cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The rise, demise, and replacement of the Bangladesh experiment in transnational labour regulation

Five years after the collapse of the Rana Plaza building in 2013 – a disaster that killed 1,133 garment workers – the Accord on Fire and Building Safety in Bangladesh, a multi‐stakeholder programme designed to set labour standards for the garment industry, was terminated by Bangladesh's highest court. Widely hailed as a promising example of transnational regulation, the Accord was never successfully institutionalized locally. On the basis of archival and ethnographic work in Bangladesh, the author suggests that, although the Accord successfully upgraded factory safety standards, its failure to build widespread support among local employers, workers and the Government led to its termination and replacement.
The depth-distribution of nitrogen fixation by Trichodesmium spp. colonies in the tropical–subtropical North Atlantic

Nitrogen fixation is an important yet still incompletely constrained component of the marine nitrogen cycle, particularly in the subsurface. A Video Plankton Recorder (VPR) survey in the subtropical North Atlantic found higher than expected Trichodesmium colony abundances at depth, leading to the hypothesis that deep nitrogen fixation in the North Atlantic may have been previously underestimated. Here, Trichodesmium colony abundances and modeled nitrogen fixation from VPR transects completed on two cruises in the tropical and subtropical North Atlantic in fall 2010 and spring 2011 were used to evaluate that hypothesis. A bio-optical model was developed based on carbon-normalized nitrogen fixation rates measured on those cruises. Estimates of colony abundance and nitrogen fixation were similar in magnitude and vertical and geographical distribution to conventional estimates in a recently compiled climatology. Thus, in the mean, VPR-based estimates of volume-specific nitrogen fixation rates at depth in the tropical North Atlantic were not inconsistent with estimates derived from conventional sampling methods. Based on this analysis, if Trichodesmium nitrogen fixation by colonies is underestimated, it is unlikely that it is due to underestimation of deep abundances by conventional sampling methods.
Investigation of Pertussis Cases in a Texas County, 2008-2012.

Objectives Within the past 25 years, there has been a dramatic increase in the incidence of pertussis cases in the United States. As such, this investigation reports on the high-risk groups and describes risk factors of pertussis cases in a large Texas county. Methods This study was a cross-sectional analysis of data collected by health department employees using the Texas Department of State Health Service's Pertussis Case Track Record, which is the standard investigation form for collecting vital information on pertussis cases. We extracted and analyzed county-level data for a 5-year period (2008-2012). The study population at risk included all current residents in this county, and cases included all who were clinically diagnosed as having confirmed or probable pertussis cases that were reported to the health department according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention case definition. The vaccination status of a case was defined as fully vaccinated, partially vaccinated, or not vaccinated. Results A total of 198 probable and confirmed pertussis cases were included in this analysis. Most of the cases were infants younger than 1 year old (n = 107). The largest category of cases was not vaccinated and of the rest, 32.8% were partially vaccinated, 17.2% had unknown vaccination status, and 13.1% were fully vaccinated. Only 48 (24.2%) sources of exposure were identified and they included fathers (14.6%), sisters (14.6%), brothers (14.6%), other children (14.6%), and mothers (12.5%). Many sources of exposure (n = 26, 54.1%) were unaware of their vaccination history. Hispanics accounted for 84.5% of cases in the younger than 1 year old group and 88.9% of cases were in the 1 to 2 years old group. With respect to race/ethnicity and vaccination status of the cases, 39.46% of Hispanics, 32% of whites, and 50% of blacks were reported to be unvaccinated. Conclusions Increasing pertussis vaccination coverage among children, as well as providing booster shots to adults with special attention on the Hispanic population, may prove to be an effective strategy for health departments.
Scheduler 1-2-3: an interactive schedulability analyzer for real-time systems

Scheduler 1-2-3 is an interactive analysis tool that can perform schedulability analysis for the development of real-time computing systems. The schedulability analysis can verify whether all hard real-time tasks in a target system will be completed by their deadlines at the system design phase. Scheduler 1-2-3 is a window-based stand-alone tool that can also be used as a synthetic workload generator in an integrated tool set that consists of a timing tool, a schedulability analyzer, and a real-time monitor/debugger. >
Comparisons of the distribution of oesophageal acid exposure throughout the sleep period among the different gastro-oesophageal reflux disease groups.

Summary Background Nocturnal gastro-oesophageal reflux diseases (GERD) can lead to oesophageal mucosal injury and extra-oesophageal complications. Aim To compare distribution of oesophageal acid exposure during sleep time among patients with non-erosive reflux disease and abnormal pH test (NERD-positive), erosive oesophagitis (EO) and Barrett’s oesophagus (BO). Methods Patients underwent endoscopy followed by 24-h oesophageal pH testing. Oesophageal acid exposure was assessed every 2 h of the sleep period (0–2, 2–4, 4–6 and 6–8 h). Each period of 2 h was evaluated for acid reflux parameters. All groups were matched by age, time from last meal and duration of sleep time. Results Thirty-eight patients were enrolled (NERD-positive, 16; EO, 1.4; and BO, 8). All GERD groups demonstrated higher oesophageal acid exposure in the first vs. second half of the sleep period as determined by percent time pH <4 (BO: 34.7 vs.11.6, EO: 13.5 vs. 6.9, NERD-positive: 8.8 vs. 2.5, all P < 0.01). In general, patients with BO had a significantly higher distribution of oesophageal acid exposure than those with NERD-positive and EO. Conclusions Oesophageal acid exposure generally declines throughout the sleep period regardless of GERD group, but BO patients demonstrated the greatest decline during the sleep period.
Smokey: automatic recognition of hostile messages

