cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Short- and Long-Run Determinants of Less-Educated Immigration into U.S. States

This paper uses a gravity model of migration to analyze how income differentials affect the flow of immigrants into U.S. states using annual data from the American Community Survey. We add to existing literature by decomposing income differentials into short- and long-term components and by focusing on newly arrived less-educated immigrants between 2000-2009. Our sample is unique in that 95 percent of our observed immigrant flows equal zero. We accommodate for the zeros by using scaled ordinary least squares, a threshold tobit model from Eaton and Tamura (1994), and the two-part model to analyze the determinants of immigration. Models that include observations with zero flow values find that recent male immigrants respond to differences in (short-term) GDP fluctuations between origin countries and U.S. states, and perhaps to (long-term) trend GDP differences as well. More specifically, short-run GDP fluctuations pull less-educated male immigrants into certain U.S. states, whereas GDP trends push less-educated male immigrants out of their countries of origin. Effects for less-educated women are less robust, as GDP coefficient magnitudes tend to be much smaller than in regressions for men.
The measurement of parasitic forces in orthogonal cutting

Abstract Not all the forces measured during a cutting operation contribute to chip formation. Some fraction of the forces are parasitic forces such as ploughing or flank forces, which make no contribution to the chip formation process. It its desirable to measure these forces so that the mechanics of the cutting process can be interpreted correctly. However, a possibly more important reason is that parasitic forces are known to increase with worn tools. Thus if the parasitic force can be measured directly, or extracted from the overall measured forces it may be useful for in-process tool condition monitoring provided appropriate calibration of the relationship between the parasitic force and cutting tool dullness has been performed. A method for measuring the parasitic forces in orthogonal cutting is proposed and shown to permit calculating workpiece material properties which are consistent with those measured using other techniques. Another technique for evaluating parasitic forces which was previously shown to yield inaccurate results for zinc was re-evaluated for Delrin® and again resulted in incorrect results.
Disposition of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in occupationally exposed persons.

Abstract Relative concentrations of 37 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners and the adipose-plasma partition of 28 PCB congeners were investigated in 26 persons occupationally exposed to various PCBs (20 to 54% chlorine). Concentrations of PCBs in adipose and plasma were related to duration and intensity of exposure in the workplace. PCB concentration in adipose tissue was proportional to that in plasma, with a partition for total PCBs of approximately 190:1 indicated from regression analysis. PCB congeners with chlorines in both 4-positions of the biphenyl ring were the major components in plasma and adipose tissue. Congeners with unsubstituted 3,4-positions (e.g., 2,5-chlorine substitution) on at least one of the biphenyl rings were observed at lower concentrations and had lower adipose-plasma partition than other congeners. In contrast, those compounds with substituents at the 2,4- and/or 3,4-positions on both rings were present in much higher proportions in blood or adipose than in the PCB mixtures in use. These components also had higher adipose-plasma partition than those with unsubstituted 3,4-positions, regardless of the degree of chlorination. PCBs with 2,4-substitution patterns on both rings, including 2,4,4′-tri- and 2,4,5,4′-tetra-CBs, had somewhat higher adipose-plasma partition than congeners with 3,4-substitution on at least one of the biphenyl rings (e.g., 2,4,3′,4′-tetra-CB).
Time perspective in vocational maturity and career decision making

Abstract This study investigated the hypothesis that time perspective is a component in vocational maturity and career decision making. Ninety-seven college freshmen responded to two measures of time perspective and seven measures selected to represent attitudinal vocational maturity, cognitive vocational maturity, and career decision making. The nine variables were intercorrelated and the resulting matrix was subjected to alpha factor analysis. Three factors were extracted and titled Attitudinal Vocational Maturity, Cognitive Vocational Maturity, and Career Decision Making. As predicted, time perspective was a component in the Attitudinal Vocational Maturity and Career Decision-Making factors. The results supported the hypothesis and specifically linked time perspective to planfulness and degree of indecision.
An Overview: Evaluation of Cefonicid in Infections of the Urinary Tract, Lower Respiratory Tract, and Skin and Soft Tissue

Infections of the urinary and lower respiratory tracts and of skin and soft tissue constitute a large proportion of infections requiring antimicrobial therapy. For many antimicrobial agents, one dose will cure lower urinary tract infection. In contrast, relapse of upper tract infection is common even after two weeks of treatment. In comparing the efficacy of antimicrobial agents in urinary infection, it is critical that patients assigned to different agents be equivalent. The questions about cefonicid in urinary infection that must be addressed concern (1) adverse effects and tolerability, (2) cost, and (3) rationale for the use of a parenteral preparation in uncomplicated urinary infection. In lower respiratory tract infections, therapeutic efficacy is difficult to evaluate primarily because of the difficulty in determining the causative role of the organisms isolated from sputum. The inclusion of information from gram-stained preparations reduces the diagnostic error. As far as cefonicid in treatment of pneumonia is concerned, the high serum protein binding reported and the relatively high minimal inhibitory concentrations for gram-positive cocci must be addressed. In skin and soft-tissue infections, therapeutic efficacy is difficult to evaluate because of the lack of isolates and the self-limited nature of many cutaneous infections. Three types of infection are discussed in this paper, those of the urinary and lower respiratory tracts and those of skin and soft tissue. Certain impor
The effect of hydrogen source on crack initiation in 4340 steel

