cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solid State Carbon-13 NMR Studies of Vulcanized Elastomers. II, Sulfur Vulcanization of Natural Rubber

Abstract In summary, the solid-state C-13 NMR technique has proven to be a significant method for the detection of crosslinks and other structural modifications in sulfur-vulcanized NR systems. The use of sulfur as a crosslinking agent by itself generates a considerable amount of main-chain structural modifications. Cyclic sulfide structures and cis-to-trans chain isomerization are detected in addition to polysulfidic crosslinks which are found attached to different carbons of the NR repeat unit. The phenomenon of reversion has also been detected in this study. The nature of the spectral broadening in the NMR spectra of the highly cured vulcanizates has two origins. The broadening arises from lack of molecular motion in the system and from an increase in chemical shift dispersion due to the new structures formed with crosslinking.
Orientation-independent charge transport in single spherulites from solution-processed organic semiconductors.

Due to the rapidity of morphological development during deposition, solution-processed organic semiconductor thin films exist in semicrystalline or polycrystalline states, incorporating a high degree of local variations in molecular orientation compared to their single-crystal counterparts. Spherulites, a common crystalline superstructure found in these systems, for example, incorporate a large distribution of molecular orientations about the radial axis to maintain their space-filling growth habit. Here, we aim to determine how this distribution of molecular orientations influences charge transport by fabricating arrays of devices on single spherulites. Given that the orientation distribution that is present about the radial axis mandates the presence of low-angle grain boundaries within single spherulites, we find intraspherulitic charge transport to be independent of the general direction of π-stacking; organic field-effect transistors exhibit comparable mobilities regardless of how their channels are ...
Impact Localization and Force Estimation on a Composite Wing using Fiber Bragg Gratings Sensors

Automated detection of damage due to low energy impacts in composite structures is very important for aerospace structural health monitoring (SHM) applications since it creates subsurface damage which can significantly reduce the stiffness of a component. Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors are showing promise in many applications since they are low weight, require minimal space, are immune to electromagnetic interference, and can support multiple sensors in a single fiber. This paper proposes a novel methodology for impact localization and prediction of loading as a function of time. The localization method proposed is based on the maximum strain amplitude measured by FBG sensors during impact and the relative placement of all sensors. The force time history of impact loading on composite wing is predicted using a support vector regression (SVR) approach. A time delay embedding feature extraction scheme is used since it can resolve the dynamics of the impact using the sensor signal from the FBGs. Experimental validation is presented on graphite/epoxy composite wings with accurate localization and estimation results along the span of the wing.
Intensity, rate, and outcome of agonistic interactions in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina concolor) vary with density on haul-out ledges

Due to successful conservation efforts, several marine mammal populations have increased in the past 40 years, leading to the possibility of increased competition for resources. We evaluated competition for haul-out space in western Atlantic harbor seals ( Phoca vitulina concolor ) by assessing agonistic interactions at 2 haul-out sites in Casco Bay, Maine. We predicted that intensity and rate of interactions increase as density increases, larger seals win more interactions than smaller seals do, seals already occupying a space win more interactions than arriving seals, and intensity of interactions is higher during molt but rates are higher during post molt. During molt at Gunpoint Ledge, 1 of the 2 sites, intensity of interactions decreased as density increased, but the pattern reversed during post molt. Rate of interactions peaked at intermediate density. Size and age class did not affect outcomes of interactions, but seals that already occupied space won more interactions than expected by chance. Interaction rate was higher during molt versus post-molt seasons. Harbor seals may experience increased competition for limited haul-out space as populations continue to grow, with seals occupying space outcompeting intruders.
A Bivariate Cramer-von Mises Type of Test for Spatial Randomness

SUMMARY A test for the randomness of a mapped spatial pattern of events in a rectangle D in R2 is examined that is based on the 'distance' between the bivariate empirical distribution function of the events' Cartesian co-ordinates and the uniform distribution function. The distance between distribution functions is measured by a modification of the bivariate Cram6r-von Mises statistic that is invariant to the corner of D identified as the origin. This invariance property, which is essential, is lacking in the standard bivariate Cram6r-von Mises statistic. Several real examples and results from simulation indicate that the test proposed is superior to existing tests for detecting heterogeneous alternatives to spatial randomness but inferior for detecting regular or aggregated alternatives. Some additional features of the test are its computational simplicity, the non-necessity of adjusting for edge effects and the ease with which it can be extended to test for certain types of heterogeneity.
Neural Homophily: Similar Neural Responses Predict Friendship

We resemble our friends on a wide range of dimensions (e.g., age, gender), but do similarities between friends reflect deeper similarities in how we perceive, interpret, and respond to the world? To find out, we characterized the social network of a cohort of 279 students, a subset of whom participated in a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study involving free-viewing of video stimuli. We compared fMRI response time series between corresponding brain regions across pairs of individuals and found that neural response similarity decreased with increasing distance in the social network. These effects persisted after controlling for demographic similarity. Further, it was possible to accurately classify the distance between individuals in their social network based on the similarity of their fMRI response time series across brain regions. These results suggest that we are exceptionally similar to our friends in how we perceive and react to the world around us.
Abstract 398: Hydrogen Peroxide Mediates Calcium Chloride--Induced Aortic Wall Dilatation

