cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dissecting the loci of low‐level quinine resistance in malaria parasites

Quinine (QN) remains effective against Plasmodium falciparum, but its decreasing efficacy is documented from different continents. Multiple genes are likely to contribute to the evolution of QN resistance. To locate genes contributing to QN response variation, we have searched a P. falciparum genetic cross for quantitative trait loci (QTL). Results identify additive QTL in segments of chromosomes (Chrs) 13, 7 and 5, and pairwise effects from two additional loci of Chrs 9 and 6 that interact, respectively, with the QTL of Chrs 13 and 7. The mapped segments of Chrs 7 and 5 contain pfcrt, the determinant of chloroquine resistance (CQR), and pfmdr1, a gene known to affect QN responses. Association of pfcrt with a QTL of QN resistance supports anecdotal evidence for an evolutionary relationship between CQR and reduced QN sensitivity. The Chr 13 segment contains several candidate genes, one of which (pfnhe-1) encodes a putative Na(+)/H(+) exchanger. A repeat polymorphism in pfnhe-1 shows significant association with low QN response in a collection of P. falciparum strains from Asia, Africa and Central and South America. Dissection of the genes and modifiers involved in QN response will require experimental strategies that can evaluate multiple genes from different chromosomes in combination.
Physiological demonstration of multiple representation in the forelimb region of the cat motor cortex

Retrograde transport of HRP was employed to examine the pattern of callosal connections in the forelimb region of area 4 gamma in the cat. According to the conventional view, areas of the motor cortex which contain the representation of distal body parts neither send nor receive callosal fibers. If this is true, then an absence of callosal connections would define the sites of distal forelimb representation. Following multiple injections of HRP into the contralateral motor cortex, many labeled neurons were found in the forelimb region of area 4 gamma. However, within this region, two spatially separate areas were found where labeled neurons were either absent or present in very low density ("callosal holes"). The anatomically defined callosal holes corresponded in size, shape, and location to the physiologically defined digit zones. To provide direct evidence for this correspondence, retrograde HRP transport was combined with intracortical stimulation in the same animal. Small lesions placed in physiologically identified digit zones were located within the anatomically defined callosal holes. Thus, a double representation of the distal forelimb can be defined in area 4 gamma of the cat motor cortex using both anatomical and physiological methods.
Analysis of the Water Permeability of Linde Type A Zeolites in Reverse Osmosis

In this paper, we apply the Hagan-Poiseuille Model and the resistance model to perform an original analysis of previous experimental studies of water transport through polycrystalline Linde Type A (LTA) zeolite membranes and nanocomposite polymer/LTA membranes. From our analysis we estimate the intrinsic water permeability of LTA zeolites and the zeolite/polymer interface. We find that the permeability of a single LTA crystal is significantly greater than the intrinsic permeability of a commercial seawater reverse osmosis membrane or a commercial cellulose-acetate forward osmosis membrane.
Mean Airway Pressure and Response to Inhaled Nitric Oxide in Neonatal and Pediatric Patients

Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) can improve oxygenation and ventilation–perfusion (V/Q) matching by reduction of shunt (Qs/Qt) in patients with hypoxemic lung disease. Because the improvement in V/Q matching must occur by redistribution of pulmonary blood flow, and because high airway pressure (Paw) increases physiologic dead space (Vd/Vt), we hypothesized that high Paw may limit the improvement in V/Q matching during iNO treatment. iNO 0–50 ppm was administered during mechanical ventilation. Mechanical ventilator settings were at the discretion of the attending physician. Qs/Qt and Vd/Vt were derived from a tripartite lung model with correction for shunt-induced dead space. Data from 62 patients during 153 trials were analyzed for effects of Paw and iNO on Qs/Qt and Vd/Vt. Baseline Qs/Qt was slightly increased at Paw 16–23 cmH2O (p < 0.05), while Vd/Vt increased progressively with higher Paw (p < 0.002). Therapy with iNO significantly reduced Qs/Qt (p < 0.001) at all levels of mean Paw, reaching a maximum reduction at 16–23 cmH2O (p < 0.05), such that Qs/Qt during iNO treatment was similar at all levels of Paw. During iNO treatment, a reduction in Vd/Vt occurred only at Paw of 8–15 cmH2O (p < 0.05), and the positive relationship between Vd/Vt and Paw was maintained. These differential effects on Qs/Qt and Vd/Vt suggest that both high and low Paw may limit improvement in gas exchange with iNO. Analysis of gas exchange using this corrected tripartite lung model may help optimize ventilatory strategies during iNO therapy.
Electron-beam initiated release of thermonuclear energy

Abstract A recently developed oxide-metal composite, used as a field-effect emitter, can be used to establish the energy-deposition requirements for controlled release of thermonuclear energy.
PERK eIF2 alpha kinase is required to regulate the viability of the exocrine pancreas in mice

