cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Participation Improves Children's Health Care Use: An Analysis of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act's Natural Experiment.

Abstract Objective To examine the impact of increased Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefit levels as provided by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) beginning in April 2009 on the health care use and health care needs of participating children. Methods Difference-in-differences analysis compared changes in health care use and needs between children in SNAP-eligible households and those in low-income but SNAP-ineligible households before and after ARRA's implementation, using data from the nationally representative National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). Survey respondents reported on children's health care use and outstanding health care needs. Our sample included approximately 38,500 children in low-income households who completed the core NHIS, and a subsample of 15,000 sample children who reported additional information. Results Approximately 6% of low-income children had delayed care due to cost. Three percent and 4% of children in low-income households and low-income single-parent households, respectively, reported needing health care but not being able to afford it. The increase in SNAP benefits was associated with a 65% reduction in outstanding medication needs due to affordability among SNAP-eligible children, relative to low-income, ineligible children. There was also a reduction in the likelihood that children had seen a general doctor in the last year. Among children in single-parent households, SNAP benefit expansion was associated with a 3.2 percentage point decrease in needing but not being able to afford health care. Conclusions Findings suggest that even a small increase in household resources leads to reductions in outstanding health care needs due to affordability, particularly among children.
Calculative Trust and Interfirm Contracts

Interfirm contracts are plagued by opportunism arising from exchange hazards that increase the seller’s gains from holdup in fixed price contracts. These exchange hazards are higher when the seller...
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN TOTAL CORONARY BURDEN AND HIGH-SENSITIVITY CARDIAC TROPONIN-T IN PSORIASIS

Chronic inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis is associated with high systemic inflammation and elevated sub-clinical coronary disease. High-sensitivity troponin T (hs-cTnT) is a marker of acute myocardial ischemia and indicates myocardial injury. Previously, the presence of high-risk coronary
The mediated construction of reality

‘Suppose the social to be mediated’, (1) is the opening statement of Nick Couldry and Andreas Hepp's book of social theory in an age of contemporary communications technologies. They offer this sta...
Evidence to Support Universal Blood Pressure Screening in School-Based Clinical Settings.

BACKGROUND Most pediatric elevated blood pressure (BP) remains undiagnosed. The American Academy of Pediatrics states "there is limited evidence to support school-based measurement of children's BP." We explored the utility school-based BP screening. METHODS A cross-sectional sample of 4096 students ages 6 to 17 from Title 1 Miami-Dade Public Schools (50% female, 71% non-Hispanic black, 26% Hispanic) had their systolic/diastolic BP (SBP/DBP) and body mass index (BMI) collected over the 2016 to 2017 or 2017 to 2018 school years. Relative risks (RRs) ratios were calculated to estimate normal/elevated SBP/DBP by BMI percentile, ethnicity, and sex. RESULTS Overall, 26.4% had at least one elevated BP measurement, of which 59% were not obese. RR for obese status was significant for all categories of elevated BP (RRs > 1.88, p < .0001). Being either female (RR = 1.34, p = .009) or Hispanic (RR = 1.31, p = .014) was significantly associated with elevated DBP. BMI accounted for <10% of the variation in BP (SBP: F(1, 4095) = 367.6, adjusted R2 = .08, p < .0001; DBP: F(1, 4095) = 93.3, adjusted R2 = .02, p < .0001). CONCLUSION These findings support providing BP screenings in school settings. Low-income and minority students often have limited access to health care, higher obesity rates, and unhealthy behaviors. Our findings support universal school-based BP screening regardless of weight status, particularly among ethnically diverse populations.
Universal polarimetric signatures of the black hole photon ring

Black hole images present an annular region of enhanced brightness. In the absence of propagation effects, this “photon ring” has universal features that are completely governed by general relativity and independent of the details of the emission. Here, we show that the polarimetric image of a black hole also displays universal properties. In particular, the photon ring exhibits a self-similar pattern of polarization that encodes the black hole spin. We explore the corresponding universal polarimetric signatures of the photon ring on long interferometric baselines, and propose a method for measuring the black hole spin using a sparse interferometric array. These signatures could enable spin measurements of the supermassive black hole in M87, as well as precision tests of general relativity in the strong field regime, via a future extension of the Event Horizon Telescope to space.
Pseudotumor cerebri in a pre-pubescent child--case report.

