cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Singularities of the equations of fluid motion.

We explore some implications of the observed multifractal nature of the turbulent energy-dissipation field and of velocity derivatives of increasing order on the near-singularities of the Navier-Stokes equations and the singularities of Euler equations. Although these singularities occur on fractal sets of dimension close to (and only marginally less than) 3, it is shown that most of the energy dissipation is concentrated on a subset of fractal dimension about 2.87 and volume zero. Similar statements can be made with respect to velocity derivatives. In particular, it is shown that the higher the order of the velocity derivative, the less space filling the corresponding singularities become.
Mitochondrial Quality Control in the Myocardium: Cooperation between Protein Degradation and Mitophagy

Mitochondria are critical for cardiomyocyte survival and maintenance of normal cardiac function. However, changes in the extra- or intracellular environments during stress can cause excessive damage to mitochondria and lead to activation of cell death. In fact, there is evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction is an important contributor to both development of heart failure and the aging process. To counteract the adverse effects resulting from mitochondrial damage, cells have evolved mitochondrial quality control pathways that act at both the protein and organelle levels. Quality control of proteins in the outer mitochondrial membrane is monitored by the ubiquitin-protease system, whereas chaperones and proteases act in the various compartments of the mitochondria. When the damage is too excessive and the degradation machinery is overwhelmed, the entire mitochondrion is eliminated by an autophagosome. Together, these pathways ensure that myocytes maintain a functional network of mitochondria which provides ATP for contraction. Unfortunately, chronic stress and aging can negatively affect proteins that are involved in the mitochondrial quality control pathways which leads to accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria and loss of myocytes. In this review, we provide an overview of the proteins and pathways that regulate mitochondrial quality control in the cell with an emphasis on pathways involved in maintaining protein and organelle homeostasis. We also delve into the effects of reduced mitochondrial quality control on aging and cardiovascular disease.
Evidence for Unusual Stability of ADP-Ribosyl Linkage to Membrane Proteins of a Murine Leukemic Cell Line

A set of membrane proteins from murine myelomonocytic leukemia cell line WEHI-3BD+ was found to be ADP-ribosylated. Both this ADP-ribosylation reaction and granulocytic differentiation in response to recombinant G-CSF were inhibited approximately 50% by 2 mM benzamide, suggesting a correlation between these two processes. The stability of the ADP-ribosyl linkage was examined under a series of chemical release conditions and was found to resemble none of the known ADP-ribosyl-amino acid linkages. This chemical modification may represent a new class of mono(ADP-ribosyl) modifications of proteins.
Modeling resource depletion impacts—the Ogallalla aquifer study

Abstract The impact of declining groundwater irrigation in the six-state High Plains-Ogallala region of the U.S. was modeled with linked linear programming and input-output models. Several innovations were necessary to accomplish an interfacing of the two models in a forecasting structure. Depending on the assumptions, the impact of declining groundwater irrigation on the region ranged from moderate to substantial.
Effect of hydrogen on void production in nickel

Abstract Samples of high purity nickel were preinjected with hydrogen at 25°C and subsequently irradiated with 14 MeV nickel ions at 525°C. The resulting microstructure was examined by transmission electron microscopy analysis utilizing a transverse sectioning technique which allowed examination throughout the entire 3 micrometer range of the bombarding ion. It was found that approximately 1–10 appm of hydrogen had a major effect on the production of voids. The hydrogen increased the swelling by a factor of 5 at the 10 appm level over the entire 25 dpa range studied as compared to a similar hydrogen free sample. It is evident from this study that any nickel component in a fusion reactor which is exposed to hydrogen (e.g., through discharge cleaning) prior to operation of the reactor, will be very susceptible to enhanced swelling and possibly reduced mechanical performance.
Determination of α-Amanitin in Serum and Liver by Multistage Linear Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry

This paper describes a rapid LC-MS/MS/MS method for the analysis of alpha-amanitin in serum and liver. Serum was initially prepared by precipitation of proteins with acetonitrile and subsequent removal of acetonitrile with methylene chloride. Liver was prepared by homogenization with aqueous acetonitrile and subsequent removal of acetonitrile using methylene chloride. For both matrices, the aqueous phase was then extracted using mixed-mode C18/cation exchange SPE cartridges and analyzed on a linear ion trap LC-MS system. Standards were prepared in extracts of control matrix. Seven replicate fortifications of serum at 0.001 mug/g (1 ng/g) of alpha-amanitin gave a mean recovery of 95% with 8.8% CV (relative standard deviation) and a calculated method detection limit of 0.26 ng/g. Seven replicates of control liver fortified at 1 ng/g gave a mean recovery of 98% with 17% CV and a calculated method detection limit of 0.50 ng/g. This is the first report of a positive mass spectrometric identification and quantitation of alpha-amanitin in serum and liver from suspect human and animal intoxications.
Zeta Potential in the Development of Pharmaceutical Suspensions

