cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Study on Effects of Foreign Agglomeration on the Location Choice of Foreign Direct Investment——The Empirical Data from the Taiwan Area Invest in China

Provincial and industry level data were analyzed with CLM and NLM measurement,this paper study on effects of foreign agglomeration in Taiwan region's green investment location choice in China mainland. The results show that Taiwan enterprises agglomeration and Asian enterprises cluster have non-negligible impacts on these investors; effect of foreign agglomeration is not significant. Investment behavior of Taiwan enterprises follow a sequential selection process,investors firstly choose the region,then the selected area of the province of choice.
Cervical Lymphatics and Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck: Biologic Significance and Therapeutic Considerations

Cervical nodal metastases are the single greatest prognostic factors in head and neck cancer. Treatment has evolved largely through nonrandomized, retrospective trials and has been hampered by the lack of effective systemic therapy. Modifications of the radical neck dissection have reduced shoulder morbidity, and adjuvant radiation therapy has improved locoregional control.
Neuromodulation of Limb Proprioceptive Afferents Decreases Apnea of Prematurity and Accompanying Intermittent Hypoxia and Bradycardia

Author(s): Kesavan, Kalpashri; Frank, Paul; Cordero, Daniella M; Benharash, Peyman; Harper, Ronald M | Abstract: BackgroundApnea of Prematurity (AOP) is common, affecting the majority of infants born at l34 weeks gestational age. Apnea and periodic breathing are accompanied by intermittent hypoxia (IH). Animal and human studies demonstrate that IH exposure contributes to multiple pathologies, including retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), injury to sympathetic ganglia regulating cardiovascular action, impaired pancreatic islet cell and bone development, cerebellar injury, and neurodevelopmental disabilities. Current standard of care for AOP/IH includes prone positioning, positive pressure ventilation, and methylxanthine therapy; these interventions are inadequate, and not optimal for early development.ObjectiveThe objective is to support breathing in premature infants by using a simple, non-invasive vibratory device placed over limb proprioceptor fibers, an intervention using the principle that limb movements trigger reflexive facilitation of breathing.MethodsPremature infants (23-34 wks gestational age), with clinical evidence of AOP/IH episodes were enrolled 1 week after birth. Caffeine treatment was not a reason for exclusion. Small vibration devices were placed on one hand and one foot and activated in 6 hour ON/OFF sequences for a total of 24 hours. Heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation (SpO2), and breathing pauses were continuously collected.ResultsFewer respiratory pauses occurred during vibration periods, relative to baseline (pl0.005). Significantly fewer SpO2 declines occurred with vibration (pl0.05), relative to control periods. Significantly fewer bradycardic events occurred during vibration periods, relative to no vibration periods (pl0.05).ConclusionsIn premature neonates, limb proprioceptive stimulation, simulating limb movement, reduces breathing pauses and IH episodes, and lowers the number of bradycardic events that accompany aberrant breathing episodes. This low-cost neuromodulatory procedure has the potential to provide a non-invasive intervention to reduce apnea, bradycardia and intermittent hypoxia in premature neonates.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT02641249.
Biomechanics of Vertebral Bone

This chapter discusses the biomechanics of human vertebral trabecular bone. It also describes aging, disease, and repetitive loading. This chapter addresses the behavior of the whole vertebra, including discussion of the role of the cortical shell, intervertebral disc, and posterior elements. Detailed knowledge of the biomechanical behavior of vertebral bone is necessary in order to design robust implants. Design of orthopedic implants for the spine is particularly challenging because vertebral trabecular bone is so weak and the cortices are so thin. As a result, failure of the bone-implant system often originates in the bone. The problem is compounded because the bone properties vary so much across individuals and over time and with disease. The development of minimally invasive surgical repair techniques for vertebral fractures such as vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty also invites biomechanical analysis of vertebral trabecular bone and the whole vertebral body in order to refine those procedures. Subsequently, computational models are in use to refine and indeed develop designs of new implants for the spine.
Micro-wedge array surface of a shape memory polymer as a reversible dry adhesive

Abstract A shape memory polymer (SMP) surface with geometrically asymmetric micro-wedge array is fabricated as a reversible directional dry adhesive through a double exposure angled lithography technique. The unique shape fixing and recovery properties of SMPs and surface microstructuring enable highly reversible adhesion strength upon thermo-mechanical loading. The tilted wedge geometry gives rise not only to its capability for varying adhesion strength based on loading direction, but also the reduction of strain energy input necessary to achieve contact area saturation with the opposing surface. To characterize the directional adhesion strength of the fabricated micro-wedge surface, adhesion tests are performed in the forward shear, backward shear, and normal directions based on the tilting direction of the micro-wedges. The adhesion strength is measured as a function of the applied preload for the three directions investigated, and is compared to a computational analysis by modeling the adhesive failure as the initiation of crack growth in linear elastic fracture mechanics. Additionally, reversibility is demonstrated by heating the micro-wedge surface above its T g , allowing the structure to recover its original shape after being deformed, resulting in almost zero adhesion strength. The adhesion tests demonstrate that the forward shear direction is capable of adhesion strengths that are greater than that of the backward shear direction by a factor of over 3, confirming its capability for directional adhesion.
Impairments in Component Processes of Executive Function and Episodic Memory in Alcoholism, HIV Infection, and HIV Infection with Alcoholism Comorbidity.

