cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Yield locus of randomly oriented fcc metals according to the Bishop-Hill theory

be be tween two (011)p lanes containing an equal amount of n ickel and niobium (columbium) a toms . Taking into account the s y m m e t r y , the a tomic r e a r r a n g e m e n t s in a d i r ec t ion perpoendicular to the K 1 plane have been c o m puted as 0.52A for any a tom in the even numbered (011) p lanes containing an equal number of n ickel and niobium a toms . Along the [011] axis the a tomic r e a r r a n g e m e n t s has been computed as 0.60/~ for any a tom in the odd numbered p lanes containing only n icke l a toms . It is worth pointing out that the shea r is s m a l l e r for type {011} twins than for type {211}. But in the d i r e c t ional ly sol idf ied eu tec t ic the shea r d i r ec t i on for the f o r m e r type is nea r ly p a r a l l e l to the t ens i l e d i r ec t ion , and the {011} twin is t h e r e f o r e diff icul t to ac t iva te ex cept with l a rge enough t r i a x i a l s t r e s s e s . The authors apprec ia te the many f rui t fu l d i s c u s s i o n s with Monsieur C~rard Lesoul t dur ing the c o u r s e of th is inves t iga t ion .
Tetra­kis(aceto­nitrile)copper(I) hydrogen oxalate–oxalic acid–aceto­nitrile (1/0.5/0.5)

In the title compound, [Cu(CH3CN)4](C2HO4)·0.5C2H2O4·0.5CH3CN, the CuI ion is coordinated by the N atoms of four aceto­nitrile ligands in a slightly distorted tetra­hedral environment. The oxalic acid mol­ecule lies across an inversion center. The aceto­nitrile solvent mol­ecule is disordered across an inversion center and was refined with half occupancy. In the crystal, the hydrogen oxalate anions and oxalic acid mol­ecules are linked via O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming chains along [010].
Comparison of the risk of vascular complications associated with femoral and radial access coronary catheterization procedures in obese versus nonobese patients

In this retrospective review of 5,234 cardiac catheterizations and percutaneous coronary interventions, the rate of vascular complications was highest in extremely thin and morbidly obese patients and lowest in moderately obese patients, consistent with the previously reported "obesity paradox." The use of transradial access and arterial access closure devices was associated with reduced vascular complications in the population of obese patients.
English Proficiency, Education, and the Conditional Economic Assimilation of Hispanic and Asian Origin Men☆

Abstract We consider the hypothesis that earnings of Asian and white Hispanic men follow a pattern called conditional economic assimilation: White Hispanic and Asian men who do not speak English well and who have little schooling tend to earn less money than white nonHispanic men who also do not speak English well and who also have little schooling, but Asians and white Hispanics who are fluent in English and have completed high school tend to earn about as much as nonHispanic whites with similar schooling and English fluency. Although prior literature and contemporary discrimination law attributes minority earnings disadvantages to lower rates of return to human capital for minority group members than for white nonHispanics, a mathematical model indicates that conditional assimilation is produced by higher rates of return to English language fluency and schooling for Asians and white Hispanics than for white nonHispanics. Analyses of 1980 U.S. Census Public Use Microdata Samples dramatically supports that model. We also consider theoretical differences between race and ethnicity and differences between the mechanisms which produce race and ethnicity effects on minority earnings. Some of these hypothesized mechanisms involve human capital and worker productivity, while others involve discrimination. Discrimination mechanisms imply an interaction effect between English fluency and educational attainment for white nonHispanics and, to a lesser extent, white Hispanics, but not Asians, while human capital mechanisms imply language–schooling interactions for all. Our data analyses are consistent with the hypothesis that discrimination mechanisms are operative.
Reducing equivalent shuttles in developing porcine myocardium: enhanced capacity in the newborn heart.

ABSTRACT: The metabolic demands of the newborn heart are met primarily by glucose and lactate. Mitochondria are impermeable to the NADH produced by these cytosolic reactions. The malate/aspanatc and a-glycerophosphate (α-GP) shuttles provide two pathways to transport reducing equivalents into mitochondria. The goals of this study were to compare the capacity of these shuttles in newborn and adult cardiac mitochondria and to measure the maximal activity of the mitochondrial enzymes involved in these shuttles. Shuttle and enzyme capacities were measured in isolated mitochondria from the left and right ventricular free wall of 0–3-d-old and adult pig hearts. Malate/aspartate shuttle capacity was nearly three times greater in the newborn left ventricle compared with adult (newborn, 616 ± 24; adult, 232 ± 28 nmol/min/mg; mean = SEM; n - 8, p < 0.0001). The capacity of the malate/aspartate shuttle of the right ventricular free wall was greater than the left in the adult heart. Despite a decrease in malate/aspartate shuttle capacity, maximal activity of mitochondrial matrix enzymes involved in this pathway were increased in adult mitochondria. α-GP shuttle activity was absent in adult myocardium. Newborn left ventricular myocardium had significant α-GP shuttle activity (44 ± 4 nmol/min/mg) due to enhanced flavin-linked mitochondrial α-GP dehydrogenase activity compated with adult. Interventricular differences in the α-GP shuttle capacity were not found in newborn or adult hearts. These findings suggest a mechanism for the substrate preference of neonatal myocardium.
Potential underestimation of the internal target volume (ITV) from free-breathing CBCT

