cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extended-bandwidth frequency sweeps of a distributed feedback laser using combined injection current and temperature modulation.

This article details the generation of an extended-bandwidth frequency sweep using a single, communication grade distributed feedback (DFB) laser. The frequency sweep is generated using a two-step technique. In the first step, injection current modulation is employed as a means of varying the output frequency of a DFB laser over a bandwidth of 99.26 GHz. A digital optical phase lock loop is used to lock the frequency sweep speed during current modulation, resulting in a linear frequency chirp. In the second step, the temperature of the DFB laser is modulated, resulting in a shifted starting laser output frequency. A laser frequency chirp is again generated beginning at this shifted starting frequency, resulting in a frequency-shifted spectrum relative to the first recorded data. This process is then repeated across a range of starting temperatures, resulting in a series of partially overlapping, frequency-shifted spectra. These spectra are then aligned using cross-correlation and combined using averaging to form a single, broadband spectrum with a total bandwidth of 510.9 GHz. In order to investigate the utility of this technique, experimental testing was performed in which the approach was used as the swept-frequency source of a coherent optical frequency domain reflectometry system. This system was used to interrogate an optical fiber containing a 20 point, 1-mm pitch length fiber Bragg grating, corresponding to a period of 100 GHz. Using this technique, both the periodicity of the grating in the frequency domain and the individual reflector elements of the structure in the time domain were resolved, demonstrating the technique’s potential as a method of extending the sweeping bandwidth of semiconductor lasers for frequency-based sensing applications.This article details the generation of an extended-bandwidth frequency sweep using a single, communication grade distributed feedback (DFB) laser. The frequency sweep is generated using a two-step technique. In the first step, injection current modulation is employed as a means of varying the output frequency of a DFB laser over a bandwidth of 99.26 GHz. A digital optical phase lock loop is used to lock the frequency sweep speed during current modulation, resulting in a linear frequency chirp. In the second step, the temperature of the DFB laser is modulated, resulting in a shifted starting laser output frequency. A laser frequency chirp is again generated beginning at this shifted starting frequency, resulting in a frequency-shifted spectrum relative to the first recorded data. This process is then repeated across a range of starting temperatures, resulting in a series of partially overlapping, frequency-shifted spectra. These spectra are then aligned using cross-correlation and combined using averaging ...
An introductory treatise on reduced balance laws of Cosserat beams

Abstract This paper serves as an introduction to the variational formulation of Cosserat beams. It provides a detailed derivation and treatment of reduced balance laws of Cosserat beams from the Lagrangian differential equation of motion and Hamilton’s principle. Emphasis is given to the details of the derivation, maintaining Bernoulli’s assumption of the rigid cross-section. Both the strong form and the weak form of the equilibrium equation for Cosserat beams are derived independently from the infinitesimal stress equilibrium equation. The weak form is then validated by obtaining it from the strong form of the reduced law in a purely mathematical sense. Finally, the strong form is obtained using Hamilton’s principle. Once the equations are obtained considering an initially straight reference beam configuration, the balance equation for the beam with initial curved (but unstrained) reference configuration is obtained. The D’Alembert forces are interpreted from the non-inertial director frame of reference and conclusions drawn. The energy conservation law and the conditions associated with it are obtained, establishing the relation between the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian functional for Cosserat beams.
Social Stress and Substance Use Disparities by Sexual Orientation Among High School Students

Introduction Sexual minority youth often experience increased social stress due to prejudice, discrimination, harassment, and victimization. Increased stress may help explain the disproportionate use of substances like tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, and other illicit drug use by sexual minority youth. This study examined the effect of social stress on substance use disparities by sexual orientation among U.S. high school students. Methods In 2016, data from the national 2015 Youth Risk Behavior Survey, conducted among a nationally representative sample of 15,624 U.S. high school students, were analyzed to examine the effect of school-related (threatened/injured at school, bullied at school, bullied electronically, felt unsafe at school) and non–school-related (forced sexual intercourse, early sexual debut) social stress on substance use disparities by sexual orientation, by comparing unadjusted prevalence ratios (PRs) and adjusted (for social stressors, age, sex, and race/ethnicity) prevalence ratios (APRs). Results Unadjusted PRs reflected significantly ( p Conclusions School-based substance use prevention programs might appropriately include strategies to reduce social stress, including policies and practices designed to provide a safe school environment and improved access to social and mental health services.
Engaging Undergraduate Men in Service-Learning: Exploring Motivations to Serve

The purpose of this chapter is to explore the underrepresentation of undergraduate men in service-learning programs. First, the author offers a conceptual roadmap to better understand hegemonic conceptions of masculinity that lead to a perceived incongruence between appropriate masculine behavior and service. The author makes an argument that those men who subscribe to hegemonic masculinity have much to gain from participation in service-learning courses and programs. Then, drawing on qualitative data, the author explores the motivations of college men who participated in a semester-long service-learning course. Despite prevailing wisdom on campus that service was largely a feminine endeavor, these men described three means of motivation: identity work, structure and accountability, and the social component of service.
Urban aloha ‘aina: Kaka‘ako and a decolonized right to the city

