cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A unique case of bilateral recurrent sphenoid sinus cerebrospinal fluid leaks: Primary acquired leak within the lateral sphenoid sinus recess, followed by a leak via Sternberg's canal

Objectives:This case presents a previously undescribed clinical scenario of spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks secondary to a lateral sphenoid sinus recess skull base dehiscence and contralateral Sternberg’s canal. This case report aims to characterize the presentation and successful management of these lesions.Methods:The electronic medical record was used to collect information pertaining to the patient’s clinical history.Results:The patient was a middle-aged, obese female with persistent clear rhinorrhea as her only presenting symptom. Neuroradiologic studies localized the defect to the lateral sphenoid sinus recess. CSF opening pressures were within normal limits, but radiographic findings were consistent with elevated intracranial pressure. After an endoscopic transnasal transsphenoidal approach failed to resolve the CSF leak, a transpterygoid approach facilitated CSF leak resolution. The patient then did well for the following 2 years, but later developed a CSF leak through a contralateral ...
Race discourse and the US Confederate Flag

Research reveals that racial hierarchies and ‘color‐blind’ racism is maintained through discourse. The current study utilizes exploratory data from focus groups in a predominantly white southern university in the United States to examine race talk, the Confederate Flag, and the construction of southern white identity. Drawing from critical discourse analysis, we answer the following questions: first, to what extent do discursive strategies surrounding the Confederate Flag reflect more subtle forms of racism? Second, what does discourse surrounding use of the Confederate Flag reveal about the construction of southern white identity? Findings reveal that whiteness remains largely an ‘unmarked’ category as demonstrated via discursive strategies (downplaying and defensive diversions versus race competence). Educators, especially in the American south, may benefit from examinations of controversies over the US Confederate Flag in order to challenge racism in the classroom.
Identification of diadenosine-triphosphate in mature bovine lenses

Abstract Mature bovine lenses contain 75–100 μM of a previously unidentified nucleoside polyphosphate. Using 31 P NMR spectroscopy we have identified this compound as diadenosine-5′,5‴-triphosphate. The accumulation of this compound in the lens may be a consequence of the high levels of activities of t-RNA synthetases during lens differentiation and growth. The function, if any, of this compound in the bovine lenses is presently unknown.
Using multispecies occupancy models to improve the characterization and understanding of metacommunity structure

Two of the most prominent frameworks to develop in ecology over the past decade are metacommunity ecology, which seeks to characterize multispecies distributions across space, and occupancy modeling, which corrects for imperfect detection in an effort to better understand species occurrence patterns. Although their goals are complementary, metacommunity theory and statistical occupancy modeling methods have developed independently. For instance, the elements of metacommunity structure (EMS) framework uses species occurrence data to classify metacommunity structure and link it to underlying environmental gradients. While the efficacy of this approach relies on the quality of the data, few studies have considered how imperfect detection, which is widespread in ecological surveys and the major focus of occupancy modeling, affects the outcome. We introduce a framework that integrates multispecies occupancy models with the current EMS framework, detection error-corrected EMS (DECEMS). This method offers two distinct advantages. First, DECEMS reduces bias in characterizing metacommunity structure by using repeated surveys and occupancy models to disentangle species-specific occupancy and detection probabilities, ultimately bringing metacommunity structure classification into a more probabilistic framework. Second, occupancy modeling allows estimation of species-specific responses to environmental covariates, which will increase our ability to link species-level effects to metacommunity-wide patterns. After reviewing the EMS framework, we introduce a simple multispecies occupancy model and show how DECEMS can work in practice, highlighting that detection error often causes EMS to assign incorrect structures. To emphasize the broader applicability of this approach, we further illustrate that DECEMS can reduce the rate of structure misclassification by more than 20% in some cases, even proving useful when detection error rates are quite low (-10%). Integrating occupancy models and the EMS framework will lead to more accurate descriptions of metacommunity structure and to a greater understanding of the mechanisms by which different structures arise.
Compensating Differentials and the Male-Female Wage Gap: Evidence from the New York State Comparable Worth Study

This article examines whether women are paid less than men because female-dominated jobs are characterized by more favorable working conditions than jobs dominated by men. We review evidence about whether differences in working conditions are responsible for a portion of the sex gap in wages, including pertinent data from a number of comparable worth studies. The heart of the article is an analysis of data on over 1,600 jobs in the New York State Civil Service System. Fourteen job-content indicators and 15 measures of working conditions are examined. Ourfindings are inconsistent with the expectations of the compensating differentials hypothesis. Prominent results include (1) both maleandfemale-dominated jobs are disadvantaged on a similar number of working-conditions indicators; (2) in general, neither men nor women receive wage premiums for working in unfavorable conditions, once other compensable characteristics are taken into account; (3) if female-dominated jobs had the same working conditions that characterize white male-dominated jobs, the sex gap in wages would grow slightly; and (4) femaledominated jobs would slightly improve their relative position if all wage penalties associated with working conditions were assigned a zero score. A power-based model of intraorganizational wage determination is discussed as an alternative to the neoclassical economic paradigm.
Identification of Substrate Contact Residues Important for the Allosteric Regulation of Phosphofructokinase from Eschericia coli

