cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Software Engineering Project Standards

Software Engineering Project Standards (SEPS) and their importance are presented in this paper by looking at standards in general, then progressively narrowing the view to software standards, to software engineering standards, and finally to SEPS. After defining SEPS, issues associated with the selection, support, and use of SEPS are examined and trends are discussed. A brief overview of existing software engineering standards is presented as the Appendix.
Adolescent Motherhood, Depression, and Delinquency

The present study investigated the influence of strain in the form of adolescent motherhood on maladaptive coping in the form of delinquency among 6628 adolescent females. A series of tobit regression analyses revealed a significant, negative effect of adolescent motherhood on delinquency, a finding that persisted when controlling for coping factors and other known correlates of crime. Although these results are contrary to the predictions of general strain theory, the findings lend some support to theoretical approaches that associate low-self control, low self-esteem, and social support with delinquency. The results underscore the importance of considering measures of opportunity in future tests of general strain theory.
Nitrogen deposition in California forests: A review

Atmospheric concentrations and deposition of the major nitrogenous (N) compounds and their biological effects in California forests are reviewed. Climatic characteristics of California are summarized in light of their effects on pollutant accumulation and transport. Over large areas of the state dry deposition is of greater magnitude than wet deposition due to the arid climate. However, fog deposition can also be significant in areas where seasonal fogs and N pollution sources coincide. The dominance of dry deposition is magnified in airsheds with frequent temperature inversions such as occur in the Los Angeles Air Basin. Most of the deposition in such areas occurs in summer as a result of surface deposition of nitric acid vapor (HNO3) as well as particulate nitrate (NO3−) and ammonium (NH4+). Internal uptake of gaseous N pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitric oxide (NO), HNO3, peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), ammonia (NH3), and others provides additional N to forests. However, summer drought and subsequent lower stomatal conductance of plants tend to limit plant utilization of gaseous N. Nitrogen deposition is much greater than S deposition in California. In locations close to photochemical smog source areas, concentrations of oxidized forms of N (NO2, HNO3, PAN) dominate, while in areas near agricultural activities the importance of reduced N forms (NH3, NH4+) significantly increases. Little data from California forests are available for most of the gaseous N pollutants. Total inorganic N deposition in the most highly-exposed forests in the Los Angeles Air Basin may be as high as 25–45 kg ha−1 year−1. Nitrogen deposition in these highly-exposed areas has led to N saturation of chaparral and mixed conifer stands. In N saturated forests high concentrations of NO3− are found in streamwater, soil solution, and in foliage. Nitric oxide emissions from soil and foliar N:P ratios are also high in N saturated sites. Further research is needed to determine the ecological effects of chronic N deposition, and to develop appropriate management options for protecting water quality and managing plant nutrient resources in ecosystems which no longer retain excess N. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
Functional Analyses of Cytosolic Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenases and Their Contribution to Seed Oil Accumulation in Arabidopsis

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) has been implicated in the supply of reduced nicotine amide cofactors for biochemical reactions and in modulating the redox state of cells. In plants, identification of its role is complicated due to the presence of several isoforms in the cytosol and plastids. Here we focus on G6PDHs in the cytosol of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) using single and double mutants disrupted in the two cytosolic G6PDHs. Only a single G6PDH isoform remained in the double mutant and was present in chloroplasts, consistent with a loss of cytosolic G6PDH activity. The activities of the cytosolic isoforms G6PD5 and G6PD6 were reciprocally increased in single mutants with no increase of their respective transcript levels. We hypothesized that G6PDH plays a role in supplying NADPH for oil accumulation in developing seeds in which photosynthesis may be light limited. G6PDH activity in seeds derived from G6PD6 and a plastid G6PDH isoform and showed a similar temporal activity pattern as oil accumulation. Seeds of the double mutant but not of the single mutants had higher oil content and increased weight compared to those of the wild type, with no alteration in the carbon to nitrogen ratio or fatty acid composition. A decrease in total G6PDH activity was observed only in the double mutant. These results suggest that loss of cytosolic G6PDH activity affects the metabolism of developing seeds by increasing carbon substrates for synthesis of storage compounds rather than by decreasing the NADPH supply specifically for fatty acid synthesis.
MEIOTIC CHROMOSOME ORGANIZATION AND SEGREGATION IN PLANTS

During meiosis, homologous chromosomes are brought together to be recombined and segregated into separate haploid gametes. This requires two cell divisions, an elaborate prophase with five substages, and specialized mechanisms that regulate the association of sister chromatids. This review focuses on plant chromosomes and chromosome-associated structures, such as recombination nodules and kinetochores, that ensure accurate meiotic chromosome segregation.
Integration and segregation of inputs to higher-order neuropils of the crayfish brain

