cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transcriptional Response of Delta-9-Desaturase Gene to Acute and Chronic Cold Stress in Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus

Tilapia is a warmwater fish and a popular choice for aquaculture. However, cold sensitivity of tilapia is a constraint to expansion of tilapia culture into the colder regions of the world. Tilapia generally require a thermal environment of 25–30 C. Acclimation to cold requires changes in gene expression such as delta 9 desaturase (Δ9D) which is widely expressed in many poikilothermic animals in the process of cold acclimation. A major function of Δ9D is to desaturate membrane lipids in order to sustain membrane fluidity during cold. In this article we examined the effect of acute and chronic cold stress (12–14 C) on the expression of the Δ9D gene in muscle, gill, heart, and liver of growing Oreochromis niloticus. Despite the relatively cold temperatures, none of the fish were killed by the cold stress. Results indicate that there was no significant change in expression of Δ9D during acute cold stress. The expression of Δ9D in liver and heart tissues was not chronically affected by cold (7 d); however, Δ9D expression of muscle and gill tissue was increased in response to chronic cold stress. Muscle was the most responsive tissue demonstrating greater than 16-fold increase following 7 d of cold exposure. Unlike many other cold tolerant teleost fish, tilapia liver Δ9D transcription was not affected by acclimation to chronic cold stress. It is possible that upregulation of expression of Δ9D in muscle and gill tissue reflects the requirement of these tissues in maintenance of a higher metabolism associated with the need to sustain oxygen consumption, mobility, and heat generation. In contrast, reduced expression of Δ9D in liver may reflect lower overall metabolic rate during cold.
Increased incidence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus among adolescents.

Objective: To determine whether a rise in the diagnosis of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) has accompanied the rise in obesity in the pediatric population, as it has among adults. Study design: Medical records of 1027 consecutive patients from birth to age 19 years with a diagnosis of diabetes from 1982 to 1995 at a regional, university-affiliated pediatric diabetes referral center were reviewed and classified according to criteria of the National Diabetes Data Group. Results: The number of patients with a diagnosis of NIDDM rose from approximately 4% of new diagnoses of diabetes in patients from birth to age 19 years before 1992, to 16% in 1994. Among patients 10 to 19 years of age, NIDDM accounted for 33% of diagnoses of diabetes in 1994. The incidence of adolescent NIDDM in Greater Cincinnati increased tenfold, from 0.7/100,000 per year in 1982 to 7.2/100.000 per year in 1994. The mean (±SD) age and body mass index at presentation were 13.8 ± 1.9 years and 37.7 ± 9.6 kg/m2, respectively. The overall female/male ratio was 1.7:1, and female patients were seen 1 year earlier than male patients (p Conclusion: There is an increasing incidence of NIDDM among adolescents in Greater Cincinnati, accompanying the national rise in adolescent obesity. Obesity and strong family histories of NIDDM are important risk factors. Because NIDDM leads to long-term morbidity, the prevention of obesity, as well as early identification of overt disease, is critical.
Compounded depression and family functioning during the acute episode and at 6-month follow-up

Thirty-seven inpatients with pure major depression were compared with 41 inpatients with compounded depression (major depression with coexistent axis I, II, and/or III disorders) to assess the impact of the patients' illness on their families. Families of patients with compounded depression had worse family functioning (especially in their ability to solve problems and in maintaining acceptable standards of behavior), both during the acute depressive episode and at 6-month follow-up. A significantly smaller percentage of patients with compounded depression had recovered by 6 months (28%) than those with pure depression (51%).
Postmodern Narrative without Postmodern Conditions: Home-Made Modernism in Lu Xun's Old Tales Retold

Postmodernism arose in response to or in reaction against modernism in the West. Geo-culturally recognized as a Western phenomenon, it gradually spread its impact to third-world countries, which are, as a rule in modern times, on the receiving end. Since the arrival of Western literary theories, Chinese literary terms have gradually lost their currency. Nowadays, literary criticism in China cannot function properly if we cease to use Western terms like “realism,” “modernism,” “postmodernism,” and so on. The three terms cited supposedly appeared at different stages of development: realism first, modernism second, and then postmodernism. If a writer lives in a period in which realism is the dominant trend, his or her works will most likely be classified into a category with the label of realism, or its sister modes, naturalism and critical realism. This way of evaluation applies to the study of Lu Xun (1881–1936), father of modern Chinese literature. Since Lu Xun wrote his literary works in a historical period in which realism was the dominant mode, he has been regarded all along as a master of critical realism, despite the fact that many of his experimental works clearly violate the principles of realism. Although some scholars
Regulation of inositol trisphosphate receptor isoform expression in glucose-desensitized rat pancreatic islets: role of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate and calcium.

