cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adrenergic inhibition in mammalian parasympathetic ganglia.

SINCE the discovery1 that adrenaline depressed sympathetic ganglionic transmission, there has been an extensive study of the actions of the catecholamines in autonomic ganglia2,3. It has been shown that administered catecholamines produce two types of ganglionic response: inhibition and facilitation; the former associated with ganglionic hyperpolarization and blocked by alpha adrenergic blocking agents, the latter accompanied by ganglionic depolarization and blocked by beta adrenergic blocking agents3–5. The naturally occurring amines, adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine, have predominantly alpha-inhibitory actions.
Regulation of Hepatic ApoC3 Expression by PGC-1β Mediates Hypolipidemic Effect of Nicotinic Acid

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ coactivator-1β (PGC-1β) is a transcriptional coactivator that induces hypertriglyceridemia in response to dietary fats through activating hepatic lipogenesis and lipoprotein secretion. The expression of PGC-1β is regulated by free fatty acids. Here we show that PGC-1β regulates plasma triglyceride metabolism through stimulating apolipoprotein C3 (APOC3) expression and elevating APOC3 levels in circulation. Remarkably, liver-specific knockdown of APOC3 significantly ameliorates PGC-1β-induced hypertriglyceridemia in mice. Hepatic expression of PGC-1β and APOC3 is reduced in response to acute and chronic treatments with nicotinic acid, a widely prescribed drug for lowering plasma triglycerides. Adenoviral-mediated knockdown of PGC-1β or APOC3 in the liver recapitulates the hypolipidemic effect of nicotinic acid. Proteomic analysis of hepatic PGC-1β transcriptional complex indicates that it stimulates APOC3 expression through coactivating orphan nuclear receptor ERRα and recruiting chromatin-remodeling cofactors. Together, these studies identify PGC-1β as an important regulator of the APOC3 gene cluster and reveal a mechanism through which nicotinic acid achieves its therapeutic effects.
1251 Effects of Succinylacetone (SA) on Alpha-Methyl-D-1251 Glucoside (AMG) Uptake

Hereditary tyrosinemia is an autosomal recessive disease resulting in hepatorenal dysfunction. The renal manifestations of the disease include renal tubular acidosis of the proximal variety, aminoaciduria, glycosuria and phosphaturia comprising the entity known as the Fanconi syndrome. Individuals with this disease excrete large amounts of succinylacetone, a catabolic end-product of tyrosine, in their urine. We have examined in vitro the renal tubular transport interactions of SA with the D-glucose transport analogue, AMG in rat renal tubules. AMG uptake by the rat renal tubule was markedly inhibited by 4 mM SA in vitro. The effect was immediate in onset, was primarily on substrate entry and was reflected by a 50% decrease in oxygen consumption. On the other hand, 4 mM SA caused no fine structural alterations in mitochondria or brush border membrane. The inhibition of AMG uptake could be reversed by removing SA from the medium, and was non-competitive in nature. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that SA or succinylacetoacetate from which it is derived may be causally related to the Fanconi syndrome in hereditary tyrosinemia. It is concluded that the use of SA for in vitro study of renal tubular transport dysfunction may provide a physiologic model for investigation of the human Fanconi syndrome.
Mechanical causes of loosening in knee joint replacement

Abstract Although knee joint replacements have been commercially available since 1971, attention is just now being directed to those mechanical factors which contribute to prosthetic failure. Previous investigators have called attention to repetitive impaction of the tibial component by the distal femur and the “loosening moment” as being important in the production of loosening. This report describes prosthetic obliquity and calculates the shear load developed by angular tibial prosthetic placement. It is shown that this load can approach the body weight of the patient during normal activity of daily living.
The crystal and molecular structure of tris(ortho-aminobenzoato)aquoyttrium(III), Y(H2NC6H4COO)3 · H2O

Abstract Tris(ortho-aminobenzoato)aquoyttrium(III), Y(H2NC6H4COO)3 · H2O, crystallizes in the monoclinic space group, C2 c , with eight molecules in a unit cell of dimensions: a = 30.89(1) A, b = 9.09(1) A, c = 14.85(1) A, and β = 109.3(1)°. The structure was determined using three-dimensional X-ray diffraction data gathered on multiple-film equi-inclination, integrated Weissenberg, and precession photographs taken about two crystal axes. The structure, excluding the hydrogen atoms, was solved from Patterson and electron density maps and refined by least-squares methods to a final R of 0.081. The coordination about the yttrium atom is sevenfold, best described by a capped trigonal prism. Each ortho-aminobenzoate ligand acts as a bridging bidentate ligand, resulting in six ortho-aminobenzoate residues coupled to each yttrium atom. The water molecule occupies the seventh position. This bonding configuration generates a structure in which each yttrium atom in (100) is attached to two other yttrium atoms via carboxylate bridges to give parallel sets of polymeric chains coincident with (100). It is suggested that this polymeric character accounts for the extreme insolubility of Y(H2NC6H4COO)3 · H2O.
In vitro nutritional requirements of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. II. Effects of heme compounds, porphyrins and bile pigments on the free-living stages.

