cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A fourth-order Cartesian grid embedded boundary method for Poisson’s equation

Author(s): Devendran, D; Graves, DT; Johansen, H; Ligocki, T | Abstract: In this paper, we present a fourth-order algorithm to solve Poisson's equation in two and three dimensions. We use a Cartesian grid, embedded boundary method to resolve complex boundaries. We use a weighted least squares algorithm to solve for our stencils. We use convergence tests to demonstrate accuracy and we show the eigenvalues of the operator to demonstrate stability. We compare accuracy and performance with an established second-order algorithm. We also discuss in depth strategies for retaining higher-order accuracy in the presence of nonsmooth geometries.
Peripheral myelin protein 22 alters membrane architecture

Peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) is highly expressed in myelinating Schwann cells of the peripheral nervous system. PMP22 genetic alterations cause the most common forms of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMTD), which is characterized by severe dysmyelination in the peripheral nerves. However, the functions of PMP22 in Schwann cell membranes remain unclear. We demonstrate that reconstitution of purified PMP22 into lipid vesicles results in the formation of compressed and cylindrically wrapped protein-lipid vesicles that share common organizational traits with compact myelin of peripheral nerves in vivo. The formation of these myelin-like assemblies depends on the lipid-to-PMP22 ratio, as well as on the PMP22 extracellular loops. Formation of the myelin-like assemblies is disrupted by a CMTD-causing mutation. This study provides both a biochemical assay for PMP22 function and evidence that PMP22 directly contributes to membrane organization in compact myelin.
Dynamical analysis in a stage structured prey predator system with modified leslie-gower scheme and double time delays

A stage structured prey predator system with modified Leslie-Gower scheme is presented, where both maturation delay for prey and gestation delay for predator are considered. Positivity and boundedness of solutions are discussed. By analyzing the associated characteristic transcendental equation, combined dynamic effects of stage structure and double time delays on population dynamics are discussed, and regions of local stability around interior equilibrium are studied. According to Hopf bifurcation theorem for functional differential equations, existence of Hopf bifurcation around interior equilibrium is investigated as local stability switches. Numerical simulations are carried out to show consistency with theoretical analysis in this paper.
The Distinctive College: Antioch, Reed, and Swarthmore

(1971). The Distinctive College: Antioch, Reed, and Swarthmore. The Journal of Higher Education: Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 157-159.
State energy policy in the Trump Era: insights from public opinion

In light of President Trump’s decision to withdraw the USA from the Paris Accord and reverse a number of federal climate policies, many states and localities have pledged to increase their activities to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This article discusses the policies that they are likely to consider, and uses national survey data to ascertain whether policymakers are likely to find support for each of these policy approaches among the general public.
Adaptive Image Zooming Based on Bilinear Interpolation and VQ Approximation

In this paper, a two-stage image zooming scheme is proposed. In the first stage, the bilinear interpolation technique is employed to recover the unknown pixels in the smooth areas. In the second stage, the vector quantization approximation technique is used to determine the unknown pixels in the edge boundary. From the experimental results, it is shown that the proposed scheme provides better image quality than the linear prediction technique, the local adaptive zooming technique and the vector quantization zooming technique. Besides, the proposed scheme requires little computational cost for image zooming.
Protocols for generating ES cell-derived dopamine neurons.

Stem cells are defined by their ability to self-renew and to differentiate into specific specialized cell types. Pluripotent stem cells such as embryonic stem cells are capable of differentiating into all cell types of the three germ layers. Self-renewal and differentiation potential are properties that make stem cells an attractive source for cell therapeutic efforts including the treatment of neurological diseases such as Parkinson’s disease (PD). Parkinson’s disease is one of the most common neurological disorders and is characterized by the selective degeneration of dopamine (DA) neurons in the ventral midbrain. The midbrain region contains three groups of DA neurons, the retrorubral field (A8), the tegmental area of the ventral midbrain (VTA, A10) and the substantia nigra pars compacta (A9). Only the latter subgroup is primarily affected in PD and responsible for most of the motor dysfunction. Due to this rather selective loss of DA neurons in the substantia nigra, PD is considered a neurological disease amenable to cell replacement. Cell replacement therapy in PD has been attempted in several hundred patients worldwide using fetal human DA neurons. While promising results have been reported in several open label studies (e.g., 1,2) placebo-controlled clinical trials using human fetal dopamine neurons have yielded modest clinical improvement at best.3,4 Furthermore, a subset of these patients displayed disabling graft-induced dyskinesias. There are many potential reasons for this relatively poor outcome as discussed in detail elsewhere.5 However, the limited availability of donor tissue, the low percentage of DA neurons within fetal grafts and ethical concerns associated with the use of human fetal tissue suggest that alternative cell sources are required for successful clinical translation.
Subacute Transplantation of Native and Genetically Engineered Neural Progenitors Seeded on Microsphere Scaffolds Promote Repair and Functional Recovery After Traumatic Brain Injury