The regulation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression was investigated in glucose-desensitized rat isolated pancreatic islets. Islets were cultured for 4 days with glucose (11 mm; G-treated) to induce desensitization; IP3R-I mRNA levels were similar to basal (5.5 mm glucose) values, whereas IP3R-II mRNA levels were increased and IP3R-III levels were reduced compared with basal levels. Somatostatin increased the expression of IP3R-II mRNA and reduced the expression of IP3R-III mRNA compared with basal values, but did not significantly affect G-treated islet IP3R expression. When forskolin (FSK), 8-bromo-cAMP, and glucagon-like peptide 1-(7–36) amide were added to G-treated islets after 4 days of culture, IP3R-II mRNA levels were reduced, whereas IP3R-III mRNA levels increased, to levels observed in control islets, within 3 h. The levels of IP3R-I mRNA were unaffected by either somatostatin or FSK. The protein kinase A inhibitor, H-89, and actinomycin D p...
Conversion of methylcyclohexane to 1-amino-1-methylcyclohexane by trichloramine-aluminum chloride

Abstract Methylcyclohexane underwent amination to 1-amino-1-methylcyclohexane on treatment with trichloramine and aluminum chloride. The simple procedure resulted in yields as high as 82% based on trichloramine. Several reaction variables were studied: solvent, temperature, catalyst, and reagent concentration. A practical system entails C7H14-AlCl3-NCl3 (2:2:1) in methylene chloride at 0 ± 5°. Investigation of the neutral fraction revealed the presence of 1-chloro-1-methylcyclohexane, in addition to oligomers and polymer. Mechanistically, the reaction is believed to proceed via hydride abstraction with subsequent interaction of the methylcyclohexyl cation with the nitrogen-containing nucleophile. This direct amination of a t-alkane constitutes a useful, new synthesis for t-carbinamines.
A modified double-pile-up treatment of the influence of grain size and dispersed particles on brittle fracture

Abstract Methods of estimating the number of coalesced dislocations and the effective shear stress appropriate for the Cottrell double-pile-up model of cleavage fracture are examined and revised. Implications of the original and the modified assumptions are then compared with Low's experimental results for polycrystalline iron at − 196°C. It is argued that the original treatment leads to a 20-fold discrepancy between theory and experiment. The modifications, which take into account the dynamics of yielding, offer estimates of the number coalesced and the effective shear stress that are in accord with the specific surface energy and the experimentally measured fracture stress. Possible consequences of blocking slip with second-phase particles instead of grain boundaries are examined with the aid of the model. In this way, the particle size and spacing, consistent with optimum brittle-fracture resistance, are estimated.
Fluorescent peptide sensor for the selective detection of Cu2

Abstract A new fluorescent peptidyl chemosensor for Cu 2+ ions with fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) capabilities has been synthesized via Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis. The metal chelating unit, which is flanked by the fluorophores tryptophan (donor) and dansyl chloride (acceptor), consists of the amino acids glycine and aspartic acid (Gly-Gly-Asp-Gly-Gly-Asp-Gly-Gly-Asp-Gly-Gly-Asp-Gly-Gly). Coordination of the Cu 2+ ions to the metal chelating unit results in fluorescent quenching of both the donor and acceptor fluorophores. Although it was determined that Cu 2+ binding causes no change in FRET efficiency, emission and Cu 2+ -induced quenching of the acceptor dye can be used to monitor the concentration of the copper ions, with a detection limit of 32 μg L −1 . The sensor also demonstrated sensitivity, reversibility and selectivity towards Cu 2+ in a transition metal matrix at pH 7.0.
More Borrowing from Bellegarde in Delarivier Manley's Queen Zarah and the Zarazians

Follow this and additional works at: http://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/cleng_facpub Part of the English Language and Literature Commons Publisher's Statement This is a pre-copyedited, author-produced PDF of an article accepted for publication in Notes & Queries following peer review. The version of record "More Borrowing from Bellegarde in Delarivier Manley's Queen Zarah and the Zarazians." Notes and Queries (NQ 51 (249) (4): 377-79. is available online at: http://nq.oxfordjournals.org/content/51/4/377.full.pdf+html .
Photo-electron and ionization chamber position monitors for CHESS

Abstract In order to provide positional information of the CHESS (Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source) photon beams, we have constructed two positionsensitive devices. The first, located approximately at the 7 m point in the ultra-high vacuum of CESR (Cornell Electron Storage Ring), is a split photoelectron detector. The second detector, which is located outside the CESR vacuum at approximately the 11 m point, will be in the helium-filled beam pipe. This is a split ionization chamber composed of two pairs of collector plates on either side of the 14 mrad beam. Positional sensitivity of the photoelectron monitor to better than 0.1 mm was demonstrated over a range of 2 mm.
Computational study of multiple-decker sandwich and rice-ball structures of neutral titanium-benzene clusters.