The side chains of Escherichia coli phosphofructokinase (EcPFK) that interact with bound substrate, fructose 6-phosphate (Fru-6-P), are examined for their potential roles in allosteric regulation. Mutations that severely decrease Fru-6-P affinity and/or kcat/Km were created at each contact residue, with the exception of the catalytic base, D127. Even though Fru-6-P affinity was greatly decreased for R162E, M169A, E222A/H223A, and R243E, the mutated proteins retained the ability to be activated by MgADP and inhibited by phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). R252E did not show an allosteric response to either MgADP or PEP. The H249E mutation retained MgADP activation but did not respond to PEP. R72E, T125A, and R171E maintained allosteric inhibition by PEP. Both R72E and T125A displayed a MgADP-dependent decrease in kcat but no MgADP-dependent K-type effects. R171E maintained MgADP-dependent K-type activation but also displayed a MgADP-dependent decrease in kcat. Localization of mutations that alter MgADP activation n...
Identification of phenylbutyrylglutamine, a new metabolite of phenylbutyrate metabolism in humans

Phenylbutyrate is used in humans for treating inborn errors of ureagenesis, certain forms of cancer, cystic fibrosis and thalassemia. The known metabolism of phenylbutyrate leads to phenylacetylglutamine, which is excreted in urine. We have identified phenylbutyrylglutamine as a new metabolite of phenylbutyrate in human plasma and urine. We describe the synthesis of phenylbutyrylglutamine and its assay by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry as a tert-butyldimethylsilyl or methyl derivative, using standards of [2H5]phenylbutyrylglutamine and phenylpropionylglutamine. After administration of phenylbutyrate to normal humans, the cumulative urinary excretion of phenylacetate, phenylbutyrate, phenylacetylglutamine and phenylbutyrylglutamine amounts to about half of the dose of phenylbutyrate. Thus, additional metabolites of phenylbutyrate are yet to be identified. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of cognitive abilities on information search for tasks of varying levels of complexity

Although web search engines are designed as one-size-fits-all tools, people do not come in one size, but instead vary across many different attributes. One such attribute is cognitive ability. Because information search is primarily a cognitive activity, understanding the extent to which variations in cognitive abilities impact search behaviors and outcomes is especially important. We describe a study in which we explore how people's cognitive abilities affect their search behaviors and perceptions of workload while conducting search tasks with different levels of complexity. Twenty-one adults from the general public completed this study. We assessed participants' associative memory, perceptual speed, and visualization abilities and also measured workload. To evaluate the relationship between cognitive ability, task complexity and workload, we conducted three separate mixed factor ANOVAs corresponding to each of the abilities. Our results suggest three important trends: (1) associative memory ability had no significant effect on search behavior and workload, (2) visualization ability had a significant effect on search behavior, but not workload, and (3) perceptual speed had a significant effect on search behavior and workload. Specifically, participants with high perceptual speed ability engaged in more search activity in less time and experienced less workload. While the interactions were not significant, the differences were more pronounced for more complex tasks. We also found a significant relationship between task complexity and workload, and task complexity and search behaviors, which corroborates previous research.
Generalized forms of the phi-four equation with compactons, solitons and periodic solutions

In this paper we study two generalized forms of the phi-four equation. Compactons: solitons with the absence of infinite wings, conventional solitons: nonlinear localized waves with infinite support, solitary patterns solutions having infinite slopes or cusps, and plane periodic solutions are developed. The sine-cosine ansatz can be fruitfully employed to develop these physical solutions. The qualitative change in the physical structure of the obtained solutions is shown to depend mainly on the exponent of the wave function u(x, t), positive or negative, and on the coefficient of the term (un)xx as well.
Hand therapy following elbow release for passive elbow flexion and long head of the triceps transfer for active elbow flexion in children with amyoplasia

Children born with the Amyoplasia form of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC) who lack elbow flexor muscles and have elbow extension contractures usually require assistance in performing ADL's that require reaching their hand to their face, head, and upper body. For tasks involving the UE, the elbow is the key to functional independence. Children born with Amyoplasia may benefit from selective surgeries to enhance functional independence and improve quality of life. Home therapy and splinting following these surgeries is an important part of gaining motion and improving function. This abstract will review the rehab and splinting following an elbow release to gain passive elbow flexion, and a long head of the triceps transfer for active elbow flexion in children with Amyoplasia.
Efferent fiber connections of the dorsal and deep tegmental nuclei of Gudden. An experimental study in the cat.