Rationale: Abdominal aneurysm formation is characterized by infiltration of the aortic wall with inflammatory cells, activation of proteolytic enzymes, loss of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), and neovascularization. It is also known that hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) plays an important role in these processes. Hypothesis: Since H 2 O 2 participates in the pathophysiologic processes that govern aneurysmal dilatation, we hypothesized that scavenging of H 2 O 2 with catalase protects against the formation of aortic aneurysms. Methods: To assess our hypothesis 3 groups of mice, all 8-10-week-old males on the C57BL6 background, were used. Aortic dilatation was induced with the application of CaCl 2 on the infrarenal aortas. We compared the aortic dilation in mice that specifically over-express catalase in the VSMC (group 1) or in the myeloid cell lineage (MCL) (group 2) with their wild type littermates. Chemical injury with CaCl 2 was also induced in wild type mice which were treated with continuous intravenous infusion of PEG-catalase or saline for 8 weeks (group 3). The aortic diameter was measured with a caliper and with videomicroscopy on the day of surgery and 8 weeks later. H 2 O 2 levels were quantified with the Amplex Red assay. Results: Application of CaCl 2 resulted in a significant increase in H 2 O 2 generation in the infrarenal aortas compared to saline controls, which peaked on post-operative day 10 (0.60±0.09 vs. 0.37±0.05 μM/aortic ring, n=3/grp, p=0.02). Compared to their wild type littermates, mice that over-express catalase in the VSMC had negligible dilation of the aorta (0.78±0.05 vs. 0.53±0.02 mm, n=7/grp, p=0.001). Similarly, over-expression of catalase in MCL protected against aortic dilation (0.76±0.02 vs. ±0.005 mm, n=7, p 2 induced aortic dilation (0.73±0.03 vs.0.56±0.02 mm, n=3-6/grp, p=0.007). Conclusions: Our data suggest that H 2 O 2 is essential in CaCl 2 induced aortic aneurysm formation.
Outcomes in patients with relapsed/refractory Hodgkin lymphoma (RR-HL) with progression after autologous stem cell transplantation in the current era of novel therapeutics.

2543Background: Patients (pts) with RR-HL who progress or relapse following autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) have a poor prognosis, with a historical median overall survival (OS) of 27 m...
The Unintended Effects of Financial Accounting Standard 123R on Stock Repurchase and Dividend Activity

We investigate whether Financial Accounting Standard (FAS) 123R, which requires a firm to recognize its stock-based compensation at fair value, affects the firm’s stock repurchase activity. Specifi...
The Multiple Dimensions of Transfer: Examining the Transfer Function in American Higher Education:

Purpose: This article examines the literature on the transfer function in American higher education, and it reviews three primary dimensions of transfer: (a) the transfer function and pathways, (b)...
Agency and voice: A testimony of experience and of literary resistance

This essay is based on a presentation made by Carmen Tafolla to joint Special Interest Groups (SIGs) of the American Educational Research Association Annual Conference held on 4-28- 2017 in San Ant...
Creep correlations of metals at elevated temperatures

Creep data for pure metals at temperatures above those at which rapid recovery occurs (above about 0.45 the melting temperature) are correctable by means of the equations ϵ = f (te−ΔH/RT, σ) and σ = f (ϵ&#x0307 s eΔH/RT). These correlations were applied successfully to data for aluminum, iron, nickel, copper, zinc, platinum, gold, and lead as well as for simple alloys. For a given metal, ΔH is a constant about equal to the activation energy for self-diffusion.
The Effects of a Tornado Disturbance and a Salvaged Timber Extraction on the Seed-Rain and Recruitment Community of an Eastern Temperate Deciduous Forest

Understanding forest-regeneration pathways following salvage-logging operations and windthrow disturbances is a step towards the sustainable management of forests. To accomplish this, assessment of the relative contribution of seed dispersal and post-dispersal abiotic and biotic factors in shaping post-disturbance seedling recruitment is necessary. In a temperate deciduous forest located in western Pennsylvania, we measured the seed rain over 2 years and the resulting woody-plant recruitment in 2 tornado-disturbed stands. Our data shows that the salvage logging operation and the dispersal mode of plants (wind, animal) affected the composition of the seed rain. Communities of plant recruits, in contrast, were more strongly determined by soil-cover variables than by the net inputs of seed rain. Our results indicate that salvage logging following natural windthrow events has minimal negative impacts on forest regeneration capacity.
Sampling Neuron Morphologies

