cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract A05: Molecular, immunologic, metabolic, and radiomic associations of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in melanoma brain metastases (MBMs)

Background: OXPHOS mediates resistance to BRAF and MEK inhibitors in melanoma. Recently, we showed that MBMs have higher expression of OXPHOS genes than patient-matched extracranial metastases (ECMs). The induction of, and dependence upon, OXPHOS in MBMs was confirmed in mouse xenograft models. Notably, our studies demonstrated that OXPHOS varies among MBMs. In order to improve our understanding of the High-OXPHOS phenotype, we report here the molecular, immune, metabolic, and radiomic features that correlate with OXPHOS levels in MBMs. Methods: We applied an OXPHOS gene signature to RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) data from surgically resected MBMs (n=88). Clustering by these genes identified MBMs with significant enrichment (High-OXPHOS; n=21) and depletion (Low-OXPHOS; n=25) of OXPHOS genes. The EdgeR/limma/voom pipeline was used to perform differential gene expression (DGE) analysis between High- and Low-OXPHOS MBMs. Pathway analyses were performed via Ensemble of Gene Set Enrichment Analyses (EGSEA). The ESTIMATE and MCP-Counter R packages were used to assess immune infiltrates from voom-transformed counts. Quantitative analysis of P-S6 and P-PRAS40 was performed by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Tumor phenotypes were segmented on conventional magnetic resonance (MR) images, and radiomic features were extracted using an in-house radiome-sequencing pipeline. Radiomic features were utilized to predict High- vs. Low-OXPHOS status. To evaluate the robustness of the estimates, Leave One Out cross-validation (LOOCV) was conducted on the patient set. Direct metabolite analysis was performed via liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) of Low-OXPHOS A375 and High-OXPHOS, MEKi-resistant A375-R1 brain xenografts. Results: RNA-seq analysis identified that High-OXPHOS MBMs are characterized by significant enrichment of PGC1α (FDR q-val=0.0002) and mTOR (FDR q-val=0.001) signaling and significant depletion of ImmuneScores, T cells, cytotoxic lymphocytes, B lineage cells, and NK cells (p Conclusions: Significant differences in mTOR (enriched) and immune (depleted) signaling were identified in High-OXPHOS clinical MBMs, and enrichment of glutamine signaling was observed in High-OXPHOS MBM xenografts. Further, our results demonstrated that changes in MR radiomic features can noninvasively discriminate between High- and Low-OXPHOS MBMs. Additional studies are ongoing to evaluate the clinical, prognostic, and predictive values of OXPHOS status in melanoma. Citation Format: Grant M. Fischer, Aikaterini Kotrotsou, Sara Ahmed, Pilar O’Neal, Iman Sahnoune, Y.N. Vashisht Gopal, Courtney Hudgens, Barbara Knighton, Rivka Colen, Michael T. Tetzlaff, Michael A. Davies. Molecular, immunologic, metabolic, and radiomic associations of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in melanoma brain metastases (MBMs) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Melanoma: From Biology to Target; 2019 Jan 15-18; Houston, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(19 Suppl):Abstract nr A05.
Antibody-drug conjugates targeting CD45 plus Janus kinase inhibitors effectively condition for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

ABSTRACT Despite the curative potential of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), transplant conditioning-associated toxicities preclude broader clinical application. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) provide an attractive approach to HSCT conditioning that minimizes toxicity while retaining efficacy. Initial studies of ADC conditioning have largely involved syngeneic HSCT; however, for treatment of acute leukemias or tolerance induction for solid organ transplantation, strategies for allogeneic HSCT (allo-HSCT) are needed. Using murine allo-HSCT models, we show that combining CD45-targeted ADCs with the Janus kinase inhibitor baricitinib enables multilineage alloengraftment with >80-90% donor chimerism. Mechanistically, baricitinib impaired T and NK cell survival, proliferation and effector function, with NK cells being particularly susceptible due to inhibited IL-15 signaling. Unlike irradiated mice, CD45-ADC-conditioned mice did not manifest graft-versus-host alloreactivity when challenged with mismatched T cells. Our studies demonstrate novel allo-HSCT conditioning strategies that exemplify the promise of immunotherapy to improve the safe application of HSCT for treating hematologic diseases.
Distinguishing Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Subtypes in Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsies by Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging.

