cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Survival of hurricane-generated coral fragments and a disturbance model of reef calcification/growth rates.

Hurricane Gerta, with winds reaching 150 km/h, crossed the Belize barrier reef on September 18, 1978. Breakage and scouring of corals occurred in all zones of the reef to a depth of approximately 25 m. Survivorship of storm-generated coral fragments and detached colonies is strongly size dependent, conforming to the power function Y=4.44X0.66 where Y is the percent of fragments and X is the fragment size. Forty-six percent of detached Acropora palmata branches, which are larger ( $$\bar X$$ =37.6 cm long) than fragments of other species ( $$\bar X$$ =16.7 cm long), survived. Overall, 39% of fragments and detached colonies survived. This high survivorship, which probably increased the total number of colonies present, and redistribution of corals may explain the rapid recovery of reefs from all but the severest hurricanes. Storms appear to prevent coral reefs from reaching a mature state characterized by low calcification and growth rates. Therefore, we suggest that long-term reef calcification and growth rates are highest on reefs periodically distrubed by storms of intermediate intensity.
Lossless joint source-channel coding across broadcast channels with decoder side information

Lossless transmission of a source across a broadcast channel, where the decoders have side information about the source (unknown to the encoder), is discussed. Adopting separate source and channel coding strategies translates to sending hierarchical information, or degraded message sets, as is more commonly known, through the channel. Joint source-channel coding, on the other hand, allows for a simpler strategy, which turns out to be optimal. As a result, a complete single-letter characterization of achievable rates is successfully derived. This characterization surprisingly depends solely on the source and the channel marginal distributions. Finally, it is shown by an example that joint source-channel coding can be advantageous over the coding strategy which utilizes optimal source and channel codes separately
Central idempotents in p -adic group rings

We provide character-free proofs of some results on idempotents in p -adic group rings, centering around Brauer's Second Main Theorem on Blocks.
Police Role Perceptions: Their Operationalization and Some Preliminary Findings:

Several authors have noted that police do much more than capture criminals. Perhaps the most cited role typology was developed by James Q. Wilson, who divided the police role into three categories: law enforcement, order-maintenance and services. Wilson suggested that police departments assumed a particular role through depart mental policies consistent with community values communicated through the govern ment structure. Regardless of the method of communication, according to Wilson's thesis, there should be a consistent policy held by officers in a particular community, and this policy should differ according to the community characteristics within which the particular department is located. This study operationalized a police role perception instrument and conducted a preliminary correlational analysis with indicators of the community, the government structure, the nature of crime in the particular community, along with the personality and job characteristics of the police respondent. What was found wa...
Trials That Matter: CD4+ T-Lymphocyte Count–Guided Interruption of Antiretroviral Therapy in HIV-Infected Patients

The SMART trial has shown that cycling HIV-infected patients on and off therapy as their CD4+ count rises or falls may further increase morbidity and all-cause mortality. Of note, cardiovascular di...
Predicting Hybrid Propellant Regression Rate Using Response Surfaces

Applied mixture theory allows for estimation of propellant characteristics (such as regression rate or specific impulse) over an extended range of formulations from a limited number of tests. A mixed-oxidizer hybrid system was tested using fuel formulations of 25―30% ammonium perchlorate, 0―5% iron oxide, and 70―75% hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene fired with gaseous oxygen. Through application of a reduced form of the cubic response equation, functional relationships were developed that correlate fuel composition to regression rate in the form of a three-dimensional response surface. The maximum regression rate was then estimated to occur at approximately 2 % iron oxide and 27.5 % ammonium perchlorate based on the response surface developed from experimental results at an oxidizer flux of 0.3 lb m /in 2 · s (0.211 kg/m 2 · s) and a chamber pressure of 350 psia (2.41 MPa).
Optimal treatment for chronic active Epstein-Barr virus disease.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous virus that infects at least 95% of the population. Most persons are infected during infancy and early childhood and are asymptomatic or have nonspecific symptoms (1). Infection of adolescents and young adults with EBV often results in infectious mononucleosis with fever, lymphadenopathy, sore throat, and splenomegaly. Additional signs and symptoms can include fatigue, headache, hepatomegaly, and rash. EBV is also associated with a number of malignancies including Hodgkin’s disease, B cell lymphomas, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. With the exception of the latter disease, EBV is present in B cells where it can result in lytic infection, with production of virus particles, or a latent infection with various patterns of viral gene expression. EBV can result in fatal infections in some hosts. Males with the X-linked lymphoproliferative disease often develop fatal infectious mononucleosis during primary EBV infection. Those who survive the disease often have hypogammaglobulinemia and are at increased risk for developing B cell lymphomas.
Transcriptome analysis of endocrine tumors: Clinical perspectives

