cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Protein: Polysaccharide ratio in exopolymeric substances controlling the surface tension of seawater in the presence or absence of surrogate Macondo oil with and without Corexit

Abstract Amphiphilic substances can interact with oil in the water to form emulsions and aggregates; dispersants are designed to form emulsions to prevent oil droplets from coalescing and stabilize them in a suspension. Amphiphilic extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) concentrated at the air-water interface where surface tension was measured to determine their propensity for formation of emulsions and/or aggregates. Here we investigated mechanisms governing the self-assembly and phase separation for protein-polysaccharide-oil-dispersant interactions through measurements of surface tension, chemical composition, and confocal microscopy. EPS colloid fractions from treatments of WAF (water accommodated fraction of oil), CEWAF (chemically enhanced WAF using the dispersant Corexit), and a control mesocosm were examined. In analyzing the size fractions of water column samples, it was found that treatments with oil and/or Corexit showed EPS with enhanced protein:polysaccharide carbon-based ratios and lower surface tension (SFT), suggesting the effective bioemulsifying effects of proteins. In addition, EPS model constituents of protein slightly increased SFT at low concentrations of less than a few mg/L, but decreased it at higher concentrations of 8 mg/L or more. These model molecules appear to be more efficient than Corexit in inducing the self-assembly of micelles in the seawater even when only very low concentrations of these constituents are present. Our results suggest that EPS are more efficient than Corexit at forming micelles. Results from this study provides mechanistic insights into the fate and distribution of oil in the surface ocean.
Understanding Psychopathology: Cybernetics and Psychology on the Boundary between Order and Chaos

We are grateful to have received such a thoughtful set of commentaries on our cybernetic theory of psychopathology. In this reply, we attempt to clarify and expand upon some aspects of the theory i...
Unicast Service Provisioning

Most of today’s networks, called integrated services networks support the delivery of a variety of services to their users each with its own quality of service (QoS) requirements (e.g. delay, percentage of packet loss, jitter, etc.). As the number of services offered by the network and the demand for the services increase, the need for efficient network operation increases. One of the key factors that contributes to efficient network operation is the efficient utilization of the network’s resources.
A Safe Harbor Is Temporary Shelter, Not A Pathway Forward: How Court-Mandated Sex Trafficking Intervention Fails to Help Girls Quit the Sex Trade

Results from an evaluation of a juvenile human trafficking court are presented to explore the ways in which tensions between (a) human trafficking rhetoric, (b) a legal framework that cannot resolv...
Interrelationship between PO2, morphology and perfusion in rat mammary adenocarcinoma (AD) using combined in vivo microcathode/India ink injection/freeze substitution techniques.

A knowledge of oxygen tension (pO2) distribution in neoplasia is fundamental to understanding relationships between tumor necrosis and perfusion. The exploration of in vivo oxygen distribution was pioneered by Vaupel (1). However, to our knowledge tumor oxygen profiles have not been related to tumor structure. Combining an oxygen recessed microcathode and freeze exchange technique has permitted correlation of in vivo tumor pO2 profiles with structure from permanently fixed tissue sections. This freeze exchange process provides representative in situ dimensions by in vivo quick freezing, but as yet does not produce thin (< 8 micron) sections. Histologic evaluation of 25–50 micron stained sections did not clearly show the distribution of small vessels and capillaries, but did reveal that our tumor model had necrotic regions often containing apparent vessels surrounded by viable tumor cells. In addition, there is increasing evidence supporting the observation that neoplastic vascular function may be inhomogeneous (2–6). Therefore, we developed an in vivo india ink injection/freeze exchange technique to demonstrate representative in situ vascular distribution and apparent tumor perfusion. Selected tumors in the experimental series were india ink injected and serial sections of the tumor were compatible with the pO2 profiles.
The Role of Onabotulinum Toxin Type A in the Management of Chronic Non-Migraine Headaches

Objectives: FDA has approved Onabotulinum toxin type A (BoNTA) for prophylactic treatment of chronic migraines. Recent studies have explored its potential new indications, like treating post-traumatic headaches. Patients and Methods: This is a retrospective chart review of 717 patients, who had failed at least two prophylactic treatments and received BoNTA injections at University of Missouri Hospital from July 2014 to June 2017. Patient demographics, headache type, associated symptoms, prophylaxes tried were reported. Patient's pain severity (numeric pain scale) and frequency (number of headache days/month) pretreatment, at 6 months, and at 12 months were collected. Results: For a single headache type, post-traumatic headaches showed reduction in headache pain severity at 6 months (2.9±0.7) compared to pre-treatment (7± 0.7). Headache frequency for post-traumatic headaches was also reduced at 6 months (10.6±2.3) and 12 months (5.1±1.2) compared to pre-treatment (25±1.8). For pseudotumor cerebri headaches, pain severity at pretreatment was 6.4±0.6 compared to 2±0.8 at 6 months, and headache days reduced at 6 months (9.8±2.5) and 12 months (6±4) compared to pretreatment (26±2.9). Opioid use reduced by 67±55.4 at 6 months and 133.3±106.6 at 12 months in morphine equivalent units. Conclusions: Onabotulinum toxin type A is effective in treating multiple types of chronic non-migraine headaches.
Fiscal Decentralization in Peru: A Perspective on Recent Developments and Future Challenges

