cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preparedness for Emergencies in the Pediatric Office.

* Abbreviation: EMS — : emergency medical services The presentation of a child requiring emergency care or resuscitation in the ambulatory pediatric office is an uncommon event but can be distressing when it does occur. In data from several decades ago, it was suggested that many pediatric offices saw multiple children requiring emergency intervention each week.1 However, in a more recent study, researchers suggests that such emergencies are far less frequent, with <1% of pediatric emergency medical services (EMS) transports originating from the office setting.2 In this issue of Pediatrics , Abulebda et al3 examine preparedness for and performance during these events and report that, in a selected group of practices, appropriate equipment was present in 82% of practices, whereas only 57% were prepared with policies and protocols addressing such events, including regular self-assessments and drills. In an evaluation of office responses, assessed during simulated patient presentations of asthma and seizure, it was found that appropriate measures were performed … Address correspondence to Jesse Hackell, MD, FAAP, 4C Medical Park Dr, Pomona, NY 10970. E-mail: jesse_hackell{at}bchphysicians.org
Individual and local scale interactions and adaptations to wind energy development: A case study of Oklahoma, USA

Abstract Wind energy development receives broad support but is often opposed at the local level due to nuisance concerns and uncertainties about how it affects the landowners living due to the turbines and the broader community. Local opposition to wind energy development can be a powerful force slowing or even ending its implementation in a given region. Oklahoma, USA is currently ranked as 4th in the United States in current wind energy production and has seen significant pushback from some local communities as a renewable energy resource. Previous studies have examined wind energy development's impact on rural education income, and property values of different communities in Oklahoma. However, funding information on how wind energy development affects the individuals living alongside the turbines are limited. Using fifteen interviews with landowners, site-managers, community representatives, and pro-wind non-profit organization representatives, this study finds that individuals who live in proximity to wind energy development, particularly those involved in the agricultural industry, have created novel and unique uses for wind farm infrastructure. It also finds that local perceptions of wind energy production are mostly positive and provides increased knowledge of how wind energy development affects the individuals and communities that are hosting the turbines and related infrastructure.
XIV. The National Collegiate Athletic Association

(1947). XIV. The National Collegiate Athletic Association. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 18, No. 10, pp. 707-753.
Tbx1 is required for second heart field proliferation in zebrafish

Background: The mammalian outflow tract (OFT) and primitive right ventricle arise by accretion of newly differentiated cells to the arterial pole of the heart tube from multi-potent progenitor cells of the second heart field (SHF). While mounting evidence suggests that the genetic pathways regulating SHF development are highly conserved in zebrafish, this topic remains an active area of investigation. Results: Here, we extend previous observations demonstrating that zebrafish tbx1 (van gogh, vgo) mutants show ventricular and OFT defects consistent with a conserved role in SHF-mediated cardiogenesis. Surprisingly, we reveal through double in situ analyses that tbx1 transcripts are excluded from cardiac progenitor cells and differentiated cardiomyocytes, suggesting a non-autonomous role in SHF development. Further, we find that the diminutive ventricle in vgo animals results from a 25% decrease in cardiomyocyte number that occurs subsequent to heart tube stages. Lastly, we report that although SHF progenitors are specified in the absence of Tbx1, they fail to be maintained due to compromised SHF progenitor cell proliferation. Conclusions: These studies highlight conservation of Tbx1 function in zebrafish SHF biology. Developmental Dynamics 242:540–549, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Coxsackievirus B3 and the neonatal CNS: the roles of stem cells, developing neurons, and apoptosis in infection, viral dissemination, and disease.

Neonates are particularly susceptible to coxsackievirus infections of the central nervous system (CNS), which can cause meningitis, encephalitis, and long-term neurological deficits. However, viral tropism and mechanism of spread in the CNS have not been examined. Here we investigate coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) tropism and pathology in the CNS of neonatal mice, using a recombinant virus expressing the enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP). Newborn pups were extremely vulnerable to coxsackievirus CNS infection, and this susceptibility decreased dramatically by 7 days of age. Twenty-four hours after intracranial infection of newborn mice, viral genomic RNA and viral protein expression were detected in the choroid plexus, the olfactory bulb, and in cells bordering the cerebral ventricles. Many of the infected cells bore the anatomical characteristics of type B stem cells, which can give rise to neurons and astrocytes, and expressed the intermediate filament protein nestin, a marker for progenitor cells. As the infection progressed, viral protein was identified in the brain parenchyma, first in cells expressing neuron-specific class III β-tubulin, an early marker of neuronal differentiation, and subsequently in cells expressing NeuN, a marker of mature neurons. At later time points, viral protein expression was restricted to neurons in specific regions of the brain, including the hippocampus, the entorhinal and temporal cortex, and the olfactory bulb. Extensive neuronal death was visible, and appeared to result from virus-induced apoptosis. We propose that the increased susceptibility of the neonatal CNS to CVB infection may be explained by the virus' targeting neonatal stem cells; and that CVB is carried into the brain parenchyma by developing neurons, which continue to migrate and differentiate despite the infection. On full maturation, some or all of the infected neurons undergo apoptosis, and the resulting neuronal loss can explain the longer-term clinical picture.
'J.J. Morrison' and His Rights of Publicity Lawsuit Against the NCAA

