cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract W P320: Falls with Injury After Stroke are Associated With Incontinence and Depression

Background: Approximately 22% to 73% of persons with stroke fall yearly. Falls can result in injury, activity limitation, decreased independence and death. Several studies have investigated falls during and after inpatient rehabilitation. A community based cohort with longitudinal follow up is needed to provide prospective insight into the risk factors for falls in the general stroke population. Purpose: To determine rate and predictors of fall with injury 3 and 12 months post stroke Methods: During 2005, 460 ischemic stroke patients from the Greater Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky region were prospectively enrolled from all regional hospitals. Baseline data were collected in the acute hospital, and 3- and 12-month follow-up data were collected by subject or proxy interviews. Primary outcome was fall with injury categorized dichotomously (yes, no), analyzed separately at 3 and 12 months. Predictor variables collected at baseline included age, gender, race, and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS). Predictor variables collected at 3 and 12 months included urinary incontinence (yes, no) and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale (score ranging from 0-30). Variables with p<.10 were entered into the model. Final model maintained all variables with p<.05, adjusting for NIHSS. Results: Of the 460 patients in the cohort, 27 had died by 3 months post, and another 62 had died by 12 months. Of the surviving patients, 37 of 346 (10.7%) who completed the 3-month follow-up and 33 of 247 (13.4%) who completed the 12-month follow-up reported a fall with injury. Table 1 shows demographics and results by outcome. Conclusions: At least 10% of patients with fairly mild stroke (average NIHSS 5) reported a fall with injury during the first year post stroke. Adjusting for NIHSS, urinary incontinence and depression were associated with a fall with injury. ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
ESTIMATION OF THE PROBABILITY OF WHEEL LOCKUP

A method for calculating the probability of wheel lock occurring during braking with passenger cars is presented. The method combines (1) the probability distribution of vehicle deceleration during braking, (2) the probability distribution of tyre–road friction exhibited by the general road system, and (3) the braking efficiency level of the vehicle, to predict the probability of the occurrence of wheel lockup during a given braking event. Results are presented employing the constituent probability data available in the open literature. These results predict that lockup events are very rare for typical drivers operating vehicles of 80% braking efficiency or better. As braking efficiency falls, the frequency of occurrence of lockup rises rapidly. At braking efficiency levels as low as 50%, typical drivers would experience lockup about once a month or once every 35 miles of travel on wet roads. A general observation is made that exponentially rising rate of failure is to be expected as system performance qualities degrade from the norm. Findings of several other researchers are noted which confirm this general observation.
Determination of Composition and Phase Depth-Profiles in Multilayer and Gradient Solid Solution Photovoltaic Films Using Grazing Incidence X-ray Diffraction

A method for using grazing incidence x-ray diffraction (GIXD) for profiling composition changes with depth of photovoltaic quality thin films is presented. The average thickness of the first layer in a multi-layer film of CuIn{sub 2}Se{sub 3.5}/CuInSe{sub 2}/Mo and the variation in solid solution composition of a Cu(In{sub 1-x}Ga{sub x})Se{sub 2} (CIGS) film with depth are solved using this method. The phase volume fraction and the phase composition profiles are developed from peak intensity jud d-spacing measurements respectively at a series of fixed incident angles corresponding to a set of increasing 1/e penetration depths, {tau}. Inverse Laplace and numerical methods are applied to the {tau} profiles converting them to true depth profiles. Vegard`s law is applied to the d-spacing vs z-profile to obtain x in the formula CuIn({sub 1-x}Ga{sub x})Se{sub 2}. The results show that an {approx}1 {mu}m thick byer of CuIn{sub 2}Se{sub 3.5} is present on the surface of the multi-layer film and that the CIGS film wasists of a Ga rich surface layer {approx}2000 {Angstrom} thick followed by a gradual decrease in Ga content with increasing depth. This gradient appears to be desirable for producing photovoltaic quality CIGS films. 15 refs., 6 figs.
Picosecond dephasing studies in atomic vapors and observation of a 139-fs beat

Several groups1–4 have recently proposed a simple and powerful optical technique for obtaining ultrahigh time resolution, which is limited only by the coherence time of the excitation light rather than by the overall pulse duration. The present work reports an application of this technique to study the dephasing rates of the Na and Rb resonance lines perturbed by several atmospheres of argon gas. By comparison with traditional measurements, we demonstrate that relaxation processes occurring on time scales much shorter than the excitation pulse duration can indeed be accurately and unambiguously measured using the present technique.
Incidence of lung injury in acute liver failure: diagnostic role of extravascular lung water index

Acute lung injury (ALI) was found to be a frequent complication of acute liver failure (ALF) in a previous study [1]. The associated mortality was high (89%) and severe hypoxia is a contraindication for liver transplantation (LT) in many transplant centers. We tried to study the incidence and outcome of ALI in a heterogeneous group of patients with ALF. In addition, we aimed to investigate the role of extravascular lung water index (EVLWI) measurements in diagnosis and management of ALI in liver failure.
Planning Networks: Processing India's National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan

This paper explores how NGOs, state agencies and activists par­ticipated in the preparation of India's National Biodiversity Strategy and Ac­tion Plan (NBSAP). The study is based on three months of fieldwork in the summer of 2003, during which I conducted semi-structured interviews and re­viewed the documents used and produced in the planning process. While some critics view NGO involvement in state policy making with suspicion, others see it as a successful outcome of a long-standing demand for greater partici­pation in governance. I argue that the form and structure of the NBSAP proc­ess provided a limited, yet critical, space for activists. On one hand, activists used this space to make strong critiques of state conservation practices, and to promote inclusive conservation practices. On the other, they were continu­ously pressured to make compromises, because of their new responsibilities as plan makers and in order to increase the likelihood of 'buy-in' from the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF). Rather than being seen as en­compassed or 'co-opted' by state strategies of power, however, it is more use­ful to see activists and NGOs as engaging in tactical manoeuvres and practising an imperfect, yet necessary, form of politics. Conscious that they were participating in an unequal and temporally limited space, activists in NGOs sought to make this project of government as plural and fair as possi­ble. Finally, I note that although the planning document was eventually re­jected by the MoEF, the network that was initiated to create the plan may produce results that go beyond the NBSAP process itself.
Stereotactic body radiation therapy versus no treatment for early stage non–small cell lung cancer in medically inoperable elderly patients: A National Cancer Data Base analysis

BACKGROUND Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) has demonstrated high rates of local control with low morbidity and has now emerged as the standard of care for medically inoperable, early stage non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the impact of lung SBRT on survival in the elderly population is less clear given competing comorbid conditions. An analysis of the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB) was undertaken to determine whether definitive SBRT improves survival relative to observation alone patients ages 70 years and older. METHODS The NCDB, a retrospective national database that captures approximately 70% of all patients treated for cancer, was queried for patients aged 70 years or older with early stage (T1-T3N0M0) NSCLC from 2003 to 2006. Overall survival was compared between patients who received stereotactic body radiotherapy alone and those who received no treatment. An extended Cox proportional hazards model was applied to estimate the treatment effect of SBRT. RESULTS In total, 3147 patients met the selection criteria for this analysis. SBRT was delivered to 258 patients (8.2%), and 2889 patients (91.8%) received no treatment. There was no significant difference in the distribution of Charlson/Deyo comorbidity index scores between the 2 groups (P = .076). Multivariable analysis revealed improved overall survival with SBRT compared with observation for the entire cohort (hazard ratio, 0.64; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS SBRT is associated with improved survival in elderly patients with early stage NSCLC who have concurrent comorbid conditions compared with observation alone. The current data support the use of SBRT for the treatment of elderly patients with early stage NSCLC who have limiting comorbid conditions. Cancer 2015;121:4222–4230. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Potassium Requirements of Dairy Cows in Early and Midlaction

Abstract Two trials with lactating Holstein cows were to determine the percent potassium required in the ration. A midlactation study compared three potassium percentages (.46, .69, and .97% of dry matter) for five cows assigned to each treatment for a 10-wk experimental period. In an early lactation study, 15 cows were assigned at 2 wk postpartum to one of three treatments (.51, .75, and .99%) for an 8-wk experimental period. Feed intake was changed by treatment from a control period (all cows fed the high K ration) +1.3, −.3, and +.1kg for the .46, .69, and .97 treatments and +3.4, +1.0, and +.5kg for the .51, .75, and .99 treatments. Milk production and change in body weight differed significantly in the first trial but not in the second trial. Blood serum potassium was significantly different due to treatment in the seond trial with changes in percent potassium of −.6, −.4, and +1.1 for the three treatments. A potassium content of .7% appears to be adequate for cows in mid to late lactation; however, the feed intake and potassium in serum indicate that .7% may not be optimal for high producing cows in early lactation.
Malinowski's Diary and a Humanistic Anthropology

Bronislaw Malinowski. A Diary in the Strict Sense of the Term. Reissued with. new introduction by Raymond Firth Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1989. xxxiv. 315pp. $42.50 (cloth); $14.95 (paper).
Identidad colectiva, genealogía, y novela pastoril: el manuscrito en euskera de Juan Pérez de Lazarraga

AbstractThrough the analysis of the recently discovered Basque manuscript by Juan Perez de Lazarraga, this article studies the use of the pastoral community as an idealized representation of Basque collective identity. For this purpose, I contextualize the short pastoral romance by Perez de Lazarraga within the sixteenth-century debates about genealogy, 'hidalguia universal', the development of Basque historiography, and the ethnocentric component of pastoral literature in the Iberian Peninsula.
Development of the continuously variable volume reactor for flow injection analysis: Part 1. Design, capabilities and testing

