cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prevention of postpartum hemorrhage

Postpartum hemorrhage is a leading cause of severe maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide and the United States. While the rates of maternal mortality attributable to hemorrhage are declining, severe maternal morbidity continues to be a growing problem. Efforts in recent years to more appropriately identify patients at risk, define significant hemorrhage, quantify blood loss, and standardize approaches to care in pregnancy and postpartum have led to an increasing preventability of PPH. We aim to review the most current recommendation for the prevention and effective management of obstetric hemorrhage.
Screen-Printed Inductive Silver Ink Strain Sensor on Stretchable TPU Substrate

This work describes the design, fabrication, and characterization of screen-printed inductive silver ink strain sensors on stretchable thermoplastic polyurethane substrates. These sensors are made by screen-printing a flat wire inductor made from conductive silver ink onto a stretchable substrate. Stretching these structures results in an increase in their inductance, revealing a relationship between applied strain and measured inductance. Resulting devices show an initial inductance of 51 nH and a linear sensitivity of ~1.7 between 0% and 13% strain, which makes them suitable for applications where high strains are expected such as human health monitoring. Further, these sensors can be batch fabricated with screen-printing, making them an economical choice.
Roundtable on economics education in community colleges

Community colleges (often called two-year colleges) are an important part of the USA tertiary education system. Despite the sector's significance, relatively little research on economics instruction in the community colleges has occurred. This constrains the sector's capacity to understand its own needs, unique contributions, considerable strengths, and strong potential. It also adds to the risk - and often, the reality - of the sector being misunderstood, undervalued, and under-supported by the economics profession and by policymakers. To help address this research shortfall, we conducted a roundtable on community colleges during mid-2019. Participants were invited on the basis of either their extensive experience in the sector, previous research on community colleges, or their expertise on US economics education in general. Issues discussed include recent developments in the sector, the level of support and recognition provided, the content economics curriculum, and how economics instruction in community colleges could be better supported.
Middle Atlantic Prehistory: Foundations and Practice: edited by Heather A. Wholey and Carole L. Nash, Lanham, Rowman & Littlefield, 2018, vi+389 pp., ill., maps, index, $95.00 (hardback), ISBN: 978-1-4422-2875-7, $90.00 (ebook), ISBN: 978-1-4422-2876-4

This edited volume justifies the Middle Atlantic as its own distinct region based on its ecological uniqueness from the Northeast and Southeast regions, the vast and unique history from its earlies...
Environmental drivers of sexual dimorphism in a lizard with alternative mating strategies.

Understanding the relative importance of sexual and natural selection in shaping morphological traits is a long-standing goal of evolutionary ecology. Male-biased sexual size dimorphism (SSD) is typically associated with male-male competition. Similarly, male polymorphisms are considered a consequence of competitive social interactions. This classic paradigm overlooks the fact that environmental factors mediate social interactions and can lead to ecological adaptations. Common side-blotched lizards, Uta stansburiana, are a model system for this paradigm due to well-known rock-paper-scissors social dynamics between male morphs. SSD in this species has been considered primarily a consequence of social interactions, with male size resulting from the number of morphs in each population and female size being constrained through fecundity benefits. We test if the environment explains intraspecific variation in SSD and number of male morphs in U. stansburiana. By compiling data from 49 populations, we show that environmental variables are stronger predictors of SSD than the number of male morphs. Similarly, we show that the environment mediates SSD and potentially contributes to morph loss in colder environments. We propose that the environment favours smaller males in areas of high seasonality. Our results demonstrate the importance of the environment as a mediator of SSD.
ESR1 mutations—a mechanism for acquired endocrine resistance in breast cancer

Approximately 70% of breast cancers are oestrogen receptor α (ER) positive, and are, therefore, treated with endocrine therapies. However, about 25% of patients with primary disease and almost all patients with metastases will present with or eventually develop endocrine resistance. Despite the magnitude of this clinical challenge, the mechanisms underlying the development of resistance remain largely unknown. In the past 2 years, several studies unveiled gain-of-function mutations in ESR1, the gene encoding the ER, in approximately 20% of patients with metastatic ER-positive disease who received endocrine therapies, such as tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors. These mutations are clustered in a 'hotspot' within the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of the ER and lead to ligand-independent ER activity that promotes tumour growth, partial resistance to endocrine therapy, and potentially enhanced metastatic capacity; thus, ER LBD mutations might account for a mechanism of acquired endocrine resistance in a substantial fraction of patients with metastatic disease. In general, the absence of detectable ESR1 mutations in patients with treatment-naive disease, and the correlation between the frequency of patients with tumours harbouring these mutations and the number of endocrine treatments received suggest that, under selective treatment pressure, clonal expansion of rare mutant clones occurs, leading to resistance. Preclinical and clinical development of rationale-based novel therapeutic strategies that inhibit these ER mutants has the potential to substantially improve treatment outcomes. We discuss the contribution of ESR1 mutations to the development of acquired resistance to endocrine therapy, and evaluate how mutated ER can be detected and targeted to overcome resistance and improve patient outcomes.
Buckling of Multistory Buildings

