cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What has Love Got to Do with It?: Sentimental Attachments and Legal Decision-Making

Our underlying premise in this article is that a government is likely to bolster its legitimacy when it uses legal decision-making procedures in which the public has confidence. Our findings, which are based on a survey about options for resolving disputes in the land use arena, identify an important anomaly in public preferences. While people generally preferred to resolve disputes through judicial adjudication, they did not prefer to have the courts make decisions involving sentimental value. These findings suggest that it is not possible to paint a simple picture of public procedural preferences because those preferences shift depending upon the nature of the issues at stake. Our results also offer insights as to why people held different preferences. We found that when monetary values predominated, people were most sensitive to their perceptions of the neutrality of a process and accepted decisions made by an arbiter they perceived to be neutral. When sentimental values were important, people were attuned to their trust in the motives and character of the decision maker. Trust in turn was influenced by the opportunities a process provided for voice and the quality of treatment it provided (the respect it signaled for participants and their rights), as well as by the neutrality of the decision making process. These features of voice and quality of treatment carried much less weight when monetary values predominated. These findings hold promise for procedural reforms that would increase satisfaction with litigation and other procedures when sentimental values are important, for example when the government is trying to take someone’s home for public purposes.Building upon our findings, we offer a framework for structuring efforts to incorporate public views into the design of legal procedures in order to deal with issues of sentimental value. We also consider how our findings might be used in the field of eminent domain law, where dissatisfaction often runs high and sentimental values frequently are important. Here litigation, a generally acceptable procedure, is being used in a situation in which it needs to take account of sentimental values, something that people feel courts are ill-equipped to do.Previous efforts to deal with sentimental value have focused upon trying to increase compensation to acceptable levels, for example via contingent valuation, or upon narrowing the allowable use of procedures such as eminent domain. We propose a new framework based upon designing procedures that produce publically acceptable decisions when sentimental values are at issue. We argue that this approach is a promising one in an arena in which prior approaches have met with at best limited success.
Inductive Sensor Arrays for NDE and Robotics

The objectives of this research program are to develop and evaluate electromagnetic sensor arrays for use in NDE and robotics. The work at SRI has focused on the use of inductive sensors; parallel work at Stanford University [1] has emphasized capacitive sensors. The previously reported wire-wound coil sensor [2], consisting of a drive coil and several smaller pickup coils, uses a technology that is not well suited for constructing an array. Furthermore, the spatial resolution of such a sensor is limited by the practical size of the pickup coils. In this paper we describe the development of a sensor array that uses printed-circuit technology to overcome these limitations. We expect that printed-circuit technology will simplify the fabrication of an array, permit precise replication of the array elements, reduce the minimum achievable size of individual array elements to improve spatial resolution, and allow the construction of two-dimensional arrays.
SU-E-T-261: Development of An Automated System to Detect Patient Identification and Positioning Errors Prior to Radiotherapy Treatment

Purpose: To develop a system that can automatically detect patient identification and positioning errors using 3D computed tomography (CT) setup images and kilovoltage CT (kVCT) planning images. Methods: Planning kVCT images were collected for head-and-neck (H&N), pelvis, and spine treatments with corresponding 3D cone-beam CT (CBCT) and megavoltage CT (MVCT) setup images from TrueBeam and TomoTherapy units, respectively. Patient identification errors were simulated by registering setup and planning images from different patients. Positioning errors were simulated by misaligning the setup image by 1cm to 5cm in the six anatomical directions for H&N and pelvis patients. Misalignments for spine treatments were simulated by registering the setup image to adjacent vertebral bodies on the planning kVCT. A body contour of the setup image was used as an initial mask for image comparison. Images were pre-processed by image filtering and air voxel thresholding, and image pairs were assessed using commonly-used image similarity metrics as well as custom -designed metrics. A linear discriminant analysis classifier was trained and tested on the datasets, and misclassification error (MCE), sensitivity, and specificity estimates were generated using 10-fold cross validation. Results: Our workflow produced MCE estimates of 0.7%, 1.7%, and 0% for H&N, pelvis, and spine TomoTherapy images, respectively. Sensitivities and specificities ranged from 98.0% to 100%. MCEs of 3.5%, 2.3%, and 2.1% were obtained for TrueBeam images of the above sites, respectively, with sensitivity and specificity estimates between 96.2% and 98.4%. MCEs for 1cm H&N/pelvis misalignments were 1.3/5.1% and 9.1/8.6% for TomoTherapy and TrueBeam images, respectively. 2cm MCE estimates were 0.4%/1.6% and 3.1/3.2%, respectively. Vertebral misalignment MCEs were 4.8% and 4.9% for TomoTherapy and TrueBeam images, respectively. Conclusion: Patient identification and gross misalignment errors can be robustly and automatically detected using 3D setup images of two imaging modalities across three commonly-treated anatomical sites.
Three Essays on Labor and Personality

i Acknowledgements iii 1 Assessing the Impact of Mothers’ Investment in Human Capital on Childrens’ Outcomes 1 1.
Ultraviolet light disinfection of shellfish hatchery sea water: I. Elimination of five pathogenic bacteria

