cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Skeletal Effects of Nine Months of Physical Activity in Obese and Healthy Weight Children.

PURPOSE Obesity during adolescence has multisystem health consequences. The objective of this work was to determine whether preadolescent overweight/obese children's bones respond to a 9-month physical activity intervention by increasing bone density similar to healthy weight children. METHODS Participants included overweight/obese (BMI > 85%) and healthy weight (15% < BMI < 85%) preadolescents (8-9 yr old). Participants in the physical activity group participated in a 9-month physical activity curriculum every day after school. The wait list control group received no intervention. Both groups had overweight/obese children and healthy weight controls. Whole-body bone mineral content, area, and bone mineral apparent density (BMAD) were assessed using dual x-ray absorptiometry) at the beginning and end of the 9-month trial in the physical activity and control group. RESULTS Overweight/obese preadolescent children had higher BMAD than healthy weight children (P < 0.001 for spine, leg, and whole body). However, the density/weight (BMAD/lean mass) was lower in overweight/obese children than that in healthy weight children, indicating that the density of bones in overweight/obese children may not compensate sufficiently for the excessive load due to weight. The change in BMAD over 9 months was greater in healthy weight children than overweight/obese children in the whole body and leg, but not the lumbar spine. Physical activity caused a site-specific increase in bone density, affecting the legs more than the lumbar spine, but there was no significant difference in the effect of exercise between the healthy weight and the overweight/obese group. CONCLUSIONS The smaller change in BMAD over the 9 months and lower BMAD per unit lean mass in overweight/obese compared with healthy weight children may indicate a slower rate of bone mass accrual, which may have implications for bone health during skeletal growth in obese/overweight children.
Online and offline printing...relative costs

Etude comparative des couts d'impression en ligne et d'impression en differe, de references apres interrogation d'une cinquantaine de bases de donnees americaines
Integrating Individual and Contextual Factors to Explain Disparities in HIV/STI Among Heterosexual African American Youth: A Contemporary Literature Review and Social Ecological Model

Heterosexual African American youth face substantial disparities in sexual health consequences such as HIV and STI. Based on the social ecological framework, the current paper provides a comprehensive, narrative review of the past 14 years of literature examining HIV/STI risk, including risky sexual behavior, among heterosexual African American youth and a conceptual model of risk among this population. The review found that individual psychological and biological factors are insufficient to explain the sexual health disparities faced by this group; instead, structural disadvantage, interpersonal risk, and community dysfunction contribute to the disparity in HIV/STI outcomes directly and indirectly through individual psychological factors. The conceptual model presented suggests that for African American youth, (1) HIV/STI risk commonly begins at the structural level and trickles down to the community, social, and individual levels, (2) risk works in a positive feedback system such that downstream effects compound the influence of structural risks, and (3) contextual and individual risk factors must be considered within the advanced stage of the epidemic facing this population. Despite advanced HIV and STI epidemics among heterosexual African American youth, multisystemic interventions that target structural risk factors and their downstream effects are posited to reduce the disparity among this high-risk population.
Why Suffering Matters

Despite Peter Frost’s (1999, p. 128) call for organizational scholars and practitioners to “find suffering as a significant aspect of organizational life,” both have largely remained silent about i...
A New Window on the Universe

In April 1933, at a small gathering at a meeting of the US National Committee of the International Scientific Radio Union (URSI), Bell Labs scientist Karl Guthe Jansky announced that he had detected 20.5 MHz (14.6 m) radio emission from the Milky Way. Jansky used a novel directional antenna based on an invention by AT&T Bell Labs colleague, Edmond Bruce, that rotated every 20 minutes to determine the direction and source of the interfering noise that was plaguing the telephone company. Jansky’s remarkable discovery of what he called “star noise” was widely publicized in the media, but had little immediate impact in the astronomical community, as astronomers, who typically had little background in electronics or radio, saw no relation to their own work.
The Composition of Success: Competition and the Creative Self in Contemporary Art Music

Much of the literature on production in cultural fields has been dominated by gatekeeper and rational-actor narratives. These literatures argue that the production of art objects tends to be driven by competition for status within fields and by institutional forces that shape how actors produce their work and define success. While much of the existing research has provided insight on the structural determinants that organize the opportunity structures within cultural fields, much less is known about how cultural producers make sense of the competitive prize-seeking bound up in professional integration. This article examines the role that juried prizes and competitions play in shaping how cultural producers understand who they are and what they do as artists seeking professional integration in their fields. Drawing on 41 semi-structured, in-depth interviews with contemporary art music composers in the early stages of their careers, the article shows how composers engage in self-curation strategies that seek to mitigate the uncertainty of selection associated with competition participation. The article discusses three additional findings. First, composers participate in different competition types and make decisions about which types are best suited for achieving their professional goals. Second, self-curation strategies map on to different aspects of composer’s self-concepts and the actions warranted by these differences. Third, composers move within and across three different self-curation strategies outlined in the article. By engaging these strategies, it is argued that composers come to understand competitions as meaningful in their efforts to professionalize and as mechanisms through which they reconcile legibility within the field with an authentic pursuit of their artistic voice. This research locates self-curation as a phenomenon at the intersection of rational and meaning-centered action.
Hot-cracking mechanism in CO/sub 2/ laser beam welds of dissimilar metals involving PH martensitic stainless steels