Information about the input and output pathways of higher-order brain neuropils is essential for gaining an understanding of their functions. The present study examines the connectivity of two higher-order neuropils in the central olfactory pathway of the crayfish: the accessory lobe and its target neuropil, the hemiellipsoid body. It is known that the two subregions of the accessory lobe, the cortex and medulla, receive different inputs; the medulla receives visual and tactile inputs, whereas the cortex receives neither (Sandeman et al. [1995] J Comp Neurol 352:263-279). By using dye injections into the olfactory lobe, we demonstrate that the accessory lobe cortex and medulla also have differing connections with the olfactory lobe. These injections show that local interneurons joining the olfactory and accessory lobes branch primarily within the cortex with only limited branching within the medulla. Injections of different dyes into the two subregions of the hemiellipsoid body, HBI and HBII, show that the accessory lobe cortex and medulla also have separate output pathways. HBI is innervated by the output pathway from the cortex while HBII is innervated by the output pathway from the medulla. These injections also show that HBI and HBII are innervated by separate populations of local interneurons with differing connections to higher-order neuropils in the olfactory and visual pathways. These results suggest a segregation of olfactory and multimodal (including olfactory) inputs within both the accessory lobe and the hemiellipsoid body and provide evidence of important functional subdivisions within both neuropils.
Oxygen isotope content of CO2 in nocturnal ecosystem respiration: 1. Observations in forests along a precipitation transect in Oregon, USA

precipitation from 227 to 2760 mm. There was a gradient in the isotopic content (d 18 O) of precipitation, with inland sites receiving isotopically depleted precipitation (more negative d 18 O) relative to coastal sites. The d 18 O of water in plant xylem generally followed the isotopic pattern of precipitation. Inland forests were drier than coastal forests, leading to a gradient in the vapor pressure deficit of air that caused isotopic enrichment of soil and leaf water. The enriched soil and leaf water pools influenced the isotopic composition of respired CO2, leading to variation in observed d 18 OR (Keeling-plot intercepts). Keeling plots with non-significant (p > 0.01) regression slopes and those sampled over a time period (t) greater than 5 hours yielded unacceptably high uncertainty in d 18 OR. The range of observed d 18 OR was 21.7 to 35.3% (VSMOW), with variation within a single site as large as 10.7% (range 24.2 to 34.9% at different sites). The results suggested a trend of more positive d 18 OR at inland sites relative to those nearer the coast, indicating that fractionation due to evaporative enrichment overshadowed the original isotopic composition of precipitation as a first order control on d 18 OR. INDEX TERMS: 0315 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Biosphere/atmosphere interactions; 0365 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere—composition and chemistry; 1615 Global Change: Biogeochemical processes (4805); 1818 Hydrology: Evapotranspiration; KEYWORDS: carbon cycle, coniferous forest, OTTER, rainfall gradient, d 18 O
A miniature capillary breakup extensional rheometer by electrostatically assisted generation of liquid filaments

A micromachined chip capable of generating liquid microfilaments has been developed for a miniature version of the Capillary Breakup Extensional Rheometer (CaBER®). The proposed system is exceptionally simple and compact because liquid samples are actuated by voltages administered on-chip, which therefore requires only electrical connections (rather than a linear motor, an integral part of the CaBER®). Since chip features are photolithographically defined, the miniature rheometer can handle sub-microlitre samples. Following the CaBER®, we show that a commercial LED micrometer effectively measures diameters of filaments generated by the electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) forces. Since negligible electric fields are sustained within the liquid far away from the measurement region, the applied EWOD voltage does not influence tested material properties. Through breakup experiments using a wide range of Newtonian and complex fluids (e.g., glycerol, xanthan gum, dilute polystyrene, and dilute solutions of various molecular weight polyethylene oxide) we demonstrate a versatile testing platform for scarce and precious samples such as biochemical fluids and novel materials. Measured Newtonian and complex dynamics agree well with published theories and experiments.
Bremmer Series Decomposition of Solutions to the Lossless Wave Equation in Layered Media

In this paper we prove the validity of the following decomposition of the solutions to the lossless wave equation in layered media: The complete output from a K-layered media system, which is comprised of the superposition of primaries, secondaries, tertiaries, etc., can be obtained from a single state space model of order 2K-the complete model?or from an infinite number of models, each of order 2K, the output of the first of which is just the primaries, the output of the second of which is just the secondaries, etc. This decomposition of the solution to the lossless wave equation into physically meaningful constituents (i.e., primaries, secondaries, etc.) is called a Bremmer Series decomposition, after Bremmer, who, in 1951, established a similar decomposition. In many geophysical situations, where reflection coefficients are quite small, the decomposition can be truncated after secondaries or tertiaries; hence, it also represents a way to approximate the solution to the wave equation.
Mesh refinement algorithms in an unstructured solver for multiphase flow simulation using discrete particles

