cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of accelerating field of microwave cavities by magnetic insulation

Limitations on the maximum achievable accelerating gradient of microwave cavities can strongly influence the performance, length, and cost of particle accelerators. Gradient limitations are widely believed to be initiated by electron emission from the cavity surfaces. Here, we show that the deleterious effects of field emission are effectively suppressed by applying a tangential magnetic field to the cavity walls. With the aid of numerical simulations we compute the field strength required to insulate an 805 MHz cavity and estimate the cavity's tolerances to typical experimental errors such as magnet misalignments and positioning errors. Then, we review an experimental program, currently under progress, to further study the concept. Finally, we report on two specific examples that illustrate the feasibility of magnetic insulation into prospective particle accelerator applications.
Compaction of a bacterial group I ribozyme coincides with the assembly of core helices.

Counterions are critical to the self-assembly of RNA tertiary structure because they neutralize the large electrostatic forces which oppose the folding process. Changes in the size and shape of the Azoarcus group I ribozyme as a function of Mg2+ and Na+ concentration were followed by small angle neutron scattering. In low salt buffer, the RNA was expanded, with an average radius of gyration (Rg) of 53 ± 1 A. A highly cooperative transition to a compact form (Rg = 31.5 ± 0.5 A) was observed between 1.6 and 1.7 mM MgCl2. The collapse transition, which is unusually sharp in Mg2+, has the characteristics of a first-order phase transition. Partial digestion with ribonuclease T1 under identical conditions showed that this transition correlated with the assembly of double helices in the ribozyme core. Fivefold higher Mg2+ concentrations were required for self-splicing, indicating that compaction occurs before native tertiary interactions are fully stabilized. No further decrease in Rg was observed between 1.7 an...
Influenza vaccines in children

Abstract Influenza is a common disease of childhood. Young children and children with high-risk medical conditions are at increased risk of being hospitalized when infected with influenza virus. Children of all ages have excess physician visits and receive excess antibiotic prescriptions during influenza season. The safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of influenza vaccines in children are described in this review. Clinical trials and postlicensure experience have demonstrated that trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine is well-tolerated in children. Efficacy of the inactivated vaccine also has been demonstrated in numerous clinical trials. In comparison to trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine, investigational cold-adapted, live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) has the advantage of an intranasal route of administration. A large clinical trial demonstrated the tolerability and efficacy of the trivalent live, attenuated product in children 15 to 71 months of age. Pending information on safety and coadministration of this vaccine with other childhood vaccines will determine if it is licensed and recommended for use in children, including possible expanded indications for routine yearly administration to young children. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Extended filamentation of ultrashort pulses in the presence of anomalous group-velocity dispersion

We have investigated the self-guiding of ultrafast pulses in bulk media in the anomalous-dispersion regime and find that individual collapse events remain confined for significantly longer distances than pulses in the normal group-velocity dispersion regime.
Photochemistry of DNA using 193 nm excimer laser radiation.

Photoproducts in double-stranded DNA induced by 193 nm radiation have been investigated. Double-stranded, supercoiled pBR322 DNA in buffered aqueous solution was exposed to varying fluences of 193 nm radiation from an ArF excimer laser. The quantum yields for formation of cyclobutylpyrimidine dimers, frank strand breaks and alkali labile sites were calculated from the conversion of supercoiled (Form I) DNA to relaxed (Form II) DNA after treatment with Micrococcus luteus dimer-specific endonuclease, no treatment, or treatment with alkali and heat, respectively. The quantum yields were 1.65 (± 0.03) × 10−3 for pyrimidine dimers, 9.4 (± 3.2) × 10−5 for frank strand breaks and 9.6 (± 3.6) × 10−5 for alkali labile sites. The quantum yields for pyrimidine dimers and frank strand breaks were independent of Tris buffer and EDTA concentrations. The yields of frank strand breaks and alkali labile sites were not affected by 10 mM mannitol. The relative quantum yields for these DNA photoproducts induced by 193 nm radiation differed markedly from those produced by 254 nm radiation.
Primed neutrophils injure rat lung through a platelet-activating factor-dependent mechanism

Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) promotes transient lung neutrophil sequestration. These LPS-primed neutrophils, when stimulated by an N-formyl peptide (FNLP), promote lung injury. We hypothesized that LPS-primed, FNLP-stimulated neutrophils promote lung injury through a platelet-activating factor (PAF)-dependent mechanism. Rats were pretreated with either saline or WEB2170, a PAF receptor antagonist (10 mg/kg po). One hour after pretreatment, rats were administered intraperitoneal LPS (salmonella typhimurium lipopolysaccharide, 500 μg/kg) followed 6 hr later by intravenous FNLP (250 μg/kg infused over 30 min). Two hours after the initiation of FNLP infusion, rats were sacrificed and assays were performed to measure: (1) lung neutrophil sequestration with myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity; (2) circulating neutrophil activation with nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) staining, and (3) lung microvascular leak with 125I-albumin flux. We found that lung myeloperoxidase, circulating neutrophil NBT staining, and lung 125I-albumin flux were increased (P < 0.05) in saline-pretreated LPS/FNLP rats, relative to control. While lung MPO remained increased (P < 0.05) in WEB2170-pretreated LPS/FNLP rats, circulating neutrophil NBT and lung 125I-albumin flux were decreased (P < 0.05) relative to those in saline-pretreated rats. We conclude that PAF mediates LPS/FNLP-induced neutrophil activation and lung injury, but is independent from lung neutrophil sequestration. Thus, lung neutrophil sequestration does not inevitably produce lung injury. Rather, neutrophils can accumulate in the lung without causing lung injury if neutrophil activation can be blocked.
High energy density supercapacitors from lignin derived submicron activated carbon fibers in aqueous electrolytes

