cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photoresponsive frameworks: energy transfer in the spotlight.

In this paper, spiropyran-containing metal- and covalent-organic frameworks (MOFs and COFs, respectively) are probed as platforms for fostering photochromic behavior in solid-state materials, while simultaneously promoting directional energy transfer (ET). In particular, Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between spiropyran and porphyrin derivatives integrated as linkers in the framework matrix is discussed. The photochromic spiropyran derivatives allow for control over material optoelectronic properties through alternation of excitation wavelengths. Photoinduced changes in the material electronic profile have also been probed through conductivity measurements. Time-resolved photoluminescence studies were employed to evaluate the effect of photochromic linkers on material photophysics. Furthermore, “forward” and “reverse” FRET processes occurring between two distinct chromophores were modeled, and the Forster critical radii and ET rates were estimated to support the experimentally observed changes in material photoluminescence.
Hand Hygiene Compliance Rate During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

This quality improvement study assesses hand hygiene compliance rates in a hospital with an automated hand hygiene monitoring system during the COVID-19 pandemic.
The Drosophila ribosome protein S5 paralog RpS5b promotes germ cell and follicle cell differentiation during oogenesis

Emerging evidence suggests that ribosome heterogeneity may have important functional consequences in the translation of specific mRNAs within different cell types and under various conditions. Ribosome heterogeneity comes in many forms, including post-translational modification of ribosome proteins (RPs), absence of specific RPs and inclusion of different RP paralogs. The Drosophila genome encodes two RpS5 paralogs: RpS5a and RpS5b. While RpS5a is ubiquitously expressed, RpS5b exhibits enriched expression in the reproductive system. Deletion of RpS5b results in female sterility marked by developmental arrest of egg chambers at stages 7-8, disruption of vitellogenesis and posterior follicle cell (PFC) hyperplasia. While transgenic rescue experiments suggest functional redundancy between RpS5a and RpS5b, molecular, biochemical and ribo-seq experiments indicate that RpS5b mutants display increased rRNA transcription and RP production, accompanied by increased protein synthesis. Loss of RpS5b results in microtubule-based defects and in mislocalization of Delta and Mindbomb1, leading to failure of Notch pathway activation in PFCs. Together, our results indicate that germ cell-specific expression of RpS5b promotes proper egg chamber development by ensuring the homeostasis of functional ribosomes.
Neurostimulation for the Treatment of Functional Neurological Disorder: A Systematic Review

Abstract Functional Neurological Disorder (FND), also known as conversion disorder, is characterized by neurological symptoms that are incompatible with any known structural disorder and best explained by a biopsychosocial model. Evidence-based treatments for FND are limited, with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and physiotherapy being the most effective interventions [1]. In recent years, functional neuroimaging studies have provided robust evidence of alterations in activity and connectivity in multiple brain networks in FND. This body of evidence suggests that neurocircuitry-based interventions, such as non-invasive brain stimulation techniques (NIBS), may also represent an effective therapeutic option for patients with FND. In this systematic review, we outline the current state of knowledge of NIBS in FND, and discuss limitations and future directions that may help establish the efficacy of NIBS as a therapeutic option for FND.
Variations in analgesic, sedation, and delirium management between trauma and non-trauma critically ill children.

INTRODUCTION Studies have shown the benefit of intensive care unit (ICU) bundled protocols; however, they are primarily derived from medical patients. We hypothesized that patients and their medication profiles are different between critically ill medical, surgical, and trauma patients. METHODS The Pediatric Health Information System 2017 dataset was used to perform a retrospective cohort study of critically ill children. The pediatric medical, surgical, and trauma cohorts were separated based on ICD-10 codes. Data collected included demographics, secondary diagnoses, outcomes, and medication data. Medications were grouped as opiates, GABA-agonists, alpha-2 agonists, anti-psychotics, paralytics, and "other" sedatives. A non-parametric Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (KS test) and odds ratios (reference group: medical cohort) were calculated to compare medication administration between the study cohorts for the first 30 ICU days. RESULTS A total of 4488 critically ill children (medical 2078, surgical 1650, and trauma 760) were identified. The trauma cohort had increased incidence of delirium (medical 10.8%, surgical 11.5%, trauma 13.8%; p 50% received GABA-agonists on ICU days 0-30. With the KS test, there was a significant difference in administration of opiates, GABA-agonists, alpha-2 agonists, anti-psychotics, and "other" sedatives over the first 30 days in the ICU. Relative to medical patients, trauma patients had significantly higher odds of receiving anti-psychotics on ICU days 10-20 and 22-24. CONCLUSION Critically ill pediatric trauma, medical, and surgical patients are distinctly different patient populations with differing pharmacologic profiles for analgesia, sedation, and delirium. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III (Retrospective Comparative Study).
Evaluation of Energy Consumption Factors at Army Forces Command Sites