This study developed spray-adaptive mesh refinement algorithms with directional sensitivity in an unstructured solver to improve spray simulation for internal combustion engine application. Inadequate spatial resolution is often found to cause inaccuracies in spray simulation using the Lagrangian-Eulerian approach due to the over-estimated diffusion and inappropriate liquid-gas phase coupling. Dynamic mesh refinement algorithms adaptive to fuel sprays and vapor gradients were developed in order to increase the grid resolution in the spray region to improve simulation accuracy. The local refinement introduced the coarse-fine face interface that requires advanced numerical schemes for flux calculation and grid rezoning with moving boundaries. To resolve the issue in flux calculation, this work implemented the refinement/coarsening algorithms into a collocated solver to avoid tedious interpolations in solving the momentum equations. A pressure correction method was applied to address unphysical pressure oscillations due to the collocation of pressure and velocity. An edge-based algorithm was used to evaluate the edge-centered quantities in order to account for the contributions from all the cells around an edge at the coarse-fine interface. A quasi-second-order upwind scheme with strong monotonicity was also modified to accommodate the coarse-fine interface for convective fluxes. To resolve the issue related to grid rezoning, rezoning was applied to the initial baseline mesh only and the new locations of the refined grids were obtained by interpolating the updated baseline mesh. The time step constraints were also re-evaluated to account for the change resulting from mesh refinement. The present refinement algorithm was used in simulating fuel sprays in an engine combustion chamber. It was found that the present approach could produce the same level of results as those using the uniformly fine mesh with substantially reduced computer time. Results also showed that this approach could alleviate the artifacts related to the Lagrangian discrete modeling of spray drops due to insufficient spatial resolution.
Mid-infrared metamorphic interband cascade photodetectors on GaAs substrates

Antimony-based mid-infrared interband cascade (IC) photodetectors fabricated on (001) GaAs substrates are reported. By using a “buffer-free” interfacial misfit array growth method, an overall good crystalline quality is obtained on the largely lattice-mismatched GaAs substrate. The GaAs-based IC detectors show comparable optical performance, with similar electrical performance at temperatures higher than 140 K, as compared to the reference devices grown on GaSb substrate. The GaAs-based IC detectors demonstrate dark current density of 2.63 × 10−6 A/cm2 at 180 K, which is about twice as compared to that grown on GaSb substrate, with Johnson-limited D* of 1.06 × 1011 Jones at 180 K and 4.0 μm. The results indicate that IC detector design is robust and relatively insensitive to the material quality, and metamorphic IC detector is viable for large-format infrared focal plane array applications.
Emergency Preservation and Resuscitation Trial: A Philosophical Justification for Non-Voluntary Enrollment

In a current clinical trial for Emergency Preservation and Resuscitation (EPR), Dr. Samuel Tisherman of the University of Maryland aims to induce therapeutic hypothermia in order to 'buy time' for operating on victims of severe exsanguination. While recent publicity has framed this controversial procedure as 'killing a patient to save his life', the US Army and Acute Care Research appear to support the study on the grounds that such patients already face low chances of survival. Given that enrollment in the trial must be non-voluntary, the study has received an exemption from federal standards for obtaining informed consent. How exactly, if at all, is non-voluntary enrollment morally justifiable? In this essay, I appeal to the notable work of Hans Jonas in an effort to defend the EPR trial's use of non-voluntary enrollment. It is often thought and, as I show, it may appear that Jonas has called for the end of experimental medical practice. Still, I derive from Jonas a principle of double-effect upon which physicians may be seen as morally permitted to pursue innovations in emergency medicine but only as a byproduct of pursuing therapeutic success. With this position, I argue that the EPR trial can be granted a stronger philosophical justification than simply waiving the requirement of obtaining informed consent. The double-effect justification would obtain, perhaps regardless of the success of such innovative procedures as therapeutic hypothermia.
Hereditary generalized juvenile polyposis associated with pulmonary arteriovenous malformation.

A 28-yr-old mother and her 10-yr-old daughter with generalized juvenile gastrointestinal polyposis, arteriovenous (AV) malformations of the lung and severe digital clubbing are described. The AV malformations were documented by pulmonary angiography in both subjects, and generalized juvenile polyposis was confirmed histologically and radiographically. Since pulmonary AV malformations associated with juvenile polyposis has not been previously reported, a new hereditary syndrome is proposed.
Estimating the likelihood of pipeline failure in CO2 transmission pipelines: New insights on risks of carbon capture and storage

Abstract Previous studies of risks associated with CO2 pipelines for future carbon capture and storage (CCS) activities have used either the frequency of incidents associated with existing CO2 pipelines or from natural gas pipelines as a proxy. Risks of CO2 pipeline failure have been estimated as in the range of 1.2 × 10−4 to 6.1 × 10−4 km–1 yr. This paper demonstrates that for U.S. natural gas pipeline data, incident/failure metrics are not correlated with fatality rates. Both CO2 and natural gas pipelines are fabricated from the same grades of carbon steel, and both are installed using the same equipment and practices. However, natural gas is lighter than air and explosive in air, whereas CO2 is nonflammable but toxic (and heavier than air). Their risk profiles are therefore not identical, and the differences in hazard certainly impact the nature of individual and societal risk. This study focuses on the likelihood of events that could result in fatalities or injuries. The average fatality rate for natural gas transmission pipelines constructed over the last 3 decades is 1.0 × 10−6 km–1 yr. This value can be viewed as an upper bound for estimating individual risks associated with CO2 transmission pipelines. Use of incident rates to model individual risks for CO2 pipelines, has overestimated these risks by 2–3 orders of magnitude. When pipelines are designed with factors of safety required by regulators for populated areas, analysis of natural gas pipeline data demonstrates that risks of significant accidental releases are extremely low. These results require a significant rethinking of previous notions of the risks associated with CO2 pipelines.
Insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins in domestic animals

