cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phospholipase action in the generation of modified LDL.

A plethora of recent evidence suggests that some kind of oxidative process is involved in atherogenesis and that the oxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) may play a significant pathogenic role in atherosclerosis [1–3]. Based on the recommendations of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s expert panel [4], clinical trials to test the validity of the hypothesis in man are being undertaken using combinations of natural antioxidants.
Increasing Testing Options for Key Populations in Burundi Through Peer-Assisted HIV Self-Testing: Descriptive Analysis of Routine Programmatic Data

Background: In Burundi, given the low testing numbers among key populations (KPs), peer-assisted HIV self-testing (HIVST) was initiated for female sex workers (FSWs), men who have sex with men (MSM), and transgender people to provide another testing option. HIVST was provided by existing peer outreach workers who were trained to provide support before, during, and after the administration of the test. People who screened reactive were referred and actively linked to confirmatory testing, and those confirmed positive were linked to treatment. Standard testing included HIV testing by clinical staff either at mobile clinics in the community or in facilities. Objective: This study aims to improve access to HIV testing for underserved KPs, improve diagnoses of HIV serostatus among key populations, and link those who were confirmed HIV positive to life-saving treatment for epidemic control. Methods: A descriptive analysis was conducted using routine programmatic data that were collected during a 9-month implementation period (June 2018 to March 2019) for peer-assisted HIVST among FSWs, MSM, and transgender people in 6 provinces where the US Agency for International Development–and US President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief–funded LINKAGES (Linkage across the Continuum of HIV Services for KP Affected by HIV) Burundi project was being implemented. Chi-square tests were used to compare case-finding rates among individuals who were tested through HIVST versus standard testing. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to assess factors that were independently associated with HIV seropositivity among FSWs and MSM who used HIVST kits. Results: A total of 2198 HIVST kits were administered (FSWs: 1791/2198, 81.48%; MSM: 363/2198, 16.52%; transgender people: 44/2198, 2%). HIV seropositivity rates from HIVST were significantly higher than those from standard testing for FSWs and MEM and nonsignificantly higher than those from standard testing for transgender people (FSWs: 257/1791, 14.35% vs 890/9609, 9.26%; P 8 clients per week (adjusted odds ratio 1.3, 95% CI 1.0-1.8) were independently associated with HIV seropositivity. Conclusions: The results demonstrate the potential effectiveness of HIVST in newly diagnosing underserved KPs and linking them to treatment. Trial Registration:
Culture Reproduction or Value Conflict? The Morally Fraught Experience of Chinese Christians in Virtual Communities

Based on Robbins' understanding that both Durkhcimian and Weberian approaches could help the study of social morality, this paper explores the dynamics of cultural reproduction and value conflicts in Chinese Christians' communication on the WcChat platform. It evaluates ten religious WeChat groups' norms and activities and categorizes them into four typologies according to their group inclusiveness and interactivity. It collects group chats from the WeChat platform and reveals the forming dynamics of group verbal abuse, and further explores the Chinese Christians' morally fraught experience in the virtual communities, ‘『his research shows that Christian values as an external force encourage Christians to fulfill their gospel mission and seek their group identity. Christians exhibit their discursive power through group norms and group behaviors. Cultural authoritarianism and religious fundamentalism arc the ideological factors that underline the exclusive group behaviors of the Christian virtual comm unities. The contradiction between exclusive and inclusive group cultures reflects the incompatibility between Chinese authoritarian tradition and the call for a more open society. Under the current social structure and cultural environment, particularistic ethics and exclusive practices would still be dominant in Chinese Christian virtual communities for a comparatively long time.
The Trouble with Right to Information Legislation

Right to Information (RTI) legislation is frequently proposed as a mechanism to promote accountability in Africas transitional polities. By improving citizen access to government information, such legislation is supposed to ensure the state transparency and responsiveness necessary for good governance. While this may be correct in principle, this paper argues that there are practical challenges that confront RTI legislation in Africa. Case studies from countries where RTI legislation has been proposed or passed help to substantiate these claims. Two challenges stand out. First, RTI frequently lacks an effective constituency to support the passage of substantively effective legislation. Media bodies are often tepid in their support for such legislation; common citizens rarely mobilize on its behalf; and civil society groups fail to coalesce around programs to pass RTI legislation. Case studies from Zambia and Ghana, two countries where RTI legislation has failed to realize passage in legislatures, serve as examples. Second, even where such legislation is passed, RTI legislation is rarely effective in enhancing access to information. Such legislation is frequently weak be design. Moreover, the absence or weakness of other institutions necessary to implement such legislation often renders it meaningless. The experiences of countries such as Uganda and Nigeria help to illustrate this.
Multivariable analysis of 63 contemporary patients diagnosed with nelson’s syndrome: A nationwide readmission database study

