cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Die cost analysis through defect reduction for wafer fab equipment

This study provides a means of estimating the factory cost savings from defect reduction and yield improvement programs for wafer fabrication equipment. The process flow and toolset for a 0.25 micron design-rule factory manufacturing high performance logic devices are analyzed using SEMATECH's cost models. Scenarios with different sets of defect densities are evaluated and results are compared for cost per die, number of die produced, and probe yield. The various parameters analyzed and compiled are probe yield, die cost, and die cost by tool group. The defect density values are generated using SEMATECH's yield model. A Pareto analysis is provided to under stand cost benefits and prioritize potential equipment improvement programs. This effort allows SEMATECH and equipment manufactures to identify the most cost-effective defect reduction programs, thus improving capital productivity.
Studies on intraocular transport of taurine I. Accumulation in rabbit ciliary body-iris preparation in vitro☆

Abstract 1. 1. [14C]Taurine accumulates in the ciliary body-iris preparation in vitro against a concentration gradient. The transport process shows saturation kinetics and is energy and temperature dependent. The accumulation of taurine is reduced in the absence of O2 and by iodoacetate, cyanide, and 2,4-dinitrophenol. 2. 2. Uptake of taurine is significantly reduced by ouabainand decreasing the concentration of Na+ or K+ in the media. The ability of the ciliary body to accumulate taurine is directly related to the concentration of K+ in the range of 0–4 mM reaching a maximum at about 4 mM. Increase in K+ up to 10 mM does not elicit any further change in taurine accumulation. It is suggested that taurine transport is carrier mediated and that it is directly linked to the active transport of Na+ and K+. 3. 3. Transport of taurine is inhibited by β-alanine, γ-aminobutyric acid, δ-amino-valeric acid but not only by ϵ-aminocaproic acid. Uptake of 14C-labeled β-alanine and γ-aminobutyric acid by the ciliary body-iris preparation is in turn reduced by taurine. 4. 4. Accumulatiion of taurine is inhibited by several of its structural analogs in which the SO3H group is replaced by other acid groups, the order of the inhibitory effect being: SO2H>COOH>SO3H>PO3H2. 5. 5. Of the various α-amino acids tested only glycine was found to compete for the taurine transport site. Reciprocal inhibition of glycine transport by taurine was also observed. Among the N-methyl derivatives of glycine, only sarcosine showed competitiion for taurine transport.
Purification and properties of aldehyde reductases from human placenta

Aldehyde reductases (alcohol: NADP+-oxidoreductases, EC 1.1.1.2) I and II from human placenta have been purified to homogeneity. Aldehyde reductase I, molecular weight about 74 000, is a dimer of two nonidentical subunits of molecular weigths of about 32 500 and 39 000, whereas aldehyde erductase II is a monomer of about 32 500. Aldehyde reductase I can be dissociated into subunits under high ionic concentrations. The isoelectric pH for aldehyde reductases I and II are 5.76 and 5.20, respectively. Amino acid compositions of the two enzymes are significantly different. Placenta aldehyde reductase I can utilize glucose with a lower affinity, whereas aldehyde reductase II is not capable to reducing aldo-sugars. Similarly, aldehyde reductase I does not catalyse the reduction of glucuronate while aldehyde reductase II has a high affinity for glucuronate. Both enzymes, however, exhibit strong affinity towards various other aldehydes such as glyceraldehyde, propionaldehyde, and pyridine-3-aldehyde. The pH optima for aldehyde reductases I and II are 6.0 and 7.0, respectively. Aldehyde reductaase I can use both NADH and NADPH as cofactors, whereas aldehyde reductase II activity is dependent on NADPH only. Both enzymes are susceptible to inhibition by sulfhydryl group reagents, aldose reductase inhibitors, lithium sulfate, and sodium chloride to varying degrees.
Photoperiodic time measurement in the male lizardAnolis carolinensis

Photoperiod plays an important role in controlling the annual reproductive cycle of the male lizardAnolis carolinensis. Groups of anoles were exposed to various experimental lighting regimens to determine how the lizards were measuring the length of the day. The experimental regimens were designed to discriminate between the following two general classes of hypotheses: (1) Photoperiodic time measurement is based on an “hourglass” or interval timer which measures the length of the light or dark or (2) Photoperiodic time measurement is based on an endogenous circadian rhythm of photoperiodic photosensitivity. The experiments demonstrated thatAnolis uses an hourglass mechanism which measures the absolute length of the light period. This is in contrast to the higher vertebrates (birds and mammals) which measure photoperiodic time by means of a circadian oscillation of responsiveness to light.
Effects of Lime Content on Moisture Susceptibility of Rubberized Stone Matrix Asphalt Mixtures Using Warm Mix Additives in Terms of Statistical Analysis

