cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential Modulation Of Functional Dynamics and Allosteric Interactions In the Hsp90-Cochaperone Complexes With P23 and Aha1: A Computational Study

Allosteric interactions of the molecular chaperone Hsp90 with a large cohort of cochaperones and client proteins allow for molecular communication and event coupling in signal transduction networks. The integration of cochaperones into the Hsp90 system is driven by the regulatory mechanisms that modulate the progression of the ATPase cycle and control the recruitment of the Hsp90 clientele. In this work, we report the results of computational modeling of allosteric regulation in the Hsp90 complexes with the cochaperones p23 and Aha1. By integrating protein docking, biophysical simulations, modeling of allosteric communications, protein structure network analysis and the energy landscape theory we have investigated dynamics and stability of the Hsp90-p23 and Hsp90-Aha1 interactions in direct comparison with the extensive body of structural and functional experiments. The results have revealed that functional dynamics and allosteric interactions of Hsp90 can be selectively modulated by these cochaperones via specific targeting of the regulatory hinge regions that could restrict collective motions and stabilize specific chaperone conformations. The protein structure network parameters have quantified the effects of cochaperones on conformational stability of the Hsp90 complexes and identified dynamically stable communities of residues that can contribute to the strengthening of allosteric interactions. According to our results, p23-mediated changes in the Hsp90 interactions may provide “molecular brakes” that could slow down an efficient transmission of the inter-domain allosteric signals, consistent with the functional role of p23 in partially inhibiting the ATPase cycle. Unlike p23, Aha1-mediated acceleration of the Hsp90-ATPase cycle may be achieved via modulation of the equilibrium motions that facilitate allosteric changes favoring a closed dimerized form of Hsp90. The results of our study have shown that Aha1 and p23 can modulate the Hsp90-ATPase activity and direct the chaperone cycle by exerting the precise control over structural stability, global movements and allosteric communications in Hsp90.
Finite pump-beam-size effects in optical pump-terahertz probe spectroscopy

Finite pump-beam size in optical pump-terahertz (THz) probe experiments introduces distortions in both the signal amplitude and the spectral form. We show both experimentally and analytically that the pump beam must be 3-4 times larger than the THz probe beam for a one-photon excitation process to achieve <10% spectral distortion. Our experiments use thin samples of single-crystal ZnTe or CdTe. Our model treats the pump-induced change in the THz probe field as radiation from a photoinduced current driven by the THz field. Interpretation of nonideal measurements and relaxation of the requirement on the pump-beam size by introduction of a metallic aperture are also discussed.
Do Corresponding Authors Take Responsibility for Their Work? A Covert Survey

Background Publication of a manuscript does not end an author’s responsibilities. Reasons to contact an author after publication include clarification, access to raw data, and collaboration. However, legitimate questions have been raised regarding whether these responsibilities generally are being met by corresponding authors of biomedical publications.
A kinesin-13 mutant catalytically depolymerizes microtubules in ADP

The kinesin-13 motor protein family members drive the removal of tubulin from microtubules (MTs) to promote MT turnover. A point mutation of the kinesin-13 family member mitotic centromere-associated kinesin/Kif2C (E491A) isolates the tubulin-removal conformation of the motor, and appears distinct from all previously described kinesin-13 conformations derived from nucleotide analogues. The E491A mutant removes tubulin dimers from stabilized MTs stoichiometrically in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) but is unable to efficiently release from detached tubulin dimers to recycle catalytically. Only in adenosine diphosphate (ADP) can the mutant catalytically remove tubulin dimers from stabilized MTs because the affinity of the mutant for detached tubulin dimers in ADP is low relative to lattice-bound tubulin. Thus, the motor can regenerate for further cycles of disassembly. Using the mutant, we show that release of tubulin by kinesin-13 motors occurs at the transition state for ATP hydrolysis, which illustrates a significant divergence in their coupling to ATP turnover relative to motile kinesins.
Improved compressed sensing MRI with multi-channel data using reweighted l 1 minimization

Compressed sensing (CS) is an emerging technology to speed up magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Since most clinical MRI scanners are equipped with multi-channel receiver systems, there has been a number of works to integrate CS with multi-channel systems. In this paper, we propose a method that extends the reweighted l 1 minimization to the CS MRI with multi-channel data. The simulated experimental results show that the new method can provide improved reconstruction quality.
α-helix Formation in Melittin and β-lactoglobulin A Induced by Fluorinated Dialcohols

Extensive study of the effect of fluorinated alcohols on protein conformations, notably the induction of alpha-helix formation, is important because of its wide range of applications. Circular dichroism (CD) was used to show that the enhancement of helix induction in beta-lactoglobulin A and melittin by the fluorinated diols 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-1,4-butanediol (TFBD), 2,2,3,3,4,4-hexafluoro-1,6-pentanediol (HFPD), and 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoro-1,6-hexanediol (OFHD) increases in the order TFBD < HFPD < OFHD. For fluorinated diols and monoalcohols the effectiveness of helix induction was found to increase exponentially with increasing number of fluorine atoms per alcohol molecule, and OFHD was found to be more effective than any previously reported fluorinated alcohol. Formation of standard micelles was ruled out as the cause of the enhanced helix induction by the fluorinated diols. The negligible red-edge excitation shift in the fluorescence of melittin indicated that the fluorinated diol/water solvent shell surrounding the tryptophan chromophore is less immobilized than are molecules in a lamellar vesicle.
A simulation study of the critical ionization velocity process