The crack initiation site and the corresponding incubation time were determined as a function of notch radius in 4340 steel for both internally and externally supplied hydrogen. The source of hydrogen was found to affect both the crack nucleation site and the incubation time. Hydrogen cracking in cathodically charged 4340 steel initiated near the elastic-plastic boundary with incubation times which exhibited a linear dependence on notch radius. Hydrogen cracking in an aqueous solution initiated near the notch surface with incubation times which were relatively independent of notch radius. Short time diffusional flow models which include a stress dependent critical hydrogen concentration were found to predict incubation times reasonably for internally supplied hydrogen. Cherepanov's solution for the diffusion at the tip of a semi-infinite linear slit when applied in the context of a finite notch root radii problem was found to predict incubation times adequately for externally supplied hydrogen.
Keloids and hypertrophic scars

Abstract Keloids and hypertrophic scars are fibrous growths that result from an abnormal connective tissue response. Since both share certain similarities and the distinction between the two may be blurred in some cases, both will be discussed in this chapter. These fibrous tumors follow trauma, inflammation, or burns and appear as firm, variably pruritic, or tender growths near the injury site. They usually occur in patients 10 to 30 years of age and are located commonly on upper trunk, shoulders, earlobes, and face. Although the etiology is unknown, these fibrous growths demonstrate increased cellularity and metabolic activity. Many treatments have been variably successful, including intralesional corticosteroid injection, surgery, pressure devices, radiation, cryotherapy, and systemic chemotherapy, used alone and in combination.
Automatic abstraction of non-linear systems using change of bases transformations

We present abstraction techniques that transform a given non-linear dynamical system into a linear system, such that, invariant properties of the resulting linear abstraction can be used to infer invariants for the original system. The abstraction techniques rely on a change of bases transformation that associates each state variable of the abstract system with a function involving the state variables of the original system. We present conditions under which a given change of basis transformation for a non-linear system can define an abstraction.Furthermore, we present a technique to discover, given a non-linear system, if a change of bases transformation involving degree-bounded polynomials yielding a linear system abstraction exists. If so, our technique yields the resulting abstract linear system, as well. This approach is further extended to search for a change of bases transformation that abstracts a given non-linear system into a system of linear differential inclusions. Our techniques enable the use of analysis techniques for linear systems to infer invariants for non-linear systems. We preesent preliminary evidence of the practical feasibility of our ideas using a prototype implementation.
Historical changes in motor vehicle death rates among the elderly

Motor vehicle death rates among the elderly decreased substantially between 1940 and 1980, while the number of registered motor vehicles in the United States increased fourfold and death rates from motor vehicle injury changed little for the entire population. The annual death rate per 100,000 males aged 75-79 declined from 120 in 1940 to 41 in 1980. Much of the decrease can be attributed to reduced pedestrian deaths. Rates for other elderly age and sex groups showed similar patterns but the rates were lower and the changes smaller. Displaying age-specific motor vehicle death rates by birth cohort provides a graphic demonstration that these death rates have decreased markedly for all age groups 60 and older. Implications and possible causes of this decrease are discussed.
Bond graph models for plant biosystems

Computable dynamic models for plant biosystems permit the study of effects of environmental variables on plant growth and productivity. Using bond graphs, a comprehensive phenomenological model of a plant biosystem may be developed and used in computer simulations. Elements of a model studied in this papaer include a gas diffusion network between the atmosphere and leaf cytoplasm, intracellular chemistry, and the translocation networks of the phloem. Bond graphs are shown to provide a conceptual basis for the development of biological subsystem and system models and lead to computable representations.
Determining how defects in connexin43 cause skeletal disease

Gap junction channels mediate direct cell–cell communication via the exchange of second messengers, ions, and metabolites from one cell to another. Mutations in several human connexin (cx) genes, the subunits of gap junction channels, disturb the development and function of multiple tissues/organs. In particular, appropriate function of Cx43 is required for skeletal development in all vertebrate model organisms. Importantly, it remains largely unclear how disruption of gap junctional intercellular communication causes developmental defects. Two groups have taken distinct approaches toward defining the tangible molecular changes occurring downstream of Cx43-based gap junctional communication. Here, these strategies for determining how Cx43 modulates downstream events relevant to skeletal morphogenesis were reviewed. genesis 51:75–82, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Respiratory syncytial virus immunoglobulin and monoclonal antibodies in the prevention and treatment of respiratory syncytial virus infection

