cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Invertable Frowns: Video-to-Video Facial Emotion Translation

We present Wav2Lip-Emotion, a video-to-video translation architecture that modifies facial expressions of emotion in videos of speakers. Previous work modifies emotion in images, uses a single image to produce a video with animated emotion, or puppets facial expressions in videos with landmarks from a reference video. However, many use cases such as modifying an actor's performance in post-production, coaching individuals to be more animated speakers, or touching up emotion in a teleconference require a video-to-video translation approach. We explore a method to maintain speakers' identity and pose while translating their expressed emotion. Our approach extends an existing multi-modal lip synchronization architecture to modify the speaker's emotion using L1 reconstruction and pre-trained emotion objectives. We also propose a novel automated emotion evaluation approach and corroborate it with a user study. These find that we succeed in modifying emotion while maintaining lip synchronization. Visual quality is somewhat diminished, with a trade off between greater emotion modification and visual quality between model variants. Nevertheless, we demonstrate (1) that facial expressions of emotion can be modified with nothing other than L1 reconstruction and pre-trained emotion objectives and (2) that our automated emotion evaluation approach aligns with human judgements.
Many-body theory for quasiparticle states in superfluid fermionic systems

We present a formalism for the fermionic quasiparticle propagator in a superfluid fermionic system. Starting from a general many-body Hamiltonian confined by the two-body instantaneous interaction, the equation of motion for the fermionic propagator is obtained in the Dyson form. Before making any approximation, the interaction kernel is found to be decomposed into static and dynamical (time-dependent) contributions, where the latter translates to the energy-dependent and the former maps to the energy-independent terms in the energy domain. The three-fermion correlation function, being the heart of the dynamical part of the kernel, is factorized into the two-fermion and one-fermion ones. With the relaxed particle number constraint, the normal propagator is coupled to the anomalous one via both the static and dynamical kernels, which is formalized by introducing the generalized quasiparticle propagator of the Gor'kov type. The dynamical kernel in the factorized form is associated with the quasiparticle-vibration coupling (QVC), with the vibrations unifying both the normal and pairing phonons. The QVC vertices are related to the variations of the Hamiltonian of the Bogoliubov quasiparticles, which can be obtained by the finite amplitude method.
DIPN: Deep Interaction Prediction Network with Application to Clutter Removal

We propose a Deep Interaction Prediction Network (DIPN) for learning to predict complex interactions that ensue as a robot end-effector pushes multiple objects, whose physical properties, including size, shape, mass, and friction coefficients may be unknown a priori. DIPN "imagines" the effect of a push action and generates an accurate synthetic image of the predicted outcome. DIPN is shown to be sample efficient when trained in simulation or with a real robotic system. The high accuracy of DIPN allows direct integration with a grasp network, yielding a robotic manipulation system capable of executing challenging clutter removal tasks while being trained in a fully self-supervised manner. The overall network demonstrates intelligent behavior in selecting proper actions between push and grasp for completing clutter removal tasks and significantly outperforms the previous state-of-the-art. Remarkably, DIPN achieves even better performance on the real robotic hardware system than in simulation.
The Rules of 4-Dimensional Perspective: How to Implement Lorentz Transformations in Relativistic Visualization.

This paper presents a pedagogical introduction to the issue of how to implement Lorentz transformations in relativistic visualization. The most efficient approach is to use the even geometric algebra in 3+1 spacetime dimensions, or equivalently complex quaternions, which are fast, compact, and robust, and straightforward to compose, interpolate, and spline. The approach has been incorporated into the Black Hole Flight Simulator, an interactive general relativistic ray-tracing program developed by the author.
Helical trajectories of swimming cells with a flexible flagellar hook

A model bacterium with a flexible flagellar hook generically swims along a helical trajectory, even when incorporating detailed hydrodynamics. A bifurcation in the hook's equilibrium bending angle below a critical bending stiffness can have a dramatic effect on the trajectory's helical pitch angle. Analytical predictions for the bifurcation's dependence on the hook's spontaneous curvature, the shape of the cell body, and the flagellum geometry are provided.
Mucin-mimetic glycan arrays integrating machine learning for analyzing receptor pattern recognition by influenza A viruses

Summary Influenza A viruses (IAVs) exploit host glycans in airway mucosa for entry and infection. Detection of changes in IAV glycan-binding phenotype can provide early indication of transmissibility and infection potential. While zoonotic viruses are monitored for mutations, the influence of host glycan presentation on viral specificity remains obscured. Here, we describe an array platform that uses synthetic mimetics of mucin glycoproteins to model how receptor presentation and density in the mucinous glycocalyx may impact IAV recognition. H1N1 and H3N2 binding in arrays of α2,3- and α2,6-sialyllactose receptors confirmed their known sialic-acid-binding specificities and revealed their different sensitivities to receptor presentation. Further, the transition of H1N1 from avian to mammalian cell culture improved the ability of the virus to recognize mucin-like displays of α2,6-sialic acid receptors. Support vector machine (SVM) learning efficiently characterized this shift in binding preference and may prove useful to study viral evolution to a new host.
Estimation of smooth functionals in normal models: Bias reduction and asymptotic efficiency