Background Executive functioning and episodic memory impairment occur in HIV infection (HIV) and chronic alcoholism (ALC). Comorbidity of these conditions (HIV + ALC) is prevalent and heightens risk of vulnerability to separate and compounded deficits. Age and disease-related variables can also serve as mediators of cognitive impairment and should be considered, given the extended longevity of HIV-infected individuals in this era of improved pharmacological therapy. Methods HIV, ALC, HIV + ALC, and normal controls (NC) were administered traditional and computerized tests of executive function and episodic memory. Test scores were expressed as age- and education-corrected Z-scores; selective tests were averaged to compute Executive Function and Episodic Memory Composite scores. Efficiency scores were calculated for tests with accuracy and response times. Results HIV, ALC, and HIV + ALC had lower scores than NC on Executive Function and Episodic Memory Composites, with HIV + ALC even lower than ALC and HIV on the Episodic Memory Composite. Impairments in planning and free recall of visuospatial material were observed in ALC, whereas impairments in psychomotor speed, sequencing, narrative free recall, and pattern recognition were observed in HIV. Lower decision-making efficiency scores than NC occurred in all 3 clinical groups. In ALC, age and lifetime alcohol consumption were each unique predictors of Executive Function and Episodic Memory Composite scores. In HIV + ALC, age was a unique predictor of Episodic Memory Composite score. Conclusions Disease-specific and disease-overlapping patterns of impairment in HIV, ALC, and HIV + ALC have implications regarding brain systems disrupted by each disease and clinical ramifications regarding the complexities and compounded damping of cognitive functioning associated with dual diagnosis that may be exacerbated with aging.
Competing systems in Philadelphia phonology

This is a study of the competition of linguistic systems within the speech community, tracing the opposition of distinct phonological configurations. Among younger Philadelphians oriented to higher education, the traditional short-a system is giving way to the nasal system, in which all prenasal vowels are tense. We present evidence that this shift occurs systematically in both the lax and tense allophones. The degree of conformity to each system is measured for 106 subjects by the Pillai statistic; community-wide patterns are revealed by regression modeling and bimodality diagrams. Adherence to the traditional system is greatest for White speakers who graduated from Catholic high schools, while the nasal system is strongest for graduates from elite schools with special admission requirements. African American students show no orientation to the traditional system, but parallel White students in the shift to the nasal system. The histories of students through the educational system show that the speaker's short-a system is largely determined during their middle and high school years, before entering college. Special admission interviews play a special role in this process, as brief speech events that strongly determine the person's linguistic environment for the years that follow.
Small airport surveillance sensor (SASS)

This paper describes a low-cost real-time geo location system that uses two multiple-antenna sites to provide secondary surveillance at small to medium size airports. Tower controllers at these airports currently rely primarily on visual surveillance to maintain situational awareness, which can be impaired at night and during bad weather. While the nations busiest airports have the ASDE-X radar surveillance capability, it is too expensive to deploy at the remaining 500+ towered airports. The Small Airport Surveillance Sensor (SASS) leverages current aircraft transponder technology to provide tower controllers at smaller airports with low-cost all-weather surveillance of aircraft on the airport surface and in the surrounding airspace. The SASS system consists of two phased-array Sensor Units and a Master Processing Unit located on the airport property. The sensors utilize a novel 8-element monopole array to provide high accuracy direction of arrival (DOA) measurements of transponder replies, as well as high precision GPS-synced clocks to determine the signal's time of arrival (TOA). The Master Unit obtains the transponder reply information via WiFi and uses that information to compute the target location. Position accuracy goals are 30' at the surface and 0.2 nm aloft, out to 20 nm, at a 1 second update interval. The design of the 8-element monopole array and its measured performance are described, along with the techniques used for DOA and position estimation. Position accuracy results are presented from a SASS experimental system installed at Hanscom Field in Bedford, MA.
Tranexamic acid increases early perioperative functional outcomes after total knee arthroplasty.

