cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Reaction Sequence in Ergothioneine Biosynthesis: Hercynine as an Intermediate

Ergothioneine can be synthesized by the mold, Neurospora crassa, from the amino acids, histidine, methionine, and cysteine (1). The intact histidine molecule is used in the synthesis, and the three methyl groups of the betaine moiety can be derived from methionine by a triple transmethylation process (2). Cysteine appears to be an immediate precursor of the sulfur atom of the thiolimidazole ring. In this paper we present data which establish the sequence of these biosynthetic reactions. provide data which show that hercynine is an intermediate compound in the biosynthesis of ergothioneine.
The effect of acute exercise on circulating serum retinol binding protein 4 in seniors with and without impaired glucose tolerance (863.4)

Retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) is an adipokine that contributes to insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance. There are no published reports concerning the influence of acute exercise on ...
At The Market (ATM) Offerings

We study a new form of equity offering that emerged in 2008: “At-the-market” (ATM) offerings. Their use has increased significantly, and in 2011 total announced ATM issuance plans were nearly 10% that of traditional SEOs. The key differentiating characteristics of ATMs are their “best-efforts” issuance approach and the ability of firms to “dribble-out” equity issuance at opportune times, often over many months. We document some notable differences in characteristics between ATM and SEO firms. Moreover, ATM issuers appear to experience lower explicit issuance costs (fees), less negative event returns and less negative long-run returns, compared to standard SEO issuers. Finally, we find that firms adjust their dribble-out to reflect time-varying stock return characteristics.
Summary of current molecular databases

There are a large number of atlases, bibliographies, books, and monographs, along with their vital revisions and new editions, that form the foundation of modern, computer-readable, molecular databases. A brief summary is given of some of the important books, current compilations and databases. Included, for example, are the great compilations, The Identification of Molecular Spectra by Pearse and Gaydon, and Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure by Huber and Herzberg, and other definitive reference material, circulars, and monographs from many laboratories. These works have laid the foundation for, and have become part of, current databases such as HITRAN, the JPL catalogue, and RADEN, which support studies of, and spectral synthesis programs for, the transmission and emission of radiation in planetary and stellar atmospheres.
Using Evaluations in Mediation

This book chapter, co-written with Prof. Marjorie Aaron, discusses new empirical data which suggests that most lawyers value a mediator giving analytic and evaluative comments in legal mediations. It goes on to analyze the benefits and dangers of using evaluative techniques; discusses whether and when to evaluate; and gives prescriptive advice about how to structure and deliver evaluative comments without alienating disputants.
A form feature oriented coding scheme

Abstract A form feature oriented coding system for manufacturing planning is presented in this paper. The coding system automatically extracts a code from a part definition data file. The code has a chain-type structure and a variable code length. It contains both general part information and specific geometric description of a turned part. This code can serve as a key to retrieve further part information from the input data file.
Endoscopic treatment of biliary tract strictures in sclerosing cholangitis: a larger series and recommendations for treatment.

We report a group of 35 patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis who had long-term follow-up after endoscopic treatment of major ductal strictures in the primary or secondary biliary ducts. Our patients were all symptomatic with ascending cholangitis or jaundice. There was significant improvement as measured by clinical parameters of hospitalization rates and laboratory data and comparable radiography. Long-term follow-up averaged 24 (±2.8 months). We believe endoscopic treatment of sclerosing cholangitis should be attempted in selected symptomatic cases with major ductal strictures before liver transplantation.
E6 PHENOMENOLOGY, A 3×3 MATRIX APPROACH

A 3×3 matrix formalism for the E6 group is used to identify the generators of E6 with the extra U(1) low energy gauge groups considered in the context of superstring theories. The couplings between the gauge bosons, the fermions and the 27-Higgs field are discussed and a brief review of phenomenological results are given.
Distributed database/file systems (session overview): introduction

During the last fifteen years database management has grown so quickly that today it is found on machines of every size from the largest mainframes to the smallest micro computers. Almost without exception, the production information systems which use database technology store the data at single site, usually local to the main processor. The reasons for this fact are: The most expensive component of a computing system has traditionally been the central processing unit. Duplicating central processors at multiple sites, until recently, was cost prohibitive.Relatively slow transmission speed and resulting poor performance made distribution infeasible.Algorithms and other techniques for solving the problems in 2 above have been slow in coming.Commercially available software has been slow in reaching the marketplace because of 1, 2 and 3 above.With the relatively recent advancements in price performance of new machines offered by every vendor, distribution of data to multiple sites is rapidly becoming commonplace. No longer is the cost of the central processing unit an obstacle to distributing the processing associated with distributed databases. The processing power needed for distributed database systems is already in place in most big corporations. Micro computers are being used in almost every department for word processing, spreadsheets and other local computational needs. Local area networks connecting these micro computers allow rapid access to data stored at different sites.
A Way of Work and a Way of Life: Coal Mining in Thurber, Texas, 1888-1926

