cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transnational biographies and local meanings: used clothing practices in Lusaka

Drawing on preliminary field research in Zambia in 1992 and 1993 into the rapidly expanding trade in and consumption of used clothing imported from the West, this paper examines some methodological questions that arise from research‐in‐progress into the changing local appropriations of used clothing in Zambia. Because the processes that converge in this topic are not tied to any fixed locale, but call for contextualization in both politicoeconomic and local cultural terms, the shape of this research project is influenced by broader political changes in the region and beyond it as well as by paradigmatic shifts in accounts of local‐global relationships. Granting used clothing a history in which what becomes of it does not inhere in its commodity status as a western cast‐off, but is a result of what people have made with it and of it, investing and divesting it of meanings, this paper explores how used clothing assumes meanings as it becomes embedded in a variety of contexts, particularly in the capital cit...
Monosodium Titanate in Hydrous Titanium Oxide Spheres for the Removal of Strontium and Key Actinides from Salt Solutions at the Savannah River Site

Abstract Fine powders of monosodium titanate effectively remove strontium and plutonium from alkaline salt supernatant. At the Savannah River Site, larger, porous particles with monosodium titanate were desired for continuous column operations. The internal gelation process was used to make hydrous titanium oxide microspheres with 32 and 50 wt% monosodium titanate. With actual supernatant, the microspheres with 50 wt% monosodium titanate produced average batch distribution coefficients of 35,000 mL/g for plutonium and 99,000 mL/g for strontium. These microspheres were tested using a simulant and a flow rate of 5.3 bed volumes per hour. The plutonium removal dropped from 99% to 94% while the strontium removal remained nearly 100%. The microspheres exhibited good flow performance and no particle degradation.
Morphine-associated environmental cues elicit conditioned gene expression.

Drug-associated contextual cues can exert a powerful influence on be- havior through associative pairing between the drug and the environment. However, the anatomical and molecular substrates for these effects are not well characterized. Using a drug-conditioning paradigm, we examined the expression of the immediate early gene product, Fos, within specific brain circuits using immunocytochemical detection. Rats were given either morphine (5 mg/ml/kg) or saline once a day for 10 days. The drug administration was always paired with a specific environment (activity monitors) dif- ferent from the home cage. Following this treatment, the rats were returned to the cages at various times thereafter, with only a mock injection. Conditioned behavioral activa- tion was observed in rats at 3, 5, and 7 days following treatment with morphine. In rats showing the conditioned motor response, several cortical and limbic areas showed substantial increases in the number of Fos positive cells, indicating that these regions were more active during exposure to the drug-paired environment. Areas that were most activated included prefrontal cortex, cingulate cortex, nucleus accumbens, and preoptic area. Further analysis showed that this increase in Fos expression was not directly related to the increase in motor activity, and that the drug-associated conditioning and Fos expression was lessened at 7 days and absent by 14 days post-treatment. These results are discussed in terms of their relevance to the problem of relapse in drug addiction. Synapse 37:146 -158, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Postcards from Metro America: Reflections on Youth Participatory Action Research for Urban Justice

This week an arts group in Oakland, the Center for Tactical Magic, began shopdropping neatly folded stacks of homemade T-shirts into Wal-Mart and Target stores in the San Francisco Bay Area. The shirts feature radical images and slogans like one with the faces of Karl Marx, Che Guevara and Mikhail Bakunin, a Russian anarchist. It says, ‘‘Peace on Earth. After we overthrow capitalism.’’ New York Times, 12/24/07, A5
Is the Soviet Union really an imperialistic power

United States radicals and conservatives have both tended to agree on the proposition that the USSR is an imperialistic power. More often than not, radicals have accepted some version of the Maoist claim that the Russians are "social imperialistic" in their dealings with the less developed capitalist and socialist countries[ 1 ]. Conservatives, on the other hand, tend to fall back to this position in answering the frequently maintained charge that United States foreign policy is neo-imperialistic. According to this last-ditch conservative argument, imperialism is a natural consequence of "Great Power" status. In the words of a critic of the current conventional wisdom on imperialism,
Protein variation in the eye lens nucleus of the mackerel scad (Decapterus pinnulatus).

Abstract 1. 1. Electrophoretic patterns were prepared from mackerel scad (Decapterus pinnulatus) nuclear eye lens protein extracted in 0·018 g% NaCl solution. 2. 2. Sixteen fish from Hawaii and sixteen from Kauai, islands 300 miles apart, produced two protein patterns in common. Kauai fish produced two additional patterns, suggesting separate breeding populations of different sizes. 3. 3. The uniformity of many patterns demonstrates the reliability of the electrophoretic procedure and the genetic basis of the patterns. 4. 4. Low molecular weight nuclear lens proteins vary intraspecifically, permitting identification of separate breeding populations. High molecular weight proteins are less variable; consequently, they should be particularly useful in systematics research.
Applications of time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and brain tumors diagnosis

This paper presents the development of an apparatus and associated practical methodologies for time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TR-LIFS) of tissues that account for clinical needs and overcome some of the barriers that have limited its implementations in clinical settings. These include rapid fluorescence data acquisition with high temporal resolution and sensitivity within a broad range of emission wavelengths; rapid data processing, analysis and display; and compact and portable instrumentation.
Tests of, and semiempirical formulas for, instability of longitudinally stiffened shells.

