cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Separation and characterisation of proanthocyanidins in Virginia type peanut skins by LC–MSn

Abstract Proanthocyanidins were extracted from peanut skins, an agricultural waste product of Virginia. Proanthocyanidin composition of single solvent and multistep extraction procedures of peanut skins were compared by HPLC–UV–vis absorbance. The multistep extraction procedure yielded more proanthocyanidin peaks and larger peak areas. Thus this extraction procedure was chosen for subsequent fractionation. Fractionation was performed by size exclusion (Toyopearl HW-40S) and normal phase (NP) (porous silica) high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) before reversed phase (RP) electrospray ionisation liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis (ESI–LC–MSn). Proanthocyanidin separation on the NP column was better overall, compared to size exclusion chromatography, and thus was chosen for characterisation by MS. Peanut skin procyanidins were found to separate in order of increasing molecular weight on the NP column. The ESI-MS generated positive and negative molecular-type ions and their dissociation product ions were used to identify specific proanthocyanidins and procyanidins. New proanthocyanidin dimeric and trimeric species were identified. These species consisted of one or two (epi)catechin units bound to luteolin or kaempferol. Monomers through nonamers of flavan-3-ols were identified by retention time and their multistep (MSn) dissociation pathway. Hexamers were identified as both singly and doubly charged negative ions, [M−zH]z−, z = 1 or 2. Species of greater than pentamers were tentatively identified due to their low ionisation efficiency and significant overlap of species both chromatographically and in the MS spectra.
A predictive model for the successful integration of concurrent engineering with people and organizational factors: Based on data of 25 companies

Manufacturers that use concurrent engineering perform the design of the product and process in parallel and may utilize teams as the primary work group. In order to implement concurrent engineering, manufacturers have relied on a variety of new technologies. In this paper, it is proposed that models developed for the effective management of technological and organizational change could be effectively used to predict the levels of success of the organization attributed to concurrent engineering. An integrated model was developed that considers the human and organizational variables that are thought to be important when implementing a new technology. A questionnaire was developed and administered at 25 manufacturing companies. Results provide a reliable and valid model whereby time spent by management in determining task, work structure, and technology implementation accounts for 46.7% of the variance attributed to the effectiveness of organizations. @ 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The growth of the thermal boundary layer in laminar flow between parallel flat plates

The problem considered is that of the heat transfer occurring at the inlet to a parallel plate channel. Instead of separating variables, the energy equation is solved, after transformation, in the form of a power series. This method supplies information concerning the initial growth of the thermal boundary layer which is not obtainable by previous methods using eigen-function expansions. A sufficient number of coefficients of the series is computed to allow the present solution to be joined to the asymptotic eigen-function solution, thus completing the treatment of the problem for all values of the longitudinal variable.
Cellular prostheses: functional abiotic nanosystems to probe, manipulate, and endow function in live cells.

Abstract A class of nanoscale (∼1–10 nm) structures designed to probe, manipulate, or endow function by direct interfacing with live cells is considered. Such a concept of cellular-level prostheses is illustrated via the example of light-activated nanoscale photodiodes capable of creating local electric fields that modulate existing voltage-gated ion channels in excitable cells. The dynamics of the membrane potential modulation by such photovoltaic functional abiotic nanosystems (PV-FANs) is modeled through an appropriate equivalent circuit. The feasibility of exceeding the typical ∼10 mV depolarization threshold for activating the action potentials is examined. In view of the continuing advances in the ability to design, synthesize, and characterize abiotic nanoscale systems that can provide desired function, several approaches to the implementation of PV-FANs are discussed. The FANs as “cellular prostheses” can provide a variety of functions in response to different stimuli and represent a paradigm-changing opportunity at the frontiers of nanomedicine. From the Clinical Editor A class of nanoscale (~1-10nm) structures designed to probe, manipulate, or endow live cell functions is demonstrated in this work. More specifically, light-activated nanoscale photodiodes were found capable of creating local electric fields that modulate existing voltage gated ion channels in excitable cells, thus allowing the generation of action potentials in excitable cells via external light stimulus in a controlled fashion.
Community Options of Greater Cleveland, Ohio: Preliminary Evaluation of a Naturally Occurring Retirement Community Program

This study examines the impact of Community Options in Greater Cleveland, Ohio, as perceived by its consumers. Community Options is one of a small but growing number of naturally occurring retirement community programs helping residents of apartment buildings or neighborhoods to “age in place” successfully through activity and service access or development. Results of the survey revealed the typical consumer to be an 82-year-old widow who has lived in her apartment building for 12 years. She credits the program with enabling her to “age in place,” link with and assist neighbors, access help when needed, feel better about herself, and have more control over her life.
A colonization factor links Vibrio cholerae environmental survival and human infection

