cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interannual variations of early winter Antarctic polar stratospheric cloud formation and nitric acid observed by CALIOP and MLS

Abstract. We use satellite-borne measurements collected over the last decade (2006–2015) from the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) and the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) to investigate the nitric acid distribution and the properties of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) in the early winter Antarctic vortex. Frequently, at the very start of the winter, we find that synoptic-scale depletion of HNO3 can be detected in the inner vortex before the first lidar detection of geophysically associated PSCs. The generation of "sub-visible" PSCs can be explained as arising from the development of a solid particle population with low number densities and large particle sizes. Assumed to be composed of nitric acid trihydrate (NAT), the sub-visible PSCs form at ambient temperatures well above the ice frost point, but also above the temperature at which supercooled ternary solution (STS) grows out of the background supercooled binary solution (SBS) distribution. The temperature regime of their formation, inferred from the simultaneous uptake of ambient HNO3 into NAT and their Lagrangian temperature histories, is at a depression of a few kelvin with respect to the NAT existence threshold, TNAT. Therefore, their nucleation requires a considerable supersaturation of HNO3 over NAT, and is consistent with a recently described heterogeneous nucleation process on solid foreign nuclei immersed in liquid aerosol. We make a detailed investigation of the comparative limits of detection of PSCs and the resulting sequestration of HNO3 imposed by lidar, mid-infrared, and microwave techniques. We find that the temperature history of air parcels, in addition to the local ambient temperature, is an important factor in the relative frequency of formation of liquid/solid PSCs. We conclude that the initiation of NAT nucleation and the subsequent development of large NAT particles capable of sedimentation and denitrification in the early winter do not emanate from an ice-seeding process. Finally, we investigate the patterns of interannual variability and compare the relative formation frequency of liquid and solid PSCs in the Antarctic lower polar stratosphere using the results of a cluster analysis to synthesize the combined CALIOP and MLS measurements into a relatively small number of interrelated categories.
Effects of Object Variables and Age of Counter on Correspondence Errors Made When Counting Objects in Rows

The results of the study reported in chapter 3 in which children counted objects in a row left several issues unresolved. In the three studies in this chapter, certain of these issues are explored. One study will be presented at a time, but the discussion for each will be cumulative over all of the previous studies in the book in which children counted objects in rows. To facilitate comparisons across studies, each study has been given a name that reflects an important aspect of the study. The study described in chapter 3 is called the Increasing Row study, and the study in chapter 4 in which correspondence errors on rows and on disorganized arrays were contrasted is called the Disorganized study (unless otherwise noted, however, only the data from the rows are discussed in this chapter). Important variables in these two studies and in the three studies reported in this chapter are summarized in Table 5-1. This chapter is quite long and detailed. Many readers may want to read only the summary of results across all the correspondence studies that is presented in chapter 6 and then perhaps dip into this chapter at specific points in order to pursue particular points.
Framing illness through Facebook enabled online support groups

This article examines the illness/recovery narratives created through Facebook and shared in groups associated with the trauma of venous thrombolytic events (VTEs). Until recently, there was little public focus on VTE recovery; however, due to advances in medicine, patients who might have once died are now surviving, but there is limited literature about what surviving a VTE means for the individual. As a result, people look for others like themselves to help them adjust to this situation. In this context, Facebook affordances help extend traditional illness narratives between patient and healthcare provider from a private to semi-public or public space. Individuals participating in these groups transform not only themselves, but others, eliciting empathy, sharing experiences, and developing a platform upon which to critique healthcare practices.
Understanding the dynamic scholarly research needs and behavior as applied to social reference management

We conducted a study with an objective to learn more about the dynamic information needs, information-seeking behavior, information use and other scholarly activities of researchers. Our focus was on the collaborative and social usage and on the social reference managers. We compared the current practices and strategies of scholars and researchers from multidisciplinary research areas. Our findings provide valuable insights and augment the understanding of how the social web is having a significant effect on the current researchers' activities and digital libraries.
Progress Towards Arrays of Microcalorimeter X-Ray Detectors

The high performance of single-pixel microcalorimeter EDS (μ,cal EDS) has been shown to be very useful for a variety of microanalysis cases. The primary advantage of jxcal EDS over conventional EDS is the factor of 25 improvement in energy resolution (∽3 eV in real-time). This level of energy resolution is particularly important for applications such as nanoscale contaminant analysis where it is necessary to resolve peak overlaps at low x-ray energies. Because μcal EDS offers practical solutions to many microanalysis problems, several companies are proceeding with commercialization of single-pixel μal EDS technology. Two drawbacks limiting the application of uxal EDS are its low count rate (∽500 s−1) and small area (∽0.04 mm for a bare single pixel, ∽5 mm2 with a polycapillary optic). We are developing a 32x32 pixel array with a total area of 40 mm2 and with a total count rate between 105 s−1 and 106 s−1.
Proteomic Analysis of ACE Inhibitory Peptides extracted from Fermented Goat Milk

