cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Meso-Macro Scale Deformation of Low Carbon Steel

The multiscale deformation response of low carbon steel is investigated. The meso and macro scale displacement and strain fields for specimen subjected to pure tension are measured using in-situ multiscale digital image correlation technique. The specimen is specked with different scale pattern ranging from 5 to 500 μm size. The smallest scale, 5 μm, speckles are used for local meso-scale deformation measurement. In this case an optical microscope is used to record the local information within 1 mm square field of view. On the other hand, the larger size, 500 μm, speckles are used to measure the continuum level deformation. In this case two digital cameras with 5 megapixel resolution are used in 3D arrangement by considering the entire width of the specimen inside the field of view. Both the optical microscope and the digital camera systems are triggered simultaneously to acquire the deformation at the same time scale. The displacement and strain fields are extracted using digital image correlation. The effect of local deformation on the overall displacement and strain of low carbon steel is presented by comparing with the macro scale deformation and strain fields. Furthermore, microstructure images are obtained by optical microscope and used for the analysis of local strain field coupled with the strain field from digital image correlation.
The vision of the pore.

Proteins that reside within membranes have been notoriously hard to crystallize, and so we have few detailed views of their structure. In this issue, the laboratory of MacKinnon ([ Doyle et al ][1]. and [ MacKinnon et al ][2].) now present the x-ray crystal structure of a potassium channel from the bacteria Streptomyces lividans . In his commentary, Armstrong explains the exciting features of the structure and the importance of this protein for electrical signaling in the nervous system. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/280/5360/69 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/280/5360/106
Distributed Overlay Virtual Ethernet (DOVE) integration with Openstack

In this demo we present IBM comprehensive SDN based network virtualization solution - DOVE (Distributed Overlay Virtual Ethernet network), providing multi tenant NaaS, and its integration with the cloud computing platform Openstack. The demo is based on the work “An Intent-based Approach for Network Virtualization” presented in IFIP/IEEE IM 2013 [1].
Decementation, Softening, and Collapse: Changes in Small-Strain Shear Stiffness in k0 Loading

The small-strain stiffness of freshly remolded soils is controlled by the state of stress. Diagenesis and cementation can significantly stiffen soils. However, these effects are lost at relatively low strain levels. Previous experimental results have shown the detrimental and irrecoverable effects of unloading on cementation. This study explores the effect of k0 loading on the small-strain stiffness of cemented specimens, with emphasis on the load-induced collapse and softening of cemented, loose soils. The evolution of collapse and decementation is monitored within an oedometric cell by means of small-strain shear wave propagation. Results highlight the interplay between stress-cementation history and initial void ratio. It is observed that the probability of collapse and decementation softening decreases with the increase in effective confinement at the time of cementation, the extent of cementation, and soil density. Volume collapse is preceded by stiffness loss. At high confinement, the stress-independent small-strain stiffness of initially cemented soils gradually converge to the stress-dependent stiffness that characterizes freshly remolded, uncemented soils.
The effect of morphine on the EEG of the hypothalamus in the rat.

Abstract The objective of the present study was to measure electrographic changes occurring in the hypothalamus of the rat with morphine. Recordings were obtained from 8 rats after saline, 8 mg/kg or 16 mg/kg intraperitoneal injections of morphine. The data were subjected to spectral analysis, and statistical ocmparisons were made of changes in intensity and per cent of total intensity occurring in each of the standard frequency bands under the various conditions. The effects varied for different electrode sites, but a general trend toward increases in both intensity and per cent of theta and alpha activity and decreases in delta activity with the drug was observed. Frequent occurrence of spike-dome activity was also noted. The possible relationship between spectral analysis profiles, spike-dome discharges and unit activity were discussed, and consideration was given to the possibility that a shift toward high amplitude, synchronous electrical activity in the hypothalamus is a correlate of the positive reinforcing effects of morphine.
Some theoretical properties of Silverman's method for Smoothed functional principal component analysis

Principal component analysis (PCA) is one of the key techniques in functional data analysis. One important feature of functional PCA is that there is a need for smoothing or regularizing of the estimated principal component curves. Silverman's method for smoothed functional principal component analysis is an important approach in a situation where the sample curves are fully observed due to its theoretical and practical advantages. However, lack of knowledge about the theoretical properties of this method makes it difficult to generalize it to the situation where the sample curves are only observed at discrete time points. In this paper, we first establish the existence of the solutions of the successive optimization problems in this method. We then provide upper bounds for the bias parts of the estimation errors for both eigenvalues and eigenfunctions. We also prove functional central limit theorems for the variation parts of the estimation errors. As a corollary, we give the convergence rates of the estimations for eigenvalues and eigenfunctions, where these rates depend on both the sample size and the smoothing parameters. Under some conditions on the convergence rates of the smoothing parameters, we can prove the asymptotic normalities of the estimations.
An Investigation of a Three-Dimensional Asymmetric Vortex