Autogenous CO/sub 2/ laser beam welds were made between Alloy HP 9-4-20 and both 15-5 PH and PH 13-8 Mo stainless steel. Small scale circular-patch test specimens revealed that the combination involving the Nb-bearing alloy, 15-5 PH, was far more crack susceptible than the combination involving the Nb-free alloy, PH 13-8 Mo. Analytical electron microscopy was used to identify an NbC/austenite eutectic-like constituent as being responsible for the cracking phenomenon.
An excess of globular clusters in Ultra-Diffuse Galaxies formed through tidal heating

To investigate the origin of elevated globular cluster abundances observed around Ultra- Diffuse Galaxies (UDGs), we simulate globular cluster populations hosted by UDGs formed through tidal heating. Specifically, globular cluster (GC) formation is modeled as occurring in regions of dense star formation. Because star-formation-rate-densities are higher at high redshift, dwarf galaxies in massive galaxy clusters, which formed most of their stars at high redshift, form a large fraction of their stars in globular clusters. Given that UDGs formed through environmental processes are more likely to be accreted at high redshift, these systems have more GCs than non-UDGs. In particular, our model predicts that massive UDGs have twice the GC mass of non-UDGs of similar stellar mass, in rough agreement with observations. Although this effect is somewhat diminished by GC disruption, we find that the relationship between GC mass fraction and cluster-centric distance, and the relationship between GC mass fraction and galaxy half-light radius are remarkably similar to observations. Among our model objects, both UDGs and non-UDGs present a correlation between halo mass and GC mass, although UDGs have lower dynamical masses at a given GC mass. Furthermore, because of the effectiveness of GC disruption, we predict that GCs around UDGs should have a more top heavy mass function than GCs around non-UDGs. This analysis suggests that dwarfs with older stellar populations, such as UDGs, should have higher globular cluster mass fractions than objects with young stellar populations, such as isolated dwarfs.
Decay of At 212 ; the Bi 209 ( α , n ) At 212 Reaction

${\mathrm{At}}^{212}$ was produced by the ${\mathrm{Bi}}^{209}(\ensuremath{\alpha}, n){\mathrm{At}}^{212}$ reaction by bombarding ${\mathrm{Bi}}^{209}$ with a beam of 19-MeV helium ions from the Purdue cyclotron. The ${\mathrm{At}}^{212}$ was observed to decay by alpha emission with a half-life of 0.20\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04 sec. The kinetic energy of the alpha particles emitted in the decay was measured using Au-Si surface-barrier charged particle spectrometers. The alpha-decay energy was found to be 7.87\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.07 MeV. The relative excitation function of the ${\mathrm{Bi}}^{209}(\ensuremath{\alpha}, n){\mathrm{At}}^{212}$ reaction was also obtained in the center-of-mass energy range from 17.87 to 18.86 MeV. The hindrance factor for the ${\mathrm{At}}^{212}$ decay is calculated using the experimentally measured ${\mathrm{At}}^{212}$ alpha-decay energy.
Chemical and electrical synaptic interactions among taste bud cells.

Chemical synapses between taste cells were first proposed based on electron microscopy of fish taste buds. Subsequently, researchers found considerable evidence for electrical coupling in fish, amphibian, and possibly mammalian taste buds. The development lingual slice and isolated cell preparations allowed detailed investigations of cell‐cell interactions, both chemical and electrical, in taste buds. The identification of serotonin and ATP as taste neurotransmitters focused attention onto chemical synaptic interactions between taste cells and research on electrical coupling faded. Findings from Ca2+ imaging, electrophysiology, and molecular biology indicate that several neurotransmitters, including ATP, serotonin, GABA, acetylcholine, and norepinephrine, are secreted by taste cells and exert paracrine interactions in taste buds. Most work has been done on interactions between Type II and Type III taste cells. This brief review follows the trail of studies on cell–cell interactions in taste buds, from the initial ultrastructural observations to the most recent optogenetic manipulations.
Pregnancy and Work – 50 Years of Legal Theory, Litigation, and Legislation