Highly porous submicron activated carbon fibers (ACFs) were robustly generated from low sulfonated alkali lignin and fabricated into supercapacitors for capacitive energy storage. The hydrophilic and high specific surface ACFs exhibited large-size nanographites and good electrical conductivity to demonstrate outstanding electrochemical performance. ACFs from KOH activation, in particular, showed very high 344 F g-1 specific capacitance at low 1.8 mg cm-2 mass loading and 10 mV s-1 scan rate in aqueous electrolytes. Even at relatively high scan rate of 50 mV s-1 and mass loading of 10 mg cm-2, a decent specific capacitance of 196 F g-1 and a remarkable areal capacitance of 0.55 F cm-2 was obtained, leading to high energy density of 8.1 Wh kg-1 based on averaged electrodes mass. Furthermore, over 96% capacitance retention rates were achieved after 5000 charge/discharge cycles. Such excellent performance demonstrated great potential of lignin derived carbons for electrical energy storage. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved..
Toward a Historical Sociology of Working-Class Formation

Following the enormous international expansion of labor history, comparative approaches have been developed to systematize and explain the peculiarities of national patterns of working-class formation. One of the most fully elaborated recent approaches in this area is the collective investigation by Ira Katznelson, Aristide Zolberg, and associates (1986). Conceptually, this approach follows Jurgen Kocka's Weberian-Marxist class model in reducing E. P. Thompson's cultural Marxist class notion to only one analytical level amongst others. I argue that this approach is limited its failure to adequately integrate the cultural and moral bases of working-class formation in relation to the legitimacy of the social order. I exemplify this criticism, first, by referring to the strength of Thompson's interpretative method in The Making of the English Working Class; second, by indicating some weaknesses of Jurgen Kocka's analytical method in his recent social history of the German working class; and third, by suggest...
A New Octahedrite from South Africa

Examination of an iron meteorite found in South Africa discloses it to be a coarse octahedrite containing 6.90 weight-percent nickel. The meteorite body contains several inclusions of troilite, or troilite plus graphite, and at least one of pure graphite veined with kamacite. Kamacite, cohenite, and phosphides are the other major constituents of the structure.
Using appropriate body mass index cut points for overweight and obesity among Asian Americans.

Objective Asian Americans have low prevalence of overweight/obesity based on standard BMI cut points yet have higher rates of diabetes. We examined the prevalence of overweight/obesity, using lower BMI cut points recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for Asians, and diabetes in Asian American subgroups in California.
THE EXACT SOLUTION OF AN N-PARTICLE SYSTEM.

Abstract The solution of an N-particle system in which the particles interact through harmonic two-particles forces is solved exactly under a special restriction on the relative strengths of forces. Methods of solution are given for more general system, where the restriction is greatly reduced or entirely removed. A special method is introduced to reduce the labour in obtaining solutions of systems with a feature commonly encountered in nature. Some of the possible generalizations are indicated.
Collections from the Gettysburg College Herbarium now deposited at The New York Botanical Garden Herbarium (NY)

A total of 555 older specimens from the herbarium of Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, were donated to The New York Botanical Garden in April 1993 and have been intercalated in the Herbarium (NY). A list of the collectors of the specimens is given.
Heart electrophysiology as a dependent measure in children

This study extends the cardiac component analysis technique, reported by Eddy and his coworkers (Eddy, McKendree, McKenzie, & Bremner, 1982; McKendree, 1982), to children. Three male children between the ages of 8 and 10 years served as subjects and were tested on several days. In particular, the children were taught a simple relaxation task and a simple cognitive task. The cardiac electrophysiology of these children was statistically tested to determine whether there was a reliable difference between psychological tasks but only minimal variance within psychological tasks. The results of testing the ST component of the cardiac electrophysiology confirmed our hypothesis that there is a statistical difference between tasks (p < .001) but not within tasks when tested over time.
From Earth’s Orbit to the Outer Planets and Beyond: Psychological Issues in Space