AbstractThe present study is focused on evaluating the effect of hydrated lime content on the moisture susceptibility of polymerized stone matrix asphalt (SMA) mixtures by using moist aggregates and three different warm-mix asphalt (WMA) additives. Indirect tensile strength (ITS), tensile strength ratio (TSR), deformation, and toughness were tested to determine the moisture sensitivity of these mixtures. The experimental design included aggregate moisture content (∼0.5% by weight of dry mass of the aggregate), two aggregate sources (B and C), two hydrated lime contents (1% and 2% by weight of aggregate), three WMA additives (Asphamin, Sasobit, and Evotherm) along with control mixture, and four different types of binders [i.e., PG 64-22 + 10% crumb rubber (CR) (minus #40 mesh), PG 64-22 + 15% CR, PG 64-22 + 20% CR, and PG 76-22 + fibers] were used in this study. A total of 256 samples were utilized for the ITS testing. In general, except for the mixture with 10% CR using Evotherm, all other mixtures contai...
The Canadian keiretsu: Myth or reality?

This paper claims that a keiretsu structure does not exist in the Canadian financial system and therefore Buckley's analysis is incorrect. Furthermore, the paper critically examines Buckley's hypotheses and states that the fairly new Bankruptcy Act and especially Bill C-22 ensures a well-functioning, competitive, efficient, robust and highly contestable Canadian financial system.
Ultrasonic backscatter coefficient quantitative estimates from Chinese hamster ovary cell pellet biophantoms

A cell pellet biophantom technique is introduced, and applied to the ultrasonic backscatter coefficient (BSC) estimate using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Also introduced is a concentric sphere scattering model because of its geometrical similarities to cells with a nucleus. BSC comparisons were made between the concentric sphere model and other well-understood models for mathematical verification purposes. BSC estimates from CHO cell pellet biophantoms of known number density were performed with 40 and 80 MHz focused transducers (overall bandwidth: 26–105 MHz). These biophantoms were histologically processed and then evaluated for cell viability. Cell pellet BSC estimates were in agreement with the concentric sphere model. Fitting the model to the BSC data yielded quantitative values for the outer sphere and inner sphere. The radius of the cell model was 6.8±0.7 μm; the impedance of the cytoplasm model was 1.63±0.03 Mrayl and the impedance of the nuclear model was 1.55±0.09 Mrayl. The concentric sphere model appears as a new tool for providing quantitative information on cell structures and will tend to have a fundamental role in the classification of biological tissues.
Earthquake response of submerged circular cylinder

Abstract The boundary integral method is utilized to calculate the dynamic response of a surface-piercing, vertical, circular cylinder subjected to high-frequency horizontal ground excitation. The cylinder is idealized as a one-dimensional beam of uniform flexural rigidity and uniform mass per unit length, the fluid is assumed linearly compressible and to undergo small-amplitude irrotational motion. The axisymmetry of the structure is exploited by utilizing a new Green's function for linearly compressible fluid flow which is separable in the cylindrical polar coordinate system, thus reducing the surface integral equation to a series of line integral equations. The motion of the cylinder may also be described in terms of a line integral equation through an appropriate Green's function. These two coupled line integral equations are then solved approximately by a numerical approach which involves discretising the region of integration and replacing the continuous problems by systems of algebraic equations which are then solved by standard matrix inversion techniques. Numerical examples are presented which show the influence of the frequency of ground excitation and the various geometric and material parameters on the hydrodynamic force and associated dynamic response of the cylinder.
Integrating High Precision Rules with Statistical Sequence Classifiers for Accuracy and Speed

Integrating rules and statistical systems is a challenge often faced by natural language processing system builders. A common subclass is integrating high precision rules with a Markov statistical sequence classifier. In this paper we suggest that using such rules to constrain the sequence classifier decoder results in superior accuracy and efficiency. In a case study of a named entity tagging system, we provide evidence that this method of combination does prove efficient than other methods. The accuracy was the same.
Efficient workspace generation for binary manipulators with many actuators

Binary actuators have only two discrete states, both of which are stable without feedback. As a result, manipulators with binary actuators have a finite number of states. Major benefits of binary actuation are that extensive feedback control is not required, task repeatability can be very high, and two-state actuators are generally very inexpensive, thus resulting in low-cost robotic mechanisms. Determining the workspace of a binary manipulator is of great practical importance for a variety of applications. For instance, a representation of the workspace is essential for trajectory tracking, motion planning, and the optimal design of binary manipulators. Given that the number of configurations attainable by binary manipulators grows exponentially in the number of actuated degrees of freedom, 0(2), brute force representation of binary manipulator workspaces is not feasible in the highly actuated case. This article describes an algorithm that performs recursive calculations starting at the end-effector and terminating at the base. The implementation of these recursive calculations is based on the macroscopically serial structure and the discrete nature of the manipulator. As a result, the method is capable of approximating the workspace in linear time, O(n), where the slope depends on the acceptable error. © 1995 John Wiley b Sons, Inc.
Attitudes of Catholic and Protestant clergy toward euthanasia.

