cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rationale and design of a randomized controlled trial examining oral administration of bisphenol A on hepatic glucose production and skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity in adults

Abstract Previous observational studies have shown that the endocrine disrupting chemical bisphenol A (BPA) is associated with type 2 diabetes, but few studies have examined direct effects of BPA on human health. The purpose of this study is to determine whether orally administered BPA at the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) safe dose of 50 μg/kg body weight has an adverse effect on hepatic glucose production and skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity. Forty, non-habitually active, healthy adults of normal weight will be enrolled. Participants will begin with a 2-day baseline energy balance diet low in bisphenols in which urine and blood will be collected, and standard tests performed to assess the primary outcome measures of hepatic glucose production (via [6,6-2H] glucose infusion) and skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity (via euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp technique). Secondary outcome measures are fasting hormones/endocrine factors (insulin, glucose, C-peptide, Pro-insulin, adiponectin, 17-beta-estradiol, free fatty acids) related to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Participants will then be randomly assigned to a 4-day energy balance diet plus oral administration of BPA at 50 μg/kg body weight (Diet + BPA) or 4-day energy balance diet plus oral administration of placebo (Diet + No BPA); all outcome measures will be reassessed after 4 days. Findings from this study will provide a framework for other studies in this area, and provide much needed experimental evidence using gold standard measures as to whether oral BPA administration over several days poses any risk of type 2 diabetes.
Landscape evolution across the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary in southwestern North Dakota, U.S.A.

Abstract The Hell Creek Formation and overlying Fort Union Formation record a geologically rapid base-level rise that was approximately contemporaneous with the K/Pg extinction and deposition of Chicxulub-impact indicators. An outstanding question that remains is whether this base-level rise is attributable to: 1) a multi-thousand-year transgression adjacent to a relatively low-relief coastal plain, causing a rise in the water table; or 2) catastrophic flooding due to upland denudation, rapid channel accretion, and hydrologic reorganization resulting from wildfires/deforestation consequential of the impact. Herein we aim to address which of these hypotheses is most consistent with a paleolandscape reconstruction at Mud Buttes, a locality where the boundary clay (BC) is coincident with the Hell Creek-Fort Union contact. One hundred twenty-seven trenches were examined laterally across ∼2 km transect of K/Pg boundary. The uppermost Hell Creek is comprised of three pedotypes: Pale-Silt Inceptisol (PSI), Olive-Clay Vertisol (OCV), and Chocolate-Clay Vertisol (CCV), which range from moderately well-drained, to variable to poorly drained, to very poorly drained, respectively. All of the BC occurs superjacent to the CCV, despite this pedotype accounting for only ∼50% of the pre-event landscape. The edaphic features preserved in the CCV pedotype are not attributable to Paleogene overprinting, which indicates that hydromorphic conditions began prior to the impact. Furthermore, 46% of BC is overlain by lignite, despite lignite occurrence on 17% of the earliest Paleogene landscape. This reveals that the poorest-drained landscape positions of the latest Cretaceous persisted across the boundary. These relationships are most consistent with a non-catastrophic base-level rise.
Respect The Notch: Under-appreciated Pulmonary Vascular Disease and Hemodynamic Collapse Post Left Ventricular Assist Device Placement

Introduction Right ventricular (RV) failure occurs in 15-20% of patients post Left ventricular Assist Device (LVAD) implantation and has been associated with increased mortality. Herein we describe a case of severe RV failure post LVAD implantation and how proper identification of the etiology led to a positive outcome. Case description A 58-year-old male with non-ischemic cardiomyopathy is admitted with decompensated heart failure. Right heart catheterization (RHC) showed right atrial pressure (RAP) 5 mmHg, Pulmonary artery pressure (PAP): 45/25, wedge pressure (PCWP) 24 mm Hg, pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) of 1.4 woods units and cardiac index of 1.7 on inotropes. The patient underwent HMIII LVAD implantation. Immediately postop the patient developed shock. TTE showed an akinetic and dilated RV. He was placed on VA ECMO emergently and then transitioned to a percutaneous right ventricular assist device (RVAD). The patient eventually required dialysis. Decision-making Multiple mechanisms lead to RV failure after LVAD implantation. These include increased RV preload (from increased cardiac output and venous return or blood/fluid administration perioperatively), decreased contractility (LV decompression resulting in intraventricular septal left shift and decreased septal contribution to RV contractility), RV infarct, ventricular arrhythmias, and increased RV afterload (unmasking of pulmonary hypertension or pulmonary embolism). On review of the patient's echocardiogram post RVAD placement, there was RVAD flow dependent notching of the RV outflow tract (RVOT) pulse wave doppler (Figure 1A,B). RVOT notching is a validated sign of high PVR and prompted further review of patient's pre LVAD RHCs and TTEs. Excluding the RHC and TTE immediately pre LVAD implantation, prior RHCs showed RAP:PCWP ratio of 0.7, PAP of 70s/30s and PVR as high as 5.4 with concordant RVOT notching on TTE. The narrower pulmonary pulse pressure on the RHC immediately preceding LVAD implantation suggested a failing RV and was discordant with the lower RAP:PCWP (0.25) and lower PVR. Under-occlusion of the PCWP most likely led to a falsely elevated PCWP and falsely reduced PVR. With aggressive pulmonary vasodilator therapy, hemodynamics improved, the RVAD was explanted and dialysis was successfully discontinued. Figure 1C shows improvement of RVOT notching with this treatment. Conclusion Severe RV failure post LVAD implantation has a significant impact on morbidity/mortality. The echocardiogram provides valuable pathophysiological insights and is an important asset to interpreting invasive hemodynamics, especially pertaining to RV failure.
Creating and sustaining collaborative multi-institutional industry site visit programs: a toolkit

