cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
IV.—Petrology and Structure of the Pyritic Field of Huelva, Spain

The great copper-mining district of Southern Spain and Portugal has been studied by several eminent geologists, and the problems presented in the geology of the field and of its ore-deposits have given rise to conflicting opinions. The three most debated points have been the origin of the ore-deposits, the relations of the igneous rocks, and the age of the sedimentary formations. The present paper, the field work for which was carried out during the last summer season, deals in the main with the two latter points, and the writer takes this opportunity of expressing his indebtedness to Professor W. W. Watts and to Dr. C. G. Cullis for their advice and suggestions during the subsequent petrological studies at the Imperial College of Science and Technology, London.
Comments on the parametrization of the Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix

We show that the quark mixing matrix can be parametrized in exactly unitary forms with the imaginary parts present only at the order of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. With ${s}_{x}={s}_{1}$ and ${s}_{y}$ well determined, measurements of ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ or other $\mathrm{CP}$-nonconservation effects can determine ${s}_{z}{s}_{\ensuremath{\varphi}}$. Then after $|{V}_{\mathrm{ub}}|\ensuremath{\simeq}{s}_{z}$ is measured, ${s}_{\ensuremath{\varphi}}$ is known. We also give a simple expression for the $\mathrm{CP}$ asymmetry in the ${B}^{0}\ensuremath{-}{B}^{0}$ mixing.
Palaeomagnetism of Plio-Pleistocene Basalts from North-west Sardinia

THERE is a growing body of evidence which supports the hypothesis of a counterclockwise rotation of Corsica and Sardinia with respect to southern France, in particular the palaeomagnetic data from the Permo-Carboniferous of Corsica1,2 and the Permian and Oligo-Miocene of Sardinia3–4. Although it has been suggested that the rotation possibly took place as early as the Mesozoic2, it is now more generally regarded as having occurred at some time during the Tertiary6,7.
Posthypnotic amnesia: experiments and theory.

Abstract There are wide individual differences in response to suggested posthypnotic amnesia. In addition there are various kinds of amnesia suggestions. The difficulty of obtaining spontaneous post-hypnotic amnesia, relative to suggested posthypnotic amnesia, is noted. It is easier to demonstrate spontaneous source amnesia, but again it is more readily obtained by the direct suggestion that it will occur. Five hypotheses about posthypnotic amnesia are briefly examined: (a) poor memory under hypnosis, (b) regression as favorable to amnesia, (c) repression as a cognitive style, (d) motor inhibition theory, and (e) amnesia as representative of dissociation.
Fabrication and analysis of a three-layer stratified volume diffractive optical element high-efficiency grating

We have demonstrated a high-efficiency grating (>80%) using a three-layer Stratified Volume Diffractive Optical Element (SVDOE). Its angular sensitivity was measured optically and shown to agree extremely well with simulations performed using rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA). Further simulations predict an increase in efficiency as the number of layers is increased. An SVDOE consists of binary grating layers interleaved with homogeneous layers. The binary grating layers are shifted laterally relative to each other to emulate a volume holographic grating with slanted fringes. Creating the slanted fringe structure permits the preferred incidence angle of the SVDOE to be rotated to any arbitrary position. Achieving the relative offset between grating layers is the most challenging fabrication step and required the development of a high-precision alignment technique that was implemented on a contact mask aligner. The approach is based on monitoring the diffraction signal of a beam that is transmitted through gratings on the substrate and those on the mask as they are translated with respect to one another during pre-exposure alignment. The homogeneous layers are fabricated using a polymer material, SU-8, that is spin-coated and then planarized during its curing process.
ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES OF NISIN‐COATED POLYMERIC FILMS AS INFLUENCED BY FILM TYPE AND COATING CONDITIONS

Polymeric films were coated with nisin, an antimicrobial peptide, for potential application in shelf-life extension of food. Five commercial packaging films with varying surface energies were compared. The highest antimicrobial activity was observed on the most hydrophobic nisin-coated films (surface energy ≤ 32 dyne/cm). The binding affinity of nisin to the surface of ethylene acrylic acid copolymer (surface energy = 32 dyne/cm) was investigated. Films were coated in nisin solutions under varying conditions including nisin concentration, contact time, solution's volume to film area ratio, pH of coating solution and temperature during coating. Stronger nisin activity was detected on films as the coating time increased from 30 s to 2 h. Higher nisin coating concentration also promoted the binding of nisin to films with saturation level observed at 250 μg/mL. Films coated with nisin using a higher solution to film area ratio (0.84 compared to 0.14 and 0.28 mL/cm 2 ) also exhibited higher nisin activity.
The Political Psychology of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime

The purpose of this article is to develop a theory, rooted in social psychology, that explains the nuclear nonproliferation regime. I posit that the regime evolved to serve the interests of a group of established liberal democracies that self-consciously identify their security interests collectively on the basis of shared core values and a history of cooperation. The United States acts as principal guardian of the regime. This role stems from its role as the principal defender of liberal democracy during the Cold War. The self-identification of the liberal group of states biases their perception of and reaction to threats to the regime in their own favor. I support this claim by comparing responses to violations and perceived violations of the regime by members and nonmembers of the group. Findings indicate a strong bias in favor of the liberal group.
Management of common postoperative emergencies: are July interns ready for prime time?

