cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spectrum Leasing Via Cooperative Interference Forwarding

A primary (licensed) link communicates in the presence of an interferer. A secondary (unlicensed) link is also active in the same band and can access the channel through a spectrum leasing (SL) mechanism, whereby the primary system grants transmission opportunities to the secondary link. This paper investigates the possibility that the secondary link gains access to the channel, to transmit its own data, by cooperating with the primary link via interference mitigation. Specifically, SL is enabled if the interfering signal is decoded by the secondary link and is forwarded to the primary link to allow for interference mitigation. The SL decision at the primary link hinges on whether the advantage accrued from interference mitigation by allowing secondary transmissions overcome the loss of spectral resources due to SL. This form of primary-secondary cooperation contrasts with previously proposed approaches to SL, whereby the secondary user gains credit by forwarding the primary packet, and not the knowledge of interference to the primary receiver (PR). A SL scheme is proposed that leverages the hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) retransmission processes at primary and interfering links. Numerical results demonstrate conditions under which the proposed approach based on interference forwarding outperforms more conventional techniques based on primary packet relaying.
Environmental Tobacco Smoke Leakage from Smoking Rooms

Twenty-seven laboratory experiments were conducted in a simulated smoking room to quantify rates of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) leakage to a nonsmoking area as a function of the physical and operational characteristics of the smoking room. Data are presented for the various types of leakage flows, the effect of these leaks on smoking room performance and nonsmoker exposure, and the relative importance of each leakage mechanism. The results indicate that the first priority for an effective smoking room is to maintain it depressurized with respect to adjoining nonsmoking areas. The amount of ETS pumped out by the smoking room door when it is opened and closed can be reduced significantly by substituting a sliding door for the standard swing-type door. An “open doorway” configuration used twice the ventilation flow of those with smoking room doors, but yielded less reduction in nonsmoker exposure. Measured results correlated well with results modeled with mass-balance equations (R2 = 0.82–0.99). Most o...
Macroscopic Lagrangian formulation of poroelasticity with porosity dynamics

Abstract This paper is concerned with the theory of a fluid-filled poroelastic body. As a departure from the Biot theory, the porosity is introduced in the description of material behavior as an independent variable. Generalizing earlier work in which the equilibrium equations were obtained by means of a variational formulation, the corresponding dynamic theory is developed here. The approach leads to an interpretation of a number of physical phenomena in poroelasticity, including dynamic versus static moduli, added mass and, most importantly, porosity dynamics. Study of the dispersion relation of the second dilatational wave reveals a bifurcation in the low frequency range, and the existence of “left-handed-material” behavior between two critical frequencies in the high frequency range. We also see evidence of a third dilatational wave.
Unmanned Aircraft System Response to Air Traffic Control Clearances Measured Response

In the National Airspace System (NAS), Air Traffic Control (ATC) expects aircraft to complete ATC clearances in a timely manner in order to maintain minimum separation between aircraft. The end-to-end response time for an aircraft to complete a clearance, as measured from the end of ATC instructing the pilot of the clearance to the just noticeable difference (JND) on the ATC display of the aircraft satisfying the clearance (i.e., initiation/completion of an altitude climb), can be referred to as measured response (MR). This MR is not quantified in Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) standards, regulations, or policy; however, as manned aircraft have developed along with the Air Traffic Management System, a shared understanding of reasonable and timely response has evolved. By contrast, the introduction of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) into the NAS has highlighted this issue. This paper seeks to define MR and its components, and describe a methodology, with an example, that can be used to investigate it.
Image-based rendering with occlusions via cubist images

We attack the problem of image based rendering with occlusions and general camera motions by using distorted multiperspective images; such images provide multiple viewpoint photometry similar to the paintings of cubist artists. We take scene geometry, in contrast, to be embodied in mappings of viewing rays from their original 3D intercepts into the warped multiperspective image space. This approach allows us to render approximations of scenes with occlusions using time dense and spatially sparse sequences of camera rays, which is a significant improvement over the storage requirements of an equivalent animation sequence. Additional data compression can be achieved using sparse time keyframes as well. Interpolating the paths of sparse time key rays correctly in image space requires singular interpolation functions with spatial discontinuities. While there are many technical questions yet to be resolved, the employment of these singular interpolation functions in the multiperspective image space appears to be of potential interest for generating general viewpoint scene renderings with minimal data storage.
Positive Invariance of Constrained Affine Dynamics and Its Applications to Hybrid Systems and Safety Verification

