cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Esophagogastroduodenal anastomosis (EGDA), a rat surgical model of Barrett’s esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 46, 2005 1984 In rats, esophagogastroduodenal anastomosis (EGDA) without concomitant chemical carcinogen treatment can lead to esophagitis, intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia, and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). This study describes the morphology and phenotypic features of the rat model and compares the model with the corresponding lesions in human Barrett’s esophagus (BE). We observe several types of intestinal metaplasia in the rat esophagus, scattered mucinous cells (SMC), multi-layered epithelium (MLE), partially metaplastic epithelium (PME) and columnar-lined esophagus (CLE). SMCs are mucin-secreting columnar cells in the squamous epithelium of the rat esophagus, suggesting multi-clonality and epithelial origin of intestinal metaplasia. MLE is identified as an island of mucinous cells interspersed in squamous epithelium, with the columnar and goblet cells on the top, in the middle, or at the bottom of the squamous cell component. It frequently occurs at the neo-squamocolumnar junction and occasionally in the mid-esophagus in isolated foci. PME is identified as a sheet of esophageal epithelium, part of which has become columnar epithelium and the remaining is still squamous epithelium. It only occurs at the neo-squamocolumnar junction. On serial sections, we have clearly observed the transition of PME to CLE, which had features of specialized intestinal metaplasia at the neo-squamocolumnar junction. Rat CLE resembles human BE in morphology, mucin features and expression of differentiation markers (CK7, CK20, Das-1, villin, and pS2/TFF1). Invasive EAC in EGDA rat is of well-differentiated mucinous type, which is in contrast to the variably differentiated glandular type of human EAC. These studies indicate that intestinal metaplasia induced in EGDA rats may develop through a process from SMC, MLE, PME to CLE. Histopathologically, rat CLE and EAC are similar to the corresponding lesions in humans. EGDA rats may serve as a useful model to study the molecular mechanism and chemopreventive interventions of human BE and EAC. (Supported by NIH DK031092, DK63650 and CA75683)
Sociological Research on Feminism and the Women’s Movement: Ideology, Identity, and Practice

This article provides an overview of sociological research on three aspects of feminism: feminism as an ideology; feminism as an identity; and feminism as a practice. I summarize the main contributions of sociological research in each of these areas, and highlight the overarching contributions for understanding contemporary feminism. Three contributions are key. First, sociological research highlights the existence multiple varieties of feminism –“feminisms” as opposed to a singular “feminism.” Second, this research reveals that feminist ideologies, identities, and movements are each dynamic – they have changed historically, and continue to change in response to shifting socio-political, economic, and technological landscapes. Third, sociological research demonstrates that feminism is alive and well, and in many senses thriving, in the contemporary United States. Though some aspects of feminism are more widespread than others, sociological research challenges the notion that feminism, on the whole, has declined. As an ideology, an identity, and a practice, feminism remains strong in the contemporary United States.
An E-selectin-IgG chimera supports sialylated moiety dependent adhesion of colon carcinoma cells under fluid flow.

To further characterize the molecular mechanisms that govern carcinoma cell adhesion to stimulated endothelium, we studied the adhesion of a human colon carcinoma cell line, KM12-L4, to an E-selectin-IgG1 chimera and interleukin (IL)-1β-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) underin vitro fluid flow conditions. Between 0.6 and 1.8 dynes/cm2, KM12-L4 cells attach to and roll on IL-1β-stimulated HUVEC. The adhesion is E-selectin dependent and diminished upon pretreatment of the KM12-L4 cells with neuraminidase (neuraminidase sensitive). Between 0.7 and 1.8 dynes/cm2, surfaces coated with an E-selectin-IgG1 chimera support attachment and rolling of KM12-L4 cells. The adhesion to the E-selectin-IgG1 chimera is blocked by an antibody to the lectin domain of E-selectin and is neuraminidase sensitive. Rolling KM12-L4 cells exhibit variable velocity motion over both IL-1β-stimulated HUVEC and E-selectin-IgG1 chimera-coated surfaces. Our results provide the first direct evidence that sialylated moieties are involved in the adhesion of carcinoma cells to IL-1β-stimulated endothelium under flow conditions; E-selectin-IgG1 chimeras can support cell attachment and rolling under defined flow conditions; the topology of the endothelium is not the sole cause of variable velocity motion observed in cell rolling systems.
Sodium content in major brands of US packaged foods, 2009