There is intense interest and effort toward regenerating the brain after severe injury. Stem cell transplantation after insult to the central nervous system has been regarded as the most promising approach for repair; however, engrafting cells alone might not be sufficient for effective regeneration. In this study, we have compared neural progenitors (NPs) from the fetal ventricular zone (VZ), the postnatal subventricular zone, and an immortalized radial glia (RG) cell line engineered to conditionally secrete the trophic factor insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). Upon differentiation in vitro, the VZ cells were able to generate a greater number of neurons than subventricular zone cells. Furthermore, differentiated VZ cells generated pyramidal neurons . In vitro, doxycycline-driven secretion of IGF-1 strongly promoted neuronal differentiation of cells with hippocampal, interneuron and cortical specificity. Accordingly, VZ and engineered RG-IGF-1-hemagglutinin (HA) cells were selected for subsequent in vivo experiments. To increase cell survival, we delivered the NPs attached to a multifunctional chitosan-based scaffold. The microspheres containing adherent NPs were injected subacutely into the lesion cavity of adult rat brains that had sustained controlled cortical impact injury. At 2 weeks posttransplantation, the exogenously introduced cells showed a reduction in stem cell or progenitor markers and acquired mature neuronal and glial markers. In beam walking tests assessing sensorimotor recovery, transplanted RG cells secreting IGF-1 contributed significantly to functional improvement while native VZ or RG cells did not promote significant recovery. Altogether, these results support the therapeutic potential of chitosan-based multifunctional microsphere scaffolds seeded with genetically modified NPs expressing IGF-1 to promote repair and functional recovery after traumatic brain injuries.
Spatially Explicit Agent-Based Model of Striped Newt Metapopulation Dynamics Under Precipitation and Forest Cover Scenarios

The striped newt (Notophthalmus perstriatus) is a rare, pond-breeding salamander species threatened by land-use change and recurrent drought in southern Georgia and northern Florida. At Fort Stewart, GA, this species must be successfully managed to ensure long-term population viability. Because little is known about striped newt ecology, it is unclear how to best focus field research to support future land-management initiatives. The authors demonstrate the utility of an agent-based simulation model, developed using NetLogo (http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/), to shed light on striped newt population dynamics that can guide new field studies. The authors model striped newt population dynamics around clusters of temporary breeding ponds at Fort Stewart. In the absence of significant quantitative data, the model enables users to specify and test central but poorly understood dimensions of newt ecology and landscape hydrology. The authors hypothesized that rainfall amounts would be a significant variable affecting newt viability, with reduced rainfall having negative impacts on metapopulations. Simulations tested the effects of changing monthly precipitation rates and percentages of forest canopy cover. The results indicated that rainfall is in fact a significant variable, but percentage of canopy cover is not.
Optofluidic Platform with Integrated Optical Waveguides and Sample Preparation for Digitized Detection of Nucleic Acid Targets

An architecture of sensitive solid-core and liquid-core optical waveguides are integrated with a pneumatic valve array on a single optofluidic platform to enable specific capture, labeling and detection of single nucleic acid strands using barcode fluorescence reporters. © 2019 The Author(s)
Emergent conservation laws and nonthermal states in the mixed-field Ising model

This paper presents a method of computing approximate conservation laws and eigenstates of integrability-broken models using the concept of adiabatic continuation. Given some Hamiltonian, eigenstates and conserved operators may be computed by using those of a simple Hamiltonian close by in parameter space, dressed by some unitary rotation. However, most adiabatic continuation analyses only use this unitary implicitly. In this work, approximate adiabatic gauge potentials are used to construct a state dressing using variational methods, to compute eigenstates via a rotated truncated spectrum approximation. These methods allow construction of both low- and high-energy approximate nonthermal eigenstates, as well as quasilocal almost-conserved operators, in models where integrability may be nonperturbatively broken. These concepts will be demonstrated in the mixed-field Ising model.
Real-Time Fluorescence Imaging Using Indocyanine Green to Assess Therapeutic Effects of Near-Infrared Photoimmunotherapy in Tumor Model Mice.

Background:Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a cancer therapy that causes an increase in tumor perfusion, a phenomenon termed the super-enhanced permeability and retention effect. Curre...
I Am Murphy Brown: Race and Class in the Rhetorics of Single Mothers by Choice

In the 1990s, “Murphy Brown” mothers—often unwed, older, white, and professional—could embrace their alliance with stigmatized single mothers or mark their difference from them, while simultaneousl...
Pediatric patients with orofacial granulomatosis likely to subsequently develop intestinal Crohn's disease: Brief Report.