Background Pseudotumor cerebri (PT) is a disease characterized by elevated intracranial pressure with no apparent etiology. A majority of cases of PTC occur in adults, with a distinct predilection for obese women of childbearing age. On rare occasions, PTC will affect children and is associated with different patient characteristics. Case report A slender 10-year-old boy was brought to clinic with a one-day history of intermittent horizontal diplopia and a two-week history of severe headaches on awakening. Visual acuity, pupil function, and color vision were all normal. Cover test revealed an intermittent esotropia at distance, with full ocular motilities. Fundus examination revealed swelling of the optic disks OU. Further diagnostic testing, treatment, and followup are discussed. Conclusions Pseudotumor cerebri in children is rare. When present, PTC in children often manifests different characteristics than adults. First, no clear sexual predilection exists for PTC in children. Second, the role of associated illnesses and medications is stronger in children than in adults. Third, the extent of neurologic deficit present in children with PTC is broader than in adults. All children with swollen optic disks warrant a thorough diagnostic evaluation. In the absence of obvious neuropathology, knowledge of the differences between adult and pediatric PTC can help avoid a diagnostic dilemma.
Facing Uncertainty: Small Business Cash Flow Patterns in 25 U.S. Cities

Observers of the small business sector have argued that cash flow management is an important issue for small businesses and their owners, but existing data sources provide a limited empirical view of the cash flow patterns of individual small firms. We use de-identified transaction data from the deposit accounts of small firms located in 25 U.S. cities to identify seven distinct cash flow patterns, four of which correspond to relatively regular cash flows, and three of which correspond to irregular cash flows. We show that small firms with regular cash flow patterns are more likely to survive and experience revenue growth. Among firms with irregular cash flow patterns, we show that firms with erratically timed revenues and expenses are most prevalent and least likely to survive, but firms with sporadic revenues experienced the greatest revenue declines. We also show that firms with limited cash buffers and irregular cash flows were the most likely to exit. Finally, we provide initial evidence that cash flow outcomes may vary meaningfully within cities, perhaps more so than between cities. Our findings suggest that policymakers might usefully target programs based on the specific kinds of cash flow challenges individual small businesses face, and that opportunities may exist to target programs to the specific communities where these challenges are most prevalent.
Global Lifestyle Medicine: For People Who Need It the Most but Have It the Least.

In many low- and middle-income countries, chronic or noncommunicable disease is rising exponentially leading to high rates of death and disability. Many low-resource countries also still have high ...
Vaccines: From valuation to resource allocation

This review focuses on selected challenges and opportunities concerning broader valuation of vaccines and immunization. The challenges involve conceptualizing and measuring the value of vaccines, while the opportunities relate to the strategic and systematic use of that information in health policy decisions that range from the adoption of particular vaccines in national immunization plans to the allocation of resources to vaccine research, development, and delivery. Clarifying the demonstrable individual, family, and community-level benefits of vaccines will allow the public health community to make better-informed and more meaningful comparisons of the costs of vaccines in relation to their full benefits. Taking advantage of this opportunity will require enhanced data collection and the development of strategic planning tools for transparently assessing trade-offs among the myriad attributes of different vaccines in various social and economic contexts.
Isolated Cervical Dystonia: Management and Barriers to Care

Background: Cervical dystonia (CD) is a rare disorder, and health care providers might be unfamiliar with its presentation, thus leading to delay in the initial diagnosis. The lack of awareness displays the need to highlight the clinical features and treatment in cervical dystonia. In our cohort, we have identified an earlier age of onset in men, despite an overall preponderance of affected women. Objective: We aim to identify the prevalence, age of onset, spread, and treatment modalities of CD in the population. We also highlight the barriers which patients encounter related to diagnosis, follow-up, and treatment. Methods: We reviewed 149 CD patients who attended specialized Dystonia Clinics over a 14-year period. Dystonia severity was rated using the Burke-Fahn-Marsden (BFM), Tsui, and Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scales (TWSTRS). Mood and quality of life were assessed using Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). Results: CD patients were majority White (91.3%) and more commonly female (75.8%). Men had an earlier median age of onset, 40.5 years (p = 0.044). BAI revealed a mean score of 7.2 (±6.4, n = 50) indicating minimal anxiety while BDI revealed a mean score of 7.30 (±7.6, n = 50) indicating minimal depression. The only SF-36 subscales associated with CD severity were physical functioning (p = 0.040) pain (p = 0.008) and general health (p = 0.014). Conclusion: There appear to be gender differences in both the prevalence and age of onset of the disease. There was a 3-fold higher incidence in women than in men. CD patients of both sexes experience barriers to care, which can be reflected in their quality of life and time-to-diagnosis. In addition, males were less likely to experience an objective benefit with botulinum toxin treatment and more likely to discontinue care. Greater awareness of CD by health care providers is important to reduce the time-to-diagnosis.
Best Practices in Recruitment

In Academic Surgery, maintaining diverse teams of faculty is a critical component to achieving clinical, research, and educational missions. Recruitment shapes major aspects of the academic culture and success of a department relies heavily upon successful hiring processes, however there are many challenges in achieving diverse and equitable recruitment. The first challenge is that bias pervades daily life. Next, developing an adequately diverse applicant pool requires broad reach and network expansion. Third, evaluation of candidates must aim to be objective, standardized, and fair. Finally, diverse candidates are often disadvantaged in negotiation. In this chapter, we discuss these challenges and suggest ways to mitigate bias, present best practices for reaching diverse applicants, identify schema for interview and selection processes, and highlight fair hiring processes.
Controlled Release of Anti-Inflammatory and Proangiogenic Factors from Macroporous Scaffolds.