Background Distinguishing adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma subtypes of non-small cell lung cancers is critical to patient care. Preoperative minimally-invasive biopsy techniques, such as fine needle aspiration (FNA), are increasingly used for lung cancer diagnosis and subtyping. Yet, histologic distinction of lung cancer subtypes in FNA material can be challenging. Here, we evaluated the usefulness of desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging (DESI-MSI) to diagnose and differentiate lung cancer subtypes in tissues and FNA samples. Methods DESI-MSI was used to analyze 22 normal, 26 adenocarcinoma, and 25 squamous cell carcinoma lung tissues. Mass spectra obtained from the tissue sections were used to generate and validate statistical classifiers for lung cancer diagnosis and subtyping. Classifiers were then tested on DESI-MSI data collected from 16 clinical FNA samples prospectively collected from 8 patients undergoing interventional radiology guided FNA. Results Various metabolites and lipid species were detected in the mass spectra obtained from lung tissues. The classifiers generated from tissue sections yielded 100% accuracy, 100% sensitivity, and 100% specificity for lung cancer diagnosis, and 73.5% accuracy for lung cancer subtyping for the training set of tissues, per-patient. On the validation set of tissues, 100% accuracy for lung cancer diagnosis and 94.1% accuracy for lung cancer subtyping were achieved. When tested on the FNA samples, 100% diagnostic accuracy and 87.5% accuracy on subtyping were achieved per-slide. Conclusions DESI-MSI can be useful as an ancillary technique to conventional cytopathology for diagnosis and subtyping of non-small cell lung cancers.
Patient Profiles in the Utilization of the CanGaroo® Envelope

Background The CanGaroo® Envelope (Aziyo Biologics, Silver Spring, MD) is intended to securely hold a cardiovascular implantable electronic device (CIED) to create a stable environment when implanted in the body. Data on the utilization of this newly available product are limited. Objective In this study, our objective was to describe the specific profiles of patients who may benefit from the use of the CanGaroo® Envelope at the time of CIED implantation. Methods The utilization of the CanGaroo® Envelope was assessed from January 2019 to October 2019 among a series of patients who were either undergoing de-novo CIED implantation or replacement. Results Among a total of 50 patients, the CanGaroo® Envelope was utilized in 15 (30%). Three distinct patient profiles were identified: profile 1: elderly patients with poor tissue turgor at risk of wound dehiscence or erosion; profile 2: patients with a history of previous device infection; and profile 3: patients at high risk of device infection having one or more of the following risk factors - chronic kidney disease, immunocompromised state, or diabetes mellitus. At a mean follow-up of 18 ±3 months, no CIED pocket erosion, dehiscence, or infection was noted. Conclusions Three distinct profiles of patients who could potentially benefit from the use of the CanGaroo® Envelope were identified by the implanting physicians. Long-term follow-up data, including infection and wound dehiscence rates, are necessary to further analyze the optimal utilization of the device.
Friends of the Emir: Non-Muslim State Officials in Premodern Islamic Thought: Luke B. Yarbrough, 2019, [Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilisation], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, xiv + 361 pp., £85.50/US $120.00 (hardback), ISBN 9781108496605

The emergence of Islam out of the Arabian Peninsula and onto the world stage in the mid-1st/7th century heralded not only the latest iteration of the Abrahamic faith, but the establishment of a new...
Abstract SP021: Understanding current platforms

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) of breast cancer is becoming increasingly integrated into clinical practice. The fast pace of advances coupled with the dizzying array of technologies and platforms challenges the oncologist to select the right test for each patient. The choice could depend on a host of factors including the accessibility of clinical trials, clinical scenario and sample type, and the interest in turning up improbable but profoundly useful findings. Here, I will review the various types of clinical NGS platforms—including tumor and circulating-tumor DNA—particularly highlighting the unique features of commercial platforms that are widely available. Performance characteristics differ by technology: amplification technologies can detect mutations with smaller specimens, whereas capture-based NGS platforms may perform better for detecting novel genomic alterations. Assays integrating RNA-based analysis may enhance detection of rare but impactful gene fusions, such as of FGFR1-3 and NTRK1-3. Some potentially actionable genomic alterations only emerge after therapy, and are detected only with repeat tumor biopsy or cell-free DNA. Some assays include parallel germline testing which can clearly distinguish inherited from somatic (tumor-specific) findings, but may offer logistical challenges. An ever expanding set of ‘genomic phenotypes’ may be captured in these updated assays, with their limitations, including tumor mutational burden, microsatellite instability and homologous recombination. Newer platforms are now including exome and whole-genome sequencing, which may require more tissue and offer research insights, but currently add little to directing clinical care. New technologies, such as long-read and single-cell platforms of the future, may elucidate genomic features that are undetectable with current bulk short-read platforms, and will enable new genomic biomarkers. Despite the differences in genomics platforms, practical matters such as reimbursement, ease of use, and turn-around-time will likely govern platform selection for most oncologists in the near future. Citation Format: M Burkard. Understanding current platforms [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2020 San Antonio Breast Cancer Virtual Symposium; 2020 Dec 8-11; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(4 Suppl):Abstract nr SP021.
Infectious Complications in Injection Drug Use

Introduction The prevalence of opioid use disorder has increased steadily over the last decade (from 2.2 million in 2010 to 10.2 million in 2018) and with it, a surge in infectious complications as...
Modeling Consistency Using Engagement Patterns in Online Courses

