cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Generating mask inspection rules for advanced lithography

Semiconductor product designs are necessarily constrained by both the wafer and mask lithographic capabilities. When mask image sizes approach the exposure wavelength, optical and resist effects distort the printed images. Applying optical proximity correction (OPC) to design features on the mask compensates for diffraction effects. However, aggressive OPC introduces even smaller minimum features, adds notches and bulges, introduces sub-resolution assist features (SRAFs) and generally creates a more challenging mask design with respect to data handling, printing and inspection. Mask defect inspection is a critical part of the mask process, ensuring that the mask pattern matches the intended design. However, the inspection itself imposes constraints on mask patterns that can be inspected with high defect sensitivity but low nuisance defect counts. These additional restrictions are undesirable since they can reduce the effectiveness of the OPC. IBM and KLA-Tencor have developed a test mask methodology to investigate the inspectability limits of the 576 and 516 mask inspection systems. The test mask design contains a variety of rules or features that currently impose inspectability limits on the inspection tools, in a range of sizes. The design also incorporates many features essential for obtaining valid results, such as a user-friendly layout, multiple pattern orientations, and background patterns. The mask was built and inspected in IBM Burlington's mask house. Preliminary inspection results will be presented; they underscore the importance of understanding both the inspection tool and the mask process when restricting mask design rules.
Minimum duration of actigraphy-defined nocturnal awakenings necessary for morning recall

Abstract Background Healthy adults awaken between each sleep cycle approximately 5 times each night but generally do not remember all of these awakenings in the morning. A rule of thumb has arisen in the sleep field that approximately 5 min of continuous wakefulness are required to form a memory for an awakening. However, few studies have examined memory for these sleep-wake transitions and none have done so in the home, while participants follow their normal routine. Methods Self-report and actigraphy were used in the participant’s home environment to determine the minimum duration of an awakening necessary for morning recall for each of the 39 healthy adults. Results Recall thresholds ranged from 30 to 600 s with a mean of 259 s (4 min 19 s) and were negatively associated with sleep efficiency but not significantly associated with total sleep time, age, income, or education. There also was a sex by cohabitation interaction, with single men having lower thresholds than single women and cohabiting participants, which was explained by higher sleep efficiency in noncohabitating men. Large individual differences suggest that many factors may influence recall threshold. Conclusions Our preliminary study is the first to calculate the duration of wakefulness necessary for morning recall of nocturnal awakenings and the first to use a field-based design, allowing for the study of habitual sleep patterns at the participant’s home. Further study is needed to explore if recall thresholds calculated using actigraphy can be validated against polysomnography (PSG) or be used to guide potential treatments.
Broadband frequency-domain near-infrared spectral tomography using a mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser

Frequency-domain near-infrared (NIR) diffuse spectral tomography with a mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser is presented, providing tunable multiwavelength quantitative spectroscopy with maximal power for thick tissue imaging. The system was developed to show that intrinsically high stability can be achieved with many wavelengths in the NIR range, using a mode-locked signal of 80 MHz with heterodyned lock-in detection. The effect of cumulative noise from multiple wavelengths of data on the reconstruction process was studied, and it was shown that inclusion of more wavelengths can reduce skew in the noise distribution. This normalization of the data variance then minimizes errors in estimation of chromophore concentrations. Simulations and tissue phantom experiments were used to quantify this improvement in image accuracy for recovery of tissue hemoglobin and oxygen saturation.
Seizing Opportunities Under The Affordable Care Act For Transforming The Mental And Behavioral Health System

The Affordable Care Act, along with Medicaid expansions, offers the opportunity to redesign the nation’s highly flawed mental health system. It promotes new programs and tools, such as health homes, interdisciplinary care teams, the broadening of the Medicaid Home and Community-Based Services option, co-location of physical health and behavioral services, and collaborative care. Provisions of the act offer extraordinary opportunities, for instance, to insure many more people, reimburse previously unreimbursed services, integrate care using new information technology tools and treatment teams, confront complex chronic comorbidities, and adopt underused evidence-based interventions. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services and its Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation should work intensively with the states to implement these new programs and other arrangements and begin to fulfill the many unmet promises of community mental health care.
Weight zero motivic cohomology and the general linear group of a simplicial ring

Abstract Using elementary observations concerning the simplicial group obtained by applying the functor GL to a connected simplicial ring, we obtain computations of the weight zero pieces of two proposed filtrations of the K -theory space of a regular ring.
Thermal metamorphism of primitive meteorites. IX - On the mechanism of trace element loss from Allende heated up to 1400 C