Many bacteria that cause diseases must be able to survive inside and outside the host. Attachment to and colonization of abiotic or biotic surfaces is a common mechanism by which various microorganisms enhance their ability to survive in diverse environments. Vibrio cholerae is a Gram-negative aquatic bacillus that is often found in the environment attached to the chitinous exoskeletons of zooplankton. It has been suggested that attachment to zooplankton enhances environmental survival of Vibrio spp., probably by providing both an abundant source of carbon and nitrogen and protection from numerous environmental challenges. On ingestion by humans, some serogroups of V. cholerae cause the diarrhoeal disease cholera. The pathophysiology of cholera is a result of the effects of cholera toxin on intestinal epithelial cells. For sufficient quantities of cholera toxin to reach the intestinal epithelium and to produce clinical symptoms, colonization of the small bowel must occur. Because most V. cholerae do not colonize humans, but all probably require strategies for survival in the environment, we considered that colonization factors selected for in the environment may be the same as those required for intestinal colonization of humans. In support of this hypothesis, here we have identified a single protein required for efficient intestinal colonization that mediates attachment to both zooplankton and human epithelial cells by binding to a sugar present on both surfaces.
Two-phase stratified flow splitting at a T-jun

Abstract The objective of this study is to investigate, experimentally and theoretically, two-phase splitting under stratified wavy flow conditions at a regular horizontal T -junction with an inclined branch arm. Experimental data have been acquired with the side arm at horizontal conditions, downward inclination angles of −5, −10, −25, −40 and −60°, and upward inclinations of 1, 5, 10, 20, and 35° from the horizontal. The data reveal that gravity forces have a significant effect on the flow splitting. For downward inclination of the side arm more liquid is diverted into the branch arm, as compared to the case in which the side arm was horizontal. All the liquid was found to be diverted into the branch arm when the branch arm inclination was increased to −60°. For upward inclination angles a significant amount of the inlet gas has to be diverted into the side arm in order to get any liquid to flow into that arm. However, once liquid has started flowing, not much more additional gas has to be diverted into the side arm to get all of the liquid to flow into the branch. At 35° almost all the gas has to be diverted for any liquid flow into the branch. A mechanistic model has been developed for the prediction of the splitting phenomenon for both the horizontal and the downward orientations of the side arm. The model is based on the momentum equations applied for the separation streamlines of the gas phase and the liquid phase. Very good agreement is observed between the prediction of the model and the data acquired for all the cases.
Oxidation of cytochrome c peroxidase with hydrogen peroxide: Identification of the ‘Endogenous donor’

Abstract The decay of the ‘ES compound’ of cytochrome c peroxidase to the native ferric enzyme involves destruction of amino-acid residues. At pH 4 and pH 8, tyrosine and tryptophan are the residues principally affected. The loss of 3–4 tyrosines is accompanied by loss of enzyme activity.
Critical anisotropies of a geometrically frustrated triangular-lattice antiferromagnet

This work examines the critical anisotropy required for the local stability of the collinear ground states of a geometrically frustrated triangular-lattice antiferromagnet (TLA). Using a Holstein-Primakoff expansion, we calculate the spin-wave frequencies for the one-, two-, three-, four-, and eight-sublattice (SL) ground states of a TLA with up to third neighbor interactions. Local stability requires that all spin-wave frequencies are real and positive. The two-, four-, and eight-SL phases break up into several regions where the critical anisotropy is a different function of the exchange parameters. We find that the critical anisotropy is a continuous function everywhere except across the two-SL/three-SL and three-SL/four-SL phase boundaries, where the three-SL phase has the higher critical anisotropy.
Market structure and the extent of suboptimal capacity, 1963–1972

Abstract Using survival technique estimates of minimum efficient plant size in 1963, 1967, and 1972, the extent of suboptimal capacity appears to be closely related to the market share required by a plant of minimum efficient size and to industry concentration.
Hemoglobin-Oxygen Affinity and Erythrocyte 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate (DPG) Content in Hyaline-Membrane Disease (HMD) and Cardiac Malformations (CM)1

The effect of DPG on the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, expressed as P50 (the PO2 at which Hb is 50% saturated with O2), is well known. In the present investigation whole blood from newborns with hyaline membrane disease (HMD) and cardiac malformations (CM) revealed a statistically significant difference between the two groups in both P50 and DPG content (HMD: P50 24.6 mm Hg = 3.5 S.D., DPG 0.78 mol/mol/Hb±0.16; CM: P50 29.1 mm Hg±3.4, DPG 1.31 mol/mol Hb±0.30). Patients with CM were more mature with higher birth weights and had lower arterial PO2 and O2 content (10.2 vol % O2 = 4.0 vs 16.7±4.9). BE, pH, PCO2, Hb and HbF were comparable. The effect of the observed difference in P50 between babies with HMD and CM can possibly explain the greater tolerance to hypoxemia of infants with CM since blood with P50 of 29.1 mm Hg can unload 15% more O2 to the tissues than blood with P50 of 24.1 assuming the same PvO2, CaO2 and cardiac output. Such differences in P50 have almost no effect on the amount of O2 loaded in the lungs. Further observations showed that DPG concentration varied directly with pH in normoxemic patients (> 90% saturation, > 15 vol% O2). Low pH could cause a decrease in DPG by inhibition of enzymes responsible for the synthesis, but also low DPG could produce a decrease in pH by impairment of unloading of O2 to the tissues. The hypoxemic patients showed a higher DPG concentration than predicted from their Hp, again suggesting that hypoxemia causes an increase in DPG concentration.
The Role of Order, Nanocrystal Size, and Capping Ligands in the Collective Mechanical Response of Three-Dimensional Nanocrystal Solids

