cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Compton effect: Transition to quantum mechanics

The discovery of the Compton effect at the end of 1922 was a decisive event in the transition to the new quantum mechanics of 1925-1926 because it stimulated physicists to examine anew the fundamental problem of the interaction between radiation and matter. I first discuss Albert Einstein's light-quantum hypothesis of 1905 and why physicists greeted it with extreme skepticism, despite Robert A. Millikan's confirmation of Einstein's equation of the photoelectric effect in 1915. I then follow in some detail the experimental and theoretical research program that Arthur Holly Compton pursued between 1916 and 1922 at the University of Minnesota, the Westinghouse Lamp Company, the Cavendish Laboratory, and Washington University that culminated in his discovery of the Compton effect. Surprisingly, Compton was not influenced directly by Einstein's light-quantum hypothesis, in contrast to Peter Debye and H.A. Kramers, who discovered the quantum theory of scattering independently. I close by discussing the most significant response to that discovery, the Bohr-Kramers-Slater theory of 1924, its experimental refutation, and its influence on the emerging new quantum mechanics.
Relationships between Somatic Growth and Cognitive Functioning in Young Children with Sickle Cell Disease

Objective Children with sickle cell disease (SCD) exhibit poor somatic growth due to nutritional and metabolic effects, but potential relationships between growth and other areas of development are unclear. We examined whether growth is related to cognition and whether growth might be one marker of neurocognitive risk. Methods Sixty-four children with SCD and eighty-one demographically similar controls, ages 4 to 8 years, completed cognitive and anthropometric measures. Results Height-for-age partially accounted for cognitive decrements related to SCD on all cognitive measures. Higher body-mass-index was a significant predictor of higher visual-motor and academic achievement scores in children with SCD, but not in controls. Conclusions In some children with SCD, especially those with HbSS and Hb Sb 0 , low height-for-age may help to explain neurocognitive risk. Higher body-mass-index may be related to better cognitive outcomes in children with SCD. Nutrition deficits in SCD could explain the association between somatic growth and cognitive deficits. Sickle cell disease (SCD) can have developmental consequences, including somatic growth deficits and decrements in cognitive functioning. In this study, we examined whether the growth and cognitive consequences of SCD may be interrelated, as both may be influenced by the metabolic and endocrine effects of the disease. SCD is a
Automated heartsound analysis/computer-aided auscultation: A cardiologist's perspective and suggestions for future development

Heart disease is a major cause of worldwide morbidity and mortality. Properly performed, the cardiac auscultatory examination (listening to the heart with a stethoscope) is an inexpensive, widely available tool in the detection and management of heart disease. Unfortunately, accurate interpretation of heartsounds by primary care providers is fraught with error, leading to missed diagnosis of disease and/or excessive costs associated with evaluation of normal variants. Therefore, automated heartsound analysis, also known as computer aided auscultation (CAA), has the potential to become a cost-effective screening and diagnostic tool in the primary care setting. A cardiologist's suggestions for CAA system design and algorithmic development are provided.
Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery

Endoscopic skull base surgery has undergone rapid advancement in the past decade moving from pituitary surgery to suprasellar lesions and now to a myriad of lesions extending from the cribriform plate to C2 and laterally out to the infratemporal fossa and petrous apex. Evolution of several technological advances as well as advances in understanding of endoscopic anatomy and the development of surgical techniques both in resection and reconstruction have fostered this capability. Management of benign disease via endoscopic methods is largely accepted now but more data is needed before the controversy on the role of endoscopic management of malignant disease is decided. Continued advances in surgical technique, navigation systems, endoscopic imaging technology, and robotics assure continued brisk evolution in this expanding field.
Broad-spectrum multi-modality image registration: from PET, CT, and MRI to autoradiography, microscopy, and beyond.

� Abstract—Image registration and fusion are increasingly important components of both clinical and small-animal imaging and have lead to the development of a variety of pertinent hardware and software tools, including multi- modality, e.g. PET-CT, devices. At the same time, advances in microscopic imaging, including phosphor-plate digital autoradiography and immunohistochemistry, now allow ultra- high (sub-100 Pm)-resolution molecular characterization of tissue sections. To date, however, in vivo imaging of intact subjects and ex vivo imaging of harvested tissues sections have remained separate and distinct, making it difficult to reliably inter-compare the former and the latter. The Department of Medical Physics and the Radiation Biophysics Laboratory at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, under the direction of Dr. Clifton Ling, has now designed, fabricated, and tested a stereotactic imaging system for so-called "broad-spectrum" image registration, from coarser-resolution in vivo imaging modalities such as PET, CT, and MRI to ultra-high-resolution ex vivo imaging techniques such as histology, autoradiography, and immunohistochemistry.
Genomic screen for loci associated with tobacco usage in Mission Indians.

