cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Adjunct Mechanical Traction on Penile Length in Men Undergoing Primary Treatment for Peyronie's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Objective To accurately characterize the effect of penile traction therapy (PTT) on stretched penile length (SPL) after primary treatment for men with PD. Materials and Methods A systematic search was performed for studies that evaluated the correction of PD using penile traction as secondary treatment published through January 2018. Studies were included if (1) a singular primary treatment of PD (injection or surgical treatment) was performed for all included men, (2) if there was a control group with no adjunct traction, and (3) if patients were required to wear the traction device for greater than 2 h/d. Estimates were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis. Results Data were obtained from 4 studies involving 348 men with an average age of 55.7 ± 2.0 years. Men who used PTT after primary intervention had SPLs 1.02 cm greater [95% CI: 0.64 to 1.40; I2=0%] when compared with men who did not use traction after primary intervention (p = 0.009). When performing subgroup analysis by primary therapy, no difference was seen in men undergoing penile traction after surgical correction when compared with men undergoing penile traction after injection therapy (1.01 vs 1.29 cm, p = 0.84). Conclusion PTT may be a promising technique to reduce length loss in men undergoing PD treatment. Future work should be done to determine the ideal timing and subpopulations who would benefit from PTT.
Correction to: Editorial: After Eight Years

Unfortunately, the editorial was initially published with Dr. Joseph J. Fins article. This has now been corrected and Dr. Fins paper, Beyond Good and Evil: Doing Ethics in the Clinic appears in this issue.
Powers of standard identities satisfied by verbally prime algebras

We investigate which standard identities are satisfied by the verbally prime algebras Mk,l and Mn(E) in characteristic zero.
The Extent of Fault-Associated Modern Authigenic Barite Deposits Offshore Northern Baja California Revealed by High-Resolution Mapping

High resolution mapping with an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) of a section of the San Clemente fault, offshore Southern California, reveals the largest documented cold seep-associated barite deposits discovered to date. Although barite deposits along this fault, north of the mapped area, have been observed and sampled before in submersible dives, this study reveals massive newly found outcrops. The high-resolution surveys resolve their small scale morphology, their large geographical extent and the structural controls on their emplacement. Detailed bathymetry (1m x 1m x 0.25 m grid resolution) of a ~12 km2 area intersected by the fault exhibits quasi-circular mounds of 10-30 m planar dimensions rising up to 11 m above the surrounding seafloor on a 30-45 m high and at least 1,100 m long ridge, and along truncated outcropping strata, but not along the fault trace. Observations from a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) show that the mounds consist of steep sided dark-varnished blocks of barite. Active barite precipitation occurs as white friable spires emerging from the older deposits, or as white porous precipitates filling fissures. Upward thinning spires and microbial mats occurrences atop the spires are consistent with aggradational growth due to precipitation from upward flowing solutions. Live Lamellibrachia tubeworms are found in association with the fissure-filling barite precipitates. Mapping surveys were also conducted along a short section of the San Clemente fault south of the Navy Fan. In addition, a 9 km2 area along the San Diego Trough Fault south of the US-Mexico border was mapped and visited in an ROV dive. In the three mapped regions sub-bottom chirp profiles indicate that barite precipitation occurs where strata, truncated and uplifted by the fault, has thin or no sediment drape allowing for Ba-rich solutions flowing along bedding planes to mix with seawater sulfate at the seafloor interface. Despite the massive scale of the barite mounds, they are not resolvable in surface ship multibeam-generated bathymetry (25 m grid resolution). As only a few areas have been mapped at the high resolution employed in this study, the full extent of these deposits along the San Clemente Fault and other faults remains unknown.
Preclinical and Clinical Evaluation of the Combination of Sorafenib and Everolimus in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors

ABSTRACT Background Using a patient-derived primary pancreatic cancer (PanCa) xenograft SCID mouse model, we found synergistic anti-tumor effects of sorafenib (S) 20 mg/kg + everolimus (E) 1 mg/kg, and greater efficacy than either drug alone. No significant mouse toxicity was observed (weight loss, fur quality, GI toxicity). Here, we conducted a phase I and pharmacokinetic (PK) study of S + E in patients with advanced solid tumors, intending to expand to a phase II PanCa trial. Methods: Patients with advanced solid tumors were treated at dose levels (DL): [DL1] S 400 mg bid + E 5 mg daily; [DL2] S 400 mg bid + E 10 mg daily every 28-day cycle using a 3 + 3 dose escalation design. Patients started treatment with either S or E alone during a 1-week run-in, and the other agent added from Cycle 1 Day 1 onwards. Plasma samples were collected and analyzed for S and E, and PK was compared to preclinical studies. Results Ten of 22 patients were evaluable for dose-limiting toxicity (DLT). Two of 6 and 3 of 4 patients developed DLT at DL1 and 2 respectively, including grade (G) 3 diarrhea, rash, hypophosphatemia, hand-foot syndrome and G4 fistula. Median cycles received were 1.5. Clinical E exposure (AUC profile) was significantly lower (1/100th) than in preclinical combination studies whereas S exposure was comparable. Best response was stable disease for 6 cycles (168 days) in a uterine carcinosarcoma patient at DL1 (prior therapy PFS 114 days). Intention-to-treat analysis of 12 advanced gemcitabine-refractory (GR) PanCa patients showed median survival of 2.7 mo (95%CI 0, 6.8 mo). No PK interaction between S and E was observed. Conclusions E at doses 5 mg and 10 mg daily combined with S 400 mg bid were not tolerable in patients. S toxicity appeared accentuated by E co- administration with no drug-drug PK interaction observed. Efficacy was observed in uterine carcinosarcoma but no significant efficacy in GR-PanCa. Although our preclinical model indicated efficacy of S + E in PanCa, it failed to predict the clinical toxicity profile. Disclosure All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.
Place of Death for Individuals with Chronic Lung Disease: Trends and Associated Factors from 2003 to 2017 in the United States.