Abstract A new apparatus for mixing sample and reagent in flow injection analysis (FIA) is described. The continuously variable volume reactor (CVVR) replaces the conventional mixing coil in a flow injection (FI) manifold to provide mixing and dilution. A linear actuator motor allows control of the chamber volume via LabVIEW software. The chamber volume can be incremented in steps of 1 μl over the range 68–1704 μl. In addition, the chamber has an integral variable-speed stirring unit that is also under computer control. Experiments were performed to evaluate the dispersion characteristics of this new device, evaluate the volume reproducibility, and understand the mixing characteristics. Use of the chamber is shown in the determination of iron(II) in pond water, and in NIST SRM 1643d with excellent results and a detection limit of 3.7 μg/l iron(II). Advantages of the CVVR and future research activities using the device are discussed.
White matter tractography by anisotropic wavefront evolution and diffusion tensor imaging.

Determination of axonal pathways provides an invaluable means to study the connectivity of the human brain and its functional network. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is unique in its ability to capture the restricted diffusion of water molecules which can be used to infer the directionality of tissue components. In this paper, we introduce a white matter tractography method based on anisotropic wavefront propagation in diffusion tensor images. A front propagates in the white matter with a speed profile governed by the isocontour of the diffusion tensor ellipsoid. By using the ellipsoid, we avoid possible misclassification of the principal eigenvector in oblate regions. The wavefront evolution is described by an anisotropic version of the static Hamilton–Jacobi equation, which is solved by a sweeping method in order to obtain correct arrival times. Pathways of connection are determined by tracing minimum-cost trajectories using the characteristic vector field of the resulting partial differential equation. A validity index is described to rate the goodness of the resulting pathways with respect to the directionality of the tensor field. Connectivity results using normal human DTI brain images are illustrated and discussed. We also compared our method with a similar level set-based tractography technique, and found that the anisotropic evolution increased the validity index of the obtained pathways by 18%.
Cultivation of Macrocystis integrifolia (Laminariales, Phaeophyta) in southeastern Alaskan waters

The artificial culture of Macrocystis integrifolia in southeastern Alaskan waters has been initiated as a first step in a project to augment the existing herring roe-on-kelp fishery in the state. The growing of Macrocystis in Prince William Sound has the potential of considerably enhancing this fishery by eliminating the costly importation of this kelp from southeast Alaska. In an ongoing feasibility study, Macrocystis has been cultured under laboratory conditions through the embryonic sporophyte stage and outplanted in waters near Sitka, Alaska (57° N). Growth of the outplanted kelps has been monitored as a function of the time and depth of the outplanting. Preliminary results suggest that light is limiting for growth in winter and that the optimal depth for outplanting will vary with the season.
Chronopotentiometric reduction of oxygen at platinum electrodes in sulfuric acid media

Abstract Chronopotentiograms for the reduction of oxygen at an active platinum cathode (one which has a fresh deposit of finely-divided platinum metal on its surface) in sulfuric acid media show a single wave corresponding to the diffusion-controlled, four-electron reduction to water. However, the electrode ages rapidly upon standing in the solution, the overpotential for oxygen reduction increasing and the n -value for the reduction becoming two. Direct chemical analysis of the cell solution following a single chronopotentiometric experiment has confirmed that hydrogen peroxide is not a stable product of the reduction at active electrodes, but that hydrogen peroxide is quantitatively formed in the reduction at aged electrodes. Additional experiments with Ti(IV) present in the cell solution as a scavenger for hydrogen peroxide demonstrated that hydrogen peroxide is an unstable intermediate in the reduction of oxygen at active electrodes. We have concluded that, at active electrodes, oxygen is reduced to hydrogen peroxide which disproportionates, as rapidly as it is formed, to water and more oxygen at the electrode surface. As the electrode ages , it loses the ability to catalyze this disproportionation of hydrogen peroxide and the reduction proceeds just to hydrogen peroxide. At aged electrodes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide to water does not occur due to the increased overpotential for this reaction.
High affinity transport of histidine and methionine across Leptinotarsa decemlineata midgut brush border membrane

High affinity transport of histidine and methionine across the midgut brush border membrane of Leptinotarsa decemlineata was characterized using brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV). Histidine transport was not stimulated by sodium or potassium. Methionine transport was stimulated by monovalent cations. Sodium was more stimulatory than cesium or lithium. Divalent cations, Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ , were not stimulatory, and there was no effect of Cl − . Methionine transport was most strongly inhibited by 100-fold excess concentrations of cysteine, serine and leucine. L. decemlineata midgut has both ion-dependent and ion-independent transporters that differ from those in other insects and mammals. CryIIIA toxin did not inhibit uptake of methionine or histidine into BBMV.
Mechanics and contraction dynamics of single platelets and implications for clot stiffening

Blood platelets aggregate to form clots that prevent haemorrhage. Knowledge of single-platelet mechanics is scarce, however. Atomic force microscopy experiments now show that platelets contract rapidly on contact with fibrinogen, and adhere strongly to multiple fibrin polymers, enhancing the elasticity of clots. These findings are relevant to disorders of platelet function, such as thrombosis.
A diffusion-based theory of organism dispersal in heterogeneous populations.

