cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Broken SU ( 4 ) ⊗ SU ( 4 ) symmetry

Starting with chiral $\mathrm{SU}(4)\ensuremath{\bigotimes}\mathrm{SU}(4)$ invariance realized in the Nambu-Goldstone manner, with the vacuum invariant under SU(3), we discuss in this paper the various implications of explicit symmetry-breaking terms that transform as the $(4,{4}^{*})\ensuremath{\bigoplus}({4}^{*},4)$ representation. The motivation for this work comes from recent investigations in connection with the unified gauge theories, which suggest the relevance of $\mathrm{SU}(4)\ensuremath{\bigotimes}\mathrm{SU}(4)$ symmetry of strong interactions with $(4,{4}^{*})\ensuremath{\bigoplus}({4}^{*},4)$ breaking. The domain structure for the allowed values of the symmetry-breaking parameters is discussed in analogy with a similar investigation for the $\mathrm{SU}(3)\ensuremath{\bigotimes}\mathrm{SU}(3)$ theory, and the ratio of charmed- to uncharmed-particle masses is derived in terms of these parameters. Solutions are sought for these parameters through an analysis of the $\ensuremath{\eta}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\chi}$ and $\ensuremath{\eta}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\chi}\ensuremath{-}E$ mixing problems, as well as $\ensuremath{\eta}$, $\ensuremath{\chi}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2\ensuremath{\gamma}$ decays. Within the framework of our assumptions, we are unable to obtain a solution that agrees with the recent results discussed by Dittner et al. on the basis of a hadronlepton analogy.
Effect of Triploid Grass Carp on the Aquatic Macrophyte Community of Devils Lake, Oregon

Abstract Two years after stocking 274-hectare Devils Lake, Oregon, with 27,090 triploid grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella (180 fish/vegetated hectare, 6.1 fish/tonne wet vegetation), the total volume of vegetation declined by 30%, whereas the total vegetation biomass increased, primarily from the expansion of short, compact communities of Brazilian water-weed Egeria densa. Comparison of the open lake with areas protected by net barriers, and the results of grass carp feeding preference experiments, suggested that the increased dominance of E. densa was caused by factors other than selective feeding. Furthermore, as the grass carp grew, they seemed to slow the invasion of E. densa and to help maintain species diversity in the plant community. Feeding experiments suggested that food preference was related to grass carp size, which should be considered when evaluating control of target plant species. Grass carp can provide economical and effective control of plants in cool northern waters, although stocking...
Coping with Stress: Naturalistic Observations of the Polish Crisis.

Naturalistic observations were made while the author was living and working in Poland as a visiting professor at the Institute of Psychology, Warsaw University, from October through December 1981. Social, political, economic, and interpersonal elements of the Polish "crisis" and reactions of the Polish people to these stressors are described. Individual patterns of coping with stress are categorized in terms of people's beliefs about the causes of stress and beliefs about personal control over the causes of stress. Three groups are identified: People who were certain that they could or could not modify the causes of stress and, therefore, coped by taking action ("fight" or "flight"); people who were uncertain about their capacity to modify the causes of stress, but believed that they could manage their daily lives; and people who believed that their only realm of influence was over intrapsychic events and coped via control over intake of information (repression or sensitization). The relative success of the different coping strategies is considered. Finally, the imposition of martial law and people's reactions to it are described.
Single walled carbon nanotubes: a model system for excitons in one dimension

The semiconducting single walled carbon nanotube (s-SWNTs) with its direct bandgap and its strong 1D character absorbs and emits light efficiently. In contrast with other nanomaterials, the structure of an SWNT is uniquely defined and is set by a discrete number of carbon rings along its tubular section. Experimentally, optical spectroscopy has recently revealed this remarkable quantization. In our group, we focus primarily on the luminescence properties of individual s-SWNTs. Using imaging techniques, we reveal unambiguously that each s-SWNT with its quantized structure is characterized by a specific manifold of excitonic states. With the large diameter tunability achieved in SWNTs, we show that the material represents a model system for 1D photophysics. This proceeding is meant to be a review of past work and includes complementary data that have been presented at conferences but otherwise have never been published. Some emphasis is given on experimental details for luminescence imaging and spectroscopy.
Heat transfer to a power law non-Newtonian falling liquid film

System with Parallel Loops," Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol. 103, No. 4, 1981, pp. 645-652. Sen, M., and Fernandez, J. L., "One-Dimensional Modeling of Multiple-Loop Thermosyphons, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 28, No. 9, 1985, pp. 1788-1790. Sen, M., Pruzan, D. A., and Torrance, K. E., "Analytical and Experimental Study of Steady-State Convection in a Double-Loop Thermosyphon," International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 31, No. 4, 1988, pp. 709-722. Salazar, O., Sen, M., and Ramos, E., "Flow in Conjugate Natural Circulation Loops," Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, Vol. 2, No. 2, 1988, pp. 180-183. Greif, R., "Natural Circulation Loops," Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol. 110, No. 4(B), 1988, pp. 1243-1258. Yilmaz, S. B., "Horizontal Shellside Thermosiphon Reboilers," Chemical Engineering Progress, Vol. 83, No. 11, 1987, pp. 64-70.
Fine-tuning Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis Methodology for Aircraft Seat Certification using Component Level Testing and Validation