Consistency of learning behaviors is known to play an important role in learners’ engagement in a course and impact their learning outcomes. Despite significant advances in the area of learning analytics (LA) in measuring various self-regulated learning behaviors, using LA to measure consistency of online course engagement patterns remains largely unexplored. This study focuses on modeling consistency of learners in online courses to address this research gap. Toward this, we propose a novel unsupervised algorithm that combines sequence pattern mining and ideas from information retrieval with a clustering algorithm to first extract engagement patterns of learners, represent learners in a vector space of these patterns and finally group them into groups with similar consistency levels. Using clickstream data recorded in a popular learning management system over two offerings of a STEM course, we validate our proposed approach to detect learners that are inconsistent in their behaviors. We find that our method not only groups learners by consistency levels, but also provides reliable instructor support at an early stage in a course.
Local leaders’ concerns about Michigan’s direction spike, while evaluations of state leaders sink over the past year

This report presents the opinions of Michigan’s local government leaders regarding the direction in which the state is headed, as well as their evaluations of the job performance of Governor Gretchen Whitmer and the Michigan Legislature. These findings are based on statewide surveys of local government leaders in the spring 2021 wave of the Michigan Public Policy Survey (MPPS)—conducted between April 5 and June 7, 2021—and tracking comparisons to previous spring waves.
Preliminary Observations on the Interactions Between Chlorogenic Acid and Select Amino Acids

This report presents our preliminary observations regarding the interactions between chlorogenic acid and select amino acids or tyramine. In most cases, these interactions resulted in the formation of a green pigment in line with published reports. However, in the case of tryptophan a green or red pigment was generated depending on the concentration of tryptophan that was present. In the cases of serine or threonine the green pigment that was generated in the first minutes of the reactions disappeared entirely when the mixtures were kept reacting for longer periods of time. Published reports indicate that the formation of the green pigment between chlorogenic acid and amino acids involves a covalent interaction between both. In our experiments we did observe the disappearance of chlorogenic acid during the reactions but in the cases of tryptophan or tyrosine no decline in the concentration of both amino acids could be observed. This was in contrast to the reaction between chlorogenic acid and tyramine where the concentration of both compounds declined while producing a green pigment.
Ketamine Saves the Day: Priapism in a Pediatric Psychiatric Patient.

AbstractPriapism is an adverse effect of medications used to treat psychiatric disorders. Often, this condition is self-limiting but may require urologic intervention involving aspiration and injection to induce detumescence. A case of a 15-year-old patient with priapism secondary to a long-acting s
Feminist Ethnography in Cyberspace: Imagining Families in the Cloud

This article explores the relevance of the ethnographic study of the Internet for feminist scholars interested in families. The online world is an emerging field site for feminist scholars investigating spousal, parental, and kin relations, one that opens up new arenas of study but also requires novel methodological approaches. The proliferation of cyber-communities and computer-mediated communication has radically altered how we live, communicate, and gather, share, and produce knowledge. This is particularly true for families, as new media technologies have impacted how families form, interact, and understand themselves and the world. Web 2.0 offers the potential for new imagined communities, new forms of social and political resistance, and new identities and networks that can transcend or reinforce traditional understandings of community, nation, and family. This article begins with a critical review of relevant literature (primarily from the United States) and offers several case studies that show the relevance of cyber-ethnography to feminist researchers interested in families. As the cases illustrate, ethnographers face new methodological and ethical issues associated with cyber studies and cyber-ethnography. Given the changing media landscapes families find themselves in, scholars of gender and families are well served to think through the effects of new media on families and the methodological benefits and challenges for studying these new forms of communication.
Thermal decomposition of oxalates

Abstract The thermal decomposition of silver oxalate has been studied using mechanism-dependent and mechanism-independent isothermal kinetics, conventional rising temperature thermogravimetry (TG) and a TG computer program. Studies were carried out on four different preparations of the sample which involved precipitation from stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric conditions. Each sample was studied under atmospheres of nitrogen, air, oxygen, and carbon dioxide as well as under vacuum. The assignment of stability information based on the magnitude of the Arrhenius parameters is shown to be deceptive. Applying the computer program and the limiting kinetic condition of α → 0 allows the relative stability of various preparations and the retarding influence of oxygen and carbon dioxide, to be quantitatively evaluated.
Cyclic GMP pathway is critical for inducing long–term sensitization of nociceptive sensory neurons

Noxious stimulation can trigger persistent sensitization of somatosensory systems that involves memory–like mechanisms. Here we report that noxious stimulation of the mollusc Aplysia produces transcription–dependent, long–term hyperexcitability (LTH) of nociceptive sensory neurons that requires a nitric oxide (NO)–cyclic GMP–protein kinase G (PKG) pathway. Injection of cGMP induced LTH, whereas antagonists of the NO–cGMP–PKG pathway prevented pinch–induced LTH. Co–injection of calcium/cAMP–responsive–element (CRE) blocked both pinch–induced LTH and cAMP–induced LTH, but antagonists of protein kinase A (PKA) failed to block pinch–induced LTH. Thus the NO–cGMP–PKG pathway and at least one other pathway, but not the cAMP–PKA pathway, are critical for inducing LTH after brief, noxious stimulation.
Adenosine-5′-sulfatopyrophosphate, an analogue of adenosine triphosphate: I. Preparation, properties, and mode of cleavage by snake venoms