Abstract A three-dimensional numerical simulation is presented for the asymmetric vortex motion which occurs in a Ward-type vortex chamber. The initial state is taken to be one of axisymmetric irrotational flow where the flow enters through the sides at the bottom and exits through the top of the chamber. As tangential velocity is added to the inflowing fluid, the structure of the flow in the meridional plane is modified from a ‘one-celled’ flow(updraft everywhere) to a ‘two-celled’ flow (updraft surrounding a central downdraft). Asymmetric vortices develop in the location of maximum vorticity of the ‘two-celled’ vortex which, it is shown, must be in the gradient between the updraft and the downdraft (but in updraft). Structural features of these asymmetric vortices, such as the tilt with height and propagation rate, are examined. Although the laboratory model upon which the present numerical calculations are based lacks the ability to simulate some important aspects of atmospheric flow, several significa...
Multimedia vectorization of floating-point MIN/MAX reductions

Finding the minimum or maximum value in an array forms an important step in a variety of applications. This paper discusses vectorization schemes that take advantage of the streaming-SIMD-extensions in commonly used floating-point MIN and MAX reductions. Performance advantages are demonstrated with experimental results. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonlinear dynamics in the mixed state of ultraclean high-temperature superconductors

Abstract A new formulation of the (1 + 1)-dimensional coupled nonlinear electrodynamics of high-temperature superconductors in the mixed state is presented. A novel nonlinear wave equation for the specific area A is derived for an ultraclean type-II superconductor. Travelling wave solutions are investigated of the nonlinear system which includes the effects of nonlocal vortex lattice elasticity and inertia. The detection of solitions could provide a method of quantitatively studying the vortex mass. An analogous dynamical system in plasma physics is described; the correspondence between characteristic length and time scales and energies is included.
New Rhenium--Tin Cluster Adds Palladium Phosphine Groups across Re--Sn Bonds

The new rhenium−tin complex Re2(CO)8(μ-SnPh2)2, 1 was obtained in 52% yield from the reaction of Re2(CO)8(μ-H)[μ-C(H)C(H)Bu] with Ph3SnH. Compound 1 contains two SnPh2 groups bridging a long Re−Re single bond, Re−Re = 3.1971(4) A [3.1902(4) A], Re−Sn = 2.7429(4) A [2.7445(4) A], and 2.7675(4) [2.7682(5) A]. A bis-Pd(PBut3) adduct of 1, Pd2Re2(CO)8(μ-SnPh2)2(PBut3)2, 2 was obtained from the reaction of 1 with Pd(PBut3)2. Compound 2 contains Pd(PBut3) groups bridging two of its four Re−Sn bonds. The Re−Re bond and the unbridged Re−Sn bonds in 2 are significantly longer than those in 1, 3.245(1) A and 2.8167(14) A, respectively. Fenske−Hall molecular orbital calculations on 1 and 2 have been performed to explain the metal−metal bonding in these unusual mixed-metal polynuclear metal complexes.
L 1 adaptive control of uncertain networked control systems

This paper studies the real-time implementation of output-feedback L1 adaptive controller over real-time networks. Event-triggering schedules the data transmission dependent upon errors exceeding certain threshold. A continuous-time L1 adaptive control algorithm is provided. Stability conditions are also provided in terms of sampling frequency, event thresholds, and allowable transmission delays. We show that the difference between the states of the resulting networked systems and an ideal model is uniformly bounded, which can be further reduced by increasing the sampling frequency and communication frequency.
P3C-10 Towards a Reflex Transmission Method For Ultrasound Thermometry

One of the main difficulties for safely and efficiently achieving tumor ablation with focused ultrasound is the ability to monitor the temperature in the target region. Currently only magnetic resonance thermometry methods can provide post- treatment measurement of temperature rise. Based on the desire to develop a cheaper, portable thermometry method, a number of ultrasound techniques have demonstrated promising results but have either been difficult to achieve in vivo or are limited to a through-transmission configuration. We are investigating the use of reflex transmission, backward projection and tomographic reconstruction methods for interrogating a heated region in a pulse-echo ultrasound configuration. The approach is based on the strong temperature dependence of sound speed of tissue and water, which can be recovered from the phase angle of the sound wave. The pulse- echo configuration is achieved via the premise of reflex transmission, which relies on the diffusive tissue structure to scatter the sound field back through the heated region to the diagnostic transducer. An experimental and numerical simulation feasibility study was conducted in water with a 1 MHz focused transducer and a 3 mm diameter (-6 dB) thermal plume with a 7 - 10 deg C peak temperature differential as a steady- state heat source. The sound fields from an unheated reference wave and a wave which has propagated through the heated region were measured separately with a 0.2 mm diameter needle hydrophone and subsequently projected back from the receiver to the thermal plume using a numerical backward projection method. Tomographic reconstruction of the difference in phase angle between the two projected fields was successful in identifying the region and spatial distribution of heating. Results from a simulation using the experimental parameters were similarly successful in demonstrating a change in the phase angle due to the presence of the thermal plume and thus detecting the plume's location and spatial temperature distribution. This approach shows promise as an ultrasound pulse-echo technique for not only noninvasively detecting the region of heating but also measuring temperature rise.
The World Religion Dataset, 1945–2010: Logic, Estimates, and Trends

