cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Potential of a suite of robot/computer-assisted motivating systems for personalized, home-based, stroke rehabilitation

There is a need to improve semi-autonomous stroke therapy in home environments often characterized by low supervision of clinical experts and low extrinsic motivation. Our distributed device approach to this problem consists of an integrated suite of low-cost robotic/computer-assistive technologies driven by a novel universal access software framework called UniTherapy. Our design strategy for personalizing the therapy, providing extrinsic motivation and outcome assessment is presented and evaluated. Three studies were conducted to evaluate the potential of the suite. A conventional force-reflecting joystick, a modified joystick therapy platform (TheraJoy), and a steering wheel platform (TheraDrive) were tested separately with the UniTherapy software. Stroke subjects with hemiparesis and able-bodied subjects completed tracking activities with the devices in different positions. We quantify motor performance across subject groups and across device platforms and muscle activation across devices at two positions in the arm workspace. Trends in the assessment metrics were consistent across devices with able-bodied and high functioning strokes subjects being significantly more accurate and quicker in their motor performance than low functioning subjects. Muscle activation patterns were different for shoulder and elbow across different devices and locations. The Robot/CAMR suite has potential for stroke rehabilitation. By manipulating hardware and software variables, we can create personalized therapy environments that engage patients, address their therapy need, and track their progress. A larger longitudinal study is still needed to evaluate these systems in under-supervised environments such as the home.
Automated cable tracking in sonar imagery

The classical paradigm of line and curve detection in images, as prescribed by the Hough transform, breaks down in cluttered and noisy imagery. In this paper we present an “upgraded” and ultimately more robust approach to line detection in images. The classical approach to line detection in imagery is low-pass filtering, followed by edge detection, followed by the application of the Hough transform. Peaks in the Hough transform correspond to straight line segments in the image. In our approach we replace low pass filtering by anisotropic diffusion; we replace edge detection by phase analysis of frequency components; and finally, lines corresponding to peaks in the Hough transform are statistically analyzed to reveal the most prominent and likely line segments (especially if the line thickness is known a priori) in the context of sampling distributions. The technique is demonstrated on real and synthetic aperture sonar (SAS) imagery.
Management of balloon rupture during rigid stent deployment

Balloon rupture may occur during stent placement and will only become apparent when the stent has been manouvered across the target stenosis and deployment is attempted. Withdrawal may be complicated by displacement of the stent off the balloon. We describe two cases in which a power injector was used to momentarily inflate the balloon and partially expand the stent in place. The punctured balloon could then be withdrawn and the stent fully deployed, using a new balloon. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Plate Hemagglutination-Inhibition Test for Newcastle Disease Antibodies in Avian and Human Serums

Abstract The time required for the laboratory diagnosis of Newcastle disease has been the object of criticism from the practical point of view. Of the three principal diagnostic methods employed, virus isolation and neutralization tests are carried out in embryonating chicken eggs; the hemagglutination-inhibition test is done in test tubes. The present communication describes a plate hemagglutination-inhibition test which has been used in this laboratory in comparison with the aforementioned serologic tests for the past year. Literature. The phenomenon that influenza virus agglutinates chicken red cells and that specific antibodies inhibit such agglutination, was first described by Hirst (1941). Burnet (1942) demonstrated that Newcastle disease virus shows similar properties. A quantitative measurement of the hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies for Newcastle disease in chicken serums was described by Florman (1947). For the routine test tube hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test the latter method was followed except that serums were not inactivated and 16 (instead of 32) . . .
Sandstone Diagenesis as Function of Depositional Environment and Plate Tectonic Setting--Comparison Between Jurassic Sandstones from North Sea Basin and Some Oligocene Sandstones from Coast Ranges of California: ABSTRACT

Jurassic sandstones from the North Sea and Oligocene sandstones from the Coast Ranges of California are characterized by very different diagenetic mineral composition, which can be explained by differences in source rocks, sedimentary facies, climate, and ultimately in terms of plate-tectonic setting. The Jurassic sandstones from the North Sea were deposited in a rifted basin and were mostly derived from uplifted Precambrian terrane. A high content of diagenetic kaolinite in these sandstones can be attributed to meteoric water flushing through fluvial and deltaic sediments, causing the breakdown of feldspar and mica and the formation of kaolinite. Montmorillonite and zeolites are rare as authigenic minerals in these sandstones. In California, the rapid subsidence of the b sins in this subduction regime caused marine sandstone facies to predominate. These sandstones contain smaller amounts of kaolinite, probably because they did not experience any strong flushing by meteoric water after deposition. In addition, a drier climate in this region explains why fluvial sandstones such as the Sespe Formation show less evidence of meteoric water diagenesis than the Jurassic North Sea sandstones. Basin subsidence and marine transgression after the deposition of the Sespe Formation also limited the time these sandstones were exposed to meteoric water and thereby the formation of kaolinite. A higher content of mafic clastic minerals and chert, which formed unstable mineral assemblages in the California sandstones, favored extensive growth of diagenetic montmorillonite End_of_Article - Last_Page 1685------------
Accuracy of self‐reported energy intake in weight‐restored patients with anorexia nervosa compared with obese and normal weight individuals