Pressurized Cylindrical Shells Which Contain a Heavy Liquid with a Free Surface," Rept. GM-TR-87, AM 6-15, Contract AF 18-(600)-1190, Nov. 1956, Guided Missile Division, TRW Space Technology Labs. 8 Glaser, R. F., "Axisymmetric Vibrations of Partially LiquidFilled Cylindrical Containers," TN D-4026, July 1967, NASA. 4 Shmakov, V. P., "The Equations of the Axially Symmetric Vibrations of a Liquid-Filled Cylindrical Shell," NASA-TTF219, July 1964 (translated from IAA A64-17157; in Russian). 5 Beam, R. M. and Guist, L. R., "The Axially Symmetric Response of an Elastic Cylindrical Shell Partially Filled with Liquid," TN D-3877, Feb. 1967, NASA. 6 Kana, D. D. and Dodge, F. T., "Bubble Behavior in Liquids Contained in Vertically Vibrated Tanks," Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 3, No. 5, May 1966, pp. 760-763. •Palmer, J. H. and Asher, G. W, "Calculation of Axisymmetric Longitudinal Modes for Fluid-Elastic Tank-Ullage Gas System and Comparison with Model Test Results," Proceedings of the AIAA Symposium on Structural Dynamics and Aeroelasticity, Aug. 1965, pp. 189-193. 8 Beal, T. R., Coale, C. W., and Nagano, M., "Influence of Shell Inertia and Bending Stiffness on the Axisymmetric Modes of a Partially Filled Cylindrical Tank," Paper 65-412, July 1965, AIAA. 9 Coale, C. W. and Nagano, M., "Axisymmetric Modes of an Elastic Cylindrical-Hemispherical Tank Partially Filled with a Liquid," Proceedings of the AIAA Symposium on Structural Dynamics and Aeroelasticity, Aug. 1965, pp. 169-176. 10 Wood, J. D., Survey on Missile Structural Dynamics, BSD-TN-61-42, Contract AF 04(647)-619, June 1, 1961, Space Technology Labs Inc. 11 Pinson, L. D., "Longitudinal Spring Constants for LiquidPropellant Tanks with Ellipsoidal Ends," TN D-2220, Nov. 1964, NASA. 12 Timoshenko, S., Theory of Plates and Shells, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1940. 13 Pinson, L. D., Leonard, H. W., and Raney, J. P., "Analysis of Longitudinal Dynamics of Launch Vehicles with Application to a 1/10-Scale Saturn V Model," Proceedings of the AIAA/ASME 8th Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, New York, 1967, pp. 502-511. /
Effects of neuropeptide Y on appetitive and consummatory behaviors associated with alcohol drinking in wistar rats with a history of ethanol exposure.

Background: Neuropeptide Y (NPY) reduces ethanol intake under free access conditions in Wistar rats with a history of prolonged ethanol vapor exposure. The current study was designed to determine whether NPY differentially alters ethanol-associated appetitive behavior (i.e., lever pressing) or ethanol consumption in Wistar rats with a history of ethanol vapor exposure. Methods: Wistar rats were first trained to self-administer 10% ethanol in a paradigm that provided 25 min of free access to 10% ethanol after completing a 20–lever press response requirement (i.e., an RR20 schedule). After stable level lever pressing was established, operant sessions were suspended during a 9-week period of ethanol vapor exposure. Self-administration sessions were then reinstituted, and a fixed time (FT) schedule of 10% ethanol access was used to assess the effects of ethanol exposure and NPY on lever pressing and drinking behavior. Under the FT schedule, the maximum number of lever presses emitted within 10 min was assessed before providing access to 10% ethanol. Results: Ethanol vapor exposure did not alter patterns of lever pressing under the RR20 schedule, but lever presses emitted under the FT schedule were reduced after ethanol vapor exposure. Ethanol intake was significantly increased after ethanol vapor exposure. NPY significantly reduced ethanol intake but did not significantly reduce lever pressing under the FT schedule. Conclusions: Taken together, these data suggest that chronic ethanol exposure increases ethanol intake without clearly enhancing its reinforcing value. Furthermore, NPY has a greater impact on the consummatory factors mediating ethanol intake than appetitive factors mediating ethanol seeking.
Monitoring Large Systems Via Statistical Sampling

As the trend in parallel systems scales toward petaflop performance tapped by advances in circuit density and by an increasingly available computational Grid, the development of efficient mechanisms for monitoring large systems becomes imperative. When computational components are coupled via dynamically shifting connections with various remote resources, the number of potential factors affecting system behavior is enormous. Yet the overhead of monitoring can be prohibitive. In this paper we present a new technique for monitoring large systems based on statistical sampling. Rather than monitoring each component, we select a statistically valid sample and measure the behavior of sample members. We describe the formal requirements of sample selection and verify the feasibility of our approach with experiments on large parallel systems and wide-area networks. Our results show that this technique can be a powerful tool to enable effective monitoring without incurring the large costs typically associated to exhaustive checking.
Paradoxical sleep: prolonged augmentation following learning.