Current planning for the first interplanetary expedition to Mars envisions a crew of six or seven people and mission duration of around 2.5 years. However, this time frame is much less than that expected on expeditions to the outer solar system, where total mission durations of 10 years or more are likely. Although future technological breakthroughs in propulsion systems and space vehicle construction may speed up transit times, for now we must realistically consider the psychological impact of missions lasting for one or more decades.
Glycosylated Hemoglobin Level and Carotid Intimal-Medial Thickening in Nondiabetic Individuals: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study

OBJECTIVE People with diabetes are at increased risk for cardiovascular events. However, questions remain about what role, if any, homeostatic glucose control plays in the development of cardiovascular disease among nondiabetic individuals. We investigated the relationship between HbA1c level and carotid intimal-medial thickening in normoglycemic individuals. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We conducted a case-control study among 208 normoglycemic individuals (fasting glucose ≤ 6.4 mmol/l and no history of diabetes) who had carotid initial-medial thickening (case subjects) and 208 normoglycemic control subjects individually matched for age, sex, race, field center, and date of exam. Subjects were free-living men and women, aged 45–64 years at baseline, who participated in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. RESULTS HbA 1c levels, expressed as percent of total hemoglobin, ranged from 4 to 7% and correlated only modestly with single measurements of fasting glucose ( r = 0.16) and fasting insulin ( r = 0.14). The mean level of HbA 1c was 5.18% among case subjects and 5.07% among control subjects ( P = 0.004, paired t test). As compared with the first quartile of HbA 1c the matched relative odds of being a case were 1.15, 1.33, and 2.30 for the second, third, and fourth quartiles, respectively ( P = 0.005 for linear trend). After multivariate adjustment for age, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, BMI, smoking status, hypertension, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, fibrinogen, and education level, the respective relative odds estimates were 0.98, 1.07, and 1.8 ( P = 0.16 for linear trend). When modeled linearly as a continuous variable and after adjustment for the above-mentioned covariates, a 1% point increment in HbA 1c level was associated with 1.77 greater odds of being a case (95% CI, 0.9–3.5). CONCLUSIONS These data provide some support to the hypothesis that in the absence of diabetes, homeostatic glycemic control is a risk factor for atherosclerosis.
Selecting all treatments better than a control under a multivariate normal distribution and a uniform prior distribution

Let denote k treatment populations and let ⊊0 represent the control population. It is assumed that data obtained from by a repeated measurements design follow a multivariate normal distribution with mean vector and covariance matrix ∑. Then. i f ‘better than’ is defined to mean ‘having a mean greater than or equal to ’ , we propose selection procedures for selectinga subset which includes all treatments better than the control. Due to the fact that the number of better populations is unknown, a uniform prior distribution on this unknown factor is assumed. Consequently, a higher probability of correct s election and a smaller expected subset size are the natural results.
Semi-Empirical Lattice Energy Calculations of Crystalline Biphenyl

Abstract Semi-empirical lattice energy calculations based on the atom-atom potential method have been used to test several models for crystalline biphenyl. Structures considered include planar molecules in space group P21/a, nonplanar molecules disordered about an inversion center in the same group, and an ordered structure in Pa. The failure of these models to produce satisfactory (2–3%) agreement between observed and calculated cell constants suggests either the presence of a complicated disorder or of a delicate balance between intra- and intermolecular energy terms which is not adequately represented in the calculations.
Vector breather of surface plasmon polaritons in left-handed material

A theory of an optical vector breather of self-induced transparency of surface plasmon polaritons is constructed. The nonlinear surface TM-modes propagating along the interface separating an isotropic medium and anisotropic left-handed material are investigated. A transition layer sandwiched between the connected media is described using a model of a two-dimensional gas of semiconductor quantum dots. Explicit analytical expressions for the shape and parameters of the surface vector breathers are obtained as well as simulations of the space-time dynamics of two-dimensional vector breathers presented with realistic parameters which can be reached in current experiments. It is shown that properties of a surface vector breather with phase modulation depends on the parameters of the quantum dots, the connected media and the transverse structure of the surface wave.
Habitat Use by a Dense Population of Southern Fox Squirrels

Abstract We determined seasonal macro- and microhabitat preferences of radio-collared Sciurus niger niger (Southern Fox Squirrel) in a high-density population. Fox squirrels preferred hardwood, live oak, and mixed hardwood-pine macrohabitats to pine, early successional, and turf macrohabitats. During winter, early summer, and late summer, they preferred mixed hardwood-pine, live oak, and hardwood microhabitats to pine microhabitats. Fox squirrels preferred an open or moderate crown spacing to a dense crown spacing during all seasons, and during the summer, they preferred microhabitats with at least 1 cone-bearing pine tree. Preferred microhabitats had a short-open or leaf-litter understory structure. Although the hardwood and hardwood-pine habitats on our barrier island study site differed from typical pine-dominated southeastern fox squirrel habitat, our results demonstrating preference for these types indicated that they are capable of supporting an abundant fox squirrel population when managed by mowin...
Multiscale modeling of transport and residence times in nanostructured membranes