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and their binding proteins play an essential role in regulating animal growth and metabolism. The initial portion of the current review focuses on the physiological effects of the IGFs and delineates their role as regulators of animal growth and metabolism. The role of IGFs as mediators of growth hormone effects, as insulin-like metabolic regulators and as foetal growth regulators is discussed. The remainder of the review is devoted to the IGF binding proteins, their modulation of IGF action and their role in foetal and postnatal regulation of growth.
Giving Guidance When You Don't Have the Resources of a Swiss Bank: Answering Everyday Questions that Deal with Financial Literacy

ABSTRACTFinancial literacy is the ability to understand how money works in a person's day-to-day life: how someone earns money, manages it, invests it, and donates it to help others. As librarians, we must realize that when patrons come to us for guidance in the area of financial literacy, they are trusting us to provide not only reliable information for their finances, but also, in many cases, information that may well keep a roof over their head and food on the table. At the same time, with the continuing escalation of database prices, especially in the area of business and finance, libraries are having to make increasingly difficult decisions as to what to retain and what to discontinue. The case studies and the works cited in this paper are presented to enable librarians to educate themselves about resources in financial literacy to better serve patrons using freely available resources that are accurate and timely.
The Continued Growth of the Corporate Public Affairs Function

Cutbacks in corporate public affairs in corporations such as Standard Oil, Exxon, ARCO, IBM, and DiuPont-sometimes by as much as 40%-have raised questions for public affairs managers about the viability of the public affairs function in a period of increased corporate competition, cost-benefit analysis, and corporate consolidation and divestiture.' Contrary to these impressions, as we will demonstrate, the number of people engaged in the corporate public affairs function actually did not diminish between 1982 and 1986.
Lipoid and Hemorrhagic Changes in Adrenal Cortex Following Traumatic Shock.

It has been shown that if profound and fatal shock is to be obtained in the intact dog by traumatization, the severity of tissue injury must be very much greater than is required to induce shock symptoms in the equally healthy and vigorous animal lacking adrenal glands.1 Evidence is presented indicating that the extreme susceptibility of the adrenalectomized dog to shock following trauma is largely due to the absence of one of the mechanisms concerned with the maintenance of normal blood volume, namely, the adrenal cortex. Data are presented here which show that the adrenal cortex of intact dogs dying from traumatic shock presents histological evidence of considerable impairment.The lipoid studies were made on frozen sections of the adrenals variously stained with 2% osmic acid, Scharlach R, and Sudan III. For the study of adrenal cortical hemorrhages and other histological details, paraffin sections were stained with iron hematoxylin and eosin.The dogs in both the normal and experimental groups were rigo...
Chronic Liver Disease Following Community-Acquired Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis

Chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis occurring in an urban American population was identified in 23 patients followed for more than six months after the onset of acute hepatitis. Eight of the 23 patients subsequently developed normal aminotransferase levels a mean of 12.3 months after the onset of hepatitis. Liver biopsies were obtained from 9 of the remaining 15 patients. Eight biopsies revealed abnormalities consistent with chronic persistent hepatitis. One revealed chronic active hepatitis. The probable source of hepatitis included blood transfusions in 4%, intravenous drugs in 43%, personal contact in 4%, and no known source in 48%. Normalization of aminotransferase activity could not be predicted by initial symptoms, physical findings, or laboratory values. This study suggests that the chronic liver disease following community-acquired non-A, non-B hepatitis is frequent and may have a benign course.
Technology for preparing rice peptides by enzymatic hydrolysis and their characteristics

Rice protein was hydrolyzed by proteolytic enzymes for preparing rice peptide.The experiment was conducted to investigate the hydrolysis of rice protein by alcalase,nectruse,protamex and flavourzyme.Results showed that alcalase was the most effective protease.The appropriate hydrolysis conditions for alcalase are as(follows): the concentration of rice protein is 10%,pH 9.0,45℃,the ratio of alcalase to rice protein is 48 AU/kg,150 min.Under these conditions,46.8%(w/w) of rice peptides with 71.3% purity from total rice protein could be prepared.Rice peptides have better solubility and lower viscosity that can be extensively used in the food(production).
Current application of nanotechnology in cancer prevention and treatment

Nanotechnological devices with length scales in the 1-to 100-nanometers range can penetrate human cells without difficulty.Compared with the traditional diagnostic and therapeutic methods nanothenology had smaller size,better solubility and targeting ability,and therefore provides a new multifunctional platform for biomedical research.Nanotechnology opens many new research avenues for the detection and cure of cancer,especially for the magnetic resonance imagine(MRI) and targeting of cancer cells.Nanoscale MRI significantly enhances the resolution and accuracy of in vivo imaging,while nanoparticles can greatly improve the targeted delivery of anti-cancer drugs,and therefore better invasive therapy of tumor.This article presents an overview of the current application of nanotechnology in cancer research in the United States of America and discusses the frontier nanotech strategies that have already demonstrated in vitro and in vivo efficacy.Finally it provides insights into the potential applications of cancer nanotechnology worldwide,especially in the developing countries including China.
Long-Term Storage Losses of Alfalfa Stored in Loaf Stacks1