Orofacial granulomatosis (OFG) is an uncommon chronic granulomatous condition presenting as perioral inflammation in the absence of systemic disease. There is continued debate regarding whether OFG is a distinct clinical disorder or a manifestation of orofacial Crohn's disease. Our retrospective review identified 7 patients diagnosed with OFG between 2000 and 2018 at a tertiary pediatric hospital. Four of the 7 patients subsequently developed Crohn's disease with a median delay of 3.1 years (range 0.4-6.9 years). This indicates that gastroenterology evaluation with long-term monitoring for intestinal Crohn's disease is warranted.
Examining adverse childhood experiences among Native American persons in a nationally representative sample: Differences among racial/ethnic groups and race/ethnicity-sex dyads.

Abstract Background Existing research using nationally representative samples has provided valuable information regarding the prevalence and context of childhood adversity, but Native American persons have largely been absent from these studies. Objective We examined adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) among persons identifying as White, Black, Asian, Hispanic, and Native American in the NESARC, a longitudinal study (Wave 1: 2001–2002; Wave 2: 2004–2005) using a nationally representative sample from the United States. Methods Means tests and negative binomial regression were used to examine the prevalence and variety of ACEs across racial/ethnic groups and race/ethnicity-sex dyads. Results Native American persons reported the greatest average number and variety of ACEs than persons from any other racial/ethnic group, and reported the highest rates of physical abuse, sexual abuse, parental substance abuse, and witnessing violence than members of any other racial/ethnic category. Native American females reported the greatest rates of emotional abuse, while Native American males reported the greatest rates of physical neglect; the highest rates of parental substance use among the race/ethnicity-sex dyads were reported by both Native American females and males. Significantly higher rates of sexual violence were reported by Native American females compared to other groups; almost 1 in 4 Native American females reported sexual violence. Conclusions Future research should make a concerted effort to broaden examinations of ACEs to include Native American respondents and to include measures of historical trauma and racial discrimination. Broader support for system change as well as increased development and use of culturally responsive prevention and intervention programming is likely necessary to reduce ACEs among Native American persons.
The discourse of ESL advocacy in a simulated environment

Abstract Research supports the notion that ESL teachers should not only be language teachers but also English Learner (EL) advocates. Despite evidence that suggests these skills are honed over time in the field, ESL teachers are often asked to exercise these skills immediately in their first year teaching. Thus, preparing individuals for EL advocacy before they become ESL teachers is a necessary component of ESL teacher education. In this paper, we examine a technology-driven simulation experience for ESL teaching candidates (TCs) as part of an online ESL teaching-methods course. We analyze the language of three TCs as they attempt to (re)establish social trust between themselves and the simulated colleague. We found TCs utilized linguistic indexicals to frame the context of the dialogue, and they used components of relational trust to advocate for an EL. We discuss the role of interpersonal skills, content knowledge, and relational trust in advocacy efforts.
Process Cybersecurity Via Machine Learning Detection

Chemical plants are cyber-physical systems (CPSs) that integrate physical process components, computation, and communication networks to ensure automated real-time operation in a seamless manner.
Why Have Some Indian States Done Better Than Others at Reducing Rural Poverty

Experience in India suggests that reducing rural poverty requires both economic growth (farm and nonfarm) and human resource development. The unevenness of the rise in rural living standards in the various states of India since the 1950s allowed Datt and Ravallion to study the causes of poverty. They modeled the evolution of average consumption and various poverty measures using pooled state-level data for 1957 - 91. They found that poverty was reduced by higher agricultural yields, above-trend growth in nonfarm output, and lower inflation rates. But these factors only partly explain relative success and failure in reducing poverty. Initial conditions also mattered. States that started the period with better infrastructure and human resources - with more intense irrigation, greater literacy, and lower infant mortality rates - had significantly greater long-term rates of consumption growth and poverty reduction. By and large, the same variables that promoted growth in average consumption also helped reduce poverty. The effects on poverty measures were partly redistributive in nature. After controlling for inflation, Datt and Ravallion found that some of the factors that helped reduce absolute poverty also improved distribution, and none of the factors that reduced absolute poverty had adverse impacts on distribution. In other words, there was no sign of tradeoffs between growth and pro-poor distribution. This paper - a product of the Poverty and Human Resources Division, Policy Research Department - is part of a larger effort in the department to understand the causes of poverty in developing countries and the implications for public policy. The study was funded by the Bank's Research Support Budget under research project Poverty in India: 1951 - 92 (RPO 677-82).
Optimizing Transesophageal Atrial Pacing in Mice to Detect Atrial Fibrillation.

