cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Capillary bridges between parallel and non-parallel surfaces and their stability

Abstract Equilibrium shapes and the stability of capillary bridges between parallel and nonparallel solid surfaces are determined. Asymptotic and computer-aided techniques from bifurcation theory are used to determine the limits of stability in terms of the minimum volume of fluid in the bridge. These critical values depend on the contact angle, θc, its hysteresis range, and the dihedral angle between the plates, 2β. If gravity is present and acts away from the apex of the dihedral angle, then it is possible to balance the net surface tension force on the bridge even when the contact angle around the perimeter exhibits no hysterisis. Different shapes are grouped together into families of like symmetry, and values of volume are calculated for which no solution, or multiple solutions, exist. The relation of this problem to Rayleigh's stability of a liquid jet is discussed.
Studies of muscle development: VII. Transfer of amino acids from blood plasma to the cell pool and polysome peptides in muscle of the chick embryo☆

Abstract The uptake of radioactively labeled amino acid into the cell pool and polysomes of muscle tissue from 11, 14, and 17 day chick embryos was determined. In the 14 day embryo, the uptake into the two cell components was found to follow a similar time course. This raises the question whether in the cell and tissue systems the uptake of amino acid label into polysomes is limited by the rate of amino acid transport through the cell membrane.
Use of boundary conditions of the third kind to model heat conduction between two proximate rough surfaces separated by an insulator

Abstract Steady-state heat conduction through an insulating layer separating the surface of a rough, isothermal body (e.g. a sphere) from an isothermal semi-infinite region bounded by a rough plane is modeled by employing Robin boundary conditions with a ‘slip’ coefficient on the smoothed body surface and plane. This model is proposed for circumstances where the roughness asparities are comparable in size to the nominal gap width (and each asparity is much smaller than the characteristic body radius). It is shown that such slip, however small, serves to remove the logarithmic gap-width singularity in the contact case. An attempt is made to rationalize use of this ‘effective’ boundary condition of the third kind, as well as to obtain an estimate for the slip coefficient appearing therein in terms of the scale of the asparities relative to the gap width. In this first attempt to develop a theory, particular attention is paid to the elementary case where the body is spherical in shape.
“Medieval Shakespeare?”: Introduction

Medieval Shakespeare, the title of this volume, is far from self-explanatory. Shakespeare usually is considered the epitome of the Renaissance or of early modernity in England – two terms with rath...
Application of sub-micrometer patterned permalloy thin film in tunable radio frequency inductors

Electrical tunable meander line inductor using coplanar waveguide structures with patterned permalloy (Py) thin film has been designed and implemented in this paper. High resistivity Si substrate is used to reduce the dielectric loss from the substrate. Inductor is implemented with a 60 nm thick Py deposited and patterned on top of the gold meander line, and Py film is patterned with dimension of 440 nm × 10 μm to create the shape anisotropy field, which in turn increases the FMR frequency. Compared to a regular meanderline inductor without the application of sub-micrometer patterned Py thin film, the inductance density has been increased to 20% for the implemented inductor with patterned Py. Measured FMR frequency of the patterned Py is 4.51 GHz without the application of any external magnetic field. This has enabled the inductor application in the practical circuit boards, where the large external magnet is unavailable. Inductance tunability of the implemented inductor is demonstrated by applying a DC current. Applied DC current creates a magnetic field along the hard axis of the patterned Py thin film, which changes the magnetic moment of the thin film and thus, decreases the inductance of the line. Measured results show that the inductance density of the inductor can be varied 5% by applying 300 mA DC current, larger inductance tunability is achievable by increasing the thickness of Py film.
Revisiting the Effect of Surface Chemistry on Adsorption of Water on Activated Carbons

A sample of Westvaco carbon was oxidized with ammonium persulfate and both initial and oxidized samples were washed with methanol. The samples were characterized using sorption of nitrogen, Boehm titration, potentiometric titration, IGC, FTIR, TPD, and thermal analysis. Then water adsorption isotherms were measured at various temperatures close to ambient (relative pressure from 0.001 to 0.3). The isotherms were analyzed in terms of the thermodynamic consistency, presence of equilibrium, and water-activated carbon surface interactions. The results showed that washing with methanol significantly modifies the surface chemistry of carbons, creating phenols and new, very easily hydrolyzed esters. The latter, when in contact with water, is hydrolyzed, creating carboxylic acids and methanol. This may result in unjustified application of the Clausius−Clapeyron equation to calculate the isosteric heat of adsorption.
Dissolution of uranium oxides under alkaline oxidizing conditions

