cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Implementation and evaluation of PM2.5 source contribution analysis in a photochemical model

Source culpability assessments are useful for developing effective emissions control programs. The Integrated Source Apportionment Method (ISAM) has been implemented in the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model to track contributions from source groups and regions to ambient levels and deposited amounts of primary and secondary inorganic PM2.5. Confidence in this approach is established by comparing ISAM source contribution estimates to emissions zero-out simulations recognizing that these approaches are not always expected to provide the same answer. The comparisons are expected to be most similar for more linear processes such as those involving primary emissions of PM2.5 and most different for non-linear systems like ammonium nitrate formation. Primarily emitted PM2.5 (e.g. elemental carbon), sulfur dioxide, ammonia, and nitrogen oxide contribution estimates compare well to zero-out estimates for ambient concentration and deposition. PM2.5 sulfate ion relationships are strong, but nonlinearity is evident and shown to be related to aqueous phase oxidation reactions in the host model. ISAM and zero-out contribution estimates are less strongly related for PM2.5 ammonium nitrate, resulting from instances of non-linear chemistry and negative responses (increases in PM2.5 due to decreases in emissions). ISAM is demonstrated in the context of an annual simulation tracking well characterized emissions source sectors and boundary conditions shows source contributions generally following bulk model seasonal trends and spatially corresponding to the geographic distribution of identified emissions source sectors.
Full-Frame Transform Coding of Cross-Sectional Images

Image compression algorithms based on full-frame discrete transforms completely eliminate the artifacts generated by block quantization techniques. Previously, we have shown that full-frame compression using an adaptive two-dimensional bit-allocation table is capable of achieving compression ratios as high as 10:1 to 20:1, while maintaining excellent image fidelity, when applied to computed radiography images, and film radiographs digitized with 2K x 2K resolution. Cross-sectional images such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance have spectral properties qualitatively different from those of projection radiographs. We report results of a study on the efficiency of our algorithm applied to images from these digital modalities. We find that we can achieve excellent results with compression ratios in the range 3:1 to 7:1. For CT images of the head, previous attempts at using the full-frame technique had required a hybrid method that used separation of skull and soft tissue. This is unnecessary with our new two-dimensional bit-allocation table. The study was performed on a hardware implementation of our algorithm which can compress a 512 x 512 x 12-bit image in less than 1.5 seconds.
Oscillator strengths in certain air molecule systems—II. The N2 first positive system

Abstract The extended-basis molecular wave functions of Cade, Sales and Wahl are used for the computation of the electronic transition moment in the AEVO approximation for the First Positive System. The calculation is carried out for both the length and velocity forms of the dipole operator. The dipole length oscillator strength is identical to experiment for the (0,0) band, the dipole velocity eight times as large. The dipole centroid calculation yields oscillator strengths which essentially correspond to the observed values.
Stress Imaging Use and Repeat Revascularization Among Medicare Patients With High-Risk Coronary Artery Disease

The optimal use of stress testing after coronary revascularization remains unclear, and overuse of stress testing might increase the rates of repeat revascularization. We analyzed the association at both the patient and regional level between the use of stress testing and repeat revascularization for a cohort of Medicare beneficiaries receiving revascularization within 30 days of an admission for symptomatic coronary artery disease. The sample consisted of 219,748 Medicare beneficiaries aged >65 years who received percutaneous coronary intervention or cardiac bypass artery grafting after hospital admission for symptomatic coronary artery disease in 2003 to 2004. Medicare claims data through 2008 identified the use of stress testing and repeat revascularization. The associations between the cumulative incidence of stress testing and repeat revascularization were analyzed using linear regression analysis. Within 6 years of the initial revascularization, the cumulative incidence of events was 0.61 for stress testing and 0.23 for repeat revascularization. Most (53.1%) repeat revascularizations were preceded by a stress test. Only 10.3% of repeat revascularization procedures were preceded by myocardial infarction. The 4-year cumulative incidence of repeat revascularization and stress testing varied between the Hospital Referral Regions represented by the sample, and the positive correlation between the rates by the health referral region accounted for only a small portion of the total health referral region variation in revascularization rates. In conclusion, stress testing is commonly performed among Medicare patients after the initial revascularization, and most repeat procedures are performed for stable coronary artery disease. The variation in stress testing patterns only explained a modest fraction of the regional variation in the repeat revascularization rates.
Linking supply chain management with mass customization capability

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the role of supply chain management in enabling manufacturers' mass customization capabilities.Design/methodology/approach – This paper is based upon survey data from 262 manufacturing plants, spanning nine countries and three industries. Responses from multiple employees were aggregated for each item. Hypothesized relationships between variables were analyzed using structural equation modeling.Findings – The results generally indicate that plant mass customization capabilities are driven by customer‐focused product design and reduced supplier lead times. In turn, these factors are driven by management's emphasis on supply chain planning. Post hoc tests show that the effects of supply chain planning on mass customization capabilities are fully mediated by customer‐focused product design and reduced supplier lead time.Originality/value – While the literature suggests that mass customization depends upon a dynamic extended enterprise, extant empirical work h...
When Discussing Neurofeedback, Does Modality Matter?

