cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Performance Analysis of Cloud Radio Access Networks with Nakagami-m Fading Channel

In this letter, the performance analysis of Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN) is investigated in terms of Ergodic Capacity (EC) under the well-known Nakagami-m fading channel. In this study, the C-RAN model is based on two nearest Remote Radio Head (2-RRH) association. The user is considered at the center of a disk equipped with a single antenna while each RRH has L antennas. The outage probability equation is defined and a closed form formula of EC has been derived with arbitrary path loss exponent. Numerical and analytical results show nonlinear behavior of channel capacity versus signal to noise ratio.
Adipose saturation reduces lipotoxic systemic inflammation and explains the obesity paradox

Obesity sometimes seems protective in disease. This obesity paradox is predominantly described in reports from the Western Hemisphere during acute illnesses. Since adipose triglyceride composition corresponds to long-term dietary patterns, we performed a meta-analysis modeling the effect of obesity on severity of acute pancreatitis, in the context of dietary patterns of the countries from which the studies originated. Increased severity was noted in leaner populations with a higher proportion of unsaturated fat intake. In mice, greater hydrolysis of unsaturated visceral triglyceride caused worse organ failure during pancreatitis, even when the mice were leaner than those having saturated triglyceride. Saturation interfered with triglyceride's interaction and lipolysis by pancreatic triglyceride lipase, which mediates organ failure. Unsaturation increased fatty acid monomers in vivo and aqueous media, resulting in greater lipotoxic cellular responses and organ failure. Therefore, visceral triglyceride saturation reduces the ensuing lipotoxicity despite higher adiposity, thus explaining the obesity paradox.
Intuitive Knowledge: The Perfection of Reason

This chapter addresses the nature and scope of intuitive knowledge, Spinoza’s emphasis on its superiority over reason, and the knowledge of essences of which it is capable. With the help of a geometrical example modeled on, but more suggestive than, Spinoza’s fourth proportional example, I argue for a “method interpretation” of the distinction between reason and intuitive knowledge, according to which they differ only in their respective methods of arriving at the same knowledge content. According to my particular version of the method interpretation, intuitive knowledge is best understood as the perfection of reason. I conclude that although adequate knowledge of the individuating essences of singular things is impossible for finite intellects, we can aspire, nevertheless, to know common essences and species essences.
Multi-Center Follow-up Study to Develop a Classification System Which Differentiates Mucinous Cystic Neoplasm of the Liver and Benign Hepatic Cyst Using Machine Learning.

Rationale and Objectives To date, no clinically useful classification system has been developed for reliably differentiating mucinous cystic neoplasm (MCN) from a benign hepatic cyst (BHC) in the liver. The objective was to use machine learning and a multi-center study design to develop and assess the performance of a novel classification system for predicting whether a hepatic cystic lesion represents MCN or BHC. Materials and Methods A multi-center cohort study identified 154 surgically resected hepatic cystic lesions in 154 subjects which were pathologic confirmed as MCN (43) or BHC (111). Readers at each institution recorded seven pre-determined imaging features previously identified as potential differentiating features from prior publications. The contribution of each of these features to differentiating MCN from BHC was assessed by machine learning to develop an optimal classification system. Results Although several of the assessed imaging features demonstrated statistical significance, only 3 imaging features were found by machine learning to significantly contribute to a potential classification system: (1) solid enhancing nodule (2) all septations arising from an external macro-lobulation (3) whether the lesion was solitary or one of multiple cystic liver lesions. The optimal classification system had only four categories and correctly identified 144/154 lesion (93.5%). Conclusion This multi-center follow-up study was able to use machine learning to develop a highly accurate classification system for differentiation of hepatic MCN from BHC, which could be readily applied to clinical practice.
A compact gas chromatograph and pre-column concentration system for enhanced in-field separation of levoglucosan and other polar organic compounds

Portable and compact instruments for separating and detecting organic compounds are needed in the field for environmental studies. This is especially the case for pollution studies as in-field detection of organic compounds helps identify sources of pollution. Here we describe the development of a compact GC and simple pre-concentrator coupled to a MS detector. This simple system can easily be incorporated into portable instrumentation. Combining the pre-concentrator and compact column has the advantage of decoupling separation from manual injection and enhances separation of environmentally relevant polar organic compounds, such as levoglucosan. A detection limit of 2.2 ng was obtained for levoglucosan. This simple design has the potential to expand the use of gas chromatography as a routine in-field separation technique.
Studies of exophthalmic goitre. V. The course of mortality in Canada, 1921-1965 and its significance.