Abusive messages (flames) can be both a source of frustration and a waste of time for Internet users. This paper . describes some approaches to flame recognition, mcluding a prototype system, Smokey. Smokey builds a 47-element feature vector based on the syntax and semantics of each sentence, combining the vectors for the sentences within each message. A training set of 720 messages was used by Quinlan's C4.5 decision-tree generator to determine feature-based rules that were able to correctly categorize 64% of the flames and 98% of the nonflames in a separate test set of 460 messages. Additional techniques for greater accuracy and user customization are also discussed.
ID: 44: IL-17 driven kallikrein expression confers renal protection in disseminated candidiasis

Disseminated candidiasis is a life threatening nosocomial infection with 40–60% mortality. Fatality from candidiasis is due to fungal invasion of the kidney leading to renal failure. IL-17 is a key cytokine important in the defense against candidiasis, but mechanisms of IL-17-mediated renal immunity remain unexplored. We studied the mechanism of renal protection offered by IL-17 in an intravenous infection model with Candida albicans . We identified a previously unknown role for IL-17 in inducing the renal-protective kallikrein 1(Klk1), a member of a family of serine proteases that constitute the Kallikrein-Kinin system (KKS). IL-17 driven Klk1 is expressed in the kidneys of C. albicans infected kidney. Overexpression of Klk1 and treatment with a bradykinin receptor agonist rescued IL-17RA−/− mice from disseminated candidiasis. Therapeutic manipulation of IL17-KKS pathways using bradykinin prevented apoptosis of renal cells. Moreover, this treatment prevented kidney damage and prolonged survival following C. albicans infection. These data demonstrate that IL-17 driven kallikrein expression contributes to the renal protection against disseminated candidiasis. Thus, exploiting IL-17-KKS pathways with approved drugs may offer avenues for treatment of this fatal infection.
Development and Validation of a Quantitative Measure of Intensive Parenting Attitudes

Intensive mothering (IM) attitudes have been considered the dominant discourse of motherhood, but have only been assessed qualitatively The goal of this study was to develop a quantitative scale to assess these ideologies, their construct validity, and their relationship to relevant constructs (i.e., work status and division of household labor). An on-line questionnaire was given to 595 mothers asking 56 questions assessing different aspects of IM attitudes as well as several validation measures. An Exploratory Factor Analysis on 315 randomly selected mothers yielded a 5 factor solution. A Confirmatory Factor Analysis on the remaining 280 mothers demonstrated good fit. The five factors expressed the ideas that (1) women are inherently better at parenting than men (Essentialism), (2) parenting should be fulfilling (Fulfillment), (3) children should be cognitively stimulated by parents (Stimulation), (4) mothering is difficult (Challenging), and (5) parents should prioritize the needs of the child (Child-Centered). Scales had adequate reliability and construct validity compared to the Parental Investment in the Child questionnaire, the Parenting Sense of Competence Scale, and Beliefs about Maternal Employment. The Essentialism, Fulfillment, and Challenging scales were positively related to having more responsibility for child care and household chores. Stay-at-home mothers had higher scores on Essentialism and lower scores on Stimulation than both part-time and full-time working mothers supporting the notion that both working and non-working mothers have intensive parenting ideologies that are manifested in different ways.
The character and motion of suspended particulate matter over the shelf edge and upper slope off Cape Cod

Abstract Time series of suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentration made by transmissometers deployed on the shelf edge and upper slope off New England are examined together with data from companion sensors. At the shelf-edge instrument cluster (on the 125-m isobath) the highest SPM concentrations were apparently due to sediment resuspended further onshore and advected to the transmissometer by offshore motion of the shelf-edge density front. This was due to a tendency for more frequent episodes of high bottom stress, and thus more sediment resuspention, progressing onshore from the outer shelf. The decrease of surface wave current amplitude with depth was primarily responsible for this cross-shelf gradient in bottom stress. On one occasion very turbid water was observed at the shelf edge when the bottom stress was low and the frontal motion was small. Data obtained from the U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service showed unusually intensive bottom trawling activity in the vicinity of the transmissometer during this event. This data further indicates that resuspension by trawlers may be an important source of suspended material on the shelf edge. The record of the transmissometer deployed over the upper slope indicates that transport of particulate material in suspension from the near bottom on the shelf into the slope region occurred primarily along density surfaces, and was not continuous but intermittent.
An ab initio cluster study of the structure of the Si(001) surface