Abstract Alfalfa ( Medicago Sativa L.) hay was stored outside in loaf stacks for periods of 7, 17, or 29 mo; respective dry matter (OM) losses were 12.4, 25.3, and 29.5%. Changes in crude protein (22.4 to 17.0%) and acid detergent fiber (35.8 to 46.3%) were found following 17 mo of storages. From 17 to 29 mo of storage, further deterioration in forage quality was observed for crude protein (17.0 vs. 14.9%) in vitro dry matter digestibility (60.2 vs. 52.2%), neutral detergent fiber (56.7 vs. 64.1%), acid detergent fiber (46.3 vs. 52.9%), and acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (8.3 vs. 15.0%). These data suggest that losses in OM and forage quality can be quite large when alfalfa hay is carried over for use in subsequent years.
Dermal exposure to the antimicrobial triclosan affects the gut microbiome and augments Th2 allergic responses mediated through Toll-like receptor 4

Antimicrobial compounds like triclosan are ubiquitous in our environment; the CDC finds that75% of the general U.S. population has detectable levels in their urine. Curiously, recent epidemiological studies report positive associations between allergic disease and triclosan exposure. Our laboratory recently reported augmented allergic responses to ovalbumin in BALB/c mice with dermal triclosan exposure although triclosan itself was not immunogenic. Here we show that repeated application of triclosan to the skin alters expression of toll-like receptors including adramatic increase in TLR4 expression. In-vivo antibody-blockade of TLR4/MD2 significantly decreased responses in the skin tissue with triclosan exposure including expression of IL-6, TSLP, CXCL2, TLR2 and TLR4. The draining lymph nodes were also significantly affected by TLR4 blockade, including decreased cellularity and production of IL-4 and IL-13 by CD4 T cells. Proposed endogenous ligands of TLR4, S100A8 and S100A9, were also found to be highly expressed in the skin tissue and infiltrating neutrophils thus identifying a possible mechanism of TLR4 activation. Changes in gut microbiome have also been linked to changes in Th2 allergic responses. Here we found that after 28 days of topical application of triclosan, the relative abundance of Lactobacillus was increased in the gut. A specific mechanism of action of triclosan is inhibition of the enoyl-ACP reductase FabI gene involved in bacterial fatty acid synthesis which is not expressed by Lactobacillus . Together these data suggest that triclosan could augment allergic responses in part through activation of the TLR4 pathway and modulating the host microbiome.
Searches for Pair Production of First Generation Leptoquark at DØ

We have searched for the pair production of first generation scalar leptoquarks using the full data set (123 pb−;1) collected with the DO detector at the Fermilab Tevatron during 1992–1996. We observe no candidates, consistent with the expected background. We combine these new results from the ee + jets and ev + jets channels with the published vv + jets result to obtain a 95% CL upper limits on the LQ pair production cross section as a function of mass and β, the branching ratio to a charged lepton and a quark. Comparing to the NLO theory predictions, we set 95% CL lower limits on the LQ mass of 225, 204, and 79 GeV/c 2 for β = 1, 1/2 and 0, respectively. The results of this analysis rule out an interpretation of the excess of high Q 2 events at HERA as leptoquarks with LQ mass below 200 GeV/c 2 for values of β > 0.4.
Can morphogen activity be enhanced by its inhibitors

Publisher Summary Morphogen form a gradient of concentration and determine the fate of responding cells according to the different concentrations of the morphogen perceived by the cells. Some of the most interesting and best-analyzed examples are the morphogen-mediated events that occur during Drosophila development. This chapter presents two ligand-receptor models for morphogen activity in Drosophila, first with Decapentaplegic (DPP) alone, then with the addition of its inhibitor short gastrulation (SOG). Biological experiments show that the DPP inhibitor SOG actually increases DPP activity along the midline of the Drosophila embryo. It is shown that these simple models provide a mathematical explanation for the effect of SOG: DPP ligand is stored and transported as bound DPP–SOG complex then released near the midline to create the observed peaked morphogen activity.
5-HT2C receptors in the BNST are necessary for the enhancement of fear learning by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are widely prescribed to treat anxiety and depression, yet they paradoxically increase anxiety during initial treatment. Acute administration of these drugs prior to learning can also enhance Pavlovian cued fear conditioning. This potentiation has been previously reported to depend upon the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). Here, using temporary inactivation, we confirmed that the BNST is not necessary for the acquisition of cued or contextual fear memory. Systemic administration of the SSRI citalopram prior to fear conditioning led to an upregulation of the immediate early gene Arc (activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein) in the oval nucleus of the BNST, and a majority of these neurons expressed the 5-HT2C receptor. Finally, local infusions of a 5-HT2C receptor antagonist directly into the oval nucleus of the BNST prevented the fear memory-enhancing effects of citalopram. These findings highlight the ability of the BNST circuitry to be recruited into gating fear and anxiety-like behaviors.
Rover visual obstacle avoidance

