cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anatomy of leadership in collective behaviour.

Understanding the mechanics behind the coordinated movement of mobile animal groups (collective motion) provides key insights into their biology and ecology, while also yielding algorithms for bio-inspired technologies and autonomous systems. It is becoming increasingly clear that many mobile animal groups are composed of heterogeneous individuals with differential levels and types of influence over group behaviors. The ability to infer this differential influence, or leadership, is critical to understanding group functioning in these collective animal systems. Due to the broad interpretation of leadership, many different measures and mathematical tools are used to describe and infer “leadership,” e.g., position, causality, influence, and information flow. But a key question remains: which, if any, of these concepts actually describes leadership? We argue that instead of asserting a single definition or notion of leadership, the complex interaction rules and dynamics typical of a group imply that leadership itself is not merely a binary classification (leader or follower), but rather, a complex combination of many different components. In this paper, we develop an anatomy of leadership, identify several principal components, and provide a general mathematical framework for discussing leadership. With the intricacies of this taxonomy in mind, we present a set of leadership-oriented toy models that should be used as a proving ground for leadership inference methods going forward. We believe this multifaceted approach to leadership will enable a broader understanding of leadership and its inference from data in mobile animal groups and beyond.
Drop impact onto polarized dielectric surface for controlled coating

Control of surface wettability by means of electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) is among the most effective methods of active enhancement of surface wettability. Here, electrohydrodynamics of drop impact onto a dielectric surface with electrodes embedded in the dielectric (or aligned and attached to it) is experimentally investigated. Drop impact of different liquids (water, n-butanol, and motor oil) onto different substrates (stretched Teflon, parafilm, and polypropylene) is studied. Water drop impact onto stretched Teflon (the only Teflon which revealed significant electrowetting) and un-stretched parafilm surfaces is studied in detail. The results for water drop impact indicate that drop spreading on such non-wettable surfaces can be significantly enhanced by the electric field application. In particular, water drop rebound can be suppressed by the electric force. Furthermore, impact dynamics and spreading of hydrocarbon liquids with electric field are explored. Partial suppression of splash phenomena was also observed with the application of the electric field in addition to enhancement of spreading. In addition, the experimental results for water drops are compared with the Cahn−Hilliard−Navier−Stokes (CHNS) simulations for static contact angles and drop impact dynamics, and the results are in close agreement for water drops. This study demonstrates that electrowetting-on-dielectric holds great promise for coating and spraying technologies.
The Hyperactive Child: Characteristics, Treatment, and Evaluation of Research Design

Publisher Summary This chapter attempts to describe a hyperactive child on the basis of information gathered from a variety of sources. It mainly focuses on the analysis of experimental literature related to hyperactivity. More specifically, the chapter discusses (1) the behaviors that characterize hyperactivity; (2) the methods by which the disorder is diagnosed; (3) the theories of the etiology of the disorder; and (4) the methods used to assess pharmacological treatment. Finally, An argument for the marriage of an individual-analysis approach with that of the traditional group design as a means of interpreting drug effect data for individual hyperactive children who may be categorized into a specific subgroup is presented. Because children are labeled hyperactive for a variety of very complex reasons, attempts to delineate and understand those reasons have generated much research activity. However, out of that activity has come much confusion about the treatment of hyperactivity through pharmacological means, especially the research base that underlies that treatment.
African Historical Archaeology(ies): Past, Present and A Possible Future

Assembled in this volume, African Historical Archaeologies , are an exciting set of papers that encompas s a remarkably wide range of topics , methods, periods and regions of the African past. From the symbolism of decorated monoliths in Nigeria (Ray, Chapter 7) to indigenous recollections of war with a colonial government in South Africa (van Schalkwyk and Smith , Chapter 12), from the origins of the African diaspora (Kelly , Chapter 8) to Swahili history on Pemba Island (Laviolette, Chapter 5), from faunal analysis in Botswana (Reid, Chapter 11) to landscape archaeology in Kenya (Helm, Chapter 3), and from the second millennium BC in Nubia (Edwards, Chapter 2) to the moment of colonial encounter in Tanzania (Fleisher, Chapter 4), Zimbabwe (Pikirayi, Chapter 9) and southern Africa (Lane, Chapter 10), and from the city of Gao in Mali (Insoll, Chapter 6) to the South African industrial revolution at the close of the nineteenth century (Behrens, Chapter 13), there is something in this volume for all tastes . While the reader can pick and choose favourites, all the while revelling in the marvellous diversity of cultural and historical expression that exists in sub-Saharan Africa, it seems reasonable to ponder the nature of the beast that is African historical archaeology, albeit transformed by a plural ending.
Myelokathexis, a congenital disorder of severe neutropenia characterized by accelerated apoptosis and defective expression of bcl-x in neutrophil precursors