Ab initio calculations, employing double zeta plus polarization (DZP) basis sets and generalized valence bond (GVB) wave functions, have been performed on clusters of varying size, to investigate the utility of such clusters as prototypes for the study of silicon surfaces, and to investigate the effect of the level of theory used on predicted results. This work builds on landmark papers by Goddard in 1982 and Paulus in 1998 that demonstrate that a single reference wave function description of the silicon dimer bond is incorrect, and that a multireference description results in a symmetric dimer in a silicon cluster containing one dimer. In this work, it is shown that the imposition of arbitrary geometrical constraints (fixing subsurface atoms at lattice positions) on cluster models of the Si(100) surface can also lead to nonphysical results. Calculations on the largest clusters, without geometrical constraints, reveal that surface rearrangement due to dimer bond formation is “felt” several layers into the...
Magazines in Full Text: Uses and Search Strategies.

Research on why people would use general interest magazine articles online in full‐text is identifying a variety of possible uses including document location, browsing, and fact retrieval. No one search strategy works best for all uses, so databases and online systems that have magazines in full text must offer a full range of proximity operators, display features that facilitate browsing, value‐added fields, and diverse cost options if potential success is to be realized.
Sequence of the Proteus mirabilis urease accessory gene ureG.

Summary We report the sequence of ureG, an accessory gene that is a part of the ure gene cluster of uropathogenic Proteus mirabilis and required for full enzymatic activity of urease. The 615-bp open reading frame predicts a Mr 22 374 polypeptide, which contains a consensus amino acid (aa) sequence for ATP-binding. The polypeptide shares sequence homology with UreG of Eschirichia coli (93% of identical aa), Klebsiella aerogenes (59%) and Helicobacter pylori (59%).
CT findings in acute optic neuritis.

Abstract A patient with unilateral optic neuritis with CT evidence of optic nerve enlargement and reduction in nerve size with treatment is reported.
The effect of target managerial ownership on the choice of acquisition financing and CEO job retention

In this paper we report on our investigation into whether the level of target managerial ownership has an effect on acquisition financing choice and target CEO job retention. We find that cash is more likely used to finance acquisitions when target management ownership levels are high. This result is consistent with a reduced monitoring hypothesis, where bidding firm managers seek to avoid the formation of a large block holder that may become an active monitor. We also find evidence specific only to stock deals that the probability of target CEO job retention increases with the level of target managerial ownership. In these cases, it appears the potential benefits associated with retaining certain target managers outweighs any negative consequence associated with creating a new monitoring block.
Sign language aphasia during left-hemisphere Amytal injection

Although it has been established that the left cerebral hemisphere subserves spoken language, the nature of brain organization for sign language remains relatively unexplored.The issue is especially important because sign language displays the complex linguistic structure of spoken languages,but conveys it through manipulation of visuo–spatial relations1, thereby exhibiting properties for which the hemispheres of hearing individuals show opposing specializations. We had the unique opportunity to study a hearing signer proficient in American sign language (ASL), during the left intra-carotid injection of a barbiturate (the Wada test), and before and after a right temporal lobectomy.The subject was a strong right-hander. Neuropsychological and anatomical asymmetries suggested left cerebral dominance for auditory-based language.Emission tomography revealed lateralized activity of left Broca's and Wernicke's regions for spoken language.The Wada test,during which all left language areas were rendered inoperative,caused a marked aphasia in both English and ASL. After partial ablation of the right temporal lobe, the abilities to sign and understand signing were unchanged.These data add further support to the notion that anatomical structures of the left cerebral hemisphere subserve language in a visuo-spatial as well as an auditory mode.
An extended analytical approximation for the MOSFET surface potential

Analytical approximation for the MOSFET surface potential is important for the development of the computationally efficient surface-potential-based compact MOSFET models. In the previous work such an approximation was developed in the gradual channel approximation. Here we present an extended version which takes into account the lateral field gradient essential in small-geometry transistors.
On the relation between three-dimensional and collinear rate constants for vibrational energy transfer

Abstract The information theoretic method of Bernstein and Levine for predicting 3D cross sections and rate constants from 1D transition probabilities was tested with exact quantum mechanical calculations of VT transfer between an atom and a spherically symmetric harmonic oscillator. The predicted cross sections were in fair agreement with the exact values for both a repulsive exponential and a Lennard-Jones intermolecular potential. The 3D rate constants were predicted using both macroscopic and microscopic approximations of dimensionality bias. While fair agreement with exact calculations of the rate constants was obtained, even better agreement resulted from the assumption of a temperature independent dimensionality factor.
Products of the reactions of [Re2X8]2– with 3,6-dithiaoctane (dto). Preparation and crystal structures of Re2Cl5(dto)2, Re2Br5(dto)2, and (n-Bu4N)2Re2(NCS)8·dto