Density functional theory calculations were applied to systematically and directly compare the relative energetic stability of multiple-decker sandwich and rice-ball structures for a variety of neutral TimBzn clusters (m = 1−4, n = 1−5). Almost all structures favored the multiple-decker sandwich structure, as observed experimentally for early transition metals. The strength of each metal−benzene interaction averages 37 kcal/mol and remains relatively constant for sandwiches with three or more Ti atoms. The most stable smaller rice-ball structures did not have η6-Bz bound to a single metal atom. Instead, the preferred coordination was having the plane of the benzene molecule parallel to a Ti2 bond or a Ti3 face, leading to some distortion of the benzene ring. The larger rice-ball structures, on the other hand, preferred to weaken the metal−metal bonds and retain η6-Bz bound to a single metal atom, a structural motif shared with sandwiches.
Digital signal processing methods for biosequence comparison

A method is discussed for DNA or protein sequence comparison using a finite field fast Fourier transform, a digital signal processing technique; and statistical methods are discussed for analyzing the output of this algorithm. This method compares two sequences of length N in computing time proportional to N log N compared to N2 for methods currently used. This method makes it feasible to compare very long sequences. An example is given to show that the method correctly identifies sites of known homology.
The Color-Word Interference Test and Its Relation to Performance Impairment under Auditory Distraction.

The present study examined the relationship between performance on the Stroop color-word interference test (a suggested measure of distraction susceptibility) and impairment under auditory distraction on a random generation task. Although there was a significant decrease in “randomness” as a result of auditory distraction, the correlation between change in randomness and amount of color-word interference was nonsignificant. This suggests that the Stroop test may measure a rather restricted type of perceptual interference essentially unrelated to a possibly more general ability to maintain concentration in the presence of competing (distracting) stimuli.
EFFICACY OF SHORT TERM, HIGH DOSE STATINS FOR PREVENTING CONTRAST-INDUCED ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY AND/OR PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION: A META-ANALYSIS OF RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS

Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) after coronary angiography (CAG) and/or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is associated with increased hospital stay, healthcare costs, morbidity and mortality. Studies evaluating short term, high dose statins in the prevention of CI-AKI have
Using Visual Information to Train Foreign‐Language Vowel Production*

The present feasibility study explored the use of visual information for training vowel production in a foreign language (L2). An optoelectronic glossometer was used to measure tongue-palate distances at four locations along the hard palate and to provide visual feedback specifying tongue targets for English /i,I,ae/ and /α/. Evaluations performed during 10 days prior to training showed that the native Spanish subject examined consistently neutralized the tongue position difference between English /i/-/I/ and /ae/-/α/. The same thing occurred when she attempted to imitate vowels spoken by an English native speaker. Physiological, acoustic, and perceptual tests showed that the subject produced a difference between /i/-/I/ after only ten minutes of visual articulatory modeling and shaping. A similar improvement was not noted for /ae/-/α/, perhaps because the difference in pharyngeal width that distinguishes these vowels could not be shown directly using the glossometer. Additional work will be needed to determine whether the /i/-/I/ change was due to the visual feedback and whether greater—and sustained—changes in vowel production can be effected using visual feedback if more training is administered.
Mass Spectrometry-based Proteomics and Peptidomics for Systems Biology and Biomarker Discovery

The scientific community has shown great interest in the field of mass spectrometry-based proteomics and peptidomics for its applications in biology. Proteomics technologies have evolved to produce large data sets of proteins or peptides involved in various biologic and disease progression processes generating testable hypothesis for complex biologic questions. This review provides an introduction to relevant topics in proteomics and peptidomics including biologic material selection, sample preparation, separation techniques, peptide fragmentation, post-translational modifications, quantification, bioinformatics, and biomarker discovery and validation. In addition, current literature, remaining challenges, and emerging technologies for proteomics and peptidomics are presented.
1015-74 Ciradian Variation of Silent Myocardial Ischemia is Abolished by Propranolol

A prospective study investigated whether there is a circadian variation of silent ischemia (SI) in elderly patients (pts) with heart disease before and after propranolol and no antiarrhythmic (AA) drug. Follow-up 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiograms were obtained at a median of 6 months (range 2 to 12) in 221 elderly pts, mean age 81 ± 8 years, with heart disease (64% with prior myocardial infarction and 36% with hypertensive heart disease) and complex ventricular arrhythmias randomized to propranolol 85 ± 28 mg daily(112 pts) or to no AA drug (109 pts). SI was diagnosed if horizontal or downsloping ST-segment depression ≥ 1.0 mm below the level at rest occurred after the J point, lasted ≥ 1.0 minute, and was unassociated with angina. If ST-segment depression at rest occurred, an additional 2.0 mm of ischemic ST-segment depression below the level at rest at 80 ms after the J point was needed. 51 was present before no AA drug in 35 of 109 pts (32%) and after no AA drug in 39 of 109 pts (36%1 (p not significant). SI was present before propranolol in 42 of 112 pts (38%) and after propranolol in 27 of 112 pts (24%) (p l 0.001). Double harmonic regression models showed a significant circadian variation of the maximal amount of 51 before no AA drug (p = 0.002, R 2 = 58%, adjusted R 2 = 49%), after no AA drug (p = 0.009, R 2 = 50%, adjusted R 2 = 39%), before propranolol (p = 0.003, R 2 = 56%, adjusted R 2 = 46%), but not after propranolol (p = 0.715, R 2 = 10%, adjusted R 2 = 0%). The primary peak incidence of the maximal amount of SI occurred between 8 a.m. and 9 a.m. before no AA drug, between 8 a.m. and 10 a.m. after no AA drug, and between 8 a.m. and 11 a.m. before propranolol. There was no secondary peak. These data show that there is a circadian variation of the maximal amount of SI in elderly pts with heart disease which is abolished by propranolol.
“White Cities,” “Diamond Zulus,” and the “African Contribution to Human Advancement”: African Modernities and the World's Fairs