Abstract The course of mortality from exophthalmic goitre in 6 provinces of Canada has been reviewed. There was a marked increase in each province in 1924 or shortly thereafter. This continued for twenty or thirty years and was accompanied by a steady shift to greater and greater age of death. The order of mortality in cohorts of 5 or 10 yr difference in age continued the same from the period of the first marked increase in mortality for 30 or 40 yr or until the age of 70–79. The ages at which the women died are consistent with the view that nearly all had acquired the disease between 1924 and 1929, or earlier. It is believed that these facts support the view expressed by Meulengracht in 1949 that exophthalmic goitre might be caused by a “specific infectious agent of unknown nature” [13]. This agent might have been brought to Canada by military personnel in returning from Europe in 1919 or it might be related to the pandemic of influenza in 1917–1918, or it might not be related to either occurrence. It is proposed to obtain statistics from countries not directly involved in the war of 1914–1918 in order to test the first of these hypotheses.
A Method for the Kinetic Analysis of Progress Curves Using Horse Serum Cholinesterase As a Model Case

Abstract A technique which utilizes the kinetic information present in the progress curve for a reaction has been developed to determine the values of some kinetic parameters and has been used to study the hydrolysis of an artificial substrate, acetyl ester of 3-hydroxyphenyltrimethylammonium bromide by horse serum cholinesterase. In this method, many data points (each defined by a substrate concentration, a product concentration, and a velocity) can be obtained from each progress curve. Data from at least two such curves are then fit to the rate equation for the reaction to determine the values of the kinetic parameters, Km, Vm, KIS, and KII. Such values, determined by this progress curve assay method, proved to be identical with those found by the usual initial velocity assay method. The mechanism of the hydrolysis of the acetyl ester of 3-hydroxyphenyltrimethylammonium bromide by horse serum cholinesterase is ordered Uni-Bi. The reaction was found to have a Km of 0.149 mm and a Vm of 2.21 µmoles nonacetylated phenol from the acetyl ester of 3-hydroxyphenoltrimethylammonium bromide per min per mg of enzyme. One of the two products of the reaction (acetate) was shown to have little or no effect upon the reaction (Ki ∼ 180 mm). The other product was shown to be a linear non-competitive inhibitor of the reaction. The effect of temperature upon the reaction was studied by use of the progress curve assay method. An Ea of 6500 cal per mole and a ΔH* of 5900 cal per mole at 25° was determined for the reaction. Both initial velocity assays and progress curve assays were used to study the effect of pH upon the reaction. The apparent pK of an active group in the enzyme was found to be 5.8 at 25°, and a heat of ionization of 7000 cal per mole was calculated for it. These results are consistent with a histidine being important in the catalytic activity of the enzyme. The effect of ionic strength upon the reaction parameters was investigated with the use of both progress curve and initial velocity assays. Km and KIS were found to increase with increasing ionic strength, while Vm was found to decrease and KII to remain relatively constant with increasing ionic strength. The effects of choline and N,N-dimethylaminoethanol upon the reaction were determined by use of initial velocity assays. Choline was found to be both an alternate product modifier and a dead end inhibitor of the reaction. N,N-Dimethylaminoethanol was found to be an uncompetitive inhibitor of the reaction.
An Investigation of Strategic Marketing Factors Affecting Performance of International Joint Ventures in China

This paper investigates the influence of some key strategic marketing factors on the performance of international joint ventures (W) operating in China. The related contextual variables which may moderate the linkage between marketing factors and W performance are also examined. The result suggests that some elements of conventional wisdom are deficient.
Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Data Collection Update: U.S. Government Takes Steps to Promote Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Data Collection Through Meaningful Use Guidelines.

Collecting data on sexual orientation and gender identity (SO/GI) in healthcare settings and in electronic health records (EHRs) is essential to understanding, addressing, and reducing LGBT health disparities. The federal government took two key steps in early 2014 in support of asking SO/GI questions in clinical settings as part of the meaningful use of EHRs. First, the Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology issued proposed 2015 Edition Certified EHR Technology (CEHRT) Criteria, which suggest Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine (SNOMED) code sets for SO/GI data collection in 2017. To facilitate the effective and accurate collection of SO/GI data, 153 LGBT and HIV groups recommended that the national coordinator request that the National Library of Medicine develop new codes to reflect SO/GI data. Second, the Health Information Technology Policy Committee submitted recommendations to the national coordinator, including the recommendation that "CEHRT [certified EHR technology] provides the functionality to capture … sexual orientation, gender identity." If the national coordinator accepts this recommendation, it will be put up for public comment in fall 2014 along with other Stage 3 proposed rules. Also, the 2017 Edition CEHRT Notice of Proposed Rule Making Criteria will be up for comment in fall 2014. Final Stage 3 Meaningful Use Guidelines will be published in summer 2015, and other key steps will take place into 2017. A critical parallel step is the training of clinical staff on LGBT health disparities and how to use SO/GI data and manage them in ways that meet the clinical needs of LGBT patients and protect confidentiality and privacy. We must also educate LGBT community members about why offering this information is important for their health and how collecting SO/GI data in EHRs is an important step to understanding LGBT health, reducing disparities, and improving outcomes.
Magnetic energy levels of bismuth in the low-quantum-number limit

A quantitative description of the electronic magnetic levels of bismuth in the low-quantum-number limit is presented. The model is based on the simplifications to the Baraff Hamiltonian made by Maltz and Dresselhaus and includes the effects of bands outside the two-band model as well as the interaction between the $j=0$ levels in the conduction and valence bands represented by a coupling parameter $P$. Magnetoreflection results on interband Landau-level and cyclotron-resonance transitions in the low-quantum-number limit are utilized in the determination of the parameters of this model, including the first quantitatitive measurement of $P$. Values for the direct energy gap, cyclotron effective masses, and coupling parameter $P$ are reported for $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{H}\ensuremath{\parallel}\mathrm{binary}$ and $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{H}\ensuremath{\parallel}\mathrm{bisectrix}$ axes in the temperature range $4.2lTl75$ K.
Getting Language Rights: The Rhetorics of Language Endangerment and Loss