Abstract 1. 1. Nippostrongylus brasiliensis free-living stages, maintained on six times washed Escherichia coli, required a porphyrin or heme compound in addition to cholesterol for maximum development and survival. 2. 2. Development of the free-living stages from egg to third stage larvae comparable in size to those from feces cultures occurred in a culture medium of formalin-killed E. coli only when supplemented with cholesterol and coproporphyrin I or III tetramethyl esters. 3. 3 Uroporphyrin and protoporphyrin slightly enhanced development and survival of N. brasiliensis in a medium of either formalin-killed or washed E. coli supplemented with cholesterol. 4. 4. L3larvae apparently metabolized 14C-rat blood hematin coproporphyrin and protoporphyrin. 5. 5. Free porphyrins were recovered from third stage larvae grown in vitro, and from 6- and 11-day postinfection adults.
Effect of Rare-Earth (La, Ce, and Y) Additions on the Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior of Sn-3.9Ag-0.7Cu Solder Alloy

In this article, we report on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ce- and Y-containing Sn-3.9Ag-0.7Cu solders. The microstructures of both as-processed solder and solder joints containing rare-earth (RE) elements (up to 0.5 wt pct) are more refined compared to conventional Sn-3.9Ag-0.7Cu, with decreases in secondary Sn dendrite size and spacing and a thinner Cu6Sn5 intermetallic layer at the Cu/solder interface. These results agree well with similar observations seen in La-containing solders reported previously. The monotonic shear behavior of reflowed Sn-3.9Ag-0.7Cu-X(Ce, Y)/Cu lap shear joints was studied as well as the creep behavior at 368 K (95 °C). The data were compared with results obtained for Sn-3.9Ag-0.7Cu and Sn-3.9Ag-0.7Cu-XLa alloys. All RE-containing alloys exhibited creep behavior similar to Sn-3.9Ag-0.7Cu. Alloys with Ce additions exhibited a small decrease in ultimate shear strength but higher elongations compared with Sn-Ag-Cu. Similar observations were seen in La-containing solders. The influence of the RE-containing intermetallics (CeSn3 and YSn3) that form in these alloys on the microstructural refinement, solidification behavior, and mechanical performance of these novel materials is discussed.
Effect of trimethyltin on amino acid concentrations in different regions of the mouse brain.

: Trimethyltin (TMT) is a neurotoxic compound known to cause marked alterations in brain chemistry. We have previously demonstrated that a single oral dose of TMT produced a dose-dependent decrease in muscarinic cholinergic receptors in mouse brain and significantly elevated glutamine in several regions of the rat brain. This study was designed to determine if TMT produced dose- and time-related alterations in amino acid concentrations in the adult male C57BL/6N mouse brain and in peripheral organs and plasma. In the dose-response study, TMT was administered orally as a single dose of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0 or 5.0 mg/kg and animals were sacrificed 24 hr after treatment. In the time-course study, mice were dosed with TMT at 3.0 mg/kg and sacrificed 4, 12, 24, 48 or 96 hr after dosing. Amino acid concentrations were quantified by HPLC/EC following precolumn derivatization with o-phthalaldehyde-tert-butylthiol. TMT produced dose-dependent increases in aspartate, glutamine and glycine in the caudate nucleus (CN), frontal cortex (FC) and hippocampus (HIP) at 3.0 and 5.0 mg/kg. TMT at 3.0 mg/kg produced significant increases of aspartate in FC and HIP after 48 hr. Glutamine concentrations were significantly increased at 24 and 48 hr in HIP and at 48 hr in CN. Glycine and GABA concentrations were significantly increased at 48 and 96 hr respectively in the HIP. Glutamine was increased in plasma at 4 and 12 hr and in liver at 24 hr. Hyperammonemia occurred in plasma after 8 hr and continued through 24 hr and was accompanied by an increase in serum urea nitrogen. These data demonstrate that a single dose of TMT produces significant alterations in amino acid concentrations in several brain regions and in peripheral systems in a dose-and time-dependent manner. The dose- and time-dependency of the alterations reported here in the mouse, and previously in the rat, suggest that alterations in amino acid and ammonia concentrations can be used as a multispecies biomarker for TMT neurotoxicity.
Eigenstates of a small Josephson junction coupled to a resonant cavity

We carry out a quantum-mechanical analysis of a small Josephson junction coupled to a single-mode resonant cavity. We find that the eigenstates of the combined junction-cavity system are strongly entangled only when the gate voltage applied at one of the superconducting islands is tuned to certain special values. One such value corresponds to the resonant absorption of a single photon by Cooper pairs in the junction. Another special value corresponds to a two-photon absorption process. Near the single-photon resonant absorption, the system is accurately described by a simplified model in which only the lowest two levels of the Josephson junction are retained in the Hamiltonian matrix. We noticed that this approximation does not work very well as the number of photons in the resonator increases. Our system shows also the phenomenon of "collapse and revival" under suitable initial conditions, and our full numerical solution agrees with the two level approximation result.
Physicians’ use of and attitudes toward electronic mail for patient communication

To assess physicians' use of and attitudes toward electronic mail (e-mail) for patient communication, we conducted a mail-in survey of physicians who see patients in outpatient clinics affiliated with a large academic medical center (N = 283). Seventy-two percent of physicians reported using e-mail to communicate with patients, averaging 7.7 e-mails from patients per month. The lowest level of use was by community-based primary care physicians (odds ratio, 0.22; 95% confidence interval, 0.08 to 0.59). Those physicians who reported using e-mail with patients reported high satisfaction with its use. Although physicians were concerned about the confidentiality of e-mail, few discussed this issue with patients.
The interaction of lupus-inducing drugs with deoxyribonucleic acid.

