cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
p53 Family: Role of Protein Isoforms in Human Cancer

TP53, TP63, and TP73 genes comprise the p53 family. Each gene produces protein isoforms through multiple mechanisms including extensive alternative mRNA splicing. Accumulating evidence shows that these isoforms play a critical role in the regulation of many biological processes in normal cells. Their abnormal expression contributes to tumorigenesis and has a profound effect on tumor response to curative therapy. This paper is an overview of isoform diversity in the p53 family and its role in cancer.
A Framework for Generating Distributed-Memory Parallel Programs for Block Recursive Algorithms

A framework for synthesizing communication-efficient distributed-memory parallel programs for block recursive algorithms such as the fast Fourier transform (FFT) and Strassen's matrix multiplication is presented. This framework is based on an algebraic representation of the algorithms, which involves the tensor (Kronecker) product and other matrix operations. This representation is useful in analyzing the communication implications of computation partitioning and data distributions. The programs are synthesized under two different target program models. These two models are based on different ways of managing the distribution of data for optimizing communication. The first model uses point-to-point interprocessor communication primitives, whereas the second model uses data redistribution primitives involving collective all-to-many communication. These two program models are shown to be suitable for different ranges of problem size. The methodology is illustrated by synthesizing communication-efficient programs for the FFT. This framework has been incorporated into the EXTENT system for automatic generation of parallel/vector programs for block recursive algorithms.
Cross-linking of serine racemase dimer by reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species

Serine racemase (SR) is the only identified enzyme in mammals responsible for isomerization of L-serine to D-serine, a coagonist at N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the forebrain. Our previous data showed that an apparent SR dimer resistant to sodium dodecyl sulfate and β-mercaptoethanol was elevated in microglial cells after proinflammatory activation. Because the activation of microglia is typically associated with an oxidative burst, oxidative cross-linking between SR subunits was speculated. In this study, an siRNA technique was employed to confirm the identity of this SR dimer band. The oxidative species potentially responsible for the cross-linking was investigated with recombinant SR protein. The data indicate that nitric oxide, peroxynitrite, and hydroxyl radical were the likely candidates, whereas superoxide and hydrogen peroxide per se failed to contribute. Furthermore, the mechanism of formation of SR dimer by peroxynitrite oxidation was studied by mass spectrometry. A disulfide bond between Cys₆ and Cys₁₁₃ was identified in 3-morpholinosydnonimine hydrochloride (SIN-1)-treated SR monomer and dimer. Activity assays indicated that SIN-1 treatment decreased SR activity, confirming our previous conclusion that noncovalent dimer is the most active form of SR. These findings suggest a compensatory feedback in which the consequences of neuroinflammation might dampen D-serine production to limit excitotoxic stimulation of NMDA receptors.
Model-Based Analysis of HER Activation in Cells Co-Expressing EGFR, HER2 and HER3

The HER/ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases drives critical responses in normal physiology and cancer, and the expression levels of the various HER receptors are critical determinants of clinical outcomes. HER activation is driven by the formation of various dimer complexes between members of this receptor family. The HER dimer types can have differential effects on downstream signaling and phenotypic outcomes. We constructed an integrated mathematical model of HER activation, and trafficking to quantitatively link receptor expression levels to dimerization and activation. We parameterized the model with a comprehensive set of HER phosphorylation and abundance data collected in a panel of human mammary epithelial cells expressing varying levels of EGFR/HER1, HER2 and HER3. Although parameter estimation yielded multiple solutions, predictions for dimer phosphorylation were in agreement with each other. We validated the model using experiments where pertuzumab was used to block HER2 dimerization. We used the model to predict HER dimerization and activation patterns in a panel of human mammary epithelial cells lines with known HER expression levels in response to stimulations with ligands EGF and HRG. Simulations over the range of expression levels seen in various cell lines indicate that: i) EGFR phosphorylation is driven by HER1-HER1 and HER1-HER2 dimers, and not HER1-HER3 dimers, ii) HER1-HER2 and HER2-HER3 dimers both contribute significantly to HER2 activation with the EGFR expression level determining the relative importance of these species, and iii) the HER2-HER3 dimer is largely responsible for HER3 activation. The model can be used to predict phosphorylated dimer levels for any given HER expression profile. This information in turn can be used to quantify the potencies of the various HER dimers, and can potentially inform personalized therapeutic approaches.
Infectious disease and sleep: involvement of neuroendocrine-neuroimmune mechanisms.

