cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Outcomes of Patients With Chronic Hepatitis B Who Do Not Meet Criteria for Antiviral Treatment at Presentation

Background & Aims The availability of potent, well-tolerated, oral antivirals with low rates of resistance has led many experts to recommend liberalizing indications for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B (CHB). This study sought to determine the rate of transitions to an active phase of infection, the frequency of treatment initiation, and the clinical outcomes of patients with CHB who did not meet treatment criteria at presentation. Methods We reviewed medical records of patients with CHB, seen in the liver clinics at the University of Michigan Health System from 1999 through 2010, who did not receive antiviral treatment within 6 months of presentation. We collected data on transitions between different phases of CHB, hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) seroconversion, loss of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Data analyses were censored or truncated at the time of treatment initiation or development of an outcome. Results Of the 234 patients analyzed, 52.1% were men (median age, 35 y), 72.2% were Asian, and 81.2% were HBeAg-negative. During a median follow-up period of 51 months, 19.2% of patients transitioned to a more active disease phase and 18.8% started antiviral therapy. Of the 44 HBeAg-positive patients, 4 patients (9%) had spontaneous HBeAg seroconversion. Nine HBeAg-negative patients but none of the HBeAg-positive patients lost HBsAg. The cumulative probability of HBsAg loss among HBeAg-negative patients was 1% at year 5 and 21% by year 10. No patients had flares of icteric hepatitis or hepatic decompensation. None of the HBeAg-positive patients developed HCC, whereas 2 HBeAg-negative patients developed HCC. Conclusions Careful monitoring of patients with CHB who did not meet treatment criteria at presentation permits timely initiation of treatment, with a low risk of adverse clinical outcomes, based on a retrospective study with a median follow-up period of 4.3 years. These findings indicate that current guidelines for initiating treatment are appropriate.
Identification of a plant introduction soybean line with genetic lesions affecting two distinct glycinin subunits and evaluation of impacts on protein content and composition

Unlike other oilseeds, soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr) is also valuable due to its direct conversion into human food. One notable example is the cheese-like product tofu. The quality of tofu is improved when protein subunits derived from two glycinin genes, Gy1 and Gy4, are reduced or absent. Here we report the discovery that one exotic soybean plant introduction line, PI 605781 B, has not only a previously described loss-of-expression mutation affecting one glycinin gene (gy4), but also bears an extremely rare, potentially unique, frameshift mutation in the Glycinin1 gene (gy1-a). We analyzed glycinin gene expression via qRT-PCR with mRNA from developing seeds, which revealed that the novel allele dramatically reduced Gy1 mRNA accumulation. Similarly, both A4A5B3 and A1aB1a protein subunits were absent or at undetectable levels, as determined by two-dimensional protein fractionation. Despite the reduction in glycinin content, overall seed protein levels were unaffected. The novel gy1-a allele was found to be unique to PI 605871B in a sampling of 247 diverse germplasm lines drawn from a variety of geographic origins.
Energy Imbalance and Prostate Cancer

In this review, the emerging evidence that excessive energy intake relative to energy expenditure increases the risk of prostate cancer is discussed. The adverse effects of energy imbalance can be inferred from an experimental study demonstrating reduced prostate tumor growth, lower circulating concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I and decreased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor with energy restriction in transplantable tumor models. The effects of energy restriction on factors mediating greater proliferation relative to apoptosis and angiogenesis suggest that energy imbalance may act late in the carcinogenic pathway. Energy intake also has been evaluated in relation to prostate cancer risk in 23 analytic epidemiologic studies. Among studies reporting effect estimates, 8 of 14 case-control studies support a direct association [top versus bottom quantile, OR(summary) = 1.3; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.1-1.4], but none of four cohort studies do (RR(summary) = 1.0; 95% CI, 0.8-1.2). The four case-control studies that evaluated advanced disease suggest a higher risk with higher energy intake (OR(summary) = 1.6; 95% CI, 1.2-2.0). However, none of these studies considered the balance of energy intake with body size and physical activity, the major determinants of variability in energy demand. Numerous research questions remain to be addressed, including, Which biological pathways are adversely affected by energy imbalance? Does energy imbalance act early or late in prostate carcinogenesis? What is the optimal energy balance for minimizing risk of clinically important prostate cancer? Evidence is beginning to show that energy intake in excess of expenditure may affect prostate carcinogenesis and, in particular, risk of advanced disease.
The Thymus in Immunity and in Malignancy

The thymus is an essential organ for the generation of the adaptive immune system. By now, the cellular selection events taking place in ongoing life before sexual maturity have been worked out even at the molecular level, and thus thymic lymphocyte development represents one of the best-studied systems in mammalian development. Because thymic lymphocyte development involves ample proliferation and generation of new cells, it is not astonishing that the thymus also represents an organ where malignancy can develop. In this Masters of Immunology primer, the development of lymphocytes and the role of intracellular Notch 1 and cyclins in lymphocytic malignancy are reviewed, offering new therapeutic possibilities. Cancer Immunol Res; 2(7); 592–7. ©2014 AACR .
Debugging effort estimation using software metrics

