for their impact on unbound MPA PK. Results Unbound MPA concentration−time data were well described by a two compartment model with first order absorption and linear elimination. For the typical patient (52 years of age, creatinine clearance 86 ml min−1), the median estimated values [coefficient of variation, %, (CV)] of systemic clearance, intercompartmental clearance, central and peripheral volumes of MPA were 1610 l h−1 (37.4%), 541 l h−1 (75.6%), 1230 l (37.5%), and 6140 l (120%), respectively. After oral dosing, bioavailability was low (0.56) and highly variable (CV 46%). No genetic polymorphisms tested significantly explained the variability among individuals. Creatinine clearance was a small but significant predictor of unbound MPA CL. No other clinical covariates impacted unbound MPA PK. Conclusions In adult alloHCT recipients, variability in unbound MPA AUC was large and remained largely unexplained even with the inclusion of pharmacogenetic information. Targeting unbound MPA AUC in a patient will require therapeutic drug monitoring.
Looking back to move forward: collaborative planning to revise the Green Mountain and Finger Lakes National Forests land and resource management plans

The United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service (Forest Service) manages 154 national forests and 20 grasslands in 44 states and Puerto Rico. National Forest Land and Resource Management Plans (forest plans) form the basis for land and resource management of national forests in the United States. For more than a decade the Forest Service has been attempting to incorporate innovative, collaborative public involvement strategies into the process for revising forest plans. In 2012 and 2015 the Forest Service codified new regulations for developing, revising, and amending forest plans. Collaboration and public involvement are explicit goals of the new regulations. This paper briefly reviews the literature on collaborative planning on national forests and explores a successful collaborative planning process used by the Green Mountain and Finger Lakes National Forests, located in Vermont and New York respectively, to develop their 2006 forest plans. This paper shows how the Green Mountain and Finger Lakes National Forests developed parallel public and internal collaborative processes to build trust, relationships, and partnership, and discusses the implications for process design, capacity building, and facilitating agreements. By looking back at this successful case of collaborative forest planning, key lessons can provide ideas for developing collaborative processes for future planning efforts.
High temperature silicon-on-insulator pressure sensor technology

In this paper the recent development of a high sensitivity high temperature Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) piezoresistive sensor technology that provides pressure sensing, temperature sensing, and feedback and bias resistor networks all integrated on a single miniature chip that measures only 0.23 cm software (90 mils square) is reported. This advanced sensor technology also provides sheet resistivities of approximated 3 times greater than conventional bulk silicon sensors while maintaining the same dopant concentration of the p-type resistor elements. The new chip design features a high impedance 30 K/spl Omega/ pressure bridge which provides a full scale output of 200 milli-volt per volt of excitation. This corresponds to a /spl Delta/R/R gage factor of 0.20. Also featured is a high impedance 60 K/spl Omega/ temperature bridge with an output sensitivity of 1.2 milli-volt per /spl deg/C per volt of excitation. This high temperature SOI sensor technology complements Honeywell's HTMOS high temperature electronics product line which provides both analog devices (including quad amplifiers and switches, fluxes, A/D's, and voltage references) and digital devices (including SRAMs, microcontrollers and clock generators) with operation up to 300/spl deg/C. This dual capability of high temperature sensors and high temperature electronics provides all the required functional blocks needed for designing complete sensor systems for an array of high temperature applications.
Primary- and Secondary-Like Jaw-Muscle Spindle Afferents Have Characteristic Topographic Distributions

Dessem, Dean, Revers Donga, and Pifu Luo. Primary- and secondary-like jaw-muscle spindle afferents have characteristic topographic distributions. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 2925–2944, 1997. Single jaw-mu...
Sarcopenia: Alternative Definitions and Associations with Lower Extremity Function