Over the years, several new models and variations of neurofeedback (NF) have been developed. As such, NF has grown from traditional amplitude based modalities to now include slow cortical potential NF, as well as various approaches grounded in QEEG technology, including z -score NF models. These differing modalities have important implications in terms of outcomes, the number of sessions required, and treatment specificity. This, in turn, impacts clinical practice, research, and marketing considerations. In an effort to gain some perspective for where the field is today, a comparative review is presented to illustrate the importance of noting what particular modality is being referenced when discussing NF . Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";}
Maximum likelihood estimation of optimal scaling factors for expression array normalization

Data from expression arrays must be comparable before it can be analyzed rigorously on a large scale. Accurate normalization improves the comparability of expression data because it seeks to account for sources of variation obscuring the underlying variation of interest. Undesirable variation in reported expression levels originates in the preparation and hybridization of the sample as well as in the manufacture of the array itself, and may differ depending on the array technology being employed. Published research to date has not characterized the degree of variation associated with these sources, and results are often reported without tight statistical bounds on their significance. We analyze the distributions of reported levels of exogenous control species spiked into samples applied to 1280 Affymetrix arrays. We develop a model for explaining reported expression levels under an assumption of primarily multiplicative variation. To compute the scaling factors needed for normalization, we derive maximum likelihood and maximum a posteriori estimates for the parameters characterizing the multiplicative variation in reported spiked control expression levels. We conclude that the optimal scaling factors in this context are weighted geometric means and determine the appropriate weights. The optimal scaling factor estimates so computed can be used for subsequent array normalization.
Academia and Industry Need A New Marriage Contract

In his Editorial “Science and secrecy” ( Science 's Compass, 4 Aug., p. [724][1]), Donald Kennedy convincingly discusses the importance of scientific disclosure and some reasons why academic science is on a collision course over secrecy with national security values and the industrial sectors. There is, however, a dimension to the cross-links between academia and the industrial sectors that Kennedy does not discuss that deserves mention. Traditionally, connections between industry and academia have been through individual faculty members who had mutual scientific interests with their industry counterparts. Collaborations would be arranged, and it was proper for faculty and the university administration to define what arrangements were consistent with the values of the university ([1][2]). In recent years, however, research universities themselves have been developing direct relationships with industry. Positions with impressive titles such as “counsel for industry relations” or “associate dean for industry relations” have appeared on many campuses. These new functionaries are expected to foster ties with industry for many different academic fields, and to a large extent they are succeeding, except for a worrisome aspect. If faculty are placed under the umbrella of university-industry agreements, the interests of the faculty become displaced. By taking the “technology transfer” business away from the faculty, universities are not only becoming overly commercial, but they are sending out the wrong signal to their faculties—that the marketing of their research is an academic mission. It was fine when universities were content to use patent, conflict-of-interest, and antisecrecy rules to maintain their balance on the slippery slope of faculty-industry collaborations. But not any more. As Kennedy implies, the wedding between industry and academia isn't new, but it is time that the marriage contract be updated. 1. [↵][3]1. S. Andreopoulos , Stanford Med. 12, 4 ((Summer 1995)). [OpenUrl][4] [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.289.5480.724 [2]: #ref-1 [3]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1 in text" [4]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DStanford%2BMed.%26rft.volume%253D12%26rft.spage%253D4%26rft.atitle%253DSTANFORD%2BMED%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx
Tissue engineering: Function follows form.

At present, when intervertebral discs fail, the only existing treatments are fusion of neighbouring vertebrae or polymer and metal implants. A tissue-engineering approach using an electrospun-fibre laminated scaffold could provide functional equivalence with native tissues in both construction form and strength.
Design and Synthesis of a Taxoid Library Using Radiofrequency Encoded Combinatorial Chemistry

Radiofrequency encoded combinatorial (REC) chemistry is a recently developed nonchemical encoding strategy in library synthesis. Encoded chemical libraries of complex molecular structures like Taxol can be constructed employing the noninvasive REC strategy and novel solid phase synthesis techniques, as demonstrated by the synthesis of the first 400-membered taxoid library in a discrete format and in quantities of multimilligrams/member.
A 14C method for measuring epibenthic microalgal productivity in air

A modified 14CO2 technique is described for measuring epibenthic microalgal productivity in intact sediment cores under low tide conditions (exposed to air). The procedure allows for a great deal of experimental versatility with experimental manipulation of light intensity, temperature, atmospheric composition, mineral nutrients, and salinity. The method may be modified to measure the excretion of dissolved organic matter by the algae on their natural substratum.
MULTILEVEL FORMULATIONS IN THE LIMIT ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF STRUCTURES WITH BILATERAL CONTACT CONSTRAINTS

