cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Single-center experience of liver transplantation for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma.

Abstract Background Traditionally, curative resection was considered the cornerstone of treatment for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma. More recently, liver transplantation (LT) offered an alternative for patients with unresectable disease. The purpose of this study was to assess our experience with perihilar cholangiocarcinoma and LT. Methods A perihilar cholangiocarcinoma protocol was commenced in 2006 whereby diagnosed patients were enrolled onto an institutional registry for LT consideration. Data on patient progression and oncologic outcomes were assessed. Results Fifty-eight patients were initially enrolled onto the protocol and 38 proceeded to LT following neoadjuvant chemoradiation (mean age 55.6 ± 11.4 years). Mean time to LT was 3.7 ± 2 months and, among those transplanted, 14 (37%) had underlying primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). Thirteen (34%) patients developed malignant recurrence and there were no differences in disease recurrence between PSC (n = 3) and non-PSC (n = 10) patients (p = 0.32). Overall patient survival was 91%, 58% and 52% at 1-, 3- and 5-years corresponding with 81%, 52% and 46% graft survival, respectively. Conclusion Rigorous patient selection and chemoradiation treatment algorithms can be highly effective in treating perihilar cholangiocarcinoma. For appropriately selected candidates, LT can provide a 52% 5-year survival for patients who would otherwise have no surgical treatment option.
Gene copy number alterations and differential gene expression in the acquired resistance of ovarian cancer cells to taxanes

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 1252 Ovarian cancer is the most common cause of death among women with gynecologic malignancies. Close to 75% of the patients have advanced-stage disease at diagnosis and are often characterized by rapid development of resistance to chemotherapy. In order to understand biological mechanisms underlying this behavior, we have developed a set of taxane-resistance models consisting of six parental ovarian cancer cell lines (A2780/1A9, ES-2, MES-OV, OVCA429, OVCA433 and OVCAR3) and 24 resistant variants exhibiting at least 10-fold resistance to either paclitaxel or docetaxel, selected with or without PSC, a modulator of P-glycoprotein. We hypothesized that the drug resistance phenotype depends on multiple changes in the transcriptional programs of resistant variants and the accumulation of numerous chromosomal alterations conferring selective advantages under drug pressure. High-resolution gene copy number and gene expression profiling were performed using a 42,000-element cDNA microarray platform. Parallel measures of gene copy number variation and gene expression were obtained for a total of 12,480 unique UniGene clusters. Gene copy number profiles were first transformed into regions of consistent gene copy number level using a recently developed circular binary segmentation algorithm (CBS) and deemed changed based on the reference distribution of multiple self-to-self hybridizations. The profiled cell lines exhibited numerous complex gene copy number aberrations, which is consistent with a high degree of aneuploidy in these tumors. The most common alterations include 1q, 3q, 8q, 17q and 20q. The global impact of gene copy number alterations on gene expression was first estimated using a linear regression model which indicated that at least 10% of all variation in gene expression among the analyzed cell lines is directly attributable to underlying variation in gene copy number. Since this relationship is likely to be much larger for a selected number of genes with higher biological importance, gene copy number and gene expression data were also integrated on a gene-by-gene level using signal-to-noise computation coupled with permutation testing. Gene expression profiles of 1,266 clones were found to be significantly associated with gene copy number alterations (q<0.05). These genes were then correlated with the taxane resistance phenotype using Significance Analysis of Microarrays (SAM), and 36 and 38 clones were found to be associated with P-gp and non-P-gp mediated drug resistance phenotypes, respectively (q<0.05). Finally, molecular interactions and potential functional relevance of identified genes were investigated using pathway analysis tools. Collectively, these observations provide a framework for future studies on the roles of genome instability and the accumulated genetic alterations in the development of chemoresistance.
Sexual maturation in underfed weight-matched rats. A test of the "critical body weight" theory of pubertal timing in males.

A popular current theory proposes that the timing of puberty is related to attainment of a critical level of body weight or body fatness. These critical body weight and critical body fat theories have been studied almost exclusively in females. To explore these theories in males, we tested a corollary of these hypotheses: are male rats of the same weight all at the same level of sexual maturation irrespective of prior growth rate? Male rats growing in body weight at five different rates due to various degrees of underfeeding (beginning at weaning) were sacrificed at body weight milestones of 123 and 279 grams. At the first weight milestone, significant (P < 0.01) inverse correlations were observed among these weight-matched rats between the preceding rate of body weight growth and prostate weight, seminal vesicle weight, testis weight, serum testosterone, and daily sperm production rate, indicating that the underfed animals were more sexually mature. Testis histology also showed that spermatogenic development increased progressively as the prior rate of body weight growth was reduced. These parameters of sexual maturation tended to correlate inversely with body fatness (i.e., leaner animals were more sexually mature) and directly with body length (i.e., longer animals were more sexually mature). By the second body weight milestone, however, the degree of prior underfeeding exerted little effect on those indices of sexual development. We conclude that the degree of sexual maturation in weight-matched animals with varying previous patterns of body weight growth correlates inversely with body fatness and the rate of body weight growth but correlates directly with body length. These findings would not support either the critical body weight or critical body fatness theories of pubertal timing in underfed male rats and suggest that body length or chronologic age may be related more closely to sexual development than either body weight or fatness.
More on Newborn Screening for Phenylketonuria: Recommendations of the Committee on Genetics