Abstract An improved and simplified procedure has been worked out for the synthesis and isolation of adenosine-5′-sulfatopyrophosphate, a sulfate analogue of adenosine triphosphate. The sulfate analogue has two isomeric forms in which the sulfate grouping is on either the α- or β-phosphates of adenosine diphosphate. The apparent formation constants of adenosine-5′-sulfatopyrophosphate (mixed isomers) and adenosine-5′-sulfatophosphate with Mg ++ and Ca ++ have been measured. These values are low but comparable to similar constants measured by other workers for the trianionic form of adenosine triphosphate and the dianionic form of adenosine diphosphate, respectively. Both isomers of the sulfate analogue are cleaved by enzymes from the venom of Crotalus atrox and Vipera russellii . Phosphosulfate has been identified as one of the products indicating cleavage between the two phosphate groupings. A similar type of cleavage appears to be catalyzed by an acetone powder of Escherichia coli ; E. coli alkaline phosphatase, however, has no effect on the analogue. Crude potato apyrase slowly hydrolyzes the sulfate analogue but apparently by an enzyme other than the apyrase. Enzyme-free controls in almost every case were stable, some for periods as long as 54 hours at 25 °C and pH 8. This stability is in marked contrast to previously published results, and work reported here indicates the analogue is suitable for enzymic studies.
Vitellogenin-RNAi and ovariectomy each increase lifespan, increase protein storage, and decrease feeding, but are not additive in grasshoppers

Reduced reproduction has been shown to increase lifespan in many animals, yet the mechanisms behind this trade-off are unclear. We addressed this question by combining two distinct, direct means of life-extension via reduced reproduction, to test whether they were additive. In the lubber grasshopper, Romalea microptera, ovariectomized (OVX) individuals had a ~20% increase in lifespan and a doubling of storage relative to controls (Sham operated). Similarly, young female grasshoppers treated with RNAi against vitellogenin (the precursor to egg yolk protein) had increased fat body mass and halted ovarian growth. In this study, we compared VgRNAi to two control groups that do not reduce reproduction, namely buffer injection (Buffer) and injection with RNAi against a hexameric storage protein (Hex90RNAi). Each injection treatment was tested with and without ovariectomy. Hence, we tested feeding, storage, and lifespans in six groups: OVX and Buffer, OVX and Hex90RNAi, OVX and VgRNAi, Sham and Buffer, Sham and Hex90RNAi, and Sham and VgRNAi. Ovariectomized grasshoppers and VgRNAi grasshoppers each had similar reductions in feeding (~40%), increases in protein storage in the hemolymph (150-300%), and extensions in lifespan (13-21%). Ovariectomized grasshoppers had higher vitellogenin protein levels than did VgRNAi grasshoppers. Last but not least, when ovariectomy and VgRNAi were applied together, there was no greater effect on feeding, protein storage, or longevity. Hence, feeding regulation, and protein storage in insects, may be conserved components of life-extension via reduced reproduction.
Parkinson's Disease and Pesticides Exposure: New Findings From a Comprehensive Study in Nebraska, USA

Background The association between exposure to agricultural pesticides and Parkinson's Disease (PD) has long been a topic of study in the field of environmental health. This research takes advantage of the unique Nebraska PD registry and state-level crop classification data to investigate the PD-pesticides exposure relationship. Methods First, Geographic Information System and satellite remote sensing data were adopted to calculate exposure to different pesticides for Nebraska residents. An integrated spatial exploratory framework was then adopted to explore the association between PD incidence and exposure to specific pesticide ingredients at the county level. Results Our results reveal similarities in geographic patterns of pesticide exposure and PD incidence. The regression analyses indicate that, for most Nebraska counties, PD incidence was significantly associated with exposure to certain pesticide ingredients such as alachlor and broxomy. However, the results also suggest that factors other than pesticide exposure may help further explain the risk of PD at the county level. Conclusions We found significant associations between PD incidence and exposure to different pesticide ingredients. These results have useful implications for PD prevention in Nebraska and other agricultural states in the United States.
Aspects of Determinacy

Publisher Summary The chapter reviews some recent developments that indicate an unexpected relationship between descriptive set theory within the context of determinacy and conventional combinatorial set theory. At a simple level the difference between set theory and descriptive set theory is that between the class of arbitrary sets and the class of definable sets. The concept of determinacy illuminates a key difference between the descriptive set theorist and the set theorist, in that the descriptive set theorist is free to assume (additional) axioms inconsistent for the set theorist. Specifically to aid in the study of the definable sets of reals the descriptive set theorist assumes the axiom of (definable) determinacy, i.e. all definable sets of reals are determined. The concept of a tree and the related notion of a Souslin set of reals has been the focal point for developing the structure theory of L (R) within the context of AD. Current proofs of determinacy from large cardinal hypotheses tend to work through homogeneous trees. The concept of homogeneity is rather a strong condition on a tree as it is evident that many trees are not homogeneous.
Collagen-induced arthritis, an animal model of autoimmunity