The simultaneous local delivery of anti-inflammatory and proangiogenic agents via biomaterial scaffolds presents a promising method for improving the engraftment of tissue-engineered implants while...
Relationships Between Dress and Gender in a Context of Cultural Change

As some individuals no longer identify with the traditional binary distinction of male or female, new gender categories have emerged. A total of 31 gender categories have been recognized by the NYC Commission of Human Rights with the goal to encourage equitable treatment and respect of all individuals within the workplace. As society evolves, there is still a lack of understanding of gender identity and gender expression. Symbolic Interaction and Self-Verification theories were used to examine the use of dress and other appearance cues to establish and communicate gender identities with individuals representing a range of genders. A phenomenological research approach was employed. Participants spoke about gender in the context of several identities and environments. Dress was used to represent these identities along with gender. Barriers in communicating gender identified were problems with stereotypes, dress limitations in communicating gender, and mistakes (intentional and unintentional) in interpretation of dress cues.
Telemarketing, Commercial Speech, and Central Hudson: Potential First Amendment Problems for Indiana Code Section 24-4.7 and other 'Do-Not-Call' Legislation, 37 Val. U. L. Rev. 347 (2002).

State"do-not-call" statutes, limiting telemarketers' ability to telephone residents who requested their names be added to the do-not-call list, were being enacted in nearly every state in the early 2000's. However, most of these statutes contain numerous exemptions for special interest groups that lobby state legislators. This article argues that these "do-not-call" statutes violate the First Amendment's protections for commercial speech as interpreted by the United States Supreme Court. The article traces the entire history of the Supreme Court's commercial speech jurisprudence from 1942, looks at past efforts to regulate telemarketing, and examines state "do-not-call" laws in light of increased U.S. Supreme Court protections for commercial speech, focusing in particular on Indiana's telemarketing legislation.
The quest for sustainable futures: designing transformative learning spaces with multilingual Black, Brown, and Latinx young people through critical response-ability

In an era of global climate change, intertwined with social and ecological predation, there is growing recognition of the importance of building socially, environmentally, culturally pluralistic, just and sustainable futures. Yet many of the calls for reform and discourses around sustainability are authored and defined through top-down approaches, by those who have power, privilege, and cognitive authority, and excludes the voices, identities, and epistemologies of those in the margins. In this paper we argue for the need to design and develop transformative learning ecologies that explicitly position the diverse voices of youth from nondominant communities as central to re-defining and re-envisioning relationally just, pluralistic, and sustainable futures. To this end, we seek to provide examples from participatory design-based learning ecologies to illustrate the centering of middle school youth voices and agencies from multilingual Black, Brown, and Latinx communities through critical response-ability. These examples highlight how these youth grapple with the uncertain landscapes of sustainability in their communities and provide counter-narratives to traditional deficit-based discourses and youth empowerment. We draw on what we have learned from multilingual youth to offer some suggestions for designing transformative learning ecologies situated within the framework of critical-response-ability in the quest for sustainable, thriving, and just futures.
Blowin' in the wind: Dispersal, structure, and metacommunity dynamics of aeolian diatoms in the McMurdo Sound region, Antarctica.

Diatom metacommunities are structured by environmental, historical, and spatial factors that are often attributed to organism dispersal. In the McMurdo Sound region (MSR) of Antarctica, wind connects aquatic habitats through delivery of inorganic and organic matter. We evaluated the dispersal of diatoms in aeolian material and its relation to the regional diatom metacommunity using light microscopy and 18S rRNA high-throughput sequencing. The concentration of diatoms ranged from 0 to 8.76 * 106 valves · g-1 dry aeolian material. Up to 15% of whole cells contained visible protoplasm, indicating that up to 3.43 * 104 potentially viable individuals could be dispersed in a year to a single 2 cm2 site. Diatom DNA and RNA was detected at each site, reinforcing the likelihood that we observed dispersal of viable diatoms. Of the 50 known morphospecies in the MSR, 72% were identified from aeolian material using microscopy. Aeolian community composition varied primarily by site. Meanwhile, each aeolian community was comprised of morphospecies found in aquatic communities from the same lake basin. These results suggest that aeolian diatom dispersal in the MSR is spatially structured, is predominantly local, and connects local aquatic habitats via a shared species pool. Nonetheless, aeolian community structure was distinct from that of aquatic communities, indicating intra-habitat dispersal and environmental filtering also underlie diatom metacommunity dynamics. The present study confirms that a large number of diatoms are passively dispersed by wind across a landscape characterized by aeolian processes, integrating the regional flora and contributing to metacommunity structure and landscape connectivity.
Fe and CaO promoted Ni catalyst on gasifier bed material for tar removal from producer gas