This study introduces a new dataset on world religions. The World Religion Project consists of (a) a systematically developed classification of major world religions and religious families within major world religions, which enabled (b) the collection of data on the distribution of the population of all states in the international system across these religious categories, over the period of 1945–2010, and (c) a set of methods to reconcile among conflicting data from multiple sources, to deal with missing data, and to integrate multiple figures for a given observation. In the present study we discuss the significance of the World Religion Project, its internal logic and the development of the religion tree system of classification, and the data collection and data management process. We then provide a number of descriptive statistics about national, dyadic, regional, and global distributions of world religions, as well as some preliminary relationships between the religious similarity of states and their r...
Deltamethrin causes changes in protein phosphorylation activities associated with post-depolarization events in the synaptosomes from the optic lobe of squid, Loligo pealei.

Abstract 1, Deltamethrin causes a significant change in protein phosphorylation activities which follow depolarization. 2. The most significant change caused by deltamethrin was the prolonged elevation of the level of phosphorylation on a number of key synaptic proteins beyond the normal time of their recovery to the dephosphorylated state. 3. The best marker proteins reacting to deltamethrin in this manner were calcium-calmodulin dependent protein kinase and synapsin I.
Doping effects on the electronic and structural properties of CoO 2 : An LSDA + U study

A systematic local spin density approximation $(\mathrm{LSDA})+\mathrm{U}$ study of doping effects on the electronic and structural properties of single layer ${\mathrm{CoO}}_{2}$ is presented. Undoped ${\mathrm{CoO}}_{2}$ is a charge transfer insulator within $\mathrm{LSDA}+\mathrm{U}$ and a metal with a high density of states (DOS) at the Fermi level within LSDA. ${{(\mathrm{CoO}}_{2})}^{1.0\ensuremath{-}}$, on the other hand, is a band insulator with a gap of $2.2\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$. Systems with fractional doping are metals if no charge orderings are present. Due to the strong interaction between the doped electron and other correlated $\mathrm{Co}$ $d$ electrons, the calculated electronic structure of ${{(\mathrm{CoO}}_{2})}^{x\ensuremath{-}}$ depends sensitively on the doping level $x$. Zone center optical phonon energies are calculated under the frozen phonon approximation and are in good agreement with measured values. Softening of the ${E}_{g}$ phonon at doping $x\ensuremath{\sim}0.25$ seems to indicate a strong electron-phonon coupling in this system. Possible intermediate spin states of $\mathrm{Co}$ ions, $\mathrm{Na}$ ordering, as well as magnetic and charge orderings in this system are also discussed.
A methodology for simulation of daylight room illuminance distribution and light dimming for a room with a controlled shading device

This paper presents a methodology for detailed daylighting numerical simulation of an office space with an advanced window system and calculation of dimming levels for electric lights to provide the additional illuminance required so as to minimise electric energy consumption for lighting. The particular system considered is a double-glazed window with motorized highly reflective blinds between the two glazings installed in an outdoor test-room and operated by a custom-built computerised building automation system. The daylight transmittance equations for the window system were determined from experimental measurements. A major requirement for on-line control is the automatic determination of the blind tilt angle required in order to reduce glare and simultaneously allow the maximum possible amount of daylight into the room. Numerical simulations of blind control and light dimming are presented for a typical office.
The impact of defects on a process with rework

In this paper, we attempt to quantify the impact of defects on various system performance measures for a production process with 100% inspection followed by rework. In the literature, the number of defects (feedback loops) is assumed to be a random variable having a geometric distribution. We model the number of defects as a random variable having any general discrete distribution, and investigate the impact of the defect distribution on system performance measures such as yield, production lead time, and work-in-process inventory. We provide management guidelines for short term control decisions such as identifying potential bottlenecks under increased workloads and allocating additional resources to release bottlenecks. In order to meet the long term goal of continuously decreasing defect levels, we propose a budget allocation method for process improvement projects.
Myeloma cast nephropathy, direct renal infiltration by myeloma, and renal extramedullary hematopoiesis.

SH Nasr, BB Alobeid, JA Otrakji and GS Markowitz Department of Pathology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, New York, USA and Department of Medicine, Riverview Medical Center, Red Bank, New Jersey, USA Correspondence: SH Nasr, Department of Pathology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, VC14-224 New York City, New York 10032, USA. E-mail: sn386@columbia.edu http://www.kidney-international.org n e p h r o l o g y i m a g e
A generalized Shimura correspondence for newforms

Abstract We associate a set of half integral weight forms to an integral weight newform of odd level. We prove an explicit identity relating the central values of the twist L-functions of the newform to the Fourier coefficients of the half integral weight forms.
Improved method for correction of systematic bias introduced by the sub-voxel image registration process in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

During functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) brain examinations, the signal extraction from a large number of images is used to evaluate changes in blood oxygenation levels by applying statistical methodology. Image registration is essential as it assists in providing accurate fractional positioning accomplished by using interpolation between sequentially acquired fMRI images. Unfortunately, current subvoxel registration methods found in standard software may produce significant bias in the variance estimator when interpolating with fractional, spatial voxel shifts. It was found that interpolation schemes, as currently applied during the registration of functional brain images, could introduce statistical bias, but there is a possible correction scheme. This bias was shown to result from the "weighted-averaging" process employed by conventional implementation of interpolation schemes. The most severe consequence of inaccurate variance estimators is the undesirable violation of the fundamental 'stationary' assumption required for many statistical methods and Gaussian random field analysis. Thus, this bias violates assumptions of the general linear model (GLM) and/or t-tests commonly used in fMRI studies. Using simulated data as well as actual human data in this, it was demonstrated that this artifact can significantly alter the magnitude and location of the resulting activation patterns/results. Further, the work detailed here introduces a bias correction scheme and evaluates the improved accuracy of its sample variance calculation and influence on fMRI results through comparison with traditional fMRI image registered data.
Ultraviolet Spectrometric Determination of Phenols as Phenolate Anions

Abstract The determination of phenols is important in many areas, such as the characterization of hazardous waste products and the analysis of coal gasification by-products and the analysis of coal gasification by-product waters. Ultraviolet spectrometric phenolate anion measurement is a simple and reliable technique for the selective determination of phenol concentrations in water. For most common phenols, the difference in absorptivity at 291 nm caused by raising the pH from 7 to 12 and converting unionized phenols to phenolate anions provides an accurate measure of phenol concentrations despite variable sample compositions. This technique may be applied directly to aqueous samples or to other samples after extraction of phenols with a solvent.
Selective elimination of mutant mitochondrial genomes as therapeutic strategy for the treatment of NARP and MILS syndromes

Mitochondrial diseases are not uncommon, and may result from mutations in both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). At present, only palliative therapies are available for these disorders, and interest in the development of efficient treatment protocols is high. Here, we demonstrate that in cells heteroplasmic for the T8993G mutation, which is a cause for the NARP and MILS syndromes, infection with an adenovirus, which encodes the mitochondrially targeted R.XmaI restriction endonuclease, leads to selective destruction of mutant mtDNA. This destruction proceeds in a time- and dose-dependent manner and results in cells with significantly increased rates of oxygen consumption and ATP production. The delivery of R.XmaI to mitochondria is accompanied by improvement in the ability to utilize galactose as the sole carbon source, which is a surrogate indicator of the proficiency of oxidative phosphorylation. Concurrently, the rate of lactic acid production by these cells, which is a marker of mitochondrial dysfunction, decreases. We further demonstrate that levels of phosphorylated P53 and γH2ax proteins, markers of nuclear DNA damage, do not change in response to infection with recombinant adenovirus indicating the absence of nuclear DNA damage and the relative safety of the technique. Finally, some advantages and limitations of the proposed approach are discussed.
ASEPTIC MENINGITIS IN JEFFERSON COUNTY, ALABAMA

During the period June 1-October 15, 1983, an epidemic of 241 cases of aseptic meningitis occurred among Jefferson county residents (35.9 cases per 100,000 population). The mean age of the patients was 15.1 years and 54% were male. The attack rate in blacks was 1.7 times greater than whites (1.29-2.23; 95% C.L.). Enteroviruses were isolated from 12 of the 21 patients studied, including Coxsackie B5 (9 cases), Coxsackie B2 (1), ECHO 30 (1), and ECHO 16 (1). The unusually high attack rate in children under six months of age (50 cases; 9.3/1,000) is consistent with a recent report suggesting that the incidence in this age group is much greater than previously suspected. A case-control study, which included 44 of the 50 patients under six months of age and 88 controls matched for sex, race, and date of birth, revealed significantly more case families (13/44) with members who had an enterovirus-like illness during the month before hospitalization than control families (7/88) during the same time period (O.R.=4.8; 1.60-14.3, 95% C.L.). No significant differences were found between cases and controls with respect to breastfeeding, prematurity, family size, or recent history of receiving TOPV. The latter finding does not support published suggestions that recent TOPV administration protects against nonpolio enteroviral disease by interference phenomena in the gastrointestinal tract.
‘Freedom to’ and ‘freedom from’: A new vision for sex-positive politics:

While the sex-positive movement has made a significant contribution to the advancement of women's sexuality, much of this work has emphasized ‘positive liberty,’ that is, women's freedom to expand sexual expression and sexual diversity. This work has largely ignored women's freedom from oppressive mandates and requirements about their sexuality, that is, ‘negative liberty.’ Drawing upon anarchist theories from the 19th and 20th centuries, political theories of positive and negative liberty, early radical feminist arguments, and the infamous ‘sex wars’ of the 1980s, the fundamental tension between women's freedom to do what they want, and freedom from doing what others require of them, proves a critical juncture in feminist understandings of sexual freedom. To illustrate this, I examine seven key examples where women are caught between joyous celebrations of sexual progress and disturbingly regressive attacks on their sexual empowerment: orgasm, sexual satisfaction, treatment for sexual dysfunction, rape a...
Undergraduate Analytical Chemistry: To Use and Evaluate Organic Chelators for Spectrophotometric Determination of Iron