Lateral or sidesway buckling of multistory frames, considered as three-dimensional structures, is examined. The governing equations are written for structures with or without shear bracing and having floors that may function as deformable diaphragms. A method for obtaining a solution to the system of equations is described and is used to establish criteria for the critical magnitude of a specified set of applied loads. Extension of the theory to buckling in a lateral-torsional mode is evaluated. The theory may be especially relevant to buildings with girderless floors and shear walls, and to long, narrow multistory buildings, sometimes called "slab buildings."
Context as Supervisory Signal: Discovering Objects with Predictable Context

This paper addresses the well-established problem of unsupervised object discovery with a novel method inspired by weakly-supervised approaches. In particular, the ability of an object patch to predict the rest of the object (its context) is used as supervisory signal to help discover visually consistent object clusters. The main contributions of this work are: 1) framing unsupervised clustering as a leave-one-out context prediction task; 2) evaluating the quality of context prediction by statistical hypothesis testing between thing and stuff appearance models; and 3) an iterative region prediction and context alignment approach that gradually discovers a visual object cluster together with a segmentation mask and fine-grained correspondences. The proposed method outperforms previous unsupervised as well as weakly-supervised object discovery approaches, and is shown to provide correspondences detailed enough to transfer keypoint annotations.
The applicability of labor inhibition to the problem of prematurity.

Abstract During a controlled study of the efficacy of intravenous ethanol in the inhibition of premature labor conducted at The New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center involving 42 patients, 160 infants of low birth weight were delivered without an attempt at labor inhibition being made. The reasons for not inhibiting labor in these cases are presented.
All-Out for Victory! Magazine Advertising and the World War II Home Front – By John Bush Jones

The author of this study examines World War II advertisements published in ten large‐circulation magazines, most of them aimed at the general reading audience. However, he also includes “one women'...
Introspective and elaborative processes in rational agents

This paper explores the design of rational agent architectures from the perspective of the dynamics of information change. The procedural elements that guide an agent’s behavior and that reflect the evolution of prodattitudes (for example, from desire to intention to plan) are described in terms of McCarthy’s notion of a reified mental action. The function of each module of an agent architecture is exactly specified by identifying processes with each module and then describing the effects of those processes or mental actions (such as updating beliefs, elaborating plans, deliberating, reconsidering, revising intentions, filtering intentions, and monitoring) in the same way as one would describe the effects of physical actions. A new semantics for intention is presented that is both dynamic and causal in the sense that it is given in terms of the relation of an intention to both previous and subsequent mental states as well as to the choice of physical action. Desires are given a syntactic analysis while the prodattitude of intentionsdthat, which has been proposed in the SharedPlans framework of Grosz and Kraus, is axiomatized in terms of an evolving commitment to certain deliberative, mental actions that evolve as a function of knowledge of the state of the joint activity.
Crown gall transformation of tobacco callus cells by cocultivation with Agrobacteriumtumefaciens

Abstract Incubation of cells from squashed tobacco callus tissue with virulent Agrobacterium tumefaciens leads to the production of cells displaying a crown gall phenotype.
Nondestructive testing in maintenance and the role of the human operator

Several independent variables that are likely to influence performance significantly on nondestructive testing tasks are considered. These include task, procedural, training, and environment variables. Given the general need to assess the efficacy of maintenance systems, an analysis of data in relative operator characteristic terms is advocated. Some future research needs in this area of maintenance are identified. >
The activity and inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 in equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro

Objectives To evaluate the poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP1) enzyme and its inhibition in horses and explore its potential as a novel therapeutic target for equine intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury by (1) identifying poly (ADP-ribose) (PAR) as an indication of PARP1 activation in equine cells using available immunoblot analytical techniques, (2) inducing PARP1 activation in an in vitro oxidative DNA damage model, (3) and demonstrating the inhibition of PARP1 in equine cells using commercially available PARP1 inhibitors. Design Experimental study. Animals Blood samples were collected from systemically healthy ponies (n = 3) and horses (n = 3). Interventions (1) Equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells were exposed to 3 different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) and were lysed at specific time points. PARP1 activity was then assessed by using immunoblot analyses to determine PAR levels. (2) Equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells were preincubated with defined concentrations of PARP1 inhibitors prior to H2 O2 -mediated PARP1 stimulation. PAR levels reflecting PARP1 activity were determined using immunoblot analyses. Measurements and main results Commercially available anti-PAR antibodies were used successfully to identify equine PAR. There was a significant increase in PAR accumulation following treatment with H2 O2 . All of the tested PARP inhibitors significantly reduced PAR accumulation to or below basal levels following treatment with H2 O2 . Conclusions This proof of principle study demonstrated that PAR, an indicator of PARP1 activity, can be identified in the equine species using immunoblot techniques, that equine PARP1 can be activated by H2 O2 -induced DNA damage, and that this activation can be inhibited by PARP1 enzyme inhibitors. The data suggest that the PARP1 pathway plays a role in the equine cellular response to oxidative DNA damage and supports its potential as a novel therapeutic target. Further research documenting an increase in PAR levels in vivo and the efficacy of PARP1 inhibitors in an equine intestinal ischemia-reperfusion model is needed.
Crystallographic and magnetic structure of the Sr2MnReO6 double perovskite