Mice are routinely used to investigate molecular mechanisms underlying the atrial fibrillation (AF) substrate. We sought to optimize transesophageal rapid atrial pacing (RAP) protocols for the detection of AF susceptibility in mouse models. Hypertensive and control C57Bl/6J mice were subjected to burst RAP at a fixed stimulus amplitude. The role of parasympathetic involvement in pacing-related atrioventricular (AV) block and AF was examined using an intraperitoneal injection of atropine. In a crossover study, burst and decremental RAP at twice diastolic threshold were compared for induction of AV block during pacing. The efficacy of burst and decremental RAP to elicit an AF phenotype was subsequently investigated in mice deficient in the lymphocyte adaptor protein (Lnk-/-) resulting in systemic inflammation, or the paired-like homeodomain 2 transcription factor (Pitx2+/-) as a positive control. When pacing at a fixed stimulus intensity, pacing-induced AV block with AF induction occurred frequently, so that there was no difference in AF burden between hypertensive and control mice. These effects were prevented by atropine administration, implicating parasympathetic activation due to ganglionic stimulation as the etiology. When mice with AV block during pacing were eliminated from analysis, male Lnk-/- mice displayed an AF phenotype only during burst RAP compared to controls whereas male Pitx2+/- mice showed AF susceptibility during burst and decremental RAP. Notably, Lnk-/- and Pitx2+/- females exhibited no AF phenotype. Our data support the conclusion that multiple parameters should be used to ascertain AF inducibility and facilitate reproducibility across models and studies.
Transforms with Infinitely Many Singularities

In this chapter we are going to study a type of transform not yet encountered. First, let us recall that in Chapter 4 all of the functions had only a finite number of poles. In this chapter we shall consider a more complicated case, one in which F(s) has infinitely many poles; in such a case the denominator of F(s) cannot be a simple polynomial. To find the inverse transform we proceed by constructing the curve in Figure 4.1 with radius R so as to include only finitely many singularities and then taking the limit as R → ∞.
Training-induced Increase in Bone Mineral Density between Growing Male and Female Rats.

The purpose of this study was to determine the existence of sex differences in the resistance training-induced elevation in bone mineral density (BMD) and bone strength (Fmax) during the growth period in rats. 16 male (M) and 16 female (F) rats (approx. 8 weeks old) were randomly divided into sedentary control (MC=8, FC=8), and resistance-trained (RT) groups (M-RT=8, F-RT=8). The RT groups were conditioned to climb a vertical ladder 4 consecutive times (per exercise session) with weights attached to their tail 3 days per week for a total of 6 weeks. After 6 weeks, there were no interaction effects (sex×exercise). The main effect of sex indicated no difference in tibial BMD (in g/cm2) for males (0.226±0.005) compared to females (0.221±0.004). However, Fmax (in Newtons) was significantly greater for males (131.3±5.3) compared to females (89.9±3.0). The main effect of exercise indicated that tibial BMD and Fmax were significantly greater for RT groups (0.234±0.004 g/cm2 and 120.9±7.4 Newtons) compared to controls (0.212±0.003 g/cm2 and 100.3±5.1 Newtons). The results indicate that during growth, there were no sex differences in the training-induced elevation in BMD and bone mechanical properties.
Thermal Shocks Due to Repeated Moderate Arcing on Line Insulators

Thermal shocks on line insulators produced by arcs, which may be intentionally repeated due to reclosing, or randomly caused by arc-backs etc., are investigated. A quantitative analysis of this phenomenon has been developed. The total arc power at the arc-insulation interface required for the analysis has been estimated experimentally for currents up to 850 A. Arc power appears to be proportional to current. The approach adopted is identical for both fragile and elastic materials since the temperature is chosen to be at threshold. The consequences of surface arcing for a new insulator material can be predicted approximately, using the relationships presented in the paper. The heaviest thermal shock appears to be proportional to the square root of the number of arcings. A doubled reclosing can contribute between 25 and 50% increase in the thermal shock compared to that of a single arc. With moderate arcs, the effect of material properties on the temperature rise for single or multiple shocks is similar. It is recommended that the thermal shock due to repeated arc-back be calculated as an equivalent single arc with the time equal to the sum of all individual times.
The Evolution of Close Binaries and the Am Stars

In this paper, I shall be concerned with three related questions: (a) what is the evolutionary fate of close binary systems, (b) is this concept consistent with the number of evolved close binary systems, and (c) are these evolved systems the Am stars?
The Simultaneous Determination of Partial Specific Volumes and Molecular Weights with Microgram Quantities

Abstract A method is described for the simultaneous measurement of partial specific volumes and molecular weights of proteins and other substances by sedimentation equilibrium experiments in H2O and D2O (or D2O18) solutions. In effect, the method is a differential sedimentation equilibrium technique based upon the change produced in the equilibrium concentration distribution when the density of the solution is increased by the use of D2O (or D2O18). The equations used for the two parallel sedimentation equilibrium experiments in H2O and D2O (or in H2O and D2O18) account for deuterium exchange by the incorporation of a factor which changes only slightly for different proteins and can be estimated with sufficient accuracy from knowledge of the composition of the solute. Experiments were conducted on H2O and D2O solutions of adenosine, ferredoxin, ribonuclease, myoglobin, α-chymotrypsinogen, and bovine plasma albumin, and the resulting values of the partial specific volumes and molecular weights were in excellent agreement with currently accepted values. In addition excellent results were obtained for myoglobin and α-chymotrypsinogen from parallel sedimentation equilibrium experiments on H2O and D2O18 solutions. With D2O18 solutions the potential accuracy in the determination of partial specific volumes is substantially greater than with D2O since the density of D2O18 is so much greater and the consequent effect on the redistribution of the solute molecules is so large. The method is direct and no more laborious than a conventional sedimentation equilibrium experiment, does not depend on knowledge of the solute concentration, yields partial specific volumes accurate to better than 1.0%, and can be used in certain situations with impure samples.
Hepatitis without Jaundice in Infectious Mononucleosis