Abstract An analytical chemistry laboratory project to use and evaluate pyridyl‐ and triazine‐containing chelators for spectrophotometric determination of iron is described. The “Iron Project” introduces students to UV‐visible spectrophotometry and Beer's law via hands‐on development and use of spectrophotometric methods for iron. Nine chelators are currently available for use. Students perform their proposed work, culminating in formal papers and posters. Student values of molar absorptivities (ϵmax) and λmax for ligands 1–9 agree with published values to within ±15% (ϵmax) and ±3 nm (λmax) for 75% of results obtained so far. Stoichiometries for Fe(II) chelates of ligands 1–5 are within ±1 mole of ligand of the published ratios. Student work shows a basic understanding of Beer's law as well as a need to improve writing, problem‐solving, and laboratory skills.
GEOCHEMICAL PARTITIONING OF ACTINIDES USING SEQUENTIAL CHEMICAL EXTRACTIONS : COMPARISON TO STABLE ELEMENTS

We have developed a sequential extraction technique for determining the geochemical partitioning of Am, Pu, and U in soils and sediments. Stable element analyses were combined with radiometric measurements to determine the most probable geochemical host phases of these actinides in reference sediment IAEA-135.241 Am results indicate an association with carbonate minerals and organic matter. The extraction profile of238U was similar to that of refractory elements Al, Ti, and K.239/240Pu data suggest a fractionation of Pu into Fe-bearing phases of varying solubility. The reproducibility of the method was quite good (replicates agreed to within 10% at a 95% confidence level).
Microcraters formed in hot glass by hypervelocity projectiles

Microcraters were formed in heated soda-lime glass by the normal incidence of spheres of plastic or fused silica with diameters between 0.8 and 4.5μm and velocities between 2.5 and 10 km s−1. The morphology of the craters in targets at temperatures up to 800°C is little different from those formed in unheated glass. Spallation still occurs to the same extent and above the same velocity threshold, but the spalls sag and sharp edges become dull in a few seconds at temperatures above the softening point. There is a small increase in the flow of glass from the central pit into a narrow lip at the higher temperatures, but this lip is often removed by spallation, especially at the higher velocities of impact. There is no evidence of a splashed lip with strings of melt overlying the spalled area. The results in conjunction with other evidence suggest that most lunar craters of micrometer size with a smooth central pit, splashed lip, and a spallation zone are the result of primary impacts.
A comparison of anions which induce the absorption of 2,2′-bipyridine complexes of cadmium(II) at mercury*

Abstract The marked effects on the adsorption of complexes of Cd(II) with 2,2−bipyridine produced by variations in the identities and concentrations of the anions present in the supporting electrolyte are elaborated. In several cases the extent of adsorption is found to be determined by the product [Cd(II)][X − ] 2 where X − is the adsorption-inducing anion. This behavior can be rationalized by considering the adsorption as analogous to the extraction of uncharged complexes or ion-pairs from an aqueous to a nonaqueous solvent as in liquid-liquid extraction. Certain anions produce adsorbed layers which inhibit the reduction of the Cd(II) complexes while others, at the same coverages, do not. A possible explanation for the differences in behavior is suggested.
Dual inhibitory pathways link antral somatostatin and histamine secretion in human, dog, and rat stomach

Abstract Background & Aims The secretion and function of antral histamine are not known. The aims of this study were to characterize the mechanisms of histamine release from the gastric antrum of humans, dogs, and rats and to determine whether histamine can influence the secretion of somatostatin and gastrin. Methods Somatostatin, gastrin, and histamine secretion from superfused antral segments was measured using radioimmunoassay. Results Superfusion with thioperamide (H 3 antagonist) increased somatostatin and decreased gastrin and histamine secretion in all three species; superfusion with (r)-α-methylhistamine (H 3 agonist) had the opposite effect. The pattern implied that endogenous histamine, acting via H 3 receptors, exerts an inhibitory paracrine influence on somatostatin secretion, which in turn regulates gastrin secretion. Superfusion with somatostatin antibody increased histamine secretion; the increase was not affected by the gastrin antagonist L-365,260, implying that it was not mediated by the concurrent increase in gastrin but by suppression of an inhibitory pathway linking somatostatin and histamine. Superfusion with methacholine alone and in the presence of either the H 3 agonist or antagonist confirmed the existence of reciprocal inhibitory pathways linking somatostatin and histamine. Conclusions Antral histamine in humans, dogs, and rats is linked to antral somatostatin via reciprocal inhibitory paracrine pathways that serve to amplify the regulatory influence of somatostatin.
The Coded Elaborative Outline as a Strategy to Help Students Learn from Text.