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of tranexamic acid (TXA) on functional outcomes in the immediate postoperative period after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). We hypothesized that the known benefits of TXA would confer measurable clinical improvements in physical therapy (PT) performance, decrease pain, and decrease hospital length of stay (LOS). Methods We retrospectively analyzed 560 TKA patients, including 280 consecutive patients whose surgery was performed before the initiation of a standardized TXA protocol and the first 280 patients who received TXA after protocol initiation. Outcome measurements included postoperative changes in hemoglobin and hematocrit, LOS, pain scores, destination of discharge, and steps ambulated with PT over 5 sessions. Results TXA administration resulted in less overall drops in hemoglobin ( P P P = .010), third ( P = .011), and fourth ( P = .024) sessions. On average, the TXA cohort ambulated 20% more per PT session than patients who did not receive TXA ( P Conclusions It is well known that TXA reduces postoperative anemia, but this study also demonstrates that it confers early perioperative functional benefits for TKA patients. Potential mechanisms for this benefit include reduced rates of postoperative anemia and reduced rates of hemarthroses.
An additive Cox model for coronary heart disease study

Existing models for coronary heart disease study use a set of common risk factors to predict the survival time of the disease, via the standard Cox regression model. For complex relationships betwe...
Numerical quadrature over smooth surfaces with boundaries

Abstract This paper describes a high order accurate method to calculate integrals over curved surfaces with boundaries. Given data locations that are arbitrarily distributed over the surface, together with some functional description of the surface and its boundary, the algorithm produces matching quadrature weights. This extends on the authors' earlier methods for integrating over the surface of a sphere and over arbitrarily shaped smooth closed surfaces by also considering domain boundaries. The core approach consists again of combining RBF-FD (radial basis function-generated finite difference) approximations for curved surface triangles, which together make up the full surface. The provided examples include both curved and flat domains. In the highly special case of equi-spaced nodes over a regular interval in 1-D, the method provides a new opportunity for improving on the classical Gregory enhancements of the trapezoidal rule.
Glycogen synthase kinase 3β inhibition reduces mitochondrial oxidative stress in chronic myocardial ischemia.

Abstract Objectives Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) inhibition has been reported to increase microvascular density and improve myocardial blood flow in a porcine model of chronic myocardial ischemia and metabolic syndrome. Inhibition of GSK-3β can also be cardioprotective by modulating fibrosis signaling and mitochondrial-induced apoptosis. We hypothesized GSK-3β inhibition would have a beneficial effect on myocardial fibrosis and oxidative stress in a porcine model of chronic myocardial ischemia and metabolic syndrome. Methods Pigs were fed a high fat diet for 4 weeks followed by placement of an ameroid constrictor to the left circumflex coronary artery. Three weeks later animals received either no drug or a GSK-3β inhibitor. The diets and placebo/GSK-3β inhibition were continued for an additional 5 weeks, the pigs were then euthanized, and the myocardial tissue was harvested. Collagen expression was analyzed via Picrosirius staining. Oxidative stress was analyzed via Oxyblot analysis. Protein expression was analyzed via Western blot. Results GSK-3β inhibition was associated with decreased collagen expression and oxidative stress in the ischemic and nonischemic myocardial tissue compared with control. There was a decrease in profibrotic proteins transforming growth factor-β, p-SMAD2/3, and matrix metalloproteinase-9, and in proapoptotic and oxidative stress proteins, apoptosis inducing factor, the cleaved caspase 3/caspase 3 protein ratio and phosphorylated myeloid cell leukemia sequence-1 in the GSK-3β inhibited group compared with the control. Conclusions In the setting of metabolic syndrome and chronic myocardial ischemia, inhibition of GSK-3β decreases collagen formation and oxidative stress in myocardial tissue. GSK-3β inhibition might be having this beneficial effect by downregulating transforming growth factor-β/SMAD2/3 signaling and decreasing mitochondrial induced cellular stress.
General Cohomology Theory and Duality

in this chapter we continue the study of homology and cohomology functors, with particular emphasis on the homological properties of topological manifolds. For this important class of spaces we shall establish the duality theorem equating the cohomology of a compact pair in an orientable manifold with the homology, in complementary dimensions, of the complementary pair.
All or Nothing? An Expanded Perspective on Retirement Readiness

