cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antigen-Induced Allosteric Changes in Human IgG1 Fc Increase Low-Affinity Fcγ Receptor Binding

Antibody structure couples adaptive and innate immunity via Fab (antigen binding) and Fc (effector) domains that are connected by unique hinge regions. Because antibodies harbor two or more Fab domains, they are capable of cross-linking multi-determinant antigens, which is required for Fc-dependent functions through associative interactions with effector ligands including C1q and cell surface Fc receptors. The modular nature of antibodies, with distal ligand binding sites for antigen and Fc-ligands, is reminiscent of allosteric proteins, suggesting that allosteric interactions might contribute to Fc-mediated effector functions. This hypothesis has been pursued for over forty years and remains unresolved. Here we provide evidence that allosteric interactions between Fab and Fc triggered by antigen binding modulate binding of Fc to low-affinity Fc receptors (FcR) for IgG1. This work opens the path to further dissection of the relative roles of allosteric and associative interactions in Fc-mediated effector functions.
The Commodity Ecology Mobile (CEM) Platform Illustrates Ten Design Points for Achieving a Deep Deliberation in Sustainable Development Goal #12

First, this study asks what Information Communication Technology for Sustainable Development (ICT4SD) has to look like in a global decision space? In answering this question, ten important general design issues are suggested as a checklist when making a human computer interface (HCI) to reach cheaply and durably all people, all regions, and all material uses to aid a clean circular economy. Second, a case study recounts how these ten recommended design issues are being integrated in the Commodity Ecology Mobile (CEM) platform, still in development. The CEM is a merged mobile-accessible platform and online database project recognized by the United Nations Academic Impact Office (UNAI) as a good way to really achieve Sustainable Development Goal #12 (Encourage Sustainable Production and Consumption). The CEM design allows all peoples worldwide to debate and to create their own detailed regional sustainable development of a ‘circular economy’ based on better material choices and better waste flows. This debate occurs within a virtual community platform that integrates simultaneous elements of social media, newswires, archives, crowdsourcing, databases, gamification, voting, and future smart contracts toward business incubation. Therefore, it is important to make design decisions that address the real world of varied technical and social access issues across the world: from stable or intermittent bandwidth and electricity, to respecting local knowledge in different regional agenda settings, to language differences, to age and gender inclusion, to education levels, and how to keep people interested. In conclusion, this paper recounts how to build HCI for deep civil deliberation in global and multi-regional debates, for long periods of time toward sustainable development, while minimizing cost to users or administrators across developed and developing countries alike. Further advice is asked from academics or practitioners for how to design better global-level platforms that can “change the world.”
Imaging sub-diffuse optical properties of cancerous and normal skin tissue using machine learning-aided spatial frequency domain imaging.

Significance: Sub-diffuse optical properties may serve as useful cancer biomarkers, and wide-field heatmaps of these properties could aid physicians in identifying cancerous tissue. Sub-diffuse spatial frequency domain imaging (sd-SFDI) can reveal such wide-field maps, but the current time cost of experimentally validated methods for rendering these heatmaps precludes this technology from potential real-time applications. Aim: Our study renders heatmaps of sub-diffuse optical properties from experimental sd-SFDI images in real time and reports these properties for cancerous and normal skin tissue subtypes. Approach: A phase function sampling method was used to simulate sd-SFDI spectra over a wide range of optical properties. A machine learning model trained on these simulations and tested on tissue phantoms was used to render sub-diffuse optical property heatmaps from sd-SFDI images of cancerous and normal skin tissue. Results: The model accurately rendered heatmaps from experimental sd-SFDI images in real time. In addition, heatmaps of a small number of tissue samples are presented to inform hypotheses on sub-diffuse optical property differences across skin tissue subtypes. Conclusion: These results bring the overall process of sd-SFDI a fundamental step closer to real-time speeds and set a foundation for future real-time medical applications of sd-SFDI such as image guided surgery.
Learning Based Timing Closure on Relative Timed Design

Relative timed circuits leverage formal timing specifications to design and optimize integrated circuits. Relative timing can be applied to specify design correctness and performance properties of digital circuits in the form of a set of timing constraints. These circuits often show significant performance and power advantages over other approaches, but require assistance to automate timing driven synthesis and place and route in commercial electronic design automation (EDA) tools. A machine learning based automatic timing closure solution for relative timed circuits is presented. The machine learning implementation is expected to speed-up the process by learning from the features during each iteration, minimizing the overall run-time to timing close a design. A comparative study between regression model based and gradient boosting tree based solutions with an algorithmic approach is presented. Power and performance of the circuits are improved while reducing overall run-time required to timing close a relative timed design with commercial EDA tools.
Allgemeine Sätze über Elementarkurven

Die Charakterisierung einer Elementarkurve, das heist eines geschlossenen elementaren Bogens, kann von verschiedenen Gesichtspunkten her erfolgen. Vor allem bieten sich zwei Moglichkeiten: Die Kennzeichnung, wie sich eine Elementarkurve als Punktgebilde zu den Geraden des Strahlenfeldes oder wie sie sich als Strahlengebilde zu den Punkten des Punktfeldes verhalt.
Standby voltage scaling for reduced power

