cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantum State Resolved 3D Velocity Map Imaging of Surface-Scattered Molecules: Incident Energy Effects in HCl + Self-Assembled Monolayer Collisions

Thermal and hyperthermal HCl (v = 0, J = 0) collision dynamics at the surface of methyl-terminated self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are probed by state-selective ionization followed by velocity-map imaging (VMI) to yield a full 2π steradian map of final 3D velocity distributions (vx, vy, vz) as a function of rovibrational (v, J) quantum state. “DC slicing” of the scattered HCl flux normal to the surface (vz) provides a powerful tool for eliminating incident beam contamination, as well as access to fully correlated, 3D flux weighted rovibrational quantum state + translational scattering dynamics in unprecedented detail. At low collision energies (Einc ≈ 0.7(1) kcal/mol), the scattering dynamics are completely dominated by trapping-desorption (TD) events, for which both external (i.e., translational) and internal (i.e., rovibrational) degrees of freedom quantitatively track the SAM surface temperature (TS). Hyperthermal scattering data at high collision energies (Einc ≈ 17(1) kcal/mol) provide direct eviden...
Generic targeting guides place revision glenoid components in more anatomic version than traditional techniques.

Background Glenoid component positioning in revision shoulder arthroplasty is difficult because of distorted anatomic landmarks and scarring in and around the glenoid vault. This study compared glenoid component version in revision total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) and reverse TSA (RTSA) using traditional instrumentation vs. a generic glenoid targeting guide. Methods Radiographs of 50 shoulders undergoing revision arthroplasty were reviewed by an independent reviewer. Twenty-one components were placed using traditional instrumentation and 29 with a generic targeting guide. Glenoid component version was measured on axillary lateral radiographs, and absolute deviation from anatomic version was calculated. Results The average deviation in version from anatomic was 8° (range, 0°-21°) with the traditional technique and 5° (range, 0°-18°) with the targeting guide ( P = .03). In revision to TSA, the average deviation was 10° with the traditional technique and 3° with the targeting guide ( P = .01). There was no significant difference in revision to RTSA (average deviation was 8° with traditional technique and 6° with the targeting guide). Glenoid components in obese patients (body mass index >30 kg/m 2 ) had less deviation (5°) with the targeting guide technique than with the traditional technique (9°, P = .04). No significant differences were found between techniques in glenoids with more than 15° of preoperative retroversion, TSA conversion to RSTA, or arthroplasty after proximal humeral fixation. Conclusions For revision arthroplasty, glenoid components placed with the generic targeting guide were significantly more accurate in version than with traditional instrumentation, particularly with revision to anatomic TSA. The targeting guide was useful in obese patients.
Drugs Used in TB and Leprosy

Abstract Multidrug resistance continues to be a problem in the treatment of tuberculosis (TB). With more cases of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB), clinicians are reverting to second-line and third-line agents, which have proven to be more toxic in nature and costly. This chapter reviews the 2016 data on the side effect profiles of commonly used medications in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae infections. Medications covered in this chapter include bedaquiline, capreomycin, clofazamine, cycloserine, dapsone, delamanid, ethambutol, gatifloxacin, isoniazid, kanamycin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, pyrazinamide, and the rifamycins.
Fatty acid composition of adultSchistosoma mansoni

The fatty acid composition of triglyceride and total phospholipid fractions of adultSchistosoma mansoni has been examined. Both triglyceride and phospholipid contained fatty acids varying in chain length from 12 through 24 carbons; trace amounts of shorter chain components were found in the triglyceride fraction. A docosahexaenoic acid in the triglyceride fraction represented the highest degree of unsaturation encountered. Branched chain fatty acids of 16 and 18 carbons were found in both phospholipid and triglyceride. Examination of fatty acids from fluke total lipid revealed the presence of small amounts of odd numbered carbon fatty acids varying in chain length from 13 through 23 carbons.
Uptake of the Congenital Muscular Torticollis Clinical Practice Guideline Into Pediatric Practice.

PURPOSE This study describes survey responses about implementation of the congenital muscular torticollis clinical practice guideline (CMT-CPG) by pediatric physical therapists (PT) and successes and challenges with knowledge-brokering activities. METHODS An online survey was distributed to pediatric PTs who self-identified with practice experience with congenital muscular torticollis. Data were analyzed for implementation frequency of guideline recommendations and differences pre and postpublication of the CMT-CPG. RESULTS After publication, guideline recommendation implementation improved such that no recommendation was being implemented by less than 50% of respondents, and most were implemented by greater than 90%. The majority of respondents participated in knowledge brokering; however, many indicated minimal effectiveness of those activities. CONCLUSIONS The CMT-CPG has successfully aided in changing practice. Participants identified areas of challenge and success in translating recommendations into practice and in knowledge brokering that may be helpful for the development of future CPGs.
Type IIA procollagen NH2-propeptide functions as an antagonist of bone morphogenetic proteins

Knowledge of how growth factors are regulated in the extracellular matrix is crucial for understanding processes of tissue development and repair. A complex series of processes occurs in the extracellular matrix to control the activity and distribution of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), which are important factors during cartilage and bone development. It is known that tissue regeneration is a recapitulation of processes in embryonic development and morphogenesis. Thus, in the case of cartilage repair during osteoarthritis, we can apply our knowledge of BMP function/regulation during embryogenesis to developing therapeutic strategies that will induce and even prolong natural tissue repair.
Exploiting Molecular Weight Distribution Shape to Tune Domain Spacing in Block Copolymer Thin Films.