Endangerment, loss, death, and related terms are increasingly familiar in descriptions of sociolinguistic change now occurring at an unprecedented scale because of forces of globalization. They can serve both as names for shared concerns of linguists and anthropologists, and as descriptions of otherwise different scenes of social encounter, because they are subject to multiple uses and interpretations. This article focuses on tacit, enabling assumptions of three distinct strategies for framing and redressing "threats" to marginalized languages and speech communities. Recognition of their ideological grounds helps develop a sharper sense of their different uses, and the different social saliences that linguistic descriptions can have in and for marginalized communities. [Keywords: linguistics, ideology, language change]
QUANTITATIVE HISTOCHEMISTRY OF GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE AND 6-PHOSPHOGLUCONATE DEHYDROGENASE IN RAT ADRENAL CORTEX: EFFECT OF ACTH, CORTISONE AND SODIUM DEPRIVATION.

The activities of 2 enzymes of the pentose phosphate pathway, glucose-6- phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and 6- phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH) were measured in the 3 zones of the rat adrenal cortex. No change in the activity of either enzyme in any cortical zone was observed at several time intervals after the administration of ACTH to intact rats. After 4 days of sodium deprivation the activity of G6PDH was elevated specifically in the zona glomerulosa. The activity of both enzymes in the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis was depressed by the administration of cortisone for 4 days. (Endocrinology 75: 741, 1964)
Negative pressure assisted ventilation in infants with hyaline membrane disease

Since October, 1961, 80 infants thought to have potentially fatal hyaline membrane disease have received assisted ventilation with a negative pressure tank-type respirator as part of their intensive care management. Thirty-one (39 per cent) survived. It is thought that this form of therapy can be potentially life saving in severely ill infants whose birth weight is more than 1,500 grams and whose arterial PO 2 value while breathing 100 per cent oxygen is less than 40 mm. Hg.
Cellular and clonal aging in the suctorian protozoan Tokophrya infusionum

Abstract Quantitative methods for the study of aging in single organisms of the suctorian protozoan Tokophrya infusionum are described. New cell lines are initiated by metamorphosis of a ciliated embryo to form a sessile adult. The life history of adult cells consists of a sequence of age-related stages, culminating in cessation of reproduction and feeding, and eventual death. Lifespans of single cells were measured and were found to range rather widely about a mean, even when the cells compared were closely related within a single lineage. Variation appears to be inherent in the aging process in Tokophrya . Clones of Tokophrya undergo a gradual deterioration on a scale many times longer than the lifespan of individual cells. Lifespans of individual cells were determined when each of two clones were relatively young and later when their reproductive vigor had begun to decline. In both cases, the lifespan of individual cells were strikingly reduced in the old, as opposed to the young clones. The two types of senescence are thus experimentally separable, but nonetheless coupled phenomena. The similarity of aging in Tokophrya to that of other protozoa, fungi, and tissue culture cells is described and possible mechanisms are discussed.
Lipoblastoma-like tumour of the vulva: report of three cases of a distinctive mesenchymal neoplasm of adipocytic differentiation.

Lipoblastoma-like tumour of the vulva: report of three cases of a distinctive mesenchymal neoplasm of adipocytic differentiation Aims: We sought to delineate and describe three cases of a distinctive mesenchymal neoplasm of the vulva showing adipocytic differentiation and affecting young patients. Methods and results: In three patients between 13 and 38 years of age, the vulvar tumours had well-circumscribed borders and ranged in size from 35 to 100 mm. Histologically, they were well circumscribed and lobulated. The lobules were separated by thin fibroconnective tissue septa and were composed of slender spindle cells showing slightly eosinophilic cytoplasm with indistinct boundaries, uniform nuclei with finely granular chromatin, and no nucleoli. The cells were embedded in a richly myxoid stroma. The background in all three tumours was a ‘chicken-wire’, capillary vascular network resembling that seen in myxoid liposarcomas. Two tumours had scattered signet-ring-type lipoblasts and the third a large number of such lipoblasts. Clusters of mature adipocytes were entrapped in the tumours. None had mitotic figures, necrosis, or pleomorphism. The neoplastic cells stained positively for vimentin and were negative for other immunohistochemical markers. Treatment for all three tumours was enucleation alone. After follow-up of 10 years, 7 years, and 1 year, all patients are well with no evidence of disease. Conclusions: The benign behaviour of these neoplasms militates against the diagnosis of liposarcoma. We believe these are benign lesions of adipocytic differentiation akin to infantile lipoblastomas.
Microdose gentamicin delivered via the round window microcatheter: A therapeutic option in Menière's disease