Let X1,…,Xn be i.i.d. random variables sampled from a normal distribution N(μ,Σ) in Rd with unknown parameter θ=(μ,Σ)∈Θ:=Rd×C+d, where C+d is the cone of positively definite covariance operators in Rd. Given a smooth functional f:Θ↦R1, the goal is to estimate f(θ) based on X1,…,Xn. Let Θ(a;d):=Rd×{Σ∈C+d:σ(Σ)⊂[1/a,a]},a≥1, where σ(Σ) is the spectrum of covariance Σ. Let θˆ:=(μˆ,Σˆ), where μˆ is the sample mean and Σˆ is the sample covariance, based on the observations X1,…,Xn. For an arbitrary functional f∈Cs(Θ), s=k+1+ρ,k≥0,ρ∈(0,1], we define a functional fk:Θ↦R such that supθ∈Θ(a;d)‖fk(θˆ)−f(θ)‖L2(Pθ)≲s,β‖f‖Cs(Θ)[(a n∨aβs( d n)s)∧1], where β=1 for k=0 and β>s−1 is arbitrary for k≥1. This error rate is minimax optimal and similar bounds hold for more general loss functions. If d=dn≤nα for some α∈(0,1) and s≥11−α, the rate becomes O(n−1/2). Moreover, for s>11−α, the estimator fk(θˆ) is shown to be asymptotically efficient. The crucial part of the construction of estimator fk(θˆ) is a bias reduction method studied in the paper for more general statistical models than normal.
Self-supervised Clustering of Mass Spectrometry Imaging Data Using Contrastive Learning

Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is widely used for the label-free molecular mapping of biological samples. The identification of co-localized molecules in MSI data is crucial to the understanding of biochemical pathways. One of key challenges in molecular colocalization is that complex MSI data are too large for manual annotation but too small for training deep neural networks. Herein, we introduce a self-supervised clustering approach based on contrastive learning, which shows an excellent performance in clustering of MSI data. We train a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) using MSI data from a single experiment without manual annotations to effectively learn high-level spatial features from ion images and classify them based on molecular colocalizations. We demonstrate that contrastive learning generates ion image representations that form well-resolved clusters. Subsequent self-labeling is used to fine-tune both the CNN encoder and linear classifier based on confidently classified ion images. This new approach enables autonomous and high-throughput identification of co-localized species in MSI data, which will dramatically expand the application of spatial lipidomics, metabolomics, and proteomics in biological research.
Teaching quantum computing with an interactive textbook

The last few years have seen many new ways to get hands-on with quantum computing, including publicly accessible prototype hardware and software frameworks. Such tools provide new education opportunities, not just for quantum computing specifically, but also more broadly for quantum information science and even quantum physics as a whole. In this paper we present a case study of one education resource which aims to take advantage of the opportunities: the open-source online textbook ‘Learn Quantum Computation using Qiskit’. This blends traditional text with executable code and interactive elements. We give an overview of the form taken by the textbook in 2020, summary of the topics covered and an explanation of the approach taken.
Oceanalin A, a hybrid α,ω-bifunctionalized sphingoid tetrahydroisoquinoline β-glycoside from the marine sponge Oceanapia sp.

[reaction: see text] The novel antifungal compound oceanalin A, an unprecedented "hybrid sphingolipid", was isolated from the marine sponge Oceanapia sp. The structure was elucidated using NMR and MS spectral analysis and chemical degradation. Oceanalin A exhibits in vitro antifungal activity against Candida glabrata with an MIC of 30 mug/mL.
Cumulants as the Variables of Density Cumulant Theory: A Path to Hermitian Triples

We study the combination of orbital-optimized density cumulant theory and a new parameterization of the reduced density matrices in which the variables are the particle-hole cumulant elements. We call this combination OλDCT. We find that this new ansatz solves problems identified in the previous unitary coupled cluster ansatz for density cumulant theory: the theory is now free of near-zero denominators between occupied and virtual blocks, can correctly describe the dissociation of H2, and is rigorously size-extensive. In addition, the new ansatz has fewer terms than the previous unitary ansatz, and the optimal orbitals delivered by the exact theory are the natural orbitals. Numerical studies on systems amenable to full configuration interaction show that the amplitudes from the previous ODC-12 method approximate the exact amplitudes predicted by this ansatz. Studies on equilibrium properties of diatomic molecules show that even with the new ansatz, it is necessary to include triples to improve the accuracy of the method compared to orbital optimized linearized coupled cluster doubles. With a simple iterative triples correction, OλDCT outperforms other orbital-optimized methods truncated at comparable levels in the amplitudes, as well as CCSD(T). By adding four more terms to the cumulant parameterization, OλDCT outperforms CCSDT while having the same O(V5O3) scaling.
Optimal Path-Planning with Random Breakdowns

We propose a model for path-planning based on a single performance metric that accurately accounts for the the potential (spatially inhomogeneous) cost of breakdowns and repairs. These random breakdowns happen at a known (also spatially inhomogeneous) rate and can be one of two types: total, which halt all movement until an in-place repair is completed, or partial, after which movement continues in a damaged state. We use the framework of piecewise-deterministic Markov processes to describe the optimal policy for all starting locations. We also introduce an efficient numerical method that uses hybrid value-policy iterations to solve the resulting system of Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman PDEs. Our method is illustrated through a series of computational experiments that highlight the dependence of optimal policies on the rate and type of breakdowns, with one of them based on Martian terrain data near Jezero Crater.
Neonatal Care in Labor and Delivery Room