Abstract We report data for Ag, Bi, Cd, Co, Cs, Ga, In, Se, Te, Tl and Zn determined by neutron activation in Allende samples heated for one week at 100° increments in the 1000–1400°C range in a low pressure (initially 10−5atmH2) environment using an apparatus of novel design. In the extremes, concentrations of these trace elements—initially present at ppm-ppb levels—in unheated material are lowered even farther by factors of 10−4–10−5 over a broad temperature span. Loss of some elements above 1000°C extends trends evident below 1000°C; loss of others is even more extreme. On Arrhenius diagrams some elements exhibit but one apparent activation energy over the entire temperature span of loss while others exhibit 2 or 3, each operative in a particular temperature region. These discontinuities seem related to mineralogic/petrologic alteration and probably reflect differences in diffusion mechanism rather than siting differences. The extension of previous experiments into the temperature regime postulated for chondritic differentiation should lead to a better understanding of the evolution of meteoritic parent bodies.
Comparative analysis of laparoscopic versus open splenectomy

Background Laparoscopic splenectomy (LS) has been used to treat a variety of splenic disorders. However, there have been few direct comparisons of this approach with open splenectomy (OS). Methods Results and outcomes were compared retrospectively in 46 consecutive patients treated by laparoscopic (n = 26) or open splenectomy (n = 20) from January 1990 through March 1996. The two groups were similar in age, sex, and American Society of Anesthesiology classification. Splenectomy was performed for a variety of indications, and the majority of patients in both groups had normal or near-normal size spleens. All data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Results Laparoscopic splenectomy was successfully completed in all 26 attempted cases. Operative times were significantly longer for LS (202 ± 55 minutes) than for OS (134 ± 43 minutes) ( P P = not significant). A mean of 2.0 units of red blood cells was transfused in 4 (15%) of 26 patients during LS vs 1.0 unit transfused in 2 (10%) of 20 patients who had OS ( P = NS). Patients who underwent LS required significantly less parenteral pain medications, had a more rapid return to regular diet, and were discharged sooner than patients who had OS. Complication rates were similar in the two groups. Conclusions These results suggest that LS is technically safe and has several advantages over OS. Laparoscopic splenectomy should become the procedure of choice for the removal of normal and near-normal size spleens.
Dissatisfaction with Previous Child Care Among Current Users of Proprietary Center Care

Of 201 parents living in four Southeastern communities who had used other child care arrangements prior to their use of proprietary center care, 87 (43%) indicated via questionnaire that they had been dissatisfied with these arrangements. Their dissatisfaction with the previous arrangements could be reliably grouped into ten major categories, of which five—lack of educational stimulation,caregive undependability,lack of peer stimulation,caregiver neglect, anddiscrepant caregiver-parent values—accounted for over 80% of their complaints. Previous arrangements in which the children had been placed in a nonrelative caregiver's home were both the most widely used and most widely criticized arrangements. Two less frequently used arrangements—relative sitter in the child's home and nursery school—received almost no complaints. Finally, all major categories of dissatisfaction with previous center care predicted the parents' use of above-average proprietary center care. However, previous dissatisfaction withunhealthy conditions was a particularly salient predictor of parents subsequently choosing above-average quality care.
Interpersonal communication and transactional relationships: Clarification and application

What model does one use to understand interpersonal communication and how does one apply such a model when teaching a course in interpersonal communication? The author presents and applies a self‐validation model and topology of transactional relationships to help select concepts, principles, and skills that are essential for the study of interpersonal communication.
Application of frequency band energy decomposition using wavelet packet in extracting sucker rod defect characters

Sucker rod is the hey component for the rod pumping system. In the working process, there are mainly four kind of defects: cracks, corrosion, partial wear and artificial damage, which will cause downhole accidents, so feature extraction is a premise to distinguish different defects. In the paper, by using wavelet energy spectrum, sucker rod defects signals that came from magnetic flux leakage (MFL) detection method are decomposed to the different frequency bands by arbitrary time-frequency resolution, the frequency signal energy is an eigenvectors to judgment sucker rod defects. In practice, the detection method is effective and feasible, and there is a new way for the sucker rod defects pattern recognition.
Effects of adhesive type and polystyrene concentration on the shear strength of bonded polystyrene/high-density polyethylene blends

The lap-shear strengths of adhesively bonded polystyrene (PS), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and their blends, were studied as a function of adhesive type and blend composition. The performance of virgin and recycled polymer systems was examined. The lap-shear strength depended strongly on the amount of PS in the blend and the type of adhesive, and the acrylic adhesives demonstrated the best performance for all compositions. Bonded strengths of HDPE increased by approximately 50% when HDPE was blended with 34% PS, the co-continuous composition. The results indicate that structural elements made from PS/HDPE immiscible blends may be effectively bonded with adhesives without expensive surface treatments.
Metropolitan Planning Organizations: Findings and Recommendations for Improving Transportation Planning

With the enactment of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act in 1991, metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs) became more important institutions for planning and funding regional transportation systems. This study attempts to assess the success of MPOs in four fast-growing areas- Dallas/Ft. Worth, Denver, Phoenix, and Seattle-in meeting regional transportation needs. The research identifies the criteria that distinguish more successful from less successful MPOs-effective leadership, staff competence and credibility, quality public involvement, development of a regional ethos, streamlined and efficient processes, cooperative relationships with the state DOT, land-use coordination, and accountability to members-and offers suggestions for improving transportation planning. Copyright 2002, Oxford University Press.
Evidence for glucocorticoid regulation of the rat vasopressin V1a receptor gene.

