cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detection of CH 4 in the GV Tau N Protoplanetary Disk

T Tauri stars are low mass young stars that may serve as analogs to the early solar system. Observations of organic molecules in the protoplanetary disks surrounding T Tauri stars are important for characterizing the chemical and physical processes that lead to planet formation. Searches for undetected molecules, particularly in the inner, planet forming regions of these disks are important for testing protoplanetary disk chemical models and for understanding the evolution of volatiles through the star and planet formation process. We used NIRSPEC on Keck 2 to perform a high resolution (?/???~ 25,000) L-band survey of T Tauri star GV?Tau?N. This object is one of two in which the simple organic molecules HCN and C2H2 have been reported in absorption in the warm molecular layer of the protoplanetary disk. In this Letter, we report the first detection of methane, CH4, in a protoplanetary disk. Specifically, we detected the ?3 band in absorption. We determined a rotational temperature of 750?? 50?K and column density of (2.8?? 0.2)?? 1017?cm?2. Our results imply that CH4 originates in the warm molecular layer of the inner protoplanetary disk.
Three-Dimensional Sintering of Two-Component Metal Powders With Stationary and Moving Laser Beams

Melting and resolidification of a mixture of two metal powders with significantly different melting points under irradiation of a stationary or a moving Gaussian laser beam were investigated numerically and experimentally. The liquid motion driven by capillary and gravity forces as well as the shrinkage of the powder bed caused by the overall density change were taken into account in the physical model The liquid flow was formulated by using Darcy's law, and the energy equation was given using a temperature transforming model. Prediction were compared with experimental results obtained with nickel braze and AIS1 1018 steel powder. The effects of laser properties and the scanning velocity on the laser sintering process were also investigated. An empirical correlation that can be used to predict the cross-sectional area of the heat affected zone is proposed.
Syndactylism and Brachygnathia in a White-tailed Deer

A white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) fawn was presented to the Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study for examination of brachygnathia and syndactylous front feet. The hoof keratin of digits 3 and 4 was completely fused and typical sole integument covered the palmar surface between the primary digits. Based on a radiographic examination, there was fusion of the epiphyses of the first phalanges of digits 3 and 4 in both feet. In the right foot the proximal metaphyses of the first phalanges of digits 3 and 4 were fused.
Applications of Ecosystem Health for the Sustainability of Managed Systems in Costa Rica

A growing body of literature explores the links between the social and ecological dimensions of sustainability. However, much remains to be researched, especially concerning managed ecosystems. Costa Rica has approximately 25% of its area under some conservation regime; many of these protected areas, especially in and near urban areas, are under private ownership and management. Among these is the regime of the protected zones (PZ) that seeks to protect watershed resources. The achievement of conservation objectives in these areas will not only depend on ecological conditions but also on social and economic ones. This framework provides a good field in which to explore the interrelations between sustainability and ecosystem health. This study summarizes the work I participated in the last three years at the Center for Sustainable Development Studies in Costa Rica. We developed a holistic ecosystem health indicator (HEHI) for managed ecosystems. This indicator was tested several times in seven PZs in the east, south, and west sections of the central valley of Costa Rica. The evaluation tool includes measurements of productivity, organization, and resilience of the ecosystems. These were combined with social indicators and resource use patterns from the communities surrounding the PZs studied. The use of this indicator and the conclusions of this project could justify the use of an integral approach to address conservation problems in developing nations. The creation and management of these protected areas should be the result of a combined effort between community organizations and government agencies dealing with land distribution, zoning, and public health, among others.
Ethics and Nuclear Weapons Research

Nuclear weapons are the ultimate weapons. Hence, for many who would debate military research and development, research on nuclear weapons represents the ultimate point of contention. Those of us involved in nuclear weapons research are frequently asked why we do what we do, rather than participating in the supposedly more peaceful endeavors open to scientists and engineers. There are a variety of answers to this question.
Comments on "A device model for buried-channel CCD's and MOSFET's with Gaussian impurity profiles

In the above paper, an expression for the silicon-surface potential in the ion-implanted channel region of a depletion MOST includes both the flat-band voltage V FB and the potential difference Δ between the conduction band and the Fermi level. It is shown here that Δ is inherently included in V FB hence, the original expression requires correction.
Buoyant density sedimentation of macromolecules in sodium iothalamate density gradients.

Abstract Nucleic acids, bacteriophages, phage capsids, and a DNA-capsid complex have been centrifuged to an equilibrium buoyant density in sodium iothalamate density gradients. Nucleic acids have comparatively high hydrations and are less dense than proteins in these gradients. Sodium iothalamate gradients can be used to separate DNA from RNA, single-chain DNA from double-chain DNA and to separate bacteriophage T7 and λ deletion mutants from the respective wild-type phage. The DNA packaged in bacteriophage T7 appears to be less hydrated than free DNA in sodium iothalamate gradients. There is evidence that the hydration of DNA packaged in phage T7 is restricted by the volume of the phage head. The total volume of phage T7 was estimated to be 1.32 × 10 −16 ml. The volume available to package phage T7 DNA was estimated to be 2.2 times the volume of the B form of T7 DNA.
Mass screening in Japan increased the detection of infants with neuroblastoma without a decrease in cases in older children.