A discussion of a microelectrophoretic mobility apparatus (Zeta-Meter) is presented in connection with some prerequisite studies with a model dispersed system. The limitations of the fundamental Helmholtz-Smoluchowski formula for calculating zeta potential as it applies to a study of real pharmaceutical systems is presented. A description of the apparatus, including a discussion of the advantages of the darkfield stereoscopic microscope, molybdenum-platinum electrode system, cylindrical, tube-type, plastic electrophoresis cell, and the automatic sample-transfer device is also presented. The usefulness of zeta potential in developing pharmaceutically stable, flocculated suspensions is illustrated with three different examples: ( a ) an adrenocorticoid in which flocculation was directly achieved by varying the concentration of electrolyte added; ( b ) a system in which flocculation was initially induced in the absence of an electrolyte; ( c ) the developmenr of a diagnostic system for blood-cell agglutination testing based upon the principles of zeta potential.
Optimal leader allocation in UAV formation pairs under costly switching

We study the leader allocation problem in UAV formation pairs when switching the lead incurs a fuel cost. While in formation, UAVs are assumed to adhere to a notion of e-cooperativeness. The problem is formulated as the combination of a non-convex and a discrete optimization problem where the leader allocations are constrained to those that induce cooperation between UAVs. A equivalent formulation of the problem allows us to express the constraint set as a family of equality and inequality constraints. By restricting our search to solutions of a specific form, we replace the non-convex problem with a convex one while preserving the optimal value of the original problem. A necessary and sufficient condition is obtained which is used to verify a solution to the discrete problem. The results are combined to design the OPTIMAL COST ALGORITHM, which efficiently solves the original problem. Our results are verified in simulation.
Strengthening steel bridge sections using CFRP laminates

Abstract This paper presents results from an experimental investigation to determine the feasibility of using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) epoxy laminates to repair steel composite bridge members. Six specimens, each consisting of a 6.1 m long W8×24 wide flange A36 steel beam acting compositely with a 0.114 m thick by 0.71 m wide reinforced concrete slab, were first loaded past yield of the tension flange to simulate severe service distress. The damaged specimens were then repaired using 3.65 m lengths of 2 or 5 mm thick CFRP laminates bonded to the tension flange and tested to failure. The results indicated significant ultimate strength gains but more modest improvement in the elastic response. Non-linear finite element analyses were in good agreement with the experimental results. The study suggests that it is feasible to strengthen steel composite members using CFRP laminates.
Two simple methods for improving the reliability of joint center locations

Abstract Objective. A clinically oriented technique is proposed for evaluating the reliability of methods for estimating joint center locations from surface markers, as is an optimization method for estimating joint center locations during planar movements. Design. Segment length variability is used as a measure of reliability, and three simple methods for locating joint centers are compared via repeated measures analysis. Rigorous evaluation is achieved by applying adjustment parameters to a data set, other than the one from which parameters were derived. Background. Although more sophisticated techniques are available, many clinical and experimental studies use visual observation and palpation to locate joint centers. This study offers a simple means to evaluate the reliability of that method, and it offers two simple post-hoc methods to improve reliability. Methods. Single-joint movements are used to generate adjustment parameters from threedimensional (3D) measurements of surface markers; these are applied to multi-joint movement trials. Segment length variability is compared before and after adjustment with each of two post-hoc methods. Results. As shown by lowered segment length standard deviations, the proposed optimization technique improved reliability compared to the observational and the two-dimensional (2D) post-hoc methods. Conclusions. The segment length technique offers a simple means to evaluate the reliability with which joint centers are located, and the new optimization method improves reliability for planar multi-joint movements.
Long-wavelength high-efficiency low-threshold InGaAsP/InP MQW lasers with compressive strain

Broad-area MQW laser diodes using compressively strained (1.3%) InGaAsP wells are shown to have low threshold current density (=460A cm−2) at λ = 1.75 μm. Ridge waveguide lasers fabricated from the same material show low threshold currents, typically 20mA with a differential efficiency of 23% per facet. These results constitute the best device performance to date for the InGaAsP/InP system in the 1.6–2.2μm-wavelength region.
Electrochemical NOx Sensors for Automotive Diesel Exhaust

New emissions regulations will increase the need for compact, inexpensive sensors for monitoring and control of automotive exhaust gas pollutants. Species of interest include hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen (NO{sub x}). The current work is directed towards the development of fast, high sensitivity electrochemical NO{sub x} sensors for automotive diesel applications. We have investigated potentiometric NO sensors with good sensitivity and fast response when operated in 10% O{sub 2}. The sensors consist of yttria-stabilized zirconia substrates attached with NiCr{sub 2}O{sub 4} sensing electrodes and Pt reference electrodes. A composite NiCr{sub 2}O{sub 4}:Rh sensing electrode is shown to give significantly faster response than NiCr{sub 2}O{sub 4} alone. The exact role of the Rh in enhancing the response speed is not clear at present. However, the Rh appears to accumulate at the contacts between the NiCr{sub 2}O{sub 4} particles and may enhance the inter-particle electronic conduction. Ongoing testing of these sensors is being performed to elucidate the sensing mechanisms and to quantify cross sensitivity to, for example, NO{sub 2}.
Proliferative responses of mononuclear cells in Lyme disease. Reactivity to Borrelia burgdorferi antigens is greater in joint fluid than in blood.