The findings of this study do not categorically confirm the popular assumption that the clergymen are opposed to euthanasia because of the sanctity with which they regard human life. Although they find active euthanasia highly unacceptable, they view passive euthanasia more favorably. However, Catholic clergymen more than Protestant, are significantly opposed to both forms of euthanasia. From the response patterns, a Guttman Scale with a high coefficient of reproducibility was derived, revealing a definite ranking in periority of the different circumstances under which the termination of life supporting techniques would be acceptable. Even though Catholic and Protestant clergymen, in about the same proportions, tend to see the terminal patient as competent to make decisions concerning euthanasia, the two groups, strongly agree that neither the individual patient nor the state should be allowed sole responsibility for the decision.
Modulation of firefly luciferase stability and impact on studies of gene regulation.

Two of the reporter enzymes most commonly used in studies of eukaryotic gene expression are chloramphenicol acetyl-transferase (CAT) and firefly luciferase (Luc). CAT has a half-life of about 50 h in mammalian cells, making it useful for transient transfection assays but less suitable for assays with stable cell lines. Luc has a half-life of only 3 h in mammalian cells, making it much more responsive in stable cell lines. Luc instability arises from its sensitivity to proteolysis both in vivo and in vitro. Compounds that resemble its natural substrate, luciferin, act as effective competitive inhibitors in vitro. When these compounds (e.g., phenylbenzothiazole) are added to either prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells, more than tenfold increases in Luc activity can be observed. This increased activity results from a lower rate of degradation of the enzyme in vivo and can be mimicked in vitro as phenylbenzothiazole protects Luc from trypsin digestion while it has no effect on the rate of digestion of alkaline phosphatase.
Parallel boosted regression trees for web search ranking

Gradient Boosted Regression Trees (GBRT) are the current state-of-the-art learning paradigm for machine learned web-search ranking - a domain notorious for very large data sets. In this paper, we propose a novel method for parallelizing the training of GBRT. Our technique parallelizes the construction of the individual regression trees and operates using the master-worker paradigm as follows. The data are partitioned among the workers. At each iteration, the worker summarizes its data-partition using histograms. The master processor uses these to build one layer of a regression tree, and then sends this layer to the workers, allowing the workers to build histograms for the next layer. Our algorithm carefully orchestrates overlap between communication and computation to achieve good performance.Since this approach is based on data partitioning, and requires a small amount of communication, it generalizes to distributed and shared memory machines, as well as clouds. We present experimental results on both shared memory machines and clusters for two large scale web search ranking data sets. We demonstrate that the loss in accuracy induced due to the histogram approximation in the regression tree creation can be compensated for through slightly deeper trees. As a result, we see no significant loss in accuracy on the Yahoo data sets and a very small reduction in accuracy for the Microsoft LETOR data. In addition, on shared memory machines, we obtain almost perfect linear speed-up with up to about 48 cores on the large data sets. On distributed memory machines, we get a speedup of 25 with 32 processors. Due to data partitioning our approach can scale to even larger data sets, on which one can reasonably expect even higher speedups.
Pyrenomycetes and Loculoascomycetes as sources of secondary metabolites

Over 400 secondary metabolites have been reported from members of the Pyrenomycetes and the Loculoascomycetes. Among these, members of the Hypocreaceae, the Clavicipitaceae, the Xylariaceae, the Melanosporaceae, and the Sordariaceae in the Pyrenomycetes, and those of the Pleosporaceae and the Sporormlaceae in the Loculoascomycetes have been explored frequently; and representative secondary metabolites produced by these fungi are illustrated. Many of them are reported to be phytotoxic and some of them have antibacterial or antifungal activities. Only recently were the compounds tested in screens targeted for specific enzyme inhibitors or receptoragonists/antagonists. This group of fungi are attractive for screening for novel natural products because of the diversity of species and physiology.
Advancing critical care through interdisciplinary research.

This issue of the American Journal of Critical Care presents a pivotal report from the Multisociety Strategic Planning Task Force for Critical Care Research that outlines an agenda for research to improve outcomes in critically ill patients. The report lists 4 crucial themes for advancing critical care research and identifies research priorities in 5 broad categories (basic/cellular, translational, clinical, outcomes, and education). The 4 themes address the counterproductive nature of the traditional approach to conducting research in “silos,” the need to link diverse research approaches (such as basic and translational research), the importance of disease complexity and patient heterogeneity, and a need to improve research infrastructure. The task force is a joint effort of the Critical Care Societies Collaborative (CCSC), which is a formal collaboration among the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses, the American College of Chest Physicians, the American Thoracic Society, and the Society of Critical Care Medicine. It includes experts from each of the CCSC member societies as well as the US Critical Illness and Injury Trials Group. In order to provide the widest exposure to critical care practitioners, the executive summary and/or recommendations are being published concurrently in the journals of the CCSC member societies (the American Journal of Critical Care and Critical Care Nurse, CHEST, the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, and Critical Care Medicine).
Endoscopic Ultrasound and IL-8 in Pancreatic Juice to Diagnose Chronic Pancreatitis

