cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reusing a robot's behavioral mechanisms to model and manipulate human mental states

In a task domain characterized by physical actions and where information has value, competing teams gain advantage by spying on and deceiving an opposing team while cooperating teammates can help the team by secretly communicating new information. For a robot to thrive in this environment it must be able to perform actions in a manner to deceive opposing agents as well as to be able to secretly communicate with friendly agents. It must further be able to extract information from observing the actions of other agents. The goal of this research is to expand on current human robot interaction by creating a robot that can operate in the above scenario. To enable these behaviors, an architecture is created which provides the robot with mechanisms to work with hidden human mental states. The robot attempts to infer these hidden states from observable factors and use them to better understand and predict behavior. It also takes steps to alter them in order to change the future behavior of the other agent. It utilizes the knowledge that the human is performing analogous inferences about the robot's own internal states to predict the effect of its actions on the human's knowledge and perceptions of the robot. The research focuses on the implicit communication that is made possible by two embodied agents interacting in a shared space through nonverbal interaction. While the processes used by a robot differ significantly from the cognitive mechanisms employed by humans, each face the similar challenge of completing the loop from sensing to acting. This architecture employs a self-as-simulator strategy, reusing the robot's behavioral mechanisms to model aspects of the human's mental states. This reuse allows the robot to model human actions and the mental states behind them using the grammar of its own representations and actions. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Punctuated Equilibrium and Network Phase Transitions

Organizational dynamics are typically characterized by extended periods of stability as well as sudden bursts of radical transformation. This pattern has been observed across systems and across levels. Interestingly, many network models also display a similar pattern: Following a period of incremental change, there is often a critical point at which network properties undergo a dramatic qualitative shift. In this paper, I explore the possibility that such similarities between the behaviors of organizations and network models are not coincidental. In particular, I examine whether network theory can explain some of the mechanisms behind sudden and radical organizational transformation, which has been discussed in the organization literature through the lens of punctuated equilibrium.
Specific Systems of the Reticular Core: Serotonin

The sections in this article are: 1 Regulation of Serotonergic Neurons 1.1 Intrinsic Regulation 1.2 γ-Aminobutyric Acid and Substance P Inputs to Serotonergic Neurons 1.3 Noradrenergic Input to Serotonergic Neurons 2 Postsynaptic Actions of Serotonin 2.1 Serotonergic Inhibition 2.2 Serotonergic Excitation and Facilitation 3 Summary 3.1 Regulation of Serotonergic Neurons 3.2 Postsynaptic Actions of Serotonin 3.3 Speculations on Function of Serotonin
An expert system development environment for introductory AI course projects

This paper describes the use of an expert system development environment as a teaching environment to support a cognitive simulation project in an undergraduate introductory AI course. The use of this development environment, which was originally intended for experienced production system programmers, as a teaching tool for novices, presented challenges on a number of levels. This paper describes the development environment and demonstrates how it can be used to help a student understand programming lesson points, as well as how a student can use it to better understand how a particular system is behaving and whether it matches the students understanding of what it is supposed to be doing.
The Tangibility Reflection Principle for Self-Verifying Axiom Systems

At the 1993 meeting of the Kurt Godel Society, we described some axiom systems that could verify their own consistency and prove all Peano Arithmetic's II1 theorems. We will extend these results by introducing some new axiom systems which use stronger definitions of self-consistency.
Formyl Transfer to Grignard Reagents with N‐Formylpiperidine: 3‐Phenylpropionaldehyde

Formyl transfer to Grignard reagents with N-formylpiperidine: 3-phenylpropionaldehyde product: 3-phenylpropionaldehyde Keywords: acylation; Grignard and related reactions; tetrahydrofuran; tetrahydrofuran, purification
A real-time RFID localization experiment using propagation models

This paper introduces a real-time localization system (RTLS) using efficient multiple propagation models to compensate for the drawback of the received signal strength technique. The RTLS is implemented on an active RFID system and uses received signal strength measurements and reference tags for ranging. The RTLS is implemented purely in software that post processes the received signal strength data from the reader and does not require any additional hardware or any modifications to the RFID reader or tags. The proposed algorithm using multiple propagation models improves the performance of the RTLS. Two-dimensional localization results are given for a four-reader system covering a 4.5 by 5.5 meter room. The scenarios of both single tag and two tags for the tag object are developed. It has been proven that tag multiplicity, two tags for the target object, improves the performance of the system by reducing inaccurate received signal strength measurements due to poor tag orientation. Experimental results show that the proposed system achieves a localization accuracy within 1 meter in over 50 percent of the experiments and outperforms other comparable systems. Currently developed three-dimensional space extension research is discussed and results are presented.
It all began with a kiss, or when packaging sells a country

Purpose – This paper aims to: better understand the country of origin (COO) construct by adopting a lens of marketplace mythology; and develop a conceptual framework delineating the process of mythologizing a country through the use of packaging.Design/methodology/approach – Analysis of narratives on food product packages that claim a connection to Italy lets this qualitative study join two streams of research – on COO effect and marketplace mythology.Findings – The work proposes four mythological properties of the country of origin construct, discusses their major dimensions, establishes their relationship, and develops a conceptual framework delineating the mythological nature of the country of origin construct.Research limitations/implications – Several directions for future research may enhance this study. For example, the interpretation of the narratives by the consumers of food products claiming an Italian connection will allow exploring how the mythic structures employed by marketers are read by th...
Exploratory evaluation of moving-model technique for measurement of dynamic ground effects