The crystal and magnetic structure of the ordered double perovskite Sr2MnReO6 was investigated by neutron diffraction. Monoclinic (space group P 21/n) distortion of the parent cubic double perovskite structure was revealed, and the refined Mn?O?Re bond angles deviate significantly from 180?. The monoclinic distortion produces antisymmetric exchange interactions, leading to a canted magnetic structure, for which a possible model is proposed and refined. No structural transitions were observed upon cooling or in an external magnetic field. Complementary x-ray synchrotron diffraction data support the neutron diffraction findings.
A Single Bout of Moderate Aerobic Exercise Improves Motor Skill Acquisition

Long-term exercise is associated with improved performance on a variety of cognitive tasks including attention, executive function, and long-term memory. Remarkably, recent studies have shown that even a single bout of aerobic exercise can lead to immediate improvements in declarative learning and memory, but less is known about the effect of exercise on motor learning. Here we sought to determine the effect of a single bout of moderate intensity aerobic exercise on motor skill learning. In experiment 1, we investigated the effect of moderate aerobic exercise on motor acquisition. 24 young, healthy adults performed a motor learning task either immediately after 30 minutes of moderate intensity running, after running followed by a long rest period, or after slow walking. Motor skill was assessed via a speed-accuracy tradeoff function to determine how exercise might differentially affect two distinct components of motor learning performance: movement speed and accuracy. In experiment 2, we investigated both acquisition and retention of motor skill across multiple days of training. 20 additional participants performed either a bout of running or slow walking immediately before motor learning on three consecutive days, and only motor learning (no exercise) on a fourth day. We found that moderate intensity running led to an immediate improvement in motor acquisition for both a single session and on multiple sessions across subsequent days, but had no effect on between-day retention. This effect was driven by improved movement accuracy, as opposed to speed. However, the benefit of exercise was dependent upon motor learning occurring immediately after exercise–resting for a period of one hour after exercise diminished the effect. These results demonstrate that moderate intensity exercise can prime the nervous system for the acquisition of new motor skills, and suggest that similar exercise protocols may be effective in improving the outcomes of movement rehabilitation programs.
Molecular Mechanism of Hepcidin-Mediated Ferroportin Internalization Requires Ferroportin Lysines, Not Tyrosines or JAK-STAT

Ferroportin is the primary means of cellular iron efflux and a key component of iron metabolism. Hepcidin regulates Fpn activity by inducing its internalization and degradation. The mechanism of internalization is reported to require JAK2 activation, phosphorylation of Fpn tyrosine residues 302 and 303, and initiation of transcription through STAT3 phosphorylation. These findings suggest Fpn may be a target for therapeutic intervention through JAK2 modulation. To evaluate the proposed mechanism, Fpn internalization was assessed using several techniques combined with reagents that specifically recognized cell-surface Fpn. In vitro results demonstrated that Hepc-induced Fpn internalization did not require JAK2 or phosphorylation of Fpn residues 302 and 303, nor did it induce JAK-STAT signaling. In vivo, inhibition of JAK2 had no effect on Hepc-induced hypoferremia. However, internalization was delayed by mutation of two Fpn lysine residues that may be targets of ubiquitination.
Calibrated Fisheye Imaging Systems for Determination of Cloud Top Radiances from a UAV

In order to measure cloud top radiances from Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) or other light aircraft, two small calibrated fisheye imaging systems have recently been developed. One of these systems uses a visible-wavelength CCD and is optically filtered to measure cloud top and ground radiances near 645 nm. The other uses an InGaAs detector and is optically filtered to measure radiances near 1610 nm. These sensors are specifically designed for use with DOE's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program UAV Project, and it is anticipated that they will be used for comparison with a variety of satellite-borne radiance measurements. Radiometric calibration of solid-state imagers is never trivial, as the effects of exposure time, system non-linearities, temperature, gain and other system characteristics must be adequately measured and characterized. Much experience has been gained with the ground-based Day/Night Whole Sky Imagers and the Daylight Visible/NIR Whole Sky Imagers developed and used by the group for many years. New techniques for the radiometric calibration of the two new airborne systems are being developed based on this experience and the characteristics of the sensors involved. In addition, new techniques for a more accurate angular calibration have been developed.
Supervised interpretation of echocardiograms with a psychological model of expert supervision