Motivated by long-time dynamic analysis of hybrid systems and safety verification problems, this paper addresses fundamental positive invariance issues of an affine dynamical system on a general polyhedron and their applications. Necessary and sufficient algebraic conditions are established for the existence of a positively invariant set of an affine system on a polyhedron using the tools of lexicographic relation and long-time oscillatory dynamic analysis. A linear program based algorithm is proposed to verify these conditions, and its computational complexity is analyzed. The positive invariance results are applied to obtain an explicit characterization of global switching behaviors of piecewise affine systems. Further, the positive invariance techniques developed in this paper are exploited to show the decidability of safety verification of a class of affine dynamics on semialgebraic sets.
Quantitative analysis of amyloid β peptides in cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer's disease patients by immunoaffinity purification and stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography/negative electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry

The 40 and 42 amino-acid residue forms of amyloid beta (Abeta(1-40) and Abeta(1-42)) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) have been proposed as potential biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Quantitative analyses of Abeta peptides in CSF have relied almost exclusively on the use of immunoassay-based assays such as the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) procedure. However, due to the ability of the Abeta peptides to readily self-aggregate or bind to other proteins and glassware, such analyses are extremely challenging. Analyses are further complicated by the potential of the peptides to undergo post-translational modifications and the possibilities for cross-reaction in the ELISA assays with endogenous components of the CSF. An approach based on liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) has now been developed which overcomes these methodological issues. The key steps in implementing this new approach involved immunoaffinity purification coupled with the use of [15N]-labeled Abeta peptides as internal standards, a basic LC mobile phase, negative ion electrospray ionization, and a basic solvent for dissolving the peptides and washing the injection needle to prevent carryover of analytes during multiple injections on the LC/MS system. The validated method had limits of quantitation of 44 fmol/mL (200 pg/mL) for Abeta(1-42) and 92 fmol/mL (400 pg/mL) for Abeta(1-40). An excellent correlation was found between the LC/MS/MS assay and an ELISA assay for Abeta(1-42) in human CSF (r2 = 0.915), although less correlation was observed for Abeta(1-40) (r2 = 0.644). Mean CSF Abeta(1-42) concentrations for samples collected 2 weeks apart from a limited number of AD patients provided additional confidence in the reproducibility of the LC/MS/MS assay. Concentrations for duplicate samples from AD patients were slightly higher than most previously reported values (mean 1.06 +/- 0.25 ng/mL; n = 7). Abeta(1-40) concentrations in duplicate samples obtained from AD patients were also reproducible but were found to be slightly lower than most previously reported values (mean 6.36 +/- 3.07 ng/mL; n = 7). Consistent with literature reports, mean Abeta(1-42) concentrations were found to be lower in AD patients compared with the normal subjects (mean 1.49 +/- 0.59 ng/mL; n = 7), whereas there was no difference in Abeta(1-40) concentrations between AD patients and normal subjects (mean 5.88 +/- 3.03 ng/mL; n = 7). The accuracy and precision of the LC/MS assay mean that it will be a useful complement to existing ELISA assays for monitoring therapeutic interventions designed to modulate CSF Abeta(1-42) concentrations in individual AD patients. Moreover, the introduction of stable isotope labeled internal standards offers the potential to achieve a more rigorous account of the influence of methodological effects related to sample collection and processing.
Amiodarone in Pediatric Patients

DICK M, II, and SCQTT WA; Amiodarone in pediatric patients. The reported world clinical experience of amiodarone in children is revieioed; the known age-dependent electrophysiological and pharmacokinetic characteristics of amiodarone are examined; and guidelines for the use of amiodarone in children are suggested. (Clin. Prog. Electrophysiol. Pacing, Vol. 4, 1986) pharmacokinetics, side effects, supraventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia. Recent interest in cardiac arrhythmias in children has been motivated by a growing awareness and understanding of primai}^ rhythm disorders in the young as well as by an increasing emergence of cardiac arrhythmias following surgical repair of many congenital heart defects.^ An increased understanding and use of both conventional and investigational antiarrhythmic medications in children has, by necessity, accompanied this clinical development. Of particular interest is the emergence of amiodarone hydrochloride, an iodinated benzofuran derivative, in the treatment of arrhythmias. This article focuses on the electophysiology, pharmacology, experience, side effects, dosages, and indications for amiodarone especially relevant to the pediatric patient.
RAILWAY NOISE MODEL

The Railway Noise Model (RWNM) was developed at the University of Central Florida and predicts sound levels at receivers near railway operations for analyses used in environmental documents. The RWNM is a simulation model, and trains are modeled as moving point sources of sound. The user can create model objects, tracks, barriers, and receivers, using either the mouse or spreadsheet interfaces. During simulation, the user observes trains moving along railways and the relationships to receiver locations. The RWNM simulates a 24-h period of rail traffic and computes day/night sound pressure level (Ldn), maximum sound pressure level (Lmax), sound exposure level (SEL), and equivalent sound pressure level (Leq) at the receivers. The RWNM uses REMEL (reference energy mean emission levels) curves based on Federal Transit Administration (FTA) reported Lmax pass-by levels for locomotives and rail cars. In addition, the model has the ability to model heavy rail locomotives and rail cars, which makes it applicable t...
Environmental implications of energy policy in china