Objective: To compare self-reported and measured energy intake in weight-restored patients with anorexia nervosa (AN), weight-stable obese individuals (OB), and normal weight controls (NC). Method: Forty participants (18 AN, 10 OB, and 12 NC) in a laboratory meal study simultaneously completed a prospective food record. Results: AN patients significantly (p = .018) over-reported energy intake (16%, 50 kcal) and Bland-Altman (B-A) analysis indicated bias toward over-reporting at increasing levels of intake. OB participants significantly (p = .016) under-reported intake (19%, 160 kcal) and B-A analysis indicated bias toward under-reporting at increasing levels of intake. In NC participants, NS (p = .752) difference between reported and measured intake was found and B-A analysis indicated good agreement between methods at all intake levels. Discussion: Self-reported intake should be cautiously interpreted in AN and OB. Future studies are warranted to determine if over-reporting is related to poor outcome and relapse in AN, or under-reporting interferes with weight loss efforts in OB. © 2012 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2012)
Application of the mixing-reaction in series model to NOx-O3 plume chemistry

The mixing-reaction in series model developed by Ghodsizadem (1978) is successfully applied to the study of NO oxidation in the near-source portion of the Potomac Electric Company's Morgantown, Maryland power plant plume. The model employs a single parameter. With initial conditions consistent with the plume data measured by Davis et al. (1974) and utilizing the mixing parameter estimated from the study by Shu et al. (1978), the predicted temporal profiles of the ratio of the concentration of NO2 to NO, of NO2 to NO plus NO2, in-plume concentrations of NO and O3, and fraction of NO remaining are consistent with field study data. In addition, the model predicts large deviations from the photostationary state in the near-source portion of the plume, also consistent with field study data. In the far field region of this plume (t greater than approximately 20 min), the mixing processes are essentially complete over much of the plume cross-section.
Conceptual advances in the pathogenesis and treatment of childhood metabolic liver disease

Aconsiderable number of metabolic diseases cause liver injury in infants and children. In many cases, the liver is the sole organ clinically affected by the metabolic disease. Some of the diseases are relatively common. For instance, oq-antitrypsin (oq-AT) deficiency affects approximately 1 in 1800 live births. Moreover, taken together, the genetic/metabolic liver diseases account for approximately 30% of the 600 children who undergo liver transplantation each year. Our understanding of the inborn errors of metabolism has been greatly advanced in recent years by the availability of recombinant DNA technology and also by the incorporation of sophisticated concepts derived from basic cell biology and biochemistry research. In this review, we have selected for discussion four of the more common metabolic liver diseases of infancy/childhood for which there have been recent major conceptual advances in understanding pathogenesis and/or treatment and for which animal models have been developed (Table 1). For example, concepts derived from studies of receptor-mediated endocytosis and delivery of ligands to the lysosome have been used to develop a novel form of medical treatment for Gaucher's disease. Detailed studies of the biochemical basis of tyrosine degradation have led to a remarkable therapeutic approach to hereditary tyrosinemia in which a drug is used to inhibit an early step in tyrosine degradation and thereby prevent accumulation of a hepatotoxic intermediate. Detailed characterization of the molecules involved in metal transport in ceils has led to the identification of an intracellular copper transporter adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) that is mutated in Wilson's disease. Finally, greater understanding of quality control in the protein secretory pathway, i.e., degradation of abnormally folded proteins, has led to several novel concepts for the pathogenesis of liver disease in oq-AT deficiency.
The study of radiation damage in metals with the field-ion and atom-probe microscopes☆

Abstract The application of the field-ion microscope (FIM) and the atom-probe FIM techniques to the study of radiation damage in metals is reviewed. The FIM research in the following three areas is discussed: (1) the defect structure of the primary state of irradiated metals; (2) the recovery behavior in Stages I, II and III of irradiated body-centered and face-centered cubic metals (tungsten and platinum); and (3) the recovery behavior in Stages I, II and III of irradiated body-centered and face-centered cubic alloys [tungsten (carbon), tungsten (rhenium) and platinum (gold)]. The data obtained in each of these three categories provide fundamental structural, kinetic and thermodynamic information about the properties of point defects and point-defect clusters. The atom-probe FIM research on the direct measurement of the range of 300 eV He + ions and the mobility of interstitial helium atoms in tungsten is also presented and compared with the theoretical predictions of Wilson, Haggmark and Bisson.
The inhibition of the uptake of radiophosphate in normal and sickle anemic red blood cells

Abstract Through the use of P32 a coefficient of transfer and a coefficient of inhibition of transfer are defined precisely for the transport of phosphate into the human red blood cell. The method is applied to a study of the inhibitory effect of sodium fluoride on the uptake of radiophosphate by sickle cell red blood cells. The data reveal that there may be an instrinsic quality in the sickle cell which is different in the normal cell since the rate of transfer of phosphate in the sickle cell is the same with or without sodium fluoride while transport is the normal red blood cell is strongly inhibited by fluoride.
Exterior proteins on the human erythrocyte membrane.