Filtered sea water was seeded with one of five oyster-pathogenic bacteria to obtain a final concentration of 105 cells/ml. UV irradiation at a dose of 93 312–155 520 μW s−1 cm−2 rendered the contaminated sea water safe for rearing fertilized eggs of Crassostrea virginica. Fertilized oyster eggs were reared until the larvae began to set in filtered, UV-irradiated sea water and in filtered, non-UV-treated sea water. The data suggest that when a pathogenic bacterium is present the potential for disease is much greater in non-UV-treated sea water.
Paying the Price for Flexibility: Unemployment Insurance and the Temporary Staffing Industry

Increasingly, employers reduce costs through outsourcing work to temporary staffing agencies, displacing the price of unemployment to temporary staffing agencies and their workers. Outsourcing work, Mehta and Theodore observe, reduces the cost for on-site employers while greatly increasing labor market turbulence even in times of economic growth, as temporary staffing agencies lay off workers to reduce their own unemployment insurance costs.
UV mutagenesis in Salmonella typhimurium is umuDC dependent despite the presence of samAB.

Abstract We investigated the role of the umuDC and samAB operons in the UV mutability of Salmonella typhimurium. umuDC is located on the chromosome, whereas samAB resides on the virulence plasmid pSLT. Using allele replacement and plasmid curing techniques, we found that UV mutability was eliminated when any of three different umuDC alleles (umuD1, umuC1, or umuD1 umuC1) were on the chromosome even when samAB was present. We conclude that samAB normally does not complement umuDC function in S. typhimurium.
Comparative Public Policy: Using the Comparative Method to Advance Our Understanding of the Policy Process

Public policy scholars have stressed the importance and need for “comparing” since the 1970s—including comparing different policies, inputs, outputs, and outcomes across institutional settings. Broken down into three categories, this research note highlights recent work in comparative public policy. The first type of research is characterized by its use of the comparative method to answer two primary research questions: How do policies differ across countries, and why do they diverge? To do this, scholars in this category borrow from a myriad of literatures including economics, risk analysis, and cultural theory. The second and third categories of research add to this long-existing stream of scholarly work by using the comparative method to advance our understanding of the policy process. To achieve this, research focusing on the theories of the policy process includes two emerging trends: comparing theories across institutional configurations (how differing institutional arrangements affect policies), and comparing theories to one another (how different theories of the policy process help explain certain issues). By highlighting these recent publications, the goal of this essay is to encourage scholars from all three categories to collaborate and provide a further impetus to the subfield of comparative public policy.
Electrophysiology of colonic smooth muscle

The sections in this article are: 1 Resting Membrane Potential 1.1 Reported Values for Resting Membrane Potential 1.2 Contribution of Electrogenic Pump to Resting Potential 2 Excitable Events in Colonic Muscles 2.1 Slow Electrical Oscillations 2.2 Slow Waves 2.3 Myenteric Potential Oscillations 2.4 Action Potentials 3 Excitation-Contraction Coupling 4 Electropharmacology of Endogenous Substances 4.1 Cholinergic Agonists 4.2 Adrenergic Agonists 4.3 Peptides 4.4 Paracrine Substances 4.5 Effects of Spontaneous Neural Activity and Transmural and Extrinsic Nerve Stimulation 5 Propagation of Electrical Events 5.1 Electrical Coupling in Colonic Muscles 5.2 Propagation of Slow Waves 5.3 Propagation of Myenteric Potential Oscillations 5.4 Electrical Coupling Between Circular and Longitudinal Muscle Layers 5.5 Propagation of Fast Transients and Action Potentials 6 Summary
HR 4453 - An anomalously bright UV source

Crawford et al. (1979) reported that HR 4453 has an anomalously large UV flux in the 1350-1600 A band. This paper reports results of the UV spectrophotometry of HR 4453 obtained with the Copernicus satellite. Portions of the spectrum from 1120 to 2660 A were scanned, but no stellar signal was detected in any wavelength interval. This result is consistent with both components of the binary being normal A2A stars. UV variability or a source other than HR 4453 must be invoked to explain the observations of Crawford et al.
Progression of kidney disease in type 2 diabetes – beyond blood pressure control: an observational study

Background The risk factors for progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) have not been fully elucidated. Although uncontrolled blood pressure (BP) is known to be deleterious, other factors may become more important once BP is treated.
Connection formulas for thermal density functional theory

The adiabatic connection formula of ground-state density functional theory relates the correlation energy to a coupling-constant integral over a purely potential contribution, and is widely used to understand and improve approximations. The corresponding formula for thermal density functional theory is cast as an integral over temperatures instead, ranging upward from the system's physical temperature. We also show how to relate different correlation components to each other, either in terms of temperature or coupling-constant integrations. We illustrate our results on the uniform electron gas.
Dicyanoketene Ethylene Acetal

Dicyanoketene ethylene acetal product: dicyanoketene ethylene acetal Keywords: acetal (and thioacetal) formation; cyclization, miscellaneous; hydrogen cyanide
Is mammary output capacity limiting to lactational performance in mice