Abstract Discrete electrolytic lesions were stereotactically placed in the dorsal and deep tegemental nuclei of Gudden in the cat. Resultant degeneration was traced employing the Fink-Heimer staining technique. This material allows the following conclusions to be drawn: (1) If components of the dorsal longitudal fasciculus do indeed arise in the dorsal tegmental nucleus, they are part of a polysynaptic pathway which makes a synapse with second order neurons either before passing to levels rostral to the trochlear nucleus or caudal to the abducens or before leaving the fasciculus. (2) Fibers originating in both the dorsal and the deep tegmental nuclei pass through the ipsilateral mammillary peduncle to terminate in the mammillary nuclei in a pattern distinctive for the nucleus of origin. The dorsal nucleus sends fibers to the lateral mammillary nucleus ipsilaterally and the dorsomedial aspect of the anterior one-third of the medial mammillary nucleus bilaterally. Fibers originating in the deep nucleus terminate in the posterior two-thirds of the ipsilateral medial mammillary nucleus, while other fibers either originating in or passing through it share the same pattern as those from the dorsal. (3) A bundle of fibers which originates in the dorsal and possibly in the deep tegmental nuclei and passes through the ipsilateral mammillary peduncle continues rostrally in the region of the medial forebrain bundle to terminate in the lateral hypothalamic and preoptic areas. (4) Both the dorsal and the deep tegmental nuclei send fibers into a tegmentopeduncular tract. These fibers terminate in the nucleus centralis superior and the inter-pendicular nucleus. (5) The dorsal tegmental nucleus sends fibers to the ipsilateral deep nucleus. The reverse may also be true.
Interpersonal mistreatment of women in the workplace

The purpose of this paper is to introduce the work included in the special issue: Interpersonal Mistreatment of Women in the Workplace. In doing so, the authors develop a multilevel conceptual model, illustrating how the research included in the special issue address causes and consequences of interpersonal mistreatment at the micro, meso, and macro-level of analysis. In addition, the integrated model demonstrates how factors at different levels both influence and are influenced by those at other levels of analysis. Based on this collective work, the authors encourage researchers interested in addressing the mistreatment and marginalization of less powerful groups to consider the multilevel causes and consequences of such behavior. It is only through holistic examinations that researchers can we fully understand this insidious problem and encourage people—whether likely targets of mistreatment or not—to take a stand to end this treatment in workplaces and other society as a whole.
Effect of visual impairment on neuropsychological test performance

Three vision-dependent neuropsychological tests of visual processing--Benton's Facial Recognition (FR), Judgment of Line Orientation (JLO), and Visual Form Discrimination (VFD)--were administered to subjects on the same day as routine ophthalmic examination. Seventeen subjects had Jaeger near vision of J5 (analogous to 20/50) or worse resulting from refractive error, while 13 control subjects had normal near vision of J1. Neuropsychological test scores of these groups were compared with each other and also the published standardization group for each test. Low near-vision subjects' performances on FR and VFD were significantly poorer than both control group subjects and standardization group subjects, but performance on JLO was not significantly altered. These results demonstrate that visual impairment can result in unexpectedly low scores on certain tests of visual processing, which suggests that poor vision might also affect results of other neuropsychological tests that involve vision, such as tests of visual processing and tests which use vision as a vehicle to deliver test stimuli to the relevant portions of the cortex. We therefore strongly urge examiners to secure control over potential bias resulting from reduced vision by instituting routine near visual acuity testing of all subjects prior to or during neuropsychological assessment.
Advantages to Geoscience and Disaster Response from QuakeSim Implementation of Interferometric Radar Maps in a GIS Database System

High-resolution maps of earth surface deformation are available in public archives for scientific interpretation, but are primarily available as bulky downloads on the internet. The NASA uninhabited aerial vehicle synthetic aperture radar (UAVSAR) archive of airborne radar interferograms delivers very high resolution images (approximately seven meter pixels) making remote handling of the files that much more pressing. Data exploration requiring data selection and exploratory analysis has been tedious. QuakeSim has implemented an archive of UAVSAR data in a web service and browser system based on GeoServer (http://geoserver.org). This supports a variety of services that supply consistent maps, raster image data and geographic information systems (GIS) objects including standard earthquake faults. Browsing the database is supported by initially displaying GIS-referenced thumbnail images of the radar displacement maps. Access is also provided to image metadata and links for full file downloads. One of the most widely used features is the QuakeSim line-of-sight profile tool, which calculates the radar-observed displacement (from an unwrapped interferogram product) along a line specified through a web browser. Displacement values along a profile are updated to a plot on the screen as the user interactively redefines the endpoints of the line and the sampling density. The profile and also a plot of the ground height are available as CSV (text) files for further examination, without any need to download the full radar file. Additional tools allow the user to select a polygon overlapping the radar displacement image, specify a downsampling rate and extract a modest sized grid of observations for display or for inversion, for example, the QuakeSim simplex inversion tool which estimates a consistent fault geometry and slip model.
Facile Synthesis of a High-Affinity Ligand for Mammalian Hepatic Lectin Containing Three Terminal N-Acetylgalactosamine Residues

A simple cluster glycoside containing three residues of N-acetylgalactosamine with proper inter-residual distances can be a high-affinity ligand for asialoglycoprotein receptor of mammalian liver. YEE(ah-GalNAc)3 [Lee, R. T., and Lee, Y. C. (1987) Glycoconjugate J. 4, 317−328] is such a ligand having a Kd in the subnanomolar range, and this high-affinity ligand has been successfully utilized in the delivery of gene to the parenchymal cells of the liver [Merwin, J. R., Noell, G. S., Thomas, W. L., Chiou, H. C., DeRome, M. E., McKee, T. D., Spitalny, G. L., and Findeis, M. A. (1994) Bioconjugate Chem. 5, 612−620; Hangeland, J. J., Levis, J. T., Lee, Y. C., and Ts'o, P. O. P. (1995) Bioconjugate Chem. 6, 695−701]. Reported here is a synthetic procedure for an equally effective, homologous trivalent ligand, YDD(G-ah-GalNAc)3. The advantage offered by this new cluster glycoside is that the synthetic scheme accomplishes purification of reaction intermediates and the product without chromatographic separations. ...
Potential Psychosocial and Instructional Consequences of the Common Core State Standards: Implications for Research and Practice