In this paper, we study the rich class of formulations that arise in the limit analysis and design of elastic/plastic structures in the presence of contact constraints. It is well-known that in the absence of contacts, both the limit analysis and limit design problems can be written as linear programs. However, when contact constraints are present, the structure effectively exhibits both softening and stiffening behaviour under monotonically increasing loading. The resulting limit analysis and limit design problems are non-convex and are difficult to solve due to the presence of complementary type of equality constraints. We show that by using a mixed form of the minimum principle, we can restate the limit analysis and limit design problems as two- and three-level formulations, respectively. Further, under a strong assumption on the problem and solution data, we can take advantage of the underlying convexity to reduce both these multilevel formulations to equivalent linear programs. While it may not be possible to always verify this assumption in practice, we show that a two-step iterative procedure is effective in reaching a solution to the limit design problem.
Heat pulse propagation in a crystal: A molecular dynamical calculation

Abstract The propagation of a heat pulse into a perfect bcc crystal is studied by means of molecular dynamical calculations. We observe second sound waves associated with the heat pulse as well as with longitudinal and transverse elastic pulses. Our results explain a number of features observed in second sound experiments and suggest that second sound is a phenomenon of general occurrence.
In-situ measurements of the secondary electron yield in an accelerator environment: Instrumentation and methods

Abstract The performance of a particle accelerator can be limited by the build-up of an electron cloud (EC) in the vacuum chamber. Secondary electron emission from the chamber walls can contribute to EC growth. An apparatus for in-situ measurements of the secondary electron yield (SEY) in the Cornell Electron Storage Ring (CESR) was developed in connection with EC studies for the CESR Test Accelerator program. The CESR in-situ system, in operation since 2010, allows for SEY measurements as a function of incident electron energy and angle on samples that are exposed to the accelerator environment, typically 5.3 GeV counter-rotating beams of electrons and positrons. The system was designed for periodic measurements to observe beam conditioning of the SEY with discrimination between exposure to direct photons from synchrotron radiation versus scattered photons and cloud electrons. The samples can be exchanged without venting the CESR vacuum chamber. Measurements have been done on metal surfaces and EC-mitigation coatings. The in-situ SEY apparatus and improvements to the measurement tools and techniques are described.
Compressive Mahalanobis classifiers

We propose a new framework for detection/estimation designed to avoid the loss of salient information in the process of reducing the dimensionality of digitized data. The main idea is a semi-supervised learning pre-processing scheme based on compressed sensing. The proposed approach combines a first step - performed at the data acquisition level - with an energy based algorithm aimed at defining a global metric on the data. The latter is then used to drive the classification algorithm. We demonstrate the power of the new technique by applying it to the detection of cellular nuclei in large, high-dimensional, hyperspectral images.
Developmental potential of isolated Dictyostelium myxamoebae.

Abstract Myxamoebae of the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum were isolated as single cells from several developmental stages. The course of differentiation of the isolated cells was assayed by the synthesis or loss of prespore organelles readily detectable by electron microscopy. It was determined by these marker organelles that single-cell isolates from all stages tested are incapable of differentiating or redifferentiating. However, prespore cells isolated from a migrating slug dedifferentiated into vegetative cells if cell division occurred. The morphogenetic ability of isolated prestalk and prespore cells was determined by reassociating the cells after certain periods of isolation. Both prestalks and prespores exhibited a decreased ability to form fruiting bodies correlated with increased periods of isolation. The failure of isolated individual cells to redifferentiate or undergo morphogenesis after reassociation is attributed to irreversible changes that occur during the isolation period.
Design, implementation and use of a simulation data archive for coastal science

With many researchers now having easy access to supercomputers, coastal scientists are able to develop and run simulations that model the physical and ecological processes in ocean or nearshore areas in a distributed and collaborative environment. However, the increase in capacity of computational resources does not lead directly to a rapid improvement of the simulations themselves. Instead, it brings a new challenge that motivates scientists to fully utilize the huge amount of simulation data created in supercomputers, thus fostering advanced scientific research. Driven by the urgent need for in-depth investigations in Louisiana coastal areas, especially during hurricane seasons, a data center, which provides research communities with scientific data resources on demand, is imperative. In this paper, we present the design, implementation and use of such a simulation data archive for coastal science. The simulation data archive is capable of providing interfaces based on the requirements of user groups and its application incorporates multiple use cases. The enabling technology, as well as the challenges in the development of this simulation data archive, are also described in this paper.
Consonant and syllable structure patterns in childhood apraxia of speech: developmental change in three children.