Background Although chronic lung disease is a common cause of mortality, little is known about where individuals with chronic lung disease die. Research Question The aim of this study was to determine the trends and factors associated with place of death among individuals with chronic lung disease. Study Design and Methods This cross-sectional analysis of natural deaths was conducted by using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wide-ranging OnLine Data for Epidemiologic Research from 2003 to 2017 for which COPD, interstitial lung disease (ILD), or cystic fibrosis (CF) was the underlying cause. Place of death was categorized as hospital, home, nursing facility, hospice facility, and other. Results From 2003 to 2017, more than 2.2. million deaths were primarily attributed to chronic lung disease (51.6% female, 92.4% white). Most were attributed to COPD (88.9%), followed by ILD (10.8.%), and CF (0.3%). Hospital and nursing facility deaths declined from 44.4% (n = 59,470) and 22.6% (n = 30,285) to 28.3% (n = 49,655) and 19.7% (n = 34,495), while home and hospice facility deaths increased from 23.3% (n = 31,296) and 0.1% (n = 192) to 34.7% (n = 60,851) and 9.0% (n = 15,861), respectively. Male sex, being married, and having some college education were associated with increased odds of home death, whereas non-white race and Hispanic ethnicity were associated with increased odds of hospital death. Compared with individuals with COPD, individuals with ILD and CF had increased odds of hospital death and reduced odds of home, nursing facility, or hospice facility death. Interpretation Home deaths are rising among decedents from chronic lung disease, increasing the need for quality end-of-life care in this setting. Further research should explore the end-of-life needs and preferences of these patients and their caregivers, with particular attention paid to patients with ILD and CF who continue to have high rates of hospital death.
Effect of photoinitiator concentration on hygroscopic stability of UV cured precision replicated composite optics

Replicated composite optics is a promising technique to fabricate high-quality mirrors with reduced weight and processing time compared to conventional glass mirrors; however, the optical layer is organic and susceptible to environmentally-induced dimensional changes, specifically to moisture exposures. Generally, to enhance polymer stability, thermal curing is necessary to maximize the cure state. Because replications are bonded, thermal exposures generate residual stresses that degrade optical quality. In this paper, the cure state of a UV-cured epoxy with RT processing was varied by changing the photoinitiator (PI) concentration, and the replication stability was evaluated in different humidity environments by laser interferometry. Increasing the PI concentration transformed the epoxy microstructure from homogenous to a more phasic network, as evidenced by both DMA and AFM, resulting in significant changes to the Tg, modulus, and moisture absorption. When replications were exposed to moisture, they experienced initial swelling followed by stress relaxation to net-zero regardless of initial processing stress. Reduced PI concentrations exhibited higher moduli and shorter swelling periods, with dimensional changes as small as 35 nm and complete stress relaxation in days. TTS master curves describing stress relaxation behavior correlated well with the observed behavior in replicated mirror samples. Furthermore, it was shown that the relieved stress persisted through multiple humidity cycles between 100% to 0% RH. These results show that high-humidity conditioning treatments can be utilized to eliminate residual stress in as-fabricated replicated mirrors over just a few days, providing a viable manufacturing and processing route for highly precise and stable replicated composite mirrors.
Couple and Family Therapy in Treatment of Alcoholism and Drug Abuse

Historically, the prevailing wisdom in treating substance abuse was that it was a personal problem, best treated on an individual basis. However, the near myopic focus on individual-based treatment has slowly given way to a greater acknowledgment of the family’s role in the development and maintenance of drug and alcohol misuse problems. Over the past four decades, the results of numerous studies have concluded that partner- and family-involved treatments produce better outcomes across several domains of functioning (e.g., reduced substance use, improved marital and family functioning) compared to individual-based interventions. The purpose of this chapter is to (a) discuss the impact of substance abuse on the family; (b) present the models, techniques, and principles of couples and family therapy that have been used with substance-abusing clients, their partners, and extended family members; (c) discuss the potential barriers to implementing partner- and family-involved approaches for substance use; and (d) explore future directions with respect to partner- and family-involved therapies for substance-abusing clients.
Plant Biology: BASL Gives the Plant Nucleus a Sense of Direction