Abstract This experiment provides evidence that learning induces a protracted augmentation of paradoxical sleep (PS) time, lasting for at least 24 h. Albino mice are studied in a counterbalanced crossover design experiment in which each animal is used as its own baseline control and yoke control. The animals are trained for 1 h in an active avoidance task in which the experimental subjects learn to avoid shock as compared to yoke controls receiving an equal number of shocks, but are unable to escape. The statistical analyses reveal that slow wave sleep (SWS) is augmented in the experimental and yoke control subjects, whereas PS is only augmented in the experimentals. The analyses also reveal that the PS augmentation is primarily a function of a specific increase of the number of PS periods, without any change in the average duration of each PS phase. Further analyses between a slow learning group of animals and fast learners indicate that the PS augmentation is most marked in the slow learners. The results suggest that SWS augmentation is related to the CS-footshock contingency, whereas PS augmentation is a function of something quite unique about a mouse learning to escape or avoid a footshock. This study, taken together with our previous work, suggests that PS augmentation may be a neurobiological expression of the long-term process of memory consolidation.
Influence of charge and structure on the coordination chemistry of copper aminoglycosides

Aminoglycosides are a family of molecules based on a 2-deoxystreptamine ring that is functionalized with a variety of sugar units that contain vicinal amine and hydroxyl functionality. These positively-charged amines promote selective high affinity binding to bacterial 16 s rRNA with resultant antibacterial activity. Aminoglycosides have also been shown to selectively target a variety of therapeutically relevant RNA motifs, and in combination with copper to promote irreversible degradation of the RNA target. The presence of multiple hydroxyl and amine groups on multiple rings creates many potential copper coordination sites. However, only a small subset of these sites actually bind copper, which have not been clearly defined experimentally, Herein we describe a more extensive structural characterization of the complexes of six aminoglycosides (kanamycin A, kanamycin B, neomycin B, neamine, tobramycin and paromomycin) that provide insights on the factors contributing to the coordination selectivity of aminoglycosides toward divalent copper. The presence of vicinal ligand donors capable of chelating the copper ion appears to be a prerequisite for stable metal binding, with charge density providing further tuning of the KD. A possible role for metal coordination in antibacterial activity is also considered.
Low temperature behaviour of channel transit time constant in MOS transistor

The channel transient response time constant of a MOS transistor is studied through the transmission line network of the conductance channel in the 296–77°K temperature range. The temperature dependence of the channel transit time constant is modelled through the temperature sensitive parameters such as inversion layer mobility, the Fermi potential, intrinsic carrier concentration and threshold voltage. It is shown that the channel time constant is strongly sensitive to the temperature variation in the inversion region and results in the MOS transistor channel resistance having zero, negative and positive temperature coefficients depending upon the gate bias voltage.
Heterocyclic N-oxide ch⋯o hydrogen bonding (part 3). crystal packing of 2,2′-bipyridine-1,1′-dioxide and pyridine N-oxide

Abstract Short intermolecular CH⋯O contacts of 2.212(2) and 2.325(2) A are found in the crystal structure of 2,2′-bipyridine-1,1′-dioxide (BPDO) and are assigned as CH⋯O hydrogen bonds based on geometric criteria and quantum mechanical calculations. The pattern of BPDO association yields a two-dimensional CH⋯O hydrogen-bonded array in the BPDO crystal. Each BPDO molecule participates in eight CH⋯O hydrogen bonds, which occur in two distinct pairs as centric R 2 2 (8) and acentric R 2 2 (12) dimeric linkages whose binding enthalpies are estimated to be −6.7 and −2.3 kcal mol −1 , respectively, by AM1 calculations. Self-association via CH⋯O hydrogen bonding of the parent molecule, pyridine N-oxide (PO), is also considered. In solution, PO molecules are postulated to form CH⋯O bonded R 2 2 (8) dimers with an estimated binding energy of −5 to −8 kcal mol −1 . In the crystal, PO molecules associate to give a three-dimensional network via CH⋯O hydrogen bonding.
Point defects in the silver halides—what one learns from ion transport and surface potential

Abstract This paper reviews the understanding that has been gained about point defects and ion transport in AgCl and AgBr. One now has considerable information about the mechanisms of cation interstitial migration, including the temperature dependence of the Frenkel defect formation energy and also the extraordinarily low values of the migration activation energy. It has been possible to resolve the formation enthalpy and entropy of the defect pair into the separate contributions from the cation vacancy and the interstitial. One conclusion from this analysis is that both the relatively low formation free energy of the Frenkel pair and the negative surface potential result from a very large relaxation of phonon frequencies upon insertion of an interstitial silver ion. The contrasting dynamic behaviours of independent interstitials (as in AgBr) and interacting interstitials (as in AgI) are illustrated by measurements of the ionic Hall effect. Finally, the diffusion of halide ions (both self-diffusion and th...
A microprocessor-based switched-battery capacitance meter