Analysis of data from the Kanto-Ko-Shin-Etsu Branch of the Japan Children's Cancer Registry revealed that mass screening for neuroblastoma increased the detection of cases in infants younger than 1 year from about 25% before screening to about 50%, and the percentage of neuroblastomas among all perdiatric cancers almost doubled, from approximately 10% to 19.3%. However, when the cases found on screening were subtrated, the numbers after the onset of mass screening were similar to those before screening. It is likely that neuroblastoma mass screening has identified a unique type of tumor, which may not be recognized without mass screening, rather than that if has contributed to the earlier diagnosis of tumors in older children.
Neoplasms of the small bowel.

Tumors of the small bowel are uncommon and comprise about 5% of all gastrointestinal tumors. Carcinoma exceeds sarcoma in frequency, although of the sarcomas which occur in the gastrointestinal tract, 60% are found in the small bowel. Benign tumors of the small intestine are reported as extremely rare because they are more frequently asymptomatic. The early symptomatology is usually that of partial or intermittent intestinal obstruction although complications such as hemorrhage, perforation or complete obstruction may be the first to occur. The correct diagnosis is infrequently made, but should be seriously considered when the characteristic syndrome of a more common disease is bizarre, or whenever barium studies fail to reveal the suspected pathology in cases with anemia and melena. The treatment of small bowel lesions is resection and end-to-end anastomosis, which, except for the fixed portions of the small intestine, is technically simple and should be attended by a low incidence of morbidity and mortality. Al-though carcinomas tend to metastasize earlier than sarcomas, the usual constricting nature of their growth should result in earlier diagnosis and treatment, with a better prognosis than has been reported in the past. This can only be accomplished by constantly keeping the possibility of small bowel tumor in mind. One should never be satisfied with negative gastrointestinal studies once the ominous symptoms and findings of partial intestinal obstruction or melena have been observed.
Error Control Systems for Digital Communication and Storage

1. Error Control Coding for Digital Communication Systems. 2. Galois Fields. 3. Polynomials over Galois Fields. 4. Linear Block Codes. 5. Cyclic Codes. 6. Hadamard, Quadratic Residue, and Golay Codes. 7. Reed-Muller Codes 8. BCH and Reed-Solomon Codes. 9. Decoding BCH and Reed-Solomon Codes. 10. The Analysis of the Performance of Block Codes. 11. Convolutional Codes. 12. The Viterbi Decoding Algorithm. 13. The Sequential Decoding Algorithms. 14. Trellis Coded Modulation. 15. Error Control for Channels with Feedback. 16. Applications. Appendices: A. Binary Primitive Polynomials. B. Add-on Tables and Vector Space Representations for GF(8) Through GF(1024). C. Cyclotronic Cosets Modulo 2m-1. D. Minimal Polynomials for Elements in GF (2m). E. Generator Polynomials of Binary BCH Codes of Lengths Through 511. Bibliography.
Salvage therapy for zidovudine-intolerant HIV-infected patients with alternating and intermittent regimens of zidovudine and dideoxycytidine

Zidovudine (AZT) prolongs life in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or AIDS-related complex but often causes dose-limiting bone marrow suppression in this population. This has prompted a search for salvage therapies for use in persons who cannot tolerate continuous AZT treatment. One approach involves alternating administration of AZT and 2',3'-dideoxycytidine. 2',3'-Dideoxycytidine is a potent inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus in vitro and in vivo. Although it does not cause clinically significant bone marrow suppression, its usefulness at high continuous doses is limited by the occurrence of painful peripheral neuropathy. Because the toxicities of these nucleosides are non-overlapping, intermittent or alternating schedules may limit the toxicity of each agent while extending active antiretroviral therapy in these patients. In an ongoing study, patients have been randomly assigned to weekly intermittent, weekly alternating, and monthly alternating regimens of AZT and 2',3'-dideoxycytidine. The study will determine the best-tolerated regimen and provide insights into the use of toxic nucleoside analogues in persons with advanced human immunodeficiency virus disease.
Real time observation of dendritic solidification in alloys by synchrotron microradiography

A third generation synchrotron x-ray source and advanced imaging facilities were used to study dendritic solidification in metallic alloys in real time. A digital camera and a video camera with different time and spatial resolution were tested to capture growing dendrites during solidification of Sn-13 wt%Bi and Al-25 wt%Cu alloys. The captured digital images show that the morphology of the dendrites can be resolved with satisfactory resolution and contrast. The trade-off between spatial resolution and time resolution was discussed. The effect of beam characteristics such as intensity, parallelism and coherency on both spatial and time resolution was analysed, and potential improvements with higher image quality with reduced exposure time were also discussed.
Two-dimensional excitons in magnetic fields.