Background: As more early career scientists enter into diverse career pathways, visiting local companies or organizations can support their exploration of these paths. As an efficient way to facilitate this, we developed a collaborative regional site visit program: the E nhancing L ocal I ndustry T ransitions through E xploration (ELITE) Consortium. Consortium members arrange half-day visits to local industry sites, thus providing companies and trainees the opportunity to meet and identify potential professional and career opportunities. Three different training institutions worked cooperatively in the development and maintenance of the program. The ELITE Consortium was developed with eight phased steps; guidelines and operating procedures were created for each of these steps and are provided along with sample materials for institutions interested in building similar programs. Methods: Prior to fully developing the program, trainee interests were evaluated via questionnaire. During program implementation and thereafter, program directors tracked attendance and collected career outcome data from publicly available sources to identify first job positions after training. Regression analyses and chi-squared analyses were used to examine site visit matches and career outcome data. Results: Analyses suggest a positive impact of site visits on postdoctoral and graduate trainees’ career outcomes at companies or institutions that match a similar sector (e.g., for-profit) and type (e.g., biotech, pharmaceutical, contract research organization). Despite a small sample size, evidence suggests an especially positive impact on trainees who organize site visits to companies compared with those who simply participate. Conclusions: The ELITE Consortium was successful in helping trainees explore and identify a multitude of career paths. Trainees attained employment either directly or in related companies and institutions visited by ELITE participants. The joint, three-institution, flexible nature of the ELITE Consortium positively impacts the program’s sustainability and reach. The toolkit provided here will help other institutions to replicate and adapt the program with minimal effort.
Wearable Sensing Devices: Towards the Development of a Personalized System for Construction Safety and Health Risk Mitigation.

Wearable sensing devices (WSDs) are increasingly helping workers stay safe and healthy in several industries. However, workers, especially in the construction industry, have shown some aversion towards the use of WSDs due to their ability to capture specific information that may be considered personal and private. However, this revered information may provide some critical insight needed by management to plan and optimize worksite safety and support technology adoption in decision making. Therefore, there is a need to develop personalized WSD systems that are mutually beneficial to workers and management to ensure successful WSD integration. The present study aims to contribute to knowledge and practice by filling this critical gap using insight from 330 construction workers with experience using WSDs. The results from this study indicate that all 11 WSD functions identified through this study play a vital role in improving worker safety and health and that approximately two out of three workers are open to sharing the physiological and environmental information captured using these WSDs with their management. However, functions for detecting workers’ proximity to workplace hazards, specifically energized electrical materials, toxic gas, and fire/smoke, were the most critical functions that had mutual value to workers and management. Finally, the present study proposed and evaluated a phased personalized WSD system that should encourage successful WSD integration.
Training, Injury, and Lifestyle Characteristics of Recreational Triathletes.

ABSTRACT Triathlon is a popular sport among recreational and competitive athletes. As triathletes compete in races ranging from 16 to 140.6 miles and train in three disciplines simultaneously, it is difficult to identify injury risk factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate characteristics of a group of recreational triathletes regarding their medical history, training regimen, and injuries. Thirty-four triathletes completed this survey. We found a wide range of body types, training habits, and lifestyle characteristics. As in previous studies, we found a high rate of injuries in our surveyed triathletes. Injury rates were higher in athletes who had completed a longer race and those who reported higher training times per week. Additionally, many individuals have medical problems, use a variety of supplements, and follow specific dietary restrictions, which need to be considered in addition to training when assessing injury risk and recovery from injury.
Young women's preferences for contraceptive education: The importance of the clinician in three U.S. health centers in 2017-2018

Abstract Objective We explored women's preferences for contraceptive education and assess the role of the clinician in delivering this education in three U.S. health centers in 2017-2018. Study design We recruited women ages 16 to 29 presenting for gynecologic care at 3 clinical sites. Respondents completed a survey about preferences for receipt of contraceptive information and trustworthiness of information sources. Results We included 270 respondents’ surveys (77.6% of approached). Clinicians were the most preferred (87.0%) and trusted (83.5%) source of contraceptive information, and 69.0% said a clinician's recommendation made a source more trustworthy. Conclusions Clinicians are a trusted source of contraceptive information; their recommendations of other educational resources may improve acceptance by patients.
The Learning Salon: Toward a new participatory science