The coal mine represented much more than a way of making a living to the miners of Thurber, Texas, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries--it represented a way of life. Coal mining dominated Thurber's work life, and miners dominated its social life. The large immigrant population that filled the mines in Thurber had arrived from more than a dozen nations, which lent a certain distinctiveness to this Texas town. In 1888 Robert D. Hunter and the Texas & Pacific Coal Company founded the town of Thurber on the site of Johnson Mines, a small coalmining village on the western edge of North Central Texas where Palo Pinto, Erath, and Eastland counties converged. William Whipple and Harvey E. Johnson first established a small community there in 1886 as the railroads' demand for coal enhanced the possibility of financial reward for entrepreneurs willing to risk the effort to tap the thin bituminous coal veins that lay beneath the ground. Where the first comers failed, Hunter and his stockholders prevailed. For almost forty years the company mined coal and owned and operated a town that by 1910 served as home to more than three thousand residents. In some respects, the town mirrored the work and culture of bituminous coal mining communities throughout the United States. Like most, it experienced labor upheaval that reached a dramatic climax in 1903 when the United Mine Workers, emboldened and strengthened by successes in other parts of the Southwest, organized Thurber's miners. Unlike elsewhere, however, the miners' success at Thurber was not fraught with violence and loss of life; furthermore, in the strike's aftermath good relations generally characterized employer/employeenegotiations. Marilyn Rhinehart examines the culture of the miners' work, the demographics and social life of the community, and the benefits and constraints of life in a company town. Above all she demonstrates the features both at work and after work of a culture shaped by the occupat
Teaching human-computer interaction in introductory courses

In this paper I have attempted to point out some ways in which an instructor can sensitize students to the human-computer interface aspect of programming. By discussing this topic at the introductory level, students are made aware early on both of how important this aspect of programming is and, at the same time, how difficult and time-consuming it is to produce quality interface.Most of the suggestions for lecture or discussion presented here can be covered fairly briefly, without taking too much time away from the discussion of the syntax and semantics of the programming language or languages being covered in the course. Just how much time is devoted to the topic of interface is, of course, at the discretion of the instructor. The suggestions for project assignments also require small additions or modifications to the traditional programming assignments. Furthermore, these ideas can be incorporated into more advanced courses. As the students' programming abilities increase and they are able to produce more and more complex code, the dimensions for evaluation of user interface can be broadened.None of the foregoing is meant to imply that it would not be desirable to have students take a course specifically devoted to issues in human-computer interface. It would certainly be appropriate for students to pursue this topic in depth, and a special course such as the one outlined by Shneiderman [6], would be excellent. The important goal at the introductory level is to make students aware that user interface is an important aspect of good programming. If they gain this awareness at the outset, it will pervade their thinking so that one does not have to correct their orientation later in the curriculum, or later still, after they begin their professional career.
Supply of Private Acreage for Recreational Deer Hunting in Georgia

Understanding factors that influence the supply of private acreage for lease hunting has become increasingly important to sustaining hunting. Improving on existing studies that mostly utilized landowners' responses from contingent surveys, we adopted a different approach to this question by analyzing 2009 market data from Georgia counties. Results from multivariate regression indicate that supply of private lease hunting acres was influenced by: (a) site characteristics such as the relative proportion of certain habitat types; (b) market forces and access factors such as rural road networks and proximity to population centers; and (c) spillover effects of conservation programs such as wildlife management areas (WMAs), and government payments to landowners through a variety of habitat enhancement programs. The findings provide support for policies that increase public investment in habitat conservation on private and public lands or assist landowners with developing innovative marketing strategies to benef...
Histological changes in experimental periodontal disease in rats monoinfacted with gram‐negative organisms

Groups of weanling gnotobiotic rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain were monoinfected with isolates of Cappocytophaga, strains 4, 6 and 27, and with Fusobacterium nucleatum, strain 325, Bacteroides strain 289c and Eikenella corrodens, strain 1073. All caused periodontal disease between the first and second maxillary molars, with migration of the epithelial attachment, destruction of the alveolar bone by osteoclasts and impaction of debris. No plaque was formed. Capnocytophaga, strain 4, caused almost complete destruction of the periodontium by 42 days. The other organisms were less pathogenic, but all caused considerable destruction of the periodontium by 84 days.
Factors affecting days of discarded milk due to clinical mastitis and subsequent cost of discarded milk.