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is particularly severe in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and in premature infants without BPD. Attempts to develop a vaccine against RSV have been unsuccessful. Passive immunoprophylaxis of premature infants with or without BPD using a hyperimmune human globulin against RSV (RSVIg) decreases the severity of RSV infection such that the rate of hospitalization following infection is reduced by 40%. The severity of illness among hospitalized infants is also reduced. To avoid the difficulties associated with intravenous infusion of immunoglobulins, monoclonal IgG antibodies against the fusion protein of RSV have been developed. In one trial, the antibodies were ineffective, although subsequent trials using higher doses of the antibody show more promising results. Studies of IgA monoclonal antibodies directed against RSV, which are administered in the form of nose drops, are also in progress. None of these preparations appear to be effective in the treatment of established RSV infection. Each of the preparations appeared to be safe, with one exception. Infants with cyanotic heart disease who received RSVIg had an increased risk of surgical complications, perhaps related to increases in serum viscosity as a result of receiving the hyperimmunoglobulin monthly in doses of 750 mg/kg. While definitive cost/benefit analyses are pending, RSVIg may be useful in infants and children with BPD who have current or recent oxygen requirements, as well as in certain premature infants without BPD. Recommendations on the use of RSVIg are provided.
Sedimentation Behaviour of Adenylsuccinase formed by Interallelic Complementation in Neurospora crassa

IT has been reported1,2 that enzymes produced by interallelic complementation, including Neurospora adenylosuccinase3, are not generally identical in all properties with corresponding wild-type enzymes. One of the models proposed4 to explain this situation involves the formation of hybrid polymeric enzyme molecules. This concept has been given some support by observations of enzymes (and other specific proteins) of intermediate electrophoretic mobility5–14 produced under conditions favourable to hybridization in vivo or in vitro.
Correlations of flavor score with volatiles of vegetable oils

A simple, direct, gas chromatograph (GC) technique is described for eluting flavor-related volatile components from commercially produced vegetable oils. A sample of oil was placed onto glass wool contained in a GC liner, and the liner was inserted in the heated inlet of the GC. Volatiles from the oils were rapidly eluted by heat and carrier gas onto the GC column. Profiles of the volatiles were obtained by temperature-programmed gas chromatography. Flavor score was highly correlated with individual volatile components considered separately, and very highly correlated with multiple volatile components considered together, indicating that reliable flavor characteristics of vegetable oils may be obtained rapidly and efficiently by instrumentation.
Bark Beetle Demography in a Jeffrey Pine Stand as Influenced by Mechanized Thinning and Prescribed Fire

Forest thinnings implemented with cut-to-length and whole-tree harvesting systems followed by underburning were evaluated for their effects on bark beetle prevalence in pure, uneven-aged Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi Grev. & Balf.) interspersed with isolated California white fir (Abies concolor var. lowiana [Gord.] Lemm.). Based on pitch tube counts in a stand with a moderate bark beetle population in its pine component, the Jeffrey pine beetle (Dendroctonus jeffreyi Hopkins) generally preferred larger trees before treatment implementation, but after exhibiting mixed pretreatment tendencies concerning stand density demonstrated a posttreatment proclivity toward higher density. Cut-to-length thinning followed by underburning increased the pine beetle population while whole-tree thinning unaccompanied by burning reduced it. Tree mortality was induced by the bark beetle infestation but was not its sole cause. Pitch tube abundance on white fir far exceeded that on Jeffrey pine, and the greatest influence on th...
Mapping the threat of seawater intrusion in a regional coastal aquifer–aquitard system in the southeastern United States

The Upper Floridan aquifer (UFA) beneath the southeastern US Atlantic Coastal Plain and inner continental shelf is a major source of groundwater for coastal Georgia (GA) and South Carolina (SC), where it supplies over 50% of water requirements. Since pumping from the UFA first began at Savannah, GA in the late 1800s, a large (~50 km radius) cone of depression has developed on the aquifer's potentiometric surface. Where a regional Miocene-age aquitard overlying the UFA is thin or absent within this cone, the opportunity exists for seawater to leak downward through the seabed and into the aquifer. Recently completed marine reflection seismic surveys on the Georgia–South Carolina coast identified 11 areas of concern (AOCs) where the UFA is susceptible to seawater intrusion. Results from this project, and from an AOC test-drilling program recently completed, are contributing to a large database of information and models being developed for the UFA by several agencies and academic institutions. The results will provide input necessary for managing groundwater resources and mitigating potential seawater intrusion on the Georgia–South Carolina coast.
The abrasive wear of alumina: correlation with electron triboemission