The Learning Salon is an online weekly forum for discussing points of contention and common ground in biological and artificial learning. Hosting neuroscientists, computer scientists, AI researchers, and philosophers, the Salon promotes short talks and long discussions, committed to an ethos of participation, horizontality, and inclusion.
Identifying the Antecedents of Internal Integrations in Improving Green Product Innovation

Business managers have been investing more and more on green product innovation to deal with the increasing concerns regarding the potential negative environmental impacts from various business activities. Green product innovation has been extensively studies in the literature theoretically and empirically. Given limited empirical research exists in exploring underlying mechanisms and related drivers that contribute green product innovation. This study investigates the critical role of internal integration in improving green production innovation and identify the antecedents of internal integration. Based on organizational learning perspective, this study proposes a conceptual framework that specifies the relationship regarding the antecedents of internal integration and its impact on green product innovation. Using survey data from 231 companies in China, this study empirically tests the relationships specified in the conceptual framework. Managerial implications can be drawn from this study on the ways to increase green production innovation indirectly through learning orientation, open mindedness, vision sharing.
Localization and structure of the asparagine-linked oligosaccharides of type IV collagen from glomerular basement membrane and lens capsule.

Abstract Analysis of the Sephacryl S-200 fractionated type IV collagen domains from bovine and human glomerular basement membranes (GBM) and calf anterior lens capsule (ALC) indicated that Asn-linked oligosaccharides are primarily or exclusively localized in the 7 S region, whereas the hydroxylysine-linked Glc alpha 1----2Gal disaccharides (Glc-Gal-Hyl) are present in all the major segments of the molecule (7 S, NC1, and helical domain); no Ser/Thr-linked saccharide were detected. The Asn-linked carbohydrate units observed in the 7 S domain (Mr approximately 300,000) occurred in a number equal to the 12 polypeptide chains constituting this cross-linked region, and this was consistent with lectin blots of the reduced electrophoretically resolved 7 S components. Fractionation of the N-glycanase and endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase-released oligosaccharides by concanavalin A affinity and high performance liquid chromatography indicated that the Asn-linked carbohydrate occurred predominantly in the form of complex tri- and biantennary units, although submolar amounts of polymannose variants (Man5-7GlcNAc2) were also present in calf ALC and bovine GBM. Structural studies of the complex N-linked oligosaccharides employing hydrazine/nitrous acid fragmentation and glycosidase digestions indicated a pattern in which there was complete fucosylation of the innermost GlcNAc residue of the Man3GlcNAc2 core but only sparse substitution with capping groups of the nonrepeating N-acetyllactosamine branches. Whether tri- or biantennary, the oligosaccharides from bovine GBM contained only one capping residue, in the form of either NeuAc or alpha-D-Gal, whereas those from ALC had only a single alpha-D-Gal and no NeuAc; human GBM oligosaccharides were devoid of both NeuAc and alpha-D-Gal. The absence of terminal alpha-D-Gal in the human 7 S domain was reflected in its lack of reactivity with Bandeiraea simplicifolia I and from its failure to yield Gal alpha 1----3Gal beta 1----4 [3H]anhydromannitol after hydrazine/nitrous acid/NaB3H4 treatment. Application of the latter procedure to the collagen domains yielded, in addition to fragments from the N-linked oligosaccharides, a disaccharide (Glc alpha 1----2[3H]galactitol) derived from the Glc-Gal-Hyl units. The localization of Asn-linked carbohydrate units in the evolutionarily conserved 7S domain of type IV collagens suggests that these oligosaccharides may play a role in the assembly of the collagen network of basement membranes.
Decreased E12 and/or E47 Transcription Factor Activity in the Bone Marrow As Well As in the Spleen of Aged Mice

The E2A-encoded transcription factors E12 and E47 are key regulators of B cell functions. They bind to the E-box site, found in regulatory regions of B cell-specific genes; promote cell survival of early pre-B cells; help to initiate Ig rearrangements; and are also involved in class switch in mature B cells in the periphery. We have investigated the expression and function of E47 and E12 in IL-7-expanded pro-B/pre-B cell precursors and in unstimulated or LPS-activated splenic B cells from young and old BALB/c mice. Results show that B cell precursors from the bone marrow of old mice exhibit a reduced expression of E2A proteins and a reduced ability to bind DNA, as compared with young mice. In the spleen, E2A protein expression and DNA binding are present in unstimulated B cells from young mice and, to a significantly lesser extent, from old mice. These are both strongly induced by activation in splenic B cells from young mice but only moderately induced in old mice, indicating that aging affects the expression and activity of E2A-encoded genes and also that DNA binding correlates with the amount of protein expression. The levels of E2A DNA binding in the spleen correlate with those in the bone marrow for individual mice. In splenic mature B cells, only E47/E47 complexes bind DNA; whereas in bone marrow B cell precursors, E47/E12 complexes participate in DNA binding. Only nuclear extracts of splenic mature B cells, but both nuclear and cytoplasmic extracts of bone marrow B cell precursors, exhibit DNA binding.
Toward Assessing the Effects of Crack Front Curvature (CFC)