Abstract Introduction Nelson’s syndrome (NS) is a rare complication involving enlargement of an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) producing tumor in the pituitary following bilateral adrenalectomy in Cushing’s syndrome. Here, we explore the epidemiology, complication profiles, and readmission statistics of 63 patients diagnosed with NS. Methods The Nationwide Readmission Database was retrospectively queried for all patients diagnosed with NS (n = 63) or receiving total bilateral adrenalectomy (TBA) surgery (n = 275) between 2016 and 2017. Complications, demographics, and predictive factors were queried for all patients involved. Statistical analysis used Mann-Whitney U nonparametric testing was to compare basic demographics and gaussian-fitted multivariable regression analysis with post hoc odds ratios to compare patient predictors of development of NS and complication rates between the two cohorts. Results We report the largest contemporary patient series of NS through a nationally-representative inpatient database and explore the clinical characteristics of modern NS patients. Modeling revealed that the absence of primary hypertension served as a significant predictor for NS when compared to the TBA control cohort (OR = 0.88; 95%CI = 0.79–0.99; p = 0.037). In addition, analysis of complications between NS and TBA cohorts revealed that NS patients have significantly higher rates of hypoosmolarity/hyponatremia (OR = 1.42; 95%CI = 1.19–1.71; p = 0.00021), hypopituitarism (OR = 1.94; 95%CI = 1.60–2.36; p Conclusion Contemporary NS is a rare complication of TBA, and modern cases of NS may differ significantly from cases of NS reported in the mid-1900s. As such, a thorough understanding of patient complications and predictive factors for NS are necessary to fully guide patient management in the modern era.
Pressure-induced polymerization of P(CN) 3

Motivated to explore the formation of novel extended carbon-nitrogen solids via well-defined molecular precursor pathways, we studied the chemical reactivity of highly pure phosphorous tricyanide, P(CN)3, under conditions of high pressure at room temperature. Raman and infrared (IR) spectroscopic measurements reveal a series of phase transformations below 10 GPa, and several low-frequency vibrational modes are reported for the first time. Synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction measurements taken during compression show that molecular P(CN)3 is highly compressible, with a bulk modulus of 10.0 ± 0.3 GPa, and polymerizes into an amorphous solid above ∼10.0 GPa. Raman and IR spectra, together with first-principles molecular-dynamics simulations, show that the amorphization transition is associated with polymerization of the cyanide groups into CN bonds with predominantly sp2 character, similar to known carbon nitrides, resulting in a novel phosphorous carbon nitride (PCN) polymeric phase, which is recoverable to ambient pressure.
Atomic Physics Tests of Quantum Electrodynamics

Experiments with simple atomic systems, for which the effects of quantum electrodynamics can be accurately predicted, have steadily become more precise and have been extended to systems with a wide variety of constituent particles. The corresponding increased demands on quantum electrodynamics theory have so far been met successfully. At this time, there does not appear to be any serious disagreement between theory and experiment.
Space Weather Effects How Soho Has Improved The Warnings

ABSTRACT Transient variations in the particle and EUV flux from the Sun cause disturbances in the Earth’s space environment affecting some of the technologies that we depend on both in orbit and on the ground. Both, the increasing deployment of radiation-, current-, and field-sensitive technological systems over the last few decades and the increasing presence of complex systems in space, combine to make society more vulnerable to solar-terrestrial disturbances. Thus, today our society is much more sensitive to space weather activity than it was during the last solar maximum. The Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) has obtained significant new information about coronal mass ejections (CMEs), the source of the most severe disturbances in the Earth’s environment. Furthermore, by observing the Sun 24 hours a day, SOHO has proved to be an important “space weather watchdog”. The importance of real-time monitoring of the Sun is pointed out and a number of enterprises affected by space weather are discussed.
Murder, My Sweet

Laura Mullen vaulted onto the poetry scene in 1991 when her book, The Surface, was selected by the National Poetry Series. In 1999, the Contemporary Poetry Series of the University of Georgia Press chose After I Was Dead, and The Tales of Horror came out from Kelsey St. Press. In 2005, the University of California Press published Subject. Now Futurepoem publishes Murmur, the winner of its annual prize. After fifteen years and five books, it seems high time to reconsider this fearless and funny writer, a writer for whom no preposition is too minor to implode, a writer who never hesitates to struggle with subjectivity, and the subjunctive. This is "a voice which came out of the silence," and her chief determination seems to be the rescue of subjects from the consensio so often associated with silentium. This is an artist insisting upon her own palette, who evades easy, premixed codes. Oppositions turn upside down: "the threatened" is "part of the threat." Whiteness is a nerve-wracking absence, while blackness is clarity?it's where things really happen, where they go bump in the night. Syntax is not, as is thought, a means to understanding; it presents the greatest obstacle to communication: having found a voice, we marginalized can only clank our chains and moan. Persuasion is not possible; having built us, language can tear us down. Image is of little use; the mirror is a dangerously distorted site, veneer on veneer. The only thing we know for sure is that speechlessness is unforgivable, and error will recur. The work never fails to surprise in its conjunction of something like thick description (see Clifford Geertz) and sheer symbolic verve. Clement Greenberg, Wittgenstein, Benjamin, Toulouse Lautrec, and Emily Dickinson all end up in the avalanche gasping for breath. Mullen is an artist-intellectual with a passion for life, specifically for life's tongue, for the feel of words in the mouth, for their potential?freed from syntax?in the ear and on the page, and for the depth and breadth of any and every ordering. What she does
Other bodies, other minds: a machine incarnation of an old philosophical problem