Using lactation in mice as a model, we sought to determine whether ceilings on sustained energy expenditure reside in the capacities of energy-acquiring and input organs (such as the intestine) or of energy-expending and output organs (such as the mammary glands). To distinguish between these possibilities experimentally, we surgically varied the teat number of lactating mother mice while simultaneously varying their litter size. The energy burden on each teat (i.e. the pup/teat ratio) could thus be varied independently of the energy burden (i.e. litter size) on the mother herself or on her intestine. At each teat number, pup mass proved to be maximal at intermediate litter sizes. At a given pup/teat ratio, mothers with five teats weaned pups no larger than the pups of normal (10-teat) mothers, even though the total energy burden on the former mothers was only half as large. Mothers with only two teats could not wean any pups. Litter size controlled maternal food intake, which in turn controlled intestinal mass and nutrient uptake capacity. Disproportionately high food intake for the smallest litters appears to reflect capital start-up costs of lactation. Pup mass is evidently limited by inadequate suckling stimulation of mammary glands.
Taxing Political Life: Reevaluating the Relationship between Voluntary Association Membership, Political Engagement, and the State

Previous research has shown that participation in voluntary associations, including those labeled nonpolitical, increases political participation. Using data gathered from 2,517 interviews for the American Citizen Participation Study, we complicate this understanding by exploring the relationship between voluntary association involvement and political activity in a more nuanced manner–separating association involvements according to the level of exposure to political dialogue and information, even within organizations typically considered apolitical. We find that the extent to which association involvement predicts political participation is dependent upon the level of political activity that transpires within these otherwise nonpolitical organizations. In order for participation in voluntary associations to lead to increases in political participation, participants must have exposure to political discourse. It is not the generic act of participation that supports political life but rather the opportunity...
Significant Others and the Self

We subscribe to the assumption that the self is fundamentally relational—that is, entangled with significant others—such that key elements of the self are experienced in relation to significant others, even when others are not present. In our socialcognitive model of transference, transference occurs when a mental representation of a significant other is activated by cues in a new person that resemble the other. As a result, the self in relation to this significant other is activated, eliciting changes in affect, expectancies, motivations, and behaviors, as well as in the nature of the working self-concept, all reflecting the version of the self one is when with the significant other. Moreover, when people experience a threat to either a significant other relationship or the self in the context of an encounter with a new person who triggers transference, this sets into motion self-regulatory processes, which play out in relations with the new person. Overall, we argue that the evocation of prior experienc...
Pretransition and critical phenomena in the nematic phase of MBBA

Abstract The pretransition and critical phenomena in the nematic phase of p -methoxy-benzylidene p-n -butyl-anilline (MBBA) were studies by means of precision volume measurements. The relationship between the volume change and the order parameter of MBBA to yield the critical index s is discussed.
"Ashes of Soldiers": Walt Whitman and C. H. Sholes, A New Letter and a Newspaper Article

Prints a previously unpublished letter from Whitman to Sholes and reprints an 1880 article by Sholes (published on Decoration Day in 1880) about Whitman.
Cancelation of MRI guided breast biopsies for suspicious breast lesions identified at 3.0 T MRI: reasons, rates, and outcomes.

Rationale and Objectives To determine the cancelation rate of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-guided procedures in suspicious breast lesions initially detected at 3.0 Tesla (T) MRI. Materials and Methods With institutional review board approval, a Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act–compliant retrospective review of 117 suspicious 3.0 T MRI-detected lesions in 101 patients scheduled to undergo MRI-guided procedures was performed; informed consent was waived. Patient information, imaging features, and outcome data were collected and compared among completed and canceled procedures using Fisher's exact test. Results MRI-guided breast biopsies were canceled in 13% (15/117) because of lesion nonvisualization, including three (20%) masses, one (1%) focus, and 11 (73%) areas of nonmasslike enhancement. Median lesion size was 1.1 cm. Sixty percent (9/15) of nonvisualized lesions were associated with minimal or mild background parenchymal enhancement at MRI. The nonvisualization rate was not associated with patient age, menopausal status, lesion type, size, breast density, or background parenchymal enhancement ( P > .7 for each). No cancers were detected at original lesion sites in 14 (93%) patients undergoing follow-up imaging ( n = 11) or mastectomy ( n = 3) for cancer elsewhere; one (7%) was lost to follow-up. Conclusion The MRI-guided breast biopsy cancelation rate from nonvisualization of suspicious lesions originally detected with 3.0 T MRI scanning was 13%, similar to rates reported for lesions detected at 1.0 and 1.5 T MRI. No cancers were detected on follow-up imaging. Canceling MRI-guided biopsies because of lesion nonvisualization is a reasonable approach if measures are taken to ensure lesion resolution at the time of biopsy and at imaging follow-up.
Localization and characterization of recombinant DNA clones derived from the highly repetitive DNA sequences in the Indian muntjac cells: their presence in the Chinese muntjac