We have developed a collaborative scheme that facilitates active human supervision of the binary segmentation of an echocardiogram. The scheme complements the reliability of a human expert with the precision of segmentation algorithms. In the developed system, an expert user compares the computer generated segmentation with the original image in a user friendly graphics environment, and interactively indicates the incorrectly classified regions either by pointing or by circling. The precise boundaries of the indicated regions are computed by studying original image properties at that region, and a human visual attention distribution map obtained from the published psychological and psychophysical research. We use the developed system to extract contours of heart chambers from a sequence of two dimensional echocardiograms. We are currently extending this method to incorporate a richer set of inputs from the human supervisor, to facilitate multi-classification of image regions depending on their functionality. We are integrating into our system the knowledge related constraints that cardiologists use, to improve the capabilities of our existing system. This extension involves developing a psychological model of expert reasoning, functional and relational models of typical views in echocardiograms, and corresponding interface modifications to map the suggested actions to image processing algorithms.
A convenient correlation for heat transfer to constant and variable property fluids in turbulent pipe flow

Abstract A recent equation for calculating heat-transfer coefficients to constant property fluids in pipes is modified to correlate variable property data. The correlating equation is of convenient form, applies to both liquids and gases, correlates constant property results within 10 per cent for 0·1 4 with 10 4 6 , and correlates variable property data within 20 per cent for 0·7 with 10 000 . The equation is compared with the Sieder-Tate equation for liquids and the two equations of Petukhov for gases and liquids. Equations for heat transfer to variable property liquid metals are suggested.
Declarative description of business process patterns

Enterprises must flexibly and agilely change their business processes in response to changes in their business environment to survive in the intensely competitive society in these days. But, it is difficult to describe knowledge about the business processes and to share and accede to it in the enterprises because a business process is a complex behavior of intangible entities. Software development is also description of intangible entities' complex behavior but we can share knowledge about software development by utilizing various patterns. Generally, business processes are described by graphical and procedural notation such as Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN). Therefore, it is difficult to share and accede to knowledge as patterns. In this paper, we show that business processes can be patternized by describing them declaratively and the knowledge about them can be shared and acceded to.
Goodput optimization in CSMA/CA wireless networks

Packet based wireless networks have provided high data rates, and the desire for ubiquitous wireless computing is growing rapidly. To accommodate these demands, wireless systems should work well in typical wireless environments. The most widely deployed WLAN technology, IEEE 802.11, uses the unlicensed ISM band, which is vulnerable to noise generated by electronic devices. This paper proposes a way to enhance system goodput in CSMA/CA MAC protocols using fragmentation. Our analytical model considers the number of contending stations, packet collisions, packet error probabilities, and fragmentation overheads. With extensive experiments in WLAN and ad hoc networks, we show the optimization improves the goodput approximately 18% in a typical WLAN and 48% in ad hoc networks. The proposed approach can be implemented to any CSMA/CA MAC protocol without modifying the standard.
Cognitive Behavioral Principles Within Group Mentoring: A Randomized Pilot Study

This study evaluated the effectiveness of a group mentoring program that included components of empirically supported mentoring and cognitive behavioral techniques for children served at a community mental health center. Eighty-six 8- to 12-year-old children were randomly assigned to either group mentoring or a wait-list control group. Group mentoring significantly increased children's reported social problem-solving skills and decreased parent-reported child externalizing and internalizing behavior problems after controlling for other concurrent mental health services. Attrition from the group mentoring program was notably low (7%) for children. The integration of a cognitive behavioral group mentoring program into children's existing community mental health services may result in additional reductions in externalizing and internalizing behavior problems.
Therapeutic Management Algorithm in Cirrhotic and Noncirrhotic Patients in Primary or Secondary Liver Masses

The treatment of hepatic tumors in cirrhotic and noncirrhotic patients still represents a major issue in decision making for oncologists and surgeons. The high mortality of open liver surgery, particularly in cirrhotic patients, has pushed physicians to research new modalities. In this review paper we summarize the available and alternative methods for the treatment of liver masses using new modalities and a minimally invasive approach, which will benefit the quality of life of the patients. We also outline therapeutic plan options.
Combined assessment of vascular and myometrial invasion as a model to predict prognosis in stage I endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the uterine corpus.