We evaluated 16 surgical PGY1 residents during housestaff orientation. A METI ECS high-fidelity patient simulator was used as the simulated patient. Surgical critical care experts developed and locally validated patient care scenarios. All participants were oriented to the simulator and simulated ward setup prior to testing and were briefed on the patient’s location, operation, service, and chief resident to reproduce an evening checkout process. The simulated patients then developed common potentially life-threatening changes in clinical status. A ward nurse with standardized responses was available at the bedside throughout the simulation. Two evaluators assessed each intern’s performance with special attention to basic assessment, monitoring, and resource management skills. At the time of initial evaluation, only 31% of participants requested current vital signs. Twenty percent of interns monitored blood pressure despite ongoing patient deterioration, and only 27% placed the patient on a monitor. Although 63% of those tested performed a pulse examination at some point during the simulation, only 13% used interval pulse examinations to follow the patient’s status. Surprisingly, only 33% of interns requested help from an additional source (nursing or seniorlevel resident) at any point during the simulation. Even fewer (19%) called a senior-level resident early enough to prevent patient deterioration. Evaluation of entering surgery residents’ patient assessment skills using a high-fidelity patient simulator suggests a striking deficiency in the ability to manage acute changes in a patient’s status successfully. Additional training to address basic clinical skills, which are necessary to manage common postoperative ward emergencies effectively, is warranted.
Advances in microfluidic PCR for point-of-care infectious disease diagnostics

Global burdens from existing or emerging infectious diseases emphasize the need for point-of-care (POC) diagnostics to enhance timely recognition and intervention. Molecular approaches based on PCR methods have made significant inroads by improving detection time and accuracy but are still largely hampered by resource-intensive processing in centralized laboratories, thereby precluding their routine bedside- or field-use. Microfluidic technologies have enabled miniaturization of PCR processes onto a chip device with potential benefits including speed, cost, portability, throughput, and automation. In this review, we provide an overview of recent advances in microfluidic PCR technologies and discuss practical issues and perspectives related to implementing them into infectious disease diagnostics.
Modeling Engineering Degree Attainment Using High School and College Physics and Calculus Coursetaking and Achievement

Background Models of engineering retention use high school GPA and mathematics standardized test scores to measure pre-college characteristics and first year of college GPA to measure academic integration in college. This study uses high school and college physics and calculus coursetaking and achievement to predict engineering degree attainment among students on-track for an engineering degree. Purpose (Hypothesis) This study predicts that high school accelerated physics and calculus coursetaking and grades influences grades earned in college physics and calculus and both sets of factors influence engineering degree attainment. Design/Mscethod Multinomial logistic regression analyses determine the effects of high or low achievement in high school on high and low achievement in college physics and calculus courses and the effects of both on earning an engineering degree. Results Pre-college characteristics and academic integration were not consistently related to the destination of engineering migrants. Community college enrollment was not related to attrition. High school calculus achievement is the strongest predictor of grades in college physics and calculus courses, accounting for the positive effects of accelerated physics and calculus coursetaking. Conclusions Engineering degree attainment models should include coursetaking and particularly achievement in high school and college physics and calculus courses. Attrition outcomes should include the destination major in order to capture achievement effects on migration to business and non-STEM fields compared to migration to other STEM fields that require quantitative skills acquired in physics and calculus courses.
The Gap Between Clinical Trials and Clinical Practice: The Use of Pragmatic Clinical Trials to Inform Regulatory Decision Making

Drug use in clinical practice often deviates from the carefully scripted use in controlled clinical trials or the evidence-based guidance in drug labels. The prescribers' judgments may result in a wider spectrum of disease being treated, including those in patients with more comorbidities. Prescribed doses, as well as patient compliance and adherence, may differ from the experience in the classical clinical trial setting. This may result in an unanticipated (and unfavorable) shift in the benefit-to-risk ratio when the drug is used in general practice. Pragmatic, or naturalistic, clinical trials balance efforts to reflect the practice environment with the need to collect data that robustly inform decision making. Increased use of pragmatic trials has been advocated to support public policy decisions, third-party reimbursement decisions, and decision making by physicians. Pragmatic trials have the potential to better inform drug approval decisions by providing a better understanding of the drug's likely efficacy and safety in the marketplace. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2010) 87 3, 351–355. doi:10.1038/clpt.2009.218
VARIATIONS IN GOAL PRIORITIES OF ACADEMIC DEPARTMENTS: A TEST OF HOLLAND'S THEORY*

