cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biporous heat pipes for high power electronic device cooling

A biporous heat pipe is proposed to overcome heat transfer crises in the evaporator. The two levels of pore sizes of the biporous heat pipe result in high heat pipe performance. When vaporization phenomena occur in biporous wicks, bubbles formed in the near wall layer easily escape from the porous media and the possibility of vapor blanket layer formation on the heating surface decreases. Evaporation mostly occurs on the smaller surface pores. This not only increases the heat transfer performance by extended surface and smaller pore sizes, but also increases the capillary force which enables the liquid supply. The biporous structure improves the vapor and liquid distribution in the porous media when vaporization phenomena occur in it. Thermal analysis of a solid copper heat spreader and monoporous and biporous heat pipe modules are performed. Compression of the results shows the heat transfer performance of the monoporous and biporous heat pipes are better than the solid copper spreader and the biporous heat pipe has an advantage in the relatively high heat flux range. The biporous heat pipe is very attractive for high power electronic device cooling.
Community pharmacy data bases to identify patients at high risk for hypercholesterolemia.

We compared the effectiveness of selectively screening pharmacy data bases to identify patients with hypercholesterolemia with that of mass cholesterol screening. Screening data bases of four community pharmacies yielded 426 patients filling prescriptions for beta-blockers, thiazide diuretics, oral hypoglycemics, insulin, sublingual nitroglycerin, nicotine gum, or nicotine patches. They were invited to attend a cholesterol screening. Eighty-eight of the contacted patients attended, as did 97 walk-in persons. Cholesterol readings were higher in the contacted group (p = 0.017). Borderline-high cholesterol levels (200-239 mg/dl) were reported in 36.3% of the contacted group and 29.8% of the walk-in group. High cholesterol levels (> 239 mg/dl) were reported in 31.8% and 18.6%, respectively. Targeting certain drugs that directly contribute to raising cholesterol or indicate other risk factors for coronary artery disease (e.g., diabetes mellitus) was an effective method of identifying patients with hypercholesterolemia.
Energy Requirements of US Army Special Operation Forces During Military Training

Special Operations Forces (SOF) regularly engage in physically demanding combat operations and field training exercises, resulting in high daily energy expenditure, and thus increased energy requirements. However, the majority of studies assessing energy requirements of SOF have been conducted on soldiers going through intense SOF initiation training. The objective of the current investigation was to determine the energy expenditure of SOF conducting military training operations. Thirty-one soldiers taking part in Pre-Mission Training (PMT n = 15) and Combat Diver Qualification Courses (CDQC n = 16) volunteered to participate in this observational study. Energy expenditure was determined using doubly labeled water. Body weight (83 ± 7 kg) remained stable during both training periods. Overall energy expenditure adjusted for body composition was 17,606 ± 2326 kJ·day−1. Energy expenditure was 19,110 ± 1468 kJ·day−1 during CDQC and 16,334 ± 2180 kJ·day−1 during PMT, with physical activity levels of 2.6 ± 0.2 and 2.2 ± 0.3 during CDQC and PMT, respectively. Compared to the Military Dietary Reference Intakes for energy (13,598 kJ·day−1), these data are in agreement with previous reports that energy requirement for SOF Soldiers exceed that of the average soldier.
Pre-hospital Vitamin D Concentration, Mortality, and Bloodstream Infection in a Hospitalized Patient Population

Abstract Objective The study objective was to examine the association between pre-hospital serum vitamin D concentration and mortality after hospitalization. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study in 2 tertiary hospitals in Boston, Mass, on 23,603 patients aged ≥18 years in whom 25(OH)D was measured before hospitalization between 1993 and 2010. The main outcome measures were all-cause mortality by day 30 post-hospital admission, in-hospital mortality, and community-acquired bloodstream infection. Results Compared with patients with pre-hospital 25(OH)D ≥30 ng/mL, patients with pre-hospital 25(OH)D ≤15 ng/mL or 15 to 30 ng/mL have higher odds of mortality 30 days after hospital admission. After adjustment for age, gender, race, Deyo-Charlson index, season, type (surgical vs medical), creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, hematocrit, and time between 25(OH)D draw and hospital admission, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 30-day mortality in patients with 25(OH)D ≤15 ng/mL is 1.45 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.21-1.74; P P = .003) both compared with patients with pre-hospital 25(OH)D ≥30 ng/mL. In a subgroup analysis of patients who had blood cultures drawn (n = 5628), pre-hospital serum 25(OH)D ≤15 ng/mL was associated with increased odds of community-acquired bloodstream infection (adjusted OR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.06-1.57; P = .01) relative to patients with 25(OH)D ≥30 ng/mL. Conclusions Analysis of 23,603 hospitalized patients identified both 25(OH)D ≤15 ng/mL and 25(OH)D 15 to 30 ng/mL before hospital admission as associated with the odds of all-cause patient mortality at 30 days after hospitalization. In addition, pre-hospital serum 25(OH)D ≤15 ng/mL is significantly associated with the odds of community-acquired bloodstream infection.
Mesozoic aviary takes form