Background Most Americans consume more sodium than is recommended, the vast majority of which comes from commercially packaged and restaurant foods. In 2010 the Institute of Medicine recommended that manufacturers reduce the amount of sodium in their products. Objective The aim was to assess the sodium content in commercially packaged food products sold in US grocery stores in 2009. Design With the use of sales and nutrition data from commercial sources, we created a database with nearly 8000 packaged food products sold in major US grocery stores in 2009. We estimated the sales-weighted mean and distribution of sodium content (mg/serving, mg/100 g, and mg/kcal) of foods within food groups that contribute the most dietary sodium to the US diet. We estimated the proportion of products within each category that exceed 1) the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) limits for sodium in foods that use a "healthy" label claim and 2) 1150 mg/serving or 50% of the maximum daily intake recommended in the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Results Products in the meat mixed dishes category had the highest mean and median sodium contents per serving (966 and 970 mg, respectively). Products in the salad dressing and vegetable oils category had the highest mean and median concentrations per 100 g (1072 and 1067 mg, respectively). Sodium density was highest in the soup category (18.4 mg/kcal). More than half of the products sold in 11 of the 20 food categories analyzed exceeded the FDA limits for products with a "healthy" label claim. In 4 categories, >10% of the products sold exceeded 1150 mg/serving. Conclusions The sodium content in packaged foods sold in major US grocery stores varied widely, and a large proportion of top-selling products exceeded limits, indicating the potential for reduction. Ongoing monitoring is necessary to evaluate the progress in sodium reduction.
A uniform versus an aggregated water balance of a semi-arid watershed

Hydrologists have long struggled with the problem of how to account for the effects of spatial variability in precipitation, vegetation and soils. This problem is particularly acute in snow-fed, semi-arid watersheds, which typically have considerable variability in snow distribution and vegetation communities on scales much smaller than that addressed by most hydrological modelling. In this study, two approaches were used to compute a water balance using two years of data collected at the Upper Sheep Creek Watershed, a 26-ha semi-arid mountainous sub-basin within the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed in south-west Idaho, USA. The first water balance approach (uniform approach) assumed that the entire watershed was homogeneous; the second approach computed a partial water balance for each of three landscape units and then computed an aggregated water balance for the watershed. Runoff and change in groundwater storage were not distinguishable between landscape units; thus, the only difference between the two approaches was in the estimation of the two major components, precipitation and evapotranspiration (ET). Precipitation, which occurs predominantly as snow, was measured within each landscape unit directly and adjusted for drifting. ET was estimated using the simultaneous heat and water model (SHAW) and validated with measurements from Bowen ratio instruments. Precipitation input for the two years was approximately 480 and 700 mm, respectively; ET was approximately 450 and 410 mm, respectively. The water balance for the aggregated approach had a discrepancy of −17 and 55 mm, respectively for the two years, while the uniform approach was within 42 and 86 mm, respectively. (Negative values indicate more estimated outflow than inflow.) The differences in precipitation estimates for the two approaches were greatest for the second year owing to more variability across the watershed, which the uniform approach did not adequately address. The largest difference between the aggregated and uniform approach for both years was the estimated ET. This was attributed to the inability of the uniform approach to associate areas of the watershed having more vegetation and leaf area with areas having soil water available for transpiration. Differences in ET estimates for the two approaches were least during the second year when water was less limiting and potential ET was less. This suggests that ET can be aggregated more easily when water is not limiting using the average leaf area index independently of the spatial variability in leaf area. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic analytical chemistry: A kinetic study of the labeling of normal and age fractionated human erythrocytes with monobromobimane

Abstract The application of digital fluorescence imaging microscopy for the analysis of the thiol content and labeling kinetics of normal and age fractionated erythrocytes on a single cell basis is described. Monobromobimane (mBBr), a thiol selective dye, reacts primarily with glutathione, the major thiol compound in erythrocytes. The fluorescence intensity of thiol bound mBBr molecules is about 14-fold higher than the fluorescence intensity of unbound mBBr molecules. The labeling process is monitored in-situ using a slow scan high performance charge coupled device (CCD) camera. A 4-fold cell-to-cell variation is found in the maximum fluorescence intensity of mBBr labeled cells within a large normal population of erythrocytes. This observation is in agreement with previous results obtained for the same cellular system using capillary electrophoresis and laser excited fluorescence detection. In addition, a 2-fold variation is observed in the rate of labeling of the cells with mBBr. Quantitative kinetic measurements of the labeling of age fractionated erythrocytes with mBBr show that the cellular variation in the labeling rate and in the cellular thiol content are related to the cell age.
Analysis of Two Novel Polymorphic Sites in the Glucocerebrosidase Gene Region in Patients with Gaucher Disease 739

Gaucher disease is caused by the inherited deficiency of the enzyme glucocerebrosidase (EC 3.2.1.45). The gene for glucocerebrosidase is located on chromosome 1q21 and a highly homologous pseudogene is situated 16kb downstream. Two novel polymorphisms were identified in the glucocerebrosidase gene region: the first consists of a variable number of tetranucleotide (AAAT) repeats located upstream of the glucocerebrosidase gene, and the second is a series of dinucleotide (CT) repeats found in the intergenic region between the glucocerebrosidase gene and its pseudogene. These two polymorphisms, along with the previously reported PvuII polymorphism in intron 6 of the glucocerebrosidase gene, were analyzed in an affected population (n=102) and in two normal control populations, one consisting of non-Jewish individuals of mixed ethnic background (n=46) and the second of Ashkenazi Jewish individuals(n=72). Strong linkage disequilibrium was found between mutations N370S, 84GG, and R463C and specific haplotypes; no significant linkage disequilibrium was found in patients carrying mutation L444P. Unexpected haplotypes lead to the recognition of several genotyping errors and complex alleles. These two novel polymorphic sites provide a new tool for the identification of mutant alleles in patients and for the study of founder effects in populations with Gaucher disease.
Trips and tips for negotiation self-defense: Forewarned is forearmed

