cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interplay of nonrelativistic and relativistic effects in neutrino oscillations

A theoretical structure that involves neutrino mass eigenstates at nonrelativistic as well as relativistic energies is presented. Using this framework, we find that if the particle $X$, with a mass $33.9$ MeV, of the KARMEN Collaboration anomaly is identified with the third neutrino mass eigenstate, then the present limit of $23$ MeV upper bound on the $\ensuremath{\tau}$ neutrino mass implies $|{U}_{\ensuremath{\tau}3}|l0.82$.
Genetic Structure of the Mesic Forest-Adapted Herbs Trillium cuneatum and Trillium stamineum (Melanthiaceae) in the South-Central United States

ABSTRACT Trillium (Melanthiaceae) is a highly diverse genus in the Southeast and includes many local endemics. Previous studies on Trillium in eastern North America identified significant genetic structure associated with limited seed dispersal and historical landscape barriers. In this study, genetic structure was examined in Trillium cuneatum and T. stamineum across Mississippi and western Alabama to look for further evidence that landscape features influence genetic structure at local scales. DNA sequence variation in the trnL intron and trnL-trnF intergenic region was examined across 12 populations of T. cuneatum and six populations of T. stamineum. Samples of Trillium ludovicianum and Trillium foetidissimum were included for comparison. Five and four haplotypes were discovered in T. cuneatum and T. stamineum, respectively, but most populations were fixed for a single haplotype. Haplotypes from T. cuneatum in southwestern Mississippi were also present in congeneric species. Significant geographic stru...
Kibaran Metamorphic Belt in Pan-African Domain of West Africa?

THE Kibarides, characterized by radiometric ages in the range 1,300–800 m.y., were first recognized in the Congo Craton1,2 of central and eastern Africa where the shield has not been overprinted by the 600 ± 150 m.y. Pan-African thermotectonic event. They comprise the Kibara and Karagwe-Ankolean metasedimentary cover and older reacted crystalline basement rocks and major events in the Kibaran orogeny have been shown to have occurred between 1,300 and 1,180 m.y. ago3,4. In southern Africa, within the Kalahari Craton1,2, a second cratonic block with respect to the Pan-African event, similar age patterns have been found in the Namaqualand and Natal belts and although these belts are dominantly granitic and gneissic in character and lack metasedimentary sequences equivalent to the Kibara and Karagwe-Ankolean Groups, they have long been considered to be synchronous with the Kibarides5.
Photoreduction of 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane Initiated by TiO2 Particles

Reductive dehalogenation of 1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane (CFC 113) takes place upon illumination of air-free suspensions of TiO2 particles containing formate ions. Chloride ions and 1,2-dichlorotrifluoroethane (HCFC 123a) are the main reaction products. Reaction rates increase with increasing concentration of CFC even beyond the solubility limit of the Freon in water. Evidence is presented that a chain transformation of the Freon takes place in formate solutions. The results are explained assuming that reduction of the Freon proceeds via a radical chain mechanism, which involves participation of CFC and formate species located on as well as next to the oxide surface.
Dynamic spin fluctuations in the molecular ferromagnet (DMeFc)(TCNE)

The static and dynamic magnetic properties of the molecular ferromagnet decamethylferrocenium tetracyanoethenide (DMeFc)(TCNE) are studied via the muon-spin-relaxation technique. Spontaneous order is observed in the ferromagnetic ground state below 5 K, while the muon-spin-relaxation rate in the paramagnetic phase displays a gradual variation with temperature, indicating that a slowing down of spin fluctuations occurs over a wide temperature range. The temperature dependence of spin fluctuations between 8 and 80 K shows the thermally activated behavior expected in a spin chain with Ising character.
“Era costa brava é mal país en tierra”: caminantes y navegantes al noroeste de Nueva España

In the middle of the 16th century the Viceroy of the New Spain, Antonio de Mendoza, sends two expeditions to the northwest in search of Seven Cibola's Cities: a group for land supervised by Vasquez de Coronado and a group by sea supervised by Hernando de Alarcon. Both Relations that narrate these trips are analyzed illustrating the speech of the navigators and the speech of the wayfarers.
Planning in the preschool years: The emergence of plans from general event knowledge

Abstract A framework for conceptualizing the relationship between event knowledge and planning is proposed, and two experiments are reported that examined children's ability to draw on event knowledge in planning. Preschool children were asked to plan and execute shopping trips to a pretend grocery store. Half of the children planned for two events on successive trials (Level 1, single-goal planning) and half of the children planned for two events simultaneously (Level 2, multiple-event planning). The amount of external support for planning was also manipulated. In Experiment 1, 3-, 4-, and 5-year-olds were presented with either a clustered or interleaved display. In Experiment 2, 3- and 4-year-olds were given adult assistance in plan construction. Results indicated that children's planning becomes more complex and flexible with age. Older children also rely less on external supports for planning. However, when external support was provided, 3- and 4-year-olds displayed higher-level planning abilities. Results are discussed in terms of the roles of event knowledge and external support in the early development of planning skills.
Distribution of oil or other diethyl ether extractable material in various fractions of peanuts infected with selected fungi.