The transition from a fetus to a newborn is the most complex physiologic adaptation that occurs in human experience.
Social information improves location prediction in the wild

How can knowing the location of my friends be used to more accurately predict my location? This paper explores socially-aware location prediction under a particularly challenging setting where the underlying interactions and social network are unknown and must be inferred over continuous spatiotemporal data. Our method samples inferred network topology using a linear regression model to predict future individual locations. We present an in-depth empirical study comparing different network models and network sampling regimes under a bootstrapped sampling baseline. Furthermore, our qualitative analysis demonstrates the value of social information in population mobility modeling under our application’s challenges.
The making of Gratian's Decretum

List of illustrations List of tables Preface List of abbreviations and Conspectus siglorum 1. Gratian and the Decretum 2. Heresy and excommunication: Causa 24 3. Obedience or contempt: Causa 11, Questio 3 4. The two recensions of the Decretum 5. Gratian and Roman law 6. The men behind the Decretum Conclusion: medieval law and the Decretum Appendix: the contents of the first recension of Gratian's Decretum Bibliography Index of cited passages in Gratian's Decretum Index of papal letters General index.
Effect of Pictures on Recall of Written Prose: How Durable Are Picture Effects?

There is now substantial evidence that pictures can be used to facilitate the recall of information presented in prose passages. There is also evidence that the presence of pictures in prose passages does not hinder the recall of information that is not pictured. Are the picture effects durable over longer periods (55 days) of time? Do pictures included in prose passages help or hinder subjects' recall of information that is not pictured? Results of this study provide evidence that picture effects are durable. In addition, the inclusion of pictures in prose passages did not interfere with the recall of information presenter' only in the prose passage.
A replica-biased 50% duty cycle PLL architecture with 1/spl times/ VCO

A replica-biased PLL providing wider-frequency-range lower-power consumption and improved clock jitter and loop stability, is fabricated in 0.13/spl mu/m CMOS technology. A wide common-mode input range, matched-current amplifier provides a stable duty cycle at all operating conditions. In comparison of 1/spl times/ and 2/spl times/ VCO architecture, the 1/spl times/ VCO shows improved core timing.
Research in progress: a preliminary theoretical framework for understanding e-governance initiatives

A critical component that has been missing from the e-governance literature in general is theorising about the design of the information system itself. Since information systems used by governments "encapsulate the structures, routines, norms, and values implicit in the rich contexts within which they are embedded," [1] they must been seen as a development project shaped by social (key stakeholders, conflicts, power moves, symbolic acts, etc.) and technological factors (existing technology infrastructures, technical know-how, skills). The development trajectory of such a project is not pre-determined but contingent upon broad social contexts.To highlight the dynamic relationship between the way in which information systems used by governments are designed, the manner in which they are institutionalised and the impact of these two processes on governance practices and structures, I present a theoretical framework that combines social shaping of technology theories (from science and technology studies) and institutional theory (from sociology) and social movement theory.
Generation of Cultured Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells from Rat Neonatal Brains

The oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) is one of the most studied progenitor cells of the body. It has been extensively researched in tissue culture and more recently in vivo using a wide range of markers that recognize transcription factors and cell surface markers and identify its earliest development from neural stem cells onward. Isolation of OPCs in large numbers and in purified preparations has been sought after as a source of cells for the repair of human myelin disorders. It has been proposed that such cells could be used as an exogenous source of cells for the treatment of lesions in multiple sclerosis and the less common genetic myelin disorders such as Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease. Prior to clinical trials, such approaches can be tested in animal models. Here, we describe the isolation of rat OPCs in culture conditions that provide large numbers of purified populations of cells.
Metabolism of sugars and physical performance

Physical activity in the form of exercise requires the metabolism of bodily fuel reserves to provide energy for muscle contraction. Under normal circumstances, very little protein is metabolized to provide the energy for muscle contraction. At rest and at low exercise intensities, the metabolism of fat provides a considerable proportion of the energy for resting metabolic processes and muscle contraction. However, at exercise intensities at which athletes train and compete, the metabolism of bodily carbohydrate reserves (eg, blood glucose and liver and muscle glycogen) provides the predominant fuel for muscle contraction. Furthermore, when these substrates reach critically low amounts or are decreased by some amount, fatigue occurs. There is a significant body of literature examining the effects of ingestion of various types of sugars at various times during exercise and during recovery from exercise on carbohydrate fuel reserves and on physical performance.
Federal Government Receipts and Expenditures, 1861–1875

This study presents three sets of data dealing with Federal Government revenues, expenditures, and financing for the period 1861–1875. These extend and augment the author's previous estimates covering the years through 1860. The first set presents expenditures classified by major function, annual, by fiscal year ending June 30. The second set consists of annual estimates of Federal revenue and expenditures on a money-flow basis comparable to the national income accounts. The two sets differ slightly in totals because of differing degrees of netting.
Induction chemotherapy employing dose-intense cisplatin with mitomycin and vinblastine (MVP400), followed by thoracic surgery or irradiation, for patients with stage III nonsmall cell lung carcinoma.