Consideration of the effect of crack front curvature (CFC) on the K calibration of five special geometries in which CFC occurs. The five cases considered include an elliptical crack in an infinite medium, an internal annular crack in a thick-walled cylinder, a through crack in a flat plate, a part-through crack in a plate, and an irregularly shaped crack in a solid. It is shown that K depends on CFC differently in each case.
Toxicogenomic Analysis of Cardiotoxicity in Rats

Evidence of cardiotoxicity in the preclinical testing of drugs will often lead to compound attrition. The standard method for identifying cardiotoxic compounds involves histopathological analysis of tissue sections, a resource intensive process. In an effort to reduce attrition and capture safety endpoints early within the drug discovery paradigm, a more rapid assessment of target organ effects is desired. Here we describe the results of a preliminary study in which a group of common genes were affected by in vivo exposure to compounds known to cause dose-dependant cardiotoxicity. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated intraperitoneally with a single dose of digoxin (20 mg/kg), doxorubicin (30 mg/kg), isoproterenol (70 mg/kg), lipopolysaccharide (10 mg/kg) or carbon tetrachloride (800 mg/kg) and euthanized either 6 or 24 hours post-dose. Digoxin, doxorubicin, isoproterenol, and lipopolysaccharide were chosen for this study based on their diverse mechanisms of cardiotoxicity. Carbon tetrachloride, a known liver toxicant, was chosen as a non-cardiotoxic negative control. Genes commonly affected by all four cardiotoxic compounds were grouped together as a list of potential biomarkers. Gene expression changes were subsequently quantified using quantitative PCR. These genes were compared to those affected by novel experimental compounds previously shown to cause cardiotoxicity in rats. These compounds also affected over half of the genes on the biomarker list, whereas the non-cardiotoxic control compound did not affect any genes on the biomarkers list. These data indicate that measuring changes in gene expression could aid in the prioritization of compounds before they are tested in more resource intensive studies.
Classification of chromosome sequences with entropy kernel and LKPLS algorithm

Kernel methods such as support vector machines have been used extensively for various classification tasks. In this paper, we describe an entropy based string kernel and a novel logistic kernel partial least square algorithm for classification of sequential data. Our experiments with a human chromosome dataset show that the new kernel can be computed efficiently and the algorithm leads to a high accuracy especially for the unbalanced training data.
Microstructure and Tensile Data of a Very Ductile as Cast Al-21%Si-1.5% Ba Hyper-Eutectic Alloys

The microstructure and tensile properties of as cast Al-20%Si-1.5%%Ba hyper-eutectic alloys are presented. All sample alloys in as cast condition showed\ microstructure that is comprised of an almost primary Si free Al-Si eutectic. The eutectic silicon appears as flake/fiber in morphology and assumes the width of flake/fiber in the range of sub-micron. The alloys show a very high ductility of about 7% and exhibit UTS of 130 MPa.
Ribosome Synthesis in Thermally Shocked Cells of Staphylococcus aureus

Thermally shocked cells of Staphylococcus aureus rapidly synthesized ribonucleic acid (RNA) during the early stages of recovery. During this period, protein synthesis was not observed and occurred only after RNA had reached a maximum level. Even in the absence of coordinated protein synthesis, a large portion of the RNA appeared in newly synthesized ribosomes. Although the 30S subunit was specifically destroyed by the heating process, both ribosomal particles were reassembled during recovery. The addition of chloramphenicol did not inhibit the formation of the ribosomal subunits, nor was the presence of immature chloramphenicol particles detected. Extended recovery with highly prelabeled cells showed that the original ribosomal proteins present before heating are conserved and recycled. Furthermore, the data indicate that the 50S subunit is turned over and used as a source of protein for new ribosome assembly. Kinetic studies of the assembly process by pulse labeling have not revealed the presence of the normally reported precursor particles. Rather, the data suggest that assembly may occur, in this system, in a manner similar to that reported for in vitro assembly of Escherichia coli subunits.
Social Action Meets Social Media: Environmental Justice in West Virginia

This article presents a case study of a community organizing effort known as Citizens Actively Protecting the Environment (CAPE). Led by rural West Virginians in response to the Elk River chemical spill of 2013, this environmental justice movement was novel in that it harnessed social media, specifically Facebook, to catalyze advocacy and change efforts in a rural area. The literature on environmental health disparities and environmental justice in rural communities is reviewed. Then authors describe how resident-led organizing in rural areas was effective in promoting environmental justice. Details of the CAPE project are presented, as well as ways social media can catalyze and augment environmental justice organizing efforts in rural communities. Implications for social work researchers and practitioners are presented.
Chloride fluxes in lily pollen tubes: a critical reevaluation.