This essay critically examines the relationship between capitalism, development, and settler colonialism using Kakaʻako, an urban district of Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, as a case study. Given that Kakaʻako...
An Exposition of Process Theory and Critique of Mohr’s (1982) Conceptualization Thereof

Championed by Whitehead (1979), a process metaphysics has been forwarded as one way of conceptualizing the fundamental nature of our existence. On an applied level, we might use the notion of process within the framework of scientific method to advance our knowledge of how we might take steps to create particular outcomes or states that we desire within organizations. We discuss both forward and backward looking approaches to developing process theory. Ultimately, though, in this paper, we present discussion of the limits of Mohr’s (1982) conceptualization of process theory and show (1) how his discussion focuses on a subset or limited view of process (and would render invisible other alternatives) and (2) how such limitation of view retards the accumulation of knowledge regarding individuals and organizations as a storehouse of process approaches toward achieving specified results.
Extraction of amplifiable DNA from embalmed human cadaver tissue

The expansion of molecular techniques in medical diagnosis, forensics, and education requires the development of improved techniques of DNA extraction from fixed tissues. Cadaver tissues are not commonly used for genetic analysis due to DNA degradation resulting from the embalming fixation. Modification of existing techniques of tissue disruption combined with phenol–chloroform treatment was done to produce an efficient method of extracting amplifiable DNA of high quality and quantity from non-paraffin embedded embalmed cadaver tissue. Tissues (cerebellum, cerebral cortex, heart, and bone) from four cadavers were used to develop a procedure for DNA isolation, which includes a high heat treatment. The location and age of the tissue had a significant effect on the quantity of DNA recovered. Targeted PCR amplification of the Apolipoprotein gene was used to assess the efficacy of genotypic analysis from the recovered DNA. We report the development of a simple, reliable, and low-cost method of DNA isolation utilizing brain tissue from embalmed tissues that could be used for PCR amplification and genetic analysis.
Abstract WP360: Use of a Care and Communication Bundle Can Improve Resource Utilization and Timeliness of Palliative Care for Severe Stroke Patients in the Neuroscience ICU

Background: Severe stroke patients have immediate palliative care (PC) needs and communication between families and clinical teams has been identified as a gap in PC delivery. Delays in care planni...
Development of CORC ® cables for helium gas cooled power transmission and fault current limiting applications

High-temperature superconducting (HTS) direct current (dc) power cables allow high levels of power transmission and distribution at low loss and can be tailored to effectively limit fault currents. HTS Conductor on Round Core (CORC®) power transmission cables offer additional benefits over other HTS cable designs, including a much higher current density and a higher degree of flexibility. These benefits make CORC® cables most suitable for applications in confined spaces where tight bends are required, such as onboard naval ships and in data centers. The development of CORC® power transmission cables for operation in pressurized helium gas is described, including their ability to act as fault current limiting cables. The 10 m long bipolar dc CORC® power transmission cable system is designed to operate at a current of 4000 A per pole at 50 K in pressurized helium gas. The test results at temperatures between 60 K–74 K in helium gas at a pressure of 1.7 MPa are described both during normal operation and during an overcurrent event. The results demonstrate the potential of CORC® cables to operate at currents exceeding 10 000 A per pole at 50 K at current densities of more than 200 A mm−2, resulting in the most energy dense superconducting power transmission cable to date. The successful operation during an overcurrent event also shows the added benefits of the high level of current sharing between tapes in CORC® cables that allow them to be operated as FCL cables without the need to incorporate a substantial amount of stabilizer. The successful test is a major milestone towards reliable high energy density power transmission in helium gas cooled superconducting power systems based on CORC® cables.
The purinergic receptor P2RX7 directs metabolic fitness of long-lived memory CD8 + T cells

Extracellular ATP (eATP) is an ancient 'danger signal' used by eukaryotes to detect cellular damage1. In mice and humans, the release of eATP during inflammation or injury stimulates both innate immune activation and chronic pain through the purinergic receptor P2RX72-4. It is unclear, however, whether this pathway influences the generation of immunological memory, a hallmark of the adaptive immune system that constitutes the basis of vaccines and protective immunity against re-infection5,6. Here we show that P2RX7 is required for the establishment, maintenance and functionality of long-lived central and tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cell populations in mice. By contrast, P2RX7 is not required for the generation of short-lived effector CD8+ T cells. Mechanistically, P2RX7 promotes mitochondrial homeostasis and metabolic function in differentiating memory CD8+ T cells, at least in part by inducing AMP-activated protein kinase. Pharmacological inhibitors of P2RX7 provoked dysregulated metabolism and differentiation of activated mouse and human CD8+ T cells in vitro, and transient P2RX7 blockade in vivo ameliorated neuropathic pain but also compromised production of CD8+ memory T cells. These findings show that activation of P2RX7 by eATP provides a common currency that both alerts the nervous and immune system to tissue damage, and promotes the metabolic fitness and survival of the most durable and functionally relevant memory CD8+ T cell populations.
Membrane Bound Diacylglycerol Lipases in Bovine Brain: Purification and Characterization