BACKGROUND Cisplatin-based induction chemotherapy before surgery or irradiation has improved the survival of patients with Stage III nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Encouraged by earlier results with preoperative MVP (cisplatin [120 mg/m2 or 25 mg/m2/week], vinblastine, and mitomycin) for Stage IIIA patients with clinically apparent mediastinal (N2) disease, the authors conducted a Phase II trial of the safety and efficacy of induction MVP400 with the dose intensity of cisplatin doubled from 25 to 50 mg/m2 per week. METHODS From October 1992 to March 1996, 37 patients with Stage IIIA (26) or Stage IIIB (11) NSCLC began the MVP400 induction chemotherapy program. Four doses of cisplatin (100 mg/m2), 7 doses of vinblastine, and 2 doses of mitomycin were given over 9 weeks. Patients received either surgery or irradiation after induction treatment. RESULTS Overall, the response rate was 65% (95% confidence interval, 49–81%) with a complete resection rate of 67%. The median survival was 17 months, with 66% of patients alive at 1 year. Complete resection and Stage IIIA involvement were favorable prognostic indicators for survival. No Stage IIIB patients underwent a complete resection. Myelosuppression was the most common side effect. There were no treatment-related deaths. CONCLUSIONS Although high response and complete resection rates were again demonstrated, results with the MVP400 regimen were not improved over those achieved with MVP regimen tested earlier with Stage IIIA (N2) patients. The authors continue to recommend MVP as an induction chemotherapy regimen for clinical trials. Cancer 1999;86:1189–97. © 1999 American Cancer Society.
A three-dimensional kinematic and kinetic comparison of overground and treadmill walking in healthy elderly subjects.

Abstract Background Instrumented treadmills offer a number of advantages for the biomechanical analysis of elderly gait, yet it is unclear how closely treadmill gait approximates overground gait. Although studies have indicated that the kinematics and kinetics of overground and treadmill gait are very similar in young adults, it still needs to be determined whether data collected in elderly adults during treadmill walking can be generalized to overground gait. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to compare the three-dimensional kinematics and kinetics of treadmill gait to overground gait in a group of healthy elderly subjects. Methods Three-dimensional kinematic and kinetic data for 18 healthy, nondisabled elderly subjects, age 65–81 years, were collected for speed-matched overground and treadmill walking conditions. Findings Overall, the kinematics and kinetics of gait during treadmill and overground walking in the elderly had very similar patterns. However, during treadmill walking elderly subjects showed greater cadence, smaller stride length and stride time as well as reductions in the majority of joint angles, moments and powers when compared to overground walking. Interpretation The large increase in cadence suggests that an effective method of acclimation to treadmill walking still needs to be determined. Because of the differences, we believe that in order for instrumented treadmills to become a suitable tool for research and training purposes in healthy elderly, subjects must be adequately acclimated to the treadmill.
trans-Platinum Planar Amine Compounds with [N2O2] Ligand Donor Sets: Effects of Carboxylate Leaving Groups and Steric Hindrance on Chemical and Biological Properties

Replacement of NH3 by a planar amine L to give trans-[PtCl2(L)(L‘)] (L = NH3, L‘= pyridine or substituted pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, thiazole; L = L‘= pyridine, thiazole), greatly enhances the cytotoxicity of the transplatinum geometry. The “parent” compound trans-[PtCl2(NH3)2] is therapeutically inactive. Modification of the ligands to an [N2O2] donor set, where O represents an acetate leaving group, enhances the aqueous solubility while retaining the cytotoxicity of the parent chloride compounds. The effect of two mutual trans leaving groups with weak trans influence is to impart remarkable chemical stability on the structure. This strategy is analogous to the use of the inert dicarboxylate leaving groups in the clinical compounds carboplatin and oxaliplatin. In this paper, systematic modification of the steric effects of carrier pyridine groups and, especially, carboxylate leaving groups in trans-[Pt(O2CR)2(NH3)(pyr)] is shown to modulate aqueous solubility and hydrolysis to the activated aqua ...
RESTRICTED AND UNRESTRICTED HARTREE-FOCK CALCULATIONS FOR ATOMIC LITHIUM

Abstract The unsymmetrized unrestricted and several restricted versions of the Hartree-Fock formalism are used in calculations for atomic lithium. The calculations lead to very similar results. This suggests that it is advantageous to use a particularly tractable version of the restricted Hartree-Fock formalism.
Case management with hurricane katrina survivors: Perspectives of case managers and supervisors

ABSTRACT Disaster case management is an important but under-researched aspect of disaster recovery. This study explored the perspectives of case managers and supervisors about the needs of Hurricane Katrina survivors. Telephone interviews with 168 case managers and supervisors in 32 states identified client motivation and availability of resources as key factors in successful cases. Conversely, lack of client motivation perceived or resources were key factors in challenging cases. Housing, employment, and transportation were identified as survivors' greatest needs. Further research is needed to develop best practices in enhancing client motivation, addressing cultural differences, and improving post-disaster resource development.
TiN(001) and TiN(111) island coarsening kinetics: in-situ scanning tunneling microscopy studies