Abstract Records of clinical mastitis for 6.5 yr from one Florida dairy with 1050 to 1350 cows milking per month were used to predict duration of occurrence of clinical mastitis and to estimate dollar value of discarded milk per lactation with occurrences of clinical mastitis. Only 6.1% of lactations accrued more than 28 d of discarded milk and were responsible for 52.7% of days of discarded milk. Accurate maintenance of herd mastitis records enables calculation of actual days of milk available for sale and provides a useful tool for culling and treating decisions. Duration of each occurrence of clinical mastitis was modeled by fixed effects of breed, season of occurrence, current lactation history of mastitis, number of quarters with clinical signs, and average maximum temperature-humidity index for the 2 d prior to the occurrence (to second order). These effects explained 1.8% of observed variation in duration of occurrence. Random effects of cow explained 5 to 6% of variation. Prediction of duration of occurrence had a mean value of 6.6 d. When economic status of individual animals is evaluated, comparison of days of milk production available for sale is preferable to total days of milk production. Estimated average cost of discarded milk for parities 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 ranged from $29.73 to 223.98 per lactation.
Phenomenology metric development for SAR scene modeling tools

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) image modeling tools are of high interest to Automatic Target Recognition (ATR) algorithm evaluation because they allow the testing of ATRs over a wider range of extended operating conditions (EOCs). Typical EOCs include target aspect, target configuration, target obscuration, and background terrain variations. Since the phenomenology fidelity of the synthetic prediction techniques is critical for ATR evaluation, metric development for complex scene prediction is needed for accurate ATR performance estimation. An image domain hybrid prediction technique involves the insertion of a synthetic target chip into a measured image background. Targets in terrain scenes will be predicted and compared with similar measured data scenarios. Shadow region histograms and terrain region histograms will be used to develop some first generation metrics for phenomenology validation of hybrid SAR prediction techniques.
Anatomical relationship between opioid peptides and receptors in rhesus monkey brain

To determine whether opioid peptide-receptor pharmacological associations found in vitro (e.g., enkephalin-δ, dynorphin-κ) predict anatomical relationships in situ, immunocytochemical and receptor autoradiographic studies were carried out on adjacent sections from the same brains of formaldehyde-perfused rhesus monkeys. Apparent μ and κ opioid receptors (labeled, respectively, by [3H] naloxone and [3H]bremazocine under different incubation conditions), but not δ opioid receptors (labeled by [3H]D-Ala2, D-Leu5-enkephalin), survived the fixation procedure, and were found to be colocalized throughout the brain. We have observed complex associations between these binding sites and one, two, or all three opioid peptide systems (i.e., proopiomelanocortin, proenkephalin, and prodynorphin) in different brain regions. These multiple opioid peptide-receptor subtype associations are apparent, for example, in neural systems involved in the processing of pain stimuli, and may be important for mediating different types of analgesia. Since differential processing of proenkephalin and prodynorphin can give rise to opioids of varying receptor selectivities, the colocalization of opioid receptor subtypes may signify that such processing is a key regulatory event in determining which receptor subtype is activated and, thus, the physiological consequences of opioid neurotransmission.
Expression of immunomodulating molecules by recombinant viruses: can the immunogenicity of live virus vaccines be improved?

Several obstacles exist for the development and use of live attenuated vaccines, including difficulty in achieving a proper balance between attenuation of viral replication and immunogenicity; inducing a strong T-helper 1 response in early life when the immune system is T helper 2 biased and immunization is sometimes associated with immunopathology and the immunosuppressive effect of maternal antibodies in infants. For some viral infections, the immune response to natural infection does not confer solid protection, complicating the task of vaccine development. The development of methods for generation of recombinant viruses provided new opportunities for improving the immunogenicity of live virus vaccine candidates, including the construction of viruses that express cytokines or other immunomodulating molecules. Depending on the choice of immunomodulating molecule, various stages of the immune response can be affected, such as antigen presentation or T-cell proliferation and differentiation. In addition t...
Response to Intervention and Interdisciplinary Collaboration: Joining Hands to Support Children's Healthy Development

School psychologists often are involved with the provision of services to students with chronic physical health conditions and mental health problems. However, collaborative efforts between school psychologists and the medical professionals who treat these youth often are lacking despite the benefits that may result from interdisciplinary collaboration. To address this disconnect, the authors discuss various ways school psychologists and medical professionals can collaborate to enhance the provision of services to youth with health and mental health problems in a response-to-intervention framework. Specifically, the authors discuss ways in which school psychologists can improve interdisciplinary collaboration across multiple tiers of service provision. In addition, the authors provide a case example to illustrate the benefits of interdisciplinary collaboration among school psychologists, allied health professionals, and physicians.
Flexible systolic design with asynchronous communication protocols for discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT)

ABSTRACT In this paper, a spiral systolic array (SA) architecture with asynchronous controls forthe real time realization of an N point DFT and [DFT is considered. The study includes theoverall system block diagram, propagation of data between array PEs, operations withineach PE, and the PE protocol for computing an N point DFT. The idea is to design self-timed processors and communication protocols to gain control of data streams such thateach computation can start if all its data are available, thus reducing waiting time. The PE protocol controls input data flow properly and efficiently. The proposed SA has large throughput at the expense of more hardware than FFTs. L INTRODUCTIONThe discrete Fourier transform (DFT) is used to transform an ordered sequence ofdata samples, usually from the time domain into the frequency domain, so that spectral information about the sequence can become known explicitly. The inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) is used to obtain a data sequence in time domain from its complexspectrum [l},[2]. if we denote x(k)
THE INFLUENCE OF TANGENTIAL MEAN FLOW ON THE RAYLEIGH CONDUCTIVITY OF AN APERTURE