Finite element analysis (FEA) has become a part of new development in automotive as well as in aircraft seating industries. The goal of the FEA in product development is not only to design but to substantiate the certification tests or possibly replace the certification tests. The case of a certification by substantiation tests increases the necessity of validation of the Finite Element (FE) model. In the aircraft industry, the seating Advisory Circular (AC) 20-146 specifies a methodology for the dynamic seat, Certification By Analysis, for use in the Parts 23, 25, 27 and 29 airplanes and rotorcraft. In FE modeling of typically nonlinear environments such as the aircraft dynamic seat simulations, input parameters such as material model, element type, time step scale factor, element length, material model etc. play a vital role in the accuracy of the results. Selecting appropriate material models and other parameters leads to improved accuracy in the FE model and hence to validation with the experimental test results. The purpose of this study is to fine-tune non-linear FEA methodology for aircraft seat certification using component level testing and validation. For this purpose, the effects of input parameters such as the material model, element length, and time step scale factor are evaluated using component test-FE simulation on static tension test on aluminum, high speed load-deflection test on seat cushion and belt pull test. Verification of FE input parameters is determined in each case. Appropriate input variables are selected and provided to an aircraft seat FEA case study and validated against sled test results to demonstrate the validity of the finite element models.
Intensive sequential chemotherapy with bleomycin, Oncovin, mitomycin C, and methotrexate followed by adriamycin, cisplatin, and cyclosphosphamide in squamous cell cancer of the head and neck.

Twenty-six patients with advanced squamous cell cancer of the head and neck were treated with bleomycin, Oncovin, mitomycin C, and methotrexate (BOMM) for ten weeks. Partial and non responders then received adriamycin, cisplatin, and cyclophosphamide (APC) in a planned sequential program. The response rate to BOMM was 65% (19% complete remission, CR). The overall response rate to APC was 20%. Only three of eight nonresponders to BOMM could receive APC and none responded. Six of seven partial responders received APC and only one responded. One complete responder to BOMM received APC at relapse and attained a partial response. The major side effects of BOMM were mucositis and myelosuppression. Patients receiving methotrexate 60–72 hours following the bleomycin infusion had less myelo-suppression than patients who were treated 36–42 hours after bleomycin. The toxicities with APC included nausea, vomiting, and myelosuppression. Including a prior series, a total of 45 patients have been treated with BOMMwith a 71% response rate (69% in previously irradiated patients). Twenty-eight percent of previously treated patients achieved complete remission, and two of these patients are disease free at 31 and 37 months. Methotrexate dose-rate alteration to low dose twice weekly followed by a single dose of oral leucovorin did not improve the complete or partial response rate when compared to weekly methotrexate administration. The complete remission rate and response duration were also not improved by the planned sequential use of this cisplatin-containing regimen.
On the mechanisms for drag reduction: A viscoelastic evaluation based on a bead‐spring model

Two possible drag reduction mechanisms were examined by studying the viscoelastic effects of polymer solutions for the separate cases of oscillatory shear flow and elongational flow. The constitutive equation used was based on a modified dumbbell molecular model which predicts non-Newtonian viscosity and both the primary and the secondary normal stress differences. It can be shown that when this constitutive equation is arranged in the form of the Oldroyd model, the latter becomes a special case of this more general equation. The present results show that viscoelastic effects on the mean local rate of energy dissipation of a fluid element in an oscillatory motion are negligibly small. However, such effects introduce very large increases in the elongational viscosity as the stretching rate exceeds a certain limiting value and the flow time exceeds the terminal relaxation time of the fluid. The relative merits of these findings as possible explanations of turbulent drag reduction are briefly discussed.
Better algorithms for high-dimensional proximity problems via asymmetric embeddings

In this paper we give several results based on randomized embeddings of l2 into l∞(or "l∞-like") spaces. Our first result is a (1 + e)-distortion asymmetric embedding of n points in l2 into l∞ with polylog(n) dimension, for any 1 + e. This gives the first known O(1)- approximate nearest neighbor algorithm with fast query time and almost polynomial space for a product of Euclidean norms, a common generalization of both l2 and l∞ norms. Our embedding also clarifies the relative complexity of approximate nearest neighbor in l2 and l∞ spaces.Our second result in a (1 + e)-approximate algorithm for the diameter of n points in ld2, running in time O(dn1+l/(1+e)2); the algorithm is fully dynamic. This improves several previous algorithms for this problem (see Table 1 for more information).
Photodynamic Fluorescent Metal Ion Sensors with Parts per Billion Sensitivity

