cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of guanine metabolism of mammalian tumor cells by the carbocyclic analogue of adenosine.

To tumor cells in culture, the carbocyclic analogue of adenosine {9-[β-DL-2α,3α-dihydroxy-4-β-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopentyl] adenine, C-Ado} has a potent toxicity which is increased in the presence of guanine. C-Ado strongly inhibits guanine utilization by intact cells, causes small amounts of xanthosine to accumulate in the cells, and reduces the ratio of AMP to IMP. The effect on guanine metabolism is reflected by a decreased incorporation of guanine into nucleic acids and by a decreased accumulation of guanine metabolites in the alcohol-soluble fraction of cells. Assays of enzymes involved in guanine metabolism show that C-Ado monophosphate is a potent, competitive inhibitor of GMP kinase (ATP:GMP phosphotransferase, EC [2.7.4.8][1]). The inhibition constant for C-Ado monophosphate is 12 µM, compared to a Michaelis constant for GMP of 41 µM. C-Ado monophosphate does not inhibit either hypoxanthine (guanine) phosphoribosyltransferase (IMP:pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase, EC [2.4.2.8][1]) on GDP kinase (ATP:nucleoside diphosphate phosphotransferase, EC [2.7.4.6][1]). Inhibition of GMP kinase may be responsible for tue growth-inhibitory properties of C-Ado and may be involved in the increased toxicity of the analogue in the presence of guanine. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are indebted to Miss D. Adamson and Mrs. M. H. Vail for provision of cell cultures, and to Mr. T. C. Herren and Mr. H. E. Finch for assays of radioisotopes. [1]: pending:yes
Established kidney cell lines of normal adult bovine and ovine origin.

SummaryTwo newly established cell strains capable of continuous cultivation, one derived from adult bovine kidney (MDBK) and one from adult ovine kidney (MDOK), are discussed. It is suggested that the strains may be useful for those interested in veterinary virology in particular and virus-host relationships in general.
Online signature verification using segmented local features

Biometric is a reliable system that provides person's authentication and verification using his physical and behavioral characteristics. Most of the previous work has been done on online signature verification involved statistical local and global features extracted from x, y coordinates and pen's pressure. Pen's positions along the time series has not used for verification yet. This motivates us to design an efficient online signature verification system by analyzing Local features consists of x, y coordinates and pen's ups and downs. Features are selected using segmentation such that characteristics of the shape of the signature remain maintained. Euclidean distance and dynamic time warping (DTW) are used for enrollment and matching of questioned sample with reference samples. Proposed method is evaluated on Japanese Online test set from ICDAR2013. System's performance is evaluated by computing EER, FAR, FRR, accuracy and time in seconds. We achieved 78.14% accuracy with average elapsed time of 0.13s using segmentation and 78.57% without segmentation with average elapsed time of 3.42s.
Adrenergic-cyclic AMP regulation of biopterin biosynthesis in the pineal gland

Tetrahydrobiopterin (6-(L-erythro-l’,2’-dihydroxypropyl)-2-amino-4-hydroxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridine) is a naturally occurring reducing agent; the only well established role for this compound is as a cofactor in the enzymatic hydroxylation of aromatic amino acids by a family of pterin-dependent mixed-function monooxygenases (Kaufman, 1974). This type of hydroxylation reaction is especially important in neurobiology because it is the intial step in the synthesis of the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine from tyrosine and of serotonin from tryptophan. Recently there has been speculation and some evidence has been presented indicating that tetrahydrobiopterin might serve another role in neuroendocrine tissue, especially the pineal gland (Van der Have-Kirchberg et al., 1977). In this case, the concentration of tetrahydrobiopterin is 10 to 300-fold higher than in other tissues, and the ratio of tetrahydrobiopterin content to pterin-dependent hydroxylase activity is exceedingly high (Levine et al., 1979).
Life cycle toxicity analysis of emerging PV cells

The rapid improvement in the performance of photovoltaic (PV) solar cells has resulted in an overall reduction in the environmental impacts. Simultaneously, the source of the impacts has shifted from the processing energy to the materials themselves. We analyzed the potential toxicity of new materials to provide insight into material and technology selection. We evaluated metal releases to different ecological compartments and estimated human and ecological toxicity potentials using the life cycle assessment (LCA) approach. We observed that leaching of metals to the environment during the use or end-of-life phase can significantly increase the toxicity.
Mathematics for Human Flourishing

AbstractHow can the deeply human themes that drive us to do mathematics be channeled to build a more beautiful and just world in which all can truly flourish?
Activation of the CRABPII/RAR pathway by curcumin induces retinoic acid mediated apoptosis in retinoic acid resistant breast cancer cells