Abstract A new Ni-based mixed oxide material (Ni-Fe-CaO) for catalyzing Carbo HSP gasifier bed material was prepared and characterized by XRD, TPR, TEM, and SEM techniques. The catalyst performance for tar removal from a simulated producer gas mixture via steam reforming was tested in a laboratory-scale fixed-bed reactor between 700 and 800 °C, using toluene and ethylene as tar surrogates. Ni–Fe–CaO catalysts had significantly higher activity and deactivation resistance for toluene removal compared to either Ni–Fe or Ni catalysts. Keeping CaO loading similar in the catalysts, the Ni:Fe ratio was varied and the optimum tar conversion and highest COx selectivity were obtained with ratios of 3:1 and 2:1. The turn over frequency (TOF) on Ni in the Ni–Fe–CaO mixed oxides were higher compared to pure Ni or Ni–CaO combinations and increased with lowering Ni/Fe ratio. High tar removal activity (80% vs 68%) and COx selectivity (96% vs 98%) at 750 °C were obtained for 1.6% (Ni45Fe15Ca40)/Carbo HSP and 1.6% (Ni40Fe20Ca40)/Carbo HSP compositions, respectively. Deactivation occurred mainly due to sintering of the 1.6% (Ni45Fe15Ca40) composition reducing conversion efficiency by 17% (from 99.7% to 83%) after 48 h in time-on-stream at 800 °C. After regeneration with a O2/H2 sequence, the conversion was reduced from 98% to 80% after 24 h in time-on-stream. Similarly, 1.6% (Ni40Fe20Ca40) composition shows a stable conversion of ∼80% at the end of 50 h, which was much superior compared to the 1% (Ni65Fe35)/Carbo HSP catalyst. The individual role of Fe and CaO in promoting Ni for improving catalytic activity and stability in Ni-Fe-CaO was investigated
Lebesgue-type Inequalities for Greedy Approximation with Respect to Some Classical Bases

Let a Banach space X, with a basis \(\Psi\;=\;\mathop{\left\{\psi_k\right\}}\nolimits^\infty_{k=1}\), be given. We assume that \(\|\psi_k\|\geq\;C\;>\;0,\;k\;=\;1,2,\ldots,\) , and consider the following theoretical greedy algorithm.
Rank drops of recurrence matrices

A recurrence matrix is a matrix whose terms are sequential members of a linear homogeneous recurrence sequence of order k and whose dimensions are both greater than or equal to k. In this paper, the ranks of recurrence matrices are determined. In particular, it is shown that the rank of such a matrix differs from the previously found upper bound of k in only two situations: When (a_j) satisfies a recurrence relation of order less than k, and when the nth powers of distinct eigenvalues of (a_j ) coincide.
Do large shared displays facilitate group effort

Twelve four-man groups searched and counted visually displayed items. In one session, they used a large display shared in common by the group members; in another session, separate smaller displays were viewed individually. Information was presented under conditions of equal visual angle, so that these two display modes were logically equivalent. Performance was 15 percent faster with the large group display than with the small individual displays. There was no significant difference in error frequency. Some subjects preferred the large display, some the small. In a supplementary study, running individual subjects rather than groups, there were no differences in speed or accuracy between the display modes. This suggests that the difference in group performance time resulted from some facilitating effect of the shared display on the process of group interaction.
Threat Agents and Water Biosecurity

In the aftermath of the anthrax bioterror outbreak in the eastern United States in the fall of 2001, the security of the potable water distribution network assumed new importance. Both source and finished waters may represent possible targets for the introduction of biological threat agents. These agents may consist of viruses such as smallpox or hemorrhagic fever viruses; bacteria, such as Bacillus anthracis and Francisella tularensis; and toxins, such as staphylococcal enterotoxin or ricin. Little is known about the stability of threat agents in source and finished waters and the effects of conventional disinfection regimens on pathogen survival and infectivity. Methods currently in use for the recovery of waterborne pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Cryptosporidium, and enteric viruses, may be readily adapted for use in detecting threat agents in water samples. Newer diagnostic technologies, based on immunologic and molecular biology approaches, may be able to provide the water industry with more sensitive and accurate testing methods for threat agents. Recently, a number of research and development programs dealing with water biosecurity were implemented by federal and industry organizations. These initiatives should assist water resource managers as they confront this new challenge to water quality and public health. Keywords: pathogens; water quality; biosecurity; biological warfare
Women's Health, Women's Lives

