cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanochemical coupling in flagella. II. Effects of viscosity and thiourea on metabolism and motility of Ciona spermatozoa.

The relation between oxygen consumption and motility of Ciona spermatozoa has been measured by using pH stats to measure the acid production of spermatozoa swimming in dilute suspensions where their motility can be analyzed accurately, and calibrating the acid production by measuring it simultaneously with measurements of oxygen consumption, using more concentrated sperm suspensions. When the motility of the spermatozoa is inhibited by thiourea or by increased viscosity, their oxygen consumption decreases in proportion to the decrease in beat frequency. 80–85 % of their oxygen consumption appears to be tightly coupled to motility. The amount of movement-coupled oxidative metabolism per beat remains nearly constant, even when there are significant changes in the energy required per beat for movement against the viscous resistance of the medium. This implies that under these conditions, where the radius of curvature of flagellar bending remains constant, the amount of ATP used is determined by a stoichiometric relation to bending rather than by the energy requirement. The movement-coupled oxidative metabolism appears to be sufficient to generate approximately two molecules of ATP per beat for each molecule of the flagellar ATPase, dynein.
Optical Absorption in Glass: Investigation Using an Acoustic Technique

Experimental studies have indicated that chopped light entering a high pressure gas cell may produce sound in the gas even though the gas is not ir absorbing. Investigation into the source of this sound showed it to be due to interaction of the incident light with the cell window. The dependence of the sound pressure amplitude on cell pressure p0 indicates a p0(1/2) dependence, implying that the responsible mechanism is a diffusion process. Application of theory is successful in explaining both the quantitative and qualitative aspects of the data if the existence of an optically absorbing surface layer is assumed. The results obtained here are in general consistent with data obtained from studies of laser damage in glasses at high intensities.
Progeny testing for recessive genes: procedures and interpretations

Methods for calculating the probability of detecting a carrier of a recessive gene by utilizing matings among related individuals are presented for single and litter bearing species. The confidence level for detection of heterozygosity depends upon: (1) the genetic relationship between mates, (2) the number of mates per male and the number of offspring per mate, (3) whether an estimate of recessive gene frequency before selection is available and (4) the magnitude of that frequency. Methods of computing probability of heterozygosity vs homozygosity utilizing Bayes theorem also are presented. In the conventional progeny test method, a sire initially is assumed heterozygous before calculations are made, but no prior information concerning his probable genotype is utilized. In the method using Bayes theorem, prior sources of information from relatives or from estimates of population allele frequency are utilized. This method gives the exact probability that a sire is not a carrier, given prior information and that he produces all normal offspring. These methods could be used in any sexually reproducing species to identify not only detrimental genes but beneficial genes as well.
Carbon Cycle Modelling

The Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE) was established in 1969 by the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) to assemble, review, and assess information on man-made environmental changes and the effects of these changes on man. The work of this committee has already resulted in 17 books dealing with a wide range of environmental problems, with particular emphasis on the needs of developing countries. The global carbon cycle was described and analyzed in SCOPE Report 13, published in 1979. The volume under review, SCOPE Report 16, carries this analysis further. It presents the results of a workshop on carbon cycle modeling held at Scripps Institution of Oceanography in March 1979. The goal of the workshop was to assess the status of quantitative models of the global carbon cycle, to compare the predictions of different models, to develop methods for testing the reliability of these predictions, and to suggest how future models might be made more realistic.
Polycentrism, commuting, and residential location in the San Francisco Bay area.

The San Francisco Bay Area has taken on a distinct polycentric metropolitan form, with three tiers of hierarchical employment centers encircling downtown San Francisco, the region's primary center. In this paper it is found that polycentric development is associated with differentials in suburban and urban commute trip times: commute trips made by employees of suburban centers are shorter in duration than commute trips made by their counterparts in larger and denser urban centers. Differentials were even greater, however, with respect to commuting modal splits. Lower density, outlying employment centers averaged far higher rates of drive-alone automobile commuting and insignificant levels of transit commuting. Smaller, outlying centers were also the least self-contained, with a large number averaging twenty or more times as many external as internal commutes. The effects of housing availability and prices on the residential locational choices of those working both in urban and in suburban employment cente...
Global Health Research in Narrative: A Qualitative Look at the FICRS-F Experience

Abstract. For American professional and graduate health sciences trainees, a mentored fellowship in a low- or middle-income country (LMIC) can be a transformative experience of personal growth and scientific discovery. We invited 86 American trainees in the Fogarty International Clinical Research Scholars and Fellows Program and Fulbright–Fogarty Fellowship 2011–2012 cohorts to contribute personal essays about formative experiences from their fellowships. Nine trainees contributed essays that were analyzed using an inductive approach. The most frequently addressed themes were the strong continuity of research and infrastructure at Fogarty fellowship sites, the time-limited nature of this international fellowship experience, and the ways in which this fellowship period was important for shaping future career planning. Trainees also addressed interaction with host communities vis-a-vis engagement in project implementation. These qualitative essays have contributed insights on how a 1-year mentored LMIC-based research training experience can influence professional development, complementing conventional evaluations. Full text of the essays is available at http://fogartyscholars.org/.
Misplaced marketing Read Homer Simpson’s lips: “Don’t do drugs!”