(1990). Infectious Disease and Sleep: Involvement of Neuroendocrine-Neuroimmune Mechanisms. International Journal of Neuroscience: Vol. 51, No. 3-4, pp. 359-362.
Combined Heart and Single-Lung Transplantation in Complex Congenital Heart Disease

We present a patient with a history of tricuspid and pulmonary atresia who underwent a classic Glenn shunt and a Potts shunt during childhood, resulting in different right and left pulmonary physiology. Because of progression of cardiopulmonary disease and the fact that the right lung was "protected," the patient underwent combined heart-left single-lung transplantation. The postoperative course was uneventful. Potential early and late advantages of this approach include simplifying of the operative procedure and mitigating the potential effects of obliterative bronchiolitis.
Web-based information content and its application to concept-based video retrieval

Semantic similarity between words or phrases is frequently used to find matching correlations between search queries and documents when straightforward matching of terms fails. This is particularly important for searching in visual databases, where pictures or video clips have been automatically tagged with a small set of semantic concepts based on analysis and classification of the visual content. Here, the textual description of documents is very limited, and semantic similarity based on WordNet's cognitive synonym structure, along with information content derived from term frequencies, can help to bridge the gap between an arbitrary textual query and a limited vocabulary of visual concepts. This approach, termed concept-based retrieval, has received significant attention over the last few years, and its success is highly dependent on the quality of the similarity measure used to map textual query terms to visual concepts.In this paper, we consider some issues of semantic similarity measures based on Information Content (IC), and propose a way to improve them. In particular, we note that most IC-based similarity measures are derived from a small and relatively outdated corpus (the Brown corpus), which does not adequately capture the usage pattern of many contemporary terms: for example, out of more than 150,000 WordNet terms, only about 36,000 are represented. This shortcoming reflects very negatively on the coverage of typical search query terms. We therefore suggest using alternative IC corpora that are larger and better aligned with the usage of modern vocabulary. We experimentally derive two such corpora using the WWW Google search engine, and show that they provide better coverage of vocabulary, while showing comparable frequencies for Brown corpus terms. Finally, we evaluate the two proposed IC corpora in the context of a concept-based video retrieval application using the TRECVID 2005, 2006, and 2007 datasets, and we show that they increase average precision results by up to 200%.
Localized molecular orbitals of simple metal-olefin complexes

Abstract Localized molecular orbitals (LMOs) for a series of simple transition-metal complexes are presented. The relationship between the LMO bonding patterns found and the symmetry based description of the bonding is discussed.
Microstructure, mineralogy and chemistry of Cambrian glauconite pellets and glauconite, central U.S.A.

Glauconite pellets in the Cambrian of the central U.S.A. frequently contain two textural forms of glauconite–aggregate and oriented—which differ in both mineralogy and chemistry. The aggregate glauconite composes the bulk of most pellets and consists of crystals in a nearly random arrangement. The oriented glauconite occurs primarily as rims on the periphery of pellets. It has a honeycomb-like structure—the crystals are oriented with their c-axes tangent to the aggregate-textured cores. Scanning electron photomicrographs show that the aggregate and oriented textures grade one into the other. The aggregate glauconite has a 1 M structure and less than 5% expandable layers, whereas the oriented form has a 1 Md structure and ∼ 10% expandable layers. The aggregate glauconite contains 5–8% more total iron oxides and 2–3% less Al2O3 than the oriented glauconite. The b-cell dimension of individual samples increases nearly linearly with increasing octahedral Fe3+ + F2+ + Mg content. Chemical and crystallographic variations among various samples are, for the most part, related to the ratio of aggregate to oriented glauconite. The transition between the texture of the aggregate and oriented glauconite suggests that some glauconite pellets may form by concretionary growth. It is proposed that Cambrian glauconite pellets grew through the repetitive development of a smectite-like clay at the margin of pellets. The smectite was later altered, both chemically and texturally, first to the oriented and then to the aggregate-textured glauconite.
Pyrolysis of Early Pre-Cambrian Onverwacht Organic Matter (> 3 × 10 9 yr old)

CARBONACEOUS matter and microstructures of unknown origin in the oldest known sedimentary rocks (part of the Onverwacht Series in South Africa; <3.0 × 109 yr old) have created considerable interest (unpublished work of B. N., L. A. Nagy, C. G. Engel, A. E. J. Engel, G. O. W. Kremp and C. M. Drew (1967), and refs. 1–5). Because these rocks may be as old as ∼ 3.5 × 109 yr, while the generally accepted age of the Earth is 4.5 × 109 yr, carbon compounds in the Onverwacht Sediments may be derived from some of the first living matter on Earth or perhaps from prebiological substances. Most sedimentary rocks are porous, and even the Onverwacht carbonaceous and argillaceous chert has been found to exhibit a small degree of liquid permeability6. Part of the soluble organic compounds could therefore have been brought in and deposited in the Onverwacht by percolating solutions at a later geological age. But, on the other hand, the insoluble organic polymeric substance, or kerogen, seems to be basically indigenous and most of it, if not all, was deposited with the rocks in Onverwacht times. We have therefore analysed the Onverwacht kerogen, hoping that this might elucidate the nature of the carbon compounds that were present on the Earth ∼ 3.5 × 109 yr ago.
Surface mode at isotropic–uniaxial and isotropic–biaxial interfaces