A microprocessor-based, switched-battery capacitance meter has been developed. It consists of an analog part, based on a previously designed capacitance meter, and a digital part in which a microprocessor and a timer perform the main functions. The capacitance is measured indirectly by means of a time constant measurement. Two phases of the measurement process are involved in measuring the capacitance. The first phase, when a capacitor is charged, is based on the software counter-timer measurements. The second phase, when the capacitor is discharged, requires a hardware timer controlled by the microprocessor. The digital hardware reflects a different approach than used for the previous construction. >
Implementation and Operational Use of Ground-Based Augmentation Systems (GBASs)—A Component of the Future Air Traffic Management System

This paper discusses a satellite navigation augmentation system designed for use by aviation. The ground-based augmentation system (GBAS) was originally developed as a precision approach and landing aid. This paper describes the GBAS concept, discusses the system architecture, and discusses ground and airborne equipment that compose the system. This paper also describes typical operational use of the system and the experience gained during early implementations. Advantages over the current instrument landing system technology are also discussed.
Modeling Interparticle Size Effect on Deformation Behavior of Metal Matrix Composites by a Gradient Enhanced Plasticity Model

Experimental tests show that particle (inclusion or precipitate) size and interparticle spacing, besides volume fraction, have a considerable effect on the macroscopic mechanical response of metal matrix microreinforced composites. Classical (local) plasticity models unlike nonlocal gradient enhanced plasticity models cannot capture this size dependency due to the absence of a material length scale. In this paper, one form of higher-order gradient plasticity enhanced model, which is derived based on principle of virtual power and laws of thermodynamic, is employed to investigate the size effect of elliptical inclusions with different aspect ratios based on unit cell simulations. It is shown that by decreasing the particle size or equivalently the interparticle spacing (i.e., the spacing between the centers of inclusions), while keeping the volume fraction constant, the average stress–strain response is stronger and more sensitive to the inclusion’s aspect ratio. However, unexpectedly, decreasing the free-path interparticle spacing (i.e., the spacing between the edges of inclusions perpendicular to the principal loading direction) does not necessarily lead to largest strengthening. This is completely dependent on the plastic strain gradient hardening due to distribution and evolution of geometrically necessary dislocations that depend on the particle size and shape. Gradient-hardening significantly alter the stress and plastic strain distributions near the particle-matrix interface. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4004702]
Imaging Molecular Transport across Lipid Bilayers

Low-molecular-weight carboxylic acids have many properties common to small molecule drugs. The transport of these acids across cell membranes has been widely studied, but these studies have produced wildly varying permeability values. Recent reports have even claimed that the transport behavior of these drugs is contrary to the rule of thumb called Overton's rule, which holds that more lipophilic molecules transport across lipid membranes more quickly. We used confocal microscopy to image the transport of carboxylic acids with different lipophilicities into a giant unilamellar lipid vesicle (GUV). Fluorescein-dextran, which acts as a pH-sensitive dye, was encapsulated in the GUV to trace the transport of acid. The GUV was immobilized on the surface of a microfluidic channel by biotin-avidin binding. This microchannel allows the rapid and uniform exchange of the solution surrounding the GUV. Using a spinning-disk confocal microscope, the entire concentration field is captured in a short (<100 ms) exposure. Results show that more lipophilic acids cross the bilayer more quickly. A finite difference model was developed to simulate the experimental process and derive permeabilities. The permeabilities change with the same trend as literature oil-water partition coefficients, demonstrating that Overton's rule applies to this class of molecules.
Radiotherapy for adenoid cystic carcinoma of the palate

This is an analysis of 16 patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma of the palate who were treated with curative intent by radiotherapy alone (9) or surgery and radiotherapy (7). No patient received adjuvant chemotherapy. Follow-up ranged from 3 years to 19 years with 69% of the patients having follow-up of more than 5 years. Two patients in the radiotherapy alone group developed local recurrences, and both have had long-term surgical salvage. No local failures were seen in the combined therapy group. Twelve patients (75%) are alive and disease-free. Two patients died with distant disease, one within each treatment group. One patient in the combined therapy group is alive at 8 years with distant metastases, while one in the radiotherapy alone group died of intercurrent disease at 12 years. No significant complications were seen in either treatment group. The role of radiotherapy in the treatment of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the palate is reviewed.
Sequence analysis and functional studies of interleukin-3 receptor α subunit-encoding cDNAs amplified from KG-1 leukemic cells and normal human marrow

Two partial cDNAs encoding the human interleukin-3 receptor alpha subunit (IL-3R alpha) were cloned from KG-1 leukemic cells using the polymerase chain reaction. Sequence analysis of these cDNAs predicted two single-amino-acid (aa) changes as compared with the published TF-1 leukemic cell IL-3R alpha sequence [Kitamura et al., Cell 66 (1991) 1165-1174]. These changes were confirmed by sequence analysis of a second set of independently derived cDNAs. Identical aa changes were found in the IL-3R alpha encoded by cDNAs cloned from normal CD34+ human marrow cells. Ligation of the partial cDNAs derived from KG-1 cells resulted in a full-length functional IL-3R alpha cDNA clone. Deletion of the extracellular 'LSXWS' consensus sequence resulted in complete loss of detectable [125I]IL-3 binding when this mutant receptor was co-expressed in COS-7 cells with the beta subunit of the IL-3 receptor.
Amplified total internal reflection.