Abstract Membranes from pronase treated human erythrocytes were isolated and the membrane proteins separated by disc gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. A comparison of pronase treated cells and untreated cells show that pronase treatment of intact human erythrocytes results in the alteration of three membrane proteins with molecular weights of 90,000, 95,000, 105,000 and reduces their molecular size. All of the proteins with molecular weights of 90,000 and 105,000 were altered indicating that all proteins with these molecular weights must be exposed on the outside of the membrane. Protein fragments formed from proteolytic digestion remain with the membrane, and have an apparent molecular weight of 65,000. The residual fragments are insensitive to further hydrolysis, and appear to be portions of the hydrolyzed proteins which is buried within the membrane structure.
Accounting for Spatial Effects in Economic Models of Land Use: Recent Developments and Challenges Ahead

The marked increase in the availability of spatial data has forced researchers engaged in land use modeling to directly confront the question of space and the theoretical and methodological challenges involved in developing spatial models. Advances have come from multiple disciplines, most notably through the development and application of spatial theory and methods from regional science, geography, urban economics and more recently, theoretical and applied econometrics. The main goal of this paper is to summarize the econometric challenges of spatial data and to highlight spatial models and methods with a particular focus on models of land markets and land use change. We also discuss the data and modeling challenges associated with modeling the underlying spatial economic mechanisms that give rise to land use patterns and the complexities involved in modeling land use as a coupled economic-ecological system.
Left Atrial Function and Atrial Natriuretic Factor/Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate Changes in DDD and VVI Pacing Modes

2. Markovitz PA, Armstrong WF. Accuracy of dobutamine stress echocardi-ography in detecting coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1992;69:1269–1273.3. Mertes H, Sawada SG, Ryan T, Segar DS, Kovacs R, Foltz J, FeigenbaumH. Symptoms, adverse effects, and complications associated with dobutaminestress echocardiography. Circulation 1993;88:15–19.4. McNeill AJ, Fioretti PM, El-Said EM, Salustri A, Forster T, Roelandt JT.Enhanced sensitivity for detection of coronary artery disease by addition ofatropine to dobutamine stress echocardiography. Am J Cardiol 1992;70:41–46.5. Fioretti PM, Poldermans D, Salustri A, Forster T, Bellotti P, Boersma B,McNeill AJ, El-Said ESM, Roelandt JR. Atropine increases the accuracy ofdobutamine stress echocardiography in patients taking beta-blockers.Eur HeartJ 1994;15:355–360.6. Poldermans D, Fioretti PM, Boersma E, Thomson IR, Comel JH, Folkert J,Mariarosaria A, van Urk H, Rolandt JR. Dobutamine-atropine stress echocar-diography in elderly patients unable to perform an exercise test: hemodynamics,characteristics, safety, and prognostic value. Arch Intern Med 1994;154:2681–2686.
Determination of the Thermal Stability of Fluids by Tensimetry: Instrumentation and Procedure

A computerized tensimeter and experimental procedure for determination of the thermal decomposition temperature (T sub d) of perfluoro alkylethers were developed and tested. Both the apparatus and the procedure are described in detail. Results of testing with bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and trimethylolpropane triheptanoate demonstrate that the reciprocal of the decomposition temperature is a linear function of the logarithm of the gas volume/heated liquid volume ratio. The T sub d obtained for each compound at a gas volume/heated liquid volume ration of one was similar to the value previously reported using an isoteniscope technique. Results of testing with a polymer of hexafluoropropylene oxide demonstrate that this instrument and procedure can be used to determine the T sub d of perfluoro alkylethers.
Long-wavelength absorption of cermets.

Cermets are inhomogeneous materials composed of small metal spheres randomly distributed in a host dielectric. A theory is presented for the electromagnetic absorption at very long wavelength. The most important quantity is the magnetic permeability ..mu.., even for nonmagnetic systems.
Views of People With Schizophrenia Regarding Aspects of Research: Study Size and Funding Sources

Serious mental illness research poses many ethical questions, including important considerations pertaining to how large a study is and its source of funding. Little is known about how people with schizophrenia understand these ethical considerations and whether these factors may influence their decisions to participate in research. Structured interviews were conducted with 60 people with schizophrenia. Participants were asked about levels of suffering and the importance of research for healthy people and for people with serious illnesses. Participants also rated helpfulness and harmfulness to society, and their likelihood of participating in studies involving 10 subjects, 1000 subjects, 1 research institution, or 10 research institutions and in studies funded by various organizations. Participants viewed all types of research positively and indicated willingness to volunteer. Likelihood of participating in research was correlated with perceived helpfulness to society and inversely correlated with perceived harmfulness. Research by pharmaceutical companies was seen as less helpful to society than research sponsored by federal or state government or by private foundations. Larger studies conducted at multiple sites were seen as more helpful to society than smaller studies or those at single sites. Larger studies conducted at single sites, however, were seen as more harmful. Respondents endorsed a positive view of medical research and expressed a willingness to participate in projects of all scales with diverse funding sources. The pattern of responses suggests the capacity for a nuanced understanding of ethically salient aspects of medical research by individuals with schizophrenia.
Molecules, clusters, solids and catalysts in early transition metal sulphide systems