Protein extracted from goat milk was hydrolyzed with LH (Lactobacillus Helveticus-cicc22171). Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides were purified from fermented samples of goat milk protein with LH by optimizing incubation time to 8 hours (S-8), 16 hours (S-16), 24 hours (S-24) and 36 hours (S-36), via ultrafiltration. Molecular weight cut-off; 10000 Da (PM-10) membrane was used to perform size exclusion chromatography. Sample with 24 h incubation time was considered as best hydrolyzed as compared to others, by applying Nin-Hydrin reaction and SDS-PAGE analysis. ACE inhibitory assay validated the authenticity of S-24 in inhibiting ACE, in vitro. Furthermore, Q executive Hybrid Quadrapole-Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry was used to determine molecular structure and amino acid sequence of ACE inhibitory peptides. Two protein groups VLPVPQKAVPQ and VLPVPQKVVPQ containing PVP, VVP along with one most abundant peptide TQTPVVVPPFLQPEIMGVPKVKE containing VPP has been identified with highest ACE inhibitory activity on the basis of intensity, small structure and higher concentration of hydrophobic and aromatic amino acids. Fermented goat milk containing these novel bioactive peptides, can be used as nutraceuticals to inhibit ACE and control hypertension.
SURF: Supervisory Control of User-Perceived Performance for Mobile Device Energy Savings

Two critical quality factors for mobile devices (e.g., smartphones, tablets) are battery life and apps' userperceived performance, e.g., responsiveness of user actions and frame rate of video playback. Sadly, state-of-the-art solutions have at least one of the following two limitations: 1) they cannot efficiently handle concurrent foreground apps and so may lead to performance imbalance and high energy consumption, 2) they try to regulate app performance periodically and thus may not efficiently handle the aperiodicity of user actions, which can result in poor responsiveness or high overheads. In this paper, we present SURF, Supervisory control of User-perceived peRFormance, which is designed to overcome the two limitations. First, it dynamically allocates resources to concurrent apps for balanced performance. Second, SURF uses supervisory control theory to handle the aperiodicity of user actions. SURF features a two-level architecture design that performs the two tasks at different time scales, according to their different overheads and timing requirements. We test SURF on several mobile device models with real-world opensource apps and show that it can reduce the CPU energy consumption by 30-90% compared to state-of-the-art solutions while causing no perceivable performance degradation.
Protein Interactions among Fe65, the Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein, and the Amyloid Precursor Protein

The adapter protein Fe65 has been proposed to be the link between the intracellular domains of the amyloid precursor protein, APP (AICD), and the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP-CT). Functional linkage between these two proteins has been established, and mutations within LRP-CT affect the amount of Aβ produced from APP. Previous work showed that AICD binds to protein interaction domain 2 (PID2) of Fe65. Although the structure of PID1 was determined recently, all attempts to demonstrate LRP-CT binding to this domain failed. We used biophysical experiments and binding studies to investigate the binding among these three proteins. Full-length Fe65 bound more weakly to AICD than did N-terminally truncated forms; however, the intramolecular domain-domain interactions that had been proposed to inhibit binding could not be observed using amide H-D exchange. Surprisingly, when LRP-CT is phosphorylated at Tyr4507, it bound to Fe65 PID1 despite the fact that this domain belongs to the Dab-like subclass of PIDs that are not supposed to be phosphorylation-dependent. Mutation of a critical arginine abolished binding, providing further proof of the phosphorylation dependence. Fe65 PID1 thus provides a link between the Dab-like class and the IRS-like class of PIDs and is the first Dab-like family member to show phosphorylation-dependent binding.
Multiplexed oscillations and phase rate coding in the basal forebrain

Complex behaviors demand temporal coordination among functionally distinct brain regions. The basal forebrain’s afferent and efferent structure suggests a capacity for mediating this coordination at a large scale. During performance of a spatial orientation task, synaptic activity in this region was dominated by four amplitude-independent oscillations temporally organized by the phase of the slowest, a theta-frequency rhythm. Oscillation amplitudes were also organized by task epoch and positively correlated to the task-related modulation of individual neuron firing rates. For many neurons, spiking was temporally organized through phase precession against theta band field potential oscillations. Theta phase precession advanced in parallel to task progression, rather than absolute spatial location or time. Together, the findings reveal a process by which associative brain regions can integrate independent oscillatory inputs and transform them into sequence-specific, rate-coded outputs that are adaptive to the pace with which organisms interact with their environment.
U.S. Dental School Applicants and Enrollees, 2013 Entering Class