What does “equal treatment” mean in the context of workplace responses to pregnancy and infant care? And what is the appropriate scope of public support for new parents? These subjects have long been the focus of debate in feminist theory and policymaking. This book chapter, to be published in The Oxford Handbook of Feminism and Law in the United States, explores the historical development and current state of American policy and contrasts it with the approach taken by other countries. The chapter also applies an intersectional lens to reveal how race, class, sexual orientation, gender identity, family structure and other factors may interact with pregnancy and parenthood to compound disadvantage. In the United States, pregnancy is generally treated like other health conditions, and parental leave is provided on a sex-neutral basis. This “same treatment” approach responds to concerns voiced by some feminist theorists that mandating maternity leave, or other special supports for pregnancy, would spur workplace discrimination against women and reify assumptions that women bear primary responsibility for family caregiving. Since American policymakers also largely endorsed neoliberal arguments that framed medical and family needs as private responsibilities, the result (until recently) were limited mandates that provided inadequate support for pregnant workers and either no leave or unpaid leave for new parents. Poor and working-class women of color are disproportionately harmed by the insufficiency of these policies. By contrast, virtually every other country in the world guarantees new mothers a relatively ample period of paid maternity leave; fathers generally receive a much shorter period of paternity leave, although some countries have modified this structure to encourage more equal sharing of care responsibilities. The chapter concludes by highlighting recent developments in American policy that provide more robust support for pregnancy and childbirth within universal structures addressing health needs more generally. Additionally, many states have enacted laws that guarantee workplace accommodations related to pregnancy and paid leave for new parents, with men claiming leave at relatively high rates. These are important steps forward, but additional federal legislation is necessary to ensure workers can start a family without jeopardizing their economic security.
Hospital-Acquired COVID-19: Case Discussions of Two Patients Treated at a Level I Trauma Center

The community spread of COVID-19 is well known and has been rigorously studied since the onset of the pandemic; however, little is known about the risk of transmission to hospitalized patients. Many practices have been adopted by healthcare facilities to protect patients and staff by attempting to mitigate internal spread of the disease; however, these practices are highly variable among institutions, and it is difficult to identify which interventions are both practical and impactful. Our institution, for example, adopted the most rigorous infection control methods in an effort to keep patients and staff as safe as possible throughout the pandemic. This case report details the hospital courses of two trauma patients, both of whom tested negative for the COVID-19 virus multiple times prior to producing positive tests late in their hospital courses. The two patients share many common features including history of psychiatric illness, significant injuries, ICU stays, one-to-one observers, multiple consulting services, and a prolonged hospital course prior to discharge to a rehabilitation facility. Analysis of these hospital courses can help provide a better understanding of potential risk factors for acquisition of a nosocomial COVID-19 infection and insight into which measures may be most effective in preventing future occurrences. This is important to consider not only for COVID-19 but also for future novel infectious diseases.
On the feasibility of dynamical analysis of network models of biochemical regulation.

A recent article by Weidner et al. [2021] presents a method to extract graph properties that are predictive of the dynamical behavior of multivariate, discrete models of biochemical regulation. In other words, a method that uses only features from the structure of network interactions to predict which nodes are most involved in automata network dynamics. However, the authors claim that dynamical analysis of large automata network models is "not even feasible." To make sure that others are not discouraged from working on this problem, it is important to clarify that effective dynamical analysis of automata network models, to the contrary, is feasible. Unlike what is suggested in the article, graph-based analysis of static features is not the only analytical avenue for large systems biology models of regulation and signaling dynamics because there are dynamical methods that are, indeed, scalable.
Development of mechanistic erosion equation for solid particles

Abstract A semi-mechanistic model for the erosion of different target materials due to solid particles has been proposed based on the experimental data from direct impingement testing. As a first step in erosion experiments, particle velocity has been measured with Particle Image Velocimeter (PIV) at different gas velocities. A new mechanistic model, with incorporated empirical constants, has been developed by assuming that erosion caused by particle impact is due to two mechanisms, cutting and deformation. This hypothesis is supported by the SEM images of the surface of the eroded specimen at different locations. Empirical constants have been obtained for different target materials using data from erosion tests with 150 µm sand particles. In contrast to the angle functions that are currently being used for all particles and impact velocities, the angle dependence in the new model changes with the particle shape and velocity and showed fair agreement with experimental data.
Viscoelastic Characteristics of Typical Shoe Outsole Materials and Their Effects on Walkway Friction Models

The physical laws governing the forces encountered when two materials in contact move, or tend to move, relative to another, have been developed over the last three hundred years. The assumptions used in these theories considered materials to be elastic in nature. A number of problems arise in applying these theories to footwear outsole materials. For example, the materials can be viscoelastic, which can alter their response to applied loads. Friction in elastomers has been shown to be made up of two different terms: adhesion and deformation. Waves of detachment have been observed in sliding elastomers that are the result of viscoelastic instability at the contact surface. Although this has been established in various laboratory tests, it has not been shown that typical conditions encountered during gait (forces, walking/sliding speed, temperatures, pressures) fit the adhesion/deformation model of elastomers. Available methods to measure/simulate friction during gait are controversial. Viscoelastic materials properties can vary with rate of loading, including friction and mechanical. Tensile tests at various strain rates were performed on typical commercially available shoe outsole materials-leather, and Neolite®. The results did not show any significant trend with respect to strain rate and measured mechanical properties.
Economic Analysis and Clinical Research

