cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magnetic characterization of the new magnetic mineral tetrataenite and its contrast with isochemical taenite

Abstract Taenite with 48–57% Ni is magnetically soft, but when transformed via atomic ordering below 320°C it becomes the new magnetic mineral tetrataenite with considerable magnetic hardness and other distinctive magnetic properties. Tetrataenite is ubiquitous in chondrite meteorites, occurring as discrete grains, as a clear taenite rim, and in the etched cloudy zone. Measured remanent coercivities range from ∼ 30 mT in Appley Bridge (LL4) to ∼ 600 mT in some Bjurbole (L4) chondrules. This range suggests a considerable variation in tetrataenite properties that might be related to degree of order, size and properties of the ordered regions, possible shock induced effects, and other causes, including the initial grain size, particularly in the cloudy zone. Tetrataenite is characterized during heating to the apparent Curie point near 550°C, and taenite is characterized during subsequent cooling to room temperature. This record is possible because of the large magnetic anisotropy contrasts between tetrataenite and taenite and the fact that heating to the apparent Curie point destroys the magnetic anisotropy of tetrataenite, thereby allowing a taenite cooling record. Failure to recognize the presence of tetrataenite can result in considerable misinterpretation of thermomagnetic analysis since the curve shapes for tetrataenite and taenite can be different. Magnetic hysteresis loops, thermomagnetic curves, coercivity-temperature curves, and saturation remanence thermal demagnetization curves provide unquestionable records of two vastly different magnetic materials. Classical magnetic techniques can be used to monitor the progress of disordering of the tetrataenite during isothermal annealing. Magnetic hysteresis loop measurements of a Bjurbole chondrule at 488°C clearly record the magnetic parameter changes associated with disordering. Because of the large coercivity and other distinctive properties, tetrataenite exerts significant control on the bulk magnetic properties of meteorites regardless of its volumetric significance. Paleofield estimates to date have not considered the role of tetrataenite and should therefore be accepted with caution.
A prearranged mentorship program: can it work long distance?

Mentoring is a supportive and nurturing relationship between an expert and a novice. A formal mentorship program was embarked on by the Southern Council on Collegiate Education in Nursing during the early 1990s. The purpose of this article is to share the unique experience of two faculty who were assigned as mentors through a written inventory process and who were able to establish a successful mentorship, overcoming the barriers of time, distance, and an apparent mismatch of interests and clinical skills. The authors recommend mentoring as an important professional endeavor. Everyone—mentor, protege, and the nursing profession as a whole—gains during the mentoring process.
Mass movement of sediment on the continental slope and rise seaward of the Baltimore Canyon Trough

Abstract Sediment instability has produced large submarine slides on the continental slope and rise seaward of the coast of New Jersey and the Baltimore Canyon Trough. Sediment failure is confined to Quaternary material over a continuous mid-Pliocene unconformity. The thickness of Pleistocene sediment is greatest in proximity to Wilmington and Spencer Canyons, indicating that the canyons influence the amount of sediment on the lower slope and rise. Differences in thickness of sediment between both canyons suggest variations in the amount of sediment each transported. Sediment failure is ubiquitous in this area. Instability appears to be related to sediment thickness rather than to other trigger mechanisms. Rapid sediment accumulation and the probable low shear strength-under-consolidated condition of Pleistocene deposits on the mid-Pliocene unconformity are believed to be major factors controlling sediment instability in this area.
Clinical utility of valsartan in treatment of children and adolescents with high blood pressure

The incidence of hypertension in the pediatric population has been increasing secondary to lifestyle changes in children and adolescents. Recent studies have enhanced our understanding of the treatment of pediatric hypertension. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors have traditionally been the most commonly used class of medication in children with hypertension. This is partly due to the important role of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system pathway in the mediation of pediatric hypertension. Angiotensin receptor blockers provide a reasonable alternative to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. The need for better tolerated antihypertensives had led to development of many new antihypertensives. Valsartan is a relatively novel angiotensin receptor blocker that has been shown to be effective in the treatment of pediatric hypertension. Two recent trials have demonstrated the efficacy of valsartan monotherapy in the pediatric population aged 1–16 years. Once-daily oral preparations of valsartan achieve adequate blood pressure control in the pediatric population. Lack of generic formulations is an important disadvantage. Plasma levels are predictable and clearance is primarily by the liver. Valsartan should be prescribed cautiously for sexually active adolescent females due to concern about angiotensin receptor blocker fetopathy. Otherwise, the drug has infrequent side effects. In summary, valsartan is a new and useful alternative to conventional antihypertensive therapy in pediatric population.
EXTRACELLULAR VOLUME IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC RENAL DISEASE TREATED FOR HYPERTENSION BY SODIUM RESTRICTION

Abstract Using radioactive isotopes of bromine and sodium, extracellular volume (E.C.V.) and total exchangeable sodium (Na e ) were measured in healthy controls and in patients with chronic renal failure. When these measurements were referred in the controls to lean body mass, there was a very close correlation and a small range for the normal values. Measurements of E.C.V. and Na e in patients with chronic renal failure demonstrated that when blood-pressure control was adequate these values were normal or slightly increased but not decreased.
Lycopene modulates growth and survival associated genes in prostate cancer