Percentage oil or other diethyl ether soluble material was determined in lyophilized ground whole seeds and in buffer (sodium phosphate; pH 7.9, I -0.01) soluble and insoluble extracts of high quality “Florunner” peanuts, (Arachia hypogaea L.) not inoculated or inoculated withAspergillus parasiticus, Aspergillus oryzae, Rhizopus oligosporus, orNeurospora sitophila and held for various time intervals to 18 days. During the test period, percentage ether extractable material increased in buffer soluble fractions of peanuts infected with these fungi and decreased in insoluble preparations. The trends of these quantitative changes at various test intervals were similar for seeds infected withA. parasiticus andR. oligosporus. Likewise, percentages were similar for seeds infected withN. sitophila andA. oryzae. The percentage ether soluble material in whole seeds infected with these fungi either decreased slightly or did not change during the test periods. Data suggest that techniques developed to separate oil and protein fractions from high quality peanuts using aqueous extraction processes may not be suitable for isolating these components from molded or partially decomposed seeds.
First-order phase transitions in intermediate-valence solids—a theory based on metallic hydrogen

We have developed a theory of the first-order phase transition in intermediate-valence (IV) solids at zero temperature. Inputs into the theory are ${m}^{*}$, the effective mass of the $5d$ electrons, $\ensuremath{\kappa}$, the electronic dielectric constant at low frequencies, ${I}_{0}$, a formation energy of an electron-hole pair ${(4f)}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{(4f)}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{-}1}$ ($5d$ or $6s$) in the metallic state, and the repulsive energy between positive [both ${(4f)}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ and ${(4f)}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{-}1}5d$] and negative ions. All these quantities, except ${I}_{0}$, can be obtained from independent measurements. The many-body properties of the $5d$ electrons, including the important screening effects, are obtained by suitable scaling from density-functional calculations of metallic hydrogen. Depending on the values of ${m}^{*}$, $\ensuremath{\kappa}$, ${I}_{0}$, the lattice parameter $a$, and the ionic repulsive energies, the system is in conventional insulating, Mott insulating, integral, or nonintegral valence (IV) metallic states. We have applied the theory to SmS, where ${m}^{*}\ensuremath{\simeq}1$ and $\ensuremath{\kappa}\ensuremath{\sim}4.5$. We have treated ${I}_{0}$ as a free parameter. With the choice of ${I}_{0}=2.5$ eV, the experimental first-order phase transition between insulating and IV metallic states was well reproduced: $P\ensuremath{\sim}6.5$ kbar, $\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}V}{V}\ensuremath{\simeq}13%$, and a valence change of about 0.6.
Drugs and the liver

The authors discuss the liver's influence on drug disposition in the body and the influence of drugs on the liver. Drug-induced hepatotoxicity with regard to mechanisms and causative agents is discussed, as well as administration of drugs to patients with existing liver disease.
Dynamical erosion of the asteroid belt and implications for large impacts in the inner Solar System

Abstract The cumulative effects of weak resonant and secular perturbations by the major planets produce chaotic behavior of asteroids on long timescales. Dynamical chaos is the dominant loss mechanism for asteroids with diameters D ≳ 10 km in the current asteroid belt. In a numerical analysis of the long-term evolution of test particles in the main asteroid belt region, we find that the dynamical loss history of test particles from this region is well described with a logarithmic decay law. In our simulations the loss rate function that is established at t ≈ 1 Myr persists with little deviation to at least t = 4 Gyr . Our study indicates that the asteroid belt region has experienced a significant amount of depletion due to this dynamical erosion—having lost as much as ∼50% of the large asteroids—since 1 Myr after the establishment of the current dynamical structure of the asteroid belt. Because the dynamical depletion of asteroids from the main belt is approximately logarithmic, an equal amount of depletion occurred in the time interval 10–200 Myr as in 0.2–4 Gyr, roughly ∼30% of the current number of large asteroids in the main belt over each interval. We find that asteroids escaping from the main belt due to dynamical chaos have an Earth-impact probability of ∼0.3%. Our model suggests that the rate of impacts from large asteroids has declined by a factor of 3 over the last 3 Gyr, and that the present-day impact flux of D > 10 km objects on the terrestrial planets is roughly an order of magnitude less than estimates currently in use in crater chronologies and impact hazard risk assessments.
Adjuvant chemotherapy of soft-part sarcomas with ALOMAD (S4)

Sixty-four adult patients with soft-tissue sarcomas received adjuvant chemotherapy with a six-drug combination regimen after surgery. Seventy percent remain free of disease with a median follow-up of 50 months. Only seven patients have died of their disease, all within the first 24 months after surgery. Most patients experienced severe nausea and vomiting secondary to the actinomycin D and dacarbazine parts of the protocol, and three patients experienced frank Adriamycin cardiomyopathy. Toxicity from this combination was otherwise mild. The 58% recurrence rate of 12 patients who discontinued therapy early because of nausea was significantly greater than the 23% rate for those who completed or relapsed on therapy (P = 0.01). Adjuvant chemotherapy should be considered after surgery for patients with soft-part sarcomas, especially those with high-grade tumors that have a considerable risk of recurrence.
Material Temperature Limits and Convection Flow Requirements