*Summary Microelectrodes, made from a Cl- -selective liquid ion exchanger previously used to measure putative Cl- fluxes in Lilium longiflorum pollen tubes, were characterized. The electrodes were poorly selective, possessing only about 10-fold selectivity for Cl- over other anions tested. They had only 2.4-fold selectivity for Cl - over the anionic form of the H+ buffer, MES, indicating that the electrode can indirectly detect H + gradients. Apparent anion influx was detected along the pollen tube shafts and at the grains while apparent anion efflux was detected near the tip of the tube. During oscillating growth, the peak of the oscillating apparent anion efflux at the tip occurred, on average, 7.9 sec after the peak of the growth oscillations. Consideration of the previously characterized H+ fluxes in lily pollen grains and tubes, as well as the poor anion selectivity of the Cl - electrodes, indicates that the putative Cl - fluxes are in fact changes in the anionic concentration of the buffer resulting from H + gradients and not changes in Cl - concentration. The claim of a central role for Cl - in lily pollen tube growth is further undermined by the fact that these tubes grow at the same rate if the Cl - content of the growth medium is reduced to trace levels (£31 lM), and that the grains have only small reserves of Cl - . These results lead to the conclusion that Cl ) fluxes are not a significant component of pollen tube growth and Cl - itself is not required for growth.
Rapid induction in regenerating liver of RL/IF-1 (an I kappa B that inhibits NF-kappa B, RelB-p50, and c-Rel-p50) and PHF, a novel kappa B site-binding complex.

Abstract The liver is one of the few adult tissues that has the capacity to regenerate following hepatectomy or toxic damage. In examining the early growth response during hepatic regeneration, we found that a highly induced immediate-early gene in regenerating liver encodes RL/IF-1 (regenerating liver inhibitory factor) and is the rat homolog of human MAD-3 and probably of chicken pp40. RL/IF-1 has I kappa B activity of broad specificity in that it inhibits the binding of p50-p65 NF-kappa B, c-Rel-p50, and RelB-p50, but not p50 homodimeric NF-kappa B, to kappa B sites. Like RL/IF-1, several members of the NF-kappa B and rel family of transcription factors are immediate-early genes in regenerating liver and mitogen-treated cells. We examined changes in kappa B site binding activity during liver regeneration and discovered a rapidly induced novel kappa B site-binding complex designated PHF [posthepatectomy factor(s)]. PHF is induced over 1,000-fold within minutes posthepatectomy in a protein synthesis-independent manner, with peak activity at 30 min, and is not induced by sham operation. PHF is distinct from p50-p65 NF-kappa B, which is present only in the inactive form in liver posthepatectomy. Although early PHF complexes do not interact strongly with anti-p50 antibodies, PHF complexes present later (3 to 5 h) posthepatectomy react strongly, suggesting that they contain a p50 NF-kappa B subunit. Unlike p50-p65 NF-kappa B, c-Rel-p50, and RelB-p50 complexes, PHF binding to kappa B sites is not inhibited by RL/IF-1. One role of RL/IF-1 in liver regeneration may be to inhibit p50-p65 NF-kappa B activity present in hepatic cells, allowing for the preferential binding of PHF to kappa B sites. Because PHF is induced immediately posthepatectomy in the absence of de novo protein synthesis, PHF could have a role in the regulation of liver-specific immediate-early genes in regenerating liver.
Graded arousal responses in infants: advantages and disadvantages of a low threshold for arousal

Abstract Objective : To review studies of upper airway protective reflexes and other aspects of arousal from sleep. Methods : Discussion of pertinant physiological studies. Conclusions : Infant arousal from sleep incorporates two systems. The first comprises a group of periodically occurring reflexes serving cardiorespiratory homeostatic functions as well as providing for several aspects of normal growth and development. The second system is organized to respond to acute threats to survival during sleep. Both systems are integrated in a single arousal network originating in the brainstem. Full arousal occurs as a progression of events occurring sequentially and manifested by various innate motor and cardiovascular responses. During an arousal, rostral progression from brainstem to cortex is retarded by increasing inhibition which serves to decrease cortical arousals thereby preserving the integrity of rapid eye movement and non-rapid eye movement sleep states. Activation of brainstem arousal reflexes alone can cause recovery from obstruction sleep apnea episodes without the need for cortical arousal, a phenomenon more characteristic of infants than adults.
Species Differences in Estrogen Receptor and Progesterone Receptor‐mRNA Expression in the Brain of Sexual and Unisexual Whiptail Lizards