Measurements of 23 style characteristics, and the program metrics LOC, V(g), VARS, and PARS were collected from student Cobol programs by a program analyzer. These measurements, together with debugging time (syntax and logic) data, were analyzed using several statistical procedures of SAS (statistical analysis system), including linear, quadratic, and multiple regressions. Some of the characteristics shown to correlate significantly with debug time are GOTO usage, structuring of the IF-ELSE construct, level 88 item usage, paragraph invocation pattern, and data name length. Among the observed characteristic measures which are associated with lowest debug times are: 17% blank lines in the data division, 12% blank lines in the procedure division, and 13-character-long data items. A debugging effort estimator, DEST, was developed to estimate debug times. >
Regulation of protoxin synthesis in Bacillus thuringiensis: conditional synthesis in a variant is suppressed by d-cycloserine

A variant of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki HD1 produced parasporal inclusions only at 25°C. At 32°C, there was no accumulation of transcripts of the plasmid-encoded protoxin gene. This conditional phenotype was suppressed by a sub-inhibitory concentration of d-cycloserine, in a d-cycloserine-resistant mutant of the conditional strain, or by transfer of protoxin-encoding plasmids to d-cycloserine-resistant Bacillus cereus. Neither resistance to streptomycin nor sublethal concentrations of other antibiotics interfering with peptidoglycan synthesis suppressed this phenotype. Specific metabolic properties of the host cell appear to be involved in the regulation of protoxin synthesis.
A Golgi study of third ventricle tanycytes in the adult rodent brain

Tanycytes along the third ventricle have been studied in adult rat and mouse brains with the rapid Golgi method. A tanycyte can be divided into three portions: somatic, neck, tail. The somatic portion is in the ependymal layer and frequently has thin cytoplasmic extensions. The neck portion originates from the soma and sticks into the periventricular layer. It, too, has numerous fine lamellar processes radiating from it. The neck contacts a blood vessel. Distal to this contact, the neck becomes thin and devoid of its cytoplasmic processes. This is the tail portion, which courses through hypothalamic nuclei to terminate as small bulbous swellings either on a vessel or at the pial surface.
Target Management in Complex System Design Using System Norms

The problem of setting, balancing, and determining priorities of design targets among the subsystems constituting an engineering system, i.e., managing the targets, is addressed. A new norm-based benchmarking approach is proposed to relate the system-level design objectives to subsystem design targets. The proposed approach provides a systematic means of setting and balancing subsystem design targets to deliver the desired system performance and ranks the priorities of the subsystem targets. Furthermore, the use of system norms, rather than output signal norms, to quantify system and subsystem performance reduces the number of design targets in multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems. The approach is illustrated on a vehicle example, consisting of a frame, body, and body mounts as the subsystems.
Magnetic source images determined by a lead-field analysis: the unique minimum-norm least-squares estimation

The minimum norm least-squares approach based on lead field theory provides a unique inverse solution for a magnetic source image that is the best estimate in the least-squares sense. This has been applied to determine the source current distribution when the primary current is confined to a surface or set of surfaces. In model simulations of cortical activity of the human brain, the magnetic field pattern across the scalp is interpreted with prior knowledge of anatomy to yield a unique magnetic source image across a portion of cerebral cortex, without resort to an explicit source model. >
Acute twin-twin transfusion syndrome in labor: pathophysiology and associated factors

Objective: To review reported cases of acute twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) in monochorionic twin pregnancies to help define variants of disease and determine associated factors. Methods: PubMed literature review using the search terms, “acute” and “twin transfusion.” Articles were reviewed for clinical factors. Reference lists were carefully assessed for any additional articles. In order to rule out sudden progression of chronic TTTS as the cause, gestational age ≥31 weeks was chosen. Cases were classified into subsets of acute TTTS. Results: There were 150 publications from 1942–2010. There were 51 cases that were classified into four variants of acute TTTS. Four cases were difficult to classify, with hemoglobin levels that were high normal and low normal, high normal and anemic, or low normal and polycythemic. Three publications defined the incidence for acute perinatal TTTS of 1.8–5.5% of monochorionic twins. Common factors associated with acute perinatal TTTS included monochorionicity and labo...
Modeling inflammation and oxidative stress in gastrointestinal disease development using novel organotypic culture systems

