cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MO-E-T-6E-03: Dose-Volume Modeling of Treatment Outcome

Since the landmark compilation of estimates of normal tissue partial volume tolerance doses and LKB model parameters by Emami et al. [1] and Burman et al. [2] in 1991, phase I dose escalation studies utilizing 3D conformal and IMRT techniques carried out in the last 10-15 years have provided quantitative data on dose volume dependencies of complication probabilities. For some organs the use of local and global function tests have provided data from objective endpoints which have been used to assess functional damage arising from irradiation of normal tissue. In concert with these developments, more rigorous statistical methods of model fitting and data analysis have been adopted. Improvements in our understanding of the dependence of complication probabilities on partial volumes of normal tissues irradiated will be described, including models for lung, liver, parotid, and rectal complications. Recent data from studies of radiation pneumonitis, including data suggesting variation in sensitivity of upper versus lower lung will be presented. Several limitations of current clinical data will be discussed: numbers for severe complications in single institution trials are usually small, and surrogate (lower priority) endpoints are often used, these have higher incidence and allow modeling with greater confidence, but are of less clinical relevance; use of fixed treatment techniques leads to correlations in values of dose-volume variables in the patient population, making discrimination between models difficult; effects of organ motion are difficult to remove post-facto and methods for accounting for them in outcome data in their infancy. To overcome poor statistics, merging of data from different institutions will be required. The difficulties of carrying out this task will be outlined. Educational Objectives: 1. To understand the advances made in our knowledge of dose-volume dependencies of normal tissue complication probabilities (NTCP) in the past 10–15 years. 2. To understand the limitations of our current knowledge of NTCP, and future work necessary to overcome these limitations.
Relative energy losses of channeled D+ ions in gold

Abstract Measurements of the relative energy losses of 20 to 28 keV D + ions channeled in 〈001〉, 〈112〉 and 〈011〉 directions in gold crystal foils show that the 〈001〉 direction gives the largest energy loss and the 〈011〉 direction gives the smallest energy loss.
Abstracting timed preemption with engines

Abstract The need for a programming language abstraction for timed preemption is argued, and several possibilities for such an abstraction are presented. One, called engines, is adopted. Engines are an abstraction of bounded computation, not a process abstraction in the usual sense. However, in conjuction with first class continuations, engines allow a language to be extended with time-sharing implementations for a variety of process abstraction facilities. We present a direct implementation of hiaton streams. Engine nesting refers to the initiation of an engine computation by an already running engine. We consider the need for engine nesting and show how it may be accomplished in a manner that charges a parent engine for the computation of its offspring. We conclude by discussing the importance of simple and general abstractions such as engines.
Iterative multi-channel equalization and decoding for high frequency underwater acoustic communications

In this paper, an iterative multi-channel equalization and decoding technique is introduced to improve system performance in underwater acoustic communications. The turbo principle is applied to the existing canonical receiver structure including fractionally spaced decision feedback equalization with phase synchronization. The performance of multi-channel equalization and adaptive weight update algorithms are aided by soft information delivered from the channel decoder. The complexity of the proposed scheme is shown to be reasonable for highly reverberant underwater channels since it has linear complexity by the use of the least mean square (LMS) algorithm. Experimental results for data transmission at 41.67 k symbol/s with a carrier frequency of 100 kHz demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed algorithm.
Transient oxidation and reduction of alumina-supported platinum

Abstract The oxidation state of alumina-supported Pt following treatment with O2 and the transient reaction between CO and preadsorbed oxygen are reported. Pt/Al2O3 (65%-dispersed) was exposed to O2 (1.23 kPa) at 523 K. The maximum oxygen uptake was obtained within 120 s. Following flushing with inert, a flow of CO (1.23 kPa) was switched over the sample. During the transient reaction, the production of gaseous CO2 was monitored with a mass spectrometer and the absorption of infrared radiation by adsorbed CO was recorded at a fixed wavenumber. The experiments were repeated to obtain the infrared data over a range of wavenumbers. From the complete set of infrared data, spectra were obtained which show how the population of five different CO adsorption states varied with time. The total amount of CO2 produced during the transient reaction corresponds to removal of two O atoms per Pt atom in the sample and, thus, indicates complete oxidation of the Pt. Two peaks in the CO2 production rate are observed: an initial sharp peak lasting for 2.5 s in which about 20% of the preadsorbed oxygen is removed followed by a broad peak lasting for about 120 s in which all of the remaining oxygen is removed. With 30%-dispersed Pt/Al2O3 the relative heights and shapes of the two peaks are slightly different but the same initial O atom to total Pt atom ration is indicated. The first CO2 peak is ascribed to removal of oxygen atoms in the surfaces of supported Pt oxide particles. The second CO2 peak is ascribed to removal of oxygen atoms bound within supported Pt oxide particles. Similar transient reduction behavior was also observed with Rh/Al2O3.
Estimation of damping from response spectra