This report examines the characteristics of dental school applicants and enrollees using data from the 2012–13 application cycle of the American Dental Education Association’s Associated American Dental Schools Application Service (ADEA AADSAS℠). The report presents data on the demographic composition and academic preparation of applicants, first-time enrollees, and total first-year enrollees during the application cycle. The data indicate that the number of applicants showed a small increase from the previous year, and the number of first-time, first-year enrollees continues to rise. The number of first-time, first-year enrollees in 2013 was 5,769, an increase of 1,535 first-time, first-year enrollees over the number in 2000. However, this is still less than the peak in 1978 (6,301). This increase reflects both the opening of new dental schools and expansion of existing class sizes at some dental schools. By contrast, the percentage of underrepresented minority applicants and enrollees increased only slightly. The results highlighted in this study have important implications for dental educators, health professions advisors, and members of the broader dental community.
Poorly Differentiated Small-Cell-Type Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Prostate: A Case Report and Literature Review

Neuroendocrine cells are widespread throughout the body and can give rise of neuroendocrine tumors due to abnormal growth of the chromaffin cells. Neuroendocrine tumors divide into many subtypes based on tumor grade (Ki-67 index and mitotic count) and differentiation. These tumors can be further divided into secretory and nonsecretory types based on the production of peptide hormone by tumor cells. Poorly differentiated small-cell-type neuroendocrine tumors are one of the subtypes of neuroendocrine tumors. These tumors are less common; however, they tend to be locally invasive and aggressive in behavior with poor overall median survival. Treatment of the nonsecretory small-cell type is modeled to small-cell lung cancer with a regimen consisting of platinum-based chemotherapy and etoposide with variable response. Here, we present a case of poorly differentiated small-cell neuroendocrine tumor originating from the prostate.
The online platform economy in 2018: drivers, workers, sellers, and lessors

Just a decade ago, the Online Platform Economy comprised a handful of marketplaces connecting independent sellers to buyers of physical goods. Today, many consumers use online platforms to procure almost any kind of good or service. Have these innovations created new viable options for making a living? In this study we extend the JPMorgan Chase Institute Online Platform Economy dataset in order to track supply-side participation and earnings. We identify 38 million payments directed through 128 different online platforms to 2.3 million distinct Chase checking accounts, out of a de-identified sample of 39 million, between October 2012 and March 2018. Our description distinguishes four sectors of the Online Platform Economy: the transportation sector, the non-transport work sector, the selling sector, and the leasing sector. Our findings are fivefold. First, the Online Platform Economy has continued to grow. Between 2013 and 2018, transportation platforms have grown to dominate in terms of both the number of participants and total transaction volume. Second, most participants in the Online Platform Economy are active in just a few months out of the year, though drivers are slightly more engaged than participants in the other sectors. Third, the growth in the supply of drivers has come alongside a 53 percent decline in average transportation earnings. Between 2013 and 2017, average earnings grew by 69 percent in the leasing sector but showed no strong trends in the non-transport work and selling sectors. Fourth, platform earnings represent a major source of income for families in the months they participate in the Online Platform Economy but just 20 percent of income among those who have participated at any point over the prior year. Finally, participation in the Online Platform Economy varied significantly across the nation. Among 23 states and 26 cities, Nevada and San Francisco had the highest participation rates in the Online Platform Economy. The non-employed and men were more likely to drive than the employed and women. The young were more likely to participate in all sectors. Taken together, our findings indicate that regardless of whether or not platform work could in principle represent the “future of work,” most participants are not putting it to the type of use that would usher in that future.
Ovarian Carcinosarcoma and Concurrent Serous Tubal Intraepithelial Carcinoma With Next-Generation Sequencing Suggesting an Origin From the Fallopian Tube:

Background. Ovarian carcinosarcomas are rare aggressive biphasic tumors. Evidence suggests that these tumors are monoclonal and that the sarcoma component is derived from a stem cell undergoing divergent differentiation. Currently, there remains a paucity of data regarding its origin, with few reports suggesting an association with serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma (STIC) by immunohistochemistry and genetics. Objective. We sought to determine the relationship of carcinosarcoma to high-grade serous carcinoma and STIC by investigating for similar mutation signatures through next-generation sequencing. Methodology. A case of carcinosarcoma with associated high-grade serous carcinoma and STIC was macrodissected, and next-generation sequencing was performed on each component separately. Results. The STIC, high-grade serous carcinoma component, and chondrosarcoma component were all diffusely positive for p53 and p16 by immunohistochemistry. Next-generation sequencing demonstrated an identical TP53 gene c.376-1G>A 5' splice site pathogenic mutation in all 3 components. Conclusions. Our findings suggest that carcinosarcomas may also originate from the fallopian tube.
Quantum-Inspired Computing: Can it be a Microscopic Computing Model of the Brain?