Abstract In-situ high-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy was used to follow the coarsening (Ostwald ripening) and decay kinetics of two-dimensional TiN islands on atomically-flat TiN(001) and TiN(111) terraces at 750–950°C. The rate-limiting mechanism for island decay was found to be adatom surface-diffusion on (001) and attachment/detachment at step edges on (111) surfaces. We have modeled island decay kinetics based upon the Gibbs–Thomson and steady-state diffusion equations to obtain a 001-step edge energy per unit length of 0.23±0.05 eV/A with an activation energy of 3.4±0.3 eV for adatom formation and diffusion on TiN(001). The activation energy for adatom formation and attachment/detachment on TiN(111) is 3.5±0.3 eV.
The solubility of TiO2 in olivine: implications for the mantle wedge environment

Abstract One characteristic of many subduction zone garnet peridotites is that they contain titanium-bearing phases not otherwise found in mantle rocks. In particular, titanoclinohumite (TiCH) and/or its breakdown assemblage consisting of symplectic intergrowths of olivine and ilmenite is common in many of these bodies. The Alpe Arami garnet lherzolite of the Lepontine Alps, while lacking TiCH, displays instead large numbers of FeTiO 3 rod-shaped precipitates in the oldest generation of olivine, amounting to approximately 1% by volume, indicating that at some time in its past, the peridotite experienced conditions under which the solubility of TiO 2 in olivine was greater than 0.6 wt.%. In order to test the hypothesis that the environment of very high solubility of TiO 2 in olivine is to be found at very high pressures, we have conducted experiments on lherzolite compositions with added ilmenite at pressures between 5 and 12 GPa and temperatures of 1350-1700 K. Our results on anhydrous compositions show that, whereas solubility of TiO 2 was not detected in olivine at 5 GPa, 1400 K where it coexists with rutile, when rutile disappeared from the paragenesis, the solubility climbed to 0.5 wt.% at 8 and 10 GPa, and to 1 wt.% at 12 GPa, all at 1600 K. These results support our previous interpretations from titanate morphology and abundance that the Alpe Arami massif has surfaced from depths > 300 km (corresponding to pressures > 10 GPa) but remove the need to suggest a deeper origin and possible precursor phase such as wadsleyite. They also support the hypothesis that garnet peridotites with unusual Ti-bearing phases reflect a unique mantle environment occurring in the mantle wedge overlying subduction zones. © 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Albumin synthesis rates in patients with hypoproteinemia.

Albumin synthesis rates in 7 hypoproteinemic patients were determined. 75 Selenomethionine, an amino acid precursor to albumin, was injected, and serial blood samples were taken over a 5 day period. Albumin was isolated from serum by Sephadex gel filtration, quantitated, and the radioactivity determined. An incorporation constant, K inc , representing the rate of albumin incorporation of 75 selenomethionine per liter of plasma per hour was determined. The hypoproteinemic children with excessive protein loss had a mean K inc of 9.38×10 5 c.p.m. per liter per hour compared to that of control subjects of 4.88×10 5 c.p.m. per liter per hour. Hypoproteinemic patients with severe liver disease had a mean K inc of less than half that of control subjects (1.58×10 5 ). Patients with excessive protein loss are apparently unable to adequately compensate for protein loss. They do not have a primary defect in protein synthesis.
B-cell antigen receptor motifs have redundant signalling capabilities and bind the tyrosine kinases PTK72, Lyn and Fyn

Abstract Background : The 13 cell antigen receptor (BCR) is a multimeric protein complex consisting of an antigen recognition structure (membrane immunoglobulin) and two associated proteins, lg-α and Ig-β It has been proposed that signalling through the BCR involves Ig-α and Ig-β. Both of these proteins contain within their cytoplasmic domains an amino-acid motif that is present in a number of immune recognition receptors, including the BCR, T-cell antigen receptor and Fc receptor complexes. This motif, termed the antigen-receptor homology motif (ARH1), appears to have signal transduction ability. Results : We now show that the presence of cytoplasmic regions containing the ARM motif from either Ig-α or Ig-β is sufficient to confer signalling capability on an otherwise non-functional fusion protein. Both Ig-α- and Ig-β-containing chimeras induced, in an apparently redundant fashion, signalling events seen upon membrane immunoglobulin crosslinking, including tyrosine phosphorylation of particular proteins, phosphoinositicle breakdown and calcium mobilization. Furthermore, crosslinking of the chimeras resulted in tyrosine phosphorylation of the Ig-α and Tg-β tails and their association with the tyrosine kinases PTK72, p53/56 lyn and p59 fyn . Conclusions : These observations indicate that Ig-α and Ig-β are responsible for coupling membrane immunoglobulin to intracellular signalling components. Moreover, they demonstrate that a number of tyrosine kinases associate directly with the cytoplasmic domains of both Ig-α and Ig-β. Stimulation of the chimeras, which results in tyrosine phosphorylation of the ig-α and Ig-β tails, is a prerequisite for some of these associations. The implications of these findings for the mechanism by which the BCR initiates the signalling reactions are discussed.
Evaluating the efficacy of using a short-pulsed erbium:YAG laser for intraoperative resurfacing of surgical wounds.