ABSTRACT Energy regulations prescribed by federal legislation and executive orders require federal facilities to reduce energy consumption per square foot of building floor space (hereinafter referred to as “energy intensity”). Prior regulations required energy intensity to be reduced by 10 percent, 20 percent, and 30 percent relative to a 1985 baseline by the years 1995, 2000, and 2005, respectively. Executive Order 13123 recently extended the requirements to a 35 percent reduction by 2010 relative to 1985. Based on 1998 energy consumption, FORSCOM energy intensity had dropped by 13.7 percent since 1985. Thus, FORSCOM met the 10 percent reduction required by 1995, but is far short of the 20 percent, 30 percent, and 35 percent reduction requirements established for 2000, 2005, and 2010, respectively. Moderate success to date and concern about meeting future requirements prompted FORSCOM to initiate an evaluation of factors limiting site energy intensity improvement. The objectives of this assessment inclu...
Impostors and Revolution: on the ‘Philadelphie’ 1796 edition of the Traité des trois imposteurs

Among the eighteenth-century printed editions of the Traite des trois imposteurs, the most unusual is the last, which, according to the tide page, was printed in ‘Philadelphie sous les auspices du general Washingthon [sic]’ in 1796. This edition is full of poems celebrating the French Republic and condemning its enemies foreign and domestic. Although the earlier editions of the Traite were used to promote a Spinozist view of God, or even atheism, this one states that ‘Le peuple francais reconnant l’etre supreme, l’immortalite de l’ame, et la liberte des cultes’, reflecting instead the patriotic and providential deism of the Revolution. Who was responsible for this edition? We will see that it was one ‘citoyen Mercier’, who used the Traite to promote an idea of a deist civil religion recommended by Rousseau and put into execution by Roberspierre and others. For this reason, the only relation that this book had to America or Washington is imaginary and symbolic, a ‘pious fraud’ in the civil religion of the French Revolution.
Long-time dynamics of a regularized family of models for homogeneous incompressible two-phase flows

In this article we consider a general family of regularized models for incompressible two-phase flows based on the Allen-Cahn formulation in n-dimensional compact Riemannian manifolds, for d = 2, 3. The system we consider consists of a regularized family of Navier-Stokes equations for the fluid velocity u coupled with a convective Allen-Cahn equation for the order (phase) parameter φ. We discretize these equations in time using the implicit Euler scheme and we prove that the discrete attractors generated by the numerical scheme converge to the global attractor of the continuous system as the time-step approaches zero.
Communities, Voices and Portals of Engagement

What are the portals through which we uncover new perspectives, new approaches and new audiences for sharing our scholarship? The scholarship of teaching and learning creates opportunities for the emergence of new communities of practice across disciplines. Specific “portals of engagement” invite new partnerships for engagement, along with the emergence of “hybrid pedagogies” that evolve from Schulman’s (2005) signature pedagogies. How effective are these hybrids? What are the common elements that catalyze learning during the process of engagement? This essay explores these portals and their role in fostering scholarship across disciplinary and cultural pedagogies.
Climate-Ice Sheet Simulations of Neoproterozoic Glaciation Before and After Collapse to Snowball Earth

Geologic evidence of tropical sea level glaciation in the Neoproterozoic is one of the cornerstones of the Snowball Earth hypothesis. However, it is not clear during what part of the Snowball Earth cycle that land-based glaciers or ice sheets could have grown: just before the collapse with tropical oceans still open, or after the collapse with oceans completely covered with sea ice. In the former state, the tropics may still have been too warm to allow flowing ice to reach sea level; in the latter, snowfall minus sublimation may have been too small to build significant ice. These possibilities are tested with a coupled global climate model and dynamic ice sheet model, with two continental configurations (∼750 Ma, 540 Ma) and two CO 2 levels bracketing the collapse to Snowball Earth (840, 420 ppmv). Prior to collapse large high-latitude ice sheets form at 750 Ma, but with flat continents, no low-latitude ice grows at 750 or 540 Ma. In the absence of reliable knowledge of Neoproterozoic topography, we apply a small-scale test profile in the ice sheet model, representing a coastal mountain range on which glaciers can be initiated and flow seaward. Prior to collapse, almost all low-latitude test glaciers fail to reach the coast at 750 Ma, but at 540 Ma many do reach the sea. After the collapse to full Snowball conditions, the hydrologic cycle is greatly reduced, but extensive kilometer-thick ice sheets form slowly on low-latitude continents within a few 100,000 years, both at 750 Ma and 540 Ma.
SEROLOGY OF BACTERIONEMA MATRUCHOTII

Schmidt, Jean M. (State University of Iowa, Iowa City) and Robert L. Richardson. Serology of Bacterionema matruchotii. J. Bacteriol. 83:584–589. 1962.—Serological relationships of Bacterionema matruchotii were studied by means of the complement-fixation reaction. A common complement-fixing antigen was demonstrated in 37 strains of this organism. Serological relationships to species in the genera Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Actinomyces, and Corynebacterium were shown by means of reciprocal complement-fixation adsorption studies. The close serological relationships among strains of Bacterionema matruchotii, and the broad serological cross-reactions with several other genera, support the establishment of this new genus.
Natural organobromine in marine sediments: New evidence of biogeochemical Br cycling