Abstract The intrinsic viscosity, optical rotation, and “melting temperature” of DNA in solution were determined in the presence of the SLE-inducing drugs: hydralazine, procaineamide, diphenylhydantoin, trimethadione, dimethadione, propylthiouracil, and methyldopa. Hydralazine altered the intrinsic viscosity and optical rotation of native DNA. Procaineamide altered the optical rotation of native DNA, lowered the “melting temperature” of native DNA, and interfered with renaturation of DNA after heating. These characteristics were not affected by any of the other drugs. We conclude that hydralazine binds to and alters the tertiary structure of native DNA and that procaineamide similarly binds and alters native and single-stranded DNA.
Surface flux trapping in superconducting Nb

Abstract Changes observed in the magnetic behavior of superconducting Nb due to surface treatment are attributed to flux trapping at surface defects.
Combining Multiple Types of Motor Rehabilitation Enhances Skilled Forelimb Use Following Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats

Background. Neuroplasticity and neurorehabilitation have been extensively studied in animal models of stroke to guide clinical rehabilitation of stroke patients. Similar studies focused on traumatic brain injury (TBI) are lacking. Objective. The current study was designed to examine the effects of individual and combined rehabilitative approaches, previously shown to be beneficial following stroke, in an animal model of moderate/severe TBI, the controlled cortical impact (CCI). Methods. Rats received a unilateral CCI, followed by reach training, voluntary exercise, or unimpaired forelimb constraint, alone or in combination. Forelimb function was assessed at different time points post-CCI by tests of skilled reaching, motor coordination, and asymmetrical limb use. Results. Following CCI, skilled reaching and motor coordination were significantly enhanced by combinations of rehabilitation strategies, not by individual approaches. The return of symmetrical limb use benefited from forelimb constraint alone. N...
HIV gp41-Mediated Membrane Fusion Occurs at Edges of Cholesterol-Rich Lipid Domains

Lipid rafts in plasma membranes have emerged as possible platforms for the entry of HIV and other viruses into cells. However, little is known about how lipid phase heterogeneity contributes to viral entry because of the fine-grained and still poorly understood complexity of biological membranes. We used model systems mimicking HIV envelopes and T cell membranes and found that raft-like liquid-ordered (Lo-phase) lipid domains were necessary and sufficient for efficient membrane targeting and fusion. Interestingly, membrane binding and fusion were low in homogeneous liquid-disordered (Ld-phase) and Lo-phase membranes, indicating that lipid phase heterogeneity is essential. The HIV fusion peptide preferentially targeted to Lo-Ld boundary regions and promoted full fusion at the interface between ordered and disordered lipids. Ld-phase vesicles proceeded only to hemifusion. Thus, we propose that edges but not areas of raft-like ordered lipid domains are vital for HIV entry and membrane fusion.
The Effect of Light Source and Intensity on Turkey Egg Production

Abstract The effect of light source and intensity on egg production, fertility, hatchability, egg weight, and shell quality in turkey hens was investigated. Turkey hens were exposed to either incandescent, high-pressure sodium vapor (HPSV), or daylight fluorescent (FL) lights at an intensity of 21.6 lx during the growth phase (after 8 wk). During the breeder phase, hens were assigned to the same light sources at light intensities of either 53.8 or 166.4 lx in a 3 × 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Light source during the growth phase had no significant effect on subsequent egg production, egg weight, fertility, or hatchability. Egg production, shell quality, fertility, and hatchability were also unaffected by light source or intensity during the breeder phase. Egg weight was significantly increased in hens exposed to HPSV compared with incandescent lights during the breeder phase. The HPSV and FL lights can be used effectively for turkey breeder hens both during the prebreeder and breeder periods. Furthermore, light intensities of 53.8 and 166.4 lx appear to be equally effective in stimulating production.
Trends in lymph node examination: positivity and outcomes in gastric cancer in the United States

RESULTS: The cohort contained 49,660 patients (M1⁄435,145; IR1⁄414,515); those undergoing IR were further classified (TE/ I1⁄410,994; AT1⁄43,521). Odds of readmission were higher for those undergoing IR (OR 1.29, 95%CI 1.14e1.47), with Medicaid (OR 1.63, 95%CI 1.38-1.94) or Medicare (OR 1.56, 95%CI 1.381.75), with 3+ comorbidities (OR 3.92, 95%CI 3.20-4.82), and undergoing inpatient procedures (OR 1.42, 95%CI 1.24-1.62). Rates of wound infection (M1⁄431%, TE/I1⁄428%, AT1⁄433%, p1⁄40.33) and seroma/hematoma (M1⁄415%, TE/I1⁄412%, AT1⁄415%, p1⁄40.36) were similar; however, patients undergoing M had the highest rates of medical complications (M1⁄433%, TE/ I1⁄410%, AT1⁄419%, p<0.0001). Readmission rates were not significantly different between M and IR (3.54% vs 3.38%; p1⁄40.38) or TE/I and AT (3.27% vs 3.75%; p1⁄40.27).
Removal of speckle using a computer generated random phase hologram plate in green wavelength (532 nm)