Abstract Continued attention in both the popular and academic press regarding negotiation and the related concepts of influence and persuasion is nothing short of astonishing. The topics on which we focus in this article, however, are rarely—if ever—vetted in such outlets. We venture, with some measure of caution, into the dark side of negotiation: those tactics that may be duplicitous, unethical, and unprincipled. Such tactics provide a quintessential moral hazard, as they are both brutally effective and rarely illegal. It is not our intent to provide a treatise on unsuitable behavior. Rather, our objective is to establish that no one need be victimized by such behaviors, as all of these tactics are avoidable. It is in this spirit that we provide some guidelines on self-defense in a negotiation context to avert and attenuate the consequences of these behaviors.
An X-ray absorption study of the local structure of cerium in electrochemically deposited thin films

We have utilized the technique of X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) to study the oxidation state and structure of cerium in electrochemically deposited thin films of cerium oxide (hydroxide). We find that anodic deposition results in a hydrous cerium oxide phase in which the oxidation state of cerium is 4+. This material is highly structurally disordered but still has a medium range local structure (4 {angstrom}) similar to CeO{sub 2}. On the other hand, cathodic deposition leads to a Ce{sup 3+} phase, which is susceptible to oxidation on exposure to air or by dissolved oxygen in solution. Our results may be relevant to understanding the structure of cerium inhibitors incorporated in corrosion films on aluminium and its alloys.
El Niño and La Niña in Highly Reflective Cloud

Abstract Over the last two decades, several scientists have used Garcia's record of highly reflective cloud (HRC) to study the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Recently Waliser and Zhou removed a satellite bias. This note describes a test for the presence of the ENSO signal in the corrected record. The test treats anomaly values of corrected HRC in a grid that covers the equatorial western Pacific Ocean. For each box in the grid, the HRC anomaly was averaged over El Nino events in the record. From the averages, a map of the El Nino HRC anomaly was made. Similarly, a map of the La Nina HRC anomaly was made. Each map shows a strong, east-southeast– west-northwest trending dipole. The El Nino dipole dips toward the west-northwest, implying excess cloud in the east-southeast; the La Nina dipole dips toward the east-southeast, implying excess cloud in the west-northwest. In respect to these dipoles, the pair of HRC anomaly maps closely resembles published ENSO rain anomaly maps. The mapping was repeated fo...
Electromechanical cycling and thermal effects on ferroelastic domain orientation

The effects of electromechanical cycling on ferroelastic textures in piezoelectric materials have been investigated. In initial investigations the remnant polarization increased with cycling whereas ex-situ XRD showed no change in ferroelectric texture. The observed changes in polarization loops were attributed at least, in part, to self-heating. To better understand the effects of temperature on polarization, the effect of ex-situ and in-situ heating on domain orientation in similar material has been investigated by using x-ray diffraction (XRD).
Wideband compressed sensing for cognitive radios

Efficient utilization of spectral bands in a dynamic environment with a continuously changing occupation rate is challenging. Static spectral allocations preclude the use of unoccupied spectrum, unless the spectrum manager has released the allocation to another mission. Standard spectral sensing techniques employ swept narrowband receivers. While effective in creating a composite, these techniques are ineffective at identifying short duration signals. Real-time spectral analysis techniques are effective at capturing short duration transmissions, but usually have narrow band capabilities, limited dynamic range and are relatively expensive. Timely accurate sensing of wide spectral band using traditional spectral estimations at the Nyquist rate (or higher) is another challenge due to the high data rate. Compressed sensing (CS) techniques utilize signal-to-information rate processing when signals are sparse in a specific domain. Dynamic spectrum access (often considered a critical component of a cognitive radio (CR)) can reutilize temporally unoccupied spectrum. An accurate estimate of the current state of spectral occupancy is critical to the autonomous decision processes involved in dynamic spectrum access. From this perspective, CS is being studied as an enhancement to dynamic spectrum access strategies. This study addresses feasibility issues for the development of autonomous CS-CR systems that are capable of performing spectrum sensing and recovery without a priori information about the spectral occupancy. Since recovery requires computationally intense non-linear optimization, we perform a single platform trade study on CS methodologies (BP-PD, BP-SPG, ROMP, Edge Detection, and Sequential Recovery) for efficient wideband recovery relative to execution time and reconstruction error. We propose adaptive coarse detection, and exact recovery based on adaptive edge detection. We present the results using continuous waves and pulses (MATLAB or GRC generated, or USRP measured), and show favorable conditions for BP-PD, BP-SPG, ROMP, adaptive recovery performance, and discuss potential for application of CS in a CR architecture.
Trying to Match SOX: Dealing with New Challenges and Risks Facing Directors