There is considerable interest in the application of DNA microarrays to the pathologic evaluation of endocrine neoplasms. Improvements in tumor classification and prognostication, prediction of response to therapy, and comprehensive assessment of tumoral hormone production represent the major anticipated benefits. Here, some of the microarray studies that support the clinical use of transcriptome profiling for endocrine tumors are reviewed. In addition, some of the barriers to clinical implementation are discussed.
Experimental Characterization and Modeling of InP-based Microcoolers

We present experimental and theoretical characterization of InP-based heterostructure integrated thermionic (HIT) coolers. In particular, the effect of doping on overall device performance is characterized. Several thin-film cooler devices have been fabricated and analyzed. The coolers consist of a 1µm thick superlattice structure composed of 25 periods of InGaAs well and InGaAsP (λgap ≈ 1.3µm) barrier layers 10 and 30nm thick, respectively. The superlattice is surrounded by highly-doped InGaAs layers that serve as the cathode and anode. All layers are lattice-matched to the n-type InP substrate. N-type doping of the well layers varies from 1.5×10 18 cm -3 to 8×10 18 cm -3 between devices, while the barrier layers are undoped. Device cooling performance was measured at room-temperature. Device current-versus-voltage relationships were measured from 45K to room-temperature. Detailed models of electron transport in superlattice structures were used to simulate device performance. Experimental results indicate that low-temperature electron transport is a strong function of well layer doping and that maximum cooling will decrease as this doping is increased. Theoretical models of both I-V curves and maximum cooling agree well with experimental results. The findings indicate that low-temperature electron transport is useful to characterize potential barriers and energy filtering in HIT coolers.
Cultural Differences in Expectations of Change and Tolerance for Contradiction: A Decade of Empirical Research

Since the publication of Peng and Nisbett’s seminal paper on dialectical thinking, a substantial amount of empirical research has replicated and expanded on the core finding that people differ in the degree to which they view the world as inherently contradictory and in constant flux. Dialectical thinkers (who are more often members of East Asian than Western cultures) show greater expectation of change in tasks related to explanation and prediction and greater tolerance of contradiction in tasks involving the reconciliation of contradictory information. The authors show how these effects are manifested in the domains of the self, emotional experience, psychological well-being, attitudes and evaluations, social categorization and perception, and judgment and decision making. They note important topics in need of further investigation and offer predictions concerning possible cultural differences in unexplored domains as a function of the presence or absence of naive dialecticism.
Commentary: William Budd–a less well known human ecologist?

According to the late Tim Murrell, general practitioners have four main tasks—to manage undifferentiated illness, to manage long-term and continuing illness in the community, to offer a health prevention service and to offer an advocacy service to the patient. For the thinking practitioner he added a fifth task—to study the interaction of human beings with themselves and with living organisms within their shared environments. This he called the task of human ecology. 1 Two noteworthy general practitioners who could be regarded as human ecologists about the time of cholera epidemics in Britain were William Budd and the famous John Snow. William Budd (Figure 1) was an English country practitioner whose observations on typhoid fever had far-reaching public health consequences. Born in 1811 into a medical family in North Tawton, Devon, he subsequently spent part of his medical apprenticeship on Parisian wards with the critical observer Pierre Louis. Here Budd became acquainted with cases of typhoid fever 2,3 and also met Bretonneau who, feeling that cholera was a contagious disease, fought vigorously against the actions of the majority of his colleagues who admitted cholera patients to normal wards. 4
Elastic properties of particle-occlusion composites: Measurements and modeling

The authors review some of their recent studies on the effective elastic constants of composites where the occluded phase is spherical or spheroidal (oblate or prolate). From constituent properties and phase geometry, they estimated the composites` effective macroscopic elastic constants using two models: the Ledbetter-Datta scattered-plane-wave ensemble-average model and the Mori-Tanaka effective-field model. The authors measured elastic constants by three principal methods: resonance, pulse-echo, and acoustic-resonance spectroscopy. They show microstructures, measurements, and model calculations for five representative composites: SiC{sub p}/Al, Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}-mullite{sub p}/Al, Al{sub 2}O{sub 3p}/mullite, graphite{sub p}/ferrite (cast iron), voids/Ti.
LARGE EDDY SIMULATION OF NATURALLY INDUCED FIRE WHIRLS IN A VERTICAL SQUARE CHANNEL WITH CORNER GAPS

Naturally occurring fire whirls are rare but highly destructive phenomena. These are mostly generated by the interaction between a buoyant fire plume and its surroundings. The whirling motion generated can enhance the plume length and sustain burning. In this paper, we report the results of a numerical investigation of whirling fues generated in vertical square channels with symmetric comer gaps. The numerical investigations of swirling fire plumes are used to analyze how the comer gaps alters the plume dynamics and combustion. An approximate (low Mach number) form of the NavierStokes equations is solved to calculate the mixing and transport of combustion products. Large scale eddies are directly simulated and sub-grid scale motion is represented with a Smagorinsky model. The current approach is based on a fHed heat release rate, regardless of the strength of the whirl generated by the corner slots. The effect of corner slot widths and their codiguration on the swirling motion are studied systematically for a given channel geometry and fixed fuelloss rate.
DBCP, EDB, and TCP Contamination of Ground Water in Hawaii