Abstract Acquiring and using energy damages the environment more than almost any other set of human activities. However, increased energy usage does not necessarily lead to environmental degradation. As China's energy system undergoes sporadic bouts of market liberalisation, decentralisation, internationalisation, and urbanisation, governance plays an important role in influencing environmental outcomes. A review of institutional reforms since 1978, focusing on coal, hydropower, and rural energy, illustrates the role of government policy, implementation, and institutions in augmenting and abating the environmental degradation that can accompany expanded energy usage. This article explores the interaction between energy, governance, and the environment in China, and identifies key variables that can influence the environmental impacts of future energy usage.
Space telemetry degradation due to Manchester data asymmetry induced carrier tracking phase error

The author analyzes the deleterious effects that the Manchester (or Bi- phi ) data asymmetry has on the performance of phase-modulated residual carrier communication systems. Expressions for the power spectral density of an asymmetric Manchester data stream, the interference-to-carrier signal power ratio (I/C), and the error probability performance are derived. Since data asymmetry can cause undesired spectral components at the carrier frequency, the I/C ratio is given as a function of both the data asymmetry and the telemetry modulation index. Further, the data asymmetry and asymmetry-induced carrier tracking loop and the system bit-error rate to various parameters of the models are presented. >
Holocene artiodactyl population histories and large game hunting in the Wyoming Basin, USA

Regional paleoenvironmental reconstructions and data on artiodactyl response to climate change suggest that large game densities would have expanded during the late Holocene in the Wyoming Basin. Within this context, we use the prey model of foraging theory to predict a late Holocene increase in the hunting of artiodactyls, relative to lagomorphs and rodents. This prediction is then tested against 144 dated components documenting human subsistence in the Wyoming Basin. Close fits are found between the deductively derived prediction and the empirical records: significant increases in artiodactyl hunting occurred during the late Holocene. These results have implications for the interpretation of long-term increases in large-game in Holocene archaeofaunas throughout North America. 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Liquid chromatographic assay and pharmacokinetics of halazepam and its metabolite in humans

A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method is described for simultaneous quantification of halazepam and its major active metabolite, nordiazepam, in plasma. The method uses a solid-phase extraction procedure to prepare plasma samples. After extraction, the methanolic extract is evaporated, and the residue is then reconstituted in a small volume of mobile phase (a 40:60, v/v, mixture of 0.02 M phosphate buffer, pH 4.0, and methanol) and chromatographed. The total chromatography time for a single sample is approximately 10 min. A sensitivity of 1 ng/mL for halazepam and nordiazepam is attained when 1 mL of plasma is extracted. Analytical recovery of halazepam and nordiazepam added to the plasma ranged from 89 to 96%. The maximum within-day and day-to-day coefficients of variation for each compound at the concentration range of 2 to 100 ng/mL were 8.7 and 10.3%, respectively. Suitability of the method was assessed in a preliminary pharmacokinetic study in which three subjects were given a single 20-mg oral dose of halazepam following an overnight fast. It appeared from our kinetic analysis that halazepam is a drug with a fairly rapid absorption phase that is followed by a slow elimination phase. Mean oral plasma clearance of halazepam was 24 L/h. The mean apparent elimination half-life of nordiazepam (45.22 h) is considerably longer than that of halazepam (21.15 h).
Successful Treatment of High Risk and Recurrent Pediatric Desmoids Using Radiation as a Component of Multimodality Therapy

Purpose To evaluate the role of radiation therapy (RT) as a component of multimodality therapy for pediatric desmoids. Methods and Materials Twenty-one children diagnosed between 1987 and 2005 were identified. Median age at start of treatment was 13 years (range, 2–21). Primary therapy consisted of resection alone (10), resection + external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) (5), resection + chemotherapy (CT; 3), EBRT alone (1), and CT alone (2). Results The median follow-up from start of treatment is 75.7 months (range, 16–162). Examining patients with gross total resections (GTRs) (-) margins and those who had GTRs (+) margins followed by EBRT, only 2 of 7 failed primary treatment. Conversely, 13 of 14 patients with other primary treatments failed locally. Of the 15 patients who recurred, only 1 patient had a GTR (-) margins. Seven of these patients had salvage therapy that did not include RT, and of these only 2 have no evidence of disease (NED) at last follow-up. In contrast, the remaining 8 patients received RT as a component of their final salvage therapy and 7 of these are NED at last follow-up. At last follow-up, no patient has died, although toxicities of therapy have occurred. Conclusions Local control is difficult to achieve in pediatric patients with desmoids. In the setting in which negative surgical margins cannot be achieved, RT plays a key role in achieving NED status. Even after multiple recurrences, successful salvage is achievable, particularly when high-dose focal therapy is incorporated.
Imaging and Shape Analysis of GUVs as Model Plasma Membranes: Effect of Trans DOPC on Membrane Properties