Due to the anti-proliferative and anti-apoptotic effects of retinoic acid (RA), this hormone has emerged as a target for several diseases, including cancer. However, development of retinoid resistance is a critical issue and efforts to understand the retinoid signaling pathway may identify useful biomarkers for future clinical trials. Apoptotic responses of RA are exhibited through the cellular RA-binding protein II (CRABPII)/retinoic acid receptor (RAR) signaling cascade. Delivery of RA to RAR by CRABPII enhances the transcriptional activity of genes involved in cell death and cell cycle arrest. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of curcumin in sensitizing RA-resistant triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells to RA-mediated apoptosis. We provide evidence that curcumin upregulates the expression of CRABPII, RARβ and RARγ in two different TNBC cell lines. Co-treatment of the cells with curcumin and RA results in increased apoptosis as demonstrated by elevated cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and cleaved caspase-9. Additionally, silencing CRABPII reverses curcumin sensitization of TNBC cells to the apoptotic inducing effects of RA. These findings provide mechanistic insights into sensitizing TNBC cells to RA-mediated cell death by curcumin-induced upregulation of the CRABPII/RAR pathway.
Qualitätsoptimierung durch Prozessbeherrschung

Kurzfassung Nachgelagerte Prufvorgange zur Detektion von Montagefehlern verringern den Wertschopfungsanteil der Endmontage erheblich. Besonders O-Ringe sind bei der Montage beschadigungsanfallig. Allerdings existieren kaum Kenntnisse uber die physikalischen und mechanischen Vorgange wahrend des Fugeprozesses. In diesem Beitrag wird der Einfluss der Fugegeschwindigkeit und von Schmiermittel auf den Montageprozess von Bauteilen mit radial dichtenden O-Ringen analysiert und beschrieben. Anhand der erzielten Ergebnisse erfolgt ein Ausblick auf weitere Einflussgrosen sowie mogliche Anwendungen der erworbenen Daten.
Stabilization of Nonlinear Systems with Parametric Uncertainty Using Variable Structure Techniques

The authors present a result on the robust stabilization of a class of nonlinear systems exhibiting parametric uncertainty. They consider feedback linearizable nonlinear systems with a vector of unknown constant parameters perturbed about a known value. A Taylor series of the system about the nominal parameter vector coupled with a feedback linearizing control law yields a linear system plus nonlinear perturbations. Via a structure matching condition, a variable structure control law is shown to exponentially stabilize the full system. The novelty of the result is that the linearizing coordinates are completely known since they are defined about the nominal parameter vector, and fewer restrictions are imposed on the nonlinear perturbations than elsewhere in the literature.
Moral physiology and vivisection of the soul: why does Nietzsche criticize the life sciences?

AbstractRecent scholarship has shown Nietzsche to offer an original and insightful moral psychology centering on a motivational feature he calls ‘will to power.’ In many places, though, Nietzsche presents will to power differently, as the ‘essence of life,’ an account of ‘organic function,’ even offering it as a correction to physiologists. This paper clarifies the scope and purpose of will to power by identifying the historical physiological view at which Nietzsche directs his criticisms and by identifying his purpose in doing so. Nietzsche’s criticism, it is argued, is a widespread and (contra many interpreters) pre-Darwinian description of the basic dispositions of organisms and their internal processes. The purpose of this criticism is to undermine the efforts of Herbert Spencer and Arthur Schopenhauer to derive moral-psychological insights from that description. The paper concludes that Nietzsche’s proposal to conceive of ‘organic function’ in terms of will to power is of little import for his moral ...
Between Canvas and Celluloid

It is in the in-between that meaning is constructed. In the space between matter and the immaterial. In the dislocation between here and there. In the discernment of absence and presence. In the distance between an index and its referent. In the simultaneous recognition of a thing being mirrored and its mirror image. In the dividing line of a symmetrical subject. In the divergence of actual and virtual. In the distinction between physical and spiritual. In the transition between life and afterlife. In the intermission between live and recorded. In the difference between analog and digital. In the transfer (and transference) of a mark from one surface to another.
Lithium-Ion Battery Supply Chain Considerations: Analysis of Potential Bottlenecks in Critical Metals

Summary Sustained growth in lithium-ion battery (LIB) demand within the transportation sector (and the electricity sector) motivates detailed investigations of whether future raw materials supply will reconcile with resulting material requirements for these batteries. We track the metal content associated with compounds used in LIBs. We find that most of the key constituents, including manganese, nickel, and natural graphite, have sufficient supply to meet the anticipated increase in demand for LIBs. There may be challenges in rapidly scaling the use of materials associated with lithium and cobalt in the short term. Due to long battery lifetimes and multiple end uses, recycling is unlikely to provide significant short-term supply. There are risks associated with the geopolitical concentrations of these elements, particularly for cobalt. The lessons revealed in this work can be relevant to other industries in which the rapid growth of a materials-dependent technology disrupts the global supply of those materials.
Understanding the Process of Generalization in Mathematics through Activity Theory

The practice of generalization is a powerful process that should be present in mathematical learning from kindergarten to college. It is crucial for teachers at all school levels to have a deep understanding of the process down to knowing its genetic decomposition. Activity theory framework provides basic principles that allows us to define generalization as an activity that is socially and historically developed through tools and artifacts mediations, internalization of social knowledge, and that is transformed through learning and development I present the means of the generalization activity using Leontiev’s activity theory intertwined with Rubinshtein’s description of the generalization process. This theoretical framework may also support teacher educators and teachers while they use high-leverage teaching practices such as: eliciting and interpreting individual student’s thinking, diagnosing particular common patterns of student thinking and development, or leading a group discussion. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.16.12.4
Ether-Linked Glycerolipids and Their Bioactive Species:Enzymes and Metabolic Regulation