Despite the recent rollout of the Common Core State Standards (CCSS), CCSS-aligned assessments, and test-based teacher evaluation systems, questions remain regarding the impact that these accountability policies will have on teachers and students. This article discusses the psychosocial and instructional consequences of test-based accountability policies and the role that school psychologists may have in supporting schools and teachers. Research on the influence of high-stakes testing and accountability practices on teacher well-being and stress is first reviewed. Then, research on the use of counterproductive instructional practices and the impact of these counterproductive instructional practices on student learning, test performance, and educational advancement is discussed. School psychologists may provide leadership, consultation, and support to assist schools and teachers in promoting student learning and addressing expected and unexpected challenges faced by the new policies and practices resulting from the CCSS and CCSS-aligned assessments.
Chemical and biological trends associated with acidic atmospheric deposition in the Rhode River watershed and estuary

The Rhode River estuarine/watershed system is a tributary of Chesapeake Bay located on the inner Atlantic Coastal Plain. Its soils are fine sandy loams. Bulk precipitation pH in the spring season declined from 4.95 in 1974 to 3.82 in 1981 and was 4.03 in 1985. The changes in pH of a forested primary stream were more related to changes in bulk precipitation pH than were the changes in pH of agricultural streams, reflecting the importance of other major terrestrial sources of acidity on agricultural systems. Surges in acidity and dissolved total Al concentration in primary (first order) streams reached extremes of pH 3.2 and 300 μg Al L−1. Higher order streams were observed to have surges in acidity with pH minima below 5.0. Surges in acidity ocurred during accelerated groundwater percolation following storm events and did not coincide with surface runoff or snowmelt. One of the reasons why groundwater is more acidic than surface runoff is that the vegetation exchanges H30 + for alkaline cations in the soil and translocates these ions to the vegetational canopy. When it rains, subsequently, H30+ in the precipitation displace some of these alkaline cations from the canopy. The end result is that overland flow during storms is enriched in alkaline cations, while groundwater is enriched in H30+. Although the source of dissolved Al is dissolution of clay minerals with atomic ratios of Al to silicate of 1:l, 1:2, or 1:3, this ratio in stream water rapidly declined to 1:1200 due to loss of Al. On average, forest drainage was the most acidic, the highest in dissolved Al, and the lowest in Ca. Surges in acidity were most severe from pastureland, and next most severe from cropland. Total fluoride concentrations were high relative to Al from all three land uses. Rhode River spawning runs of Perca flavescens declined drastically from the early 1970s to essentially zero since 1981. Larval bioassays of acidity indicate negligible toxicity to Hyla crucifer, significant toxicity to Perca flavescens and drastic effects on Morone saxatilis at pH 5.0.
Adrenergic-mediated connexin43 phosphorylation in the ocular ciliary epithelium

PURPOSE. Gap junctions provide metabolic cooperativity between the nonpigmented and pigmented cells of the ciliary epithelium. Connexin43 is the major protein of these junctions. To learn whether the phosphorylation state of this gap junction is sensitive to adrenergic mediators, we exposed isolated intact ciliary epithelia to agonists of the G-protein receptor-coupled system and analyzed the phosphorylation state of connexin43 by western blot. METHODS. The double layer of intact ciliary epithelia was isolated and exposed to isoproterenol, forskolin, and the tumor promoter 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). The phosphorylation state of connexin43 was analyzed by western blot, using a monoclonal antibody that recognized both the phosphorylated and dephosphorylated connexin43. An upward shift in electrophoretic mobility confirmed the presence of a phosphate group. RESULTS. Connexin43 phosphorylation was rapidly induced by each of these agonists. One µM isoproterenol and 5 µM forskolin induced phosp...
Comparison of filtration and equilibrium dialysis methods for [3H]imipramine binding to human platelets

Abstract Receptor binding of imipramine in human platelets was assessed by filtration through glassfiber filters and by equilibrium dialysis. Both methods yield drug-receptor dissociation constants of similar magnitude (10−9 m ) to literature values. However, the density of binding sites (Bmax) was fivefold lower by filtration (473 ± 92 fmol/mg protein) compared to equilibrium dialysis (2652 ± 765 fmol/mg protein). Dialysis allows direct assessment of free imipramine and avoids drug loss during the separation step of the filtration assay. Additional advantages were found for computer nonlinear regression analysis of untransformed data to eliminate errors owing to linear transformation in the Scatchard analysis and for simultaneous quantitation of nonspecific and total drug binding.
Lights, X-Rays, Oxygen!

