cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improving the design of the pedicled nasoseptal flap for skull base reconstruction: a radioanatomic study

Background: Reconstruction of the skull base after an expanded endonasal approach (EEA) is critical to achieve a good outcome. A novel technique based on the use of a pedicled nasoseptal flap has proven to be a reliable and versatile reconstructive option for extensive defects of the skull base. Data regarding the potential dimensions of a nasoseptal flap are lacking in the literature. This pilot study was developed to help optimize the design of the nasoseptal flap and to ensure that when harvesting the flap, its width and length are adequate to reconstruct the defects that are created by various EEAs. Methods: We analyzed the computed tomographic (CT) scans of four patients who underwent EEAs for skull base lesions. Sagittal and coronal CT reconstructions were generated from axial images. The measurements were divided into skull base measurements, flap dimensions required to cover skull base defects resulting from various EEAs, and potential maximal dimensions of the nasoseptal flap. Measurements were studied for three different EEAs: sellar/transplanar, transclival, and transcribiform/anterior skull base. We measured the potential defects for each of these EEAs and the nasoseptal flap dimensions that would be required to reconstruct them. We estimated all dimensions based on the most extensive defect that could result with each EEA. We then compared these with various modifications of the nasoseptal flap. Results: Two male and two female patients were studied. Twenty-seven measurements were taken to compare the different skull base defects and nasoseptal flaps. Conclusions: The length of the nasal septum comprises sufficient mucoperichondrium and mucoperiosteum to allow the harvesting of a nasoseptal flap that could cover any defect resulting from an anterior skull base, a transsellar/transplanar, or a transclival EEA. Similarly, the height of the nasal septum has the potential to yield a nasoseptal flap with a width that is adequate to cover the laterolateral aspect of any defect of the anterior skull base and clivus. Skull base defects resulting from combined EEAs, such as those that would create a defect that comprises the skull base from sella turcica to frontal sinus, are beyond the potential dimensions of a single nasoseptal flap. This and other defects resulting from a combination of EEAs require other strategies, such as the use of bilateral nasoseptal flaps, or the use of other reconstructive options.
Electroless deposition of superconducting MgB2 films on various substrates

Abstract The superconducting properties of magnesium diboride (MgB 2 ) films prepared by electroless deposition on various substrates including silver, gold and silicon are reported. In this study, MgB 2 films were fabricated on silver, gold, and silicon using an electroless plating technique, while controlling the redox potential to improve the deposition quality. The structure, morphology, and superconducting properties of the samples were investigated using X-ray diffraction, magnetometry, scanning electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy confirmed that the films are polycrystalline MgB 2 but also contain some impurity phases. All the MgB 2 films show superconducting transitions near 39 K, the value for bulk MgB 2 , with the superconducting volume fraction ranging from approximately 1 to 2%. We find a strong dependence of film quality with the oxidation potential of the bath.
Stripe structures in the t–t′-J model

Abstract Here, based upon density matrix renormalization group calculations, we discuss the structure of the stripes found in the doped t – t ′– J model and the physics that underlies their formation.
Encouraging “friendly” complaint behavior in industrial markets: Preventing a loss of customers and reputation

Abstract This study suggests actions the industrial marketer can take to reduce the possibility of customer dissatisfaction complaints that are harmful to the seller's long-term business. The study reviews the literature on dissatisfaction response styles and supplier relationships that result in different dissatisfaction response styles. Data were gathered using the survey method and in-depth interviews. The study finds support for a theoretical framework that shows how an industrial marketer can better manage vendor relations in order to become “complaint friendly.”
Computer simulation of coherent interaction of charged particles and photons with crystalline solids at high energies

Abstract Monte Carlo simulation code has been developed and tested for studying the passage of charged particle beams and radiation through the crystalline matter at energies from tens of MeV up to hundreds of GeV. The developed Monte Carlo code simulates electron, positron and photon shower in single crystals and amorphous media. The Monte Carlo code tracks all the generations of charged particles and photons through the aligned crystal by taking into account the parameters of incoming beam, multiple scattering, energy loss, emission angles, transverse dimension of beams, and linear polarization of produced photons. The simulation results are compared with the CERN-NA-59 experimental data. The realistic descriptions of the electron and photon beams and the physical processes within the silicon and germanium single crystals have been implemented.
The forensic evaluation of burned skeletal remains: A synthesis

In recent years, research and case experience have greatly augmented knowledge regarding the effects of extreme heat on skeletal remains. As a result of this effort, enhanced interpretation is now possible on such issues as the extent of recovery, reconstruction, trauma, individual identification, size reduction, thermal effects on histological structures, color variation, the determination if remains were burned with or without soft tissue, DNA recovery and residual weight. The rapidly growing literature in this area of forensic science includes experimental research that elucidates the dynamics of the thermal impact on skeletal structure and morphology.
Deterministic and quantum noise in dye lasers

Experimental and theoretical studies of dynamical fluctuations inmultimode lasers are being carried out. Of particular interest is the interplaybetween deterministic dynamics and quantum-noise driven dynamics. Aprevious theoretical study indicates that in broadband, homogeneouslybroadened lasers (such as dye lasers) a transition from one type of dynamics tothe other can occur as the excess above the lasing threshold is varied. 1
Portal vein gas complicating Hirschsprung's disease with enterocolitis

Summary A case is reported of neonatal Hirschsprung's disease complicated by necrotizing enterocolitis and gas in the portal venous system. Several factors which could lead to the accumulation of portal venous gas in such a patient are discussed.
Shift Work and Work to Family Fit: Does Schedule Control Matter?