Questions the US Government’s (Office of National Drug Control Policy) legislation which encouraged broadcasters to run anti‐drug story lines in their programmes. By doing so, the broadcasters were allowed to reduce the number of legally required obligations to run anti‐drug commercials. The decision was made in response to the unpopular 1997 legislation which provided $1 billion to purchase anti‐drug commercials on the stipulation that broadcasters donate one time slot for every one bought. Asserts that messages supplied in story lines have not been measured in terms of their effectiveness in persuading the audience whereas targeted commercials have. Questions the motivations of the White House.
H441 Pulmonary Epithelial Cell Mitogenic Effects and Signaling Pathways in Response to Hgf and Tgf-α

Pulmonary epithelial cells are important in lung growth, development, and injury. H441 pulmonary adenocarcinoma cells may be a useful model for studying pulmonary epithelial cell growth factor responses in vitro. Isolated pulmonary epithelial type II cells proliferate in response to transforming growth factor (TGF)-alpha via the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor. Type II cells also proliferate in response to hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). In the present study, H441 cell responses to these growth factors were examined, and compared to type II cells. Both the EGF-R and the c-met proto-oncogene receptor, to which HGF binds, were immunoprecipitated from H441 cells. In H441 cells, addition of TGF-alpha resulted in phosphorylation of the EGF receptor and increased cell number and tritiated thymidine incorporation. Incubation with HGF resulted in phosphorylation of its c-met proto-oncogene receptor in type II and H441 cells, and also increased cell number and tritiated thymidine incorporation. Both HGF and TGF-alpha stimulated phosphorylation of the intracellular signaling molecules p42 and p44 mitogen activated protein kinases in H441 cells. H441 cells exhibited responses to mitogenic growth factors similar to type II cells and may be useful as a model for type II cell growth factor responses and signal transduction.
Equiangular microstrip spiral antennas

The input impedance and the broadside axial ratio of a perturbed equiangular microstrip spiral antennas are examined. With the perturbation (modification factor /spl delta/) on its shape, the broadside axial ratio of the equiangular spiral can be significantly reduced. A 21% 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth has been observed. The antenna input resistance can be effectively changed by varying the spiral starting winding angle.
The effects of intravenous cimetidine and metoclopramide on gastric pH and volume in outpatients.

Abstract Study Objective: To evaluate and compare the preinduction effects of intravenously (IV) administered cimetidine alone and combined with metoclopramide on gastric contents and postoperative nausea and vomiting in outpatients undergoing elective surgery. Design: Patients were allocated randomly to 4 groups with 20 patients in each group. Setting: Ambulatory surgery at a university-affiliated city hospital. Patients: Eighty patients undergoing elective gynecologic or orthopedic procedures were studied. Interventions: Outpatients in Group 1 and inpatients in Group 2 served as controls. Outpatients in Group 3 received 300 mg of cimetidine, and outpatients in Group 4 received 300 mg of cimetidine and 10 mg of metoclopramide. All drugs were administered IV as an infusion over a 15-minute period, 30 to 45 minutes prior to induction of anesthesia. Measurements and Main Results: After induction of general anesthesia and endotracheal intubation, stomach contents were retrieved and volume and pH measured. Group 1 outpatients had a large residual gastric volume of 29.2 ± 15.9 ml, with a very low pH of 2.32 ± 1.23 and 15% frequency of postoperative vomiting. These patients are at high risk of developing significant pneumonitis in the event of the aspiration of gastric contents. The combination of cimetidine and metoclopramide in Group 4 provided the optimal, or safest, condition—i.e., high gastric pH [6.15 ± 0.71 (p Conclusions: The combination of cimetidine and metoclopramide given to ambulatory patients during the preinductive phase may prevent severe pulmonary consequences should aspiration occur and is more effective in this regard than cimetidine alone.
Mosquito Control with Active Principle of Garlic, Allium sativum

Crude methanolic extracts were obtained from minced dehydrated garlic, Allium sativum L., and after the solvent was removed, the extracts were resuspended in water. An oil fraction was obtained from reconstituted minced dehydrated garlic by steam distillation. Both the crude extract and the oil fraction were found to be larvicidal in nature and active against 3rd-stage larvae of Culex peus Speiser, C. tarsalis Coquillett, Aedes aegypti (L.), A. triseriatus (Say), A. sierrensis (Ludlow), and 3rd- and 4th-stage larvae of highly insecticide-resistant strains of A. nigromaculis (Ludlow). An LC50 for 3rd-stage C. tarsalis larvae was obtained with 25 ppm of crude extract and 2 ppm of a partially purified oil fraction, indicating that the active principle was present in the oil of garlic. The partially purified oil fraction was 12.5 times more potent to this species than the crude extract.
Improving single-ended channel performance with a dynamic reference voltage scheme