This study reports the measurements of wear volume and the cumulative triboemission of electrons that are a consequence of multi-pass abrasion of alumina by a diamond indenter in vacuum. The interpretation of these measurements is facilitated by an analysis of the wear scar surface morphology. Wear volume measurements and the examination of the wear scar surface by SEM are necessarily post hoc and, therefore, provide limited insight into the time dependence of wear processes. In this study, the feasibility of using triboemission as a real-time probe (on the order of seconds) of the abrasive wear of ceramics is discussed. A severe-to-mild wear transition is observed after approximately 20 passes with 10 N load. No wear transitions are observed with 30 N load up to 18 passes. A transition in the fraction of plastic debris coated on the wear scar appears to occur concurrently with the wear transition at 10 N load. The wear volume and the fraction of plastic debris film are measured at discrete pass numbers (the ends of the abrasion period) and, therefore, the temporal evolution of the wear process transition is not known. The triboemission, on the other hand, is measured quasi-continuously (separation between measurements is 1 s) and displays an abrupt change in the slope of the cumulative triboemission with respect to the number of passes, at a pass number that is consonant with the transitions in wear rate and fraction of plastic debris film. Evidence is provided that in fact the transitions in wear rate, plastic debris fraction, and cumulative triboemission slope are concurrent. An interpretation of these results is discussed.
Inhibition of Candida albicans Translocation from the Gastrointestinal Tract of Mice by Oral Administration of Saccharomyces boulardii

Microbial translocation is defined as the passage of viable microbes from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to extraintestinal sites, such as the mesenteric lymph node (MLN), spleen, liver, kidneys, and blood. The ability of orally administered viable Saccharomyces boulardii to inhibit Candida albicans translocation from the GI tract was tested in antibiotic-decontaminated, specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice, which were orally challenged with C. albicans to promote intestinal overgrowth and subsequent translocation of this organism. Oral S. boulardii treatment reduced the incidence of MLN cultures positive for C. albicans but did not decrease the numbers of C. albicans per gram of MLN in these immunocompetent mice. Prednisolone immunosuppression increased translocation of C. albicans to the MLN and allowed translocating C. albicans to spread systemically to the spleen, liver, and kidneys. In these immunosuppressed mice, orally administered S. boulardii decreased both the incidence of C. albicans translocation to the MLN, liver, and kidneys and the number of translocating C. albicans per gram of MLN, spleen, and kidneys.
Dehydration Studies of a High-Surface-Area Alumina (Pseudo-boehmite) Using Solid-State 1H and 27Al NMR

1H NMR based on the CRAMPS technique has been used to identify and monitor the protons of surface Al−OH groups and “physisorbed” water associated with a high-surface-area (230 m2/g) pseudo-boehmite material following dehydration in the 110−1100 °C temperature range. Three distinguishable 1H CRAMPS peaks were identified: a broad peak at 4.0 ± 0.2 ppm attributed to the protons of “physisorbed” water and two peaks at 8.2 ± 0.3 and 2.3 ± 0.2 ppm associated with the protons of structural Al−OH groups. The 1H CRAMPS results are interpreted in relationship to two important regions of the experimental dehydration weight-loss profile for this material, a lower temperature region (110−300 °C), in which desorption of “physisorbed” water occurs, and an intermediate temperature region (350−550 °C), where condensation of adjacent Al−OH groups occurs. The combination of heating between 110 and 300 °C and room temperature evacuation were found to eliminate the “physisorbed” water peak, permitting the observation of the ...
The prevention of anxiety in preschool-aged children: Development of a new program and preliminary findings

Abstract The purpose of this study was the development and pilot testing of a program designed to prevent anxiety in shy-inhibited preschool-aged children. In particular, twenty parents of shy-inhibited children completed an 8 session parent training program, and a preliminary assessment of the program was conducted through the use of a one-group pretest–posttest design. A high level of acceptability was found for the program, and based on parent-report data, significant reductions were found in child shyness and in parent stress and anxiety from pre to post-intervention. Overall, although more research is needed, the initial findings are promising, and the current study adds to a surprisingly small number of studies focused on the prevention of anxiety in younger children.
Schizophrenia genetics at the millennium: cautious optimism

As the new millennium approaches, research into the genetic aspects of schizophrenia has already made an impressive start toward an integrated model which is discovering roles for genetic agents, environmental agents and experiences, and chance factors. The best model follows that proposed for understanding such complex diseases as coronary artery disease and diabetes. Genetic information has come from both genetic epidemiology and molecular genetics. Evidence for gene regions on 6p and 8p gives the strongest support for harboring schizophrenia susceptibility genes, based on international collaborative studies that generally replicate one another; evidence for regions on 3p, 5q, 9p, 20p, and 22q, while less compelling, will encourage focused work. Determining the steps between the regions and the phenotype will challenge the next generation of scientists.
The next 50 years: A personal view