Deficiency of the PERK eIF2α kinase in humans and mice results in postnatal exocrine pancreatic atrophy as well as severe growth and metabolic anomalies in other organs and tissues. To determine if the exocrine pancreatic atrophy is due to a cell-autonomous defect, the Perk gene was specifically ablated in acinar cells of the exocrine pancreas in mice. We show that expression of PERK in the acinar cells is required to maintain their viability but is not required for normal protein synthesis and secretion. Exocrine pancreatic atrophy in PERK-deficient mice was previously attributed to uncontrolled ER-stress followed by apoptotic cell death based on studies in cultured fibroblasts. However, we have found no evidence for perturbations in the endoplasmic reticulum or ER-stress and show that acinar cells succumb to a non-apoptotic form of cell death, oncosis, which is associated with a pronounced inflammatory response and induction of the pancreatitis stress response genes. We also show that mice carrying a knockout mutation of PERK's downstream target, ATF4, exhibit pancreatic deficiency caused by developmental defects and that mice ablated for ATF4's transcriptional target CHOP have a normal exocrine pancreas. We conclude that PERK modulates secretory capacity of the exocrine pancreas by regulating cell viability of acinar cells.
Introduction: Special Problems of Adolescence and Youth

ABSTRACT The papers presented in this work are briefly overvie wed. They focus on a variety of problems and issues facing adolescence and youth from an international perspective.
Crowdsourcing Digital Maps Using Citizen Geologists

Crowdsourcing—“the act of taking a job traditionally performed by a designated agent [expert] and outsourcing it to an undefined, generally large group of people” [Howe, 2009]—has fundamentally changed and enhanced the collection and dissemination of data. Crowdsourcing has proven effective for rapid data collection, especially where in-depth knowledge of a topic or discipline is not a necessity.
ARISTOTLE AND SUPERVENIENCE

L'A. defend l'interpretation que donne M. Wedin du chapitre 3, livre VII de la «Physique» d'Aristote, et redefinit la these de la survenance appliquee a la psychologie, dans le sens d'une forme minimale de survenance irreductible a celle d'une propriete de la pensee
Chronic family adversity and school-age children's adjustment.

Abstract Four factors—parental conflict, maternal depression, overcrowding, and family income—were examined in relation to the psychological functioning of school-age children. A sample of 116 predominantly lower-class families was separated into three groups, based on the number of Stressors present. Stressor groupings were significantly related to children's internalizing and externalizing problems and to children's perceived social competence. Additionally, Stressor grouping also was associated with clinically elevated child behavior problems and below-average perceived social competence and IQ. Some of the implications of multiple Stressors on children's functioning are discussed, including how certain Stressors, e.g., parental conflict, may affect the family system despite differences in family structure. J. Am Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 1988. 27. 2:200–206.
Low Sodium Cheddar Cheeses Through Whole Milk Retentate Supplementation

Abstract Thirty Cheddar cheeses low in sodium chloride, approximately 1% and in one case .75%, were made from milks supplemented with whole milk retentates to as high as 1.9:1 protein concentration. Control low sodium chloride cheeses were acid, bitter, and pasty, and lacked typical cheese flavor. Low sodium chloride cheeses made from milks supplemented with retentate from 1.5:1 to 1.9:1 were good to excellent quality. Twelve experimental cheeses contained 320 to 500 mg sodium/100 g, averaging 423 mg/100 g, measured by selective sodium ion electrode. Calcium and phosphorous were lowest in low salt, control cheeses lacking retentate supplementation but increased with supplementation attaining a peak in cheese made from milk supplemented with retentate to 1.8:1. With one exception, potassium was lower than in commercial Cheddar cheese and was not influenced by retentate supplementation.
Influence of molecular structure on the properties of confined fluids by molecular dynamics simulation

Abstract We recently developed a new molecular dynamics (MD) simulation approach for studying fluids confined between two solid substrates and in equilibrium with bulk fluids. Using this method, we perform MD simulations to investigate the influence of molecular structure on the properties of confined Lennard–Jones (LJ), n -decane, and 2,2-dimethyloctane fluids. Under confinement, spherical LJ particles and linear n -decane form layers parallel to the surfaces, while asymmetric 2,2-dimethyloctane forms a ‘pillared–layered’ structure consisting of both parallel and perpendicular molecules. As surface separation is varied, the number of spherical LJ and symmetric n -decane molecules changes in a step-wise manner, while the number of 2,2-methyloctane molecules varies in a smooth fashion due to pillar molecules gradually switching between parallel and perpendicular orientations. Concomitant configurational transitions cause oscillatory solvation forces, with force maxima corresponding to well-layered configurations. The double branches in 2,2-dimethyloctane reduce the densities and structural changes in the layers adjacent to the surfaces, causing solvation forces and force oscillations to be less pronounced than those of linear chains. Concerning dynamical properties, the translational diffusivity, computed with Einstein relation, and the shear viscosity, computed with Green–Kubo method, both oscillate, the former out of phase and the latter in phase with respect to force oscillations. Better-ordered films having higher densities exhibit lower translational diffusivities but higher shear viscosities. At disordered states, bulk diffusivities and viscosities are recovered. Asymmetric, branched 2,2-dimethyloctane has lower diffusivities due to its bulky t -butyl group, and weaker diffusivity and viscosity oscillations due to its reduced ordering and configurational differences.
The Case for the Courtesan Novel Sub-Genre: Counter-Discourse and Intertextuality in de Chabrillan, de la Bigne, and de Pougy