When I attempted a modern synthesis of avian evolution in 1980 (1), I told the then science editor at Harvard University Press that I thought the information on avian evolution was coming in so sluggishly that there would be little need for a quick revision. Was I ever wrong! By the early 1980s, the revelation of the presence of volant paleognaths in the Northern hemisphere Paleogene (2) provided compelling evidence that ratites were not ancient passengers on drifting continents, but the product of a post-Cretaceous–Tertiary radiation from ancestors that for the most part flew to their respective continents. In the same year, an initially muted epiphany appeared with the dramatic discovery by Cyril Walker (3) of the existence of a completely unknown subclass of Mesozoic birds, which he called the enantiornithines, or opposite birds, so-called because the fusion of their tarsal elements was the opposite of that of ornithurine (modern-type) birds; they also possess a distinctive arrangement of the bones of the shoulder girdle and a unique sternum. The story of Mesozoic birds became complicated by the discovery in 1985, by Russian colleague Evgeny Kurochkin (4), of Ambiortus , a Lower Cretaceous archaic but modern-type ornithurine (carinate) bird with an advanced flight apparatus. However, Walker's discovery was followed by the discovery of additional enantiornithine or opposite birds from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain (5). In addition, at the 1992 meeting of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution in …
Neutron-induced soft error rate measurements in semiconductor memories

Abstract Soft error rate (SER) testing of devices have been performed using the neutron beam at the Radiation Science and Engineering Center at Penn State University. The soft error susceptibility for different memory chips working at different technology nodes and operating voltages is determined. The effect of 10 B on SER as an in situ excess charge source is observed. The effect of higher-energy neutrons on circuit operation will be published later. Penn State Breazeale Nuclear Reactor was used as the neutron source in the experiments. The high neutron flux allows for accelerated testing of the SER phenomenon. The experiments and analyses have been performed only on soft errors due to thermal neutrons. Various memory chips manufactured by different vendors were tested at various supply voltages and reactor power levels. The effect of 10 B reaction caused by thermal neutron absorption on SER is discussed.
Optical-fiber delay line signal processing

Optical-fiber delay line devices offer great potential1 for the processing of broadband signals due to the large modulation bandwidth and low loss of the optical fiber itself, which for the case of single-mode fiber can have values of the order of 100 GHz-km and fractional dB/km, respectively. Signals to be processed are intensity modulated onto optical carriers, and the processed output signals are obtained by detection after the optical signals traverse the optical fiber circuitry. This paper is intended to provide a general overview of the elementary forms of fiber circuitry that are useful for signal processing as well as the complex filters and systems that they Gan be used to construct.
Influence of plant growth stage and season on the release of root phenolics by mulberry as related to development of phytoremediation technology

The phenolics released by red mulberry (Morus rubra L.) roots at different growth stages within a season were quantified and the makeup of phenols analyzed by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The data show that total phenols released into the soil solution increased continuously from an early vegetative stage to leaf senescence, indicating their accumulation in the rhizosphere. From the RP-HPLC analysis of the butanol-extractable phenolics at various growth stages, there appears to be a massive release of an assortment of less polar phenolics into the rhizosphere at the end of the season accompanying leaf senescence. The rhizosphere phenolics may create an environment suitable for the biodegradation of recalcitrant environmental pollutants, by selectively fostering the growth of some, while inhibiting the growth of other microbes.
Constructing crime, framing disaster: Routines of criminalization and crisis in Hurricane Katrina

This article argues that the media frames utilized in the first month after Hurricane Katrina legitimated punishment as disaster policy through lurid reports of individual crime. The application of...
Synthesis of optimal block controllers for multivariable control systems and its inverse optimal-control problem

A new method is presented to synthesise optimal block controllers for a class of multivariable control systems represented by the block companion form. The reverse process of obtaining the optimal block controller is used to determine the block-weighting matrices of the quadratic performance index from prescribed control specifications.
Backward error, sensitivity, and refinement of computed solutions of algebraic Riccati equations

In this paper, a new backward error criterion, together with a sensitivity measure, is presented for assessing solution accuracy of nonsymmetric and symmetric algebraic Riccati equations (AREs). The usual approach to assessing reliability of computed solutions is to employ standard perturbation and sensitivity results for linear systems and to extend them further to AREs. However, such methods are not altogether appropriate since they do not take account of the underlying structure of these matrix equations. The approach considered here is to first compute the backward error of a computed solution X that measures the amount by which data must be perturbed so that X is the exact solution of the perturbed original system. Conventional perturbation theory is used to define structured condition numbers that fully respect the special structure of these matrix equations. The new condition number, together with the backward error of computed solutions, provides accurate estimates for the sensitivity of solutions. Optimal perturbations are then used in an iterative refinement procedure to give further more accurate approximations of actual solutions. The results are derived in their most general setting for nonsymmetric and symmetric AREs. This in turn offers a unifying framework through which it is possible to establish similar results for Sylvester equations, Lyapunov equations, linear systems, and matrix inversions.
Radiometal-labeled peptide-PNA conjugates for targeting bcl-2 expression: preparation, characterization, and in vitro mRNA binding.