In 27 patients with early Lyme disease, the mean response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to Lyme spirochetal Borrelia burgdorferi antigens (723 counts per minute) was similar to that of control subjects. During convalescence, 2–3 weeks later, the patients' mean response was significantly higher (2,075 cpm, P < 0.008). Compared with those with early disease, the PBMC of 22 patients with Lyme arthritis reacted even more to B burgdorferi (2,923 cpm, P < 0.0004), and, by far, the greatest response was in concomitantly obtained synovial fluid mononuclear cells (15,238 cpm, P < 0.001). The PBMC of patients with early Lyme disease reacted slightly less to phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen than those of normal control subjects, but patients with arthritis had greater than normal mitogen responses. In contrast, mitogen reactivity among synovial fluid cells was markedly decreased and correlated inversely with the response to antigen. Thus, in patients with Lyme disease, the antigen-specific responses of mononuclear cells increase as the disease progresses, and in those with arthritis, the greatest reactivity to antigen is found in cells in the inflamed joint.
Footskate cleanup for motion capture editing

While motion capture is commonplace in character animation, often the raw motion data itself is not used. Rather, it is first fit onto a skeleton and then edited to satisfy the particular demands of the animation. This process can introduce artifacts into the motion. One particularly distracting artifact is when the character's feet move when they ought to remain planted, a condition known as footskate. In this paper we present a simple, efficient algorithm for removing footskate. Our algorithm exactly satisfies footplant constraints without introducing disagreeable artifacts.
Scaling of melt production in hypervelocity impacts from high-resolution numerical simulations

The volume of melt produced in hypervelocity planetary impacts and the size and shape of the melted region are key to understanding the impact histories of solid planetary bodies and the geological effects of impacts on their surfaces and interiors. Prior work of Pierazzo et al. (Pierazzo, E., Vickery, A.M., Melosh, H.J. [1997]. Icarus 127, 408–423) gave the first estimates of impact melt production in geological materials using a modern hydrocode and equation of state. However, computational limits at the time forced use of low resolution, which may have resulted in low melt volumes. Our simulations with 50 times higher resolution provide independent confirmation of the Pierazzo et al. (Pierazzo, E., Vickery, A.M., Melosh, H.J. [1997]. Icarus 127, 408–423) melt volumes in aluminum, iron, dunite, and granite impacts at velocities between 20 and 80 km/s. In ice/ice impacts, we find that melt volumes depend on target temperature and are lower than predicted by Pierazzo et al. (Pierazzo, E., Vickery, A.M., Melosh, H.J. [1997]. Icarus 127, 408–423). Our melt volumes are directly proportional to impact energy for all materials, over a wide range of impact velocity. We also report new data for melt volume scalings for ice/dunite and iron/dunite impacts and the size and shape of melted region, valuable for interpretation of cratering records and studies of impact-induced differentiation.
Channel-forming bacterial toxins in biosensing and macromolecule delivery.

To intoxicate cells, pore-forming bacterial toxins are evolved to allow for the transmembrane traffic of different substrates, ranging from small inorganic ions to cell-specific polypeptides. Recent developments in single-channel electrical recordings, X-ray crystallography, protein engineering, and computational methods have generated a large body of knowledge about the basic principles of channel-mediated molecular transport. These discoveries provide a robust framework for expansion of the described principles and methods toward use of biological nanopores in the growing field of nanobiotechnology. This article, written for a special volume on “Intracellular Traffic and Transport of Bacterial Protein Toxins”, reviews the current state of applications of pore-forming bacterial toxins in small- and macromolecule-sensing, targeted cancer therapy, and drug delivery. We discuss the electrophysiological studies that explore molecular details of channel-facilitated protein and polymer transport across cellular membranes using both natural and foreign substrates. The review focuses on the structurally and functionally different bacterial toxins: gramicidin A of Bacillus brevis, α-hemolysin of Staphylococcus aureus, and binary toxin of Bacillus anthracis, which have found their “second life” in a variety of developing medical and technological applications.
Reduced Dopamine Transporter Expression in the Amygdala of Subjects Diagnosed With Schizophrenia