We report a method for tuning the domain spacing (Dsp) of self-assembled block copolymer thin films of poly(styrene-block-methyl methacrylate) (PS-b-PMMA) over a large range of lamellar periods. By modifying the molecular weight distribution (MWD) shape (including both the breadth and skew) of the PS block via temporal control of polymer chain initiation in anionic polymerization, we observe increases of up to 41% in Dsp for polymers with the same overall molecular weight (Mn ≈ 125 kg mol–1) without significantly changing the overall morphology or chemical composition of the final material. In conjunction with our experimental efforts, we have utilized concepts from population statistics and least-squares analysis to develop a model for predicting Dsp based on the first three moments of the MWDs. This statistical model reproduces experimental Dsp values with high fidelity (with mean absolute errors of 1.2 nm or 1.8%) and provides novel physical insight into the individual and collective roles played by th...
Retrospective Cost Adaptive Control of Unstart in a Model Scramjet Combustor

A data-enabled adaptive control strategy is developed to regulate the thrust produced by a scramjet engine under normal operating conditions as well as near unstart. Specifically, retrospective cos...
Cellular uptake of aminoglycosides

Aminoglycosides exert their cytotoxic effect at three different locations: at the cell surface, in the cytosol, or in the nucleus. At the cell surface, aminoglycoside binding can cause temporary hearing loss, motor paralysis at the neuromuscular junction, ion wasting in kidneys, or analgesia in mechanoand nocioreceptors (touch and pain sensory cells). More severe and permanent cytotoxic events occur following aminoglycoside entry into the cell, via one or more transport mechanisms to cross the plasma membrane. Endocytosis is the most widely studied aminoglycoside uptake mechanism, but it remains uncertain whether this is receptor-mediated, non-specific fluid-phase mediated, or both; and if endocytotic uptake can lead directly to cytotoxicity. Endocytosis is a rate-limiting, temperature-dependent mechanism that does not account for the rapidity or temperature-independence of observed cytotoxic sequelae, including mitochondrial permeabilization, and toxic generation of reactive oxygen species. Aminoglycosides can also enter directly into the cytosol through ion channels in auditory and vestibular hair cells, kidney cells and other sensory neurons. This rapid, cell-selective mechanism of uptake can lead to rapid, direct interaction or binding with (1) phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) that could generate endogenous agonists of aminoglycoside permissive channels (2) mitochondria leading to generation of reactive oxygen species; (3) ribosomes and mistranslation during protein synthesis; and (4) RNA-composed nucleoli within the nucleus of cells. Potential mechanisms by which aminoglycosides are transported across the blood-labyrinth barrier into the endocochlear fluids, clearance from cells, and synergism with loop diuretics are also discussed.
Theory and Experiment in the Creep Buckling of Plates and Shells

It is shown that in the presence of creep the classical Eulerian concept of stability must be replaced by a more general one to obtain analytical results of usefulness to the engineer. Formulas derived earlier are presented in forms that are easy to apply to practical problems. Their predictions are compared with the results of two sets of tests. Satisfactory agreement is found between theory and experiment.
18F-SDM-8: A novel radiotracer for PET imaging of synaptic density