Totally internal reflected beams can be amplified if the lowerindex medium has gain. We analyze the reflection and refraction of light, and analytically derive the expression for the Goos-Hanchen shifts of a Gaussian beam incident on a lower-index medium, both active and absorptive. We examine the energy flow and the Goos-Hanchen shifts for various cases. The analytical results are consistent with the numerical results. For the TE mode, the Goos-Hanchen shift for the transmitted beam is exactly half of that of the reflected beam, resulting in a "1/2" rule.
Bulk Segregant Analysis of an Induced Floral Mutant Identifies a MIXTA-like R2R3 MYB Controlling Nectar Guide Formation in Mimulus lewisii

The genetic and developmental basis of many ecologically important floral traits (e.g., carotenoid pigmentation, corolla tube structure, nectar volume, pistil and stamen length) remains poorly understood. Here we analyze a chemically induced floral mutant of Mimulus lewisii through bulk segregant analysis and transgenic experiments and identify a MIXTA-like R2R3 MYB gene that controls nectar guide formation in M. lewisii flowers, which involves epidermal cell development and carotenoid pigmentation.
Comparison of spring-time phytoplankton community composition in two cold years from the western Gulf of Alaska into the southeastern Bering Sea

Abstract The Bering Sea is a highly productive ecosystem providing the main oceanographic connection between the North Pacific and Arctic oceans. The atmospheric connection with the Arctic Ocean leads to seasonal sea ice formation in the Bering Sea, the areal extent and timing of retreat of which have important implications for primary productivity and phytoplankton community composition in this region. Hydrographic data from cruises and satellite sea ice and sea surface temperature data in spring 2011 and 2012 suggest classification of these years as relatively warmer and colder years, respectively. Locations in the western Gulf of Alaska (Pavlof Bay), at the north end of an eastern pass through the Aleutian Islands (Unimak Pass), and on the continental shelf of the Bering Sea (M2) were visited in both years. Stratification was apparent on the shelf in 2012, while the water column was comparatively well-mixed at other locations in both years. Phytoplankton biomass was highest in 2011 overall and specifically on the shelf in both years, while minimal biomass was measured within the well-mixed Unimak Pass in 2012. Surface phytoplankton size distributions included substantial contributions of picoplankton ( R =0.588, p R =0.646, p R =0.579, p R =0.134, p Phaeocystis sp. at all sites in 2011, resulting in reduced community diversity, compared to more widespread abundance of large diatoms of the genera Thalassiosira , Thalassiothrix , and Chaetoceros in 2012. The current study shows that within-regime differences in phytoplankton community composition between years can be almost as great as that between locations with vastly different oceanographic settings. High between- and multi-year variability may combine with a potential overall decline in sea ice in the Bering Sea to produce significant changes in the productive base of the food web with potential cascading effects on higher, economically and ecologically important trophic levels.
A Simulation Study of Singular Value Decomposition for Controlled Plant Identification

A methodology is presented for the adaptive control of a single-input single-output system using the numerically stable method of singular value decomposition (SVD) for identification. This methodology is suitable for industrial applications where the plant parameters change slowly compared to the plant dynamics. A procedure is included for automatically identifying situations where the results of the identification are questionable. This procedure is based on three indices which are used to evaluate the identification. Expressions for computing these indices from the output of the SVD are derived. The identification procedure is numerically stable but computationally expensive. The computation time for identification may exceed the largest suitable sampling interval for some applications. To accommodate the long computation time, a parallel processing structure is used. In this structure, the identification is done as a background task in parallel with the controller function being performed by the processor. This structure permits use of the SVD method at low hardware cost for applications where the plant parameters are expected to change slowly. The feasibility of using an 8-b microprocessor to implement this methodology for adaptive control is demonstrated for a simulated plant of known structure and measurement noise characteristics. The identification time required is tabulated as a function of a) the number of parameters to be estimated, and b) the number of equations that are formed from the observed data.
Commentary: Successful spinal fusion surgery: can we improve the odds?

COMMENTARY ON Willems PC, Staal JB, Walenkamp GHIM, de Bie RA. Spinal fusion for chronic low back pain: systematic review on the accuracy of tests for patient selection. Spine J 2013;13:99–109 ( in this issue ).
Biosynthetic studies of marine lipids. 35. The demonstration of de novo sterol biosynthesis in sponges using radiolabeled isoprenoid precursors.