Any attempt to explain the mind by building machines with minds must confront the other-minds problem: How can we tell whether any body other than our own has a mind when the only way to know is by being the other body? In practice we all use some form of Turing Test: If it can do everything a body with a mind can do such that we can't tell them apart, we have no basis for doubting it has a mind. But what is “everything” a body with a mind can do? Turing's original “pen-pal” version of the Turing Test (the TT) only tested linguistic capacity, but Searle has shown that a mindless symbol-manipulator could pass the TT undetected. The Total Turing Test (TTT) calls instead for all of our linguistic and robotic capacities; immune to Searle's argument, it suggests how to ground a symbol manipulating system in the capacity to pick out the objects its symbols refer to. No Turing Test, however, can guarantee that a body has a mind. Worse, nothing in the explanation of its successful performance requires a model to have a mind at all. Minds are hence very different from the unobservables of physics (e.g., superstrings); and Turing Testing, though essential for machine-modeling the mind, can really only yield an explanation of the body.
Enzymatic modification of triacylglycerols of high eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids content to produce structured lipids

Immobilized lipase, IM60, from Rhizomucor miehei was used as a biocatalyst for the incorporation of capric acid (C10:0) into fish oil originally containing 40.9 mol% eicosapentaenoic (20:5n-3) and 33.0 mol% docosahexaenoic (22:6n-3) acid. Acidolysis was performed with and without organic solvent. Pancreatic lipase-catalyzed sn-2 positional analysis was performed after enzymatic modification. Tocopherol analysis was performed before and after enzymatic modification. Products were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. After a 24-h incubation in hexane, there was an average of 43.0±1.6 mol% incorporation of C10:0 into fish oil, while 20:5 and 22:6 decreased to 27.8±2.2 and 23.5±1.3 mol%, respectively. The solvent-free reaction produced an average of 31.8±8.5 mol% C10:0 incorporation, while 20:5 and 22:6 decreased to 33.2±3.3 and 28.3±3.9 mol%, respectively. The effect of incubation time, substrate molar ratio, enzyme load, and added water were also studied. In general, as the enzyme load, molar ratio, and incubation time increased, mol% C10:0 incorporation also increased. The optimal mol% C10:0 incorporation was 41.2% at 48 h for the reaction in hexane and 46.4% at 72 h for the solvent-free reaction. The highest C10:0 incorporation (65.4 mol%) occurred at a molar ratio of 1:8 (fish oil triacylglycerols/capric acid) in hexane. For the solvent-free reaction, the optimal mol% C10:0 incorporation (56.1 mol%) occurred at a molar ratio of 1:6. An enzyme load of 10% gave the highest mol% C10:0 incorporation (41.4 mol%) in hexane; the highest incorporation (38.3 mol%) for the solvent-free reaction occurred at 15% enzyme load. Mol% incorporation of C10:0 declined with increasing amounts of added water. The optimal mol% C10:0 incorporation occurred at 1% added water (47.9 mol%) for the reaction in hexane, and at zero added water for the solvent-free reaction (21.8 mol%). Fish oil containing capric acid was successfully produced and may be nutritionally more beneficial than unmodified oil.
From “ It’s All in Your Head ” to “ Taking Back the Month ”: Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) Research and the Contributions of the Society for Menstrual Cycle Research

Our understanding of Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) as a cultural entity and a medical concern has developed from different disciplines and represents a range of intellectual approaches to a complex, ill-understood phenomenon. Unfortunately, there has been little interaction among the disciplines at an integrative level of research, outside of the Society for Menstrual Cycle Research (SMCR) conferences and publications. This paper chronicles the history of PMS research, which began in mid-19th century America, and focuses on the contributions from the SMCR conferences that brought together scholars, clinicians, scientists, and women’s health advocates from across disciplines and nations to advance a multidisciplinary research agenda and the knowledge of perimenstrual experiences and syndromes.
Rock physics modeling constrained by sequence stratigraphy

We present a methodology to constrain rock physics models and their input parameters from principles of sequence stratigraphy. The purpose is to demonstrate how we can obtain critical sedimentological parameters and relative trends of their spatial variation from sequence stratigraphic interpretation. We present an example of obtaining relative trends of sorting or variation of grain size in progradational lobes of a submarine fan system from the Campos Basin, Brazil. Sorting, a critical sedimentological parameter, can serve as a constraint in rock physics modeling, thereby reducing uncertainty in predicting reservoir properties from seismic velocities.
Nitroso group exchange as a way of activation of nitrosamines by bacteria

