cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adapting Quasi-Classical Trajectories for Nonequilibrium Reacting Flow Simulations

Detailed understanding of nonequilibrium reaction and relaxation processes is critical for accurate hypersonic flow simulations. Such processes are modeled by phenomenological models that are calibrated by experimental data conducted conditions different from flight. Quasi-classical trajectory calculations offer an alternative ab-initio approach to study nonequilibrium processes. If the potential surfaces are created by solving the electronic Schrodinger equation, no experimental calibration data is required. Such calculations; however, are computationally expensive and their adaptation has been slow. This work investigates the feasibility of speeding up the quasi-classical trajectory calculations by utilizing generalized polynomial chaos expansions to average over initial molecular orientation angles. Although direct generalized polynomial chaos sampling has proven insufficient, another approach for implementing the generalized polynomial chaos is suggested in this paper. By speeding the quasi-classical trajectories it may be possible to hasten the move toward ab-initio reaction and relaxation models in DSMC and CFD.
Acute supplementation of N-acetylcysteine does not affect muscle blood flow and oxygenation characteristics during handgrip exercise.

Citation: Smith, J. R., Broxterman, R. M., Ade, C. J., Evans, K. K., Kurti, S. P., Hammer, S. M., . . . Harms, C. A. (2016). Acute supplementation of N-acetylcysteine does not affect muscle blood flow and oxygenation characteristics during handgrip exercise. Physiological Reports, 4(7), 1-10. doi:10.14814/phy2.12748
Study on a external thermal protection coating material for spacecraft

A kind of external thermal protection coating material which takes epoxy-modified organic silicone resin and polyamide curing agent as matrix,and thermal-insulating and heat-resisting fillers as additives was developed.The material with high temperature resistant property was cured at room temperature.Tensile strength of the coating material is up to 3.15MPa,elongation-to-break 26%,thermal conductivity coefficient 0.271W/(m·K),and specific heat capacity 2.689J/(g·K).At the same time,the coating material possesses better heat-insulating property,heat-resisting property and excellent adhesion.The coating material can be used for the external thermal protection of T700/4319 composite material case surface,and it can be used at the temperature of 350℃ for a short period.
Salvage therapy in recurrent germ cell cancer.

Fortunately, only a minority of patients with disseminated germ cell tumors require salvage therapy. After excluding benign causes for persistent radiographic and serologic abnormalities, several treatment options have proven effective in many patients. This article discusses the role of salvage chemotherapy for such patients.
The Tether to Home, University Connectedness, and the Appalachian Student

The purpose of the studies reported here was to test the hypothesis that college students from cultures that emphasize strong family ties experience familial tethering or a pull to remain connected...
Genetic Algorithm-Evolved Bayesian Network Classifier for Medical Applications

This paper presents the development of a Bayesian Network (BN) classifier for a medical application. Patient age classification is based on statistical features extracted from electrocardiogram (ECG) signals. The computed ECG features are converted to a discrete form to lower the dimensionality of the signal and to allow for conditional probabilities to be calculated for the BN. Two methods of network discovery from data were developed and compared: a greedy hill-climb search and a search method based on evolutionary computing. The performance comparison of these two methods for network structure discovery shows a large increase in classification accuracy with the GA-evolved BN as measured by the area under the curve of the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve.
Mechanosensory‐based orientation to elevated prey by a benthic fish

Lake Michigan mottled sculpin, Cottus bairdi, respond to both live and artificial (e.g., vibrating sphere) prey with an unconditioned movement towards the source of vibration, followed by a step‐by‐step approach and final strike at the source. In addition to these well‐studied, whole‐body movements along the horizontal plane of the substrate, sculpin exhibit a little‐studied behavior in which the vertical position of the fish's head can vary from being flush with the substrate to several cm's above the substrate. To test the hypothesis that sculpin can determine source elevation via mechanosensory cues, we measured head elevation of blinded fish as a function of source elevation and distance as fish approached a small (3 mm radius), 50 Hz vibrating sphere. At distances associated with pre‐strike positions (< 2 cm), head elevations were positively correlated with source elevation before but not after pharmacological blocking of the lateral line with CoCl2. These results demonstrate that sculpin are able to...
Fangite, Ti 3 AsS 4 , a new thallium arsenic sulfosalt from the Mercur Au deposit, Utah, and revised optical data for gillulyite

Fangite is decribed on the basis of one specimen found in a sulfide ore stockpile at the mine. It occurs in a vug with pyrite and other sulfide material of complex composition. A single-crystal x-ray diffraction study shows fangite to be orthorhombic, space group Pnma, with unit-cell parameters a=8.894, b=10.855, c=9.079A, Z=4. The structure was solved by direct methods and refined to a final residual of 0.046. The As atom isin tetrahedral coordination with S, whereas the Tl2 atom is in fivefold coordination with S, producing trigonal dipyramids
The 8th Habit (2004)