We report herein the synthesis and spectroscopic study of the first spiropyrandinolines that function as sensors for metal ions in the parts per billion range. These systems operate by either photochemically or chemically induced reversible formation of merocyanine metal ion complexes. The application of this novel photodynamic sensing material to sensor technology is discussed.
The Pain Disability Index: Factor structure and normative data

The factor structure and normative data for the Pain Disability Index (PDI) were examined in a large (N = 1,059) sample of chronic pain patients. The results support a one-factor solution for the PDI. Analyses of normative data indicated very small effects associated with gender, age, and pain duration. Relatively larger effects were associated with compensation status, litigation status, and circumstances of pain onset. Working patients reported less disability than their nonworking counterparts, litigating patients reported more disability than nonlitigants, and patients injured at work reported higher levels of disability than those with pain origins unrelated to work. The results reflect the disability level of patients referred to a hospital-based pain management program and may be useful as a reference point when comparing disability levels of other patient groups or research samples.
Competition between Nonindigenous Ruffe and Native Yellow Perch in Laboratory Studies

Abstract The ruffe Gymnocephalus cernuus is a European percid that was accidently introduced in Duluth Harbor, Lake Superior. This nonindigenous species is closely related to yellow perch Perca flavescens, and because the two species have similar diets and habitat requirements, they are potential competitors. Laboratory studies in aquaria and pools were conducted to determine whether ruffe can compete with yellow perch for food. Ruffe had capture rates similar to those of yellow perch when food was unlimited. Ruffe spent more time than yellow perch over a feeding container before leaving it and searching again, and they also required less time to ingest (or handle) prey. However, the presence of yellow perch shortened the time ruffe spent over foraging areas when food was more limited. In addition, yellow perch were more active than ruffe, as indicated by their more frequent visits to a feeding container. Hence, the outcome of exploitative competition was not conclusive; ruffe appear to have the advantage...
Internal ballistics of a pneumatic potato cannon

Basic laws of thermodynamics and mechanics are used to analyse an air gun. Such devices are often employed in outdoor physics demonstrations to launch potatoes using compressed gas that is here assumed to expand reversibly and adiabatically. Reasonable agreement is found with reported muzzle speeds for such homebuilt cannons. The treatment is accessible to undergraduate students who have taken calculus-based introductory physics.
The sub master equation

Three postulates are proposed concerning the probabilistic dynamics of chemically reactive systems: the occurrence of the elementary event is a random variable characterized by a Poisson process; the state of the chemical system is a multivariate random variable characterized by a Markov process; the identity of any chemical species in the system is an independent random variable. These postulates when applied to chemically reactive systems in a uniform manner lead to a hierarchy of equations describing in detail how eachk subpopulation varies with time. By summing over all permutations of the equation forfn(n)(e1, ...,en;t) we obtain the usual master equation. This paper focuses on the simple isomerization reaction .
A Practical PSM Scheme for Varying Server Delay

Today, many individuals use smartphones or other battery-powered mobile devices equipped with Wi-Fi to access the Internet. Since the network interface cards (NICs) often use a substantial portion of available energy, schemes such as the 802.11 power saving mode (PSM) have been used to limit the amount of time a NIC is awake in an operable state so as to extend battery life. However, since the NIC cannot retrieve packets while sleeping, PSM may negatively impact packet delay. These delays are also unbounded and can significantly increase communication time, particularly in a mobile environment where server delays may change drastically. To mitigate this, we present PSM-AW: a PSM with adaptive wake-up. PSM-AW is a client-side solution that allows the client device to sleep for a maximum time interval while still keeping a tight bound on performance. We present and prove a bound on performance using PSM-AW and demonstrate its effectiveness through extensive simulations and experiments.
Peak Load Shifting Distribution of Multi-zone Fuzzy Group Decision-Making

On the basis of different expert knowledge structure, from the greatest factors in power limiting distribution, using the method combining Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and fuzzy set theory, a fuzzy comprehensive group decision model for multi-objects and multi-zones power limiting distribution in peak load shifting is built up. The problem of power limiting distribution between multi-zones is researched. The result manifests this model is reasonable and applicable.
The mechanism of termination of reentrant activity in ventricular fibrillation.