A new antisense peptide-peptide nucleic acid (peptide-PNA) conjugate, designed for targeting bcl-2 expression, has been radiolabeled, characterized, and evaluated for bcl-2 mRNA binding in a cell-free system. A PNA complementary to the first six codons of the bcl-2 gene was synthesized by standard solid-phase Fmoc chemistry and conjugated to a new derivative of 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecaneN,N',N'',N'''-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) that allows macrocyclic radiometal chelates to be incorporated into any sequence position of a peptide-PNA conjugate. The DOTA-PNA conjugate was then coupled to a membrane-permeating transduction peptide, PTD-4, designed for intracellular delivery of the radiolabeled PNA. The conjugate was characterized by HPLC and ESI-MS and labeled with 1 1 1 In and 9 0 Y to high specific activities (> 1000 Ci/mmol) with high radiochemical purity. Northern blot analysis showed that 9 0 Y-PTD-4-K(DOTA)-anti-bcl-2-PNA bound specifically to as little as 50 fmol of bcl-2 mRNA, a result equivalent to that obtained with the analogous 3 2 P-labeled DNA antisense oligonucleotide. Thus, the mRNA targeting properties of 1 1 1 In- and 9 0 Y-PTD-4-K(DOTA)-anti-bcl-2-PNA demonstrate potential for diagnostic imaging and targeted radiotherapy applications in bcl-2-positive cancers.
Thrombolytic potency of acid-stabilized plasmin: superiority over tissue-type plasminogen activator in an in vitro model of catheter-assisted thrombolysis.

Summary. Plasmin, the direct fibrinolytic enzyme, was compared with tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) in an in vitro thrombolysis model. Plasmin has been prepared in a highly pure form from human plasma and has been stabilized against auto-degradation by low-pH formulation. This acidified formulation of plasmin has been designed to have a low buffering capacity so that it can be directly infused into clots in a stable and latently active form. This low-pH formulation has been shown to be equivalent to a neutral-pH formulation of plasmin in its extent of clot lysis. An in vitro model of catheter-assisted thrombolysis has been devised in which large (12 × 0.6 cm), retracted clots are treated with an intrathrombus thrombolytic agent via a multi-sideport catheter. Plasmin dissolves these plasminogen-deficient clots in a dose-dependent manner and is clearly superior to t-PA. In this model system, t-PA exhibits efficacy only when retracted clots are replenished with plasminogen.
Life-threatening tertiary hyperparathyroidism in the critically ill

Abstract Background Tertiary hyperparathyroidism typically occurs in patients who have recovered from renal failure after renal transplantation. This report describes a syndrome of tertiary hyperparathyroidism after recovery from multiple organ failure (MOF) with acute oliguric renal failure (AORF). Methods Six patients with MOF including AORF are presented. Increased parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels were documented as early as 3 weeks after injury or septic insult and remained increased in some patients for several weeks. Results The resultant increase in calcium levels led to recurrent bouts of bradycardia, often leading to asystole requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Hypercalcemic-induced bradycardia was refractory to hydration, loop diuresis, atropine, and external pacing. Definitive treatment requires bisphosphonate therapy, which must be repeated until organ function has returned to normal. Conclusions A new syndrome of life-threatening tertiary hyperparathyroidism is described in patients with critical illness. This syndrome probably is being overlooked frequently in critical care units. Early diagnosis and prophylactic treatment with bisphosphonate may preclude the life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias.
Improving Nutrition Support Standards and Patient Care in a Community Hospital Setting

Abstract A trauma surgeon expressed concern with lack of consistency in care for patients receiving nutrition support (NS) i.e. tube feeding (TF) or total parenteral nutrition (TPN) at our 250 bed inpatient hospital. Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT) identified this as a quality assurance issue relating to differences in care provided by individual physicians and lack of clearly defined standards of care for NS patients. MNT formed an interdisciplinary nutrition support committee (NSC) consisting of physicians, pharmacists (RPh), nurses, and NS dietitians (RDs) to address the problem. The NSC meets quarterly and, as a result, the following improvements have been realized: 1.) Hospital-wide nutrition support standards have been developed along with research and implementation of best-practice guidelines forNS patients. 2.) Complete update and revision of the "pre-printed" TF and TPN order forms along with conversion to Standing Orders (SO). The SO allow for improved patient monitoring and expanded privileges for the RDs and RPhs. As a result, all NS patients receive interventions in the case of metabolic, gastrointestinal or mechanical intolerance to TF or TPN. 3.) Development and trial of a new Pediatric Standing TF Order form. 4.) Revision of NS nursing policies/procedures to correspond to the new SO. 5.) Annual Enteral Formulary review and revision. A retrospective chart review prior to and following implementation of the SO revealed a 33% improvement in availability of NS monitoring labwork within 48 hours of NS initiation and a 62% improvement in timely replacement of refeeding electrolyte depletion. This interdisciplinary team management and problem solving approach has improved the care for NS patients at our hospital.
Chromosomes of the Chocolate Gourami: A Cytogenetic Anomaly

