cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pattern formation on the interface of a two-layer fluid : bi-viscous lower layer

A theoretical model of the interaction of standing waves with a deformable sea-bed is derived in the long-wave limit. The coupled response of this two-layer model for which the upper-layer fluid is inviscid and the lower layer bi-viscous is determined for periodic forcing by an external surface pressure. It is shown that for permanent features to form in the lower layer, the nonlinear transfer of energy from the directly forced wave to even spatial harmonics of the forcing must occur. Nonlinearity due to a history-dependent bi-viscous rheology is shown to result in the formation of permanent, half-wavelength bedforms with crests located under the antinodes of the overlying wave motion.
Recovery of Microbial Polysaccharide B -1459 with a Quaternary Ammonium Compound

A NEW cyclic process has been developed for isolating a microbial polysaccharide from fermented broth. The usual method has been by addition of a water-miscible solvent in which the polysaccharide is insoluble, for example, methanol or ethanol1,2. Because of the high viscosity of most microbial polymers in water solutions, it is difficult to obtain concentrations greater than 1.5 per cent in the fermented broth; consequently, large amounts of solvent are required to isolate and purify the polysaccharide.
Design and fabrication of a miniaturized electrochemical instrument and its preliminary evaluation

A simple microprocessor controlled mini-electrochemical (EC) instrument integrating with square wave voltammetry (SWV) was designed and fabricated. Direct digital frequency synthesizer (DDFS) was exploited in the circuit design to generate a linear and very low frequency scanning waveform for SWV. An ultra-low bias current, a high performance operational amplifier, a lock-in amplifier, and several noise reduction methods, such as cable selection, PCB cleaning, and guarding, were utilized to achieve the capability of ultra-low current measurement. The initial performance test of this SWV-based EC device was also conducted in different ferricyanide solutions. Compared with commercial electrochemical analyzers, the miniaturized EC instrument presented here has the characteristics of low-cost, small size, ease of use and reduced energy consumption. Due to its flexible design, this SWV-based instrument can easily be extended to meet the requirements of the portable and reliable EC chip device integrating other commonly used EC methods.
Historical declines of goliath grouper populations in South Florida, USA.

Historical data are important in fisheries management and conservation, particularly for species which suffered significant population declines prior to the collection of ecological data. The globally endangered goliath grouper Epinephelus itajara was fished intensively long before data on population size were first collected. Historical population estimates have significant management implications, as the estimated time to full recovery depends on the size of the baseline population before depletion. Evidence used previously suggests that goliath grouper populations in Florida were reduced by as much as 95% relative to estimated baseline levels at the time of protection in 1990 and have since recovered to more than 30% of these values. However, actual historic abundances are not well known because few early data exist. I present 2 new data sets: (1) historical photographs of ‘trophy fish’ and (2) newspaper articles from the Florida Keys. I analyzed goliath grouper in photos taken of fish caught on Key West charter boats from 1956 to 1985 to assess changes in abundance before the fishery was closed in 1990. The average number of individuals displayed per trip decreased before 1960 and was reduced by 86% before 1979. Further evidence of declines is found in newspaper accounts of landings (1923 to 1977), which show decreases in the maximum individual fish size caught and the proportion of large grouper caught from land vs. offshore before 1950. These results demonstrate population declines over longer time scales than are currently considered and suggest that recent increases do not represent significant recovery compared to population abundances before depletion.
Synthesis of Bias-Scalable CMOS Analog Computational Circuits Using Margin Propagation

Approximation techniques are useful for implementing pattern recognizers, communication decoders and sensory processing algorithms where computational precision is not critical to achieve the desired system level performance. In our previous work, we had proposed margin propagation (MP) as an efficient piecewise linear (PWL) approximation technique to a log-sum-exp function and had demonstrated its advantages for implementing probabilistic decoders. In this paper, we present a systematic and a generalized approach for synthesizing analog piecewise-linear (PWL) computing circuits using the MP principle. MP circuits use only addition, subtraction and threshold operations and hence can be implemented using universal conservation principles like the Kirchoff's current law. Thus, unlike the conventional translinear CMOS current-mode circuits, the operation of the MP circuits are functionally similar in weak, moderate, and strong inversion regimes of the MOS transistor making the design approach bias-scalable. This paper presents measured results from MP circuits prototyped in a 0.5 μm standard CMOS process verifying the bias-scalable property. As an example, we apply the synthesis approach towards designing linear classifiers and we verify its performance using measured results.
Experimental evaluation of preprocessing algorithms for constraint satisfaction problems

Abstract This paper presents an experimental evaluation of two orthogonal schemes for pre-processing constraint satisfaction problems (CSPs). The first of these schemes involves a class of local consistency techniques that includes directional arc consistency, directional path consistency, and adaptive consistency. The other scheme concerns the prearrangement of variables in a linear order to facilitate an efficient search. In the first series of experiments, we evaluated the effect of each of the local consistency techniques on backtracking and backjumping. Surprisingly, although adaptive consistency has the best worst-case complexity bounds, we have found that it exhibits the worst performance, unless the constraint graph was very sparse. Directional arc consistency (followed by either backjumping or backtracking) and backjumping (without any preprocessing) outperformed all other techniques: moreover, the former dominated the latter in computationally intensive situations. The second series of experiments suggests that maximum cardinality and minimum width are the best preordering (i.e., static ordering) strategies, while dynamic search rearrangement is superior to all the preorderings studied.
Exploring Large-Scale CMP Architectures Using ManySim

