cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Single-word auditory stimulation and regional cerebral blood flow as studied by SPECT

Abstract Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) examined changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) induced by passive auditory single-word stimulation. A split-dose SPECT technique was used between resting and activated states, in which a smaller amount of ligand ( 99m technetium hexamethyl propyleneamine oxide, HMPAO) was given with the first scan, accompanied by a prolonged scan time. A larger amount of ligand was given with the second scan, accompanied by a shorter scan time. This split-dose SPECT technique has met with previous success for other activation tasks. The brain regions of interest (ROIs) in this study were selected from ROIs previously found to be activated by passive auditory single-word stimulation and not by non-word stimuli in positron emission tomography (PET) rCBF studies. This study thus tested the sensitivity of SPECT with HMPAO to detect brain activation with a stimulus previously demonstrated to elicit changes in rCBF with PET. However, no significant difference was detected between resting and activated states in this study. Thus, SPECT was not as sensitive as PET in this activation task. Since SPECT is a less costly and more widely available modality to study brain activation than PET, it is important to delineate its potential capacities to maximize the efficiency of future research in this field.
Cyclic ADP-ribose-gated Ca2+ Release in Sea Urchin Eggs Requires an Elevated [Ca2+] *

Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPr) has been shown to release intracellular Ca2+ from sea urchin eggs and a variety of vertebrate cell types, although its mechanism of action remains elusive. We employed the caged version of cADPr to study the [Ca2+] transient kinetics in intact sea urchin eggs for insights into how cADPr gates Ca2+ release. Ca2+ release triggered by photolytic production of cADPr was initially slow, with an effective delay of several hundred milliseconds before the onset of a rapid Ca2+ release phase. In contrast, Ca2+ release induced by photolysis of caged inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate was immediate in onset and roughly an order of magnitude faster. The delay before cADPr-induced Ca2+ release was eliminated when the [Ca2+] was step-elevated coincident with the photoliberation of cADPr and greatly prolonged in the presence of exogenous Ca2+ buffers. Thus, the slow onset of Ca2+ release does not reflect an intrinsically slow rate by which cADPr gates release channels. Rather, a [Ca2+] rise from resting levels is needed to achieve more than minimal cADPr activity. Full release of Ca2+ by cADPr in intact sea urchin eggs requires a positive Ca2+ feedback.
CHLAMYDOMONAS FLAGELLA : II. The Distribution of Tubulins 1 and 2 in the Outer Doublet Microtubules

Quantitative ultrastructural analysis and quantitative gel electrophoresis of preparations of selectively solubilized Chlamydomonas outer doublets indicated that tubulins 1 and 2 were present in both the A tubule and the B tubule, and that only tubulin 1 was present in the three protofilaments which form the wall ("partition") between the lumens of the A and B tubules. The data suggested that the remaining protofilaments of the outer doublet were grouped together in pairs containing the same type of tubulin, pairs containing tubulin 1 alternating with pairs containing tubulin 2. These findings were used to construct models for the arrangement of the two tubulins in the outer doublet. Further analysis by isoelectric focusing resolved tubulins 1 and 2 into at least five bands.
Neuropeptides: Central nervous system effects on nutrient metabolism

Several neural peptides have been demonstrated to influence central nervous system control of nutrient metabolism. The principal mechanism by which these peptides influence peripheral nutrient metabolism is by altering the secretion of adrenal epinephrine. Bombesin or its mammalian counterpart, gastrin releasing peptide, and TRF act within the brain to stimulate the secretion of epinephrine from the adrenal gland. Associated with these changes in epinephrine secretion is a reduction of plasma insulin and elevation of plasma glucagon and glucose. Somatostatin and various somatostatin analogs act in the brain to inhibit adrenal epinephrine secretion stimulation by a variety of stimuli.
Relationship of changes in condition score to cow health in Holsteins.

Abstract The relationship of body condition score with disease occurrence was examined in 561 cows in nine herds. Cows were body condition scored on a fivepoint scale (1 = thin, 5 = obese) every 2 wk from drying off until 150 d in milk Cows scored between 3– and 3+ were considered to be in average or good condition. Cows scored ≤2+ were considered to be underconditioned, whereas those scored ≥4– were considered to be overconditioned. Relationships of health and condition score were examined using multiple logistic regression for dichotomous outcomes (e.g., diseased or healthy). Cows that developed dystocia or were culled lost more condition during the dry period than those that did not develop dystocia or were not culled. Cows overconditioned at drying off were more likely to develop cystic ovarian disease and reproductive problems. Cows underconditioned or overconditioned at drying off were more prone to foot problems after calving. Cows overconditioned at 30 d postpartum were more likely to have metritis.
Editing and compiling whole programs