The pioneering studies of those scientists who first discovered (1915–1924) and ultimately identified the precise nature of the chemical structure of the alkyl and alk-l-enyl (plasmalogens) linkages in glycerolipids are described in exquisite detail in a review of the history (the years 1915–1960) of ether lipids by Debuch (1972)It is noteworthy that the chemical nature of the alkyl linkage in glycerolipids was firmly established 29 years before the precise chemical structure of the alk-l-enyl linkage in plasmalogens became known.
An incandescent truth: Disparities in energy-efficient lighting availability and prices in an urban U.S. county

Abstract In the U.S. lighting represents about 9% of the average household's primary energy consumption and 20% of the average household's energy bill. Lighting in U.S. homes is in a state of transition with steady growth in the adoption of more energy-efficient lighting technology, such as, compact florescent lamps (CFL) and light-emitting diodes (LEDs). However, the adoption of energy-efficient lighting is not equitably distributed across socioeconomic groups, with poorer households less likely to adopt than higher-income households. This case study in Wayne County, Michigan explores the lack of parity in energy-efficient lighting adoption from an energy justice perspective by evaluating distributional disparities in light bulb availability and price in 130 stores across four poverty strata and five store types for a more holistic understanding of potential barriers for poorer households. We found that (1) energy-efficient bulbs were less available in high-poverty areas and smaller stores; (2) energy-efficient bulbs were more expensive in high-poverty areas and smaller stores; (3) upgrade costs from incandescent and halogen lamps (IHLs) to CFLs or LEDs were higher in high poverty areas; and (4) both poverty and store type were significant predictors of LED availability, while store type was the most significant predictor of LED price variability. We suggest several ways that the development and implementation of energy efficiency policies and programs may consider these disparities that affect access and affordability, in order to achieve a more just energy-efficient transition.
Use of sodium 4-phenylbutyrate to define therapeutic parameters for reducing intracerebral hemorrhage and myopathy in Col4a1 mutant mice

Collagen type IV alpha 1 (COL4A1) and alpha 2 (COL4A2) form heterotrimers that constitute a major component of nearly all basement membranes. COL4A1 and COL4A2 mutations cause a multisystem disorder that includes variable cerebrovascular and skeletal muscle manifestations. The pathogenicity of COL4A1 and COL4A2 mutations is generally attributed to impaired secretion into basement membranes. Sodium 4-phenylbutyrate (4PBA) is an FDA-approved drug that promotes mutant heterotrimer secretion in vitro and in vivo . Here, we use different 4PBA treatment paradigms to define therapeutic parameters for preventing cerebrovascular and muscular pathologies in Col4a1 mutant mice. We show efficacy of long-term 4PBA treatment in reducing the severity of intracerebral hemorrhages (ICH) in Col4a1 mutant mice aged up to 8 months. In addition, we demonstrate that maximal efficacy of 4PBA on ICH and myopathy was achieved when treatment was initiated prenatally, whereby even transient 4PBA administration had lasting benefits after being discontinued. Importantly, postnatal treatment with 4PBA also reduced ICH and skeletal myopathy severities in Col4a1 mutant mice, which has significant clinical implications for patients with COL4A1 and COL4A2 mutations.
Electronic Energy Transfer

Intramolecular and intermolecular electronic energy transfers from singlet and triplet states are of great interest both theoretically and experimentally because of their importance in radiation chemistry, molecular spectroscopy, photochemistry, and photobiology. A number of reviews concerning the experimental and theoretical aspects of energy transfer have appeared recently.(1–6) In this chapter we will discuss the theories for electronic energy transfer and the role that energy transfer plays in organic photochemistry.
Pharmacological MRI Approaches to Understanding Mechanisms of Drug Action

Functional neuroimaging is a novel technique for the study of drug action in the brain. The emerging role of this method is intimately tied to the unique challenges to advancing drug development for neuropsychiatric disorders. This chapter first presents a brief overview of the important treatment needs that remain to be met, which serve as clinical targets for drug development. Important factors that hinder progress in drug development, which arise from clinical, scientific and economic issues, are acknowledged. This sets the stage for the unique advantages of functional neuroimaging modalities such as functional MRI (fMRI) as a biomarker and drug development tool, in both clinical and preclinical phases. The physiological basis of the fMRI signal is briefly outlined, and aspects of neural signaling related to this signal change, with emphasis on implications for pharmacology studies. The utility of fMRI for evaluating the full anatomic extent of central neurotransmitter systems in a dynamic manner is then described. This is a critical advantage, and particularly important for studies of how systems such as the monoamines modulate distributed neural networks during cognitive processes in both health and illness, and how these actions are modified with pharmacological intervention. Central catecholamine systems are seen as paradigmatic targets amenable to pharmacologic fMRI. fMRI is observed to occupy a unique position in the armamentarium of methods available to the pharmacologist and the drug development process, and poised to play an expanding role in basic and clinical neuroscience.
Very Large-Scale and Node-Heavy Graph Analytics with Heterogeneous FPGA+CPU Computing Platform