For high-speed signaling, differential channels are now commonly used because of the improved noise immunity and receiver sensitivity that can be achieved compared to the single-ended channels that had been widely used in electronic systems until recently. However, single-ended channels have the distinct advantage of only needing one signal trace per signal, which in a well-controlled impedance, low-noise environment can provide equivalent bandwidth per pin at a lower silicon area and lower power demand than differential signals. To provide an effective low-noise environment for the receiver threshold tolerance, a power noise compensation scheme consisting of a dynamic forwarded reference voltage, is proposed. This improves the overall performance of the Elastic Interface (El) bus [1], a single-ended high speed signaling technology used in IBM systems. We explore the range of voltage differences that could be observed at the transmit and receive circuits and how those differences can be mitigated to enhance the performance of the system. Simulations for channels with varying voltage characteristics confirm the anticipated performance improvement.
Resolving tectonic problems by dating detrital minerals

191 Geochronology and thermochronology applied to detrital minerals such as zircons, monazites, white micas, and apatites have received increasing attention in the past decade for their unique power to determine the timing of crystallization and multiple tectono-thermal events, with relevance for sediment provenance, tectonic processes, and erosion. Recent breakthroughs in multi-dating (applying different geochronologic and thermochronologic systems to the same detrital grains) allow for unprecedented levels of detail in provenance and tectonic studies of detrital sediments. The common pre-conditions for application of these methods are: (1) the source areas are characterized by rocks with different tectonic histories recorded by distinctive crystallization and cooling ages, and (2) the source rocks contain the selected mineral. Whereas zircons occur in most magmatic, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks, other minerals, such as apatite, monazite, and white mica, are less abundant. This is why zircon geochronology and thermochronology is a particularly useful approach to detrital studies. In cases where different sources are characterized by the same zircon U-Pb ages, differential metamorphism and/or exhumation may produce distinctive thermochronological ages. It is also important to note that different
The Ideological Congruence Controversy: The Impact of Alternative Measures, Data, and Time Periods on the Effects of Election Rules

Focusing on the left-right scale as a summary measure of citizens’ and representatives’ preferences, a growing body of literature has used a variety of approaches and data in measuring positions of citizens and representatives. The most recent studies, contrary to previous ones, show no significant difference between ideological congruence in single member district (SMD) and proportional representation (PR) electoral systems. This article examines the major alternative measurement approaches and data sets, finding that recent results are due to differences in time period, not differences in measurement approach. The associations between election rules and ideological congruence are relatively robust to various measurement approaches, as are estimations of the causal processes shaping ideological congruence. The association between election rules and congruence has declined in the past decade, as shown by all three major approaches, due primarily to convergence toward the median of plurality parties in the...
Cure and Mechanical Behavior of Rubber Compounds Containing Ground Vulcanizates. Part II—Mooney Viscosity

Abstract Mooney viscosities and thixotropic behavior have been determined for SBR melts containing carbon black and/or ground vulcanizate particles. A composition containing ambiently ground rubber has a higher viscosity than one with cryogenically ground rubber. This is attributed to occlusion of continuum rubber within the sponge-like, ambiently ground rubber; occlusion is not possible with the smooth, cryo-ground particles. Viscosity was independent of particle size. On an equal phr (weight) basis, the addition of N330 carbon black and cryo-ground rubber augment Mooney viscosity to a similar extent. While the Guth-Gold Equation is approximately applicable to black-filled melts, samples containing ground rubber are a much better fit by the simple Einstein Equation. Ground rubber addition has only a minor influence of thixotropy, in contrast to carbon black, which greatly increases thixotropy.
High Pain, No Gain: How Juvenile Administrative Fees Harm Low-Income Families in Alameda County, California

National attention is focused on racial and economic discrimination in the criminal justice system. Racially disproportionate interaction with the system leaves people of color with significantly more court-related debt. While criminal court debt has been described and condemned in the adult system, this issue has received virtually no attention in the juvenile system, where fees undermine rehabilitative goals. This report presents research findings about the practice of assessing and collecting fees on families with youth in the juvenile system in Alameda County, California. The County charges these fees to thousands of families who are already struggling to maintain economic and social stability, and the financial burden appears to fall most heavily on families of color. Although the fees are supposed to help the county recoup expenses, its own data suggest that the County barely recovers the most direct costs of collection.The report calls for an immediate moratorium and repeal on the assessment and collection of these regressive and racially discriminatory fees (NB: On March 29, 2019, the Alameda County Board of Supervisors imposed a fees moratorium and asked the relevant county departments to prepare for a full repeal by June 28, 2016).
Electric fences

THE ELECTRIC FENCE consists of one or more bare wires, such as ordinary barbed wire, insulated from ground, which are energized from a device called a controller. An animal or human touching the wire completes the circuit to ground, thereby receiving a painful but harmless shock. The wire is strung on insulators supported by lightweight poles at a vertical distance about three-quarters of the height of the animal.
Effects of potassium channel blockers on resting tone in isolated coronary arteries