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Barrett's esophagus (BE), graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), and inflammatory bowel diseases such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are common human gastrointestinal diseases that share inflammation as a key driver for their development. A general outcome resulting from these chronic inflammatory conditions is increased oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is caused by the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species that are part of the normal inflammatory response, but are also capable of damaging cellular DNA, protein, and organelles. Damage to DNA can include DNA strand breaks, point mutations due to DNA adducts, as well as alterations in methylation patterns leading to activation of oncogenes or inactivation of tumor suppressors. There are a number of significant long-term consequences associated with chronic oxidative stress, most notably cancer. Infiltrating immune cells and stromal components of tissue including fibroblasts contribute to dynamic changes occurring in tissue related to disease development. Immune cells can potentiate oxidative stress, and fibroblasts have the capacity to contribute to advanced growth and proliferation of the epithelium and any resultant cancers. Disease models for GERD, BE, GVHD, and ulcerative colitis based on three-dimensional human cell and tissue culture systems that recapitulate in vivo growth and differentiation in inflammatory-associated microphysiological environments would enhance our understanding of disease progression and improve our ability to test for disease-prevention strategies. The development of physiologically relevant, human cell-based culture systems is therefore a major focus of our research. These novel models will be of enormous value, allowing us to test hypotheses and advance our understanding of these disorders, and will have a translational impact allowing us to more rapidly develop therapeutic and chemopreventive agents. In summary, this work to develop advanced human cell-based models of inflammatory conditions will greatly improve our ability to study, prevent, and treat GERD, BE, GVHD, and inflammatory bowel disease. The work will also foster the development of novel therapeutic and preventive strategies that will improve patient care for these important clinical conditions.
STUDYING AS FUN AND GAMES: EFFECTS ON COLLEGE STUDENTS' QUIZ PERFORMANCE

We examined college students' participation in a game activity for studying course material on their subsequent quiz performance. Game conditions were alternated with another activity counterbalanced across two groups of students in a multielement design. Overall, the mean percentage correct on quizzes was higher during the game condition than in the no-game condition.
Retinal contrast losses and visual resolution with obliquely incident light

To determine whether vision with obliquely incident light is degraded by contrast losses originating in the retina, laser interference fringe patterns were produced on the retina for various directions of incidence of the two interfering beams. Contrast-modulation flicker [Vision Res. 38, 985 (1998)] was used as a psychophysical measure of contrast at the level of the photoreceptors. Fringe contrast was shown to be maximal when the interfering beams were equal in perceived brightness, not in physical intensity. The effective fringe contrast was slightly reduced with oblique incidence for high spatial frequencies, but the reduction was too slight to be an important factor in visual resolution. The loss was similar whether the incident beams were displaced from the pupil center in a direction parallel or perpendicular to the grating bars. © 2001 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: 330.1070, 330.4060, 330.5310, 330.5370, 330.6110, 330.6130.
Coronary surgery in a hemophiliac with continuous factor VIII replacement

In the past, hemophiliacs rarely underwent cardiac surgery because of limited lifespan. As blood transfusions have become safer, hemophiliacs are living longer and becoming more susceptible to diseases that afflict the elderly, such as coronary atherosclerosis. We describe the hematologic management of a patient with hemophilia A who underwent coronary artery bypass surgery.
Pyridine-Based Conjugated Polymers: Photophysical Properties and Light- Emitting Diodes

Abstract : We study the photophysical properties of the pyridine-based polymers poly (p-pyridyl vinylene) (PPyV) and poly (p-pyridine) (PPy). The primary photoexcitations in the pyridine-based polymers are singlet excitons. We observe direct intersystem crossing (ISC) on picosecond timescales with the volume density of triplet excitons varying with the sample morphology (film or powder). These effects are demonstrated clearly by examining the millisecond photoinduced absorption characteristics of powder and film forms of PPyV. The pyridine-based polymers have been shown to be promising candidates for polymer light-emitting devices both the 'conventional ' diode device and symmetrically configured ac light-emitting (SCALE) device. Here we examine the role of 'insulating' layers and their interfaces with the emitting layer and electrodes in the SCALE device operation with emphasis on the central role of the polymer-polymer interfaces.
Effects of chronic Akt activation on glucose uptake in the heart

Acute activation of the serine-threonine kinase Akt is cardioprotective and increases glucose uptake, at least in part, through enhanced expression of GLUT4 on the sarcolemma. The effects of chroni...
In-depth investigation on quantitative characterization of pyrolysis oil by 31P NMR

The characterization of different heteroatom functional groups by employing 31P NMR has been developed for almost 30 years. In this study, an in-depth investigation of this commonly used method has been accomplished for the analysis of pyrolysis oil. Several commonly used internal standards for 31P NMR have been examined by in situ monitoring. The results indicated that endo-N-hydroxy-5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboximide (NHND) is not stable after a long period of storage or experiment (>12 hours), but both cyclohexanol and triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO) can be used as internal standards if a long experiment or storage is required. The pyrolysis oil has also been investigated by both short time (16 hours) in situ monitoring and long time (14 days) ex situ monitoring. The results showed that aliphatic OH, carboxylic acids and water contents are not very stable after 2 hours, and thus a short time of preparation, storage, and experiment need to be considered to ensure a precise quantitative measurement. The decomposition products are still unclear, but some preliminary investigations for different acids, (e.g. formic acid) have been accomplished. The results indicated that the aromatic carboxylic acids (benzoic acid and vanillic acid) are more stable than formic acid and acetic acid. Interestingly, the formic acid will even decompose to some other compounds at the very beginning of the in situ monitoring test. Further characterization found that water is one of the major products for the decomposition of formic acid in the 31P NMR solution. As far as we know, this is the first report on such time-dependent changes when using 31P NMR to analyze the pyrolysis oil, and these results show that proper application of this method is essential to achieve reliable quantitative data.
Blood pressure lowering effects of the CFTR-F508del mutation are associated with reduced arterial reactivity rather than circulating blood volume (700.1)