Lycopene is a fat soluble red-orange carotenoid pigment present in tomato that reduces the risk for prostate cancer, a common malignancy among men. However, the mechanism by which lycopene attenuates prostate cancer is not fully defined. In this study we examined the effect of lycopene on proliferation, survival, and biomarker gene expression in prostate cancer (PC-3) cells in culture. WST-1 assay showed that lycopene induces a biphasic effect on PC-3 cells with a modest increase in proliferation at 1-5 μM, no change at 10-25 μM and a decrease at 50-100 μM doses in culture. Interestingly, combination treatment with lycopene induced anti-proliferative effect of Temozolomide on PC-3 cells. Lycopene also augmented the anti-proliferative effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonists, but not Doxorubicin or Taxol, in prostate cancer. Flow cytometry analyses showed that lycopene, in combination with chemotherapeutic agents and PPARγ agonists, induced modest cell cycle arrest with significant increase in cell death by apoptosis and necrosis on prostate cancer. Gene array and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses showed that lycopene alters the expression of growth and apoptosis associated biomarkers in PC-3 cells. These findings highlight that lycopene attenuates prostate cancer by modulating the expression of growth and survival associated genes.
Genesis of carbonate in pyrope from ultramafic diatremes on the Colorado Plateau, southwestern United States

Mineral associations and compositions of carbonates within pyrope crystals are clues to the genesis of mantle carbonate and to the character of metasomatic melts in depleted peridotite. The pyrope crystals are in ultramafic diatremes of the Navajo field on the Colorado Plateau. Although inclusions of olivine and pyroxene are typically monomineralic, 4 of 6 inclusions of carbonates and hydrates are polymineralic. Polymineralic assemblages include: pargasite-magnesite-dolomite-apatite-spinel; pargasite-dolomite-Ba phlogopite (with 10% BaO); olivine-dolomite-spinel; edenite-chlorite; and olivine-ilmenite-spinel. Magnesite and chlorite are present also as monomineralic inclusions. The two inclusions with pargasite plus carbonate are in the same garnet; the association of carbonates plus hydrates and the enrichment in Ba are evidence that the included minerals originated from melt trapped in pyrope. The pargasite and mica are F-poor and contain about 0.4 and 1.1 wt% Cl, respectively, more than any other analyzed mantle amphibole or mica. If the parent melts of such inclusions are similar to those responsible for trace-element metasomatism of continental lithosphere, then these melts have higher Cl/F ratios than those inferred from typical xenolith minerals. Amphibole-garnet and olivine-spinel equilibration temperatures are in the range 500–700° C, so the garnets cooled to low temperatures within the mantle following inclusion of melt. All the hydrates and carbonates may have formed from trapped melt, but evidence is strong only for the complex pargasite-carbonate-mica inclusions. Two garnets containing chlorite are more Cr-rich and Fe-poor than most other inclusion-bearing pyropes, and the chlorite may have been included during prograde metamorphism of subducted lithosphere.
The renormalization group analysis of the spin-spin correlation function in the two-dimensional Ising model

Abstract We consider the scaling limit of the two-dimensional Ising model, which gives a theory of a massive Majorana fermion. By solving the renormalization group equations we determine the possible logarithmic dependence on the mass in the short-distance expansion of the spin-spin correlation function. In this paper we do not attempt to calculate the coefficients of the short-distance expansion explicitly.
Episcleral plaque radiotherapy in the treatment of uveal melanomas

Abstract During an 8-year period, 85 patients with uveal melanomas were treated with episcleral plaque radiotherapy (EPRT). The T-stage was: T 1 − 3 (4%), T 2 − 29 (34%) and T 3 − 53 (62%). The mean tumor elevation was 6.1 mm. Radiation dose was prescribed at the tumor apex and at D 5 mm . The mean D 5 mm dose was 150.1 Gy (range 70.5–430 Gy) and the mean dose at the apex was 102.6 Gy (range 29.8–200 Gy). Useful vision ( >5200) was maintained in 73% of patients. The 5-year actuarial survival was 88%. Metastatic disease developed in 9 (11%) patients, 6 of whom died of their disease. Basal tumor dimensions were important factors predicting metastatic disease, p = 0.002. A decrease in tumor elevation was seen in 82%. There was a much lower incidence of decrease in tumor radial and circumferential dimensions, 47.5 and 46%, respectively, p p = 0.04. The incidence of complications was higher in patients treated prior to 1988 as compared to those who were treated more recently (67 vs 35%, p = 0.010). There were 13 (15%) patients who had enucleation. This included 12 treated before 1986 and 1 patient treated subsequently (46 vs 2%, p p = 0.004. In a multivariate analysis, however, the most important factor predicting enucleation was treatment administration prior to 1986, p
On the construction of a prolog-based verifier for systolic array designs