The IRn programming environment pays systematic attention to the problems entailed in developing, debugging, and optimizing large programs. This paper reviews the principal mechanisms provided by IRn to support large programs. It describes the structure used to represent large programs and the tools that manipulate this structure. It also explores the way that the IRn compiling system handles whole programs: performing interprocedural analysis, removing redundant modules, and generating customized procedure linkages.
Interference of peroxides with the determination of total carbonyls in autoxidized fats

The contribution of hydroperoxides to the carbonyl content of autoxidized fats measured by a colorimetric 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone procedure has been studied. Carbonyls were determined in radiation oxidized methyl myristate, in autoxidized methyl esters of oleie, linoleic and linolenic acids and in autoxidized oils, before and after reduction of hydroperoxides to hydroxyl groups.
Statistics of visual representation

The experience of retinex image processing has prompted us to reconsider fundamental aspects of imaging and image processing. Foremost is the idea that a good visual representation requires a non-linear transformation of the recorded (approximately linear) image data. Further, this transformation appears to converge on a specific distribution. Here we investigate the connection between numerical and visual phenomena. Specifically the questions explored are: (1) Is there a well-defined consistent statistical character associated with good visual representations? (2) Does there exist an ideal visual image? And (3) what are its statistical properties?© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Particle Flow and Contamination in Slider Air Bearings for Hard Disk Drives

For a particle entrained in an air bearing, various forces, such as the viscous drag force, Saffmann and Magnus lift forces and gravity force, will act on it. Such particles may pass through the air bearing or impact the slider or disk and then adhere to the surface or bounce off In this paper, particle flow in an air bearing is simulated. The contamination of particles on a slider's surface is analyzed using the assumption of adhesion upon impact. The effect of particle size and density on particle paths in the air bearing is studied. The numerical results show that particles are likely to contaminate slider surfaces in the transition regions on the rails. The density of the particles and the pitch angle of the slider are also found to strongly affect the flying path of the particles, and therefore, the accumulation of the particles on slider surfaces.
Fast gate turn-off in a merged thyristor-like structure

Abstract A concept of a merged thyristor-like structure which consists of two parts with different base gains is introduced. The high gain (HG) part serves as a source of an opening current for the low gain (LG) part and promotes it to the conducting open state so that the LG part becomes an additional channel for the total current flowing through the structure. During the turn-off process, the LG part serves as a source of the additional blocking current for the HG part, improving the turn-off characteristics of the merged structure. An analytical approach is developed to describe these inhomogeneous structures and their gate turn-off processes. The stationary distributions of the current density in the merged structures are calculated. The storage times and turn-off gains for homogeneous and merged structures are estimated. It is shown that the merged structures exhibit better turn-off characteristics in comparison with homogeneous structures. The direct two-dimensional simulations demonstrate faster turn-off in the merged structure and determine the regimes of operation where the effect can be reliably observed.
The emerging role of bexarotene in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: current evidence.

In 2012, a novel approach to the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease was introduced, heralding a wave of excitement in the field of dementia. Bexarotene, a retinoid X receptor agonist, was shown to reverse neurodegeneration, improve cognition, and decrease levels of amyloid-β in transgenic mice expressing familial Alzheimer disease mutations. Since then, there has been widespread discussion about bexarotene, as well as a number of follow-up studies. Bexarotene is a unique compound, as it is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for other purposes and there are reasonable data to justify its mechanism of action in dementia. This review discusses these studies and the emerging role of bexarotene in the clinical field of Alzheimer’s dementia.
The toxicity of MPTP to dopamine neurons in culture is reduced at high concentrations.

Abstract The toxicity of MPTP to dopamine (DA) neurons was studied in dissociated cell cultures from rat embryo mesencephalon. The cultures were exposed to MPTP (from 0.1 to 200 μM) for 7 days and were analyzed by catecholamine histofluorescence after incubation with α-methylnorepinephrine, by tyrosine hydroxylase (T-OH) immunocytochemistry and by [3H]DA uptake. Treatment with MPTP at the lower range of concentrations (between 0.1 and 5 μM) resulted in a dose-dependent reduction of the uptake of [3H]DA, which had a maximum effect at 5 μM. Further increase in the concentration of MPTP (from 10 to 200 μM) resulted in progressive attenuation of the toxic effect. Exposure to 200 μM MPTP did not produce significant reduction in the uptake of [3H]DA. Increased survival of DA neurons at the higher concentrations of MPTP, was documented by catecholamine histofluorescence and by T-OH immunocytochemistry in cultures treated with 10 and 100 μM MPTP. MPTP was shown to be a potent inhibitor of MPP+ uptake by DA neurons in culture. In the presence of 100 or 200 μM MPTP, the uptake of MPP+ was reduced to less than 20% of control levels. Therefore, the reduction of MPTP toxicity at the high concentrations can be explained, at least in part, by the inhibition of the uptake of MPP+ (the toxic metabolite of MPTP oxidation) in the presence of high concentrations of MPTP.
Prevalence of Intracardiac Right-to-left Shunting in Adults Without Obvious Congenital Heart Disease