Modeling and simulation at different scales were used to study mass transport and residence times of particles in nanostructured membranes with uniform cylindrical pores of 10–150 nm diameter and up to 5 μm long. Analytical equations of the possible mass-transport mechanisms inside the pores were used to determine that diffusion dominates over convection under the conditions of interest for selective oxidation: 700 K and pressure near atmospheric. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that surface diffusion is present only at temperatures < 700 K. Knudsen diffusion was identified as the dominant mechanism. Simulations based on its principles were performed using an ensemble of particles in a boundary-driven simulation cell, providing the average number of hits between a particle and the pore wall and the dependency of the residence time on the pore dimensions. The differences between operating a nanostructured membrane reactor in sweep-gas and pass-through modes were also investigated. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Surgical repair of posterior mitral valve prolapse: implications for guidelines and percutaneous repair.

Background Guidelines recommend early surgery for mitral regurgitation (MR) provided repair can be accomplished safely and consistently. However, many patients with degenerative disease are not referred for surgery or undergo replacement rather than repair. Data documenting early and long-term results of surgical repair of posterior prolapse, the most common lesion, are essential to broaden application of repair techniques and provide direction for percutaneous valve repair. This study provides data on long-term survival and valve function after repair of posterior leaflet prolapse. Methods Of 3,383 patients undergoing surgery for isolated posterior leaflet prolapse, repair was performed in 97%; 3,074 underwent standard quadrangular resection with annuloplasty. Follow-up for survival averaged 6.5 ± 4.5 years and for reoperation, 4.0 ± 3.9 years. Analysis of 4,913 echocardiograms for recurrent MR was performed in a subgroup of 2,575 patients. Results There were two hospital deaths (0.07%), and 15-year survival was 76%, superior to the age- and sex-matched US population. At 10 years, freedom from mitral reoperation was 97%, and 77% had no or 1+ MR; 11% had 3+ or 4+ MR. Repair durability was jeopardized by failure to use a prosthetic annuloplasty, left atrial enlargement, and left ventricular remodeling and dysfunction. Conclusions Mitral valve repair for posterior prolapse is a low-risk, durable surgical procedure. The repair must address both leaflet and annulus. Recurrent MR that is moderately severe or severe is uncommon in the decade after operation. These data support recommendations for early surgery and demonstrate that complete repair addresses multiple components of the valve, providing direction for percutaneous approaches.
Low-grade gliomas.

Low-grade gliomas are uncommon primary brain tumors classified as histologic grades I or II in the World Health Organization (WHO) classification. The most common variants are pilocytic and low-grade astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, and mixed oligo-astrocytomas located in the cerebral hemispheres. Prognostic factors that predict progression-free and overall survival include young age, pilocytic histology, good Karnofsky performance status, gross total resection, lack of enhancement on imaging, and small preoperative tumor volumes. Edema and vasogenic effects are typically managed with corticosteroids. Dexamethasone is given at an initial dosage of 4 mg given four times daily. Anticonvulsants are given prophylactically after resection and for patients who present with seizures. The rationale for open craniotomy depends on the need for immediate palliation of symptoms by reduction of intracranial pressure or focal mass effect, and/or improved oncologic control. Gross total resection of tumor is generally defined as the absence of residual enhancement on contrast-enhanced postoperative MRI scan. Most retrospective studies suggest that patients who have undergone a gross total resection of tumor have improved survival. Depending upon the proximity of the tumor to eloquent brain, gross total resection may or may not be possible. In these cases a stereotactic biopsy is required to provide the histologic diagnosis. Adjuvant radiotherapy is recommended for patients with incompletely resected grade II tumors or for patients older than age 40 regardless of extent of resection. It may be considered for any pilocytic astrocytoma from which a biopsy has been performed. Phase III randomized prospective trials have shown statistically significantly improved progression-free survival at 5 years with the addition of radiotherapy, though overall survival does not appear different. Based on prospective randomized phase III trials, 50.4 Gy to 54 Gy of conventionally fractionated radiotherapy appears to be a safe and effective regimen with minimal neurotoxicity; 45 Gy may be adequate for biopsied pilocytic astrocytomas. Currently, RTOG trial 98-02 is investigating the efficacy of postradiation PCV chemotherapy (procarbazine, CCNU, and vincristine) in the treatment of newly diagnosed unfavorable low-grade gliomas. Other areas of investigation include Temozolomide chemotherapy and the association of 1p and 19q chromosomal deletions with prolonged survival in oligodendrogliomas and sensitivity to PCV chemotherapy. Radiosurgery and/or experimental chemotherapy may provide some measure of local control in the recurrent disease setting.
A Directional Theory of Issue Voting.