From the mid-19th to the mid-20th centuries, representations of Africans at the world's fairs were often aligned with the colonial cultural logic of contrasting the “savage” Other with the “civilized” subject, illustrating the politics of modernity, racialization, and imperial conquest. Certain showcases, however, at the world's fairs in the U.S. and South Africa—as well as performances in the white urban environments of Chicago and Johannesburg—undid this binary by introducing new spectacular economies depicting African modernities.
Highly sensitive method for measuring the onset of damage using a micro channel plate

Using a micro channel plate (MCP), we have developed a sensitive method for measuring the onset of laser damage by detecting liberated surface ions and XUV radiation from the laser induced surface plasma. This method is insensitive to optical alignment and therefore assures good repeatability over numerous measurements.
Digital simulation of magnetic Czochralski flow under various laboratory conditions for silicon growth

Previous digital simulations have suggested that an axial magnetic field in the 0.1-T (1000-Gs) range can effectively suppress convection in Czochralski growth of silicon. The present paper treats the matter more quantitatively by investigating the convection in a variety of flow conditions corresponding to typical Czochralski growth of silicon on a laboratory scale.
STUDIES IN ONAGRACEAE III. A REVISION OF THE SUBGENERA TARAXIA AND EULOBUS OF THE GENUS OENOTHERA

The herbarium material available for this group was obtained from the following collections, the abbreviations of which are also indicated: University of California (C), Frank W. Peirson of Pasadena (FP), Gray Herbarium (G), Pomona College (P), Dudley Herbarium of Stanford University (S), United States National Herbarium (US), and Washington State College (WS). To those in charge of these herbaria I express my appreciation of the courtesy shown. To Dr. F. W. Pennell of the Philadelphia Academy I am especially indebted for his kindness in looking up material regarding the specific names subacaulis of Pursh and heterantha of Nuttall.
A vibrational study of formic acid interaction with clean and oxygen-covered silver (110) surfaces

Abstract The interaction of formic acid (HCOOH) with clean and atomic oxygen-covered Ag(110) surfaces has been investigated with electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and temperature programmed reaction spectroscopy (TPRS). The correlation between product desorption from the surface and the presence of surface intermediates has been investigated. On the clean Ag(110) surface, formic acid adsorbed and desorbed in molecular form and no dissociation was noted. The interaction energy was estimated to be 11 kcal mole −1 . Atomic oxygen was generated on the Ag(110) surface by dissociation of adsorbed di-oxygen. This di-oxygen complex was a precursor to the atomic state. Formic acid interacted with the atomic oxygen at 100 K producing adsorbed water and formate (HCOO). Annealing this surface resulted in water desorption near 200 K, and the formate decomposed to CO 2 and H 2 near 400 K. Verification of formate (HCOO) was made by substituting the deuterated acid to generate DCOO species. The spectral assignments agreed with the formate ion in solution. We were also able to assign the in-and-out-of-plane bending modes associated with motion of the hydrogen and deuterium atoms. Due to screening of the asymmetric stretch (ν a (COO)) of the formate groups in a symmetrical bidentate bonding configuration at the surface, we were able to observe changes in the formate orientations with temperature prior to decomposition. Excellent agreement was found between the frequencies reported in this work and recent Raman data for HCOO − adsorbed on silver particles.
Nucleation and growth characteristics of palladium and indium thin films

This paper reports observations on the nucleation and growth of palladium and indium thin films deposited onto heated (00l)-sodium chloride substrates. It has been observed that the nucleation and growth characteristics of palladium and indium are different. The differences have been explained on the basis of classical nucleation theory. Studies on the effect of lateral electric fields on the epitaxial growth of these films have also been made. No predominant effects were observed with flash evaporation. This may be due to either the absence of positive charges in the vapor stream; or the enhancement of coalescence due to the electric field in the presence of high supersaturation is ineffective.
Preliminary Field Studies Using Earth Resistivity Measurements for Delineating Zones of Contaminated Ground Water

The measure of earth resistivity is a possible means of detecting and outlining zones of ground-water contamination where a resistivity contrast exists between contaminated and unconcaminated ground water. As a preliminary evaluation of the use of electrical resistivity for defining zones of contaminated ground water, five sites on Long Island and three sites in western Texas were examined. The surveys at three of the Long Island sites and at one of the western Texas sites were at least partially successful in their objectives. The lack of success at the other sites is attributed to the particular physical conditions that existed. Further effort toward developing electrical resistivity as a method for evaluating variations in ground-water quality is encouraged.
A novel user-centric handoff cost framework applied to the Virtual Mobility Domains and IPv6-based mobility protocols

