cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cost-optimal, robust charging of electrically-fueled commercial vehicle fleets via machine learning

Electrification for commercial vehicle fleets presents opportunity to cut emissions, reduce fuel costs, and improve operational metrics. However, infrastructure limitations in urban areas often inhibit the ability to charge a significant number of electric vehicles, especially under one roof. This paper highlights a novel controls approach developed at GE Global Research in conjunction with Columbia University to fulfill the stated needs for intelligent charging of a commercial fleet of electric vehicles. This novel approach combines traditional control techniques with machine learning algorithms to adapt to customer behavior over time. The stated controls system is designed to regulate the charging rate of multiple electric vehicle supply equipment devices (EVSEs) to facilitate cost-optimal charging subject to past and predicted building load, vehicle energy requirements, and current conditions. In this embodiment, the system is primarily designed to mitigate electric demand charges that may otherwise occur due to charging at inopportune times. The system will be deployed at a New York City FedEx Express delivery depot in partnership with the local utility, Consolidated Edison Company of New York.
Oral Estrogen Masculinizes Female Zebra Finch Song System

Abstract It is well established that parenteral treatment of female zebra finch chicks with estradiol masculinizes their song control nuclei and that as adults they are capable of song. Concern over the widespread use of putative environmental estrogens caused us to ask whether oral exposure to estrogens (a natural route of exposure) could produce similar effects. We dosed chicks orally with estradiol benzoate (EB; 1, 10, 100, and 1000 nmol/g of body mass per day, days 5–11 posthatch), the non-ionic surfactant octylphenol (100 and 1000 nmol/g), or the pesticides methoxychlor (100 and 1000 nmol/g) and dicofol (100 nmol/g) and measured their song control nuclei as adults. EB treatment produced increases in song nuclei comparable to that induced by parenteral administration of estrogens. This is the first study of which we are aware to use an oral route of administration, which simulates the natural process of parent birds feeding their nestlings. We conclude that oral exposure to estradiol alters song control nuclei and we report in a related paper (Millam et al., 2001) that such exposure severely disrupts reproductive performance. Although we detected no influence of xenobiotics on induction of song control nuclei the possibility remains that oral exposure to xenoestrogens in high enough doses could affect development.
Pre- and post-storage levels of sorbitol and sugars in ‘Delicious’ apple nursery stock as affected by chemical- or hand-defoliation

‘Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) nursery stock was hand-defoliated on 1, 15 or 30 October 1977 and 1978, or treated on 5, 5 and 10, or 5, 10 and 15 October with 1.5% Dupont WK surfactant (principle functioning agent the dodecyl ether of polyethylene glycol) alone, or plus 200 mg l−1 ethephon, to observe their effects on sorbitol and sugar levels in selected tissues at digging-time (15 November) and at planting-time after 5 months storage at 3°C. Early hand-defoliation reduced sorbitol at digging-time in both years and multiple-chemical applications reduced sorbitol in the second year only. However, after storage, sorbitol in trees with both hand- and chemical-treatments was equal to or greater than the control. Fructose and glucose were increased by hand-or chemical-treatment, while sucrose was usually decreased. Reduced sorbitol and sucrose levels at digging contributed to an overall reduction in the pool of carbohydrate reserves which would be expected to lead to reduced growth after planting.
The antiquity of man in South America

Abstract The initial peopling of South America is reviewed in terms of geochronological and archaeological data. The problem is put in historical perspective and a systematic evaluation is made of the latest typologically oriented arguments for the presence of preprojectile point complexes. Field evidence is very weak for early Biface and Chopper traditions. There is better support for an early Flake tradition, but it is not likely to precede the use of stone projectile points. Radiocarbon dates and “terrace dating” should be used only with great caution and careful attention to the nature of cultural and stratigraphic associations. Uncritical acceptance of determinations on bone and soil samples has led to extremely problematic cultural reconstructions. Emphasis on stratified sites with finished artifacts, faunal assocations, and charcoal dates leads to a reconstruction at odds with those presented in recent textbooks. It is concluded that the bulk of solid evidence favors the entry of man as a big game hunter using stone projectile points and having an adaptation much like that of the Paleo-Indians of North America.
Detection of Iss and Bor on the surface of Escherichia coli.