Summary In 20 cases of infectious mononucleosis without jaundice 16 were found to have definitely impaired liver function as determined by the cephalincholesterol flocculation and the bromsulfalein excretion tests. Of the remaining 4 cases, 2 had possible, and 2 had no evidence of liver involvement but liver function tests were too infrequent to exclude liver disease. Including this series, abnormal liver function now has been recorded in 115 of 123 cases of infectious mononucleosis without jaundice. The liver dysfunction has been attributed to an acute hepatitis.
Systemic hypothermia in treatment of brain injury

An extensive literature suggests that there are minimal complications of systemic hypothermia in humans at and above 30 degrees C for periods of several days. Intracranial hemorrhage has been found to complicate profound hypothermia (10-15 degrees C), and ventricular arrhythmias occur at temperatures below 30 degrees C. Our initial clinical studies were with 21 patients undergoing elective craniotomy cooled to 30-32 degrees C for 1-8 h (mean 4 h). Hypothermia was induced by surface cooling with water blankets. No complications were found. Among 11 patients with severe brain injury, cooling to levels below 32 degrees C was associated with ventricular arrhythmias in 1 patient and atrioventricular block in 1 patient. Asymptomatic hypokalemia was found routinely and treated with potassium replacement. No intracranial hemorrhage or other complications were found. With surface cooling, intravascular temperature dropped at 1.6 degrees C/h. Based on the safety of surface cooling to a core temperature of 32 degrees C for 48 h, we are conducting a randomized study of this level of hypothermia in patients with severe brain injury, cooled within 6 h of injury.
Demographic Trends and Complication Rates in Arthroscopic Elbow Surgery

Purpose To investigate demographic trends in elbow arthroscopy over time, as well as to query complication rates requiring reoperation associated with these procedures. Methods The Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) billing codes of patients undergoing elbow arthroscopy were searched using a national insurance database. From the years 2007 to 2011, over 20 million orthopaedic patient records were present in the database with an orthopaedic International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision diagnosis code or CPT code. Our search for procedures and the corresponding CPT codes for the elbow included diagnostic arthroscopy, loose body removal, synovectomy, and debridement. The type of procedure, date, gender, and region of the country were identified for each patient. In addition, the incidence of reoperation for infection, stiffness, and nerve injury was examined. Results There was a significant increase in arthroscopic elbow procedures over the study period. Male patients accounted for 71% of patients undergoing these procedures. Of the elbow arthroscopy patients, 22% were aged younger than 20 years, 25% were aged 20 to 39 years, 47% were aged 40 to 59 years, and 6% were aged 60 years or older. Other than synovectomy, there were regional variations in the incidence of each procedure type. The overall rate of reoperation was 2.2%, with specific rates of 0.26% for infection, 0.63% for stiffness, and 1.26% for nerve injury. It should be noted that because only the complications requiring reoperation are recorded in the database, these numbers are lower than the overall complication rate. Conclusions Overall, the incidence of elbow arthroscopy in this patient population is relatively low and appears to be increasing slightly over time. In the database used in this study, elbow arthroscopy procedures were most commonly performed in male patients and in patients aged 40 to 59 years, with regional variation in the incidence of the different procedures. Furthermore, the rate of complications requiring reoperation was low, with a nerve operation being the most common reoperation performed. Level of Evidence Level IV, therapeutic case series.
At-Risk Youths and Alternative Education: A Critical Appraisal of the Topic

In recent years, an increase in the number of alternative education programs has occurred to address the needs of at-risk students who for a variety of reasons become detached from the educational system. Alternative programs for these at-risk students seek to reconnect students to education through curricula that often include life-skills training and real-life applications to foster better outcomes among students. At this time, there is little research to suggest that occupational therapists are working in alternative education programs for at-risk students. Thus this critical appraisal of the topic sought to examine the following question: For at-risk adolescents attending alternative education programs, what evidence exists that programs that fit within the occupational therapy practice framework support performance patterns and skills? After reviewing nine articles (levels I-V evidence), it appears that at-risk students face a number of internal and external challenges to their future success in life...
Detection of the underlying galaxy in the QSO 3C48

Observation of the quasar 3C48 reveals that the faint nebulosity to the north and south of it is dominated by starlight and that the stars have a redshift close to that determined from the broad emission lines in the quasar spectrum. This provides the first direct evidence that a quasar is associated with a galaxy and lies at a distance corresponding to its redshift. The observations were made with a combination of a spectrograph and a charge-coupled device as a detector and took two hours of telescope time. A continuum with absorption features was seen as indicative of a young, hot stellar population. While the redshift of the underlying galaxy is the same as that of the permitted lines in the quasar, it differs from the redshift of the forbidden lines by 500 km/s.
Patterns of care in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease: impediments to timely diagnosis.