Abstract 1. 1. De novo sterol biosynthesis in the sponges Tethya aurantia and Aplysina fistularis was investigated, using sodium [5,5- 3 H]-mevalonate, [1- 3 H]-farnesol and [3- 3 H]-Squalene was found to be the best precursor for demonstrating de novo sterol biosynthesis in a wider range of sponges. 2. 2. By feeding [3- 3 H]-squalene and using cell-free techniques, the de novo sterol biosynthesis was established in 18 sponges belonging to nine orders. Among these sponges were Axinella polypoides and Axinella verrucosa which had previously been thought to be incapable of de novo sterol biosynthesis based on work with radiolabeled lanosterol, cycloartenol, mevalonate, and acetate. 3. 3. In contrast to earlier assumption, it is likely that all sponges are capable of de novo sterol biosynthesis.
“Dangerous Work”: Improving Conditions for Faculty of Color in the Community College

This qualitative investigation of the experiences of faculty of color at community colleges identifies current conditions for this population and suggests potentials for ameliorating conditions that inhibit their job satisfaction. We argue that the current conditions for faculty of color, based upon their expressed experiences at the community colleges, are deleterious to their professional performance, to their positive self-image, and to their contributions to their institutions. Alterations to these current conditions are unlikely without systemic institutional change. Indeed, without improvement to these conditions, the job satisfaction of faculty of color is not likely to change.
A Collaborative Scholarly Project: Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy

SUMMARY This paper describes the phases of a scholarly project process within one occupational therapy (OT) professional program. Using the example of a scholarly project on constraint-induced movement therapy, the collective endeavor among two OT graduate students, a faculty advisor, and two occupational therapists is demonstrated. The process leading toward a clinically-relevant outcome provided benefits to all collaborators. The students experienced evidence-based scholarship firsthand, while the advisor and practitioners experienced the rewards of shaping a clinically useful product and received outcomes research assistance. The description of this scholarly project process serves as a model for future scholarly collaboration among graduate students, practitioners, and faculty members.
Molecular genetic analysis of diabetes in mice

Abstract Transgenic and ‘knockout' models are increasingly used to study the role of the immune system, insulin signaling and β-cell gene transcription in diabetes. Mice and humans have similar genetics, developmental biology and physiology. In interpreting these models, however, one needs to be mindful of some differences that exist between mice and humans.
Dorsal funicular projections to the dorsal column nucleus in a reptile, Caiman crocodilus.

Projections to the dorsal column nucleus were investigated in the reptile Caiman crocodilus following application of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) crystals to the cervical spinal cord after dorsal myelotomy. Brains were processed for HRP histochemistry by use of tetramethylbenzidine as the chromogen. Injection of the dorsal funiculus alone labelled axons that terminated solely in the ipsilateral dorsal column nucleus. Application of HRP that extended beyond the dorsal funiculus labelled axons that terminated in brainstem areas in addition to the dorsal column nucleus depending upon the injection site. Retrogradely labelled neurons in the brainstem were seen only after HRP injections that extended beyond the dorsal funiculus and varied depending upon the injection site. Dorsal funiculus fibers travel rostrally and turn laterally to reach more anterior portions of the dorsal column nucleus. Fibers peel off in an oblique ventrolateral fashion to terminate in the posterior part of the nucleus where boutons are intermixed with fibers. The anterior portion of the nucleus contains a greater proportion of axon terminals as compared to fibers than does the posterior part. A graphic reconstruction of the dorsal column nucleus was made by superimposing serial sections to view the nucleus in transverse, sagittal, and horizontal planes. Whereas considerable anatomical experiments have demonstrated auditory and visual pathways in reptiles (Northcutt, '811, comparable studies on the dorsal column system are lacking. Some data suggest that somatosensory information reaches the telencephalon in some reptiles (Pritz and Northcutt, '80; Bruce and Butler, '84). However, most studies have focused on connections of more peripheral structures such as the spinal cord (Goldby and Robinson, '62; Ebbesson, '67, '69; Jacobs and Sis, '80; Ebbesson and Goodman, '81; Kiinzle and Woodson, '82) or the dorsal root ganglia (Joseph and Whitlock, '68; Kusuma and ten Donkelaar, '80; Kiinzle and Woodson, '83; Pritz, '83). The latter experiments as well as descriptive (Ariens Kappers et al., '67; ten Donkelaar and Niewenhuys, '79) and physiological (Kruger and Witkovsky, '61) studies have identified a dorsal column nucleus located in the dorsal medulla in a variety of reptiles. Although a prominent dorsal column nucleus has been identified in Caiman crocodilus based on its input from the dorsal root ganglia (Joseph and Whitlock, '68), this nucleus
Theoretical Justification of Reciprocal Rate Plots in Studies of Water Vapor Transmission Through Films

Abstract A theoretical equation has been developed justifying the graphical representation of vapor permeation data by 1/rate versus film thickness plots. The permeability coefficient for the film may be determined from the slope of this plot and has units in square centimeters per second. The intercept at zero film thickness is dependent upon the geometry of the experimental design and the diffusion coefficient for the vapor within the diffusion cell. The derivation of the equation assumes a nonequilibrium condition for water vapor in the diffusion cell, as well as the existence of steady‐state conditions.
Stratification In Loose Sediments And Its Seismic Signature

It has been found that grain size and shape, and deposition speed determine packing. Makse et al., 1997 and Cizeau et al, 1999 have shown that natural stratification occurs in poured granular mixtures of large rounded and small rough grains. However, Baxter et al., 1998 reported that natural stratification also occurs in mixtures of same grain shape and various grain sizes for a relatively low deposition speed.
Promoter choice and translational repression determine cell type-specific cell surface density of the inhibitory receptor CD85j expressed on different hematopoietic lineages.