The mobile user population connected to the Internet continues to grow in number and hence provisioning seamless Internet service to such user is a topic of major interest. With new mobility architectures being investigated, it is important to have consistent comparative platforms and metrics. In this article, we introduce a novel and user-centric handoff cost framework to analyze handoff performance of different mobility schemes. The proposed framework helps examine the impacts of registration costs, signaling overhead, and data loss for Internet connected mobile users employing a unified cost metric. We first applied the framework to our future Internet mobility architecture, called Virtual Mobility Domains (VMDs). This architecture is user centric as it allows mobile users to avail services from overlapping mobility domains based on their mobility profiles. Next, the framework is applied to IPv6-based mobility protocols such as Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 and Proxy Mobile IPv6 to show the framework's flexibility and adaptability. Using the framework, we compare the handoff performance of IPv6-based mobility protocols to the VMD based mobility scheme. The results indicate that the handoff performance achieved with VMD is three and nine times superior to Proxy Mobile IPv6 and Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 respectively.
Mechanisms of cardiac conduction: a history of revisions

Cardiac conduction is the process by which electrical excitation spreads through the heart, triggering individual myocytes to contract in synchrony. Defects in conduction disrupt synchronous activation and are associated with life-threatening arrhythmias in many pathologies. Therefore, it is scarcely surprising that this phenomenon continues to be the subject of active scientific inquiry. Here we provide a brief review of how the conceptual understanding of conduction has evolved over the last century and highlight recent, potentially paradigm-shifting developments.
The Mundt‐Ryan institute: A private venture in speech education

Karl E. Mundt, United States Senator from South Dakota, once operated a unique institution of adult speech education.1
Impact of age on screening and surveillance for primary liver cancer

OBJECTIVES: Although screening and surveillance for liver cancers have become established practices, the impact of age on these practices is unknown. The age at which these could be stopped, if any, is unclear. Our aims were to assess the impact of age on developing or dying from liver cancer, and to define the relative impact of prematurely stopping screening. METHODS: Actuarial life-table analyses were performed using age-stratified mortality rates for primary liver cancers, and for all other causes combined, obtained from population-based databases from the United States. The impact of prematurely stopping screening at a given age was expressed as days of life lost compared to the maximal benefit expected from lifelong screening. RESULTS: Mortality from primary liver cancers increases with age and peaks at 37 per 100,000 persons at ages 85-90 yr. However, mortality from other causes increases even more with age. Consequently, the relative proportion of deaths from primary liver cancer is maximal at 1.34% of all deaths at age 50 yr, and gradually decreases thereafter. Eighty percent of the maximal potential benefit of lifetime screening from age 45 yr is achieved by age 77 yr, and 90% by age 82 yr. CONCLUSIONS: The relative benefits from screening for primary liver cancer are reduced in the elderly due to competing risks for death despite an increasing incidence of primary liver cancer with age. The majority of societal benefit is gained from screening at younger ages, when the relative proportions of death attributable to liver cancer are the greatest.
Estimating the Size of the Adult Population Needing Personal Assistance Services Implications for National Disability Policy

Legislative initiatives to expand federal funding of personal assistance services (PAS) have relied primarily or exclusively on need for assistance with activities of daily living (ADLs). Analyses of the U.S. Census Bureau's 1990 and 1991 Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) indicate that roughly 1.4 million Americans report needing assistance with three or more ADLs, and that 35% of these are under age 65. Only a small subset of the population needing assistance with three or more ADLs (22%) also report family incomes at or below the federal poverty level, suggesting that means-testing could significantly reduce the size of the population eligible for a federal benefit. Different ADL, age, and income criteria substantially affect the size and composition of the eligible population. The policy implications and limitations of these findings are discussed.
Taxonomic significance of cellulosic cell walls in the bangiales (Rhodophyta)

Abstract Cellulose has been characterized from isolated cell walls of the conchocelis phases of both Porphyra umbilicalis and P. leucostricta . Evidence for cellulose II (regenerated cellulose) in Schweitzer's reagent extracts was provided by X-ray powder analysis and paper chromatography of partial hydrolyzates. The presence of cellulose in the conchocelis phase of species of Porphyra provides evidence for the continuity of cell wall composition within the Rhodophyta. Adoption of a classification scheme incorporating consolidation of all red algal orders under the single class Rhodophyceae is proposed.
Influences of activity wheel access on the body temperature response to MDMA and methamphetamine.