This chapter first makes the case for a courtesan novel sub-genre by outlining its characteristics, and then explores how Celeste de Chabrillan’s La Sapho (1858) serves as a model for Isola (1876), a text in which Valtesse de la Bigne portrays her protagonist as an active reader. An examination underscoring counter-discourse in Liane de Pougy’s L’Insaisissable (1898) and Myrrhille (1899) follows. Through their protagonists’ discussion of literature, de la Bigne and de Pougy use intertextuality to effect an important shift in perspective from the traditionally degraded courtesan to the injured but driven woman who declares her right to write against men’s damaging representations of her kind.
Early signs and symptoms of preterm labor

Patient and staff education concerning the subtle signs and symptoms that precede a clinical diagnosis of preterm labor have not been well established. Therefore we interviewed 100 patients for the presence or absence of various symptoms and signs during the 7 days preceding diagnosis of preterm labor. An additional 100 patients without preterm labor matched for gestation were chosen at random as control subjects. A history of increased uterine contractions, menstrual cramps, constant backache, constant pelvic pressure, increased amount and consistency and color change of vaginal discharge, and increased frequency of urination were present with a statistically significant higher frequency in patients with preterm labor compared with controls. Twenty-nine percent of patients did not report any uterine contractions and only half described them as painful. Fewer than 50% of the women reported contractions as frequently as every 10 minutes or more.
Effects of Film Evaporation and Condensation on Oscillatory Flow and Heat Transfer in an Oscillating Heat Pipe

An advanced theoretical model of a U-shaped minichannel, a building block of a closed-end oscillating heat pipe, has been developed. Thin film evaporation in the evaporator and thin film condensation in the condenser, axial variation of surface temperature, and pressure loss at the bend are incorporated in this model. The sensible heat transfer coefficients between the liquid slug and the wall are obtained by analytical solution for laminar liquid flow and by empirical correlations for turbulent liquid flow. The effects of the inner diameter, evaporator temperature on the thermally induced oscillatory flow and heat transfer performance, and the mechanism of film condensation and evaporation are investigated.
Remote sensing of soils in the eastern Palouse region with Landsat Thematic Mapper

Soils of the Palouse region of eastern Washington State were investigated using Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) band ratios to discriminate areas where erosion has caused paleosols to be exposed. Ratioed data were clustered and plotted to show soil lines which could be subdivided into various levels of organic matter and iron oxides. Successfully classified scenes of a summer fallow (bare soil) field were obtained with band ratios 1/4, 3/4, and 5/4 to map organic carbon and 3/4, 5/4, and 5/3 for the iron/carbon ratio indicator of erosion. Regression models were made with 5/4 data and organic carbon and 5/3 data and the iron/carbon ratio. Based on this analysis, 21 percent of the test field soils are exposed or nearly exposed paleosols.
Experimental investigation of the start-up phase during direct chill and low frequency electromagnetic casting of 6063 aluminum alloy processes

On the basis of conventional hot-top casting and Casting, Refining and Electromagnetic process, a lower frequency electromagnetic field was applied during the conventional hot-top casting process. Nine thermocouples (type K) were introduced into the metal to study the temperature profile in the ingot during the start-up phase of casting process. The experimental results show that under the effect of the low frequency electromagnetic filed, the heat transfer is changed greatly and the film boiling disappears, which could restrain the formation of fine subsurface cracks; the sump is shallow, and the macrostructure of the ingot butt is fine during the start-up phase of direct chill casting process.
Robust information from phylogenetic trees

Traditional information criteria approaches can lead to misleading model choice in comparative phylogenetics. I present both these weaknesses and a more robust comparison by likelihood ratio. I then discuss a new class of models to capture the transition process between evolutionary regimes.
Creep and rupture of an advanced fiber strengthened eutectic composite superalloy

Creep and rupture tests have been conducted on NiTaC-13, an advanced TaC fiber strengthened composite. A simple equation is developed to describe the creep behavior in argon for strains up to about 1 pct at temperatures between 871 and 1093°C. This equation may readily be incorporated in a nonlinear analysis of the deformation of a body subjected to nonsteady and nonuniform stresses and temperatures. The creep rates in air show a progressive increase relative to those in argon due to a loss in cross-section resulting from oxidation. The Larson-Miller parameter is shown to be unreliable for either correlation or extrapolation of rupture data. This is especially true for air tests. A modified parameter is, however, shown to give a good correlation with all the data. Although metallurgical instabilities are present, they have no clear effect on rupture strength and are not uniquely linked with the parametric representation. There is a systematic increase in ductility with increase in temperature and the generally high level of ductility is reflected in pronounced notch strengthening. Some load relaxation tests indicate that fiber failure occurs in excess of 1 pct composite strain. It is suggested, therefore, that 1 pct could be an appropriate design limiting strain for this class of material.
Impact of the 2008-2009 recession on African-American owned US banks