Abstract In this paper procedures for estimating damping ratio from response spectra are examined. The study is restricted to an evaluation of bias and random errors introduced by signal processing requirements. A second order system is used in the study, and a Gaussian white noise input is assumed. It is shown that, due to bias errors in estimating the response spectra, calculations of damping ratio by the peak response and half-power bandwidth methods give overestimates. The bias errors of the damping ratio estimates are a function of the true damping of the system and the ratio of analysis bandwidth to resonant frequency. The bias error for the half-power bandwidth method is three times that for the peak response method. It is also shown for large ranges of damping ratio and bandwidth ratio that zero bias response occurs at a point where the response is approximately 80% of the peak response. Numerical results obtained by simulation studies are used to verify the expressions for normalized bias error. Expressions for random error associated with damping ratio estimates are also developed. Random error can be minimized by maintaining a high coherence between the system input and response.
Self-Actualization, Meta Values, and Creativity:

The humanistic psychologists, Rogers and Maslow, have suggested that values have an organismic or biological basis and thus can and should be studied empirically. The strategy followed by Maslow ha...
Microinjection of cultured cells using red-cell-mediated fusion and osmotic lysis of pinosomes: a review of methods and applications.

Proteins and other macromolecules can be injected into cultured cells by several different methods. Here we review the strengths and limitations of two of these methods, red-cell-mediated microinjection and osmotic: lysis of pinosomes, and indicate how they may be successfully applied to the study of cultured cells.
A new functional bis(m-phenylene)-32-crown-10-based cryptand host for paraquats.

The pseudorotaxane complex of the new hydroxymethyl cryptand 3 with N,N′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium bis(hexafluorophosphate), PQ(PF6)2, has an association constant of 2.0(±0.3) × 104 M−1. In the crystal structure of 3·PQ(PF6)2 one of the bonding elements appears to be an aromatic edge-to-face interaction of a paraquat β-proton with the hydroquinone moiety; this is the first time this interaction has been reported between a cryptand and paraquat.
Ordovician Radiolaria from Nevada and Newfoundland — A comparison at the family level

Abstract Two Ordovician radiolarian assemblages from North America are examined and compared at the family (group) level. In the material from Newfoundland (Middle Ordovician — Llanvirnian, after Bergstrom, 1974 ), well-preserved specimens are common, 92% being spherical polycystines. In the Nevada material (Upper Ordovician — Caradocian, after Dunham and Murphy, 1976 ), well-preserved specimens are abundant and coated with iron oxide. Here species of spherical polycystines constitute only 42% of the population while species of Palaeoscenidiidae, after their appearance and radiation within the preceeding 25 million years, constitute 47%. Results of this comparison at the family level suggest that for radiolarians, evolutionary change during the Ordovician was not slow as previously thought. Rather, this was a time of growth, radiation and experimentation.
The Experience Of Massachusetts Shows That Consumers Will Need Help In Navigating Insurance Exchanges

In 2022 twenty-five million people are expected to purchase health insurance through exchanges to be established under the Affordable Care Act. Understanding how people seek information and make de...
Adsorption of Tetanus Toxin by Sub-cellular Fractions of Rabbit Brain Homogenate

Wassermann and Takaki1, and others2, have reported that brain mince adsorbs tetanus toxin while minces of organs other than brain and spinal cord fail to do so. Van Heyningen3 elucidated the chemical basis for the adsorption phenomenon by showing that tetanus toxin binds directly to brain gangliosides, provided that carboxyl groups of sialic acid residues in the ganglioside are free to interact with the toxin. Little information is available, however, concerning the specific sub-structures of the neurone and/or glial cell involved in the interaction of brain ganglioside and tetanus toxin in vivo. In view of the fact that the histo-pathological changes in brain and cord cells of tetanus-intoxicated animals are non-specific, and are slight, or frequently absent in humans4, any information concerning the binding of the toxic agent to specific cell structures might prove helpful in understanding the mechanism of its neurotoxic action.
Postvernacular Yiddish: Language As a Performance Art

Within less than a decade, almost half of the world's 11 million Yiddish speakers were murdered, and the language's centuries-old cultural heartland in Eastern Europe was demolished. The implications for Yiddish have been profound, both instrumentally and symbolically. There is at present a heightened awareness of the use of Yiddish as a language of conversation, both on the part of the speakers and on the part of observers. In “postvernacular Yiddish,” every utterance is enveloped in a performative aura and freighted with significance as a speech act quite apart from the meaning of whatever words are spoken.
Small atomic clusters as prototypes for sub-nanoscale heterostructure units with pre-designed electronic properties

Electronic energy level patterns of small stable, pre-designed clusters composed of In, Ga and As atoms are calculated using a multi-configuration self-consistent field approximation. The structure and composition of the clusters are chosen to reflect their formation in confinement or on surfaces. Manipulations with these parameters permit to engineer computationally clusters with pre-designed electronic properties. Such virtually synthesized atomic clusters can serve as prototypes for experimental sub-nanoscale heterostructure (SNHS) units. Stability of such clusters was confirmed recently by experiment.
FEESST: A new bedside endoscopic test of the motor and sensory components of swallowing