This paper investigates the qualified method of the removal of hot spot speckle produced by a green laser with long coherence length for a projection display system. The application of a random phase plate using a binary computer generated hologram pattern is successfully applied to reduce the speckle contrast ratio to 2%; this is below the minimum level of 4% which can be recognized by the human eye.
The Emperor's old armor

The traditional model of computer security was formulated in the 1970’s, when computers were espensive, solitary, heavy, and rare. It rests on three fundamental foundations: management of security policy describing the set of actions each user is entit.led to perform, integrity of the physical system, its software, and especially its security-enforcing mechanisms, and secrecy of cryptographic keys and sensitive data. The modern computing environment, with its rapidly accelerating complexity, connectivity, and miniaturization, is undermining all three of these foundations. Nevertheless, the newest “secure” computer systems continue to be built on them. This paper argues that the traditional model of computer security is no longer viable, and that new definitions of the security problem are needed before the industry can begin to work toward effective security in the new environment.
The Riemann–Liouville transformation

The purpose of this paper is to show how a kernel of the form (h y)” and an integral equation is formulated from physical conditions. The modern expression for this process is called modelling. The frequency of occurrence of this integral equation deserves consideration because it is not too far fetched to use a backdrop of economics, demand and money flow instead of the present example in the field of fluid flow. The method of solution of the integral equation is by use of the Riemann-Liouville transform which has the alternate name fractional calculus [l]. This method is very efficient in certain practical cases. A brief discussion of the Riemann-Liouville transform for integration and differentiation of arbitrary order will be useful. More detailed information can be found in [2]. The definite integral
Uptake and bioconcentration of atrazine by selected freshwater algae

Atrazine bioconcentration and uptake were determined for eight freshwater green algae and diatoms. Atrazine uptake was extremely rapid in all species examined, with nearly 90% of total uptake occurring within the first hour of exposure. Within each division, different species had different bioconcentration capacities, although the accumulation of atrazine was consistently higher in green algae (5.43-12.73 ng/mg) than in diatoms (0.33-1.69 ng/mg). Atrazine concentrations in the algal cells were much higher than in the medium, although the total amount of atrazine taken up by algae was small relative to the total atrazine in solution (1-3%). The ability of algal cells to accumulate atrazine was highly correlated with algal cell biovolume and surface area, and a strong relationship was observed between sensitivity to atrazine and bioconcentration, cell biovolume, and surface area. In general, higher bioconcentration factors were associated with increased atrazine sensitivity.
Scene‐Graph‐As‐Bus: Collaboration between Heterogeneous Stand‐alone 3‐D Graphical Applications

We describe the Scene-Graph-As-Bus technique (SGAB), the first step in a staircase of solutions for sharing software components for virtual environments. The goals of SGAB are to allow, with minimal effort, independentlydesigned applications to share component functiona lity; and for multiple users to shareapplications designed for single users. This paper reports on the SGAB design for transparently conjoining different applications by unifying the state information contained in their scene graphs. SGAB monitors and maps changes in the local scene graph of one application to a neutral scene graph representation (NSG), distributes the NSG changes over the network to remote peer applications, and then maps the NSG changes to the local scene graph of the remote application. The fundamental contribution of SGAB is that both the local and remote applications can be completely unaware of each other; that is, both applications can interoperate without code or binary modification despite each having no knowledge of networking or interoperability.
Flaps, Slings, and Other Things: CT After Reconstructive Surgery— Expected Changes and Detection of Complications

OBJECTIVE. This article will discuss the typical CT appearance of myocutaneous surgically placed flaps as well as some frequently encountered complications of this surgery. We will discuss the appearance of relatively new, but increasingly encountered, nonnative materials used in reconstructive surgery, such as spacers, bulking agents, hemostatic agents, and other reconstructive materials. CONCLUSION. Oncologic surgery often requires reconstruction using myocutaneous flaps. Therefore, an understanding of the type of reconstruction performed is important for the accuracy of postoperative radiologic interpretation to recognize presence of a flap to avoid misdiagnosis of tumor recurrence.
"Are you thinking what I am thinking?" A comparison of decision makers' cognitive maps by means of a new similarity measure

We propose a new measure for analyzing the structural similarities among the cognitive maps of different decision makers. Upon interpreting the cognitive response elicitation process in the general framework of fuzzy set theory, we are able to develop the similarity measure from straightforward operations of fuzzy relational products. In addition to the mathematical analysis, we present visual representations of cognitive structures and the structural similarities among them. We illustrate the measure's applicability to an empirical dataset collected in an urban planning decision problem, for which the URBS decision support system has been developed to offer information and advice. The key components of the URBS decision support system are the identification and the comparison of the cognitive structures of the decision makers that were interviewed. We illustrate how the new similarity measure can be used to gain a better understanding of the structural resemblances and differences among the cognitive maps of the decision makers.
Modification of Plastic Culture Dishes for High-Resolution Microscopy of Living Cells

