cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conditioned inhibition of rotation-induced taste aversion

In three experiments, we investigated the existence of conditioned inhibition of body rotation-induced taste aversion. Rats were given conditioned inhibition training in which the taste of saccharin was always followed by rotations, but the taste of vanilla was not. Flavor-preference tests, retardation-of-acquisition tests, and summation tests of inhibition indicated that the vanilla stimulus had acquired conditioned inhibitory properties. These findings could not be interpreted as functions of either initial solution preferences or simple nonassociative effects of flavor preexposure. They lend support to a theory that views learning mechanisms as being central to the phenomenon of motion sickness, and suggest that inhibitors might be effectively employed to ameliorate its symptoms.
Depressed mood but not fatigue mediate the relationship between physical activity and perceived stress in middle-aged women.

Objective To determine whether depressed mood and fatigue mediate the relationships between physical activity, body mass index, menopausal hot flashes, and perceived stress.
Superpositions for nonlinear operators II. Generalized affine operators

Abstract From a previously given type of operators having strong superpositions, the C f 1 , f 2 classes, a generalization of affine transformations is obtained. The resulting operators have invariant quasilinear means. In addition, the operators have strong superpositions which are abelian semigroup operations with an idempotent property. It is natural, in this case, to define scalar operations on pairs of scalars and pairs of vectors on the domain and range spaces. Properties of this algebraic structure and its similarity to the superposition rules for color sensations are shown.
Women's education and social change among indian Muslims in historical perspective

(1985). Women's education and social change among indian Muslims in historical perspective. Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs. Journal: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 88-97.
Analysis of oxygen transport from pulsatile, viscous blood flow to diseased coronary arteries of man☆

Oxygen transport to multiple “non-obstructive” plaque regions in main coronary arteries of man was examined by numerically solving the oxygen transport equation for convective and diffusive processes in the lumen for actual variations of blood flow rate and the velocity field during the cardiac cycle. Oxygen transport to the wall varied significantly along the arterial section, was strongly dependent upon the various flow regions that occurred, and varied considerably during the cardiac cycle. A drastic reduction in oxygen transport to the arterial wall occurred at the incipient separation location on the back side of a plaque where it is believed that the lumen side resistance to oxygen transport is at least an order of magnitude greater than the inner avascular wall resistance, and therefore the availability of oxygen for cellular respiration is essentially boundary layer controlled. In vivo measurements with oxygen microelectrodes in animals are needed to learn more about variations of oxygen transport in plaque regions, in particular on the back side of plaques where hypoxia may occur.
Impact of absorbing aerosol on precipitation: Dynamic aspects in association with convective available potential energy and convective parameterization closure and dependence on aerosol heating profile

[1] The Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX), conducted from 1995 to 2000 to document aerosols in south Asia during winter monsoon season, revealed the existence of a layer of highly absorbing aerosols in the lower troposphere. The observed aerosol has one of the two distinctly different vertical distributions: (1) aerosols concentrated in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) below 1.5 km and (2) elevated aerosol profile peaking around 3 km. Here we provide the dynamical basis for understanding the direct effects of absorbing aerosols on the large-scale precipitation and the role of the aerosol vertical distribution. This was done through a series of the south Asian aerosol experiments with the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model (CCM3), together with different convection parameterization closures, and the Community Atmospheric Model (CAM2). It is found that the land surface temperature underneath the aerosol layer is sensitive to the aerosol vertical distribution: The lifted layer of aerosols results in a significant cooling of the underlying land surface, while the PBL profile makes very little cooling. The mechanism of the aerosol effect on precipitation distribution is investigated by examining the correspondence between the aerosol heating profile, changes of precipitation, and the atmospheric convective instability. The direct aerosol heating of the near-surface air increases the convective available potential energy (CAPE), whereas the heating above the boundary layer decreases CAPE. Meanwhile, the regionally concentrated low-level aerosol heating tends to cause large-scale rising motion over time, which increases CAPE by decreasing the midlevel temperature. The net CAPE change is small for the lifted profile (i.e., profile elevated above PBL) because the CAPE increase by the midlevel cooling is counteracted by the CAPE decrease through the direct haze heating above the PBL. The precipitation increase averaged over the aerosol area is much larger when the PBL profile is used than when the lifted profile is used in the CCM3 with a CAPE-based convective parameterization closure. The sensitivity of the aerosol effect to convective parameterization closure is tested using a new closure, which is based on the environmental contribution to CAPE (CAPEe). It is shown that when this closure is used in CCM3, the precipitation increase averaged over the aerosol area is small regardless of the vertical profile. This is because the direct heating of either profile decreases CAPEe, opposing the CAPEe increase by the midlevel cooling.
Torques on a nearly rigid body in a relativistic gravitational field