This Article contends that an aggrieved student-athlete possesses a viable cause of action to assert in a lawsuit against the NCAA, and offers the necessary counter-attack to defeat the NCAA's main defense - consent to exploit arising out of athletic scholarship agreement. In Part II, the fictitious NCAA basketball player 'J.J. Morrison' is introduced, and hypothetical facts associated with 'J.J. Morrison' provide the backdrop for application of the prima facie case of appropriation. In order to gain some familiarity with - big-time - intercollegiate athletics and the body governing its activities, Part III presents an overview of the NCAA, including its purposes, principles, legislative process, and the contradictory nature of its mission. Part IV presents the basic law of appropriation, and the emergence of one's - right of publicity. - Part V reviews the current literature supporting the - right of publicity - extending to NCAA student-athletes and concludes with 'J.J. Morrison's' prima facie right of publicity case against the NCAA and its licensees. Part VI discusses the NCAA's main defense - consent to exploit arising out of athletic scholarship agreement - but demonstrates that the defense is unavailing because athletic scholarships are unconscionable contracts of adhesion. Part VII provides the final judgment, holding in favor of 'J.J. Morrison.'
Chapter 23 Biophysical aspects of carbohydrate transport regulation in bacteria

Publisher Summary Multiple mechanisms of transmembrane sugar transport in bacteria are regulated in response to various sensors of energy availability. These sensors of energy availability include intracellular metabolites, cytoplasmic ATP or phosphoenolpyruvate, the proton motive force, and exogenous sources of energy. Specific regulatory proteins are designed to sense the availability of these potential energy sources via complex sensory transmission mechanisms that involve reception, protein phosphorylation and allosteric protein-protein interactions. This chapter discusses the two best characterized transmission mechanisms from a biophysical standpoint. It discusses the mechanisms of carbohydrate transport in bacteria. Bacteria take up exogenous sources of carbon and energy via hundreds of solute-specific transport systems that function by seven different mechanisms and belong to several independently evolving protein families or superfamilies. Among these systems are the lactose and melibiose permeases of Escherichia coli (E. coli) that function by proton and sodium symport and belong to the major facilitator and sodium:solute symporter superfamilies, respectively. These transporters are driven by chemiosmotic energy in the form of ion gradients and transmembrane electrical potentials.
Critical solution temperatures of aliphatic compounds: III. Alcohols, ethers, and esters

Abstract Primary and secondary alcohols, dialkyl ethers, and alkyl esters were prepared. Small amounts of these substances were purified by gas-liquid partition and thin-layer adsorption chromatography. They were characterized by their upper critical solution temperatures (CST values) with nitromethane and acetonitrile. Regular relations between the structures of the homologous and isomeric compounds and their CST values were recognized.
Image Retrieval Using Scale-Space Matching

The retrieval of images from a large database of images is an important and emerging area of research. Here, a technique to retrieve images based on appearance that works effectively across large changes of scale is proposed. The database is initially filtered with derivatives of a Gaussian at several scales. A user defined template is then created from an image of an object similar to those being sought. The template is also filtered using Gaussian derivatives. The template is then matched with the filter outputs of the database images and the matches ranked according to the match score. Experiments demonstrate the technique on a number of images in a database. No prior segmentation of the images is required and the technique works with viewpoint changes up to 20 degrees and illumination changes.
Links between Social Understanding and Social Behavior in Verbally Able Children with Autism.

This study investigated the relations between various measures of social understanding and social interaction competence in verbally able children with autism. Measures of social understanding included measures of verbalizable knowledge (false belief understanding, affective perspective taking), as well as measures of more intuitive forms of social responsiveness (empathy, concern to distress, and initiating joint attention). Two measures of social interaction competence were employed: level of engagement with peers on the playground, and prosocial behavior in a structured laboratory task. For children with autism, initiating joint attention and empathy were strongly related to both measures of social interaction competence. No understanding-behavior links were identified for a language-age matched comparison sample of developmentally delayed children. Several accounts of these understanding-behavior links are considered, including the possibility that for children with autism, more impaired forms of understanding are more closely linked to behavior because they serve as limits on competence.
“Free spaces” in collective action

