cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perspectives of Science’s Big Problem, Reincarnation’s Big Potential, and Buddhists’ Profound Embarrassment

A revised version of the 2017 Religions paper is given here. Questions or comments can be directed to the author. Scientific materialism is the largely unquestioned basis for science's understanding of life. It holds enormous sway beyond science and thus has increasingly marginalized religious perspectives. Yet it is not hard to find behavioral phenomena that seriously challenge materialism. Some of these phenomena are suggestive of reincarnation. The larger test for science's paradigm, though, as well as for potential general import from reincarnation - is the DNA (or genetics)-based model of heredity. If that conception-beget, DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)-carried model can be confirmed at the individual level then in a very substantial way we would be confirmed as material-only creatures. In particular, can behavioral genetics and personal genomics confirm their DNA-based presumptions? During the last decade and a half enormous efforts have been made to find the DNA origins for a number of health and behavioral tendencies. These ongoing efforts have been an "absolutely beyond belief" failure and it is here that the scientific vision arguably faces its biggest challenge. The common premodern reincarnation model, on the other hand, appears to fit well on a number of specific conundrums and offers broad coherence across this unfolding missing heritability mystery. The main point being made herein is that there is an alternative broad avenue to investigating the reincarnation hypothesis. If the reincarnation phenomena were general and significant then it should effectively throw a proverbial wrench into the logic of genetics. For those trying to make sense of religious perspectives or simply questioning materialism, you should consider looking at the missing heritability problem.
Calculation of the Ground State Energy of Hydrogen at Interstital Sites in a Lithium Cluster

A small, extended basis set of Gaussian lobe functions has been used to map the potential of a hydrogen atom in lithium using molecular cluster approximation. The relative energies of several interstitial sites for hydrogen were calculated using a basis of (3G1s, lG2s, 2G2p) on lithium and (4G1s, 1G2s, 1G2p) on hydrogen in closed-shell Hartree-Fock-Roothaan calculations. At 0°K, hydrogen was found to be preferentially located at the tetrahedral site. A three dimensional mapping of the hydrogen potential reveals that the most probable diffusion of hydrogen would take place from tetrahedral-octahedral-tetrahedral sites. The sensitivity of the results to the cluster size and its implications on studying hydrogen defect interaction are discussed.
A Restriction Maybe, But is it Paternalism? Cognitive Bias and Choosing Governmental Decision Aids

In an earlier paper, “Paternalism and Cognitive Bias” (Law and Philosophy 24 (4, July), 393-434, 2005), I survey cognitive biases, and conclude that they routinely prevent us from exercising our autonomy. I argue that these obstructions can be sufficiently serious to warrant institutional intervention. Finally, I argue that in many of these cases, the institutional intervention is not paternalistic. In this essay I address three issues that have arisen in critical response to that paper. The first concerns how to define the proper scope of interventions deemed paternalistic. The government routinely restricts our behavior by promising to sanction us if we engage in certain actions. Only the most extreme libertarian - and I hesitate even to use that dignified label for some of these objections - would regard all such constraints as paternalistic. Second, many restrictions that at first appear “paternalistic,” in that they limit a person’s range of choices “for his own good,” may not, in fact, do so “against his will” - thus raising the question of whether such restrictions are really paternalistic at all. Third, I will examine whether long-term goals should be given priority over short-term goals. I will close by considering the value of being explicit about our social priorities.
The Ratchet and the Red Queen: the maintenance of sex in parasites

The adaptive significance of sexual reproduction remains as an unsolved problem in evolutionary biology. One promising hypothesis is that frequency-dependent selection by parasites selects for sexual reproduction in hosts, but it is unclear whether such selection on hosts would feed back to select for sexual reproduction in parasites. Here we used individual-based computer simulations to explore this possibility. Specifically, we tracked the dynamics of asexual parasites following their introduction into sexual parasite populations for different combinations of parasite virulence and transmission. Our results suggest that coevolutionary interactions with hosts would generally lead to a stable coexistence between sexual parasites and a single parasite clone. However, if multiple mutations to asexual reproduction were allowed, we found that the interaction led to the accumulation of clonal diversity in the asexual parasite population, which led to the eventual extinction of the sexual parasites. Thus, coevolution with sexual hosts may not be generally sufficient to select for sex in parasites. We then allowed for the stochastic accumulation of mutations in the finite parasite populations (Muller's Ratchet). We found that, for higher levels of parasite virulence and transmission, the population bottlenecks resulting from host–parasite coevolution led to the rapid accumulation of mutations in the clonal parasites and their elimination from the population. This result may explain the observation that sexual reproduction is more common in parasitic animals than in their free-living relatives.
Real-Time tracking of contrast bolus propagation in continuously moving table MR angiography