Inorganic syntheses starting with the tetrathiometallates of molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium and rhenium produce new homonuclear transition metal sulphide (TMS) complexes and clusters by utilizing internal redox processes. The resultant molecular structures often contain features or fragments that resemble those in TMS solids. The homonuclear complexes serve synthetically as excellent ligands, particularly to low-valent organometallic metals. The resulting heteronuclear TMS clusters serve as precursors to TMS solids that are active hydrodesulphurization catalysts. Moreover, the same reactions that lead to the heteronuclear TMS clusters allow decoration of the edges of preformed MoS2 catalysts, leading to active catalytic materials.
On living together without marriage.

Attitudes toward the living together pattern on the part of large numbers of young people who could potentially engage in this type of relationship have not been investigated. Motives, personality traits and the relative influence of parents, peers and the mass media on those who actually engage in living together without marriage are not well understood, nor do we have a clear picture of the relationship between class origins, degree of religiosity, sex, age and education, and attitudes and behavior in this area. Above all, we do not know whether the majority of young, well-educated men and women who set up housekeeping together without the legal sanction of marriage view their relationship as a transient stage in their life cycle, as a prelude to marriage or as a substitute for marriage. To cast some light on these questions, the authors conducted a survey at a large, urban, Northeastern University in 1971. Nine hundred questionnaires were distributed to a sample of students who were generally representative of the total student population with respect to age and year at college, major field of study, religion, ses, marital status and class origins (as indicated by father and mother's occupation). Of the 762 students who returned the questionnaire (approximately 85No), about one-fifth (139) were engaged in a living together relationship with a member of the opposite sex. In addition to demographic data, our questions centered on the relative influence of parents, peers and the mass media on the respondent's opinions and behavior, generally, and on the topic under investigation, their willingness to engage in the living together pattern, their willingness to do so despite parental or peer objections and their self-evaluation as shy, isolated, introspective; outgoing, aggressive, not particularly introspective; and independent or easily influenced. We asked those who were favorably disposed toward entering a living together relationship and those who were actively participating in this kind of relationship to rank their reasons, in order to relative importance. The latter respondents were also asked to indicate their expectations with respect to the future of the relationship and to
Therapeutic potential of dichloroacetate for pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency

We reviewed the use of oral dichloroacetate (DCA) in the treatment of children with congenital lactic acidosis caused by mutations in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC). The case histories of 46 subjects were analyzed with regard to diagnosis, clinical presentation and response to DCA. DCA decreased blood and cerebrospinal fluid lactate concentrations, and was generally well tolerated. DCA may be particularly effective in children with PDC deficiency by stimulating residual enzyme activity and, consequently, cellular energy metabolism. A controlled trial is needed to determine the definitive role of DCA in the management of this devastating disease.
Specific cleavages of pure tRNAs by plumbous ions

Abstract After renaturation some pure tRNAs were submitted to the action of lead acetate 1 · 10 −3 M at pH 7.3 and at 37°C in the presence of either 1 M or 0.5 M NaCl. These tRNAs were specifically cleaved by Pb 2+ . The exact cleavage points were determined by analysing the oligonucleotides obtained from three yeast tRNAs. In 1 M NaCl, tRNA Phe is cleaved after the hUp 17 and partially cleaved after Cp 73 ; In 0.5 M NaCl, there are cleavages after hUp 16 , hUp 17 as well as a partial one after pGp 1 . In 1 M NaCl tRNA Asp is not cleaved, whereas in 0.5 M NaCl 50% of the molecules are cleaved in the anticodon region after Up 35 , 14% after hUp 19 and 6% after hUp 16 . In 1 M NaCl tRNA Val is cleaved in the hU loop: 40% after hUp 16 and 60% after Cp 17 . The action of lead on five other pure tRNAs was studied on the analytical scale only, by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. They could be classified into two families, one cleaved mainly in the hU loop, the other in the anticodon loop. The minimal concentrations of Pb 2+ required for cleavage were determined for several tRNAs, the most sensitive of which, yeast tRNA Val , being still cleaved with a concentration of 5 · 10 −6 M in 0.15 M NaCl. Although the cleavage often occurs after hUp, poly(hU) is less sensitive than poly(U). This and other results indicate that cleavages depend more on the conformation than the sequence of the polynucleotide chain, bends in the tertiary structure being lead-sensitive sites. Finally, the amino acid acceptance activities of cleaved tRNA Phe and tRNA Asp were determined.
Writing development in four genres from grades three to seven: Syntactic complexity and genre differentiation.