Aims: To confirm the presence of Iss and Bor on the outer membrane of Escherichia coli using Western blots of outer membrane protein (OMP) preparations and fluorescence microscopy, and explore the use of fluorescence microscopy for the detection of avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) and diagnosis of avian colibacillosis. Methods and Results: Knockout mutants of iss and bor were created using a one-step recombination of target genes with PCR-generated antibiotic resistance cassettes. Anti-Iss monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) that cross-react with Bor protein were used to study the mutants relative to the wild-type organism. These Mabs were used as reagents to study OMP preparations of the mutants with Western blotting and intact E. coli cells with fluorescence microscopy. Iss and Bor were detected in Western blots of OMP preparations of the wild type. Also, Iss was detected on Δbor mutants, and Bor was detected on Δiss mutants. Iss and Bor were also detected on the surface of the intact, wild-type cells and mutants using fluorescence microscopy. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that Bor and Iss are exposed on E. coli’s outer membrane where they may be recognized by the host's immune system. Significance and Impact of the Study: To our knowledge, this is the first report confirming Iss’ location in the outer membrane of an E. coli isolate. Such surface exposure has implications for the use of these Mabs for APEC detection and colibacillosis control.
Evaluation of a team model of digital language exchange

This paper describes an online collaborative model designed to allow meaningful, authentic interactions between college English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students and adult native speakers of English. The program uses technology to bridge the gap between the need of EFL students to interact with native speakers for successful language learning and the geographical distance of EFL classrooms. The two groups of participants were brought together in a symbiotic relationship enabled and shaped by an online collaborative learning environment. This study employed two 4-member teams collaborating on an electronic bulletin board to address problems such as lack of response and lack of purpose that current models of online exchange face. Findings indicate that the team model is a viable alternative to one-to-one or many-to-many correspondence. They also suggest that collaborative activities may play an important role in fostering meaningful and lasting interactions.
Controlling the active properties of excitable cells

Molecular perturbations of neurons, including genetic knockout and transgenic approaches, have provided insight into the cellular processes underlying neuronal function and plasticity. A detailed understanding of how individual neurons participate in the circuitry that controls behavior, however, will require the ability to experimentally manipulate the active properties of neurons in vivo. Recent technologies have greatly advanced our experimental ability to modulate the active properties of neurons with spatial and temporal precision; technical advances have been applied to the investigation of a diverse array of neurobiological questions.
Tetra(9,10-phenanthro)tetraazaporphyrin - phthalocyanine: Comparative electrical conductivities

Abstract Tetra(9,10-phenanthro)tetraazaporphyrin, H 2 TPTAP, has been synthesized and characterized for comparative electrical conductivity measurements with phthalocyanine, H 2 Pc, before and after iodine doping. The objective is to determine the effect on conductivity of fusing eight additional benzo rings to the periphery of the phthalocyanine ring. H 2 Pc doped to a (H 2 Pc)I 2.5 composition with a resistivity decreases from 10 15 to 1 ω cm, while H 2 TPTAP doped to a (H 2 TPTAP)I 0.26 composition with a corresponding resistivity change from 10 11 to 10 8 ω cm. Experimental data and the literature indicate that benzene rings fused to the periphery of the tetraazaporphyrin ring have little π-electron interaction. Similarly, the structure-conductivity correlation of data is interpreted as indicating that fusion of additional benzo rings has an insulating substituent group effect on oxidation of and charge transport between the tetraazaporphyrin rings in the polycrystalline solid.
Quantum Momentum Distributions

The atomic momentum distribution in quantum fluids and solids differs significantly from the classical, Gaussian Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution. There are more low momentum atoms than in a Gaussian. Using simple models, we show that deviation from Gaussian of the observed magnitude and sign can arise from anharmonicity in the potential or from the introduction of Bose statistics.
Prediction of vitamins loss during non-isothermal heat processes and storage with non-linear kinetic models

Abstract The isothermal degradation kinetics of vitamins in stored and heated foods can be described by the Weibullian–power law model, C ( t ) / C 0 = exp [ − b ( T ) t n ] and the temperature dependence of b(T) by the log logistic equation, b ( T ) = log e { 1 + exp [ k ( T − T c ) ] } . The resulting three degradation parameters, n, Tc and k, can be used to predict the vitamins' degradation patterns under a variety of non-isothermal temperature histories, using a rate model that unlike the traditional Arrhenius and log linear model does not require that the logarithmic degradation rate must be only a function of temperature and hence time independent. Instead, the described model has been constructed on the assumption that the momentary logarithmic degradation rate is the isothermal rate at the momentary temperature, at a time that corresponds to the vitamin's momentary concentration. In all the examined cases, the proposed model's predictions were in agreement with the experimental observations.
Jerk limited input shapers

The focus of this paper is on the design of jerk limited input shapers (time-delay filters). Closed form solutions for the jerk limited time-delay filter for undamped systems are derived followed by the formulation of the problem for damped systems. Since the jerk limited filter involves concatenating an integrator to a time-delay filter, a general filter design technique is proposed where smoothing of the shaped input can be achieved by concatenating transfer functions of first order, harmonic systems, etc.
A New Analytic Approximation for the Hydrodynamic Forces in Finite-Length Journal Bearings