This study investigated the relative importance which six groups of academic departments attached to five institutional goal dimensions. The six groups were formed on the basis of Holland's theory of vocational choice and the five goal dimensions were developed from a factor analysis of eleven goal statements. A stepwise, multiple discriminant analysis revealed significant differences between the six groups of academic departments on the Research-Graduate and Quality Education goal dimensions. These two dimensions produced significant differentiation in eleven of the fifteen possible group comparisons. The findings suggest tentatively that Holland's theory of vocational choice can assist in the interpretation of varying goal priorities within the academic community. Suggestions are offered to indicate how this theory might be employed by university administrators and in subsequent research on the administration of academic departments and the complex roles of their chairmen.
Critical development stages for the reactive Cr-GaAs(110) interface.

High-resolution synchrotron radiation photoemission studies provide a detailed microscopic view of reactions at a refractory-metal/GaAs interface. Core-level and valence-band results indicate weak interaction between the Cr adlayer and the substrate at low coverage, i.e., no reaction products are observed although the Fermi level is pinned by \ensuremath{\sim}1 A\r{}. Instead, a metastable Cr overlayer forms and, at a critical coverage of \ensuremath{\sim}2 A\r{}, it triggers extensive substrate disruption. A model is presented to account for the reaction onset. Between \ensuremath{\sim}2 and \ensuremath{\sim}8 A\r{} the morphology changes rapidly, corresponding to atomic intermixing and formation of Cr--Ga and Cr--As bonds. Arsenic out-diffuses readily through the intermixed region and is present in chemical states corresponding to a Cr-As phase and surface-segregated As. Gallium out-diffuses very little, but it too forms a Cr-Ga phase. At coverages of \ensuremath{\sim}50 A\r{} the valence bands are dominated by Cr d states and resemble those of Cr metal, but core studies show that arsenic is still present in substantial quantities (\ensuremath{\sim}20% of original level).
Political Development and Growth: Japan until World War II

Abstract It is hypothesized in this paper that the way by which a ruling elite extracts its resources significantly influences the evolution of state-related institutions. Specifically, if the ruling elite must construct a penetrating set of institutions to extract revenue and in order to encourage payment of taxes must also provide services in return (reciprocity), then states are likely to have institutions conducive to economic growth. Institutions restraining arbitrary decision making are likely to evolve and are likely to be effective. The process of economic and political development in Japan in the prewar period is used to illustrate this process. Specifically, the evolution of limited parliamentary democracy during this time period was the result of the process by which the ruling elite sought to extract revenue.
Jacobi zeta function and action-angle coordinates for the pendulum

Abstract The Jacobi elliptic functions and integrals play a defining role in analytically describing the motion of the planar pendulum. In the present paper, the Jacobi zeta function is given the physical interpretation as the generating function of the canonical transformation from the pendulum coordinates ϑ and p ≡ ∂ ϑ / ∂ t to the action-angle coordinates ( J , ζ ) for both the librating pendulum and the rotating pendulum.
SMALL ODORANT MOLECULES AFFECT STEADY STATE PROPERTIES OF MONOLAYERS

Abstract Interactions of organic compounds with polar lipid monolayers have been widely studied and fall into two general categories: polar molecules (often electrically charged), which interact primarily with head groups, and non-polar molecules, which interact with tail groups. This study presents results for a typical odorant molecule, cyclohexanone, which is semipolar in the sense that the dipolar functional group (a carbonyl) is part of a small, non-polar hydrocarbon ring. Thermodynamic measurements on monolayers prepared from pure L-α- dipalmitoyllecithin (DPPC) reveal effects from cyclohexanone in the subphase on the ΔG for compression, which exhibits a maximum as a function of temperature, suggesting that interaction of the cyclohexane ring with hydrophobic tail groups dominates below 297 K, while interaction of the carbonyl function with head groups dominates above 297 K. Measurements of the surface dipole moment confirm this inference: when cyclohexanone is in the subphase the surface dipole moment is less than the value of μ for pure DPPC when the temperature is below 297 K. Above 297 K the surface dipole moment in the presence of cyclohexanone has a value greater than or equal to μ for pure DPPC. Variations in orientation of small molecules within lipid assemblies might conceivably contribute to membrane recognition of an odorant.
USP apparatus 4 method for in vitro release testing of protein loaded microspheres