Transtympanic gentamicin therapy is becoming an increasingly popular treatment for Meniere's disease. Despite its popularity, transtympanic therapy is not without controversy. Vertigo cure rates are high, but hearing loss rates are variable. The best total dose of medicine, the best route of administration, and the best end-point of therapy have not been established. Meanwhile, the mode of action of gentamicin in controlling Meniere's disease is still not completely understood. In the last several years, many groups have started to use a variety of sustained release devices to more accurately control the amount of gentamicin administered to the ear. This report discusses the use of one such sustained release device, and the effects of its use with very low doses of gentamicin, on the symptoms of Meniere's disease.
Nature as emergent probability: how Lonergan provides a framework for the integration of the human and non–human

After briefly considering the critique of Western anthropocentrism often raised by contemporary environmentalists, the paper acknowledges that while the critique has its merits, there are also Western philosophical ideas that belie anthropocentrism. Specifically, Aristotle's ideas on the soul are elucidated. The paper then explores Bernard Lonergan's idea of emergent probability and how such an idea provides a framework for understanding that we, as human beings, share an identity with the pattern of nature as a whole - a pattern that itself does not grant pride of place to humans.
NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase.

Abstract The rate of reduction of cytochrome P450 in hepatic microsomes in the presence of NADPH has been measured with a dual wavelength stopped-flow spectrophotometer. The results obtained, with microsomes prepared from phenobarbital-pretreated rats, indicate that the reduction process is biphasic and most probably composed of two concurrent first-order reactions. The rate constant for the reduction of cytochrome P450 in the fast phase in the presence of ethylmorphine is 1.74 s−1. Since approximately 50% or more of the cytochrome P450 is reduced in the fast phase under these conditions, the rate of reduction of cytochrome P450 is approximately 150 nmol min−1 (mg of protein)−1. Under similar conditions the rate of ethylmorphine N-demethylation is 8.6 nmol min−1 (mg of protein)−1. Thus the rate-limiting step in ethylmorphine N-demethylation cannot be the introduction of the first electron into cytochrome P450 by NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase.
Dynamic behavior determined by one function

We study the behavior of solutions, near equilibria and periodic orbits, for systems of o.d.e. of the form x′ = G(F(x)) where F is a real-valued function on Rn. These and related systems have been considered in connection with ecological models. The behavior near periodic orbits (when n ⩾ 3) is arbitrary: any diffeomorphism of the (n − 1)-disk isotopic to the identity arises as the Poincare map near a periodic orbit for some choice of F and G. On the other hand, (for n > 2) the behavior near equilibria is severely restricted: (i) if dGdF ≠ 0 at an equilibrium point, the flow in a neighborhood is conjugate to that of a constant vector field multiplied by a function; (ii) if an equilibrium point is isolated, it is an extremum of F, and if F satisfies a convexity condition near the equilibrium, then the flow in a neighborhood resembles that described in (i) (even if dGdF = 0) except that the stable and unstable sets may be cones instead of single orbits; and (iii) when n = 2, a stronger condition on F, together with a weak condition on G, again yields the precise description in (i).
Purification and Characterization of a Marine Bacterial .BETA.-Galactoside .ALPHA.2,6-Sialyltransferase from Photobacterium damsela JT0160.

A bacterial sialyltransferase, named sialyltransferase 0160, was purified from a marine bacterium that had been isolated from seawater from Sagami Bay, Kanagawa. This strain has been identified as Photobacterium damsela, and named P. damsela JT0160. Sialyltransferase 0160 was purified 688-fold to homogeneity from the crude extract of the cells with a yield of 19% using a combination of anion exchange chromatography, hydroxyapatite chromatography, gel filtration chromatography, and affinity chromatography. The purified enzyme migrated as a single band (61 kDa) on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel. This sialyltransferase was found to be a beta-galactoside alpha 2,6-sialyltransferase [EC 2.4.99.1] which catalyzes the incorporation of NeuAc from CMP-NeuAc into the galactose residue of the carbohydrate chain at position 6 on the basis of an analysis of the enzymatic reaction products with HPLC, 1H-, 13C-NMR spectroscopy, and fast atom bombardment mass spectroscopy.
Ion impact etch anisotropy downstream from diffusion plasma sources

Plasma processing in chambers located downstream from a source are gaining widespread use because they allow etching and deposition with minimal damage. This minimized damage, however, is achieved by using a low ion impact energy, which can lead to a poorer etch anisotropy. The best anisotropy for a given impact energy requires the lowest possible ion temperature. Laser‐induced fluorescence measurements show that room temperature ions can be attained using a multidipole‐confined discharge. In comparison, ion temperatures downstream from electron cyclotron resonance sources are much hotter, according to recent reports.
The aesthetics of liminality: augmentation as artform