CFTR-F508del mutation is the most common cause of cystic fibrosis. F508del homozygous patients and female F508del carriers have decreased blood pressure (BP). We tested the hypothesis that heterozy...
The Central Nervous System and Atherogenesis: Interrelationships

Despite almost a century of scientific study since Anitschkov and Chalatov1 observed that cholesterol feeding produced arterial lesions in rabbits, the etiology and pathogenesis of atherosclerosis (AS) remain unknown. In humans, clinical complications and sequelae occur when the lesions have evolved to produce the fibrous plaque. The main histologic features of this stage are lipid accumulation and fibroelastic and fibromuscular thickening, which initially are present in a patchy distribution but later become more diffuse as individual plaques coalesce. A fatty streak stage, characterized by lipid accumulation within intimal cells, either of monocyte/ macrophage or arterial smooth muscle cell (ASMC) origin, to give them a “foam cell” appearance in histologic sections, is considered by some to represent an intermediate step in the development of the final lesion.2
Who Owns the High Country

"Who Owns the High Country is a startling expose of bureaucracy gone wrong. This controversial story tells how large areas of high country in the South Island were old off to runholders form knock-down prices, in a process that was hidden from public view.The author of this book, Ann Brower, came to New Zealand on a Fulbright scholarship, and, through her research into the politics of land reform, exposed this quiet scandal. She discovered that the Crown had been paying the runholders of South Island high-country stations to freehold parts of their pastoral lease farms, subsequently leaving them to subdivide their newly-owned land for massive profits.Land that has gone into private ownership in these deals has included significant parts of the shorelines of Lakes Tekapo, Wanaka, Hawea, and Wakatipu, as well as some of the finest vineyard country in Central Otago.When Ann Brower first published her research it caused a great deal of controversy and ultimately led to changes in the government's flawed process.Who Owns the High Country explains how and why the process was allowed to go unchecked and documents the rise and fall of farmer domination of high country land reform. It is an important book, and required reading for anyone who cares about the high country of the South Island."A high country saga in which farmers, environmentalists, lawyers, bureaucrats and politicians battle for supremacy. It is also a legal thriller in which the nature of property rights takes centre stage. Wealth and power are exposed in a way seldom seen in a true life setting.Brower exposes the hidden losses in tenure review’s ‘win-win’. Bureaucrats have fleeced New Zealanders of biodiversity, access, land and money. This book gives knowledge and power to the public to write the epilogue.
Integrated Family Psycho-Education: Helping Families Help Their Loved Ones Recover

The prevalence of schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) according to the National Institutes of Mental Health is 1.1%. Most of the 2.4 million Americans directly affected by these disorders manifest the earliest prodromal symptoms of the disorders while still living with their parents and siblings whose lives are also deeply affected. It is not surprising that a treatment called family psycho-education (FPE) has evolved over the past several decades since the advent of deinstitutionalization to help family caregivers help their ill members whom they love and themselves as well. The participation of family members in FPE is a crucial factor in the current effort to prevent the progression of the prodromal phase of the illness to the psychotic phase (McFarlane 2004).
Reproductive endocrinology of llamas and alpacas

The physiology of reproduction with emphasis in endocrinology of llamas and alpacas is addressed. Basic concepts of ovarian follicular dynamics, endocrine events associated with induction of ovulation, corpus luteum formation, pregnancy, parturition, postpartum interval, puberty, and sexual behavior on the female are reviewed. Pathologic conditions of the reproductive process are also reviewed.
The Fabric of Rockslide Avalanche Deposits

Fabric of rockslide avalanche deposts, the topic of this paper, has been largely overlooked because of other more prominent geomorphological features which mass movements of these type exhibit. For rockslide avalanches such as the Cascade Springs slide originating from the Lower Cretaceous hogback which circumscribes the Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming and for the Lower Gros Ventre slide in northwestern Wyoming the attitudes of the long axes (A-axes) of boulders reveal a dominant longitudinal fabric (A-axes parallel to flow). Conversely, boulders at the toe of the Lower Gros Ventre slide exhibit a transverse fabric (A-axes perpendicular to the flow). In addition, a crude fabric exists for boulders comprising the Lakota orthoquartzite blockfields which mantle the Permo-Triassic Red Valley of the northern Black Hills. It was found that the long axes of the boulders point to the parent material, the Lakota Formation, which crops out on the hogback, up to 4 km (2.5 mi) away. Although most of the geomorphological evidence has been largely destroyed, the crude fabric suggests that the block-fields are relict rockslide avalanche deposits derived from the hogback. Furthermore, fabric may be used as a valuable tool to facilitate identification of other relict mass movement deposits.
Hematology of an Inherited Anemia in the Domestic Fowl