Collagen induced arthritis (CIA) is an autoimmune model that in many ways resembles rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Immunization of genetically susceptible strains of rodents and primates with type II collagen (CII) leads to the development of a severe polyarticular arthritis that is mediated by an autoimmune response. Like RA, synovitis and erosions of cartilage and bone are hallmarks of CIA, and susceptibility to both RA and CIA is linked to the expression of specific MHC class II molecules. Although not identical to RA, CIA clearly establishes the biological plausibility that an autoimmune reaction to a cartilage component can lead to a chronic, destructive, polyarthritis. Although it is induced in susceptible animals by immunization with heterologous CII, it is the autoreactive component of the immune response that leads to disease. A wealth of evidence indicates that synovitis is initiated by the production of pathogenic autoreactive antibodies capable of fixing and activating complement. The elucidation of the specific amino acid sequences of collagen that are recognized by the MHC molecules has enabled at least two approaches to specific immunotherapy to be considered. Firstly, small synthetic peptides representing dominant epitopes have been used as effectively as the original antigen as a tolerogen. The rather fastidious physicochemical properties of collagen that make it difficult for its routine use in therapy are thereby circumvented by the use of oligopeptides. Secondly, analysis of the specific amino acid side chains that are involved in MHC contact and TCR recognition enables analog peptides to be devised which can specifically and exquisitely inhibit the response to CII, preventing the onset of arthritis. Further investigations involving this model may contribute to the development of specific immunotherapies in the human disorder.
Effects on pre- and posttransplant pulmonary hemodynamics in patients with continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices

Objective Pulsatile left ventricular assist devices have been shown to effectively reduce pulmonary hypertension in patients with end-stage heart failure. However, it remains to be seen whether newer continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices have a similar effect on pulmonary hypertension. The objective of this study was to determine whether the HeartMate II (Thoratec Corp, Pleasanton, Calif), a continuous-flow left ventricular assist device, is effective in improving pulmonary hemodynamics in the period after left ventricular assist device support and posttransplant. Methods Fifty patients with end-stage heart failure underwent HeartMate II left ventricular assist device placement as a bridge to transplant. We evaluated their pulmonary hemodynamics with right-sided heart catheterization at baseline, after left ventricular assist device placement, and after heart transplant. Results The mean age of patients was 53.7 ± 13.5 years. Ischemic etiology was present in 60% of the patients. After left ventricular assist device placement (mean duration, 135 ± 60 days), mean systolic and diastolic pulmonary artery pressures decreased significantly from a baseline of 55.2 ± 13.4 mm Hg and 27.3 ± 6.8 mm Hg, respectively, to 35.9 ± 10.8 mm Hg and 15.8 ± 6.5 mm Hg, respectively ( P P Conclusion Continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices effectively improve pulmonary hemodynamics associated with end-stage heart failure. Moreover, pulmonary hemodynamics remain within normal limits in the posttransplant period, even in patients with severe pulmonary hypertension. Therefore, adequate left ventricular decompression achieved with newer left ventricular assist devices can reverse significant pulmonary hypertension in patients with end-stage heart failure, making them eligible for cardiac transplantation.
ION-PAIR EXTRACTION OF MULTI-OH COMPOUNDS BY COMPLICATION WITH ORGANOBORONATE

ABSTRACT Ion-pair extraction with organoboronate has been investigated as a regenerable means of removal and recovery of multi -OH compounds from aqueous solution. The extractant utilized was 3-nltrophenylboronate (NPB−), paired with Aliquat 336 as cation (A336+). The solubility of 3-nitrophenylboronic acid (NPBA) in water at 25°C was measured as 0.45 ± 0.02 g/100 g H2O. The 1:1 complexation stability constant for 1,2-propanediol with NPB− was measured by the buffer-capacity method through the Antikainen model as 3.2, 2.3 and 1.95 mol/1−1 at 25°, 35° and 44.8°C, respectively. The A336+NPB− ion pair was prepared by repeated washing of a mixture of Aliquat 336, NPBA and diluent with aqueous NaOH and then water. Equilibria were measured for extraction of fructose, glycerol, and sorbitol from aqueous solution Into the ion-pair extractant in a diluent of 2-ethylhexanol.
Characterization of local pH changes in brain using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry with carbon microelectrodes

Transient local pH changes in the brain are important markers of neural activity that can be used to follow metabolic processes that underlie the biological basis of behavior, learning and memory. There are few methods that can measure pH fluctuations with sufficient time resolution in freely moving animals. Previously, fast-scan cyclic voltammetry at carbon-fiber microelectrodes was used for the measurement of such pH transients. However, the origin of the potential dependent current in the cyclic voltammograms for pH changes recorded in vivo was unclear. The current work explored the nature of these peaks and established the origin for some of them. A peak relating to the capacitive nature of the pH CV was identified. Adsorption of electrochemically inert species, such as aromatic amines and calcium could suppress this peak, and is the origin for inconsistencies regarding in vivo and in vitro data. Also, we identified an extra peak in the in vivo pH CV relating to the presence of 3,4-dihydroxyacetic acid (DOPAC) in the brain extracellular fluid. To evaluate the in vivo performance of the carbon-fiber sensor, carbon dioxide inhalation by an anesthetized rat was used to induce brain acidosis induced by hypercapnia. Hypercapnia is demonstrated to be a useful tool to induce robust in vivo pH changes, allowing confirmation of the pH signal observed with FSCV.
Deformation-free form error measurement of thin, plane-parallel optics floated on a heavy liquid