Youth development professionals are on the leading front in helping to prepare our youth and volunteers for success in the information or knowledge worker age. As such, these professionals are being subjected to tremendous changes in their individual and professional lives amidst the current economic challenges. The 8th Habit (2004) by Covey is a resource that youth development professionals can use to improve themselves as “whole persons” and help inspire those they serve to reach their potential, thus enhancing our communities and organizations.
Sections Arietinum and Enantiopetalum

Cypripedium arietinum is an outcrossing species but is chiefly dependent on vegetative reproduction by offshoots. Known pollinating agents are female halictid bees of the genus Lasioglossum. Low effective population sizes contribute to genetic drift and a lack of genetic variation within populations. Cypripedium fasciculatum is self-compatible, and some clonal transfer of pollen is likely, but the principal mode of sexual reproduction is outcrossing. Autogamy and agamospermy are absent. Cinetus is the only known pollinator. The relationship between pollination rates and population size and the relevance of inflorescence size to male and female components of reproductive success are examined along with factors affecting the level of seedling recruitment.
Epigenetics and Signaling Pathways in Glaucoma

Glaucoma is the most common cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. This neurodegenerative disease becomes more prevalent with aging, but predisposing genetic and environmental factors also contribute to increased risk. Emerging evidence now suggests that epigenetics may also be involved, which provides potential new therapeutic targets. These three factors work through several pathways, including TGF- , MAP kinase, Rho kinase, BDNF, JNK, PI-3/Akt, PTEN, Bcl-2, Caspase, and Calcium-Calpain signaling. Together, these pathways result in the upregulation of proapoptotic gene expression, the downregulation of neuroprotective and prosurvival factors, and the generation of fibrosis at the trabecular meshwork, which may block aqueous humor drainage. Novel therapeutic agents targeting these pathway members have shown preliminary success in animal models and even human trials, demonstrating that they may eventually be used to preserve retinal neurons and vision.
Proper Controls to Electrochemically Evaluate Carotenoids using β-Cyclodextrin Modified Surfaces.

We initially tested the electrochemical activity of beta-carotene and lutein at unmodified glassy carbon electrodes. We found good sensitivity (1 nA/µM) at high, micromolar concentrations, but serum levels are at nanomolar concentrations. To enhance the electrochemical activity, we modified the sensor surface with β-cyclodextrin, which has a hydrophobic core. Our goal was that the beta-carotene will be attracted to the β-cyclodextrin core, increasing surface interaction and sensitivity. Instead we saw a decrease in electrochemical activity. Further investigation with a methylene blue mediator indicated that two results. First, it is unlikely the beta-carotene strongly interacts with the β-cyclodextrin surface. And, second, the presence of a co-solvent or surfactant can greatly disrupt the surface β-cyclodextrin activity.
Granular temperature measured experimentally in a shear flow by acoustic energy

Granular temperature may control high-speed granular flows, yet it is difficult to measure in laboratory experiments. Here we utilize acoustic energy to measure granular temperature in dense shear flows. We show that acoustic energy captures the anticipated behavior of granular temperature as a function of grain size in quartz sand shear flows. We also find that granular temperature (through its proxy acoustic energy) is nearly linearly proportional to inertial number, and dilation is proportional to acoustic energy raised to the power 0.6±0.2. This demonstrates the existence of a relationship between granular temperature and dilation. It is also consistent with previous results on dilation due to externally imposed vibration, thus showing that internally and externally induced vibrations have identical results on granular shear flows.
Accuracy of Computed Tomography in Diagnosis of Intra-abdominal Injuries in Stable Patients With Anterior Abdominal Stab Wounds: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND Workup for patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) following an anterior abdominal stab wound (AASW) has been debated since the 1960s. Experts agree that patients with peritonitis, evisceration, or hemodynamic instability should undergo immediate laparotomy (LAP); however, workup of stable, asymptomatic or nonperitoneal patients is not clearly defined. OBJECTIVES The objective was to evaluate the accuracy of computed tomography of abdomen and pelvis (CTAP) for diagnosis of intraabdominal injuries requiring therapeutic laparotomy (THER-LAP) in ED patients with AASW. Is a negative CT scan without a period of observation sufficient to safely discharge a hemodynamically stable, asymptomatic AASW patient? METHODS We searched PubMed, Embase, and Scopus from their inception until May 2017 for studies on ED patients with AASW. We defined the reference standard test as LAP for patients who were managed surgically and inpatient observation in those who were managed nonoperatively. In those who underwent LAP, THER-LAP was considered as disease positive. We used the Quality Assessment Tool for Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS-2) to evaluate the risk of bias and assess the applicability of the included studies. We attempted to compute the pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (LR+), and negative likelihood ratio (LR-) using a random-effects model with MetaDiSc software and calculate testing and treatment thresholds for CT scan applying the Pauker and Kassirer model. RESULTS Seven studies were included encompassing 575 patients. The weighted prevalence of THER-LAP was 34.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 30.5%-38.2%). Studies had variable quality and the inclusion criteria were not uniform. The operating characteristics of CT scan were as follows: sensitivity = 50% to 100%, specificity = 39% to 97%, LR+ = 1.0 to 15.7, and LR- = 0.07 to 1.0. The high heterogeneity (I2 > 75%) of the operating characteristics of CT scan prevented pooling of the data and therefore the testing and treatment thresholds could not be estimated. DISCUSSION The articles revealed a high prevalence (8.7%, 95% CI = 6.1%-12.2%) of injuries requiring THER-LAP in patients with a negative CT scan and almost half (47%, 95% CI = 30%-64%) of those injuries involved the small bowel. CONCLUSIONS In stable AASW patients, a negative CT scan alone without an observation period is inadequate to exclude significant intraabdominal injuries.
Similarity in Presentation and Response to Thrombolysis Among Women and Men with Pulmonary Embolism.