We used the 2008 National Study of the Changing Workforce to investigate the effects of shift work on individuals. We investigated if shift workers would have poorer work to family fit than workers with regular day schedules or flexible schedules. We also investigated if control of work schedule would moderate the possible negative effects of shift work. Results indicate that shift work is associated with increased work to family conflict, especially for women. In addition, the results indicate that women have greater work to family conflict compared to men when workers have more work schedule control. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Beneficial effects of mercaptoethylguanidine, an inhibitor of the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase and a scavenger of peroxynitrite, in a porcine model of delayed hemorrhagic shock.

Objective: In rodent models, enhanced formation of nitric oxide and formation of peroxynitrite have been implicated in the pathogenesis of various forms of shock. Here we examined the effect of mercaptoethylguanidine (MEG), an inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor and peroxynitrite scavenger, in a severe hemorrhagic shock model. Design: Randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Setting: Animal laboratory. Subjects: Twenty-one anesthetized immature Yorkshire pigs. Interventions: Mechanical ventilation, sternotomy, continuous cardiac output (pulmonary artery flowmetry), and systemic and intracardial pressure measurements were taken. Pigs were bled to a cardiac index of 40 mL/kg/min for 2 hrs, which was followed by saline resuscitation (20 mL/kg). MEG was administered in the resuscitation fluid (15 mg/kg bolus plus 15 mg/kg/hr infusion). Measurements and Main Results: Hemodynamic variables, systemic and mixed venous blood gas tensions and oxygenation, arterial lactate concentration, myeloperoxidase activity, malondialdehyde content, and histologic injury in the lung and intestine were measured. Reduction of cardiac output to 40 mL/kg/min led to the following changes during hypovolemia: decreases in mean arterial blood pressure (to 30-35 mm Hg), both atrial pressures, systemic oxygen consumption (by 35%), mixed venous saturation (by 65%), and lactic acidosis (5.5-6.0 mM). Fluid replacement failed to restore blood pressure and cardiac output during resuscitation and was followed by gradual hemodynamic decompensation. Hemorrhagic shock induced lipid peroxidation, neutrophil deposition, and severe histologic alterations in the lung and intestine. MEG significantly ameliorated the decrease in blood pressure and cardiac output during resuscitation, improved survival rate, reduced lipid peroxidation in the intestine, and ameliorated neutrophil accumulation in the lung and intestine. MEG prevented the reduction in oxygen consumption during resuscitation. Conclusions: When given during resuscitation, MEG exerted beneficial effects in a porcine model of severe hemorrhagic shock. We propose that the mode of MEG's action is related to improved cardiac contractility.
Optimizing receiver configurations for resolution of equivalent dipole polarizabilities in situ

Equivalent dipole polarizabilities are a succinct way to summarize the inductive response of an isolated conductive body at distances greater than the scale of the body. At any time lag or frequency, an equivalent dipole polarizability response is comprised of nine parameters: six specifying an equivalent dipole polarizability matrix (which is symmetric) and three specifying the apparent location of the body center. Smith and Morrison have given equations for calculating uncertainties in equivalent dipole polarizability and position based on analysis of an iterative linearized inversion. Here, the root mean squared uncertainty in polarizability is weighted and summed over a number of control points and minimized using an evolutionary algorithm for a number of instrument designs. Three families of designs are presented: single-transmitter systems for use on a two-dimensional grid of positions with negligible error in relative instrument location, two-transmitter systems for use on a line of positions with negligible error in relative instrument location, and three-transmitter systems for stand alone use. Results for the one- and two-transmitter systems are strongly degraded by errors in instrument position, whereas the three-transmitter systems are insensitive to instrument positioning errors.
Classroom Games Understanding Bayes' Rule

This paper uses the technique of experimental economics to set up a classroom situation where students learn to make Bayesian decisions. The exercises allow students to discover for themselves a natural counting heuristic that corresponds to Bayes's rule and is much quicker to use in many situations. In the context of balls and urns, this heuristic involves adjusting ball counts to reflect prior probabilities. It provides a natural bridge between simple intuition and the mathematical formula for Bayes's rule that is presented in undergraduate courses in economic statistics, game theory, and managerial economics.
An Overview of the Effects of Dioxins and Dioxin-Like Compounds on Vertebrates, as Documented in Human and Ecological Epidemiology

Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds are primary examples of persistent organic pollutants that induce toxicity in both wildlife and humans. Over the past 200 years these compounds have been almost exclusively generated by human activity and have left a string of disasters in the wake of their accidental release. Most recently, the contamination of the Irish pork supply with dioxins resulted in an international recall of all Irish pork products. Epidemiologic data on human and ecological dioxin exposures have revealed a common pattern of biological response among vertebrate species, which is mediated through activation of the Aryl hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR). These AhR-mediated effects include profound consequences on the vertebrate individual exposed in early life with respect to myriad developmental endpoints including neurologic, immunologic, and reproductive parameters. Humans appear to be susceptible to these effects in a manner similar to that of the laboratory and wildlife species, which have demonstrated such outcomes. Furthermore, epidemiologic data suggest that there is little or no margin of exposure for humans with respect to these developmental effects. Given these concerns, prudent public health policy should include the continued reduction of exposures.
Phagocytosis in the newborn infant: Humoraland cellular factors

These studies have considered the separate functions of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN's) and plasma in phagocytosis of yeast particles and compared the activity of each in the newborn infant (2 to 4 days of age) with that in normal adults. Conditions of phagocytosis were rigidly controlled. A fixed ratio of yeast: PMN (100:1) was employed and phagocytosis was carried out at 37°C. for 1/2 hour with constant rotation to favor randon PMN-yeast interaction. Results were highly reproducible. Plasma from newborn infants had considerably less opsonizing activity toward yeast than that from adults; following absorption of both groups of plasma with yeast, this difference was no longer found. In the presence of pooled plasma, PMN's from normal newborn infants took up a significantly lower average number of yeast particles; this difference was most apparent when plasma concentration in the system was 2 1/2 per cent or less.
Construction of response surfaces based on progressive-lattice-sampling experimental designs with application to uncertainty propagation

Response surface functions are often used as simple and inexpensive replacements for computationally expensive computer models that simulate the behavior of a complex system over some parameter space. Here we examine several data fitting and interpolation techniques (finite-element interpolation, kriging, and polynomial regression) that can be used to construct a sequence of progressively upgraded response surface approximations based on Progressive Lattice Sampling (PLS) incremental experimental designs. PLS is a paradigm for structured sampling of a hypercube parameter space by placing and incrementally adding samples at each level of the design in a manner intended to efficiently leverage the samples at all previous levels. When combined with compatible interpolation methods, PLS can be used to construct efficiently upgradable response surface approximations. Upon upgrading, convergence heuristics are gained that can be used to estimate the magnitude of the approximation error entailed in the response surface. The three interpolation methods tried here are examined for fitting and convergence behavior in several test problems.
The cellular lesion responsible for exaggerated IgE synthesis accompanying allergic breakthrough

Appropriate levels of IgE are maintained by a cellular and molecular network composed of (1) a suppressive, Ly-1+, CD4+ T cell-dependent arm that is activated by inappropriate high levels of IgE and (2) an enhancing, CD8+ T cell-dependent arm that controls this suppression in a feedback regulatory manner. Ly-1+ T cells also function to counterbalance (inhibit) the activity of these latter CD8+ T cells. It has been previously shown that Ly-1+ T cells can reverse low-dose irradiation-induced enhancement of IgE antibody responses (i.e., allergic breakthrough). We have analyzed lymphocytes isolated from mice subjected to low-dose irradiation to determine which component of this network is defective in such animals. Stimulation of normal lymphocytes with IgE in vitro resulted in the release of lymphokines that suppress IgE antibody responses. In contrast, similar stimulation of lymphocytes from irradiated mice did not elicit secretion of such suppressive lymphokines, unless the cells were depleted of CD8+ T cells or reconstituted with normal Ly-1+ T cells. Because Ly-1+ T cells of irradiated mice could not reconstitute the response, we conclude that this functional subset of CD4+ T cells, which normally controls CD8+ T cell activity in this network, is defective in animals that exhibit irradiation-induced allergic breakthrough.
Stock market index prediction using neural networks

A neural network approach to stock market index prediction is presented. Actual data of the Wall Street Journal's Dow Jones Industrial Index has been used for a benchmark in our experiments where Radial Basis Function based neural networks have been designed to model these indices over the period from January 1988 to Dec 1992. A notable success has been achieved with the proposed model producing over 90% prediction accuracies observed based on monthly Dow Jones Industrial Index predictions. The model has also captured both moderate and heavy index fluctuations. The experiments conducted in this study demonstrated that the Radial Basis Function neural network represents an excellent candidate to predict stock market index.
Barbie Doll Culture and the American Waistland

Barbie, the doll, is also known as Vanna White, Marilyn, Marlene, Cleopatra, and for some, she is one of those nameless, lanky dancing showgirl Rockettes who perform at Caesars Palace. An anti-clone for every woman who wishes to be more than surface deep, she is alterego ideal for American Man. Virginlwhore, she makes men out of little boys. But like Rain Man lost in Las Vegas, some day she will hunger, we hope, for a minded self that embodies more than physical beauty and wealth. Kamy Cunningham understands all of this. As a woman trapped in a Barbie-based, barbaric culture, where the cult of Eros and Beauty reign, she seeks to be otherwise. Her essay provides a reflection on contemporary America, a waistland Eliot never imagined. An example of what Andrea Fontana (after Lyotard) calls the petit recit, her “impressionist-personal” and oppositional reading of this slice of Americana brings us inside the “feminine sociological imagination.” Praxis and critical theory come together in her paragraphs, as she challenges readers to inspect their own gendered identities, and to ask that painful question: “Have 1 been made in Barbie’s mold?” This is what good interactionist sociology is all about. KamY Cunningham‘ University Of Nevada, Las Vegas
tRNA and tRNA aminoacyl synthetases of chloroplasts, mitochondria and cytoplasm from Euglena gracilis☆