A new method for determining a closed form expression for the hydrodynamic forces in finite-length plain journal bearings is introduced. The method is based on applying correction functions to the force models of the infinitely long (IL) or infinitely short (IS) bearing approximation. The correction functions are derived by modeling the ratio between the forces from the numerical integration of the two-dimensional Reynolds equation and the forces from either the IL or IS bearing approximation. Low-order polynomial models, dependent on the eccentricity ratio and aspect ratio, are used for the correction functions. A comparative computational study is presented for the steady-state behavior of the bearing system under static and unbalance loads. The results show the proposed models outperforming the standard limiting approximations as well as a model based on the finite-length impedance method.
Relationship of the mineral constituents in solution to stream flow, Saline River near Russell, Kansas

Studies were made of the salinity relationships of ground-water inflow in the Saline River basin, Kansas, during the period 1945–49 in connection with the program of the Interior Department for development of the Missouri River basin. Mineralization in the Saline River near Russell, Kansas, fluctuates rapidly from more than 4400 ppm in low water stages to approximately 200 ppm at flood stage. Hydrographs for the 1947 and 1948 water years reveal that surface runoff comprised approximately 65 pct of the total runoff for each year and carried an estimated 24 pct of the annual dissolved solids discharge. The dissolved minerals in surface runoff were derived from surface contact and channel scour. In contrast, runoff from ground-water sources contributed 35 pct of the total runoff and 76 pct of the annual dissolved solids discharge. Ground water discharging to the Saline River and its tributaries carries strong concentrations of dissolved minerals that are leached from saliferous and gypsiferous shales and sands of the consolidated materials. Sodium, chloride, and sulfate are the most prominent constituents. Chloride concentrations of more than 1900 ppm were identified with low flow and the chloride ion is related hyperbolically to stream flow. Equations were developed by the least-squares principle to correlate between specific conductance of the water and several mineral constituents in solution.
A proposal for paraelectric phonon generation and detection: Phonon amplification via stimulated emission

Abstract A system is proposed in which phonon amplification via stimulated emission should be obtainable. In addition, the system should be useful as a microwave phonon detector.
Prediction of incipient separation in shock- boundary-layer interactions.

c = boundary-layer parameter H = form factor 5*/0 K = pressure gradient parameter = (6^p/n)(dM/dx) L = boundary-layer parameter M = Mach number Re = Reynolds number T — temperature x = axial distance Sincip = change in wall angle at incipient separation 5* = boundary-layer displacement thickness 6 = in viscid stream turning angle 0 = boundary-layer momentum thickness v = Prandtl Meyer turning angle x = viscous interaction parameter = MCw/Re tr = subscript for "transformed"
Search for low temperature liquid H2 in 2-D films

Thermodynamic, scattering, and nmr measurements on films of H2, HD, D2, and mixtures of these molecules adsorbed on MgO and graphite have found phase diagrams for individual monolayers with solid-liquid-vapor triple points ranging from 7.2K (for the 2nd layer of H2 on MgO) to 5.74K (for a monolayer of H2 on top of a solid layer of D2 on graphite). We review the experimental evidence for the proposed phase diagrams.
Creating simulation capabilities

On September 23, 1992, scientists and engineers of the US nuclear weapons complex in Nevada made the Earth move for the last time. The US government decided to stop developing new nuclear weapons now that the Cold War had ended. The need for underground nuclear tests, which had traditionally served primarily for testing and developing new designs, naturally decreased dramatically once the need for those new designs disappeared. But that last underground blast also marked the beginning of a new era in computer simulation. Besides testing new designs, underground testing had also answered critical questions about the safety, reliability, and performance of existing weapons. If anything, those needs would increase, not decrease, as the US nuclear weapons stockpile aged. So, as part of an effort to address those questions by developing a more thorough scientific understanding of the issues involved, the US Department of Energy propounded the Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiative (ASCI). ASCI's objective is to support high confidence assessments and stockpile certifications through high fidelity simulations. The ASCI program will create these simulation capabilities as part of the DOE's larger Stockpile Stewardship and Management program. The formidable nuclear weapons science issues involved in making this shift will require a significant investment in terms of scientific understanding and funding. The article discusses the steps the ASCI program will take in meeting that challenge.
Inactivation of glutathione reductase by 4-hydroxynonenal and other endogenous aldehydes