Received 22 January 2010; revised 6 July 2010; accepted 4 August 2010; published 24 November 2010. [1] Organobromine (Brorg) compounds, commonly recognized as persistent, toxic anthropogenic pollutants, are also produced naturally in terrestrial and marine systems. Several enzymatic and abiotic bromination mechanisms have been identified, as well as an array of natural Brorg molecules associated with various marine organisms. The fate of the carbon‐bromine functionality in the marine environment, however, remains largely unexplored. Oceanographic studies have noted an association between bromine (Br) and organic carbon (Corg) in marine sediments. Even so, there has been no direct chemical evidence that Br in the sediments exists in a stable form apart from inorganic bromide (Brinorg), which is widely presumed conservative in marine systems. To investigate the scope of natural Brorg production and its fate in the environment, we probed Br distribution and speciation in estuarine and marine sediments using in situ X‐ray spectroscopy and spectromicroscopy. We show that Brorg is ubiquitous throughout diverse sedimentary environments, occurring in correlation with Corg and metals such as Fe, Ca, and Zn. Analysis of sinking particulate carbon from the seawater column links the Brorg observed in sediments to biologically produced Brorg compounds that persist through humification of natural organic matter (NOM). Br speciation varies with sediment depth, revealing biogeochemical cycling of Br between organic and inorganic forms as part of the burial and degradation of NOM. These findings illuminate the chemistry behind the association of Br with Corg in marine sediments and cast doubt on the paradigmatic classification of Br as a conservative element in seawater systems.
Synthesis and characterization of silicon nitride whiskers

Silicon nitride whiskers were synthesized by the carbothermal reduction of silica under nitrogen gas flow. The formation of silicon nitride whiskers occurs through a gas-phase reaction, 3SiO(g) + 3CO(g) + 2N2(g ) - Si3N4(/~ ) + 3CO2(g), and the VS mechanism. The generation of SiO gas was enhanced by the application of a halide bath. Various nitrogen flow rates resulted in different whisker yields and morphologies. A suitable gas composition range of N2, SiO and O2 is necessary to make silicon nitride stable and grow in a whisker form. The oxygen partial pressure of the gas phase was measured by an oxygen sensor and the gas phase was analysed for CO/CO2 by gas chromatography. Silicon nitride was first formed as a granule, typically a polycrystalline, and then grown as a single crystal whisker from the {1 00} plane of the granule along the ~2 1 0) direction. The whiskers were identified as/~'-sialon with Z value ranging from 0.8 to 1.1, determined by lattice parameter measurements.
New technology imperatives in medical education.

A great deal of effort has been expended on trying to determine whether traditional instruction, online learning, or some combination of the two is of greater educational effectiveness. This may be the wrong question. Rather than determining whether one delivery mechanism is superior to another, it is more important to choose the best method(s) of delivery to achieve specific educational objectives, taking into consideration the different learning styles and circumstances of the target audience. Although appropriate use of technology offers potential for improved learning, there are other compelling reasons to use technology in medical education, such as reaching a different audience or accessing unique expertise that would otherwise be unavailable. This article explores the ramifications of three important drivers of technology adoption for medical education: (1) public access to medical knowledge on the Internet; (2) change in what constitutes medical knowledge; and (3) the impending shortage of educato...
Moving subvarieties by endomorphisms

Let K be an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero and let A be a semiabelian variety defined over K. Let End(A) be the ring of endomorphisms of A. Let X ⊂ A be a subvariety of smaller dimension. We show that \(\bigcup_{f\in{\rm End}(A)} f(X(K))\) does not equal A(K). In particular, we may take K to be countable.
Fatal rupture of both left ventricular free wall and ventricular septum (double rupture) during acute myocardial infarction: analysis of seven patients studied at necropsy.

Abstract Rupture of the left ventricular (LV) free wall is a common complication of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Rupture of either the ventricular septum (VS) or a LV papillary muscle during AMI is far less common. 1,2 Combined rupture of LV free wall and either VS or papillary muscle is rare and this possibility has received little attention. 3–5 In this report we describe certain clinical and necropsy findings in 7 patients who had combined rupture of both LV free wall and VS during AMI; in all of them the rupture was also associated with hemopericardium.
VORTICES IN AN IMPERFECT BOSE GAS. IV. TRANSLATIONAL VELOCITY.

The translational velocity of a vortex with circulation $\frac{h}{m}$ in an imperfect Bose gas is calculated by considering the time dependence of the condensate wave function corresponding to a given initial configuration of vortices. Each vortex in a system of rectilinear vortices is shown to move with the local fluid velocity at its core; a vortex ring of radius $R$ is shown to move with velocity $(\frac{h}{4\ensuremath{\pi}\mathrm{mR}})\mathrm{ln}(\frac{8R}{\ensuremath{\alpha}})$, where $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ is a length the order of the core size. Both results agree with the predictions of classical hydrodynamics.
Frontal lobe epilepsy: Clinical syndromes and presurgical evaluation

