cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conversational UX Design: A Practitioner's Guide to the Natural Conversation Framework

With recent advances in natural language understanding techniques and farfield microphone arrays, natural language interfaces, such as voice assistants and chatbots, are emerging as a popular new way to interact with computers. They have made their way out of the industry research labs and into the pockets, desktops, cars and living rooms of the general public. But although such interfaces recognize bits of natural language, and even voice input, they generally lack conversational competence, or the ability to engage in natural conversation. Today's platforms provide sophisticated tools for analyzing language and retrieving knowledge, but they fail to provide adequate support for modeling interaction. The user experience (UX) designer or software developer must figure out how a human conversation is organized, usually relying on commonsense rather than on formal knowledge. Fortunately, practitioners can rely on conversation science. This book adapts formal knowledge from the field of Conversation Analysis (CA) to the design of natural language interfaces. It outlines the Natural Conversation Framework (NCF), developed at IBM Research, a systematic framework for designing interfaces that work like natural conversation. The NCF consists of four main components: 1) an interaction model of "expandable sequences," 2) a corresponding content format, 3) a pattern language with 100 generic UX patterns and 4) a navigation method of six basic user actions. The authors introduce UX designers to a new way of thinking about user experience design in the context of conversational interfaces, including a new vocabulary, new principles and new interaction patterns. User experience designers and graduate students in the HCI field as well as developers and conversation analysis students should find this book of interest.
Time- and dose-dependent gene expression analysis of macrophage response as a function of porosity of silica nanoparticles

There is a limited amount of information available on gene expression regulation of macrophages in response to changing the time of exposure, concentration, and physicochemical properties of nanomaterials. In this study, RAW264.7 macrophages were treated with spherical nonporous and mesoporous silica nanoparticles of similar size at different incubation times and concentrations. RNA-sequencing was used to study transcriptional profiles. Bioinformatics analyses, functional annotation clustering, and network analyses were employed to understand signaling pathways of cellular response as a function of porosity, incubation time, and concentration. Porosity introduced drastic changes to the genomic response of macrophages at equitoxic concentrations and incubation times. Direct relations between increases in time and concentration with an increased number of differentially expressed genes were observed.
Fate of quantum shock waves at late times

Shock waves are a ubiquitous feature of hydrodynamic theories. Given that fermionic quantum many-body systems admit hydrodynamical descriptions on length scales large compared to the Fermi wavelength, it is natural to ask what the status of shock waves is in such systems. Free fermions provide a solvable yet nontrivial example, and here we generalize to include generic (nonintegrable) weak interactions to understand how a shock wave decays and changes its shape well after forming.
La pintura del cartapacio en el Quijote: reflexiones desde la Historia del Arte

El presente trabajo propone que Cervantes era probablemente consciente del rigor historico que suponia incorporar una representacion figurativa en el cartapacio escrito por el historiador arabigo, Cide Hamete Benengeli, y pretende demostrar que la interpretacion de este episodio como mera broma de Cervantes se basa en una premisa errada. Para ello, se analiza en detalle el episodio en el capitulo IX de la Primera Parte del Quijote y se reflexiona sobre la influencia que pudo tener el arte andalusi en la configuracion de este episodio, haciendo un recorrido por distintos casos notables del arte islamico que incluyen representaciones de seres animados. Por ultimo, se examina la relacion de Cervantes con lo islamico, centrandonos en sus conexiones con el mundo musulman y el reflejo de su biografia en la novela.
Grain Size Analysis and Maximum and Minimum Dry Density Testing of Ottawa F-65 Sand for LEAP-UCD-2017

Ottawa F-65 sand (supplied by US Silica, Ottawa, Illinois) was selected as the standard sand for LEAP-UCD-2017. Between December 2017 and February 2018, each LEAP research team sent 500 g samples of sand to UC Davis for grain size analysis and minimum and maximum dry density testing. The purpose of this testing was to confirm the consistency of the sand used at various test sites and to provide updated minimum and maximum density index values. The variation of measured properties among the different samples is similar to the variation measured during repeat testing of the same sample. Modified LEAP procedures to measure index densities are used to confirm consistency of the sands, and the results from these procedures are compared to results from ASTM procedures. The LEAP procedures give repeatable results with median index densities of ρmin = 1457 kg/m3, ρmax = 1754 kg/m3. Relative densities calculated with facility-specific index densities varied by less than 4%, so we conclude that average index densities from all the sites may be used for analysis of the results. The LEAP procedures are easier to perform than the ASTM procedures and do not require specialized equipment; therefore, continued use of the LEAP procedure for frequent quality control purposes is recommended. However, the values from ASTM procedures are expected to be more consistent with values adopted in liquefaction literature in the past; therefore, we recommend using the median ASTM values for analysis of LEAP data. Index densities from ASTM procedures (ρmin = 1490.5 kg/m3, ρmax = 1757.0 kg/m3) produce relative densities that are 4 –10% smaller than the index densities from the LEAP procedures.
PRISM: Development of a 2-DOF Dual-Four-Bar Exoskeleton Shoulder Mechanism to Support Elevation, Depression, Protraction, and Retraction