An attempt is presently made to measure the dynamic or time-dependent ground effects that may be encountered by aircraft during approach and landing by means of a ground-based testing technique that employs a model moving horizontally over an upwardly inclined ground plane to simulate the rate of descent. Results have been thus obtained for a 60-deg delta wing and for an F-18 full configuration, with and without thrust reversal, at forward speeds of up to 100 ft/sec. An analysis of the results gathered indicates that ground effects were reduced when the rate of descent was included in the test conditions.
Stage and strain specific expression of the tandemly repeated 90 kDa surface antigen gene family in Trypanosoma cruzi

A recombinant cDNA library constructed in the expression vector lambda gtll using mRNA from the trypomastigote stage of Trypanosoma cruzi was screened with two monoclonal antibodies that have been shown to react with a 105 kDa and a 90 kDa surface antigen in trypomastigotes of the Peru and Y strains of T. cruzi. One recombinant lambda phage, designated Tcc-20, was reactive to both monoclonals. The beta-galactosidase/T. cruzi hybrid protein encoded in Tcc-20 is recognized by the monoclonal antibodies and by serum antibodies from mice infected with strains of T. cruzi which contain the 90 kDa antigen. Antibodies immunoselected from serum of mice infected with the Peru strain by adsorption to Tcc-20 fusion protein react specifically with a 90 kDa polypeptide in trypomastigote but not epimastigote lysates of T. cruzi. The mRNA complementary to the DNA insert in Tcc-20 is present only in those stages and strains of T. cruzi which express the 90 kDa surface antigen. These characteristics are strong evidence that the T. cruzi DNA fragment cloned into Tcc-20 encodes a portion of the 90 kDa surface antigen. The gene(s) which encodes this polypeptide is shown to be present in approximately 20 copies per haploid genome and most, and possibly all, of the copies are found in a tandemly linked multigene family.
From ‘Cultures of Fear and Terror’ to the Normalization of Violence: An ethnographic case

This article critically examines the widespread usage of such constructs as ‘culture of terror’ and ‘culture of fear’ to characterize settings in which state power is based on the intimidation of civilians. ‘Cultures of fear and terror’, it is argued, are at once inflationary and reductive tropes which obscure the political agency and cultural resources that are called upon to end regimes of coercion. As an alternative, it is suggested that state-authorized aggression is neither equivalent to culture nor a characteristic of a cultural group, but a historically specific means and rationale for disciplining particular categories of people. Ethnographic evidence from the rural Philippines is presented in support of a more practice-oriented approach toward conceptualizing what scholars now term ‘civil wrongs’.
Pollen surface sculpture of wheat, rice, maize and five Sorghum species

Pollen surface sculpture provides very useful information about taxonomy and evolution of plants. Pollen exine sculpture of five Sorghum species and those of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), rice (Oryza sativa L.), and maize (Zea mays L.) were compared using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Differences in pollen surface structure occurred at the genus level and at the species level among Sorghum species at various ploidy levels. S. bicolor (2n=20), S. halepense (2n=40), and S. purpureo-sericeum (2n=10) had similar pollen exine sculptures, whereas S. versicolor (2n=10) and S. nitidum (2n=10) had distinctly different pollen surface sculptures from that of S. bicolor. Sizes of seeds and pollen grains were correlated to some extent. Maize had the largest seed and pollen, and S. nitidum had the smallest seed and pollen. For those species in which sizes did not differ greatly, variations of pollen sizes also were negligible. Ploidy level in Sorghum genus did not seem to have a great impact on pollen sizes.
Products and process variables in oxidation of monoethanolamine for CO2 capture

Abstract Oxidative degradation of monoethanolamine (MEA) in CO 2 capture systems was studied using two different apparatuses and a variety of experimental conditions. Dissolved iron, manganese, and copper were all potent catalysts, increasing the oxidation rate by up to a factor of ten. The activation energy of the oxidation rate was 68–70 kJ/mol. Addition of 2% CO 2 to the gas increased oxidation by a factor of five. The oxidation rate was found to be approximately first-order in oxygen partial pressure. Addition of 50 ppm NO 2 or SO 2 to the reactor gas had a minimal effect on the degradation rate. The mass balance was closed within 5% at high gas flow and within 20% at low gas flow. Two-thirds of the degraded MEA in both systems was converted to ammonia. Other major products were 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-formamide (HEF) and 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-imidazole (HEI).
Lightning Disturbances on Distribution Circuits