We describe a novel method for measuring the unconstrained flatness error of thin, plane-parallel precision optics. Test parts are floated on high-density aqueous metatungstate solutions while measuring the flatness error with an interferometer. The support of the flat optics by the uniform hydrostatic pressure at the submerged face of the flat optic eliminates flatness errors caused by mounting forces. A small, well characterized flatness error results from the bending of the floating flat by the hydrostatic pressure gradient at the edges. An equation describing the bending of thin, flat plates floating on a liquid is derived, which can be used to correct the flatness measurements of arbitrarily shaped plates. The method can be used to measure flatness errors of both nontransparent and transparent parts, and it is illustrated with flatness measurements of photomask blanks and substrates for extreme ultraviolet lithography. The refractive index of a saturated aqueous lithium metatungstate solution was measured at 632.8 nm and was found to be close to the refractive indices of several low thermal expansion optical materials.
Varicella-Related Hospitalizations in the United States, 2000–2006: The 1-Dose Varicella Vaccination Era

OBJECTIVE: To describe the effect of the mature 1-dose varicella vaccination program on varicella morbidity, we analyzed 2 national databases for varicella-related hospitalizations in the United States since implementation of the varicella vaccination program in 1995. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data from the National Hospital Discharge Survey and Nationwide Inpatient Sample were analyzed to describe trends in varicella-related hospitalizations during the 1-dose vaccination era (2000–2006) compared with those in the prevaccination era (1988–1995). Varicella-related hospitalizations were defined by using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes. Results were extrapolated to represent national estimates. RESULTS: Using National Hospital Discharge Survey data, 24 488 varicella-related hospitalizations were estimated to occur in the United States during the 1-dose vaccination era. The varicella-related hospitalization rate was 0.12 per 10 000 population during the 1-dose vaccination era versus 0.42 per 10 000 population in the prevaccination era (P CONCLUSIONS: Varicella-related hospitalization numbers and rates declined significantly during the 1-dose varicella vaccination era. Assuming declines in varicella-related hospitalizations are due, mainly, to the routine childhood varicella vaccination program, these data suggest that varicella vaccination prevented ∼50 000 varicella-related hospitalizations in the United States from 2000 to 2006.
Perceptions of Toxic Exposure: Considering “White Male” and “Black Female” Effects

Research on risk perception suggests that social position produces identifiable patterns in the way that people evaluate potential risks, particularly in locally polluted environments. The present study builds upon this literature by examining perceived risk of exposure to environmental toxins among residents located on the Gulf Coasts of Louisiana and Mississippi following Hurricane Katrina. Demographic information from a sample of residents was used to explore the concepts of the “white male effect” and the “black female effect,” discussed in recent research. In support of existing literature, we find that white males tend to be exceptionally risk accepting when asked about potential toxic exposure, whereas black females tend to be exceptionally risk averse compared to other groups. Our analysis suggests that awareness of differential vulnerability and long-standing conflicts over environmental contamination across the Gulf Coast region have left some residents with heightened sensitivity to the possibi...
Enkephalin convertase: characterization and localization using [3H]guanidinoethylmercaptosuccinic acid.

Abstract Enkephalin convertase (carboxypeptidase E, H; EC 3.4.17.10) is a carboxypeptidase B-like enzyme which appears to be physiologically associated with the biosynthesis of the enkephalins and certain other peptides. We have localized enkephalin convertase in the brain and other tissues autoradiographically by labeling studies with [ 3 H]guanidinoethylmercaptosuccinic acid ([ 3 H]GEMSA). In the brain, [ 3 H]GEMSA localizations parallel enkephalin distribution but with certain exceptions, suggesting a role in relation to other peptides. In the pancreas, [ 3 H]GEMSA binding sites are localized to the islets suggesting an involvement in insulin, glucagon, or somatostatin formation. The selective concentration of [ 3 H]GEMSA grains in cardiac atria suggests a link to atrial natriuretic factor.
DnaSAM: Software to perform neutrality testing for large datasets with complex null models

Patterns of DNA sequence polymorphisms can be used to understand the processes of demography and adaptation within natural populations. High-throughput generation of DNA sequence data has historically been the bottleneck with respect to data processing and experimental inference. Advances in marker technologies have largely solved this problem. Currently, the limiting step is computational, with most molecular population genetic software allowing a gene-by-gene analysis through a graphical user interface. An easy-to-use analysis program that allows both high-throughput processing of multiple sequence alignments along with the flexibility to simulate data under complex demographic scenarios is currently lacking. We introduce a new program, named DnaSAM, which allows high-throughput estimation of DNA sequence diversity and neutrality statistics from experimental data along with the ability to test those statistics via Monte Carlo coalescent simulations. These simulations are conducted using the ms program, which is able to incorporate several genetic parameters (e.g. recombination) and demographic scenarios (e.g. population bottlenecks). The output is a set of diversity and neutrality statistics with associated probability values under a user-specified null model that are stored in easy to manipulate text file.
Economic and social impact of upper extremity fragility fractures in elderly patients