I review history, starting with Turing’s seminal paper, reaching back ultimately to when our species started to outperform other primates, searching for the questions that will help us develop a computational account of human intelligence. I answer that the right questions are: What’s different between us and the other primates and what’s the same. I answer the what’s different question by saying that we became symbolic in a way that enabled story understanding, directed perception, and easy communication, and other species did not. I argue against Turing’s reasoning-centered suggestions, offering that reasoning is just a special case of story understanding. I answer the what’s the same question by noting that our brains are largely engineered in the same exotic way, with information flowing in all directions at once. By way of example, I illustrate how these answers can influence a research program, describing the Genesis system, a system that works with short summaries of stories, provided in English, together with low-level common-sense rules and higher-level concept patterns, likewise expressed in English. Genesis answers questions, notes abstract concepts such as revenge, tells stories in a listener-aware way, and fills in story gaps using precedents. I conclude by suggesting, optimistically, that a genuine computational theory of human intelligence will emerge in the next 50 years if we stick to the right, biologically inspired questions, and work toward biologically informed models.
Emoti-bots: a line of emotional products for automated future homes

As computers begin to move away from screen-based interfaces and become cheaper and more pervasive, their systems will inevitably become more intricate and difficult to understand. Our current modes of communication may become insufficient. Human beings utilize emotions to transform intelligence into appropriate action, to consider circumstances and relationships with others. If our computers can develop stronger emotional connections to their users, our interactions with them will become more meaningful and will develop along with the progress of technology.Emoti-bots are a line of prototypical products for future homes that simulate and stimulate emotion. They are experiments developed in an effort to transform common everyday objects into potential interfaces for computing. They look to the affordances and current uses of those objects to develop more natural, instinctive and emotional methods of human-computer interaction.
Anesthesia selectively reduces hypoglossal nerve activity by actions upon the brain stem

Alcohol as well as anesthetic and sedative agents depress the respiratory activity of the hypoglossal-genioglossal system more than that of the phrenic-diaphragmatic system. The mechanisms for this selective depression remain unclear. To evaluate the contribution of pathways traversing the spinal cord, the response of phrenic and hypoglossal nerve activities to 0.5% halothane was obtained in decerebrate cats before and after transection of the spinal cord at T1 and again following transection at C1. Halothane produced a much greater decrease in hypoglossal than phrenic activity before and after spinal cord section at T1. Following cord section at C1, which eliminates phrenic activity, 0.5% halothane still priduced a marked depression of hypoglossal activity. Therefore, the selective depression of the hypoglossal-genioglossal system does not depend on spinal mechanisms and appears to be mediated in the brain stem.
Bivariate garch estimation of the optimal commodity futures Hedge

Six different commodities are examined using daily data over two futures contract periods. Cash and futures prices for all six commodities are found to be well described as martingales with near-integrated GARCH innovations. Bivariate GARCH models of cash and futures prices are estimated for the same six commodities. The optimal hedge ratio (OHR) is then calculated as a ratio of the conditional covariance between cash and futures to the conditional variance of futures. The estimated OHRs reveal that the standard assumption of a time-invariant OHR is inappropriate. For each commodity the estimated OHR path appears non-stationary, which has important implications for hedging strategies.
Hamiltonian and gradient structures in the Toda flows

Abstract In this paper we consider gradient structures in the dynamics and geometry of the asymmetri nonperiodic tridiagonal and full Toda flow equations. We compare and contrast a number of formulations of the nonperiodic Toda equations. In the case of the full Kostant (asymmetric) Toda flow we explain the role of noncommutative integrability in its qualitative behavior. We describe the relationship between the asymmetric Toda flows and the symmetric and indefinite Toda flows, and prove in particular that one may conjugate from the full Kostant Toda flows to the full symmetric Toda flows via a Poisson map.
Antiretroviral treatment of HIV infected adults