Chemically synthesized PbS, CdSe, and CoPt3 nanocrystals (NCs) were self-assembled into highly periodic supercrystals. Using the combination of small-angle X-ray scattering, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and nanoindentation, we correlated the mechanical properties of the supercrystals with the NC size, capping ligands, and degree of ordering. We found that such structures have elastic moduli and hardnesses in the range of ∼0.2−6 GPa and 10−450 MPa, respectively, which are analogous to strong polymers. The high degree of ordering characteristic to supercrystals was found to lead to more than 2-fold increase in hardnesses and elastic moduli due to tighter packing of the NCs, and smaller interparticle distance. The nature of surface ligands also significantly affects the mechanical properties of NCs solids. The experiments with series of 4.7, 7.1, and 13 nm PbS NCs revealed a direct relationship between the core size and hardness/modulus, analogous to th...
AN ENTROPY-BASED UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE FOR A LOCALLY COMPACT ABELIAN GROUP

Abstract We classify all functions on a locally compact, abelian group giving equality in an entropy inequality generalizing the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle. In particular, for functions on a real line, we proof a conjecture of Hirschman published in 1957.
The simple dynamics of a debt crisis

Abstract Optimal growth path of an ‘impatient’, neoclassical economy is studied, when creditors impose a credit ceiling to prevent debt repudiation. The ceiling becomes binding in finite time. When the credit-constrained regime begins, foreign capital inflows and domestic investment fall abruptly. Output per-capita, consumption, and real wages gradually decline, while the real interest rate rises. These results show that debt crises, in which high external debt is associated to low growth, can occur even in the absence of unanticipated shocks, policy mistakes, or ‘debt overhang’ effects. If distortionary policies cause ‘impatient’ behavior, the model is consistent with chronic capital flight in the debtor country. (JEL F34, F32)
Sigmoid volvulus: high mortality in county hospital patients.

Between 1970 and 1980, 12 patients were admitted 16 times to San Bernardino County Medical Center for sigmoid volvulus. The seven men and five women averaged 68.5 years old. Sixty-seven per cent recounted histories of neuropsychiatric disorders. Fifty per cent had been institutionalized. Forty-two per cent had endured previous episodes of sigmoid volvulus. Fourteen of 24 nonoperative attempts at reduction were successful but were followed by nine recurrences. Ten of 12 patients eventually underwent surgery. Eight procedures were electively scheduled following spontaneous or nonoperative reductions. Two emergency procedures for gangrenous colons were required. Both of these patients died. Mortality following elective surgery was 25 per cent. Twenty-nine major complications followed the ten procedures. All ten patients underwent sigmoid resections. Follow-up disclosed only two living patients. Only five had survived one year following initial hospitalization and only two for two years. The high mortality of this and other American series was attributed to the frail nature of the elderly, debilitated, institutionalized patients with neuropsychiatric and multiple medical disorders, who develop sigmoid volvulus in the United States.
Growth and respiration of monolayer cell cultures of chick embryo heart and skeletal muscle: action of malathion and malaoxon.

SummaryThe respiration of chick embryo heart and pectoral muscle cell cultures was determined using a polarographic respiration chamber designed specifically to measure the oxygen consumption of monolayers of cells. Heart cultures had a mean respiration rate of 215 ± 84 mμmoles O2/hr/106 cells; pectoral muscle cultures had a mean respiration rate of 163 ± 46 mμmoles Oa/hr/106 cells. Malathion 3 × 10−4M reduced the respiration of pectoral muscle cultures to 26% of normal and the respiration of heart cultures to 50% of normal. Malaoxon 3 × 10−4M had no effect upon the respiration of either cell type. Growth studies indicated that malathion was more toxic than malaoxon to the growth of both cell types.
A study of UWB imaging for bone cancer detection

The use of UWB imaging for bone cancer is described. A UWB monopole antenna in the 1–10 GHz range is used to scan a three layer model of bone, muscle, bone cortex and marrow, with and without a tumor. Using image reconstruction techniques, the results for the detection of the tumor and for an estimation of the tumor size are presented. Tumors of a radius from 8 to 30 mm and at a depth from 2 to 31 mm inside the bone and marrow layer are considered.
Optical metamaterials based on thin metal films: From negative index of refraction, to enhanced transmission, and to surface wave guidance