The recent introduction of variable-velocity control for Continuously Moving Table Magnetic Resonance Imaging has introduced the ability for interactive examination across extended fields of view. A common application of this method is contrast-enhanced angiography, where propagation of an intravenously injected contrast agent is tracked throughout the peripheral vascular tree. Whereas current methods for performing contrast bolus tracking are entirely manual, we discuss the complete automation of this process through the use of real-time image processing. Specifically, we provide a coupled intensity-correction procedure and modified Fast Marching method for rapid segmentation of contrast enhanced vasculature in CE-MRA and discuss the incorporation of this process into a framework for fully automated and adaptive control of table motion for real-time tracking of contrast bolus propagation through the lower peripheral vasculature.
Applying program understanding technology to IBM product documentation

This paper discusses early experiences using two approaches to reverse engineering technology, Rigi and Software Refinery, to analyse the structure of product documentation written using BookMaster.
On-Farm Sulfur Fertilization of Corn and Soybean Trials

In the past several years, sulfur (S) deficiency has been showing up more frequently in Iowa fields than what had been seen in the past. Yield response has especially occurred in corn and alfalfa fields in northeast Iowa. Increase in S response may be partially due to less S in rainfall from more stringent air pollution regulations, less S fertilizer applications, higher crop yields, and less widespread use of manure. S applications can offer yield increases where S deficiencies are present. The objective of these trials was to evaluate grain yield response in corn and soybean to S.
The Static Potential Energy of a Heavy Quark and Anti-Quark

We have heard quite a bit about “linear” quark confining potentials in the past few years. This has been stimulated by the great phenomenological success1 for charmonium spectroscopy obtained using a model based upon heavy quarks which move with such a potential energy. It is believed by many that the likely place to find a potential of this type is in the currently most fashionable field theory, quantum chromodynamics. This is because a potential which is proportional to the distance between field sources is familiar in ordinary electrodynamics when the electric field lines which connect the sources are lined up parallel to each other, as for example, when the sources are opposite charges located on parallel conducting plates.
Lck-dependent tyrosyl phosphorylation of the phosphotyrosine phosphatase SH-PTP1 in murine T cells

The phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of proteins on tyrosyl residues are key regulatory mechanisms in T-cell signal transduction and are controlled by the opposing activities of protein tyrosine kinases and phosphotyrosyl phosphatases (PTPs). In T cells, several nontransmembrane protein tyrosine kinases are associated with receptors; for example, Lck is bound to the coreceptors CD4 and CD8 and becomes activated upon their stimulation. In comparison, little is known about the role of nontransmembrane PTPs in early T-cell signaling. SH-PTP1 (PTP1C, HCP, SHP) is a nontransmembrane PTP expressed primarily in hematopoietic cells, including T cells. We have found that SH-PTP1 is basally phosphorylated on serine in resting T cells. Upon stimulation of CD4 or CD8 either in a T-cell hybridoma cell line or in primary thymocytes, SH-PTP1 becomes tyrosyl phosphorylated. Moreover, SH-PTP1 is constitutively phosphorylated on tyrosine in the Lck-overexpressing lymphoma cell line LSTRA. SH-PTP1 is also a good substrate for recombinant Lck in vitro. Comparisons of the tryptic phosphopeptide maps of wild-type SH-PTP1 and deletion and point mutations establish that the two sites (Y-536 and Y-564) which are directly phosphorylated by Lck in vitro are also phosphorylated in vivo in LSTRA cells. One of these sites (Y-564) is phosphorylated in T cells in response to Lck activation. We conclude that SH-PTP1 undergoes Lck-dependent tyrosyl phosphorylation in T cells and likely plays a role in early T-cell signaling.
Acute extrapyramidal syndrome in mild ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency: metabolic stroke involving the caudate and putamen without metabolic decompensation.

A 6-year-old male with partial ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency had acute and rapidly progressive symmetrical swelling of the head of the caudate nuclei and putamina. Clinical presentation was ataxia and dysarthria progressing to seizures and coma; these symptoms gradually resolved with supportive management. Although he had been recently treated for mild hyperammonemia, there was no evidence of acute metabolic decompensation prior to presentation, and plasma ammonia and amino acids were consistent with good metabolic control. This case is novel in that the neurological insult affected the neostriatum of the basal ganglia and the episode occurred in the absence of an apparent metabolic abnormality, unique observations in a patient with OTC deficiency. Conclusion: This case suggests that the pathophysiology of metabolic stroke is complicated. It also argues for an evaluation for metabolic stroke in patients with known inborn errors of metabolism who present with unusual neurological symptoms in the absence of biochemical abnormalities. Similarly, this case suggests that patients presenting with unexplained neurological insults might benefit from an evaluation for an inborn error of metabolism.
A culturally adapted physical activity intervention for Latinas: a randomized controlled trial.