In this paper, we present VSTA, our Prolog-based verifier, for formal specification and verification of systolic architectures. VSTA allows users to design systolic array architectures in the STA specification language (STA was developed earlier by Ling for formal description and reasoning of systolic designs) and semi-automatically verifies these designs The implementation of VSTA is based on a standard Prolog system. Its interface uses Motif system calls based on the X11 and UNIX environments. VSTA provides facilities to assist the user in the design of systolic array specifications. The system allows a formal proof to be derived interactively with suggestions from the user. The proof techniques used are mathematical induction and rewriting. The induction technique is adopted to exploit the regularity and locality nature of systolic array architectures. A number of verification tactics are developed and their operational rules are used in the verifier. Using the powerful symbolic computation ability of Prolog, particularly pattern matching, automatic backtracking, and depth-first searching, the verifier performs efficiently in the construction of proofs. We also describe the strategies we used in proving a matrix multiplication systolic array and an LU decomposition systolic array.
A neuroimaging method for the study of threat in adolescents

Little is understood about the brain basis of anxiety, particularly among youth. However, threat paradigms with animals are delineating the relationship between anxietylike behaviors and brain function. We adapted a threat paradigm for adolescents using functional magnetic resonance imaging. The aim was to examine amygdala activation to fear. The threat was an aversive air blast directed to the larynx. Participants were explicitly informed that they might receive the air blast when viewing one stimulus (threat condition) and would not receive the blast when viewing the other stimulus (safe condition). Participants provided fear ratings immediately after each trial. Based on the relatively mild nature of the air blast, we expected participants to report varying degrees of fear. Those who reported increased fear showed right amygdala activation during the threat condition and left amygdala activation in the safe condition. These procedures offer a promising tool for studying youth with anxiety disorders.
A fruit-tracking system for robotic harvesting

The fruit-tracking system described in this article estimated in real-time (60 Hz) the size and position of a valid fruit region in color images. This information was used to control the motion of a fruit-picking robot. Statistical classification of color pixels was employed to improve image processing under the variety of imaging conditions encountered in a grove. Manual specification of valid fruit colors was possible through interactive training sessions. Object-oriented aperture control allowed adjustment of image exposure based on the illumination level of a targeted fruit. This feature increased the dynamic illumination range of the tracking system by ignoring excessively dark or bright background conditions. The performance of the fruit-tracking system was evaluated with off-line tests and under actual operating conditions.
Defect in Phosphorylation of Insulin Receptors in Cells from an Insulin-Resistant Patient with Normal Insulin Binding

Mononuclear blood cells were obtained from a patient with type A insulin resistance. The cells showed a normal ability to bind iodine 125-labeled insulin. Analysis of solubilized insulin receptors from the patient's cells revealed a defect in insulin-stimulated tyrosine kinase activity, which is closely associated with the receptor itself. The enzyme failed to phosphorylate the insulin receptor and showed a markedly reduced ability to phosphorylate exogenously added substrates. It appears that receptors from this insulin-resistant patient have a defect distal to the insulin-binding site (the alpha subunit of the receptor). The defect could be located in the beta subunit, which has an adenosine triphosphate-binding site, or in another receptor component that transfers a signal of insulin binding into kinase activity. This dissociation between the normal binding and the defective protein kinase component of the insulin receptor represents the first biochemical defect of the receptor distal to ligand binding.
Structural and stratigraphic evolution of the Calico Mountains: Implications for early Miocene extension and Neogene transpression in the central Mojave Desert, California

New geologic mapping, structural data, and 40 Ar/ 39 Ar geochronology document early Miocene sedimentation and volcanism and Neogene deformation in the Calico Mountains, located in a complexly deformed region of California9s central Mojave Desert. Across most of the Calico Mountains, volcaniclastic sediments and dacitic rocks of the Pickhandle Formation accumulated rapidly between ca. 19.4 and 19 Ma. Overlying fine-grained lacustrine beds (here referred to as the Calico Member of the Barstow Formation) are bracketed between ca. 19 and 16.9 Ma, and are thus older than the type section of the Barstow Formation in the Mud Hills. Several 17.1–16.8 Ma calc-alkaline dacite domes intrude the Calico Member and represent a previously unrecognized volcanic episode in this region. In the southern Calico Mountains, the Calico fault (part of the Eastern California shear zone) forms a west-northwest–striking, transpressional restraining bend with ∼3 km of right-lateral slip and perhaps 1 km of reverse (north side up) throw distributed on two main fault strands. Part of the Calico fault appears to have originated as an early Miocene normal fault that unroofed metavolcanic basement rocks in the footwall and created a hanging-wall basin in which Pickhandle Formation strata accumulated. This extensional slip must have largely ceased prior to deposition of the Calico Member, which unconformably overlies the Pickhandle Formation north of the Calico fault and directly overlies metavolcanic rocks south of the Calico fault. Deposition of the Pickhandle Formation and at least part of the Calico Member was coeval with rapid unroofing of the central Mojave metamorphic core complex, yet extension in the Calico Mountains is minor and is overprinted by dextral faulting and transpression. Calico Member beds north of the Calico fault are intensely folded into numerous east-west–trending, upright anticlines and synclines that represent 25%–33% (up to ∼0.5 km) north-south shortening. Folds are detached along the base of the Calico Member and thrust over the Pickhandle Formation, which dips homoclinally ∼15–30°S to SE. The geometry and distribution of folds are most compatible with localized transpression between the Calico Member and the Pickhandle Formation within a positive flower structure. Transpressional folding and faulting in the Calico Mountains postdate the ca. 17 Ma dacite intrusions and appear to be largely restricted to the area along the Calico fault restraining bend.
Electrochemical polymerization of alkyltrichlorosilane monomers to form branched Si backbone polymers