We present a highly scalable approach to constructing a reconfigurable computing engine specifically optimized to perform sophisticated kernel computing on graph-structured data. We choose newly emerged graph convolutional networks (GCNs) as our key benchmark and develop a novel node-heavy edge-centric computing framework for very large-scale graph analytics. Unlike most existing studies, our design and implementation can handle extremely large graph size that well exceeds the on-chip memory capacity of any FPGA+CPU heterogeneous platform, thus can only be stored in hard drive. The most novel aspect of our approach is to enable a completely streaming mode of large vertex and edge data and perform a write-back message updating policy, therefore completely removing any redundant data accesses to IO-expensive hard drive. Additionally, our subgraph sorting scheme can effectively eliminate the performance bottleneck caused by preprocessing in the state-of-art computing framework X-Stream. To validate our approach, we have implemented our proposed method with a KC705 Xilinx FPGA board and tested it with multiple real-world large-scale data sets. For the largest data set with 210,010 vertices and 1,349,400 edges, our platform achieves 1.87s in total latency, which is approximately 400 times faster than the baseline platform with the state-of-the-art approach.
Parenting Stress and Emotion Dysregulation among Children with Developmental Delays: The Role of Parenting Behaviors

Parents of children with developmental delays (DD) report higher levels of parenting stress compared to parents of typically developing children. High levels of parenting stress have been associated with negative outcomes for their children, including higher levels of emotion dysregulation. However, this relationship between parenting stress and child emotion dysregulation has rarely been examined in families of children with DD. Additionally, the mechanisms through which parenting stress influences child emotion dysregulation remain unclear; it may be that parenting stress impacts parenting behaviors (i.e., sensitive and intrusive parenting), which in turn influence the development of the child’s emotion regulatory abilities. In the current study, we employed a waitlist-control design to examine whether changes in parenting stress through Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) predict changes in emotion dysregulation among children with DD, as well as examine parenting behaviors that may mediate the impact of parenting stress on child emotion dysregulation. Eighty parents of children with DD between the ages of 2½ and 5 (M = 4.18, SD = 1.01) were randomly assigned to an immediate treatment or waitlist-control group. Results indicated that reductions in parenting stress through MBSR significantly predicted reductions in child emotion dysregulation. Regarding mechanisms, only intrusive parenting was found to significantly mediate the relationship between parenting stress and child emotion dysregulation. These findings suggest that by intervening with parents of children with DD early on, there may be a spillover effect on their children, reducing the rates of emotion dysregulation that are common in this population.
Political Economy of Embodiment: Capitalizing on Globally Staged Bodies in Nigerian Beauty Pageants and Vietnamese Sex Work:

How do various stakeholders capitalize off of display workers’ bodies? This article uses a comparative-case approach to examine two different sites—beauty pageants in Nigeria and high-end sex worke...
Dissertation Chapter 1: Collective Memory, Cultural Trauma, Group Membership, and the Law

This chapter provides an overview of the scholarship on collective memory and cultural trauma, and addresses the efficacy of legal proceedings as a vehicle for constructing collective memory and healing cultural trauma. It also discusses the groups that formed in the wake of the Oklahoma City bombing, describes memorial objects such as the AEDPA and the Oklahoma City National Memorial, and explicates the methodological assumptions that guide the dissertation project. Chapter 2 addresses the ramifications of group membership upon the formation of social frameworks of collective memory.
Brief report: Meaning in life is mediated by self-efficacy in the prediction of physical activity.

Meaning and purpose in life are related to a reduced risk of mortality and cardiovascular events, and meaning has been established as a correlate of physical activity. However, it is not clear what...
The Inescapable Effects of Ribosomes on In-Cell NMR Spectroscopy and the Implications for Regulation of Biological Activity

The effects of RNA on in-cell NMR spectroscopy and ribosomes on the kinetic activity of several metabolic enzymes are reviewed. Quinary interactions between labelled target proteins and RNA broaden in-cell NMR spectra yielding apparent megadalton molecular weights in-cell. The in-cell spectra can be resolved by using cross relaxation-induced polarization transfer (CRINEPT), heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence (HMQC), transverse relaxation-optimized, NMR spectroscopy (TROSY). The effect is reproduced in vitro by using reconstituted total cellular RNA and purified ribosome preparations. Furthermore, ribosomal binding antibiotics alter protein quinary structure through protein-ribosome and protein-mRNA-ribosome interactions. The quinary interactions of Adenylate kinase, Thymidylate synthase and Dihydrofolate reductase alter kinetic properties of the enzymes. The results demonstrate that ribosomes may specifically contribute to the regulation of biological activity.
Nonmonotonous Electron Mobility in Double Quantum Well Pseudomorphic High Electron Mobility Transistor Structure