We here introduce an office or bedside method of evaluating both the motor and sensory components of swallowing, called fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing with sensory testing (FEESST). FEESST combines the established endoscopic evaluation of swallowing with a technique that determines laryngopharyngeal (LP) sensory discrimination thresholds by endoscopically delivering air pulse stimuli to the mucosa innervated by the superior laryngeal nerve. Endoscopic assessment of LP sensory capacity followed by endoscopic visualization of deglutition was prospectively performed 148 times on 133 patients with dysphagia over an 8-month period. The patients had a variety of underlying diagnoses, with stroke and chronic neurologic disease predominating (n = 94). Subsequent to LP sensory testing, a complete dysphagia evaluation was conducted. Various food and liquid consistencies were dyed green, and attention was paid to their management throughout the pharyngeal stage of swallowing. Evidence of latent swallow initiation, pharyngeal pooling and/or residue, laryngeal penetration, laryngeal aspiration, and/or reflux was noted. Recommendations for therapeutic intervention were based on information obtained during the FEESST and often involved the employment of compensatory swallowing strategies, modification of the diet or its presentation, placement on non-oral feeding status, and/or referral to other related specialists. All patients successfully completed the examination. In 111 of the evaluations (75%), severe (>6.0 mm Hg air pulse pressure [APP]) unilateral or bilateral LP sensory deficits were found. With puree consistencies, 31% of evaluations with severe deficits, compared to 5% of evaluations with either normal sensitivity or moderate (4.0 to 6.0 mm Hg APP) LP sensory deficits, displayed aspiration (p < .001, chi2 test). With puree consistencies, 69% of evaluations with severe deficits, compared to 24% with normal or moderate deficits, displayed laryngeal penetration (p < .001, chi2 test). FEESST allows the clinician to obtain a comprehensive bedside assessment of swallowing that is performed as the initial swallowing evaluation for the patient with dysphagia.
Fertilizer rates change root distribution of grapefruit trees on a poorly drained soil

Abstract Fibrous root densities were determined for 26‐yr‐old ‘Marsh’ grapefruit trees (Citrus paradisi MacF.) on sour orange (C. aurantium L.) treated with four nitrogen (N) rates (0, 56, 112, 168 kg N ha‐1) on a poorly drained sandy soil. Roots were sampled from 0–15, 15–30 and 30–60 cm depths at four directions, and two positions from the tree trunk. The fibrous root density was significantly greater in the trees which received either 112 or 168 kg N ha‐1 as compared to that of the trees which received the lower N rates. Of the total roots sampled from the top 60 cm soil depth, 75% of the roots were in the 0–15 cm depth layer, and <10% was in the 30–60 cm layer. More roots were present in the 15–30 cm depth for the trees which received either 112 or 168 kg N ha‐1 than that of the trees which received the lower N rates. Root density was significantly greater near the emitter as compared to that either along the dripline, near the water furrow or along the bed top. The root distribution was more uniform ...
Studies on the QRS-T angle.

Abstract 1. 1. A trigonometric method is used for the calculation of the angle between any two spatial vectors, given the angular positions of their projections on two mutually perpendicular planes. The necessary formulas and their derivations are given in the appendix. 2. 2. A method is described for estimating the angle between the mean spatial QRS and T vectors from a 12 lead electrocardiogram. This method permits a determination of the angular positions of the projections of the mean spatial QRS and T vectors on the transverse, as well as on the frontal plane; from these measurements the spatial angle may be calculated trigonometrically. 3. 3. The determination of the angles between the mean QRS and T vectors from 12 lead electrocardiograms of twenty normal individuals, age 18 to 57, suggests that the upper limit of normal previously given for this determination is too low. Some of the possible reasons for this discrepancy are discussed. 4. 4. Statistical study of the vectorcardiographic data indicates that there was a significant difference in the mean of the angles between the largest spatial and frontal QRS and T vectors obtained with the cube and tetrahedral reference frames. A significant association, as determined by regression, could not be demonstrated for either the spatial or the two planar angles obtained with these two systems. While these findings do not prove conclusively that a significant association might not exist if more cases were studied, it suggests that there would be difficulty in translating from one system to another in a given patient.
Distribution of α-amylase-resistant regions in the glycogen molecule☆

Abstract Exhaustive degradation of glycogen by α-amylase yields sugars, branched oligosaccharides, and a highly branched, relatively high-molecular-weight “macrodextrin”. The macrodextrin formed by action of porcine pancreatic α-amylase on shellfish glycogen β-amylase limit-dextrin had a molecular weight of about 6,000 and was obtained in 25% yield. This molecular size and yield indicate that there are about 42 macrodextrin units or clusters of dense branching per 106 daltons of the glycogen β-amylase limit dextrin, or 23 macrodextrin regions per 106 daltons of the original glycogen. Graded hydrolysis of the β-dextrin by α-amylase released low-molecular-weight products and macrodextrins, with gradual decrease in molecular size of the residual β-dextrin. It is concluded that the macrodextrin regions are randomly dispersed throughout the glycogen molecule rather than being concentrated in the “core”. Molecular weights of glycogens and limit-dextrins were shown to be related to the sedimentation coefficient, s, by the equation mol. wt.  5 x 103s 3 2 .
Residents' educational needs during transition into radiation oncology residency.