Abstract Purified chloroplasts from Euglena gracilis contain specific tRNAs and aminoacyl synthetases different from those found in the mitochondrial and cytoplasmic fractions. Examination of isoleucyl-tRNA by benzoylated DEAE-cellulose (BD-cellulose) chromatography reveals five isoleucyl-tRNA species, one associated with the chloroplast, one with the mitochondria and three with the cytoplasm. Chloroplast isoleucyl-tRNA can be aminoacylated only by chloroplast synthetase. Isoleucyl-tRNAs from mitochondria or from the cytoplasmic fraction can be aminoacylated by either mitochondrial or cytoplasmic aminoacyl synthetases.
Stability of salivary cotinine sent through the U.S. mail for verification of smoking status

Until now mass media smoking cessation studies have relied almost exclusively on self-reports of smoking cessation because biochemical confirmation has not seemed practical. This study investigated the reliability of mailed salivary cotinine specimens for the determination of smoking status. Two simultaneous saliva specimens were obtained from 10 smokers and 10 nonsmokers. One of each pair was frozen immediately. The other was sent through the local U.S. mail and then subjected to additional physical agitation and heat before being frozen. All specimens were subsequently analyzed for cotinine. No cotinine was detectable in any of the nonsmokers' specimens. There was excellent correlation between the paired smokers' specimens. These results show that the mailing of saliva specimens for cotinine analysis is practical and provides accurate data on smoking status. It is an approach which could easily be used in mass media smoking cessation studies to biochemically confirm smoking behavior.
The synthesis and metal binding chemistry of carbahemiporphyrazines with an electron withdrawing substituent

Benziphthalocyanine (bzpc) and dicarbahemiporphyrazine (dchp) are phthalocyanine analogs where one and two of the isoindoline units have been replaced with benzene rings. In this report, we present dchp and bzpc analogs 1 and 2 where CF3 groups have been placed on the 5-position of the benzene rings. Compounds 1 and 2 have identical structural features as their unmodified parent macrocycles, but some differences are observed in their metal adducts. Complex 1Ag shows few differences with the analogous dchp complex, but compounds 1Cu and 2Co exhibit reductions in M–C bond lengths arising from the electron withdrawing nature of the CF3 unit.
A REVIEW OF APPLICATIONS OF THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD OF ANALYSIS TO PROBLEMS IN SOIL AND ROCK MECHANICS

ABSTRACT The finite element method of analysis has been applied to a wide variety of problems in the realm of soil and rock mechanics during the past few years. This information is published in a number of technical journals in various disciplines, and the paper reviews the developments that are of particular interest to soil engineers. Applications of the method to problems in slope stability, embankments, culverts, pavements, bearing capacity, piles, soil dynamics, seepage and rock mechanics are reviewed. General comments on the state of the art of the subject are made.
Histone deacetylation in nuclei isolated from hepatoma tissue culture cells Inhibition by sodium butyrate

Nuclei from hepatoma tissue culture (HTC) cells were isolated by standard methods and incubated in media commonly used for nuclease digestions (DNAase I and micrococcal nuclease) and for in vitro RNA synthesis. During the incubation, histones can be deacetylated from both control cells and cells treated with 6 mM sodium butyrate to enhance the levels of histone acetylation. Deacetylation of histone is much more apparent in nuclei isolated from sodium butyrate-treated cells. Inclusion of 6 mM sodium butyrate in the incubation medium effectively inhibits the endogenous deacetylase activity acting on histones H3 and H4, whereas sodium acetate at the same concentration has very little inhibitory effect.
The contribution of the stomach to ethanol oxidation in the rat

Abstract To estimate the amount of ethanol that can be oxidized in the stomach, steady-state conditions were created in a group of fed rats by giving a loading dose of ethanol (2 g/kg body wt I.V.) followed by continuous infusion either intravenously or intragastrically. The rate of ethanol oxidation was calculated from the rate of infusion required to maintain steady blood levels of approximately 30 mM for at least 3 hours. Gastrointestinal ethanol concentrations and total contents also remained steady. The rate of ethanol oxidation was 19.3% faster during intragastric than during intravenous infusion (p
THE GENDER STEREOTYPING OF EMOTIONS

Three studies documented the gender stereotypes of emotions and the relationship between gender stereotypes and the interpretation of emotionally expressive behavior. Participants believed women experienced and expressed the majority of the 19 emotions studied (e.g., sadness, fear, sympathy) more often than men. Exceptions included anger and pride, which were thought to be experienced and expressed more often by men. In Study 2, participants interpreted photographs of adults’ambiguous anger/sadness facial expressions in a stereotype-consistent manner, such that women were rated as sadder and less angry than men. Even unambiguous anger poses by women were rated as a mixture of anger and sadness. Study 3 revealed that when expectant parents interpreted an infant's ambiguous anger/sadness expression presented on videotape only high-stereotyped men interpreted the expression in a stereotype-consistent manner. Discussion focuses on the role of gender stereotypes in adults’interpretations of emotional expressions and the implications for social relations and the socialization of emotion.
Is peri-articular multimodal drug infiltration in knee arthroplasty safe when used in conjunction with autologous retransfusion drains?