In recent years, several pesticide-related contaminants have been detected in the ground waters of the State of Hawaii. Two soil fumigants previously used by pineapple growers, 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropanc (DBCP) and 1,2-dibromoethane or ethylene dibromide (EDB), have been detected in several wells on Oahu and Maui. An impurity of the soil fumigant DD, 1,2,3-trichloropropane (TCP), also has been detected in a number of wells. DBCP, EDB, and TCP are of particular concern to State public health officials due to known and possible unknown health effects associated with these compounds. The locations of the contaminated well sites on Oahu appear to be correlated with the areas of past and present pineapple cultivation when the ambient ground-water flow pattern is taken into consideration. In addition, several large fuel pipeline leaks are located in the vicinity of the EDB contamination. In general, TCP contamination is more widespread than either DBCP or EDB contamination. TCP levels appear to be declining in Oahu water wells while EDB levels in the contaminated portion of southern Oahu appear to be increasing. The direction of temporal trends in DBCP concentration at present varies according to site.
The role of plumes in mantle helium fluxes

We present a simple model of ^3He and ^4He transport in the mantle using the appropriate rates of mass and species transfer and ^4He production. Previous workers have shown the presence of excess ^3He in hotspots such as Hawaii and Iceland and inferred that these hotspots tap a source with a higher ^3He ^4He ratio than the source region of mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB). Hotspot ocean islands probably originate over upwelling plumes which carry material from the lower mantle to the upper mantle. Melting at hotspots and at mid-ocean ridges degasses the mantle of volatiles such as helium. The upper mantle is outgassed largely of helium due to melting at mid-ocean ridges and hotspots. We postulate that the excess ^3He seen in MORB originates in material that was carried from the lower mantle in plumes but not completely outgassed at hotspots. This helium is incorporated into the depleted upper mantle. Assuming that the upper mantle is in a quasi-steady-state with respect to helium, a simple model balancing ^3He and ^4He fluxes in the upper mantle indicates that the hotspots significantly outgas the lower mantle of ^3He. The concentration of ^4He in the plume source reservoir is 2–3 orders of magnitude lower than the concentration in carbonaceous chondrites. The residence time of helium in the upper mantle depends on the outgassing efficiency at hotspots, since the hotspots may outgas some upper mantle material which has been entrained in the plumes. The residence time of He in the upper mantle is about 1.4 × 10^9 yr. We conclude that the efficiency of outgassing of He from plumes is high and that the plumes dominate the present ^3He loss to the atmosphere. The ^4He in the less depleted layer of the mantle is not trapped “primordial” but is predominantly from in situ decay of U and Th in the depleted layer over ∼ 1.4 × 10^9 yr. The ^4He in the lower mantle is dominantly from in situ decay of U and Th over 4.4 × 10^9 yr. This model appears to explain the total Ar in the atmosphere as there is about the same amount of K in the depleted mantle as is in the continents.
Cultural Adaptation on Overseas Assignments

Early return from International Service Personnel (ISP) assignments and inadequate job performance while abroad are very costly to GM and the individual ISP families. Adaptation problems experienced by the ISP spouses are one of the main causes of poor ISP job performance. This paper addresses variation in the ease and rate of cultural adaptation with ISP families. Structured interviews with ISPs and spouses enabled us to compare their statements about adaptation with their statements about the nature and structure of their daily routines. Two principal findings emerged from the data. First, ISPs interact to a greater extent with host country nationals while the spouses interact primarily with members of the expatriate community. Second, the spouses experience a more difficult and prolonged period of adaptation than the ISPs. We conclude that the spouses' more difficult adaptation is due to their initial lack of organizational affiliation and social networks. Our recommendations focus particularly on providing more specific types of assistance and social contacts to newly arrived family members, especially the spouses.
Edge Windowing for OFDM Based Systems

In this letter, we propose a new windowing method for efficient spectral shaping in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) based systems. Unlike the conventional windowing techniques where the same windowing is used for all the subcarriers within an OFDM symbol, in the proposed approach, windowing is heavily applied to the subcarriers located at the edges of the band; shorter windowing sizes are used for the inner subcarriers compared to edge subcarriers. Instead of introducing additional windowing interval, in the proposed approach, the windowing time is stolen from the cyclic extension size. Therefore, with the proposed approach, sidelobe suppression is achieved while maintaining the spectral efficiency. The proposed technique brings about a new degree of freedom in achieving spectrally efficient sidelobe suppression and introducing controllable inter-carrier-interference (ICI) and inter-symbol-interference (ISI). This degree of freedom can be exploited with subcarrier based adaptive approaches like adaptive modulation, power control, and scheduling to improve the capacity and performance of OFDM based wireless communication systems.
Tensile Properties and Integrity of Clean Room and Low-Modulus Disposable Nitrile Gloves: A Comparison of Two Dissimilar Glove Types