What Makes Women Sick: Gender and the Political Economy of Health. Lesley Doyal. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1995. xii. 280 pp. Gender and Health: An International Perspective. Carolyn F. Sargent and Caroline Brettell. eds. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1966. + 370 pp. Women, Poverty and AIDS: Sex, Drugs and Structural Violence. Paul Farmer. Margaret Connors. and Janie Simmons. eds. Monroe, ME: Common Courage, 1966. xxi. 473 pp. Choosing Unsafe Sex: AIDS-Risk Denial among Disadvantaged Women. E. J. Sobo. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995. ix. 232 pp. Women in Pain: Gender and Morbidity in Mexico. Kaja Finkier. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994. xix. 238 pp.
Rethinking Regime Politics

Many recent studies of “regime politics” argue that judicial review is ultimately used to promote the interests of the dominant governing regime. I explore this claim by evaluating whether the invalidation of federal laws by the US Supreme Court fits the empirical expectations of the regime politics approach. I find that the Court frequently invalidates statutes when (1) the ideology of the Court diverges from that of the sitting elected branches (suggesting that the Court does not fear sanctions or nonimplementation), and (2) the ideology of the sitting elected branches converges with that of the elected branches that enacted the statute (suggesting that the Court is defying the sitting elected branches). My findings suggest that the Court does not primarily use judicial review to promote the interests of the dominant governing regime.
Dissecting trait heterogeneity: a comparison of three clustering methods applied to genotypic data

Background Trait heterogeneity, which exists when a trait has been defined with insufficient specificity such that it is actually two or more distinct traits, has been implicated as a confounding factor in traditional statistical genetics of complex human disease. In the absence of detailed phenotypic data collected consistently in combination with genetic data, unsupervised computational methodologies offer the potential for discovering underlying trait heterogeneity. The performance of three such methods – Bayesian Classification, Hypergraph-Based Clustering, and Fuzzy k-Modes Clustering – appropriate for categorical data were compared. Also tested was the ability of these methods to detect trait heterogeneity in the presence of locus heterogeneity and/or gene-gene interaction, which are two other complicating factors in discovering genetic models of complex human disease. To determine the efficacy of applying the Bayesian Classification method to real data, the reliability of its internal clustering metrics at finding good clusterings was evaluated using permutation testing.
Reliability-based design optimization with dependent interval variables

SUMMARY Reliability-based design optimization (RBDO) ensures design requirements are satisfied at required reliability levels in the presence of uncertainty. The recent RBDO methodologies can accommodate two types of uncertainty – aleatory type, represented by random variables, and epistemic type, represented by interval variables. However, only independent interval variables can be handled. The objective of this research is to introduce dependent interval variables into RBDO. The dependency of interval variables comes from equality and inequality constraints. With the intervals, the reliability is also an interval, and its lower bound is considered to preserve conservativeness. An efficient optimization method is developed to solve RBDO problems. The method is an extension of the existing framework of sequential optimization and reliability analysis with the inclusion of inequality constraints of interval variables. The new method is efficient because it decouples the optimization process from the process of reliability and interval analyses. The new method is applied to the RBDO of a slider mechanism with joint clearances, which are known as dependent interval variables. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantum-limited position detection and amplification: A linear response perspective

Using standard linear response relations, we derive the quantum limit on the sensitivity of a generic linear-response position detector, and the noise temperature of a generic linear amplifier. Particular emphasis is placed on the detector's effective temperature and damping effects; the former quantity directly determines the dimensionless power gain of the detector. Unlike the approach used in the seminal work of Caves [Phys. Rev. D 26 1817 (1982)], the linear-response approach directly involves the noise properties of the detector, and allows one to derive simple necessary and sufficient conditions for reaching the quantum limit. Our results have direct relevance to recent experiments on nanoelectromechanical systems, and complement recent theoretical studies of particular mesoscopic position detectors.
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine:dolichyl-phosphate N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase is amplified in tunicamycin-resistant soybean cells.

A tunicamycin-resistant soybean cell line was developed by gradually increasing the concentration of tunicamycin in the growth medium. At the final stage, the resistant cells could survive in media containing 60 μg/ml of tunicamycin, whereas normal cells show a greatly retarded growth rate at 0.5 μg/ml of antibiotic. The tunicamycin-resistant cells had a greater than 40-fold increase in the activity of the enzyme UDP-GlcNAc:dolichyl-P GlcNAclP transferase, a 2–3-fold increase in the activity of dolichyl-P -mannose synthase, but no increase in the activities of other enzymes of the lipid-linked saccharide pathway such as dolichyl-P -glucose synthase or mannosyl transferases. There was also no change in the activities of the glycoprotein-processing enzymes, glucosidase I or glucosidase II, as compared to wild-type cells. The increase in GlcNAclP transferase was due to an increased production of enzyme, as seen by a dramatic increase in the amount of a 39–kDa protein, which is presumed to be this enzyme protein. The GlcNAclP transferase from tunicamycin-resistant cells was equally sensitive to tunicamycin as was the wild-type enzyme, but was considerably more labile to temperatures above 30°C. The activity in tunicamycin-resistant cells was greatly stimulated by exogenous dolichyl-P. The spectrum of oligosaccharides from labeled lipid-linked oligosaccharides was similar in wild-type and tunicamycin-resistant soybean cells, but the resistant cells had significantly greater amounts of the shorter and much lower amounts of the larger-sized oligosaccharides.
Strategies of control: workers’ use of ICTs to shape knowledge and service work