Background In the U.S., Latinos report particularly high levels of inactivity and related chronic illnesses and are in need of intervention. Thus, the purpose of the current study was to culturally and linguistically adapt an empirically supported, individually tailored physical activity print intervention for Latinos and then conduct an RCT of the modified program. Design An RCT was conducted. Setting/participants The sample included 93 overweight/obese (80%) Latinas with low income and acculturation. Intervention Data were collected in 2007–2008 and analyzed by intent-to-treat in 2009. Participants were randomly assigned to either (1) a culturally and linguistically adapted physical activity intervention (Seamos Activas) or (2) a wellness contact control condition. Main outcome measures Self-report physical activity, as measured pre- and post-intervention (6 months, 87% retention) by the 7-Day Physical Activity Recall. Results Moderate-intensity (or greater) physical activity increased from an average of 16.56 minutes/week (SD=25.76) at baseline to 147.27 (SD=241.55) at 6 months in the intervention arm ( n =45), and from 11.88 minutes/week (SD=21.99) to 96.79 (SD=118.49) in the wellness contact control arm ( n =48). No between-group differences were seen in overall physical activity. Intervention participants reported significantly greater increases in cognitive ( F [1, 91]=9.53, p =0.003) and behavioral processes of change ( F [1, 91]=8.37, p =0.005) and available physical activity supplies and equipment at home ( F [1, 91]=4.17, p =0.04) than control participants. Conclusions Results supported the hypothesized feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of individually tailored physical activity print interventions among Latinas. Although more research is needed to corroborate these findings, such high-reach, low-cost approaches have great potential to positively affect public health. Trial registration NCT00724165
Measurement of Elastic Electron-Deuteron Scattering at Large Momentum Transfers

Coincidence measurements of elastic electron-deuteron cross sections have been performed in the range of Q 2 between 0.7 and 6.0 (GeV/c)2. The extracted values of the deuteron electric structure function [A(Q 2)] in this kinematic range are presented. Values of the deuteron magnetic structure function [B(Q 2)] in the range 0.7 ≤ Q 2 ≤ 1.3 (GeV/c)2 were also extracted and preliminary values are presented. These data are compared with theoretical predictions of both nucleon-meson and quark-gluon based models.
Age differences in poison ivy dermatitis

In both man and animals, cell-mediated immunity diminishes with advanced age. Because poison ivy is a very common allergy, we evaluated age-associated differences in the contact allergic reaction to Rhus. Oleoresin patch tests were applied to two age cohorts (18-25 versus 65-84) each of 14 healthy white subjects. In the elderly, the allergic reaction developed more slowly, the inflammatory response at peak was greatly diminished and the dermatitis lasted longer and seemed to be more pruritic.
Gauss on infinity

Abstract In opposing the use of completed infinity in mathematics, Gauss was making a valid criticism of one particular kind of argument. His celebrated statement has no connection with the set theory to which it was later applied.
Bowel obstruction following liver transplantation: clinical and ct findings in 48 cases with emphasis on internal hernia.

PURPOSE: To review the incidence, cause, and radiologic findings of bowel obstruction in patients who have undergone orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective review of 4,001 cases of OLT revealed 48 cases of bowel obstruction in 44 patients. Seventeen computed tomographic (CT) scans and seven barium-enhanced radiographs were reviewed to determine level and cause. Surgical proof was available in 45 cases, while three had characteristic clinical and radiographic features. RESULTS: Adhesions caused the obstruction in 19 cases in 16 patients; three had bowel ischemia. Internal hernias caused obstruction in 18 patients; all obstructions were transmesenteric or retroanastomotic and occurred with choledochoenteric anastomosis. Seven patients had volvulus; four had bowel ischemia. CT signs of internal hernia included mesenteric vascular abnormalities and clusters of dilated small-bowel segments that displaced the colon away from the abdominal wall. Prospective diagnosis of inte...
Architectural topologies for NoC datapath polymorphic processors

Polymorphic processors attempt to merge the benefits of general purpose processors with performance gains from reconfigurable elements. In this paper, we present a novel polymorphic processor architecture. The integration of a network-on-a-chip (NoC) architecture as a replacement for the processor datapath creates unique requirements for the NoC design. We explore multiple NoC topologies as potential candidates for the creation of a polymorphic processor. A simulator based around the network simulator 2 (ns-2) software platform is created. Standard embedded processor benchmark programs are simulated to explore critical parameters and NoC design decisions impacting the performance of the polymorphic processor.
Rule-based process-cell, monitor and control design

Abstract Process-Design System (PDS) is a novel, rapid turn around, and rule-based process-cell design platform. It facilitates a gradual evolution of a design from an initial static concept to a functional monitoring system, and then to an operational transaction-driven process control system. PDS provides high productivity gains both in the cell-design process as well as in the operations of the implemented production cell. It's capabilities extend to the design of the supporting organizational structure that leads to lean and productive manufacturing enterprise. The design and implementation of a transaction driven process controller facilitates also the creation of an audit trail for quality assurance standards as commonly adopted by industry, i.e. following ISO9000 protocol. PDS employs techniques of graphic programming to automatically generate an underlying database that defines the static structure of a process-cell. Furthermore, graphic link chains are employed to automatically generate a transaction flow infrastructure, supporting the corresponding process monitors and controllers. The PDS design paradigm provides a turnaround of several human-days effort for the design of a static model of a small-scale process cell. It takes about one human-month effort to extend it to an operational, dynamic process-cell controller. It accommodates a mixed-process environment that supports partially automated and partially human-based processing. Incremental design capabilities lead to partial but functional implementations of local monitors and/or controllers. PDS focuses on the productivity of the individual designer in the context of extensive teamwork.
Clofarabine, idarubicin, and cytarabine (CIA) as frontline therapy for patients ≤60 years with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia.