Arabidopsis stomatal development requires asymmetric cell division, where the nucleus moves to the division site based on cellular polarity cues. A new study reveals the role of distinct cytoskeletal networks, both guided by the polarity factor BASL, for nuclear movement before and after division.
Nationality on Trial: International Private Law across the Mediterranean

This article uses a single, transnational legal case that played out between Italy and Tunisia in the 1870s and 1880s to tell a truly global history of international law—that is, one that goes beyond the boundaries of the West. Samama v. Samama was a fabulously complicated case that dragged on in Italian courts for almost a decade. The crux of the legal arguments concerned the nationality of Nissim Samama, a Jew born in Tunis; Samama’s nationality, in turn, would determine which legal system regulated his estate. The Italian civil code enshrined respect for the national law of a foreigner, but such foreigners were presumed to be Western. A case involving the national law of Tunisia and the status of Jews called the very foundations of the international legal system into question. In putting Samama’s nationality on trial, the case opened up debate over fissures in the emerging theory of international law: How could non-Western states like Tunisia fit into an international legal order? How did Islamic law intersect with international law? What was the status of Jewish nationhood in a world increasingly based on exclusive nationalities? The Samama case offers access to the voices of European international lawyers debating the ambiguities of their field, as well as those of Maghrebis articulating their own vision of international law. The resulting arguments exposed tensions inherent to an international legal system uncomfortably balanced between universalism and Western particularism.
Measuring Outdoor Walking Capacities Using Global Positioning System in People with Multiple Sclerosis: Clinical and Methodological Insights from an Exploratory Study.

We aimed at showing how Global Positioning System (GPS) along with a previously validated speed processing methodology could be used to measure outdoor walking capacities in people with multiple sclerosis (MS). We also deal with methodological issues that may occur when conducting such measurements, and explore to what extent GPS-measured outdoor walking capacities (maximal walking distance [MWDGPS] and usual walking speed) could be related to traditional functional outcomes (6-min total walking distance) in people with MS. Eighteen people with MS, with an Expanded Disability Status Scale score ≤6, completed a 6-min walking test and an outdoor walking session (60 min maximum) at usual pace during which participants were wearing a DG100 GPS receiver and could perform several walking bouts. Among the 12 participants with valid data (i.e., who correctly completed the outdoor session with no spurious GPS signals that could prevent the detection of the occurrence of a walking/stopping bout), the median (90% confidence interval, CI) outdoor walking speed was 2.52 km/h (2.17; 2.93). Ten participants (83% (56; 97)) had ≥1 stop during the session. Among these participants, the median of MWDGPS was 410 m (226; 1350), and 40% (15; 70) did not reach their MWDGPS during the first walking bout. Spearman correlations of MWDGPS and walking speed with 6-min total walking distance were, respectively, 0.19 (−0.41; 0.95) and 0.66 (0.30; 1.00). Further work is required to provide guidance about GPS assessment in people with MS.
Understanding COVID-19 Vaccine Early Skepticism and Misinformation

Recent polls report that approximately 18% of healthcare workers are still skeptical about getting vaccinated. These professionals play a key role as communicators to their patients and community members. Understanding their concerns and informational needs, as well as those of other essential workers, is important for building an effective communication strategy for the whole population. This study presents the results of a survey of 1,591 hesitant U.S. essential workers, conducted in December 2020, when they were the only group eligible for the vaccine, aiming to describe their concerns regarding the COVID-19 vaccine and related policies. Results show that freedom of choice, concerns about equal access to the vaccine and being able to live a life with no restrictions once vaccinated, were important issues since the early days of the distribution campaign. Vaccine communication campaigns and distribution policies should address both non-medical and medical concerns with the same relevance.
Sensory transduction is required for normal development and maturation of cochlear inner hair cell synapses.

Acoustic overexposure and aging can damage auditory synapses in the inner ear by a process known as synaptopathy. These insults may also damage hair bundles and the sensory transduction apparatus in auditory hair cells. However, a connection between sensory transduction and synaptopathy has not been established. To evaluate potential contributions of sensory transduction to synapse formation and development, we assessed inner hair cell synapses in several genetic models of dysfunctional sensory transduction, including mice lacking Transmembrane Channel-like (Tmc) 1, Tmc2 or both, in Beethoven mice which carry a dominant Tmc1 mutation and in Spinner mice which carry a recessive mutation in Transmembrane inner ear (Tmie). Our analyses reveal loss of synapses in the absence of sensory transduction and preservation of synapses in Tmc1-null mice following restoration of sensory transduction via Tmc1 gene therapy. These results provide insight into the requirement of sensory transduction for hair cell synapse development and maturation.
Flow-aware platoon formation of Connected Automated Vehicles in a mixed traffic with human-driven vehicles