Building a large-scale CMP platform requires a deep investigation of core performance impact, cache hierarchy implications, and on- and off-die bandwidth requirements. simulation speed and flexibility constitute fundamental challenges in such an evaluation. ManySim, a trace-based simulation infrastructure, provides first-order architectural insights into LCMP platforms' performance potential and scalability bottlenecks.
Isolation of some bile acids and sterols from the feces of healthy men

Abstract Methods for the extraction and fractionation of fecal lipides have been presented. From a pooled sample of feces from healthy men, coprostanol, cholesterol, lithocholic acid, isolithocholic acid, and 12-ketolithocholic acid have been isolated in crystalline form.
Indentation behavior of polymer coatings on glass

For relatively soft polymer coatings on soda-lime glass substrates the indentation load increases substantially when the indenter penetrates into the glass substrate since the glass can now directly support some of the indenter load. A model for the indentation load-depth behavior is developed by accounting for the indentation load shared by the coating and substrate. This model accounts for the additional load supported by the coating due to the pile-up of coating material underneath the indenter. The model predicts the indentation behavior as a function of coating and substrate hardnesses and coating thickness. Comparison of the model to experimental data for a wide range of polymer coatings (two epoxies, epoxy acrylate, and urethane acrylate) on soda-lime glass substrates shows good agreement.
BODIPY chromophores as efficient green light sensitizers for lanthanide-induced near-infrared emission

A new boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) modified 8-hydroxylquinoline ligand (8-HOQ-BODIPY) is synthesized for the sensitization of near-infrared emission of lanthanide(III) ions. The BODIPY unit, as revealed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, aligns almost perpendicularly to the 8-HOQ unit. The ligand exhibits strong absorption at ∼506 nm and fluorescence at 510 nm in organic solvents with quantum yields ranging from ∼0.45 in dichloromethane to 0.015 in ethanol. It forms stable ytterbium(III), erbium(III) and neodymium(III) complexes with 3 : 1 ligand-to-metal molar ratios. Upon excitation (∼522 nm), the neodymium(III) and erbium(III) complexes emit weakly at 1060 and 1382 nm, respectively, whereas the ytterbium(III) complex exhibits strong emission at 976 and 1003 nm. The results demonstrate the potential of BODIPY dyes as efficient and robust visible light sensitizers for lanthanide-based NIR emitters in medical diagnosis.
Impact Induced Stresses, Strains, and Delaminations in Composite Plates:

A method is presented for calculating the locations and sizes of delaminations which occur in a rectangular, fiber reinforced composite plate subjected to nonpenetrating (low velocity) impact of a solid object. The plate may be simply supported or clamped along its edges. In-plane loads or in-plane strains may be imposed on the plate during the impact. The method includes two steps. First, the stresses and strains in the plate are calculated by a three-dimensional, transient finite element method using 8-node brick elements with incompatible modes. Second, the locations, lengths, and widths of delaminations inside the plate are predicted by means of a proposed failure criterion, which is based on the concept of dimensional analysis. The finite element method and the failure criterion were implemented by a computer code which can be used to calculate the impactor position and velocity, the displacements of the plate, the stresses and strains inside the plate during the impact, and the locations and dimensions of the delaminations after the impact. Parametric studies were performed to illustrate the information which can be generated by the computer code.
Inelastic cross section for antihelium on nuclei: an empirical formula for use in the experiments to search for cosmic antimatter

Abstract An empirical formula for the cross section for inelastic hadronic interaction of antihelium with nuclei for the projectile energy range from 0.3 GeV/n to 80 GeV/n and target atomic mass number A from 4 to 120 has been developed. It is based on the available experimental data of nucleon (antinucleon) — nucleus and helium — nucleus inelastic cross sections. Such a formula is needed by experiments designed to search for antihelium in cosmic rays. With this formula one can estimate the efficiency of antihelium detection and correct for antihelium attenuation in the atmosphere for the balloon-borne experiments. A byproduct of this work is an empirical formula for antiproton-nucleus inelastic cross.
Are Developmental Pathways in Disruptive Behaviors the Same for Girls and Boys

Data from the first five waves of the National Youth Survey were used to test the applicability of the Developmental Pathways model to a nationally representative sample of girls. Overall, girls were less likely to be involved in all types of delinquent behavior, with the majority of girls reporting no delinquent involvement across the five waves of data collected. Using the Developmental Pathways model, similar developmental patterns of antisocial and delinquent involvement were found for girls as have been found for boys. Approximately 70% of involved girls followed most steps in each of the pathways. We also evaluated the relation of family and peer factors to specific pathways and found differences in those relations for boys and girls. For girls, only parental monitoring was related to involvement in one of the three pathways. For boys, specific relations were found between family and peer variables and each of the three developmental pathways. As with previous studies on girls involvement in disruptive behavior, these results suggest some general consistency in patterns with that of boys, although differences in frequency and predictors of risk.
Electron microscopic observations of the mesencephalic nucleus of the fifth nerve in the Selachian brain.

The mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve (mes V) in the brain of the skate (Raja oscellata) was studied by electron microscopy. Mes V neurons are large (40–80 μm diameter) and are located in the periventricular grey matter. Their perikaryal cytoplasm is rich in Golgi apparatus, small mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, polysomes and bundles of neurofilaments. A striking feature is the presence of masses of glycogen granules, at times surrounded by membrane wrappings and lysosomal bodies.
Role of retinal hypoxia in diabetic macular edema: a new concept

Background To report the role of retinal hypoxia in development of diabetic macular edema and its management—a new concept.
Issues in Career Decision Making for Workers With Developmental Disabilities

Persons with developmental disabilities are not usually given the opportunity to make meaningful choices concerning career options. There are, however, five types of partial involvement in career decision making they may experience. Counselors have considered client expressions of occupational preferences prior to deciding on appropriate vocational goals, have merely asked workers to sign a prepared rehabilitation plan, or—at the highest level of client participation—have involved workers and their families in team planning meetings. Several recommendations for both systemic and personal interventions to facilitate career decision-making by workers with developmental disabilities are discussed.
Some objectives for 1951–52

The incoming President solicits the co-operation of the members in helping him fulfill his outlined objectives designed to promote the growth and progress of the Institute to new heights of service and prestige.
Hilbert transform and mirror-image optical correlators

An optical correlator, believed to be novel, adds an x–y mirror image to the input and filter images to perform convolution involving amplitude and phase. The resulting real Fourier transform filters can be loaded into a liquid-crystal device (LCD). In contrast, a complex filter would require high-resolution film. A Hilbert transform and a point source are applied at the filter plane to reduce filter storage and LCD loading time by a factor of 2. An optional spatial filter removes an offset intensity and squares the result. Filters have only twice the number of pixels of the images. Analysis is verified by computer simulation, and performance is discussed.
Synaptic plasticity in hippocampal interneurons? A commentary.

The hypothesis that excitatory synapses onto hippocampal inhibitory interneurons undergo forms of synaptic plasticity similar to that observed in principal pyramidal neurons has received much attention in the last few years. No general consensus exists, however, concerning the presence (or absence) of long-term potentiation and depression in nonpyramidal neurons. A large source of this disagreement stems from the experimental paridigms chosen to elicit synaptic plasticity in the various studies, since most of the induction protocols used did not permit the separation of plasticity occurring on principal cells from possible direct plasticity on the interneurons themselves. In this commentary we discuss some of the issues surrounding these data and also address some of the technical considerations one must address before the presence or absence of long-term potentiation in interneurons can be answered unequivocally. Resume : Depuis quelques annOes, lihypothse que les synapses excitatrices localisOes sur les interneurones inhibiteurs de lihippocampe subissent des formes de plasticitO synaptique similaires ‡ celles observOes dans les principaux neurones pyramidaux a suscitO beaucoup diintOrŒt. Toutefois, il niexiste aucun consensus en ce qui concerne la prOsence (ou liabsence) diune potentialisation ‡ long terme et diune dOpression rOmanente dans les neurones non pyramidaux. La divergence diopinion dOcoule en grande partie des modles expOrimentaux choisis pour induire la plasticitO synaptique dans les diverses Otudes; de fait, la majoritO des protocoles diinduction utilisOs dans les expOriences ne permettait pas de distinguer la plasticitO se produisant sur les cellules principales de la plasticitO directe possible sur les interneurones mŒmes. Dans ce commentaire, nous discutons de quelques questions relatives ‡ ces rOsultats et prOsentons aussi quelques-uns des dOtails techniques ‡ considOrer avant de conclure quiil y a ou non une potentialisation ‡ long terme dans les interneurones. Mots clOs : hippocampe, interneurones, potentialisation ‡ long terme, dOpression rOmanente, plasticitO, GABAergique, CA1. (Traduit par la ROdaction)
Laboratory Diagnosis of Primary Immunodeficiencies