68 Objectives: Structural disruption and alterations of synapses are associated with many brain disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease, epilepsy, depression and schizophrenia. We have previously reported the PET radiotracer 11C-UCB-J for imaging and quantification of synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) and synaptic density in non-human primates and humans [1, 2]. The aim of our project was to develop novel 18F-labelled SV2A tracers with comparable or improved imaging properties and feasibility for translation to clinical diagnostic applications. Here we report the synthesis of 18F-SDM-8 and its in vivo evaluation in rhesus monkeys. Methods: The novel compound SDM-8 was synthesized and assayed for in vitro binding affinities. The radioligand 18F-SDM-8 was radiolabeled by 18F-substitution of an iodonium ylide precursor. PET imaging with 18F-SDM-8 (90 min baseline scan followed by displacement with the selective SV2A ligand levetiracetam (30 mg/kg) was conducted on a Focus-220 scanner to assess the ligand’s pharmacokinetic and in vivo binding properties. Metabolite-corrected arterial activity curves were measured and used as input functions in the analysis of brain time-activity curves and calculation of binding parameters with kinetic models. Results: SDM-8 was found to have high SV2A binding affinity (Ki = 0.58 nM) in vitro, which was similar to that of UCB-J (0.27 nM). 18F-SDM-8 was prepared in molar activity of 17.76 GBq/µmol and 99% radiochemical purity. In rhesus monkey, 18F-SDM-8 showed a moderate metabolism rate with 62% of parent tracer remaining at 30 min post-injection. Plasma free fraction was 40%. In the brain, it displayed very high uptake with peak SUV > 10, and fast and reversible kinetics, with peak uptake around 30 min. A displacement study with levetiracetam (30 mg/kg) given at 90 min post-injection reduced uptake in high binding regions to the level in the white matter, demonstrating binding specificity towards SV2A. Regional distribution volumes (VT, see Table) were derived using the 1-tissue compartment (1TC) model from 90 min of data and were similar to those of 11C-UCB-J. Regional binding potential (BPND) values were calculated using centrum semiovale (white matter) as the reference region and ranged from 0.86 in the brainstem to 4.85 in the cingulate cortex, similar in magnitude to that of 11C-UCB-J. Conclusions: We have successfully synthesized 18F-SDM-8 and evaluated its imaging characteristics in rhesus monkey. 18F-SDM-8 displayed the same attractive imaging properties as 11C-UCB-J: very high brain uptake, appropriate tissue kinetics, and high levels of specific binding signals. Given the longer half-life of F-18 and feasibility for central production and distribution, 18F-SDM-8 holds promise as an excellent radiotracer for SV2A and as a biomarker for synaptic density measurement in neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders. References: 1. Nabulsi N. et al.J. Nucl. Med.2016, 57, 777 2. Finnema S. et al.Sci. Transl. Med.2016, 8, 348ra96
Diabetic Ketoacidosis, Hyperosmolar Nonketotic States, and Stress-Induced Hyperglycemia

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) remains a major problem of uncontrolled diabetes with significant morbidity and mortality. In the pathogenesis of ketoacidosis, relative insulin deficiency and counterregulatory hormone excess lead to overproduction and underutilization of glucose, resulting in hyperglycemia. Increased lipolysis leads to excessive formation of ketone bodies, which accumulate to produce a metabolic acidosis. Insulin therapy promotes a reversal of these metabolic derangements by suppressing hepatic production of both glucose and ketones, in addition to increasing glucose utilization and ketone body clearance. Common precipitating factors include discontinuation of insulin therapy (noncompliance), infections, myocardial ischemia, and emotional stress.
Neurophysiology of reaching.

Neurophysiological studies of reaching are reviewed with emphasis on recordings from behaving monkeys. The relations between reaching parameters (direction and amplitude) and single-cell activity in the motor and parietal cortices are described. Finally, the role of motor cortex in the specifications of reaching and recent advances in spinal circuits that may subserve reaching movements are discussed.
Characterization of Silicon Photonics Modulator Integration and High Efficiency Testing Platform

We successfully establish a silicon photonics device manufacturing and testing platform in 200mm SOI wafer. We integrate modulator and driver chip to show 30Gb/s PAM4 capability. A fully-automatic wafer level characterization process is built up for all optical devices in surface coupling method.
Ethical Principles in the Modern World

The ancient Greeks believed that moral character was developed through proper training. With the correct education one would develop a strong moral sense, leading to right behaviour, pure thought and hence, to contentment. Several models of virtue and ethics were developed by Greek philosophers in the fifth century Before the Common Era (B.C.E.). These models of Ethikos referred to the more broadly understood concept of one’s moral character, inherent in all men, and were intended to aid in the development of that character through guidance. In modern times ethical codes have proliferated in the professions and have become both prescriptive and restrictive. This paper discusses this proliferate development in the twentieth century, the need for ethical codes and conflicts within ethical theories.
'Bilgi Çağı' Nda Bilgiye Dayalı Bölgesel Büyüme

Ekonomik buyume, emek, sermaye, doga ve girisimcilikten olusan uretim faktorlerinin niceliksel ve/veya niteliksel artisiyla mumkun olur. Baska bir deyisle, buyume icin fiziki ve beseri sermaye birikimini saglamak veya uretim faktorlerinin daha etkin kullanarak uretkenliklerini artirmak gerekir. Ekonomik buyume her ekonomi icin birincil hedefler arasinda yer aldigindan, iktisat yazininda encok arastirilan konularin basinda gelir. Bu konuda sayisiz makaleler yazilmis ve bircok modeller gelistirilmistir. Bu makalede yerlesik buyume teorileri ve modellerinden kisaca sozettikten sonra, tarim toplumundan bilgi toplumuna nasil gecilebilecegini anlatacagim. Tarim, sanayi ve bilgi toplumunda ekonomik buyumenin dinamiklerini karsilastiracagim. Kendi hayat hikayemden hareketle bilgi ekonomisine dayali bolgesel kalkinmanin onemine deginecegim.
Stigma of Suicide: A Thematic Analysis of a University Participatory Public Art Project

Suicide is a public health crisis that has been increasing the past few years. Stigma associated with mental health and suicide can contribute to suicide attempts and completion. With suicide as th...
The role of neuropathology in the management of newly diagnosed glioblastoma: a systematic review and evidence-based clinical practice guideline.