Directors of public and private companies face increased scrutiny and potential attacks on several fronts. Those include 1) government enforcers and plaintiffs taking directors9 personal assets; 2) governance reforms enacted at the state and federal level; 3) court rulings which strip directors of the attorney-client privilege; 4) attacks against the safe harbor of the business judgment rule; and 5) insurers trying to rescind directors9 insurance policies. Directors can take steps to protect themselves while still meeting the higher standards. These include hiring independent counsel for non-management directors, restructuring the D&O insurance program, and taking particular actions if the company winds up in bankruptcy.
Speculation, rational expectations, and stability of the foreign exchange market

Abstract This paper uses Muth's model of rational expectations to analyze foreign exchange speculation under floating exchange rates when a trade balance ‘J-curve effect’ exists. It extends the existing literature by basing speculative behavior explicity on maximizing behavior, by relating expectations to the underlying structure of the model, i.e. by assuming rational expectations, and by explicitly incorporating uncertainty. A surprising result is that, if speculation takes place, decreases in risk aversion increase the variance of the exchange rate.
Workload-aware voltage regulator optimization for power efficient multi-core processors

Modern multi-core processors use power management techniques such as dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) and clock gating (CG) which cause the processor to operate in various performance and power states depending on runtime workload characteristics. A voltage regulator (VR), which is designed to provide power to the processor at its highest performance level, can significantly degrade in efficiency when the processor operates in the deep power saving states. In this paper, we propose VR optimization techniques to improve the energy efficiency of the processor + VR system by using the workload dependent P- and C-state residency of real processors. Our experimental results for static VR optimization show up to 19%, 20%, and 4% reduction in energy consumption for workstation, mobile and server multi-core processors. We also investigate the effect of dynamically changing VR parameters on the energy efficiency compared to the static optimization.
Gated four-probe TFT structure: a new technique to measure the intrinsic performance of a-Si:H TFT

A new technique to determine the intrinsic performance of hydrogenated amorphous silicon thin film transistor (TFT) without any influence from source/drain series resistances is proposed. This technique is based on a-Si:H gated-four- probe (GFP) TFT structure. In this method, two probes within the channel of a conventional inverted-staggered a-Si:H TFT are used to measured the voltage difference. By correlating this voltage difference with the drain-source current induced by applied gate bias, the intrinsic performance of a-Si:H TFT, such as mobility, threshold voltage and field- effect conductance activation energy, can be accurately determined without influence from the source/drain series resistances. The a-Si:H GFP TFT and conventional a-Si:H TFT structures are also analyzed and their properties are compared by using 2D simulation based on finite element method. The influence of series resistances on a-Si:H TFT electrical performance is clearly described from the simulation results.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Do Reverse-Worded Items Confound Measures in Cross-Cultural Consumer Research? The Case of the Material Values Scale

Most measures of consumer behavior have been developed and employed in the United States. Thus, relatively little is known about the cross-cultural applicability of these measures. Using Richins and Dawson's ([1992][1]) Material Values Scale (MVS) as an exemplar, this article focuses on the problems researchers are likely to encounter when employing domestic mixed-worded scales (i.e., scales that contain both positive- and reverse-worded items) in cross-cultural applications. Through an initial study among over 800 adults from the United States, Singapore, Thailand, Japan, and Korea, we show that the cross-cultural measurement equivalence and construct validity of the MVS is challenged by its mixed-worded Likert format. Through a second study among approximately 400 Americans and East Asians, we find that other mixed-worded scales produce similar problems and that the cross-cultural applicability of such scales may be enhanced by replacing items posed as statements with items framed as questions. [1]: #ref-72
Emergency Management of Blunt Testicular Trauma

Objective: Severe blunt testicular trauma is an infrequently reported consequence of injury, yet it is associated with significant sequelae. This case series evaluates the characteristics of patients with severe blunt testicular trauma, assesses the role of ultrasonography in their management, and offers an evaluation algorithm for use by both emergency and urology personnel. Methods: A retrospective review was conducted of ten patients who had severe blunt testicular injuries referred for urologic evaluation over a seven-year period at a level 1 trauma center. Attention was focused on ultrasonographic results, operative findings, and testicular salvage rates. Results: With the exception of two motorcycle crash victims, patients presented in a delayed fashion (mean 3.5 days; range 1–5 days). Most (6/10) patients had true testicular rupture, all were explored urgently, and there was a 100% testicular salvage rate. Of the eight patients who had preoperative ultrasonographic examination, two were reported to show testicular rupture, but on exploration only one in fact had a tunica albuginea tear. Six patients had ultrasonographic examinations that revealed nonspecific abnormalities but failed to show testicular rupture; three had testicular rupture. Conclusions: Ultrasonography cannot be relied on to accurately diagnose rupture of the testis in high-risk patients. However, testicular rupture is universally associated with an abnormal ultrasonography scan, albeit commonly yielding nonspecific findings. A high level of suspicion is mandatory with high-energy transfer mechanisms. Since a significant delay in presentation is not unusual, early exploration is warranted in the setting of high risk and provides an excellent chance of testicular salvage. Injuries associated with normal testicular ultrasonography may be managed conservatively.
Sealing ducts in large commercial buildings with aerosolized sealant particles