Abstract THE anemia to be discussed in the present paper originally appeared in two chickens, a male and a female, that were reproduced because of their unusual plumage pattern. The presence of an anemia was suggested by a pale comb coloration and was subsequently confirmed by hematocrit determinations. The parent line was the F4 generation of a synthetic population derived from a cross between Light Brown Leghorn males and White Plymouth Rock females, and was essentially a gold columbian (Co-line previously described in detail by Smyth and Somes, 1965). The two mutant offspring showed a partial achromatosis of the plumage, a pattern described in detail elsewhere (Washburn and Smyth, 1967) and shown to be due to homozygosity for an autosomal recessive mutation, mi. Matings were made between the two achromatic birds resulting in an “achromatic-anemic line” characterized by the anemia and the presence of double spurs in addition to the altered . . .
The Sanitary Control of Swimming Pools

Within the past decade the indoor swimming pool has become an important adjunct to Y. M. C. A.'s, colleges, universities, city clubs, and diverse other organizations interested in the improvement of our physical welfare. In the larger cities there is considerable agitation for the installation of tanks in the public schools. In a hotel now under construction there is to be an 80-foot plunge bath for the use of guests. The possibility of transmitting infectious diseases through pools is obvious. Manheimer1 cites several striking instances of infections among bathers, and following the classification of Atkins, divides such infections under 3 heads: (1) intestinal, (2) eye and ear, (3) venereal. Respiratory disease might be added as a fourth. Lewis2 remarks on the presence of grippe, colds, pneumonia, and sore throats among the frequenters of the pool at Northwestern University, and similar observations are recorded by Burrage3 at Purdue, Whipple4 at Brooklyn, Polytechnic, etc. During the two years' service of a tank at the Iowa State College, there has been no epidemic of any kind traceable to the pool, but there have been sporadic complaints of colds and sore throats. The danger of infection in pools has probably been over emphasized. Nevertheless, we should regard the swimming tank as a potential vehicle of infection and take the necessary measures to control its sanitary condition. Since the beginning of this investigation articles have appeared by Manheimer,1 and by Clark and Gage.5 Their conclusions as to the efficacy of disinfection with hypochlorite are so at variance that the question of the proper control of pools is still an open one.
Stark broadening of H alpha and H beta lines of C5

We have computed the Stark-broadened profiles of the first two Balmer lines ($n=3,4\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2$) of ${\mathrm{C}}^{5+}$. Plasma conditions span the electron density range ${n}_{e}={10}^{17}\ensuremath{-}{10}^{20}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$, and $T=20\ensuremath{-}300$ eV. The calculations include ion-dynamic effects, which we find are very important at the lower densities for ${\mathrm{H}}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}(n=3\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2)$. At the higher densities, the dynamic profiles approach the static ones.
DnaJ/Hsc70 chaperone complexes control the extracellular release of neurodegenerative‐associated proteins

It is now known that proteins associated with neurodegenerative disease can spread throughout the brain in a prionlike manner. However, the mechanisms regulating the trans-synaptic spread propagation, including the neuronal release of these proteins, remain unknown. The interaction of neurodegenerative disease-associated proteins with the molecular chaperone Hsc70 is well known, and we hypothesized that much like disaggregation, refolding, degradation, and even normal function, Hsc70 may dictate the extracellular fate of these proteins. Here, we show that several proteins, including TDP-43, α-synuclein, and the microtubule-associated protein tau, can be driven out of the cell by an Hsc70 co-chaperone, DnaJC5. In fact, DnaJC5 overexpression induced tau release in cells, neurons, and brain tissue, but only when activity of the chaperone Hsc70 was intact and when tau was able to associate with this chaperone. Moreover, release of tau from neurons was reduced in mice lacking the DnaJC5 gene and when the complement of DnaJs in the cell was altered. These results demonstrate that the dynamics of DnaJ/Hsc70 complexes are critically involved in the release of neurodegenerative disease proteins.
Spin-Spin Reservoir Cross-Relaxation of Pr+3: LaF3 via Optical Pumping

The Zeeman quadrupole dipole-coupled Hamiltonian spectrum of hyperfine optical ground states of Pr+3:LaF3 is measured by novel magnetic field sweep and rf resonance techniques. Spin reservoir cross-relaxation between Pr+3 and F ensembles is detected. A scheme is presented for achieving polarization of the F spin reservoir in times shorter than the spin-lattice relaxation time.
The Branch Laboratory at Livermore during the 1950’s

“There will be fewer telephones than promised: only the following people will have a one-line system: Teller/Goranson; York/Sewell; Bell/Twitchell; Ransome; Business/Personnel; Theoretical; Storeroom; Guard at Post A. It was agreed that we should move to Livermore regardless of the phone situation.”
Assessing Disruptions in Meaning: Development of the Global Meaning Violation Scale