INTRODUCTIONAdequate peri-operative analgesia following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) promotes earlier rehabilitation but remains problematic because of the drug side-effects. Peri-articular multimodal drug infiltration (PMDI) has been developed as an alternative strategy to avoid such complications. Autologous retransfusion drains reduce the need for peri-operative allogenic blood transfusions and the consequent risk. There is a theoretical risk of local anaesthesia toxicity when these systems are used concurrently. We performed a review of current practice to quantify this risk. PATIENTS AND METHODSA series of 10 patients undergoing TKA by the senior author (CAB) had drain fluid analysed for the concentration of ropivacaine. At the same time, the patients completed a questionnaire to establish the presence of ropiva-caine-induced side-effects. RESULTSThe ropivacaine level in the retransfusion blood was less than 10 mg in all patients. This concentration was a factor of 6 below the published safe level. ...
Rescue Therapy for Refractory Vasospasm after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Vasospasm and delayed cerebral ischemia remain to be the common causes of increased morbidity and mortality after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. The majority of clinical vasospasm responds to hemodynamic augmentation and direct vascular intervention; however, a percentage of patients continue to have symptoms and neurological decline. Despite suboptimal evidence, clinicians have several options in treating refractory vasospasm in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH), including cerebral blood flow enhancement, intra-arterial manipulations, and intra-arterial and intrathecal infusions. This review addresses standard treatments as well as emerging novel therapies aimed at improving cerebral perfusion and ameliorating the neurologic deterioration associated with vasospasm and delayed cerebral ischemia.
Morbidity of closure of colostomy

This study reviews 86 colostomy closures with 61.6 per cent of the cases resulting from trauma. The overall complication rate was 17.4 per cent which included 7 per cent wound infection, 3.5 per cent anastomotic leak with fecal fistula, 2.3 per cent partial bowel obstruction, and 1 per cent each of deep stitch abscess, wound dehiscence, incisional hernia, and death due to intra-abdominal sepsis. Age, sex, and underlying disease had no demonstrable influence on the outcome of the operation. Closure of colostomy after three months of construction, mechanical and antibiotic bowel preparation, intraperitoneal closure, end-to-end anastomosis, and seconary skin closure were factors that appeared to influence the morbidity of the operation.
Possible integration of upstream signals at Cdc42 in filamentous differentiation of S. cerevisiae.

Various environmental stimuli (such as nitrogen starvation, short-chain alcohols and slowed DNA synthesis) induce filamentous differentiation in S. cerevisiae. Genetic mutations (such as deletion of the mitotic cyclin gene CLB2) cause constitutive filamentous differentiation. Although different stimulus-induced filamentous differentiation involves different signalling pathways, Cdc42 has been identified as a common regulator. We show here that Cdc42 is also required for hydroxyurea (HU)-induced and clb2Δ-caused filamentous growth. We show that the mitotic CDK Clb2/Cdc28 functions upstream of Cdc42 in regulating filamentous differentiation. This result points to possible existence of a Cdc42-MAPK-Clb2/Cdc28 positive feedback loop in the signalling of filamentous differentiation. We report isolation of a cdc42-Y40F allele that blocks HU-induced, but not nitrogen starvation-induced, short-chain alcohol-induced or clb2Δ-caused, filamentation. Based on these results, we propose a model in which Cdc42 functions as a possible integrator for the upstream signals of filamentous differentiation (from the filamentous growth MAPK pathway, the cAMP pathway and the Mec1/Rad53 checkpoint pathway). We also show evidence that the mitotic CDK inhibitor Swe1 may mediate the cross-talk between the cAMP and MAPK pathways. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bifurcation of the mitotic checkpoint pathway in budding yeast.

The coordination of mitotic events is ensured through the spindle assembly checkpoint. BFA1 is required for this checkpoint in budding yeast because its disruption abolishes the mitotic arrest when spindle assembly is inhibited. Analysis of the genetic interaction of BFA1 with known mitotic checkpoint genes suggest that Bfa1 functions in the same pathway with Bub2 but not with Mad1 or Mad2. Both Bfa1 and Bub2 localize to spindle poles, and overexpression of Bfa1 arrests the cell cycle in anaphase. These findings suggest a bifurcation of the spindle assembly checkpoint: whereas one branch of the pathway, consisting of Mad1–3, Bub1 and 3, and Mps1, may prevent premature disjunction of sister chromosomes, the other, consisting of Bfa1 and Bub2, may function at spindle poles to prevent cytokinesis before the completion of chromosome segregation.
Pet care during preadolescence: developmental considerations

This exploratory study investigated pet care in relation to psychosocial development during preadolescence. A group of male and female preadolescents (n = 22) at appropriate grade level for age completed a dog care responsibility inventory. The results revealed that preadolescents in general do not routinely care for pets. Mothers appear to assume most pet care tasks.
Exclusive photonuclear reactions and asymptotic scaling.

