cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Enteric Gram Negative Facultative Anaerobe Bacilli in Aerobic versus Anaerobic Conditions

Antimicrobial treatments result in the host’s enteric bacteria being exposed to the antimicrobials. Pharmacodynamic models can describe how this exposure affects the enteric bacteria and their antimicrobial resistance. The models utilize measurements of bacterial antimicrobial susceptibility traditionally obtained in vitro in aerobic conditions. However, in vivo enteric bacteria are exposed to antimicrobials in anaerobic conditions of the lower intestine. Some of enteric bacteria of food animals are potential foodborne pathogens, e.g., Gram-negative bacilli Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica. These are facultative anaerobes; their physiology and growth rates change in anaerobic conditions. We hypothesized that their antimicrobial susceptibility also changes, and evaluated differences in the susceptibility in aerobic vs. anaerobic conditions of generic E. coli and Salmonella enterica of diverse serovars isolated from cattle feces. Susceptibility of an isolate was evaluated as its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) measured by E-Test® following 24 hours of adaptation to the conditions on Mueller-Hinton agar, and on a more complex tryptic soy agar with 5% sheep blood (BAP) media. We considered all major antimicrobial drug classes used in the U.S. to treat cattle: β-lactams (specifically, ampicillin and ceftriaxone E-Test®), aminoglycosides (gentamicin and kanamycin), fluoroquinolones (enrofloxacin), classical macrolides (erythromycin), azalides (azithromycin), sulfanomides (sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim), and tetracyclines (tetracycline). Statistical analyses were conducted for the isolates (n≥30) interpreted as susceptible to the antimicrobials based on the clinical breakpoint interpretation for human infection. Bacterial susceptibility to every antimicrobial tested was statistically significantly different in anaerobic vs. aerobic conditions on both media, except for no difference in susceptibility to ceftriaxone on BAP agar. A satellite experiment suggested that during first days in anaerobic conditions the susceptibility changes with time. The results demonstrate that assessing effects of antimicrobial treatments on resistance in the host’s enteric bacteria that are Gram negative facultative Anaerobe Bacilli requires data on the bacterial antimicrobial susceptibility in the conditions resembling those in the intestine.
Effect of supplemental niacin or niacinamide and soybean source on ruminal bacterial fermentation in continuous culture.

Effects of niacin or niacinamide in diets containing either soybean meal, raw whole soybeans or whole soybeans extruded at 132 and 149 C on ruminal bacterial fermentation were examined with a dual-flow continuous culture system. In Exp. 1, soybean sources each provided 50% of total crude protein in diets comprised of 52% concentrate mix, 36% corn silage and 12% alfalfa hay (dry-matter basis). Each diet was supplemented with 0 or 100 mg/kg niacin. Niacin supplementation increased (P less than .05) total nonstructural carbohydrate digestibility and lowered (P less than .05) butyrate concentration. There was also an increase (P less than .10) in amino acid effluent flow from 8,413.3 to 8,665.3 mg/d with addition of niacin to the diet. In Exp. 2, diets were supplemented with 0 or 100 mg/kg of niacin or niacinamide. The total mixed diet was comprised of 60% concentrate mix, 20% corn silage and 20% alfalfa hay (dry matter basis). Acid detergent fiber and cellulose digestibilities and total amino acid effluent flow were higher (P less than .10) with niacinamide supplementation. Niacin or niacinamide had no effect on dry matter and organic matter digestibilities, ammonia-N, total VFA concentration or crude protein degradation. Contrary to results found in other studies, niacin or niacinamide supplementation had no effect on bacterial protein synthesis.
A dozen ideas for engaging CS1 students

This paper presents twelve ideas to engage students enrolled in the introductory Computer Science course CS1. The paper's authors implemented these ideas and noticed an increase in CS2 enrollment in the following year.
Anaerobic infection of burns

To analyze anaerobic infection 158 specimens were obtained from deep necrotic tissues and exudates under burned subeschar, secretion of eyes and blood. The results showed that more anaerobes were isolated from deep necrotic tissues (46.88%) and smelly exudates of subeschar (38.71%). Most of them were mixed with aerobes (97.1%). In 43 strains of anaerobes, Clostridium accounted for 18 strains (41.86%), and Bacteroides for 17 strains (39.53%). Fusiform nucleatum. Peptococcus, and Veillonell paryula were also differentiated. The recent total detectable rate of anaerobes (38.71%) from burn wounds was higher significantly than that of 1980-1983 (14.7%). It may be due to the exact selection of specimens and modification of cultural medium and equipment.
Transport and return of an oilfield scale inhibitor reverse micelle nanofluid: impact of preflush and overflush