Myelokathexis is a congenital disorder that causes severe chronic leukopenia and neutropenia. Characteristic findings include degenerative changes and hypersegmentation of mature neutrophils and hyperplasia of bone marrow myeloid cells. The associated neutropenia can be partially corrected by treatment with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). These features led us to propose that accelerated apoptosis of neutrophil precursors might account for the neutropenic phenotype. Blood and bone marrow aspirates were obtained from 4 patients (2 unrelated families) with myelokathexis before G-CSF therapy and from 2 of the affected persons after G-CSF therapy (1 microg/kg per day subcutaneously for 3 weeks). Bone marrow was fractionated using immunomagnetic bead cell sorting into CD34(+), CD33(+)/CD34(-), and CD15(+)/CD34(-)/CD33(- )cell populations. Examination of these cells by flow cytometry and electron microscopy revealed abundant apoptosis in the CD15(+) neutrophil precursor population, characterized by enhanced annexin-V binding, extensive membrane blebbing, condensation of heterochromatin, and cell fragmentation. Colony-forming assays demonstrated significant reduction in a proportion of bone marrow myeloid-committed progenitor cells. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed a selective decrease in bcl-x, but not bcl-2, expression in the CD15(+)/CD34(-)/CD33(-)cell population compared with similar subpopulations of control bone marrow-derived myeloid precursors. After G-CSF therapy, apoptotic features of patients' bone marrow cells were substantially reduced, and the absolute neutrophil counts (ANC) and expression of bcl-x in CD15(+)/CD34(-)/CD33(-)cells increased. The authors concluded that myelokathexis is a disease characterized by the accelerated apoptosis of granulocytes and the depressed expression of bcl-x in bone marrow-derived granulocyte precursor cells. These abnormalities are partially corrected by the in vivo administration of G-CSF. (Blood. 2000;95:320-327)
Trade Secrets and Mutual Investments

This paper employs an optimal contracting framework to study the question of how courts should adjudicate disputes over valuable trade secrets (such as customer lists). We focus principally on contexts where trade secrets are formed endogenously, through specific, non-contractible investments that could potentially come from either employers or employees (or both). Within such contexts, we argue, an "optimal" trade secret law diverges in many important respects from existing doctrine. In particular, an optimal doctrine would (1) expressly consider the parties' relative skills at making value enhancing investments rather than the mere existence of a valuable informational asset; (2) tend to favor "weak" entitlements (such as fractional property rights and/or liability rules) rather than undivided property rules; and (3) frequently have a dynamic structure that progressively favors employees during the lifetime of the disputed asset. Moreover, we argue, the considerations implicit in such a doctrine are relatively simple and need not impose prohibitive administrative costs on either the parties or on courts.
Efficient and Distortional Components to Industry Merger Waves

This study asks whether industry merger waves can best be explained as efficient reactions to industry shocks or as clusterings of distortional activity. Waves create wealth overall, in contrast to non-wave periods in the same industries. Bidders in waves are less likely to display characteristics consistent with either free cash flow or hubris explanations of mergers. Bidder stock price reactions to bids as well as combined bidder and target returns in waves are higher than those outside waves. Bids later in waves exhibit evidence consistent with herding, including lower announcement and long-run returns. Overall, the explanation of merger waves most consistent with the evidence is that a shock to an industry's environment motivates an efficient large-scale reallocation of industry assets. The distortional component of the wave occurs at the end as the reallocation continues past its optimal stopping point due to herding behavior. Because the characteristics of merger activity vary substantially over wave cycles, it is important to distinguish between mergers inside and outside waves when investigating the motives of mergers and sources of wealth creation in mergers.
Strain hardening of iron: axisymmetric vs. plane strain elongation

The flow stress of titanium gettered ferritic iron at high strains is measured for various shape changes including axisymmetric elongation and compression and plane strain elongation, both by symmetrical strip drawing and also by asymmetrical pure shear (chip cutting as in machining). The flow stress can be evaluated after a complex deformation (such as chip cutting) by simple mechanical test on portions of the macroscopic specimen. The flow stress and the microstructures are sensitive to the shape change employed. Comparative microstructures are shown in the various shape changes. The rate of strain hardening of body centered cubic iron appears to be sensitive to the deformation mode at high strains because of the different microstructures which may be related to the different crystallographic preferred orientations. It is shown that the internal shape change is not necessarily simply related to the external shape change.
Multiclass Queueing Network Models

This article introduces the modeling framework for open multiclass queueing network models. These models are more general than classical Jackson networks, allowing multiple customers types at each station, and more complex routing schemes. Scheduling policies, traffic equations, and the queueing network equations are discussed in detail. Keywords: queueing network; multiclass; routing matrix; Kelly network; reentrant line; scheduling policy; preemptive resume policy
Ageing and Spirituality across Faiths and Cultures, by Elizabeth MacKinlay (Ed.)

My middle brother Mark and I derive purpose and meaning of life from different faith traditions but somehow can interact freely and openly while agreeing on a number of issues. My faith tradition i...
Photosensitization of nucleic acids and proteins. The photodynamic action of acridine orange on living cells in culture.