ODecentralization is a fairly recent process in Peru that has been driven by a mixture of democratization, state modernization, increased accountability in service delivery, and regional economic development objectives. Politics has also played an important role. Overall, the general approach to decentralization reform in Peru has been cautious and conservative and by design its implementation has been gradual. With hindsight there were several important missteps that could have been avoided. There are other important aspects that will require substantial reform efforts in the coming years, including the formation of macroregions and how to undo the important negative consequences of the canon system. Peru is today at a stage where the question is what final form of decentralization to adopt. This paperer provides a blueprint for achieving a more efficient and equitable decentralization system in the country.
Spenser’s Sprites: Platonic Daemons in The Faerie Queene

Throughout the twentieth century, critics of the poet Edmund Spenser wrestled with the question of the presence of Plato as well as Platonic thought in Spenser’s works. Having recently established the profound presence of Platonism in Spenser via Marsilio Ficino and other sources, the field of Spenser studies is now open to a treatment of exactly what kind of Platonism is present in Spenser. Drawing from the work done by researchers in the field of magic and Platonism, in this article I hope to demonstrate the presence of Platonic daemons in Spenser’s Faerie Queene who are found under the name of “sprites” or “sprights” in the poem. An examination of daemons in The Faerie Queene will elucidate some questions on the role of Merlin in the poem as well as Spenser’s own self fashioning as a poet-magus.
Optimizing the Feature Selection Process for Better Accuracy in Datasets with a Large Number of Features (Student Abstract).

Most feature selection methods only perform well on datasets with relatively small set of features. In the case of large feature sets and small number of data points, almost none of the existing feature selection methods help in achieving high accuracy. This paper proposes a novel approach to optimize the feature selection process through Frequent Pattern Growth algorithm to find sets of features that appear frequently among the top features selected by the main feature selection methods. Our experimental evaluation on two datasets containing a small and very large number of features shows that our approach significantly improves the accuracy results of the dataset with a very large number of features.
Factors associated with local invasion in infective endocarditis: a nested case-control study.

Abstract Objective A substantial proportion of infective endocarditis (IE) cases are complicated by local invasion. The purpose of this study was to identify patient and disease characteristics associated with local invasion in surgically treated IE patients. Methods This was a nested case–control study. All episodes of IE for patients admitted to Cleveland Clinic from 1 January 2013 to 30 June 2016 were identified from the Cleveland Clinic IE Registry. Patients ≥18 years of age who underwent surgery for IE were included. Among these, cases were those with local invasion, controls were those without. Local invasion, defined as periannular extension, paravalvular abscess, intracardiac fistula or pseudoaneurysm, was ascertained from the surgical operative note. Associations of selected factors with local invasion were examined in a multivariable logistic regression model. Results Among 511 patients who met inclusion criteria, 215 had local invasion. Mean age was 56 years; 369 were male. Overall 345 (68%) had aortic valve, 228 (45%) mitral valve, and 66 (13%) tricuspid or pulmonic valve involvement. Aortic valve involvement (OR 6.23, 95% CI 3.55–11.44), bioprosthetic valve (OR 3.88, 95% CI 2.36–6.44), significant paravalvular leak (OR 3.80, 95% CI 1.60–9.89), new atrioventricular nodal block (OR 3.77, 95% CI 1.87–7.90), infection with streptococci other than viridans group streptococci (OR 7.54, 95% CI 2.42–24.87) and presence of central nervous system emboli (OR 1.85, 95% CI 1.13–3.04) were associated with local invasion. Discussion Intracardiac and microorganism factors, but not comorbid conditions, are associated with local invasion in IE.
On measuring literacy

The authors present a new approach to evaluating the level of effective literacy in a region or country, one that takes into account the presence in a household of a literate person. They characterize the approach and give an empirical illustration of its use. They designed the new measures of literacy because traditional measures of the literacy rate (R) ignore how the presence of literate person in the household affects literacy. They contend that literate household members generate a positive externality -- a kind of public good - for illiterate members. They believe their new measures will be superior to R in predicting or explaining other achievements that depend on literacy. They expect the rate of diffusion of a new technology for farming, for example, to be more closely linked to the effective literacy rate than to the usual literacy rate. If an agricultural extension worker leaves behind a brochure explaining how to plant and care for high-yielding varieties, an illiterate person who lives in a household with at least one literate member has access to that public good; an isolated illiterate - whose household has not literate members - may not have. Similarly, if the presence ( or absence) of one literate household member increases the chance of a child becoming literate, so the effective literacy rate should be a better predictor of future generations' literacy rate should be a better predictor of future generations' literacy levels. Some changes in policy emphasis might be expected if the new effective literacy measures are used. There might be a shift, for example, toward ensuring a better distribution of literacy across households or toward addressing more seriously the problem of female illiteracy. More work is needed to determine if a child in a household with a higher percentage of literate adults has more frequent access to literacy skills.
Modeling and Control of Probabilistic Fuzzy Discrete Event Systems