The reentrant wave fronts in ventricular fibrillation (VF) have only a limited life span. The mechanisms by which these reentrant wave fronts terminate are unknown. We performed computerized mapping studies in six open-chest dogs before and after right ventricular subendocardial ablation with Lugol's solution. Recordings were made with 56 bipolar electrodes separated by 3 mm. Baseline pacing was performed on the right side of the tissue to create parallel activation wave fronts. A premature 50-V shock of either anodal or cathodal polarity was given to a bar electrode on the upper edge of the tissue. Counterclockwise reentrant wave fronts and VF were induced both before (60 episodes) and after (57 episodes) subendocardial ablation with either anodal or cathodal shocks. Among these reentrant wave fronts, 8 episodes before and 10 episodes after ablation had over 10 rotations (P = NS). The reentrant wave fronts in other episodes terminated with an average of 3.2 +/- 1.9 rotations before and 3.1 +/- 1.8 rotations after the ablation (P = NS). The reentrant wave-front cycle length was 118 +/- 19 milliseconds before and 124 +/- 20 milliseconds after ablation (P = .001). Conduction block occurred when the wave front was traveling across the myocardial fibers. When conduction was blocked in these episodes, the leading edge of the reentrant wave front encountered tissue that had been excited within the past 58 +/- 12 milliseconds (range, 28 to 77 milliseconds), which corresponded to 47 +/- 12% of the preceding VF cycle length. This period was significantly shorter than the recovery period in the same region that had allowed conduction (91 +/- 19 milliseconds; range, 48 to 137 milliseconds), which corresponded to 72 +/- 18% of the preceding VF cycle length (P < .001). In nine episodes, reentrant wave-front activity terminated when wave fronts that had originated from outside the mapped tissue interfered with the reentrant pathways. Conclusions are as follows: (1) The refractory period of fibrillating ventricular muscle ranges from 48 to 77 milliseconds. Because the refractory period is much shorter than the VF cycle length, a large excitable gap is present in the reentrant circuit. The presence of a large excitable gap contributes to reentrant wave-front termination. (2) Myocardial fiber orientation is an important determinant of the site of conduction block. (3) Although subendocardial ablation slowed the wave-front propagation, it did not prevent the generation and the maintenance of reentry and VF.
Protection afforded citrus pesticide applicators by coveralls

Four airblast applicators of the pesticides dicofol and ethion to Florida citrus were monitored for pesticide exposure with pads placed inside and outside two types of protective coveralls. Hand exposure was not assessed. Pesticide accumulated uniformly over the coveralls' outer surface at a mean rate of 55 ±6 mg/hr. The penetration of ethion through a reusable treated twill suit was 8 ±2% and through a disposable synthetic suit was 6 ±4%; corresponding values for dicofol were 4 ±1% and 1 ±0%, respectively. While these four penetration values could not be separated statistically at p<0.05, it isprobable (p<0.20) that ethion was the better penetrator, and the disposable synthetic suit the better protector against dicofol.
Taking the next step: Connecting teacher education, research on teaching, and programme assessment

Abstract We cite four disconnections among teacher education programmes, research on teaching, and programme assessment that contribute to a paucity of systematically collected evidence and the inability of teacher educators to fully address the “outcomes question” [Cochran-Smith, M. (2003). Assessing assessment in teacher education. Journal of Teacher Education, 54, 187–191] now central to the conduct and future of teacher education programmes. To reduce those disconnections, we present the Development, Research, and Improvement model of programme assessment [Metzler, M. W., & Tjeerdsma, B. L. (1998). PETE program assessment within a development, research, and improvement framework. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 17, 468–492] that has guided a comprehensive, longitudinal, and research-based assessment project at Georgia State University in the United States for 13 years. We situate this work in the framework of Self-Study of Teacher Education, now gaining attention worldwide as a legitimate approach to bridging the methodological and evidentiary gap between teacher education programmes, research on teaching, and programme assessment. Examples of data collected in the longitudinal programme are described, along with illustrations of how those data have guided decisions about our teacher education programme, and how those findings can add to the empirical knowledge in teacher education.
Quantitative back-trajectory apportionment of sources of particulate sulfate at Big Bend National Park, TX

Abstract As part of the Big Bend Regional Aerosol and Visibility Observational (BRAVO) study, a quantitative back-trajectory-based receptor model, Trajectory Mass Balance (TrMB) was used to estimate source apportionment of particulate sulfur measured at Big Bend National Park, Texas, during July–October 1999. The model was exercised using a number of sets of trajectories generated by three different trajectory models, with three different sets of input gridded meteorology, and tracked for 5, 7, and 10 days back in time. The performance of the TrMB model with the different trajectory inputs was first evaluated against perfluorocarbon tracers and synthetically generated sulfate concentrations from a regional air quality model, both of which had known attributions. These tests were used to determine which trajectories were adequate for the TrMB modeling of measured sulfate concentrations, illustrated the magnitude of the daily uncertainties as compared to the uncertainties in the mean attributions, and demonstrated the value of a robust evaluation process. Depending on trajectories, mean sulfate source apportionment results were 39–50% from Mexico, 7–26% from the eastern US, 12–45% from Texas, and 3–25% from the western US. These ranges were inclusive of the best BRAVO attribution estimates for Mexico, Texas, and the western US, but TrMB underestimated the eastern US contribution as compared to the BRAVO best estimates.
Two-Frame Flash X-Radiography System For The Study Of Particle Beam Fusion Target Implosions