Abstract Previous studies during cardiac catheterization or postmortem examination 1 show that a small but patent foramen ovale (PFO) is present in 10 to 35% of patients. More recent reports using contrast echocardiography have demonstrated right-to-left atrial shunting in 5% of healthy volunteers during normal breathing and in 18% during the Valsalva maneuver 2 ; such right-to-left atrial shunting has been detected in 27 to 40% of patients with known or suspected PFO during normal breathing and in 54 to 60% during Valsalva. 3,4 With contrast echocardiography, therefore, right-to-left atrial shunting appears to occur often in patients without obvious congenital heart disease, 2–4 especially during a maneuver (such as Valsalva) designed to induce a transient increase in right atrial pressure higher than that in the left atrium. In none of these studies, however, has the reliability of contrast echocardiography been compared with more established techniques of detecting intracardiac shunting, such as indocyanine green. No previously published report has used indocyanine green to assess the overall incidence of right-to-left atrial shunting in patients without obvious congenital heart disease. The present study was performed for this purpose.
Tc-99m-labeled fibrinogen receptor antagonists: design and synthesis of cyclic RGD peptides for the detection of thrombi

Abstract Tc-99m labeled derivatives of N-Me-Arg-Gly-Asp containing cyclic peptide GP IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists are potential radiopharmaceuticals for the diagnosis of thrombosis. The design and synthesis of these peptides are described. These compounds are incorporated in rapidly growing thrombi under both arterial and venous conditions in canine models. Thrombi are clearly visible in images acquired at 50 min.
Atrial Fibrillation in Practice.

With rapid advances in our understanding of atrial fibrillation, the focus in clinical practice is switching from prevention and palliation to complete cure. For information on the subject, clinicians can turn to numerous websites, and the topic is covered in many textbooks. However, Professor Lip and his publisher have identified the need for a pocket-size book on this most common of arrhythmias. In 68 pages and nine chapters he concisely covers all major aspects of atrial fibrillation from epidemiology to management strategies. The book is intended especially for internists, general practitioners, junior physicians and medical students, yet Professor Lip's simplification of the pathophysiology and electrophysiological mechanisms and pharmacological management will not rob it of interest to cardiologists or even cardiac electrophysiologists; indeed, it will prove a good reference source on the subject. Although a ‘British’ theme is evident throughout the book, especially in the chapters on epidemiology and management strategies, the coverage of all issues is based on worldwide research. On the inside of the cover is a simple flow diagram for management of atrial fibrillation that will help clinicians choose a pharmacological treatment and decide when to refer to a specialist centre for non-pharmacological therapy. In the USA, we are seeing increasing use of non-pharmacological methods—especially radiofrequency ablations—as adjunctive and at times curative modalities. The remarkable economy of space is achieved by liberal use of tables, boxes and bullet points; each chapter ends with a useful list of references as ‘further reading’. The quality of illustrations is good, and tables on pharmacological agents (referring to classification, route of administration, dosages and potential adverse effects) offer a quick and reliable source of information. Professor Lip has succeeded brilliantly with this brief guide.
A human genome-wide library of local phylogeny predictions for whole-genome inference problems

Many common inference problems in computational genetics depend on inferring aspects of the evolutionary history of a data set given a set of observed modern sequences. Detailed predictions of the full phylogenies are therefore of value in improving our ability to make further inferences about population history and sources of genetic variation. Making phylogenetic predictions on the scale needed for whole-genome analysis is, however, extremely computationally demanding. In order to facilitate phylogeny-based predictions on a genomic scale, we develop a library of maximum parsimony phylogenies within local regions spanning all autosomal human chromosomes based on Haplotype Map variation data. We demonstrate the utility of this library for population genetic inferences by examining a tree statistic we call 'imperfection,' which measures the reuse of variant sites within a phylogeny. This statistic is significantly predictive of recombination rate, shows additional regional and population-specific conservation, and allows us to identify outlier genes likely to have experienced unusual amounts of variation in recent human history. Recent theoretical advances in algorithms for phylogenetic tree reconstruction have made it possible to perform large-scale inferences of local maximum parsimony phylogenies from single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data. As results from the imperfection statistic demonstrate, phylogeny predictions encode substantial information useful for detecting genomic features and population history. This data set should serve as a platform for many kinds of inferences one may wish to make about human population history and genetic variation.
MediaMesh : An architecture for integrating isochronous processing algorithms into media servers