The chocolate gourami, Sphaerichthys osphromonoides, has the lowest chromosome number reported for fishes, with 2n = 16 and n = 8. Other members of the family Belontiidae have somatic numbers of 42 to 48. Chromosome instability is demonstrated by the presence of somatic abnormalities and meiotic multivalents.
Injecting Fats into Breast Meat of Turkey Carcasses Differing in Finish and Retention After Cooking

Retention of butter and coconut oil injected into the major breast muscles of uncooked turkey was examined. Fats were injected to 3% of thawed weight using carcasses differing in skin depots covering the breast of each sex. Cooking time was not influenced by fat injection nor was the yield of breast meat. Injecting fats led to a reduction in muscle moisture while petroleum ether extract increased. Fatty acid analysis of the extract indicated that the lipid increases were representative of the fat injected, and the extent of retention was equivalent with each fat source. Skin depots over the breast and sex of the turkey had little effect on muscle lipid and fat retention.
Mycobacterium marinum Skin Infections: Report of 31 Cases and Review of the Literature

Background: Mycobacterium marinum is a rare cause of skin infections, and its treatment has been based primarily on the personal experience and preferences of individual investigators without the benefit of large studies. Methods: Thirty-one patients with confirmed M marinum infection were identified at 33 Kaiser Permanente Northern California Region medical centers by microbiologic records, and their charts were reviewed. Results: The upper extremity was affected in 90% of cases, and lymphatic or local spread was seen during the initial examination or during observation in 25 patients (81%). Granuloma was present in 22 (63%) of 35 biopsy specimens, and staining for acid-fast bacteria yielded positive results in two of 22 specimens. Cure or improvement occurred in 22 (81%) of 27 patients in whom outcome could be evaluated. Treatment with ethambutol plus rifampin appeared more successful (effective in five [100%] of five cases) than minocycline treatment (effective in 10 [71%] of 14 cases), although not significantly so ( P =.28). Adverse reactions, most of which were gastrointestinal, occurred in five patients (18%). Conclusion: Ethambutol plus rifampin appears more useful than minocycline in treating cutaneous M marinum infection. This result remains to be confirmed by larger clinical studies, which may be difficult because this infection is relatively rare. (Arch Intern Med. 1994;154:1359-1364)
A prospective study of the relationship between medical knowledge and professionalism among internal medicine residents

AbstractPurposeTo explore residents’ competency in medical knowledge and in empathy, one element of professionalism, and to evaluate the relationship between competencies in these domains.MethodIn 2003–2004 and 2004–2005, first-year internal medicine residents at the Mayo Clinic College of Medicine
EFFECT OF RN GENOTYPE ON YIELD AND SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS OF ENHANCED LONGISSIMUS SECTIONS

Pumping treatments with water or 4.5% sodium tripolyphosphate (STP) were evaluated on the fresh longissimus from pigs of different Rendement Napole genotypes. The longissimus muscle (32 RN/rn, 32 rn+/rn+) was divided into 3 sections and allocated to the: nonpumped, water pumped, and 4.5% STP, treatments. Following aging (14 days) chops were cut, packaged, and frozen. Boneless loin chops were cooked to internal temperatures of either 70C or 80C. Nonpumped loins resulted in the least amount of purge loss, whereas STP loins had the highest raw yield. Pumping loin sections with water and STP increased raw and cooked moisture contents. Pumping with STP increased juiciness and tenderness ratings. Increasing the endpoint temperature decreased juiciness and cooked moisture percentage. Pork from RN/rn+ pigs had lower shear force and higher tenderness and juiciness. These data indicate that increasing end point cooking temperature reduced pork palatability while STP pumping and the RN gene improved sensory properties.
Retrograde amnesia from hypothermia-induced brain seizures

In two experiments, hypothermia produced retrograde amnesia (RA) for passive avoidance and induced paroxysmal spike discharges in cortical EEC Weak doses of strychnine had no apparent effect on behavior but hastened onset of brain seizures during cooling. Hypothermia appears to produce RA by inducing brain seizures similar to those elicited by ESB.
Variations in abundance and size distribution of carbohydrates in the lower Mississippi River, Pearl River and Bay of St Louis

Abstract Riverine export of dissolved and particulate organic matter to the sea is one of the major components in marine carbon cycles, affecting biogeochemical processes in estuarine and coastal regions. However, the detailed composition of organic material and the relative partitioning among the dissolved, colloidal, and particulate phases are poorly quantified. The abundance of carbohydrate species and their partitioning among dissolved, colloidal, and particulate phases were examined in the waters from the lower Mississippi River (MR), the lower Pearl River (PR), and the Bay of St. Louis (BSL). Particulate carbohydrates (PCHO) represented a small fraction of the particulate organic carbon (POC) pool, with 4.7 ± 3.1%, 4.5 ± 2.4% and 1.8 ± 0.83% in the MR, PR, and BSL, respectively. Dissolved carbohydrates (DCHO) were a major component of the bulk dissolved organic carbon (DOC) pool, comprising 23%, 35%, and 18% in the MR, PR, and BSL, respectively. Differences in the DCHO/DOC ratio between the MR, PR, and BSL were related to their distinct characteristics in drainage basins, anthropogenic impacts, and hydrological conditions, reflecting differences in sources and composition of organic matter in different aquatic environments. Within the total carbohydrates (TCHO) pool, the high-molecular-weight carbohydrates (HMW-CHO, 1 kDa–0.45 μm) were the dominant species, representing 52–71% of the TCHO pool, followed by the low-molecular-weight carbohydrates (LMW-CHO,
Five-year clinical study of u.v.-polymerized posterior composites.