The effect of post-Newtonian potentials on the rotation of a nearly rigid body is shown to consist of a precession and a torque. The frequency of the precession can be exactly represented by means of suitable differential operators. The relativistic torques in the quadrupole approximation depend on the instantaneous orientation of the principal axes of one body with respect to the position like the classical torque and velocity of the other. For a relatively low mass body, such as a gyroscope, these velocity-dependent torques have no observable consequences.
The impact of an egg donor's age and her prior fertility on recipient pregnancy outcome

Abstract Objective: To investigate the effect of donor's age and her prior fertility on recipient pregnancy outcome in our donor egg program. Design: Retrospective cohort analysis. Setting: Large academic infertility center. Patient(s): A total of 568 fresh ETs were analyzed for the effect of the egg donor's age on pregnancy outcome; a subset of these (n = 185) were analyzed for the effect of the egg donor's prior fertility on pregnancy outcome Intervention(s): Donors were paired with recipients independent of recipient's age and donor's prior fertility status. Main Outcome Measure(s): Recipient clinical pregnancy rates (PRs) and delivery rates for different donor age groups and for nulligravid donors versus donors with proven fertility. Result(s): Donors ⩾33 years old were less likely than younger donors to produce clinical pregnancies and deliveries in their recipients (43.5% versus 26.6% and 35.1% versus 22.1%, respectively). However, there was no difference in clinical PRs or delivery rates between nulligravid donors and donors with proven fertility. Conclusion(s): Donors ⩾33 years of age could be excluded from egg donation because of the lower pregnancy potential of their eggs. However, lack of proven fertility in a donor seems to have no negative impact on pregnancy potential.
Device advantages of DI-LDD/LDD MOSFET over DD MOSFET

Different device structures, double-diffused (DD), lightly doped drain (LDD), and double-implanted lightly doped drain (DI-LDD), have been proposed to improve source/drain breakdown voltage and the hot electron-induced degradation in micron/submicron MOSFETs. The author compares these three structures, utilizing the finite-element device analysis program, and presents the device advantages of DI-LDD/LDD MOSFETs over DD MOSFETs.
Technology emergence between mandate and acceptance: an exploratory examination of RFID

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to focus on radio frequency identification (RFID) acceptance and examine three understudied drivers: a company's satisfaction with existing logistics technologies, its logistics technology readiness (technology optimism and technology innovativeness), and relationship hostage position. The proposed conceptual model also investigates the impacts of RFID acceptance and these three antecedents on the company's logistics performance.Design/methodology/approach – Survey data were collected from the members of three professional associations in the USA. Structural equation modeling was used to test the proposed relationships.Findings – According to the analysis results, a company's satisfaction with existing technology has negative impact on RFID acceptance, and technology readiness has positive impact on RFID acceptance. However, the relationship between a company's hostage position and RFID acceptance was found to be only partially significant. Also, the positive relatio...
A Case Study of Children's Literacy Development in a Voluntary Pre-Kindergarten Classroom

This article describes a year-long study, involving three teachers and 13 children (nine boys and four girls), that examined the impact of instructional practices on student achievement in a voluntary pre-kindergarten (VPK) class. A variety of data were collected: standardized measures, observations, and interviews. The qualitative data revealed several themes that were characteristic of the teachers, as well as the district mandates that affected the teacher, curriculum, and students. The quantitative analysis revealed the limited impact of the VPK program on the students' literacy development and achievement.
Integrated CMOS microchip system with capillary array electrophoresis.

A complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS)–capillary array electrophoresis (CAE) system has been used for DNA analysis. Because of its compactness and multiplex capability, the CAE-CMOS microchip is very suitable for the construction of a miniaturized high-throughput system for bioassays. Use of simultaneous laser-beam focusing on to the capillary array and a microscope objective contributed to the construction of the compact CMOS microchip–CAE system. To test the constructed system 100-base-pair (bp) DNA ladders and Hind III digest λ DNA were separated in poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) sieving matrix. The miniaturized and integrated CMOS microchip system used in this work had great potential for combination with a variety of microfabricated devices for biomedical research.
Interaction of dendritic cells with biomaterials

The interconnections between innate and adaptive immunity, with a focus on dendritic cells (DCs), in the context of combination products, are discussed. Biomaterials are shown to act as an adjuvant in the enhancement of the adaptive immune response to co-delivered antigen. Biomaterials are considered as agonists for DC maturation and several hypotheses as to the mechanism by which DCs recognize and respond to biomaterials are presented. There is the conceptualization of biomaterials with the idea of 'danger signals'. The goal is to design biomaterials to control DC phenotype and in this way control immune responses to combination products.
Soybean Aphid Feeding Injury and Soybean Yield, Yield Components, and Seed Composition