The effects of several potassium channel blockers on resting vasomotor tone were studied in porcine isolated coronary arteries. Coronary artery rings were suspended in organ baths for isometric tension recording. The nonselective potassium channel blockers tetraethylammonium (TEA 10 -5 -3 x 10 -2 M) and 4-aminopyridine (4-AP 10 -5 -10 -2 M) caused concentration-dependent contractions that were similar in rings with and without endothelium. The concentration-response curves to TEA and 4-AP were unaffected by treatment with phentolamine (3 x 10 -6 M), propranolol (10 -6 M), or atropine (10 -6 M). Diltiazem (10 -5 M) almost abolished the contractions evoked by TEA and 4-AP. Charybdotoxin (10 -9 -10 -7 M) and apamin (10 -8 -10 -6 M), selective blockers of large and small calcium-activated potassium channels, respectively, and glyburide (10 -8 -10 -6 M), a selective blocker of ATP-sensitive potassium channels, caused little or no contraction in rings with or without endothelium. Therefore, in isolated coronary arteries, TEA and 4-AP caused contractions that were independent of the release of vasoactive mediators from the endothelium or perivascular nerves. These effects are not mediated by ATP-sensitive potassium channels or by large and small conductance calcium-activated potassium channels. The data are consistent with an effect of TEA and 4-AP on resting membrane potassium conductance in coronary arteries, resulting in contractions that are sensitive to inhibition by diltiazem. This pattern of responsiveness of isolated coronary arteries to potassium channel blockers differs from that observed in vessels from other vascular beds.
An Historical Sketch of Pluralism

The controversy in the American Philosophical Association between the analysts and the pluralists, a controversy initiated by the so-called pluraliste, invites philosophers to explore the meanings of pluralism in philosophy. Toward this public end I propose the present modest sketch of the history of pluralism. The figure of Aristotle looms large in my sketch of pluralism. Aristo tle's metaphysics centers primarily on the reality of individual substances and secondarily on the reality of essences. In the Categories he declared: "Substance, in the truest and most definite sense of the word, is that which is neither predicable of a subject nor present in a subject; for instance, the individual man or horse. But in a secondary sense those things are called substances within which, as species, the primary substances are included; also those which, as genera, include the species."1 Hence Aristotle provided the ontological basis for metaphysical pluralism?for the doctrine that the ultimate realities, whatever else they are, are many. Aristotle also laid the foundations for methodological pluralism. He proposed a model for the natural sciences grounded on principles which are inductively arrived at but which subsequently serve as axioms in deductive syllogistic reasoning. Thus he wedded formal logic and empirical fact, and he was aware of the plurality of empirical fields, genera, or subject-matters, each generating a different set of empirical premises and allowing varying degrees of precision. Moreover, it was alien to his way of thinking that language and logic could be divorced from questions of reference and truth. This is manifest in his formulation of the laws of thought?in particular, in his articulation and defense of the law of contradiction in Book IV, chapters 3 and 4 of the Metaphysics. It may be worthwhile to quote at the beginning the law of contradiction as Aristotle formulated it: "[T]he same attribute cannot at the same time belong and not belong to the same subject and in the same respect."2 He deemed this law to be "the most certain of principles,"3 and we ought to be guided by it in our discussions. As Aristotle observed: [I]t is impossible for
Microgravity two-phase flow at a pipe junction

Series of experiments were conducted to study two-phase gas liquid flow at a pipe junction (tee-junction) in reduced gravity. An air-water system was used for these tests. Properties of liquid was changed by adding glycerin or a surfactant. The experimental apparatus and procedure used for the study is described; observations made with flow visualization studies are presented. Quantitative measurements made to validate the experimental setup are also given. Preferential phase distribution at various fractional draw off values, pressure gradients before and after the pipe junction and pressure changes associated with the junction were measured. These results indicate the validity of the approach used to conduct these tests. Limitations of the present setup were also observed, and a number of changes that would improve performance and accuracy of measurements were identified. (Author)
Management of Moderate Hypertriglyceridemia in Childhood and Adolescence

In youth, high triglycerides(TGs) usually occur with low HDL-cholesterol(HDL-C) as combined dyslipidemia(CD) in the context of obesity. This is now the predominant dyslipidemic pattern in childhood, seen in 30 to 60 % of obese individuals. In adults, CD is the most common lipid pattern seen with premature coronary disease. At the lipid subpopulation level, hypertriglyceridemia and CD are represented as increased LDL particles and small, dense LDL plus reduced total HDL-C and large HDL, a highly atherogenic pattern. Hypertriglyceridemia and CD in childhood predict vascular dysfunction and pathologic evidence of atherosclerosis in adolescence, and early clinical cardiovascular events in adult life. Moderate hypertriglyceridemia and CD are highly responsive to lifestyle change and the evidence supporting weight loss, change in diet composition, and increased activity as effective treatment is used to develop recommendations for management. Drug treatment is rarely indicated, reserved for the adolescent with multiple additional high-level risk factors after intensive long-term efforts at lifestyle modification.
Transrectal Ultrasonography for Prostatic Cancer: Its Value in Staging and Monitoring the Response to Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy

AbstractCurrent methods to evaluate the size and local extent of prostatic cancer are imprecise. Quantitative assessments of changes after therapy are unreliable. We have used transrectal ultrasonography in 50 patients with clinically localized prostatic cancer to determine the value of this imaging technique in staging the local tumor and in monitoring the response of the tumor to therapy. Transverse images of the prostate were obtained at 5mm. intervals, and were used to determine the size and shape of the prostate, irregularity or discontinuity of the capsule, extracapsular extension of tumor and invasion into the seminal vesicles.Ultrasonography proved highly accurate in staging. Among 18 previously untreated patients whose tumor appeared to be confined to the prostate by rectal examination 8 (44 per cent) had extension beyond the prostate by ultrasonography, which was confirmed by operative findings. Serial ultrasonograms were performed before and after definitive radiotherapy in 7 patients and chemo...
While-you-wait proteins? Producing biomolecules at the point of need.

Potency and specificity have made protein drugs, or biologics, popular for the pharmaceutical industry due to their unparalleled potency and specificity. Due to their temperature sensitivity, however, storage and distribution remain challenges. Furthermore, industrial scale production of biologics is not well matched to the needs of personalized medicine. To take full advantage of the potential of biologics, new methodologies for their synthesis and purification are required to produce them when and where they are needed most at the point of care. Cell-free protein synthesis possesses the requisite portability and versatility to meet these needs. Some recent innovations that lead to distributed production techniques, enhanced product yields, and custom modifications will enable the rapid, on-demand production of personalized medicines.
Pim1 inhibition as a novel therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder worldwide. Clinically, AD is characterized by impairments of memory and cognitive functions. Accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles are the prominent neuropathologies in patients with AD. Strong evidence indicates that an imbalance between production and degradation of key proteins contributes to the pathogenesis of AD. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays a key role in maintaining protein homeostasis as it regulates both protein synthesis and degradation. A key regulator of mTOR activity is the proline-rich AKT substrate 40 kDa (PRAS40), which directly binds to mTOR and reduces its activity. Notably, AD patients have elevated levels of phosphorylated PRAS40, which correlate with Aβ and tau pathologies as well as cognitive deficits. Physiologically, PRAS40 phosphorylation is regulated by Pim1, a protein kinase of the protoconcogene family. Here, we tested the effects of a selective Pim1 inhibitor (Pim1i), on spatial reference and working memory and AD-like pathology in 3xTg-AD mice. We have identified a Pim1i that crosses the blood brain barrier and reduces PRAS40 phosphorylation. Pim1i-treated 3xTg-AD mice performed significantly better than their vehicle treated counterparts as well as non-transgenic mice. Additionally, 3xTg-AD Pim1i-treated mice showed a reduction in soluble and insoluble Aβ40 and Aβ42 levels, as well as a 45.2 % reduction in Aβ42 plaques within the hippocampus. Furthermore, phosphorylated tau immunoreactivity was reduced in the hippocampus of Pim1i–treated 3xTg-AD mice by 38 %. Mechanistically, these changes were linked to a significant increase in proteasome activity. These results suggest that reductions in phosphorylated PRAS40 levels via Pim1 inhibition reduce Aβ and Tau pathology and rescue cognitive deficits by increasing proteasome function. Given that Pim1 inhibitors are already being tested in ongoing human clinical trials for cancer, the results presented here may open a new venue of drug discovery for AD by developing more Pim1 inhibitors.
Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism in Hospitalized Patients

The rationale for thromboprophylaxis is based on the high prevalence of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Use of effective methods of prophylaxis is more cost-effective and is safer than selective, intensive screening for VTE. These therapeutic options will be discussed.
Patients with multiple traumatic amputations: An analysis of operation enduring freedom joint theatre trauma registry data

Abstract Introduction Improvised Explosive Devices (IED) are the primary wounding mechanism for casualties in Operation Enduring Freedom. Patients can sustain devastating traumatic amputations, which are unlike injuries seen in the civilian trauma sector. This is a database analysis of the largest patient registry of multiple traumatic amputations. Methods The Joint Theater Trauma Registry was queried for patients with a traumatic amputation from 2009 to 2012. Data obtained included the Injury Severity Score (ISS), Glasgow Coma Score (GCS), blood products, transfer from theatre, and complications including DVT, PE, infection ( Acinetobacter and fungal), acute renal failure, and rhabdomyolysis. Comparisons were made between number of major amputations (1–4) and specific outcomes using χ 2 and Pearson’s rank test, and multivariable logistic regression was performed for 30-day survival. Significance was considered with p Results We identified 720 military personnel with at least one traumatic amputation: 494 single, 191 double, 32 triple, and 3 quad amputees. Average age was 24.3 years (18–46), median ISS 24 (9–66), and GCS 15 (3–15). Tranexamic acid (TXA) was administered in 164 patients (23%) and tourniquets were used in 575 (80%). Both TXA and tourniquet use increased with increasing number of amputations (p Acinetobacter infection, coagulopathy, and compartment syndrome. Transfer to higher acuity facilities was achieved in 676 patients (94%). Conclusion Traumatic amputations from blast injuries require significant blood product transfusion, which increases with the number of amputations. Most complications also increase with the number of amputations. Despite high injury severity, 94% of traumatic amputation patients who are alive upon admission to a role II/III facility will survive to transfer to facilities with higher acuity care.
Grapsidae (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura) d'eau profonde du Pacifique sud-ouest