Abstract Four u.v.-polymerized composites (Estilux, Nuva-Fil, Nuva-Fil P.A. and Uvio-Fil) were clinically evaluated in Class I and II cavity preparations in permanent teeth. The restorations were evaluated at baseline, 1, 2,3,4 and 5 years using USPHS criteria for direct evaluation and at 3, 4 and 5 years using the Leinfelder method for indirect evaluation of wear. The wear measured by the USPHS method showed increasing wear rates in earlier reports, apparently due to the limited sensitivity of the scale to early wear. The wear by the Leinfelder method showed gradually decreasing wear rates. There were no statistically significant differences among the wear values for the four u.v.-cured materials or between these materials and the self-cured and visible light-cured controls.
An examination of the development of certain adaptive behavior patterns in infants

Summary Eighteen infants were studied at frequent intervals at The Cradle in Evanston throughout the first ninety days of their infancy. Careful records were made of their ability to follow a visual stimulus in a horizontal direction, in a vertical direction, and circularly and of their reactions to watching by the examiner, to being talked to and played with by the examiner, and of any smiling, or cooing. The 5,300 observations thus procured were reduced to a percentage basis and smoothed curves constructed for each of the activities recorded. Using as a critical point the age at which 75 per cent of the observations showed successful performance, a developmental scale was devised in which critical points extend from the first ten days of life to the 71-to 75-day period.
Outer electron transfer in methylene chloride: concentration, salt, and temperature dependences of the oxidation of trans-ReX2(cis-1,2 bis(diphenylphosphino)ethylene)2 (X = Cl, Br) by the clathrochelate [Co(1,2-cyclohexanedionedioximate)3(BButyl)2]BF4

Abstract The oxidation of ReC1 2 ( cis -1,2 bis(diphenylphosphino)ethylene) 2 and ReBr 2 ( cis -1,2 bis(diphenylphosphino)ethylene) 2 by the clathrochelate [Co(1,2-cyclohexanedione dioximate) 3 (BButyl) 2 ]BF 4 have been studied by the stopped-flow method as a function of temperature (−85 to −50°C), added Bu 4 NBF 4 (0–0.1 M), and reactant concentration in methylene chloride. The rate constants were fit to a mechanism involving separate paths for the free ion and the ion paired Co(III) oxidant. The result was the enthalpy and entropy of ion pairing for both Bu 4 NBF 4 and the oxidant, and the enthalpy and entropy of activation for both the free ion path and the ion paired path for each reaction. This study makes this one of the best characterized outer-sphere electron transfer reactions occurring in the low dielectric constant solvent methylene chloride. The results will allow comparison of the reactivity of these mononuclear complexes with that of metal-metal bonded dirhenium complexes. Using the temperature dependences of the reduction potentials of the Re and Co complexes as well as decamethylferrocene, and the kinetics of the reduction of the Co(III) complex by decamethylferrocene in methylene chloride, also as a function of added salt, estimates of the high electron self-exchange rate constants of the two Re complexes have been made. They are both very similar and are ca 10 8 M −1 S −1 at 25°C.
Stability of a Class of Real-Time Switched Piezoelectric Shunts

Experimental and anecdotal evidences have shown that state-switched control strategies for piezoelectric actuators can be advantageous. However, most discussions of the stability of these systems has relied on heuristic, or physically motivated, arguments. In this paper, we show that recent open-circuit-short-circuit (OC-SC) state-switching control laws can be viewed as hybrid dynamical systems of Witsenhausen type. Within this framework, the closed-loop stability of OC/SC switching is rigorously established using the method of multiple Lyapunov functions.
Electrophysiologic characteristics of concealed bypass tracts: Clinical and electrocardiographic correlates

Twelve of 60 consecutively studied patients undergoing electrophysiologic study for paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia had atrioventricular (A-V) bypass tracts functioning as the retrograde limb of the reentrant circuit. None had evidence of preexcitation in the surface electrocardiogram, but in two patients anterograde preexcitation could be produced by pacing from the coronary sinus. In all 12 patients with concealed bypass tracts the retrograde atrial activation sequence or effect of left bundle branch block aberration during the tachycardia, or both, confirmed the left-sided bypass tract. A negative P wave in lead I during the tachycardia was also diagnostic of a left-sided bypass tract. Dual A-V nodal pathways were found in five patients with concealed bypass tracts but were unrelated to the development of the tachycardia. When compared with supraventricular tachycardia due to A-V nodal reentry, clinical findings suggestive of a concealed bypass tract included: (1) P wave following the QRS complex (12 of 12 versus 12 of 40), (2) negative P wave in lead I during the tachycardia, and (3) bundle branch block aberration during the tachycardia (8 of 12 versus 3 of 40). Other characteristics of patients with concealed bypass tracts that were of less value in individual cases were shorter cycle lengths of tachycardia, younger patient age and lesser incidence of organic heart disease.
Noncovalent interactions between acenaphthenone and dissolved fulvic acid as determined by 13C NMR T1 relaxation measurements