The plastic Cooper-type of dish has been adapted to high power, high resolution phase-contrast microscopy by drilling a 3/4 inch hole in the center of the bottom of the dish and cementing a 30 × 30 mm coverslip over this hole. Once the trypsinized cell suspension has been added and the dish closed, the top of the dish is sealed to the bottom by means of a roll of plasticene to prevent loss of CO2 and water. The preparation is maintained in a stage incubator. The same field can be observed with an inverted phase contrast microscope for 3 to 4 days. Either high dry (40-45x) or oil immersion objectives may be used to study the cells. The high resolution obtainable is especially useful in evaluating the effects of viruses or chemical agents on living cells in monolayer cultures.
The multi-lingual database system

This paper introduces a new and unconventional approach to the design and implementation of a database system, the multi-lingual database system (MLDS). The multi-lingual database system is a single database system that can execute many transactions written respectively in different data languages and support many databases structured correspondingly in various data models, i.e., DL/I transactions on hierarchical databases, CODASYL-DML transactions on network databases, SQL transactions on relational databases and Duplex transactions on functional databases. Thus, a multi-lingual database system allows the old transactions and existing databases to be migrated to the new environment, the experienced user to continue to utilize certain favorite features of existing data languages and data models, the new user to explore the strong features of the various data languages and data models, the hardware upgrade to be focused on a single system instead of a heterogeneous collection of database systems, and the database application to cover wider types of transactions and different modes of interactions.
Performance-based seismic evaluation of two five-story precast concrete hybrid frame buildings

The unique features of the hybrid frame, which include minimum structural damage when subjected to earthquake loading and the recentering capability, are the result of using a combination of mild steel reinforcement and unbonded prestressing to establish connections between precast beams and precast columns. Using acceptance criteria defined in terms of interstory frame drift and floor acceleration, this paper presents a multiple-level performance-based seismic evaluation for two five-story precast concrete hybrid frame buildings. The design and analysis of these two buildings, established as the displacement-based and force-based design solutions for a prototype building used in the precast seismic structural system (PRESSS) program, were conducted at 60% scale so that the analysis models could be validated using the PRESSS test data. Despite a difference of 40% in the design base shear, the two buildings satisfied the acceptance criteria when subjected to input motions with intensities less than or equal to that of the design-level earthquake. For input motions, equal to 150% of the design-level earthquake, the building designed using the displacement-based principles did not satisfy the interstory drift limit, whereas the force-based solution provided acceptable performance.
Nuclear structure studies with high energy heavy ions

Abstract With improved instrumentation it has become possible to examine a variety of otherwise inaccessible nuclear phenomena utilizing high energy beams from the Yale Heavy Ion Accelerator. Selected examples will be presented illustrating a number of the unique features of these high energy reactions and emphasizing the nuclear structure potential of the heavy ion beams from the Emperor accelerators. In Li6 induced interactions it has been demonstrated that dissociation of the projectile dominates at higher energies; characteristics of the dissociation mechanism have been studied supporting a pronounced binary cluster structure. Deuteron and nucleon transfer reactions to isolated final nuclear states have been examined; at high energies these show promise of providing a direct probe for determination of fractional parentage information, and of the location and character of two-particle states in nuclei. It has been demonstrated that inelastic scattering of heavy ions preferentially excites collective nuclear states; the deformations indicated by DWBA analyses of the inelastic scattering data are in reasonable accord with those obtained from electromagnetic studies. Multiple coulomb excitation measurements with O16 ions have included studies of interband mixing in even-even nuclei and of higher order Coriolis perturbations in odd A nuclei, in the rare earth region. In the former it has been demonstrated that mixing of the ground state and beta vibrational bands is dominant; in the latter, that third order perturbation effects are required to fit the higher excitations in the rotational bands.
Adaptive Advantages of Cooperative Courtship for Subordinate Male Lance‐Tailed Manakins

Abstract: Male lance‐tailed manakins (Chiroxiphia lanceolata) cooperate in complex courtship displays, but the dominant (alpha) partner monopolizes mating opportunities. This raises the question of why subordinates (betas) cooperate. Three nonexclusive hypotheses explain the adaptive basis of helping behavior by subordinate males: cooperation may increase (1) subordinates’ immediate reproductive success, (2) the reproductive success of close relatives, or (3) subordinates’ chances of future reproduction. I demonstrated that beta males rarely sired chicks and were unrelated to their alpha partners but received delayed direct benefits from cooperation; betas had an increased probability of becoming an alpha when compared to males that had not been betas. To investigate the mechanism by which betas attain these adaptive benefits, I examined betas’ success in replacing their alpha partners both in natural turnover events and when alphas were experimentally removed. Beta males did not consistently inherit alph...
Estimating causal effects of air quality regulations using principal stratification for spatially correlated multivariate intermediate outcomes