Abstract Functional impairments resulting from cerebrovascular accidents, such as stroke, and other neurological disorders affect a large and growing population of individuals annually. Recent increasing interest in (1) bilateral training and (2) early mobilization after injury have important implications on recovery of shoulder mobility of poststroke patients. Various robotic exoskeletons have been developed for assessment and rehabilitation, many of which have simplified the shoulder to a 3-degree-of-freedom (DOF) spherical joint, eliminating contributions from sternoclavicular (SC) and acromioclavicular (AC) articulations. In this work, a dual four-bar mechanism is developed that supports Parallel Remote Inclusion of Shoulder Mobility (PRISM) in exoskeleton robotics. The mechanism provides both SC and AC contributions to shoulder movement in exoskeleton designs that would otherwise have a stationary (i.e., rotating, but not translating) glenohumeral joint. An activities-of-daily-living dataset is used to provide target ranges of motion. A 2-DOF spatial parallelogram structure is used to impart clavicular translations of 10–15 cm to distally mounted hardware. The design uses a one-size-fits-all adjustment-free approach, and allows freedom of placement, making it compatible for integration with any existing 3-DOF robotic shoulder design.
The Rise of the Philippine Emigration State: Protecting Migrant Workers in the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries

This chapter focuses on how labour export became entrenched in political, economic and social institutions of the Philippines. This period of labour export entrenchment began with the fall of President Ferdinand Marcos in 1986 and continued through 2006 with the building of more state institutions for facilitating the export of Filipino labour. During the Marcos era, overseas employment became one of the major solutions to alleviate the problems from an oversupply of educated degrees coming from a highly unregulated and autonomous private higher educational system. Furthermore, the Marcos regime made efforts to control the educational system and align it with the Philippine national economy. But over the years, the Philippine economy increasingly depended on overseas labour markets not only to relieve the educated unemployment problem but also to create a massive new domestic economy geared towards jobs abroad. With about 10% of the Filipino population working abroad and financial rewards from foreign earnings returning to the Philippines, the labour export industry became a flourishing business for the private sector, the state and the Filipino people. This growth and dependency increased the role of the Philippine state in this industry through the creation of emigrant institutions to regulate and protect the overseas labour industry; it also created a cycle of dependency on emigration – from the Filipino population, government and private businesses.
Ectoparasites of Cattle

Diverse groups of ectoparasitic arthropods cause significant morbidity and mortality in most of the approximately 1.49 billion head of cattle worldwide. Hematophagous ectoparasites (ie, blood-feeding flies, myiasis-causing flies, lice, mites, ticks) are the most important in cattle. Intense use of ectoparasiticides to treat infestations can result in ectoparasite populations becoming resistant to this treatment method. Approaches integrating the use of different technologies are required to manage cattle ectoparasites effectively while addressing societal expectations regarding food safety and environmental health. Assessing the status of coparasitism with ectoparasites and endoparasites in cattle across agroecosystems is critical in advancing integrated parasite management.
A T Cell Clone Which Reflects the Functional Defects Observed in the T Cells of AIDS Patients

Infection of T cells by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) renders the body susceptible to attack by opportunistic infections as these cells of the immune system are not only killed by the virus, but are also rendered defective in their function (1,2,3,4). It is well documented that T cell defects associated with HIV infection in AIDS patients include reduced production of the lymphokine, IL-2, and an inability to mobilize Ca++ following mitogenic or antigenic stimulation. T cell dysfunction has also been attributed to downmodulation of CD3 and CD4, possibly as a result in their uncoupling (5,6,7). Since many of these events that lead to T cell activation are under some of the same controls as events involved in the activation of HIV (8–9), a T cell model system to study physiologic influences on HIV expression and the effects of the virus on the cell’s activation signals would be of great value.
Telesurgical Assessment: Using Smartphone Messaging to Efficiently Manage Postoperative Wounds.

Background: Telemedicine is an evolving field of interactions between physicians and patients remotely. Health care delivery, patient satisfaction, adherence, earlier diagnosis, increased access, a...
Training for Trauma Anesthesia: Role of Education and Simulation-Based Training

Trauma care requires distinct skills of the anesthesia care giver that need to be provided in both a timely fashion and highly dynamic setting. This article will review different strategies to teach these complex skills with an emphasis on simulation-based training. In addition to traditional educational formats such as didactic sessions, simulation-based education can provide unique opportunities for teaching technical skills and non-technical skills. Each type of skill can be integrated into immersive high-fidelity simulation to train both the individual and the team in the care of trauma patients. Both original and review studies provide evidence that simulation can improve technical and cognitive skills of the individual anesthesia provider as well as the multidisciplinary team with evidence of improved patient outcomes. Comprehensive trauma education for anesthesia residents and continued education for established anesthesia providers should include simulation-based educational strategies in order to improve technical and non-technical skills. This training can improve patient outcomes.
Real-Time MPC for Residential Building Water Heater Systems to Support the Electric Grid