An investigation is made of the influence of grazing mean flow on the Rayleigh conductivity of an aperture in a thin rigid plane. The fluid is assumed to be incompressible and inviscid, but the Kutta condition is applied to permit the generation of vorticity at the edge of the aperture by an applied time-varying pressure field. Numerical results are given for a circular aperture in the two cases of (i) one-sided mean flow, when the aperture is spanned by a plane vortex sheet in the undisturbed state, and (ii) two-sided mean flow, when the mean velocity is the same on both sides of the plane, so that the undisturbed motion is irrotational. In both cases there exist frequency ranges within which perturbation energy is either absorbed or generated by the mean flow. The numerical results are supplemented by an approximate analytical treatment of the same problem for a rectangular aperture of large aspect ratio (with its long edge transverse to the mean flow direction). The aperture flux for one-sided flow is shown to be absolutely unstable, and may in principle be triggered by an arbitrary, small disturbance in the mean stream. For two-sided flow the motion is conditionally unstable, in the sense that perturbations are amplified by the extraction of energy from the mean flow only when the frequency of the applied pressure lies in certain discrete bands.
Gains in Standardized Test Scores: Evidence of Diminishing Returns to Achievement.

Abstract In many states, standardized tests are used to hold schools accountable for student academic achievement. To motivate improvement in test scores, financial awards are given to teachers and administrators in schools that show the greatest gains. However, failure to adjust for initial conditions may put awards out of the reach of some schools and fail to produce the desired incentives. In this paper, we examine factors that influence gains in test scores using school-level data from California (1999–2003). We find evidence that validates the existing California award system—test scores improved the most for weak schools.
What Is Life

Consistent with Peirce’s pragmatic maxim (see Sect. 6.3.6) and triadic metaphysics (Sect. 6.2.2), it is here proposed that
What Every Psychologist Should Know About the Food and Drug Administration's Black Box Warning Label for Antidepressants

In 2004, the Food and Drug Administration released a black box warning label for all antidepressants, indicating an increased risk for suicidality in children and adolescents. The label was subsequently updated in 2007 to include those up to 24 years of age. Data have since emerged to indicate changes in clinical practice patterns of nonspecialists (i.e., nonpsychiatrists) prescribing medications. Among the changes reported in practice patterns are an increased likelihood of referral and a decreased willingness to prescribe antidepressants. Findings also indicate marked reductions in ambulatory visits for depression among children and adolescents, lower rates of diagnosis of depression in this age group, a spillover effect to adults, inaccurate understanding of the actual risk communicated on the warning label (on the part of primary care practitioners), and increased suicide rates among children and adolescents. Recent findings have important implications for practicing psychologists, and specific recommendations are offered.
Improving Efficiency of Education in Developing Countries

Abstract The article looks at how some of the developing countries are seeking to improve both the external and internal efficiency of their educational systems. It considers the question of access and the fairness or equity of that access, and also how the developing world is testing innovative instructional methods as alternatives to traditional methods. It looks at how these new methods are being applied in Indonesia, Liberia and Korea, and describes the USAID project for improving the efficiency of educational systems (IEES).
Abstraction of β-hydrogenvs.alkyl groups in reactions of dialkylzinc compounds and bis(oxazolinyl)borane

An ambiphilic bis(oxazolinyl)borane proligand and zinc dialkyls react viaalkyl group transfer or β-hydrogen abstraction. The latter process is favored by formation of a bis(oxazolinyl)borane-zinc adduct that positions a β-hydrogen in the proximity of the Lewis acid center.
Residual function in peripheral nerve stumps of amputees: implications for neural control of artificial limbs.

Abstract Purpose It is not known whether motor and sensory pathways associated with a missing or denervated limb remain functionally intact over periods of many months or years after amputation or chronic peripheral nerve transection injury. We examined the extent to which activity on chronically severed motor nerve fibers could be controlled by human amputees and whether distally referred tactile and proprioceptive sensations could be induced by stimulation of sensory axons in the nerve stumps. Methods Amputees undergoing elective stump procedures were invited to participate in this study. Longitudinal intrafascicular electrodes were threaded percutaneously and implanted in severed nerves of human amputees. The electrodes were interfaced to an amplifier and stimulator system controlled by a laptop computer. Electrophysiologic tests were conducted for 2 consecutive days after recovery from the surgery. Results It was possible to record volitional motor nerve activity uniquely associated with missing limb movements. Electrical stimulation through the implanted electrodes elicited discrete, unitary, graded sensations of touch, joint movement, and position, referring to the missing limb. Conclusions These findings indicate that both central and peripheral motor and somatosensory pathways retain significant residual connectivity and function for many years after limb amputation. This implies that peripheral nerve interfaces could be used to provide amputees with prosthetic limbs that have more natural feel and control than is possible with current myoelectric and body-powered control systems.
ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR TRANSPORT EQUATIONS IN SIMILARITY FORM