The critical ionization velocity process is studied by first investigating a coupled system of equations describing the production of several ion species and electrons by impact ionization, their collisions with neutrals, and the heating of electrons. Analytic relations derived from this were tested with the help of a particle simulation, including collisional processes between neutrals and plasma particles. It was found that resistive heating of electrons plays an important role when the density of the neutrals is high, and that electron heating due to lower hybrid waves is significant when the neutral density is low. In both cases, the control of the plasma production rate by the ratio of the beam velocity to the critical velocity was verified.
A Optimization of information transfer in self replicating systems

Genetic codes are one biological method organisms have of reliably transmitting information. The information is found in messages composed of words formed from letters in a given alphabet. If the words are one or more letters long, one can optimize message formation if there are e letters in the alphabet. The optimization of message formation is not dependent on word length. Word length does determine vocabulary size. The restriction that letters in a genetic alphabet are paired for template replication leads one to choose codes comprised of either two or four letters,rather than e letters,in order to optimize message formation.There is no difference between a code with two letters and a code with four letters using the above optimization equations. However, information theory shows that a code with four letters provides more information than a code with two letters. Thus, we conclude that a genetic code with four letters which uses template replication will optimize the information transmitted in its messages.
Stimulation of calcium transport in inside-out vesicles of human erythrocyte membranes by a soluble cytoplasmic activator.

Transport of Ca2+ by inside-out vesicles requires both Mg2+ and ATP and can be linear over 16 min at 37°C. This basal rate of transport may be doubled however by an activator found in membrane-free erythrocyte hemolysate. This activator is probably the same protein(s) which has been shown to activate (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase in erythrocyte membrane fragments (Bond, G.H. and Clough, D.E. (1973) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 323, 592–599).
The phorbol ester-dependent activator of the mitogen-activated protein kinase p42mapk is a kinase with specificity for the threonine and tyrosine regulatory sites

Abstract Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAP kinases) are activated by dual tyrosine and threonine phosphorylations in response to various stimuli, including phorbol esters. To define the mechanism of activation, recombinant wild-type 42-kDa MAP kinase (p42mapk) and a kinase-defective mutant of p42mapk (K52R) were used to assay both activator activity for p42mapk and kinase activity toward K52R in stimulated EL4.I12 mouse thymoma cells. Phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (10 min, 650 nM) stimulated a single peak of MAP kinase activator that was coeluted from Mono Q at pH 7.5 and 8.9 with K52R kinase activity. Both activities were inactivated by the serine/threonine-specific phosphatase 2A but not by the tyrosine-specific phosphatase CD45. Phosphorylation of K52R occurred specifically on Thr-183 and Tyr-185, as determined by tryptic phosphopeptide mapping in comparison with synthetic marker phosphopeptides. These findings indicate that phorbol ester-stimulated MAP kinase kinase can activate p42mapk by threonine and tyrosine phosphorylations, and that p42mapk thus does not require an autophosphorylation reaction.
A dynamic switch in Rb+/- mediated neuroendocrine tumorigenesis.

Rb+/− mice develop a complex spectrum of neuroendocrine tumors on a mixed genetic (129Sv × C57BL/6) background. To understand how the 129Sv and C57BL/6 contributions affect Rb+/− tumorigenesis, we serially backcrossed Rb+/− animals to the 129Sv or C57BL/6 strain, and analysed their pathological profiles. Strikingly, the length of survival and the penetrance, severity and multiplicity of neuroendocrine tumors switch dramatically between Rb+/− animals from the two genetic backgrounds. In fact, the 129Sv background significantly enhances both the initiation and progression of tumorigenesis in the intermediate lobe of the pituitary (ILP) in Rb+/− animals. This is due to the surprising fact that ILPs from wild-type 129Sv animals are inherently abnormal, and thus greatly predisposed to neoplasia. This is likely to explain the high incidence of ILP tumors, an otherwise rare tumor type in wild-type mice, in numerous knockout studies performed on the 129Sv strain, and raises the intriguing possibility that the classic Rb+/− neuroendocrine tumors may fade away in another as of yet unidentified inbred strain. Finally, we have increased the utility of the Rb+/− tumor model, since Rb+/− animals on the C57BL/6 background develop high-penetrance tumors of the anterior lobe of the pituitary, a class of tumors estimated to occur in 20–25% of humans.
Anisotropic Plasma Etching Of Polysilicon With 100:1 Selectivity Over Thermal Oxide