Material temperature limits (MTL) influence the convection flow required to cool the surfaces of HPT parts. The goal of designing minimum-cooling-flow parts is pursued by stating two hypotheses. The ‘Minimum Cooling Hypothesis’ is that cooling flow is minimized by operating surface points at the material temperature limits (MTL). The ‘Isothermal Hypothesis’ states that for spatially uniform materials, the cooling flow is minimized if the limiting material interfaces are isothermal. Demand for convection cooling is measured using a new grouping called the convection flow parameter and theory, covering a variety of material design spaces, is presented to show how the film, metal and coating temperatures each contribute to the convection flow through and cooling technology effectivenesses. An example of film decay over turbulent flat plate demonstrates the stated MTL method satisfies the minimum cooling hypothesis and approaches the second hypothesis of isothermal interface surfaces over a large portion of the cooled surface. This condition of isothermal interfaces is a cornerstone of prior studies by the author on the iceformation design method dating back to 1983. With analogous iceformation geometries solved, their implementation in gas turbines depends on the designer’s ability to determine cooling distributions that provide isothermal material interfaces.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
A Philosophical Analysis of Recreation and Leisure

(1965). A Philosophical Analysis of Recreation and Leisure. Quest: Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 8-17.
A Gyrase Mutant with Low Activity Disrupts Supercoiling at the Replication Terminus

When a mutation in an essential gene shows a temperature-sensitive phenotype, one usually assumes that the protein is inactive at nonpermissive temperature. DNA gyrase is an essential bacterial enzyme composed of two subunits, GyrA and GyrB. The gyrB652 mutation results from a single base change that substitutes a serine residue for arginine 436 (R436-S) in the GyrB protein. At 42°C, strains with the gyrB652 allele stop DNA replication, and at 37°C, such strains grow but have RecA-dependent SOS induction and show constitutive RecBCD-dependent DNA degradation. Surprisingly, the GyrB652 protein is not inactive at 42°C in vivo or in vitro and it doesn't directly produce breaks in chromosomal DNA. Rather, this mutant has a low kcat compared to wild-type GyrB subunit. With more than twice the normal mean number of supercoil domains, this gyrase hypomorph is prone to fork collapse and topological chaos near the terminus of DNA replication.
"Peripheral Resistance" in Hypertension Following the Abolition of Local Sympathetic Tone

Blood flows of the toe were studied before and after nerve block in normotensive and hypertensive patients, and an estimate of peripheral resistance was made. It was found that in all hypertensive patients there was an increased "peripheral resistance" at rest in the skin of the toe. Following abolition of sympathetic tone, the "resistance" in some individuals fell to a normal level, in others the "resistance" dropped less. The possible significance of these facts is discussed in the light of the etiologic factors responsible for the vasomotor tone.
The Neoliberal Assault on the Public University: The Case of Recreation, Park, and Leisure Research

Public universities face critical challenges in terms of teaching, researching, and providing service. Funding mechanisms for various departments, programs, and professors have become increasingly intertwined with market-driven forces in light of neoliberal political and economic philosophies. In this essay, we illuminate neoliberalism and its multiple influences in university recreation, parks, and leisure studies departments. In noting classical theories of leisure and the deleterious aspects of neoliberalism, we encourage researchers, teachers, administrators, and students to resist these prevalent cultural trends, evoking a normative role for universities in the provision of a liberal education.
Exploring movement object patterns

Change and movement across space and over time are observed in our everyday lives, with people commuting, traveling, communicating, moving, migrating, etc. Understanding how and why such change occurs is important for various reasons, including management of resources, planning for service improvements, detecting whether there are anomalies of some sort, etc. The analysis of spatial information associated with change and movement continues to be supported by a range of techniques, most notably cartography-based exploratory methods. Somewhat lacking, however, are confirmatory and predictive methods to support such analysis. This paper details a suite of approaches implemented in the Python programming language for exploratory analysis, as well as measures that enable statistical testing for pattern significance. Application results for housing movement in an urban region are used to demonstrate the efficacy and functionality of these methods.
Differences in nucleotide effects on intracellular pH, Na+/H+ antiport activity, and ATP-binding proteins in endothelial cells