Review of the Subject. — A general survey is presented of the nature and distribution of failures and interruptions due to lightning upon the circuits of a large city supply system. Recommendations are given for improving conditions without specifying particular makes of arresters, in recognition of the fact that a considerable number of different types is proving adequate to meet the conditions imposed upon them on the moderate voltage systems under consideration. The subject is treated under three principal divisions: 1st. Troubles on 115–230 volt distribution circuits. 2nd. The 2300. volt circuits, and 3rd. The 13,200 volt circuits. It is shown that line failures on the low-voltage circuits are so infrequent as to be practically negligible, and that the blowing of fuses and injuries to other parts of the equipment on customer's premises are infrequent except in the case of house meters. A considerable number of meter burn outs are recorded, and it is shown that trouble from this source increases with the length of the secondary circuit. To guard against future trouble, especially as secondary networks are developed, it is recommended that a simple spark gap or other equivalent type of arrester be installed at the customer's premises as a part of the equipment in his service box. For the 2300 volt circuits, it is found that lines which run over high ground and open country are more exposed to transformer burn outs and the blowing of transformer fuses than lines in the built-up sections where buildings screen the circuit. Also, that the amount of damage to the exposed lines decreases as the number of arresters increases and that a transformer directly protected by an arrester is in a very large measure guaranteed against complete breakdown and to a less extent against the blowing of its fuses from lightning. Also, that the effectiveness of this protection is decreased with high resistance in the ground connection. Finally, for the 13,200-volt aerial circuits, it is shown that on lines at a considerable distance from generating points most of the damage from lightning is in insulator breakages and without interruption to service, but where line reactance is not sufficient to prevent flow of heavy dynamic current at the time of discharge, the conductor is often fused allowing the line to fall. To guard against these troubles, arresters should be distributed along the line at not more than two mile intervals and near generating stations the three arresters of a group should be mounted on successive poles and provided with independent ground connections.
Acute aortic occlusion--a multifaceted catastrophe.

Abstract Eighteen patients whose mean age was 61 years were referred to us with acute aortic occlusion from 1977 to 1985. Ten patients had cardiac emboli (group I) and eight had aortoiliac occlusive disease (group II). Fourteen of these patients had paresis or paralysis. Diagnosis was prompt but the time lapse from onset of symptoms to revascularization averaged 18 hours (group I, 10.3 hours; group II, 26.1 hours). All 10 patients in group I had embolectomy alone; of the eight patients in group II, two had transfemoral thrombectomy and six had bypass procedures. The perioperative mortality rate was 40% in group I and 62.5% in group II. Complications developed in 12 patients (nine died); renal failure occurred in 11, compartment syndrome in nine, adult respiratory disease syndrome in three, acute myocardial infarction in three, disseminated intravascular coagulation in two, and paraplegia in one. No amputations were required in the nine survivors and limb function was restored in eight of these patients. Acute aortic occlusion sets in motion a chain of events that threatens life and limb. Prompt diagnosis and revascularization by the simplest operation are required to decrease morbidity and mortality. (J VASC SURG 1986;4:211-6.)
Quantitation of keratan sulfate in the presence of other corneal glycosaminoglycans.

Abstract Glycosaminoglycans were isolated from beef cornea and resolved by anion-exchange chromatography on Ecteola columns. Keratan sulfate was measured in the presence of other glycosaminoglycans by a cysteine-H2SO4 method. The interference due to other saccharides and their derivatives was investigated.
Influence of shower fluctuations and primary composition on studies of the shower longitudinal development

We study the influence of shower fluctuations, and the possible presence of different nuclear species in the primary cosmic ray spectrum, on the experimental determination of both shower energy and the proton air inelastic cross section from studies of the longitudinal development of atmospheric showers in fluorescence experiments. We investigate the potential of the track length integral and shower size at maximum as estimators of shower energy. We find that at very high energy $(\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{19}\ensuremath{-}{10}^{20}\mathrm{eV})$ the error of the total energy assignment is dominated by the dependence on the hadronic interaction model, and is of the order of 5%. At lower energy $(\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{17}\ensuremath{-}{10}^{18}\mathrm{eV}),$ the uncertainty of the energy determination due to the limited knowledge of the primary cosmic ray composition is more important. The distribution of the shower maximum ${X}_{\mathrm{max}}$ is discussed as a measure of the proton-air cross section. Uncertainties in a possible experimental measurement of this cross section introduced by intrinsic shower fluctuations, the model of hadronic interactions, and the unknown mixture of primary nuclei in the cosmic radiation are numerically evaluated.
Objectives to direct the training of emergency medicine residents in in-patient pediatrics.

This article outlines the objectives for a resident rotation in an in-patient pediatric service. The objectives can be successfully implemented in a 2-month sequential exposure to an in-patient ward service followed by an intensive care unit rotation in the first year of postgraduate training. These objectives are a part of a continuing series in the goals and objectives to direct emergency medicine resident training on off-service rotations.
The Expression of Chloramphenicol Acetyltransferase in Mosquitoes and Mosquito Cells Using a Packaged Sindbis Replicon System