The prognostic significance of vascular invasion as compared with other pathologic features was evaluated in 102 cases of endometrioid adenocarcinoma confined to the uterus (Stage I) treated by hysterectomy. By univariate analysis, survival most closely correlated with patient age, architectural grade, depth of myometrial invasion, vascular invasion, and the presence of peri vascular lymphocytic infiltrates. Among these, vascular invasion and the presence of perivascular lymphocytic infiltrates were the best indicators of prognosis. In contrast to perivascular lymphocytic infiltrates, the presence of a lymphocytic infiltrate at the tumor-myometrial junction was not related to outcome. The presence of vascular invasion was found to be associated closely with perivascular lymphocytic infiltrates. These two features may be related biologically and were designated “vascular invasion-associated changes.” By multivariate analysis with the Cox proportional hazards model, the depth of myometrial invasion and the presence of vascular invasion-associated changes were found to provide a highly reliable model for predicting outcome. The highly predictive value of vascular invasion as a prognostic factor in Stage I endometrial carcinoma suggests that it is the mechanism by which occult metastasis develops in patients whose disease progresses after hysterectomy. It is likely that other variables correlating with recurrence, such as the presence of deep myometrial invasion and high tumor grade, may act by increasing the probability of vascular invasion and subsequent metastasis. Cancer 1992; 69:1424-1431.
SU‐FF‐J‐52: Dosimetric Impact by Temporal Changes of the GTV in Head and Neck Cancers

Purpose: Over a 6 week head and neck cancertreatment course, radiation and chemotherapy induce considerable changes in the volume and geometry of the tumor and normal tissues. When using highly conformal radiotherapy, even relatively small changes in the tumor volume could alter target coverage and possibly the therapeutic efficacy. The purpose of this study is to investigate the dosimetric impact of anatomic changes during the treatment course. Method and Materials: A representative patient with nasopharynx cancertreated with IMRT was studied. Cone beam CT scans covering the skull base and upper neck were acquired at the beginning and after every 10 treatment fractions. The GTV was contoured on the initial treatment planning CT scan and recontoured on subsequent CBCT scans to reflect treatment‐related changes over time. Radiationdose was recalculated on each CBCT using the same treatment isocenter and the original IMRT fields, MLC sequences, and monitor units. The GTV DVH's were compared to assess changes in tumor coverage. Results: Somewhat counterintuitively, GTV coverage decreased over time as the tumor volume decreased. GTV volume decreased by 15% after 10 fractions and 40% after 20 fractions. Conversely, 100% of the prescribed dose covered 95% of the GTV initially, 80% after 10 fractions, and 74% after 20 fractions. Conclusion: These results show that temporal changes in tumor volume and geometry can have a potentially clinically significant effect on the dosimetry. The decreasing GTV coverage over time implies the need to re‐evaluate the treatment plan during the course of treatment and incorporate changes necessary to achieve adequate tumor coverage.
Control of Neuronal Morphology by the Atypical Cadherin Fat3

Summary Neurons receive signals through dendrites that vary widely in number and organization, ranging from one primary dendrite to multiple complex dendritic trees. For example, retinal amacrine cells (ACs) project primary dendrites into a discrete synaptic layer called the inner plexiform layer (IPL) and only rarely extend processes into other retinal layers. Here, we show that the atypical cadherin Fat3 ensures that ACs develop this unipolar morphology. AC precursors are initially multipolar but lose neurites as they migrate through the neuroblastic layer. In fat3 mutants, pruning is unreliable and ACs elaborate two dendritic trees: one in the IPL and a second projecting away from the IPL that stratifies to form an additional synaptic layer. Since complex nervous systems are characterized by the addition of layers, these results demonstrate that mutations in a single gene can cause fundamental changes in circuit organization that may drive nervous system evolution. Video Abstract
Do Women's Health Internal Medicine Residency Tracks Make a Difference?

Background: Women's health tracks (WHTs) were developed to overcome identified deficiencies in residency training. Their effectiveness in preparing residents to manage both gender-neutral and gender-specific medical conditions is unknown. Methods: Using current guidelines for internal medicine training, we designed a 65-item survey to measure residents' knowledge, comfort levels, and referral patterns concerning two gender-neutral topics (diabetes and thyroid disease) and two gender-specific topics (polycystic ovarian syndrome [PCOS] and menopause). We administered it to postgraduate year 2 (PGY2) and PGY3 internal medicine residents at a large academic medical center and compared the results of WHT and non-WHT residents using chi-square and t tests. Results: Of 61 residents, 50 (82%) responded. Fifty percent of respondents were female, 62% were PGY3, and 36% were WHT. WHT residents had higher mean knowledge scores than non-WHT residents concerning PCOS (60% vs. 45%, p < 0.05) and menopause (73% vs. 60 %,...
Financial incentives and welfare reform in the United States