The objective of this study was to compare the therapeutic benefit of thrombolytic therapy in women and men with acute pulmonary embolism. Data were combined from five prospective multicenter trials studying the efficacy and safety of pulmonary embolism thrombolysis. The study was conducted in 34 tertiary care medical centers in the United States, Canada, and Italy. Three hundred and twelve patients (144 women and 168 men) diagnosed with pulmonary embolism by either pulmonary angiography or a combination of high-probability ventilation-perfusion scanning and high clinical suspicion with no contraindications to thrombolytic therapy were included. A thrombolytic agent (either tissue plasminogen activator or urokinase) followed by intravenous heparin was administered. The magnitude of improvement on follow-up ventilation-perfusion scans and pulmonary angiograms and the frequency of important bleeding episodes were measured. The degree of reperfusion with thrombolysis as measured by lung perfusion scanning (mean ± SEM, 11 ± 1% in women vs. 12 ± 1% in men, P = 0.67), improvement in angiographic scores (1.46 ± 0.17 vs. 1.51 ± 0.16, P = 0.85), and decrease in mean pulmonary arterial pressures (1.8 ± 1.0 mmHG vs. 1.3 ± 0.7 mmHG, P = 0.70) demonstrated little difference between the two genders. In addition, the occurrence of important bleeding was similar in women and men (17% vs. 22%, P = 0.23). In conclusion, the benefits and risks posed by thrombolysis for pulmonary embolism are similar in magnitude for women and men. Therefore, patient gender should not influence the decision to treat pulmonary embolism patients with thrombolytic agents.
Fundamentos filosóficos del psicólogo humanista

From the perspective of the history of western thought, humanism is a philosophy based on the belief that the human is irreductible to other forms of life, whether material or Divine. To the extent that humanistic psychology has its roots in the humanist tradition, it shares this conviction that the human cannot be understood except in its own terms. This report will review the philosophical precedents for this perspective on the nature of human functioning, and will then consider whether or not the fruits of humanistic- psychological labor over the last 35 years have borne out the promises of its approach.
Mechanical Properties of Blood Vessels

Blood vessels belong to the class of soft tissues discussed in Chapter 7. They do not obey Hooke’s law. Figure 7.5:1 in Chapter 7, Sec. 7.5 demonstrates the nonlinearity of the stress-strain relationship and the existence of hysteresis. They also creep under constant stress and relax under constant strain. These mechanical properties must have a structural basis. In Sec. 8.2 we shall consider the structure of the blood vessel wall and its correlation with the mechanical properties. From Sec. 8.3 on, however, our attention will be concentrated on the mathematical description of the mechanical properties. In Secs. 8.3–8.5 we formulate a quasi-linear viscoelastic theory for blood vessels, using the pseudo-elasticity concept introduced in Chapter 7. In Sec. 8.6 we discuss the use of arterial pulse waves as a means to determine the mechanical properties of arteries. In Secs. 8.7–8.9 we consider the mechanical properties of arterioles, capillary blood vessels, venules, and veins. Finally, in Sec. 8.10, we discuss the long-term response of blood vessels to stresses: their reaction to hypertension, growth, regeneration, and resorption.
The Future of Psychology in Medical Specialities: Introduction to the Special Issue

The continuing evolution of the health care delivery system in the United States presents threats and opportunities to psychologists in medical settings. This special issue explores the future of psychology in psychiatry, family medicine, rehabilitation, geriatric medicine, and pediatric medicine. The challenges facing neuropsychology and pain management are explored also. Finally, the professional issues of ethics in managed care, psychology in the public sector, and training future psychologists are addressed. Each paper summarizes concerns and provides recommendations for clinical practice, research, and training.
Characterizing the HIV Care Continuum and Identifying Barriers and Facilitators to HIV Diagnosis and Viral Suppression Among Black Transgender Women in the United States.

Background:Although black transgender women (BTW) experience high prevalence of HIV in the United States, no characterization of the HIV care continuum exists for this population. This study addresses this gap by (1) characterizing the HIV care continuum, and (2) exploring correlates of HIV diagnosi
Speciation Theory of Carcinogenesis Explains Karyotypic Individuality and Long Latencies of Cancers.