Unsaturated trans fatty acids have been linked to a higher incidence of coronary artery disease, but not enough is known about the effect of trans lipids on membrane properties. Liquid-ordered (l(o)) and liquid-disordered (l(d)) membrane domains are implicated in various biological processes, such as endocytosis, adhesion, signaling, protein transport, apoptosis, and disease pathogenesis. The physical forces that induce domain formation and thus orchestrate cell function need to be further addressed and quantified. Here, we test the effect of trans DOPC (dielaidoyl phosphatidylcholine or DEPC) on the morphology of giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs, used as a biomembrane model) made by electroformation with varying compositions of egg sphingomyelin, trans DOPC, cis DOPC, and cholesterol. GUVs were imaged by confocal fluorescence microscopy and then analyzed for changes in membrane morphology and properties such as l(o)/l(d) phase coexistence and area fractions, distribution of meridional curvature, and fluorescent-probe intensity distribution. BODIPY-FL-C(12)-sphingomyelin, Lissamine rhodamine B dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine and BODIPY-TR-C(12)-sphingomyelin were used as fluorescent probes to differentially label the l(o) and l(d) phases. Trans DOPC induces some vesicles to form multidomain, invaginated morphologies that differ from the typical two-domain circular and truncated spherical shapes observed in its absence. Trans DOPC also alters the membrane curvature distribution; this is more pronounced in the l(o) phase near the phase boundary, where significantly negative curvatures (<-0.5 microm(-1)) are observed. A narrower distribution of meridional curvatures in GUVs with trans DOPC is suggestive of higher membrane bending rigidity. The ratio of average fluorescent intensities in the l(d)/l(o) phases indicates a greater concentration or brightness of the probes BODIPY-FL-C(12)-sphingomyelin and BODIPY-TR-C(12)-sphingomyelin in the l(o) phase in the presence of trans DOPC. Addition of trans DOPC does not alter the l(o)/l(d) area fractions, indicating that it does not act like egg sphingomyelin, a saturated lipid. These changes in membrane properties seen in the presence of trans lipids could significantly impact cell function.
Sensitivity-based interval PDE observer for battery SOC estimation

Complex multi-partial differential equation (PDE) electrochemical battery models are characterized by parameters that are often difficult to measure or identify. This parametric uncertainty influences the state estimates of electrochemical model-based observers for applications such as state-of-charge (SOC) estimation. This paper develops a sensitivity-based interval observer that maps bounded parameter uncertainty to state estimation intervals, within the context of electrochemical PDE models and SOC estimation. Theoretically, this paper extends the notion of interval observers to PDE models using a sensitivity-based approach. Practically, this paper quantifies the sensitivity of battery state estimates to parameter variations, enabling robust battery management schemes.
Calculation of saturation line shapes and intensities in coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectra of nitrogen

Line shapes and intensities for coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) at saturation laser intensities are determined for nitrogen vibrational Q-branch lines by solving the time-dependent density-matrix equations numerically. We have previously performed measurements of saturated CARS line shapes in pure nitrogen by using nearly Fourier-transform-limited pump and Stokes lasers. The experimental laser pulse shapes, Stark effects, Doppler broadening, and the nonresonant background are incorporated in the numerical calculations. The numerical results show good agreement with the high-resolution measurements of saturated CARS line shapes. The lines show prominent saturation dips, and agreement between theory and experiment is excellent in terms of the depth and the width of the dips. The numerical results indicate that the Doppler effect tends to broaden and to deepen the dip in highly saturated lines, an effect that cannot be explained by a steady-state theory.
Building a Helpful Relationship: The Foundation of Effective Patient Education

To have a lasting impact on patients, patient educators need to build relationships that are characterized by trust and collaboration. Without trust, patients are likely to withhold intimate, often critical, information. Pa tients are not likely to give credence to or to carry out advice offered by health professionals they do not trust. In col laborative relationships, patients take an active role, have a sense of ownership of the changes they make, and assume responsibility for their own care to the extent they are able. Health pro fessionals who function in authoritarian ways can foster passivity and dependency in patients; postures that are counter productive to lasting change and growth.
Thermally anomalous assemblages revisited: Patterns in the extraprovincial latitudinal range shifts of Pleistocene marine mollusks