From ARToolkit's emergence in the 1990s to the emergence of augmented reality (AR) as an art medium in the 2010s, AR has developed as a number of evidential sites. As an extension of virtual media, it merges real-time pattern recognition with goggles (finally realizing William Gibson's sci-fi fantasy) or handheld devices. This creates a welding of real-time media and virtual reality, or an optically registered simulation overlaid upon an actual spatial environment. Commercial applications are numerous, including entertainment, sales, and navigation. Even though AR-based works can be traced back to the late 1990s, AR work requires some understanding of coding and tethered imaging equipment. It was not until marker-based AR, affording lower entries to usage, as well as geo-locational AR-based media, using handheld devices and tablets, that augmented reality as an art medium would propagate. While one can argue that AR-based art is a convergence of handheld device art and virtual reality, there are intrinsic gestures specific to augmented reality that make it unique. The author looks at some historical examples of AR as well as critical issues of AR-based gestures such as compounding the gaze, problematizing the retinal, and the representational issues of informatic overlays. This generates four gestural vectors, analogous to those defined in "The Translation of Art in Virtual Worlds," which is examined through case studies. From this, a visual theory of augmentation will be proposed.
Hypercoagulability and thrombotic complications in hemolytic anemias

Despite longstanding evidence for increased activation of coagulation in hemolytic anemias, its pathophysiology and its role in the vaso-occlusive crises of sickle disease remain unclear. Here Dr. Ataga reviews the latest evidence on this topic, emphasizing the likely multifactorial origin of the activation and the increasing evidence for the importance of cellular elements or their derived microparticles. See related articles on pages 1513 and 1520
Galvanic coupling of model alloys to aluminum — a foundation for understanding particle-induced pitting in aluminum alloys

Abstract Pitting corrosion in aluminum alloys has been shown to be intimately associated with constituent particles in the alloys. Pitting is attributed to the galvanic coupling of constituent particles to the matrix. To better understand the mechanism and kinetics of pitting, two model alloys were used in this study, emulating the Cu, Fe, Mn containing constituent particles, to measure the open circuit potential and galvanic current density associated with particle–matrix couples. The rate of corrosion reaction at the particle–matrix couple was found to be controlled by the limiting cathodic current density and the particle size. The total corrosion current increased with particle size and limiting current density. The much higher limiting cathodic current density for both of the model alloy–aluminum couples in an acidified, versus a neutral, solution indicated that galvanic corrosion of the particle–matrix couple contributed not only to the nucleation but also to the growth of pits in aluminum alloys.
Centromere retention and loss during the descent of maize from a tetraploid ancestor

Although centromere function is highly conserved in eukaryotes, centromere sequences are highly variable. Only a few centromeres have been sequenced in higher eukaryotes because of their repetitive nature, thus hindering study of their structure and evolution. Conserved single-copy sequences in pericentromeres (CSCPs) of sorghum and maize were found to be diagnostic characteristics of adjacent centromeres. By analyzing comparative map data and CSCP sequences of sorghum, maize, and rice, the major evolutionary events related to centromere dynamics were discovered for the maize lineage after its divergence from a common ancestor with sorghum. (i) Remnants of ancient CSCP regions were found for the 10 lost ancestral centromeres, indicating that two ancient homeologous chromosome pairs did not contribute any centromeres to the current maize genome, whereas two other pairs contributed both of their centromeres. (ii) Five cases of long-distance, intrachromosome movement of CSCPs were detected in the retained centromeres, with inversion the major process involved. (iii) The 12 major chromosomal rearrangements that led to maize chromosome number reduction from 20 to 10 were uncovered. (iv) In addition to whole chromosome insertion near (but not always into) other centromeres, translocation and fusion were found to be important mechanisms underlying grass chromosome number reduction. (v) Comparison of chromosome structures confirms the polyploid event that led to the tetraploid ancestor of modern maize.
Single-walled carbon nanotube probes for high-resolution nanostructure imaging

Single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) tips have been used to image nanostructures with high resolution. Studies of gold nanocrystal standards showed that SWNT tips provide a significant improvement in lateral resolution with respect to multi-walled nanotube tips and microfabricated Si tips. The nanotube tips were also used to resolve substructure within SWNTs deposited on surfaces. These results suggest that observed 1.5 nm high structures can correspond to several SWNTs aligned in parallel. In addition, SWNT tips exhibited superior resolution compared to conventional tips when imaging biological nanostructures, such as double-stranded DNA. The potential and future challenges of SWNT tips are discussed.
A single self-deceived or several subselves divided?

Would we lie to ourselves? We don't need to. Rather than a single self equipped with a few bivariate processes, the mind is composed of a dissociated aggregation of subselves processing qualitatively different information relevant to different adaptive problems. Each subself selectively processes the information coming in to the brain as well as information previously stored in the brain.
Comparative responses of premature versus full-term newborn rats to prolonged hyperoxia.

ABSTRACT: Because fetal rat lungs have lower baseline levels of both surfactant and antioxidant enzymes than full-term newborn rats, we questioned whether prematurely delivered rats might be more susceptible to O2 toxicity than those born at term. In the present studies, prematurely delivered rats (gestational d 21 of 22) and full-term rat pups were simultaneously put in >95% O2 after birth. Surprisingly, we found that the preterm rats were not more susceptible to O2-induced lung damage and lethality than full-term newborns, but, in fact, the composite percentage of survival was even greater in the preterm pups from 7 to 9 d in hyperoxia and were similar thereafter up to 14 d in high O2. In addition, the preterm rats showed significantly decreased lung wet/dry weight ratios and consistently less severe pathologic evidence of pulmonary edema compared with term rats at 6 and 8 d of O2 exposure. The premature pups demonstrated the capability of inducing pulmonary antioxidant enzyme responses to hyperoxia by 3 d, and had significantly elevated copper-zinc superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities (and lung surfactant contents) at 6 d of O2 exposure compared with the term rats in O2. The rates of lung total O2 consumption and cyanide-resistant O2 consumption at d 6 in hyperoxia were not different for preterm versus term pups. Although the basis for the transiently improved survival and decreased evidence of pulmonary O2 toxicity in the preterm rats is presently unknown, these findings clearly indicate that premature animals of at least one species are equally able to induce protective lung antioxidant enzymes and surfactant responses to hyperoxia as full-term newborn animals.
Movement of fluorescence pattern after photobleaching: An accelerated procedure for DNA electrophoretic mobility analysis