Abstract An electrochemical method for the synthesis of branched Si backbone polymers is described. The method offers an attractive alternative for the synthesis of branched silane polymers having general formula Si(RH x ) n which are of interest as soluble polymer precursors for the formation of SiC. Under these mild reaction conditions, the polymerization of alkyltrichlorosilane monomers is slowed considerably compared to thermal reduction methods, allowing a manifestation of differences in reactivity of monomers in the series: methyltrichlorosilane, n -butyltrichlorosilane, and cyclohexyltrichlorosilane. The different product distributions obtained are attributed to the influence of steric effects upon intramolecular cross-linking and intermolecular chain propagation reactions.
Reinitiation during λ DNA replication resulting from either cis-Pt treatment or infection of a P2 lysogenic strain

Abstract Nested areas of replication are observed in phage λ replicative intermediates and arise from reinitiation from the X origin. Reinitiation occurs when the first round of λ replication takes place in the presence of the drug cis -Pt or when λ infects a host which has been preincubated with the drug. In the latter case it is shown that the infection proceeds during the expression of SOS functions induced in the host as a result of the drug treatment. When λ infects a host lysogenic for phage P2, an interference process occurs which prevents formation of λ phage. The λ DNA does, however, undergo at least one round of replication but is abnormal in that λ origins reinitiate to form nested areas of replication similar to those resulting from exposure to the drug cis -Pt.
Some observations on the nonlinear vibration of thin cylindrical shells

appear to be relatively independent of the nominal radius of the shell. Based on the local curvature of the "flat spot' rather than on the nominal curvature which is commonly used, a new upper bound may be determined for the collapse strength of an initially imperfect spherical shell. This observation is the basis of an analysis developed in Ref. 14 which adequately predicts both the elastic and inelastic strength of 36 machined models with local "flat spots" covering a relatively wide range of 6,
Spontaneous cranial osteomyelitis in an otherwise healthy ten-year-old male

Frontal bone osteomyelitis is a relatively rare entity, particularly in the otherwise healthy pediatric population. Most cases trace their origins to either previous frontal sinusitis or trauma. In ch
The thermal stability of nanocrystalline Au–Cu alloys

Grain refinement to the nanocrystalline scale is known to enhance physical properties as strength and surface hardness. For the case of Au-Cu alloys, development of the pulsed electroplating has led to the functional control of nanocrystalline grain size in the as-deposited condition. The thermal aging of Au-Cu electrodeposits is now investigated to assess the stability of the nanocrystalline grain structure and the difference between two diffusion mechanisms. The mobility of grain boundaries, dominant at low temperatures, leads to coarsening of grain size whereas at high temperature the process of bulk diffusion dominates. Although the kinetics of bulk diffusion are slow below 500 K at 10{sup -20} cm{sup 2} {center_dot} sec, the kinetics of grain boundary diffusion are faster at 10{sup -16} cm{sup 2} {center_dot} sec. The diffusivity values indicate that the grain boundaries of the as-deposited nanocrystalline Au-Cu are mobile and sensitive to low-temperature anneal treatments affecting the grain size, hence the strength of the material.
Memory and the brain: A retrospective

Memory and the Brain was Magda Arnold's final book, the capstone to an influential career that spanned half a century. Many of the proposals and insights put forth in this work foreshadowed significant theoretical developments in both psychology and the neurosciences. With few exceptions, however, modern researchers, theorists and historians have overlooked this unique contribution.
Physical studies of complexes of Co(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) with strong field thiolate ligands as well as the Ni(II) Derivative of azurin. Evidence that the protein constrains the stereochemistry about the metal in azurin

Abstract Schiff-base adducts of salicylaldehyde ( ortho -hydroxybenzaldehyde) and ortho -mercaptobenzaldehyde with bulky amines t-butylamine or 2,5-diamino-2,5-dimethylhexane have been prepared and used to synthesize a series of Co(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) complexes. In each case the salicylaldehyde complexes exhibit pseudotetrahedral coordination geometries, but the enhanced ligands-field stabilization energy associated with a thiolate donor strongly favors planar coordination in the case of nickel(II). However, even the nickel(II) complex is pseudotetrahedral when t-butylamine is involved as can be seen from the near infrared absorption spectrum (ϵ ≅ 30 M −1 cm −1 at 1300 nm) and the magnetic moment of the complex in solution (3.0 B.M.). The nickel(II) derivative of azurin has a similar near infrared absorption spectrum indicating that internal interactions of the polypeptide structure impose a pseudotetrahedral coordination geometry on the metal center.
Economists on the Relation Between Political Economy and Christian Theology: A Preliminary Survey