Abstract Recreational ingestion of the drug 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “Ecstasy”) can result in pathologically elevated body temperature and even death in humans. Such incidents are relatively rare which makes it difficult to identify the relative contributions of specific environmental and situational factors. Although animal models have been used to explore several aspects of MDMA-induced hyperthermia and it is regularly hypothesized that prolonged physical activity (e.g., dancing) in the nightclub environment increases risk, this has never been tested directly. In this study the rectal temperature of male Wistar rats was monitored after challenge with doses of MDMA and methamphetamine (MA), another drug frequently ingested in the rave/nightclub environment, either with or without access to an activity wheel. Results showed that wheel activity did not modify the hyperthermia produced by 10.0 mg/kg MDMA. However, individual correlations were observed in which wheel activity levels after a locomotor stimulant dose of MDMA were positively related to body temperature change and lethal outcome. A modest increase in the maximum body temperature observed after 5.6 mg/kg MA was caused by wheel access but this was mostly attributable to a drop in temperature relative to vehicle treatment in the absence of wheel activity. These results suggest that nightclub dancing in the human Ecstasy consumer may not be a significant factor in medical emergencies.
Group VIB Phospholipase A 2 Promotes Proliferation of INS-1 Insulinoma Cells and Attenuates Lipid Peroxidation and Apoptosis Induced by Inflammatory Cytokines and Oxidant Agents

Group VIB Phospholipase A2 (iPLA2γ) is distributed in membranous organelles in which β-oxidation occurs, that is, mitochondria and peroxisomes, and is expressed by insulin-secreting pancreatic islet β-cells and INS-1 insulinoma cells, which can be injured by inflammatory cytokines, for example, IL-1β and IFN-γ, and by oxidants, for example, streptozotocin (STZ) or t-butyl-hydroperoxide (TBHP), via processes pertinent to mechanisms of β-cell loss in types 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus. We find that incubating INS-1 cells with IL-1β and IFN-γ, with STZ, or with TBHP causes increased expression of iPLA2γ mRNA and protein. We prepared INS-1 knockdown (KD) cell lines with reduced iPLA2γ expression, and they proliferate more slowly than control INS-1 cells and undergo increased membrane peroxidation in response to cytokines or oxidants. Accumulation of oxidized phospholipid molecular species in STZ-treated INS-1 cells was demonstrated by LC/MS/MS scanning, and the levels in iPLA2γ-KD cells exceeded those in control cells. iPLA2γ-KD INS-1 cells also exhibited higher levels of apoptosis than control cells when incubated with STZ or with IL-1β and IFN-γ. These findings suggest that iPLA2γ promotes β-cell proliferation and that its expression is increased during inflammation or oxidative stress as a mechanism to mitigate membrane injury that may enhance β-cell survival.
Two novel iterative joint frequency-offset and channel estimation methods for OFDMA uplink

We address joint estimation of frequency offsets and channel responses in OFDMA uplink. A cyclically equal-spaced, equal-energy interleaved pilot preamble is proposed by which two iterative estimators are developed. In the first estimator, we develop a modified SAGE (space alternating generalized expectation-maximization) method by incorporating multiuser interference cancellation in both time and frequency domains into the SAGE method. The proposed modified SAGE method yields a faster convergence rate, a better estimation performance, and a lower complexity than the existing conventional SAGE method from [10]. In the second method, we propose a very low complexity ad hoc method to replace the high complexity frequency offset estimator of the first method. The proposed ad hoc method is developed based on the time-domain characteristics of the pilot preamble and the frequency-domain power concentration property of OFDMA systems. It achieves almost the same estimation performance as the first proposed method but requires significantly lower complexity. Both proposed methods are not only better in estimation performance, convergence rate, and complexity, but also more robust to the number of active uplink users than the existing method while requiring only one OFDM training symbol and no restriction of the data subcarrier assignment scheme.
THE PRODUCTION OF DECIDUOMATA IN IMMATURE RATS BY PITUITARY TREATMENT1

Deciduomata were produced in immature rats which received gonadal stimulation with anterior pituitary implants and subsequent injections of basic extracts of beef anterior lobe (Shelesnyak, 1931). During the treatment with basic extract, the uteri of the experimental animals were stimulated by tying thread loops through the lumen after the method of Long and Evans (1922). The decidual reaction was uniformly positive. A control series of rats, which was treated similarly, except that a small amount of oestrin (Amniotin, Squibb) was substituted for the pituitary implants, in general failed to show the reaction. Only two cases suggested any decidual cell response. The present investigation deals with some of the probabilities involved in the failure of the reported control series (1931), and attempts to approximate a minimal physiologic sensitization which would enable a stimulated uterus to form deciduomata. It can be seen from earlier work (Weichert, 1928; Hisaw and Leonard, 1930; Leonard, Hisaw and Fevold...
Yield sensitivity study of A1GaAs/GaAs high electron mobility transistor

A simple graphical statistical method is presented and is used to study the statistical sensitivity of the AlGaAs/GaAs High Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT) small-signal performances to physical model parameters, Using an analytical model and applying numerical techniques, the small-signal performances, transconductance, gate-to-source capacitance, current gain cut-off frequency, and the optimum cut-off frequency are calculated for four different HEMTs. These are then used as the device specifications in the Monte Carlo-based sensitivity analysis. Based on the model, a device simulator is developed in which the gate length, the gate width, and the carrier mobility are statistically varied simultaneously about their nominal values. The yield factor histograms for each small-signal parameter and its sensitivity to the process parameter variations are determined. In this work, we report that the current gain cut-off frequency increases as the carrier mobility increases, but it is almost independent of the gate width. We observe that the gate-to-source capacitance is independent of the carrier mobility, but it is strongly dependent on the transistor dimension. All the performance yields analyzed here go down as the gate length increases.
Amphipod herbivory on the freshwater cyanobacterium Lyngbya wollei: Chemical stimulants and morphological defenses