Purpose: Localization prior to delivery of SBRT to free-breathing patients is performed by aligning the planning internal target volume (ITV) from 4DCT with an on-board free-breathing cone-beam CT (FB-CBCT) image. The FB-CBCT image is assumed to also generate an ITV that captures the full range of motion, due to the acquisition spanning multiple respiratory cycles. However, the ITV could potentially be underestimated when the ratio of time spent in inspiration versus time spent in expiration (I/E ratio) deviates from unity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of variable I/E ratios on the FB ITV generated from a FB-CBCT scan. Methods: This study employed both phantom and patient imaging data. For the phantom study, five periodic respiratory cycles were simulated with different I/E ratios. Six patient respiratory cycles with variable I/E ratios were also selected. All profiles were then programmed into a motion phantom for imaging and modified to exhibit three peak-to-peak motion amplitudes (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 cm). Each profile was imaged using two spherical targets with 1.0 and 3.0 cm diameters. 2D projections were acquired with full gantry rotation of a kiloVoltage (kV) imager mounted onto the gantry of a modern linear accelerator. CBCT images were reconstructed from 2D projections using a standard filtered back-projection reconstruction algorithm. Quantitative analyses for the phantom study included computing the change in contrast along the direction of target motion as well as determining the area (which is proportional to the target volume) inside of the contour extracted using a Canny edge detector. For the patient study, projection data that were previously acquired under an investigational 4D CBCT slow-gantry imaging protocol were used to generate both FB-CBCT and 4D CBCT images. Volumes were then manually contoured from both datasets (using the same window and level) for quantitative comparison. Results: The phantom study indicated a reduction in contrast at the inferior edge of the ITV (corresponding to inspiration) as the ratio decreased, for both simulated and patient respiratory cycles. For the simulated phantom respiratory cycles, the contrast reduction of the smallest I/E ratio was 27.6% for the largest target with the smallest amplitude and 89.7% for the smallest target with the largest amplitude. For patient respiratory cycles, these numbers were 22.3% and 94.0%, respectively. The extracted area from inside of the target contours showed a decreasing trend as the I/E ratio decreased. In the patient study, the FB-CBCT ITVs of both lung tumors studied were underestimated when compared with their corresponding 4D CBCT ITV. The underestimations found were 40.1% for the smaller tumor and 24.2% for the larger tumor. Conclusions: The ITV may be underestimated in a FB-CBCT image when a patient’s respiratory pattern is characterized by a disparate length of time spent in inspiration versus expiration. Missing the full target motion information during on-board verification imaging may result in localization errors.
Low-energy electron and positron diffraction measurements and analysis on Cu(100).

The results of an experimental study and quantitative analysis of the intensity versus energy (I-V) curves are reported for low-energy electron diffraction and low-energy positron diffraction (LEPD) with a brightness-enhanced electrostatically focused positron beam. In a close comparative study, the incident electrons and positrons scattered at a large incident polar angle (theta\ensuremath{\ge}50\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}) with respect to the surface normal off clean Cu(100) and the I-V spectra from six and seven diffraction beams were taken with electrons and positrons, respectively. The analysis of the experimental data from the electron studies indicates first- and second-layer relaxation that is consistent with earlier results. Use of the structure derived from the electron studies, analysis of the I-V curves from the LEPD studies suggests that the attenuation for positrons is greater than the value for electrons over the energy range 50--400 eV, possibly as a result of the enhanced electron-image cloud surrounding the positron. The real part of the inner potential is 0 eV for positrons compared with 11 eV for electrons, in rough agreement with predictions. Further, the best agreement between experiment and calculation for LEPD I-V curve analysis tends to favor the potential formed by changing of the sign of the Coulomb term (relative to electrons), eliminating the exchange, and retaining the correlation term.
Solutions to shape and topology eigenvalue optimization problems using a homogenization method

A solution strategy to find the shape and topology of structures that maximize a natural frequency is presented. The methodology is based on a homogenization method and the representation of the shape of the structure as a material property. The problem is formulated as a reinforcement problem in which a given structure is reinforced using a prescribed amount of material. Two dimensional, plane elasticity problems are considered. Examples are presented for illustration.
The Pursuit of Extra-pair Copulations by Female Birds: A New Hypothesis of Colony Formation

Abstract A previously unrecognized selective pressure is proposed here which may contribute to the formation of bird colonies: the pursuit of extra-pair copulations (EPCs) by females. The "EPC hypothesis" employs the mechanisms of models of lek evolution which explain how males in promiscuous species cluster as a result of females pursuing copulations. It is suggested here that the mechanisms which have produced leks also operate when monogamous female birds pursue extra-pair copulations. The consequent clustering of males and females may contribute to the formation of colonies. While other hypotheses of coloniality stress advantages which accrue mainly after egg-laying, such as enhanced food-finding and reduced predation, the EPC hypothesis explains how and why individuals in colonies cluster prior to egg-laying. Once clustering occurs, the stage is set for subsequent advantages of high density breeding to accrue.
Stable Carbon Isotope Ratios within Carbonate Concretions: a Clue to Place and Time of Formation