These recommendations apply to adult patients with newly diagnosed or suspected glioblastoma (GBM) For adult patients with newly diagnosed GBM does testing for Isocitrate Dehydrogenase 1 or 2 (IDH 1/2) mutations afford benefit beyond standard histopathology in providing accurate classification and outcome prognostication? Level III IDH 1/2 mutational status by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and/or sequencing is suggested for classification and prognostic information. Level III Non-canonical IDH 1/2 mutations are very rare in patients aged 55 or older and universal testing of variant mutations by sequence analysis is not suggested for this age range. For adult patients with lower grade infiltrating astrocytomas (WHO grades II and III) can the IDH-wildtype status designation supersede histopathology to predict prognosis and biologic relevance to eventual behavior as a GBM? Level III The designation of infiltrating astrocytomas (WHO grades II and III) as IDH-wildtype is not suggested as sufficient for a higher grade designation alone. Level III It is suggested that IDH-wildtype WHO grades II and III astrocytomas be tested for molecular-genetic alterations typical of IDH-wildtype GBM such as EGFR amplification, gain of chromosome 7/loss of chromosome 10 and TERT-p mutation to substantiate prediction of behavior similar to IDH-wildtype glioblastoma. Level III It is suggested that a diagnosis of diffuse astrocytic glioma, IDH-wildtype, with molecular features of GBM, WHO grade IV be rendered for infiltrating astrocytomas that lack histologic criteria of GBM but harbors molecular-genetic alterations of IDH-wildtype glioblastoma. For adult patients with newly diagnosed infiltrating glioma arising in the midline does testing for H3-K27M mutations provide information beyond that gained by histopathology for accurate classification and outcome prognostication? Level III It is suggested that infiltrating gliomas arising in midline anatomic locations be tested for the H3-K27M mutation as they tend to exhibit WHO grade IV behavior even if they lack histologic criteria for glioblastoma.
Cardiorespiratory Effects of Central Nervous System Derangements

Summary The patient with central nervous system pathology is characterized by a hypoxic, hyperdynamic state. Cardiorespiratory changes are most usually manifestations of significant elevations in plasma catecholamine levels caused by mechanical brain compression. Therapy includes adequate oxygenation, beta-adrenergic blockade, and ICP control.
Lean Implementation and Managerial Ability-Evidence from the Healthcare Industry

This study examines the relationship between lean implementation and managerial ability in the healthcare industry. Using a panel data set from U.S. short-term, general, acute care hospitals from 2000 to 2015, we conduct unidirectional analysis and two-stage Probit least squares regression to investigate whether lean implementation improves managerial ability and the possible two-way relation lean implementation and managerial ability. We find evidence that lean implementation and managerial ability are simultaneously determined. In addition, we quantify the simultaneity bias by comparing the 2PSLS regression results to those results using unidirectional approach. The findings of this study are of great interest to hospital decision makers and researchers as they assess the benefits of lean implementation and managerial ability. Specifically, the study provides implications to managers in hospitals as it suggests the importance of considering the possible simultaneity bias as they make informed lean implementation decisions. Any policy to improve lean implementation is likely to succeed if it takes into consideration managerial ability, and vice versa.
Elongator Function in the Anterior Pituitary and Its Relevance to Familial Dysautonomia

Familial Dysautonomia (FD) is a devastating neurodegenerative childhood disease characterized by a diminished number of autonomic neurons. FD children suffer from a multitude of autonomic symptoms including cardiovascular instability, gastrointestinal incoordination, and respiratory dysfunction. FD patients also exhibit an abnormal autonomic stress response, show poor growth velocity, and have difficulty gaining and maintaining weight. Treatment with growth hormone (GH) has been shown to increase growth velocity in FD patients. FD results from a mutation in the IKBKAP gene and diminished levels of the corresponding protein IKAP, a scaffolding protein that assembles a multi-subunit complex called Elongator. Elongator functions in the modification of tRNAs that mediate translation of AA- and AG-ending codons including lysine, glutamine, and glutamic acid. In the absence of Elongator, small AG biased genes are upregulated and large AA-biased genes are downregulated. IKAP is expressed throughout the autonomic nervous system and historically FD has been considered a strictly neurological disease. Here we show that IKAP is robustly expressed in the pituitary gland, indicating a strong dependence on Elongator. We hypothesize that compromised growth in FD may actually result from dysfunction of somatotrophs in the anterior pituitary, a non-neuronal cell type. To test this hypothesis, we generated a conditional knockout (CKO) mouse where Ikbkap is selectively ablated in anterior pituitary somatotrophs. These CKO mice exhibit decreased growth compared to control littermates. Surprisingly, quantitative immunohistochemistry indicates that GH1 levels may actually be increased in the CKO pituitary. CaBP7, a calcium binding protein that negatively regulates vesicle trafficking, is also found at elevated levels in the CKO, likely because of its strong AG-bias. In combination, these results suggest that upregulation of CaBP7 may inhibit GH1 exocytosis from pituitary cells, decreasing the amount of circulating GH1 and compromising growth in FD patients.
Hand dominance and the modification of the acoustically elicited startle response by a vibrotactile prepulse