L'A. souligne que toute possibilite d'action collective presuppose l'existence d'«espaces libres». Il analyse la notion d'espace libre dont il souligne l'ambiguite. Il examine la relation entre structure d'association et mobilisation. Il montre que la culture politique des mouvement sociaux est affectee par les possibilites structurelles qui lui sont offertes et par les liens structurels qui la sous-tendent
Antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery

Abstract Prophylactic antimicrobials are not routinely required. The use of specific antimicrobials depends on the type of procedure and the bacteria encountered. The agent should be given prior to the procedure in order to reach the tissue before contamination occurs. The level of the agent should be maintained throughout the procedure and the duration of prophylaxis should be brief. The antibiotic used should be stopped when the risk of contamination is over, usually not longer than 24–72 h. The use of newer generation antimicrobials is not indicated until further clinical studies demonstrated distinct advantages over the older antibiotics.
Learning about Potential Users of Collaborative Information Retrieval Systems

One of the key components of designing usable and useful collaborative information retrieval systems is to understand the needs of the users of these systems. Our research team has been exploring collaborative information behavior in a variety of organizational settings. Our research goals have been two-fold: First, to develop a conceptual understanding of collaborative information behavior and second, gather requirements for the design of collaborative information retrieval systems. In this paper, we present a brief overview of our fieldwork in a three different organizational settings, discuss our methodology for collecting data on collaborative information behavior, and highlight some lessons that we are learning about potential users of collaborative information retrieval systems in these domains.
Amino Acid Substitution and the Antigenicity of Globular Proteins

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the amino acids substitution and the antigenicity of globular proteins. It focuses on the role of sequential determinants, related to the amino acid sequence of peptides, and conformational determinants, the product of protein conformation not expressed in linear peptides. The experimental approaches employed to provide the amino acid substitutions are from the chemical modification of single residues, use of naturally occurring amino acid mutants, and use of a series of genetically homologous proteins of known sequence. It indicates that antibodies are best produced to regions of protein antigens that bear sequences different from those of homologous proteins of the immunized species. Also, globular proteins have highly immunogenic and relatively constant surface patches, the specificity of which is determined by their amino acid composition. The chapter discusses the importance of slight genetic changes in determining antigenic specificity. In certain crucial sites, a single amino acid difference resulting from one point mutation can alter conformation and determine complete specificity between two protein antigens.
Reporting Frequency and Presentation Format: Detecting Real Activities Manipulation

ABSTRACT: As management increasingly manages earnings through real activities manipulation (RAM), RAM detection has become an important issue. This study investigates the role of reporting frequency and presentation format in detecting sales-related RAM. Based on the results of an online experiment with 77 experienced financial analysts, we find that more frequent financial reporting significantly improves sales-related RAM detection when financial analysts are aided with graphical displays. The results of our study suggest that more frequent financial reporting has the potential to improve RAM detection by disclosing trends that are suggestive of RAM. Moreover, results indicate that graphical representation reduces the cognitive effort required to process a larger number of data points generated by more frequent reporting and thus provides a better cognitive fit than tabular representation. As a result, the combination of more frequent reporting and graphical support together may assist financial stateme...
Catalytic Conversion of Biomass to Fuels and Chemicals

The capture efficiency (CE) of particulate matter in a novel metal substrate was evaluated using an exhaust gas after treatment system rig. The CE was measured for different temperatures, flows and channel lengths. The trends of CE showed the expected behavior as the CE increased for higher temperatures, lower velocities or longer channel lengths. The experimental results were compared against theoretical calculations of different types in order to visualize and interpret the observed CE in the novel metal substrate. Computational fluid dynamics simulations investigations indicated that inertial mechanisms on particle deposition were active in the metal substrate. It was also demonstrated that the channel length was the most significant factor for increased CE.
Factors Influencing the Success of Organizational Learning Implementation: A Policy Facet Perspective

Despite a cumulative tradition of over 50 years, the organizational learning (OL) literature contains very little research on its implementation into practice. Because OL is a multidisciplinary topic and consequently has a myriad of diverse definitions, research on getting organizational members to adopt its tenets has been scarce. Using the policy facet of the theoretical multi-faceted model (MFM) of OL, this paper presents 10 propositions intended to spur OL implementation research. Each of these propositions is aimed at advancing one of three expressed policies: (1) commitment to learning, which involves the symbolic behavior of managers which influences member learning; (2) tolerance for failure, which involves policies that do not punish (but even reward) errors; and (3) commitment to the workforce, which is policy guiding behavior that will lead to increased member commitment to the organization. Pertinent literature was reviewed to provide greater specificity and explanation of the antecedents of ‘productive learning’ in the MFM framework. Implications are that managers can influence OL implementation success through the design of these three organizational policies. The paper discusses: how these propositions contribute to MFM; a causal model developed from the propositions; prescriptive implications for practice and research; and measurement and testing issues. It is concluded that this research can contribute to the demystification of OL, especially as it pertains to MFM and its policy facet.
The effects of age on pain sensitivity: preclinical studies.