A two-frame flash x-radiography system has been developed for studying the implosion hydrodynamics of particle beam driven inertial confinement fusion targets. This system consists of two micro-point flash x-ray (FXR) sources, two micro-channel plate (MCP) x-ray sensitive cameras, and a space frame. The sources and cameras are arranged in pairs on the space frame to secure rigid registration of the sources with the cameras and to provide ease of alignment with the target. The micro-point FXR sources have an output spectrum characteristic of a tungsten bremsstrahlung source with an end point energy of 600 key, a source intensity of 8 mRad at 46 cm, and a spot size of approximately 100 μm. A direct 4x magnification of a 3 mm gold target was achieved by using this source in a backlighting arrangement with an overall system resolution of 4 1p/mm. This system has been used successfully to observe relativistic electron beam driven ablative pusher target implosions. In the inertial confinement approach to controlled thermonuclear fusion, ignition is to be achieved via heating, compression, and confinement of the fuel by an imploding shell. Since the confinement time improves with increasing pusher pR, target design calculationsl achieving gain > 1 require a pusher pR > 1 g/cm2, where p and R are the mass density and shell thickness of the pusher, respectively. For such targets, the pusher can, during its acceleration by the driver and during subsequent deceleration by the compressed fuel, be unstable which can lead to reduced compression, fuel heating, and confinement time. An experimental study of this problem is very difficult because of the pusher thickness and requires a technique such as flash x-radiography (FXR) to directly observe the hydrodynamic behavior of the interfaces between the target ablator and the pusher and between the pusher and the fuel. To make these studies, a two-frame FXR system has been developed. This system consists of two micro-point FXR sources (each having a spot size of 100 pm), two gated microchannel plate x-ray sensitive cameras, and a space frame which holds the FXR source and camera pairs in rigid alignment. A schematic representation of this system is shown in Figure 1. Two 3 ns FXR radiographs of an imploding target can be made with this system with arbitrary interframe separation and with a system spatial resolution of 125 μm.*© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A case study of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) symptomatology in a child with 15q13.3 deletion and Williams syndrome

A variety of genetic disorders of known etiology present with behavioral profiles similar to that described in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Although some of these disorders are more likely to be associated with a comorbid ASD diagnosis, there exist cases in which there is a lack of empirical evidence to support a dual diagnosis. Two disorders, Williams syndrome (WS) and 15q13.3 deletion syndrome, have both been reported in the literature as examples of this phenotypic overlap. We present a case study of a young child with both WS and 15q13.3 deletion syndrome and significant ASD-related symptomatology. The results of a developmental evaluation, specifically the rationale for ruling out a comorbid ASD, are the focus of the present report. Implications for careful diagnostic consideration in cases of patients with known genetic conditions are also discussed.
H II Region Abundances in the Polar Ring of NGC 2685

We have obtained optical spectrophotometry of 11 H II regions in the polar ring of NGC 2685 (the Helix galaxy) and have used these data to study the physical characteristics of the polar-ring H II regions. The H II regions have normal spectra with no suggestion of unusual density, temperature, extinction, or composition. Semi-empirical calculations yield high oxygen abundance estimates (0.8-1.1 Z☉) in all H II regions. This, along with the observed (B-V) color, Hα equivalent width, and molecular gas properties argue against the current picture in which polar rings form from tidally captured dwarf irregular galaxies and suggests instead that the rings are long-lived, self-gravitating structures as predicted by some dynamical models. This would allow the time required for multiple generations of star formation and for the retention of the resulting enriched ejecta for inclusion in further generations of star formation.
Planetary science: Enceladus with a grain of salt.

The observation that water plumes erupt from cracks on Saturn's moon Enceladus has fired speculation about a possible subsurface ocean. The latest searches for sodium salts point to the existence of such an ocean.
Raman spectra of vitreous, polycrystalline, and molten BeF2 to 630°C and the infrared spectrum of vitreous BeF2 at 25°C

Abstract Raman spectra of vitreous, polycrystalline, and molten BeF 2 were measured over a temperature range from 25 to 630°C, and the infrared spectrum of vitreous BeF 2 was measured at 25°C. The vibrational spectrum of vitreous BeF 2 is consistent with a model based on the structure of β-quartz. The Raman spectra of the high-temperature modification of crystalline BeF 2 and of molten BeF 2 contained single bands at 343 and 288 cm −1 , respectively.
Sexual Minority Women’s Experiences of Sexual Pressure: A Qualitative Investigation of Recipients’ and Initiators’ Reports

Sexual pressure can have detrimental effects to individuals both physically and emotionally; however, research in this area is lacking regarding the experiences by lesbian, gay, bisexual, queer, and questioning (LGBQ) women. This online study qualitatively examined sexual pressure experienced and explained by LGBQ women (n = 50) using grounded theory methodology. Participants responded to open-ended questions by providing perspectives from both those who were on the receiving end of the sexual pressure (recipients) and from those who pressured their partners (initiators). Results indicated that there were eight overarching themes, 43 higher order categories, and 241 line-by-line codes. The eight overarching themes included: Reasons to Not Want Sex, Reasons for Pressuring, Reasons for Giving In, Actions of Initiators, Expectations, Communication, Negative Outcomes, and Positive Reactions. Negative Outcomes was the most common theme endorsed. Several higher order categories indicated the unique experiences of sexual minority women, namely trying to be “normal” (e.g., engaging in sexual acts as a result of internalized homophobia), experiencing more pressure from men, and self-consciousness (specifically related to lack of knowledge about sex with women). Implications for the current study include the importance of addressing sexual pressure with sexual minority women and creating interventions, such as assertiveness training and communication skills, that could assist both recipients and initiators with engaging in mutually satisfactory sexual practices.
The habenulo-interpeduncular pathway in nicotine aversion and withdrawal.