Optical metamaterials characterized by several unique properties are introduced and characterized. The structures comprise continuous metal films sandwiched between dense periodic arrays of optically thin metal strips or patches separated by a small distance. The structures' electromagnetic properties are described by means of a modification of the cavity model typically used to characterized microwave patch antennas. It is shown that the presented structures can operate as negative index metamaterials that comprise deeply subwavelength periodic unit cells, are tunable for operation in the near-infrared and visible spectra, and can be manufactured using standard methods and materials. In addition, the presented structures can operate as an optical filter that, due to the presence of several resonances, transmits fields for certain (controllable) wavelength bands, which are (nearly) independent of the angle of incidence and polarization. The presented structures also can support arbitrary polarized surface waves that can have a high wavenumber and can exhibit unusual dispersion relations.
Prohibir el mestizaje con chinos: solicitudes de amparo, Sonora, 1921-1935

In the state of Sonora, Mexico, at the beginning of the Twentieth Century, the Chinese population faced vicious discrimination including Law 31. Promulgated by the state legislature in late 1923, Law 31 prohibited marriage and other intimate relations between Chinese men and Mexican women. Through amparo petitions in federal court, up to and including the Supreme Court of Mexico, Chinese Mexican couples challenged the discrimination inherent in Law 31. Chinese Mexican amparo petitions against Law 31 demonstrate both the challenges and possibilities that law provided to the disenfranchised in Mexico at the beginning of the Twentieth Century.
Radiation damage in zircon and its relation to ages of Paleozoic igneous rocks in northern New England and adjacent Canada

A study of radiation damage in zircon from 42 igneous rocks (mostly granites) from northern New England and adjacent Canada has been made, using x-ray diffractometer measurements to determine unit cell dimensions and alpha counting to determine the activity, or rate of damage to the crystal structure. From previous work changes in co (unit cell vertical axis) are known to be proportional to changes in dosage (alphas/mg of sample). The ratio dosage/activity is a measure of the time involved. This ratio corresponds, within experimental error, to ages already determined for many of the rocks used in the present study (Pb-α method for zircon and Sr-Rb method for biotite). Other ratios are invariably low. This feature is discussed in terms of the processing of samples needed to obtain the lowest possible activity. Fine grinding, close magnetic separation, and aqua regia treatment tend to eliminate surface concentrations and isolated internal clots of radioactive material, the chief causes of high activity and low age ratios. Where, after adequate processing of this kind, ratios are still low relative to standard age determinations, it is suggested that the ratio represents the date of a later metamorphism.
The use of stuffed animals by hospitalized adolescents: an area for psychodynamic exploration.

Semistructured interviews were conducted with 27 hospitalized adolescents to explore the meanings and functions of their stuffed animals. For the adolescent girls, the stuffed animals had a variety of important intrapsychic and interpersonal meanings and roles. We suggest that asking questions to explore the possession, use and memories of the stuffed animals of disturbed adolescent girls may help in revealing pertinent psychodynamic material and in enhancing the therapeutic relationship.
Metabolism and the prolonged retention of cells in the G1 and S period of the mitotic cycle of cultured pea roots

Abstract Stationary phase (SP) meristems were established by the culture of excised pea root tips in medium without carbohydrate and the kinetics of the resumption of cell progression in the cycle measured when carbohydrate was provided. The initiation of DNA synthesis was increasingly delayed with extended time in the SP. However, once cells began to enter S, they did so at a relatively constant rate of 2%/h in all meristems. The length of the SP affected neither the rate of entry into S, once it began, nor the subsequent transit time through S and G2. The initial delay before the onset of DNA synthesis was interpreted as time needed to fulfill necessary molecular prerequisites and hence constituted a principal control point for cell progression in the cycle. Also demonstrated was the ability first to position and then to retain cells in the S period for up to 24 h. Positioning was accomplished by an 8 h incubation of 48 h SP meristems in medium with sucrose and retention was achieved with hypoxia. The results showed that cells could be held in S for the duration of hypoxia and that insufficient oxygen for up to 24 h did not impair DNA synthesis nor the ability of cells to undergo mitosis. The combined data support the idea that the level of cellular metabolism involved in the initiation of DNA synthesis may be higher than that of mid- or late S.
Serum Cystatin C ([Cystatin C]s) Compared With Serum Creatinine ([Cr]s) For Estimation Of Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) † 1811

[Cr]s is the most widely used parameter for GFR. However, [Cr]s is influenced by muscle mass and diet as well as kidney function. [Cystatin C]s, a 13-KDa protein of the Cystatin super-family of cysteine proteinase inhibitors, has been proposed as a better marker for GFR than [Cr]s since it appears to correlate with GFR but is not influenced by muscle mass or diet. We compared [Cr]s with [Cystatin C]s for estimation of GFR using deep frozen samples of serum from children who had simultaneous inulin (Cin) and creatinine clearances (Ccr)-the latter obtained using a cimetidine protocol. Ccr closely approximates Cin using this protocol (Hellerstein et al, Pediatr Nephrol, in press). We have initiated a prospective study comparing [Cystatin C]s and [Cr]s in patients being evaluated for renal function using the cimetidine protocol. The data from 20 children derived from frozen samples and 8 in the prospective group show that [Cystatin C]s and [Cr]s have a similar relationship with GFR (r = 0.76 and 0.71, respectively). Using a GFR of 70 mL/min1.73m2 as the lower limit of normal, [Cystatin C]s and [Cr]s were as follows: Table One child with a normal GFR had a[Cystatin C]s level of 1.45 mg/L. All with normal GFR had [Cr]s < 1.42 mg/dL. There were 4 normal values of [Cystatin C]s and 4 of [Cr]s among the children with Ccr <70 mL/min/1.73m2. Three of the 4 'normal' values of [Cystatin C]s and of [Cr]s were in the same patients. These data show that[Cr]s and [Cystatin C]s are equally valid markers for screening for GFR. However, [Cystatin C]s may prove more useful in general application since it is not influenced by diet or muscle mass (i.e., age or sex).
Temperature dependence of the light-induced spectral shift of carotenolds in Cyanidium caldarium and higher plant leaves. Evidence for an effect of the physical phase of chloroplast membrane lipids on the permeability of the membrane to ions