The pre-clinical study of pain and aging represents an area of research where considerations of age, strain of animal, gender, and method of behavioral assessment are but some of the challenges that must be addressed. The results of studies related to the impact of age on pain sensitivity have ranged from increased sensitivity to decreased sensitivity to no change. Examining the design of these studies one discovers that cross-sectional designs using animals of different ages have been used to evaluate age-related effects in normal animals as well as animals with inflammatory and neuropathic pain conditions. The dominant method of behavioral assessment in these studies has been reflex-based strategies that unfortunately do not reveal the same effects of experimental manipulations known to affect pain sensitivity in humans. Explanations for the increases in pain sensitivity under different experimental conditions have been suggested to include age-related anatomical, physiological, and biochemical changes as well as compensatory changes in homeostatic mechanisms and intrinsic plasticity of somatosensory pathways involved in the processing and perception of pain. Other potential contributing factors related to the impact of age on pain sensitivity include dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-axis and changes in autonomic function along with an increased prevalence of auto-immune disorders that occur with advancing age. In the future translational research in the field of pain and aging will need to focus on a number of objectives, including the establishment of clinically relevant animals models and assessment strategies to evaluate the causal relationships between age-related biological changes and behavioral changes in pain sensitivity.
Treatment for amphetamine psychosis

Background Chronic amphetamine users may have experience of paranoia and hallucination. It has long been believed that dopamine antagonists, such as chlorpromazine, haloperidol, and thioridazine, are effective for the treatment of amphetamine psychosis. Objectives To evaluate risks, benefits, costs of treatments for amphetamine psychosis. Search methods MEDLINE (1966-2007), EMBASE (1980-2007), CINAHL (1982-2007), PsychINFO (1806-2007), CENTRAL (Cochrane Library 2008 issue 1), references of obtained articles. Selection criteria All randomised controlled and clinical trials (RCTs, CCTs) evaluating treatments (alone or combined) for people with amphetamine psychosis Data collection and analysis Two authors evaluated and extracted the data independently. Dichotomous data were extracted on an intention-to-treat basis in which the dropouts were assigned as participants with the worst outcomes. The Relative Risk (RR) with the 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was used to assess the dichotomous data. The Weighted Mean Difference (WMD) with 95% CI was used to assess the continuous data. Main results The comprehensive searches found one randomised controlled trial of treatment for amphetamine psychosis meeting the criteria for considering studies. The study involved 58 participants and compared the efficacy and tolerability of two antipsychotic drugs, olanzapine (a newer antipsychotic) and haloperidol (a commonly used antipsychotic medication used as a control condition), in treating amphetamine-induced psychosis. The results show that both olanzapine and haloperidol at clinically relevant doses were efficacious in resolving psychotic symptoms, with the olanzapine condition showing significantly greater safety and tolerability than the haloperidol control as measured by frequency and severity of extrapyramidal symptoms. Authors' conclusions Only one RCT of treatment for amphetamine psychosis has been published. Outcomes from this trial indicate that antipsychotic medications effectively reduce symptoms of amphetamine psychosis, the newer generation and more expensive antipsychotic medication, olanzapine, demonstrates significantly better tolerability than the more affordable and commonly used medication, haloperidol. There are other two studies that did not meet the inclusion criteria for this review. The results of these two studies show that agitation and some psychotic symptoms may be abated within an hour after antipsychotic injection. Whether this limited evidence can be applied for amphetamine psychotic patients is not yet known. The medications that should be further investigate are conventional antipsychotics, newer antipsychotics and benzodiazepines. However, naturalistic studies of amphetamine psychotic symptoms and the prevalence of relapse to psychosis in the presence of amphetamine, are also crucial for advising the development of study designs appropriate for further treatment studies of amphetamine psychosis.
Antiproton annihilation in nuclear emulsion

Sixteen antiproton stars observed in an emulsion stack exposed at the Berkeley Bevatron to a beam of negative particles of momentum 700 MeV/c have been analyzed in detail. It is found that in the «elementary» antiproton-nucleon annihilation an average of (4.7±0.6) mesons are produced, each with an average total energy of (348±28) MeV. No strange particles were observed as annihilation products.
The Structure of the Hydrogen Ion (Haq+) in Water