Our understanding of the anatomy and function of the brain's frontal lobe has increased steadily. In the last 8 years, two major meetings, one in 1987 and the other in 1993, have been devoted to this subject alone (1,2). However, despite intense clinical and basic science research, much is still unknown concerning the functional anatomy of the frontal lobe. There are significant implications for the epileptologist to understand the different clinical manifestations and to localize seizures of frontal lobe origin. Factors that limit the study of the frontal lobe include its anatomic size, its extensive networking with other parts of the brain, as well as its limited access to scalp EEG recording. Recent advances in technology are improving the methods available to study the frontal lobe. These new technologies include expanded EEG channels, including supraorbital and nasoethmoidal electrodes, computerized EEG analysis, and intracranial intraoperative and chronic recording, single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and neuropsychological testing. A consensus remains to be established among different epilepsy centers regarding the use of a systematic approach in evaluation of patients
Amelanotic Choroidal Nevi

A review of 373 patients with presumed choroidal nevi revealed 19 (5.1%) to have largely or totally amelanotic nevi. All patients but one with amelanotic nevi were white, and all were 48 years of age or older. Each lesion was located posterior to the equator, had a mean diameter of 3.2 mm, and was less than or equal to 1 mm in elevation. Intravenous fluorescein angiography most often disclosed early and late hyperfluorescence, corresponding to the amelanotic areas of the nevus. No lesions were observed to grow during a mean 14-month follow-up period. The differential diagnosis of amelanotic nevi of the choroid is discussed and includes amelanotic malignant melanoma, cavernous hemangioma of the choroid, metastatic cancer to the choroid, posterior scleritis, choroidal osteoma, and hypopigmented congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium.
Properties of lymphocyte 5'nucleotidase in normal subjects and patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Abstract Heterogeneity for 5′nucleotidase has been demonstrated in chronic lymphocytic leukemia [12]. The enzyme is not detectable in the lymphocytes from the majority of patients with this disorder, but normal and even supranormal levels are found in some cases [17]. In the present studies, the properties of this ecto-nucleotidase were investigated in unhomogenized lymphocytes isolated from the blood of normal subjects and patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The activity was found to have a pH optimum of 8.0–8.5 and a preference of 5′ribo- over 5′deoxyribonucleotides. The enzyme was inactive towards 2′,3′AMP. The K m for AMP showed a broad range from 19 to 210 μM in unhomogenized lymphocytes. An unexpected relationship was observed between sp. act. and this K m in that higher K m values were noted with cells from subjects with high lymphocyte 5′nucleotidase sp. act. and low K m values in lymphocyte preparations with low sp. act. When plasma membranes were prepared, a narrow range of low K m values unrelated to sp. act. was noted. The change in K m was not due to Pi concentration or nucleotide effects. The ecto-enzyme was inhibited by α,β-methylene adenosine diphosphate, while cytosol phosphatase activity was not inhibited by this compound. Heat stability studies revealed a 45% loss in 5′nucleotidase activity after incubation for 20 min at 65°C. A comparison of the substrate preference. K m values, effect of inhibitor and subcellular localization revealed no differences between the enzyme from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and from normal subjects. This finding is consistent with the suggestion that the undetectable or supranormal levels observed in the lymphocytes of patients with this disorder stems from variations in the percentage of cells having 5′nucleotidase rather than changes in the enzyme proper.
HIV-related issues and concerns for imprisoned persons throughout the world.

Purpose of reviewTo summarize articles related to HIV/AIDS and correctional populations that were published from January 2004 through March 2005. In all, 43 empirical and seven non-empirical articles are summarized, about two-thirds of which are focused on correctional populations in the USA. The ma
Myoblast Stored Myosin Heavy Chain Transcripts are Precursors to the Myotube Polysomal Myosin Heavy Chain mRNAs

Radioactively labeled myosin heavy chain messenger ribonucleic acid (MHC mRNA) synthesized during the pre-fusion stage of chick embryo breast muscle cell culture is transferred from messenger ribonucleic acid proteins (mRNPs) to the polysomal MHC mRNA during the period of rapid increase in the rate of MHC synthesis (mid-to late-fusion). This transfer constitutes a major contribution to the rate of incorporation of 3H-labeled transcripts into polysomal MHC mRNA at this time. As the increase in the rate of MHC synthesis levels off (late-to post-fusion) the contribution to the rate of incorporation of 3H-labeled transcripts into polysomal MHC mRNA from newly synthesized transcripts increases until it becomes predominant. In vivo, the level of MHC mRNP increases during early stages of embryonic development and then decreases when MHC synthesis and the level of polysomal MHC mRNA has been shown to increase.
Factors Associated with Breastfeeding Initiation in Adolescent Mothers

Objective To identify the most influential factors on breastfeeding initiation in adolescent mothers in order to identify the highest risk population to focus education and support services. Study design Retrospective population-based cohort study of all non-anomalous live births in Ohio (2006-2007). Breastfeeding initiation rates were compared between adolescent mothers age ≤19 years and a reference group age >19 years. A multivariate logistic regression model assessed the association between breastfeeding initiation in adolescent mothers while adjusting for important concomitant risk factors including race, socioeconomic, demographic, prenatal, and delivery factors. Results Of 308 380 births during the study period, following exclusions there were 30 402 mothers ≤19 years of age (10.5% of study population) and 257 840 mothers age >19 years. Of adolescent mothers, 44% initiated breastfeeding compared with 65% of older mothers, P Conclusion Adolescent mothers who have the least social support and are socioeconomically disadvantaged are the least likely to breastfeed their newborn infants. In addition, maternal perception, societal barriers, and a lack of prenatal intervention contribute unique barriers to breastfeeding in adolescence. Opportunities exist for school programs, baby-friendly hospitals, and postpartum education to improve breastfeeding rates in this population.
Isotopic composition of antarctic dry valley nitrate : Implications for NOy sources and cycling in antarctica