Sindbis (SIN) replicon virus was used to express chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) in Aedes albopictus (C6/36) cells and Aedes triseriatus mosquitoes. RNA transcribed in vitro from a SIN replicon plasmid (pSINrep5/CAT) and from SIN virus helper constructs (pDH-EB or pDH(26S)5'SIN) was coelectroporated into BHK-21 cells to generate replicon viruses, designated rep5/CAT/EB and rep5/CAT/26S. C6/36 cells infected with rep5/CAT/EB or rep5/CAT/26S virus at a multiplicity of infection of 3, expressed 3.8 x 10(6) and 6.0 x 10(6) CAT trimers per cell, respectively, at 2 days postinfection (pi). Both viruses attained peak titers by Day 2 pi. Adult female A. triseriatus mosquitoes were intrathoracically inoculated with 7 x 10(4) IFU rep5/CAT/EB or 1 x 10(5) IFU rep5/CAT/26S virus. Virus titers remained at approximately 10(5) IFU/ml through Day 2 pi and decreased roughly 1 log by Day 10 pi. CAT enzyme activity was detected 2 days pi (rep5/CAT/EB, 1.49 x 10(-4) units CAT/10 micrograms protein; rep5/CAT/26S, 2.03 x 10(-5) units CAT/10 micrograms protein) and remained near these levels through Day 10 pi. CAT was detected in the head, salivary glands, midgut, and ovaries of inoculated mosquitoes by indirect immunofluorescence or CAT activity assays. These results suggest that packaged replicon viruses can be useful for expression of heterologous genes in mosquito cells and whole mosquitoes.
Acyldepsipeptide HDAC Inhibitor Production Induced in Burkholderia thailandensis

Natural product gene clusters are often tightly regulated, resulting in gene cluster silencing in laboratory fermentation studies. The systematic overexpression of transcription factors (TFs) associated with biosynthetic gene clusters found in the genome of Burkholderia thailandensis E264 identified a set of TFs that, when overexpressed, alter the secondary metabolome of this bacterium. The isolation and characterization of burkholdacs A and B, two new acyldepsitripeptide histone deacetylase inhibitors produced by B. thailandensis overexpressing the TF bhcM, is reported.
The use of vitamin B1 in diabetes mellitus: A clinical study

1. Fifteen diabetic patients who have been under treatment in the diabetic outpatient department were given Vitamin B for periods of time, varying from 9 to 34 weeks. 2. Ten patients showed no improvement in their carbohydrate utilization. In five, an improvement in carbohydrate tolerance was obtained. Three improved during vitamin administration and two after discontinuation. 3. The causes of improvement of carbohydrate tolerance in diabetic patients are discussed. 4. A careful analysis of those causes as applied to the five improved cases fails to convince us that the beneficent effects were due to Vitamin B1.
Transitions to Free Trade: Local Impacts of Changes in Mexican Agrarian Policy

Since 1988, Mexico has shifted agrarian policy to support foreign and national private capital investment in its agricultural sector. The government's withdrawal of political support for peasant organizations has already had an impact on local agricultural industries. In the case of Michoacan's export cantaloupe industry, US companies now no longer offer financial credit to peasant organizations and work only with wealthy commercial producers. From 1987-90, the local agricultural industry declined overall, and the market structure became more concentrated. A statistical measure of market structure for three seasons (1987-88, 1988-89, and 1989-90) shows an increasing concentration of the local industry in the hands of private commercial firms. The local economy's restructuring enables a few commercial investors to earn profits. They gain, however, at the expense of the region's economic growth, as they expand their oligopoly in a retracting local industry. These firms are unlikely to defend Michoacan's tra...
Safety at the source: green chemistry's impact on supply chain management and risk

Traditionally, supply chain management of hazardous products has focused more on reducing the exposure to hazards than on hazard elimination. The advent of green chemistry provides opportunities to refine supply chain management, including procurement policies and practices, by developing safer products. Redesigned products and processes reduce the risks encountered in manufacturing, storage, transportation and waste control by mitigating the hazards associated with them. From a risk management perspective, since it is fundamentally better to mitigate hazards than to try to protect against them, green chemistry can be highly beneficial. We discuss the meaning of, and the experience with, green chemistry and explain how it contributes to green supply chain management and supply chain-related risk management. The fundamental benefit of green chemistry is that it provides safety at the source.
Excess volumes of some aromatic + cycloparaffin mixtures. Analysis of experimental errors in dilatometers using V-shaped cells

Potential sources of error in the direct measurement of excess volume in dilatometers using V-shaped cells were analyzed. Two corrections to the calculational procedure and several improvements in the apparatus and technique were defined. The excess volume of benzene + cyclohexane was measured at 298.15 K to confirm the accuracy of the experimental method by comparison with the results of other investigators for that standard system. Also, new experimental results were obtained for cyclopentane + benzene at 283.15, 298.15, and 313.15 K, for benzene + methylcyclohexane at 283.15, 313.15, and 343.15 K, and for toluene + methylcyclopentane at 298.15, 333.15, and 353.15 K.
Experimental matrix study of leakage current in nanopillar-based devices towards high-efficiency photovoltaics