A total of seven, highly repeated, DNA recombinant M13 mp8 clones derived from a Hpa II digest of cultured cells of the Indian muntjac (Muntiacus muntjac vaginalis) were analyzed by restriction enzymes, in situ hybridization, and DNA sequencing. Two of the clones, B1 and B8, contain satellite DNA inserts which are 80% homologous in their DNA sequences. B1 contains 781 nucleotides and consist of tandem repetition of a 31 bp consensus sequence. This consensus sequence, TCCCTGACGCAACTCGAGAGGAATCCTGAGT, has only 3 bp changes, at positions 7, 24, and 27, from the consensus sequence of the 31 bp subrepeats of the bovine 1.715 satellite DNA. The satellite DNA inserts in B1 and B8 hybridize primarily but not specifically to chromosome X, and secondarily to other sites such as the centromeric regions of chromosomes 1 and 2. Under less stringent hybridization conditions, both of them hybridize to the interior of the neck region and all other chromosomes (including chromosomes 3 and Y). The other five DNA clones contain highly repetitive, interdispersed DNA inserts and are distributed throughout the genome except for the neck region of the compound chromosome X + 3. Blot hybridization results demonstrate that the satellite DNA component is also present in Chinese muntjac DNA (Muntiacus reevesi) in spite of the very different karyotypes of the Chinese and Indian muntjacs.
Cycling behaviour of electrodeposited zinc alloy electrode for secondary lithium batteries

Abstract The cycling behaviour of an electroplated lithium-zinc alloy film electrode is examined in 1 M LiC1O4/propylene carbonate. The cycle life depends on the utilization of lithium in the alloy and is improved by dispersion of 2 to 4 wt.% iron. This improvement is more effective when the discharge cutoff potential is 0.5 V versus Li+/Li. In this case, the life cycle is about 150 cycles at 250 mA h g−1 of lithium utilization. The reason for improvement is possibly the suppression of electrode disintegration and the appropriate choice of alloy phases.
Ventricular fibrillation: one spiral or many?

Ventricular fibrillation is the major cause of sudden cardiac death, the leading cause of death in the industrialized world; however, the mechanisms for its onset are not well understood. To further understand the dynamics of fibrillation at and near its onset, we compared spatial and temporal variability of mean interactivation intervals in a stable canine model for ventricular fibrillation. Temporal variability was very small, suggesting that the relevant physiological parameters remained constant during our experiments. Spatial variability was usually significantly larger and appeared incompatible with the dynamics of a single, meandering spiral wave. This confirmed recent results that a single spiral wave cannot generate ventricular fibrillation. Thus the onset of fibrillation is a multistage process, with spiral–wave breakdown providing a crucial step in the quasi–periodic route to fibrillation.
Idioms in sentences: Effects of frequency, literalness, and familiarity

This study investigated the relationship between subjective frequency of literal usage (literalness), subjective frequency of figurative usage (familiarity), and mean Kucera and Francis (1967) word frequency for idiom phrases. Kucera and Francis frequency was found to be independent of both familiarity and literalness. Furthermore, it was found that literalness, but not the Kucera and Francis frequency of the words in the phrase, affected reading time for literal uses of idioms. For figurative uses of idioms, familiarity and written frequency interacted. A model of idiom processing consistent with the current results and previous results is proposed. In addition, subjective familiarity and literalness norms are provided for 245 idioms.
Definitions of terms for practical superconductors 1. Fundamental states and flux phenomena

Abstract The definitions of terms used in describing the phenomenology and measurement practices of practical superconductive materials are proposed. The definitions cover the subject categories of: 1. fundamental states and flux phenomena, 2. critical parameters, 3. fabrication, stabilization, and transient losses, and 4. Josephson phenomena. It is intended that these terms will become the basis for the development of standard measurement practices and responses are invited.
Resurrecting CD8+ suppressor T cells.

The idea that Qa-1-dependent CD8+ suppressor T cells regulate peripheral immune responses was unpopular during the era of 'suppressor skepticism' in the late 1980s, but this has now been resurrected.
A comparison of proposed legislative data privacy protections in the United States

Abstract The use of online consumer tracking methods has raised significant privacy concerns for consumers and policymakers for decades. Advertisers using these methods analyze web-viewing habits to predict consumer preferences and actions. The advertising industry in the United States has promoted self-regulatory principles to respond to these concerns. However, in December 2010, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission reported that these efforts “have been too slow and up to now have failed to provide adequate and meaningful protection.” President Barack Obama's administration has supported broader legislation for comprehensive protection of individuals' private data. The leading model for data privacy protection is the 1980 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Guidelines on the Protection of Privacy and Transborder Flows of Personal Data. This article examines two leading legislative privacy proposals in the context of the OECD principles. This examination concludes that, although the proposals do not provide sufficient comprehensive privacy protections, they do fill significant gaps in current U.S. privacy laws.
Natural language interfaces to databases: MIS impact, and a survey of their use and importance