A disruption of dopaminergic transmission in the amygdala of subjects with schizophrenia was proposed as a main contributor to pathophysiological and clinical manifestations of this disorder. We tested the hypothesis that the expression of the dopamine transporter (DAT) is decreased in the amygdala of subjects with schizophrenia. In normal control, schizophrenic subjects and bipolar disorder subjects, we measured numerical density of axon varicosities immunoreactive (IR) for DAT in the lateral (LN), basal, accessory basal (ABN), and cortical (CO) nuclei and intercalated cell masses (ITCM) of the amygdala. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-IR and dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH)-IR varicosities were measured to test for potential loss of varicosities and serotonin transporter (5HTT)-IR for involvement of the serotoninergic system. Among several potential confounding variables tested, particular emphasis was placed on exposure to therapeutic drugs. In schizophrenic subjects, DAT-IR varicosities were decreased in LN (P = .0002), ABN (P = .013), and CO (P = .0001) in comparison with controls, and in comparison with bipolar disorder subjects in LN (P = .004) and CO (P = .002). DBH-IR varicosities were decreased in ABN (P = .008) and ITCM (P = .017), compared with controls. TH- and 5HTT-IR varicosities were not altered. No changes were detected in bipolar disorder. Taken together with TH and DBH findings, reductions of DAT-IR varicosities point to decreased DAT expression in dopaminergic terminals in the amygdala of subjects with schizophrenia. This DAT decrease may disrupt dopamine uptake, leading to increased dopaminergic synaptic transmission and spillage into the extracellular space with activation of extrasynaptic dopamine receptors. Concurrent decrease of noradrenaline in the ABN may disrupt memory consolidation.
Perturbation and abrupt shift in trophic control of biodiversity and productivity

Ecology is founded on the view that ecosystem properties like biodiversity and productivity change smoothly with changing environmental conditions. However, emerging theory predicts that environmental change may cause abrupt shifts to alternate states. In many ecosystems, top predators play a pivotal role in controlling plant productivity and diversity. Yet it remains uncertain if altering this control shifts systems to alternate states. I report on a test of the hypothesis that loss of predator control of ecosystem function causes abrupt state changes in diversity and productivity. In this meadow ecosystem, predators enhance plant diversity by causing a highly productive, competitively dominant plant species to be suppressed by herbivores. Experimental predator removal caused rapid proliferation of the competitively dominant plant. Moreover, temporally staggered predator reintroductions failed to restore the ecosystem. This loss of resilience confirmed that the ecosystem crossed a critical threshold and entrained into an alternate state.
Characterization of Number Fluctuations in Gate-last Metal Nanocrystal Nonvolatile Memory Array beyond 90nm CMOS Technology

Experimental characterization of nanocrystal formation in gate trenches were performed, which includes the analyses of number fluctuation, the size distribution, and the correlation of the size and number density in gate patterns with various feature sizes from 50nm to 150nm. The gate regions with 51nm oxide wall are defined by e-beam lithography and reactive ion etching (RIE). By using direct-deposit self-assembly (i.e., evaporation and post-annealing), Au, Ag, and Pt nanocrystals are formed on the gate tunneling oxide. From the statistical evaluation by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation, the number fluctuation of nanocrystals in a gate trench could be always controlled under 12%, while it follows the Poisson distribution in the unconstrained self-assembly. This is mainly due to the confinement effect by the trench sidewalls, corners, and edges. The current study demonstrated that the direct-deposit self-assembly process could be successfully adapted beyond 90nm metal nanocrystal memory technology with satisfactory parametric yield in the nanocrystal number density.
Image distortion effects in subsurface SAR imaging of deserts and their correction technique

Recently we proposed a new technique for subsurface topography estimation in deserts and arid regions using dual-frequency Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR). One of the main concerns was the use of conventional SAR focusing techniques for imaging the subsurface region which can result in significant image degradation and lower limit on the minimum achievable azimuth resolution. In this paper we demonstrate the different image distortion effects that can appear in scenarios where top surface is non-planar. These effects include geometric distortion and dispersion of the point spread function. We then demonstrate how most of these effects can be corrected through the application of an iterative approach using an algorithm recently developed for subsurface topography estimation. Using scaled model measurements under laboratory conditions and 3D simulations of actual top layer topographies it is shown that the correction algorithm renders better azimuth resolution, improved geometric projection and significant improvement in interferometric coherence.
Prospects for ancillary treatment of sinusitis in the 1990s

The basis for ancillary therapy of sinusitis derives from anecdotal accounts and personal beliefs rather than definitive data. The recent appreciation that noninfectious inflammatory causes predispose to infectious sinusitis has stimulated renewed interest in developing and documenting efficacious ancillary therapies that could supplement or abrogate antibiotic use. Ancillary therapies of sinusitis could be directed toward (1) preventing viral upper respiratory tract infections (immunizations, virucidal-impregnated tissues, and proper hand-washing techniques); (2) blocking rhinoviral replication and suppressing mediator release with supraphysiologic nasal hyperthermia, although contradictory studies exist with regard to efficacy; (3) promoting sinus and nasal ventilation with both topical and oral alpha-agonists and exercise; (4) improving mucociliary clearance by reducing mucus viscosity and elasticity with saline solution irrigation, mucoregulators (N-acetylcysteine, S-carboxymethylcysteine, and iodinated glycerol), and ciliary stimulants (adenosine triphosphate); and (5) suppressing/modulating cellular inflammation (eosinophilic, basophilic, and neutrophilic) with topical nasal corticosteroid sprays and mediator antagonists. Recommendations are forwarded for future investigations of promising nonantibiotic ancillary therapies of chronic sinusitis.
Profitability And Capital Structure Of Amex And Nyse Firms