MUTAGENIC compounds and most carcinogens are thought to interact either directly or through metabolic activation processes with DNA to alter and damage the double helical structure. Bacteria defective in some aspect of DNA repair or recombination are in general much more sensitive to mutagenic and carcinogenic agents than the parent strains. Several bacterial test systems1,2 have been developed to assay for carcinogenic activity based on the premise that most carcinogens are mutagens in the proper conditions. One of the most widely used bacterial screening systems has been developed by Ames et al.1 based on mutational reversion to prototrophy of a sensitive strain of Salmonella typhimurium. We have developed a screening system using rec− Escherichia coli based on the lethal nature of unrepaired DNA3–5.
Associative encoding of words in sentences

In Experiment I, 35 words were presented either singly or in one of two sentence conditions. In one sentence condition either the to-be-remembered word or its most common associate (according to word association norms) fit sensibly within the sentence. In the other condition the to-be-remembered words fit sensibly but the associates did not. Subsequent false recognitions of these associates were less frequent in the latter condition than in the words-alone or in the first sentence condition. This difference between the two sentence conditions did not occur when, as in Experiment II, each to-be-remembered word was presented alone immediately prior to its presentation in the sentence. The results were interpreted in terms of the modification of associative encoding processes as a result of particular variations in the semantic context of a to-be-remembered word.
Speech Behavior as an Objective Correlate of Empathy and Outcome in Interview and Psychotherapy Research: A Review with Implications for Behavior Modification

The interpersonal dynamics and therapeutic processes involved in behavior modification and in psychotherapy have features in common. Speech behavior of therapist and interviewee appears to be a veh...
Fine structure of the prostatic epithelium of the opossum (Didelphis virginiana Kerr).

The opossum prostate is highly complex cytologically, containing six different secretory cell types, each possessing a recognizably different secretory product. Secretory granules in cells of the first segment contain numerous particles 60 A in diameter of high electron density. They are transferred to the lumen by apocrine secretion. Both granules and lumina contain iron (Turnbull blue reaction). Segment two possesses three cell types. Type A cells have spherical secretory granules containing acid mucopolysaccharides. In type B cells, secretory granules are elongate and possess densely packed protein filaments, 80 A in diameter. Secretory granules in type C cells contain crystalloids of hexagonally packed cylinders with a spacing of 600 A. Third segment cells contain few organelles and have a broad irregular microvillar border. Most of the cytoplasm is filled with glycogen particles. The secretion is apocrine. The lumen contains lipoprotein lamellae, probably derived from shed microvilli, and also membrane bound glycogen globules originating from the cytoplasm. The contents are positive for acid, di- and tri-phosphatases and peroxidase. Catalase activity in the third segment is unusually high.
Confidence intervals for the difference of median failure times applied to censored tumor growth delay data.

In tumor xenograft experiments, tumor response to the anticancer agents is often assessed by tumor growth delay, the difference in median tumor quadrupling times between treatment and control. Tumor quadrupling time is often subjected to right censoring because death of the experimental mice or limitations of the follow-up period. In the literature, tumor growth delay is simply reported without a standard error or confidence interval being given, which ignores the noise in the experimental data. Here, we present seven confidence intervals for the difference of medians in a general right-censored failure time framework. Simulation studies are conducted to compare the coverage probability of these intervals for small samples. The proposed intervals are applied to tumor growth delay data from an actual tumor xenograft experiment.
Extraction of inelastic scattering information from approximate wavefunctions constructed in an L2 basis

Abstract It is shown that one can calculate the elements of the reactance matrix from square-integrable approximations to the exact scattering wavefunctions at energies where no resonances occur. In cases where isolated resonances dominate the scattering, the computational procedure yields the resonance parameters directly.
High-resolution ultraviolet defect inspection of DAP (darkfield alternate phase) reticles

The manufacturing implementation of alternating aperture PSM's (AltPSM) has been gated by the impacts these techniques have on reticle manufacturing, specifically reticle defect inspection and repair. Die-to-die inspection techniques have been achieved for some clearfield multiphase alternate phase reticles, but the required die-to-database solutions are not currently available with defect inspection systems. In response to these mask manufacturing issues and IC design layout issues, resolution enhancing techniques based on Darkfield Alternate Phase (DAP) reticle designs are now of growing importance. A DAP Programmed Evaluation Reticle, DAPPER, was fabricated and inspected on a new high numerical aperture ultraviolet reticle inspection system. The results show reasonable defect sensitivity performance in the presence of both reticle geometry and quartz etch topography characteristic of 130-nm node advanced logic circuit DAP reticles.
Oratio Obliqua, Oratio Recta: An Essay on Metarepresentation

Oratio Obliqua, Oratio Recta: An Essay on Metarepresentation. Francois Recanati. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000.360 pp.
Elevated social Internet use and schizotypal personality disorder in adolescents.