Purpose The aim of this study was to assess current practices, strengths, and deficiencies in the orientation process for incoming radiation oncology (RO) residents. Methods An institutional review board-approved anonymous survey was distributed electronically to RO residents in postgraduate years 2 to 5 and those in their first postgraduate years. Questions were included on the type and utility of orientation materials received by residents before and upon entering RO residency. Results Responses were received from 25.3% of all current and recent residents. Most residents (81.3%) had 2 or 3 months of prior experience rotating in clinical RO. Orientation materials in RO were received by 74.1% of residents before starting residency. An orientation at the start of RO residency was received by 95.4% of RO residents. Orientation length was 1 full day but 1 week but P = .008). Residents with more components in their onsite orientations felt that their orientations were more helpful (ρ = 0.407, P Conclusions Radiation oncology residents could benefit from a more comprehensive orientation, including a broader array of materials sent to incoming residents for their review before starting residency and a more extensive onsite orientation.
The R.E.N.A.L. Nephrometry Score: A Comprehensive Standardized System for Quantitating Renal Tumor Size, Location and Depth

Purpose: Treatment decisions for renal malignancies depend largely on qualitative data, including a description of tumor anatomy and the experience of the treating surgeon. Currently characterization of renal tumor anatomical elements is descriptive and lacks standardization. Surgical decision making and data set comparisons would be significantly enhanced by a consistent, reproducible system that quantitates the pertinent characteristics of localized renal lesions. We have developed and propose a standardized nephrometry scoring system (R.E.N.A.L. Nephrometry Score) to quantify the anatomical characteristics of renal masses on computerized tomography/magnetic resonance imaging.Materials and Methods: The nephrometry score is based on 5 critical and reproducible anatomical features of solid renal masses. Of the 5 components 4 are scored on a 1, 2 or 3-point scale with the 5th indicating the anterior or posterior location of the mass relative to the coronal plane of the kidney. We applied the R.E.N.A.L. Nep...
Host-parasite interface of Veronica persica and Sorosphaera veronicae (Plasmodiophoromycetes)

The host-parasite interface between host, Veronica persica Poir., and parasite, Sorosphaera veronicae Schroeter, is observed to consist of a single, unit membrane, presumably the plasma membrane of the fungal parasite.
An isopiestic study of {(1 - y)NaHSO4 + yNa2SO4}(aq) at elevated temperatures

Abstract Isopiestic molalities of {(1 - y )NaHSO 4 + y Na 2 SO 4 }(aq) have been measured over the temperature range 383.46 K to 498.19 K with NaCl(aq) serving as the reference electrolyte for the calculation of osmotic and activity coefficients. The ion-interaction model, as applied to mixed electrolytes and with consideration of the partial ionization of the hydrogen sulfate anion, gave an excellent description of the experimental results. Only two mixing parameters were required, a binary for hydrogen-sulfate—sulfate, and a ternary for sodium—hydrogen-sulfate—sulfate. With a very simple temperature dependence the model is useful over the temperature range 298 K to 498 K. On the basis of results at T = 298.15 K the model appears to be equally applicable to the acid-rich system {(1 - y )NaHSO 4 + y H 2 SO 4 }(aq).
Stereoselective disposition of flurbiprofen in uraemic patients.

1. Both single and multiple oral doses of 50 mg racemic flurbiprofen were given to eight patients with mild to moderate renal impairment. The plasma and urine concentrations of the R- and S-enantiomers of flurbiprofen and its major metabolites were measured by a stereoselective h.p.l.c. assay. 2. For R-flurbiprofen the oral clearance (mean +/- s.d.: 38.3 +/- 12.8 vs 30.8 +/- 11.5 ml min-1) and volume of distribution (Vz; 17.6 +/- 3.9 vs 14.6 +/- 2.5 l) were significantly greater (P less than 0.05) than for the S-enantiomer. A significantly greater (P less than 0.05) percent of the dose was excreted in the urine R-configuration (16.4 +/- 6.0 vs 10.9 +/- 4.2%). 3. Plasma protein binding of the enantiomers of flurbiprofen was determined by ultrafiltration. The unbound clearance and unbound Vz were not different between enantiomers consistent with the (not significantly) greater percent unbound of R-flurbiprofen (0.079 +/- 0.014%) vs S-flurbiprofen (0.064 +/- 0.015%). 4. Relative to normal volunteers, the uraemic subjects exhibited a significantly greater (P less than 0.05) oral clearance, Vz and percent unbound for both enantiomers; unbound clearance and unbound Vz did not differ from healthy controls. 5. The disposition of flurbiprofen enantiomers was not changed upon multiple dosing and no evidence of futile cycling was found. Adjustment of flurbiprofen dosing rate in uraemic subjects is not indicated on the basis of pharmacokinetics.
Reflections on Twin Relationships: Twins Reared Apart and Twins of Opposite Sex / Research Reviews: Second Language Acquisition; Twin Research on Political Behavior; Twinning Rate in Cândido Godói / Human Interest: Twin ‘Cousins’ Separated at Birth; Chinese Quadruplets; Genetic Testing; KÀ (Cirque du Soleil)