Abstract 1. 1. Kinetics of the light-induced spectral shift of carotenoids were studied by changing temperature of cells of the thermophilic alga Cyanidium caldarium . Below the temperature of phase transition of thylakoid membrane lipids at 9 °C, the dark recovery of the carotenoid shift after several seconds of illumination was composed of a fast and a slow decay component. Above the phase transition temperature only the slow decay component was seen. 2. 2. In chloroplasts of a desert plant, Tidestromia oblongifolia , the fluorescence versus temperature curve indicated that the phase transition of the thylakoid membrane lipids occurred at about 5 °C. Below the phase transition temperature the kinetics of dark decay of the spectral shift of carotenoids at 520 nm in leaves was composed of a fast and a slow component. Above the phase transition temperature only the slow decay component was present. 3. 3. The light-induced spectral shift of carotenoids was measured at 520 nm in leaves of the chilling-sensitive plants, tomato and bean. The Arrhenius plots of dark recovery of the light-induced changes showed characteristic breaks at 10 and 12 °C in tomato leaves grown at 15 and 25 °C, respectively, and at 15 °C in a bean leaf. In leaves of the chilling-resistant plants lettuce and spinach, on the other hand, the dark recovery of the carotenoid shift showed no breaks in the Arrhenius plots. 4. 4. If the light-induced spectral shift of carotenoids in the photosynthetic membrane is caused by a production of a transmembrane electric field, then the dark recovery of this shift is an indicator of the disappearance of this accumulated electric charge. It is concluded that the diffusion of ions through thylakoid membranes is greatly affected by the physical phase of membrane lipids and that the membrane becomes leaky to the ions when the lipids are in the phase separation state.
SU‐E‐J‐52: Validation of 3D Structure Projection Onto 2D DRR in Commercial Treatment Planning Systems

Purpose: The use of structure overlay on setup DRRs can aid the image alignment procedure for daily image‐guided setup procedures. However, the accuracy of a 3D region‐of‐interest (ROI) projected on a 2D digitally reconstructed radiograph(DRR) has rarely been evaluated quantitatively. The goal of this study is to test the accuracy of two commercial treatment planning systems (TPS) in producing overlay structures on setup DRRs. Method and Materials: We designed a novel method to identify landmarks which were on the boundary of the projected ROI on a DRR. The 3D ROIvolume is composed of a stack of 2D curves. We first mathematically project each 2D curve onto a beams‐eye‐view (BEV) plane. Next, we detectthe boundary points of the projected curves. Those boundary points serve aslandmarks. Finally, we project the binary mask of the 3D ROI volume using ray tracing method onto the BEV plane. This projected binary mask is used to exclude the false landmarks. Once those landmarks are detected, wecompute the distance between the landmarks and ROI outlines from the TPS. Results: We applied our validation method to 13 ROIs from a lung patient and 4 simulated ROIs on 2 BEV DRRs for two different TPS (Eclipse and Pinnacle). Average distance between the landmarks and ROIoutlines was 0.5mm for both Eclipse and Pinnacle approaches, which is close to the pixel resolution of the DRR. The maximum distance andaverage maximum distance was 2mm and 1 mm, respectively, for both TPS.The maximum distance occurred at points where the ROI curve has a sharpchange between slices. Conclusion: The accuracy of Eclipse and Pinnacle ROI projection method seems to be acceptable to within 1mm althoughprojection error can be as large as 2mm when structure shape has a sharp variation from one slice to the next.
Guaranteed not to shrink: Spiritual direction in pastoral care

Interest in spiritual direction flourishes in all parts of the Christian tradition. The author notes several reactions of Protestants to this development before describing a biblical view of spirituality. He then sets out essential guidelines for spirituality and spiritual direction which are consistent with the Reformed tradition for churches wishing to include prayer and spiritual direction as a dimension of pastoral care.
Effect of nasal CPAP on thoracoabdominal motion in neonates with respiratory insufficiency.