Primary immune deficiency disorders represent a highly heterogeneous group of disorders with an increased propensity to infections and other immune complications. A careful history to delineate the pattern of infectious organisms and other complications is important to guide the workup of these patients, but a focused laboratory evaluation is essential to the diagnosis of an underlying primary immunodeficiency. Initial workup of suspected immune deficiencies should include complete blood counts and serologic tests of immunoglobulin levels, vaccine titers, and complement levels, but these tests are often insufficient to make a diagnosis. Recent advancements in the understanding of the immune system have led to the development of novel immunologic assays to aid in the diagnosis of these disorders. Classically utilized to enumerate lymphocyte subsets, flow cytometric-based assays are increasingly utilized to test immune cell function (e.g., neutrophil oxidative burst, NK cytotoxicity), intracellular cytokine production (e.g., TH17 production), cellular signaling pathways (e.g., phosphor-STAT analysis), and protein expression (e.g., BTK, Foxp3). Genetic testing has similarly expanded greatly as more primary immune deficiencies are defined, and the use of mass sequencing technologies is leading to the identification of novel disorders. In order to utilize these complex assays in clinical care, one must have a firm understanding of the immunologic assay, how the results are interpreted, pitfalls in the assays, and how the test affects treatment decisions. This article will provide a systematic approach of the evaluation of a suspected primary immunodeficiency, as well as provide a comprehensive list of testing options and their results in the context of various disease processes.
Regulation of lactogenic hormone binding in rat liver by steroid hormones.

We have measured the effects of testosterone propionate, medroxy-progesterone acetate and cortisol on the binding of ovine [125I]iodoprolactin to 100,000 × g participate fractions from liver of normal and estrogen-treated female rats. In untreated animals 6.7 ± 1.1% (SD) of the radioactivity added to 0.5 mg of membrane protein was specifically bound to the hormone receptor. Specific binding was significantly (P <.05) decreased after 7 daily doses of testosterone (1.0 mg) to 2.8 ± 1.4%, medroxyprogesterone (0.25 mg) to 2.7 ± 0.2% and cortisol (5.0 mg) to 3.1 ± 1.3%. The serum prolactin concentration, 4.2 ± 3.4 ng\ml in normal animals, was not affected by the hormone treatment. Ethinyl estradiol, 10 ng/day for 7 days, increasing the binding of [125I]iodo-prolactin to 16.6 ± 6.0% and increased serum prolactin to 50.6 ± 11.5 ng/ml. Simultaneous administration of testosterone, medroxyprogesterone or cortisol with estradiol did not diminish the estradiol-induced increase in serum prolactin, but completely preve...
Biological treatment of a high strength nitrogenous wastewater

Abstract Bench‐scale studies were conducted to investigate nitrification of low and high strength nitrogenous wastewater. Two parallel completely mixed activated sludge reactors were operated over a wide range of mean cell residence times (MCRT) ranging from approximately 2.2 days to 21.0 days. Synthetic wastewater consisting of bactopeptone nutrient broth and ammonium sulfate was fed to the bench‐scale reactors. The feed to Reactor 1 (R‐1) was maintained at a COD:TKN ratio of 6.07:1 whereas feed to R‐2 was maintained at a C0D:TKN ratio of 0.65:1. Observed specific nitrification rates in R‐l ranged 0.037–0.11 mg N/mg MLSS‐day at 20°C, whereas in R‐2, observed specific nitrification rates ranged from 0.13 ‐ 0.38 mg N/mg MLSS‐day at 20°C. Nitrification and carbon removal were both inhibited at MCRTs of 7.9 days or greater in R‐2.
Tandem antagonistic games

Abstract We study an antagonistic sequential game of two players that undergoes two phases. Each phase is modeled by multi-dimensional random walk processes. During phase 1 (or game 1), the players exchange a series of random strikes of random magnitudes. Game 1 ends whenever one of the players sustains damages in excess of some lower threshold. However, the total damage does not exceed another upper threshold which allows the game to continue. Phase 2 (game 2) is run by another combination of random walk processes. At some point of phase 2, one of the players, after sustaining damages in excess of its third threshold, is ruined and he loses the entire game. We predict that moment, along with the total casualties to both players, and other critical information; all in terms of tractable functionals. The entire game is analyzed by tools of fluctuation theory.
ANALYSIS OF COLLAGEN PROFILE AND ORIENTATION IN A CHRONIC RUPTURED EXTENSOR POLLICIS LONGUS TENDON

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the collagen profile and orientation in a ruptured extensor pollicis longus (EPL) tendon, in order to better understand the collagen response to loss of tensile forces. Methods: A 76-year-old male with a history of rheumatoid arthritis required surgical reconstruction of a chronic EPL rupture using EIP tendon transfer; the refreshed tip of the distal EPL tendon, along with the intervening tubular scar and EIP tendon were further analyzed. Picrosirus red (PSR) staining was performed, and the levels of collagen isoform were determined with western blotting. Results: The results obtained from PSR staining under polarized microscopy showed thin, weakly birefringent, green fibers (collagen III-like) and thick, yellow-red, strongly birefringent fibers (collagen I-like). The arrangement was noted to be much less organized and directional in the ruptured tendon compared to the EIP tendon. Western blotting results showed the presence of collagen I, II, III, V, VI an...
Measuring reward assessment in a semi-naturalistic context: The effects of selective amygdala, orbital frontal or hippocampal lesions