The intricate morphology of neurons has fascinated since the dawn of neuroscience, and yet, it is hard to synthesize them. Current algorithms typically define a growth process with parameters that allow matching aspects of the morphologies. However, such algorithmic growth processes are far simpler than the biological ones. What is needed is an algorithm that, given a database of morphologies, produces more of those. Here, we introduce a generator for neuron morphologies that is based on a statistical sampling process. Our Reversible Jump Markov chain Monte Carlo (RJMCMC) method starts with a trivial neuron and iteratively perturbs the morphology bringing the features close to those of the database. By quantifying the statistics of the generated neurons, we find that it outperforms growth-based models for many features. Good generative models for neuron morphologies promise to be important both for neural simulations and for morphology reconstructions from imaging data.
Bootstrapping Web Archive Collections from Social Media

Human-generated collections of archived web pages are expensive to create, but provide a critical source of information for researchers studying historical events. Hand-selected collections of web pages about events shared by users on social media offer the opportunity for bootstrapping archived collections. We investigated if collections generated automatically and semi-automatically from social media sources such as Storify, Reddit, Twitter, and Wikipedia are similar to Archive-It human-generated collections. This is a challenging task because it requires comparing collections that may cater to different needs. It is also challenging to compare collections since there are many possible measures to use as a baseline for collection comparison: how does one narrow down this list to metrics that reflect if two collections are similar or dissimilar? We identified social media sources that may provide similar collections to Archive-It human-generated collections in two main steps. First, we explored the state of the art in collection comparison and defined a suite of seven measures (Collection Characterizing Suite - CCS) to describe the individual collections. Second, we calculated the distances between the CCS vectors of Archive-It collections and the CCS vectors of collections generated automatically and semi-automatically from social media sources, to identify social media collections most similar to Archive-It collections. The CCS distance comparison was done for three topics: "Ebola Virus," "Hurricane Harvey," and "2016 Pulse Nightclub Shooting." Our results showed that social media sources such as Reddit, Storify, Twitter, and Wikipedia produce collections that are similar to Archive-It collections. Consequently, curators may consider extracting URIs from these sources in order to begin or augment collections about various news topics.
Incremental composition of static decoding graphs.

A fast, scalable and memory-efficient method for static decoding graph construction is presented. As an alternative to the traditional transducer-based approach, it is based on incremental composition. Memory efficiency is achieved by combining composition, determinization and minimization into a single step, thus eliminating large intermediate graphs. We have previously reported the use of incremental composition limited to grammars and left cross-word context [1]. Here, this approach is extended to n-gram models with explicit arcs and right cross-word context.
Virtual reality applications and explorations

This collection examines a broad range of practical applications of virtual reality, from entertainment and corporate planning to teleconferencing and computer-supported co-operative work. It explains the capabilities of some systems.
Transfer of Structure-Related and Arbitrary Information in Analogical Reasoning

Analogies can aid learners in understanding a new domain, yet misunderstandings may occur if they are applied too broadly. The present studies examined transfer of two types of information. Participants read analogical source and target stories. The source stories in Experiments 1–3 included two additional sentences that could be transferred to the target. One of the sentences was related to the analogical structure, while the other was more arbitrary. Participants transferred the structure-related information significantly more often than the arbitrary information both when retrieving source stories from memory (Experiment 1) and when having access to them (Experiment 2). Participants in Experiment 3 were explicitly encouraged to consider both types of information for transfer. Results showed the structure-related information was selected as the appropriate transfer sentence. Experiment 4 examined the possibility that reading both types of information in the source stories influenced transfer rates. Some participants received stories with both the structure-related and arbitrary information while others received stories with only one type of information. Again, participants transferred the structure-related information to a greater extent than the arbitrary information. Furthermore, no differences in transfer were found between participants who received both types of information in the source domain versus those who received only one type of information. Overall, the results of the studies provide evidence that learners will preferentially transfer information related to the shared analogical structure.
A Curriculum Framework for Nursing.

Nursing education has struggled for decades to develop a framework that would adequately reflect nursing and provide a stable yet dynamic curriculum for nursing education. Unfortunately, most of the frameworks the profession has used in the past either were adapted from other disciplines or based on processes, concepts, and theories that were too narrow to serve in the capacity of a unifying framework. Perhaps it is time that nursing begins to focus more on the profession's epistemological forest than on isolated trees when developing and selecting curricular frameworks. This article offers a framework that may help us do just that.
Co-effects of UV/H2O2 and Natural Organic Matter on the Surface Chemistry of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles

The widespread industrial applications of cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles (NPs) have increased their likelihood of entering natural and engineered aqueous environments. This study investigates the surface chemistry changes of CeO2 NPs at pH 5.4 in the presence of both UV/H2O2 and natural organic matter (NOM). These conditions are relevant to advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). The results indicated that NOM stabilized CeO2 NPs in solution through surface complexation between the COO− functional groups of NOM and the CeO2 surfaces, reversing the zeta potential of CeO2 from 39.5 ± 2.7 mV to −38.3 ± 1.8 mV. UV/H2O2 treatment reduced the colloidal stability of CeO2 NPs, increased the percentage of Ce3+ on the surface from 17.8% to 28.3%, and lowered the zeta potential to close to neutral (3.8 ± 3.4 mV). With UV/H2O2 and NOM together, NOM coated on CeO2 NPs acted as a protective layer, making the direct reactions between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and CeO2 and their impacts on the colloidal stability insignificant in a short reaction period. During the UV/H2O2 treatment, the adsorption of superoxide radicals (O2˙−) dominated in neutralizing the surface charge of CeO2, leading to decreased electrostatic repulsive forces between nanoparticles and a higher extent of sedimentation. These new findings provide important implications for understanding the colloidal stability, sedimentation, and surface chemical properties of CeO2 NPs in aqueous systems where NOM and ROS are present.
The Effect of Short Sales Constraints on Shorting Volume and Price Formation

This project investigates the role of short sales constraints on shorting volume and price formation. Using newly released data from the SEC's Regulation SHO of every short trade from 2005, combined with proprietary data rebate rate data from two large lenders, who make a market in over 90% of the our universe and account for over 17% of all short sale transactions, we provide a detailed empirical description of the costs of short trades. We focus on four costs: 1) locating shares to borrow, 2) price charged by lenders, 3) uptick rule and 4) recall risk. For each cost we document its empirical magnitude and investigate its effect on stock mispricing.
Abstract TP379: Antithrombotic Bridging in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke and Atrial Fibrillation

Introduction: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia, with a prevalence of 5.9% in those over age 65. AF increases stroke risk 5-fold, causing 1 in 6 acute ischemic strokes ...
Does the Healthy Eating Index and Mediterranean Diet Score Identify the Nutritional Adequacy of Dietary Patterns in Chronic Pancreatitis

Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a progressive, irreversible disease characterized by maldigestion and frequently accompanied by epigastric pain, exocrine insufficiency, and/or endocrine insufficiency. There is limited information about the dietary patterns in CP from which to guide medical nutrition therapy recommendations. Study design was a cross-sectional, case–control study comparing subjects with CP (n = 52) to healthy controls (n = 48). Vioscreen™ food frequency questionnaire was used to assess the dietary pattern and nutrient intake in both groups. Dietary quality scores (the Healthy Eating Index, Mediterranean Diet score), and daily energy, macronutrient, and micronutrient intake levels were compared between groups. Two sample t tests and Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used to evaluate differences in continuous variables, and Chi-squared tests were used for categorical variables. CP was associated with a lower body mass index (BMI) (24 vs. 31 mg/kg2; p < 0.001), lower HEI (57 vs. 65; p = 0.002), and aMED scores (29 vs. 32; p = 0.043) compared to healthy controls. Subjects with CP in the highest BMI quartile had the highest median aMED score compared to those in the lowest BMI quartile. There were no differences in kilocalories, macronutrients, or fat-soluble vitamin intake between groups, with the exception that vitamin K intake was lower in the CP group. The overall quality of dietary intake is lower in subjects with CP compared to controls when assessed by two independent nutritional measurement tools. Further research is needed to examine contributing factors, such as food insecurity and coexisting endocrine or exocrine insufficiency, to dietary patterns in patients with CP from which to guide evidence-based recommendations for medical nutritional therapy.
Characteristic Calculation of Non-Equilibrium Flows

The problem of computing non-equilibrium flows by the method of characteristics is studied. It was found that the frozen characteristics could be used, even arbitrarily close to equilibrium. However, the standard difference technique was not successful in such a computation. A more accurate technique was developed which was successful; this technique is of second order accuracy. The choice of dependent variables was important to the success of the computation. The results of computing flows over wedges with vibrational relaxation are given. It is found that far from the tip of the wedge the equilibrium state near the wedge is not uniform; the pressure is constant but the temperature is not. Thus an entropy layer exists at the wedge surface. Some approximate solutions for this flow are discussed.
Effective macrophage redox defense against Chlamydia pneumoniae depends on L-type Ca2+ channel activation.

Macrophage immune capability depends on their efficient redox potential expressed in the effective release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide. In this study the effect of the activation of a specialized Ca2+ channel on macrophage redox function during Chlamydia pneumoniae infection was explored. C. pneumoniae exhibited a profound and sustained Ca2+ influx capacity, with evidence of activity attributable to their lipopolysaccharide (cLPS) content. Also the organism showed an additional Ca2+ influx signal in macrophages exposed to thapsigargin, and there was evidence for the operation of a single ion channel of the L type as demonstrated by the effect of L-type channel antagonists (methoxyverapamil and nimodipine) despite exposure to Ca2+-rich medium. C. pneumoniae or cLPS induced intracellular ROS and NO generation in a manner consistent with dependence on intracellular calcium. L-type Ca2+ channel blocking significantly prompted C. pneumoniae inclusion formation. These findings suggest that Ca2+ influx signal and redox function in C. pneumoniae-infected macrophages depend on L-type Ca2+ channel activation.
Abstract 431: The Capillaries in Ischemic Border Zone: Origin And Role in Myocardial Infarction and Heart Failure