Lowering V/sub DD/ during standby mode reduces power by decreasing both voltage and current. Measurements of a 0.13 /spl mu/m test chip show that reducing V/sub DD/ to near the point where state is lost gives the best power savings. We propose closed-loop voltage scaling that uses "canary" flip-flops for achieving these savings. This approach provides over 2/spl times/ higher savings than optimal open-loop approaches without loss of state.
Codes of Ethics

Codes of conduct explore one aspect of defining an ethical environment. Codes of conduct introduces definitions and identifies leading codes of conduct B.C. and A.D., including Parliament of World's Religion's Global Ethics signed by fourteen religions. Codes of conduct are proposed by both the UN and UN agencies, including a code of conduct for Transnational Corporations (1996). Codes are developed by governments (Canada, Ireland, and U.S.) and intergovernmental bodies, including Business Round Table (1958), Caux Round Table (1986), and Caux Principles for Business Behavior for a Better World (1994). William Frederick identified six landmark international codes (1948–1998). Multiple governments and NGO's have proposed codes with minimal success. Enforcement of codes present extreme complications. Developing codes represents an intricate and involved task because of the scope, multiple issues to be incorporated, their complexity and problems of voluntary or legal enforcement. Keywords: codes of conduct; professional codes; ethical codes
A new QOS-guaranteed cell discarding strategy: self-calibrating pushout

In order to fully utilize network resources while still providing satisfactory quality of service (QOS) to all network users, it becomes necessary to prioritize users' traffic according to their service requirements. A queue manager located at each output port of an ATM (asynchronous transfer mode) switch will be responsible for selectively discarding cells and transmitting cells based on their priority levels so that each service class's QOS requirement is guaranteed. The queue manager employs a new cell discarding scheme, called self-calibrating pushout (SCP), to balance the cell loss rates of the low and high loss priorities in real time such that each priority's cell loss rate requirement is met. The queue manager also adopts a cell scheduling scheme, called earliest-due-date (EDD). It time-stamps each arriving cell with a value equal to the sum of the arrival time and the maximum allowable queueing delay and then transmits cells with the smaller time stamp values. The performance of the queue manager (cell loss rates and cell delays) has been studied through computer simulations and the results are quite satisfactory.
Differentiation and function of murine gammaherpesvirus specific CD4+ T cells (VIR7P.1052)

Gammaherpesvirus infection in AIDS patients is associated with severe disease. CD4+ T cells are essential for immune control of viral infection and prevention of malignancy. Progressive loss of CD4+ T cells results in an erosion of immune surveillance, which may lead to gammaherpesvirus associated tumors. A recently generated murine gammaherpesvirus-68 gp150-specific TCR transgenic mouse provides a model for studying CD4+ T cells more precisely. We aimed to study differentiation of MHV-68-specific CD4+ T cells and the contribution of the CD4+ T cells in immune responses independent of CD8+ T cells and B cells. The gp150-specific CD4+ T cells differentiated into two interconvertible populations based on Ly6C expression. The majority of these cells differentiated into Th1 cells, producing IFN-γ and expressing T-bet but not eomes, GATA3, RORγ or Bcl6. Ly6C expression was positively correlated with T-bet expression, IFN-γ, TNF-α and granzyme B production. The gp150-specific CD4+ T cells prolonged survival of MHV-68-infected mice and controlled growth of MHV-68-immortalized SL1 cells in gp150-Tg mice without CD8+ T cells and B cells. Their antiviral functions were dependent on IFN-γ, and the CD4+ T cells also had cytolytic activity. In summary, CD4+ T cells that arise during MHV-68 infection are mostly Th1 and display antiviral ability in the absence of CD8+ T cells and B cells through IFN-γ.
CAMAD (Computer Aided Microwave Amplifier Design)

This paper provides a guide to teach design of microwave amplifiers aided by a software package designed for this purpose. The program CAMAD (Computer Aided Microwave Amplifier Design) performs most of the calculations required in a variety of designs, and produces the families of circles that are generated. The user can adjust the operating conditions to optimize gain, noise figure or both. A situation often encountered when working with a compass is the need to plot stability circles of large radii. CAMAD eliminates this problem and produces high resolution graphs with several colors. The user can move on the screen with a pointer to determine exactly the value of the reflection coefficient at a certain location. The program was designed for pedagogical reasons but can also be used as a powerful design tool. >
THE PRAGMATIC AMERICAN: EMPIRICAL REALITY OR METHODOLOGICAL ARTIFACT?