NATURALLY occurring carbon shows considerable variability with respect to its stable isotope composition. The 13C/12C ratio in plant material (and in ancient residues) is generally roughly 2.5% lower than in the carbonate of marine limestones as a result of fractionation during photosynthesis. A summary of carbon isotope distribution and fractionation is given by Degens1.
Film thinning in unsaturated superfluid /sup 4/He films during persistent flow

We report measurements of the thickness of unsaturated superfluid /sup 4/He films in persistent flow as a function of persistent current velocity. Our results are in quantitative agreement with the predictions of Kontorovich, and thus disagree with the conclusion of Rudnick and coworkers that rho/sub s//rho has an enhanced velocity dependence in these films.
Applications of absolute surface metrology by transverse shifting

A novel and very simple technique has been developed for extracting absolute phase maps from laboratory Fizeau interferometers, and that technique is generalized here to applications in interferometry and adaptive optics. In the original implementation, the phase maps considered were those produced by an interferometer measuring the surface of a high-precision flat mirror. The phase or surface shape measured in such a configuration is known only with respect to the phase map of the interferometer's transmission flat, and so contains substantial errors when precise surfaces are being tested. By making two additional measurements with small lateral shifts of the surface under test, and differencing these, maps of absolute phase differences between neighboring points on the test surface can be made. From these, standard wavefront reconstruction can recover an absolute phase map. Examples of the technique are considered here, including a novel diagnostic of common-path errors in adaptive optics systems. For an architecture in which the common path and the wavefront-sensor path can be adjusted in relative shear, it is possible to apply the requisite transverse shifts and so derive an absolute phase map isolating embedded portions of the system optics.
Fractals and multifractals in avalanche models

Abstract This note reports work by Kadanoff, Nagel, Wu, and Zhou which has been submitted to Physical Review A. In this paper, we examine extensions of the sandslide (or avalanche) model originally proposed by Bak, Tang, and Wiesenfeld to see the nature of the probability distributions produced by the dynamical processes. In particular, we wish to see (a) whether the distributions have a well-defined scaling limit; (b) whether the distributions have a simple (Widom) scaling behavior or are instead multifractal and (c) whether they fail into universality classes. We answer these questions by doing simulational studies of cases in which the models describe one- or two-dimensional arrays of stacks. For the one-dimensional case the answers are:“yes, hope that an analogous construction might perhaps provide a renormalization group argument for the determination of the probability distribution in the avalanche examples”.
Polymorphism and Division of Labor During Foraging Cycles in the Leaf-cutting Ant Acromyrmex octospinosus (Formicidae; Attini)

While division of labor within leaf-cutting ant nests has been well-characterized in the context of the collection and processing of leaf material, environmental factors such as day-night cycles and heavy rainfall limit the time during which leaf-cutting ant workers leave the nest to gather forage. Using a novel “flat panel” nest design, we studied how patterns of within-nest task performance changed when a colony of the leaf-cutting ant Acromyrmex octospinosus was and was not provided access to forage. We conducted scan samples of individuals working within the nest under both conditions and compared task allocation patterns across provisioning regimes and between workers of different sizes. When labor was compared between worker size groups, “minor” workers (head width ≤2.0 mm) and “major” workers (head width >2.0 mm) showed significantly different task performance patterns when forage was available: minors performed mostly brood-care and garden maintenance, while majors were mostly involved in the handling of freshly-cut leaf fragments. In contrast, when the colony was deprived of forage, the task performance patterns of minor and major workers converged and did not significantly differ. Marked major workers known to be foragers tended to remain idle within the nest when the colony was deprived of forage, while non-foragers of similar head width engaged in a variety of within-nest tasks, suggesting polyethism in majors may be based on factors other than size.
INTER-RATER RELIABILITY OF THE 2009 APPROPRIATE USE CRITERIA FOR CARDIAC RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING

The 2009 Appropriate Use Criteria (AUC) for Cardiac Radionuclide Imaging is used to identify nuclear stress tests of limited clinical value. However, the AUC's inter-rater reliability has not been well characterized. We randomly selected 400 nuclear stress tests performed at a single academic
Relationship of genotype to early pulmonary function in infants with cystic fibrosis identified through neonatal screening