Current media servers do not provide the generality required to easily integrate arbitrary isochronous processing algorithms into streams of continuous media. Specifically, present day video server architectures primarily focus on disk and network strategies for efficiently managing available resources under stringent QoS guarantees. However, they do not fully consider the problems of integrating the wide variety of algorithms required for interactive multimedia applications. Examples of applications benefiting from a more flexible server environment include watermarking, encrypting or scrambling streams, visual VCR operations, and multiplexing or demultiplexing of live presentations. In this paper, we detail the MediaMesh architecture for integrating arbitrary isochronous processing algorithms into general purpose media servers. Our framework features a programming model through which user-written modules can be dynamically loaded and interconnected in self-managing graphs of stream processing components. Design highlights include novel techniques for distributed stream control, efficient buffer management and QoS management. To demonstrate its applicability, we have implemented the MediaMesh architecture in the context of a commercial video server. We illustrate the viability of the architecture through performance data collected from four processing modules that were implemented to facilitate new classes of applications on our video server.
Employer recruiting and the gender composition of jobs

Abstract In this paper we examine employer recruiting in the external labor market as an intervening mechanism in the process of job gender segregation. We use data from the Metropolitan Employer-Worker Survey to examine the effects of informal and formal recruiting techniques on the gender composition of jobs, and how the characteristics of jobs, organizations, occupations and industries affect the use of formal and informal recruiting. Jobs more frequently recruited through formal techniques, such as advertisements, employ more women. In contrast, jobs more frequently recruited through informal techniques, such as business colleagues, employ fewer women. The effects of recruiting, however, are not always straightforward. Smaller establishments more frequently use current employees to recruit than do larger establishments. When smaller establishments use current employees to recruit this has a negative effect on the representation of women in jobs, while in larger establishments the use of current employ...
Bayesian model updating and prognosis of fatigue crack growth

Abstract This paper presents a framework to update and predict crack length as a function of the number of cycles in structural elements subjected to fatigue. The framework has two main components: (i) a model updating section to identify the probability density function of the fracture mechanics parameters and (ii) a prognosis component used to estimate the crack length of the specimen as a function of the number of cycles. The form of the equation describing the stress intensity range is considered unknown and it is modeled as a polynomial equation function of the crack length. The polynomial coefficients are treated as random variables and their joint probability distribution, together with the probability distribution of other fracture mechanics parameters are computed using Bayesian inference. Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) is used to predict the crack length at some number of cycles in the future. The methodology is verified using experimental data from a compact tension specimen under constant amplitude load (CAL), a plate with a center crack under variable amplitude load (VAL) and numerically validated using a T-section beam girder with a crack in the web under CAL, and a plate with an inclined center through crack subjected to CAL.
What the Longest Exposures from the Hubble Space Telescope Will Reveal

Detailed simulations are presented of the longest exposures on representative fields that will be obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope, as well as predictions for the numbers and types of objects that will be recorded with exposures of different durations. The Hubble Space Telescope will reveal the shapes, sizes, and content of faint, distant galaxies and could discover a new population of Galactic stars.
Acorn selection by Mexican jays: a test of a tri-trophic symbiotic relationship hypothesis.

By caching acorns, jays serve as important dispersal agents for oak (Quercus) species. Yet little is known about which acorn characteristics affect selection by jays. In the traditional model of jay/oak symbiosis, large, brown, ripe acorns free of invertebrate parasites (e.g., Curculio acorn weevils) are selected by jays. Recently, it has been suggested that a tri-trophic relationship between oaks, jays, and weevils may have evolved to counter the negative dietary effects of acorn tannins. Under the tri-trophic model, jays would preferentially select acorns containing weevil larvae. We tested the assumptions that (1) acorns containing curculionid larvae exist in sufficient quantities to support jay populations and (2) jays can detect, and preferentially select, acorns containing weevil larvae, and investigated the cues by which jays select acorns. Captive Mexican jays (Aphelocomaultramarina) were presented Emory oak (Quercusemoryi) acorns in aviary feeding trials. Large, dense, viable acorns free of curculionid larvae were preferentially selected. Contrary to results of previous research, color did not affect selection. Acorn viability increased and curculionid larval occupancy decreased in adjacent savannas and isolated stands relative to existing oak woodland, perhaps favoring oak recruitment into adjacent lower-elevation grasslands. Our results compel us to reject the tri-trophic model for this system, and are consistent with the traditional jay/oak symbiosis model. Relatively long-distance dispersal of viable acorns favors Emory oak replacement, and spatial patterns of acorn viability and curculionid parasitism suggest expansion of Emory oak into adjacent low-elevation semi-arid grasslands.
A comparative study of the intelligence of Jewish preschool boys and girls of orthodox parentage.