Abstract Acridine orange, a fluorescent dye, has no measurable effect on cell multiplication, protein synthesis or DNA replication in L-strain fibroblasts in culture when shielded from light, in concentrations up to 5 × 10−7M (150 micrograms/100 ml). Acridine orange is readily demonstrable within nuclei at any time during the period of cell culture. Interphase and mitotic nuclei are equally well stained. Larger doses are toxic or lethal. The same effect is noted in cultures of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells and bacteria. Acridine orange is a photodynamic compound, and exposure of the cultures to light causes prompt cessation of growth of the culture, net protein synthesis and deoxyribonucleic acid replication. Cytochrome oxidase activity is insignificantly depressed in cells which have been damaged by irradiation of the photosensitized cells. The degree of depression is negligible as compared with cells grown in the virtual absence of oxygen and with Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. There is no degradation of acridine orange by L-cells in culture over a 4 day period, but there is some metabolic control over the dye, evidenced by the changing pattern of intracellular acridine orange content during the growth cycle of the culture.
Defect Creation by Radiation in Polar Crystals

Radiation damage studies have contributed significantly in the past to our understanding of defect creation and interaction. In addition, much of the recent progress in the area of defect-lattice interactions has been due indirectly to the experimental background furnished by detailed investigations of the identity and properties of radiation-produced defects in alkali halide crystals carried out over a number of years.
The metabolism of glucose-2-T by adipose tissue.

Abstract Rat epididymal fat pad segments were incubated with glucose labeled uniformly with 14C, and with tritium in position 2, and in positions 1,3, and 6. Under conditions of high lipogenesis, 70 to 80% of tritium (T) from position 2 was recovered in water, with the remainder in lipid glycerol, fatty acids, and lactate. The highest tritium retention, relative to carbon, was in glycerol, with T:14C ratios from glucose uniformly labeled with 14C and with tritium in position 2 in the presence of insulin of 0.6 to 0.8. Of this tritium, 12 to 15% was on C-1 of glycerol. In the presence of epinephrine, when the pentose cycle was low, retention of tritium in position 2 was decreased. Retention and distribution of tritium from position 2 of glucose in hexose 6-phosphates is a function of four factors: (a) the rate of hexose 6-phosphate isomerase reaction; (b) the ratio of exchange to transfer of hydrogen in this reaction; (c) isotope discrimination against tritium in the isomerization; and (d) the contribution of the pentose cycle to glucose metabolism. Attempts to evaluate some of these parameters in adipose tissue are presented. It was estimated that about half of the hydrogen from position 2 of glucose 6-phosphate was exchanged with protons via the phosphohexose isomerase reaction. The observed high retention of tritium reflects the high level of pentose cycle in this tissue, isotope discrimination effects, and relatively slow rate of hexose 6-phosphate isomerase.
Metronidazole Therapy for Perineal Crohn's Disease: A Follow-Up Study

The present study of metronidazole in perineal Crohn's disease includes 26 patients, and is composed of 17 of 21 patients who were previously reported and 9 additional consecutive patients. The course of these patients was evaluated to determine i f the drug could be reduced or stopped, whether or not it continued to be effective for prolonged periods, and what long-term side effects were encountered. Dosage reduction was associated with exacerbation of disease activity in all patients, but in all, the perineal manifestations of disease healed promptly when the full dosage of metronidazole was reinstituted. The drug could be successfully discontinued in only 28% of those in whom cessation was attempted; in those patients whose perineal disease worsened with cessation of therapy, rapid healing was achieved i f the drug was reintroduced. Sixteen patients received metronidazole for at least 12 mo including 7 for 18–36 mo. Eight of these 16 patients, including 4 on and 4 off the drug, remain healed; the other 8 patients had advanced healing. The only major side effect observed was paresthesias. These occurred in 50% of the patients and developed in the patients at a mean of 6.5 mo after the onset of treatment. They appeared to be dose related and nonprogressive but tended to persist for prolonged periods even after discontinuance of the drug.
Police and National Security: American Local Law Enforcement and Counter-Terrorism After 9/11

What makes the issue of American policing and national security so interesting and complex is the decentralized and localized nature of most law enforcement in the United States. These attributes give rise to three challenges for policing and national security. First, the decentralized and localized nature of American policing creates enormous organizational problems in coordinating national security activities, and combating terrorism in particular. Second, the counter-terrorism agenda may influence or disrupt systems and patterns of political accountability of local police agencies. Third, some of the same attributes of local policing that makes it a useful counter-terrorism tool also create difficulties in effectively carrying out more traditional functions. The tension that sometimes exists between law enforcement efforts to prosecute criminals and secret intelligence activities to monitor them is exacerbated when stretched across local-federal lines, and some actions that may be important from a national security perspective may also be disruptive to more traditional law and order police efforts within localized communities. Whether and how these challenges are resolved depend heavily not only responses generated through the political system but on the evolutionary trajectory of the national security threats that spawn them.
Perioperative adverse events in distal femur fractures treated with intramedullary nail versus plate and screw fixation