It has been about 10 years since the first report that three drug combination antiretroviral therapy can durably suppress HIV replication.1 Subsequent studies have confirmed that when used appropriately highly active antiretroviral therapy (see box 1) can suppress viral replication to such low levels that the virus is unable to generate drug resistance mutations. Theoretically, once this level of viral suppression is achieved, treatment should work indefinitely, and the long term risk of morbidity and morality related to HIV associated immunodeficiency becomes negligible. Experience to date suggests that lifelong suppression of HIV is feasible. This review is aimed at informing clinicians about the current management of HIV infection. Authoritative and continuously updated reviews are available on the web (for example, the US Department of Health and Human Services treatment guidelines at www.hivatis.org); this review does not attempt to exhaustively summarise the literature or to provide guidance to clinicians with expertise in HIV. Rather, I summarise those issues that are likely to confront clinicians, including clinicians who do not routinely treat people infected with HIV. I searched PubMed databases for studies pertaining to antiretroviral therapy and its complications, lipodystrophy and lipoatrophy, and immune reconstitution. I also consulted recently published national and international treatment guidelines and considered unpublished data presented at international meetings. HIV seems to be designed to mutate and evolve as rapidly as possible. This evolutionary capacity is the result of at least three properties: an extremely high rate of virus turnover (at least 1010 new virions are produced per day), a high mutation rate (about one mutation per new virion), and an impressive capacity of many HIV proteins to function in the face of multiple amino acid changes (for example, at least 33 of the 99 amino acids in HIV protease can mutate and cause drug resistance …
Survival Outcomes of Pediatric Intestinal Failure Patients: Analysis of Factors Contributing to Improved Survival Over the Past Two Decades

Background Intestinal failure (IF) is associated with significant and life-threatening complications. Recent studies suggest that treatments for IF in the pediatric population are improving over time. Based on this, we examined whether pediatric IF survival rates have improved in our patient population over the past two decades, and secondarily examined which aspects of patient care contributed to changes in survival. Methods We conducted a retrospective chart review of all pediatric patients with IF at our children’s hospital from 1990 through 2009. Cox regression analyses were used to determine change in survival rates over time (5-y cohorts), and we examined multiple covariates to determine their potential influence on survival rates over time. Results A significant improvement in survival of 171 children with IF was noted over the past two decades. Children with an onset of IF in the 1990–1994 cohort had significantly decreased survival compared with children in all subsequent cohorts ( P = 0.011). The only intervention that was identified between this time period and future periods was the establishment of a comprehensive intestinal failure clinical care team. While the latter three cohorts were not significantly different, progressively increased survival was noted. Ability to wean off parenteral nutrition (PN) and small bowel length greater than 10% of the expected length were significantly associated with improved survival over this time period ( P Conclusions Despite a striking improvement in survival of children with IF over the past two decades, the only identified intervention that significantly impacted survival was establishment of a comprehensive care team. These findings emphasize the need for multi-disciplinary efforts to care for such complex and challenging children.
Precise laser frequency scanning using frequency-synthesized optical frequency sidebands: application to isotope shifts and hyperfine structure of mercury

Based on an efficient broadband electrooptic modulator producing RF optical sidebands locked to a stable cavity, a tunable dye laser can be scanned under computer control with frequency-synthesizer precision. Cavity drift is suppressed in software by using a strong feature in the spectrum for stabilization. Mercury isotope shifts are measured with a reproducibility of about 50 kHz. This accuracy of about 1/300 of the linewidth illustrates the power of the technique. Derived hyperfine-structure constants are compared with previous atomic-beam data.
Teaching: aligning faculty member and resident perceptions.

Summary Purpose This study sought to examine and address concerns received from residents regarding their perception of the length of time faculty members devoted to intraoperative teaching. Method Faculty members and residents were surveyed on their perceptions of intraoperative teaching. The survey was evaluated using descriptive methods. A disparity was noted between faculty member and resident perceptions of time devoted to intraoperative teaching. To better understand the disparity, a series of focus groups to discuss the survey results were held with both faculty members and residents. To address the disparity, a teaching tool was developed using the keywords of the American Board of Anesthesiology's in-training examination. Faculty members and residents used this tool in the intraoperative environment for 2 months. After 2 months, faculty members and residents were surveyed to see whether a change in perception took place. The use of the teaching tool was continued. Faculty members and residents were surveyed after 1 year of continued use to assess usage and satisfaction with the tool. This experience revealed the importance of making simple, pragmatic changes to improve resident perceptions Results The pre-intervention survey yielded responses from 29.6 per cent (n = 64) of the teaching faculty members and 29.2 per cent (n = 24) of the residents. The post-intervention survey yielded responses from 64 per cent of the faculty members and 62.5 per cent of the residents. After implementation of the tool, an improved alignment of resident and faculty member perceptions of the time faculty members spent teaching intraoperatively was observed. The majority of faculty members and residents reported continued use and satisfaction with the keyword tool after 1 year of use. Discussion This experience revealed the importance of making simple, pragmatic changes to improve resident perceptions of intraoperative teaching time.
Rational central simple algebras

We introduce a notion of rationality (called toroidal or t-rationality) for central simple algebras which extends Demazure's characterization of rational algebraic varieties via torus actions. We prove a structure theorem for t-rational central simple algebras and study the interplay among t-rationality, crossed products and rationality of the center in the setting of universal division algebras.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strains Lacking Surface Lipid Phthiocerol Dimycocerosate Are Susceptible to Killing by an Early Innate Host Response