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the literature on minority-owned commercial banks in the USA. Design/methodology/approach – The authors examine performance differences between African-American (AA) commercial banks and other minority (OM)-owned banks. Also, the authors compare AA bank performance with that of their peer-group banking institutions. Findings – Employing data both before and after the recessionary period of 2008-2009, the authors find significant performance differences between minority ownership categories. For example, prior to 2008, AA banks held a significant advantage over OM-owned banks in net interest income as a percentage of average assets. This competitive advantage was somewhat offset by relatively weak loan portfolios and failure to contain costs. The 2008 crisis served to exacerbate the negatives of African-American banks while their positive differences essentially disappeared. Originality/value – The focus is different than the previous studies on minor...
Integrable model for two interacting magnetic impurities with Γ 8 ground multiplet

A model for two Kondo impurities with a fourfold degenerate ground multiplet interacting via the Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida (RKKY) interaction is considered. The system is the integer-valent limit of a hybridization model in which electrons are localized (delocalized) in pairs (one at each impurity). The model is mapped onto the Bethe {ital Ansatz} solution of the single SU(N) Anderson impurity in the U{r_arrow}{infinity} limit. The RKKY interaction is introduced {ital a posteriori} as a splitting of the manifold. The occupation of spin states with even and odd parities, the homogeneous and staggered magnetic (and quadrupolar) field susceptibilities, the specific-heat {gamma} coefficient, and the Wilson ratio are studied for the ground state as a function of the ratio of RKKY coupling strength to Kondo temperature. The motivation for this calculation is the rich phase diagram of the alloy series (Ce,La)B{sub 6}. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
Rescuing cocaine-induced prefrontal cortex hypoactivity prevents compulsive cocaine seeking

Loss of control over harmful drug seeking is one of the most intractable aspects of addiction, as human substance abusers continue to pursue drugs despite incurring significant negative consequences. Human studies have suggested that deficits in prefrontal cortical function and consequential loss of inhibitory control could be crucial in promoting compulsive drug use. However, it remains unknown whether chronic drug use compromises cortical activity and, equally important, whether this deficit promotes compulsive cocaine seeking. Here we use a rat model of compulsive drug seeking in which cocaine seeking persists in a subgroup of rats despite delivery of noxious foot shocks. We show that prolonged cocaine self-administration decreases ex vivo intrinsic excitability of deep-layer pyramidal neurons in the prelimbic cortex, which was significantly more pronounced in compulsive drug-seeking animals. Furthermore, compensating for hypoactive prelimbic cortex neurons with in vivo optogenetic prelimbic cortex stimulation significantly prevented compulsive cocaine seeking, whereas optogenetic prelimbic cortex inhibition significantly increased compulsive cocaine seeking. Our results show a marked reduction in prelimbic cortex excitability in compulsive cocaine-seeking rats, and that in vivo optogenetic prelimbic cortex stimulation decreased compulsive drug-seeking behaviours. Thus, targeted stimulation of the prefrontal cortex could serve as a promising therapy for treating compulsive drug use.
Membrane extraction for removal of acetic acid from biomass hydrolysates

Abstract Production of bioethanol from lignocellulosic biomass requires pretreatment of the biomass in order to improve the susceptibility of the cellulose to enzymatic hydrolysis to glucose. When dilute acid is used to perform this process, the hemicellulose is also hydrolyzed to its component sugars while simultaneously releasing acetyl groups attached to the hemicellulose backbone. Other compounds from the lignin and sugar degradation products are also produced that inhibit subsequent bioconversion of the solubilized sugars to the desired products. In this work we focused on removal of acetic acid from a dilute sulphuric acid pretreated corn stover hydrolysate. Acetic acid has been extracted into an organic phase at pH values below its pKa. The organic phase diluent consisted of octanol. Alamine 336, a tertiary amine and Aliquat 336 a quaternary amine were used as the aliphatic amine extractants. Our results indicate more than 60% removal of acetic acid using Alamine 336. Extraction rates were much slower for Aliquat 336 probably due to the higher viscosity of the Aliquat 336/octanol phase. The presence of sulphate anions, as a result of dilute sulphuric acid pretreatment, results in the co-extraction of bisulphate anion. Bisulphate anion is preferentially extracted at pH values below its pKa. Consequently the pH of the hydrolysate increases from between 1 and 2 to above 4.0 during extraction. In addition, extraction of low molecular weight lignins and phenolics is also observed. Thus the membrane extraction process developed here may be used not only for removal of acetic acid but also to adjust the pH of the hydrolysate to values that are more compatible for fermentation and to remove other inhibitory compounds.
Targeted therapy for malignant glioma: neural stem cells.

For better or for worse, stem cells are here to stay. In fact, it is hard to open a newspaper, turn on the television, or go to any scientific meeting without being bombarded about the potential pr...
Evaluation of a Second-Order Accurate Navier-Stokes Code for Detached Eddy Simulation Past a Circular Cylinder

We evaluate the applicability of a production computational fluid dynamics code for conducting detached eddy simulation for unsteady flows. A second-order accurate Navier-Stokes code developed at NASA Langley Research Center, known as TLNS3D, is used for these simulations. We focus our attention on high Reynolds number flow (Re = 5 x 10(sup 4) - 1.4 x 10(sup 5)) past a circular cylinder to simulate flows with large-scale separations. We consider two types of flow situations: one in which the flow at the separation point is laminar, and the other in which the flow is already turbulent when it detaches from the surface of the cylinder. Solutions are presented for two- and three-dimensional calculations using both the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes paradigm and the detached eddy simulation treatment. All calculations use the standard Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model as the base model.
Observations on parenteral administration of fat emulsions

1. By employing the process of homogenization it is possible to prepare a stable sterile fat emulsion which, if administered parenterally, produces no fat embolism.
Microhabitat segregation in two desert rodent species: the relation of prey availability to diet.