Trois especes de Grapsidae d'eau profonde, appartenant aux genres Euchirograpsus H. Milne Edwards, 1853 et Miersiograpsus Turkay, 1978, ont ete recoltees dans le Pacifique sud-ouest lors des campagnes francaises consacrees a la faune bathyale de cette region. Une espece nouvelle, E. tuerkayi n. sp., est decrite de l'archipel des Tuamotu, c'est une espece vicariante de E. antillensis Turkay, 1975, des Antilles. E. timorensis Turkay, 1975, qui n'etait connue que par un seul exemplaire de la mer de Timor, voit son aire de repartition etendue aux Philippines et a la Nouvelle-Caledonie. Miersiograpsus australiensis Turkay, 1978, qui n'etait connue que par deux exemplaires recoltes dans le Sud-Est de l'Australie, est signalee en Nouvelle-Caledonie.
Fourier-Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry☆

FT-ICR MS achieves the highest resolution and best mass measurement accuracy of any mass spectrometry method. These remarkable achievements are due to several factors, including multichannel detection, measurement of frequency, magnetic field stability, and dependence of cyclotron frequency on only the magnetic field and ion mass-to-charge ratio, not on ion kinetic energy and other factors. Significant advances in magnet technology, instrument design, and construction continue to enhance the capabilities of FT-ICR MS. FT-ICR has been applied to a variety of analytical challenges and is particularly suited to the analysis of complex mixtures and in applications where high resolution and mass measurement accuracy are critical analytical parameters.
Community-Based Interventions With Refugee Families Using a Family Systems Approach

The purpose of this article is to identify how family-focused, community-based interventions can be implemented with refugee families in order to enhance their well-being and adaptation to their new communities. Past efforts at delivering these family support interventions using the Prevention and Access Interventions for Families (PAIF) framework to refugee families are reviewed. Through the case study application, recommendations for supporting refugee families are provided.
Role of Serum Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) As a Prognostic Marker for Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Multiple Myeloma.

Abstract Abstract 3115 Background: The International Staging System (ISS), chromosomal abnormalities, and response to therapy are well recognized predictors of outcome in multiple myeloma (MM). However, the role of serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as a prognostic marker for MM is not well established. Recently we showed that high LDH at diagnosis of MM is a predictor of shorter survival. Here we report the impact of the LDH level at the time of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (auto-HCT) on its outcome. Methods: We evaluated 1,658 patients with symptomatic myeloma who underwent auto-HCT from July 1988 to December 2010 at our institution. The primary objective was to determine the impact of high LDH (>1000 IU/L) level, obtained on the start day of the preparative regimen, on progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Results: Patient characteristics according to LDH level at auto-HCT are summarized in Table 1 . Patients in the 2 LDH groups (>1000 or ≤ 1000) were matched for age, gender, disease status, and response to prior therapy at the time of auto-HCT. Patients with LDH >1000 IU/L had a significantly higher beta-2 microglobulin (β2m) and bone marrow plasmacytosis at the time of auto-HCT. Median times to neutrophil (10 vs. 10 days: p=0.10) and platelet engraftment (11.3 vs.12.2 days: p=0.20) were not different in the 2 groups. Also, there was no significant difference in CR, VGPR, PR or overall response rates between the 2 groups. Median follow up was 35 months (1 to 244). Median OS in patients with LDH >1000 and ≤ 1000 were 49.2 and 68.0 months, respectively (p=0.03). Median PFS in patients with LDH >1000 and ≤ 1000 were 14.4 and 24.7 months, respectively (p=0.001). On univariate analyses, >10% plasma cells in bone marrow biopsy, relapsed disease, serum β2M ≥ 3.5 at auto-HCT, presence of any chromosomal abnormality, and Conclusions: Having a serum LDH value of >1000 IU/L prior to auto-HCT is associated with shorter PFS and OS in patients with MM. These high risk patients may require aggressive post-transplant therapy, including consolidation, maintenance, tandem transplants or novel approaches like immunotherapy. Table 1 . Patient characteristics per LDH group LDH ≤ 1000 N = 1570 LDH > 1000 N = 88 p value Female/Male 626/944 40/48 0.31 Age (median) 56 53 0.25 β2m at auto-HCT (median) 2.6 3.25 BM Plasma cell % at auto-HCT (median) 2.5 3.0 Months from diagnosis to auto-HCT (median) 8.4 7.5 0.10 Relapsed disease at auto-HCT 317 (20%) 21 (24%) 0.41 363 (24%) 23 (27%) 0.51 Response to auto-HCT CR 412 (26.7%) 21 (24%) 0.70 VGPR 308 (20%) 10 (12%) 0.06 PR 534 (35%) 33 (38%) 0.48 285 (19%) 22 (26%) 0.11 Chromosomal abnormalities prior to auto-HCT (standard or high-risk) 22 (26%) 331 (26%) 1.0 Disclosures: Shah: Celgene: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees.
Religion and the Schools: Significant Court Decisions in the 1980s. By Eugene T. Connors and Teacblng About Religion in the Public Schools. By Charles R. Kniker