A new approach which is compatible with many of the existing procedures for the analysis of DNA species in gel electrophoresis is being demonstrated. It takes advantage of fluorescence photobleaching in order to create a sharp boundary between the stained and the (partially) photobleached DNA. By arbitrarily creating a stained DNA band of narrower width, the sensitivity to detect (averaged) DNA band movements has been increased. This feature permits measurements of time-dependent electrophoretic mobility over very short time periods. The approach can be used to shorten the running time of gel electrophoresis experiment and to increase the resolution because of the sharper boundary and narrower band width. With faster running time, diffusion of both DNA and dye in the gel also becomes less serious. Movement of fluorescence pattern after photobleaching also permits measurements of localized motions when the gel pores are small in comparison with DNA sizes. Experiments demonstrating some aspects of the proposed technique, as well as the anticipated limitations, are presented and discussed.
Competitive regimes and female bonding in two species of squirrel monkeys ( Saimiri oerstedi and S. sciureus )

Ecological and behavioral data from long-term field studies of known individuals in two closely related squirrel monkey species (Saimiri oerstedi and S. sciureus) were used to examine hypotheses about the source of variation in female bonding among group-living primates. Social relationships in species which live in cohesive groups are thought to depend on the nature of competition for resources. S. oerstedi and S. sciureus both live in large groups and are subject to intense predation. Direct feeding competition both between and within groups is extremely low in S. oerstedi; in this species female relationships are undifferentiated, no female dominance hierarchy is evident and females disperse from their natal group. S. sciureus also experiences very low levels of between-group competition, but within-group direct competition for resources is frequent; this species demonstrates differentiated female relationships, a female dominance hierarchy, and female philopatry. The correlated ecological and social variables found in these two congeners further minimize the minor effects of phylogenetic differences and emphasize the importance of food distribution in determining social characteristics.
OXYGEN EFFECTS ON INTERNAL FRICTION AND MODULUS OF A TITANIUM ALLOY

Etude entre 80 et 290 K des effets de l'oxygene sur le frottement interne, le module et la vitesse du son dans un alliage commercial de titane alpha/beta. L'attenuation generale decroit avec la concentration en oxygene et le pic de frottement interne observe entre 110 et 130 K presente un accroissement avec l'augmentation de la teneur en oxygene
Streptococcal Necrotizing Myositis: A Case Report and Clinical Review

Abstract Background Streptococcal necrotizing myositis, also known as gangrenous myositis, is a very rare and severe soft tissue infection that predominately involves skeletal muscle and, eventually, superficial fascia and surrounding tissues. The presentation is often nonspecific until the rapidly progressing clinical course becomes apparent. A high morbidity and mortality rate has been reported in the small number of cases since 1900. Despite several attempts to better define the different entities causing necrotizing myositis, no single definitive causal relationship has been defined. Objectives A review of the literature is presented here to help clinicians distinguish those with necrotizing myositis from those with nonnecrotizing myositis when the clinician is at all confronted with the suspicion for such an infection. Case Report The case presented is that of a 48-year-old woman who had streptococcal necrotizing myositis. She died roughly 72 h after admission. After the patient’s death, the clinical team sought consent for autopsy. Hospital staff made contact with family, and information was obtained from the family that the onset of the patient’s symptoms was allegedly temporally related to her acquisition of a new tattoo on the right back, where the tattoo process allegedly included injection of cremated ashes of a pet dog. Conclusion A high level of suspicion for necrotizing myositis must be maintained for a patient with unexplained severe muscle pain and soft tissue swelling accompanied by systemic inflammatory response syndrome.
Evoked potentials - Three-dimensional display.

Procedures are described for displaying large numbers of evoked potentials. A photographic superposition of average evoked responses, with the concurrent modulation of the brightness of each trace, yields a display having the appearance of a three-dimensional surface formed from hundreds of average responses.
Mitochondrial p32 Is a Critical Mediator of ARF-Induced Apoptosis

The shared exon 2 of the p14ARF-p16INK4a locus is frequently mutated in human cancers. However, in contrast to the exon 1beta-encoded N-terminal half of ARF, the function of the exon 2-encoded C-terminal half of ARF has been elusive. Here, we report that the mitochondrial protein p32/C1QBP binds the ARF C terminus. We show that p32 is required for ARF to localize to mitochondria and induce apoptosis, and that ARF mutations specifically disrupting p32 binding can impair both of these functions. Wild-type ARF, but not a p32-binding-deficient ARF mutant, localizes to mitochondria, reduces mitochondrial membrane potential, and sensitizes cells to p53-induced apoptosis. These findings provide a potential explanation for the frequent human cancer mutations targeting the ARF C terminus.
Lignes de conduite pour le traitement des enfants ayant des troubles du développement du sexe