Past analysis using EBRI’s proprietary Retirement Security Projection Model® (RSPM) has found that roughly 44 percent of Baby Boomer and Gen X households are projected to be at-risk of running short of money in retirement, assuming they retire at age 65 and retain any net housing equity in retirement until other financial resources are depleted. However, that includes a wide range of personal circumstances, from individuals projected to run short by as little as a dollar to those projected to fall short by tens of thousands of dollars. This paper takes a closer look at where different types of people are likely to fall within the range of retirement income adequacy. Looking specifically at Gen X households (those born between 1965-1978, currently ages 34-47), EBRI’s RSPM analysis finds that (1) nearly one-half (49.1 percent) will have substantially more (at least 20 percent more) than the income threshold deemed adequate to afford basic retirement expenses and uninsured health care costs; (2) approximately one-third (31.4 percent) will be close to the threshold for retirement adequacy (between 80-120 percent) of the financial resources necessary to cover basic retirement expenses and uninsured health care costs; (3) about 1 in 5 (19.4 percent) are projected to be substantially below (less than 80 percent) of what is needed. EBRI also finds that a worker’s future years of eligibility in a defined contribution retirement plan makes a huge difference in his or her likelihood of having enough money to cover basic retirement expenses and uninsured health care costs. Among Gen Xer single females simulated to have no future years of defined-contribution-plan eligibility, nearly two-fifths (39 percent) are in the most vulnerable (less than 80 percent) category, although this shrinks to only 8 percent for those with 20 or more years of future eligibility in a defined contribution plan. The PDF for the above title, published in the November 2012 issue of EBRI Notes, also contains the fulltext of another November 2012 EBRI Notes article abstracted on SSRN: “Self-Insured Health Plans: State Variation and Recent Trends by Firm Size.”
Line profile analysis of dislocation densities of the δ-phase 239 Pu-2.0 at%Ga alloy using neutron diffraction

Abstract Time-of-flight neutron diffraction measurements were conducted at ambient conditions to study microstructures of the δ-phase 239Pu-2at% Ga alloy. Based on the line profile analysis of diffraction data we derived dislocation densities using a correction routine to account for the anisotropic strain broadening. Our results show that the average dislocation density in the as-received sample, previously treated at cryogenic temperatures, is five times higher than the dislocation density measured after annealing the sample, indicating that the neutron instrumentation used in this work has sufficient resolution to detect the dislocation density changes in different sample processing. These results are also in reasonably good agreement with the dislocation densities previously reported based on TEM observations and x-ray diffraction data, suggesting that the simple correction routines applied in this work have a fairly good fidelity for deriving important microstructural information such as dislocation density for elastically highly anisotropic δ-phase 239Pu-Ga alloys.
Tablet Computer Use at the Bedside in a New Patient/Family Education Program.

This article discusses various educational interventions implemented in a new patient/family education program at the University of South Alabama Children’s & Women’s Hospital in Mobile, Alabama, f...
Improving ATAC-seq Data Analysis with AIAP, a Quality Control and Integrative Analysis Package

ABSTRACT ATAC-seq is a technique widely used to investigate genome-wide chromatin accessibility. The recently published Omni-ATAC-seq protocol substantially improves the signal/noise ratio and reduces the input cell number. High-quality data are critical to ensure accurate analysis. Several tools have been developed for assessing sequencing quality and insertion size distribution for ATAC-seq data; however, key quality control (QC) metrics have not yet been established to accurately determine the quality of ATAC-seq data. Here, we optimized the analysis strategy for ATAC-seq and defined a series of QC metrics, including reads under peak ratio (RUPr), background (BG), promoter enrichment (ProEn), subsampling enrichment (SubEn), and other measurements. We incorporated these QC tests into our recently developed ATAC-seq Integrative Analysis Package (AIAP) to provide a complete ATAC-seq analysis system, including quality assurance, improved peak calling, and downstream differential analysis. We demonstrated a significant improvement of sensitivity (20%~60%) in both peak calling and differential analysis by processing paired-end ATAC-seq datasets using AIAP. AIAP is compiled into Docker/Singularity, and with one command line execution, it generates a comprehensive QC report. We used ENCODE ATAC-seq data to benchmark and generate QC recommendations, and developed qATACViewer for the user-friendly interaction with the QC report.
Motivation to lead: A meta-analysis and distal-proximal model of motivation and leadership

To understand how motivation to lead (MTL) fits into the broader leadership literature, we present a meta-analytic review of MTL and test a Distal-Proximal Model of Motivation and Leadership. Using a database of 1,154 effect sizes from 100 primary studies, we found that the 3 types of MTL (affective-identity, social-normative, and noncalculative) had a unique pattern of antecedents and were only modestly correlated, indicating that MTL may be best operationalized as three separate motivational constructs instead of as one overarching construct. Further, the 3 MTL types were generally associated with individuals emerging as leaders, engaging in beneficial leadership behaviors (i.e., more transformational and transactional leadership, as well as less laissez faire leadership), and performing more effectively in leadership roles. Finally, meta-analytic path analysis demonstrated that the three MTL types partially explained the relationship between more distal predictors (i.e., gender, cognitive ability, the Big Five, past leader experience, and leader self-efficacy) and leadership emergence/effectiveness. Interestingly, we found that traits often viewed as beneficial for leadership (extraversion, conscientiousness, and openness) may have a darker side that is transmitted through MTL. Taken together, this study advances theory by clarifying the distinctiveness of the three MTL types, establishing MTL's relationship with leadership outcomes, and identifying MTL's role within the broader leadership domain. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
EXAMINING SEX DIFFERENCES WITHIN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND EXECUTIVE FUNCTION IN OLDER ADULTS