Abstract Connected Automated Vehicles (CAVs) bring promise of increasing traffic capacity and energy efficiency by forming platoons with short headways on the road. However at low CAV penetration, the capacity gain will be small because the CAVs that randomly enter the road will be sparsely distributed, diminishing the probability of forming long platoons. Many researchers propose to solve this issue by platoon organization strategies, where the CAVs search for other CAVs on the road and change lanes if necessary to form longer platoons. However, the current literature does not analyze a potential risk of platoon organization in disrupting the flow and reducing the capacity by inducing more lane changes. In this research, we use driving model of Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC) vehicles and human-driven vehicles that are validated with field experiments and find that platoon organization can indeed drop the capacity with more lane changes. But when the traffic demand is well below capacity, platoon organization forms longer CAV platoons without reducing the flow. Based on this finding, we develop the Flow-Aware platoon organization strategy, where the CAVs perform platoon organization conditionally on the local traffic state, i.e., a low flow and a high speed. We simulate the Flow-Aware platoon organization on a realistic freeway network and show that the CAVs successfully form longer platoons, while ensuring a maximal traffic flow.
Transformational Leadership, Diversity, and Creativity at Work: A Moderated Mediation Model

i Dedication iii Acknowledgements iv List of Tables vi List of Figures vii Chapter 1: Theoretical Design and Overview 1 Chapter 2: Transformational Leadership 13 Chapter 3: Workplace Diversity 17 Chapter 4: Workplace Creativity and Innovation 35 Chapter 5: Prior Research and Hypotheses 43 Chapter 6: Method 62 Chapter 7: Results 71 Chapter 8: Discussion 92 References 169 Appendix: Scale Items 208
Methylation of CpG in a Small Region of the hMLH1 Promoter Invariably Correlates with the Absence of Gene Expression

Microsatellite instability (MSI) has been described in tumors from patients with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, sporadic colorectal cancer, and other types of cancers. MSI is caused by the dysfunction of mismatch repairs genes. Loss of expression and mutation in one of the major mismatch repair genes, hMLH1, and the methylation of CpG sites in its promoter occur frequently in primary tumors and cell lines of colorectal cancer with MSI. To understand the mechanisms involved in the silencing of hMLH1 expression by methylation, we examined the methylation status of all CpG sites in the hMLH1 promoter in 24 colorectal cancer cell lines by the NaHSO3-sequencing method. We identified a small proximal region (-248 to -178, relative to the transcription start site) in the promoter in which the methylation status invariably correlates with the lack of hMLH1 expression. This correlation was further supported by the observation that cell lines that showed methylation-suppressed hMLH1 expression can be induced to reexpress hMLH1 by a methyl transferase inhibitor, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, and the small region that we identified exhibited significant demethylation in all cell lines examined.
Negotiation and Bargaining: Role of Lawyers

Negotiation is a communication process that lawyers use to resolve disputes and to complete transactions on behalf of their clients. Two models are likely to guide lawyers' negotiations: the adversarial model, which posits that negotiation is a zero-sum game, and the problem-solving model, which posits that negotiation is a collaborative search for joint gains. Regardless of the negotiation model(s) employed, lawyer-negotiators are likely to find that predictable strategic, psychological, and structural barriers often arise to prevent them from obtaining optimal negotiation outcomes for their clients.
Genetic animal models for schizophrenia: Advantages and limitations of genetic manipulation in drosophila, zebrafish, rodents, and primates

Schizophrenia is a debilitating mental illness in which major initial risks of the disease during neurodevelopment may disturb postnatal brain maturation, which results in onset after puberty. Family, twin, and adoption studies have suggested an important role for genetic factors in the etiology of schizophrenia. To address the etiology-associated mechanisms and disease course, use of genetic models, that is, manipulation of genetic susceptibility factors, is currently considered to be a powerful tool for biological studies. In this manuscript, advantages and possible limitations in manipulating genetic susceptibility factors for schizophrenia toward modeling the disease are discussed. In addition to mouse models, the potential to use drosophila, zebrafish, and primates is underscored.
A Pedagogical Framework for Capital Structure: Incorporating Non-tax Advantages of Leverage