Models of meaning making following stressful events are based on the notion that individuals’ appraisals of events (i.e., their situational meaning) can violate their goals and beliefs (i.e., global meaning), and that resulting discrepancies between situational meaning and global meaning negatively affect their psychological adjustment. To date, research has relied primarily on indirect measures of meaning violation. We describe the development of a new instrument, the Global Meaning Violation Scale (GMVS), for directly assessing belief and goal violations. We establish the psychometric integrity of the GMVS across three studies. In Study 1, we identify and replicate a factor structure consisting of three subscales: belief violation, intrinsic goal violation, and extrinsic goal violation. In Study 2, we provide evidence for the reliability and validity of the GMVS. In Study 3, we test the predictive validity of the GMVS in a sample of undergraduates reporting on the most stressful experiences of their lives. Our findings indicate that the GMVS is a reliable and valid tool for directly examining global meaning violation. We anticipate that the GMVS will advance research on stress, trauma, and coping by giving researchers a tool to directly explore the role of violations in meaning making processes.
Der Begriff der Hoffnungslosigkeit und das Problem des Zwecklosen

In diesem Kapitel, das im Zusammenhang mit Problemen am Ende des Lebens gesehen werden mus, will ich uber den Begriff des „Zwecklosen“, „Nutzlosenc“ oder der „Hoffnungslosigkeit“ in der Medizin sprechen. Oft meinen Arzte, Krankenschwestern und andere Mitarbeiter im Krankenhaus, wie auch Verwandte schwerkranker Patienten, wenn sie sich uberlegen, was man machen sollte: noch irgend etwas zu tun, sei „doch zwecklos“. Auch hort man oft, wenn „Ressourcenfragen“ diskutiert werden, das man zuviel Geld verschwendet (das man anderweitig besser verwenden konnte), indem man viele an und fur sich zwecklose Dinge tut.
Chip Technologies for Screening Chemical and Biological Agents Against Plant-Parasitic Nematodes

Plant-parasitic nematodes cause substantial damage to agricultural crops worldwide. Long-term management of these pests requires novel strategies to reduce infection of host plants. Disruption of nematode chemotaxis to root systems has been proposed as a potential management approach, and novel assays are needed to test the chemotactic behavior of nematodes against a wide range of synthetic chemicals and root exudates. Two microfluidic chips were developed that measure the attraction or repulsion of nematodes to chemicals (“chemical chip”) and young plant roots (“root chip”). The chip designs allowed for chemical concentration gradients to be maintained up to 24 h, the nematodes to remain physically separate from the chemical reservoirs, and for images of nematode populations to be captured using either a microscope or a flatbed scanner. In the experiments using the chemical chips, seven ionic solutions were tested on second-stage juveniles (J2s) of Meloidogyne incognita and Heterodera glycines. Results w...
Medical therapy to prevent recurrence of ventricular arrhythmia in normal and structural heart disease patients.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Recurrent ventricular arrhythmias (VA) are a source of significant morbidity in patients without structural heart disease (SHD) and also mortality in patients with SHD. The treatment goals for these two patient populations differ greatly.Areas covered: The secondary prevention of recurrent VA in patients without and with SHD will be reviewed, focusing on clinical data (especially randomized, controlled trials) in the literature as determined through searches in PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov. This will include β blockers, non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers and antiarrhythmic drugs in both subgroups and non-antiarrhythmic medications in SHD.Expert commentary: The available options for medical therapy for VA in both normal hearts and SHD are insufficient, due to substandard efficacy and toxicities. While non-pharmacologic therapies may provide an excellent option, further drug development and randomized trials are needed, as is a reappraisal of the current mode of utilization.
Moore Kinship: Celebrating the 40th Anniversary of Moore v. City of East Cleveland

By holding that Due Process protections encompass extended families, Moore v. City of East Cleveland stands as one of the most important family law judgments rendered by the Supreme Court. The Fordham Law Review marked the fortieth anniversary of the decision by convening a group of family law scholars to reflect on what Moore meant for families and family law at the time it was decided and what it means today. Moore’s treatment of extended families ensures its mention in most conversations about alternative family forms. Yet, there are many ways in which Moore, notwithstanding its broad endorsement of familial privacy and protection, represents a missed opportunity. It makes no mention, for example, of family structures less rooted in tradition, such as those involving nonmarital unions and childrearing. Nor does it address the race and socioeconomic issues that seem to have informed the City of East Cleveland’s actions. Indeed, Moore studiously avoids grappling with any of the hard issues pertaining to race, equality, and family formation. The Court’s decision, which has largely been overlooked as a subject of scholarly examination, offers an important starting point for a deeper examination of the role of the law in both supporting and, too often, undermining families, especially families of color. The symposium on Moore that the Law Review hosted, and that Fordham’s new Center on Race, Law, and Justice cosponsored, grapples with these and other issues facing modern families. This Foreword introduces the symposium.
Positive Ion Electrospray Ionization Suppression in Petroleum and Complex Mixtures