Introduction In the past decade, the use of the Internet as a forum for communication has exponentially increased, and research indicates that excessive use is associated with psychiatric symptoms. The present study examined the rate of Internet use in adolescents with personality disorders, with a focus on schizotypal personality disorder (SPD), which is characterized by marked interpersonal deficits. Because the Internet provides an easily accessible forum for anonymous social interaction and constitutes an environment where communication is less likely to be hampered by interpersonal deficits, it was hypothesized that SPD youth will spend significantly more time engaging in social activities on the Internet than controls.
Studies on Fluid-Thermal-Structural Coupling for Aerothermoelasticity in Hypersonic Flow

The field of aerothermoelasticity plays an important role in the analysis and optimization of airbreathing hypersonic vehicles, impacting the design of the aerodynamic, structural, control, and propulsion systems at both the component and multi-disciplinary levels. This study aims to expand the fundamental understanding of hypersonic aerothermoelasticity by performing systematic investigations into fluid-thermal-structural coupling, and also to develop frameworks, using innovative modeling strategies, for reducing the computational effort associated with aerothermoelastic analysis. Due to the fundamental nature of this work, the analysis is limited to cylindrical bending of a simply-supported, von K arm an panel. Multiple important effects are included in the analysis, namely: 1) arbitrary, nonuniform, in-plane and through-thickness temperature distributions, 2) material property degradation at elevated temperature, and 3) the effect of elastic deformation on aerodynamic heating. It is found that including elastic deformations in the aerodynamic heating computations results in non-uniform heat flux, which produces non-uniform temperature distributions and non-uniform material property degradations. This results in reduced flight time to the onset of flutter and localized regions in which the material temperature limits may be exceeded. Additionally, the trade-off between computational cost and accuracy is evaluated for aerothermoelastic analysis based on either quasi-static or time-averaged dynamic fluid-thermal-structural coupling, as well as computational fluid dynamics based reduced-order modeling of the aerodynamic heat flux. It is determined that these approaches offer the potential for significant improvements in aerothermoelastic modeling in terms of efficiency and/or accuracy.
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and innate immunity

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the most recently discovered human herpesvirus, first isolated and identified from a Kaposi's sarcoma lesion in 1994. It is the etiological agent of Kaposi's sarcoma, a vascular lesion that is the predominant cancer among AIDS patients. KSHV is also the primary etiological agent of two B-cell lymphomas, primary effusion lymphoma and multicentric Castleman's disease. KSHV can exist in either a lytic phase, in which the viral DNA is actively replicated and virions are assembled, or in a latent phase, in which the viral genome is tethered to the host chromosome via protein-protein interactions. The lytic cycle generally occurs following primary infection, and within 72-96 h in most cell types, the virus enters the latent state. Reactivation from latency also leads to the intiation of the lytic cycle, which is necessary for virus propagation and survival in the host. Several KSHV proteins have been implicated in modulation of the host immune response to viral infection. This article summarizes recent discoveries involving the innate immune response to KSHV infection.
Domperidone elevates rat plasma β-endorphin-immunoreactivity when administered peripherally but not intracerebroventricularly

Abstract Domperidone, a dopamine receptor antagonist which apparently does not penetrate the blood-brain barrier in rats was administered to adult males. Domperidone 500 μg and 100μg, given through intracarotid cannula, significantly elevated plasma β-endorphin- immunoreactivity (β-EP-I) at +15 min. To show that only a peripheral site(s) of action is implicated, domperidone was given to rats by cannulae implanted into both lateral ventricles. Plasma β-EP-I was unaffected by this route of administration. These results suggest that plasma β-EP-I is tonically inhibited by dopamine acting at site(s) outside of the blood-brain barrier.
Thyroid Hormone and Thyrotropin Levels in Patients Placed on Colestipol Hydrochloride

Bile acid sequestrant resins can bind T4 in vitro and in the gut. Therefore, the effect of colestipol HC1 on thyroid function was studied prospectively in 17 subjects with type II hyperlipoproteinemia. Serum T4, T3 T3 resin uptake, and TSH levels were measured before and during therapy. No change in T4 levels and only small transient, but significant, decreases in T3 were noted in a minority of patients; TSH levels did not change. Small increases in T3 resin uptake were noted. We conclude that no major alterations in thyroid function occurred with colestipol therapy.
Metabolism of estrogens in breast cancer.