Circulating concentrations of gonadal steroid hormones and reproductive behavior in female vertebrates vary as a function of ovarian state. Steroids secreted by the ovary, specifically estrogen and progesterone, influence the expression of behaviors associated with reproduction by intracellular sex steroid receptors located in specific regions of the brain. Using in situ hybridization, we analyzed estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor messenger RNA expression in several brain regions of ovariectomized, vitellogenic, and postovulatory individuals from two species of whiptail lizards (Cnemidophorus uniparens and C. inornatus). Although these species are genetically very similar, they differ in two aspects of their reproductive biology: (i) the unisexual C. uniparens alternate between expressing female-typical and male-like pseudosexual behaviors while female C. inornatus normally express only female receptive behavior, and (ii) circulating estradiol concentrations in reproductively active female C. uniparens are approximately five-fold lower than in reproductively active female C. inornatus. We found that the regulation of sex steroid receptor gene expression was region specific, with receptor-mRNA expression being increased, unchanged, or decreased during vitellogenesis depending on the area. Furthermore, several species differences in the amount of sex steroid receptor-mRNA were found that may be relevant to the species differences in circulating estrogen concentrations and sexual behavior.
The Lived Experience of Work and Career: Women Whose Parents Lack Postsecondary Education

There is a dearth of research exploring the career and work development of adults and the influence of family of origin on that development. In this qualitative study, the authors used a phenomenological approach to examine the career and work experiences of women whose parents have no education beyond high school and the influences of family on these experiences. Findings revealed 5 invariant themes, or constituents, that shaped the experiences of these women: being a daughter/woman, support and encouragement, what matters, why I chose, and limits and options. Perseverance was found to be a related underlying component, or essence. Authors present implications for counselors working with adult women whose parents lack postsecondary education.
VisIOn: an interactive visualization ontology

VisIOn (Interactive Visualization Ontology) is a web application designed to categorize and store information about Software Visualization (SV) systems, in a way that can be easily searched and used for comparison. VisIOn will allow users and developers to quickly find systems related to their needs or interests. Also, this site will serve as a collection point for information about SV tools through which developers can disseminate their work and make it available to their target community in a timely manner. VisIOn incorporates attributes identified in earlier taxonomies but emphasizes the notion of effectiveness. In the context of Software Visualization, we define effectiveness as how well a system can be used by an SV designer to communicate information to the SV viewer. In developing an SV ontology, we seek to clarify the meaning of effectiveness in the SV domain and to reconcile the terminology introduced in various SV taxonomy papers. In related work, we are conducting studies that we hope will help reduce some of the subjectivity and difficulty involved in rating the effectiveness of SV systems and of visualizations created using these systems.
Work Interrupted: A Comparison of Workplace Interruptions in Emergency Departments and Primary Care Offices

Abstract Study Objective: We sought to determine the number of interruptions and to characterize tasks performed in emergency departments compared with those performed in primary care offices. Methods: We conducted an observational time-motion, task-analysis study in 5 nonteaching community hospitals and 22 primary care offices in 5 central Indiana cities. Twenty-two emergency physicians and 22 office-based primary care physicians (PCPs) were observed at work. The number of interruptions, tasks, simultaneous tasks, and patients concurrently managed were recorded in 1-minute increments during 150- to 210-minute observation periods. Results: Emergency physicians were interrupted an average of 9.7 times per hour compared with 3.9 times per hour for PCPs, for an average difference of 5.8 times per hour (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.2 to 7.4). PCPs spent an average of 11.4 minutes per hour performing simultaneous tasks compared with 6.4 minutes per hour for emergency physicians (average difference, 5.0 minutes; 95% CI 1.2 to 8.8). Emergency physicians spent an average of 37.5 minutes per hour managing 3 or more patients concurrently compared with 0.9 minutes per hour for PCPs. PCPs spent significantly more time performing direct patient care, and emergency physicians spent significantly more time in analyzing data, charting, and taking reports on patients. Conclusion: Emergency physicians experienced more interruptions and managed more patients concurrently than PCPs. PCPs spent more time performing simultaneous tasks than emergency physicians. Our study suggests there are important ergonomic differences between emergency medicine and office-based primary care work environments that may require different training approaches, design considerations, and coping strategies. [Chisholm CD, Dornfeld AM, Nelson DR, Cordell WH. Work interrupted: a comparison of workplace interruptions in emergency departments and primary care offices. Ann Emerg Med. August 2001;38:146-151.]
The Signal for Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis of the Paramyxovirus SV5 HN Protein Resides at the Transmembrane Domain–Ectodomain Boundary Region

The hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) glycoprotein of the paramyxovirus SV5 is internalized from the cell surface via clathrin-coated pits. However, the cytoplasmic domain of SV5 HN does not contain a previously characterized internalization motif. A cell-surface-expressed chimeric protein (APK), consisting of the cytoplasmic tail, transmembrane (TM) domain, and 12 residues of the ectodomain of HN joined to the cytoplasmic protein pyruvate kinase is internalized, indicating that the N-terminal region of HN contains an internalization signal. Although SV5 HN is internalized at a rate similar to that of influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) mutant Y543, which contains a degenerate tyrosine-based signal in its cytoplasmic tail, the elimination of the majority of the HN cytoplasmic tail, or substitution of the HN TM domain with leucine residues, did not affect the rate of HN internalization. The HN protein of the closely related virus, Newcastle disease virus (NDV), is not internalized from the cell surface. Working under the usual convention that the TM domain consists of the hydrophobic residues bounded by two charged residues, analysis of internalization of mutant and chimeric NDV HN molecules indicates that the first seven SV5 HN ectodomain residues are critical for internalization of HN. A glutamic acid residue (E37) that abuts this presumptive HN TM domain/ectodomain boundary is important for SV5 HN internalization.
Atomic Tunneling in Solids

We will discuss some aspects of the motion of atoms by way of tunneling between two or more equivalent potential wells in a crystal. This motion should not be confused with ordinary diffusion, because the energies involved are much smaller, of the order 10−4–10−2 eV. Tunneling of atoms is of interest because the spectrum of elementary excitations associated therewith may span both the microwave range and the thermal range, i.e., tunneling frequencies are in the range 1010–1012 Hz. Examples of systems where atomic tunneling occurs are dilute solutions of light ions in ionic crystals, e.g., Li:KC1, KC1:OH, and KH2PO4. We will discuss atomic tunneling in connection with optical, thermal, and inelastic effects and the symmetry of defects.
Communicating risk of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer with an interactive decision support tool

A B S T R A C T Objective: Women with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome (HBOC) face a higher risk of earlier, more aggressive cancer. Because of HBOC’s rarity, screening is recommended only for women with strong cancer family histories. However, most patients do not have accurate history available and struggle to understand genetic concepts. Methods: Cancer in the Family, an online clinical decision support tool, calculated women’s HBOC risk and promoted shared patient–provider decisions about screening. A pilot evaluation (n = 9 providers, n = 48 patients) assessed the tool’s impact on knowledge, attitudes, and screening decisions. Patients used the tool before wellness exams and completed three surveys. Providers accessed the tool during exams, completed exam checklists, and completed four surveys. Results: Patients entered complete family histories (67%), calculated personal risk (96%), and shared risk printouts with providers (65%). HBOC knowledge increased dramatically for patients and providers, and many patients (75%) perceived tool results as valid. The tool prompted patient–provider discussions about HBOC risk and cancer family history (88%). Conclusions: The tool was effective in increasing knowledge, collecting family history, and sparking patient–provider discussions about HBOC screening. Practice implications: Interactive tools can effectively communicate personalized risk and promote shared decisions, but they are not a substitute for patient–provider discussions.
A novel tRNAVal mitochondrial DNA mutation causing MELAS

Mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) is the most common mitochondrial disease due to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations. At least 15 distinct mtDNA mutations have been associated with MELAS, and about 80% of the cases are caused by the A3243G tRNA(Leu(UUR)) gene mutation. We report here a novel tRNA(Val) mutation in a 37-year-old woman with manifestations of MELAS, and compare her clinicopathological phenotype with other rare cases associated tRNA(Val) mutations.
Researching non-profit organisational effectiveness: whose criteria? A rejoinder to Osborne and Tricker

We appreciate the interest of Osborne and Tricker in our work on a factorial survey approach to t h e study of the social construction of non-profit organisational effectiveness. We welcome this opportunity to respond to their appraisal of our work, and to further the debate about conceptualising and researching the complex issue of non-profit organisational effectiveness. In their response to our recent paper, Osborne and Tricker take issue with our approach and sketch an alternative method for researching non-profit organisational effectiveness. In this reply we first suggest that their criticisms reflect a different understanding of the goals of our paper than our own. Next we briefly review their proposed alternative in relation to some consequences of that alternative. We close with observations about promising lines for future research on non-profit organisational effectiveness.
Tethered cord syndrome in childhood: diagnostic features and relationship to congenital anomalies

Tethered Cord Syndrome (TCS) is a stretch-induced functional disorder of the spinal cord that often develops and presents in childhood in association with spinal dysraphism. While the subtlety with which TCS can present makes it challenging to diagnose, awareness of the common neurological, musculoskeletal and urologic symptoms are of great value to the clinician, and can aid timely referral for neurosurgical evaluation. This article reviews these symptoms, as well as the clinical and radiological findings of the most common dysraphic conditions associated with TCS.
Axonal interactions with connective tissue and glial substrata during optic nerve regeneration in Xenopus larvae and adults