Photosystem II uses metal ions to oxidize water to form O2. Two recent papers employ the new technique of serial femtosecond crystallography utilizing X-ray free-electron lasers and nanocrystals to obtain initial structures of intermediate states of photosystem II catalysis at the site of oxygen production.
Small-Group Assessment Methods in Mathematics

Assessment of students' attainment in courses is often driven by the method of instruction. When mathematics is taught in the traditional style of lectures on theory coordinated with homework on standard problems, the testing is often oriented to reproducing the skills demonstrated by the instructor. If a more collaborative teaching method is used, how does one assess the students' acquisition of problem-solving and mathematical-thinking skills? The paper discusses a team-oriented formal testing method used in a mathematical modelling course taught during the Alma College intensive spring term.
A Comparison of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) Found In A Total Of 696 Boys And 2973 Girls Evaluated For Sexual Abuse † 521

A Comparison of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) Found In A Total Of 696 Boys And 2973 Girls Evaluated For Sexual Abuse † 521
Erythromycin Biosynthesis: Kinetic Studies on a Fully Active Modular Polyketide Synthase Using Natural and Unnatural Substrates†

6-Deoxyerythronolide B synthase (DEBS) is a modular polyketide synthase (PKS) that catalyzes the biosynthesis of the parent macrolide of erythromycin. On the basis of a recently developed cell-free assay (Pieper et al., 1995a) we report the results of steady-state kinetic studies on a modular PKS. A truncated form of DEBS (DEBS 1+TE), in which DEBS 1 is fused to the thioesterase domain from the C-terminal end of DEBS 3, was used for most of these studies. The overall kcat for (2S,3S,4S,5R)-2,4-dimethyl-3,5-dihydroxy-n-heptanoic acid δ-lactone (C9-lactone) synthesis is 3.4 min-1, indicating that the enzyme is at least as active in vitro as in vivo. The apparent Km for (2S)-methylmalonyl-CoA consumption by DEBS 1+TE is 24 μM. The catalytic activity of DEBS 1+TE is strongly dependent on the phosphate concentration in the reaction buffer in the range 0−250 mM, suggesting that hydrophobic interactions may be crucial to the assembly of DEBS monomers into a functional complex. Although DEBS 1+TE can convert acet...
The development and postnatal organization of motor nuclei in the rat thoracic spinal cord

The topographic organization of the motor nuclei supplying individual thoracic muscles in postnatal rats was investigated by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labelling from the periphery. To determine whether aspects of the same organization are apparent at early developmental stages, we used HRP to label neurons contributing axons to the two primary rami of thoracic nerves in rat fetuses ranging in age from the 13th day of gestation to birth. This developmental period includes stages during which peripheral nerves and muscles are forming. The results show that motoneurons in the appropriate positions in the ventral horn have axons in each primary ramus even at stages prior to the innervation of muscle. However, in fetuses at certain developmental stages, there are also neurons located outside the motor nuclei which send axons into the peripheral nerves.
Basal expression of nucleoside transporter mRNA differs among small intestinal epithelia of beef steers and is differentially altered by ruminal or abomasal infusion of starch hydrolysate.

Abstract In ruminants, microbial-derived nucleic acids are a major source of N and are absorbed as nucleosides by small intestinal epithelia. Although the biochemical activities of 2 nucleoside transport systems have been described for cattle, little is known regarding the regulation of their gene expression. This study was conducted to test 2 hypotheses: (1) the small intestinal epithelia of beef cattle differentially express mRNA for 3 concentrative (CNT1, 2, 3) and 2 equilibrative (ENT1, 2) nucleoside transporters (NT), and (2) expression of these NT is responsive to small intestine luminal supply of rumen-derived microbes (hence, nucleosides), energy (cornstarch hydrolysate, SH), or both. Eighteen ruminally and abomasally catheterized Angus steers (260±17kg of BW) were fed an alfalfa cube-based diet at 1.33× NE m requirement. Six steers in each of 3 periods were blocked by BW (heavy vs. light). Within each block, 3 steers were randomly assigned to 3 treatments (n=6): ruminal and abomasal water infusion (control), ruminal SH infusion/abomasal water infusion, or ruminal water infusion/abomasal SH infusion. The dosage of SH infusion amounted to 20% of ME intake. After a 14-or 16-d infusion period, steers were slaughtered, and duodenal, jejunal, and ileal epithelia were harvested for total RNA extraction and the relative amounts of mRNA expressed were determined using real-time RT-PCR quantification methodologies. All 5 NT mRNA were found expressed by each epithelium, but their abundance differed among epithelia. Specifically, jejunal expression of all 5 NT mRNA was higher than that by the ileum, whereas jejunal expression of CNT1, CNT3, and ENT1 mRNA was higher, or tended to be higher, than duodenal expression. Duodenal expression of CNT2, CNT3, and ENT2 mRNA was higher than ileal expression. With regard to SH infusion treatments, ruminal infusion increased duodenal expression of CNT3 (67%), ENT1 (51%), and ENT2 (39%) mRNA and ileal expression of CNT3 (210%) and ENT2 (65%) mRNA. Abomasal infusion increased (54%) ileal expression of ENT2 mRNA and tended to increase (50%) jejunal ENT2 mRNA expression. This study has uniquely characterized the pattern of NT mRNA expression by growing beef cattle and found that the mRNA abundance for CNT3, ENT1, and ENT2 in small intestinal epithelia can be increased by increasing the luminal supply of nucleotides (CNT3, ENT1, ENT2) or glucose (ENT2).
The Application of COMSOL Multiphysics in Direct Current Method Forward Modeling