Information that describes soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura) feeding injury effects on soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yield and seed composition is needed to develop better management practices for this invasive pest. This 2-yr controlled-infestation field study measured aphid populations and the effects of those populations on soybean seed yield, yield components (shoot biomass, pods plant -1 , seeds pod -1 , and 100 seed weight), and seed composition (oil and protein concentrations) when infested at the vegetative (V5) or reproductive (R2) development stages. In 2003, initial infestation rates of 10, 50, or 100 aphids plant -1 applied at V5 resulted in population peaks of 21,000, 18,000, and 12,000 aphids plant -1 and maximum cumulative aphid-days of 381,000, 327,000, and 242,000, respectively. In 2004, initial infestation rates of 1, 3, 10, 50, or 100 aphids plant -1 applied at V5 resulted in population peaks of 4,600, 9,400, 14,000, 22,000, and 21,000 aphids plant -1 and maximum cumulative aphid-days of 101,000, 229,000, 355,000, 514,000, and 537,000. In both years, the same infestation rates applied at R2 resulted in population peaks and cumulative aphid-day values that were about 42 to 88% lower than the V5 infestation dates. Seed yield, yield components, and seed oil concentration declined linearly as peak aphid numbers plant -1 and maximum cumulative aphid-days plant -1 increased. In contrast, seed protein concentration increased linearly with increasing peak aphid numbers plant -1 . Relating these aphid population parameters at the plant growth stages studied enables producers to make informed decisions about the need for and timing of pest management treatments.
Quantitative bone marrow lesion size in osteoarthritic knees correlates with cartilage damage and predicts longitudinal cartilage loss

Background Bone marrow lesions (BMLs), common osteoarthritis-related magnetic resonance imaging findings, are associated with osteoarthritis progression and pain. However, there are no articles describing the use of 3-dimensional quantitative assessments to explore the longitudinal relationship between BMLs and hyaline cartilage loss. The purpose of this study was to assess the cross-sectional and longitudinal descriptive characteristics of BMLs with a simple measurement of approximate BML volume, and describe the cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships between BML size and the extent of hyaline cartilage damage.
Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy for kidney stone on surgical clip.

We report the successful use of extracorporeal Shockwave lithotripsy for the destruction of a renal stone that had formed around a surgical clip. The SWL led to passage of both the stone and the clip.
Aeroelastic stability of a cantilevered plate in yawed subsonic flow

Abstract The aeroelastic stability of cantilevered plates with their clamped edge oriented both parallel and normal to subsonic flow is a classical fluid–structure interaction problem. When the clamped edge is parallel to the flow the system loses stability in a coupled bending and torsion motion known as wing flutter. When the clamped edge is normal to the flow the instability is exclusively bending and is referred to as flapping flag flutter. This paper explores the stability of plates during the transition between these classic aeroelastic configurations. The aeroelastic model couples a classical beam structural model to a three-dimensional vortex lattice aerodynamic model. The aeroelastic stability is evaluated in the frequency domain and the flutter boundary is presented as the plate is rotated from the flapping flag to the wing configuration. The transition between the flag-like and wing-like instability is often abrupt and the yaw angle of the flow for the transition is dependent on the relative spacing of the first torsion and second bending natural frequencies. This paper also includes ground vibration and aeroelastic experiments carried out in the Duke University Wind Tunnel that confirm the theoretical predictions.
Perineural Epithelium: A New Concept of its Role in the Integrity of the Peripheral Nervous System

A multilayered, squamous-celled epithelial cell membrane covering the individual nerve fasciculi of the entire peripheral nervous system ( both voluntary and autonomic) including the sensory and motor end organs has been demonstrated in various species of animals, including man. This membrane is the direct continuation of the pia-arachnoid mater from the central nervous system.Functional significance of this membrane, especially as a diffusion barrier and as a protector of the peripheral nervous system, is briefly discussed.
The Physiological and Traumatic Effects of Childhood Exposure to Intimate Partner Violence

This study compared the physiological functioning and trauma symptoms of a sample of adult college students who were exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV) as children to a sample physically or sexually abused as children and a sample with no history of abuse. Heart rates, levels of salivary cortisol, and trauma symptoms were measured before a stressor, during a stressor, and after relaxation following the stressor. Repeated measures analysis of variance indicated that there was a strong relationship between childhood exposure to IPV and the development of diagnosable post-traumatic stress symptoms in adulthood. Those exposed to IPV as children also exhibited increased heart rates. Implications for practice and intervention are discussed.
Fuel thermal stability effects on spray characteristics

The propensity of a heated hydrocarbon fuel toward solids deposition within a fuel injector is investigated experimentally. Fuel is arranged to flow through the injector at constant temperature, pressure, and flow rate and the pressure drop across the nozzle is monitored to provide an indication of the amount of deposition. After deposits have formed, the nozzle is removed from the test rig and its spray performance is compared with its performance before deposition. The spray characteristics measured include mean drop size, drop-size distribution, and radial and circumferential fuel distribution. It is found that small amounts of deposition can produce severe distortion of the fuel spray pattern. More extensive deposition restores spray uniformity, but the nozzle flow rate is seriously curtailed.
Suppression of shivering decreases oxygen consumption and improves hemodynamic stability during postoperative rewarming.

