cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scanning tunneling micrographs of ordered layers of two thiophene-alkylpyrrole oligomers on graphite

Abstract Scanning tunneling micrographs of two linear oligomers with six and seven units of thiophene (S) and N-dodecylpyrrole (P 12 ) arranged as SP 12 SSP 12 S (molecule 1) and SP 12 SP 12 SP 12 S (molecule 2 ) dissolved in phenyloctane, and imaged on a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite with a Pt/Ir tip, show ordered rows (lines) of oligomers. Molecule 1 has a single packing structure, an interline repeat distance of 19±0.5A perpendicular to the bright lines (aromatic rings) and dark regions (dodecyl tails), and an intraline distance of 8±0.3 A. Molecule 2 shows three domains with subtly different molecular ordering, with repeat distances of 23±0.5 A (interline) and 18±0.5 A (intraline). For both molecules the aromatic rings may lie almost in the graphite plane.
A screening test for airways reactivity. An abbreviated methacholine inhalation challenge.

A screening test to measure nonspecific airways reactivity was developed and compared to a standard methacholine inhalation challenge in 13 asthmatic patients and ten normal control subjects. The screening challenge consisted of one deep breath, then four breaths of a 5 mg/ml methacholine solution followed by one and four breaths of 25 mg/ml of methacholine. Subjects with a history of wheezing received the 5 mg/ml of methacholine first while those without a history of asthma began the challenge at the 25 mg/ml methacholine concentration. Spirometric tests were employed and the challenge was terminated when FEV1 fell 20 percent from baseline. The standard methacholine challenge used a dosimeter and all subjects took five breaths of saline solution followed by seven increasing concentrations of methacholine. Dose response curves were constructed and the provocation dose of methacholine that caused a 20 percent fall in FEV1 was calculated for each protocol. Results of the screening methacholine challenge correlated with those obtained from the more lengthy standard protocol (r=0.94), and correctly identified levels of airways reactivity in asthmatic patients and normal subjects. The abbreviated protocol was rapid (6–12 min), safe, and inexpensive. Since the equipment is readily available and easy to transport, it could be used at sites outside the hospital as a screening test for nonspecific airways reactivity.
DISTINCT TRANSCRIPTIONAL PATHWAYS OF TAR-DEPENDENT AND TAR-INDEPENDENT HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS TYPE-1 TRANSACTIVATION BY TAT

Tat stimulates HIV-1 gene expression during transcription initiation and elongation. Tat functions primarily through specific interactions with TAR RNA and several putative cellular cofactors to increase the processivity of RNA polymerase II complexes during HIV-1 transcription elongation. Although HIV-1 transactivation by Tat in most cell types requires intact TAR sequences, previous reports demonstrate that Tat transactivates HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR)-directed gene expression in several central nervous system-derived astrocytic/glial cell lines in the absence of TAR. Within this study, transient expression assays performed in the astrocytic/glial cell line, U87-MG, confirm that kappa B elements within the HIV-1 LTR mediate TAR-independent transactivation by Tat and demonstrate additionally that distinct amino acid residues within the cysteine-rich activation domain of Tat are required for TAR-independent versus TAR-dependent transactivation. Established U87-MG cell lines expressing a transdominant negative mutant of I kappa B alpha, I kappa B alpha delta N, fail to support TAR-independent transactivation by Tat, suggesting that binding of NF-kappa B to kappa B enhancer elements within the HIV-1 LTR is necessary for Tat-mediated transactivation in the absence of TAR. Ribonucleic acid protection analyses of promoter-proximal and -distal transcripts derived from TAR-deleted and TAR-containing HIV-1 LTR reporter constructs in U87-MG cells indicate that the predominant effect of Tat during TAR-independent transactivation occurs at the lavel of transcription initiation, whereas a prominent elongation effect of Tat is observed in the presence of TAR. These data suggest an alternative regulatory pathway for Tat transactivation in specific cells derived from the central nervous system that is independent of TAR and that requires direct or indirect interaction of Tat with NF-kappa B-binding sites in the HIV-1 LTR.
Expansion of the Laves phase TiBe2 by addition of gallium with anomalous results

Abstract Substitution of gallium for part of the beryllium in the Laves phase TiBe2 forms a stable cubic C15 phase over the general composition range TiBe2-xGax where 0 ≤ × ≤ resulting in a linear expansion of the lattice from aino = 6.4532 rA for the TiBe2 to an ao = 6.596 A for the limiting composition. No ferromagnetic transition is observed for measurements to 2.1 K. Low-temperature specific heat data show that the temperature-dependent T3lnT/TSF term, related to spin fluctuations, decreases with increasing Ga content. This decrease is shown to be due to a decrease in the density of electronic states at the Fermi energy rather than a decrease in the spin fluctuation temperature.
Sensitivity analysis methods for a crop-mix problem in linear programming