Background/Aim: Pancreatic juice (PJ) [IL-8] has been proposed as a marker for pancreatic diseases. We compared the accuracy of PJ [IL-8] and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) to diagnose
The relationship between EDU pre-treatment and C2H4 evolution in ozonated pea plants

Abstract A soil drench of N -2[2-(2-oxo-l-imidazolidinyl)ethyl]- N ′-phenylurea (EDU) (150 ppm) applied to ‘Progress No. 9’ pea plants 24 h before an acute ozone exposure (0·25 ppm, 4 h) completely protected the foliage from visible symptoms normally induced by the pollutant. In the absence of ozone, EDU-treated plants were found to emit the same amount of C 2 H 4 as plants not treated with EDU. Based on this evidence, EDU-induced tolerance to ozone could not have been attributed to the prevention of an interaction between ethylene and ozone ( sensu Mehlhorn and Wellburn). In the presence of ozone, EDU-treated plants did not emit the burst of C 2 H 4 that normally occurs ( sensu Craker), extending the observation that EDU-treated plants do not exhibit the adverse physiological responses normally caused by ozone. The classic C 2 H 4 biosynthesis inhibitor aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) did not prevent ozone phytotoxicity, although it significantly reduced ethylene emission from the ozonated tissue.
Necessity and approach to integrated nanomaterial legislation and governance

Nanotechnology is one of the most promising technologies to emerge in recent decades. Materials that are specially engineered to have at least one dimension that is no larger than 100 nm are now continuously manufactured and incorporated as critical components of different products that people use daily. While we are taking advantage of nanomaterials (NMs) and nano-products, they may pose a risk to humans and the broader environment. Some types of fibrous NMs such as carbon nanotubes and nano-fibers may present a risk similar to that of asbestos. Some carbon or metal based NMs may threaten the environment due to their bioaccumulative nature within food webs. In order to prevent future adverse effects from products or byproducts of nanotechnology, we suggest an integrated multi-faceted approach which includes an integrated regulation that is based upon life cycle assessment, empirically derived risk assessment. Advanced research that fills the knowledge gap regarding the understanding of NMs in scientific and social norms will be helpful in a full life cycle assessment of NMs. Emphasizing nanotechnology education to the public for an increased understanding and participation associated with media coverage will finally draw governments' attention with an integrated legislation to be instituted. Developing the optimal mix of these tools, including research, public education, media coverage, integrated legislation, will be significant to proactively manage the complexity of nanotechnology and prevent any undesirable effect due to the NMs exposure.
Mastocytosis associated with a rare germline KIT K509I mutation displays a well-differentiated mast cell phenotype

Background Mastocytosis associated with germline KIT activating mutations is exceedingly rare. We report the unique clinicopathologic features of a patient with systemic mastocytosis caused by a de novo germline KIT K509I mutation. Objectives We sought to investigate the effect of the germline KIT K509I mutation on human mast cell development and function. Methods Primary human mast cells derived from CD34 + peripheral blood progenitors were examined for growth, development, survival, and IgE-mediated activation. In addition, a mast cell transduction system that stably expressed the KIT K509I mutation was established. Results KIT K509I biopsied mast cells were round, CD25 − , and well differentiated. KIT K509I progenitors cultured in stem cell factor (SCF) demonstrated a 10-fold expansion compared with progenitors from healthy subjects and developed into mature hypergranular mast cells with enhanced antigen-mediated degranulation. KIT K509I progenitors cultured in the absence of SCF survived but lacked expansion and developed into hypogranular mast cells. A KIT K509I mast cell transduction system revealed SCF-independent survival to be reliant on the preferential splicing of KIT at the adjacent exonic junction. Conclusion Germline KIT mutations associated with mastocytosis drive a well-differentiated mast cell phenotype distinct to that of somatic KIT D816V disease, the oncogenic potential of which might be influenced by SCF and selective KIT splicing.
Alternative strategies towards monetary union

Abstract In this paper the Maastricht strategy for moving towards monetary union is evaluated. An alternative strategy is formulated.
First order lateral interval velocity estimates without picking

SUMMARY A new method for estimating interval velocities without picking is proposed. The rst step consists in applying a normal moveout correction with a v(z) stacking velocity on common mid-point gathers. In the second step we estimate local stepouts at every offset and time for each gather. We then integrate the local stepouts across offset to obtain local time shifts. The integration is done in the Fourier domain for increased speed. Finally we estimate the interval velocity in the space by tting the time shifts with a tomographic inversion procedure based on a straight rays geometry. This approach is tested on a Gulf of Mexico dataset with at geology; we demonstrate that lateral velocity variations across faults can be recovered.
Subword-based modeling for handling OOV words inkeyword spotting

This work compares ASR decoding at different subword levels crossed with alternative keyword search strategies to handle the OOV issue for keyword spotting in the low-resource setting. We show that a morpheme-based subword modeling approach is effective in recovering OOV keywords within a Turkish low-resource keyword spotting task, where mixed word and morpheme decoding approach outperforms the traditional subword-based search from word-decoded lattices that are broken down to subword lattices. Furthermore, unsupervised learning of morphology works almost as well as a rule-based system designed for the language despite the low-resource condition. A staged keyword search strategy benefits from both methods of morphological analysis.
Development of structural carbon nanotube–based sensing composites for concrete structures

Structural health monitoring has become a viable solution to monitor critical infrastructure components that show distress or are unable to pass current load ratings. This research introduces the c...
Effect of disorder on the resonating-valence-bond model of high-temperature superconductivity: Relationship to experiments.