The acoustic startle eyeblink was measured in 10 right-handed and 10 left-handed college students, in response to an 85-dB SPL, 50-msec broadband noise burst preceded on some trials by either a 50- or a 250-Hz vibrotactile prepulse to the hand (20 msec duration, 20 dB SL, 50-msec onset-to-onset interval). Eyeblink amplitude and latency were generally facilitated by the prepulses, and latency was shorter when prepulses were presented to the dominant rather than the nondominant hand. Responding was more probable in the no-prepulse condition when subjects had the dominant hand in position to receive the prepulses. All subjects responded equally often when prepulses were applied to the dominant hand, but right-handers responded less often than left-handers when prepulses were applied to the nondominant hand. Females responded more often than males in the prepulse conditions, and vibrotactile thresholds were lower in females than in males.
Trust-Based, Privacy-Preserving Context Aggregation and Sharing in Mobile Ubiquitous Computing

In ubiquitous computing environments, we are surrounded by significant amounts of context information about our individual situations and the situations we share with others around us. Along with the widespread emergence of ubiquitous computing and the availability of context information comes threats to personal privacy that result from sharing information about ourselves with others in the vicinity. We define an individual’s context to be a potentially private piece of information. Given the individual context of multiple participants, one can compute an aggregate context that represents a shared state while at the same time preserves individual participants’ privacy. In this paper, we describe three approaches to computing an aggregate measure of a group’s context while maintaining a balance between the desire to share information and the desire to retain control over private information. Our approaches allow dynamic tuning of information release according to trust levels of the participants within communication range. By evaluating our approaches through simulation, we show that sharing aggregate context can significantly increase the rate at which a group of co-located users learns an aggregate measure of their shared context. Further, our approaches can accomplish high quality context sharing even in situations with low levels of trust, assuming the availability of a small number of highly trustworthy partners.
Matchings (Maximum Matchings)

March 2. In the preceding chapter we mentioned the problem of devising a “global criterion” for deciding whether one matching is better than another. We noted that no such criterion appears to exist in general. Nevertheless, there are some cases where simple criteria suffice. For instance, if each possible pairing is either permitted or not permitted, with no other relative preferences given, then we have no trouble. This is known as the maximum matching problem.
Companions to α orionis

Detection of two close optical companions to the red supergiant a Ori was accomplished using the PAPA detector for data recording, and speckle imaging for image reconstruction. Our analysis favors an interpretation in which the two optical sources are stellar companions to a Ori.The observed time dependent variations of the polarization of a Ori can be interpreted as being due to a systemic asymmetry created by one of the companions.
Investigations at Berkeley on Fracture Flow in Rocks: From the Parallel Plate Model to Chaotic Systems

This is a review of research at Berkeley over the past 35 years on characterization of fractured rocks and their hydrologic behavior when subjected to perturbations of various kinds. The parallel plate concept was useful as a first approach, but researchers have found that it has limitations when used to examine rough fractures and understand effects of aperture distributions on heterogeneous flow paths, especially when the fracture is deformed under stress. Results of investigations have been applied to fractured and faulted geothermal systems, where the inherent, nonisothermal conditions produce a different kind of perturbation. In 1977, the Stripa project in Sweden provided an unusual underground laboratory excavated in granite where new methods of investigating fractured rock were developed. New theoretical studies have been carried out on the fundamental role of heterogeneous flow paths in controlling fluid migration in fractured rocks. A major field study is now underway at the Yucca Mountain Project in Nevada, where a site for a radioactive waste repository may be constructed. The main effort has been to characterize the rock mass (fractured tuff) in sufficient detail so that a site scale model can be constructed and used to simulate operation of the repository. A new and entirely different problem has been identified through infiltration tests in the fractured basalt layers of the Eastern Snake River Plane in Idaho. Water flow through the unusual heterogeneities of these layers is so erratic that a model based on a hierarchy of scales is being investigated.
Non Nobis Solum (Not for Ourselves Alone)

When I was younger I was self-conscious of the fact that I have a disability and would be annoyed by constant reminders that I cannot read well or comprehend information quickly. During my earlier years and while as a high school and undergraduate student, I was encouraged by some counselors to explain and disclose how I worked and learned best from teachers, professors, employers, and in general, members of the community.
Water Vapor Sorption of Hot-Melt Extruded Hydroxypropyl Cellulose Films: Effect on Physico-Mechanical Properties, Release Characteristics, and Stability

Abstract Hot‐melt extrusion technology was used to prepare thin polymer films containing hydroxypropyl cellulose and clotrimazole (CT). Films containing hydroxypropyl celluloses of different molecular weight and the drug were investigated for moisture‐sorption, mechanical properties, and release characteristics. Stability of the films was also studied at 25°C/60% relative humidity (RH) and 40°C/75% RH for up to 3 months. To study the moisture‐sorption of the hot‐melt extruded films, a rapid dynamic vapor sorption technique was used. Mechanical properties were evaluated using the Texture Analyzer. The molecular weight of the polymer had a significant effect on the mechanical and release characteristics of the films but did not influence the equilibrium moisture content in the films stored at RHs ranging from 0 to 90%. However, the time to reach equilibrium was longer for the higher molecular weight polymers. The drug release rate was dependent on the rate of erosion, which in turn depended on the molecular weight of the polymer. The films were stable at 25°C/60% RH for up to 3 months with no significant degradation or recrystallization of CT. However, recrystallization of the drug was observed within the films stored in accelerated stability conditions at the end of 3 months in which only 92.9% (±1.9) CT remained. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 93:3047–3056, 2004
Neurodegenerative disease: neuron protection agency.