Research has demonstrated sex-associated differences in physical activity and its benefits on cognition in older adults. The present study explored differential associations between moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and executive function, which is known to decline with aging. N = 53 older adults without cognitive impairment (M = 73.19 years, SD = 6.53) wore accelerometers (Actigraph GT3X+) during 7 consecutive days. Activity intensity was categorized as light, moderate, or vigorous based on Freedson Adult Vector Magnitude cutpoints. Participants completed a battery of executive function tests: Digit Symbol Substitution Test, Verbal Fluency, Trail Making Test, and Stroop Color-Word Test. A cognitive composite score was created using confirmatory factor analysis. Women had a higher mean MVPA (4.57%) than men (2.64%, t (19.04) = -2.49, p = .022). However, executive function performance did not differ by sex (t (26.20) = 1.67, p =.107). The interaction between sex and time in MVPA did not predict performance on executive function, adjusting for age and education. Older age was the only significant predictor of poorer executive function (β = -0.038, p = .003). The current sample had limited engagement in MVPA (range 0.18-10.87%). These findings suggest that the amount of engagement in MVPA in a free-living environment may not be sufficient to demonstrate sex-associated differences in executive function performance. Future studies should explore executive function performance with other intensity levels and examine other areas of cognition.
Unveiling a Critical Role of Thrombin in Enhanced CD8+ T Cell Response to Cancer

A serious and life-threatening cancer-associated sequelae is venous thromboembolism (VTE). Indeed, VTE is the second leading cause of death in cancer patients, second only to the malignancy itself. Cancer patients with VTE or at high risk for VTE are generally treated with anticoagulants, which limit thrombin generation. While it's been widely accepted that thrombin plays a role in cancer progression, the effects thrombin has on other cell types within the tumor microenvironment (TME) have not been thoroughly studied. An understudied role of thrombin may be found in its ability to drive T cell functions. Recently, we have identified thrombin as a potential enhancer of CD8+ T cell effector functions by signaling through the protease activated receptor 1 (PAR-1). Our preliminary data shows that thrombin increases CD8+ T cell survival in a PAR-1 dependent fashion. CD8+ tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) play a critical role in tumor clearance through their cytolytic and anti-tumor cytokine producing capacity. However, the hostile tumor microenvironment (TME) promotes a gradual reduction in CD8+ TIL capacity to produce cytokines and kill targets. Specific components of the TME, including PDL1 expression, are associated with loss of T cell functionality. A promising strategy to block the interaction of CD8+ TILs and the inhibitory TME components is immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) therapy, as shown by effective blockade of PD1 signaling by anti-PD1 antibodies. However, these ICI therapies leave many patients unresponsive, highlighting the necessity to uncover additional underlying mechanisms involved in modulating CD8+ T cell responses against cancer. Our preliminary findings lead us to hypothesize that thrombin, in conjunction with PD1 blockade, may work in synergy to promote CD8+ T cell killing of tumors. Consistent with our hypothesis, preliminary results suggest that thrombin is necessary for a robust anti-tumor immune response following ICI in vivo. Here, cohorts of C57BL/6 mice with low or normal circulating prothrombin levels bearing B16 tumors were treated with an anti-PD1 antibody or control IgG. Anti-PD1 therapy significantly limited tumor growth in mice with normal prothrombin levels, but had no impact on tumor growth in mice with low prothrombin levels. A major implication of our findings is that limiting thrombin generation with anticoagulants may be detrimental in the context of immune checkpoint inhibition treatment. Better defining the potential risk of reducing ICI efficacy by concurrent treatment with anticoagulants will require a detailed understanding of the role thrombin plays in cancer immunobiology. Disclosures Revenko: Ionis Pharmaceuticals: Employment. Monia: Ionis Pharmaceuticals: Employment. Palumbo: Ionis Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding.
Geometric deep learning for computational mechanics Part I: anisotropic hyperelasticity

Abstract We present a machine learning approach that integrates geometric deep learning and Sobolev training to generate a family of finite strain anisotropic hyperelastic models that predict the homogenized responses of polycrystals previously unseen during the training. While hand-crafted hyperelasticity models often incorporate homogenized measures of microstructural attributes, such as the porosity or the averaged orientation of constituents, these measures may not adequately represent the topological structures of the attributes. We fill this knowledge gap by introducing the concept of the weighted graph as a new high-dimensional descriptor that represents topological information, such as the connectivity of anisotropic grains in an assemble. By leveraging a graph convolutional deep neural network in a hybrid machine learning architecture previously used in Frankel et al. (2019), the artificial intelligence extracts low-dimensional features from the weighted graphs and subsequently learns the influence of these low-dimensional features on the resultant stored elastic energy functionals. To ensure smoothness and prevent unintentionally generating a non-convex stored energy functional, we adopt the Sobolev training method for neural networks such that a stress measure is obtained implicitly by taking directional derivatives of the trained energy functional. Results from numerical experiments suggest that Sobolev training is capable of generating a hyperelastic energy functional that predicts both the elastic energy and stress measures more accurately than the classical training that minimizes L 2 norms. Verification exercises against unseen benchmark FFT simulations and phase-field fracture simulations that employ the geometric learning generated elastic energy functional are conducted to demonstrate the quality of the predictions.
Ketogenic Diets for Drug-Resistant Epilepsy.