It is a general believe that a blocked artery and its capillary are the main factor to determine myocardial infarction (MI) size and cardiac dysfunction. We have be plagued by the problem in repair...
Transforming performance appraisal through appreciative inquiry

As an essential organizational process, performance appraisal effectiveness remains an unrealized hope. The research question addressed here is can Appreciative Inquiry (Cooperrider and Whitney, 2000) alter an organization’s performance appraisal narrative? This qualitative field study offers an innovative enhancement to Murphy and Cleveland’s (1995) performance appraisal communication model by incorporating Appreciative Inquiry as a meta-narrative transformative intervention. Results showed that organization members interpret individual performance appraisal experiences in light of the organization’s overall performance meta-narrative. Further, employee interpretations can be positively influenced when they are encouraged to adopt an affirming and hopeful lens that honors performance appraisal’s cultural inheritance. The outcomes are attributed to a few organization members dreaming of the process at its best based on previous positive experiences and then expressing their vision in wider and wider circles of sharing. Although based on a small, convenience sample, this intervention also indicated Appreciative Inquiry may offer unique and helpful advantages in performance appraisal research.
Integrating Compositional Forms into Technique Class

This article details a teaching practice of integrating music compositional concepts and dance technique class by using technique class material to embody music compositional forms. The composition...
Fabrication of polydopamine-based NIR-light responsive imprinted nanofibrous membrane for effective lysozyme extraction and controlled release from chicken egg white.

Abstract The development of highly efficient performance matrix for protein adsorption and scalable throughput adsorbent is highly desired, especially in pharmaceuticals and food industries. In this work, we present a simple methodology to prepare a nanofibrous membrane based surface molecular imprinted matrix (MIP) for selective separation of lysozyme. The MIP was developed by coating carboxylated poly (vinyl alcohol-co-ethylene) nanofibrous mat (EVOH-CCA NFM) with a near infrared (NIR)-light responsive polydopamine (PDA) layer. The open porous nanofibrous structure and a thin PDA layer endowed the MIPs with adsorption capacity (500 mg.g−1) within 150 min. The developed surface MIPs not only showed imprinting factor (IF = 4) with reusability upon 5 cycles, but also capability of extracting lysozyme from egg-white directly. The MIPs showed controlled release of extracted lysozyme triggered by the NIR-light responsive property of the PDA layer. Moreover, the released lysozyme possesses good bioactivity, evidenced by efficient decomposition of micrococcus bacterial cell wall.
Evaluation of Voriconazole and Posaconazole Dosing in Patients with Thermal Burn Injuries.

Fungal infections are a recognized cause of increased morbidity and mortality in thermal burn patients. Adequate treatment regimens remain a challenge due to unpredictable pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic changes caused by a hypermetabolic state and individual patient factors. A retrospective evaluation of adult thermal burn patients from April 2014 to April 2020 was conducted to assess voriconazole and posaconazole antifungal dosing regimens. The primary outcome was the incidence of attaining a therapeutic steady-state trough level on the patient's initial voriconazole or posaconazole regimen. Of the 35 patients analyzed, 28 (80.0%) patients achieved a therapeutic level during azole therapy. However, only 13 (46.4%) patients achieved a therapeutic level on their first azole regimen. The median time to therapeutic level was 8.0 + 21.1 days from the start of azole therapy. Optimal dosing strategies for azole therapy in patients with thermal burns remains undefined. Further assessment is needed to delineate patient-specific factors that can contribute to subtherapeutic azole levels in thermal burn patients and the overall clinical impact of population-specific dosing regimens.
The Effect of Ethnic Acculturation on Advertising Perceptions: an Investigation of Mexican-American Consumers

This paper investigated the influence of ethnic acculturation levels on attitudes toward advertising. The respondents were classified using the ARSMA and compared to a sample of Anglo consumers. The findings indicated differences among the sub-groups based on ethnic acculturation.
Epitope-specific regulation in Ir gene systems. I. Conditions for the induction of epitope-specific suppressors to poly(Glu60Ala30Tyr10).