Abstract Thirty-three patients undergoing elective myocardial revascularization were prospectively randomized into two study groups (Group S and Group P) to permit evaluation of the effects of shivering on oxygen consumption per minute (Vo 2 ), carbon dioxide production per minute (Vco 2 ), and hemodynamic performance. Group S was allowed to shiver during the postoperative rewarming period, and Group P received hourly injections of pancuronium bromide and Metubine (metocurine) sulfate with sedation to block the shivering response. Group S demonstrated significantly higher increases in Vo 2 and Vco 2 , lower systolic blood pressure and mixed venous oxygen saturation, and a greater use of inotropic support than the patients in Group P. Suppression of the shivering response minimized increases in Vo 2 and Vco 2 , improved hemodynamic stability, and resulted in a decreased need for inotropic support.
Management of internal derangements of the temporomandibular joint

This article discusses the orthodontist's involvement in treating patients with complex temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders. It includes a review of the literature and information regarding classification, epidemiology, incidence, and diagnosis of TMJ internal derangements. Controversies in management discussed include the importance of disc position, the consequences of not repositioning the disc, and the predictability of progression of disease. Considerations regarding home care, medical care, and surgical care are also presented.
Calcium, calmodulin and cell cycle regulation

Calcium and its ubiquitous intracellular receptor calmodulin are required for cell proliferation. Studies in a variety of model systems are beginning to identify components of the calcium/calmodulin cascade required for movement of quiescent cells into the cell cycle as well as for proliferating cells to move from G1 to S, G2 to M and through mitosis. Two calcium/calmodulin-dependent enzymes, the multifunctional calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase and the protein phosphatase 2B (calcineurin) as well as a spindle pole body protein that binds calmodulin in the absence of calcium have been shown to be essential at specific phases of the cell cycle. In addition, the status of the intracellular calcium pools is critical for normal traverse of the cell cycle.
THE GROWTH HORMONE-IGF-I-IGFBP-3 AXIS IN CHILDREN WITH GROWTH RETARDATION

Different results have been reported regarding the usefulness of IGFBP-3 determinations to diagnose growth hormone (GH) deficiency. We studied the GH-IGF-I-IGFBP-3 axis in 53 children with growth retardation (height 10 ng/ml (n=18). We carefully excluded patients with: hypothyroidism at the time of study, renal failure, malnutrition., celiac disease and Turner's Syndrome. Results: our IGF-I normal control values nave been reported (J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. 6:179,1993). The IGFBP-3 plasma concentrations in our normal population are shown in the Table. Conclusions= 1) IGF-I detects GH deficiency more frequently than IGFBP-3 (25/35 vs 21/35). IGFBP-3's contribution to detection made by IGF-I is 1/35 (2.9%) IGF-I's contribution to detection made by 2) A low IGFBP-3 value appears to exclude the diagnosis of constitutional growth retardation (Group II) and tends to confirm the diagnosis of GH deficiency. 3) A normal IGFBP-3 value does not allow discrimination between groups I and II (40% and 100% of normal values respectively).
Breeding Dispersal In the California Spotted Owl

Abstract Spotted Owls (Strix occidentalis) are territorial, generally nonmigratory, and strongly philopatric. Nevertheless, California Spotted Owls (S. o. occidentalis) exhibited breeding dispersal during 7% of interannual observations of banded individuals (n = 54 of 743 occasions). Based on ecological theory and published literature, we made a priori predictions about the factors associated with the probability of breeding dispersal and breeding dispersal distance, and about the consequences of dispersal. Breeding dispersal probability was higher for younger owls, single owls, paired owls that lost their mates, owls at lower quality sites, and owls that failed to reproduce in the year preceding dispersal. Sex had little effect on the probability of breeding dispersal. Dispersal distance was similar for female and male owls (median = 7 km, range = 1–33 km). We found no strong relationships between dispersal distance and any of the conditions that were associated with the probability of breeding dispersal...
Effects of consuming a high carbohydrate diet after eight weeks of exposure to a ketogenic diet

Background Ketogenic diets have been utilized for weight loss and improvement in metabolic parameters. The present experiments examined the effects of returning to a chow diet after prolonged ingestion of a ketogenic diet.
Prognostic indicators in locally advanced gastric cancer (LAGC) treated with preoperative chemotherapy and D2-gastrectomy.