ABSTRACT This paper is a pedagogical tool suitable for advanced master-level courses or introductory PhD-level courses. College textbooks present a framework of capital structure that incorporates tax-driven theories but often excludes the non-tax advantages of debt. Some textbooks discuss the non-tax-driven advantages of debt but they are never reflected back into the original framework– a void that this paper attempts to fill. I present a comprehensive framework that illustrates the fact that leveraged firms gain additional value beyond tax-deductibility. Key Words: Capital Structure. Introduction Classic capital structure theories (Modigilani and Miller, 1958 &1963 and Miller 1977) suggest that leverage-increasing policies add value in the form of taxsavings. Other capital structure theories propose additional non-tax-driven advantages of leverage. The pecking order theory (Myers and Majluf, 1984) suggests that firms issue debt securities to avoid the adverse selection cost of equity. Agency cost theories (Jensen and Meckling, 1976 and Jensen, 1986) imply that leverage mitigates the free cash flow problem because debt payouts are mandatory. Signaling hypothesis (Ross, 1977) stipulates that debt issuance implies prosperous future. This paper presents a comprehensive model that incorporates both tax-driven and non-tax-driven benefits of leverage. To the best of my knowledge, this is the first paper that addresses this issue. Appendix B lists few popular textbooks in corporate finance and financial management. Each textbook has been examined to assess its content of capital structure theory. While each author has his/her own style, a common approach is easily detected. This approach is summarized as follows. First, the work of Modigilani and Miller, 1958 & 1963 and Miller 1977 is explained and illustrated inpertinent charts and equations. Second, the implications of the trade-off theory are discussed and the original chart is revised (but the mathematical work is not). Third, the non-tax benefits of debt financingare discussed at various levels i.e. the reader is made aware of the existence of non-tax benefits of leverage. Nevertheless, all
A test of Lorentz invariance using a torsion pendulum

A search has been made for a preferred frame of reference in space. We assume that the velocityV of the earth in this frame is coupled to the spin of an electron through a termGV·σ. The sensing element was a bar magnet on a torsion fiber. By looking for diurnal variations in the orientation of the pendulum, we can set a limit on the strength of the coupling. We find that the two spin states are unlikely to be split by more than 7.2·10−28 erg. This refines previous limits by a factor of 80. No violation of Lorentz invariance was found.
Observations of Galaxies with the Midcourse Space Experiment

We have imaged eight nearby spiral galaxies with the SPIRIT III infrared telescope on the Midcourse Space Experiment (MSX) satellite in the mid-infrared at 18'' resolution at 8.3, 12.1, 14.7, and 21.3 μm. Each of the eight shows interesting structure not previously detected with older, lower resolution infrared data sets, such as a resolved nucleus or spiral structure. The MSX data are compared with existing data sets at ultraviolet, optical, and infrared wavelengths, including recent observations from the Infrared Space Observatory. The infrared structures in M83 and NGC 5055 show a striking similarity to the ultraviolet emission but are less similar to the optical emission. Several point sources with no identified counterparts at other wavelengths are found near M31, NGC 4945, M83, and M101. Over 200 previously known objects are also detected at 8 μm.
1‐Methyl‐3‐Ethyloxindole

1-Methyl-3-ethyloxindole reactant: 237 g. (2.21 moles) of methylaniline intermediate: 197 g. (1.06 moles) of α-bromo-n-butyryl chloride intermediate: N-methyl-α-bromo-n-butyranilide product: 1-methyl-3-ethloxindole Keywords: acylation; alkylation, C-alkylation; annulation, heterocyclic-[5]; cyclization, condensation; replacement reactions, hydroxy by halogen; α-bromobutyryl chloride, preparation of
Introduction and Commentary

The National Joint Committee on Learning Disabilities (NJCLD) was established in 1975 through the efforts of the Council for Learning Disabilities (formerly the Division for Children with Learning Disabilities) and the Disabled Reading Committee of the International Reading Association. Eight major national-level organizations are presently represented on the NJCLD, including: The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA), the Association for Children and Adults with Learning Disabilities (ACLD), the Council for Learning Disabilities (CLD), the Division for Children with Communication Disorders (DCCD), the Division for Learning Disabilities (DLD), the International Reading Association (IRA), the National Association of School Psychologists (NASP), and The Orton Dyslexia Society (ODS).
Toward a Developmental Conceptualization of Contributors to Overweight and Obesity in Childhood: The Six‐Cs Model

Abstract— Overweight in childhood sets the stage for a lifelong struggle with weight and eating and raises the risk of health problems, such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, sleep apnea, and heart disease. Research from multiple disciplinary fields has identified scores of contributing factors. Efforts to integrate these factors into a single “big picture” have been hampered by the challenges of constructing theoretical models that are both comprehensive and developmentally adaptable. This article reviews select genetic and environmental factors influencing childhood overweight and obesity, then explicates an ecological model mapping these and other factors. The Six-Cs model extends previous theoretical work on childhood weight imbalance by acknowledging dimensions of factors specific to heredity as well as the environment, to activity as well as nutrition, to resources and opportunities as well as practices, and to development from birth through adolescence. This article concludes by discussing the model’s policy relevance and identifying important next steps for transdisciplinary research concerning child overweight and obesity.
Automatic detection of heads in colored images