Bovine (BPAEC) and human (HPAEC) pulmonary artery endothelial cell monolayers were incubated with either ATP, ATP analogues, or UTP, followed by measurement of intracellular pH (pHi) and the rate of recovery from acidosis. ATP increased baseline pHi and the rate of acid recovery in BPAEC. This response was inhibited by the amiloride analogue, methyisobutylamiloride, demonstrating that activation of the Na+/H+ antiport was responsible for the increase in baseline pHi and the recovery from acidosis. This response had the features of both a P2Y and P2U purinergic receptor, based on the responses to a series of ATP analogues and UTP. In contrast, none of the nucleotides had any significant effect on pHi and Na+/H+ antiport activity in HPAEC. This difference in the response to extracellular nucleotides was not due to a difference in ATP metabolism between cell types, since the ectonucleotidase-resistant analogue. ATP gamma S, also had no effect on HPAEC. Analogues of cAMP had no effect on pHi or acid recovery in either cell type. Incubation of BPAEC and HPAEC with the photoaffinity ligand [32P] 8-AzATP indicated that both BPAEC and HPAEC possess an ATP-binding protein of 48 kDa. However, BPAEC exhibited an additional binding protein of 87 kDa. Thus, the contrasting response to extracellular ATP between bovine and human pulmonary artery endothelial cells may be related to differences in the signal transduction pathway leading to antiport activation, including different ATP-binding sites on the cell membrane.
Modelling of the pore size distribution of ultrafiltration membranes

Abstract A dilute aqueous solution of polydisperse neutral dextrans was used to determine the sieving properties (flux and rejection) of porous polyacrylonitrile membranes. Gel ermeation chromatography was used to measure the solute mole and concentration in the permeate. From these data, rejection coefficients were calculated as a function of solute molecular size. A mathematical model was then developed to relate the flux and solute rejection to pore size distribution and the total number of pores, based upon the assumption that solute rejection was the result of purely geometric considerations. As a first approximation, a solute molecule was considered either too large to enter a membrane pore, or if it entered, its concentration in the permeate from that pore, as well as the solvent flux through the pore, were not affected. This model also considered the effects of steric hindrance and hydrodynamic lag on the convection of solute through a membrane. The shape and sharpness of pore size distributions were found to be useful in comparisons of ultrafiltration membranes.
Ultrafine iron oxide powders generated using a flow-through hydrothermal process

Abstract The rapid thermal decomposition of precursors in solution (RTDS) method is introduced as a mechanism for generating ultrafine iron oxide powders. Particle size and crystallinity characteristics are related to the RTDS processing conditions and to the salt used as the iron oxide precursor.
An intervening sequence of the mouse β-globin major gene shares extensive homology only with β-globin genes

THE mouse β-globin major (βmaj) gene is interrupted by two intervening sequences of DNA that divide it into three discontinuous segments1–3. The entire gene, including the coding, intervening and untranslated regions, is transcribed into a colinear 15S mRNA precursor4 containing a 5′-cap structure and 3′-poly(A) (refs 5–7). Because mature globin mRNA is significantly smaller (10S) and does not contain these intervening sequences, the 15S precursor must be processed. Such processing presumably accounts at least in part for the reduction in sequence length observed between so-called heterogeneous nuclear RNA (Hn RNA) and cytoplasmic RNA8–10. Intervening sequences seem to occur in a variety of genes and organisms1,11–18, but their function and representation in the genome have been unknown.
The Effects of Object Loss on the Body Image of Schizophrenic Girls.

Two of the most common difficulties faced by schizophrenic children are' their impairment of self-awareness and their inability to form satisfactory relationships with external objects. The schizophrenic child's impairment of self-awareness is demonstrated by his confused personal identity, a lack of awareness of his body bounda. ries, and by his distorted concepts regarding the structure, contents, and workings of his body . H is disordered object relationships are reflected by unrealistic and distorted perceptions of significant persons with a corresponding unwillingness or inability to form normal attachments to them. The disturbances in attachment behavior range from autistic withdrawal to. attempts to engulf, and obtain exclusive possession of; a significant person. A given child may display both of these extremes alternately. Some of these children are intermittently capable of intermediate phases of more "normal" appearing relatedness, which often proves to be a position of maximum comfort between the polar fears of engulfment and abandonment. These disturbances in the schizophrenic child's view of himself and of others seems to be interrelated. The infant initially regards the external world with its objects as an extension of himself; therefore, early disorders in .the body image will impinge on his relationships with primary objects. Concomitantly, the importance of object relationships in the formation of the body image has been stressed by several observers.
Growth of breastfed infants.

Abstract Understanding normal growth for the healthy breastfed infant is an important component of promoting and supporting child health in general and breastfeeding in particular. In this article, we summarize what is known regarding differences in growth between breastfed and formula-fed infants; we describe the development and use of infant growth references and growth standards; we introduce the new World Health Organization growth velocity standards for early infancy (which provide standards for gain in g/day during the first weeks of life); and, in closing, we present a snapshot of recent data from a cohort of breastfed newborns in Sacramento, CA, and examine how their early weight gain compares to the new growth velocity standards.
Another look at the relation between private self-consciousness and self-attribution