Four different methods of analyzing the sensitivity of the optimal solution of a crop-mix problem in linear programming, e. g., (a) variability analysis for second-best and third-best solutions, (b) perturbation analysis around a specific optimal basis, (c) the sensitivity coefficient approach, and (d) the method of fractile criterion by which a specified fractile of the distribution of profits is maximized, are investigated here. The objective is to compare the different operational methods of sensitivity analysis applied to an empirical economic problem.
Tissue Engineering with Nano-Fibrous Scaffolds

Tissue engineering is a rapidly evolving field in terms of cell source and scaffold fabrication. As the template for three dimensional tissue growth, the scaffold should emulate the native extracellular matrix, which is nano-fibrous. Currently, there are three basic techniques capable of generating nano-fibrous scaffolding: electrospinning, molecular self-assembly, and thermally induced phase separation. These scaffolds can then be further modified by various three dimensional surface modification techniques if necessary to more precisely emulate the native extracellular matrix. However, even without further modification, nano-fibrous scaffolds have been shown to have advantageous effects on cellular behavior and tissue formation when compared to more traditional types of scaffolding. This review focuses on the current state of tissue engineering with nano-fibrous scaffolding with particular emphasis on bone tissue engineering.
Effects of Exposure to Oxygen at High Barometric Pressure on Higher Functions of the C.N.S.

ConclusionThe data were interpreted to mean (1) that successive intermittent exposures to O2 at high barometric pressure had no effect on the ability to learn a maze habit; (2) that the retention and memory of a maze previously mastered was adversely affected to a striking degree by intermittent exposures to increased O2 pressure; (3) that certain mental processes may suffer deleterious effects as a result of exposure to increased O2 pressure even when such exposure causes no evident motor dysfunction.
ANTECEDENTES HISTÓRICOS DO RECURSO DE APELAÇÃO

Vittorio Scialoja, em seu estudo sobre o procedimento civil romano, ao tratar dos “remedios juridicos contra as sentencas”, inicia sua exposicao observando que a possibilidade de ir perante um outro magistrado para obter a reforma de uma sentenca desfavoravel e uma ocorrencia tao comum entre nos, que quase parece impossivel que tenha havido um tempo em que esse direito de apelacao nao existia. E uma passagem que desperta a nossa atencao, nao so por enfocar o aspecto historico-evolutivo do sistema de recursos, colocado normalmente em segundo plano em relacao a abordagem tecnica, mas tambem e principalmente pela percepcao de que a evolucao do direito de recorrer confunde-se com o proprio aprimoramento da ordem juridica, ao menos em tese cada vez mais democratica. Com efeito, de um sistema autoritario em que prevalecia a decisao monocratica imutavel, passou-se, paulatinamente, a admissibilidade de revisao de toda e qualquer decisao proferida, por forca do que hoje conhecemos como principio do duplo grau de jurisdicao.
Autonomous rover for polar science support and remote sensing

This paper reports outcomes of recent field deployments of the solar-powered Cool Robot, which was developed as an autonomous platform for towing or carrying scientific instruments in Greenland and Antarctica. This simple 70-kg four-wheel drive, solar-electric vehicle executes autonomous surveys via GPS waypoint following, while towing or carrying payloads of over 40 kg. Cool Robot conducted over 175 km of autonomous surveys to study atmospheric chemistry at the snow-air interface in the vicinity of Summit camp. The robot also conducted local grid surveys of the Summit ice layer in order to evaluate the potential of using ground penetrating radar to estimate the density of melt channels in the ice layer. Our key objectives were to demonstrate the operational value of a rover to locate subsurface features and the use of autonomous rovers in collecting scientific data from long-duration surveys. The Cool Robot operated reliably at -30 C, and demonstrated good oversnow mobility and adequate GPS accuracy for waypoint-following on a 5-10 meter grid. The deployment results demonstrate that autonomous vehicles have great potential to improve the efficiency of polar science.
Effects of multiple phorbol myristate acetate treatments on cyclic nucleotide levels in mouse epidermis.

Abstract The basal levels of 3′,5′ adenosine monophosphate and 3′,5′ guanosine monophosphate were measured in mouse epidermis after initiation with 7,12 dimethylbenzanthracene and 1,2,10 or 20 skin treatments with the tumor promoter phorbol myristate acetate. Slight but significant decreases in cAMP and dramatic (5–10 fold) increases in cGMP were found after multiple treatments with the promoter. The cyclic nucleotide levels found in isolated solid tumors closely paralleled these changes.
An analysis of direct-injection spark-ignition (DISI) soot morphology