In this study, oilfield scale inhibitor reverse micelle nanomaterials and a nanomaterial fluid (nanofluid) were investigated to expand their use in the delivery of a scale inhibitor into reservoir formation for oilfield mineral scale control. The prepared inhibitor nanomaterials are in a non-aqueous medium designed for application in low water cut or water sensitive production wells. The transport behavior of the inhibitor nanofluid was evaluated with a focus on examining the impacts of flow rate and preflush fluid. It shows that an increase in flow rate can improve the transportability of the nanomaterials in a calcite medium. The increase in flow rate can also lead to a reduced tendency of nanomaterials to be collected by a calcite medium. An isooctane preflush can enhance the transport of the nanomaterial compared with an aqueous brine preflush. Inhibitor return performance of the nanofluid was evaluated by laboratory squeeze simulation tests. It shows that the prepared inhibitor reverse micelle nanomaterials demonstrated an extended squeeze lifetime compared with the conventional pill solution. Furthermore, it is evident that an aqueous brine overflush can improve the return performance of the nanomaterials, compared with an isooctane overflush. This can be explained by the adsorption–desorption dynamics of the previously attached nanomaterials. Laboratory transport and squeeze simulation studies suggest that the inhibitor nanofluid has the potential to serve as a delivery vehicle to improve placement and return of inhibitors inside formation for oilfield scale control.
Smart sampling for process control

Engineers are continually faced with decisions about how much data they can collect. In this work, we present a statistically-based smart sampling methodology which can be used to target data collection and ensure that the risk to the product is clearly understood. Smart sampling combines knowledge of the distributions of control statistics with knowledge of the run length distributions they induce to balance the cost of information against the ability to respond to anomalies. We define and explore three characteristics that any sampling plan deemed “smart” must explicitly address: control errors that are associated with basing decisions on sample data, jeopardy that is associated with uncertainty about the true condition of the process, and the switching mechanism that controls the dynamic response to the latest information about the process. We show how the interplay of these characteristics can be exploited to comprehend the merits of a sampling plan. Practical examples of optical product inspection and process defectivity control are presented and explained.
Racial Disparities in HPV-related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Beliefs Among African American and White Women in the USA.

The objective of this study was to assess the differences in HPV-related knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs among African American and non-Hispanic white women and to determine their communication preferences for cancer-related information. Data was obtained from the National Cancer Institute’s (NCI) 2014 Health Interview National Trends Survey (HINTS), a cross-sectional survey of US adults 18 years of age or older. Descriptive statistics, bivariate, and multivariate logistic regression were used to identify differences in awareness and knowledge. Data was collected in 2014 and analyzed in 2016. HPV awareness (71 vs. 77%) and knowledge that HPV causes cervical cancer (64 vs. 81%) were significantly lower among blacks. Additionally, there were significant disparities in awareness of the HPV vaccine (66 vs. 79%), with only 25% of Black women indicating that they or a family member was recommended the HPV vaccine by a health care professional. There were also differences in cancer communication preferences. Blacks were more likely than Whites to trust cancer information from family (OR 2.7, confidence interval [CI] 0.725–10.048), television (OR 3.0, 95% [CI] 0.733–12.296), government health agencies (OR 5.8, [CI] 0.639–52.818), and religious organizations (OR 6.4, 95% [CI] 1.718–23.932). Study results indicate that racial/ethnic differences exist in HPV knowledge/awareness and cancer communication preferences. These results highlight the need to increase HPV prevention and education efforts using methods that are tailored to Black women. To address HPV/cervical cancer disparities, future interventions should utilize preferred communication outlets to effectively increase HPV knowledge and vaccine awareness.
Brain Messenger RNA in Alzheimer’s Disease

The lack of available animal models for most neurological diseases restricts analysis of neuropathology to postmortem human brain. The ability to quantitate alterations in specific mRNA levels in postmortem brain would better define the neuropathology with respect to brain region and to specific transcriptional or post-transcriptional changes. We have shown that postmortem mRNA degradation is essentially random, thus allowing meaningful quantitation of relative mRNA levels. Preliminary results suggest that analysis of mRNA content in individual cells by in situ hybridization is also feasible. We have found that RNA isolated from Alzheimer’s brain is much more susceptible to degradation during the initial stages of isolation than is RNA from control brain. This is true for areas of the brain with both a low and a high content of plaques and tangles. This susceptibility to degradation cannot be explained by alterations in the levels of free or bound alkaline RNase, suggesting that the intracellular distribution of active RNases, rather than their absolute levels, may be altered. When care is taken to minimize RNase action during RNA isolation, the levels of total RNA and translationally active mRNA from both uninvolved and involved areas of Alzheimer’s brain are similar to control values.
Barriers to Child Care Providers' Professional Development

The current study uses telephone interview data gathered from 647 randomly-selected child care providers (92 center-based directors, 230 center-based providers, and 325 family child care providers) to describe one state's child care workforce and the individual beliefs, pragmatic concerns, and current regulations that may operate as barriers to providers' professional development. Results indicate meaningful differences among the three groups' demographic characteristics (age, experience, educational attainment, and personal income) and perceptions of the importance of pragmatic barriers and variations in their beliefs about the relationship between education and compensation. No significant differences were noted in provider beliefs about preservice training; all groups equally agreed that training and education are necessary prior to providing child care. Results are discussed in light of current state child care regulations and the larger context of child care provider professional development. Additionally, the findings are considered from an applied perspective, specifically, how reported differences may serve as barriers to professional development and potential solutions to alleviate such concerns.
Anti-inflammatory Therapies for Chronic Lung Diseases in Children