Background and Objectives Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is increasingly considered an effective treatment option for patients with gastric carcinoma. Aim of the study is to evaluate the prognostic significance of the pathological response and of known prognostic factors in a group of accurately staged locally advanced gastric cancer (LAGC) patients. Methods Thirty-three patients with LAGC, staged by laparoscopy, underwent D2-gastrectomy after preoperative chemotherapy. Survival was calculated by Kaplan–Meier method and differences were assessed by the Log-rank and Breslow test. Multivariate analysis was performed using the Cox proportional hazard model in backward stepwise regression. Results Curative resection (R0) was achieved in 81.8% of patients. A complete or subtotal pathological response was documented in 3 and 6%, respectively. Nineteen out of thirty-three (57.6%) patients were alive and 16 of them were free of relapse at last follow-up. Survival rates were 81, 67, and 59% at 12, 24, and 36 months, respectively. At univariate and multivariate analysis, only R0 resection was found to be an independent prognostic factor. Conclusions In the current study, R0 resection is the most important prognostic factor for resectable LAGC; according to our results we feel encouraged to consider neoadjuvant chemotherapy a promising modality for increasing the R0-percentage of gastric carcinoma patients who could benefit from a curative surgery. J. Surg. Oncol. 2005;89:227–236. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
STAR: Storage aware routing protocol for generalized Delay Tolerant Networks

This paper presents a novel storage aware routing (STAR) protocol designed to provide a general networking solution over a broad range of mobile and wireless scenarios. STAR enables routing policies which adapt seamlessly from a well-connected wired network to a disconnected wireless network using a 2-Dl routing metric composed of a short and a long term route cost and storage availability on downstream routers. Temporary in-network storage is preferred over forwarding along a path that is slower than average and opportunistic transmission is encouraged when a faster route becomes available. Results from ns2 based simulations show that STAR achieves 20% higher throughput compared to OLSR under varying link conditions and delivers 20% more files in DTN scenarios. Experimental evaluation of STAR on the ORBIT testbed demonstrates significant performance improvements with 25% higher peak throughput compared to OLSR in a wireless mesh network.
Rudolf Bultmann's View of Christian Ethics

Bultmann characterises Christian ethics as an ethics of ‘obedience’. By this he means to keep in the forefront the existentialist conception of man as an encountering being, one whose authentic, as well as inauthentic life is constituted by his response to the demands (and also the blessings) proffered him in the Now of his concrete situation. Since every concrete Now demands decision concerning his self-understanding, man is always confronted with an absolute either/or: to ‘obey’ or not.
Bone mineral density, bone mineral content, gingival crevicular fluid (matrix metalloproteinases, cathepsin K, osteocalcin), and salivary and serum osteocalcin levels in human mandible and alveolar bone under conditions of simulated microgravity.

In astronauts and cosmonauts, exposure to microgravity has been associated with several physiological changes, including an osteoporosislike loss of bone mass. It has been reported that head-down tilt bed-rest studies mimic many of the observations seen in space flights. There has been no study of the effects of mandibular bone and alveolar bone loss in both sexes under conditions of simulated microgravity. This study was designed to investigate bone mineral density; bone mineral content; matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8, MMP-9, cathepsin K, and osteocalcin levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF); and salivary and serum osteocalcin levels in normal healthy men and women under conditions of simulated microgravity, namely, -6° head-down-tilt (HDT) bed rest. The subjects of this investigation were 10 male and 10 female volunteers who were exposed to 3 weeks of -6° HDT bed rest. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure bone density and bone mineral content in alveolar bone from the mandibular canine to the third molar, as well as in the mandibular ramus, before, during, and after exposure to conditions of simulated microgravity. GCF (ie, MMP-8, MMP-9, cathepsin K, and osteocalcin) and salivary and serum osteocalcin levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Bone mineral density and bone mineral content were significantly lower under conditions of simulated microgravity in both sexes. The decreases were greater in women than in men, but the differences between sexes were not significant. Cathepsin, osteocalcin, MMP-8, and MMP-9 levels were significantly higher under conditions of simulated microgravity than under normal conditions; the increases were greater in women than in men, but the differences were not significant. Additional, more comprehensive, studies with larger sample sizes are now necessary for the investigation of simulated microgravity and microgravity. (J Oral Sci 52, 385-390, 2010)
Involvement of neuronal, inducible and endothelial nitric oxide synthases in capsaicin-induced muscle hypersensitivity.

Abstract Nitric oxide, which has been implicated in the development of hyperalgesia in the spinal system, has not been systematically studied in the trigeminal system, especially in the context of inflammatory muscle pain condition. In this study, we investigated the functional role of centrally released nitric oxide in the pathogenesis of orofacial muscle pain. Specifically, we examined the contribution of neuronal, inducible and endothelial nitric oxide synthases, nNOS, iNOS and eNOS, respectively, in mediating masseter hypersensitivity under acute inflammatory condition. Time-dependent changes in nNOS, iNOS and eNOS protein expression in the subnucleus caudalis (Vc) were assessed following capsaicin injection in the masseter muscle of male Sprague Dawley rats. The expression of all three nitric oxide synthases was significantly up-regulated 30–60 min following capsaicin stimulation, which paralleled the time course of the development of capsaicin-induced masseter hypersensitivity. Pretreatment with each NOS inhibitor significantly attenuated the masseter hypersensitivity. These data showed that all three NOS in the Vc are functionally important for the development of craniofacial muscle hyperalgesia and suggest that the three NOS are closely orchestrated to regulate the level of nitric oxide under normal and pathologic conditions.
Wear and Mechanical Properties of Nano-silica-fused Whisker Composites