Recent measurements of electron-deuteron elastic scattering at high momentum transfer have placed an empirical lower limit on the momentum transfer for the onset of asymptotic scaling. The implications that this limit has for the {sup 2}H({gamma},{ital p}){ital n}, {sup 2}H({gamma},{ital d}){pi}{sup 0}, and {sup 3}He({gamma},{ital d})H reactions will be discussed.
Effect of buffer gas and pressure variations on the formation of Br−2 in reactions of thermal electrons with dibrominated hydrocarbons and fluorocarbons

Abstract The relative amounts of Br−2 and Br− formed from the attachment of thermal electrons to ten dibrominated hydrocarbons and fluorocarbon have been measured under a range of buffer gas conditions, including pressure variations from 1 Torr to 1 atm. Measurements by a pulsed e-beam high pressure mass spectrometer have been made at 1–4 Torr and 50°–150°C, using seven different buffer gases. Measurements by an atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometer have been made in nitrogen buffer gas at 100°–200°C. The relative abundances of Br−2 and Br− produced in these electron capture reactions are found to change significantly with variations in buffer gas pressure and, in the low-torr pressure range, with changes in the composition of the buffer gas. A model for the EC reactions of dibrominated compounds is proposed in which the branching ratio for the two pathways leading to Br−-2 and Br− depends on the extend of collisional quenching of vibrationally excited reaction intermediates by the buffer gas molecules.
Soy consumption for reduction of menopausal symptoms.

To review current research on the effects of soy consumption on menopausal symptoms. To review results of recent meta-analyses and individual clinical trials. One recent meta-analysis reported that isoflavone supplementation was associated with a 34% reduction in hot flashes, with increased efficacy as the baseline number of flashes and isoflavone dose increased. A second review concluded that consumption of at least 15 mg genistein, rather than total isoflavones, is responsible for the reduction in symptoms. Results of these two reviews are supported by most subsequent randomized controlled trials. Consumption of 30 mg/day of soy isoflavones (or at least 15 mg genistein) reduces hot flashes by up to 50 %. This tlotal reduction includes that provided by “the placebo effect”. The greatest benefit may be realized when the isoflavone-rich food or supplement is taken in divided doses by subjects who experience at least four hot flashes/day.
Roosevelt's Latin-American Policy

Although my subject is President Roosevelt's Latin-American policy (to March, 1935), I shall take the liberty of treating it in a broad way so as to include some developments prior to the advent of the Roosevelt Administration, in order to have a background for the better understanding of the more recent developments.Although the subject, as stated, envisages merely foreign policy, it should be borne in mind that foreign policy and domestic policy cannot be kept entirely separate, as if they existed in water-tight compartments. A united front in foreign policy is sometimes urged, and it is argued that party politics, as the saying goes, should stop at the water's edge. This, however, is a specious argument intended to put into the position of being unpatriotic those who oppose the foreign policy of the Administration. A united front in respect to foreign relations is no more possible or to be expected than in domestic affairs, because foreign and domestic affairs are closely related.
Preparation of 20Ne, 24Mg, 28Si, 32S, and 36Ar targets by ion implantation into thin carbon foils

Abstract The preparation of isotopically pure 3 – 6 μ g / cm 2 targets of 20Ne, 24Mg, 28Si, 32S, and 36Ar by the implantation of 25–70 keV ions into 30 μ g / cm 2 carbon foils is described.
Suppressed spontaneous and stimulated growth hormone secretion in patients with Cushing's disease before and after surgical cure

Growth retardation to complete growth arrest is the hallmark of Cushing's syndrome in children. The major mechanism for this has been considered the glucocorticoid-induced resistance of target tissues to insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and other growth factors. The purpose of this study was to examine the GH secretory dynamics of patients with Cushing's disease before and up to 12 months after their cure by transsphenoidal adenomectomy. In 14 patients, blood sampling every 20 min over 24 h for determination of plasma GH was performed before and 10-11 days and 3, 6, and 12 months after therapy. These patients also underwent arginine infusion and L-dopa stimulation tests and had measurements of morning baseline GH-binding protein (GHBP), IGF-I, and IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) plasma concentrations. Fourteen sex- and pubertal stage-matched normal volunteers were used as controls. Before therapy, the patient group had an increased body mass index (31.5 +/- 5 kg/m2) and markedly decreased plasma mean ...
A Passerine Bird's Evolution Corroborates the Geologic History of the Island of New Guinea