The introduction of Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools and applications has led to a growing body of literature analyzing their role in business (Reitman, 1984; International Management (1), 1984; Blanning, 1984; Ford, 1985; Harris, 1985). However, there has been a limited discussion of NL processing in the Management Information Systems (MIS) literature besides a theoretical analysis of the implications of different language views for the design of information systems (Lyytinen, 1985). Though the Computer Science, Psychology, and Computational Linguistics disciplines have developed this field to a great extent, and extensive state-of-the-art summarizations of different NL applications (Slocum, 1985) are useful for providing an overview to managers, most studies do not analyze in detail the dimensions of impact on organizations and decision makers. Currently, when NL based systems are moving out of research laboratories, there is a need for MIS practitioners to understand their benefits and evaluate them for organizational applications.This paper integrates diverse literature on NL interfaces, most of which emphasizes theoretical and technical issues (for instance, the knowledge structures or the parsing strategy that should be used by systems). It develops in detail the dimensions of impact of NL interfaces, an aspect insufficiently discussed by previous studies. It also formalizes one of the only categorizations of NL interfaces developed in the literature. The empirical results could be especially useful for developing implementation strategies for NL based systems.This paper discusses in detail one type of NL systems: NL interfaces to databases (abbreviated to NL interfaces in future). After discussing the reasons for the need of NL interfaces (Section 1), the paper outlines various theoretical capabilities of systems (Section 2). Interfaces are categorized into four types depending on the extent to which they exhibit these capabilities (Section 3). Implications for MIS, in terms of contingencies under which these systems are effective, are then proposed (Section 4). The paper also reports a survey where MIS managers rated the relative importance of various NL applications, the importance of certain capabilities of NL interfaces, and the benefits of such interfaces (Section 5). Following a discussion of the results (Section 6), the conclusion (Section 7) summarizes the paper and highlights the major results.
Pressure broadening data as a test of a recently proposed Ar-H2O interaction potential

An interaction potential for H2O-Ar that was recently determined from spectra of the van der Waals complex by Cohen and Saykally (1990) is used with accurate molecular scattering calculations to predict line broadening parameters for the 183 and 380 GHz transitions of water vapor. Theoretical values are about 15 percent higher than experiment. A comparison of experimental and theoretical pressure broadening cross sections for water in argon is presented.
Living carbocationic polymerization of p‐halostyrenes. III. Syntheses and characterization of novel thermoplastic elastomers of isobutylene and p‐chlorostyrene

Preparation de copolymeres bi- et trisequences lineaires et en etoile a 3 bras par copolymerisation sequentielle. Les caoutchoucs thermoplastiques sont caracterises par RMN 1 H, TEM, UV, GPC, DSC et extraction par solvant. Ils presentent 2 Tg, donnent des films clairs dont la resistance a la traction varie entre 1,2 et 2,1 MPa et l'allongement a la rupture entre 460 et 1500%
A unique excitation wavelength dependence of excited-state proton transfer in para-N,N-dimethylaminosalicylic acid

Abstract Para-N,N-dimethylaminosalicylic acid (PDAS) in hydrocarbon solution at room temperature exhibits excited-state proton transfer. It is found that no proton transfer occurs upon excitation at 330 nm corresponding to the S 1 state (assigned to hydroxy-O charge-transfer origin). Rapid proton transfer (order of ps) occurs upon excitation at 300 nm corresponding to the S 2 state (assigned to amino-N charge-transfer origin), competing with S 2 to S 1 internal conversion. The observed dual fluorescence thus results from the excitation of electronic states of the same conformer.
Flirting and ‘normative’ sexualities

In this article I explore the effects of heteronormative assumptions on the interpretation of interaction. I consider two pieces of data that, based on the kinds of alignments shown, might be seen as flirting. However, through both perception experiments and discourse analysis, I show that these are rarely considered to be flirting if they take place for ‘same-gender’ interactions. These results demonstrate the power and effect of ‘background knowledge’ about sexualities on the interpretation of talk.
Sedimentation of particles in polymer solutions

In this paper, we present detailed and systematic experimental results on the sedimentation of solid particles in aqueous solutions of polyox and polyacrylamide, and in solutions of polyox in glycerin and water. The tilt angles of long cylinders and flat plates falling in these viscoelastic liquids were measured. The effects of particle length, particle weight, particle shape, liquid properties and liquid temperature were determined. In some experiments, the cylinders fall under gravity in a bed with closely spaced walls. No matter how or where a cylinder is released the axis of the cylinder centres itself between the close walls and falls steadily at a fixed angle of tilt with the horizontal. A discussion of tilt angle may be framed in terms of competition between viscous effects, viscoelastic effects and inertia. When inertia is small, viscoelasticity dominates and the particles settle with their broadside parallel or nearly parallel to the direction of fall. Normal stresses acting at the corners of rectangular plates and squared-off cylinders with flat ends cause shape tilting from the vertical. Cylinders with round ends and cone ends tilt much less in the regime of slow flow. Shape tilting is smaller and is caused by a different mechanism to tilting due to inertia. When inertia is large the particles settle with their broadside perpendicular to the direction of fall. The tilt angle varies continuously from 90° when viscoelasticity dominates to 0° when inertia dominates. The balance between inertia and viscoelasticity was controlled by systematic variation of the weight of the particles and the composition and temperature of the solution. Particles will turn broadside-on when the inertia forces are larger than viscous and viscoelastic forces. This orientation occurred when the Reynolds number Re was greater than some number not much greater than one in any case, and less than 0.1 in Newtonian liquids and very dilute solutions. In principle, a long particle will eventually turn its broadside perpendicular to the stream in a Newtonian liquid for any Re > 0, but in a viscoelastic liquid this turning cannot occur unless Re > 1. Another condition for inertial tilting is that the elastic length λU should be longer than the viscous length ν/U where U is the terminal velocity, ν is the kinematic viscosity and λ = ν/c2 is a relaxation time where c is the shear wave speed measured with the shear wave speed meter (Joseph 1990). The condition M = U/c > 1 is provisionally interpreted as a hyperbolic transition of solutions of the vorticity equation analogous to transonic flow. Strong departure of the tilt angle from θ = 90° begins at about M = 1 and ends with θ = 0° when 1 < M < 4.
Assessment for Possible Healthcare-Associated Transmission of a New Variant Influenza Virus—Pennsylvania, August 2011