We investigate modeling and control of probabilistic fuzzy discrete event systems (PFDES). PFDES is a new type of fuzzy discrete event systems. It allows the use of probabilities to describe the chances of occurrences of different events. Our new model for PFDES consists of a fuzzy automaton and a crisp automaton that specifies what sequences of events can occur and their probabilities of occurrences. Based on the new model, optimal control is designed using an on-line and limited lookahead method. Control is calculated one step at a time, after an occurrence of an event. At each step, a lookahead window of $N$ events is constructed. The performance measures for all states in the window are determined, which is a function of fuzzy states. Control is calculated to maximize the expected performance measure after the occurrences of $N$ events. To reduce computational complexity, a “dynamic-programming” approach is proposed. We prove that the control obtained is optimal. Examples are given in the paper to illustrate the results.
Prebiotic Chemical Evolution and Darwinian Revolution

A Polymer Chemist’s attempt, considering confirmed and proposed mechanisms, to reconstruct a plausible sequence of events such as are supposed to have begun in the prebiotic era of our young Planet and led to the development of Cells capable of Darwinian Evolution and becoming ancestral to our life.
Steroidogenesis in Fundulus heteroclitus. II. Production of 17 alpha-hydroxy-20 beta-dihydroprogesterone, testosterone, and 17 beta-estradiol by various components of the ovarian follicle

Fundulus heteroclitus prematurational follicles (1.3-1.4 mm) were dissected into various components and cultured in vitro to examine the type of cells involved in the synthesis of steroids upon F. heteroclitus pituitary extract (FPE) stimulation or addition of exogenous precursors (25-hydroxycholesterol or pregnenolone). Culture media and follicular tissue extracts were assayed for 17 alpha-hydroxy-20 beta-dihydroprogesterone (17 alpha-OH.20 beta-DHP), testosterone (T), and 17 beta-estradiol (E2) content using specific radioimmunoassays. Complete removal of the follicle wall (denuded oocytes) eliminated steroid accumulation induced by FPE treatment. Removal of the theca/epithelium layer (defolliculated oocytes) did not affect the steroidogenic response (17 alpha-OH,20 beta-DHP, T, E2 production) of the follicles to FPE or exogeneously added precursors (25-hydroxycholesterol or pregnenolone). Isolated theca/epithelium layers secreted only T. Isolated follicular preparations that did not contain the oocyte (theca/epithelium layers or follicle cells) secreted higher levels of steroids to the culture media than did intact follicles. We conclude from these results that (1) the follicle cells (granulosa cells) are the primary source of the various steroids produced by the F. heteroclitus ovarian follicle in response to FPE stimulation: (2) the synthesis of 17 alpha-OH,20 beta-DHP and E2 does not require the involvement of two cell types as shown in other teleosts; (3) the theca/epithelium layer is able to produce T but lacks the aromatase activity necessary for E2 synthesis; and (4) steroids synthesized in the follicle wall are both secreted to the medium and accumulated in the oocyte.
Dense water formation around islands

[1] Basic constraints on the dense water formation rate and circulation resulting from cooling around an island are discussed. The domain under consideration consists of an island surrounded by a shelf, a continental slope, and a stratified ocean. Atmospheric cooling over the shelf forms a dense water that penetrates down the sloping bottom into the stratified basin. Strong azimuthal flows are generated over the sloping bottom as a result of thermal wind. Thermally direct and indirect mean overturning cells are also forced over the slope as a result of bands of convergent and divergent Reynolds stresses associated with the jets. The Coriolis force associated with the net mass flux into the downwelling region over the slope is balanced by these nonlinear terms, giving rise to a fundamentally different momentum budget than arises in semienclosed marginal seas subject to cooling. A similar momentum balance is found for cases with canyons and ridges around the island provided that the terms are considered in a coordinate system that follows the topography. Both eddy fluxes and the mean overturning cells are important for the radial heat flux, although the eddy fluxes typically dominate. The properties of the dense water formed over the shelf (temperature, diapycnal mass flux) are predicted well by application of baroclinic instability theory and simple heat and mass budgets. It is shown that each of these quantities depends only on a nondimensional number derived from environmental parameters such as the shelf depth, Coriolis parameter, offshore temperature field, and atmospheric forcing.
Teaching Austrian Economics to Graduate Students

Teaching Austrian economics to graduate students is an important part of spreading the ideas of Austrian economics throughout the profession. In the classroom, it is important for graduate students to not only master the ideas of Austrian economics but also to train them to become productive scholars within the profession. Students must learn to follow their interests and engage in their comparative advantage within the profession. You are what you write. This article explains my teaching strategy as well as my advice to the two generations of students I have taught as a graduate student teacher in Austrian Economics.
Regulatory Design in Context