Clofarabine is a second generation nucleoside analogue with activity in adults with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). A phase I trial of clofarabine, idarubicin, and cytarabine (CIA) in relapsed and refractory AML had shown an overall response rate (ORR) of 48%. To explore this combination further, we conducted a phase II study of (CIA) in patients with newly diagnosed AML ≤60 years. Patients ≥18–60 years with AML and adequate organ function were enrolled. Induction therapy consisted of clofarabine (C) 20 mg m−2 IV daily (days 1–5), idarubicin (I) 10 mg m−2 IV daily (days 1–3), and cytarabine (A) 1 g m−2 IV daily (days 1–5). Patients in remission received up to six consolidation cycles (C 15 mg m−2 × 3, I 8 mg m−2 × 2, and A 0.75 g m−2 × 3). Fifty-seven patients were evaluable. ORR was 79%. With a median follow up of 10.9 months, the median overall survival (OS) was not reached, the median event-free survival (EFS) was 13.5 months. Most toxicities were ≤grade 2. Four week mortality was 2%. In subgroup analysis, patients ≤40 years had better OS (P = 0.04) and EFS (P = 0.04) compared to patients >40 years. Compared to historical patients treated with idarubicin and cyarabine (IA), the OS and EFS were significantly longer for CIA treated patients. In multivariate analysis, CIA retained its favorable impact on OS compared to IA. Thus, CIA is an effective and safe therapy for patients ≤60 years with newly diagnosed AML. Am. J. Heamtol. 88:961–966, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of inlet airframe integration on the inlet of an upper surface blowing four-engine STOL aircraft

Inlet and nacelle static pressures were measured on a 0.55-scale model of the Quiet Short-Haul Research Airplane (QSRA) in the Ames Research Center's 40- by 80-Foot Wind Tunnel. This model is powered by four JT-15D engines located above the wing with closely spaced adjacent inlets. A fifth JT-15D engine in the fuselage provides boundary-layer control air. Each inlet was instrumented with four to eight rows of axial pressure taps located between X/R approximately plus or minus 1. The tests simulated a broad range of aircraft operating conditions, including engine-out, with lift coefficients from 0.8 to 10.0. Results indicate that the inlets perform well under most operating conditions with little interaction between inlets when the aircraft is moving. Potential problem areas identified are high sideslip angle during approach and an interaction effect between adjacent inlets with high mass flows in static conditions.
ILEOCOLITIS: THE IMPORTANCE OF A MORE PRECISE DEFINITION.

We have reviewed our experience with 22 patients with nonspecific inflammatory involvement of the small and large bowel. Patients with this combination of lesions usually have long-standing and intractable illnesses, with many complications, frequently resulting in multiple operations. In long-term follow-up we found a mortality of 23%. A particularly troublesome combination is granulomatous disease of the small bowel accompanying or followed by ulcerative colitis. Some suggested guidelines as to therapy in the management of these difficult cases have been presented. The term ileocolitis should be qualified, whenever possible, by the more specific pathologic terms “granulomatous” or “ulcerative” as an aid in planning therapy and in making a prognosis. In the occasional case with both of these characteristics, we subscribe to the term “mixed enterocolitis.”
Identifying right ventricular dysfunction with tissue Doppler imaging in pulmonary hypertension

Abstract Background Standard echocardiographic assessment of right ventricular (RV) function is problematic due to the complex RV geometry. We used tissue Doppler imaging to identify RV dysfunction in patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH). Methods Study population consisted of 44 patients (mean age 52±11; 30 females) with PH who underwent color tissue Doppler imaging of the RV and right heart catheterization within 2 days of each other. Peak systolic velocity and strain were measured at the RV free wall and correlated with invasive measures of PH and RV function. Myocardial velocity and strain was also measured in 20 healthy volunteers who served as normal controls (mean age 47±13; 13 females). Results PH patients had significantly reduced RV free wall velocity (6.4±2.1 cm/s vs. 8.2±2.1 cm/s; p p r =0.72; p r =0.73; p r =−0.69; p r =0.33; p Conclusions RV myocardial strain demonstrated excellent correlation with hemodynamic variables indicative of RV performance in PH patients.
Standardization of Assay for Unidentified Growth Factors

Abstract IN SPITE of the efforts of many workers, our knowledge of the character and function of unidentified chick growth factors in such materials as whey, distillers solubles, fish products and fermentation residues, is still quite limited. Obviously, some handicap common to all investigators has hindered progress. Waibel el al. (1955) referred to “the well-known, but usually unpublished, difficulties in studying unidentified chick growth factors.” Attempts to fractionate unknown growth factors were discontinued in this laboratory in 1953 because the growth response was lost. It is believed that many other researchers have encountered this same problem. This investigation deals with attempts to restore the chick’s ability to respond to such materials and to determine the reason for the loss of this ability. METHODS AND RESULTS Chicks in all trials were reared in electrically heated battery brooders with raised wire floors. All depleted chicks were from New Hampshire hens maintained in cages …
D.N.A. polymerase in preparations containing Australia antigen.