Two measures of syntactic complexity, clauses per T-unit and words per clause, were used to examine differences among four genres of text—narrative, descriptive, compare/contrast, and persuasive—written by the same two cohorts (83 students in grades three and five and 96 students in grades five and seven) on two occasions 2 years apart as part of a larger longitudinal study. For clauses per T-unit, a measure of subordination, significant differences were found between persuasive essays, which had more subordinate clauses, and the other three genres. For words per clause, an indicator of the denser syntax of the academic register, significant differences were found between descriptive texts, which had more words per clause than the persuasive essays, which did not differ from the compare/contrast texts. Over the grade levels studied, the measures of syntactic complexity did not increase in their differentiation among the four genres. The two measures of syntactic complexity were negatively correlated, especially for the persuasive essays. For text length, which is thought to reflect compositional fluency, grade, genre, and grade × genre effects were significant for both cohorts. Post hoc analyses found few examples of the syntax-level structures characteristic of the academic register. These findings suggest that although students could produce each kind of genre, their ability to do so may have been compromised by their limited knowledge of the syntactic structures required to achieve text-level genre goals. Researchers and educators should consider the syntactic- and text-level requirements for different school-based genres in designing and evaluating writing instruction.
The repair of x-ray-induced chromosome aberrations in stimulated and unstimulated human lymphocytes.

Abstract The repair time for chromosome breaks induced by X-irradiation of unstimulated (G0) and stimulated (G1) human lymphocytes has been determined by dose fractionation studies. In both types of cells repair time was approx. 4–5 h. Treatment with hydroxyurea, a DNA synthesis inhibitor, did not prevent or delay the rejoining of broken chromosomes, whereas treatment with cycloheximide, a potent protein synthesis inhibitor, did. Thus, the repair of radiation-induced chromosome breaks in human lymphocytes is similar to the repair observed with plant cells.
Sieving Procedures on a Digital Computer

Many sequences are most efficiently generated on a digital computer with a sieving procedure in which one represents in the main memory of the machine a set of elements known to contain the desired sequence and then systematically sieves out elements not in the desired sequence. In this expository paper, the technical aspects of programming such sieves are discussed. Special attention is given to the most efficient methods of representing sets in the main memory of the machine as well as the programming difficulties encountered when sieving on these sets. The paper concludes with a discussion of four examples in which sieving procedures were employed.
Revisiting outpatient tonsillectomy in young children.

Abstract Objective: Postoperative same-day discharge is safe for most children undergoing tonsillectomy. However, young children with upper airway obstruction have a higher risk of postoperative complications. We review our tonsillectomy experience in children under 36 months to evaluate the safety of outpatient tonsillectomy in this population. Study Design and Setting: We conducted a retrospective study of all children under 36 months who underwent tonsillectomy during a recent 2-year period at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. Results: The indication for tonsillectomy in 96% of 421 children was upper airway obstruction. Eighteen percent required postoperative treatment to prevent respiratory compromise; 56% of these patients had no associated medical comorbidity. Patients younger than 24 months and those with medical comorbidities were more likely to require intervention. Conclusion and Significance: It is not possible to preoperatively anticipate which children will have postsurgical complications. We recommend planning an overnight admission for children younger than 36 months undergoing tonsillectomy. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2003;128:326-31.)
Classroom Behavior of Mentally Retarded Children Across Different Classroom Settings

Little research has been done on direct observation of retarded children in ongoing classroom situations, despite the fact that it can provide data on social or academic characteristics which are often quite different from those obtained by indirect measures such as teacher ratings or psychometrics. In the present study, over 900 children were observed in different classroom settings with regard to verbal interaction, attending, nonattending, and disruptive behavior. These were further broken into 3 conditions in which either peers or teachers were involved or where no observable response to the behavior was noticed. While total on-task behavior distinguished institutionalized children from children in community schools and special classes, it did not differentiate retarded children in community-based classrooms from one another. While some unexpected patterns of behavior emerged in each group, these generally tended to disappear when within-group classroom differences were taken into account. Some develo...
Development and use of a simple numerical model to quantify the impact of key photovoltaics system parameters on the levelized cost of electricity

A simple numerical model was developed in this paper to quantitatively analyze the impact of module efficiency, module cost, balance of system (BOS) cost, and financial inputs on the levelized cost of Electricity (LCOE). It is found that LCOE is a linear or nearly linear function of installed system cost (BOS+Module), loan rate, and total system derate losses. LCOE was found to be a non-linear function of system lifetime and module efficiency. User friendly charts were generated along with empirical equations to establish quantitative relationship between LCOE and system and financial parameters. A roadmap to grid parity at 9¢/kWh was developed to illustrate how to use the methodology, charts, and equations developed in this paper to achieve a target LCOE by selecting the right combination of above parameters.
THE EFFECT OF HYDROGEN ON THE MAGNETIZATION OF IRON FILMS

On montre qu'une exposition a l'hydrogene de couches de fer conduit toujours a une decroissance de l'aimantation, en bon accord avec les calculs theoriques
Morphology and estrogen receptor α mRNA expression in the developing green anole forebrain