The most recent version of this paper can be found here: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2404930This paper offers what we hope is a constructive contribution to the debate about whether legal scholarship is (in)sufficiently tethered to the real world. To the extent there is a disconnect, we believe neither scholars nor the real world of governance are necessarily at fault. Instead, the disconnect stems from a failure to forge connections between theoretical constructs in the academic literature and their applicability to real world conditions. In part, this article is an effort to make such connections through close attention to context in regulatory design.In an insightful recent article, Agencies as Litigation Gatekeepers, Professor David Freeman Engstrom offers a conceptual framework for reorienting the literature on regulatory enforcement by shifting the focus from a choice between public and private enforcement to analysis of how best to coordinate multiple, overlapping, and interdependent public and private enforcers by vesting in federal agencies “gatekeeping authority” over private enforcement lawsuits. Professor Engstrom discusses theoretical concerns about allowing private actors to bring enforcement cases, and the challenges present in designing welfare-maximizing gatekeeping regimes. Professor Engstrom suggests design options for rationalizing public and private enforcement lawsuits through a public “gatekeeping” scheme that range from empowering agencies to be “extremely interventionist” gatekeepers to restricting them to a much more limited role in shaping private enforcement efforts. Our article evaluates and builds on Professor Engstrom’s important effort to rationalize government and private enforcement of regulatory norms by considering his effort in the context of challenges facing government enforcers in the real world, and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in particular. We suggest that agencies such as EPA confront at least five design challenges in developing pragmatic enforcement strategies: the inter-related character of different components of the regulatory process; the hybrid character of contemporary governance efforts; the importance of confronting “reality” in the form of past performance and future challenges and opportunities; the dynamic character of contemporary governance and responses to it; and the salience of possible design changes, which suggests the need to prioritize design improvements. Our view is that pursuing sensible regulatory design, including mechanisms of the sort Professor Engstrom proposes, requires a sophisticated understanding of the regulatory landscape and that our conceptual framework provides a useful typology for developing such an understanding. In short, our article attempts a synthesis of Professor Engstrom’s valuable insights about the value of optimizing regulatory enforcement initiatives with our own conception of the manner in which the regulatory state operates in order to provide a contextually-based, pragmatic framework for optimizing regulatory design to promote compliance with regulatory norms.
Departure coordination problems

The problems associated with coordinating departure aircraft within the National Airspace System (NAS) to satisfy the multiple constraints affecting them and to produce safe, manageable streams of aircraft are described. Departure aircraft are affected by the finite capacity of NAS resources and contention among aircraft waiting to use these resources. Restrictions affecting the use of NAS resources and constraining departure aircraft are presented from the perspective of the airport surface, terminal airspace, en route airspace, and arrival airport. The operational ground delay automation and prototyped departure coordination capabilities are discussed. >
Control of an omni-directional robotic vehicle with Mecanum wheels

The authors explore three aspects of the Mecanum wheeled vehicles, the ability to maneuver in congested spaces, the kinematics of wheel design, and considerations for wheel loading and traction. It is shown how omni-directional capability greatly reduces the amount of area and time required for maneuvers, and how the Mecanum wheel in particular reduces time because of the absence of singularities. The algorithms to convert desired motions to required wheel motions do not require excessive computation even in the case where they include compensation for wheel slip detection and correction. The authors also present some novel concepts, the multiple row driven wheel and the screw type variation of the Mecanum wheel. >
A Very Fast Parallel Processor

A parallel processor specially designed for an important problem in theoretical physics is described. The final device will contain 256 nodes running in lock-step in a SIMD mode with a computational power of 4 billion 22-bit floating point operations per second. Each node is controlled by an Intel 80286/287 microprocessor, contains 160K bits of memory and has a pipelined, microprogrammable arithmetic unit which performs floating point multiplications and additions. The nodes are interconnected in a two-dimensional rectangular grid so that vectorized arithmetic can be performed using data stored on any two adjacent nodes.
Genetic analysis of Rough sheath1 developmental mutants of maize

Maize Rough sheath1 (Rs1) mutants are dominant and cause a proliferation of sheath-like tissue at the base of the blade and throughout the ligular region. They also cause ligule displacement, a chaotic pattern of vasculature and abnormal cellular structure of vascular bundles. The affected region of Rs1-O leaves displays genetic and morphological attributes of both sheath and auricle, suggesting an overlap of these genetic programs. The rs1 locus maps approximately 26 map units distal to opaque2 (o2) on chromosome 7S, defining a new distal-most locus on the genetic map. Three mutant alleles, Rs1-O, Rs1-1025 and Rs1-Z, all display similar phenotypes. The mutations are completely dominant and the Rs1-O phenotype is not affected by dosage of the chromosome arm carrying the rs1+ allele, indicating that these alleles are neomorphic. Analysis of genetic mosaics showed that the Rs1-O phenotype is non-cell-autonomous, suggesting that intercellular signals convey the phenotype. Rs1 mutant phenotypes are affected by modifiers present in particular genetic backgrounds. An enhancer of Rs1-O was identified; segregation data imply a single recessive gene, ers1. Rs1 mutants were also found to enhance the expression of unlinked rs2 and Rs4 mutants, suggesting that these mutations affect similar developmental processes. We discuss the phenotypic and genetic similarities between Rs1 and Knotted 1 (Kn1) mutants that led to the identification of rs1 as a kn1-like homeobox gene (unpublished data).
GPS ground antenna and monitor station upgrades: system analysis and design