The Stanford AI Lab cart is a remotely controlled TV equipped mobile robot. A computer program has driven the cart through cluttered spaces, gaining its knowledge of the world entirely from images broadcast by the onboard TV system. The cart uses several kinds of stereo to locate objects around it in 3D and to deduce its own motion. It plans an obstacle avoiding path to a desired destination on the basis of a model built with this information. The plan changes as the cart perceives new obstacles on its journey. The system is reliable for short runs, but slow. The cart moves one meter every ten to fifteen minutes, in lurches. After rolling a meter it stops, takes some pictures and thinks about them for a long time. Then it plans a new path, executes a little of it. and pauses again. It has successfully driven the cart through several 20 meter courses (each taking about five hours) complex enough to necessitate three or four avoiding swerves. Some weaknesses and possible improvements were suggested by these and other, less successful, runs.
Moments of Duress During Venture Formation: The Entrepreneurial Breaking Point

We combine a social cognitive approach with a stress perspective to conceptualize how heterogeneous distal and proximal environmental forces might induce entrepreneurial stress in entrepreneurs dur...
Recognizing a Rare Phenomenon of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors: Visceral Angioedema Presenting with Chronic Diarrhea-A Case Report.

Introduction Peripheral angioedema of the face and upper airways is a well-known phenomenon of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors occurring in only 0.1% to 0.7% of patients. We describe a case of the even less-common manifestation of visceral angioedema, which causes symptoms of chronic and intractable diarrhea. Case presentation A 68-year-old white woman presented with large-volume diarrhea, caused by visceral angioedema secondary to lisinopril therapy. Initial imaging studies were significant for distended small bowel loops, with subsequent unremarkable findings on colonoscopy and biopsy studies. After an exhaustive laboratory work-up, her diarrhea resolved only after the discontinuation of lisinopril. Discussion Use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors is increasing, making the recognition of visceral angioedema important in preventing significant morbidity and avoiding invasive and costly studies.
Mentoring, Training, and Scholarly Productivity Experiences of Cancer-Related Health Disparities Research Trainees: Do Outcomes Differ for Underrepresented Scientists?

The study aims to explore variation in scholarly productivity outcomes by underrepresented status among a diverse sample of researchers in a community-engaged training program. We identified 141 trainees from a web-based survey of researchers in the National Cancer Institute-funded, Community Networks Program Centers (CNPCs) (2011–2016). We conducted a series of multiple logistic regression models to estimate the effect of National Institutes of Health (NIH)-defined underrepresented status on four, self-reported, scholarly productivity outcomes in the previous 5 years: number of publications (first-authored and total) and funded grants (NIH and any agency). Sixty-five percent (n = 92) indicated NIH underrepresented status. In final adjusted models, non-NIH underrepresented (vs. underrepresented) trainees reported an increased odds of having more than the median number of total publications (> 9) (OR = 3.14, 95% CI 1.21–8.65) and any grant funding (OR = 5.10, 95% CI 1.77–14.65). Reporting ≥ 1 mentors (vs. none) was also positively associated (p < 0.05) with these outcomes. The CNPC underrepresented trainees had similar success in first-authored publications and NIH funding as non-underrepresented trainees, but not total publications and grants. Examining trainees’ mentoring experiences over time in relation to scholarly productivity outcomes is needed.
Lifelong Parenting of Adults With Developmental Disabilities: Growth Trends Over 20 Years in Midlife and Later Life

Abstract This research examined how parenting adults with developmental disabilities affects parental well-being beyond midlife and into old age. Parents of adults with developmental disabilities (n = 249) and parents of adults without disabilities (n = 9,016), studied in their early 50s and mid-60s, were longitudinally tracked into their early 70s. Compared to parents of adults without disabilities, parents of adults with disabilities showed a pattern of normative functioning in their 50s, followed by poorer well-being in their mid-60s, and further declines in health and well-being into the early 70s. Aging parents who co-resided with their adult child with disabilities were particularly vulnerable, experiencing a steeper increase in depressive symptoms and body mass index (BMI) than parents whose child with disabilities lived away from home.
Steroid Hormones and the Chemistry of Behavior

One of the striking features of the brain in contrast to other organs of the body is the extensive regional differentiation of its structure and function. This has been known for many years by neur-oanatomists, neurophysiologists, and physiological psychologists who have explored it using such techniques as lesioning, electrical and chemical stimulation, and electrical recording. The regional differentiation of the brain is also increasingly apparent to neur-ochemists, who have discovered regional differences in the concentration of both large and small molecules within the central nervous system. One of the most striking examples of this differentiation is the distribution of the catechol and indole amines which are produced by neurons with cell bodies localized primarily within the midbrain, lower brainstem and hypothalamus, and with nerve endings which spread throughout the entire central nervous system (Fuxe, Hokfelt, and Ungerstedt, 1970). Another even more recent example, which is the subject of this chapter, is the regional distribution of proteins which stereospecifically bind steroid hormones in a manner that strongly suggests that the hormone is influencing the activity of the genome in the cell nucleus and thereby influencing neural processes underlying behavior.
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of di-n-octyl disulfide in a straight oil metalworking fluid: application of differential permeation and Box-Cox transformation.

