cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PET/CT of fibrotic lung diseases

1240 Learning Objectives 1. To discuss the classification of fibrotic lung diseases. 2. To illustrate how these conditions can appear on PET/CT. 3. To demonstrate how to properly diagnose and stage secondary lung cancer in patients with these fibrotic conditions. 4. To correlate the findings on PET with high resolution diagnostic chest CT. The CT imaging findings of fibrotic lung diseases, such as non-specific interstitial pneumonitis (NSIP) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), have been extensively reviewed in the literature. However, the spectrum of appearances of fibrotic lung diseases seen on PET/CT is less well known. These fibrotic conditions are inflammatory and lead to a much higher risk of developing secondary lung cancer and therefore patients may be evaluated with FDG PET/CT. The inflammatory FDG activity seen in the lungs and mediastinum in these conditions can lead to confusion, misdiagnosis and inaccurate staging of cancer. Careful correlation of FDG PET and high-resolution diagnostic CT imaging can help to avoid this confusion.
Uv-Photoinactivation of Cells and Spores of Bacillus thuringiensis and Effects of Peroxidase on Inactivation

The half-life of unpasteurized and pasteurized dried films of Bacillus thuringiensis exposed to a laboratory UV source was 30 and 45 min, respectively. Films of B. thuringiensis containing peroxidase and exposed to UV were significantly more stable than those not containing peroxidase. The findings supported the assumption that sunlight inactivation of entomopathogens probably is caused by peroxide or peroxide radicals produced by the UV irradiation of amino acid (s).
Cost-Effectiveness of Tramadol and Oxycodone in the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis.

Objective To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of incorporating tramadol or oxycodone into knee osteoarthritis (OA) treatment. Methods We used the Osteoarthritis Policy Model to evaluate long-term clinical and economic outcomes of knee OA patients with a mean age of 60 years with persistent pain despite conservative treatment. We evaluated 3 strategies: opioid-sparing (OS), tramadol (T), and tramadol followed by oxycodone (T+O). We obtained estimates of pain reduction and toxicity from published literature and annual costs for tramadol ($600) and oxycodone ($2,300) from Red Book Online. Based on published data, in the base case, we assumed a 10% reduction in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) effectiveness in opioid-based strategies. Outcomes included quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), lifetime cost, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) and were discounted at 3% per year. Results In the base case, T and T+O strategies delayed TKA by 7 and 9 years, respectively, and led to reduction in TKA utilization by 4% and 10%, respectively. Both opioid-based strategies increased cost and decreased QALYs compared to the OS strategy. Tramadol's ICER was highly sensitive to its effect on TKA outcomes. Reduction in TKA effectiveness by 5% (compared to base case 10%) resulted in an ICER for the T strategy of $110,600 per QALY; with no reduction in TKA effectiveness, the ICER was $26,900 per QALY. When TKA was not considered a treatment option, the ICER for T was $39,600 per QALY. Conclusion Opioids do not appear to be cost-effective in OA patients without comorbidities, principally because of their negative impact on pain relief after TKA. The influence of opioids on TKA outcomes should be a research priority.
Research of Air/Fuel Ratio PI Control and Vehicle Emission Optimization

This paper explains the necessity of closed loop control of air/fuel ratio and its theory at the beginning.Then analyses the function of each variable as well as the method of PI control,we can see the powerful control and abundant calibration strategy.At last,we compare the λ fluctuation of PI control with open closed loop and show the effect of vehicle emission optimization via the test.
Community-Based Secure Information and Resource Sharing in Azure Cloud IaaS

To efficiently collaborate in cyber security defense and response, organizations must be able to securely share information and resources. A community in a cloud IaaS, which refers to a group of organizations with common business interests, will utilize cloud IaaS to realize their infrastructure deployments. Communities establish a mechanism to prevent, detect and respond to cyber attacks, and help member organizations in the community recover expeditiously. In this paper, we present an access control model for secure information and resource sharing between organizations in a community-based isolated environment in Microsoft Azure IaaS cloud platform, one of dominant commercial cloud platforms. The model facilitates organizations to share their IT resources with each other in a controlled and secure manner. We formally specify the administrative model and discuss enforcement techniques in the Azure cloud platform.
Marine fish as source of protein supplement in meat.

Matieres premieres, technologie de la chair hachee de poisson, composition chimique, valeur nutritive, toxicite eventuelle et acceptabilite
Intracerebral Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection-induced immune response in the central nervous system