Objectives: To compare two sarcopenia definitions and examine the relationship between them and lower extrem-ity function and other health related factors using data from the baseline examination of the Health Aging and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study. Design: Observational cohort study. Setting: Two U.S. communities in Memphis, Tennessee, and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Participants: Participants were aged 70 to 79 (N=2,984, 52% women, 41% black). Measurements: Participants were assessed using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry and were classified as sarcopenic using two different approaches to adjust lean mass for body size: appendicular lean mass divided by height-squared (aLM/ht2) and appendicular lean mass adjusted for height and body fat mass (residuals). Results: These methods differed substantially in the classification of individuals as being sarcopenic, especially those who were more obese. The former method was highly correlated with body mass index and identified fewer overweight or obese individuals as sarcopenic. In both men and women, none of the obese group would be considered sarcopenic using the aLM/ht2 method, compared with 11.5% of men and 21.0% of women using the residuals method. In men, both classifications of sarcopenia were associated with smoking, poorer health, lower activity, and impaired lower extremity function. Fewer associations with health factors were noted in women, but the classification based on both height and fat mass was more strongly associated with lower extremity functional limitations (odds ratio (OR)=0.9, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.7–1.2 for low kg/ht2; OR=1.9, 95% CI=1.4–2.5 for lean mass adjusted for height and fat mass). Conclusion: These findings suggest that fat mass should be considered in estimating prevalence of sarcopenia in women and in overweight or obese individuals.
Confidence intervals for the log-normal mean .

In this paper we conduct a stimulation study to evaluate coverage error, interval width and relative bias of four main methods for the construction of confidence intervals of log-normal means: the naive method; Cox's method; a conservative method; and a parametric bootstrap method. The simulation study finds that the naive method is inappropriate, that Cox's method has the smallest coverage error for moderate and large sample sizes, and that the bootstrap method has the smallest coverage error for small sample sizes. In addition, Cox's method produces the smallest interval width among the three appropriate methods. We also apply the four methods to a real data set to contrast the differences.
Oxidative metabolic responses during recurrent seizures are independent of convulsant, anesthetic, or species

A transition from sufficient to insufficient cerebral oxygenation has been reported during recurrent seizures, but it was unknown whether this phenomenon was limited to particular species, anesthetics, or convulsant agents. Focal measurements were made of cortical Po 2 and redox changes of cytochrome a,a 3 in rats and cats anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital, nitrous oxide, or ketamine, or decerebrated. Seizures were induced with pentylenetetrazol, bicuculline, or electroconvulsive shock. Transition from oxygen sufficiency to insufficiency always occurred in association with inadequate vascular responses, regardless of experimental conditions. These results indicate that transition is a general characteristic of experimental status epilepticus.
Odor deprivation leads to reduced neurogenesis and reduced neuronal survival in the olfactory bulb of the adult mouse

Neurogenesis persists in the olfactory bulbs of adult mice, with new cells being generated in the proliferative subependymal layer. Our previous work has shown that unilateral odor deprivation through naris closure leads to a net loss of granule neurons in the ipsilateral (odor-deprived) olfactory bulb, while not affecting the contralateral bulb. Here we used several experimental approaches to determine if this loss of neurons results from reduced neurogenesis, reduced neuronal survival, or both. First, bromodeoxyuridine immunohistochemistry was used to determine the number of S-phase cells in the subependymal layer eight weeks after naris closure. Proliferation was reduced within and just caudal to the odor-deprived bulb compared to the open-side (control) bulb. Second, counts of pyknotic nuclei four weeks after naris closure were used to document a higher rate of cell death on the deprived side. Third, 3H-thymidine autoradiography was used to assess differences in granule cell survival on the two sides. Granule cell precursors were labeled by a single injection of 3H-thymidine eight weeks after naris closure, and the number of surviving labeled granule cells assessed four and 16 weeks later. Granule cell survival was significantly reduced within the odor-deprived bulbs. These data indicate that the loss of granule cells which follows odor deprivation is caused, at least in part, by reduced neurogenesis and reduced survival of these adult-generated neurons.
A Cross-National Perspective on Bullying

Despite international recognition, few comparison studies examining bullying have been conducted due to methodological differences. Within the US, bullying studies are often conducted in isolation and no consistent prevalence rates have been established (Griffin and Gross in Aggress Violent Behav 9:379–400, 2004). The purpose of this study was to address some of the gaps in the literature, including conducting a direct comparison between American children and children in another English-speaking country (UK). Few differences between countries or sexes were found, which was contrary to previous studies. Our results were described as an initial step in cross-national comparisons and program implications were also illustrated.
Memory trace development along a coarse-to-fine dimension; a study supporting a progressively finer attributes theory

This study presents two experiments that demonstrate that the memory trace of a tobe-remembered item develops along a dimension (continuum) from coarse/general to fine/specific. Similarly, forgetting is shown to be a reverse movement along this dimension from fine to coarse, as increasingly less fine attributes are lost. The attribute acquisition pattern of this Progressively Finer Attributes Theory is robust and predictable, valid for experimentally unstructured (Experiment 2) as well as experimentally structured (Experiment 1) material.
Studies of alumina I. Reaction with hydrogen at elevated temperatures