In this study, we found that NYSE and AMEX firms have somewhat different capital structures. NYSE firms generally use 5% to 8% more debt financing in their capital structures than AMEX firms. It was also found that the amount of debt in the capital structures of AMEX firms declined somewhat between 1985 and 2003 but remained relatively stable for NYSE firms. Also, NYSE firms were found to exhibit a strong inverse relationship between firm profitability and the amount on debt in the firm’s capital structure. This result is generally consistent with Myers and Majluf’s “asymmetric information theory” of capital structure. No relationship was found between profitability and capital structure for AMEX firms. Comparison of these results to similar calculations found in Fosberg and Ghosh (2005) for NASDAQ firms shows that, like AMEX firms, NASDAQ firms use less debt in their capital structures than NYSE firms and exhibit no relationship between profitability and capital structure. Consequently, because these anomalies exist for both AMEX and NASDAQ firms, these two anomalies can not be an exchange listing effect.
Intrinsically Motivated Hierarchical Skill Learning in Structured Environments

We present a framework for intrinsically motivated developmental learning of abstract skill hierarchies by reinforcement learning agents in structured environments. Long-term learning of skill hierarchies can drastically improve an agent's efficiency in solving ensembles of related tasks in a complex domain. In structured domains composed of many features, understanding the causal relationships between actions and their effects on different features of the environment can greatly facilitate skill learning. Using Bayesian network structure (learning techniques and structured dynamic programming algorithms), we show that reinforcement learning agents can learn incrementally and autonomously both the causal structure of their environment and a hierarchy of skills that exploit this structure. Furthermore, we present a novel active learning scheme that employs intrinsic motivation to maximize the efficiency with which this structure is learned. As new structure is acquired using an agent's current set of skills, more complex skills are learned, which in turn allow the agent to discover more structure, and so on. This bootstrapping property makes our approach a developmental learning process that results in steadily increasing domain knowledge and behavioral complexity as an agent continues to explore its environment.
Modified Genetic Algorithm for Parameter Selection of Compartmental Models

A modified genetic algorithm has been developed for the task of optimal parameter selection for compartmental models. As a case study, a predictive model of the emerging health threat of obesity in America was developed which incorporated varying levels of three treatment strategies in an attempt to decrease the amount of overweight Americans over a ten-year period. The genetic algorithm was then applied to the task of minimizing the number of overweight persons while minimizing the costs associated with implementing the chosen treatment plans. Throughout repeated trials, the GA was able to converge to consistent, high- scoring treatment strategies after only a few minutes of computation on a desktop PC. This result demonstrates the ability of the modified Genetic Algorithm to effectively perform multivariate, nonlinear, simulation-based optimization routines in a short time.
Changes of Level in the Bermuda Islands

Abstract The Author gives a summary of previous writings bearing upon the geology of the Bermudas; but his own researches point to a rather more complicated series of changes than those which have been inferred by other writers. The formation of the ‘base-rock’ or ‘beach-rock’ occurred at some period which cannot be accurately ascertained at present, owing to the fragmentary nature of the included fossils. It may have been formed in Pleistocene or even late Tertiary times. After its formation it was converted into a dense limestone and then eroded, probably by subaerial agents, and finally attacked by the waves at an elevation of at least 15 feet above present sea-level; during this stage it was covered by beach-deposits of pebbles and shells, which were accumulated in a period so recent that the contained fossils are of the same species as the organisms living in the neighbouring sea. Then followed an uplift, during which land-shells lived on the beach-deposits; but these were soon covered by blown sand—the principal accumulations of the islands, and the outline of the islands was perfected by the action of the winds. This was done at an elevation which was at one time certainly as much as 40 or 50 feet above present sea-level. The author adduces evidence of a depression since this accumulation, causing land to disappear and the outline of the area to become very irregular; and he proves that these changes cannot be accounted for solely by erosion, as some have maintained. There are
Pigment Cells: A Model for the Study of Organelle Transport

Eukaryotic organisms rely on intracellular transport to position organelles and other components within their cells. Pigment cells provide an excellent model to study organelle transport as they specialize in the translocation of pigment granules in response to defined chemical signals. Pigment cells of lower vertebrates have traditionally been used as a model for these studies because these cells transport pigment organelles in a highly coordinated fashion, are easily cultured and transfected, are ideal for microsurgery, and are good for biochemical experiments, including in vitro analysis of organelle motility. Many important properties of organelle transport, for example, the requirement of two cytoskeletal filaments (actin and microtubules), the motor proteins involved, and the mechanisms of their regulation and interactions, have been studied using pigment cells of lower vertebrates. Genetic studies of mouse melanocytes allowed the discovery of essential elements involved in organelle transport including the myosin-Va motor and its receptor and adaptor molecules on the organelle surface. Future studies of pigment cells will contribute to our understanding of issues such as the cooperation among multiple motor proteins and the mechanisms of regulation of microtubule motors.
The Aggressive, Severely Behavior Disordered Child

Recent legislation has prompted the establishment of a burgeoning number of educational units for behavior disordered children. As these units became available throughout the United States, much disagreement resulted among educators regarding suitable eligibility criteria. The acting-out BD child is discussed in the article, with a focus on eligibility criteria and classification. In addition, characteristics of the aggressive child are suggested along with several factors tied in with the BD child. In particular, biological, familial, cognitive, and social learning factors related to aggression are discussed.
Identification of L3 leukemia and Burkitt's lymphoma cells by flow cytometric quantitation of nuclear and cellular RNA and DNA content.