A plasma etching process for polycrystalline silicon with an etch ratio of 100:1 to thermal oxide has been developed. Sulfur hexafluoride containing 9% chlorine has been excited, at a rf power of 150 watts and at a total pressure of .100 Torr (13.3 Pa), to etch polysilicon. A decrease in the etch ratio of silicon to oxide with increasing overetch time has been observed. The etch profiles were nearly vertical and the vertical to lateral etch rate ratio was nearly 8:1. A model consistent with the experimental observations has been proposed. The process has been used successfully to clear polysilicon over steps of a height of approximately 0.75 pm without disturbing the structural integrity. Owing to its high selectivity to oxide and good linewidth control, the process can be used for fabricating VLSI circuits with thinner gate oxides.
The econometrics of financial markets

This book is an ambitious effort by three well-known and well-respected scholars to fill an acknowledged void in the literature—a text covering the burgeoning field of empirical finance. As the authors note in the preface, there are several excellent books covering financial theory at a level suitable for a Ph.D. class or as a reference for academics and practitioners, but there is little or nothing similar that covers econometric methods and applications. Perhaps the closest existing text is the recent addition to the Wiley Series in Financial and Quantitative Analysis. written by Cuthbertson (1996). The major difference between the books is that Cuthbertson focuses exclusively on asset pricing in the stock, bond, and foreign exchange markets, whereas Campbell, Lo, and MacKinlay (henceforth CLM) consider empirical applications throughout the field of finance, including corporate finance, derivatives markets, and market microstructure. The level of anticipation preceding publication can be partly measured by the fact that at least three reviews (including this one) have appeared since the book arrived. Moreover, in their reviews, both Harvey (1998) and Tiso (1998) comment on the need for such a text, a sentiment that has been echoed by numerous finance academics.
Polynomial expected behavior of a pivoting algorithm for linear complementarity and linear programming problems

We show that a particular pivoting algorithm, which we call the lexicographic Lemke algorithm, takes an expected number of steps that is bounded by a quadratic inn, when applied to a random linear complementarity problem of dimensionn. We present two probabilistic models, both requiring some nondegeneracy and sign-invariance properties. The second distribution is concerned with linear complementarity problems that arise from linear programming. In this case we give bounds that are quadratic in the smaller of the two dimensions of the linear programming problem, and independent of the larger. Similar results have been obtained by Adler and Megiddo.
β-Guanidinopropionate and phosphorylated β-guanidinopropionate as substrates for creatine kinase

Abstract Rabbit muscle creatine kinase catalyzes transphosphorylation between ATP and β-guanidinopropionate at pH 9 and 23°C with a K m for β-guanidinopropionate of 50 m m and a V max of 0.21 μmole/min/mg of creatine kinase. The comparable values for the phosphorylation of creatine are 16.7 for K m and 75.1 for V max . In the reverse direction at pH 7.05 and 23°C, phosphorylated β-guanidinopropionate has a K m of 4.9 and a V max of 0.22 in comparison to a K m of 2.2 and a V max of 231 for phosphocreatine.
Simulations of cryogen expulsion from a space depot under zero gravity

Abstract With an increasing number of missions in space, cryogenic fluid supply systems become necessary as mission duration is extended. Most of the system operations involve multiple-phase phenomena. Accurate simulation of the operations is needed to predict the physics and efficiency of these systems. One operation of interest is the expulsion of liquid cryogens from a partially filled depot; the challenge concerns finding ways to expel the liquid while preventing vapour from entering the transfer line. The problem involves tracking the motion of a floating, mobile and expanding vapour ullage as fluid is expelled from a tank. The simulation of the interface movement of the vapour ullage in a volume of confined liquid under zero gravity is carried out by solving the Navier-Stokes equations in the transformed boundary-fitted curvilinear co-ordinate system using a finite difference approach. An alternating expulsion and pressurization scheme is presented for the operation based on mass and momentum conservation.
Rhizosphere interactions and siderophores.

Certain plant growth-promoting pseudomonads inhibit deleterious and pathogenic rhizosphere bacteria and fungi by producing siderophores. Properties of a siderophore transport system which might provide a competitive advantage under iron stress conditions include ability to utilize other organisms’ siderophores, higher Fe(III) stability constant, faster kinetics of dissolution of Fe(III) minerals, more efficient transport system, and resistance to degradation. In order to determine the concentration and localization of siderophores in the rhizosphere monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) to ferric pseudobactin, the siderophore of Pseudomonas putida BIO, have been developed. Several Mabs cross reacted differently with various pseudobactins. A growth medium has been developed for the study for siderophore-mediated rhizosphere interactions in the laboratory.
Signaling enabler in high-speed system design by using hybrid stackup printed circuit board