Non-monotonic mobility $\mu$ of electrons is obtained in a pseudomorphic GaAs/In x Ga 1-x As high electron mobility transistor having a double quantum well structure with asymmetric doping concentrations in the outer barriers. A dip in ${\mu}$ occurs at the resonance of subband states because of the shift of the subband wave functions, which affects the subband mobilities limited by interface roughness scattering. The dip in $\mu$ amplifies with increase in the asymmetry of the width of wells.
Using Supervised Learning and Guided Monte Carlo Tree Search for Beam Orientation Optimization in Radiation Therapy

In clinical practice, the beam orientation selection process is either tediously done by the planner or based on specific protocols, typically yielding suboptimal and inefficient solutions. Column generation (CG) has been shown to produce superior plans compared to those of human selected beams, especially in highly non-coplanar plans such as 4π Radiotherapy. In this work, we applied AI to explore the decision space of beam orientation selection. At first, a supervised deep learning neural network (SL) is trained to mimic a CG generated policy. By iteratively using SL to predict the next beam, a set of beam orientations would be selected. However, iteratively using SL to select the next beam does not guarantee the plan’s quality. Although the teacher policy, CG, is an efficient method, it is a greedy algorithm and still finds suboptimal solutions that are subject to improvement. To address this, a reinforcement learning application of guided Monte Carlo tree search (GTS) was implemented, coupled with SL to guide the traversal through the tree, and update the fitness values of its nodes. To test the feasibility of GTS, 13 test prostate cancer patients were evaluated. Our results show that we maintained a similar planning target volume (PTV) coverage within 2% error margin, reduce the organ at risk (OAR) mean dose, and in general improve the objective function value, while decreasing the computation time.
An Ex Post Analysis of the US Airways/American Airlines Merger

This paper investigates the price and output effects of the US Airways and American Airlines merger in markets in which actual or potential competition was eliminated. In markets in which actual competition was eliminated, the results are mixed. The merger is procompetitive (lower prices and higher output) in nonstop markets in which both endpoints are major hubs of merging airlines, but anticompetitive in connecting markets. Where potential competition was eliminated, the results are consistent with significant price increases and output reductions, particularly when the potential competitor was US Airways.
Detection and Orientation Estimation of Short Cracks Using Circularly Polarized Microwave SAR Imaging

A microwave crack detection method using circularly polarized synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging is described. The advantages of circular over linear polarization, mainly that the crack detection is not dependent on the relative orientation of the crack, is discussed. A technique to extract the orientation of a detected crack using SAR images is presented, where the phase difference between the left- and right-hand circular polarizations (LHCP and RHCP) images is used for this purpose. The orientation estimation error introduced by a nonzero crack width is discussed and demonstrated through simulation, and a technique to overcome this error is proposed and demonstrated. The effect of the axial ratio on orientation error is also studied. Subsequently, a dual-circularly polarized antenna was designed, fabricated, and used to image several metal samples containing narrow electrical discharge machining (EDM) notches and real cracks, by which the detection and orientation estimation techniques are successfully demonstrated.
Long-Term Cyclability of NCM-811 at High Voltages in Lithium-Ion Batteries: an In-Depth Diagnostic Study

High-nickel layered oxides, such as LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM-811), offer higher energy density than their low-nickel counterparts at a given voltage and are gaining major traction in automotive lit...
Memristive devices and arrays for neuromorphic computing

Memristive devices have become a promising candidate for unconventional computing due to their attractive properties[l]. The computing can be implemented on a Resistive Neural Network (ResNN) with memristor synapses and neurons or a Capacitive Neural Network (CapNN) with memcapacitor synapses and neurons[2].
The legal profession in Ghana: from indigenization to globalization

The legal profession in Ghana traces its origins to the British legal system which was transplanted to Ghana during colonization. Since the first Ghanaian lawyer was called to the British Bar in 18...
Living by Livestock in Israel’s Exodus: Explaining Origins over Distance

The exodus is first of all a biblical story about how a people called Israel abandoned their residence in Egypt in spite of stubborn opposition from the pharaoh. Little in the primary biblical account lends itself to direct archaeological or historical investigation as an ancient “event.” Nevertheless, the story is historically interesting for its function as one of the core biblical explanations for how the people came into existence. It assumes a background outside their current land and conflict with the dominant power of an age when Canaan belonged to Egypt. I propose that the identity of the people as mobile herdsmen or pastoralists is both integral to the original narrative and crucial as a vehicle for explaining how a population could have moved to Canaan across substantial distance. As confirmed by references to Egypt in Hosea, this story was preserved in Israel before its eventual arrival in the separate kingdom of Judah, and it is Israel that maintained a memory that the people lived as mobile pastoralists before settling in their own land—whether based in Syria with Jacob or in Egypt with Moses.
Homomorphisms and Ideals

If R and S are rings, then a function ψ: R → S is a ring homomorphism (or ring map) if, for all r, r′, 1 ∈ R: $$ \psi \left( {r + r'} \right) = \psi (r) + \psi \left( {r'} \right) $$ $$ \psi \left( {rr'} \right) = \psi (r)\psi \left( {r'} \right) $$ $$ \psi (1) = 1 $$ A ring homomorphism ψ: R → S is an isomorphism if ψ is a bijection;1 in this case, one says that R and S are isomorphic and one writes R≅S.
Structure of dengue virus: implications for flavivirus organization, maturation, and fusion.