OBJECTIVE: Description of factors associated with delay in diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). DESIGN: A self-administered mail questionnaire. SETTING: Households including someone with AD identified through a nationwide marketing database. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1480 caregivers of patients diagnosed with AD MEASUREMENTS: There were two measures of delay examined through caregiver reports: (1) duration in years from first AD signs until determination of a definite problem, and (2) duration from problem recognition to first physician consultation. Also, caregivers were categorized by time since patient's diagnosis and relationship to patient. Within-group analyses examined the impact of these characteristics on delay measures. RESULTS: Mean lag in years from observation of first symptoms to problem recognition for those diagnosed in the past 12 months, the past 13 to 48 months, and the past 49 months or more was, respectively, 1.20, 1.56, and 2.25 (P < .001). The timing of diagnosis also influenced lag from problem recognition to first physician consultation so that subgroups with recent, less recent, and distant diagnosis reported delays in years of .82, .84, and 1.31 (P < .001). Caregiver relationship was not significantly related to these lags. Correct diagnosis of AD was reported by caregivers in only 38% of cases at initial physician consultation. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that both caregivers and physicians lack ready understanding of the difference between memory processes in aging and AD. Ongoing public and professional education is needed to convey the basics of the diagnosis of AD. In addition, routine screening for dementia should be considered to surmount attitudinal and logistical barriers. J Am Geriatr Soc 48: 300–304, 2000.
Reading and cognitive capacity usage: Adjunct question effects

Cognitive capacity usage during reading was measured in two experiments. During reading of a 27-page passage on marine biology, text-relevant inserted questions, irrelevant questions, or no questions were answered by undergraduates. Cognitive capacity usage increased when text-relevant questions began but not when irrelevant questions began or when no questions were given. The increase in cognitive capacity usage was largest on pages immediately following questions. Cognitive capacity is used in the elaborative stages of text processing.
Cytotoxic antibodies to natural killer cells in systemic lupus erythematosus.

Abstract Natural killer (NK) cell function is frequently depressed in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and an NK cell inhibitory activity is present in the serum. In an effort to determine whether autoantibodies to NK cells are made by patients with SLE, serum specimens from 11 patients with SLE were examined for the presence of anti-NK antibodies. Anti-NK cell antibody was detected in 7 of 11 specimens tested in a microcytotoxicity assay using highly enriched populations of NK cells from normals prepared by discontinuous Percoll density centrifugation. None of four control sera was positive. Both IgM and IgG antibodies were identified, but only a single class of immunoglobulin was observed in plasma from any one patient. There was no noticeable relationship between SLE clinical disease activity and the presence of anti-NK cell antibody. Specificity of the anti-NK cell antibody contained in three sera was examined following absorption with either T cells or NK cells. In two cases the cytotoxic activity against both NK cells and T cells was removed following absorption with T cells. However, in one case, the inability to absorb out the anti-NK activity with T cells, while eliminating the anti-T-cell activity, suggested that this patient had serum autoantibody recognizing antigenic determinants specific to the NK cell membrane. A heterogeneity of autoantibody formation exists with antibodies to NK cells representing a potential mechanism for the inhibition of NK cell activity in SLE.
Interoperability enhancement for virtualization of sensors for smart cities

We discuss interoperability enhancement for sensor virtualization for smart cities. We propose a model of metadata and data conversion components for interoperability enhancement and introduce our research approach.
Mechanisms for E–F coupling and their manifestation

Abstract E – F coupling refers to the mapping of a polarization electric field away from its source in one region of the ionosphere (e.g., E region), and causing an effect in a remote region (e.g., F region). The source may be neutral dynamic in origin, or it may be electrodynamic, in which case feedback between remote regions may be important. This work outlines the main physical mechanisms and constraints thought to be involved in midlatitude E–F coupling, and discusses some of the challenges to inventing an illuminating observational campaign. Mechanisms for polarizing sporadic E layers, effectiveness of F region polarization, scale sizes for neutral dynamics in the E and F regions, mechanisms for modulating the F layer altitude, and typical conductance ratios for the E–F coupled electric circuit will all be discussed. Data from a recent rocket/radar study will be used to illustrate the results.
Theories and explanations in biology