This chapter focuses on the nexus of health economics and clinical research. The chapter is an intermediate level introduction to the role of economics in clinical trials. Topics that fall under this general domain are the role of economic analysis in allocation decisions of research resources, the role of economic analysis in public health policy involving the dissemination of the products of clinical research, and specific economic evaluations in the context of clinical trials. The concept of cost plays a crucial role in the economic analysis of health. A variety of special statistical issues has been recognized in the context of economic analysis alongside clinical trials. These issues arise because economic data are complex, multivariate, and longitudinal. As economic data tend to have high variance with a high degree of skewness; and the number of economic observations available from clinical trials is usually modest.
Implementing High Performance Multicast in a Managed Environment

Abstract : Component integration environments such as Microsoft .NET and J2EE have become widely popular with application developers, who benefit from standardized memory management, system-wide type checking, debugging, and performance analysis tools that operate across component boundaries. This paper describes QuickSilver Scalable Multicast (QSM), a new multicast platform designed to achieve high performance in managed environments. Memory-related overheads and phenomena related to scheduling are shown to dominate the behavior of the system. We discuss techniques that helped us to alleviate these problems, and argue that they reveal general principles applicable to other kinds of high-data-rate protocols and applications in managed settings.
Harnessing the Microbiome to Enhance Cancer Immunotherapy

The microbiota plays a key role in regulating the innate and adaptive immune system. Herein, we review the immunological aspects of the microbiota in tumor immunity in mice and man, with a focus on toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, vaccines, checkpoint modulators, chemotherapy, and adoptive T cell transfer (ACT) therapies. We propose innovative treatments that may safely harness the microbiota to enhance T cell-based therapies in cancer patients. Finally, we highlight recent developments in tumor immunotherapy, particularly novel ways to modulate the microbiome and memory T cell responses to human malignancies.
Review of charged Higgs searches at the Tevatron

Although the standard model of particle physics (SM) is remarkably successful at describing the fundamental particles and their interactions, the mechanism for the breaking of elecroweak symmetry (EWSB) has yet to be confirmed. In the SM, the EWSB sector consists of four scalar fields represented by a single SU(2) complex doublet. Following EWSB, three of the fields are responsible for the generation of the W{sup {+-}} and Z masses, while the fourth is the neutral Higgs boson. At the present time, the Tevatron experiments have set 95% CL exclusion limits on the mass of the SM Higgs boson for the ranges 100 to 109 GeV and 158 to 175 GeV. In addition to these constraints on the SM Higgs boson, the Tevatron experiments have also set limits on neutral and charged Higgs bosons (H{sup {+-}}) in the context of several models beyond the SM. In this review, we discuss searches for charged Higgs bosons performed by the CDF and D0 collaborations at the Fermilab Tevatron in the mass range of 80 to 300 GeV.
Authoring instructional expertise in knowledge based tutors

Our contribution to the Special Issue on the GTE system begins with a response to five major claims made in Van Marcke's paper on GTE. We follow with a description of a system called Eon, a suite of authoring tools for intelligent tutoring systems (ITS), which we are developing in our lab. Next we discuss several general issues in ITS authoring systems as they pertain to GTE, Eon, and other systems, including who the intended audience is, where instructional expertise comes from, tradeoffs between generality and inferencing power, managing complexity for users, and the use of “knowledge types.” Finally, we suggest several areas for synergy and future work for GTE and Eon.
Multigenerational Punishment: Shared Experiences of Undocumented Immigration Status within Mixed-Status Families

Estimates suggest that approximately 16.6 million people in the United States are members of mixed-status families composed of undocumented immigrants and U.S. citizens or documented immigrants. Drawing on interviews with 32 undocumented 1.5-generation parents, the author explores how immigration laws affect undocumented parents and their citizen children. She finds that U.S. citizen children and their undocumented parents often share in the risks and limitations associated with undocumented immigration status. She conceptualizes this phenomenon as multigenerational punishment, a distinct form of legal violence wherein the sanctions intended for a specific population spill over to negatively affect individuals who are not targeted by laws. Though not restricted to familial relationships, multigenerational punishment tends to occur within families because of the strong social ties, sustained day-to-day interactions, and dependent relationships found among family members. This sheds light on how laws can further the reproduction of inequality within families and over generations.
caPeptides: Selectively targeting caPCNA and sensitizing gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer cells