Resin composites must be improved if they are to overcome the high failure rates in large stress-bearing posterior restorations. This study aimed to improve wear resistance via nano-silica-fused whiskers. It was hypothesized that nano-silica-fused whiskers would significantly improve composite mechanical properties and wear resistance. Nano-silicas were fused onto whiskers and incorporated into a resin at mass fractions of 0%-74%. Fracture toughness (mean ± SD; n = 6) was 2.92 ± 0.14 MPa•m½ for whisker composite with 74% fillers, higher than 1.13 ± 0.19 MPa•m½ for a prosthetic control, and 0.95 ± 0.11 MPa•m½ for an inlay/onlay control (Tukey’s at 0.95). A whisker composite with 74% fillers had a wear depth of 77.7 ± 6.9 μm, less than 118.0 ± 23.8 μm of an inlay/onlay control, and 172.5 ± 15.4 μm of a prosthetic control (p < 0.05). Linear correlations were established between wear and hardness, modulus, strength, and toughness, with R = 0.95–0.97. Novel nano-silica-fused whisker composites possessed high t...
A new genus of Lauxaniidae (Diptera) from New Caledonia

The new genus Evertomyia (Diptera: Lauxaniidae) from New Caledonia is described and illustrated, along with six new species, albeto, frankadelia, irwini, helenae, matilei and webbi. Phylogenetic relationships among the six species are hypothesized, character states are discussed, and a key to the genus and its species is provided.
Augmented reality-assisted bypass surgery: embracing minimal invasiveness.

Objective The overlay of virtual images on the surgical field, defined as augmented reality, has been used for image guidance during various neurosurgical procedures. Although this technology could conceivably address certain inherent problems of extracranial-to-intracranial bypass procedures, this potential has not been explored to date. We evaluate the usefulness of an augmented reality-based setup, which could help in harvesting donor vessels through their precise localization in real-time, in performing tailored craniotomies, and in identifying preoperatively selected recipient vessels for the purpose of anastomosis. Methods Our method was applied to 3 patients with Moya-Moya disease who underwent superficial temporal artery-to-middle cerebral artery anastomoses and 1 patient who underwent an occipital artery-to-posteroinferior cerebellar artery bypass because of a dissecting aneurysm of the vertebral artery. Patients' heads, skulls, and extracranial and intracranial vessels were segmented preoperatively from 3-dimensional image data sets (3-dimensional digital subtraction angiography, angio-magnetic resonance imaging, angio-computed tomography), and injected intraoperatively into the operating microscope's eyepiece for image guidance. Results In each case, the described setup helped in precisely localizing donor and recipient vessels and in tailoring craniotomies to the injected images. Conclusions The presented system based on augmented reality can optimize the workflow of extracranial-to-intracranial bypass procedures by providing essential anatomical information, entirely integrated to the surgical field, and help to perform minimally invasive procedures.
Path planning for space manipulators to minimize spacecraft attitude disturbances

A technique, called the enhanced disturbance map, for planning space manipulator motions that will result in relatively low spacecraft disturbance is presented. Although a spacecraft's attitude control reaction jet can compensate for the dynamic disturbances imposed on the spacecraft by the manipulator's motions, reaction jet fuel is a limited resource. Excessive disturbances would limit the life of a system. The enhanced disturbance map can aid in understanding this complex problem and in the development of algorithms to reduce disturbances, including ones that use manipulator redundancy to eliminate the disturbances. >
Defining Asthma in the Preschool-Aged Child

A physician faces many challenges in making a definitive diagnosis of asthma in young children. Although there are clinical and historical features consistent with asthma, identical features are present in many other diseases. Furthermore, there is no specific test for asthma. Other diseases must always be ruled out before a definitive diagnosis of asthma is made. Determining whether cough or wheeze is the primary symptom is important because asthma is primarily a wheezing disease. Sweat chloride testing, chest radiography, and allergy skin testing should be performed in children with persistent wheezing to rule out other causes and help support a diagnosis of asthma. Allergy skin testing provides particularly useful information for making a diagnosis of asthma in the preschool-aged child. A chart review of patients presenting consecutively to the Division of Allergy and Pulmonary Medicine provides insight and information on an approach to make an asthma diagnosis for this population.
Traditions of Subversion and the Subversion of Tradition: Cultural Criticism in Maidu Clown Performances

Reflecting changing disciplinary orientation, recent perspectives on non-Western ritual clowns have rejected earlier functionalist interpretations and foregrounded themes of criticism, deconstruction, and subversion. In this essay, I interpret a ritual clown performance formerly practiced by the Northwestern Maidu of California both as an objectification, by way of symbolic inversion, of valorized cultural forms and as a metasociological discourse on the relationship between egoistic dispositions and normative disciplinary constraints. The interpretation suggests that functional and subversive meanings and effects are fusional rather than opposing elements in such performances and that the Maidu clown is best understood in relation to quotidien modes of deviance and to the diverse social locations represented in his audience. tclowns, inversionary ritual, Native North America, transgression, cultural criticism]
An Analysis of Interactions between the Natural Sciences and the Social Sciences