Abstract Separate quantitations of nucleic acids of isolated nuclei and cells of L3 leukemia/Burkitt's lymphoma cell populations of peripheral blood (PB), bone marrow (BM) and lymph node (LN) cell suspensions of 17 patients were performed by acridine orange (AO) flow cytometry (FCM). The cell populations were analysed with respect to cell cycle characteristics and DNA/RNA distribution histograms of cells in various compartments of the cell cycle using mean value, coefficient of variation (CV), third moment about the mean as a measure of skewness (MOM3). The correlations between numbers of L3 blasts detected by microscopy and aneuploid cells quantified by FCM in 10 patients with aneuploid disease were r = 0.75 and r = 0.85 for BM and PB cell populations, respectively. Content of both nuclear and cellular RNA was 3–4 times higher in L3 cells than in normal donor lymphocytes. Percentages of cells in SG 2 M phase of L3 populations were significantly different from control populations in BM ( p p 0/1 cell histograms. All samples with no blasts by morphology had normal DNA and RNA patterns. AO FCM correctly classified all specimens as involved or not involved with disease in accordance with the cytomorphological diagnoses. Combining AO FCM with prior cell separation increased the sensitivity of the method to detect abnormal cells to 0.02%, or 0.5 L3 cells per μl of blood.
Trajectory Model of Occupants Ejected in Rollover Crashes

A simple two-dimensional particle model was developed to predict the airborne trajectory, landing point, tumbling distance, and rest position of an occupant ejected in a rollover crash. The ejected occupant was modeled as a projectile that was launched tangentially at a given radius from the center of gravity of the vehicle. The landing and tumbling phases of the ejection were modeled assuming a constant coefficient of friction between the occupant and the ground. Model parameters were optimized based on a dolly rollover test of a 1998 Ford Expedition in which five unbelted anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) were completely ejected. A generalized vehicle dynamics model was also created assuming a constant translational deceleration and a prescribed roll rate function. Predictions using the generalized model were validated against the results of the full-scale rollover test to estimate the expected error when using the model in a real world situation. The model was shown to be a useful tool for investigating possible ejection points and occupant trajectories in rollover crashes.
Neonatal tail posture and its relationship to striatal dopamine asymmetry in the rat

Previous research has demonstrated a link between rotational behavior and striatal dopamine asymmetry in the rat (rats rotate contralateral to the side of higher striatal dopamine concentration) and that the direction of a rat pup's tail posture will predict rotational bias. The present study hypothesized that neonatal tail posture would also predict adult striatal dopamine asymmetry. This hypothesis was confirmed for animals with a left but not right tail posture.
Polyenylphosphatidylcholine decreases alcohol-induced oxidative stress in the baboon

Diets supplemented with polyunsaturated fatty acids or triglycerides exacerbate alcohol-induced liver injury in rats, whereas, in baboons, polyenylphosphatidylcholine (PPC) protects against alcohol-induced fibrosis and cirrhosis. Because the aggravation in rats was attributed to enhanced lipid peroxidation, the present study was undertaken to assess parameters of oxidative stress in percutaneous liver biopsies of baboons fed alcohol, with or without PPC (2.8 g per 1000 calories). F2-isoprostanes and 4-hydroxynonenal, breakdown products of lipid peroxidation, were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and alpha-tocopherol was measured by HPLC with electrochemical detection. Hepatic 4-hydroxynonenal was significantly increased in animals fed alcohol, but this was fully prevented by PPC. F2-isoprostanes were also significantly lower after PPC and ethanol than after ethanol alone, and the alcohol-induced glutathione decrease was attenuated. All of these parameters were normal in the animals withdrawn from alcohol, even with persistence of significant liver disease. Because peroxidation products are fibrogenic, their decrease could contribute to the antifibrogenic property of the phospholipids. In conclusion, PPC significantly attenuates ethanol-induced oxidative stress, which may explain, at least in part, its protective effect against alcoholic liver injury.
Vitamin and Mineral Supplements in the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer: An Updated Systematic Evidence Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force

This systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force updates evidence on the benefits and harms of vitamin and mineral supplements for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and...
The Price Response to S&P 500 Index Additions and Deletions: Evidence of Asymmetry and a New Explanation