The World Health Organization declared a tuberculosis (TB) global emergency. Central nervous system (CNS) TB is a rare, highly devastating manifestation of extra-pulmonary TB. To date, research has focused on pulmonary TB, with no significant advancements being made in understanding the mechanisms associated with CNS TB. This study uses a small animal model of CNS TB that permits us to investigate the immune responses following CNS Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. We use intracranial infection of mice with the H37Rv strain of Mtb which has been fluorescently tagged with a TdTomato plasmid, allowing us to track it in vivo , and analyzed the cellular composition of the subsequent immunological response in the brain. At 7 days post infection (PI), we show a robust infiltration of immune cells into the CNS including the infiltration of CD11c+ dendritic cells. We can also see Mtb-containing granuloma-like lesions. We adoptively transferred Mtb-specific P25 CD4+ T and found that these cells also accumulate in the brain and were found activated in the peripheral lymphoid tissue, including the spleen and cervical draining lymph nodes. The P25 T cells present in the brain display extensive proliferation. Moreover, P25 T cells present in the peripheral lymphoid organs of Mtb infected mice show increased proliferation when compared to non-infected controls suggesting a systemic sampling of CNS Mtb antigen. We also show that at 7 days PI there is a significantly higher percentage of activated, INFγ producing, CD4+ T in the brain. Both INFγ and IL-17 producing T cell populations increase in size by day 21. This study will provide knowledge into the pathogenesis of CNS TB, and provide possible treatment strategies to lessen its destructive outcome.
A Risk Analysis Approach for Using Discriminant Functions to Manage Logging-Related Landslides on Granitic Terrain

A linear discriminant function, developed to predict debris avalanches after clearcut logging on a granitic batholith in northwestern California, was tested on data from two batholiths. The equation was inaccurate in predicting slope stability on one of them. A new equation based on slope, crown cover, and distance from a stream (retained from the original equation) predicted stability on all three batholiths with an overall accuracy of 83 percent. A procedure is described that can be used to decide how to harvest slide-prone slopes. The procedure uses the manager's estimates of contending resource values and environmental risks together with data from a pro- posed harvest area. By the algorithm presented, the manager can determine the landslide risk threshold to follow and achieve the greatest net benefit from a timber harvest. FOREST SCI. 31:772- 784.
Is There a Role for Raloxifene and Tamoxifen for the Prevention of Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is the leading oncologic disease in women in the world and is the second leading cause of death in Western women. A major advance in breast cancer chemoprevention in healthy high risk women occurred with the pioneering studies of the Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs) tamoxifen and raloxifene. Tamoxifen, the first targeted therapy for the treatment of breast cancer approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), was subsequently successful in significantly reducing the incidence of breast cancer in high risk women. Nevertheless, tamoxifen has some adverse effects in the uterus. Raloxifene, that is also FDA approved for breast cancer prevention in high risk postmenopausal women and separately for osteoporosis, has a better safety profile than tamoxifen. In this chapter we will describe the history, the current role and deficiencies of tamoxifen and raloxifene in the prevention of breast cancer. The potential of other SERMs and new approaches to hormone replacement to improve women’s health but to reduce the risk of breast cancer are illustrated.
Research Data Management Services in Academic Libraries in the US: A Content Analysis of Libraries’ Websites

Examining landscapes of research data management services in academic libraries is timely and significant for both those libraries on the front line and the libraries that are already ahead. While it provides overall understanding of where the research data management program is at and where it is going, it also provides understanding of current practices and data management recommendations and/or tool adoptions as well as revealing areas of improvement and support. This study examined the research data (management) services in academic libraries in the United States through a content analysis of 185 library websites, with four main areas of focus: service , information , education , and network. The results from the content analysis of these webpages reveals that libraries need to advance and engage more actively to provide services, supply information online, and develop educational services. There is also a wide variation among library data management services and programs according to their web presence.
Moving from the Membranes: Exploring the Integumentary System Through Experiential Anatomy and Dance

ABSTRACTThis article outlines a somatic-based class that illustrates how the integumentary system can be introduced to dance students to further their understanding of their physical instruments. It justifies why incorporating information about specific biological systems into dance teaching is apt and beneficial for dancers, and it describes how guided exercises that incorporate anatomical and physiological information can inspire rich somatic and creative exploration.
Agent specific effects of anticoagulant induced alopecia.

Alopecia has been observed with many anticoagulants although the mechanism is unclear. A 20 year old female with recurrent DVTs developed alopecia with multiple anticoagulants, including heparin derivatives and the new oral anticoagulants. This resolved with discontinuation of the agents. The patient was ultimately able to be anticoagulated with fondaparinux long term without any alopecia. This case addresses the Key Clinical Question of management and recognition of anticoagulant induced alopecia. This side effect can result from almost any of the available agents and is quickly reversible, underlining the importance of tailoring treatment to the individual and their experiences.
The Super-Enhancer-Derived alncRNA-EC7/Bloodlinc Potentiates Red Blood Cell Development in trans.