In this chapter we will discuss the role of inflammation and the effect of anti-inflammatory agents in two common chronic lung diseases of childhood, bronchopulmonary dysplasia and cystic fibrosis.
Modeling Water Chemistry, Electrochemical Corrosion Potential, and Crack Growth Rate in the Boiling Water Reactor Heat Transport Circuits—II: Simulation of Operating Reactors

The DAMAGE-PREDICTOR computer code, which has the capability of simultaneously estimating the concentrations of radiolysis species, the electrochemical corrosion potential (ECP), and the crack growth rate (CGR) of a reference crack in sensitized Type 304 stainless steel, is used to evaluate the responses of the Dresden-2 and Duane Arnold boiling water reactors (BWRs) to hydrogen water chemistry (HWC). The HWC simulations for these two BWRs are carried out for feedwater hydrogen concentrations ([H 2 ]FW) ranging from 0.0 to 2.0 parts per million (ppm). Results such as species concentrations (H 2 , O 2 , H 2 O 2 , etc.), ECP, and CGR are predicted for various components in the heat transport circuits (HTCs) of the two reactors. It is found that while 1.3 ppm of feedwater hydrogen is needed to protect part of the lower downcomer, the recirculation system, and the lower plenum in Dresden-2 from intergranular stress corrosion cracking, only 0.3 ppm is needed to achieve the same goal in Duane Arnold. However, it is also found that the ECP in many regions (core channel, core bypass, upper plenum, downcomer, etc.) in the HTCs cannot be lowered to below the critical corrosion potential of -0.23 V SHE for sensitized Type 304 stainless steels, even when [H 2 ] FW is as high as 2.0 ppm.
An Economic Analysis of the 1st Nationalist Movement of 1783

There is a strong tradition of both: (1) considering the Articles of Confederation a dead-end in U.S. constitutional development, and (2) examining the economic motivation behind the drafting and ratification of the U.S. Constitution. The constitutional movement, however, was not the first attempt at a stronger central government. This paper first overviews the 1783 drive to strengthen the Articles of Confederation that very nearly succeeded. Had this movement succeeded, the impetus for the drafting of the Constitution would have been significantly reduced. In short, the failure of the 1783 “1st nationalist movement” was not destined to happen, but is a critical turning point in U.S. constitutional history. After overviewing the importance of this turning point in history, this paper investigates the economic and geographic interests behind the “first nationalist movement.” A nationalist sentiment voting index is constructed for each delegate to the Articles of Confederation Congress. This index is regressed on state and delegate characteristics. Not surprisingly, nationalists tend to be from populous states and states less dependent on foreign trade. Being a military veteran is also associated with nationalist leanings. There are some surprises, however. State debts appear to play little role in nationalist sentiment and prior service in state government is positively correlated with nationalism. Finally, resulting measures of each delegate’s nationalist sentiment are examined.
Polycrystalline Thin Film Photovoltaics: From the Laboratory to Solar Fields (Presentation)

The conclusions of this report are that: (1) many issues how thin-film solar cells work remain unresolved, requiring further fundamental R and D effort; (2) commercial thin-film PV module production reached 29% in 2005 in the US, indicating much more rapid growth than crystalline Si PV; (3) commercial module performance is increasing based on current knowledge, more R and D will lead to further improvement; and (4) stability of thin-film modules is acceptable ({le} 1% per year power loss) if the right manufacturing processes are used for manufacturing.
Modeling C–H Bond Activation and Oxidations of Alkanes over Cu–MOR Using First-Principles Methods

Direct conversion of methane to methanol can significantly boost the economic value of shale gas utilization. However, the stable C–H bond makes methane partial oxidation a challenging catalysis task. At low temperatures, C–H bond activation is kinetically sluggish. On the other hand, methane is likely oxidized fully into CO2 at high temperatures, which will lower methanol selectivity. Several Cu–oxo complexes such as mono(μ-oxo)dicopper, bis(μ-oxo)dicopper, and copper trioxo anchored in the mordenite (MOR) zeolite framework are shown to balance catalytic activity and product selectivity for the methane-to-methanol conversion. In this work, the thermodynamic stability of Cu–oxo complexes was evaluated as active centers for C–H bond activation using the BEEF-vdW functional within the density functional theory (DFT) framework, and the bis(μ-oxo)dicopper moiety was identified as the most stable configuration. The catalytic reactivity of these complexes was then tested with the activation of the first C–H bon...
Multi-Rate Multicast Service Provisioning