We study the price effects of firms added to and deleted from the S&P 500 index and document an asymmetric price response: there is a permanent increase in the price of added firms but no similar decline for deleted firms. These results are at odds with extant explanations of the effects of S&P 500 index changes which imply a symmetric price response to additions and deletions. A possible explanation for asymmetric price effects arises from changes in investor awareness. Results from our empirical tests support the thesis that changes in investor awareness contribute to the asymmetric price effects of S&P 500 index additions and deletions.
Content- and medium-specific decomposition of friendship relational maintenance: Integrating equity and media multiplexity approaches

This manuscript reports an empirical study integrating equity and media multiplexity approaches to relational maintenance via separation of medium- and content-specific components of behaviors. Results from confirmatory factor analysis demonstrate good fit for the decomposition model. The analysis also revealed that content- and medium-specific components differentially predict the strength and quality of friends’ influence. Specifically, positivity and social networks predict control mutuality, whereas medium-specific components predict interdependence. Although face-to-face maintenance indirectly predicts control mutuality, online maintenance exhibits no such association. Results did not differ significantly between local and long-distance friends. In addition to introducing a statistical tool for separating content- and medium-specific effects, these results suggest how theoretical understandings of relational maintenance behavior can be refined.
Chloroquine cardiotoxicity: clinicopathologic features in three patients and comparison with three patients with Fabry disease.

Abstract Background: Microscopic features of chloroquine cardiotoxicity are similar to those of Fabry disease. The purpose of the study was to compare clinicopathologic findings in both disorders. Methods: Patients with a diagnosis of chloroquine cardiotoxicity or Fabry disease were identified who had undergone endomyocardial biopsy or autopsy at Mayo Clinic Rochester (1976–2000). Clinical information was collected from medical records and letters from referring physicians. Light and electron microscopy were performed in all cases. Results: Three patients (two women, one man) with chloroquine cardiotoxicity ranged in age from 53 to 73 years. Chloroquine was given for rheumatoid arthritis in two and systemic lupus erythematosus in one. Three patients (two men, one woman) with Fabry disease ranged in age from 58 to 76 years. Two had angiokeratomas, but only one had a previous diagnosis of Fabry disease. All six patients presented with dyspnea. Light microscopy from all six revealed myocyte enlargement due to perinuclear vacuolization. By transmission electron microscopy, all six showed abundant myelinoid figures within involved myocytes. Curvilinear bodies were observed in two patients with chloroquine cardiotoxicity and in none with Fabry disease. Conclusions: Patients with cardiac dysfunction due to chloroquine cardiotoxicity or Fabry disease have similar ages, presenting clinical symptoms, cardiac light microscopy and sarcoplasmic myelinoid bodies ultrastructurally. Patients with Fabry disease may not have a personal or family history of the disease. Similarly, a history of chloroquine usage may not be known to the pathologist. In these settings, the presence of curvilinear bodies ultrastructurally is useful for the diagnosis of chloroquine cardiotoxicity.
Non-NMDA Glutamate Receptors in the Regulation of Neuronal Ca2+ and Excitotoxicity

The excitatory amino acid glutamate mediates excitatory synaptic transmission and causes elevations in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) by acting on a variety of receptor types. Under normal physiological conditions, this happens in a controlled manner [28]. However, in pathological situations such as ischemia, status epilepticus, or trauma excessive glutamate release is thought to lead to prolonged exposure of the receptors to their agonist, causing excessive accumulation of intracellular Ca2+ [28]. This uncontrolled elevation of [Ca2+]i Ca2+ can lead to neuronal death, with the time delay providing a potential window of opportunity for therapeutic intervention. Thus, understanding these processes seems to offer hope for the more effective treatment of brain ischemia and stroke [13].
Posttraumatic Effects and Their Treatment among Southeast Asian Refugees

War and conflict with its destruction and violence have been a tragic and common occurrence in the Indochinese area of Asia. Struggles with invaders, colonial powers, internal political factions, and the awesome power of the American military in Vietnam and in Southeast Asia have all led to widespread ruin, injury, and death. Some of the most savage destruction and genocide occurred within the countries of Cambodia, Vietnam, and Laos by their fellow countrymen upon their own people. All these events resulted in various physical and psychological traumata ranging from the known effects of war on civilian populations to the truly massive catastrophic events endured by the Cambodians.
Growth, reproductive development, and estrous behavior of beef heifers treated with growth promotants

ABSTRACT Charolais × Balancer heifers (n = 65; BW = 179 ± 30 kg; 255 ± 12 d of age) were used to determine the influence of growth-promoting implants on growth, reproductive development, estrous behavior, and pregnancy rate. Heifers were assigned to 1 of 4 implant treatment groups: (1) control, no implant (n = 16); (2) trenbolone acetate (TBA; 200 mg of TBA; n = 15); (3) trenbolone acetate plus estradiol (TBA+E2; 40 mg of TBA and 8 mg of E2; n = 17); or (4) zeranol (ZER; 36 mg of ZER; n = 17). Reproductive-tract scores (RTS) were determined via ultrasonography on d 106 and 195 (d 0 = implant treatment). Estrous behavior was monitored by radiotelemetry. Average daily gain was greater (P 0.10) among treatments (72%). Implanting with TBA+E2 after weaning resulted in heavier heifers at breeding, and reproductive development was delayed in ZER heifers. Implant strategies after weaning may alter heifer growth and development on forage systems, but overall fertility was not affected in this experiment.
INTRAVASCULAR ULTRASOUND ARTERIAL MEASUREMENTS PREDICT VASCULAR ACCESS SITE COMPLICATIONS IN TRANSFEMORAL AORTIC VALVE REPLACEMENT