Abstract The aim of this study was to identify and quantify an unknown peak in the chromatogram of a very complex mixture, a straight oil metalworking fluid (MWF). The fraction that permeated through a thin nitrile polymer membrane had less mineral oil background than the original MWF did at the retention time of the unknown peak, thus facilitating identification by total ion current (TIC) gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The peak proved to be di- n -octyl disulfide (DOD) through retention time and mass spectral comparisons. Quantitation of DOD was by extracted ion chromatogram analysis of the DOD molecular ion (mass-to-charge ratio ( m / z ) 290), and of the m / z 71 ion for the internal standard, n -triacontane. Linear models of the area ratio ( y ) of these two ions versus DOD concentration showed a systematic negative bias at low concentrations, a common occurrence in analysis. The linear model of y 0.8 (from Box–Cox power transformation) versus DOD concentration showed negligible bias from the lowest measured standard of 1.51 mg/L to the highest concentration tested at 75.5 mg/L. The intercept did not differ statistically from zero. The concentration of DOD in the MWF was then calculated to be 0.398 ± 0.034% (w/w) by the internal standard method, and 0.387 ± 0.036% (w/w) by the method of standard additions. These two results were not significantly different at p ≤ 0.05. The Box–Cox transformation is therefore recommended when the data for standards are non-linear.
The Crisis of Physical Illness

An acute health crisis is often a key turning point in an individual’s life. The vivid confrontation with a severe physical illness or injury, prolonged treatment and uncertainty, and intense personal strains can have a profound and lasting impact. Most patients cope reasonably well with such a crisis and are able to recover and resume their prior level of functioning. Some individuals, however, are utterly demoralized and suffer serious psychological consequences, whereas others emerge with a more mature outlook and a richer appreciation of life. What factors affect the ultimate psychosocial outcome of a health crisis? Why do some patients continue to struggle under the most harrowing circumstances? What are the major adaptive tasks seriously ill patients encounter? What types of coping skills do they use to promote recovery? Are there common phases or stages through which individuals progress as they negotiate a health crisis? What stressors are encountered by health care professionals and how can they nourish the psychological healing process among patients and their families? We deal with these issues here by considering physical illness as a life crisis and by describing how patients and staff cope with the stress of illness and of treatment.
Techniques Old and New

I always avoid prophesying beforehand because it is much better to prophesy after the event has already taken place.
The effect of a rhythmic and sensory motor activity program on perceptual motor spatial abilities of kindergarten children.

The twenty lowest functioning children in a normal kindergarten class were divided into an experimental and a control group. The experimental group was given a systematic rhythmic and sensory motor...
Lateralization of the glenosphere in reverse shoulder arthroplasty decreases arm lengthening and demonstrates comparable risk of nerve injury compared with anatomic arthroplasty: a prospective cohort study

Hypothesis Grammont-style reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) has an increased risk of nerve injury compared with anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) due to arm lengthening. We hypothesized that an RSA with a lateralized glenosphere and 135° neck-shaft angle would reduce humeral lengthening and decrease the risk of nerve injury to the level of a TSA. Methods The study prospectively enrolled 50 consecutive patients undergoing RSA (n = 30) or TSA (n = 20) as determined by a power analysis based on previous research for our institution. Intraoperative neuromonitoring was used to detect nerve alerts during 4 distinct stages of the procedure. Preoperative and postoperative arm lengths were measured on scaled radiographs. Patients were examined immediately postoperatively and at follow-up visits for neurologic complications. Results Mean motor and sensory nerve alerts per case were similar for TSA and RSA (motor: TSA, 1.5 ± 2; RSA, 1.5 ± 2; P = .96; sensory: TSA, 0.6 ± 0.9; RSA, 0.2 ± 0.6; P = .06). The mean change in arm length was 3 ± 7 mm in the TSA cohort vs. 14 ± 7 mm in the RSA cohort (P = .0001). Temporary neurologic changes postoperatively were noted in 1 TSA and 1 RSA patient, amounting to a 4% incidence of nerve injury. Conclusions An RSA design with a lateralized glenosphere and a lower neck-shaft angle decreases arm lengthening compared with the Grammont design. The reduction in lengthening appears to eliminate the historically increased risk of neurologic injury associated with RSA relative to TSA.
Enhancement in the Transdermal and Localized Delivery of Honokiol Through Breast Tissue