This paper uses a microsimulation model to ask whether welfare recipients in the United States would work full-time if offered an earnings supplement that was conditioned on full-time employment. The simulations suggest that the earnings supplement would increase full-time employment, with little additional cash transfer cost to the government. In contrast, financial incentives currently being used by many of the states are increasing employment and income, but are encouraging primarily part-time employment. Encouraging full-time employment is particularly important in light of new time limits on welfare receipt. Faced with a loss of welfare benefits, many recipients may find that part-time earnings do not allow them to be economically self-sufficient. © 2001 by the Association of Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Development of smooth CuInGa precursor films for CuIn1 − xGaxSe2 thin film solar cell applications

Abstract CuInGa precursor thin films were deposited using a CuGa (75–25 at.%) and an In 3″ diameter target material simultaneously by RF magnetron sputtering. The precursor films were deposited on Si and glass substrates at − 80 °C and room temperature, and characterized by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The effects of gun power density and substrate temperatures on resulting precursor film properties were investigated. Precursor films deposited at − 80 °C have a smooth morphology with a 75% reduction in all roughness values and are more dense and homogeneous in structure compared to precursors deposited at room temperature. Therefore these precursors will result in better selenization process reproducibility.
Large-eddy simulation of shear flows and high-speed vaporizing liquid fuel sprays

Abstract Large eddy simulation models are tested for use on high speed evaporating liquid sprays. Three models are tested: standard Smagorinsky, a one-equation viscosity based model, and the dynamic structure model. The models are tested using channel flow, planar gas jet, and a diesel spray. The motivation of the work is to evaluate the accuracy and suitability of LES models that can be used for internal combustion engine modeling with direct injection of fuel in which moderate mesh resolution is the norm. Results from the channel flow and the gas jet provide additional insight into model capabilities that impact performance in liquid spray simulations. Simulation results were analyzed using contour images to compare the general structure of the flows, and experimental data for comparison of ensemble averaged mean and rms velocity profiles, liquid and vapor penetration, and mass fraction profiles. Results show that all three models perform similarly in the channel flow with good matches on the mean velocity results and some under prediction of rms values. The dynamic structure model showed slightly steeper near wall rms values closer to the experimental data. In the jet flow, the one-equation model results showed unexpected flow structures in images of the velocity magnitude. Mean velocity profiles matched data well for all three models. But centerline velocity decay rates and rms velocity radial profiles matched data much better for the dynamic structure model results. In the liquid spray the one-equation model performed poorly when compared to experimental data. The Smagorinsky model gave reasonable results and the dynamic structure model gave very good results in these comparisons. The overall conclusion is that the dynamic structure model is the best of the three models for direct injection engine simulations.
Enhanced recovery of rII mutations in the absence of selection in a ligase-negative mutant of bacteriophage T4

Abstract Mutation in a temperature-sensitive, polynucleotide ligase-defective mutant of bacteriophage T 4 was investigated by means of temperature shift-down experiments. The principal results are: ( I ) Brief intracellular exposure to the restrictive temperature of cells singly infected by ligase-defective r + phages results in a marked increase in the recovery of r II phages among the few progeny released. ( 2 ) The distribution of these mutations within the r II cistrons differs significantly from the standard spontaneous distribution. ( 3 ) Selection of r II mutations by virtue of their ability to suppress the ligase defect cannot account for the observed increase.
Computational and experimental study of turbulent flow in a 0.4-scale water model of a continuous steel caster

Single-phase turbulent flow in a 0.4-scale water model of a continuous steel caster is investigated using large eddy simulations (LES) and particle image velocimetry (PIV). The computational domain includes the entire submerged entry nozzle (SEN) starting from the tundish exit and the complete mold region. The results show a large, elongated recirculation zone in the SEN below the slide gate. The simulation also shows that the flow exiting the nozzle ports has a complex time-evolving pattern with strong cross-stream velocities, which is also seen in the experiments. With a few exceptions, which are probably due to uncertainties in the measurements, the computed flow field agrees with the measurements. The instantaneous jet is seen to have two typical patterns: a wobbling “stair-step” downward jet and a jet that bends upward midway between the SEN and the narrow face. A 51-second time average suppressed the asymmetries between the two halves of the upper mold region. However, the instantaneous velocity fields can be very different in the two halves. Long-term flow asymmetry is observed in the lower region. Interactions between the two halves cause large velocity fluctuations near the top surface. The effects of simplifying the computational domain and approximating the inlet conditions are presented.
Optical resolution and absolute configuration of the chiral pentamethylcyclopentadienylrhenium carbonyl complex [(η5-C5Me5)Re(NO)(PPh3)(CO)]+ BF4−