Abstract The clear picture that emerges from studies of private self-consciousness is that this variable is associated with detailed and accurate self-knowledge. High levels of private self-consciousness also lead to behavior that is consistent with one's attitudes. In light of this characterization of the high private self-conscious person, it is surprising that one study reported that such people are more susceptible to an attributional bias. D. M. Buss and M. F. Scheier (1976, Journal of Research in Personality , 10 , 463–468) suggested that the habitual self-focus of private self-conscious individuals would lead them to attribute their positive and negative outcomes to internal causes, and their data support these predictions. This potential contradiction in the literature was examined in three studies. Each study was a nearly exact or conceptual replication of the experiment of Buss and Scheier. In none of the studies did persons high in private self-consciousness make more internal attributions for events than those low in private self-consciousness. Various replication statistics were conducted, each showing that the attributional bias phenomenon reported by Buss and Scheier cannot be corroborated. The implications of these findings were discussed.
SOS: saving time in dynamic race detection with stationary analysis

Data races are subtle and difficult to detect errors that arise during concurrent program execution. Traditional testing techniques fail to find these errors, but recent research has shown that targeted dynamic analysis techniques can be developed to precisely detect races (i.e., no false race reports are generated) that occur during program execution. Unfortunately, precise race detection is still too expensive to be used in practice. State-of-the-art techniques still slow down program execution by a factor of eight or more. In this paper, we incorporate an optimization technique based on the observation that many thread-shared objects are written early in their lifetimes and then become read-only for the remainder of their lifetimes; these are known as stationary objects. The main contribution of our work is the insight that once a stationary object becomes thread-shared, races cannot occur. Therefore, our proposed approach does not monitor access to these objects. As such, our system only incurs an average overhead of 45% of that of an implementation of FastTrack, a low-overhead dynamic race detector. We then compared the effectiveness of our approach to de- tect races in deployed environments with that of Pacer, a sampling based race detector based on FastTrack. We found that our approach can detect over five times more races than Pacer when we budget 50% for runtime overhead.
Downwind O3 and PM2.5 speciation during the wildfires in 2002 and 2010.

Abstract A series of wildfires in northern Quebec, early July 2002, and in southern Quebec, late May 2010, resulted in severe air pollution downwind. Downwind exposures were investigated to estimate the impact on outdoor and indoor environments. The plumes derived from the wildfires resulted in an increase of over 10 ppbv ozone (O3) concentrations in both major cities and rural areas, while O3 enhancement was not observed at locations adjacent to wildfire burning areas. Temporal trend in PM2.5 concentration showed a peak of 105.5 μg/m3 on July 7, 2002, while on May 31, 2010 the peak was 151.1 μg/m3 in Boston downwind. PM2.5 speciation showed similar trends between the episodes, along with spikes in the PM2.5/PM10 ratio, and in the concentrations of Black Carbon, ΔC (i.e., UV absorbing compounds minus Black Carbon), Organic Carbon (OC), potassium, and chlorine. OC was the most dominant constituent of the PM2.5 mass in the wildfires. The dominant specific carbon fractions include OC fraction 3, pyrolysis carbon, and EC fraction 1, likely due to pyrolysis of structural components of wood. Indoor PM2.5 peaks at two houses corresponded well with the ambient PM2.5 peak, along with the elemental composition, which could indicate an impact of wildfires on indoor air pollution exposure.
Perimorph: run-time composition and state management for adaptive systems

We address a key issue that arises in run-time recomposition of software: the transfer of nontransient state between old components and their replacements. We focus on the concept of collateral change, which refers to the set of recomposition actions that must be applied atomically for continued correct execution of the system. We describe Perimorph, a system that supports compositional adaptation of both functional and nonfunctional concerns by explicitly addressing collateral change. The operation of Perimorph is demonstrated through the implementation and testing of a 2D/3D digital elevation mapping application that supports recomposition and handoff among networked devices with varying capabilities.
Evaluating the Implementation of Lean Construction into Construction Education

Lean construction is growing in popularity throughout the A/E/C industry. The concepts of lean construction promise to effectively delivering construction projects with ever increasing complexity and ever shrinking resources. As a result, many construction companies are beginning to use lean construction as ‘standard operating procedure’ on their projects. Despite this trend, the concepts and practices of lean construction are not widely taught in undergraduate construction education programs. In response, one undergraduate construction management program redesigned the required scheduling course utilizing the Last Planner System™ framework to introduce lean construction concepts. The goal of this course redesign was to integrate lean construction principles and practices, while maintaining the traditional learning outcomes for a construction scheduling course. A comparison of course learning outcome assessment results after the redesign validated this approach. Recommendations are presented for implementing lean construction into similar construction education courses.
Mountain Plover Responses to Plague in Montana

Abstract Plague is a bacterial (Yersinia pestis) disease that causes epizootic die-offs in black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) populations in the North American Great Plains. Through their grazing and burrowing, prairie dogs modify vegetation and landscape structure on their colonies in ways that affect other grassland species. Plague epizootics on prairie dog colonies can have indirect effects on species associated with colonies. The mountain plover (Charadrius montanus) preferentially nests on black-tailed prairie dog colonies and is thus negatively impacted by the loss of prairie dogs. We studied the effects of plague and colony spatial characteristics on the occupancy of 81 prairie dog colonies by nesting plovers in Phillips County, Montana, during a 13-year period (1995–2007). We used a robust design patch occupancy model to investigate how colony occupancy and extinction and colonization rates were affected by plague history, colony size, and colony shape. Here extinction and colonizatio...
Motion of a rigid body with an attached spring-mass damper