4-Hydroxynonenal, a product of oxidative degradation of unsaturated lipids, is an endogenous reactive α,β-unsaturated aldehyde with numerous biological activities. 4-Hydroxynonenal rapidly inactivated glutathione reductase in an NADPH-dependent reaction. Inactivation appears to involve the initial formation of an enzyme-inactivator complex, KD = 0.5 μM, followed by the inactivation reaction, k = 1.3 × 10−2min.−1. α,β-Unsaturated aldehydes such as acrolein, crotonaldehyde, and cinnamaldehyde also inactivated glutathione reductase, although rates varied widely. Inactivation of glutathione reductase by α,β-unsaturated aldehydes was followed by slower NADPH-independent reactions that led to formation of nonfluorescent cross-linked products, accompanied by loss of lysine and histidine residues. Other reactive endogenous aldehydes such as methylglyoxal, 3-deoxyglucosone, and xylosone inactivated glutathione reductase by an NADPH-independent mechanism, with methylglyoxal being the most reactive. However, 2-oxoaldehydes were much less effective than 4-hydroxynonenal. Inactivation of glutathione reductase by these 2-oxoaldehydes was followed by slower reactions that led to the formation of fluorescent cross-linked products over a period of several weeks. These changes were accompanied by loss of arginine residues. Thus, the sequence of events is different for inactivation and modification of glutathione reductase by α,β-unsaturated aldehydes compared with 2-oxoaldehydes with respect to kinetics, NADPH requirements, fluorescence changes, and loss of amino acid residues. The ability of 4-hydroxynonenal at low concentrations to inactivate glutathione reductase, a central antioxidant enzyme, suggests that oxidative degradation of unsaturated lipids may initiate a positive feedback loop that enhances the potential for oxidative damage.
Expression, purification and preliminary X-ray analysis of proliferating cell nuclear antigen from the archaeon Thermococcus thioreducens.

Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is a DNA sliding clamp which confers processivity on replicative DNA polymerases. PCNA also acts as a sliding platform that enables the association of many DNA-processing proteins with DNA in a non-sequence-specific manner. In this investigation, the PCNA from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus thioreducens (TtPCNA) was cloned, overexpressed in Escherichia coli and purified to greater than 90% homogeneity. TtPCNA crystals were obtained by sitting-drop vapor-diffusion methods and the best ordered crystal diffracted to 1.86 A resolution using synchrotron radiation. The crystals belonged to the hexagonal space group P63, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 89.0, c = 62.8 A. Crystals of TtPCNA proved to be amenable to complete X-ray analysis and future structure determination.
Application of alkyne metathesis in polymer synthesis

Alkyne metathesis has attracted growing attention in the past two decades as a versatile synthetic method for formation of the CC bond. It has been applied to the synthesis of various small organic molecules, linear polymers, as well as polymer networks. Herein, we review the recent progress in the development of alkyne metathesis polymerization, which includes acyclic diyne metathesis polymerization (ADIMET) and ring-opening alkyne metathesis polymerization (ROAMP).
GROWTH OF STEM CELL CONCENTRATES IN DIFFUSION CHAMBERS (DC)

The growth in diffusion chamber (DC) of normal murine marrow and marrow separated by discontinuous albumin centrifugation was studied. The colony-forming cells (CFC) assayed in soft agar, total cell counts and differentials were measured in the DC over a 19 day period after intraperitoneal implantation into CF1 mice. Growth of implants of normal marrow or fraction 3 (F3) in which CFC had been concentrated 1.7–3.9-fold were compared at an initial cell concentration of 1 × 105. There was a good correlation between the number of CFC implanted with granulocyte production but not with macrophage production. When higher cell concentrations of normal unfractionated marrow were implanted growth was reduced as was recovery of CFC. In two experiments in which both CFU and CFC concentrations were measured there was a general correlation between the two.
Computer-aided analysis of locomotion data.

Abstract This paper describes a set of data reduction programs that are used to manipulate a data base derived from cine film records of cats moving on a treadmill or overground. The current system runs on a CDC 6400 computer. The programs are coded primarily in FORTRAN IV. They permit convenient searching for user-specified subclasses of data, performing statistical analyses, displaying plots of data clusters and locomotion patterns, and conditioning the data for subsequent analysis with SPSS. Some basic concepts in locomotion analysis are reviewed, and examples of the data analysis and classification capabilities of the system are presented.
Acetaminophen overdose-induced liver injury in mice is mediated by peroxynitrite independently of the cyclophilin D-regulated permeability transition†

Acetaminophen (APAP) is safe at therapeutic dosage but can cause severe hepatotoxicity if used at overdose. The mechanisms of injury are not yet fully understood, but previous reports had suggested that the mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT) may be involved in triggering hepatocellular necrosis. We aimed at inhibiting mitochondrial cyclophilin D (CypD), a key regulator of the mPT, as a potential therapeutic target in APAP hepatotoxicity. Wildtype mice treated with a high dose of APAP (600 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) developed typical centrilobular necrosis, which could not, however, be prevented by cotreatment with the selective CypD inhibitor, Debio 025 (alisporivir, DEB025, a nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin A analog). Similarly, genetic ablation of mitochondrial CypD in Ppif-null mice did not afford protection from APAP hepatotoxicity. To determine whether APAP-induced peroxynitrite stress might directly activate mitochondrial permeabilization, independently of the CypD-regulated mPT, we coadministered the peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst Fe-TMPyP (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal, 90 minutes prior to APAP) to CypD-deficient mice. Liver injury was greatly attenuated by Fe-TMPyP pretreatment, and mitochondrial 3-nitrotyrosine adduct levels (peroxynitrite marker) were decreased. Acetaminophen treatment increased both the cytosolic and mitochondria-associated P-JNK levels, but the c-jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling inhibitor SP600125 was hepatoprotective in wildtype mice only, indicating that the JNK pathway may not be critically involved in the absence of CypD. Conclusion: These data support the concept that an overdose of APAP results in liver injury that is refractory to pharmacological inhibition or genetic depletion of CypD and that peroxynitrite-mediated cell injury predominates in the absence of CypD. (HEPATOLOGY 2011;)
The effects of ionizing radiation on diffused resistors