We present a novel approach for deriving analytical solutions to transport equations expressed in similarity variables. We apply a fixed-point iteration procedure to these transformed equations by formally solving for the highest derivative term and, from this (via requirements for convergence given by the contraction mapping principle), deduce a range of values for the outer limit of solution domain, for which the fixed-point iteration gives a converged solution.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
ISLAND FLAPS INCLUDING THE BEZIER TYPE IN THE TREATMENT OF MALIGNANT MELANOMA

Despite the trend in current surgical practice in the treatment on melanoma to produce smaller excisional defects, any technique which can introduce a surgical closure that does not require split skin grafting must be of benefit. This paper introduces and illustrates a range of island flap techniques that employ no skin grafting for the treatment of malignant melanoma defects. The new cutaneous island flap described, termed the Bezier or the French Curve, employs a double V-Y appositional closure method, thus giving a more refined reconstructive result that fits into the line of the body curves aesthetically. The design of the Bezier flap is almost identical in size and shape to the excisional defect, with a facial or muscular base for vascular support. Appropriate guidelines that determine the design and application of this island flap technique are listed. They are illustrated both diagrammatically and clinically. Other flaps illustrated include fasciocutaneous island flaps and myocutaneous island flaps that use a single V-Y flap appositional closure technique. All these flaps were designed with special reference to the dermatomes, which act as an aid memoire upon which the flaps are marked.
SU-E-J-145: Geometric Uncertainty in CBCT Extrapolation for Head and Neck Adaptive Radiotherapy

Purpose: One primary limitation of using CBCT images for H'N adaptive radiotherapy (ART) is the limited field of view (FOV) range. We propose a method to extrapolate the CBCT by using a deformed planning CT for the dose of the day calculations. The aim was to estimate the geometric uncertainty of our extrapolation method. Methods: Ten H'N patients, each with a planning CT (CT1) and a subsequent CT (CT2) taken, were selected. Furthermore, a small FOV CBCT (CT2short) was synthetically created by cropping CT2 to the size of a CBCT image. Then, an extrapolated CBCT (CBCTextrp) was generated by deformably registering CT1 to CT2short and resampling with a wider FOV (42mm more from the CT2short borders), where CT1 is deformed through translation, rigid, affine, and b-spline transformations in order. The geometric error is measured as the distance map ||DVF|| produced by a deformable registration between CBCTextrp and CT2. Mean errors were calculated as a function of the distance away from the CBCT borders. The quality of all the registrations was visually verified. Results: Results were collected based on the average numbers from 10 patients. The extrapolation error increased linearly as a function of the distance (at a rate of 0.7mmmore » per 1 cm) away from the CBCT borders in the S/I direction. The errors (μ±σ) at the superior and inferior boarders were 0.8 ± 0.5mm and 3.0 ± 1.5mm respectively, and increased to 2.7 ± 2.2mm and 5.9 ± 1.9mm at 4.2cm away. The mean error within CBCT borders was 1.16 ± 0.54mm . The overall errors within 4.2cm error expansion were 2.0 ± 1.2mm (sup) and 4.5 ± 1.6mm (inf). Conclusion: The overall error in inf direction is larger due to more large unpredictable deformations in the chest. The error introduced by extrapolation is plan dependent. The mean error in the expanded region can be large, and must be considered during implementation. This work is supported in part by Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA.« less
Implicit Bias and Accountability Systems: What Must Organizations Do to Prevent Discrimination?

Abstract The positions that experts take on whether organizations do enough to ensure equal-opportunity hinge on the assumptions they make about the potency of prejudice. Prominent scholars have challenged the conventional notion that anti-discrimination norms, backed by legal sanctions, can check implicit bias. The strongest form of this argument is that it is impossible to achieve equal opportunity in any society with inequality of result—impossible because objective inequalities inevitably stamp into our minds subjective associations that inevitably contaminate personnel judgments that require the exercise of discretion. We discuss numerous problems with this argument (and the related argument that radical changes to anti-discrimination law are in order) but concede that the debate over what steps, short of quotas, can check implicit prejudice is not resolvable given the paucity of data that clashing camps jointly treat as probative. To avoid a protracted stalemate, we urge adversarial collaborations in which the debaters agree, ex ante, on research designs with the potential to induce both sides to change their minds.
Ligand modulation of a dinuclear platinum compound leads to mechanistic differences in cell cycle progression and arrest