CD85j (ILT2/LILRB1/LIR-1) is an inhibitory receptor that recognizes major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class Ia and Ib alleles that are widely expressed on all cell types. On ligand recognition, CD85j diminishes kinase activity by recruiting phosphatases to motifs within its cytoplasmic domain. Within the hematopoietic system, CD85j is expressed with cell-specific patterns and cell surface densities that reflect the different roles of cell contact-mediated inhibition in these lineages. While monocytes ubiquitously have high cell surface expression, B lymphocytes start to express CD85j at intermediate levels during early B-cell maturation and natural killer (NK) cells and T cells exhibit a low level of expression on only a subset of cells. The cell-specific expression pattern is accomplished by 2 complementing but not independent mechanisms. Lymphocytes and monocytes use distinct promoters to drive CD85j expression. The lymphocyte promoter maps 13 kilobases (kb) upstream of the monocyte promoter; its use results in the inclusion of a distant exon into the 5′-untranslated region. A short sequence stretch within this exon has the unique function of repressing CD85j protein translation and is responsible for the subdued expression in lymphocytes. These cell-specific mechanisms allow tailoring of CD85j levels to the distinct roles it plays in different hematopoietic lineages.
Comparison of two-photon imaging depths with 775 nm excitation and 1300 nm excitation

We quantitatively compared the maximal two-photon fluorescence microscopy imaging depth achieved with 775 nm excitation to that achieved with 1300 nm excitation through ex-vivo TPM of blood vessels in the mouse brain. We achieved high contrast imaging of labeled blood vessels at approximately twice the depth at 1300 nm excitation as at 775 nm excitation. We also measured the two-photon excitation cross-sections of several commercially available fluorophores at 1220-1320 nm. We found that some of these fluorophores reveal comparable if not better cross-section values than those of the widely used dyes excited by shorter wavelength light.
A power loss characterization method for semiconductor switching devices based on inverter-level DC measurements

This paper presents an inverter-level power loss measurement method for semiconductor switching devices in real inverter operation conditions. This method employs an H-bridge dc-dc convertor topology and a low-loss inductive load to improve the loss measurement accuracy. Since only dc measurement is involved, it is simpler and more accurate compared to traditional inverter-level loss measurement methods. Both switching and conduction loss can be estimated with this method. Experimental results on a traction-drive inverter show that, the difference between the estimated results with the proposed method and the results from traditional component-level methods is within 4% in the normal operation range of the inverter.
Clinical trials of neutron radiotherapy in the United States.

Summary The development of clinical neutron facilities in the 1980s, capable of delivering high energy neutrons spurred full scale phase III testing of neutron beam radiotherapy in a number of tumors including salivary gland, head and neck, prostate, and non small-cell lung cancer. The Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) and the Medical Research Council (MRC) jointly sponsored a randomized trial for the treatment of advanced stage salivary gland tumors comparing neutron to conventional photon and/or electron radiotherapy. Although no improvement in survival was seen, the study demonstrated a striking and statistically significant difference in the local-regional control of unresectable salivary gland tumors (56 vs 17%), favoring neutron beam irradiation. Subsequent clinical trials of neutron beam irradiation were initiated by the Neutron Therapy Collaborative Working Group (NTCWG) sponsored by the National Cancer Institute (NCI). A phase III trial comparing neutron to photon radiotherapy for inoperable regional non-small cell lung cancer showed no overall improvement in survival. However, a statistically significant improvement in survival was observed in the subset of patients with squamous cell histology. The NTCWG trial comparing fast-neutron therapy versus conventional photon irradiation in the treatment of advanced squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck showed a statistically significant improvement in initial complete response (70 vs 52%) favoring neutrons. However, subsequent failures erased any difference in ultimate local-regional control rates and survival curves were essentially the same in both arms. The randomized study of the NTCWG for locally advanced prostate cancer demonstrated a significant decrease in local-regional failure (11 vs 32%) at 5 years, favoring the neutron arm. Furthermore, biochemical measures of disease control also favored the neutron arm with prostate specifie antigen (PSA) levels elevated in 17% of the neutron-treated patients compared to 45% of the photon-treated patients at 5 years. At the 5-year analysis, no significant difference in survival was observed between the two arms; however, longer follow-up is necessary to assess the ultimate impact of improved local-regional control on survival. An analysis of complications in this series revealed the importance of beam shaping and treatment planning capabilities in maintaining long-term sequelae following neutron irradiation at an acceptably low level.
Regulation of neuronal autophagy in axon: implication of autophagy in axonal function and dysfunction/degeneration.