In children with drug-resistant epilepsy, a ketogenic diet decreases the risk of seizures by 50% after three to four months.
Heavy-tailed distributions in haptic perception of wielded rods

Humans identify properties (e.g., the length or weight) of objects through touch using somatosensory perceptions in the limbs. Humans identify these properties by manipulating an object to access its inertial qualities. However, there is little work evidencing a unifying pattern of movements humans use to access these inertial properties. The current study examined if participants’ wielding movements followed a systematic distribution—specifically, a Levy-like distribution that is characterized by heavy-tails and is often seen in efficient foraging behavior. Participants wielded rods they could not see and were tasked to identify whether the rod they were wielding was the longer or shorter of two rods. While participants wielded the rod, the rod’s motion was captured. Results demonstrate that the sampling of angular accelerations produced heavy-tailed distributions. Since angular acceleration has a distinct physical–mathematical relationship with inertia, this finding is consistent with the interpretation that the haptic subsystems are sensitive to the inertial properties of an object. Angular acceleration from wielding motions appear to follow a similar distribution as optimal foraging strategies—perhaps it is the case that humans are foraging for information about the inertia of an object through changes in angular acceleration and wielding movements.
Etching mechanism of niobium in coaxial Ar/Cl2 radio frequency plasma

The understanding of the Ar/Cl2 plasma etching mechanism is crucial for the desired modification of inner surface of the three dimensional niobium (Nb) superconductive radio frequency cavities. Uniform mass removal in cylindrical shaped structures is a challenging task because the etch rate varies along the direction of gas flow. The study is performed in the asymmetric coaxial radio-frequency (rf) discharge with two identical Nb rings acting as a part of the outer electrode. The dependence of etch rate uniformity on pressure, rf power, dc bias, Cl2 concentration, diameter of the inner electrode, temperature of the outer cylinder, and position of the samples in the structure is determined. To understand the plasma etching mechanisms, we have studied several factors that have important influence on the etch rate and uniformity, which include the plasma sheath potential, Nb surface temperature, and the gas flow rate.
A program to improve the assessment of a child for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

PROBLEM Due to the number of children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), increased risk of these children having comorbidities and/or an adverse childhood experience and insufficient documentation of the Diagnostic and Statistical manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5) criteria for an ADHD diagnosis, an ADHD evaluation program was developed for a child presenting for an initial ADHD evaluation. METHODS A quantitative design method evaluated provider's documentation by the percentage of DSM-5 criteria met before and after the implementation of the ADHD program. Descriptive statistics evaluated the system change by the percentage of providers who utilized the ADHD template and the use of the unspecified ADHD International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th edition (ICD-10) code, F90.9 by the percentage of code use before and after implementation of the ADHD program. FINDINGS The two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test was significantly based on p < 0.001. Providers met 100% of the DSM-5 criteria after implementation of the ADHD program in the electronic health record, compared to 50% before implementation. CONCLUSIONS The ADHD program increased the provider's documentation and consistency to the DSM-5 criteria, decreasing the use of the unspecified ADHD ICD-10 code, allowing the provider to develop a more successful plan of care for children between the ages of 5 and 18.
Hypertension in minority populations. Access to care.

Abstract Data from multiple sources confirm the greater risk of morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease that is seen in some minority segments of the population of the United States, when those segments are compared with the population as a whole. In most studies, blacks are shown to have the highest overall mortality rate from cardiovascular disease—higher than the rate for Hispanics, and substantially higher than the rate for whites and Asians. In some of these studies, blacks also have higher rates of both hypertension-related stroke and coronary artery disease. In some of the major clinical trials, Hispanic patients have the next-highest death rate from high blood pressure and ischemic heart disease. In other, smaller studies, however, non-Hispanic whites have had comparable or higher age-adjusted death rates. Asians, by contrast, have significantly lower death rates from cardiovascular disease, irrespective of national origin, and they also have correspondingly lower mortality from stroke and other hypertension-related diseases. As in coronary artery disease, issues related to access to care may be implicated in the disproportionate morbidity and mortality rates noted in black and Hispanic patients, as well as among some lower-class segments of the non-Hispanic white population. Access to care may depend upon a number of factors, among them cultural isolation, public awareness, individual and group attitudes, perception of resource availability, actual resources, socioeconomic status, educational level, and peer behavior.
The `Multifractal Model' of Turbulence and {\em A Priori} Estimates in Large-Eddy Simulation, I. Subgrid Flux and Locality of Energy Transfer