In Reply.— In the 12 months subsequent to publication of the statement by the Committee on Genetics,1 there has been no adverse correspondence with the Journal or the Academy on the issues raised in the statement. Nonetheless, Schoen now raises a question of potentially broad relevance; it concerns the recommendation about repeat testing for hyperphenylalaninemia in the newborn discharged from the nursery before the third day of life. Schoen is critical of the data that the Committee used to reach its conclusions.
Enabling security in cloud storage SLAs with CloudProof

Several cloud storage systems exist today, but none of them provide security guarantees in their Service Level Agreements (SLAs). This lack of security support has been a major hurdle for the adoption of cloud services, especially for enterprises and cautious consumers. To fix this issue, we present CloudProof, a secure storage system specifically designed for the cloud. In CloudProof, customers can not only detect violations of integrity, write-serializability, and freshness, they can also prove the occurrence of these violations to a third party. This proof-based system is critical to enabling security guarantees in SLAs, wherein clients pay for a desired level of security and are assured they will receive a certain compensation in the event of cloud misbehavior. Furthermore, since CloudProof aims to scale to the size of large enterprises, we delegate as much work as possible to the cloud and use cryptographic tools to allow customers to detect and prove cloud misbehavior. Our evaluation of CloudProof indicates that its security mechanisms have a reasonable cost: they incur a latency overhead of only ∼15% on reads and writes, and reduce throughput by around 10%. We also achieve highly scalable access control, with membership management (addition and removal of members' permissions) for a large proprietary software with more than 5000 developers taking only a few seconds per month.
Automating Algebraic Specifications of Non-freely Generated Data Types

Non-freely generated data types are widely used in case studies carried out in the theorem prover KIV. The most common examples are stores, sets and arrays. We present an automatic method that generates finite counterexamples for wrong conjectures and therewith offers a valuable support for proof engineers saving their time otherwise spent on unsuccessful proof attempts. The approach is based on the finite model finding and uses Alloy Analyzer [1] to generate finite instances of theories in KIV [6]. Most definitions of functions or predicates on infinite structures do not preserve the semantics if a transition to arbitrary finite substructures is made. We propose the constraints which should be satisfied by the finite substructures, identify a class of amenable definitions and present a practical realization using Alloy. The technique is evaluated on the library of basic data types as well as on some examples from case studies in KIV.
MAFIA: A Multicast Management Solution for Access Control and Traffic Filtering

Recently, multicast has seen only marginal wide-scale deployment. One of the main reasons is the lack of support for security and traffic management. Although there has been some recent work, these efforts have not emphasized the critical need to deploy security features side-by-side with management solutions. In this paper, we propose MAFIA, a multicast management solution with the specific aim of strengthening multicast security through multicast access control, multicast traffic filtering, and the prevention of DoS attacks. MAFIA achieves these tasks by making use of information about multicast group memberships available at different locations in a network. We have also designed various deployment solutions for MAFIA. We have implemented one such solution using the GNU/Linux operating system.
The linear excisional wound: an improved model for human ex vivo wound epithelialization studies

Background/purpose Wound healing is a complex process that involves multiple intercellular and intracellular processes and extracellular interactions. Explanted human skin has been used as a model for the re-epithelialization phase of human wound healing. The currently used standard technique uses a circular punch biopsy tool to make the initial wound. Despite its wide use, the geometry of round wounds makes it difficult to measure them reliably. Methods Our group has designed a linear wounding tool, and compared the variability in ex vivo human linear and circular wounds. Results An F test for differences in variances demonstrated that the linear wounds provided a population of wound size measurements that was 50% less variable than that obtained from a group of matched circular wounds. This reduction in variability would provide substantial advantages for the linear wound technique over the circular wound punch technique, by reducing the sample sizes required for comparative studies of factors that alter healing. Conclusion This linear wounding tool thus provides a method for wounding that is standardized, provides minimal error in wound gap measurements, and is easily reproducible. We demonstrate its utility in an ex vivo model for the controlled investigation of human skin wounds.
Reinventing the Future: Investigating Career Transitions from Industry to Academia