The objective was to develop an in vitro release method for protein loaded poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microspheres. A modified USP apparatus 4 and sample and separate methods were compared using a microsphere formulation encapsulating a model protein, bovine serum albumin (BSA). Microsphere characteristics such as porosity, drug loading, particle size and burst release were significantly affected by the formulation parameters (i.e., phase ratio, internal aqueous phase composition and theoretical drug loading). Incomplete release of BSA was observed using the sample and separate method and this was attributed to microsphere loss during sampling. This problem was overcome using the modified USP apparatus 4 method. However, an unusual decrease in cumulative percent release was observed which was considered to be due to BSA adsorption onto the hydrophobic surfaces of the modified USP apparatus 4. Addition of SDS to the release media prevented BSA adsorption and a zero order release profile was observed. The presence of SDS did not change the microsphere degradation kinetics. The results indicate the importance of understanding protein adsorption and aggregation behavior during in vitro release testing. The USP apparatus 4 method appears to be useful for investigation of in vitro release of protein loaded microspheres.
Treatment of cartilage with β-aminopropionitrile accelerates subsequent collagen maturation and modulates integrative repair

Abstract Integrative repair of cartilage was previously found to depend on collagen synthesis and maturation. β-aminopropionitrile (BAPN) treatment, which irreversibly blocks lysyl oxidase, inhibited the formation of collagen crosslinks, prevented development of adhesive strength, and caused a buildup of GuHCl-extractable collagen crosslink precursors. This buildup of crosslink precursor in the tissue may be useful for enhancing integrative repair. We tested in vitro the hypothesis that pre-treatment of cartilage with BAPN, followed by washout before implantation, could be a useful therapeutic strategy to accelerate subsequent collagen maturation. In individual cartilage disks, collagen processing was reversibly blocked by BAPN treatment (0.1 mM) as indicated by a BAPN-induced increase in the total and proportion of incorporated radiolabel that was extractable by 4 M guanidine-HCl, followed by a decrease, within 3–4 days of BAPN washout, in the proportion of extractable radiolabel to control levels. With a similar pattern, integration between pairs of apposed cartilage blocks was reversibly blocked by BAPN treatment, and followed by an enhancement of integration after BAPN washout. The low and high levels of integration were associated with enrichment in [ 3 H]proline in a form that was susceptible and resistant, respectively, to extraction. With increasing duration up to 7 days after BAPN pre-treatment, the levels of [ 3 H]proline extraction decreased, and the development of adhesive strength increased. Thus, BAPN can be used to modulate integrative cartilage repair.
Serum hyperviscosity in Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia.

Volume 43, August 2003 TRANSFUSION 989 From the Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts. Address reprint requests to: Darshan R. Phatak, MD, Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215. Received for publication December 26, 2002; revision received April 10, 2003, and accepted April 24, 2003. TRANSFUSION 2003;43:989. S U B M I S S I O N O F I M A G E S
Scale effects in friction of single–asperity contacts. II. Multiple–dislocation–cooperated slip

In this paper we explore the second transition in the mechanism of frictional slip of single–asperity contacts, which takes place at large contact sizes. This is a transition from single–dislocation–assisted (SDA) slip to multiple–dislocation–cooperated (MDC) slip. It is found that the friction stress is controlled by dislocation nucleation for SDA slip, and by dislocation mobility for MDC slip. A model of concentric dislocation loops is introduced to analyse dislocation pile–up processes and their relationship to the friction stress. Dislocations are stabilized to be piled up as a result of the non–zero effective Peierls stress of the interface. The analysis shows that slip occurs when the condition for the nucleation of a new dislocation and the condition for destabilizing the leading dislocation of the pile–up are simultaneously satisfied. It is also shown that, as the contact size increases, the friction stress approaches asymptotically a constant value equal to the effective Peierls stress of the interface. This result is in agreement with reported experimental results in the surface force apparatus (SFA). The case of a large number of dislocations in the pile–up is studied via an asymptotic analysis, a key concept of which is the existence of a dislocation–free zone that controls the dislocation nucleation process. The analysis provides the connection between the discrete dislocation model and the continuous cohesive zone model of single–asperity friction.
A canopy reflectance model based on an analytical solution to the multiple scattering equation

An approximation to the radiative transfer equation for solar radiation in relatively full, homogeneous plant canopies is presented and solved analytically for solar zenith angles less than 60 deg. The model predicts reflectance at any depth in the canopy and in any direction and may be inverted with bidirectional reflectance measurements. The model was fit to data at two sun angles and two wavebands (visible and NIR) to within the assumed errors on the reflectance data. The calculated albedos are insensitive to achievable measurement errors. Some of the parameter values themselves found by the inversion agree reasonably well with independent measurements, but the uncertainties introduced by the data noise are rather large. However, the agreement is good enough to demonstrate that the model is physically realistic.
Cognitive functioning of children with end-stage renal disease before and after successful transplantation