Abstract The reactions of the quadruply bonded complexes (n-Bu4N)2Re2X8 (X=Cl, Br) with excess 3,6-dithiaoctane (CH3CH2SCH2CH2SCH2CH3 or dto) under forcing conditions lead to the compounds Re2Cl5(dto)2 (1) and Re2Br5(dto)2 (2) with Re–Re triple bonds. X-ray crystallographic studies of compounds 1 and 2 reveal a common staggered, unsymmetrical molecular geometry with both dto ligands chelated to the same metal atom. This Re atom is also bonded to a single axial halide ligand, while the other four halides surround the second Re atom. In contrast to the only previous example of this type of dirhenium compound, Re2Cl5(dithiahexane)2, there is no sharing of axial chloride ligands between molecules in the crystal lattices of 1 and 2. The Re–Re bond distances are 2.2772(8) and 2.2826(6) A in 1 and 2, respectively. Magnetic measurements, cyclic voltammetry, and IR, Vis and ESR spectra of 1 and 2 are reported. Addition of dto to a solution of (n-Bu4N)2Re2(NCS)8 leads to the formation of (n-Bu4N)2Re2(NCS)8·dto (3). Crystallographic studies show 3 to consist in the solid state of chains of [Re2(NCS)8]2– units linked together by dto molecules with each dto sulfur atom weakly coordinated to axial sites on Re atoms of different anions. The Re–Re quadruple bond distance in 3 is 2.2854(3) A.
Standards for space data systems

NASA has chaired the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) for the past four years. During that time, a top-level, end-to-end reference model for space data sytems has been developed that identifies the functions anad services which must be provided by space data systems, and defines the interfaces between major functional elements. A group of definitions for standard protocols has been derived by analyzing these interfaces, and a set of detailed guidelines for space data system standards is in the final stages of negotiation among member CCSDS agencies. Two guidelines that address packet telemetry and channel coding have been approved and are being incorporated into the internal standards of member agencies. Others (packet telecommand, time code, standards data format unit) are in review within CCSDS technical panels and will soon be submitted for approval. These guidelines provide a mechanism for significant cost savings in the implementation of space data systems by allowing reuse of hardware and software for different payloads and for missions, and by enabling the substitution of new technology/higher performance elements at key points in the data system without causing major perturbations in the remainder of the system.
CARDIAC MYOSIN ISOENZYME SHIFTSSIN NON-INSULIN TREATED SPONTANEOUSLY DIABETIC RATS

Cardiomyopathy is a well-recognized complication of diabetes, with evidence of asymptomatic myocardial involvement in the pediatric population. We evaluated cardiac myosin isoenzymes by native gel electrophoresis in non-insulin treated diabetic BB/W rats, a strain which develops spontaneous euthyroid diabetes and in age-matched insulin-treated diabetic BB/W rats. Seven 3.5-5 month old diabetic rats were successfully maintained without insulin for 19-28 days. The animals were chronically hyperglycemic (blood glucose 436-568 mg/dl) and acidotic (bicarbonate 8.7-27.6 meqA, mean 16.9; pH 7.06-7-39) despite chronic bicarbonate therapy. Three insulin treated diabetic rats received daily insulin, 3.6 units/kg/day for 13-16 days. Blood glucose was 50-58 mg/dl and bicarbonate 22.7-27.5 meq/l in the insulin treated group. Myosin isoenzyraes in 6 of 7 diabetic animals had shifted to essentially all (>90%) V3 isoenzyme. The single animal without a shift was less acidotic and larger than the other untreated animals. Myosin in 2 of the 3 insulin treated animals existed almost entirely (>90%) as the V1 isoznzyme, which is the normal distribution in the rat, and was predominantly V1 in the third animal. Spontaneously diabetic rats develop completed shifts in myosin isoenzymes within 3 weeks of discontinuation of insulin. Insulin treatment of these rats prevents or greatly diminishes this shift. This extends earlier work done in alloxan and streptozotocin induced diabetes and in partially insulin-treated BB/W rats.
Small bowel obstruction associated with post-hysterectomy vaginal vault prolapse

Abstract Background Patients may present with post-hysterectomy vaginal vault prolapse in conjunction with small bowel obstruction. Prior pelvic surgery, malignancy, and radiation therapy may be associated with this presentation. Case An 83-year-old multiparous woman with a history of poorly differentiated endometrial adenocarcinoma was treated with radiation therapy, total abdominal hysterectomy, and salpingo-oophorectomy. Anterior exenteration was performed for a recurrence. Seventeen years after her last pelvic operation, she had small bowel obstruction that coincided with a worsening post-hysterectomy vaginal vault prolapse. Surgical management included a side-to-side ileoileostomy and excision with closure of the vaginal apex. Conclusion Although pelvic organ prolapse primarily affects quality of life, clinicians should be alert for bowel obstruction occurring with post-hysterectomy vaginal vault prolapse.
The one-electron oxidation of porphyrins to porphyrin pi-cation radicals by peroxidases: an electron spin resonance investigation.