Since the emergence of high resolving power crude oil mass spectrometry two decades ago, hundreds of publications and presentations have detailed petroleum complex mixtures by electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry (MS). None of these works have reported or detailed ion suppression (also referred to as ionization biasing or matrix effects) which is a well-known feature of ESI. Here, we show the extreme consequences of ionization biasing within a narrow, 1 order of magnitude concentration range for crude oil mixture direct infusion experiments in positive ion (+) ESI. An oil spill contaminant, a crude oil, and an equimolar model compound mixture were electrosprayed at various analyte and acid modifier concentrations for Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) and time-of-flight (TOF) MS analysis. A 3-fold increase in the number of elemental compositions is achieved by optimization of analyte and acid concentration. At high analyte concentration, oxygen heteroatom class (i.e., CcHhOx spe...
The Manifestation of Campbell's Law: Consequences of Eliminating of Social Studies from the Curriculum.

The manifestation of Campbell's Law is examined in light of the current era in American public schools of high stakes testing inclusive of narrowed curriculums and teaching to the test. The decades...
Anomalous Brain Development Is Evident in Preschoolers With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

Objectives: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurological disorder with symptom onset early in childhood. Growing evidence suggests anomalous brain development across multiple brain regions is evident in school-aged children; however, few studies have examined whether such differences are notable in the preschool years when symptom onset typically occurs. Methods: High resolution anatomical (MPRAGE) images and cognitive and behavioral measures were analyzed in a total of 90 medication-naive preschoolers, ages 4–5 years (52 with ADHD, 38 controls; 64.4% boys). Results: Results revealed reductions in bilateral frontal, parietal, and temporal lobe gray matter volumes in children with ADHD relative to typically developing children, with largest effect sizes noted for right frontal and left temporal lobe volumes. Examining frontal lobe sub-regions, the largest between group effect sizes were evident for left orbitofrontal cortex, left primary motor cortex (M1), and left supplementary motor complex (SMC). ADHD-related reductions in specific sub-regions (left prefrontal, left premotor, left frontal eye field, left M1, and right SMC) were significantly correlated with symptom severity, such that higher ratings of hyperactive/impulsive symptoms were associated with reduced cortical volumes. Conclusions: These findings represent the first comprehensive examination of cortical volume in preschool children with ADHD, providing evidence that anomalous brain structure in ADHD is evident very early in development. Furthermore, findings set the stage for developing our understanding of the way in which developmental trajectories of anomalous brain development are associated with the unfolding of symptoms in childhood ADHD. (JINS, 2018, 24, 531–539)
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Prostate Cancer Survivors' Perceived Engagement in Treatment Decision-Making.

We examined prostate cancer patients’ perceived engagement in treatment decision-making and associated factors by race/ethnicity in a multiethnic sample. We identified patients through the California Cancer Registry. Patients completed a cross-sectional telephone interview in English, Spanish, Cantonese, or Mandarin. Multivariable logistic regression models, stratified by race/ethnicity, estimated the associations of patient demographic and health status characteristics on (1) doctor asked patient to help decide treatment plan and (2) patient and doctor worked out a treatment plan together. We included 855 prostate cancer patients: African American (19%), Asian American (15%), Latino (24%), and White (42%). Asian American patients were less likely than White patients to report that their doctors asked them to help decide a treatment plan (OR = 0.31; 95% CI = 0.18–0.53) and that they worked out a treatment plan with their doctors (OR = 0.54; 95% CI = 0.33–0.90). Language of interview was a significant contributing factor in stratified analysis for both outcomes. Asian American prostate cancer patients reported less engagement in treatment decision-making, with Chinese language being a significant contributing factor. Future research should identify patient-centered strategies that effectively engage underserved patients and support healthcare providers in shared decision-making with multiethnic and multilingual patients.
The Child and Adolescent Services Assessment: Interrater Reliability and Predictors of Rater Disagreement.

The current study evaluated the interrater reliability of the Child and Adolescent Services Assessment (CASA), a widely used structured interview measuring pediatric mental health service use. Interviews (N = 72) were randomly selected from a pediatric effectiveness trial, and audio was coded by an independent rater. Regressions were employed to identify predictors of rater disagreement. Interrater reliability was high for items (> 94%) and summary metrics (ICC > .79) across service sectors. Predictors of disagreement varied by domain; significant predictors indexed higher clinical severity or social disadvantage. Results support the CASA as a reliable and robust assessment of pediatric service use, but administrators should be alert when assessing vulnerable populations.
Cesarean Delivery Rates and Costs of Childbirth in a State Medicaid Program After Implementation of a Blended Payment Policy.

Background:Nearly half of US births are financed by Medicaid, and one-third of births occur by cesarean delivery, at double the cost of vaginal delivery. With the goal of reducing unnecessary cesarean use and improving value, in 2009 Minnesota’s Medicaid program introduced a blended payment rate for
Current and emerging therapies for chronic hepatitis B: a review of selected presentations from the 2010 meeting of the European association for the study of the liver april 14-18, 2010 vienna, austria.