The first structure of a flavivirus has been determined by using a combination of cryoelectron microscopy and fitting of the known structure of glycoprotein E into the electron density map. The virus core, within a lipid bilayer, has a less-ordered structure than the external, icosahedral scaffold of 90 glycoprotein E dimers. The three E monomers per icosahedral asymmetric unit do not have quasiequivalent symmetric environments. Difference maps indicate the location of the small membrane protein M relative to the overlaying scaffold of E dimers. The structure suggests that flaviviruses, and by analogy also alphaviruses, employ a fusion mechanism in which the distal β barrels of domain II of the glycoprotein E are inserted into the cellular membrane.
Role of the Plastic Flow of the Matrix on Yielding and Void Evolution of Porous Solids

In this paper, it is shown that yielding and void evolution in a porous metallic material is strongly influenced by the particularities of the plastic flow of the matrix. This is demonstrated by comparing the effective response of porous solids for which the matrix is described by Tresca and von Mises yield criterion, respectively. The effective response of the porous solid is calculated analytically using rigorous limit analysis theorems and upscaling techniques. Analysis is conducted for both tensile and compressive axisymmetric loading scenarios and spherical void geometry. For the first time it is demonstrated that if the matrix plastic response is governed by Tresca yield criterion, the overall response is softer, the combined effects of pressure and the third-invariant on yielding being much stronger than in a porous solid with von Mises matrix. Furthermore, the rate of void growth or collapse is much faster in a porous solid with Tresca matrix.
A wideband power-efficient inductive wireless link for implantable microelectronic devices using multiple carriers

This paper presents a novel inductive link for wireless transmission of power and data to biomedical implantable microelectronic devices using multiple carrier frequencies. Achieving higher data bandwidth without compromising the power efficiency is the driving force to use two separate carriers. Two separate pairs of coils have been utilized for inductive power and forward data transmission. One major challenge, however, is to minimize the interference among these carriers especially on the implantable side, where size and power are highly limited. Planar power coils with spiral shape are optimized in geometry to provide maximum coupling coefficient, k. The data coils are designed rectangular in shape and wound across the power coils diameter to be oriented perpendicular to the power coil planes. The goal is to maximize data coils direct coupling, while minimize their cross-coupling with the power coils. The effects of coils geometry, relative distance, and misalignments on the coupling coefficients have been modeled and experimentally measured.
Mail-in questionnaire for monitoring nausea and vomiting in oncology outpatients

A patient questionnaire designed to help pharmacists monitor nausea and vomiting in outpatients receiving cancer chemotherapy was studied. A 12-item questionnaire was designed by combining items from the Morrow Assessment of Nausea and Emesis (MANE) and the Functional Living Index-Emesis (FLIE). Items included number of vomiting episodes, duration of nausea, number of antiemetics, severity of nausea and vomiting, impact on quality of life, and adverse effects. The questionnaire was printed on an addressed, postage-paid card. Over an eight-week period, outpatients in a hospital's oncology clinic were asked to complete the questionnaire at home during the three days after chemotherapy. Of 48 patients asked, 42 (88%) agreed to complete the questionnaire, and 36 (86%) of these patients mailed it back to the clinic. Of the respondents, 11 reported at least one episode of vomiting, and 22 reported nausea. Thirteen respondents logged nausea ratings of 3 or higher on a 7-point scale. Twenty respondents used antiemetics. Responses given by the patients in follow-up telephone interviews did not differ significantly from the responses collected with the questionnaire. More than 90% of patients who returned the questionnaire rated it as simple to complete. Pharmacists used the self-reports of nausea or vomiting in 7 (17%) of 42 cases to recommend alternative antiemetic regimens. A mail-in questionnaire for monitoring nausea and vomiting in outpatients undergoing chemotherapy was completed and returned by a high percentage of patients and was useful to clinic pharmacists.
Dietary energy restriction in mice negatively regulates hepatic glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) expression at the posttranscriptional level

Dietary energy restriction delays age-related physiologic changes, increases maximum life span, and reduces cancer incidence. We showed previously that 50% energy restriction in mice reduces hepatic expression of glucose-regulated protein mRNA by 50 to 80%. Changes in glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) levels can either decrease or increase the rate of secretion of specific proteins. Therefore, energy restriction probably produces a global change in the spectrum of proteins secreted by the liver. These studies were initiated to investigate the molecular basis for the negative regulation of the gene. By use of transfection and nuclear run-on techniques, the strong induction of GRP78 gene transcription in cultured cells subjected to acute, extreme glucose deprivation has been well characterized. However, negative regulation of GRP78 gene expression in vivo by energy restriction is not as well understood. In our studies, a reduction in GRP78 protein levels determined using Western blotting closely paralleled a reduction in hepatic GRP78 mRNA measured by Northern and dot blotting. In each case the changes were statistically significant. This close correspondence indicates that energy restriction does not influence the translation rate or the stability of GRP78 protein. No statistically significant difference in the rate of transcription of the gene was detected in energy-restricted mice by use of transcription run-on assays. These results strongly suggest that energy restriction results in destabilization of GRP78 mRNA, thereby repressing hepatic expression of the gene.
Hormone Mimics and their Promise of Significant Otherness