Abstract: We develop a general theory of organism movement in heterogeneous populations that can explain the leptokurtic movement distributions commonly measured in nature. We describe population heterogeneity in a state‐structured framework, employing advection‐diffusion as the fundamental movement process of individuals occupying different movement states. Our general analysis shows that population heterogeneity in movement behavior can be defined as the existence of different movement states and among‐individual variability in the time individuals spend in these states. A presentation of moment‐based metrics of movement illustrates the role of these attributes in general dispersal processes. We also present a special case of the general theory: a model population composed of individuals occupying one of two movement states with linear transitions, or exchange, between the two states. This two‐state “exchange model” can be viewed as a correlated random walk and provides a generalization of the telegraph...
AUG-proximal nucleotides regulate protein synthesis in Leishmania tropica.

Summary Gene expression in the Leishmania is controlled posttranscriptionally, and is likely to be impacted by both 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions (UTRs). We have investigated the effects of trinucleotides in the AUG-proximal region (APR) (i.e. positions - 3t o-1 upstream of an AUG) on two reporter genes in the context of an endogenous intergenic region of Leishmania tropica. The effects of APRs on protein expression were determined in stable transfectants in vivo. Three APRs, namely, C -3 C -2 C -1 , ACC and GCC, yielded robust translation, whereas GTA produced low amounts of proteins. A purine at - 3o f an APR was not crucial for efficient translation. Steady-state level of reporter mRNA did not correlate directly with the amount of protein detected. Polysome analysis revealed that APRs modulate translation, at least in part, by influencing mRNA association with ribosomes. An analysis of genomic UTRs in L. major showed that (i) the consensusAPR is N -3 N -2 C -1 (where N = any nucleotide), and (ii) the most frequently used APRs include ACA, ACC, ATC, GCC, GCG, GTC and CAC, some of which were translation enhancers in our experimental studies.
OSHA's Role in Promoting Occupational Safety and Health

When OSHA was established, proponents believed it would dramatically improve the safety and health of American workers. During the forty years of its existence, workplace fatalities and nonfatal injuries and illnesses have fallen but OSHA is not the major cause of this decline. Changes in the industrial mix of workers and improvements in safety technology have combined with expanded employer incentives unrelated to OSHA to decrease worker injuries and illnesses. The financial incentives for employers to expand expenditures on worker safety and health created by the labor market, states' workers' compensation insurance programs, and the legal system swamp the meager incentives created by OSHA.
Approximate continuous opacity calculations for polyelectronic atoms at high temperatures

Abstract Approximate formulas derived by Raizer (and modifications thereof) for the Rosseland and Planck mean absorption coefficients in high-temperature gases have been compared with Armstrong's results for nitrogen at 5 and 20 eV for densities varying between ⋍ 5×10 20 cm -3 and ⋍ 5×10 15 cm -3 . Comparison has also been made with results obtained by Bernstein and Dyson for the Rosseland mean of fluorine at 10 eV in the density range ⋍ 10 21 cm -3 to 10 18 cm -3 . The modified Raizer formulas are consistently better approximations than the expressions obtained by Raizer and agree within about a factor of two with the results derived from numerical calculations.
An introduction to the literature of the vertebrate zoology of Iran

Abstract A brief introduction to the zoological literature of the vertebrates of Iran is designed to help students and professional zoologists to begin working with fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, or mammals of Iran. Publications of historical importance are included, but emphasis is on recent synoptic treatments that have extensive bibliographies and on papers that have been published subsequent to such synopses.
Effect of steerable cage placement during minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion on lumbar lordosis.

Abstract Minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MIS-TLIF) is commonly used for the treatment of a variety of degenerative spine disorders. Recently, steerable interbody cages have been developed which potentially allow for greater restoration of lumbar lordosis. Here we describe a technique and radiographic results following minimally invasive placement of steerable cages through a bilateral approach. A retrospective review was conducted of the charts and radiographs of 15 consecutive patients who underwent 19 levels of bilateral MIS-TLIF with the placement of steerable cages. These were compared to 10 patients who underwent 16 levels of unilateral MIS-TLIF with the placement of bullet cages. The average age, body mass index, distribution of the levels operated and follow-up were similar in both groups. The average height of the steerable cage placed was 10.9 mm compared to 8.5 mm for bullet cages. The preoperative focal Cobb’s angle per level was similar between both groups with a mean of −5.3 degrees for the steerable cage group and −4.8 degrees for the bullet cage group. There was a significant improvement in postoperative Cobb’s angle after placement of a steerable cage with a mean of −13.7 (p
Inhibitor effects on the electron transport chain of turtle cardiac mitochondria