Scholars widely agree that the public is pragmatic about criminal justice. The empirical basis for this conclusion is the failure in several previous studies to find a sizable negative relationship between dispositional and situational crime attributions, or between support for punitive and rehabilitative crime policies. We suggest, however, that public pragmatism may be an artifact of the use of unidirectional question batteries in prior research to measure attribution styles and policy support. When such questions are used, acquiescent responding can introduce systematic error that is positively correlated across items and scales. Drawing on data from an experiment with a national sample (N = 826) of Internet panelists, we examine how this methodological approach impacts the bivariate correlations and multivariate relationships between attribution styles and between support for punitive and rehabilitative crime policies. The findings reveal that using unidirectional sets of questions to measure these concepts likely results in 1) inflated alpha reliability coefficients, 2) an underestimation of the magnitude of the negative relationships between attribution styles and between punitiveness and support for rehabilitation, and 3) an underestimation of the extent to which punitiveness and support for rehabilitation are driven by the same factors, working in opposite directions.
Impact of mixture fraction field curvature on chemical species transport in diffusion flames

This study investigates the effects of curvature of mixture fraction iso-surfaces on the non-unity Lewis number transport of species in diffusion flames. A general flamelet formulation is derived mathematically for both unity and non-unity Lewis number transport and for different contours of mixture fraction iso-surfaces (i.e. non-zero curvature with varying magnitude.). These theoretical results suggest that curvature does not play a role in the transport process for unity Lewis number irrespective of the flame curvature, which was varied between highly curved and perfectly flat. On the other hand, for nonunity Lewis numbers, a curvature-related term becomes explicit for perfectly spherical flames, and this term acts as a convective term in mixture fraction space. Finally, in cases where flame curvature is not uniform, this convective term induces a non-zero diffusion flux in the direction normal to the mixture fraction gradient, which is inconsistent with the 1D flamelet assumptions. The flamelet equations accounting for curvature effects are solved considering first laminar spherical diffusion flames with different prescribed curvature at the stoichiometric mixture fraction. The results indicate that the magnitude of the curvature-induced convection term can become much larger than that of the convective term in the traditional flamelet formulation. Furthermore, the mass fraction profiles of heavy hydrocarbons, such as PAHs, are shifted significantly by the inclusion of curvature. The current work suggests a possible means to account for curvature effects via a new a priori chemistry tabulation which includes curvature for laminar and mildly turbulent diffusion flames.
Heat stress increases insulin sensitivity in pigs.

Proper insulin homeostasis appears critical for adapting to and surviving a heat load. Further, heat stress (HS) induces phenotypic changes in livestock that suggest an increase in insulin action. The current study objective was to evaluate the effects of HS on whole-body insulin sensitivity. Female pigs (57 ± 4 kg body weight) were subjected to two experimental periods. During period 1, all pigs remained in thermoneutral conditions (TN; 21°C) and were fed ad libitum. During period 2, pigs were exposed to: (i) constant HS conditions (32°C) and fed ad libitum (n = 6), or (ii) TN conditions and pair-fed (PFTN; n = 6) to eliminate the confounding effects of dissimilar feed intake. A hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp (HEC) was conducted on d3 of both periods; and skeletal muscle and adipose tissue biopsies were collected prior to and after an insulin tolerance test (ITT) on d5 of period 2. During the HEC, insulin infusion increased circulating insulin and decreased plasma C-peptide and nonesterified fatty acids, similarly between treatments. From period 1 to 2, the rate of glucose infusion in response to the HEC remained similar in HS pigs while it decreased (36%) in PFTN controls. Prior to the ITT, HS increased (41%) skeletal muscle insulin receptor substrate-1 protein abundance, but did not affect protein kinase B or their phosphorylated forms. In adipose tissue, HS did not alter any of the basal or stimulated measured insulin signaling markers. In summary, HS increases whole-body insulin-stimulated glucose uptake.
Powered liposuction: an evaluation of currently available instrumentation.

background. Over the past several years, powered liposuction instruments have become available to the dermatologic surgeon. These instruments all move the cannula forward and backward 2–12 mm with rapidity. This motion simulates the standard human movement of the cannula and facilitates movement through the tissue. Powered liposuction may help to prevent surgeon fatigue and has recently been shown to aid in the efficacy of fat removal. objective. To compare and contrast currently available powered liposuction instruments, to obtain objective engineering data on the instruments, and to compare the instruments when used on actual liposuction cases. methods. Five currently available powered liposuction systems were evaluated by the author. Each instrument was used with a 3 mm dual side port cannula on patients undergoing tumescent liposuction. An independent engineering firm, who collected objective measurements such as weight, stroke force, temperature, and vibration measurements on the instruments, evaluated the units. Noise measurements were obtained. results. Each of the five systems showed advantages and disadvantages. Important issues were the size and weight of the units, as well as whether they were driven electrically or pneumatically. Stroke force is variable (range 9.5–30 pounds). The noise of the units ranged between 60 and 87 dB. Vibration measurements varied from instrument to instrument. Units produced a variable amount of heat ranging from 77°F to 102°F. Most instruments are autoclavable, and one system is disposable. Build quality and reliability varied with the instrument. conclusion. Instruments for powered liposuction have emerged in the last 2 years, with each instrument having distinct advantages and disadvantages. This article reviews five currently available powered liposuction instruments and presents objective measurements as well as the author's experience using the instruments.
Solvent-Free Synthesis of 2,2′-Dinitrobiphenyl: An Ullmann Coupling in the Introductory Organic Laboratory