It seems that the above account of explanation-strategy in the area of temperature adaptation underscores many of the points made earlier. First, it discloses the fruitful interaction of classical, evolutionary, and molecular approaches. Secondly, it indicates that biological characterizations are not rival accounts to chemical ones. Thirdly, it stresses the importance of the DNA sequence order in chemical explanations of biological organisms. One feature which this area does not seem to reveal, which genetics does, is the development of a biological (that is, non-chemical) theory which would explain temperature adaptation in nonchemical terms. What this shows is that one should not always expect systematization at the biological level, in the sense of being able to refer many phenomena to a small number of basic principles. The future development of laws and theories in biological terms in this area is, of course, not precluded by the fact that none have yet been discovered. The case does indicate that physical and chemical language and theories are extremely useful in biological investigations, and the physicochemical approach may well be the best approach in this area. In any event, ultimate reduction of the biological to the chemical seems to be a foregone non-controversial conclusion here as elsewhere.
Concessionary lending to developing countries

Abstract International transfers to promote the development of countries in the Third World began at the end of the Second World War. At first they were in the form of grants, mostly to colonies or ex-colonies. Then official development assistance from most industrial countries to most developing countries was institutionalized as it became apparent that the international capital market was inadequate in size and too costly for very poor countries. This led to official international lending on increasingly ‘soft’ terms. The ‘softening’ was brought about in a long complex discussion among the lending governments mostly within the Development Assistance Committee of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development Theoretical and practical considerations brought the argument substantially to an end in the late 1970s with the widespread acceptance of the principle that, after all, grants were preferable for the poorest of developing countries.
Thinking About Fit And Donation Format In Cause Marketing: The Effects Of Need For Cognition

A cause-related marketing exchange model, investigating product-cause fit, donation format, and the moderating effects of need for cognition (on fit and format) on consumer purchase intentions, is tested. The results suggest that individuals who have a low need for cognition do not display a difference in purchase intentions for different permutations of product-cause fit and donation format. Individuals who have a high need for cognition, by contrast, indicate greater purchase intentions for an exact donation format when the product-cause fit is low, while exhibiting no difference when the product cause fit is high, regardless of the donation format.
Establishing emergency department clinical pharmacy services.

![Figure][1] According to a 2008 policy statement by the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP), “every hospital pharmacy department should provide its emergency department (ED) with the pharmacy services that are necessary for safe and effective patient care.”[1][2] Despite
Haloperldol pretreatment unmasks the kappa opioid effects of U-50, 488H on cortical EES and EEG power spectra in rats

Abstract Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with chronic cortical EEG electrodes and Intravenous cannulae. U-50,488H injection (5.0 mg/kg) produced Initial EEG desynchrony and EEG spectral power that was mainly distributed over the zero to 10 Hz range, including a relatively small spectral peak in the 4–6 Hz band. In contrast, following haioperidol pretreatment (0.1 mg/kg), U-50,488H injection produced high-voltage EEG bursts and a predominant EEG spectral peak in the 4–6 Ha band. These effects of U-50,488H after haloperidol pretreatment were identical to those previously demonstrated with the benzomorphan kappa agonist ethylketocyclazoclne. Thus, haloperidol.pretreatment unmasked the kappa opiold effects of U-50, 488H.
STUDIES ON THE MODE OF ACTION OF DIPHTHERIA TOXIN VI. SITE OF THE ACTION OF TOXIN IN LIVING CELLS

Using the technique of radioautography, it has been shown that a probable maximum of only 25-50 molecules iodine-125-labeled toxin per cell is bound by human HeLa cells treated with approximately 10(7) molecules of toxin per cell, or just under one saturating dose. Radioautographs of sections from labeled cells locate most if not all of the toxin molecules fixed to the outer cell membrane. Under identical conditions far less label is taken up by mouse L cells. It is probable that the resistance of this species to diphtheria toxin can be accounted for in terms of the failure of mouse cells to bind the toxin protein. The irreversible inhibition of protein synthesis in a living cell culture by a few molecules of toxin located at the cell surface is discussed in relation to the known interaction between toxin, NAD, and transferase II in mammalian cell extracts.
Tuning the Rigging before Sailing off into the Stormy Sea of Stem Cell Transplants for Patients with Myelodysplastic Syndromes

Wise mariners—veteran sailors who understand that waves are not measured in feet or in fathoms, but in increments of fear—always ensure that their vessels are fit before setting out on a long ocean voyage: hull sound, brightwork polished, adequate provisions laid down, lines and cordage clean, navigation equipment in good repair. Because the sea itself is beyond individual human influence, those who make their living by going down to the water have learned to control all those factors that are amenable to manipulation. Similarly, events after an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (ASCT) procedure are as unpredictable as the weather of the notorious Southern Ocean, about which the old salts say, ‘‘Below 50 degrees South latitude there is no law; below 60 degrees, there is no God.’’Wise physicians, therefore, ensure that their patients are always physiologically ‘‘ship-shape and Bristol fashion’’ before sending them off in search of the fabled Land of Cure, somewhere beyond the ASCT horizon. Despite the advent of effective drug therapies that can improve blood counts and extend the life of some patients who have myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), ASCT remains the only definitive, potentially curative therapy for this difficult group of marrow failure syndromes [1]. Unfortunately, because the median age of patients diagnosed with MDS is approximately 71 years, only a small subset of patients are eligible for ASCT, and even fewer (\5%) are re-
Hyperosmolar Solution Effects in Guinea Pig Airways. III. Studies on the Identity of Epithelium-Derived Relaxing Factor in Isolated Perfused Trachea Using Pharmacological Agents