Bench scale experiments were conducted to determine the dissolution characteristics of UO2, U3O8, and UO3 in aqueous peroxide-containing carbonate solutions. The experimental parameters investigated included carbonate countercation (NH4 +, Na+, K+, and Rb+) and H2O2 concentration. The carbonate countercation had a dramatic influence on the dissolution behavior of UO2 in 1 M carbonate solutions containing 0.1 M H2O2, with the most rapid dissolution occurring in (NH4)2CO3 solution. The initial dissolution rate (y) of UO2 in 1 M (NH4)2CO3 increased linearly with peroxide concentration (x) ranging from 0.05 to 2 M according to: y = 2.41x + 1.14. The trend in initial dissolution rates for the three U oxides under study was UO3 ≫ U3O8 > UO2.
Infestation Biology of Three Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) Species on ‘Brazilian,’ ‘Valery,’ and ‘William’s’ Cultivars of Banana in Hawaii

Field and laboratory infestation studies and packinghouse samples showed that mature green ‘Brazilian,’ Musa acuminata (Colla) (AAB hybrid), ‘Valery’ (= ‘Taiwan’), M. acuminata (Colla) (AAA ‘Robusta’), and ‘William’s,’ M. acuminata (Colla) ( AAA ‘Giant Cavendish’), cultivars of banana are not hosts in nature for Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), the melon fly, Dacus cucurbita Coquillett, and oriental fruit fly, D. dorsalis Hendel.
Multilayer chip-level global routing using an efficient graph-based Steiner tree heuristic

We present a chip-level global router based on a new, more accurate global routing model for the multilayer macro-cell (building block) technology. The routing model uses a three-dimensional mixed directed/undirected routing graph, which provides not only the topological information but also the layer information. The irregular routing graph closely models the multilayer routing problem, so the global router can give an accurate estimate of the routing resources needed. Route-searching is formulated as the Steiner problem in networks (graph Steiner tree problem). Although the Steiner problem in networks is an NP-hard problem, it can generate better routes than other approaches. Previously published Steiner tree heuristics can not handle the complexity of the modern routing graphs. We developed an improved Steiner tree heuristic algorithm which can take advantage of the features of routing graphs. Tested on industrial circuits, our algorithm yields comparable results while having dramatically lower time and space complexities than the leading heuristics. The efficiency and effectiveness of our algorithm make our global router applicable to large industrial circuits, easily handling multilayer problems consisting of 200 macro cells and 10000 nets. While minimizing the wire length, our global router can also minimize the number of vias or solve the routing resource congestion problems.
Student satisfaction with distance education in a criminal justice graduate course

As distance education becomes more widespread and sophisticated, a key concern should be how well programming meets the needs of its student clientele. The present study examines student satisfaction across learning environments (studio versus remote) and over time. Survey questionnaires were administered in a distance education course, and scales were constructed for (1) evaluation of the instructor and (2) specific aspects of distance education. Attitudes were generally favorable, although most students would still prefer a “traditional” classroom and satisfaction ratings significantly declined over time. Implications for improving services are explored regarding technological aspects of the classroom that pose difficulties for some students.
Effect of repeated doses of L-5-hydroxytryptophan and carbidopa on prolactin and aldosterone secretion in man.

To evaluate changes in serum prolactin and plasma and urine aldosterone after a serotonergic challenge, 8 healthy men (19 to 42 yr), taking dexamethasone (0.75 mg qid), received the serotonin precursor L-5-hydroxytryptophan (L5HTP; 100 mg qid) with the peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor carbidopa (C; 50 mq qid) or matching placebos in a randomized, crossover manner. Serum prolactin concentration increased in all subjects after L5HTP/C in comparison to placebo, mean (SD) prolactin (ng/ml) at 8 h after dosing was 19.8 ± 6.3 after L5HTP/C and 12.0 ± 3.1 after placebo (p < 0.05). In contrast, in comparison to values on placebo, L5HTP/C had no apparent effect on mean plasma concentration at all observation times; mean (SD) aldosterone (ng/dl) at 8 h after dosing was 12.0 ± 5.1 and 12.0 ± 3.8 after placebo (NS). Mean (SD) urinary aldosterone (μg/24 h), Na+(mEq/24 h) and K+(mEq/24 h) excretion were 7.0 ± 4.4,49.3 ± 30.6, 30.1 ±11.2, after L5HTP/C and 7.4 ± 5.8, 59.7 ± 23.9, 33.3 ± 7.4 after placebo (NS). Under these study conditions, subacute serotonergic stimulation with oral L5HTP/C resulted in prolactin but not aldosterone release.
Neuropsychiatric Manifestations of Diffuse Lewy Body Disease

This article reviews the nature and prevalence of Lewy bodies (LBs) found during postmortem examination of demented individuals. Neuropathologic findings associated with diffuse Lewy body disease (DLBD) are contrasted with those of other causes of dementia (e.g., Pick's disease and Alzheimer's disease). A sufficiently specific clinical syndrome is suggested to enhance the antemortem diagnosis of DLBD. Current and speculative clinical management strategies of DLBD are discussed.
Response to tanner and gerstenberger