From Stokes's (1963) early critique on, it has been clear to empirical researchers that the traditional spatial theory of elections is seriously flawed. Yet fully a quarter century later, that theory remains the dominant paradigm for understanding mass-elite linkage in politics. We present an alternative spatial theory of elections that we argue has greater empirical verisimilitude. Based on the ideas of symbolic politics, the directional theory assumes that most people have a diffuse preference for a certain direction of policy-making and that people vary in the intensity with which they hold those preferences. We test the two competing theories at the individual level with National Election Study data and find the directional theory more strongly supported than the traditional spatial theory. We then develop the implications of the directional theory for candidate behavior and assess the predictions in light of evidence from the U.S. Congress.
On a theory of heat conduction involving two temperatures

In dieser Arbeit entwickeln wir eine neue Theorie der Warmeleitung. Diese Theorie, in der zwei Temperaturen auftreten, beseitigt einige Pathologien der klassischen Theorie.
Why are safeguards under the WTO so unpopular

In recent years, more countries have increasingly turned to explicit, codified trade policy instruments of the international trading system such as antidumping measures. Countries have also increasingly participated in the institutions established to facilitate trade in the international system, such as the WTO's Dispute Settlement Understanding. Given these phenomena, a natural question to consider is why haven't countries resorted to the WTO's safeguards provisions at a similar pace? This paper focuses on the economic incentives generated by reforms in the Uruguay Round, and argues that in order to address the relative unpopularity of the application of safeguards measures, further reforms must be made to WTO's Antidumping Agreement and the rules of the Dispute Settlement Understanding.
Survey results of Internet and computer usage in veterans with epilepsy.

Abstract After our study of a self-management intervention for epilepsy [1] , we gathered data on Internet use and computer availability to assess the feasibility of computer-based interventions in a veteran population. Veterans were asked to complete an anonymous questionnaire that gathered information regarding seizures/epilepsy in addition to demographic data, Internet use, computer availability, and interest in distance education regarding epilepsy. Three hundred twenty-four VA neurology clinic patients completed the survey. One hundred twenty-six self-reported a medical diagnosis of epilepsy and constituted the epilepsy/seizure group. For this group of veterans, the need for remote/distance-based interventions was validated given the majority of veterans traveled long distances (>2 hours). Only 51% of the epilepsy/seizure group had access to the Internet, and less than half (42%) expressed an interest in getting information on epilepsy self-management on their computer, suggesting that Web-based interventions may not be an optimal method for a self-management intervention in this population.
Energy-Efficient Thermal-Aware Task Scheduling for Homogeneous High-Performance Computing Data Centers: A Cyber-Physical Approach

High-performance computing data centers have been rapidly growing, both in number and size. Thermal management of data centers can address dominant problems associated with cooling such as the recirculation of hot air from the equipment outlets to their inlets and the appearance of hot spots. In this paper, we show through formalization that minimizing the peak inlet temperature allows for the lowest cooling power needs. Using a low-complexity linear heat recirculation model, we define the problem of minimizing the peak inlet temperature within a data center through task assignment (MPIT-TA), consequently leading to minimal cooling-requirement. We also provide two methods to solve the formulation: Xlnt-GA, which uses a genetic algorithm, and Xlnt-SQP, which uses sequential quadratic programming. Results from small-scale data center simulations show that solving the formulation leads to an inlet temperature distribution that, compared to other approaches, is 2 degC to 5 degC lower and achieves about 20 to 30 percent cooling energy savings at common data center utilization rates. Moreover, our algorithms consistently outperform the minimize heat recirculation algorithm, a recirculation-reducing task placement algorithm in the literature.
Dipole moment derivatives for SO2

Abstract Dipole moment derivatives for the vibration-rotation fundamentals v 1 , v 2 , and v 3 of 32 S 16 O 2 have been computed to have the mean absolute values 60.5, 63.6, and 165.9 esu G −1/2 , respectively. These results include remeasured band intensities for v 1 and v 2 .
Designing linked micromap plots for states with many counties.

This paper describes the design of linked micromap plots for showing county estimates on a state by state basis. The linked micromap template was specifically developed to represent spatially indexed statistical summaries. Each plot shows regional names, spatial patterns and statistical patterns while linking them all together. Thus the design is useful for communicating summaries from a host of health and environmental studies. The specific design challenge in this paper is to create one-page plots for the states with 60 to 120 counties. While the county names and micromaps take up substantial space, the three examples demonstrate that there is sufficient space to represent two variables. The basic design has the potential for showing more. Consequently the new designs are suitable for presenting sophisticated summaries.
Gender and Dietary NaCl in Spontaneously Hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto Rats