The literature on second careers is heavy on description and attitudinal antecedents but light on theory that integrates the broader elements of motivation to explain the personal career transition from industry to academia. This paper reviews the literature on career transitions and proposes a coherent framework to study this form of career transition. A series of propositions are also advanced for pursuing future empirical research.
Musica ex Machina: Composing 16th-Century Counterpoint with Genetic Programming and Symbiosis

GPmuse is software which explores one connection between computation and creativity using a symbiosis-inspired genetic programming paradigm in which distinct agents collaborate to produce 16th-century counterpoint.
Using skill tests to identify successful and unsuccessful basketball performers.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of 21 selected basketball skill tests to successful basketball performance. The 21 skill test items were administered to 70 boys ranging in age from 12 to 17 attending the 1977 University of Minnesota-Duluth basketball camp for boys. Based on the ratings of three high school and three college coaches, camp participants were designated as successful (n = 32) and unsuccessful (n = 38) performers. The stepwise discriminant analysis procedure was used. Six skill tests were identified as significantly contributing to discriminating between group membership. These tests, in order of the magnitude of their standardized discriminant function coefficients, were (1) speed pass, (2) zig-zag run, (3) free jump, (4) side step, (5) front shot, and (6) zig-zag dribble. It was concluded that a basketball skill test battery comprised of these six test items would objectively measure basketball playing ability and discriminate between successful and uns...
A lethal mutation in mice eliminates the slow calcium current in skeletal muscle cells.

Contraction of a vertebrate skeletal muscle fibre is triggered by electrical depolarization of sarcolemmal infoldings termed transverse-tubules (t-tubules), which in turn causes the release of calcium from an internal store, the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)1,2. The mechanism that links t-tubular depolarization to SR calcium release remains poorly understood. In principle, this link might be provided by the prominent slow calcium current that has been described in skeletal muscle cells of adult frogs3,4 and rats5. However, blocking this current does not abolish the depolarization-induced contractile responses of frog muscle6, and the function of this slow calcium current is unknown. Here we describe measurements of calcium currents in developing skeletal muscle cells of normal rats and mice, and of mice with muscular dysgenesis, a mutation7 that causes excitation–contraction (E–C) coupling to fail8. We find that a slow calcium current is present in skeletal muscle cells of normal animals but absent from skeletal muscle cells of mutant animals. The effect of the mutation is specific to the slow calcium current of skeletal muscle; a fast calcium current is present in developing skeletal muscle cells of both normal and mutant animals, and slow calcium currents are present in cardiac and sensory neurones of mutant animals. We believe this to be the first report of a mutation affecting calcium currents in a multicellular organism. The effects of the mutation raise important questions about the relationship between the slow calcium current and skeletal muscle E–C coupling.
The impact of big-time athletics on graduation rates

Using the same universities with high-quality sports programs studied by McCormick and Tinsley, this paper qualifies their conclusion that big-time football enhances the academic mission through an advertising effect. While the advertising effect of an established big-time football winning tradition may attract a higher quality student to a university, there is a cost for some students once they enroll. Consistent with the adverse effect on output of faculty publications found in the Shughart, Tollison, and Goff study, this paper offers evidence that athletic success comes at the expense of some students who fail to graduate. Faced with the decision to study or engage in entertainment, the opportunity cost to students is higher when their football program is successful. If the football team is nationally ranked, there is greater incentive to talk football in the dorm, attend home games, cut Friday classes to take road trips to away games, including bowl games, and in general put off studying. In contrast, the evidence suggests that a big-time basketball program is unrelated to the graduation rate.
Effects of tyrosine kinase inhibitors on the proliferation of human breast cancer cell lines and proteins important in the RAS signaling pathway

Breast cancers frequently over-express a number of growth factor receptors. In addition, elevated src family kinase activity is present in a percentage of these neoplasms and has been implicated in signal transduction in these cells. Therefore, inhibiting tyrosine kinase activity is a potential approach for treating these tumors. Utilizing the SKBR3 and MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines, we evaluated the effects of broadly targeting growth factor receptor and cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (herbimycin A and genistein) to inhibit proliferation. We also evaluated these inhibitor's effects on proteins that regulate ras function, which is a convergence point for signaling through both src family kinases and a number of growth factor receptors with tyrosine kinase activity (e.g., epidermal growth factor and erbB-2 receptors). We specifically evaluated whether these compounds affected 2 recently discovered proteins involved in controlling ras function: Shc, which is tyrosine-phosphorylated by src and activated growth factor receptors, and Grb-2, which mediates signal transduction from activated growth factor receptors through ras. We evaluated their effects on tyrosine phosphorylation of Shc, binding of Grb-2 to Shc and MAP kinase activity. Both cell lines were inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by each compound. This was accompanied by decreased Shc tyrosine phosphorylation, Shc's association with Grb-2 and MAP kinase activity. Thus, tyrosine kinase inhibitors can inhibit proliferation of breast cancer cells, accompanied by inhibition of signal transduction steps potentially mediated through ras. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors might, therefore, be useful for the treatment of breast cancer.
The Impact of a Virtual Community on Student Engagement and Academic Performance Among Baccalaureate Nursing Students