Abstract More and more health care professionals are wondering what they can do for the brain injured. This interest stems from several sources: modern medicine is able to increase the survival rates of those who sustain head traumas and strokes, thus more and more individuals are seeking rehabilitation; cognitive interventions with the brain injured, be they performed by a speech pathologist, neuropsychologist or occupational therapist are becoming recognized as a useful addition to the armamentarium of therapies available to rehabilitation workers; and affective disorders are becoming recognized as one of the most frequent and debilitating of the deficits which are secondary to brain injury regardless of etiology, side of the brain that has been damaged or the length oftime since the onset of the injury. This interest has resulted in increased demand by therapists for new and easy to use material for patients and has resulted in a myriad of articles describing theories and new approaches to intervention...
Impact of Employment, Family Structure, and Income on NIBRS Offense, Victim, Offender, and Arrest Rates

In some studies of urban crime, offense, arrest, and victimization counts have been used as if they were interchangeable. The National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS), with its provision of...
Analysis of Edge-losses in Reflectance Measurements of Pigmented Maxillofacial Elastomer:

Edge-losses occur during reflectance measurements of pigmented maxillofacial elastomer when light is scattered within a sample beyond that part of the surface exposed to the observation system of the optical device. A custom sample-holder is presented which redirects light that would not be measured during conventional reflectance measurement back into the sample. The amount of edge-loss occurring within thin layers of maxillofacial elastomer with tan pigment on black-and-white backings was found to depend on sample thickness, the backing, the beam size used during conventional reflectance measurement, and the optical term bS = (2KS + K2)1/2. Data analysis revealed a significant interaction among these four factors. Additionally, the edge-loss occurring during the tristimulus reflectance measurement of thick samples of maxillofacial elastomer with various concentrations of tan and black pigment was found to be linearly related to bS up to a limiting value, with no additional edge-loss occurring for bS values above this limiting value. Edge-loss is an important consideration during the matching of the optical characteristics of pigmented maxillofacial material to those of human skin.
Goals, obstacles, and strategies in risk communication: A problem‐solving approach to improving communication about risks

Abstract Research in the field of risk communication, the study of communication about uncertain physical hazards, has chiefly focused on enhancing understanding of risk concepts or making the development of risk management policy more democratic. For risk communication to be effective, a third focus is also necessary: risk communicators need an understanding of communication as a problem solving process. To facilitate this understanding, this paper offers a framework for analyzing risk communication situations and developing messages to use in those situations. The paper discusses four goals frequently pursued by risk communicators: creating awareness about the existence of important phenomena, enhancing understanding of complicated ideas, developing agreement about policy options, and motivating action. Obstacles to these goals and strategies for achieving them are identified in a diverse set of literatures.
Nuclear Power Plant Simulators

The growing size, complexity, and operating cost of modern nuclear power plants have led to greater use of the highly sophisticated technology now available in nuclear power plant training simulators. Factors such as safety and economics strongly point to the increased use of these devices in training and requalification programs for reactor operators and key plant personnel. The number of persons needing training is increasing. Because of the industry-wide practice of base loading nuclear power stations, the percentage of these stations available for training is decreasing. Plant operators must be provided initial and refresher training in the proper handling of controls during startups, normal operations and maneuvering, shutdowns, and abnormal operations. Although training may be accomplished on the actual plant controls, the practice of taking a plant off-line for such purposes is prohibitively expensive. Futhermore, the practice of subjecting nuclear power plants to the rigors of training operations is questionable. The fact that simulators are now being built with sufficent fidelity to provide complete, continuous, real time representations of the dynamic operational conditions of nuclear power plants is particularly significant; this capability permits their use in a full range of training experiences including training in normal and emergency operating procedures.
The Fundamentals of Local Policy Implementation In Military Base Redevelopment

Local communities, facing the dilemma of military base conversions, confront a complex and demanding implementation process. The establishment of discursive formations, proactive involvement with intergovernmental processes, and immediate action on environmental issues are key to successful base conversions. Case studies that emphasize base conversion difficulties are presented to illustrate the three key elements of early base conversion implementation. Recommendations are presented to assist practitioners in resolving local implementation problems.
Crystal deposition and osteoarthritis

Calcium-containing crystals are commonly found in osteoarthritic (OA) joints. Although most often found in advanced OA, some calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate and apatite can be present in early stages. These crystals could be factors in pathogenesis of OA and even more likely in the progression of disease. Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate apatites and other calcium phosphates can be mitogenic, can stimulate the release of metalloproteases, and might have mechanical abrasive effects.
An investigation of a latent heat storage porous bed and condensing flow through it

In this work the transient analysis of the behavior of a packed bed of encapsulated phase change material (PCM) and the condensing flow through it is presented. The rigorous model used assumes no local thermal equilibrium between the bed particles and working fluid, and incorporates the inertia effects int eh momentum transport by the use of the Ergun-Forchheimer equation. Condensation in the working fluid is investigated. Thermal charging of the packed bed is analyzed and compared for a sensible heat storage material as well as for different latent heat storage materials (PCMs).
Pediatrician attitudes, knowledge, and practice behavior regarding teen driving safety