Background and Objective There are many studies demonstrating the aesthetic benefits of resurfacing a wound 4–8 weeks following surgical closure. Several anecdotal reports have been published stating that resurfacing a wound at the time of closure is also of cosmetic benefit. Our study was designed to evaluate the effects of resurfacing wound edges at the time of surgical closure. Study Design/Materials and Methods Ten patients with skin types I–III undergoing reconstruction on the head or neck using a complex linear closure of at least 4 cm in length were enrolled in the study. Following the placement of subcutaneous sutures and an intradermal running suture, a split scar study was designed. Half of the wound was left as a control and half of the wound was resurfaced with a short pulsed Erbium:YAG laser. Both sides were treated with a hydrogel dressing. Follow-up evaluations were performed 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months post-operatively. The wound was evaluated for any adverse reactions. The degree of erythema, textural misalignment or tissue mismatch, and overall aesthetic appearance of both sides of the scar were evaluated and scored. Results There were no incidents of infection, dehiscence, hematoma, necrosis, or reaction to the dressing during the study. There was a trend towards greater erythema in the resurfaced half of the scar at the 1 week and 1 month evaluation. There was a trend towards less tissue mismatch and better overall aesthetic appearance of the side of the scar that had been resurfaced. The differences however were not statistically significant. Conclusion Given the time and resources necessary to perform an intraoperative resurfacing procedure on the wound edges, it may be more reasonable to withhold resurfacing procedures for those few cases that may require it postoperatively (patients with a history of poor healing, highly sebaceous areas, etc.). When good operative technique is used, most surgical wounds on the head and neck heal very well with excellent aesthetic outcomes without any additional intervention. Lasers Surg. Med. 30:101–105, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Partial purification and properties of the fructose-1,6-diphosphatase from Acinetobacter lwoffi

Abstract Fructose-1,6-diphosphatase (FDPase) from Acinetobacter lwoffi (Mima polymorpha) was partially purified and some of its properties investigated. The enzyme is constitutive for the organism and its levels are not affected by the different growth substrates used. Time study experiments showed no appreciable fluctuations during the different growth phases in any medium. Like most other FDPases studied, the enzyme in Acinetobacter requires a divalent cation like Mg2+ or Mn2+, has a high affinity for the substrate, is stimulated by low concentrations of EDTA, has a pH optimum in the alkaline range, and is inhibited by high substrate concentrations. The presence of EDTA in the reaction mixture causes a small shift in the pH optimum in different buffers. The enzyme is strongly inhibited by ATP, ITP, and GTP and to lesser extents by ADP, IDP, and citrate but is relatively insensitive to AMP. However, a lowering of pH results in some enhancement of AMP inhibition. Evidence is presented to show that the treatment of the enzyme with ATP and citrate results in an alteration of the protein leading to reduced affinity for the substrate and consequently reduced activity. At moderate concentrations, the inhibition caused by ATP and citrate together is additive. Three different assay procedures failed to demonstrate any phosphofructokinase activity in crude and partially purified preparations of Acinetobacter lwoffi. It is postulated that modulation of the enzyme by the substrate itself is a major regulatory mechanism in this highly oxidative organism.
Convergence of DSM-III Diagnoses and Self-Reported Symptoms in Child and Adolescent Inpatients

A systematic study of the relationship between empirically-derived diagnoses and symptom patterns is reported in a sample of 160 preadolescents and adolescents consecutively admitted to a psychiatric inpatient setting. Results show that the DSM-III diagnoses generated using the child version of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC-C) were significantly associated with several factor analytically-derived symptom scales of the Achenbach and Edelbrock Youth Self-Report. The results included the finding of significant associations for conduct disorders with the delinquency scale, for affective disorders with the depressed scale, and for both affective and anxiety disorders with the broad-band internalizing scales. This study suggests implications about diagnostic categorizations and construct validity as well as implications for clinical evaluation.
Computer Science Principles: Expanding the Community (Abstract Only)

Computer Science Principles will become an Advanced Placement course in AY 2016-2017, with the launch of the first APCSP exam in May of 2017, with through-course assessments/performance tasks being completed by students starting at the beginning of that academic year. In this BOF we will hear from participants about their questions and concerns in anticipation of the launch of the course and exam. The BOF will be part of launching a community of practice for teachers and educators who are not part of a formal NSF project, Project Lead the Way, or Code.org whose participants may have a community of practice.
Movement of Smallmouth Bass within the Beaver Island Archipelago, Northern Lake Michigan.

Abstract Fish movement may vary across a wide array of aquatic ecosystems and may be related to the overall size of the system inhabited. We investigated movement of smallmouth bass in Lake Michigan because this information is lacking for larger systems. A total of 16 smallmouth bass were surgically implanted with ultrasonic transmitters within the Beaver Archipelago, northern Lake Michigan. During 2007–2008, a maximum of one location per individual was recorded daily during three specific tracking periods – pre-spawn, spawning, and post-spawn – to determine diurnal movement patterns. Movement was evaluated as site fidelity, minimum displacement rate, maximum excursion rate, and distance from shore. Smallmouth bass exhibited greater maximum excursion rates during the spawn period compared to pre-spawn. Movement rates did not differ between tracking periods; however, movement rates were greater during the spawn period in 2007 than 2008. Both sexes moved further offshore to deeper water during post-spawn, but females were located further offshore than males during this period. Annual site fidelity was more evident during post-spawn than during spawning for both sexes. Two smallmouth bass emigrated outside of the Archipelago, suggesting this population may be more “open” in terms of individuals moving throughout northern Lake Michigan than previously thought. These results indicate smallmouth bass may move greater distances in larger aquatic systems and therefore larger management units (in terms of total area) should be established in Lake Michigan to account for these greater excursion distances.
The concept of a changing receptor concentration: implications for the theory of drug action.