Sex differences in forebrain morphology arise during development and are often linked to hormonal changes. These dimorphisms frequently occur in regions related to reproductive behaviors. Little is known about the normal ontogeny of reproductive nuclei in the green anole lizard, including whether steroid hormones influence their development. To address this issue, brain region volume, cell density, soma size, and estrogen receptor α (ERα) mRNA expression were characterized in the preoptic area (POA), ventromedial amygdala (AMY), and ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) of late embryonic and early post-hatchling anoles. In adulthood, the POA and AMY are associated with male-specific reproductive behaviors and the VMH is implicated in female receptivity. Although soma size decreased in all brain regions with age, brain region volume diminished only in the POA, with a transient sex difference appearing before hatching. Cell density increased with age only in the female AMY. ERα mRNA expression was up to four times greater in the developing VMH than POA and AMY, peaking in the VMH around the day of hatching. These results are consistent with the idea that estradiol may influence differentiation of the VMH in particular. However, other factors are likely important to the development of these three brain regions, some of which exert their effects at later developmental stages. J. Exp. Zool. 311A:162–171, 2009. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Rapid naming deficits in children and adolescents with reading disabilities and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Seventy-one children in three groups (reading disabilities, ADHD without reading disabilities, and normal controls) were compared on their ability to rapidly name colors, letters, numbers, and objects (RAN Tasks) and alternating letters/numbers and letters/numbers/colors (RAS tasks). Children with reading disabilities were found to be slower on letter- and number-naming tasks and made more errors on all tasks than controls or children with ADHD. There was an age effect for the RAN/RAS tasks, with younger children with reading disabilities performing more poorly on all tasks, while the older children with reading disabilities showed poorer performance only on the letter- and number-naming tasks.
Oncogenic KRAS activates hedgehog signaling pathway in pancreatic cancer cells

Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is deregulated in multiple human cancers including pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA). Because KRAS mutation represents one of the earliest genetic alterations and occurs almost universally in PDA, we hypothesized that oncogenic KRAS promotes pancreatic tumorigenesis in part through activation of the Hh pathway. Here, we report that oncogenic KRAS activates hedgehog signaling in PDA cells, utilizing a downstream effector pathway mediated by RAF/MEK/MAPK but not phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT. Oncogenic KRAS transformation of human pancreatic ductal epithelial cells increases GLI transcriptional activity, an effect that is inhibited by the MEK-specific inhibitors U0126 and PD98059, but not by the PI3K-specific inhibitor wortmannin. Inactivation of KRAS activity by a small interfering RNA specific for oncogenic KRAS inhibits GLI activity and GLI1 expression in PDA cell lines with activating KRAS mutation; the MEK inhibitors U0126 and PD98059 elicit a similar response. In addition, expression of the constitutively active form of BRAFE600, but not myr-AKT, blocks the inhibitory effects of KRAS knockdown on Hh signaling. Finally, suppressing GLI activity leads to a selective attenuation of the oncogenic transformation activity of mutant KRAS-expressing PDA cells. These results demonstrate that oncogenic KRAS, through RAF/MEK/MAPK signaling, is directly involved in the activation of the hedgehog pathway in PDA cells and that collaboration between these two signaling pathways may play an important role in PDA progression.
The larval nephridia of the brackish‐water polychaete, Nereis diversicolor

The larval nephridia of the brackish-water polychaete Nereis diversicolor are described for the first time, and have been studied to determine if their times of development and structural characteristics are consistent with a role in the osmotic regulation of the larva. As shown in serial paraffin sections and by interference-contrast optics, the nephridia of the three-setiger larva consist of a single pair of very large metanephridia, arising in the 3rd larval setiger, but with their elongated terminal ducts and coiled ciliated tubules pushed forward into the 2nd setiger; their open metanephrostomes and anterior anchoring filaments lie dorsal to the 2nd set of setae. In contrast, the definitive or juvenile metanephridia, arising in the 4th and subsequently formed setigerous segments, have short terminal ducts and coiled ciliated tubules confined to the segments on which their external nephropores open; their nephrostomes are ventrally located and open into the rear of the next anterior segment. These findings are in contrast to the claims of Edouard Meyer (1887), who described two pairs of closed protonephridia in the 2nd and 3rd larval setigers of Perinereis cultrifera. Although it is not excluded that the single larval pair of metanephridia of N. diversicolor may arise as protonephridia, Meyer's claim of two pairs of larval protonephridia was an observational error. The larval nephridia of the marine Platynereis dumerilii resemble in form, but are considerably smaller than, those of N. diversicolor. It is concluded that the hypertrophied pair of larval metanephridia of N. diversicolor is an evolutionary adaptation to existence in habitats of low and unpredictably varying salinity. Their development occurs irrespective of the prevailing salinity; hence, it must be genetically determined.
Structured study groups empower student learning. I cannot write my final until my class finishes creating its multimedia text