Abstract Problem Each year about 4,000 teens ages 16-19 die on U.S. roads. Injury prevention counseling is recommended as a valuable and cost-effective part of routine health supervision. This study describes pediatrician knowledge and practice regarding teen driving safety. Methods A 31-item self-administered survey was mailed to pediatricians. Results 160 of 392 pediatricians (41%) completed the survey. During a health supervision visit 93% of pediatricians reported discussing seat belt use, 89% impaired driving, 54% teen licensing laws, and 16% parent teen contract. Half reported having a teen in their practice killed in a crash. Conclusions A majority surveyed report discussing and counseling teens on first wave teen driver safety issues (seat belts, alcohol use), but most do not discuss graduated driver licensing laws or related issues. Impact on Industry: Broadly adopted, this inexpensive counseling approach, could lead to reductions in teen motorvehicle crash injuries.
Asymmetric rotor line strengths

Abstract The prediction of line strengths of asymmetric rotors from linear equations relating J , K −1 , and K appears to be feasible at high values of J . Graphs are presented for several values of the asymmetry parameter, κ, and equations are given for the particular case of κ = − 0.7.
Bovine Pancreatic Lipase. II. Stability and Effect of Activators and Inhibitors

Purified bovine pancreatic lipase was highly unstable at and above refrigeration temperature. However, it could be stored frozen without loss of activity. Milk solids had some protective effect upon the enzyme against gamma-irradiation. Low concentrations of sodium, calcium, and magnesium salts stimulated lipolytic activity. However, heavy metal salts, such as ferric, cupric, and mercuric chlorides, were highly inhibitory. The bovine pancreatic lipase appeared to contain sulfhydryl groups which may be essential for the lipolytic activity since p-chloromercuribenzoate, N-ethylmaleimide, sodium arsenite, and iodoacetate inhibited the enzyme. A comparison of bovine pancreatic lipase and milk lipase revealed that the two enzymes were similar in thermal stability and effect of some of the activators and inhibitors on lipolytic activity.
Relation of Systemic and Urinary Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin Levels to Different Aspects of Impaired Renal Function in Patients With Acute Decompensated Heart Failure

Both urine and serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) reflect active chronic kidney disease and predict acute kidney injury. However, a direct comparison of these markers in acute decompensated heart failure has not been performed. We prospectively evaluated 93 patients admitted with acute decompensated heart failure and treated with intravenous furosemide and measured both systemic (serum) and urine NGAL levels and their corresponding markers of estimated glomerular filtration rate, natriuresis (urine sodium), and diuretic response (net output, urine sodium/furosemide ratio). In our study cohort, the median urine and serum NGAL level was 34 ng/ml (interquartile range 24 to 86) and 252 ng/ml (interquartile range 175 to 350), respectively. The urine and serum NGAL levels correlated modestly (r = 0.37, p <0.001). Higher urine (but not systemic) NGAL correlated with the markers of impaired natriuresis and reduced diuresis (p <0.005 for all). In contrast, higher serum NGAL demonstrated a stronger relation with reduced glomerular filtration function (p <0.0001). Both markers predicted acute kidney injury (urine NGAL, odds ratio 1.7, p = 0.035; serum NGAL, odds ratio 1.9, p = 0.009). In conclusion, in patients with acute decompensated heart failure, urine NGAL levels reflect renal distal tubular injury with impaired natriuresis and diuresis, and systemic NGAL levels demonstrate a stronger association with glomerular filtration function. Both systemic and urine NGAL predict worsening renal function.
Index of refraction determination in the near-millimeter wavelength range using a mesh Fabry-Perot resonant cavity

A plane–parallel mesh Fabry-Perot resonant cavity has been used to determine the indices of refraction of a number of low-loss materials at 245.351 GHz using a C13H3F far-IR laser. The necessary apparatus is readily available in many far-IR laser laboratories and is readily extendable to other laser and millimeter-wave source frequencies. The values were compared to the measurements of other researchers at neighboring frequencies as available.
Expression of two G-6-PD genes in an XX phenotypic male.

Summary. The glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) gene is located on the X-chromosome. Normal males have a single gene and produce a single G-6-PD type, while normal XX females may be heterozygotes for two different G-6-PD genes. We report the case of a phenotypic male who was found to be heterozygous for two G-6-PD enzymes. Cytogenetic analysis showed that he was a 46.XX male.
Learning through game modding

There has been a recent increase in the number of game environments or engines that allow users to customize their gaming experiences by building and expanding game behavior. This article describes the use of modifying, or modding, existing games as a means to learn computer science, mathematics, physics, and aesthetic principles. We describe two exploratory case studies of game modding in classroom settings to illustrate skills learned by students as a result of modding existing games. We also discuss the benefits of learning computer sciences skills (e.g., 3D graphics/mathematics, event-based programming, software engineering, etc.) through large design projects and how game design motivates students to acquire and apply these skills. We describe our use of multiple game modding environments in our classes. In addition, we describe how different engines can be used to focus students on the acquisition of particular skills and concepts.
Analysis of the NF-κB and PI 3-Kinase/Akt Survival Pathways in Nerve Growth Factor-Dependent Neurons