The formation of carbon−carbon bonds is an essential theme throughout organic chemistry. The use of transition-metal catalysts to form carbon−carbon bonds, once relegated to more advanced texts, is now commonly found in introductory organic textbooks. However, commensurate laboratory experiments for first-year organic students are more limited. The following experiment utilizes a copper catalyst to create a biphenyl compound, a classical Ullmann coupling reaction. In the first step, 1-iodo-2-nitrobenzene is synthesized from 2-nitroaniline in a mortar. The 1-iodo-2-nitrobenzene is then converted into 2,2′-dinitrobiphenyl by heating in a test tube in the presence of copper and sand. The separation, purification, and identification of the aromatic compounds illustrate the techniques of thin-layer chromatography, column chromatography, melting point, and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Both reactions utilize several green chemistry principles including synthesis in a solvent-free environment, minimal time at reaction temperature, and purification with limited solvent usage. The brightly colored compounds and less common reaction techniques contrast nicely with the traditional refluxing experiments that produce the ubiquitous white powder.
Seasonal growth and biomass of the subtropical seagrass Halodule wrightii in relation to continuous measurements of underwater irradiance

Continuous year-round measurements of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) were collected in relation to leaf elongation and plant biomass in the shoal-grass,Halodule wrightii Aschers., within three different estuarine systems on the south Texas coast (Laguna Madre: May 1989 to September 1993; Corpus Christi Bay: February 1990 to September 1993; San Antonio Bay; May 1990 to April 1991). Large differences in water transparency at all three sites masked seasonal variations in surface insolation as reflected in average diffuse attenuation coefficient (k) values ranging from 0.7 to 2.9 and differences in the maximum depth penetration ofH. wrightii, which varied from 0.6 to about 1.3 m. The continuous presence of a chrysophyte (brown tide) algal bloom in Laguna Madre since 1990 led to significant decreases in spring leaf elongation rates and a nearly 50% decline in below-ground biomass, which was reflected in root:shoot ratio (RSR) values that declined from 5.4 in 1989 to 2.3 in 1992. Increased turbidity and lower light levels in San Antonio Bay also corresponded with diminished plant biomass and the subsequent loss of plants; at both locations, the annual quantum flux ranged from 2200 to 2400 mol m-2yr-1, or about 18% of surface irradiance (SI). In contrast,H. wrightii populations growing at ca.1.2 m depths and characterized by high RSR values (≥4.0) were exposed to 5100 to 5700 mol m-2yr-1, or about 41 to 46% SI. Under these conditions, plants were exposed to daily saturating levels of PAR (Hsat) of 3 to 8 h during the spring/summer period of maximum growth, compared to an average of 2 h in Laguna Madre (after 1990) and San Antonio Bay based on field-derived measurements of photosynthetic parameters. Leaf elongation inH. wrightii exhibited a clear circannual rhythm at all sites, regardless of underwater light levels and therefore was not a sensitive indicator of light stress. Instead, chronic long-term reductions in underwater PAR were most strongly reflected in total plant biomass. The higher light demand (18% SI) forH. wrightii in relation to many other seagrasses (11% SI; Duarte 1991) may be related to its higher photosynthetic light requirement, but may also reflect the different methods used to evaluate the minimum light requirements of seagrasses. In estuarine and coastal waters, which are characterized by large and unpredictable variations in water transparency, continuous measurements of in situ PAR are invaluable in assessing the growth and photosynthetic response of seagrasses to variations in underwater irradiance.
Activation of C-H / H-H bonds by rhodium(II) porphyrin bimetalloradicals.

Reactivity, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies are reported for reactions of a rhodium(II) bimetalloradical with H2, and with the methyl C−H bonds for a series of substrates CH3R (R = H, CH3, OH, C6H5) using a m-xylyl diether tethered diporphyrin ligand. Bimolecular substrate reactions involving the intramolecular use of two metalloradical centers and preorganization of the four-centered transition state (M•···X···Y•···M) result in large rate enhancements as compared to termolecular reactions of monometalloradicals. Activation parameters and deuterium kinetic isotope effects for the substrate reactions are reported. The C−H bond reactions become less thermodynamically favorable as the substrate steric requirements increase, and the activation free energy (ΔG⧧) decreases regularly as ΔG° becomes more favorable. An absolute Rh−H bond dissociation enthalpy of 61.1 ± 0.4 kcal mol-1 is directly determined, and the derived Rh−CH2R BDE values increase regularly with the increase in the C−H BDE.
Working Landscapes—Providing for the Future

Working Landscapes—Providing for the Future: Annual Meeting of the Society for Range Management and the Weed Science Society of America DOI:10.2458/azu_rangelands_v31i4_farsier
The Duality of Technology and Economic Behaviour