We use shape based searching to detect head contours of arbitrary size in single images. We begin by looking for a head model which is optimal for finding head contours of various orientations. Then we develop a search technique for finding contours of arbitrary size, and present a way in which the search space can be narrowed using color and intensity gradient information. We show results and discuss how the method could be improved.
An analytical study for determining the dynamics of a boiling boundary in a channel

Abstract This paper applies control analysis techniques to study the response of two moving-boundary nodal models for the prediction of the time evolution of the boiling boundary in a heated channel. A model based on finite elements shows anti-resonances in the gain versus frequency curve similar to that of exact solution. The gain of the second model, based on a finite difference approach, has a damped variation with the frequency. This is the same with that of the conventional linearized fixed control volume model. The number of nodes to be used in a subcooled region is given for the models vs. frequency range of flow oscillation.
Interest Driven Navigation in Visualization

This paper describes a new method to explore and discover within a large data set. We apply techniques from preference elicitation to automatically identify data elements that are of potential interest to the viewer. These "elements of interest (EOI)&#x201D; are bundled into spatially local clusters, and connected together to form a graph. The graph is used to build camera paths that allow viewers to "tour&#x201D; areas of interest (AOI) within their data. It is also visualized to provide wayfinding cues. Our preference model uses Bayesian classification to tag elements in a data set as interesting or not interesting to the viewer. The model responds in real time, updating the elements of interest based on a viewer's actions. This allows us to track a viewer's interests as they change during exploration and analysis. Viewers can also interact directly with interest rules the preference model defines. We demonstrate our theoretical results by visualizing historical climatology data collected at locations throughout the world.
MBE growth of HgCdTe on silicon substrates for large-area infrared focal plane arrays: a review of recent progress

We review the rapid progress that has been made during the past three years in the heteroepitaxial growth of HgCdTe infrared detector device structures on Si substrates by molecular-beam epitaxy. The evolution of this technology has enabled the fabrication of high performance, large-area HgCdTe infrared focal-plane arrays on Si substrates. A key element of this heteroepitaxial approach has been development of high quality CdTe buffer layers deposited on Si(112) substrates. We review the solutions developed by several groups to address the difficulties associated with the CdTe/Si(112) heteroepitaxial system, including control of crystallographic orientation and minimization of defects such as twins and threading dislocations. The material quality of HgCdTe/Si and the performance of HgCdTe detector structures grown on CdTe/Si(112) composite substrates is reviewed. Finally, we discuss some of the challenges related to composition uniformity and defect generation encountered with scaling the MBE growth process for HgCdTe to large-area Si substrates.
Religion and Gambling Among U.S. Adults: Exploring the Role of Traditions, Beliefs, Practices, and Networks*

Opportunities for legal gambling of various types have expanded rapidly in the United States in recent years. Our study develops a series of theoretical arguments linking multiple dimensions of religious involvement-traditions, beliefs, practices, and networks—with the frequency of gambling activity. Relevant hypotheses are then tested using data from the Panel Study of American Religion and Ethnicity (PS-ARE), a recent nationwide probability sample of U.S. adults. Findings underscore the importance of co-religionist networks in deterring gambling. In addition, biblical inerrantists and members of conservative Protestant and sectarian groups are relatively disinclined to gamble. Religious attendance is also inversely associated with gambling frequency. Differences in gambling by religious tradition are amplified among persons with strong co-religionist networks. Several study limitations are noted, and promising future research directions on the dynamics and functioning of church-based networks are identified.
Cholesterol biosynthesis and its regulation in dissociated cell cultures of fetal rat brain: developmental changes and the role of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase.

: Primary cultures of cells dissociated from fetal rat brain were utilized to define the developmental changes in cholesterol biosynthesis and the role of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase in the regulation of these changes. Cerebral hemispheres of fetal rats of 15–16 days of gestation were dissociated mechanically into single cells and grown in the surface-adhering system. Cholesterol biosynthesis, studied as the rate of incorporation of [14C]acetate into digitonin-precipitable sterols, was shown to exhibit two distinct increases in synthetic rates, a prominent increase after 6 days in culture and a smaller one after 14 days in culture. Parallel measurements of HMG-CoA reductase activity also demonstrated two discrete increases in enzymatic activity, and the quantitative and temporal aspects of these increases were virtually identical to those for cholesterol synthesis. These data indicate that cholesterol biosynthesis undergoes prominent alterations with maturation and suggest that these alterations are mediated by changes in HMG-CoA reductase activity. The timing of the initial prominent peak in both cholesterol biosynthesis and HMG-CoA reductase activity at 6 days was found to be the same as the timing of the peak in DNA synthesis, determined as the rate of incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA. The second, smaller peak in reductase activity and sterol biosynthesis at 14 days occurred at the time of the most rapid rise in activity of the oligodendroglial enzyme, 2′:3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphohydrolase (CNP). These latter observations suggest an intimate relationship of the sterol biosynthetic pathway with cellular proliferation and with oligodendroglial differentiation in developing mammalian brain.
Evaluation of Oral Reading Rate as a Curriculum-Based Measure Within Literature-Based Curriculum