In August 2011, one of the earliest cases of influenza A(H3N2) variant [A(H3N2)v] virus infection was hospitalized with severe illness. To investigate the potential for healthcare-associated transmission of influenza A(H3N2)v, we evaluated both healthcare providers and patient contacts of the case. We found that healthcare-associated transmission was unlikely.
Interleukin-10 inhibits endotoxin-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines in microglial cell cultures

Inflammation contributes to perinatal brain injury and can be induced by hypoxia–ischemia (HI) or exposure to infection (fetal inflammatory response). The anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL10) has been shown to have neuroprotective effects following HI. To determine whether IL10 can reduce the inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in microglial cell cultures, primary microglial (MG) and/or HAPI cells (new MG-like cell line) were treated with LPS (50 ng/ml) in the presence or absence of IL10 (20 ng/ml) for 0.5, 1, 4, and 8 h. TNFα, MIP-1α, and RANTES were assayed by ELISA. Chemokine receptors, CCR5, CXCR3, and CX3CR1 (fractalkine receptor) were assayed by semiquantitative RT-PCR. We found that in MG cell cultures TNFα, MIP-1α, and RANTES release after 8-h exposure to LPS was significantly higher compared to non-exposed MG cells (P<0.001). In HAPI cell cultures similar stimulation of mRNA levels was found for TNFα, MIP-1α, CXCR3, and CX3CR1. IL10 inhibited TNFα, MIP-1α, and RANTES release of LPS-stimulated MG cells as well as TNFα, MIP-1α, and CXCR3 mRNA expression by HAPI cells after exposure to LPS (P<0.05). In contrast to those inhibitory effects, there was no change in fractalkine, and a modest increase in CX3CR1 mRNA levels was found in the presence of IL10. We conclude that the inflammatory response induced in microglial cells by LPS can be markedly reduced by IL10. The increase in fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1) is also potentially protective. Our results suggest that treatment of damaging neuroinflammatory insults such hypoxia–ischemia, with IL10 may be protective for the immature brain.
Polarization Effects in the Magnetic Elastic Scattering of Slow Neutrons

The theory of the elastic scattering of polarized neutrons by magnetic crystals with ordered spins is developed. Several terms which were omitted by Halpern and Johnson in their original treatment of the subject are discussed. These terms vanish in the case of scattering from simple ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic structures, but they give rise to some interesting effects in more complex structures. Among these is a polarization effect which occurs in antiferromagnetic spirals, proposed recently by Overhauser, Nagamiya, and Izyumov, and an effect which allows the determination of the imaginary part of the form factor in noncentrosymmetric systems. General formulas for the cross section and for the polarization of the scattered beam are given for arbitrary spin orderings.
Fate of PCB Congeners in an Industrial Harbor of Lake Michigan

We have quantified the release of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from Indiana Harbor and Ship Canal (IHSC) to Lake Michigan and the atmosphere. Navigational dredging is planned for this system, and there is concern that dredging will result in releases of PCBs. We have analyzed greater than 158 PCBs in surficial sediment, water, suspended particles, and air. We predicted the release of PCBs from sediments to water and from water to air. To quantify the level of confidence in our calculations, we used a Monte Carlo simulation for each congener flux. We determined that 4 ± 0.05 kg of ∑PCBs were released from the sediment to the water and 7 ± 0.1 kg of ∑PCBs were volatilized from the water to the air annually. We measured input from the upstream regions of the canal system of 45.0 kg yr−1 and export to Lake Michigan of 43.9 kg yr−1. The ∑PCBs mass balance accounts for nearly all the PCB inputs and losses to the navigational regions. The congener profiles in sediment, water, and air support our determinatio...
Lifestyle change interventions for children and adolescents with diabetes or kidney disease.