This extensive literature compilation reviews major studies on estrogen metabolism in cancer studies which have led to proposed possible etiological roles of estrogens in human breast cancer. Urinary and plasma estrogen excretion patterns and profiles in women with breast cancer are the topics of part 1. Studies of estrogen profiles in women who are at high-risk for breast cancer are critiqued. The estriol hypothesis is presented and criticised in a chapter. The effects of endocrine ablation on urinary estrogen profiles in breast cancer patients are compiled. Production and metabolism of estrogens in women with breast cancer are rendered including in vivo biotransformation rates and in vitro transformation data. And the search for estrogen metabolites in women with breast cancer is reviewed. In conclusion it is obvious that the question of whether breast cancer patients have an abnormal metabolism of estrogen has not been answered but further investigations of estrogen metabolism in breast cancer should be continued because: 1) the possibility that estrogens are carcinogenic has not been ruled out; 2) receptors have been discovered which do correlate with hormone dependency of tumors; 3) present evidence suggests that neoplasm may induce abnormal estrogen metabolism; 4) directional changes of estrogen metabolism that occur in pregnancy may also occur in women with target tissue neoplasia; 5) hepatic tissues relationship to breast cancer has not received attention; and 6) the role of peripheral aromatization in the pathogenesis of mammary cancer is not yet understood.
Differences in the Interaction of Triiodothyronine-131I with Serum Proteins in Vitro

The transport of triiodothyronine-131I (T3-131I) by serum proteins was studied in vitro by zone electrophoresis on Whatman No. 3 filter paper (barbital buffer, pH 8.6), and the fraction of radioactivity found in association with thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) was expressed as a percentage of the total radioactivity on the paper strip. Examination of sera collected from patients with thyroid disease revealed that the “uptake” of T3-131I by thyroxine-binding globulin was reduced significantly in hyperthyroidism and increased in myxedema and in pregnancy when compared with values in normal controls. In hyperthyroidism, after treatment with radioiodine or antithyroid drugs, the low TBG-T3-131I values gradually increased, while in myxedema therapy with desiccated thyroid caused the elevated TBG-T3-131I binding values to decline. Enrichment of sera from normal or hypothyroid subjects with substantial amounts of stable thyroxine (> 50 μg/100 ml) resulted in values which approximated those seen in hyperthyroidi...
Application of an approximate time delay to a Posicast control system

The performance of a method of producing relatively long time delays, using truncated Fourier series expansion, applied to a Posicast control system was investigated. The controlled system had a long natural period and was lightly damped. Both the Posicast control and the system were simulated on an analogue computer. The response of the system to step inputs with Posicast showed dramatic improvement over the uncompensated system. The overall system approached the theoretical response of an ideal Posicast system. A series of runs was made with successively cruder approximations of the delay function. Response was not seriously degraded until the frequency of the truncated terms became comparable to the upper 3 dB frequency of the controlled system. Other waveforms were tested, including sine, square, sawtooth and quasi-random signals. In all cases, the performance of the system was well behaved. The approximate method of delay, therefore, offers a means of implementing Posicast control with systems requir...
Inverses of M-type matrices created with irreducible eventually nonnegative matrices

Abstract An M -matrix is a matrix that can be expressed as α I - P , where P is entry wise nonnegative and α ⩾ ρ ( P ) . It is well known that the inverse of a nonsingular irreducible M -matrix is positive. In this paper, matrices of the form α I - P , where P is an irreducible eventually nonnegative matrix and α > ρ ( P ) , are studied. It is shown that if index 0 ( P ) ⩽ 1 , then there exists a positive number λ such that if λ > α > ρ ( P ) , then the inverse of α I - P is positive.
Rats fed only during the light period are resistant to stress-induced weight loss

Repeated restraint stress (3 h/day for 3 days) causes a chronic down-regulation of body weight in rats. This study determined whether weight loss was influenced by the time of day that rats had access to food or that stress was applied. Groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a 40% kcal fat diet with food given ad libitum, only during the light phase or only during the dark phase. After 2 weeks of adaptation, rats within each feeding treatment were divided into four groups. One was exposed to repeated restraint at the start of the light phase, another was restrained at the start of the dark phase and the remaining groups were nonstressed controls for restrained rats. Body weight was significantly reduced in ad libitum- and dark-fed restrained rats, compared with nonstressed controls, from Day 2 of restraint, regardless of the time of day that they were stressed. There was no significant effect of restraint on weight change of light-fed rats. Food intake was inhibited by stress in ad libitum- and dark-fed rats, but it was not changed in light-fed rats. Serum corticosterone was increased by restraint in all rats irrespective of feeding schedule. This study demonstrates that stress-induced weight loss only occurs when rats have food available during their normal feeding period (dark phase) and is not determined by increased corticosterone release.
Rules of Inference for Procedure Calls

The semantics of procedures and parameters were formalized by Hoare [2] in terms of axioms and rules of inference. Igarashi et al. [4] reformulated Hoare's system. This paper extends their rule of inference for procedure calls to allow None of these are allowed in Hoare's system or the system of Igarashi, London and Luckham. An attractive feature of these extensions is that they do not increase the complexity of the rules of inference.
Particle reworking in sediments from the New York Bight apex: Evidence from 234Th/238U disequilibrium