Despite similar structures and DNA binding profiles, two recently synthesized dinuclear platinum compounds are shown to elicit highly divergent effects on cell cycle progression. In colorectal HCT116 cells, BBR3610 shows a classical G2/M arrest with initial accumulation in S phase, but the derivative compound BBR3610-DACH, formed by introduction of the 1,2-diaminocyclohexane (DACH) as carrier ligand, results in severe G1/S as well as G2/M phase arrest, with nearly complete S phase depletion. The origin of this unique effect was studied. Cellular interstrand crosslinking as assayed by comet analysis was similar for both compounds, confirming previous in vitro results obtained on plasmid DNA. Immunoblotting revealed a stabilization of p53 and concomitant transient increases in p21 and p27 proteins after treatment with BBR3610-DACH. Cell viability assays and cytometric analysis of p53 and p21 null cells indicated that BBR3610-DACH-induced cell cycle arrest was p21-dependent and partially p53-dependent. However, an increase in the levels of cyclin E was observed with steady state levels of CDK2 and Cdc25A, suggesting that the G1 block occurs downstream of CDK/cyclin complex formation. The G2/M block was corroborated with decreased levels of cyclin A and cyclin B1. Surprisingly, BBR3610-DACH-induced G1 block was independent of ATM and ATR. Finally, both compounds induced apoptosis, with BBR3610-DACH showing a robust PARP-1 cleavage that was not associated with caspase-3/7 cleavage. In summary, BBR3610-DACH is a DNA binding platinum agent with unique inhibitory effects on cell cycle progression that could be further developed as a chemotherapeutic agent complementary to cisplatin and oxaliplatin.
Pseudopotential calculation of ϵ2 for the zincblende structure: GaAs

Abstract We have calculated the imaginary part of the dielectric function, ϵ2, for GaAs using the pseudopotential form factors of Cohen and Bergstresser.1 This crystal serves as a prototype for III–V crystals of the zincblende structure. The peak positions and general shape of ϵ2 are in agreement with the optical data.
A FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH MODEL FOR FIBER-REINFORCED METAL–MATRIX COMPOSITES

A fracture-mechanics based model is proposed for fatigue crack growth in fiber-reinforced metal-matrix composites (MMCs). The model incorporates most of the fracture micromechanisms commonly observed in fiber-reinforced MMCs, including (1) formation of microcracks ahead of the crack tip by either fiber fracture or interface decohesion, (2) interactions of the main crack tip with fibers and microcracks, (3) linkage of the main crack with microcracks, and (4) crack deflection by fibers. Statistical variations of fiber or interface strength are also considered. The essential feature of the model is to compute the changes in the local stress intensity due to various fracture mechanisms; the local stress intensity is then utilized to predict crack growth rate in MMCs via an elastic modulus normalization procedure. Application of the model to predicting crack growth in an alumina fiber Mg-alloy composite is presented.
Managing side effects of childhood cancer treatment.

This article focuses on the nurse's role as a member of the supportive care team for the child diagnosed with cancer and the family. The most common side effects of the cancer treatment are discussed in depth in this article. The adequate management of the side effects experienced by the child receiving cancer therapy may greatly influence the child's quality of life.
Practical Use of the New American Urological Association Adult Urodynamics Guidelines

In 2012, the American Urological Association published guidelines on adult urodynamics. On the basis of a review of the available evidence, they established guideline recommendations for urodynamics in adults with stress urinary incontinence/pelvic organ prolapse, overactive bladder/urinary urgency incontinence/mixed urinary incontinence, neurogenic bladder, and lower urinary tract symptoms. This article reviews the practical use of these guidelines in a clinical practice.
Preresonance Raman spectrum of the C13H9 fluorene-like radical

The neutral open shell species, C13H9, formed from fluorene, C13H10, by low energy electron bombardment and by ultraviolet photolysis in an argon matrix at 12K, has been studied via preresonance Raman, infrared and ultraviolet/ visible spectroscopy. Density functional theory calculations (B3LYP/ 6-31G (d,p)) of the CH bond energies of neutral fluorene showed that the most probable position for the hydrogen loss occurs from the sp3 carbon in the five-membered ring. Calculations of the C13H9 harmonic vibrational frequencies are shown to match the experimental Raman (and infrared) bands well. A new electronic transition is identified at 283.1nm (4.38 eV). Its position agrees with earlier time-dependent density functional theory calculations. Oscillator strengths for this transition and three others are estimated. The electronic transitions in the dehydrogenated species, C13H9, are strongly red-shifted compared to fluorene.
Optimizing and assessing the performance of an algorithm that cross-correlates acquired acoustic emissions from internally feeding larvae to count infested wheat kernels in grain samples