The surface mode that propagates along the interface between isotropic and uniaxial materials, as first suggested by M. I. D’Yakonov [Sov. Phys. JETP67, 714 (1988)], is quantitatively characterized in terms of (1) the range of crystallographic orientations for which the mode propagates, (2) its propagation constant β, and (3) its field profiles. Previous studies have considered only uniaxial materials whose optic axis is in the plane of the interface. We show that a surface mode can also propagate along the interface between isotropic and arbitrarily oriented uniaxial or biaxial materials. This mode is also quantitatively characterized. For the biaxial material oriented so that its optic axes lie in the plane of the interface, it is shown that this surface mode is guided over a greater range of propagation directions and that the light is confined more tightly than for any isotropic–uniaxial interface of comparable birefringence. In addition, it is shown that the surface modes that occur at isotropic–uniaxial interfaces combine to form a new type of hybrid mode in uniaxial slab waveguides (two interfaces). The resulting modes differ from conventional slab waveguide modes in that (1) they are composed entirely of inhomogeneous waves and (2) at most two of these modes can exist regardless of the waveguide thickness.
Measurement accuracy of focal cartilage defects from MRI and correlation of MRI graded lesions with histology: a preliminary study.

Abstract Objectives: Although accurate spatial measurement of cartilage thickness from MRI is possible, no studies have assessed the accuracy of measuring cartilage defect dimensions from MRI. In addition, current MR grading scales for assessing cartilage lesions have limited categories, and little is known about how well these scales correlate with histological assessment of the lesion. The objective of this preliminary study is to address both these issues. Methods: We performed two experiments on four cadaver knee joints from elderly donors: Experiment 1 assessed the accuracy of measuring controlled defects in cartilage, and Experiment 2 compared MRI grading (Noyes scale) of natural cartilage lesions to histological grading (Mankin scale) of the sectioned cartilage tissue. MRI was performed on 1.5T clinical scanner (fat-suppressed 3D-SPGR at TR/TE/α=55/13.5/45 and 256×256 matrix). Results: The mean difference between defect diameters measured and introduced was less than 0.1mm, which was statistically insignificant ( P =0.754). Defect depth was less accurate at >0.4mm, significantly under predicting actual defect depth ( P =0.004). Correlation between Noyes grading scores and Mankin grading scores of natural lesions was moderately high (r=0.7) and statistically significant ( P =0.001). Conclusions: Three-dimensional mapping of cartilage thickness shows great promise for the accurate measurement of focal cartilage defects, though improvement is needed. The Noyes grading scale is consistent with histological Mankin grading of cartilage lesions, though enhancement of MR grading scales is needed, and warranted, based on the signal intensity information available from clinical MRI. Integration of these two analyses—focal defect measurement and signal intensity analysis—could potentially result in a valuable clinical tool for early osteoarthritis diagnosis and longitudinal tracking.
Using Clinical Simulation to Enhance Psychiatric Nursing Training of Baccalaureate Students

Abstract This article discusses a simulated attempted suicide scenario used in an inpatient psychiatric setting for an undergraduate psychiatric mental health nursing course. This simulation may be adapted for medical and nonmedical settings for continuing education. The experience was planned, implemented, and evaluated within a caring framework. Faculty, along with a clinical expert, designed the activity to minimize intrapersonal anxiety and to maximize individual learning, peer awareness, and cooperative responses to emergent leadership within the group.
Determination of retinoids by reversed-phase capillary liquid chromatography with amperometric electrochemical detection

Abstract A method for separating and detecting retinoids by reversed-phase capillary liquid chromatography with amperometric electrochemical detection is described. Packed columns with an inner diameter of 180 μm were employed for the separation using a C 18 stationary phase and a mobile phase containing acetonitrile-water-methanol (65:32.5:2.5, v/v/v) with 1% tetrabutylammonium perchlorate and 0.174 M acetate buffered at pH 5. The detection cell consisted of a carbon fiber barrel electrode held at 0.9 V versus an Ag/AgCl reference. Injection volumes of 2 μl produced detection limits of 2.73, 0.472, 0.428, and 0.267 fmol (or 410, 64.1, 60.9, and 38.2 pg ml −1 ) for 13- cis -retinoic acid, all- trans -retinoic acid, retinaldehyde, and retinol, respectively. This represents an improvement in detection limits of at least three orders of magnitude for similar analyses using liquid chromatography and UV absorbance detection. The detector signal was linear over two orders of magnitude of analyte concentration. Retinoid concentrations in bovine serum were determined and found to be in good agreement with previously reported values.
Hegemons, IOs, and markets: the case of the substitution account

For eighteen months between 1978 and 1980, the International Monetary Fund and IMF members attempted to reform the international monetary system by establishing a substitution account. Designed to enhance the stability of the monetary system, the proposed substitution account would have accepted dollar deposits from foreign central banks, in return issuing certificates denominated in special drawing rights. The collapse of negotiations about the account in early 1980 confirms the hypothesis of hegemonic stability theorists that the distribution of systemic costs is problematic in the absence of a hegemonic power. The case thereby qualifies recent assertions that a small group of nations can supply stability to the international economy. However, two factors outside the realm of hegemonic theory also helped produce the outcome of the negotiations: the division of power within the United States between Congress and the Executive, and changes in international market conditions during 1979 and early 1980.
The relation of verbal rate to syllable length of verbal action in two interview situations.