It has been known for over 100 years that cancers have individual karyotypes and arise only years to decades after initiating carcinogens. However, there is still no coherent theory to explain these definitive characteristics of cancer. The prevailing mutation theory holds that cancers are late because the primary cell must accumulate 3–8 causative mutations to become carcinogenic and that mutations, which induce chromosomal instability (CIN), generate the individual karyotypes of cancers. However, since there is still no proven set of mutations that transforms a normal to a cancer cell, we have recently advanced the theory that carcinogenesis is a form of speciation. This theory predicts carcinogens initiate cancer by inducing aneuploidy, which automatically unbalances thousands of genes and thus catalyzes chain-reactions of progressive aneuploidizations. Over time, these aneuploidizations have two endpoints, either non-viable karyotypes or very rarely karyotypes of new autonomous and immortal cancers. Cancer karyotypes are immortalized despite destabilizing congenital aneuploidy by clonal selections for autonomy—similar to those of conventional species. This theory predicts that the very low probability of converting the karyotype of a normal cell to that of a new autonomous cancer species by random aneuploidizations is the reason for the karyotypic individuality of new cancers and for the long latencies from carcinogens to cancers. In testing this theory, we observed: (1) Addition of mutagenic and non-mutagenic carcinogens to normal human and rat cells generated progressive aneuploidizations months before neoplastic transformation. (2) Sub-cloning of a neoplastic rat clone revealed heritable individual karyotypes, rather than the non-heritable karyotypes predicted by the CIN theory. (3) Analyses of neoplastic and preneoplastic karyotypes unexpectedly identified karyotypes with sets of 3–12 new marker chromosomes without detectable intermediates, consistent with single-step origins. We conclude that the speciation theory explains logically the long latencies from carcinogen exposure and the individuality of cancers. In addition, the theory supports the single-step origins of cancers, because karyotypic autonomy is all-or-nothing. Accordingly, we propose that preneoplastic aneuploidy and clonal neoplastic karyotypes provide more reliable therapeutic indications than current analyses of thousands of mutations.
Exploration: Don’t Write on Walls! Playing with Cityscapes in a Foreign Language Course

This exploration presents a task-based project developed for a writing course taught in the context of a short study abroad programme. Built around the notions of imagination and play, the project invites students to engage in a narrative with their host city while helping them learn organically and reconceive learning as play as opposed to learning as work.
A Multicenter Analysis of Elvitegravir Use During Pregnancy on HIV Viral Suppression and Perinatal Outcomes.

Background There is a knowledge gap on the clinical use of elvitegravir (EVG) during pregnancy and maternal viral suppression. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of EVG use in pregnancy on rates of HIV virologic suppression and perinatal outcomes. Methods We conducted a retrospective, multicenter study of pregnant women living with HIV (WLHIV) who used EVG-containing antiretroviral therapy (ART) between January 2014 and March 2017 at 9 tertiary care centers in the United States. WLHIV were included if they took EVG at any time during pregnancy. We described the characteristics of the WLHIV using EVG during the study period and evaluated the rates of HIV suppression and perinatal outcomes. Results Among 134 pregnant WLHIV who received EVG at any time during pregnancy, viral suppression at delivery (HIV-1 RNA < 40 copies/mL) occurred in 81.3%. In WLHIV who initiated EVG before pregnancy and continued through delivery (n = 68), the rate of viral suppression at delivery was 88.2%. The average gestational age at the time of delivery was 37 weeks 6 days, and the overall rate of preterm birth was 20%. No cases of open neural tube defects were noted in women on EVG at the time of conception (n = 82). The perinatal HIV transmission rate was 0.8%. Conclusions EVG use was associated with high sustained levels of HIV suppression during pregnancy and a low rate of perinatal HIV transmission.
Applied Veterinary Informatics: Development of a Semantic and Domain-Specific Method to Construct a Canine Data Repository.

Animals are used to study the pathogenesis of various human diseases, but typically as animal models with induced disease. However, companion animals develop disease spontaneously in a way that mirrors disease development in humans. The purpose of this study is to develop a semantic and domain-specific method to enable construction of a data repository from a veterinary hospital that would be useful for future studies. We developed a two-phase method that combines semantic and domain-specific approaches to construct a canine data repository of clinical data collected during routine care at the Matthew J Ryan Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (PennVet). Our framework consists of two phases: (1) a semantic data-cleaning phase and (2) a domain-specific data-cleaning phase. We validated our data repository using a gold standard of known breed predispositions for certain diseases (i.e., mitral valve disease, atrial fibrillation and osteosarcoma). Our two-phase method allowed us to maximize data retention (99.8% of data retained), while ensuring the quality of our result. Our final population contained 84,405 dogs treated between 2000 and 2017 from 194 distinct dog breeds. We observed the expected breed associations with mitral valve disease, atrial fibrillation, and osteosarcoma (P < 0.05) after adjusting for multiple comparisons. Precision ranged from 60.0 to 83.3 for the three diseases (avg. 74.2) and recall ranged from 31.6 to 83.3 (avg. 53.3). Our study describes a two-phase method to construct a clinical data repository using canine data obtained during routine clinical care at a veterinary hospital.
A case of a facial nerve venous malformation presenting with crocodile tear syndrome.