Abstract 1. 1. Inhibitor studies indicate that turtle-heart mitochondria have an excess of both the antimycin-sensitive factor and cytochrome oxidase and a limited amount of the oligomycinsensitive enzyme when compared to mammalian mitochondria. 2. 2. The evidence suggests that the phosphorylating system may be the rate-limiting factor of oxidative phosphorylation in turtle-heart mitochondria. 3. 3. NaF inhibits oxidative phosphorylation in a substrate specific manner.
Evaluation of a new CPC‐to‐gauge bonding technique with the use of in vitro fluid flow

Strain gauging enables the measurement of bone deformation during physical activity, leading to a better understanding of the physiological effects of loading on bone growth and remodeling. Development of a technology that will withstand long-term in vivo exposure and bond securely to bone is imperative for accurate, consistent measurement collection. Polysulfone is currently used to attach calcium-phosphate ceramic (CPC) particles, which promote bone-to-gauge bonding, to polyimide-backed strain gauges. This study evaluated the use of an implant-grade epoxy as an alternative CPC–polyimide adhesive. Polyimide–epoxy–CPC interfaces were loaded to failure and shear strengths calculated. In vitro studies providing a constant flow of medium over test specimens were designed, and long-term in vitro fluid exposure studies of the epoxy's shear strength were conducted. Average shear strength of polysulfone-polyimide interfaces were reported to be 7 MPa.11 The average shear strength of the epoxy-polyimide interface before long-term in vitro exposure was 17 MPa, which is stronger than the shear strength of the bone–CPC interface.12 The strength of the epoxy–polyimide interface decreased to 6.8 MPa after 24 weeks in vitro and 3 MPa after 24 weeks in vivo. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 66B: 514–519, 2003
MYC expression promotes the proliferation of neural progenitor cells in culture and in vivo.

Abstract Primitive neuroectodermal tumors. (20PNETs) are pediatric brain tumors that result from defects in signaling molecules governing the growth and differentiation of neural progenitor cells. We used the RCAS-TVA system to study the growth effects of three genetic alterations implicated in human PNETs on a subset of neural progenitor cells that express the intermediate filament protein, nestin. The genetic alterations tested were: 1) overexpression of the cellular oncoprotein, MYC; 2) activation of transcription factor, β-catenin; and 3) haploinsufficiency of Ptc , the hedgehog receptor gene. The RCAS-TVA system uses an avian retroviral vector, RCAS, to target gene expression to specific cell types in transgenic mice. To express exogenous genes in neural progenitor cells, we used Ntv -a mice. In these mice, the Nestin gene promoter drives expression of TVA, the cell surface receptor for the virus. Ectopic expression of MYC, but not activated β-catenin, promoted the proliferation of neural progenitor cells in culture and in the cerebral leptomeninges in vivo . These effects were equally penetrant in mice with Ptc +/− and Ptc +/+ genetic backgrounds. Although overexpression of MYC is not sufficient to cause intraparenchymal tumors, it may facilitate PNET formation by sustaining the growth of undifferentiated progenitor cells.
Calcium regulation of nuclear pore permeability

The nuclear envelope is an integral part of the structural framework of the nucleus, and is involved in organizing intranuclear events. It serves as a selective barrier, actively transporting proteins required for normal nuclear function and exporting RNA. The movement of molecules across the nuclear envelope is critical for cellular homeostasis, and it allows cells to respond to external events. The only known pathway for direct communication between the cytoplasm and the nucleoplasm of a cell is through the nuclear pore complex. In the past decade, rapid advances have been made in elucidating the structure and function of the nuclear pore complex. Yet, researchers are just beginning to identify some of the regulatory mechanisms controlling transport through the pore complex. The nucleus is surrounded by a Ca2+ storage compartment, which sequesters and releases Ca2+ in response to intracellular second messengers, Recent evidence suggests that the nuclear Ca2+ store may indirectly regulate passive diffusion through the nuclear pore complex. The evidence for Ca2+ regulation of the nuclear pore complex will be discussed, along with the introduction of the simplest, testable model to describe the observations.
Reflected shock ignition and combustion of aluminum and nanocomposite thermite powders

A comparison of the ignition and combustion characteristics of Al-Fe2O3 and Al-MoO3 nanocomposite powders and two sizes of aluminum powder in inert and oxidizing environments was performed in the region behind a reflected shock in a shock tube. Radiation intensity was monitored by photometry, and temporal information on the particle temperatures was obtained using high-speed pyrometry. In addition, emission spectra were collected to identify intermediate species produced during combustion. In inert environments, both thermite materials showed evidence of ignition within 1–2 ms at 1400 and 1800 K. Particle temperatures during reaction ranging from 2700–3350 K were observed, with Al-MoO3 having generally higher temperatures than Al-Fe2O3. Addition of oxygen in the ambient environment reduced ignition times and increased combustion temperatures to 3350–3800 K as well, suggesting that heterogeneous reactions can enhance the combustion performance of the thermite materials. In air at 3 atm, the nanocomposite t...
Evaluation of Vacuum Venting for Micro-injection Molding