LBNL-42414 Sealing Ducts in Large Commercial Buildings with Aerosolized Sealant Particles M. P. Modera, O. Brzozowski ** , F. R. Carrie * , D. J. Dickerhoff, W. W. Delp, W. J. Fisk, R. Levinson, D. Wang Abstract Electricity energy savings potential by eliminating air leakage from ducts in large commercial buildings is on the order of 10 kWh/m 2 per year (1 kWh/ft 2 ). We have tested, in two large commercial buildings, a new technology that simultaneously seals duct leaks and measures effective leakage area of ducts. The technology is based upon injecting a fog of aerosolized sealant particles into a pressurized duct system. In brief, this process involves blocking all of the intentional openings in a duct system (e.g., diffusers). Therefore, when the system is pressurized, the only place for the air carrying the aerosol particles to exit the system is through the leaks. The key to the technology is to keep the particles suspended within the airstream until they reach the leaks, and then to have them leave the airstream and deposit on the leak sites. The principal finding from this field study was that the aerosol technology is capable of sealing the leaks in a large commercial building duct system within a reasonable time frame. In the first building, 66% of the leakage area was sealed within 2.5 hours of injection, and in the second building 86% of the leakage area was sealed within 5 hours. We also found that the aerosol could be blown through the VAV boxes in the second building without impacting their calibrations or performance. Some remaining questions are (1) how to achieve sealing rates comparable to those experienced in smaller residential systems; and (2) what tightness level these ducts systems can be brought to by means of aerosol sealing. Ecole Nationale Superieure d’arts et Metiers (ENSAM), Paris, France On leave from Ecole Nationale des Travaux Publics de l’Etat, Laboratoire des Sciences de l’Habitat, DGCB – URA CNRS 1652, 2 rue Maurice Audin, 69518 Vaulx-en-Velin Cedex, France
Thermographic "edge sign" in breast carcinoma.

Thermographic patterns of the breast, both qualitatively and quantitatively, lack specificity in differentiating malignant from benign disease. The recognition of an additional parameter, described herein as the “edge sign,” is considered important for it is the thermographic representation of skin retraction. In some instances, a loss of the symmetrical smooth contour of the normal breast resulting in a localized segment of flattening can be appreciated more readily on the thermogram than by visual observation during a physical examination. Thermography as a preliminary screening procedure serves to identify women who are at high risk for breast cancer, and the combination of an abnormal thermal pattern and the “edge sign” emphasizes the need for additional investigation.
Optimizing event coverage in theme parks

Theme parks can be modeled as geographical areas where large crowds of people move among different attractions. The operators of a theme park are interested in quickly and efficiently handling events occurring at various locations in the park. We propose a model which deploys a wireless network with mobile sinks to facilitate event coverage. The event coverage problem can be divided into two sub-problems: the static problem of mobile sink positioning and the dynamic problem of event handling decisions of the mobile sinks. For the mobile sink positioning problem we propose two strategies: crowd density based probability estimation and hot-spot based probability estimation. For the event handling decision problem, we propose an approach which represents movement opportunities in the park as a graph with dynamically changing weights, and searches for the shortest path in this dynamic graph. The proposed approaches are simulated on scenarios which model the movement of the visitors using two sophisticated human mobility models.
On the ring of 13×13 generic matrices

Abstract Let F be a field of characteristic 0. We investigate the rationality of the center C n of the division algebra of two n × n generic matrices over F for n = 13 . If n is a prime power, then the only cases for which C n is known to be stably rational over F are n = 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , and 7 with rationality proven for 2, 3, and 4. There is a certain Z S n -lattice, denoted A * , which has played an essential role in the proofs of these results. Formanek proved the case n = 4 by showing that C n is stably isomorphic to F ( A * − ) S n , the invariants of F ( A * − ) under the action of S n . Here A * − is A * ⊗ Z − and Z − is the sign representation of S n . Lebruyn and Bessenrodt proved the cases n = 5 and 7 by showing that C n is stably isomorphic to F ( A * ) S n . We show that for n = 13 there exists a Z S n -lattice M, which is stably permutation when restricted to the alternating group, such that F ( A * − ⊕ M ) S n and C n are stably isomorphic. We then show that a field extension of degree 2 of C n is stably isomorphic to a field extension of degree 2 of a rational extension of F.
Reconceptualizing Religious Change: Ethno-Apostasy and Change in Religion Among American Jews