Some scientists argue that we face a worldwide reproductive crisis known as ‘endocrine disruption’, a term used to encompass the effects of hormonally active chemicals in our environment. Everyday chemicals such as plastics, pesticides and flame retardants can mimic hormones and thereby disrupt the reproductive, neurological and immunological development of humans and other animals. This surprising discovery is causing consternation in scientific, policy, academic and corporate arenas as they attempt to define, assess and control for this understudied phenomenon. How can the social sciences participate in understanding and solving the problem generated by endocrine disruption? First, there is an early history of endocrine disruption; the development of insect hormone mimics as pesticides, that has yet to be brought to bear in contemporary discussions of endocrine disruption. Second a social science analysis of the mishaps resulting from the 1970s' development of insect hormone mimics as pesticides offers ...
Sorption of Nonionic Surfactant Oligomers to Sediment and PCE DNAPL: Effects on PCE Distribution between Water and Sediment

Introduction of surfactant mixtures to the subsurface for the purpose of surfactant-enhanced aquifer remediation requires consideration of the effects of surfactant sorption to sediment and nonaque...
Employee Learning and Development Orientation: Toward an Integrative Model of Involvement in Continuous Learning

Through a review of diverse literature, this article reconceptualizes and integrates concepts such as growth needs, personal mastery, learning goals, and development orientation and provides a unique understanding of these concepts in human resource development. An employee learning and development orientation is proposed, which includes cognitive, affec- tive, and behavioral constructs that together describe a tendency toward involvement in continuous learning. This orientation is posited to be a motivational state that depends on the degree to which learning and devel- opment are relevant to the self. The model outlines the content, structure, and processes of this orientation. It reframes the ways in which work and work context variables influence learning and development behavior in organizations. Ten research propositions are offered, and the article pro- vides new directions for research. Some implications for practice are discussed.
Growth and behavioral effects of the lampricide TFM on non-target fish species

Abstract Although the lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) has been used for over 60 years to control sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus in the Laurentian Great Lakes, its potential non-lethal impacts on non-target species have not been fully evaluated. We exposed juveniles of two species of fish (lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss ) and one adult fish species (fathead minnows Pimephales promelas ) to various concentrations of TFM (0.25–7.5 mg/L) in three sets of experiments examining TFM effects on growth, avoidance of TFM treated water, and predation susceptibility. Lake sturgeon and rainbow trout were monitored for two weeks after a 12 hour exposure to TFM to observe differences in instantaneous growth among four treatment levels (0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5 mg/L TFM). Growth rates did not differ significantly among control and treated fish of either species. Next, potential avoidance of TFM by rainbow trout was evaluated in a test tank where half the water was contaminated with TFM (0, 0.25, or 2.5 mg/L). No avoidance behavior was observed as rainbow trout spent equal amounts of time in TFM and control water. Finally, fathead minnows were exposed at three different concentrations of TFM (0, 2.5, and 7.5 mg/L) and placed in mesocosms with a non-exposed largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides predator. Two separate trials were performed, both with no significant differences due to treatments. In summary, results indicate that for the conditions tested, TFM has no detectable sub-lethal effects on growth, avoidance behavior, or predation mortality on the fish species tested.
Trials of Ruelene for cattle grub control in southern California.

The development of systemic insecticides to control pests of animals and the efficacy of these chemicals for cattle grub control were reviewed comprehensively by Bushland et al. (1963). The systemic performance of Ruelene® (4- tert -butyl-2-chlorophenyl methyl methylphosphoramidate) against cattle grubs was reported by Mc-Gregor et al. (1959). Application of Ruelene by the pour-on method was described by Rogoff and Kohler (1960). Several trials of Ruelene against cattle grubs ( Hypoderma spp.) have been conducted in southern California.
Meaning's Vessel: A Metapsychological Understanding of Metaphor

Understood in its modern sense as a primary activity in conceptualization, metaphor is here viewed as the linguistic product of a more fundamental metaphorizing process to be studied from developmental, semiotic, and all metapsychological dimensions. A backward look at the psychoanalytic literature identifies specific contributions that our field has made to its understanding, before pointing forward to its powerful role in groups; its neurophysiological implications; its pivotal place in the development and use of symbolization, both intrapsychically and interpersonally; its divers semiotic forms; and, most fundamentally, its pivotal function in dreams. On far horizon a ship at sea with shining sail and golden oar, transporting us from shore to shore, and on its prow writ, “Metaphor”
Cooperative Behaviour and Peer Competence in Day Care and Home-Reared Children.