Honokiol is a natural phenolic anti-cancer compound isolated from an extract of seed cones from Magnolia grandiflora. This study investigated the transdermal delivery of honokiol using various enhancement methods and to explore the potential of honokiol to treat breast cancer directly via delivery through mammary papilla. Poration of dermatomed human skin with microneedles significantly increased the delivery of honokiol by nearly 3-fold (97.81 ± 18.96 μg/cm2) compared with passive delivery (32.56 ± 5.67 μg/cm2). Oleic acid was found to be the best chemical penetration enhancer, increasing the delivery almost 27-fold (868.06 ± 100.91 μg/cm2). Addition of oleic acid also resulted in better retention of drug in the porcine mammary papilla (965.41 ± 80.26 μg/cm2) compared with breast skin (294.16 ± 8.49 μg/cm2). Anti-cancer effect of honokiol was demonstrated with the decrease in the release of cytokine IL-6 and further suppression of Ki-67 proliferative protein. In addition, the topical honokiol formulation investigated was found to be safe and non-irritant. In summary, both microneedles and chemical enhancers can improve the absorption of honokiol through skin. Directly applying honokiol on mammary papilla is a potential administration route which can increase localized delivery into breast tissue.
Regulating the Basicity of Metal–Oxido Complexes with a Single Hydrogen Bond and Its Effect on C–H Bond Cleavage

The functionalization of C–H bonds is an essential reaction in biology and chemistry. Metalloenzymes that often exhibit this type of reactivity contain metal-oxido intermediates that are directly i...
The outcome and toxicity profile of checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy subsequent to high-dose IL-2 in the treatment of metastatic melanoma and renal cell carcinoma.

14Background: Approved treatments for metastatic melanoma (MM) and metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) include targeted agents, high dose interleukin-2 (HD IL-2) and checkpoint inhibitors (CI). ...
Neuropathic pain and Kv7 voltage-gated potassium channels: The potential role of Kv7 activators in the treatment of neuropathic pain.

Neuropathic pain conditions severely and chronically affect the quality of life in a large human population, but the pain conditions are not adequately managed due to poor understanding of their un...
Molecular Biology and Genetics of Renal Cell Carcinoma

Renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) are a heterogeneous family of tumors with distinct histologic appearances, underlying genetics, and clinical behaviors. In the past few decades, the genetic pathways involved in each subtype have been elucidated by studies of familial or hereditary forms of renal cancer, as well as advancements in molecular genetics, which form the basis for the findings in this textbook chapter and which have culminated in the comprehensive knowledge of the molecular basis of renal cell carcinomas elucidated by work by the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project. Understanding more about the single-gene syndromes like von Hippel-Lindau (VHL), hereditary papillary RCC, Birt-Hogg-Dube, and hereditary leiomyomatosis RCC, described herein, will eventually enable clinician scientists to develop pathway-specific and more personalized therapies for RCC.
Long-term changes in the life history of the Jamaican weakfish, Cynoscion jamaicensis (Vaillant and Bocourt, 1883), in southern Brazil

Abstract Overfishing has changed the life histories of commercially harvested marine fishes worldwide. The Jamaican weakfish, Cynoscion jamaicensis, which has been caught by trawl fisheries off southern Brazil since the 1950s, was sampled in two periods (1977–80 and 2016–17) to study its life history and changes in growth and sexual maturation and assess its spawning potential ratio. The annual formation of one opaque band on the otoliths was validated, and the oldest sampled fish was a 9-year-old male. Growth patterns did not differ between sexes. The von Bertalanffy growth parameter L ∞ increased with time, and the growth curves were significantly different between periods. Fish of the same age classes were significantly larger, heavier and had higher allometric condition factors in the most recent period than those in the first period. Reproduction occurs seasonally from late spring to early autumn, and the length and age at first maturity decreased between periods. Based on the length distributions obtained in 2016–17, the spawning potential ratio was between 57 and 62%, suggesting a moderate decrease in the abundance of the species in the region. The changes in growth are likely due to density-dependent processes because of the intense fishing that decreased the abundance of the species and of its main competitors. The changes in maturation parameters are more difficult to explain since there are three possible drivers: density-dependent processes and increasing water temperatures for the changes in the age at first maturity and increasing water temperatures and genotypic responses to differential selection for the changes in the size at first maturity. Although C. jamaicensis can be considered a resilient species due to its life history characteristics, the intense biomass removal by fishing in southern Brazil has changed its population dynamics and reduced its spawning potential.
Detecting Florida's Gerrymander: A Lesson in Putting First Things First

Objective We show that Florida's post‐2010 congressional districts were an ex ante knowable gerrymander, which, if diagnosed as a factual matter before enactment, would have avoided both the 2012 and 2014 harm and the state's unnecessarily burdensome reliance on a showing of intent. Method We recount the legal focus on intent, apply the McDonald‐Best equal vote weight effects test standard to the Florida facts, and use more than 25,000 simulated districting plans to check on whether there was a gerrymander effect. Results We find a pro‐Republican gerrymander effect could have been detected in advance of enacting Florida's redistricting plan. Conclusion In specific reference to Florida, we conclude the enacted districts could have been identified as a gerrymander beforehand, allowing court proceedings to move expeditiously and with a clear focus. As a general matter, we conclude a comprehensive approach to gerrymandering is best served by following a two‐part prescription: (1) set an effect standard for identifying a gerrymander and (2) know the intent by checking the facts against the standard.