Background The prevalence of tobacco usage in Native American adults and adolescents is higher than any other racial or ethnic group, yet biological risk and protective factors underlying tobacco use in this ethnic group remain unknown. A genome scan for loci associated with tobacco use phenotypes was performed with data collected from a community sample of Mission Indians residing in Southwest California.
Formulation and Characterization of Polyester/Polycarbonate Nanoparticles for Delivery of a Novel Microtubule Destabilizing Agent

Purpose Since our newly synthesized potent 5-indolyl derivative, (2-(1 H-Indol-5-yl) thiazol-4-yl) 3, 4, 5-trimethoxyphenyl methanone (LY293), to treat resistant melanoma was hydrophobic, our objective was to synthesize a biodegradable copolymer for formulating this drug into nanoparticles and to determine its anticancer activity and mechanism of action.
Legitimizing Collective Action and Countervailing Power

Contemporary social movement researchers claim that legitimizing elements of social movements can counteract collective action problems and increase the likelihood that self-interested individuals take collective rather than individual action. Their work is insightful and informative, but it rarely uses general theory to describe the processes through which movement elements acquire legitimacy. Nor does it apply general theory to describe the mechanisms or processes through which legitimized elements influence collective action. The laboratory experiments reported in this article test hypotheses derived from a general theory—the multiple-sources, multiple-objects theory of legitimacy. The experiments examine the effects that legitimacy (measured as peer endorsement) and network size have on coalition formation, a form of collective action, and the countervailing of power. The research finds support for the legitimacy arguments. Low-power actors form coalitions more often in networks that highly endorse coalition formation and in smaller networks. Coalitions countervail power, and coalitions in the smallest networks reverse power.
Identifying student misconceptions in biomedical course assessments in dental education.

Dental student performance on examinations has traditionally been estimated by calculating the percentage of cor- rect responses rather than by identifying student misconceptions. Although misconceptions can impede student learning and are refractory to change, they are seldom measured in biomedical courses in dental schools. Our purpose was to determine if scaling student confidence and the clinical impact of incorrect answers could be used on multiple-choice questions (MCQs) to identify potential student misconceptions. To provide a measure of student misconception, faculty members indicated the correct answer on twenty clinically relevant MCQs and noted whether the three distracters represented potentially benign, inappropri- ate, or harmful application of student knowledge to patient treatment. A group of 105 third-year dental students selected what they believed was the most appropriate answer and their level of sureness (1 to 4 representing very unsure, unsure, sure, and very sure) about their answer. Misconceptions were defined as sure or very sure incorrect responses that could result in inappropriate or harmful clinical treatment. In the results, 5.2 percent of the answers represented student misconceptions, and 74 percent of the misconceptions were from four case-based interpretation questions. The mean student sureness was 3.6 on a 4.0 scale. The students' sureness was higher with correct than with incorrect answers (p 0.05). This study found that scaling student confidence and clinical impact of incorrect answers provided helpful insights into student thinking in multiple-choice assessment.
Prostate cancer metastatic to bone has higher expression of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) than primary prostate cancer.

The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is the principal regulator of the secretion of parathyroid hormone and plays key roles in extracellular calcium (Ca 2+ o ) homeostasis. It is also thought to participate in the development of cancer, especially bony metastases of breast and prostate cancer. However, the expression of CaSR has not been systematically analyzed in prostate cancer from patients with or without bony metastases. By comparing human prostate cancer tissue sections in microarrays, we found that the CaSR was expressed in both normal prostate and primary prostate cancer as assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC). We used two methods to analyze the expression level of CaSR. One was the pathological score read by a pathologist, the other was the positivity% obtained from the Aperio positive pixel count algorithm. Both of the methods gave consistent results. Metastatic prostate cancer tissue obtained from bone had higher CaSR expression than primary prostate cancer (P 0.05). The expression of CaSR in cancer tissue was not associated with the stage or status of differentiation of the cancer. These results suggest that CaSR may have a role in promoting bony metastasis of prostate cancer, hence raising the possibility of reducing the risk of such metastases with CaSR-based therapeutics.
A hierarchical model for probabilistic independent component analysis of multi-subject fMRI studies.