To determine whether pulmonary function in infants with asymptomatic cystic fibrosis is related to genotype, we studied 18 infants with cystic fibrosis identified through neonatal screening and 18 healthy control infants. Infants with cystic fibrosis (mean age, 2.0 months; range, 1.0 to 4.6 months) were identified from June 1990 to September 1991 through a statewide screening program based on elevated immunoreactive trypsinogen concentrations. Pulmonary function festing was done before and after inhalation of albuterol. There were no differences in pulmonary function between the cystic fibrosis group and the control infants (mean age, 2.7 months; range, 0.9 to 4.5 months). However, infants homozygous for the ΔF508 deletion (n=10) differed from infants with other genotypic variants of cystic fibrosis and control infants with respect to respiratory system resistance (79.4 ± 11.5 vs 52.0 ± 3.8 vs 55.5 ± 5.0 cm H 2 O/L per second, respectively; p = 0.04) and specific conductance (0.15 ± 0.02 vs 0.21 ± 0.02 vs 0.21 ± 0.02 cm H 2 O −1 sec −1 , respectively; p =0.02). Infants homozygous for the ΔF508 deletion, but not other infants, responded to albuterol with a decrease in respiratory system resistance. We conclude that infants with asymptomatic cystic fibrosis homozgous for the ΔF508 deletion have early evidence of airways obstruction and may need early respiratory treatment.
Canonical space-time processing for wireless communications

A canonical space-time characterization of mobile wireless channels is introduced in terms of a fixed basis that is independent of the true channel parameters The basis captures the essential degrees of freedom in the received signal using discrete multipath delays, Doppler shifts, and directions of arrival (DOA). The canonical representation provides a robust representation of the propagation dynamics and eliminates the need for estimating delay, Doppler and DOA parameters of different multipaths, Furthermore, it furnishes a natural framework for designing low-complexity space-time receivers. Single-user receivers based on the canonical channel representation are developed and analyzed, It is demonstrated that the resulting canonical space-time receivers deliver near-optimal performance at substantially reduced complexity compared to existing designs.
DERIVATIVES TRADERS DO WHAT, AGAIN?

Reviewing ADVANCE \u13 COLLATERAL KNOWLEDGE: LEGAL REASONING IN THE GLOBAL FINANCIAL MARKETS ADVANCE \u13 ADVANCE \d18 Written by Annelise Riles
The Caretaker Obstreperous-Behavior Rating Assessment (COBRA) Scale.

Objective To evaluate the usefulness and reliability of the Caretaker Obstreperous-Behavior Rating Assessment (COBRA), a new test instrument for caretaker assessment of types and severity of “obstreperous behaviors” (OBs) in demented patients. Design COBRA was completed by caretakers of 31 outpatients and 36 nursing home inpatients with dementia. Test-retest reliability was determined when 25 of the outpatient caretakers re-evaluated their demented relative 1 week later; inter-rater reliability was determined on nursing home inpatients by comparing the reports of two nurse's aids with equivalent knowledge of seven of the patients. Setting (1) University medical center Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Clinic; (2) community nursing home. Patients Thirty-one sequentially-seen outpatients with dementia; 36 nursing home patients with dementia. Intervention Following instruction in the use of the COBRA Scale, caretakers provided scores for their demented patient. The instrument has three unique features: (1) it divides OBs into four categories for ease of comprehension: Aggressive/Assaultive; Mechanical/Motor; Ideational/Personality; and Vegetative; (2) a companion videotape shown to caretakers in advance illustrates each behavior to improve reliability of reporting; (3) the significance of each OB is estimated with severity and frequency measures. Main Outcome Measurements Frequency and severity of OBs are epitomized in 12 summary scores. Test-retest correlations (for outpatients) and inter-rater correlations (for inpatients) were analyzed with Pearson Product Moment and Spearman Rank Order correlations. Results Prevalence of OBs and severity was reported for the experimental groups. Summary scores revealed test-retest correlations of .95 to .73 for 11 of 12 scores (outpatients), and inter-rater correlations of .99 to .73 for 8 of 12 scores (inpatients). Age, gender, and disease etiology were not significantly related to OBs; clinical severity correlated with type and severity of OBs. Conclusions The COBRA scale provides a convenient, comprehensive, and reliable means for caretakers to identify the types and measure the severity of OBs in demented outpatients and nursing home inpatients. If additional studies confirm these observations, COBRA will be a useful instrument for assessing the effects of interventions on OBs in patients with dementia.
Aluminum-anode, silicon-based micro-cells for powering expendable MEMS and lab-on-a-chip devices

Abstract On-demand powering via micro-fluidic actuation of electrolyte in voltaic cells has been introduced as an alternative to power disposable MEMS-based sensor systems. Aluminum-anode cells activated with alkaline-hydrogen peroxide electrolyte mixtures are studied with the aim of achieving high energetic densities relative to the cells’ minute dimensions. Cells with two configurations are fabricated and their performance is investigated here. The cells have an open-circuit potential of 1.4 and 1.8 V, depending on the electrolyte used for activation. Potential under various electrical loads are presented as a performance evaluate. An assessment of the influence of cell configuration and electrolyte chemistry on the gravimetric aluminum utilization for energy production on the tested micro-cells is also presented. A gravimetric aluminum utilization efficiency (GAlUE) is defined to indicate the actual energy produced per gram of deposited aluminum relative to the theoretical amount, to compare the performance of the cells. The fabricated cells performance is compared with alkaline commercial cells and it is found that they have good gravimetric energy densities and high specific power, relative to their sizes. GAlUE-values between 33 and 87% were found for cells that provided power outputs of 16 and 5 mW, respectively, for periods between 5 and 6 min. Longer operational times (up to 45 min) at a potential equal to 1.61 V, are possible while the cells provide smaller power values (0.5 mW).
An application of the extended Kantorovich method to the stress analysis of a clamped rectangular plate