The complexities of twin relationships posed by separate rearing and by opposite sex are considered. Unusual cases may highlight unique social-interactional processes and outcomes occurring in these pairs. Research reviews include recent twin studies on second language acquisition, political behavior, and multiple birth rates. Items of more general interest include twin 'cousins' reared apart, indistinguishable monozygotic quadruplets, a genetic testing dilemma, and a performance about separated twins.
Design, Synthesis, and Biochemical Evaluation of Phosphonate and Phosphonamidate Analogs of Glutathionylspermidine as Inhibitors of Glutathionylspermidine Synthetase/Amidase from Escherichia coli

Three phosphapeptides designed to mimic two distinct tetrahedral intermediates formed during either the synthesis or hydrolysis of glutathionylspermidine (Gsp) were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of the bifunctional enzyme Gsp synthetase/amidase. While the polyamine-containing phosphapeptides were determined to be potent and selective inhibitors, they selectively inhibit the synthetase activity over the amidase domain. A phosphonate-containing tetrahedral mimic is a reversible mixed-type inhibitor of Gsp synthetase with an inhibition constant of 6 μM for the inhibitor binding to the free enzyme (Ki) and 14 μM for the inhibitor binding to the enzyme−substrate complex (Ki‘). The corresponding phosphonamidate is a slow-binding inhibitor with a Ki of 24 μM and a Ki* (isomerization inhibition constant) of 0.88 μM. A non-polyamine-containing phosphonamidate exhibits no significant inhibition of the synthetase or amidase activity.
Measurement of soot concentration and bulk fluid temperature and velocity using modulated laser-induced incandescence

The use of a modulated LII two-colour technique to measure soot temperature in a laminar diffusion flame is described, and the results compared to CARS experiments. A sinusoidal modulated diode laser is used to excite the soot, and both the modulated LII intensity and its relative phase to the excitation source are measured with a lock-in amplifier and recorded. Modulation frequencies from 25 to 200,000 Hz were employed. The temperature is derived from the ratio of the modulated LII radiation signal at 445 and 750 nm, and the results compared to values obtained by CARS spectroscopy. The modulated LII temperatures were largely independent of modulation frequency and agreed well with the CARS temperatures. A theory is developed to explain the dependence of the phase delay of the modulated LII signal (with reference to that of the laser excitation source) on gas replacement time in the sample volume, soot cooling rate and soot volume fraction. The theory is shown to give a reasonable fit to the experimental results at all frequencies. At lower frequencies, the phase delay is dominated by the gas replacement time in the sample volume and at higher frequencies by the cooling rate of the heated soot. Time constants for both processes and the soot volume fraction are derived from the data and shown to be largely in agreement with the expected values. Using modulated LII-determined soot volume fraction and inverted and scatter corrected line-of-sight attenuation-determined absorption coefficients, the soot refractive index absorption function E(m) was measured to be between 0.45 and 0.42 over the wavelength range of 436–825 nm.
Effects of chlorpromazine on phosphatidylserine biosynthesis in rat PUP brain exposed to ethanol in utero

Abstract Phosphatidylserine biosynthesis in rat pup brain was examined by assaying the serine base-exchange enzyme activity in the microsomal and plasma membrane fractions, and by measuring the incorporation of [3H]serine into phosphatidylserine in brain slices and in the intact brain. Chlorpromazine, either added in vitro into the incubation system or administered to animals via i.p. injection or feeding a liquid diet, gave rise to an increase in the phosphatidylserine biosynthesis activity. Ethanol administered in the form of a liquid diet to pregnant rats (day 11-birth) resulted in a decrease in phosphatidylserine biosynthesis in the newborn and developing brain. The ethanol-induced decrease in phosphatidylserine biosynthetic activity could be reversed by adding chlorpromazine to the ethanol diet. Results demonstrate that phosphatidylserine biosynthesis in the neonatal brain is affected in opposite directions by chlorpromazine and ethanol. This poses the possibility that chlorpromazine administration may be effective in alleviating the deleterious effects caused by the decreased phosphatidylserine biosynthesis in brain due to in utero ethanol exposure.
Osteoid osteoma: Comparative utility of high-resolution planar and pinhole magnification scintigraphy

A characteristic scintigraphic pattern of focally intense skeletal tracer uptake surrounded by less prominently increased uptake has been described for osteoid osteomas. Demonstration of this finding is useful in the evaluation of patients with suspected osteomas. Pinhole magnification scintigraphy was significantly more effective than high-resolution planar scintigraphy at revealing this pattern in 19 osteoid osteomas of the appendicular skeleton. A similar advantage was not observed for vertebral osteoid osteomas. The absence of the characteristic pattern aided in differentiating other pathology from osteoid osteomas in seven patients. The authors recommend that skeletal scintigraphy of patients with suspected osteoid osteomas include pinhole magnification imaging.
Programmed management of acute cervical cord trauma

Results in ten patients admitted with the diagnosis of complete traumatic quadriplegia and with fracture-dislocation of the cervical spine are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on aggressive emergency surgical treatment of these lesions such as tracheostomy, laminectomy and cord cooling, incorporated into a detailed protocol of overall management.
Vapour pressures of phenethyl alcohol and limonene in systems with water and Laureth 4.