The purpose of this article is to present findings from a study which evaluated the effectiveness of a virtual community (an emerging pedagogical application) on student engagement and academic performance. Virtual communities mirror real-life through unfolding patient histories and relationship development over time. Students also become more engaged in learning by creating personally meaningful knowledge of a concept (Rogers & Stone, 2007). Virtual communities offer one teaching strategy to assist students in learning complex, health-related content in a contextualized manner. This quasi-experimental study involved first-semester baccalaureate nursing students enrolled in a course at two campuses of a nursing program at a large university in the Southwest. Three key strategies assessed the impact of the virtual community on student engagement and learning: third-party observational measurement, end-of-class student/faculty surveys, and use of knowledge items in student exams for the class. Significant differences between the control and experimental group were found regarding learning engagement and communication exchanges; the groups appeared similar in ratings of quality of instruction and academic performance. Use of virtual communities can help nursing educators address the recent Carnegie Foundation study's (Benner, Sutphen, Leonard & Day, 2010) counsel to implement "pedagogies of contextualization" in which theoretical and factual information about diseases and conditions are placed in the context of a patient's experience.
Association of Enterobacter cloacae with Rhizome Rot of Edible Ginger in Hawaii

Edible ginger is a popular spice crop that is grown in Hawaii primarily for the fresh market, and as such, rhizome quality is of paramount importance. In our studies, a Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium was consistently isolated from decayed as well as symptomless ginger rhizomes. The bacterium was identified as Enterobacter cloacae by biochemical assays and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Rot symptoms, which usually occurred in the central cylinder of the rhizome, were characterized by yellowish-brown to brown discolored tissue and firm to spongy texture. In inoculation experiments, ginger strains of E. cloacae produced basal stem and root rot, with foliar chlorosis and necrosis in tissue-cultured ginger plantlets, and discolored and spongy tissue in mature ginger rhizome slices and whole segments. In other hosts, ginger strains of E. cloacae caused internal yellowing of ripe papaya fruit and internal rot of onion bulbs. All strains that caused symptoms in inoculated plants were reisolated and identified as E. cloacae. Our studies suggest that E. cloacae can exist as an endophyte of ginger rhizomes, and under conditions that are favorable for bacterial growth, or host susceptibility, including maturity of tissues, rhizome rot may occur. Rhizome quality may be impacted by the presence of E. cloacae under conditions such as high temperature, high relative humidity, and low oxygen atmosphere that may affect the development of decay, and such conditions should be avoided during post-harvest handling and storage. The association of E. cloacae with a rhizome rot of ginger is a new finding.
Through-the-wall detection of slow-moving personnel

This paper presents a time-domain, Moving-Target-Indication (MTI) processing formulation for detecting slow-moving personnel behind walls. The proposed time-domain MTI processing formulation consists of change detection and tracking algorithms. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the MTI processing formulation using data collected by the Army Research Laboratory's (ARL's), Ultra-Wideband (UWB), Synchronous Impulse Reconstruction (SIRE) radar. During the collection of the data, the SIRE radar remains stationary and is positioned broadside to the wall and 38 degrees off the broadside position. We have collected data for multiple operational scenarios including: personnel walking inside wood and cinderblock structures, personnel walking in linear and non-linear trajectories, and multiple personnel walking within the building structure. We analyze the characteristics of moving target signatures for the multiple operational scenarios and describe the detection and tracking algorithms implemented to exploit them.
An Optical Replicator for Single-Shot Measurements at 10 GHz With a Dynamic Range of 1800:1

High-dynamic-range, single-shot pulse shapes were measured by temporally stacking pulses in a passive, fiber-optic network. The 256 replicas were combined to produce optical shapes with a bandwidth of 10 GHz and a dynamic range of 1800:1. The high fidelity of this system enabled the characterization of arbitrary electrical pulses that were used to shape the optical pulse via an electro-optic modulator with a reduced dynamic range of about 60:1.
Use of magnetic beads with immobilized monoclonal antibodies for isolation of highly pure plasma membranes