Multicasting provides an efficient method of transmitting data in real time applications from one source to many users. The source sends one copy of a message to its users and this copy is replicated only at the branching points of a multicast tree. Real life examples of such multicast applications are audio/video broadcasting, teleconferencing, distributed databases, financial information, electronic newspapers, weather maps and experimental data. Conventional multicast studies the problem in which the rate received by all the users of the same multicast group is constant. The inherent problem with such a formulation is that a constant rate will overwhelm the slow receivers while starving the fast ones. Multi-rate multicast transmissions can be used to address this problem by allowing a receiver to obtain data at a rate that satisfies its requirements.
An Overview of Government Expenditures

Structurally, all budgets have two sides—a revenue side that deals with the amount of revenue a government collects each year from various sources and an expenditure side that deals with how that revenue is spent on various public goods and services. The amount of money a government spends each year on public goods and related activities ranges from a few million dollars to hundreds of millions and even billions of dollars, depending on the size of the government. Historically, government expenditures have been growing consistently over the years, especially at the federal level, raising some serious concerns in recent years. While the growth trend remains a concern, government expenditures serve a number of vitally important purposes. In addition to dealing the market inefficiencies, such as those discussed earlier, government expenditures are necessary to stabilize the economy, to maintain a strong national defense, to provide public goods, and to deal with specific needs of society such as redistribute income that a free market system will not or cannot address on its own. This chapter provides a broad overview of government expenditures, in particular, the differences between different types of expenditure, the nature of growth in government expenditure, and the causes of this growth. However, government expenditures cannot grow without limits since no economy can sustain an uncontrolled growth and, if not carefully monitored, will have serious economic, social, and political consequences. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of limits to growth in government expenditure.
Dipolar Janus liposomes: formation, electrokinetic motion and self-assembly

Presented herein is the first report on dipolar Janus liposomes-liposomes that contain opposite surface charges decorating the two hemispheres of the same colloidal body. Such heterogeneous organization of surface charge is achieved through cholesterol-modulated lipid phase separation, which sorts anionic/cationic lipids into coexisting liquid-ordered/liquid-disordered domains. We present optimized experimental conditions to produce these liposomes in high yields, based on the gel-assisted hydration of ternary lipid systems consisting of cholesterol, 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, and 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. The size/charge distribution and domain configuration of these liposomes are characterized in detail by confocal fluorescence microscopy, nanosphere binding and zeta potential measurements. Using confocal fluorescence microscopy, we also follow the electrokinetic motion as well as the electrostatic self-assembly of these new dipolar Janus particles.
Black and White Female Disproportional Discipline K–12:

The school-to-prison pipeline represents an educational environment that allows public schools to push many at-risk children out of school and into the juvenile justice or the adult criminal justic...
A Novel Coupled Inductor to Improve Performance of Voltage Regulators in Computing System

a new coupled inductor is proposed to improve light load efficiency of voltage regulators in computing system while maintaining key advantage of conventional coupled inductor. Its working principle and key design considerations are analyzed in detail. One prototype is built to verify the theoretical analysis.
Diabetes mellitus and gout

Abstract Gout is the most common inflammatory arthritis with rising prevalence and incidence globally, especially in men, owing to longevity, changing dietary and lifestyle factors, obesity and increasing comorbidities. Both gout and diabetes mellitus (DM) are independent risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and mortality. Contrary to popular beliefs that the relationship are positive bidirectionally, several large scale prospective epidemiological studies showed that DM appears to decrease risk of incident gout whereas gout is associated with increased risk of incident DM. Underlying the link are uric acid (or hyperuricemia) and insulin resistance, where the pathophysiology can be explained by multiple mechanisms including oxidative stress, inflammation, fructose intake, genetics and urate transporters. Although the treatment of gout is seemingly straightforward, outcomes remain poor. Given their correlation, it is imperative to screen for concomitant metabolic risk factors and ensure optimal treatment of both diseases so as to provide person-centered, holistic care.
Does qSOFA score predict ICU admission and outcomes in patients with obstructed infected ureteral stones

INTRODUCTION Obstructing stones with infection represent a true urologic emergency requiring prompt decompression. Historically the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria has been used to predict outcomes in patients with sepsis. The quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA) score has been proposed as a prognostic factor in patients with acute pyelononephritis associated with nephrolithiasis. However there has been limited application of qSOFA to patients undergoing ureteral stenting with obstructive pyelonephritis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the predictive value of the qSOFA score for postoperative outcomes following renal decompression in this patient population. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective review was conducted at three medical centers within one academic institution to identify patients with obstructive pyelonephritis secondary to ureteral stones. All patients underwent emergent ureteral stent placement for decompression. The primary outcome was the predictive value of preoperative qSOFA score ≥ 2 for intensive care unit (ICU) admission postoperatively. Univariate analysis and multivariate regression analysis were performed to identify factors associated with postoperative outcomes, with p < 0.05 considered significant. RESULTS Of the 289 patients who had ureteral stents placed, 147 patients met inclusion criteria. Twenty-four (16.3%) patients required ICU admission and there were 3 (2%) mortalities, all of these within the ICU admission group. The sensitivity and specificity of the qSOFA score ≥ 2 for ICU admission was 70.8% and 79.5% respectively which outperformed SIRS criteria, which had a sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 33.6% respectively. CONCLUSION A preoperative qSOFA score ≥ 2 was a significant predictor for postoperative ICU admission in patients undergoing ureteral stent placement for obstructive pyelonephritis. The qSOFA score can be used to determine which patients will require ICU admission.
Equality as Reasonableness: Constitutional Normativity in Demise