Abstract With point electric source as example, this paper describes direct current method forward modeling with COMSOL Multiphysics. By comparing and analyzing COMSOL Multiphysics modeling results and theoretic values of typical models, the validity and feasibility of direct current method forward modeling based on COMSOL Multiphysics is proved. Due to the powerful mesh dissection, solution function and abundant post process operation, it shows an important significance of applying COMSOL Multiphysics in geophysical modeling.
Industry and the co‐operative commonwealth: William P. Hapgood and the Columbia Conserve Company, 1917–1943

(1976). Industry and the co‐operative commonwealth: William P. Hapgood and the Columbia Conserve Company, 1917–1943. Labor History: Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 510-529.
The Birth of a Standard.

The Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) was adopted as an international standard for data description, data modeling, and interchange in October 1986. This article explores the evolution of this standard following its technical completion and leading to widespread market acceptance. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Site as Project

(2004). The Site as Project. Journal of Architectural Education: Vol. 57, No. 3, pp. 54-61.
Twenty-Five Years of Monitoring a Townsend's Big-Eared Bat (Corynorhinus townsendii) Maternity Roost

Abstract A Corynorhinus townsendii maternity roost located in an abandoned ranch house in central California was monitored for 25 y. Prior to the discovery of the bats in 1987, the house was broken into regularly and disturbance levels were quite high. Upon discovery of the roost, the house was fortified and vandalism was greatly reduced. The number of females and the number of volant young greatly increased during our study and was directly correlated with the decline in vandalism. Bats emerged from the house 43.6 (± 10.9 SD) min after local sunset. Bats emerged later in the evening during spring and fall, when it was warmer, and when it was windier. We also evaluated duration of emergence (47.11 [45.0–49.7] min), and seasonal patterns of re-entry into the roost. Several factors suggested that potential predation, most likely by owls, influenced both the timing and duration of evening emergences.
Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli: A Single Center, 11-Year Pediatric Experience

The aim of this study was to identify the best practices for the detection of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in children with diarrheal illness treated at a tertiary care center, i.e., sorbitol-MacConkey (SMAC) agar culture, enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for Shiga toxin, or the simultaneous use of both methods. STEC was detected in 100 of 14,997 stool specimens submitted for enteric culture (0.7%), with 65 cases of E. coli O157. Among E. coli O157 isolates, 57 (88%) were identified by both SMAC agar culture and EIA, 6 (9%) by SMAC agar culture alone, and 2 (3%) by EIA alone. Of the 62 individuals with diarrheal hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) seen at our institution during the study period, 16 (26%) had STEC isolated from cultures at our institution and 15 (24%) had STEC isolated at other institutions. No STEC was recovered in 31 cases (50%). Of the HUS cases in which STEC was isolated, 28 (90%) were attributable to E. coli O157 and 3 (10%) were attributable to non-O157 STEC. Consistent with previous studies, we have determined that a subset of E. coli O157 infections will not be detected if an agar-based method is excluded from the enteric culture workup; this has both clinical and public health implications. The best practice would be concomitant use of an agar-based method and a Shiga toxin EIA, but a Shiga toxin EIA should not be considered to be an adequate stand-alone test for detection of E. coli O157 in clinical samples.
A novel three dimensional BiCMOS process using epitaxial lateral overgrowth of silicon

A 12-mask novel BiCMOS process, incorporating a vertically integrated three-dimensional CMOS inherently merged with a high-performance bipolar transistor is presented. The BiCMOS process uses selective epitaxial growth (SEG) and epitaxial lateral overgrowth (ELO) to form the active device regions. The features of the process are described, and key issues are addressed through simulation and preliminary experimental results. Two-dimensional SUPREM4 simulations indicate that shallow junctions can be obtained in the bipolar as well as the CMOS. Some scanning electron micrographs are presented in support of the feasibility of the process. >
(4S,5S)‐4‐Methoxymethyl‐2‐methyl‐5‐phenyl‐2‐oxazoline

(1; R = Me) [52075-14-6] C12H15NO2 (MW 205.28) InChI = 1S/C12H15NO2/c1-9-13-11(8-14-2)12(15-9)10-6-4-3-5-7-10/h3-7,11-12H,8H2,1-2H3/t11-,12-/m0/s1 InChIKey = AKFIXTAIQHJWAU-RYUDHWBXSA-N (2; R = Et) [51594-37-7] C13H17NO2 (MW 219.31) InChI = 1S/C13H17NO2/c1-3-12-14-11(9-15-2)13(16-12)10-7-5-4-6-8-10/h4-8,11,13H,3,9H2,1-2H3/t11-,13-/m0/s1 InChIKey = STXRYURWTDYWHH-AAEUAGOBSA-N (3; R = ClCH2) [54623-66-4] C12H14ClNO2 (MW 239.72) InChI = 1S/C12H14ClNO2/c1-15-8-10-12(16-11(7-13)14-10)9-5-3-2-4-6-9/h2-6,10,12H,7-8H2,1H3/t10-,12-/m0/s1 InChIKey = XGHTZLYBINKALZ-JQWIXIFHSA-N (enantiopure carboxylic ester derivatives for synthesis of enantiomerically pure or enriched 2- and 3-substituted alkanoic acids, γ-butyrolactones, valerolactones, and benzovalerolactones by α-lithiation and asymmetric alkylations) Physical Data: (1): bp 85–87 °C/0.20 mmHg; [α]DCHCl3 −118°. (2): bp 91–93 °C/0.25 mmHg; [α]DCHCl3 −84.2°. (3): [α]DCHCl3 −84.1°. Preparative Methods: (1) and (2): cyclocondensation of commercially available (1S,2S)-2-amino-1-phenyl-1,3-propanediol with the appropriate orthoester, followed by methylation of the free hydroxy group (eq 1).2a (1) Handling, Storage, and Precautions: no special precautions.
Activation of the Alternative Complement Pathway by Fungal Melanins