Abstract The reaction of H 2 with η- and γ-Al 2 O 3 has been studied at 200, 450, and 550 °C in a closed, circulating system equipped with an in-line cold trap. The samples were pretreated in flowing H 2 and subsequent evacuation at 550 °C. Hydrogen uptake does not depend on the presence of chloride, introduced by impregnation, nor is it a function of transition metal impurities. Uptake at 200 °C, though slow, tends to reach a limiting value that increases with successive pretreatments in H 2 at 550 °C; pretreatment in He at 550 °C does not produce sites active for H 2 adsorption at 200 °C. Uptake of H 2 at 450 and 550 °C continues at a slow and almost constant rate for a period of at least two days. The total uptake in this period corresponds to surface coverage less than 1%, if it is considered as chemisorption; or to the production of Al 2 O 2.998 , if it is considered as reduction leading to the production of nonstoichiometric alumina. The results are consistent with the occurrence of a surface reduction, e.g., Al 2 O 3 (surf) + H 2 (g) = 2AlO (surf) + H 2 O (g), at 450–550 °C. The rate of H 2 uptake at high temperatures may be limited by the dissociative adsorption of H 2 and may occur more rapidly in the presence of Pt.
BEST NEIGHBOR HEURISTIC SEARCH FOR FINDING MINIMUM PATHS IN TRANSPORTATION NETWORKS

For a wide range of transportation network path search problems, the A* heuristic significantly reduces both search effort and running time when compared to basic label-setting algorithms. The motivation for this research was to determine if additional savings could be attained by further experimenting with refinements to the A* approach. We propose a best neighbor heuristic improvement to the A* algorithm that yields additional benefits by significantly reducing the search effort on sparse networks. The level of reduction in running time improves as the average outdegree of the network decreases and the number of paths sought increases.
The Circadian Control of Skin and Cutaneous Photodamage

Biologically, light including ultraviolet (UV) radiation is vital for life. However, UV exposure does not come without risk, as it is a major factor in the development of skin cancer. Natural protections against UV damage may have been affected by lifestyle changes over the past century, including changes in our sun exposure due to working environments, and the use of sunscreens. In addition, extended "day time" through the use of artificial light may contribute to the disruption of our circadian rhythms; the daily cycles of changes in critical bio-factors including gene expression. Circadian disruption has been implicated in many health conditions, including cardiovascular, metabolic and psychiatric diseases, as well as many cancers. Interestingly, the pineal hormone melatonin plays a role in both circadian regulation as well as protection from UV skin damage, and is therefore an important factor to consider when studying the impact of UV light. This review discusses the beneficial and deleterious effects of solar exposure, including UV skin damage, Vitamin D production, circadian rhythm disruption and the impact of melatonin. Understanding these benefits and risks is critical for the development of protective strategies against solar radiation.
A double scatter neutron spectrometer

Abstract A fast neutron time-of-flight spectrometer with high efficiency has been developed. The time-of-flight between a small cylindrical scatterer and a large spherical shell of liquid scintillator is measured. Because the neutron is scattered twice, a continuous neutron beam can be used with such an instrument. The energy resolution is approximately 10% for neutrons in the range 3 to 10 MeV. The efficiency over the same range is approximately 0.5%.
Extraskeletal effects of estrogen and the prevention of atherosclerosis.

A cumulative effect has been calculated by Henderson et al. concerning the estimated changes in mortality with estrogen therapy [34]. Even assuming a twofold increase in the risk of breast cancer, the benefits derived from reduction of osteoporotic fractures and the decreased risk of heart disease, demonstrate a 41% decrease in mortality in women who receive estrogen therapy. Since cardiovascular disease is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in postmenopausal women, and since the beneficial effects of estrogen outweigh the documented and perceived risk of estrogen use, estrogen ought to be considered as prophylactic therapy, particularly in women at risk of heart disease.
SBS threshold of segmented fibers

We present a rigorous analysis of stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in nonuniform fibers consisting of segments with non-overlapping Brillouin gain spectra (BGS). For a span of two segments we predict the optimum configuration with maximum SBS threshold. Theoretical results agree well with measured values.
Spitzer Space Telescope proposal process