Quantum computing and the workings of the brain have many aspects in common and have been attracting increasing attention in academia and industry. The computation in both is parallel and non-discrete. Though the underlying physical dynamics (e.g., equation of motion) may be deterministic, the observed or interpreted outcomes are often probabilistic. Consequently, various investigations have been undertaken to understand and reproduce the brain on the basis of quantum physics and computing. However, there have been arguments on whether the brain can and have to take advantage of quantum phenomena that need to survive in the macroscopic space-time region at room temperature. This paper presents a unique microscopic computational model for the brain based on an ansatz that the brain computes in a manner similar to quantum computing, but with classical waves. Log-scale encoding of information in the context of computing with waves is shown to play a critical role in bridging the computing models with classical and quantum waves. Our quantum-inspired computing model opens up a possibility of unifying the computing framework of artificial intelligence and quantum computing beyond quantum machine learning approaches.
Team teaching with pharmacy practice and pharmaceutics faculty in a nonsterile compounding laboratory course to increase student problem-solving skills.

Abstract Background and purpose Combining pharmaceutics and pharmacy practice into nonsterile compounding is ideal to increase problem-solving skills. The objectives of this activity were to: (1) create a nonsterile compounding activity through a team-teaching collaboration, (2) increase students' independent problem-solving skills to compound a nonsterile natural product, and (3) assess student and faculty perceptions of the learning activity. Educational activity and setting The activity was created, implemented, and assessed using a team-teaching technique between pharmacy practice and pharmaceutics faculty. The first week students were tasked with extraction of an active ingredient from a natural product, and the second week students independently compounded a nonsterile product using the concentrated extract. Faculty and students were asked to give their perceptions of the activity. Findings The activity has been taught to two cohorts of elective students. Students from both cohorts (n = 57) independently created a nonsterile compound, scoring an average (standard deviation) of 8.1 (1) and 8.6 (0.9) out of 10 points on their graded products for the 2018 and 2019 elective, respectively. Faculty collaboration and team-teaching adjustments to the content resulted in increased student performance (p = 0.0392). Student feedback on the activity was overwhelmingly positive. Faculty appreciated the collaborative approach and improved the course activity together. Summary A team-teaching approach created an activity that focused on elements of both pharmaceutics and pharmacy practice. Students developed problem-solving abilities by creating their own independent nonsterile compounded natural product. The collaboration between faculty was positive and well received by students.
The Cap-Snatching SFTSV Endonuclease Domain Is an Antiviral Target.

Summary Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is a tick-borne virus with 12%–30% case mortality rates and is related to the Heartland virus (HRTV) identified in the United States. Together, SFTSV and HRTV are emerging segmented, negative-sense RNA viral (sNSV) pathogens with potential global health impact. Here, we characterize the amino-terminal cap-snatching endonuclease domain of SFTSV polymerase (L) and solve a 2.4-A X-ray crystal structure. While the overall structure is similar to those of other cap-snatching sNSV endonucleases, differences near the C terminus of the SFTSV endonuclease suggest divergence in regulation. Influenza virus endonuclease inhibitors, including the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Baloxavir (BXA), inhibit the endonuclease activity in in vitro enzymatic assays and in cell-based studies. BXA displays potent activity with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of ∼100 nM in enzyme inhibition and an EC50 value of ∼250 nM against SFTSV and HRTV in plaque assays. Together, our data support sNSV endonucleases as an antiviral target.
Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Protocol for Patients Undergoing Ureteroscopy: Prospective Evaluation of an Opioid-Free Protocol

Purpose: A large part of the national opioid epidemic has been tied to prescription opioids, leading to a push to reduce or eliminate their use when feasible. The objective of this study was to eva...
Realization of Low-loss Epsilon-near-zero Properties Using PT-symmetric Metasurfaces

We present an artificial medium with epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) characteristics using the parity-time (PT)-symmetric metasurfaces. We show that such a PT-synthetic open structure locked at the coherent perfect absorber-laser (CPAL) point can support an undamped fast-wave propagation capable of creating a super-directivity radiation leakage. Additionally, the directive beam has a tunable radiation angle that can be scanned from broadside to end-fire by adjusting the metasurfaces’ surface impedance. The proposed structures may not only pave the way toward realization of low-loss ENZ medium, but also make possible highly-directive spatially-reconfigurable radiators and emitters.
Finding and Keeping Friends in College and Their Influence on Alcohol Use: A Network Analysis.

Objective:We investigate how alcohol use and friendship co-evolve during students’ transition to university. We discern effects of peer influence from friend selection based on alcohol use, whether...
Lattice Boltzmann Modeling of the Apparent Viscosity of Thinning–Elastic Fluids in Porous Media

Many non-Newtonian fluids, including polymers, exhibit both shear-thinning and viscoelastic rheological properties. A lattice Boltzmann (LB) model is developed for simulation of the flow of thinning–elastic fluids through porous media. This model applies the Oldroyd-B constitutive equation and the Carreau model, respectively, to account for the viscoelastic and shear-thinning behaviors of the thinning–elastic fluid in porous media. Both rheological features are captured well by this model and are verified against analytical solutions. The thinning-then-thickening viscosity curve of the thinning–elastic fluid observed in experiments is reproduced by the present pore-scale simulations. In addition to the traditional extensional theory, we propose other important mechanisms for the increase in apparent viscosity of viscoelastic fluids at higher shear rates. The mechanisms proposed include the reduction in conductivity due to stagnant fluid, the compressed effective flow region, and larger energy dissipations caused by the viscoelastic instability. We find that the viscoelastic thickening effect is more prominent in porous geometries with a large pore–throat ratio.
Liquid chromatin Hi-C characterizes compartment-dependent chromatin interaction dynamics.