FR4 is a commonly used material in industry to build printed circuit boards. However signals propagating in this media have significant attenuation when the frequency is going higher and higher. In this paper, hybrid PCB stack-up is studied for signal integrity design, where only specific layers of the board use low loss dielectric while the others are fabricated with traditional FR4 in order to have optimized cost-performance. The investigation focuses on full channel signal integrity analysis based on the proposed hybrid stackup. Simulations for Intel® Quick Path Interconnect (Intel® QPI) show noticeable improvement. Such a hybrid stackup is normally less costly than all low loss PCB stackup, thus achieving a good compromising between cost and performance for system design and production.
Population frequencies and altered remodeling mechanisms in normal medullary stenosis

As shown in 2065 women aged 18 to 45 years from seven countries of Central and North America, the population frequency of normal medullary stenosis ranges from under 2% to nearly 7%. In this condition, endosteal apposition may begin in infancy and continue through the fourth decade with a compensatory reduction in the rate of subperiosteal apposition, leading to an approximately normal cortical cross-sectional area contained in a smaller subperiosteal envelope.
Comparison of asymptotically free theories with high-energy deep inelastic scattering data

Abstract Comparison of the predictionsof asymptotically free gauge theories on ϑ 1n vW2(x, q2)|ϑ 1n q2 in the small x region with recent data on high-energy muon-hadron scattering allows a fairly direct determination of the effective coupling constant. The result is α(q2)≲0.21/[1 + 0.14 1n q2 (GeV2)]. This is much smaller than previous indirect estimates.
Market Reaction to Auditor Switching from Big 4 to Third-Tier Small Accounting Firms

SUMMARY: After the demise of Arthur Andersen, the public accounting industry has witnessed a significant migration of public clients to second-tier (Grant Thornton and BDO Seidman) and smaller third-tier accounting firms. While prior literature documents that smaller auditors are perceived by the stock market as an inferior substitute for a Big 4 auditor, this perception appears to have changed in recent years. In this paper, we analyze market responses to auditor switching from Big 4 to smaller accounting firms during 2002 to 2006. We break our sample period into two separate periods (Periods 1 and 2) based on when regulatory changes occurred. These changes included Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) 404 implementation, Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) inspections, and a tightened Form 8-K filing deadline. We find a relatively more positive stock market reaction to clients switching from a Big 4 to a smaller third-tier auditor in Period 2. This relatively more positive reaction in Period 2 reflects co...
Electron-transmission study of the temporary anion states of substituted pyridines

Abstract Electron-transmission spectroscopy has been employed in a study of the temporary negative-ion states of 2-, 3- and 4-methylpyridine, 2-, 3- and 4-chloropyridine, 2-, 3- and 4-aminopyridine, 2-, 3- and 4-acetylpyridine and 2- and 4-vinylpyridine. The effect of substitution on the normally unoccupied orbitals, as well as that of replacement of a CH group by a nitrogen atom, is found to be related to the coefficient of the molecular orbital at the site of substitution. The latter effect, however, is much less pronounced for the unfilled than for the filled orbitals. We attribute this to changes in geometry of the aza derivatives and to the greater diffuseness of the anion wavefunction compared with that of the cation. A simple Huckel MO treatment, the equivalent of the LCBO method for filled orbitals, is applied to the unfilled orbitals of the vinylpyridines and acetylpyridines, and yields the energies of these short-lived anion states quite satisfactorily.
Biosynthesis of γ-aminobutyric acid by isolated axons of cone horizontal cells in the goldfish retina

SPECIFIC proteolytic enzymes have been used to dissociate adult vertebrate retinae into single cells1–3. These methods facilitate the study of chemical and physiological properties of isolated, identified retinal cells. In particular, the synthesis of neurotransmitter candidates in a pure retinal cell type has been studied by drawing identified cells into a micropipette, incubating them with appropriate radioactive precursors, and analysing the presence of radioactive transmitters1. In the study reported here, this method was used to examine transmitter synthesis by horizontal cells. Cajal's internal horizontal cells4 from the goldfish retina were used because they could be dissociated easily from the retina and identified readily. In addition, these cells have been shown to be connected to Cajal's external horizontal cells, and can therefore be considered as fusiform axon terminals of cone horizontal cells5,6.
National culture and activity-based costing systems: a note

Abstract This research uses Geert Hofstede's taxonomy of work-related cultural values to examine the relationship between national culture and activity-basedcosting (ABC) systems. Hofstede's work is used to formulate six predictions about how international cultural diversity could affect an ABC implementation. Two of these six predictions are then applied to the case of Harris Semiconductor (HS), which has implemented an ABC system at plants located in Malaysia and the United States. The findings indicate that HS's ‘top–down’ implementation approach coupled with ABC's inherent emphasis on cross-functional team-based work arrangements may have contributed to a higher level of ABC success at HS's plant in Malaysia relative to its U.S. plants.
Equitable Access to Cancer Services A Review of Barriers to Quality Care