For the first time, the enzymatic one-electron oxidation of several naturally occurring and synthetic water-soluble porphyrins by peroxidases was investigated by ESR and optical spectroscopy. The ESR spectra of the free radical metabolites of the porphyrins were singlets (g = 2.0024, AH = 2-3 G), which we assigned to their respective porphyrin pi-cation free radicals. Several porphyrins were investigated and ranked by the intensity of their ESR spectra (coproporphyrin III > coproporphyrin I > deuteroporphyrin IX > mesoporphyrin IX > Photofrin II > protoporphyrin IX > uroporphyrin I > uroporphyrin III > hematoporphyrin IX). The porphyrins were oxidized by several peroxidases (horseradish peroxidase, lactoperoxidase, and myeloperoxidase), yielding the same type of ESR spectra. From these results, we conclude that porphyrins are substrates for peroxidases. The changes in the visible absorbance spectra of the porphyrins during enzymatic oxidation were monitored. The two-electron oxidation product, which was assigned to the dihydroxyporphyrin, was detected as an intermediate of the oxidation process. The optical spectrum of the porphyrin pi-cation free radical was not detected, probably due to its low steady-state concentration. o 1989 Academic POW, I~~.
Approximate solutions of certain integral equations for the diffraction by two strips

Integral equations associated with the diffraction of obliquely incident plane waves of various kinds by two coplanar and parallel infinite strips and slits are solved approximately for low frequencies. The solutions are presented as expansions in terms of a suitable perturbation parameter.
Correlated magnetic and transport properties in the charge-density-wave states of V Se 2

We report observations of magnetic, transport, and NMR properties in the charge-density-wave (CDW) states of V${\mathrm{Se}}_{2}$. Both the $^{51}\mathrm{V}$ Knight shift and the Hall constant are proportional to the intrinsic temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility of V${\mathrm{Se}}_{2}$, with distinct breaks in behavior at the incommensurate-commensurate transition. We use these relationships to determine the CDW transition temperatures, and to describe physical properties that should guide future theoretical descriptions of CDW's.
A probabilistic analysis of tour partitioning heuristics for the capacitated vehicle routing problem with unsplit demands

In the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem with unsplit demands, a customer's demand may not be divided over more than one vehicle. We analyze the asymptotic performance of a class of heuristics called route first-cluster second, and in particular, the empirically well-studied, Sweep algorithm and Optimal Partitioning heuristic, for any distribution of the demands and when customers are independent and identically distributed in a given region. We show a strong relationship between this class of heuristics and the familiar Next-Fit bin-packing heuristic.
Phototaxis in Euglena 11: Biochemical Aspects

Phototaxis can be defined as a translational response of a freely moving organism to a light stimulus. In the alga Euglena, a sensory perception system is involved which is an easily recognized structure consisting of an eyespot (or stigma) and the paraflagellar swelling located at the base of the flagellum (Tollin, 1969). These organelles, functioning as a photosensitive device, allow the cell to become oriented with respect to the direction of a light source and to maintain its swimming motion in that direction. The physical mechanism by which this is accomplished is the subject of another paper to be presented at this symposium (Diehn, 1970 a) and thus will not be considered further here.
Lithium-catalyzed hydroxide attack at the carbon atom of methyl phosphate.

The spontaneous hydrolysis of phosphate ester monoanions is relatively easy, but the reaction of water with simple phosphate ester dianion appears to be the slowest biomimetic reaction whose spontaneous rate has been measured in water, with an estimated half time of ∼1012 years at room temperature in the absence of a catalyst. Here, we report an alternative mode of cleavage of methyl phosphate that involves hydroxide attack at the carbon atom of methyl phosphate and proceeds at a rate proportional to the square of the concentration of lithium hydroxide.
Climatic influences on the evolution of early Homo

The nature of the human fossil record is less than ideal for the generation of precise correlations between environmental variables and patterns of evolution in specific lineages. Nonetheless, a critical look at what can and cannot be said from individual fossil morphology and the correlation of specific environmental proxies with specific hominin fossils may lead to a greater understanding of the degree of certainty with which we should embrace environmental hypotheses for the evolution of Homo. Climate shifts have been implicated in both the origin of the genus and its dispersal from Africa. Here, I consider three areas in which a climatic influence has been posited to explain evolutionary shifts in the genus Homo: the origin and dispersal of the genus from Africa; geography, climate and body size in early Homo, and the influence of climate-induced sea level rise on morphological isolation in H. erectus. Each of the data sets is far from ideal, and interpretations of each of the data sets are fraught with issues of equifinality. Of the three hypotheses discussed, the clearest link is seen between latitudinal variation (and presumably temperature) and body size in H. erectus. Similarly, climate-induced sea level change seems a reasonable isolating mechanism to explain the pattern of cranial variation in later Asian H. erectus, but the distribution could also reflect incompletely sampled clinal variation. Alternatively, only equivocal support is found for the influence of climate on the differentiation of H. erectus from H. habilis (as proxied by body/brain size scaling), and therefore the dispersal of the genus Homo cannot be as clearly linked to changes in body size and shape as it has been in the past. These preliminary data suggest that an emphasis on understanding local adaptation before looking at global (and specific) level change is critical to elucidating the importance of climatic factors on the evolution of the genus Homo.
A life table and biomass estimate for Alaskan fur seals