Abstract Background To compare 30-day outcomes in patients treated for a distal femur (DF) fracture with plate fixation (PF) or intramedullary nail (IMN). Methods Differences in rates of any adverse events (AAE), serious adverse events (SAE), infectious complications, and mortality were explored between groups in the ACS-NSQIP database. Results There were 511 PF and 44 IMN patients. The PF group and IMN groups had similar rates of AAEs ( p = 0.35), SAEs ( p = 0.46), infectious complications ( p = 1.00), and mortality ( p = 0.39). Conclusions DF fractures treated with IMN have equivalent short-term outcomes compared to those treated with PF.
Microglia demonstrate age-dependent interaction with amyloid-β fibrils.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an age-associated disease characterized by increased accumulation of extracellular β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques within the brain. Histological examination has also revealed profound microglial activation in diseased brains often in association with these fibrillar peptide aggregates. The paradoxical presence of increased, reactive microglia yet accumulating extracellular debris suggests that these cells may be phagocytically compromised during disease. Prior work has demonstrated that primary microglia from adult mice are unable to phagocytose fibrillar Aβ1-42 in vitro when compared to microglia cultured from early postnatal animals. These data suggest that microglia undergo an age-associated decrease in microglial ability to interact with Aβ fibrils. In order to better define a temporal profile of microglia-Aβ interaction, acutely isolated, rather than cultured, microglia from 2 month, 6 month, and postnatal day 0 C57BL/6 mice were compared. Postnatal day 0 microglia demonstrated a CD47 dependent ability to phagocytose Aβ fibrils that was lost by 6 months. This corresponded with the ability of postnatal day 0 but not adult microglia to decrease Aβ immunoreactive plaque load from AD sections in vitro. In spite of limited Aβ uptake ability, adult microglia had functional phagocytic uptake of bacterial bioparticles and demonstrated the ability to adhere to both Aβ plaques and in vitro fibrillized Aβ. These data demonstrate a temporal profile of specifically Aβ-microglia interaction with a critical developmental period at 6 months in which cells remain able to interact with Aβ fibrils but lose their ability to phagocytose it.
Patient‐controlled analgesia‐based pain control strategy for minimally‐invasive pectus excavatum repair

Aim The minimally-invasive Nuss procedure has become the preferred technique for pectus excavatum repair. This procedure is still associated with significant postoperative pain, and an optimal pain-management strategy is yet to be determined. The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) to thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA). Patients and Methods We retrospectively reviewed 112 charts from a single paediatric centre. Patients were grouped according to pain-management strategy: 90 patients received a PCA, and 22 patients received TEA. Outcomes included length of hospitalization and daily pain scores, operating room time and duration of Foley catheterization. Results Demographic data were similar between the two groups. The daily pain scores were not statistically different between the groups. Length of hospitalization was similar (PCA: 4.6 days, epidural: 4.3 days, P = 0.33). The PCA group required less operating room time (2:44 vs 2:58, P = 0.04) and shorter Foley catheter duration (2.1 days vs 2.5 days, P = 0.04). Conclusion In our patient population, TEA for the Nuss procedure does not offer an advantage over PCA-centred analgesia in terms of subjective daily pain scores or length of hospital stay. The potential risks of TEA need to be carefully considered in this patient population.
Comparative assessment of the ischial morphology of Victoriapithecus macinnesi

An almost complete primate ischium was recovered from middle Miocene (ca. 15 ma) deposits of Maboko Island (Kenya) in 1987. The specimen shows numerous similarities to the ischial morphology of extant cercopithecids and is attributed to Victoriapithecus macinnesi (Von Koenigswald, 1969), the early Old World monkey best known from Maboko Island. The Victoriapithecus ischium provides the first evidence of early Old World monkey pelvic girdle anatomy. The ischium is characterized by an obliquely oriented and broadly flaring tuberosity, a relatively small acetabulum with little ventrally directed curvature of its caudal portion, a long ischial body and a flange-like ischial spine positioned caudal to the rim of the acetabulum. In these features, Victoriapithecus most closely resembles the vervet monkey, Cercopithecus aethiops. The fossil specimen indicates that Victoriapithecus possessed ischial callosities, a mobile tail and adaptations for (possibly cursorial) quadrupedalism with an adducted posture of the thigh. The occurrence of ischial callosities in Victoriapithecus extends the documented antiquity of this feature in catarrhines by more than 12 million years and shows that the distinctive “sitting-sleeping” adaptations of Old World monkeys (Washburn, 1957) originated prior to the divergence of Colobinae and Cercopithecinae. Differences of developmental sequence and tissue composition indicate that the ischial pads of cercopithecids, hylobatids, and pongids may have arisen independently, through parallel evolution. Contrary to Strasser and Delson (1987), discontinuity of ischial callosities was probably the primitive condition for male cercopithecids.
Nuclear Inclusions in Glutamine Repeat Disorders: Are They Pernicious, Coincidental, or Beneficial?