Ever since the time of Aristotle, the natural sciences and medicine have furnished analogies for studies of governments, classifications of constitutions, and analyses of society.* One of the fruits of the Scientific Revolution was the vision of a social science — a science of government, of individual behavior, and of society — that would take its place among the triumphant sciences, producing its own Newtons and Harveys. The goal was not only to achieve a science with the same foundations of certain knowledge as physics and biology; there was thought to be a commonality of method that would advance the social sciences in the way that had worked so well in the physical and biological sciences. Any such social science, it was assumed, would be based on experiments and critical observations, would become quantitative, and would eventually take the highest form known to the sciences — expression in a sequence of mathematical equations.
Typology of the eight domains of discretion in organizations

Discretion (an individual's latitude of action) is a fundamental element of work, with extensive individual and organizational consequences. Research has demonstrated the importance of discretion, but there is not yet a mature theory of discretion in organizations. Towards that end, this paper derives a multidimensional typology of discretion in organizations, integrating previous empirical results and archival interview data. It is found that discretion comprises eight distinct domains. This eight-part typology casts new light on previous findings and contributes towards a mature theory of discretion. This article discusses the circumplex structure of the eight domains and their potential utility in characterizing fundamental aspects of work.
Insect Responses to Major Landscape-Level Disturbance

Disturbances are abrupt events that dramatically alter habitat conditions and resource distribution for populations and communities. Terrestrial landscapes are subject to various disturbance events that create a matrix of patches with different histories of disturbance and recovery. Species tolerances to extreme conditions during disturbance or to altered habitat or resource conditions following disturbances determine responses to disturbance. Intolerant populations may become locally extinct, whereas other species respond positively to the creation of new habitat or resource conditions. Local extinction represents a challenge for conservation biologists. On the other hand, outbreaks of herbivorous species often are triggered by abundant or stressed hosts and relaxation of predation following disturbances. These insect responses can cause further changes in ecosystem conditions and predispose communities to future disturbances. Improved understanding of insect responses to disturbance will improve predict...
Modeling factions for `effects based operations', part II: behavioral game theory

Military, diplomatic, and intelligence analysts are increasingly interested in having a valid system of models that span the social sciences and interoperate so that one can determine the effects that may arise from alternative operations (courses of action) in different lands. Part I of this article concentrated on internal validity of the components of such a synthetic framework--a world diplomacy game as well as the agent architecture for modeling leaders and followers in different conflicts. But how valid are such model collections once they are integrated together and used out-of-sample (see Sect. 1)? Section 2 compares these realistic, descriptive agents to normative rational actor theory and offers equilibria insights for conflict games. Sections 3 and 4 offer two real world cases (Iraq and SE Asia) where the agent models are subjected to validity tests and an effects based operations (EBO, as in Smith, Effects based operations: applying network-centric warfare in peace, crisis, and war, 2002) experiment is then run for each case. We conclude by arguing that substantial effort on game realism, best-of-breed social science models, and agent validation efforts is essential if analytic experiments are to effectively explore conflicts and alternative ways to influence outcomes. Such efforts are likely to improve behavioral game theory as well.
Flat nonholonomic matching

In this paper we extend the matching technique to a class of nonholonomic systems with symmetries. Assuming that the momentum equation defines an integrable distribution, we introduce a family of reduced systems. The method of controlled Lagrangians is then applied to these systems resulting in a smooth stabilizing controller.
Connectivity concepts in diffusion and functional MRI

In this talk we will describe and contrast the basic concepts of structural connectivity, functional connectivity, and effective connectivity. Structural connectivity relates to the networks of physical connections. Diffusion MRI (dMRI) has recently gained tremendous popularity and is especially promising for imaging the white matter in the brain. Functional connectivity is based on measuring patterns of correlated activity in fMRI time series. We will describe how eigenimages or spatial modes can be used to estimate these spatial patterns of activity. Effective connectivity is also a concept from fMRI and describes networks of directional effects of one neural element over another. Connectivity in dMRI is often described by results from tractography. Tractography methods can broadly be divided in deterministic and probabilistic methods, and in this talk we will discuss the most popular ones.
Concentrations of Choline-Containing Compounds and Betaine in Common Foods