The purpose of this research letter is to report on the availability of evidence-based interventions for promoting lifestyle change in children and adolescents with diabetes or kidney disease. Refe...
Step Permeability and the Relaxation of Biperiodic Gratings on Si(001)

We have used low energy electron microscopy to study the time dependence of atomic height islands and holes at the extrema of a fabricated biperiodic grating on Si(001). From the pairwise disappearance of these islands and holes as the grating thermally smooths we conclude that steps on Si(001) are remarkably permeable, i.e., adatoms can cross steps without becoming incorporated into them. Comparison of the time dependence of the island areas with model calculations shows that the adatom incorporation probability is actually much smaller than the crossing probability.
Surgery of bladder and prostatic neoplasms in children

Rhabdomyosarcoma is the common malignant soft tissue tumor of childhood. Twelve of 67 cases recently reviewed from this institution arose in the bladder or prostate (6 are surviving). Until recently and regardless of the primary site, the reports of successful treatment of this aggressive embryonal neoplasm have been limited to very small series or to isolated cases managed by radical mutilative surgery. Now, combined therapy, as has proven so effective in Wilms' tumor, and utilizing “reasonable surgery” (excision of all gross tumor), tolerable x-ray therapy (Cobalt 60 2-4000 R according to age in 3–4 weeks), and repeated courses of Actinomycin D and Vincristine (9-week cycles for at least a year), is recommended. At Ohio State University the curability rate in all types of rhabdomyosarcoma including all bladder and prostatic lesions has improved spectacularly from 14% prior to 1967 to 71% (corrected survival by life table method) in the last 38 cases treated.
Neonatal ventral hippocampal lesions disrupt set-shifting ability in adult rats

Set-shifting in a T-maze task was assessed in rats with a neonatal ventral hippocampal lesion (NVHL), a proposed animal model of schizophrenia. NVHL animals tested as adults were impaired in shifting to a new rule; an increase in perseverative errors suggested that this impairment stemmed from an inability to suppress the previously learned strategy. The NVHL animals' performance is reminiscent of humans with prefrontal damage and patients with schizophrenia.
Motives for consumer choice of traditional food and European food in mainland China

The demand for European (-style) foods in mainland China has been increasing dramatically during the last decade. Nevertheless, European food producers often appear to be not capable to fully exploit this huge market potential, partially due to the competition with traditional (Chinese) foods. This study examines the determinants of mainland Chinese consumers' choice of traditional food and European food. A web-based survey was administered with 541 consumers from two cities: Shanghai and Xi'an. Thereby, the Food Choice Motives model, predominantly used thus far in a European or developed context, is applied to mainland China in order to address the lack of knowledge on food motives of its consumer market and to detect associations between these motives, attitudes, and purchase intentions. Factor analysis resulted in a new Food Choice Motive construct that is considered more appropriate within the context of mainland Chinese consumers, encompassing six dimensions: Health concern, Time or money saving, Sensory appeal, Availability and familiarity, Mood and Food safety concern. Path analysis demonstrated that Time or money saving was negatively associated with attitude toward traditional food on the one hand and purchase intentions toward European food on the other hand. Availability and familiarity had a positive association with attitude toward traditional food. Mood was a positive factor driving attitude toward European food. For both food types, Sensory appeal and Attitude were positively linked to purchase intentions. Furthermore, Mood was negatively linked to the purchase intention toward traditional food in Shanghai. Food safety concern was positively associated with attitudes toward traditional food in Xi'an.
Minimally Invasive Approaches to the Anterior Skull Base

The use of minimally invasive approaches to the anterior skull base is a valuable tool to improving the treatment in patients with aggressive anterior skull base neoplasms. This article discusses the history, advantages and disadvantages relative to open approaches, the corridors and pathways used in approach, the equipment and operating room setup, perioperative care, and complication avoidance. Although outcomes are difficult to compare to open approaches, due to often small and varying patient cohorts, these approaches continue to gain acceptance as an effective treatment of anterior skull base tumors in the experienced surgeon's hands with proper patient selection.
Development of an ultrahigh-throughput screening system: plate design, liquid handling, and image analysis

Recent advances in plate design, liquid handling, and imaging have made it possible, for the first time, to create truly ultra-high throughput screening systems. The key engineering challenges which needed to be overcome in order to develop this system as well as system limitations are discussed. Data from model systems is presented comparing the results obtained from the miniaturized format with those obtained from the standard 96-well format. These results demonstrate that the signal to noise ratio and robustness of an assay can be preserved upon ultra-miniaturization. The flexibility of this system should make it amenable for screening of not only pharmaceuticals but also for agrochemicals and applied materials.
The Distribution Hydrocarbons in Neptune's Upper Atmosphere

The distribution of hydrocarbons in the upper atmosphere of Neptune is determined on the basis of data from the Voyager UVS solar occultation experiment. Densities are inferred from the transmission properties of the atmosphere measured by the UVS. The CH4 mole fraction in the lower stratosphere is between 0.0006 and 0.005. It is inferred that CH4 in Neptune's lower stratosphere is oversaturated by at least a factor of 10, and possibly by as much as a factor of 100. The density of C2H6 reaches values of 3 x 10 exp 9/cu cm near 100 microbar; a C2H6 production efficiency of 35 +15/-5 percent is derived. The eddy diffusion coefficient is approximately constant at a value of 10,000 sq cm/s at altitudes below 300 km and increases at higher altitudes as the pressure to the 0.75 power. A mole fraction of 0.001 is found to be consistent with the CH4 vapor pressure at 3.4 mbar; consequently, CH4 ice particles must reach this level to produce the inferred oversaturation.
Saving islets from allograft rejection