The first part of this article is an attempt to make sense - from a constitutional perspective - of concepts such as the "abuse" or "misuse" of constitutional rights. It is argued that while the meaning of "abuse" is very much dependent on specific constitutional provisions, the notion of "misuse" can be given a more general application. It extends to cases where a misinterpretation of a fundamental rights gives rise to a serious alteration of the separation of powers. The second part of the article offers a case-study of misuse. It affects the equality principle and how it has been transformed by some European courts into an expedient tool for the intuitive assessment of the rationality and reasonableness of legislation. This transformation of the equality principle has serious repercussions for the separation of powers. It invests constitutional courts with virtually unlimited power to invalidate the political choices made by the legislature on the basis of the mere moral intuitions of their members.
Exploring Normalization Techniques for Human Judgments of Machine Translation Adequacy Collected Using Amazon Mechanical Turk

This paper discusses a machine translation evaluation task conducted using Amazon Mechanical Turk. We present a translation adequacy assessment task for untrained Arabic-speaking annotators and discuss several techniques for normalizing the resulting data. We present a novel 2-stage normalization technique shown to have the best performance on this task and further discuss the results of all techniques and the usability of the resulting adequacy scores.
How Opposites (Should) Attract: Humility as a Virtue for the Strong

This article first examines pervasive present-day attitudes toward humility (‘The Contemporary Distaste for Humility’) before turning to Thomas Aquinas and Zhu Xi for their more positive treatments of this disposition (‘Thomas Aquinas and Zhu Xi on Humility’). It then considers their ideas about how humility is related to our human limitations (‘Humility Grounded in Our Finite Nature and Knowledge’), before surveying how they think it should be expressed in our relationships with our neighbours (‘Humility in Community’). The article looks at what Thomas and Zhu have to say about excessive pride in rulers (‘Humility and Authority’) before closing in the Conclusion with some thoughts about the viability of humility as a virtue for the strong, and its especial importance in contemporary politics.
Towards Case-Based Support for e-Science Workflow Generation by Mining Provenance

e-Science brings large-scale computation to bear on scientific problems, often by performing sequences of computational tasks organized into workflows and executed on distributed Web resources. Sophisticated AI tools have been developed to apply knowledge-rich methods to compose scientific workflows by generative planning, but the required knowledge can be difficult to acquire. Current work by the cyberinfrastructure community aims to routinely capture provenance during workflow execution, which would provide a new experience-based knowledge source for workflow generation: large-scale databases of workflow execution traces. This paper proposes exploiting these databases with a "knowledge light" approach to reuse, applying CBR methods to those traces to support scientists' workflow generation process. This paper introduces e-Science workflows as a CBR domain, sketches key technical issues, and illustrates directions towards addressing these issues through ongoing research on Phala, a system which supports workflow generation by aiding re-use of portions of prior workflows. The paper uses workflow data collected by the myGrid and myExperiment projects in experiments which suggest that Phala's methods have promise for assisting workflow composition in the context of scientific experimentation.
Gender roles and cultural continuity in the Asian Indian immigrant community in the U.S.

Ethnic identity is a part of positive self-concept that consciously anchors an individual to a particular ethnic group. Central to this identity is a sense of belonging, as well as a commitment to the group's values, beliefs, behaviors, conventions, and customs. This study focuses on the Asian Indian community in the U.S. to investigate their concerns with the continuity of ethnic identity via maintenance of traditional culture. Intergenerational synchrony in two specific values, attitudes toward women and dating, were examined as indicators of successful transmission of culture and identity. Forty-sixeducated, middle class Indian immigrant families, the majority of whom were foreign born and Hindus,participated in this study by responding to three questionnaires: Attitude Toward Women Scale, Dating Scale, and IPAT Anxiety Scale. Although the results show a strong similarity between parents and children on target attitudes, distinct intergenerational and gender asymmetries emerged. The conscious attempt to preserve certain critical attitudes, values, and behaviors characteristic of the group was labeled “judicious biculturalism,” an expression of active involvement on the immigrants' part to control the course of their own acculturation. The study has implications for women's status within the Asian Indian community.
“Ischemia-guided” versus “early invasive” strategies in the management of acute coronary syndrome/non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: The interventionalist’s perspective