It is becoming increasingly evident that diacylglycerols, a minor component of mammalian plasma membranes, regulate the activity of protein kinase C (Berridge, 1984). This enzyme has been implicated in the control of cell division, membrane fusion, differentiation, and signal transduction across the cell membrane (Downes, 1983; Nishizuka 1983, 1984; Das and Rand, 1984; Majerus et al., 1984). Furthermore, diacylglycerols have been reported to stimulate the activities of phospholipases by perturbing the bilayer structure of biological membranes (Dawson et al., 1983; 1984; Watson et al., 1984). In brain, diacylglycerols are either phosphorylated to phosphatidic acid by diacylglycerol kinase (Sun, 1983; Bazan, 1983) or hydrolyzed to free fatty acids and monoacylglycerol by diacylglycerol lipase (Cabot and Gatt, 1976, 1977, 1978; Rousseau et al., 1983; Rousseau and Gatt, 1984; Farooqui et al., 1985a,b).
Reducing noise in automotive interiors

Noise reduction is a big issue involved in the design and production of vehicle interior parts. This chapter focuses on the principles of noise control and engineering approaches for vehicle noise reduction using acoustic textile materials. Noise sources and noise paths in vehicles are first discussed. Mechanisms of textile materials for noise absorption and noise insulation in vehicle interiors are analyzed. Various noise control methods using different types of acoustic textile materials are illustrated by exhibiting some typical application cases. Finally, future trends in the new surface vehicle design and production are addressed, including new material requirements, novelty interior structures, and highly integrated acoustical interior systems.
Preview of Basic Concepts of Meaningful Reception Learning and Retention

This chapter contains an exposition and elaboration of the major principles of meaningful reception learning and retention, i.e. of Assimilation Theory and its application to the acquisition and retention of knowledge in classroom-like situations. These principles will be presented largely at a descriptive level, with relatively little accompanying detail or supportive evidence; at this point in theoretical and research development explanatory aspects of the theory are still necessarily rudimentary and hypothetical. Nevertheless they still provide some needed specific and proximate ideational scaffolding for the meaningful learning and retention phenomena they purport to explain in the context of acquiring and retaining knowledge. More detailed and documented consideration of the separate components of the theory will follow in later chapters. Although this mode of organization inevitably makes for some redundancy, it more than compensates for this disadvantage by enhancing comprehensibility and meaningfulness.
Complex coronary interventions

Removal or controlled scoring of the obstructing calcified atherosclerotic plaque (rather than mere displacement).
Enzymatic Depolymerization of Starch

The amylases, a large family consisting of α-amylase, β-amylase, glycoamylase, and a number of lesser-known enzymes, are united in their preferential hydrolysis of the α-(1,4) glucosidic bond in amylose, amylopectin, glycogen, and maltooligosaccharides. They have been used and studied for most of this century, and are among the most commercially important of all enzyme families. They act in two different modes. α-Amylase is an endo-hydrolase, and has more affinity for interior bonds than those located near the ends of substrates composed primarily of α-(1,4) glucosidic bonds. Because the location of the bond it cleaves is not fixed, a mixture of products results. All other amylases are exo-hydrolases, in that they attack bonds at a specific distance from the nonreducing end of the substrate. Glucoamylase, for instance, attacks the bond immediately adjacent to the nonreducing end, and therefore produces glucose along with a molecule one glucosyl residue shorter than the original substrate. β-Amylase attacks the second bond from the end to produce maltose. The single small products of other exo-amylases are likewise determined by the specific bonds they break.
The role of inflammation and potential use of sex steroids in intracranial aneurysms and subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Background Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) continues to be a devastating neurological condition with a high risk of associated morbidity and mortality. Inflammation has been shown to increase the risk of complications associated with aSAH such as vasospasm and brain injury in animal models and humans. The goal of this review is to discuss the inflammatory mechanisms of aneurysm formation, rupture and vasospasm and explore the role of sex hormones in the inflammatory response to aSAH. Methods A literature review was performed using PubMed using the following search terms: "intracranial aneurysm," "cerebral aneurysm," "dihydroepiandrosterone sulfate" "estrogen," "hormone replacement therapy," "inflammation," "oral contraceptive," "progesterone," "sex steroids," "sex hormones" "subarachnoid hemorrhage," "testosterone." Only studies published in English language were included in the review. Results Studies have shown that administration of sex hormones such as progesterone and estrogen at early stages in the inflammatory cascade can lower the risk and magnitude of subsequent complications. The exact mechanism by which these hormones act on the brain, as well as their role in the inflammatory cascade is not fully understood. Moreover, conflicting results have been published on the effect of hormone replacement therapy in humans. This review will scrutinize the variations in these studies to provide a more detailed understanding of sex hormones as potential therapeutic agents for intracranial aneurysms and aSAH. Conclusion Inflammation may play a role in the pathogenesis of intracranial aneurysm formation and subarachnoid hemorrhage, and administration of sex hormones as anti-inflammatory agents has been associated with improved functional outcome in experimental models. Further studies are needed to determine the therapeutic role of these hormones in the intracranial aneurysms and aSAH.
Abstract 176: Enhancing the Efficacy of Current Management of Ischemic Stroke Using Injury-Site Targeted Complement Inhibition - A Preclinical Study