An important goal in fMRI studies is to decompose the observed series of brain images to identify and characterize underlying brain functional networks. Independent component analysis (ICA) has been shown to be a powerful computational tool for this purpose. Classic ICA has been successfully applied to single-subject fMRI data. The extension of ICA to group inferences in neuroimaging studies, however, is challenging due to the unavailability of a pre-specified group design matrix. Existing group ICA methods generally concatenate observed fMRI data across subjects on the temporal domain and then decompose multi-subject data in a similar manner to single-subject ICA. The major limitation of existing methods is that they ignore between-subject variability in spatial distributions of brain functional networks in group ICA. In this paper, we propose a new hierarchical probabilistic group ICA method to formally model subject-specific effects in both temporal and spatial domains when decomposing multi-subject fMRI data. The proposed method provides model-based estimation of brain functional networks at both the population and subject level. An important advantage of the hierarchical model is that it provides a formal statistical framework to investigate similarities and differences in brain functional networks across subjects, e.g., subjects with mental disorders or neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s as compared to normal subjects. We develop an EM algorithm for model estimation where both the E-step and M-step have explicit forms. We compare the performance of the proposed hierarchical model with that of two popular group ICA methods via simulation studies. We illustrate our method with application to an fMRI study of Zen meditation.
Controlling dynamic simulation with kinematic constraints

Theoretical and numerical aspects of the implementation of a DYNAmic MOtion system, dubbed DYNAMO, for the dynamic simulation of linked figures is presented. The system introduces three means for achieving, control of the resulting motion which have not been present in previous dynamic simulation systems for computer animation. (1) "Kinematic constraints" permit traditional keyframe animation systems to be embedded within a dynamic analysis. Joint limit constraints are also handled correctly through kinematic constraints. (2) "Behavior functions" relate the momentary state of the dynamic system to desired forces and accelerations within the figure. (3) "Inverse dynamics" provides a means of determining the forces required to perform a specified motion.The combination of kinematic and dynamic specifications allows the animator to think about each part of the animation in the way that is most suitable for the task. Successful experimental results are presented which demonstate the ability to provide control without disrupting the dynamic integrity of the resulting motion.
Evolution at a High Imposed Mutation Rate: Adaptation Obscures the Load in Phage T7

Evolution at high mutation rates is expected to reduce population fitness deterministically by the accumulation of deleterious mutations. A high enough rate should even cause extinction (lethal mutagenesis), a principle motivating the clinical use of mutagenic drugs to treat viral infections. The impact of a high mutation rate on long-term viral fitness was tested here. A large population of the DNA bacteriophage T7 was grown with a mutagen, producing a genomic rate of 4 nonlethal mutations per generation, two to three orders of magnitude above the baseline rate. Fitness—viral growth rate in the mutagenic environment—was predicted to decline substantially; after 200 generations, fitness had increased, rejecting the model. A high mutation load was nonetheless evident from (i) many low- to moderate-frequency mutations in the population (averaging 245 per genome) and (ii) an 80% drop in average burst size. Twenty-eight mutations reached high frequency and were thus presumably adaptive, clustered mostly in DNA metabolism genes, chiefly DNA polymerase. Yet blocking DNA polymerase evolution failed to yield a fitness decrease after 100 generations. Although mutagenic drugs have caused viral extinction in vitro under some conditions, this study is the first to match theory and fitness evolution at a high mutation rate. Failure of the theory challenges the quantitative basis of lethal mutagenesis and highlights the potential for adaptive evolution at high mutation rates.
Depositional models for two Tertiary coal-bearing sequences in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming, USA

Depositional controls on peat-forming environments which produce thick (>10m) coal beds can be inferred from relationships between coal bed geometry, maceral composition and associated lithologies. Study of these relationships within sedimentary sequences associated with the Wyodak-Anderson (Palaeocene) and the Felix (Eocene) sub-bituminous coal beds in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming, USA suggests two modes of fluvially controlled peat accumulation. The Wyodak-Anderson peat is interpreted to have formed in restricted parts of the floodplain that were separated by deposits of contemporaneous, anastomosed channels. The channels and associated sediments maintained their position through time because they were confined by thick deposits of raised Wyodak-Anderson peat. In contrast, the Felix coal bed is interpreted to have formed as a raised but widespread peat on an abandoned platform of meander-belt sands. The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast two different fluvial depositional settings that produced anomalously thick (>10m) coal deposits in the intermontane Powder River Basin of Wyoming, USA. These models may be useful as predictive tools for coal exploration and production.
CoFiDS: A Belief-Theoretic Approach for Automated Collaborative Filtering

Automated Collaborative Filtering (ACF) refers to a group of algorithms used in recommender systems, a research topic that has received considerable attention due to its e-commerce applications. However, existing techniques are rarely capable of dealing with imperfections in user-supplied ratings. When such imperfections (e.g., ambiguities) cannot be avoided, designers resort to simplifying assumptions that impair the system's performance and utility. We have developed a novel technique referred to as CoFiDS-Collaborative Filtering based on Dempster-Shafer belief-theoretic framework-that can represent a wide variety of data imperfections, propagate them throughout the decision-making process without the need to make simplifying assumptions, and exploit contextual information. With its DS-theoretic predictions, the domain expert can either obtain a "hard” decision or can narrow the set of possible predictions to a smaller set. With its capability to handle data imperfections, CoFiDS widens the applicability of ACF to such critical and sensitive domains as medical decision support systems and defense-related applications. We describe the theoretical foundation of the system and report experiments with a benchmark movie data set. We explore some essential aspects of CoFiDS' behavior and show that its performance compares favorably with other ACF systems.
Inverse design of super-elliptic cooling passages in coated turbine blade airfoils