Studying the neural mechanisms underlying complex goal-directed behaviors, such as social behavior, reward seeking or punishment avoidance, has become increasingly tractable in humans, nonhuman primates and rodents. In most experiments, however, goal-directed behaviors are measured in a laboratory setting, which is vastly different from the context in which these behaviors naturally occur. This study adapted a reward assessment paradigm, previously conducted with rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) in the controlled environment of a Wisconsin General Testing Apparatus (WGTA) [Machado CJ, Bachevalier J (2007) The effects of selective amygdala, orbital frontal cortex or hippocampal formation lesions on reward assessment in nonhuman primates. Eur J Neurosci 25:2885-2904], to a more naturalistic context. We used this new paradigm to examine the effects of bilateral amygdaloid, hippocampal or orbital frontal cortex lesions on established food and nonfood preferences. Behavioral modification following reinforcer devaluation was also measured. Consistent with our previous study, none of the lesions produced changes in preference for palatable foods relative to pre-surgery, but animals with amygdala lesions displayed heightened preference for unpalatable foods that control or other operated animals typically avoided. In contrast to several previous WGTA-based experiments, nonfood preference was not affected by any of the lesions. Finally, animals with orbital frontal cortex lesions continued to select preferred foods after satiation, but those with amygdala, hippocampal or sham lesions altered their foraging behavior appropriately and selected less of the sated food. These findings parallel food devaluation results obtained with these same animals when tested in the WGTA. Overall, this study stresses the importance of testing context when measuring decision-making abilities in nonhuman primates with selective brain lesions.
Oxalate transport by intestinal brush border membrane vesicles

In order to study the characteristics of oxalate transport across the brush border membrane, we studied oxalate uptake by rat intestinal brush border membrane vesicles. Vesicles prepared with MgCl2 precipitation were determined to be viable by demonstrating stereo-specific uptake of glucose. Transport of oxalate by these vesicles was non-saturable over an oxalate concentration of 0.05 to 75 mM. Transport was inversely proportional to medium osmolarity, indicating uptake into an enclosed space. The rate of oxalate transport by the vesicles was enhanced by the presence of Na+ or K+ in the medium and at pH's of 5.0 and 4.0. Under no conditions did intravesicular oxalate concentrations exceed extravesicular concentrations. Vesicles prepared with CaCl2 precipitation did not take oxalate into the intravesicular space but rather precipitated oxalate on their surface. Uptake of oxalate by rat intestinal brush border membrane vesicles prepared with magnesium chloride precipitation is by passive diffusion.
Analysis of hyperspectral change detection as affected by vegetation and illumination variations

This study examines the effectiveness of specific hyperspectral change detection algorithms on scenes with different illumination conditions such as shadows, low sun angles, and seasonal vegetation changes with specific emphasis placed on background suppression. When data sets for the same spatial scene on different occasions exist, change detection algorithms utilize linear predictors such as chronochrome and covariance equalization in an attempt to suppress background and improve detection of atypical manmade changes. Using a push-broom style imaging spectrometer mounted on a pan and tilt platform, visible to near infrared data sets of a scene containing specific objects are gathered. Hyperspectral system characterization and calibration is performed to ensure the production of viable data. Data collection occurs over a range of months to capture a myriad of conditions including daily illumination change, seasonal illumination change, and seasonal vegetation change. Choosing reference images, the degree of background suppression produced for various time-2 scene conditions is examined for different background classes. A single global predictor produces a higher degree of suppression when the conditions between the reference and time-2 remain similar and decreases as drastic illumination and vegetation alterations appear. Manual spatial segmentation of the scene coupled with the application of a different linear predictor for each class can improve suppression.
Local cholinergic mechanisms participate in the increase in cortical cerebral blood flow elicited by electrical stimulation of the fastigial nucleus in rat.

We sought to determine whether the increase in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) elicited withinhe cerebral cortex (CX) by electrical stimulation of the fastigial nucleus (FN) of the cerebellum is: (a) prevented by local application of the muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonist, atropine and (b) temporally correlated with a stimulus-locked release of acetylcholine (ACh) from the cortical surface. Rats were anesthetized, paralyzed, ventilated, with arterial blood gases controlled and arterial pressure maintained within the autoregulated range. Bilateral craniotomies were performed over a standardized region of the sensory motor CX and superfusion devices stereotaxically positioned on the cortical surface. Cortical surface temperature, as well as pH, pCO2 and pO2 of the solutions applied to the cortex were also carefully controlled. rCBF was measured in dissected regions of frontal (FCX), parietal (PCX), and occipital cortices (OCX), caudate nucleus (CN), and hippocampus (HIPP) by the Kety principle using [14C]iodoantipyrine as indicator. Resting rCBF (ml/100 g/min) in unoperated control animals ranged from 70 ± 5 in HIPP to 95 ± 7 in PCX and was unaffected by bilateral craniotomies and placement of superfusion devices containing Kreb's bicarbonate buffer (vehicle) on the cortical surface. Local application of atropine (ATR, 100 μM) to the right PCX via the superfusion device did not affect resting rCBF. With FN stimulation rCBF increased bilaterally and symmetrically in all areas up to 227% in PCX. ATR application attenuated by 59% the FN-elicited increase in rCBF on the ipsilateral frontoparietal CX, without affecting blood flow n adjacent structures. ATR did not affect cortical cerebrovasodilation produced by hypercarbia (arterial pCO2 = 59.0 ± 1.4mm Hg) N-stimulation resulted in a small (22%) but significant (P < 0.05, n = 9) reduction in the release f [3H]ACh from the cortical surface, while supramaximal depolarization with 55 mM K+ increased [3H]ACh release by 251%. These studies indicate that: (a) increases in cortical rCBF elicited by FN stimulation, but not hypercarbia, are in large part mediated by local muscarinic cholinergic receptors; (b) resting rCBF is not tonically affected by muscarinic receptor activation; and (c) the release of ACh from the cortical surface is, in general, reduced during FN-stimulation. These experiments, taken together with evidence of a cholinergic innervation of the cortical microvasculature, suggest that a subpopulation of cholinergic neurons innervating cortical blood vessels releases a small amount of ACh during stimulation of FN to mediate, at least in part, the increase in cortical blood flow.
Role of cell-surface molecules of Blastomyces dermatitidis in host-pathogen interactions