We have obtained the energies and the wave functions for two-dimensional (2D) excitons in magnetic fields for the ground and several excited states, using an exact numerical integration of the Schr\"odinger equation for 2D excitons in a magnetic field. The results of the exact calculation for the ground-state energy and wave functions are in excellent agreement with those of variational and perturbation calculations except at intermediate fields where \ensuremath{\gamma}=(\ensuremath{\Elzxh}${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{c}$/2R) is of order 10. Here, R is the exciton Rydberg unit and ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{c}$ is the cyclotron frequency of the exciton. Results are presented for the position of the exciton peak and the magnetoabsorption as a function of the field for 2D excitons.
New strategy for reconstructing partial-Fourier imaging data in functional MRI.

Most partial Fourier (PF) approaches use a low-resolution phase estimate in the reconstruction to account for non-zero phases of the image. These methods may fail when there are large phase errors, a situation commonly encountered in T(*)(2)-weighted functional MRI (fMRI). To mitigate this problem, a method was developed based on the inversion of a matrix formulated according to a phase map derived from iterative reconstruction. To make this method computationally practical for fMRI, a strategy was introduced such that the matrix inversion is performed only once for each slice in the time series, assuming that the phase map remains constant in the time series. To ensure the temporal phase invariance, physiological noise correction and global phase correction were applied to the data before the reconstruction. This method was demonstrated to be robust and efficient for fMRI. Magn Reson Med 46:1045-1048, 2001.
The ratio of energy expenditure to nitrogen loss in diverse patient groups--a systematic review.

Summary Background & aims The ratio of energy expenditure to nitrogen loss respectively of energy to nitrogen provision (E/N) is considered a valuable tool in the creation of an enteral or parenteral formulation. Specific E/N ratios for parenteral nutrition (PN) have not yet been clearly defined. To determine the range of energy expenditure, nitrogen (protein) losses, and E/N ratios for various patient groups, we performed a systematic review of the literature. Methods Medline 1950–2011 was searched for all studies on patients or healthy controls reporting energy expenditure and nitrogen loss at the same time. Results We identified 53 studies with 91 cohorts which comprised 1107 subjects. Mean TEE ± standard deviation (SD) was 31.2 ± 7.2 kcal/kg BW/day in patients (n = 881) and 35.6 ± 4.3 kcal/kg BW/day in healthy controls (n = 266). Mean total protein loss (TPL) was 1.50 ± 0.57 g/kg BW/day in patients and 0.94 ± 0.24 g/kg BW/day in healthy controls. A non-linear significant correlation was found between TPL and the E/N ratio. Conclusion The E/N ratio is not a constant value but decreases continuously with increasing protein loss. These variations should be considered in the nutritional support of patients.
Illicit Cocaine Use in Clinical Perspective

Cocaine is a powerful stimulant of relatively short duration, low margin of safety and a local anesthetic of high efficiency and toxicity. Its legitimate medical use has narrowed over the years, but as an illicit substance cocaine has gained considerable popularity. Cocaine is referred to as the "champagne of drugs." According to epidemiological data, 28.7% of the "young adults" (18-25 years old) have tried cocaine. This article traces the historical evolution of coca and cocaine use. It also reviews contemporary clinical aspects of recreational cocaine use.
Mediated overlay services (MOSES): Network security as a composable service

In recent years, organizations have been shifting focus to their core business competencies, and reducing total cost of ownership (TCO) associated with training and management of their IT infrastructure. In the same motif, organizations are establishing security and survivability frameworks as an integral part of their business strategy so as to provide an acceptable quality-of-service for their clients and employees. However, the current paradigm of outsourced managed security service providers (MSSPs) is often difficult to transition to, offers little control to the organization, does not allow ldquobest of breedrdquo composition, and risks vendor lock-in due to the complexity of migrating to a different MSSP. We present MOSES (Mediated Overlay Services), an architecture for composing network security services such as anti-spam, antivirus, automated vulnerability detection and mitigation, and filtering. MOSES is roughly modeled on the web services framework. In addition to ease-of-deployment, MOSES allows for economies of scale and a reduction to the total cost of ownership. In this paper, we discuss our motivation and high-level view of such an architecture. We highlight the advantages, illuminate potential drawbacks, and discuss a broad research agenda toward realizing this vision.
A pareto optimum congestion reduction scheme

Abstract This article shows that certain congestion reduction schemes have the potential for not penalizing anyone. The traditional social welfare approach is modified to address the distribution of gains and losses across the population. As a first step in this line of research, we consider a transportation system where congestion delay is simply given by a function of its user flow. We show that a particular pricing scheme with variable tolls, that can be viewed as hybrid between rationing and pricing, can benefit everyone (unlike pure pricing alone) even if the collected revenues are not returned to the population. The simple conditions under which this is possible are identified. Few data are needed to choose a beneficial policy. Examples are given.
Regression equations for estimating hepatic lipid content of chicks and hens by moisture determination.