Enhancer-derived RNAs are thought to act locally by contributing to their parent enhancer function. Whether large domains of clustered enhancers (super-enhancers) also produce cis-acting RNAs, however, remains unclear. Unlike typical enhancers, super-enhancers form large spans of robustly transcribed chromatin, amassing capped and polyadenylated RNAs that are sufficiently abundant to sustain trans functions. Here, we show that one such RNA, alncRNA-EC7/Bloodlinc, is transcribed from a super-enhancer of the erythroid membrane transporter SLC4A1/BAND3 but diffuses beyond this site. Bloodlinc localizes to trans-chromosomal loci encoding critical regulators and effectors of terminal erythropoiesis and directly binds chromatin-organizing and transcription factors, including the chromatin attachment factor HNRNPU. Inhibiting Bloodlinc or Hnrnpu compromises the terminal erythropoiesis gene program, blocking red cell production, whereas expressing Bloodlinc ectopically stimulates this program and can promote erythroblast proliferation and enucleation in the absence of differentiation stimuli. Thus, Bloodlinc is a trans-acting super-enhancer RNA that potentiates red blood cell development.
DisCVar: discovering critical variables using algorithmic differentiation for transient faults

Aggressive technology scaling trends have made the hardware of high performance computing (HPC) systems more susceptible to faults. Some of these faults can lead to silent data corruption (SDC), and represent a serious problem because they alter the HPC simulation results. In this paper, we present a full-coverage, systematic methodology called DisCVar to identify critical variables in HPC applications for protection against SDC. DisCVar uses automatic differentiation (AD) to determine the sensitivity of the simulation output to errors in program variables. We empirically validate our approach in identifying vulnerable variables by comparing the results against a full-coverage code-level fault injection campaign. We find that our DisCVar correctly identifies the variables that are critical to ensure application SDC resilience with a high degree of accuracy compared to the results of the fault injection campaign. Additionally, DisCVar requires only two executions of the target program to generate results, whereas in our experiments we needed to perform millions of executions to get the same information from a fault injection campaign.
Structure and Function of Articular Cartilage

Cartilage is an aneural, avascular, alymphatic connective tissue. Like other tissues, chondrocytes arise from mesenchymal stem cells.93 During skeletal development, cartilage grows rapidly and mineralizes to form bone. During the early process of bone fracture repair, cartilage is formed before mineralizing to bone. In the human adult, cartilage may be classified as hyaline, elastic, or fibrous.74 Hyaline cartilage is glassy and forms the costal cartilages, articular cartilages of joints, and cartilages of the nose, larynx, trachea, and bronchi.74 Elastic cartilage may be found in the epiglottic cartilage, the cartilage of the external ear and the auditory tube, and some of the smaller laryngeal cartilages. Histologically, elastic cartilage resembles hyaline cartilage, with a dense network of finely branched elastic fibers.74 Fibrous cartilage, unlike other types of cartilage, contains mainly type I collagen. It may be found in the intra-articular lips, disks, menisci, and intervertebral discs, and it serves as a transitional tissue between dense connective tissue (tendon) and hyaline cartilage.93 This chapter will focus on articular cartilage, which is a specialized form of hyaline cartilage. Articular cartilage covers the articulating ends of bones and serves as a lubricated, wear-resistant, friction-reducing surface that is slightly compressible to evenly distribute forces onto the bone. After injury, articular cartilage is unable to naturally restore itself back to a functional tissue, and, because of this, current efforts have been directed toward tissue engineering. Since articular cartilage contains zones that are specific in their functions, the replication of these zones may be important in obtaining a functional tissue-engineered construct, and histology will serve as the first tool in discerning these zonal variations.
The rheology of slurries of athermal cohesive micro-particles immersed in fluid: A computational and experimental comparison

Abstract Immersed cohesive particles that aggregate under shear are commonly encountered in chemical engineering contexts. This work concerns the rheology of a particular set of systems, cement pastes, that have been difficult to treat from first-principles. In practice, these pastes exhibit large polydispersity with micron to millimeter sized particles, complicated particle shapes, and non-trivial surface morphology and surface chemistry. Simulations presented here utilize the discrete element model, informed by microscale atomic force microscopy measurements of surface topography, surface energy, and friction, and a simplified version of Stokesian Dynamics. Using these simulations, we study simple shear of two cementitious slurries composed of Portland cement and fly ash particles. These computations are then compared with steady-state vane rheometer experiments. This first-principles approach to comparing simulation and experiment allows us to explore how the microscale and macroscale physics are linked. Both computations and experiments agree qualitatively and are well modeled as Bingham plastics. Computations also show the emergence of percolating clusters, responsible for the rheology. Finally, including the mechanisms that are responsible for frustrated particle motions, such as effects of friction and rough walls at experimental scales, are shown to help give quantitatively better comparisons between simulation and experiment.
Teaching Building Sciences in Immersive Environments: A Prototype Design, Implementation, and Assessment

Immersive technologies are transforming all aspects of daily life. In educational context, augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) offer the promise of experiential learning, where the real...
Beyond space and time—Conceiving the rhythmic configurations of adult education through Lefebvre’s rhythmanalysis