Abstract Nerve growth factor (NGF) readdition to NGF-deprived neurons can halt Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation, cytochrome c release, and cell death through mechanisms that may involve phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase, Akt, and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). We found that expression of the NF-κB protein c-Rel in NGF-deprived neurons blocks cytochrome c release but does not inhibit c-Jun phosphorylation. Conversely, inhibition of NF-κB in NGF-maintained neurons promotes cytochrome c release and cell death. In contrast to c-Rel, activated PI 3-kinase and Akt inhibit c-Jun phosphorylation but have only a small effect on cytochrome c release. Finally, although c-Rel can protect neurons from death caused by inhibitors of PI 3-kinase or Akt, NF-κB function is not critical for Akt-promoted survival. These results suggest that the PI 3-kinase/Akt and NF-κB survival pathways target distinct cell death events in neurons.
On the central limit theorem in Rp when p

Let X 1 , X 2 , ..., X n be i.i.d. random vectors in R p where p tends to infinity. A theorem is presented showing that the Central Limit Theorem should hold if p 2/n tends to zero. Furthermore, an example is presented with X i having a mixed multivariate normal distribution (with finite moment generating function) for which a uniform normal approximation to the distribution of the sample mean $$(\sqrt {\text{n}} \overline {\text{X}} )$$ can not hold if p 2/n does not tend to zero.
Targeting critical thinking within teacher education: The potential impact on society

Abstract Emphasizing critical thinking in teacher education could potentially increase society's effectiveness in addressing national and international problems. This linkage between teacher education and societal problem solving is predicated on three major possibilities: (a) Increased emphasis on critical thinking in teacher education will increase the emphasis on critical thinking in K‐12 education, (b) increased emphasis on critical thinking in K‐12 will lead to increased use of critical thinking within society, and (c) increased use of critical thinking among society's leaders and citizens will produce better problem solving at a societal level. The proposed linkage between teacher education and societal problem solving is anchored in three aspects of critical thinking: disposition toward critical thinking, cognitive skill in critical thinking, and information bases for critical thinking.
A study of the excited-state dimerizatipn of 1,10-phenanthroline in aqueous solution

Abstract A fluorescence band, which appears in concentrated, basic solutions of 1,10-phenanthroline, is shown to be the result of reversible, excited-state dimerization followed by protonation of the excited-state dimer. Quenching equations are developed for reversible self-quenching in the presence of external quenchers from simple steady-state kinetics. The data are given for the self-quenching of 1,10-phenanthroline along with the quenching by ammonia buffers and potassium halide salts.
Image and cost factors in the choice of mental health-care organizations: A causal model

The importance of image as a determinant of choice has been demonstrated for banks, supermarkets, hospitals and other service organizations, but not in the instance of mental health-care providers. Based on a mail survey of residents of a medium-sized metropolitan area, this study explores the components of image for mental health-care institutions. A causal model is hypothesized and validated, specifying the relationships between preferences towards mental health-care institutions, with image and cost factors as potential determinants. The findings suggest that cost does not play a significant role in the choice of mental health providers, whereas image has a significant impact.
Workplace microkernel and OS: a case study

IBM's Microkernel, named Workplace OS microkernel,1 was the core component of Workplace OS, a portable successor of OS/2. The basic premise of Workplace OS work was (1) IBM would adopt and improve the CMU Mach 3.0 microkernel for use on PDAs, the desktop, workstations, and massively parallel machines, and (2) that several operating system personalities would execute on the microkernel platform concurrently. This architecture would allow users to switch between applications written for different operating systems while IBM would also benefit by having one common platform for all product lines. The goals of the microkernel and the technical features of design are described in this paper. We also present lessons that may benefit future projects with similar goals. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The efficiencies of damage recognition and excision correlate with duplex destabilization induced by acetylaminofluorene adducts in human nucleotide excision repair.

Nucleotide excision repair (NER) removes lesions caused by environmental mutagens or UV light from DNA. A hallmark of NER is the extraordinarily wide substrate specificity, raising the question of how one set of proteins is able to recognize structurally diverse lesions. Two key features of good NER substrates are that they are bulky and thermodynamically destabilize DNA duplexes. To understand what the limiting step in damage recognition in NER is, we set out to test the hypothesis that there is a correlation of the degree of thermodynamic destabilization induced by a lesion, binding affinity to the damage recognition protein XPC-RAD23B, and overall NER efficiency. We chose to use acetylaminofluorene (AAF) and aminofluorene (AF) adducts at the C8 position of guanine in different positions within the NarI (GGCGCC) sequence, as it is known that the structures of the duplexes depend on the position of the lesion in this context. We found that the efficiency of NER and the binding affinity of the damage reco...
Familial aggregation of coronary heart disease and its relation to known genetic risk factors