In just over a year, a wealth of information has emerged relevent to the pathogenic mechanisms underlying trinucleotide expansion disorders. We all recall the egregious claims made by the news media upon the provocative discovery of intranuclear inclusions in neurons of transgenic mice and humans expressing mutant proteins with polyglutamine expansions. The exciting new findings by Klement et al. and Saudou et al. now leave the field to ponder the physiological significance of the inclusions. Nuclear translocation of polyglutamine-expanded proteins seems sufficient to initiate pathogenesis. Yet to be defined, however, are the mechanisms of nuclear translocation (at least for huntingtin and the DRPLA-associated atrophin-1) and the cell-specific signaling mechanisms that drive pathogenesis. Nevertheless, the advent of powerful in vitro neuronal cell culture paradigms and Drosophila models should prove enormously useful for clarifying these complex issues. More importantly, identification of molecular targets involved in these processes offers opportunities for the development of rational therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing or ameliorating the devastating clinical manifestations and neurodegenerative processes associated with polyglutamine expansion disorders.
S- and P-polarization dependence of localized surface plasmon enhanced photoelectron emission from fractal gold/ITO nanostructures

We report on three-photon photoelectron emission (3-PPE) from gold/ITO nanostructures enhanced by localized surface plasmon “hot spots” and imaged by IR-PEEM. Individual hot spots respond most favorably to polarized light within ±45° of S-polarization. Conversely, the average photoemission response was strongest for P-polarized light because of the combination of favorable transmission coefficients, the third-order probability of 3-PPE, and the wide angle response of the hot spots.
Modulation of intracellular calcium levels inhibits secretion of collagenase 1 by migrating keratinocytes.

Abstract Calcium concentration influences keratinocyte differentiation, and, following injury, keratinocytes move through an environment of changing calcium levels. Because these migrating cells in wounds invariably express collagenase 1, we assessed if modulation of calcium levels regulates collagenase 1 production by primary human keratinocytes. Accurately reflecting the confined spatial pattern of enzyme production seen in vivo, collagenase 1 mRNA was expressed only by keratinocytes migrating from foci of differentiated cells. Treatment with calcium ionophores A23187 or thapsigargin markedly inhibited the basal and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-(PMA) stimulated accumulation of keratinocyte collagenase 1 in the medium but did not affect collagenase 1 production by control or PMA-treated fibroblasts. A23187-mediated inhibition of collagenase 1 protein was not associated with a decrease in mRNA levels but rather was controlled by a selective and reversible block of enzyme secretion. This block in secretion was likely not due to altered protein folding as the proenzyme within A23187-treated cells remained capable of autolytic activation upon treatment with p-aminophenylmercuric acetate. In contrast, 92-kDa gelatinase mRNA and secreted protein levels were coordinately reduced by A23187. Keratin 14 expression, a basal keratinocyte marker, was reduced with PMA treatment, but A23187 did not affect keratin 14 expression. In human wounds, both basal and suprabasal keratinocytes at the migrating front of epidermis stained for keratin 14, but only the basal cells expressed collagenase 1. These data suggest that collagenase 1 production is not necessarily linked with expression of basal cell markers and that modulation of intracellular calcium levels can block secretion of collagenase 1 by keratinocytes which have moved away from the stratum basalis and from their natural substrate.
Male response to female vocalizations in the carpenter frog, Rana virgatipes

Abstract Abstract. Female carpenter frogs give a low-intensity, high-frequency, single-note call during courtship. The female call is distinct from the similar sounding male single-note aggressive call in having higher dominant and secondary dominant frequencies, and less pronounced harmonics. Playback experiments were conducted in which synthetic variants of the female call were played to territorial males. Male response to natural female calls was similar to their response to male vocalizations: there was a switch from advertisement calls to a high rate of single-note aggressive calls. Males did not discriminate between the natural female call and a synthetic call of lower dominant frequency, or between two series of four natural female calls with different inter-note durations. Finally, the rate of multi-note aggressive calls (encounter calls) was greater when the natural female call was accompanied by the movement of a life-sized rubber model of a frog placed within 20 cm of the male. Therefore, territorial males obtain information from both the sound and mechanical disturbance of the water.
On the mesopelagic fish faunas of slope water, Gulf Stream, and northern Sargasso Sea

Midwater trawl collections from north of 32°N and west of 50°W were divided on the basis of 200-m temperature into three sets: Slope Water (9° ⪯ T < 15°C) -24 collections, Gulf Stream (15° ⪯ T < 17·5°C) -7 collections, and northern Sargasso Sea (T ≥ 17·5°C) -20 collections. A percentage similarity measure shows that the fauna of the Slope Water is distinct from those of the Gulf Stream and northern Sargasso Sea (PS= 39% and 36%, respectively) and that the Gulf Stream and northern Sargasso Sea sets are faunistically somewhat similar (PS= 57%). In a cluster analysis, the Slope Water and northern Sargasso Sea sets appear distinct, while the Gulf Stream collections show affinity with both these sets. Species, clustered according to their relative abundance in each collection, form groups which correspond more to the species' overall North Atlantic distribution patterns than to their relative abundance in the three sets.
Influence of Gender and Social Networks on Organizational Learning within Technology Incubators