Abstract Injection of responder mice with poly(Glu 60 Ala 30 Tyr 10 ) (GAT) followed by immunization with GAT-methylated bovine serum albumin (GATMBSA) selectively suppresses anti-MBSA plaque-forming cell (PFC) and delayed hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions. Conversely, MBSA injection followed by GATMBSA immunization suppresses anti-GAT PFC and DTH, while anti-MBSA responses remain intact. Suppression occurs for doses of antigen which are optimally immunogenic. The suppression is specific and does not act in a bystander fashion. These results demonstrate that epitope-specific regulation is reciprocal, is not limited to humoral responses, and is not imited to molecules of low molecular weight.
How Theology Might Learn from Law

This short paper begins by setting forth the way a lawyer works: starting with an event in the world which cannot simply be replicated any existing language, or reduced to any existing form of thought, but of which it is his task to determine, or claim, the meaning. In doing so he must speak in the inherited language of the law, as he analyzes the problem and seeks to solve it, whether by negotiation or argument. His work ends with a return to the world beyond legal language, the world in which the client lives. The thought suggested here is that theology could be seen work in much the same way: beginning its work with the particulars of a problem or event that takes place within a tradition, a tradition the speaker must at once accept and criticize, use and seek to change. Both law and theology have their own forms of thought, reason, and authority, and both should be constantly aware of the limits of these forms. Both are in the service of that which can never be fully defined - "Justice" or "God" - but which calls forth our deepest efforts of mind and imagination. Both call for whole-minded thought. Both suffer from similar pathologies, which may make them forces of death; but both also have it within them to be sources of newness and life. It it up to us which it shall be.
Technology Transfer to the Public Sector in Developing States: Three Phases

Public sector technology transfer is as old as economic and social interaction among institutions. Only in the past half century, however, has this been pursued with intentionality. In 1995 state-to-state financial assistance equaled $58 billion (excluding military assistance, highly technical, and exclusively in the public sector), much of which represented technology transfer, and a substantial portion of that to public institutions. This paper examines the three phases of transfer and the nature of the current phase of transfer with regard to its impact upon the recipient nations.
Detection and recognition of natural sounds

Human-machine interfaces and environment simulators increasingly depend on audio interfaces. Acoustic signals are used to provide warnings, feedback, information about the state of a system, and to enhance the immersive character of virtual reality environments. In order to decrease the mental workload of the listener, increase the speed of interaction, and minimize the chances for operational error, the audio signals (auditory icons) should have a natural character and clearly differ in their spatial, spectral, and temporal characteristics. Therefore, the design and selection of audio signals for specific applications should be based on the detectability and recognizability of the signals in the intended environments and on the meaningful connotations of the individual sounds. The present study was conducted to assess the detection and recognition thresholds of 30 pre-selected sounds and to determine the specific acoustic properties that make complex natural sounds effective auditory icons. The results of the study revealed a strong dependence of both types of threshold on the type of sound and a relative independence of both thresholds. The sound level difference between the detection and recognition thresholds varied from 1 to 13 dB and should be considered as an important criterion in auditory icon selection.
A study of the propagation of solar particles in interplanetary space - the center-limb effect of the magnitude of cosmic-ray storms and of geomagnetic storms.

Magnitude of cosmic ray storms and geomagnetic storms as function of central meridian distance of corresponding solar flares
Calorimetric Determination of Optical Absorption in Proton-Bombarded GaAs

In order to distinguish between absorption and scattering as the predominant mechanism for near-band-edge optical attenuation in 400 keV proton-bombared GaAs, calorimetric measurements of absorption at 1.06 µm have been made using a YAG:Nd laser. In Addition, the photon energy dependence between 0.25 and 1.25 eV, and isochronal annealing between 30 and 450°C for proton-induced attenuation have been investigated. The calorimetric measurements combined with transmittance and reflectance measurements show that absorption is the primary cause of the proton-induced attenuation. Absorption near 1.06 µm is fit approximately by an exponential dependence upon photon energy, and is therefore attributed to band tail states. In contrast, a dependence on the square of the photon energy has been observed in other measurements for high fluence Xe ion implantation. Seventy percent of the proton-induced attenuation anneals below 300°C in agreement with previously measured neutron-induced optical attenuation.
Measurements of surface attachment kinetics for faceted ice crystal growth

We present new measurements of the growth rates of faceted ice crystals in the temperature range -40<T<−2°C, from which we infer the surface attachment coefficients for the two principal facets. Our data are well described by a polynucleation model, allowing a determination of the molecular step energy as a function of temperature for both facets. These results are a substantial improvement over previous work, and we present an analysis showing that the inconsistencies seen in prior measurements could be explained by systematic errors associated with diffusion effects and substrate interactions. These data provide new insights into the surface attachment kinetics governing ice crystal growth, and they suggest new avenues for examining ice growth behavior using molecular dynamics simulations. Knowledge gained by a detailed case study of ice may in turn lead to a greater general understanding of the fundamental physics underlying crystal growth dynamics.
Inflammatory disease due to selectively impaired NF-kB activation and type I interferon response resulting from a de novo human NEMO hypomorphic mutation (HUM2P.333)