Vascular complications of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR) have been recognized since the procedure’s inception. Studies have shown that CTA measurements of the femoral artery predict vascular complications. This study was designed to evaluate intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) arterial
Crust and upper mantle electrical conductivity beneath the Yellowstone Hotspot Track

Combining long-period magnetotelluric data from the spatially uniform EarthScope USArray and higher-resolution profiles, we obtain a regional three-dimensional electrical resistivity model in the Snake River Plain and Yellowstone areas (Idaho and Wyoming, United States), and provide new constraints on the large-scale distribution of melt and fluids beneath the Yellowstone hotspot track. Contrary to what would be expected from standard mantle plume models, the electromagnetic data suggest that there is little or no melt in the lower crust and upper mantle directly beneath Yellowstone caldera. Instead, low mantle resistivities (10 Ωm and below), which we infer to result from 1%–3% partial melt, are found 40–80 km beneath the eastern Snake River Plain, extending at least 200 km southwest of the caldera, beneath the area of modern basaltic magmatism. The reduced resistivities extend upward into the mid-crust primarily around the edges of the Snake River Plain, suggesting upward migration of melt and/or fluid is concentrated in these areas. The anomaly also shallows toward Yellowstone, where higher temperatures enhance permeability and allow melts to ascend into the crust. The top of the conductive layer is at its shallowest, in the upper crust, directly beneath the modern Yellowstone supervolcano.
Computation and validation of delta wing pitching up to 90 deg amplitude

The unsteady, three dimensional Navier Stokes equations (NS) are solved time accurately to simulate and study the aerodynamic response of a delta wing undergoing pitching motion up to 90° amplitude. The governing equations are solved using the implicit, upwind, Roe fluxdifference splitting, finite-volume scheme. The primary model under consideration consists of a 76° swept, sharp-edged delta wing of zero thickness initially at zero angle of attack. The freestream Mach number and Reynolds number are 0.3 and 0.45 x 10; respectively. The wing is forced to pitch through a ramp function of 0.024i around an axis located at two third of the root chord length. The effect of the ramp motion on the vortex breakdown behavior and overall aerodynamic response is studied to provide understanding of the flow physics at extremely large pitch amplitude. The computational results are validated and are in a good agreement with the experimental data.
Mechanisms of Primary Ovarian Insufficiency

Premature loss of ovarian follicles can occur due to several basic underlying causes: (1) Inadequate initial complement of follicles due to defects in germ cell location, proliferation, or retention prior to attainment of maximum follicle numbers in fetal life; (2) excessive loss of a normal complement of follicles due to pathological processes, genetic causes, or environmental toxins; and (3) iatrogenic destruction of ovarian follicles either through surgery, chemotherapy, or other causes. Recent advances in genetics have led to the discovery of a number of unique mutations that cause primary ovarian insufficiency (POI). Each individual mutation is relatively rare, but they have revealed important information about the processes of early ovarian development and follicle maintenance. New knowledge about the environmental effects of cigarette smoking and other potential endocrine-disrupting chemicals may also provide information about the etiology of some cases of POI. Finally, underlying infectious and invasive processes such as pelvic inflammatory disease and endometriosis, which can require repeated ovarian surgeries, also carry risks of premature loss of ovarian follicles. This chapter will review the current state of the science.
Analysis of tuberculosis epidemics in Guizhou Province between 2005 and 2012

Objective The study aimed to analyze the epidemiological distribution of tuberculosis outbreaks occurred in Guizhou Province between 2005 and 2012, so to provide a scientific reference for the development of prevention and control strategies against tuberculosis. Methods Data on reported tuberculosis in Guizhou between 2005 and 2012 was obtained from the Chinese Disease Surveillance Information System and was statistically analyzed. Results The average annual reported incidence in Guizhou between2005 and 2012 was 144.84/100 000, with an average annual mortality of 0.49/100 000. The reported incidence of tuberculosis began rising since 2005 and peaked between 2007 and 2008. The highest number of reported incidence and cases of tuberculosis in Guizhou occurred in Zunyi. The male/female ratio of reported incidence was 2.02: 1, and the number of cases among individuals aged between 15 and 54 accounted for 67.64% of the total number of cases. The number of cases among children under the age of14 decreased each year, and the highest incidence occurred among farmers(69.30%). Conclusion Tuberculosis epidemic in Guizhou between 2005 and 2012 varies significantly in the distribution of region, age, occupation, and gender, suggesting that effective prevention and control measures should be taken according to the distribution characteristics of tuberculosis in Guizhou.