Abstract We recently reported that high dietary NaCl exposure significantly increases both daytime and nighttime mean arterial pressure in male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) but only nighttime values in male normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). In the present study we used a telemetry monitoring system to evaluate the effects of high dietary NaCl exposure on diurnal variation of mean arterial pressure and heart rate in male and female SHR and WKY. After implantation of a radio-frequency transducer, rats were fed either high (8%) or basal (1%) NaCl diets for 2 weeks. High dietary NaCl ingestion significantly increased both daytime and nighttime mean arterial pressure in male SHR compared with males receiving a basal NaCl diet, resulting in greater 24-hour values (163±1 versus 154±1 mm Hg, high versus basal NaCl diet; P <.05). High dietary NaCl ingestion significantly increased only nighttime blood pressure in male WKY, with no significant effect on 24-hour mean arterial pressure (102±2 versus 101±3 mm Hg, high versus basal). High dietary NaCl exposure did not affect daytime or nighttime mean arterial pressure in female SHR (24-hour mean arterial pressure, 144±2 versus 141±2 mm Hg, high versus basal NaCl diet). Twenty-four-hour mean arterial pressure tended to be lower in female WKY receiving a high NaCl diet than females ingesting a basal diet (101±3 versus 106±1 mm Hg), but the difference was not significant. These results indicate a sexually dimorphic response to dietary NaCl ingestion, with males of both strains manifesting some degree of NaCl sensitivity, whereas females are NaCl resistant.
A dsbA mutant of Pseudomonas syringae exhibits reduced virulence and partial impairment of type III secretion.

SUMMARY To identify virulence genes of P. syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 we screened for mutants with reduced virulence on its plant hosts, Arabidopsis thaliana and tomato. We isolated a Tn 5 -insertion mutant that exhibited reduced virulence on both hosts. Further characterization showed that this mutant carried a single Tn 5 insertion in the dsbA gene, which encodes a periplasmic disulphide bond-forming protein. In addition to reduced virulence, the dsbA mutant exhibits mucoid colony morphology, loss of fluorescence, decreased motility, and a reduced growth rate in culture. The dsbA mutant is able to multiply in A. thaliana and tomato plants, trigger the hypersensitive response on tobacco and elicit Pto -mediated resistance in tomato, indicating that type III secretion occurs in this background. However, type III secretion appears to function with reduced efficiency in the dsbA mutant, as type III-dependent secretion of HrpZ and AvrRpt2 is impaired. These findings indicate that while the dsbA gene is required for multiple cellular functions in P. syringae , type III secretion in P. syringae is only partially dependent on dsbA .
Stress-induced relapse to cocaine seeking: roles for the CRF(2) receptor and CRF-binding protein in the ventral tegmental area of the rat.

Footshock reinstates cocaine seeking in cocaine-experienced rats by inducing corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and glutamate release in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and thus activating VTA dopaminergic neurons. Footshock-induced VTA glutamate release, dopamine activation and reinstatements are blocked by VTA administration of a α-helical CRF, a nonselective CRF receptor antagonist. The effects of selective CRF antagonists have not yet been reported. The present studies were designed to explore the roles of VTA CRF receptor subtypes and CRF-BP in these effects induced by footshock. Rats were first trained to lever-press for intravenous cocaine (1 mg/infusion/0.13 ml, FR-1 schedule), and then tested under extinction conditions until response rates returned to the pretraining baseline. Reinstatements, VTA glutamate and dopamine levels [microdialysis with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)] were then assessed, under various pharmacological conditions, after mild inescapable footshock. Footshock-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking and release of VTA glutamate and dopamine were blocked by selective blockade of VTA CRF2 receptors (CRF2Rs) but not CRF1Rs. VTA perfusion of CRF or CRF2R agonists that have strong affinity for CRF-BP mimicked the effects induced by footshock while CRFR agonists that do not bind CRF-BP were ineffective. CRF6–33, which competes for the CRF binding site on CRF-BP, attenuated the effects of CRF or urocortin I on VTA glutamate and dopamine release and on reinstatement of cocaine seeking. The present studies revealed a role of VTA CRF-BP and suggest an involvement of CRF2R in the effectiveness of stress in triggering glutamate and dopamine release and cocaine seeking in drug-experienced animals.
What Is the Role of Intelligence in the Identification of Specific Learning Disabilities? Issues and Clarifications.

A fundamental assumption in the identification of specific learning disabilities (SLD) has been that the presence of a severe discrepancy between ability and academic achievement is a valid marker for the presence of a SLD. This assumption is based on the notion that discrepant low achievers constitute a unique group of children who are different in a number of ways from nondiscrepant low achievers. Several meta-analytic reviews contrasting discrepant and nondiscrepant low achievers fail to reveal significant differences between these two groups on measures of phonetic analysis, pseudoword decoding, word identification, spelling, oral reading fluency and other measures of literacy development and related phonological processing skills. This paper discusses the role of intelligence in identifying children with SLD and presents data based on correlational analyses and hierarchical regression analyses showing that intelligence is not a strong predictor of reading achievement and does not predict responsiveness to remedial instruction. These data also indicate that direct measures of responsiveness to intervention (RTI) strongly predict later reading achievement in tutored children from 1st grade through 4th grade. The combined results suggest that RTI approaches to the identification of SLD may have greater utility than psychometric approaches based on IQ scores or individual profile analysis.
Presence of azithromycin breast milk concentrations: A case report

We describe a case of breast milk concentrations of azithromycin, an azalide antibiotic, in a woman with postpartum bilateral tubal ligation incisional cellulitis. Azithromycin appears to demonstrate a time-dependent versus time-accumulation profile in breast milk.
The Plus Ends of Stable Microtubules Are the Exclusive Nucleating Structures for Microtubules in the Axon