This paper discusses the system analysis and design aspects of the Global Positioning System Operational Control System (OCS) remote site modernization study. Requirements analysis for a mission-critical legacy system poses a unique set of challenges such as undocumented requirements, a continually evolving system, variances between documented requirements and the system as implemented, an unrecorded repository of knowledge in designers and operators of the system, and so on. The paper discusses how these challenges were recognized and overcome. The system architecture designed to meet these requirements also had to meet the broader goals of OCS modernization including an open system architecture, increased dependability, expandability and flexibility. The paper describes key features as well as the design rationale of the architecture selected to meet these requirements.
Hyperglycemia-induced angina pectoris in a patient with diabetes mellitus

A patient with diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease presented with recurring episodes of worsening angina not associated with angiographic changes. Correlation with blood sugars demonstrated that angina would occur during episodes of hyperglycemia. During cardiac catheterization, coronary vascular responses including coronary flow reserve and responses to atrial pacing were measured with a Doppler flow wire before and following a glucose challenge. Coronary microvascular responses were impaired by hyperglycemia.
Integrated Theoretical Model for Building Effective Teams

The purpose of this article is to construct an integrated theoretical model for building effective teams based on a literature review guided by several research questions on all aspects of teams, team building, team member selection, team development, and theoretical constructs that affect the development of effective teams. The principal outcome of this article is a relationship model that is grounded in the teams, teamwork, and team building literature and based on several theoretical frameworks. This rigorous model may be applied consistently among human resource development (HRD) practitioners and scholars to assist them in building effective teams.
Readability of the public education literature on cancer prevention and detection

Abstract This paper presents an analysis of the readability level of the educational literature on cancer prevention and early detection. Cancer education brochures and pamphlets were obtained from the American Cancer Society, the National Cancer Institute, private companies, public nonprofit agencies, and state health departments. A total of 183 brochures and pamphlets were examined and reading level (SMOG) scores were computed for 159 of them. The average reading level of the printed cancer education materials was found to be between 10th and 11th grade, with little overall variation by publishing agency, topic, cancer site, focus, or target population. In general, the results suggest that much of the cancer education literature may be of limited value in providing information to the low‐income, low‐education population.
Insulating Cs overlayer on InSb(110).

Cesium overlayers on room-temperature InSb(110) have been studied with scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy. A two-dimensional (2D) overlayer is obesrved, consisting of four-atom Cs(110)-like planar clusters arranged in a c(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}6) superlattice. Interestingly, current-versus-voltage (I-V) spectra exhibit a band gap of \ensuremath{\approxeq}0.6 eV, larger than the substrate band gap of \ensuremath{\approxeq}0.15 eV. The I-V spectra are very similar to those observed on the similar 2D overlayer on GaAs(110), suggesting that the measured gap is a property of the 2D Cs film. The possible origins of this insulating behavior are discussed.
Excision of a conjugative transposon in vitro by the Int and Xis proteins of Tn916

The roles of purified Int and Xis proteins of the conjugative transposon Tn 916 in excision of a deletion derivative of the closely related element Tn 1545 were investigated. At a low salt concentration (37.5 mM NaCl), Int alone was able to promote limited excision to produce a covalently closed circular form of the transposon, showing that Tn 916 Int can catalyze both DNA cleavage and strand exchange. This reaction was stimulated by Xis. At higher salt concentrations (150 mM NaCl), excision by Int alone was reduced to barely detectable levels and Xis was required for excision. The low salt, Xis-stimulated reaction was approximately 8-fold more efficient than the high salt, Xis-dependent reaction. These results reflect in vivo requirements for Int and Xis in excision.
Cutaneous Tumors as the Initial Presentation of Non‐T, Non‐B, Nonmyeloid CD4+ CD56+ Hematolymphoid Malignancy in an Adolescent Boy

We describe a 14-year-old Hispanic boy who presented with a 2-month history of enlarging plum-colored cutaneous tumors on his face, trunk, and proximal extremities. Histopathologic examination showed nodular infiltrates of malignant mononuclear cells extending from the superficial dermis to the deep subcutis. Immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy specimen and flow cytometry studies on a bone marrow aspirate revealed a CD4+, CD56+ hematolymphoid tumor that was negative for all other myeloid and lymphoid markers. Based on this information, the patient was diagnosed with the recently described, rare non-T, non-B, nonmyeloid CD4+ CD56+ hematolymphoid malignancy. To our knowledge, this is the youngest patient reported in the literature.
Synthesis and crystal structures of magnesium complexes with NNO Schiff base ligands bearing quinolyl pendant donors