BACKGROUND Barriers to cancer care have been documented in nearly all settings and populations; such barriers represent potentially avoidable morbidity or mortality. A conceptual framework was used to describe patient, provider, and system barriers to cancer services. METHODS A review of the English language literature on cancer care from 1980–1998 was conducted; key research was summarized for each domain in the conceptual model. RESULTS Key patient barriers are related to old age, minority race, and low socioeconomic class; the common pathways by which these sociodemographic factors appear to mediate cancer outcomes include social class and race-related or class-related attitudes. Providers are often ill-prepared to communicate the complexities of cancer care to their diverse patient populations; constraints of the medical care system also can impede the delivery of care. To the authors' knowledge the impact of the rapid growth in managed care organizations (MCOs) on access to care has yet to be evaluated fully. Although MCOs historically have provided high levels of cancer screening in healthy populations, to the authors' knowledge there are fewer data regarding outcomes for elderly and poor populations and for treatment services. CONCLUSIONS Additional research is needed to develop and test interventions to overcome barriers to care and evaluate the impact of the growth of managed care on access to cancer care for diverse populations. Cancer 1999;86:2378–90. © 1999 American Cancer Society.
Witty invention or dubious fad? Using argument mapping to examine the contours of management fashion

This paper examines management fashion discourse based on the premise that management fashions are not neutral, but problematic. It grounds this premise on Abrahamson and Fairchild's (1999) observation that attributes the upswings of management fashion discourse to ''emotionally charged, enthusiastic and unreasoned discourse''. Adopting this critical perspective, the paper conducts a careful analysis of faddish discourse in an attempt to understand the discursive ailments that would justify ascribing a diagnosis of ''unreasoned'' to this discourse. To achieve this goal, the paper employs the technique of argument mapping to examine and compare the structures of early discourse surrounding: (1) Business Process Reengineering (BPR) - typically now considered a fad; (2) Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) - an enduring, non-faddish IS discourse; and (3) Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) - a more recent discourse that is evaluated based on insights derived from comparisons of BPR and ERP. Findings from the resultant argument maps show conspicuous differences between BPR and ERP argumentation, which suggests an association between early argument structure and the faddish trajectory of discourse. Similarly, insights derived from ERP and BPR argument comparisons suggest that SOA is more likely to follow the faddish course of its BPR predecessor rather than the enduring track of ERP.
Longitudinal assessment of neuropsychological and temporal/spatial gait characteristics of elderly fallers: taking it all in stride

Gait abnormalities are linked to cognitive decline and an increased fall risk within older adults. The present study addressed gaps from cross-sectional studies in the literature by longitudinally examining the interplay between temporal and spatial aspects of gait, cognitive function, age, and lower-extremity strength in elderly “fallers” and “non-fallers”. Gait characteristics, neuropsychological and physical test performance were examined at two time points spaced a year apart in cognitively intact individuals aged 60 and older (N = 416). Mixed-model repeated-measure ANCOVAs examined temporal (step time) and spatial (stride length) gait characteristics during a simple and cognitive-load walking task in fallers as compared to non-fallers. Fallers consistently demonstrated significant alterations in spatial, but not temporal, aspects of gait as compared to non-fallers during both walking tasks. Step time became slower as stride length shortened amongst all participants during the dual task. Shorter strides and slower step times during the dual task were both predicted by worse executive attention/processing speed performance. In summary, divided attention significantly impacts spatial aspects of gait in “fallers”, suggesting stride length changes may precede declines in other neuropsychological and gait characteristics, thereby selectively increasing fall risk. Our results indicate that multimodal intervention approaches that integrate physical and cognitive remediation strategies may increase the effectiveness of fall risk interventions.
Impact absorber with two-stage, variable area orifice hydraulic damper

Abstract Analysis of an impact absorber consisting of a linear spring in parallel with an hydraulic damper with variable area orifice is presented. The orifice area varies in two stages in order to overcome the deteriorating effect of fluid compressibility on the maximum acceleration of the impacting mass. During the first stage the orifice is closed, causing a rapid build-up of pressure; during the second stage the orifice area varies in such a way as to provide constant acceleration during the remainder of the stroke.
Charisma, crowd psychology and altered states of consciousness.

This paper argues that an interpretive meaning-centered analysis is not adequate for understanding collective behavior that is outside the range of calculating rationality. Alternative approaches to collective irrational action are drawn from the work of Weber and Durkheim, as well as from the crowd psychologists Le Bon and Tarde. These approaches are then illustrated in a short analysis of the trajectories and recruitment techniques of two contemporary American religious annunciations: est and Scientology, and the findings applied to the general social formation.
Engineering Surface Analysis With Different Wavelet Bases