Like a fabric made of different threads, adult education waives multiple places and reveals different paces whose influences may be complementary, contradictory and antagonistic with each other. The spaces and times that shape people’s life are rarely static or constant. They evolve and fluctuate. Every day, throughout their existence, people have to learn to adjust, coordinate and move through material, natural, social and symbolic environments that keep evolving. The aim of this paper is to explore how to conceive the influences of both spatial and temporal configurations through which adults learn, transform and develop themselves. To proceed, the reflection refers to Henri Lefebvre’s contribution, and more specifically to his conception of rhythmanalysis. The paper first introduces Lefebvre’s ideas around space and time, and opens up the possibility to conceive their relations through the concept of rhythm. Then, the idea of rhythmanalysis is introduced and its use in educational research discussed. The third part of the paper explores and illustrates more specifically three concepts introduced by Lefebvre to interpret the relations between rhythmic phenomena (arrhythmia, polyrhythmia and eurhythmia). It is finally suggested that this triple lens opens up the possibility to analyze the relations between space, time and educational processes through three prototypical rhythmic configurations found in the practice: the experiences of dissonance, alternance and resonance.
Effect of illumination on the interplay between Dresselhaus and Rashba spin-orbit couplings in InAs quantum wells

We studied the dependence on carrier density of the spin–orbit coupling (SOC) and of the semiconducting properties of a thin n-type InAs quantum well in the limit of high carrier density, when the second subband starts to populate. Measurements of sheet and Hall resistances were performed in a variable magnetic field, temperature, and under illumination with wavelengths of 400 nm up to 1300 nm. Beats in the Shubnikov de Haas oscillations indicated the presence of strong spin–orbit coupling, and the fast Fourier transforms of the oscillations point toward the presence of both Rashba and Dresselhaus spin–orbit interactions. We used simulations to extract the carrier density dependence of the SOCs, based on the Hamiltonian of a single subband 2D electron system with both types of spin–orbit interactions and subject to a perpendicular magnetic field. The results indicate that the Rashba coefficient decreases with increasing the carrier concentration, with an accelerated decrease close to the transition to double occupancy. The Dresselhaus coefficient is not only smaller but also drops in the proximity of the transition, together with the carrier mobility and the Landau level broadening energy. This behavior is discussed in the context of phenomena associated with the onset of double occupancy and based on intersubband interactions.We studied the dependence on carrier density of the spin–orbit coupling (SOC) and of the semiconducting properties of a thin n-type InAs quantum well in the limit of high carrier density, when the second subband starts to populate. Measurements of sheet and Hall resistances were performed in a variable magnetic field, temperature, and under illumination with wavelengths of 400 nm up to 1300 nm. Beats in the Shubnikov de Haas oscillations indicated the presence of strong spin–orbit coupling, and the fast Fourier transforms of the oscillations point toward the presence of both Rashba and Dresselhaus spin–orbit interactions. We used simulations to extract the carrier density dependence of the SOCs, based on the Hamiltonian of a single subband 2D electron system with both types of spin–orbit interactions and subject to a perpendicular magnetic field. The results indicate that the Rashba coefficient decreases with increasing the carrier concentration, with an accelerated decrease close to the transition to dou...
Appendix D. Selected elements of electromagnetics

The purpose of this appendix is to collect some of the quantities related to propagation of electromagnetic waves and provide definitions to the important quantities that are used in this work. It is of course not possible to deal with the whole theory of electromagnetics nor there is a need for that. It is assumed the reader is familiar with most of the concepts, but there is still value in collecting together these concepts. The reader will, of course, have to refer to more extensive exposition of electromagnetics for the details of the relations given here and for any extension of the concepts beyond the scope of the present work.
Foam Cells: One Size Doesn’t Fit All

Chronic inflammation in many infectious and metabolic diseases, and some cancers, is accompanied by the presence of foam cells. These cells form when the intracellular lipid content of macrophages exceeds their capacity to maintain lipid homeostasis. Concurrently, critical macrophage immune functions are diminished. Current paradigms of foam cell formation derive from studies of atherosclerosis. However, recent studies indicate that the mechanisms of foam cell biogenesis during tuberculosis differ from those operating during atherogenesis. Here, we review how foam cell formation and function vary with disease context. Since foam cells are therapeutic targets in atherosclerosis, further research on the disease-specific mechanisms of foam cell biogenesis and function is needed to explore the therapeutic consequences of targeting these cells in other diseases.
Micropapillary urothelial carcinoma of urinary bladder displays immunophenotypic features of luminal and p53-like subtypes and is not a variant of adenocarcinoma.

Abstract Objectives Micropapillary urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder (MPUC) is a rare variant of urothelial carcinoma which has aggressive clinical characteristics. The objective is to investigate the molecular subtypes of MPUC and the impact to the clinical outcome and determine whether MPUC represents a variant of adenocarcinoma. Materials and Methods We evaluated surrogate immunohistochemical markers of luminal, basal, and p53-like subtypes and correlated with prognosis and the expression of markers related to bladder adenocarcinoma and glandular differentiation in 56 cases of MPUC (10 cases of transurethral resection and 46 cases of radical cystectomy). Biomarker expression in co-existing conventional urothelial carcinoma was also analyzed. Cox regression analysis was performed to study the impact of molecular subtype on the clinical outcome. Results Thirty-four cases (61%) met criteria for the luminal subtype. Twenty-two cases (39%) displayed a p53-like subtype. In contrast, 40/56 (71%) cases of coexisting conventional urothelial carcinoma were classified as luminal subtype and 16/56 (29%) cases were designated as p53-like subtype. There was no significant survival difference between luminal subtype and p53-like subtype. CDX2, villin, and cadherin 17 were negative in all cases. MUC1 was strongly and diffusely expressed in the stroma-facing surface of MPUC tumor cells in all the cases. Conclusions Our findings suggest that MPUC possesses characteristics of luminal and p53-like subtypes, and does not harbor phenotypic features of the basal subtype. There is no significant difference in the prognosis between luminal and p53-like subtype MPUC. MPUC is not a variant of adenocarcinoma and does not represent a form of glandular differentiation, in contrast to other organ sites.
Overcoming the convergence difficulty of cohesive zone models through a Newton-Raphson modification technique