Nuclear compartmentalization of active and inactive chromatin is thought to occur through microphase separation mediated by interactions between loci of similar type. The nature and dynamics of these interactions are not known. We developed liquid chromatin Hi-C to map the stability of associations between loci. Before fixation and Hi-C, chromosomes are fragmented, which removes strong polymeric constraint, enabling detection of intrinsic locus–locus interaction stabilities. Compartmentalization is stable when fragments are larger than 10–25 kb. Fragmentation of chromatin into pieces smaller than 6 kb leads to gradual loss of genome organization. Lamin-associated domains are most stable, whereas interactions for speckle- and polycomb-associated loci are more dynamic. Cohesin-mediated loops dissolve after fragmentation. Liquid chromatin Hi-C provides a genome-wide view of chromosome interaction dynamics. Liquid chromatin Hi-C maps the intrinsic stability of associations between loci. Lamin-associated domains are most stable, whereas interactions for speckle- and polycomb-associated loci are more dynamic.
Random Variables, Expectations, and More About Games

Suppose we toss a coin three times in independent trials, with probability p of getting a head at each trial. On the average, how many heads can we expect to get? Right now this question does not have a precise meaning for us; what do we mean by “average” or “expect”? Most likely we do have a rough idea of the meaning of the question. Three tosses of a coin will result in anywhere from 0 to 3 heads, so the answer must be some number in that interval. The first step in making the question precise is the definition of the term random variable. A random variable is a correspondence that assigns to each outcome in a sample space a unique number. (Mathematicians more generally refer to such objects as functions.) For example, in the above setup of three tosses of a coin, let X = the total number of heads obtained The table below shows the assignment of a value for X to each of the eight possible outcomes.
The Green's Function Formulation

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction The Density Matrix and the Spectral Matrix The Matrix Version of the Green's Function The Self-Energy Matrix Exercises References
Evaluation of electrochemical nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide analyzers suitable for use during mechanical ventilation.

Inhaled nitric oxide (NO) is increasingly being used in the treatment of diseases characterized by hypoxemia and pulmonary hypertension. To avoid complications, accurate quantitative analysis of NO and NO2 is necessary during this therapy. We evaluated the accuracy of electrochemical NO and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) analyzers suitable for use during mechanical ventilation. We evaluated six electrochemical NO analyzer brands (Bedfont, B & W, Drager, EIT, Pulmonox, Saan). All were calibrated and used per manufacturer’s specifications. An adult mechanical ventilator was used to produce serial dilutions of NO with O2 for [NO] of 0−80 ppm. FIO2 settings of 0.90, 0.70, 0.50, 0.30, and 0.21 were used. Settings of low, moderate, and high ventilation pressures were evaluated. Gas was sampled from the inspiratory limb of the ventilator circuit using either a sidestream or mainstream technique. [NO] was also measured using a calibrated chemiluminescence analyzer. For the analyzers that measured NO2, serial dilutions of 8.5 ppm NO2 with O2 were analyzed using chemiluminescence and the electrochemical analyzers. Bias ± precision for [NO] by individual devices ranged from 1.8 ± 1.9 ppm to −1.0 ± 0.7 ppm. There were significant differences in the bias between analyzers (P < 0.001), pressure settings (P < 0.001), and NO level (P < 0.017). The difference in bias between levels of FIO2 was not significant (P = 0.062). Bias ± precision for NO2 ranged from 0.18 ± 0.12 ppm to −0.14 ± 0.13 ppm, with a significant difference between analyzers (P < 0.001). The bias and precision of these analyzers was acceptable for clinical use. The devices tended to be most accurate at [NO] ≤ 20 ppm - the clinical conditions at which NO is most commonly used.
Sociological Theories of Poverty in Urban America

Since the 1950s, American sociologists have developed a substantial literature on poverty in urban American communities. This literature review examines some of these sociological theories of poverty and identifies four major explanations of urban poverty: social stratification, (including segregation and racism); lack of access to social capital; cultural and value norms; and social policies. The literature review concludes with a conceptual framework that focuses on multiple relationships that link theory to practice related to the reduction of poverty in inner-city communities.
A robot compliant wrist system for automated assembly