New technology‐based ventures (NTBVs) gain access to beneficial social capital through their affiliation with technology incubators, organizations created to facilitate learning leading to the successful development of nascent firms. Scillitoe and Chakrabarti (2005, 2) identified three sources of beneficial social capital within human networks, “historical ties, organizational facilitation, and trustbased shared pursuit of common goals”, with organizational facilitation identified as the primary source of beneficial social capital for ventures within technology incubators. The current study extends this prior research investigating the development of social capital of NTBVs through incubator facilitation, focusing on the influence of female founders. Results are based on surveys collected from fifty‐four technology‐based firms affiliated with technology incubators in the United States and Finland. The results from this exploratory study show that the speed of technological learning is negatively affected by the interpersonal network access in firms with female founding management team members. Technological learning includes acquiring knowledge of legal protection of intellectual property, complex technological and scientific knowledge, and design and production skills that enable the development and commercialization of NTBV products and services (Deeds, DeCarolis, and Coombs, 1999). This finding contradicts prior research that suggests technological development of ventures is positively influenced by interpersonal network access through incubators (Hansen, Chesbrough, Nohria, and Sull 2000; Scillitoe and Chakrabarti 2005). Implications for technology incubator managers, NTBV founders, and economic development agencies that support technology incubators are discussed.
The barista on the bus: cellular and synaptic mechanisms for visual recognition memory.

Our ability to recognize that something is familiar, often referred to as visual recognition memory, has been correlated with a reduction in neural activity in the perirhinal cortex. In this issue of Neuron , Griffiths et al. now provide evidence that this form of memory requires AMPA receptor endocytosis and long-term depression of excitatory synapses in this brain area.
A Longitudinal Study of the Relationships Among Self-Monitoring, Authentic Leadership, and Perceptions of Leadership

There is little research examining variability in leadership outcomes over time as a function of individual differences. The present study investigates how the extent to which individuals are perce...
Applying Science to Everyday Life

Basic science ideas and their application appear regularly in people’s daily lives. It should be the goal of chemistry educators and other teachers of science to provide their students (and others when given the opportunity) with an appreciation of some basic principles.
Strategic information provision and experiential variety as tools for developing adaptive leadership skills.

The development of adaptability skills is critical for organizational success and survival, yet traditional training interventions are not sufficient to promote adaptive expertise. In this article, we summarize prior research on two training techniques that develop such expertise: experiential variety and strategic information provision in the form of instructions, performance feedback, and cognitive/behavioral guidance. Prior integrative reviews have described how these strategies can promote adaptability by fostering skills in cognitive frame-switching and flexibility. We extend these arguments in the present article by reviewing prior research that supports the use of experiential variety and strategic information provision as elements of an adaptability training strategy. We examine the use of these elements not only in formal training (which was the prime focus of prior reviews), but also in developmental work experiences and in self-development. Additionally, we include a more specific focus on developing cross-cultural adaptability skills through these training techniques.
EVOLUTION OF O STARS. I. HYDROGEN-BURNING

O-star evolution from initial main sequence state to point of decreased hydrogen core content
Impact of Hand-Assisted Laparoscopic Living Donor Nephrectomy on Donor's Quality of Life, Emotional, and Social State

Abstract Background Laparoscopic donor nephrectomy has become the preferred method for live kidney donation in many centers. Herein we have reported on donor-related quality of life (QoL) and social state after laparoscopic hand-assisted nephrectomy (HALDN) for living kidney donation. Patients and Methods Between December, 2003 and May, 2008, we performed 48 HALDN. To evaluate QoL, we mailed to the donors a structured questionnaire based on a combination of the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire and the 36-item health survey (SF-36) with slight modifications. The QoL scores were compared with data from a matched group of the German healthy population. We evaluated clinical results in donors and recipients by reviewing the records, and calculated 1-year graft survival according to the Kaplan-Meier method. Results In all domains, the QoL scores were higher than those among the normal population. The higher QoL was independent of time since donation. When asked to rate their health at the time of the questionnaire, 91% rated it as good, very good, or excellent, 6% as fair, and 3% as poor. When asked to rate the pain around their scar, 91% rated it as mild or absent: Of the patients, 94% were likely to say that they would donate again, if it were possible. For 6% of the patients the overall experience was stressful. Conclusion HALDN is safe. QoL changes after kidney donation are low and comparable to those of the healthy population.
Fragments of first order logic, I: universal Horn logic