Abstract Livers from 283 Leghorn laying hens and 162 male Leghorn chicks (some of which had been injected with estradiol) were analyzed for lipid (Y) and moisture (X) content. Moisture was highly significantly correlated with lipids (r = −.975 for hens and r = −.964 for chicks). The intercepts and slopes for the two populations were significantly different (P
Measurement of Cytosolic Ca2+ in Isolated Contractile Lymphatics

Lymphatic vessels comprise a multifunctional transport system that maintains fluid homeostasis, delivers lipids to the central circulation, and acts as a surveillance system for potentially harmful antigens, optimizing mucosal immunity and adaptive immune responses1. Lymph is formed from interstitial fluid that enters blind-ended initial lymphatics, and then is transported against a pressure gradient in larger collecting lymphatics. Each collecting lymphatic is made up of a series of segments called lymphangions, separated by bicuspid valves that prevent backflow. Each lymphangion possesses a contractile cycle that propels lymph against a pressure gradient toward the central circulation2. This phasic contractile pattern is analogous to the cardiac cycle, with systolic and diastolic phases, and with a lower contraction frequency4. In addition, lymphatic smooth muscle generates tone and displays myogenic constriction and dilation in response to increases and decreases in luminal pressure, respectively5. A hybrid of molecular mechanisms that support both the phasic and tonic contractility of lymphatics are thus proposed. Contraction of smooth muscle is generally regulated by the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) plus sensitivity to Ca2+, of the contractile elements in response to changes in the environment surrounding the cell6. [Ca2+]i is determined by the combination of the movement of Ca2+ through plasma membrane ligand or voltage gated Ca2+ channels and the release and uptake of Ca2+ from internal stores. Cytosolic Ca2+ binds to calmodulin and activates enzymes such as myosin light chain (MLC) kinase (MLCK), which in turn phosphorylates MLC leading to actin-myosin-mediated contraction8. However, the sensitivity of this pathway to Ca2+ can be regulated by the MLC phosphatase (MLCP)9. MLCP activity is regulated by Rho kinase (ROCK) and the myosin phosphatase inhibitor protein CPI-17. Here, we present a method to evaluate changes in [Ca2+]i over time in isolated, perfused lymphatics in order to study Ca2+-dependent and Ca2+-sensitizing mechanisms of lymphatic smooth muscle contraction. Using isolated rat mesenteric collecting lymphatics we studied stretch-induced changes in [Ca2+]i and contractile activity. The isolated lymphatic model offers the advantage that pressure, flow, and the chemical composition of the bath solution can be tightly controlled. [Ca2+]i was determined by loading lymphatics with the ratiometric, Ca2+-binding dye Fura-2. These studies will provide a new approach to the broader problem of studying the different molecular mechanisms that regulate phasic contractions versus tonic constriction in lymphatic smooth muscle.
Mesolimbic dopamine transients in motivated behaviors: focus on maternal behavior

Phasic activity of the mesolimbic dopamine pathway – burst firing of dopamine neurons and the resulting dopamine release events at striatal targets – have been associated with a variety of motivational events, such as novelty, salient stimuli, social interaction and reward prediction. Over the past decade, advances in electrochemical techniques have allowed measurement of naturally-occurring dopamine release events, or dopamine transients, in awake animals during ongoing behavior. Thus, a growing body of studies has revealed dynamic dopamine input to ventral striatum during motivated behavior in a variety of experimental paradigms. We propose that transient dopamine release may be important neural signals in pup-directed aspects of maternal behavior, as preliminary data suggest that dopamine transients in dams are associated with pup cues. Measurements of dopamine transients may be useful to investigate not only typical maternal behavior but also maternal inattention induced by drug exposure or stress.
What Do They Tell Their Students? Business Faculty Acceptance of the Web and Library Databases for Student Research.

Abstract Business faculty were surveyed as to their use of free Web resources and subscription databases for their own and their students’ research. A much higher percentage of respondents either require or encourage Web use by their students than require or encourage database use, though most also advise use of multiple sources.
Feasibility of TAMDAR: an aircraft-based weather data collection system

Abstract The tropospheric airborne meteorological data and reporting (TAMDAR) system is a new meteorological data collection system carried aloft by participating aircraft to gather weather data and relay this information to ground-based receiving stations for distribution into the national system for weather data dissemination. These improved forecasts provide a wide range of societal benefits including enhanced air safety and improved operational efficiency in national air space. This paper presents the results of a TAMDAR system feasibility study that evaluated implementation alternatives, defined the conceptual framework of the business case, estimated related costs and benefits, and combined the results into a comprehensive road map for future system development and implementation.
Privatizing conditions of production: trade agreements as neoliberal environmental governance