Abstract The coded elaborative outline (CEO) was evaluated as a strategy for helping students learn from text. CEOs are outlines of main points that include both coding the information read and elaborating on that information to enhance meaning. Five treatment conditions were compared: (a) CEO required, (b) CEO voluntary, (c) CEO instruction only, (d) standard outline required, and (e) no outline. Five college classes, equivalent in verbal comprehension and grade motivation, were randomly assigned to the five treatment conditions as part of an undergraduate educational psychology course. The treatment conditions extended over a 5-week period and involved the study of six textbook chapters. Subsequently, all students were tested on a 100-item achievement test that was referenced to the content taught during the treatment period. Results showed that students who were required to write and submit CEOs for the textbook chapters covered on the test scored significantly higher than students in the other four co...
Hybrid Neurons in a MicroRNA Mutant Are Putative Evolutionary Intermediates in Insect CO2 Sensory Systems

Carbon dioxide (CO2) elicits different olfactory behaviors across species. In Drosophila, neurons that detect CO2 are located in the antenna, form connections in a ventral glomerulus in the antennal lobe, and mediate avoidance. By contrast, in the mosquito these neurons are in the maxillary palps (MPs), connect to medial sites, and promote attraction. We found in Drosophila that loss of a microRNA, miR-279, leads to formation of CO2 neurons in the MPs. miR-279 acts through down-regulation of the transcription factor Nerfin-1. The ectopic neurons are hybrid cells. They express CO2 receptors and form connections characteristic of CO2 neurons, while exhibiting wiring and receptor characteristics of MP olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). We propose that this hybrid ORN reveals a cellular intermediate in the evolution of species-specific behaviors elicited by CO2.
Use of instruction set simulators to evaluate the LOW RISC

The LOW RISC has been proposed as an HLL architecture for Prolog. This paper describes the development and use of software simulators for evaluation of the LOW RISC instruction set.
MDCT of renal and mesenteric vessels.

Computed tomography angiography (CTA) with multiple detecto-row CT (MDCT) has evolved into an established technique for non-invasive imaging of renal and mesenteric vessels. With adequate selection of acquisition parameters (thin collimation) high spatial-resolution volumetric data sets for subsequent 2D and 3D reformation can be acquired. Contrast medium (CM) injection parameters need to be adjusted to the acquisition speed of the scanners. Whereas fast acquisitions allow a reduction of total CM volume in the setting of CTA, this is not the case when CTA is combined with a second-phase abdominal MDCT acquisition for parenchymal (e.g., hepatic) imaging. Renal CTA is an accurate and reliable test for visualizing vascular anatomy and renal artery stenosis, and therefore a viable alternative to MRA in the assessment of patients with renovascular hypertension and in potential living related renal donors. CTA, combined with abdominal/parenchymal MDCT is a first-line diagnostic test in patients with suspected abdominal vascular emergencies, such as acute mesenteric ischemia, and an excellent tool to assess a wide variety of vascular abnormalities of the abdominal viscera.
Does the Hopelessness Theory Account for Sex Differences in Depressive Symptoms Among Young Adults

The present study examined whether the sex difference in depression could be accounted for within the framework of the hopelessness theory of depression. Specifically, we tested whether young adults’ negative inferential styles mediated the sex difference in depressive symptoms or whether sex moderated the cognitive vulnerability-stress effects on depressive symptoms in a multi-wave longitudinal study. In doing so, we examined the different forms of negative inferential styles separately (causes, consequences, self-characteristics, composite, weakest link). Results did not support the mediation hypothesis. In terms of the moderation hypothesis, we found significant sex × inferential style × stress interactions predicting depressive symptoms across the follow-up, with the vulnerability-stress effects significant for men but not women. Among women, negative inferential styles and life events were independent predictors of depressive symptoms. In these moderation analyses, each of the inferential styles exhibited similar predictive validity.
Effect of triiodothyronine on postischemic myocardial function in the isolated heart

Abstract Thyroid dysfunction has been shown to have a significant impact on hemodynamic status and cardiac function. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of triiodothyronine (T 3 ) on cardiac functional recovery after ischemia in a dose-dependent manner. Postischemic functional recovery was assessed in isolated rabbit hearts mounted in a modified Langendorff preparation. Left ventricular systolic, diastolic, and peak developed pressures were measured before and after ischemia, and calculated as a percentage of preischemic function. Two cohorts of hearts were studied: the first was exposed to warm ischemia until a myocardial contracture of 4 mm Hg was produced; the second cohort was exposed to warm ischemia until a contracture of 15 mm Hg was observed. In each cohort, T 3 was added to the perfusion solution after ischemia in a physiologic concentration (2.5 × 10 −9 g/mL; 1 × T 3 ), as well as ten times (2.5 × 10 −8 g/ml; 10 × T 3 and a hundred times (2.5 × 10 −7 g/mL; 100 × T 3 ) the physiologic concentration. One group, given the carrier only but without T 3 , served as the control. Rabbit hearts exposed to a short period of ischemia (4-mm Hg diastolic contracture) showed increased recovery with 1 × T 3 and 10 × T 3 ,100 x T 3 did not bring about improved left ventricular recovery versus that in the control group. Rabbit hearts in the 15 mm Hg-diastolic contracture cohort showed increased recovery with 10 × T 3 but not with 1 × T 3 . 100 × T 3 led to decreased recovery in this cohort versus that in the control group. T 3 supplementation had no influence either on the wet-dry weight ratio of myocardium, measured at the end of reperfusion, or on coronary flow throughout the postischemic period. These findings indicate that T 3 enhances recovery after ischemia in a relatively dose-dependent fashion over a wide therapeutic range.
Oxidative stress oppositely modulates protein tyrosine phosphorylation stimulated by muscarinic G protein–coupled and epidermal growth factor receptors