Let L be any finitary language. By restricting our attention to the universal Horn sentences of L and appealing to a semantical notion of logical consequence, we can formulate the universal Horn logic of L . The present paper provides some theorems about universal Horn logic that serve to distinguish it from the full first order predicate logic. Universal Horn equivalence between structures is characterized in two ways, one resembling Kochen's ultralimit theorem. A sharp version of Beth's definability theorem is established for universal Horn logic by means of a reduced product construction. The notion of a consistency property is relativized to universal Horn logic and the corresponding model existence theorem is proven. Using the model existence theorem another proof of the definability result is presented. The relativized consistency properties also suggest a syntactical notion of proof that lies entirely within the universal Horn logic. Finally, a decision problem in universal Horn logic is discussed. It is shown that the set of universal Horn sentences preserved under the formation of homomorphic images (or direct factors) is not recursive, provided the language has at least two unary function symbols or at least one function symbol of rank more than one. This paper begins with a discussion of how algebraic relations between structures can be used to obtain fragments of a given logic. Only two such fragments seem to be under current investigation: equational logic and universal Horn logic. Other fragments which seem interesting are pointed out.
Behavioral economics and policy evaluation

Behavioral economics posits a number of cognitive biases and limitations, which raises questions as to whether revealed willingness to pay equals true willingness to pay. If so, benefit-cost analysis, with a number of methodological advantages, would need to be replaced. Prior analyses of the issue by Sunstein, Sugden, and Bernheim and Rangel fail to offer guidance that would avoid substituting centralized judgments for decentralized information on benefits and costs. Alternatives including using post-implementation valuations, libertarian paternalism, and direct democracy on policy issues also have conceptual or practical limitations. A tentative suggestion is democratic delegation, somewhat appealing because it is already applied to cope with bounded rationality and non-efficiency values. Viewing benefit-cost analysis as a market analogue, and restricting the domain of behavioral economics to uninformed consumers, may be useful guides. The most important guidance may be to require very strong evidence of substantial choice failure before abandoning benefit-cost analysis.
Some lessons from group supervision of cognitive therapy for depression

While much has been written on cognitive therapy of depression, we have found that our trainees have the same questions and difficulties year after year. This article reflects the questions and topics that have been asked most frequently during several years of group supervision led by the third author. We cover topics such as the specifics of the agenda, special uses of language, the pacing of therapy, and therapeutic alliance. We aim to address issues, such as guilt, self-blame, and vegetative symptoms, that arise with depressed patients. In addition, attributions of symptom change for patients concurrently taking antidepressant medications, as well as the special problems related to chronic depression, are covered in detail.
Fluorescence-Based Measurement of Nitric Oxide Synthase Activity in Activated Rat Macrophages Using Dichlorofluorescin

We investigated the utility of the oxidant-reactive probe dichlorofluorescin (DCFH) for measurement of NO synthase (NOS) activity in rat alveolar macrophages (AMs) activated by culture for 18 h with interferon-γ (IFN-γ, 25 U/ml). Using both microplate-based fluorometry and flow cytometric analysis, AMs treated withl(but notd)-arginine showed a dose- and time-dependent increase in DCFH oxidation above buffer control (e.g., DCF production (nM): control,d-arginine 100 uM,l-arginine 100 μM respectively; 91 ± 9, 76 ± 11, 396 ± 45, mean ± SE,n= 6, 120 min). Furthermore, the NOS inhibitor (nitro-l-arginine) showed complete inhibition of thel-arginine-dependent DCF production. Parallel assays showed a strong correlation in DCFH oxidation with nitrite production in the same samples (e.g., DCF production (nM): 143, 222, 409; nitrite (μM): 2.2, 3.6, 7.1; for 5, 10, 50 μMl-arginine, respectively). In contrast, the alternate oxidant-reactive probes hydroethidine (HE) and dihydrorhodamine (DHR) did not report increased oxidant production in activated AMs incubated withl-arginine, despite their ability to easily detect intracellular superoxide anion production in cells treated with menadione (100 μM). We conclude that DCFH is a useful probe for quantitation of NOS-2 activity in activated rat lung macrophages.
Photodimerization of hydrophobic guests within a water-soluble nanocapsule

Conducting reactions in environmentally benign conditions is one of the major objectives of “green chemistry.” In this context, developing ways to conduct reactions in water seems obvious. In this report, we present our results on photodimerization of select guest molecules placed within the rigid reaction cavity of a water-soluble cavitand, octa acid. The results presented herein highlight the value of a supramolecular approach in achieving selectivity in photoreactions and opening reaction pathways that are latent in solution chemistry.
Black Feminist Voices in Politics

EVELYN M. SIMIEN New York: State University of New York Press, 2006 Pp. vii + 196, £15.00. ISBN 0791467899 Three well‐dressed black girls appear contemplative and silent on the cover of Evelyn M. S...
Gunshot wounds of the brain: Influence of ballistics and predictors of outcome by computed tomography

Gunshot wounds of the head commonly are encountered in the practice of emergency radiology. Radiologists play a vital role in the initial evaluation of patients who present after a gunshot injury and can guide the neurosurgeon's approach to surgery and the forensic pathologist's collection of evidence. It is useful to understand the ballistics that influence missile course and would potential for accurate assessment of injury patterns that occur in gunshot wounds to the head. Additionally, it is imperative to recognize important prognostic findings on computed tomographic imaging to ensure optimal management of the patient.
Polyhedral convexity cuts and negative edge extensions