The usual starting-point of the modern theory of production is the set of production possibilities, consisting of all production plans available to the producing unit.3 Given the properties of the set of feasible production plans, the production function and profit function can be derived and characterized. For any feasible plan the production function gives the maximum net output of any commodity as a function of the net outputs of all other commodities. The profit function gives the maximum value of profit for any feasible production plan as a function of the prices of all commodities. The theory of marginal productivity provides a characterization of the set of production possibilities from the technological point of view. Our first objective is to present a modern approach to the theory of marginal productivity, employing the production function and the marginal productivity correspondence. The marginal productivity correspondence may be identified with the gradient of the production function, wherever the gradient exists. Otherwise, the marginal productivity correspondence takes a set of possible values rather than a single value. Our second objective is to present equivalent specifications of the set of production possibilities, the production function and the marginal productivity correspondence. We take a characterization of any one of the three as a starting-point of the theory of production and derive properties of the other two. We characterize the production function in terms of the properties of the marginal productivity correspondence. We also derive properties of the set of production possibilities from properties of the production function, reversing the line of reasoning that has become conventional in the theory of production. Our third objective is to characterize the set of feasible production plans from the point of view of economic behaviour. For this purpose we present a theory of supply that parallels the theory of marginal productivity. We develop equivalent specifications of the profit function, the supply correspondence, and the set of price and profit possibilities. Any one of the three can be taken as a starting point for the theory of supply. Our final objective is to link the theory of supply with the theory of marginal productivity and to demonstrate the equivalence of the technological and behavioural view-
Human Relations and Organizational Change: Responding To Loss

This article asserts that organizational transitions may be eased if change is viewed from the perspective of psychological loss rather than opportunity. Regardless of the benefits of changing, if ...
Experimental infection of pigs with West Nile virus.

Young adult and weanling pigs were challenged with the New York 99 strain of West Nile virus through the bite of infected mosquitoes. Each of six adult pigs seroconverted, but virus was isolated from serum of only one pig following challenge. Three of five weanling pigs developed viremia, with peak titers of 101.9 and 103.1 PFU/mL. Clinical signs attributable to West Nile virus infection were not observed in any of these animals. An additional four pigs were challenged by feeding West Nile virus-infected mice, and none of the four developed a detectable viremia or seroconverted. These results suggest that pigs are unlikely to play a significant role as amplifying hosts of West Nile virus.
[3H]Amino acid selection of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase mutants of CHO cells: Evidence of homo- vs. hemizygosity at specific loci

Further application of the tritiated amino acid suicide selection procedure, designed to select conditional protein synthesis mutants, has yielded over 300 aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase mutants of Chinese hamster ovary cells, representing seven complementation groups. A number of these mutants and their revertants were used to examine the extent of X-chromosome linkage or other functional hemizygosity in CHO cells. Our results indicated that none of the seven different aaRSloci tested was X linked, and the the glnRSlocus, unlike the asnRSand leuRSloci, does not appear to be functionally hemizygous in CHO cells.
A “do-it-yourself” array biosensor

We have developed an array biosensor for the simultaneous detection of multiple targets in multiple samples within 15-30 min. The biosensor is based on a planar waveguide, a modified microscope slide, with a pattern of small (mm2) sensing regions. The waveguide is illuminated by launching the emission of a 635 nm diode laser into the proximal end of the slide via a line generator. The evanescent field excites fluorophores bound in the sensing region and the emitted fluorescence is measured using a Peltier-cooled CCD camera. Assays can be performed on the waveguide in multichannel flow chambers and then interrogated using the detection system described here. This biosensor can detect many different targets, including proteins, toxins, cells, virus, and explosives with detection limits rivaling those of the ELISA detection system.
NON-INVASIVE MEASUREMENT OF VENTILATORY RESPONSE TO CO2 IN NEWBORN INFANTS

Interpretation of previous studies of ventilation in infants is difficult because of the unknown effect of tactile stimulation resulting from face and neck seals required by conventional methodology. We therefore measured minute ventilation non-invasively before and after inhalation of 4.5% CO2, using a modification of the barometric method of Drorbaugh and Fenn, which we validated by simultaneous pneumotachography; 39 studies were performed in 23 normal newborn infants. Mean ventilation was 251 ml/Kg/min (SD=64) before, and 526 ml/Kg/min (SD=150) after 4.57, CO2. There was also a wide variation in the change in ventilation with 4.5% CO2 (mean increase 115%, SD=56). These variations are of the same order of magnitude as those noted by conventional methods. We conclude that 1) the barometric method affords a rapid and reliable means of measuring tidal volume and ventilatory response to CO2 in infants without superimposing tactile stimulation and 2) the wide variations in resting ventilation and CO2 responsiveness of normal infants cannot be attributed to tactile stimuli.
Is minimally invasive parathyroidectomy associated with greater recurrence compared to bilateral exploration? Analysis of more than 1,000 cases.