Abstract WRK-1 cells express vasopressin V 1a receptors. Twenty-fourhour treatment of these cells with dexamethasone (DEX) resulted in an increase in [ 3 H]AVP binding that was maximal at 12 h, and could be blocked by addition of RU 38486. The increases in [ 3 H]AVP binding were paralleled by increases in V 1a receptor mRNA. The in vivo effects of glucocorticoids (GCs) on V 1a receptor binding in hepatic tissue were also investigated in adrenalectomized and hormone-replaced rats given either DEX or aldosterone (ALDO). DEX effectively increased V 1a receptor binding site density whereas ALDO had no effect. The DEX effects on V 1a receptor mRNA and binding strongly implicate glucocorticoids in the regulation of V 1a receptor gene expression.
Direct Reduction to Talmi Integrals Without Use of Transformation Brackets

The two-body shell-model matrix elements for central and tensor forces can be expanded as linear combinations of Talmi integrals. A closed form, which does not involve vector-coupling coefficients or transformation brackets, is obtained for the coefficients appearing in this expansion. For the case that all the oscillator constants are the same, the result is simple enough to allow tabulation. A table of these coefficients for matrix elements involving the shell-model states $0s$, $0p$, and $0d$ is included. The main advantage of this method over the Talmi-Brody-Moshinsky method is discussed.
The development of the vasculature and its extracellular matrix: a gradual process defined by sequential cellular and matrix remodeling events

the molecular basis of vascular development is being elucidated because of the identification of critical growth factors, receptors, signaling pathways, and cell types that are involved ([1][1], [2][2], [4][3], [7][4]–[10][5], [15][6]). In addition to growth factor-mediated signaling, the
The Borda Game

Recently, a number of authors have constructed axiomatic defences of Borda's rule [2, 4, 8], In every case, it Is assumed that voters mark their ballots honestly, in accordance with their preferences. That this assumption may be unrealistic was known to Borda himself [ij. Elsewhere â€¢ [3, 5], it has been shpwn how Borda's rule can reward misrepresented pref erences on the part of individual voters. This result is in the same spirit as, but not a consequence of, the Gibbard-Satterthwaite theorem [6, 7], since Borda's rule allows ties. This is in marked contrast to Condorcet's rule, where such misrepresentation is not rewarded.(This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)
Heat confinement in spheromaks

Calculations are presented showing the temperatures expected in a spheromak sustained by continuous injection of helicity, based on a model previously shown to agree with temperatures achieved in spheromak experiments carried out in the 1980's. New experiments with Thomson scattering measurements of electron temperature will provide an experimental test.
Modulation of ligand binding to components of the GABAA receptor complex by ammonia: implications for the pathogenesis of hyperammonemic syndromes.

The effects of 5-500 μM concentrations of neutral ammonium salts on the binding of ligands to components of the GABAA receptor complex were investigated. [3H]Flunitrazepam binding to the benzodiazepine receptor was enhanced by ammonium (10–500 μM), but not sodium tartrate with EC50 = 98 μM and Emax = 31%. Further increasing ammonium tartrate concentrations (500–2500 μM) decreased [3H]flunitrazepam binding to control levels. The ammonium tartrate-induced increase in [3H]flunitrazepam binding was manifested as a 50% decrease in Kd. Furthermore, GABA increased the potency of ammonium tartrate in enhancing [3H]flunitrazepam binding by 63%. [3H]Ro 15-1788 and [3H]Ro 15-4513 binding to the benzodiazepine receptor was not significantly enhanced by ammonium tartrate (Emax ≈ 13%). Ammonium tartrate also increased, then decreased the binding of 500 nM [3H]muscimol to the GABAA receptor (EC50 = 52 μM, Emax = 30%) in a concentration-dependent manner, but had no effect on [3H]SR 95-531 binding (Emax 1 mM) ammonia concentrations. This increase in GABAergic neurotransmission is consistent with the clinical picture of lethargy, ataxia and cognitive deficits associated with liver failure and congenital hyperammonemia.
Evidence for covalent association of RNA with nascent DNA in human lymphocytes.

An in vitro DNA synthesizing system prepared from lysates of a human lymphocyte cell line was employed to test for the existence of RNA-DNA covalent bonds. The procedure utilized a form of nearest-neighbor analysis in which 32P was transferred from incorporated α-32P-labeled deoxyribonucleotides in DNA to ribonucleotides after alkaline hydrolysis. All ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides are found in approximately equivalent proportions at the RNA-DNA junction. The RNA-DNA bonds are found primarily at the same density as DNA; they are located at or near the termini of chains; the strands containing the RNA-DNA bonds are predominantly the size of nascent DNA; there is one such bond per DNA chain; and the RNA-DNA bonds are labile during DNA synthesis although stabilized by an inhibitor of synthesis. These properties are consistent with the role of an RNA for the priming of nascent DNA synthesis.
Tourism Education as an Investment in the Future: A New Hampshire Case Study