Microtubules (MTs) in the axon have a uniform polarity orientation that is recapitulated during recovery from episodes of MT depolymerization (Heidemann, S. R., M. A. Hamborg, S. J. Thomas, B. Song, S. Lindley, and D. Chu. 1984. J. Cell Biol. 99:1289-1295). This tight regulation of their organization indicates that axonal MTs are spatially regulated by discrete nucleating structures comparable in function to the centrosome. Several authors have proposed that an especially stable class of MTs in the axon may serve as these nucleating structures. In a previous report (Baas, P. W., and M. M. Black. 1990. J. Cell Biol. 111:495-509), we determined that the axons of cultured sympathetic neurons contain two classes of MT polymer, stable and labile, that differ in their sensitivity to nocodazole by roughly 35-fold. The stable and labile polymer represent long-lived and recently assembled polymer, respectively. We also determined that these two classes of polymer can be visually distinguished at the immunoelectron microscopic level based on their content of tyrosinated alpha-tubulin: the labile polymer stains densely, while the stable polymer does not stain. In the present study, we have taken advantage of these observations to directly identify MT nucleating structures in the axon. Neuron cultures were treated with nocodazole for 6 h to completely depolymerize the labile polymer in the axon, and substantially shorten the stable polymer. The cultures were then rinsed free of the drug, permitted to reassemble polymer for various periods of time, and prepared for immunoelectron microscopic localization of tyrosinated alpha-tubulin. Serial reconstruction of consecutive thin sections was undertaken to determine the spatial relationship between the stable MTs and the newly assembled polymer. All of the new polymer assembled in direct continuity with the plus ends of stable MTs, indicating that these ends are assembly competent, and hence capable of acting as nucleating structures. Our results further indicate that no self-assembly of MTs occurs in the axon, nor do any MT nucleating structures exist in the axon other than the plus ends of stable MTs. Thus the plus ends of stable MTs are the exclusive nucleating structures for MTs in the axon.
Zernike Moment Based Rotation Invariant Features For Patter Recognition

This paper addresses the problem of rotation invariant recognition of images. A new set of rotation invariant features are introduced. They are the magnitudes of a set of orthogonal complex moments of the image known as Zernike moments. A systematic reconstruction-based method for deciding the highest order of Zernike moments required in a classification problem is developed. The "quality" of the reconstructed image is examined through its comparison with the original one. More moments are included until the reconstructed image from them is close enough to the original picture. The orthogonality property of the Zernike moments which simplifies the process of image reconstruction makes the suggested feature selection approach practical. Features of each order are also weighted according to their contribution (their image representation ability) to the reconstruction process. This contribution is measured by comparing the difference between the original and the reconstructed image using these features with that obtained by using features of one less order. The application to a 26-class character data set yields 97% classification accuracy.
Three New Species of Aulacidae (Hymenoptera) from Brazil

Three new species of Aulacidae, Aulacus gerais Smith and A. unicus Smith, from Minas Gerais, Brazil, and Pristaulacus petiense Smith, from Minas Gerais, Esperito Santo, Mato Grosso do Sul, and Santa Catarina, Brazil, are described. The species are illustrated and separated from described species of their respective genera.
Comparing the distress thermometer (DT) with the patient health questionnaire (PHQ)-2 for screening for possible cases of depression among patients newly diagnosed with advanced cancer.

Objective:Distress screening guidelines call for rapid screening for emotional distress at the time of cancer diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to examine the distress thermometer's (DT) ability to screen in patients in treatment for advanced cancer who may be depressed.Methods:Using cross-sectional data collected from patients within 30 days of diagnosis with advanced cancer, this study used ROC analysis to determine the optimal-cutoff point of the distress thermometer (DT) for screening for depression as measured by the physician health questionnaire (PHQ)-9; inter-test reliability analysis to compare the DT with the PHQ-2 for screening in possible cases of depression, and multivariate analysis to examine associations among the DT emotional problem list (EPL) items with cases of depression.Results:The average age of the 123 patients in the study was 59.9 (12.9) years. Seventy (56.9%) were female. All had Stage 3 or 4 cancers (40% gastrointestinal, 19% gynecologic, 20% head and neck, 21% lung). The mean DT score was 4 (2.7)/10; and 56 (43%) were depressed as measured by the PHQ-9 ≥5. The optimal DT cut-off score to screen in possible cases of depression was ≥2/10, with a sensitivity of .96, compared to a sensitivity of .32 of the PHQ-2 ≥2. Correlation coefficients for the DT ≥2 and the PHQ-2 with the PHQ-9 ≥5 were 0.4 and −0.2, respectively. EPL items associated with cases of depression were Depression (OR = 0.15, 0.02–0.85) and Sadness (OR = 0.21, 0.06–0.72).Significance of Results:The optimal DT threshold for identifying possible cases of depression at the time of diagnosis is ≥2; this threshold is more sensitive than the PHQ-2 ≥2. EPL items may be used with the DT score to triage patients for evaluation.
Decline in gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) performance in an elevated CO2 atmosphere depends upon host plant species.