Background The durability of minimally invasive parathyroidectomy (MIP) has been questioned, and some advocate for routine open parathyroidectomy (OP). This study compared outcomes between patients treated with MIP compared with OP for primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). Methods A retrospective review was performed to identify cases of PHPT with single adenomas (SA) between 2001 and 2011. Operations were classified as OP when both sides were explored. Kaplan-Meier estimates were plotted and compared by the log-rank test. Results We analyzed 1,083 patients with PHPT with SA; 928 (85.7%) were MIP and 155 (14.3%) were OP. There was no difference in the rates of persistence (0.2% MIP vs 0% OP, P = .61) or recurrence (2.5% MIP vs 1.9% OP, P = .68) between the 2 groups. The Kaplan-Meier estimates did, however, began to separate beyond 8 years' follow-up. The OP group did experience a greater incidence of transient hypocalcemia postoperatively (1.9% vs 0.1%, P = .01). Conclusion MIP appears equivalent to OP in single-gland disease. Although patients undergoing OP experienced more transient hypocalcemia, patients undergoing MIP appear to have a greater long-term recurrence rate. Therefore, proper patient selection and counseling of these risks is necessary for either approach.
A morphologic and morphometric analysis of the aqueous outflow system of the developing cat eye

The cellular and tissue changes accompanying the development and growth of the aqueous outflow system of the cat were investigated by quantitative light microscopy and by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. As in primates, the trabecular beams and sheets of the cat aqueous outflow system developed by reorganization of cells and extracellular matrix within the tissue filling the anterior chamber angle recess. Enlargement and coalescence of intercellular spaces gave rise to intertrabecular channels. From 3 to 9 days after birth, communications were established between the anterior chamber and intertrabecular spaces by perforation and resorption of tissue which initially covered the angle apex and appeared to be a peripheral extension of Descement's membrane and the corneal endothelium. Macrophage-like cells could be involved in this process. A rapid increase in the volume of the intertrabecular spaces and in the number of trabecular cells coincided with the opening of the trabecular meshwork to the anterior chamber. The trabecular meshwork grew 150-fold in volume from birth to adulthood, mainly as a result of a similar-fold expansion of its connective tissue components. The volume of the intertrabecular spaces increased 24-fold and trabecular cell number increased 14-fold during this same period. The disproportionate increase in volume of the various components of the trabecular meshwork was responsible for the decreased cell density and rarefaction displayed by this tissue as development progressed. Development of the aqueous outflow system of the cat is thus a complex, but highly co-ordinated, process, that depends on continued proliferation of cells and extracellular matrix, a progressive ordering of these components, and selective atrophy and removal of specific tissue components.
The production of sulfur targets for γ-ray spectroscopy

Abstract The production of thin sulfur targets for nuclear physics, either in elemental or in compound form, is problematic, due to low melting points, high vapor pressures and high dissociation rates. Many sulfur compounds have been tried in the past without great success. In this paper, we report the use of spray coating molybdenum disulfide onto a thin carbon backing. The targets were of thickness 750 μg/cm 2 (∼300 μg/cm 2 of sulfur) on 15 μg/cm 2 carbon backings, and withstood 4 pnA (∼10 mW/cm 2 ) of deposited beam power for several days without apparent loss of sulfur content.
Continuous flow reactor for the production of stable amyloid protein oligomers

The predominant working hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease is that the proximate pathologic agents are oligomers of the amyloid β-protein (Aβ). "Oligomer" is an ill-defined term. Many different types of oligomers have been reported, and they often exist in rapid equilibrium with monomers and higher-order assemblies. This has made formal structure-activity determinations difficult. Recently, Ono et al. [Ono, K., et al. (2009) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106, 14745-14750] used rapid, zero-length, in situ chemical cross-linking to stabilize the oligomer state, allowing the isolation and study of pure populations of oligomers of a specific order (number of Aβ monomers per assembly). This approach was successful but highly laborious and time-consuming, precluding general application of the method. To overcome these difficulties, we developed a "continuous flow reactor" with the ability to produce theoretically unlimited quantities of chemically stabilized Aβ oligomers. We show, in addition to its utility for Aβ, that this method can be applied to a wide range of other amyloid-forming proteins.
Control methodologies for precision positioning systems

We have many servo systems that require nano/micro level positioning accuracy. This requirement sets a number of interesting challenges from the viewpoint of sensing, actuation, and control algorithms. This paper considers the control aspect for precision positioning. In motion control systems at nano/micro levels, it has been noted that the control algorithm should be customized as much as possible to the spectrum of disturbances. We will examine how prior knowledge about the disturbance spectrum should be utilized in the design of control algorithms and what are advantages of such prior knowledge. The algorithms will be evaluated on a simulated hard disk drive (HDD) benchmark problem and a laboratory setup for a wafer scanner that is equipped with a laser interferometer for position measurement.
Results of Monitoring for Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans in Ambient Air at McMurdo Station, Antarctica