Nonmagnetic disorder is shown to be pair breaking in the resonating-valence-bond model which has been proposed as a theoretical description of the recently discovered high-temperature superconductors. We calculate its effect on the superconducting transition temperature T/sub c/ and on the excitation gap in the superconducting density of states. We also include a discussion of the large number of recent experiments investigating suppression of T/sub c/ and discuss the relevance of the present calculation to these experiments
A study of condensation on a vertical internally cooled pipe embedded in porous medium

Abstract This paper reports a theoretical study of film condensation on the outside of a vertical pipe containing a cold fluid and imbedded in a porous medium. Two distinct cases are considered. In the first case the collant in the pipe and the falling film of condensate are in parallel flow. In the second case the two forthmentioned fluid streams are in counterflow. The flow in the porous medium is modeled by using both the Brinkman-Darcy model and the Darcy model. The main results of the problem document the effect of the condensation phenomenon on the heat gain in the pipe for a host of the problem parameters.
Fossil mammals and paleoenvironments in the Omo-Turkana Basin.

Although best known for its fossil hominins, the Omo-Turkana Basin of Kenya and Ethiopia is the source of one of the best records of vertebrate evolution from the Late Cenozoic of Africa. Located near the heart of the East African Rift Valley, the basin serves as an important frame of reference for the continent. The fossil record from this region plays a key role in our efforts to understand the environmental and ecological context of human evolution in Africa. The Omo-Turkana faunal data shed light on key questions of human evolution: What kinds of environments did early humans inhabit? How did these environments change over time? What is the relationship between faunal change in East Africa and broader patterns of climatic change? © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Successful techniques for retaining a cohort of infants and children born to HIV-infected women: the prospective P2C2 HIV study.

Retaining subjects from disadvantaged populations in long-term studies is necessary to obtain highquality data. This article presents cumulative retention rates from a 5-year prospective cohort study, the Pediatric Pulmonary and Cardiovascular Complications of Vertically Transmitted HIV Infection study. It also presents results of a cross-sectional qualitative survey about factors that induced caregivers to stay in the study. Although the repeated study visits were long and uncomfortable, cumulative retention among the 298 HIV-infected children was 80%. Incentives considered important by the caregivers included phone contact with nurse coordinators, nurse coordinators accompanying the caregiver and child during visits, phone reminders for appointments, help with scheduling, meals and transportation, access to health care, and relationships with staff. Thus, the high follow-up rate was in part due to nurses’ efforts to reduce the study’s burden on the families, provide tangible and intangible incentives, and establish personal relationships with families.
How to evaluate a conflict minimizing task scheduler through a user study

Workspace awareness tools facilitate coordination among developers in a team by informing them of emerging conflicts due to parallel development. Several such tools have been introduced recently. However, evaluating such (collaborative) tools through user studies is nontrivial because it depends on the group dynamics and their development behavior. In this paper, we present the challenges in evaluating a collaboration tool geared towards minimizing conflicts by scheduling (independent) development tasks. We present the research questions that a user evaluation should answer along with the foreseen challenges in answering these questions. We would like to use the workshop to exchange opinions and feedback to refine the design of our user study and start a conversation on the challenges and methods for evaluating a collaborative development tools.
A Distributed Thermal Model for a Li-Ion Electrode Plate Pair

Abstract This paper presents a distributed thermal model for a lithium-ion electrode plate pair used to predict the distributed electrical and thermal behavior of the electrode pair including tabs. Our model was developed by coupling the heat equation with a pseudo two dimensional (P2D) physics-based electrochemical model. The local heat generation rate is predicted by the P2D model at every node point in the 2D electrode pair. To reduce significantly the computation load of the model, a linear approximation method is introduced to decouple the electrochemical model from the heat equation with a very slight loss in accuracy.
Overcoming the new design complexity barrier: Alignment of technology and business models