This note shows that convexity cuts defined relative to polyhedral convex sets can utilize negative as well as positive edge extensions under appropriate circumstances, yielding stronger cuts than customarily available. We also show how to partially collapse the polyhedron to further improve these cuts.
Ambient temperature phase relations in the system ifNa13(H2O)yTaS2 (0<-y<-2)

Abstract A gravimetric study of the ambient temperature phase relations is reported for the system Na 1 3 ( H 2 O ) y TaS 2 (0 y . Five different phases were found, at y ≈ 0, 2 3 , 0.8, 1.5 and 2.0; those with y ≈ 0.8 and 1.5 have not been previously reported. These results are discussed with respect to previous work on the Nax(H2O)yTaS2 and similar systems.
Basal Ganglia Shape Abnormalities in the Unaffected Siblings of Schizophrenia Patients

Background Abnormalities of basal ganglia structure in schizophrenia have been attributed to the effects of antipsychotic drugs. Our aim was to test the hypothesis that abnormalities of basal ganglia structure are intrinsic features of schizophrenia by assessing basal ganglia volume and shape in the unaffected siblings of schizophrenia subjects. Method The study involved 25 pairs of schizophrenia subjects and their unaffected siblings and 40 pairs of healthy control subjects and their siblings. Large-deformation, high-dimensional brain mapping was used to obtain surface representations of the caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus. Surfaces were derived from transformations of anatomic templates, and shapes were analyzed using reduced-dimensional measures of surface variability (i.e., principal components and canonical analysis). Canonical functions were derived using schizophrenia and control groups and were then used to compare shapes in the sibling groups. To visualize shape differences, maps of the estimated surface displacement between groups were created. Results In the caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus, the degree of shape abnormality observed in the siblings of the schizophrenia subjects was intermediate between the schizophrenia and control subjects. In the schizophrenia subjects, significant correlations were observed between measures of caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus structure and the selected measures of lifetime psychopathology. Conclusions Attenuated abnormalities of basal ganglia structure are present in the unaffected siblings of schizophrenia subjects. This finding implies that basal ganglia structural abnormalities observed in subjects with schizophrenia are at least in part an intrinsic feature of the illness.
Purification and characterization of recombinant G16 alpha from Sf9 cells: activation of purified phospholipase C isozymes by G-protein alpha subunits

A cDNA encoding G16 alpha, the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein, was expressed in Sf9 cells using recombinant baculovirus. G16 alpha in membrane extracts of Sf9 cells activated phospholipase C-beta 1 (PLC-beta 1) in the presence of guanosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate; the system could not be activated by Al3+, Mg2+, and F-. The G16 alpha in the cytosolic fraction of Sf9 cells did not stimulate PLC-beta 1. Concurrent expression of the G-protein beta gamma subunit complex increased the amount of G16 alpha in Sf9 cell membranes. The guanosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate-activated form of G16 alpha was purified from cholate extracts of membranes from cells expressing G16 alpha, and the G-protein beta 2 and gamma 2 subunits. G16 alpha activated PLC-beta 1, PLC-beta 2, and PLC-beta 3 in a manner essentially indistinguishable from that of Gq alpha. G16 alpha-mediated activation of PLC-beta 1 and PLC-beta 3 greatly exceeded that of PLC-beta 2. G16 alpha did not activate PLC-gamma 1 or PLC-delta 1. Thus, two distantly related members of the Gq alpha family, Gq alpha and G16 alpha, have the same ability to activate the known isoforms of PLC-beta.
Isolation and Quantitation of Topoisomerase Complexes Accumulated on Escherichia coli Chromosomal DNA

DNA topoisomerases are important targets in anticancer and antibacterial therapy because drugs can initiate cell death by stabilizing the transient covalent topoisomerase-DNA complex. In this study, we employed a method that uses CsCl density gradient centrifugation to separate unbound from DNA-bound GyrA/ParC in Escherichia coli cell lysates after quinolone treatment, allowing antibody detection and quantitation of the covalent complexes on slot blots. Using these procedures modified from the in vivo complexes of enzyme (ICE) bioassay, we found a correlation between gyrase-DNA complex formation and DNA replication inhibition at bacteriostatic (1× MIC) norfloxacin concentrations. Quantitation of the number of gyrase-DNA complexes per E. coli cell permitted an association between cell death and chromosomal gyrase-DNA complex accumulation at norfloxacin concentrations greater than 1× MIC. When comparing levels of gyrase-DNA complexes to topoisomerase IV-DNA complexes in the absence of drug, we observed that the gyrase-DNA complex level was higher (∼150-fold) than that of the topoisomerase IV-DNA complex. In addition, levels of gyrase and topoisomerase IV complexes reached a significant increase after 30 min of treatment at 1× and 1.7× MIC, respectively. These results are in agreement with gyrase being the primary target for quinolones in E. coli. We further validated the utility of this method for the study of topoisomerase-drug interactions in bacteria by showing the gyrase covalent complex reversibility after removal of the drug from the medium, and the resistant effect of the Ser83Leu gyrA mutation on accumulation of gyrase covalent complexes on chromosomal DNA.