"Structure and Reactivity" is the first-year chemistry course at The University of Michigan. Each Fall, 160 students in the 1200-student course earn Honors credit by participating in weekly 2-hour supplemental instruction sessions we call Structured Study Groups (SSGs). Students bring written assignments to the sessions and engage in structured peer group critiques facilitated by upper-level undergraduate leaders. Projects broaden and deepen the students' learning of associated course topics. In the second term, there is a separate section of the course where all of students are in SSGs. In these sessions, students represent their ideas in writing, orally, and through computational tools. Since 1996-97, one of the term-long projects requires all of the students contribute to the construction of a written and HTML literature-driven resource. Creating animations of reaction mechanisms and interactive correlation of spectroscopic assignments causes students to consider the subject matter in ways more aligned with an instructor's work. Ultimately, the multimedia text (print, CD, and web site) is fully owned by the students, and they must seek out each other's expertise in order to examine their understanding. The final examination in the course is based completely an the student-generated text.
An electromagnetic model for plastic composite materials under obscuring layers

This paper presents an electromagnetic model based on multi-layer media. This model includes multiple reflections within each layer, and it has the flexibility to include more complicated structures. Simulations of frequency response and pulse wave through this multi-layer structure are presented. This model provides a tool to estimate the responses at different frequencies and configurations which is instrumental to imaging and detection of objects
Feeling of certainty: Uncovering a missing link between knowledge and acceptance of evolution

We propose a new model of the factors influencing acceptance of evolutionary theory that highlights a novel variable unexplored in previous studies: the feeling of certainty (FOC). The model is grounded in an emerging understanding of brain function that acknowledges the contributions of intuitive cognitions in making decisions, such as whether or not to accept a particular theoretical explanation of events. Specifically, we examine the relationships among religious identity, level of edu- cation, level of knowledge, FOC, and level of evolutionary acceptance to test whether our proposed model accurately predicts hypothesized pathways. We employ widely used measures—the CINS, MATE, and ORI—in addition to new variables in multiple regression and path analyses in order to test the interrelationships among FOC and acceptance of evolutionary theory. We explore these relationships using a sample of 124 pre-service biology teachers found to display comparable knowledge and belief levels as reported in previous studies on this topic. All of our hypothesis tests corroborated the idea that FOC plays a moderating role in relationships among evolutionary knowledge and beliefs. Educational research into acceptance of evolutionary theory will likely benefit from increased attention to non-con- scious intuitive cognitions that give rise to feeling of knowing or certainty. 2011 Wiley Periodicals,
Weight changes of the submandibular glands in the rat resulting from denervation

In the lingual nerve of the rat, the number of myelinated fibers ranged from 3,215 to 3,744, with diameters ranging from 0.7 to 9.7 μ. The nerves were unimodal with a peak at 2–3 or 3–4 μ. In the chorda tympani, the number of myelinated fibers ranged from 444 to 538, with diameters ranging from 1.1 to 8.7 μ. The nerves were unimodal with a peak at 1–3 μ. Sixteen days after section of the lingual, chordalingual (the lingual nerve distal to the union with chorda tympani) and chorda tympani nerves as well as intracranial section of the facial nerve, significant weight losses were recorded for the submandibular and retrolingual glands. The greatest weight losses occurred after intracranial section of the facial nerve or section of the chordalingual nerve (retrolingual glands lost 42 and 39%, submandibular glands lost 20 and 28% respectively). Intracranial section of the facial nerve demonstrates that the degree of weight loss is correlated with the number of myelinated fibers (1–3 μ diameter) which degenerate, and that the weight loss is not the result of operative damage to the vascular supply of the glands.
Alterations in Host Defense Associated With Anesthesia and Blood Transfusions: II. Effect on Response to Endotoxin

• The effect of blood transfusions and anesthesia on host response to endotoxin was evaluated in multiple Lewis rat models. The rats were randomized to receive A'Sogaloff Cancer Institute rat blood, pentobarbital sodium, or lactated Ringer's solution and, at either 2 or 7 days following administration of these agents, were challenged with intravenous endotoxin. Neither blood transfusions nor anesthesia altered mortality when administered 2 days before endotoxin challenge. However, blood transfusions administered 7 days before endotoxin challenge were found to prolong survival, to prevent endotoxin-induced alterations in T-lymphocyte subsets, and to decrease plasma tumor necrosis factor levels. In conclusion, blood transfusions appear to depress immune function in a beneficial manner in endotoxin shock. ( Arch Surg. 1991;126:59-62)
Techniques for Foundry Identification

Foundry identification is essential for many tasks including intellectual property protection, trust, and preventing counterfeiting. In this paper, we introduce statistical techniques for foundry detection, specifically for identifying from which foundry a particular chip originates from. The key idea is to consider the distributions of channel lengths and threshold voltages after employing a variant of SAT that extracts these two metrics. We apply Kolmogorov-Smirnov and other statistical tests for comparing the two empirical distributions. Finally, we study the effects of sample size and measurement error on the correct identification rate and establish an interval of confidence using resubstitution techniques.
An Attenuated Cytomegalovirus Vaccine with a Deletion of a Viral Chemokine Gene Is Protective against Congenital CMV Transmission in a Guinea Pig Model