In this work, we present a detailed leakage current study on arrays of GaAs p-n junction nanopillars grown by MOCVD.[1-2] Nanopillar/nanowire-based photovoltaics are actively examined as highly efficient solar absorbers. To achieve highly-performing devices, however, a methodical understanding of the nature of leakage currents is needed.[3] Reducing leakage currents is key to improve the diode characteristic and open-circuit voltage under light, especially. This work considers a matrix of 5 × 5 different patterned geometries where pitches and diameters are changed to investigate trends in leakage currents. A 7.43% (AM1.5G) nanopillar photovoltaic cell is then experimentally demonstrated. Device characterization is carried out in terms of current-voltage (I-V) characteristics, temperature-dependent I-V, and external quantum efficiency measurements. FDTD simulations [4] are provided to substantiate the distribution of waveguided light within such solar cells.
FT-Raman Spectroscopy Of Thin Films By Integrated And Fiber Optics Techniques

Structural studies of thin films containing chromophores have not been possible using Raman spectroscopy with visible excitation due to the presence of fluorescence which results when visible photons are absorbed by the chromophores. To circumvent this problem FT-Raman instrumentation has been developed so that spectra can be obtained with excitation at 1.064 microns, much too low in energy for fluorescence to occur. Integrated optical techniques which have been successfully used to investigate thin films at visible wavelengths has been adapted to the FT-Raman instrumentation with certain modifications. The primary change occurred in the collection optics where the imaging of the laser streak in the film upon the circular entrances aperture of an FTIR yielded a poor S/N spectrum of a thin polymer film. The geometric mismatch of streak image and circular aperture was rectified by the use of a fiber optic image converter. This consisted of a fiber optic bundle which had a linear array of fibers on one end for collection of light from the streak and a circular array of fibers on the other end so as to maximize the amount of light that entered the FTIR. A significant improvement in spectral quality was observed. Feasibility studies of guest/host interactions in thin composite films containing chromophores have been demonstrated and the results for a dye/cellulose acetate film will, in particular, be discussed.
Glucocorticoids regulate the ontogenetic transition of adrenergic receptor subtypes in rat liver.

Abstract During neonatal development, adrenergic control of hepatic glucose metabolism undergoes a transition from β-receptor to α 1 -receptor-mediated dominance, coincident with the onset of function of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical axis at the conclusion of the third to fourth week postpartum. To determine whether glucocorticoids contribute to this switch, neonatal rats were given 1 mg/kg of dexamethasone on postnatal days 13, 14 and 15 and the adrenergic receptor population examined by radioligand binding techniques. Dexamethasone accelerated the maturational replacement of β-receptors with the α 1 -subtype; the loss of β-receptors was not reversible upon discontinuing treatment. When the glucocorticoid was given earlier, on days 7, 8 and 9, similar effects were obtained, but the suppression of the β-subtype was only temporary; treatment before parturition (gestational days 17, 18 and 19) failed to suppress β-receptor binding. These results suggest that, during a critical period, adrenocorticosteroids provide and important signal for the transition of adrenergic control of hepatic function.
Nutritional value of anaerobically fermented beef cattle wastes as a feed ingredient for livestock. Chemical composition and in vitro and in vivo digestibility of fermentor biomass

Abstract Studies were undertaken to determine the changes in chemical composition that occur when livestock wastes undergo thermophilic, anaerobic fermentation and whether the resulting microbial products would be suitable as a supplement for livestock feeds. A 48·6% decrease in dry matter (DM) occurred in the fermentation process. Total N and ash content did not change between the fermentor influent (FI) and effluent (FE). However, the percentage of the N in the form ammonia increased from 24·9% to 46·3% and the total Volatile Acids decreased markedly during the fermentation process. Centrifugation of the FE resulted in only a 42% recovery of N which decreased to 30% after drying. The amino acid composition of the centrifuged biomass was similar to alfalfa hay when expressed as g/16 g organic N, except for a higher methionine content. The FE contained a higher percentage of acid detergent fiber (20·0 versus 15·3) and lignin (6·4 versus 3·1) than FI. The presence of different fractions of the FE in an in vitro incubation did not alter the rates of digestion of starch or cellulose. Potassium, phosphorus, calcium and sodium were all present at greater than 1% of the effluent DM. Silica accounted for over 60% of the total ash in the dried centrifuged biomass. The utilization by sheep and cattle of biomass produced by fermentation of livestock waste was determined. In two experiments, dried centrifuged biomass (DCB) was fed to sheep and cattle at 0,5,10 or 20% of diet DM. Fecal N increased 0·3% and 0·43% for each 1% increment in DCB in sheep and cattle, respectively. Digestibility of the ash in the diet decreased from 59·5% in sheep fed the control diet to 28·4% in sheep fed the 20% biomass ration. In another experiment, the total FE was mixed directly with cracked corn and hay to provide about 6·5% of the diet DM. Significant reductions in digestibilities of diet DM, ash, organic matter, N and gross energy were observed in sheep fed the diet containing FE. Addition of bentonite to the control diet and the diet containing FE increased N retention. In a fourth experiment, FE was added to a basal diet containing 10% crude protein. Addition of FE to the basal diet increased retained N. In steers, no effect of FE was observed on apparent digestibilities of DM or N. No marked changes in ruminal VFA concentrations were observed due to feeding FE. Rumen fluid turnover, measured by polyethylene glycol dilution, and DM disappearance from the rumen, were not altered by feeding FE to steers compared with steers fed a control diet. There were no effects of diet on the in vitro rate and extent of digestion of starch or cellulose. The use of FE as a feed ingredient for livestock appears to have merit, although technical problems related to water removal and nutrient recovery remain to be solved.
Evaluation of MolYsis™ Complete5 DNA extraction method for detecting Staphylococcus aureus DNA from whole blood in a sepsis model using PCR/pyrosequencing.