Ischemia leads to the cellular expression of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), recognition of which by natural IgM antibodies (NIgM) results in activation of the complement system and t...
Reflections on The Invisible Experience. Irish Immigrants in Peru

Through the study of a variety of primary sources such as letters, wills, birth, marriage, and death certificates, the author examines Irish immigration to Peru in mid nineteenth century. In this sense, McEvoy focuses on some of the most representative examples of Irish immigrants. That is, both workers and peasants who were part of one of the first migration projects to Peru and to successful immigrants such as John Patrick Gallagher O'Connor and William Russell Grace, who shortly after reaching Peru, became businessmen and prestigious professionals. By recovering Irish immigrant voices, this book reconstructs part of the story of men and women that printed their culture in Peru and contributed with the construction of modern Peru. Keywords: Irish diaspora; immigration projects; mobilized and proletariat diaspora; assimilation; transnationalism.
Younger sisters’ concerns prior to their entrance to religious life

In this International study, 91 Roman Catholic sisters, responded to an open-ended question regarding their previous hesitations, obstacles, and fears as they discerned to enter religious life. Fre...
Isolated retroaortic innominate vein and right aortic arch: a case report and review of literature

Retroaortic course of left innominate vein is a rare venous anomaly which is usually associated with CHD. Isolated retroaortic innominate vein is exceedingly rare with only a handful of reported cases. We report an otherwise healthy newborn with isolated retroaortic innominate vein and right aortic arch, a combination which has previously not been reported.
Re-embracing the Wartime Detention Mission

President Donald Trump has made clear his intent to utilize wartime detention in the fight against al-Qa’ida and ISIS. If done correctly this could be a positive development in the United States’ evolving approach to the war against al-Qa’ida, ISIS, and their associates, so long as it is coupled with a commitment to continuing key detention policies and humane treatment standards developed over the past fifteen years. In recent years, the United States has largely avoided adding to the detainee population at Guantanamo (GTMO) – mainly in reaction to some of the more infamous excesses from the first couple of years after the attacks on September 11, 2001. But failing to capture new enemy fighters has come with an operational and humanitarian cost. The United States should take the opportunity that comes with political transition to re-embrace the wartime detention mission.
Treatment impact on recidivism of family only vs. generally violent partner violence perpetrators

Abstract Background/Objective The outcome of a treatment program for a large sample of male perpetrators on probation for intimate partner violence (IPV) was evaluated with particular reference to the differential impact on family only (FO) versus generally violent (GV) perpetrators. Method Official rates of recidivism for three years post termination of treatment and probation were examined for 456 perpetrators after they were classified as FO and GV. Results Both treatment completion and type of perpetrator were predictive of IPV recidivism and time to recidivism. However, analyses conducted separately for the two groups indicated that participation in the intervention predicted both recidivism and time to recidivism for the GV but not FO perpetrators who participated in treatment. Specifically, GV men were responsive to treatment whereas FO men were not. Results were somewhat different depending on who was included in the no treatment comparison group. Conclusions Implications of these findings for one size fits all interventions in IPV are discussed with specific reference to the need to develop different interventions for GV and FO perpetrators.
Direct response and the strategy method in an experimental cheap talk game

Abstract In cheap talk games, equilibrium analysis predicts extreme limits on the information that can be transmitted when senders and receivers have different goals. Yet experimental evidence suggests that senders overcommunicate relative to this baseline, revealing more information than predicted in equilibrium. We propose that overcommunication may be due in part to limited cognitive engagement by subjects, captured by level-k thinking. To test this conjecture, we compare two elicitation methods, direct response and the strategy method, holding other elements of the game fixed. Existing experimental studies of cheap talk games use the standard direct response method, while the strategy method—in which subjects make selections for all contingent choices—is believed to encourage more thoughtful decisionmaking. We therefore expect senders to transmit less information with the strategy method than with direct response. In contrast, we find the reverse: the strategy method increased overcommunication. Further examination suggests that this occurred because senders played more naively with the strategy method than with direct response. Our findings suggest that the strategy method and direct response do not elicit the same choices in cheap talk games.
Using chaîne opératoire and communities of practice to identify interaction in the Contact and Mission periods in southern Georgia, AD 1540–1715