We establish and discuss {\em a priori} estimates on subgrid stress and subgrid flux for filtering schemes used in the turbulence modelling method of Large-Eddy Simulation (LES). Our estimates are derived as rigorous consequences of the exact subgrid stress formulae from Navier-Stokes equations under realistic conditions for inertial-range velocity fields, those conjectured in the Parisi-Frisch ``multifractal model.'' The estimates are shown to be an expression of ``local energy cascade,'' i.e. the dominance of local wavevector triads in the energy transfer. We prove that for nearly any reasonable filter function the LES method defines an energy flux in which local triads dominate in individual realizations, due to cancellation of distant triadic contributions by detailed conservation. A somewhat similar observation of Leslie and Quarini on graded filters in the EDQNM closure is shown to be unrelated to the cancellation we establish in Navier-Stokes solutions. The sharp Fourier cutoff filter is one example which does not satisfy the modest conditions of our proof and, in fact, we show that with that filter the energy transfer in individual realizations at arbitrarily high Reynolds number will be dominated by nonlocal, convective sweeping.
Out of Eden

Religion can inspire. It can also distort, and this is precisely what it does for Professors McThenia and Shaffer.' It leads them to mistake the periphery for the center. In my earlier article' I tried to come to terms with a movement that seeks alternatives to litigation. Known as ADR ("Alternative Dispute Resolution"), this movement is headed by Chief Justice Burger and is now sweeping the bar. It recently received the endorsement of the President of Harvard, Derek Bok, and the Advisory Committee on the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. In 1983, the Advisory Committee managed to revise Rule 16 to strengthen the hand of the trial judge in brokering settlements, and for the last two years the Committee has been engaged in a determined campaign to amend Rule 68 to create additional pressure for settlement. The party who rejects an offer of settlement would, if the Advisory Committee has its way, stand in jeopardy of paying the attorney's fees of the other side. Professors McThenia and Shaffer now lend their voices to this movement, but in an unusual way. They add a religious dimension. They emphasize reconciliation rather than settlement, and appear to be moved by a conception of social organization that takes the insular religious community as its model: "Justice is what we discover-you and I, Socrates said-when we walk together, listen together, and even love one another, in our curiosity about what justice is and where justice comes from."4 McThenia and Shaffer speak out on behalf of social mechanisms that might restore or preserve loving relationships and, not surprisingly, they find the judicial judgment a rather inept instrument for that purpose. I have no special interest in countering their plea: I am as much for love as the next person. What McThenia and Shaffer say is not wrong,
The ‘Age+5’ Rule: Comparisons of Dietary Fiber Intake Among 4- to 10-Year-Old Children

Abstract Objective To determine children's sources of dietary fiber and to identify the food group choices made by those who met the "age+5" rule, which recommends that children daily consume an amount of fiber that is equal to their age plus an additional 5g fiber. Design This study used 24-hour dietary recalls and 1-day food records to assess the nutrient intake and food group choices of children who did and did not meet the recommendations of the age+5 rule. Subjects The 1989-1991 US Department of Agriculture Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals provided the study sample of 603 children between the ages of 4 and 6 years and 782 children between the ages of 7 and 10 years. Statistical analyses Differences in nutrient and food group intakes between age categories were determined by t tests. Results Only 45% of 4- to 6-year-olds and 32% of 7- to 10-year-olds consumed adequate fiber to meet the age+5 rule. Those who met the age+5 rule did so by consuming significantly more high- and low-fiber breads and cereals, fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, and seeds. Children with low fiber intakes had significantly higher energy-adjusted intakes of fat and cholesterol, whereas those who met the age+5 rule had significantly higher energy-adjusted intakes of dietary fiber, vitamins A and E, folate, magnesium, and iron. Applications The majority of the children had low intakes of dietary fiber, suggesting that they are at risk for future chronic disease. Parents and school foodservice personnel should strive to offer fiber-rich foods to children so their acceptance and consumption of them will be increased. J Am Diet Assoc. 1998;98:1418-1423.
The Provision of Pharmaceutical Care to Hospice Patients: Results of the National Hospice Pharmacist Survey

The purpose of this survey was to define pharmaceutical services in hospice programs in the united States. A survey was mailed to 577 pharmacists who had indicated involvement or interest in providing pharmaceutical services to hospice patients. The average respondent pharmacist had six years experience with hospice care. The survey identified the practice base of the pharmacists who practice in hospice care and an attempt was made to define the type of hospices served. The survey inquiries involved dispensing, home visits, participation in hospice team meetings, consultations, drug regimen monitoring, maintenance of medication profiles, provision information and provision of on-call pharmaceutical services. The most common services provided we& dispensing medications (73%) and attending weekly or regular team meetings (60%). These data show a growing-interest in including pharmacis6 as full members of hospice interdisciplinary teams.
Cosmology, astrophysics, and a 17 keV neutrino