This paper discusses the Spitzer Space Telescope General Observer proposal process. Proposals, consisting of the scientific justification, basic contact information for the observer, and observation requests, are submitted electronically using a client-server Java package called Spot. The Spitzer Science Center (SSC) uses a one-phase proposal submission process, meaning that fully-planned observations are submitted for most proposals at the time of submission, not months after acceptance. Ample documentation and tools are available to the observers on SSC web pages to support the preparation of proposals, including an email-based Helpdesk. Upon submission proposals are immediately ingested into a database which can be queried at the SSC for program information, statistics, etc. at any time. Large proposals are checked for technical feasibility and all proposals are checked against duplicates of already approved observations. Output from these tasks is made available to the Time Allocation Committee (TAC) members. At the review meeting, web-based software is used to record reviewer comments and keep track of the voted scores. After the meeting, another Java-based web tool, Griffin, is used to track the approved programs as they go through technical reviews, duplication checks and minor modifications before the observations are released for scheduling. In addition to detailing the proposal process, lessons learned from the first two General Observer proposal calls are discussed.
Dextran-exchange anemia and reduction in blood viscosity in the heart-lung preparation

Abstract In dog heart-lung preparations, a 1-liter dextran exchange lowered hematocrits from an average of 53 to 13, with an average increase in cardiac output of 38 per cent, and an in vitro decrease in blood viscosity of 33 per cent. Atrial pressures fell and ventricular force rose. When blood viscosity was reduced without anemia by an exchange of dog red cells suspended in Krebs' solution, there was a similar change in cardiac dynamics. These results suggest that reduced blood viscosity is an important factor in the increased cardiac output of anemia. When hematocrits were lowered to 2 to 7 per cent by further dextran exchange, anemic heart failure resulted, with rising atrial pressures and declining cardiac output. After 375 to 500 μg of ouabain, atrial pressures fell and cardiac output rose in 11 of 12 preparations with anemic heart failure. The anemic heart failure could also be improved or eliminated by restoration of the hematocrit to normal.
Doula Support: A Risk Free Alternative for Pain Relief During Childbirth. • 79

In a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of childbirth pain relief methods, 45 women who received epidural analgesia and 39 women received continuous labor support by a woman companion (doula) were asked to evaluate their pain levels at three different times. Healthy primigravidas used a 100 mm visual analog scale to rate their labor pain from no pain to maximum pain at the following times: 1) before receiving pain relief intervention (epidural analgesia or doula support), 2) after pain relief intervention and 3) 24 hours after vaginal delivery. A similar scale was used to indicate how well they were able to cope with their pain.
Cornbined Gas Chromatography-Electroantennogram Characterization of Alfalfa Floral Volatiles Recognized by Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

This study was designed to investigate antennal response of honey bees, Apis mellifera L., to alfalfa /loral volatiles and to assess among- and within-hive variation in average antennal response to these Cornpounds. Ten of the principal ( Medicago sativa L.) alfalfa floral volatiles were analyzed for honey bee antennal response using a Cornbined gas chromatography-electroantennal detector system. All 10 alfalfa floral volatiles elicited antennal responses, and significant differences were observed in average honey bee antennal response to these 10 Cornpounds. Linalool and methyl salicylate elicited “sticky” antennal signals (slow recovery toward baseline physio-electrical output). This “sticky” response may suggest a biologically active role for these two Cornpounds. Support for a biologically active role for linalool and cis -3-hexenyl acetate Cornes from the chemical and structural similarity between these two Cornpounds and two honey bee pheromones, geraniol (nasonov) and n-hexyl acetate (alarm), respectively. Selection for increased emanation of linalool and methyl salicylate, and decreased emanation of cis -3-hexenyl acetate, is suggested as a possible method for increasing the attractiveness of alfalfa to honey bees. Finally, significant differences were demonstrated in both among- and within-hive average antennal response to most of the volatile Cornpounds. Based on the results of this study and those of other investigators, we hypothesize that host-pollinator interrelationships can be strengthened by directed selection in both honey bees and alfalfa.
CHLOROPLAST DNA RESTRICTION SITE VARIATION IN THE FERN GENUS PELLAEA: PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF THE PELLAEA GLABELLA COMPLEX