The world of IoT (internet of things) is spawning new control options and decision making that has not been available before. This is providing a wealth of opportunities for transactive type controls and systems that can negotiate for a common goal. This paper discusses a transactive residential neighborhood with optimization at the home level utilizing a system of agents. The real-time optimization utilizes information and modeling to optimize heat pump water heater operation in occupied homes. Data is presented showing the performance of the optimization and conclusions are drawn on next steps for development.
Comparisons of Algorithms in Big Data Processing

Parallel computing is the fundamental base for MapReduce framework in Hadoop. Each data chunk is replicated over 3 servers for increasing availability of data and decreasing probability of data loss. Hence, the 3 servers that have Map task stored on their disk are fastest servers to process them, which are called local servers. All servers in the same rack as local servers are called rack-local servers that are slower than local servers since data chunk associated with Map task should be fetched through top of the rack switch. All other servers are called remote servers that are slowest servers since they need to fetch data from a local server in another rack, so data should be transmitted through at least 2 top of rack switches and a core switch. Note that number of switches in path of data transfer depends on internal network structure of data centers. The First-In-First-Out (FIFO) and Hadoop Fair Scheduler (HFS) algorithms do not take rack structure of data centers into account, so they are known to not be heavy-traffic delay optimal or even throughput optimal. The recent advances on scheduling for data centers considering rack structure of them and heterogeneity of servers resulted in state-of-the-art Balanced-PANDAS algorithm that outperforms classic MaxWeight algorithm. In both Balanced-PANDAS and MaxWeight algorithms, processing rate of local, rack-local, and remote servers are assumed to be known. However, with the change of traffic over time in addition to estimation errors of processing rates, it is not realistic to consider processing rates to be known. In this work, we study robustness of Balanced-PANDAS and MaxWeight algorithms in terms of inaccurate estimations of processing rates. We observe that Balanced-PANDAS is not as sensitive as MaxWeight on the accuracy of processing rates, making it more appealing to use in data centers.
College-Based Support Programs for Students With Autism:

There has been an increase in the number of students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) attending college. To support this growing population of students, institution-based support programs have d...
Locals and Foreigners in the Levant during the Pleistocene

Abstract This paper summarizes the social evolution of the Pleistocene Palaeolithic sequence of the Levant. It examines the available cultural records as reflecting a non-continuous record that was created by the impacts of mainly human inward migrations followed by the development of local cultures and mixing with foreigners. Outward migrations are yet poorly known due to the paucity of solid information from neighboring geographic territories.
Performance Models for Hybrid Programs Accelerated by GPUs

This paper describes the use of statistical tools to model the performance of mixed device (hosts and devices) programs where hosts are CPUs and devices are GPUs. The purpose of GPUs is to accelerate compute-intensive sections of a program, thereby reducing total execution time, with side-effects including reduced machine usage and energy consumption. To model major and minor factors that affect the execution time of offloaded programs, we used a compute-intensive program with several GPU kernels. We have abstracted the hybrid program as a sequence of computations that access various types of memories (device caches, device shared memory, memory of other devices and host memory). In the programming model discussed, the role of a host is reduced to scheduling and coordinating execution of kernels across devices and communicating with other hosts. It can be extended to models where hosts perform computations or are obliterated. Experiments were designed to include a range of memory sizes and types. The performance models were trained, and their predictions were verified using test data.
Orienting our view of the superior colliculus: specializations and general functions

The mammalian superior colliculus (SC) and its non-mammalian homolog, the optic tectum are implicated in sensorimotor transformations. Historically, emphasis on visuomotor functions of the SC has led to a popular view that it operates as an oculomotor structure rather than a more general orienting structure. In this review, we consider comparative work on the SC/optic tectum, with a particular focus on non-visual sensing and orienting, which reveals a broader perspective on SC functions and their role in species-specific behaviors. We highlight several recent studies that consider ethological context and natural behaviors to advance knowledge of the SC as a site of multi-sensory integration and motor initiation in diverse species.
Layout and Content Extraction for PDF Documents

Portable document format (PDF) is a common output format for electronic documents. Most PDF documents are untagged and do not have basic high-level document logical structural information, which makes the reuse or modification of the documents difficult. We developed techniques that identified logical components on a PDF document page. The outlines, style attributes and the contents of the logical components were extracted and expressed in an XML format. These techniques could facilitate the reuse and modification of the layout and the content of a PDF document page.
The Effects of Triamcinolone Acetonide on Plasma Glucocorticoid Levels and Occurrence of Estrus in Gilts