(1988). Religion and the Schools: Significant Court Decisions in the 1980s. By Eugene T. Connors and Teacblng About Religion in the Public Schools. By Charles R. Kniker. Religion & Public Education: Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 376-377.
Validation of GNSS Multipath Model for Space Proximity Operations Using the Hubble Servicing Mission 4 Experiment

In the rendezvous and docking of spacecraft, GNSS signals can reflect off the target vehicle and cause large errors in the chaser vehicle receiver at ranges below a few hundred meters. It has been proposed that the additional ray paths, or multipath, be used as a source of information about the state of the target relative to the receiver. With Hubble Servicing Mission 4 as a case study, electromagnetic ray tracing has been used to construct a model of reflected signals from known geometry. Oscillations in the prompt correlator power due to multipath, known as multipath fading, are studied as a means of model validation. Agreement between the measured and simulated multipath fading serves to confirm the presence of signals reflected off the target spacecraft that might be used for relative navigation.
Association between Sugar Intake, Oral Health, and the Impact on Overall Health: Raising Public Awareness

The role of sugar consumption and oral health refocused largely due to associations between systemic diseases and conditions (type 2 diabetes, obesity) and oral health. This review examines the evidence supporting the impact of sugars on oral diseases and the role of sugars in oral-systemic complications. The increased consumption of dietary sugars, including sugar-sweetened beverages, and the increasing percentage of sugars as a component of the US diet affect oral health in the population. It is important for dental professionals to know public health implications and strategies to effectively communicate this risk to patients’ oral health. Local and state governments experienced success with the regulation of sodas and sugar-sweetened beverages and studies demonstrated that these regulations are largely successful in decreasing consumption among adolescents. It is the role of the dental professional to support these activities to promote healthy dietary choices for patients.
Nano- and micromotors for cleaning polluted waters: focused review on pollutant removal mechanisms.

Nano- and micromotors are machines designed to self-propel and—in the process of propelling themselves—perform specialized tasks like cleaning polluted waters. These motors offer distinct advantages over conventionally static decontamination methods, owing to their ability to move around and self-mix—which heightens the interaction between their active sites and target pollutants—thus improving their speed and efficiency, which could potentially decrease treatment times and costs. In the last decade, considerable research efforts have been expended on exploring various mechanisms by which these motors can self-propel and remove pollutants, proving that the removal of oil droplets, heavy metals, and organic compounds using these synthetic motors is possible. This review highlights recent progress in the design of these nano- and micromotors for cleaning polluted waters, and gives an overview of their structure, fabrication, and propulsion methods, with a special focus on the mechanisms by which they remove pollutants—namely, either by adsorption or by degradation. A fundamental understanding of these removal mechanisms, with their attendant advantages and disadvantages, can help researchers fine-tune motor design in the future so that technical issues can be resolved before they are scaled-up for a wide variety of environmental applications.
Seismic Retrofit of Non-ductile Reinforced Concrete Frames Using Infill Walls as a Rocking Spine

Unreinforced masonry infill walls are prone to early brittle failure and they do not structurally exist after failure. Therefore, they are suitable to be considered in progressive collapse analysis. In this paper, a previously developed infill wall analytical model which considers the interaction between in-plane and out-of-plane responses is implemented into a progressive collapse algorithm. The infill wall model is utilized for investigating the efficacy of a retrofit method which comprises of strengthening the infill walls with mesh reinforcement and a concrete layer taking advantage of the strengthened infill walls as rocking spines.
Brief Announcement: Asynchronous, Distributed, Optical Mutual Exclusion

We propose an optical network and an algorithm for it to distribute a token (shared resource) mutually exclusively among a set of n processing elements (nodes). The token is granted in constant amortized time following a request, assuming constant propagation time for light within the environment. Additionally, the distribution of tokens is fair, ensuring that no token request is denied more than \(n-1\) times in succession. The proposed algorithm is distributed (nodes operate without centralized control) and asynchronous (does not use a common clock).
HER-2/neu antigen loss and relapse of mouse mammary carcinoma are actively induced by T cell-mediated anti-tumor immune responses: role of IFN- γ