The stability of motion of a torque-free rigid body with a precession damper is investigated. The equations of motion are presented and non-dimensionalized, and the well-known conditions for asymptotic stability of the major axis spin are stated. Attention is given to the cases where these conditions are not met. Results of numerical integration are used to identify three distinct types of motion, including apparent limit cycle-like solutions. Bifurcation diagrams are used to argue that the apparent limit cycles are actually slowly approaching an equilibrium. The bifurcation diagrams also identify regions where the jump phenomenon may occur. The Liapunov-Schmidt reduction technique is used to obtain a simple analytical relationship between the
The Alkaline Phosphatase of Escherichia coli

The existence of an alkaline phosphatase (AP) in Escherichia coli (E.C. 3.1.3.1.) was first demonstrated in 1958 (Torriani, 1958, 1960; Horiuchi et al., 1959). The active enzyme is a dimer of two identical inactive subunits each of mol wt 43,000 (Plocke et al., 1962; Rothman and Byrne, 1963; Schlesinger and Barrett, 1965; Reynolds and Schlesinger, 1967). The existence in vitro of tetramers has been reported (Halford et al., 1972c; Reynolds and Schlesinger, 1969a, b). Each molecule of the active enzyme contains at least 2 Zn++ (some authors have found as many as 4 Zn++). It has been established that Zn++ binding has a functional and a structural role in the molecule (Applebury and Coleman, 1969; Applebury et al., 1970; Cottam and Ward, 1970; Csopack et al., 1972, 1973; Lazdunski et al., 1969; Petitclerc et al., 1970; Plockt et al., 1962; Reynolds and Schlesinger, 1969a; Simpson and Vallee, 1968). The enzyme has been purified (Garen and Levinthal, 1960; Schlesinger and Olsen, 1970; Simpson et al., 1968) and crystallized (Hanson et al., 1970; Malamy and Horecker, 1964; Knox and Wyckoff, 1973). The “homogeneous” protein, however, has been resolved into four or more different species (isozymes) by starch gel or acrylamide gel electrophoresis and by DEAE chromatography (Bach et al., 1961; Levinthal et al., 1962; Schlesinger et al., 1963; Signer, 1963, 1965). The enzymatic properties of the separated isozymes have been found to be identical (Lazdunski and Lazdunski, 1967; Piggot et al., 1972; Schlesinger and Andersen, 1968; Signer, 1963).
Contrasting patterns of selection and drift between two categories of immune genes in prairie‐chickens

Immune-receptor genes of the adaptive immune system, such as the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), are involved in recognizing specific pathogens and are known to have high rates of adaptive evolution, presumably as a consequence of rapid co-evolution between hosts and pathogens. In contrast, many 'mediating' genes of the immune system do not interact directly with specific pathogens and are involved in signalling (e.g. cytokines) or controlling immune cell growth. As a consequence, we might expect stronger selection at immune-receptor than mediating genes, but these two types of genes have not been compared directly in wild populations. Here, we tested the hypothesis that selection differs between MHC (class I and II) and mediating genes by comparing levels of population differentiation across the range of greater prairie-chickens (Tympanuchus cupido). As predicted, there was stronger population differentiation and isolation by distance at immune receptor (MHC) than at either mediating genes or neutral microsatellites, suggesting a stronger role of local adaptation at the MHC. In contrast, mediating genes displayed weaker differentiation between populations than neutral microsatellites, consistent with selection favouring similar alleles across populations for mediating genes. In addition to selection, drift also had a stronger effect on immune receptor (MHC) than mediating genes as indicated by the stronger decline of MHC variation in relation to population size. This is the first study in the wild to show that the effects of selection and drift on immune genes vary across populations depending on their functional role.
Do Strong Shareholder Rights Mitigate Earnings Management

In this paper we examine the relationship between the strength of a firm’s shareholders rights, as part of their overall corporate governance structure, and the discretionary financial reporting choices made by the firm’s financial executives. Specifically, we examine the strength of shareholders rights and the reported levels of discretionary accounting accruals and the use of special reporting items on the income statement. We posit and find that in settings where shareholder rights are strong, after controlling for other reporting related factors, managers report lower levels of discretionary accruals and special reporting items, and use special reporting items significantly less frequently compared to firms with weak shareholder rights. Our findings suggest that having strong shareholder rights imposes additional monitoring on the firm’s financial reporting executives, leading to reduced earnings management attempts by financial executives and higher quality financial reporting.
Simulations as Rhetorical and Discursive Exercises: Memories of Guetzkow

This article describes some of the highlights of the authorâs work with Harold Guetzkow while he was a doctoral student in political science at Northwestern University in the mid-1960s. Harold was a model of professionalism and the author had the great opportunity to learn about the profession during their publication of the Inter-Nation Simulation Kit. This is a brief report of some of his fond memories of Harold.
Neutrophils in the gray platelet syndrome