Hyperosmolar challenge of airway epithelium stimulates the release of epithelium-derived relaxing factor (EpDRF), but the identity of EpDRF is not known. We examined the effects of pharmacological agents on relaxant responses of methacholine (3 × 10-7 M)-contracted guinea pig perfused trachea to mucosal hyperosmolar challenge using d-mannitol. Responses were inhibited by gossypol (5 ×10-6 M), an agent with diverse actions, by the carbon monoxide (CO) scavenger hemoglobin (10-6 M), and by the heme oxygenase (HO) inhibitor zinc (II) protoporphyrin IX (10-4 M). The HO inhibitor chromium (III) mesoporphyrin IX (10-4 M) was not inhibitory, and the HO activator heme-l-lysinate (3 ×10-4 M) did not evoke relaxant responses. The CO donor tricarbonyldichlororuthenium (II) dimer (2.2 ×10-4 M) elicited small relaxation responses. Other agents without an effect on responses included: apyrase, adenosine, 6-anilino-5,8-quinolinequinone (LY83583), proadifen, ( E )-3-\[[[3-[2-(7-chloro-2-quinolinyl)ethenyl]phenyl\]\[[3-(dimethylamino)-3-oxopropyl\]thio]methyl]thio]-propanoic acid (MK 571), diphenhydramine, glibenclamide, HgCl2, tetrodotoxin, nystatin, α-hemolysin, 8-bromoguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphothioate, Rp-isomer, 12- O -tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, cholera toxin, pertussis toxin, thapsigargin, nifedipine, Ca2+-free mucosal solution, hydrocortisone, and epidermal growth factor. Cytoskeleton inhibitors, including erythro -9-(2-hydroxyl-3-nonyl)adenine, colchicine, nocodazole, latrunculin B, and cytochalasins B and D, had no effect on relaxation responses. The results suggest provisionally that a portion of EpDRF activity may be due to CO and that the release of EpDRF does not involve cytoskeletal reorganization.
Studying Co-Regulation and Inter-Regulation of Genes via eQTL Mapping

eQTL mapping is to find loci on human genome that have demonstrated linkage to or association with the expression of a gene in microarray hybridization experiments. Such identified loci may contain important information on the regulatory factors of the given gene under study. In this talk, I will discuss co-regulation and inter-regulation patterns identified via similar strategies.
Local heat transfer distribution in a rotating serpentine rib-roughened flow passage

Experiments are performed to determine the local heat transfer performance in a rotating serpentine passage with rib-roughened surfaces. The ribs are placed on the trailing and leading walls in a corresponding posited arrangement with an angle of attack of 90 deg. The rib height-to-hydraulic diameter ratio, e/D h , is 0.0787 and the rib pitch-to-height ratio, s/e, is 11. The through flow Reynolds number is varied, typically at 23,000, 47,000, and 70,000 in the passage both at rest and in rotation. In the rotation cases, the rotation number is varied from 0.023 to 0.0594. Results for the rib-roughened serpentine passages are compared with those of smooth ones in the literature. Comparison is also made on results for the rib-roughened passages between the stationary and rotating cases
Problems of Theory Building and Theory Confirmation in International Politics

There is a great demand for theories in international relations. The term “theory” has become so honorific that hypotheses, statements of fact, and intuitive guesses are often dressed up as theories. In part this longing for theory can be ascribed to a desire for the status of a “hard science” like physics, since the “hard sciences” are often viewed by laymen as the theoretical sciences par excellence. They have displayed their power in revealing the secrets of nature and, when applied to the affairs of men, have achieved notable practical successes like the construction of the atomic bomb.On the whole this demand for theory is probably good. We cannot reason without generalization and, where matters are complex, the web of reasoning logically takes the form of a theory. Most historical investigations and case studies employ theories inexplicitly—often in the belief that the generalizations follow from the straightforward presentation of “purely factual” material. There is usually no recognition that interpretations of factual material can always be presented in a form isomorphic with theories from the sciences of economics, psychology, sociology, and so forth.
A Novel Approach to Photoacoustic FT-IR Spectroscopy: Rheo-Photoacoustic Measurements

A new rheo-photoacoustic Fourier transform infrared cell has been developed to perform stress-strain studies on polymeric materials. The rheo-photoacoustic measurements lead to the enhancement of the photoacoustic signal and allow one to monitor the effect of elongational forces on the molecular structure of polymers. Propagating acoustic waves are detected as a result of the deformational changes and thermal property changes upon the applied stress. Applications of this technique to fibers, films, and adhesion of thin films are presented.
Influence of upstream absorption on the inviscid stagnation region shock layer radiation

Radiative transfer upstream absorption effect on inviscid stagnation region shock layer radiation