A highly accurate and reliable algorithm capable of performing automatic inverse design of coolant flow passage numbers, shapes, sizes, and locations inside coated solid objects has been developed. The user has the freedom to specify arbitrary temperatures and heat fluxes at the points on the outer surface of the object, and either temperatures or heat fluxes on the surfaces of the yet unknown coolant flow passages. The number of passages required could be guessed and the algorithm will automatically eliminate the unnecessary passages. The method allows even inexperienced designers to achieve an optimal configuration of coolant passages in a single computer run while satisfying user-specified manufacturing constraints that were incorporated via a barrier function method. The optimization algorithms used in this inverse design code were based on gradient search and on a modified Newton search. A simple method for escaping from local minima has been implemented that involves switching between two different formulations of the objective function. The optimal value of the gradient search parameter was found using a simple method of fitting a highly accurate spline through a set of points in the cost function/search parameter plane, and seeking out the value that will generate minimal error.
What length of hospice use maximizes reduction in medical expenditures near death in the US Medicare program

Hospices have been expected to reduce health expenditures since their addition to the US Medicare benefit package in the early-1980s, but the literature on their ability to do so is mixed. The contradictory findings noted in previous studies may be due to selection bias and the period of cost comparison used. Accounting for these, this study focuses on the length of hospice use that maximizes reductions in medical expenditures near death. We used a retrospective, case/control study of Medicare decedents (1993–2003, National Long Term Care Survey screening sample) to compare 1819 hospice decedents, with 3638 controls matched via their predicted likelihood of dying while using a hospice. Variables used to create matches were demographic, primary medical condition, cost of Medicare financed care prior to the last year of life, nursing home residence and Medicaid eligibility. Hospice use reduced Medicare program expenditures during the last year of life by an average of $2309 per hospice user; expenditures after initiation of hospice were $7318 for hospice users compared to $9627 for controls (Po0.001). On average, hospice use reduced Medicare expenditures during all but 2 of hospice users’ last 72 days of life; about $10 on the 72nd day prior to death, with savings increasing to more than $750 on the day of death. Maximum cumulative expenditure reductions differed by primary condition. The maximum reduction in Medicare expenditures per user was about $7000, which occurred when a decedent had a primary condition of cancer and used a hospice for their last 58–103 days of life. For other primary conditions, the maximum savings of around $3500 occurred when a hospice was used for the last 50–108 days of life. Given the length of hospice use observed in the Medicare program, increasing the length of hospice use for 7 in 10 Medicare hospice users would increase savings. r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Size Dimorphism, Molt Status, and Body Mass Variation of Prairie Falcons Nesting in the Snake River Birds of Prey National Conservation Area

VARIACIONES EN EL DIMORFISMO DEL TAMANO, ESTADO DE LA MUDA Y PESO CORPORAL DE INDIVIDUOS DE FALCO MEXICANUS QUE NIDIFICAN EN EL AREA DE CONSERVACION NACIONAL DE AVES DE PRESA SNAKE RIVER Los adultos de Falco mexicanus capturados y medidos durante la estacion reproductiva en el sudoeste de Idaho mostraron un alto nivel de dimorfismo sexual. El peso corporal y el largo de la cola pueden ser las mejores caracteristicas para distinguir los sexos de F. mexicanus en el campo. El peso promedio de las hembras disminuyo significativamente desde el inicio de la incubacion hasta la cria de los pichones, pero el peso de los machos no mostro cambios significativos durante el mismo periodo. El 63% de las hembras y el 34% de los machos estaban mudando las plumas del ala (P4 o P5) en el momento que fueron capturados. Las hembras presentaron mayor probabilidad de estar mudando que los machos durante los estadios tempranos de la incubacion. La mayoria de los machos no mostro signos de muda hasta que eclosionaron sus pichon...
Pharyngoglottal closure reflex: identification and characterization in a feline model

Earlier studies in humans have shown that pharyngeal stimulation by water at a threshold volume induces a brief vocal cord adduction, i.e., pharyngoglottal closure reflex. The present study was und...
Superleader Behaviors And Self-Managed Work Teams: Perceptions Of Supervisory Behaviors, Satisfaction With Growth, And Team Functions

This study examined the effects of SuperLeader behaviors on self-managed work groups in a non-union paper mill which had self-managed work teams in place since it began its operation. Based on a sample of 141 employees, the results indicated groups that were led by a supervisor who exhibited the characteristics of a SuperLeader (as described by Manz and Sims, 1990) exhibited higher levels of fairness, trust, growth and overall support. These groups also reported higher levels of team communication, team effectiveness, team training and recognition.
Cellular Dynamics on Aligned Fibrous PLGA Scaffolds