Abstract This study investigated the utility of oral reading rate as a metric in monitoring students’ progress over time when instruction was occurring in a literature-based curriculum. Participants included 28 second-grade and 30 fifth-grade students who were currently receiving their primary reading instruction in a literature-based series. Curriculum-based measurement (CBM) probes were administered to these students twice a week over a 10-week period to monitor their progress in reading. Resulting data suggests that the CBM oral reading rate is an effective metric for use with students who are being instructed in a literature-based reading series.
RECURRENT UNDETECTED HYPOXIA AND HYPEROXIA, A NEWLY RECOGNIZED IATROGENIC PROBLEM OF “INTENSIVE CARE”

The sleeping quiescent fetus develops in an environment of low, relatively stable oxygen tension. The premature, sick, sleep deprived (?) newborn struggles to survive in a chaotic oxygen environment. Continuous monitoring of transcutaneous O2 tension reveals that events such as feeding, crying, suctioning, blood sampling, noise, handling, apnea, restlessness, diaper changes, chest P. T., physical exams, etc., result in profound drops in arterial oxygen tension. Our hypothesis is that the stress of “intensive care” examinations, nursing care and diagnostic studies interrupt the sleeping state, cause episodes of apnea, disorganized ineffective breathing, apnea and hypoxia, which in turn lead to more handling and diagnostic studies. We question the usefulness of present techniques for monitoring respiration. They are neither adequate for detecting nor preventing hypoxia and may actually interfere with the normal maturation of respiratory control. Unnecessary hypoxic stresses, identified by continuous tcPO2 monitoring, should be avoidable through simple changes in techniques of care. Similarly, episodes of hyperoxia can be minimized.
Comparison of Statistical Estimation Techniques for Mars Entry, Descent, and Landing Reconstruction from MEDLI- like Data Sources

Flight data from an entry, descent, and landing (EDL) sequence can be used to reconstruct the vehicle's trajectory, aerodynamic coefficients and the atmospheric profile experienced by the vehicle. Past Mars missions have contained instruments that do not provide direct measurement of the freestream atmospheric conditions. Thus, the uncertainties in the atmospheric reconstruction and the aerodynamic database knowledge could not be separated. The upcoming Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) will take measurements of the pressure distribution on the aeroshell forebody during entry and will allow freestream atmospheric conditions to be partially observable. This data provides a mean to separate atmospheric and aerodynamic uncertainties and is part of the MSL EDL Instrumentation (MEDLI) project. Methods to estimate the flight performance statistically using on-board measurements are demonstrated here through the use of simulated Mars data. Different statistical estimators are used to demonstrate which estimator best quantifies the uncertainties in the flight parameters. The techniques demonstrated herein are planned for application to the MSL flight dataset after the spacecraft lands on Mars in August 2012.
Medication-Related Practice Roles: An Ethical and Legal Primer for School Psychologists

Given the prevalence of school-age children and adolescents who are prescribed with and are taking psychotropic medications, a critical issue that school psychologists may likely encounter in contemporary practice is providing both quality and continuity of care to these students in the context of relevant legal and ethical parameters. With a thorough understanding of federal, state, and local legislation, relevant case law, and ethical standards, school psychologists are well positioned to competently navigate these situations in school-based practice. This article highlights critical practice roles for school psychologists to undertake in working with students who are prescribed with and are taking psychotropic medications within the school setting.
Sarcopenia as a Predictor of Complications and Survival Following Radical Cystectomy

Purpose: Patients undergoing radical cystectomy face substantial but highly variable risks of major complications. Risk stratification may be enhanced by objective measures such as sarcopenia. Sarcopenia (loss of skeletal muscle mass) has emerged as a novel biomarker associated with adverse outcomes in many clinical contexts relevant to cystectomy. Based on these data we hypothesized that sarcopenia would be associated with increased 30-day major complications and mortality after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer.Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective study of patients treated with radical cystectomy at our institution from 2008 to 2011. Sarcopenia was assessed by measuring cross-sectional area of the psoas muscle (total psoas area) on preoperative computerized tomography. Cutoff points were developed and evaluated using ROC curves to determine predictive ability in men and women for outcomes of major complications and survival.Results: Of 224 patients with bladder cancer 200 underwent pr...
The Magic VLSI Layout System

Magic is a new IC layout system that includes several facilities traditionally contained in separate batch-processing programs. Magic incorporates expertise about design rules, connectivity, and routing directly into the layout editor and uses this information to provide several unusual features. They include a continuous design-rule checker that operates in background and maintains an up-to-date picture of violations; a hierarchical circuit extractor that only re-extracts portions of the circuit that have changed; an operation called plowing that permits interactive stretching and compaction; and a suite of routing tools that can work under and around existing connections in the channels. A design style called logs and a data structure called corner stitching are used to achieve an efficient implementation of the system.
Multiple Lightning Strokes--II