[1] Nitrates minerals from the Dry Valleys of Antarctica have been analyzed for their oxygen and nitrogen isotopic compositions. The 15N was depleted with δ15N values ranging from −9.5 to −26.2‰, whereas the 17O and 18O isotopes were highly enriched (with excess 17O) with δ18O values spanning 62–76‰ and Δ17O values from 28.9 to 32.7‰. These are the largest 17O enrichments observed in any known mineral. The oxygen isotopes indicate that nitrate is from a combination of tropospheric transport of photochemically produced HNO3 and HNO3 formed in the stratosphere.
Extracellular protease activation of chemotherapeutics from hydrogel matrices: a new paradigm for local chemotherapy.

A novel paradigm for local cancer chemotherapy, based upon local activation of chemotherapeutic molecules by soluble proteases, is presented. In the presence of matrix metalloproteases, a family of cancer-associated proteases, cisplatin is released from a hydrogel matrix in an active form. In the absence of matrix metalloproteases, cisplatin is released at a much lower rate. The mesh size of the polymer controls metalloprotease-based cisplatin release from the hydrogel matrix with approximate doubling of cisplatin release in the presence of matrix metalloprotease. Overall, this novel paradigm shows much potential for local chemotherapy where local chemotherapeutic release is in response to the invasive properties of the tumor. Keywords: Prodrug; cancer; chemotherapy; hydrogel; drug activation; targeted delivery; drug delivery
Parathyroid Tetany Treated with Massive Doses of Vitamin D

AN earlier report (1) indicated the success attendant upon replacement of dosages of dihydrotachysterol varying from 0.25 to 0.75 cc. (of Hytakerol solution) with 50,000 to 200,000 U.S.P. units of vitamin D in four cases of parathyroid tetany. Systematic observations have been continued on two of these patients, and on four more, making a group of six who have been studied. Four of these have been on such therapy for two or more years, the other two for one and one-half years and for seven months, respectively. Certain of the details involved are here reported as evidence for the dependability and safety of this type of treatment. The general plan has been to relax dietary restrictions previously considered necessary, thereby allowing the patient to use as much meat, egg and milk as desired in spite of the higher phosphorus intake involved. Calcium intake has always been fortified, usually by the 25 per cent solution of calcium chloride in sirup of glycyrrhiza previously described (1).
Communication development in young children with long-term tracheostomies: preliminary report

Communication development was studied in 77 subjects with long-term tracheostomies ranging in age from two months to 7 years. Children were categorized according to tracheostomy status (cannulated or decannulated), presence of speech practice prior to cannulation, and level of language development (prelinguistic or linguistic) at the time of decannulation. All were aphonic and consequently deprived of speech experience for extended periods while tracheostomized. Twenty-three children have been studied post-decannulation. Results for the children decannulated during the prelinguistic stage revealed that speech and language skills were attained commensurate with intellectual functioning. This evidence led to the conclusion that extensive, audible prespeech practice (cooing and babbling) was not needed for later spoken language development. All children decannulated during the linguistic stage exhibited specific spoken language delays including phonological impairment at the time of decannulation. The presence of speech practice prior to cannulation did not appear to be a factor in the severity of phonological impairment. The children who were cannulated for more lengthy time periods, extending into the linguistic stage, however, demonstrated more severe phonological impairment than those who were decannulated during the prelinguistic stage. With direct speech/language therapy, 20 of the 23 decannulated children eventually compensated for these difficulties, demonstrating appropriate spoken language skills. Alternative communication modalities were felt to be crucial in reducing communicative frustrations during cannulation.
Synthesis of magnetic 1D dichalcogenide nanostructures

We report the first synthesis of magnetic one-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides. Pure and Mn-doped tantalum disulfide nanotapes were synthesized using a catalyst-free single-step growth process. The sample yield of nanostructures was nearly 100 %. The nanotapes were composed of a number of smaller nanowires which appear to be open-ended nanotubes. The smaller nanowires have diameters ranging from about 30 to 300 nm. The Mn dopants were incorporated within intercalation sites between TaS2 layers. Interactions between these dopant ions induced low temperature magnetic phase transitions similar to those seen in macroscopic Mn x TaS2 compounds. The magnetic properties do not exactly correspond to their bulk counterparts, as exemplified by a higher than expected ferromagnetic transition temperature in 1D nanostructures. This indicates the magnetic properties are likely influenced by quantum size effects. The simplicity of this one-step synthesis method should allow for this technique to be extended to other dichalcogenide systems and/or magnetic dopants, opening up a new class of 1D magnetic nanostructures.
Validation of in vivo MR measurement of oxygen saturation after resuscitation with a hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier in a rabbit model.