In plasma membrane proteome research, contamination of the isolated plasma membrane fraction with proteins from other organelles is still a problem. Even if highly specific isolation methods are used, such as density gradient centrifugation combined with selective extraction, contaminating proteins cannot be completely removed. To solve this problem, a protocol for the isolation of highly pure plasma membrane fractions from rat liver and two different hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines was developed. Magnetic beads with immobilized mAb's against highly expressed membrane proteins were used for specific binding of membrane vesicles and their separation from other organelles. Isolated plasma membranes were further selectively solubilized with different reagents and analyzed by use of different methods, such as Western blotting, 1- and 2-DE, and MS. Purification and further selective solubilization was validated by use of mAb's against the marker integral plasma membrane protein carcinoembryonic antigen cell adhesion molecule 1, and identification of isolated proteins by MS. The method presented here minimizes contamination with other organelles and enables further identification of membrane proteins.
Functional Separation of the Na-K Exchange Pump from the Volume Controlling Mechanism in Enlarged Duck Red Cells

Previous publications have described a "volume controlling mechanism" in duck erythrocytes that returns both enlarged and shrunken cells to their original isotonic volume. Enlarged cells return to their original size by readjusting their K content. To study the specificity of this aspect of the mechanism for K, we prepared enlarged cells with various Na and K contents. Only cells containing a high K content resume their original size in the standard isotonic medium. The process of regulation resembles that described above. In contrast, cells containing a high Na content fail to reestablish this volume, but shrink instead until they reach a limiting minimal volume (four-fifths of normal). Here, another mechanism, the cation pump rather than the volume controlling mechanism, removes Na and is responsible for the changes in cell size. Enlarged cells with an intermediate Na and K content utilize both mechanisms to reduce their cation content. Only if Na is prevented from leaving the cell and sufficient K is present initially, will these cells reestablish their original size. These studies demonstrate that the cation pump and volume controlling mechanism function independently and, when cells enlarge, only K can effectively traverse the pathway associated with the volume controlling mechanism. This route differs from the one used by the cation pump to eject Na.
Comparison of the Pore Volume in Concrete as Determined Using ASTM C642 and Vacuum Saturation

For the prediction of concrete performance, it is often beneficial to know the volume of pores in the concrete. ASTM C642-13 [Standard Test Method for Density, Absorption, and Voids in Hardened Concrete, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA] was originally introduced in 1969 as a “standard test method for density, absorption and voids in hardened concrete.” This technical note will compare the total pore volume (voids) obtained using ASTM C642-13 with that obtained using vacuum saturation for a typical bridge deck concrete. This technical note suggests that ASTM C642-13 may provide a consistent measure of the pores (voids) in the paste matrix of the concrete; however, it does not provide a measure of the total porosity that may be expected if all the pores in concrete are filled with water. Although an approach like ASTM C642-13 may be sufficient for some applications, the fact that it does not measure the total porosity should be considered by users of the test. This is important because this test method is being frequently applied to concrete durability and transport-related problems that require the total pore volume to be known.
Taconic Foreland Basin graptolites: age zonation, depth zonation, and use in ecostratigraphic correlation

Late Middle Ordovician graptoloids are stratigraphically zoned by depth of deposition as well as by age along an 83 km long downslope transect through a roughly four million year long continental-shelf and outer-trench slope sequence in the Mohawk Valley, New York. The distribution of graptoloid assemblages parallels the distribution of sediment types and benthic macroinvertebratc assemblages in showing the general, convergence-related marine transgression, secondary transgressive and regressive pulses, and topographic irregularities related to syndepositional block faulting. The relationship of ordination scores for graptoloid assemblages (which arc based on relative abundances of genera) to the samples' positions on downslope transects along bentonite beds, and to depth-related ordination scores for benthic macroin-vertebrate assemblages in the same samples throughout the sequence, quantitatively demonstrates zonation by depth of deposition. Rather like modern pelagic colonial tunicates, graptoloids were evidently zoned by depth in the water column, with Orthograptus spp. predominating in offshore waters above the oxygen minimum zone, Climacograptus spp. near the top of the minimum zone at 300 to 500 m depths, and Corynoides spp. well within the minimum zone. Destruction of sinking rhabdosomes by decomposers evidently accentuated zonation by depth of deposition, and may have contributed to the strong, broad oxygen minimum zone thought to have been characteristic of graptolitic shale basins. Stratigraphic sections' approximate relative sea level curves, calibrated in terms of graptoloid assemblage ordination score, give ecostratigraphic correlations of 2–3 × 105 year average accuracy when statistically cross-correlated between sections, and when cross-correlated with similar curves based on benthic macroinvertebratc assemblage ordination score. □Graptolithina, age zonation, depth zonation, paleoeco-logy, Middle Ordovician, ecostratigraphy, coenocorrelation.
Measurement of homogeneous line widths and ground-state splittings of trivalent curium in fluoride glasses