Three experiments were conducted to examine the effect of adrenal corticoids on occurrence of estrus in gilts. In the first experiment, 10 mg of triamcinolone acetonide (TA), a synthetic glucocorticoid, were given to four ovariectomized and five diestrous gilts. Plasma glucocorticoid concentration declined to non-detectable levels within 5 hr of TA administration and remained at this level for 4 days in diestrous gilts and for 6 days in ovariectomized gilts. The second experiment examined the relationship between glucocorticoids and the expression of estrus in thirty-eight ovariectomized gilts. Seven of nine control gilts given .4 mg estradiol benzoate (EB) and three of four gilts given 10 mg TA 2 days before administration of .4 mg EB exhibited estrus. However, only one of four gilts displayed estrus when 10 mg TA were given simultaneously with EB, and none of seven gilts showed estrus after receiving 10 mg TA on days -7, -4, 0 and 4 (day 0 = the day of EB administration). The third experiment was conducted to determine the effect of TA on the expression of first estrus following relocation and exposure to a boar of gilts reared in confinement. Forty-three gilts were randomly assigned to a treatment or control group. Gilts in the treatment group were given 10 mg TA, and gilts in the control group received saline on days -3, 0, 4 and 8 (day 0 = the day of relocation and initial exposure to a boar). Gilts not exhibiting behavioral estrus by day 10 were given 80 IU ACTH. On day 20, all gilts failing to exhibit estrus were subjected to a laparoscopic examination of the reproductive tract and ovaries. Within 20 days after relocation and exposure to a boar, 15 of 21 control gilts and six of 22 treated gilts displayed first estrus (P < .01). However, ovarian stimulation had occurred in 10 treated gilts prior to laparoscopic examination. Seven of these gilts had corpora lutea present on the ovaries, two had cystic follicles and one had mature follicles. Therefore, treatment with TA did not alter the proportion of gilts demonstrating ovarian stimulation following relocation and exposure to a boar but significantly reduced the proportion of gilts exhibiting behavioral estrus.
The Impact of Closed Endotracheal Suctioning Systems on Mechanical Ventilator Performance

BACKGROUND: Closed endotracheal suctioning during mechanical ventilation is increasingly used, but its impact on ventilator function has not been fully studied. METHODS: We evaluated the impact of closed suctioning with 11 critical-care ventilators, during assisted ventilation in pressure-support mode, pressure-assist/control mode, volume-assist/control mode, and during continuous positive airway pressure, with 2 suctioning pressures (−120 mm Hg and approximately −200 mm Hg), and with 2 tidal volumes (450 mL and 900 mL). We continuously measured airway pressure, flow at the airway, and pressure distal to the catheter tip, before, during, and after a single 15-second period of continuous suctioning. RESULTS: No ventilator malfunctioned as a result of the closed suctioning. During suctioning, end-expiratory pressure markedly decreased in all modes, and peak flow increased in all modes except volume-assist/control (p CONCLUSION: There are large differences between the ventilators evaluated (p
Mechanical Effects of Light

In this chapter we study the effects of light forces on the center-of-mass motion of two-level atoms. This discussion naturally leads to the distinction between two operating regimes: The first one, which we call “ray atom optics”, is characterized by the fact that the center-of-mass motion of the atoms can be treated classically. This regime is important from many atomic cooling schemes, such as Doppler cooling which is discussed in Sect. 6.2. “Wave atom optics” is reached when the atomic center-of-mass motion must be treated quantum-mechanically. In that case, it is useful to think of atoms as matter waves subject to the laws of diffraction. This regime is important for ultracold atomic samples, as can now be obtained by several cooling methods such as, e.g., evaporative cooling, as well as in the study of diffraction of atoms by optical and material gratings, and in atom interferometry.
Two New Species, Heuchera soltisii and H. inconstans, with Further Taxonomic Notes for the Western Group of Heuchera Section Heuchera (Saxifragaceae)

Abstract Taxonomic studies in Heuchera from the southern Intermountain Region in Arizona and New Mexico, U. S. A. have revealed two new species from Heuchera section Heuchera: Heuchera soltisii (Heuchera subsect. Parvifoliae) and Heuchera inconstans (H. subsect. Novomexicanae). Heuchera soltisii is segregated from H. parvifolia on the basis of a larger white hypanthium and variegated leaves; H. inconstans is distinguished from H. novomexicana by its green flowers, the frequent occurrence (up to one-third) of 6-merous flowers, and its specificity to sandstone. Taxonomic studies from new material have also brought to light additional morphological characters that delimit taxa in this group. Confusion regarding the limits of H. glomerulata is addressed through an emended description based on anther thecae and floral color. A key for the species of Heuchera sect. Heuchera is also provided.
Dispersion Relation for Second Sound in Solids