Drugs are considered to produce their effects on biological tissues either by altering some physical property of cells or by interacting with specific cellular components, called receptors. Most drugs and endogenous neurotransmitters act on highly selective receptors located on the outer surface membrane of cells. These receptors were believed, until recently, to be stationary on the cell surface and to be present in unvarying numbers. Consequently, most early theorists modeled the drug-receptor interaction on the basis of stationary and static receptor molecules. The substantial advances in our understanding of drug action based on these models have partly justified this view. However, recent electron microscopic studies have revealed the presence of structures, including “coated” pits and vesicles, that appear to provide a mechanism by which cell surface receptors might be internalized in a process of endocytosis. The precise intracellular fate of these internalized receptors is unknown, but based on present understanding, it seems reasonable to believe that some are destroyed intracellularly whereas others are recycled to the cell surface. The importance of such processes to pharmacologic theory is a new awareness of a cellular pathway that is capable of internalizing drugs, receptors, or both. The implications of such a process to the theory of drug action extends to some unexplained drug phenomena such as down regulation, drug tolerance, tachyphyllaxis, and partial agonism. We present herein the theoretical framework for a model of drug action that incorporates the possibility of receptor internalization and subsequent degradation, recycling, or replacement. This more general model of drug action reduces to the conventional one in the absence of an endocytosis process and the application of the model does not require any empirical data beyond that which is required by present models. Three specific cases are discussed: (1) Endocytosis of free (unbound) receptors in proportion to the number bound, (2) Endocytosis of free receptors, along with replenishment from two possible sources: receptor recycling and de novo synthesis, (3) Receptor-mediated endocytosis, that is, endocytosis stimulated by ligand-binding.
Synthesis of 2,3-epoxypropyl β-glycosides of (1→6)-β-d-galactopyranooligosaccharides and their binding to monoclonal anti-galactan IgA J539 and IgA X24

Abstract Reaction of 2,3,4-tri- O -acetyl-6- O -(bromoacetyl)-α- d -galactopyranosyl bromide ( 2 ) with allyl 2,3,4-tri- O -acetyl-β- d -galactopyranoside gave allyl O -[2,3,4-tri- O -acetyl-6- O -(bromoacetyl)-α and β- d -galactopyranosyl]-(1→6)-2,3,4-tri- O -acetyl-β- d -galactopyranoside, 4 (4%) and 5 (88%), respectively. Selective removal of the bromoacetyl group from 5 gave allyl O -(2,3,4-tri- O -acetyl-β- d -galactopyranosyl)-(1→6)-2,3,4-tri- O -acetyl-β- d -galactopyranoside ( 6 ), which, after condensation with 2,3,4,6-tetra- O -acetyl-α- d -galactopyranosyl bromide ( 1 ) yielded both allyl O -(2,3,4,6-tetra- O -acetyl-α- and β- d -galactopyranosyl)-(1→6)- O -(2,3,4-tri- O -acetyl-β- d -galactopyranosyl)-(1→6)-2,3,4-tri- O -acetyl-β- d - galactopyranoside, 7 (10%) and 8 (70%), respectively. When 6 was condensed with 2 , allyl O -[2,3,4-tri- O -acetyl-6- O -(bromoacetyl)-β- d -galactopyranosyl]-(1→6)- O -(2,3,4-tri- O -acetyl-β- d -galactopyranosyl)- (1→6)-2,3,4-tri- O -acetyl-β- d -galactopyranoside (75%) was obtained. This was selectively O -de(bromoacetyl)ated to yield the nonaacetate, which was condensed with bromide 1 to give allyl O -(2,3,4,6-tetra- O -acetyl-α- and -β- d -galactopyranosyl)-(1→6)- O -(2,3,4-tri- O -acetyl-β- d -galactopyranosyl)-(1→6)- O -(2,3,4-tri- O -acetyl-β- d - galactopyranosyl)-(1→6)-2,3,4-tri- O -acetyl-β- d -galactopyranoside, 14 (4%) and 15 (70%). Epoxidation of the allyl group of 8 and 15 with m -chloroperoxybenzoic acid, and removal of the acetyl protecting groups with sodium methoxide, gave, respectively, 2,3-epoxypropyl O -β- d -galactopyranosyl-(1→6)- O -β- d -galactopyranosyl-(1→6)-β- d -galactopyranoside ( 17 ) and the corresponding tetrasaccharide 19 . Sequential acetylation and O -debenzylation of 6- O -benzyl- d -galactose, followed by coupling of the product with bromide 1 , yielded O -(2,3,4,6-tetra- O -acetyl-β- d -galactopyranosyl)-(1→6)-1,2,3,4-tetra- O -acetyl-β- d -galactopyranose ( 12 ). Conversion of 12 into the bromide by treatment with bromotrimethylsilane, and the condensation of the product with nucleophile 6 also gave the β-linked tetrasaccharide 15 of this series. Epoxidation of the allyl group, followed by removal of acetyl blocking groups in the latter compound, again gave 2,3-epoxypropyl O -β- d -galactopyranosyl-(1→6)- O -β- d -galactopyranosyl-(1→6)- O -β- d -galactopyranosyl-(1→6)-β- d -galactopyranoside ( 19 ). Compounds 17 and 19 showed a high degree of affinity for antigalactan monoclonal antibodies IgA J539 and IgA X24.
Refocused Primary Echo: A Zero Dead Time Detection of the Electron Spin Echo Envelope Modulation