Hypomorphic mutation of the NF-kB essential modulator (NEMO) causes a spectrum of inflammatory disease and immunodeficiency. NEMO is critical in immunity, regulating the activation of transcription factors NF-kB and IRF3 to control inflammation and antiviral type I interferon. In an individual with persistent inflammatory disease, we identified a synonymous mutation in the gene encoding NEMO that enhances alternative splicing and production of a mutant protein (Δ-NEMO). Co-immunoprecipitation studies in patient T cells revealed impaired association of Δ-NEMO with TANK (TRAF family member-associated NF-kB activator) and, consequently, with the IRF3 kinase TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1). Concomitantly, patient fibroblasts displayed impaired production of IRF3-dependent type I and III interferon in response to poly(I:C) and permitted increased virus propagation. However, cells containing Δ-NEMO exhibited enhanced IRF3 nuclear translocation and binding to the IFNB1 promoter. Our results suggest that defective interferon production in this patient lies instead in impaired NF-kB activation, as poly(I:C)- and 5’pppRNA induced translocation of NF-kB in patient fibroblasts was reduced. This impairment in NF-kB was specific, as TNF-induced NF-kB activation and gene induction was normal. These data describe a novel mechanism of autoinflammatory disease due to a type I interferon deficiency. Thus, this represents a model of inflammatory diseases responsive to type I IFN therapy.
Citizenship and Worldwide Taxation: Citizenship as an Administrable Proxy for Domicile

The United States’ worldwide taxation of its citizens is less different from international, residence-based norms than is widely believed and is sensible as a matter of tax policy. An individual’s citizenship is an administrable, if sometimes overly-broad, proxy for his domicile, his permanent home. Both citizenship and domicile measure an individual’s permanent allegiance rather than his immediate physical presence. Because citizenship and domicile resemble each other and because other nations often define residence for tax purposes as domicile, the U.S. system of citizenship-based taxation typically reaches the same results as the residence-based systems of these other nations, but reaches these results more efficiently by avoiding factually complex inquiries about domicile. In contrast, the traditional justification of U.S. citizenship-based taxation, namely, the putative benefits of such citizenship, is not persuasive. In this context, three models of U.S. citizenship are relevant, namely, the minimalist model, the psychological model, and the Tiebout/purchase model. None of these models justify the worldwide taxation of U.S. citizens on a benefits basis. Rather, such taxation is persuasive because of administrative considerations, i.e., the close resemblance of domicile and citizenship which makes the latter an administrable proxy for the former.
An Integrative View of Obesity

Comparisons of responses of various cell types to excess nutrients are yielding patterns that may provide insight into the causes and consequences of obesity.
Pre-breakdown and breakdown luminosity of large band gap insulators under pulsed electrical excitation

Investigations of the luminous events associated with the breakdown along the surface of large-band-gap insulators such as alumina (polycrystalline) and silica (monocrystalline) were made by employing a phototube and a very sensitive photomultiplier tube (PMT). The special nature of the light emitted during breakdown is resolved (in terms of the wavelength) by interfacing a monochromator with the PMT. The onset of the luminous signal was found to occur much before the onset of voltage collapse during breakdown. In addition, the samples were found to emit light when no breakdown occurs. The early onset and light emission with no breakdown are found to be in the ultraviolet range. The results are discussed in terms of the solid-state defects (e.g., traps) possessing different energy levels. >
Theoretical Model of E-Business Infusion in Manufacturer-Reseller Relationships

Manufacturer-reseller relationships are becoming much more technology-infused as distribution managers are employing e-business tools to streamline existing channels. This paper attempts to develop a theoretical framework aimed at systematically studying e-business infusion in reseller-manufacturer interactions based on technology diffusion and governance frameworks and relevant propositions are developed. Implications of the theoretical framework for researchers and managers are discussed.
NMR evidence for base dynamics at all TpA steps in DNA.

Abstract NMR evidence is presented indicating that the exceptional conformational dynamics found at TpA steps in DNA is general to all immediate sequence contexts. One easily tractable NMR parameter that is sensitive to TpA base dynamics is the resonance linewidth of the TpA adenine H2 proton. This resonance experiences a temperature-dependent broadening due to conformational dynamics. Unusual dynamics at TpA steps were originally observed in the sequence context (T)pTpTpApAp(A). We have since shown that the evidence for TpA dynamics persists when either the thymine preceding the TpA step or the adenine following the TpA step is preserved [McAteer et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 23 3962–3966 (1995)]. Here, in order establish whether or not exceptional TpA dynamics occurs in all DNA sequence contexts, we investigated a series of DNA sequences of the form GCNaTANbNbTANaGC, where N=A,T,C,G. In this family of sequences, all 16 possible immediate sequence context environments of the form NaTANb were examined using ...
State-of-the-art W-band extended interaction klystron for the CloudSat program

This paper reviews the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) CloudSat Extended Interaction Klystron requirements, design, performance, and development of a long life model for the European Space Agency (ESA)/Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency EarthCARE program plus Ka-band Extended Interaction Klystrons for the NASA/JPL Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter and ESA European Global Precipitation Measurement Missions.
A Public Scientist