This study's goals were to more fully define the activation of protein tyrosine phosphorylation stimulated by muscarinic receptors, to test if this signaling process is affected by oxidative stress induced by H2O2, and to compare the effects of H2O2 on protein tyrosine phosphorylation activated by epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors. Experiments used human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells which express endogenous M3 muscarinic and EGF receptors. Carbachol induced time-dependent increases in phosphotyrosine immunoreactivity of several protein bands, which were quantitated, and immunoprecipitation was used to identify the adhesion-related proteins focal adhesion kinase, p130Cas/HEF1, and paxillin, and three shc adapter proteins. Carbachol-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the adhesion-related proteins was mediated by muscarinic receptors, and was inhibited by a src family kinase inhibitor, PP1. That carbachol can activate src family kinases was indicated further by the finding that carbachol induced an increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of p120-src substrate, which was inhibited by PP1. Oxidative stress induced by H2O2 concentration dependently inhibited carbachol-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of each of the adhesion-related proteins. EGF increased the phosphotyrosine immunoreactivity of 180- and 116-kDa proteins, identified as the EGF receptor and Cbl, respectively. In contrast to the results with carbachol, H2O2 potentiated EGF-induced tyrosine phosphorylation. These results demonstrate that muscarinic receptor activation induces previously unrecognized increases in tyrosine phosphorylation, and that this signaling process is impaired by H2O2, whereas protein tyrosine phosphorylation stimulated by EGF is increased by H2O2. Thus, oxidative stress can oppositely modulate protein tyrosine phosphorylation induced by activation of G protein-coupled and growth factor receptors in the same cells.
Bridging the quality divide in state legislature websites: New Jersey leads by example

The digital divide is not the only gap relating to the Internet. The Websites of state legislatures have demonstrated widespread differences in content and design so as to create a quality divide. This disparity potentially inhibits these sites from stimulating public participation. New Jersey, rated as the top site, serves as an example of best practices. Legislatures with poorer sites should adopt some of these practices so as to better develop the Internet as a public resource.
Self-Perceptions on the Impact of Diabetes Among Working Adults: Insights into Disability Prevention

Effective diabetes self-management requires persons to be active participants in their care to prevent poor function and maintain independence and employment. Persons’ perceptions and understanding of the potential impact of the disease could influence their self-management practices and success. This study explores perceptions on the impact of diabetes on future independence and employment. Findings indicate that 34% of participants believed diabetes would affect their employment, and 57% believed it would impact their independence. Logistic regression analyses showed that participants who believed that diabetes would impact employment were more likely to be younger, Native Hawaiian, and in poor physical health and to have been diagnosed with diabetes for a longer period of time. Those concerned with future independence were more likely to be younger and in poor physical and mental health. Understanding the associations between individual characteristics and perceived future abilities may enable healthcare professionals to tailor health education, promotion, and maintenance interventions to the needs of specific sub-populations of diabetics.
Ophthalmic complications of endoscopic sinus surgery

The intimate anatomical relationship between the orbit and the paranasal sinuses places the orbit and its contents at risk of harm from primary pathologic processes of the sinuses. In the absence of ophthalmic signs or symptoms, ophthalmologists are not routinely involved in the management of patients with sinus disease. Occasionally, some patients may develop ophthalmic complaints after surgical intervention. The orbit, optic nerve, extraocular muscles, and lacrimal drainage system are susceptible to injury during endoscopic sinus surgery. The risk of injury is related to the skill of the sinus surgeon, history of previous surgery, extent and severity of disease, and anatomic variation. Furthermore, recent advances in endoscopic sinus surgery, in particular the use of powered cutting instruments, has resulted in a novel mechanism of injury to the ocular structures.
Neural mechanisms in sound detection and temporal summation

Abstract The psychophysics and neurophysiology of sound detection in quiet and under noise masking were studied in goldfish. Psychophysical masking is a linear function of masker level. For long duration signals, signal-to-noise ratios (S/N) at threshold are 15.5, 19. and 22.5 dB for 200, 400 and 800 Hz signals, respectively, and is − 5 dB for a noise signal. Threshold declines with signal duration to about 700 ms. The slopes of the masked temporal summation functions are about unity, indicating that energy is constant at threshold. In quiet however, the slopes are generally less than 0.5, indicating that shorter signals are detected at lower energy. Neural correlates of the masked S/Ns and the slopes of temporal summation functions were sought in the response patterns of single saccular neurons. Rate- and synchronization-intensity functions were obtained for tone and noise signals in quiet and in noise. S/Ns at behavioral threshold correspond closely to those required to raise spike rate just above that evoked by the masker alone, but are well above those required to cause clear synchronization. Therefore, sound detection is probably based on spike rate and not synchronization criteria. The equivalence of behavioral and neural thresholds indicates that the filters used in behavioral sound detection are simply the bandwidths of saccular fibers. A model outlined by Zwislocki which predicts the rate of temporal summation from the rate of growth of neural activity with intensity accounts quite well for the observed slopes of temporal summation functions both in quiet and in noise.
On the estimation of the number of dipole sources in EEG source localization.