Abstract We have characterized particle emissions produced by a 4-cylinder, 2.0 L DISI engine using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and image analysis. Analyses of soot morphology provide insight to particle formation mechanisms and strategies for prevention. Particle emissions generated by two fueling strategies were investigated, early injection and injection modified for low particle number concentration emissions. A blend of 20% ethanol and 80% emissions certification gasoline was used for the study given the likelihood of increased ethanol content in widely available fuel. In total, about 200 particles and 3000 primary soot spherules were individually measured. For the fuel injection strategy which produced low particle number concentration emissions, we found a prevalence of single solid sub-25 nm particles and fractal-like aggregates. The modal diameter of single solid particles and aggregate primary particles was between 10 and 15 nm. Solid particles as small as 6 nm were present. Although nanoparticle aggregates had fractal-like morphology similar to diesel soot, the average primary particle diameter per aggregate had a much wider range that spanned from 7 to 60 nm. For the early fuel injection strategy, liquid droplets were prevalent, and the modal average primary particle diameter was between 20 and 25 nm. The presence of liquid droplets may have been the result of unburned fuel and/or lubricating oil originating from fuel impingement on the piston or cylinder wall; the larger modal aggregate primary particle diameter suggests greater fuel-rich zones in-cylinder than for the low particle number concentration point. However, both conditions produced aggregates with a wide range of primary particle diameters, which indicates heterogeneous fuel and air mixing.
Achieving credibility in risk assessment models

Validation of a mathematical model requires demonstrating that a model is free of mathematical errors (internal consistency), is sensitive to large but not small errors or uncertainties in parameter values (verifiability and robustness), reproduces experimental observations on the system being modeled (external consistency), and leads to testable predictions of the system's biological properties. To be heuristically valid, a model also must be a realistic representation of the actual biological system. Only then would the model's predictions be credible to the wider community of biological scientists who would use the model for risk assessment and dose or species extrapolation. Owing to incomplete data, most current dosimetric models are insufficiently realistic to pass this test of credibility. Enhancements to such models that would help achieve credibility are presented, and suggestions are offered for institutionalizing realistic modeling practices in risk assessment.
Abstract 84: OGDHL is epigenetically silenced and suppresses growth in human cervical cancer

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Despite the significant benefits conferred by screening for cervical cancer, cervical cancer is responsible for 190,000 deaths annually worldwide and the leading cause of cancer mortality in women in developing countries. Thus, there is a great need for improvements in cervical screening and targeted therapies. Such improvements depend, however, on a better understanding of the molecular biology of cervical neoplasia. The epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes is a crucial event during carcinogenesis and metastasis. Recently, in a human genome-wide survey, we identified oxoglutarate dehydrogenase-like (OGDHL) gene as a cancer specific methylated gene located on chromosome 10q11.23. Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (OGDH) is the first and rate-limiting component of the multienzyme OGDH complex (OGDHC) whose malfunction is associated with neurodegeneration. The essential role of this complex is in the degradation of glucose and glutamate. OGDHL is down-regulated by promoter hypermethylation in cervical cancer cell lines and cervical cancer specific methylation was observed with 100% specificity. These properties suggest an important tumor suppressor role for OGDHL, yet direct genetic evidence of a tumor suppressor function for OGDHL is lacking and the molecular mechanism(s), through which OGDHL exerts its tumor suppressor functions, has not been shown. Here, we report that restoration of OGDHL expression in cervical cancer cells lacking endogenous OGDHL expression suppressed cell proliferation and invasive phenotypes in in vitro and colony formation in soft agar. On the other hand, knockdown of OGDHL expression in cervical cancer cells expressing endogenous OGDHL promoted cell proliferation, invasive phenotypes and several malignant behaviors. Mechanistic analysis indicated that OGDHL up-regulation increases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to apoptosis through down-regulation of AKT signaling cascade. Conversely, silencing OGDHL stimulated the signaling pathway via increased phosphorylation of PI3K, AKT and ERK1/2; it was also associated with phosphorelation of NFκβ, a molecule when activated can cause the cells to develop survival advantage, resist cell death and resist chemotherapy drugs. Taken together, these data suggest that inactivation of OGDHL, an isoform of the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase, can contribute to cervical tumorigenesis via activation of the AKT signaling pathway and support the therapeutic potential for this protein. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 84. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-84
E. coli mismatch repair acts downstream of replication fork stalling to stabilize the expanded (GAA.TTC)(n) sequence.

Abstract Expanded triplet repeat sequences are known to cause at least 16 inherited neuromuscular diseases. In addition to short-length changes, expanded triplet repeat tracts frequently undergo large changes, often amounting to hundreds of base-pairs. Such changes might occur when template or primer slipping creates insertion/deletion loops (IDLs), which are normally repaired by the mismatch repair system (MMR). However, in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, MMR promotes large changes in the length of (CTG·CAG) n sequences, the motif most commonly associated with human disease. We tested the effect of MMR on instability of the expanded (GAA·TTC) n sequence, which causes Friedreich ataxia, by comparing repeat instability in wild-type and MMR-deficient strains of Escherichia coli . As expected, the prevalence of small mutations increased in the MMR-deficient strains. However, the prevalence of large contractions increased in the MMR mutants specifically when GAA was the lagging strand template, the orientation in which replication fork stalling is known to occur. After hydroxyurea-induced stalling, both orientations of replication showed significantly more large contractions in MMR mutants than in the wild-type, suggesting that fork stalling may be responsible for the large contractions. Deficiency of MMR promoted large contractions independently of RecA status, a known determinant of (GAA·TTC) n instability. These data suggest that two independent mechanisms act in response to replication stalling to prevent instability of the (GAA·TTC) n sequence in E. coli , when GAA serves as the lagging strand template: one that is dependent on RecA-mediated restart of stalled forks, and another that is dependent on MMR-mediated repair of IDLs. While MMR destabilizes the (CTG·CAG) n sequence, it is involved in stabilization of the (GAA·TTC) n sequence. The role of MMR in triplet repeat instability therefore depends on the repeat sequence and the orientation of replication.
Using self-evaluation to improve difficult-to-read handwriting of secondary students