In this paper the dispersion relation for second sound in solids is derived. The starting point of the analysis is a Boltzmann equation for a phonon gas undergoing a temperature perturbation $\ensuremath{\delta}{T}_{0}{e}^{i(\mathbf{k}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\mathbf{x}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\omega}t)}$; the Callaway approximation to the collision term is employed. We obtain a dispersion relation which explicitly exhibits the need for a "window" in the relaxation time spectrum. Further, the dispersion relation shows that measurement of the attenuation of second sound as a function of frequency is a direct measurement of the normal process and umklapp process relaxation times. We derive macroscopic equations for energy density and energy flux and show their relation to the macroscopic equations with which Chester has treated second sound.
Mechanisms of recovery from aphasia: Evidence from serial xenon 133 cerebral blood flow studies

In 21 patients who suffered aphasia resulting from left hemisphere ischemic infarction, the xenon 133 inhalation cerebral blood flow technique was used to measure cerebral blood flow within 3 months and 5 to 12 months after stroke. In addition to baseline measurements, cerebral blood flow measurements were also carried out while the patients were performing purposeful listening. In patients with incomplete recovery of comprehension and left posterior temporal-inferior parietal lesions, greater cerebral blood flow occurred with listening in the right inferior frontal region in the late studies than in the early studies. In patients with nearly complete recovery of comprehension and without left posterior temporal-inferior parietal lesions, early listening studies showed diffuse right hemisphere increases in cerebral blood flow. Later listening studies in this latter patient group showed greater cerebral blood flow in the left posterior temporal-inferior parietal region. The study provides evidence for participation of the right hemisphere in language comprehension in recovering aphasics, and for later return of function in left hemisphere regions that may have been functionally impaired early during recovery.
Job satisfaction, lifestyle and demographics of U.S. hospitality industry workers — versus others

Abstract A study intended to compare the U.S. hospitality industry employees' work attributes, demographics and lifestyles with employees in four other industry groupings found out that in all three major areas hospitality employees were typified by very specific characteristics. In demographic characteristics these employees came from minority groupings and large families and perceived themselves to be of lower social class. They were less satisfied with their job and life in general and did not think their job to be an important element in their self-accomplishment.
The nucleus praeeminentialis: An electro- and mechanoreceptive center in the brainstem of the catfish

1. The large dorsal part of the nucleus praeeminentialis (PEd) was found to be an electroreceptive center, and the small ventral part (PEv) is a mechanoreceptive area. 2. Three kinds of neurons have been observed in PEd according to the response patterns to monopole receptor stimulation. The first responded to anodal stimulation with a phasic increase of spike activity (‘anodal’ neurons); the second responded to cathodal stimulation with an increase of spike activity (‘cathodal’ neurons); and the third responded to both polarities of current with an increase of spike activity (polarity insensitive or weakly polarity sensitive neurons). 3. Approximately 10% of the PEd neurons have been found to be bimodal, responding to both electric and mechanical (water disturbance) stimuli; 90% are only sensitive to electric current. 4. The distribution of receptive fields and some dynamic properties of PEd neurons have been described and compared to other groups of central electroreceptive neurons or primary receptors.
A Psychometric Study of the Multi-Problem Screening Inventory Depression Subscale Using Item Response and Generalizability Theories

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the measurement characteristics of the Multi-Problem Screening Inventory (MPSI) depression subscale. Method: A sample of 542 responses to the MPSI was obtained from persons seeking assistance in any of several child and family service agencies. The responses on the depression subscale were analyzed using item response theory and generalizability theory methods. Results: The MPSI depression subscale produced scores with very desirable measurement properties for use in (a) monitoring a client's change in depression across time and (b) making tentative decisions concerning the clinical significance of a client's depression level. The measurement error characteristics of the MPSI depression subscale scores reach a minimum just below the clinical cutting point and then remain constant across the clinical cutting point and across the range of clinically significant depression levels. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that the MPSI depression subscale...
Academic/Industrial/NSF Collaborations at the IBM Almaden Research Center-Benefits from Dr. Marni Goldman's Involvement

College undergraduate and high school teacher internships are significant factors in materials science education. Traditionally, NSF-supported internships are done in academia. The NSF-supported academic/industrial internship programs involving Stanford University, San Jose University and the IBM Almaden Research Center extend the impact by the inclusion of an industrial research component. Internships through San Jose State University have existed since 1994 under a variety of NSF grants, most recently with NSF-REU support for undergraduate internships. Internships through Stanford university have existed since 1995 through an NSF Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, the “Center for Polymer Interfaces and Macromolecular Interfaces” (CPIMA). In these programs, the interns become members of an existing research group for 10 weeks and have their own project under a mentor. The interns attend a weekly seminar series on industrial research frontiers, a career day, a Graduate Record Examination workshop, a graduate school workshop, and tours of industrial research labs. Every participant presents a poster at an internal technical meeting at IBM at the end of the summer. For the industrial internships at IBM, the research is publishable but closely related to a technical area important to IBM. While the undergraduate and teacher internship programs are the major components of educational outreach of CPIMA, many other projects have been pursued, including public science, programs with local high schools, and science outreach to local community colleges. Dr. Marni Goldman was the Director of Educational Outreach for CPIMA from 2000 until her death in 2007, and she started many of the educational projects and programs. She was especially interested in diversity and initiated an internship program for students who are disabled. The programs will be reviewed and her contributions emphasized.
Single Molecule Studies of Streptavidin-Biotin Dissociation at Elevated Temperatures