Understanding cellular dynamics is fundamental to increasing the healing and regenerative capacity of biomedical scaffolds. The ability to investigate environmental cues and cell-cell interactions in vitro with successful translation to in vivo therapies will enhance many tissue engineering technologies. Understanding the dynamics of a cell in response to external mechanical stimuli can help achieve directed cellular migration by varying cellular environment geometries. Customized scaffolds can then be designed to achieve desired cellular migration rates, cell-cell interaction pathways, increased proliferation and directed cellular differentiation platforms to achieve tissue engineering specific goals. In this study, a unique fiber manufacturing platform known as STEP (Spinneret-based Tunable Engineered Parameters) is used to create and manipulate geometrical cues for cellular migration. The cell’s reaction to these geometric cues provides valuable insight into cellular behavior, which can be used to determine the optimal engineered microenvironment. We envision that studying cellular behavior on STEP enabled customized scaffolds will aid in the design and fabrication of accurate mechanistic environments for different cell types which can then be coupled with chemical cues to achieve desired results.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Association Between Hospital Trauma Designation and Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes after Injury among Pregnant Women in Washington State

Background Approximately 8% of all pregnant women experience a traumatic injury during pregnancy. There has been no evaluation of a state trauma system's effect on birth outcomes. This study examined the association of treatment in a designated trauma hospital vs a nontrauma hospital on maternal and neonatal outcomes among injured pregnant patients in Washington State. Study Design We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study (1995 to 2012). The Washington State Birth Events Records Database and the Comprehensive Hospital Abstract Recording System were linked to ascertain all hospitalized injured pregnant patients. The cohort was dichotomized by exposure to trauma vs nontrauma hospitals. We analyzed the association between trauma hospital designation and risk of adverse birth outcomes using logistic regression to estimate odds ratios and 95% CI, adjusting for Injury Severity Score and other confounders. Results We ascertained 3,429 injured pregnant women. Patients treated in trauma hospitals had an adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of 0.60 (95% CI, 0.50–0.73) for preterm labor, aOR = 0.74 (95% CI, 0.57–0.96) for gestational age Conclusions Treatment of injured pregnant women at designated trauma hospitals was associated with several improved birth outcomes. Trauma hospital treatment, with a greater focus on maternal resuscitation and monitoring, might explain these findings.
Pharmacy Practice Acts: A Five-Year Follow-up:

OBJECTIVE:To rereview the status of state pharmacy practice acts since 1987. Additionally, this report discusses adoption of the 1992 National Association of Boards of Pharmacy Model State Pharmacy Practice Act as the standard state pharmacy practice statute.DATA SOURCES:State codes for 50 states and the District of Columbia, with attention focused on the pharmacy practice acts; Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands were excluded.CASE LAW SELECTION:Case law utilizing state pharmacy statutes was selected to demonstrate pharmacists' liability.DATA EXTRACTION:The focus on each statute was the statutory definition of the “practice of pharmacy.”DATA SYNTHESIS:Twelve pharmacy laws (24 percent) contain no definition of the practice of pharmacy. Compounding (92 percent), dispensing (100 percent), interpretation and evaluation of prescriptions (72 percent), consultation (85 percent), drug utilization review (69 percent), drug product selection (54 percent), drug administration (21 percent), pharmacokinetic consultati...
A flow cytometric approach to analyzing mature and progenitor endothelial cells following traumatic brain injury.

Abstract Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) continues to be a major source of death and disability worldwide, and one of the earliest and most profound deficits comes from vascular damage and breakdown of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Cerebral vascular endothelial cells (cvECs) and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) have been shown to play essential roles in vessel repair and BBB stability, although their individual contributions remain poorly defined. New method We employ TruCount beads with flow cytometry to precisely quantify cvECs, EPCs, and peripheral leukocytes in the murine cortex after controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury. Results We found a significant reduction in the number of cvECs at 3 days post-injury (dpi), whereas the EPCs and invading peripheral leukocytes were significantly increased compared with sham controls. Proliferation studies demonstrate that both cvECs and EPCs are undergoing cell expansion in the first week post-injury. Furthermore, analysis of protein expression using mean fluorescence intensity found increases in PECAM-1, VEGFR-2, and VE-Cadherin expression per cell at 3 dpi, which is consistent with western blot analysis. Comparison with existing methods Classic methods of cell analysis, such as histological cell counts, in the traumatic injured brain are labor intensive, time-consuming, and potentially biased; whereas flow cytometry provides an efficient, non-biased approach to simultaneously quantify multiple cell types. However, conventional flow cytometry that employs capped events can provide misleading results in CNS injured tissues. Conclusions We demonstrate that TruCount quantification using flow cytometry is a powerful tool for quantifying mature and progenitor endothelial cell changes after TBI.
Influence of calcitonin on bone phosphatases and phosphate release in organ culture.