Two diver-collected cores of mud-rich sediment from the New York Bight apex have been analyzed for 238 U and 232 Th decay series nuclides with emphasis on 234 Th/ 238 U disequilibrium. Excess 234 Th is present in both cores and shows exponential decrease in the top 4 cm. Biogenic reworking by a deposit-feeding community characterized by a Nucula proxima-Nephtys incisa assemblage apparently controls the form of the 234 Th profiles. Mixing coefficients of 0·3–0·6×10 −6 cm 2 s −1 are calculated. no decrease of 210 Pb with depth (0–11 cm) is found nor is there any vertical structure in profiles of 228 Th. Episodic deposition followed by periods of stability cause the observed homogeneity of the longer lived nuclides as well as laminated horizons in the sediment. 234 U/ 238 U isotope ratios reflect addition of either sea water or sewage source uranium to the collection area.
Drug absorption evaluation in the presence of changes in clearance: An gorithm and computer program for deconvolution with exact clearance correction

Most commonly drug absorption is evaluated with a reference dosing given on separate occasions. The assumption that no change in drug disposition is taking place between the drug administrations is often violated resulting in errors in the calculations. A novel deconvolution method is presented which exactly compensates for a change in drug clearance. The method is based on a model independent disposition decomposition-recomposition technique. The distribution function is obtained from an i.v. administration by disposition decomposition. This distribution function is assembled together with the elimination kinetics containing the perturbed clearance to construct the perturbed disposition function in the subsequent disposition recomposition operation. The perturbed absorption response is finally deconvolved using the corresponding perturbed disposition function. It is shown that the perturbed clearance can be obtained from the log-linear terminal disposition phase once the distribution function has been obtained from an i.v. administration. The proposed method is implemented in an algorithm and computer program DCONB and demonstrated using human cimetidine drug level data from an i.v. and oral administration. The usage of DCONB is identical to DECONV previously published. It requires only regular sums of exponentials to be fitted to drug level data. Such fittings are routinely done in pharmacokinetics thereby enabling DCONB to be implemented very simply.
The ground state of copper acetylacetonate

The crystal spectra of copper acetylacetonate first measured by Ferguson are re-interpreted using the results of an accurate crystal structure determination. The principles involved in such an analysis are fully discussed. The analysis does not provide unambiguous assignments of the observed bands because of the unfortunate orientation of the molecule in unit cell and also because it is not known which vibrations are effective in promoting the transitions. Therefore, there is now no reason to discard the ground state assignment based on the crystal field theory and results of electron spin resonance. The spectral data in solutions is reviewed and tentative assignments of the bands are proposed.
Multi-view platform: an accessible live classroom viewing approach for low vision students

We present a multiple-view platform for low vision students that utilizes students' personal smart phone cameras and tablets in the classroom. Low vision or deaf students can independently use the platform to obtain flexible, magnified views of lecture visuals, such as the presentation slides or whiteboard on their personal screen. This platform also enables cooperation among sighted and hearing classmates to provide better views for everyone, including themselves.
The Challenges of Teaching Physics to Preservice Elementary Teachers: Orientations of the Professor, Teaching Assistant, and Students

The purpose of this study was to understand how the professor, teaching assistant, and students experienced inquiry-based science instruction in an undergraduate physics course designed for elementary education majors. During the teaching of a 6-week electricity unit, the professor faced several challenges: knowing when and how to tell the scientifically accurate answer, deciding when and how to introduce scientific terminology, and doing inquiry vs. testing. The professor and the teaching assistant also experienced several tensions. Their orientations to science teaching differed in terms of their science learning goals, beliefs about teaching and learning, and beliefs about assessment. The students experienced frustration with the inquiry approach related to their views of learning, their need as learners to get the right answer, and the disconnect they felt between the inquiry approach and the assessment used in the course. During the course they were also building their views of inquiry and their visions of themselves as future teachers. We analyze the conflicts experienced by the professor and among the professor, teaching assistant and students in terms of three orientations to science teaching: didactic, discovery, and guided inquiry. Finally, we discuss implications for building a guided inquiry orientation in science content courses for future teachers. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed89:847–869, 2005
RNA transcription and translation in sea urchin oocytes and eggs.

Abstract Sea urchin oocytes and mature unfertilized eggs synthesize 4 S RNA, histone mRNAs, mitochondrial RNAs, and heterodisperse RNAs. Incorporation into cytoplasmic ribosomal RNAs was not detected. Oocytes, but not mature eggs, synthesize heterogeneous, high-molecular-weight RNA. In both oocytes and eggs, a fraction of the newly synthesized histone mRNA is found on polyribosomes. About 50% of the histone mRNA which is pulse-labeled in oocytes is engaged with ribosomes, while the mature egg recruits only about 10% of the newly synthesized histone mRNA onto polysomes. Translation of histone mRNA in eggs was confirmed directly by showing that unfertilized eggs synthesize histones in vivo . Quantitatively, mitochondrial transcription contributes most prominently to the pattern of total RNA synthesis, accounting for approximately 70–90% of the [ 3 H]uridine incorporation by oocytes and eggs. Labeled mitochondrial RNAs include at least 10 discrete poly(A) + RNA species, presumably mRNAs, and 2 poly(A) − ribosomal RNAs. It is extremely difficult to completely eliminate all traces of labeled mitochondrial RNA from 15,000 g “postmitochondrial” supernatants in oocytes, eggs, and very early embryos: neither repeated pelleting at 15,000 g nor attempts to selectively inhibit mitochondrial transcription using ethidium bromide and acridine orange (which also depress nuclear transcription) were successful. These labeled mitochondrial RNAs, which routinely contaminate cytoplasmic 15,000 g supernatants, could pose problems for workers interested in analyzing the synthesis and utilization of abundant poly(A) + and poly(A) − RNAs in oocytes, eggs, and early embryos.
Ionic Conductivity of Tantalum Oxide at Very High Fields