Abstract We measured the homogeneous width of the 6 D 7 2 to 8 S 7 2 transition of trivalent curium in a fluorophosphate and a fluorozirconate glass as a function of temperature from 15 to 100 K by resonant fluorescence line narrowing (FLN). The line width varies as T 2 over the entire temperature range, and is an order of magnitude larger than homogeneous widths observed for trivalent lanthanide ions in fluoride glasses. Estimates of the ground-state splitting are also possible from the FLN spectra. We present a simple model that puts limits on the range of splittings possible in the glass and compare them to splittings measured in crystals.
Alternative Formulations for Structural Optimization: An Evaluation by Using Trusses

The concept of simultaneous analysis and design (SAND) is revisited with two objectives in mind: 1) to study and evaluate three alternative formulations for structural optimization using trusses as examples and 2) to implement the formulations with a structural analysis program and study their implementation aspects. The idea is to gain insights for use of the alternative formulations for structural optimization. Three alternative formulations are defined using displacements and forces or stresses as optimization variables. All of the problem functions in the formulations become explicit in terms of the variables. Gradients of the functions can be evaluated more easily compared to the conventional approach where special design sensitivity analysis methods are needed. Existing analysis software is integrated with an optimizer based on a sparse sequential quadratic programming method to solve examples with known solutions. With the SAND-type formulations, only the pre- and postprocessing capabilities of the analysis software are used to evaluate the problem functions; however, the conventional formulation also needs the equation solving capabilities for analysis as well as design sensitivity analysis. Performance of the formulations is evaluated with extensive numerical experiments, and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Based on the present research, it is concluded that the alternative SAND formulations are more efficient compared to the conventional approach and have potential for further development for practical applications, particularly the formulations that do not require calculation of the global stiffness matrix.
Let's Try and Fix the Current Publishing System Before Making Dramatic Changes

Brian A. Nosek and Yoav Bar-Anan (this issue) have produced a forward-looking treatise on what the future of scientific publishing in psychology might look like if some fairly dramatic changes were...
Autoimmune hepatitis in African Americans: presenting features and response to therapy

Abstract OBJECTIVES: African Americans are at an increased risk for certain diseases and more frequently suffer complications of those diseases relative to their white counterparts. Most studies of autoimmune hepatitis consist of entirely white populations. The Emory University system of hospitals serves a large African American population, including a significant number of African Americans with autoimmune hepatitis. The goal of this study was to determine if the presentation and response to therapy in African Americans is, like other diseases, different than in whites. METHODS: This is a retrospective study from a tertiary referral center that examines the initial presenting features and response to therapy of African Americans (n = 27) and whites (n = 24) with autoimmune hepatitis. RESULTS: Eighty-five percent of African Americans had cirrhosis on the initial liver biopsy, as compared with 38% of whites. Although not statistically significant, the African Americans presented at an earlier age than white patients. The disease also appeared more advanced in African Americans, as bilibubin levels tended to be higher, but not significantly, and PTs were more prolonged. Both groups responded well to therapy, with significant falls in serum levels of AST, ALT, and bilirubin. Fifty percent of African Americans and 48% of whites entered a biochemical remission. The amount of prednisone required to maintain remission at follow-up was greater in African Americans. CONCLUSION: In contrast to whites, the majority of African Americans present with cirrhosis. Despite the high prevalence of cirrhosis, the response to therapy is good. However, more immunosuppression is required to control the disease in African Americans.
Finding anomalies in windows event logs using standard deviation

Security is one of the biggest concerns of any company that has an IT infrastructure. Windows event logs are a very useful source of data for security information, but sometimes can be nearly impossible to use due to the complexity of log data or the number of events generated per minute. For this reason, event log data must be automatically processed so that an administrator is given a list of events that actually need the administrator's attention. This has been standard in intrusion detection systems for many years to find anomalies in network traffic, but has not been common in event log processing. This paper will adapt these intrusion detection techniques for Windows event log data sets to find anomalies in these log data sets.
Secret Police Cooperation and the Roots of Anti-Communism in Interwar Southeast Asia