Background Crocodile tears syndrome, also known as Bogorad syndrome, is characterized by lacrimation secondary to olfactory and gustatory stimuli and mastication. Crocodile tear syndrome is typically encountered as an uncommon complication of Bell's palsy and usually occurs during the recovery phase of the disease course. Case Description We present a case of a 39-year-old male who presented with facial paralysis with ipsilateral crocodile tear syndrome caused by a slow flow venous malformation of the petrous bone and facial nerve. Conclusion We present a case of crocodile tear syndrome caused by a facial nerve venous malformation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the only case reported in literature.
Face recognition for automatic vehicle ignition based on Raspberry Pi

In this project a facial recognition application for automatic vehicle ignition is developed. This application is built using a Raspberry Pi as the hardware platform and the OpenCV library for computer vision as the software component. In this research the different methods for automobile security are analyzed, as well as, the different methods used to perform face recognition. The main goal of this application is to enhance the security system of the vehicle, allowing to ignite the vehicle only by register users. To achieve this goal three main processes are carried out, face detection, data gathering, and training the system to grant access through face recognition.
Neonatal enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infection disrupts microbiota-gut-brain axis signaling

ABSTRACT Background Diarrheal diseases are a leading cause of death in children under age five worldwide. Repeated early life exposures to diarrheal pathogens can result in co-morbidities including stunted growth and cognitive deficits suggesting an impairment in the microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis. Methods Neonatal C57BL/6 mice were infected with EPEC (strain e2348/69; ΔescV [T3SS mutant]), or vehicle (LB broth) via orogastric gavage (105 CFU) at post-natal day (P7). Behavior (novel object recognition [NOR] task, light/dark [L/D] box, and open field test [OFT]), intestinal physiology (Ussing chambers), and the microbiota (16S Illumina sequencing) were assessed in adulthood (6-8 weeks). Results Neonatal infection of mice with EPEC impaired recognition memory (NOR task), coupled with increased neurogenesis (Ki67 and doublecortin immunostaining) and neuroinflammation (increased microglia activation [Iba1]) in adulthood. Intestinal pathophysiology was characterized by increased secretory state (short circuit current; Isc) and permeability (conductance; FITC-dextran flux) in the ileum and colon of neonatally EPEC-infected mice, along with increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (Tnfα, Il12, Il6) and pattern recognition receptors (Nlr, Tlr). Finally, neonatal EPEC infection caused significant dysbiosis of the gut microbiota, including decreased Firmicutes, in adulthood. Conclusions Together these findings demonstrate that infection in early life can significantly impair the MGB axis in adulthood.
Enhanced visualization of intratumoral microbubbles using singular value thresholding combined with normalized singular spectrum area

Ultrasound molecular imaging is a powerful diagnostic ultrasound imaging technique which has potential to enhance diagnosis of cancer and other vascular diseases. However, USMI is hampered by the presence of nonlinear artifacts from static tissue signals as well as the lack of non-destructive techniques to quantify adherent microbubble signals. In this study, singular value thresholding (SVT) and normalized singular spectrum area (NSSA) are used simultaneously to enable a filtering technique which automatically suppresses static tissue signals and differentiates between adherent and non-adherent MB signals.
On Holding Various Truths to (Not) Be Self-Evident: Leading During the Dual Pandemics of 2020 as a Racialized Body

In this critical autoethnography, the author counter/narrates how she has navigated the dual pandemics of COVID-19 and structural racism predicated on over four centuries of racial oppression that ...
Tetraploidy accelerates adaptation under drug-selection in a fungal pathogen

Abstract Baseline ploidy significantly impacts evolutionary trajectories, and in particular, tetraploidy has been associated with higher rates of adaptation compared to haploidy and diploidy. While the majority of experimental evolution studies investigating ploidy use Saccharomyces cerivisiae, the fungal pathogen Candida albicans is a powerful system to investigate ploidy dynamics, particularly in the context of antifungal drug resistance. C. albicans laboratory and clinical strains are predominantly diploid, but have also been isolated as haploid and polyploid. Here, we evolved diploid and tetraploid C. albicans for ∼60 days in the antifungal drug caspofungin. Tetraploid-evolved lines adapted faster than diploid-evolved lines and reached higher levels of caspofungin resistance. While diploid-evolved lines generally maintained their initial genome size, tetraploid-evolved lines rapidly underwent genome-size reductions and did so prior to caspofungin adaption. Furthermore, fitness costs in the absence of drug selection were significantly less in tetraploid-evolved lines compared to the diploid-evolved lines. Taken together, this work supports a model of adaptation in which the tetraploid state is transient but its ability to rapidly transition ploidy states improves adaptative outcomes and may drive drug resistance in fungal pathogens.
Enhanced Gearing Fidelity Achieved Through Macrocyclization of a Solvated Molecular Spur Gear.