caPeptides that block the functions of caPCNA, cancer associated proliferating cell nuclear antigen in malignant cells has been developed by our laboratory and showed promising anti-cancer therapeutic activities. Previously, we have identified caPCNA, an acidic isoform of PCNA that presents in various cancer cells and appears to be associated, at least in part, with malignant transformation of cells. Since PCNA is involved in DNA replication and repair in prokaryote and eukaryote cells, we hypothesize that caPCNA is likely to perform similar functions specifically in cancer cells. Antibodies developed against caPCNA showed the inhibition of DNA replication in cancer cells. The investigation of the interaction of caPCNA with its binding partners including flap structure-specific endonuclease 1(Fen-1) and xeroderma pimentosum complementation group G (XPG) has led us to identify an amino acid domain sequence that confers the cancer cell specificity of caPCNA. We synthesized caPeptides, small caPCNA related peptides derived from this sequence to promote cancer cell cytotoxicity. caPeptides have the potential ability to compete with several cellular proteins that participate in DNA replication, repair, cell cycle control, transcription, and chromosomal recombination for their naturally occurring binding site on caPCNA and block binding of full length caPCNA to these proteins. The disruption of the interaction between caPCNA and its binding proteins prevents cancer cellular functions (vital cellular machinery) that recruit caPCNA and therefore may lead caPeptides to be cytotoxic by themselves or in combination with cancer chemotherapeutic drugs. Our results demonstrated that these peptides were cytotoxic to pancreatic cancer cells and more significantly they rendered resistant pancreatic cells to be 10-fold more sensitive to gemcitabine, a standard clinical chemotherapeutic agent for treating pancreatic cancer patients. Considering that pancreatic cancer is well known for its high mortality rate due to its chemotherapy ineffectiveness and resistances to gemcitabine our studies render further investigations on the anti-neoplastic action and mechanisms of the peptides in pancreatic cancer.
QUANTITATIVE ASSAY OF ENDOGENOUS PYROGEN IN SERUM.

SummaryA semiquantitative assay for endogenous pyrogen in serum is described. The test depends on using at least 3-4 recipients at at least 4 ranges of dosage, and the use of the fever index rather than height of the fever curve. This permits construction of a dose response curve which delineates the sensitive range of pyrexia. The minimum pyrogenic dose can then be calculated and should serve as a useful standard for comparison of different pyrogenic substances.
An antiparallel four-helix bundle orients the high-affinity RNA binding sites in hnRNP C: a mechanism for RNA chaperonin activity.

Abstract Previous studies have shown that the C protein of 40 S hnRNP complexes contains a leucine-zipper domain, residues 180-207, and that a 40 residue highly basic domain, immediately preceding the zipper, is responsible for almost all of the free energy of RNA binding to C protein. Because this domain arrangement is like that seen in the bZIP transcription factors it has been termed the bZIP-like-motif or bZLM. We report here that the zipper domain drives C protein oligomerization through its spontaneous assembly into an anti-parallel four-helix bundle approximately 50 A in length. The anti-parallel nature of the four-helix bundle positions the tetramer’s four high-affinity RNA binding domains at opposing ends of a rigid core formed by the helix bundle. This domain topology is ideally suited to accommodate and direct a double wrapping of RNA around the tetramer and is fully consistent with C protein’s ability to bind and order 230 nt lengths of pre-mRNA through a highly cooperative RNA binding mode. We have used a novel sequence-specific 13 C/ 15 N labeling strategy and multidimensional NMR spectroscopy to define the anti-parallel orientation of the four-helix bundle and its molecular dimensions. In vitro reconstitution and hydrodynamic studies on native C protein, on several C protein fragments, and on various synthetic peptides, are consistent with the proposed model and indicate that C protein’s canonical RNA recognition motifs probably function in tetramer-tetramer interactions during 40 S hnRNP assembly.
Closed-Form Equations for Three Dimensional Elastic-Plastic Contact of Nominally Flat Rough Surfaces

Approximate closed-form equations governing the shoulder-shoulder contact of asperities are derived based on a generalization by Chang, Etsion, and Bogy. The work entails the consideration of asperity shoulder-shoulder contact in which the volume conservation is assumed in the plastic flow regime. Shoulder-shoulder asperity contact gives rise to a slanted contact force comprising tangential and normal components. Each force component comprises elastic and plastic terms, which upon statistical summation yields the force component for the elastic and plastic forces for the contact of two rough surfaces. Half-plane tangential force due to elastic-plastic contact is derived through the statistical summation of tangential force component along an arbitrary tangential direction. Two sets of equations are found. In the first set of equations the functional forms are simpler and provide approximation of contact force to within 9%. The second set is enhanced equations derived from the first set of approximate equations that achieve an accuracy of within 0.2%.
A fast cluster finding processor for the ZEUS calorimeter