The need for day care in our society has become widespread due to increased numbers of mothers who are entering the work force every year. In recent years, researchers have begun to focus on the care of young children four and under. Some researchers report the years from birth to 3 as having primary importance for social‐emotional development (Lichtenberg & Norton, 1972; Banks, 1979; White, 1985). Statistics show that 49.7% of all mothers with infants under one year work outside the home (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1987), requiring supplemental care for infants. Therefore, the need for day care environments which enhance the social‐emotional development of young children is evident. This paper explores the impact of private day care on cooperative behaviour.
The Future of Pediatric Preparedness

This article is part of a collaborative effort by experts in the field of emergency preparedness to complete an overview begun by the late Michael Shannon, MD, MPH, on the current challenges and future directions in pediatric disaster readiness. This particular article, "The Future of Pediatric Preparedness," will offer a perspective on future directions in pediatric preparedness.
Association of meningiomas with dural "tails"; surgical significance.

Intracranial meningiomas are characteristically benign tumours with a tendency to recur following surgical resection. Our group is investigating the pathogenesis of meningioma recurrence. In our initial studies we identified two cases of dural “tails” associated with intracranial meningiomas. Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance images were utilized to identify the dural “tails” preoperatively. These images aided us in performing a more complete surgical resection of the meningiomas. Histopathological confirmation of meningotheliomatous cell infiltration into the dural “tails” demonstrates their surgical significance.
The Phosphorylation State of Poly(A)-binding Protein Specifies Its Binding to Poly(A) RNA and Its Interaction with Eukaryotic Initiation Factor (eIF) 4F, eIFiso4F, and eIF4B

The poly(A)-binding protein (PABP) interacts with the eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 4G (or eIFiso4G), the large subunit of eIF4F (or eIFiso4F) to promote translation initiation. In plants, PABP also interacts with eIF4B, a factor that assists eIF4F function. PABP is a phosphoprotein, although the function of its phosphorylation has not been previously investigated. In this study, we have purified the phosphorylated and hypophosphorylated isoforms of PABP from wheat to examine whether its phosphorylation state affects its binding to poly(A) RNA and its interaction with eIF4G, eIFiso4G, or eIF4B. Phosphorylated PABP exhibited cooperative binding to poly(A) RNA even under non-stoichiometric binding conditions, whereas multiple molecules of hypophosphorylated PABP bound to poly(A) RNA only after free poly(A) RNA was no longer available. Together, phosphorylated and hypophosphorylated PABP exhibited synergistic binding. eIF4B interacted with PABP in a phosphorylation state-specific manner; native eIF4B increased the RNA binding activity specifically of phosphorylated PABP and was greater than 14-fold more effective than was recombinant eIF4B, whereas eIF4F promoted the cooperative binding of hypophosphorylated PABP. These data suggest that the phosphorylation state of PABP specifies the type of binding to poly(A) RNA and its interaction with its partner proteins.
N-t-butyliodoacetamide and iodoacetanilide: two new cysteine alkylating reagents for relative quantitation of proteins

The synthesis and application of two new alkylating reagents, N-tert-butyl-2-iodoacetamide (N-t-butyliodoacetamide) and 2-iodo-N-phenylacetamide (iodoacetanilide), are described. N-t-Butyliodoacetamide and iodoacetanilide were synthesised to purity in their d(0)-light and in their respective d(9)- and d(5)-heavy forms. The newly synthesised reagents are covalently bound to peptides containing cysteines via an alkylation reaction. The mass differences of 5 and 9 Da avoid possible problems of overlapping isotope distribution. For each alkylated cysteine a peptide mass increases, respectively, by a multiple of 113 and 133 Da for the d(0)-light form of N-t-butyliodoacetamide and iodoacetanilide. These reagents can therefore replace common alkylating reagents in existing proteomics-based applications. Alkylated peptides increase in mass in the same mass range as amino acids and remain suitable for tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) data acquisition and analysis. The compounds are simple to use and derivatisation is based on widely applied alkylating procedures. Preliminary results show that these reagents can be applied for both protein quantitation and identification by peptide mass finger printing and/or MS/MS techniques. Using these chemicals and the suggested workflow enables the quantitative analysis of the whole protein sample and realises access to peptides that may contain potential post-translational modifications. Other approaches that incorporate a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation (MALDI) interface prior to MS can take advantage of these chemicals, such as the molecular scanner.
A diagnostic method for detecting and assessing the impact of physical design optimizations on routing

In this paper, we describe a method to independently audit a physical design to identify inefficiencies detrimental to high quality routing. The method provides an exhaustive review of netlist structures having many possible equivalent solutions, such as buffer trees, as well as other structures with flexibility of implementation. In addition, the method provides a means to quantify the inefficiency, in terms of routing length and the impact to routing congestion. Lastly, the method gives physical design engineers a framework to quickly identify causes of routing congestion and identify structures that can be acted upon to enhance routing.