Molecular spur gear dynamics with high gearing fidelity can be achieved through a careful selection of constituent molecular components that favorably position and maintain the two gears in a meshed configuration. Here, we report the synthesis of a new macrocyclic molecular spur gear with a bibenzimidazole stator combined with a second naphthyl bis-gold-phosphine gold complex stator to place two 3-fold symmetric 9,10-diethynyl triptycene cogs at the optimal distance of 8.1 A for gearing. Micro electron diffraction (μED) analysis confirmed the formation of the macrocyclic structure and the proper alignment of the triptycene cogs. Gearing dynamics in solution are predicted to be extremely fast and, in fact, were too fast to be observed with variable-temperature 1H NMR using CD2Cl2 as the solvent. A combination of molecular dynamics and metadynamics simulations predict that the barriers for gearing and slippage are ca. 4 kcal mol-1 and ca. 9 kcal mol-1, respectively. This system is characterized by enhanced gearing fidelity compared to the acyclic analog. This is achieved by rigidification of the structure, locking the two triptycenes in the preferred gearing distance and orientation.
Nationwide genomic atlas of soil-dwelling Listeria reveals effects of selection and population ecology on pangenome evolution.

Natural bacterial populations can display enormous genomic diversity, primarily in the form of gene content variation caused by the frequent exchange of DNA with the local environment. However, the ecological drivers of genomic variability and the role of selection remain controversial. Here, we address this gap by developing a nationwide atlas of 1,854 Listeria isolates, collected systematically from soils across the contiguous United States. We found that Listeria was present across a wide range of environmental parameters, being mainly controlled by soil moisture, molybdenum and salinity concentrations. Whole-genome data from 594 representative strains allowed us to decompose Listeria diversity into 12 phylogroups, each with large differences in habitat breadth and endemism. ‘Cosmopolitan’ phylogroups, prevalent across many different habitats, had more open pangenomes and displayed weaker linkage disequilibrium, reflecting higher rates of gene gain and loss, and allele exchange than phylogroups with narrow habitat ranges. Cosmopolitan phylogroups also had a large fraction of genes affected by positive selection. The effect of positive selection was more pronounced in the phylogroup-specific core genome, suggesting that lineage-specific core genes are important drivers of adaptation. These results indicate that genome flexibility and recombination are the consequence of selection to survive in variable environments. A population genomic analysis of 1,854 Listeria soil isolates collected across the contiguous United States identifies geographically prevalent phylogroups with increased pangenome openness and recombination, as a result of adaptation to variable environments.
Cyber-Security of Decentralized and Distributed Control Architectures with Machine-Learning Detectors for Nonlinear Processes

With the expansion in communication networks, vulnerability to cyber intrusions also increases. This work investigates the effect of different types of standard cyber-attacks on the operation of nonlinear processes under decentralized and distributed model predictive control (MPC) systems. The robustness of the decentralized control architecture over distributed control architecture is analyzed. Moreover, a machine-learning-based detector is trained using sensor data to monitor the cyber security of the overall system. Specifically, detectors built using feed-forward neural networks are used to detect the presence of an attack. A nonlinear chemical process example is simulated to demonstrate the robustness of decentralized control architectures and the effectiveness of the neural-network detection scheme in maintaining the closed-loop stability of the system.
Dynamic Analysis and Steering Control of a Novel Unicycle Robot with Active Omnidirectional Wheel

Orientation control for a robot is important as the space it can execute a task or perceive an environment can drastically change with a change in orientation. This work assesses the feasibility of orientation control for a novel unicycle omnidirectional robot using gyroscopic precession. Dynamic analysis of the platform is done and a cascaded multi-loop control is designed to track a given yaw rate. Design inherent artifacts for the given type of mobile robot is discovered and a method to mitigate it is also proposed.
Bacterial Concentrations and Water Turbulence Influence the Importance of Conjugation Versus Phage-Mediated Antibiotic Resistance Gene Transfer in Suspended Growth Systems

Despite the abundance of phage-borne antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment, the frequency of ARG propagation via phage-mediated transduction (relative to via conjugation) is poorly ...
The New Optimism After WWII and the Decision for a Cancer Center at MGH 1945–1970

With the ending of World War II in 1945, Americans had a greatly enhanced sense of optimism that there would be a progressively improving world for themselves, their children, and all people. A central basis for that increased confidence was the reality that the USA was the world’s “Superpower” in terms of its military, financial, diplomatic, industrial, scientific, and medical1 status. Happily, this new position for our country was combined with the creation of the United Nations by a conference of 44 nations on July 26, 1945, in San Francisco. The permanent home of the United Nations headquarters was built on 17 acres on the river in New York City in 1950, Fig. 3.1 [23]
A coupled ecosystem-climate model for predicting the methane concentration in the Archean atmosphere.