(1957). A Comparative Study of the Intelligence of Jewish Preschool Boys and Girls of Orthodox Parentage. The Journal of Genetic Psychology: Vol. 90, No. 1, pp. 17-22.
Solving the all-pair shortest path query problem on interval and circular-arc graphs

In this paper, we study the following all-pair shortest path query problem: Given the interval model of an unweighted interval graph of n vertices, build a data structure such that each query on the shortest path (or its length) between any pair of vertices of the graph can be processed efficiently (both sequentially and in parallel). We show that, after sorting the input intervals by their endpoints, a data structure can be constructed sequentially in O(n) time and O(n) space; using this data structure, each query on the length of the shortest path between any two intervals can be answered in O(1) time, and each query on the actual shortest path can be answered in O(k) time, where k is the number of intervals on that path. Furthermore, this data structure can be constructed optimally in parallel, in O(log n) time using O(n/log n) CREW PRAM processors; each query on the actual shortest path can be answered in O(1) time using k processors. Our techniques can be extended to solving the all-pair shortest path query problem on circular-arc graphs, both sequentially and in parallel, in the same complexity bounds. As an immediate consequence of our results, we improve by a factor of n the space complexity of the previously best-known sequential all-pair shortest path algorithm for unweighted interval graphs.
Asymmetrical hysteresis in exchange-biased multilayers with out-of-plane applied fields

The angular dependence of exchange bias with the applied field parallel to the film plane has been well established. Here we report on the characteristics of exchange bias with the field rotated out of the film plane at angle $\ensuremath{\theta}$ from the film plane. The hysteresis loop shifts from the origin not only along the field axis but also along the magnetization axis. Both ${H}_{E}$ and ${H}_{C}$ increase with a $1∕\mathrm{cos}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\theta}$, which can be accounted by considering the angular dependence of anisotropy introduced during the field cooling.
What Do Older Adults Seek in Their Potential Romantic Partners? Evidence from Online Personal Ads:

Because of the dearth of available partners, older women looking to date may have to relax their dating standards to find a dating partner, perhaps accepting a life situation that is not what they had hoped for. However older women may be reluctant to sacrifice an often recently-gained lifestyle free of caregiving obligations. Older men, on the other hand, have a large pool of potential dating partners and do not face the same dilemma. We compared Internet dating profiles for 100 older adults and 100 younger adults, and found that older adults (and especially older women) were more selective than younger adults when it came to the age, race, religion, income, and height of a prospective dating partner. However, older adults were willing to travel substantially farther than younger adults to meet the right partner. These findings paint a clear picture of older Internet daters as eager to meet the right person, but not desperate to meet just anyone.
Pulsed laser deposition of titanium nitride and diamond-like carbon films on polymers

We have investigated the deposition of titanium nitride (TiN) and diamond-like carbon (DLC ) films on polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) substrates using pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique. The TiN and diamond-like films were deposited by laser ablation (KrF excimer laser λ = 248 nm, pulse duration τ∼25 × 10−9 s, energy density ∼2−15J/cm2) of TiN and graphite targets, respectively, at room temperature. These films were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, Auger electron spectroscopy, UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The TiN films were smooth and found to be polycrystalline with average grain size of 120A. The diamond-like carbon films were amorphous with a characteristic Raman peak at 1550 cm−1. The TiN films are highly adherent to the polymer substrates as compare to DLC films. The adhesion strength of DLC films on polymers was increased by interposing thin TiN layer (200A) on polymers byin-situ pulsed laser deposition. The DLC films were found to be amorphous with good adhesion to TiN/PMMA substrates.
Prevalence of Osseous Pathology in the Articular Process Articulations in the Equine Cervical and Cranial Thoracic Vertebrae

Reasons for performing study Osteoarthritis (OA) of the articular processes (APs) is recognised as a clinical condition in the equine cervical spine, but there is little information on the prevalence and distribution of OA in the APs of the cervical and cranial thoracic vertebrae. Objectives To determine the prevalence and distribution of OA in the APs of the equine cervical and cranial thoracic vertebrae in relation to vertebral level, age and size of the horse and side of the neck. Study design A post mortem longitudinal randomised study of 53 horses. Hypotheses OA is more prevalent and more severe in the APs of the cervicothoracic junction, the prevalence and severity of OA increases with horse age and size, and OA is equally distributed on left and right sides. Methods The cervical (C1–C7) and cranial thoracic (T1–T7) vertebrae of 53 horses were removed at necropsy and boiled out. Based on the size (percentage) of the joint margin that was affected, OA of the 4 APs of each vertebra was graded on a scale of 0 (no osseous lesions) to 3 (severe osseous lesions). Based on these grades, a 3-factor ANOVA was used to test the random effects of horse, age (young, old) and size (small, large), and the fixed factors of side (left, right) and vertebral level (C1 to T7). Results OA lesions were most severe in the mid-cervical vertebrae (C3–C4) followed by the cervicothoracic curvature (C5–T1). Severity of OA increased with age and size of the horse but there was no difference between left and right sides. Conclusions OA is symmetrically present with higher severity in the mid-cervical and cervicothoracic regions and with higher prevalence in older and larger horses. These factors support bilateral injections in specific APs for clinical treatment of OA in the equine cervical spine. Ethical animal research: Approval for this study was obtained under Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee number 02-11/020-00. Explicit owner informed consent for participation in this study was not stated but general permission for post mortem examination was given. Sources of funding: Supported by the CVM Endowed Research Funds and the McPhail Endowment at Michigan State University. Competing interests: None.
Inspiring Engineering Minds to Advance Human Health: The Henry Samueli School of Engineering's Department of BME