Huxley. From Devil9s Disciple to Evolution9s High Priest. ADRIAN DESMOND. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1997. xxii, 820 pp., illus., + plates. $37.50. ISBN 0-201-95987-9. Published in the U.K. in two volumes by Joseph, 1994 and 1997.
On Selecting Single-Level Formulations for Complex System Design Optimization

Design of complex products with several interacting subsystems or disciplinary analyses poses substantive challenges to both analysis and optimization, necessitating specialized solution techniques. A product or system may qualify as complex due to large scale or due to strong interactions. Single-level strategies for complex system optimization centralize decision-making authority, while multilevel strategies distribute the decision-making process. This article studies important differences between two popular single-level formulations: multidisciplinary feasible (MDF) and individual disciplinary feasible (IDF). Results presented aim at aiding practitioners in selecting between formulations. Specifically, while IDF incurs some computational overhead, it may find optima hidden to MDF and is more efficient computationally for strongly coupled problems; further, MDF is sensitive to variations in coupling strength, while IDF is not. Conditions that lead to failure of MDF are described. Two new reproducible design examples are introduced to illustrate these findings and to provide test problems for other investigations.
Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS): Application to material processing

A fiber optic (FO) laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) sensor which can measure on-line, in situ elemental composition of molten alloy and can be used as a process monitor and control tool for glass, aluminum and steel melter is described.
The Physical Pendulum in Quantum Mechanics

It is pointed out that the Mathieu functions of even order are the characteristic functions of the physical pendulum in the sense of Schrodinger’s wave mechanics. The relation of various properties of the functions, as known from purely analytical investigations of them, to the pendulum problem is discussed.
DUALISM AND SECONDARY QUALITY ELIMINATIVISM: PUTTING A NEW SPIN ON THE KNOWLEDGE ARGUMENT

Frank Jackson formulated his knowledge argument as an argument for dualism. In this paper I show how the argument can be modified to also establish the irreducibility of the secondary qualities to the properties of physical theory, and ultimately “secondary quality eliminativism”–the view that the secondary qualities are physically uninstantiated. In addition to being of interest in its own right, this new argument provides a perspective to better see that certain popular would-be refutations of the knowledge argument do not work (against either version). But it also introduces some complications that will force us to take an unexpected detour through the pros and cons of naturalizing intentionality before (tentatively) embracing Jackson’s dualist conclusion.
A molecular orbital study of protonation. Geometry and basis set dependence of computed proton affinities

Abstract In this study, an evaluation has been made of the performance of the minimal STO-3G and the extended 4-31G basis sets, and of the effect of the rigid monomer restriction in the calculation of the relative proton affinities of the bases H 2 CO, CH 3 CHO, and HCOOH. The best agreement between the computed and the experimental relative proton affinities of these bases has been found when the computed proton affinities are determined from the energies of fully optimized structures with the 4-31G basis set. It has been concluded that this approach, full geometry optimization of bases and ions with the 4-31G basis set, is required for generally reliable predictions of relative proton affinities. A possible alternative approach has been suggested, and found to reproduce the relative proton affinities of these carbonyl compounds.
State space pruning for power system reliability evaluation using genetic algorithms

Methods have previously been developed that improve the computational efficiency and convergence of Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) when computing the reliability indices of power systems. One of these techniques works by pruning the state space in such a manner that the MCS samples a state space that has a higher density of failure states than the original state space. This paper presents a new approach to limiting the state space sampled when calculating reliability indices by pruning the state space through the use of a genetic algorithm. This paper concludes that this technique is promising to improve the computational efficiency when calculating the loss of load probability (LOLP). This is tested using two power systems: the IEEE Reliability Test System (RTS79) and the Modified Reliability Test System (MRTS).
The river of stem cells

In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Greco et al. (2009) characterize the hair germ as a novel stop between bulge stem cell and transient amplifying cells during hair regeneration. The work implies stem cell states can be regulated to form different numbers of intermediate stops, depending on physiological requirements.
A superior mesenteric vein thrombosis associated with in vitro fertilization

Objective To describe a case of superior mesenteric vein thrombosis associated with IVF. Design Case report. Setting University teaching hospital. Patient(s) A 33-year-old female developed progressive abdominal pain several days after ET in her first IVF cycle. A computed tomography scan 12 days after ET showed a superior mesenteric vein thrombosis. Intervention(s) Therapeutic anticoagulation. Main Outcome Measure(s) Resolution of the superior mesenteric vein thrombosis with therapeutic anticoagulation. Result(s) Early diagnosis and treatment of a superior mesenteric vein thrombosis associated with IVF led to a favorable outcome. Conclusion(s) Endocrine alterations consequent to controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for IVF place patients at risk for thromboembolic events. Thromboembolic events may occur during an IVF cycle in the absence of overt ovarian hyperstimulation, an inherited thrombophilia, or pregnancy. Early diagnosis and treatment of superior mesenteric vein thrombosis can lead to a favorable outcome. Treatment guidelines for superior mesenteric vein thrombosis in setting of IVF are discussed.