Background: The selection of disposable nitrile exam gloves is complicated by (i) the availability of several types or formulations, (ii) product variability, and (iii) an inability of common quality control tests to detect small holes in the fingers. Differences in polymer formulation (e.g. filler and plasticizer/oil content) and tensile properties are expected to account for much of the observed variability in performance. Objectives: This study evaluated the tensile properties and integrity (leak failure rates) of two glove choices assumed to contain different amounts of plasticizers/oils. The primary aims were to determine if the tensile properties and integrity differed and if associations existed among these factors. Additional physical and chemical properties were evaluated. Methods: Six clean room and five low-modulus products were evaluated using the American Society for Testing and Materials Method D412 and a modified water-leak test to detect holes capable of passing a virus or chemical agent. Results: Significant differences in the leak failure rates and tensile properties existed between the two glove types (P � 0.05). The clean room gloves were about three times more likely to have leak failures (chi-square; P 5 0.001). No correlation was observed between leak failures and tensile properties. Solvent extract, an indication of added plasticizer/oil, was not associated with leak failures. However, gloves with a maximum modulus ,4 MPa or area density (AD) ,11 g cm � 2 were about four times less likely to leak. Conclusions: On average, the low-modulus gloves were a better choice for protection against aqueous chemical or biological penetration. The observed variability between glove products indicated that glove selection cannot rely solely on glove type or manufacturer labeling. Measures of modulus and AD may aid in the selection process, in contrast with common measures of tensile strength and elongation at break.
New asymptotic bounds and improvements on the Lempel-Ziv data compression algorithm

New results, which follow from a data compression algorithm proposed by A. Lempel and J. Ziv (1977), are presented. The authors describe the original Lempel-Ziv algorithm, and present an improved Lempel-Ziv data compression algorithm. They state and prove some asymptotic bounds on the compression ratio that the improved algorithm achieves. For completeness, they describe the Lempel-Ziv-Welch data compression algorithm presented by T. A. Welch (1984). A software implementation for both the original and the improved Lempel-Ziv algorithms is given, and the algorithms are compared with each other as well as with the Lempel-Ziv-Welch algorithm. >
Specific and sensitive detection of H. pylori in biological specimens by real-time RT-PCR and in situ hybridization

PCR detection of H. pylori in biological specimens is rendered difficult by the extensive polymorphism of H. pylori genes and the suppressed expression of some genes in many strains. The goal of the present study was to (1) define a domain of the 16S rRNA sequence that is both highly conserved among H. pylori strains and also specific to the species, and (2) to develop and validate specific and sensitive molecular methods for the detection of H. pylori. We used a combination of in silico and molecular approaches to achieve sensitive and specific detection of H. pylori in biologic media. We sequenced two isolates from patients living in different continents and demonstrated that a 546-bp domain of the H. pylori 16S rRNA sequence was conserved in those strains and in published sequences. Within this conserved sequence, we defined a 229-bp domain that is 100% homologous in most H. pylori strains available in GenBank and also is specific for H. pylori. This sub-domain was then used to design (1) a set of high quality RT-PCR primers and probe that encompassed a 76-bp sequence and included at least two mismatches with other Helicobacter sp. 16S rRNA; and (2) in situ hybridization antisense probes. The sensitivity and specificity of the approaches were then demonstrated by using gastric biopsy specimens from patients and rhesus monkeys. This H. pylori-specific region of the 16S rRNA sequence is highly conserved among most H. pylori strains and allows specific detection, identification, and quantification of this bacterium in biological specimens.
Covert visual attention in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Evidence for developmental immaturity?

Shifts in covert visual attention were compared in children with and without Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) to determine if children with ADHD have developmental immaturities in covert attention, relative to their non-ADHD peers. Children were told to orient attention to a central fixation point and were then cued, by both central and peripheral cues, to direct their attention to either the left or right peripheral fields. Following variable time intervals, the target appeared and reaction times and errors were recorded. Although performance of all subjects showed faciliation when attention was directed by valid cues and inhibition when attention was directed by invalid cues, the performance of children with ADHD was far more disrupted when their attention was misled by invalid cues, especially at longer intervals. This inconsistency was reflected in significantly higher error rates in the ADHD group. They also showed a pattern of attentional “waxing and waning” in performance over longer time intervals that has been previously found in auditory attention switching over time within trials in children with ADHD. Overall, results are inconsistent with developmentally immature covert attention skills in ADHD. Findings are discussed in terms of the concept of global “developmental immaturity” in the attention skills of children with ADHD.
Analytical solution for constant enthalpy mhd accelerator