Abstract Bacterial bloodstream infections (BSI) and ensuing sepsis are important causes of morbidity and mortality. Early diagnosis and rapid treatment with appropriate antibiotics are vital for improving outcome. Nucleic acid amplification of bacteria directly from whole blood has the potential of providing a faster means of diagnosing BSI than automated blood culture. However, effective DNA extraction of commonly low levels of bacterial target from whole blood is critical for this approach to be successful. This study compared the Molzyme MolYsis™ Complete5 DNA extraction method to a previously described organic bead-based method for use with whole blood. A well-characterized Staphylococcus aureus-induced pneumonia model of sepsis in canines was used to provide clinically relevant whole blood samples. DNA extracts were assessed for purity and concentration and analyzed for bacterial rRNA gene targets using PCR and sequence-based identification. Both extraction methods yielded relatively pure DNA with median A260/280 absorbance ratios of 1.71 (MolYsis™) and 1.97 (bead-based). The organic bead-based extraction method yielded significantly higher average DNA concentrations (P
An 8-bit 250 megasample per second analog-to-digital converter: operation without a sample and hold

A monolithic, 8-bit, 250 megasample per second analog-to-digital converter (ADC) fabricated in an oxide-isolated bipolar process is described. The use of a flash ADC architecture at high speeds without a sample and hold leads to a number of error sources. The design of the converter is optimized to minimize the effects of these error sources. Experimental results are presented and compared with theory.
Error analysis of multi-wavelength sun photometry

The error terms involved in precision multi-wavelength sun photometry, as used to study atmospheric aerosols, are analyzed. The error terms treated include instrumental errors, calibration errors, and errors imposed by the atmosphere. It is shown that in order to derive accurate aerosol parameters, one must exercise great care in the photometer calibration. A procedure for accurate calibration is described, based on an intercalibration between extrapolations of the extraterrestrial solar spectral irradiance and irradiance of a standard lamp. Methods are described to assess, and reduce, uncertainties brought about by diffuse radiation in the photometer's field of view, temporal variations in aerosol optical depth, and gaseous absorption features at the operating wavelength. It is shown that if care is taken sun photometry can be used to derive monochromatic aerosol optical depth to an accuracy of several thousandths.
Toward a structural analysis of event experience

Abstract Retrospective accounts of experiences were studied by asking graduate students ( N =60), after presenting research papers in a group meeting, to write accounts of that event. Analysis revealed striking differences in contouring of, inner articulation of, and manner of objectifying (personal versus detached) the experienced events. These aspects of structurization were related to certain objective features of the event, e.g., place in order of presentation, length of program, number of participants.
Microvasculature of the dog left ventricular myocardium

Abstract One of the main branches of the left main coronary artery of normally beating dog hearts was perfused with a silicone elastomer which solidified within the vasculature. Prolonged immersion in increasingly concentrated ethanol and in methyl salicylate rendered the tissue translucent and the vasculature clearly visible. Surfaces were photographed by reflected or transmitted light microscopy, showing large groups of capillaries running parallel to muscle fibers and extending for up to a few centimeters. The arrangement of arteriolar inflows to the capillary network and venular outflows (two to four times as frequent) suggested that functional capillary lengths were 500–1000 μm. Estimates of capillary diameters, presumably at maximal dilatation, were 5.6 ± 1.3 μm. Capillary densities within muscle groups were 3100–3800/mm2, giving intercapillary distances of 19-17.5 μm. With the lesser density value, the capillary surface area is estimated to be 500 cm2/g of myocardium. Inclusion of interfascial spaces lowered the average density to about 2500/mm2. Unbranched capillary lengths averaged 100 μm, with a strongly right-skewed distribution. The anatomic arrangement provides a basis mainly for concurrent flow in neighboring capillaries, and also for some diffusional exchange between inflow and outflow regions.
Rotational excitation of linear molecules by collisions with atoms: Comparison of classical and quantum methods

Exact quantum results for the rotational excitation of rigid linear molecules by collisions with atoms are compared with classical trajectory results. The systems studied are CO–He, CS–H2, OCS–H2, HCl–He, and HCl–Ar at collision energies up to 500 cm−1. Total cross sections and state to state rate constants are compared. The classical results are found to be in good agreement with the quantum results on the average. Differences arising from the existence of purely quantum effects are clearly evident, but consistent and predictable. Two methods of extracting state selective information from moments of the classical distribution are examined and found to be less reliable than the usual histogram method. In conjunction with previous comparisons of classical and quantum results these calculations provide a useful measure of the limitations and reliability of classical trajectories.
Discussion and decision : The interrelationship between initial preference distribution and group discussion content