Synopsis The vapour pressures of phenethyl alcohol and limonene in their water-in-oil microemulsion region were measured by head space gas chromatography of equilibrated samples. The results showed that the vapour pressure of both fragrance compounds in their mutual solutions without surfactant or water was significantly greater than that in ideal solutions. The high vapour pressure of phenethyl alcohol in such solutions was strongly reduced by addition of the surfactant, Laureth 4, a commercial nonionic surfactant, approximately teteraethylene glycol dodecyl ether. Saturation of the solutions with water gave a further reduction in the vapour pressure. The high vapour pressure of limonene was not influenced to a corresponding degree; in fact, only a small influence was found. The results were interpreted as resulting from differences in intermolecular interactions due to location of the fragrance compounds in different parts of the colloidal association structures. Resume On a mesure les tensions de vapeur de l'alcool phenetylique et du limonene dans leur zone de micro-emulsion eau-dans-huile par chromatographie gazeuse head space sur des echantillons equilibres. Les resultats montrent que la tension de vapeur des deux substances odorantes dans leurs solutions mutuelles sans tensioactif ni eau est significativement plus elevee que celle en solutions ideales. La tension de vapeur elevee de l'alcool phenetylique dans de telles solutions est fortement reduite par l'addition du tensioactif, le Laureth 4, tensioactif commercial non ionique; approximativement ether dodecylique de tetraethylene glycol. La saturation des solutions avec de l'eau provoque une reduction supplementaire de la tension de vapeur. La tension de vapeur elevee du limonene n'est pas affectee a un tel degre; en fait on ne constate qu'une petite influence. Les resultats sont interpretes comme venant de differences dans les interactions intermoleculaires dues a la localisation des substances odorantes dans differentes parties des structures d'association colloidales.
Integration Factors Related to the Academic Success and Intent to Persist of College Students with Learning Disabilities

Despite increased enrollment, outcomes such as grade point average (GPA), persistence, and graduation rates for college students with learning disabilities (LD) continue to lag behind those of their nondisabled peers. Reasons for the differences vary but may include academic and social integration, factors identified as important to the success of college students in general. This research investigated the relative influence of background characteristics, precollege achievement, and college integration variables on the academic success and intent to persist of college freshmen and sophomores with LD. While academic and social integration were not unique predictors of college GPA, both integration variables were unique predictors of intent to persist. The findings suggest that beyond high school achievement and background characteristics, college experiences as captured by academic and social integration are promising constructs to help explain the persistence of college students with LD. Implications for future research and practices for high school and college personnel are discussed.
Africentrism—Standing on Its Own Cultural Ground

Africentrism is a conceptual framework that is rooted in the epistemology, cosmology, and axiology of the indigenous African worldview. Understanding the basic principles and values of this transformative paradigm can inform doctoral programs’ efforts to enhance inclusion by undoing practices of marginalization and hegemony.
Commissioning the darht-II scaled accelerator

When completed, the DARHT-II accelerator will produce a 2-kA, 17-MeV beam in a 1600-ns pulse. After exiting the accelerator, the long pulse will be sliced into four short pulses by a kicker and quadrupole septum and then transported for several meters to a tantalum target for conversion to bremsstrahlung for radiography. In order to provide early tests of the kicker, septum, transport, and multi-pulse converter target we assembled a short accelerator from the first available refurbished cells, which are now capable of operating of operating at over 200 kV. This scaled accelerator was operated at ~8 MeV and ~1 kA, which provides a beam with approximately the same beam dynamics in the downstream transport as the final 17-MeV, 2-kA beam.
On the Control of Metabolic Remodeling in Mitochondria of the Failing Heart

Received June 5, 2009; accepted June 9, 2009. The metabolic phenotype of the failing heart may be defined as follows.1 Metabolism remodels in the failing heart, leading to a loss in energy reserve and the inability to increase ATP supply. Ultimately, this metabolic rigidity leads to a fall in ATP. The likely time line is decreased energy reserve via the phosphotransferase reactions (creatine kinase [CK] and adenylate kinase) leading to increases in ADP and AMP, triggering an increase in glycolysis. Although the contribution of glycolysis to overall ATP synthesis increases at least in the hypertrophied heart, glycolytic reserve is limited. Importantly, as heart failure evolves, ATP synthesis from oxidation of both endogenous and exogenous fatty acids by mitochondria, the major source of ATP in the heart, falls.2 Article see p 342 Remodeling of the failing myocardium is controlled by energy sensors such as AMP that lead to changes in phosphorylation state (as well as other chemical modifications) of many proteins for short-term preservation of ATP and by activation of transcription factors that coordinately control long-term remodeling of entire ATP synthesis and utilizing pathways. Given that the requirement for ATP for all metabolic processes and for cell viability is absolute, a renewed interest in metabolism has led to identification of the molecular links between physiological and metabolic stimuli and the regulation of gene expression in the heart. We not only have identified the metabolic targets of specific nuclear receptors and DNA-binding transcriptional activators but also are beginning to learn how their signals are amplified and sustained to remodel metabolism. Transcription is activated when transcriptional activators, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, estrogen receptors, retinoid receptors, nuclear respiratory factors, and myocyte-enhancing factor-2 (MEF-2) form protein-protein complexes with the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivators, namely PGC-1α and β, tethering PGC-1s to DNA (Figure). When …
Equatorial Upwelling in the Central Pacific Estimated from Moored Velocity Profilers