A recent report of three siblings with the gray platelet syndrome (GPS) and two others, a brother and sister, has indicated that patients with the GPS have gray neutrophils, as well as gray platelets. Their neutrophils are markedly deficient in secondary granules and vesicles and the empty cytoplasm appears gray on peripheral blood smears. We have evaluated five patients with the GPS, including the original case described by Raccuglia (Am J Med 1971; 51: 818-28). The results indicate that GPS neutrophils have normal secondary granules, and they are not gray on peripheral blood smears or in thin sections. The patients described in the recent report by the French workers appear to have a familial hypogranular neutrophil and platelet disorder, but it does not appear to be the GPS.
One for All: Social Power Increases Self-Anchoring of Traits, Attitudes, and Emotions

We argue that powerful people tend to engage in social projection. Specifically, they self-anchor: They use the self as a reference point when judging others' internal states. In Study 1, which used a reaction-time paradigm, powerful people used their own traits as a reference when assessing the traits of group members, classifying group descriptors more quickly if they had previously reported that those terms described themselves. Study 2, which used a classic false-consensus paradigm, showed that powerful people believed that their group-related attitudes were shared by group members. Study 3 showed that more-powerful people relied more on their own state affect when judging other people's ambiguous emotional expressions. These results support our argument that power fosters self-anchoring, because powerful individuals are often called on to act as the representative face of their groups, and the association between power and representation prompts the heuristic use of the self to infer group properties.
Can Bluetooth succeed as a large-scale ad hoc networking technology?

We investigate issues that Bluetooth may face in evolving from a simple wire replacement to a large-scale ad hoc networking technology. We do so by examining the efficacy of Bluetooth in establishing a connected topology, which is a basic requirement of any networking technology. We demonstrate that Bluetooth experiences some fundamental algorithmic challenges in accomplishing this seemingly simple task. Specifically, deciding whether there exists at least one connected topology that satisfies the Bluetooth constraints is NP-hard. Several implementation problems also arise due to the internal structure of the Bluetooth protocol stack. All these together degrade the performance of the network, or increase the complexity of operation. Given the availability of efficient substitute technologies, Bluetooth's use may end up being limited to small ad hoc networks.
Ductile processes at aluminium crack tips: comparison of orbital-free density functional theory with classical potential predictions

We compare behaviour of quasi-two-dimensional aluminium crack tips undergoing mode I loading using orbital-free density functional theory (OFDFT) and the classical embedded atom method (EAM). Low-index crack orientations are compared in the context of the Griffith, Rice and Tadmor–Hai continuum criteria, using values from Kohn–Sham DFT (KSDFT). All orientations are predicted to be ductile, and twinning is expected to occur only in certain orientations of low-dimensional or low-temperature Al. OFDFT and the EAM predict similar values to KSDFT for the relevant properties. In simulations of two crack orientations, the critical stress intensity factor in EAM simulations is close to continuum predictions while crack tips modelled by OFDFT do not exhibit plasticity until loaded at least 13% over the continuum prediction. The EAM and OFDFT give qualitatively similar results for a crack orientation that emits edge dislocations. For a twinning orientation, OFDFT simulations emit partial dislocations in the same order, even with different pseudopotentials. However, EAM simulations predict that a partial is emitted along a different slip plane from OFDFT. Differences between EAM and OFDFT simulations suggest that methods that give accurate stacking fault energies, elastic constants and surface energies may not necessarily reproduce all important physical processes at crack tips.
great performances: Toraja cultural identity in the 1970s

“Ethnicity” and “identity” do not refer to fixed realities; their construction is a social process. This paper examines Toraja cultural identity as it has been shaped in recent years by the complementary movements of out-migration of Toraja youth and transient in-migration of Western tourists. For different reasons both movements have led to a focus on ritual as the defining feature of “Torajaness,” and to a tendency to reify Toraja culture as ritual. This reification poses new problems, leading to further transformations of both ritual and identity. [ethnicity, cultural identity, ritual, migration, tourism, Indonesia]
Copper Converts the Cellular Prion Protein into a Protease-resistant Species That Is Distinct from the Scrapie Isoform

Several lines of evidence have suggested that copper ions play a role in the biology of both PrPC and PrPSc, the normal and pathologic forms of the prion protein. To further investigate this intriguing connection, we have analyzed how copper ions affect the biochemical properties of PrPC extracted from the brains of transgenic mice and from transfected cells. We report that the metal rapidly and reversibly induces PrPC to become protease-resistant and detergent-insoluble. Although these two properties are commonly associated with PrPSc, we demonstrate using a conformation-dependent immunoassay that copper-treated PrP is structurally distinct from PrPSc. The effect of copper requires the presence of at least one of the five octapeptide repeats normally present in the N-terminal half of the protein, consistent with the idea that the metal alters the biochemical properties of PrP by directly binding to this region. These results suggest potential roles for copper in prion diseases, as well as in the physiological function of PrPC.
A North American brain tumor consortium (NABTC 99-04) phase II trial of temozolomide plus thalidomide for recurrent glioblastoma multiforme