This paper examines the way that different types of workers deploy strategies of control in concert with and in resistance to information and communication technologies (ICTs). Existing research on the effects of ICTs for knowledge workers has illustrated the ways they can lead to practices of overwork and work–life spillover. However, the dearth of studies on service workers and ICT means that we have a limited understanding of their role across different segments of the workforce. Drawing on interviews with service workers and knowledge workers, I examine how they use ICTs to shape their experiences of work. The study finds the two groups deployed ICTs in different ways, and employed different ICT-centric strategies to control the temporal and emotional demands of their labor. The service workers deployed strategies of everyday resistance in concert with their ICTs to gain a feeling of autonomy within the power structures of their workplaces. The knowledge workers deployed strategies of inaccessibility ...
On fibrewise simplicial monoids and Milnor–Carlsson’s constructions

Abstract We give a categorical view of Milnor–Carlsson’s constructions. The word length filtration is studied. Certain natural maps are combinatorially constructed. An application to the homology of Ω (FP ∞ ∧X) is given for F= R , C or H .
Microbiology of Intra-abdominal Abscesses in Children

Sir .—Most studies of intra-abdominal infections, including intra-abdominal abscesses, have been carried out in adults. 1 Polymicrobial aerobic and an-aerobic flora were found to predominate in the majority of patients with intra-abdominal infections after perforation of the viscus, with an average of five isolates in an infection site. Studies of intra-abdominal infections in children investigated only the microbiology of peritonitis after appendicitis 2 and did not report the bacteriology of intra-abdominal abscesses. The microbiology of intra-abdominal abscesses in pediatric patients was evaluated in 15 children (nine male patients). Patients' ages ranged from 10 months to 15 years (average, 9 years), and their abscesses were drained through open surgery in Washington, DC, area hospitals between June 1978 and April 1985. The factors predisposing to infection were ruptured appendix (eight patients), trauma (three patients), Crohn's disease (two patients), intestinal surgery (one patient), and rupture of the viscus (one patient). Nine patients had
Executive functioning in high-IQ adults with ADHD.

BackgroundTo examine the association between psychological tests of executive functioning and functional outcomes among high-IQ adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).MethodSubjects were high-IQ adults with (n=64) and without ADHD (n=53). Subjects were administered a battery of neuropsychological tests assessing executive functioning.ResultsHigh-IQ adults with ADHD performed less well than those without ADHD on several psychological tests of executive functioning, including the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Stroop Color and Word Test, Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (ROCF), California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) and an auditory continuous performance test (CPT). Test performance in the high-IQ adult ADHD group, however, was average. In the entire sample, performance on several tests of executive functioning including the ROCF and the CVLT were significant predictors of real-world functioning.ConclusionsHigh-IQ adults with ADHD perform less well on tests of executive functioning relative to high-IQ control participants. Performance on several tests of executive functioning was a significant predictor of functioning.
High-Temperature Susceptibility and Critical-Point Behavior of Heisenberg Ferrimagnets

This paper presents the results of the computation of the sixth-order term in the exact high-temperature power-series expansion of the susceptibility of Heisenberg ferrimagnets having a general two-sublattice structure with arbitrary values of the spin on the two sublattices. A Pad\'e-approximant analysis of the first six terms of the susceptibility series is used to estimate the critical temperatures and the critical index $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ of the spinel and garnet lattices with either ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic intersublattice coupling. Comparison with experiment is made in the case of yttrium iron garnet.
MPP+-induced pathophysiology demonstrates advantages of neurotoxicology studies in brain slices.

Abstract Since MPTP and its metabolite MPP+ produce nigrostriatal lesions and symptoms similar to Parkinson's disease, recent studies have aimed toward defining their selectivity and neurotoxic mechanisms. In mitochondria in vitro, MPP+ blocked electron transport and decreased oxygen consumption. However, these effects were not selective to striatal mitochondria or even to mitochondria from brain, they required concentrations of MPP+ much greater than those found in vivo, and physiological actions could not be related to intramitochondrial changes. Lower doses of MPP+ did produce highly selective degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in cell cultures. We report here that MPP+ provoked large (80%) oxidations of cytochrome b and large Ko+ increments (approximately 30 mM) in rat striatal slices. These effects were slowed by mazindol, which inhibits DA uptake, and were markedly attenuated in rat hippocampal slices which have little DA input. Since DA terminals comprise only 2–4% of the striatal mass, the large MPP+-induced changes suggest that while MPP+ neurotoxicity in brain requires the presence of functioning DA terminals, effects are not confined to these terminals. Such studies illustrate the complexity of MPP+ neurotoxicity and demonstrate the importance of investigations in models such as brain slices with an extracellular space and intercellular relationships as in intact brain.
Physical activity recognition in free-living from body-worn sensors