The hydrogen ion in water, H(aq)(+), is a unique H(13)O(6)(+) entity that defines the boundary of positive-charge delocalization. Its central unit is neither a C(3v) H(3)O(+) Eigen-type ion nor a typical H(5)O(2)(+) Zundel-type ion. IR spectroscopy indicates that the H(13)O(6)(+) ion has an unexpectedly long central O...O separation (>>2.43 A), showing that in comparison with the gas and solid phases, the environment of liquid water is uniquely proficient in delocalizing positive charge. These results will change the description of H(aq)(+) in textbooks of chemistry, and a more extensive delocalization of positive charge may need to be incorporated into descriptions of mechanisms of aqueous proton transport.
Recovery from motor deficit under different motivational conditions

Abstract The frequent observation that primates with unilateral motor deficits of cortical origin may temporarily overcome their disability under conditions of sudden, intense stress and that a subsequent lesion in the opposite, formerly intact, hemisphere may lead to improved function on the side initially impaired, raises the possibility that motivational levels rather than time-dependent reorganizational processes may be responsible for motor recovery. Using the monkey as its own control a semi-skilled manual response has been conditioned to two independent stimuli presented respectively under mild and strong incentive conditions and the recovery latency of this response tested after damage to the motor cortex contralateral to the performing hand and arm. It has been found that, in these conditions, recovery of this response is independent of motivational level. The results thus provide no evidence to support the view that motivation plays a primary role in the processes of recovery but rather emphasise the importance of time-dependent reorganizational factors.
Radiolabeled Amino Acids for Oncologic Imaging

Radiolabeled amino acids (AAs) are an important class of imaging agents for PET and SPECT that target the increased levels of AA transport by many tumor cells. System L AA transport has been a major focus of tracer development, and work in this field has led to several tracers that are effective for imaging brain tumors. Emerging data also support the use of certain radiolabeled AAs for neuroendocrine tumors and prostate cancer. Recently, new (18)F-labeled AAs have been developed that target transporters other than system L, including system A, glutamine, xCT, and cationic AA transporters. This review provides an overview of this class of molecular imaging agents and highlights the current status of oncologic imaging with radiolabeled AAs in terms of tracer considerations and key clinical applications.
Reply to:“Electron spin resonance study of homolytic cleavage of carbon tetrachloride in rat liver: Trichloromethyl free radicals”

Abstract This communication raises questions concerning the conclusion of Calligaro and Vannini that trichloromethyl radicals exist in the liver tissue of rats that were intragastrically treated with CCl 4 .
Nutrition and the Immune System

Malnutrition frequently contributes to the immunocompromise seen in hospitalized patients. Nutritional support corrects malnutrition and can reverse the associated immunocompromise. Developing an understanding of nutritional needs and the role of nutrition in immune function is essential to prevention and treatment of nutrition-related immunocompromise. Current research is defining the role of specific nutrients in immune function. Recent evidence also suggests that the route (enteral versus parenteral) of providing nutritional support can affect immune competence. Intervention trials may show a role of key nutrients in not only maintaining normal immune competence, but also in modulating immunologic outcomes in critically ill patients.
Integrating a fuzzy k-means classification and a Bayesian approach for spatial prediction of landslide hazard

A robust method for spatial prediction of landslide hazard in roaded and roadless areas of forest is described. The method is based on assigning digital terrain attributes into continuous landform classes. The continuous landform classification is achieved by applying a fuzzy k-means approach to a watershed scale area before the classification is extrapolated to a broader region. The extrapolated fuzzy landform classes and datasets of road-related and non road-related landslides are then combined in a geographic information system (GIS) for the exploration of predictive correlations and model development. In particular, a Bayesian probabilistic modeling approach is illustrated using a case study of the Clearwater National Forest (CNF) in central Idaho, which experienced significant and widespread landslide events in recent years. The computed landslide hazard potential is presented on probabilistic maps for roaded and roadless areas. The maps can be used as a decision support tool in forest planning involving the maintenance, obliteration or development of new forest roads in steep mountainous terrain.
In situ monitoring of enzyme-catalyzed (co)polymerizations by Raman spectroscopy

In situ, fiber optic-based Raman spectroscopy provided real time monitoring of enzyme-catalyzed ring-opening homo- and copolymerizations of e-caprolactone (e-CL) and δ-valerolactone (δ-VL). A custom designed reactor equipped with in situ fiber optic probe was used to measure monomer conversion as a function of time. The results from the in situ technique were in good agreement with those determined by offline 1H NMR analysis. Monomer reactivity ratios for the lipase-catalyzed copolymerization of e-CL and δ-VL were estimated using the Kelen-Tudos method as re-CL = 0.38 and rδ-VL = 0.29.
Cyst fluid antibiotic concentrations in autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease.