This paper presents the results of ambient air monitoring for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) performed during the 1992-1993 and 1993-1994 austral summers in the vicinity of McMurdo Station, Antarctica. Twenty-eight air samples were collected from four different locations to determine the identity and concentration of PCDD/PCDF compounds. PCDD/PCDF compounds were not detected at either the predominantly upwind location or a more remote site on Black Island. Trace levels of only a few PCDD/PCDF congeners were detected sporadically at a location approximately 500 m downwind of the station. The most frequent, most varied, and highest levels of PCDDs/PCDFs were measured at a downtown location, where concentrations of total PCDDs ranged from 0.12 to 1.80 pg/m 3 and total PCDFs ranged from less than 0.02 to 2.77 pg/m 3 . The data indicate that there are combustion sources at McMurdo other than the solid waste incinerator (power plants, vehicles, heating furnaces, etc.) that contribute PCDD/PCDF compounds to the ambient air. The greatest variety and highest concentration of PCDD/PCDF congeners measured in 1992-1993 during incineration of selected solid wastes implicates the interim incinerator as the likely source of the increased presence of these compounds in air. Results from the remote Black Island site indicate that the background Antarctic air is still free of PCDD/PCDF compounds (not detectable at current method detection limits in the sub-pg/m 3 range).
Multilevel challenges to engagement in HIV care after prison release: a theory-informed qualitative study comparing prisoners’ perspectives before and after community reentry

Although prison provides the opportunity for HIV diagnosis and access to in-prison care, following release, many HIV-infected inmates experience clinical setbacks, including nonadherence to antiretrovirals, elevations in viral load, and HIV disease progression. HIV-infected former inmates face numerous barriers to successful community reentry and to accessing healthcare. However, little is known about the outcome expectations of HIV-infected inmates for release, how their post-release lives align with pre-release expectations, and how these processes influence engagement in HIV care following release from prison. We conducted semi-structured interviews (24 pre- and 13 post-release) with HIV-infected inmates enrolled in a randomized controlled trial of a case management intervention to enhance post-release linkage to care. Two researchers independently coded data using a common codebook. Intercoder reliability was strong (kappa = 0.86). We analyzed data using Grounded Theory methodology and Applied Thematic Analysis. We collected and compared baseline sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics of all cohort participants who did and did not participate in the qualitative interviews using Fisher’s Exact Tests for categorical measures and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests for continuous measures. Most participants were heterosexual, middle-aged, single, African American men and women with histories of substance use. Substudy participants were more likely to anticipate living with family/friends and needing income assistance post-release. Most were taking antiretrovirals prior to release and anticipated needing help securing health benefits and medications post-release. Before release, most participants felt confident they would be able to manage their HIV. However, upon release, many experienced intermittent or prolonged periods of antiretroviral nonadherence, largely due to substance use relapse or delays in care initiation. Substance use was precipitated by stressful life experiences, including stigma, and contact with drug-using social networks. As informed by the Social Cognitive Theory and HIV Stigma Framework, findings illustrate the reciprocal relationships among substance use, experiences of stigma, pre- and post-release environments, and skills needed to engage in HIV care. These findings underscore the need for comprehensive evidence-based interventions to prepare inmates to transition from incarceration to freedom, particularly those that strengthen linkage to HIV care and focus on realities of reentry, including stigma, meeting basic needs, preventing substance abuse, and identifying community resources.
Vertebral Artery Injury Presenting with Signs of Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion A Case Report

Therapeutic manipulation of the neck has been shown to produce injury to the vertebral artery. The clinical syndromes produced by this arterial insufficiency generally reflect dysfunction of the brainstem or cerebellum. The authors present a case of such injury that presented with clinical findings, namely, hemiparesis and aphasia, suggestive of involve ment of the dominant middle cerebral artery. These findings may have been the result of disruption of flow through the posterior cerebral artery to the thalamus, internal capsule, and cerebral peduncles.
Orientation of anisotropic random fields and images

Random field models are often used for characterizing two-dimensional data, i.e. images. Commonly, they exhibit some orientational variability, but, unlike one-dimensional random processes, are lacking in any obvious causality direction. This paper describes how their orientation may be recognized.
Center-to-limb variation of the peak flux spectra of type IV radio bursts associated with solar proton flares

Type IV radio bursts with wide band from microwave to metric-wave frequency are generally associated with solar proton flares. Recently, Castelli et al. (1967, 1968) have shown that the type IV radio bursts associated with solar proton flares show the U-shaped peak flux spectra with the minimum flux at decimetric frequencies. In this paper, the center-to-limb variation of such peak flux spectra is investigated in order to examine the effect of decrease of the peak flux at metric frequencies with increase of the angular distance from the central meridian of the sun. It is shown that the U-shaped spectra are obtained independent of the position of proton flares, although the spectral form changes significantly in the case of the flares near the limb. It is further suggested that the U-shaped spectra consist of the two essentially independent components for microwave and metric-wave frequencies, respectively.
π-stacking in thiophene oligomers as the driving force for electroactive materials and devices