Abstract Particulate fractions were prepared from the sera of three patients with clinical and histological evidence of hepatitis, from a pooled serum specimen prepared from ten patients with hepatitis, from a patient with healing hepatitis, and from one healthy volunteer. The pelleted material concentrated by ultracentrifugation was found to contain Australia (Au) antigen by immunodiffusion and complement-fixation tests in the three patients with hepatitis, and in the pooled specimen. These four pellets showed many particles on electron-microscopic examination. The pellets were examined for D.N.A. and R.N.A. synthesising activities in enzyme assays. No R.N.A. synthesising activity was observed. However, specimens strongly positive for Au antigen had weak endogenous D.N.A.-synthesising activity, as measured by the incorporation of 3 H-T.M.P. into a D.N.A.-like product. This endogenous synthesising activity could be abolished by predigesting the Au antigen sample with R.N.ase. The reaction was much magnified by using dAT as a template. The kinetics of the reactions were slow, and the rate of incorporation of 3 H-T.M.P. decreased after 3 hours' incubation. These results indicate the presence of a D.N.A. polymerase in concentrated preparations containing Au antigen.
Sensitivity and afterload independence of zero-load aortic flow.

The computed zero-load flow is the expected aortic flow when the aortic pressure is zero, thus eliminating the effect of afterload on ventricular ejection. Zero-load flow was computed in 15 anesthetized dogs (sodium pentobarbital 25 mg/kg, iv) by studying the response of left-ventricular pressure or aortic pressure, and aortic flow to the change in aortic input impedance induced by partial snare occlusion of the aorta. The waveform and peak value of zero-load flow were computed from a theoretical model of the left ventricle and verified by measurements of aortic flow in the first beat after transection of the aorta. To study the sensitivity, changes of zero-load flow were computed under the enhanced inotropic state produced by isoproterenol (0.1 μg/kg/min), and under the depressed contractile state induced by propranolol (0.15 mg/kg). Administration of isoproterenol resulted in an increase in the peak zero-load flow by 143.9% (p<0.001), compared with a 50.6% increase (p<0.05) in peakdp/dt. The difference of the variations was statistically significant in a pairedt test. After injection of propranolol, peak zero-load flow decreased by 32.0% (p<0.005). Afterload independence of zero-load flow was studied by computing zero-load flow before and after increasing arterial pressure by partial aortic occlusion or injection of 5 mg methoxamine. After injection of methoxamine in denervated dogs, the peak zero-load flow increased by 11.2% (N.S.), while input resistance increased by 153% (p<0.025). The peak zero-load flow decreased by 8% (N.S.) after partial aortic occlusion, while cardiac output decreased by 26.7% (p<0.001). These results may suggest that the computed peak zero-load flow is an afterload independent index of the pumping capability of the left ventricle in the intact heart.
Nil subrings of endomorphism rings of finitely generated modules over affine PI-rings

Abstract We prove that nil subrings of certain endomorphism rings are nilpotent and obtain some nilpotence results about Lie subrings.
Electrode energy transfer mechanisms in a MPD arc

Anode energy transfer model for measurement of circumferential current and heat flux distributions of MPD arc thruster
The impact of respiratory and cardiac effects on the phase and magnitude of resting-state fMRI signal

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) relies on detecting small changes in signal during brain activities, in presence of various noise, including those caused by respiration and cardiac pulsation. In the resting state, there is no explicit task event except the baseline neuroactivities of awakeness and other unknowns. However, the resting state is accompanied with the cardiac and respiration pulsations, which are the explicit non-neuronal physiological sources of fMRI signals. By recording the respiration and cardiac waveforms in synchrony with the fMRI scanning, we may estimate the physiological modulation artifacts in the fMRI dataset by the temporal correlations between the waveforms and the fMRI signal. In this work, we demonstrate that the respiration and cardiac modulation effects on the magnitude and phase components of the complex fMRI signal, including temporal correlation and time latency. In particular, our results show that: 1) the fMRI phase is slightly more modulated by the physiological modulations than its magnitude counterpart; 2) the fMRI signal (both magnitude and phase) shows 1 to 2s latency to respiration stimulus, and 0 to 1s latency to cardiac stimulus. For physiological artifact removal, we compare the band-stop filtering method with the RETROICOR method and find the former can remove the physiological modulations in a stable and consistent manner in frequency domain (stopping the signature frequencies irrespective of asynchrony.
Dependence on Foreign Investment and Economic Growth in the Third World