Machine learning techniques are used to improve accelerometer-based measures of physical activity. Most studies have used laboratory-collected data to develop algorithms to classify behaviors, but studies of free-living activity are needed to improve the ecological validity of these methods. With this aim, we collected a novel free-living dataset that uses SenseCams to obtain ground-truth annotations of physical activities. We trained a classifier on free-living data and compare it to a classifier trained on prescribed activities. The classifier predicts five activity classes: bicycling, riding in a vehicle, sitting, standing, and walking/running. When testing on free-living data, classifiers trained on free-living data significantly outperform those trained on a controlled dataset (89.2% vs. 70.9% accuracy).
Computational analysis of residue contributions to coiled‐coil topology

A variety of features are thought to contribute to the oligomeric and topological specificity of coiled coils. In previous work, we examined the determinants of oligomeric state. Here, we examine the energetic basis for the tendency of six coiled-coil peptides to align their α-helices in antiparallel orientation using molecular dynamics simulations with implicit solvation (EEF1.1). We also examine the effect of mutations known to disrupt the topology of these peptides. In agreement with experiment, ARG or LYS at a or d positions were found to stabilize the antiparallel configuration. The modeling suggests that this is not due to a–a′ or d–d′ repulsions but due to interactions with e′ and g′ residues. TRP at core positions also favors the antiparallel configuration. Residues that disfavor parallel dimers, such as ILE at d, are better tolerated in, and thus favor the antiparallel configuration. Salt bridge networks were found to be more stabilizing in the antiparallel configuration for geometric reasons: antiparallel helices point amino acid side chains in opposite directions. However, the structure with the largest number of salt bridges was not always the most stable, due to desolvation and configurational entropy contributions. In tetramers, the extent of stabilization of the antiparallel topology by core residues is influenced by the e′ residue on a neighboring helix. Residues at b and c positions in some cases also contribute to stabilization of antiparallel tetramers. This work provides useful rules toward the goal of designing coiled coils with a well-defined and predictable three-dimensional structure.
Survival Rates of Immature Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) Ticks Estimated Using Field-Placed Enclosures

ABSTRACT: Granulocytic anaplasmosis (GA) and Lyme borreliosis are emerging tick-borne diseases caused by infection with Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Borrelia burgdorferi, respectively, and maintained in rodent-Ixodes spp. tick cycles, including I. pacificus in the western U.S. Ixodes pacificus has a multiple-year life cycle and B. burgdorferi and A. phagocytophilum are transstadially, but not transovarially, transmitted within ticks, thus ticks function importantly in maintaining infection in nature. In this study, the survival of larval and nymphal I. pacificus was determined using ticks placed in tubes in leaf litter from June 2005 to September 2006 at two field sites in the California northern coast range mountains and a laboratory control. In all three sites, nymphal and larval survival ranged from 90–400 d, with differences in mean survival among sites. Fewer ticks died in the autumn in the moister field sites compared with the drier incubator control treatment. The first large die-off event in late...
Mathematical medicine, an introductory discussion of its meaning and significance in medicine and medical education.

This is not a review, but an introductory discussion, including a few selected references, of the meaning and significance of the currently evolving concept of a mathematical medicine. It will be seen that mathematical medicine is crystallizing out of a wide spectrum of mathematically oriented biological, medical and biomedical subdisciplines. This discussion stresses the relationships of the points of view and methodologies in these areas to those of the Science and Art of Medicine and to medical education as demonstrated by a few examples from the literature.
Does social problem solving differ from other types of problem solving during the adult years

Abstract One hundred thirteen individuals, ages 18–81, were presented with a test of social problem solving, a test of practical problem solving, the Twenty Questions task (a test of traditional problem solving), the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised Vocabulary subtest (a measure of crystallized intelligence), and Raven's Progressive Matrices (a measure of fluid intelligence). The effects of age, sex, education, and intellectual abilities on problem-solving performance were examined. Social problem solving was positively related to higher education and higher Vocabulary scores, but it was not related to age. Social problem solving and practical problem solving were significantly related to each other and to scores on the Vocabulary subtest, whereas traditional problem solving was significantly related to scores on Raven's Progressive Matrices. These results suggest that different types of problem solving are differentially related to other intellectual abilities and to age.
The Ras-ERK and PI3K-mTOR pathways: cross-talk and compensation