A theoretical examination of the effects of ionizing radiation on diffused resistors performed to ascertain the feasibility of their use in hardened dielectrically isolated integrated circuits is described. The two basic effects — conductivity modulation, which is generally insignificant or can easily be rendered so, and photocurrent generation, the consequences of which essentially determine the diffused resistor hardness — are studied. Results indicate that typical dielectrically isolated diffused resistors are quite invulnerable to ionizing radiation. Design guidelines to achieve optimum hardness are implied. Initial findings of radiation experiments performed on a diffused resistor test chip are reported. When transient leakage dissociated with the resistor structures is accounted for, the results substantiate the primary conclusions of the theoretical study.
"Live" Surface Ferromagnetism in Fe Nanodots/Cu Multilayers on Cu(111)

We investigate the crossover behavior from two-dimensional (2D) to three-dimensional in multilayers of magnetic nanodots grown by stacking 2D Fe nanodot assemblies on Cu(111) single crystal substrate with a Cu spacing layer. Using an in situ magneto-optical Kerr effect, we have observed a striking ferromagnetic to spin-glass-like phase transition with an increasing number of Fe dot layers. The topmost layer of the Fe dots survives the phase transition and remains ferromagnetic. This unusual surface ferromagnetism is likely caused by a surface-state-mediated coupling which is stronger than the coupling in bulk layers. This is confirmed by the fact that the critical temperature of the surface ferromagnetism is considerably higher than that of the bulk spin-glass phase in the system.
Social area analysis, data mining, and GIS

There is a long cartographic tradition of describing cities through a focus on the characteristics of their residents. A review of the history of this type of urban social analysis highlights some persistent challenges. In this paper existing geodemographic approaches are extended through coupling the Kohonen Self-Organizing Map algorithm (SOM), a data-mining technique, with geographic information systems (GIS). This approach allows the construction of linked maps of social (attribute) and geographic space. This novel type of geodemographic classification allows ad hoc hierarchical groupings and exploration of the relationship between social similarity and geographic proximity. It allows one to filter complex demographic datasets and is capable of highlighting general social patterns while retaining the fundamental social fingerprints of a city. A dataset describing 79 attributes of the 2217 census tracts in New York City is analyzed to illustrate the technique. Pairs of social and geographic maps are formally compared using simple pattern metrics. Our analysis of New York City calls into question some assumptions about the functional form of spatial relationships that underlie many modeling and statistical techniques.
The Development of Real-World Knowledge and Reasoning in Real-World Contexts

Abstract In this commentary I first review the unique strengths of each of the four articles in this special issue and then describe several themes that unite them. All four teams of researchers are working within the ecology of real schools, designing and evaluating theory-guided research that has benefited from ample teacher input. In an era in which policymakers increasingly espouse the need for evidence-based educational research, these four articles serve as exemplars of the kind of research that schools require if we are to improve the state of instruction and learning.
Resolving conflicting demands on evaluation: A test demonstration of videotex for farmers

Abstract Evaluating an innovation for federal, state, and local policymakers and program managers alike entails conflicting demands on the evaluation study. Policymakers at federal, state, and local levels are best assisted by impact evaluations, whereas state and local program managers are best assisted by process evaluations. In-house evaluators often have an advantage in conducting process evaluations; external evaluators generally have an advantage in conducting impact evaluations. A cost-effective approach may be to combine in-house process evaluation and external impact evaluation. This dual approach was found to reduce conflicting demands on the evaluation of an experimental videotex system for agricultural producers.
Resuscitation Preferences Among Patients With Severe Congestive Heart Failure Results From the SUPPORT Project

Background—We sought to describe the resuscitation preferences of patients hospitalized with an exacerbation of severe congestive heart failure, perceptions of those preferences by their physicians...
Drug-induced Ototoxicity

Organ specific toxicity of drugs is now recognised to be a serious problem. This type of toxicity is known to affect the eye, liver, kidney, heart, blood, and bone marrow, as well as the ear. Organ specific toxicity to the ear is usually referred to as ototoxicity. There are many different classes of drugs reported to produce ototoxicity, and the effect ranges from production of permanent deafness to temporary tinnitis. The drugs that are most well known in this regard are the aminoglycoside antibiotics, the salicylate analgesics and quinine and related antimalarials.
Cigarette smoke component acrolein modulates chromatin assembly by inhibiting histone acetylation