We used delayed multiple-baseline and multiple-probe techniques to assess the effects of self-evaluation training on the legibility of cursive handwriting. Five secondary special education students with difficult-to-read handwriting served as participants. All participants improved the legibility of their handwriting during self-evaluation training. A systematic withdrawal of the training package demonstrated maintenance of treatment effects. For the most part, the students' handwriting remained at least 90% legible to judges following the systematic withdrawal of the self-evaluation training.
Support and development for remote collaborations in fusion research

Abstract Major fusion experiments and modeling efforts rely on joint research of scientists from several locations around the world. A variety of software tools are in use to provide remote interactive access to facilities and data are routinely available over wide-area-network connections to researchers. Audio and video communications, monitoring of control room information and synchronization of remote sites with experimental operations all enhance participation during experiments. Remote distributed computing capabilities allow utilization of off-site computers that now help support the demands of control room analyses and plasma modeling. A collaborative software development project is currently using object technologies with CORBA-based communications to build a network executable transport code that further demonstrates the ability to utilize geographically dispersed resources. Development to extend these concepts with security and naming services and possible applications to instrumentation systems has been initiated. An Information Technology Initiative is deploying communication systems, ISDN (telephone) and IP (network) audio/video (A/V) and web browser-based, to build the infrastructure needed to support remote physics meetings, seminars and interactive discussions.
Breeding Rhode Island Reds for Viability

Abstract A LINE of Rhode Island Reds has been bred strictly as a closed flock since 1944. Previous to the generation hatched in 1944 there had been a limited amount of strain crossing. The major objective since 1916 has been to raise the egg production of the line. Breeding procedures have called for satisfactory egg size and external quality along with high fertility and high hatchability as well as freedom from physical defects. Since all birds have been pedigreed, it has been our policy not to mate close relatives. The estimated coefficient of inbreeding at present is about 10 percent. Viability has received some attention in the breeding program. Since selection for high hatchability has been constant, embryonic mortality has been reduced to a low level. The use of older parents for breeding has, we believe, tended to reduce chick mortality. Since a breeding program for high fecundity is in itself …
Current noise measured in the dc SQUID

Measurements are presented of the current noise in a dc superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) and of its correlation with the voltage noise across the SQUID. The measured spectral densities are in good agreement with analog simulations. When a resonant circuit is connected across the output of the SQUID, there is a reduction in the current noise for frequencies at which the impedance of the circuit is low. This effect is also in good agreement with predictions.
MARBLE SPLEEN DISEASE IN RING-NECKED PHEASANTS: DEMONSTRATION OF AGAR GEL PRECIPITIN ANTIBODY IN PHEASANTS FROM AN INFECTED FLOCK

Agar gel precipitin (AGP) antibody was detected in 31 of 283 (11%) pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) serum samples using antigen prepared with spleen tissue from a pheasant dying of marble spleen disease (MSD). These same serum samples failed to react with normal pheasant spleen or antigens of chick embryo lethal orphan (CELO) virus or Marek's disease virus.
Changes of ground-water quality near a well undergoing acid treatment

One of the rehabilitation methods applied to wells incrusted with iron is acid treatment. In many cases, however, the owners of the wells and contractors are concerned about possible aquifer pollution. The aim of field experiments has been to find out how far hydrochloric acid can migrate within the unconsolidated aquifer during well treatment, and what changes it causes in the quality of ground water. Results indicate that the acid remains near the well where it reacts with clogging deposits. Twenty-four hours after acidizing, no changes in ground-water quality were observed in piezometers at greater distances than 5.0 m from the well. After flush pumping, the ground water reverted to its original quality.
Comparing the external validity of the DSM-1V and Two-Factor models of childhood behavior problems:

This study of 132 clinic-referred 6to 12-year old boys with behavior problems examined the concurrent external validity of dimensions of the DSM-IV and Two-Factor diagnostic models. Both models used parent responses to the same DSM structured interview, focusing the study on conceptual differences between the models. Age at evaluation accounted for major variation and was held constant in all analyses.Both models, in both twoand three-dimension versions, had considerable external validity. The Two-Factor inattention-overactivity (10) dimension predicted more external variables than the DSM-IV inattention (IN) dimension. DSM oppositional/conduct (OD/CD) accounted for some variation that is usually misattributed to DSM-IV hyperactivity-impulsivity (HI).In hierarchical analyses, the 10 and AG dimensions of the Two-Factor model predicted more variation in more dependent variables than did the IN and HI dimensions of the DSM model of ADHD. However, when the often-ignored third dimension (OD/CD) was included, t...
Speed of Conformational Change: Comparing Explicit and Implicit Solvent Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Adequate sampling of conformation space remains challenging in atomistic simulations, especially if the solvent is treated explicitly. Implicit-solvent simulations can speed up conformational sampling significantly. We compare the speed of conformational sampling between two commonly used methods of each class: the explicit-solvent particle mesh Ewald (PME) with TIP3P water model and a popular generalized Born (GB) implicit-solvent model, as implemented in the AMBER package. We systematically investigate small (dihedral angle flips in a protein), large (nucleosome tail collapse and DNA unwrapping), and mixed (folding of a miniprotein) conformational changes, with nominal simulation times ranging from nanoseconds to microseconds depending on system size. The speedups in conformational sampling for GB relative to PME simulations, are highly system- and problem-dependent. Where the simulation temperatures for PME and GB are the same, the corresponding speedups are approximately onefold (small conformational changes), between ∼1- and ∼100-fold (large changes), and approximately sevenfold (mixed case). The effects of temperature on speedup and free-energy landscapes, which may differ substantially between the solvent models, are discussed in detail for the case of miniprotein folding. In addition to speeding up conformational sampling, due to algorithmic differences, the implicit solvent model can be computationally faster for small systems or slower for large systems, depending on the number of solute and solvent atoms. For the conformational changes considered here, the combined speedups are approximately twofold, ∼1- to 60-fold, and ∼50-fold, respectively, in the low solvent viscosity regime afforded by the implicit solvent. For all the systems studied, 1) conformational sampling speedup increases as Langevin collision frequency (effective viscosity) decreases; and 2) conformational sampling speedup is mainly due to reduction in solvent viscosity rather than possible differences in free-energy landscapes between the solvent models.
GONADAL DYSGENESIS AND GONADOBLASTOMA IN CRYPTOPH-THALMOS SYNDROME

Cryptophthalmos syndrome is a presumed autosomal recessively inherited complex of malformations including fusion of the eyelids, microphthalmia, projection of the hair on the lateral forehead, notching of the alae nasi, cardiac defects, and genital abnormalities. Bilateral inguinal masses were noted in a phenotypic female with features of the cryptophthalmos syndrome. Peripheral blood chromosome analyses revealed 46,XX, in 41 cells. Serum testosterone and androstenedione which were both less than 25 ng/dl, rose to the adult female range after HCG administration. Frozen section of the biopsied right mass revealed numerous primary oocytes and some follicular development. Microscopic examination of the left mass revealed numerous primary follicles, some with prominent granulosa cells and multiple oocytes. Some follicles were distorted with evidence of gonadoblastoma in situ. There were also numerous accessory tubules of Wolffian origin appended to the ovary. Gonadoblastoma arising from dysgenetic gonads, not previously reported in this syndrome, rarely occurs in the absence of a Y chromosome containing cell line. In our patient, there was no additional evidence of Y chromosomal mosaicism nor Y-specific DNA. The presence of this tumor in our patient tends to contradict the prevailing Y chromosomal theory of the etiology of gonadoblastoma, but may support a recent hypothesis based on dysfunction of gonadal maturational process.
Maintenance of nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate content and oxidation-reduction state during mixed-function oxidation of p-nitroanisole in isolated perfused livers of various species

Abstract The influence of p -nitroanisole, a substrate for mixed-function oxidation, on total NADP &+ and NADPH and NADP + /NADPH ratios was examined in perfused livers from three different species. Studies were performed using livers from Sprague-Dawley rats, Syrian golden hamsters and C57BL/6J mice. Although rates of p -nitroanisole O-demethylation varied more than 16-fold in perfused livers from these species, NADP + /NADPH ratios calculated from measured concentrations of NADP + and NADPH and from ratios calculated from substrate pairs assumed to be in near equilibrium with NADP + -dependent dehydrogenases remained remarkably constant under most conditions. Thus, rates of NADPH utilization and generation must be tightly coupled in perfused livers during high rates of mixed-function oxidation. Exceptions to the general pattern noted above occurred in livers of fasted, phenobarbital-treated rats where carbohydrate reserves were depleted and in livers from 3-methyl-cholanthrene-treated mice where rates of p -nitroanisole O-demethylation were exceptionally high. Livers from fed phenobarbital-treated rats displayed a paradoxical decrease in NADP + /NADPH ratios reflecting reduction calculated from substrates assumed to be in near equilibrium with 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase during mixed-function oxidation, suggesting that NADPH generation exceeded NADPH utilization in the rat in the fed state. In contrast, the NADP + /NADPH ratio calculated from measured pyridine nucleotides increased in livers of 3-methylcholanthrene-treated mice perfused with p -nitroanisole, reflecting oxidation. Moreover, the NADP + /NADPH ratio calculated from substrates assumed to be near equilibrium with 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase increased in livers of fasted rats, suggesting that utilization of NADPH exceeded generation. Thus, adequate carbohydrate reserves appear essential for maintenance of NADPH during high rates of mixed-function oxidation.
(Pt/Co/Pt)/X MULTILAYER FILMS FOR MAGNETO-OPTIC MEDIA