Non-covalent interactions between 13C-labeled acenaphthenone (13C-labeled in the carbonyl position) and Suwannee River fulvic acid in a methanol/D2O solvent have been examined using 13C NMR T1 relaxation measurements. The influence of solvents upon the non-covalent interactions were assessed by examining acenaphthenone in pure solvents of varying solvation capacity (chloroform, methanol, methanol/D2O). Interactions with fulvic acid were examined as a function of acenaphthenone and fulvic acid concentrations, fulvic acid counter-cation (H+ or Na+), and pH. In the presence of fulvic acid in a methanol/D2O solvent, three non-covalent interactions were identified: a weak sorption interaction between acenaphthenone and fulvic acid, an enhanced solubilization of acenaphthenone by fulvic acid, and an interaction between just the solvent and acenaphthenone. The enhanced solubilization is hypothesized to arise from fulvic acid forming hydrophobic regions that are predominantly solvated with methanol and have excl...
Regioselectivity of photochemical annulations of chromium carbene complexes

Abstract The regioselectivity of photochemical benzannulation reactions of chromium biarylcarbene complexes is reported. Excellent selectivity is observed in furyl- and naphthyl-substituted substrates. Interesting ortho verses para selectivity is found in meta substituted (biphenyl)carbene substrates.
Effect of silicon anisotropy on mirror substrate design

Single-crystal silicon is one of the substrate materials often used for x-ray optical components, such as mirrors and monochromators. Silicon crystal is elastically anisotropic, mechanical properties are direction dependent. Because anisotropic analysis is complicated, isotropic approximation is commonly used in the design of optical substrates. This approximation is satisfactory in most cases. However, a full anisotropic analysis is required to precisely characterize the performance of optical substrates or determine the effect of anisotropy. In this paper, single-crystal-silicon anisotropy and its effects on deformation of bendable optics are discussed. The resulting anticlastic bending is described, and a complete numerical solution as well as approximate analytical formulations, is provided. Anisotropy can be used advantageously to accentuate anticlastic bending.
Is There Logic Behind Fetal Monitoring

Practitioners of biomedicine pride themselves on making logical decisions based on scientific fact and research evidence. However, continuous electronic fetal monitoring, as it is applied in contemporary North American obstetric practice, does not stand up to the rules of logic or the application of empirical evidence. In the face of growing evidence against the efficacy of continuous electronic fetal monitoring for improving birth outcomes, perinatal health care providers need to critically evaluate the arguments that supported its inception and consider whether its continued application can be defended.
Polymer pillar optical transmittance analysis

The optical transmittance of polymer pillars is analyzed under various conditions. This is accomplished by fabricating polymer pillars atop glass slides and illuminating them from one end while capturing the output transmittance at the other. Analysis shows that polymer pillars are a good optical interconnect candidate for chip-level input/output interconnects.
Intravaginal Insemination of Japanese Quail: Factors Influencing the Basic Technique

Abstract THE details of a successful intravaginal procedure for the artificial insemination of Japanese quail were presented in a previous paper (Marks and Lepore, 1965a). Application of the procedure resulted in the laying of fertile eggs by 83 percent of the inseminated hens. The fertility of total eggs obtained during the 7 day test period averaged 56 percent and ranged from 45 to 73 percent. It was further noted that the presence of a hard-shelled egg in the uterus did not have an adverse effect upon fertility levels. The current study was conducted to obtain additional information about factors influencing the effectiveness of intravaginal insemination in quail. The variables tested included frequency and time of insemination, semen dosage, and semen dilution with and without antibiotics. EXPERIMENTAL Six series of tests were conducted which entailed the examination of approximately 3,000 eggs from 550 inseminated quail hens. For these tests, the quail were …
Sexual risk reduction among non-injection drug users: Report of a randomized controlled trial

We conducted a randomized controlled trial of a sexual risk-reduction intervention targeting non-injection drug users (NIDUs) and members of their drug-use/sexual networks (N=270). The intervention was based primarily on the social-influencing approach, and was delivered in four sessions. Sexual risk behaviors were examined at baseline, and 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after the completion of the intervention using the vaginal equivalent episodes (VEE), a weighted sexual risk behavior index. VEE scores decreased in both the active and control conditions in the first six months post-intervention and continued to decline in the control group. However, in the active condition, VEE scores increased after the nine-month assessment and approached baseline levels by the 12-month assessment. There was no evidence of significant differences in high-risk sexual behaviors between the intervention and control conditions. Future studies are needed to improve behavioral interventions in this population.
Specific Heat of the Mixed State in Superconducting Alloys