Abstract While the effect of vacuum venting has been reported for injection molding of micro and nanoscale features, the limited research has produced conflicting results. To clarify the positive effect of vacuum venting on replication of microscale features, this work focused on the interactions between vacuum venting and (1) feature size, (2) material type in terms of melt viscosity and wettability, and (3) injection velocity and mold temperature. A metal-polymer hybrid tooling with a range of positive microscale features was employed to mold polystyrene and polymethylmethacrylate parts. Overall, vacuum venting always effective in feature definition (sharpness of edges) enhancement, but provided increases in depth ratio that depended on material (melt viscosity and wettability) and processing conditions (i.e., injection velocity, and mold temperature).
Spectral Analysis of Multidimensional Stochastic Geophysical Models with an Application to Decadal ENSO Variability

Abstract Simple linear models with additive stochastic forcing have been rather successful in explaining the observed spectrum of important climate variables. Motivated by this, the authors analyze the spectral character of such a general stochastic system of finite dimension. The spectral matrix is derived in the case that the spectrum is a linear combination of dynamical variables and their stochastic forcings. It is found that the most convenient basis for analysis is provided by the normal modes. In general the spectrum consists of two pieces. The first “diagonal” piece is a symmetric Lorentzian curve centered on the normal mode frequencies with breadth and strength determined by the normal mode dissipation. The second cross-spectrum piece derives usually from the coherency of the stochastic forcing of two different normal modes. The cross-spectrum is smaller in magnitude than the corresponding two diagonal pieces. This relative magnitude is controlled by the Wiener coherency, which is equal to the ma...
Connectedness Problem Solving and Negotiation

Difficult polarizing problems/conflicts are pervasive in the United States and the world. Welcome to spiritual rationality/connectedness problem solving and negotiation involving spirituality and rationality, and emphasizing connectedness in problem solving. In particular, we develop CPSN-ESD—Connectedness Problem Solving and Negotiation (CPSN) through Evolutionary Systems Design (ESD)—discussing spiritual rationality/connectedness and highlighting connectedness with One and with each other as values, among others, in problem solving. In CPSN-ESD, CPSN is effected through ESD, a game-theory based, general formal systems- spirituality modeling/design framework for individual and multiagent (group) problem solving and negotiation implemented by computer technology. Problem solving is represented by an evolving problem system of purposes and their relations from the lowest-level action to the highest purpose, ultimate common ground—spirituality, connectedness with One (or a surrogate, as discussed). For an agent, an evolved problem system satisfying spiritual rationality identifies right action (a solution) producing spirituality, connectedness with One (or a surrogate). A negotiation agreement requires multiagent agreement on the action to be taken. Agents may be natural or artificial. The paper focuses mostly on human agents with ideas being applicable to other natural and artificial (computer) agents with lesser (or greater) capabilities than humans according to their built-in capabilities. Present-to-future CSPN-ESD work includes furthering support of human agents; designing spiritual agents; designing multiagent systems for connectedness capitalism; developing connectedness democracy; further research and applications on intercultural and international negotiation; work on the world connected.
Mediation in young children’s paired-associate learning

The present study tested 4-, 6-, and 8-year-old children with a forward chaining (A-B, B-C, A-C) mediation paradigm. Each list was comprised of six pictorial stimulus-response pairs. All associations were acquired in the laboratory via a study-test method involving a recognition task on the test trials. The lists were constructed such that positive transfer was expected for two stimulus-response pairs on the third list (mediated facilitation), negative transfer was expected for two other pairs (mediated interference), and neither positive nor negative transfer was expected for the remaining two pairs (control). Analyses of correct responses during List III indicated: (I) positive, but not negative, transfer; and (2) no age differences in positive transfer.
Tunneling edges at strong disorder.

Scattering between edge states that bound one-dimensional domains of opposite potential or flux is studied, in the presence of strong potential or flux disorder. A mobility edge is found as a function of disorder and energy, and we have characterized the extended regime. In the presence of flux and/or potential disorder, the localization length scales exponentially with the width of the barrier. We discuss implications for the random-flux problem.
The interaction of oxygen and potassium on the Ru(001) surface

Abstract The interaction of oxygen and different coverages of potassium on Ru(001) has been investigated by thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS), metastable quenching spectroscopy (MQS), electron stimulated desorption spectroscopy (ESD), and work-function change measurements. The results show that this is a complex surface system with several different oxides forming, depending on the surface stoichiometry and temperature. While we cannot uniquely identify all the surface species, our interpretation of the present data combined with previous information is as follows. For potassium coverages up to about three monolayers ( θ K ≈ 1), exposure to oxygen initially gives oxygen atoms on the surface. Further exposure produces some surface monoxide ions O 2− , which are converted with additional exposure to Superoxide ions O − 2 and possibly peroxide ions O 2− 2 . Thermal annealing causes strong changes in the surface oxide composition, and with potassium multilayers ( θ K ≈ 10) all the oxides diffuse beneath the K surface layer with annealing to only 300 K. K 2 O and K 2 O 2 are found to desorb together in the 600–700 K region.
The Berkeley Automatic Imaging Telescope