Undergraduate students were interviewed in standardized (SI) and non-standardized (NSI) situations and their speaking rates measured in syllables per minute. Analyses of verbal rates supported Goldman-Eisler's (1954b) finding of an inverse relation between subjects' verbal rate (VR) and length of action, and between the variance of subjects' VR and length of action, but these relations were observed only in the SI situation. Frequency distributions for VRs were found to be normal, by contrast with the positively skewed and leptokurtic distributions she reported. Homogeneity of VR variance across subjects was found in the SI situation, but not in NSI. Thus, the type of interview situation, i.e. the experimenter's behaviour, apparently influences subjects' VR in such a way that the more consistent the experimenter's interview behaviour, the less the variability of the subject's behaviour. Clinical implications are pointed out.
Failure to thrive: a controlled study of familial characteristics.

The significance of ecological stress factors in the etiology of failure to thrive (FTT) was explored through structured interviews with mothers of 42 infants who were failing to thrive and 42 matched controls. Three factors distinguished the FTT families from the controls. They had a more sickly child, were more isolated from neighborhood and family support, and had a larger discrepancy in parents' education. Demographic, pregnancy, contemporaneous stress factors were not significant. The data suggest that the usual assumption that FTT is due to inadequate mothering needs to be reassessed.
Ontogeny of migratory orientation in the savannah sparrow, Passerculus sandwichensis: calibration of the magnetic compass

Abstract The ontogeny of magnetic orientation was examined in the savannah sparrow by manipulating the early experience of hand-raised birds with visual and magnetic cues. Tests of magnetic orientation were performed indoors in orientation cages covered by translucent sheets so that the birds could see nothing outside the cages. Control birds, raised entirely indoors, oriented in a magnetic north-northwest to south-southeast axis during autumn migration. Birds raised outdoors, exposed to clear daytime skies in a normal magnetic field, showed north-south magnetic orientation. Three groups were given experience with the natural sky only within a set of coils that shifted magnetic north clockwise to geographical east-southeast: one group saw only the daytime sky, one group saw only the clear night sky, and the third saw both day and night skies. The birds of all three groups oriented magnetic northeast-southwest, significantly different from the controls. Magnetic northeast-southwest corresponded approximately to geographical northwest-southeast within the magnetic coils in which the birds obtained their visual experience. The differences in the orientation directions chosen by the groups show that the primary magnetic compass may be calibrated early in life by some reference to geographical directions. Experience with either the clear daytime or night sky was sufficient to effect this modification. Celestial rotation, which provides a source of geographical directions both day and night, is proposed to be that geographical reference. At night the birds presumably used the stars to assess celestial rotation. In the daytime sky, both the sun itself and patterns of polarized skylight provide a means of determining geographical north. Experiments designed to determine which of these two visual cues was the relevant stimulus in the calibration of the magnetic compass were inconclusive.
Mobile Agent-Based Computational Steering for Distributed Simulation

Two challenging problems in the area of scientific computation are long computation time and large-scale, distributed, and diverse data sets. As the scale of science and engineering applications rapidly expands, these two problems become more manifest than ever. This paper presents the concept of Mobile Agent-based Computational Steering (MACS) for distributed simulation. The MACS allows users to apply new or modified algorithms to a running application by altering certain sections of the program code without the need of stopping the execution and recompiling the program code. The concept has been validated through an application for dynamic CFD data post processing. The validation results show that the MACS has a great potential to enhance productivity and data manageability of large-scale distributed computational systems.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Requirement of divalent cation for human platelet phosphorylase activity.

Abstract Human platelets contain a glycogen phosphorylase (α-1,4-glucan:orthophosphate glucosyltransferase, EC 2.4.1.1) which requires divalent cation (Mg2+, Mn2+, Sr2+, Ca2+) for activity. This phosphorylase can be obtained from both a soluble and particulate fraction following extraction and centrifugation at 105 000 × g . The particulate fraction is inactivate in the absence of divalent cation. The K m for Mg2+ and Ca2+ activation is 0.3 and 1.5 mM, respectively. Divalent cation activation is sub-optimal and can be increased 2.5-fold following incubation with MgATP at 37° for 1 h. This enhanced activation is obtained with MgATP only. The particulate fraction, when fully activated, represents 60% of total platelet phosphorylase activity. It is associated with the platelet glycogen. A 16-fold purified soluble phosphorylase can be inactivated in the presence of EDTA, and optimally reactivated following addition of Mg2+. Sucrose gradient studies of the EDTA-inactivated enzyme reveal the presence of inactive monomer, dimer and tetramer species. Addition of Mg2+ alone, converts these inactive molecular species to both phosphorylase b (AMP dependent) and phosphorylase a .
Geographic compactness vs. race/ethnic compactness and other criteria in the delineation of legislative districts