The fungal pathogen Blastomyces dermatitidis produces an adhesin (WI-1) in yeast stages, which contains repetitive regions that bind host-cell receptors. Adhesin and glucan may modulate fungal interactions with macrophages; their level of expression is altered in hypovirulent mutants. Adhesin is also involved in immune responses, and may be important in eliciting the clearance of the fungus.
Hereditary ovarian cancer: recent molecular insights and their impact on screening strategies.

Purpose of review This review will focus on the implications of BRCA status in the patient with high-grade serous ovarian cancer, the differences between BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations, and the most effective risk-reducing strategies. Recent findings Women with BRCA-associated epithelial ovarian cancer represent a unique group who commonly are diagnosed at a younger age, have advanced high-grade serous disease, have improved sensitivity to platinum-based chemotherapy in both the upfront and recurrent setting, and have an overall improved prognosis. Promising novel therapeutic agents such as poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors have increased activity in patients with inherited BRCA mutations and may also have a role in patients with noninherited tumors that have decreased BRCA activity. Risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO) is effective in decreasing risks of both breast and gynecologic cancer in women with BRCA mutations. However, when counseling women at inherited risk, the inherent phenotypical differences between BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations must be considered. Summary Patients with BRCA-associated epithelial ovarian cancer have improved response to platinum-based chemotherapy, improved survival, and may be appropriate candidates for treatment with novel targeted therapies. RRSO remains the most effective risk-reduction strategy in women with BRCA mutations.
The effect of temperature on the rate of absorption of chlorine into water

The rate of absorption of chlorine into water in a short wetted-wall column is measured at 15, 25, and 40°C. The results agree well with previously published penetration theory predictions when values of 8.5, 15.4 and 46 (sec)−1 are chosen for the chlorine hydrolysis rate constant at 15, 25, and 40°C, respectively. These values show good agreement on an Arrhenius plot with published kinetic measurements at lower temperatures.
The use of high somatic cell count prevalence in epidemiologic investigations of mastitis control practices

Abstract A series of least-squares analytical models were developed in a cross-sectional epidemiologic study of the observed variability in within-herd high somatic cell count (SCC) prevalence, a measure of mastitis prevalence in dairy herds. The dependent variable, high SCC prevalence, was calculated as the 12-month rolling herd average percentage of lactating cows with milk SCC in excess of 283 000 cells ml−1. The first analysis involved the results of a bacteriologic survey of bulk-tank milk samples for the presence of Streptococcus agalactiae and coagulase-positive staphylococci, the two most common contagious intramammary pathogens. The presence of either pathogen in bulk-tank samples was associated with significantly higher high SCC prevalence. The second analysis involved responses to a questionnaire concerning management and mastitis control practices. Both the practices of post-milking teat dopping and dry-cow antibiotic therapy were associated with significantly lower high SCC prevalence. The third analysis combined the data collected for the first two analyses so that the independent variables included both bulk-tank bacteriologic results and management and mastitis control practices. This model was able to explain a greater proportion of the variability in high SCC prevalence than either of the other two models. There were three variables associated with significant decreases in high SCC prevalence namely the absence of Streptococcus agalactiae in the bulk tank milk, the adoption of post-milking teat dipping and the practice of dry-cow antibiotic therapy of all cows. Milk somatic cell counting is now widely accepted and practiced in many countries, and individual-cow SCC data are available from large numbers of herds at a minimal expense. By corroborating the role of post-milking teat dipping and dry-cow antibiotic therapy in mastitis control programs, this study establishes the usefulness of high SCC prevalence data for epidemiologic studies of mastitis control practices.
“Channel-three-like” behavior of photoexcited isoquinoline vapor: a model for electronic and vibrational relaxation

Abstract Evidence is presented which indicates that the channel-three-like behavior of photoexcited isoquinoline vapor is due to direct internal conversion, triggered by intramolecular vibrational relaxation. It is suggested that the same mechanism may account for the similar behavior in other azaaromatics.
Generating Route-Level Mutually Exclusive Service Areas