The cheilanthoid ferns have long resisted efforts to circumscribe well-defined, phylogenetically natural generic and infrageneric groups, presumably because of homoplastic morphologies associated with their xeric habitats. This cladistic analysis of phylogenetically informative chloroplast DNA restriction site data from 14 enzymes and seven taxa in the cheilanthoid genus Pellaea provides new insights into the phylogenetic relationships of the P. glabella complex. It also assesses the congruence of results based on restriction site data at inter- and intraspecific levels in these sexually and apogamously reproducing ferns with those of earlier morphological and isozyme analyses of the same group. Wagner parsimony yielded a single most parsimonious tree of 187 steps and 11% homoplasy, based on a data matrix of 166 restriction sites of which 66 were phylogenetically informative. Phylogenetic analysis based on user-defined stepmatrix character-state weighting of site gains over losses produced an identical single most parsimonious tree. Dollo parsimony yielded two most parsimonious trees, one of which was topologically identical to the Wagner tree. Specific and infraspecific relationships in the P. glabella complex determined by the completely independent restriction site and isozyme data sets are identical. This lends confidence to the ongoing use of restriction site data in a broader study of Pellaea and other cheilanthoid taxa and to the present conclusions that P. atropurpurea is sister to the P. glabella complex, whereas P. breweri, previously considered the closest relative of this complex, is actually more distantly related to it than are the other taxa in this study.
Rainfall Kinetic Energy in Eastern Australia

Abstract Rainfall kinetic energy is a commonly used climatic parameter for the prediction of soil erosion by water. Such a parameter is difficult to measure and is usually estimated from relationships established between rainfall energy and rainfall intensity. Previous studies have shown a wide variation in energy-intensity relationships throughout the world. This paper reports the results of measurements of rainfall intensity and rainfall energy using distrometers at four widely separated locations in eastern Australia. These data demonstrate little geographic variation and support the conclusion that the energy of rain is substantially constant at intensifies exceeding 100 mm h−1.
Topological aspects of chemical bonding and structure explored through the method of moments

Abstract Some recent developments in the application of the Moments Method to structural problems are described. They include discussion of the origin of Pauling's second rule, the heats of mixing of some transition metal oxides, surface problems, insights into the complexity of solids and ways to capture the electronic aspects of disorder. Lee's conceptual framework for understanding the structures of the elements and alloys and the electronic underpinnings of the Hume-Rothery rules are reviewed.
Determination of the aqueous solubility of 4-chlorobiphenyl

Abstract The generator-column technique for quantifying aqueous solubilities of hydrophobic substances by liquid chromatography was modified by using a detachable extractor column. This modification allowed the collection of halogenated solutes such as polychlorinated biphenyls and their detection by electron-capture gas chromatography. The technique was evaluated with 4-chlorobiphenyl. Determined aqueous concentrations depend on flow rate through the generator column below 0.4 g min−1. Aqueous solubility was determined at four temperatures in the flow-rate-independent region. At 298 K the solubility of 4-chlorobiphenyl in water is 1.41 × 10−7 mole fraction.
Effects of chlordimeform on cardiovascular functional parameters: Part 3. Comparison of different routes of administration in the postweanling rat.

The effects of intraperitoneal (ip) administration of chlordimeform (CDM) were investigated in 22‐ to 24‐d‐old pentobarbital‐anesthetized Sprague‐Dawley rats. Animals (n = 32) received a single ip injection of CDM at either 10, 30, or 60 mg/kg, or of normal saline vehicle. Heart rate (HR) and electrocardiogram (ECC) were monitored for all animals, while body temperature was maintained at control levels (3TC). HR decreased 21–29% in the treated animals, and there were no differences observed across dose groups or over time. ECG effects were confined to rate‐related changes only. The decrease in HR produced by CDM in these animals was comparable to the delayed HR effect seen in previous studies from this laboratory, despite major differences in dosing regimens and routes of administration.
The road being paved to neuroethics: A path leading to bioethics or to neuroscience medical ethics?