Thoracoabdominal motion (TAM) profiles were determined in ten infants requiring nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and supplemental oxygen, in order to assess the influence of CPAP on chest wall function in infants with respiratory insufficiency. (TAM) was quantitated by respiratory inductive plethysmography, measuring relative motion of the rib cage and abdomen. Baseline pulmonary function (without CPAP support) was assessed from simultaneous measurements of transpulmonary pressure, air flow, and tidal volume. Measurements of (TAM) were acquired at baseline and at nasal CPAP levels of 0, 3, 5, and 8 cm H2O, in randomized order. Without CPAP, relative paradoxical motion occurred, i.e., the rib cage collapsed inward instead of expanding outward early in inspiration. With CPAP, TAM resembled the pattern in preterm infants, without lung disease. We found that nasal CPAP lowers the phase angle in infants with respiratory insufficiency (P less than 0.003), indicating improved synchrony of TAM. In addition, the improvement with nasal CPAP was related to the severity of pulmonary compromise at baseline. We speculate that changes in TAM associated with nasal CPAP arise from an interaction between pulmonary mechanics and an enhanced stability of the chest wall. In this context, the greater synchrony of TAM is suggestive of an improved breathing strategy. This may be a noninvasively obtainable marker of an effective nasal CPAP level in infants with altered pulmonary and chest wall mechanics.
Genomic organization and chromosomal localization of the Asna1 gene, a mouse homologue of a bacterial arsenic-translocating ATPase gene.

Abstract The plasmid encoded ArsA ATPase in Escherichia coli is the catalytic component of an oxyanion pump that is responsible for resistance to arsenicals and antimonials. Arsenite or antimonite allosterically activates the ArsA ATPase activity. In this paper, we report the cloning and characterization of the mouse homologue (Asna1) of the bacterial arsA gene. The Asna1 gene encodes an open reading frame of 348 amino acids and exhibits 27% identity to the bacterial ArsA protein and 99% similarity to its human counterpart (hASNA-1). The Asna1 mRNA is a ∼1.3 kb transcript and is present at high levels in kidney and testis, moderate levels in brain, liver, lung and skin, and low levels in heart, small intestine, spleen, stomach, and thymus. A negligible amount of Asna1 transcript is detected in skeletal muscle. We have also characterized the genomic structure of the Asna1 gene. The gene spans over 7 kb and consists of seven exons and six introns. All splice sites conform to the GT-AG rule, except for the splice donor site of intron 4 that is GC instead of GT. Fluorescence in situ hybridization indicates that the Asna1 gene is localized in the C3-D1 region of mouse chromosome 8.
Assessment of intertidal growth and capacity adaptations in suspension-feeding bivalves

Curves relating instantaneous growth rate to aerial exposure were determined for six species of bivalves in laboratory and shore experiments. A dimensionless index equatable with the relative intertidal growth performance of a species was calculated by integration of the growth curve after converting both growth rate and aerial exposure to decimal fractions. Intertidal growth performance of the bivalves tested corresponded well with their natural levels of occurrence on the shore, and improved in the following order: Modiolus modiolus < Argopecten irradians < Ostrea edulis < Mytilus edulis < Crassostrea virginica. Geukensia demissa, for which an index value could not be determined, grew faster intertidally than subtidally. The relative contributions made to intertidal growth performance by energy-conserving and energy-supplementing capacity adaptations were assessed by resolving the growth curves into energy-input and energy-loss components. The rate of energy loss due to intertidal exposure was lower in the high-shore species, and also less affected by harsher subaerial conditions, than in the low-shore species. Moreover, M. edulis and C. virginica showed abilities to supplement energy input such that growth per unit immersion time was better at certain intertidal levels than subtidally. Energy conservation and supplementation in these forms made roughly equal contributions to their improved intertidal growth relative to species occurring lower on the shore.
Cognitive radio architecture evolution: annals of telecommunications

Cognitive radio research has developed dynamic radio spectrum management to enhance spectrum efficiency, e.g., as secondary users in unused TV bands. The location and user context of the mobile wireless user that regulatory bodies and lawmakers view as significant to spectrum interference policies have not been addressed as thoroughly. In addition, quality of service (QoS) provides a starting point but does not guarantee quality of experience (QoE) that depends on quality of information (QoI) which is a function of place, time, and user state in a social setting (e.g., commuting, shopping, or in need of medical assistance). This paper considers the evolution of cognitive radio architecture (CRA) from dynamic spectrum access (DSA) to QoE via an interdisciplinary perspective. Machine perception in visual, acoustic, speech, and text domains can cue the automatic detection of user state in stereotypical situations, enabling cognitive nodes and networks to select from among radio bands and modes more appropriately, thus enabling cognitive wireless networks (CWNs) to deliver higher QoE within technical policy constraints, in a way that makes cost-effective use of embedded and distributed computational intelligence. The control of networks of such cognitive radios requires advances in policy language architectures, so this paper introduces cognitive linguistics for policy languages.
Feeding a Low Manganese Diet to Heifers During Gestation Impairs Fetal Growth and Development