Abstract The design, construction and operation of a fast cluster finding processor for the ZEUS calorimeter is described.
Peer coaching: Professional growth and development for instruction librarians

With so many academic librarians now employed in split or multi‐task job assignments, those who teach may question how they can develop the skills they need to be challenging and innovative in the classroom. Instruction librarians may turn to their colleagues to help them cultivate their teaching skills, particularly during times when bibliographic instruction (B.I.) workshops or training sessions are not imminent. Noticing the informal coaching that exists among trusted colleagues, some libraries have given structure to this exchange through peer coaching programs.
Mixed- list manipulations of implicit associative responses in verbal discrimination learning

Implicit associative responses were manipulated in a verbal discrimination task involving mixed-list of (a) pairs containing associatively related wrong (W) and right (R) items (intrapair condition), (b) associatively related W and R items in different pairs (interpair condition), (c) associatively related R items (interitem-AR condition), and (d) pairs involving no associative relationships (control condition). In agreement with frequency theory, the interitem-AR condition resulted in pronounced facilitation in acquisition relative to the control and interpair conditions, a result not consistently found with unmixed lists. Consistent with the “tagging” model but contrary to frequency theory, the intrapair condition was also significantly superior to the control and interpair conditions. The control and interpair conditions did not differ, suggesting that the interference usually found in the interpair condition in unmixed lists may be largely inhibited under the present mixed-list conditions.
Cancer survivorship and sexual orientation

Ulrike Boehmer, PhD 1 ; Xiaopeng Miao, MS 2 ; and Al Ozonoff, PhD 2 BACKGROUND: Lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations are not part of cancer surveillance, resulting in scarce information about the cancer survivorship of these populations. To address this information gap, the authors examined the prevalence of cancer survivorship by sexual orientation and cancer survivors’ self-reported health by sexual orientation. METHODS: The authors explored these issues by analyzing pooled data from the California Health Interview survey from 2001, 2003, and 2005. By using descriptive statistics and logistic regressions, they examined the cancer prevalence in men and women by sexual orientation and subsequently compared the self-reported health of male and female cancer survivors by sexual orientation. RESULTS: Among women, the authors found no significant differences in cancer prevalence by sexual orientation, but lesbian and bisexual female cancer survivors had 2.0 and 2.3� the odds of reporting fair or poor health compared with heterosexual female cancer survivors. Among men, we found significant differences in cancer prevalence, with gay men having 1.9� the odds of reporting a cancer diagnosis compared with heterosexual men. There were no differences by sexual orientation in male cancer survivors’ self-reported health. CONCLUSIONS: Our novel findings suggest sex differences in the impact of cancer on lesbian, gay, and bisexual cancer survivors. Lesbian and bisexual cancer survivors need to be targeted by programs and services to assist these cancer survivors in improving their health perceptions, whereas healthcare providers and public health agencies need to be made aware of the higher prevalence of cancer in gay men to prevent future cancers through increased screening and primary prevention. Cancer 2011;117:3796–804. V C 2011 American Cancer Society.
Disruption of auditory but not visual learning by destruction of intrinsic neurons in the rat medial geniculate body

The contribution of intrinsic neurons in the medial geniculate body (MG) of the rat to the classical conditioning of emotional responses to acoustic stimuli was examined. Injection of ibotenic acid, which destroys cell bodies but not axons of passage, into the MG disrupted the conditioned changes in mean arterial pressure and emotional behavior elicited by a tone previously associated with footshock. Unconditioned responses elicited by the tone and by the footshock were unaffected. Moreover, the same animals readily learned to associate a visual stimulus with footshock. Thus, destruction of intrinsic neurons in the MG selectively disrupts the conditioning of emotional responses to acoustic stimuli. The MG appears to be the afferent link in a modality specific emotional learning pathway.
Design of in-situ antennas using platform characteristic modes

The design of in-situ antennas is conducted using the theory of characteristic modes. By performing a characteristic mode analysis of the supporting platform, the optimal spatial regions of antenna-platform coupling can be located, as well as approximate limits on bandwidth. Then, for a given choice of antenna, the proper feed location can be optimized rapidly based on its near-field profile, incident onto the platform characteristic modes. Examples detailing a characteristic mode-based in-situ antenna design will be shown for complex-shaped, realistic platforms to illustrate its utility.
The west gets the point