In this article, the pottery production of indigenous groups living inside and outside of colonial spaces in southern Georgia is compared by identifying portions of the chaine operatoire of pottery...
Sex Comparisons in Opioid Use and Pain After Colorectal Surgery Using Enhanced Recovery Protocols

Abstract Background Differences in nociception and use of opioids between sexes are of particular interest, considering higher rates of persistent opioid use among women after surgery. Although enhanced recovery protocols (ERPs) have improved postoperative pain control in colorectal surgery, sex-based comparisons of inpatient opioid use after surgery in an ERP remain understudied. Methods This retrospective study analyzed data from adults after colorectal surgery using an ERP at a single hospital between 2015 and 2017. The main outcome was the rate of opioid consumption measured as oral morphine equivalents per inpatient day. Poisson regression determined association between sex and opioid consumption, accounting for early discharge, using inverse probability weighting and adjusting for covariates that retained significance on univariate analysis. Linear regression assessed the association between sex and pain scores on postoperative days 0-5 adjusting for covariates. Results Of 588 patients included, 43% were men and 57% were women. In the unadjusted model, malignancy, prehospital psychiatric medication and analgesic use, tobacco, ileostomy creation, operative time, and postoperative complications were associated with increased opioid consumption. In multivariate analyses, prehospital opioid and nonopioid analgesic use, operative time, anastomotic leak, and postoperative ileus remained significantly associated with increased inpatient opioid consumption. However, there was no significant association between sex and opioid use in crude or adjusted analysis (incidence rate ratio: 1.09; 95% confidence interval: 0.90, 1.32). Women reported higher average daily pain scores (coefficient: 0.29; 95% confidence interval: 0.04, 0.55) in adjusted analyses. Conclusions Among patients undergoing colorectal surgery using an ERP, sex-based differences exist in pain scores but not early postoperative opioid consumption. Identification of intragroup differences in postoperative pain and opioid use among patients managed with an ERP serves as targets for customization and enhancement of current protocols. Furthermore, incongruence between reported pain and analgesic administration may have important implications for sex-related differences in persistent opioid use.
Rapid Syntheses of [11C]Arylvinyltrifluoromethanes through Treatment of (E)-Arylvinyl(phenyl)iodonium Tosylates with [11C]Trifluoromethylcopper(I).

We report a method for labeling arylvinyltrifluoromethanes with carbon-11 (t1/2 = 20.4 min) as representatives of a new radiolabeled chemotype that has potential for developing radiotracers for bio...
Navigating Challenges to Facilitate Success for College Students with Autism

Roughly 1 in 59 children in the United States is diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a rate that has more than doubled during the last 10 years. As students with autism increasingly p...
Backscatter Distributions of Persistent and Distributed Scatterers Over Wavelength: Results From X -, C -, and L -Band

Persistent scatterer (PS) techniques are a set of important time-series tools for interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) that enable deformation analysis in highly decorrelated terrain. Detailed knowledge of the statistics of persistent scatterers in InSAR images is critical for the design of better techniques that will enable both the extraction of deformation in traditionally difficult regions as well as develop a better understanding of how performance of these algorithms relates to important system parameters. In this article, we characterize the backscatter statistics of both persistent and distributed scatterers over wavelength using data from X -band (COSMO-SkyMed), C -band (Sentinel-1), and L -band (ALOS) sensors. We show that popular distributions that have previously been used to fit SAR backscatter can effectively capture the returns from both PS and clutter, with the $\text {G}^0$ distribution being the most applicable across wavelength and scatterer type. Thus, our work paves the way for improved detection algorithms to be designed based on these distributions and also builds an initial foundation for developing a greater theoretical understanding of PS statistics.
Faster subgradient methods for functions with Hölderian growth

The purpose of this manuscript is to derive new convergence results for several subgradient methods applied to minimizing nonsmooth convex functions with Holderian growth. The growth condition is satisfied in many applications and includes functions with quadratic growth and weakly sharp minima as special cases. To this end there are three main contributions. First, for a constant and sufficiently small stepsize, we show that the subgradient method achieves linear convergence up to a certain region including the optimal set, with error of the order of the stepsize. Second, if appropriate problem parameters are known, we derive a decaying stepsize which obtains a much faster convergence rate than is suggested by the classical $$O(1/\sqrt{k})$$ result for the subgradient method. Thirdly we develop a novel “descending stairs” stepsize which obtains this faster convergence rate and also obtains linear convergence for the special case of weakly sharp functions. We also develop an adaptive variant of the “descending stairs” stepsize which achieves the same convergence rate without requiring an error bound constant which is difficult to estimate in practice.
THE CAROLINGIAN RENEWAL IN EARLY MEDIEVAL EUROPE THROUGH HRABANUS MAURUS'S COMMENTARY ON MATTHEW