Several criteria have evolved in law and tradition to constrain the delineation of Congressional and State and local legislative districts, such as population equality, geographic compactness, race/ethnic ‘compactness’, and integrity of political boundaries. Among the various criteria, I focus on compactness, and in particular, the legal and mensural aspects. Following the passage of the Voting Rights Act in 1965, racial ‘compactness’ has been employed more and more frequently as a primary criterion, and with reduced restraint compared with other criteria, except perhaps for population equality. In Thornburg v. Gingles (1986), the Supreme Court recognized racial/ethnic compactness and polarization in voting practices as prerequisites for newly established ‘majority-minority’ districts. In Shaw v. Reno (1993), the Court reaffirmed the principle of geographic compactness as against racial compactness by noting that the shape of Cong. Dist. 12 of North Carolina was ‘bizarre’ and that it was drawn solely on racial grounds. With this decision, race/ethnic compactness and, by extension, the broad interpretation of the Voting Rights Act have been put in conflict with geographic compactness as criteria. More recently, in Miller v. Johnson (1995), use of race as a predominant factor in district delineation, apart from compactness, was rejected. These developments should renew interest in and support for formal statistical guidelines in evaluating geographic compactness in redistricting plans. Many formulas for measuring compactness have been proposed and tested. Here the commonly used perimeter/circle measure and the circumscribed area/circle measure are compared by an examination of some simple geometric figures and 1990-Census-based C.D.'s. Some problems with these measures are noted, and a new measure, the CV/radii measure (the complement of the coefficient of variation of the ‘radii’ of the district), is proposed and illustratively applied.
Assay of the Enantiomers of 1,2-Propanediol, 1,3-Butanediol, 1,3-Pentanediol, and the Corresponding Hydroxyacids by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

We developed gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric assays for the enantiomers of 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,3-pentanediol, and their corresponding hydroxyacids, lactate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and beta-hydroxypentanoate (3-hydroxyvalerate) in biological fluids. The corresponding ketoacids, acetoacetate and beta-ketopentanoate, can be assayed simultaneously by pretreating the samples with NaB2H4. The assays involve spiking the samples with deuterated internal standards, deproteinization, ether extraction, and derivatization of the carboxyl groups with (R,S)-2-butanol/HCl and of the hydroxyl groups with chiral (S)-(+)-2-phenylbutyryl chloride. Mass spectrometric analysis is conducted under ammonia positive chemical ionization. We used these assays to follow the metabolism of diol enantiomers in dogs. For (R,S)-1,3-butanediol and (R,S)-1,3-pentanediol, the uptakes from dog plasma of the R and S enantiomer of each diol were identical. In contrast, the metabolism of (S)-1,2-propanediol was faster than that of (R)-1,2-propanediol. (R)-1,2-Propanediol is formed during acetone metabolism, while (R,S)-1,3-butanediol and (R,S)-1,3-pentanediol are potential nutrients. The assays developed will allow further investigations of the metabolisms of acetone, (R)-lactate, and artificial nutrients derived from the 1,3-butanediol and 1,3-pentanediol enantiomers.
Optoelectronic three-layer feed-forward perceptron with enhanced local-input-fault-tolerances

Abstract We propose and demonstrate a three-layer feed-forward perceptron model with enhanced local-input-fault-tolerances. A modified model suitable for optical implementation is derived. We also present an optoelectronic implementation using spatial light modulators and an optical fan-out element. The experimental results are presented and discussed.
Paying a Premium on Your Premium? Consolidation in the US Health Insurance Industry

We examine whether and to what extent consolidation in the U.S. health insurance industry is leading to higher employer-sponsored insurance premiums. We make use of a proprietary, panel dataset of employer-sponsored healthplans enrolling over 10 million Americans annually between 1998 and 2006 to explore the relationship between premium growth and changes in market concentration. We exploit the differential impact of a large national merger of two insurance firms across local markets to estimate the causal effect of concentration on market-level premiums. We estimate real premiums increased by approximately 7 percentage points (in a typical market) due to the rise in concentration during our study period. We also find evidence that consolidation facilitates the exercise of monopsonistic power vis a vis physicians, whose absolute employment and relative earnings decline in its wake.
Tracers of Wood Smoke

Abstract Smoke from wood burning is a significant source of air pollution in many parts of the world. When several sources simultaneously cause air pollution, it is often difficult to determine how much comes from wood burning. Wood smoke has unique chemical characteristics that can be used as indicators, including elemental composition, particularly potassium and chlorine, the ratios of organic and elemental carbon, and gases such as methyl chloride. This paper deals with formulating and applying the chemical mass balance approach incorporating both gas- and aerosol-phase tracers to a study carried out at Olympia-Lacey in Washington. In this study, three types of tracers were measured simultaneously and used to estimate wood smoke pollution during Winter, namely elemental composition and organic carbon in the particle phase and methyl chloride in the gas phase. The results from the different tracers are found to be in agreement. The air pollution at the study site was dominated by wood smoke mostly from low-temperature combustion (about 80%), with additional but smaller contributions from oil furnaces (15%), automobiles (4%) and occasionally from other nearby sources.
Co-occurrence of externalizing behavior problems and emergent academic difficulties in young high-risk boys: a preliminary evaluation of patterns and mechanisms