Drawing upon data from the NJPS 2000-1, we argue that traditional approaches to t k study of religious mobility - both apostasy and switching - are increasingly problematic. Apostasy from ethno-religious communities, in particular, must be refomulated to incorporate an ethnic dimension. Analyses using this revised concept of "ethno-apostasy" led to results that at times diverge from those of previous research. The findings suggest that the premise that religious switching is a binary change from one mutually incompatible state to another must be reconceptualized to account for declining support in American society for the assumption that a person can hold only one religious afiliation at a time.
Animal-sediment relationships in intertidal marine benthic habitats: Some determinants of deposit-feeding species diversity

Abstract Particulate sedimentary properties were examined in a variety of New England intertidal habitats. The sediments were composed of a complex array of both food and non-food particle types. Little evidence of temporal or vertical spatial variation was observed in the major particulate fractions. Organic-mineral aggregates (“detritus”), however, exhibited significant seasonal change in abundance at the sediment-water interface, possibly being related to annual productivity-decay cycles of the marsh grass Spartina alterniflora. Both particulate and bulk sedimentary characteristics were related to deposit-feeding species diversity. Species richness was correlated with the amount of surficial sedimentary organic carbon, and species diversity with total particulate and food particulate diversity. Food abundance and variety, therefore, may regulate the organization of deposit-feeding assemblages. Standard methods for describing sediments may largely be inadequate for understanding many aspects of organism-sediment relationships in marine benthic environments.
Using Network Theory to Improve Outcomes for Drug Law Enforcement Agencies

This study examines alternative policies for improving information sharing among law enforcement (LE) agencies (both at the federal and local level) in their fight against drug trafficking. In doing so, it addresses the theories of interorganizational network (ION), resource dependency, and network exchange. In this study, the term “network” is used to define multiple-organizational relations involving multiple nodes of interactions. In a network, a group of organizations exchange information on a voluntary basis and engage in joint activities. The results of this study suggest that IONs can not only facilitate information sharing among LE agencies; they can also increase the dismantlement or disruption of drug trafficking organizations by a large percentage.
Comparative Evaluation of the Iris iQ200 Body Fluid Module With Manual Hemacytometer Count

Manual cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and body fluid cell counts done using a hemacytometer are labor-intensive and time-consuming. The automated Iris iQ200 with the Body Fluids Module (Iris Diagnostics, Chatsworth, CA) counts RBCs and nucleated cells in CSF and other body fluids using flow cell digital imaging. We compared the cell counts from the iQ200 and the hemacytometer. CSF and body fluid samples were first analyzed in duplicate using the Neubauer hemacytometer. We then counted the samples on the iQ200. CSF samples for RBC counts of 0 to 6.7 x 10(5)/microL and nucleated cell counts of 0 to 1,707/microL resulted in r = 0.996 and r = 0.998, respectively. Body fluid samples for RBC counts of 0 to 2.7 x 10(5)/microL and nucleated cell counts of 0 to 1.1 x 10(4)/microL resulted in r = 0.988 and r = 0.987, respectively. Day-to-day precision with quality control yielded coefficients of variation of 12.5% and 13.3% for RBC counts and 9.4% and 12.3% for nucleated cell counts. Linearity studies yielded slopes of 0.99 and 1.010 for RBC and nucleated cell counts, respectively. The results from the iQ200 correlate well with the manual hemacytometer method.
Multilayered YSZ–Ag–Mo/TiN adaptive tribological nanocomposite coatings

Adaptive nanocomposite coatings provide low friction in broad ranges of environmental conditions through the formation of lubricious surfaces resulting from interactions with the ambient atmosphere. Designing adaptive coatings to withstand wear through repeated thermal cycles is particularly difficult since most demonstrate irreversible changes in surface composition and morphology. This permanent change in the condition of the surface limits the utility of adaptive coatings in applications where thermal cycling is expected. Moreover, some lubrication mechanisms occur over the entire coating surface in addition to the area experiencing wear, which results in a significant waste of lubricant. In an effort to increase the wear lifetime and move toward thermal cycling capabilities of solid adaptive lubricants, a multilayer coating architecture incorporating two layers of adaptive YSZ–Ag–Mo nanocomposite lubricant separated by a TiN diffusion barrier was produced. The multilayer coating lasted over five times longer than a monolithic adaptive coating of identical composition and total thickness for dry sliding tests at 500 °C in air. Analysis of the structure and composition of the films after heating suggests directed, lateral diffusion of lubricant beneath the diffusion barrier toward the wear scar as a mechanism for the increased wear life of the multilayer coating.
Transmission electron microscopy study of stress- ruptured aged 304h stainless steel after prolonged exposure in service

Type 304H stainless steel is widely used for long- term, high- temperature applications, e.g., superheater tubes in steam generators. The 304H stainless steel tube in the present investigation has been exposed in service to a temperature range of 565 to 595 °C for a prolonged period (in excess of 20 years). Metallographic and transmission electron microscopic analysis was carried out on exposed material to study the nature and type of precipitates formed in this material after prolonged exposure in service.
Lipoprotein lipase in rats fed fish oil: apparent relationship to plasma insulin levels.