The growth of biomedical engineering at The Henry Samueli School of Engineering at the University of California, Irvine (UCI) has been rapid since the Center for Biomedical Engineering was first formed in 1998 [and was later renamed as the Department of Biomedical Engineering (BME) in 2002]. Our current mission statement, “Inspiring Engineering Minds to Advance Human Health,” serves as a reminder of why we exist, what we do, and the core principles that we value and by which we abide. BME exists to advance the state of human health via engineering innovation and practices. To attain our goal, we are empowering our faculty to inspire and mobilize our students to address health problems. We treasure the human being, particularly the human mind and health. We believe that BME is where minds are nurtured, challenged, and disciplined, and it is also where the health of the human is held as a core mission value that deserves our utmost priority (Figure 1). Advancing human health is not a theoretical practice; it requires bridging between disciplines (engineering and medicine) and between communities (academic and industry).
The effect of biliary enteroenterostomy on the pharmacokinetics of enterally administered cyclosporine in rats.

A major factor in poor bioavailability of cyclosporine in children undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation appears to be poor absorption of the drug. Our hypothesis is that the Roux-en-Y choledochojejunostomy used for biliary drainage in these children causes cyclosporine malabsorption by reducing the length of bowel available for absorption and by distally displacing the entry of bile into the intestine. In these experiments, we determined the effect of biliary enteroenterostomy on the pharmacokinetics of enterally administered cyclosporine in Sprague-Dawley rats. Experimental rats (n = 24) were prepared for study by constructing self-emptying jejunal blind loops. Sham rats (n = 9) had jejunal transection and reanastomosis. Control rats (n = 26) had no operation. Two to 4 weeks later, chronic biliary-enteric fistulae were formed in all animals. In experiments, [3H]cyclosporine was delivered into the duodenum while the site of bile delivery varied. Hourly and cumulative [3H]cyclosporine excretion into bile was quantitated, which our preliminary data show to be a valid estimate of absorption. In control rats, bile was delivered into the duodenum or was replaced with saline and sucrose solution. In experimental rats, bile was infused either into the duodenum, which tested bowel shortening only, or into the proximal end of the blind loop, which tested the combined effects of bowel shortening and distal displacement of bile entry. In sham rats, bile was infused into the duodenum, which controlled for previous abdominal surgery, or into the mid-jejunum, which tested for distal bile entry only. Two effects of biliary enteroenterostomy on cyclosporine absorption were observed. First, distal displacement of bile entry into the intestinal lumen reduced drug absorption by about 50%. Compared to control rats with duodenal bile (n = 15), which excreted 14.8 ± 3.3% of the label into bile in 24 hr, and sham rats with duodenal bile (n = 4), which excreted 14.6 ± 1.3%, experimental animals with loop bile (n = 13) excreted 7.7 ± 2.1% and sham rats with midjejunal bile (n = 5) excreted 7.2 ± 1.8%. Control rats with no bile (n = 11) excreted 3.2 ± 1.6%. Second, reduction of bowel length by constructing the enteroenterostomy reduced absorption by 25%. Experimental rats with duodenal bile (n = 11) excreted 11.2 ± 2.5%. These data suggest that the surgical approach to biliary reconstruction after orthotopic liver transplantation in children can contribute to poor cyclosporine bioavailability.
Unintended consequences: Ventures and misadventures in the education of professional psychologists

Increasing professionalization of psychology, accelerated by expansion of professional schools, has evoked concern among critics, who claim that many practitioners ignore scientific research and engage in practices that are demonstrably useless or harmful. Recent data on admissions to professional schools and performance of professional school graduates show cause for concerns of the critics. If psychology is to maintain its stature as a profession, exclusionary controls as well as hortatory requirements for the practice of psychology and the education of practitioners must be established and enforced. Before more stringent standards can be imposed, convincing means for evaluating competence in professional work and quality in professional education must be developed. Local and institutional actions to advance those aims are proposed.
Some Umbelliferae of the Andean paramos of South America

Two Colombian species described earlier by the authors underPrionosciadium, and a hitherto unnamed collection from the same country are systematically compared with North AmericanPrionosciadium and the monotypic generaCotopaxia (Ecuador) andPerissocoeleum (Colombia). Habit, foliage, inflorescence, fruit, and distribution all suggest that the paramo species exhibit considerable unity ifCotopaxia is excluded. It is indicated also that the genusPrionosciadium has been attributed to South America incorrectly. Despite the somewhat discordant evidence obtained from pollen morphology, it is concluded that the most feasible disposition of the four Colombian plants is to unite them underPerissocoeleum.
Role of electrostatic interactions in two-dimensional self-assembly of tobacco mosaic viruses on cationic lipid monolayers.