Estimates of the extent to which Third World countries have experienced slower rates of growth than those in the industrialized West since i960 indicate a weak relation between initial wealth and subsequent economic growth that follows an inverted U-shape pattern: while the lowest growth rates are found among the poorest countries of the Third World, the highest growth rates are found not in the industrialized West, but in the wealthiest Third World countries. Drawing on contending arguments associated with modernization and dependency perspectives, the relationship between foreign investment and growth within the Third World is examined. Results undermine the idea that foreign investment inhibits growth, suggesting instead that flows of foreign investment may facilitate growth, especially among the initially wealthier countries of the Third World.
pH and Heat Treatment Effects on Foaming of Whey Protein isolate

The overrun obtained by whipping whey protein isolate (WPI) was significantly (p<0.05) affected by changing pH. Heating WPI at pH 4.0 reduced rate and amount of overrun. The highest overrun values for unheated WPI were observed at pH 5.0 and 7.0 after heating at 55°C for 10 min. The maximum foam stability for unheated WPI was obtained at pH 5.0. Heat treatment had little effect on stability at pH 4.0 or 7.0 but at pH 5.0, 80°C for 10 min improved stability by 65%. Based on surface pressure data, the rate of adsorption of β-lactoglobulin interfacial films and the work of compression correlated with overrun, maximum overrun, overrun development and foam stability.
Inhibition of SFRP1 Reduces Severity of Periodontitis

Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) is implicated as a major pathogen in periodontitis, a common infectious disease characterized by the inflammation and destruction of periodontal tissues. Secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (SFRP1) modulates apoptosis in different cell types. To characterize the roles of SFRP1 in periodontitis, we used a P. gingivalis-induced murine periodontitis model. Inflammatory responses were measured by morphometric and histomorphometric analysis, apoptosis assay, and immunohistochemistry. We found that P. gingivalis-infected mouse periodontal tissues expressed significantly more SFRP1 compared with those of control mice. Also, in P. gingivalis-infected animals, more apoptosis of inflammatory cells, fibroblasts, and bone-lining cells was observed compared with controls. Antibody experiments aimed at inhibiting SFRP1 expression in periodontitis resulted in a reduction of periodontal breakdown, inflammatory cell infiltrate, osteoclastogenesis, and apoptosis of inflammatory cells and fibroblasts. The results of our studies suggest that SFRP1 may be involved in the development of periodontitis, since inhibiting SFRP1 resulted in reduced periodontal breakdown.
Non‐iterative solution of a tridiagonal‐type matrix coupled by diagonal submatrices

A non-iterative method is presented for solving a system of algebraic equations forming a banded matrix with each diagonal submatrix being tridiagonal and all other submatrices being diagonal. A recursion relation is assumed between successive elements of the solution vector. This relation is determined by equating a linearly combined form of it with the original set of equations also being linearly combined. The solution vector is determined by back-substitution of elements in the recursion relation. Since the method takes advantage of the banded structure of the matrix, it is more efficient than the conventional methods. A FORTRAN program that incorporates the present method is included.
Estimators as decision devices and estimation under uncertainty

Two results are presented in this paper. The first pertains to the use of the minimum mean square error (MMSE) estimator as a test statistic in an Mary decision problem. In particular, it is shown that if the cost function in an M-ary decision problem is discrete quadratic, then the MMSE estimator for the decision variable can be used as a test statistic in the decision process. The second result is concerned with the performance of a MMSE estimator when the presence of the signal is uncertain. An expression is obtained for the difference between the variance of the estimation error when the presence or absence of the signal is known and when it is not known.
Post-reinforcement EEG synchronization during alimentary behavior

Abstract 1. 1. Cats were trained to manipulate a lever which delivered small amounts of liquid food (milk-broth) from a dispenser. Discrete periods of EEG synchronization were observed coincident to the development of this simple instrumental response. 2. 2. Slow wave synchronous activity in the EEG replaced low voltage fast activity when the animals received positive reinforcement. These “spindles” did not appear if the animals were not reinforced. They could be abolished by thalamic electrical stimulation at arousal parameters or by novel auditory stimuli, even though these internal and external stimuli were not intense enough to alter the behaving pattern of the cats in the instrumental situation. 3. 3. Water substituted for the milk-broth reward in a food deprived animal resulted in a disappearance of the post-reinforcement cortical synchronization. 4. 4. The EEG synchronization previously described during prolonged alimentary behavior was also observed in our animals under these circumstances. 5. 5. The presentation of a sensory stimulus in association with the delivery of larger amounts of food resulted in the classical conditioning of this synchronization. Extinction of the conditioned synchronization was also achieved. The prolonged presentation of a non-reinforced CS resulted in the reappearance of a synchronization, which, in this case, was associated with the extinction of an alimentary response.
Stresses and challenges for new graduates in hospitals.