Abstract An algorithm was developed with optimizable parameters to match sounds from individual insects in grain by cross-correlating signals from an acoustic sensor array. The algorithm was optimized in a series of trials conducted in the sample chamber of an Acoustic Location ‘Fingerprinting’ Insect Detector (ALFID). The sample chamber was filled with uninfested wheat, except for a single kernel, which was infested with an immature rice weevil. This kernel was placed at a known location in the sample chamber. With analysis parameters optimized, the algorithm successfully detected the single insect in 100% of the trials. The algorithm's capability to count multiple insects was assessed by combining signals in data files collected from single insects into a set that represented sounds from a pair of insects. In these analyses, the algorithm correctly detected the two insects in 100% of combinations three sensor spacings apart, 100% of combinations two sensor spacings apart, and 70% of combinations one sensor spacing apart. Based on these results and the dimensions of the ALFID sampling chamber, the algorithm has a 90% probability of identifying two randomly located insects producing sounds in a wheat sample.
Evidence for a lag period in photosynthetic phosphorylation.

Abstract Evidence is presented for the existence of a lag period in photophosphorylation. The magnitude of this lag period is dependent on light intensity and can be eliminated by a short preillumination. The data are interpreted as indicating a photoactivation requirement for photophosphorylation, which has to go substantially to completion before phosphorylation begins.
Ecological studies on Potamogeton pectinatus L. I: General characteristics, biomass production and life cycles under field conditions

Abstract In this first part of a series on the ecology of Potamogeton pectinatus L., some general characteristics of the species and its habitats are recorded. The morphological characteristics of this phenoplastic species vary considerably under different environmental conditions. The taxonomy of the species remains unclear and complicated. The biomass allocation between different plant parts in the course of the year varies considerably between populations. In a sheltered brackish habitat in The Netherlands P. pectinatus showed a perennial life cycle and produced a maximum standing crop of 1312.5 g dry weight (DW) m−2 (1062.3 g ash-free dry weight (AFDW) m−2). In a relatively large and wind-exposed freshwater habitat the period of growth was very short and the maximum standing crop reached only 73.2 g DW m−2 (49.0 g AFDW m−2). In the Laiwersmeer (The Netherlands) foraging by waterfowl reduced the maximum shoot standing crop of a P. pectinatus bed to 17% of that of an ungrazed bed. In the Camargue (France) regulation of the water level had a distinct effect on the biomass development of a P. pectinatus population. In the Camargue all populations studied showed a perennial life cycle, although in larger brackish waters the biomass decreased considerably during autumn and winter, probably because of waterfowl grazing. The maximum standing crop varied from 375.7 to 668.0 g DW m−2 (275.2–549.8 g m−2 AFDW) in different habitats in the Camargue. Data on populations in Finland and on populations of running waters in The Netherlands are also presented. All populations studied showed flowering and achene production under field conditions, except for those in running waters. Although sometimes a considerable achene production occurred (20.4 g DW m−2, 18.4 g AFDW, 3707 achenes m−2 in the Baisse Salee, Camargue) all populations reproduced mainly vegetatively. The main function of the achenes appears to be dispersal and long-term survival of the species. The tubers played a very important role in the survival of populations. Populations of brackish waters predominantly produced single tubers and only rarely double tubers (less than 2%). Freshwater populations produced 30–60% double tubers under field conditions. Although reproduction is generally vegetative, it is argued that distinct annual and perennial life cycles can be recognized. Different life cycles can be induced by various environmental conditions. Life-cycle characteristics of several aquatic macrophytes are reviewed and it is concluded that basic information on life cycles and reproductive strategies of many aquatic macrophyte species is still lacking.
Electroabsorption in high-power photoconductive switches

Photoconductive semiconductor switches are useful for the generation of high voltage electrical pulses with picosecond rise times. In addition, the availability of high power semiconductor laser arrays allows the elimination of large flash-lamp pumped solid state lasers. In this paper, the role of electro-absorption is investigated. A theoretical model has been formulated which combines measured field and wavelength dependent absorption data with a one dimensional drift and diffusion model. The results of the model indicate the existence of optimum parameters for both pump wavelength and pump intensity before a plateau of diminishing returns is achieved. The results along with a detailed explanation of the theoretical formalism is included in the paper.
Image segmentation by successive background extraction

Abstract An adaptive thresholding method that extracts the image background in two phases is introduced. First, statistical parameters are measured in rectangular image regions. Background-homogeneous regions are detected with criteria based on statistical theory. Information from background-homogeneous regions is propagated to other regions. The background's graytone distribution of each region is extracted from measurements or estimates of the statistical parameters. The second phase of the method refines background extraction in non-homogeneous regions with actual statistical parameters if possible, else with rules that predict their values. Pixels are then classified into multiple labels corresponding to brightness relative to the local background. Good results have been obtained in industrial and outdoor scenes of moderate complexity.
There is no such thing as a biocompatible material