• Infections involving cysts of patients with autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (PCKD) are often refractory to therapy possibly because of poor penetration of antibiotics into cyst fluid. Ten patients with PCKD had blood urine and cyst fluid sampled at surgery or autopsy for antibiotic concentrations. Cysts were categorized as to their nephron site of origin by cyst fluid sodium concentrations. Drugs active against anaerobes such as metronidazole and clindamycin were present in therapeutic concentrations in both proximal and distal cysts. Ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole had the best profiles considering likely infecting organisms and the antibiotic concentrations achieved in both type of cysts. It is likely that prolonged therapy with both of these drugs is necessary to insure therapeutic success. Other drugs that can be detected in cysts are lipid soluble, undergo tubular secretion, or have high pKa values. These include erythromycin, vancomycin, and cefotaxime. Aminogly­cosides because of their predominant glomerular filtration and thus low filtration rate per single cystic nephron are undetectable in both proximal and distal cysts. Clinically, alternatives to aminoglycosides should be chosen for infected cysts in PCKD.
Nephrocalcinosis in very low birth weight neonates : family history of kidney stones and ethnicity as independent risk factors

Serial renal ultrasonography was performed in 50 consecutive neonates with birth weights less than 1200 gm who survived to at least 3 weeks of age. Nephrocalcinosis developed in 8 (67%) of 12 white and only 6 (16%) of 38 nonwhite infants ( p p
Professionalizing global management for the twenty‐first century

Purpose – This paper seeks to argue that global management should be considered by practitioners, educators, regulators and society at large as a true professional discipline. While in its current form it may not meet all the defining criteria of a profession, true professionalism is the best guiding principle as progress is made.Design/methodology/approach – The paper reviews recent critiques of management education, synthesizes the generally agreed criteria of a profession, and applies that framework to the case of management.Findings – Global management needs to further develop a body of knowledge that is both theoretically grounded and instrumental for practice; it needs to raise the bar in terms of professional qualification through existing accrediting bodies; and it needs to articulate and formally adopt a set of core values and principles of conduct, determining how it serves the broader interest of society.Originality/value – It is important that all key actors assume true professionalism as a gu...
Life History and Electron Microscopy of a Haplosporidian, Nephridiophaga blattellae (Crawley) n. comb., in the Malphigian Tubules of the German Cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.)*

SYNOPSIS. Rearing of cockroaches without sporozoan parasites of the Malpighian tubules permitted the 1st experimental infections reported for these organisms as well as study of the intracellular early stages of infection. Infectivity tests show that the route of invasion is peroral rather than transovarian; that fresh spores obtained from either the Malpighian tubules or the hindgut are infective; that fresh spores held in aqueous suspension for 36 hr are not infective; that all ages and both sexes of cockroaches are susceptible, although older cockroaches are more readily infected experimentally; that a single peroral dose of a few hundred spores is sufficient to produce infection; that the earliest signs of progressive infection in the Malpighian tubules appear 15 days after ingestion of spores; and that the infection, spread mainly by schizogony, is well established by 23 days. Spores are acid-fast. The PAS-positive spore membrane is not dissolved by 20-min treatment with hot KOH, but tests for chitin were inconclusive. The life history of the parasite is described. “Encapsulation” of the parasite has been observed. Electron microscope studies, the first reported for the class Haplosporea, show similarities of the cytoplasmic structure of this haplosporidian with that of some members of the sporozoan class Telosporea, though no specialized structures were seen. Finding of intracellular stages together with failure of interspecific infection attempts suggest that the microorganism should be placed in the genus Nephridiophaga Ivanic, 1937 with the specific name blattellae Crawley, 1905.
Role of the docking protein Gab2 in β1-integrin signaling pathway-mediated hematopoietic cell adhesion and migration

Gab2, a newly identified pleckstrin homology domain-containing docking protein, is a major binding protein of SHP-2 tyrosine phosphatase in interleukin (IL)-3-stimulated hematopoietic cells. Its signaling mechanism remains largely unknown. We report here an important regulatory role for Gab2 in beta(1) integrin signaling pathway that mediates hematopoietic cell adhesion and migration. Cross-linking of the beta(1) integrin on Ba/F3 cells induced rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of Gab2 and its association with Syk kinase, SHP-2 phosphatase, and the p85 subunit of phosphatidylinositol (PI)-3 kinase. In addition, Gab2 was also constitutively associated with SHP-1 phosphatase via its C-terminal Src homology 2 domain. Overexpression of the pleckstrin homology domain or a mutant Gab2 molecule lacking SHP-2 binding sites resulted in significant reductions in Ba/F3 cell adhesion and migration. Biochemical analyses revealed that enforced expression of Gab2 mutant molecules dramatically reduced beta(1)-integrin ligation-triggered PI3 kinase activation, whereas Erk kinase activation remained unaltered. Furthermore, transduction of primary hematopoietic progenitor cells from viable motheaten mice with these mutant Gab2 molecules also significantly ameliorated their enhanced migration capacity associated with the SHP1 gene mutation. Taken together, these results suggest an important signaling role for Gab2 in regulating hematopoietic cell adhesion and migration.
Automated docking of alpha-(1-->4)- and alpha-(1-->6)-linked glucosyl trisaccharides and maltopentaose into the soybean beta-amylase active site.