Co-occurrence between externalizing behavior problems and emergent academic skills has been well-demonstrated in older children, but is poorly understood. This study examined this relationship in 74 young boys at risk for these problems because of low-SES. Externalizing behaviors were related to emergent academic difficulties across various assessment methods, and this relationship was stronger in older boys. Attention difficulties in children and teaching patterns of teachers appeared to be possible mediators of this relationship. These findings are consistent with a model of the relationship as reciprocal and complex, and point to possible mechanisms for future study.
Evolving concepts of management of febrile neutropenia in children with cancer.

Background Recent investigations of febrile neutropenia in pediatric cancer patients have identified subsets of low-risk patients who can be managed with less antibiotic therapy than previously recommended standards. Methods and Materials PubMed and Medline were searched for prospective trials and reviews of febrile neutropenia in children. Magnitude and duration of fever and neutropenia, comorbidities, and therapeutic strategies were examined. Results Twenty-seven prospective trials and five reviews were identified. The child with cancer and low-risk febrile neutropenia is clinically well and afebrile within 24–96 hr of antibiotic therapy and has evidence of marrow recovery with a rising phagocyte count. Disqualifying comorbidities include leukemia at diagnosis or in relapse, uncontrolled cancer, age under 1 year, medical condition(s) that would otherwise require hospitalization and social or economic conditions that may potentially compromise access to care or compliance. Therapeutic strategies include parenteral or oral antibiotics in the hospital with early discharge or parenteral antibiotics in the outpatient setting followed by oral or parenteral therapy and daily reassessment. Although as many as 25% of low-risk patients require modification of therapy and/or hospitalization, life-threatening or fatal infection is exceptional. Conclusion One-third to one-half the children with febrile neutropenia are at low-risk of serious infection. In the context of clinic trials, they can be safely managed with inpatient or outpatient strategies that maintain close follow-up and reduce the burden of antibiotic therapy. Adoption of these alternative strategies as the standard of care should proceed with caution guided by written protocols. Med Pediatr Oncol 2002;39:77–85. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Oscillatory Heat Transfer at the Heat Exchangers of the Thermoacoustic Refrigeration System

Thermoacoustic refrigeration systems utilize high intensity sound waves and the interactions with solid boundaries to create temperature gradient, heat pumping and consequent cooling. In this study, a thermoacoustic refrigeration system was designed and constructed. The stack was fabricated from a thermoplastic material to reduce conduction in the direction opposite to heat pumping. The direction of the stack plates perpendicular to the thickness was lined with an aluminum material to increase the heat transfer in this direction. A study on the oscillatory flow heat transfer at the heat exchangers was performed using helium as the working gas. Some important factors that influence the heat transfer coefficient in oscillatory fluid flow and relations to stack fabrication were identified.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Overt pain behaviors: Relationship to patient functioning and treatment outcome.

Two related studies examined the relationship of overt pain behaviors to measures of patient functioning and treatment outcome. In Study 1, overt pain behaviors of 45 chronic low back pain patients beginning inpatient pain treatment were assessed, and self-report measures of pain, pain behaviors, and physical and psychosocial disability were also obtained. Frequency of observed pain behaviors was significantly associated with patient ratings of pain, pain behaviors, and physical disability, but not psychosocial functioning. In Study 2, changes in observed pain behaviors and self-report measures of pain, pain behaviors, and depression following inpatient treatment were examined. Observed pain behaviors and self-reported pain, pain behaviors, and depression decreased significantly pre- to posttreatment. Decreases in observed pain behaviors were significantly associated with decreases in depression, but not with changes in self-reported pain or pain behaviors. Results support the use of both observational and self-report measures in the comprehensive evaluation of chronic pain problems.
Association Between Hypnotizability, Perceived Self‐Efficacy, and Provider Contact in a Healthy College Student Sample: An Analogue Adherence Study1

This study examines the relationship between hypnotizability, perceived self-efficacy, provider contact, and participants' ability to complete an analogue task modeled after HIV medication schedules. Participants (n=74) completed the Hypnotic Induction Profile, received instructions designed to manipulate their perceptions of self-efficacy, and assigned to provider contact conditions (high vs. low). Participants were given jellybeans, a schedule for consuming them, and report logs. A main effect for susceptibility was found, such that participants rated high in susceptibility were more successful in following the schedule than those low in susceptibility. This is consistent with previous research that found initial positive responses to therapeutic interventions among highly hypnotizable psychiatric patients. Suggestions for modifying adherence interventions depending on level of hypnotizability.
Viral interactions with the host and microbiota in the intestine