To investigate the role of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hepatic lipase in the triacylglycerol lowering effects of fish oil, rats were fed lard (L), corn oil (CO) or menhaden oil (MO) as the primary fat source in otherwise identical diets. After 2 weeks, soleus muscle LPL differed between groups (MO>CO>L). Hepatic lipase did not differ between CO- and MO-fed rats but was elevated in L-fed rats. Adipose LPL did not differ between diet groups. Total epididymal fat weight was reduced in MO-fed rats. There was a significant positive correlation between adipose tissue weight and plasma free fatty acids. MO-fed rats had lower plasma insulin levels. Insulin was directly correlated with plasma triacylglycerol and glucose, consistent with a hyperinsulinemic, insulin-resistant state in CO-and L-fed rats, and a protective effect with MO feeding. In addition, insulin was directly correlated with adipose LPL. A negative relationship between soleus muscle LPL and insulin approached significance. Soleus muscle LPL was significantly inversely correlated with triacylglycerol. The data indicate that increased skeletal muscle LPL, in response to MO or a MO-induced decrease in insulin, may contribute to the triacylglycerol-lowering effects of fish oil. Decreased fat weight and adipose LPL and increased soleus muscle LPL and decreased plasma triacylglycerol suggest a shift from fat deposition to oxidation with MO feeding. The lack of response of hepatic lipase to MO feeding suggests that this enzyme does not contribute to the fish oil-stimulated lowering of plasma triacyglycerolvia hepatic reuptake of very low density lipoproteins or other triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins.
Non-reciprocal double-exposure materials for 193nm pitch division

We present an overview of lithography results achieved for materials to support "leave-on-chuck" double-exposure pitch-division patterning. These materials attempt to make use of a non-reciprocal photoresponse in which the same number of absorbed 193nm photons can produce different remaining levels of resist, depending upon whether the photons are received all at once or in two separate exposures. This, in principle, allows for the use of two exposures, using independent masks and without removing the wafer from the chuck, to produce non-regular patterning down to one half the pitch limit of the scanner. Such behavior could be produced, for example, by a reversible two-stage Photoacid Generator (PAG) or other non-reciprocal mechanisms. Several stages of lithography screening were done on a large number of candidate systems. Initially, thermal stability, casting behavior, and single-exposure (SE) contrast curves were investigated to determine whether the system behaved as a usable photoresist. The next stage of testing probed non-reciprocal response, in the form of double-exposure (DE) contrast curves, typically with an intervening whole-wafer flood exposure at a longer wavelength to enact the nonreciprocity. The key criterion for the material to pass this stage was to show a shifted contrast curve (difference in photospeed) for DE vs. SE. Such a shift would then imply that pitch-division imaging would be possible for this material. After identifying materials which exhibited this SE vs. DE contrast curve shift, the next step was actual DE patterning. Since the laboratory tool used for these exposures does not have the precise alignment needed to interleave the two exposures for pitch division, we employed a technique in which the second exposure is rotated slightly with respect to the first exposure. This results in a Moire-type pattern in which the two aerial images transition between overlap and interleave across the wafer. One particular PAG + sensitizer did indeed show the desired DE vs. SE contrast curve shift and pitch-divided imaging (k1 = 0.125). This system appears to operate on a scheme based on the creation of a photobase generator between the first and second exposures. Unfortunately, the quality of the pitch-divided images degrades quickly as the pitch is decreased, showing severe LER and bridging defects at a final pitch of 220nm. We postulate that this is caused by the diffusion of one or more key photoproducts. Accompanying papers report on both the photochemical details of the reaction pathways of these materials as well as modeling of the reaction kinetics.
Cooperation in a one-shot Prisoners' Dilemma

In this paper, we model social interactions which are characteristic of large economies. The key properties of this model are: (1) agents are randomly matched over time to engage in a Prisoners' Dilemma; (2) each agent routinely interacts with a proper subset of the other agents; and (3) each agent has highly imperfect information about the past conduct of other agents. For this setting, we show the optimality of a rule of thumb which does not discriminate between encounters with agents that one regularly meets and encounters with agents that one never expects to meet again. This rule of thumb generates cooperative behavior in all encounters. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C72, D74.
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN MATERNAL EDUCATION AND INFANT DIARRHEA IN DIFFERENT HOUSEHOLD AND COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENTS OF CEBU, PHILIPPINES