Abstract This paper studies the convergence difficulty of cohesive zone models in static analysis. It is shown that an inappropriate starting point of iterations in the Newton–Raphson method is responsible for the convergence difficulty. A simple, innovative approach is then proposed to overcome the convergence issue. The technique is robust, simple to implement in a finite element framework, does not compromise the accuracy of analysis, and provides fast convergence. The paper explains the implementation algorithm in detail and presents five application examples. It is concluded that the method is computationally efficient, has a general application, and outperforms the existing methods.
Small Wars, Big Data: The Information Revolution in Modern Conflict

Small Wars, Big Data is a study of intrastate, asymmetric warfare. While noting that “this book does not have definitive answers or ‘magic bullet’ solutions to the range of daunting challenges we a...
Erratum for Bandyopadhaya et al., "Pseudomonas aeruginosa Quorum Sensing Molecule Alters Skeletal Muscle Protein Homeostasis by Perturbing the Antioxidant Defense System".

Volume 10, no. 5, e02211-19, 2019, [https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.02211-19][1]. The second paragraph under Acknowledgments (PDF page 15) should have read as follows: L.G.R. has a financial interest in Spero Therapeutics, a company developing therapies for the treatment of bacterial infections. L.G.R
84 – Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is an illness characterized by extraordinary fatigue, along with subjective cognitive, musculoskeletal, and sleep symptoms. It is a symptom-based diagnosis without distinguishing physical examination findings or routine laboratory findings. Although infectious, immunological, neuroendocrine, sleep disorder, and psychiatric mechanisms have been investigated, a unifying etiology for CFS has yet to emerge. Regardless of the pathogenesis, persons with CFS have substantially impaired functional status, similar to that of other chronic illnesses, resulting in significant personal and economic morbidity. Whether CFS represents a discrete disorder is still unknown. Those individuals who fulfill the criteria of CFS suffer striking functional impairment in their personal and professional relationships. Treatment is largely empiric and rarely curative. Improving upon this outcome requires a better understanding of CFS pathophysiology. Evidence to date points to the importance of biological and psychological contributions. Future study which simultaneously assesses both of these factors may provide the insight needed to unravel these complexities and consequently enhance the care of patients with CFS.
Cytochrome P450 Can Epoxidize an Oxepin to a Reactive 2,3-Epoxyoxepin Intermediate: Potential Insights into Metabolic Ring-Opening of Benzene

Dimethyldioxirane epoxidizes 4,5-benzoxepin to form the reactive 2,3-epoxyoxepin intermediate followed by very rapid ring-opening to an o-xylylene that immediately isomerizes to the stable product 1H-2-benzopyran-1-carboxaldehyde. The present study demonstrates that separate incubations of 4,5-benzoxepin with three cytochrome P450 isoforms (2E1, 1A2, and 3A4) as well as pooled human liver microsomes (pHLM) also produce 1H-2-benzopyran-1-carboxaldehyde as the major product, likely via the 2,3-epoxyoxepin. The reaction of 4,5-benzoxepin with cerium (IV) ammonium nitrate (CAN) yields a dimeric oxidized molecule that is also a lesser product of the P450 oxidation of 4,5-benzoxepin. The observation that P450 enzymes epoxidize 4,5-benzoxepin suggests that the 2,3-epoxidation of oxepin is a major pathway for the ring-opening metabolism of benzene to muconaldehyde.
How childhood diseases awareness contributes to minimize the risk of disease severity in children under five age: an evolutionarystudy

Abstract Objective: To scrutinise the contribution of childhood disease awareness in mothers to minimise the risk of disease severity in children aged <5, and to evaluate the effectiveness of a proposed app in this context. Methods: The evolutionary study was conducted in Children’s Hospital and the Institute of Child Health Multan from September 2018 to February 2019 and comprised two sessions with the app involving 30 mothers who were provided with smartphones with the app installed. The mothers were divided into 4 age groups. The app was evaluated using quantitative and qualitative measures. Suggestions and opinions were obtained in the first session and all suggestions were implemented by the second session. Results: Of the 30 mothers, 8(26.6%) were in Group 1 aged 14-20 years, 12(40%) in Group 2 aged 21-27 years, 7(23.3%) in Group 3 aged 28-34 years, and 3(10%) in Group 4 aged 35 years and above. The participants were able to diagnose their kids’ diseases accurately by following the instructions provided by the app. The subjects also agreed that they diagnosed the diseases accurately. All the participants were interested in the app and expressed the desire to have it available across the healthcare facilities in Pakistan. Conclusion: All subjects showed acceptance for the app and affirmed its easy usability, especially for illiterate mothers. Key Words: Childhood disease, mHealth app, Mother literacy, Mortality rate.
Special Considerations for Older LGBTQ Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Case and Review