Abstract : A closed form solution is obtained for a constant enthalpy, crossed field accelerator. The onedimensional inviscid equations of motion are integrated, assuming that the axial variation of electrical energy addition and the area variation are specified. The accelerator is assumed to be segmented, and ion slip effects are ig nored. The solution is useful for a parametric study of a hypervelocity wind tunnel which employs an MHD accelerator. (Author)
Postlude Reflections and Open Problems

As we gained experience with Alphard, both our ideas about Alphard itself and our ideas about methodology and language design evolved. It was possible for some of these new perceptions to feed back directly into Alphard. Others, however, required a significant departure from decisions already in place. In this final set of retrospective notes we assess the impact of the Alphard work and discuss some of the ideas that can serve as points of departure for new work. We begin with some remarks on Alphard itself — its status, its impact, and some design decisions we would now make differently. We then discuss some issues that have emerged from the abstract data type research and that remain as open research questions.
Mechanistic studies of a linear trisazoalkane, a new azimine, and a bicyclic triaziridine. Azoalkane homolysis into seven fragments

An aliphatic azo compound containing three azo groups (1) has been prepared by IF5 oxidation of β-azoamine 3. The thermolysis kinetics of this vicinal trisazoalkane were investigated above 155 °C, leading to a rate constant only 5.5 times faster than that of the simple model, azo-tert-butane. Because thermolysis to form seven stable products proceeds stepwise, the rate is hardly affected by the high exothermicity of the overall reaction (−93.4 kcal/mol). Oxidation of amine 3 also afforded a cyclic azimine 5 that underwent photolysis to yield a highly strained triaziridine 9 plus an unusual triazane 10, whose structures were elucidated by detailed NMR studies. On standing at ambient temperature, 9 reverted to 5 with a half-life of about an hour.
Teacher Leader Model Standards Implications for Preparation, Policy, and Practice

Teacher leadership is increasingly recognized as a resource for instructional improvement. Consequently, teacher leader initiatives have expanded rapidly despite limited knowledge about how to prep...
Effective Energy Efficiency Measures for Existing Residential Homes in the Florida Market

Over the past two decades the sustainability movement has grown by leaps and bounds. Fueled by growing social awareness of climate change and the financial benefits, residential home owners are looking to “go green” and reduce their energy consumption. However, home owners are at a disadvantage as they are generally not well educated on the specifics of energy conservation. Critical unanswered questions on cost, efficiency and return on investment keep many home owners from acting on their initial intentions. To address this problem this research took common retrofit energy efficiency measures and tested them on a computer-simulated model of a typical existing Florida house. Energy modeling software was used to calculate the effectiveness of the measures. Once completed a matrix that includes initial capital cost, effectiveness measured in cost per year, and pay back durations based on current finance rates were created. Home owners can use the matrix and extrapolate the effectiveness and pay back of each...
Bis(μ-dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]thio­phene-2,6-dicarboxyl­ato-κ2O2:O6)bis­[bis­(1,10-phenanthroline-κ2N,N′)cobalt(II)] dimethyl­formamide disolvate

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, [Co2(C10H2O4S3)2(C12H8N2)4]·2C3H7NO, contains one half of the formula unit, with the rest generated by inversion. The cobalt ion sits in a slightly distorted octa­hedral environment and is ligated to four N atoms of two 1,10-phenanthroline molecules and to two O atoms of two dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]thio­phene-2,6-dicarb­oxy­l­ate anions. The anions act as bridges between the CoII centers.
Mycobacterium kansasii infection in a captive Sichuan takin (Budorcas taxicolor tibetana) and a siamang (Hylobates syndactylus) at a zoological facility

Mycobacterium kansasii is one of the most significant causes of pulmonary disease due to non-tuberculous mycobacteria in humans and has been recognised to cause disease in a wide variety of animal species. To the authors’ knowledge, this paper reports the first cases of pulmonary lesions due to M. kansasii in a siamang ( Hylobates syndactylus ) and a Sichuan takin ( Budorcas taxicolor tibetana ). In both cases, the animals had a history of a primary chronic disease that may have resulted in altered immune function and contributed to the development of secondary lesions due to M. kansasii . This report describes two cases that occurred at the same zoological facility, on different sides of the park and separated by a six-year time span.
TEACHING FROM THE ARCHIVES

My first thoughts in response to the question “What’s so special about special collections?” were in relation to my own experience researching and writing about nineteenth-century Anglo-American literature and print culture. But like a lot of teachers, I find that my research informs my classroom practice and that my classroom practice, in turn, reinvigorates my research. Consequently, much of my thinking about this question comes out of my experience designing archival research projects for my undergraduate students. So, in response to why, at a time of increasingly sophisticated electronic resources for “preserving” and making available special collections materials, we should . . .
Altered RNA editing in 3′ UTR perturbs microRNA-mediated regulation of oncogenes and tumor-suppressors