Melanins are complex biological pigments formed by the oxidative polymerization of phenolic and/or indolic compounds. These pigments have been implicated in the pathogenesis of some microbial infections, malignancies, degenerative disorders, and autoimmune diseases. Recent studies have demonstrated that melanins have antigenic and anti-inflammatory properties. These findings led us to further explore the interaction of melanins with the immune system. Melanin particles (“ghosts”) were isolated from in vitro-melanized Cryptococcus neoformans cells and Aspergillus niger conidia and then incubated in normal human serum containing 125I-labeled complement C3. The results demonstrated deposition of C3 fragments onto the melanin ghosts as early as 1 min after incubation, with maximum deposition occurring after 12 min for C. neoformans-derived melanin ghosts and after 25 min for A. niger-derived melanin ghosts. The blocking of classical pathway activation did not affect the kinetics or total deposition of C3 onto the melanin ghosts, indicating that melanins activate complement through the alternative pathway. Immunofluorescence analysis of lungs from BALB/c mice injected intratracheally with C. neoformans-derived melanin ghosts demonstrated deposition of C3 fragments onto the ghosts. Small granulomas were also observed surrounding the ghosts. However, melanization of the C. neoformans cell wall did not alter the kinetics or total deposition of C3 fragments onto the fungal cells. The finding that melanin surfaces can activate the complement system suggests a potential mechanism for the pathogenesis of some degenerative and/or autoimmune processes that involve melanized cells as well as another potential role for melanin in the virulence of melanin-producing microorganisms.
A Conversation with Harry Levinson

Harry Levinson, PhD, is a pioneer in the people-management side of business. He is a professor emeritus at the Harvard Business School and Harvard Medical School and author of twenty Harvard Business Review articles and numerous books. He also established the Levinson Institute, which provides private consultation and seminars to executives of family and other businesses. He transferred from the Harvard Business School to the Harvard Medical School in 1972 after developing a seminar based on his book Organizational Diagnosis.
Water absorption and oxygen barrier characteristics of ethylene vinyl alcohol films

Oxygen transmission rates (OTR) of two multilayer films containing ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH) were analyzed after water absorption at 121 °C. The films, referred to as film A and film B, were laminated film of PET/EVOH/PP and coextruded film of PET/PP/nylon 6/EVOH/nylon 6/PP, respectively. OTR increased with water absorption for both films. Graphical representation of data revealed two apparent linear regions describing the change of OTR with water absorption for both films. At low water contents (up to 4%) OTR were similar for the two films but differed dramatically at higher water contents. Water sorption characteristics of two monolayer EVOH barrier films (biaxially oriented and non-oriented) were determined at 25 °C using standard gravimetric method. Moisture sorption isotherms were analyzed using the Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer model and the cluster theory of Zimm and Lundberg to evaluate the interactions between water and EVOH.
Association between Acculturation and Breastfeeding among Hispanic Women: Data from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment and Monitoring System

Background: Breastfeeding rates are typically higher among Hispanic women; however, they vary by acculturation status in that those more acculturated are less likely to breastfeed than those who ar...
Microwave frequency discriminator with a cooled sapphire resonator for ultra-low phase noise

First results are presented for an X-band frequency discriminator using a cooled sapphire microwave resonator. These results show a lower close-in (1-Hz-1-kHz offset) phase noise measurement floor than any oscillator presently available. This performance is made possible by a sapphire whispering-gallery mode resonator which shows the highest quality factor (with Q's up to 30 million) of any RF microwave, or acoustic resonator at temperatures to 77 K. Performance is increased by use of phase detection circuitry. The sapphire discriminator is used to characterize the phase noise of a single crystal quartz oscillator of the highest quality, without the use of a second similar oscillator as reference. >
EyePhone: activating mobile phones with your eyes

As smartphones evolve researchers are studying new techniques to ease the human-mobile interaction. We propose EyePhone, a novel "hand-free" interfacing system capable of driving mobile applications/functions using only the user's eyes movement and actions (e.g., wink). EyePhone tracks the user's eye movement across the phone's display using the camera mounted on the front of the phone; more specifically, machine learning algorithms are used to: i) track the eye and infer its position on the mobile phone display as a user views a particular application; and ii) detect eye blinks that emulate mouse clicks to activate the target application under view. We present a prototype implementation of EyePhone on a Nokia N810, which is capable of tracking the position of the eye on the display, mapping this positions to an application that is activated by a wink. At no time does the user have to physically touch the phone display.
Quantitative exploration of the REF52 protein database: cluster analysis reveals the major protein expression profiles in responses to growth regulation, serum stimulation, and viral transformation