The Lamarckian genetic algorithm of AutoDock 3.0 was used to dock alpha-maltotriose, methyl alpha-panoside, methyl alpha-isopanoside, methyl alpha-isomaltotrioside, methyl alpha-(6(1)-alpha-glucopyranosyl)-maltoside, and alpha-maltopentaose into the closed and, except for alpha-maltopentaose, into the open conformation of the soybean beta-amylase active site. In the closed conformation, the hinged flap at the mouth of the active site closes over the substrate. The nonreducing end of alpha-maltotriose docks preferentially to subsites -2 or +1, the latter yielding nonproductive binding. Some ligands dock into less optimal conformations with the nonreducing end at subsite -1. The reducing-end glucosyl residue of nonproductively-bound alpha-maltotriose is close to residue Gln194, which likely contributes to binding to subsite +3. In the open conformation, the substrate hydrogen-bonds with several residues of the open flap. When the flap closes, the substrate productively docks if the nonreducing end is near subsites -2 or -1. Trisaccharides with alpha-(1-->6) bonds do not successfully dock except for methyl alpha-isopanoside, whose first and second glucosyl rings dock exceptionally well into subsites -2 and -1. The alpha-(1-->6) bond between the second and third glucosyl units causes the latter to be improperly positioned into subsite +1; the fact that isopanose is not a substrate of beta-amylase indicates that binding to this subsite is critical for hydrolysis.
Median nerve compression neuropathy by the lacertus fibrosus: Report of three cases

Three patients exhibiting acute onset of proximal forearm pain and muscle weakness are reviewed. After nonoperative therapy failed, surgical exploration revealed compression of the median nerve at the level of the lacertus fibrosus. All three patients experienced complete recovery after release of the lacertus fibrosus.
Major coronary artery anomalies in the pediatric population

We read with interest the article by Davis et al. [(1)][1]. The investigators nicely address the problems related to the identification and treatment of these rare coronary anomalies. Although agreeing with the indications for intervention, we believe that aortocoronary bypass grafting may not be
EXPERIMENTAL PYELONEPHRITIS IN RATS WITH ALLOXAN DIABETES.

SummaryRats with alloxan diabetes were made hydronephrotic and injected with E. coli intravenously. When 107 bacteria was injected, the incidence of pyelonephritis in hydronephrotic and contralateral kidneys was higher in diabetic than control animals. Alloxanized rats without hydronephrosis were also somewhat more susceptible to infection than controls. There was no relationship between degree of hyperglycemia and development of infection.
Activation of the murine interleukin-12 p40 promoter by functional interactions between NFAT and ICSBP.

Interleukin (IL)-12 is a heterodimeric cytokine that is critical for the development of a T-helper-1 immune response and immunity against intracellular pathogens. The IL-12 p40 gene product, expressed specifically in macrophages and dendritic cells, heterodimerizes with p35 to form bioactive IL-12, and heterodimerizes with p19 to comprise the cytokine IL-23. Regulation of the murine IL-12 p40 promoter is complex. Multiple cis-acting elements have been characterized that are involved in activation by bacterial products. However, molecular mechanisms through which interferon (IFN)-γ and bacterial products synergistically activate IL-12 p40 gene expression are less clear. In this study, a composite NFAT/ICSBP binding site at –68 to –54 is identified that is functionally important for p40 promoter activation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and LPS plus IFN-γ. DNA binding of NFAT and ICSBP is demonstrated on the endogenous promoter by chromatin immunoprecipitation. NFAT is required for ICSBP binding to this region. Overexpression of NFAT and ICSBP synergistically activates the p40 promoter. A dominant negative NFAT molecule attenuates LPS- and IFN-γ-activated endogenous IL-12 p40 mRNA expression. A physical association between NFAT and ICSBP in the absence of DNA is detected by co-immunoprecipitation of endogenous proteins. Three NFAT domains are required for ICSBP interaction. Finally, in LPS- and IFN-γ-activated RAW-264.7 cells, the association between NFAT and ICSBP is abrogated by IL-10 priming.
Impulsivity: a link between bipolar disorder and substance abuse.