Abstract We report on the two-dimensional (2D) implementation of the refocused primary electron spin echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) technique, its theory and experimental application to a model system and a system of biological interest. This technique is virtually free of dead time along one time coordinate. The ESEEM obtained by integration of the 2D time-domain data of the refocused primary ESEEM over one of the time coordinates shows the intensity of the sum combination harmonics proportional to k 2 for k ⪡ 1 and proportional to k for k ∼ 1 ( k is a usual notation for the modulation amplitude factor). This feature, in combination with the adjustment of k by means of variation of the operational frequency of the spectrometer, was found to be very useful for detection of protons with distributed hyperfine interaction parameters situated close to the electron spin.
Plant Hybrid Zones as Sinks for Pests

An 8-year study of how aphids are distributed and survive on hybrid and pure host populations showed that the more susceptible hybrid trees acted as pest sinks supporting most of the aphid populati...
16-Aza-ent-beyerane and 16-Aza-ent-trachylobane: Potent Mechanism-Based Inhibitors of Recombinant ent-Kaurene Synthase from Arabidopsis thaliana

The secondary ent-beyeran-16-yl carbocation (7) is a key branch point intermediate in mechanistic schemes to rationalize the cyclic structures of many tetra- and pentacyclic diterpenes, including ent-beyerene, ent-kaurene, ent-trachylobane, and ent-atiserene, presumed precursors to >1000 known diterpenes. To evaluate these mechanistic hypotheses, we synthesized the heterocyclic analogues 16-aza-ent-beyerane (12) and 16-aza-ent-trachylobane (13) by means of Hg(II)- and Pb(IV)-induced cyclizations onto the Delta12 double bonds of tricyclic intermediates bearing carbamoylmethyl and aminomethyl groups at C-8. The 13,16-seco-16-norcarbamate (20a) was obtained from ent-beyeran-16-one oxime (17) by Beckmann fragmentation, hydrolysis, and Curtius rearrangement. The aza analogues inhibited recombinant ent-kaurene synthase from Arabidopsis thaliana (GST-rAtKS) with inhibition constants (IC50 = 1 x 10-7 and 1 x 10-6 M) similar in magnitude to the pseudo-binding constant of the bicyclic ent-copalyl diphosphate substrate (Km = 3 x 10-7 M). Large enhancements of binding affinities (IC50 = 4 x 10-9 and 2 x 10-8 M) were observed in the presence of 1 mM pyrophosphate, which is consistent with a tightly bound ent-beyeranyl+/pyrophosphate- ion pair intermediate in the cyclization-rearrangement catalyzed by this diterpene synthase. The weak inhibition (IC50 = 1 x 10-5 M) exhibited by ent-beyeran-16-exo-yl diphosphate (11) and its failure to undergo bridge rearrangement to kaurene appear to rule out the covalent diphosphate as a free intermediate. 16-Aza-ent-beyerane is proposed as an effective mimic for the ent-beyeran-16-yl carbocation with potential applications as an active site probe for the various ent-diterpene cyclases and as a novel, selective inhibitor of gibberellin biosynthesis in plants.
Raman Effect of Sulphuric Acid

USING incident mercury light, the Raman effect of sulphuric acid at varying concentrations has been studied. In the results below, 100 per cent is the purest acid obtainable; 50 per cent is 1 molecule of sulphuric acid to 1 molecule of water; 0 per cent is pure water.
Pain catastrophizing and social support in married individuals with chronic pain: the moderating role of pain duration

In the current study, 96 married chronic pain patients were recruited from the community to test hypotheses about the roles of catastrophizing and psychological distress in relation to perceived support from close others. It was expected that pain duration would moderate the relationship between catastrophizing and perceived support and between catastrophizing and psychological distress. In addition, distress was hypothesized to mediate the relationship between the pain duration-catastrophizing interaction and support. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that pain duration interacted with catastrophizing such that at shorter pain durations, pain catastrophizing was related to more perceived solicitous spouse responses; however no such relationship existed for patients with longer pain durations. In contrast, catastrophizing was significantly related to less perceived spousal support (i.e. support not specific to pain) in patients with longer durations of pain whereas no significant relationship existed for patients with shorter pain durations. Pain duration did not interact with catastrophizing in relating to psychological distress, which precluded the examination of distress as a mediator between the pain duration-catastrophizing interaction and support. Moreover, psychological distress did not significantly mediate the relationships between pain catastrophizing and perceived support. These findings are discussed in the context of cognitive-behavioral and interpersonal perspectives of pain.