Introduction Throughout the COVID-19 Pandemic, older adults have been disproportionately impacted by both illness and fatalities. Of the nearly 39 million adults over age 65 in the United States, approximately 2.4 million older adults identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or queer (LGBTQ). LGBTQ older adults face unique challenges due to their intersecting identities and histories, including the effects of heterosexism, ageism, and being more likely to live alone, be single, and not have children. As we implement social distancing as a primary COVID-19 prevention method, older adults have faced increased isolation. Methods We present one case of a lesbian older adult patient who has experienced increased depression during the COVID-19 pandemic. A table will be added featuring culturally competent recommendations for LGBTQ older adults from a literature review. Results A 77-year-old female with history of major depression, attention deficit disorder, hypertension, xerostomia, and polymyalgia rheumatica. The patient has been on multiple trials of medications for depression as well as ECT treatments. She described being a shy child and felt criticized and often rejected by her mother. She was initially engaged to a man and after some years fell in love with a woman. The patient is currently single and has no children. She typically has a strong support system with her lifelong friend and attends church. She transitioned from independent living to an adult living facility, with the hope of increased social activity and connectedness. However, due to COVID-19, she experienced her move as extremely difficult, and was disappointed that all social activities were canceled. For a period of several months, she was unable to visit her chosen family, was limited to attending church via Zoom, and was restricted from multiple areas of the complex. As a result, she reported increased depression, anxiety, and difficulty sleeping with passive suicidal ideation due to isolation and no direct family support. Conclusions The latest research highlights current vulnerabilities and health disparities of the older adult population, as well as ways to increase support and resiliency through the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Older LGBTQ populations are at disproportionately higher risk for mental health conditions and with the current social distancing measures in place, social isolation and loneliness has been exacerbated. Connection with accepting family and community are well documented in the literature as key protective factors and sources of resiliency in LGBTQ populations. Culturally competent care is integral to psychiatric treatment of older LGBTQ adults. Funding Not Applicable
Synergistic decomposition of H2S into H2 by Ni3S2 over ZrO2 support via a sulfur looping scheme with CO2 enabled carrier regeneration

Abstract Commercially viable H2 production from H2S demands a well-designed and efficient technology concept with superior H2 yield. We propose a novel sulfur looping scheme that involves carrier sulfidation and CO2 enabled carrier regeneration to simultaneously utilize H2S and CO2, the two common industrial waste gases, for valuable H2 production. Using Ni3S2 as the active component, a high-performance sulfur carrier design is developed, where the selection of support is key. ZrO2 and MgAl2O4 supports were tested and both substantially improve the recyclability over cycles by imparting structural stability to Ni3S2. ZrO2 dramatically enhances the carrier performance, exhibiting a maximum increase of ~ 100% in sulfur uptake during the redox cycles compared to MgAl2O4. Furthermore, in fixed bed experiments at a high GHSV of 5000 hr-1, ZrO2 supported carrier maintained its superior performance over MgAl2O4 with a ~ 9.5% higher total H2S consumption. Density functional theory calculations were performed to unveil the role of supports. ZrO2 is identified as a support with bifunctional characteristics that not only improves textural properties of the carrier, but also catalytically decomposes H2S and induces a synergistic dynamic with Ni3S2. On the other hand, MgAl2O4 acts only as a conventional inert support for morphology modifications with negligible interaction with H2S. This work demonstrates a novel strategy for H2S and CO2 utilization and provides new insights into effective support selection aiding the design of a robust and efficient sulfur carrier.
Tunable Broadband Enhanced Chirality with Hybrid Helical Metamaterials

We experimentally demonstrate and theoretically verify spectrally tunable, extremely large, and ultrabroadband circular dichroism by designing new hybrid nanohelical metamaterial configurations operating at the technologically important visible to ultraviolet spectrum. The demonstrated ultrathin optical metamaterials are expected to provide a substantial boost to the broad fields of classical and quantum optics leading to significantly enhanced chiral light-matter interactions at the nanoscale.
Nidovirus Genome Organization and Expression Mechanisms