A simple coupled ecosystem-climate model is described that canpredict levels of atmospheric CH4, CO2, and H2during the Late Archean, given observed constraints on Earth'ssurface temperature. We find that methanogenic bacteria shouldhave converted most of the available atmospheric H2 intoCH4, and that CH4 may have been equal in importance to CO2 as a greenhouse gas. Photolysis of this CH4 may have produced a hydrocarbon smog layer that would have shielded the surface from solar UV radiation. Methanotrophic bacteria would have consumed some of the atmospheric CH4,but they would have been incapable of reducing CH4 to modern levels. The rise of O2 around 2.3 Ga would have drastically reduced the atmospheric CH4 concentrationand may thereby have triggered the Huronian glaciation.
Horrific Visions of the Host: A Meditation on Genre

This essay examines Cleanness alongside the Play of the Sacrament, to show how two disparate works can productively be studied together by thinking of genre as a formal leveraging of consonant cognitive and affective states. Specifically, by thinking of genre in this way, the essay argues that these works are “horror” narratives of Host desecration and that they share an interest in how to make their horrific stories participatory for an audience, as well as in how that participation relates to community-level participation in Christian ritual.
Correlation of Light-induced Absorbance Changes with Photophosphorylation in Rhodospirillum rubrum Extracts

Abstract The relationship between light-induced absorbance changes and photophosphorylation has been studied in extracts of the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum purified by partition in dextran-methyl cellulose mixtures. In these preparations infrared light induces absorbance changes in the visible region of the spectrum which are modified by the addition of reductants required for photophosphorylation. The kinetics of photophosphorylation has been compared with light-induced absorbance changes, by measuring ATP formation in flashing light. With submaximal flash duration, the ultimate yield of ATP per flash parallels the absorbance change induced during the flash. The light-off absorbance change is characterized by a rapid phase and slower subsequent phase, or phases. The dark stage of photophosphorylation coincides with the rapid phase of the light-off absorbance change (the first 0.1 sec). The effects of potent inhibitors of photophosphorylation upon absorbance change kinetics are limited to the rapid phase of the light-off reaction. This phase is almost eliminated by antimycin A and other inhibitors of similar characteristics. It is significantly slowed by phenylmercuric acetate and by oligomycin. The carbonyl cyanide phenylhydrazones stimulate the rapid phase of the absorbance change, but only in the absence of adenosine diphosphate or in the presence of oligomycin. The rapid phase of the light-off reaction is also stimulated by adenosine diphosphate. These results suggest that the rapid phase of the light-off absorbance change may represent electron transport associated with phosphorylation.
Impact of a rural interprofessional health professions summer preceptorship educational experience on participants' attitudes and knowledge.

Background: A six-week rural interprofessional health professions summer preceptorship provided an interprofessional training experience (IPE) for upper level baccalaureate and post-baccalaureate/graduate level health professions students in Dixon, Illinois, USA. There are three distinct yet complementary components of this forty hours per week summer preceptorship: Numerous interprofessional clinical shadowing experiences, a community service-learning project carried out as a team and weekly classroom sessions. This study assesses knowledge and attitude changes about IPE among students who participated in this Rural Interprofessional Health Professions Summer Preceptorship between 2006 and 2011. Methods: Fifty-two students over the six program years were asked to complete an identical pre-/post-questionnaire. The questionnaire included scales on seven topics, two of which addressed knowledge and attitudes about IPE: (i) Understanding of their own and other professions' work roles and (ii) Perceived ability to work effectively in interprofessional teams and make use of skills of other professions. Fifty of the fifty two (96.1%) students completed both the pre- and post-tests. Results: Positive changes from the pre- to the post-tests were observed for the scales that related to interaction with other professions and assessment of their professional skills and students' understanding of the roles of other professions. Pre- versus post-preceptorship students also reported greater experience working as a member of an interprofessional team and an increase in their support for interprofessional education within a rural setting being required for all health professions students. Conclusion: A rural interprofessional health professions summer preceptorship that includes preceptor shadowing, a community service-learning project and classroom work proved to be an effective approach to developing interprofessional health care teams, increasing the knowledge and skills of participating students and creating positive attitudes toward interactions with other professions.
Mentoring and Turnover Intentions in the Military: Mediating Role of Multidimensional Commitment and Moderating Role of Gender within Mentor-Protégé Dyads

The present study examines the relationships among mentoring (M), organizational commitment (OC), intention to leave (IL), and relational demography (DS) in a sample of Company Grade Officers (CGOs) at a single Air Force base in Los Angeles, Calif. This study proposes a mediational model in which the effect of M, the predictor variable, on IL, the criterion variable, is mediated by OC. This was partly confirmed. The quality level of mentoring was found to be negatively associated with protege intention to leave. However, the quality level of mentoring was found to be positively associated with protege affective commitment but not with protege normative or continuance commitment. Protege affective commitment was, as hypothesized, negatively associated with protege intention to leave. Additionally, the study proposed that M plays a stronger predicting role in the relationship between M and IL in the presence of mentor-protege dyads that are similar in terms of gender. This hypothesis was also confirmed.
Chronic intravascular catheterization - A technique for implanting and maintaining arterial and venous catheters in laboratory primates.