The extendedKantorovich method discussed recently, byA. D. Kerr, is used to analyze a clamped rectangular plate subjected to a uniform lateral load. It was found that the generated one term solution approximates very closely, throughout the plate region, not only the deflections but also the bending moments and shearing forces. It is shown that the final form of the solution is independent of the initial choice, and that the convergence of the iterative procedure is very rapid. Because of the lack of a closed form exact solution in the technical literature, the coefficients occurring in the obtained solution were evaluated for various plate side ratios and are presented in graphs in order to simplify the utilization of the obtained results in engineering practice.
Some conditions that affect admissions of attitude change

Abstract Previous research has shown yielders to persuasive communications to be negatively evaluated by observers of the persuasion but positively evaluated by the persuaders. Resisters of persuasion, on the other hand, are evaluated positively by observers but negatively by the initiators of the persuasive effort. Two studies were conducted to determine (a) whether individuals are aware of the differing evaluations of yielders and resisters by persuaders and observers and (b) the extent to which targets of influence attempts strategically employ this information to enhance their images in the eyes of others. Experiment 1, a role-playing study, demonstrated that targets of persuasive appeals are cognizant of the pattern of evaluations provided to yielders and resisters by persuaders and observers. Experiment 2 indicated that targets' public reports of attitude change were shaped so as to produce the most positive evaluations from the audience to those reports. The greatest stated influence occurred in the sole presence of the persuasive agent, an intermediate amount of stated change occurred when both persuader and observer were present, and still less occurred in the sole presence of an observer to the influence attempt. The results of anonymous, private measures of change paralleled in pattern those of the publicly admitted change, but were not significant.
Childhood development of fear of failure motivation: a replication.

Teevan and McGhee ( 1972) sent copies of a revised Winterbttom (1953) questionnaire to the mothers of 41 high school &dents. That questionnaire dealt with the nature of the mothers' reactions to their children in achievement situations when their children's behavior fulfilled their expectations (success) and when it did not (failure). They found that, when the subjects were classified into two groups, one having been rewarded for success while being given neutral responses for failure, and another group having been given neutral responses for success while receiving punishment for failure, the group with the "reward-neutral" profile had significantly lower fear of failure scores as measured by che Hostile Press system (Birney, Burdick, & Teevan, 1969) than the group with the neutral-punishment profile. Teevan and McGhee found (1972) as predicted, that fear of failure motivation was at least in part determined by the nature of the mother's response to the child's success and failure in achievement situation. Two problems with the above finding are evident. The Nppon which the finding was bed was small, and the question of the child's perception of his mother's reactions was not taken into consideration. This present study was designed to confront these problems. A questionnaire, essentially the same as that used by Teevan and McGhee ( 1972). was filled out by 128 male students in introductory psychology. Of these 128 students, 15 were classified as "reward-neutral" and 39 as "neutral-punishment'' in terms of their own perceptions of their mothers' reactions to their behavior in achievement siruations. A chi squared test on these two groups' hostile press scores showed that a significantly greater proportion of "neutral-punishment" subjects had high hostile press (X2 = 4.07, < .05). This finding is interpreted as a validation of Teevan and McGhee's (1972) conclusions in terms of the children's own perceptions of their environment.
Argonaute Loading Improves the 5' Precision of Both MicroRNAs and Their miRNA* Strands in Flies

Summary MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short regulatory RNAs that direct repression of their mRNA targets. The miRNA "seed"—nucleotides 2–7—establishes target specificity by mediating target binding [1–5]. Accurate processing of the miRNA 5′ end is thought to be under strong selective pressure [6, 7] because a shift by just one nucleotide in the 5′ end of a miRNA alters its seed sequence, redefining its repertoire of targets (Figure 1). Animal miRNAs are produced by the sequential cleavage of partially double-stranded precursors by the RNase III endonucleases Drosha and Dicer, thereby generating a transitory double-stranded intermediate comprising the miRNA paired to its partially complementary miRNA ∗ strand [8, 9]. Here, we report that in flies, the 5′ ends of miRNAs and miRNA ∗ strands are typically more precisely defined than their 3′ ends. Surprisingly, the precision of the 5′ ends of both miRNA and miRNA ∗ sequences increases after Argonaute2 (Ago2) loading. Our data imply that either many miRNA ∗ sequences are under evolutionary pressure to maintain their seed sequences—that is, they have targets—or that secondary constraints, such as the sequence requirements for loading small RNAs into functional Argonaute complexes, narrow the range of miRNA and miRNA ∗ 5′ ends that accumulate in flies.
Factors associated with oral hygiene practices among adults with systemic sclerosis.