Over the past 10 years single molecule spectroscopic techniques have matured and are widely used in the biomolecular sciences. More recently, temperature control has been incorporated, increasing the dimensionality of the possible experimental parameters. However, conventional immobilization techniques rely on biotin-streptavidin linkages to localize single molecules on surfaces. While this ligand binding interaction is one of the strongest non-covalent linkages in nature (KD≈10-14 M) and is extremely stable at room temperature, the kinetics of dissociation at elevated temperatures are poorly understood. Pulsed laser based IR absorbance heating and fluorescence techniques are used to measure the dissociation rate at temperatures well above room temperature. The rate constants of dissociation are found to increase significantly from ∼2x10-5 s-1 at 20°C to ∼1x10-3 s-1 at 55°C. Eyring analysis reveals that the dissociation reaction has a large enthalpic contribution (ΔH‡ = 20 (1) kcal/mol), the magnitude of which is on the order of the previously measured enthalpies of formation. This result indicates that the biotin binding occurs over a nearly barrier-less transition state.
Atrioventricular Sequential Pacemakers: Indications, Complications, and Long-Term Follow-up

Our experience with 32 patients with atrioventricular (AV) sequential pacemakers and an average follow-up of 22 months is presented. The pertinent literature and physiology are reviewed. The indications, advantages, and complications of AV sequential pacemakers are analyzed. Half of the patients required bifocal pacing for control of arrhythmia alone, while half required control of arrhythmia associated with congestive heart failure due primarily to a noncompliant left ventricle. It is anticipated that the hemodynamic improvement occurring as a results of AV sequential pacing will increase the use of this mode of cardiac pacing in selected patients.
IC-P1-069: Functional MRI of hippocampal subfields in healthy aging and Mild Cognitive Impairment

(VBM) method. Methods: Severity of EDS was measured by the total score of the six items of the environment dependency category in modified Manchester Behavior Inventory. Sixty nine patients with Alzheimer’s disease, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, corticobasal degeneration, and twenty two normal controls were evaluated. Total scores of the EDS were correlated with structural MRI gray matter volume using VBM. Results: EDS was observed in 46 patients (67%). Voxels in the left inferior frontal gyrus, right medial and lateral superior fontal gyrus, left supplementary motor area, left inferior frontal gyrus, bilateral caudate and putamen, and right inferior temporal gyrus negatively correlated with total EDS scores (P 0.05 , corrected) . Conclusions: EDS is a frequently observed abnormal behavior in patients with neurodegenerative disease. The results suggest that the bilateral frontal and subcortical structures are important in regulating EDS. VBM analysis can reveal the neural basis of the EDS using correlative analytic methods.
The modification of smoking behavior: A search for effective variables.

Abstract A smoking withdrawal clinic procedure employing social pressure was compared to an attention placebo condition and other control conditions designed to subtract “non-active” variance due to such factors as mere contact with an experimenter and individual effort, with and without the expectation of future help. Both Social Pressure and Placebo S s responded to treatment with significant reduction in smoking, but did not differ. Subjects asked to quit smoking on their own, displayed significant gains only if future aid was not expected, and the behavior of subjects who were unaware of their participation in an experiment remained essentially unchanged. Data on suggestibility, internal vs. external control of reinforcement, extroversion and emotionality were collected in Experiment 3, but failed to correlate significantly (within treatment conditions) with success in quitting smoking.
Imaging the source region of the 2003 San Simeon earthquake within the weak Franciscan subduction complex, central California

Data collected from the 2003 Mw6.5 San Simeon earthquake sequence in central California and a 1986 seismic refraction experiment demonstrate that the weak Franciscan subduction complex suffered brittle failure in a region without significant velocity contrast across a slip plane. Relocated hypocenters suggest a spatial relationship between the seismicity and the Oceanic fault, although blind faulting on a nearby, unknown fault is an equally plausible alternative. The aftershock volume is sandwiched between the Nacimiento and Oceanic faults and is characterized by rocks of low compressional velocity (Vp) abutted to the east and west by rocks of higher Vp. This volume of inferred Franciscan rocks is embedded within the larger Santa Lucia anticline. Pore fluids, whose presence is implied by elevated Vp/Vs values, may locally decrease normal stress and limit the aftershock depth distribution between 3 to 10 km within the hanging wall. The paucity of aftershocks along the mainshock rupture surface may reflect either the absence of a damage zone or an almost complete stress drop within the low Vp or weak rock matrix surrounding the mainshock rupture.
Purposeful gaming & socio-computational systems: a citizen science design case