Methods for causal inference regarding health effects of air quality regulations are met with unique challenges because (1) changes in air quality are intermediates on the causal pathway between regulation and health, (2) regulations typically affect multiple pollutants on the causal pathway towards health, and (3) regulating a given location can affect pollution at other locations, that is, there is interference between observations. We propose a principal stratification method designed to examine causal effects of a regulation on health that are and are not associated with causal effects of the regulation on air quality. A novel feature of our approach is the accommodation of a continuously scaled multivariate intermediate response vector representing multiple pollutants. Furthermore, we use a spatial hierarchical model for potential pollution concentrations and ultimately use estimates from this model to assess validity of assumptions regarding interference. We apply our method to estimate causal effects of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments among approximately 7 million Medicare enrollees living within 6 miles of a pollution monitor.
Watershed Physiography, Land Use, and Sediment Yield: A Case Study from Northwest Arkansas, USA

Precision echo sounder surveys of bathymetry and sediment thickness of Lee Creek Reservoir and Lake Shepherd Springs (northwest Arkansas) were combined with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) analyses of watershed digital elevation data and land use/land cover data to evaluate the relative importance of watershed area, watershed physiography, and land use/land cover on sediment yield and reservoir sedimentation. Both reservoirs have comparable surface areas, though Lee Creek Reservoir has approximately one-half the storage capacity of Lake Shepherd Springs (9.47 x 106 m3 versus 18.8 x 106 m3) due to the fact that its average depth is approximately 5 m versus an average depth of 9 m for Lake Shepherd Springs. Physiographically, Lee Creek watershed occupies less rugged terrain (94% of slopes 10o). Land cover and land use in both watersheds were dominated by forest (83% for Lee Creek Reservoir Watershed; 90% for Lake Shepherd Springs Watershed) and agriculture, though agricultural land use in Lee Creek watershed is nearly twice (15%) that in Lake Shepherd Springs watershed (8%). Long-term average annual sediment flux to Lee Creek Reservoir was estimated from observed lacustrine sediment volume to be approximately 1.87 x 104 m3, three times greater than for Lake Shepherd Springs (6.18 x 103 m3). However, normalizing long-term average sediment accumulation to watershed area (1,163 km2 for Lee Creek Reservoir versus 173 km2 for Lake Shepherd Springs) showed that the sediment yield (mm m-2 y-1) from Lee Creek watershed (0.16 mm m-2 y-1) was only one-half that from Lake Shepherd Springs watershed (0.35 mm m-2 y-1). This result indicates that slope, rather than land cover and land use, was the dominant control on sediment yield within these two watersheds. Additionally, this study reinforces the importance of considering watershed-scale geomorphic processes in the interpretation of reservoir sedimentation and suggests that simple estimates of reservoir infilling can be misleading indicators of watershed processes.
Cdx2 AND Oct4 mRNA in pre-implantation stage mouse embryos and their single cells

The formation of the blastocyst marks the first differentiation event in mammalian embryogenesis. During this event, the embryo forms two distinct cell lineages: the inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm (TE). Many important cell markers have been identified for TE and ICM cell lineages, among them the transcription factors Cdx2 (trophectodermal marker) and Oct4 (ICM marker). Cdx2 is involved in TE formation and is necessary for TE maintenance in mice. Oct4 is required to maintain pluripotency in the ICM. These two factors appear to have a reciprocal inhibition pattern outlined by Hitoshi Niwa, diagramed in slide I-2 [1]. High Oct4 expression down-regulates Cdx2 and maintains pluripotency in the ICM lineage. Conversely, high Cdx2 expression down-regulates Oct4 and other related pluripotency factors, maintaining the TE lineage. Cdx2 and Oct4 protein data, also published by Hitoshi Niwa shows a reciprocal pattern of expression in mouse morulas and blastocysts, see slide I-1 below [1]. The aim of our present study is to verify this result with the highly sensitive and quantitative techniques for mRNA detection developed in our laboratory, and to dissect single cells of morulas to determine if reciprocal expression exists at the single cell level.
System Availability and Some Design Implications

This paper analyses in detail a system with an exponential reliability function and a constant repair time. It first presents the availability and its variance for a given number of cycles, a finite length of time, and a steady state. Then, it shows how the variance of the availability can be used to support an economic evaluation of start-up operations, presents some design criteria based on a total system cost model that includes a function of the availability a down-time that is the complement of availability, gives optimal values of the mean time to failure and the mean repair time, and exhibits methods for a sensitivity analysis of these optimal values and of the total system. The paper concludes with a numerical example.
Microwave Backscatter Dependence on Surface Roughness, Soil Moisture, and Soil Texture: Part II-Vegetation-Covered Soil

Results are presented of an experimental investigation to determine the relationship between radar backscatter coefficient ?° and soil moisture for vegetation-covered soil. These results extend a previous report which showed the experimental relationship between ?° and soil moisture for bare soil [1]. It is shown that the highest correlation between ?° and soil moisture is 0.92 for the combined response of four crop types measured at 4.25 GHz, 10° incidence angle, and HH polarization. Radar look direction, relative to the crop row direction, is shown to have an insignificant effect on soil moisture estimation if the radar frequency is higher than 4 GHz. The dependence on soil type can be minimized by expressing soil moisture in units of percent of field capacity. The possibility of using a single radar for measuring soil moisture for both bare and vegetated fields is demonstrated with a linear estimation algorithm having an experimental correlation coefficient of 0.8.
Guest Editorial: What’s so big about Big Data? Finding the spaces and perils of Big Data