A compliant wrist combining passive compliance and a displacement sensor has been developed for a robot manipulator to be used in assembly operations. The wrist provides the necessary flexibility to accommodate transitions as the robot makes contact with the workpiece, to correct positioning error, and to avoid high impact forces in automatic assembly. Sensing from the device makes it possible to actively control the contact forces or to compensate the positioning error during motion and contact. The design features of two prototypes of the device are described. A hybrid position force control scheme using the device and incorporating the passive compliance in the design is presented. Two basic primitives in the assembly process, edge tracking and insertion operation with the compliant wrist, are investigated. A fuzzy controller is presented to assign velocity instead of evaluating force zones in insertion. The experimental results show that the system provides a feasible and economical solution to the provision of necessary compliance in automated assembly and manufacturing. >
Oral health status and academic performance among Ohio third‐graders, 2009‐2010

Objective Although recent literature indicated an association between dental caries and poor academic performance, previous work relied on self-reported measures. This analysis sought to determine the association between academic performance and untreated dental caries (tooth decay) using objective measures, controlling for school-level characteristics. Methods School-level untreated caries prevalence was estimated from a 2009-2010 oral health survey of Ohio third-graders. Prevalence estimates were combined with school-level academic performance and other school characteristics obtained from the Ohio Department of Education. Linear regression models were developed as a result of bivariate testing, and final models were stratified based upon the presence of a school-based dental sealant program (SBSP). Results Preliminary bivariate analysis indicated a significant relationship between untreated caries and academic performance, which was more pronounced at schools with an SBSP. After controlling for other school characteristics, the prevalence of untreated caries was found to be a significant predictor of academic performance at schools without an SBSP (P = 0.001) but not at schools with an SBSP (P = 0.833). Conclusions The results suggest the association between untreated caries and academic performance may be affected by the presence of a school-based oral health program. Further research focused on oral health and academic performance should consider the presence and/or availability of these programs.
Exploiting symmetry in the extraction of electrical packaging parameters

The author examines three different aspects of exploiting a structure's symmetry to efficiently compute electrical packaging parameters: (a) recognizing the cross-sectional symmetry eases the numerical integration of 3-D partial inductances; (b) the direct inversion of a partial impedance matrix lets one take advantage of a structure's symmetry in computing resistance and inductance matrices of uniformly coupled transmission lines; and (c) an almost symmetric and/or periodic structure can be either decomposed or augmented to exploit the special property of its corresponding system matrix. >
Luminescence behavior of the pyridine—BCl3 complex

Abstract A phosphorescence and CNDO study of the 1:1 electron donor-acceptor complex formed between pyridine and boron trichloride has been shown to account satisfactorily for the electronic states and induced luminescence of pyridine resulting from complexation. The phosphorescence yield and formation constant of the complex in ethyl alcohol were determined to be 0.38 ± 0.04 and 1.3 × 10 4 M −1 respectively. CNDO calculations show that the lowest n,π* levels are shifted to significantly higher energies, thereby removing efficient radiationless decay routes available with these states.
Observations on Pain and Temperature Perception within the Sternal Marrow Cavity

SummaryPain and temperature sensitivity of the structures in the sternal bone marrow cavity was tested on three normal subjects. Four injections of 1 ml of hot (40–45°C) and cold (16–22°C) saline were made through the anesthetized skin and periosteum of each subject. No temperature sensations were reported although a deep burning pain and an aching pain were reported at the beginning of each injection.
Person perception in cross-cultural settings: A review of cross-cultural and related cognitive literature

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to review cross-cultural studies and other relevant cognitive literature concerning person perception in a cross-cultural setting. A summary is made of the major findings and hypotheses are suggested which would significantly increase our understanding of this very underresearched field. The authors determine that cross-cultural research in those areas reviewed suffers from lack of unity as a result of little common theory-driven research. Finally, potentially contributive cognitive theories and concepts are briefly mentioned that might improve research paradigms and provide a more unified approach to cross-cultural person perception research.
`They Don't Like Our Kind': Consequences of Being Ostracized While Possessing a Group Membership

Individuals are ostracized nearly on a daily basis, which thwarts the satisfaction of fundamental needs and is painful (Williams, 2007). While facing prejudice or discrimination, possessing a group membership can be self-protective (Crocker & Major, 1989) or harmful, depending on group identification (Schmitt & Branscombe, 2002a). How will individuals react to ostracism when a group membership attribution is available? Participants were ostracized or included during Cyberball, a virtual online ball-tossing game, while possessing a temporary, permanent, or no group membership. Participants reported need satisfaction and mood during the game and after a short delay to assess recovery. Initially, ostracized participants felt equally distressed. Possessing a permanent group membership resulted in slower recovery compared to possessing a temporary group membership.
The Market Evolution and Sales Takeoff of Product Innovations