By “political economy” I mean both the method of thought and the body of knowledge which refer to human economising behaviour. The body of knowledge includes both theory — theorems, laws, empirical generalisations, etc., and “facts” — history, description of institution, statistical data, etc. By “Christian theology” I mean both the method of thought and the body of knowledge which refer to the human religious understanding of Jesus of Nazareth. “Religious” here implies awareness of, or belief in, God. The body of knowledge may include pre‐Christian religion (such as that reported in the Old Testament), and the results of independent inquiry (such as natural theology) in so far as these are interpreted by, or “refracted” through what theologians call the “Christ event”.
The function of ischial callosities

Ischial callosities are generally related to the sitting positions of cercopithecoid monkeys, gibbons, and siamangs, but the selective advantage of ischial callosities to the sitting postures of these animals is uncertain. It is suggested that ischial callosities are adaptations that evolved for comfortable and stable sitting on thin branches during feeding in the peripheral branch zone. It is further suggested that prehensile tails in larger New World monkeys also developed as mechanisms for exploitation of food resources found among terminal branches. Small platyrrhine monkeys do not possess any structural adaptations to peripheral branch feeding because their body size permits them to efficiently exploit small or large branches for food. Pongids are in the process of losing their ischial callosities because their large body size precludes sitting on thin branches.
Separation of active enzyme components from the fatty acid synthetase of chicken liver

Abstract Fatty acid synthetase (EC 6.2.1.-) of chicken liver was dissociated into half-size subcomplexes and then separated into three protein fractions by the preparative disc-gel electrophoresis technique. The anodal protein (F a of a molecular weight of approx. 6000 contains the prosthetic group, 4′-phosphopantetheine. It binds acetyl group from acetyl-CoA and is identified as the acyl carrier protein component. The slower moving proteins (F I and F II correspond to the subcomplexes resolved by the analytical method (Yun, S.L. and Hsu, R.Y. (1972) J. Biol. Chem. 247, 2689–2698). Both contain acetyl transacylase and palmityl-CoA deacylase activities, but only F I contains β-ketoacyl reductase activity. Active acetyl transacylase and palmityl-CoA deacylase components were obtained by the sucrose density centrifugation technique in a broad 3 S protein band from the F I fraction, following dissociation at 4°C for 12 days. Slight modification of the electrophoresis conditions yields a homogeneous 1.55 S β-ketoacyl reductase component.
An intraductal human-in-mouse transplantation model mimics the subtypes of ductal carcinoma in situ

Human models of noninvasive breast tumors are limited, and the existing in vivo models do not mimic inter- and intratumoral heterogeneity. Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is the most common type (80%) of noninvasive breast lesions. The aim of this study was to develop an in vivo model whereby the natural progression of human DCIS might be reproduced and studied. To accomplish this goal, the intraductal human-in-mouse (HIM) transplantation model was developed. The resulting models, which mimicked some of the diversity of human noninvasive breast cancers in vivo, were used to show whether subtypes of human DCIS might contain distinct subpopulations of tumor-initiating cells. The intraductal models were established by injection of human DCIS cell lines (MCF10DCIS.COM and SUM-225), as well as cells derived from a primary human DCIS (FSK-H7), directly into the primary mouse mammary ducts via cleaved nipple. Six to eight weeks after injections, whole-mount, hematoxylin and eosin, and immunofluorescence staining were performed to evaluate the type and extent of growth of the DCIS-like lesions. To identify tumor-initiating cells, putative human breast stem/progenitor subpopulations were sorted from MCF10DCIS.COM and SUM-225 with flow cytometry, and their in vivo growth fractions were compared with the Fisher's Exact test. Human DCIS cells initially grew within the mammary ducts, followed by progression to invasion in some cases into the stroma. The lesions were histologically almost identical to those of clinical human DCIS. This method was successful for growing DCIS cell lines (MCF10DCIS.COM and SUM-225) as well as a primary human DCIS (FSK-H7). MCF10DCIS.COM represented a basal-like DCIS model, whereas SUM-225 and FSK-H7 cells were models for HER-2+ DCIS. With this approach, we showed that various subtypes of human DCIS appeared to contain distinct subpopulations of tumor-initiating cells. The intraductal HIM transplantation model provides an invaluable tool that mimics human breast heterogeneity at the noninvasive stages and allows the study of the distinct molecular and cellular mechanisms of breast cancer progression.
Posterior Hox gene reduction in an arthropod: Ultrabithorax and Abdominal-B are expressed in a single segment in the mite Archegozetes longisetosus

Background Hox genes encode transcription factors that have an ancestral role in all bilaterian animals in specifying regions along the antero-posterior axis. In arthropods (insects, crustaceans, myriapods and chelicerates), Hox genes function to specify segmental identity, and changes in Hox gene expression domains in different segments have been causal to the evolution of novel arthropod morphologies. Despite this, the roles of Hox genes in arthropods that have secondarily lost or reduced their segmental composition have been relatively unexplored. Recent data suggest that acariform mites have a reduced segmental component of their posterior body tagma, the opisthosoma, in that only two segments are patterned during embryogenesis. This is in contrast to the observation that in many extinct and extant chelicerates (that is, horseshoe crabs, scorpions, spiders and harvestmen) the opisthosoma is comprised of ten or more segments. To explore the role of Hox genes in this reduced body region, we followed the expression of the posterior-patterning Hox genes Ultrabithorax (Ubx) and Abdominal-B (Abd-B), as well as the segment polarity genes patched (ptc) and engrailed (en), in the oribatid mite Archegozetes longisetosus.
Nonanticipativity and L1-martingales in stochastic optimization problems