Objective To identify factors associated with oral hygiene practices in adults with systemic sclerosis (SSc). Methods In this cross-sectional study, 178 dentate adults with SSc received an oral examination which included measurement of oral aperture, assessment of manual dexterity to perform oral hygiene, as well as completion of the Center of Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale and an oral health-related questionnaire. Results Multivariable logistic regression modelling showed male, minority and high CES-D scores (i.e. clinically significant symptoms of depression) were associated with less likelihood of participants brushing teeth at least twice daily, but the presence of self-reported dry mouth symptoms increased the likelihood of toothbrushing. Having a dental visit in the past 12 months and use of an adapted flossing or interdental cleaning device were significantly associated with daily dental flossing; however, having difficulty flossing teeth reduced the likelihood of daily flossing. Conclusions Overall, demographic variables were strongly associated with toothbrushing frequency, whereas flossing self-efficacy and barriers were strongly associated with dental flossing frequency in adults with SSc. The results suggest that dental health professionals should take mental health into consideration when educating patients with SSc to improve their oral hygiene and consider making referrals for patients exhibiting suspected clinically significant depressive symptoms to mental health professionals for further evaluation and treatment. In addition, an appropriate adapted flossing or interdental cleaning device should be recommended to increase dental flossing practices in this patient population.
Verbal bias in recognition of facial emotions in children with Asperger syndrome.

Thirteen children and adolescents with diagnoses of Asperger syndrome (AS) were matched with 13 nonautistic control children on chronological age and verbal IQ. They were tested on their ability to recognize simple facial emotions, as well as facial emotions paired with matching, mismatching, or irrelevant verbal labels. There were no differences between the groups at recognizing simple emotions but the Asperger group performed significantly worse than the control group at recognizing emotions when faces were paired with mismatching words (but not with matching or irrelevant words). The results suggest that there are qualitative differences from nonclinical populations in how children with AS process facial expressions. When presented with a more demanding affective processing task, individuals with AS showed a bias towards visual-verbal over visual-affective information (i.e., words over faces). Thus, children with AS may be utilizing compensatory strategies, such as verbal mediation, to process facial expressions of emotion.
The amino acid sequences of the tryptic peptides of the cowpea strain of tobacco mosaic virus protein.

The amino acid sequences of the thirteen tryptic peptides of the cowpea strain of tobacco mosaic virus (Cowpea TMV) protein were determined by a combination of the mass spectrometric and Edman degradation procedures. In order to complete the amino acid sequences, a number of the tryptic peptides were further digested with chymotrypsin, thermolysin and carboxypeptidases A and B. The peptide fragments were separated and purified by the use of ion exchange chromatography. Sephadex chromatography and paper electrophoresis. The total number of amino acid residues in the Cowpea TMV protein was found to be 161 as opposed to the 158 found for the type TMV protein, and asparaginyl-arginine was the only tryptic peptide common to both proteins. All peptides used for mass spectrometry were first N-acetylated and then permethylated using methyl iodide and methyl sulphinyl carbanion or potassium t-butoxide dissolved in dimethyl sulphoxide.
The Autocrat's Credibility Problem and Foundations of the Constitutional State

A political leader's temptation to deny costly debts to past supporters is a central moral-hazard problem in politics. This paper develops a game-theoretic model to probe the consequences of this moral-hazard problem for leaders who compete to establish political regimes. In contests for power, absolute leaders who are not subject to third-party judgments can credibly recruit only limited support. A leader can do better by organizing supporters into a court which could cause his downfall. In global negotiation-proof equilibria, leaders cannot recruit any supporters without such constitutional checks. Egalitarian norms make recruiting costlier in oligarchies, which become weaker than monarchies. The ruler's power and limitations on entry of new leaders are derived from focal-point effects in games with multiple equilibria. The relationships of trust between leaders and their supporters are personal constitutions which underlie all other political constitutions.
Developing a longitudinal evaluation program for a leadership minor

The Engineering Leadership Development Minor was developed to satisfy the need for engineering graduates to be increasingly competent not only in their technical skills, but also in non technical skills such as communication and teamwork. The minor does not claim to create leaders but rather to develop skills in students that we feel contribute to effective leadership. Specifically, the minor proposes to address the following skills: communication-verbal and written, teamwork, creativity, ethics, critical thinking, and the ability to work with ill structured problems. The paper proposes a plan for evaluating the effectiveness of the minor. The plan addresses several levels: 1) evaluating each minor core course; 2) evaluating the minor as a whole; and 3) post-Penn State/graduation evaluation. Only the second level-evaluating the minor as a whole-is treated fully.
A current meter with intelligent data system, environmental sensors, and data telemetry

To measure oceanographic parameters such as currents, temperature, conductivity, pressure, and suspended sediment concentrations, two film-recording current meters were upgraded with microprocessor-controlled data recorders and additional sensors. Two telemetry links relay data and allow the in situ operation of the remote instrument to be checked. In one configuration, the bottom-mounted current meter communicated by a 35-m-long wire to a small surface spar buoy, and then by a packet radio link to a nearby ship. In another development, the current meter relays data to a controller and buoyant data capsule on the bottom instrument package. The controller collects and processes the data from the current meter and periodically transfers these processed data to a data capsule and releases it. When released, the capsule rises to the surface and transmits its data to shore via the ARGOS satellite, while acting as a satellite tracked drifter. >
Coupling an α2-Adrenergic receptor peptide to G-protein: A new photolabeling agent