The abnormally long jump distance $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ which characterizes the ionic conduction of glasses as a function of electric field, $\ensuremath{\sigma}={\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{0}\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}\frac{q\ensuremath{\lambda}E}{\mathrm{kT}})$, and the fact that for tantalum oxide this distance changes by a factor of two at a critical field are explained in terms of a model in which ionic conduction is a two-stage process involving the creation and motion of interstitial metallic ions. Below a critical field both the number of interstitial ions and their mobility are rapidly varying functions of the field and the jump distance decreases discontinuously as the field increases. Above the critical field the number of interstitials depends much less strongly or not at all on the field, the field acts only to increase the ionic mobility, and the jump distance is of the order of the interatomic spacing. It is suggested that in tantalum oxide electrostatic repulsion between tantalum ions may provide the principle barrier to ionic motion.
The Role of Elementary and Secondary Schools and Their Teachers of Chemistry

The 91st volume is introduced with a discussion about the importance of teaching and learning chemistry in K-12. The issue features special commentaries about a new organization for those who teach chemistry at that level, a historical article about the origins of the Journal, and additional content for our constituency in this area.
The association of physical activity, sedentary behaviors, and body mass index classification in a cross-sectional analysis: are the effects homogenous?

Background: While much is known about the benefits of physical activity (PA) and the consequence of sedentary behaviors relative to body mass index (BMI), little is known about the homogeneity of these effects across individuals. The goal of this study was to determine if PA and sedentary behaviors have the same effect on individuals of all BMI classifications. Methods: Data from a community health assessment were analyzed and a sample was selected to include respondents who self-reported a chronic disease associated with obesity (n = 2,840). Descriptive statistics were used to describe the association between selected independent variables and BMI. Simultaneous quantile regression was used to identify the degree of homogeneity in the effect of demographic independent variables, minutes per week of moderate PA, and hours per day spent watching television on BMI classification. In studies using simultaneous quantile regression, the word “effect” is used to describe association, not causation. Results: Minutes per week of moderate PA had a significant effect on lower BMI, but only when respondents were at least classified as obese-class I (b = -0.001, p = 0.006). The change in effect of moderate PA in lower BMI increased significantly when respondents were classified as obese-class II versus obese-class I (F = 4.54, p = 0.033). Hours per day spent watching television had a significant effect on higher BMI, but only when the respondent was at least classified as overweight (b = 0.87, p < 0.001). The change in effect of watching television on higher BMI increased significantly when respondents were classified as obese-class I versus overweight (F = 5.57, p = 0.018). Conclusion: PA and watching television were more related to BMI for obese individuals than those who were just overweight. Customized interventions for specific BMI classifications should be developed to maximize public health benefits.
Protein Structure Refinement Using Physics-Based Models And Sampling

Much progress has been made in predicting the three-dimensional structures of proteins from sequence alone. So far, the most successful prediction methods have been strongly bioinformatics-based, reliant on known templates or statistical features of solved protein structures. However, in cases of low homology or where templates require substantial editing, it has been challenging for bioinformatics methods to refine predictions better than the closest template [1]. Here, we discuss a strategy for refining structures generated by bioinformatics web servers using physics-based simulations, with an atomic physiochemical force field and canonical sampling at physiological temperature. Specifically, we use replica exchange molecular dynamics (REMD) simulations with an AMBER force field and implicit solvation model that we previously found to correctly stabilize short peptide [2] and small, single domain protein folds [3]. The present REMD simulations are seeded with different conformations, enabling simultaneous selection among and refinement of webserver structures. Periodic conformational clustering and re-seeding are also used to accelerate convergence. In addition, we narrow the sampling space by using restraints derived from the webserver structures to lock in common, high-confidence interactions, both in backbone secondary-structure preferences and in favorable hydrophobic interactions among side chains. These restraints are added in a manner congruent with hierarchical “zipping” folding behavior, where local structures form prior to global tertiary rearrangement. We demonstrate the success of the approach for a number of small proteins, and for several targets in the CASP8 competition. This work suggests that physics-based simulations provide an important complement to bioinformatics structure prediction methods.1. J. Moult, Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 15, 285 (2005).2. M.S. Shell, R. Ritterson, and K.A. Dill, J. Phys. Chem. B 112, 6878 (2008).3. S.B. Ozkan, G.A. Wu, J.D. Chodera and K.A. Dill, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104, 11987 (2007).