Abstract Recent multilateral trade agreements are among the major manifestations of neoliberalism. They are also emerging as some of the most important sites of environmental governance in the 21st century. I argue here that these trade agreements, particularly the sweeping new protections they provide for investors, are redefining property rights and environmental governance in fundamental ways. I suggest that in addition to furthering the centuries-long process of the enclosure of nature under capitalism, the neoliberal agenda of NAFTA and similar trade agreements also involves something new: the privatization, or primitive accumulation, of conditions of production as an accumulation strategy. I explore these dynamics through examination of two cases, one in the United States and one in Mexico. I also explore the roles of social movements in these dynamics.
Exhaled nitric oxide levels during treatment in patients hospitalized with asthma

The time required for fractional excretion of nitric oxide (FE(NO)) measurements to acutely change after systemic corticosteroids is unknown, limiting the usefulness of this biomarker in hospital treatment and discharge decisions. The purpose of this study was to follow FE(NO) measurements of hospitalized adult patients with asthma receiving therapy and to correlate FE(NO) with forced expiratory volume in 1 second percent predicted (FEV(1)%). Ten acute asthmatic patients who required hospitalization were recruited and treated with standard therapy. FE(NO) measurements were performed at presentation to the emergency department (baseline), as well as 1, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hours after the initiation of therapy. FEV(1)% was measured at baseline, 1, 6, 12, and 24 hours. Subjects also were called 3 days after discharge to assess if symptoms had improved. The baseline FE(NO) was 57.5 parts per billion (ppb). There was no significant change over the first 8 hours. At 12 hours, there was an increase to 96.5 ppb (p = 0.01). Compared with baseline, all 10 subjects showed an increase at the 12-hour time point, with an average increase of 52%. The correlation between change in FE(NO) and change in FEV(1)% approached significance (p = 0.089). Subjects who improved after discharge had a greater percent increase in FE(NO) than those who did not (p = 0.043). FE(NO) measurements increase in hospitalized asthmatic patients receiving therapy. This augmentation appears to be associated with improvements in FEV(1). Asthmatic patients who show a greater increase in FE(NO) may have better outcomes after discharge.
Predictive temporal patterns detection in multivariate dynamic data system

In this paper we present a method for detecting multivariate temporal patterns that are characteristic and predictive of significant events in a multivariate dynamic data system. A new hybrid RPS-GMM method is applied to identify patterns. This method constructs phase space embedding by using individual embedding of each variable sequences. We employ discriminative approach by applying Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) to the multivariate sequence data to cluster multi-dimensional data into three categories of signals, e.g. normal, patterns and events. An optimization method is applied to the objective function to search an optimal classifier to identify temporal patterns that are predictive of future events. We performed two experimental applications using chaotic time series and Sludge Volume Index (SVI) series related to the Sludge Bulking problem. Experiments show that the new approach presented here significantly outperforms the original RPS framework and neural network method.
Packaging of lenslet array on micromirrors

ABSTRACT A packaging technology has been developed to integrate a lenslet array with surface micromachined segmented deformablemicromirrors. 12x12 electrostatic micromirror arrays were fabricated through a commercial surface micromachining processand integrated with glass microlenses positioned directly over the micromirror. Control of the spacing and the lateralalignment between the lenslet array and the micromirrors was important for effective fill factor. The spacing control wasaccomplished using a glass spacer, and the lateral alignments were achieved by the use of an interferometric microscope.Measured results of the micromirrors' optical performance demonstrated the success of the packaging technology. 1. INTRODUCTION Micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) offer a novel and cost effective device technology for controlling and compensating the phase of a propagating optical wave front' . With such a control, it is possible to correct aberrations inoptical systems, control the shape of a focused laser beam, and redirect the laser beam. Possible scientific applicationsinclude real time active optical wave front control for correcting atmospheric turbulence effects for astronomy and space
Treatment of influenzal meningitis with sulfadiazine

Summary Twenty-three children with influenzal meningitis have been treated at the Charity Hospital in the past two years with sulfadiazine. Sixteen patients have been discharged as cured and have remained well except one patient who developed and still has a residual generalized spasticity. Six fatalities occurred, all in young infants below 8 months of age. In this group only one recovery occurred in an infant 4 months old. In our series no fatalities occurred above the age of 8 months. Since sulfadiazine alone does not seem sufficient in these young infants, it is imperative that type-specific rabbit antiserum be given together with large doses of sulfadiazine. In older infants and children the recovery rate is very high with sulfadiazine alone. Very few spinal punctures and drainages were performed. Leucopenia in one patient, hematuria in one patient, and drug fever in one patient were the only toxic conditions encountered that can be attributed to the drug.
Statistical Analysis of Historical Climate Data Sets.