Fragility fractures of the proximal humerus and distal radius can have a significant impact on the elderly population, both economically and physically. Limited data are available to demonstrate the functional and economic impact of upper extremity fragility fractures. To investigate the economic and social impact that proximal humerus fragility fractures may have on an older population. A retrospective chart review for patients ≥50 years old treated as an inpatient at a local hospital between 2006 and 2012 for a proximal humerus or a distal radius fracture was done. Patients were divided into two groups to show age impact; Group 1 = 50–79 years old and Group 2 = 80 years and older. Eighty-six charts were reviewed, 38 for Group 1 and 48 for Group 2. Demographic, admission, inpatient, and discharge data were compared between groups. A third of patients in each group had a previous fragility fracture. Inpatient length of stay was comparable between groups. Surgical treatment was used at a higher rate in the younger cohort (p = 0.06). Approximate average hospital charges for an inpatient surgical treatment were about twice those of the non-surgically treated patients. Our results illustrate the significant burden of upper extremity fractures in terms of loss of independence, inpatient hospitalizations and prolonged nursing home or rehabilitation needs, which account for considerable health care costs. Fractures of the humerus, forearm and wrist account for one-third of the total incidence of fractures and can be a significant burden to individuals and the community.
Salmonella, Shigella, and Campylobacter: Common Bacterial Causes of Infectious Diarrhea

Salmonella, Shigella, and Campylobacter species are the most common causes of acute bacterial enteritis in the United States. These pathogens should be considered seriously in children who progress rapidly from secretory to inflammatory diarrhea syndrome or in whom diarrhea persists beyond 5 to 6 days. Furthermore, children who appear more toxic than their state of dehydration would suggest should be suspected of having an acute bacterial etiology for their diarrhea. Systemic, extraintestinal dissemination of these organisms is uncommon, with the exception of salmonella infection during the first year of life and in immunocompromised hosts. In this latter situation, culture of blood and other appropriate body fluids should be considered, along with empiric systemic antibiotic therapy. When antibiotics are warranted in patients with shigella or campylobacter infection, oral therapy is usually sufficient. Careful attention to handwashing and personal hygiene is always appropriate to prevent further spread of these organisms. The very low infectious dose of shigella infection mandates an even more compulsive attention to these latter recommendations when this organism is implicated.
The adenylyl cyclase gene from Schizosaccharomyces pombe

We cloned the adenylyl cyclase gene from the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe using low-stringency hybridization to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae adenylyl cyclase gene. The Sc. pombe gene encodes a 1692-amino acid-residue protein. The identity of this gene was confirmed by studies of its expression in Sa. cerevisiae. Expression of the carboxyl-terminal region of the Sc. pombe adenylyl cyclase protein will suppress a temperature-sensitive mutation in the Sa. cerevisiae adenylyl cyclase gene. Furthermore, Sa. cerevisiae that lack their endogenous adenylyl cyclase gene and express the carboxyl-terminal region of the Sc. pombe adenylyl cyclase protein have measurable adenylyl cyclase activity. The carboxyl-terminal region of this protein has strong homology with the catalytic domain of the Sa. cerevisiae adenylyl cyclase. Also, Sc. pombe adenylyl cyclase, like Sa. cerevisiae adenylyl cyclase, contains a tandemly repeated motif rich in leucine. Neither yeast protein is particularly homologous to the recently cloned Gs-responsive mammalian adenylyl cyclase [Krupinski, J., Coussen, F., Bakalyar, H. A., Tang, W.-J., Feinstein, P. G., Orth, K., Slaughter, C., Reed, R. R. & Gilman, A. G. (1989) Science 244, 1558-1564].
Correction of Order Parameter Calculations for FePt Perpendicular Thin Films

The order parameter of FePt thin films plays an essential role in determining such diverse materials properties as magneto-crystalline anisotropy, magnetic coercivity and magnetic recording density. Typically, the order parameter for a bulk material is obtained by measuring the X-ray integrated intensity ratio of a super lattice peak to a fundamental peak and comparing this ratio to a theoretical value which has been calculated for a fully ordered sample. In this work, we present an analysis of the order parameter calculation in FePt L10 thin films taking into account the geometric features of the X-ray diffractometer, the crystallographic texture of FePt films, and the finite thickness of the films. The theoretical ratio of the (001) super lattice peak of FePt and the (002) fundamental peak of FePt is calculated as a function of the full width half maximum (FWHM) diffraction peaks from film and thickness for FePt thin films with perpendicular texture. A reliable order parameter calculation equation for Fe50Pt50 fiber textured perpendicular recording media is established.
Responses of guinea pig umbilical vasculature to vasoactive drugs