Conventional therapy for non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (ACS) has traditionally employed an "ischemia-guided" strategy. In this approach, diagnostic cardiac catheterization and revascularization are only used in patients with objective evidence of myocardial ischemia as identified by recurrent symptoms or provocative stress testing. More recent studies, however, have demonstrated improved clinical outcomes with the use of an "early invasive" approach, employing routine coronary angiography early in the patient's hospital course, followed by percutaneous intervention or bypass surgery where appropriate. Improved clinical outcomes associated with an "early invasive" strategy may have evolved as a consequence of recent advances in both adjunctive pharmacotherapy and revascularization technique. In particular, use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors and/or low-molecular-weight heparin before catheterization have been shown to reduce clinical events in patients with ACS, and may reduce the risk of an invasive approach by plaque passivation before interventional therapy. Perhaps more importantly, the combined use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors and intracoronary stenting may reduce the potential early hazard of an invasive approach by specifically decreasing the incidence of death and nonfatal myocardial infarction associated with percutaneous intervention. In spite of the benefits of this synergistic combination of pharmacology and mechanical revascularization, risk stratification remains important in identifying high-risk individuals most likely to benefit from an "early invasive" approach. In addition, angiography with possible percutaneous coronary intervention of "culprit" lesions should always be used in combination with aggressive medical therapy to treat the widespread coronary atherosclerosis commonly seen in patients with ACS.
Dead Code Elimination through Dependent Types

Pattern matching is an important feature in various functional programming languages such as SML, Caml, Haskell, etc. In these languages, unreachable or redundant matching clauses, which can be regarded as a special form of dead code, are a rich source for program errors. Therefore, eliminating unreachable matching clauses at compile-time can significantly enhance program error detection. Furthermore, this can also lead to significantly more efficient code at run-time. We present a novel approach to eliminating unreachable matching clauses through the use of the dependent type system of DML, a functional programming language that enriches ML with a restricted form of dependent types. We then prove the correctness of the approach, which consists of the major technical contribution of the paper. In addition, we demonstrate the applicability of our approach to dead code elimination through some realistic examples. This constitutes a practical application of dependent types to functional programming, and in return it provides us with further support for the methodology adopted in our research on dependent types in practical programming.
3D Imaging In Medicine

Three-Dimensional Imaging: Principles and Approaches-Jayaram K. Udupa, Department of Radiology, Medical Image Processing Group, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Three-Dimensional Imaging and Its Derivatives in Clinical Research and Practice-Frans W. Zonneveld, Department of Radiology, Utrecht University Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands Quantification Using Three-Dimensional Imaging-Gabor T. Herman, Department of Radiology, Medical Image Processing Group, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Evaluation of Three-Dimensional Imaging-Michael W. Vannier, Department of Radiology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City An Overview of Computer Integrated Surgery and Therapy-Stephane Lavallee, Eric Bainville, and Ivan Bricault, TIMC Laboratory, Grenoble University Hospital, La Tronche, France Three-Dimensional Computerized Tomography Angiography-Willi A. Kalender and Mathias Prokop, Institute for Medical Physics, Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany Volume Visualization in Radiation Treatment-Charles A. Pelizzari and George T.Y. Chen, Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, The University of Chicago Three-Dimensional Imaging: Musculoskeletal Applications-Elliot K. Fishman and Brian Kuszyk, Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland Tarsal Joint Kinematics Via Three-Dimensional Imaging-Bruce Elliot Hirsh, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Jayaram K. Udupa and Eric Stindel, Service d' Orthopedie et Traumatologie, Laboratoire d' Anatomie, Hospital de la Cavale Blanche, Brest, France Index
The Spectrochemical Determination of Boron in Molybdenum

A spectrochemical method for the determination of boron in molybdenum was developed to aid in a metallurgical study on the effect of this element on the fabricability of molybdenum. Boron is determined in the 50 to 500 ppm range with a precision of ±10% using the 2496.78-A line. The range can be extended to 5 to 50 ppm and perhaps lower by using the 2497.73-A boron line and eliminating the filters that were used. The molybdenum is dissolved with hydrogen peroxide and the boron complexed with mannitol. Excitation is by low-amperage DC arc. The boron spectrum is enhanced by the use of sodium fluoride, and graphite is used to reduce the molybdenum spectrum. It is possible to use the technique for the determination of other impurities in molybdenum.
Borrelia burgdorferi locus BB0795 encodes a BamA orthologue required for growth and efficient localization of outer membrane proteins