Resume Les individus presentant une variante du genre avec troubles somatiques du developpement du sexe (DSD) different des individus presentant une variante du genre sans troubles du developpement du sexe quant a la presentation, au contexte de la presentation, a l’etiologie et aux options de traitement. Pendant les 15 dernieres annees, les politiques de gestion medicale et psychosociale ont ete largement debattues et de recentes conferences de consensus internationales ont recommande des modifications importantes. Le soin optimal d’enfants avec DSD requiert une equipe multidisciplinaire experimentee dont la composition variera avec la categorie de DSD, l’âge du patient et les ressources locales. Les aspects majeurs lies au genre de la gestion psychosociale des enfants avec DSD incluent l’assignation et la reassignation du genre, la chirurgie genitale, le traitement par des hormones sexuelles et l’information relative au genre. Ce sont les point centraux de ce texte. La gestion psychosociale des autres aspects des DSD tirerait avantage de s’appuyer sur des faits prouves, la ou c’est possible, comme on l’a fait pour des patients souffrant d’autres troubles congenitaux ou chroniques.
Σ 1 definitions with parameters

Let p be a set. A function Φ is uniformly Σ1(p) in every admissible set if there is a Σ1 formula ϕ in the parameter p so that ϕ defines Φ in every Σ1-admissible set which includes p. A theorem of Van de Wiele states that if Φ is a total function from sets to sets then Φ is uniformly Σ1 in every admissible set if and only if it is E-recursive. A function is ESp-recursive if it can be generated from the schemes for E-recursion together with a selection scheme over the transitive closure of p. The selection scheme is exactly what is needed to insure that the ESP-recursively enumerable predicates are closed under existential quantification over the transitive closure of p. Two theorems are established: a) If the transitive closure of p is countable then a total function on sets is ESp-recursive if and only if it is uniformly Σ1(p) in every admissible set. b) For any p, if Φ is a function on the ordinal numbers then Φ is ESP-recursive if and only if it is uniformly Σ1(p) in every admissible set.
The amylase gene-enzyme system of chickens. I. Allozymic and activity variation

Amylase allozymic and activity variation was studied in three flocks of chickens (Gallus domesticus). Individuals from one flock were studied to assess the effects of sex, tissue, and genotype on amylase activity. Additionally, the allozymes were purified and their specific activities compared. Variation was observed within and among the flocks. Two alleles were found to be segregating in the flocks, one flock being polymorphic and the other two monomorphic. Mean amylase activities among the three flocks were significantly different. The relationship of this activity variation to regulatory variation is discussed. There were no significant effects of sex or genotype on amylase activity and, in most cases, no correlation between activities in the various tissues. However, in heterozygotes one of the alloamylases had much lower activity than the other.
SU‐E‐T‐407: Investigation of the Need for Bolus for Superficial Head and Neck Tumors Treated with 3D, RapidArc, and IMRT

Purpose: To determine whether or not the multiple oblique and tangential beam angles of RapidArc and IMRT treatment plans eliminate the need for bolus when treating superficial tumors. This study uses film measurements to evaluate the efficacy of IMRT and RapidArc planning techniques employed to achieve adequate surface dose without bolus. Methods: Gafchromic EBT2 QD+ film was used to measure skin dose for plans created using Eclipse 8.9 and delivered via a Varian 21iX linac. Dose was delivered to a cylindrical Catphan (CP504) and the film measurements were evaluated using in‐house software. Measurements were compared to results from the treatment planning system calculated using Varian's Anisotropic Analytical Algorithm (8.9.08). Results: The Gafchromic film measurements showed that the 7‐field IMRT plan with strategically placed beams tangential to the phantom surface did increase skin dose 63% compared with a non‐bolused 3D plan. RapidArc delivery increased the skin dose by an additional 13% beyond IMRT. However, even with RapidArc, the skin dose obtained was only 44% of the prescribed dose (2Gy) showing that bolus is still required. Attempts to modify planning technique by adding skin flash to lessen the dose falloff and expanding the external contour to match had no effect on skin dose. Incidentally, we found that the 5mm bolus often used for head and neck plans only brought the surface dose to 78% of the prescription dose (in the case of 3D) which may still be clinically inadequate. Conclusions: IMRT and RapidArc treatment plans delivered without bolus do increase skin dose compared with their 3D counterparts, but the effect is not great enough avoid using bolus when prescription surface dose is required. While planning techniques to lessen dose fall off at the skin may be useful for managing setup uncertainty, they do not increase surface dose in any way.
STE20-related Kinase Adaptor Protein α (STRADα) Regulates Cell Polarity and Invasion through PAK1 Signaling in LKB1-null Cells