Abstract Isolated guinea pig umbilical arteries contracted in the presence of 5-hydroxytryptamine, norepinephrine, histamine, angiotensin, bradykinin and acetylcholine. The maximal contractions of the arteries to acetylcholine, norepinephrine and angiotensin were respectively 57,68 and 83% of the 5-hydroxytryptamine control; whereas, contractions to 5-hydroxytryptamine and bradykinin were similar. Maximal contractions to histamine were 173% of those to 5-hydroxytryptamine, but the concentration sufficient to produce a threshold contraction was tenfold greater for histamine. Differences between the response of the artery and vein to the various agonists were minimal. Evidence was obtained for the presence of both α- and β-adrenergic receptors. Responses to 5-hydroxytryptamine were mediated via D-receptors in that contractions were blocked by phenoxybenzamine and 2-bromolysergic acid diethylamide and not by cocaine or atropine. Contractions to 5-hydroxytryptamine and norepinephrine were potentiated in the presence of cocaine. In view of the lack of innervation in these blood vessels, the potentiation by cocaine must be brought about by a mechanism other than by an inhibition of amine uptake at a neuronal membrane site.
Novel Wearable Technology for Assessing Spontaneous Daily Physical Activity and Risk of Falling in Older Adults with Diabetes

Background:As baby boomers age and their expected life span increases, there is an unprecedented need to better manage the health care of elders with diabetes who are at increased risk of falling due to diabetes complications, frailty, or other conditions. New clinical and research tools are needed to measure functioning accurately and to identify early indicators of risk of falling, thus translating into more effective and earlier intervention.Methods:The objective of this pilot study was to validate a significant change in hardware and algorithm to track activity patterns using a single triaxial accelerometer through validation of timed up and go and standard measures of balance and gait. We recruited a convenience sample of eight older adults with diabetes and peripheral neuropathy (age, 77 ±7 years old) who were asked to wear the sensor for imposed daytime activity performed in our gait laboratory. Subjects were stratified into risk of falling categories based on Tinetti scores. We examined the accura...
ATP dependence of KATP channel kinetics in isolated membrane patches from rat ventricle

The dependence of KATP channel activity on [ATP] has been examined in isolated membrane patches from rat ventricular myocytes. The steady-state [ATP] dependence of channel open probability could be described by a sigmoidal relationship with the ki ([ATP] causing half-maximal inhibition of open probability) = 25 microM and Hill coefficient of 2. Description of channel open- and closed-time distributions required at least 2, and 3, time constants, respectively. Long open-channel lifetimes decreased with [ATP]; unconditional mean channel closed-times increased with [ATP]. Step decrease (jump) in bathing [ATP] resulted in a delay (of up to hundreds of milliseconds) followed by a pseudo-exponential rise of current (with a time constant of up to hundreds of milliseconds). The time course of channel current after changes of [ATP] (or the ATP-analogue AMP-PNP) was shown to be predominantly determined by the time course of diffusion into the tip of the electrode and to the membrane. This time course of diffusion of ATP into the pipette tip had to be taken into account when analyzing the current response to [ATP] steps. Several possible kinetic models of the ATP-dependent regulation of channel activity were considered. Adequate explanation of the data required a model with sequential ATP-binding sites. The model can account for the time course of channel opening after steps of [ATP], as well as for the steady-state dependence of P0 on [ATP]. The model predicts [ATP]-dependent closed and open lifetimes as were observed experimentally.
Ambulatory care connections of Medicaid‐insured children with sickle cell disease

Background Sickle cell disease (SCD) requires coordinated ambulatory care from generalists and hematologists. We examined when children with SCD establish ambulatory care connections, whether these connections are maintained, and how these connections are used before and after hospitalizations. Procedure We conducted a retrospective cohort study of Medicaid-insured Maryland children with SCD from 2002 to 2008. For children enrolled from birth, time to first, second, and third generalist and first hematologist visits was plotted. For all children, we analyzed ambulatory visits by age group, by emergency department (ED) and hospital use, and before and after hospitalizations. Results The overall study cohort comprised 851 children; 178 provided data from birth. Ambulatory care connections to generalists were made rapidly; connections to hematologists occurred more slowly, if at all (38% of children had not seen a hematologist by age 2 years). Visits with generalists decreased as patients aged, as did visits with hematologists (54% of children in the 12–17 year age group had no hematology visits in 2 years). Children with higher numbers of ED visits or hospitalizations also had higher numbers of ambulatory visits (generalist and hematologist). Most children had visits with neither generalists nor hematologists in the 30 days before and after hospitalizations. Conclusions Medicaid-insured children with SCD rapidly connect with generalists after birth; connections to hematologists occur more slowly. The observation that connections to generalists and hematologists diminish with time and are infrequently used around hospitalizations suggests that the ambulatory care of many Medicaid-insured children with SCD may be inadequate. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 59: 888–894. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Examining Sex Discrimination Experiences: A Multi-level Signaling Theory Perspective

In this study, we examine the impact of organizational-level and individual-level signals on sex discrimination experiences, job satisfaction, and turnover intentions in a sample of South Korean fe...