The outer membrane (OM) of the pathogenic diderm spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, contains integral beta-barrel outer membrane proteins (OMPs) in addition to its numerous outer surface lipoproteins. Very few OMPs have been identified in B. burgdorferi, and the protein machinery required for OMP assembly and OM localization is currently unknown. Essential OM BamA proteins have recently been characterized in Gram-negative bacteria that are central components of an OM beta-barrel assembly machine and are required for proper localization and insertion of bacterial OMPs. In the present study, we characterized a putative B. burgdorferi BamA orthologue encoded by open reading frame bb0795. Structural model predictions and cellular localization data indicate that the B. burgdorferi BB0795 protein contains an N-terminal periplasmic domain and a C-terminal, surface-exposed beta-barrel domain. Additionally, assays with an IPTG-regulatable bb0795 mutant revealed that BB0795 is required for B. burgdorferi growth. Furthermore, depletion of BB0795 results in decreased amounts of detectable OMPs in the B. burgdorferi OM. Interestingly, a decrease in the levels of surface-exposed lipoproteins was also observed in the mutant OMs. Collectively, our structural, cellular localization and functional data are consistent with the characteristics of other BamA proteins, indicating that BB0795 is a B. burgdorferi BamA orthologue.
Assessment of Creative Potential in Psychology and the Development of a Creative Temperament Scale for the CPI

This chapter will deal with two topics. The first is the identification of creative potential among graduate students in psychology, and prediction of this potential from biographical and test measures available at the time of entry into training. The second is the development of a scale for creative temperament on the California Psychological Inventory (CPI) (Gough, 1987), capable of forecasting creative attainment in fields other than psychology, as well as within the psychological domain. Although any discipline can be expected to demand certain specific skills and attributes for creative achievement, it also appears that there is a more general constellation of personal qualities cutting across disciplinary boundaries (Amabile, 1983; Barron, 1965; Nelson, 1988; Isaaksen, 1988; & MacKinnon, 1978). Attention will also be paid to similarities and differences in characteristics associated with creativity for men and women (Bachtold & Werner, 1970; Nelson, 1978).
RNA polymerase III: Genes, factors and transcriptional specificity

Recent studies on RNA polymerase III (pol III) gene transcription have provided a new awareness of the molecular complexity of this process. Fortunately, while the number of transcription components has been increasing, fundamental similarities have emerged regarding the function of eukaryotic promoter elements and the factors that bind them to form preinitiation complexes. Among these, the ability of transcription factor IIIB (TFIIIB) and pol III to transcribe the Saccharomyces cerevisiae U6 gene suggests that the concept of a minimal pol II promoter comprising a TATA box and an initiator region has a parallel in the pol III system. Furthermore, for each of the three classes of eukaryotic RNA polymerase, the assembly of transcription preinitiation complexes and, to some extent, the nature of these complexes appears to be more similar than was previously anticipated.
We need to talk: Primary care provider communication at discharge in the era of a shared electronic medical record.

BACKGROUND Poor communication between hospitalists and outpatient physicians can contribute to adverse events after discharge. Electronic medical records (EMRs) shared by inpatient and outpatient clinicians offer primary care providers (PCPs) better access to information surrounding a patient's hospitalization. However, the PCP experience and subsequent expectations for discharge communication within a shared EMR are unknown. METHODS We surveyed PCPs 1 year after a shared EMR was implemented at our institution to assess PCP satisfaction with current discharge communication practices and identify areas for improvement. RESULTS Seventy-five of 124 (60%) clinicians completed the survey. Although most PCPs reported receiving automated discharge notifications (71%), only 39% felt that notifications plus discharge summaries were adequate for safe transitions of care. PCPs expressed that complex hospitalizations necessitated additional communication via e-mail or telephone; only 31% reported receiving such communication. The content most important in additional communication included medication changes, follow-up actions, and active medical issues. CONCLUSIONS Despite optimized access to information provided by a shared EMR, only 52% of PCPs were satisfied with current discharge communication. PCPs express a continued need for high-touch communication for safe transitions of care. Further standardization of discharge communication practices is necessary. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2015;10:307–310. © 2015 Society of Hospital Medicine
Sensitivity analysis of a modular multilevel converter

This paper employs the sensitivity analysis technique to develop a modular multilevel converter (MMC) model that provides a guide for how the design should be carried out. There are several design criteria that it is necessary to take into account when designing a converter. In the case of the MMC, these criteria are a function of many variables. The sensitivity analyses guide the modeling effort, and minimize the number of variables required for inclusion in the model in order to predict system behavior. These techniques are discussed in this paper, and are used to provide rankings of different parameters based on their contribution to predicting the peak voltage across the semiconductor device in an MMC.
Novel non-aggregated hyperbranched phthalocyanines for efficient dye-sensitized solar cells

A series of novel non-aggregated hyperbranched phthalocyanine dyes with different metal centers (H 2 , AlCl, Co, Cu, Zn; 1–5) were prepared and utilized as sensitizers of TiO 2 in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The zinc substituted hyperbranched phthalocyanine dye 5 exhibited the highest photovoltaic performance, with a power conversion efficiency of at least ∼3 times higher than that of any other metal centered counterpart sensitized solar cell. This work provides an easy avenue to solve the aggregation issue of phthalocyanine dyes on TiO 2 surface which hinders them from high photovoltaic performances in DSSCs.
Haploid Inactivation of the Amplified-in-Breast Cancer 3 Coactivator Reduces the Inhibitory Effect of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ and Retinoid X Receptor on Cell Proliferation and Accelerates Polyoma Middle-T Antigen-Induced Mammary Tumorigenesis in Mice