Chromatin structure and gene expression are both regulated by nucleosome assembly. How environmental factors influence histone nuclear import and the nucleosome assembly pathway, leading to changes in chromatin organization and transcription, remains unknown. Acrolein (Acr) is an α,β-unsaturated aldehyde, which is abundant in the environment, especially in cigarette smoke. It has recently been implicated as a potential major carcinogen of smoking-related lung cancer. Here we show that Acr forms adducts with histone proteins in vitro and in vivo and preferentially reacts with free histones rather than with nucleosomal histones. Cellular fractionation analyses reveal that Acr exposure specifically inhibits acetylations of N-terminal tails of cytosolic histones H3 and H4, modifications that are important for nuclear import and chromatin assembly. Notably, Acr exposure compromises the delivery of histone H3 into chromatin and increases chromatin accessibility. Moreover, changes in nucleosome occupancy at several genomic loci are correlated with transcriptional responses to Acr exposure. Our data provide new insights into mechanisms whereby environmental factors interact with the genome and influence genome function.
Reflectance And Transmission Measurements

A conventional recording spectroradiometer can be used in several ways to find the spectral reflectance and transmittance of an optical filter. Care must be taken to compensate for systematic errors introduced by the partial polarization and angular divergence of the spectroradiometer beam. Corrections must also be made for the instrumental bandwidth, spurious reflections, beam walk-off and collimation.© (1974) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The amino acid sequence of human APOA-I, an apolipoprotein isolated from high density lipoproteins.

Abstract The complete amino acid sequence of human A-I has been determined by manual and automated Edman degradation of intact and peptide fragments of A-I. A-I is a single chain protein of 243 residues with the following amino acid composition: Asp16, Asn5, Thr10, Ser15, Glu27, Gln19, Pro10, Gly10, Ala19, Val13, Met3, Leu37, Tyr7, Phe6, Trp4, Lys21, His5, and Arg16. The amino acid sequence contains no linear segments of hydrophobic or hydrophilic residues. A detailed correlation of the amino acid sequence, conformation, and self association of A-I will add further insight into the molecular mechanisms involved in protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions.
“I DON’T KNOW HOW MUCH MORE I CAN TAKE”: HOW DIVORCED NONRESIDENTIAL FATHERS MANAGE BARRIERS TO INVOLVEMENT?

This grounded theory study examined how 20 newly divorced, nonresidential fathers believe their physical involvement with their children allows them to maintain an Involved Father identity. Their identities, however, were negatively influenced by five barriers—Rushed Time; The Legal System; Geographic Distance; Negative Perception of Child Support; and Higher Conflict Former Spouse Relationships. Finally, fathers described four ways they were able to reframe their barriers, which negated their negative influence: Reframing Priorities; Reframing Time; Reframing the Relationship with Former Wives; and Reframing Fathers’ Needs. The findings suggest that divorced nonresidential fathers’ physical involvement with their children is maintained by the ability to reframe barriers and not by the number of barriers fathers identify.
Use of Rheolytic Thrombectomy in the Treatment of Feline Distal Aortic Thromboembolism

The purpose of this prospective clinical trial was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a commercially available rheolytic thrombectomy system in the treatment of naturally occurring feline aortic thromboembolic disease. All 6 cats enrolled in the investigation were affected at the level of the distal aorta and had signs of the disease affecting both pelvic limbs. Cats were anesthetized and an arteriotomy was performed on 1 carotid artery to gain access to the arterial system. Selective arterial angiography was used to confirm the presence of thromboembolic disease. The thrombectomy system was advanced to the level of the thrombus using fluoroscopic guidance. Repeat angiography was used intermittently to assess progress of thromboembolus dissolution throughout the procedure. The use of the rheolytic thrombectomy system resulted in successful thrombus dissolution in 5 of 6 cats. Three of 6 cats survived to discharge. Both of these results compare favorably with conventional therapies used in the treatment of this disease. Feline distal aortic thromboembolism is a frustrating disease that warrants a guarded to poor prognosis. Rheolytic thrombectomy may provide veterinarians with an alternative therapy in the treatment of thromboembolic diseases, including feline distal aortic thromboembolism.
World communications after UNESCO

Abstract The withdrawal of the United States from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) represented an abrupt change in the long debate over the role of mass media, especially the so‐called New World Information Order. The NWIO issue itself was not a justification to withdraw, but other factors—corruption and incompetence within UNESCO and ill‐conceived programs— were. The debate, however, did spark a renewal of interest in the role of communications, particularly telecommunications, to promote Third World economic and political development. It also produced a modest but important commitment by U.S. government and private mass media to increase technical assistance and training programs. Despite the UNESCO rhetoric, support for the Western tradition of independence between mass media and government remains strong among Third World journalists.
Processes regulating oxygen and carbon dioxide in surface waters west of the Antarctic Peninsula