Abstract Reaction of racemic ester (η 5 -C 5 Me 5 )Re(NO)(PPh 3 )(CO 2 CH 3 ) and (−)-( S )-α-(1-naphthyl)ethylamine gives amide (η 5 -C 5 Me 5 )Re(NO)(PPh 3 )(CONHCH(CH 3 ) C 10 H 7 ) ( 3 ) as a ( SS )-/( RS )- diastereomer mixture. Crystallization gives the less soluble diastereomer (−)-( RS )- 3 (77%, ⩾ 98% diastereomeric excess). Subsequent reaction with CF 3 CO 2 H and then NaBF 4 gives carbonyl complex (−)-( R )-[(η 5 -C 5 Me 5 )Re(NO)(PPh 3 )(CO)] + BF 4 − (91%, ⩾ 99% enantiomeric excess), which is in turn reduced (Li(C 2 H 5 ) 3 BH/BH 3 · THF) to methyl complex (−)-( R )-(η 5 -C 5 Me 5 )Re(NO)(PPh 3 )(CH 3 ) (97%). These serve as convenient precursors to a variety of other optically active complexes. Preparations of enantiomeric complexes, diastereomer (−)-( RR )- 3 , and recycling of the chiral α-(1-naphthyl)ethylamine auxilliary are also described. The structure and absolute configuration of (−)-( RS )- 3 is verified crystallographically (orthorhombic, P 2 1 2 1 2 1 (no. 19), a 12.348(4), b 13.198(5), c 22.168(9) A, Z = 4).
Modeling and validation of a distribution system with high PV penetration using zone division method

This paper discusses a procedure for modeling a distribution feeder with large-scale distributed photovoltaic (PV) generation using the analysis tools OpenDSS and CYMDIST, and its extensive validation through comparison with field measurements. The basic distribution system model with high penetration of PV based on extensive geographic information system (GIS) data has been reported in [1]. In this paper, the loads, substation voltage, and PV output are modeled at a finer resolution using data from advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) and a network of data acquisition systems (DAS), and by employing a zone division method. The results from power flow analysis at specified conditions such as highest penetration case as well as results from time series analysis over an extended period of time show good correlation with field measurements. The load allocation process combined with the modeling process outlined in [1] can be used to study the impact of varying levels of distributed solar PV on the distribution system operation and design.
Development of amyloid burden in African Green monkeys

The vervet is an old world monkey increasingly being used as a model for human diseases. In addition to plaques and tangles, an additional hallmark of Alzheimer's disease is damage to neurons that synthesize noradrenaline (NA). We characterized amyloid burden in the posterior temporal lobe of young and aged vervets, and compared that with changes in NA levels and astrocyte activation. Total amyloid beta (Aβ)40 and Aβ42 levels were increased in the aged group, as were numbers of amyloid plaques detected using antibody 6E10. Low levels of Aβ42 were detected in 1 of 5 younger animals, although diffusely stained plaques were observed in 4 of these. Increased glial fibrillary acidic protein staining and messenger RNA levels were significantly correlated with increased age, as were cortical NA levels. Levels of Aβ42 and Aβ40, and the number of 6E10-positive plaques, were correlated with NA levels. Interestingly messenger RNA levels of glial derived neurotrophic factor, important for noradrenergic neuronal survival, were reduced with age. These findings suggest that amyloid pathology in aged vervets is associated with astrocyte activation and higher NA levels.
Energy-Efficient Photonics in Future High-Connectivity Computing Systems

Energy-efficiency has become a critical parameter in the design of high-performance computing systems. Typically, compute elements consume the most energy in current systems, with memories and interconnect networks close behind. This paper proposes an energy-efficient, high-connectivity, petascale computing system for the year 2020 timeframe by addressing the energy requirements of these three components. We start with projections based on purely evolutionary computer system design trends, then include the impact of breakthroughs in processor design, memory packaging and optical interconnect technologies. Based on these projections, we motivate the development for a 1-pJ/b optical intrasystem interconnect technology that significantly increases system interconnect bandwidth and relieves the distance-based energy dependence of electrical alternatives. We show that improvements in compute, memory, and IO, when simultaneously applied, become a vision for many-chip photonically-interconnected modules that could lead to an order of magnitude improvement in energy efficiency in the 2020 timeframe. The vision hinges on a high-density, energy-efficient optical link that can connect electronic compute and memory elements across short chip-to-chip distances while also capable of kilometer or longer spans across data centers. We discuss the power budget to enable such a link and review experimental progress toward creating an ultra-dense, hybrid-integrated low-power silicon photonic link that will enable this vision.
Commentary: neurotoxicity of local anesthetics--an issue or a scapegoat?