The results of an innovative way of tracing the life and death of neurons in culture favour one side of a debate about the protein accumulations associated with certain disorders of the nervous system.
Effects of land reclamation practices on physical properties of an acid, infertile Oxisol

Abstract Large areas of soils in tropical rainforests have been damaged by careless mechanical land clearing procedures. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect on soil physical properties of various management practices to reclaim an acid, infertile Oxisol cleared by bulldozer. Crops would not grow on these soils due to low pH, poor fertility or poor physical properties. Properties in the 0- to 25-cm depth of the Typic Haplorthox soil, measured at the beginning of the study, were: 74% clay, bulk density 1.09 Mg m−3, pH 3.66, ECEC 8.9 cmolc 1−1, and available P 0.4 mg 1−1. Land reclamation treatments included all combinations of six tillage practices and three fertility levels. Tillage practices were: hand hoeing to a depth of 15 cm; hoeing plus applying mulch; hoeing and incorporation of green manure; deep forking, i.e., hand digging to 30 cm with a digging fork; deep forking in alternate 20-cm wide strips; and roto-tilling to the 10-cm depth. Fertility levels were: 1. 1. no fertilizer or lime added; 2. 2. addition of lime to maintain an Al saturation near 40% and fertilizer to maintain nutrients just above their critical levels; 3. 3. lime to neutralize all exchangeable A1 and fertilizer to satisfy the P fixation capacity of the soil and to maintain nutrients at optimum levels. Soil physical properties monitored periodically while growing five consecutive crops were bulk density, mechanical impedance, and infiltration rate. Macroporosity was evaluated after growing the fifth crop. Deep forking and forking in strips decreased bulk density and mechanical impedance and increased macroporosity and infiltration rate. Deep tillage by forking resulted in the driest soil 10 days after rainfall and the rice crop on this treatment experienced temporary wilting. Increasing the fertility level increased root activity which in turn increased mechanical impedance (the soil was drier) and water infiltration rate. We conclude that the soil physical properties of this soil were damaged very little by the land clearing operation and that the inability of the soil to grow crops was due to other factors.
Science Education as a Contributor to Adequate Yearly Progress and Accountability Programs.

The No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act requires states to measure the adequate yearly progress (AYP) of each public school and local educational agency (LEA) and to hold schools and LEAs accountable for failing to make AYP. Although it is required that science be assessed in at least three grades, the achievement results from science examinations are not required to be used when calculating AYP. A history of attempts to include science into AYP calculations and the role of science education within state accountability programs is provided here. An examination of National Assessment of Educational Progress science achievement data revealed that those states that opted to make schools accountable for students' science achievement had significantly higher fourth-grade mean scale scores when compared to states that did not include science in this manner. However, a significant difference was not found between these groups of states when analyzing eighth-grade data. Specific recommendations are provided to include science into accountability programs and to ameliorate existing requirements of NCLB. C � 2010
The Pressure Perturbation and the Numerical Modeling of a Cloud

Abstract The adaptation of the deep convection equations of Ogura and Phillips to moist convection results in an implicit relationship between temperature, potential temperature, pressure, and saturation vapor pressure. Typically, the pressure is treated as a known function of height to eliminate this condition. The effect of this approximation is investigated by numerically integrating the primitive equations in two-dimensional Cartesian coordinates. The model includes precipitation, and the equations are integrated for the life cycle of a strong cumulus cell. The result indicates that the non-dimensional pressure perturbation is notably an order smaller than scale analysis indicates it might be and that the deviation from the environmental pressure can be ignored in determining the saturation vapor pressure. This is partly because the pressure diagnostic equation acts to smooth out the pressure distribution.
Protein and Major Cations in California Market Milks