The semiconductor industry today faces a new design complexity barrier. Convergence of product features brings unprecedented complexities on process technology, architectural and gate-count. Integration and cost drivers bring 3-D stacking with through-silicon vias. Heterogeneity brings high-voltage devices, image sensors, and MEMS into a single product design optimization. From IP migration, to variability modeling and mitigation, to NRE cost, the new paradigm is that these are no longer discrete issues addressable by point-tool solutions. Overcoming this new design complexity barrier requires breakthrough technologies and integrated EDA solutions. Funding the development of new EDA solutions must make business sense. But while traditional ROI assessments are based on “one company-centric” business models, the next stage of the industry's evolution requires ROI and business models that acknowledge coexistence, and even collaboration, of multiple companies. This is especially true during this unprecedented worldwide financial earthquake. A win-win-win future will depend on the emergence of an innovative business model that is realized collaboratively by key players across the IC design and manufacturing ecosystem. Fortunately, recent initiatives have the promise to meet this need.
Effects of rigid grains separation on the diffusive growth of crack-like cavities on grain boundaries

Abstract Previous analyses of diffusive growth of grain boundary cavities in the limiting case of a crack-like mode under the rigid grain assumption have assumed that the effect of grains separation rate on the cavity growth rate is negligible. This is more valid when the cavity growth rates are very high. Here, we investigate the appropriateness of this assumption at lower cavity growth rates by incorporating the contribution of the rigid grains separation rate in the analysis. The resulting geometry of the crack-like cavity near its tip is given. This information is used to set boundary conditions for the rigid grain model. Numerical results for the applied stress versus the cavity growth rate are presented. They are compared with those given by Chuang, Kagawa, Rice and Sills (1979), whose analysis assumes the rate of separation of the grains to be small compared to the cavity growth rate. Comparison with the results of Chuang et al. (1979) for the rupture time based on cavity growth to coalescence is also made.
Lysine methylation is an endogenous post-translational modification of tau protein in human brain and a modulator of aggregation propensity

Poster Division: Biological Sciences: 1st Place (The Ohio State University Edward F. Hayes Graduate Research Forum)
Infrared sensor modeling for discrimination of ground-based human activity

In an initial effort to better understand how motion in human activities influences sensor performance, Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate (NVESD) developed a perception experiment that tests an observer's ability to identify an activity in static and dynamic scenes. Current sensor models such as NVTherm were calibrated using static imagery of military vehicles but, given the current battlefield environment, the focus has shifted more towards discriminating human activities. In these activities, motion plays an important role but this role is not well quantified by the model. This study looks at twelve hostile and non-hostile activities that may be performed on an urban roadside such as digging a hole, raking, surveillance with binoculars, and holding several weapons. The forced choice experiment presents the activities in both static and dynamic scenes so that the effect of adding motion can be evaluated. The results are analyzed and attempts are made at relating observer performance to various static and dynamic metrics and ultimately developing a calibration for the sensor model.
The effect of prediction accuracy on choice reaction time.

In this study, we examined the effect of prediction accuracy on reaction time (RT). Subjects performed on three blocks of choice RT trials, all of which involved the mapping of four stimuli (red, green, 1, or 0) onto two response keys. The subjects were told that the four stimuli were equally probable and that their task was to respond to each stimulus onset by pressing the correct key. In one block (stimulus-prediction), the subjects predicted, prior to each trial, the precise stimulus that would appear. In a second block (category-prediction), the subjects predicted the category of the stimulus (i.e., color or digit) that would appear. In a third block (no-prediction), the subjects simply responded to each stimulus without making a prior prediction. In the stimulus-prediction block, RT was faster for correct predictions than for incorrect predictions. In addition, RT was faster on trials in which an incorrect prediction involved the correct category than on trials in which it involved the incorrect category: that is, a “half-wrong” prediction was better than an “all-wrong” prediction. In the category-prediction block, RT was faster when the stimulus category was predicted correctly than when it was not. There was little evidence of a response-facilitation contribution to the correct-prediction effect. These results permit inferences concerning the encoding and organization of information in memory.
Synchronization-induced period gaps and ultra-short periods in magnetic cataclysmic binaries

The effects of synchronization on the dynamical evolution of magnetic cataclysmic binaries are investigated theoretically by means of numerical simulations. The results are presented graphically and characterized in detail. It is found that these binary systems can be brought out of contact, producing a period gap. It is inferred that DQ Her stars can evolve into AM Her stars, and that binaries with hydrogen-rich companions can have periods shorter than the conventional limit of 72 h.
Transforming the Class into a Learning Organization

In this article we describe our experience in transforming our classes into learning organizations. Our mechanism was a pedagogical innovation in which we gathered weekly student reflections on the content of the session as well as the performance of the professor. We differentiate in the article between using the innovation as a traditional feedback tool and as a process conducted within a learning organization context. In the latter, the straightforward methodology required a vision for a different type of class, significant shifts in the mental models of students and professors, utilization of personal mastery, a systemic interconnectedness among the various aspects of the class as an organization, and a different understanding of the role of vulnerability in the learning process. The innovation surfaced the dynamics of the often undiscussible learning processes and rendered them part of management learning. Examples of critical incidents from our classes as well as student assessments of the process a...
The collective memory of the atomic bombings misrecognized as objective history: The case of the public opposition to the national air and space museum's atom bomb exhibit