Hrabanus Maurus's Commentary on Matthew provides a lens through which to view the centrality of biblical studies to Carolingian reform initiatives. The commentary sits amid a burst of interest in Matthew's Gospel in the first quarter of the ninth century. It also occupies a central place in Hrabanus's program for clerical education and renewal. Hrabanus imagined the work as a user-friendly reference guide or introductory text and structured the commentary with highly sophisticated and complementary indexing, organizing, and searching features to privilege ease of use. Hrabanus's design allows for quick appreciation and simple interpretation of the Gospel's overall narrative structure, its principal episodes, and its individual verses. Moreover, Hrabanus took painstaking effort to document the numerous patristic sources upon which he drew in building the commentary, as well as to acknowledge when he contributed thoughts of his own. The manuscript record, epistolary remarks, sermon texts, and literary references — including in the vernacular — testify to broad dissemination and use of the commentary by Hrabanus's network of patrons, peers, and students across Frankish Europe. Attention to the structure, content, and influence of the commentary expands scholarly appreciation of Hrabanus's genius beyond his achievements as an abbot and bishop or as a prolific biblical exegete, to include resourcefulness and practicality in teaching. Moreover, the study illumines the close association Carolingian leaders saw between biblical studies and broader cultural renewal along with the networks connecting leaders across the Frankish world as they reflected upon and promoted reform.
The Cosmic Void

What exists at the fundamental level of reality? On the standard picture, the fundamental reality contains (among other things) fundamental matter, such as particles, fields, or even the quantum state. Non-fundamental facts are explained by facts about fundamental matter, at least in part. In this paper, I introduce a non-standard picture called the "cosmic void" in which the universe is devoid of any fundamental material ontology. Facts about tables and chairs are recovered from a special kind of laws that satisfy strong determinism. All non-fundamental facts are completely explained by nomic facts. I discuss a concrete example of this picture in a strongly deterministic version of the many-worlds theory of quantum mechanics. I discuss some philosophical and scientific challenges to this view, as well as some connections to ontological nihilism.
Selling a business after the pandemic? Crisis and information asymmetry impact on deal terms

Abstract Pre-pandemic, small business exits were expected to increase dramatically due to pent-up supply and the aging business owner population. COVID-19 may have dampened those expectations due to increasing information asymmetries; thus, limiting selling options for the small business owner. Small business owners (SBOs) exit for many reasons (e.g., illness, family, retirement); thus, postponing a sale may not be a viable option. Alternately, SBOs can absorb crisis uncertainty by accepting different deal terms. We propose that one such strategy is to include seller financing as part of the deal terms; thereby signaling to the acquirer the SBO’s confidence that the purchase is sound. We examine the results of 1,909 exit transactions both pre- and post-crisis from the financial crisis of 2007-2009 and over a 10-year post-crisis horizon. We find that sellers accept a lower price and less favorable terms with increased seller financing in the 24 months post-crisis and waiting to sell further from the crisis improves deal terms for sellers, when SBOs have time to exit. Additionally, reduced information asymmetry improves deal terms. Finally, we provide strategies for SBOs to lower information asymmetry in small business exits.
The Role of the Modified Barium Swallow Study and Esophagram in Patients with Globus Sensation

Globus sensation (GS) is a common benign finding that is often associated with frequent throat clearing and is commonly a result of laryngopharyngeal reflux. The primary objective of this investigation was to examine the role of the modified barium swallow study (MBSS) with esophagram in the diagnosis and management patients who present with chief complaints of a GS. We hypothesize that these radiographic swallow studies do not add clinically significant information in the investigation of this common complaint. Retrospective chart review of patients with chief complaints of GS between 2000 and 2009 who underwent both MBSS and esophagram was conducted. Of the 380 patients who underwent MBSS, only 68 patients were eligible for this study. Over 70 % of patients were on reflux medicines, 81 % of the MBSS studies were normal, 62 % of the esophagram results were normal, 18 % of patients had a hiatal hernia, and 10 % exhibited signs of reflux. Esophagoscopy was performed in 45 % of patients, of which 35 % were normal. One patient initially had a normal esophagogastroduodenoscopy and then was subsequently diagnosed with gastric CA. Fifty-nine percent of patients underwent CT Neck with IV contrast, of which 67 % had minor findings. Positive findings are often benign and can be treated with reflux medications. Esophagoscopy was often normal and most sensitive only for hiatal hernia. No hypopharyngeal cancer was noted. Therefore, MBSS and esophagram for patients with GS are most often negative and fail to add significant diagnostic information.
Abstract 12955: Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT) in Cardiac Surgery May Be Associated to Constant Exposure Rather Than Occasional Previous Administration: A Single Center Study