Development of a vaccine against congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is a public health priority, but CMVs encode immune evasion genes that complicate live virus vaccine design. To resolve this problem, this study employed guanosyl phosphoribosyl transferase ( gpt) mutagenesis to generate a recombinant guinea pig CMV (GPCMV) with a knockout of a viral chemokine gene, GPCMV MIP ( gp1). MIP deletion virus replicated with wild-type kinetics in cell culture but was attenuated in nonpregnant guinea pigs, demonstrating reduced viremia and reduced inflammation and histopathology (compared to a control virus with an intact GPCMV MIP gene) following footpad inoculation. In spite of attenuation, the vaccine was immunogenic, eliciting antibody responses comparable to those observed in natural infection. To assess its protective potential as a vaccine, either recombinant virus or placebo was used to immunize seronegative female guinea pigs. Dams were challenged in the early 3rd trimester with salivary gland-adapted GPCMV. Immunization protected against DNAemia (1/15 in vaccine group versus 12/13 in the control group, <path id="x1D443" d="M619 482q0 -69 -40.5 -119t-96 -72.5t-118.5 -26.5h-44l-70 20l-31 -151q-14 -67 0.5 -83t89.5 -22l-5 -28h-287l8 28q65 7 81.5 22t29.5 83l79 398q12 56 0.5 70.5t-78.5 20.5l7 28h255q108 0 164 -43t56 -125zM524 478q0 141 -146 141q-25 0 -47 -8q-16 -6 -20.5 -13.5 t-10.5 -39.5l-43 -241q37 -13 83 -13q67 0 125.5 45t58.5 129z" /> <path id="x30" d="M241 635q53 0 94 -28.5t63.5 -76t33.5 -102.5t11 -116q0 -58 -11 -112.5t-34 -103.5t-63.5 -78.5t-94.5 -29.5t-95 28t-64.5 75t-34.5 102.5t-11 118.5q0 58 11.5 112.5t34.5 103t64.5 78t95.5 29.5zM238 602q-32 0 -55.5 -25t-35.5 -68t-17.5 -91t-5.5 -105 q0 -76 10 -138.5t37 -107.5t69 -45q32 0 55.5 25t35.5 68.5t17.5 91.5t5.5 105t-5.5 105.5t-18 92t-36 68t-56.5 24.5z" /> ). Mean birth weights were significantly higher in pups born to vaccinated dams compared to controls (98.7 g versus 71.2 g, ). Vaccination reduced pup mortality, from 35/50 (70%) in controls to 8/52 (15%) in the immunization group. Congenital GPCMV infection was also reduced, from 35/50 (70%) in controls to 9/52 (17%) in the vaccine group ( ). We conclude that deletion of an immune modulation gene can attenuate the pathogenicity of GPCMV while resulting in a viral vaccine that retains immunogenicity and demonstrates efficacy against congenital infection and disease.
A confidence prediction system for metal fill visualization using Electrical Capacitance Tomography

Electrical Capacitance Tomography systems have gained increasing acceptance, though there are some problems associated with ECT systems. The mathematical complexity of image reconstruction makes visualization of the metal fill difficult. This paper focuses on the design and analysis of a system that uses information from the electrical capacitance tomography system to produce confidence values for the metal distribution that is being monitored. The confidence values produced by the system were found to be 84% reliable.
Sugar regulation of plastid interconversions in epicarp of citrus fruit.

Seasonal transformations between chloroplasts and chromoplasts, as measured by changes in chlorophyll content, in the epicarp of degreening and regreening Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck cv Valencia fruit closely parallelled the accumulation and later loss of soluble sugars. At any stage of development, reversing the relative soluble sugar content in the epicarp by culturing pericarp segments on agar media with low (15 millimolar) or high (150 millimolar) sucrose concentrations reversed the direction of change in chlorophyll content. Fruit of C. madurensis Lour., which mature year around and do not regreen, also accumulated soluble sugars in the pericarp as degreening was initiated. The epicarp of C. sinensis fruit accumulated nitrogen, but total nitrogen concentrations and amino acid concentrations changed little, during degreening and regreening of C. sinensis fruit. Cessation of nitrogen fertilization reduced the tendency of pericarp segments to regreen in vitro during subsequent years, but regreening tendency was restored by inclusion of KNO 3 in the media. It is concluded that chloroplasts become chromoplasts and citrus fruit degreen partially in response to the accumulation of sugars in the epicarp and that the reverse transformation accompanying regreening of certain citrus species occurs when accumulated sugars disappear. Change in nitrogen flux to the fruit is probably not a factor in regulating seasonal transformations, but an abundance of nitrogen in the epicarp diminishes the effects of high sugar concentrations in inducing transformation of chloroplasts to chromoplasts, thereby retarding degreening and promoting regreening.
Relationalizing RDF stores for tools reusability

The emergence of Semantic Web technologies and standards such as Resource Description Framework (RDF) has introduced novel data storage models such as the RDF Graph Model. In this paper, we present a research effort called R2D, which attempts to bridge the gap between RDF and RDBMS concepts by presenting a relational view of RDF data stores. Thus, R2D is essentially a relational wrapper around RDF stores that aims to make the variety of stable relational tools that are currently in the market available to RDF stores without data duplication and synchronization issues.