Abstract The question of how much of the familial aggregation of coronary heart disease is explained by familial clustering of coronary risk factors was approached by a case-control study involving 145 white male survivors of myocardial infarction, 145 age-matched white male blood donors, and the first-degree relatives of both groups. Certain risk factors such as serum cholesterol, triglyceride, and fasting blood glucose levels, blood pressure, and smoking history were determined in patients and control subjects. Relatives were interviewed. If the person was deceased, a copy of the death certificate was obtained. With the exception of high blood pressure, risk factors were significantly more frequent in patients than in control subjects. Among first-degree relatives of survivors of myocardial infarction, 16% had had a myocardial infarction, compared with 8.9% of relatives of control subjects. The frequency of coronary heart disease among first-degree relatives of patients and control subjects was 20.5 and 14.7%, respectively. To find out whether this higher frequency among relatives of patients was fully explained by the existence of known genetic risk factors among survivors of myocardial infarction, 2 approaches were taken. First, statistical analysis that eliminated the role of the various known genetic risk factors (by data stratification according to confounding risk variables and subsequent calculation of a pooled relative risk estimate according to the Mantel-Haenzel method) still indicated an approximately 2-fold (2.14) relative risk for myocardial infarction among families of survivors of myocardial infarction (and a risk of 1.71 for coronary heart disease). Similarly, another approach (Cox's life table regression analysis) confirmed that the classic risk factors could not predict familial occurrence. These results indicate that the familial aggregation of coronary heart disease is not entirely explained by the familial clustering of currently known coronary risk factors . Such familial aggregation could be caused by yet undefined genetic factors, by environmental factors common to family members, or by interaction of genetic factors with environmental agents.
Manufacturing Strategy: At the Intersection of Two Paradigm Shifts

The concept of “manufacturing strategy” is still, in human terms, barely past adolescence. In years, it is younger than most of the MBAs who study it today. So it is not surprising that–like them–it has been undergoing almost continual growth and elaboration throughout its short life, as it tested itself against the real world and as that world evolved. Today it is facing perhaps the greatest challenge in its short history, as it finds itself in the crossfire of debates about core aspects of its two parent disciplines: manufacturing management and competitive strategy. This paper begins by briefly reviewing some of the key steps in the conceptual development of the manufacturing strategy paradigm, then describes the attacks now being directed at both the manufacturing management and the competitive strategy paradigms, and finally discusses the new perspectives that these two paradigm shifts are shedding on some familiar problems.
Evidence for the non-existence of a bragg reflection superlattice in K2Pt(CN)4Br0.3·3H2O and K2Pt(CN)4Cl0.3·3H2O

Abstract An extensive and careful search for superlattice reflections in K2Pt(CN)4Br0.3·3H2O and K2Pt(CN)4Cl0.3·3H2O has yielded no evidence for an enlarged cell. Six individual crystals obtained via different preparative methods, from solutions at several pH values from 2 to 10, and subjected to a variety of conditions of temperature and humidity have been examined. All samples gave identical cells and nearly identical diffraction patterns. Two samples gave a single weak non-integral 00l neutron reflection which is not explainable by order contamination or double diffraction.
Forskolin inhibition of K+ current in pregnant rat uterine smooth muscle cells

Two kinds of outward K+ currents were examined in single smooth muscle cells from pregnant rat uterus, using whole-cell voltage clamp. The first and faster component was more sensitive to 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), whereas the second and slower (delayed) component was more sensitive to tetraethylammonium (TEA). A possible third K+ component (Ca activated K+ current) was not recorded as the pipette solution included EGTA. Forskolin inhibited the outward current in a concentration-dependent manner (50% inhibition occurred at about 30 μM); it affected the delayed component rather than the fast component. 8-Bromo-cAMP did not alter the outward current. In addition, inhibitors of protein kinase A and GDP-βS and GTP-γS did not affect the forskolin-induced inhibition. These results indicate that forskolin inhibition of the delayed component of the outward current is independent of cAMP generation in the pregnant rat myometrial cells. Therefore, forskolin seems to directly inhibit specific K+ channels, as was reported for several other cell types.
Anakeesta Stream Acidification and Metal Contamination: Effects on a Salamander Community