Abstract Horizontal divergence and vertical velocity (w) are estimated at 0°, 140°W using an array of five subsurface moored acoustic Doppler current profilers deployed from May 1990 to June 1991 during the Tropical Instability Wave Experiment. The record-length mean flow is divergent within the near-surface region and convergent within the thermocline, with maximum convergence located at the high speed core of the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC). This pattern of divergence results in upwelling at and above the EUC core (with maximum value of 2.3 × 10−5 m s−1 located at 60-m depth) and downwelling below the core. The relative slopes in the zonal plane between the mean velocity vectors and the isotherms suggest a net diffusive heat flux. Assuming that this occurs vertically, an entrainment velocity parameterization provides an estimate of the “diapycnal vertical velocity” profile that reverses sign at the EUC core depth. Several kinematical and dynamical consistency checks are developed on both the time-depe...
Anticholinesterase poisoning of birds: Field monitoring and diagnosis of acute poisoning

Organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides are cholinesterase (ChE) inhibiting chemicals that have been responsible for avian die-offs. Identification of chemicals implicated in these die-offs is difficult and sometimes conclusions are solely circumstantial. However, when marked depression (inhibition) of brain ChE activity accompanies organophosphorus or carbamate residues in body tissues or ingesta, cause-effect diagnosis is enhanced. To achieve this end, normal brain ChE activity is estimated for controls of the affected species and then die-off specimens are individually evaluated for evidence of ChE inhibition. This approach to evaluation of antiChE poisoning may also be used to monitor exposure of vertebrates to field application of organophosphorus or carbamate pesticides. Problems associated with this kind of evaluation, and the main topic of this report, include variability of brain ChE activity among species, postmortem influences of ambient conditions (storage or field) on ChE activity, and differential patterns of ChE activity when inhibited by organophosphorus or carbamate compounds. Other topics discussed are the ChE assay procedure, example case reports and interpretation, and research needed for improving the diagnostic utility of ChE activity in a field situation.
Optimal mean-variance portfolio construction in cointegrated vector autoregressive systems

We study the problem of optimal portfolio construction when the log-prices follow a discrete-time cointegrated vector autoregressive model. We follow the classical Markowitz mean-variance optimization approach, and derive expressions for the optimal portfolio weight vector over a single decision interval, both for a finite-time horizon and in the limit of an infinite horizon. It is often stated in the literature that given assets whose price dynamics exhibit cointegration, the portfolio weights should be chosen from the space of cointegrating relations, resulting in what is commonly referred to as the beta portfolio. However, we show here that the optimal action in the mean-variance sense for a finite trading interval is to buy the portfolio with a component both in the beta direction and a component in the direction of expected change. Furthermore, we prove that the beta portfolio is optimal only in the limit of an infinite trading horizon. Additionally, we derive the conditions under which the optimal portfolio is proportional to the disequilibrium readjustment forces of the cointegration model. Our results rely on a careful eigenanalysis of the underlying state space model, in which we derive a closed form solution for the optimal Markowitz portfolio, which is well-behaved despite the nonstationarity of the underlying price dynamics. We demonstrate our results with evaluations using both simulated and historical data.
Scalable Video Streaming over Fading Wireless Channels

We consider the transmission of multiple scalable video streams from a server to multiple users over a fading wireless channel. We first present a long-term resource allocation algorithm that determines the scheduling policy and the parameters used by the scheduling policy in order to maximize the weighted sum of PSNR of all video streams. We then present an online scheduling algorithm that utilizes the results obtained by the long-term resource allocation algorithm for user and packet scheduling as well as video frame dropping strategy. Simulation results show that our proposed scheduling scheme significantly improves the video quality compared to the best-known scheduling algorithms in the literature.
Pulse combining and time-space coding for multiple accessing with fiber arrays

Summary form only given. The results of theoretical and experimental studies evaluating the use of pulse sequences for code-division multiple accessing for networking, data distribution, and various applications are summarized. Removal of phase noise effects is of prime importance, as they can be much more severe than the multiple accessing interference. One study has shown that the phase noise effect depends on the source linewidth, the accuracy of the correlator design, and the sequence pulse widths and that the latter should be about 3-5 times the laser coherence time. Electronic correlators avoid the phase noise problem and are generally superior to optical correlators provided accurate bit timing is maintained and the data rates are not excessive. >
The Cosmopolitan Canopy