Data from an earlier published study were used to test the social decision scheme (SDS) proposition that initial distribution of preferences within a group influences the nature of subsequent discussion. Four-person groups confronted with a three-option decision task began discussion with an initial plurality, majority, or unanimity. We found that the prediscussion distribution of preferences was predictive of eventual group choice; plurality groups introduced the greatest number of facts, followed by majority, and then unanimity; minute-by-minute patterns of discussion were very different across the three initial distributions; dominant factions contributed the most to discussion; and under initial plurality, one minority preference was discussed significantly more heavily than the other. Discussion focuses on the possible role of preference orders in group decision-making processes and on possible explanations for why groups with different intitial preference distributions show different discussion patterns across time.
‘But what did they learn?’ Clearing third spaces in virtual dialogues with children

In the age of standards, the challenge is great to sustain children’s voices as transformative forces in academic contexts. Interactive writing may offer an environment where children can reframe t...
An AEM investigation of the formation of precipitate-free zones in an AI-16 Wt Pct Ag alloy: Determination of equilibrium and metastable solvus lines

Precipitation of the equilibrium y-phase at grain boundaries in an aged Al-16 wt pct (∼4.5 at. pct) Ag alloy is responsible for the formation of a solute depleted region, free of metastable Guinier-Preston (GP) zones, in the immediate vicinity of the grain boundary. Solute concentration profiles have been obtained across these grain boundary regions using Analytical Electron Microscopy (AEM) in thin foils of the alloy aged at low temperatures. The Ag concentrations at the grain boundary (between γ precipitates) and at the edge of the precipitate-free zone have been used to determine the solid solubility of Ag in Al (the α/(α + γ) solvus) and the metastable GP zone solvus line, respectively.
Speckle reduction in synthetic-aperture radars

Airborne synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) systems employ coherent techniques to generate images of terrain in the microwave region of the spectrum. The high degree of coherence required by radar system considerations results in the presence of radar speckle when diffuse scatterers are imaged. It is possible to introduce frequency and/or angle diversity in such a manner that multiple uncorrelated images of the terrain may be generated and then summed incoherently to reduce the speckle. When system bandwidth and/or viewing angle is severely constrained, then a compromise must be made between image resolution and speckle reduction. Visual examination of controlled samples of radar imagery shows that speckle is reduced noticeably when incoherent summation of uncorrelated images is provided via use of diversity. Some examples of radar images with varying degrees of diversity are presented in the paper and are compared qualitatively.
A comparative study of microalgae isolated from flooded rice paddies: light-limited growth, C fixation, growth efficiency and relative N and P requirement

Seven unialgal isolates from rice paddies,Ankistrodesmus convolutus, Chlorella sp.,Scenedesmus quadricauda, Frustulia vulgaris, Anabaena sp.,Microcystis aeruginosa andPhormidium mucicola, were investigated for their light-limited growth and photosynthetic characteristics, growth efficiency, and relative requirement for N and P as well as their storage potentials. The maximum growth rate (μmax) ranged from 1.27 to 2.72 d−1 among species. The slope of light-limited growth (αg) showed only small interspecies differences (0.126–0.204 d−1 W−1 m2) except inS. quadricauda (0.092 d−1 W−1 m2). Similarly, the ratio of μmax to αg, Ik(g), varied within a narrow range (8.7–13.9 W m−2) with the exception ofS. quadricauda (19.5 W m−2). The slope of the photosynthetic curve based on chlorophylla (chla), αp(a), was significantly higher in cyanobacteria (0.118–0.189 mg C mg chla −1h−1W−1m2) than in other species (0.070–0.094 mg C mg chla −1h−1W−1m2). The maximum photosynthetic rate based on chla (Pmax(a)) was similar (2.95–3.83 mg C mg chla −1 h−1) with the exception of a high value (6.17 mg C mg chla −1 h−1) inM. aeruginosa. A significant correlation (P<0.001) existed between αp(a) and Pmax(a). The C-specific maximum photosynthetic rate (Pmax(c)) was inversely correlated to the C/chla ratio. Growth efficiency (μeff), the efficiency to retain photosynthetically-fixed C for growth, showed an interspecies variation ranging from 73–93% and was correlated to the μmax:Pmax(c) ratio. Cyanobacteria exhibited higher efficiency than others. The ratio of Pmax:αp, Ik(p), was higher than Ik(g) by 2.0 to 3.8 times. The optimum N:P ratio, determined as the ratio of minimum cell quotas of N to P (qoN:qoP), showed a wide interspecies variability. It was highest inP. mucicola (54) and lowest inF. vulgaris (10). The maximum storage capacity for excess P and N also varied among species; the maximum capacity for P ranged from 2 to 14 times of its immediate need and the capacity for N varied from 1.2 to 4 times.
Authority, Power, Influence and Social Control: A Theoretical Synthesis

Authority and power are usually not conceptually distinct, but for clarification, they are considered extremes on a control continuum. Power is conceptualized as influence and social control, the former reducing and latter reinforcing authority. These constructs permit reexamination of authority and leadership.
Tetrahydrozoline (Visine®) concentrations in serum and urine during therapeutic ocular dosing: A necessary first step in determining an overdose