Abstract Geographic surveys of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in surface waters west of the Antarctic Peninsula show the large temporal and spatial variability predicted for polar regions with winter ice cover and vernal phytoplankton blooms. The saturation states of surface seawater fugacity of carbon dioxide (fCO2{Sat}) ranged from 27% to 112% relative to the atmosphere and oxygen saturation states (O2{Sat}) ranged from 81% to 157% of the corresponding air-saturated values. Areas of O2 supersaturation and fCO2 undersaturation occurred mostly in coastal waters and were correlated with increases in chlorophyll a indicating a biological influence. Net community production (NCP) showed offshore to onshore gradients with O2 production as high as 23.8 mmol O2 m−3 day−1 and CO2 consumption as high as 19.2 mmol C m−3 day−1 within coastal areas. Areas of surface water O2 and fCO2 supersaturation were found further offshore, suggesting heating as a locally significant process. Areas of fCO2 supersaturation and O2 undersaturation were also found further offshore suggesting upwelling as a source of the CO2-enriched waters. Finally, within selected coastal areas, O2 and fCO2 were undersaturated suggesting cooling as a locally significant process. The seasonal phasing of biological, chemical and physical processes can help explain the temporal and regional variability that was observed in the saturation states of O2 and fCO2.
The use of sulfanilamide as a urinary antiseptic

Summary Sulfanilamide on administration produces a urine that is strongly bactericidal for most of the organisms which cause infection of the urinary tract. The dosage which is necessary to produce bactericidal urine is considerably less than doses which have been given, without any ill effects, for infections with streptococci. Its ease of administration, its use in the acute stage of the disease, its action in an alkaline urine, and its successful use in cases of renal insufficiency, make it a drug of great usefulness in the treatment of acute and chronic infections of the urinary tract. It takes the place of other urinary antiseptics in its successful application to certain types of cases in which other substances have failed, but because of its lack of action on the Streptococcus faecalis, it cannot replace them entirely.
Pseudogout-Associated Inflammatory Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Microcrystals Induce Formation of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps

Pseudogout is an autoinflammatory condition triggered by calcium pyrophosphate dehydrate (CPPD) crystal deposition in the joints. The innate immune system is irritated by and responds to the presence of the crystals with an inflammatory response. The synovial fluid contains activated inflammatory macrophages and neutrophil granulocytes. Several details of crystal-induced macrophage activation were recently uncovered, but very little is known about interactions of CPPD crystals with neutrophils. In this study, we show that human neutrophils engulf CPPD crystals and form large amounts of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in vitro. Released extracellular DNA binds myeloperoxidase and citrullinated histone H4. CPPD crystal-stimulated neutrophils and their nuclear DNA undergo morphological changes characteristic for NET formation. The ERK/MEK signaling pathway, heat shock protein 90, PI3K, and an intact cytoskeleton are required for CPPD-induced NET formation. Blocking crystal-activated respiratory burst has, however, no effect on NETs. Human neutrophils release IL-1β and IL-8 in response to CPPD crystals, and blocking CXCR2, the main IL-8R, diminishes NET formation. Proinflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, GM-CSF, and IL-1β, increase NET release by the crystals. Enhanced bacterial killing by CPPD-induced NETs demonstrates their ability to cause cellular damage. Our work documents and provides details about extracellular trap release in human neutrophils activated by CPPD microcrystals. We suggest that crystal-triggered NET formation can be a novel contributor to inflammatory conditions observed in CPPD crystal-driven synovitis.
Gradual typing for first-class classes

Dynamic type-checking and object-oriented programming often go hand-in-hand; scripting languages such as Python, Ruby, and JavaScript all embrace object-oriented (OO) programming. When scripts written in such languages grow and evolve into large programs, the lack of a static type discipline reduces maintainability. A programmer may thus wish to migrate parts of such scripts to a sister language with a static type system. Unfortunately, existing type systems neither support the flexible OO composition mechanisms found in scripting languages nor accommodate sound interoperation with untyped code. In this paper, we present the design of a gradual typing system that supports sound interaction between statically- and dynamically-typed units of class-based code. The type system uses row polymorphism for classes and thus supports mixin-based OO composition. To protect migration of mixins from typed to untyped components, the system employs a novel form of contracts that partially seal classes. The design comes with a theorem that guarantees the soundness of the type system even in the presence of untyped components.
Medical Errors: The Hidden Victim