For scholars, entrepreneurs, and technology writers, 2012 was a watershed year for ‘‘Big Data’’—here referring to massive datasets produced through the aggregation of crowdsourced, social, and other digitally available data (Mayer-Schonberger and Cukier 2013; Rasmus 2012; Nicole 2012). The ‘‘year of Big Data’’ (Rasmus 2012) saw a drastic rise in the use of Big Data and its related methods and technologies in fields as diverse as marketing (see: Baker 2013), healthcare (see: Cerrato 2012), international development (see: Letouze 2012), humanitarianism (see: UN OCHA 2013), and national funding agencies (see: National Science Foundation 2012) (Thatcher 2014). More recently, geographers studying technology have also turned their gaze to ‘Big Data’ and its variegated spatialities (Barnes and Wilson 2014; Batty 2013; Goodchild 2013; Kitchin 2013, 2014; Crampton et al. 2013). While much data may always have been big (Dalton and Thatcher 2014b; Kitchin 2013, this issue), and the manipulation and analysis of spatial data may have a long and complex history within geography (Goodchild 2006), the ability to rapidly aggregate and analyze previously unheard of combinations of data has led to an increased focus on the relations between data and knowledge production (Boellstorff 2013; Thatcher 2014). For many, the panacea to diverse social ills has become larger data sets and quantification, in what could be construed as ‘‘naive empiricism’’ (Taylor 1990, 212). At worst, this view can devolve—as it has in at least one well-known case— into the ‘‘end of theory’’, wherein numbers have come to ‘‘speak for themselves’’ (Anderson 2008). As government, private industries, and academic researchers all rush to embrace Big Data, some scholars have pushed back, calling into question the ‘‘purely data-driven approach’’ (Kling and Pozdnoukhov 2012, 483) and its epistemological, economic, and political commitments (Batty 2012; Boyd and Crawford 2012; Burgess and Bruns 2012; Richards and King 2013; Dalton and Thatcher 2014b). This special issue responds and contributes to those debates by calling attention to and exploring the continued importance of ‘‘small data,’’ within the context of Big Data’s continual rise to prominence. Here we conceptualize ‘‘small data’’ as datasets and data production and analysis methodologies that are limited in size and scope relative to Big Data, but may contain rich, contextualized data that has been produced with a particular purpose in mind. Growing out of a session at the 2012 AAG entitled ‘‘Whither Small Data? R. Burns Department of Geography, University of Washington, Smith Hall 408, Box 353550, Seattle, WA 98195, USA e-mail: burnsr77@gmail.com
Euclidean ARTMAP based target tracking control system

Neural networks are known for their ability to learn and classify patterns based on certain criteria defined within the training process. Fuzzy ARTMAP neural networks are examples of such systems where the output is decided based on the input/output pattern training scheme. In this research, we build a fuzzy ARTMAP like neural network that depends on an adaptive Euclidian distance neighborhood rather than the fuzzy AND neighborhood in deciding the network output. It is a supervised input/output clustering algorithm that calculates the Euclidean distance between input patterns and system stored categories (neurons) to determine the corresponding output even when that input pattern has never been seen. Euclidean ARTMAP neural network or better known as EARTMAP neural network is trained according to a certain algorithm that calculates the Euclidean distance and decides to whether include the new pattern in an already existing category (cluster) and update its position in the clustering map, or to consider it as a new category if it is far enough from all of the existing categories. The new location of a cluster center is found by averaging the location of all of the patterns that belong to the cluster itself. This would help in suppressing the white noise level that accompanies those patterns during training. The above mentioned algorithm is tested in a control experiment and worked as a human like system to track a moving target in the plane. The importance of EARTMAP neural network is its ability to imitate certain systems to give a performance that is close to the original performance with a minimum number of categories.
The iPlant Collaborative: Cyberinfrastructure for Enabling Data to Discovery for the Life Sciences.

The iPlant Collaborative provides life science research communities access to comprehensive, scalable, and cohesive computational infrastructure for data management; identity management; collaboration tools; and cloud, high-performance, high-throughput computing. iPlant provides training, learning material, and best practice resources to help all researchers make the best use of their data, expand their computational skill set, and effectively manage their data and computation when working as distributed teams. iPlant’s platform permits researchers to easily deposit and share their data and deploy new computational tools and analysis workflows, allowing the broader community to easily use and reuse those data and computational analyses.
Trusting Trustees: Fiduciary Duties and the Limits of Default Rules