Axonal elongation through connective tissue and glial environments was compared following resection of the optic nerves in Xenopus tadpoles and frogs. During initial stages of fiber outgrowth, axons encountered connective-tissue matrices of varying degrees of complexity in the ablation gaps. Many of the neuritic sprouts were randomly directed after leaving the retinal stump, and a neuroma-like swelling ultimately formed at the cut edge. Although a large number of axons managed to traverse the lesion and associate with the cranial stump, many other fibers were less appropriately directed, especially in the frog where a greater infiltration of dense collagen occurred between the separated segments of the optic nerve. Axons often deviated from their cranially oriented pattern of outgrowth after entering the lesion and invaded surrounding extraocular muscles; others advanced along neighboring blood vessels and cranial nerve branches. In more extreme circumstances, fibers were completely misdirected at the cut end of the retinal stump and ultimately extended adjacent to the retinal segment back toward the eye. A more organized pattern of axonal elongation was observed in the presence of the glial substratum of the central stump, and growth cones appeared to associate preferentially with astrocyte endfeet in both tadpoles and frogs. These observations show that axons in the regenerating optic nerve of the amphibian can interact with a variety of cells and tissues and that the general direction of their outgrowth, at least in more peripheral regions of the visual pathway, appears to be dependent upon the orientation and, possibly, molecular properties of the terrain which they contact. In general, the basic environmental factors which either foster or impede axonal elongation in this regenerating system appear analogous to those influencing fiber outgrowth during regeneration in the peripheral nervous system of various species.
The Chartrand-Schuster conjecture: Graphs with unique distance trees are regular

Let G be a finite connected graph with no cut vertex. A distance tree T is a spanning tree of G which further satisfies the condition that for some vertex v, dG(v, u) = dT(v, u) for all u, where dG(v, u) denotes the distance of u from v in the graph G. The conjecture that if all distance trees of G are isomorphic to each other then G is a regular graph, is settled affirmatively. The conjecture was made by Chartrand and Schuster.
From Theory to Practice: Facing Ethical Challenges as a Clinical Intern.

Abstract Although formal ethics classes provide a basic foundation in managing ethical dilemmas, professionals often point to their experiences on internship as an important training ground for consolidation of their ethical development. Clinical interns face many personal and professional transitions that can lead to a number of ethical dilemmas. Effective collaboration between administrative staff, supervisors, and interns can create a pragmatic model for negotiating these dilemmas. In this paper, issues related to balancing intern competency with training and patient/client needs, managing dual relationships with supervisory staff, and dealing with differences in orientation are addressed from the perspective of both the site and the intern. We also discuss ways in which problems can arise and how both sides can work together systematically to negotiate those problems. To illustrate this process, we discuss cases involving effective collaboration between interns and sites. Finally, the authors assert the need for formal, empirically supported training in classic ethical issues, but also in contemporary ethical issues arising from the ever-evolving field of mental health service delivery and unique challenges accompanying these advances.
Separate and Unequal Effects: Information, Political Sophistication and Negative Advertising in American Elections:

This article examines the effects of negative political advertising in American elections. Studies of negative advertising have become unproductively bogged down on the question of whether or not more or less exposure to negative advertising leads to higher or lower turnout. I take a step back in the causal chain by looking at its effect on the kinds of information individuals bring to the voting decision. I present and test a theory that individuals lower in political sophistication gain little or no information from negative advertising. In contrast, higher sophisticates gain a great deal of information. The theory is tested in an experiment and through analysis of American National Election Study (ANES) data. The results are largely confirmatory. Analysis of the ANES data also illustrates that the effects of exposure to negative advertising on information levels differ from, and are more normatively troubling than, those of positive advertising.
Isolation of pectolytic clostridia from potatoes.

Summary: A method for selective counting and isolation of pectolytic clostridia in the presence of Erwinia carotovora is described; using this method pectolytic clostridia have been found in numbers of 8 × 105–1 × 108/g of rotting potato tissue in the presence of 1–4 × 108E. carotovora/g.
A Potent Small-Molecule Inhibitor of the MDM2–p53 Interaction (MI-888) Achieved Complete and Durable Tumor Regression in Mice

We previously reported the discovery of a class of spirooxindoles as potent and selective small-molecule inhibitors of the MDM2–p53 interaction (MDM2 inhibitors). We report herein our efforts to improve their pharmacokinetic properties and in vivo antitumor activity. Our efforts led to the identification of 9 (MI-888) as a potent MDM2 inhibitor (Ki = 0.44 nM) with a superior pharmacokinetic profile and enhanced in vivo efficacy. Compound 9 is capable of achieving rapid, complete, and durable tumor regression in two types of xenograft models of human cancer with oral administration and represents the most potent and efficacious MDM2 inhibitor reported to date.
Measurement of the rotational energy distribution of ground state N+2 ions from H+2N2 collisions by laser-induced fluorescence

Abstract The rotational energy distribution of ground state N+2 ions produced by interaction of a principally H+2 ion beam with N2 has been measured at projectile ion energies of 10 and 2.5 keV by observation of the laser induced fluorescence in the N+2 first negative system (0, 0) band. At 10 keV, the rotational energy distribution is Boltzmann (432 K), due to heating of the gas by the intense ion beam. At 2.5 keV, rotational excitation is definitely observed.