In 2013, U.S. President Barack Obama decreed the creation of the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues, as part of his $100 million Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) initiative. In the wake of the work of this Commission, the purpose, goals, possible shortcomings, and even dangers are discussed, and the possible impact it may have upon neuroscience ethics (Neuroethics) both in clinical practice as well as scientific research. Concerns were expressed that government involvement in bioethics may have unforeseen and possibly dangerous repercussions to neuroscience in particular and to medicine in general. The author emphasizes that the lessons of history chronicle that wherever governments have sought to alter medical ethics and control medical care, the results have frequently been perverse and disastrous, as in the examples of the communist Soviet Union and National Socialist (Nazi) Germany. The Soviet psychiatrists’ and the Nazi doctors’ dark descent into ghastly experimentation and brutality was a product of convoluted ethics and physicians willingly cooperating with authoritarianism citing utilitarianism in the pursuit of the ‘collective’ or ‘greater good.’ Thus in the 20th century, as governments infringed on the medical profession, even the Liberal Democracies have not been immune to the corruption of ethics in science and medicine.
Relationship between diabetic autonomic neuropathy and peripheral neuropathy as assessed by power spectral analysis of heart rate variations and vibratory perception thresholds

To investigate the relationship between diabetic autonomic and peripheral neuropathies, we carried out power spectral analysis (PSA) of heart rate variations and determined the vibratory perception threshold (VPT) in diabetic subjects (DM). The VPT, measured with a Suzuki-Matsuoka Vibrometer (SMV-5), was greater in diabetic subjects than in controls. The low frequency (LF) component of the PSA which represents sympathetic nervous activity and the high frequency (HF) component of the PSA which indicates parasympathetic nervous activity were significantly decreased in diabetic subjects when compared to values in the controls. In addition, there were significant inverse correlations between the LF and HF components of the PSA of heart rate variations and the VPT. These results suggest that the PSA of heart rate variations and the measurement of VPT are useful tools for evaluating diabetic autonomic and peripheral neuropathies.
Farnesyl and α-Ionylideneethyl Tertiary and Quaternary Amines: Their Influence on Abscisic Acid Biosynthesis by Cercospora rosicola

Farnesyl and α-ionylideneethyl compounds with tertiary and quaternary amine functional groups were synthesized and their effects on abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis of Cercospora rosicola observed. The trimethylammonium compounds were lethal at 10 μm and inhibitory at 10 μm, but lesser amounts of α-ionylideneethyltrimethylammonium iodide enhanced ABA biosynthesis. N,N-Dimethylfarnesylamine had little effect on ABA biosynthesis. N,N-Dimethyl (2Z,4E)- and (2E,4E)-α-ionylideneethylamines inhibited ABA biosynthesis at 100 μm but had no or little effect at lower concentrations. Farnesol and farnesylpyrophosphate (FPP) enhanced ABA biosynthesis. FPP appears to be both a precursor and an inducer and farnesol is an inducer of ABA biosynthesis. N,N-Dimethyl (2Z,4E)- and (2E,4E)-α-ionylideneethylamines were converted to N,N-dimethyl (2Z,4E)- and (2E,4E)-4′-keto-α-ionylideneethylamines, respectively. These conversions are analogous to those reported for α-ionone and α-ionylideneacetic acids and show that basic as we...
A Systematic Investigation of Quaternary Ammonium Ions as Asymmetric Phase-Transfer Catalysts. Synthesis of Catalyst Libraries and Evaluation of Catalyst Activity

Despite over three decades of research into asymmetric phase-transfer catalysis (APTC), a fundamental understanding of the factors that affect the rate and stereoselectivity of this important process are still obscure. This paper describes the initial stages of a long-term program aimed at elucidating the physical organic foundations of APTC employing a chemoinformatic analysis of the alkylation of a protected glycine imine with libraries of enantiomerically enriched quaternary ammonium ions. The synthesis of the quaternary ammonium ions follows a diversity-oriented approach wherein the tandem inter[4 + 2]/intra[3 + 2] cycloaddition of nitroalkenes serves as the key transformation. A two-part synthetic strategy comprised of (1) preparation of enantioenriched scaffolds and (2) development of parallel synthesis procedures is described. The strategy allows for the facile introduction of four variable groups in the vicinity of a stereogenic quaternary ammonium ion. The quaternary ammonium ions exhibited a wid...
Scour prevention in bottomless arch culverts

Abstract Bottomless arch culverts are employed as ecological bridges at road crossings with their most common application being fish passage. The simulated culvert streambed should mimic the existing natural channel but be engineered to resist erosion during high flow events. To provide some design guidance for simulated streambed stability in culverts, a culvert streambed stability study was conducted using a 0.61-m (2-ft) diameter smooth-walled bottomless arch culvert featuring streambed materials ranging in size from pea gravel to cobbles. Several culvert entrance geometries over a range of headwater depths (unsubmerged and submerged inlets conditions) were evaluated. Eight riprap stone-sizing stability relationships were evaluated, relative to the experimental data, to determine their potential applicability to arched bottomless culverts streambed stability design. Some general observations are discussed regarding the location and extent of scour events in bottomless culverts and incipient motion velocity variations between the bottomless arched culvert and a rectangular flume for the same substrate materials.
Multicomponent NMR Titration for Simultaneous Measurement of Relative pKas