I studied diet in relation to microhabitat use in two desert rodents:Microdipodops megacephalus, the dark kangaroo mouse, andPeromyscus maniculatus, the deer mouse. Contrary to expectation, both species ate primarily arthropods, which were most abundant near shrubs.Peromyscus used the area near shrubs, in contrast toMicrodipodops, which used open microhabitat. As a consequence, the diet ofPeromyscus was narrower and more concentrated on abundant prey types than that ofMicrodipodops. Thus microhabitat segregation, which is frequently reported for desert rodents, is related to a diet-breadth difference between these rodents. The use of open microhabitat and low density resources byMicrodipodops, when compared with the large bipedalDipodomys and small quadrupedalPerognatus, suggests that bipedal locomotion in desert rodents is related to use of open microhabitat, and that body size is related to density of food resources.
Enhanced Neuropeptide Y Synthesis During Intermittent Hypoxia in the Rat Adrenal Medulla: Role of Reactive Oxygen Species–Dependent Alterations in Precursor Peptide Processing

Abstract Intermittent hypoxia (IH) associated with recurrent apneas often leads to cardiovascular abnormalities. Previously, we showed that IH treatment elevates blood pressure and increases plasma catecholamines (CAs) in rats via reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent enhanced synthesis and secretion from the adrenal medulla (AM). Neuropeptide Y (NPY), a sympathetic neurotransmitter that colocalizes with CA in the AM, has been implicated in blood pressure regulation during persistent stress. Here, we investigated whether IH facilitates NPY synthesis in the rat AM and assessed the role of ROS signaling. IH increased NPY-like immunoreactivity in many dopamine-β-hydroxylase–expressing chromaffin cells with a parallel increase in preproNPY mRNA and protein. IH increased the activities of proNPY-processing enzymes, which were due, in part, to elevated protein expression and increased proteolytic processing. IH increased ROS generation, and antioxidants reversed IH-induced increases in ROS, preproNPY, and its...
Improving the initiation efficiency in the single electron transfer living radical polymerization of methyl acrylate with electronic chain‐end mimics

Computational studies on the heterolytic bond dissociation energies and electron affinities of methyl 2-bromopropionate (MBP) and ethyl 2-bromoisobutyrate (EBiB) in the dissociative electron transfer (DET) step of single electron transfer living radical polymerization (SET-LRP) of methyl acrylate (MA) combined with kinetic experiments were performed in an effort to design the most efficient initiation system. This study suggests that EBiB is more effective than MBP in the SET-LRP of acrylates catalyzed by Cu(0) wire, thus being a true electronic mimic of the dormant PMA species. EBiB allows for a more predictable dependence of the molecular weight evolution and distribution. This is exemplified by the absence of a deviation in the PMA molecular weight from theoretical values at low conversions, as a result of a faster SET activation with EBiB than with MBP. The enhanced control over molecular weight evolution was also observed in the SET-LRP of MA initiated with bifunctional initiators similar in structure to MBP and EBiB, suggesting a higher reactivity than MBP in the SET activation, which matches closely that of the polymer dormant chains. The use of bifunctional initiators in conjunction with activated Cu(0) wire in SET-LRP allows for dramatically accelerated polymerizations, although still providing for exceptional control of the molecular weight evolution and distribution.
Regulating Banking beyond National Boundaries

THE REGULATION OF INTERNATIONAL BANKING, by Richard Dale ECONOMIC FORECASTING AND POLICY: THE INTERNATIONAL DIMENSION, by John Llewellyn, Stephen Potter and Lee Samuelson
Ethnicity and attitudes towards life sustaining technology.

The ethical and legal implications of decisions to withhold and withdraw life support have been widely debated. Making end-of-life decisions is never easy, and when the cultural background of doctor and patient diAer, communication about these issues may become even more diAcult. In this study, we examined the attitudes of people aged 65 and older from diAerent ethnic groups toward forgoing life support. To this end, we conducted a survey of 200 respondents from each of four ethnic groups: European-American, African-American, KoreanAmerican and Mexican-American (800 total), followed by in-depth ethnographic interviews with 80 respondents. European-Americans were the least likely to both accept and want life-support (p < 0.001). Mexican-Americans were generally more positive about the use of life-support and were more likely to personally want such treatments (p < 0.001). Ethnographic interviews revealed that this was due to their belief that life-support would not be suggested if a case was truly hopeless. Compared to European-Americans, Korean-Americans were very positive regarding life-support (RR=6.7, p < 0.0001); however, they did not want such technology personally (RR=1.2, p=0.45). Ethnographic interviews revealed that the decision of life support would be made by their family. Compared to European-Americans, African-Americans felt that it was generally acceptable to withhold or withdraw life-support (RR=1.6, p=0.06), but were the most likely to want to be kept alive on life-support (RR=2.1, p=0.002). Ethnographic interviews documented a deep distrust towards the health care system and a fear that health care was based on one’s ability to pay. We concluded that (a) ethnicity is strongly related to attitudes toward and personal wishes for the use of life support in the event of coma or terminal illness, and (b) this relationship was complex and in some cases, contradictory. # 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
An active-site histidine of NR1/2C mediates voltage-independent inhibition by zinc.