Abstract Changes in consonant and syllable-level error patterns of three children diagnosed with childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) were investigated in a 3-year longitudinal study. Spontaneous speech samples were analyzed to assess the accuracy of consonants and syllables. Consonant accuracy was low overall, with most frequent errors on middle- and late-developing sounds. Omissions and substitutions were the dominant error types. Analysis of syllables revealed higher frequencies of error on complex mono- and polysyllables. Multiple regression analyses revealed that consonant accuracy is predicted by syllable shape accuracy and polysyllable frequency. Improvement was noted over time, although irregular patterns of consonant and syllable-level errors persisted across the period studied. Findings suggest that consonant errors in CAS are related to syllable-level deficits, namely difficulty constructing syllabic frames for speech production targets. Learning outcomes: On the basis of this article, the reader will be able to (1) describe the deficits in consonant production demonstrated by the participants, (2) analyze the relationship between consonant production and syllable-level patterns of error and (3) consider the value of addressing syllable construction as a therapeutic goal.
GEOCHEMICAL AND PETROGRAPHIC EVIDENCE FOR FLUID SOURCES AND PATHWAYS DURING DOLOMITIZATION AND LEAD-ZINC MINERALIZATION IN SOUTHEAST MISSOURI: A REVIEW

Regional geological studies in southeastern Missouri have made a significant contribution to knowledge of the origin of Mississippi Valley-type mineralization and the late diagenetic history of sedimentary rocks throughout this part of the Midcontinent. In addition to mineral exploration, investigations such as these provide insights into basinal processes such as migration and distribution of petroleum, dolomitization, and porosity modification of carbonate petroleum reservoir rocks.
Meeting the Needs of Nonpublic and Public Accountants in a 4-Year Program.

Abstract Trends in the placement of graduates holding the bachelor's degree in accounting indicate an increase in initial employment in nonpublic accounting. This suggests that institutions offering accounting programs should determine whether differences exist in the knowledge and skill areas (KSAs) required for public and nonpublic entry-level accountants. Through a mailed survey instrument, this study attempted to compare the perceived importance of 112 KSAs for entry-level nonpublic and public accountants. Results indicate that some KSAs differ in importance for entry-level positions between public and nonpublic accounting. The findings indicate that curriculum designers may need to incorporate the appropriate KSA to develop a model tailored to their institution's accounting program, students, and the potential employers of their graduates.
Decoupling of chemical and isotopic exchange during magma mixing

WHEN silicate magmas of different chemical and isotopie compositions are brought into contact, their equilibration is governed by the kinetics of diffusion. Here I present experimental data showing that, between a basic and an acidic silicate melt, isotopic exchange proceeds much more quickly than chemical homogenization. Moreover, different isotopic systems (in this case, strontium and neodymium) exhibit different rates of equilibration. The transient compositional states reached in the exchange process depart markedly from the results expected for binary mixing of the two end-members1. This complexity must be acknowledged in efforts to unravel episodes of magma mixing, such as involving partial melting of (acidic) continental crust by basic magma. In such cases, the intimate mixing of chemically dissimilar magmas is hindered by their different viscosities, but they do selectively exchange mass by diffusion.
Near-resonant holography

Experimental results of a new technique for measuring species concentration by using two-wavelength holography are described. The refractive-index difference between two pulsed dye-laser wavelengths tuned to the near-resonant region of atomic sodium is recorded on a hologram. For small wavelength differences, the nonresonance aberrations are subtracted out.
Rhythmatical: A game to combine music and mathematics for mobile devices

Rhythmatical was designed to be an educational application for the iPhone and iPod Touch that conveyed mathematical topics via musical, rhythmic, or movement interactive techniques. Created by a team of professors, a librarian, students, and members of the game development industry, this iPhone and iPod Touch application connects music and math for fourth- to eighth-grade students. This article describes the history of the application and the creation of the new deliverable and gives insights into new ideas for the future.
The growth and characterization of potassium and rubidium azide single crystals

Abstract Large single crystals have been grown of potassium azide from the melt by the Kyropolous technique and rubidium azide from solution by evaporation. These materials have been characterized by the direct observation of dislocations by a new etching technique and preliminary experiments of ionic conductivity and tracer diffusion of Rb in RbN3.
Accounts, Attitudes, and Solutions: Probation Officer-Defendant Negotiations of Subjective Orientations

Previous research on probation officers has neglected how they conduct presentencing interviews. In this paper I analyze tape recordings of interactions between officers and defendants to see how officers assess defendants' orientations toward their criminal behavior. I conclude that officers negotiate these orientations to obtain acceptable responses from defendants. In addition, officers use these responses to label defendants for the purpose of making sentencing recommendations.
High-quality draft genome sequences of five anaerobic oral bacteria and description of Peptoanaerobacter stomatis gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Peptostreptococcaceae.