In steadily increasing numbers, trust scholars are embracing the view that fiduciary duties are mere default rules, freely waivable by the parties to the trust document. This view parallels the default rule model developed in corporate law by Frank Easterbrook and Daniel Fischel, who have argued that fiduciary duties are "contract" terms that shareholders and management would have agreed to had they anticipated agency cost problems. Management, they argue, should be free to modify, or even eliminate, fiduciary duties in the corporate charter. This movement by trust scholars to transplant corporate concepts into the law of trusts is has reached its apotheosis in the latest article by John Langbein, who seeks to replace the trust law duty of loyalty with the less stringent corporate standard. See John Langbein, Questioning The Trust Law Duty of Loyalty: Sole Interest or Best Interest? 114 Yale L. J. (2005) (his Yale article cites a draft version of this piece). The analogy to corporate law, however, is fundamentally misguided. Market forces, which (arguably) act to discipline corporate fiduciaries, impose no significant constraints on trustees. Information asymmetries between trust settlors and professional trustees make it unlikely that certain types of express waivers incorporated in trust documents reflect a settlor's judgment that the provision would be value maximizing. Perhaps most importantly, fiduciary duties are most effective when they function both as legal rules and moral norms. Labeling fiduciary duties "default rules" strips them of their normative content, which ultimately undermines fiduciary law's ability to support and reinforce efficient social norms. This article develops a theoretical framework for determining whether and to what extent parties to a trust document should be permitted to modify fiduciary duties. This framework reveals that recent statutes and provisions of the newly promulgated Uniform Trust Code (UTC), which are premised on the default rule model, are detrimental to trust settlors and beneficiaries. Particular problems are provisions that exculpate trustees from liability for breach of the duty of care, and that allow institutional trustees to engage in a wide range of formerly prohibited self-dealing transactions.
Regulatory T cell effects in antitumor laser immunotherapy: a mathematical model and analysis

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have tremendous influence on treatment outcomes in patients receiving immunotherapy for cancerous tumors. We present a mathematical model incorporating the primary cellular and molecular components of antitumor laser immunotherapy. We explicitly model developmental classes of dendritic cells (DCs), cytotoxic T cells (CTLs), primary and metastatic tumor cells, and tumor antigen. Regulatory T cells have been shown to kill antigen presenting cells, to influence dendritic cell maturation and migration, to kill activated killer CTLs in the tumor microenvironment, and to influence CTL proliferation. Since Tregs affect explicitly modeled cells, but we do not explicitly model dynamics of Treg themselves, we use model parameters to analyze effects of Treg immunosuppressive activity. We will outline a systematic method for assigning clinical outcomes to model simulations and use this condition to associate simulated patient treatment outcome with Treg activity.
Combining Models to Solve the Problem: Macroergonomics and Public Health

Macroergonomic and Public Health approaches were combined with typical ergonomic injury prevention approaches. This combination permitted a thorough investigation of all systems and personnel that might impact on musculoskeletal injuries among U.S. Army students attending Advanced Individual Training as a Combat Medic. The results allowed for an evaluation of the process, the attitudes and beliefs of the cadre (supervisors), and permitted development of a more harmonized, holistic injury prevention program. The results demonstrated success in terms of positive attitudes toward the program, an overall 10.8% reduction in clinic visits for musculoskeletal complaints, a 37% decrease in limited duty days, and a 60% decrease in sprain and strain injuries. A targeted prevention program yielded 36% fewer clinic visits and a 50% reduction in limited duty days. The high level of success achieved by this program was in large part due to the combined processes employed to lay a sound foundation for assessment, design...
Identifying challenges to enforcement in protected areas: empirical insights from 15 Colombian parks

Protected areas are intended to conserve biodiversity by restricting human activities within their boundaries. However, such restrictions are difficult to enforce fully in many tropical parks. Improving regulatory enforcement requires an understanding of prevailing challenges to detection and sanctioning activities. Drawing from empirical field research in 15 Colombian parks, I show that current enforcement efforts may be insufficient to deter most priority threats. For long-term infractions, such as agriculture, livestock grazing, and construction, sanctioning violators is challenging, whereas for furtive infractions, such as logging and hunting, it may be difficult to detect violators. Investment in staff, equipment and infrastructure may fail to increase enforcement capacity and yield positive conservation outcomes unless accompanied by resolution of land tenure, clarification of use rights, improved patrolling strategies and protection of park guards.
Race, Probation Violations, and Structured Secure Detention Decision Making in Three Jurisdictions

The relationships between race and probation violations with preadjudication secure detention decision and detention hearings are examined in three jurisdictions in a Midwestern state that use a de...
The Underlying Mechanisms for Resveratrol’ Superinduction Effects

The superinduction effects of resveratrol was defined by its ability to activate estrogen response element (ERE) regulated luciferase reporter genes 2-3 fold higher than observed with 17β-estradiol (E2). In HeLa cells, the superinduction effects of resveratrol with transfected estrogen receptor α (ERα) are cell density-dependent, but they are cell density-independent with ERβ. The superinduction effects of resveratrol are also shown to be independent of both ER and ERE. The extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) pathway is critical for the superinduction effects of resveratrol in HeLa cells. The ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126 abolishes the superinduction effects of resveratrol, suggesting that this pathway is vital for resveratrol’s superinduction effects. Western blotting results verified that resveratrol could activate ERK1/2 significantly 30 minutes after treatment. Resveratrol shows no effects on histone deacetylase (HDAC) activities both in vivo and in vitro by observing histone H4 acetylation level changes. Our study suggests that the ERK1/2 pathway is involved in the superinduction effects of resveratrol in HeLa cells.