Background and Objectives To evaluate the etiologies of cauda equina syndrome (CES) and transient radicular irritation (TRI) or transient neurologic symptoms (TNSs) following hyperbaric spinal anesthesia. Methods A review of recent (since 1991) and prior (since 1941) investigations regarding CES and TRI (TNSs) was conducted. Results Recent publications fail to recognize significant prior information regarding CES and TRI (TNSs). Conclusions Cauda equina syndrome is, in all probability, explainable. Further investigation to pinpoint the etiology of TRI (TNSs) is needed.
Dermal spreading of hyaluronidase as influenced by prolonged local treatment with certain steroid hormones.

SummaryAn accentuation of hyaluroni-dase activity has been observed in skin which had been treated locally for 5 months with desoxycorticosterone, 11-dehydro-l 7-hydroxy-corticosterone and progesterone. Only the adrenocortical steroids produced a characteristic alteration in the slow phase of spread. These alterations are interpreted as representing possible alterations in connective tissue ground substance, specifically related to steroids of adrenocortical origin.
The application of computer-based imaging to the measurements of particle velocity and voidage profiles in a fluidized bed

Abstract Computer-based video imaging techniques were utilized in order to measure the axial and radial components of particle velocity and voidage profiles in the draft tube region of a semi-circular spouted fluid bed coating device. Computer images were obtained using standard RS-170 video signals (30 frames/s) from an image processing board and a CCD variable shutter speed camera. When measuring particle velocities, low shutter speeds of 1–2 ms were utilized. Due to rapid motion of particles, the images obtained were blurred streaks several millimeters in length. The length and direction of streaks were proportional to the magnitude and direction of the projected velocity vector. By using dispersed back lighting, the particle velocity images appeared as light streaks on a dark background. Custom software was written in order to automatically search for and to identify bright streaks and calculate particle velocities. The velocity measurements obtained from the software were compared with data taken with a high speed Kodak video system (1000 frames/s with a 20-μs strobe). The results were in close agreement. The video images for analysis of voidage measurements were obtained using the same techniques as for the velocity measurements except with a shutter speed of 0.1 ms. The images thus obtained showed the particles to have a dark outer ring with a light center. The search algorithm for identifying particles involved establishing the gray level for nine different locations: eight compass points and a center point. By searching the frame for the presence of particles, and then comparing the gray levels at the circumference and the center of the particle image it was possible to distinguish between in-focus and out-of-focus particles. A comparison of the results using the software with those of standard models made with glass beads, and by visually counting the particles, was in close agreement.
USE OF COMPUTERIZED TEST BATTERIES FOR QUANTIFYING NEUROBEHAVIORAL OUTCOMES

tional epidemiology, major consensus on testing methods has not emerged. Standardization of test methods is essential to provide a consistent database for risk analysis. Automation of data collection provides not only standardization, but also imnproved time efficiency, of data collecti and anbasis The computerized Neurobehavioral Evaluation System (NES) has been developed to address the need for standardized, efficient data srqliui,tion of a range of neurobehavioial variables. Examples of sppliction of NES in epidemiologic studies of workers exposed to solvents are sum.mnaiized. The need for use of NES as a tool for surveillance and in prospective epidemiologic investigations is emphMdved.
Parvoviral target cell specificity: Acquisition of fibrotropism by a mutant of the lymphotropic strain of minute virus of mice involves multiple amino acid substitutions within the capsid

Unlike the prototype strain of minute virus of mice, MVM(p), the lymphotropic strain, MVM(i), cannot form plaques on monolayers of mouse A9 fibroblasts. At very low frequency, mutants arise in MVM(i) stocks which are able to plaque on A9 cells, and we report here the isolation and mapping of such a mutant, designated hr101. Analysis of intratypic recombinants containing regions of the hr101 genome substituted into the infectious clone of its parent MVM(i) shows that the ability to form plaques on fibroblast monolayers maps to the same small region of the coat protein gene which we had previously shown, by constructing intertypic recombinants, to contain the fibrotropic determinant of MVM(p) (Gardiner and Tattersall, J. Virol. 62, 2605-2613, 1988). DNA sequencing of the hr101 regions in virus stocks derived from these recombinants identified four single-base changes between the mutant coat protein gene and that of its parent. Each of these changes occurs in the same position as a similar change found between MVM(i) and MVM(p), and each of them change the amino acid encoded at that position. Three of the four changes substitute the same amino acid as found in MVM(p), and the fourth change substitutes an alanine in hr101 for a glutamic acid residue in MVM(i), in a position occupied by glycine in MVM(p). Analysis of the recombinants within this region shows that plaque formation on A9 monolayers is dependent upon the latter change plus one adjacent, MVM(p)-like change. This observation was confirmed by recreating this double mutant in the infectious clone of MVM(i) via site-directed mutagenesis. In addition to extending the host range of MVM(i) into A9 fibroblasts, the hr101 mutations have a complex effect on the virus' ability to grow lytically in a series of different T-lymphocyte cell lines.