3. Habib R, Bois E: H6t6rogdndit6 des syndromes n~phrotiques ~. d6but prococe du nourrisson. Helv Paediatr Acta 28:91, 1973. 4. Roy S Ill, Pitcock JA: Idiopathic nepbrosis in identical twins. Am J Dis Child 121:428, 1971. 5. Halhnan N, Norio R, Rapola J:Congenital nephrotic syndrome. Nephron 11:101, 1973. 6. Kaplan BS, Bureau MA, Drummond KN: The nephrotic syndrome in the first year of life: ls a pathologic classification possible? J PED[ATR 85:615, 1974. 7. Seelig HP, Seelig R, Sch~irer K: lmmunbistologische Untersuchungen bei der diffusen mesangialen Sklerose mit nephrotischem Syndrome in Sg.uglingsalter. Z Kinderheilk 120:111, 1975. 8. Rumpelt H J, Bachmann H J: Infantile nephrotic syndrome with diffuse mesangial sclerosis: A disturbance of glomerular basement membrane development? Clin Nephrol 13:146, 1980. 9. Churg J, Sobin LH, editors: Renal disease: Classification and atlas of glomerular diseases. Tokyo, 1982, igaku-Shoin. 10. Noonan JA: Hypertelorism with Turner phenotype: A new syndrome with associated congenital heart disease. Am J Dis Child 116:373, t968.
Acyclic Stereoselective Boron Alkylation Reactions for the Asymmetric Synthesis of β-Substituted α-Amino Acid Derivatives

Optically active syn- or anti-β-substituted-α-amino acid derivatives are prepared in 94 to ≥99% ee and 66−98% ds by reaction of the Schiff base acetate of glycine tert-butyl ester with chiral, nonracemic B-alkyl-9-BBN derivatives in the presence of the Cinchona alkaloid, cinchonidine (CdOH) or cinchonine (CnOH), base, and lithium chloride.
Evaluating harvest control rules for lake whitefish in the Great Lakes: Accounting for variable life-history traits

Abstract Few studies have evaluated the performance of harvest control rules while considering uncertainties in life history traits and the management process. We conducted such a study using an age-structured simulation based on lake whitefish in the Great Lakes. The control rules compared were a constant fishing mortality ( constantF ), conditional constant catch (CCC), biomass-based (BB), and constantF and BB with a 15% limit on the interannual change in the target catch ( constantF -lim, BB-lim, respectively). Our application of the CCC and BB rules was conditioned on having reliable estimates of some reference point (e.g., unfished biomass). With appropriate policy parameters, the BB and constantF rules attained higher average yield and spawning stock biomass than other control rules. At yields that could be achieved by all rules, the CCC, constant F -lim, and BB-lim rules had the lowest yearly variability in yield, but at the cost of more frequent low biomass. The relative performance of the control rules was generally consistent with previous research that did not include the variation in life history traits unique to our simulations, which suggested that these variable traits did not affect relative control rule performance. The BB rule achieved more yield and less risk of low biomass than the constant F rule currently used for lake whitefish, with only a modest increase in yield variability. Given that the BB rule requires a stock-specific estimate of unfished biomass, and the constant F rule does not, this result suggests that reliable estimates of unfished biomass could provide substantial value.
Introduction: Intractable pain

The problem of surgical pain management remains one of the most daunting in our specialty. Traditionally, we divide the surgical approaches into the more historic destructive procedures (“ablative”) and the more contemporary modulatory ones (stimulation or intrathecal agents). The advent of “evidence-based medicine” has caused us to reanalyze the evidentiary basis of everything we do in neurosurgery, and pain procedures are no exception. What this has taught us is that the evidence to support destructive procedures is almost uniformly absent, although reanalysis using contemporary standards has shown that procedures, such as anterolateral cordotomy, may have a justifiable role in pain control, especially for pain associated with cancer. These same standards of evidence have also revealed weakness in the data supporting neuromodulation, particularly neurostimulation. There is some qualified support for spinal cord stimulation based on reasonably conducted prospective trials, although even these studies are flawed. There is almost no indication that deep brain stimulation was ever effective for pain control, as indicated by a structured review using modern criteria. Peripheral nerve stimulation seems to be flourishing in pain centers worldwide, and yet the data to support this method for a variety of diagnoses are lacking. We are currently in an era in which high-quality evidence to support our surgical endeavors will be increasingly important. With this evidence, it is likely that certain procedures, and perhaps whole fields, will disappear. Our hope is that this issue of Neurosurgical Focus will highlight some of the innovative work that is going on in our field and address some of the challenges of gathering and analyzing the data that will keep the area of pain surgery a vibrant and compelling practice for the future. We are grateful to all of the authors for their contributions to this issue as well as the editors and staff of Neurosurgical Focus for their diligent efforts in support of this cause. (http://thejns.org/doi/abs/10.3171/2013.7.FOCUS13277)
The negative gravity field over the 85°E ridge

Two north-south ridges in the basement topography of the Bay of Bengal may be observed on an isopach map at 85 and at 90 deg E. Free-air gravity anomaly profiles across the region show a strong gravity low (about -60 mGal) over the 85 deg E ridge, and a gravity high over the other. Using a simple two-stage loading model, the negative gravity anomaly over the 85 deg E ridge is explained as a direct consequence of sediment loading, and the flexural rigidity of the lithosphere when the ridge was formed is estimated to have been about 180 times less than the flexural rigidity during the sediment loading. An approximate relationship between flexural rigidity and crustal age shows that the 85 deg E ridge was formed on relatively young lithosphere, 5-15 million years old, and that it was buried when the lithosphere was 40-80 million years old. The alteration of the gravity field by a thick layer of sediments may occur in other large sedimentary basins or along continental margins.
Measuring the spillover effects: Some Chinese evidence