Summary A transthoracic surgical technique has been described for implanting and maintaining patent polyvinyl catheters for more than a year at four separate sites in the vascular system of the monkey. These sites include the superior vena cava via the azygos vein, the thoracic aorta via the left subclavian artery, the left pulmonary artery, and the left atrium. Weekly flushing of the catheters has been found to suffice for insuring continued patency.
Macromolecule Synthesis and Breakdown in Relation to Sporulation and Meiosis in Yeast

The time course of synthesis and breakdown of various macromolecules has been compared for sporulating (a/alpha) and nonsporulating (a/a and alpha/alpha) yeast cells transferred to potassium acetate sporulation medium. Both types of cells incorporate label into ribonucleic acid and protein. The gel electrophoresis patterns of proteins synthesized in sporulation medium are identical for sporulating and nonsporulating diploids; both are different from electropherograms of vegetative cells. Sporulating and nonsporulating strains differ with respect to deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis; no deoxyribonucleic acid is synthesized in the latter case, whereas the deoxyribonucleic acid complement is doubled in the former. Glycogen breakdown occurs only in sporulating strains. Breakdown of preexisting vegetative ribonucleic acid and protein molecules occurs much more extensively in sporulating than in nonsporulating cells. A timetable of these data is presented.
Wireless ad hoc networks

A mobile ad hoc network is a relatively new term for an old technology - a network that does not rely on pre-existing infrastructure. Roots of this technology could be traced back to the early 1970s with the DARPA PRNet and the SURAN projects. The new twitch is the application of this technology in the non-military communication environments. Additionally, the research community has also recently addressed some extended features of this technology, such as multicasting and security. Also numerous new solutions to the “old” problems of routing and medium access control have been proposed. This survey attempts to summarize the state-of-the-art of the ad hoc networking technology in four areas: routing, medium access control, multicasting, and security. Where possible, comparison between the proposed protocols is also discussed. Keywords: ad hoc networks; MANET; MAC protocols for ad hoc network; routing protocols for ad hoc networks; proactive routing protocols; reactive routing protocols; hybrid routing protocols; multicasting for ad hoc networks; security for ad hoc networks
Slip-line modeling of built-up edge formation in machining

Abstract Extensive investigations on built-up edge (BUE) formation in machining have been conducted in the past. However, very little effort has been made to quantitatively predict the size of the BUE and its effect on chip flow and cutting forces under different machining conditions. This prediction is important because it is the key to predicting the fluctuation of cutting forces and provides better rationale for explaining various machining phenomena associated with BUE formation. A new slip-line model for machining with BUE formation and its associated hodograph are proposed in this paper. Consisting of four slip-line sub-regions, the new slip-line model meets both the stress equilibrium and velocity requirements of material flow. The new model simultaneously predicts the length and height of the BUE, cutting and thrust forces, chip up-curl radius, chip thickness, and tool–chip contact length. Dewhurst and Collins's matrix technique for numerically solving the slip-line problem is employed in the mathematical formulation of the model, with non-unique solutions being obtained. It is demonstrated that one of the four slip-line angles included in the new model directly governs the size and surface shape of the BUE. Compared with the well-known Lee and Shaffer's model, the new model predicts a much longer BUE covering a larger portion of the tool rake face. A small tool rake angle tends to generate a large BUE. The predicted trends of the variation of relevant machining parameters are consistent with experimental observations.
Integrated Optics Approach For High-Density Optical Interconnections In High-Speed Multichip IC Packages

The area requirements for routing and distributing guided-wave optical signals using gradual waveguide curves and branches will severely restrict the utilization of optical interconnects in future multichip IC packages. This paper addresses the use of total internal reflection in abrupt guided-wave optical components for realizing high-density optical interconnect circuits that eliminate this area constraint. We have measured excess insertion losses of 0.2-0.5 dB at 830 nm for 90° waveguide corner bends, branches, and crossovers for both Ey and Ex polarizations in 5-micron- and 10-micron-wide multimode channels. These loss figures are expected to provide sufficient optical power margins for all point-to-point interconnects in a targeted high-speed multichip VLSI/GaAs package for signal processing applications.© (1987) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Variational Solution of Vertex Equation and Dielectric Function of an Interacting-Electron Gas

It is shown that the static dielectric function computed from a variational solution of the appropriate vertex function obeys the compressibility sum rule and reaches the well-established limit for large $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}$. The vertex equation contains the self-energy contributions to the one-electron states as well as the exchange contributions. A comparison of the results with a recent scheme due to Toigo and Woodruff shows that the moment-conserving approximation used by these authors is correct for small wave vectors and incorrect for large wave vectors in contrast to the variational method.