Based on the previous theory of superconducting alloys in magnetic fields, we made a detailed study of the specific heat of the mixed state in superconducting alloys. The jump of the specific heat at the transition from the mixed state to the normal state is explicitly calculated for various values of $\ensuremath{\kappa}$, the Ginzburg-Landau parameter. In fields just above the lower critical field ${H}_{c1}$, we find the specific heat at lower temperature is expressed in terms of ${H}_{c1}$ as ${C}_{m}=\ensuremath{-}(\frac{1}{4\ensuremath{\pi}})T(\frac{{d}^{2}{H}_{c1}}{d{T}^{2}})B+(\frac{d{H}_{c1}}{\mathrm{dT}})(\frac{\ensuremath{\partial}B}{\ensuremath{\partial}T}),$ where $B=(\frac{\ensuremath{\pi}}{e})n$ ($n$ being the number of flux lines per unit area), and the first term, coming from the free energy associated with a flux line, is proportional to $T$.
Calculations of carbon dioxide transmission part I—The 9·4 μ and 10·4 μ bands

Abstract The random-Elsasser band model is used to compute the spectral transmission of CO 2 , and comparisons are made with published experimental measurements. The best agreement between calculated and observed values of transmission is obtained when the following values of integrated intensity are used: S (02°0-00°1) = 0·030 cm -1 /cm atm s.t.p. and S (10°0-00°1) = 0·019 cm -1 /cm atm s.t.p. at 300°K.
Adjusting for observable selection bias in block randomized trials

In this paper, we propose a model-based approach to detect and adjust for observable selection bias in a randomized clinical trial with two treatments and binary outcomes. The proposed method was evaluated using simulations of a randomized block design in which the investigator favoured the experimental treatment by attempting to enrol stronger patients (with greater probability of treatment success) if the probability of the next treatment being experimental was high, and enrol weak patients (with less probability of treatment success) if the probability of the next treatment being experimental was low. The method allows not only testing for the presence of observable selection bias, but also testing for a difference in treatment effects, adjusting for possible selection bias. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Liquid Chromatography/Thermospray/Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Beauvericin†

Beauvericin (BEA) is a bioactive hexadepsipeptide coproduced by the same Fusarium species that produce fumonisin mycotoxins. BEA is insecticidal and antimicrobial, and, being lipophilic, has the potential to bioaccumulate. Its mammalian toxicity has only recently been characterized, and sensitive analytical methodology to analyze for BEA is lacking. On-line thermospray mass spectrometry (LC/TSP/MS) was used to analyze BEA. A reversed-phase column and a mobile phase that consisted of CH3CN/0.4 M HCO2NH4 were used to resolve BEA. Positive ion spectra yielded signals at m/z 785 (M + H)+, m/z 802 (M + NH4)+, and m/z 823 (M + K)+. Standard curves plotted in the range 10−100 ng for the ions m/z 785, 802, and 823 had coefficients of determination (r2) of 0.996, 0.992, and 0.999. The lowest detectable limit was 1 ng at a S/N of 5:1. The developed LC/TSP/MS method was used successfully to analyze Fusarium proliferatum-fermented cracked corn containing BEA and spiked meat samples. Keywords: Beauvericin; fumonisins;...
Approaches to the Iron Cage Reconstructing the Bars of Weber's Metaphor

Is there a metaphor for bureaucracy relevant to organizations in the 1990s? The author explores this question by reconstructing Weber's "iron cage. " After defining bureaucracy using the two traditional metaphors, the author sets forth the notion of the iron cage as playground apparatus. This metaphor is developed in an idiosyncratic vignette. The author stresses that the "monkey bars" (bureaucratic structures) are, in themselves, neutral but become whatever we make them by the imposition of our visions, values, and vitalities. The author closes by defending his metaphoras worthy of investigation by public administration scholars and practitioners.
Explanatory style, expectations, and depressive symptoms

One hundred and fifty-five college students completed questionnaires measuring explanatory style, general expectations for future good and bad events, specific expectations for future good and bad events, and depressive symptoms. Structural equation modeling confirmed the prediction of the attributional reformulation of learned helplessness theory that the link between stability and globality of explanatory style and depression is mediated by expectations. Implications of these results were discussed.
Fundamental Investigation of Direct Contact Heat Exchange for Application in HVAC Systems: A Case Study

An air conditioning system based on a direct contact heat and mass transfer process between water and air may offer benefits such as increased energy efficiency, temperature and humidity control, and improved indoor air quality. To investigate the feasibility of this type of technology, a numeric model is used to study the heat and mass transfer between a single droplet and moist air to gain fundamental insight into the heat and mass transfer process. Further, preliminary experiments are performed in a low speed temperature and humidity controlled wind tunnel to validate some of the models findings, e.g. the effect of droplet size on heat and mass transfer. A case study is presented to investigate how such a system would operate in a hot, dry climate as well as a hot and humid climate.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
The ideological roots of elite political conflict in post‐Soviet Russia

(1994). The ideological roots of elite political conflict in post‐Soviet Russia. Europe-Asia Studies: Vol. 46, No. 6, pp. 929-953.
Controlled local organization of lyotropic liquid crystalline polymer thin films with electric fields

Abstract The ability of electric fields to induce the controlled alignment of lyotropic liquid crystalline polymer thin films on microfabricated substrates is demonstrated. These devices allow for variations in electric field geometry on the polymer alignment to be examined systematically. The polymers studied included poly(hexyl isocyanate) (PHIC) and poly(benzyl l -glutamate). The polymers were oriented by the electric field while in solution and solidified into a stable, oriented structure by solvent evaporation. Optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy experiments make it possible to directly image the disclinations that mediate molecular alignment. The defect type and density in the solidified films are a function of the electric field geometry.
Nonspecific human IgG reduces survival in neonatal rats infected with Escherichia coli.