Abstract Concentrations of protein and major cations (calcium, potassium, magnesium, and sodium) were measured by Udy dye-binding and atomic absorption procedures in California market milks. Samples of nonfat (n = 47), lowfat (n = 48), whole (n = 55), extra rich (n = 25), buttermilk (n = 36) were collected from retail stores. Mean protein concentrations were nonfat, 3.29%; lowfat, 3.53%; whole, 3.16%; extra rich, 3.21%; and buttermilk, 3.37%. Mean calcium concentrations were: nonfat, 117 mg%; lowfat, 129 mg%; whole, 111 mg%; extra rich, 113 mg%; and buttermilk 115 mg%. Mean potassium concentrations were nonfat, 169 mg%; lowfat, 185 mg%; whole, 160 mg%; extra rich, 157mg%; and buttermilk, 170 mg%. Mean magnesium concentration were nonfat, 15.0 mg%; lowfat, 16.3 mg%; whole, 14.2 mg%; extra rich, 14.0 mg%; and buttermilk, 15.9 mg%. Mean sodium concentration were: nonfat, 50.9 mg%; lowfat, 55.8 mg%; whole, 46.0 mg%; extra rich, 49.8 mg%; and buttermilk, 100 mg%. These mean values are in good agreement with those previously reported and can be used by processors who choose, or need, to provide nutrition information on product labels.
Religion as an aspect of workplace diversity: an examination of the US context and a call for international research

Although religion is a significant factor in human behavior and is a protected area under the US Title VII prohibiting employment discrimination, religion is sorely understudied relative to research on other aspects of diversity. As evidenced by increasing legal action, the dynamics of religious diversity are poorly understood and managed in the workplace. In this paper, we compare and contrast religion to other forms of diversity by exploring the religion and work relationship. By doing so, we hope to stimulate interest in and provide direction for future research on this understudied, and increasingly important aspect of diversity.
Drug discovery: Kill the messenger where it lives.

A mutant repeating DNA sequence produces a toxic RNA molecule that causes the neuromuscular disorder myotonic dystrophy type 1. An ‘antisense’ therapy that targets this RNA in cell nuclei shows promise in mice. See Letter p.111 In myotonic dystrophy type I, a common hereditary neuromuscular disorder, the DMPK gene, which normally codes for a protein kinase that is expressed predominantly in skeletal muscle, is mutated in such a way that its transcription results in a toxic RNA molecule that is retained in the nucleus. Charles Thornton and colleagues report the reversal of physical and histological signs of the disease in a mouse model treated with antisense oligonucleotides that caused a rapid knockdown the toxic RNA in skeletal muscle. The effect persisted for up to a year after treatment. Other nuclear-resident RNAs were also sensitive to antisense oligonucleotides, suggesting that this strategy could be used to correct other RNA gain-of-function disorders.
On the mechanism of interface trap generation under nonuniform channel-hot-electron stress and uniform carrier-injection stress in metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors

The interpretation of the small hydrogen/deuterium isotope effect widely observed under uniform stress has been based on an implicit assumption that interface traps in the entire channel are passivated by deuterium after the deuterium annealing process. Through a stress/anneal process, we show that this assumption is incorrect. Instead, our results clearly suggest that interface trap generation under both nonuniform channel hot-carrier stress and uniform stress, such as Fowler–Nordheim tunneling and substrate electron injection, essentially follows the same mechanism, which is the breaking of Si–H(D) bonds and the release of hydrogen/deuterium at the oxide/silicon interface.
Abstract 514: A novel dual color mouse model for studying the tumor microenvironment of pancreatic adenocarcinoma

We have developed a novel, dual color, immunocompetent mouse model for studying the pancreatic tumor microenvironment using fluorescence imaging. To develop this model, we used mice engineered to constitutively express a conditional tdTomato fluorescent transgene that converts to the expression of EGFP following Cre recombinase-mediated intramolecular rearrangement of the transgene. The reporter transgene is driven by a strong, ubiquitous promoter from a well-characterized genomic locus. Both tdTomato and EGFP fluorescent proteins are membrane-targeted, allowing distinction of single cells and cell processes within the microenvironmental setting. For our studies of the pancreatic microenvironment, we used PdxCre (Pdx-1-Cre) transgenic mice. PdxCre mice express Cre recombinase within the developing pancreas during embryogenesis. To generate mice in which the pancreatic parenchyma, expressing membrane-targeted green fluorescence (mG), is highlighted against the red fluorescent (mT) backlight of stromal and non-pancreatic tissues, we crossed PdxCre transgenic mice with conditional fluorescent (mTmG) indicator mice. Both lines are on a mixed C57Bl/6 × Sv129 background, backcrossed several generations onto C57Bl/6. We used PDA4964 pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells, derived from genetically engineered triple transgenic (LSL-KrasG12D/+;LSL-Trp53R172H/+; PdxCre) mutant mice, to generate orthotopic tumors in the pancreata of PdxCre+, mTmG+ dual transgenic, dual color mice. Using a dosage of 1 × 106 tumor cells per mouse, half of the mice developed tumors within 4-6 weeks. Ex vivo imaging of orthotopic tumor-bearing mice at necropsy revealed large pancreatic tumors comprised of non-fluorescent tumor cells supported and nourished by red fluorescent host stromal and vascular cells. The expanding tumor masses distorted and displaced the adjacent green fluorescent host pancreatic parenchyma. Upon microscopic examination of the tumor-host interface, cell borders of individual host pancreatic parenchymal and stromal cells were clearly outlined. Our preliminary findings indicate that this novel, dual color, immunocompetent mouse model will be valuable for studying the pancreatic tumor microenvironment using fluorescence imaging. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 514. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-514
PRODUCTION OF A BETACYANINE CONCENTRATE BY FERMENTATION OF RED BEET JUICE WITH Candida utilis