The freshwater cyanobacterium Lyngbya wollei forms dense mats in lentic systems throughout the southeastern United States and produces paralytic shellfish poisons (PSPs), such as saxitoxins, that could provide a chemical defense against herbivory. In addition, Lyngbya filaments are surrounded by a prominent extracellular polysaccharide sheath that might function as a structural defense against herbivory. We investigated the roles of PSPs and sheath structure in deterring consumption of Lyngbya by an omnivorous amphipod, Hyalella azteca. A series of two-choice feeding assays paired Lyngbya with a highly palatable green alga, Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum. These assays included comparisons of whole Lyngbya and Rhizoclonium, freeze-dried and ground Lyngbya and Rhizoclonium, artificial food treated with Lyngbya crude extract, artificial food treated with pure saxitoxin, and artificial food containing Lyngbya sheath material, with and without Lyngbya crude extract. Hyalella preferred whole, live Rhizoclonium over fresh Lyngbya. Similarly, Hyalella preferred freeze-dried and ground Rhizoclonium over Lyngbya. However, Hyalella preferred treated foods containing Lyngbya crude extract or pure saxitoxin over control foods. The sheath constituted over 55% of the total dry mass of Lyngbya. In assays combining sheath material and crude extract in artificial foods, Hyalella avoided foods containing sheath material. Therefore, morphological defenses play an important role in deterring consumption of Lyngbya by Hyalella, whereas PSPs stimulate feeding. Our study indicates that structural defenses can partially explain the high abundance of filamentous cyanobacteria observed in aquatic communities under grazing pressure.
The effects of increases in cigarette prices on cigarette consumption among smokers after the Master Settlement Agreement

This paper examines the impact of the large increases in cigarette prices after the Master Settlement Agreement on cigarette consumption among smokers by estimating a dynamic panel data model. I use system generalized method of moments estimator with fixed effects to address the unobserved heterogeneity and the initial conditions problem. I find that older smokers (aged 51 and older) are virtually unresponsive to price changes, and younger smokers (aged 50 and younger) are more price sensitive; women smokers might be more price responsive; and the overall estimated price elasticity for the full sample of smokers is −0.26. In addition, smoke-free air laws do not show significant effects.
Embedded Present Tense and Attitude Reports

Here, the temporal interpretation of the embedded state may overlap with the believing time and the speech time (ST) (the double access reading, Abusch 1 99 1 , 1 997) . But, intuitively, John ' s beliefs do not include the ST, i .e . , a future or past time from John ' s perspective. In ( 1 ) , for example, John presumably had a belief about Mary's pregnancy at a past interval (overlapping with the time of his belief) and not necessarily at an interval extending into his future to include the ST. This holds for (2) as well relative to the past. In both cases, the temporal reference to the ST does not coincide with the temporal belief the believer seems to have. Current solutions to this problem propose that there is a de re interpretation of the embedded tense, parallel to those found with regular NPs . In this paper, I argue that this solution is not entirely satisfactory because the de re interpretation does not make the correct predictions for cases in which the double access reading and the content-report mismatch obtain but the interpretation has the properties found in de dicto interpretations. As an alternative, I propose that reports containing indexical tenses involve an attribution of an implicit attitude similar to those traditionally acknowledged in the philosophical literature. I argue that such attributions are felicitous if there is an inference attainable in the common ground that allows the speaker to infer and assert the attributed content. The inference involves the hypothetically explicit content attributed to the attitude holder and pragmatic premises normally taken for granted. This account correctly predicts whether a given report is felicitous on the basis of the availability of the speaker' s inference.
Influence of pH and CaCl2 on the stability of dilute whey protein stabilized emulsions

The influence of pH and CaCl2 on the physical stability of dilute oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by whey protein isolate has been studied. The particle size, zeta potential and creaming stability of 0.05 wt% soy bean oil-in-water emulsions (d ≈ 0.53 μm) were measured with varying pH (3 to 7) and CaCl2 concentration (0 to 20 μM). In the absence of CaCl2 extensive droplet aggregation occurred around the isoelectric point of the whey proteins (4 < pH < 6) because of their low electrical charge, which led to creaming instability. Droplet aggregation occurred at higher pH when CaCl2 was added to the emulsions. The minimum concentration of CaCl2 required to promote aggregation increased as the pH increased. Aggregation was induced in the presence of CaCl2 probably because of the reduction in electrostatic repulsion between droplets, caused by binding of counter ions to droplet surfaces and electrostatic screening effects.
TacNet Tracker©: Built-in capabilities for situational awareness