Autophagy has recently emerged as potential drug target for prevention of neurodegeneration. However, the details of the autophagy process and regulation in the central nervous system (CNS) are unclear. By using a neuronal excitotoxicity model in mice, we engineered expression of a fluorescent autophagic marker and systematically investigated autophagic activity under neurodegenerative conditions. The study reveals an early response of Purkinje cells to excitotoxic insult by induction of autophagy in axon terminals, and that axonal autophagy is particularly robust in comparison to the cell body and dendrites. The accessibility of axons to rapid autophagy induction suggests local biogenesis of autophagosomes in axons. Characterization of functional interaction between autophagosome protein LC3 and microtubule-associated protein 1B (MAP1B), which is involved in axonal growth, injury and transport provides evidence for neuron- or axon-specific regulation of autophagosomes. Furthermore, we propose that p62/SQ...
Defect structure and mechanical behavior of BLiIn

Abstract The defect structure of LiIn β phase has been studied by means of X-ray lattice parameter and bulk density measurements. The lattice parameter vs. composition curve shows a maximum at the stoichiometric composition and decrease on both sides of the stoichiometry. The compositional dependence of the density data does not fit the theoretical density calculated for several single-defect models from the lattice parameter data. Rather, the defect structure of LiIn is characterized by two types of defect: vacancies in the lithium sublattice and lithium antistructure atoms in the indium sublattice. The mechanical properties of the polycrystalline LiIn have been investigated by microhardness and compression tests as a function of temperature and composition. The ductile-to-brittle transition temperature, the hardness and the yield strength increase with increasing lithium content and these results are correlated with the defect structure. The compositional dependence of the mechanical properties is due mainly to the effect of the antistructure defects. The temperature and composition dependence of the strain rate sensitivity as well as the magnitude of the activation volume and its stress dependence suggest that a Peierls mechanism is the rate-controlling plastic deformation process in LiIn specimens deformed at low temperatures. Grain boundary sliding, which was observed in LiIn specimens deformed at high temperatures, becomes more important in the plastic deformation at temperatures above about 300°C.
Pharmacokinetics of methotrexate in rabbit skin and plasma after iv-bolus and iontophoretic administrations.

Abstract The pharmacokinetics of methotrexate (MTX) in rabbit's skin and plasma after iv-bolus and iontophoretic delivery at different current densities was studied. Linear microdialysis probes were introduced into the upper dorsal shaved skin of tranquilized rabbits. Commercially available patches were used to deliver MTX for 1 h at different current densities (100, 200, and 300 μA/cm2) on different occasions. Iv-boluses (10 mg/kg) of MTX were also administered. Retrodialysis was performed at the end of the experiments to estimate probe recovery. Plasma and microdialysis samples were analyzed using a validated HPLC assay. Following iv-bolus, MTX showed a bi-exponential decay both in plasma and in skin. Cmax in skin occurred with a delay of 22 min compared with plasma. No quantifiable concentration of MTX was detected in the skin on passive drug delivery. Systemic exposure to MTX (AUC) and Cmax increased linearly with current density. Nevertheless, exposure to MTX in the skin did not increase linearly with current density, whereas Cmax did. In conclusion, iontophoresis remarkably improved the dermal delivery of MTX over passive diffusion. However, total exposure did not increase with current density in the skin, suggesting that for local applications lower current densities may achieve the same effects with minimal systemic exposure.
Arctic Response to an MJO-Like Tropical Heating in an Idealized GCM

AbstractUsing an initial-value approach with an idealized general circulation model, the mechanisms by which the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) influences the Arctic surface air temperature (SAT) are investigated. Model calculations corresponding to MJO phases 1 and 5 are performed, as previous studies have shown that these two phases are associated with a cooling and warming of the Arctic surface, respectively. Observed MJO-like tropical heating profiles are specified, with the phase 5 (phase 1) heating taking on a more zonally localized (uniform) spatial structure. A large ensemble of model runs is performed, where the initial flow of each ensemble member consists of the winter climatology together with an initial perturbation that is selected randomly from observational data. The model calculations show that MJO phase 5 (phase 1) is followed by a strengthening (weakening) in the poleward wave activity propagation out of the tropics, which leads to an increase (decrease) in Arctic SAT. Examination of t...
Electron spin polarization in resonant interband tunneling devices

We study spin-dependent interband resonant tunneling in double-barrier InAs/AlSb/ Ga x Mn 1 - x Sb heterostructures. We demonstrate that these structures can be used as spin filters utilizing spin-selective tunneling of electrons through the light-hole resonant channel. High densities of the spin-polarized electrons injected into bulk InAs make spin-resonant tunneling devices a viable alternative for injecting spins into a semiconductor. Another striking feature of the proposed devices is the possibility of inducing additional resonant channels corresponding to the heavy holes. This can be implemented by saturating the in-plane magnetization in the quantum well.
Effects of the New England Coastal Front on the Distribution of Precipitation

Abstract Precipitation patterns have been analyzed for six wintertime storms in New England where coastal fronts developed and for two without coastal fronts. In all of the storms the predominant precipitation features, as observed by radar, were mesoscale bands which contained convective cells, a pattern typical of extratropical cyclones. Vertical profiles of potential temperature, humidity and wind indicate that most of the condensation occurred in a layer of warm moist air lifted by synoptic-scale ascent ahead of the baroclinic disturbance. Cumulus convection was initiated in a shallow unstable region at the top of the warm moist layer. The coastal front circulations apparently developed independently of the large-scale baroclinically induced circulations and were very shallow, typically 300 m in depth. They had durations of 7–15 h and existed during most of the time when the precipitation bands were passing over eastern Massachusetts. The effect of the coastal fronts was to enhance the precipitation o...