Abstract A photoreactive derivative of a tetradecapeptide G-protein activator (peptide Q) derived from the α 2 - adrenergic receptor was designed and used to label purified G-protein (Go/Gi). N- bromoacetyl -N′-(3- diazopyruvoyl )-m- phenylene-diamine (Br-DAP) was conjugated to the C- terminal cysteine of peptide Q. The DAP-modified peptide Q (DAP-Q) specifically incorporated into the a subunit of Go. The incorporation of DAP-Q into α o was blocked by unmodified Q peptide ( IC 50 = 15 ± 6 μM ; n = 4 ). Photolysis of sixfold higher concentrations of DAP-Q with ovalbumin or bovine albumin failed to produce cross-linked products. Br-DAP should prove useful in detecting mutual contact sites between peptides and their binding proteins.
Linear minimum free energy estimation: a computationally efficient noise suppression spectral estimation algorithm

Simplified linear versions of the nonlinear minimum free energy (MFE) noise suppression algorithms are introduced. The LMFE algorithms result from the addition of a smoothness penalty function to the linear prediction cost function. The autoregressive (AR) parameters are chosen commensurate with a global minimum of the modified cost function. It is shown that this constrained optimization procedure reduces to a form of matrix regularization. The LMFE algorithms are calculable in real time as they require a negligible increase in complexity over the conventional autoregressive algorithms, including fast computational versions thereof. Linear MFE extensions are applicable to all conventional AR algorithms, and should in each case substantially increase the useful SNR range of these algorithms. Simulation results illustrating the single snapshot performance of these algorithms are given for both narrowband sources and combinations of narrowband and broadband sources subjected to various levels of Gaussian white noise. >
An adaptive mobility system for the disabled

A proof-of-concept prototype walking chair for the disabled is proposed with the objective of demonstrating the feasibility of a completely new approach to mobility. Our prototype system consists of a chair equipped with wheels and legs and is capable of walking on uneven terrain and circumventing obstacles. The important design considerations, the system design and an experimental prototype of a chair, are discussed. Redundancy in actuation enables the online optimization of tractive forces which enhances the adaptability of the system. >
Homeobox genes in axolotl lateral line placodes and neuromasts

Gene expression has been studied in considerable detail in the developing vertebrate brain, neural crest, and some placode-derived organs. As a further investigation of vertebrate head morphogenesis, expression patterns of several homeobox-containing genes were examined using whole-mount in situ hybridization in a sensory system primitive for the vertebrate subphylum: the axolotl lateral lines and the placodes from which they develop. Axolotl Msx-2 and Dlx-3 are expressed in all of the lateral line placodes. Both genes are expressed throughout development of the lateral line system and their expression continues in the fully developed neuromasts. Expression within support cells is highly polarized. In contrast to most other observations of Msx genes in vertebrate organogenesis, expression of Msx-2 in developing lateral line organs is exclusively epithelial and is not associated with epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. A Hox-complex gene, Hoxb-3, is shown to be expressed in the embryonic hindbrain and in a lateral line placode at the same rostrocaudal level, but not in other placodes nor in mature lateral line organs. A Hox gene of a separate paralog group, Hoxa-4, is expressed in a more posterior hindbrain domain in the embryo, but is not expressed in the lateral line placode at that rostrocaudal level. These data provide the first test of the hypothesis that the neurogenic placodes develop in two rostrocaudal series aligned with the rhombomeric segments and patterned by combinations of Hox genes in parallel with the central nervous system.
Differences in reactivity of antibodies to active versus inactive PLTP significantly impacts PLTP measurement.

Due to conflicting reports concerning the rela- tionship between phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) ac- tivity and mass in plasma, the protein concentration and activity of PLTP were assessed in fractions isolated by fast protein liquid chromatography from the plasma of healthy normolipidemic individuals. Using both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, PLTP was identified by Western blot analysis after both SDS and non-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, and quantitated by dot blot. PLTP activ- ity was determined using a labeled vesicle/HDL assay. PLTP mass corresponded substantially with the activity dis- tribution using the polyclonal antibody on dot blot with some inactive PLTP being present. However, the mono- clonal antibody preferentially reacted with inactive PLTP, primarily associated with LDL and large HDL, overestimat- ing inactive PLTP. Western blot analysis of non-denaturing gradient gels, using the polyclonal antibody, indicated that active PLTP was associated with numerous discrete HDL subpopulations (7.6-12.0 nm) with the major portion being 9-12 nm. Inactive PLTP was associated with particles of 12 to . 17 nm. The monoclonal antibody demonstrated a dif- ferent pattern of reactivity on gradient gels, showing strong reactivity with the inactive PLTP in particles of 12 to . 17 nm, but less reactivity with particles of 7.6-12 nm. The differ- ences in reactivities of antibodies for active versus inactive PLTP can account for some of the discrepancies reported in the literature regarding the relationship between PLTP mass and activity. —Murdoch, S. J., G. Wolfbauer, H. Kennedy, S. M. Marcovina, M. C. Carr, and J. J. Albers. Dif- ferences in reactivity of antibodies to active versus inactive PLTP significantly impacts PLTP measurement. J. Lipid Res. 2002. 43: 281-289.
Cirrhosis: Morphologic dynamics for the nonmorphologist