This review explores the recent advances that have been made in our understanding of host viral interactions in the intestine. Technical advances have allowed the initial definition of intestinal viromes in a number of species including humans. Important advances in our knowledge of the host response to viral infection have shown that interferon lambda has a role that is unique from type I interferons in the intestine. Lastly, our understanding of virally induced phenotypes has expanded through new studies that show bacteria can play an important role in the outcome of viral infection in the intestine.
Diethyl chelidonate, a specific inhibitor of hormone-stimulated lipolysis

Abstract Diethyl chelidonate (DEC), diethyl ester of 4-oxo-4H-pyran-2,6-dicarboxylic acid, was synthesized and found to depress lipolysis stimulated by ACTH, norepinephrine, isoproterenol, theophylline, and N6-2′-O-dibutyryl cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate. In some respects, the type of blockade resembled that of the alpha-adrenergic blocking agents. DEC did not inhibit the stimulation of adipose tissue phosphorylase by norepinephrine or ACTH, nor did it affect the action of catecholamines on smooth muscle, indicating a specificity for the blockade of lipolysis. The compound exhibited a slight inhibitory effect on norepinephrine-stimulated adenyl cyclase activity and some stimulatory effect on cyclic 3',5'-AMP phosphodiesterase. It produced no inhibition of lipases such as porcine pancreatic lipase, an adipose tissue monoglyceride lipase, and an adipose tissue long-chain triglyceride lipase, nor did it prevent the spontaneous release of free fatty acids from isolated adipocytes.
THE EFFECTS OF RECENT CHANGES IN ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION ON THE HYDROLOGY OF THE KANKAKEE RIVER

: In North America the four successive winters from 1974-1975 through 1977–1978 were very different from each other in terms of atmospheric circulation and resulting surface weather conditions. The first year of the sequence there was a near normal circulation pattern. The following years were characterized by the gradual amplification of an upper atmosphere ridge over the West Coast coupled with an eastward displacement of a long-wave trough east of the Rocky Mountains. These changes in circulation brought below normal temperatures to the Midwest, below normal precipition and increasing snowfall which reached record levels in February 1978. These atmospheric changes brought about changes in the flow of the Kankakee River-Total runoff in the winter half-year dropped as precipitation and temperatures dropped; there was a marked retarding of winter runoff and the yield of the watershed increased.
Characterization of aggregate fuzzy membership functions using Saaty's eigenvalue approach

This paper describes and extends Saaty's eigenvalue approach to fuzzy membership determination. A genetic algorithm-based procedure is adopted to minimize the failure rates in fuzzy membership determination using Saaty's eigenvalue approach. The proposed method is then extended to develop an aggregate fuzzy membership function using multiple decision-maker environment. A theoretical framework for understanding the magnitude of failures with the increase in the cardinality of fuzzy sets is provided.
Growth and characterization of epitaxial bismuth films.

The present work describes the growth of the first thin (0.1--2 \ensuremath{\mu}m) epitaxial films of pure bismuth using molecular-beam-epitaxy techniques. These structures were grown at elevated temperatures on single-crystal barium fluoride substrates of 〈111〉 orientation. Electron-microscope observations show the films to be featureless and defect free on the scale of 0.1 \ensuremath{\mu}m. The films grow with their trigonal axis parallel to the 〈111〉 axis of the substrate, and Laue-backscattering pictures show they are epitaxial. Mobilities at room temperature are on the order of 2 ${\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ ${\mathit{V}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ ${\mathit{s}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$, and increase to over 10 at 20 K and 100 at liquid-helium temperatures. These values are far superior to those of other bismuth films grown to date, and approach mobilities observed in single-crystal bismuth. Further evidence of their single-crystal nature is given by the temperature-dependent resistivity below 6K, which is more akin to that of a bulk single crystal, rather than polycrystal, bismuth, and by the thickness dependence of the film mobilities, which are limited by scattering on film boundaries. The carrier density, as deduced from Hall measurements, is in the range (4--8)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{24}$ ${\mathrm{m}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$ at room temperature and decreases as the temperature is lowered, becoming constant below about 50 K at approximately 5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{23}$ ${\mathrm{m}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$. We also observe Shubnikov--de Haas oscillations in the resistivity and Hall coefficient at 4.2 and 0.4 K. The carrier density calculated from the period of these oscillations correlates well with that found from Hall measurements.
Not Crossing the “Extra Line”: How Cohabitors With Children View Their Unions

I use qualitative interview data from a sample of 44 cohabiting couples who have children together to investigate how they view their unions and how the presence of children influences the meanings they attach to them. I find most cohabiting parents begin cohabiting in response to a pregnancy but do not believe they should stay in a relationship because of shared children. They view cohabitation as a practical response to parenthood that allows them to coparent and share expenses yet avoid the greater expectations of commitment, relationship quality, and more traditional and scripted family roles they associate with marriage. Cohabiting parents do not believe they should marry because they have a child together but value the symbolic aspects of marriage.
ACQUIRED RESISTANCE TO THE THYROID-STIMULATING AND PSEUDOLUTEINIZING HORMONE OF CATTLE ANTERIOR PITUITARY*