Recent limitations on the use of artificial red food colorants has prompted extensive research into finding suitable natural red pigments as color additives. Investigations have shown that water-based concentrates or powders of red beet root (Beta vulgaris) are applicable colorants in some food systems. However, presently available commercial beet preparations have relatively low pigment concentration; therefore, large quantities are required to obtain the desired color strength. Fermentation of ultrafiltered red beet juice by Candidu utilis under partial anaerobic conditions was shown to substantially reduce solids, resulting in a five- to sevenfold increase in betacyanine content on a dry basis. A 668% betacyanine content was achieved in the final dry product, The fermentable carbohydrate, nitrates and 80% of the Kjeldahl nitrogen were assimilated by Gmdida utilis after 6.5 hr of fermentation by maintaining the pH at 5.0 with NaOH and HCl solutions. After drying, the product lacked the characteristic beet flavor and aroma and was readily water soluble. This dry betacyanine concentrate may have application as a red food colorant.
Geodynamics at NASA

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has had a geodynamics program for about five years that has as a major objective the provision of a basis for formulating a standard dynamic earth model, i.e., a dynamic version of the figure of the earth. The high-precision measurements obtained during the program will be used to provide a better understanding of the earth's crustal motion, its deformation and rotation dynamics, and its gravity and magnetic fields. The measurements are obtained from satellites, astronomical observations, and from laser beams reflected from the moon's surface. The NASA geodynamics program alone has a projected funding of $26.6 million for fiscal year 1983.
Fine structure of two types of pleuropodia in Diploptera punctata (Dictyoptera: Blaberidae) with observations on their permeability

Abstract Fine structural analysis of the 2 types of pleuropodia of embryos of the viviparous cockroach, Diploptera punctata (Eschscholtz) reveals that both organs have vast plasma membrane-mitochondrial complexes, but on opposite surfaces of their cells. The appendage-like pleuropodia on the 1st abdominal segment exhibit mitochondria within microvilli at the outer cell surfaces of the bulb and extension which comprise the bulk of the organ. Lateral surfaces are interdigitated and mitochondria-rich, but the inner surfaces are relatively free of mitochondria and infoldings. The atypical cuticle of the bulb is permeable to several vital dyes but less so than the extension, presumably because of a visibly different cuticle. The second type of pleuropodia, called adenopodia, are of the semi-invaginated type, located on the 9th abdominal segment. These organs have mitochondria within deep infoldings of the inner plasma membrane and along the lateral cell surfaces, but not in the microvilli and infoldings at the outer surfaces. Apical pinocytotic vesicles appear to contribute to the formation of multivesiculate bodies which occur in channels between tightly packed microtubules. It is unlikely that these vesicles mediate the uptake of large molecules from the extra-embryonic fluid because vital dyes do not penetrate the cuticle of the adenopodia. However, silver nitrate reacts strongly at its surface, suggesting the presence of and permeability to chloride. Since the structure of these organs is similar to that of ion and fluid transport tissues, such as malpighian tubules and anal papillae, it is proposed that their function as osmoregulators of embryonic hemolymph and extracellular fluid be investigated.
Submicron defect detection by SEMSpec: an e-beam wafer inspection system

Traditionally, automated optical inspection techniques have been sufficient to find defects on wafers. However, defects smaller than 0.25 (mu) simply cannot be resolved by light optics due to optical limitation. KLA-Tencor SEMSpec is an advanced scanning electron-beam wafer inspection system that can detect defects down to 0.1 (mu) . The electron beam is scanned over the specimen surface, causing secondary electrons to be emitted from the surface where the beam impinges. These emitted secondary electrons are detected and the resulting image is formed so that conventional image processing techniques can also be applied. In the inspection sequence, fundamental parameters such as pixel size, defect detection sensitivity threshold, signal averaging, and cluster distance can be adjusted.
III. Intelligence in family groups in the Blue Ridge Mountains

(1954). III. Intelligence in family groups in the Blue Ridge Mountains. Eugenics Quarterly: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 53-57.
Incorrect Priority Claim for the DNA-Damage Hypothesis-Reply

In Reply. —We are surprised that Dr Robbins has waited almost four years after the publication in 1982 of our article entitled "A New Hypothesis of the Etiology of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: The DNA Hypothesis" 1 to submit the above letter. We dispute Dr Robbins' claim that he and his colleagues were the first to propose the DNA-damage hypothesis of human neurologic disease, and we will briefly review the history of this hypothesis as we see it. One of us (W.G.B.) has been undertaking work on the etiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) for a number of years. 2-6 In our 1982 article 1 we brought together work from a number of different fields to produce a cohesive hypothesis that might explain the etiology of ALS. This hypothesis derived from the seminal 1974 article of Mann and Yates, 7 in which they reported RNA, nuclear, and nucleolar changes in ALS motor neurons