Based on recently developed methods of exploratory spatial data analysis, this article seeks to prove the desired spread effects in the Chinese space economy from a core-periphery perspective. Recently developed methods of exploratory spatial data analysis provide new insights on the spatial pattern of the interaction of Chinese provincial output growth rates over the 1978–1994 period. Findings indicate that the economic spillover effects are most evident at the first order of province contiguity from Guangdong, where the two coastal provinces of Hainan and Guangxi are identified with a significant spread pattern, while non-coastal provinces Hunan and Jiangxi are observed with a strong polarization pattern. A further analysis indicates that the state preferential policies favoring the coastal region are the fundamental force in determining the direction of spread-polarization processes in the Chinese space economy. This finding confirms Friedmann's hypothesis on spatial interaction, namely, that the spread process is a successful diffusion of the core's existing institutions into the periphery.
Trade Finance and the Great Trade Collapse

pieces of evidence that support the trade finance channel. First, we show that export prices rose relative to domestic manufacturing prices across a large number of countries. Second, we find that import and export prices of goods shipped by sea, which are likely to be affected most by trade finance contractions, rose disproportion- ately more than those shipped by air or land.
Application of electrical conductivity for non-destructive measurement of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, body composition

Resume Jaramillo Jr. F., S. C. Bai, B. R. Murphy, D. M. Gatlin III. Aquat. Living Resour., 1994, 7, 87-91. A non-destructive method for determining water, protein, lipid and ash content along with lean body mass (LBM; total body mass - total lipid mass) in live channel catfish was evaluated. This non-invasive technique involved placing the fish within a low-frequency electromagnetic field and measuring the total body electrical conductivity (TOBEC) based on the distinct electrical characteristics of body fat and fatfree tissues. The correlations between TOBEC and whole-body composition were examined using age-1' channel catfish ranging from 44 to 175 g. Significant linear relationships between TOBEC, body weight, and total length, or combinations of these parameters, and LBM, ash, lipid, protein, and water content were found; 3 values ranged from 0.863 to 0.998. Equations for predicting body composition from TOBEC and morphometric measurements were developed. Analysis of an independent group of fish demonstrated TOBEC equations to be reliable predictors of body composition. This technique should allow successive monitoring of body composition of individual fish at different times and provide additional insight into the body composition dynamics of channel catfish.
In situ evidence for a nutrient limitation of phytoplankton growth in pelagic Antarctic waters

Studies in a large (30000 km2) sampling grid around Elephant Island, Antarctica, during January–March of four successive years (1990–1993) have shown that one of the water types within the sampling area (Drake Passage water) shows low chlorophyll a in surface waters and a subsurface maximum between 50 and 80 m depth. Ancillary data (beam attenuation, in situ chl a fluorescence) support the view that the extracted chl a values actually do represent increased phytoplankton biomass at depth; other data (oxygen concentrations and upwelling radiance at 683 nm) suggest that the phytoplankton within this subsurface maximum layer are photosynthetically active and do not represent a senescent, sinking population of cells. Such deep chl a maxima were found only in Drake Passage waters; in the other four water types sampled, chl a concentrations were maximal in surface waters and decreased with depth. Phytoplankton biomass and activity in Drake Passage waters is suggestive of a nutrient limitation for phytolankton growth in surface waters. Nutrient concentrations of N, P, and Si were high throughout the euphotic zone at all stations, and hence it is unlikely that any macronutrient would be limiting. The data presented in this paper support the hypothesis of Martin and colleagues that availability of Fe may limit phytoplankton biomass in pelagic Antarctic waters, but not in coastal waters where Fe concentrations are relatively high. All other reports on the effects of Fe on Antarctic phytoplankton have utilized deck incubations from which it is difficult to extrapolate such evidence of nutrient limitation to in situ conditions. Our data represent the first in situ evidence linking Fe limitation to the paradox of high macronutrient concentrations and low phytoplankton biomass in Antarctic pelagic waters.
Cerebral ischemia induced apoptosis and necrosis in normal and diabetic rats