Cirrhosis is an irreversible end-stage liver disease characterized by septate scars dividing a distorted liver into nodules. It generates through a sequence of dynamic changes and once it develops, it may alter its appearance through variations in secondary factors, such as injury and nutrition. The different classification schemes have, unfortunately, only served to make cirrhosis static in our thinking. Stationary morphologic characteristics are of value only if they can be correlated with etiology.
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy at single-molecule scale and its implications in biology

Single-molecule (SM) spectroscopy has been an exciting area of research offering significant promise and hope in the field of sensor development to detect targets at ultra-low levels down to SM resolution. To the experts and developers in the field of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), this has often been a challenge and a significant opportunity for exploration. Needless to say, the opportunities and excitement of this multidisciplinary area impacts span the fields of physics, chemistry and engineering, along with a significant thrust in applications constituting areas in medicine, biology, environment and agriculture among others. In this review, we will attempt to provide a quick snapshot of the basics of SM-SERS, nanostructures and devices that can enable SM Raman measurement. We will conclude with a discussion on SERS implications in biomedical sciences.
A modular framework for the development of self-reconfiguring manufacturing control systems

In the near future, control systems for autonomous, intelligent manufacturing units will be required to be intelligently self-reconfiguring. Therefore, innovative development methodologies for the structured design and testing of complex control systems are mandatory. In the present work a development methodology is introduced, which is based on reference models that are compliant with emerging international standards, and exploit object-oriented concepts. By means of the proposed framework the definition of complex control systems is simplified, and the maintenance and reuse of designed control solutions is enhanced. In particular, the reconfigurability of the developed control systems is significantly improved. Furthermore, an illustrative example is presented, where the structured design of the control of an intelligent manufacturing system is discussed, describing some significant self reconfigurability functions, so highlighting the benefits of the proposed framework.
Long-term retinal toxicity of intravitreal commercially available preserved triamcinolone acetonide (Kenalog) in rabbit eyes.

PURPOSE. To investigate whether intravitreal Kenalog (IVTK; Bristol Meyers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ) produces histologic or electroretinographic changes in the rabbit retina up to 3 months after injection. METHODS. Ten Dutch-belted rabbits were injected with 4 mg/ 0.1 mL Kenalog in one eye and 0.1 mL physiologic salt solution (PSS) in the fellow eye. Simultaneous bilateral dark-adapted electroretinography was performed 2 weeks and 12 weeks after injection in 10 and 6 rabbits, respectively. Saturated a-wave amplitude, maximal scotopic b-wave amplitude, and individual a-wave and b-wave amplitudes of IVTK-injected and control eyes were compared at 2 and 12 weeks after injection. Light microscopy was performed on both eyes of three animals 3 months after injection. Immunohistochemistry was performed with antibodies recognizing vimentin and human alveolar macrophage (HAM)-56, markers of glial cells and macrophages, respectively. RESULTS. No significant difference was observed in the saturated a-wave or maximal scotopic b-wave amplitudes between the PSS-injected eyes and the IVTK-injected eyes at 2 weeks (P = 0.95 and P = 0.56, respectively) and 12 weeks (P = 0.82 and P = 0.17) after injection. Light microscopy and immunohistochemistry disclosed only rare macrophages in the vitreous of IVTK-injected eyes. Retinal layers, retinal pigment epithelium, and choriocapillaris in treatment and control eyes were unremarkable. CONCLUSIONS. No demonstrable electroretinographic or histologic changes occurred to suggest immediate or delayed widespread retinal toxicity of IVTK.
Glacial Lake Wright, a High-Level Antarctic Lake During the LGM and Early Holocene

We report evidence of a large proglacial lake (Glacial Lake Wright) that existed in Wright Valley in the McMurdo Dry Valleys region of Antarctica at the last glacial maximum (LGM) and in the early Holocene. At its highstands, Glacial Lake Wright would have stretched 50 km and covered c. 210 km'. Chronology for lake-level changes comes from 30 AMS radiocarbon dates of lacustrine algae preserved in deltas, shorelines, and glaciolacustrine deposits that extend up to 480 111 above present-day lakes. Emerging evidence suggests that Glacial Lake Wright was only one of a series of large lakes to occupy the McMurdo Dry Valleys and the valleys fronting the Royal Society Range at theLGM. Although the cause of such high lake levels is not well understood, it is believed to relate to cool, dry conditions which produced fewer clouds, less snowfall, and greater amounts of absorbed radiation, leading to increased meltwater production.