The end of the Cold War has given scholars new opportunity to re view the origins, meaning, and even purpose of the Cold War.1 Nor malization of relations between the United States and Vietnam, coinciding with the twentieth anniversary of the end of the war in Vietnam, provides historians with a similar opportunity to begin the same process of reconsidering the origins and meaning of America's war in Vietnam. This essay explores the development of institutions in Southeast Asia during the 1920s and 1930s which resembled those later used in waging both the Cold War and the war in Vietnam in terms of anti-Communist motivation and structure.
Competitive Interactions of Two Species of Freshwater Turtles, a Generalist Omnivore and an Herbivore, Under Low Resource Conditions

Abstract Under low-resource conditions, the outcome of competition between a generalist omnivore and an herbivore may depend on whether one species can more efficiently use a limiting resource. I evaluated the levels of omnivory and competitive interactions between two abundant sympatric emydid turtles, Trachemys scripta and Pseudemys floridana, that coexist across a productivity gradient in lakes in northern Florida. A foraging experiment indicated that both species were omnivorous in the juvenile stage, but P. floridana was more herbivorous and T. scripta consumed more insects and carrion. This low level of resource overlap was consistent with previous studies of gut contents and stable isotope analyses. In a 13-mo enclosure experiment in a natural pond under low-resource conditions, the generalist T. scripta grew more slowly with conspecifics than with P. floridana, and the more specialized P. floridana grew at the same rate with both T. scripta and conspecifics. Trachemys scripta with P. floridana exh...
Bioshelters and their implications for lifestyle

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses bioshelters and their implications for lifestyle. It is timely that, concurrent with a growing public awareness of environmental and energy issues spurred by the recent controversies over the Concorde and nuclear power, this year will see further realization of the bioshelter, a combined architectural and biological strategy that has until at present remained largely within the province of theory. Bioshelter refers to a structure that is autonomous, or semiautonomous, in relation to its environment. Beyond shelter, it provides its own heating and cooling requirements, its own electricity for lighting and appliances, the recycling of wastes, in some cases collection of water, and finally, the growing of a substantial proportion of the food requirements of the occupants. As the various elements comprising the bioshelter can be modified by the dictates of the specific locale, they are also suited for application on a broader scale than an autonomous rural dwelling or village setting.
Analogical Instruction in Statistics: Implications for Social Work Educators

ABSTRACT This paper examines the use of analogies in statistics instruction. Much has been written about the difficulty social work students have with statistics. To address this concern, Glisson and Fischer (1987) called for the use of analogies. Understanding of analogical problem solving has surged in the last few decades with the integration of psychology and artificial intelligence. However, the application of analogies has not been examined further in social work literature. This work uses cognitive science to discuss the five steps of analogical problem solving. Implications for statistics instruction in social work are discussed with examples.
Light-induced maculopathy and cystoid macular edema

We present two patients with paramacular burns induced by the operative light microscope. In one case there was associated cystoid macular edema. Of the 34 total reported cases of paramacular burns, there have been only two cases of cystoid macular edema. Thus, although the total number of reported cases of light-induced maculopathy is small, this disorder does not appear to predispose to cystoid macular edema. Loss of visual acuity is mainly caused by the proximity of the burn to the fovea.
Direct observation of long-range heteronuclear splittings in proton 2D J spectra

It has long been recognized that one can obtain from long-range IC-‘H coupling constants conformational information similar, but often complementary, to that obtained from vicinal proton coupling constants (J-3). For peptides, the unambiguous assignment of side-chain rotamer populations cannot be made exclusively from 3J(H,, H,) values. However, in combination with 3J(‘3C0, H,) values, the vicinal proton couplings will provide a definitive assignment (3). At present, most peptide conformation elucidation procedures ignore the potential stereochemical information in the NOES to the nonequivalent protons of the P-methylenes since definitive pro-R/S assignments are rarely available. We and others (2) have recognized that three-bond 13C-‘H couplings provide a means for making such assignments. Determination of the values of these long-range heteronuclear coupling constants has most often been accomplished using methods which involve detection of the low sensitivity 13C spins (2-5), although it has also been pointed out (2) that some qualitative long-range J information may also be gained from the relative peak intensities of a long-range inverse detected HETCOR (HMBC (6)) experiment. In our view, the ideal experiment would provide both three-bond homoand heteronuclear scalar couplings in a single 2D experiment. Here we show that a ‘H-detected heteronuclear 2D J-resolved experiment allows observation of heteronuclear J splittings superimposed on proton J couplings. The proton J couplings may then be removed by a 45” projection of the 2D data matrix (in the weak coupling limit), while the heteronuclear couplings may be preserved by proper experimental design. As a starting point, we take the proton 2D J-resolved experiment (Fig. la). In order to allow evolution of heteronuclear couplings (J& during I~, one need only add a 13C 180” pulse in the middle of tl. In this experiment, 13C information appears as small (~0.55%) satellites on the main peaks of the 2D .I spectrum and is likely lost as a result of dynamic range problems. There are several ways to select only the protons which have 13C coupling partners; they all involve modulating a 13C pulse (meaning the pulse is switched off on alternate scans, or the net rotation of the pulse cancels on alternate scans as in 90,“90&) along with alternate addition and subtraction of the proton FID. Possible pulses to modulate are (i) the 180“ pulse in the middle oft,; (ii) a 180” pulse which is added at the end of cl; or (iii) an added 180’ pulse placed at the
The agoraphobic dental patient: report of case.