Abstract Rationale and Objectives The authors tested whether noninvasive magnetic resonance (MR) oximetry is accurate in the in vivo measurement of oxygen saturation in a stroma-free, hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier (HBOC). Materials and Methods A central venous catheter was placed in the inferior vena cava (IVC) of 10 New Zealand white rabbits (weight range, 2.5–3.2 kg). Each rabbit underwent removal of 20% of blood volume followed by resuscitation with 10 mL/kg of bovine HBOC-200. Oxygen saturation of the blood mixture was measured in vivo at the IVC with MR oximetry, with separate in vitro calibration for each animal. Blood drawn from the IVC was measured with ex vivo oximetry, which was used as the standard of reference. The in vivo and ex vivo measurements were compared. Results There was no significant difference ( P > .1) between measurements obtained with MR oximetry and ex vivo oximetry. The results with in vivo MR oximetry demonstrated excellent correlation with those from ex vivo oximetry ( r = 0.99) over a wide range of physiologic oxygen saturation values (16.7%–74.9%) in venous blood. Conclusion Noninvasive in vivo MR measurement of oxygen saturation is valid for whole blood mixed with stroma-free hemoglobin. Therefore, MR oximetry may be clinically useful for assessing the oxygenation status in patients resuscitated with a HBOC.
Prodrug activation gene therapy and external beam irradiation in the treatment of prostate cancer

Abstract Objectives. Gene therapy may represent a new avenue for the development of multimodal treatment for men with locally advanced prostate cancer. This study explores the potential benefits of combining adenovirus-mediated (ADV) herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene (HSV-tk) transduction and ganciclovir (GCV) therapy with external beam radiation therapy (XRT) to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of each treatment alone. Methods. ADV/HSV-tk-transduced mouse prostate cancer cells, RM-1, were irradiated as single-cell suspensions at escalating doses in a cesium source (4.4 Gy/min). HSV-tk-expressing cells were randomized to receive varying doses and varying chronologies of GCV therapy in relation to XRT to fully evaluate potential cooperative activities. End points were determined in a clonogenic assay by counting colonies with greater than 50 cells 7 days after replating. The potential role of apoptosis as a mediator of enhanced cell killing was addressed by a TUNEL assay 12 and 24 hours after therapy. Results. Neither ADV infection nor GCV alone affected XRT killing. However, the combination of ADV/HSV-tk+GCV plus XRT maintained the 1 log of cell kill from gene therapy alone through escalating doses of radiation. Radiation sensitization was noted at higher doses of radiation (8.8 Gy or more). Although decreasing the GCV dose had a profound negative influence on HSV-tk+GCV-mediated killing, combination therapy continued to maintain the degree of HSV-tk+GCV killing through escalating doses of XRT in an additive fashion but did not result in radiosensitization. Changing the chronology of GCV exposure in relation to XRT did not significantly alter the additive activities of combination therapy. Studies of apoptosis noted a doubling of apoptotic activity with HSV-tk+GCV compared with HSV-tk+PBS with or without XRT. However, there was no significant change in apoptotic activity in combination therapy over HSV-tk+GCV alone within the 24-hour period after GCV exposure. Conclusions. The combination of ADV/HSV-tk+GCV and XRT appears to result in at least additive, and with higher doses of radiation, synergistic killing activities, indicating a potential usefulness of this treatment strategy for patients with prostate cancer.
Sex and mortality: Real risk and perceived vulnerability

The public's perceived susceptibility to health risks does not always accurately reflect the epidemiological estimates of actual risk. We assessed whether this discrepancy exists for HIV infection by outlining and comparing the actual statistical probabilities of acquiring HIV and another sexually transmitted disease (chlamydia) with the perceived probabilities of acquiring these diseases for heterosexuals who do not use intravenous drugs. Our analysis of heterosexual college students' perceived probabilities revealed that they do not distinguish between chlamydia and HIV infection: Their predictions are accurate estimates of the probability of chlamydial infection but overestimates of the probability of HIV infection. We also found no relationship between the frequency of participants' risk‐reducing behaviors and their perceived probability of HIV infection.
Colour and levels of aggression in the midas cichlid

Abstract Previous work established that gold morphs of the Midas cichlid ( Cichlasoma citrinellum ) dominate normal ones of about the same size. Left unresolved, however, was whether the gold morphs dominate because they are inherently more aggressive or because the gold colour inhibits aggression. The issue was clarified here by comparing levels of aggression within groups of golds only, normals only, and golds plus normals. At first the groups of golds were the least aggressive. But 2 days later the levels of aggression in the other groups fell to about that of the golds. We conclude therefore that the gold colour inhibits attack, but that this effect is only discernible in groups when they are establishing inter-individual relationships disappearing when the groups stabilize. We suggest that gold coloration inhibits attacking by stimulating fear responses.
Spin‐offs: Tackling the Conglomerate Discount