A study was conducted to examine the effects of low dietary Mn on growth performance of pregnant heifers and fetal development of their offspring. Twenty pregnant Angus (n = 9) and Simmental (n = 11) heifers averaging 17 mo of age and 447.6 kg of initial body weight were used in the 267-d study. Heifers were selected from a previous study examining the effects of supplemental Mn on growth and reproductive performance of heifers. Ten pregnant heifers per treatment from the control (analyzed at 15.8 mg of Mn/kg of DM) and supplemental Mn (50 mg/kg of DM) treatments were randomly selected at the conclusion of the previous study to continue on their respective dietary treatments through gestation and early lactation. Serum cholesterol for the 267-d period was not affected by treatment. Whole-blood Mn concentration of heifers on d 267 was not affected by treatment. Whole-blood Mn concentration at birth was lower in calves born to control heifers than in those born to supplemented heifers. Calves born to control heifers weighed less at birth than those born to heifers receiving supplemental Mn. Calves born to control heifers suffered from varying signs of Mn deficiency, including superior brachygnathism, unsteadiness, disproportionate dwarfism, and swollen joints. Results suggest that feeding gestating heifers a diet containing 16.6 mg of Mn/kg of DM is not adequate for proper fetal development. Supplementation of 50 mg of Mn/kg of DM to the control diet was sufficient to overcome any signs of Mn deficiency in calves.
PUERTO RICAN AND MEXICAN-AMERICAN SMALL-FOR-GESTATIONAL-AGE(SGA) RATES REMAIN DISPARATE AMONG LOW-RISK URBAN MOTHERS: A POPULATION-BASED STUDY.† 1619

There are limited available data on the prevalence of SGA infants among urban Hispanics. We used 1982-83 Illinois vital records and 1980 U.S. census income data to determine the association of maternal ethnicity and SGA(weight-for-gestational-age < 10th percentile) rates among Hispanics in Chicago. This older cohort was chosen to avoid the confounding effect of cocaine associated with its increased local availability after 1985. The SGA rate was 3.3% for infants with Puerto Rican (PR) mothers (N=3,483) and 2.1% for infants with U.S.-born Mexican-American mothers (N=2,253) compared to 1.4% for infants with foreign-born Mexican-American mothers (N=8,746); OR=2.4(1.8-3.1) and 1.5(1.1-3.1), respectively. Most striking, the PR but not U.S.-born Mexican-American disadvantage persisted as maternal risk status improved (Table). In a multiple logistic regression model that included maternal age, education, marital status, parity, prenatal care, and community income, the adjusted OR of SGA for PR was 2.9(1.4-4.5). We conclude that 1) the relationship of Puerto Rican ethnicity to the risk of intrauterine growth retardation is independent of commonly cited risk factors and 2) the “epidemiologic paradox” is confined to foreign-born Mexican-Americans.
Progress in laser excited atomic fluorescence spectrometry

Abstract Laser excited atomic fluorescence spectrometry, LEAFS, is a high sensitivity, high selectivity, atomic spectrometric technique. This paper reviews progress in LEAFS over the last several years, with emphasis on new lasers, new detectors, modifications to atomizers, and multi-element measurement approaches. Applications of LEAFS to real sample analyses are also highlighted.
Blow Flies Visiting Decaying Alligators: Is Succession Synchronous or Asynchronous?

Succession patterns of adult blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) on decaying alligators were investigated in Mobile (Ala, USA) during August 2002. The most abundant blow fly species visiting the carcasses were Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart), Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricus), Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricus), Phormia regina (Meigen), and Lucilia coeruleiviridis (Macquart). Lucilia coeruleiviridis was collected more often during the early stages of decomposition, followed by Chrysomya spp., Cochliomyia macellaria, and Phormia regina in the later stages. Lucilia coeruleiviridis was the only synchronous blow fly on the three carcasses; other blow fly species exhibited only site-specific synchrony. Using dichotomous correlations and analyses of variance, we demonstrated that blow fly-community succession was asynchronous among three alligators; however, Monte Carlo simulations indicate that there was some degree of synchrony between the carcasses.
What is the "ideal" grading system for the junior surgery clerkship?

Abstract BACKGROUND: There is currently no consistency in grading systems for clinical clerkships across medical schools. METHODS: Surgery clerkship directors were surveyed regarding their current grading categories, distribution of grades across levels, and opinions about the “ideal” grading system. RESULTS: Responses were received from 103 of 134 schools (77%). The following grading systems were employed: numerical scores, 1%; points, 1%; pass/fail, 5%; letter grades, 19%; and descriptor terms, 74%. Institutions used the following number of grading categories: 2, 5%; 3, 18%; 4, 35%; 5, 37%; 6, 3%; and 7, 1%. There was considerable variation between schools in frequency distributions across levels. Half of clerkship directors were satisfied with their system, and most considered an ideal system to consist of 4 or 5 descriptors. CONCLUSIONS: We believe an optimal clerkship grading system should consist of 4 or 5 categories. A 3-level system does not sufficiently discriminate, and with more than 5 categories the lowest levels are rarely used. Grades must be reported with clear information about their significance in each institution.
Wisdom and Education