Here we report a summary classification and the features of five anaerobic oral bacteria from the family Peptostreptococcaceae. Bacterial strains were isolated from human subgingival plaque. Strains ACC19a, CM2, CM5, and OBRC8 represent the first known cultivable members of “yet uncultured” human oral taxon 081; strain AS15 belongs to “cultivable” human oral taxon 377. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons, strains ACC19a, CM2, CM5, and OBRC8 are distantly related to Eubacterium yurii subs. yurii and Filifactor alocis, with 93.2 – 94.4 % and 85.5 % of sequence identity, respectively. The genomes of strains ACC19a, CM2, CM5, OBRC8 and AS15 are 2,541,543; 2,312,592; 2,594,242; 2,553,276; and 2,654,638 bp long. The genomes are comprised of 2277, 1973, 2325, 2277, and 2308 protein-coding genes and 54, 57, 54, 36, and 28 RNA genes, respectively. Based on the distinct characteristics presented here, we suggest that strains ACC19a, CM2, CM5, and OBRC8 represent a novel genus and species within the family Peptostreptococcaceae, for which we propose the name Peptoanaerobacter stomatis gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain is strain ACC19aT (=HM-483T; =DSM 28705T; =ATCC BAA-2665T).
Pollen food syndrome: Update on the allergens

Pollen food syndrome results from cross-reactivity between pollen-specific IgE and homologous proteins found in fruits and vegetables. These proteins can be grouped into several categories based on structure and include profilins, pathogenesis-related proteins, and cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants. Although cooking the reactive fruits and vegetables has been shown to destroy IgE-binding epitopes, evidence suggests that the remaining linear epitopes can bind cross-reactive T cells and enhance T-cell activation in vitro. Several methods of diagnosing food allergies exist, including skin prick tests and double-blind food challenges; however, diagnosing pollen food syndrome depends almost exclusively on clinical history. Immunotherapy has been studied as a treatment for pollen food syndrome, with highly variable results.
The Interaction between Human Papillomavirus Type 16 and FADD Is Mediated by a Novel E6 Binding Domain

Received 11 March 2008/Accepted 2 July 2008 High-risk strains of human papillomavirus, such as types 16 and 18, have been etiologically linked to cervical cancer. Most cervical cancer tissues are positive for both the E6 and E7 oncoproteins, since it is their cooperation that results in successful transformation and immortalization of infected cells. We have reported that E6 binds to tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 and to Fas-associated death domain (FADD) and, in doing so, prevents E6-expressing cells from responding to apoptotic stimuli. The binding site of E6 to FADD localizes to the first 23 amino acids of FADD and has now been further characterized by the use of deletion and site-directed mutants of FADD in pull-down and functional assays. The results from these experiments revealed that mutations of serine 16, serine 18, and leucine 20 obstruct FADD binding to E6, suggesting that these residues are part of the E6 binding domain on FADD. Because FADD does not contain the two previously identified E6 binding motifs, the LxxLsh motif, and the PDZ motif, a novel binding domain for E6 has been identified on FADD. Furthermore, peptides that correspond to this region can block E6/FADD binding in vitro and can resensitize E6-expressing cells to apoptotic stimuli in vivo. These results demonstrate the existence of a novel E6 binding domain.
Miller-Fisher syndrome associated with Campylobacter jejuni bearing lipopolysaccharide molecules that mimic human ganglioside GD3

A Campylobacter jejuni strain of serotype O:10 was isolated from a patient who had Miller-Fisher syndrome. In its biochemical reactions and cellular morphology, the isolate was characteristic of typical C. jejuni. Antibodies against extracted lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were detected by passive hemagglutination in the acute- and convalescent-phase patient sera. By sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting with the O:10 antiserum, it was demonstrated that the strain possessed both low- and high-molecular-weight molecules. Chemical analysis of the LPS revealed that the core oligosaccharide has a terminal trisaccharide epitope consisting of two molecules of sialic acid linked to galactose, a structure reflecting the terminal region of human ganglioside GD3. As this trisaccharide is also present in LPS cores of serotype O:19 strains from patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome but not in cores of nonneuropathic C. jejuni, a possible role for the trisaccharide in the etiology of neuropathies is indicated, and a difference for distinguishing neuropathic strains from nonneuropathic strains may be the presence of a sialyltransferase required for the synthesis of this trisaccharide.
Nestin-expressing multipotent hair follicle stem cells for regenerative medicine

Nestin-expressing hair follicle stem cells of the mouse can differentiate into neurons, glia, keratinocytes, smooth muscle cells and melanocytes in vitro. Nestin-expressing hair follicle stem cells enhanced the rate of nerve regeneration and the restoration of nerve function in mouse models. The nestin-expressing hair follicle stem cells transdifferentiate largely into Schwann cells when implanted in severed nerves or injured spinal cord, which may enhance neuron regrowth. The bulge area of the follicle is the source of the nestin-expressing stem cells of the hair follicle, which migrate from the bulge area to the dermal papilla as well as into the surrounding skin tissues during wound healing. Nestin-expressing stem cells can also be readily isolated from the human scalp, thereby providing an accessible, autologous and safe source of stem cells for potential clinical use.
A rapid screening method for the detection of viable spores in powder using bioluminescence