We explore two-dimensional self-assembly of tobacco mosaic viruses (TMVs) on a substrate-supported, fluid lipid monolayer by manipulating the electrostatic interactions, with specific focus on the effects of the cationic lipid concentration in the monolayer and the presence of Ca{sup 2+} ions in the surrounding bulk solution. The TMV assemblies were characterized by grazing-incidence X-ray scattering and atomic force microscopy, and the inter-particle interaction quantified through X-ray scattering data analysis. In the absence of Ca{sup 2+} ions, we found that higher charge densities on the lipid monolayer led to poorer in-plane order, which may be attributed to faster adsorption kinetics, due to the surface potential that increases with charge density. At the same time, higher lipid-charge densities also resulted in weaker repulsion between TMVs, due to partial screening of Coulomb repulsion by mobile cationic lipids in the monolayer. The lipid-charge dependence was diminished with increasing concentration of Ca{sup 2+} ions, which also led to tighter packing of TMVs. The results indicate that Ca{sup 2+} ions strengthen the screening of Coulomb repulsion between TMVs and consequently enhance the role of attractive forces. Control experiments involving Na{sup +} ions suggest that the attractive inter-TMV interaction has contributions from both the van der Waalsmore » force and the counter-ion-induced attraction that depends on ion valence.« less
The liver is an organ site for the release of inosine metabolized by non-glycolytic pig red cells

Abstract The metabolic energy source used by the pig red cell, which is unable to metabolize blood-borne glucose, was examined. Potential physiological substrates include adenosine, inosine, ribose, deoxyribose, dihydroxyacetone and glyceraldehyde, of which inosine was previously implicated. A net ATP synthesis by red cells occurs during in situ perfusion through the adult miniature pig liver. HPLC analysis of the perfusate revealed the presence primarily of inosine and hypoxanthine. Inosine production by the liver was 0.015 μmol/g per min. Moreover, red cells maintain ATP when suspended in a balanced salt medium during a 6 h incubation at 38°C, in which inosine is continuously infused to give an external concentration of no more than 3 μmol/l, mimicking its plasma level. Inosine consumption under these infusion conditions was 56 nmol/ml cell per h, which is two orders of magnitude lower than when inosine is present in millimolar concentration. The total red cell inosine consumption of 9.63 μmol/h is much less than the total liver inosine production of 212 μmol/h. These findings suggest that the liver is an organ site elaborating inosine, and that maintenance of a 3 μmol/l inosine in plasma is sufficient to meet the energy requirements of the pig red cells.
Carpal tunnel syndrome caused by Mycobacterium fortuitum and Histoplasma capsulatum: Report of two cases

✓ Two unusual cases are presented in which carpal tunnel syndrome was found to be the presenting manifestation of Histoplasma capsulatum and atypical mycobacterial infection. General diagnostic and therapeutic points are reviewed.
Evidence for Spanish influence on activity induced musculoskeletal stress markers at Pecos Pueblo

In the present study, hypotheses regarding the effect of Spanish contact on some habitual activities among the indigenous population of Pecos Pueblo, New Mexico, are tested using analyses of upper body musculoskeletal stress markers (MSM). Historical records demonstrate that the Spanish desired maize, animal hides, woven cotton mantas, and labour from the Puebloan Indians of this area. Therefore, it is hypothesized that a comparison of MSM data from pre- and post-Spanish contact groups at Pecos would display evidence of intensification of activities related to the procurement of these goods. The MSM data from this research do support the contention that Spanish contact had an effect on habitual activities performed by both sexes; however, the number of muscles demonstrating a statistically significant difference over time is limited. Yet trends in the mean MSM expression as well as rank order of these muscles and others uphold the hypothesized increase in maize production and processing as well as an increase in burden bearing. No evidence is found to support an increase in weaving activity. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
E-selectin engages PSGL-1 and CD44 through a common signaling pathway to induce integrin αLβ2-mediated slow leukocyte rolling

In inflamed venules, neutrophils rolling on E-selectin induce integrin αLβ2-dependent slow rolling on intercellular adhesion molecule-1 by activating Src family kinases (SFKs), DAP12 and Fc receptor-γ (FcRγ), spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), and p38. E-selectin signaling cooperates with chemokine signaling to recruit neutrophils into tissues. Previous studies identified P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) as the essential E-selectin ligand and Fgr as the only SFK that initiate signaling to slow rolling. In contrast, we found that E-selectin engagement of PSGL-1 or CD44 triggered slow rolling through a common, lipid raft–dependent pathway that used the SFKs Hck and Lyn as well as Fgr. We identified the Tec kinase Bruton tyrosine kinase as a key signaling intermediate between Syk and p38. E-selectin engagement of PSGL-1 was dependent on its cytoplasmic domain to activate SFKs and slow rolling. Although recruiting phosphoinositide-3-kinase to the PSGL-1 cytoplasmic domain was reported to activate integrins, E-selectin–mediated slow rolling did not require phosphoinositide-3-kinase. Studies in mice confirmed the physiologic significance of these events for neutrophil slow rolling and recruitment during inflammation. Thus, E-selectin triggers common signals through distinct neutrophil glycoproteins to induce αLβ2-dependent slow rolling.
Increased virus in eggs injected with cortisone.