SummaryCalcitonin promoted an increase in both alkaline and acid phosphatase activities of half-calvaria from 5-day-old mice when the bones were cultured for 48 hr. Calcitonin inhibited the release of phosphorus from bones, relative to the release from control and parathyroid hormone-treated bones, and promoted an uptake of calcium from the culture medium. The results support the concept of a role for calcitonin in phosphate metabolism.This study was supported by Grant No. DE-01850, National Institute for Dental Research, Bethesda, MD.
Juvenile aponeurotic fibroma: a case report of a rare tumor

A 15-year-old boy had a juvenile aponeurotic fibroma (Keasbey9s tumor) on the left foot. Physicians should be aware of this tumor and its tendency to recur.
Index to the Helicosporae: Addenda

Since publishing the Index (6), eleven new Helicosporae and several new distribution records have come to my attention. Glen-Bott (3) adds three new species to the genus Helicodendron. She includes in her paper a key to the hyaline and subhyaline species, in which the primary separations are based on characteristics of these fungi when grown on malt agar. She presents morphological descriptions of all but one of these, making it unnecessary, I feel, to include them here. Of the remaining eight species, four are from the literature and four are reported
A Progressive Hedging Approach for Parameter Estimation via Stochastic Nonlinear Programming

Abstract We consider the problem of estimating transmission parameters in a model of childhood disease transmission. We show the structural equivalence between parameter estimation and two-stage stochastic programming, and use the Progressive Hedging decomposition strategy to efficiently compute parameter values on large-scale, real-world observations.
Blue-Collar Identity and the "Culture of Losing": Cleveland and the "Save Our Browns" Campaign

In November 1995, Cleveland football fans began the “Save Our Browns” campaign after owner Art Modell announced he would move the team to Baltimore after the season. By February 1996, the initiative influenced the National Football League’s decision to allow Cleveland to keep the legacy of the Browns and offer the city a new team. Letters found at the Pro Football Hall of Fame show how the Save Our Browns campaign illuminated a “culture of losing”—the combination of a declining city, poor sports teams, and angst from social change—in the greater Cleveland community. I argue that Clevelanders’ fight for the Browns represented their desire for a Cleveland of the past that included an idealized blue-collar identity consisting of expressions of heteronormative, white masculinity. These expressions show how some considered sports more important than other forms of social change in the Rust Belt city in the late–twentieth-century United States.
Radical Surgery for Prostatic Cancer.

Radical surgical procedures for the cure of prostatic cancer are based on the premise that all cancer cells reside in the tissue to be excised and that the excision be properly accomplished. In the 75 years that have elapsed since radical prostatectomy was first performed, the criteria for the selection of surgical candidates have been refined. Based on pathologic findings and demonstrated long-term tumor-free survival, those patients apt to derive the greatest benefit from radical surgery are those with Stage B1 lesions. We were able to trace 57 patients with Stage B, disease who underwent radical perineal prostatectomy at The Johns Hopkins Hospital between the years 1951-1963. Fifteen years or more postoperatively, 29 (51%) were alive and well, 10 (17%) died of recurrent cancer, and 18 (32%) died without disease. There are no available data to prove that any other therapeutic modality can match the 15-year survival provided by radical prostatectomy in patients with this stage of disease.
Measuring Depression in Adults With Burn Injury: A Systematic Review

We conducted a systematic review of the literature to identify evidence to support the use of measures of depression for adults with burn injuries. Our goal was to be able to identify the most reliable, valid, and efficient means of identifying adults with symptoms of depression including major depressive disorder. We modified established guidelines for conducting systematic reviews by excluding measures that focused on distress or anxiety or only used depression as a predictor of interest. We also excluded studies that did not report psychometric data in their results. We identified a total of 213 articles that broadly addressed the topic of depression in burn injuries; of those, 56 that met the majority of the inclusion criteria and used depression as either the primary or the secondary outcome were reviewed. Nine studies that included report of some psychometric properties were reviewed. There have been no measures specifically developed to measure depression in those with burn injuries, and it is unclear if they are actually needed. Greater understanding of depression after burn injury can be gained by evaluating the existing general measures of depression and how they are used in the field of burn injury rehabilitation. The ultimate goal is to develop a set of recommendations for the standardization of how depressive symptomatology is assessed in this population. In this review, we highlight the deficiencies of validated measures of depression in the field of burn recovery and provide specific recommendations for both clinicians and researchers to advance our knowledge of depression following a burn injury, which will allow us to advance treatment.
Applying the Evidence for Exercise Prescription in Older Adults with Knee Osteoarthritis

Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is prevalent and disabling condition in older adults. Pain, weakness, instability, stiffness, and loss of mobility result in a reduction of physical, recreational, and social activities that impact an individual’s health, lifestyle, and societal role. Exercise is highly beneficial for the many body systems that are impacted indirectly by this disease as well as for improving quality of life. The purpose of this narrative review is to identify exercise options and dosage parameters to aid the clinician in assisting individuals with knee OA. These exercise options include cardiovascular training, resistance training, and balance or neuromuscular control training, which work to improve the cardiovascular and neuromuscular systems to improve function. The application of exercise by health care professionals is often dosed at levels which may not achieve optimal gains for the individual desiring to restore functional activities and improve recreational and social participation. Understanding the current literature on prescribing exercise for individuals with knee OA aids clinicians in obtaining better patient outcomes.
Regional hypoxic cerebral vasodilation facilitated by diameter changes primarily in anterior versus posterior circulation

The inability to quantify cerebral blood flow and changes in macrocirculation cross-sectional area in all brain regions impedes robust insight into hypoxic cerebral blood flow control. We applied four-dimensional flow magnetic resonance imaging to quantify cerebral blood flow (ml • min-1) and cross-sectional area (mm2) simultaneously in 11 arteries. In healthy adults, blood pressure, O2 Saturation (SpO2), and end-tidal CO2 were measured at baseline and steady-state hypoxia (FiO2 = 0.11). We investigated left and right: internal carotid, vertebral, middle, anterior, posterior cerebral arteries, and basilar artery. Hypoxia (SpO2 = 80±2%) increased total cerebral blood flow from 621±38 to 742±50 ml • min-1 ( p < 0.05). Hypoxia increased cerebral blood flow, except in the right posterior cerebral arteries. Hypoxia increased cross-sectional area in the anterior arteries (left and right internal carotid arteries, left and right middle, p < 0.05; left and right anterior p = 0.08) but only the right vertebral artery of the posterior circulation. Nonetheless, relative cerebral blood flow distribution and vascular reactivity (Δ%cerebral blood flow • ΔSpO2-1) were not different between arteries. Collectively, moderate hypoxia: (1) increased cerebral blood flow, but relative distribution remains similar to normoxia, (2) evokes similar vascular reactivity between 11 arteries, and (3) increased cross-sectional area primarily in the anterior arteries. This study provides the first wide-ranging, quantitative, functional and structural data regarding intracranial arteries during hypoxia in humans, highlighting cerebral blood flow regulation of microcirculation and macrocirculation differs between anterior and posterior circulation.
The Perspective of Small Retailers on Sustainability: An Exploratory Study for Scale Development

The retail industry has grown globally with retail revenues above $11.5 trillion (2010) and expected growth to $20 trillion by 2020 (Court and Narasimhan 2010). Discerning companies recognize that to be truly green they must holistically address the 3E’s (i.e., ecology, environment, and economy). It is more than selling green products; the retailer must also make green decisions for the betterment of society. Best known for their greenness are the big-box US retailers. Nevertheless, the small US retailers account for 40 % of all retail sales and provide jobs for around eight million people; therefore, managements’ collective environmental sustainability decisions have a significant impact on the 3E’s. Almost 95 % of retailers have one store outlet in the US and thus small retailers make up most of the retailing industry (Independent Retailer 2011). The multiple retail footprints (1,067,984 in 2010) on US soil of which 1,041,996 (97.6 %) represents the footprints of small retailers (SBA.gov 2011), thus their collective impact on the built environment warrants research as to their sustainability attitudes and behaviors.
An algorithm for computing smoothing splines in tension

A characterization of smoothing splines is derived which leads to procedures using either locally defined bases or small support bases. Difficulties in trying to compute the latter for splines in tension are discussed. A smoothing algorithm which avoids these difficulties by using locally defined bases is presented.
Ultrasound‐Guided Fasciotomy for Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome: A Cadaveric Investigation