Abstract Progress has been made over the last decade in our understanding of the brain areas and circuits involved in nicotine reward and withdrawal, leading to models of addiction that assign different addictive behaviors to distinct, yet overlapping, neural circuits ( Koob and Volkow, 2010 ; Lobo and Nestler, 2011 , Tuesta et al., 2011 , Volkow et al., 2011 ). Recently the habenulo-interpeduncular (Hb-IPN) midbrain pathway has re-emerged as a new critical crossroad that influences the brain response to nicotine. This brain area is particularly enriched in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunits α5, α3 and β4 encoded by the CHRNA5-A3-B4 gene cluster, which has been associated with vulnerability to tobacco dependence in human genetics studies. This finding, together with studies in mice involving deletion and replacement of nAChR subunits, and investigations of the circuitry, cell types and electrophysiological properties, have begun to identify the molecular mechanisms that take place in the MHb–IPN which underlie critical aspects of nicotine dependence. In the current review we describe the anatomical and functional connections of the MHb–IPN system, as well as the contribution of specific nAChRs subtypes in nicotine-mediated behaviors. Finally, we discuss the specific electrophysiological properties of MHb–IPN neuronal populations and how nicotine exposure alters their cellular physiology, highlighting the unique role of the MHb–IPN in the context of nicotine aversion and withdrawal. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled ‘The Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor: From Molecular Biology to Cognition’.
Chemical Microstandards from Ion Exchange Resin

ION exchange beads which are predominantly spherical and chemically uniform may be loaded with one or a combination of electrically charged counterions. The mass of such a bead, and of its exchangeable counterion content, is related to the particle diameter1, which can be measured precisely. This material is ideally suited for the stable localization of extremely small quantities of matter, so that the individual particles may be used as chemical microstandards. This capability depends on a high degree of chemical uniformity the attainment of which in carefully controlled conditions has been established2–4. It also depends on effective stabilization of the counterion content; this is attained by drying to prevent the diffusive processes of ion exchange.
Exploration of whole-genome responses of the human AIDS-associated yeast pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans var grubii: nitric oxide stress and body temperature.

Cryptococcus neoformans var grubii is an opportunistic basidiomycete yeast pathogen that is a significant cause of HIV/AIDS-related deaths worldwide. We describe a whole-genome oligonucleotide microarray for this pathogen. These arrays have been used to elucidate the transcriptional responses of the genome to heat shock as well as to two conditions relevant to human infections: body temperature and nitric oxide (NO) stress produced by the NO donor DPTA-NONOate. This analysis revealed an NO-inducible C. neoformans-specific four-gene family that showed a highly similar transcriptional profile to that of FHB1, a previously described NO dioxygenase/flavohemoglobin required for virulence. NO treatment also induced genes involved in the synthesis of the antioxidant mannitol, a polyol that accumulates in the cerebrospinal fluid of infected patients. Exposure to NO also caused increased expression of the sole C. neoformans var grubii protein with HHE/hemerythrin cation binding motifs. Notably, a similar gene in E. coli, ytfE, has been shown to be NO-inducible and protects bacterial cells from killing by NO. Genes induced by NO were highly enriched for those repressed at 37°C, indicating an unexpected interplay between temperature and NO regulation in this basidiomycete. Resources described here should facilitate future investigations of this lethal human yeast pathogen.
The effect of calcium on the hepatic glucocorticoid receptor.

Abstract The unbound glucocorticoid receptor of rat hepatic cytosol was very unstable at 25°C. This receptor instability was increased by the addition of 1–10 mM Ca 2+ such that the unbound glucocorticoid receptor was completely inactivated within 30 min at 25°C in the presence of 5 mM Ca 2+ . Interestingly, Ca 2+ inactivation was blocked approximately 80% by simultaneous addition of either 10 mM molybdate or 10 mM molybdate plus 5 mM dithiothreitol. Ten millimolar leupeptin or 10 mM α 2 -macroglobulin did not inhibit Ca 2+ inactivation of the receptor. In fact, leupeptin alone slightly inactivated the receptor. Prior treatment of cytosol with 10 mM molybdate plus 5 mM DTT at 25°C for 30 min offered a complete protection against the subsequent addition of 5 mM Ca 2+ . The effects of Ca 2+ were found to be irreversible since addition of molybdate or molybdate plus dithiothreitol after 5 mM Ca 2+ treatment (20 min for 25°C) did not reactivate partially inactivated receptors but did stabilize the remaining receptor binding at the time of molybdate or molybdate plus dithiothreitol addition. Addition of 1–5 mM Ca 2+ to preformed [ 3 H]-dexamethasone-receptor complexes slightly inhibited steroid-receptor complex transformation into a nuclear binding form at 25°C. In addition, 10 mM Ca 2+ altered the agarose gel filtration profile of the complex. Control cytosol or cytosol treated with 10 mM EDTA or 10 mM leupeptin showed three distinct macromolecular bound radioactivity peaks having Stokes radii of 65, 40 and 20 A. On the other hand, Ca 2+ -treated cytosol showed a single large aggregated component which was excluded in the void volume of the column. Trypsin (0.5 μg/ml) generated a small steroid-receptor fragment of 20 A when added alone, but interestingly when added with 10 mM Ca 2+ the [ 3 H]-dexamethasone-receptor complex eluted in the agarose gel exclusion volume. These results show that Ca 2+ has a profound effect on rat hepatic glucocorticoid receptors and that molybdate can block Ca 2+ -dependent receptor inactivation.
Constructing teacher identity through technology field practice