Citizen science is a form of social computation where members of the public are recruited to contribute to scientific investigations. Citizen-science projects often use web-based systems to support collaborative scientific activities, making them a form of computer-supported cooperative work. However, finding ways to attract participants and confirm the veracity of the data they produce are key issues in making such systems successful. We describe a series of web-based tools and games currently under development to support taxonomic classification of organisms in photographs collected by citizen-science projects. In the design science tradition, the systems are purpose-built to test hypotheses about participant motivation and techniques for ensuring data quality. Findings from preliminary evaluation and the design process itself are discussed.
D-possessives and the origins of Moroccan Arabic

Despite the general view that Berber was the only important substratum for Maghrebi Arabic, Moroccan Arabic (MA) took shape in the 7th–8th centuries AD in Roman cities in which Late Latin (LL) was spoken. The occupation of Morocco was far more tenuous than in other areas conquered during the Arab expansion. Rapid language shift from LL to a contact Arabic introduced by eastern Berber troops left telltale signs in phonology and in morphological simplification. Archaic MA D-possessives di, d- and dyal- reflect Latin dē and pronominal combinations thereof, and must be dated to the language-shift period. Recognition of this has been delayed by hesitation to recognize the LL/MA relationship and by Arabic-internal explanations of D-possessives that must be rejected in light of what we now know about Maghrebi Arabic dialects.
Comparison of the channelized Hotelling and human observers for lesion detection in hepatic SPECT imaging

The relative rankings of the channelized Hotelling model observer were compared to those of the human observers for the task of detecting 'hot' tumors in simulated hepatic SPECT slices. The signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) were determined using eighty images for each of three slice locations. The acquisition and processing strategies investigated were: (1) imaging solely primary photons, (2) imaging primary plus scatter within a 20% symmetric energy window for Tc-99m, (3) imaging with primary plus an elevated amount of scatter, (4) energy-spectrum-based scatter compensation of the primary plus scatter acquisitions, and (5) energy-spectrum-based scatter compensation of the acquisitions with an elevated amount of scatter. Both square non-overlapping channels (SQR), and overlapping difference- of-Gaussian channels (DOG) were incorporated into the Hotelling model observer. When the scatter compensation results were excluded, both channelized Hotelling model observers exhibited a strong correlation with the rankings of the human-observers. With the inclusion of the scatter compensation results, only with the DOG model observer was the null-hypothesis of no correlation rejected at the p equals 0.05 level. It is concluded that further investigation of the channel model used with the Hotelling observer is indicated to determine if better correlation can be obtained.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Using Depth-of-Penetration Tests to Design Transparent Armor

The depth-of-penetration (DOP) test has been modified for application to transparent armor materials. Armor materials to be tested are bonded to a polycarbonate substrate and penetration into the substrate measured. The tests can be used both for comparing armor materials and for evaluating laminate parameters. Materials tested were all armor-grade transparencies: borosilicate glass, soda-lime glass, glass ceramic, and spinel. For blunt projectiles, armor material performance is inversely correlated with density. For hard, sharp projectiles, material strength is most important, with spinel providing the best performance. The efficiency of spinel-glass laminates was only weakly dependent on the spinel thickness. Linear scaling can reconcile data obtained with different size projectiles. Relatively thick bond layers do not adversely affect the efficiency of laminates. DOP tests can be used to evaluate effects of damage from single cracks and multiple hits, and results also provide an estimate of optimal armor design against the threat used in the DOP experiments.
Evolutionary dynamics of rhizopine within spatially structured rhizobium populations

Symbiosis between legumes and nitrogen-fixing bacteria is thought to bring mutual benefit to each participant. However, it is not known how rhizobia benefit from nodulating legume hosts because they fix nitrogen only after becoming bacteroids, which are terminally differentiated cells that cannot reproduce. Because undifferentiated rhizobia in and around the nodule can reproduce, evolution of symbiotic nitrogen fixation may depend upon kin selection. In some hosts, these kin may persist in the nodule as viable, undifferentiated bacteria. In other hosts, no viable rhizobia survive to reproduce after nodule senescence. Bacteroids in these hosts may benefit their free-living kin by enhancing production of plant root exudates. However, unrelated non-mutualists may also benefit from increased plant exudates. Rhizopines, compounds produced by bacteroids in nodules and catabolized only by related free-living rhizobia, may provide a mechanism by which bacteroids can preferentially benefit kin. Despite this apparent advantage, rhizopine genotypes are relatively rare. We constructed a mathematical model to examine how mixing within rhizobium populations influences the evolution of rhizopine genotypes. Our model predicts that the success of rhizopine genotypes is strongly dependent upon the spatial genetic structure of the bacterial population; rhizopine is more likely to dominate well-mixed populations. Further, for a given level of mixing, we find that rhizopine evolves under a positive frequency-dependent process in which stochastic accumulation of rhizopine alleles is necessary for rhizopine establishment. This process leads to increased spatial structure in rhizobium populations, and suggests that rhizopine may expand the conditions under which nitrogen fixation can evolve via kin selection.
Magnetic resonance imaging of knee menisci: Diagnostic interpretation and pitfalls