Traditional surface texture analysis involves filtering surface profiles into different wavelength bands commonly referred to as roughness, waviness and form. The primary motivation in filtering surface profiles is to map each band to the manufacturing process that generated the part and the intended functional performance of the component. Current trends in manufacturing are towards tighter tolerances and higher performance standards that require close monitoring of the process. Thus, there is a need for finer bandwidths for process mapping and functional correlation. Wavelets are becoming increasingly popular tools for filtering profiles in an efficient manner into multiple bands. While they have broadly been demonstrated as having superior performance and capabilities than traditional filtering, fundamental issues such as choice of wavelet bases have remained unad-dressed. The major contribution of this paper is to present the differences between wavelets in terms of the transmission characteristics of the associated filter banks, which is essential for surface analysis. This paper also reviews fundamental mathematics of wavelet theory necessary for applying wavelets to surface texture analysis. Wavelets from two basic categories-orthogonal wavelet bases and biorthogonal wavelet bases are studied. The filter banks corresponding to the wavelets are compared and multiresolution analysis on surface profiles is performed to highlight the applicability of this technique.
Crystallization of diaminopimelate decarboxylase from Escherichia coli, a stereospecific d‐amino‐acid decarboxylase

The final step in lysine biosynthesis in bacteria, the conversion of meso-diaminopimelate to l-lysine, is catalyzed by the only known d-­amino-acid decarboxylase, diaminopimelate decarboxylase (DDC). The Escherichia coli DDC has been cloned, overexpressed in E. coli with a carboxy-terminal polyhistidine purification tag and crystallized from lithium sulfate. The protein is intensely yellow, owing to the pyridoxal-5′-phosphate cofactor, and is enzymatically active. Large well ordered crystals, belonging to space group P6122 with unit-cell parameters a = b = 98.6, c = 177 A, make high-resolution X-ray diffraction studies possible to characterize the residues important in stereospecific decarboxylation and reprotonation during catalytic turnover.
Assessment of a two-temperature kinetic model for dissociating and weakly ionizing nitrogen

The validity of the author's two-temperature, chemical/kinetic model which the author has recently improved is assessed by comparing the calculated results with the existing experimental data for nitrogen in the dissociating and weakly ionizing regime produced behind a normal shock wave. The computer program Shock Tube Radiation Program (STRAP) based on the two-temperature model is used in calculating the flow properties behind the shock wave and the Nonequilibrium Air Radiation (NEQAIR) program, in determining the radiative characteristics of the flow. Both programs were developed earlier. Comparison is made between the calculated and the existing shock tube data on (1) spectra in the equilibrium region, (2) rotational temperature of the N2(+) B state, (3) vibrational temperature of the N2(+) B state, (4) electronic excitation temperature of the N2 B state, (5) the shape of time-variation of radiation intensities, (6) the times to reach the peak in radiation intensity and equilibrium, and (7) the ratio of nonequilibrium to equilibrium radiative heat fluxes. Good agreement is seen between the experimental data and the present calculation except for the vibrational temperature. A possible reason for the discrepancy is given.
An Array of Qualitative Data Analysis Tools: A Call for Data Analysis Triangulation.

One of the most important steps in the qualitative research process is analysis of data. The purpose of this article is to provide elements for understanding multiple types of qualitative data analysis techniques available and the importance of utilizing more than one type of analysis, thus utilizing data analysis triangulation, in order to understand phenomenon more fully for school psychology research and beyond. The authors describe seven qualitative analysis tools: methods of constant comparison, keywords-in-context, word count, classical content analysis, domain analysis, taxonomic analysis, and componential analysis. Then, the authors outline when to use each type of analysis. In so doing, the authors use real qualitative data to help distinguish the various types of analyses. Furthermore, flowcharts and tables are provided to help delineate when to choose each type of analysis. Finally, the role of computer-assisted software in the qualitative data-analytic process is discussed. As such, use of the analyses outlined in this article should help to promote rigor in qualitative research.
High-energy nuclear collisions in the geometrical branching model.

The geometrical branching model, which has been successful in describing multiparticle production in hadron-hadron and hadron-nucleus collisions, is extended to the case of nucleus-nucleus collisions at high energy. We discuss the issue related to the collision between broken nucleons. The calculated result is in good agreement with the data. We show that the multiplicity and transverse-energy distributions of the produced particles are insensitive to the detail properties of hadronization. Measurable quantities that could reveal relevant information on them are suggested.
Reward Structures in Unionized and Nonunionized Community Colleges.

The characteristics of reward structures in unionized and nonunionized community colleges were studied in a nationwide survey of community colleges in the fall of 1986. A total of 312 individuals in 52 colleges responded to an instrument developed to measure reward structures perceived to be present and should be present by college faculty and administrators. A return rate of 87 percent was achieved. The research results indicated that the value place on rewards varied significantly when such concepts as gender, ethnicity, age, and experience were used as independent variables. However, the key research question sought to determine what differences existed between unionized and nonunionized colleges and between faculty and administrators concerning reward structures currently in place, reward structures that should be in place, monetary and nonmonetary rewards and extrinsic and intrinsic rewards. The results support differences in the perceptions and values of faculty in unionized and nonunionized college...
Optimal service rate perturbations of many server queues in heavy traffic