A rapid diagnosis of a biological threat in a powder sample is important for fi rst responders who have to make decisions on-site. The present culture-based method does not provide timely results, which is a critical barrier for a quick response when a suspicious powder sample is found. The ATP bioluminescence method, combined with a heat shock, was investigated to determine the presence of spores in powder. The results show that only spore-containing powder samples provided a dramatic increase in the bioluminescence signal after the heat shock, which induces germination of the spores. Various conditions were tested to fi nd the most effective and rapid germination procedure. Elevated temperatures (37 degrees C and 50 degrees C) were more effective in germination than room temperature. At 50 degrees C, a double-strength germinant was more effective in germination than the regular strength. The 37 degrees C/15 min procedure induced the germination of spores most effectively, while a 50 degrees C/2 min procedure provided reasonably high signals, so it could make the entire procedure even faster (< 5 min). The detection limit of the bioluminescence method is < 100 spores.
Fault simulation in CMOS VLSI circuits

In digital complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) very large-scale integration (VLSI) circuits, physical faults, such as transistor stuck-closed, floating line faults and bridging faults (which include gate-to-drain shorts) cause complex analogue behaviour of the digital circuit. Some of these faults create an intermediate voltage level, which classical switch-level fault simulator techniques are unable to interpret. A general fault simulator is proposed which employs a new technique for evaluating the faulty subcircuit based on analysis of a nonlinear resistive circuit. The technique can be considered an extension of classical switch-level level fault simulators, in which most of the possible physical faults are considered. >
Submandibular gland-sparing radiation therapy for locally advanced oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: patterns of failure and xerostomia outcomes

Saliva from submandibular glands (SMG) is necessary to minimize xerostomia. It is unclear whether SMG can be safely spared in patients undergoing bilateral neck radiotherapy for locally advanced oropharyngeal cancer without increasing the risk of marginal recurrence. We evaluated the outcomes of contralateral submandibular gland (cSMG) sparing intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). All patients with stage III/IV oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma treated with bilateral neck IMRT from 2006–2012 at our institution were included. Appropriately selected patients with favorable primary tumor characteristics and no definite contralateral neck disease were treated with cSMG-sparing IMRT. Patterns of failure and xerostomia outcomes were retrospectively analyzed. 114 patients were treated. 89% had stage IV disease and 89% received definitive radiation therapy. 76 patients (67%) received cSMG sparing IMRT. With a median follow-up of 30 months, there were 10 local, 9 regional, and 10 distant recurrences. 2-year overall survival was 86% and 2-year loco-regional control was 87%. In cSMG spared patients, the mean cSMG dose was 30.7 Gy. Late grade 2+ xerostomia was significantly reduced in the cSMG spared group compared to those without SMG sparing (6 months: 23% vs. 72%, 12 months: 6% vs. 41%, 24 months: 3% vs. 36%, all p < 0.0007). There were no peri-SMG marginal recurrences in the cSMG-spared cohort. cSMG sparing IMRT did not increase marginal failures in this series of locally advanced oropharyngeal SCC patients. Xerostomia was significantly reduced in cSMG spared patients.
Postoperative management of the obstructive sleep apnea patient.

It is now well accepted that disproportionate anatomy of the upper airway exists in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), which leads to obstruction during sleep [1–3]. Recognizing that most patients with OSA have more than one site of obstruction in the upper airway, modern surgical approach for the treatment of OSA focuses onmultiple sites in the upper airway, including the nose, palate (pharynx), and base of tongue (hypopharynx) [4,5]. Although this treatment approach has achieved a higher cure rate, the risk of postoperative airway compromise may be increased owing to surgically induced edema in multiple regions. In addition to the surgically induced edema, muscle atonia and altered respiration due to general anesthesia and narcotic use further increase the risk in these patients who already have a compromised airway. Indeed, acute airway obstruction after the use of sedatives has been reported in patients with OSA [6,7]. On the basis of a national survey, Fairbanks [8] reported 16 postoperative deaths and 7 near-death incidences after OSA surgery. The most common causes of these catastrophic complications were oversedation and surgical edema. In a retrospective review of 135 patients who had OSA surgery, Esclamando and colleagues [9] identified many complications including death, failed intubation, airway obstruction after extubation, hemorrhage, and arrhythmia. Indeed, patients undergoing OSA surgery often have comorbid issues, especially cardiovascular disease, which can complicate treatment. Based on a retrospective review of 182 patients who had OSA surgery, Riley et al [10] identified 31% (56 patients) with hypertension, 5.5% (10 patients) with arrhythmia, and 3.3% (6 patients) with a history of myocardial infarction. Clearly, many factors can complicate the postoperative management of OSA patients. It is imperative for the sleep surgeon to take necessary precautions to minimize complications. To ensure patient safety, a surgical risk-management protocol was developed at our center in 1988, which included ICUmonitoring on the first postoperative day, the use of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for airway protection during sleep and after discharge, aggressive hypertension management, and a criterion for the administration of analgesics. In recent years, this protocol has been revised to include preoperative and postoperative fiberoptic airway evaluation.
Wireless connectivity and its relationship to emerging economies: the example of China