Former investigations [Gray and Loeb (1), and Rabinovitch (2, 3, 4)] have shown that administration of potassium iodide to guinea pigs and rats increases considerably the mitotic activity of the acinus cells of the thyroid gland and may produce a slight softening of the colloid, as well as a very slight increase in the size of these acinus cells. The number of phagocytes which invade the colloid becomes much increased. If the oral administration of potassium iodide is interrupted, the gland soon returns to its normal state; the number of mitoses approaches the normal count within three to seven days and after two to four weeks the proliferative activity seems to fall even below normal. However, it was noticed furthermore in our experiments that, when the administration of iodide was continued over a longer time, the phase of maximum stimulation was followed by a period in which the proliferative activity of the acinus cells declined again very markedly, notwithstanding the continued administration of the ...
Three‐component theory for the approach to sedimentation equilibrium in a density gradient

A three-component theory for the approach to sedimentation equilibrium in a density gradient is developed starting from the -phenomenological equations of irreversible thermodynamics. It is concluded that in the limit of infinitely dilute macromolecule, the properties of the solvated molecule are being measured as might be expected.
New observations regarding post-ischemia/reperfusion myocardial swelling.

In the 1960s and 1970s, the laboratory of Dr. Robert Jennings performed many experimental studies exploring the effect of reperfusion on myocardial pathology using an anesthetized canine model of mechanical proximal circumflex coronary artery occlusion followed by reperfusion [(1–3)][1]. They
Biomarkers of tobacco exposure or harm: Application to clinical and epidemiological studies

Adverse outcomes from tobacco use may take decades to develop. Biomarkers are measures that can be used in the early stages of tobacco use to assess exposure to tobacco toxins or to predict adverse health outcomes with which they are associated. Examples of biomarkers include specific chemical components of tobacco or their metabolites; early biochemical, histological, or physiological effects; and early health effects. Mechanistically relevant and quantitatively valid biomarkers are essential for assessing the ultimate impact of new products, treatments, preventive measures, and public health policies on tobacco-related disease. The tobacco industry's recent introduction of a variety of new tobacco products or devices with implied claims of reduced health risks highlights the need to develop methods for assessing their potential for benefit or harm. A wide variety of biomarkers for tobacco exposure or harm has been studied. Although many questions about their use remain unanswered, substantial data exist regarding their validity and utility. This conference reviewed both the general issues surrounding biomarker use and the current state of knowledge regarding the most widely studied and promising biomarkers.
New models for impurity tracer diffusion in silver halides

Abstract A summary of results on diffusion of both anionic and cationic impurities in the silver halides is reported. The diffusion of bromide and iodide ions in silver chloride and of chloride and iodide ions in silver bromide are discussed in terms of two vacancy mechanisms. An interstitial-substitutional model is presented to explain the diffusion of divalent cations in silver halides. The effect of a chlorine atmosphere on the diffusion of gold ion in silver chloride is examined in terms of a deviation from stoichiometry.
Properties of the continua of eight PG QSOs from ASCA data

Abstract We have analyzed the continua of eight PG QSOs, obtained by the ASCA SIS detector with a higher energy resolution and a broader band than by ROSAT/PSPC and attempted to fit the data with a single power law, a double power law and a truncated power law. Four of the objects exhibit soft X excess in 0.4 – 10 keV. They are Mkn 478, PG 1444+407, PG 1543+48 and 3C 273. Furthermore, the ratio of the excess to total flux is the smaller, the greater the optical luminosity is. The presence or otherwise of the soft X-ray excess is unrelated to the radio properties and luminosity of the object.
A tentative Tholichthys stage in development of Ostracoberyx and its bearing on systematics of Ostracoberycidae

The unusual larval stage of Ostracoberyx dorygens is described for the first time. A late larva is characterized by a deep body, a very large head with strong spines on preopercular, supraoccipital, and lacrimal bones and a head completely encased with hypertrophied surface bones. Based on a number of morphological characters, this larva is very similar to the pelagic “tholichthys” stage of chaetodontids. A possible relationship between these two families is hypothesized based on similarity of their early stages.
Grooming in the mantled howler monkey, Alouatta palliata Gray

Dominant individuals groom subordinates in the mantled howler monkey. This relationship is previously unreported for the species and is a characteristic that howler monkeys share with many birds and mammals.
TEXTURAL PROPERTIES OF STORED AND IRRADIATED PEACHES: II. Rheological Properties*

Irradiated peaches were more capable of recovery from applied stress, exhibited less creep deformation, and longer 35% stress relaxation times than the non-irradiated or the ripened fruits. Irradiation, the degree of ripening, and the previous stress-strain history of peaches influenced their response to applied stresses.
Conference on the 30th Anniversary of the United States Supreme Court's Decision in Gideon v. Wainwright: Gideon and the Public Service Role of Lawyers in Advancing Equal Justice

This article reflects the comments of Dean Bruce Jacob in the panel discussion commemorating the thirtieth anniversary of the decision in Gideon v. Wainwright, hosted by the Consortium for the National Equal Justice Library and The Washington College of Law of The American University.