We examined how stream degradation can affect adjoining stream-side communities by comparing the density, age structure, and microhabitats of salamanders in forests adjoining contaminated and noncontaminated section of Beech Flats Creek in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. A section of Beech Flats Creek was contaminated due to exposure of Anakeesta rock formations in 1963. Chronic changes that have occurred since then include a reduction in pH, and increase in metal concentrations, and a nearly complete elimination of all macroinvertebrates, salamander larvae, and fish. Comparisons of control and impact plots indicate that two stream-breeding species (Desmognathus quadramaculatus; Eurycea wilderae) have been nearly eliminated form impacted stream sections, while two other species (D. ochrophaeus; D. imitator) that breed in both streams and seepages have been reduced by about half. In contrast, terrestrial-breeding species (Plethodan jordani; D. wrighti) appear to have increased markedly following the reduction in stream-breeders. Juvenile P. jordani comprised a significantly greater percentage of the population on impacted plots compared with controls. Microhabitat use on control and impacted plots did not differ significantly for any species. Changes in the densities and age structure of terrestrial breeders on impacted plots may have been due to the elimination of D. quadramaculatus,more » which is a major predator on other salamanders, or to release form competition with adults of stream-breeding species. Overall, our data indicate that stream contamination from Anakeesta exposure can alter the structure of streamside salamander communities both by directly eliminating species with biphasic life cycles, and by indirectly altering ecological interactions among community members. 39 refs., 4 figs., 1 tab.« less
Bicentric Diagrams: Design of a Graph-Based Relational Set Visualization Technique

Visualizations can help amplify human cognition. In an era where networks are becoming increasingly complex, the desirability of tools to compare and contrast sets, relationships, and reach is significant. Motivated by a practical need articulated by corporate decision makers, this research presents our journey in designing and implementing bicentric diagrams, a novel graph-based set visualization technique. A bicentric diagram enables simultaneous identification of sets, set relationships, and set member reach in integrated egonetworks of two focal entities. Our technique builds on the well-established theory of tie strength to visually group and position nodes. We illustrate the applicability of bicentric diagrams with an example from technology co-occurrence in press releases. We assess the value of our technique using an expert-based value-driven evaluation approach.
Teaching Negotiation with a Feminist Perspective

Negotiation teachers encourage their students to be inventive,improve agreements, and push outward on the "pareto" frontier.Likewise, teachers can improve their practice by seeking value, sometimesin other disciplines. In general, negotiation is taught through acombination of lectures with simulation exercises and debriefings. Feministpedagogy enhances this normative model of teaching negotiation. Thisarticle links the traditional method of teaching negotiation with four keyprinciples of feminist pedagogy.
SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC EFFECT OF SALICYLIC ACID AND SELECTED ANTIRADIATION AGENTS ON CATALASE AND LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE.

Spectrophotometric measurements have been made of systems of catalase and of lactic dehydrogenase containing either salicylic acid, 2-mercaptoethylamine, 2-mercaptoethylguanidine, or sodium diethyldithiocarbamate. Absorption differences indicated complex formation between the dithiocarbamate and lactic dehydrogenase and at least salt formation with catalase. No definite indication of complex formation between these enzymes and either salicylic acid or the basic mercaptans was given by the method employed, although salt or weak field complex formation is a possibility with the latter.
Abiotic factors promote plant heterogeneity and influence herbivore performance and mortality in Gambel's oak (Quercus gambelii)

Environmental gradients are expected to alter the relative effects of host-plants and natural enemies on phytophagous insects. Moreover, studies of gradients may assist in an identification of the factors important to the outcomes of trophic interactions. We investigated the role of elevation-based variation in environmental conditions (temperature and relative humidity) and foliar nitrogen on tri-trophic interactions in Quercus gambelii Nutt. (Fagaceae) during 2001 and 2002. Quercus gambelii displayed significant elevational and seasonal fluctuation in foliar nitrogen content, and sites with similar environmental conditions produced similar foliar quality. However, leaf-miners, Phyllonorycter spec. (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) and Cameraria spec. (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), did not perform better on trees with a greater nitrogen content. Overall densities of both species declined significantly in 2002, most likely due to severe drought conditions in the south-western USA. Both species exhibited significant, but distinct, patterns in emergence rate with elevation. While environmentally based fluctuation in foliar nitrogen failed to predict the result of trophic interactions, site environmental conditions, as measured by temperature and relative humidity, were strongly related to differences in leaf-miner performance and mortality. The ordination of sites by variation in environmental conditions accurately predicts the relative effect of unexplained vs. natural-enemy sources of mortality for leaf-miners.
Genome size variation in pumpkin (Cucurbita sp.)

Pumpkins, a subgroup of the domesticated Cucurbita species, have been reported to range in fruit type (related to size) from miniature ( 273 kg). In order to obtain a wide range of fruit types it is hypothesised that all potential factors affecting fruit type must be used. One factor that is often overlooked in plant studies is genome size. In various plant species, genome size variation has been associated with characteristics such as cell size, plant size and flowering time. Such characteristics are referred to as nucleotypic parameters. In order to determine if nucleotypic selection is occurring in pumpkin, 17 varieties were analysed for genome size variation in two separate experiments. The species selected encompass the total range of fruit types reported in pumpkin. Significant nuclear DNA content variation was observed in pumpkin. There was no significant correlation between genome size and fruit type. In fact, the miniature pumpkin types were found to have the same genome size as the jumbo pumpkin types. In addition, a positive correlation between genome size and stomata length (an estimate of cell size in plants) was observed. Both the miniature and jumbo types were observed to have the smallest genome size and the smallest cell size. Thus, nucleotypic selection does appear to occur in pumpkin and appears to be involved in determining fruit type, although it may not be the only factor involved.
Biology of Subterranean Termites: Insights from Molecular Studies of Reticulitermes and Coptotermes