Spin-offs and other restructuring actions have risen sharply in 2011, driven by the need to streamline business models and increase corporate values. These transactions can be an effective tool for addressing the conglomerate valuation discount that has been a pervasive phenomenon over the past decade, affecting conglomerates in most regions across the world. In particular, North American and Western European conglomerates trade at valuation multiples that are roughly 10% lower than those of their pure-play peers. A conglomerate discount also prevails in some of the emerging markets, including CEEMEA and Asia. Nevertheless, in some regions, notably Japan and Latin America, conglomerates typically trade at a premium. Although the average conglomerate discount narrowed during the financial crisis due to the perceived benefits of diversification during downturns, almost half of the conglomerates globally trade at a discount, and almost a third of all conglomerates have persistently traded at a discount during the past five years. For such companies, fixing the discount requires a simplification of the business model. The authors show that recent announcements of spin-offs have led to significant share price outperformance by the parent company in both the short and the longterm, highlighting their effectiveness as a tool to enhance valuation. Spin-offs can be particularly attractive for those conglomerates that operate unrelated business segments since these firms trade at a sharper discount than diversified firms operating in related businesses. The authors discuss how management should think about the financial implications of spin-offs, including capital structure considerations, dividend policy, and turnover in the shareholder base.
General extender use in spoken Peninsular Spanish: metapragmatic awareness and pedagogical implications

This article examines vague lexical features in unplanned, naturally occurring spoken discourse among speakers of Peninsular Spanish. It focuses on vague multi-word expressions that are part of a larger category of General Extenders (GEs, Overstreet 1999). Drawing on a subset of data from the Corpus Oral de Referencia del Espanol Contemporaneo (COREC), the article describes GEs in terms of form and frequency, and illustrates the use of the three most frequent GEs vis-a-vis discursive and pragmatic functions in spoken discourse. Based on GEs' many and pivotal interactional functions as well as their frequency in attested interactions, this article proposes that language learners' metapragmatic awareness of GE use in L2 Spanish be promoted through corpus-informed instruction.
The synthesis of 1H-pyrazol-4-ols from 2-(2-alkylidenehydrazino)acetic acids

Abstract A new general method for synthesizing 1H-pyrazol-4-ols by cyclizing2-(2-alkylidenehydrazino) acetic acids with acetic anhydride in pyridine is reported.
Historical milestones of Neuroscientific Psychophysiology

The main developments emphasizing the birth and ascent of Neuroscientific Psychophysiology are highlighted. More than a century ago, monumental contributions laid the grounds for our understanding of the human brain-body-behavior-environment interrelationships with theoretical, methodological, empirical and applied underpinnings. Thousands of Psychophysiologists worldwide have contributed to enrich humanity's knowledge and will continue to enhance Neuroscientific Psychophysiology by enlarging its horizons and important ramifications. The excellence of Neuroscientific Psychophysiology is reflected in the world renowned and highly acclaimed International Journal of Psychophysiology which this year, celebrated its 25th Anniversary. The International Organization of Psychophysiology, associated with the United Nations (New York) unites professional Neuroscientists from around the world and integrates interdisciplinary Psychophysiology as a leading neuroscience.
Visual Screening with Random Dot Stereograms

(1988). Visual Screening with Random Dot Stereograms. Seminars in Ophthalmology: Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 175-180.
A statistical check of the DECsystem-10 FORTRAN pseudorandom number generator

The pseudorandom number generator in the FORTRAN library (function RAN) of the DECsystem-10 was tested for the statistical properties of an independent uniform random number generator. Five statistical tests were employed: the frequency test, serial test, lagged product test, test of runs up and down, and test of runs above and below the mean. The generator passed all tests. It was concluded that it could be used in applications that require a sequence of uniformly distributed random numbers.
TWINS energetic neutral atom observations of local‐time‐dependent ring current anisotropy

[1] Stereo energetic neutral atom (ENA) images from Two Wide-angle Imaging Neutral-atom Spectrometers (TWINS) are analyzed using a simple line-of-sight (LOS) mapping approximation, for two case studies: 6 April 2010 and 29 May 2010. A previous study first reported a global dawn-dusk asymmetry favoring anisotropy on the duskside, observed by TWINS on 6 April. This paper extends and refines the previous analysis, and applies it to ENA data from 29 May, to find a second event containing the dawn-dusk anisotropy asymmetry. Ion pitch angle distributions are retrieved using analytical expressions for anisotropy indices and their associated errors. The analysis is limited to intervals for which TWINS 1 and 2 have similar viewing geometries; i.e., the two spacecraft are at similar magnetic local time (MLT) but different latitudes, to sample two different but overlapping ranges of pitch angle. Application of the method is restricted to portions of the image for which the length of intersection of the LOS with the ENA source distribution is small. For each event, deduced pitch angle anisotropy is higher on the duskside than on the dawnside, a global asymmetry that persists for the hour-long interval of favorable viewing geometry. The anisotropy generally decreases with energy from 1–30 keV. For 6 April the duskside anisotropy spectrum has a local peak at 12 keV, but exhibits an overall decrease over the measured energy range. For 29 May the duskside anisotropy falls monotonically with energy. Finding this previously unreported system-level ring current attribute in two different events demonstrates that the global anisotropy is not a one-time, unique occurrence, and also raises the question of how often and why this new phenomenon occurs. Further work is needed to determine the cause of the dawn-dusk asymmetry in ion anisotropy. It is well known that multiple mechanisms, such as self-consistent adiabatic ion drift, Coulomb collisions and charge exchange, influence the global ion pitch angle distribution. However, the degree to which these multiple mechanisms contribute specifically to the observed dawn-dusk asymmetry will likely require direct comparison between the TWINS observations and simulations of these two events, including self-consistent fields and realistic densities for the plasmasphere and neutral exosphere.
Alumina as a dopant in optical fiber by OVD