Choline is important for normal membrane function, acetylcholine synthesis and methyl group metabolism; the choline requirement for humans is 550 mg/d for men (Adequate Intake). Betaine, a choline derivative, is important because of its role in the donation of methyl groups to homocysteine to form methionine. In tissues and foods, there are multiple choline compounds that contribute to total choline concentration (choline, glycerophosphocholine, phosphocholine, phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin). In this study, we collected representative food samples and analyzed the choline concentration of 145 common foods using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Foods with the highest total choline concentration (mg/100 g) were: beef liver (418), chicken liver (290), eggs (251), wheat germ (152), bacon (125), dried soybeans (116) and pork (103). The foods with the highest betaine concentration (mg/100 g) were: wheat bran (1339), wheat germ (1241), spinach (645), pretzels (237), shrimp (218) and wheat bread (201). A number of epidemiologic studies have examined the relationship between dietary folic acid and cancer or heart disease. It may be helpful to also consider choline intake as a confounding factor because folate and choline methyl donation can be interchangeable.
Stress Corrosion and Static Fatigue of Glass

Stress corrosion cracking of six glasses was studied using fracture mechanics techniques. Crack velocities in water were measured as a function of applied stress intensity factor and temperature, and apparent activation energies for crack motion were obtained. Data were consistent with the universal fatigue curve for static fatigue of glass, which depended on glass composition. Of the glasses tested, silica glass was most resistant to static fatigue, followed by the low-alkali aluminosilicate and borosilicate glasses. Sodium was detrimental to stress corrosion resistance. The crack velocity data could be explained by the Charles and Hillig theory of stress corrosion. It is probable that stress corrosion of glass is normally caused and controlled by a chemical reaction between the glass and water.
Combat and Territorial Defense of Acanthocephala femorata (Hemiptera: Coreidae)

Combat between males of Acanthocephala femorata (F.) is described, and the use of the sexually dimorphic enlarged hind femora as structures for fighting is explained. Males defend territories on the stalks of giant sunflower, Helianthus annuus, where females aggregate to feed. Large body size and incrassate femora contribute to fighting prowess and ability to maintain a territory, which in turn enhances mating success. The possible role of sexual selection in the evolution of femoral dimorphism in coreids is discussed.
Structure-function analysis of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum RNA ligase – engineering a thermostable ATP independent enzyme

Background RNA ligases are essential reagents for many methods in molecular biology including NextGen RNA sequencing. To prevent ligation of RNA to itself, ATP independent mutant ligases, defective in self-adenylation, are often used in combination with activated pre-adenylated linkers. It is important that these ligases not have de-adenylation activity, which can result in activation of RNA and formation of background ligation products. An additional useful feature is for the ligase to be active at elevated temperatures. This has the advantage or reducing preferences caused by structures of single-stranded substrates and linkers.
Mathematical modeling of the interaction between oxygen, nitric oxide and superoxide.

Computer simulations were performed based on a multiple chemical species convection-diffusion model with coupled biochemical reactions for oxygen (O2), nitric oxide (NO), superoxide (O2·-), peroxynitrite (ONOO-), nitrite (NO2 -) and nitrate (NO3 -) in cylindrical geometry with blood flow through a 30 ⎧m diameter arteriole. Steady state concentration gradients of all chemical species were predicted for different O2·- production rates, superoxide dismutase (SOD) concentrations, and blood flow rates. Effects of additional O2·- production from dysfunctional endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) were also simulated. The model predicts that convection is essential for characterizing O2 partial pressure gradients (PO2) in the bloodstream and surrounding tissue, but has little direct effect on NO gradients in blood and tissue.
Maternal effects of carotenoid consumption in guppies ( Poecilia reticulata )

Summary 1. Carotenoids transferred from mother to offspring may enhance the quality of the offspring. Whether such maternal effects occur in guppies ( Poecilia reticulata ) has an important bearing on mate preference evolution. 2. By raising female guppies from birth on different dietary carotenoid levels, we examined the pattern of carotenoid allocation to maternal tissue (skin) vs. eggs. Skin carotenoid content was only weakly affected by carotenoid intake while egg carotenoid content was strongly affected. 3. We then tested for effects of maternal carotenoid intake on several measures of offspring quality, including size and condition at birth, juvenile growth rate, and the size, condition, skin carotenoid content and colouration of mature sons. To test for interactions between maternal and offspring carotenoid intake, broods were split and offspring were reared on one of two carotenoid levels. 4. Offspring carotenoid intake had the expected effects on male colouration, but otherwise we found no evidence that maternal or offspring carotenoid intake influences offspring quality. It remains possible that maternal carotenoids affect offspring fitness parameters that we did not measure or that such effects depend on environmental factors that were absent in our laboratory aquaria. 5. Our review of the literature on maternal carotenoid effects in birds and fishes suggests that such effects may be taxon-specific. Thus, it seems unwarranted to assume that an adaptive trade-off necessarily exists between allocation of carotenoids to eggs vs. maternal tissues. Alternative hypotheses, such as the possibility that eggs provide a means of excreting excess carotenoids, also merit consideration. 6. Our results indirectly support the indicator model of mate preference evolution by casting doubt on an alternative hypothesis that requires females to benefit more from consuming carotenoids than males do.