In a recent issue of PNAS, Lewis et al. (1) demonstrated that treatment with human α1-antitrypsin, the major serum serine-protease inhibitor whose substrates include many proinflammatory and prothrombotic molecules, serves to protect murine insulin-producing pancreatic islet transplants placed into insulin-deficient recipients grossly mismatched for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes from early rejection. This observation is interesting, very relevant to troublesome clinical practice issues, and somewhat counterintuitive. Although rejection of islet allografts is a T cell-dependent immune response (reviewed in ref. 2), α1-antitrypsin, an apparently safe agent approved by the Federal Drug Administration for use in other circumstances, is known as an antiinflammatory agent, not as an immunosuppressive agent. Nonetheless, until mouse anti-human α1-antitrypsin antibodies are generated, the islet allografts are protected from rejection. Although it is not certain whether α1-antitrypsin can completely protect or (more likely) delay graft rejection, the respite from T cell-dependent rejection afforded by α1-antitrypsin is a delightful surprise. The marked susceptibility of islets to injurious effects of activated macrophages (3) and proinflammatory cytokines (4), cytokines that are often expressed as the product of activated macrophages, are well known. Moreover, islet transplants are subjected to ischemia and anoxia as a consequence of the transplant procedures. During the harvesting of donor islets, the islets are literally stripped from their blood vessels. After transplantation, perfusion of the graft is drastically compromised for days until neovascularization of the islet allograft is established (2). Once blood flow is established, the islets obviously become an inviting target for ischemia–reperfusion type injury. In addition to the inherent ischemia and anoxia during the period of compromised blood flow, coagulation and thrombosis also contribute to the multiple insults suffered by the islet allografts during the peritransplant and early posttransplant period (5). Ischemia–reperfusion and coagulation–thrombosis lead to inflammation, and the islets, as noted above, are very …
Improved techniques for outgoing wave variational principle calculations of converged state-to-state transition probabilities for chemical reactions

Improved techniques and well-optimized basis sets are presented for application of the outgoing wave variational principle to calculate converged quantum mechanical reaction probabilities. They are illustrated with calculations for the reactions D + H2 yields HD + H with total angular momentum J = 3 and F + H2 yields HF + H with J = 0 and 3. The optimization involves the choice of distortion potential, the grid for calculating half-integrated Green's functions, the placement, width, and number of primitive distributed Gaussians, and the computationally most efficient partition between dynamically adapted and primitive basis functions. Benchmark calculations with 224-1064 channels are presented.
Na(+)-dependent, active and Na(+)-independent, facilitated transport of formycin B in mouse spleen lymphocytes.

Abstract Na + -dependent, active and Na + -independent facilitated nucleoside transport were characterized in mouse spleen cells using rapid kinetic techniques and formycin B, a metabolically inert analog of inosine, as substrate. The Michaelis-Menten constants for formycin B transport by the two transporters were about 30 and 400 μM, respectively. The firstorder rate constant for Na + -dependent transport was about 4-times higher than that for facilitated formycin B transport. The Na + -dependent carrier is specific for uridine and purine nucleosides and accumulates formycin B concentratively in an unmodified form. Concentration accumulation was inhibited by ATP depletion and gramicidin and ouabain treatment of the cells. Our data indicate a single Na + -binding site on the Na + -dependent nucleoside carrier and a Michaelis-menten constant for Na + of about 10 mM. This transporter was significantly inhibited by dipyridamole and nitrobenzylthioinosine, inhibitors of the facilitated transporter. The Na + -independent, facilitated nucleoside transporter of spleen cells exhibits properties comparable to those of the carrier present in mammalian cells in general. The B lymphocytes remaining after depletion of spleen cell populations of T lymphocytes by incubation with a combination of T-cell specific monoclonal antibodies plus complement exhibited about the same activities of active and facilitated nucleoside transport as the original suspension.
Private Benefits and Entrepreneur’s Choice of Manager

When starting a firm, an entrepreneur is faced with a difficult question of whether to manage it personally or to hire a manager. Despite the fact that many entrepreneurs choose to hire managers, the entrepreneurship literature has primarily ignored the complexity of this choice and assumed that entrepreneurs always manage their firms themselves. As a result, we know very little of what motivates an entrepreneur to manage a firm personally or to hire an agent. This paper examines the role of non-pecuniary private benefits in the choice of manager. I use a setting of foreign entrepreneurs who, in order to manage their firms abroad, need to relocate to a host country and thus experience non-pecuniary benefits and costs of relocation associated with personally managing the firm. I show that entrepreneurs with presumably higher benefits of relocation are more likely to manage their firms abroad personally and even seem to substitute relocation benefits for some firm profit. These findings are consistent with ...