Abstract Endogenous zinc is an important modulator of ion channels of the central nervous system. To understand mechanisms of zinc inhibition, cloned heteromeric N -methyl- d -aspartate receptors (primary subunit NR1 with secondary subunits NR2A, NR2C or NR2D) were expressed in Xenopus oocytes and studied under two-electrode voltage-clamp. Voltage-independent inhibition of NR1/2A heteromers by nanomolar concentrations of extracellular zinc was observed in barium-containing perfusion solutions. In contrast, voltage-independent zinc inhibition of NR1/2C heteromers occurred with lower affinity. Zinc inhibition data from NR1/2D heteromers was fit well with a voltage-independent one-site model and resembled that previously reported for NR1/2B. Reduction of zinc inhibition of NR1/2C heteromers was seen after labeling with the histidine-modifying reagent diethylpyrocarbonate. This finding suggests that the NR1/2C heteromeric ion channel contains an active-site histidine responsible for zinc inhibition.
Diversity in emergency medicine--a model program.

. Emergency medicine's (EM's) development as a specialty has spanned the last 25 years, with the first certifying examination administered by the American Board of Emergency Medicine in 1980. National census data project that the new millennium will bring a U.S. population that will be 40% minority. In the year 2000, the U.S. population had a projected minority population of 28%. The diversity of the patients we treat demonstrates the need for EM programs to diversify their faculty and residency staff. Strategies include expanding recruitment and supporting retention of underrepresented students, faculty, and trainees, addressing barriers that may exist for promotion of underrepresented women and minorities, mentoring underrepresented minority (URM) faculty in research and education, providing opportunities for URMs to advance in the field, and mentoring URMs at the junior high and high school levels in the sciences to expand the applicant pool in the field. The authors describe an academic EM program that is a model program for diversity within our specialty.
Some Factors Affecting Quality Loss in Shell Eggs

Abstract INVESTIGATIONS show conclusively that low temperatures are necessary for maintaining the interior quality of stored eggs (Romanoff and Romanoff, 1949). Investigations also show that high humidities are necessary for minimizing evaporation (Van Wagenen, Hall and Altman, 1939; Evans and Carver, 1942; and Henderson and Lorenz, 1946). There is, however, disagreement concerning the effects humidity has on interior quality (Wilhelm, 1939; Van Wagenen et al., 1939; Jeffrey and Darago, 1940; and Evans and Carver, 1942), and the effects washing has on evaporation and keeping quality (Stewart, 1935; Smith, 1937). There is also some question relative to the effectiveness of oiling of shell eggs for maintaining quality during short term holding. Funk (1955) reported substantial benefits from oiling when eggs were held for one month. The purposes of work reported here were to determine the effect of humidity on weight loss and change in albumen quality during a two week storage period …
Spectroscopic characterization of TiO2Al2O3 and CoAl203TiO2 catalysts

Abstract X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ESCA or XPS), laser Raman spectroscopy (LRS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) have been used to characterize the dispersion and chemical state of a series of TiO 2 Al 2 O 3 carriers and a series of 3% Co Al 2 O 3  TiO 2 catalysts. It was found that titania is well dispersed on alumina for Ti loadings less than 14 wt%. The formation of a TiO2: Al2O3 surface phase occurred for carriers in the 1 to 6 wt% Ti range. Formation of anatase occurred, in addition to the TiO2:Al2O3 surface phase, at loadings in excess of 6 wt% Ti, with the amount of anatase increasing with increasing titania loading. ESCA data indicate that the dispersion of cobalt supported on the titania-modified alumina carriers increased with increasing titania loading. XRD and LRS results show that the increase in dispersion can, in part, be ascribed to the formation of a surface cobalt phase at the detriment of the Co3O4 phase.
Selective antagonism of anticancer drugs for side-effect removal

By interfering with signal transduction events that control cell proliferation and fate, kinase inhibitors (KIs) hold promise as anticancer agents. Nevertheless, the functional role of a kinase depends on the cellular context and hence kinase inhibition in off-target cells could lead to side effects. For instance, this context dependence renders many KIs potentially cardiotoxic since inhibition of primary cancer targets such as ABL, RAF1 or AMPK recruits pro-apoptotic pathways in cardiomyocytes. Motivated by these observations, we propose a mode of ‘therapeutic editing' where one drug (the editor) suppresses the side effect promoted by the primary drug as it impacts off-target cells. Editor and primary drug have overlapping therapeutic impact, and the editor suppresses the downstream propagation of toxicity-related signaling.
New techniques for the study and control of grain boundary effects