We have sputter deposited (Pt/Co/Pt)/X multilayers (MLs) with the thickness of the Pt layers corresponding to one atomic monolayer, i.e., 2.3 A, and X=Pd,Ag,Cu,Ni. The Kerr rotation, ΘK, perpendicular anisotropy energy, K⊥, and magnetic coercivity, Hc, all improve dramatically in the sputter-deposited (Pt/Co/Pt)/X films over the corresponding Co/X multilayers. In the (Pt/Co/Pt)/Pd case the films show considerable property improvement over both Co/Pt and Co/Pd multilayers. When X=Ag,Cu,Ni the increase in K⊥ is approximately ten-fold compared to Co/X MLs and the Kerr rotation is high (∼0.15°-0.3°) and comparable to that of Co/Pt films at short wavelengths.
Genome-enabled studies of anaerobic, nitrate-dependent iron oxidation in the chemolithoautotrophic bacterium Thiobacillus denitrificans.

Thiobacillus denitrificans is a chemolithoautotrophic bacterium capable of anaerobic, nitrate-dependent U(IV) and Fe(II) oxidation, both of which can strongly influence the long-term efficacy of in situ reductive immobilization of uranium in contaminated aquifers. We previously identified two c-type cytochromes involved in nitrate-dependent U(IV) oxidation in T. denitrificans and hypothesized that c-type cytochromes would also catalyze Fe(II) oxidation, as they have been found to play this role in anaerobic phototrophic Fe(II)-oxidizing bacteria. Here we report on efforts to identify genes associated with nitrate-dependent Fe(II) oxidation, namely (a) whole-genome transcriptional studies [using FeCO3, Fe2+, and U(IV) oxides as electron donors under denitrifying conditions], (b) Fe(II) oxidation assays performed with knockout mutants targeting primarily highly expressed or upregulated c-type cytochromes, and (c) random transposon-mutagenesis studies with screening for Fe(II) oxidation. Assays of mutants for 26 target genes, most of which were c-type cytochromes, indicated that none of the mutants tested were significantly defective in nitrate-dependent Fe(II) oxidation. The non-defective mutants included the c1-cytochrome subunit of the cytochrome bc1 complex (complex III), which has relevance to a previously proposed role for this complex in nitrate-dependent Fe(II) oxidation and to current concepts of reverse electron transfer. A transposon mutant with a disrupted gene associated with NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) was ~35% defective relative to the wild-type strain; this strain was similarly defective in nitrate reduction with thiosulfate as the electron donor. Overall, our results indicate that nitrate-dependent Fe(II) oxidation in T. denitrificans is not catalyzed by the same c-type cytochromes involved in U(IV) oxidation, nor have other c-type cytochromes yet been implicated in the process.
An inverse problem for faults in elastic half space

This paper starts from a model in geophysics for the quasi static evolution of displacement fields occurring during the destabilization of fractured plates. We use the equations of linear elasticity in half space with traction free conditions on the surface and given tangential dislocations on the fault. We first discuss the derivation of the adequate Green's tensor for this problem. We then use this Green's tensor to obtain a simple and efficient approximation to the surface displacement field. Next we show how to solve the fault inverse problem from measurements of surface displacements. We first give the solution in closed form. We then illustrate it on numerical examples which demonstrate the robustness of our reconstruction algorithm.
Submicron Lithography Radiation Damage In Silicon And Gallium Arsenide ICs

This paper presents data comparing the radiation hardness of silicon and GaAs devices. Data presented in conjunction with this paper suggest that, when state-of-the-art electron-beam lithography is used to fabricate devices, GaAs offers a radiation-hardness advantage for certain specialty applications, including radiation-hardened spacecraft electronics.
Use of Snowflake Replicas for Studying Winter Storms

A METHOD was described last winter by me1, 2 for making permanent replicas of snowflakes, ice crystals and other forms of evanescent objects.
Bacteriological Changes During the Manufacture of Nonfat Dry Milk

Summary Three media were used to assess the bacteriological changes during the manufacture of spray-dried nonfat milk in two processing plants. The plants differed in the equipment and practices employed and in the quality and quantity of milk processed. The plant processing raw milk of the lower grade and maintaining better control of the drying procedure produced nonfat dry milk of higher bacteriological quality than the plant processing raw milk of higher grade but using less efficient equipment and less controlled industrial practices. In the plant using less efficient equipment and practices, multiplication of coagulase-positive staphylococci occurred at one stage of processing. Multiplication was extensive in one trial. The nonfat dry milk produced at both plants met the bacteriological standard for Extra Grade powder. This indicates that a low total bacterial count for nonfat dry milk may be misleading as an indication of the safe quality of the product.
Gender-Specific Differences in the Perceived Antecedents of Academic Stress:

This study was undertaken to establish the existence of any gender-specific differences in the perceived antecedents of academic stress. The Academic Pressure Scale for Adolescents was administered to 112 girls and 160 boys attending high school. Significant gender-based differences were obtained on eight of the 35 questions of the scale. In each case girls reported greater stress than boys. This study provides strong evidence that girls and boys of high school age differentially experience the antecedents of academic stress and that adolescent girls experience greater academic stress than boys.
On Improving Initial Data for Numerical Forecasts of Hurricane Trajectories by the Steering Method

Abstract An objective plan for modifying the steering flow analysis around a hurricane is presented which makes the vertical mean steering velocity equal the observed hurricane velocity. Results of using this plan to make trajectory forecasts with a barotropic model show an improvement compared with forecasts with the same model using a subjective analysis modification plan.
Measurement of the Velocity of Blood Flow (in vivo) Using a Fiber Optic Catheter and Optical Mixing Spectroscopy

We have measured the velocity of blood flow in the femoral vein of a rabbit by detecting the Doppler shift of laser light introduced into the vein by means of a fiber optic catheter. A 0.5-mm diam optical monofiber inserted in the vein transmits both the incident light and collects the light scattered from the moving erythrocytes. The spectrum of heterodyne beat notes between the local oscillator, which originates at the end of the fiber, and the scattered light are measured using optical mixing spectroscopy.
CONSENSUS IN CRIME SERIOUSNESS: EMPIRICAL REALITY OR METHODOLOGICAL ARTIFACT?*

Miethe (1982) has recently argued that the consistent findings of wide-spread consensus in the rankings of the seriousness of crimes may be more a rejection of the methodological approaches used by past researchers than of actual public sentiments. Building on Miethe's insights, this paper examines the extent to which the nature of the techniques employed to analyze data influences seriousness evaluations. The results indicate that consensus is affected by such factors as the rating task given to the subjects, how consensus is measured, and the type of offense under investigation. In turn these methodological considerations caution against using existing research as the bask either for the verification of consensus theories of justice or for the formulation of sanctioning policy.
Chromosome 1p allelic loss by fluorescence in situ hybridization is not observed in dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors.

Differentiation of dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (DNT) from cystic low-grade oligodendroglioma, particularly in a limited biopsy or fragmented specimen, may be impossible. Research has shown that allelic loss of chromosome 1p is a relatively common finding in oligodendrogliomas. Little is known about chromosome 1p status in DNT. We retrospectively evaluated 14 DNTs for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on chromosome 1p by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and compared the results with Ip FISH analysis in 57 low-grade oligodendrogliomas (World Health Organization grade II). The 14 DNTs arose in 8 females and 6 males (mean age, 20.9 years at the time of surgery). All 14 DNTs were 1p intact by FISH analysis. The 57 low-grade oligodendrogliomas arose in 31 males and 26 females (mean age, 43. 2 years). LOH on chromosome Ip was present in 31 (54%) of 57 tumors; the remaining 26 tumors were Ip intact. LOH on chromosome Ip is not a feature of DNTs. LOH on chromosome Ip may be a useful differential diagnostic feature (favoring oligodendroglioma) in a subset of cases in which specimen fragmentation or size raises the differential diagnosis of DNT vs oligodendroglioma.
The Fas/FasL pathway impairs the alveolar fluid clearance in mouse lungs.

Alveolar epithelial damage is a critical event that leads to protein-rich edema in acute lung injury (ALI), but the mechanisms leading to epithelial damage are not completely understood. Cell death...
Purposive Social Selection and the Evolution of Human Altruism

Normally scientific evolutionary approaches eschew any element of teleology in theorizing about how natural selection processes work, but social decisions pose a problem for this position. This article examines both positive and negative social sanctioning by human groups to show that purposive social selection at the level of phenotype can have parallel effects at the level of genotype, and that social control has shaped human genetic nature profoundly. A small cross-cultural sample of Pleistocene-appropriate foragers is used to suggest that human groups have been favoring generous individuals, for at least 45,000 years, in ways that affect their fitness. The impact on gene pools could have been substantial, given that runaway selection is likely to have been involved. This type of explanation, which takes human purposes into account as part of evolutionary process, offers a new solution for the genetic paradox of altruistic behavior.
Apparent absence of negative feedback in middle-aged persistent-estrous rats following luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist treatment: relation to plasma inhibin and 17 beta-estradiol.