Each year, a substantial number of recent high school graduates are lured away from their home states, provinces, or nations to attend colleges and universities. Using New Hampshire (U.S.) as a case study, this analysis examines the impact of the migration-for-education phenomenon upon home areas and offers a model that can be used to increase the rate of student retention, thereby benefiting both students and the region's tourism industry.
Disentangling the Person and the Place as Explanations for Regional Differences in Suicide

Identifying whether suicides in a region are due to characteristics of the residents living there or to some enduring feature of the region is difficult when using cross-sectional studies. To distinguish these factors, we compared the suicides of a region's residents with people who were temporarily visiting the region. Using U.S. death records from 1973-2004, we focused on states with the highest and lowest suicide rates over this period. The high suicide region consisted of Arizona, Colorado, Montana, New Mexico, Nevada, Oregon, and Wyoming; the low suicide region consisted of Connecticut, Illinois, Massachusetts, New Jersey, and New York. For each region, we considered three groups of decedents: residents who died inside the region, residents who died outside the region, and visitors to the region. Proportionate mortality ratios were calculated for all suicides and separately for firearm suicides. In the high suicide region, visitors to and residents away from the region both had elevated suicide levels, to about the same extent as residents dying inside the region. Therefore, short-term exposure to the region and being a resident of the region each predicted suicide. In the low suicide region, the suicides of residents at home were reduced, but their suicides rose dramatically once they left the area. There was no decrease in suicides among visitors to the region. Firearm use was related to the suicide levels of each region. Overall, the results suggest that both the available means to commit suicide and the contextual features of the regions contributed to their extreme suicides. We discuss how an examination of visitors can help researchers generate novel inferences about the causes of suicide.
Efficient timing analysis algorithms for timed state space exploration

This paper presents new timing analysis algorithms for efficient state space exploration during timed circuit synthesis. Timed circuits are a class of asynchronous circuits that incorporate explicit timing information in the specification which is used throughout the synthesis procedure to optimize the design. Much of the computational complexity in the synthesis of timed circuits currently is in finding the reachable timed state space. We introduce new algorithms which utilize geometric regions to represent the timed state space and partial orders to minimize the number of regions necessary. These algorithms operate on specifications sufficiently general to describe practical circuits.
Immune Biomarker Response Depends on Choice of Experimental Pain Stimulus in Healthy Adults: A Preliminary Study

Few studies in healthy subjects have examined the neuroimmune responses associated with specific experimental pain stimuli, while none has measured multiple biomarkers simultaneously. The aim of the present study was to compare the neuro-immune responses following two common experimental pain stimuli: cold pressor test (CPT) and focal heat pain (FHP). Eight adults participated in two counterbalanced experimental sessions of FHP or CPT with continuous pain ratings and blood sampling before and 30 minutes after the sessions. Despite similar pain intensity ratings (FHP = 42.2 ± 15.3; CPT = 44.5 ± 34.1; P = 0.871), CPT and FHP induced different neuro-immune biomarker responses. CPT was accompanied by significant increases in cortisol (P = 0.046) and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (P = 0.043) with significant decreases in several pro-inflammatory mediators (IL-1β (P = 0.028), IL-12 (P = 0.012), TNF-α (P = 0.039), and MCP-1 (P = 0.038)). There were nonsignificant biomarker changes during the FHP session. There were close to significant differences between the sessions for IL-1β (P = 0.081), IFN-γ (P = 0.072), and IL-12 (P = 0.053) with biomarkers decreasing after CPT and increasing after FHP. There were stronger associations between catastrophizing and most biomarkers after CPT compared to FHP. Our results suggest that CPT is a stressful and painful stimulus, while FHP is mostly a painful stimulus. Thus, each experimental pain stimulus can activate different neuro-immune cascades, which are likely relevant for the interpretation of studies in chronic pain conditions.
Examining Behavioral Risk and Academic Performance for Students Transitioning from Elementary to Middle School.

We studied the transition from elementary to middle school for 74 fifth-grade students. Specifically, we examined how behavioral risk evident in the elementary years, as measured by the Student Ris...
Digital dissecting hematoma. A differential diagnosis

The dissecting hematoma, a little mentioned postoperative complication following digital surgery, occurs when there is damage to the blood vessels intraoperatively. Accurate and immediate diagnosis is essential for providing early and appropriate treatment.
Bioluminescence imaging after HSV amplicon vector delivery into brain

Background Firefly luciferase (Fluc) has routinely been used to quantitate and analyze gene expression in vitro by measuring the photons emitted after the addition of ATP and luciferin to a test sample. It is now possible to replace luminometer-based analysis of luciferase activity and measure luciferase activity delivered by viral vectors directly in live animals over time using digital imaging techniques. Methods An HSV amplicon vector expressing Fluc cDNA from an inducible promoter was delivered to cells in culture and into the mouse brain. In culture, expression of Fluc was measured after induction in a dose-dependent manner by a biochemical assay, and then confirmed by Western blot analysis and digital imaging. The vectors were then stereotactically injected into the mouse brain and Fluc expression measured non-invasively using bioluminescence imaging.
Epididymal Phenotype in Luteinizing Hormone Receptor Knockout Animals and Its Response to Testosterone Replacement Therapy