Drawing from a study on preservice teachers’ learning to teach with information technology throughout three semesters of their teacher education preparation programme, this paper presents the process of constructing teacher identity from one preservice teacher’s perspective. Interview and observation data were collected and analysed at each semester and across semesters. It is found that the preservice teacher negotiated and constructed her identity in the personal, social and cultural contexts. She transformed teacher identity from a teacher education student, an emerging teacher and further to a technology advocate to inspire her college peers and cooperating teachers to pedagogically use information technology to enhance what/how their pupils learn.
A quantitative regional expression profile of EAAT2 known and novel splice variants reopens the question of aberrant EAAT2 splicing in disease.

Abstract The glutamate transporter 1 (GLT1) in rodents, or EAAT2 in humans, is alternatively spliced in a complex manner including the use of multiple 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions and several coding variants. We used quantitative RT-PCR to profile these splice variants in human and rat brain. We also used RT-PCR and Northern blotting to demonstrate that a novel isoform of GLT1b has an ∼11 kb 3′ UTR extending through intron 9, exon 10 and approximately 5 kb into the 3′ untranslated region of GLT1. However, our most important finding concerns an aberrant transcript lacking exon 9, which contains a motif permitting translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum. This variant had previously been associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis until several groups reported high levels in normal brain tissue. In contrast, our data shows that this aberrant transcript is present at 0.1–0.2% of the major EAAT2 isoforms.
The self-preserving particle size distribution for Brownian coagulation in the free-molecule regime

Abstract The nature of certain special classes of solutions to the equation of coagulation was explored for the case of Knudsen aerosols. Using the similarity transformation for the size distribution function, it was shown that self-preserving solutions to the coagulation equation may exist. The time decay law for the total number concentration differed in form from that calculated for coagulating particles in a continuum. By making suitable approximations in the transformed kinetic equation, the analytical form of the self-preserving distribution was obtained for extreme ranges of particle size. With numerical experiments, a solution for the complete size spectrum was determined that is consistent with the analytical results for the lower and upper extremes of the spectrum. A quantitative criterion was derived for the time to achieve the self-preserving size spectrum, and coagulation half-times were calculated. Implications for the atmospheric aerosal are discussed.
A Version Server for Computer-Aided Design Data

A design database organizes the description of an artifact, by arranging it as a hierarchical composition of components across multiple representations. It is particularly difficult to manage this complex structure as it evolves over time. In this paper, we present a logical organization for describing designs across time. We also present an operational model, based on workspaces and transactions, that describes how these structures can be manipulated while controlling the sharing and integrity of the design database. These concepts are being implemented in a Version Server under development at the University of California, Berkeley.
Equatorial Planetary Waves in Shear: Part Ii

Abstract The general problem of the vertical propagation of equatorial waves through mean fields with vertical shear is solved analytically for all meridional wavenumbers using asymptotic multiple-scale methods. The results are used to show that the mixed gravity-Rossby wave is not the only easterly wave capable of penetrating the stratosphere, while the Kelvin wave is the only westerly wave capable of doing so. The results are also used to evaluate the effects of mean wind on diurnal tides.
A correcting “prism” for underwater viewpoints

The angular field observable in water by an observer in air depends on the configuration of the air-water interface. When the interface is a plane, the absolute limit to observable field is about 4612° from the normal to the interface. A practical limit, because of lateral chromatic aberration is considerably less, approximately 30°. A conventionally used configuration in research submersibles, is a polymethyl methacrylate port with inner and outer surfaces parallel. This has the same optical limitations as the plane air-water interface. It is shown that if the inner and outer surfaces are not required to be parallel to each other, there are solutions which permit extending the observable field to nearly a full hemisphere with acceptably small distortion and lateral chromatic aberration.
Dual and inverse formulations of constrained extremum problems