AbstractThis article examines the impact of medical errors upon health care practitioners. Medical errors are viewed from the perspective of extreme job related and personal stress. A transactional model of stress comprised of both situational and appraisal variables are utilized to explain the unique coping problems of health care professionals when dealing with serious medical errors. The culture of medicine, unique ethical requirements, and societal expectations are examined as an integral part of the context of coping with errors. The debilitating emotional impact of catastrophic medical errors is a function of a culture of perfectibility, blame and the myth of an error free practice of health care. The belief in the utilitarian value of blame and punishment inhibits the open discussion and processing of errors, which could lead to better data for process and system change. Change in the socialization of health care providers and the culture of medicine as well as a supportive environment for practiti...
Intrapulmonary Penetration of Voriconazole in Patients Receiving an Oral Prophylactic Regimen

Voriconazole penetrated well into the pulmonary epithelial lining fluid (ELF) in lung transplant patients receiving oral prophylaxis. The ELF concentrations exceeded those of the plasma, with an average ELF-to-plasma ratio of 11 (±8). A strong association between plasma and ELF concentrations (r2 = 0.95) was noted.
Assessment of the Clinical Presentation and Treatment of 353 Cases of Laboratory-Confirmed Leptospirosis in Hawaii, 1974–1998

Leptospirosis is frequently misdiagnosed as a result of its protean and nonspecific presentation. Leptospirosis, a zoonosis with global distribution, commonly occurs in tropical and subtropical regions; most reported cases in the United States occur in Hawaii. All laboratory-confirmed leptospirosis cases in the State of Hawaii from 1974 through 1998 (n=353) were clinically evaluated. The most common presentation involved nonspecific signs or symptoms, including fever, myalgia, and headache. Jaundice occurred in 39% of cases; conjunctival suffusion was described in 28% of these cases. Initiation of antibiotics before the seventh day of symptoms was associated with a significantly shortened duration of illness. Because early recognition and initiation of antibiotic therapy are important, clinicians should familiarize themselves with the clinical presentation of leptospirosis, and when evaluating a patient with a febrile illness, they should obtain exposure and travel histories and entertain the possibility of leptospirosis in the differential diagnosis.
Remembering to prepare: The benefits (and costs) of high working memory capacity.

The dual mechanisms of control framework postulates that cognitive control can operate in 2 distinct modes: a “proactive” preparatory mode and a “reactive” wait-and-see mode. Importantly, the 2 modes are associated with both costs and benefits in cognitive performance. Here we explore this framework, in terms of its relationship with working memory capacity (WMC). We hypothesize that high-WMC individuals are more likely to utilize proactive control yielding not only benefits, but also specific costs to performance. Across 2 separate, large-sample experiments, healthy young adults performed different variants of the AX-Continuous Performance Test context processing task, a well-established probe of proactive and reactive cognitive control. In 2 experiments, WMC predicted both improvements and relative impairments in task performance in a manner that was consistent with usage of proactive control. These findings suggest that individuals differ in the degree to which they utilize proactive control based on WMC.
Role of Decision Analysis in Relation to Clinical Trials and a US Perspective of the Battelle Model

Economic assessment of evolving technologies is assuming increasing importance worldwide. One form of economic assessment uses decision analysis, a simulation technique, to determine whether performing a clinical trial is worthwhile. This type of assessment may streamline data collection within a clinical trial, and can aid in the interpretation of a trial result with substantial benefits and toxicities. Although second-line chemotherapy for patients with metastatic breast cancer is in common use, its benefit is unclear and it is associated with substantial cost. A database search of currently active or recently closed randomised phase III comparative trials for metastatic breast cancer found only 6 trials involving a comparison of chemotherapies. Only 1 trial allowed prior chemotherapy for metastatic disease. Given the paucity of forthcoming clinical data, decision analysis is an appropriate tool for estimating the effectiveness of potential treatments with second-line agents for metastatic breast cancer. The findings of the Battelle decision analysis model, described in this issue, identified response rates and 1-year mortality as the key areas of focus for comparative trials. Decision analysis can improve the design and efficacy of prospective, comparative trials but cannot replace them.
Separability and Independence of Congestion and Reliability: Theory and Simulations

One policy aim under electric-industry restructuring has been to replace the centralized utility planning process (integrated resource planning) with regional planning for network investments, and decentralized decision-making for merchant investments. Through specific policies such as encouraging market-based merchant transmission and the proposed establishment of National Interest Transmission Corridors under the Energy Policy Act of 2005, congestion and reliability have been treated as separable and independent system attributes. This paper brings together separate pieces of research in (S. Blumsack et al., 2006) to explore the proposition that transmission investments can be divided into those which relieve congestion and those which enhance system reliability. Using the DC power flow model with linear ATC, we derive some explicit necessary and sufficient analytical conditions under which the separability and independence assumptions hold. These include (i) the network is series-parallel; (ii) demand is completely price- inelastic; (iii) all customers value reliability identically; and (iv) the grid operator does not discriminate among customers when forced to physically ration consumption. Simulations using the IEEE 118-bus test system are presented which demonstrate the close dependence of reliability and congestion, except at very low levels of demand.