The innate immune response plays an important but unknown role in host defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. To define the function of innate immunity during tuberculosis, we evaluated M. tuberculosis replication dynamics during murine infection. Our data show that the early pulmonary innate immune response limits M. tuberculosis replication in a MyD88-dependent manner. Strikingly, we found that little M. tuberculosis cell death occurs during the first 2 weeks of infection. In contrast, M. tuberculosis cells deficient in the surface lipid phthiocerol dimycocerosate (PDIM) exhibited significant death rates, and consequently, total bacterial numbers were reduced. Host restriction of PDIM-deficient M. tuberculosis was not alleviated by the absence of interferon gamma (IFN-γ), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), or the phagocyte oxidase subunit p47. Taken together, these data indicate that PDIM protects M. tuberculosis from an early innate host response that is independent of IFN-γ, reactive nitrogen intermediates, and reactive oxygen species. By employing a pathogen replication tracking tool to evaluate M. tuberculosis replication and death during infection, we identify both host and pathogen factors affecting the outcome of infection.
Variations in mineral apposition rate of trabecular bone within the beagle skeleton

The mineral apposition rate of trabecular bone was determined in several skeletal sites of young adult beagles. Tetracycline derivatives were administered intravenously or orally on 2 separate occasions preceding the day of sacrifice in order to label actively mineralizing bone surfaces. The rate of mineral apposition was calculated by dividing the distance between the 2 tetracycline markers by the time interval between their administration. The lumbar vertebra, proximal humerus, and pelvis, each of which contains red marrow, were found to have a significantly higher (P<0.001) rate of mineral apposition in trabecular bone than the skeletal sites containing yellow marrow—the proximal ulna and distal humerus. The mean apposition rate in the former 3 sites was 1.3±0.3µm/day, while that in the latter 2 was 0.9±0.2µm/day (uncorrected for plane of sectioning). It is tempting to speculate that this finding may be a consequence of differences in vascularity between red and yellow marrow.
Subdivision-Based 3D Remeshing With a Fast Spherical Parameterization Method

3D mesh parameterization is widely investigated with various parameter domains and applied in many computer graphics applications. As many surface meshes are manifolds of genus zero, mapping these meshes onto a topologically equivalent sphere provides some advantages. We introduce an efficient parameterization method based on barycentric embedding for this spherical domain. This method provides an overlapping solution which emphasizes on eliminating the vertex overlappings to ensure bijectivity. Experimental results indicate that it works faster than existing spherical parameterization methods. And we also provide a robust spherical remeshing algorithm based on spherical mesh subdivision. A local recursive subdivision process is employed to cover all the geometric details from the original mesh. Such subdivision process can be controlled to match the desired level of details (LOD), which will create a group of mesh representations with different resolutions. This multi-resolution remeshing framework could benefit various graphical applications including geometry rendering, mesh simplification/refinement, model morphing and etc.© 2010 ASME
Effect of elastic degrees of freedom at columnar-crystalline phase transition

A Ginzburg-Landau Hamiltonian describing systems of disc-like molecules in the columnar phase is used to investigate the properties of the columnar-crystalline transition. Near the transition temperature in the columnar phase, the enhancement of the bend elastic constant is found by a perturbation calculation. The gauge coupling mechanism which leads to a first order transition in the case of the superconductor or nematic-smectic-A transition is found to leave the transition continuous here. A coupling of the form found in compressible magnets may lead to a first order transition for large coupling. Our results are briefly compared with those of Kats.
Refined Day-of-Launch Atmospheric Flight Loads Analysis Approach

A day-of-launch atmospheric e ight loads analysis approach that reduces conservatism by better dee ning the components of e ight loads that have to be treated statistically and those that can be established with measured wind proe les just prior to launch is described. The approach introduces the concept of removing from measured day-of-launch winds the rapidly varying features and only using the more slowly changing components in the load calculations performed just prior to launch. The proposed approach takes advantage of two recent developments. The e rst development dee nes the spectral boundary, as a function of time, between wind components that can be considered slowly varying and those that change rapidly and, hence, have to be addressed statistically. The second development provides an approachforcalculating gust loads caused only by theturbulentcomponentsofthewinds and, thus, eliminates the need to include these wind components in the load calculations performed just prior to launch.
The Greatest Entrepreneurs and Businesspeople in American History: A Survey of Historians

Ten years ago, we began a conversation about what constitutes “greatness” in American business history and, in particular, how academics perceive greatness. One decade after our original publicatio...
Characterization and Thermal Conversion of Charcoal Derived from Fluidized-Bed Fast Pyrolysis Oil Production of Switchgrass†

The charcoal coproduct associated with pyrolysis oil (bio-oil) production can add economic value to the process operation if it can be successfully employed as an activated biochar for soil amendme...
The Influence of Phonomotor Treatment on Word Retrieval Abilities in 26 Individuals With Chronic Aphasia: An Open Trial