Abstract Recent observations of structure below the endpoint in various beta decay spectra suggest that the cosmological consequences of a possible 17 keV neutrino admixture with the electron neutrino should be re-considered. We derive constraints coming from the evolution of the universe, large scale structure, and big bang nucleosynthesis. Whe these are combined with a constraints from astrophysical observables, including neutrinos from SN1987A, the restrictions on models are quiet severe. One model motivated by the recent data appears unacceptable, and the class of models which manages to cleanly satisfy all the constraints appears incompatible with the MSW solution to the solar neutrino problem.
Hyperprolactinemia due to spontaneous intracranial hypotension

OBJECT Spontaneous intracranial hypotension is an increasingly recognized cause of headaches. Pituitary enlargement and brain sagging are common findings on MRI in patients with this disorder. The authors therefore investigated pituitary function in patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension. METHODS Pituitary hormones were measured in a group of 42 consecutive patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension. For patients with hyperprolactinemia, prolactin levels also were measured following treatment. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed prior to and following treatment. RESULTS The study group consisted of 27 women and 15 men with a mean age at onset of symptoms of 52.2 ± 10.7 years (mean ± SD; range 17–72 years). Hyperprolactinemia was detected in 10 patients (24%), ranging from 16 ng/ml to 96.6 ng/ml in men (normal range 3–14.7 ng/ml) and from 31.3 ng/ml to 102.5 ng/ml in women (normal range 3.8–23.2 ng/ml). In a multivariate analysis, only brain sagging on MRI was associated with hyper...
Modelling and PBPK Simulation in Drug Discovery

Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models are composed of a series of differential equations and have been implemented in a number of commercial software packages. These models require species-specific and compound-specific input parameters and allow for the prediction of plasma and tissue concentration time profiles after intravenous and oral administration of compounds to animals and humans. PBPK models allow the early integration of a wide variety of preclinical data into a mechanistic quantitative framework. Use of PBPK models allows the experimenter to gain insights into the properties of a compound, helps to guide experimental efforts at the early stages of drug discovery, and enables the prediction of human plasma concentration time profiles with minimal (and in some cases no) animal data. In this review, the application and limitations of PBPK techniques in drug discovery are discussed. Specific reference is made to its utility (1) at the lead development stage for the prioritization of compounds for animal PK studies and (2) at the clinical candidate selection and “first in human” stages for the prediction of human PK.
Toward green metallurgy: low-temperature solution synthesis of bulk-scale intermetallic compounds in edible plant and seed oils

Binary intermetallic compounds have been synthesized in edible plant and seed oils through the reaction of molten metal dispersions of low-melting p-block metals with late transition metal powders. Specifically, apricot kernel, almond, safflower, and canola oils have been used to synthesize FeSn2, Ni3Sn4, CoSn3, CoGa3, Cu6Sn5, and Bi3Ni. This low-temperature strategy yields bulk-scale products that are highly crystalline, and the solvents used to synthesize them can be re-used several times.
Scarcity rents and the returns to mining

Abstract A dynamic model of scarcity rents is developed for a nonrenewable resource that is stored above ground as a refined commodity and below ground as ore. The implications of existing theory are tested and a new series of monthly scarcity rents is estimated for copper from 1975 through 1991. A net present value model is developed to demonstrate how stock returns for mining firms interact with contemporaneous industry scarcity rents.
Occurrence of acid rain in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, Summer 1981. The role of the catalytic converter

Between June and October 1981, acid rain falling in Baton Rouge, LA was studied. The acidity of the rain ranged for pH 3.9 to pH 5.8. Preliminary data showed that rain associated with thermal cumulo nimbus tended to be more acidic, but rain associated with active cold fronts were less acid. This may relate to dispersion and dilution of the acid aerosols by the cold front. It is proposed that exhaust from automobiles fitted with catalytic converters is a substantial contributor to the acid rain problem, and that their net value to the abatement of pollution must be questioned, particularly in regions of the country where smog is not a problem. (JMT)
The structure and chemistry of 94 m Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 ice

Optical microscopy, X-ray topography, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray spectroscopy have been used for microstructural analysis of ice from 94 m depth from Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2. the ice had a high density of air bubbles, a 2 mm grain-size and contained a high dislocation density in most grains (>1×1010 m–2), although a few lower-dislocation-density grains were present. the main impurities, Na and Cl, were found in several grain boundaries and triple points, often as filaments. Na and Cl were also found in the lattice, but to a lesser extent, along with S, Mg, K and Ca. These observations are compared to previous studies of dislocations and impurity locations in natural ice.