Previous studies reported that epididymis contains functional LH receptors. The LH receptor knockout mice, which have epididymal phenotypes, gave us an opportunity to test the hypothesis that testosterone replacement alone may not be sufficient to reverse phenotypes to wild-type epididymis. The morphological phenotype in knockout animals includes a decrease in luminal diameter of the proximal and distal caput and cauda epididymis, the absence of clear and halo cells in the epithelial lining, a decrease in the height of principal cells and the number of cells containing cilia, a decrease in cilia length, and a change from basal to central location of nuclei in the principal cells. The biochemical phenotype includes a decrease in periodic acid-Schiff reaction product, reflecting the glycogen and glycoprotein synthesis and secretion, a decrease in androgen receptor (AR) and estrogen receptor (ER)beta, and an increase in ERalpha levels. Twenty-one-day testosterone replacement therapy in 30-day-old knockout animals reversed some, but not all, morphological and biochemical phenotypes. Those that did not reverse include luminal diameters of proximal and distal caput and cauda epididymis, the percentage of ciliated principal cells in caput epididymis, and nuclear AR localization. In summary, while our results reaffirm that androgens are important for normal epididymal morphology and function, they indicate that LH could be required for certain facets of epididymal morphology and/or function.
First long-term, direct measurements of evapotranspiration and surface water balance in the Nebraska SandHills

Abstract The Nebraska SandHills is a vast grassland ecoregion that also serves as the main recharge zone for the High Plains (Ogallala) aquifer. Despite the national importance of this region in supplying irrigation water and supporting the US cattle industry, there have, until now, been no long-term, direct measurements of the components of the surface water balance. We have addressed this issue by installing energy balance/Bowen ratio (EBBR) flux towers in three key ecosystems. We report here the results of 7 years of measurements and interpret them in terms of annual weather variability. Additionally, these data have allowed us to make first-order estimates of the recharge rate to the aquifer. We found that the three ecosystems behave in very different ways, and that, in a first-order estimate, the region provides approximately 115 ± 20 mm year −1 of recharge to the aquifer over the 2003–2009 period.
One of these things is not like the other: the heterogeneity of the cerebral circulation.

The human cerebral vasculature is highly sensitive to changes in arterial blood gases (i.e. arterial carbon dioxide () and oxygen () tensions), such that hypercapnia/hypoxia and hypocapnia/hyperoxia cause global increases and decreases in cerebral blood flow. It is generally accepted that all cerebral arter-ioles – traditionally considered to be the regulators of brain blood flow – are equally sensitive to changes in arterial blood gases. However, this classic dogma may not be the case.
Oral and Sublingual Immunotherapy

Allergic diseases have continued to increase throughout the developed world. Subcutaneous immunotherapy has been a mainstay of treatment for allergic rhinitis and asthma, however, some patients are precluded from treatment. On the other hand, in the case of food allergy, treatments simply do not exist. Oral and sublingual immunotherapy, with its superior safety and ease of administration, offers an alternative for patients with allergic rhinitis and asthma and has also been promising as a potential treatment for food allergy. The review summarizes significant advances from the past year including further data on the effectiveness of existing treatments, preliminary data on novel treatments, and further understanding of the mechanisms of these new therapies.
The Use of Nonhuman Animals in Biomedical Research

Opposition to the use of animals in biomedical research rests on diverse scientific and ethical arguments. Here I offer a response to key objections and argue that the responsible use of animals in biomedical research with the goal of advancing medical knowledge, science and human health, is scientifically and morally justified. My views are unlikely to be shared uniformly across the scientific community. Thus, I hope this personal perspective persuades other scientists, public health officials, scientific organizations and our academic leadership to join the debate and invites opponents of animal research to create an atmosphere where civil discourse can take place, free of threats and intimidation. The public deserves an open and honest debate on this important topic.
When Strangers Pass Processing of Mutual and Averted Social Gaze in the Superior Temporal Sulcus

Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we investigated brain activity evoked by mutual and averted gaze in a compelling and commonly experienced social encounter. Through virtual-reality goggles, subjects viewed a man who walked toward them and shifted his neutral gaze either toward (mutual gaze) or away (averted gaze) from them. Robust activity was evoked in the superior temporal sulcus (STS) and fusiform gyrus (FFG). For both conditions, STS activity was strongly right lateralized. Mutual gaze evoked greater activity in the STS than did averted gaze, whereas the FFG responded equivalently to mutual and averted gaze. Thus, we show that the STS is involved in processing social information conveyed by shifts in gaze within an overtly social context. This study extends understanding of the role of the STS in social cognition and social perception by demonstrating that it is highly sensitive to the context in which a human action occurs.
Designing Challenging Science Experiences for High-Ability Learners Through Partnerships With University Professors:

Summer Enrichment Workshop (SEW) is a 3-week enrichment program held at The University of Alabama (UA) Tuscaloosa, Alabama, for students identified as gifted and talented. The faculty of the College of Education, Program of Gifted and Talented (GT), formed a partnership with a College of Engineering faculty member who mentored the graduate student GT interns to develop and teach middle school science minicourses in the SEW program. Data indicate that the challenge level of the science middle school minicourses improved, and interns experienced more competence and confidence in teaching upper-level science courses. Contributing factors included having a science expert to collaborate in planning content and coteaching lessons; consistent reflection on practice; making learning more real-world; providing support, assistance, guidance, and counseling; long-term planning; problem solving and inquiry; and experimentation and risk taking, followed by immediate corrective feedback.
Examination of a competitive enzyme-linked immunoassay (CELIA) technique and a laser nephelometric immunoassay technique for the measurement of apolipoprotein B

A competitive enzyme-linked immunoassay (CELIA) technique for quantitative measurement of apolipoprotein B (Apo B) was developed. The method is a non-isotopic immunoassay that utilizes a soluble enzyme/antibody complex as a universal labeling reagent. The method was characterized according to precision, sensitivity, recovery and parallelism. The CELIA Apo B method was compared to a commercially available laser nephelometric immunoassay. We found that the nephelometric results were highly correlated with triglyceride levels and the nephelometric assay was susceptible to interference from lipemia or turbidity. The range of values obtained on 56 apparently healthy, fasting young adults was 0.35-1.25 g/l by the CELIA method and 0.40-1.00 g/l by the nephelometric immunoassay. The nephelometric method was more precise (coefficient of variation 5%) than the CELIA technique (CV 10%); however, the CELIA method seems to be less sensitive to interferences.
Regulation of mitochondrial function by PINK1, Parkin and DJ-1

Loss-of-function mutations in PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1), Parkin and DJ-1 genes have been linked to recessively inherited forms of Parkinsonism. PINK1 is a putative serine-threonine kinase containing a mitochondrial localization signal, whereas Parkin and DJ-1 function as E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase and scavenger for reactive oxygen species (ROS), respectively. Interestingly, all three of them have been implicated in the control of the mitochondrial function. In this study using primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), primary neurons and mice brain, we investigated how the mitochondrial respiration is affected by the loss of PINK1, Parkin and DJ-1. We found that intact mitochondria in PINK1-/- and Parkin-/- cells recapitulate all the defects in mitochondrial respiration observed previously in isolated mitochondria from PINK1-/- and Parkin-/- mouse brains, suggesting that these cells are a valid experimental system to study the underlying mechanisms. Our data showed that these defects are not induced by changes in expression levels and activities of all individual complexes composing the electron transport system in PINK1-/- and Parkin-/-. In parallel, we found that loss of DJ-1 does not affect mitochondrial respiration in intact and permeabilized DJ-1-/- MEFs and in isolated mitochondria from the cerebral cortex of DJ-1-/- mice at 3 months or 2 years of age. Interestingly, the mitochondrial transmembrane potential in MEFs cells is reduced in absence of PINK1, Parkin or DJ-1. We first discovered that this reduction is linked to an increase of the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore in PINK1-/-, Parkin-/- and DJ-1-/- cells. Consistent with earlier reports, production of ROS species is increased in DJ-1-/- MEFs. The accumulation of ROS seems linked to the decreased mitochondrial transmembrane potential and to the increased mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening in DJ-17-MEFs, as antioxidant treatment can restore them, whereas oxidative stress inducers have the opposite effects. Interestingly, the specific inhibition of mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening was able to rescue the transmembrane potential and respiration defects in PINK1-/- and Parkin-/- cells. According to our earlier findings in mouse brains, mitochondrial morphology is similar between PINK1-/- and wild-type cells, indicating that the observed mitochondrial functional defects are not due to morphological changes. The intra-mitochondrial calcium concentration measured after FCCP treatment is increased in PINK1-/- and Parkin-/- but not in DJ-1-/- cells. Together, our study suggests that the excessive mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening may underlie the selective reduction of mitochondrial respiration and transmembrane potential as well as an elevation of mitochondrial calcium observed in PINK1-/- and Parkin-/- cells, while increased ROS production seems to be the origin of mitochondrial functional defects observed DJ-1-/-. Supported by NINDS (R01 NS041779)
Effect of a modified potential barrier in field emission

Abstract The use of a modified surface potential barrier, which includes not only classical image force and the external force but also the exchange and correlation forces on the field emission has been investigated for tungsten. The theoretical calculations of the emitted current density and total energy distribution are obtained. A comparison of the experimental results with the theoretical predictions has been made. The agreement between them is good.
Aldosterone stimulates intestinal Na+ absorption in rats by increasing NHE3 expression of the proximal colon

Na+ retention by the colon in response to salt deprivation is mediated in part by the resulting secondary hyperaldosteronism. We show that experimental hyperaldosteronism, to levels seen with salt ...
Market Integration: A Study of Sorghum Prices in Western India