Acupuncture is rooted in a traditional history that dates back at least 3000 years. Research has demonstrated the physiological and neurobiological basis for many of the effects of acupuncture, which has made it more acceptable for many Western physicians. This past year has seen research using single-photon-emission computerised tomography and functional magnetic reasonance imaging technology to examine the effect of body acupuncture on brain physiology. Proper research methodology is important in the evaluation of any treatment modality, and acupuncture has unique considerations when it comes to blinded prospective study. The important event of the past year was the Consensus Development Conference held by the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) in November 1997. The consensus panel evaluated existing clinical research and weighed the strength of the data supporting acupuncture for the treatment of various clinical conditions. The panel, after hearing presentations from experts in various areas, concluded that there is evidence that needle acupuncture treatment is effective for postoperative and chemotherapy-associated nausea and vomiting, nausea in pregnancy, and postoperative dental pain. In addition, there are several conditions for which acupuncture may be effective as an adjunct therapy, as an acceptable alternative, or as part of a comprehensive treatment programme, although there is less convincing scientific data for this. These conditions include addiction, stroke rehabilitation, headaches, menstrual cramps, tennis elbow, fibromyalgia, low-back pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, and asthma. The data presented also suggest uses for other conditions. High-quality clinical research is needed regarding acupuncture therapy and outcomes. An unprecedented number of research grants were given this year. The NIH funded a US $1 million grant for a 3=year trial of acupuncture for knee osteoarthritis. Three additional grants of US $300 000 to US $350 000 annually for 3 years were announced recently for back pain, dental pain, and depression. In the UK, the NHS Health and Technology Assessment Research and Development Programme awarded the Research Council for Complementary Medicine a 21⁄2 year grant of £130 000 to evaluate acupuncture for the management of headaches. There are several professional acupuncture societies for physicians practising acupuncture. These include the American Academy of Medical Acupuncture, the British Medical Acupuncture Society, and the International Council of Medical Acupuncture and Related Techniques. In the USA, the AAMA represents physicians, sets out training guidelines, and has
Rapeseed rotation, compost and biocontrol amendments reduce soilborne diseases and increase tuber yield in organic and conventional potato production systems

Aims Integrating multiple soil and disease manage- ment practices may improve crop productivity and disease control, but potential interactions and limita- tions need to be determined. Methods Three different potential disease-suppressive management practices, including a Brassica napus (rapeseed) green manure rotation crop, conifer-based compost amendment, and three biological control or- ganisms (Trichoderma virens, Bacillus subtilis, and Rhizoctonia solani hypovirulent isolate Rhs1A1) were evaluated alone and in combination at sites with both organic and conventional management histories for their effects on soilborne diseases and tuber yield. Results Rapeseed rotation reduced all observed soil- borne diseases (stem canker, black scurf, common scab, and silver scurf) by 10 to 52 % in at least one year at both sites. Compost amendment had variable effects on tuber diseases, but consistently increased yield (by 9 to 15 %) at both sites. Biocontrol effects on disease varied, though Rhs1A1 decreased black scurf at the conventional site and T. virens reduced multiple diseases at the organic site in at least one year. Combining rapeseed rotation with compost amend- ment both reduced disease and increased yield, where- as biocontrol additions produced only marginal addi- tive effects. Conclusions Use of these treatments alone, and in combination, can be effective at reducing disease and increasing yield under both conventional and organic production practices.
Quasi-likelihood or extended quasi-likelihood? An information-geometric approach

When the variance is a known function of the mean, as in quasi-likelihood applications, the sample variance also contains information about the mean and extensions of quasi-likelihood functions have been suggested that incorporate this additional information. In order to be sure these extensions are an improvement, further assumptions are made typically on the higher moments of the data so that there is a trade-off between the greater robustness of the quasi-likelihood estimates and the potentially improved estimates based on the extended quasi-likelihood functions. Improvement is often measured by relative efficiency but more insight can be gained by considering optimality of estimating functions, information loss, and sufficiency. All these measures can be described using the dual geometries of the quasi- and extended quasi-likelihood estimators. For a substantial range of models, the extended estimates offer little improvement when the coefficient of variation is small.
Defining future platform requirements for e-Science clouds

Cloud computing has evolved in the commercial space to support highly asynchronous web 2.0 applications. Scientific computing has traditionally been supported by centralized federally funded supercomputing centers and grid resources with a focus on bulk-synchronous compute and data-intensive applications. The scientific computing community has shown increasing interest in exploring cloud computing to serve e-Science applications, with the idea of taking advantage of some of its features such as customizable environments and on-demand resources. Magellan, a recently funded cloud computing project is investigating how cloud computing can serve the needs of mid-range computing and future data-intensive scientific workloads. This paper summarizes the application requirements and business model needed to support the requirements of both existing and emerging science applications, as learned from the early experiences on Magellan and commercial cloud environments. We provide an overview of the capabilities of leading cloud offerings and identify the existent gaps and challenges. Finally, we discuss how the existing cloud software stack may be evolved to better meet e-Science needs, along with the implications for resource providers and middleware developers.
The New Testament and Homosexuality? Part 1: The Social System behind Romans 1