Purpose The ultimate goal of aphasia therapy should be to achieve gains in function that generalize to untrained exemplars and daily conversation. Anomia is one of the most disabling features of aphasia. The predominantly lexical/semantic approaches used to treat anomia have low potential for generalization due to the orthogonality of semantic and phonologic representations; this has been borne out in a meta-analysis of treatment studies. The intensive, neurally distributed, phonologic therapy reported here can, in principle, generalize to untrained phonologic sequences because of extant regularities in phonologic sequence knowledge and should, in principle, generalize to production of words trained as well as those untrained. Method Twenty-six persons with chronic aphasia due to stroke were treated, in a staggered (immediate vs. delayed treatment) open trial design, with 60 hr of intensive, multimodal therapy designed to enhance access to and efficiency of phonemes and phonologic sequences. Results There...
Feeding induced by food deprivation is differentially reduced by G-protein α-subunit antisense probes in rats

Abstract Antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (AS ODN) probes directed against the α-subunit of different G-proteins have been used to differentiate feeding responses in rats elicited by different opioid agonists, including morphine, β-endorphin and dynorphin. Furthermore, antisense probes directed against Goα, but not Gsα, Gqα or Giα, significantly reduced nocturnal feeding in rats. The present study examined whether food intake and weight changes elicited by 24 h of food deprivation were significantly altered by ventricular administration of antisense probes directed against either Giα1, Giα2, Giα3, Gsα, Goα, Gqα or Gx/zα as well as a control nonsense probe in rats. Deprivation-induced weight loss was significantly enhanced by antisense probes directed against Gsα and Gx/zα, whereas weight recovery 24 h following reintroduction of food was significantly reduced by antisense probes directed against Giα2, Gqα and Goα. Selective antisense probe effects were noted for deprivation-induced intake with Gsα and Gqα probes exerting the greatest reductions, Gx/zα, Giα2, and Giα3 probes exerting lesser effects, and Giα1 and Goα probes failing to affect deprivation-induced intake. Importantly, the nonsense control probe failed to alter deprivation-induced intake or weight. The reductions in deprivation-induced intake by AS ODN probes directed against Gsα or Gqα were not accompanied by any evidence of a conditioned taste aversion. These data indicate important distinctions between G-protein mediation of different effector signaling pathways mediating feeding responses elicited under natural (e.g. nocturnal feeding) and regulatory challenge (e.g. food deprivation) conditions.
Helix aspersa neurons maintain vigorous electrical activity when co-cultured with intact H. aspersa ganglia.

Abstract 1. Identified neurons from the right parietal lobe of the circumoesophageal ganglion of adult land snails, Helix aspersa, were isolated and placed in primary cell culture. 2. The individual neurons were removed from the right parietal lobe by microdissection without the aid of exogenous enzymes and plated on poly-L-lysine coated coverslip in normal Helix Ringer's solution conditioned with Helix circumoesphageal ganglia. The neurons become firmly attached to the substrate and begin to extend processes within 6 hr. 3. The cells show a dramatic increase in electrical activity when they are co-cultured with intact Helix circumoesophageal ganglia (1 ganglion/ml). Co-cultured neurons have resting potentials between −45 and − 110mV, comparable to in situ, show spontaneous action potential firing and respond to putative neurotransmitters. Heat-treated conditioned media was inactive. 4. When dopamine or serotonin (5-HT) are added, right parietal beating neurons, F14-F16 and F29-F32, (i) show a suppression of action potentials occurrence; (ii) a decrease in action potential amplitude and duration, and (iii) an increase in after-hyperpolarization. 5. Right parietal bursting neuron F1 in culture fire action potentials only in a beating mode. Dopamine addition to F1 suppresses action potential occurrence and causes an increase in action potential after-hyperpolarization, but there is only a small decrease in duration of action potentials and no significant change in action potential amplitude. 5-HT addition to F1 increases the occurrence of action potentials with little or no change in action potential shape. 6. This primary cell culture method is an efficient system for doing biochemical and electrophysiological studies on individual, identified neurons.
Growth of U.S. population, 1940-1971, in the light of an interactive two-sex model.

Since it is logically impossible to hold constant both male and female age-specific fertility rates, the intrinsic growth rates or the net reproduction rates for males and females, based on that assumption, are internally inconsistent. The interactive two-sex model presented in this paper holds constant a set of bivariate age-specific fertility rates by age of men and women and allows the male and female age-specific fertility rates to adjust themselves to achieve stability. The model gives the same intrinsic growth rate for both sexes and generates intrinsic age-specific fertility rates and intrinsic net reproduction rates for males and females which are consistent and can operate simultaneously on a population. The model is applied to the U.S. data for 1940–1971, and the results are compared with those obtained from the one-sex models.