RNA editing is a molecular event that alters specific nucleotides in RNA post-transcriptionally. RNA editing has the potential to impact a variety of cellular processes and is implicated in diseases such as cancer. Yet, the precise mechanisms by which RNA editing controls cellular processes are poorly understood. Here, we characterize sequences altered by RNA editing in patient samples from lymphoma, neuroblastoma and head and neck cancers. We show that A-to-I RNA editing sites are highly conserved across samples of the same tissue type and that most editing sites identified in tumors are also detectable in normal tissues. Next, we identify the significant changes in editing levels of known sites between tumor and paired "normal" tissues across 14 cancer types (627 pairs) from The Cancer Genome Atlas project and show that the complexity of RNA editing regulation cannot be captured by the activity of ADAR family genes alone. Our pan-cancer analysis confirms previous results on individual tumor types and suggests that changes of RNA editing levels in coding and 3'UTR regions could be a general mechanism to promote tumor growth. We also propose a model explaining how altered RNA editing levels affect microRNA-mediated post-transcriptional regulation of oncogenes and tumor-suppressors.
Characterization of gas-expanded liquid-deposited gold nanoparticle films on substrates of varying surface energy.

Dodecanethiol-stabilized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were deposited via a gas-expanded liquid (GXL) technique utilizing CO2-expanded hexane onto substrates of different surface energy. The different surface energies were achieved by coating silicon (100) substrates with various organic self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). Following the deposition of AuNP films, the films were characterized to determine the effect of substrate surface energy on nanoparticle film deposition and growth. Interestingly, the critical surface tension of a given substrate does not directly describe nanoparticle film morphology. However, the results in this study indicate a shift between layer-by-layer and island film growth based on the critical surface tension of the capping ligand. Additionally, the fraction of surface area covered by the AuNP film decreases as the oleophobic nature of the surfaces increases. On the basis of this information, the potential exists to engineer nanoparticle films with desired morphologies and characte...
In-Situ Study of the Oxide Mediated Epitaxy of CoSi2 on Si

Oxide Mediated Epitaxy (OME) shows promise as a method to form good quality, thin epitaxial CoSi 2 films on most Si surfaces. We have performed an in-situ study of the OME of CoSi 2 , on the Si (001) surface. Our work was carried out with our specially modified ultra-high vacuum transmission electron microscope (UHV TEM) SHEBA (Surface High Energy Electron Beam Apparatus). With SHEBA we were able to monitor the diffraction pattern and therefore the phase formation throughout the anneal. Our results confirm the suppression of intermediate phases during CoSi 2 formation in the OME process. We also see a difference in the as deposited Co film when the oxide coated silicon surface is used rather than a clean substrate. From combined imaging and diffraction studies we will shed some light on the mechanism behind the success of OME.
Genetic Algorithm-based Automated Task Allocation Technique for Network Processors

A problem that must be faced when designing systems based on network processors(NPs) is how to assign the packet-processing tasks to the processor pipeline consisting of many processing engines.Nowadays,this work is done by developers manually,which is error-prone and has low efficiency.To alleviate this,this paper proposes a genetic algorithm-based method to assign processing tasks to processing engines automatically.In essence,this is a multi-objective searching problem,thus the introduction of genetic algorithm is reasonable.Experiments show that this method can quickly obtain near-optimal solutions from the large solution space.Using this technique,the assignment of task to PE can be fulfilled easily and efficiently.Thus,the development period can be shortened greatly.
Spectral kurtosis statistics of quantized signals

We investigate the bias of the Spectral Kurtosis Estimator induced by the quantization and bit truncation of the accumulated spectral power, which are standard signal manipulation operations performed by radio astronomy instruments that produce Power Spectral Density (PSD) estimates by means of sequential Discret Fourier Transform (DFT) operations. We demonstrate that these bias may be properly accounted for by adjusting the shape parameter of the Gamma distribution according to which the accumulated PSD estimates are expected to be distributed without quantization. To demonstrate the validity of this approach, we test the performance of an empirically tuned SK estimator using 2-bit auto-correlation data produced by the Parkes telescope.
In-line E-beam metrology and defect inspection: industry reflections, hybrid E-beam opportunities, recommendations and predictions

At SPIE 2013 in Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography an invited paper was published titled “In-line E-beam wafer metrology and defect inspection: the end of an era for image-based critical dimensional metrology? New life for defect inspection”. Three years have passed and numerous developments have occurred as predicted in this paper. The development of E-beam tools that can concurrently handle metrology and defect applications is one of the primary developments. In this paper, the capabilities of these new E-beam tools and their current use cases will be discussed in the areas of Critical Dimension Uniformity (CDU), In-die overlay, Hot spot and Physical defect inspection. Emphasis will be placed on use cases where “massive” CDU data is collected in order to increase yield learning for manufacturing (14nm) and decrease cycles of learning for development (7nm). Additionally, some of the other subject material from the previous publication will also be discussed such as the current state of E-beam critical dimension image fidelity and physical defect detection capabilities. Lastly, future directions and opportunities for In-line E-beam including Multi-beam and/or Multi-column E-beam will be discussed.
1 kV field plated in-situ oxide, GaN interlayer based vertical trench MOSFET (OG-FET)