Pleistocene faunas of the eastern Pacific shelf are characterized by thermally anomalous species assemblages—i.e., coexisting species that inhabit different climatic regimes today. We used data on the latitudinal ranges of 2887 extant molluscan species to determine the biological basis of the Pleistocene faunal migrations. Overall, the species exhibiting the most extensive range shifts (termedextraprovincialspecies)werenotdrawnrandomlyfromthe availablespeciespool,andthepatternisclimaticallyasymmetrical. The latitudinal ranges of southern extraprovincial species are significantly wider on average than those of the species pool from whichtheyweredrawn,buttherangesofnorthernextraprovincials resemble those of their parent pool. This contrast is primarily a consequence of the biogeographic structure of the eastern Pacific fauna;water-massboundariesaremoreeffectivebarriersforsouthern species migrating north in response to changing climatic conditions than for northern species moving south. Our analysis of Pleistocenemarinemollusksprovidesabiologicalandenvironmental context for species response to environmental change and permits predictions about the movement of eastern Pacific species relative to major environmental barriers in the face of future global change.
Nucleic acid evolution and minimization by nonhomologous random recombination

We have developed a simple method for exploring nucleic acid sequence space by nonhomologous random recombination (NRR) that enables DNA fragments to randomly recombine in a length-controlled manner without the need for sequence homology. We compared the results of using NRR and error-prone PCR to evolve DNA aptamers that bind streptavidin. Starting with two parental sequences of modest avidin affinity, evolution using NRR resulted in aptamers with 15- to 20-fold higher affinity than the highest-affinity aptamers evolved using error-prone PCR, and 27- or 46-fold higher affinities than parental sequences derived using systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX). NRR also facilitates the identification of functional regions within evolved sequences. Inspection of a small number of NRR-evolved clones identified a 40-base DNA sequence, present in multiple copies in each clone, that binds streptavidin. Our findings suggest that NRR may enhance the effectiveness of nucleic acid evolution and the ease of identifying structure–activity relationships among evolved sequences.
Shaping receptive fields for affine invariance

The Gaussian kernel has played a central role in multi-scale methods for feature extraction and matching. In this paper, a method for shaping the filter using the local image structure is presented. We propose an optimization formulation that densely estimates the filter's affine parameters by minimizing an objective constructed from differential feature responses and seek iterative, approximate solutions. A consequence of shaping the filters is affine invariance of the differential feature vector and it is shown that the shaped responses improve recognition performance.
The Politics of Sincerity: Plato, Frank Speech, and Democratic Judgment, by Elizabeth Markovits

Elizabeth Markovits, The Politics of Sincerity: Plato, Frank Speech, and Democratic Judgment (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2008), 234 pp. $45.00 (cloth). Elizabeth Markovit...
Mechanisms for the mechanical plasticity of tracheal smooth muscle

In smooth muscle tissues, the relationship between muscle or cell length and active force can be modulated by altering the cell or tissue length during stimulation. Mechanisms for this mechanical plasticity were investigated by measuring muscle stiffness during isometric contractions in which contractile force was graded by changing stimulus intensity or muscle length. Stiffness was significantly higher in contracted than in resting muscles at comparable forces; however, the relationship between stiffness and force during force development was curvilinear and independent of muscle length and stimulus intensity. This suggests that muscle stiffness during force development reflects properties of cellular components other than cross bridges which contribute to the series elasticity only during activation. During the tonic phase of isometric contraction, muscle stiffness increased while force remained constant. A step decrease in the length of a contracted muscle resulted in a high level of stiffness relative to force during isometric force redevelopment following the length step. We propose that the arrangement of the cytoskeleton can adjust to changes in the conformation of resting smooth muscle cells but that the organization of the cytoskeleton becomes more fixed upon contractile activation and is modulated very slowly during a sustained contraction. This may provide a mechanism for optimizing force development to the physical conformation of the cell at the time of activation.
Abnormalities of craniofacial development: discussion report

The following topics arose as major areas of discussion after individual papers and in the general discussion at the end of the session. Discussion from both sources has been merged here to facilitate easier reading. Comments focussed primarily on the differential teratogenicity of the various retinoids used experimentally and on the dose levels concerned. Dr Johnston raised the issue of retinoid blood levels following application of retinol to embryos. Studies by Kochhar in the seventies using radiolabelled retinol showed that the blood levels went up to a high peak following administration and then came down a certain extent and levelled off because of retinol coming out of the fat in the liver where it had been stored (Kochar, 1977). In more recent studies in Newcastle, UK, Vitamin A apparently seemed to concentrate within the cartilages. Different retinoids have been used in the various experimental studies making comparisons difficult sometimes.
Chronological Account of the Presidents of the Society

Dr. Porter was made honorary president during the presidency of Walter E. Garrey for the special purpose of honoring him at the time of the Semicentennial Celebration of the founding of the Society. A full account of Dr. Porter’s career and his many generous contributions to the Society are given in the Semicentennial History and also in The Physiologist (4(2): 28, 1961).
Optimal assignment of autonomic managers to cloud resources

There has been an increasing number of companies moving towards cloud computing due to its economic model based on the so-called pay-as-you-go. The cloud is known as a dynamic and scalable environment. These characteristics make the management of this environment a complex task. Using autonomic management potentially helps to solve the complexity of managing large number of provisioned cloud resources. Since using one autonomic manager (AM) might result on inefficiency in the management of the system, we propose in this paper to use a decentralized approach for autonomic management. The problem that we are solving herein is to determine how many AMs to use in order to maximize the performance of the management and minimize the cost of the used AMs. We propose a mathematical model that allows to determine the optimal assignment of resources and AMs in different availability zones taking into account the different costs of the involved AMs as well as the communication overhead. We also give an overview of the implementation of the proposed mathematical model.
Tyrosine and thyronine analogs and inhibitors of the dye-sensitized photoinactivatioof lysozyme.