Laboratory and clinical data suggest that the anti-angiogenic agent, thalidomide, if combined with cytotoxic agents, may be effective against recurrent glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). To determine 6-month progression-free survival (6PFS) and toxicity of temozolomide plus thalidomide in adults with recurrent GBM. Eligible patients had recurrent GBM after surgery, radiotherapy, and/or adjuvant chemotherapy. Temozolomide was given at 150–200 mg/m2/day on days 1–5 of each 28-day cycle. Thalidomide was given orally at 400 mg at bedtime (days 1–28) and increased to 1,200 mg as tolerated. Patients were evaluated with magnetic resonance imaging scans every 56 days. The study was designed to detect an increase of the historical 6PFS for GBM from 10 to 30%. Forty-four patients were enrolled, 43 were evaluable for efficacy and safety. The study population included 15 women, 29 men; median age was 53 years (range 32–84); median Karnofsky performance status was 80% (range 60–100%). Thirty-six (82%) patients were chemotherapy-naive. There were 57 reports of toxicity of grade 3 or greater. Non-fatal grade 3–4 granulocytopenia occurred in 15 patients (34%). The objective response rate was 7%. The estimated probability of being progression-free at 6 months with this therapy is 24% [95% confidence interval (C.I.) 12–38%]. The median time to progression is 15 weeks (95% C.I. 10–20 weeks). There was no observed correlation between serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, and IL-8 and the 6PFS outcome. This drug combination was reasonably safe, but with little indication of improvement compared to temozolomide alone.
Full time-domain DORT for ultrawideband electromagnetic fields in dispersive, random inhomogeneous media

We investigate the decomposition of the time-reversal operator (DORT under its French language acronym) method applied to ultrawideband electromagnetic pulses propagating in dispersive and (continuous) inhomogeneous random media where volumetric scattering effects are important. We analyze the effects of random medium statistics on the time-reversal operator (TRO) eigenvalues and eigenvectors, and on subsequent selective focusing performance. We develop and employ a full time-domain DORT by tracking the excitation eigenvectors from a singular value decomposition of the TRO over the entire bandwidth of operation. We also study effects of frequency dispersion and conduction losses on the TRO and consider dispersion/loss compensation techniques to improve DORT operation in those cases
A Cytosine Methytransferase Modulates the Cell Envelope Stress Response in the Cholera Pathogen

DNA methylation is a key epigenetic regulator in all domains of life, yet the effects of most bacterial DNA methyltransferases on cellular processes are largely undefined. Here, we used diverse techniques, including bisulfite sequencing, transcriptomics, and transposon insertion site sequencing to extensively characterize a 5-methylcytosine (5mC) methyltransferase, VchM, in the cholera pathogen, Vibrio cholerae. We have comprehensively defined VchM's DNA targets, its genetic interactions and the gene networks that it regulates. Although VchM is a relatively new component of the V. cholerae genome, it is required for optimal V. cholerae growth in vitro and during infection. Unexpectedly, the usually essential σE cell envelope stress pathway is dispensable in ∆vchM V. cholerae, likely due to its lower activation in this mutant and the capacity for VchM methylation to limit expression of some cell envelope modifying genes. Our work illuminates how an acquired DNA methyltransferase can become integrated within complex cell circuits to control critical housekeeping processes.
Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Protects Lungs from Cockroach Allergen–Induced Inflammation by Modulating Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Exposure to cockroach allergen leads to allergic sensitization and increased risk of developing asthma. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a receptor for many common environmental contaminants, can sense not only environmental pollutants but also microbial insults. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent progenitor cells with the capacity to modulate immune responses. In this study, we investigated whether AhR can sense cockroach allergens and modulate allergen-induced lung inflammation through MSCs. We found that cockroach allergen-treated AhR-deficient (AhR(-/-)) mice showed exacerbation of lung inflammation when compared with wild-type (WT) mice. In contrast, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), an AhR agonist, significantly suppressed allergen-induced mouse lung inflammation. MSCs were significantly reduced in cockroach allergen-challenged AhR(-/-) mice as compared with WT mice, but increased in cockroach allergen-challenged WT mice when treated with TCDD. Moreover, MSCs express AhR, and AhR signaling can be activated by cockroach allergen with increased expression of its downstream genes cyp1a1 and cyp1b1. Furthermore, we tracked the migration of i.v.-injected GFP(+) MSCs and found that cockroach allergen-challenged AhR(-/-) mice displayed less migration of MSCs to the lungs compared with WT. The AhR-mediated MSC migration was further verified by an in vitro Transwell migration assay. Epithelial conditioned medium prepared from cockroach extract-challenged epithelial cells significantly induced MSC migration, which was further enhanced by TCDD. The administration of MSCs significantly attenuated cockroach allergen-induced inflammation, which was abolished by TGF-β1-neutralizing Ab. These results suggest that AhR plays an important role in protecting lungs from allergen-induced inflammation by modulating MSC recruitment and their immune-suppressive activity.