This paper explores the impact of wireless telecommunications on emerging economies while focusing on the progress made recently by China in a comparison to the US. The implications for developing economies, like China, and their potential for moving past other nations with established, traditional architectures are significant. China's lack of traditional fixed-line telecommunications architecture has prepared to seemingly 'leapfrog' other countries like the US with its use of widespread wireless technologies. Finally, we discuss the major challenges to China and the US.
Cognitive State Estimation Based on EEG for Augmented Cognition

Augmented cognition is an emerging concept that aims to enhance user performance and cognitive capabilities on the basis of adaptive assistance. An integral part of such systems is the automatic assessment of the instantaneous cognitive state of the user. This paper describes an automatic cognitive state estimation methodology based on the use of EEG measurements with ambulatory users. The required robustness in this context is achieved through the use of a mutual information based dimensionality reduction approach in conjunction with a committee of classifiers, and median filter outlier rejection element. We present classification results associated with cognitive tasks performed in mobile and stationary modalities
Emerging ethical threats to client privacy in cloud communication and data storage.

In June 2013, Edward Snowden released top-secret intelligence documents that detailed a domestic U.S. spying apparatus. This article reviews and contends that current APA ethics and record-keeping guidelines, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, and the Health Information Technol
Verbal problem solving as related to cerebral damage.

An instrument, called the Word Finding Test, was devised to evaluate ability in discerning the meaning of a nonsense word through appreciation of its verbal context. This test consisted of 20 items...
Fine structural studies of peripheral blood leucocytes from children with kwashiorkor: morphological and functional properties.

This is the first report of electron microscopic observation on circulating leucocytes from children with kwashiorkor, Neutrophils showed evidence of immaturity, prominent Golgi zones, granule pleomorphism; strands of endoplasmic reticulum and Dohle bodies were frequent. Although an in vitro microbicidal defect occurs with S. aureus, E. coli and C. albicans, the postphagocytic morphological events, including vacuole formation and degranulation, were normal. In mononuclear cell pellets plasmacytoid cells were frequently observed, and rare lymphoblasts occurred. The findings suggest activation of the phagocytic system and stimulation of humoral immunity in children with kwashiorkor. These fine structural observations are comparable to those which occur in trauma or thermal injury, both conditions associated with tissue breakdown and extensive antigenic stimulation.
Sepsis increases NOS-2 activity and decreases non-NOS-mediated acetylcholine-induced dilation in rat aorta.

Introduction. Acetylcholine (Ach) is frequently used to assess endothelium-dependent vasodilation during sepsis. However, the effects of sepsis on constitutive nitric oxide synthase activity (NOS-1 and -3) and other non-NOS effects of Ach are unclear. Methods. Sepsis was induced in rats by inoculation of an implanted sponge with Escherichia coli and Bacteroides fragilis (109 CFU each). Thoracic aortic rings (2 mm) were harvested at 24 h from septic (N = 9) and control (N = 9) rats and were suspended in physiological salt solution (PSS), PSS + l-N6-(1-iminoethyl)lysine (l-NIL: NOS-2 inhibitor, 10 μM), or PSS + l-NG-monomethylarginine (l-NMMA: NOS-1, -2, and -3 inhibitor, 60 μM). Rings were set at 1-g preload and precontracted with phenlyephrine (10−8 M). Relaxation dose–response curves were generated with six doses of Ach (3 × 10−8 to 10−5 M). Results. Sepsis increased the maximal relaxation to Ach under basal conditions. NOS 2 inhibition with l-NIL decreased Ach-induced relaxation in controls (66% vs 84%, P < 0.05, two-way ANOVA) and more so in septic rats (44% vs 93%, P < 0.05). Total NOS inhibition with l-NMMA decreased Ach-induced relaxation to 45% (P < 0.05) in controls and to 30% (P < 0.05) in septic animals. Conclusions. Inhibition of NOS-1, -2, and -3 failed to abolish Ach-induced relaxation, suggesting the presence of other Ach-induced vasodilator mechanisms. NOS-2 inhibition reduced Ach-induced relaxation by 20–25% in the normal thoracic aorta, but by 50% in septic animals. The remaining Ach-induced non-NOS vasodilation (after inhibition of NOS-1 + NOS-2 + NOS-3) was reduced from 45% in normals to 30% in septic animals. Vascular dysregulation in sepsis is a complex event involving increased NOS-2, decreased NOS-1 + NOS-3, and decreased Ach-induced non-NOS vasodilator mechanisms.
Islam and Gender. The Religious Debate in Contemporary Iran