As new graduates enter the workplace, they are faced with many stresses associated with beginning practice. The nurse manager, preceptor, and nursing staff need to be aware of the specific stresses and challenges experienced by new graduates during their orientation period and need to plan interventions for coping with them. What stresses and challenges do new graduates face in clinical practice? To answer this question, 46 new graduates completed the Clinical Stress Questionnaire on which they rated their degree of stress and challenge in clinical practice and the extent they experienced 20 different emotions while learning to care for patients on the unit. They also described what was stressful and challenging for them. This article presents the results of this survey and guidelines for mentoring new graduates during the orientation period.
Two distinct regions of loss on chromosome arm 4q in primary head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Objective To more clearly define the frequency and the regions of chromosome arm 4q loss in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Design A retrospective microsatellite analysis of DNA from previously microdissected primary tumor samples. Setting Academic medical center. Patients and Methods One hundred primary tumor samples from patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma were analyzed for loss of heterozygosity on the long arm of chromosome 4. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate survival for 97 patients for whom clinical data were available. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to compare survival, and logistic regression was used to search for associations between clinical tumor characteristics and 4q status. Results Analysis of 33 polymorphic microsatellite markers identified 51 samples (51%) exhibiting loss of heterozygosity of 4q in at least 1 locus. Eighteen tumors revealed loss at all informative markers, indicating monosomy or complete deletion of 4q. Thirty-three tumors displayed partial loss of heterozygosity and delineated 2 minimal areas of loss at 4q2324 and 4q2829. Eleven tumors displayed loss solely at the 4q2324 region, 13 tumors displayed deletions confined to the 4q2829 region, and 9 tumors displayed selective loss at both regions. A separate analysis in a subset of 94 primary head and neck tumors was done to further delineate the minimal area of chromosomal loss at 4q2324. Analysis of 8 markers in this region allowed us to identify the smallest region of loss between markers D4S2986 and D4S1564 (a distance of 2 centimorgans). Review of the clinical records of 97 patients revealed no statistically significant association between 4q status and any clinical variable, including survival. Conclusion These results confirm a high frequency of chromosome arm 4q loss in primary head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and might demarcate 2 novel putative suppressor loci involved in progression of this carcinoma.
Inferring community dynamics of organohalide‐respiring bacteria in chemostats by covariance of rdhA gene abundance

We have developed a novel approach to identifying and quantifying closely related organohalide-respiring bacteria. Our approach made use of the unique genomic associations of specific reductive dehalogenase subunit A encoding genes ( rdhA ) that exist in known strains of Dehalococcoides mccartyi and Desulfitobacterium and the distinguishing covariance pattern of observed rdhA genes to assign genes to unknown strains. To test this approach, we operated five anaerobic reductively dechlorinating chemostats for 3–4 years with tetrachloroethene and trichloroethene as terminal electron acceptors and lactate/formate as electron donors. The presence and abundance of rdhA genes were determined comprehensively at the community level using a custom-developed Reductive Dehalogenase Chip (RDH Chip) DNA microarray and used to define putative strains of Dehalococcoides mccartyi and Desulfitobacterium sp. This monitoring revealed that stable chemical performance of chemostats was reflected by a stable community of reductively dechlorinating bacteria. However, perturbations introduced by, for example, electron donor limitation or addition of the competing electron acceptor sulfate led to overall changes in the chemostat performance, including incomplete reduction in the chloroethene substrates, and in the population composition of reductively dehalogenating bacteria. Interestingly, there was a high diversity of operationally defined D. mccartyi strains between the chemostats with almost all strains unique to their specific chemostats in spite of similar selective pressure and similar inocula shared between chemostats.
Cigarette smoke as a noxious stimulus in self-managed aversion therapy for compulsive eating: Technique and case illustration

A procedure which uses the inhalation of cigarette smoke as an aversive stimulus is described and illustrated in the successful treatment of an obese compulsive eater. Usinga multiple baseline design, three problematic foods were sequentially eliminated by a self-managed aversion, procedure in which cigarette smoke served as a noxious stimulus. After dramatic reductions in compulsive eating, the client reported a generalized self-regulatory, optimism and initiated substantial changes in her overall diet. Corroborating selfreport data on food intake, a weight reduction of 41 lb was observed during 18 weeks of treatment. Additional losses were reported at follow-up. The clinical promise of this aversion procedure and its advantages over alternative treatments are briefly discussed.
1,2,9,9a-Tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]benz[e]indol-4-one (CBI) analogs of CC-1065 and the duocarmycins: synthesis and evaluation.