The amplified-in-breast cancer 3 (AIB3) is a nuclear receptor coactivator amplified and overexpressed in human breast cancers. AIB3(-/-) mice die during gestation, whereas AIB3(+/-) mice exhibit normal development. Here, we demonstrate that AIB3 protein is mainly located in the nuclei of mammary epithelial cells and tumor cells and its levels are elevated in mammary epithelial cells at middle pregnant stage and in mammary tumor cells. To examine whether AIB3 reduction affects mammary tumorigenesis, we generated wild-type mouse mammary tumor virus/polyoma middle-T (WT/PyMT) and AIB3(+/-)/PyMT mice. Mammary tumor development in AIB3(+/-)/PyMT female and male mice was substantially accelerated compared with that in WT/PyMT mice, because of increased cell proliferation in early tumorigenic lesions, including ductal hyperplasia and mammary intraepithelial neoplasia. Tumor formation in nude mice that received premalignant AIB3(+/-)/PyMT mammary tissue was much faster than in nude mice that received transplants of premalignant WT/PyMT mammary tissue, which indicated that the accelerated tumorigenesis in AIB3(+/-)/PyMT mammary glands is due to a mammary epithelial autonomous defect. Expression of PyMT, estrogen receptor alpha and estrogen receptor alpha-regulated genes was unaffected in AIB3(+/-)/PyMT mammary glands, which suggests that the acceleration of mammary tumor formation in AIB3(+/-)/PyMT mice was not a consequence of changes in PyMT expression or in estrogen receptor function. Importantly, the inhibitory effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) and retinoid-X receptor (RXR) ligands on AIB3(+/-)/PyMT cell proliferation and the transcriptional function of PPARgamma in AIB3(+/-)/PyMT cells were reduced. Thus, AIB3 haplodeficiency may facilitate PyMT-induced tumorigenesis through a partial impairment of PPARgamma and RXR function. These results suggest that AIB3 may be a tumor suppressor that is required for the inhibition of cell proliferation by PPARgamma and RXR.
Graded reflector/absorber coating

A gradient-index coating design that incorporates broadband antireflection, narrowband reflection, and graded absorbing regions is described. The coating is suitable for deposition on reflective substrates such as diamond-turned aluminum or on glass substrates where a spectrally selective reflector with no transmission is required. Theoretical designs and measured performance are presented.
Rethinking paradigms in geriatric ethics

This paper calls for a shift away from autonomy as the central value in geriatric ethics. In treatment and experimental settings, differences between older and younger adults are easily attributed to deficiencies on the part of the elderly when autonomy is the central value. Overemphasis on the concept of autonomy skews our understanding of human relationships toward excessively rational models, distracts attention from important physical and social characteristics of aged persons, and results in ethics by default. This paper describes several principles that would be more useful starting points than autonomy in developing a geriatric ethic.
The Spectrum of Angiographic Findings in Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Kidney

SUMMARY The spectrum of angiographic finding in 20 patients with transitional cell carcinomas of the kidney is described. In 15 of 20 patients (75%), prospective diagnosis of transitional cell carcinomas were made because of a combination of the angiographic findings; tumour vessels, tumour stain, prominent pelviureteric arteries and arterial encasement. In 4 patients with negative angiograms the lesions were relatively small in size and were situated within the renal parenchyma, primarily involving the calyces. The use of pharmacoangiographic agents such as epine-phrine and priscoline improved the angiographic visualization of transitional cell carcinomas of the kidney. For the past several years angiography has had a central role in the evaluation of patients with hematuria and renal masses1. 5,6,7,8. Although the use of diagnostic ultrasound and renal puncture have eliminated angiography from the diagnosis of renal cysts, most renal masses which are solid or which have equivocal findings at ultrasound still undergo angiography. At the same time, the decreasing use of retrograde urography has resulted in more frequent angiography in patients with unilateral nonfunctioning kidneys. Transitional cell carcinomas of the renal pelvis are an important cause of both hematuria and non-functioning kidneys. We have therefore reviewed our material to reassess the angiographic abnormalities caused by the transitional cell carcinomas and the overall accuracy of the angiography in the diagnosis of these lesions.
Localization effects for a fresh vegetable product supply chain: Broccoli in the eastern United States

What are the costs of increased food system localization in the case of a fresh vegetable product? When production is reallocated across space and seasons, how do supply chain costs and consumer prices change? In this article, we use a production and transportation model to answer these questions, along with illustrative simulation results from increased production of fresh broccoli in the eastern United States. Contrary to previous findings in other industries, we find that localization through reallocation of production may take place at no cost to the consumer, even at a small decrease in price. Localization may also reduce total broccoli supply chain costs and food miles.