Stroke is the third leading cause of death and disability, and the risk for ischemic stroke is greater in diabetics. Previous studies have demonstrated both structural and functional nervous system changes in diabetes, and these changes may be enhanced by apoptosis. In the present study, we evaluated several indexes of both necrosis and apoptosis in the CNS of normals and two different models of diabetes (insulinopenic and insulin-resistant). Studies were conducted following middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) with or without reperfusion. The sensory motor cortex (layer-5 and -6) and the CA1 and CA3 sectors of the hippocampus were analyzed following MCAO. We observed that both insulinopenic and insulin-resistant diabetic rats have increased basal level of apoptosis that is uniformly and bilaterally distributed as indicated by both caspase-3 activity and TUNEL staining. Twenty-four hours after MCAO, apoptosis was further increased in both diabetic models. Reperfusion after a 2 h MCAO compared to 24 h MCAO was associated with a decrease in TUNEL staining and caspase-3 activity in the control animal but exacerbated apoptosis, especially in the hippocampus of insulin-resistant diabetic rats. MCAO-induced lesion volumes were greater in insulinopenic rats compared to insulin-resistant and control rats. We conclude that both insulinopenic and insulin-resistant diabetic animals have increased apoptosis in the CNS in response to MCAO, and restoration of blood flow especially in the insulinopenic diabetic animals paradoxically exacerbates this process. Furthermore, restoration of blood flow did not decrease lesion volume in insulinopenic diabetic animals.
Production of Radionuclides

In 1896 Becquerel discovered the natural radioactivity in potassium uranyl sulfate. Since then, Pierre and Marie Curie, E. Rutherford, and F. Soddy have all made tremendous progress in the discovery of many other radioactive elements. The work of all these scientists has shown that all elements found in nature with an atomic number greater than 83 (bismuth) are radioactive. Artificial radioactivity was first reported by I. Curie and F. Joliot in 1934. These scientists irradiated boron and aluminum targets with α particles from polonium and observed positrons emitted from the target even after the removal of the a-particle source. This discovery of induced or artificial radioactivity opened up a brand new field of tremendous importance. Around the same time, the discovery of the cyclotron, neutron, and deuteron by various scientists added to the production of many more artificial radioactivities. At present, more than 1500 radionuclides have been produced artificially in the cyclotron, the reactor, the neutron generator, and the linear accelerator.
Eukaryotic cytosine methyltransferases.

Ke yW ords 5-methylcytosine, DNA methyltransferase, transposons, genomic imprinting ■ Abstract Large-genome eukaryotes use heritable cytosine methylation to silence promoters, especially those associated with transposons and imprinted genes. Cytosine methylation does not reinforce or replace ancestral gene regulation pathways but instead endows methylated genomes with the ability to repress specific promoters in a manner that is buffered against changes in the internal and external environment. Recent studies have shown that the targeting of de novo methylation depends on multiple inputs; these include the interaction of repeated sequences, local states of histone lysine methylation, small RNAs and components of the RNAi pathway, and divergent and catalytically inert cytosine methyltransferase homologues that have acquired regulatory roles. There are multiple families of DNA (cytosine-5) methyltransferases in eukaryotes, and each family appears to be controlled by different regulatory inputs. Sequence-specific DNA- binding proteins, which regulate most aspects of gene expression, do not appear to be involved in the establishment or maintenance of genomic methylation patterns.
Obesity and the obesity paradox in heart failure.

Obesity continues to be a public health problem in the general population, and also significantly increases the risk for the development of new-onset heart failure (HF). However, in patients with already-established, chronic HF, overweight and mild to moderate obesity is associated with substantially improved survival compared to normal weight patients; this has been termed the "obesity paradox". The majority of studies measure obesity by body mass index, but studies utilizing less-frequently used measures of body fat and body composition, including waist circumference, waist-hip ratio, skinfold estimates, and bioelectrical impedance analysis also confirm the obesity paradox in HF. Other areas of investigation such as the relationship of the obesity paradox to cardiorespiratory fitness, gender, and race are also discussed. Finally, this review explores various explanations for the obesity paradox, and summarizes the current evidence for intentional weight loss treatments for HF in context.
An analysis of global problem issues in sixth‐and seventh‐grade textbooks

The study examines the extent to which the global issues of population growth, world hunger, air quality and atmosphere, and water resources were treated in sixth- and seventh-grade science textbooks. Ten textbooks were examined by five raters to determine the amount of content presented by different textbooks on global issues, the number of pages of content devoted to each issue, and the degree of depth in which issues were treated. Differences between grade levels were also explored. Of the 4,393 pages of content analyzed, less than 2 percent was devoted to these issues identified as the most serious human problems. No significant differences were found between textbook series. Significant differences were found in the number of pages of content presented on each issue. Most of the content fell into the categories of water resources, population growth, air quality, and atmosphere. The issue of war technology had the least amount of content. Distribution of content did not vary by grade level. Both levels addressed the issues of population growth, air quality, and water resources with a greater degree of depth than the issue of world hunger or war technology. The study concludes that the most widely used textbooks at the sixth- and seventh-grade levels avoid serious discussion of major global problems. And like the career indecision of a recent Miss America contestant, purchasers don't seem to be able to decide whether they want science textbooks to be “a brain surgeon or a movie actress.” Implications stemming from this dichotomy and its relationship to future science education curricular are also explored.
Reconstruction from minimum data in helical cone-beam CT