This article examines the popular view in underdeveloped countries that there exist large regional price differences that are caused by speculative elements in trade. The data bearing on the prices of sorghum in a number of primary and terminal markets in India suggest that these differences are not caused by the activities of the traders. The analysis emphasizes the high degree of interdependence between wholesale markets in the process of price formation. Regional price differences often result from differences in varieties of the grain traded. Prices for the same product may differ because of transport costs. Price discrepancies of the order larger than transport costs may result from such factors as transport bottlenecks and government control on the movement of goods.
Strategic Mortgage Default and the Decision to Follow the Herd: A Neurological Explanation

This study is the first to examine strategic mortgage default and financial herding on a neurological level. Using fMRI technology, we identify a number of substrates within the brain that provide a neurobiological explanation for why some homeowners exercise their mortgage put option while others do not. We link the left interior parietal lobe to herding in participants who observe the default behavior of a maven (real estate expert). Alarmingly, homeowners only significantly follow the herd when mavens advocate strategic default, not when they recommend against it. In trials where the homeowner is severely underwater, the motor cortex and anterior cingulate cortex – a brain region particularly sensitive to situations where behavior may produce errors – show significantly more activation. Moreover, when faced with loan parameters that entice homeowners to indicate a willingness to strategically default, subjects show significant activation of their left lingual gyrus and motor cortex suggesting a greater level of self-reflection during the decision.
Integration of Sanitation, Insecticides, and Sterile Moth Releases for Suppression of Populations of Codling Moths in the Wenas Valley of Washington

The second step in a program of integrated control of Laspeyresia pomonella (L.) was undertaken in approximately 32 square miles of the Wenas Valley in 1971. The first step was a program of sanitation plus insecticides in 1970 that reduced the overwintering larval population 96% from that for the previous year. The 1971 program included the release of a total of over 1½ million sterile codling moths of both sexes between April and September; concurrently, noncommercial trees in the area were sprayed 4–6 times, 10 acres of commercial orchard were sprayed twice with cover sprays, and 332 acres were sprayed once with a cover spray; the remaining 90 acres were not sprayed. Catches in sex-attractant traps indicated that the ratio of sterile to native moths exceeded 40: 1 during most of the season but was below this desired minimum ratio in the noncommercial area. However, the number of moths caught per trap in 1971 was 91 % less than the number caught in 1970. Also, despite the movement of native moths into the valley, the number of overwintering larvae was reduced 92% over that for 1970, and only 0.005% of the fruit produced mature larvae.
Multidentate zwitterionic ligands provide compact and highly biocompatible quantum dots.

Hydrophilic functional semiconductor nanocrystals that are also compact provide greatly promising platforms for use in bioinspired applications and are thus highly needed. To address this, we designed a set of metal coordinating ligands where we combined two lipoic acid groups, bis(LA)-ZW, (as a multicoordinating anchor) with a zwitterion group for water compatibility. We further combined this ligand design with a new photoligation strategy, which relies on optical means instead of chemical reduction of the lipoic acid, to promote the transfer of CdSe-ZnS QDs to buffer media. In particular, we found that the QDs photoligated with this zwitterion-terminated bis(lipoic) acid exhibit great colloidal stability over a wide range of pHs, to an excess of electrolytes, and in the presence of growth media and reducing agents, in addition to preserving their optical and spectroscopic properties. These QDs are also stable at nanomolar concentrations and under ambient conditions (room temperature and white light expo...
Twisted Triplet Ethylene: Anharmonic Frequencies and Spectroscopic Parameters for C2H4, C2D4, and 13C2H4

Ethylene is an exceptional example of a stable closed-shell singlet molecule with a low-lying triplet state of very different symmetry. Triplet C2H4 (the a 3A1 state), which has a twisted D2d geometry, is studied herein with high-level theoretical methods, namely, CCSD(T) (coupled cluster theory with single, double, and perturbative triple excitations) and Dunning’s correlation-consistent quadruple-ζ basis set (cc-pVQZ). Geometric parameters, including equilibrium (re) and vibrationally corrected (rg) values, are reported for C2H4, C2D4, and 13C2H4. Harmonic and anharmonic vibrational frequencies are also predicted using second-order vibrational perturbation theory (VPT2). Challenges encountered for the wagging vibrational features are discussed.
Formation of extended prismatic dislocation structures under indentation

Abstract Prismatic dislocation structures are often observed after indentation experiments. These structures usually start from the zone of high dislocation density underneath an indenter tip, but extend far beyond. Three dimensional Discrete Dislocation Dynamics simulations show how these complex structures can be formed from preexisting dislocations. The specifics of the indentation stress field and the crystallographic orientation play an important role for the formation of these structures. The mechanism of formation of the prismatic dislocations loops is dominated by stress controlled cross slip events, with cross slip locations reflecting the symmetry of the indentation stress field.
Cytoplasmic pH in pulmonary macrophages: recovery from acid load is Na+ independent and NEM sensitive.