Introduction. No information exists on therapeutic or toxic concentrations of tetrahydrozoline, which has been reported to be used in drug facilitated sexual assaults. The primary aim of this investigation was to establish baseline therapeutic serum and urine concentrations in a sample of healthy volunteers. Methods. Ten healthy volunteers consented to have two drops of Original Visine® eye drops (0.05% tetrahydrozoline solution) placed directly into the conjunctival sac of each eye, 30 s apart, at times 0, 4, 8, and 12 h. Blood and urine samples were then collected at 2, 5, 9, 13, and 24 h post-application and analyzed for concentrations. Tetrahydrozoline concentrations are described using measures of central tendency and dispersion at each time point, with predictions of serum and urine concentrations over time calculated using a linear mixed effects regression model. Results. Tetrahydrazoline concentrations were detectable in both serum and urine after therapeutic ocular administration. The mean serum ...
Development of the motor system: Hopping rats produced by prental irradiation

Abstract Irradiation of prenatal and infant rats resulted in a spectrum of highly reproducible nervous system malformations associated with locomotor abnormalities difficult to correlate with morphologic findings. Fetal rats exposed to 150 R on the 13th, 14th, or 15th day of gestation were born with a hopping gait, paired hind and forelimbs moving in unison instead of the normal alternating mode. Some animals switched partly or completely to an alternating gait of forelimbs, rarely hind limbs. Rats irradiated on the 12th, 16th, or 17th day did not hop. The problem: Was the hopping related to the brain or spinal cord? Hopping rats could jump to a level or tilted landing platform. Their forelimbs tactually placed independently of each other, whether they hopped or not, but the hind limbs scratched synchronously. Thoracic cord transection led to crossed extension hind-limb reflexes in normal rats, and simultaneous withdrawal of hind limbs in hopping rats, in response to bilateral pinprick. The dorsal horns, especially Rexed's laminae I–VI, and sometimes the most dorsal part of VII, which were being formed in the 13- to 15-day period as shown by tritiated thymidine autoradiography, were underdeveloped. This was due to failure to make restitution of residual dorsal proliferative cells remaining after radiation. Some neurons destined for the dorsomedial parts of the ventral horns may have been lost after the 13th- and 14th-day irradiation, but not the 15th. Precisely how dorsal horn deficiencies could affect the spinal locomotor generator, presumed to be more ventrally situated, it is not yet known. Nor has the exact nature of the suprasegmental adaptation to the hopping mechanism and switching to normal forelimb gait been worked out.
Existence of slow oscillations in functional equations

Abstract For the equation L n y(t) + H(t, y(t)) = ƒ(t) (A), where L n is a disconjugate nonlinear operator, sufficient conditions have been found to ensure that all proper solutions of (A) are slowly oscillating. The operator L n has the form L n = 1 p n (t) d dt 1 p n − 1 (t) ··· d dt 1 p 1 (t) d dt p 0 (t) .
Some Physical Properties of the Egg Shell Membranes in Relation to Their Resistance to Bacterial Penetration

Abstract THE inner shell membrane is a far more important barrier to bacterial penetration of the egg than is the outer membrane as shown by previous work done in this laboratory (Lifshitz et ah, 1964). Studies by many workers (Walden et al., 1956; Stokes and Osborne, 1956; Elliott and Brandt, 1957; and Garibaldi and Stokes, 1958) have shown that the membranes contain no bactericidal agent. The resistance of these structures to bacterial passage has been explained as mechanical. In the work reported here some mechanical properties of the membranes, namely weight, thickness and density, were compared in an attempt to account for their difference in resisting bacterial penetration. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Eggs from one strain of Single Comb White Leghorns were used within 24 hours of lay. A circular area of two centimeters in diameter was removed from the small end of the egg and the contents discarded. The shell was washed…
Probes for narcotic receptor mediated phenomena. 37. Synthesis and opioid binding affinity of the final pair of oxide-bridged phenylmorphans, the ortho- and para-b-isomers and their N-phenethyl analogues, and the synthesis of the N-phenethyl analogues of the ortho- and para-d-isomers.

In the isomeric series of 12 racemic topologically rigid N-methyl analogues of oxide-bridged phenylmorphans, all but two of the racemates, the ortho- and para-b-oxide-bridged phenylmorphans 20 and 12, have remained to be synthesized. The b-isomers were very difficult to synthesize because of the highly strained 5,6-trans-fused ring junction that had to be formed. Our successful strategy required functionalization of the position para (or ortho) to a fluorine atom on the aromatic ring using an electron-withdrawing nitro group to activate that fluorine. The racemic N-phenethyl analogues 24 and 16 were moderately potent κ-receptor antagonists in the [35S]GTPγS assay. We synthesized the N-phenethyl-substituted oxide-bridged phenylmorphans in the ortho- and para-d-oxide-bridged phenylmorphan series (51 and 52) which had not been previously evaluated using contemporary receptor binding assays to see whether they also have higher affinity for opioid receptors than their N-methyl relatives 46 and 47.