Abstract A series of ketoimines bearing quinolyl pendants was prepared through Schiff base condensation of 1,3-diketones (2,4-pentanedione, benzoylmethane, and 1-benzoylacetone) and 8-aminoquinoline or 8-amino-2-methylquinoline. The ketoimines were isolated in 46–90% yield and characterized spectroscopically and crystallographically. Reaction of the ketoimines with magnesium 4-methylbenzylalkoxide yielded octahedral magnesium complexes in 67–90% yield. The spectroscopic and crystallographic properties of the magnesium complexes were explored. Structures of 1, 4, 8, 10, and 11 are reported.
Serum visceral protein levels reflect protein-calorie repletion in neonates recovering from major surgery.

Abstract Protein catabolism resulting from acute metabolic stress causes significant postoperative decreases in visceral proteins, including albumin (Alb) and prealbumin (PA). Although clinical trials have suggested an advantage of PA over Alb in monitoring the visceral protein response to nutritional supplementation following surgery, the capability of the neonate to generate such a response has yet to be evaluated. Therefore, this study was undertaken to determine if PA is superior to Alb in assessing postoperative repletion of the visceral protein pool in neonates. Serum Alb and PA levels were measured and energy balance (EB) and protein intake (P 1 ) were recorded in 10 neonates less than 48 hours after major surgery and again following 4 consecutive days of positive EB. Resting energy expenditure (REE) was measured using indirect calorimetric methodology. Mean P 1 (g/kg/d) was lower (0.78 ± 0.78) and mean EB (kcal/kg/d) was negative (−2.92 ± 10.05) less than 48 hours postoperatively compared with mean P 1 (2.52 ± 0.57; P = .0006) after 4 consecutive days of positive EB (34.84 ± 16.5; P = .0004). Mean percent change (X%Δ) from negative EB to positive EB was significantly greater for PA (100%; P = .0002) as compared with Alb (18.5%). These data appear to support the conclusion that serial serum PA levels are superior to Alb to monitor the visceral protein response to nutritional supplementation in neonates following surgery.
Finite Element Analysis of Composite Piezoelectric Actuators Incorporating Nonlinear Material Behavior

There is always the question of choosing the appropriate constitutive model when simulating and analyzing piezoelectric material performance. Linear material modeling typically requires less computational resources; however this approach may not accurately capture the performance. In this paper, the scope of linear predictive modeling was analyzed by comparison with nonlinear modeling. Monomorph and bimorph actuators were modeled with each approach, and their respective performances were compared. It was found that even under small magnitudes of electric field, differences arise between the two approaches. The magnitude of the deviations depended upon actuator composition, applied electric field and boundary conditions. The impact of these differences can be considerable, such as for precision-based applications and cyclic applications where initial design errors could compound.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Abstract 1109: Characterization of hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) as a novel survival related protein in prostate cancer cells

Prostate cancer (PCa) is a leading cause of death by cancer in men, resulting in approximately 32,000 deaths each year. While the cause of PCa is not clearly known at this time, some risk factors include age, diet, race, and activation of certain oncogenes. Hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) is a recently discovered oncogene and a key mitogenic growth factor which is activated in lung, liver, and skin cancers, however, its role in the development of PCa is unknown. Therefore, the goal of this study is to characterize the role of HDGF in prostate carcinogenesis. A normal prostate cell line, RWPE-1, and four different PCa cell lines, LNCaP, 22RV1, DU145, and PC-3, were analyzed for their expression level of HDGF by western blot analysis. Results of this evaluation revealed that HDGF is over-expressed in multiple PCa cell lines while minimally expressed in RWPE-1 cells. When the HDGF gene is ectopically over-expressed in normal RWPE-1 cells, proliferative rate was increased by 1.5 fold compared to the normal cells, suggesting that HDGF has growth stimulating activity. On the contrary, down regulation of HDGF expression by siRNA significantly inhibited the survival of both androgen dependent (LNCaP) and androgen independent (PC-3) PCa cells. DNA content analysis of RWPE-1 cells stably expressing HDGF by flow cytometry showed that the majority of the cells were in the G2/M phase (55%) of the cell cycle while only 28% of the control RWPE-1 cells were at G2/M phase implying HDGF may have a mitotic function in prostate cells. Furthermore, AKT (phosphorylated form) and NFκB (p65 domain) signaling molecules were found to be activated in RWPE-1 cells expressing HDGF. This activation resulted in the increase of anti-apoptotic molecules Cyclin-E and BCL-2 and the simultaneous decrease in the pro-apoptotic molecule Bax. Activation of AKT-NFκB pathway plays a vital role in the carcinogenesis of several cancers, including PCa. Thus, HDGF over-expression may play a role in regulating this survival pathway in prostate carcinogenesis. Collectively, the results of this study suggest that HDGF is a key player in the development of PCa and may serve as a target for chemopreventive or chemotherapeutic strategies in PCa. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1109. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1109
Characterizing residue transfer efficiencies using a fluorescent imaging technique