Abstract Progress in the development of polycrystalline solar cells is hampered by the present poor state of knowledge about electronic and ionic processes at grain boundaries. A major difficulty in studying these processes is that conventional growth and thermal diffusion techniques used for doping semiconductors cause segregation of the dopant at grain boundaries and are unable to provide control of the fast diffusion which is known to occur along grain boundaries. Neutron transmutation doping is a method for circumventing segregation problems in bulk polycrystalline silicon. With such doping, long-range diffusion does not occur in the material and hence the dopants cannot migrate to grain boundaries. Laser annealing and laser-induced diffusion are two other newly developed techniques; in this paper we show that they can be used to control grain boundary diffusion and segregation. With these techniques the near-surface region of a sample actually melts but stays molten for such a short time (approximately 10 −7 s) that significant dopant migration cannot occur. Furthermore, since the grain boundaries as such do not exist while the material is molten, rapid diffusion to them and along them does not occur. These new doping methods do not necessarily ensure better efficiencies of cells made from polycrystalline materials, but they provide a degree of control of dopants that has not been available before and hence make possible more definitive studies of grain boundary effects. In this paper the methods are discussed and the results of grain boundary studies using a variety of techniques such as secondary ion mass spectrometry, transmission electron microscopy and the measurements of electrical properties are given.
Local interface response to dislocation strain fields at the Al/SiO2 and Al/C boundary region

Abstract This work presents a transmission electron microscopy study of the local bimaterial interface response to applied stress. The intersection of a dislocation moving at some angle to the incoherent bimaterial interface with the interface results in the creation of a dislocation line defect (an extrinsic defect) at the interface. The intersection of the strain field of these defects with the interface is analogous to performing a tensile test or a shear test on the interface, but on the atomic scale . This paper will examine how the mechanical stability of this type of extrinsic defect can be a measure of the strength of the interface. A measure of this stability can be performed by examining the degree of interfacial defect relaxation, as determined by the diffraction contrast in the transmission electron microscope under an applied stress. We compare in this work the interface between sputter-cleaned Al and sputter-deposited, amorphous SiO 2 and the interface between sputter-cleaned Al and sputter-deposited, amorphous C. It is found that the amorphous carbon/aluminum interface region is much weaker than the amorphous silica/aluminum interface region. A qualitative measure of the relative strengths of the two interface regions is possible by measuring the difference in the amount of extrinsic defect relaxation. A quantitative measurement of the interfacial shear strength can be made by an indirect determination of the shear stress as the interface when extrinsic defect relaxation occurs.
Teaching and Learning of English in Secondary Schools: A Zambian Case Study in Improving Quality by CHANDA, CASMIR

The article reviews the book "Teaching and Learning of English in Secondary Schools: A Zambian Case Study in Improving Quality," by Casmir Chanda.
Amniotic fluid matrix metalloproteinase-9 levels in women with preterm labor and suspected intra-amniotic infection

Abstract Objective: To determine the accuracy of amniotic fluid (AF) matrix metalloproteinase-9 measurements for diagnosing intra-amniotic infection in women with preterm labor. Methods: We performed amniocenteses in 44 women between 22 and 35 weeks’ gestation who presented to our center with preterm labor and clinical suspicion of intra-amniotic infection. Each sample was analyzed by glucose measurement, Gram stain, and culture for aerobes, anaerobes, and mycoplasmas. We tested the AF for matrix metalloproteinase-9 using gelatin zymography and a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) system. We calculated accuracy and confidence intervals (CIs) for AF matrix metalloproteinase-9, glucose, and Gram stain for diagnosing intra-amniotic infection, using culture as the criterion standard. Results: All patients who had matrix metalloproteinase-9 detectable by ELISA also demonstrated matrix metalloproteinase-9 by zymography. Six cases of intra-amniotic infection were confirmed by culture (prevalence 14%). The performance statistics of AF matrix metalloproteinase-9 for diagnosing intra-amniotic infection were: sensitivity 83% (95% CI 53, 99), specificity 95% (95% CI 88, 99), positive predictive value 71% (95% CI 37, 99), and negative predictive value 97% (95% CI 92, 99). Two women had false-positive results; one had gram-negative rods on the AF Gram stain and developed clinical signs and symptoms of chorioamnionitis several hours after amniocentesis and the other had a purulent vaginal discharge and an AF glucose level less than 15 mg/dL. Both delivered within 24 hours of amniocentesis. Conclusion: Measuring matrix metalloproteinase-9 in the AF appeared to be reliable for diagnosing intra-amniotic infection. An elevated matrix metalloproteinase-9 concentration in the AF at a preterm gestational age may portend imminent delivery regardless of microbiologic confirmation of intra-amniotic infection.
An analytical closed border irrigation model I. Theory

Abstract This paper, Part I in a series of two, describes an analytical model for the entire irrigation cycle of closed borders, using a volume balance approach. The irrigation cycle is simulated in five phases: advance, storage, vertical recession, horizontal recession, and impounding recession. The model will be verified with experimental data in Part II.
Storage hierarchy systems