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was recognized early on as a useful tool in the evaluation of patients with suspected internal derangement of the knee. The superb soft tissue contrast afforded by MRI provides clear visualization of the normal anatomic structures, as well as an accurate depiction of common pathological conditions and traumatic injuries of the knee. Both the capabilities and diagnostic accuracy of MRI of the knee have evolved rapidly over the past few years. Consequently, it continues to be one of the most frequently performed musculoskeletal imaging studies. With the exception of the physical examination, MRI has become the most important diagnostic tool to aid in the evaluation of the patient with suspected internal derangement of the knee. To gain the most benefit from this diagnostic tool, the orthopaedic surgeon must have a basic understanding of the imaging techniques and planes commonly used to evaluate the knee. In addition, it is important to possess a thorough knowledge of the appearance of the normal meniscus on MRI scans, the MRI criteria for meniscal tears, and the pitfalls that commonly mimic meniscal pathology. Finally, with an ever-increasing number of patients having undergone meniscal repair, a basic approach to interpreting MRI scans of the postoperative knee is essential.
Biases Due to Gravity Waves in Wind Profiler Measurements of Winds

Abstract Radar reflectivity for Bragg scattering is proportional to the atmospheric static stability. In vertically propagating gravity waves the perturbations to the static stability and to the winds occur either in phase or out of phase, so that the radar reflectivity and the wind perturbations are correlated. This correlation leads to a bias in winds observed by radars and any other remote sensors that rely on Bragg scattering. The magnitude of the biases of the vertical and horizontal wind components due to a monochromatic wave propagating in the radar beam are found to be proportional to the amplitude squared of the gravity wave, and for a spectrum of waves they are proportional to the spectral energy. For radar systems with two coplanar beams, the bias to the observations of horizontal wind speed is about 0,2 m s−1 for gravity wave amplitudes typically encountered over flat terrain at midlatitudes and increases to 1 m s−1 or more for wave amplitudes seen over mountainous terrain and in the vicinity ...
High molecular weight proteoglycans biosynthesized in culture by pigeon aortas.

Abstract The properties of aortic proteoglycans synthesized in vitro were examined to demonstrate synthesis of intact proteoglycans by aortic tissue in culture and to compare labeling and synthetic rates of two different populations of proteoglycan. Following 3, 6, or 9 h of incubation in medium containing [35S]sodium sulfate and [3H]serine, the tissue was extracted with 4.0 M guanidine hydrochloride containing protease inhibitors. Extracts were chromatographed on Sepharose CL-4B and subjected to buoyant density centrifugation under dissociative conditions. Radioactive precursors were incorporated into two major populations of aortic proteoglycan, one of high molecular weight eluting near the void volume of Sepharose CL-4B (Protooglycan I) and one of lower molecular weight (Proteoglycan II) having a Kav of 0.40–0.44. The radioactively labeled proteoglycans were localized at densities 1.50–1.56 g/ml (Preparation 1) and 1.43–1.49 g/ml (Preparation 2) following CsCl buoyant density centrifugation. Both proteoglycan populations had increased incorporation of 35S and 3H over time. At all times the lower molecular weight proteoglycan had a higher specific activity (dpm 35S and 3H/μg hexuronic acid). At 3, 6, and 9 h, the specific activity of Proteoglycan II was 8.2-, 6.7- and 3.0-fold higher than Proteoglycan I using 35S and 13.0-, 8.1- and 2.7-fold higher using 3H, suggesting different synthetic rates for the two proteoglycans. The results illustrate synthesis of intact proteoglycans during short-term artery culture. The proteoglycan types have size and buoyant density characteristics as described for artery, but based upon changes in specific activity ratios, the two proteoglycan populations differ in rates of synthesis.
Improvements in Mining Induced Microseismic Source Locations at the Lucky Friday Mine Using an Automated Whole-waveform Analysis System

For years, severe rockburst problems at the Lucky Friday mine in northern Idaho have been a persistent safety hazard and an impediment to production. An MP250 based microseismic monitoring system, which uses simple voltage threshold picking of first arrivals, has been used in this mine since 1973 to provide source locations and energy estimates of seismic events. Recently, interest has been expressed in developing a whole waveform microseismic monitoring system for the mine to provide more accurate source locations and information about source characteristics. For this study, we have developed a prototype whole-waveform microseismic monitoring system based on a 80386 computer equipped with a 50 kHz analog-digital convertor board. The software developed includes a data collection program, a data analysis program, and an event detection program. Whole-waveform data collected and analyzed using this system during a three-day test have been employed to investigate sources of error in the hypocenter location process and to develop an automatic phase picker appropriate for microseismic events.