Necessary and sufficient conditions for optimality are derived for multistage stochastic programs. In particular it is shown that under some standard regularity conditions and a condition of “nonanticipative feasibility”, a system of Lagrange multipliers, characterized by a martingale property, can be associated with the constraints of the problem. Nonanticipative feasibility is expressed in terms of the nonanticipativity of a certain multifunction and is shown to be related to the more familiar concept—in stochastic programming—of relatively complete recourse. It is also shown that this restriction renders possible the justification of the dynamic programming technique.
Intraoperative hypothermia associated with lower extremity tourniquet deflation

Abstract Study Objective: To determine the rapidity and extent of core temperature decrease following release of a lower extremity pneumatic tourniquet. Design: Prospective study. Setting: Inpatient surgery in a university trauma center. Patients: 11 ASA status I and II adults undergoing unilateral lower extremity fracture fixation in which a tourniquet was used, with general anesthesia. Interventions: Temperature was measured in the esophagus before and after lower extremity tourniquet release. Measurements and Main Results: Tourniquet times ranged from 41 to 129 minutes (mean 98.5 ± 9.1 minutes). Following tourniquet deflation core temperature decreased in all patients, with a maximal decline at 10 minutes, the termination of measurements, although trending downward. Esophageal temperature decreased an average of 0.46 °C ± 0.2 °C at 5 minutes, and 0.67 °C ± 0.2 °C at 10 minutes following tourniquet release, respectively. Temperature changes were significant ( p = 0.0001) at both time intervals. Conclusion: Core temperature drops significantly immediately following release of the tourniquet at the esophageal temperature monitoring site. This decrease is the result of cooling of systemic blood reperfusing the hypothermic limb, and mixing of cool, "washed out" blood with the systemic circulation. As the consequences of hypothermia are well-known, we recommend core temperature monitoring in all patients having lower extremity tourniquet placed during general anesthesia, as well as vigilant monitoring for prolonged effects of anesthetics in the postoperative period.
A 12b 50MS/s fully differential zero-crossing-based ADC without CMFB

As intrinsic device gain and power supply voltages decrease with CMOS technology scaling, it is becoming increasingly challenging for designers of conventional opamp-based switched-capacitor circuits to meet gain and output swing targets, and to ensure stability. Zero-crossing based circuits (ZCBC) are presented in [1–3] as an alternative architecture where each opamp is replaced with a current source and a zero-crossing detector. This changes the dynamics of the system while preserving the functionality. To further improve the robustness of ZCBC designs, we present a 50MS/s, 12b ZCBC pipelined ADC with fully differential signaling and automatic offset compensation.
Gene Therapy in Heart Failure

With increasing knowledge of basic molecular mechanisms governing the development of heart failure (HF), the possibility of specifically targeting key pathological players is evolving. Technology allowing for efficient in vivo transduction of myocardial tissue with long-term expression of a transgene enables translation of basic mechanistic knowledge into potential gene therapy approaches. Gene therapy in HF is in its infancy clinically with the predominant amount of experience being from animal models. Nevertheless, this challenging and promising field is gaining momentum as recent preclinical studies in larger animals have been carried out and, importantly, there are 2 newly initiated phase I clinical trials for HF gene therapy. To put it simply, 2 parameters are needed for achieving success with HF gene therapy: (1) clearly identified detrimental/beneficial molecular targets; and (2) the means to manipulate these targets at a molecular level in a sufficient number of cardiac cells. However, several obstacles do exist on our way to efficient and safe gene transfer to human myocardium. Some of these obstacles are discussed in this review; however, it primarily focuses on the molecular target systems that have been subjected to intense investigation over the last decade in an attempt to make gene therapy for human HF a reality.
The bioassay of some commercial conjugated estrogens.

Some commercial conjugated estrogens were assayed by oral (intragastric) administration to adult ovariectomized albino rats. The standard of reference used was 2-aminopyridine estrone sulfate. The products tested assayed from 46.4 per cent to 116.7 per cent of labeled potency. Only two manufacturers' products assayed up to the potency claimed on the label by this method. The bioassay procedure used in this study is suggested as a method of standardizing conjugated estrogens intended for oral therapy.
Apparent Mesonephric Duct (Rete Anlage) Origin for Cysts and Proliferative Epithelial Lesions in the Mouse Ovary