Abstract A new life table is compiled for the northern fur seal, Callorhinus ursinus, of the Pribilof Islands, Alaska. The population is assumed to be reasonably stable on the basis of (1) similar estimates for pup production in the late nineteen-seventies, after the apparent low of 1969–1970, and in 1963 when the herd reduction program ended; (2) little variation in the annual commercial harvest of males on St. Paul Island during the late nineteen-seventies; and (3) passage through the population structure by 1980 of most of the delayed effects of commercial sealing on females during 1956–1963. Age specific survival and abundance estimates indicate a total population of approximately 1.25 million animals, including 326 000 newborn pups or 26% of the total. Estimates of population biomass and mean body weight of an individual seal, both near 1 June and including newborn fetuses, are 29 100 mt and 33 kg, respectively.
EFFECTS OF CHOKING ON THE AEROACOUSTICS OF AN AXISYMMETRIC SUPERSONIC INLET

Abstract An experimental study was conducted to determine the effect of choking on the aerodynamic and acoustic performance of a supersonic inlet. The investigated inlet was a prototype model of a mixed compression, axisymmetric supersonic inlet designed for the high speed civil transport aircraft. A 10·4 cm (4·1 in) turbofan engine simulator was used in conjunction with the inlet. The inlet was tested with the centerbody in the fully extended position at different fan speeds. Results show that “soft choking”, as characterized by a reduction in forward propagating fan noise, can occur when the Mach number at the inlet throat exceeds 0·5. In the forward sector (0°–60° from the inlet axis), the overall sound pressure level was reduced by about 7 dB as the fan speed increased from 50,000 to 70,000 rpm, due to the increase in the Mach number at the inlet throat. Additional comparison was made between the inlet configurations with the centerbody fully extended and fully retracted at a fan speed of 50,000 rpm. The results show that the higher Mach number at the inlet throat for the full retracted centerbody configuration was successful in reducing the overall sound pressure level by about 4 dB between 0° and 30° angular sector. While there is no measurable difference in the total pressure recovery for the two inlet configurations, there is, however, a significant increase in the circumferential flow distortion at the fan face for the higher throat Mach number test case.
Currency substitution in Thailand

Abstract In this article we investigate whether currency depreciation in Thailand has resulted in currency substitution away from the Thai baht. By using quarterly data over the 1977–90 period and an M2 money demand function that includes the exchange rate in addition to income and interest rate, we show that indeed depreciation of the baht has resulted in a decline in baht holding in Thailand.
Mechanical circulatory assistance after heart transplantation

From October 1985 through December 1989, 92 heart transplant procedures were performed in 89 patients. Nine patients (aged 19 to 66 years; 7 male, 2 female) required mechanical circulatory support after transplantation because of primary idiopathic organ failure (n = 2), implant difficulty (2), poor organ quality (2), or acute right heart failure (3). Devices used included the intraaortic balloon pump (6), centrifugal right ventricular assist device (2), left ventricular assist (1), biventricular assists (2), and total artificial heart (1). Two patients required multiple devices. One patient underwent retransplantation. Implant time ranged from 1 to 18 days. One early death occurred owing to right heart failure 6 days after transplantation, 7 hours after removal of a right ventricular assist device, for an overall mortality of 11%. The remaining 8 patients are alive 4 months to 28 months after transplantation. The actuarial 1-year survival of 89% +/- 10% compares well with the survival of 87% +/- 4% for the entire transplant group. All surviving patients are in functional class I. Echocardiographic examination in all patients revealed left ventricular ejection fraction to be normal in 7 and depressed in 1. Extending the criteria for organ donors or difficulty with the implant procedure can lead to early organ failure, which may be reversible with circulatory assistance allowing excellent survival.
Loss of Arctic sea ice tied to natural climate variability

The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) is a semiperiodic 60- to 90-year natural cycle in sea surface temperatures of the North Atlantic—consisting of warm and cold periods—with a pronounced influence on climate in the region. Observational evidence and paleoclimate data show that AMO has occurred semiregularly for centuries, even millennia. Recent studies suggest that the unprecedented loss of Arctic sea ice seen in recent years is tied to the warm phase of this natural fluctuation of sea surface temperatures that began in the 1990s.
The Aperture Illusion can Occur with “3-D” Displays and Active Control: Implications for Minimally-Invasive Surgery

When a moving contour is viewed through a circular aperture, observers misperceive the contour's direction of motion. This aperture illusion is relevant to minimally-invasive surgery because surgeons view anatomical tissues through a reduced field-of-view. In prior studies of the illusion, observers passively viewed simple computer-generated displays of moving lines. Here, it is demonstrated that the illusion can occur with displays created with a 3-D laparoscopic simulator, and when participants actively control the movement of a surgical grasper. However, the illusion was smaller with active control than with passive viewing, and was smaller with a rectangular aperture than with a circle or octagon. The implication is that navigation during MIS may improve when surgeons (rather than assistants) actively control the camera, and when the aperture that frames the laparoscopic image is rectangular. Future studies of this kind will improve the design of image-guided technologies and reduce complications duri...
Spatial-temporal processing for wireless systems with intersymbol and cochannel interference