Willing-to-walk distance was investigated as a means of measuring spatial accessibility of bus stops and of examining the effectiveness of alternative methods of generating mutually exclusive transit service areas at the route level. First, the walking distance to and from a transit stop was investigated with onboard survey data. Two methods in geographical information systems—the combination of Thiessen polygon and buffer and the network distance-based service area—were compared as strategies for generating mutually exclusive service areas. For the examination of the effectiveness of these two methods, all mutually exclusive service areas were validated with a spider diagram generated from an onboard survey. Measures of urban form were also statistically tested for comparison of the two methods. A case study of a single route, serving the Minneapolis-Saint Paul, Minnesota, metropolitan area, was performed with data from various sources, such as Google's General Transit Feed Specification, an onboard surv...
Birth cohort effect on latent tuberculosis infection prevalence, United States.

Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) prevalence in the United States decreased approximately 60% in the three decades between the 1971-1972 and 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) surveys. We examined the effects of birth cohort on LTBI prevalence over time. Using weighted data analysis software to account for NHANES survey design, we calculated the difference in LTBI prevalence between 1971-1972 and 1999-2000 for birth cohorts corresponding to 5-year intervals (1912-1916, 1917-1921,1922-1926, 1927-1931, 1932-1936, 1937-1941, 1942-1946). LTBI prevalence was significantly lower in 1999-2000 compared to 1971-1972 for cohorts born in 1926 or earlier (19% versus 5%), but not for cohorts born 1927-1946 (9% versus 7%). Adjustment for cohort restriction and foreign-birth did not qualitatively change the results. Although older age groups have higher rates of TB infection than younger groups, nationally representative U.S. survey data suggest that observed LTBI prevalence in older people represents an underestimate of infection, because of the birth cohort effect and waning immunologic reactivity.
THYROIDAL IODIDE TRAPPING AS INFLUENCED BY SERUM IODIDE LEVELS AND THYROTROPHIN12

IT IS well established that the thyroid possesses a mechanism whereby it concentrates (“traps”) inorganic iodide (VanderLaan and VanderLaan, 1947; Taurog et al., 1947). Studies using tracer doses of radioactive iodine have disclosed the thyroid: serum iodide gradient to be profoundly influenced by thyrotrophin (TSH) (VanderLaan and VanderLaan, 1947; Vander- Laan and Greer, 1950; Ingbar and Roberts, 1952; Halmi et al., 1953). Up to 100 jug of stable iodide carrier added to the tracer had no appreciable effect on the thyroid: serum radioiodide concentration ratio (T/S) of normal (VanderLaan and VanderLaan, 1947) or of goitrous rats (Vander- Laan and VanderLaan, 1947; Taurog xyiet al., 1947). However, further increase of the dose of stable iodide caused the T/S of propylthiouracil (PTU)-treated rats to drop (VanderLaan and VanderLaan, 1947; Wyngaarden et al., 1953). This suggested to Raben and Astwood (1949) that the capacity of the thyroid for iodide is limited, and indeed
A stress model for people facing a fire

The safe evacuation of public buildings in an emergency requires the user to engage in rapid and appropriate decision-making under stressful conditions. To illustrate the complexity of the interaction components and the user's effort to psychologically cope with a fire, a stress model has been developed. This stress model accounts for different emotional stages users can experience during a fire emergency. The emotional stages of control, uncertainty, fear, worry and confusion are defined. The stress model is used to argue that information must be provided during the emergency to motivate evacuation behaviour, reduce stress and support the decision-making process required in a successful evacuation. Although the stress model was not tested as such, results from an evacuation experiment and a real fire report are used to illustrate the model's stages.
A Role for Natriuretic Peptides in the Central Control of Energy Balance

The natriuretic peptide (NP) family is comprised of atrial NP, brain NP, and c-type NP (CNP). These peptides play diverse physiological roles (1–5) by binding to one of two receptors: NP receptor (NPR)-A (for atrial NP and brain NP) or NPR-B (for CNP), both of which signal through the guanylyl cyclase-cyclic GMP (cGMP) pathway (6). Among the physiological systems involving NPs are those controlling circulating blood volume, vascular tone, electrolyte balance, skeletal growth, and whole-body energy expenditure (1–5). In addition to actions in peripheral tissues, NPs are present in brain (7). In the current issue of Diabetes , Yamada-Goto et al. (8) report that central (but not peripheral) administration of CNP reduces food intake and body weight. The underlying mechanism appears to involve activation of the hypothalamic melanocortin pathway, which is also engaged by leptin, serotonin, and several other inputs that favor weight loss. These observations raise intriguing possibilities regarding the role of NPs and, by extension, guanylyl cyclase–cGMP signaling in hypothalamic neurocircuits controlling energy balance. The arcuate nucleus (ARC) is a key hypothalamic area for energy homeostasis. Neurons in this brain area transduce input from hormones such as leptin and insulin as well as from nutrients such as glucose. This results in adaptive changes involving both food intake and energy expenditure. Located within the ARC are pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and neuropeptide Y/agouti-related peptide (NPY/AgRP) neurons that, when activated, reduce or increase food intake, respectively (Fig. 1 A ). In response to leptin, the simultaneous activation of POMC and inhibition of NPY/AgRP neurons reduces food intake, whereas in leptin-deficient states such as fasting, the opposite combination of responses serve to drive hyperphagia (9). However, human obesity is typically associated with increased plasma leptin levels, and hypothalamic …
Menthol use among smokers with psychological distress: findings from the 2008 and 2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health