TacNet Trackercopy is a portable wireless computer, developed by Sandia National Laboratories, that provides secure real-time tracking and self-forming connectivity through the integration of uniquely packaged commercial off-the-shelf components and customized software. TacNet Trackercopy is designed to support applications that enhance security and logistics in areas such as homeland security, emergency services, warehousing, transportation and logistics, and the military. It is a lightweight wearable low-cost device that can accommodate a variety of network options, such as mesh radio network or 802.11 wireless. When operated with a mesh network - a mobile ad hoc network that accommodates data speeds up to 6 Mbyte per second - TacNet Trackercopy can provide situational awareness to individuals in the field securely without the need for fixed infrastructure. TacNet Trackercopypsilas current application lets authorized individuals share and display the global positioning system locations of all subscriber devices. TacNet Trackercopy provides the potential for increased situational awareness through numerous other capabilities built right into the unit. Unlike the extensive add-ons required for laptops or personal digital assistants, TacNet Trackercopy offers the following built-in features: (a) Unique combination of the latest XScalereg low-power computing technology with substantial memory footprint and real-time operating system (b) Multiple communication options, such as Bluetooth, Ethernet connections, USB, and JTAG interfaces (c) Capability for voice-over internet protocol This paper details TacNet Trackercopypsilas development path, built-in capabilities, and performance testing, and describes its potential to support a variety of operations, ranging from smoke-jumpers in a wildfire to seaport security. This paper details TacNet Trackercopypsilas development path, built-in capabilities, and performance testing, and describes its potential to support a variety of operations, ranging from smoke-jumpers in a wildfire to seaport security.
Advances, Problems, and Challenges in the Study of Emotion Regulation: A Commentary

As observed by Zinbarg and Mineka (American Psychologist 62:259-261, 2007), the study of emotion regulation faces significant challenges that need to be addressed. In reviewing the articles in the present issue, we comment upon how researchers have attempted, with varying degrees of success, to meet these challenges. We suggest that the articles in the present volume demonstrate important conceptual and methodological advances in emotion regulation research, but that the most central problems noted by Zinbarg and Mineka have yet to be fully remedied. In highlighting both the progress made and problems faced by the field of emotion regulation, we suggest new directions for future research in this area.
Bargaining Theory and Rationalist Explanations for the Iraq War

In “Two Cheers for Bargaining Theory: Assessing Rationalist Explanations for the Iraq War,” David Lake makes several important contributions to international relations scholarship.1 He provides greater empirical testing of the hypotheses generated by bargaining theory, a need that many theorists have long recognized.2 He likewise provides greater “analytical eclecticism” to international relations scholarship by seeking to integrate rationalist and behavioral explanations for war.3 He also draws needed attention to the issue of postwar governance costs in strategic bargaining and decisionmaking. Finally, he provides a theoretical framework for the 2003 war in Iraq, arguably the most important U.S. conoict since the Vietnam War. Nevertheless, in evaluating rationalist explanations for the Iraq War, Lake does not fully take into account the strategic environment faced by Saddam Hussein or the George W. Bush administration. Instead, he concludes that both sides suffered from “self-delusions, biased decisionmaking, and failures to update prior beliefs,” which illustrated “deviations from rationality” and “cognitive limitations” (pp. 9–10). Although both sides are likely guilty in this respect, Lake overlooks or downplays the incentives to misrepresent and commitment problems faced by both sides, and thereby overstates the limits of rationalist propositions to explain the Iraq War.4 Further consideration of their respective strategic environments demonstrates that bargaining theory provides greater insights into the Iraq War than Lake claims.
An extremal problem for finite topologies and distributive lattices

Abstract Let ( r 1 , r 2 , …) be a sequence of non-negative integers summing to n . We determine under what conditions there exists a finite distributive lattice L of rank n with r i join-irreducibles of rank i , for all i = 1, 2, …. When L exists, we give explicit expressions for the greatest number of elements L can have of any given rank, and for the greatest total number of elements L can have. The problem is also formulated in terms of finite topological spaces.
Differential Response to a Dysphoric Mood Induction Procedure as a Function of Level of Experiential Avoidance.

Participants reporting high versus low levels of experiential avoidance as assessed by the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (Hayes et al., 2004) were compared in their responsivity to a mood induction procedure and in their subjective reactions to resulting changes in dysphoric mood. Both groups showed equivalent changes in levels of dysphoric mood across phases of the induction procedure. As expected, however, high avoidant participants reported higher levels of subjective distress than did their low avoidant counterparts in reaction to increased dysphoric mood. The overall findings are consistent with those of other similar investigations in suggesting that experiential avoidance may be usefully conceptualized as a functional response class that supports diverse forms and levels of human suffering.
Base rates of intersubtest scatter in the old age standardization sample of the WAIS-R.

Abstract The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale — Revised (WAIS-R) old-age standardization sample was analyzed to ascertain normal base rates of intersubtest scatter. The range and number of scaled scores that deviated by ± 3 points from the mean were calculated for each subject on the Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale subtests. Mean ranges for the total sample were 4.4, 3.4, and 6.5, respectively. Ranges were larger for men than women; whites demonstrated more scatter than blacks. An increase in scatter emerged on the Verbal and Full Scales as one moved from the lowest to the highest education and IQ groups. Over 75% of individuals had two, one, or zero subtests that deviated significantly from their WAIS-R mean score. Finally, the scatter range for the elderly sample was compared to the original WAIS-R standardization sample.