SummaryThe concentration of Lee, PR8, or mumps virus in the allantoic fluid of eggs injected with cortisone acetate is significantly greater than the concentration of these agents in the allantoic fluid of control eggs.
RpoS, the Stress Response Sigma Factor, Plays a Dual Role in the Regulation of Escherichia coli's Error-Prone DNA Polymerase IV

RpoS, Escherichia coli's general stress response sigma factor, regulates error-prone DNA polymerase IV (Pol IV) (encoded by the dinB gene). Pol IV is induced in stationary-phase cells, and thereafter, levels of the protein remain elevated for several days of continuous incubation. This induction and persistence in stationary-phase cells are dependent on RpoS. Data presented here show that this regulation is direct via the RpoS-directed transcription of the dinB gene. However, a loss of RpoS also results in a decrease in Pol IV-dependent mutation when Pol IV is overexpressed from an RpoS-independent promoter in exponentially growing cells. The loss of RpoS also increases cell sensitivity to 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide, indicating that RpoS affects the ability of Pol IV to bypass DNA lesions. Thus, in addition to directly driving the transcription of the dinB gene in stationary-phase cells, RpoS regulates the activity of Pol IV in exponentially growing cells via a second, indirect pathway.
Proton and sodium 23 magnetic resonance imaging of human ocular tissues. A model study.

• Clinical evaluation of uveal melanomas by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques depends on developing an understanding of the appearance of these tumors in magnetic resonance (MR) images. We have determined MR characteristics of uveal melanomas by proton ( 1 H) and sodium 23 MRI of freshly enucleated human eyes at 1.5 tesla. The MR images were obtained using two-turn proton and 23 Na surface coils, designed to both transmit and receive the radiofrequency signal. Proton MRI techniques included saturation recovery and spin echo; the gradient-recalled echo technique was used for 23 Na MRI. Proton and 23 Na MR images provide complementary information; contrast between intraocular tumors and vitreous, lens, or subretinal hemorrhage may be varied by using MR pulse sequences that emphasize tissues based on T 1 , T 2 , proton, or sodium density values. A combination of proton and 23 Na MRI provides differentiation between normal ocular structures and intraocular tumors, as well as associated complications, such as retinal detachments and subretinal hemorrhages.
Structural phase transitions in liquid-crystal films induced by an applied electric field.

We study structural phase transitions among modulated phases of liquid-crystal films. As a function of an applied electric field, we find that both square-lattice and hexagonal modulated phases are possible. The latter are similar to hexagonal phases predicted for smectic-C* films. In contrast with reconstructive transitions, however, we predict that the square-lattice modulated phase can undergo a continuous evolution to the hexagonal phase. Intermediate between these two phases is a phase of lower symmetry.
Calculation of the antineutrino source term during CANDU reactor startup

Abstract The lack of charge and small mass of the antineutrino ensures an extremely low interaction probability with all matter, effectively making the particle impossible to shield. Since differing antineutrino energy spectra are produced by each fissionable isotope, the antineutrino flux will also change as a function of burn-up. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and Sandia National Laboratory are preparing a 4 cubic meter detector to be deployed at the CANDU reactor at Point Lepreau Generating Station in New Brunswick, Canada. The purpose of this research was to model a CANDU core for normal and atypical operation to analyze changes in antineutrino emission and explore the effectiveness of using antineutrino detectors at detecting these changes. A computational model was created using the TRITON module from the SCALE6.1 code package coupled with Python for a single bundle and full refueled core models. Dependence of the antineutrino rate on power and bundle replacement was analyzed, with a 10% change in power causing a 10% change in antineutrino rate, and the CANDU detector effectively measuring a 10% decrease in power within 9 h of collection time. Bundle refueling was shown to only slightly modify the antineutrino rate, requiring a target volume more than 20 times larger than the present detector to effectively identify the change due to the bundles refueled over a one week period. Diversion of 15% or more of the total amount of bundles can be effectively measured by the CANDU detector within a one month counting period.
Comparative Evaluation of Absorption Models for ρ Exchange

We determine the effective rescattering'' needed to explain the detailed features of the p-exchange amplitudes in pi N scattering in a Reggeized absorption model. We discuss in what way this differs from elastic scattering and whether or not Regge-Regge cuts can account for the difference. We consider the cases that the p-exchange amplitudes have nonsense-wrong-signature-zeros and compare with previouss work im which they did not. Also we consider whether adding a secondary trajectory provides an altenative solution to the diffculties with conventional absorption model treatments. (auth)