This chapter covers the genome organization and expression mechanisms of the nidoviruses. Following infection of a susceptible cell by a nidovirus and uncoating of the RNA genome, the first step in a successful replication cycle is the production of the replicase proteins. The nidovirus genomic RNA (gRNA) initially acts as a eukaryotic mRNA for the translation of the replicase proteins. Following synthesis of the replicase proteins, the positive-sense gRNA is copied into negative-sense counterparts which act as templates for the synthesis of new gRNAs. In addition to a negative-sense gRNA, nidoviruses produce a series of negative-sense counterparts of the subgenomic mRNAs (sg mRNAs). The synthesis of both full-length and subgenome-length negative-sense RNAs is initiated at the 3’ end of the gRNA. Synthesis of negative-sense RNAs may terminate at different points along the gRNA template, yielding subgenome-length minus-strand RNAs. Attenuation of minus-strand RNA synthesis occurs at sequences, known as transcription regulatory sequences (TRSs), which are well conserved in a virus type but differ between groups, genera, and families of viruses. The negative-sense sgRNAs act as templates for the synthesis of the positive-sense sgRNAs, which are usually generated in a large excess compared to their negative-sense counterparts. The mechanism for the synthesis of nidovirus sgRNAs is called discontinuous extension of minus-strand RNA.
Gender Equality and Climate Justice: A Cross-National Analysis

The purpose of this paper is to gain empirical footing on the mechanisms that drive and mitigate global warming, which is a topic of growing significance to themes of social justice. Using components of the ecological footprint, we construct a measure of each nation’s relative contributions to carbon dioxide emissions after accounting for the amount sequestered by domestic forestlands. We refer to this measure as the “climate footprint,” and construct a structural equation model to test key theorizations in the environmental sociology literature. We add to this body of work by incorporating and empirically testing ecofeminist positions that the status of women is a cause and an effect of environmental conditions. Results suggest women and the environment are interconnected dimensions of exploitation, as ecological losses weaken women’s status in nations. We also find that nations with greater female representation in governing bodies have lower climate footprints, controlling for domestic (urbanization, production) and global (world-system integration) drivers. Conclusions point to the potential for gender equality and improving the status of women worldwide to curtail climate change. Other theoretical and empirical implications are treated, including the benefits of bringing women into theories of the environment and the utility of structural equation techniques for testing hypotheses that specify direct and indirect connections among relevant predictors and the outcome.
Reaction of Human Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) H117 Enzymes with Carbamates

For the past several years we have been convinced that protection against organophosphorus anticholinesterase (OP) poisoning by pharmacologic means is approaching its optimum and that new approaches are necessary to provide adequate protection of military personnel against nerve agents. The approach we have chosen is to administer scavenger molecules that will remain in the circulation for extended periods of time and are capable of reacting with and detoxifying nerve agents between the time they enter the body and the time they reach their critical targets. We and others have shown that the concept is feasible (1–3). However, the use of stoichiometric scavengers requires large amounts of enzyme. In theory, catalytic scavengers such as the organophosphorus acid anhydride (OPA) hydrolases should be very useful for this application, but the known enzymes of this type are either not sufficiently active or not appropriate for human application. Therefore, we set out to create a catalytic scavenger with as many of the desired characteristics as possible using protein engineering techniques. The results of our initial attempts were described at the last Meeting on Cholinesterases (4). Modifying the butyrylcholinesterase gene, we produced a mutant, G117H, that was only slightly decremented in its cholinesterase activity but reacted with OPs very slowly and, having reacted with them, catalyzed their hydrolysis. Subsequently we made a similar mutant, G117K, with Lysine instead of Histidine that did not possess OPA Hydrolase activity, indicating the unique property of Histidine to confer hydrolytic activity in an enzyme active site. We also made a double mutant, G117H/E197Q, that resists aging after inhibition with OPs and therefore is able to catalyze the hydrolysis of rapidly aging inhibitors such as soman (5).
The Behavior of Breached Boiling Water Reactor Fuel Rods on Long-Term Exposure to Air and Argon at 598 K

Two irradiated boiling water reactor fuel rods with breached cladding were exposed to argon and to air at 598 K for 7.56 Ms (2100 h). These tests were conducted to determine fuel swelling and cladd...
Plastid engineering bears fruit

The tomato has been engineered to express in its plastids high levels of a recombinant protein.
Medical Image Processing for Fully Integrated Subject Specific Whole Brain Mesh Generation

Abstract: Currently, anatomically consistent segmentation of vascular trees acquired with magnetic resonance imaging requires the use of multiple image processing steps, which, in turn, depend on manual intervention. In effect, segmentation of vascular trees from medical images is time consuming and error prone due to the tortuous geometry and weak signal in small blood vessels. To overcome errors and accelerate the image processing time, we introduce an automatic image processing pipeline for constructing subject specific computational meshes for entire cerebral vasculature, including segmentation of ancillary structures; the grey and white matter, cerebrospinal fluid space, skull, and scalp. To demonstrate the validity of the new pipeline, we segmented the entire intracranial compartment with special attention of the angioarchitecture from magnetic resonance imaging acquired for two healthy volunteers. The raw images were processed through our pipeline for automatic segmentation and mesh generation. Due to partial volume effect and finite resolution, the computational meshes intersect with each other at respective interfaces. To eliminate anatomically inconsistent overlap, we utilized morphological operations to separate the structures with a physiologically sound gap spaces. The resulting meshes exhibit anatomically correct spatial extent and relative positions without intersections. For validation, we computed critical biometrics of the angioarchitecture, the cortical surfaces, ventricular system, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) spaces and compared against literature
LOS ORIGENES SOCIALES DEL PROTECCIONISMO Y LIBRE COMERCIO EN LIMA DEL SIGLO XIX