Maternal education is one of the strongest determinants of infant survival in developing countries, however, questions remain regarding the extent to which its effects vary as a function of contextual variables. In this study, a multi-level interactive model is used to assess whether the protective effect of maternal education on the risk of infant diarrhea is modified by three aspects of the mother's familial and community environment: household assets, community economic resources and the availability of mothers' clubs. 2484 study participants were interviewed in 1984 as part of the Cebu Longitudinal Infant Health and Nutrition Study. The findings suggest that the protective effect of maternal education on infant diarrhea varies according to the socio-economic environment in which the mother lives: maternal education protects against infant diarrhea in the more economically and socially advantaged communities but has no effect in the more disadvantaged communities. The results also indicate that the protective effect of maternal education is smaller in the wealthier households. These data suggest that improvement in maternal education level, alone, may not always have the expected beneficial effects on infant health. Corollary measures to improve access of mothers and children to basic community resources and efforts to help mothers be more effective in their various social roles may be necessary preconditions for higher levels of maternal education to result in improved infant health.
“Blessed in my own way:” Pedagogical affordances for dialogical voice construction in multilingual student writing

Abstract While the theoretical orientation of voice as an amalgamated dialogical effect has received consensus in second language writing circles, classroom practice and research have not kept pace with these developments. This article reports the trajectory of a Japanese student in negotiating the classroom affordances provided by a dialogical pedagogy to construct her desired voice. Analysis of the ways this pedagogy facilitated awareness in the student and progressive understanding in the teacher suggests implications for a pedagogy of voice. The study unveils the components that are amalgamated, process of dialogicality, and the challenges in achieving a co-constructed voice.
Pseudo-hierarchical ant-based clustering using a heterogeneous agent hierarchy and automatic boundary formation

The behavior and self-organization of ant colonies provides a promising model to address distributed clustering. However, most ant-based clustering approaches suffer from inefficiencies due to large numbers of unproductive ant movements and inefficient cluster merging, leading them to produce too many clusters and to converge too slowly. To address these issues, this paper presents a new ant-based clustering algorithm in which ants are organized in a loose two-level hierarchy with worker ants maintaining movement zone boundaries around each cluster and organizing its internal structure while a single queen ant in each cluster is responsible for moving items between clusters by directly handing them to other queens. This provides an infrastructure that avoids excessive ant movements between cluster regions while allowing for efficient long distance cluster merging. Comparison of this approach with traditional ant-based clustering shows its promise to significantly improve performance and scalability.
Teleology, Discontinuity and World History: Periodization and Some Creation Myths of Modernity

Discussions of world history often focus on the pros and cons of thinking on large spatial scales. However, world history also tends to employ unusually large timescales, both for research and teaching; frequently it is framed around a teleology and a series of “revolutions” which mark milestones taking humans from a very distant past to “modernity.” Moreover, world history usually rejects regionally specific period markers (e.g. Renaissance), making periodization within this long timespan especially difficult. This article surveys various approaches to these problems, and shows that any of them, if treated as sufficient by itself, introduces significant distortions. It argues for a world history that highlights this problem, rather than hiding it, and which uses the need to deploy multiple timescales simultaneously to clarify the distinctive intellectual contribution of historical thinking.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for fulminant influenza pneumonia.

A 48-year-old healthy man developed diffuse pneumonia with refractory hypoxemia. Sputum cultures were negative for bacterial pathogens. Myxovirus particles were demonstrated by electronmicroscopy in the tracheal aspirate reflecting the high infectivity titer of the sputum. Positive end-expiratory pressure ventilation and ten days of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation were utilized to maintain the inspired oxygen concentration at 70 percent or less in an effort to prevent oxygen-induced lung damage. Despite these therapeutic and supportive measures, progressive pulmonary fibrosis ensued precluding the patient’s survival. This case demonstrated that the pulmonary parenchymal change produced by fulminant influenza pneumonia may not be reversible even during prolonged maintenance of adequate arterial oxygen tension with an extracorporeal oxygenator.
Predictive Value of Body Mass Index at Age 18 on Adulthood Obesity: Results of a Prospective Survey of an Urban Population

Abstract Introduction Overweight children often become obese adults. The main purpose of this study was to define the risk of teenage obesity as a predictor of adulthood obesity in an under-studied and urban population. A secondary aim was to determine whether gender had an effect on the predictive value of teenage obesity. The final goal was to examine the influence of dietary habits on obesity. Methods This cross-sectional survey was conducted using convenience sampling of an urban, primarily African American, community. Demographic questions were supplemented by a dietary history and measurement of body anthropometrics. Results Five hundred three subjects were interviewed; 86% were African American, and the mean age was 43 years. Body mass index (BMI) at age 18 was the strongest factor associated with current obesity status in univariate and multivariate analyses. Sixty-nine (13.7%) subjects were overweight at age 18, and 28 (5.6%) were obese. Of the 28 obese teenagers, 22 (78.6%) went on to become obese as adults. Only 2.1% of nonobese adults were obese as teenagers. For women, BMI at age 18 was more predictive of adult BMI than for men. Gain of ≥5 BMI units after age 18 was linked to a higher prevalence of diabetes and hypertension. No dietary differences were found between obese and nonobese adults. Conclusions The results of this study provide evidence that high BMI at age 18 is strongly correlated with adulthood obesity, much more so with women than men. Eating habits did not have an impact, suggesting that obesity may be the result of a combination of factors yet to be clearly defined.