Islam and Gender. The Religious Debate in Contemporary Iran. Ziba Mir-Hosseini. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999. ix. 305 pp., glossary, bibliography, index.
Streamlining Antimicrobial Therapy for Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

Antimicrobial streamlining is the practice of converting a broad-spectrum empirical regimen to therapy with either a single, narrow-spectrum parenteral agent or an oral agent as soon as possible. This practice results in many benefits for the patient and the hospital. When intravenous catheters can be removed early, the frequencies of catheter-associated bacteremias and phlebitis are reduced, thus making it possible to avoid incurring major costs. With the availability of newer oral agents with favorable pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and microbiological profiles, such as the fluoroquinolones, the macrolides/azalides, and the cephalosporins, the clinician has greater opportunity to employ streamlining tactics. The patient who is hospitalized with a lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) often requires empirical antimicrobial therapy before the pathogen is identified. By day 3 of the hospital course, the pathogen is often known, the patient's condition may have stabilized, or both events may have occurred. At this point, streamlining is possible. At present, data suggest that rapid conversion from intravenous to oral antimicrobial therapy is safe and efficacious and should be considered for appropriate patients requiring hospitalization for LRTIs.
Models of QPOs in luminous low-mass X-ray binaries

Models of quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) in luminous X-ray sources and observational studies relevant to these models are reviewed. QPOs are found to belong to two or three distinct types defined by the spectral state of the source and the properties of the QPOs themselves. Models can be classified according to whether the magnetic field of the neutron star is or is not important and whether the QPOs are produced by luminosity oscillations or beaming. The weakness of the red noise component of the normal branch power spectrum and the discovery that the phase of horizontal branch oscillations and normal branch oscillations at higher energies lags that at lower energies are discussed. The implications of these observations for QPO models are presented. Several QPO models are assessed, including the boundary layer hot spot model, beat-frequency modulated accretion model, the beat-frequency modulated dissipation model, nonradial g-mode model, reflecting clumps model, and the oscillating obscuration model.
Protein Supplementation in U.S. Military Personnel

Protein supplements (PSs) are, after multivitamins, the most frequently consumed dietary supplement by U.S. military personnel. Warfighters believe that PSs will improve health, promote muscle strength, and enhance physical performance. The estimated prevalence of regular PS use by military personnel is nearly 20% or more in active-duty personnel, which is comparable to collegiate athletes and recreationally active adults, but higher than that for average U.S. civilians. Although the acute metabolic effects of PS ingestion are well described, little is known regarding the benefits of PS use by warfighters in response to the metabolic demands of military operations. When dietary protein intake approaches 1.5 g kg 21 d 21 , and energy intake matches energy expenditure, the use of PSs by most physically active military personnel may not be necessary. However, dismounted infantry often perform operations consisting of long periods of strenuous physical activity coupled with inadequate dietary energy and protein intake. In these situations, the use of PSs may have efficacy for preserving fat-free mass. This article reviews the available literature regarding the prevalence of PS use among military personnel. Furthermore, it highlights the unique metabolic stressors affecting U.S. military personnel and discusses potential conditions during which protein supplementation might be beneficial. J. Nutr. 143: 1815S‐1819S, 2013.
The use of chiropractors by older adults in the United States

Background: In a nationally representative sample of United States Medicare beneficiaries, we examined the extent of chiropractic use, factors associated with seeing a chiropractor, and predictors of the volume of chiropractic use among those having seen one. Methods: We performed secondary analyses of baseline interview data on 4,310 self-respondents who were 70 years old or older when they first participated in the Survey on Assets and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old (AHEAD). The interview data were then linked to their Medicare claims. Multiple logistic and negative binomial regressions were used. Results: The average annual rate of chiropractic use was 4.6%. During the four-year period (two years before and two years after each respondent's baseline interview), 10.3% had one or more visits to a chiropractor. African Americans and Hispanics, as well as those with multiple depressive symptoms and those who lived in counties with lower than average supplies of chiropractors were much less likely to use them. The use of chiropractors was much more likely among those who drank alcohol, had arthritis, reported pain, and were able to drive. Chiropractic services did not substitute for physician visits. Among those who had seen a chiropractor, the volume of chiropractic visits was lower for those who lived alone, had lower incomes, and poorer cognitive abilities, while it was greater for the overweight and those with lower body limitations. Conclusion: Chiropractic use among older adults is less prevalent than has been consistently reported for the United States as a whole, and is most common among Whites, those reporting pain, and those with geographic, financial, and transportation access.