Al Peru del siglo XIX se le suele tomar como un ejemplo hiperbolico de la manera como el triunfo de liberalismo economico de America Latina obstaculizaba las perspectivas para el desarrollo economico sostenido. 1 Hoy en dia, mientras los historiadores reconocen que el liberalismo de la era del guano desencadeno consecuencias economicas y sociales adversas, las raices de la politica del libre comercio del Peru permanecen envueltas en un velo de misterio. Hace poco, escritores partidarios de la teoria de la dependencia convirtieron el libre comercio en un importante componente de su postulada transicion al "neocolonialismo" despues de la Independencia. 2 Sin embargo,
Ionizing Radiation Affecting the Lower Ionosphere

Ionization below 100 km altitude is produced by electromagnetic and corpuscular radiation which bombards the earth from a variety of cosmic, solar, and magnetospheric sources. Variations in the energy input to the earth’s atmosphere from these sources have been observed for nearly a half-century by means of a variety of ground based measurements including VLF (3–30 kHz) radio transmissions (e.g. Espenshied 1926; Lauter 1950, 1961; Bracewell et al. 1951). But, only during the last decade have the characteristics of these sources been quantitatively studied in detail primarily with satellites, but also with rockets and balloons. Several reviews have been recently made of the sources of the lower ionosphere (e.g. Aikin 1971; Thomas 1971; Bauer 1973; and Banks and Kockarts 1973). All these studies point out the difficulty in providing a definitive description of the sources of the lower ionosphere, because the atmospheric constituents, chemistry, and energy inputs have yet to be completely identified and accurately measured.
Hemolytic Disorders Causing Severe Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia

A shortened erythrocyte life span, because of hemolytic disorders, is a common cause of extreme neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Clinical and laboratory examinations can frequently identify the underlying cause of extreme neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. In this article, several tests, techniques, and approaches have been reviewed, including red blood cell morphology assessment, end-tidal carbon monoxide quantification, eosin-5-maleimide flow cytometry, as well as next-generation DNA sequencing using neonatal jaundice panels.
A need to improve reconstructions of the fluctuations in the calcite compensation depth over the course of the Cenozoic

Reconstructions based on back-tracked depths of the transition between CaCO3-bearing and CaCO3-depleted sediment suggest that over the last 65 million years the ocean's CaCO3 compensation depth (CCD) has remained within the range 4.0 ± 0.6 km. Taken at face value, these results indicate that depth of the calcite saturation horizon and hence also the product of the Ca++ and CO3= concentrations have remained nearly constant. In turn, this suggests that the ratio of calcite production to ingredient supply has not undergone large changes. In this paper, the method used to reconstruct the temporal fluctuations and interocean differences in the depth of the calcite saturation horizon is scrutinized. The basis for my concern is that offset between the depth of the calcite saturation horizon and the depth where dissolution reduces the CaCO3 content to 20% (i.e., the CCD) can vary by a half kilometer or so depending on the rain rates of CaCO3 and non CaCO3. When observations on modern ocean sediments are used to test the reliability of these reconstructions, the result is that when averaged over a full glacial cycle, the depth of the CCDs in the Pacific and Indian oceans fall within the long-term range. Reliable documentation of fluctuations around this long-term average requires that additional measurements, such as extent of fragmentation, be used to supplement those of CaCO3 content.
Materialism, sociocultural appearance messages, and paternal attitudes predict college women's attitudes about cosmetic surgery.

Rates of cosmetic surgery procedures have increased dramatically over the past several decades, but only recently have studies of cosmetic surgery attitudes among the general population begun to ap...
Durability of permethrin as a potential clothing treatment to protect against blood-feeding arthropods.

The durability of permethrin (3-phenoxyphenyl) methyl cis, trans (±)-3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropanecarboxylate) was studied to determine its potential as a clothing treatment for protection against bloodsucking arthropods. Minimum effective dosages in cloth that caused 100% mortality in 15 min ranged from 0.008–0.125 mg/cm2 with 4 species of mosquitoes and 2 species of flies when the insects were exposed to the treatment for only 10 sec. Minimum effective dosages that caused 100% mortality in 15 min for a 5th species of mosquito resistant to DDT and a flea ranged from 0.032–0.25 mg/cm2 with an exposure of 30 sec. The lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (L.), required a 2-min exposure to obtain similar mortality with a dosage of 0.016 mg/cm2. Even after 33–50 cold water rinses of treated cloth, dosages of 0.125–0.25 mg/cm2 still killed 100% of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti (L.) (30-sec exposure) and A. americanum (2-min exposure). All A. aegypti were killed despite 2 soapy washes of the cloth. Cloth treated with similar dosages was effective after a 1-month exposure to outdoor weathering. Such treatments of clothing could be used for personal protection from blood-feeding arthropods and would also kill a wide variety of these pests.