In contrast to the prevailing supply-side explanation that price decreases are the key driver of a sales takeoff, we argue that outward shifting supplyand demand curves lead to market takeoff. Our fundamental idea is that sales in new markets are initially low because the first commercialized forms of new innovations are primitive. Then, as new firms enter, actual and perceived product quality improves (and prices possibly drop), which leads to a takeoff in sales. To provide empirical evidence for this explanation, we explore the relationship between takeoff times, price decreases, and firm entry for a sample of consumer and industrial product innovations commercialized in the United States over the past 150 years. Based on a proportional hazards analysis of takeoff times, we find that new firm entry dominates other factors in explaining observed sales takeoff times. We interpret these results as supporting the idea that demand shifts during the early evolution of a new market due to nonprice factors is the key driver of a sales takeoff.
A Feminist View of Foundations of Education

(1994). A Feminist View of Foundations of Education. Teaching Education: Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 51-58.
Seafood Substitution and Mislabeling: WTP for a Locally Caught Grouper Labeling Program in Florida

Abstract Recent media reports have documented the fraudulent mislabeling of grouper at several Florida restaurants whereby customers were sold lower-valued species instead of grouper. This article uses data from 400 seafood eating Floridians to determine awareness of reported substitution, effects on consumption, and willingness to pay (WTP) for a product integrity labeling program. Using a novel frequency-based polychotomous choice (PC) contingent valuation format, designed for products that are purchased often, WTP is estimated based on level of commitment to the product integrity labeling program. Sixty-two percent of respondents were aware of the reported substitution, 57% of those changed their seafood consumption, and respondents were willing to pay an average premium of $0.83 to $3.18 for grouper entrees at restaurants with a product integrity label. The factors that helped to explain the change in consumption and WTP were identified and can be used to help improve current labeling and marketing ef...
Why Reason can’t be Naturalized

The preceding lecture described the failure of contemporary attempts to “naturalize” metaphysics; in the present lecture I shall examine attempts to naturalize the fundamental notions of the theory of knowledge, for example the notion of a belief’s being justified or rationally acceptable.
Longitudinal resolution in volumetric x-ray computerized tomography--analytical comparison between conventional and helical computerized tomography.

The primary advantage of helical computerized tomography(CT) is the capability of scanning a complete anatomical volume in a single breath hold. Due to the table motion and subsequent interpolation process, the slice sensitivity profile (SSP) in helical CT is worse than the response function of the detector array. In this paper, image longitudinal resolution in volumetric x‐ray CT is analytically characterized, and a comparison made between conventional and helical CT. First, the SSPs are derived for both conventional and helical CT with the half‐scan interpolation method under the condition that the table increment and detectorcollimation are the same. Then, the corresponding transfer functions are obtained for bandwidth determination, which directly describe the spatial resolution. Both one‐tenth‐cutoff and mean‐square‐root measures are used to quantify the bandwidth. Although it appears that broadening the SSP in helical CT could adversely affect longitudinal resolution, it is proved that for a given x‐ray dose, helical CT allows substantially better longitudinal resolution than conventional CT due to its inherent retrospective reconstruction capability. To make full use of the potential of helical CT scan data, it is recommended that about five slices be reconstructed per table increment. Helical CT is superior in applications requiring a high longitudinal resolution.
Comparative acceptability of transnasal esophagoscopy and esophageal capsule esophagoscopy: a randomized, controlled trial in veterans

Background EGD screening for Barrett's esophagus (BE) is costly, with insufficient evidence to support its effectiveness. Objective To compare acceptance and tolerability of 2 novel, office-based, endoscopic screening techniques done on nonsedated patients. Design Randomized block study design with allocation concealment. Setting Outpatient clinic setting at a Veterans Affairs medical center. Patients A total of 184 veterans with or without GERD symptoms. Interventions Transnasal esophagoscopy (TNE) or esophageal capsule esophagoscopy (ECE). Main Outcome Measurements Acceptance and tolerability of TNE and ECE and effectiveness of BE screening. Results Esophageal screening was accepted by 184 of 1210 (15.2%) veterans. The majority were men (96%) and African American (58%), with a mean (± standard deviation) age of 58.9 (± 8.1) years. Five TNE participants (5%) and 2 ECE participants (2%) refused the assigned procedure after randomization ( P = .25). Eleven patients (12.6%) randomized to TNE crossed the minimal clinically important threshold for overall procedure tolerability, as opposed to no patients randomized to ECE ( P = .001). Effectiveness of BE screening was not significantly different in both procedures (TNE vs ECE = 3.2% vs 5.4%; P = .47). Overall, BE was present in 8 of 75 white participants (10.6%) and in 0 of 107 African American participants ( P Limitations The general veteran population may not reflect the screening population for BE. Conclusion Despite a small proportion of veterans expressing interest in esophageal screening, both TNE and ECE were feasible in the outpatient clinic setting and were accepted by >95% of participants who did express an interest. Screening was effective only in white participants. Moderate differences in tolerability between TNE and ECE notwithstanding, cost considerations along with availability of equipment and trained personnel should guide the modality to be used for BE screening.
Oxidation of the Bis-molybdenum(0) Trianion [1,3,6-{Mo(CO)3}-3,6-(μ-H)2-1,1,1-(CO)3-2-Ph-closo-1,2-MoCB9H7]3-: Metal and Boron Vertex Substitution and Cluster Expansion§