We describe the design and control system of the Berkeley Automatic Imaging Telescope (BAIT), an observatory that performs all its tasks with minimal human intervention. We concentrate on the system's software, especially that which communicates with astronomers at remote sites and that which schedules targets during the night. BAIT has been in nearly continuous operation since January, 1992; we present an analysis of its performance during its first eight months.
Recent B physics results from CLEO II

We report on recent results obtained using the large sample of B mesons collected with the CLEO II detector at CESR. We have made the first observation of the rare decay modes: B0 → π+π− and K+π− and the electromagnetic penguin B → K∗γ. We have also reconstructed two other modes for the first time: the Cabibbo and colour-suppressed decay B− → ψπ− and a mode with baryons in the final state: B0 → Λc−pπ+π−. In the hadronic decays we find that colour suppression is important. Several tests of the factorization hypothesis are described which show it is a valid approximation at least up to the mass of the a1 meson. In the framework of factorization, we use our two-body hadronic branching fraction results to extract the parameters |a1| and |a2| in the BSW model. We have also measured the polarization in B → ψK∗ decays; the result shows that this mode will be useful for future CP violation studies.
The Interaction of Crown Ethers with B-Diketonate Complexes of f-elements

ABSTRACT The interaction of UOz z plusEu3plus, La3plus and Th4pluscomplexes of TTA with several crown ethers have been investigated in benzene and chloroform. The thermodynamic (AG, AH, AS) parameters were measured by extraction and by titration calorimetry. The hydration of the complexes were determined by Karl Fischer and fluorescence techniques. NMR (H-l and C-13) spectra were used to further clarify the nature of the complexes. These spectra indicated that the metal ion more often does not interact equally with all the ether oxygens and the “fit” of the cation to the CE cavity is not significant. The binding to the simple crowns by Ln(TTA)3and UOz(TTA)2follows the CE basicity sequence but with DChl8C6 and DB18C6, steric effects become more important. Such effects are important for Th(TTA)4interactions even in the interactions with the simple crown ether.
Some Historical Notes on Chlortetracycline

When World War II ended in 1945, biologists took up peacetime pursuits again with great energy and success. Remarkable discoveries were made, including many in the fields of vitamins and antibiotics. At Lederle Laboratories, a division of American Cyanamid Company, work on antibiotics had been "frozen" during the war, except for an assignment by the War Production Board to produce penicillin in two-quart glass milk bottles. These were thrown down a chute after their contents had been emptied. Construction of deep-tank fermentation equipment was not permitted. It was obvious that unknown antibiotics were out there, waiting to be discovered. The filamentous soil organisms, Streptomycetes, had yielded two new antibiotics, streptomycin and streptothricin, at Rutgers University [1]. In 1947, Parke-Davis announced that chloromycetin (chloramphenicol) -a wide-spectrum antibiotic from Streptomyces venezuelaehad been found in a soil sample from Venezuela. Professor Benjamin Duggar, a distinguished and well-known botanist and plant pathologist with leanings toward chemistry had been retired by the University of Wisconsin when he reached the statutory retirement age of 70. At Lederle the age of retirement was 65, but policies were more flexible than at Wisconsin, so in 1944 he was hired as a consultant, which in his case was a euphemism for a full-time laboratory worker. Ben Duggar's assignment was to search for a shrub that produced an antimalarial substance described in Chinese literature. Lederle was investigating compounds to be used against malaria as a war-related project. Duggar learned that the plant had been imported by the New York Botanical Garden, and with the help of its director, Dr. W. W. Robbins (a former student of his), he found the plant and made cuttings for propagation.
Assessing agreement between clinical measurement methods

Nursing practice and research often require the use of one measurement method in place of another, creating the need to know how well one clinical measurement method approximates another. The usual statistical analyses for assessing agreement between measurement methods are the correlation coefficient and the paired t test. This article suggests that these statistical methods do not address the question of agreement. It proposes the limits of agreement as a more informative analysis when a researcher is interested in replacing one measurement method with another. The application of limits of agreement analysis to assess repeatability of one measurement method is also introduced.
Richard III. By David Hipshon. (Abingdon, England: Routledge, 2011. Pp. xv, 288. $27.95.)

The difficulty for those writing a biography of Richard III is that his adult life was short (he was just age thirty‐two at his death), and his reign comprised just 787 days. Pacing a study of Rich...
Lifelong learning in German Universities

La situation de l'education permanente en Allemagne est analysee dans cet article qui presente et examine les diverses formes de cet apprentissage tout au long de la vie, les formalites d'acces a cette education, la formation continue, l'approche interdisciplinaire, les accords de partenariat, le controle de la qualite et la certification.
Crystal structure at 2.4 A resolution of E. coli serine hydroxymethyltransferase in complex with glycine substrate and 5-formyl tetrahydrofolate.