Abstract The problem of determining confidence intervals for climatic signals using data sets with spatial and temporal sampling inhomogeneities is solved by a four-step process. First, the actual data set is analysed to determine autoregressive models which are consistent with the actual data at daily, monthly and annual time scales. Second, these models are used to generate artificial, but realistic, data sets which reproduce selected statistical properties of the actual data. Third, these artificial data sets are sampled by Monte Carlo techniques to determine certain confidence interval coefficients appropriate to different fields, geographical regions, and averaging periods. Fourth, these confidence interval coefficients are used to place error bars on climatic signals derived from the actual data set. The technique is illustrated by the analysis of historical sea surface temperature and sea level pressure data in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.
Nonlinear Normal Mode Initialization and Quasi-Geostrophic Theory

Abstract The first iteration of the recently developed nonlinear normal mode initialization procedure for primitive equation models leads to quasi-rotational dynamical and diagnostic equations agreeing with those of quasi-geostrephic theory in a simple Boussinesq f plane model. The proper initialization of a quasi-rotational model, however. requires a nonlinear modification of the geostrophic state traditionally used. Various generalizations are discussed briefly.
High-minded Egoism and the Problem of Priggishness

In this paper I shall consider critically the concept of 'high-minded' egoism and its relation to the problem of priggishness. Highminded egoism is a form of egoism which maintains that among those things which are worthy of one's desire for their own sakes are one's acting virtuously and one's good character. Both A. C. Ewing and John Dewey argue that while the egoist might conceive of such things as part of one's own good, the possession of virtue or good character is not something the egoist can acquire. The most he can achieve is 'priggishness' or 'preciousness'. The paper is divided into three sections. In the first, I shall present what I take to be Ewing's view of high-minded egoism. I shall also consider the claim that high-minded egoism is prima facie more plausible than hedonistic egoism and one argument in support of high-minded egoism. One reason to think high-minded egoism is more plausible than hedonistic egoism is that the former involves a richer conception of one's own good than does the latter. Whether it is reasonable to believe that this richer conception of one's own good is compatible with any form of egoism is a question to which I shall turn in the final section. In the second section, I shall examine the charge by Ewing and Dewey that high-minded egoism leads to priggishness and, in more detail, the nature of priggishness itself. In the third section, I shall return to consider the position of the highminded egoist. I shall argue that the high-minded egoist cannot avoid the charge of priggishness, if he accepts certain theses about value which many egoists accept. I shall also argue that it is reasonable to believe that any egoist must accept these theses. Finally, I shall suggest that if the egoist is committed to these views about value, then it is not clear that he can account for those features of acts of virtue which make them worthy of desire for their own sake.
Time delay and the dyon charge

The scattering of fermions from a magnetic monopole is analyzed in a theory with $\mathrm{CP}$ nonconservation. The dyon charge that arises can be understood as a Friedel sum rule from the theory of alloys, as the data for a Riemann-Hilbert problem in the theory of integral equations, and as a consequence of specifying Wigner's $R$ matrix at the monopole core.
State-of-the-Art of High-Resolution Anoscopy as a Tool to Manage Patients at Risk for Anal Cancer

Anal cancer is increasing in incidence in urban populations worldwide and particularly in HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM). The etiologic relationship of both anal and cervical cancer to human papillomavirus (HPV) is well established. The incidence of cervical cancer has decreased significantly as a result of an effective screening program. Women with abnormal cervical cytology are referred for colposcopy, which is used to identify and eradicate the cervical cancer precursors, cervical high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL). High-resolution anoscopy (HRA) or colposcopy of the anus and perianal area is a powerful tool to find and treat the precursors to anal cancer, anal HSIL. The approach to management and treatment of anal HSIL at the UCSF Anal Dysplasia Clinic using HRA in conjunction with anal cytology and digital rectal examination (DRE) is presented as a means to prevent anal cancer and to facilitate the early diagnosis of anal cancer. Principles of HRA, how to perform HRA, findings during HRA, and the use of HRA in the operating room are described. HRA coupled with DRE is an effective way to manage patients at risk for anal cancer. Several cases are described illustrating the practical application of HRA in managing patients with anal HSIL and diagnosing anal cancer. Increased awareness and, at the very least, performance of regular DRE in patients at risk and training more providers in HRA may help to decrease the incidence of anal cancer in populations at risk.
Optimality in the control of environmental systems

For an environmental system described by a system of nonlinear first-order differential equations, the problem of achieving specified terminal conditions in a given time with a minimum expenditure of resources is considered. The initial conditions and the minimum value are found numerically in a particular example.
Renormalization of regional brain blood flow during prolonged mild hypoxic exposure in rats

In this study, we measured regional brain blood flow (BF) in rats during hypoxic exposure. Our data show the hypoxia-induced brain blood flow increase returned to baseline within 1 week as blood hemoglobin increased. Because this return to baseline occurred before capillary angiogenesis, this result suggests that the mechanism for brain blood flow renormalization during prolonged hypoxia exposure is more likely related to the increased systemic arterial oxygen carrying capacity than to local tissue hypoxia that persists for at least 2 weeks.
Falling film heat transfer analysis on a bank of horizontal tube evaporator