To reduce the uncertainty associated with current estimates of children's exposure to pesticides by dermal contact and indirect ingestion, residue transfer data are required. Prior to conducting exhaustive studies, a screening study to identify the important parameters for characterizing these transfers was designed. A fluorescence imaging system was developed (Ivancic et al., in press) to facilitate collection of surface residue transfer data for repeated contacts. Next, parameters that affect residue transfer from surface-to-skin, skin-to-other objects, and skin-to-mouth were evaluated using the imaging system and the fluorescent tracer riboflavin as a surrogate for pesticide residues. Riboflavin was applied as a residue to surfaces of interest. Controlled transfer experiments were conducted by varying contact parameters with each trial. The mass of a tracer transferred was measured and the contact surface area estimated using video imaging techniques. Parameters evaluated included: surface type, surface loading, contact motion, pressure, duration, and skin condition. Transfers both onto, and off of, the hand were measured. To efficiently identify parameter changes resulting in significant effects, the Youden ruggedness test was used to select the combination of parameters varied in each contact trial. In this way, more than one parameter could be varied at a time and the number of trials required was minimized. Results of this study showed that surface loading and skin condition (significant at alpha=0.05) are among the important parameters for characterizing residue transfers of riboflavin. Duration of contact within the time range investigated does not have a significant effect on transfer of this tracer. Results of this study demonstrate the potential for collecting dermal transfer data using the Ivancic et al. fluorescence imaging system and provide preliminary data to reduce uncertainty associated with estimating dermal exposures resulting from contact with residue-contaminated surfaces. These data will also aid in determining what additional residue transfer data should be collected and what type of microactivity data are needed to estimate dermal and indirect ingestion exposure to residues on household surfaces.
Karen Garner. Shaping a Global Women's Agenda: Women's NGOs and Global Governance, 1925–85

Karen Garner. Shaping a Global Women's Agenda: Women's NGOs and Global Governance, 1925–85. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2010. ISBN 978–0–7190–8143–9. Women leaders have often been forg...
Nonmonotonic flow curves of shear thickening suspensions.

The discontinuous shear thickening (DST) of dense suspensions is a remarkable phenomenon in which the viscosity can increase by several orders of magnitude at a critical shear rate. It has the appearance of a first-order phase transition between two hypothetical ``states'' that we have recently identified as Stokes flows with lubricated or frictional contacts, respectively. Here we extend the analogy further by means of stress-controlled simulations and show the existence of a nonmonotonic steady-state flow curve analogous to a nonmonotonic equation of state. While we associate DST with an $\mathsf{S}$-shaped flow curve, at volume fractions above the shear jamming transition the frictional state loses flowability and the flow curve reduces to an arch, permitting the system to flow only at small stresses. Whereas a thermodynamic transition leads to phase separation in the coexistence region, we observe a uniform shear flow all along the thickening transition. A stability analysis suggests that uniform shear may be mechanically stable for the small Reynolds numbers and system sizes in a rheometer.
Coronary heart disease in women: Gender differences and effects of menopause

Gender differences in coronary heart disease (CHD) are significant, not only with regard to mortality and morbidity but in the presentation, course, diagnosis, and treatment of CHD. To date, however, little research specific to women has been done. Until the results of ongoing and future studies become available, women and their physicians will have to rely on observational epidemiologic data to guide management decisions. While the current state of incomplete knowledge may make physicians uncomfortable about dealing with CHD in women, failure to act will only continue to result in the death of some 500,000 women annually. Therefore, it is incumbent on all healthcare professionals to reevaluate their approach to CHD in women and to place greater emphasis on more timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment. An understanding of gender differences in CHD, together with new data from current and future investigative studies, should lead to improved outcomes for women with CHD.
Some observations of eddy momentum fluxes within a maize canopy

Vertical momentum fiuxes measured by analog covariance equipment and hot-wire anemometers inside a dense canopy of mature maize vary exponentially with height above the ground. An attenuation coefficient of about 4 is indicated.
Cigarette Smoke-Induced Placental Adrenomedullin Expression and Trophoblast Cell Invasion