The public spaces of the city are more racially, ethnically, and socially diverse than ever. Social distance and tension as expressed by wariness of strangers appear to be the order of the day. But the “cosmopolitan canopy” offers a respite and an opportunity for diverse peoples to come together to do their business and also to engage in “folk ethnography” that serves as a cognitive and cultural base on which people construct behavior in public.
Qualitative Classification of the Dynamics of a Class of Adaptive Feedback Systems

The necessary raw material for the development of qualitative design guidelines is a classification of the possible types of behavior that a system may present, their implication in terms of performance and a relation to designer selected parameters. In this paper we provide such a qualitative classification for a large class of linear plants within a poorly excited adaptive feedback system.
A new turbo decoding algorithm with joint time and phase estimation

This report describes a new algorithm for the joint estimation of carrier phase, symbol timing, and data in a turbo coded and phase shift keyed (PSK) digital communications system. Jointly estimating phase, timing, and data can give processing gains of several dB over conventional processing, which consists of joint estimation of carrier phase and symbol timing followed by estimation of the turbo-coded data. The new joint estimator allows delay and phase locked loops (DPLL) to work at lower bit energies where turbo codes are most useful. Performance results of software simulation tests are given.
Knudesen diffusion in random assemblages of uniform spheres

Experimental measurements have been conducted of Knudsen diffusion through a model porous medium fabricated by the pelleting of monodisperse silica spheres. Tortuosity factors for this random-assemblage-of-spheres porous solid are calculated and compared with values obtained from both theory and measurements made in the bulk diffusion regime. Evidence is presented to support the use of a mean pore radius calculated as twice the ratio of pore volume to surface area, as opposed to values obtained from mercury porosimetry or sorption isotherm analysis.
Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: An Informal Study

Seventeen subject matter experts defined tactical and strategic within the aviation domain. They provided five verbs and a sentence describing both behaviors. The verbs for strategic behavior were Plan, Think, Arrange, Formulate, Intend, Devise, Anticipate, and Order. The verbs for tactical behavior were Act, Fly, Respond, Do, Avoid, Control, React, and Move. Verbs that were common to both were Get Information, Navigate, Know, Execute, Manage, Perceive, Understand, Direct, Concentrate, and Point. The responses highlight the difference between planning (strategic) and carrying out those plans (tactical). Tactical verbs are more action-oriented that change the state of the world after they have been accomplished. Strategic verbs are more prescriptive in that they do not change the state of the world but offer a procedure or program for changing the world. The pilot is in a tactical mode when actually moving the aircraft and in a strategic mode when thinking about moving it.
Analytic light transport approximations for volumetric materials

Subsurface scattering and light transport in volumetric media are critical to achieve a realistic depiction of a material. We describe several analytical approximations and methods for volumetric light transport in media of various optical properties that are efficient and easy to compute. Most natural materials exhibit a sudden surge in brightness called the opposition effect around the zero phase angle, where incident and viewing directions coincide. We present an approximation to the opposition effect in a particulate medium using a few physically realistic mathematical approximations. These analytical approximations can be used as tools or as a starting point for modeling the appearance of complex volumetric materials such as biological materials(skin, leaves) or inorganic materials (snow, clouds, rocks, paint). We demonstrate these approximations for several natural materials that exhibit substantial volumetric light transport and show how to use them to model complex materials.
A new species of flightless, jumping, alpine moth of the genus Thyrocopa from Hawaii (Lepidoptera: Xyloryctidae: Xyloryctinae)

A new species of brachypterous, flightless, jumping alpine Thyrocopa moth, T. kikaelekea, is described from Hawaii Island. This new species is similar to T. apatela (Walsingham), another flightless species from Maui Island. Thyrocopa kikaelekea is hypothesized not to be the sister taxon to T. apatela, instead representing an independent loss of flight.
Fuzzy Inventory Control

Most of the applications of fuzzy sets to inventory control have been in the area of the EOQ, or the economic order quantity problem. See ([4]-[12],[14]-[16]), and the references in these papers, for a survey of this literature. What was usually done by these authors is to fuzzify some of the, difficult to estimate, parameters in the model. We are going to do something different in this Chapter in modeling demand with a fuzzy normal probability density. Our previous research in this area includes using fuzzy sets to model uncertainty in a single item, N-period, inventory control problem ([2],[3]). In that research we had demand (not a fuzzy normal) crisp or fuzzy, ordering cost and holding cost fuzzy, with or without shortages and backorders.
Rehabilitation and Traffic Related Injuries

Historically, medical rehabilitation had been thought of as the third phase of medical care, after diagnosis and acute treatment have been completed. Modern rehabilitation strategies promote the integration of rehabilitation services and values into the treatment and prevention of disabling conditions that result from traffic related injury. This paper describes the foundations of medical rehabilitation as they relate to the care, treatment, management, and prevention of traffic injury related conditions. Further, it relates the functional outcome measures to be included in trauma registries and data bases, so that quantitative measures of the health care system may be determined for survivors of injury. The research needs and opportunities from a rehabilitation perspective, and the unique issues of specialized populations and international factors are also discussed.
Regulatory mechanisms in the control of protein kinases.

(1982). Regulatory Mechanisms in the Control of Protein Kinase. Critical Reviews in Biochemistry: Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 133-186.