Reproductive aging in female rats is associated with a transition from regular estrous cyclicity to an anovulatory condition described as persistent estrous (PE). This PE condition is characterized by continued follicular development with elevated circulating levels of estrogen and FSH. In an attempt to investigate further the age-related changes in neuroendocrine function of PE rats, we have developed a model through which the return of hypothalamic-pituitary and ovarian function can be assessed following the withdrawal of chronic LHRH agonist suppression. Subsequent to withdrawal of continuous (2.5 ,Lg/h for 12 days) LHRH agonist [DTrp, 6 Pro9-NHEt]-LHRH (LHRH-AG) treatment, circulating FSH concentrations in PE rats increase and remain elevated with an apparent absence of ovarian negative feedback, and these rats fail to return to estrous cyclicity. In the present studies, estrogen administration induced significant decreases in FSH secretion in PE rats following withdrawal of LHRH-AG treatment and ovariectomy (OVX), suggesting that the negative feedback response to estrogen is maintained in PE females. However, progesterone administration 2 days later failed to elicit a positive feedback response of gonadotropin secretion in PE females prior to LHRH-AG treatment, serum inhibin and 17[i-estradiol (E,) concentrations were similar in middle-aged PE rats and young cyclic females on proestrus, while FSH levels were significantly greater in PE rats. After withdrawal of LHRH-AG treatment, plasma FSH concentrations remained elevated in PE rats as compared to young rats despite similar increases in E,. However, increases in plasma inhibin were delayed and significantly attenuated in PE rats. These results demonstrate that the apparent absence of ovarian negative feedback in PE rats following LHRH-AG withdrawal is not related to a loss in the negative feedback responsiveness of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis to estrogen or to insufficient ovarian E, secretion, but rather to alterations in ovarian inhibin secretion. The causes for the paradoxical relationship between the tonically elevated estrogen and inhibin levels and the elevated circulating concentrations of FSH in middle-aged PE rats are not apparent; but this relationship may result from a decreased negative feedback effect of inhibin on the pituitary, changes in hypothalamic LHRH pulsatility, or alterations in the secretion of other ovarian factors in PE females.
Estimation and Optimal Control of an Uncertain Production Process

Three alternative decision rules for estimation and control of an uncertain production process are examined. One is a certainty equivalence strategy whereby an optimal rate based on current estimates of production parameters is used throughout the planning horizon. A second is updated certainty equivalence, a passively adaptive strategy. Third is an actively adaptive control formulation. Monte-Carlo simulation results show that the passively adaptive strategy outperforms the others. For the cases simulated, the actively adaptive approximation to the information state for a dual control problem is not good enough to establish superiority of this sophisticated strategy for all problems.
Water use in Plantations of Eucalypts and Pines: A Discussion Paper from a Tree Breeding Perspective

SUMMARY Plantation forests are being established on more marginal, harsh sites to accommodate expansion of agriculture. Because of this, tree breeders and silviculturists are interested in improving drought hardiness of trees. Breeding approaches to improve drought hardiness includes the assessment of trees as dead or alive in trials after severe droughts followed by the selection of the best surviving phenotypes for the establishment of seed orchards or land races. Physiologists estimate water utilization in trees in terms of water use efficiency (WUE). It is a function of biomass per unit of evapotranspiration and is calculated on a leaf or wood scale in clonal plots and stands. The gene complexes that control drought hardiness and WUE are probably different. It one respect, traditional breeding might have a limited impact on changing WUE since it will be difficult to alter rate of evapotranspiration through selection. In another respect, one could argue that selecting trees for high productivity is ind...
Regulation of Cardiac Output Through Stroke Volume

Heart rate was controlled by direct stimulation of the right ventricle of a dog previously subjected to complete A-V block in order to study the effect of this variable on cardiac output. Measurements of cardiac output were made at various heart rates in unanesthetized dogs, both at rest and walking on a treadmill. Except at the extremes, cardiac output was independent of heart rate at rest and during mild exercise. This finding emphasizes the fact that cardiac output may be regulated to provide required flow through changes in stroke volume alone, even though adjustment of heart rate is the usual means for obtaining this end.
Energy and Performance Models for Synchronous and Asynchronous Communication

Communication costs, which have the potential to throttle design performance as scaling continues, are mathematically modeled and compared for various pipeline methodologies. First-order models are created for common pipeline protocols, including clocked flopped, clocked time-borrowing latch, asynchronous two-phase, four-phase, delay-insensitive, single-track, and source synchronous. The models are parameterized for throughput, energy, and bandwidth. The models share common parameters for different pipeline protocols and implementations to enable a fair apple-to-apple comparison. The accuracy of the models are demonstrated for complete implementations of a subset of the protocols by applying 65-nm process simulated parameter values against the SPICE simulation of full pipeline implementations. One can determine when asynchronous communication is superior at the physical level to synchronous communication in terms of energy for a given bandwidth by applying actual or expected values of the parameters to various design targets. Comparisons between protocols at fixed targets also allow designers to understand tradeoffs between implementations that have a varying process, timing, and design requirements.
From microscopes to microarrays: dissecting recurrent chromosomal rearrangements

Submicroscopic chromosomal rearrangements that lead to copy-number changes have been shown to underlie distinctive and recognizable clinical phenotypes. The sensitivity to detect copy-number variation has escalated with the advent of array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), including BAC and oligonucleotide-based platforms. Coupled with improved assemblies and annotation of genome sequence data, these technologies are facilitating the identification of new syndromes that are associated with submicroscopic genomic changes. Their characterization reveals the role of genome architecture in the aetiology of many clinical disorders. We review a group of genomic disorders that are mediated by segmental duplications, emphasizing the impact that high-throughput detection methods and the availability of the human genome sequence have had on their dissection and diagnosis.