Objective The Food and Drug Administration is considering regulation of menthol cigarettes. While persons with mental distress are known to smoke cigarettes at high rates, little is known about their use of menthol. The authors examined the association of psychological distress and menthol use in a national sample of adult smokers. Methods Data were from the 2008 and 2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Past month smokers (N=24 157) were categorised for menthol or non-menthol use. Psychological distress was categorised as none/mild, moderate or severe on the Kessler six-item scale. Results The prevalence of menthol use was higher among individuals with severe psychological distress, women, young adults, African–Americans, Native Hawaiians/Pacific Islanders, persons with fewer years of education and lower income, and the unmarried and uninsured. In a multivariate model controlling for socio-demographic factors, smoking intensity and time to first cigarette, smokers with severe (adjusted OR (AOR) 1.23, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.46, p=0.02) but not moderate (AOR 1.03, 95% CI 0.92 to 1.15, p=0.58) psychological distress were significantly more likely to smoke menthols compared with smokers with none/mild distress. Conclusion An elevated prevalence of menthol use was found among persons with severe psychological distress, suggesting another group that could potentially benefit from the regulation of menthol cigarettes.
Death investigation liability of medical examiners and coroners.

Medical examiners play an important role in medical-legal death investigation with the performance of forensic autopsies, body identification, evidence collection, cause and manner of death rulings...
Factors affecting the appearance of the hump charge movement component in frog cut twitch fibers.

Charge movement was measured in frog cut twitch fibers with the double Vaseline gap technique. Five manipulations listed below were applied to investigate their effects on the hump component (I gamma) in the ON segments of TEST minus CONTROL current traces. When external Cl-1 was replaced by MeSO3- to eliminate Cl current, I gamma peaked earlier due to a few millivolts shift of the voltage dependence of I gamma kinetics in the negative direction. The Q-V plots in the TEA.Cl and TEA.MeSO3 solutions were well fitted by a sum of two Boltzmann distribution functions. The more steeply voltage-dependent component (Q gamma) had a V approximately 6 mV more negative in the TEA.MeSO3 solution than in the TEA.Cl solution. These voltage shifts were partially reversible. When creatine phosphate in the end pool solution was removed, the I gamma hump disappeared slowly over the course of 20-30 min, partly due to a suppression of Q gamma. The hump reappeared when creatine phosphate was restored. When 0.2-1.0 mM Cd2+ was added to the center pool solution to block inward Ca current, the I gamma hump became less prominent due to a prolongation in the time course of I gamma but not to a suppression of Q gamma. When the holding potential was changed from -90 to -120 mV, the amplitude of I beta was increased, thereby obscuring the I gamma hump. Finally, when a cut fiber was stimulated repetitively, I gamma lost its hump appearance because its time course was prolonged. In an extreme case, a 5-min resting interval was insufficient for a complete recovery of the waveform. In general, a stimulation rate of once per minute had a negligible effect on the shape of I gamma. Of the five manipulations, MeSO3- has the least perturbation on the appearance of I gamma and is potentially a better substitute for Cl- than SO2-(4) in eliminating Cl current if the appearance of the I gamma hump is to be preserved.
A critical comparison of MOCVD and MBE for heterojunction devices

Abstract A comparison is made of the suitability of MOCVD and MBE for application to the fabrication of heterojunction devices. The fundamental processes that control the growth, and the materials and device results achieved to data by each process are reviewed.
Unbending the bent lingual bar.

Abstract This simple procedure is a solution to a problem which often can be corrected in no other way short of remaking the appliance. Appropriate gold solder is used for gold bars. Chrome-cobalt bars can be repaired in the same manner using the fluoride fluxes now available for soldering these alloys.
Grooving of a grain boundary by evaporation-condensation below the roughening transition

The development of surface grooves at grain boundaries that intersect a planar surface is analyzed for the case that the evolution occurs below the thermodynamic roughening transition by evaporation–condensation processes. The dynamics are described by a nonlinear partial differential equation that has a similarity solution, so the resulting groove profile is described by a nonlinear ordinary differential equation. An approximate analytical solution to the nonlinear problem is obtained and is in excellent agreement with the numerical solution. The depth and width of the groove varies as t1∕2, where t is time, analogous to the classical results valid above the thermodynamic roughening temperature. In addition, the approximate analytical solution provides an explicit relation between the groove width and the dihedral angle, and is in sufficiently good agreement with the numerical results as to make such numerical solutions unnecessary for this problem. The results demonstrate explicitly how the groove shape...