Molecular genetic techniques have made contributions to studies on subterranean termites at all levels of biological organization. Most of this work has focused on Reticulitermes and Coptotermes, two ecologically and economically important genera. DNA sequence data have significantly improved our understanding of the systematics and taxonomy of these genera. Techniques of molecular biology have provided important new insights into the process of caste differentiation. Population genetic markers, primarily microsatellites, have furthered our understanding of the life history, population biology, community ecology, and invasion biology of subterranean termites. Recent results on the behavioral ecology of subterranean termites reveal a picture different from long-held views, especially those concerning colony breeding structures and foraging ranges. As additional molecular tools and genomic resources become available, and as more subterranean termite researchers incorporate molecular techniques into their ap...
Deconstructing Barriers Perceptions of Students Labeled With Learning Disabilities in Higher Education

This phenomenological study investigated barriers to higher education faced by 11 college students labeled with learning disabilities (LD) using their voice as the primary data. Data were analyzed and interpreted through a disability theory perspective revealing barriers stemmed largely from external social causes rather than individual pathology. Barriers included being misunderstood by faculty, being reluctant to request accommodations for fear of invoking stigma, and having to work considerably longer hours than nonlabeled peers. Findings indicated barriers could be overcome through raising faculty awareness about LD issues, engaging the assistance of the college LD specialist, and participation in a LD democratic empowerment community on campus.
The Controversy Over Radiation Safety: A Historical Overview

The hazards of ionizing radiation have aroused concern since a short time after the discovery of x-rays and natural radioactivity in the 1890s. Misuse of x-rays and radium prompted efforts to encourage radiation safety and to set limits on exposure, culminating in the first recommended "tolerance doses" in 1934. After World War II, the problems of radiation protection became more complex because of the growing number of people subjected to radiation injury and the creation of radioactive elements that had never existed before the achievement of atomic fission. Judging the hazards of radiation became a matter of spirited controversy. Major public debates over the dangers of radioactive fallout from atmospheric bomb testing in the 1950s and early 1960s and the risks of nuclear power generation in later periods focused attention on the uncertainties about the consequences of exposure to low-level radiation and the difficulties of resolving them. (JAMA. 1989;262:664-668)
Effect of Sintering on Mechanical Properties of Plasma‐Sprayed Zirconia‐Based Thermal Barrier Coatings

The effect of sintering on the mechanical properties of free-standing, plasma-sprayed ZrO2–8 wt% Y2O3 thick thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) was determined after annealing at 1316°C in air. Mechanical properties of the TBCs, including flexure strength, modes I and II fracture toughnesses, constitutive relations, elastic modulus, and microhardness, were determined at ambient temperature as a function of annealing time ranging from 0 to 500 h. In addition, some physical properties such as density and phase stability were also determined. Mechanical and physical properties increased significantly in 5–100 h and then reached a plateau above 100 h. An exception to this was the monoclinic phase that increased monotonically without forming a plateau. Annealing resulted in healing of microcracks and pores, and in grain growth, accompanying densification of the TBC's body because of the sintering effect. However, an inevitable adverse effect also occurred such that the desired lower thermal conductivity and good strain-tolerant capability, which makes the TBCs unique in thermal barrier applications, were degraded upon annealing. A phenomenological model was proposed to assess and quantify all the property variables in response to annealing in a normalized scheme.
Electrode characterization for functional application to upper extremity FNS

A quantitative method has been developed to characterize the isometric vectors of electrically simulated paralyzed muscles of the thumb. The vectorial force output as a function of the stimulus level was measured for individual electrode/muscle combinations in a number of intramuscular and epimysial electrodes implanted in paralyzed thenar of cervical-level spinal-cord-injury subjects. Vectors were used to determine the output characteristics of each electrode/muscle combination. The characteristics studied included the strength of the contraction, the stimulus level at which fibers from other muscles are stimulated, the recruitment gain of force, dependency of the output on the skeletal position, and the direction of force produced. >
T-S fuzzy modeling and control for a class of chaotic (hyperchaotic) systems with uncertain parameters

A novel T-S fuzzy model-based method is proposed for controlling a class of chaotic (hyperchaotic) systems with uncertain parameters. The interval matrix theory is applied to describe the parametric uncertainty. The T-S fuzzy model is employed for accurately modeling the chaotic (hyperchaotic) systems. Based on the T-S fuzzy model, the parallel distributed compensation (PDC) technique is applied to design a state feedback controller for the chaotic (hyperchaotic) systems. By using Lyapunov stability theory, the robust stability of the closed-loop system is proved. The new scheme considers the interactions of the fuzzy sub-systems sufficiently. The gain matrices of the controller can be obtained by solving a set of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.