Quantitative protein databases reveal the response of cells to experimental variables, such as exposure to growth factors or transfection with a transforming gene. The nature of the response depends on the type of cell and its internal state at the time of the stimulus. By constructing a protein database to study a given cell line, we can better understand the differentiated state of the cell, the growth regulatory mechanisms it employs, the particular mechanisms it uses to cope with its environment, and the ways these mechanisms may have been compromised through mutation or transformation. The REF52 database is a quantitative database designed to study growth control and transformation in a well-defined family of normal and transformed rat cell lines. The database, which has been described and analyzed elsewhere (J. I. Garrels and B. R. Franza, J. Biol. Chem. 1989, 264, 5283-5298 and J. I. Garrels and B. R. Franza, J. Biol. Chem. 1989, 264, 5299-5312) is further explored here using cluster analysis. This method reveals the most common protein expression profiles for each series of two-dimensional gels without requiring any prior hypothesis or queries on the part of the investigator. This study reveals, for each experiment, large and small clusters of protein expression profiles, most of which have readily apparent biological meaning. For example, large clusters of proteins induced or repressed during growth to confluence have been revealed, and several clusters of transformation-sensitive proteins reveal differential effects of transformation by DNA- and RNA-tumor viruses. This analysis extends our earlier quantitative explorations of the REF52 protein database and helps to show how such a database can be used to provide context and guidance for molecular studies of regulation in a given cell system.
Fitness consequences of sibling egg cannibalism by neonates of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata

Egg cannibalism is a widely observed behaviour in nature that provides nutritional benefits without the costs of subduing prey. However, when egg cannibalism involves sibling eggs, the benefits obtained must balance inclusive fitness losses. Neonates of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, readily consume other eggs within their natal clutch. To explore the fitness consequences of this behaviour, neonates were fed no, one, or two eggs upon hatching, along with their normal diet of potato foliage. Daily mass, the time to each moult, adult volume and mass, and fecundity were measured for each individual, along with mortality rates. Cannibals gained mass more quickly and reached each developmental stage 1 day earlier than noncannibals. No benefits at the adult stage (other than earlier emergence) were observed, and there were no sex differences in the benefits of cannibalism. Mortality was not reduced by cannibalism under laboratory conditions. A simulation demonstrated that when the mortality risk is high, decreased development time due to cannibalism can reduce this risk sufficiently to balance the inclusive fitness loss of eating a single half-sibling. Additional benefits of cannibalism, such as reduced competition, need to be investigated to fully explain cannibalism of multiple sibling eggs.
De Rham Theory

By the fundamental theorem for line integrals (Theorem 23.13), if a smooth vector field F is the gradient of a scalar function f, then for any two points p and q in \(\mathbb{R}^{3}\), the line integral \(\int_{c}\mathbf{F} \cdot \) d r can be computed in terms of its values at the two endpoints as f (q)- f (p).
Streptococcus pneumoniae PstS Production Is Phosphate Responsive and Enhanced during Growth in the Murine Peritoneal Cavity

Differential display-PCR (DDPCR) was used to identify a Streptococcus pneumoniae gene with enhanced transcription during growth in the murine peritoneal cavity. Northern dot blot analysis and comparative densitometry confirmed a 1.8-fold increase in expression of the encoded sequence following murine peritoneal culture (MPC) versus laboratory culture or control culture (CC). Sequencing and basic local alignment search tool analysis identified the DDPCR fragment as pstS, the phosphate-binding protein of a high-affinity phosphate uptake system. PCR amplification of the complete pstS gene followed by restriction analysis and sequencing suggests a high level of conservation between strains and serotypes. Quantitative immunodot blotting using antiserum to recombinant PstS (rPstS) demonstrated an approximately twofold increase in PstS production during MPC from that during CCs, a finding consistent with the low levels of phosphate observed in the peritoneum. Moreover, immunodot blot and Northern analysis demonstrated phosphate-dependent production of PstS in six of seven strains examined. These results identify pstS expression as responsive to the MPC environment and extracellular phosphate concentrations. Presently, it remains unclear if phosphate concentrations in vivo contribute to the regulation of pstS. Finally, polyclonal antiserum to rPstS did not inhibit growth of the pneumococcus in vitro, suggesting that antibodies do not block phosphate uptake; moreover, vaccination of mice with rPstS did not protect against intraperitoneal challenge as assessed by the 50% lethal dose.
All-optical switch based on digital micromirrors

A dynamic 1 /spl times/ 4 all-optical switch based on digital mirror arrays is described and analyzed. A total insertion loss of -5.5 dB, crosstalk of less than -36.8 dB, and bit-error rates of less than 10/sup -12/ have been measured at 2.5 Gb/s. The performance of the switch in multiwavelength applications to variable optical attenuator and multicasting is described.