SummaryThe efficiency of iodinated congeners of thyronine and tyrosine in protecting lysozyme against dye-sensitized photo-inactivation was determined. With methylene blue as sensitizer, the relative protective efficiency is similar, in general, to the known metabolic efficiencies of these compounds.
High-pressure single-crystal X-ray diffraction study of katoite hydrogarnet: Evidence for a phase transition from Ia3d →I4̅3d symmetry at 5 GPa

The crystal structure of katoite hydrogarnet has been refined at 0.0001, 2.15, 4.21, 5.09, 6.00, 7.09, and 7.78 GPa from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data using a 4:1 methanol:ethanol mixture as pressure medium in a Merrill-Bassett diamond-anvil cell. Below ~5 GPa, the katoite structure has Ia 3 d symmetry and compresses by bond shortening rather than bond bending, in agreement with recent quantum mechanical calculations. An unconstrained third-order Birch-Murnaghan fit to the unit-cell volumes and pressures for Ia 3 d symmetry gave the following equation of state parameters: V o = 1987.6(1) A 3 , K o = 58(1) GPa and K ′ = 4.0(7). Above this pressure, the structure undergoes a phase transition to space group I 43 d , a non-centric subgroup of Ia 3 d . In the I 43 d structure, there are two non-equivalent (O 4 H 4 ) groups. Both the Ca and Al atoms are displaced along a relative to their positions in Ia 3 d . It is proposed that compression of the short H-H distance between (O 4 H 4 ) groups destabilizes the structure and may initiate the observed phase transition. Corroboration of this model will require accurate information on the hydrogen atom positions at pressures above 5 GPa.
A novel centrality measure for network-wide cyber vulnerability assessment

In this work we propose a novel formulation that models the attack and compromise on a cyber network as a combination of two parts — direct compromise of a host and the compromise occurring through the spread of the attack on the network from a compromised host. The model parameters for the nodes are a concise representation of the host profiles that can include the risky behaviors of the associated human users while the model parameters for the edges are based on the existence of vulnerabilities between each pair of connected hosts. The edge models relate to the summary representations of the corresponding attack-graphs. This results in a formulation based on Random Walk with Restart (RWR) and the resulting centrality metric can be solved for in an efficient manner through the use of sparse linear solvers. Thus the formulation goes beyond mere topological considerations in centrality computations by summarizing the host profiles and the attack graphs into the model parameters. The computational efficiency of the method also allows us to also quantify the uncertainty in the centrality measure through Monte Carlo analysis.
Rethinking the Use of Neutral Faces as a Baseline in fMRI Neuroimaging Studies of Axis-I Psychiatric Disorders

Major Axis-I disorders including major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD), anxiety disorder, and schizophrenia are associated with a host of aberrations in the way social stimuli are processed. Face perception tasks are often used in neuroimaging research of emotion processing in both healthy and patient populations, and to date, there exists a mounting body of evidence, both behavioral and within the brain, indicating that emotional faces compared to neutral faces are processed abnormally by those with Axis-I disorders relative to healthy control (HC) groups. The use of neutral faces as a "baseline control condition" is predicated on the assumption that neutral faces are processed in the same way HCs and individuals with major Axis-I disorders. In this paper, existing fMRI studies examining the way neutral faces are processed in groups with Axis-I disorders involving socioaffective perception are reviewed. In reviewing available studies, a consistent pattern of results demonstrated that these disorders are associated with abnormal frontolimbic activity in response to neutral faces and in particular within the amygdala and prefrontal regions such as the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) compared to HC groups. Specifically, increased amygdala activation was consistently reported in response to neutral faces in anxiety disorders and schizophrenia. Abnormal medial PFC activity was reported in patients with MDD, and patients with BD exhibit decreased activity in the DLPFC and ACC relative to HCs. In addition, specific suggestions to overcome these obstacles with new research and additional analyses are discussed.
Photography as Model

Witkovsky argues that decades into photography's institutional acceptance as art, widespread inadequacies remain in the art historical treatment of photographs, which can no longer be defended as m...
P-015 Influence of Core Infarct Volume and Patient Age on Clinical Outcome in Endovascular Treatment of Large Vessel Occlusion for Acute Stroke