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to determine the number of the equivalent dipole sources corresponding to the scalp EEG using the information criterion method based on the instantaneous-state modeling. Methods: A three-concentric-spheres head model was used to represent the head volume conductor. The Powell algorithm was used to solve the inverse problem of estimating the equivalent dipoles from the scalp EEG. The information criterion with different penalty functions was used to determine the dipole number. Computer simulations were conducted to evaluate effects of various parameters on the estimation of dipole number. Results: The present results suggest that the present method is able to estimate the number of equivalent current dipoles (ECDs) from instantaneous scalp EEG measurements, and that increase in the electrode number can improve the accuracy of estimation of the ECD number. For two ECDs, the best performance of estimation with 20% white noise were 85%, 92% and 94%, when 64, 128 and 256 electrodes are used, respectively. When there are 3 ECDs, the present results suggest that using 256 electrodes gave up to 82% estimation accuracy. The present simulation results also indicate that the accuracies of identification are similar when the minimum distance between dipoles is either 1 or 2 cm, which was used in the simulation. It was also found that the different penalty functions used in the information criterion method could have substantial influence on the estimation accuracy. Conclusions: The present method can estimate the number of ECDs from instantaneous scalp EEG distribution for up to three dipoles. Significance: The successful estimation of the number of ECDs will play an important role in expanding the applicability of dipole source localization to multiple sources.
Agency, Nature, Transcendence, and Moralism: A Review of Recent Work in Moral Psychology

Recent work in moral and philosophical psychology provides valuable resources for religious ethicists, and this review examines contributions by Julia Annas, Annette Baier, John Bowlin, John McDowell, and William Wainwright. This literature raises important questions about the character of human moral beingas naturalistic, about whether an explicitly supernatural morality can be other than inevitably “moralistic,” and about how that might be so. Nonetheless, religious ethicists should appropriate it only with care, particularly in its emphasis on naturalism, and the partiality of its appropriation of ancient thinkers.
Kinetics of pulmonary surfactant phosphatidylcholine metabolism in the lungs of silica-treated rats

Exposure of rats to silica by intratracheal injection increased the intra- and extracellular compartments of pulmonary surfactant phospholipid. These changes were dose and time dependent, but both pools were not affected equally. Seven days after the instillation of 10 mg of silica, the intracellular pool increased 13.3-fold, from 1.49 +/- 0.30 to 19.86 +/- 0.77 mg of surfactant phospholipid per pair of lungs, and the extracellular pool increased 7.4-fold, from 1.87 +/- 0.79 to 13.79 +/- 0.72 mg of surfactant phospholipid per pair of lungs. To investigate the physiologic processes responsible for these massive accumulations of surfactant. [14C]choline was injected into the tail veins of control and silica-treated rats and the specific activity of surfactant phospholipids within the intracellular and extracellular pools was determined at various times between 0 and 26 hr after injection. All of the processes measured were increased in response to silica exposure, but not to the same extent. At 1 hr, incorporation of [14C]choline into the intracellular surfactant pool was increased 12.6-fold above controls, from 4.8 +/- 1.1 x 10(3) to 60.6 +/- 26.6 x 10(3) dpm. The flux of [14C]choline-labeled phospholipid from the intracellular to the extracellular pool was increased 7.3-fold, from 102 +/- 10 to 749 +/- 39 micrograms/hr in silica-treated animals, but its disappearance from the extracellular pool was increased only 5.0-fold, from 87 +/- 8 to 434 +/- 21 micrograms/hr. The half-life of [14C]choline-labeled phospholipids in the intracellular pool of surfactant was increased from 10.1 +/- 1.0 to 18.3 +/- 5.3 hr and that in the extracellular surfactant pool from 14.8 +/- 1.4 to 21.9 +/- 4.9 hr. Expansion of the intra- and extracellular pools of surfactant phospholipids may be explained on the basis of a metabolic imbalance in which the intracellular production of surfactant is increased above its secretion rate into the extracellular compartment, and the secretion rate is elevated above the rate at which surfactant phospholipids are cleared from the alveoli.
The marginal mandibulectomy for the treatment of mandibular tumours

Abstract With the knowledge and techniques gained from orthognathic surgery and more precise imaging techniques, it has become more practical to carry out rim or marginal resections for some malignant tumours of the alveolus to preserve mandibular continuity and yet have adequate tumour margins. This is of great functional and cosmetic importance to the patient. A study of 11 patients is presented to analyse criteria for carrying out this procedure.