LKB1 is a Ser/Thr kinase, and its activity is regulated by the pseudokinase, STE20-related adaptor α (STRADα). The STRADα-LKB1 pathway plays critical roles in epithelial cell polarity, neuronal polarity, and cancer metastasis. Though much attention is given to the STRADα-LKB1 pathway, the function of STRADα itself, including a role outside of the LKB1 pathway, has not been well-studied. Data in Caenorhabditis elegans suggest that STRADα has an LKB1-independent role in regulating cell polarity, and therefore we tested the hypothesis that STRADα regulates cancer cell polarity and motility when wild-type LKB1 is absent. These results show that STRADα protein is reduced in LKB1-null cell lines (mutation or homozygous deletion) and this partial degradation occurs through the Hsp90-dependent proteasome pathway. The remaining STRADα participates in cell polarity and invasion, such that STRADα depletion results in misaligned lamellipodia, improper Golgi positioning, and reduced invasion. To probe the molecular basis of this defect, we show that STRADα associates in a complex with PAK1, and STRADα loss disrupts PAK1 activity via Thr423 PAK1 phosphorylation. When STRADα is depleted, PAK1-induced invasion could not occur, suggesting that STRADα is necessary for PAK1 to drive motility. Furthermore, STRADα overexpression caused increased activity of the PAK1-activating protein, rac1, and a constitutively active rac1 mutant (Q61L) rescued pPAKThr423 and STRADα invasion defects. Taken together, these results show that a STRADα-rac1-PAK1 pathway regulates cell polarity and invasion in LKB1-null cells. It also suggests that while the function of LKB1 and STRADα undoubtedly overlap, they may also have mutually exclusive roles.
Ocean anoxia and the concentrations of molybdenum and vanadium in seawater

Abstract Molybdenum and vanadium are relatively unreactive in seawater and are preferentially concentrated in sediments overlain by anoxic or near-anoxic waters. We investigate the geochemistry of these metals by interpreting measurements from anoxic basins and sediment porewaters. The concentrations of Mo and V in the water column of anoxic basins are usually lower than in oxic seawater because of uptake into highly anoxic sediments. The mechanism of removal from solution appears to be diffusion across the sediment-water interface and immobilization within the sediments. Measurements from open ocean porewaters imply fluxes of vanadium from sediments that are greater than 10 times the dissolved and particulate river inflow, which is inconsistent with the distribution of vanadium in deep waters of the ocean and previous geochemical studies; this inconsistency shows that early diagenesis of this element is poorly understood. We estimate that the area of ocean sediment at present overlain by anoxic and near-anoxic water is accumulating 25 ± 15% and 8 ± 5% of the river influx of Mo and V, respectively. This fraction is 17 ± 10% for uranium, which has been shown to share some of the redox behavior of Mo and V. A case is made that changes in the concentrations of these elements in the ocean should be sensitive indicators of the portion of the ocean bottom overlain by anoxic seawater through geologic time.
Toward Effective HIV Vaccination: INDUCTION OF BINARY EPITOPE REACTIVE ANTIBODIES WITH BROAD HIV NEUTRALIZING ACTIVITY

We describe murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) raised by immunization with an electrophilic gp120 analog (E-gp120) expressing the rare ability to neutralize genetically heterologous human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) strains. Unlike gp120, E-gp120 formed covalent oligomers. The reactivity of gp120 and E-gp120 with mAbs to reference neutralizing epitopes was markedly different, indicating their divergent structures. Epitope mapping with synthetic peptides and electrophilic peptide analogs indicated binary recognition of two distinct gp120 regions by anti-E-gp120 mAbs, the 421–433 and 288–306 peptide regions. Univalent Fab and single chain Fv fragments expressed the ability to recognize both peptides. X-ray crystallography of an anti-E-gp120 Fab fragment revealed two neighboring cavities, the typical antigen-binding cavity formed by the complementarity determining regions (CDRs) and another cavity dominated by antibody heavy chain variable (VH) domain framework (FR) residues. Substitution of the FR cavity VH Lys-19 residue by an Ala residue resulted in attenuated binding of the 421–433 region peptide probe. The CDRs and VH FR replacement/silent mutation ratios exceeded the ratio for a random mutation process, suggesting adaptive development of both putative binding sites. All mAbs studied were derived from VH1 family genes, suggesting biased recruitment of the V gene germ line repertoire by E-gp120. The conserved 421–433 region of gp120 is essential for HIV binding to host CD4 receptors. This region is recognized weakly by the FR of antibodies produced without exposure to HIV, but it usually fails to induce adaptive synthesis of neutralizing antibodies. We present models accounting for improved CD4-binding site recognition and broad HIV neutralizing activity of the mAbs, long sought goals in HIV vaccine development.
Auricular paroxysmal tachycardia with alternation of cycle length

Abstract 1. 1. Close inspection of the electrocardiograms in one hundred unselected cases of auricular paroxysmal tachycardia revealed ten cases in which there was a slight irregularity characterized by alternation in the lengths of the cycles. 2. 2. This phenomenon may be explained in various ways, depending upon one's views as to the nature of the underlying mechanism in this disorder. 3. 3. Our observations are consistent with, and to that extent support, the view that auricular paroxysmal tachycardia is caused by circus rhythm involving one of the specialized auricular nodes.