The pulmonary macrophage plays a primary role in the immunological defense of the lung. Although many studies have been devoted to elucidation of its phagocytic and secretory functions, little is known of its membrane transport properties or of how it regulates intracellular pH (pHi). The purpose of this study, therefore, was to determine base-line pHi and the mechanism(s) by which the cell recovers pHi when challenged with an intracellular acid load. Through the use of the pH-sensitive fluorescent dye, 2,7-biscarboxyethyl-5(6)-carboxy-fluorescein (BCECF), base-line pHi was estimated to be 7.24 +/- 0.03. Cells were acidified by two methods, nigericin and weak acids, while recovery (dpHi/dt) was monitored. The rate of recovery was found to be independent of external Na+ and K+ and was insensitive to amiloride. Pretreatment with 4,4'-diiso-thiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid, an inhibitor of Cl- -HCO3- exchange, was also without effect on recovery from an intracellular acid load in these cells, under nominally HCO3- -free conditions. In contrast, N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) and N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, nonspecific inhibitors of proton adenosinetriphosphatases (ATPases), virtually abolished pHi recovery. Efflux of H+ equivalents by pulmonary macrophages was measured by techniques involving both pH stat titration and the effect on fluorescence of extracellular BCECF. Basal H+ extrusion was approximately 2.75 +/- 0.64 nmol H+.min-1.10(6) cells-1 and was enhanced to approximately 26.0 +/- 6.95 nmol H+.min-1.10(6) cells-1 in acid-loaded cell suspensions. The basal rate of H+ extrusion was reduced to approximately 0.84 +/- 0.31 nmol H+.min-1.10(6) cells-1 in the presence of 1 mM NEM. These results suggest that recovery of cytoplasmic pH from an intracellular acid load, as well as regulation of pHi, under the conditions examined, is not mediated by a Na+-H+ exchanger in these cells. Rather, the data are consistent with the presence of an H+-ATPase in the plasma membrane of pulmonary macrophages.
Communities in Conflict: Competing Jurisdictions in the Empire

In the politically fragmented Holy Roman Empire, lines of sovereignty were rarely clear. Communities were subject to pressures from competing authorities even in peacetime, and the situation became especially problematic during periods of military conflict, as political power shifted and was redefined in accordance with the fortunes of war. Competition for jurisdiction took many forms — religious, economic, political — any of which could turn town or village institutions into the battlegrounds of territorial authorities.1 Matters of defense naturally became crucial to these battles, as competing clients attempted to assert their authority over military institutions. In this politically and confessionally charged system, minor quarrels, unfounded rumors, and seemingly insignificant insults could spiral upwards and outwards into inter-territorial disputes, becoming increasingly politicized until they wound up plaguing the Empire’s highest courts for years at a time.
Imprinting in Quail as a Function of Pre- and Postnatal Auditory Stimulation

Three prenatal exposure conditions and 3 posthatch imprinting conditions (no sound Jay calls, and quail calls) were evaluated for their effect on following in Japanese quail chicks. The presence of prenatal sound had a significant effect on imprinting; birds exposed to jay and quail sounds prenatally followed significantly more than those exposed to no sound. Quail demonstrated no significant innate preference for the female call of the species. Auditory stimulation coupled with visual stimulation generates more following and imprinting than visual alone.
Downward finger displacement distinguishes Parkinson disease dementia from Alzheimer disease

ABSTRACTPurpose/Aim of the study: To study finger displacement in patients with Parkinson disease dementia (PDD) and in patients with Alzheimer disease (AD).Methods: We examined 56 patients with PDD and 35 with AD. Patients were examined during their regular outpatient clinic visit. Finger displacement was measured by observers not actively involved in the study using a creative grid ruler for all PDD and AD patients. Finger displacement was examined by asking patients to point their index fingers toward the grid ruler with the nails facing upward. Patients were asked to maintain the pointing position for 15 s. After 15 s, patients were asked to close their eyes for another 15 s while maintaining the same position. A positive result was downward index finger displacement of ≥5 cm within the 15-second time window with eyes closed.Results: Of the 56 PDD patients, 53 had bilateral finger displacement of >5 cm. In comparison, of the 35 AD patients, only 1 patient had minimal displacement.Conclusions: Results ...
Repacking chromatin for therapy.

A theoretical model of chromatin packing heterogeneity predicts patterns in gene expression and can be used to screen for effective chemotherapeutic adjuvants.
Thyroid cancer invading the upper aerodigestive tract

The worldwide incidence of thyroid cancer has increased and generated great debate and study concerning the proper evidence-based management strategies. Despite this increase, there has been no significant increase in advanced, invasive thyroid cancers, which continue to represent the primary cause of thyroid cancer specific death. This section provides an evidence-based management review for thyroid cancer invading the aerodigestive tract and addresses critical issues of diagnosis, preoperative evaluation, surgical management, and adjuvant treatment germane to this important subset of patients. Illustrative examples of complex patients will be presented in the context of evidence-based literature to help guide the practitioner in an area less frequently encountered by many surgeons.