Abstract An extensive study of analogs of the potent antitumor antibiotics CC-1065 and the duocarmycins which incorporate the 1,2,9,9 a -tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]benz [e]indol-4-one (CBI) alkylation subunit are detailed. In contrast to early speculation, deep-seated modifications in the CC-1065 and duocarmycin alkylation subunits are well tolerated and the CBI-based analogs proved to be potent cytotoxic agents and efficacious antitumor compounds. Full details of studies defining a direct relationship between functional stability and in vitro cytotoxic potency are described. As such, the readily accessible CBI-based analogs were found to be four times more stable and four times more potent than the corresponding analogs containing the authentic CPI alkylation subunit of CC-1065 and comparable in potency to agents containing the authentic alkylation subunit of duocarmycin SA. Similarly, the CBI-based agents alkylate DNA with an unaltered sequence selectivity at an enhanced rate and with a greater efficiency than the corresponding CPI analog and were comparable to the corresponding analog incorporating the duocarmycin SA alkylation subunit. Systematic and extensive modifications and simplifications in the DNA binding subunits attached to CBI were explored with the comparisons of both enantiomers of CC-1065 and the duocarmycins 2 and 3 with enantiomers of 18–24, 25–29, 57–61, 62–65, 66–68, 72, 73, 78 and 79.
A Hammondia-LIKE COCCIDIAN WITH A MINK-MUSKRAT LIFE CYCLE1

A tissue cyst-forming coccidian morphologically resembling the known species Hammondia has a mink-muskrat life cycle. Cysts are found in skeletal muscle of muskrats (Ondatra zibetheca). Mink (Mustela vison) fed infected muskrat carcasses shed oocysts for 4 to 6 days after a prepatent period of 6 to 8 days. The oocysts, 99% of which are unsporulated in mink feces, measure 11.5 to 12 μm × 10 to 11 μm. Sporulated oocysts have 2 sporocysts, each with 4 sporozoites. The present work was insufficient to establish whether this Hammondia-like parasite is identical to the known Hammondia spp. or is a new parasite, although the evidence gathered supports the hypothesis that this parasite is a new member of the genus Hammondia.
An estimate of the climatology and variability of Eighteen Degree Water potential vorticity forcing

Abstract The input of potential vorticity (PV) over the oceans is estimated from observations to produce climatological maps and study interannual forcing variability. The estimate is obtained using a potential vorticity like variable employing potential temperature in place of potential density, and thus we refer to it as pseudo-potential vorticity (PPV). This choice allows us to examine the effects of storms and high frequency events as sources of PPV. We postulate the characteristics of the PPV fluxes reflect the properties of PV flux. Particular attention is paid to the North Atlantic subtropical mode water potential temperature range from 17 to 19 °C. The sea surface PPV flux is estimated through buoyancy and wind stress contributions and using a climatological mixed layer depth product. Wind forcing of PPV is strong in frontal regions and in the Antarctic Circumpolar current. When averaged following outcrops, however, buoyant forcing emerges as dominant. A major observational subtropical mode water program named CLIMODE was conducted during the winters from 2004/5 to 2006/7. Summer months during these years are very much in agreement with climatology; the winter months are slightly more variable. Attempts are made to relate PPV forcing variability to the NAO, a major mode of North Atlantic atmospheric variability. Correlation between the flux and the NAO is significant, and increases in amplitude if analysis is restricted to the winter time frame. There is also a weaker correlation between the NAO and the net EDW flux the following year. Considerable variability of the flux is unaccounted for, however, and we speculate that this is a signal of intrinsic ocean variability.
Frightened or Bothered: Two Types of Sexual Harassment Appraisals

The present study distinguishes between bothersome versus frightening sexual harassment appraisals and examines their relative strength as mediators of the relationship of sexual harassment intensi...
Beyond Trade: The Impact of Preferential Trade Agreements on FDI Inflows

Summary This paper investigates the effects of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) on net FDI inflows of member countries using a comprehensive database of PTAs in a panel setting. PTA membership is associated with a positive change in net FDI inflows and FDI gains increase with the market size of PTA partners and their proximity to the host country. The estimated relationship is driven by the developing countries in the sample and agreements signed in the late 1990s–early 2000s, a period when the majority of “deep integration” PTAs have been advanced.
Evaluation of intrinsic immobilized kinetic parameters for factor X activation in a flow reactor

Development of a double exponential model for determining the intrinsic kinetic parameters for factor X activation by tissue factor-factor VIIa (TF:VIIa) complex, during the complete course of the reaction in a flow reactor is described. The model data reveal that the factor X activation rate constant K1 gradually increased from 0.0225 to 0.0456 min-1 as the shear rate increased from 50 to 3000 sec-1, whereas the factor Xa inhibition rate constant K2 increased dramatically from 0.307 to 1.09 min-1 for a similar increase in shear rate.
Taking the Pulse of Molecular Rotational Spectroscopy

Molecular rotational spectroscopy is the most incisive tool available for structure determination of gas-phase molecules. Even small changes in the distances between atoms or in their mass (different isotopes) alter their rotational spectrum in predictable and measurable ways ( 1 ). Much as an ice skater spins faster or slower by changing posture, structural changes alter how a molecule rotates. For some molecules, there can be an embarrassment of riches—the natural occurrence of many different isotope combinations (isotopomers) leads to complex overlapping spectra. On page 1011 of this issue, Schroter et al. ( 2 ) report a method for sorting out these spectra by coupling rotational spectroscopy with mass spectrometry through the use of ultrafast laser pulses. The result is a technique with impressive sensitivity and broad applicability.