Heat transfer analysis of falling film evaporation on a bank of horizontal tubes is investigated in this study. Liquid falling from one tube to the next lower one is considered as a thin liquid jet impinging on the top of the tube with a uniform free falling velocity. The hydrodynamic and thermal solutions are obtained by a finite difference method. In these solutions the heat transfer coefficients are modified to account for waviness. Liquid film thickness and local and average heat transfer coefficients are obtained for the constant heat flux and isothermal boundary conditions. Convective heat transfer effects are shown to be dominant as Peclet number increases. Heat transfer coefficients for the tubes in a tube bank decrease from the first tube onwards until the fully developed region is reached. The present predictions agree favorably with the reported heat transfer data.
Development of Self-Handicapping Tendencies

This study was undertaken to determine when U.S. children begin to self-handicap, that is, to reduce preparation effort before evaluations rather than applying themselves to do their best. The personal variables examined for their impact on practice behavior were gender, grade level, and self-esteem. The situational variables were time of the self-esteem test (before or after the evaluation task) and importance of the evaluation task. The results showed that (a) the 6th-grade boys were more likely than the 6th-grade girls to self-handicap, (b) the 3rd-grade children were not as affected as the 6th-grade children by the self-evaluation implications of performance evaluations, (c) self-handicapping by low-self-esteem and high-self-esteem 6th graders depended on recent experiences, and (d) the self-affirming experience of a self-esteem test reduced the motivation to self-handicap among high-self-esteem 6th-grade boys.
Cardioprotective Effect of Diazoxide and Its Interaction With Mitochondrial ATP-Sensitive K+ Channels Possible Mechanism of Cardioprotection

Previous studies showed a poor correlation between sarcolemmal K+ currents and cardioprotection for ATP-sensitive K+ channel (KATP) openers. Diazoxide is a weak cardiac sarcolemmal KATP opener, but it is a potent opener of mitochondrial KATP, making it a useful tool for determining the importance of this mitochondrial site. In reconstituted bovine heart KATP, diazoxide opened mitochondrial KATP with a K1/2 of 0.8 mumol/L while being 1000-fold less potent at opening sarcolemmal KATP. To compare cardioprotective potency, diazoxide or cromakalim was given to isolated rat hearts subjected to 25 minutes of global ischemia and 30 minutes of reperfusion. Diazoxide and cromakalim increased the time to onset of contracture with a similar potency (EC25, 11.0 and 8.8 mumol/L, respectively) and improved postischemic functional recovery in a glibenclamide (glyburide)-reversible manner. In addition, sodium 5-hydroxydecanoic acid completely abolished the protective effect of diazoxide. While-myocyte studies showed that diazoxide was significantly less potent than cromakalim in increasing sarcolemmal K+ currents. Diazoxide shortened ischemic action potential duration significantly less than cromakalim at equicardioprotective concentrations. We also determined the effects of cromakalim and diazoxide on reconstituted rat mitochondrial cardiac KATP activity. Cromakalim and diazoxide were both potent activators of K+ flux in this preparation (K1/2 values, 1.1 +/- 0.1 and 0.49 +/- 0.05 mumol/L, respectively). Both glibenclamide and sodium 5-hydroxydecanoic acid inhibited K+ flux through the diazoxide-opened mitochondrial KATP. The profile of activity of diazoxide (and perhaps KATP openers in general) suggests that they protect ischemic hearts in a manner that is consistent with an interaction with mitochondrial KATP.
A Wide Band Tracking Delay for Radio Astronomy

Design details for a 0.5 to 4 GHz tracking delay for the Owens Valley Millimeter Array are presented. The delay uses a binary sequence of segments ranging from 512 ns to 1/128 ns to provide any delay value up to 1 μs with a maximum error of 7 ps. The segments are realized in optical fiber, coaxial cable and microstrip transmission line.
NDBC's digital directional wave module

The National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) has developed a compact, low power, directional wave measurement system called the Digital Directional Wave Module (DDWM). It represents the latest advance in NDBC's 30-year history of producing wave measurement systems. The DDWM consists of embedded electronics; a commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) motion sensor; custom, embedded software and hardware; and a mounting plate. The COTS sensor measures the earth's magnetic flux density and the buoy's, acceleration and angular rate about three orthogonal axes, aligned with its bow, starboard beam and mast. The module uses the Angular Rate System (ARS) method of determining pitch and roll angles, from which wave directions are derived. Using the same wave-data processing techniques, algorithms, and software as those from earlier NDBC wave systems has reduced development and operating costs and has avoided problems associated with changing data message formats. The DDWM's small size and weight, compared to previous systems, has reduced shipping costs and eased handling, thereby facilitating safe and efficient at-sea servicing. The module's high tolerance for extreme environmental conditions has allowed NDBC to loosen its special handling procedures associated with less robust sensors. New quality assurance tests and test equipment were developed for the digital sensor, the integrated processing package, and digital sensor output. This paper presents DDWM's development strategy, system description, quality assurance, laboratory tests and field tests. Test results show that primary wave parameters from DDWM are within NDBC accuracy standards.
Trance, a Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Member, Enhances the Longevity and Adjuvant Properties of Dendritic Cells in Vivo