Serine hydroxymethyltransferase (EC 2.1.2.1), a member of the alpha-class of pyridoxal phosphate enzymes, catalyzes the reversible interconversion of serine and glycine, changing the chemical bonding at the C(alpha)-C(beta) bond of the serine side-chain mediated by the pyridoxal phosphate cofactor. Scission of the C(alpha)-C(beta) bond of serine substrate produces a glycine product and most likely formaldehyde, which reacts without dissociation with tetrahydropteroylglutamate cofactor. Crystal structures of the human and rabbit cytosolic serine hydroxymethyltransferases (SHMT) confirmed their close similarity in tertiary and dimeric subunit structure to each other and to aspartate aminotransferase, the archetypal alpha-class pyridoxal 5'-phosphate enzyme. We describe here the structure at 2.4 A resolution of Escherichia coli serine hydroxymethyltransferase in ternary complex with glycine and 5-formyl tetrahydropteroylglutamate, refined to an R-factor value of 17.4 % and R(free) value of 19.6 %. This structure reveals the interactions of both cofactors and glycine substrate with the enzyme. Comparison with the E. coli aspartate aminotransferase structure shows the distinctions in sequence and structure which define the folate cofactor binding site in serine hydroxymethyltransferase and the differences in orientation of the amino terminal arm, the evolution of which was necessary for elaboration of the folate binding site. Comparison with the unliganded rabbit cytosolic serine hydroxymethyltransferase structure identifies changes in the conformation of the enzyme, similar to those observed in aspartate aminotransferase, that probably accompany the binding of substrate. The tetrameric quaternary structure of liganded E. coli serine hydroxymethyltransferase also differs in symmetry and relative disposition of the functional tight dimers from that of the unliganded eukaryotic enzymes. SHMT tetramers have surface charge distributions which suggest distinctions in folate binding between eukaryotic and E. coli enzymes. The structure of the E. coli ternary complex provides the basis for a thorough investigation of its mechanism through characterization and structure determination of site mutants.
A Screening Method for Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), Dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and Non-Ortho Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in Biological Matrixes

We have developed a screening method for analyzing tetra- and penta- chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (CDD/F), octa-CDF, and non-ortho polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in biological matrixes to reduce the cost and time of dioxin analysis. Spiked control Long Evans (LE) rat liver, adipose tissue, serum, placenta, and whole fetus were analyzed to validate the method and to determine the method detection limit (MDL). Mixed with formic acid, serum samples were extracted with n-heptane. Solid tissues were ground to powder with anhydrous sodium sulfate and were sonicated with acetonitrile; the supernate was passed through a C-18 cartridge, and analytes were eluted with n-heptane. A dual-column unit composed of 40% H2SO4-coated silicic acid and activated acidic alumina was used for further cleanup. The extracts after cleanup were analyzed by high-resolution gas chromatography (HRGC)/high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) using an isotope dilution technique. The method needed half the time and one-fi...
Jeffrey A. Summit. The Lord's Song in a Strange Land: Music and Identity in Contemporary Jewish Worship . American Musicspheres. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. xiii, 203 pp.

With few exceptions, classical study of Jewish liturgy has focused on the words of the prayers, largely ignoring the less tangible elements of setting, gesture, halakhic guidance, and music. When scholars like Eric Werner and A. Z. Idelsohn wrote about liturgical music, they, too, considered it a text. In recent years, and influenced by trends in the larger academy, the field has become more interdisciplinary, open to the insights of other scholarly methodologies, resulting in important studies on the archaeological history of the synagogue itself, prayer gestures, liturgical halakhah , and mystical approaches to prayer. Into this context, we can welcome warmly Jeffrey Summit's The Lord's Song in a Strange Land and its ethnographic study of the musical dimension of contemporary American Jewish liturgy.
Threshold Differentiation of Drive and Reward in the Olds Effect

ACCORDING to Deutsch's theory1, the Olds effect2 of electrical self-stimulation is produced as a result of the concomitant simulation of both drive and reward pathways. If two such systems, one mediating drive and one reward, are indeed involved, the threshold stimulus intensities required to activate each might differ. If the drive system has a lower threshold than the reward system, then electrical stimulation of lesser intensity than that necessary to produce learning (where reward is also requisite) should prolong a habit which has already been learned, irrespective of the timing of the stimulation with respect to the performance of the habit. That is, the stimulation should prolong, say, bar-pressing, even if its administration is non-contingent on the act of pressing. If, on the other hand, such non-contingent stimulation is administered at an intensity above the threshold intensity necessary to produce learning, then a habit which the animal has already learned for intracranial stimulation should become weaker, since the animal will also be accidentally rewarded for other acts and so come to repeat these instead. Such learning of alternative habits should not occur when the non-contingent stimulation is of sub-threshold intensity for learning, and so there should be less interference with the original habit.