It has been shown that images can be reconstructed exactly from knowledge of data in the Tam window in helical cone-beam CT. Recently, Katsevich proposed an algorithm for image reconstruction from helical cone-beam data. This algorithm, however, requires data more than that within the Tam window. From a practical point of view, any requisition of data additional to that in the Tam window would lead to an increased radiation dosage to patients. In this work, we re-express Katsevich's algorithm in terms of two terms. The first term can be computed from data only within the Tam window, whereas the second term involves the Fourier transform of the object function. It is unclear whether the calculation of the second term requires data outside the Tam window. However, as we argue qualitatively and demonstrate quantitatively, for practical helical cone-beam configurations, the contribution from the second term to the final reconstruction is negligible. Therefore, in practical situations, images can be accurately obtained from the first term by use of data only within the Tam window, thus allowing potential reduction of radiation dose to the patients.
Warfarin and antiplatelet combination use among commercially insured patients enrolled in an anticoagulation management service.

Background Although warfarin and antiplatelet medications have documented efficacy for prevention of primary and secondary cardiovascular events, the appropriateness of warfarin and antiplatelet combination therapy is not well described in national consensus guidelines. Methods and results Cross-sectional data from 4,557 Kaiser Permanente Colorado members ≥ 18 years old who were receiving warfarin anticoagulation therapy were used to quantify the prevalence of warfarin and antiplatelet agent ( ie , aspirin, clopidogrel, dipyridamole, and/or dipyridamole/aspirin) combination therapy as of September 30, 2005, and to identify characteristics of patients receiving combination therapy. The prevalence of warfarin and any antiplatelet combination therapy was 385/1,000 (95% confidence interval [CI], 371/1,000 to 399/1,000). The majority of combination therapy was warfarin and aspirin (prevalence, 378/1,000) with a daily dose of aspirin, 81 mg, being the most reported dose (prevalence, 328/1,000). Patients receiving combination therapy were more likely to be male (63.6% vs 46.4%; adjusted odds ratio, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.3 to 1.7) and have a comorbidity of heart failure (29.0% vs 15.6%; adjusted odds ratio, 1.2; 95% CI, 1.1 to 1.5), coronary artery disease (62.4% vs 17.5%; adjusted odds ratio, 7.6; 95% CI, 6.5 to 8.8), and/or stroke/transient ischemic attack (5.2% vs 1.6%; adjusted odds ratio, 3.5; 95% CI, 2.3 to 5.3). Conclusion Nearly 4 of 10 patients receiving warfarin management care were receiving warfarin and antiplatelet combination therapy. The findings suggest that this practice is widespread, especially among patients with established cardiovascular disease, and involves a substantially higher number of patients than previously reported. The clinical outcomes associated with this practice require further investigation.
Avoidance Denial Versus Optimistic Denial in Reaction to the Threat of Future Cardiovascular Disease

Two distinctly different denial-based threat orientations (avoidance denial and optimistic denial) were examined using a message about the future risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) for young adults. Participants (N = 101) completed measures of denial-based dispositional threat orientations, current eating, comparative risk, and objective risk for CVD. They then read a high-threat message about CVD and rated their reactions of threat, denial, and worry. One month later, eating patterns in the past month were assessed. Both types of dispositional denial processes were associated with more self-distancing denial, but showed distinctly different, sometimes opposite, patterns of relationships with perceptions of threat, worry, and optimistic self-risk for CVD. In addition, the two denial-based processes were driven by different factors. The implications of these two denial-based threat orientations for the development of theory on denial and health messages, as well as the design of messages to change behavi...
Marvels, Mysteries, and Misconceptions of Vascular Compensation to Peripheral Artery Occlusion

Peripheral arterial disease is a major health problem and there is a significant need to develop therapies to prevent its progression to claudication and critical limb ischemia. Promising results in rodent models of arterial occlusion have generally failed to predict clinical success and led to questions of their relevance. While sub-optimal models may have contributed to the lack of progress, we suggest that advancement has also been hindered by misconceptions of the human capacity for compensation and the specific vessels which are of primary importance. We present and summarize new and existing data from humans, Ossabaw miniature pigs, and rodents which provide compelling evidence that natural compensation to occlusion of a major artery (i) may completely restore perfusion, (ii) occurs in specific pre-existing small arteries, rather than the distal vasculature, via mechanisms involving flow-mediated dilation and remodeling (iii) is impaired by cardiovascular risk factors which suppress the flow-mediated mechanisms and (iv) can be restored by reversal of endothelial dysfunction. We propose that restoration of the capacity for flow-mediated dilation and remodeling in small arteries represents a largely unexplored potential therapeutic opportunity to enhance compensation for major arterial occlusion and prevent the progression to critical limb ischemia in the peripheral circulation.