ABSTRACT Background Human intravenous IgG (IVIG) containing specific antibodies protects neonatal rats from septic death. However, IVIG has immunosuppressive properties and clinical trials of IVIG in neonates at risk for sepsis have yielded conflicting results. Hypothesis This study was designed to test the hypothesis that nonspecific antibodies in IVIG reduce survival in neonatal rats infected with Escherichia coli . Methods Specific antibodies were adsorbed from IVIG with E coli to produce IVIG/anti- E coli −. After transthoracic administration of E coli , survival was determined in neonatal rats injected intraperitoneally with phosphate-buffered saline, IVIG/anti- E coli − (500 mg/kg) or IVIG containing anti- E coli antibodies (IVIG/anti- E coli +). Complement-mediated hemolytic activity of neonatal rat serum was quantified using sensitized sheep erythrocytes. Results Compared with placebo, intraperitoneal IVIG/anti- E coli − reduced neonatal survival after E coli infection. In contrast, IVIG/anti- E coli + protected infected animals. Both IVIG/anti- E coli − and IVIG/anti- E coli + impaired the complement-mediated hemolytic activity of neonatal rat serum. Conclusions IVIG contained (1) nonspecific antibodies that reduced survival in neonatal rats infected with E coli and (2) protective anti- E coli antibodies that enhanced survival in neonatal rats infected with E coli . We speculate that in clinical trials of IVIG to treat or prevent neonatal sepsis, inconsistent results may be caused, in part, by lot-to-lot variations in the ratio of immunosuppressive, nonspecific antibodies to protective, specific antibodies.
Power electronics for transport aircraft applications

This paper uses 1992 air traffic statistics and the projected secondary power requirements for future air transport opportunities for power electronics technology. The secondary power energy requirements for present transport are compared to the projected energy needs of future transport aircraft and are related to the payload. The role of power electronics in future transport aircraft is discussed with respect to system architecture, power management, and engine starting. The opportunities for new power electronics applications are shown with an emphasis on cost/benefit for the airlines, passengers, and regulatory agencies. >
A Motivational Science Perspective on the Role of Student Motivation in Learning and Teaching Contexts.

A motivational science perspective on student motivation in learning and teaching contexts is developed that highlights 3 general themes for motivational research. The 3 themes include the importance of a general scientific approach for research on student motivation, the utility of multidisciplinary perspectives, and the importance of use-inspired basic research on motivation. Seven substantive questions are then suggested as important directions for current and future motivational science research efforts. They include (1) What do students want? (2) What motivates students in classrooms? (3) How do students get what they want? (4) Do students know what they want or what motivates them? (5) How does motivation lead to cognition and cognition to motivation? (6) How does motivation change and develop? and (7) What is the role of context and culture? Each of the questions is addressed in terms of current knowledge claims and future directions for research in motivational science.
Mass Transport and Reactions in the Tube-in-Tube Reactor

The tube-in-tube reactor is a convenient method for implementing gas/liquid reactions on the microscale, in which pressurized gas permeates through a Teflon AF-2400 membrane and reacts with substra...
Large-scale cortical displacement of a human retinotopic map

The aim of the current study was to determine the retinotopic organization of a patient with congenital cortical dysgenesis and normal visual function. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), detailed retinotopic maps corresponding to the four visual field quadrants were projected onto cortical surfaces. Similar to control subjects, the upper right visual field mapped onto ventral left hemisphere and was retinotopically organized. The lower right visual field's cortical representation was also retinotopically organized, yet was displaced many centimeters anteriomedially. Moreover, the entire left visual field was represented in non-retinotopically organized islands in both hemispheres. These results indicate retinotopic maps can shift in both location and topography illustrating cortical reorganization presumably due to either cortical dysgenesis or functional displacement.
Phonological development from babbling to speech : Common tendencies and individual differences

Taking as a point of departure Locke's biological model for the origins of phonological development, this study encompasses analyses of phonetic tendencies, consonant use in babbling and early words, and phonological word-selection patterns. Data from 10 children aged 9 to 16 months are drawn from four lexically defined points covering the period from no word use to a cumulative vocabulary of 50 words. Individual differences are found to prevail from the start in all three domains analyzed, with some increase in uniformity across subjects with increasing knowledge of language. Furthermore, the phonological processes typical of development from age 1 to 3 or 4 years are found to be rooted in the phonetic tendencies of the prelinguistic period.