THE multiple stroke has been defined as a succession of discharges in substantially the same path, either between clouds or between cloud and ground. Multiple strokes are of considerable interest to the engineer, because of the possible effects of successive application of impulses to equipment with a very small cooling or resting period interposed. The author has undertaken studies of natural lightning in three different locations with three somewhat different methods, one of the objects being in each case the determination of characteristics of multiple strokes. One of these investigations is a detailed study of lightning strokes to the Empire State Building in New York, another in Pittsfield, Mass., employs photographic methods making use of an observatory erected for the especial purpose of studying lightning, and the third is an investigation of multiple strokes to transmission lines as measured by the use of the especially designed crater lamp oscillograph installed and operated in co-operation with the American Gas and Electric Company at Roanoke, Va.
Suppression of Cold-Stimulated Thyrotropin Secretion by Antiserum to Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormon

The role of TRH in the cold-mediated activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis was assessed in rats by passive immunization with anti-TRH serum (TRH-AS). The TRH-AS was capable of detecting 3 pg of TRH by radioimmunoassay, had an affinity constant (Ka) of 9.7 × 108 liters/mole, an antibody-binding capacity (AB) of 3.8 × 10−6 moles/liter and showed no significant cross-reactivity with other hypothalamic peptides or angiotensin. Intravenous administration of 0.5 ml TRH-AS into conscious rats with indwelling right atrial catheters led to a significant suppression of the cold-induced TSH rise at 30 and 60 min. A similar suppression of cold-induced TSH release at 30 and 60 min was observed in rats with right atrial catheters adapted to a 30 C environment for one week prior to cold exposure. The TSH response to exogenous TRH administration was not inhibited by prior injection of TRH-AS or by preincubation of the peptide with the IgG fraction of the antiserum. The failure to neutralize the effect of e...
Meat tenderness: Immunofluorescent localisation of the isomorphic forms of collagen in bovine muscles of varying texture

The three isomorphic forms of collagen present in muscle have been located by indirect immunofluorescence using collagen type specific antibodies. Type I collagen was located in the epimysium and perimysium, type III primarily in the perimysium as fine lace-like fibres, and type V virtually confined to the endomysium. Increased proportions of type III collagen appeared to be present in the perimysium of the tougher muscles M. carpi radialis, and M. sternomandibularis compared to M. semitendinosus and M. longissimus dorsi. This increased proportion of type III was confirmed by analysis of the cyanogen bromide peptides. The relationship of the increased proportion of type III collagen to increased toughness, if any, remains to be elucidated.
The interaction of syntactical structure and learning instructions

The interaction of syntactical structure and learning instructions was investigated. When the method of complete presentation was used the superiority of syntactical over unsyntactical material was greater for intentional as compared with incidental learners.
Evaluation of paradoxical vocal fold motion

Instructions Credit can now be obtained, free for a limited time, by reading the review article in this issue and completing all activity components. Please note the instructions listed below: ● Review the target audience, learning objectives and all disclosures. ● Complete the pre-test online at http://www.annallergy.org (click on the CME heading). ● Follow the online instructions to read the full version of the article, including the clinical vignette; reflect on all content as to how it may be applicable to your practice. ● Complete the post-test/evaluation and claim credit earned; at this time, youwill have earned up to 1.0 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit. Please note that the minimum passing score on the post-test is 70%. ● Approximately 4-6 weeks later you will receive an online assessment regarding your application of this article to your practice. Once you have completed this assessment, you will be eligible to receive MOC Part II credit from the American Board of Allergy and Immunology. Release Date: October 1, 2012 Expiration Date: September 30, 2014 Estimated Time to Complete: 60 minutes Target Audience: Physicians involved in providing patient care in the field of allergy/asthma/immunology. Learning Objectives: At the conclusion of this activity, participants should be able to: ● Describe the presentation of paradoxical vocal fold motion (PVFM). ● Discuss the diagnostic tests that are best used to evaluate a patient with suspected paradoxical vocal fold motion (PVFM). Accreditation: The American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (ACAAI) is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME) to provide continuing medical education for physicians. Designation: The American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (ACAAI) designates this journal-based CME activity for a maximum of 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity. Planning Committee Members: Monica Vasudev, MD (Senior Author) Mitchell H. Grayson, MD (Deputy Editor) Gailen D. Marshall, Jr, MD, PhD (Editor-in-Chief) Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships: M. Vasudev, M.H. Grayson and G.D. Marshall have nothing to disclose. Reviewers and Education/Editorial staff have no relevant financial relationships to disclose. No unapproved/investigative use of a product/device is discussed. Recognition of Commercial Support: This activity has not received external commercial support. Copyright Statement: 2012-2014 ACAAI. All rights reserved. CME Inquiries: Contact the American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology at education@acaai.org or 847-427-1200.