This article describes a balance theory of wisdom and some of its applications to education. The article opens with a consideration of some great modern world figures, and argues that what has distinguished them is their wisdom. The article next discusses what wisdom is, both from the standpoint of the dictionary and from the standpoint of the balance theory of wisdom. The article continues with an explication of the theory and its basic ideas. According to the balance theory, wisdom is the application of successful intelligence to the balancing of intrapersonal, interpersonal, and extrapersonal interests; over the short- and long-terms; by adapting to, shaping, and selecting environments; in order to achieve a common good. This common good is in turn determined through the application of values. The article continues with a discussion of how wisdom can be measured, and then suggests some principles for teaching wisdom. It concludes that teaching for wisdom may be one of the most important kinds of teaching teachers can provide.
A theory of the high-aspect-ratio jet flap

The method of matched asymptotic expansions, which Van Dyke used to formulate a lift- ing-line theory for high-aspect-ratio wings, is applied to a wing with jet flap. The develop- ment differs from Van Dyke's in that velocity components instead of the velocity potential are the dependent variables, thin-airfoil approximations are used throughout, and the jet flap is present. The theory is given for the case of a flat elliptic wing with spanwise-uniform jet- momentum coefficient and jet angle and the result is a simple equation for the lift coefficient. Comparison with the results of two earlier finite-aspect-ratio jet-flap theories shows close agreement. Certain approximations needed in the earlier theories to solve the integral equa- tion for the upwash induced by a semi-infinite lifting surface are avoided by consistent use of the principle that, in the limit as the aspect ratio becomes infinite, the change in lift due to induced incidence is much smaller than the lift, so that the integral equation does not have to be solved.
Microautonomous Robotic Ostraciiform (MARCO): Hydrodynamics, Design, and Fabrication

Boxfish with multiple fins can maneuver in confined spaces with a near zero turning radius, and it has been found that its unusual boxy shape is responsible for a self-correcting mechanism that makes its trajectories immune to water disturbances. The microautonomous robotic ostraciiform aims to apply these features in a novel underwater vehicle design. Miniature underwater vehicles with these characteristics have a variety of applications, such as environmental monitoring, ship wreck exploration, inline pipe inspection, forming sensor networks, etc. This paper presents the research leading to the design and fabrication of a robotic ostraciiform. Tail fin hydrodynamics have been investigated experimentally using robotic flapper mechanisms to arrive at a caudal fin shape with optimal-shape-induced flexibility. Fluid simulation studies were utilized to arrive at the body shape that can result in a self-correcting vorticity generation. Finally, the robotic ostraciiform prototype was designed based on the previous results. The ostracifform locomotion is implemented with a pair of 2 DOF pectoral fins and a single DOF tail fin. The finalized body shape of the robot is produced by 3-D prototyping two separate halves.
Fluid dynamics in airway bifurcations: I. Primary flows.

The subject of fluid dynamics within human airways is of great importance for the risk assessment of air pollutants (inhalation toxicology) and the targeted delivery of inhaled pharmacologic drugs (aerosol therapy). As cited herein, experimental investigations of flow patterns have been performed on airway models and casts by a number of investigators. We have simulated flow patterns in human lung bifurcations and compared the results with the experimental data of Schreck (1972). The theoretical analyses were performed using a third-party software package, FIDAP, on the Cray T90 supercomputer. This effort is part of a systematic investigation where the effects of inlet conditions, Reynolds numbers, and dimensions and orientations of airways were addressed. This article focuses on primary flows using convective motion and isovelocity contour formats to describe fluid dynamics; subsequent articles in this issue consider secondary currents (Part II) and localized conditions (Part III). The agreement between ...
Activity participation differences between younger and older individuals with stroke

The purpose of this study was to describe differences in activity participation between younger and older individuals with stroke to inform transition after stroke. This was a cross-sectional study with individuals six-months poststroke (n = 177). All individuals completed an outcomes assessment battery that included the Stroke Impact Scale, the Reintegration to Normal Living Index and the Activity Card Sort. The sample was divided into two groups: (1) Young - those under the age of 65 (n = 89); and (2) Old - those 65 or older (n = 88). Analysis was completed to examine differences between the groups on the primary outcome measures of the study and to look at differences between the groups on individual questions/items on the specific measures. The results of this study demonstrate: (1) significant differences in both the quantity and nature of activity participation prior to and after stroke between younger and older stroke survivors and (2) total scores and measures of central tendency do not necessarily provide therapists with the information they need to guide treatment. Rehabilitation professionals should focus on providing clients with the tools they will need to be successful in transitioning back to home and community environments once rehabilitation has ended.
Modeling everyday talk: Differences across communication media and sex composition of friendship dyads:

This manuscript advances a mesolevel approach to everyday talk. Given frequent use of mediated communication within interpersonal relationships, we use a technique akin to multitrait/multimethod decomposition to separate content- and medium-specific variance sources. The results find that cross-sex friends enact everyday talk behaviors less frequently than do same-sex friends when communicating face-to-face and via telephone, but these differences do not emerge when online. After controlling for these sex differences, online communication attitudes predict everyday talk across specific media. Beyond offering methodological tools, these results may suggest cross-sex dyads communicate online to buffer against intimacy and thus preserve friendship as platonic.