In this paper, spatial-temporal receive filters for multiple receiver systems with intersymbol interference (ISI), cochannel interference (CCI), and additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) are investigated. An optimal spatial-temporal filter that is optimal for any following baud-rate processor with any reasonable criterion of goodness is found. Therefore, it allows CCI suppression and equalization to be treated separately. Furthermore, it is shown in this paper that, under certain conditions, the baud-rate samples of the optimal spatial-temporal filter output form a set of sufficient statistics for the following baud-rate signal detector for channels with ISI, CCI, and AWGN, which is very similar to the traditional matched filter for AWGN channels with only ISI. Thus, the optimal spatial-temporal filter is also called an analogical spatial-temporal matched filter.
Identification and isolation of the cytochrome oxidase subunit II gene in mitochondria of the yeast Hansenula saturnus.

Mitochondrial DNA from the petite negative yeast Hansenula saturnus has been isolated and sized by digestion with restriction enzymes. The size of the mitochondrial genome is approximately 47 kb. The gene for subunit II of cytochrome oxidase was localized in the genome by Southern blotting using a [32P]-labeled probe containing the subunit II gene of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The probe hybridized to a 1.7 kb HindIII-BamHI fragment under stringent conditions (65°C), indicating a high degree of homology between the S. cerevisiae and H. saturnus mitochondrial DNA fragments. The 1.7 kb fragment from H. saturnus was cloned into pBR322 and physically mapped. The map was used to obtain the nucleotide sequence of the subunit II gene (Lawson and Deters presented in the accompanying paper).
Focus and alignment of the Dark Energy Camera using out-of-focus stars

The active optics system of the Dark Energy Camera (DECam) at the CTIO 4 meter Blanco telescope, built for the Dark Energy Survey, uses out-of-focus stars (donuts) to determine the camera's focus and alignment, as well as provide a measure of the wavefront. In this paper, we describe the donut analysis algorithm and present results on focus, alignment, and wavefront from a donut campaign conducted at the Blanco from 2010 to 2012, using the previous wide-field camera.
Chemiluminescence method for determination of benzoyl peroxide in solution

Abstract The chemiluminescence reaction of benzoyl peroxide with triethylamine is used to quantify benzoyl peroxide. The method is rapid with a detection limit for benzoyl peroxide in chloroform of 0.07 μg ml −1 and a relative standard deviation of 4% at 1 μg ml −1 . The technique is applied to the determination of benzoyl peroxide in pharmaceutical preparations.
A note on recovering the distributions from exponential moments

The problem of recovering a cumulative distribution function of a positive random variable via the scaled Laplace transform inversion is studied. The uniform upper bound of proposed approximation is derived. The approximation of a compound Poisson distribution as well as the estimation of a distribution function of the summands given the sample from a compound Poisson distribution are investigated. Applying the simulation study, the question of selecting the optimal scaling parameter of the proposed Laplace transform inversion is considered. The behavior of the approximants are demonstrated via plots and table.
Trait and state aspects of P300 amplitude reduction in schizophrenia: a retrospective longitudinal study.

Abstract Background: The P300 component of the auditory event-related brain potential (ERP) is consistently reduced in schizophrenia. Longitudinal data are examined to determine whether P300 amplitude is a trait marker of schizophrenia or a state marker tracking clinical fluctuations over time. Methods: Schizophrenic men (DSM-III-R) ( n = 36) received ERP and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) assessments on multiple occasions, at varying intervals, under varying medication states. Automatically elicited auditory P3a and effortfully elicited auditory and visual P3b amplitudes were assessed. Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale scores were regressed on P300 amplitude within patients using both multiple regression models and nonparametric analyses of individual patient slopes. Event related brain potentials in patients were compared to ERPs from 34 age-matched control men, and stability of P300 over time was estimated with intraclass correlations. Results: P300 amplitude, regardless of elicitation method or sensory modality, tracked BPRS Total and positive symptom scores over time, decreasing with symptom exacerbations and increasing with improvements. In addition, effortful auditory and visual P3b amplitudes tracked negative symptoms, and automatic auditory P3a tracked depression-anxiety symptoms. When analyses were limited to unmedicated occasions, auditory P3a and P3b persisted in tracking BPRS Total scores, with additional tracking of positive symptoms by P3b and mood symptoms by P3a. Mean auditory and visual P3bs, averaged over all measurement occasions for each individual, were inversely related to mean negative symptoms. Auditory P3a and P3b, but not visual P3b, amplitudes were smaller in patients than control subjects, even when patients were least symptomatic. P300 amplitudes showed high test–retest reliability in control subjects and patients and moderate stability over time in patients. Conclusions: Auditory, and possibly visual, P300 amplitudes track fluctuations in clinical state, but only auditory P300 amplitude is a trait marker of schizophrenia.
Alopecia areata is driven by cytotoxic T lymphocytes and is reversed by JAK inhibition