Ovaries and adjacent parovarian (mesovarial) tissues of CD-1 mice of various ages were examined to characterize cystic and proliferative epithelial lesions of the ovary and parovarian tissues. Ovaries and adjacent tissues from 6 mice each at approximately 3 and 8 months of age were processed for light microscopy and step-sections (50-micron intervals) of the entire tissue were examined. Tissues were collected from 40 mice each at 16 through 24 months of age and 3 step sections per mouse were examined. Mesonephric duct remnants were found in all mice at 3 and 8 months. Ducts were usually in the mesovarial adipose tissue and near or within the ovarian hilus and were often loosely associated with smooth muscle of the mesovarial ligament. The epithelium of the ducts varied from low cuboidal to columnar, occasional individual cells were ciliated, and small papillary configurations of epithelium were occasionally present. Ducts were dilated (> 1 mm) more often in mice at 8 months compared to 3 months, and some were continuous with cystic spaces within the ovaries. As mice aged (16-24 months), dilation and cystic change in ducts and associated compression of ovarian tissue away from the ovarian hilus became common. The epithelium of dilated ducts was generally flattened, but foci of cuboidal to columnar epithelium and/or occasional ciliated cells were present. Many ducts contained foci of hyperplastic and/or hypertrophic epithelium, and papillary projections of epithelium were occasionally found. Some of the latter lesions were consistent with a diagnosis of papillary cystadenoma. Hyperplasia of associated fibromuscular stroma was limited to a few apparently extraovarian ducts. The results of this study indicate that remnant mesonephric ductular structures are common in and adjacent to the ovaries of CD-1 mice. As mice age, these ducts become dilated and, in some, the epithelium becomes hyperplastic and/or hyperptrophic. These mesonephric duct remnants appear to be a common source of ovarian and parovarian cyts cysts and epithelial neoplasms of the ovary in mice.
Karaoke and the cross-cultural appropriations of music

Marshall McLuhan observed in his 1964 paradigm-shifting classic, Understanding Media, that the "crossings or hybridisations of the media release great new force and energy as by fission or fusion" (p.48) and that the "hybrid or the meeting of two media is a moment of truth and revelation from which new form is born" (p.55). This study seeks to shed light on karaoke as a hybrid media form and on karaoke singing as a complex sense-making experience in an age of interactive electronic media. It reflects upon the implications of the cross-cultural appropriation of music by examining the production and uses of karaoke music videos. The discussion in this study is supported in part by data from ethnographic case studies conducted in Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan and New York City. Further research on karaoke within the theoretical framework of media and globalisation is suggested.
An Examination of Objective and Subjective Measures of Experience Associated to Odors, Music, and Paintings

Odors have been shown to elicit highly emotional memories, as well as alter emotions and induce moods. A critical challenge for the uniqueness of olfactory emotional potency is a stimulus with perceived inherent emotional quality. Music and paintings are such stimuli. Notably, olfactory experiences are distinguished from auditory and visual experience by limited verbal representation. It was therefore speculated that weak linguistic representation might be responsible for the emotional potency of odors; and therefore if verbal fluency were controlled for, odor-evoked associations would lose their emotional distinctiveness. To test this hypothesis and assess the emotionality and quality of experiences and associations evoked by odors, music and paintings, two experiments were conducted. In Experiment 1 subjects assessed moderately familiar odors and music, and in Experiment 2 subjects assessed highly abstract (unfamiliar/unnamable) odors, music, and paintings. Rating scale and questionnaire (subjective) an...
RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Is Required for Enhancer-Mediated Transcriptional Silencing Associated With Paramutation at the Maize p1 Gene

Paramutation is the ability of an endogenous gene or a transgene to heritably silence another closely related allele or gene. At the maize p1 (pericarp color1) gene, paramutation is associated with decreases in transcript levels and reduced pigmentation of the endogenous allele that normally specifies red seed coat (pericarp) and cob pigmentation. Herein we demonstrate that this silencing occurs at the transcriptional level and that a specific enhancer fragment from p1 is sufficient to induce all aspects of paramutation. Further, we demonstrate that a mutation in the mop1 gene (mediator of paramutation1), which encodes a RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, is absolutely required for establishing the silencing associated with p1 paramutation. In contrast to its effects on other paramutation loci, the mop1 mutation does not immediately reactivate a previously silenced allele; several generations in the presence of the mop1 mutation are required. In addition, the mop1 mutation was also able to release tissue-specific silencing of another p1 allele that does not participate in paramutation, but does contain a tandem repeated structure and is likely regulated through epigenetic mechanisms. These results demonstrate that RNA-mediated gene-silencing mechanisms play key roles in p1 paramutation and the spectrum of roles for MOP1 is broadened to include tissue-specific expression patterns.
Secretin at physiological doses inhibits gastric motility via a vagal afferent pathway