Plant species differ broadly in their responses to an elevated CO2 atmosphere, particularly in the extent of nitrogen dilution of leaf tissue. Insect herbivores are often limited by the availability of nutrients, such as nitrogen, in their host plant tissue and may therefore respond differentially on different plant species grown in CO2-enriched environments. We reared gyspy moth larvae (Lymantria dispar) in situ on seedlings of yellow birch (Betula allegheniensis) and gray birch (B. populifolia) grown in an ambient (350 ppm) or elevated (700 ppm) CO2 atmosphere to test whether larval responses in the elevated CO2 atmosphere were species-dependent. We report that female gypsy moths (Lymantria dispar) reared on gray birch (Betula populifolia) achieved similar pupal masses on plants grown at an ambient or an elevated CO2 concentration. However, on yellow birch (B. allegheniensis), female pupal mass was 38% smaller on plants in the elevated-CO2 atmosphere. Larval mortality was significantly higher on yellow birch than gray birch, but did not differ between the CO2 treatments. Relative growth rate declined more in the elevated CO2 atmosphere for larvae on yellow birch than for those on gray birch. In preference tests, larvae preferred ambient over elevated CO2-grown leaves of yellow birch, but showed no preference between gray birch leaves from the two CO2 atmospheres. This differential response of gypsy moths to their host species corresponded to a greater decline in leaf nutritional quality in the elevated CO2 atmosphere in yellow birch than in gray birch. Leaf nitrogen content of yellow birch dropped from 2.68% to 1.99% while that of gray birch leaves only declined from 3.23% to 2.63%. Meanwhile, leaf condensed tannin concentration increased from 8.92% to 11.45% in yellow birch leaves while gray birch leaves only increased from 10.72% to 12.34%. Thus the declines in larval performance in a future atmosphere may be substantial and host-species-specific.
Dynamics of cosmological perturbations in position space

We show that the linear dynamics of cosmological perturbations can be described by coupled wave equations, allowing their efficient numerical and, in certain limits, analytical integration directly in position space. The linear evolution of any perturbation can then be analyzed with the Green's function method. Prior to hydrogen recombination, assuming tight coupling between photons and baryons, neglecting neutrino perturbations, and taking isentropic (adiabatic) initial conditions, the obtained Green's functions for all metric, density, and velocity perturbations vanish beyond the acoustic horizon. A localized primordial cosmological perturbation expands as an acoustic wave of photon-baryon density perturbation with narrow spikes at its acoustic wave fronts. These spikes provide one of the main contributions to the cosmic microwave background radiation anisotropy on all experimentally accessible scales. The gravitational interaction between cold dark matter and baryons causes a dip in the observed temperature of the radiation at the center of the initial perturbation. We first model the radiation by a perfect fluid and then extend our analysis to account for finite photon mean free path. The resulting diffusive corrections smear the sharp features in the photon and baryon density Green's functions over the scale of Silk damping.
Dispersed Ownership: The Theories, the Evidence, and the Enduring Tension between “Lumpers” and “Splitters”

From a global perspective, the single most noticeable fact about corporate governance is the radical dichotomy between dispersed ownership and concentrated ownerships systems, with the latter being much in the majority. Several prominent academics have offered grand theories to explain when dispersed share ownership arises, which have emphasized either legal or political preconditions. Nonetheless, mounting evidence suggests that these theories are overgeneralized and, in particular, do not account for the appearance (to varying degrees) of dispersed ownership in all securities markets. This article concludes that neither legal rules nor political conditions can adequately explain the spread of dispersed ownership across both the U.S. and the U.K., which developments occurred at different times, in different political and legal environments, and were precipitated by different exogenous factors. Instead, this article offers an alternative and simpler explanation: dispersed ownership arises principally from private ordering, with legal rules playing a minor role at best. Intermediaries - investment bankers, stock exchanges, and others - fill the void created by legal shortcomings and create bonding mechanisms that allow dispersed ownership to spread beyond the limited geographic area in which the founding entrepreneur is known and trusted. This process has two steps: (1) the appearance of numerous minority shareholders, gradually spreading across a broad geographic area, and (2) the break-up of controlling blocks. At the latter stage, historical contingencies have played a major role. In the United States, the merger boom of the 1890s played a critical role, and in the U.K. punitive tax changes compelled controlling shareholders to sell. The only common denominators across the two countries were: (1) political changes followed once share ownership dispersion was achieved, as law followed the market; and (2) private ordering and self-regulation encouraged minority owners to invest and protected their voting and control rights. This may suggest that in decentralized political economies (in which political and economic power tend to be separated and in which self-regulation is more common, such as the U.S. and the U.K.), dispersed ownership is more likely to arise, but it can arise for individual firms through private ordering in any market.