New Guinea is a biologically diverse island, with a unique geologic history and topography that has likely played a role in the evolution of species. Few island-wide studies, however, have examined the phylogeographic history of lowland species. The objective of this study was to examine patterns of phylogeographic variation of a common and widespread New Guinean bird species (Colluricincla megarhyncha). Specifically, we test the mechanisms hypothesized to cause geographic and genetic variation (e.g., vicariance, isolation by distance and founder-effect with dispersal). To accomplish this, we surveyed three regions of the mitochondrial genome and a nuclear intron and assessed differences among 23 of the 30 described subspecies from throughout their range. We found support for eight highly divergent lineages within C. megarhyncha. Genetic lineages were found within continuous lowland habitat or on smaller islands, but all individuals within clades were not necessarily structured by predicted biogeographic barriers. There was some evidence of isolation by distance and potential founder-effects. Mitochondrial DNA sequence divergence among lineages was at a level often observed among different species or even genera of birds (5–11%), suggesting lineages within regions have been isolated for long periods of time. When topographical barriers were associated with divergence patterns, the estimated divergence date for the clade coincided with the estimated time of barrier formation. We also found that dispersal distance and range size are positively correlated across lineages. Evidence from this research suggests that different phylogeographic mechanisms concurrently structure lineages of C. megarhyncha and are not mutually exclusive. These lineages are a result of evolutionary forces acting at different temporal and spatial scales concordant with New Guinea's geological history.
The influence of microtopographic heterogeneity on carbon dioxide efflux from a subarctic bog

Soil carbon dioxide efflux was measured in hummock and hollow niicrohabitals of a subarctic peat bog near Fairbanks, Alaska, during the 1983 growing season. Regardless of the presence of permafrost, hummocks showed a late June or early July peak in soil respiration followed by a gradual decrease. Hollows and wet Carex Lawns showed a gradual increase in soil respiration with no mid-season peaks. Regression equations using soil temperature and soil moisture as independent variables explained 76% of the variance associated with soil carbon dioxide efflux. Sucrose (100 g m−2) applied to a field plot caused a significant increase in soil respiration but nitrogen (5 g m−2) did not. Sequential effects of nitrogen and phosphorus on peat respiration were demonstrated in a laboratory experiment.
Has the tobacco industry evaded the FDA's ban on ‘Light’ cigarette descriptors?

Background Under the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act (FSPTCA), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) banned the use of “Lights” descriptors or similar terms on tobacco products that convey messages of reduced risk. Manufacturers eliminated terms explicitly stated and substituted colour name descriptors corresponding to the banned terms. This paper examines whether the tobacco industry complied with or circumvented the law and potential FDA regulatory actions. Methods Philip Morris retailer manuals, manufacturers’ annual reports filed with the Massachusetts Department of Public Health, a national public opinion survey, and market-wide cigarette sales data were examined. Results Manufacturers substituted “Gold” for “Light” and “Silver” for “Ultra-light” in the names of Marlboro sub-brands, and “Blue”, “Gold”, and “Silver” for banned descriptors in sub-brand names. Percent filter ventilation levels, used to generate the smoke yield ranges associated with “Lights” categories, appear to have been reassigned to the new colour brand name descriptors. Following the ban, 92% of smokers reported they could easily identify their usual brands, and 68% correctly named the package colour associated with their usual brand, while sales for “Lights” cigarettes remained unchanged. Conclusions Tobacco manufacturers appear to have evaded a critical element of the FSPTCA, the ban on misleading descriptors that convey reduced health risk messages. The FPSTCA provides regulatory mechanisms, including banning these products as adulterated (Section 902). Manufacturers could then apply for pre-market approval as new products and produce evidence for FDA evaluation and determination whether or not sales of these products are in the public health interest.
How mentoring relationships evolve: a longitudinal study of academic pediatricians in a physician educator faculty development program.

Introduction: Mentoring is increasingly recognized as central to career development. Less attention has been paid, however, to how mentoring relationships evolve over time. To provide a more complete picture of these complex relationships, the authors explored mentoring from a mentee’s perspective within the context of a three-year faculty development program in which the mentor provided specific expertise to assist the mentee in completing a scholarly educational project. Methods: Using an evolving focus group design, the authors interviewed mentee groups in 2007–2009 inclusive. Transcripts were coded inductively; codes were revised as data patterns became more apparent. Preliminary assertions about the answers to guiding questions were made; the trustworthiness of the assertions was assessed via member check. Results: Mentees offered a variety of reasons for choosing their project mentor, including proximity, familiarity, and mentor expertise. There was a dyadic relationship with the project mentor in year 1, a broader collaboration with multiple senior mentors in year 2, and mentoring among program peers in year 3. Mentees benefitted from mentors’ supportive behaviors and, to a lesser extent, mentors’ challenging behaviors. Conclusion: Mentoring relationships, in the context of this faculty development program, tended not to be an exclusive dyadic connection but rather a constellation of relationships that evolved over time and included peer mentoring. The complex reality of these relationships challenges the application of traditional mentoring models and suggests unique considerations in developing mentoring programs designed to meet the needs of faculty in academic medicine.
Rare Earth Magnets: Conservation of Energy and the Environment

Rare earth sintered magnets (Nd magnet) have been used in many applications such as computer and industrial equipment, automobile manufacturing and many others. They are highly efficient and reduce energy consumption because of their superior magnetic properties. The element dysprosium (Dy) contained in the Nd magnet is important and indispensable. It improves the stability of the Nd magnet by enhancing the coercive force of its magnetic properties at high temperature. Dy is not so abundant. The rapid growth of the Nd magnet may result in Dy shortage. Exploration for new deposits of Dy is desired.
Oral ethanol potentiates the loss of outer hair cells in cisplatin-exposed rats.