Background: Substance abuse is present in most patients with bipolar disorder and associated with poor treatment outcome and increased risk of suicide. Increased impulsivity may be a link between bipolar disorder and substance abuse. Methods: First, we compared impulsivity as a stable trait (Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, BIS) and as state-dependent behavioral laboratory performance (Immediate Memory–Delayed Memory task, derived from the Continuous Performance Task) in interepisode bipolar and non-bipolar subjects with and without substance abuse. Secondly, we compared impulsivity in interepisode and manic bipolar subjects with and without substance abuse. Results: The BIS scores were increased in interepisode bipolar disorder and in subjects with histories of substance abuse, and were increased further in interepisode bipolar subjects with substance abuse. Performance impulsivity was increased in subjects with substance abuse, regardless of whether they had bipolar disorder. Among subjects with bipolar disorder, after correction for age, BIS scores were increased in those with substance abuse. Performance impulsivity was increased in manic compared with interepisode subjects, regardless of substance abuse history, and was increased in interepisode subjects with substance abuse similarly to manic subjects without substance abuse. These differences could not be accounted for by age, gender, or course of illness. Conclusions: Trait impulsivity is increased additively in bipolar disorder and substance abuse. Performance impulsivity is increased in interepisode bipolar disorder only if a history of substance abuse is present. This increased predisposition to impulsivity when not manic may contribute to the decrement in treatment outcome and compliance, and increased risk for suicide and aggression, in bipolar disorder with substance abuse.
Estimation of the linear-linear segmented regression model in the presence of measurement error

A simple segmented regression model in which the independent variable is measured with error is considered. The method of moments is used to obtain parameter estimates and the joint asymptotic distribution of the estimators is presented. The small sample properties of the inference procedures based on the asymptotic distribution of the estimators are studied numerically.
Children's Time Use in Single‐ and Two‐Parent Families: Does Household Organization Matter?

This study examines whether living in a single- versus two-parent household influences the time children spend in home production, leisure, school, and paid work activities. A secondary data set containing time diary data for a sample of California children over age 5 was used. Results indicated that systematic differ ences do exist. Specifically, children living with two parents spend increasingly less time in home production activities as their family income rises. The home contributions of children of single parents were invariant to family income. Among both family types, girls spend more time in home production than do their male siblings. Single-parent children spend more time in paid work activi ties. This employment, along with increased home responsibilities, means that single-parent children enjoy less leisure time at an earlier age than their two- parent counterparts. Female children living with a single parent spend signifi cantly less time in school activities than either their male siblings or their two- parent counterparts.
Salt Doping in PEO-Containing Block Copolymers: Counterion and Concentration Effects

The phase behavior of lithium salt-doped poly(styrene-b-ethylene oxide) (PS−PEO) was studied as a function of salt concentration, lithium (Li) counterion (X), and annealing temperature. Three LiX salts were employed in this work: LiClO4, LiCF3SO3, and LiAsF6. Increasing the salt doping ratio ([EO]:[Li]) from 48:1 to 3:1 led to morphological changes from hexagonally packed cylinders to lamellar morphologies; however, comparison between the small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results shows that the location of these morphological changes are altered by the different counterions. We interpret our SAXS, TEM, and differential scanning calorimetry data using strong segregation theory to estimate an effective interaction parameter (χeff) for our salt-doped copolymers. This χeff varies linearly with salt concentration for a single PS-PEO:LiX material; however, the slope for each χeff,PS−PEO:LiX is influenced by the nature of the counterion. We rationalize these effects b...
Making materials science and engineering data more valuable research products

Both the global research community and federal governments are embracing a move toward more open sharing of the products of research. Historically, the primary product of research has been peer-reviewed journal articles and published technical reports. However, advances in information technology, new 'open access' business models, and government policies are working to make publications and supporting materials much more accessible to the general public. These same drivers are blurring the distinction between the data generated through the course of research and the associated publications. These developments have the potential to significantly enhance the value of both publications and supporting digital research data, turning them into valuable assets that can be shared and reused by other researchers. The confluence of these shifts in the research landscape leads one to the conclusion that technical publications and their supporting research data must be bound together in a rational fashion. However, bringing these two research products together will require the establishment of new policies and a supporting data infrastructure that have essentially no precedent in the materials community, and indeed, are stressing many other fields of research. This document raises the key issues that must be addressed in developing these policies and infrastructure and suggests a path forward in creating the solutions.
Performance and nonperformance learning under partial reinforcement

One group of rats was trained to learn a maze in the traditional manner, while a second group was hand-carried through the maze (during pretraining) for an equal number of trials. Throughout the experiment, reinforcement was available on every third trial for all subjects. When subjects in the second group were allowed to traverse the maze in the usual manner during testing, they made fewer errors and exhibited lower running time as compared to the traditionally trained subjects. Furthermore, both groups exhibited fewer errors and lower running times on trials immediately following reinforcement than on reinforced and prereinforced trials. The results suggested that instrumental performance is not a prerequisite for learning.