The announcement by IBM on June 30, 1970 of System/370 models 155 and 165 with buffer/core storage facilities revived an interest in storage hierarchy systems that was created initially by the System/360 models 85 and 195. However, the notion of a storage hierarchy is not new and has been used previously with regard to storage management by an operating system and for efficient use of mass storage devices. In fact, storage hierarchy, in one form or another, has been used in a variety of systems. The purpose of this paper is to survey the various storage hierarchy systems. As such, the paper presents a state-of-the-art analysis of this important area of computer science.
The concept of development: Smith and Marx revisited

This paper attempts to provide a framework for understanding and analyzing the social origins of underdevelopment in contemporary third world societies. In critically examining Adam Smith, Karl Marx, the dependency school, and the sociological modernization theories, it shows that the considerable dispute between the two commonly advanced explanations, “conservative” modernization theory and “radical” dependency theory is spurious. It is argued that neither Smith and the modernization theories that draw upon him, nor the dependency school, provide an appropriate framework for analyzing the historical rise of capitalism and examining the obstacles thereto.
Food control or food democracy? Re-engaging nutrition with society and the environment.

Objective To explore the terms on which nutrition should engage with the global challenges ahead. Design Analysis of current orientation of nutrition and policy. Result Nutrition faces four conceptual problems. The first is that nutrition has fissured into two broad but divergent directions. One is biologically reductionist, now to the genome; the other sees nutrition as located in social processes, now also requiring an understanding of the physical environment. As a result, nutrition means different things to different people. The second problem is a misunderstanding of the relationship between evidence, policy and practice, assuming that policy is informed by evidence, when there is much evidence to the contrary. The third problem is that nutrition is generally blind to the environment despite the geo-spatial crisis over food supply, which will determine who eats what, when and how. How can we ask people to eat fish when fish stocks are collapsing, or to eat wisely if water shortage dominates or climate change weakens food security? The fourth problem is that, in today's consumerist and supermarketised world, excess choice plus information overload may be nutrition's problem, not solution. Conclusion Nutrition science needs to re-engage with society and the environment. The alternative is, at best, to produce an individualised approach to public health or, at worst, to produce brilliant science but be policy-irrelevant.
Evaluation of bone mass and growth in young diabetics.

To determine the relationships among bone mass, bone growth and serum glucose control in young, insulin-dependent diabetics, we performed photon absorptiometry and radiogrammetry on a clinically well-characterized group of 78 diabetics (mean age 15.2 yr, mean duration of diabetes 6.7 yr). Total and ionized calcium (TCa, ICa), magnesium (Mg), immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH) and phosphorus (P) were measured in fasting serum. Bone age was calculated from hand x-rays; and bone measurements, heights, and weights were standardized against normal groups of corresponding age, sex, and race. Mean deviation of bone mass measurement score was 1.24 SD below the normal mean (p less than .001); mean cortical area score was .22 SD and percent cortical area .25 SD below the normal means (both p less than .05). Radical width and metacarpal width for the diabetics were not less than normal. Mean percentiles for height and weight were 52.3 and 57.1 respectively, the latter significantly elevated (p less than .02). Bone mass and cortical area were inversely related to duration of disease (r = -.228, p less than .05; r = -.216, p less than .05). They were not correlated with serum parameters of mineral metabolism or of glucose control. Bone age was not significantly different from chronological age in those who had not achieved maturity (14.4 versus 14.5 yr). Mean age of menarche was 12.9 yr. When compared to normals the diabetic sample had diminished serum ICa (p less than .001), and Mg (p less than .001), though P and iPTH were not significantly different. We have demonstrated: (1) bone mass in this sample of juvenile diabetics is depressed, without evidence of impaired overall growth or delayed maturation, (2) this reduced bone mass probably results from a failure to gain the normal component of endosteal bone expected at this age, (3) this abnormality in bone growth progresses with disease but does not appear to vary with serum glucose control, and (4) in this population of diabetics there is a minimal but significant reduction in serum total and ionized calcium and serum magnesium without compensatory elevation of parathyroid hormone. The relationship of this metabolic abnormality of impaired bone growth in unknown.
Nonlinear additivity of nitrous oxide and isoflurane potencies in rats.

To test the hypothesis that the MAC values of nitrous oxide (N2O) and isoflurane were not linearly additive, as theorized by the postulated mode of action based on lipid solubility, in a rat model. Eight Long Evans rats were randomly assigned to order of measurement of MAC for isoflurane and N2O alone and in combination using standard 45 sec supramaximal electrical stimulation (50 volts × 10 msec duration pulses at 50 · sec−1 applied for 45 sec sc to the lower abdominal groin area). The MAC of N2O was measured at hyperbaric compression to 2.25 atmospheres absolute, 1710 mmHg. The MAC values found were: isoflurane − 0.98 ± 0.12 and N2O − 159 ± 12 volume (vol) %, or 1.59 ± 0.12 atmospheres absolute (ATA) (All values are mean ± standard deviation). The linear additivity theory suggests % MAC agent A + % MAC agent B = 1.0. However,% MAC isoflurane + % MAC N2O = 1.37 ± 0.15 (P < .001). Nonlinear additivity was demonstrated with direct MAC measurement for both isoflurane and N2O in rats. This suggests an agonist-antagonist relationship.