Objective The aim of this study was to examine the effect of oral ethanol on cisplatin ototoxicity. Study Design and Setting Twenty-seven-week-old, female Fisher 344 rats were divided into 4 experimental groups. The animals were administered per os (PO) saline (group 1), PO ethanol (group 2), PO saline with intraperitoneal (IP) cisplatin (group 3), or PO ethanol with IP cisplatin (group 4). After 3 days, scanning electron microscopy and counts of outer auditory hair cells were performed. Results A 2-fold increase in outer hair cell loss was obtained in the basal cochlear turn of rats receiving concomitant cisplatin and ethanol compared with animals receiving cisplatin and saline. No hair cell loss was observed in the middle cochlear turn of any experimental group. Conclusion Our findings support potentiation of ototoxicity when cisplatin is combined with oral ethanol. Significance Contraindications for alcohol use in cancer patients receiving cisplatin are implicated.
Stem Cells: A Journey into a New Frontier

Stem cells are cells that are capable of self-renewal and are multipotent, meaning that they can differentiate into many specific cell types. For a long time, “stem cell” had been a concept in mammalian biology but not a reality that could be seen, touched, and expanded in vitro , until murine
Portland's Green Building Cluster: Economic Trends and Impacts

This study offers an initial exploration of the green building cluster in Portland, Oregon. Specific objectives include assessing how the factors identified in Michael Porter's “diamond” support the green building industry cluster in this region, describing the trends in terms of growth and expansion in the sector, and, where possible, providing quantitative data to document the impact of this industry cluster. The authors suggest that Portland has a robust and competitive green building cluster that is supported by many of the elements described in Porter's diamond—local and export demand, a critical mass of leading-edge firms, strong supporting institutions, qualified employees, and a robust supply chain. The study also identifies areas in need of additional support to realize the full potential for economic development in this cluster and offers an approach to mapping the green building cluster that may also inform analysis of other emerging sustainability clusters.
Tunable single-mode output of a multimode laser in a tunable fibre grating external cavity

Tunable single-mode oscillation has been obtained from a 1.3?m multimode laser using a tunable fibre grating reflector in a fibre external cavity. The output was tuned over a 26 nm range with a secondary mode suppression greater than 25 dB at the centre of the gain profile.
Last Chance to Listen: Listening Behaviors and their Effect on Call Center Satisfaction:

Call centers have become an important element in the service recovery process. Listening is an essential skill in these voice-to-voice service encounters. The primary purpose of this study was to examine the impact of three types of listening behaviors (attentiveness, perceptiveness, and responsiveness) on call center satisfaction and future purchase intention. The data collection involved recontacting hotel guests (n = 282) who had lodged complaints with the customer call center for the sponsoring hotel company. The authors' findings indicate that attentiveness and perceptiveness might be the most salient dimensions of listening behavior in the context of service recovery. In addition, the authors provide some evidence of the usefulness of offering tangible compensation to dissatisfied hotel guests.
Modeling and Measurement of the Dynamic Performance of an OHMIC Contact-Type RF MEMS Switch

A dynamic model has been developed to investigate the transient mechanical response of an ohmic contact-type RF MEMS switch. The model combines the built-in characteristics of a commercial finite element package and a finite difference method. The model includes a realistic geometry, the electrostatic actuation, two-dimensional squeeze-film damping, slip-flow terms due to molecular effects, the nonlinear elastic contact, and the JKR adhesive force. The time-dependent characteristics of the microswitch, which include switching speed, electrostatic force, squeeze-film damping force, slip-flow, impact force, and contact tip bounce have been simulated using this model. Contact tip bounce is observed for a single-step actuation voltage whereas a properly tailored dual-actuation pulse can be used to eliminate bounce while maintaining a fast closing time. The slip-flow of the gas film between the two sides of the electrostatic actuator results in a larger correction at low actuation voltages than at high actuation voltages. The simulated results are in good agreement with experimental measurements of the microswitch.
Joint government-industry-academia projects involving undergraduate students

In the senior year, chemical engineering students at Widener University are required to take two technical elective courses in addition to the rest of their regular courses. If a student pursues an independent study project with industry and a faculty member, then this project will usually count as a technical elective. If a student wishes to perform a work-study project then this will not count as credit but will provide the student with the opportunity to work directly with a professor or an industrial advisor on a contractual basis. Details on examples of both cases are presented for previous work and for research that is ongoing this semester at Widener University.