The recent controversy over the National Air and Space Museum's challenge to the widely held collective memory of the atomic bombings at the close of World War II presents an opportunity to explore contemporary rhetorical implications of how the justification for the use of nuclear weapons against human populations is presented in public history. This essay examines the U.S. American cultural struggle over the memory of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings. Critics of the National Air and Space Museum's planned atomic bomb exhibit denuded the credibility of the exhibit's message as well as the authority of professional historians to address the historic event in public space. This study addresses the public critics’ rhetorical strategy against the planned exhibit, and the misrecognition, in one public sphere, of the collective national memory of the bombings as the objective history. The analysis discusses the dangers of such a closed history and of limiting technical “experts,” professional historians, fr...
The effect of a calcium channel Mocker (nifedipine) on uterine blood flow in the pregnant goat

Abstract The purpose of this study was to analyze the changes in maternal uterine blood flow, maternal arterial blood pressure, and maternal heart rate with the intravenous administration of nifedipine in pregnant, unanesthetized pygmy goats. Bolus injections of 2.5 to 45 μg/kg of maternal weight were used. Uterine blood flow did not fall significantly. A transient fall in maternal arterial blood pressure occurred in the first minute after the injection, but the pressure returned to normal after 5 minutes. Maternal heart rate increased immediately after the bolus of nifedipine and returned toward the control value by 30 minutes.
Subsolidus Phase Relations in the System ZnWO4-ZnMoO4-MnWO4-MnMoO41

Subsolidus phase relations in the systems ZnWO4-MnWO4, ZnWO4-ZnMoO4, MnMoO4-ZnMoO4, and MnWO4-MnMoO4, were investigated by using the quenching technique. A complete series of solid solutions forms in the system ZnWO4-MnWO4 above 840° C, whereas limited solid solubilities were found in the other three. The various limits of solubility are, at 620° C, 4·0 mole % ZnMoO4 in ZnWO4 and 4·0 mole % ZnWO4 in ZnMoO4, 13·0 mole % ZnMoO4 in MnMoO4 and 12·0 mole % MnMoO4 in ZnMoO4, 9·0 mole % MnMoO4 in MnWO4 and 6·0 mole % in MnWO4 in MnMoO4; and at 1000° C, 15·0 mole % ZnMoO4 in ZnWO4 and 15·0 mole % ZnWO4 in ZnMoO4, 36·0 mole % ZnMoO4 in MnMoO4 and 29·0 mole % MnMoO4 in ZnMoO4, 15·0 mole % MnMoO4 in MnWO4 and 27·0 mole % MnWO4 in MnMoO4. Subsolidus phase relations in the system ZnWO4-ZnMoO4-MnWO4-MnMoO4 were studied at 900° C. The solubility of molybdenum in the (Zn,Mn)WO4 series increases from both end members to a maximum of 27·0 mole % at the composition Mn35Zn65. Both molybdates also have limited ranges of solid solutions, and a three-phase region occupies the central portion of the system defined by three points with compositions of 41 mole % ZnMoO4, 26 mole % MnMoO4, 33 mole % MnWO4; 57 mole % ZnMoO4, 10 mole % MnMoO4, 35 mole % MnWO4; and 27 mole % ZnMoO4, 34 mole % MnWO4, 39 mole % ZnWO4.
Posterior tibial neuropathy from ruptured Baker's cyst.

Abstract Objectives: To increase awareness of entrapment neuropathy caused by rupture of Baker's cyst. Methods: A patient with psoriatic arthritis, ruptured Baker's cyst, and entrapment neuropathy is reported and the literature on this complication is reviewed. Results: Nerve entrapment caused by rupture of Baker's cyst is rare. Neurologicalexamination and demonstration of Baker's cyst by Color Doppler Duplex Ultrasound (CDDU) help in making the diagnosis. Nerve Conduction Study (NCS) may confirm the diagnosis of posterior tibial nerve entrapment. Conclusions: Peripheral nerve entrapment should be considered in patientswith Baker's cysts and loss of sensation along the plantar aspect of the foot or other neurological symptoms or findings.
The Developmental Toxicity of Boric Acid in Mice, Rats, and Rabbits

Boric acid (BA) is a naturally occurring agent used in manufacturing processes and numerous consumer products. Because of the potential for both industrial and consumer exposure to boron-containing compounds, and the lack of developmental toxicity data, the National Toxicology Program evaluated the potential for boric acid to cause developmental toxicity in pregnant Swiss (CD-1) mice, Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 26-28/group), and New Zealand rabbits (n = 18-23/group). BA was provided in the feed to mice and rats at 0, 0.1, 0.2, or 0.4% throughout gestation to attain steady-state exposure as early as possible during development. Average doses (mg/kg/day) were 248, 452, or 1003 for mice, and 78, 163, or 330 in rats. A separate group of rats received 0.8% BA in the feed, or 539 mg/kg/day only on gestation days (gd) 6 to 15. Rabbits were given BA (0, 62.5, 125, or 250 mg/kg) by gavage administration on gd 6 to 19. Maternal body weight, food and/or water consumption and signs of toxicity were monitored at regular intervals. At termination, gd 17 (mice), 20 (rats), or 30 (rabbits), the uterus was examined to determine the number of resorptions, dead, or live fetuses. Fetuses were weighed and live fetuses were examined for external, visceral, and skeletal defects. Mouse dams exhibited mild renal lesions (> or = 248 mg/kg/day BA), increased water intake and relative kidney weight (1003 mg/kg/day BA), and decreased weight gain during treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Random walks with killing