Abstract In this paper we consider constrained extremum problems of th form P p : inf u∈t −1 (p) f(u) where f and t are continuously differentiable functionals on a reflexive Banach space V and where t-1(p) denotes the level set of the functional t with value p ϵ R. Related to problems P p we investigate inverse extremum problems, which are extremum problems for the functional t on level sets of the functional f. Under conditions that guarantee the existence of solutions of P p, let h(p) denote the value of f at such a solution. If h is a (locally) convex function at some p ϵ R, we show that it is possible to define a dual problem of P p. This dual problem is a saddle-point formulation for the functional V × R Э(u,μ)→f(u)−μ[t(u)− p ]: for some extreme value μ (which is the Lagrange multiplier of a solution of P p) the solutions of P p are precisely the (local) minimal points of the functional f − μ t on V. It is shown how these results can be used to describe solution branches of nonlinear eigenvalue problems (of semilinear elliptic type) with a global parameter, such as p ϵ R, instead of with the eigenvalue as a parameter.
Democratizing Philosophy of Science for Local Knowledge Movements: Issues and Challenges:

Philosophies of international science have been challenged by some aspects of the emer gence of various kinds of local knowledge movements and also by overt criticisms of the central concepts and p...
SBWR, a simplified boiling water reactor

Abstract An advanced light water reactor concept is being developed for possible application in the 1990's. The concept, known as SBWR is a boiling water reactor which uses natural circulation to provide flow to the reactor core. In an emergency, a gravity driven core cooling system is used. The reactor is depressurized and water from an elevated suppression pool flows by gravity to the reactor vessel to keep the reactor core covered. The concept also features a passive containment cooling system in which water flows by gravity to cool the suppression pool wall. No operator action is required for a period of at least three days. Use of these and other passive systems allows the elimination of emergency diesel generators, core cooling pumps and heat removal pumps which is expected to simplify the plant design, reduce costs and simplify licensing. The concept is being developed by General Electric, Bechtel and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Supported by the Electric Power Research Institute and the United States Department of Energy in the United States. In Japan, The Japan Atomic Power Company has a great interest in this concept.
Nonlinear refraction and absorption in highly transmissive one-dimensional metal-organic photonic bandgap structures

We report on the optical properties of a metal-organic photonic bandgap structure showing a peak transmission ~44% and that enhances the nonlinear optical properties of bulk Copper by up to an order of magnitude.
A Gas‐Probe Analysis of Structure in Silicate Glasses

An analysis of helium and neon transport in vitreous silica is consistent with a statistically distributed structure of the random network. The jump distance, d, for diffusion in common borosilicate glass is greater than in vitreous silica due to the additional modifier ions, Na+. The addition of Na+ or K+ to a silicate structure produces an increase in d. The vibrational frequencies for a gas atom in a “doorway” (v*) and in a solubility site (v) indicate structural trends such as phase separation.
Kinetics of reaction between molecular oxygen and 2, 3-dimercapto-1-propanol in aqueous solution.

Autoxidation of BAL is shown to take place in the absence of metallic catalysts. Although the iodometric sulfhydryl concentration in this system was found to decrease linearly with time, the reaction was found to approach true zero order only at higher initial BAL concentration. The observed rate of oxidation was found to decrease with increased hydrogen ion concentration and to be of a mixed order with respect to oxygen tension.
A Comparison of Ambulatory Care Sensitive Hospitalizations Among Children With and Without Autism Spectrum Disorder

Abstract Objective To compare the prevalence of hospitalizations for ambulatory care sensitive conditions (ACSC) in children with and without autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and to compare inpatient health care utilization (total charges and length of stay) for the same conditions in children with and without ASD. Methods The 2009 Kids' Inpatient Database was used to examine hospitalizations for ACSC in children within 3 cohorts: those with ASD, those with chronic conditions (CC) without ASD, and those with no CC. Results The proportion of hospitalizations for ACSC in the ASD cohort was 55.9%, compared with 28.2% in the CC cohort and 22.9% in the no-CC cohort ( P Conclusions The proportion of potentially preventable hospitalizations is higher in hospitalized children with ASD compared with children without ASD. These data underscore the need to improve outpatient care of children with ASD, especially in the areas of mental health care and seizure management. Future research should focus on understanding the reasons for increased inpatient health care utilization in children with ASD admitted for mental health conditions.
Using the Peters–Belson method in equal employment opportunity personnel evaluations

The Peters-Belson method has been used as an alternative approach to standard linear regression analysis to examine potential wage discrimination as it also accounts for any differences in the qualifications of the applicants. To apply the Peters-Belson method, one first conducts a regression analysis on the favoured class and applies the resulting model to the non-favoured class to identify whether this class would have received a different rate of pay if they had been treated the same as their favoured counterparts. Since this method was recently extended to explore disparities in the personnel selections via logistic regression, we will examine the general properties of this method as compared to standard regression analysis. The effects of the demographic mix and size of the applicant pool, the difference in the distribution of the qualifications and the employer's evaluation criteria on the estimated disparity will be examined. Some of the philosophical and legal issues from selected court cases surrounding the use of these two techniques will also be discussed.