An NMR titration method has been developed to simultaneously measure the difference in acid dissociation constants (ΔpKa) of two or more compounds with high precision and accuracy. The ΔpKa between the conjugate acids of the two stereoisomers of 4-tert-butylcyclohexylamine 1 was determined in a single 1H NMR titration experiment. A mixture of the two stereoisomers was titrated with DCl in a 3:1 (v/v) mixture of CD3OD/D2O. From the variations of the H1 chemical shifts the ratio of the acidity constants was determined. The trans stereoisomer 1t was found to be the more basic by 0.121 ± 0.002 pK unit. A repeat titration in DMSO-d6 also found 1t to be the more basic, by 0.217 ± 0.003 pK unit. The ΔpKa between the two stereoisomers of 4-tert-butylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid 2 was determined in both of these solvents using 1H and 13C NMR. Thermodynamic parameters ΔΔH° and ΔΔS° were evaluated from the temperature dependence of ΔpKa. To further demonstrate the utility of this method, the ΔpKas of the conjugate aci...
Incremental growth of a large volume, chemically zoned magma body: a study of the tephra sequence beneath the Rainier Mesa ash flow sheet of the Timber Mountain Tuff

The Rainier Mesa ash-flow is a large (1200 km3), 11.6 My old, chemically zoned unit that ranges in composition from 55 to 76% SiO2 — one of the largest chemical ranges ever observed in a large volume ash-flow sheet. Two chemical trends occur in this sheet, a low silica (55–66% SiO2) and a high silica (>66% SiO2) trend. Ninety per cent of the Rainier Mesa sheet occurs in the high silica trend. Immediately beneath the Rainier Mesa sheet is a thick tephra sequence. The chemical variation of this sequence is nearly equivalent to the high silica portion of the Rainier Mesa ash-flow sheet (about 66–78% SiO2). Throughout the tephra sequence numerous small ash-flow layers occur, and each ash-flow layer is chemically zoned from more evolved at the base to less evolved at the top. This is consistent with having been erupted from a zoned magma body. The lowest silica tephra units are at the base of the sequence and the highest silica units are at the top — that is, the large-scale chemical trend of the entire sequence is opposite to that of the individual ash-flow layers. These ash-flow layers are of very small volume. The tephra sequence provides a unique record of the incremental development of the zoned, high silica portion of the Rainier Mesa magma body.
Relationships Between Sire Evaluations at Different Herdmate Levels

Abstract Relationships between independent measures of a bull's breeding value at different levels of herd production were investigated. The data consisted of the 2 times, 305-day, mature equivalent (ME) first lactation records of the artificially inseminated (AI) progeny of 40 Holstein sires. Each bull had 1,000 or more daughters. Progeny were classified into one of four groups, based on milk yield level of herdmates (I = 4,536–5,442kg; II=5,443–6,349kg; III=6,350–7,256kg; and IV=7,257–8,164kg). Daughter averages rose with increases in herdmate level, while the magnitude of the Predicted Difference measure of a sire's breeding value decreased 289kg (103, 47, −39, and −186kg, respectively) from low (I) to high (IV) herdmate levels. Correlations among sire progeny averages at the different herdmate levels were all very high (0.88 to 0.96) and indicated that bulls ranked in about the same order at all levels. Regressions computed in the same manner indicated the absence of a one-for-one relationship in the magnitude of measures of breeding value at the different herdmate levels. The Predicted Difference measure of a sire's breeding value only partially accounted for variation in herdmate milk yields among sires. It was an effective criterion for ranking bulls evaluated within the same herd levels, but somewhat less effective in establishing absolute breeding merit. The maximum bias in predicted differences of bulls with very high yielding herdmates (6,800kg of milk or more) was about 5 to 10%.
Robust distributed computing and sensing algorithm

Sensors that supply data to computer systems are inherently unreliable. When sensors are distributed, reliability is further compromised. How can a system tell good sensor data from faulty? A hybrid algorithm combines proposed solutions to address the problem.