Let P(x, dy) be the transition probability kernel of a random walk on R n .Let k: R n →[0,1] be a given function. Suppose that the random walk is “killed” according to k: if it is at position x, then it jumps to a special state (the cemetery) with probability k(x); otherwise, it executes a usual random walk step (with law given by P). We say that the killed process is “long-lived” if: This paper develops potential-theoretic characterizations of those functions k which permit long-lived behavior.
Survey of intracellular recording in the cochlear nucleus of the cat

Intracellular recordings were made in the cochlear nucleus of anesthetized cats. In anterior passes, one never obtained sustained depolarizations from 'primary-like' units. For 'chopper' units, however, it was possible to record sustained depolarizations accompaneid by spikes that lasted as long as the tone burst. 'Pauser, 'buildup' and 'on' units also had spike responses that could be accompanied by sustained depolarizations. For 'pauser', 'buildup' and 'on' units, hyperpolarization was not seen during the times when no spike discharges appeared so long as the tone bursts were at the characteristic frequency of the units.
α2-Adrenergic inhibition of pancreatic islet glucose utilization is mediated by an inhibitory guanine nucleotide regulatory protein

Abstract The rate of glucose utilization in isolated pancreatic islets of the rat was inhibited by the α 2 -adrenoceptor agonists clonidine and epinephrine. Yohimbine reversed the inhibition. α 1 or β-adrenoceptor agonists had little or no effect on glucose utilization. Stimulation of muscarinic receptors by carbamylcholine reversed the effect of clonidine. Pertussis toxin blocked the effect of clonidine on glucose utilization, and potentiated the response to carbamylcholine. 8-Bromo-cAMP did not affect glucose utilization in the presence of clonidine. Thus, α 2 -adrenoceptors negatively modulate glucose utilization, and the effect is mediated by an inhibitory guanine nucleotide regulatory protein, but not by cAMP.
Regional Formation of High-Technology Service Industries: The Software Industry in Washington State

The development of high-technology manufacturing concentrations has attracted extensive research, but few studies have provided evidence on the genesis of regional agglomerations of software industry. In this paper findings from a survey of 152 software firms in Washington State are presented. As in US industry data, the majority of these software companies are relatively small and new organizations within the State. Results on company location and formation decisions and on international activities show that the software industry has been generated primarily by local entrepreneurs and relies on US suppliers and customers. State government and academic research programs have not affected the growth of the software industry, but over time, industry expansion has produced leading US software corporations, such as the Microsoft Corporation.
Perceived Influences on Career Choices of Eleventh Graders: Sex, SES, and Ethnic Group Comparisons.

The project “Sex-Role Values and Career Decision Making” was conducted to examine the responses of eleventh-grade high school students to sex-role-related values and to relate these responses to their educational and occupational aspirations. The concern of the present article is the influence of Sex, SES (socioeconomic status), and ethnicity on the reasons students give for their career choices. While students' responses were found to be generally similar across Sex, SES, and ethnic groups, the results indicated that females were significantly less likely than males to mention practical considerations, money, prestige, or status as elements in their career decisions, and more likely to mention helping others and personal achievement. The implications of these sex differences for sex equality in the career selection process are considered.
Psychiatric symptoms in clients presenting for commercial weight reduction treatment.

Objective To study the prevalence and severity of psychiatric symptoms in a group of clients presenting to a commercial weight reduction program, compared with a group of patients seeking outpatient medical treatment. Method: Sixty-six clients presenting for commercial weight loss treatment and 52 patients presenting for general outpatient medical treatment were given self-report measures of anxiety (Spielberger State and Trait Inventory), depression (Beck Depression Inventory), body dissatisfaction (Body Shape Questionnaire), and overall impairment in functioning (Sheehan Disability Scale). Results: Weight loss clients had significantly higher rates of depressive symptomatology and psychosocial disability than patients presenting for medical treatment. Weight loss clients were also more likely to demonstrate body dissatisfaction regardless of actual weight. Levels of anxiety were not significantly different, despite the medical group reporting themselves to be in poorer health as compared with the weight loss group. Discussion: Regular screening for psychiatric symptoms in clients presenting for commercial weight reduction treatment may be valuable as this group may constitute an as yet unidentified cohort requiring psychiatric intervention. © 1996 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.