Introduction Endovascular therapy of acute ischemic stroke is the standard of care, but controversy exists regarding how the size of the pre-treatment infarction and patient age should influence patient selection for endovascular treatment. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) or computed tomography perfusion (CTP) can estimate the pre-treatment infarct volume (core). Studies have examined the interplay between core and patient age, however to date sufficient data do not exist to guide decision making in octogenarians with stroke. We undertook this study to examine the influence of infarct core and age on clinical outcome. Methods Patients treated between July 2008 and September 2011 from a previously reported study (DEFUSE2) and all patients treated at our institution between September 2012 and June 2015 who underwent endovascular therapy for anterior circulation stroke using available devices were included. Patient demographic data, stroke risk factors, and treatment details were recorded. Core infarct volumes were determined with either DWI MRI or CBF CTP. The primary outcome was good functional outcome of modified Rankin score 0–2 at 90 days; a secondary measure was TICI 2 B/3 reperfusion. ROC analysis was performed for lesion size and age to determine values above which there was Results 154 patients (mean 69 years (SD 14), 85 (55%) female) met inclusion criteria and had clinical follow-up. Forty-two (27%) were ≥ 80 years. Median time to imaging was 4.5 hours (IQR 2.9–6.7). 136 patients had pre-treatment MRI and 18 had CTP. TICI 2 B/3 reperfusion was achieved in 91 patients (59%). In univariate analysis, TICI 2 B/3 reperfusion (p 45 ml core and TICI 2 b/3 had a good outcome (p = 0.030). This threshold remained an independent predictor when adjusted for age, NIHSS and TICI 2 B/3 reperfusion (OR = 6.7, 95% CI 1.2–36). In ROC analysis for age, 80 years showed a core of ≤16 mL yielded positive predictive value of 10% or better for a good outcome, but the differences in the rates of good outcome at this threshold were not significant. Conclusion This study found TICI 2 B/3 reperfusion, core volume, age, and baseline NIHSS were independent predictors for good outcome. ROC analysis demonstrated a core infarct volume of 80 years the ROC analysis demonstrated that a core infarct volume of Disclosures N. Telischak: None. A. Faisal: None. J. Wong: None. A. Moraff: None. H. Do: None. R. Dodd: None. J. Heit: None. M. Mlynash: None. M. Lansberg: None. G. Albers: None. M. Marks: None.
“The Structures of Knowledge, or How Many Ways May We Know?”

The Report of the Gulbenkian Commission bears the title, Open the Social Sciences. The title bears witness to the sense of the Commission that the social sciences have become closed off, or have closed themselves off, from a full understanding of social reality, and that the methods which the social sciences had historically developed in order to pursue this understanding may themselves today be obstacles to this very understanding. Let me try to summarize what I think the Report says about the past 200 years, and then turn to what this implies for what we should now do.
Polarized Distribution of Oxalate Transport Systems in A Line of Renal Epithelial Cells (LLC-PK1)

Evidence from clinical1 and experimental2 studies demonstrated a significant increase in cellular oxalate handling associated with urolithiasis. These findings led to the speculation that altered oxalate handling within the kidney may contribute to stone formation. However, our current understanding of renal oxalate handling has been limited by a variety of technical difficulties. Studies on intact kidneys are compromised by limited access to various regions of the nephron, difficulty in regulating the ionic composition in these different regions, regional heterogeneity, etc. Biochemical studies on isolated membrane fractions from the kidney have other inherent difficulties (contamination of membrane fractions, small intravesicular volumes and hence limited timecourse for transport studies, etc). Thus our laboratory has explored the possibility of using a simpler model system, LLC-PK1 cells, for studies on renal oxalate handling.
Proposing the concept of Perfection Quotient (PQ) as a measure of readiness for health behavior change

Intelligence Quotient (IQ) has been used for a long time to test for readiness of individuals with regard to their learning abilities. It offers limited utility in ascertaining readiness toward health behavior change. Work on emotional quotient (EQ) and X quotient (XQ) has been done in recent years but has not been applied for determining readiness toward health behavior change through health education and health promotion interventions. The purpose of this editorial is to propose a novel concept of perfection quotient (PQ) that integrates IQ, EQ and XQ for ascertaining the readiness for health behavior change through health education and health promotion interventions in a variety of target populations. Such measure will be invaluable in ameliorating the impact of health education and health promotion interventions.
Disputing parental judgment in a case of dialysis.