The Ras-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Ras-ERK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K-mTOR) signaling pathways are the chief mechanisms for controlling cell survival, differentiation, proliferation, metabolism, and motility in response to extracellular cues. Components of these pathways were among the first to be discovered when scientists began cloning proto-oncogenes and purifying cellular kinase activities in the 1980s. Ras-ERK and PI3K-mTOR were originally modeled as linear signaling conduits activated by different stimuli, yet even early experiments hinted that they might intersect to regulate each other and co-regulate downstream functions. The extent of this cross-talk and its significance in cancer therapeutics are now becoming clear.
Critical zones in desert fog: aids to multiscale navigation

In this paper, we introduce the problem of “desert fog,” a condition wherein a view of an information world contains no information on which to base navigational decisions. We present a set of view-based navigational aids that allow navigators to find their way through desert fog in multiscale electronic worlds. Prototypes of these aids have been implemented in the Landmarking and ZTracker systems. We introduce the concept of critical zone analysis, a method of grouping objects according to their visibility in views of the information world rather than their spatial layout. This concept was derived from a formal analysis of desert fog using view-navigation theory. Our analysis informally extends view-navigation theory to accommodate spatial multiscale worlds and is detailed in the paper.
Galvanomagnetic effects in anisotropic metals

Abstract The aim of this article is to present an introductory review of those aspects of the isothermal galvanomagnetic effects in metals (which here means the electrical resistance, magnetoresistance and Hall effect) which are peculiar to the existence of an anisotropic electrical conductivity. This anisotropy may be intrinsic to the solid, such as that arising from a non-cubic crystal structure, or it may be induced by the application of the external magnetic field. Such induced anisotropy can itself be divided into two classes : that arising directly from the effect of the Lorentz force upon the itinerant electrons, and that in which the external field is merely an agent which makes evident on a macroscopic scale an anisotropy which exists microscopically, even in the field-free case. The article traces the usual phenomenological formulation of the galvanomagnetic effects, and then particularizes this to the commonly-encountered experimental situations used to study the consequences of both induced an...
Underwriter Compensation Structure: Can It Really Bond Underwriters?

Underwriter compensation can be structured as all cash or a combination of cash and warrants. Using a sample of small initial public offerings (IPOs), we find that underwriter compensation contracts that include warrants in exchange for cash can serve as certification for IPO firms by substituting for reputation capital. When underwriters accept warrants when they could have received more cash compensation, the IPOs avoid the well documented long-run underperformance. However, when underwriters receive warrants after maximizing cash compensation, the IPO experiences higher underpricing and poorer long-run performance. The findings are consistent with a motivation by the underwriters to circumvent regulatory constraints.
The development and certification of Standard Reference Materials® (SRMs) to assess and ensure accurate measurement of Pb in the environment

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has had a major quality-assurance role in the federal effort to reduce lead poisoning of children in the United States through its mission of ensuring the accuracy of chemical measurements. NIST certifies reference materials (standard reference materials – SRMs) that are used to benchmark measurements by secondary and field methods of analysis – to ensure that decisions of great health and economic impact are soundly based on good measurement science. Over the past 10 years, in cooperation with the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), and the United States Geological Survey (USGS), NIST has prepared and certified SRMs for lead content in soil, indoor dust, and paint. The role of these materials in meeting regulatory and abatement needs is described and their certified values are summarized.
Duplication of Atxn1l suppresses SCA1 neuropathology by decreasing incorporation of polyglutamine-expanded ataxin-1 into native complexes

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) is a dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disease caused by expansion of a glutamine tract in ataxin-1 (ATXN1). SCA1 pathogenesis studies support a model in which the expanded glutamine tract causes toxicity by modulating the normal activities of ATXN1. To explore native interactions that modify the toxicity of ATXN1, we generated a targeted duplication of the mouse ataxin-1-like (Atxn1l, also known as Boat) locus, a highly conserved paralog of SCA1, and tested the role of this protein in SCA1 pathology. Using a knock-in mouse model of SCA1 that recapitulates the selective neurodegeneration seen in affected individuals, we found that elevated Atxn1l levels suppress neuropathology by displacing mutant Atxn1 from its native complex with Capicua (CIC). Our results provide genetic evidence that the selective neuropathology of SCA1 arises from modulation of a core functional activity of ATXN1, and they underscore the importance of studying the paralogs of genes mutated in neurodegenerative diseases to gain insight into mechanisms of pathogenesis.
Future supply potential of US oil and natural gas

The prospect for long‐term stable supply from United States sources of oil and natural gas is good. It is a prospect quite different from the pervasive view of the 1970s of a rapidly depleting, high‐cost resource base. Gas drilling over the past six years is barely half the level averaged in the late ’70s and early ’80s, and the average wellhead price, in real terms, is the lowest in 15 years; and yet gas reserve additions have equaled in volume the reserves added when gas drilling and wellhead prices were twice the level of the past six years (Figure 1).