An optimal control problem for a single customer class, many server queueing system of the type $$ G/M/n+GI $$G/M/n+GI is considered, where the control corresponds to the service rate. An infinite horizon discounted cost functional which consists of a convex control cost, linear delay and idle server costs, and a linear abandonment cost is formulated. We study this problem in the heavy traffic regime originally proposed by Halfin and Whitt, where the arrival rates and the number of servers grow to infinity in concert. First we address the diffusion control problem (DCP) associated with the heavy traffic limit. By constructing a smooth solution to the associated Hamilton---Jacobi---Bellman equation, we obtain a feedback type optimal control for the DCP. We show that the value function of the DCP is an asymptotic lower bound for the value functions of the corresponding queueing control problems. We use the optimal control of the DCP to obtain an asymptotically optimal control policy for the queueing control problem.
1020-5 A Flow Convergence Method to Quantitate Regurgitant Flow with a Flail Mitral Valve Leaflet: Finite Element Modeling and Experimental Studies

The flow convergence (FC) method has yielded variable results for calculation of regurgitant flow (RF) rates in mitral regurgitation (MR) with a flail mitral valve leaflet (FMVL). Two effects have been postulated as causing errors in FMVL geometry: 1) near the regurgitant orifice (RO) the direction of flow is nearly 90° to the Doppler beam; and 2) left ventricular wall and MVL surface constraints may cause distortion of the assumed hemispherical shape of the FC region. For our finite element modeling study, we used a FMVL model traced from actual echocardiographic images (Fig. A), and simulated continuous flow with RO areas 0.25 and 1.0 cm2 at RF's of 2, 3, 4, 6, L/min. The isovelocity data (Fig. B) was then adjusted to simulate the angle effects of Doppler sampling from the apex yielding images similar to actual clinical studies (Fig. C). Near the FMVL, as simulated for color Doppler, velocities are underestimated and near the septal leaflet, the isovelocity shells are elongated in a direction towards the scanning origin. The experimental in vitro model had a ‘smile-shaped’ prolapse type orifice 30 mm2 in cross-sectional area and was studied under pulsatile flow conditions over flow rates for Download : Download high-res image (55KB) Download : Download full-size image 1.5–20 L/min. With the ultrasound transducer placed at an angle to maximize the extension of the FC alias extension towards the transducer and by using high aliasing velocities so as to mandate correcting for an inlet constraining angle related to leaflet configuration, but not for chamber wall constraint, the correlation for predicting flow was r = 0.97 over flows from 2–12 L/min. The required inlet angle correction could be verified from the relationship of the FC results with the prolapse anatomy and the actual flows but was not required when the flow rate was high enough to be measured outside, or proximal to, the inlet funnel; at which time no correction was necessary. Our studies provide rational and easily implemented approaches useful in adapting the FC method to prolapsed or flail leaflet geometries.
Enhancement of fracture healing with parathyroid hormone

Since the approval of parathyroid hormone (PTH) as an anabolic treatment for osteoporosis, there has been an increasing interest in other potential clinical uses for this compound in musculoskeletal conditions. Fracture healing is one area of particular interest. It is now widely recognized that daily PTH administration is an effective therapy for increasing bone mineral density and preventing fractures in both male and female osteoporosis patients. More recently, a growing body of evidence supports the conclusion that PTH will also be an effective anabolic therapy for the enhancement of bone repair following fracture. Several animal studies have demonstrated that PTH therapy consisting of daily subcutaneous injections during repair leads to increased callus volumes and a more rapid return of bone strength. Additionally PTH, these reports demonstrated that PTH treatment enhanced repair in older animals, models of osteoporosis, and healthy sexually mature animals. These results underscore the potential of PTH as an anabolic therapy for enhancing the rate of bone repair and regain of mechanical strength in a broad spectrum of fracture patients.
Improved measurements of slow-extracted beam emittance

Abstract Beam size measurements have been made for the AGS slow-extracted beam under various conditions. It is shown that profiles measured by the segmented-wire ion chamber technique have several types of distortions, and significant corrections must be made before the resulting profiles are useful for emittance studies. After correction, the vertical profiles are well described by a model with elliptical contours of constant density in phase space and Gaussian density distribution. This model is unsatisfactory for the horizontal phase space, so a parallelogram model, based on calculated properties of the non-linear resonant extraction process, is used. The final results are well described by the models. There are only two free parameters, corresponding to the emittance in each plane.
Harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardii) decline continues in the rapidly changing landscape of Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska 1992―2008

seals have steeply declined at two glacial ice sites in Aialik Bay in south-centralAlaska and at Glacier Bay in southeastern Alaska (Hoover-Miller 1994, MathewsandPendleton2006).Declinesinthenumberofharborsealsatsomeglacialicesitesareofparticularconcernforseveralreasons.First,glacialicesitesmayserveasarefugefrompredationforyoungpupsduringthepuppingseasonandglacialicehabitatmayfacilitate the avoidance of both terrestrial and marine predators (Calambokidis
A free-electron model for the exchange coupling of ferromagnets through paramagnetic metals