In this, the first of two parts of a continuous argument, the focus falls on what Paul meant by his statement in Romans 1 about same-gender sexual relations. The social system within which and from which his statements had meaning is considered. The second part of this argument, to appear in Verbum et Ecclesia 23 (2) 2002, looks more closely at the various traditions that could have influenced Paul’s thinking, and draws conclusions to the developed argument on the prevalence of homosexuality in the New Testament era.
Processing the War in Iraq While Learning About American Politics

When political knowledge is scarce, affective attitudes, which can consist of emotion-driven feelings regarding political figures, government, country, and foreign nations, often assist policy judgment. Based on pre- and postsurveys administered in Introduction to American Politics courses, fall 2003–fall 2005, this study examines how political learning affects the formulation of students' policy preferences on the war in Iraq. With political knowledge gains for our students, the relative impact of affective attitudes such as confidence in the President, trust in government, and enemy images of Iran declined with regard to Iraq policy preferences, while the relationship between issue preferences such as defense spending and Iraq policy strengthened. Our students' attentiveness and surveillance knowledge of contemporary political figures and facts was more significantly related to preferences on the current occupation than on the past decision to invade Iraq. Teaching methods with more extensive course int...
A TYPOLOGY OF ORGANIZATIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS

This paper synthesizes research on the organizational learning phenomenon. The concept of organizational learning systems is proposed and developed. Learning systems are the mechanisms by which learning is perpetuated and institutionalized in organizations. Findings from an exploratory study of organizational learning are used as a basis for developing a typology of organizational learning systems.
What's happening?: promoting community awareness through opportunistic, peripheral interfaces

Maintaining an awareness of information about one's own community and its members is viewed as being important, but is becoming more challenging today as people are overwhelmed by so many different forms of information. This paper describes the "What's Happening" suite of tools for helping convey relevant and interesting community information to people in a manner that is minimally distracting and disruptive, with little or no user set-up and interaction. The tools are more lightweight than e-mail and Usenet news, and opportunistic in providing information to people when they are not deeply focused on some other task.
Exercises in hedging against extreme consequences of global change and the expected value of information

Abstract This paper reports the implications for near-term global change policy of hedging against the extreme costs of low probability-high consequence events. Working with a full range of probabilistically weighted emissions trajectories and assuming complete resolution of uncertainty by the year 2020, the results support modest near-term carbon abatement policy that corresponds with a doubling of the efficient shadow price of carbon emissions. Assuming survey generated subjective likelihoods of extreme events, the efficient hedging shadow price can, for example, be as high as US$18 (US$1990) per tonne of carbon emitted by the year 2020 along the median emissions trajectory and US$28 per tonne along a 95th percentile trajectory.
The ability of certain anorexic drugs to suppress food consumption depends on the nutrient composition of the test diet

Abstract The effects of five anorexic agents on food consumption were tested in rats offered single, isocaloric, isonitrogenous diets differing in carbohydrate content. Three of the test agents, damphetamine, benzphetamine and chlorphentermine, are sympathomimetic and cause CNS stimulation; the others, MK-212 and d-fenfluramine, are thought to facilitate serotonin-mediated neurotransmission. At ED 50 doses, the sympathomimetic drugs reduced food consumption whether the test diet was rich (75% dextrin) or poor (25% dextrin) in carbohydrate. In contrast, MK-212 and d-fenfluramine failed to reduce consumption of the 25% dextrin test diet. These observations suggest that anorexic drugs like d-amphetamine and d-fenfluramine do not act via a common “amphetamine receptor,” and are compatible with earlier observations, made on rats given diet pairs simultaneously, that enhanced serotoninergic neurotransmission selectively suppresses appetite for carbohydrates.
Influence of Constant Current Iontophoresis on the Impedance and Passive Na+ Permeability of Excised Nude Mouse Skin

Abstract The impedance of excised nude mouse skin was determined over the frequency range 0.2–2500 Hz. Impedance versus frequency plots were obtained for skin which had undergone progressive hydration over a period of 8 h, and for similarly hydrated skin which, during the hydration period, was also exposed to a current density of 0.16 mA cm 2 for 1 h. The parallel frequency‐dependent skin resistance and capacitance were then calculated from the impedance data. The skin resistance, at 0.2 Hz, for skin exposed to the iontophoretic current decreased by a factor of ∼5 compared with that observed for skin which had undergone hydration, implying that the current had altered the ion conducting pathways of the skin. In addition, the Na − flux was measured and shown to be linearly correlated (r = 0.99) with the inverse of the impedance of the skin at 0.2 Hz. This implies that the low frequency impedance of the skin is a measure of the passive ion permeability of the skin, and that this technique can be used as a noninvasive way to assess the relative effects of different types of iontophoretic current on the skin.