Alumina is an indispensable dopant in modern optical fiber technology, particularly due to its important role played in the recent developments of optical fiber amplifiers and high-power fiber lasers over the last decade or so, which have revolutionized the telecommunication systems, and the industrial laser landscapes, respectively. In this paper, Alumina-doped optical fibers advanced through the outside vapor deposition process and their key attributes in the respective applications are reviewed, with Alumina both as a sole dopant for its potential use in the low-loss transmission lines and as a co-dopant for active use in the high-brightness, high-power fiber laser applications.
Computational fluid dynamics studies of fixed bed heat transfer

Abstract Fluid flow and heat transfer in a fixed bed of tube to particle ratio 2.86 were studied by solving the 3D Navier–Stokes and energy equations using a commercial finite element code, ANSYS/FLOTRAN. The geometry model consisted of an arrangement of eight spheres. Boundary conditions were given at the wall and the inlet, similar to an experimental setup, to determine the velocity and temperature at various locations. The main objective of this study was to use computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to obtain values for the dimensionless wall heat transfer coefficient, Nuw and the radial effective thermal conductivity ratio, kr/kf, using air as the fluid. Nuw and kr/kf were evaluated from the calculated temperatures at different locations in the bed by fitting these with the analytical solution of the usual two-dimensional pseudo-homogeneous model, using a non-linear least squares analysis. Results were obtained for Reynolds numbers in the range 9–1450. The Nuw and kr/kf values showed reasonable qualitative agreement with both experimental values and values predicted by a model-matching theory based on experimental measurements. Studies were also carried out to verify the depth, pressure and wall temperature dependence of the effective heat parameters. The effect of the temperature profile measurement position above the bed on the estimated parameters, was investigated.
A lightness recovery algorithm for the multispectral acquisition of frescoed environments

The multispectral acquisition of frescoes poses unsolved challenges, the main difficulty being that it is often impossible to measure the reference white signal. We introduce a new formulation of the lightness problem for images of pictorial artworks. As artists often paint the effects of light, the albedo field can contain a component that mimics an illumination field. Therefore, new insights are needed to distinguish the effects of physical illumination and painted shading. Because paint has a small dynamic range compared to light, these two signals can be distinguished using dynamic range. We describe a variational method to estimate the physical illumination component. We show our method produces estimates of the illumination intensity field for multispectral images of paintings that compare very well with the known ground truth, outperforming other state-of-the art lightness recovery algorithms. We then apply our method to a fresco for which the reference white signal had not been acquired. We propose a definition of consistency for lightness recovery algorithms, and show our method satisfies it fairly well.
Ka-band phased array antenna with integrated MEMS phase shifters

We present a wideband Ka-band phased array antenna with micro electromechanical systems (MEMS) phase shifters integrated directly into the feeding structure of each element. Traditionally, phased arrays use GaAs monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMIC) phase shifters for beam-steering. However, as the number of array elements grow, MEMS-based phase-shifter technologies become more attractive due to lower insertion loss and very low power consumption. In particular, for a new class of phased arrays developed recently, the large number of elements necessitates use of MEMS-based phase-shifter to minimize total power.
Experimental Hyperthermia: Protective Effect of Oxygen Carrying Fluorocarbon and Crystalloids Intraperitoneally

ABSTRACT The treatment of hyperthermia produced by passive warming was studied in anesthetized rats weighing 250-300 grams. In the first set of seven experiments, the authors found that venous blood oxygen fell as core temperature rose. Intraperitoneal injection of 20 ml of the oxygen carrying fluorocarbon (perfluorotributylamine, FC-43) emulsion in three of the animals shifted the curve to the right improving venous oxygen content (p 2 (corrected for temperature) remained relatively constant up to 42° C, and then fell. The arterial PCO 2 rose sharply when the core temperature exceeded 43° C. Arterial lactate content began to increase at 42° C and above 43° C was 2.5 fold elevated. Isotonic saline provided circulatory support but did not change the hypoxia or mixed acidosis from CO 2 and lactate above 43° C. FC-43 emulsion decreased hypoxia and improved circulatory performance but was associated with a mild respiratory alkalosis as arterial PCO 2 fell. The authors conclude that tissue hypoxia is an important component of heat stress because of a decrease in blood oxygen content at a given pressure of oxygen and increase in metabolic rate as the temperature increases. This finally results in circulatory collapse. Intraperitoneal administration of an emulsion of fluorocarbon containing oxygen and salt solution equal to 8% of body weight during elevated body temperature improved the circulatory and respiratory response to heat stress in these rats.