Abstract A mechanism for the coupling of two ferromagnetic films separated by a metallic paramagnetic film is derived. The coupling oscillates in sign as a function of the thickness of the paramagnetic layer, with the long range period of the oscillation determined by the Fermi wavevector for the paramagnet as in RKKY. However unlike RKKY both the magnitude of the coupling and its detailed behavior at small separations depend on the exchange splitting of the ferromagnets. A comparison with the experimental data for Fe/Cr, Co/Ru and Co/Cu is given.
Molecular cell biology on morphogenesis of the fovea and evolution of the central vision

Abstract Since Charles Darwin wrote “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection,” it had been assumed that various eye types, from the compound eye to the camera eye, had originated independently in at least 40–60 different phyletic lines. However, the finding of Pax 6, the master control gene for eye morphogenesis, and the fact that its sequence is highly conserved throughout the animal kingdom indicated that the prototype eye in a primitive animal originated only once in evolution, and various eye types arose from the same origin. We recently found a Pax 6 mutation in a pedigree with foveal hypoplasia. Thus, the Pax 6 that appeared in light sensory cells of a primitive animal in ancient times may play a role in morphogenesis of the fovea, the most highly developed visual receptor. The fovea first appeared in evolution in the temporal retina of fishes. Then, in birds, the nasal fovea and bifoveal system with nasal and temporal foveas developed. The fovea disappeared in primitive mammals, and reappeared in primates. A residue of the fovea is conserved in the visual streak, and the disappearance and reappearance of the fovea, in primitive mammals and primates respectively, correlates with degeneration and restoration of cone pigment genes in photoreceptors. Humans inherited the temporal fovea that had first originated in fish eyes. Pax 6 is expressed in the entire eyeball at an early stage of development, and is also expressed widely in the retina to determine its differentiation. To determine the position of the fovea, retinal cells are abundant in the visual streak, probably because expression of Pax 6 is regulated by patterning of the dorsoventral axis of the eyeball. Signaling molecules, discharged from the front of the face, also regulate Pax 6 expression, and determine position of the fovea, visual axis, angle gamma, growth of the eyeball, and shape of the visual field. Further investigation of nerve pathfinding system from the fovea to the central nervous system will clarify the origin of the central vision, and contribute to human welfare.
A reconfigurable architecture for multicore systems

Various studies concluded that bus-based multiprocessor architectures outperform Network-on-Chip (NoC) architectures when the number of processors is relatively small. On the other hand, NoC architectures offer distinct performance advantages when the number of processors is large. This led to recent proposals for hybrid architectures where each node in a mesh-style packet-switched NoC architecture contains a bus-based subsystem with a small number of processors. Experimental results using select benchmarks demonstrated that these hybrid architectures offer superior performance when compared with purely bus based or purely NoC style architectures. Our studies indicate that while a hybrid architecture is preferable, the optimal number of processors on each bus subsystem varies based on the application. This number appears to vary between 1 and 8 depending on the communication requirements of the application. Further, various applications simultaneously executing on the same system require differing numbers of processors on each bus-based subsystem to minimize the overall throughput time. In this paper, we present a new reconfigurable NoC architecture which allows scalable bus-based multiprocessor subsystems on each node in the NoC. Following configuration, the system provides a multi-bus execution environment where each processor is connected to a bus and the bus-based subsystems communicate via routers connected in a mesh-style configuration. The system can be reconfigured to vary the number of bus subsystems and the number of processors on each subsystem. Each processor contains a Level 1 (L1) cache and each bus, connected to a router, has access to a Level 2 (L2) cache. The L2 caches distributed across the network together form a large virtual L2 that can shared by all the processors in the system via the router network. We present the architecture in detail, discuss a configuration algorithm, and discuss experimental results (using the NS2 and SIMICS simulators) on standard and synthetic benchmarks indicating the performance advantages of the proposed architecture.
Prevalence of stimulant use for attentional dysfunction in children with phenylketonuria.

Sumary: Recent data suggest that children with phenylketonuria (PKU) and poor metabolic control may have an increased prevalence of attentional dysfunction. However, few formal studies have addressed this topic in detail. We reviewed the medical records of 38 school-aged children with early and continuously treated PKU to determine the prevalence of stimulant use for attentional dysfunction, and to determine the relationship between metabolic control and attentional symptoms. Twenty-six per cent of the PKU children used a stimulant medication for attentional dysfunction. This is significantly higher than in an age- and sex-matched control group consisting of children with type I diabetes mellitus (6.5%, p<0.006), and also considerably higher than population norms for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (5%). We also found a significant relationship between phenylalanine levels and stimulant use or attentional symptoms. Mean plasma phenylalanine concentration was 486 µmol/L in the non-stimulant-using group and 792 µmol/L in the stimulant-using group (p<0.02). Mean phenylalanine concentration was 462 µmol/L in the group not reporting attentional symptoms, and was 702 µmol/L in the symptomatic group (p<0.05). Parents of the stimulant-using children felt that the stimulants were efficacious in treating their child's attentional symptoms. Stimulant use and parent reports of attentional dysfunction are quite common in our PKU patients and appear to be strongly related to higher phenylalanine concentrations.