In cases where a parent is denying life-saving medical treatment, physician paternalism can step in to help provide the proper care to the patient. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Treatment course and outcomes after revascularization surgery for moyamoya disease in adults

International trials suggest benefit of revascularization surgery (RS) for moyamoya disease (MMD). However, nationally representative US data on demographics and outcomes after RS in MMD are lacking. To estimate causes and rates of readmission after RS for MMD. In the Nationwide Readmissions Database, index admissions for ECICB for MMD and readmissions for ischemic stroke (IS), subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) were identified using validated International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes. We summarized demographics and comorbidities, and calculated 30-, 60-, and 90-day readmission rates per 100,000 index admissions. Among 201 index admissions for RS for MMD, mean age (SD) was 41.7 (12.6) years; 75% were female; 24% had diabetes; 53% had hypertension; 40% had hypercholesterolemia; 3% had ICH; 16% had IS; and 1% had SAH. RS was performed at large hospitals in 83%, urban hospitals in 85%, and teaching hospitals in 97%. 80% were discharged home. 34% had a readmission during follow-up. Leading reasons for readmission up to 90 days included MMD (62%), postoperative infection (10%), sickle cell crisis (4%), ischemic stroke (4%), epilepsy (2%), subdural hemorrhage (2%) and headache (2%). Readmission rates (per 100,000 index admissions) were 559 at 30 days, 1829 at 60 days, and 2027 at 90 days for IS. There were no readmissions for SAH or ICH. This analysis of nationally representative US data suggests that although readmission after RS for MMD is not uncommon, cerebral hemorrhagic events during the 90-day postoperative period are rare.
The Walking Classroom and the Community Clinic: Teaching Social Medicine Beyond the Medical School

Although the practice of medicine is inextricable from the social world, few medical schools in North America currently offer coherent and comprehensive tracks in the basic social sciences of medicine and health. In an increasingly compressed and decentralized preclinical curriculum, attempts to train medical students in the basic social sciences undergirding effective medical care are scattered and largely incoherent. This chapter describes our experience building a social medicine curriculum from the margins at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. Over the past five years, we have offered a six-week elective curriculum, “Introduction to Social Medicine”, which takes students out of the classroom to various neighborhoods in East Baltimore. The aim is for students to learn fundamental theoretical, methodological, and pragmatic insights from social sciences to extend their understanding of the day-to-day factors driving health, illness, relapse, and recovery in the complex social worlds of patients. We will focus on two of these initiatives—the walking classroom and the clinic and its communities—to illustrate how these tactics can be used by medical educators in a variety of different settings.
The crude ostracism detection system: Pupils react to minimal cues of exclusion:

When people are rejected by others, they typically feel an immediate sense of pain—referred to as social pain. Social pain is hypothesized to be the alarm response of a “quick and crude” ostracism ...
A non-local model for fracture closure on rough fracture faces and asperities

In this paper, we present a method and general algorithms to model the dynamic closure behavior of a hydraulic fracture while accounting for the initial fracture shape, rough fracture surfaces and deformation of asperities in contact. Analytic solutions from linear elastic fracture mechanics for three fracture models (PKN, KGD and radial fracture geometry) are coupled with a general contact law to show that the fracture closure process is a gradual, non-local process, which occurs at the fracture edges initially and then moves progressively to the center of fracture, as the fluid pressure inside the fracture declines.
The Reliability of Long-Run Budget Projections

This analysis examines long-term projections of U.S. federal budget totals. The predictions are largely driven by a growing elderly population. Spending on Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid grows more rapidly than tax revenues and ultimately causes an explosion in the debt-to-GDP ratio. Two surprises have moderated this growth. One is unusually low interest rates and the other was the surge in revenues related to the dot-com boom of the late 1990s. One surprise—the Great Recession—caused the debt-to-GDP ratio to rise briefly much faster than expected. Despite these surprises the rapid growth of programs serving the elderly has been forecasted fairly accurately. The analysis ends by discussing program designs that adjust to surprises by changing indexing or using trigger mechanisms.
Meeting Dietary Goals for Cancer Prevention by Age, Gender and Food Insecurity: Is Anyone Listening?

Evidence-based dietary recommendations have been developed for cancer prevention by several organizations including the American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR). Using data from 15,700 adults ...
Constructing 3d maps for dynamic environments using autonomous UAVs

This paper presents the design and implementation of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), which can navigate autonomously in dynamic environments. The goal of the project is to minimize the risks to workers' safety by deploying UAVs to inaccessible places which are frequently found in the Oil & Gas Industry such as confined pipelines. The autonomous UAV can fly through a series of pipes to generating a 3D map of the flight path. We used Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) technology to map the surrounding environment as the UAV flies through the environment. The feedback from the LIDAR sensors is used for real-time autonomous navigation and obstacle avoidance. The route is also logged for subsequent navigation. As a UAV navigates the environment, it records a video of all it sees which can then be watched by the maintenance engineers. Our approach involves running a simulation using the Robotics Operating System (ROS) to assert and fine-tune our navigation algorithms before applying them directly to the physical hardware. At this stage, we have successfully implemented the autonomous navigation using LIDAR scanners in the ROS simulation environment. We also implemented an algorithm to manage the battery life of the UAV through which it can use to return home when the battery level drops down to a certain percentage. We expect that this research will help autonomous UAVs to safely navigate new spaces by themselves in different domains such as in industrial maintenance and rescue operations.