The coordination of a dental and a psychiatric clinic for the treatment of an agoraphobic patient in need of dental care is described in a review of the literature and a case report. This disturbing phobia is discussed with clinical features, epidemiology, causes, and treatments in conjunction with a case of dental “therapy.”
Time Off to Care for a Sick Child — Why Family-Leave Policies Matter

Many parents risk losing income or their job if they take time off to care for a sick child. But besides preventing hospitalizations and contagion, parents' caring for their children enables our system to function, and reliance on parents increases with serious illness.
SCience Hybrid Orbiter and Lunar Relay (SCHOLR) Architecture and Design

Considered both a stepping-stone to deep space and a key to unlocking the mysteries of planetary formation, the Moon offers a unique opportunity for scientific study. Robotic precursor missions are being developed to improve technology and enable new approaches to exploration. Robots, lunar landers, and satellites play significant roles in advancing science and technologies, offering close range and in-situ observations. Science and exploration data gathered from these nodes and a lunar science satellite is intended to support future human expeditions and facilitate future utilization of lunar resources. To attain a global view of lunar science, the nodes will be distributed over the lunar surface, including locations on the far side of the Moon. Given that nodes on the lunar far side do not have direct line-of-sight for Earth communications, the planned presence of such nodes creates the need for a lunar communications relay satellite. Since the communications relay capability would only be required for a small portion of the satellite s orbit, it may be possible to include communication relay components on a science spacecraft. Furthermore, an integrated satellite has the potential to reduce lunar surface mission costs. A SCience Hybrid Orbiter and Lunar Relay (SCHOLR) is proposed to accomplish scientific goals while also supporting the communications needs of landers on the far side of the Moon. User needs and design drivers for the system were derived from the anticipated needs of future robotic and lander missions. Based on these drivers and user requirements, accommodations for communications payload aboard a science spacecraft were developed. A team of interns identified and compared possible SCHOLR architectures. The final SCHOLR architecture was analyzed in terms of orbiter lifetime, lunar surface coverage, size, mass, power, and communications data rates. This paper presents the driving requirements, operational concept, and architecture views for SCHOLR within a lunar surface nodal network. Orbital and bidirectional link analysis, between lunar nodes, orbiter, and Earth, as well as a conceptual design for the spacecraft are also presented
BRADFORD'S LAW: AN INDEX APPROACH

A rigorous analysis of Bradford's law is made using an index for the observed values of the variables. Three important properties relating size and frequency are identified. Using this approach, the shape of Bradford-type curves can be described in terms of three distinct regions and two shape parameters.
Panic Disorder and Smoking

An integrated theoretical conceptualization of the cooccurrence of panic disorder and smoking (PDSM) is presented. First, the nature and prevalence of this apparently costly, yet largely unrecognized, co-occurrence of health care problems is described. Second, a theoretical analysis regarding how smoking may negatively impact panic disorder is described. Third, the negative impact of panic disorder on smoking outcomes is discussed. Finally, primary implications of this conceptualization for the research and treatment of individuals with PDSM are elaborated, including the need to assess for smoking among persons with panic disorder and the potential need for specialized treatment approaches.
Distributed detection of cyber-physical attacks in power networks: A waveform relaxation approach

Future power grids will be required to operate safely and reliably against cyber-physical attacks. The large dimensionality and the difficulty in calibrating dynamical network models precludes the use of centralized attack detection algorithms. This paper proposes a unified modeling framework and an advanced detection procedure whose implementation requires only local network knowledge. We model a power network as a linear time-invariant descriptor system and cyber-physical attacks as unknown inputs. This modeling framework captures, for instance, network components malfunction and measurements corruption. In our detection method the power network is partitioned among geographically deployed control centers, possibly located at transmission substations. Each control center has knowledge of only its respective subarea dynamics, is able to acquire information from neighboring areas, and is capable of performing basic computations. Under these minimal technological requirements and a reasonable observability assumption, we design an entirely distributed detection filter which requires only local network knowledge and yet achieves guaranteed global performance. Our detection filter is based on a sparse residual filter in descriptor form, which can be stabilized via decentralized output injection and implemented distributively via waveform relaxation.