The pi-stacking between aromatic oligomers has been extensively studied for many years, although the notion of exploiting this phenomenon as the driving force for molecular actuation has only recently emerged. In this work we examine with MP2 and Car-Parrinello ab initio calculations the actuation properties of a novel class of thiophene-based materials introduced by Swager et al. (Adv. Mater. 2002, 14, 368; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 1142). The chemical ingredients of the assembly, calix[4]arenes and oligothiophenes, are screened separately to characterize the actuation mechanisms and design optimal architectures. In particular, ab initio methods are used to study pi-stacking in mixed-valence oligothiophene dimers, revealing strong interactions that can be turned on and off as a function of the electrochemical potential. We show how these interactions could be harnessed to achieve molecular actuation and investigate the response of an active unit in real time with first-principles molecular dynamics simulations.
Effects of ocean salts on the compressive strength of concrete

Abstract The compressive strength of concrete is shown to be increased by the presence of sodium chloride or ocean salts in the mixing water. The strength was found to increase with increasing salinity even up to 7% by weight of water.
Clonidine for the prevention of emergence agitation in young children: efficacy and recovery profile

Summary Background: Emergence agitation (EA) is a common postoperative problem in young children who have received sevoflurane and isoflurane for general anesthesia. This randomized, double-blinded study evaluated the efficacy of intraoperative clonidine in reducing EA, and describes its recovery profile. Methods: With Institutional Review Board approval and informed consent, children undergoing brief, minimally painful procedures were studied. All children received preemptive analgesia with acetaminophen and ketorolac, sevoflurane for induction, and isoflurane for maintenance of anesthesia. Children received either 2 lgAEkg )1 clonidine or placebo intravenously (i.v.) following induction of anesthesia. Children were observed postoperatively for behavior and side effects, and their parents were telephoned the next day to determine postdischarge recovery characteristics. Results: One hundred and twenty children were included in this study: 59 of whom received clonidine, and 61 placebo; 41% of those in the placebo group exhibited moderate–severe EA compared with only 22% of those in the clonidine group (P < 0.03). Compared with those who received placebo, children who received clonidine awakened more slowly (22 min vs 14 min), had a longer postanesthesia care unit stay (57 min vs 46 min), and experienced sleepiness more frequently after discharge (75% vs 39%; all comparisons significant at P < 0.03). There were no adverse cardiorespiratory events in either group. Conclusions: Findings demonstrate that i.v. clonidine administered after induction of anesthesia significantly reduces the incidence of EA in young children, but is associated with sleepiness postoperatively.
An Evaluation of Selected Aspects of the Young Teacher Inventory.

This research studied selected aspects of the Young Teacher Inventory, a 100-item instrument which purportedly discriminates between teachers with strong and weak predispositions to participate in planning. One hundred items were crossvalidated against three samples of 100 subjects from among the 457 elementary, junior, and senior high teachers of the Danville (Illinois) Public Schools. Hoyt’s reliabilities and the intercorrelation matrix for subtests were analyzed. Results of the item analysis by the investigator revealed higher subtests reliabilities and higher subtests relationships between subtests than were reported by Young.
Ontogeny of intestinal phospholipase A2 in the rat

The ontogenic development of intestinal phospholipase A2 in the rat was studied. Enzyme activity was first observed at 11 days after birth; it peaked at 24 days and fell to adult levels at 30 days. Weaning did not affect activity; fasting and the feeding of a fat-free diet lowered activity.
Carbon dioxide fixation in malaria—I. Kinetic studies in plasmodium lophurae

Abstract 1. 1. The avian malaria parasite Plasmodium lophurae , malaria-infected blood and normal duck erythrocytes, incubated in the presence of NaH C 14 O 3 for periods up to 1 hr, incorporate C 14 O 2 into keto, amino and other organic acids. 2. 2. The main stable products of CO 2 fixation for the parasites and parasitized cells are the amino acids glutamic and aspartic, whereas in the unifected red cell they are other organic acids, malic and citric. The alteration of metabolism of the parasitized blood cell is almost entirely due to the metabolism of the growing plasmodium. 3. 3. The labelign kinetics of the acids strongly suggest that oxaloacetate and α-ketoglutarate are intial products of CO 2 fixation of the malaria parasite. Subsequent to these keto acids, aspartate and glutamate are synthesized. The latter are those amino acids contributing most significantly to the increased free amino acid pool of the malaria-infected cell. Up to 1 hr, insignificant quantities of C 14 can be detected in RNA, DNA and protein fractions.
Postmetamorphic unroofing history deduced from petrology, fluid inclusions, thermochronometry, and thermal modeling: An example from southwestern New England

Nonlinear unroofing rates from ∼10 to 2 and H 2 O-rich fluid inclusions require nearly isothermal decompression followed by more isobaric cooling from these conditions. Comparison of this observed path to those generated by thermal models suggests that decompression was characterized by initial rapid upward en bloc velocity (∼1 cm/yr) of brief duration, followed by much slower unroofing rates (≤0.3 mm/yr). Published geochronologic ages in this region constrain the rapid uplift to the Middle Devonian, and uplift slowed dramatically by the end of the Devonian. This differential uplift has major implications for interpretation of Devonian igneous activity and sedimentation in southwestern New England.