Protonation of the 11-vertex bis-molybdenum−monocarbollide salt [NEt4]3[1,3,6-{Mo(CO)3}-3,6-(μ-H)2-1,1,1-(CO)3-2-Ph-closo-1,2-MoCB9H7] (1) with H[BF4]·OEt2 in the presence of CO and [NEt4]I results...
Optimal Allocation of Tradable Pollution Rights and Market Structures

Tradable environmental rights are increasingly pursed as a regulatory instrument, to control for environmental quality. However, in the presence of market power, regulation through an allocation of tradable rights generally yield inefficient outcomes. This article analyzes the effect of the initial distribution of tradable rights on the firms’ strategies and performance in abatement and production, and proposes an efficient criterion for the allocation of tradable rights among firms with market power and competitive fringe firms. The suggested criterion maximizes efficiency of the market based regulation. A simple numerical example illustrates the theoretical discussion.
Designing Compatibilizers To Reduce Interfacial Tension in Polymer Blends

We use self-consistent mean field methods and analytical theory to determine the behavior of AB copolymers at the interface between two incompatible homopolymers, A and B. We calculate the reduction in interfacial tension, γ, resulting from the copolymers localizing at the A/B interface. We examine the effects of chain length, composition, and molecular architecture on the efficiency of the copolymers. In particular, we compare the interfacial behavior of different linear copolymers (random, alternating, and diblock) and various branched copolymers (stars and combs). At fixed molecular weight, the diblock copolymers are the most efficient at reducing γ. However, when we compare random and comb copolymers with diblocks at different molecular weights, we observe that the longer random or comb copolymers are more efficient than short diblocks. These studies allow us to predict the reduction in interfacial tension produced by a wide variety of copolymers and, thereby, permit a rational design of cost-effectiv...
Determination of temperature variation on lunar surface and subsurface for habitat analysis and design

Abstract The ambient environmental factors present on the lunar surface pose some of the most difficult challenges for the success of a long-term human settlement on the Moon. Aside from the dangerous radiation levels and hypervelocity micrometeoroid impacts, the equatorial temperature on the surface of the Moon can range from 102.4 K to 387.1 K. These extremes pose a variety of complications like thermal expansion and contraction, which can, in turn, alter the static, dynamic, and frequency response of a structure. This paper first presents the analytical study of the surface and subsurface thermal/heat flow environments of a potential habitat site located at the Equator of the Moon using a general equation that was developed based on the thermodynamic principle of heat flow to determine the temperature variation/gradient with time as well as depth. This method was then applied, with appropriate modifications, to determine the temperature variation with time and through depth of a 1-m thick regolith shielding layer surrounding a lunar structure. The solution to the general equation was determined through the use of the fourth-order Runge–Kutta technique of numerical integration. The analysis results showed that the outermost layer of regolith fluff has very strong insulating capabilities causing the temperature to drop 132.3 K from the maximum daytime magnitude of 387.1 K within the first 30 cm at which point it then remains constant with increasing depth. At night, the temperature increases from the minimum magnitude of 102.4 K to 254.8 K within the outermost 30 cm. When considering a layer of regolith shielding atop a lunar habitat, the added albedo radiation input from the adjacent lunar surface to the structure increased the maximum daytime surface temperature to 457 K (about 70 K higher than the lunar surface temperature) and displayed a drop of 138 K within the first 30 cm depth of regolith cover. The minimum temperature at night increased 80.3 K over the surface temperature to reach 182.7 K while displaying an increase of 137.2 K through the outermost 30 cm. In general, throughout the lunar cycle, it was observed that at a fixed point in time, as the depth within the regolith increases, the temperature variation throughout the lunar cycle decreases and the temperature ultimately remains constant beyond a certain depth (observed to be approximately 30 cm). The framework of this study, which was completed considering a habitat at the lunar equator, can also be used at different locations of the Moon to study their adequacy for long-term colonization missions.
Oxidative degradation of non-phenolic lignin during lipid peroxidation by fungal manganese peroxidase

A non-phenolic lignin model dimer, 1-(4-ethoxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-phenoxypropane-1,3-diol, was oxidized by a lipid peroxidation system that consisted of a fungal manganese peroxidase, Mn(II), and unsaturated fatty acid esters. The reaction products included 1-(4-ethoxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1-oxo-2-phenoxy-3-hydroxypropane and 1-(4-ethoxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1-oxo-3-hydroxypropane, indicating that substrate oxidation occurred via benzylic hydrogen abstraction. The peroxidation system depolymerized both exhaustively methylated (non-phenolic) and unmethylated (phenolic) synthetic lignins efficiently. It may therefore enable white-rot fungi to accomplish the initial delignification of wood.