Smoking in pregnancy reduces preeclampsia risk, but the mechanism of this effect is unknown. Prior studies have demonstrated that women with preeclampsia have lower placental adrenomedullin (AM) expression, and cigarette smoke extract (CSE) treatment of placental trophoblast cells in culture increases AM cellular production. We hypothesized that CSE alters trophoblast invasion through an AM-mediated mechanism, and that placental AM expression is greater among smokers. HTR-8/SVneo trophoblast cells were incubated for 24 hours in Matrigel-invasion chambers with 6 treatment groups: nonstimulated (NS), AM, AM inhibitor (AM22-52), 1% CSE, AM + AM22-52, and 1% CSE + AM22-52. Cells that penetrated the lower surface of the chambers were quantified, invasion indices were calculated, and compared using a 1-way analysis of variance with Bonferroni corrections for multiple comparisons. Trophoblast cells treated with both AM and 1% CSE demonstrated increased cellular invasion compared to NS controls (1.5-fold [P < .01] and 1.45-fold [P < .01], respectively). Cotreatment with the AM inhibitor significantly attenuated the increased invasion seen with both AM and CSE alone. Next, the placental tissue was obtained from 11 smokers and 11 nonsmokers at term and processed for immunohistochemistry (IHC) and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for AM. Placentas from smokers demonstrated more intense AM staining and increased AM gene (ADM) expression compared to placentas from nonsmokers (P = .004 for IHC, P = .022 for PCR). The CSE increases trophoblast cell invasion through an AM-mediated process, and placental AM expression is increased among term smokers compared to nonsmokers. These findings provide evidence that the AM pathway may play a role in the protection from preeclampsia seen in smokers.
Input Impedance of a Probe Antenna in a TEM Cell

The input impedance of a probe antenna exciting a transverse electromagnetic (TEM) cell is analyzed via a variational formulation. The resulting impedance is shown to consist of two distinct terms; an ordinary rectangular waveguide contribution and a gap perturbation. Numerically generated curves for both are given and suggest that a simple algebraic approximation for the input impedance should normally suffice. The resistive portion is found to be proportional to the square of the probe length, while the reactive portion is largely capacitive. These results should enhance the use of probes inserted in TEM cells either to excite or to measure fields.
Improved likelihood ratio test for multinomial goodness of fit

For testing goodness-of-fit in a k cell multinomial distribution having very small frequencies, the usual chi-square approximation to the upper tail of the likelihood ratio statistic, G2 is not satisfactory. A new adjustment to G2 is determined on the basis of analytical investigation in terms of asymptotic bias and variance of the adjusted G2 A Monte Carlo simulation is performed for several one-way tables to assess the adjustment of G2 in order to obtain a closer approximation to the nomial level of significance.
Johnson and Johnson phantom recall: A fall from grace or a re-visit of the ghost of the past

Abstract This paper addresses and evaluates the case of Johnson and Johnson's crisis management. In an attempt to analyze the case, the paper overviews Johnson and Johnson's Tylenol product tampering in the 1980s and its recent phantom recall of Children's Motrin. The assessment of the company's crisis management was done using the anticipatory model of crisis management (AMCM). Conclusions drawn from this assessment put Johnson and Johnson in a different spotlight than it had enjoyed during its earlier crisis management efforts. Implications for organizational crisis management efforts are also presented.
Hormonal control of tanning by the American cockroach: Probable bursicon mediated translocation of protein-bound phenols

The injection of 2-14C-dopamine into the haemocoel of the American cockroach at ecdysis results in the binding of diphenols to blood proteins. These same proteins are apparently translocated to the cuticle where the label becomes incorporated into the hard insoluble matrix. On the other hand, if labelled dopamine is injected during the pre-ecdysis period, the radioactivity is found bound to the protein but it is not incorporated into the cuticle. Further investigations have revealed that translocation occurs during the immediate postecdysial phase, which suggests that the epidermal permeability may be mediated by bursicon, the tanning hormone.
Supraclavicular node biopsy in staging of testicular carcinoma

The supraclavicular lymph nodes are known as a potential site for metastatic disease of the gastrointestinal and genitourinary cancers. The values of supraclavicular node biopsy in patients undergoing staging for testicular cancer were studied prospectively. Of 108 patients with testicular cancer undergoing therapy, 26 had supraclavicular node biopsy as part of their staging procedure. Evidence of metastatic disease to the supraclavicular nodes was found in 36% (10/26) of the patients. Ten of these patients had abnormal examinations of the supraclavicular fossa and nine of them (90%) had histologic evidence of metastatic disease. However, of the 16 patients with normal examination of the supraclavicular fossa, only one patient (6.3%) presented with clinically inapparent metastatic disease. The low yield for detection of clinically inapparent metastatic disease mitigates against indiscriminate supraclavicular node biopsy in the staging of testicular carcinoma.
Intracranial complications of otitis media and mastoiditis

This study is based on the intracranial complications of otitis media as were found in 167 cases in a series of 10,000 autopsies. The available and applicable literature dealing with the incidence of the intracranial complications in general and in particular has been reviewed, and wherever possible correlated with the data from the authors' series. By accumulating a large number of cases it was hoped to avoid errors in conclusion, so likely in a smaller number of cases.In European clinics where autopsies are performed in all cases, the lethality of otitis media is found to be about 0.25 percent, while the autopsy incidence of intracranial complications varies from 0.25 to 1.0 percent. In the authors' series, in which consent for autopsy was necessary, the autopsy incidence proved to be 1.67%. Leptomeningitis, while varying considerably in the incidence in the various series is found most frequently, occurring in about one-half of the cases. Thrombosis of the venous channels is next most frequent, occurri...