Mature dendritic cells (DCs) are powerful antigen presenting cells that have the unique capacity to migrate to the T cell zone of draining lymph nodes after subcutaneous injection. Here we report that treatment of antigen-pulsed mature DCs with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related activation-induced cytokine (TRANCE), a TNF family member, before immunization enhances their adjuvant capacity and elicits improved T cell priming in vivo, such that both primary and memory T cell immune responses are enhanced. By enumerating migratory DCs in the draining lymph nodes and by studying their function in stimulating naive T cells, we show that one of the underlying mechanisms for enhanced T cell responses is an increase in the number of ex vivo antigen-pulsed DCs that are found in the T cell areas of lymph nodes. These results suggest that the longevity and abundance of mature DCs at the site of T cell priming influence the strength of the DC-initiated T cell immunity in situ. Our findings have the potential to improve DC-based immunotherapy; i.e., the active immunization of humans with autologous DCs that have been pulsed with clinically significant antigens ex vivo.
Strain-Induced Pseudoheterostructure Nanowires Confining Carriers at Room Temperature with Nanoscale-Tunable Band Profiles

Semiconductor heterostructures play a vital role in photonics and electronics. They are typically realized by growing layers of different materials, complicating fabrication and limiting the number of unique heterojunctions on a wafer. In this Letter, we present single-material nanowires which behave exactly like traditional heterostructures. These pseudoheterostructures have electronic band profiles that are custom-designed at the nanoscale by strain engineering. Since the band profile depends only on the nanowire geometry with this approach, arbitrary band profiles can be individually tailored at the nanoscale using existing nanolithography. We report the first experimental observations of spatially confined, greatly enhanced (>200×), and wavelength-shifted (>500 nm) emission from strain-induced potential wells that facilitate effective carrier collection at room temperature. This work represents a fundamentally new paradigm for creating nanoscale devices with full heterostructure behavior in photonics ...
The Weight of Obesity in Evaluating Others: A Mere Proximity Effect:

Previous research demonstrates that we tend to derogate individuals who are perceived to be in a social relationship with stigmatized persons. Two experiments examined whether this phenomenon also occurs for individuals seen in the presence of an obese person and whether a social relationship is necessary for stigmatization to spread. The results from both experiments revealed that a male job applicant was rated more negatively when seen with an overweight compared to a normal weight female and that just being in the mere proximity of an overweight woman was enough to trigger stigmatization toward the male applicant. Experiment 2 examined possible moderating effects of the proximity finding. Applicants seated next to heavy (vs. average weight) individuals were denigrated consistently regardless of the perceived depth of the relationship, the participant's anti-fat attitudes or gender, and whether or not positive information was presented concerning the woman. The profound nature of the obesity stigma and implications for impression formation processes are discussed.
Lysophosphatidic Acid Signaling May Initiate Fetal Hydrocephalus

Fetal hydrocephalus (FH), characterized by the accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid, an enlarged head, and neurological dysfunction, is one of the most common neurological disorders of newborns. Although the etiology of FH remains unclear, it is associated with intracranial hemorrhage. Here, we report that lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a blood-borne lipid that activates signaling through heterotrimeric guanosine 5′-triphosphate–binding protein (G protein)–coupled receptors, provides a molecular explanation for FH associated with hemorrhage. A mouse model of intracranial hemorrhage in which the brains of mouse embryos were exposed to blood or LPA resulted in development of FH. FH development was dependent on the expression of the LPA1receptor by neural progenitor cells. Administration of an LPA1 receptor antagonist blocked development of FH. These findings implicate the LPA signaling pathway in the etiology of FH and suggest new potential targets for developing new treatments for FH.
Immobilization Modulates Macrophage Accumulation in Tendon-Bone Healing

Tendon-to-bone healing occurs by formation of a fibrous, scar tissue interface rather than regeneration of a normal insertion. Because inflammatory cells such as macrophages lead to formation of fibrous scar tissue, we hypothesized immobilization would allow resolution of acute inflammation and result in improved tendon-bone healing. We reconstructed the ACL of 60 Sprague-Dawley rats using a tendon autograft. An external fixation device was used to immobilize the surgically treated knee in 30 rats. We evaluated tendon-bone interface width, collagen fiber continuity, and new osteoid formation histologically. Immunohistochemistry was used to localize ED1+ and ED2+ macrophages at the tendon-bone interface at 2 and 4 weeks. Biomechanical testing was performed at 4 weeks. Interface width was smaller and collagen fiber continuity was greater in the immobilized group. Immobilized animals exhibited fewer ED1+ macrophages at the healing interface at 2 and 4 weeks. In contrast, there were more ED2+ macrophages at the interface in the immobilized group at 2 weeks. Failure load and stiffness were similar between groups at 4 weeks. The data suggest early immobilization diminishes macrophage accumulation and may allow improved tendon-bone integration