Abstract Background Chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) is a common cause of exertional leg pain. It is commonly treated with a surgical fasciotomy, which has a surgical complication rate of up to 16% and takes approximately 6-12 weeks to return to preprocedure activity levels. Therefore, the development of a less invasive, effective outpatient intervention to treat CECS is desirable. Objective To describe and validate an ultrasound-guided (USG) fasciotomy technique for the anterior and lateral compartments of the lower limb in an unembalmed cadaveric model. Design Prospective, cadaveric laboratory investigation. Setting Academic institution procedural skills laboratory. Subjects Ten unembalmed cadaveric knee-ankle-foot specimens from 1 female (2 specimens) and 7 male donors aged 62-91 years (mean 78.6 years) with body mass indices of 18.9-35.3 kg/m 2 (mean 27.1 kg/m 2 ). Methods Two experienced operators each performed USG anterior and lateral compartment fasciotomies on 5 unembalmed cadaveric legs. A third physician subsequently dissected the legs to assess the continuity of the fasciotomies and to identify any neurovascular damage related to the procedures. Main Outcome Measures Fasciotomy length (in centimeters) and classification by completeness (achieved target length or did not achieve target length) and continuity (continuous or discontinuous) based on predetermined criteria. Muscles, retinaculae, and neurovascular structures were assessed for damage. Results No neurovascular injuries occurred in any of the 20 USG fasciotomies. The average fasciotomy length was 22.5 cm. All 20 of the fasciotomies achieved the target length. A continuous cephalocaudal fasciotomy was accomplished in 13 of 20 fasciotomies. When a fasciotomy was not continuous, the average length and number of intact fascial bands was 1.52 cm and 2.3, respectively. Conclusions USG fasciotomy of the anterior and lateral leg compartments can be safely performed in a cadaveric model and can achieve a fasciotomy length comparable to surgical fasciotomy. Most procedures successfully achieved a continuous cephalocaudal fasciotomy, although small areas of intact fascial bands were identified in approximately one-third of procedures. The clinical significance of this finding is indeterminate. Given the safety demonstrated with this minimally invasive USG fasciotomy in a cadaveric model, further research is warranted to develop and refine the technique for clinical application. Level of Evidence Not applicable.
Muscle oxygenation during dynamic plantar flexion exercise: combining BOLD MRI with traditional physiological measurements.

Blood‐oxygen‐level‐dependent magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD MRI) has the potential to quantify skeletal muscle oxygenation with high temporal and high spatial resolution. The purpose of this study was to characterize skeletal muscle BOLD responses during steady‐state plantar flexion exercise (i.e., during the brief rest periods between muscle contraction). We used three different imaging modalities (ultrasound of the popliteal artery, BOLD MRI, and near‐infrared spectroscopy [NIRS]) and two different exercise intensities (2 and 6 kg). Six healthy men underwent three separate protocols of dynamic plantar flexion exercise on separate days and acute physiological responses were measured. Ultrasound studies showed the percent change in popliteal velocity from baseline to the end of exercise was 151 ± 24% during 2 kg and 589 ± 145% during 6 kg. MRI studies showed an abrupt decrease in BOLD signal intensity at the onset of 2 kg exercise, indicating deoxygenation. The BOLD signal was further reduced during 6 kg exercise (compared to 2 kg) at 1 min (−4.3 ± 0.7 vs. −1.2 ± 0.4%, P < 0.001). Similarly, the change in the NIRS muscle oxygen saturation in the medial gastrocnemius was −11 ± 4% at 2 kg and −38 ± 11% with 6 kg ( P = 0.041). In conclusion, we demonstrate that BOLD signal intensity decreases during plantar flexion and this effect is augmented at higher exercise workloads.
Frontal plane stabilization and hopping with a 2DOF tail

The Jerboa, a tailed bipedal robot with two hip-actuated, passive-compliant legs and a doubly actuated tail, has been shown both formally and empirically to exhibit a variety of stable hopping and running gaits in the sagittal plane. In this paper we take the first steps toward operating Jerboa as a fully spatial machine by addressing the predominant mode of destabilization away from the sagittal plane: body roll. We develop a provably stable controller for underactuated aerial stabilization of the coupled body roll and tail angles, that uses just the tail torques. We show that this controller is successful at reliably reorienting the Jerboa body in roughly 150 ms of freefall from a large set of initial conditions. This controller also enables (and appears intuitively to be crucial for) sustained empirically stable hopping in the frontal plane by virtue of its substantial robustness against destabilizing perturbations and calibration errors. The controller as well as the analysis methods developed here are applicable to any robotic platform with a similar doubly-actuated spherical tail joint.
Impossible by design? Fairness, strategy, and Arrow’s impossibility theorem

The design process often requires work by teams, rather than individuals. During team based design it is likely that situations will arise in which individual members of the team have different opinions, yet a group decision must still be made. Unfortunately, Arrow’s impossibility theorem indicates that there is no method for aggregating group preferences that will always satisfy a small number of ‘fair’ conditions. This work seeks to identify methods of combining individual preferences that can come close to satisfying Arrow’s conditions, enabling decisions that are fairer in practice. First, experiential conjoint analysis was used to obtain individual empirical utility functions for drinking mug designs. Each empirical utility function represented individual members who were part of a design team. Then, a number of functions for constructing group preference were analysed using both randomly generated preferences and empirical preferences derived from the experiential conjoint survey. The analysis involved checking each of Arrow’s conditions, as well as assessing the potential impact of strategic voting. Based on the results, methods that should be used to aggregate group preference within a design team in practice were identified and recommended.