This Leading Opinion Paper discusses a very important matter concerning the use of a single word in biomaterials science. This might be considered as being solely concerned with semantics, but it has implications for the scientific rationale for biomaterials selection and the understanding of their performance. That word is the adjective ‘biocompatible’, which is often used to characterize a material property. It is argued here that biocompatibility is a perfectly acceptable term, but that it subsumes a variety of mechanisms of interaction between biomaterials and tissues or tissue components and can only be considered in the context of the characteristics of both the material and the biological host within which it placed. De facto it is a property of a system and not of a material. It follows that there can be no such thing as a biocompatible material. It is further argued that in those situations where it is considered important, or necessary, to use a descriptor of biocompatibility, as in a scientific paper, a regulatory submission or in a legal argument, the phrase ‘intrinsically biocompatible system’ would be the most appropriate. The rationale for this linguistic restraint is that far too often it has been assumed that some materials are ‘universally biocompatible’ on the basis of acceptable clinical performance in one situation, only for entirely unacceptable performance to ensue in quite different clinical circumstances.
Selected IR-related dissertation abstracts

The following are citations selected by title and abstract as being related to Information Retrieval (IR), resulting from a computer search, using BRS Information Technologies, of the Dissertation Abstracts Online database produced by University Microfilms International (UMI). Included are UMI order number, title, author, degree, year, institution; number of pages, one or more Dissertation Abstracts International (DAI) subject descriptors chosen by the author, and abstract. Unless otherwise specified, paper or microform copies of dissertations may be ordered from University Microfilms International, Dissertation Copies, Post Office Box 1764, Ann Arbor, MI 48106; telephone for U.S. (except Michigan, Hawaii, Alaska): 1-800-521-3042, for Canada: 1-800-268-6090. Price lists and other ordering and shipping information are in the introduction to the published DAI. An alternate source for copies is sometimes provided. Dissertation titles and abstracts contained here are published with permission of University Microfilms International, publishers of Dissertation Abstracts International (copyright by University Microfilms International), and may not be reproduced without their prior permission.
Air quality improvement and the prevalence of frequent ear infections in children.

Objective: To determine whether air quality influences the prevalence of pediatric frequent ear infections and respiratory allergy.Study Design: Case-control study.Setting: Academic medical center.Subjects and Methods: The National Health Interview Survey child sample for the calendar years 1997 through 2006 was analyzed, extracting 12-month prevalence data for the following three disease conditions: frequent (≥3 within 12 months) ear infections, respiratory allergy, and seizures (nonrespiratory control condition). Based on information from the Environmental Protection Agency, yearly historical data for the air quality criteria pollutants carbon monoxide, nitrous dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and particulate matter were tabulated. Graphical and linear regression analyses were conducted to determine the influence of air quality on each of the disease conditions.Results: A total of 126,060 children were studied (51.4% male, mean age 8.6 yrs). Overall, the 12-month prevalence for three or more ear infections, res...
Diets for the Intensive Culture of Arctic Grayling in Montana

Abstract A trial was conducted to evaluate the performance of Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus) fed one of four commercial diets – BioKyowa, Silvercup, BioDiet, and Soft-moist – or an open-formula diet series of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The study was divided into two parts, a 14-d starter period and a 63-d growth period. At the end of the starter period, Arctic grayling fed the BioKyowa diet had significantly better weight gain, survival, total length, and feed conversion (amount fed, kg/weight gain, kg) than did fish fed the other diets (P < 0.05). Survival ranged from 6 to 26% for fish fed Silvercup, BioDiet, Soft-moist, and the open-formula diet series, but averaged about 81% for fish fed the BioKyowa diet. At the end of the growth phase, Arctic grayling fed the BioKyowa diet had significantly better (P < 0.05) weight gain, increase in total length, and feed conversion than did fish fed the other diets. Survival offish fed BioKyowa, BioDiet, or the open-formula diet series was 79–89%. Cos...
Functional connectivity during recognition memory in individuals genetically at risk for Alzheimer's disease.

The medial temporal lobes (MTL) and frontal cortex have been shown to subserve memory processes. Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), disrupt the neuronal networks that underlie memory processing. The e4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene is a genetic risk factor for AD and is associated with decrements in memory and in olfactory function. The present study utilized EQS, a structural equation modeling software program, to examine differences in the neuronal networks between non-demented e4 carriers and e4 noncarriers during a cross-modal olfactory recognition memory paradigm. Prior to fMRI scanning, participants were presented with 16 odors. During two scans, participants discriminated between names of odors presented before scanning (targets) or not presented (foils). The results indicate significant connections between bilateral frontal lobes and MTL for e4 carriers when they misidentified a foil as a target. When e4 noncarriers correctly identified a target, there were greater associations between the amygdala, MTL, and right frontal lobe; these associations also modeled the brain's response when e4 noncarriers misidentified a foil as a target. During memory retrieval, affective cues may facilitate retrieval in e4 noncarriers relative to e4 carriers. Last, no model was found that best represented the functional network used by e4 carriers when they correctly identified a target, which may reflect variability of neuronal recruitment within this population.