Alopecia areata (AA) is a common autoimmune disease resulting from damage of the hair follicle by T cells. The immune pathways required for autoreactive T cell activation in AA are not defined limiting clinical development of rational targeted therapies. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) implicated ligands for the NKG2D receptor (product of the KLRK1 gene) in disease pathogenesis. Here, we show that cytotoxic CD8(+)NKG2D(+) T cells are both necessary and sufficient for the induction of AA in mouse models of disease. Global transcriptional profiling of mouse and human AA skin revealed gene expression signatures indicative of cytotoxic T cell infiltration, an interferon-γ (IFN-γ) response and upregulation of several γ-chain (γc) cytokines known to promote the activation and survival of IFN-γ-producing CD8(+)NKG2D(+) effector T cells. Therapeutically, antibody-mediated blockade of IFN-γ, interleukin-2 (IL-2) or interleukin-15 receptor β (IL-15Rβ) prevented disease development, reducing the accumulation of CD8(+)NKG2D(+) T cells in the skin and the dermal IFN response in a mouse model of AA. Systemically administered pharmacological inhibitors of Janus kinase (JAK) family protein tyrosine kinases, downstream effectors of the IFN-γ and γc cytokine receptors, eliminated the IFN signature and prevented the development of AA, while topical administration promoted hair regrowth and reversed established disease. Notably, three patients treated with oral ruxolitinib, an inhibitor of JAK1 and JAK2, achieved near-complete hair regrowth within 5 months of treatment, suggesting the potential clinical utility of JAK inhibition in human AA.
Computing as Educational Innovation: a model of distributed expertise

ABSTRACT The introduction of innovation to a school doesn't just happen. Often it is the work of an interested and dedicated teacher. Such teachers are often frustrated in their efforts to change the curriculum because they lack both the leadership skills necessary for substantial change and an understanding of how innovation effects and spreads in an organization. School principals, in their position as curriculum leaders, should play a crucial role in bringing innovation to the classroom. Many, however, play an encouraging but less active role, supporting teachers’ efforts to change the curriculum. While this type of leadership has been sufficient in the past, the introduction of computer technology as an integral part of the instructional program requires active leadership because of its multifaceted nature and intense budgetary requirements. This paper suggests a model of school administration wherein already overburdened school administrators can share leadership in a meaningful way with interested t...
Materials Characteristics of Uncoated/Ceramic-Coated Implant Materials

In this paper, the biocompatibility of dental implant materials is discussed in the context of both the mechanical characteristics of the materials and the type of surface presented to the surrounding tissues. The proper functioning of the implant depends on whether it possesses the strength necessary to withstand loading within the expected range, with other properties such as elongation being of importance in some instances. A suitable modulus of elasticity may be of major importance in situations when optimum load transmission from the implant into the surrounding bone is key to the successful functioning of the device. Dental implants present a wide range of surfaces to the surrounding tissues based on surface composition, texture, charge energy, and cleanliness (sterility). Metallic implants are characterized by protective oxide layers, but ion release is still common with these materials, and is a function of passivation state, composition, and corrosion potential. An effective surface treatment for titanium appears to be passivation or anodization in a suitable solution prior to implantation. Inert ceramic surfaces exhibit minimal ion release, but are similar to metals in that they do not form a high energy bond to the surrounding bone. Some of the newly developed dental implant alloys such as titanium alloys, which contain zirconium and niobium, and high-strength ceramics such as zirconia may offer some advantages (such as lower modulus of elasticity) over the conventional materials. Calcium phosphate ceramic coatings are commonly used to convert metallic surfaces into a more bioactive state and typically cause faster bone apposition. There is a wide range of ceramic coatings containing calcium and phosphorus, with the primary difference in many of these materials being in the rate of ion release. Although their long-term success rate is unknown, the calcium phosphate surfaces seem to have a higher potential for attachment of osteoinductive agents than do uncoated titanium and other more inert implant materials.
Fictionalism versus Deflationism

Fictionalism has long presented an attractive alternative to both heavy-duty realist and simple eliminativist views about entities such as properties, propositions, numbers, and possible worlds. More recently, a different alternative to these traditional views has been gaining popularity: a form of deflationism that holds that trivial arguments may lead us from uncontroversial premisses to conclude that the relevant entities exist � but where commitment to the entities is a trivial consequence of other claims we accept, not a posit to explain what makes the relevant claims true. The deflationist�s trivial arguments, however, have been attacked by fictionalists, who suggest that the ontological conclusions we get from these arguments should not be taken as serious ontological assertions at all, but rather as implicitly in the context of a fiction or simulation. This paper examines the fictionalist�s criticisms of �easy� arguments for numbers, properties, and other entities, and concludes that they beg the question against the deflationist and so do not undermine the deflationist�s position. Close attention to the argument also reveals a crucial disanalogy between overtly fictional discourse and discourse about numbers, properties, and so on, which undermines the case for fictionalism. Finally, I argue that the motivations for fictionalism (particularly those based in its ability to offer a good account of the discourse) are served as well or better by deflationism. Overall, this gives us reason to think that deflationism may provide a preferable approach for those looking for an alternative to both traditional realism and traditional eliminativism.