215 Induction of tumor-specific immune responses results in the inhibition of tumor development. However, tumor recurs because of the tumor immunoediting process that facilitates development of escape mechanisms in tumors. It is not known whether tumor escape is an active process whereby anti-tumor immune responses induce loss or downregulation of the target antigen in the antigen positive clones. To address this question, we used rat neu-overexpressing Mouse Mammary Carcinoma (MMC) and its relapsed neu Antigen Negative Variant (ANV). ANV emerged from MMC under pressure from the neu-specific T cell responses, in vivo . Since initial rejection of MMC was associated with the presence of IFN-γ secreting T cells, we treated MMC with IFN-γ to determine whether it may downregulate the expression of neu antigen in MMC. Using bisulfite genomic sequencing we found that IFN-γ induced methylation of the neu promoter resulting in downregulation of neu expression. In vivo studies also confirmed that IFN-γ receptor positive MMC were more likely to relapse when compared to IFN-γ receptor negative MMC. Together, these data suggest that neu antigen loss is an active process which occurs in primary tumors due to the neu-targeted anti-tumor immune responses. This work was supported by the NIH R01 CA104757 (MHM) and the Susan G. Komen Grant BCTR0504184.
Dielectric-induced interface states in black phosphorus and tungsten diselenide capacitors

The interfaces between two-dimensional (2D) materials and gate dielectrics play an important role in the performance and reliability of 2D electronic devices. In this work, we systematically studied the capacitance and interface states of a narrow bandgap material (black phosphorus, BP) and an intermediate bandgap material (tungsten diselenide, WSe2). We found that their capacitance–voltage (CV) characteristics are drastically different. The BP capacitor CVs demonstrate ambipolar and low-frequency properties, while WSe2 capacitor CVs shows unipolar (p-type) and high-frequency behavior. The narrow bandgap of BP (∼0.3 eV) enables large amounts of minority carriers, low generation-recombination resistance, and short minority carrier lifetime, giving low-frequency behavior of the CVs, while the wide bandgap of WSe2 (∼1.21 eV) leads to the high-frequency behavior of the CVs. The nearly intrinsic (low) doping of the BP flake results in ambipolar CVs which are symmetric about the midgap. The naturally p-type doping in WSe2 gives unipolar CVs similar to p-type silicon. In both materials, the interface state density is as high as 1013 cm−2 eV−1. Although 2D materials are free of dangling bonds, their intimate contact with high-k dielectrics like Al2O3 could generate a larger number of interface states and degrades the device performance. Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) effectively reduces the interface state density as dielectrics. The interface state for BP/hBN capacitor shows much lower density than counterpart with Al2O3 gate dielectric. We also found that the interface state density increases exponentially with the gate voltage when the surface Fermi level is swept from the midgap toward the band edge.
In Vitro Rejuvenation of Woody Species

Juvenility and phase change in woody plant species exert profound impacts on plant morphology and the ability of explants to be successfully propagated in vitro. Morphological characteristics such as leaf shape modifications, thorniness, and the inability to initiate flowers are associated with juvenility. Physiological maturity, that is the ability to reproduce sexually, is reached by many woody species only after many years of juvenile growth. As a result, micropropagation of woody species has historically been difficult with many plant species proving to be exceedingly recalcitrant. The importance of juvenility and its impact on successful vegetative reproduction in vitro has therefore received much research attention. In vitro technologies that have been demonstrated to induce rejuvenation include meristem culture, chemical treatments, pruning and hedging, forcing new growth, and taking advantage of epicormic buds, grafting and micrografting, and somatic embryogenesis. Applications of these technologies are discussed in this chapter.
A Kinetic Model Of The Catalytic Cracking Of Gas Oil Feedstocks

It has been observed that refinery cat cracker feedstocks (of the type that are broad boiling range distilled fractions from crude oil) often show second order cracking behavior. This effect is generally attributed to a distribution in crackability of components within the feedstock with the cracking of each Individual component being first order. In this study a model is presented in which the continuous distribution of first order rate constants which constrains gross conversion to rigorously follow second order kinetics is applied to gas oil cracking by assuming that crackability correlates only with increasing feedstock boiling point. When this model was compared with the results of micro-reactor studies using four feedstocks and a variety of catalysts, good agreement was found. Specifically, at all but very high levels of conversion, the amount of gas oil feed remaining in each boiling point range is well predicted by the model.
Performance Test for Rapid Surface Modeling of DynamicConstruction Equipment from Laser Scanner Data

In modern dynamic construction fields, more attention has been paid on safely operating heavy construction equipment such as cranes, excavators, and concrete pump. In order to improve the safety in complicated jobsites, it is highly required to provide heavy equipment operators with accurate measurement of on-site objects in near real time. In this paper, a rapid surface modeling method and its performance evaluation through on-site tests are introduced. The performance of the proposed method was tested with a heavy equipment at construction site. The interrelationships among data size, processing time, and the size of the resultant hull segments were examined from the data analyses. The field experimental results demonstrate that the proposed dynamic surface modeling method would significantly improve the equipment operation productivity and safety by distinguishing a dynamic surface model being controlled by the operator from the point cloud of existing static environment in 3D views.