The following summary highlights important advances in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B as announced at the European Association for the Study of Liver meeting. This report focuses on long-term follow-up of patients on first-line hepatitis B therapies as well as the outcomes in expanded patient populations.
Evaluation of Glucomannan Powder as an Ultrasound Transmission Gel Alternative for Resource-Constrained Environments: A Prospective, Comparative Study

Introduction Resource and logistical constraints may limit the availability of commercial ultrasound (US) transmission gel (USTG) in austere environments. Glucomannan powder, a dietary fiber supplement, can be mixed with tap water to form a gel that may be a field-expedient substitute for USTG. We compared glucomannan gel with a commercial USTG for US image adequacy and quality. Methods A single clinician obtained 193 US video clips from 14 different examinations on live-tissue and simulation training models using both commercial and glucomannan USTGs. Four US fellowship–trained providers, blinded to type of gel used, independently reviewed the randomized US video clips. The primary outcome of US image adequacy was scored as “yes” or “no” and analyzed using Pearson χ2 analysis. The secondary outcome of image quality was rated on a 0 to 5 Likert scale and analyzed with the independent t test. Results For US image adequacy, commercial USTG was superior to glucomannan gel (P=0.042, 95% CI: 96.5–96.6%), with commercial USTG adequate in 96.6% of images (375 of 388 “yes”), whereas glucomannan USTG was adequate in 93.5% (359 of 384 “yes”) of images. For US image quality there was no statistically significant difference between the 2 USTGs (P=0.176, 95% CI: 93.4–93.5%), with commercial USTG rated at 3.4±1.0 and glucomannan gel at 3.3±1.1. Conclusion Despite a high image adequacy rate, glucomannan gel proved inferior to commercial USTG for US image adequacy but produced equivalent image quality. Glucomannan USTG may be a reasonable substitute when commercial USTG is unavailable.
Surveillance for locally advanced esophageal and gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) cancers: Patterns of recurrence and methods of detection.

32Background: Trimodality treatment with neoadjuvant chemoradiation (CRT) followed by surgery is a standard treatment for esophageal/GEJ (E/GJ) cancers. Following esophagectomy, there is no strong ...
Abstract 614: From Genotype to Phenotype: Molecular and Functional Characterization of the CVD-associated SNP rs11574 in ID3

Atherosclerosis is the primary pathological process of CVD and is strongly controlled by heritable factors; however, the mechanisms and pathways through which many of these genetic components regulate plaque development are poorly understood. Recently, a SNP in the coding region of the gene inhibitor of differentiation 3 (ID3) at rs11574 was identified in multiple studies to be associated with CVD. Mutation of rs11574 from the major allele (G) to the minor allele (A) changes the 105th amino acid of ID3 from an alanine to a threonine and is associated with an attenuated ability of ID3 to antagonize bHLH transcription factors and to prevent them from binding to DNA and activating transcription. The current study utilized co-immunoprecipitation to demonstrate that the minor allele of rs11574 specifically impairs the ability of ID3 to bind to and sequester E12 and no other member of the bHLH family. ChIP studies further demonstrated that the impaired regulatory ability of the ID3 minor allele variant increase...
A pilot study of acceptance-based behavioural weight loss for adolescents with obesity

Background:Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is a psychological treatment that has been found to increase weight loss in adults when combined with lifestyle modification, compared with the latter treatment alone. However, an ACT-based treatment for weight loss has never been tested in adolescents.Methods:The present pilot study assessed the feasibility and acceptability of a 16-week, group ACT-based lifestyle modification treatment for adolescents and their parents/guardians. The co-primary outcomes were: (1) mean acceptability scores from up to 8 biweekly ratings; and (2) the percentage reduction in body mass index (BMI) from baseline to week 16. The effect size for changes in cardiometabolic and psychosocial outcomes from baseline to week 16 also was examined.Results:Seven families enrolled and six completed treatment (14.3% attrition). The mean acceptability score was 8.8 for adolescents and 9.0 for parents (on a 1–10 scale), indicating high acceptability. The six adolescents who completed treatment experienced a 1.3% reduction in BMI (SD = 2.3, d = 0.54). They reported a medium increase in cognitive restraint, a small reduction in hunger, and a small increase in physical activity. They experienced small improvements in most quality of life domains and a large reduction in depression.Conclusions:These preliminary findings indicate that ACT plus lifestyle modification was a highly acceptable treatment that improved weight, cognitive restraint, hunger, physical activity, and psychosocial outcomes in adolescents with obesity.
Technology, sound, and the tuning of place

Sound is fundamental to sense of place and the sense of who, where, and how one is in the world. From birth, humans tune in to sounds, tune out some sounds in favor of others, and, over time, consciously or unconsciously, use sound to tune place. Conversely, the sonic qualities of places, including music, tune human actions and interactions. Technologies of all kinds allow us to create, separate, reproduce, intensify, or cancel sound. These ways of manipulating sound are also a means of curating of space and therefore place-making gestures.