In recent years, GaN trench MOSFETs have been actively investigated to achieve low on-resistance and high breakdown voltage [1-8]. The absence of a JFET region makes the trench MOSFET a favorable device structure to reduce the on-resistance. However, poor (electron) channel mobility in GaN trench MOSFETs lead to increased channel resistance. This could potentially result in reliability issues and/or high on-resistance as a large gate bias is needed to reduce the channel resistance. In our previous works, we demonstrated a novel device design (OG-FET), where enhanced channel mobility was obtained by inserting a MOCVD-regrown GaN interlayer between the trenched structure and the in-situ gate dielectric [7, 8]. The breakdown performance of OG-FETs reported in previous work was limited due to the absence of edge termination [8]. In this work, OG-FETs were fabricated with field plate based edge termination which resulted in an enhanced breakdown from 600 V (E BR ∼ 1.5 MV/cm) to 1000 V (E BR ∼ 2 MV/cm).
Boltzmann machines and energy-based models.

We review Boltzmann machines and energy-based models. A Boltzmann machine defines a probability distribution over binary-valued patterns. One can learn parameters of a Boltzmann machine via gradient based approaches in a way that log likelihood of data is increased. The gradient and Hessian of a Boltzmann machine admit beautiful mathematical representations, although computing them is in general intractable. This intractability motivates approximate methods, including Gibbs sampler and contrastive divergence, and tractable alternatives, namely energy-based models.
Impact of Type and Timing of Southern Corn Rootworm Treatments on Predaceous Arthropods in Peanut

At-flowering and at-pegging treatments of soil-applied insecticides for southern corn rootworm, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber, control were examined to determine if type and/or timing o...
Social factors of depression among Cuban and Indochinese American adolescents

This study used data from the first wave of the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study (CILS) [Portes, A., & Rumbaut, R. G. (2008). Children of immigrants longitudinal study (CILS). Ann Arbor, M...
Personal, Mobile, Connected: The Future of Learning

Digital technologies are increasingly personal, mobile, and connected. Many students use them in their daily lives, but in schools they are regularly limited in what tools they can use and what digital content they have access to. While students want to use digital technologies for learning, educators often ban or limit this use for reasons of safety or learning distractions. This chapter explores the divide between teachers and students, the technologies that could increase the size of this gap, and what educators need to reconnect teachers and students, and education and life. Personal, mobile, and connected technologies should be seriously considered as learning tools, as they can provide the bridge between schools and their surrounding communities, reconnecting the two with learning that is relevant, meaningful, and lifelong.
Factors Influencing Outdoor Recreation Participation: A State Study

Data were collected in 1984 from a sample of Ohio residents to evaluate the merits of a theoretical perspective derived from discussions focused on the role of early life experiences, personal comm...
Ultrafast Fiber Lasers

Erbium-doped fibers are making it possible to develop compact, diode-pumped sources of ultrashort pulses for a variety of applications. Operating principles of these devices are reviewed and recent experimental progress in our laboratory on soliton and stretched-pulse lasers is described.
Cellular to Tissue Informatics: Approaches to Optimizing Cellular Function of Engineered Tissue

Tissue engineering is a rapidly expanding, multi-disciplinary field in biomedicine. It provides the ability to manipulate living cells and biomaterials for the purpose of restoring, maintaining, and enhancing tissue and organ function. Scientists have engineered various tissues in the body, from skin substitutes to artificial nerves to heart tissues, with varying degrees of success. Although the field of tissue engineering has come a long way since its first successful demonstration by Bisceglie in the 1930s, methods of coaxing them into functional tissues have been predominantly empirical to date. To successfully develop tissue-engineered organs, it is important to understand how to maintain the cells under conditions that maximize their ability to perform their physiological roles, regardless of their environment. In that context, a methodology that combines empirical data with mathematical and statistical techniques, such as metabolic engineering and cellular informatics, to systematically determine the optimal (1) type of cell to use, (2) scaffold properties and the corresponding processing conditions to achieve those properties, and (3) the required types and levels of environmental factors and the operating conditions needed in the bioreactor, will enable the design of viable and functional tissues tailored to the specific requirements of individual situations.
Improving Health Promotion Through the Integration of Technology, Crowdsourcing, and Social Media:

As Internet accessibility and technological innovations continue to increase communication, new opportunities have emerged to leverage these tools to improve health promotion practice. Advances and utilization of collaborative Internet communication, or social media, have provided global connectivity on an unprecedented scale. Using these innovations to leverage the collective intellect of online communities for specific goals, crowdsourcing is an approach that has the potential to solve complex public health problems. Due to the novelty of crowdsourcing implementations and the relative infancy of its application within public health, it is necessary to examine examples to facilitate practitioner conceptualization and application. This article details the development and application of a crowdsourced effort leveraging social media and technology to assist in relief efforts during Hurricane Harvey. Furthermore, the article presents examples corresponding to a typology of crowdsourcing for public health, including Knowledge Discovery and Management, Distributed Human Intelligence Tasking, Broadcast Search, and Peer-Vetted Creative Production problems. Leveraging these innovative applications has positive implications for health promotion practice, including improved intervention development and evaluation, increased multidisciplinary collaboration, and enhanced facilitation of communication, information exchange, and support.
The Environmental Consequences of Asymmetric War: A Panel Study of Militarism and Carbon Emissions, 2000–2010:

Warmaking and war preparation have changed significantly in the 21st century. A number of scholars have documented and analyzed these changes. Drawing on work focused upon “new war” and “new milita...
Structured Databases of Named Entities from Bayesian Nonparametrics

We present a nonparametric Bayesian approach to extract a structured database of entities from text. Neither the number of entities nor the fields that characterize each entity are provided in advance; the only supervision is a set of five prototype examples. Our method jointly accomplishes three tasks: (i) identifying a set of canonical entities, (ii) inferring a schema for the fields that describe each entity, and (iii) matching entities to their references in raw text. Empirical evaluation shows that the approach learns an accurate database of entities and a sensible model of name structure.
Amorphous Ferrimagnets: an Ideal Host for Ultra-Small Skyrmions

Recently, magnetic skyrmion has emerged as an active topic of fundamental study and applications in magnetic materials research. Magnetic skyrmions are vortex-like spin excitations with topological protection and therefore are more robust to pinning compared with magnetic domain walls. We employ atomistic simulations to create room-temperature ultra-small Neel skyrmions in amorphous ferrimagnet. The fast propagation and low-dissipation dynamics of ultra-small ferrimagnetic skyrmions make them attractive for utilization as an alternative to domain walls in spin-based memory and logic devices.
The crAss-like Phage Group: How Metagenomics Reshaped the Human Virome

Metagenomics is currently the primary means for identifying new viruses. One of the most impactful metagenomic discoveries is that of crAssphage, the most abundant human-associated virus that is found in about 50% of human gut viromes where it can comprise up to 90% of the virus sequences. Although initial genome analysis of crAssphage failed to detect related phages, or functionally annotate most of the genes, subsequent reanalysis with powerful computational methods and larger databases led to the identification of an expansive group of crAss-like phages. The functions of most crAssphage proteins were predicted, including unusual ones such as giant RNA polymerase polyproteins. The host range of the crAss-like phages consists of various members of the bacterial phylum Bacteroidetes as demonstrated by CRISPR spacer analysis and by analysis of genes acquired by phages from the hosts. New metagenomic studies vastly expanded the crAss-like phage group and demonstrated its global spread and ancient association with primates. The first members of the crAss-like group was recently isolated and shown to infect the bacterium Bacteroides intestinales. Characterization of this phage validated the predicted podovirus-like virion structure and the identity of the major capsid protein and other predicted virion proteins, including three RNA polymerase subunits.
The Impact of an Assessment Certificate on Faculty Perceptions and Knowledge

Administrators are struggling to understand how to best promote and implement a culture of evidence-based decision making to stakeholders. The research study presented explored best practices on creating meaningful professional development experiences using both direct and indirect evidence of learning -- this article will describe the effectiveness of a certificate program designed to educate faculty about assessment and its impact on faculty learning gains, perceptions, and self-efficacy. The study used a pre-/post-test design to measure participant knowledge using quizzes for each of the four modules of the certificate and participant perceptions using a survey. The modules covered writing student learning and program outcomes, curriculum mapping, developing assessment methods, creating assessment instruments, collecting data, analyzing and reporting results, and using results for improvement. Certificate completers demonstrated increased knowledge of assessment terminology, procedures, and best practices, as well as improved assessment-related self-efficacy. However, their perception regarding assessment did not change. Data gathered through this study can help inform decisions on needed assessment-related faculty professional development activities.
STATE-DEPENDENT MOTOR CONTROL MECHANISMS OF THE PONTINE AND MEDULLARY RETICULAR FORMATION

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the state-dependent motor control mechanisms of the pontine and medullary reticular formation. It is found that response reversal is based upon the advent of reticular induced excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) activity during wakefulness and quiet sleep, and the induction of inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) activity during active sleep. This finding suggests the presence of state dependent circuitry wherein a single reticular locus assumes the capability of expressing dual functions that are entirely dependent upon the behavioral state of the animal. It is hypothesized that the process of reticular response-reversal is achieved by the blockade of a neuronal pathway from the nucleus pontis oralis (NPO) during wakefulness and quiet sleep, and the opening of this pathway during active sleep, resulting in the functional coupling of these two sites during this behavioral state. The result of this coupling would be the selective excitation, during active sleep, of nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis neurons by direct monosynaptic projections from NPO neurons.