BACKGROUND: Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is an immune-mediated, life-threatening, complication of heparin therapy, occurring in about 2% of patients undergoing cardiac surgery. These patients receive large doses of unfractionated heparin intraoperatively and may receive heparin for other reasons perioperatively. No definitive study, however, explains how heparin exposure triggers heparin-dependent antibodies to induce platelet aggregation. We investigated various risk factors that predispose these patients to HIT. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed all adult cardiac surgery patients at our institution since the induction of HIT data in the STS database, in 2011. Patients with HIT (+ve PF4-antibodies) were compared to NON HIT based on previous exposure (i.e. hemodialysis, redo cardiac surgery, unrelated heparin therapy), type of procedure, length of stay (LOS), and mortality. Age, LOS, and categorical data were compared with the unpaired t-test, Mann-Whitney U, and χ2 test, respectively. RESULT...
Diversification in the Buddhist Churches of America: Demographic Trends and Their Implications for the Future Study of U.S. Buddhist Groups

Scholars of U.S Buddhism often divide Buddhist groups into categories using a system called "Two Buddhisms." These groups are "Heritage," founded by immigrants, and "Convert," founded by Americans of European descent. As cultural pressures force U.S. Buddhist groups to adapt, the resulting changes challenge our existing categorization systems. This paper uses 2011 survey data to show that the Buddhist Churches of America (BCA) is becoming demographically more diverse and its practices more Americanized. With these adaptations, the BCA no longer fits easily into either Heritage or Convert categories, suggesting that the Two Buddhisms system in its current form is inadequate for evaluating U.S. Buddhist groups. To aid the future study of U.S. Buddhism, I use the data from the BCA to provide an alternative, more nuanced, rubric for assessing the adaptation of Buddhist groups which will enhance the existing Two Buddhisms system.
Race, Punishment, and the Michael Vick Experience

Objective. The relationship between race and crime has been contentious, focusing primarily on offending and incarceration patterns among minorities. There has been some limited work on public perceptions of criminal punishment, and findings show that while minorities believe in the role and rule of law, they simultaneously perceive the justice system as acting in a biased and/or unfair manner. Two limitations have stalled this literature. First, research has focused mainly on criminal punishments to the neglect of noncriminal punishments. Second, most studies have not examined whether race remains salient after considering other demographic variables or discrimination and legitimacy attitudes.Methods. Using data from 400 adults, we examine how race affects perceptions of criminal punishment and subsequent reinstatement into the National Football League in the case of Michael Vick, a star professional quarterback who pled guilty to charges of operating an illegal dog-fighting ring.Results. Findings show that whites are more likely to view Vick's punishment as too soft and that he should not be reinstated, while nonwhites had the opposite views. Race remained significant after controlling for other variables believed to be related to punishment perceptions.Conclusion. Attitudes toward both criminal punishment and NFL reinstatement vary across race such that there exists important divides in how individuals perceive the system meting out punishment and subsequently reintegrating offenders back into society. These results underscore that white and nonwhites perceive the law and its administration differently.
A Critical Examination of Definitions for Progressive Education.

Progressivism has influenced educational thought generally and profoundly, and today it continues as the strongest and most evangelistic movement in American education. For those who are especially interested in trying to comprehend so-called "progressive" education, there could be no better way of beginning an inquiry than by examining what is implied, in terms of finality of meaning or of truth, in the definitions which are basic to this approach to the educational act. Changes in educational philosophy and practice that have been closely associated with the term "Progressive Education" constitute the influential and much criti-
Structural features involved in the biological activity of insulin and the insulin-like growth factors: A27insulinBIGF-I☆

Abstract A synthetic insulin-like compound consisting of the A-chain of insulin extended at its carboxyl terminus with the hexapeptide “D-domain” of insulin-like Growth Factor II, linked via disulfide bonds to a B-chain corresponding to the “B-domain” of insulin-like Growth Factor I, has been examined for insulin-like metabolic activity and for mitogenic activity. The synthetic material ( A 27 insulin B IGF-I ) is less potent than insulin in metabolic assays, and less potent than both insulin and IGF-I in mitogenic assays. It is proposed that neither the “D-domain” nor the “B-domain” of the IGFs is a major contributor to mitogenic activity. Their presence in the same molecule does not result in significant growth-promoting activity.
Neural Activity and the Development of Brain Circuits

The development of highly interconnected circuits in the brain relies on patterns of neural activity. These patterns produce a cascade of events that refine initially imprecise connectivity into precise circuits. The presence of neural activity is particularly important during well-defined critical periods in early life. Keywords: visual system; synapse; retinal axons; LTP; critical period
Molecular cloning of cellular genes encoding retinoblastoma-associated proteins: identification of a gene with properties of the transcription factor E2F.