Secretin is an important modulator of gastric motility. In this study, we investigated the site(s) and mechanism(s) of action of secretin to inhibit gastric motility, using an in vivo rat model. Intragastric pressure response to graded doses of secretin was recorded in anesthetized rats by a balloon attached to a catheter passed through an incision in the duodenum into the body of the stomach. The intragastric pressure was set at 10 cmH2O with balloon distension. Intravenous infusion of secretin (1.4, 2.8, 5.6, 11.2, and 22.4 pmol.kg-1.h-1) decreased intragastric pressure in a dose-dependent manner. The threshold dose was 2.8 pmol.kg-1.h-1, and the effective dose at 50% (ED50) was 5.6 pmol.kg-1.h-1, which produced physiological levels of plasma secretin. Pretreatment with hexamethonium (10 mg/kg) markedly reduced gastric motor response to secretin (5.6 pmol.kg-1.h-1). Bilateral truncal vagotomy also significantly diminished gastric motor responses to secretin. In contrast, secretin (5.6 pmol.kg-1.h-1) had no effect on gastric contraction evoked by electrical vagal stimulation (1.25-5 Hz) or carbachol (10(-6) to 3 x 10(-5) M). These observations indicate that physiological concentrations of secretin act via stimulation of presynaptic cholinergic neurons in a vagally mediated pathway. In subsequent studies, we demonstrated that perivagal treatment 4 days before with the sensory neurotoxin, capsaicin, abolished gastric motor response to secretin but did not affect contraction evoked by electrical vagal stimulation. Similarly, we also showed that gastroduodenal application of capsaicin for 30 min also markedly reduced gastric response to secretin. These observations indicate that physiological doses of secretin act on vagal afferent pathways originating from the gastroduodenal mucosa to induce gastric relaxation.
LIFE ISN'T FLAT: TAKING CANCER BIOLOGY TO THE NEXT DIMENSION

Classically, most cell culture experiments have been performed under adherent 2D conditions. Cells in the human body grow within an organized 3D matrix, surrounded by other cells. The behavior of individual cells is controlled through their interactions with their immediate neighbors and the extracellular matrix. The complex summation of these multiple signals determines whether a given cell undergoes differentiation, apoptosis, proliferation, or invasion. In 2D culture many of these complex interactions are lost. As a result, there are a growing number of studies which report differences in phenotype, cellular signaling, cell migration, and drug responses when the same cells are grown under 2D or 3D culture conditions. One potential application of these techniques is to anticancer drug discovery, which has long been hampered by the lack of good preclinical models. Compounds with good antitumor activity in 2D cell culture models often fail to translate into the clinic. Here we suggest that the response of cancer cells to drugs is determined in part by the 3D tumor microenvironment and discuss models to re-create the 3D tumor microenvironment in vitro. It is likely that the adoption of these and other 3D models will allow us to more closely re-create the behavior of the tumor in vivo which may lead to identifying better anticancer drug candidates at an earlier stage of development.
Laminin Peptide-Immobilized Hydrogels Modulate Valve Endothelial Cell Hemostatic Regulation

Valve endothelial cells (VEC) have unique phenotypic responses relative to other types of vascular endothelial cells and have highly sensitive hemostatic functions affected by changes in valve tissues. Furthermore, effects of environmental factors on VEC hemostatic function has not been characterized. This work used a poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogel platform to evaluate the effects of substrate stiffness and cell adhesive ligands on VEC phenotype and expression of hemostatic genes. Hydrogels of molecular weights (MWs) 3.4, 8, and 20 kDa were polymerized into platforms of different rigidities and thiol-modified cell adhesive peptides were covalently bound to acrylate groups on the hydrogel surfaces. The peptide RKRLQVQLSIRT (RKR) is a syndecan-1 binding ligand derived from laminin, a trimeric protein and a basement membrane matrix component. Conversely, RGDS is an integrin binding peptide found in many extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins including fibronectin, fibrinogen, and von Willebrand factor (VWF). VECs adhered to and formed a stable monolayer on all RKR-coated hydrogel-MW combinations. RGDS-coated platforms supported VEC adhesion and growth on RGDS-3.4 kDa and RGDS-8 kDa hydrogels. VECs cultured on the softer RKR-8 kDa and RKR-20 kDa hydrogel platforms had significantly higher gene expression for all anti-thrombotic (ADAMTS-13, tissue factor pathway inhibitor, and tissue plasminogen activator) and thrombotic (VWF, tissue factor, and P-selectin) proteins than VECs cultured on RGDS-coated hydrogels and tissue culture polystyrene controls. Stimulated VECs promoted greater platelet adhesion than non-stimulated VECs on their respective culture condition; yet stimulated VECs on RGDS-3.4 kDa gels were not as responsive to stimulation relative to the RKR-gel groups. Thus, the syndecan binding, laminin-derived peptide promoted stable VEC adhesion on the softer hydrogels and maintained VEC phenotype and natural hemostatic function. In conclusion, utilization of non-integrin adhesive peptide sequences derived from basement membrane ECM may recapitulate balanced VEC function and may benefit endothelialization of valve implants.
Serum inactivation of the immunological and biological activity of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH).

The effect of human serum on the immunological and biological activity of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) has been studied. Inactivation of TRH immunological activity was rapid, occurring at a rate of 6.2%/min when a large quantity of TRH (2 μg/ml) was added to normal serum. Smaller quantities of TRH were more rapidly destroyed and significant TRH loss occurred in serum diluted 1:64. The temperature optimum of the reaction was 37 C. Serum that had been heated at 60 C for 30 min or exposed to pH 3.0 or 10.0 did not inactivate TRH. TRH biological activity was destroyed by incubation of TRH in serum at 37 C whereas it was preserved after incubation of TRH in serum at 60 C. Incubation of TRH—serum mixtures at 60 C after 37 C incubation resulted in recovery of some TRH immunological and biological activity. These results show that serum contains a heat, acid and alkali labile substance (s) which inactivates the biological and immunological activity of TRH in a similar manner. (Endocrinology 91: 657, 1972)