Abstract The retinoblastoma protein interacts with a number of cellular proteins to form complexes which are probably crucial for its normal physiological function. To identify these proteins, we isolated nine distinct clones by direct screening of cDNA expression libraries using purified RB protein as a probe. One of these clones, Ap12, is expressed predominantly at the G1-S boundary and in the S phase of the cell cycle. The nucleotide sequence of Ap12 has features characteristic of transcription factors. The C-terminal region binds to unphosphorylated RB in regions similar to those to which T antigen binds and contains a transactivation domain. A region containing a potential leucine zipper flanked by basic residues is able to bind an E2F recognition sequence specifically. Expression of Ap12 in mammalian cells significantly enhances E2F-dependent transcriptional activity. These results suggest that Ap12 encodes a protein with properties known to be characteristic of transcription factor E2F.
Effects of household sex composition on the salience of one's gender in the spontaneous self-concept.

Abstract It was hypothesized that being a boy or a girl becomes more salient in a child's self-concept to the extent the other sex numerically predominates in the child's household. This prediction was based upon an information-processing, distinctiveness postulate that a person contemplating a complex stimulus (such as the self) selectively notices and encodes its more distinctive, information-rich aspects. The spontaneous self-concept elicited by nondirective “Tell us about yourself” interviews of 560 school children were scored for spontaneous mention of one's gender. As predicted, boys spontaneously mentioned their maleness more often when they came from households where females were in the majority; girls mentioned their femaleness more often when from households with male majorities; boys mentioned their maleness more often when from father-absent than from father-present homes. Incidental findings are that gender is more salient in the negation self-concept (“Tell us what you are not ”) than in the affirmation self-concept (“Tell us about yourself”) especially for girls and that gender becomes increasingly salient as the child grows older.
Endocrine and physiological changes during “spontaneous” panic attacks

SUMMARY Eight patients with DSM-III-defined panic attacks were compared to four normal subjects on hormonal and physiological variables measured at six predetermined times through 24 hr and also during nine "spontaneous" attacks. Levels at predelermined times were not different, other than a reduction of urinary unconjugated epinephrine in patients. Plasma prolactin was elevated at the peak of most of the attacks and correlated with attack severity. Plasma cortisol and growth hormone, and heart rate, were elevated during some attacks, and plasma norepinephrine showed small increases. Significant plasma epinephrine and MHPG changes were not observed.
QStruc: an approach for qualitative structural analysis

Abstract Understanding the behavior of a structure and its components in the preliminary design phase is important since decisions made at this time can have a significant influence on the quality of the final design. It can also potentially reduce the number of alternative solutions and avoid costly design revisions. However, there are few tools available for modeling of a structure and performing qualitative analysis and interpretation of a conceptual design. We describe a framework QStruc for qualitative structural analysis which combines first principles in structural engineering and experimental knowledge of structural behavior. The purpose of QStruc is to generate refined qualitative models and to infer the qualitative response of a given preliminary structure. The results are expressed by qualitative deflected shape, moments and reactions. The proposed qualitative analysis strategy is a “greedy” depth-first algorithm that tries to expand the response of behavior as much as possible from known parameter values. This strategy makes use of a causal ordering mechanism, qualitative calculus and Quantity Lattice (R. Simmons, “Commonsense arithmetic reasoning” in Proceedings of the AAAI86 , pp. 118–124, Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, California, 1986) to reason about partial ordering among physical parameters.
Nonlinear heat conduction in solid H 2

On the basis of recent empirical data, the temperature distribution in solid crystalline hydrogen is shown to be governed by the essentially nonlinear diffusion equation $\frac{\ensuremath{\partial}\ensuremath{\theta}}{\ensuremath{\partial}t}=D{\ensuremath{\theta}}^{2}{\ensuremath{\nabla}}^{2}\ensuremath{\theta}$ in which there appears the dimensionless variable $\ensuremath{\theta}\ensuremath{\equiv}{[1+{(\frac{T}{{T}_{c}})}^{4}]}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ with the constants $D$ and ${T}_{c}$ dependent on the ortho-${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ percentile. It is observed that this governing equation can be transformed to an equivalent linear diffusion equation for situations with one-dimensional spatial symmetry. By utilizing this remarkable linear-theoretic correspondence, exact solutions to initial-value boundary-value problems of current experimental interest are derived and reported here.
Onboard science processing on a microsatellite with limited resources

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) mission aims to understand the coupling between ocean surface properties, moist atmospheric thermodynamics, radiation, and convective dynamics in the inner core of tropical cyclones (TCs). The mission is comprised of eight microsatellites (μSats) in low-earth orbit (LEO) at an inclination of 35 degrees.